              IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                          OF TEXAS

                         NO. WR-86,920-02



    IN RE STATE OF TEXAS EX REL. BRIAN W. WICE, Relator

                                   v.

      THE FIFTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS,
                       Respondent



         ON APPLICATION FOR A WRIT OF MANDAMUS
        CAUSE NOS. 05-17-00634-CV, 05-17-00635-CV &
                      05-17-00636-CV
              IN THE FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS
                      COLLIN COUNTY



      N EWELL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which K ELLER,
P.J., K EASLER, H ERVEY and R ICHARDSON, JJ., joined. R ICHARDSON, J.,
filed a concurring opinion. Y EARY, J., filed a concurring and
dissenting opinion. A LCALA, J., filed a dissenting opinion. K EEL, J.,
filed a dissenting opinion. W ALKER, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

     This case is about whether a trial court can pay an appointed

prosecutor at an hourly rate even though the fee schedule approved by

the judges of the county only allows for payment of a fixed fee. Relators
                                                                  Wice – 2

(the attorneys appointed to prosecute the defendant) argue that

upholding the trial court’s order for payment is appropriate because the

trial court’s determination of a reasonable fee for their services is a

discretionary call, not a ministerial one.    The primary Real Party in

Interest (the Collin County Commissioners Court) responds that vacating

the trial court’s order for payment is appropriate because the trial court

lacked authority to set a fee outside of the fixed rate in the fee schedule

approved by the local judges. According to the Commissioners Court, the

local rule authorizing the trial court to “opt out” of its own fee schedule

conflicts with a statute that requires payment according to that fee

schedule.

     The Commissioners Court is correct that we are not called upon to

determine whether the payment ordered in this case is reasonable. We

are only asked to determine whether the applicable statute limits the trial

court’s ability to approve an hourly rate when the fee schedule approved

by the local judges prescribes a fixed rate. This is the business we’ve

chosen.     We agree with the Commissioners Court that the statute in

question limits the trial court’s authority, and we agree with the court of

appeals that the second order for payment should be vacated.
                                                                            Wice – 3

                                        I. Facts

     In 2015, the Public Integrity Unit of the Texas Rangers forwarded

a formal complaint against Kenneth Paxton to the Collin County District

Attorney’s Office based upon alleged conduct that occurred before he took

office as Attorney General. The Collin County Criminal District Attorney

recused his office from all matters involving the cases, which were

assigned to the 416th Judicial District Court.1 The Local Administrative

Judge of Collin County appointed three experienced criminal defense

attorneys, Kent A. Schaffer, Brian W. Wice, and Nichole DeBorde, to serve

as attorneys pro tem in those cases.2               The judge agreed to pay each

attorney a fee of $300 per hour for his or her professional services.3

     The trial court has twice ordered interim payment for the pre-trial

legal services provided by the appointed prosecutors. On January 11,

2016, the Collin County Commissioners Court considered a trial court’s

order for interim payment of fees and expenses to the appointed

prosecutors. The Commissioners Court was made aware, at the time,




     1
         In re Collin Cty., 528 S.W .3d 807, 809 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2017).

     2
         Id.

     3
         Id. at 810.
                                                                                      Wice – 4

that the bill was significantly greater than the fee schedule allowed.4

Nevertheless, the Commissioners Court voted to pay Relators $242,025

in attorneys fees for the pre-trial services already performed based upon

the $300 per hour rate.5 This payment is not at issue in this case.

       Later, the other Real Party in Interest, Kenneth Paxton, filed a pre-

trial motion challenging the interim fees for the appointed prosecutors.

On January 4, 2017, the trial judge overruled the defendant’s motion and

issued a second order for payment of attorneys fees in the amount of

$199,575.6 This time, however, the Commissioners Court rejected the

request for compensation, choosing instead to file a petition for writ of

mandamus to compel the trial court to vacate the second payment order.7

The Fifth Court of Appeals in Dallas agreed with the Commissioners Court,

granting mandamus relief and holding that the trial court lacked the

authority to order the payment.8                   The appointed prosecutors have

petitioned us to determine who got it right: the trial court or the court


       4
          At the tim e, the fee schedule set a fixed fee of $1,000 for pre-trial preparation with
judicial discretion to adjust the fee upwards in an am ount not to exceed an additional
$1,000. Id.

       5
           Id.

       6
           Id. at 811.

       7
           Id.

       8
           Id. at 815.
                                                                                              Wice – 5

of appeals.

                              II. Operative Statutes and Rules

        Article 2.07 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure sets out how

attorneys pro tem are to be appointed and compensated. The statute

provides for the appointment of either private attorneys or prosecutors

from other jurisdictions within the state to take over for the recused or

disqualified District or County Attorney.9                       If the trial court appoints a

prosecutor from another jurisdiction, that prosecutor gets paid for his or

her regular prosecutorial job without any additional compensation.10 But,

if the trial court appoints a private attorney, that person (or team as in

this case) is paid “in the same amount and manner” as an attorney

representing an indigent defendant.11

        Compensation for an attorney representing an indigent defendant

is governed by Article 26.05 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.                                      This

statute provides in relevant part:

        (a) A counsel, other than an attorney with a public defender’s
        office or an attorney employed by the office of capital and
        forensic writs, appointed to represent a defendant in a

        9
        T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 2.07(d) (“In this article, ‘attorney for the state’ m eans a
county attorney, a district attorney, or a crim inal district attorney.”).

        10
             T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 2.07(b).

        11
             T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 2.07(c).
                                                                 Wice – 6

     criminal proceeding, including a habeas corpus hearing, shall
     be paid a reasonable attorney’s fee for performing the
     following services, based on the time and labor required, the
     complexity of the case, and the experience and ability of the
     appointed counsel: . . . [under subsection (a) the statute lists
     four subsections that detail the types of work that qualify for
     compensation under the statute].

     (b) All payments made under this article shall be paid in
     accordance with a schedule of fees adopted by formal action
     of the judges of the county courts, statutory county courts,
     and district courts trying criminal cases in each county. On
     adoption of a schedule of fees as provided by this subsection,
     a copy of the schedule shall be sent to the commissioners
     court of the county.

     (c) Each fee schedule adopted shall state reasonable fixed
     rates or minimum and maximum hourly rates, taking into
     consideration reasonable and necessary overhead costs and
     the availability of qualified attorneys willing to accept the
     stated rates . . . .12

This statute states that the trial court “shall” authorize payment for

appointed counsel (assuming that the trial court has not appointed a

member of a public defender’s office) according to a fee schedule adopted

by formal action of the judges in a particular county.13 While the statute

allows for an appeal process when the trial court either fails to approve

or affirmatively disapproves a payment, the statute commands that a

commissioners court pay fees that are “in accordance with the fee


     12
          T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 26.05.

     13
          T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 26.05(b).
                                                                    Wice – 7

schedule for that county.” 14

     This statutory framework created by Article 2.07 and 26.05 can be

summarized fairly succinctly.

     1.         Appointed prosecutors are entitled to compensation in
                the same amount and manner as appointed defense
                attorneys if the appointed prosecutors are not already
                prosecutors serving in another office.

     2.         Appointed    defense     attorneys  are    entitled  to
                compensation according to a schedule of fees adopted
                by formal action of the district courts trying criminal
                cases within a particular county.

     3.         The fee schedule adopted by the district courts trying
                criminal cases within a particular county must state
                reasonable fixed rates or minimum and maximum hourly
                rates.

     At the time the appointed prosecutors sought payment in this case,

the judges of the district courts trying criminal cases in Collin County had

adopted local rules relating to the appointment and compensation of

appointed counsel in felony cases.15 Rule 4.01 of the local rules stated in

relevant part:

     A.         The District Judges adopt, pursant to Article 26.05 Tex.
                Code of Crim. Proc., a fee schedule for appointed
                attorneys, attached hereto as “Fee Schedule for
                Appointed Attorneys.”


     14
          T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 26.05(c).

     15
          In re Collin Cty., 528 S.W .3d at 810.
                                                                                   Wice – 8

       B.         The judge presiding over a case may authorize payment
                  to appointed counsel that varies from the fee schedule
                  in unusual circumstances or where the fee would be
                  manifestly inappropriate because of circumstances
                  beyond the control of the appointed counsel.16

       The local rules included a fee schedule in Rule 4.01(A) setting out,

relevant to this case, a fixed fee of $1,000 for pre-trial preparation in a

non-capital felony case along with discretionary adjustment categories

that   allow       additional   fees    not    to   exceed      $1,000.17        After    the

Commissioners Court approved the first order for interim payment and

before the trial court entered the second, the local district judges

amended the fee schedule to include the directive, “In all felony cases,

except as hereafter provided, counsel shall be paid according to the

following fee schedule, without exception, except as provided for in

Section 4.01(B).” 18

       The heart of the dispute in this case is whether the local provision

in Rule 4.01(B), which allows an individual judge to “opt out” of the fee




       16
            Id.

       17
            Id.

       18
          In 2017, the district judges of Collin County hearing crim inal cases am ended the
local rules again. They adopted by form al order a fee schedule that elim inates the “opt out”
provision entirely. Now the schedule for all felony cases, except death penalty cases, sets a
m inim um hourly rate of $50.00 per hour and a m axim um hourly rate of $100.00 per hour
with no fixed rates.
                                                                                   Wice – 9

schedule and is expressly incorporated into the fee schedule itself,

exceeds the trial court’s authority to set fees for appointed counsel, and

by extension, appointed prosecutors. It does.

                               III. Standard of Review

       Mandamus is intended to be an extraordinary remedy, available only

in limited circumstances.19 Even though this mandamus action is brought

by the appointed prosecutors to overturn the court of appeals opinion

granting mandamus relief to the Commissioners Court, we do not

undertake an appellate review of the court of appeals’ opinion.20 Rather,

we review the propriety of the trial court’s conduct itself by undertaking

a de novo application of the two pronged test for mandamus relief.21 In

this case, that means we determine if the trial court’s order should be

vacated.

       For the Commissioners Court to be entitled to mandamus relief in

this case, it must establish two things.22 First, the Commissioners Court


       19
            Sm ith v. Flack, 728 S.W .2d 784, 792 (Tex. Crim . App. 1987).

       20
          State ex rel. Young v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Court of Appeals, 236 S.W .3d 207, 210-
11 (Tex. Crim . App. 2007) (“Thus, we determ ine whether the court of appeals abused its
discretion essentially by undertaking a ‘de novo’ application of the two pronged test applied
below by the court of appeals.”).

       21
            Bowen v. Carnes, 343 S.W .3d 805, 810 n.6 (Tex. Crim . App. 2011).

       22
         In re Allen, 462 S.W .3d 47, 49 (Tex. Crim . App. 2015); see also Sm ith, 728
S.W .2d at 789.
                                                                                  Wice – 10

must show that it has no adequate remedy at law to redress the alleged

harm.23 Regarding this requirement, we have held that even if a relator

has a remedy at law, that relator can show that no adequate legal

remedy exists at law if the remedy is “so uncertain, tedious, burdensome,

slow, inconvenient, inappropriate, or ineffective as to be deemed

inadequate.” 24

       The court of appeals held that the Commissioners Court did not

need to show that it had “no adequate remedy at law” because the order

at issue was void.25 We have previously held that an appeal from a void

proceeding does not constitute an adequate remedy at law for purposes

of a mandamus proceeding.26 Yet we need not go that far here because

we agree with the parties that neither have an adequate remedy at law

in this case. The first prong of the standard has been met.

       Second, and more importantly, mandamus will only lie if the trial

court exceeded its authority by signing the applicable order awarding


       23
            In re Allen, 462 S.W .3d at 49.

       24
            In re McCann, 422 S.W .3d 701, 704 (Tex. Crim . App. 2013).

       25
         In re Collin Cty., 528 S.W .3d at 814 (citing In re Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 35 S.W .3d 602,
605 (Tex. 2000)).

       26
         See Garcia v. Dial, 596 S.W .2d 524, 530 (Tex. Crim . App. [Panel Op.] 1980)
(“Accordingly we hold that a direct appeal from a void proceeding does not constitute an
adequate rem edy at law which would appropriately supercede the rem edy of m andam us
sought by petitioner here at this tim e.”).
                                                                                    Wice – 11

attorneys fees.27 The Commissioners Court must show that it has a clear

right to the relief sought.28 A clear right to relief is shown when the facts

and circumstances dictate but one rational decision under unequivocal,

well-settled (i.e., from extant statutory, constitutional, or case law

sources), and clearly controlling legal principles.29

      Mandamus relief is inappropriate if the law surrounding the court’s

action is unclear.30 But even an issue of first impression can qualify for

mandamus relief when the principle of law is so plainly prescribed as to

be free from doubt.31 And while this Court generally does not undertake

issues of statutory construction on mandamus review, if the terms of a

statute are clear, the Court can address its application. When the

statutory       terms      at   issue        are   ambiguous,       mandamus         relief   is

                    32
inappropriate.           Indeed, as the court of appeals noted in this case, we

have previously concluded that granting mandamus relief was appropriate



      27
           In re Allen, 462 S.W .3d at 49; see also Sm ith, 728 S.W .2d at 792.

      28
           In re Allen, 462 S.W .3d at 49.

      29
           Id. (citing In re State ex rel. W eeks, 391 S.W .3d 117, 122 (Tex. Crim . App.
2013)).

      30
           In re Medina, 475 S.W .3d 291, 298 (Tex. Crim . App. 2015).

      31
           In re State ex rel. W eeks, 391 S.W .3d at 122.

      32
           In re Daniel, 396 S.W .3d at 549 n.19.
                                                                                                           Wice – 12

in a different context because the terms of Article 26.05–the statute at

issue in this case–are clear.33 Though Article 26.05 has been amended

since that case, those amendments did not render the relevant statutory

provisions ambiguous.

        IV. Article 26.05 Clearly Limits a Trial Court’s Authority


         As discussed above, the relevant statutes at issue envision that a

trial court has the authority to appoint counsel for the defense and, in the

case of a recused or disqualified prosecutor’s office, attorneys pro tem for

the state.34 If the trial court is called upon to appoint an attorney pro

tem for the state and the trial court does not appoint a neighboring

district or county attorney, the trial court has a ministerial duty to

compensate that attorney in the same way that an attorney representing

a criminal defendant is compensated.35 A trial court still has discretion to

set a fee in each case, but compensation must fall within a fee schedule

adopted by formal action of the judges of the county courts, statutory




         33
              Sm ith, 728 S.W .2d at 789.

         34
             T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 26.05(a); T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 2.07(a); T EX . C O D E
C RIM . P RO C ., art. 2.07(b-1).

         35
              T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 2.07(c).
                                                                                 Wice – 13

county courts, and district courts trying criminal cases in each county. 36

That fee schedule must have either a reasonable fixed rate or minimum

and maximum hourly rates that take into consideration reasonable and

necessary overhead costs and the availability of qualified attorneys willing

to accept the stated rates.37 The “opt-out” provision in this case runs

afoul of the statutory limitation that the fee be either fixed or cabined by

minimum and maximum rates.                               As the court of appeals noted, “By

requiring the judges to set both minimum and maximum hourly rates, it

is clear the legislature was concerned not only with attorneys receiving

a fair rate of payment, but also with counties not being forced to pay

excessive fees.” 38

      Specifically, with regard to the reasonableness of the fees, the

statute allows for two different reasonableness determinations. First, the

judges trying criminal cases in the county courts, statutory county courts,

and district courts decide collectively on reasonable fixed rates or

minimum and maximum hourly rates as part of a fee schedule that they




     36
           T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 26.05(b).

     37
           T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 26.05(b), (c).

      38
           In re Collin Cty., 528 S.W .3d at 812.
                                                                                      Wice – 14

adopt through formal action.39                          Second, the individual judge in a

particular case decides on a reasonable fee in accordance with the

schedule of fees that the judges trying criminal cases in the county

adopted.40        Though the individual judge has discretion to award fees

within the adopted schedule, the statute does not allow the judge to

award      fees     outside        of that schedule.                 Otherwise, the   statutory

requirement that adopted fees or rates be either fixed or subject to

minimums and maximums becomes meaningless. Despite arguments to

the contrary, we are not holding that the fixed pre-trial preparation fee

at issue in this case was “reasonable.” Rather, we are deciding whether

mandamus relief is appropriate based upon a statute that sets out how

the reasonableness of the particular fee at issue must be determined.

     This understanding is also borne out by our Legislature’s response

to our decision in Smith v. Flack. In Smith, several defense attorneys

sought payment for their services, but the Commissioners Court of Harris

County       only      awarded           payment           of    a   reduced   amount.41   The

Commissioners Court relied upon a fee schedule that had been set by the


     39
          T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art 26.05(b), (c).

     40
          T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 26.05(a), (b).

     41
          Sm ith, 728 S.W .2d at 788.
                                                                           Wice – 15

local judges to cap the requested fees based upon the maximum amount

set out in that schedule.42 We held that Article 26.05 did not authorize

the limitation set out by the adopted fee schedule because, at the time

of the case, the statute only limited the trial court’s authority to set a

minimum fee.43            As we noted of the statute in effect at the time, “the

Legislature has expressly avoided setting specific maximum limits on the

size   of the court-appointed              attorney     fees.” 44   Consequently, we

determined that the statute at issue granted the trial court sole authority

to set a “reasonable fee.” 45

       Smith was decided in April of 1987, which happened to be a

legislative-session year. During that legislative session, our Legislature

amended Article 26.05 to include the requirement that fee schedules

include both a minimum and a maximum limit on court-appointed

attorney fees.46          In response to our decision in Smith, our Legislature




       42
            Id.

       43
            Id. at 789.

       44
            Id.

       45
            Id.

       46
            Senate Bill 1108, 70th Leg., R.S. (1987).
                                                                                      Wice – 16

made a maximum limit on appointed attorney fees a requirement.47

Commissioners courts lost the battle in court to rely upon limits to a trial

court’s authority to set fees, but they won the war in the Legislature.48

       The appointed prosecutors in this case argue that the statutory

limits on payments in accordance with a fee schedule conflict with the

statutory provision that allows an individual trial court to set a reasonable

fee.49 But this contention is also belied by the text of the statute itself.

Article 26.05(c) sets out an appeal process whereby appointed attorneys

can appeal a trial court’s refusal to pay their requested fees.50 Under the



       47
          See, e.g., Moore v. State, 868 S.W .2d 787, 790 (Tex. Crim . App. 1993) (noting
that courts m ust assum e that the legislature is aware of relevant case law interpreting a
statute when it am ends that statute); see also Henry v. Cox, 520 S.W.3d 28, 37 (Tex. 2017)
(noting that under the Texas Constitution a district court’s supervisory power rem ains
subject to exceptions and regulations as m ay be prescribed by law).

       48
          The lawsuit at issue in Sm ith was filed by defense attorneys against the Harris
County Auditor and the Harris County Com m issioners Court, not the local board of judges.
Sm ith, 728 S.W .2d at 786. The Com m issioners Court in that case sought to rely upon the
m axim um lim its placed upon attorneys fees by the local board of judges. Id. at 787-88.
W e held that the trial court was not bound by those lim its because the statute at issue did
not place any lim its on the trial court’s discretion. Id. at 793. In light of the posture of the
case, our Legislature’s requirem ent that the fee schedule approved by the local judges
contain a m axim um lim it in response to Sm ith cannot be read as an endorsem ent of the
authority of local judges to set fee schedules with no m axim um lim it. The am endm ents
placed a duty on trial courts to adhere to set lim its, a duty that had not been present in
Sm ith.

       49
            The dissents also argue this point. Yet they offer no alternative reading to the
statute that harm onizes subsections (a), (b), and (c). See A NTO NIN S CALIA & B RYAN A. G ARNER ,
R EAD ING L AW 180 (“[I]t is invariably true that intelligent drafters do not contradict
them selves (in the absence of duress). Hence there can be no justification for needlessly
rendering provisions in conflict if they can be interpreted harm oniously.”).

       50
            T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C ., art. 26.05(c).
                                                                                  Wice – 17

text of that provision, even if the attorney is victorious in his or her

appeal, the presiding judge may still only award a payment “in

accordance with the fee schedule for that county.”51 A trial court may still

set a reasonable fee, but that authority is limited to the fee schedule set

by formal action of the judges of the county courts, statutory county

courts, and district courts trying criminal cases in each county.52

       Further, incorporating the open-ended “opt out” provision of Rule

4.01(B) into the fee schedule itself did not bring the local rules into

compliance with the statute. Subsection (a) of Article 26.05 recognizes

a trial court’s authority to set a reasonable fee for attorney services. But

subsection (b) of Article 26.05 limits that authority by requiring any

reasonable fee to be paid in accordance with an adopted fee schedule.

And subsection (c) of Article 26.05 sets out the requirements for that fee

schedule, including the limitation that the fee schedule set out either a




       51
            Id.

       52
           Id. In this way, Article 26.05(c) operates in a fashion that is analogous to how
Section 75.401 of the Texas Governm ent Code handles salary-setting roles of court
adm inistrators. As our sister court has noted when considering the court adm inistrator
statute, “Under section 75.401, the district judges (‘the judges served’) determ ine if
com pensation is ‘reasonable,’ but the range is ‘set by the com m issioners court.’” Henry, 520
S.W .3d at 37. Though Article 26.05(c) authorizes the trial courts to decide upon “the
range,” com m issioners courts are entitled to rely upon that range as a lim it upon what the
trial courts ultim ately assess as a “reasonable” fee.
                                                                                     Wice – 18

reasonable fixed rate or minimum and maximum hourly rates.53

       When reading statutes, courts are not prohibited from using logic

and common sense. We presume that every word has been used for a

purpose and that each word, phrase, clause, and sentence should be

given effect if reasonably possible.54 We read the statute as a whole.55

Allowing the incorporation of an “opt out” provision without fixed rates or

set limits into the adopted fee schedule fails to give effect to the entire

statute. It renders meaningless the statutory requirements that payment

be made in accordance with an approved fee schedule and that the

approved fee schedule contain either “reasonable fixed rates or minimum

and maximum hourly rates.” Giving effect to the entire statute, it plainly

requires placement of limitations on fees for appointed attorneys and it

prohibits payment outside of those limitations. The statute is not




       53
          Reading the statute to say that the “opt out” provision only conflicts with
subsection (c) of Article 26.05 fails to read the statute as a whole. Subsection (b) requires
paym ent in accordance with a fee schedule described in subsection (c). The “opt out”
provision is not part of a fee schedule described in subsection (c). Paym ent under it
necessarily conflicts with subsection (b).

       54
            State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 520 (Tex. Crim . App. 1997).

       55
           See A NTO NIN S CALIA & B RYAN A. G ARNER , R EAD ING L AW 167 (“Perhaps no interpretive
fault is m ore com m on than the failure to follow the whole-text canon, which calls on the
judicial interpreter to consider the entire text, in view of its structure and of the physical and
logical relation of its m any parts.”).
                                                                                     Wice – 19

reasonably susceptible to any other interpretation.56

       Here, the local judges set out a fee schedule with fixed rates and

minimum and maximum limits that they determined to be reasonable.

But they also adopted an open-ended “opt-out” provision in Rule 4.01B.

This provision ran afoul of the plain language of Article 26.05, which

limits a trial court’s authority to order payment within a fixed fee

schedule. We agree with the court of appeals that Article 26.05 does not

permit judges to expand that authority by individually setting a fee

outside the range of what has been collectively agreed upon as

reasonable.57

                           V. Arguments of Amici Curiae

       The appointed prosecutors in this case argue, along with the

National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers as amicus curiae

supporting their position, that vacating the trial court’s order of payment


       56
           A statute is am biguous when it is reasonably susceptible to m ore than one
interpretation. Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W .3d 329, 334 (Tex. Crim . App. 2017). Even if we
were to assum e that Article 26.05 is am biguous, the term s of the statute place a duty upon
trial courts to authorize com pensation at either a fixed rate or within a m inim um or
m axim um hourly rate. See T EX . G O V ’T C O D E § 311.016(2) (setting out that the Legislature’s
use of the word “shall” im poses a duty unless the context in which the word or phrase
appears necessarily requires a different construction). For the statutory term s at issue to be
read perm issively, the statute would have to contain an explicit exception to the
requirem ent that the fee schedule include “fixed rates or m inim um and m axim um hourly
rates.” It does not, and we cannot construe from the absence of such an explicit exception
that trial courts are nevertheless perm itted to act contrary to a statutory duty.

       57
            In re Collin Cty., 528 S.W .3d at 812-13.
                                                                                  Wice – 20

in this case will have a negative impact on adequate compensation for

attorneys representing indigent defendants in complex criminal cases.

But even though the compensation for appointed prosecutors is calibrated

to the compensation for attorneys representing indigent criminal

defendants, that is not the application of the statute we are faced with

here. The statutory terms at issue are clear; but applying the statutory

limitations to compensation for indigent defense without exception may

conflict with constitutional guarantees.

       We acknowledge that the lack of adequate compensation for

appointed counsel can pose a serious threat to a fundamentally fair trial.58

The outcome of a criminal case should not depend upon how much money

a defendant has. But that is not the application of the statute we are

dealing with here;         any possible constitutional concerns present in an

indigent defense case are not present in this case.59 Here, we are only

       58
          See, e.g., Martinez-Macias v. Collins, 979 F.2d 1067, 1067 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding
that the defendant was denied his constitutional right to counsel due to inadequate
funding).

       59
          Acknowledging that there is a Sixth Am endm ent right to counsel and that, in an
unusual or unforseen circum stance, statutory lim itations upon a trial court’s ability to set
paym ent for counsel m ight interfere with that right does not render the statute “a dead
letter.” It m erely recognizes the possibility that even though the statute m ay operate
constitutionally in the norm al course of business, it m ay be subject to an as-applied
constitutional challenge in unusual or unforseen circum stances. See State ex rel. Lykos v.
Fine, 330 S.W .3d 904, 910 (Tex. Crim . App. 2011) (noting that an as-applied constitutional
challenge to a statute allows that a statute m ay be valid as applied to one set of facts and
invalid as applied to a different set of facts). A determ ination that a statute is
unconstitutional in a particular application only prohibits that particular application of a
                                                                                      Wice – 21

faced with an application of an unambiguous statute.

       A group of elected district attorneys and the former State

Prosecuting Attorney also argue on behalf of the appointed prosecutors

in this case. In their amicus curiae brief, they contend that, as a matter

of policy, interpreting Article 26.05 as limiting a trial court’s ability to set

fees will result in fewer competent attorneys agreeing to sign on for high

profile cases such as this one.                But our Legislature appears to have

already weighed this concern and set course in a different direction.

Article 2.07 already allows for counties to avoid this issue altogether by

appointing district or county attorneys to step in where a local prosecutor

is either disqualified or recused.                 If the county chooses this path,

additional compensation is not required at all.

       Relatedly, we are not called upon, in this case, to address

limitations upon the discretion of commissioners courts.60                            Article 5,




statute without invalidating the entire statute. See Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of
Northern New England, 546 U.S. 320, 328-29 (2006) (“Generally speaking, when
confronting a constitutional flaw in a statute, we try to lim it the solution to the problem . W e
prefer, for exam ple, to enjoin only the unconstitutional applications of a statute while
leaving other applications in force[.]”).

       60
          See, e.g., Guynes v. Galveston Cty., 861 S.W .2d 861, 863 (Tex. 1993) (noting the
authority of com m issioner’s court to hire counsel to assist it or other officials in carrying out
their responsibilities so long as the statutory duties of other county officials are not thereby
usurped); see also Galveston Cty. v. Gresham , 220 S.W. 560, 563 (Tex. Civ. App.—
Galveston 1920, writ. ref’d) (noting that the acceptance by com m issioners court of the
services of an attorney ratifies an agreem ent previously m ade by an unauthorized party).
                                                                                      Wice – 22

Section 18 of the Texas Constitution provides that a commissioners court

“shall exercise such powers and jurisdiction over all county business, as

is conferred by this Constitution and the laws of the State . . . .” 61 It is

well-settled that a commissioners court has the power to hire outside

counsel        to     assist      other         elected   officials   in   carrying   out   their

responsibilities as long as it does not infringe on the statutory duties of

other officials.62            Nothing in this Court’s opinion should be read to

interfere with a commissioners court’s authority to approve funding

necessary to assist a trial court in carrying out its responsibilities

independent of the statutory limitations placed upon the trial court’s

authority by Articles 2.07 and 26.05.63

       Ultimately, what amounts to good or bad policy is not up to this

Court to decide.64 As we noted in In re Allen, “Public-policy arguments


       61
            T EX . C O NST . art. 5, § 18(b).

       62
            Guynes, 861 S.W .2d at 863.

       63
          The Com m issioners Court appears to have already done that when it voted to
approve the first paym ent to the appointed prosecutors after rejecting the sam e statutory
argum ents presented to this Court in this case. See, e.g., Rodgers v. Taylor Cty., 368
S.W .2d 794, 797 (Tex. Civ. App.— Eastland 1963, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (noting that the
com m issioners court could ratify contract with court reporter because it had authority to
authorize paym ent for services rendered by the court reporter independent of reporter’s
contract with District Attorney for those services).

       64
          See A NTO NIN S CALIA & B RYAN A. G ARNER , R EAD ING L AW 348 (“The problem is that
although properly inform ed hum an m inds m ay agree on what a text m eans, hum an hearts
often disagree on what is right. That is why we vote (directly or through our
representatives) on what the law ought to be . . . .”).
                                                                                Wice – 23

quickly pile up on both sides of the debate . . . . But they find utility only

in the Legislature and should be directed there.” 65                   Mandamus is an

inappropriate vehicle for weighing competing policy arguments. If the

application of the statute at issue seems too harsh in this case, it is up to

our Legislature to decide if and how to address it.

                                       VI. Conclusion

       In its amicus curiae brief in support of the Commissioners Court, the

County Judges and Commissioners Association of Texas observed:

       The fee schedule established by Local Rule 4.01(a) is valid,
       even if it may [be] inadequate to address the particular issues
       that arose in this case. If the schedule is inadequate, it may
       be amended to provide for extraordinary cases without vesting
       an unfettered discretion in each individual trial judge in
       violation of the parameters of the statute.

       By finding that 4.01(b) is invalid, the Court of Appeals left in
       place 4.01(a) and the specific fee schedule that provides for
       attorney’s fees. Should the Collin County judges determine
       that the fee schedule under 4.01(a) is inadequate, they may
       create a new fee schedule that is both specific and contains a
       broader range of attorney’s fees. What the judges may not do
       is create a limitless range of fees, as was done in 4.01(b).66

We agree. Here, the trial court exceeded its authority by issuing an order

for payment of fees that is not in accordance with an approved fee


       65
            In re Allen, 462 S.W .3d at 53.

       66
         Brief for County Judges and Com m issioners Association of Texas as Am ici Curiae
Supporting Com m issioners Court, No. W R-86,920-02 (Tex. Crim . App. Oct. 26, 2017).
                                                                                 Wice – 24

schedule containing reasonable fixed rates or minimum and maximum

hourly rates.67 We, therefore, agree with the court of appeals that the

Commissioners Court of Collin County is entitled to mandamus relief. We

vacate the trial court’s second order for interim payment and order the

trial court to issue a new order for payment of fees in accordance with a

fee schedule that complies with Article 26.05(c) of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure.

Filed: November 21, 2018

Publish




       67
         Nothing in this Court’s opinion should be read as announcing a “one size fits all”
schem e for paym ent of fees. Trial judges in Texas can develop a wide array of paym ent
structures to account for unforeseen circum stances. They sim ply m ust be based upon
reasonable fixed rates or m inim um and m axim um hourly rates.
