              Case: 15-13543     Date Filed: 03/30/2016   Page: 1 of 8


                                                                         [PUBLISH]

                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 15-13543
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 6:13-cv-01430-GAP-TBS

DE GAZELLE GROUP, INC.,
a Florida Corporation,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                         versus

TAMAZ TRADING ESTABLISHMENT,
a Saudi Arabian Company,

                                                               Defendant-Appellant.

                           ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                         ________________________

                                 (March 30, 2016)

Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

MARCUS, Circuit Judge:

      Tamaz Trading Establishment (“Tamaz”), a Saudi Arabian company,

appeals the district court’s denial of its Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(4) motion to vacate a
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$2,500,000 default judgment against it as void for lack of service of process. The

district court granted the default judgment in favor of De Gazelle Group, Inc.

(“De Gazelle”), a Florida corporation, on De Gazelle’s breach-of-contract claim

against Tamaz. On appeal, Tamaz argues that the district court erred in concluding

that De Gazelle had properly served it using Federal Express (“FedEx”), when that

means of service is not specifically authorized by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

4 and De Gazelle had not received prior court authorization to serve Tamaz using

that method. After careful review, we reverse and remand.

      Generally, we review the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion to vacate a default

judgment under the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.          Louis Vuitton

Malletier, S.A. v. Mosseri, 736 F.3d 1339, 1350 (11th Cir. 2013). However, we

review the denial of a Rule 60(b)(4) motion to vacate a default judgment as void

for lack of service of process de novo, because the district court’s failure to vacate

a void judgment is per se an abuse of discretion. See Architectural Ingenieria Siglo

XXI, LLC v. Dominican Republic, 788 F.3d 1329, 1337-38 (11th Cir. 2015);

Oldfield v. Pueblo de Bahia Lora, S.A., 558 F.3d 1210, 1217-18 (11th Cir. 2009).

      The Supreme Court has said this about the service-of-process requirement:

      Before a federal court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a
      defendant, the procedural requirement of service of summons must be
      satisfied. Service of summons is the procedure by which a court
      having venue and jurisdiction of the subject matter of the suit asserts
      jurisdiction over the person of the party served. Thus, before a court
      may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, there must be
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      more than notice to the defendant and a constitutionally sufficient
      relationship between the defendant and the forum. There must also be
      a basis for the defendant’s amenability to service of summons.
      Absent consent, this means there must be authorization for service of
      summons on the defendant.

Omni Capital Int’l, Ltd. v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., Ltd., 484 U.S. 97, 104 (1987)

(quotation, citation, and alteration omitted), superseded on other grounds by

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(2) (1993). As such, “an individual or entity is not obliged to

engage in litigation unless officially notified of the action . . . under a court’s

authority, by formal process.” Prewitt Enters., Inc. v. Org. of Petroleum Exporting

Countries, 353 F.3d 916, 925 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation and alteration omitted).

      Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h), corporations may be served outside the

United States “in any manner prescribed by Rule 4(f) for serving an individual,

except personal delivery under (f)(2)(C)(i).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(2). The methods

prescribed in Rule 4(f) for serving an individual outside the United States include:

      (1)    by any internationally agreed means of service that is
             reasonably calculated to give notice, such as those authorized
             by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and
             Extrajudicial Documents;

      (2)    if there is no internationally agreed means, or if an international
             agreement allows but does not specify other means, by a
             method that is reasonably calculated to give notice:

             (A)   as prescribed by the foreign country’s law for service in
                   that country in an action in its courts of general
                   jurisdiction;



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             (B)    as the foreign authority directs in response to a letter
                    rogatory or letter of request; or

             (C)    unless prohibited by the foreign country’s law, by:

                    ...

                    (ii)   using any form of mail that the clerk addresses and
                           sends to the individual and that requires a signed
                           receipt; or

      (3)    by other means not prohibited by international agreement, as
             the court orders.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f).

      In this case, De Gazelle sent its summons and complaint via Federal Express

to Tamaz’s post office box in Saudi Arabia, care of the company’s registered

agent, Faisal Mubarak Althawadi. FedEx delivered the package on Saturday,

September 21, 2013. When Tamaz did not respond to the complaint within 21

days, De Gazelle moved for a clerk’s default. A magistrate judge denied the

motion, on the grounds that (1) De Gazelle had provided no authority for service

via Federal Express, (2) the summons was delivered to an unidentified

“Receptionist/Front Desk” at a post office box, and (3) service occurred on a

Saturday, which was a weekend day in Saudi Arabia.

      Subsequently, De Gazelle moved to extend the time for service and moved

for authorization, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3), to serve Tamaz via FedEx. In

support, De Gazelle submitted a print-out of an online inquiry, which was sent by

“Faisal” to a professional services referral website, Scorpion Design, and which,
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coincidentally, was forwarded to De Gazelle’s counsel. The inquiry stated (in

broken English): “I have lawsuit against[] me from company in Florida they

would like you to find[] out that and raise lawsuit against them compensation for

damage please let me know and the details of fees.”          De Gazelle’s counsel

responded to the email, informing “Faisal” that because his firm represented De

Gazelle he had a direct conflict of interest and could not represent Tamaz. Counsel

also noted that De Gazelle had “filed suit, and [was] in the process of procuring a

default final judgment against [Tamaz] in the federal courts of the United States.”

      Based on this evidence, the magistrate judge found that Tamaz was aware of

De Gazelle’s lawsuit and had not been prejudiced by “any irregularities” in the

method of process used by De Gazelle.         The magistrate judge then granted

De Gazelle’s motion to serve Tamaz via Federal Express and found that service

had been retroactively effected on September 21, 2013. The district court later

entered a final default judgment against Tamaz.

      After De Gazelle took steps to enforce the default judgment through the

Saudi Arabian courts, Tamaz moved to vacate the default judgment on several

grounds, including that the judgement was void for lack of service of process. The

magistrate judge recommended that the district court deny the motion, noting his

earlier determination that “good service was effected on Defendant and that




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[the court] had jurisdiction to enter judgment in this case.” The district court

adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation and denied Tamaz’s motion.

       On appeal, Tamaz argues that the district court erred in concluding that

De Gazelle effected good service on September 21, 2013, because De Gazelle

failed to comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3) by seeking prior court authorization

for service via FedEx. 1 We agree. As the Supreme Court has explained, “before a

court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant . . . there must be

authorization for service of summons on the defendant.” Omni Capital, 484 U.S.

at 104. If a party cannot, or chooses not to, serve a defendant abroad using one of

the methods specified in Rule 4(f)(1) and (2), the party may accomplish service

“by other means not prohibited by international agreement, as the court orders.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3) (emphasis added).

       When De Gazelle FedExed the summons and complaint to Tamaz’s post

office box on September 21, 2013, it was not acting pursuant to a court order. In

fact, De Gazelle did not seek court authorization to serve Tamaz via Federal


       1
          In its responsive brief, De Gazelle contends that Tamaz has waived this argument
because Tamaz did not specifically argue in the district court that prior court approval was
required. Our review of the record, however, shows that Tamaz indeed argued that De Gazelle’s
attempt at service on September 21, 2013, did not comply with the requirements of
Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3). Even to the extent the argument at issue here was not preserved, we
would exercise our discretion to review it, because whether Rule 4(f)(3) requires prior court
authorization is a pure question of law, and our failure to address Tamaz’s argument here would
result in a miscarriage of justice, namely, the enforcement of a $2,500,000 default judgment
against it, where it was never served in compliance with Rule 4. See Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.
v. Fernandez, 741 F.2d 355, 360-61 (11th Cir. 1984).
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Express until the magistrate judge denied its first motion for a default judgment on

the ground that De Gazelle failed to show that service via FedEx was authorized

under Rule 4. The magistrate judge’s reliance, in later finding that service had

been effected on September 21, 2013, on evidence showing that Althawadi,

Tamaz’s registered agent, had actual notice of the lawsuit was misplaced, since

notice does not confer personal jurisdiction on a defendant when it has not been

served in accordance with Rule 4. See Omni Capital, 484 U.S. at 104 (“[B]efore a

court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, there must be more than

notice to the defendant . . . . There also must be . . . authorization for service of

summons on the defendant.”); Prewitt, 353 F.3d at 925 (“[E]ven though OPEC had

actual notice of the filing of the suit, service of process was ineffective because it

was clearly not in substantial compliance with the requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P.

4(f)(2)(C)(ii).”); see also Brockmeyer v. May, 383 F.3d 798, 806 (9th Cir. 2004)

(holding that, under Rule 4(f)(3), plaintiffs “must obtain prior court approval for

the alternative method of serving process”) (emphasis added).

      Accordingly, the district court erred in concluding that Tamaz had been

properly served on September 21, 2013. We reverse the order denying Tamaz’s




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motion to vacate the default judgment as void for lack of service of process, and

remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 2

       REVERSED AND REMANDED.




       2
        In light of our disposition of the case, we need not reach Tamaz’s alternative arguments
on appeal.
                                               8
