                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   July 3, 2018
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 338856
                                                                   Muskegon Circuit Court
CHRISTOPHER JOHN CZARNIK,                                          LC No. 16-003134-FH

                Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MURRAY, C.J., and MARKEY and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals by leave granted1 his conviction for the production of child sexually
abusive material, MCL 750.145c(2). Defendant pleaded guilty pursuant to a conditional plea
agreement, with a Cobbs2 agreement that his minimum sentence would not exceed 7 years’
incarceration. The trial court sentenced defendant to a term of 7 to 25 years’ incarceration, as a
fourth-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.12. We affirm.

        The events that led to defendant’s conviction occurred at the West Shoreline Correctional
Facility where defendant was serving a prison term for a previous conviction also involving child
pornography. On March 26, 2016, a correctional officer conducted a pat-down search of
defendant. During the search, the officer found a drawing of a young girl “having sex and
performing oral sex on an adult male.” The officer also found a hand-written story of a six-year-
old child having sex with adults. On April 5, 2016, a Michigan State Police Trooper interviewed
defendant, who confessed that he had more drawings and narratives located in his cell and that
he views the material as sexual in nature and used it for his own sexual gratification.
Correctional officers then seized many materials from defendant’s cell, including 10 hand-drawn
pictures of children engaging in sexual activities and 16 different writings depicting sexual acts
between adults and children. Defendant admitted that he created two of the drawings and
identified the two children as being about 12 or 13 and 8 years old. Defendant also admitted that


1
 People v Czarnik, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August 14, 2017 (Docket
No. 338856).
2
    People v Cobbs, 443 Mich 276; 505 NW2d 208 (1993).


                                               -1-
out of the 16 writings, he created 8 of them. In defendant’s presentence investigation report,
defendant is noted as saying that he draws or writes about child sexually abusive material when
he is in a “deviant cycle” as a way to “keep thoughts of molesting children going.”

        The prosecutor filed a felony complaint alleging that between September 12, 2014, and
March 26, 2016, defendant “did arrange for, produce, make, copy, reproduce, or finance any
child sexually abusive material; contrary to MCL 750.145c(2).” Defendant filed a motion to
quash the information and to dismiss the charge. Defendant argued that the illustrations in
question were “cartoon drawings of fictional characters” and, as such, could not qualify as
sexually abusive material under the statute. Pursuant to MCR 6.301(C)(2), defendant entered a
conditional guilty plea to the charged offense, admitting that he drew “pictures of children in
sexually provocative positions,” with a provision of the plea agreement including that the trial
court still was to rule on his motion to quash the information and that defendant could appeal an
adverse ruling on that motion. The trial court took the plea under advisement and noted that if it
ended up granting defendant’s motion, then it would reject the plea.

         After the plea hearing, the prosecutor filed a brief opposing defendant’s motion. The
prosecutor argued that the hand-drawn illustrations qualified as child sexually abusive material
under MCL 750.145c(1)(b) because they satisfied the statutory phrase “appears to include a
child,” which did not require the materials in question to depict an actual child. In addition, the
prosecutor clarified that the charge of producing child sexually abusive material was based not
only on the hand-drawn illustrations created by defendant, but also was based on a written
manuscript created by defendant that depicted a child engaging in sex acts listed in the statute.
Thus, the prosecutor argued that even if the trial court concluded that the hand-drawn
illustrations did not satisfy the statutory definition of “child sexually abusive materials,” the
court should deny the motion because the written stories nonetheless supported the charge.

        Defendant thereafter filed a supplemental brief supporting his motion, in which he noted
that the conditional guilty plea “was based on the drawings found in his cell.” Defendant further
argued that if the trial court ended up relying on the stories, then it nonetheless should quash the
information and dismiss the charge because the term “depiction” in the definition of “child
sexually abusive material” does not encompass “purely verbal descriptions.”

       The trial court ultimately denied the motion to quash and concluded that defendant was in
possession of child sexually abusive material within the ambit of the statutory definition set forth
in MCL 750.145c(1)(o). In reaching that conclusion, the trial court focused solely on the written
manuscript and declined to decide whether the hand-drawn illustrations satisfied the statutory
requirements.

        Whether conduct falls within the scope of a penal statute is a question of statutory
interpretation. Appellate courts review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. People v
Flick, 487 Mich 1, 8-9; 790 NW2d 295 (2010). “This Court reviews a trial court’s decision on a
motion to quash the information for an abuse of discretion.” People v Miller, 288 Mich App
207, 209; 795 NW2d 156 (2010). “A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls
outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” People v Waterstone, 296 Mich App
121, 131-132; 818 NW2d 432 (2012).


                                                -2-
        Defendant was convicted of a single count of producing “child sexually abusive
material,” contrary to MCL 750.145c(2).3 Central to the resolution of this appeal is the proper
interpretation of the statutory definition of “child sexually abusive material.”

               The overriding goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give
       effect to the Legislature’s intent. The touchstone of legislative intent is the
       statute’s language. The words of a statute provide the most reliable indicator of
       the Legislature’s intent and should be interpreted on the basis of their ordinary
       meaning and the overall context in which they are used. An undefined statutory
       word or phrase must be accorded its plain and ordinary meaning, unless the
       undefined word or phrase is a term of art with a unique legal meaning. When we
       interpret the Michigan Penal Code, we do so according to the fair import of [the]
       terms, to promote justice and to effect the objects of the law. [Flick, 487 Mich at
       10-11 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

       In MCL 750.145c(1)(o), the Legislature defined “child sexually abusive material” as
follows:

       any depiction, whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other
       means, including a developed or undeveloped photograph, picture, film, slide,
       video, electronic visual image, computer diskette, computer or computer-
       generated image, or picture, or sound recording which is of a child or appears to
       include a child engaging in a listed sexual act; a book, magazine, computer,
       computer storage device, or other visual or print or printable medium containing
       such a photograph, picture, film, slide, video, electronic visual image, computer,
       or computer-generated image, or picture, or sound recording; or any reproduction,
       copy, or print of such a photograph, picture, film, slide, video, electronic visual
       image, book, magazine, computer, or computer-generated image, or picture, other
       visual or print or printable medium, or sound recording.

        Defendant argues that “depiction” is not meant to include purely textual writings because
the statute’s definition purportedly shows that it is meant to cover only visual or audio
representations. But because the pictures and illustrations defendant drew easily qualify as child
sexually abusive material, we need not reach the question of whether his written stories qualify
as well.4




3
 MCL 750.145c(2) provides in pertinent part that “a person who arranges for, produces, makes,
copies, reproduces, or finances . . . any child sexually abusive activity or child sexually abusive
material for personal, . . . purposes is guilty of a felony . . . .” See also People v Willis, ___ Mich
App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2018) (Docket No. 334398); slip op, p 3, lv pending.
4
  Although we granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal and limited the appeal to
“issues raised in the application and supporting brief,” People v Czarnik, unpublished order of
the Court of Appeals, entered August 14, 2017 (Docket No. 338856), we may address the


                                                 -3-
        Although a bit unwieldy, MCL 750.145c(1)(o) ultimately defines “child sexually abusive
material,” in pertinent part, as any (1) depiction, regardless of how it was produced; (2) picture;
or (3) sound recording; where the depiction, picture, or sound recording is of a child, or someone
who appears to be a child, engaging in a “listed sexual act.”5 With respect to “depiction,” the
statute provides that the term “include[es] a developed or undeveloped photograph, picture, film,
slide, video, electronic visual image, computer diskette, computer or computer-generated
image.” MCL 750.145c(1)(o) (emphasis added). Thus, “picture” is actually covered twice in the
definition of child sexually abusive material: once under the umbrella of “depiction” and again
as its own separate category. As a result, under the statute, a picture which shows a child, or
appears to show a child, engaging in a listed sexual act is “child sexually abusive material.”

       The statute does not provide a definition for the term “picture,” so we employ its normal
meaning and we may consult a dictionary in construing its proper definition. See People v
Thompson, 477 Mich 146, 151-152; 730 NW2d 708 (2007). Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary (11th ed) defines the word “picture” to mean “a design or representation made by
various means (as painting, drawing, or photography).” (Emphasis added.) Thus, defendant’s
drawings, because they represent children engaging in a listed sexual activity, are “picture[s]”
under the statute.

        In his motion to quash the information at the trial court, defendant conceded that the
drawings portrayed a six-year old girl engaging in a listed sexual activity. Despite this
concession, defendant argued that “cartoon drawings of a fictional character” do not fall under
the statute because “they do not convey the impression that they capture a live performance of a
sex act by an actual child.” We find this argument unpersuasive. While we agree that the
drawings do not portray an actual, identifiable child, the statute also prohibits any material that
“appears to include a child engaging in a listed sexual act.” MCL 750.145c(1)(o). And MCL
750.145c(1)(b) states:

       “Appears to include a child” means that the depiction appears to include, or
       conveys the impression that it includes, a person who is less than 18 years of age,
       and the depiction meets either of the following conditions:

       (i) It was created using a depiction of any part of an actual person under the age of
       18.




illustration aspect of defendant’s conviction because it is an inherent part of the primary issue
defendant raised—whether his motion to quash the information and dismiss the case should have
been granted. In other words, assuming we agreed with defendant that his written narratives did
not qualify as child sexually abusive material, reversal would not be warranted unless we also
found that his illustrations, which were the basis for his guilty plea, also did not qualify.
5
 “Listed sexual act” is defined in MCL 750.145c(1)(i). It is not disputed that defendant’s stories
and illustrations portrayed enumerated sexual acts.


                                                -4-
       (ii) It was not created using a depiction of any part of an actual person under the
       age of 18, but all of the following apply to that depiction:

               (A) The average individual, applying contemporary community standards,
               would find the depiction, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest.

               (B) The reasonable person would find the depiction, taken as a whole,
               lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

               (C) The depiction depicts or describes a listed sexual act in a patently
               offensive way.

         Thus, the statute is divided such that subpart (i) covers depictions that were created using
any part of an actual person and subpart (ii) covers depictions that were not created using any
part of an actual person. Under subpart (ii), a depiction is criminalized, irrespective of whether it
portrays an actual, real-life person, so long as it meets the definitions in MCL 750.145c(1)(b);
that is, the depiction “[a]ppears to include a child” meaning that it appears to include, or conveys
the impression that it includes, a person who is less than 18 years of age. Thus, defendant’s
argument that his conduct did not violate the statute because his drawings were of a fictional
child “Becky” instead of a real child necessarily fails because the drawings unmistakably
conveyed the impression that a person less than 18 years of age was engaging in sexual activity.
We also note that, while the drawings were hand-drawn, there is no mistaking that the drawings
represented a human child—they were not outlandish “cartoons” that did not reasonably
resemble a person. As such, the drawings were more than sufficient to meet the definitions of
subsection (ii).

       Further, it should be highlighted that because the materials at issue here did not involve
an actual person under the age of 18, MCL 750.145c(1)(b)(ii)(A)-(C) requires that the material
be obscene, as defined by the United States Supreme Court in Miller v California, 413 US 15,
24; 93 S Ct 2607; 37 L Ed 2d 419 (1973), which obviates any First Amendment concerns. See
People v Boomer, 250 Mich App 534, 541; 655 NW2d 255 (2002) (“[T]he First Amendment
does not protect obscene speech . . . .”).6




6
  This case does not require us to address whether the illustrations meet the requirements of MCL
750.145c(1)(b)(ii)(A)-(C) because the sole argument raised by defendant in his motion to quash
the information was that the statute did not extend to drawings of fictional characters that “do not
involve the real or apparent abuse of an actual child.” Consequently, with defendant’s guilty
plea, he admitted that the drawings met all of the other requirements of the statute, including the
incorporation of the obscenity requirements from Miller, 413 US at 24. And because defendant’s
drawings, which, as part of the factual basis for his guilty plea he admitted creating and which
for the reasons we have stated in this opinion were legally sufficient to support the plea, we
decline to consider as unnecessary the question of whether defendant’s fictional stories, standing
alone, constituted a violation of the statute.


                                                -5-
       Although the trial court did not rule on the illustration aspect of defendant’s case, we
affirm the denial of his motion to quash the information on these alternative grounds. See
Messenger v Ingham Co Prosecutor, 232 Mich App 633, 643; 591 NW2d 393 (1998).

       Affirmed.

                                                          /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                          /s/ Jonathan Tukel




                                              -6-
