                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 19-1008
                                       ___________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                         HAROLD RODRIGUEZ-MERCADO,
                                            Appellant
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                                 (No. 1-18-cr-00056-001)
                       District Judge: Honorable John E. Jones III
                      ____________________________________

                       Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                           on Thursday, September 19, 2019

   Before: KRAUSE and MATEY, Circuit Judges, and QUIÑONES,* District Judge.

                           (Opinion filed: September 25, 2019)



                                        OPINION*




       *
        Honorable Nitza I. Quiñones Alejandro, District Judge, United States District
Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.

       Harold Rodriguez-Mercado appeals from his convictions for possession of

marijuana with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and possession

of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(1)(A). He argues that the District Court erred in denying his motion to suppress.

We discern no such error and so will affirm.

                                        Discussion1

       Rodriguez-Mercado argues that the two officers involved in his arrest violated the

Fourth Amendment by detaining and frisking him without reasonable suspicion and by

searching the car he had been driving without probable cause. Neither argument is

persuasive.

       A.     The Stop and Frisk

       Police officers may detain a suspect when they “ha[ve] a reasonable, articulable

suspicion that criminal activity is afoot,” United States v. Hester, 910 F.3d 78, 84 (3d Cir.

2018) (citation omitted), and may perform a “subsequent protective frisk of that

suspect . . . where [they] have reason to believe that the suspect may pose a danger,”

United States v. Lowe, 791 F.3d 424, 430 (3d Cir. 2015). Reasonable suspicion requires

only a “minimal level of objective justification” that is specific to the detainee, United

States v. Graves, 877 F.3d 494, 498 (3d Cir. 2017) (citation omitted), and allows officers


       1
        The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231, and we have
appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. On appeal from an order denying a motion
to suppress, we review the District Court’s legal determinations de novo and its factual
findings for clear error. United States v. Lewis, 672 F.3d 232, 236–37 (3d Cir. 2012).

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to “draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and

deductions about the cumulative information available to them,” United States v. Brown,

765 F.3d 278, 290 (3d Cir. 2014) (citations omitted).

       Rodriguez-Mercado contends that the officers stopped and frisked him without

reasonable suspicion. The record shows otherwise. The first officer was confronted with

a “very strong” smell of marijuana coming from the BMW and saw a passenger sitting in

the car rolling a blunt, suggesting to the officer that there was additional marijuana in the

vehicle. Further, the BMW had been left running in the parking lot and Rodriguez-

Mercado, the only remaining customer, exited the store carrying two sodas and walking

toward the vehicle—all of which pointed toward his being the missing driver.

Accordingly, the officers had reasonable suspicion that Rodriguez-Mercado was involved

in a drug offense and thus could briefly detain him for investigative purposes.

       The same is true for the officers’ decision to frisk Rodriguez-Mercado. As the

second officer explained in his narrative of the encounter, he knew, based on his “training

and experience,” that drug dealers “often carry weapons on their person.” J.A. 92. And

here, the officer had reason to believe Rodriguez-Mercado was a drug dealer: When

asked, he admitted to being the driver of a car that reeked of marijuana; his passenger,

who was only seventeen, was found in the car rolling a joint; and the BMW was “an

expensive, luxury model” that Rodriguez-Mercado “was very young to be driving,” J.A.

89, 92, 109. Under those circumstances, the officer was entitled to perform a limited pat-

down for weapons to protect himself and his fellow officers. See United States v.

Edwards, 53 F.3d 616, 618–19 (3d Cir. 1995).

                                              3
       Rodriguez-Mercado advances two additional theories for why the officers

overstepped. Neither is persuasive. First, he argues that the decision to handcuff him

was not “justified by the circumstances,” Baker v. Monroe Township, 50 F.3d 1186, 1193

(3d Cir. 1995). We disagree: The officers reasonably believed Rodriguez-Mercado was

involved in a drug offense but could not be certain he was the only other passenger, and

accordingly a brief detention in handcuffs while they searched the vehicle at the scene

was reasonable. Second, he suggests—but does not argue outright—that the officers

should not have asked him about the BMW before giving him Miranda warnings. Even

if that argument has not been waived, it is without merit: The officers needed to know

whether anyone else connected with the car would soon turn up at the scene, and because

the brief detention did not rise to the level of a full custodial arrest, Rodriguez-Mercado

was not entitled to Miranda warnings. See Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 435–42

(1984).

       Because Rodriguez-Mercado’s stop and frisk were both lawful, the District Court

did not err in denying suppression of his statements or the evidence seized.

       B.     The Search of the BMW

       Rodriguez-Mercado next contends that the evidence found in the BMW should

have been suppressed because the vehicle search was conducted without probable cause.

United States v. Donahue, 764 F.3d 293, 299–300 (3d Cir. 2014). Specifically, he argues

that once the officers had removed the passenger and the blunt she was rolling from the

vehicle, “[t]hey had no basis . . . to believe that she or anyone else had engaged in any

other crime.” Appellant’s Br. 11–12.

                                              4
       Rodriguez-Mercado misapplies our case law. Assessing whether there was

probable cause requires a “‘commonsense,’ ‘practical,’ and ‘nontechnical’” inquiry

“based on the totality of the circumstances,” Donahue, 764 F.3d at 301 (quoting

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230–31 (1983)), and “[i]t is well settled that the smell of

marijuana alone, if articulable and particularized, may establish . . . probable cause,”

United States v. Ramos, 443 F.3d 304, 308 (3d Cir. 2006). Here, the officers not only

observed the passenger rolling an unlit blunt; they also were confronted with a potent

smell of marijuana coming from the car, one that suggested at least a “fair probability,”

Donahue, 764 F.3d at 301 (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 238), that additional evidence

related to one or more drug offenses would be found within the vehicle. And once the

officers had probable cause, they were entitled to “search . . . every part of the vehicle

and its contents that may [have] conceal[ed] the object of the search.” Id. at 300 (quoting

United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 825 (1982)). The District Court thus did not err in

denying suppression of the evidence obtained during the vehicle search.

                                        Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of conviction.




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