                   IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                         )
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF                   )
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, AFL-               )
CIO, et al.,                             )
                                         )
             Plaintiffs,                 )
                                         )
             v.                          )      Civil Action No. 14-cv-1753 (KBJ)
                                         )
THOMAS J. VILSACK, et al.,               )
                                         )
                                         )
             Defendants.                 )
                                         )


                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Charles Stanley Painter is a federal poultry inspector who has joined

with his labor union, the American Federation of Government Employees AFL-CIO

(“AFGE”), to challenge the federal government’s recent adoption of a new National

Poultry Inspection System (the “NPIS”). See Modernization of Poultry Slaughter

Inspection, 79 Fed. Reg. 49,566 (Aug. 21, 2014) (to be codified at 9 C.F.R. pts. 381 and

500). Plaintiffs have filed the instant complaint against the Secretary of Agriculture,

the Administrator of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (“FSIS”), and the United

States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) because, in Plaintiffs’ view, the NPIS

makes substantial and potentially detrimental changes to the manner in which federal

inspectors like Painter and other AFGE members inspect poultry at slaughter

establishments. (See Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶¶ 19–20, 23–25, 60.) Specifically, although

federal poultry inspectors will continue to “conduct post-mortem inspections of poultry
carcasses and perform other official functions . . . for the purpose of preventing the sale

of adulterated poultry and poultry products” (id. ¶ 12), there will be fewer federal

inspectors posted on the slaughter line, faster line speeds, and more substantial

involvement by employees of the poultry establishments in the federal inspection

process under the NPIS, see 79 Fed. Reg. 49,567. Plaintiffs assert that the NPIS thus

effectively “prevents the inspection by inspectors” of the viscera and carcass of each

bird processed (Compl. ¶¶ 84, 90), and it also eliminates federal inspector supervision

of “the reprocessing of all adulterated carcasses” (id. ¶¶ 91–92). Plaintiffs maintain

that, as a result, “the Rule increases the risk that AFGE’s employees, members, and

prospective members will become ill after consuming poultry or poultry products” (id.

¶ 17), and they have asked this Court to “[e]njoin[] the defendants from implementing

the Rule insofar as it permits anything less than post-mortem inspections of the carcass

and all parts thereof of each bird slaughtered” and stop Defendants “from permitting

anyone other than a government inspector from exercising the statutory authority to

conduct post-mortem poultry inspections” (id. at 19). 1

        This Court recently addressed a substantially similar challenge to the NPIS in the

context of a case in which a consumer advocacy organization and several of its

individual members sought a preliminary injunction to prevent implementation of the

NPIS. See Food & Water Watch, Inc. v. Vilsack (“FWW”), No. 14-cv-1547, 2015 WL

514389, at *1 (D.D.C. Feb. 9, 2015). The plaintiffs in FWW argued that “the revised

processing procedures are inconsistent with [federal law] and will ultimately result in

the production of unsafe poultry products[,]” and the defendants moved to dismiss the


1
 Citations to the documents that the parties have filed refer to the page numbers that the Court’s
electronic filing system assigns.


                                                    2
complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of Article III

standing. Id. This Court sustained the defendants’ contention, holding that the

plaintiffs had failed to prove that they had suffered (or imminently would suffer) “an

injury-in-fact that is traceable to the actions of the Defendants and that relief from this

Court can address[,]” id. at *2, as was necessary for the Court to assure itself that it had

jurisdiction to proceed on the request for a preliminary injunction.

       Before this Court at present is Defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint in

the instant case—a motion that makes substantially the same standing arguments as

those the Court addressed in FWW. However, this Court finds that the legal analysis in

this case differs from FWW in one significant respect—the plaintiffs here have not

sought a preliminary injunction, and thus the injury allegations in the instant complaint

must be accepted as true under the standards that apply to ordinary motions to dismiss,

as explained below. That said, it is well established that because the regulation at issue

here is a rule that pertains to third-party conduct and does not govern Plaintiffs directly,

Plaintiffs must provide proof of the causation and redressability aspects of the standing

requirement even at this early stage of the litigation. This Court finds that Plaintiffs

have not done so, for the reasons explained below; therefore, Defendants’ motion to

dismiss will be GRANTED. A separate order consistent with this opinion will follow.


I.     BACKGROUND

       This Court’s opinion in FWW describes at length the origin and contours of the

NPIS, see FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at *3–5, and that description need not be repeated

here. In short, under the traditional inspection system, federal inspectors conducted

“organoleptic” inspections of each poultry carcass and its viscera, see Am. Fed’n of



                                             3
Gov’t Emps., AFL-CIO v. Glickman, 215 F.3d. 7, 9 (D.C. Cir. 2000), and their duties

included “sorting acceptable product from unacceptable product, finding defects,

identifying corrective actions, and solving production control problems[,]” 77 Fed. Reg.

4410 (Jan. 27, 2012) (to be codified at 9 C.F.R. pts. 381 and 500). With respect to

these duties, slaughter establishment employees merely served as “helper[s] to take

such actions as directed by the online post-mortem inspector after the inspector ha[d]

conducted the initial sorting activities[,]” FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at *3 (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

       The NPIS changes the traditional poultry inspection process, largely because it

permits the employees of slaughter establishments to conduct the preliminary screening

of poultry carcasses, and it allows them to remove adulterated carcasses from the

slaughter line without first presenting them to a federal inspector. See 79 Fed. Reg.

49,567. In addition, those birds that are presented to federal inspectors are met with a

visual-only inspection rather than an organoleptic inspection. See id. Consequently,

the NPIS requires fewer federal inspectors to be stationed along the slaughter lines than

was the case under the traditional system, and it permits a faster rate of inspection by

federal inspectors. See id. 2

       Plaintiffs dislike the NPIS and seek to stop its implementation. (See Compl.

¶ 8.) On the merits, Plaintiffs argue that the Court should invalidate the NPIS because


2
  As this Court explained in FWW, the USDA maintains that its adoption of the NPIS was part of an
intentional “shift of federal inspection resources away from post-processing organoleptic review of
poultry carcasses—which . . . made sense at a time when visually detectable animal diseases were
more prevalent and considered to be more of a concern than they are today—and toward stricter pre-
processing controls, which . . . are more important than ever in detecting the kind of microbial
contamination that causes food borne human illness today.” FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at *3 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). For this reason, the agency has taken the position that the NPIS
improves food safety overall. See id. (explaining the agency’s view that “the restructured inspection
roles means that the FSIS can assign fewer inspectors to online inspection, freeing up Agency resources


                                                   4
the rule is inconsistent with the Poultry Products Inspection Act (“PPIA”) (see id.

¶¶ 89–93), and, as a threshold matter, Plaintiffs argue that they have Article III standing

to challenge the NPIS because the NPIS will “increase the risk that adulterated poultry

products will be sold to and consumed by the public[,]” including AFGE members like

Painter. (Id. ¶ 5; see also id. ¶¶ 21–22 (claiming that, as a consumer of poultry

products, “Painter’s health and welfare are likely to be adversely affected” due to the

increased risk caused by the Rule); Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Pls.’

Opp’n”), ECF No. 14, at 17 (“Plaintiffs are consumers of poultry and are injured by

FSIS’s abdication of its statutory responsibility to inspect the carcass of each bird

processed because FSIS’s adoption of the [R]ule creates a substantial probability that

plaintiffs will be harmed by consuming unwholesome and adulterated poultry.”).) 3

Defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction seizes on the fact

that, like the plaintiffs in FWW, Painter and AFGE have not offered any concrete

evidence to support their contention that the NPIS will increase the risk that Painter and

other AFGE members will consume adulterated poultry products, maintaining that FWW

establishes that Plaintiffs do not have Article III standing because their “amorphous,

unsubstantiated assertions about increased risk are . . . too speculative to establish the

necessary concrete, particularized, and imminent ‘injury-in-fact[.]’” (Defs.’ Mem. in



to conduct offline inspection activities that are more important for food safety, such as verifying
compliance with sanitation and other requirements, or conducting Food Safety Assessments[.]”)
(internal quotation marks, citation, and alterations omitted)).

3
  In this same vein, Plaintiffs also assert that AFGE employees and members might become ill after
consuming adulterated chicken “at an AFGE-sponsored event[,]” and as a result, AFGE is likely to face
an “increased risk of litigation.” (Compl. ¶ 18). Because this alleged injury-in-fact necessarily relies
on people becoming ill from consuming adulterated poultry, it is an extension of the same type of
injury alleged elsewhere in the complaint, and the Court does not distinguish between these allegations
for the purpose of its standing analysis.



                                                    5
Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 12-1, at 11; see also Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of

Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”), ECF No. 16, at 2.)

       For the reasons that follow, this Court concludes that Defendants’ legal

reasoning misses the mark in this context, but that Plaintiffs’ complaint must

nevertheless be dismissed for lack of Article III standing, because Plaintiffs have failed

to prove causation and redressability, as is required in this case.

II.    ANALYSIS

       A.     Applicable Standing Standards

       The requirement that a plaintiff have standing to sue is rooted in the

Constitution’s “Cases” and “Controversies” limitation, U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1,

which restricts federal courts to answering questions that are presented “in an adversary

context and in a form historically viewed as capable of resolution through the judicial

process” in order “to assure that the federal courts will not intrude into areas committed

to the other branches of government.” FWW, 2015 WL 514389 at *6 (quoting Flast v.

Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 95 (1968)). The standing doctrine helps courts to identify “the

‘Cases’ and ‘Controversies’ that are of the justiciable sort referred to in Article III[.]”

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). Accordingly, a lack of

standing is a defect that relates directly to a federal court’s subject matter jurisdiction,

and it must be addressed as a preliminary matter before progressing to an analysis of

the merits of a plaintiff’s complaint. See FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at *6.

       It is well established that Article III standing has three basic elements: injury-in-

fact, causation, and redressability. See Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 560; see also

Fed. Forest Res. Coal. v. Vilsack, No. 12-cv-1333, 2015 WL 1906022, at *9 (D.D.C.



                                              6
Apr. 28, 2015) (“To establish the irreducible constitutional minimum of standing[,] a

plaintiff must allege (1) an ‘injury in fact’ that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b)

actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) a causal connection between the

injury and the conduct complained of; and (3) a likelihood that the injury will be

redressed by a favorable decision.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

And because standing is a jurisdictional issue, the burden is on the plaintiff to establish

constitutional standing to sue. See Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 561.

       Significantly for present purposes, “each element [of standing] must be

supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden

of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive stages

of the litigation.” Id. at 561. Thus, at the pleading stage, “‘general factual allegations

of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct may suffice,’ and the court ‘presum[es]

that general allegations embrace the specific facts that are necessary to support the

claim.’” Renal Physicians Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 489 F.3d

1267, 1273 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Sierra Club v. Envtl Protection Agency, 292 F.2d

895, 898 (D.C. Cir. 2002)) (see also Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 561). By

contrast, at the summary judgment stage, “[a] plaintiff’s ‘burden of proof is to show a

substantial probability that it has been [or will be] injured, that the defendant caused

[the] injury, and that the court could redress that injury.’” FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at

*7 (quoting Ams. for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 706 F.3d 438, 443 (D.C.

Cir. 2013) (alteration in original).




                                              7
        B.      Plaintiffs Need Not Prove That They Have Suffered, Or Will
                Imminently Suffer, The Alleged Injury-In-Fact At This Stage Of The
                Instant Litigation

        Defendants insist that “[i]n light of FWW, and its discussion of the law of

standing in this Circuit as it relates to speculative allegations about generalized harms

from the operation of the NPIS, the present case must be dismissed.” (Defs.’ Reply at

2.) Defendants’ contention is understandable, given that the instant complaint

challenges the same government action (the NPIS) and makes substantially the same

allegations of injury. However, Defendants have seemingly overlooked one significant

distinction between the instant case and the circumstances in FWW: in FWW, this Court

stressed that the plaintiffs needed to meet the evidentiary burden required to establish

standing at the summary judgment stage because the plaintiffs sought a preliminary

injunction. See FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at *7 (“[W]here a plaintiff seeks a preliminary

injunction, the plaintiff’s burden ‘will normally be no less than that required on a

motion for summary judgment.’”) (quoting Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n, 497 U.S. 871,

907 n.8 (1990)). And the Court ultimately found that the plaintiffs in FWW lacked

standing in light of this evidentiary burden—i.e., because the plaintiffs did not

sufficiently support the alleged injury-in-fact. See FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at *9. 4




4
  The FWW plaintiffs had asserted that they were afraid that slaughterhouses operating under the NPIS
would produce adulterated poultry, which might then enter the stream of commerce, and might
ultimately be purchased and consumed by plaintiffs and sicken them. See FWW, 2015 WL 514389 at
*5. In support of this assertion, the plaintiffs offered various comments submitted during the
rulemaking process, as well as affidavits from current and former inspectors, stating that there would
be more adulterated chickens under NPIS just “as a matter of common sense[,]” id. at *11, and this
Court found that the plaintiffs had “failed to show that there is a clear and close nexus between the
agency’s action, the feared result, and these . . . plaintiffs[.]” Id. at *12. In other words, the Court
concluded that the plaintiffs’ allegation of injury was unsupported, and thus the plaintiffs had failed to
demonstrate that there was a substantial probability that they would be injured, as the preliminary
injunction burden required. Id.


                                                     8
       Painter and AFGE have not requested a preliminary injunction, and thus, the

higher evidentiary burden with respect to establishing an injury-in-fact that this Court

required of the plaintiffs in FWW does not apply. Instead, the injury allegations in the

instant complaint must be reviewed subject only to the plausibility pleading

requirement that pertains to the motion to dismiss stage. See Defenders of Wildlife, 504

U.S. at 561; Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). This means that, in analyzing

whether Plaintiffs have alleged an injury-in-fact that is sufficient to support Article III

standing, this Court “must accept the factual allegations in the complaint as true[,]”

Holistic Candlers and Consumers Ass’n v. Food & Drug Admin., 664 F.3d 940, 943

(D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Info. Handling Servs., Inc. v. Def. Automated Printing Servs.,

338 F.3d 1024, 1029 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted)), and must

consider only the plausibility of Plaintiffs’ assertion that Painter and other AFGE

members will become ill from consuming adulterated poultry products, Iqbal, 556 U.S.

at 678. This Court finds that Plaintiffs’ illness contention is plausible (albeit highly

speculative), and therefore, the Court will not require Plaintiffs to substantiate their

assertions of injury in order to demonstrate standing at this time.

      C.      Because The Actions Of A Regulated Third Party Are At Issue,
              Plaintiffs Must Prove Causation And Redressibility In Order To
              Establish Standing, And They Have Failed To Do So

       Despite the fact that Plaintiffs’ allegations regarding their purported injury-in-

fact as a result of the challenged rule must be accepted as true for the purpose of

Defendants’ motion to dismiss, this Court finds that Plaintiffs nevertheless bear the

burden of proving causation and redressability in order to establish that they have

standing to bring this case. See Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 560–61. This is

because Plaintiffs contend that the NPIS Rule—which does not apply directly to


                                             9
Plaintiffs but regulates poultry slaughter establishments and other stakeholders in the

poultry inspection system—will lead to more adulterated poultry and will ultimately

harm Plaintiffs as consumers. No less an authority than the Supreme Court has “made

clear[ that] when a plaintiff’s asserted injury arises from the government’s allegedly

unlawful regulation (or lack of regulation) of someone else, much more is needed” to

prove that the plaintiff has standing to sue. Arpaio v. Obama, 27 F. Supp. 3d 185, 204

(D.D.C. 2014) (citing Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 562 (emphasis in original). In

such a circumstance, the plaintiff is required to prove the alleged link between the

challenged government conduct and the plaintiff’s injury because, where the

government conduct is directed at a third party, the necessary “causation and

redressability ordinarily hinge on the response of th[at] regulated (or regulable) third

party to the government action or inaction—and perhaps on the response of others as

well[,]” Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 562 (emphasis added)—and thus, it is far

from certain that the alleged injury will necessarily follow.

       Put another way, case law makes clear that when “[t]he existence of one or more

of the essential elements of standing ‘depends on the unfettered choices made by

independent actors not before the courts and whose exercise of broad and legitimate

discretion the courts cannot presume either to control or to predict,’ the plaintiff must

‘adduce facts showing that those choices have been or will be made in such manner as

to produce causation and permit redressability of injury.’” FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at

*6 (quoting Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 562). Moreover and significantly, the

burden of proving causation and redressability in these third-party regulation cases

applies both at the summary judgment stage of the litigation and at the motion to




                                            10
dismiss stage. See, e.g., Renal Physicians, 489 F.3d at 1267 (dismissing case at the

motion to dismiss stage based on plaintiff’s failure to prove causation and redressability

where plaintiff’s injury arose from the government’s regulation of a third party); Nat’l

Wrestling Coaches Ass’n v. Dep’t of Educ., 366 F.3d 930, 939 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (same);

Food and Water Watch v. Envtl Protection Agency, 5 F. Supp. 3d 72, 73 (D.D.C. 2013)

(same).

       This all means that the causation and redressability aspects of the Article III

standing inquiry are “substantially more difficult to establish” if a third party who is not

before the court is the direct cause of the plaintiff’s alleged injury. Defenders of

Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 562 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Indeed, this

Court is aware of only two categories of cases in which courts have held that standing

exists to challenge government action when the government action regulates the

conduct of a third party and the third party’s conduct is the direct cause of the

plaintiff’s alleged injury. The first of these kinds of cases are those in which “the

challenged government action authorize[s] conduct that would otherwise [be] illegal.”

Renal Physicians, 489 F.3d at 1275. So, for example, when the challenged rule carves

out an exception to otherwise outlawed behavior (i.e., when the rule that the plaintiff

seeks to attack authorizes the third party to do something that would have been

impermissible otherwise) and the plaintiff is allegedly harmed as a result, courts have

concluded that the necessary causal link between repealing the challenged rule and

redressing the injury is established. See, e.g., Animal Legal Def. Fund, Inc. v.

Glickman, 154 F.3d 426, 445 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (holding that plaintiff proved causation

and redressability where the challenged regulation permitted primates to be kept in




                                            11
inhumane conditions, which was prohibited by statute, and plaintiff was injured by

seeing primates in inhumane conditions); see also Nat’l Wrestling Coaches Ass’n, 366

F.3d at 940 (explaining that, in this category of cases, further proof of causation and

redressability are not necessary because “the intervening choices of third parties are not

truly independent of government policy”).

       Plaintiffs here suggest that the instant case fits into this “otherwise illegal”

category of cases because, “[a]bsent the [NPIS] Rule, it would be unlawful for poultry

establishments to distribute poultry that was not subject to carcass-by-carcass federal

inspection[.]” (Pls.’ Opp’n at 23.) But this contention is a conclusion of law (so this

Court need not accept it, see Arpaio v. Obama, 27 F. Supp. 3d at 199), and it is far from

clear that the NPIS rule actually authorizes inspection-related conduct that would

otherwise be impermissible under the PPIA—indeed, that is the contested issue that

Plaintiffs asked this Court to resolve when they filed the instant complaint. Moreover,

and in any event, even if the allegedly lax nature of the NPIS inspection regime permits

slaughter establishments and federal poultry inspectors to violate the PPIA, the fact that

the rule permits such a violation is not sufficient to establish that the NPIS rule will

cause harm to Plaintiffs because, according to Plaintiffs’ allegations, the NPIS rule

authorizes under-inspection of poultry products, when eating adulterated poultry is the

act that Plaintiffs allege will cause their injury. In other words, unlike other third-party

regulation cases in the “otherwise illegal” category, the injury here does not result

directly from what the challenged regulation permits, but from what plaintiffs assert

will be an indirect consequence of what the NPIS rule allows—specifically, that the

NPIS’s easing of the “carcass-by-carcass” poultry inspection requirement will lead to




                                             12
under-inspected poultry, which, in turn, will result in more adulterated poultry entering

the stream of commerce, and this adulterated poultry is likely to be consumed by

Plaintiffs, to their physical detriment. (Compl. ¶17.) Plaintiffs have not cited any case

in this category in which a court has found that standing exists under similarly

attenuated circumstances. Consequently, this Court concludes that, where a plaintiff’s

alleged injury is not caused directly by the purportedly otherwise illegal act that the

rule has authorized but, instead, is the indirect consequence of the government’s

authorization, further evidence is needed to establish the causation element of standing.

Cf. Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 754 (1984) (“[The Supreme Court] has repeatedly

held that an asserted right to have the Government act in accordance with law is not

sufficient, standing alone, to confer jurisdiction on a federal court.”).

       The second category of third-party regulation cases in which standing is said to

exist is “where the record present[s] substantial evidence of a causal relationship

between the government policy and the third-party conduct, leaving little doubt as to

causation and the likelihood of redress.” Nat’l Wrestling Coaches Ass’n., 366 F.3d at

940. A plaintiff has standing in this second category of cases only if he or she can

show “formidable evidence” making “causation so clear that redressability inexorably

follows.” Id. at 942. And this Court has little doubt that Plaintiffs have failed to mount

the “formidable evidence” hurdle here. Painter and AFGE have offered two

affidavits—one from Plaintiff Painter and the other from AFGE president David Cox—

and in these testaments, the declarants state only that Painter and Cox consume poultry,

and that, in their experience, “federal inspection of the carcass, including viscera, of




                                             13
each bird processed is vital to protecting the health and welfare of both [themselves]

and poultry consumers.” (Decl. of Charles Stanley Painter, ECF No. 14-2, ¶ 11);

the affidavits do not speak to the likelihood that the NPIS will increase the risk that

adulterated poultry will be produced. For example, Plaintiffs not have provided

evidence that the increase in the maximum slaughter line speed will make it too

difficult for federal inspectors to conduct an adequate visual inspection of poultry

destined for consumption by Plaintiffs, such that more adulterated poultry will enter the

stream of commerce. Nor do Plaintiffs’ affidavits show that poultry establishment

employees are worse than federal inspectors at determining when poultry is adulterated,

or that the reduction in the number of federal inspectors will increase the likelihood that

adulterated poultry will leave the slaughterhouse en route to Plaintiffs’ neighborhood

fast food restaurant.

       Indeed, far from establishing a close causal connection between the NPIS and the

entry of adulterated poultry products into the marketplace, Plaintiffs have presented

only wholly unsubstantiated speculation, such as the bald assertion that the NPIS

“threatens the health and safety of [AFGE] members . . . because it prevents

government inspectors from inspecting the carcass of each bird processed by private

poultry establishments.” (Decl. of David J. Cox, Sr., ECF No. 14-1, ¶ 9; see also

Compl. ¶ 17.) Not only do such contentions seemingly conflict with the actual

experience of the FSIS during the pilot project that the agency conducted prior to its

promulgation of the NPIS rule, see FWW, 2015 WL 514389, at *4, Plaintiffs’

unsubstantiated claims also clearly fall far short of the requirement that, when the

plaintiff seeks to challenge a rule that governs third-party conduct, the evidence of




                                            14
causation and redressability must rise above conclusory assertions and enter the realm

of the formidable. See, e.g., Tozzi v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 271 F.3d 301,

311 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (holding that the plaintiffs had shown that the agency’s decision to

classify an ingredient in PVC plastic as a carcinogen substantially caused PVC

company’s lost profits where the company offered affidavits of former PVC consumers

that stated they had eliminated their use of PVC in response to the Department’s

classification); Block v. Meese, 793 F.2d 1303, 1309 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (holding that the

causation requirement was met with respect to the classification of a film as political

propaganda, where the plaintiff submitted affidavits detailing specific instances in

which potential customers declined to show the films because of their classification as

political propaganda).

       In short, Plaintiffs have provided no concrete evidence—much less substantial

evidence—that the NPIS rule will actually cause more adulterated poultry to be released

into the marketplace than would otherwise be the case. Consequently, Plaintiffs have

failed to meet their burden of proof with respect to the causation and redressability

elements of the Article III standing requirement, and this Court lacks jurisdiction to

proceed to the merits of Plaintiffs’ complaint.

III.   CONCLUSION

       Although Defendants argue fervently that this Court should rely on FWW to

dismiss the instant action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Painter and AFGE have

alleged facts that, if accepted as true, would likely satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement

for Article III standing. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 17 (“the [NPIS] Rule increases the risk

that AFGE’s employees, members, and prospective members will become ill after



                                             15
consuming poultry or poultry products.”).) However, Plaintiffs have not offered

substantial evidence demonstrating the causation and redressability components of

Article III standing with respect to their theory of injury, and it is clear beyond cavil

that they must do so because they are seeking to challenge a rule that regulates third-

party conduct. Having failed to demonstrate any causal connection whatsoever between

the new NPIS rule and an increased likelihood that poultry slaughter establishments will

produce adulterated poultry that could ultimately sicken Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs here do

not have Article III standing to challenge the rule in federal court, and this Court lacks

subject matter jurisdiction over the instant action. Accordingly, as set forth in the

accompanying order, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED. 5



DATE: July 31, 2015                             Ketanji Brown Jackson
                                                KETANJI BROWN JACKSON
                                                United States District Judge




5
  This Court need not consider whether some other theory of injury exists that would have provided
Plaintiffs with a more straightforward opportunity to establish causation and redressability, and thus
standing to sue. See, e.g., FWW, 2015 WL 514389 at *13 (noting that “[c]ertainly he who is likely to
be financially injured by an agency’s actions” has suffered an injury-in-fact) (internal quotations and
citation omitted); see also Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Emps. v. Cohen, 171 F.3d 460, 475 (7th Cir. 1999)
(holding that the maintenance of a skilled arsenal workforce necessarily entails the preservation of
federal employment opportunities; therefore, those who are at risk of losing federal employment had
suffered an injury-in-fact for the purpose of Article III and also had prudential standing because they
were arguably within the “zone of interests” of the act). Plaintiffs bear the burden of proving that they
have standing to sue, and this Court’s opinion is confined to the standing arguments that Plaintiffs have
made. See Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 561.


                                                   16
