                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

SYLVESTER OKPALA,


                       Plaintiff,
                                                   Civil Action No. 9-cv-1948 (RLW)
                       v.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,

                       Defendant.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Presently before the Court is “Plaintiff’s Second Motion for Leave of Court to Amend

Complaint to Add Additional Basis for Relief.” 1 (Doc. 23.) For the reasons set forth below,

Plaintiff’s motion is hereby GRANTED.

       In the present action Plaintiff alleges unlawful termination and retaliation, on the basis of

race and national origin, by his former employer the District of Columbia Department of

Transportation (DCDOT). In the original complaint, Plaintiff asserted claims pursuant to Title

VII. (Doc. 1.) In the proposed amended complaint, Plaintiff seeks to add a Fifth Amendment

claim styled “Deprivation of Protected Liberty Interest Without Due Process of Law Based on

Defamatory Statements.” (See Doc. 23-1.)

                                              FACTS

       The facts that gave rise to Plaintiff’s lawsuit began with an investigation by the DCDOT

Office of Inspector General, over alleged corruption by Plaintiff involving government contracts.

Ultimately, the Inspector General’s office was unable to substantiate the allegations. Several

months later, Plaintiff, who is a Nigerian civil engineer, testified on behalf of a co-worker

1 Although styled as Plaintiff’s “second” motion to amend, the Plaintiff has not yet amended his
original complaint filed on October 15, 2009.
involved in an EEO investigation. According to Plaintiff, shortly thereafter, Al Shakeri (an

Iranian supervisor) began retaliating against Plaintiff for assisting the co-worker. Specifically,

Shakeri verbally accused Plaintiff of corruption, taking kickbacks, and involvement in criminal

activity. (Doc. 23-1 ¶ 24.) Shakeri’s pursuit of these charges ultimately culminated in an

investigation by the DCDOT’s Office of Integrity and Workforce Relations, which issued a

report that was “circulated within management.” (Id. ¶¶ 1, 12-13.) According to Plaintiff, this

July 2, 2008, report accused Plaintiff of corruption, taking kickbacks and engaging in criminal

activities for personal gain. (Id. ¶¶ 1,14.) On the same day of the report, Plaintiff received a “for

Cause” termination letter. (Id. ¶ 14.) Prior to receiving the letter, he was unaware of the second

investigation and he was never afforded an opportunity to rebut any of the allegations. (Id. ¶ 13.)

After Plaintiff’s termination, Shakeri replaced Plaintiff with an Iranian born employee whom

Shakeri had repeatedly favored. (Id. ¶¶ 9, 15.)

       According to Plaintiff, the defamatory allegations “imposed a highly injurious stigma on

[his] reputation within his workplace community, which led to his summary removal.” (Id. ¶

24.) Furthermore, DCDOT’s “conduct” prevented Plaintiff from finding comparable

employment for more than a year and “interfered with his ability to obtain government contracts”

with the District of Columbia. (Id. ¶¶ 18, 27.)

                                    MOTIONS TO DISMISS

       Although the deadline for amending the pleadings has passed, (see Minute Order entered

6/3/2010), Plaintiff may amend his complaint with consent of the DCDOT. In the absence of

such consent, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that Plaintiff may amend his

complaint with leave of court and leave should be “freely” given “when justice so requires.”


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Fed. R. Civ. P 15(a)(2). Specifically, leave to amend is appropriate “[i]n the absence of any

apparent or declared reason-such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the

movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue

prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment,

etc.” Atchinson v. District of Columbia, 73 F.3d 418, 425-26 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citations

omitted). In the instant case, Defendant raises no issues of undue delay or untoward conduct,

rather Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s proposed addition of the Fifth Amendment due process

claim would be futile.

       This Court “may deny a motion to amend a complaint as futile . . . if the proposed claim

would not survive a motion to dismiss.” James Madison Ltd. v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1099

(D.C. Cir. 1996). When analyzing a motion to dismiss, this Court must view the facts in the light

most favorable to Plaintiff and dismiss the proposed Fifth Amendment claim only if Plaintiff can

prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief. See Doe v. DOJ,

753 F.2d 1092, 1102 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (citation omitted).

                                           ANALYSIS

       Defendant raises two arguments to support its contention that Plaintiff’s Fifth

Amendment claim is futile. First, Defendant argues Plaintiff cannot establish that the charges

against him were false. According to Defendant, Plaintiff admittedly failed to list his wholly

owned corporation on a disclosure form, which requires District of Columbia employees to

disclose any connections with entities that conduct business with the city. Thus, whether or not

Plaintiff failed to do so purposefully or inadvertently, the charges supporting his termination

were true, asserts DCDOT.


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       Inasmuch as this Court must, at this juncture, consider the facts in the light most

favorable to Plaintiff, Defendant’s first argument is unpersuasive. Even if Plaintiff did fail to

disclose his business interests, such a failure does not necessarily amount to corruption and

criminal activity. Because this Court must assume that DCDOT did in fact make the alleged

defamatory statements regarding corruption and criminal activity, Plaintiff’s failure to disclose

his business interests does not automatically foreclose his liberty interest due process claim.

        When pursuing such a claim, Plaintiff may proceed under one of two theories: (1) a

reputation-plus” theory; or (2) a “stigma or disability” theory. O’Donnell v. Barry, 148 F.3d

1126, 1139-40 (D.C. Cir. 1998). Under the reputation-plus theory, Plaintiff must show an

adverse employment action accompanied by “official defamation.” Id. 1140.

       Under the “stigma or disability” theory, Plaintiff must show an adverse employment

action accompanied by “a stigma or other disability that foreclosed the plaintiff’s freedom to take

advantage of other employment opportunities.” O’Donnell, 148 F.3d 1126, 1140 (D.C. Cir.

1998) (quoting Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 573 (1972)). Unlike the “reputation-

plus” theory, the “stigma or disability” theory “does not depend on official speech, but on” some

“official action” that leads to a “continuing stigma or disability.” O’Donnell, 148 F.3d at 1140

(emphasis added); see e.g., Kartseva v. Department of State, 37 F.3d 1524, 1527 - 30 (D.C. Cir.

1994) (reversing dismissal of liberty interest claim where the State Department withheld a

security clearance from Plaintiff, who was a translator, thereby leading to her termination from

employment with a State Department contractor). A Plaintiff can establish this “stigma or

disability” by showing:

       (1)     that the government action “formally or automatically excluded [Plaintiff] from
               work or some category of future State contracts or from other government

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               employment opportunities”;

               or

       (2)     that the government action has the “broad effect of largely precluding [Plaintiff]
               from pursing h[is] chosen career . . . .”

O’Donnell, 148 F.3d at 1140 – 41.

       Defendant argues Plaintiff’s proposed claim is futile under both the “reputation-plus” and

the “stigma or disability” theory because Plaintiff “does not allege, nor could he,” that any part

of the report, Shakeri’s statements, or the termination letter were published outside to the

DCDOT. (See Def’s Br. at 4.) Rather than addressing the specific point raised by Defendant,

the Plaintiff merely responds that the charges were “published” because they appeared in the

report and in his termination letter. (Doc. 25, Pl.’s Reply at 2.)

       This failure to address Defendant’s specific argument, about disclosure outside of the

agency, is not fatal to Plaintiff’s claim because such disclosure is not required under Circuit

precedent. Indeed, in Old Dominion Diary Products, Inc. v. Secretary of Defense, 631 F.2d 953,

963-64 (D.C. Cir. 1980), the Court of Appeals held that a contractor had a viable liberty interest

due process claim after a governmental agency’s findings of misconduct prevented the contractor

from securing further contracts with the same agency. The Court also noted that the misconduct

findings would likely have prevented the contractor from obtaining any government contracts.

       Like the Plaintiff in Old Dominion, the Plaintiff here alleges that the Defendant’s

defamatory conduct “interfered with his ability to obtain contracts with Defendant.” (Doc. 23-1

¶ 27.) While it is unclear whether or not Plaintiff alleges that the charges were released to

persons outside the DCDOT, the precedent established in Old Dominion makes this distinction

irrelevant at the motion to dismiss stage: Old Dominion involved a Plaintiff’s challenge to

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defamatory findings by the State Department and that same department’s failure to award

Plaintiff additional contracts. See 631 F.2d at 956-59.

       Notably, Defendant does not cite Old Dominion in its brief. Rather, Defendant relies on

four other cases in support of its argument that Plaintiff must allege the challenged defamatory

statements were publicly disclosed outside the governmental agency. See Orange v. District of

Columbia, 59 F.3d 1267, 1274 (D.C. Cir. 1995), O’Donnell, 148 F.3d at 1140; Doe v. Cheney,

885 F.2d 898, 910 (D.C. Cir. 1989); Mosrie v. Barry, 718 F.2d 1151, 1157 (D.C. Cir. 1983).

Although the cited cases appear to require allegations that the defamatory statements were

published outside of the Plaintiff’s agency under the “reputation-plus” theory of liability, none of

the cited cases actually stands for the proposition that a liberty interest claim based on

defamation is actionable solely when outside publication occurs when proceeding under the

“stigma or disability” theory of liability. See Orange, 59 F.3d at 1274 - 75 (noting an absence of

stigma where former University employees challenged a report, charging them with publicly

disclosing confidential information and other misconduct, but the report was solely disseminated

to the incoming college president, not the trustees, and the employees failed to establish that the

report foreclosed their opportunities for future government employment.); O’Donnell, 148 F.3d

at 1274 (declining to find a liberty interest claim where police officer complained about

defamatory public statements, but there was no evidence that the public statements accompanied

the adverse employment action.); Cheney, 885 F.2d at 909 – 10 (finding no liberty interest claim

where Plaintiff’s federal agency revoked his security clearance and, with Plaintiff’s consent,

disclosed the revocation to other government agencies in an effort to secure him another

position); Mosrie, 718 F.3d at 1157 (explaining that Plaintiff who challenged a report and


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statements released to the media, must establish “public stigma” in order to proceed with a

liberty interest claim). Indeed, valid liberty interest due process claims under the “stigma or

disability” theory were stated in Old Dominion and Kartseva despite the fact that the defamatory

statements were not published outside of the government.

       In the absence of a requirement that publication of allegedly defamatory statements

outside the agency is necessary in all circumstances to support a liberty interest due process

claim, Plaintiff’s motion will be granted. A separate order will follow.

       SO ORDERED


                                                                       Digitally signed by Judge Robert
                                                                       L. Wilkins
October 18, 2011                                                       DN: cn=Judge Robert L. Wilkins,
                                                                       o=U.S. District Court,
                                                                       ou=Chambers of Honorable
                                                                       Robert L. Wilkins,
                                                                       email=RW@dc.uscourt.gov, c=US
                                                                       Date: 2011.10.18 17:02:59 -04'00'
                                                      ___________________________
                                                      Robert L. Wilkins
                                                      United States District Judge




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