                                                                          F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          OCT 23 2003
                                TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                       PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,                       No. 02-5131
          v.                                          (N. D. Oklahoma)
 REY RAMIREZ-BUENO,                                (D.C. No. 2:02-CR-02-C)

               Defendant-Appellant.




                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before EBEL, HENRY, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.


      Rey Ramirez-Bueno was convicted after a jury trial of knowingly and

intentionally possessing with the intent to distribute in excess of five kilograms or

more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine, a

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(A)(ii). Prior to trial, Mr.

Ramirez-Bueno moved to suppress evidence discovered in his car by an Oklahoma

Highway Patrolman during a December 13, 2001, traffic stop. The district court



      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
denied the motion, and Mr. Ramirez-Bueno now challenges that ruling on appeal.

For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the stop of Mr. Ramirez-

Bueno’s car and the resulting detention were reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial of Mr. Ramirez-

Bueno’s motion to suppress, as well as his conviction and sentence. 1



                                I. BACKGROUND

      On December 13, 2001, Highway Patrolman David King observed a car

with Nevada license plates fail to signal when exiting from the eastbound lane of

I-44 in Creek County, Oklahoma. Trooper King followed the car through the toll

booth and then stopped it. The car was driven by Mr. Ramirez-Bueno, and one

passenger, Ms. Shawna Hall, was riding in the front seat.

      Trooper King requested Mr. Ramirez-Bueno to step out of the car and then

asked him for his driver’s license. After Mr. Ramirez-Bueno retrieved the

license, Trooper King requested Mr. Ramirez-Bueno to accompany him to the

patrol car. Mr. Ramirez-Bueno complied. Trooper King then informed him of the

reason for the stop and explained that he would issue him a warning. As Trooper



      1
             After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not aid in the disposition of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f). We therefore grant the parties’ request to
decide this case on the briefs.

                                        -2-
King prepared the warning, he asked Mr. Ramirez-Bueno who owned the car and

where Mr. Ramirez-Bueno was going. Mr. Ramirez-Bueno told Trooper King that

he was driving to Philadelphia to see his brother and his father for the holiday and

that he planned to return to Las Vegas sometime around the first of the year.

According to Trooper King, “the more questions that I asked [Mr. Ramirez-

Bueno] about the trip, the more nervous he became. I could physically observe

his chest rising and falling and his right leg was shaking on the floorboard.”

Aplt’s App. at 36.

      Trooper King asked Mr. Ramirez-Bueno if the car was a rental. Mr.

Ramirez-Bueno responded affirmatively, and Trooper King then approached the

right side of the car and asked Ms. Hall for the registration. As she retrieved it

from the glove compartment, Trooper King asked where she was traveling. Ms.

Hall responded that she was going to Kansas City to see her family for Christmas.

Trooper King then asked if she and Mr. Ramirez-Bueno were planning to travel

anywhere else, and Ms. Hall responded that they were not. Trooper King told her

that Mr. Ramirez-Bueno had said that they were going to Philadelphia. Ms. Hall

responded that they might go there for a vacation. Trooper King asked if Mr.

Ramirez-Bueno had any family living in Philadelphia, and Ms. Hall responded

that he did not, adding that all of his family lived in Las Vegas.




                                          -3-
      Trooper King returned to his patrol car and confronted Mr. Ramirez-Bueno

with Ms. Hall’s account of their travel plans. According to Trooper King, Mr.

Ramirez-Bueno became extremely flustered. He stated that his mother and father

were in Kansas City and that he and Ms. Hall might stay there for three or four

days and then go to Philadelphia “if the weather was right.” Id. at 40.

      According to Trooper King, he then suspected that “some type of criminal

behavior was being committed.” Id. at 48. Nevertheless, after completing the

warning citation, Trooper King handed Mr. Ramirez-Bueno his license and told

him that he was free to go. Before Mr. Ramirez-Bueno exited the patrol car,

Trooper King then asked him if he had a few minutes to answer some questions.

According to Trooper King, “there was a little bit of confusion [about] what I was

asking, so I attempted to rephrase it to allow him to understand what I said, and

[Mr. Ramirez-Bueno] finally said, ‘Questions? Okay.’” Id. at 41. Mr. Ramirez-

Bueno then “shut the door back on the vehicle [a]nd failed to exit the vehicle.”

Id. Trooper King asked for permission to search the car, and Mr. Ramirez-Bueno

agreed.

      Trooper King returned to Mr. Ramirez-Bueno’s car with Chibo, his trained,

drug-sniffing dog. Chibo alerted on the windows on both sides of the car, and

Trooper King discovered several packages in the door panels. Trooper King




                                         -4-
placed Mr. Ramirez-Bueno and Ms. Hall under arrest The packages weighed

approximately twenty-eight pounds and tested positive for cocaine base.

      The government charged Mr. Ramirez-Bueno with one count of possessing

cocaine with the intent to distribute it, a violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and

841(b)(1)(A)(ii). Mr. Ramirez-Bueno moved to suppress the evidence discovered

during the traffic stop, and the court held a hearing during which it heard

testimony from Trooper King and viewed a tape of the stop.

      In denying the motion to suppress, the district court held that both Trooper

King’s initial stop of the car and his subsequent questioning were reasonable

under the Fourth Amendment. The court further concluded that Mr. Ramirez-

Bueno had consented to the search of the car:

             I think the more serious question the Court always has
             when we have somebody who has a primary language
             different from English is the issue of understanding. In
             viewing the tape, in listening to the tape, there was no
             indication that Mr. Ramirez does not understand English.
             There is a good indication that – he speaks broken English
             when he talks, but understanding and speaking are two
             different things, and I could detect nothing that would lead
             me to believe that from my observation and from my
             watching the tape and listening to it that he did not
             understand the words when they were spoken.
                    Officer King says that his impressions were clearly
             that he understood everything. The Court would believe
             from the evidence that is presented that that’s a fact, and
             therefore, there was a valid request, a valid consent, a
             knowing consent given for the search, and that the dog
             which alerted certainly gave Trooper King the probable
             cause to go further in the search itself. Once the dog

                                          -5-
             alerted, [Trooper King] had the right to go much further
             in the search to see what caused the alert.

Aplt’s App. at 52-53.

      Mr. Ramirez-Bueno was convicted after a jury trial. The court sentenced

him to 240 months’ incarceration.



                                  II. DISCUSSION

       Mr. Ramirez-Bueno challenges the district court’s ruling on two grounds.

First, he argues that the scope of Trooper King’s questioning exceeded the scope

allowed by the Fourth Amendment during minor traffic stops. Second, he

contends that his difficulties in understanding English establish that he did not

validly consent to the search of his car.

      In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the factual

findings of the district court unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v.

Williams, 271 F.3d 1262, 1266 (10th Cir. 2001). “Judging the credibility of the

witnesses, determining the weight to be given to evidence, and drawing

reasonable inferences and conclusions from the evidence are within the province

of the district court.” United States v. Hunnicutt, 135 F.3d 1345, 1348 (10th Cir.

1998). We consider the totality of the circumstances, viewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the government. Williams, 271 F.3d at 1266. The




                                            -6-
ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is a

question of law which we review de novo. Id.



A. Reasonableness of the Detention

       The Fourth Amendment protects the “right of the people to be secure in

their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and

seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. A traffic stop is a “seizure” within the

meaning of the Fourth Amendment, “even though the purpose of the stop is

limited and the resulting detention quite brief.” Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S.

648, 653 (1979). Such a stop, however, is more analogous to an investigative

detention than a custodial arrest. United States v. Jones, 44 F.3d 860, 871 (10th

Cir. 1995).

      Accordingly, we analyze such stops under the principles developed for

investigative detentions. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Williams, 271

F.3d at 1266-71 (applying Terry principles to a traffic stop). In assessing the

reasonableness of an investigative detention, we ask (1) “whether the officer’s

action was justified at its inception,” and (2) “whether [the action] was reasonably

related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first

place.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 20.




                                          -7-
      Here, Mr. Ramirez-Bueno does not dispute the district court’s conclusion

that Trooper King acted reasonably in making the initial stop for failing to signal

a turn. Instead, he focuses on Trooper King’s subsequent questioning, arguing

that once he obtained the driver’s license and registration, Trooper King lacked a

reasonable suspicion to ask Ms. Hall about her travel plans. Thus, Mr. Ramirez-

Bueno maintains, Trooper King’s questioning exceeded the scope permitted

during a routine traffic stop and violated the Fourth Amendment.

      Mr. Ramirez-Bueno’s argument is foreclosed by our precedent. As the

government notes, this court has repeatedly held that during a routine traffic stop,

an officer may ask about travel plans. See Williams, 271 F.3d at 1267 (“[W]e

have repeatedly held (as have other circuits) that questions relating to a driver’s

travel plans ordinarily fall within the scope of a traffic stop.”); United States v.

West, 219 F.3d 1171, 1176 (10th Cir. 2000) (stating that “questions about travel

plans are routine and ‘may be asked as a matter of course without exceeding the

proper scope of a traffic stop’”) (quoting United States v. Hernandez, 93 F.3d

1493, 1499 (10th Cir. 1996)). These questions may be asked of both the driver

and the passengers. See United States v. Rivera, 867 F.2d 1261, 1263 (10th Cir.

1989) (stating that an officer “could legitimately ask questions relating to the

identity and travel plans of [the driver] and [his passenger]” and noting that the

inconsistent answers provided by the two of them supported the finding of



                                          -8-
reasonable suspicion). Here, Trooper King’s questioning of Ms. Hall was limited

to her travel plans and did not extend the length of the detention significantly.

Thus, the questioning was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.



B. Consent to the Search

      Mr. Ramirez-Bueno also contends that his limited knowledge of English

indicates that he did not understand Trooper King’s request to search the car and

that, as a result, he did not validly consent. His argument is based upon the fact

that he answered “yes” to Trooper King’s question as to whether he owned the car

and “yes” to the question of whether the car was a rental. He also points to

Trooper King’s testimony that he had to repeat several questions.

      Whether Mr. Ramirez-Bueno voluntarily consented to the challenged

detention or search is a question of fact, determined by the totality of the

circumstances and reviewed for clear error. United States v. Zubia-Melendez,

263 F.3d 1155, 1162 (10th Cir. 2001). Here, the record supports the district

court’s conclusion that the search was consensual. At the hearing on the motion

to suppress, Trooper King testified that he believed that Mr. Ramirez-Bueno

“understood exactly what I was asking.” Aplt’s App. at 44. Moreover, as noted

above, the district court reviewed the entire tape of the stop and “detect[ed]

nothing that would lead [it] to believe” that Mr. Ramirez-Bueno did not

understand Trooper King’s request. Id. at 53. In light of Trooper King’s

                                          -9-
testimony and the district court’s opportunity to review the tape of the stop, we

discern no clear error in the district court’s ruling.



                                  III. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of

Mr. Ramirez-Bueno’s motion to suppress, as well as his conviction and sentence.




                                  Entered for the Court,



                                  Robert H. Henry
                                  Circuit Judge




                                          -10-
