            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



                                                                     UNPUBLISHED
In re A. O. R. DISHNER, Minor.                                       April 30, 2019

                                                                     No. 345397
                                                                     Wayne Circuit Court
                                                                     Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 17-001118-NA


Before: MURRAY, C.J., and SAWYER and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         Respondent appeals as of right the trial court order terminating her parental rights to the
minor child under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (conditions leading to adjudication continue to exist),
(g) (failure to provide proper care or custody),1 and (j) (reasonable likelihood of harm if returned
to parent). We affirm.

        The child was born in May 2017, tested positive for opiates and benzodiazepine at the
time of his birth, and suffered from symptoms of withdrawal for seven weeks. In July 2017, the
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) filed a petition requesting the court to take
jurisdiction over the child. The petition alleged neglect and asserted the reasons for removal
were “substance abuse, abandonment, and physical abuse.” The petition stated that it was
contrary to the child’s welfare to remain in the care of respondent because the child tested
positive for opiates and benzodiazepine at the time of his birth, respondent admitted that she had
been addicted to heroin for 10 years and used heroin twice daily during her pregnancy, and the
child had been hospitalized since his birth because of the drug exposure. Further, the petition
alleged that respondent had not received prenatal care during her pregnancy.



1
  MCL 712A.19b(3)(g) was amended effective June 12, 2018, before respondent’s parental rights
were terminated. See 2018 PA 58. It is not clear from the record which version of the statute the
trial court relied on in terminating respondent’s parental rights. However, since other statutory
grounds were established, any error that may have occurred in relying on the former version of
the statute is harmless.



                                                -1-
        After a preliminary hearing on the matter, the trial court authorized the petition and
ordered that the child go directly into foster care placement immediately upon release from the
hospital. At that time, respondent was legally married to a man living in Kentucky who was
deemed to be the child’s legal father. However, B. Dishner asserted that he was the child’s
biological father, sought to establish paternity, and wanted to become the child’s legal father.
Dishner petitioned the court to establish paternity and provided the results from a DNA test. The
trial court granted the petition and made Dishner the legal father of the child at a hearing on
August 9, 2017. After the same hearing, the trial court issued an order regarding both parents
stating that after admission of pleas, and by a preponderance of the evidence, there were
statutory grounds to exercise jurisdiction over the child, make the child a temporary ward of the
court, and asked that a treatment plan be provided to each of the parents. The trial court also
granted supervised visitation to respondent and Dishner.

        DHHS provided both respondent and Dishner with case service plans. Dishner complied
with all aspects of his case service plan and progressed to unsupervised visitation, then overnight
visits, and ultimately, the trial court placed the child with Dishner in December 2017.
Respondent did not comply with her court-ordered case service plan, which included: parenting
classes, psychological and psychiatric evaluation, individual therapy, substance abuse assessment
and recommended treatment, weekly random drug screens, obtaining and maintaining suitable
income and housing, remaining in regular contact with the foster care worker, attending all court
hearings, and visiting with the child on, at least, a weekly basis.

         In March 2018, the trial court held a dispositional review, permanency planning hearing.
The caseworker testified that DHHS had no concerns about the care of the child while placed
with Dishner, and DHHS requested that the court dismiss the child’s wardship. During the
hearing, respondent called in and on speakerphone stated, “I’ll sign custody to [Dishner] because
that’s where my child needs to be but nobody has contacted me for anything. I want [the child]
with [Dishner] because he’s a great father and he deserves him but I want to be able to see my
son. That’s all I want. I will sign custody over to [Dishner.] He deserves him. Contact me for
that. Good bye.” The caseworker reported that respondent had not visited the child in the last
reporting period and had not participated in any aspect of her case service plan. After the
hearing, the trial court stated it was concerned because respondent had not visited the child,
respondent had not come forward to participate in the services offered toward the goal of
reunification, respondent had not participated in the last few court hearings, and that respondent
“had no interest as far as being a parent to this child.” For those reasons, the trial court ordered
the filing of a permanent custody petition.

        In April 2018, DHHS filed a supplemental petition for permanent custody requesting that
the trial court terminate respondent’s parental rights to the child. The supplemental petition
stated that respondent has been inconsistent and noncompliant in adhering to her case service
plan provisions including: only attending 8 of 41 scheduled parenting time visits, never
providing documentation of suitable housing, not allowing a home assessment, failing to provide
documentation of a legal income, not making herself available for an income assessment,
refusing all offers of employment assistance, not attending any court hearings except one via
phone but hung up prior to the end of the hearing, failing to comply with any of the court’s
recommendations, and failing to maintain contact with her caseworker despite phone calls and
text messages from the worker to respondent. The supplemental petition also stated that, despite
                                                -2-
referrals for service, respondent failed to obtain a psychological assessment, failed to participate
in parenting classes, failed to participate in substance abuse treatment, missed 33 of 33 requested
drug screens, and failed to remain drug and alcohol free. The supplemental petition stated that,
on September 19, 2017, respondent was administered a drug screen and she tested positive for
cocaine, Benzoylecgonine, Ecgonine Methyl Ester, Fentanyl, and Nor Fentanyl. The
supplemental petition also stated that on March 27, 2018, respondent refused to provide a drug
screen.

        The supplemental petition requested the trial court to find that the child was without
proper care and custody and terminate the parental rights of respondent pursuant to MCL
712A.19(b)(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j). The supplemental petition also requested that the court make a
finding that termination of parental rights was in the child’s best interests and order that
additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not be made pursuant to MCL
712A.19b(5). On June 15, 2018, the court held a bench trial on the supplemental petition for
permanent custody. At the conclusion of the trial, the court found by clear and convincing
evidence that the parental rights of respondent be terminated. The trial court further found by a
preponderance of the evidence, that it was in the best interests of the child that the parental rights
of the mother be terminated. Respondent now appeals as of right.

        Respondent first argues that because the child was placed with his father, the trial court
had no reason to terminate her parental rights and should have instead considered lesser
alternatives, namely, a custody arrangement. Respondent did not object on constitutional
grounds in the trial court and raises this issue for the first time on appeal. Therefore, this issue
has not been preserved. In re TK, 306 Mich App 698, 703; 859 NW2d 208 (2014). “However,
because the issue presented is an unpreserved claim of constitutional error, this Court will review
for plain error affecting substantial rights.” Id.

        Parents have a fundamental right to “make decisions concerning the care, custody, and
control of their children.” In re Sanders, 495 Mich 394, 409; 852 NW2d 524 (2014). This right
is not absolute, however. Id. The “state has a legitimate interest in protecting the moral,
emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the minor and in some circumstances neglectful
parents may be separated from their children.” Id. at 409-410 (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “Once the petitioner has presented clear and convincing evidence that persuades the
court that at least one ground for termination is established under [MCL 712A.]19b(3), the
liberty interest of the parent no longer includes the right to custody and control of the children.”
In re Trejo, 462 Mich 341, 355; 612 NW2d 407 (2000).

        When making its findings, the trial court expressly noted that the child was placed with
his father, who had completed every part of his case service plan. All parties and the trial court
were well-aware that Dishner was competently caring for the child. At the hearing on March 21,
2018, respondent called in via speakerphone and essentially admitted that she only wanted to be
able to visit her son, and did not verbally indicate a willingness to do more for him, or engage in
services. When she suggested that the child should be placed solely in his father’s care,
respondent effectively conceded that she was not willing or able to care for him.

       With regard to visitation, record evidence reflects that respondent visited the child when
Dishner drove her to the visits shortly after the child was taken into custody. When Dishner and

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respondent indicated that they were no longer planning together for the child, respondent failed
to regularly visit the child. While weekly supervised visitation was offered to her, the record
reflects that between September 2017 and March 2018, respondent visited the child only four
times in November 2017 and once in March 2018 but left the visit early. While respondent was
appropriate with the child, respondent failed to create a bond with the child.

        Respondent also never overcame her significant substance abuse problems. She did not
take advantage of any of the services offered to her, did not have housing or income to support
the child, did not participate in court proceedings, and showed no improvement at all in the
months after the child was born. Given respondent’s stated desire that the child remain with
Dishner, as well as respondent’s complete failure to comply with her case service plan including
never overcoming her serious substance abuse issues, a less restrictive option was not feasible.
Under these circumstances, we conclude that respondent’s interest in the companionship, care,
and custody of the child must give way to DHHS’s interest in protecting the child. In re Trejo
Minors, 462 Mich at 355. Therefore, notwithstanding the child’s placement with his father, the
trial court did not clearly err when it terminated respondent’s parental rights.

        Next, respondent contends that the trial court lacked the authority to terminate her
parental rights because the plain language of MCL 712A.19b(1) bars a termination hearing when
the child is living with a parent. While unpreserved, this Court may exercise its discretion to
review this issue because it “involves a question of law and the facts necessary for its resolution
have been presented[.]” In re Medina, 317 Mich App 219, 228; 894 NW2d 653 (2016)
(quotation omitted).

        Respondent specifically argues that, in In re Marin, 198 Mich App 560, 568; 499 NW2d
400 (1993), this Court chose to ignore the plain language of MCL 712A.19b(1) and affirmed the
termination of the father’s parental rights even though the child was neither in foster care nor in
the custody of a guardian and the termination was not filed at the initial dispositional hearing.
Respondent urges this Court to convene a special panel pursuant to MCR 7.215(J)(3) to overrule
In re Marin and restore the plain language of the statute. In response, petitioner asserts that this
Court addressed a similar argument in In re Medina, 317 Mich App at 233-235, and found that
the reasoning in In re Marin remained sound, and, therefore, the trial court properly terminated
respondent’s rights under MCL 712A.19b(3) even though the child was living with his father and
the termination was not filed at the initial dispositional hearing. Petitioner points out that this
Court already decided the identical issue in In re Medina.

        This Court is bound, by the doctrine of stare decisis, by the rule of law established in
opinions published by the Court of Appeals on or after November 1, 1990. Catalina Mktg Sales
Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 470 Mich 13, 23; 678 NW2d 619 (2004); MCR 7.215(C)(2). In In re
Medina, an opinion published after November 1, 1990, this Court addressed the identical issue
raised by respondent in this matter and found the reasoning of In re Marin legally sound. Thus,
we are bound to follow In re Medina. Id. Therefore, respondent’s argument that the trial court
did not have authority to terminate her rights under MCL 712A.19b(1), because the child was
with his father, not in foster care, and the termination was not filed at the initial dispositional
hearing, does not have merit.



                                                -4-
        In a reply brief, respondent, citing MCL 712A.19b(4), attempts to draw a distinction
between the facts of In re Medina and the facts of the instant case because in In re Medina,
DHHS sought termination at the initial dispositional hearing but here DHHS filed a supplemental
petition to terminate respondent’s parental rights. While that is true, it is a distinction without
consequence. The interpretation of MCL 712A.19b(1) adopted by In re Marin and affirmed in
In re Medina states that MCL 712A.19b(1) “ ‘impose[s] an obligation upon the probate court to
conduct a termination hearing upon request by a party where a child remains in foster care’ ” in
order to avoid “ ‘delays in the permanent placement of a child in foster care[.]’ ” In re Medina,
317 Mich App at 231-232 quoting In re Marin 198 Mich App at 564, 568. The Medina Court
also held that, based on its interpretation of MCL 712A.19b(1), and the fact that “unlike §19b(1),
§19b(4) does not mention foster care or guardianship[,]” MCL 712A.19b(4) simply “empowers
trial courts to entertain a termination petition at the initial dispositional hearing regardless of
whether the minor child is placed in foster care or with a guardian” in cases where the goal is
termination not reunification. In re Medina, 317 Mich App at 234-235. Here, the initial goal
was reunification not termination and, therefore, the MCL 712A.19b(4) exception respondent
references is irrelevant in this case.

        Next, respondent argues that the trial court erred when it terminated respondent’s parental
rights because DHHS failed to make reasonable efforts to reunify respondent and the child. This
Court reviews for clear error a trial court’s finding regarding whether reunification efforts were
reasonable. In re Fried, 266 Mich App 535, 542-543; 702 NW2d 192 (2005). A finding is
clearly erroneous where the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made. In re Terry, 240 Mich App 14, 22; 610 NW2d 563 (2000). When
reviewing the trial court’s findings of fact, this Court defers to the special opportunity of the trial
court to judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re Fried, 266 Mich App at 541.

       DHHS “has an affirmative duty to make reasonable efforts to reunify a family before
seeking termination of parental rights.” In re Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich 79, 85; 893 NW2d 637
(2017). Accordingly, DHHS must devise a case service plan that describes how DHHS and the
parent will work to rectify the barriers to reunification. Id. at 85-86.

        Respondent alleges that DHHS failed to provide her with adequate services in light of her
problems securing transportation to participate in services. Respondent contends that she lacked
access to transportation, which was a significant barrier to engaging in substance abuse
treatment, visiting the child, and participating in court proceedings. The record reveals that in
order to remedy the transportation issue the caseworker gave respondent bus tickets and gas
cards. Respondent does not dispute that the caseworker offered her bus tickets, but alleges that
she had anxiety about taking public transportation. It was unknown if respondent had access to a
car to use the gas cards, but the record reflects that a friend did drop her off at four visits with the
child in November 2017.

        Respondent also contends that DHHS was aware of her anxiety and also learned at trial
that she had a history of bipolar disorder, yet DHHS did not ensure that she participated in a
psychological examination. But the record reveals that respondent had been referred for a
psychological examination yet she never participated in the evaluation. It is true that
caseworkers testified that respondent stated she suffered from anxiety but only in the context of
being anxious about using public transportation. And the record displays that the bipolar

                                                  -5-
disorder was not revealed until the termination hearing when Dishner testified that respondent
had a history of bipolar disorder. The trial court ordered that respondent receive a psychological
evaluation, and respondent received a referral from the caseworker for a psychological
evaluation, and even though the case proceedings lasted over a year and a half, respondent still
failed to submit to the evaluation and begin counseling if necessary to assist with any
psychological issues.

        Respondent also contends that DHHS never verified her housing, even though
caseworkers had an address for her, and never assisted her with securing valid identification.
The record reveals that it was very difficult for caseworkers to reach respondent. In fact,
caseworkers, respondent’s own attorney, and the court had difficulty reaching respondent.
Respondent failed to participate in court proceedings in person and participated via speakerphone
on only a few occasions. The court had to use three types of service to make respondent aware
of the termination hearing yet respondent still did not show up. From the inception of the case to
the termination hearing, respondent was nonresponsive and refused to participate in the process.
While DHHS “has a responsibility to expend reasonable efforts to provide services to secure
reunification, there exists a commensurate responsibility on the part of respondent[] to
participate in the services that are offered.” In re Frey, 297 Mich App 242, 248; 824 NW2d 569
(2012).

         Respondent was offered various services, but she never participated in any of the services
offered, and did not complete even the mandated substance abuse evaluation and treatment
requirements of her case service plan. Respondent only participated in two drug screens over the
course of the proceedings and both were positive for drugs. Respondent was aware that missed
screens counted as positive. Respondent has a significant substance abuse problem that persists
yet she was not motivated to combat her substance abuse. Services referred to respondent were
specifically targeted to address the primary basis for the adjudication in this matter—her ten-year
history of substance abuse—but respondent chose not to participate in them at all. Consequently,
the trial court did not clearly err by finding insufficient compliance with and no benefit from the
services provided by DHHS, necessitating the termination of respondent’s parental rights.

        Finally, respondent argues that termination of her parental rights was not in the child’s
best interests under MCL 712A.19b(5). MCL 712A.19b(5) provides:

       If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights and that
       termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court shall order
       termination of parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of
       the child with the parent not be made.

“The trial court should weigh all the evidence available to determine the children’s best
interests.” In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 713; 846 NW2d 61 (2014). In considering the
child’s best interests, the trial court’s focus must be on the child and not the parent. In re Moss,
301 Mich App 76, 87; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). “In deciding whether termination is in the child’s
best interests, the court may consider the child’s bond to the parent, the parent’s parenting
ability, the child’s need for permanency, stability, and finality, and the advantages of a foster
home over the parent’s home.” In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App 35, 41-42; 823 NW2d 144
(2012) (citations omitted). “The trial court may also consider . . . the parent’s compliance with

                                                -6-
his or her case service plan, the parent’s visitation history with the child, the children’s well-
being while in care, and the possibility of adoption.” In re White, 303 Mich App at 714.

        The trial court did not clearly err by determining that termination of respondent’s parental
rights was in the best interests of the child. The minor child was born with drugs in his system
and suffered for weeks in the hospital with withdrawal symptoms. He was in foster care for
months before Dishner successfully completed his service plan and the child was placed in his
father’s care. The child was doing well in his placement with his father. During this time,
respondent made no progress in addressing her significant substance abuse issues and did not
participate at all in her case service plan. Respondent was not motivated to work on her barriers
to parenting the child. Respondent showed no desire to parent the child and never created a bond
with him. The evidence showed that it was unlikely that the child could be safely placed with
respondent within the foreseeable future, if at all. In fact, respondent conceded that the child
should be placed with Dishner. The child required a permanent, safe, and stable home, which
respondent was not capable of providing. Hence, the trial court did not clearly err by
determining that termination of respondent’s parental rights was in the child’s best interests.

       Affirmed.



                                                             /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                             /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                             /s/ James Robert Redford




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