                                                                    COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Petty, Beales and Decker
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


            MIGUEL ANTONIO REYES
                                                                                                   OPINION BY
            v.            Record No. 2108-16-4                                              JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                                 JANUARY 9, 2018
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                                                John M. Tran, Judge

                                         Kathryn C. Donoghue, Senior Assistant Public Defender, for
                                         appellant.

                                         Christopher P. Schandevel, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                                         Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                                                                            I. BACKGROUND

                          Miguel Antonio Reyes (“appellant”) was indicted for robbery stemming from an incident

            that occurred on June 27, 2015 involving M.G. (“the victim”).1 Due to appellant’s indigent

            status, Roger Nord, Esquire, was appointed as counsel for appellant.

                          On February 23, 2016, appellant entered an Alford guilty plea to the robbery charge

            pursuant to North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).2 After appellant entered his plea, the




                                                                        
                          1
                              We use the victim’s initials in an attempt to better protect her privacy.
                          2
                     Alford pleas allow “criminal defendants who wish to avoid the consequences of a trial
            to plead guilty by conceding that the evidence is sufficient to convict them, while maintaining
            that they did not participate in the acts constituting the crimes.” Carroll v. Commonwealth, 280
            Va. 641, 644-45, 701 S.E.2d 414, 415 (2010) (quoting Parson v. Carroll, 272 Va. 560, 636
            S.E.2d 452 (2006)).
                           
Commonwealth summarized the evidence that it would have presented at trial.3 According to the

written plea agreement, there was no agreement regarding appellant’s sentence. The agreement

noted that the Commonwealth had disposed of another charge at the preliminary hearing by nolle

prosequi and that the Commonwealth agreed not to indict appellant on another count of robbery.

Pursuant to the agreement, appellant would pay restitution in the amount of $1,850 “for this

victim and the victim of the uncharged case.” After engaging in a plea colloquy, the trial court

accepted appellant’s guilty plea and entered an order finding him guilty of robbery.

              On May 13, 2016, the parties appeared before the trial court for sentencing. Appellant’s

appointed counsel, Mr. Nord, asked for a continuance in order to determine whether appellant

was eligible for the Youthful Offender Program. The Commonwealth objected to the

continuance based on the late timing of the motion, arguing that the victim was present and ready

to testify. The Commonwealth also argued that the program would be inappropriate based on the

violent nature of the crime and appellant’s history. The trial court granted the continuance and

rescheduled the sentencing hearing to July 15, 2016. After the court granted the continuance, the

Commonwealth requested that there be no future continuances, or if there were, requested that

appellant’s “Counsel let us know so we don’t have the victim take time out of her day to come

here yet again.” The trial court declined to forbid future continuances, but requested that

Mr. Nord inform the Commonwealth about any additional requests to continue prior to the date




                                                            
              3
           The Commonwealth’s proffer is summarized as follows: The victim called the Fairfax
County Police on June 27, 2015 to report a robbery. The victim stated that she was in her
apartment where her five-year-old son was asleep when she heard a knock at the door. When she
opened the door, two individuals entered her apartment, and one of them put a gun to her head.
One of the individuals told her to give them her money and pushed her to the ground. She gave
them $650. They also took her cell phone. Before leaving, one of the individuals told the victim
that, if she told anyone what had happened, they knew where she lived. The victim gave the
police a description of the suspects, and she later identified appellant as one of the robbers in a
photo lineup.
                                                 -2-
of the sentencing to allow the Commonwealth to inform the victim. Following the hearing,

appellant was declared not suitable for the Youthful Offender Program.

       On July 14, 2016, the day before the rescheduled sentencing hearing, Charles J. Swedish,

Esquire filed a “Notice and Motion to Substitute Counsel.” The motion stated that appellant’s

“financial circumstances have changed since his incarceration and that he is now able to retain

private counsel.” In addition to the request to substitute counsel, Mr. Swedish asked that “a

reasonable continuance be granted for new counsel to prepare.” On the same date, Mr. Swedish

also filed a “Notice and Motion to Continue,” stating that he was requesting a “reasonable

continuance pursuant to Section 19.2-159.1 Code of Virginia.”

       On July 15, 2016, the parties appeared before the trial court for the previously scheduled

sentencing hearing and to address Mr. Swedish’s motions to substitute counsel and to continue

the case. Mr. Swedish informed the trial court that he was “representing a family member and he

asked me to look into the case and they want me to take over Mr. Reyes’ case.” Mr. Swedish

told the trial court that the family spoke to him three weeks ago, but they did not pay him “until

quite recently” at which point he immediately filed the motions. Mr. Swedish argued that Code

§ 19.2-159.1 “says when there is a change of financial circumstances for somebody who is

represented by court-appointed counsel the Court shall grant a reasonable continuance.”

Mr. Swedish also informed the trial court that appellant “might want to withdraw” his guilty

plea, to which the court replied, “That’s so unlikely as to make it insufficient cause to continue

the matter.”

       The Commonwealth objected to the continuance because the victim was again present to

testify at the hearing and the case had previously been continued. The trial court denied the

motion to continue because it had previously granted a continuance and because, it noted, an

additional continuance would be a burden on the victim. However, the trial court stated that it

                                                -3-
would permit Mr. Swedish to enter his appearance and represent appellant alongside Mr. Nord.

Mr. Swedish declined to represent appellant with Mr. Nord, and Mr. Nord continued with the

representation. On July 21, 2016, the trial court entered a final sentencing order sentencing

appellant to forty-five years in prison with all but eighteen years suspended.

              On August 9, 2016, Mr. Nord filed a “Motion to Reconsider, to Withdraw Alford Plea

and to Set a Trial Date.”4 On September 20, 2016, the trial court entered an order denying the

motion to reconsider and deeming all other motions moot. On October 4, 2016, Mr. Nord filed a

“Supplemental Motion to Reconsider, to Withdraw Alford Plea and to Set a Trial Date,”

claiming in his supplemental motion that new information had become available because he was

finally able to locate at least one alibi witnesses and possibly two others.

              On October 5, 2016, the trial court entered an order stating that appellant was to be held

at the Adult Detention Center in Fairfax County and not transferred to the Department of

Corrections “until further notice of this Court.” On October 7, 2016, the parties appeared before

the trial court on Mr. Nord’s motion. Mr. Nord argued that appellant had told him that he was in

other places during the crime, but Mr. Nord had been unable to locate witnesses and he did not

have a staff investigator to help him locate them. When asked by the trial court if there was a

petition for habeas corpus coming, Mr. Nord responded, “I do not know that, Your Honor. I

think that there are some grounds that may justify such an action.” The trial court did not rule on

appellant’s supplemental motion, and instead requested that the Public Defender’s Office look

into the file. On October 12, 2016, the trial court entered an order stating that Mr. Nord was




                                                            
              4
         In the motion, Mr. Nord explained that he believed Mr. Swedish had taken over
handling the case. However, he received a phone call from Mr. Swedish on August 2, 2016,
explaining that Mr. Swedish would not continue with the case since appellant’s family did not
pay him in full.
                                              -4-
withdrawn from the case and the Office of the Public Defender was appointed to represent

appellant.

       On December 6, 2016, this Court entered an order granting appellant leave to file a

delayed appeal. Appellant subsequently filed a notice of appeal of the July 21, 2016 order.

Appellant assigns error to the trial court’s denial of his retained counsel’s motion to continue,

arguing that the denial was a violation of Code § 19.2-159.1 and of the Sixth Amendment to the

United States Constitution.


                                           II. ANALYSIS

                                      A. Standard of Review

       “The decision to grant a motion for a continuance is within the sound discretion of the

circuit court and must be considered in view of the circumstances unique to each case.” Haugen

v. Shenandoah Valley Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 274 Va. 27, 34, 645 S.E.2d 261, 265 (2007). “A trial

judge has broad discretion in determining whether a continuance to obtain counsel is necessary

in order to preserve the accused’s right to assistance of counsel.” Johnson v. Commonwealth, 51

Va. App. 369, 374, 657 S.E.2d 812, 814 (2008) (quoting Feigley v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App.

717, 721, 432 S.E.2d 520, 523 (1993)). A trial judge’s denial of a continuance will not be

reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion and prejudice to the defendant. Lowery v.

Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 304, 307, 387 S.E.2d 508, 509 (1990). “The trial judge does not

abuse his discretion and deny the accused his right to counsel unless he makes ‘an unreasoning

and arbitrary insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay.’”

Feigley, 16 Va. App. at 721, 432 S.E.2d at 523 (quoting Paris v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App.

454, 461, 389 S.E.2d 718, 722 (1990)).

               An accused’s right to be represented by counsel includes “not only
               an indigent’s right to have the government appoint an attorney to
               represent him, but also the right of any accused, if he can provide

                                                -5-
                             counsel for himself by his own resources to be represented by an
                             attorney of his own choosing.

Feigley, 16 Va. App. at 720, 432 S.E.2d at 523 (quoting Bolden v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App.

187, 190, 397 S.E.2d 534, 536 (1990)). “However, this right is a qualified right which is limited

by a ‘countervailing state interest . . . in proceeding with prosecutions on an orderly and

expeditious basis.’” Bolden, 11 Va. App. at 190, 397 S.E.2d at 536 (quoting Paris, 9 Va. App. at

460, 389 S.E.2d at 721-22).  Once a defendant has been erroneously denied his right to counsel,

however, “[n]o additional showing of prejudice is required to make the violation ‘complete.’”

London v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 230, 239, 638 S.E.2d 721, 724 (2006) (quoting United

States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 580 U.S. 140, 146 (2006)).

                             B. Appellant’s Request for a Continuance under Code § 19.2-159.1

              In appellant’s first assignment of error, he argues that the trial court erred in denying the

request for a continuance made on his behalf by Mr. Swedish, pursuant to Code § 19.2-159.1.

Code § 19.2-159.1(B) provides:

                             The statement and oath of the defendant shall be filed with the
                             papers in the case, and shall follow and be in effect at all stages of
                             the proceedings against him without further oath. In the event the
                             defendant undergoes a change of circumstances so that he is no
                             longer indigent, the defendant shall thereupon obtain private
                             counsel and shall forthwith advise the court of the change of
                             circumstances. The court shall grant reasonable continuance to
                             allow counsel to be obtained and to prepare for trial.5 When
                             private counsel has been retained, appointed counsel shall
                             forthwith be relieved of further responsibility and compensated for
                             his services, pro rata, pursuant to § 19.2-163.




                                                            
              5
         The parties dispute whether the word “trial,” as used in this code section, includes
sentencing proceedings. Appellant argues that “trial” encompasses arraignment through
sentencing, while the Commonwealth contends that “trial” refers only to the stage of proceedings
where a defendant’s guilt or innocence is determined. For the purposes of this appeal, we
assume without deciding that “trial” within Code § 19.2-159.1 applies to sentencing proceedings.
                                               -6-
       Appellant argues that he complied with the requirements imposed on defendants under

this statute by informing the trial court of his change in circumstance and alerting the court to the

fact that his family now possessed the funds to retain private counsel on his behalf. He argues

that, having fulfilled this requirement, the trial court was obligated to provide appellant’s new

counsel with time to prepare because the statute’s mandatory language, “shall grant reasonable

continuance,” required the trial court to grant the request for a continuance. Code

§ 19.2-159.1(B).

       This Court has stated, “Not every denial of a request for continuance to permit

substitution of retained counsel will constitute an abuse of discretion” that can be overturned on

appeal. London, 49 Va. App. at 236, 638 S.E.2d at 724. When a defendant makes a last minute

request for a continuance, he must demonstrate that exceptional circumstances exist. Shifflett v.

Commonwealth, 218 Va. 25, 30, 235 S.E.2d 316, 320 (1977) (“In order to work a delay by the

last minute change of counsel, exceptional circumstances must exist.” (citing United States v.

Grow, 394 F.2d 182, 209 (4th Cir. 1968))); see also Brailey v. Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 435,

444, 686 S.E.2d 546, 550 (2009) (requiring defendant to show exceptional circumstances where

he requested a continuance to obtain new counsel on the day of trial); Johnson, 51 Va. App. at

374, 657 S.E.2d at 814 (showing of exceptional circumstances required where request for

continuance was filed the morning of trial). Two cases from this Court are particularly

instructive in determining whether exceptional circumstances are present. In Johnson v.

Commonwealth, a new attorney appeared for the defendant on the day of trial, requesting that he

be allowed to substitute as defense counsel in place of defendant’s appointed attorney and

seeking a continuance to allow him to prepare. 51 Va. App. at 373, 657 S.E.2d at 813. The new

attorney informed the trial court that defendant’s family had “come into some money” and had

retained him “about a week ago.” Id. The trial court denied the continuance, and defendant

                                                -7-
appealed. Id. This Court affirmed the decision of the trial court, holding that the defendant

failed to present an exceptional circumstance that would warrant a last-minute continuance. Id.

at 375, 657 S.E.2d at 814. This Court also reasoned that the trial court’s decision was neither

“unreasoning nor arbitrary” under the circumstances because the case had been continued five

times prior (three times at the defendant’s request), retained counsel waited a week after he was

retained to request the continuance, witnesses were present to testify, and both the attorney for

the Commonwealth and appellant’s court-appointed attorney were prepared to proceed. Id. at

376-77, 657 S.E.2d at 815.

       Similarly, in Brailey v. Commonwealth, this Court affirmed a trial court’s denial of a

request for a continuance to allow the defendant to retain new counsel. 55 Va. App. at 445, 686

S.E.2d at 551. In that case, the defendant made a request for a continuance to allow him to retain

new counsel on the day of trial, necessitating a showing of exceptional circumstances by the

defendant. Id. at 442, 686 S.E.2d at 549. The only reason for the continuance request offered on

the record was, a “general representation by appellant that he and his counsel were having

problems ‘beyond the realm of normal navigation’ and did ‘not see eye to eye.’” Id. at 445, 686

S.E.2d at 551. In affirming the trial court’s denial of the requested continuance, this Court also

noted that the defendant’s interest in obtaining new counsel was outweighed by the state’s

countervailing interest to proceed expeditiously because the trial court had previously granted a

continuance at the defendant’s request, the Commonwealth had fourteen witnesses present for

trial, and appellant’s current counsel was prepared to proceed.

       In this case, the motion for a continuance was filed the day before the sentencing hearing

which had previously been continued at appellant’s request. Because the motion was filed at the

last minute, appellant was required to show exceptional circumstances to warrant the

continuance. However, appellant failed to present any exceptional circumstances to the trial

                                                -8-
court. Although Mr. Swedish informed the court that appellant may want to withdraw his guilty

plea, he provided no reasoning or support for this possible action. In addition, as in Johnson,

although appellant’s retained counsel informed the court of appellant’s changed financial

circumstances, this alone was insufficient to require the court to grant the continuance.

Furthermore, also as in Johnson and Brailey, appellant had previously been granted a last-minute

continuance. The Commonwealth’s witness, the victim, was yet again present and ready to

testify, which forced her to once again relive the trauma of the events that victimized her, and

both the Commonwealth and appellant’s appointed counsel were prepared to proceed.6 Under

these circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied

appellant’s motion to continue.7

              Appellant argues that this case is more similar to London v. Commonwealth. In London,

this Court reversed a trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion for a continuance where the

defendant had continually insisted to his appointed counsel that he was going to hire a specific

private attorney to represent him, defendant’s family retained that private attorney sixteen days



                                                            
              6
           After the trial court denied the motion to continue and informed Mr. Swedish that he
could represent appellant together with Mr. Nord during the sentencing proceeding, Mr. Swedish
stated, “Well, I have to be in another jurisdiction today later on. But I’m leaving it up to
Mr. Nord. He’s quite prepared for the sentencing.” There was no evidence presented at the time
to indicate that Mr. Nord was not prepared. However, appellant claims that he was prejudiced by
the trial court’s denial based on Mr. Nord’s statements to the trial court on October 7, 2016,
indicating that Mr. Nord’s representation of appellant may have been ineffective. See Feigley,
16 Va. App. at 721, 432 S.E.2d at 523 (noting that prejudice may be shown if “court-appointed
attorney conducted an inadequate investigation, was unprepared for trial, or failed to pursue a
vigorous defense”). However, having held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying the continuance, we need not reach the issue of whether appellant was prejudiced by the
denial.
              7
        Although the defendants in Johnson and Brailey only argued that their Sixth
Amendment right to counsel was violated, the same basic analysis applies to appeals based on
Code § 19.2-159.1. See London, 49 Va. App. at 235-40, 638 S.E.2d at 723-26 (applying the
same analysis to appellant’s Sixth Amendment argument and his argument under Code
§ 19.2-159.1).
                                             -9-
before trial, the private attorney moved to substitute and for a continuance twelve days before

trial, and the trial court had granted no prior continuances at the defendant’s request. 49

Va. App. at 239, 638 S.E.2d at 725. Despite appellant’s argument, we find London

distinguishable. Most notably, “London, unlike this case, did not involve a last minute request

for a continuance, and the situation in that case did not require ‘exceptional circumstances.’”

Johnson, 51 Va. App. at 375, 657 S.E.2d at 814. In addition, in London, no prior continuances

had been granted, while in this case, the court had previously granted a continuance made on the

day of the sentencing hearing when the victim had also been present to testify but was not

allowed to do so because of the granting of the last-minute continuance. For all these reasons,

the trial court, unlike in London, did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s request for a

continuance.

                                                       C. Appellant’s Sixth Amendment Claim

              Appellant also claims that the trial court violated appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to

be represented by counsel. However, appellant failed to preserve this argument for this Court’s

review. In the trial court, appellant relied solely on Code § 19.2-159.1, and failed to raise a

claim regarding his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. See Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41

Va. App. 752, 760, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc) (“Making one specific argument on an

issue does not preserve a separate legal point on the same issue for review.”). As a result,

appellant’s argument is procedurally defaulted pursuant to Rule 5A:18. Therefore, we do not

reach this assignment of error.8




                                                            
              8
         The written order in this case shows that the trial court granted appellant’s request to
substitute Mr. Swedish, the counsel of appellant’s choosing, for his appointed counsel. The
order also notes that Mr. Swedish then immediately withdrew as counsel.
                                               - 10 -
                                           III. CONCLUSION

        In summary, we affirm the trial court’s denial of appellant’s request for a continuance under

Code § 19.2-159.1. Because appellant’s request was made last minute – the day before the

sentencing proceeding – appellant was required to demonstrate exceptional circumstances.

However, appellant failed to present such exceptional circumstances to the trial court as part of his

motion. Furthermore, appellant had previously been granted a last-minute continuance, the

Commonwealth’s witness (the victim) was present and prepared to testify, as she was when the

prior continuance was granted, and both the Commonwealth and appellant’s appointed attorney

were prepared to proceed with the sentencing hearing. Given these circumstances, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in denying the request for a continuance. We do not address appellant’s

second assignment of error because appellant failed to preserve that issue for our review. For these

reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                                                                            Affirmed.




                                                 - 11 -
