          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Robert Duncan,                         :
                      Appellant        :
                                       :
              v.                       :   No. 2230 C.D. 2015
                                       :   Submitted: May 20, 2016
City of Philadelphia, Bureau of        :
Administrative Adjudication            :


BEFORE:       HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
              HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
              HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY PRESIDENT JUDGE LEAVITT                                FILED: August 26, 2016

              Robert Duncan, representing himself, appeals an order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Philadelphia County (trial court) affirming, in part, a decision by
the City’s Bureau of Administrative Adjudication (Bureau) finding Duncan liable
for two parking tickets. Duncan assigns various errors and raises constitutional
issues related to the issuance of the tickets and the Bureau’s hearing process. For
the reasons that follow, we affirm.
              On September 12, 2013, Duncan was issued parking ticket number
593856107 (Ticket One) for parking at an expired meter on the 500 block of South
10th Street, Philadelphia. On September 19, 2013, Duncan was issued parking
ticket number 595150244 (Ticket Two) for making a prohibited stop of his vehicle
at 1401 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Duncan appealed Ticket One and Ticket Two to
the Bureau.        On February 24, 2015, a Bureau hearing examiner conducted a
hearing and found Duncan liable for both tickets. Duncan appealed to the trial
court. Following oral argument, the trial court entered an order affirming the
Bureau’s decision as to Ticket One and Ticket Two.1 Duncan’s appeal to this
Court followed.
               On appeal,2 Duncan raises several issues, which we consolidate and
reorder to facilitate our review. First, Duncan argues that the trial court erred in
finding that the tickets conformed with the requirements in The Traffic Code
(Traffic Code) Section 12-2804(3).3 This Code provision states, in relevant part,
that
               [t]he parking ticket shall also contain other sufficient
               information to identify the vehicle and to inform the person of
               the nature, date, time and location of the violation alleged.

PHILA. CODE §12-2804(3). Duncan argues that the tickets were deficient because
they did not contain sufficient information to notify him of the actual location of
the vehicle on a particular block. We disagree.
               Ticket One stated that the offense occurred on September 12, 2013, at
5:22 p.m. on the west side of the 500 block of South 10th Street. The ticket further
identified the make, color and plate number of the vehicle. The offense was
identified as a meter violation and included the meter number. Ticket Two stated
that the offense occurred on September 19, 2013, at 11:29 a.m. at the north side of
1401 Arch Street. This ticket also identified the make, color and plate number of


1
  A third ticket was remanded to the Bureau for a full hearing and is therefore not addressed in
the instant appeal.
2
  Where the trial court does not take any additional evidence, our scope of review over the
decision of a local agency is limited to determining whether constitutional rights were violated,
whether an error of law was committed, whether the procedure before the local agency was
contrary to statute, and whether necessary findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence.
Kovler v. Bureau of Administrative Adjudication, 6 A.3d 1060 n.1 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) (citing
Section 754 of the Local Agency Law, 2 Pa. C.S. §754).
3
  The Traffic Code is set forth at Title 12 of The Philadelphia Code.


                                                2
the vehicle. The offense was identified as a stop violation at the aforementioned
address. Both tickets satisfied the identification and information requirements set
forth in Section 12-2804(3) of the Traffic Code.
             In his second issue, Duncan alleges that the trial court erred in finding
that the tickets conformed to the requirements of Traffic Code Section 12-2804(5),
which states that

             [t]he original parking ticket shall be signed by the issuing
             officer who shall affirm the truth of the facts set forth therein.

PHILA. CODE §12-2804(5). Duncan contends that the issuing officers failed to
comply with Section 12-2804(5) because they electronically signed the tickets.
We disagree.
               Ticket One was electronically signed by Officer M. Rivera. Bureau
Hearing, 2/24/2015, Exhibit 1. Ticket Two was electronically signed by Officer K.
Holtzman. Bureau Hearing, 2/24/2015, Exhibit 2. It has long been held in the
First Judicial District that electronic signatures satisfy Section 12-2804(5). See,
e.g., Pavlock v. Bureau of Administrative Adjudication, ex rel. Philadelphia
Parking Authority (Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, August Term
2011, No. 01049, filed October 2, 2012). We discern no reason to depart from this
long-held precedent.     Further, Duncan has not explained why an electronic
signature is less reliable than a signature on a paper ticket. Such is the reality of
our digital age.    We agree with the trial court that both tickets complied with
Section 12-2804(5) of the Philadelphia Code.
             In his third issue, Duncan raises various due process issues. First, he
argues that the Bureau’s hearing examiner assumed the role of the Philadelphia
Parking Authority in the hearing, thereby commingling prosecutorial and

                                          3
adjudicative functions. While Duncan does not develop this argument beyond
stating it,4 we presume he takes issue with the hearing examiner’s status as a City
employee. This Court rejected this identical argument in Kovler v. Bureau of
Administrative Adjudication, 6 A.3d 1060 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), where a motorist
challenged a Bureau hearing examiner’s impartiality because he was a City
employee. This Court held that “[Bureau of Administrative Adjudication] hearing
examiners are not constitutionally disqualified from presiding over parking
violations based solely on their status as employees of the City.” Id. at 1064 n.6.
Accordingly, we hold that Duncan’s right to due process was not violated by virtue
of the hearing examiner’s status as a City employee.
               Next, Duncan asserts that the hearing examiner tainted the procedure
by commenting “well, [this matter is] going to go back, but we will go through
each ticket.” Bureau Hearing, 2/24/2015, at 3. Duncan provides no explanation
for how this statement prejudiced his case or demonstrated the hearing examiner’s
impartiality.5 It is well settled that an appellate court will not consider issues that
are not properly raised and developed in a brief. Boniella, 958 A.2d at 1072 n.8.
See also Pa. R.A.P. 2119(a) (requiring argument of issues to be “followed by such
discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.”). Duncan has failed


4
  As a general rule, “[w]hen issues are not properly raised and developed in briefs, when the
briefs are wholly inadequate to present specific issues for review, a court will not consider the
merits thereof.” Boniella v. Commonwealth, 958 A.2d 1069, 1072 n.8 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Feineigle, 690 A.2d 748, 751 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997)). “Mere issue
spotting without analysis or legal citation to support an assertion precludes our appellate review
of [a] matter.” Boniella, 958 A.2d at 1072 n.8 (quoting Commonwealth v. Spontarelli, 791 A.2d
1254, 1259 n.11 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002)). See also Pa. R.A.P. 2119(a) (requiring argument of issues
to be “followed by such discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.”).
5
  This issue was mentioned preliminarily in Duncan’s argument summary, but is entirely absent
from the argument section of his brief.


                                                4
to develop any argument as to how the hearing examiner was biased against him,
and this Court will not invent one. Moreover, the record reflects that the hearing
examiner went through each ticket individually to ensure that they complied with
the Philadelphia Code. We reject this basis for Duncan’s due process claim.
              In his final due process argument, Duncan asserts that the trial court
erred in ignoring his request to cross-examine the issuing officers of the tickets.
Specifically, Duncan asserts that “the ticket should be dismissed because of the
failure of the ticket writer to appear at the hearing, in violation of Pennsylvania
Administrative Agency Law.” Duncan Brief at 6.6 There are multiple issues with
this argument; we address them in turn.
              Section 554 of the Local Agency Law provides, in relevant part, that
“reasonable examination and cross-examination shall be permitted” in a local
agency proceeding. 2 Pa. C.S. §554. The Bureau has promulgated regulations
governing the conduct of its hearings. Section 5.02(f) of the Bureau’s regulations
provides:

              The Respondent shall have the right to present witnesses, to
              conduct examinations and to introduce documentary
              evidence….The participation in the hearing of the issuing
              officer shall not be required except as follows:
                     (i) The Respondent may request examination of
                     the issuing officer, provided that the Respondent
                     first presents all issues and defenses at the initial
                     scheduled hearing. Such request shall set forth all
                     of the following:



6
  Duncan’s brief cites to 2 Pa. C.S. §544, which does not exist. We presume from the context of
the question presented that Duncan intended to cite to Section 554 of the Local Agency Law,
dealing with cross-examination under local agency procedure.


                                              5
                          (.1) The facts the Respondent expects
                          the testimony of the issuing officer
                          would provide.
                          (.2) The reasons why such facts are
                          material to the adjudication of the
                          violation charged.
                          (.3) The reasons why the most
                          reasonable means of establishing such
                          facts is through testimony of the
                          issuing officer.
                    (ii) If the Parking Hearing Examiner finds that the
                    most reasonable means of establishing facts
                    necessary to adjudication of the violation charged
                    is through testimony of the issuing officer, the
                    hearing may be continued to a date when the
                    issuing officer will be present.

REGULATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION, §5.02(f). Thus,
absent a finding that the issuing officer’s presence is the most reasonable means of
establishing necessary facts, the officer’s presence is not required.
             In Kovler, this Court addressed the argument that due process
guaranteed the right to cross-examine a ticket-issuing officer and rejected it; we
concluded that there is no right to confront witnesses in civil cases. Kovler, 6 A.3d
at 1064. Further, Kovler did not request the officer’s attendance at the hearing and
did not raise any issue that might require the presence of that officer. Because
Kovler did not challenge the time, date, location, reason, or any other information
provided on the ticket, the issuing officer’s presence was unnecessary in order to
establish the facts necessary for adjudication of the parking ticket.
             In the present case, although Duncan requested to examine the issuing
officers at the hearing, the hearing examiner concluded that Duncan failed to make


                                          6
a persuasive case that their presence would be necessary to adjudicate the matter.
Here, as in Kovler, Duncan does not deny the location of his vehicle at the time the
tickets were issued or contend that the officers lacked valid reasons for issuing the
tickets. Instead he argues that Ticket One and Ticket Two failed to conform with
certain technical requirements of the Philadelphia Code, as discussed above.
Because the issuing officers’ presence was unnecessary to determine whether each
ticket complied with the Philadelphia Code, Duncan’s third due process argument
fails.
             In his final argument, Duncan asserts the trial court failed to enforce a
settlement agreement reached in Pavlock.        The City of Philadelphia and the
Philadelphia Parking Authority appealed the trial court’s order of July 9, 2012, in
Pavlock to this Court. Pavlock v. Bureau of Administrative Adjudication ex rel.
Philadelphia Parking Authority (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1474 C.D. 2012). The appeal to
this Court was discontinued on June 4, 2013, following a joint motion of the
parties based on a settlement agreement.        Specifically, Duncan contends the
Bureau failed to comply with the settlement terms in paragraphs 2(A), 2(C)(ii), and
(7). These paragraphs deal with the issuance of proposed regulations, the posting
of regulations online, and the enforceability of the agreement. Duncan offers no
evidence or argument as to how the Bureau violated the settlement agreement, or
how the Bureau’s compliance with the agreement could have possibly affected his
case. Accordingly, Duncan’s final argument fails.
             For all of the reasons discussed above, we affirm the trial court’s
order.

                                   _____________________________________
                                   MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
                                          7
         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Robert Duncan,                      :
                   Appellant        :
                                    :
            v.                      :   No. 2230 C.D. 2015
                                    :
City of Philadelphia, Bureau of     :
Administrative Adjudication         :

                                  ORDER

            AND NOW, this 26th day of August, 2016, the order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Philadelphia County dated October 8, 2015, in the above-
captioned matter is AFFIRMED.
                                  _____________________________________
                                  MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
