                     RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                 File Name: 12a0198p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                               _________________


                                                X
                                                 -
 LOWELL E. AMOS,
                                                 -
                          Petitioner-Appellant,
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                     No. 07-1235
           v.
                                                 ,
                                                  >
                                                 -
                       Respondent-Appellee. -
 PAUL H. RENICO, Warden,
                                                N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
               No. 00-10107—David M. Lawson, District Judge.
                              Argued: October 12, 2011
                         Decided and Filed: June 27, 2012
     Before: BATCHELDER, Chief Judge; SILER and COLE, Circuit Judges.

                                 _________________

                                     COUNSEL
ARGUED: Amy Cadle Hocevar, SQUIRE SANDERS & DEMPSEY LLP, Cleveland,
Ohio, for Appellant. David A. McCreedy, WAYNE COUNTY PROSECUTOR’S
OFFICE, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Amy Cadle Hocevar, J. Philip
Calabrese, SQUIRE SANDERS & DEMPSEY LLP, Cleveland, Ohio, George Brandon,
SQUIRE, SANDERS & DEMPSEY LLP, Phoenix, Arizona, for Appellant. David A.
McCreedy, Jeffrey Caminsky, WAYNE COUNTY PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE, Detroit,
Michigan, John S. Pallas, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Lansing, Michigan for Appellee.
                                 _________________

                                      OPINION
                                 _________________

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Chief Judge. Defendant-Appellant, Lowell E.
Amos, a Michigan state prisoner, appeals the district court’s order denying his petition
for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Amos claims his trial was unfairly
prejudiced by various forms of prosecutorial misconduct, due process violations, and

                                           1
No. 07-1235           Amos v. Renico                                                  Page 2


ineffective assistance of trial counsel. We find that each of Amos’s claims lacks merit,
while some are procedurally defaulted and, therefore, AFFIRM the order of the district
court.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

           Amos’s third wife, Roberta, died of a cocaine overdose while she was in her
hotel room alone with Amos. A Michigan jury convicted Amos of first-degree
premeditated murder and first-degree murder by poisoning. The court sentenced Amos
to two terms of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

           Amos appealed to the Michigan Court of Appeals, which affirmed the first-
degree murder conviction but remanded on double jeopardy grounds to amend the
judgment to reflect only one conviction of first-degree murder under two theories. The
Michigan Supreme Court denied Amos’s application for leave to appeal.

           Amos subsequently filed his first petition for a writ of habeas corpus, but the
district court ordered that the case be held in abeyance until Amos properly exhausted
his claims. Amos returned to the state trial court and moved for relief from judgment
raising three claims: (1) ineffective assistance of counsel; (2) jurisdictional defect; and
(3) prosecutorial misconduct. The Michigan trial court denied relief on each of these
claims. Amos applied for leave to appeal to the Michigan Court of Appeals, which
issued a brief order denying the application stating that Amos “fail[ed] to meet the
burden of establishing entitlement to relief under M.C.R. 6.508(D).” Michigan v. Amos,
No. 243384 (Mich. Ct. App. Apr. 1, 2003). The Michigan Supreme Court denied leave
to appeal on the same grounds. Michigan v. Amos, 662 N.W.2d 750 (Mich. 2003)
(table).

           Amos successfully moved the district court to reopen his habeas proceeding and
requested relief on six claims of constitutional error in the state court. The district court
found that three of the claims were procedurally defaulted, rejected the remaining
claims, and denied Amos’s request for relief. We granted Amos a certificate of
appealability as to three of those claims, and Amos timely filed this appeal.
No. 07-1235        Amos v. Renico                                                     Page 3


                                    II. ANALYSIS

       We review de novo a district court’s denial of a petition for writ of habeas
corpus. Tibbetts v. Bradshaw, 633 F.3d 436, 441 (6th Cir. 2011). Amos filed his
petition on April 7, 2000; therefore, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
(AEDPA) governs his request. Id. Under AEDPA, a federal court may grant a writ of
habeas corpus only if the state court’s adjudication of the claim “(1) resulted in a
decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly
established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2)
resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in
light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.”                28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1)–(2). “AEDPA sets forth a heavy burden for a petitioner to overcome.”
Tibbetts, 633 F.3d at 442.

       We also review de novo a district court’s procedural default rulings. Cvijetinovic
v. Eberlin, 617 F.3d 833, 836 (6th Cir. 2010).

       A habeas petitioner procedurally defaults a claim if: (1) the petitioner
       fails to comply with a state procedural rule; (2) the state courts enforce
       the rule; (3) the state procedural rule is an adequate and independent state
       ground for denying review of a federal constitutional claim; and (4) the
       petitioner cannot show cause and prejudice excusing the default.

Guilmette v. Howes, 624 F.3d 286, 290 (6th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quoting Tolliver v.
Sheets, 594 F.3d 900, 928 n.11 (6th Cir. 2010)).

       To determine whether the state court rejected a petitioner’s claim on procedural
grounds, we must look to “the last reasoned state court opinion to determine the basis
for the state court’s rejection of [the petitioner’s] claim.” Id. at 291. We apply a
presumption that a subsequent unexplained order leaves the judgment of the earlier court
in place and does not invoke procedural default. Id. at 291–92.
No. 07-1235        Amos v. Renico                                                   Page 4


A.     Prosecutorial Misconduct

       Amos first asserts several claims of prosecutorial misconduct. Specifically, he
claims that the prosecution presented false testimony, improperly withheld evidence, and
made several improper remarks throughout trial. The district court found that Amos’s
false-testimony and withholding-of-evidence claims were procedurally defaulted and
that Amos did not establish cause and prejudice to overcome the default. Because of this
Court’s subsequent decision in Guilmette, that determination is no longer correct;
nevertheless, we find that all of Amos’s claims of prosecutorial misconduct lack merit.

       1.      Presentation of False Testimony and Improper Withholding of
               Evidence
       Amos’s first claim of prosecutorial misconduct alleges that Dr. Kanluen, the
Wayne County Medical Examiner and a prosecution witness, overstated the significance
of the cocaine level in Roberta’s blood to imply that her cause of death was homicide
rather than an accident. Amos further argues that the prosecution was aware that the
testimony was false and concealed additional evidence indicating its falsity.

       The district court found that this claim was procedurally defaulted because the
Michigan appellate courts denied leave to appeal by brief orders under M.C.R. 6.508(D).
At the time the district court issued its opinion, which was prior to our holding in
Guilmette, this finding was correct. However, after Guilmette, brief orders citing
generally M.C.R. 6.508(D) are no longer a sufficient basis for a finding of procedural
default. Instead, we must look to the last reasoned state court opinion, which in this case
is the trial court’s denial of Amos’s motion for relief from judgment, to determine if the
court dismissed Amos’s claim on procedural grounds. See Guilmette, 624 F.3d at 291.

       The Michigan trial court denied this prosecutorial misconduct claim under
M.C.R. 6.508(D)(2), which precludes relief if a court in an earlier appeal has already
denied the petitioner’s grounds for relief. This Court has previously ruled in an
unpublished opinion that this is a collateral estoppel rule that will not procedurally
default a claim for habeas relief. Skinner v. McLemore, 425 F. App’x 491, 495 (6th Cir.
2011); see also Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 466 (2009) (“When a state court declines to
No. 07-1235            Amos v. Renico                                                              Page 5


review the merits of a petitioner’s claim on the ground that it has done so already, it
creates no bar to federal habeas review.”). However, the state court’s application of this
rule was incorrect because Amos did not raise this claim prior to his motion for relief
from judgment.1 See Amos v. Renico, No. 00-10107, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6287, at
*17 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 10, 2007). Instead, the court should have applied M.C.R.
6.508(D)(3), which precludes review of a claim that a petitioner could have raised earlier
but did not. Had the Michigan court applied the correct rule, Amos’s claim would have
been procedurally defaulted. See Skinner, 425 F. App’x at 495–96 (analyzing an
identical mistake). But, because a procedural rule must be “clearly and expressly
invoked” to operate as a bar to habeas review, Amos’s first prosecutorial misconduct
claim is not procedurally defaulted. See id. Nevertheless, because the state court
rejected all of Amos’s prosecutorial misconduct claims, Michigan v. Amos, No. 96-1975,
at *5 (3d Cir. Ct. Crim. Div. Aug. 1, 2002), we defer to that determination unless it was
contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law or based on
an unreasonable determination of the facts. See Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770,
783–85 (2011).2

         To establish that the prosecution presented false testimony, Amos must show that
(1) Dr. Kanluen’s statements were false, (2) that they were material, and (3) that the
prosecution knew they were false. See Brooks v. Tennessee, 626 F.3d 878, 894–95
(6th Cir. 2010). To establish that the prosecution improperly withheld evidence, Amos
must show (1) that the withheld evidence was favorable to his defense, (2) that the


         1
           The record, which includes Amos’s brief on direct appeal to the Michigan Court of Appeals,
indicates that Amos raised other prosecutorial claims but did not raise this claim of false testimony or
withholding of evidence during his direct appeal. See also Michigan v. Amos, No. 200898, 1998 Mich.
App. LEXIS 2091, at *5 (Mich. Ct. App. Aug. 18, 1998) (listing Amos’s prosecutorial misconduct claims).
         2
           “When a federal claim has been presented to a state court and the state court has denied relief,
it may be presumed that the state court adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any indication
or state-law procedural principles to the contrary.” Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 784–85. A petitioner can
overcome this presumption “when there is reason to think some other explanation for the state court’s
decision is more likely.” Id. at 785. Amos has not made such a showing. Although the Michigan trial
court mistakenly cited the state’s collateral estoppel rule, it nevertheless reviewed the decision of the
Michigan Court of Appeals before it stated that Amos was not entitled to relief because of any
prosecutorial misconduct. Amos, No. 96-1975, at *5. Even without a statement of reasons behind this
determination, this was a “‘decision,’ which resulted from an ‘adjudication[,]’” sufficient to invoke §
2254(d). See Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 784.
No. 07-1235           Amos v. Renico                                                             Page 6


government suppressed it, and (3) that Amos was prejudiced. See Henness v. Bagley,
644 F.3d 308, 324 (6th Cir. 2011). Amos’s prosecutorial misconduct claims based on
these theories lack merit because he has not shown that Dr. Kanluen’s testimony was
false or that any allegedly withheld evidence was favorable to his defense.

         In his testimony, Dr. Kanluen discussed his experiences with cocaine levels in
his own lab. His statements were personal observances based on his own recollection.
Amos has not presented any evidence that directly contradicts these statements. Instead,
he presents several pieces of scientific literature, which he claims establish that the
average cocaine level in cocaine-related fatalities is much closer to the level found in
Roberta’s blood than Dr. Kanluen suggested. His reliance on this literature, however,
is misplaced. To the extent that any of this literature presents an “average” level of
cocaine found in cocaine-related deaths, it still does not contradict Dr. Kanluen’s
testimony because his testimony concerned not the average of cocaine levels in fatalities
generally, but rather the average level that he has seen in his lab. Amos presents one
study that includes the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office in its data; but the
study predates Amos’s crime by nearly twenty years and explicitly states that it includes
in its data only one cocaine-related death from Wayne County. None of this scientific
literature establishes that Dr. Kanluen’s testimony was false, nor does it contradict his
testimony in any way.3 Accordingly, Amos cannot show that the prosecution presented
false testimony or improperly withheld evidence that was favorable to his defense.

         2.       Improper Remarks

         We review Amos’s remaining claims of prosecutorial misconduct under a two-
part test to determine whether the state court reasonably applied clearly established
federal law regarding the influence of prosecutorial misconduct. See Slagle v. Bagley,
457 F.3d 501, 515 (6th Cir. 2006). We first determine whether the prosecutor’s conduct
was improper. Id. at 516. If it was improper, then we look to four factors to determine


         3
          Prior to oral argument, Amos also filed a motion to supplement the record with information that
was never before any of the state courts or the district court. We deny this motion because review under
§ 2254(d) is limited to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim. Cullen v.
Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011).
No. 07-1235        Amos v. Renico                                                   Page 7


whether it was so flagrant as to violate due process: “(1) whether the evidence against
the defendant was strong[;] (2) whether the conduct of the prosecution tended to mislead
the jury or prejudice the defendant; (3) whether the conduct or remarks were isolated or
extensive; and (4) whether the remarks were made deliberately or accidentally.” Id.

       First, Amos claims that the prosecution committed constitutional error by
referring to the deaths of his mother and his first wife, which the trial court had
previously ordered inadmissible. Amos’s trial counsel objected to the prosecution’s
passing reference to their deaths, and the trial court granted a mistrial based on its
previous order. On appeal, the Michigan Court of Appeals reversed the mistrial and
ordered the trial court to strike the question and give a curative instruction to the jury.

       The Michigan trial court adjudicated this claim on the merits during Amos’s
petition for post-conviction relief. Therefore, we defer to its decision unless it was
contrary to clearly established federal law. See Brown v. Bobby, 656 F.3d 325, 329
(6th Cir. 2011).

       The prosecutor’s question on redirect examination was improper. She was aware
when she asked the question that evidence regarding the circumstances of the deaths of
Amos’s first wife and mother were inadmissible, and she admittedly knew that the
question would elicit testimony regarding their deaths. Despite the impropriety of the
comment, it was not so flagrant as to have denied Amos due process. Although the
prosecutor’s question was deliberate, the other evidence presented against Amos was
strong. Indeed, the trial court excluded evidence regarding Saundra’s death because it
determined that “the People have a strong case on the intent issue already, without even
mention of Saundra Amos’ death.” Likewise, it is unlikely that these comments misled
the jury or prejudiced Amos, because the court struck the comments from the record and
instructed the jury to disregard them.       See Hill v. Mitchell, 400 F.3d 308, 325
(6th Cir. 2005) (“[F]ederal courts generally presume that juries follow their
instructions[.]” (internal quotation marks omitted)). More importantly, even if the jury
ignored that instruction, neither the prosecutor nor Detective Henahan stated that Amos’s
first wife and mother were dead. Finally, Amos has not presented another instance of
No. 07-1235        Amos v. Renico                                                 Page 8


similarly improper remarks regarding their deaths. Accordingly, Amos is not entitled
to habeas relief on this claim.

       Second, Amos claims that the prosecution purposely misstated facts to the court
to boost the credibility of prosecution witness Ruth Loftus, an acquaintance of Amos’s
who testified that she met with Amos in August of 1991 in Indianapolis and that Amos
had confessed to killing his first wife. Later, the prosecution moved to admit business
records from September 1991 to establish that Amos was in Indianapolis at the time.
Amos’s counsel objected on relevance grounds, and the prosecutor responded to the
court that Loftus had testified that her second meeting with Amos was in “either August
or early September.” The court admitted the business records.

       Amos first raised this claim in his initial habeas petition and then in his motion
for relief from judgment. Because the Michigan trial court rejected all of Amos’s
prosecutorial misconduct claims, we defer to that decision unless it was contrary to
clearly established federal law. See Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 784–85.

       The prosecutor’s statement did not rise to the level of prosecutorial misconduct.
Although the statement is clearly incorrect, it is not clear that it was improper as an
intentional misstatement meant to deliberately mislead the court. Even assuming that
it was improper, it was not so flagrant as to rise to a violation of due process. The
statement was isolated to the admission of the business records. The dates of Amos’s
second meeting with Loftus did not arise again as an issue, and nothing in the record
suggests that this error expanded beyond the limited context of admitting rebuttal
evidence to contradict an impeachment witness. Additionally, it is highly unlikely that
these statements prejudiced Amos. The jury heard Loftus’s testimony that she met with
Amos in August of 1991, and it was free to conclude that the September 1991 business
records were irrelevant. Moreover, defense counsel still had the opportunity to argue the
records’ relevance to the jury because they did not support Loftus’s testimony. This
claim, therefore, lacks merit.
No. 07-1235             Amos v. Renico                                                               Page 9


         Third, Amos alleges that the prosecutor’s suggestion that Amos smothered his
second wife, Carolyn, was constitutional error.4 A prosecutor may argue reasonable
inferences from the evidence at closing argument. United States v. Cosgrove, 637 F.3d
646, 663 (6th Cir. 2011). Carolyn’s autopsy report indicated that her cause of death was
not apparent but that the conditions of her body “suggest terminal blockage of the
respiratory system.” The prosecution’s expert witness, Dr. Schmidt, interpreted this
statement to mean “smothered,” and another witness, Ruth Loftus, testified that Amos
had confessed to her that he had killed Carolyn. It was reasonable, therefore, for the
prosecutor to argue that Amos had smothered Carolyn. The Michigan Court of Appeals
agreed, and its determination was not contrary to or an unreasonable application of
Supreme Court precedent.

         Finally, Amos claims that the prosecutor made constitutionally improper
comments regarding Amos’s extramarital relationships, gender-based appeals to the
largely female jury, and the credibility of a defense witness. As part of his direct appeal,
Amos challenged the prosecutor’s comments regarding his extramarital relationships.
The Michigan Court of Appeals refused to review his claim regarding these comments
because Amos did not object to them at trial. We will not review them either because
“the contemporaneous-objection rule is an adequate and independent state ground
barring federal habeas review.” See Awkal v. Mitchell, 613 F.3d 629, 648 (6th Cir. 2010)
(en banc). Amos does not present any cause or prejudice to overcome this default;
therefore, this claim is not properly before us for consideration. Id. at 649. The
Michigan courts rejected his remaining claims on the merits, and we defer to that
decision unless it was contrary to clearly established federal law.




         4
           Amos briefly argues in a footnote that three additional comments by the prosecutor were
constitutionally improper. Specifically, he challenges statements regarding the allegation that Amos
“badgered” an employee of the coroner’s office, asserting that Roberta did not have a sinus condition that
prevented her from using cocaine nasally, and challenging the time that Amos awoke on the morning that
he claimed he discovered Roberta’s body. Amos first presented these claims to the state court as part of
his motion for relief from judgment; the court denied all of his prosecutorial misconduct claims generally.
Because the record does not contradict these statements, and because Amos does not present any reason
to question their validity, the Michigan court’s decision was not contrary to clearly established federal law.
No. 07-1235         Amos v. Renico                                                 Page 10


        Even if we assume that any of these comments were improper, it is not clear that
they misled the jury or prejudiced Amos. As the Michigan Court of Appeals noted on
direct appeal, the trial court instructed the jury that the attorneys’ questions and remarks
were not evidence and that the jury could not convict Amos on account of his
infidelities. Amos, 1998 Mich. App. LEXIS 2091, at *7. Moreover, the comments were
isolated and side comments and questions from the prosecutor would not have been
more influential than the significant evidence establishing Amos’s guilt, particularly
because the comments were limited to closing argument and questions posed to two
witnesses. Accordingly, the decisions of the Michigan courts were not contrary to or an
unreasonable application of federal law.

B.      Due Process Violations

        Amos’s second claim for habeas relief is that the Michigan Supreme Court
denied him due process of law and rendered his trial fundamentally unfair when it ruled
on the government’s interlocutory appeal regarding the admission of Loftus’s testimony.
Prior to Amos’s trial, the prosecution filed a motion in limine seeking to present to the
jury Loftus’s testimony that Amos told her that he had killed his last wife and that he
would “probably” kill is next wife. The trial court ruled that Loftus’s testimony was
inadmissible, and the Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed.

        On September 20, 1996, the prosecution filed for leave to appeal to the Michigan
Supreme Court. Amos contends that the prosecution did not serve notice of this appeal
on his trial counsel. The record, however, indicates that the prosecution’s leave for
appeal contains a proof of service that states that the prosecution served the appeal on
defense counsel by personal service on September 20. On September 24, 1996, the
Michigan Supreme Court ruled on the appeal, apparently without a response from Amos,
and reversed the trial court’s decision, finding that Loftus’s testimony was relevant and
not unfairly prejudicial. Amos, 552 N.W.2d at 917. Based on this ruling, Amos presents
two specific due process claims: (1) the Michigan Supreme Court denied him due
process by failing to give him notice or an opportunity to be heard on the appeal; and in
No. 07-1235         Amos v. Renico                                                 Page 11


the alternative, (2) Loftus’s testimony was highly prejudicial and rendered the trial
fundamentally unfair.

        Amos’s first due process claim of lack of notice and an opportunity to be heard
is not procedurally barred because he raised this issue in his direct appeal, and his
motion for reconsideration. The Michigan courts, however, never ruled on the merits
of this claim. Instead, they analyzed only the second aspect of Amos’s due process
claim—that Loftus’s testimony rendered the trial unfairly prejudicial. We therefore
review this claim de novo. See Maples v. Stegall, 340 F.3d 433, 436 (6th Cir. 2003).

        Amos argues that the lack of notice and opportunity to be heard deprived him of
the effective assistance of counsel as that right is articulated in United States v. Cronic,
466 U.S. 648 (1984), and the right to present his own defense as articulated in Crane v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683 (1986), and Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973).
However, the record and counsels’ admissions at oral argument indicate that the
Michigan courts did not deny Amos an opportunity to be heard.

        First, the state’s emergency application for leave to appeal contained a proof of
service indicating that the application was personally served on Amos’s trial counsel on
the same day that the state filed it with the court. Amos’s only attempt to contradict the
proof of service is his counsel’s statement in the record that he was out of the office the
day that the state filed the motion, and he received it only the day before the court ruled.
However, even if his trial counsel did not receive notice of the application in time to file
a response, the record indicates, and counsel admits, that the Michigan Supreme Court
had before it the record from the Michigan Court of Appeals, which included Amos’s
response in that court. The Michigan Supreme Court, therefore, would have been aware
of Amos’s arguments against the admission of Loftus’s testimony, and Amos has not
indicated what additional arguments he was unable to present. The right to a meaningful
opportunity to present a defense does not afford a defendant the absolute right to make
any and every argument that he wishes in his defense. Wynne v. Renico, 606 F.3d 867,
871 (6th Cir. 2010). Amos was given a meaningful opportunity to challenge the
admittance of Loftus’s testimony, especially considering that he had the opportunity to
No. 07-1235             Amos v. Renico                                                                Page 12


file a motion for rehearing of the Michigan Supreme Court’s ruling but failed to do so.
Accordingly, his due process claim for lack of notice and opportunity to be heard is
without merit.

         Amos’s second due process claim is likewise without merit. Although Amos
challenged the admissibility of Loftus’s testimony on direct appeal, he never articulated
this challenge as implicating a federal due process claim.5 Instead, his challenge focused
more on the court’s application of the state rules of evidence, which is not cognizable
as a federal constitutional claim on habeas review. Broom v. Mitchell, 441 F.3d 392, 406
(6th Cir. 2006). Amos alleged that Loftus’s testimony denied him a fair trial and due
process, but “general allegations of the denial of a ‘fair trial’ or ‘due process’ have been
held insufficient to ‘fairly present’ federal constitutional claims” for federal habeas
review. Newton v. Million, 349 F.3d 873, 877 (6th Cir. 2003). Because Amos did not
articulate this evidentiary challenge as a federal due process claim at any time during his
direct or collateral appeals,6 it is procedurally defaulted, and we review it only if he has
shown cause and prejudice. See Williams v. Anderson, 460 F.3d 789, 806 (6th Cir.
2006).

         Amos does not assert any cause for his failure to raise this due process claim to
the state courts, and his claim lacks any merit that would support a finding that he was
prejudiced by the failure to raise it. Significant evidence pointed to Amos’s guilt,
including forensic evidence that showed that the condition of Roberta’s body was
consistent with homicide, and evidence that Amos was the last person to see Roberta
alive and the only person in the room with her when she died. As the Michigan Court
of Appeals noted on direct appeal, Amos “admittedly orchestrated the removal of two
potentially important pieces of evidence.” Amos, 1998 Mich. App. LEXIS, at *27. And

         5
           In his direct appeal, Amos’s references to federal constitutional law refer specifically to his first
due process claim regarding his lack of notice and an opportunity to be heard. As Amos’s counsel
correctly observed at oral argument, the Michigan Court of Appeals misunderstood Amos’s lack of notice
and opportunity to be heard claim as a request to review the merits of the Michigan Supreme Court’s
evidentiary ruling.
         6
           Amos did not raise this due process claim in his motion for relief from judgment. Instead, he
raised a jurisdictional claim and referred to the original claim from his direct appeal that he was denied
notice and an opportunity to be heard.
No. 07-1235        Amos v. Renico                                                 Page 13


as the Michigan Supreme Court correctly determined, Loftus’s testimony was relevant
to the issue of intent. Amos challenged Loftus’s testimony in several respects, alleging
that he had never met with her in Indianapolis and making generic attacks on her
character. In light of the other evidence of Amos’s guilt, and the challenges that he
asserted to Loftus’s testimony, it does not appear that Loftus’s testimony was such a
highly significant factor that its admission, even if improper, rendered the trial
fundamentally unfair.

C.     Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel

       Finally, Amos claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
investigate and call expert witnesses to refute Dr. Kanluen’s testimony. The district
court found that these claims were procedurally defaulted because the Michigan trial
court rejected them under M.C.R. 6.508(D)(3), which is an independent and adequate
state ground sufficient for procedural default that required Amos to raise these claims
during his direct appeal. See Ivory v. Jackson, 509 F.3d 284, 292 (6th Cir. 2007). We
may not review a procedurally defaulted claim unless the petitioner can demonstrate
cause for his failure to comply with the state rule and that he suffered actual prejudice.
Haliym v. Mitchell, 492 F.3d 680, 690 (6th Cir. 2007).

       Amos asserts ineffective assistance of appellate counsel as the cause for his
failure to raise these claims on direct appeal. However, even if this is sufficient to show
cause, Amos has failed to establish that he suffered actual prejudice. “Prejudice requires
a showing that the errors at trial worked to the petitioner’s actual and substantial
disadvantage, infecting his entire trial with error of constitutional dimensions.” Id. at
691 (internal alteration and quotation marks omitted); see also Strickler v. Greene,
527 U.S. 263, 296 (1999) (affirming denial of habeas relief where petitioner showed
cause but failed to establish prejudice). Amos cannot establish such prejudice because
his trial counsel’s failure to investigate and call expert witnesses did not work to Amos’s
actual and substantial disadvantage. The scientific articles that he claims counsel should
have discovered would not have contradicted Dr. Kanluen’s testimony as he argues they
would have because Dr. Kanluen testified as to the cocaine levels he experienced in his
No. 07-1235        Amos v. Renico                                                Page 14


lab, not the average amount of cocaine found in cocaine-related fatalities. Likewise, the
only experts Amos claims his counsel should have called were the authors of these
irrelevant scientific studies. Amos also fails to articulate what additional information
counsel would have gleaned from Dr. Kanluen’s employees, who claimed that Dr.
Kanluen destroyed an earlier version of Roberta’s death certificate. These employees
refused to identify themselves, and counsel informed the jury about the original death
certificate during his cross-examination of Dr. Kanluen. Therefore, because counsel’s
failures did not affect the outcome of Amos’s trial, he cannot establish prejudice to
overcome the procedural default of his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.

                                          III

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.
