In the Supreme Court of Georgia


                                            Decided: March 27, 2015


                    S14A1646. HARVEY v. THE STATE.

      NAHMIAS, Justice.

      Appellant Kajul Harvey challenges the trial court’s denial of her plea in

bar based on double jeopardy after her first trial for murder and other crimes

ended in a mistrial. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in determining that Appellant’s counsel violated the court’s pretrial ruling on a

motion in limine and improperly referred to evidence that may well not be

admissible when he referred to Appellant’s police interview during his opening

statement, and the court also did not abuse its discretion in deciding that

alternatives short of a mistrial were insufficient to cure the harm. Accordingly,

we uphold the denial of the plea in bar. Our rejection of Appellant’s double

jeopardy claim on the merits makes it unnecessary for us to decide whether the

trial court erred in finding that the claim was frivolous and allowing her retrial

to proceed. We therefore affirm the trial court’s judgment.
      1.       In February 2013, Appellant and her boyfriend, Latoris Grovner,

were indicted for malice murder and other crimes in connection with the brutal

beating death of Appellant’s mother and subsequent attempts to access her bank

accounts in June 2011.1 Appellant had been interviewed by the police for

several hours, and the interview was videotaped. On April 15, 2013, the first

day of Appellant’s trial, the State filed a motion in limine to preclude “the

defense from making opening statements that reference self[-]serving hearsay

statements made by the defendant[]” or asking witnesses for the State or the

defense any questions that reference such statements “until the door is opened

by the State or until after the defendant testifies.”

      The trial court held a hearing on the motion, during which the prosecutor

revealed that the State did not intend to introduce the videotape of Appellant’s

police interview during its case-in-chief. At that point, Appellant’s attorney,

assistant public defender Lloyd Matthews, indicated that he might seek to admit

a redacted version of the interview, and the court asked the prosecutor, “What

happens if . . . the defense puts that interview in . . . ?” The prosecutor



      1
          Grovner was tried separately and found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and other crimes.

                                                 2
responded that the State would object to any attempt by the defense to introduce

Appellant’s police interview, directed the court’s attention to the State’s written

motion, and argued, “as it relates to the interview, we don’t believe that it should

be referenced.” Matthews urged the court to deny the State’s motion, explaining

that in his view, as the evidence unfolded, it was “inevitable” that at least part

of the interview would be played for the jury, and that “once [the jurors] find out

there’s a video tape, they’re going to want to . . . see that video tape.”

      The trial court granted the motion in limine, saying:

      The third motion was about the self[-]serving hearsay in the
      defendant’s [police interview]. The State’s asking that that not be
      allowed to [be gone] into unless and until the defendant testifies.
      And I will instruct the parties not to go into any statements, any
      contents of her statements to the police until such time.

A jury was then impaneled and sworn.

      The next morning, the State made its opening statement, making no

reference to Appellant’s police interview. Matthews followed with the opening

statement for Appellant, telling the jury as he began:

      [T]his case ultimately boils down to a case of a mistaken rush to
      judgement. . . . The police immediately glom onto my client as the
      co-perpetrator and they never deviate from their scenario. . . . I
      mean the . . . lead detective, Joanne Sutherland[,] and her fellow
      detectives . . . . This whole case is not a plan for the deceased[’s]

                                         3
      demise, but a rush to judgement to blame my client. Now when I
      say rush to judgement, that necessarily implies that something is
      being overlooked.

Matthews reviewed what he said the evidence would show, telling the jury that

there would be no evidence of a plan or conspiracy involving Appellant. He

then said: “My client, on being interviewed by the police was very cooperative

with the police. She submitted herself to several hours of interview –.”

      At that point, the prosecutor objected, and the court held a bench

conference. The prosecutor argued:

      [T]he very fact that he’s referencing this interview and the fact that
      it existed is a violation of the self-serving [hearsay] motion that we
      had in reference to that interview. . . . [T]he mere fact that she gave
      one is in direct violation of the Motion in Limine.

Matthews claimed that he understood the State’s motion as seeking to preclude

him from mentioning the contents of Appellant’s statement to the police, not

from referring to the fact that an interview had taken place. Matthews also

claimed that Appellant would testify as part of the defense case, but the court

observed, “that still doesn’t mean the interview comes in.” Matthews then said,

“I wasn’t going to talk about the actual substance of the interview. I was just

going to say that she was cooperative.”


                                        4
      The State requested a mistrial, and the court sent out the jury so the court

could hear further argument from counsel. After quoting the State’s motion in

limine, the prosecutor argued that “by indicating that [Appellant] . . . spoke to

the police for hours, that’s a direct reference.” Matthews reiterated his claim

that he understood the State’s motion to mean that the prosecutor “did not want

me to actually mention the content of the statements. I didn’t think . . . there

was a big deal about whether I mentioned the fact that there was an interview.”

As he had in the hearing before the motion was granted, Matthews again

asserted that the fact of the police interview was “inevitably going to come out”

once Appellant testified, because the State would then use her interview

responses to impeach her testimony. Matthews added that even if he violated

the court’s pretrial ruling, an instruction to the jury to disregard his remarks

would be sufficient to cure any harm.

      The court responded to this suggested remedy by saying:

      [T]he jury has just heard that your client gave a three hour interview
      to the police. . . . You’ve just told the jury [Appellant] has been
      cooperative, she gave a lengthy interview to the police after I told
      you not to mention the interview, yesterday.




                                        5
The prosecutor argued that a limiting instruction would be insufficient to cure

the harm, because despite Matthews’s claim that Appellant would testify, the

State could not compel her to do so, and if Appellant ultimately declined to take

the stand during the defense case, then “what we have hanging out there is she’s

been cooperative in reference to the police. That’s the point of a Motion in

Limine and Mr. Matthews knows better.” The prosecutor added, “This is not the

first time we’ve had a self-serving hearsay motion in this courtroom and it’s not

the first time we’ve had one with Mr. Matthews. I think that was a direct act to

violate the Motion in Limine and we would ask for a mistrial.”

      After a short recess to consider the matter, the trial court asked if either

side had any additional input. The prosecutor said:

      The State has committed in the opening statement and based on trial
      strategy that the defendant’s self-serving statements would not be
      referenced. Their content was referenced [by Matthews] by
      indicating that [Appellant] was cooperative with the police, as well
      as the existence of that self-serving statement, which is in direct
      contravention of this Court’s ruling [on] the third Motion in Limine.
      And we don’t believe that a curative instruction would be sufficient
      . . . . [W]e don’t believe it’s [an] abuse of discretion to grant a
      mistrial when there has been affirmative conduct to mention it in
      opening statement. The bell has already been rung. And if the
      defendant decides not to testify, the State has an additional burden
      of proving why we didn’t present this . . . videotaped statement . . .
      that was referenced.

                                        6
Matthews replied that he had “already committed to the jury that [Appellant] is

going to testify,” asserted again that he thought that the court’s pretrial ruling

only prevented him from mentioning the contents of the police interview, and

requested that the court give a curative instruction, ask the jurors if any of them

could not follow the instruction, and then go forward with the trial if no one

raised a hand.

      The trial court found that Matthews’s remarks to the jury violated the

ruling on the motion in limine and that a jury instruction would be insufficient

to cure the harm, explaining:

      Although the jury has not heard any reference to the content of what
      [Appellant] said, they heard that she had been cooperative and made
      a statement. Spoke with police for . . . several hours. . . . [T]here
      was a Motion in Limine granted yesterday to – I said there would
      be no reference to that statement. And now – the jury has heard
      there is a statement. Even if the defendant testifies, there is no
      guarantee that that statement comes in. And there’s certainly no
      way that the Court can force her to testify if she chooses not to
      testify when we get to the defense’s portion of the trial. And then
      the jury is going to, I think, wonder, well, if she made a statement
      to the police, why haven’t we heard it. And if I tell them, well, I’ve
      excluded it, it seems to me that [the] natural inclination of the jury
      is to say, well, the police must have done wrong because they can’t
      get that interview in or something. Or they will start wondering
      why the interview doesn’t come in and they’ll say, well, the burden
      is on the State, the State didn’t produce this interview, what’s going
      on. And I just feel that it’s safer. I hate to grant a mistrial after

                                        7
      we’ve spent a day picking a jury, but I just don’t see how to un-ring
      that bell. I’m going to grant the State’s motion for mistrial.

      After discharging the jury, the court asked counsel about a new trial date.

The prosecutor then moved to dismiss Appellant’s statutory speedy trial demand

in light of the mistrial, and the court said, “I find that the mistrial induced by the

defense’s conduct waives the speedy trial demand.” The retrial was set for

about two months later, in June 2013.

      On April 26, Appellant filed a plea in bar, contending that double jeopardy

barred her from being retried because there was no manifest necessity for the

mistrial and the trial court failed to consider less drastic alternatives. On May

6 and again on May 30, Appellant amended her plea to allege that the prosecutor

had moved for a mistrial to “buy time” to buttress a weak case, noting that

Appellant had filed a statutory speedy trial demand.

      On June 5, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing at which the

prosecutor testified. During cross-examination by Matthews, the prosecutor

said, “you [Matthews] not only referenced the fact that there was an interview

given, you also referenced the contents by indicating that Appellant was

cooperative during that interview.” Matthews asked if his telling the jury that


                                          8
Appellant was “cooperative” could be interpreted as referring to something

other than the contents of the police interview, and the prosecutor said “No,”

that would not be a “fair interpretation.” The prosecutor also testified that she

found it surprising that Matthews violated the court’s ruling on the motion in

limine, “considering the fact that in this courtroom you and I have had that same

motion and that’s never occurred.” The prosecutor added that the State had no

reason to delay the trial because she had succeeded in persuading the trial court

to exclude a defense expert witness; all the State’s witnesses were present and

ready to testify; and “at that point our decision not to play that eight-hour

interview had been revealed to the Defense in what we thought was a motion in

limine that perhaps they were not expecting. So, no, in fact, we did not want the

mistrial and none of our conduct caused it.”             The prosecutor said that

Matthews’s statement to the jury that Appellant “had been cooperative with the

police hamstrung our efforts to proceed” and that an instruction to disregard

Matthews’s statement would be insufficient to cure the harm, because the jury

would still wonder why, in its case-in-chief, the State did not produce the

interview in which Appellant had allegedly cooperated with the police.

      At the end of the hearing, the trial court said:

                                        9
      [The jury] heard that a statement existed. And there’s a reference
      to what happened in the statement by saying that [Appellant was]
      cooperative. I agree with the State’s interpretation of that, too, that
      that is a reference to the contents. . . . I think that violates the
      Motion in Limine, the exclusion, to start dancing around it and
      saying, I know I can’t go into it, but I’m going to tell the jury that
      a statement was given. I’m going to tell the jury that she was
      cooperative.

The court found that “[t]here has been no evidence that a delay benefits the

State. There has been no evidence that the State did anything to induce a

mistrial. In fact, it was done by Defense counsel.” The court also explained

why it rejected Appellant’s proposed alternative to a mistrial:

      I didn’t know how to tell the jury, give them a curative instruction
      to disregard the Defense counsel’s statement that his client had
      made a statement to the police in which she had been very
      cooperative because then the State was put in a position of maybe
      trying to explain if there was a statement, why the jury doesn’t get
      to hear it. And I just felt like, as I said that day, that was a bell that
      could not be unrung.

      The next day, June 6, 2013, the court entered an order striking Appellant’s

speedy trial demand based on its findings that Matthews violated the court’s

ruling on the motion in limine and that the mistrial was caused by defense

counsel’s conduct. Also on June 6, the court entered an order denying

Appellant’s plea in bar, which included a finding that


                                         10
        the plea of double jeopardy is frivolous, in that the mistrial was not
        induced by the State but rather by defense counsel, . . . defense
        counsel acknowledges that the [court] has broad discretion in
        deciding whether to grant a mistrial, and [Appellant] has failed to
        produce any credible evidence that the State desired a mistrial or
        would benefit from the granting of same.

        Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal from the order denying her plea

in bar, which is the appeal currently before this Court; she did not move for this

Court to stay her retrial pending our decision on this appeal. Appellant was then

retried, and on June 21, 2013, the jury found her guilty of the malice murder of

her mother and other crimes. She has not yet been sentenced.2




        2
            The prosecutor and the trial court appear to have understood DeSouza v. State, 285 Ga.
App. 201 (645 SE2d 684) (2007), to hold that where a defendant appeals the denial of a plea in bar
and the trial court finds the plea to be frivolous, the trial may proceed, but the defendant may not be
sentenced until the plea in bar appeal has been decided and the remittitur from that appeal is filed
in the trial court. That reading of DeSouza’s holding is incorrect. The Court of Appeals held that
the trial court did not err in proceeding with the defendant’s retrial during the pendency of his appeal
from the denial of a plea in bar that was found to be frivolous. See id. at 202-203. The court noted
in passing that the defendant’s “sentence was not imposed until after the remittitur [from the plea
appeal] was filed below,” id. at 203, but the court did not hold that the supersedeas from the notice
of appeal precluded the trial court from sentencing the defendant. Where a defendant files a notice
of appeal challenging the denial of a plea in bar that the trial court finds to be frivolous or dilatory,
the defendant may be retried, convicted, and sentenced despite the pendency of the defendant’s
appeal. See Strickland v. State, 258 Ga. 764, 766 n.1 (373 SE2d 736) (1988) (suggesting that a
merits appeal from a conviction and sentence and an appeal from the earlier denial of a plea in bar
could be decided together if the General Assembly required an application to appeal the denial of
a plea in bar, which could not happen if the plea in bar appeal prevented the trial court from entering
an appealable final judgment sentencing the defendant). See also Baker v. State, 263 Ga. App. 462,
463-466 (588 SE2d 288) (2003) (deciding a challenge to the denial of a plea in bar that the trial court
found to be frivolous in an appeal from the defendant’s convictions and sentence).

                                                  11
      2.    Appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying her plea in

bar for two reasons. First, she argues that her defense counsel did not violate the

court’s pretrial ruling on the State’s motion in limine during his opening

statement. Second, she argues that giving the jury a curative instruction would

have been sufficient to remove any harm. As explained below, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in granting a mistrial, so the court properly denied

Appellant’s plea in bar based on double jeopardy.

            (a)    The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which

applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, says that “[n]o person

shall be . . . subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or

limb . . . .” U.S. Const. amend. V. Once a jury is impaneled and sworn,

jeopardy attaches, and the defendant normally has a right to have her trial

completed by that particular tribunal. See Pleas v. State, 268 Ga. 889, 890 (495

SE2d 4) (1998); Fugitt v. State, 253 Ga. 311, 315 (319 SE2d 829) (1984).

However, this right “‘is not paramount to the state’s equal right to a fair trial.’”

Tubbs v. State, 276 Ga. 751, 754 (583 SE2d 853) (2003) (citation omitted). A

defendant’s “valued right to have the trial concluded by a particular tribunal is

sometimes subordinate to the public interest in affording the prosecutor one full

                                        12
and fair opportunity to present his evidence to an impartial jury.” Arizona v.

Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505 (98 SCt 824, 54 LE2d 717) (1978).

Accordingly, “in cases in which a mistrial has been declared prior to verdict, the

conclusion that jeopardy has attached begins, rather than ends, the inquiry as to

whether the Double Jeopardy Clause bars retrial.” Illinois v. Somerville, 410

U.S. 458, 467 (93 SCt 1066, 35 LE2d 425) (1973).3

       Trial courts may declare a mistrial over the defendant’s objection, without

barring retrial, “‘whenever, in their opinion, taking all the circumstances into

consideration, there is a manifest necessity’ for doing so.” Renico v. Lett, 559

U.S. 766, 773-774 (130 SCt 1855, 176 LE2d 678) (2010) (quoting United States

v. Perez, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 579, 580 (6 LE 165) (1824)). The United States

Supreme Court has clarified that “the ‘manifest necessity’ standard [established

in Perez] ‘cannot be interpreted literally,’ and that a mistrial is appropriate when

there is a ‘“high degree”’ of necessity.” Renico, 559 U.S. at 774 (citations

omitted).


       3
          The double jeopardy provision of the Georgia Constitution makes explicit that a trial
ending in a mistrial does not always bar retrial. See Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XVIII
(“No person shall be put in jeopardy of life or liberty more than once for the same offense except
when a new trial has been granted after conviction or in case of mistrial.”).

                                                13
      The decisions of this Court and the U.S. Supreme Court emphasize that

whether the required degree of necessity for a mistrial has been shown is a

matter best judged by the trial court. See, e.g., Tubbs, 276 Ga. at 754-755 (“[A]

a trial court’s judgment about whether there was manifest necessity to grant a

mistrial is entitled to great deference.’” (citation omitted)); Renico, 559 U.S. at

774 (“The decision whether to grant a mistrial is reserved to the ‘broad

discretion’ of the trial judge, a point that ‘has been consistently reiterated in

decisions of this Court.’” (citation omitted)). “The propriety of declaring a

mistrial in the varying and often unique situations arising during the course of

a criminal trial” cannot be determined by the application of any mechanical

formula. Somerville, 410 U.S. at 462. Moreover, “compelling institutional

considerations” militate in favor of appellate deference to the trial judge’s

evaluation of the impact of improper conduct on the jury. Washington, 434 U.S.

at 513. The trial judge

      has seen and heard the jurors during their voir dire examination. He
      is the judge most familiar with the evidence and the background of
      the case on trial. He has listened to the tone of the argument as it
      was delivered and has observed the apparent reaction of the jurors.
      In short, he is far more “conversant with the factors relevant to the
      determination” than any reviewing court can possibly be.


                                        14
Id. at 513-514 (citation omitted). Furthermore, “a criminal trial is, even in the

best of circumstances, a complicated affair to manage,” United States v. Jorn,

400 U.S. 470, 479 (91 SCt 547, 27 LE2d 543) (1971) (plurality opinion), and

unless

      defense counsel are to be allowed an unfair advantage, the trial
      judge must have the power to declare a mistrial in appropriate cases.
       The interest in orderly, impartial procedure would be impaired if he
      were deterred from exercising that power by a concern that any time
      a reviewing court disagreed with his assessment of the trial situation
      a retrial would automatically be barred.

Washington, 434 U.S. at 513.

      This is not to say, however, that a court must conclude that defense

counsel unscrupulously sought an “unfair advantage” in order to declare a

mistrial without barring retrial.

      Where inadmissible evidence is introduced or otherwise comes to
      the attention of the jury, and curative instructions cannot free the
      jury’s mind of prejudice, it is error not to declare a mistrial. This is
      true even where the action which brought the inadmissible evidence
      to the jury’s attention was unintentional, innocent, or unattributable
      to any party, as that fact does not make the evidence less
      inadmissible or less prejudicial.

Varner v. State, 285 Ga. 334, 335 (676 SE2d 209) (2009) (citations omitted).

Thus, a mistrial may be required not as a sanction for misconduct, but simply


                                        15
because evidence was improperly put before the jury that could influence its

decision.

      The trial judge “is not required to make explicit findings of ‘“manifest

necessity”’ nor to ‘articulate on the record all the factors which informed the

deliberate exercise of his discretion.’” Renico, 559 U.S. at 775 (citation

omitted). However, the record must show that the trial court actually exercised

its discretion. See Washington, 434 U.S. at 514-516. See also Jorn, 400 U.S.

at 485, 487 (plurality opinion) (discussing the Court’s “conscious refusal” to

channel trial courts’ exercise of their broad discretion to grant mistrials without

barring retrial, but emphasizing that “that discretion must still be exercised”).

For this reason, we have instructed trial courts to “give careful, deliberate, and

studious consideration to whether the circumstances demand a mistrial, with a

keen eye toward other, less drastic, alternatives, calling for a recess if necessary

and feasible to guard against hasty mistakes.” Smith v. State, 263 Ga. 782, 783

(439 SE2d 483) (1994). Where it is clear from the record that the trial court

actually exercised its discretion in deciding to grant a mistrial, the Double

Jeopardy Clause generally will not bar retrial. See Jenkins v. State, 294 Ga.

506, 509 (755 SE2d 138) (2014).

                                        16
             (b)   Here, when defense counsel told the jury that Appellant was

“very cooperative with the police” during an hours-long interview, the

prosecutor promptly objected on the ground that this statement referenced

evidence that was subject to a motion in limine, and the trial court held a bench

conference to discuss the matter. When the prosecutor requested a mistrial, the

court excused the jury and heard further arguments from defense counsel and the

prosecutor concerning whether the court’s pretrial ruling had been violated and,

if so, whether an alternative short of a mistrial would be sufficient to cure the

harm so that the trial could proceed. In keeping with this Court’s direction in

Smith, the trial court then called a recess to allow deliberate consideration of the

State’s mistrial request and Matthews’s proposed alternative, and the court then

heard additional argument from both sides after retaking the bench. Only then

did the trial court grant the mistrial.

      Thus, the record demonstrates that in deciding whether to grant a mistrial,

the trial court carefully and thoughtfully weighed the defendant’s right to have

her trial completed against the public interest in affording the prosecution one

full and fair opportunity to present its evidence to an impartial jury. Moreover,

these matters were further argued, and the court’s reasoning further elaborated,

                                          17
in the subsequent hearing and orders on Appellant’s statutory speedy trial

demand and plea in bar. Accordingly, the question before us is not whether the

trial court exercised its discretion to grant a mistrial with care and full

deliberation or whether, with the benefit of hindsight, we would say that a

mistrial was necessary. Our task is only to decide whether the trial court abused

its broad discretion.

            (c)    Appellant argues that the trial court erred in concluding that

Matthews violated the court’s ruling on the State’s motion in limine, because

that ruling did not bar reference to the existence of her police interview as

opposed to its specific contents. The day before Matthews made his opening

statement, the court held a hearing on the State’s motion in limine, during which

the prosecutor disclosed for the first time that the State did not intend to admit

Appellant’s videotaped police interview in its case-in-chief. Matthews indicated

that he thought that some portions of the interview were favorable to his client

and that he might seek to introduce a redacted version of the videotape as part

of the defense case. The prosecutor was adamant that the State would object to

any attempt to introduce the videotape until after Appellant testified. Matthews

resisted the State’s motion, seeking to preserve his ability to introduce portions

                                       18
of the videotape and to refer to the interview in his opening statement and in

questioning witnesses. The court ruled against Matthews by granting the motion

in limine. See Sims v. State, 251 Ga. 877, 879 (311 SE2d 161) (1984) (“[T]he

trial court has a sound discretion to control the content of the opening statement

of either party, particularly with regard to matters of questionable

admissibility.”).

      When the trial court’s oral ruling on the motion in limine is viewed in its

full context, we cannot say that the court abused its discretion in concluding that

its pretrial decision was understood by the court and by the parties as prohibiting

Matthews from making any mention of Appellant’s police interview in his

opening statement. See Saye v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 311 Ga.

App. 74, 77 (714 SE2d 614) (2011) (holding that trial courts have discretion to

decide whether litigation conduct violates a ruling on a motion in limine). One

of the primary reasons that motions in limine are filed is “to prevent the mention

by anyone, during the trial, of a certain item of evidence or area of inquiry until

its admissibility can be determined during the course of the trial outside the

presence of the jury.” State v. Johnston, 249 Ga. 413, 415 (291 SE2d 543)

(1982) (emphasis deleted). Thus, a motion in limine serves as a warning shot

                                        19
that a particular item or area of evidence will likely draw objection and may be

deemed inadmissible. And at the hearing on the State’s motion, the prosecutor

made it clear that the State did not intend to introduce the police interview and

sought to prevent any reference to the interview unless and until Appellant took

the witness stand. That obviously would not occur before opening statements

and might not happen even if defense counsel promised that his client would

testify, since the decision whether to testify is ultimately for the defendant to

make, not her lawyer. See Spencer v. State, 287 Ga. 434, 439 (696 SE2d 617)

(2010). The prosecutor obviously understood Matthews’s statement to be a

violation of the court’s ruling, as indicated by her prompt objection as well as

her later testimony. The prosecutor also indicated that she and Matthews had

experience with this same motion in limine before the same judge in prior cases

and Matthews had not violated it before.

      Moreover, Appellant concedes that the ruling on the State’s motion in

limine explicitly prohibited any reference to the contents of Appellant’s police

interview. As the trial court explained during the June 5 hearing, and as the

prosecutor had argued just before the mistrial was granted, Matthews violated

this prohibition when he told the jury that the police interviewed Appellant for

                                       20
several hours and that she was supposedly “very cooperative with the police”

during the interview.4 Considering that the trial court was able to evaluate the

tone, demeanor, and credibility of defense counsel during the hearing on the

motion in limine, when he made the disputed statement during his opening, and

when he argued that he did not knowingly violate the pretrial ruling – something

we cannot do from the cold record on appeal – we cannot say that the trial court

abused its discretion in finding that its ruling was violated.

        In addition, even if the pretrial ruling was imprecise and Matthews’s

violation of the ruling was not the most blatant, the trial court could decide that

evidence that was unlikely to be admitted and prejudicial to the State had been

placed before the jury during opening statements. Under these circumstances,

the court had discretion to decide that it was better to start over with a new trial

instead of waiting to see if the disputed evidence came in after days of testimony

and having to declare a mistrial then if the evidence was never admitted. See

Varner, 285 Ga. at 335 (explaining that a mistrial may be granted, without


        4
          In its oral ruling at trial on the State’s mistrial request, the trial court said that “the jury has
not heard any reference to the content of what [Appellant] said,” but the court’s later discussions
indicate that by “content” it was referring there to the specific things Appellant said during the
interview.

                                                     21
barring retrial, even though the action that brought the inadmissible evidence to

the jury’s attention was “unintentional, innocent, or unattributable to any party,

as that fact does not make the evidence less inadmissible or less prejudicial”).

            (d)    Appellant also argues that, even if Matthews improperly

referred to her police interview, the trial court erred in determining that a

curative instruction would be insufficient to cure any harm to the State. “[A]

trial judge’s decision to declare a mistrial based on his assessment of the

prejudicial impact of improper argument is entitled to great deference” on

appeal, Washington, 434 U.S. at 514, and we will affirm the trial court’s

rejection of possible alternatives to a mistrial “‘if reasonable judges could differ

about the proper disposition.’” Tubbs, 276 Ga. at 754 (citation omitted).

      Here, the trial judge not only heard and saw the way in which Matthews

made the improper comments to the jury, but also had the opportunity to observe

the jury’s reaction to them.

      An improper opening statement unquestionably tends to frustrate
      the public interest in having a just judgment reached by an impartial
      tribunal. Indeed, such statements create a risk, often not present in
      the individual juror bias situation, that the entire panel may be
      tainted. The trial judge, of course, may instruct the jury to disregard
      the improper comment. In extreme cases, he may discipline
      counsel, or even remove him from the trial . . . . Those actions,

                                        22
      however, will not necessarily remove the risk of bias that may be
      created by improper argument.

Washington, 434 U.S. at 512-513 (footnote omitted). As noted above, one of

the primary purposes of a motion in limine is to prevent the other side from

making any reference to certain evidence until that evidence is actually

determined to be admissible at trial. As explained in Black’s Law Dictionary

(10th ed. 2014):

      Typically, a party makes this motion when it believes that mere
      mention of the evidence during trial would be highly prejudicial and
      could not be remedied by an instruction to disregard. If, after the
      motion is granted, the opposing party mentions or attempts to offer
      the evidence in the jury’s presence, a mistrial may be ordered.

      Here, as the court explained in granting the State’s request for a mistrial

and again later in the hearing on the plea in bar, if Appellant elected not to

testify after the State concluded its case-in-chief, the jury would be left to

wonder why they never heard the hours-long interview that defense counsel had

referenced at the outset of the trial, during which Appellant was allegedly “very

cooperative with the police.” This scenario would be particularly damaging to

the State, which had the burden to prove Appellant’s guilt to the jury beyond a

reasonable doubt. It was not unreasonable in this situation for the trial court to


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conclude that it could not “un-ring that bell” simply by instructing the jury to

disregard defense counsel’s reference. Indeed, by explaining or implying that

the interview was inadmissible, the court could have raised the inference that the

police rather than defense counsel had done something wrong – reinforcing the

theme of defense counsel’s opening that the police had conducted an improper

investigation.

            (e)    For these reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in granting a mistrial, Appellant’s right against double jeopardy was not

violated, and the court therefore properly denied her plea in bar.

      3.    Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in finding that her

double jeopardy plea was frivolous and therefore allowing her retrial to proceed

despite her notice of appeal from the order denying her plea. Citing Rielli v.

Oliver, 170 Ga. App. 699, 700 (318 SE2d 173) (1984), which in turn “adopt[ed]

the rationale of [United States v. Dunbar, 611 F2d 985 (5th Cir. 1980) (en

banc)],” this Court has held that a trial court retains jurisdiction to try a

defendant, despite her filing of a notice of appeal from the denial of a motion for

discharge and acquittal on double jeopardy grounds, where the trial court makes



                                        24
a written finding that the motion was frivolous and dilatory. See Strickland, 258

Ga. at 766.

      Appellant did not file a motion in this Court to stay her retrial pending our

decision in this appeal of the denial of her plea in bar based on double jeopardy.

See Dunbar, 611 F2d at 989 (explaining that appellate courts are “empowered

to protect the defendant’s double jeopardy rights by staying proceedings below

pending appeal or by issuing a writ of mandamus or prohibition” (citation

omitted)). See also Prather v. State, 303 Ga. App. 374, 376 (693 SE2d 546)

(2010) (noting, in the defendant’s appeal from the denial of his plea in bar, that

the Court of Appeals granted his emergency motion to stay his retrial pending

the outcome of the appeal); DeSouza, 285 Ga. App. at 202 (noting, in the

defendant’s appeal from his convictions after retrial following a mistrial, that the

Court of Appeals considered and denied his emergency motion to stay his retrial

pending the outcome of his plea in bar appeal). And as explained by the

Eleventh Circuit, under the procedure set forth in Dunbar:

      If the [trial] court makes written findings that a double jeopardy
      claim is frivolous or dilatory, then the [notice of] appeal does not
      divest the [trial] court of jurisdiction, thus permitting the retrial to
      proceed. The double jeopardy claim is properly heard on appeal
      from the defendant’s conviction on retrial. If the appellate court

                                        25
      rejects the double jeopardy claim on the merits, the jurisdiction of
      the [trial] court with respect to the retrial is affirmed, without the
      necessity of examining whether or not the double jeopardy claim
      was in fact frivolous. This procedure adequately protects
      defendant’s double jeopardy interest in not running the gauntlet of
      a second trial because the defendant may seek an appellate stay of
      the retrial in connection with the interlocutory appeal . . . .

United States v. Farmer, 923 F2d 1557, 1565 (11th Cir. 1991) (citing Dunbar,

611 F2d at 989).

      Viewed in another way, if a defendant fails to obtain an appellate stay of

a trial court’s ruling that her double jeopardy claim is frivolous, and she is then

retried and convicted, the only real question is whether her double jeopardy

claim is meritorious. If so, she is entitled to a reversal of her conviction; the

harm of enduring the retrial cannot be eradicated. And if her double jeopardy

claim is not meritorious – even if it was not entirely frivolous – then she

properly faced a retrial; requiring a third trial due to an erroneous ruling as to

frivolousness would be a bizarre remedy to cure a double-jeopardy-related error.

      In sum, Appellant’s failure to obtain an appellate stay of her retrial to

allow review, before the retrial occurred, of her challenge to the trial court’s

ruling that her double jeopardy plea was frivolous renders that issue irrelevant.



                                        26
We need only decide whether Appellant’s plea in bar was properly denied, as

we have done in Division 2 above.

     Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.




                                    27
