REVERSE and REMAND; and Opinion Filed October 29, 2014.




                                          Court of Appeals
                                                           S     In The


                                   Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                      No. 05-13-01528-CR

                                          THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant
                                                      V.
                                             CASEY BENSON, Appellee

                                On Appeal from the 204th Judicial District Court
                                             Dallas County, Texas
                                      Trial Court Cause No. F13-10017

                                                            OPINION
                                   Before Justices O'Neill, Lang-Miers, and Brown
                                           Opinion by Justice Lang-Miers
          Appellee Casey Benson is charged with engaging in organized criminal activity involving

prostitution. In this interlocutory appeal the State of Texas challenges the trial court’s order

granting Benson’s pretrial motion to suppress evidence. We reverse and remand.

                                                           BACKGROUND

          Benson was one of eight people arrested after the police obtained and executed warrants

to search five apartments. Seven of the defendants, including Benson, filed separate pretrial

motions to suppress evidence seized at one or more of the apartments. The trial court held a

consolidated hearing and granted all of the defendants’ motions. 1


     1
      The State appealed the trial court’s ruling in each case and we decide this appeal at the same time we decide the other cases: State v.
Wongsamrit, case number 05-13-01525-CR; State v. Komviriyawut, case number 05-13-01526-CR; State v. Chevagunpirom, case number 05-13-
01527-CR; State v. Duarte, case number 05-13-01529-CR; State v. Duarte, case number 05-13-01530-CR; and State v. Ronmai, case number 05-
13-01531-CR.
           The Warrants

           The warrants at issue in the hearing on the defendants’ motions to suppress authorized the

search of five apartments for evidence of human trafficking, money laundering, and various

prostitution-related offenses. Four of the apartments are in Addison, Texas: 15801 Artist Way

#4119, and 3820 Vitruvian Way #234, #521, and #552. The fifth apartment is in Frisco, Texas:

3198 Parkwood Boulevard #13053.                               The warrants were issued on February 12, 2013, and

executed on February 13, 2013. 2

           The Probable-Cause Affidavits

           The affidavits filed in support of the warrants were signed on February 12, 2013, by

Sergeant K. McFarland, who at the time had 14 years of experience as a police officer. Except

for the descriptions of the apartments the police were seeking to search, the affidavits are

virtually identical. In his affidavits McFarland stated, “I have probable cause to believe Waralee

Duarte, Josue Duarte, and Casey Jay Benson are operating a prostitution and human trafficking

ring.” To support that statement McFarland attested to the following facts.

           The Anonymous Tip

           On January 22, 2012, 3 members of the Farmers Branch police department gave

McFarland and another Addison police officer a package they received from an unknown person.

The package was addressed to the Farmers Branch police department and the return address read

“Need Help.” Inside the package was a flash drive that the sender had named “NEED HELP.”




     2
       The search warrants for the Addison apartments were issued by the same magistrate and the search warrant for the Frisco apartment was
issued by a different magistrate.
     3
       Towards the outset of the hearing on the defendants’ motions to suppress, the State told the trial court that “there is a typo [in the affidavit]
of 2012 instead of 2013” (according to McFarland and the subsequent police report), making it appear that the police waited over twelve months
between the time they received the anonymous tip and the time they began their investigation. The State argued at the hearing that it was
reasonable for the magistrates to deduce that the year stated in connection with the receipt of the anonymous tip was a typo. On appeal the State
notes that because there was no other evidence presented at the hearing, “the facts had to be interpreted as they were stated literally in the
affidavits.”



                                                                         –2–
The flash drive contained an electronic file folder labeled “secret.” In that folder was a text file

stating as follows:

       I am one of the girl to need help.i come united because have agency provide her
       name **Waralee Duarte. 3820 vitruvian way.apt 552 ,addison TX 75001**and
       Casey jay benson 3198 Parkwood blvd. apt 13053 Frisco TX 75034** Them
       charge me $60,000 and force me to have sex a lot of guy and force me to do Ass
       and swallow sperm.i can’t said anything because them keep my passport and all
       of passport in safe box

The message concluded with “please looking for,” along with a list of three websites and five

telephone numbers. The flash drive also contained “several photos of young Asian females in

varying states of undress,” approximately 17 “prostitution and erotic message ads,” ads from

multiple “escort websites,” a screen shot of a cell phone map leading to 3820 Vitruvian Way, and

a photocopy of Waralee Duarte’s driver’s license.

       McFarland searched the websites listed on the flash drive and located ads “contain[ing]

identical pictures to those located on the flash drive.” He also determined that the phone

numbers listed on the flash drive matched the phone numbers on the ads.

       The Vitruvian Way Apartments

       On February 5, 2013, McFarland and Special Agent Gregg Buchholz, a federal

Homeland Security agent assigned to investigate human smuggling and trafficking, went to the

Savoye apartment complex located at 3820 Vitruvian Way in Addison and spoke to the manager.

The manager asked them if they “were inquiring about apartment #552 due to a prostitution

ring.” Apartment #552 was leased to Waralee Duarte. According to the manager, in June 2012,

       an unidentified Chinese food delivery driver, a male, stated he was concerned for
       the welfare of the females in the apartment. The driver stated there was a
       prostitution ring in the apartment and the Dallas Police Department was aware of
       the ring. The driver just wanted to notify management.

The manager could not recall the name of the driver or where he worked. She explained that she

did not call police because the driver said “DPD was aware of the prostitution.”


                                                –3–
       The manager also told McFarland and Buchholz that apartment #521 was leased to

Benson, and that Benson and Waralee Duarte rented the apartment complex’s lounge in June

2012 “for a ‘marriage ceremony’ between the two.” The resident services manager at the

complex witnessed the ceremony and said that it was attended by “numerous young Asian

females” who “seemed morose and almost nervous.”           The manager told McFarland and

Buchholz that apartment #234 was leased by Waralee Duarte’s “son,” Josue Duarte.            But

Buchholz later determined that Waralee and Josue Duarte are married. With respect to the

apparent connection among the tenants in apartments #234, #521, and #552, McFarland attested,

       Management at Savoye stated they have become increasing[ly] suspicious of
       apartments #234 (registered to Josue Duarte), #521 (registered to Casey Benson),
       and #552 (registered to Waralee Duarte). They stated the three residents appear in
       each apartment regularly. They find it odd that a married couple maintain
       separate apartments. They have noticed young Asian females in all the
       apartments. When apartment maintenance performs services at any of the three
       apartments, Josue Duarte follows maintenance personnel through the apartment,
       watching their every move. Maintenance stated they are not allowed in one
       bedroom in apartment #521. The door to the bedroom is always closed. [A
       maintenance worker] stated he has witnessed numerous males going to and
       leaving apartment #552. [He] stated on prior service calls he has seen a “rice
       screen” blocking view of the kitchen area. [He] stated he has seen an identical
       screen in #234. [He] stated he has seen packages addressed for apartment #552 in
       apartment # 234.

       According to the manager, Waralee Duarte had “an apartment move out walk through”

scheduled for the next day, February 6, because she was scheduled to move out at the end of the

month. McFarland and Buchholz returned to the apartment complex on February 6 to inquire

about the walkthrough. The manager said that she and a maintenance worker who “speaks and

understands some of the Thai language” arrived at apartment #552 for the scheduled

walkthrough. When they knocked they heard “three different Asian female voices” and one of

them said “‘it’s the boss’ in Thai.” An Asian female “wearing a shear ‘tank dress’ with no

undergarments” answered the door. She denied them access and “stated they were cooking,” but



                                              –4–
there was “no cooking odor.” They could not see inside the apartment “due to a room separating

screen just past the entryway.”

           The manager told McFarland that apartments #521 and #234 requested pest control

scheduled for the following day, February 7. McFarland and three investigators went to the

leasing office at Savoye on February 7 to talk to the pest control worker. The worker, who had

“no prior knowledge of any suspected activity,” told McFarland that when he entered apartment

#521 “[t]here was a young Asian female present wearing a robe.” No one was present in

apartment #234.

           The manager explained that the entryways to the Savoye apartments are locked.

Residents can open them either by using their electronic key fob or remotely by telephone. At

McFarland’s request the manager provided a log of telephone entries provided by apartments

#552 and #521. The log showed 11 telephone entry accesses by Waralee Duarte to “Elev 4 Glass

Door” (the glass door leading to the elevator between apartments #552 and #521) during the time

period of November 1, 2012, until February 6, 2013. 4 It also showed that Benson provided

access to the building by telephone almost 400 times during that same time period, which the

manager described as “a very large volume for phone access.”

           At 10:30 a.m. on February 7, while McFarland was at the leasing office to meet with the

pest control worker, a maintenance worker entered and told McFarland that “he just saw a

suspected ‘John’ standing outside elevator entry 4, on a cell phone.” The maintenance worker

described the man. He watched the man walk from entry 4 to the parking garage. The man

“appeared lost while speaking on the phone and hol[d]ing a white piece of paper that he

continually referenced.” The man “then walked back to elevator entry 4 and was granted remote


     4
        The affidavit states the time period as being “from 11/01/12 until 2/06/12.” The parties agreed, and the trial court found, that the year next
to the February date is a typo and that the correct year is 2013.



                                                                        –5–
access.” The maintenance worker followed the man to the fifth floor and watched him “walk

down the hall to #552.” One of the investigators went to the parking lot and saw a man matching

the description provided by the maintenance worker enter the garage and begin looking for his

car at 11:45 a.m. The maintenance worker was also in the garage and identified the man as the

man he saw earlier. The investigator recorded the man’s license plate number and determined

that it was registered to a man residing in Joshua, Texas. According to McFarland,

       The male was in the apartment for an hour and fifteen minutes. This is a
       consistent time frame for prostitution clients. Appointments are generally booked
       at 30 minute to one hour time frames. The actions and time spent by the male
       were consistent with the suspected prostitution activity at apartment #552.

Access logs showed that Benson provided telephone access to elevator entry 4 on February 7

three times between 10:32 a.m. and 10:53 a.m.

       The Parkwood Boulevard Apartment

       McFarland and Buchholz also went to the apartment complex located at 3198 Parkwood

Boulevard in Frisco and spoke to a manager about apartment #13053, the other apartment

identified on the flash drive. The manager said “there were rumors about a prostitution ring in

this apartment involving Asian females.” The manager confirmed that Benson was listed as the

resident. Benson’s lease application stated that he is a professional photographer. He paid his

rent by money order and his proof of income was a “Paypal receipt.” The manager also said that

Josue and Waralee Duarte came to view the apartments “as potential renters” in April 2010 and

in September 2012 and said “[t]hey were referred by apartment ‘13053,’” which was leased to

Benson on both dates.

       McFarland and Buchholz also spoke to two maintenance workers who both said that

when they have entered the apartment to complete work orders they have seen “several young

Asian females” in the apartment and have “rarely seen” Benson. They described the apartment

as sparsely furnished. The living room was set up “like a photography studio with backdrops
                                                –6–
and lighting.” One bedroom had a bed and was “full of computer equipment.” The other

bedroom had “2 twin size beds, with no decorations or television in the room.” The maintenance

workers looked at the ads from the flash drive and said the women identified in the ads as “Asian

Michelle” and “Asian Katie” are “two of the females they have possibly seen in the apartment.”

       The Artist Way Apartment

       McFarland also met with the manager of the apartment listed on Benson’s driver’s

license, 15801 Artist Way #4119 in Addison. The manager said Benson “does maintain a

residence at this address” but she “never sees Benson.” One of the leasing agents said that an

Asian female who goes by the name “Rose” lives with Benson and is listed on the lease using a

different name and her passport number for identification. When Rose comes to the office to pay

rent or request service on the apartment she is accompanied by a white man in his sixties named

Roy who interprets for her. Rose told management that she and Benson “are getting married

soon.” Rose speaks “very little English,” and management suspects she is “a mail order bride.”

       The Hearing on the Defendants’ Motions to Suppress

       During the consolidated hearing on the motions to suppress, counsel for the defendants

primarily argued that the anonymous tip on the flash drive was stale by the time the warrants

were issued, and the other facts stated in the affidavit were innocuous and as consistent with

innocent activity as with criminal activity. In response, the State argued that under the totality of

the circumstances the magistrates could have reasonably determined that there was a substantial

basis for issuing the warrants.




                                                –7–
           The Trial Court’s Ruling

           The trial court issued written orders granting the motions to suppress, including Benson’s

motion, which included its findings of fact and conclusions of law. 5 With respect to Benson in

particular, the trial court found that he had standing to challenge the searches of three

apartments: 3820 Vitruvian Way #521, the Artist Way apartment, and Parkwood Boulevard

apartment. With respect to the flash drive, the trial court stated,

                 •    The information from the flash drive was over a year old at the time the
                      warrant was signed and therefore was stale.

                 •    [T]he information on the flash drive was undated and was from an
                      unknown source.

                 •    None of the information on the flash drive with regard to a person being
                      forced to have sex or that a person’s passport was taken from them and
                      being kept in a safe was corroborated by any of the other information
                      provided in the affidavit.

With respect to the Vitruvian Way apartments, the trial court stated,

                 •    [T]he information from the unidentified Chinese food delivery driver
                      obtained in June of 2012 concerning his belief that there was a prostitution
                      ring operating out of apartment 552 was both stale and uncorroborated.

                 •    [T]he information received from [the maintenance worker who stated he
                      saw numerous males entering and exiting apartment #552] . . . fails to
                      provide any facts as to when he saw the persons coming and going, how
                      many he saw, how long they stayed at the apartment, or any other
                      information that might support a finding of probable cause or might
                      corroborate any of the other information in the affidavit[.]

                 •    Entry access logs for Vitruvian Way showed that Casey Benson activated
                      telephone entry access numerous times between November 1, 2012 and
                      February 2, 2013. . . . [T]here is no factual support stated in the affidavit
     5
        After this Court received the clerk’s record we issued an order directing the trial court to prepare a written order memorializing its ruling
on Benson’s motion to suppress and file a supplemental record containing the order. In response the trial court submitted a supplemental clerk’s
record containing an order granting Benson’s motion that included the findings of fact and conclusions of law quoted in this opinion. The order
was titled “TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS OF FACT ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS” and concluded by stating, “IT IS
THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Suppress is GRANTED[.]” Although the record does not reflect that the State requested
findings and conclusions, and we did not abate this appeal so that the trial court could issue them, it appears that the trial court interpreted our
request for a written order memorializing its ruling as a request by the State under State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006),
which requires the trial court to respond to a losing party’s request by making “findings of fact and conclusions of law [in connection with its
ruling on a motion to suppress] adequate to provide an appellate court with a basis upon which to review the trial court’s application of the law to
the facts.” Although the record does not reflect that the State requested them, the State cites to and quotes the findings and conclusions in its
appellant’s brief.



                                                                       –8–
               for the assumption that access was for customers of prostitution. There is
               also no factual support for the assumption that the persons were going to
               apartment #552.

           •   Although [a maintenance worker told McFarland] that he saw a suspected
               “John” standing by the elevator, there are no facts provided as to why this
               person was a suspected “John” other than he was a male by the elevator
               leading to the fifth floor. [The maintenance worker] saw the person
               headed toward apartment 552 but did not see the person enter or leave any
               particular apartment.

           •   [The statement that the suspected] “John” was in the apartment for an hour
               and fifteen minutes [was] apparently based on when the officers saw the
               man in the parking garage and not on when they saw him enter or leave
               any apartment. The statement in the affidavit that this is consistent with
               suspected prostitution activity at apartment 552 is not supported by any
               facts provided in the affidavit.

           •   [The fact] that “management” has noticed young Asian females in
               apartments 234, 521, and 552 does not provide any support for the
               suspicion that prostitution, human trafficking, or money laundering was
               being conducted in apartment 234 or apartment 552.

With respect to the Parkwood Boulevard apartment the trial court stated,

           •   Information contained in the affidavit about rumors of prostitution at the
               apartment on Parkwood Drive [sic] fails to provide any corroboration of
               the information on the flash drive and not only fails to provide any facts
               that would support the search of the Parkwood Drive [sic] apartment but
               fails to provide any information to justify the search of the apartments on
               Artist Way and Vitruvian Way.

           •   The description of the Parkwood Blvd. apartment as being sparsely
               furnished and setup like a photography studio is consistent with Casey
               Benson’s listed occupation as a self-employed photographer and fails to
               provide any information that would support a finding that trafficking of
               persons, compelling prostitution, aggravated promotion of prostitution,
               prostitution, or money laundering was being conducted in the apartment.

And in conclusion, the trial court stated,

           •   The Court finds that the affidavit contains numerous suspicions, and
               conclusions based on those suspicions, but fails to contain facts to support
               those conclusions.

           •   The activities listed in the affidavit are as consistent with innocent
               behavior as with criminal activity.


                                               –9–
           •   When taken as a whole and read in a common sense manner, the Court
               finds that the affidavit fails to provide facts that would support a finding of
               probable cause that trafficking of persons, compelling prostitution,
               aggravated promotion of prostitution, prostitution, or money laundering
               was being conducted in apartment 521 on Vitruvian Way, apartment
               13053 on Parkwood Blvd., or apartment 4119 on Artist Way.

           •   [T]he affidavit fails to provide any facts that any of the items listed in the
               warrant to be seized, including identification records, pay stubs, pay
               sheets, photographs, videos, cameras, thumb drives, computers, safes, etc.
               would be found in the Vitruvian Way or Artist Way apartments. Common
               sense would dictate that photography equipment and computer equipment
               would be found at the Parkwood Blvd. apartment where Casey Benson
               operated a photography business however there are no facts in the
               affidavit to suggest the other items would be found in the apartment.
               Nothing in the affidavit in support of the search warrant for the Artist Way
               apartment, other than the mere fact that it was one of Mr. Benson’s
               residences, indicates that any criminal activity was taking place at the
               Artist Way apartment or that any evidence or contraband would be found
               there.

                                        ISSUE ON APPEAL

       In one issue, the State argues that the trial court erred when it granted Benson’s motion to

suppress. Benson did not file an appellee’s brief.

                         APPLICABLE LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Fourth Amendment establishes a constitutional preference that a search be conducted

pursuant to a warrant. Jones v. State, 364 S.W.3d 854, 856–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236 (1983)); see U.S. CONST. amend. IV. Under Texas law, no

search warrant may issue without a sworn affidavit that sets forth facts sufficient to establish

probable cause. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.06 (West 2005), art. 18.01(b), (c) (West

Supp. 2013); see TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9. Probable cause exists when, under the totality of the

circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found at

the specified location at the time the warrant is issued. State v. Duarte, 389 S.W.3d 349, 354

(Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Probable cause is a “flexible and non-demanding standard.” State v.



                                               –10–
McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d

55, 61 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).

           Because of the constitutional preference for searches to be conducted pursuant to a

warrant, we apply a highly deferential standard of review to a magistrate’s probable-cause

determination. 6 Bonds v. State, 403 S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); McLain, 337

S.W.3d at 271 (“[T]he United States Supreme Court has provided incentives for law-

enforcement officials to obtain warrants instead of conducting warrantless searches.                                                          One

incentive is a less-strict standard for reviewing the propriety of a search conducted pursuant to a

warrant.”). Under this highly deferential standard, we interpret the supporting affidavit in a

commonsensical and realistic manner, and we defer to all reasonable inferences that the

magistrate could have made. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271; Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 61; see

Bonds, 403 S.W.3d at 873. We consider the totality of the circumstances and determine whether

there are sufficient facts stated within the four corners of the affidavit, coupled with inferences

from those facts, to establish a fair probability that evidence of a particular crime would be found

at a given location. Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 62; see also Flores v. State, 319 S.W.3d 697, 702

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). As long as the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that

probable cause existed, we will uphold the magistrate’s probable-cause determination. Bonds,

403 S.W.3d at 873; McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271; see also Gates, 462 U.S. at 238–39. Although

the reviewing court is not a “rubber stamp,” “the magistrate’s decision should carry the day in
     6
        The standard for reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress that is based on a magistrate’s probable-cause determination is
different from the standard for reviewing a trial court’s ruling on other motions to suppress:
           This Court normally reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress by using a bifurcated standard of review, where
           we give almost total deference to the historical facts found by the trial court and review de novo the trial court’s application
           of the law. However, when the trial court is determining probable cause to support the issuance of a search warrant, there
           are no credibility determinations, rather the trial court is constrained to the four corners of the affidavit. Accordingly, when
           we review the magistrate’s decision to issue a warrant, we apply a highly deferential standard because of the constitutional
           preference for searches to be conducted pursuant to a warrant as opposed to a warrantless search.

McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271 (internal citations omitted).




                                                                       –11–
doubtful or marginal cases, even if the reviewing court might reach a different result upon de

novo review.” Jones, 364 S.W.3d at 856–57 (quoting Flores, 319 S.W.3d at 702).

                                             ANALYSIS

       The State argues that the trial court erred when it granted Benson’s motion to suppress

the evidence seized in the three apartments as to which the trial court found that Benson had

standing.    The State argues that when viewed as a whole, the facts learned during the

investigation gave the magistrates a substantial basis for concluding that the information on the

flash drive was not stale and that there was a fair probability that evidence of an ongoing

prostitution enterprise would be found at the three apartments. We agree with the State.

       The trial court concluded that the information on the flash drive was stale and could not

support the magistrates’ probable-cause determination because it was “over a year old at the time

the warrant was signed.” But the central question for the magistrates was whether “probable

cause existed at the time the warrant issued to believe that the items were still located at the place

to be searched.” Gonzales v. State, 761 S.W.2d 809, 813 (Tex. App.—Austin 1988, pet. ref’d)

(internal quotation and brackets omitted). As the court of criminal appeals recently explained,

“[t]he likelihood that the evidence sought is still available and in the same place is a function, not

just of the watch or the calendar, but of the particular variables in the case.” Crider v. State, 352

S.W.3d 704, 707–08 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In addition to the passage of time between the

events set out in the affidavit and the time the search warrant was issued, reviewing courts

should also consider:

       (1)     the type of crime alleged—[a single, nonrecurring crime] versus [a] long-
               term criminal enterprise or conspiracy;

       (2)     the suspect—nomadic traveler, entrenched resident, or established
               ongoing businessman;




                                                –12–
          (3)    the item[s] to be seized—perishable and easily transferred [versus]
                 enduring utility to its holder (a bank vault filled with deeds, a meth lab, or
                 a graveyard corpse); and

          (4)    the place to be searched—a mere criminal forum of convenience [versus
                 a] secure operational base.

Id. at 708 (internal quotations and citations omitted). Taking into account all of the relevant

factors, the passage of time becomes less significant when the facts alleged indicate activity of a

protracted and continuous nature occurring at a secure operational base. See Jones, 364 S.W.3d

at 861.

          According to McFarland’s affidavits, over twelve months elapsed between the receipt of

the flash drive and time the warrants were issued. But based on the other relevant factors in this

case it was reasonable for the magistrates to believe that the evidence sought was still located in

the apartments. First, the types of crimes alleged, including human trafficking and compelling

prostitution, were of a protracted and continuous nature. Second, the individuals identified on

the flash drive, Benson and Waralee Duarte, were not nomadic—they were still leasing the

apartments identified in the flash drive and on Benson’s driver’s license at the time the warrants

were issued.     Third, the types of evidence sought, such as computers, bank records, and

passports, were not perishable and would have enduring utility to their holders. And finally, the

apartments appeared to be a secure operational base for an ongoing prostitution ring. In short,

this is the type of case in which the magistrates could have reasonably determined that the

information on the flash drive was not stale. See, e.g., Jones, 364 S.W.3d at 861 (noting federal

courts have held that in appropriate circumstances “years could pass without information

becoming stale”).

          The trial court also noted several facts that were omitted from McFarland’s affidavits.

For example, with respect to the various men the maintenance worker saw coming and going

from apartment #552, the trial court noted that McFarland did not state when, exactly, the

                                                 –13–
maintenance worker saw them, how many he saw, or how long those men stayed at the

apartment. And with respect to the suspected prostitution client seen by the maintenance worker

and later by the police, the trial court noted that McFarland did not state that anyone saw the man

actually enter or leave any particular apartment, and does not state “why this person was a

suspected ‘John’ other than he was a male by the elevator leading to the fifth floor.” But for

reviewing courts, including trial courts, the issue “is not whether there are other facts that could

have, or even should have, been included in the affidavit.” Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 62.

Instead, “we focus on the combined logical force of the facts that are in the affidavit, not those

that are omitted from the affidavit.” Id.

       The trial court also determined that certain facts stated in McFarland’s affidavits “are as

consistent with innocent behavior as with criminal activity.” For example, according to the trial

court, the fact that young Asian females were present in the apartments “does not provide any

support for the suspicion that prostitution, human trafficking, or money laundering was being

conducted in apartment 234 or apartment 552.” And the fact that the Parkwood Boulevard

apartment was sparsely furnished and set up like a photography studio was consistent with

Benson’s stated occupation “as a self-employed photographer.”           But reviewing courts are

prohibited from isolating and analyzing particular facts stated in a probable-cause affidavit

because this approach “conflicts with the established requirement that courts review warrant

affidavits as a whole.” McClain, 337 S.W.3d at 273; see also Williams v. State, No. 11-12-

00103-CR, 2014 WL 3865786, at *6 (Tex. App.—Eastland July 31, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication) (“parsing each paragraph and attacking them individually . . . is

inconsistent with the prohibition against reading the affidavit in a hyper-technical manner”);

Henson v. State, No. 03-11-00552-CR, 2013 WL 1748792, at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 18,




                                               –14–
2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Under the totality-of-the-circumstances standard of analysis, the

information contained in the affidavit must not be viewed in isolation[.]”).

       The affidavits in this case required some inferences by the magistrates. But considering

all of the facts presented in the affidavits, we conclude that the inferences were reasonable. For

example, it was reasonable for the magistrates to infer that the police received a reliable report

from a woman who said that Benson and Waralee Duarte were forcing her and other women to

have sex with a lot of men and were holding the women’s passports to prevent them from

leaving. The woman who sent the flash drive included specific information about who was

running the prostitution ring and where they were operating. She also included pictures of Asian

women that the police confirmed were being used as ads on websites commonly used to gain and

screen prostitution clients.

       It was also reasonable for the magistrates to infer that the apartments at issue were not

being used as residences and were instead being used as operational bases for an ongoing

criminal enterprise. When the police spoke to management at the Vitruvian Way apartments,

they learned that Benson and Waralee Duarte each leased separate apartments despite being

married, and that their wedding ceremony was attended by young Asian women who looked

nervous. They also learned that Benson granted building access by telephone hundreds of times

in the span of a few months. While the police were there investigating, a man from out of town

was granted access to the building around the same time that Benson provided someone with

building access by telephone. The man appeared to spend about an hour in apartment #552,

which an experienced police officer attested was consistent with the behavior of a prostitution

client. With respect to the other apartments, Benson’s Parkwood Boulevard apartment was set

up like a photography studio and the maintenance workers at the complex saw several Asian

females inside who did not speak English, including, possibly, two of the Asian women from the

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escort ads. The police also learned that an Asian female who did not speak English and was

always accompanied by an older male interpreter lived with Benson in his Artist Way apartment

and said she and Benson were getting married despite the fact that Benson appeared to have

recently married Waralee Duarte.

       Under the totality-of-the-circumstances test and giving due regard to all reasonable

inferences that can be drawn from the stated facts, the magistrates had a substantial basis for

concluding that probable cause existed to search the apartments at issue in this case for evidence

of the alleged offenses, including human trafficking and prostitution. As a result, we conclude

that the trial court erred when it granted Benson’s motion to suppress the evidence seized at

those apartments. We sustain the State’s sole issue on appeal.

                                          CONCLUSION

       We reverse the trial court’s order granting Benson’s motion to suppress and remand this

case for further proceedings.




                                                   /Elizabeth Lang-Miers/
                                                   ELIZABETH LANG-MIERS
                                                   JUSTICE

Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)

131528F.U05




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                                        S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       JUDGMENT

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant                        On Appeal from the 204th Judicial District
                                                     Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-13-01528-CR         V.                        Trial Court Cause No. F13-10017.
                                                     Opinion delivered by Justice Lang-Miers.
CASEY BENSON, Appellee                               Justices O'Neill and Brown participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s order granting appellee Casey
Benson’s motion to suppress is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.


Judgment entered this 29th day of October, 2014.




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