Filed 12/19/18; Certified for Partial Pub. 1/10/19 (order attached)




                   COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA



 ORANGE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT,                                        D070763

          Plaintiff and Appellant,

          v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 04CC00715)

 THE ARNOLD ENGINEERING
 COMPANY,

          Defendant and Respondent.


         APPEAL from a postjudgment order of the Superior Court of Orange County,

Kim G. Dunning, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.

         Connor, Fletcher & Hedenkamp, Edmond M. Connor, Doughas A. Hedenkamp;

Miller & Axline, Duane C. Miller, Michael D. Axline and Justine Massey for Plaintiff

and Appellant.

         Musick, Peeler & Garrett, Steven J. Elie, Donald E. Bradley and Cheryl A. Orr for

Defendant and Respondent.

         The Orange County Water District (the District) appeals a postjudgment order

awarding The Arnold Engineering Company (Arnold) approximately $615,000 in costs
of proof under Code of Civil Procedure section 2033.420 based on the District's failure to

admit certain fact-specific requests for admission (RFAs) during discovery.1 The District

contends the trial court erred in making the award because (1) the District had reasonable

grounds to believe it would prevail on the matters at issue under section 2033.420,

subdivision (b)(3), and (2) even if it did not, Arnold did not adequately substantiate its

costs with admissible evidence.

       We conclude the court abused its discretion in awarding costs for certain RFAs

because the District reasonably relied on percipient witness testimony, undisputed

scientific testing, and the opinions of a qualified expert in denying the RFAs. The court

did not err with respect to other RFAs, which covered matters the District did not pursue

at trial. We further conclude that certain evidence, in the form of expert witness invoices,

was inadequate to support an award under the circumstances here because it did not

distinguish between recoverable and nonrecoverable costs. We will therefore reverse the

order and remand for the court to make a new award consistent with this opinion.2




1      Further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
specified.

2       In an opinion filed last year, we addressed the District's appeal from the judgment
itself. (See Orange County Water Dist. v. Alcoa Global Fasteners, Inc. (2017) 12
Cal.App.5th 252 (Alcoa).) That opinion provides a detailed discussion of the District's
claims, the procedural history of the litigation, the evidence presented at trial, the court's
decision, and the judgment. In this opinion, we will discuss only those aspects of the
litigation relevant to the issues raised in this appeal.
                                               2
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

               The District's Allegations and Arnold's Discovery Requests

       The District is a public entity established by the California Legislature and

empowered to manage, replenish, regulate, and protect groundwater supplies within its

boundaries. (West's Ann. Wat. Code App. (2016 ed.) ch. 40, §§ 1, 2.) It brought this

action to recover expenses associated with the North Basin Groundwater Protection

Project (NBGPP), a proposed $200 million effort intended to address groundwater

contamination in northern Orange County, California caused by volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) and other chemicals. The District named as defendants a number of

current and former owners and operators of industrial sites in the project area, including

Arnold, that it believed were responsible in some way for VOC contamination in

groundwater.

       VOCs can be used in industrial solvents and cleaners. The primary VOCs at issue

in this litigation include tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene or PCE),

trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane

(1,1,1-TCA). The last chemical, 1,1,1-TCA, breaks down over time into 1,1-DCE and

acetic acid. The detection of 1,1-DCE in soil or groundwater can therefore be evidence

of past 1,1,1-TCA contamination. Another chemical, 1,4-dioxane, was commonly added

to 1,1,1-TCA as a stabilizer.

       Arnold owned and operated an industrial site at 1551 East Orangethorpe Avenue

in Fullerton from 1960 through 1984. Arnold admitted using 1,1,1-TCA, but it


                                             3
contended that none of its operations resulted in VOC releases into the environment and

none of its operations resulted in VOC contamination of groundwater. It denied using

PCE or TCE at all.

       After more than six years of litigation, and six months before trial, Arnold served

RFAs on the District asking it to admit that (1) Arnold did not release PCE, TCE,

1,1,1-TCA, or 1,4-dioxane during its business operations at the site; (2) Arnold did not

release PCE, TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, or 1,4-dioxane that caused contamination of groundwater

in the North Basin area; and (3) Arnold did not contribute to VOC contamination in soil

or groundwater in the area surrounding its site. The District denied these RFAs.

                         Evidence Revealed in Pretrial Discovery

       Documents produced in discovery showed that Arnold applied for and obtained

permits to operate a number of vapor degreasers and dip tanks (or "strippers") at its site.

VOC solvents can be used in degreasers and strippers. A number of the documents

produced in discovery identified 1,1,1-TCA as a VOC solvent used by Arnold, including

one that described a 550-gallon above-ground storage tank for that chemical. Other

documents did not specify any solvent.3

       Arnold also operated one or more clarifiers. Although clarifiers do not themselves

make use of VOC solvents, they can be a source of VOC discharge into the environment

because they may process VOC-contaminated wastewater generated by other activities.




3    One document identified PCE for use in a stripper. The trial court found that this
document was inadmissible at trial.
                                             4
       Donalee Farmer, a former Arnold maintenance manager, testified at deposition

that he was aware of Arnold's use of only one chemical, 1,1,1-TCA, in a degreaser. He

was not aware of any spills of 1,1,1-TCA at the site. He did not know which chemicals

were used in Arnold's stripping operations.

       Dan Hopen, another former Arnold employee, testified at deposition that Arnold

used PCE as a stripper. He said "stripper solution" spilled onto the floor "all the time."

Hopen also testified that Arnold used "trichloroethylene" (TCE) in its degreaser. When

he was asked whether he ever saw a barrel with that name on it, Hopen answered, "Yeah,

I think because—didn't actually—I don't know if it said trichloroethylene or Tri-111 or

something like that. It might have had both on there. I'm not certain."

       Farmer was aware of only one clarifier used by Arnold, which was inside the

building. He testified that Arnold did not use a clarifier at the location identified as the

"South Clarifier" in subsequent investigations. A 1986 inspection, however, revealed

five different clarifiers at the site, including two outside the building, i.e., the "North

Clarifier" and the "South Clarifier."

       In the decades after Arnold left, various entities investigated potential VOC

contamination at the site. Basic testing began in 1988, about four years after Arnold

ceased operation. PCE contamination, along with small amounts of TCE and 1,1,1-TCA,

was discovered. In 1995, more testing revealed PCE, TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, and 1,1-DCE

contamination in the shallow soil. That year, TCE and 1,1-DCE were also detected in

deeper samples, down to 105 feet below ground level, which was the deepest level tested.


                                               5
PCE was detected down to approximately 60 feet below ground level. 1,1,1-TCA was

detected only once, at a level of 60 feet below ground level. Groundwater was

encountered at 115 feet below the surface, but it was not tested. Further testing in 2007

revealed extensive PCE, TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, and 1,1-DCE contamination in shallow soil at

additional locations on the site.

       The District retained an expert witness, Richard Waddell, to analyze the extent and

impact of VOC contamination at Arnold's former site. Waddell holds a doctoral degree

in geology and is a registered geologist with the State of California. He described his

experience in his resume as follows: "More than 30 years of post-graduate experience

which includes RCRA/CERCLA[4] investigations; numerical modeling of flow and

contaminant fate and transport processes in porous and fractured media; hydrogeologic

characterization studies of deep and shallow groundwater systems; reclamation of

uranium mill tailings; geochemical studies of inorganic contaminants; conceptual design

and analysis of remedial actions; and litigation support." At trial, Arnold did not

challenge Waddell's qualifications as an expert.

       In his expert report, dated approximately two weeks prior to the District's RFA

responses, Waddell summarized Arnold's activities at the site and the contamination

found there. He believed, based on the evidence, that Arnold used PCE, TCE, and




4     RCRA and CERCLA are federal environmental protection statutes. RCRA is the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq.). CERCLA is the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (42 U.S.C.
§ 9601 et seq.).
                                             6
1,1,1-TCA in its operations. He opined that Arnold's stripping activities involved a risk

of spillage, and he found no evidence of VOC use by any other occupant of the site. For

example, in his deposition, Farmer explained that he worked for the prior occupant of the

site, Ensign Carburetor, and was not aware of any use of VOCs during their occupancy.

A subsequent occupant of the site used solvents in its manufacturing processes for picture

frames, but there was no evidence it used any of the chemicals at issue in this litigation.

       Waddell explained, "The use of PCE, TCE, and 1,1,1-TCA by [Arnold] has

contaminated soils beneath the building, beneath the clarifier, and a degreaser. Soils

north of the building, including on the neighboring property [Johnson Controls] to the

north, were also contaminated." With respect to the Johnson Controls site, Waddell's

report noted that Johnson Controls' use of solvents was "limited" and the concentrations

of VOC contamination in soil at the Johnson Controls site were lower than concentrations

at the Arnold site. Waddell believed VOC releases at the Arnold site had impacted the

Johnson Controls site.

       To assess the effect of contamination at the Arnold site on groundwater, Waddell

analyzed grab samples of groundwater upgradient and downgradient of the site. (There

was no groundwater contamination data for the site itself.) A "grab sample" is "a sample

that's collected at a particular depth in a one-time event." Waddell found that

concentrations of TCE and 1,1-DCE increased as groundwater passed under site.

Waddell opined that TCE and 1,1-DCE, as well as 1,4-dioxane, had impacted




                                              7
groundwater as a result of VOC releases by Arnold. However, Waddell wrote it was "not

clear" whether PCE had similarly impacted groundwater.

       Arnold's expert witness, Jonathan Rohrer, largely disagreed with Waddell's

conclusions. Further details regarding his opinions will be discussed below. At his

deposition, however, Rohrer admitted PCE "was likely used as part of Arnold's

process. . . . And there have been impacts to shallow soil as deep as 41 feet, at least in

1988, which would correspond to Arnold or an earlier tenant."

                                Evidence Admitted at Trial

       Several former Arnold employees, including Hopen, testified at trial. Excerpts of

Farmer's deposition were entered into evidence. In his testimony, Hopen confirmed

Arnold used PCE in its stripper solution. He appeared uncertain about the identities of

the other VOCs Arnold used. He first said he believed Arnold used "trichloroethylene"

(TCE), but he later said he remembered seeing "1,1,1" on the barrels, which could only

refer to 1,1,1-TCA. Hopen then testified he was confident it was TCE.5




5       On direct, Hopen testified as follows: "Q. Okay. Are you familiar with what was
placed in the degreaser at Arnold? [¶] A. Trichloroethylene. [¶] Q. How did you know
that was what was in the degreaser, could you explain? [¶] A. There were labels—they
were black barrels, they had labels on them. And I believe it said trichloroethylene,
1,1,1, and we used to call it trike, for short." On cross-examination, Hopen testified: "Q.
Have you ever heard of trichloroethane? [¶] A. I may have, but maybe it wasn't—I don't
know if it was trichloroethylene or what you just said. I can't remember exactly. [¶] Q.
So sitting here today you don't remember today whether it was trichloroethane or
trichloroethylene that was on the barrels. [¶] A. Ethane, I think, trichloroethylene, yeah,
with the 'l,' I believe. [¶] Q. You can't remember one way or another? [¶] A. Not
unless I saw—not unless I saw—I remember the '1,1,1' on it. [¶] Q. So you remember
the 1,1,1 for sure? [¶] A. Yes, and I remember there was a VOC." On redirect, Hopen
                                              8
       Hopen contradicted his prior deposition testimony about stripper solution spilling

on the floor, but he did confirm that the stripping area was cleaned by spraying the floor

with water, which then flowed into a clarifier. The clarifier handled "the solutions of

etching material, the stripping material and the cleaning material" and discharged them

into the sewer without removing any VOC solvents. VOC solvents can penetrate

concrete and leak from sewer pipes to contaminate the surrounding environment. (In his

deposition testimony, Farmer confirmed that the water sprayed in the stripper area

drained to a clarifier and then to the sewer.) As to the degreasers, Hopen testified that

leaking would occur when they were refilled, though he was impeached by his deposition

testimony that he did not remember the pumps that were used to refill the degreasers. He

asserted, however, his memory was better at trial.

       Another former employee, Renee Otero, testified that the floor around the

degreaser was never slippery, there were no chemicals dripping on the floor, and there

was no mist in the air. She acknowledged, however, that the floor would get wet from

the water spray used to clean the chemicals off the degreased metal. She wore boots to

protect her feet from the chemicals and the water.

       At trial, Waddell reiterated his opinion that Arnold used PCE, TCE, and

1,1,1-TCA in its operations, and its operations resulted in releases of those VOCs into the

environment. He based his opinion on evidence of Arnold's operations and the




was asked, "Is it your best memory that the chemical used in the degreaser was
trichloroethylene?" He responded, "Trichloroethylene."
                                             9
contamination at the site. He said Arnold spilled liquids containing VOC solvents on the

floor and washed them into a sump, where they were processed by a clarifier and dumped

into the sewer. Nothing in this process removed the VOC solvents themselves from the

wastewater. In Waddell's opinion, Arnold's practices were likely to cause spills or

releases. Waddell identified two degreaser areas, the stripper tanks, and the Southern

Clarifier as the chief sources of VOC contamination. As noted, soils testing revealed

PCE, TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, and 1,1-DCE contamination at the site, including under the

building slab.

       Waddell testified he found no indication that any occupant of the site, other than

Arnold, had used or released PCE, TCE, or 1,1,1-TCA. He concluded it was very

unlikely that any other occupant was the source of VOC contamination at the site. TCE,

in particular, would not have been used by any subsequent occupants. Its use was heavily

regulated after 1976, when Arnold was still operating the site. After regulation,

businesses switched to other chemicals such as PCE or 1,1,1-TCA.

       Based on soil and groundwater data, Waddell concluded that TCE released by

Arnold had reached groundwater and 1,1,1-TCA released by Arnold had impacted

groundwater with its degradation product 1,1-DCE. Waddell supported his opinion in

part with data from a groundwater monitoring well (MW-2) on the Johnson Controls site,

which bordered the Arnold site to the north and west. The groundwater monitoring well

(MW-2) was located directly north of the Arnold site, near the property line between the

Arnold site and the Johnson Controls site. Waddell believed TCE and 1,1-DCE detected


                                            10
in groundwater there were caused by releases at the Arnold site, because in his opinion

Johnson Controls had not used significant amounts of those solvents in its operations and

its shallow soil was not as contaminated. Arnold, by contrast, had a chemical storage

area adjacent to the Johnson Controls site and the monitoring well.

       As noted, Waddell also relied on grab samples to support his opinion that the

Arnold site contributed to VOC contamination in groundwater. Waddell was involved in

the selection of the locations for the grab samples. Four locations were eventually

chosen, one upgradient and three downgradient. The grab sample Waddell treated as his

upgradient or baseline reading (GW-1) was located on adjacent property immediately to

the east of the Arnold site. The downgradient grab samples were located on adjacent

property to the northwest (GW-2), adjacent property to the west (GW-3), and adjacent

property to the southwest (GW-4/4A).

       Waddell's assessment of these grab samples was informed by his view of the

prevailing groundwater flow in the vicinity of the Arnold site. In his testimony, he

acknowledged that this flow could vary over time. Waddell identified areas of both

northwesterly and southwesterly flows around the Arnold site. But, with respect to the

grab samples, he believed the prevailing flow was to the northwest and west.

       Comparisons of TCE concentrations between the upgradient location (GW-1) and

two downgradient locations (GW-2 and GW-3) showed much higher concentrations at

the downgradient locations. TCE concentrations in the third potentially downgradient

location (GW-4/4A) were not elevated. Comparisons of 1,1-DCE concentrations


                                            11
between the upgradient location (GW-1) and two downgradient locations (GW-2 and

GW-3) showed slightly higher concentrations at the downgradient locations. 1,1-DCE

concentrations at the third potentially downgradient location (GW-4/4A) were actually

lower.

         Based on these data, Waddell opined that the increased TCE and 1,1-DCE

concentrations were caused by VOC contamination at the Arnold site, as a result of

Arnold's activities there. Waddell did not specifically address 1,4-dioxane, and he was

precluded from offering the opinion that Arnold contributed to PCE groundwater

contamination because he failed to disclose that opinion prior to trial. (As noted,

Waddell wrote in his expert report that it was "not clear" whether PCE releases at the

Arnold site had impacted groundwater.)

         Waddell admitted that data from grab samples are less reliable than data from a

groundwater monitoring well. He explained, "The changes in concentrations that you can

observe through multiple sampling events provide information on, in essence, whether

concentrations are going up or going down. You can compare those against water level

measurements. It's just a more complete data set than a—single-event grab sample."

         On cross-examination, Waddell admitted several errors in his calculations. In his

expert report, he omitted a data point from a cross-gradient monitoring well that recorded

a high TCE concentration, as well as several upgradient bore holes on a different

contaminated property. In his testimony, and in a related demonstrative exhibit, he

misstated the extent of TCE contamination in the shallow soil at the neighboring Johnson


                                             12
Controls site. As to the latter error, however, Waddell had used the correct

contamination data in his expert report; he was only mistaken in his testimony.6

       Waddell was impeached by evidence, contrary to his testimony, that Johnson

Controls had operated several degreasers. He was also impeached by evidence that a

solvent used by Johnson Controls, Safety-Kleen, may have incorporated VOCs including

TCE. While Waddell was aware that Johnson Controls used Safety-Kleen, he was not

aware of its specific chemical composition. The District, however, had memoranda in its

possession that described the composition of Safety-Kleen, and it had provided discovery

responses in other litigation that noted the possibility of VOC contamination from

Safety-Kleen. The District did not provide this information to Waddell, and it also did

not provide Waddell with deposition transcripts of two Johnson Controls employees

describing its practices. In addition, other occupants of the Johnson Controls site may

also have used VOCs.

       Despite these specific shortcomings, however, Waddell had opined in his expert

report that TCE and PCE had been released at the Johnson Controls site. He testified that

TCE, in particular, had been found in the shallow soil there. He was therefore aware,

separate and apart from the composition of Safety-Kleen, that the Johnson Controls site

was a potential source of contamination. Waddell believed that, in addition to that



6       Separately, Waddell was told by the District's counsel to exclude dates from his
report, which might have assisted the defendants in establishing defenses based on the
statute of limitations. The RFAs at issue here are not affected by statute of limitations
issues. Arnold claims the District asked Waddell to omit certain contamination data from
his report, but that claim is not supported by the record.
                                            13
contamination, VOC contamination from the Arnold site had migrated to the Johnson

Controls site as well. When compared to the Johnson Controls site, the peak

concentrations of TCE found in the shallow soil at the Arnold site were much higher.

       Arnold's expert Rohrer testified that, in his opinion, the only "documented use" of

a VOC by Arnold was 1,1,1-TCA. Given this limitation, and his review of the evidence,

he believed Arnold had not released any VOCs into the shallow soil and Arnold's

operations had not caused any groundwater contamination.

       He acknowledged, however, that PCE, TCE, and some 1,1,1-TCA had been found

in the shallow soil at the Arnold site. He said PCE and TCE contamination near the

Southern Clarifier was an indication that there was a VOC release into the environment at

or near the clarifier, but he did not believe Arnold was responsible. He also said the

deeper detections of PCE and TCE may not have been caused by releases at the Arnold

site at all; it was possible the detections were caused by contamination flowing from

upgradient sources.

       Rohrer criticized Waddell's reliance on grab sample data. He agreed with Waddell

that the groundwater flows in the vicinity of the Arnold site ranged from west-northwest

to west-southwest. Given this variation, he concluded the data were inadequate to

determine whether the grab sample that showed the highest concentrations of TCE and

1,4-dioxane (GW-2) was truly downgradient from the Arnold site. He explained,

"[G]iven the gradient discussion we had earlier, GW-1 at an instantaneous point in time

may or may not have been upgradient of any of these in terms of the gradients we talked


                                            14
about being south of west to north of west and how gradients change with time. I do not

know that GW-2 is indicative only of [the Arnold site] or any background contamination

that may be coming from up in this vicinity." He was therefore unable to determine

whether the Arnold site contributed to VOC readings at that grab sample. Rohrer

identified several upgradient sites that were major sources of VOC contamination and

that he believed may have affected the groundwater in the vicinity of the Arnold site as

well.

        Rohrer blamed other occupants of the Arnold site for shallow soil contamination,

and he noted that several barrels of hazardous waste (including unknown paint-related

solvents) were recovered from the site in 1993. But Rohrer admitted there was no

"documented evidence" on which to base an opinion that subsequent occupants had used

PCE, TCE, or 1,1,1-TCA. He admitted the only evidence of PCE use at the site was

Hopen's testimony that Arnold used it. Rohrer also admitted there was no evidence that

any subsequent occupant had released any VOCs into the shallow soil at the Arnold site.

                     The Court's Statement of Decision and Judgment

        Following trial and briefing by the parties, the court issued a 74-page statement of

decision covering the District's statutory claims against Arnold and the other defendants.

It found in favor of the defendants, and against the District, on all of these claims. As

relevant here, the trial court addressed the causes of contamination at defendants' sites in

detail. The court's discussion opened with general comments on the state of the evidence.

It provided an overview of its reasons for distrusting and failing to credit the District's


                                              15
evidence, including in particular its expert witness Waddell. The court criticized the

District for relying on grab samples to determine the nature and extent of VOC

contamination at defendants' sites. It credited testimony that grab samples provide only a

snapshot of contamination at one moment in time, they are not reproducible, they are not

necessarily indicative of past or future conditions, and they are not accepted by regulatory

agencies as the sole method for determining groundwater contamination. The court

questioned Waddell's credibility in light of the District's failure to provide relevant

information to him and his misstatements in his direct testimony. The court noted that

Waddell "assumed an advocate's demeanor" and appeared biased in favor of his opinions.

       As to Arnold specifically, the court found that it was not responsible for VOC

contamination in groundwater because the District had not shown that Arnold itself had

released the VOCs at issue into the environment. As we explained in Alcoa, the court's

statement of decision did not reflect the correct causation standard for the District's

primary cause of action under the Carpenter-Presley-Tanner Hazardous Substance

Account Act (HSAA; Health & Saf. Code, § 25300 et seq.). (See Alcoa, supra, 12

Cal.App.5th at pp. 306-307, 316.) However, this error is immaterial to the issues in this

appeal. The RFAs at issue here are primarily factual and do not cover legal liability

under the HSAA or any other cause of action. The factual issues covered by the RFAs

were also discussed in the court's statement of decision, and we will summarize the

court's findings here.




                                              16
       As to TCE, the court weighed the conflicting testimony regarding Arnold's use of

that chemical and concluded the District had not shown Arnold used TCE at its site. It

wrote, "Given the documentary evidence showing that Arnold used only 1,1,1-TCA (not

TCE), Mr. Hopen's unreliable testimony regarding Arnold's VOC use, and the multiple

operators at the site that may have released contaminants . . . both before and after

Arnold's occupancy, the District has not carried its burden of proving that Arnold used

TCE during its operations at the Site. Therefore, Arnold is not responsible for TCE

detections in soil or groundwater at the Johnson Controls site or any other part of the

Project area." Similarly, for PCE, the court found the District had not proved that Arnold

was responsible for contamination in groundwater.

       Although Arnold acknowledged using 1,1,1-TCA, the court determined "there is

insufficient evidence that Arnold caused a release of 1,1,1-TCA or 1,1-DCE into soil."

The court noted that several subsequent occupants of the Arnold site used unknown

solvents and paints with unknown constituents. The court explained, "Given the lack of

foundation for Dr. Waddell's opinions, the evidence of subsequent occupants of the

[Arnold] Site and Mr. Rohrer's substantiated expert opinion, there is insufficient evidence

to find that the 1,1,1-TCA or 1,1-DCE found in shallow soil vapor on the [Arnold] Site

originated from Arnold. Without a foundation for the opinion that Arnold released

1,1,1-TCA into soil (which would have eventually broken down to some extent to

1,1-DCE), there is no basis for Dr. Waddell's opinion that Arnold's operations

contaminated groundwater or threaten today to contaminate groundwater." The court


                                             17
further found that each defendant, including Arnold, was "entitled to a judicial

declaration that it has no liability to the District for damages, response costs, or other

costs claimed by the District, or any future costs associated with the NBGPP."

       The court later granted defendants' motion for judgment on the District's

remaining common law claims. It entered judgment in favor of defendants, and against

the District, on each of the District's causes of action. The judgment included a

declaration that defendants "have no liability to the [District] for damages, response

costs, or other costs claimed by the [District], or any future costs."

                             Arnold's Motion for Costs of Proof

       After judgment was entered, Arnold moved for an award of costs of proof against

the District based on its refusal to admit RFAs during discovery. It sought approximately

$2.5 million in attorneys' fees and $400,000 in expert costs. The District opposed.

Among other things, the District argued it should not be subject to a cost award because it

had a reasonable ground to believe it would prevail on the issues covered by the RFAs.

       After considering the initial briefing, the court requested further briefing regarding

certain legal issues and additional documentation regarding Arnold's attorneys' fees and

expert costs. In response to the court's comments, Arnold limited its motion to certain

RFAs and reduced its cost request. The RFAs at issue asked the District to admit the

following:

       (1) Arnold did not release PCE, TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, or 1,4-dioxane during its
       business operations at the site;



                                              18
       (2) Arnold did not release PCE, TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, or 1,4-dioxane that
       caused contamination of groundwater in the North Basin area; and

       (3) Arnold did not contribute to VOC contamination in soil or groundwater
       in the area surrounding its site.

       In its reduced request, Arnold sought approximately $650,000 in attorneys' fees

and $300,000 in expert costs. As proof of its expenses, Arnold submitted invoices from

its attorneys and its expert. The attorney invoices included descriptions and a list of

applicable RFAs for each time entry. The expert invoices included descriptions for each

time entry, but they did not reference any RFAs. The District contended the expert

invoices were inadmissible hearsay, and Arnold's showing was inadequate to tie the

expert fees to the issues covered by the RFAs.7

       After further briefing and argument, the court granted Arnold's narrowed motion

for costs in part. As relevant here, it found that the District did not have a reasonable

ground to believe it would prevail on the issues covered by the RFAs. (§ 2033.420, subd.

(b)(3).) In its written order, the court explained, "Dr. Waddell based his conclusion that

Arnold was responsible for TCE contamination on detection of that VOC at a location

north of the Arnold site, even though he also testified the prevailing plume in that area

consistently moved in a west/southwest direction. Former employee Hopen testified

Arnold used TCE, but the only labels he could remember had '1,1,1' on them. That



7      Arnold's reduction in expert costs reflected the elimination of expert work
unrelated to the issues in the RFAs. For example, Arnold's expert Rohrer analyzed the
effectiveness of the District's plan to address contamination in the North Basin and
modeled the flow of contamination from the Arnold site assuming the truth of Waddell's
conclusions regarding the contamination there.
                                             19
designation is associated not with TCE, but with TCA. While Arnold used 1,1,1-TCA in

its operations, there was no substantial evidence that Arnold ever caused a release into

the soil, much less groundwater. Dr. Waddell waited until trial to testify there was no

evidence of PCE or 1,4-dioxane use by Arnold at its site. [¶] The court has carefully

re-reviewed the arguments and admissible evidence proffered by the District on these

issues in connection with this motion, but does not find them persuasive. The court is

also not persuaded the September 7, 2011 denial of Arnold's motion for summary

adjudication of issues gave the District any reasonable grounds for denying the Relevant

RFAs one day later or for not taking the issues off the trial table in February 2012. . . .

Even if one were to conclude the truth of the matters at issue in the Relevant RFAs was

'hotly' contested when the District denied the Relevant RFAs, that alone is not sufficient

to give the responding party reasonable grounds to deny. [Citation.]" The court also

found there was no other good cause for the District's failure to admit the RFAs.

       The court awarded approximately $313,000 in attorneys' fees, or around half of

what Arnold had requested. The court found that the descriptions for certain time entries

were too general, or were too heavily redacted, to understand the work allegedly

performed. It also found that the entries reflected some duplication of work, some work

that was more clerical than legal, and some work that was not directly related to proving

the facts covered by the relevant RFAs. It therefore awarded Arnold only the reduced

amount.




                                              20
       However, the court awarded Arnold's requested expert fees in full, approximately

$300,000. It concluded Arnold had offered a sufficient accounting and explanation of the

expert fees. It found Arnold had sufficiently authenticated the expert invoices and

identified the entries in the invoices for which it sought reimbursement. The court

explained, "These entries are sufficiently detailed to permit the court to conclude that the

work performed and expenses incurred were to prove the truth of the matters at issue."

       The District appeals the court's order awarding costs of proof. The appeal was

stayed pending resolution of the Alcoa appeal involving the merits of the judgment itself.

In Alcoa, we affirmed the judgment as to Arnold. (See Alcoa, supra, 12 Cal.App.5th at p.

366.) We will now consider the cost award.

                                       DISCUSSION

                                              I

                    Requests for Admission and Cost of Proof Awards

       "A party to a civil action may propound a written request that another party 'admit

the genuineness of specified documents, or the truth of specified matters of fact, opinion

relating to fact, or application of law to fact.' " (City of Glendale v. Marcus Cable

Associates, LLC (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 344, 351-352 (City of Glendale).) Section

2033.420, subdivision (a) provides for an award of costs of proof where a party

responding to such a request fails to admit the truth of a matter that is later proved: "If a

party fails to admit the genuineness of any document or the truth of any matter when

requested to do so under this chapter, and if the party requesting that admission thereafter


                                              21
proves the genuineness of that document or the truth of that matter, the party requesting

the admission may move the court for an order requiring the party to whom the request

was directed to pay the reasonable expenses incurred in making that proof, including

reasonable attorney's fees." Such an award must be made unless, among other things,

"[t]he party failing to make the admission had reasonable ground to believe that the party

would prevail on the matter" or "[t]here was other good reason for the failure to admit."

(§ 2033.420, subd. (b)(3)-(4).)8

       "Requests for admission are not restricted to facts or documents, but apply to

conclusions, opinions, and even legal questions. [Citations.] Thus, requests for

admission serve to narrow discovery, eliminate undisputed issues, and shift the cost of

proving certain matters. As such, the requests for admission mechanism is not a means

by which a party obtains additional information, but rather a dispute resolution device




8      Until 1987, the statute governing cost of proof awards did not explicitly mention
an exception where the responding party had a "reasonable ground to believe that the
party would prevail on the matter." Instead, the statute required the court to find "there
were no good reasons for the denial" before an award could be made. (Former § 2034,
subd. (c), repealed by Stats. 1986, ch. 1334, § 1; see Smith v. Circle P Ranch Co. (1978)
87 Cal.App.3d 267, 273-274.) The "good reasons" exception was interpreted to
incorporate, among other factors, whether "at the time the denial was made the party
making the denial held a reasonably entertained good faith belief that the party would
prevail on the issue at trial." (Brooks v. Am. Broad. Co. (1986) 179 Cal.App.3d 500, 511
(Brooks).) The enactment of the Civil Discovery Act of 1986 codified this factor as a
separate exception (with some alterations), in addition to the general "good reason"
exception. (Stats. 1986, ch. 1334, § 2; see § 2033.420, subd. (b)(3)-(4).) The Brooks
formulation continues to inform our interpretation of the statute. (See, e.g., Laabs v. City
of Victorville (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1276 (Laabs).)
                                             22
that eliminates the time and expense of formal proof at trial." (City of Glendale, supra,

235 Cal.App.4th at pp. 353-354.)

       "The primary purpose of requests for admissions is to set at rest triable issues so

that they will not have to be tried; they are aimed at expediting trial. [Citation.] The

basis for imposing sanctions under [the statute] is directly related to that purpose. Unlike

other discovery sanctions, an award of expenses pursuant to [the statute] is not a penalty.

Instead, it is designed to reimburse reasonable expenses incurred by a party in proving

the truth of a requested admission where the admission sought was 'of substantial

importance' [citations] such that trial would have been expedited or shortened if the

request had been admitted." (Brooks, supra, 179 Cal.App.3d at p. 509.)

       "Unlike sanctions imposed as a penalty for the nine types of discovery misconduct

itemized in Code of Civil Procedure section 2023.010, an award of costs of proof for a

denial of a request for admission involves the weighing of a number of factors, such as

whether the matter denied was of 'substantial importance'; whether there was a

'reasonable basis' for the denial; whether the party making the denial knew or should have

known at the time that the requested matter was of 'substantial importance' and was true;

whether there were 'other good reasons for the denial'; and whether and to what extent the

responding party made a good faith effort otherwise to resolve the matter. [Citations.]

Also, unlike sanctions for discovery misconduct, costs of proof under section 2033.420

are awarded after trial; therefore, an award of such costs is not a device used by trial

courts to control pretrial proceedings. Instead, as with attorney fees and costs awarded


                                             23
after judgment to a prevailing party, an award of costs of proof is a fee shifting and cost

allocation mechanism that is available against parties. And, unlike sanctions for

discovery misconduct, such costs cannot be awarded against attorneys." (City of

Glendale, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 354.)

       " 'In evaluating whether a "good reason" exists for denying a request to admit, "a

court may properly consider whether at the time the denial was made the party making

the denial held a reasonably entertained good faith belief that the party would prevail on

the issue at trial." [Citation.]' " (Grace v. Mansourian (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 523, 529

(Grace); accord, Laabs, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1276; Miller v. American Greetings

Corp. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1055, 1066 (Miller).) A party's reasonable belief must be

grounded in the evidence; it cannot be based merely on "hope or a roll of the dice."

(Grace, at p. 532.) It is also not enough for a party making the denial to " 'hotly contest' "

the issue; instead, "there must be some reasonable basis for contesting the issue in

question before sanctions can be avoided." (Brooks, supra, 179 Cal.App.3d at p. 511.)

Indeed, "the mere fact [that a party] presented evidence at trial is not an automatic

justification for denial of the requests. Rather, the issue is whether, in light of that

evidence, [the party] could reasonably believe they would prevail." (Grace, at p. 531.)

       On the other hand, "[e]xpenses of proving disputed facts which an opposing party

denies in response to a request for admission are not recoverable simply because the party

promulgating the request prevails at trial." (Brooks, supra, 179 Cal.App.3d at p. 513.)




                                              24
The opposing party must have no reasonable basis to believe it would prevail. (Grace,

supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 531.)

       Like other evidence, expert opinion evidence may provide a party with a

reasonable ground to believe it will prevail on a matter covered by an RFA. (See, e.g.,

Grace, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 533.) And, like other evidence, the credibility and

persuasiveness of expert opinion evidence must be evaluated to determine whether it

would be reasonable for a party to believe it would prevail based on it. Because expert

opinion evidence necessarily covers matters that are to some extent beyond common

experience (see Evid. Code, § 801, subd. (a)), a party's assessment of the likelihood of

prevailing on a matter heavily reliant on expert opinion evidence will be different from a

matter that does not involve expert testimony. A party may not be able to fully assess an

expert's choice of methodology and the substance of his or her analysis. For this reason,

federal courts applying a similar standard have found that a party may reasonably deny an

RFA based on credible expert opinion evidence, even where the expert opinion evidence

is not ultimately believed by the trier of fact. (See, e.g., Benson Tower Condo. Owners

Ass'n v. Victaulic Co. (D.Ore. 2015) 105 F.Supp.3d 1184, 1197 ["Given the scientific and

technical complexity of these issues, the Court finds that Defendant's denials were not

unreasonable."]; Scheufler v. General Host Corp. (D.Kan. 1995) 915 F.Supp. 236, 239.)

       But it is clear there is no "per se rule that reliance on an expert opinion provides a

reasonable ground for a party to believe he would prevail at trial." (Marchand v. Mercy

Medical Ctr. (9th Cir. 1994) 22 F.3d 933, 937 (Marchand).) In limited circumstances,


                                             25
courts have found that a party's reliance on expert opinion evidence was unreasonable.

For example, the federal appellate court in Marchand affirmed a trial court order

awarding costs of proof where the factual basis for the expert's opinion was fatally

undermined by the party's own admissions at trial. (Id. at pp. 937-938.) In Wimberly v.

Derby Cycle Corp. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 618, 637 (Wimberly), this court reversed an

order denying costs of proof where a party relied on one expert who had not been

properly disclosed and another expert whose deposition testimony was inadmissible.

Wimberly explained, "As the above facts establish, the only inference that can reasonably

be drawn is that when [defendant] denied [plaintiff's] requests for admissions, it had no

reasonable belief it could prevail on the causation and defect issues. [Defendant's]

misunderstanding of the law regarding the use of expert witness depositions in lieu of live

testimony, or its hope [plaintiff] would not object, does not provide reasonable grounds

for denying the requested admissions, and accordingly an award of expenses was

mandated." (Id. at p. 638.)

       Whether a party has a reasonable ground to believe he or she will prevail, in the

context of requests for admissions heavily reliant on expert opinion evidence, will depend

on factors within the reasonable understanding of the party. Such factors may include

whether the expert has sufficient qualifications and experience to opine on the matter at

issue, whether the expert's opinions will likely be admissible at trial, whether the facts

underlying the expert's opinions are supported by the evidence, whether the expert's

methodology appears reasonable, and whether the expert's analysis is grounded in logic.


                                             26
A party cannot rely on a plainly unqualified expert, or a sham opinion, to avoid cost of

proof sanctions.

       Where a party's position is supported by a credible opinion from a qualified expert,

the mere fact that an opposing party also has a credible opinion from a qualified expert

will not in most cases preclude the party from reasonably believing it would prevail.

Something about the state of the evidence must make the party's reliance on its own

expert's opinion unreasonable. Whether a party has a reasonable ground to believe he or

she will prevail necessarily requires consideration of all the evidence, both for and

against the party's position, known or reasonably available to the party at the time the

RFA responses are served. Beyond the expert opinions themselves, a party must consider

other evidence, both lay and expert, that bears on the matter at issue. These general

principles will govern our analysis.

                                               II

                                       Standard of Review

       Courts have uniformly reviewed orders granting or denying cost of proof awards

for abuse of discretion. (See, e.g., Grace, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 529 ["The court's

determination of whether costs of proof should be awarded is reviewed for abuse of

discretion."]; City of Glendale, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 352; Bloxham v. Saldinger

(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 729, 753; Carlsen v. Koivumaki (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 879,

903-904; Laabs, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1275-1276; Miller, supra, 161




                                              27
Cal.App.4th at p. 1066; Wimberly, supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 637, fn. 10; Brooks, supra,

179 Cal.App.3d at p. 508; Haseltine v. Haseltine (1962) 203 Cal.App.2d 48, 60.)

       The District asks us to depart from this consensus. It contends we should review

the order, or at least the "reasonable ground" determination, de novo. It primarily relies

on authorities interpreting the probable cause element of a malicious prosecution tort.

(See Sheldon Appel Co. v. Albert & Oliker (1989) 47 Cal.3d 863, 881; Lanz v. Goldstone

(2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 441, 462; Knight v. City of Capitola (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 918,

932.) The probable cause element requires a showing that the prior action, on which the

malicious prosecution tort is based, was brought without probable cause, i.e., no

reasonable attorney would believe that the prior action was legally tenable. (Sheldon

Appel, at pp. 871, 886.) Under that element, "[i]f there is ' "no dispute as to the facts

upon which an attorney acted in filing the prior action, the question of whether there was

probable cause to institute that action is purely legal." [Citation.]' " (Lanz, at p. 462.)

Because it is a legal question, it is reviewed de novo on appeal. (Knight, at p. 932.) The

District also cites other authorities in the criminal context where "reasonableness"

standards govern and the trial court's determination on those issues is reviewed de novo.

(See People v. Moore (2011) 51 Cal.4th 386, 395; People v. Cromer (2001) 24 Cal.4th

889, 901; People v. Leyba (1981) 29 Cal.3d 591, 597-598.)

       The District has not shown the established standard of review is incorrect. The

question is not whether a reasonable litigant would have denied the RFAs. Nor is the

question simply whether the litigant had some minimum quantum of evidence to support


                                              28
its denial (i.e., "probable cause"). The relevant question is whether the litigant had a

reasonable, good faith belief he or she would prevail on the issue at trial. (Grace, supra,

240 Cal.App.4th at p. 529; Laabs, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1276.) Consideration of

this question requires not only an assessment of the substantiality of the evidence for and

against the issue known or available to the party, but also the credibility of that evidence,

the likelihood that it would be admissible at trial and persuasive to the trier of fact, the

relationship of the issue to other issues anticipated to be part of trial (including the issue's

importance), the party's efforts to investigate the issue and obtain further evidence, and

the overall state of discovery at the time of the denials and thereafter. Because the trial

court supervises discovery and presides over trial, it is in a much better position to weigh

these considerations and decide whether, in its discretion, the party who made the denials

should be responsible for costs of proof on the issue. (See People v. Roldan (2005) 35

Cal.4th 646, 688 ["The abuse of discretion standard . . . reflects the trial court's superior

ability to consider and weigh the myriad factors that are relevant to the decision at

hand."]; see also In re Robert L. (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 1057, 1065.)

       As noted, the primary purpose of RFAs is to narrow the issues in dispute and

expedite trial. (City of Glendale, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at pp. 353-354; Brooks, supra,

179 Cal.App.3d at p. 509.) Whether a party had a reasonable, good faith belief he or she

would prevail on an issue at trial, and therefore force a trial on that issue, implicates core

discretionary functions of the trial court: management of the discovery and trial

proceedings before it. (See In re Groundwater Cases (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 659, 693


                                               29
["Management of discovery lies within the sound discretion of the trial court . . . ."];

Moyal v. Lanphear (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 491, 498 ["Since trial management is a

discretionary area, the proper standard of review for a challenge to trial management

orders is abuse of discretion."].) An abuse of discretion standard is therefore proper. We

must review the trial court's decision in light of the applicable legal principles, but it

would be inappropriate to simply substitute our judgment for that of the trial court under

these circumstances. (See Department of Parks & Recreation v. State Personnel Bd.

(1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 813, 831 ["The abuse of discretion standard . . . measures

whether, given the established evidence, the act of the lower tribunal falls within the

permissible range of options set by the legal criteria."].)

       The District makes much of the fact that the standard here involves a consideration

of reasonableness. But, in similar contexts, we defer to the trial court's determination of

reasonableness. (See Doe v. United States Swimming, Inc. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1424,

1434 [discovery sanctions for acting without substantial justification, i.e., without

"clearly reasonable" justification]; Obregon v. Superior Court (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th

424, 430 [reasonable and good faith attempt to meet and confer]; see also PLCM Group,

Inc. v. Drexler (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1095 [reasonable attorney fees].) The District

also emphasizes that cost of proof awards may have a chilling effect on a litigant's ability

to pursue his or her claims or defenses. But any such chilling effect is incidental. Unlike

the tort of malicious prosecution, a litigant is not punished merely for pursuing a claim.

The litigant must instead reimburse an opposing party's costs in proving an issue where


                                              30
the litigant did not have a reasonable, good faith belief it would prevail at trial on that

issue, after being expressly requested to admit the issue. Moreover, the primary interest

implicated by cost of proof awards is not constitutional, as in the criminal cases cited by

the District, but managerial. We will review the court's order for abuse of discretion.

(See Grace, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 529, and cases cited, ante.)

                                              III

                                    Reasonable Grounds

       We turn next to the merits of the order awarding Arnold its costs of proof. The

RFAs at issue asked the District to admit that (1) Arnold did not release PCE, TCE,

1,1,1-TCA, or 1,4-dioxane during its business operations at the site; (2) Arnold did not

release PCE, TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, or 1,4-dioxane that caused contamination of groundwater

in the North Basin area; and (3) Arnold did not contribute to VOC contamination in soil

or groundwater in the area surrounding its site. The District is not responsible for

Arnold's costs if it shows it "had reasonable ground to believe [it] would prevail on the

matter." (§ 2033.420, subd. (b)(3); see Grace, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at pp. 529, 532.)

       In assessing whether the District had a reasonable ground to believe it would

prevail, we are mindful of the nature of this litigation, which involves sophisticated

scientific analyses of soil and groundwater contamination. As noted, where RFAs require

sophisticated analyses of technical issues, courts are more willing to credit a party's

reasonable belief that it would prevail based on expert opinion evidence. (See, e.g.,

Benson Tower Condo. Owners Ass'n v. Victaulic Co., supra, 105 F.Supp.3d at p. 1197.)


                                              31
Courts in the past have been willing to find a party's reliance on expert opinion evidence

unreasonable only where the expert opinion evidence would be inadmissible at trial (see

Wimberly, supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at pp. 637-638) or where the expert opinion evidence

was fatally undermined by facts known to the party (see Marchand, supra, 22 F.3d at pp.

937-938). Although those circumstances are not exclusive, and a court may act within its

discretion in finding a party's reliance unreasonable in other contexts, these authorities

illustrate the issues involved where courts consider expert opinion evidence supporting an

RFA denial.

       We note that Arnold's briefing often misperceives the substantive legal issue here.

Arnold treats the District's arguments that it held a reasonable, good faith belief it would

prevail as improper attempts to reargue the merits of its claims. Arnold variously

contends that the doctrines of law of the case and collateral estoppel preclude the District

from making these arguments. Arnold is incorrect. Whether Arnold was ultimately

successful at trial is not the issue here. Rather, the issue is whether the District had a

reasonable, good faith belief—prior to trial—that it would prevail. We must necessarily

consider the basis for the District's alleged belief in determining its reasonableness.

Arnold's subsequent success at trial does not alter our inquiry. We will address each

chemical separately below.

                                             PCE

       The two PCE-related RFAs asked the District to admit Arnold "did not release

PCE at any time during its business operations at [the Arnold site]" and Arnold "did not


                                              32
release PCE that caused contamination of groundwater in the North Basin area at issue in

this action." The District does not contest that it had no reasonable grounds to believe it

would prevail on the latter issue (PCE contamination of groundwater), given that

Waddell did not and could not opine at trial that any such contamination had occurred. It

does challenge the trial court's finding that it had no reasonable grounds to believe it

would prevail on the former issue (PCE release). For reasons we will explain, we agree

with the District that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that the District had

no reasonable grounds to believe it would prevail on the issue of Arnold releasing PCE

during its business operations at the site.

       The threshold issue regarding this RFA is whether the District had a reasonable

ground to believe it would prevail on the issue of whether Arnold used PCE at all.

Persuasive evidence showed Arnold had used PCE. Hopen, Arnold's former employee,

testified unequivocally at deposition and at trial that Arnold used PCE as a stripping

agent. Rohrer, Arnold's expert, admitted at deposition that Arnold's operations "likely"

involved the use of PCE. The soil at the Arnold site was contaminated with PCE, which

showed that someone had used and released PCE there. There was no evidence any other

occupant of the site used PCE. Waddell opined that it was very unlikely another

occupant used PCE, based on the nature of their operations there.

       Against this evidence, Arnold relied on the testimony of Farmer, another former

employee, who testified that he was not aware of any PCE use. But Farmer admitted he

did not know what chemical was used in Arnold's stripping operations. Arnold also


                                              33
relied on permits identifying 1,1,1-TCA as the solvent used in Arnold's operations. Other

permits did not identify a solvent, however, so it was possible Arnold used PCE under

those permits.

       Given this evidence, it is clear the District had a reasonable ground to believe it

would prevail on the threshold question of whether Arnold used PCE. It was reasonable

for the District to believe that Hopen's testimony, combined with the PCE contamination

at the site, would lead a reasonable trier of fact to believe Arnold had used PCE. Nothing

about Arnold's evidence foreclosed the District's reasonable reliance on its own evidence

regarding PCE. Arnold's reliance on contrary evidence did not make the District's

reliance on its own evidence of PCE use unreasonable.

       Similarly, given Arnold's plausible PCE use, the District plainly had a reasonable

ground to believe it would prevail on the question whether Arnold released PCE during

its operations at the site. The contamination at the site shows that PCE was released there

by someone. Waddell and Rohrer agreed on that point. Given the evidence of (1) PCE

use by Arnold, (2) the risk of PCE spills and leaks into the environment created by

Arnold's stripping operations, and (3) the absence of any evidence that any other person

used PCE at the site, the District plainly had a reasonable ground to believe that a trier of

fact would find Arnold released PCE at its site.

       In its order, the trial court appeared to base its award of costs on the fact that "Dr.

Waddell waited until trial to testify there was no evidence of PCE . . . use by Arnold at its

site." But Waddell did not testify, at trial or otherwise, that there was no evidence of


                                              34
PCE use by Arnold. On the contrary, Waddell's position was that Arnold had used and

released PCE at the site. PCE-related evidence was excluded at trial because Waddell

could not testify that Arnold's use of PCE contaminated groundwater. But the question

of PCE contamination of groundwater is different from the question of a PCE release.

While they are intertwined for purposes of Arnold's liability for PCE groundwater

contamination, they reflect separate RFAs, covering separate factual issues, and they

must be analyzed separately.

       While the trial court has wide discretion to award costs of proof, this discretion

must be exercised reasonably and in conformance with applicable law. (See Horsford v.

Board of Trustees of California State University (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 359, 393.)

Given the evidence outlined above, the court abused its discretion by concluding the

District did not have reasonable grounds to believe it would prevail when it denied

Arnold's RFA seeking an admission that Arnold "did not release PCE at any time during

its business operations at [the Arnold site]."9

                                            TCE

       The two TCE-related RFAs asked the District to admit Arnold "did not release

TCE at any time during its business operations at [the Arnold site]" and Arnold "did not

release TCE that caused contamination of groundwater in the North Basin area at issue in



9       In light of our conclusion, we need not consider the District's alternative argument
that the trial court erred by awarding costs of proof because Arnold did not prove the
matter covered by the RFA at trial, i.e., it did not release PCE during its business
operations at the site. (See § 2033.420, subd. (a); Stull v. Sparrow (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th
860, 865-866.)
                                             35
this action." The District contends the trial court erred by awarding costs of proof based

on both RFAs because it had a reasonable ground to believe it would prevail on these

issues. For reasons we will explain, we agree.

       As with PCE, the threshold issue is whether the District had a reasonable ground

to believe it would prevail on the issue of whether Arnold used TCE at all. While the

evidence on this question was not as compelling as with PCE, it clearly provided a

reasonable ground for the District to believe a trier of fact would find Arnold used TCE.

Hopen testified that Arnold used TCE as a degreaser, using its full name

"trichloroethylene" in both his deposition and at trial. At trial, following testimony on the

subject in both direct and cross-examination, Hopen was asked whether his "best

memory" was that the chemical used by Arnold was "trichloroethylene," and he

confirmed it was "[t]richloroethylene."

       While Hopen also testified that he saw "1,1,1" on barrels of VOC solvent—which

could only refer to 1,1,1-TCA, not TCE—his confusing testimony does not make it

inherently unreasonable for the District to believe that Arnold used TCE, especially given

the other evidence in the record. As with PCE, extensive TCE contamination was found

in the soil at the Arnold site, which showed that someone had used and released TCE

there. And, again as with PCE, there was no evidence any other occupant of the site used

TCE. Indeed, TCE's use was restricted after 1976, while Arnold still operated at the site.

Only one other industrial company occupied the site before Arnold. Farmer, who was




                                             36
also employed by that company, testified that he was not aware of any VOC use during

its occupancy. This evidence corroborated Hopen's recollection that Arnold used TCE. 10

       Arnold relied on Farmer's testimony and the permits described above, which

identified only 1,1,1-TCA. The trial court, too, wrote in its written order awarding costs,

"Former employee Hopen testified Arnold used TCE, but the only labels he could

remember had '1,1,1' on them. That designation is associated not with TCE, but with

TCA." Again, however, nothing about this evidence foreclosed the District's reasonable

reliance on its contrary evidence. The District could reasonably believe that its own

evidence would be believed by the trier of fact. The fact that the trier of fact here

believed Arnold's evidence does not make the District's reliance on its own evidence

unreasonable. These circumstances are far different from Grace, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th

at pages 530 to 532, where a party relied only on his own testimony to deny an RFA;

where that testimony was contradicted by other percipient witnesses, a police report, and




10      Arnold contends that Hopen could not know whether Arnold used TCE because
his employment allegedly started in 1978, two years after TCE's use was restricted.
Arnold cites the trial court's statement of decision to support that fact, but the trial court's
statement of decision is not evidence. Arnold must provide proper citations to the
evidence supporting factual assertions in its briefing. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.204(a)(1)(C).) Arnold includes a citation to the trial transcript, but it does not appear to
correspond to the transcript pagination in the record in this appeal. The pages cited do
not relate to the dates of Hopen's employment. In any event, our review of the transcript
shows that Hopen testified his "best estimate" was that he started in 1978, but he was not
sure of the exact years. Given the equivocal nature of this testimony, and the lack of
evidence of the type of restrictions placed on TCE at that time, it would not require a trier
of fact to completely discount Hopen's testimony regarding Arnold's use of TCE,
especially in light of the substantial TCE contamination found at the site.
                                              37
undisputed expert opinion evidence; and where the party's attorney appeared to

acknowledge the weakness of his position in his opening statement.

       If, as we have found, the District had reasonable grounds to believe that a trier of

fact would find that Arnold used TCE, it follows from the evidence that the District

would also have reasonable grounds to believe that a trier of fact would find that Arnold

released TCE during its operations at the site. A TCE release undeniably occurred at the

site. Rohrer and Waddell agreed on this point. And there was no evidence that any

occupant of the site other than Arnold used TCE. Indeed, as noted, the evidence was to

the contrary: Farmer testified that the prior occupant did not use any VOCs, and its use

after Arnold's departure was heavily regulated. Moreover, the evidence showed that

Arnold's degreasing activities carried a risk of spills and leaks into the environment. The

only reasonable conclusion based on the evidence is that the District had reasonable

grounds to believe it would prevail when it denied Arnold's RFA seeking an admission

that Arnold "did not release TCE at any time during its business operations at [the Arnold

site]." The trial court abused its discretion by finding otherwise.

       The next RFA covered whether Arnold released TCE that caused contamination of

groundwater. The undisputed evidence showed that TCE was detected in soil samples

down to 105 feet below ground level, the lowest level tested, approximately 10 feet above

groundwater. The groundwater itself was not tested.

       In denying this RFA, the District relied on Waddell's expert opinion that TCE

contamination at the Arnold site contributed to groundwater contamination. Waddell, in


                                             38
turn, primarily relied on grab samples of groundwater on adjoining properties. Testing

revealed higher concentrations of TCE in groundwater to the northwest (GW-2) and west

(GW-3), when compared to the east (GW-1). In Waddell's opinion, these results showed

that the Arnold site contributed to groundwater TCE contamination because the

concentrations increased as groundwater flowed in the north-northwest direction under

the site. Waddell's opinion was supported by undisputed data showing that TCE was

present in both the shallow soil and deeper soil layers in the vicinity of groundwater.

       Arnold's evidence in opposition consisted primarily of Rohrer's opinion that the

grab sample data was insufficient to prove groundwater contamination. Rohrer testified

that the groundwater flow was too variable to conclude that the increases in TCE

concentration were caused by groundwater flowing underneath the Arnold site. Arnold

also undermined Waddell's credibility by showing that he omitted a data point from a

cross-gradient monitoring well (not a grab sample) that recorded a high TCE

concentration, as well as several upgradient bore holes on a different contaminated

property. Waddell also misstated the extent of TCE contamination in the shallow soil at

the neighboring Johnson Controls site and appeared to lack information on the

composition of VOC solvents used by Johnson Controls and other occupants of that site.

       In its postjudgment order awarding costs, the trial court appeared to believe that

Waddell's opinion regarding TCE contamination relied on an obvious contradiction, i.e.,

that a TCE detection north of the Arnold site proved groundwater contamination, even

though in the court's view Waddell testified that groundwater in that area "consistently


                                             39
moved in a west/southwest direction." But the court was incorrect that Waddell's opinion

relied on such a contradiction. Waddell identified areas of both northwesterly and

southwesterly flows around the Arnold site. With respect to the grab samples

themselves, he testified the prevailing flow was to the northwest and west. Rohrer also

did not definitively testify that the groundwater flow was southwesterly. His criticism of

Waddell relied primarily on the variable flow of groundwater, and the inability of

Waddell (or anyone) to determine whether the allegedly downgradient grab samples were

in fact downgradient of the Arnold site. The evidence regarding groundwater flow was

therefore disputed; it was not irrational or illogical for Waddell to conclude that the grab

samples to the northwest and west were downgradient of the Arnold site.

       Based on our review of the record, it is clear Waddell's opinion could have been

believed by a trier of fact. He had more than sufficient qualifications to opine on

groundwater contamination issues, including a doctoral degree in geology and 30 years of

relevant experience; his opinions were grounded in relevant and reliable evidence; and

his methodology was reasonable and logical to an outside observer. His opinion was not

a sham. It was reasonable for the District to believe Waddell's opinions would be

credited by a trier of fact and therefore deny Arnold's RFA.

       There is nothing in the record that would support the trial court's contrary decision.

Waddell's use of grab samples was subject to criticism, but they logically and reasonably

tended to prove that the Arnold site contributed to TCE groundwater contamination. And

the grab samples were not the sole basis for Waddell's opinion on this matter. He also


                                             40
relied on soil testing, which showed extensive TCE contamination, including in deeper

soils at the site. TCE contamination was detected down to the lowest level tested, only

10 feet above groundwater.

       Arnold focuses on Waddell's misstatements and omissions regarding the

neighboring Johnson Controls site. But these misstatements and omissions do not

support the conclusion that the District's reliance on Waddell's opinion was unreasonable.

First, Arnold points out that Waddell omitted from his trial testimony evidence of TCE

contamination in the shallow soil at the Johnson Controls site. Waddell included the

correct data in his expert report, however, so his erroneous trial testimony does not call

into question the District's reliance on his earlier opinions.

       Second, Arnold notes that Waddell was impeached with evidence that Johnson

Controls used degreasers (contrary to Waddell's understanding) and that it used a VOC

solvent that contained TCE. These latter two omissions, however, were not

consequential under the circumstances. Waddell acknowledged that TCE had been

released at the Johnson Controls site; the TCE concentrations found at the Arnold site

were simply far higher. While Waddell may have been mistaken about the particulars of

TCE use at the Johnson Controls site, it is not reasonable to believe that his opinions

regarding TCE contamination at the Arnold site were fatally undermined by those

mistakes. (Cf. Marchand, supra, 22 F.3d at pp. 937-938.)

       In sum, while the trial court was entitled to find that Waddell was not credible,

that his use of grab samples was insufficient to prove TCE groundwater contamination,


                                              41
and that the District ultimately did not carry its burden of proving that Arnold contributed

to TCE groundwater contamination, the record does not compel such findings. The

District's contrary position was supported by TCE contamination data for both soil and

groundwater, as well as the reasoned opinion of a highly qualified expert. This expert

opinion, in turn, was neither inadmissible (cf. Wimberly, supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at pp.

637-638) nor fatally undermined by facts known to the District (cf. Marchand, supra, 22

F.3d at pp. 937-938). The District's position was based on far more than mere "hope or a

roll of the dice." (Cf. Grace, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 532.) The District had a

reasonable ground to believe it would prevail, and the trial court's decision otherwise was

an abuse of discretion.

                                         1,1,1-TCA

       The two 1,1,1-TCA-related RFAs asked the District to admit Arnold "did not

release 1,1,1-TCA at any time during its business operations at [the Arnold site]" and

Arnold "did not release 1,1,1-TCA that caused contamination of groundwater in the

North Basin area at issue in this action." The District contends the trial court erred by

awarding costs of proof based on both RFAs because it had a reasonable ground to

believe it would prevail on these issues. Again, for reasons we will explain, we agree.

       Unlike PCE and TCE, Arnold admitted using 1,1,1-TCA. Farmer testified in his

deposition that Arnold used 1,1,1-TCA in its degreasing operations. A number of permits

produced in discovery identified 1,1,1-TCA for use in degreasers and other equipment,

including one that described a 550-gallon above-ground storage tank for that chemical.


                                             42
       The shallow soil at the Arnold site was contaminated with 1,1,1-TCA and its

degradation product 1,1-DCE. A release of 1,1,1-TCA plainly occurred there. While

Arnold used 1,1,1-TCA for decades, there was no evidence that any other occupant of the

site used 1,1,1-TCA. Waddell opined that it very unlikely another occupant used

1,1,1-TCA, based on the nature of their operations there. Moreover, as we have noted,

the evidence showed that Arnold's degreasing activities carried a risk of spills and leaks

into the environment. Given the extensive 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1-DCE contamination at the

Arnold site, and the lack of any evidence that any occupant other than Arnold used

1,1,1-TCA, the only reasonable conclusion based on the evidence is that the District had

reasonable grounds to believe it would prevail when it denied Arnold's RFA seeking an

admission that Arnold "did not release 1,1,1-TCA at any time during its business

operations at [the Arnold site]." The trial court abused its discretion by finding

otherwise.

       The next RFA covered whether Arnold released 1,1,1-TCA that caused

contamination of groundwater. Because 1,1,1-TCA degrades into 1,1-DCE (and acetic

acid), the District relied on 1,1-DCE detections to show that Arnold's release of

1,1,1-TCA caused groundwater contamination. As with TCE, the undisputed evidence

showed that 1,1-DCE was detected in soil samples down to 105 feet below ground level,

the lowest level tested, approximately 10 feet above groundwater.11


11     Arnold points out that TCE can also biodegrade into 1,1-DCE, but that chemical
reaction occurs only under certain limited circumstances. The trial court in its statement
of decision following trial accepted that 1,1-DCE contamination would be evidence of a
                                             43
        Also as with TCE, the District relied on Waddell's expert opinion to deny this

RFA. Waddell primarily relied on 1,1-DCE detections in his groundwater grab samples,

which showed slightly higher 1,1-DCE concentrations to the northwest (GW-2) and west

(GW-3), when compared with the east (GW-1). Waddell opined that these data showed

that the Arnold site contributed to groundwater 1,1-DCE contamination because the

concentrations increased as groundwater flowed in the north-northwest direction under

the site. The soil testing data supported Waddell's opinion, since it showed 1,1-DCE

contamination down to the lowest level tested, 10 feet from groundwater. It was

therefore plausible that 1,1-DCE had reached groundwater at the site.

        Arnold again relied on Rohrer's criticism of Waddell's grab sample data. Rohrer

testified that the data was inadequate to show that the Arnold site contributed to 1,1-DCE

contamination in groundwater. Arnold also impeached Waddell with evidence that

Johnson Controls had to some extent used solvents with 1,1,1-TCA at its neighboring

site.

        In its postjudgment order, the trial court based its award of costs on a perceived

lack of evidence of any release of 1,1,1-TCA by Arnold: "While Arnold used 1,1,1-TCA

in its operations, there was no substantial evidence that Arnold ever caused a release into

the soil, much less groundwater." We disagree that there was no substantial evidence to




past 1,1,1-TCA release. The District was not unreasonable in crediting Waddell's opinion
that 1,1-DCE detections were evidence of a past 1,1,1-TCA release.
                                              44
support a finding that Arnold released 1,1,1-TCA at the site.12 Arnold used large

quantities of 1,1,1-TCA during its long occupancy at the site, its operations carried the

risk of releases into the environment, the site was contaminated by a 1,1,1-TCA release

by someone, and there was no evidence any other occupant of the site used 1,1,1-TCA.

Based on this evidence, a trier of fact could reasonably infer that Arnold released

1,1,1-TCA during its operations at the site. (See Orange County Water Dist. v. Sabic

Innovative Plastics US, LLC (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 343, 381-382; United Alloys, Inc. v.

Baker (C.D.Cal. 2011) 797 F.Supp.2d 974, 1000.)

       However, while the absence of substantial evidence to support a party's position

may indicate that a party did not have a reasonable ground to believe it would prevail on

that matter, the opposite is not necessarily true. "[T]he mere fact defendants presented

evidence at trial is not an automatic justification for denial of the requests. Rather, the

issue is whether, in light of that evidence, defendants could reasonably believe they

would prevail." (Grace, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 531.)

       The state of the evidence regarding 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1-DCE groundwater

contamination is essentially the same as that regarding TCE groundwater contamination.

Arnold primarily relied on Waddell's expert opinion, which was by all appearances



12      "Substantial evidence" is of course a legal term of art, which is not equivalent to a
lot of evidence or the preponderance of the evidence. (See Howard v. Owens Corning
(1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 621, 631.) Instead, it is the minimum showing necessary to
sustain a judgment or finding in a party's favor, i.e., evidence and inferences that are
reasonable, credible, and of solid value that provide proof of the essential elements that
the law requires in a particular case. (Colombo v. BRP US Inc. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th
1442, 1451-1452.)
                                              45
credible. Waddell was a qualified expert, his opinions were grounded in the evidence,

and his methodology was ostensibly sound. He did not provide a sham opinion. It was

reasonable for the District to believe his opinions would be persuasive at trial, and for

reasons we have already explained nothing in the record supports the trial court's contrary

decision.

       Arnold argues that early testing did not detect 1,1,1-TCA in any significant

concentrations. But that testing was limited, and later testing revealed extensive

1,1,1-TCA and 1,1-DCE contamination at the site. The early testing does not preclude

the District's reliance on later testing. Arnold also relies on a 1994 report, which it

asserts found no VOC groundwater contamination, and a 1995 letter from the Orange

County Heath Care Agency (OCHCA). But the 1994 report was limited to PCE; it did

not consider 1,1,1-TCA or 1,1-DCE. The 1995 OCHCA letter addressed only surface

health threats, finding that no further action was needed to address them. The OCHCA

did not make any findings about groundwater contamination, except to note that

contamination remained at the site and could potentially affect groundwater. Neither of

these documents prevented the District from having a reasonable belief it would prevail.

       Viewing the evidence as a whole, it is clear the District had a reasonable ground to

believe it would prevail on the issue of groundwater contamination caused by 1,1,1-TCA.

It had a reasonable and apparently credible opinion from a highly qualified expert,

grounded in the evidence, that supported its position. While the trial court did not credit

the expert's opinion at trial, his opinion was not revealed to be sham, inadmissible, or


                                              46
wholly without foundation. (Cf. Wimberly, supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at pp. 637-638;

Marchand, supra, 22 F.3d at pp. 937-938.) The District had far more than "hope or a roll

of the dice" going into trial. (Cf. Grace, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 532.) It had a

reasonable ground to believe it would prevail, and the trial court's decision otherwise was

an abuse of discretion.

                                        1,4-Dioxane

       The two 1,4-dioxane-related RFAs asked the District to admit Arnold "did not

release 1,4-dioxane at any time during its business operations at [the Arnold site]" and

Arnold "did not release 1,4-dioxane that caused contamination of groundwater in the

North Basin area at issue in this action." The District contends the trial court erred by

awarding costs of proof based on both RFAs because it had a reasonable ground to

believe it would prevail on these issues. We disagree.

       While Waddell testified that 1,4-dioxane was "commonly" added to 1,1,1-TCA as

a stabilizer, there was no evidence of the 1,1,1-TCA formulation used by Arnold.

Waddell testified that there were other stabilizers used for 1,1,1-TCA, and the District has

cited no evidence quantifying the likelihood that Arnold's formulation included

1,4-dioxane rather than an alternative. And, because none of the investigations at the

Arnold site tested for 1,4-dioxane, there was also no evidence it was present in the

shallow soil there.

       The only evidence regarding 1,4-dioxane at the site came from Waddell's grab

samples. The data showed that concentrations of 1,4-dioxane were very slightly higher at


                                             47
one downgradient location (GW-2), significantly higher at another downgradient location

(GW-3), and lower at the third potentially downgradient location (GW-4/4A). In his

expert report, Waddell opined that 1,4-dioxane had impacted groundwater as a result of

VOC releases by Arnold. But, importantly, Waddell did not offer any opinions regarding

Arnold and 1,4-dioxane at trial.

       Given the dearth of evidence regarding 1,4-dioxane, and the District's failure to

pursue liability at trial based on 1,4-dioxane contamination, we conclude the trial court

could reasonably find that the District had no reasonable ground to believe it would

prevail on the 1,4-dioxane RFAs at issue here. " 'Where certain facts exist which the

responding party does not intend to contest at trial, the proper time to admit and permit

those facts to be established is during pretrial discovery.' " (Wimberly, supra, 56

Cal.App.4th at p. 634.) The District has not shown the court abused its discretion by

awarding costs of proof based on these RFAs.13

                               General VOC Contamination

       The two general VOC contamination RFAs asked the District to admit Arnold

"did not contribute to VOC contamination in soil in the geographic area [identified as the

area surrounding the former Arnold site]" and Arnold "did not contribute to VOC

contamination in groundwater presently located in the geographic area [identified as the



13      To the extent the District contends the denial of Arnold's motion for summary
judgment justifies its denials of the 1,4 dioxane RFAs, we disagree. Even assuming the
denial were relevant, it was not necessarily based on evidence of 1,4-dioxane
contamination. It therefore has no bearing on the reasonableness of the District's reliance
on its evidence regarding 1,4-dioxane.
                                            48
area surrounding the former Arnold site]." For reasons we will explain, our conclusions

regarding these RFAs flow automatically from our discussion above. For both RFAs, we

conclude the trial court abused its discretion by awarding costs of proof.

       The first general VOC contamination RFA asked the District to admit Arnold "did

not contribute to VOC contamination in soil in the geographic area [identified as the area

surrounding the former Arnold site]." As noted, we have concluded that the District

plainly had a reasonable ground to believe it would prevail on the issues of PCE, TCE,

and 1,1,1-TCA contamination in soil at the Arnold site. Because PCE, TCE, and

1,1,1-TCA are VOCs, it necessarily follows that the District had a reasonable ground to

believe it would prevail on the issue of VOC contamination in soil in the relevant area.

       The same reasoning applies to the second general VOC contamination RFA,

which asked the District to admit Arnold "did not contribute to VOC contamination in

groundwater presently located in the geographic area [identified as the area surrounding

the former Arnold site]." Because the District had a reasonable ground to believe it

would prevail on the issues of TCE and 1,1,1-TCA contamination in groundwater at the

Arnold site, the District also had a reasonable ground to believe it would prevail on the

issue of VOC contamination in groundwater in the area surrounding the Arnold site.

                                            IV

                            Adequacy of Supporting Evidence

       The District further contends the evidence supporting Arnold's costs was

inadmissible and inadequate. It argues the trial court erred by basing its award on such


                                            49
evidence. The evidence at issue consists of (1) attorney invoices containing time entries

and general task descriptions, which Arnold supplemented with a listing of relevant

RFAs for each time entry, and (2) expert invoices, also with time entries and general task

descriptions, but without a listing of relevant RFAs. The District argues that both sets of

invoices were too general to support the court's cost award and the expert invoices were

inadmissible hearsay.

       Although we will reverse the trial court's cost award based on the errors described

above, the court on remand will be required to consider the amounts of costs to be

awarded for the three RFAs the District had no reasonable ground to deny. We will

therefore address the District's arguments to provide guidance to the court in this task.

For reasons we will explain, we disagree that the attorney invoices are necessarily too

general, since they listed relevant RFAs for each time entry. But we agree with the

District that the expert invoices were too general to support a cost award on their own and

they were, in any event, inadmissible on the current record.

       A cost of proof award under section 2033.420 must be based on evidence. (See

Garcia v. Hyster Co. (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 724, 737; see also In re Marriage of Niklas

(1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 28, 37-38; Weil & Brown, Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Procedure

Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2018) ¶ 8:1413.1a, pp. 8G-39 to 8G-40 (Weil & Brown).)

The evidence must, among other things, be sufficient to distinguish between allowable

costs and other costs incurred by the party. For example, in Niklas, the court reversed an

award of discovery sanctions because "the cursory descriptions of the services for which


                                             50
fees and costs were incurred provide an inadequate basis for a determination whether

these fees and costs are related to the failure of [the attorney] and his client to comply

with the court's orders." (Nicklas, at p. 38.) Similarly, in Garcia, the court reversed a

cost of proof award because it was based solely on an attorney's conclusory declaration,

which included costs that could not properly be awarded. (Garcia, at p. 737; see In re

Tobacco Cases II (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 779, 807-808.)

       Arnold's attorney invoices included a notation, for each time entry, identifying the

RFAs to which that entry related. Such a notation can be adequate to distinguish those

tasks for which an award of costs would be proper. Unlike in Niklas and Garcia, Arnold

did not simply submit a blanket request, with no information about the individual tasks at

issue. The evidence here is adequate to determine whether and for which tasks costs

should be awarded.

       We expressly do not hold, however, that costs must be awarded for each task for

which Arnold has identified a relevant RFA. The adequacy of Arnold's descriptions

under the specific facts here, the credibility of the RFA identifications, and the

reasonableness of any resulting award are all for the trial court to consider in the first

instance. We merely hold that it would not be an abuse of discretion, in general, for the

trial court to rely on an attorney's identification of relevant RFAs in distinguishing

between compensable and noncompensable tasks in that attorney's law firm fee invoices.

       Arnold's expert invoices, by contrast, contain no such notation by the experts

identifying the RFAs to which each time entry or task related. And the task descriptions,


                                              51
contrary to the trial court's view, do not provide any basis in many cases for a finding that

any specific task was related to a specific RFA. For example, several tasks are simply

described as an "[i]nternal meeting." A number of tasks are described as "[d]evelop

opinions and supporting docs" or "[f]ile rev[iew] for [d]eposition." As in Niklas and

Garcia, a trial court would abuse its discretion by basing an award solely on such cursory

descriptions because they provide no basis on which to distinguish compensable and

noncompensable tasks.

       In addition, even if they were sufficiently detailed, the descriptions of each task

performed by Arnold's experts were inadmissible to prove that the experts in fact

performed those tasks. "Since invoices, bills, and receipts for repairs are hearsay, they

are inadmissible independently to prove that liability for the repairs was incurred, that

payment was made, or that the charges were reasonable. [Citations.] If, however, a party

testifies that he incurred or discharged a liability for repairs, any of these documents may

be admitted for the limited purpose of corroborating his testimony [citations], and if the

charges were paid, the testimony and documents are evidence that the charges were

reasonable." (Pacific Gas & E. Co. v. G. W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co. (1968) 69 Cal.2d

33, 42-43.) However, while invoices may corroborate a party's testimony that he or she

incurred the charges, the party may not rely on invoices to prove the activities described

in the invoices actually occurred. (Id. at p. 43.) As our Supreme Court explained, in an

analogous situation, "The individual items on the invoices, however, were read, not to

corroborate payment or the reasonableness of the charges, but to prove that these specific


                                             52
repairs had actually been made. No qualified witness was called to testify that the

invoices accurately recorded the work done by [the vendor], and there was no other

evidence as to what repairs were made. This use of the invoices was error." (Ibid.)

       Arnold submitted a declaration from its attorney, which stated that all of the task

descriptions in the expert invoices reflected work relevant to the RFAs. But there was no

showing that Arnold's attorney had personal knowledge of the actual work performed by

Arnold's experts, i.e., whether the task descriptions and time entries were in fact correct.

While the recipient of a bill or invoice may sometimes also have personal knowledge of

the work performed (see, e.g., McAllister v. George (1977) 73 Cal.App.3d 258, 263

[dental services]), there was no evidence that Arnold's attorney had such personal

knowledge here.

       Nor are the invoices themselves admissible to prove the truth of the task

descriptions. Arnold points out that its attorney was able to authenticate the invoices

based on his personal knowledge of their receipt, his course of dealing with the experts,

and the purposes for which the experts were retained. (See Evid. Code, §§ 1400, 1421;

McAllister, supra, 73 Cal.App.3d at p. 263; Chaplin v. Sullivan (1945) 67 Cal.App.2d

728, 734.) But authentication is not sufficient. "[A]uthentication alone does not

overcome other rules of evidence, such as the hearsay rule. There is a difference between

the foundation device of authentication and substantive rules of admissibility of evidence,

such as the hearsay rule." (Stockinger v. Feather River Community College (2003) 111

Cal.App.4th 1014, 1027.) Here, although it is possible the expert invoices might be


                                             53
admissible under the business records exception to the hearsay rule (Evid. Code, § 1271),

Arnold's attorney declaration does not establish the elements of the exception. "Although

a bill may evidence the rendition of the services set forth thereon [citation], in order to be

competent evidence under [the business records exception], it must be supported by the

testimony of a witness qualified to testify as to its identity and the mode of its

preparation. The recipient may vouch for the former, but cannot supply the latter."

(California Steel Bldgs., Inc. v. Transport Indem. Co. (1966) 242 Cal.App.2d 749, 759.)

To establish this exception, Arnold must provide evidence of the manner in which the

invoices were prepared, which would provide a basis for the trial court to believe that the

time entries reflect work actually performed by the expert and his staff.

       Arnold relies on Jones v. Dumrichob (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1258, but it is

distinguishable. Jones considered a challenge to a cost award supported by expert

invoices, but the circumstances were very different. Jones considered a cost award under

former section 998, subdivision (c), not a motion for an award of costs of proof under

section 2033.420. (Jones, at p. 1261.) Because the cost award at issue in Jones was

authorized by former section 998, and all expert costs after the filing of the complaint

were recoverable, Jones did not consider the adequacy or admissibility of the individual

task descriptions (if any) contained in the invoices. (Jones, at pp. 1264-1265.) It simply

affirmed the trial court's order awarding all of the expert costs incurred by the party.

(Ibid.) Here, by contrast, Arnold did not claim all of its expert costs. Arnold's attorney

attempted to limit the requested expert costs to those tasks relevant to the RFAs at issue,


                                              54
but there was no evidence that Arnold's attorney had personal knowledge of the

individual tasks and time entries at issue. And, as Arnold's limitation implicitly shows, a

substantial portion of the expert work was not relevant to the RFAs at issue. On the

current record, there was no way for the trial court to satisfy itself that the task

descriptions and time entries reflected costs that were in fact incurred in connection with

the relevant RFAs rather than an unrelated matter.14

       Although our holding requires a party to submit sufficient documentation in

support of expert costs requested under section 2033.420, this requirement is not

unreasonable. As is evident from the circumstances here, an award of expert costs can be

substantial. It makes sense to require a party to obtain documentation from its retained

experts (or some other competent source) to justify an award of expert costs. The trial

court must have a basis on which to find that the expert costs were incurred in connection

with proof of a matter covered by a relevant RFA, and not for some other purpose. As

one leading practice guide advises attorneys, "Carefully track your time and costs

associated with proving matters on an issue-by-issue (RFA-by-RFA) basis to facilitate

granting of your motion for compensation." (Weil & Brown, supra, ¶ 8:1413.1b, p. 8G-

40.)




14      Arnold also contends that the District forfeited its evidentiary arguments by
asserting them in its briefing, rather than a separate evidentiary objection. Arnold
provides no authority for its contention that a separate evidentiary objection is required
in this context. (Cf. Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1354(b) [requiring separate evidentiary
objections in connection with summary judgment and summary adjudication motions].)
It is unpersuasive.
                                              55
       In exercising its discretion on remand to set the amount of the cost of proof award,

the trial court should adhere to the foregoing principles. We express no opinion on the

amount that should be awarded.

                                       DISPOSITION

       The order is reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to

receive additional evidence, if necessary, and to enter a new order awarding reasonable

costs of proof, in an amount to be determined in its discretion, based on the District's

denials of Arnold's RFA Nos. 17 (PCE groundwater contamination), 22 (1,4-dioxane

release), and 23 (1,4-dioxane groundwater contamination) only. In the interests of

justice, the parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.




                                                                                HALLER, J.

WE CONCUR:



BENKE, Acting P. J.



HUFFMAN, J.




                                              56
Filed 1/10/19
                       CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

                 COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE

                                 STATE OF CALIFORNIA



 ORANGE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT,                      D070763

          Plaintiff and Appellant,

          v.                                        (Super. Ct. No. 04CC00715)

 THE ARNOLD ENGINEERING                             ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION
 COMPANY,                                           FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION

          Defendant and Respondent.


THE COURT:

        The opinion in this case filed December 19, 2018, was not certified for

publication. It appearing the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c), the request pursuant to rule 8.1120(a) for

publication is GRANTED in part.

        IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the opinion meets the standard for publication

specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c), with the exception of part IV of the

Discussion; and is ordered published in the Official Reports in conformity with this order.


*      Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for
publication with the exception of part IV of the Discussion.
                             BENKE, Acting P. J.
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