                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 19-1775
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                    David Boschee

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of North Dakota - Bismarck
                                    ____________

                              Submitted: May 11, 2020
                                Filed: June 30, 2020
                                   [Unpublished]
                                   ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MELLOY and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                             ____________

PER CURIAM.

      Following several violations, the district court1 revoked David Boschee’s
supervised release, sentenced him to time served, imposed four years of supervised

      1
       The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, United States District Judge for the District
of North Dakota.
release, and imposed a special condition prohibiting Boschee from using his
smartphone. Boschee appeals, arguing the special condition, as written in the order
modifying Boschee’s conditions of supervised release, conflicts with the oral
sentence, and the district court failed to adequately explain the basis for the special
condition. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

      In 2008, Boschee pled guilty to one count of using the Internet to entice a child
to engage in unlawful sexual activity in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) and S.D.
Codified Laws §§ 22-22-1(5) and 22-22-7. He was sentenced in the District of South
Dakota to 144 months imprisonment with a five-year term of supervised release to
follow. The district court also imposed a number of special conditions, one of which
provided:

      The defendant shall not possess or use any computer with access to any
      on-line computer service without the prior approval of the probation
      office. This includes any Internet service provider, bulletin board
      system, or any other public or private computer network. The defendant
      shall not have access to a modem and/or any network card during his
      term of supervision without the prior approval of the probation office.

       In 2017, Boschee began his supervised release under the jurisdiction of the
District of North Dakota. In August 2018, Boschee’s probation officer submitted a
petition alleging Boschee had violated the terms of his release by accessing the
Internet without permission of the probation office. In November 2018, after
concluding that Boschee had violated a condition of his release, the district court
issued an order modifying the conditions. As relevant to this appeal, the order
expanded the scope of the above-listed condition, which was included as Special
Condition 10, by providing that Boschee “must not possess or use any computer or
other device with access to any on-line computer service without the prior approval
of your probation officer. This includes any Internet service provider . . . .” (emphasis



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added). The order also included Special Condition 13, which provided that Boschee
was approved to possess his current smartphone.2

       In December 2018, Boschee’s probation officer petitioned for revocation of
Boschee’s supervised release, alleging that Boschee had again accessed the Internet
without permission. At the revocation hearing, Boschee’s probation officer testified,
and Boschee did not dispute, that Boschee had accessed the Internet on his
smartphone. The district court revoked Boschee’s supervised release and resentenced
him to time served and a four-year term of supervised release. The district court also
stated its intent to modify Special Condition 10 to include language that Boschee
“shall not possess or use any . . . cell phone, smartphone, or any other type of phone
device or other device with access to the Internet or any websites or any online
computer service” without prior approval. The court made clear that, before it issued
a final order on its proposed modifications, it would give the parties an opportunity
to suggest any other language for Special Condition 10 that either party believed
would be of assistance in addressing or eliminating future problems. Later in the
hearing, the court also asked the parties for input on Special Condition 13 regarding
which of Boschee’s “phone or phones . . . need to be identified by make and model
and serial number in [the] order modifying the . . . special conditions of supervised
release.”

      After receiving the submissions from the parties, the district court issued its
written order modifying the terms of Boschee’s supervised release. In the order, the
court adopted, without explanation, the government’s proposed language as to
Special Conditions 10 and 13. Special Condition 10 provides that Boschee “must not
possess or use any . . . cell phone, smart phone, or other device with access to the


      2
       We use the term smartphone to refer to any phone that has Internet-access
capabilities. Accordingly, a non-smartphone is one without Internet-access
capabilities.

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internet, any website, or any on-line computer service without the prior approval of
[his] probation officer.” Special Condition 13 provides that Boschee is “approved to
possess [his] current [non-smartphone], subject to all other conditions of supervision.
[He] must not change [his] phone without prior approval of [the] probation office.”
Boschee filed a motion to reconsider, asking the court to correct Special Condition
13. The court denied the motion as to Special Condition 13.

       Boschee contends that the district court erred in imposing Special Condition
13 because the written condition conflicts with the oral sentence, and the district court
did not adequately explain the basis for the condition. “We review the district court’s
imposition of the terms and conditions of supervised release for an abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Boston, 494 F.3d 660, 667 (8th Cir. 2007). In imposing
special conditions of supervised release, “the district court is afforded wide
discretion.” United States v. Jorge-Salgado, 520 F.3d 840, 842 (8th Cir. 2008).
Nonetheless, “[w]hen crafting a special condition of supervised release, the district
court must make an individualized inquiry into the facts and circumstances
underlying a case and make sufficient findings on the record so as to ensure that the
special condition satisfies the statutory requirements.” United States v. Wiedower,
634 F.3d 490, 493 (8th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Boschee first argues that it was improper for the district court to impose
Special Condition 13 because the condition, as set out in the order modifying
Boschee’s special conditions, conflicts with the oral sentence. See United States v.
James, 792 F.3d 962, 971 (8th Cir. 2015) (“Where an oral sentence and the written
judgment conflict, the oral sentence controls.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
However, this is not a scenario in which the court announced its oral sentence that
was later memorialized in a written judgment. See, e.g., United States v. Brave, 642
F.3d 625, 627 (8th Cir. 2011) (holding that written special condition, to the extent it
is broader than the oral pronouncement, is void because “oral pronouncement by the
sentencing court is the judgment of the court”). Instead, at the revocation hearing, the

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court merely announced tentative language and invited the parties to provide their
input for the court’s consideration before a final written modification order was
entered. Indeed, the court specifically requested input on the issue of potential
restrictions on Boschee’s possessing and using a smartphone.

       Nevertheless, Boschee argues that during the hearing, the district court only left
open the possibility of modifying Special Condition 13 in the written order by adding
a non-smartphone to the approved list of cell phones and never stated that Boschee’s
smartphone would be removed from that list. While the court did not explicitly state
that Boschee would no longer be able to possess and use his smartphone, it stated its
intent to modify Special Condition 10 to include language that Boschee “shall not
possess or use any . . . cell phone, smartphone, or any other type of phone device or
other device with access to the Internet or any websites or any online computer
service” without prior approval. Such a modification to Special Condition 10 would
necessarily require that Boschee’s smartphone be removed from the approved list of
cell phones included in Special Condition 13. Thus, the district court did not abuse
its discretion in modifying the conditions in the written order after the revocation
hearing.

      Boschee also argues the district court did not provide an adequate explanation
to support the imposition of Special Condition 13. However, while “[d]istrict courts
are encouraged to provide an explanation of how the conditions satisfy the
requirements of [18 U.S.C.] § 3583(d), . . . where the basis for the special conditions
can be discerned from the record, reversal is not required.” United States v. Simpson,
932 F.3d 1154, 1156 (8th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 826 (2020); United
States v. Thompson, 653 F.3d 688, 694 (8th Cir. 2011) (applying harmless-error
analysis to sentence imposing special condition without making individualized
findings). Here, the reason for the revocation hearing was Boschee’s continued
unauthorized Internet access in violation of Special Condition 10, which Boschee
accomplished by using his smartphone. And Boschee does not dispute that there was

                                          -5-
a sufficient basis in the record to limit Boschee’s ability to access the Internet. See
United States v. Deatherage, 682 F.3d 755, 764 (8th Cir. 2012) (upholding condition
prohibiting unauthorized Internet access because it was central to the defendant’s
child pornography offense). Thus, there is a sufficient basis in the record to discern
why the court imposed Special Condition 13 to prohibit Boschee’s possession and use
of his smartphone: to better enforce the restriction on Boschee’s unauthorized Internet
access, which Boschee has repeatedly violated.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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