                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        NOV 8 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ESTATE OF GUSTAVO NAJERA, by and                No.    18-56057
through successors in interest, Alejandro
Najera and Maria Magdalena Pliego; et al.       D.C. No.
                                                8:16-cv-01243-JLS-JCG
                Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
CITY OF ANAHEIM and GERMAN
ALVAREZ,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                   Josephine L. Staton, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted November 4, 2019**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: MURGUIA and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and GUIROLA, JR.,*** District
Judge.



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Louis Guirola, Jr., United States Senior District Judge
for the Southern District of Mississippi, sitting by designation.
      The Estate of Gustavo Najera and Najera’s parents (collectively, “the Estate”)

brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against German Alvarez and the City of

Anaheim after Alvarez, an Anaheim police officer, fatally shot Najera. After a jury

found that Alvarez did not use excessive force, the district court entered judgment

in favor of the defendants. We have jurisdiction over the Estate’s appeal under 28

U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

      1. The district court found that a prospective juror’s statements during voir

dire did not prejudice the jury pool, characterizing the statements as describing only

“indirect” contacts with Alvarez and “his professionalism in a general sense.” We

give “special deference to the district court’s analysis,” Price v. Kramer, 200 F.3d

1237, 1255 (9th Cir. 2000), and find no abuse of discretion.

      2. The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that defense

counsel’s reference to Najera’s intoxication on the night of the shooting was not

misconduct that “so permeated the trial that the jury was necessarily prejudiced.”

Kehr v. Smith Barney, Harris Upham & Co., Inc., 736 F.2d 1283, 1286 (9th Cir.

1984). The single reference to Najera’s intoxication occurred after four days of

evidence and during “closing argument, rather than throughout the course of the

trial,” and any misconduct was thus “isolated, rather than persistent.” Id. The

district court also repeatedly instructed the jury that the arguments of counsel were




                                          2
not evidence. See Mateyko v. Felix, 924 F.2d 824, 828 (9th Cir. 1990).1

      3. The district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing defense counsel

to briefly examine Alvarez about his military background. See Fed. R. Evid. 401

advisory comm. note to 1972 amendment (“Evidence which is essentially

background in nature can scarcely be said to involve disputed matter, yet it is

universally offered and admitted as an aid to understanding.”).

      4. The district court did not plainly err in denying a new trial because of

defense counsel’s arguments in closing describing this as “a serious case because

plaintiffs are questioning the integrity of Officer Alvarez,” and requesting that the

jury not “sully this good man’s name.” See Settlegoode v. Portland Pub. Sch., 371

F.3d 503, 518 (9th Cir. 2004).

      AFFIRMED.




1
       The Estate’s reliance on an online post referencing Najera’s intoxication from
a poster who claimed to be the wife of a juror is unavailing. Even assuming that the
blog post is admissible, cf. Fed. R. Evid. 606(b)(2)(A), the district court did not abuse
its discretion in finding it insufficient to establish juror reliance on extraneous
information.

                                           3
