                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 WILLIAM PRESTON WEST, JR., et al.,
   Plaintiffs,

            v.                                                       Civil No. 15-1053 (CKK)
 BAYER HEALTHCARE PHARMACEUTICALS
 INC., et al.,
   Defendants.


                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                      (February 1, 2018)

        Plaintiff William Preston West, Jr. alleges that he contracted a severe bacterial infection

after using a contaminated alcohol prep pad that was packaged with an injectable medicine

produced by Defendant Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Bayer”). Plaintiff and his

wife, Carolyn Gleason, have filed this lawsuit against Bayer, asserting causes of action for

negligence, gross negligence, failure to recall, failure to warn or instruct, strict liability, breach of

implied warranty, negligence per se, punitive damages and loss of consortium. 1 Presently

pending before the Court are Defendant Bayer’s [124] Motion to Exclude the Expert Opinions of

Paul Auwaerter, M.D. and Mark Abbruzzese, M.D., and [125] Motion for Summary Judgment.

Upon consideration of the pleadings, 2 the relevant legal authorities, and the record for the


        1
          In addition to his claims against Bayer, Plaintiff West also originally asserted a claim
against the manufacturers of the alcohol prep pads, Triad Group, Inc., Triad Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., and H&P Industries, Inc. (collectively, “Triad”). That claim was resolved through Triad’s
bankruptcy. The current action involves only Plaintiffs’ claims against Bayer.
        2
           The Court’s analysis has focused on the following documents:
             • Def.’s Mot. to Exclude the Expert Opinions of Paul Auwaerter, M.D. and Mark
                Abbruzzese, M.D., ECF No. 124 (“Def.’s Mot. to Exclude”);
             • Def.’s Mot. for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 125 (“Def.’s MSJ”);
             • Pls.’ Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 126 (“Pls.’ Opp’n to
                MSJ”);
                                                   1
purposes of these motions, the Court will DENY Defendant’s Motion to Exclude, and GRANT-

IN-PART and DENY-IN-PART Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment.

       Specifically, the Court concludes that the opinions of Plaintiffs’ experts are admissible

because they have an adequate factual basis and are sufficiently reliable. Defendant’s critiques

of those opinions bear on their weight, and can be explored through cross-examination, but they

do not render those opinions inadmissible. Largely because the Court will allow Plaintiffs to

present this expert testimony, summary judgment for Defendant is not appropriate on Plaintiff

West’s substantive claims. Summary judgment is also not appropriate on Plaintiff Gleason’s loss

of consortium claim. All parties agree that this claim is derivative of Plaintiff West’s substantive

claims, which are not being summarily adjudicated. Finally, the Court will grant Defendant

summary judgment on Plaintiff’s gross negligence and punitive damages claims, because

Plaintiffs consent to the dismissal of those claims.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Although the record before the Court is quite voluminous, the facts of this case are

actually fairly straightforward. Plaintiff William P. West has Multiple Sclerosis (“MS”).

Plaintiff was prescribed an injectable medicine called Betaseron to treat his MS. Defendant

Bayer produces Betaseron. The Betaseron injection kits distributed by Bayer contain alcohol




           •    Pls.’ Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Exclude the Expert Opinions of Paul Auwaerter, M.D.
                and Mark Abbruzzese, ECF No. 127 (“Pls.’ Opp’n to Mot. to Exclude”);
            • Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot. to Exclude the Expert Opinions of Paul Auwaerter,
                M.D. and Mark Abbruzzese, M.D., ECF No. 128 (“Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot.
                to Exclude”);
            • Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot. for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 129 (“Def.’s
                Reply in Support of MSJ”).
The Court has also reviewed all of the evidentiary material attached to these pleadings. In an
exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would not be of
assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
                                                  2
prep pads manufactured by Triad Group, Inc., Triad Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and H&P Industries,

Inc., (collectively, “Triad”). Plaintiff had been using these kits for several years prior to 2010. 3

        On the evening of December 29, 2010, after using the provided Triad alcohol prep pads,

Plaintiff self-administered his Bayer Betaseron injection. Immediately thereafter, he developed

cellulitis in his abdominal wall. Plaintiff West had to be hospitalized for an extended period.

During his hospitalization, Plaintiff had a number of cultures taken—some before and some after

Plaintiff began receiving antibiotics—but none of those cultures definitively identified the

specific bacterial source of Plaintiff’s illness.

        While in the hospital, Plaintiff received an e-mail from Bayer. The e-mail stated that

“Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals has become aware of a broad United States market recall of

alcohol prep pads . . . manufactured by the Triad Group . . . due to potential contamination of

these products with the bacteria, Bacillus cereus [“B. cereus”], that could lead to life-threatening

infections.” Pls.’ Ex. 1, ECF No. 127-3, at 1. 4 The recall warned that “Triad alcohol prep pads

packaged for use in the U.S. with Betaseron should not be used by patients.” Id. As one might

expect, Plaintiff immediately told his treating physician about this potential source of his illness.

        Plaintiffs allege in this lawsuit that Plaintiff West’s abdominal wall cellulitis was the

result of an infection caused by B. cereus bacteria that was present on the Triad alcohol pads in




        3
          Defendant’s Reply in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment is largely dedicated
to arguing that Plaintiffs’ Statement of Genuine Issues of Material Fact does not comply with
Local Civil Rule 7(h). The Court need not engage in an analysis of whether or not Plaintiffs’
Statement was proper. The Court has based the conclusions in this Memorandum Opinion on a
careful review of the record and the parties’ briefs, and any dispute about the format of the
parties’ statements of fact did not affect those conclusions.
        4
          Many of the exhibits to Plaintiffs’ two opposition briefs (one in opposition to
Defendant’s Motion to Exclude, and the other in opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary
Judgment) are the same. Citations to Plaintiffs’ exhibits in this Memorandum Opinion refer to
the exhibits attached to Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Exclude, ECF No. 127.
                                                    3
the Betaseron injection kit that he used on December 29, 2010. Plaintiffs have proffered two

expert witnesses that agree that this is the most likely explanation for Plaintiff’s illness. Dr.

Mark R. Abbruzzese is an infectious disease specialist licensed to practice in the District of

Columbia. See Pls.’ Ex. 2 (Pls.’ Preliminary Expert Witness Designations), ECF No. 127-4, at 5.

Dr. Paul G. Auwaerter is a board-certified internal medicine and infectious disease doctor who

serves as the Clinical Director of the Division of Infectious Diseases at Johns Hopkins Medicine

and is a professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Id. at 8. Both

experts have lengthy, relevant and impressive backgrounds relating to infectious diseases. See

Pls.’ Ex. 5 (Abbruzzese Curriculum Vitae), ECF No. 127-7; Pls.’ Ex. 6 (Auwaerter Curriculum

Vitae), ECF No. 127-8.

       Dr. Abbruzzese treated Plaintiff during and after his hospitalization, and is expected to

testify that, based on his expertise with infectious diseases, and “Plaintiff’s clinical history and

presentation, including the nature and severity of his infection and its sequelae . . . Plaintiff’s

abdominal wall cellulitis was caused by Bacillus cereus.” Pls.’ Ex. 2 at 6; Depo. of Dr. Mark

Abbruzzese, ECF No. 127-9 (“Abbruzzese Depo.”), at 292:21-293:17 (testifying that “with a

great deal of certainty, and I’m not sure what the metric is that you need, the answer is, of

course” Plaintiff had a B. cereus infection). Dr. Abbruzzese initially diagnosed Plaintiff with

cellulitis caused by an infection secondary to his self-injection with Betaseron, but did not

specify the exact bacteria that caused this condition. See Abbruzzese Depo. at 163:4-11. While

he was still in the hospital being treated by Dr. Abbruzzese, Plaintiff received the e-mail from

Defendant Bayer warning users about the potential B. cereus contamination in Triad alcohol prep

pads. Id. at 38:7-39:6. Plaintiff told Dr. Abbruzzese this information, id., which, in combination

with other factors, led Dr. Abbruzzese to conclude that B. cereus may have caused Plaintiff’s



                                                  4
infection, see, e.g., id. at 104:6-105:7, 286:2-290:21. Dr. Abbruzzese noted at the time that a B.

cereus infection would explain Plaintiff’s ailments, id. at 207:15-19, and recorded it in his

records alongside two questions marks, id. at 203:18-22. He testified that he did not confirm

Plaintiff had been infected with B. cereus with a culture because by the time he learned of the

potential contamination, Plaintiff had already received antibiotics that would prevent the bacteria

from being cultured. Id. at 39:23-40:12. Dr. Abbruzzese did not change Plaintiff’s treatment

plan when he learned of the potential contamination, because the drug Plaintiff was already

prescribed at that point was effective against B. cereus. Id. 209:18-210:8 (testifying that he did

not change Plaintiff’s treatment plan after learning about the potential contamination because

Plaintiff was already on “Avelox, which kills Bacillus cereus historically in the laboratory”).

Plaintiff’s infection cleared up.

       In short, a fair summary of Dr. Abbruzzese’s testimony is that he does not have evidence

that definitively proves that Plaintiff’s infection was caused by B. cereus (e.g., a culture

indicating that the bacteria existed in Plaintiff’s system), nor can he definitively and absolutely

prove that other bacteria (e.g., streptococcus or staphylococcus) were not the cause. However,

based on Plaintiff’s symptoms, history and clinical presentation—including the fact that

Plaintiff’s infection began immediately after he used a Triad alcohol prep pad and injected

himself with Betaseron; that Plaintiff had not previously had serious complications from using

these pads or injections in the past; and that the one time Plaintiff became infected after using

them he was subsequently told that the alcohol prep pads were potentially linked to a B. cereus

contamination—Dr. Abbruzzese concluded at the time he was treating Plaintiff that B. cereus

was a possible cause of his patient’s condition, and has since concluded that it is more likely than

not that B. cereus was the culprit.



                                                  5
        Dr. Auwaerter’s opinion is similar. Dr. Auwaerter is expected to testify that, having

reviewed Plaintiff’s medical records, Plaintiff’s illness was “highly likely due to infection

introduced by contaminated alcohol prep pads that failed to cleanse skin surface and introduced

high burden of an infectious pathogen that was likely due to Bacillus species.” Pls.’ Ex. 3 (Dr.

Auwaerter Expert Report), ECF No. 127-5, at 3; Depo. of Dr. Paul Auwaerter, ECF No. 127-10

(“Auwaerter Depo”), at 207:11-12 (“I would just say more likely than not, bacillus cereus”). Dr.

Auwaerter’s conclusions largely mirror those of Dr. Abbruzzese. To summarize, Dr. Auwaerter

concedes that his conclusions are not based on cultures, microbiological data or test results that

might conclusively “prove” the cause of Plaintiff’s illness, and that it is possible that Plaintiff’s

symptoms could have been consistent with other types of infections. However, based on a host

of factors—including the fact that Plaintiff’s clinical presentation, symptoms, and development

throughout treatment were consistent with a B. cereus infection, the temporal proximity between

Plaintiff’s self-injection and his illness, the fact that Plaintiff had not had injection-related

infections in the past, and the fact that, according to the recall e-mail, the Triad alcohol pad

Plaintiff had used immediately prior to his infection may have been contaminated with B.

cereus—Dr. Auwaerter concluded that B. cereus was the most likely cause.

        Defendant has moved the Court to exclude the expert testimony of Drs. Abbruzzese and

Auwaerter, and has also moved for summary judgment. Both of those motions have been fully

briefed and are now ripe for resolution.

                                     II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Motion to Exclude Expert Testimony

        Federal Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admission of expert testimony. That rule

states that: “[a] witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or



                                                   6
education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert’s scientific,

technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or

to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the

testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably

applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.” Fed. R. Evid. 702. The trial judge

has “considerable leeway in deciding in a particular case how to go about determining whether

particular expert testimony is reliable.” Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152

(1999).

          The Court’s application of Rule 702 is informed by the Supreme Court’s opinion in

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). “Under Daubert, the district court is

required to address two questions, first whether the expert’s testimony is based on ‘scientific

knowledge,’ and second, whether the testimony ‘will assist the trier of fact to understand or

determine a fact in issue.’” Meister v. Med. Eng’g Corp., 267 F.3d 1123, 1126 (D.C. Cir. 2001)

(quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592). “The first inquiry forces the court to focus on ‘principles

and methodology, not on the conclusions that they generate,’” and “demands a grounding in the

methods and procedures of science, rather than subjective belief or unsupported speculation.” Id.

at 1127 (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590, 595). “While rejecting a requirement of scientific

certainty, the Supreme Court instructed that ‘in order to qualify as “scientific knowledge,” an

inference or assertion must be derived by the scientific method. Proposed testimony must be

supported by appropriate validation—i.e., “good grounds,” based on what is known.’” Id.

(quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590).

          In short, the Court is intended to perform a “gatekeeping” role and engage in “‘a

preliminary assessment of whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is



                                                   7
scientifically valid and of whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the

facts in issue.’” Ambrosini v. Labarraque, 101 F.3d 129, 133 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting Daubert,

509 U.S. at 592-93). “[T]he proponents of [expert] evidence . . . bear the burden to prove that

the expert testimony is reliable by a preponderance of the evidence.” Arias v. DynCorp, 928 F.

Supp. 2d 10, 17 (D.D.C. 2013).

B. Motion for Summary Judgment

       Summary judgment is appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(a). The mere existence of some factual dispute is insufficient on its own to bar

summary judgment; the dispute must pertain to a “material” fact. Id. Accordingly, “[o]nly

disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will

properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.

242, 248 (1986). Nor may summary judgment be avoided based on just any disagreement as to

the relevant facts; the dispute must be “genuine,” meaning that there must be sufficient

admissible evidence for a reasonable trier of fact to find for the non-movant. Id.

       In order to establish that a fact is or cannot be genuinely disputed, a party must (a) cite to

specific parts of the record—including deposition testimony, documentary evidence, affidavits or

declarations, or other competent evidence—in support of its position, or (b) demonstrate that the

materials relied upon by the opposing party do not actually establish the absence or presence of a

genuine dispute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). Conclusory assertions offered without any factual

basis in the record cannot create a genuine dispute sufficient to survive summary judgment. See

Ass’n of Flight Attendants-CWA, AFL-CIO v. Dep’t of Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465-66 (D.C. Cir.

2009). Moreover, where “a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly



                                                 8
address another party’s assertion of fact,” the district court may “consider the fact undisputed for

purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).

       When faced with a motion for summary judgment, the district court may not make

credibility determinations or weigh the evidence; instead, the evidence must be analyzed in the

light most favorable to the non-movant, with all justifiable inferences drawn in its favor. Liberty

Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255. If material facts are genuinely in dispute, or undisputed facts are

susceptible to divergent yet justifiable inferences, summary judgment is inappropriate. Moore v.

Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2009). In the end, the district court’s task is to determine

“whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or

whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Liberty Lobby, 477

U.S. at 251-52. In this regard, the non-movant must “do more than simply show that there is

some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith

Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). “If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not

significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50

(internal citations omitted).

                                       III. DISCUSSION

       The arguments relating to Defendant’s two pending motions overlap considerably. The

Court will first address Defendant’s motion to exclude Plaintiffs’ proffered expert testimony.




                                                  9
The outcome of that motion has a substantial impact on Defendant’s motion for summary

judgment, which the Court will then address in the latter half of this Memorandum Opinion.

A. Defendant’s Motion to Exclude the Expert Opinions of Paul Auwaerter, M.D. and
   Mark Abbruzzese, M.D.

       The Court will deny Defendant’s motion to exclude the testimony of Plaintiffs’ expert

witnesses, Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter. 5 The parties’ dispute with respect to the testimony

of these witnesses focuses not on their qualifications or relevance, but on the factual basis and

reliability of their opinions. Defendant argues that—for a wide variety of reasons—the manner

in which Plaintiffs’ proffered experts reached their conclusions about the most likely cause of

Plaintiff West’s illness was so fundamentally flawed and unreliable that a jury cannot be allowed

to hear those conclusions at all. The Court disagrees. Despite arguments that may affect the

weight of their testimony, both experts’ opinions are sufficiently reliable to survive Defendant’s

Daubert challenge. 6

       The Court begins by clarifying the basis of the proffered experts’ opinions. Although

Defendant attempts to portray Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter’s opinions about the likely cause



       5
          The Court has considered the pleadings and the record as a whole and determined that
no hearing is necessary to resolve Defendant’s motion to exclude the testimony of Plaintiffs’
experts. “It is well established that a court is not required to hold an evidentiary hearing
regarding the admissibility of expert testimony.” United States v. Jones, 918 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7
(D.D.C. 2013) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
        6
          Defendant disputes a number of the factual statements in the background section of
Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Exclude. See Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot. to
Exclude at 2-3. The Court need not resolve these disputes, as they are irrelevant to the resolution
of any motion before the Court. The Court notes in particular that in a footnote in their
Opposition brief, Plaintiffs stated that “[t]he contaminated Triad pads were ultimately linked to a
number of deaths and many serious injuries throughout the country.” Pls.’ Opp’n to Mot. to
Exclude at 4 n.1. Defendant has pointed out that the exhibit Plaintiffs reference in this footnote
does not actually support this assertion, and Plaintiffs have not otherwise provided the Court
with support for it. The Court has reviewed this exhibit and agrees with Defendant that it does
not support Plaintiffs’ statement regarding injuries and deaths. The Court has not considered that
statement in reaching the conclusions in this Memorandum Opinion.
                                                 10
of Plaintiff West’s illness as being based on nothing more than their “ipse dixit,” Def.’s Mot. to

Exclude at 2, a careful review of the record belies this assertion. As Plaintiffs aptly summarize,

Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter’s opinions are actually based on “their extensive knowledge of

infectious diseases and associated medical literature and scientific knowledge, their clinical

experience in treating infectious diseases, the information contained in Mr. West’s medical

records, the information contained in the recall notice identifying B. cereus as the potential

contaminant of the Triad alcohol prep pads and the temporal relationship between Mr. West’s

exposure and symptoms.” Pls.’ Opp’n to Mot. to Exclude at 7. In other words, Plaintiffs’

experts are infectious disease doctors who have applied their education, experience and

knowledge of infectious diseases to the information available to them about a patient and, based

on that information, have chosen what they believe is the most likely cause of that patient’s

illness over all other possibilities. This type of medical diagnosis—while obviously not

infallible—is a reliable, scientific manner of generating an expert opinion. See Westberry v.

Gislaved Gummi AB, 178 F.3d 257, 262 (4th Cir. 1999) (holding that the practice of “identifying

the cause of a medical problem by eliminating the likely causes until the most probable one is

isolated” based on, among other things, “physical examinations” and “the taking of medical

histories” is a valid foundation for an expert opinion). Indeed, Defendant does not seem to

challenge the basic premise that, as a general matter, a medical doctor can give an expert

opinion of this nature. See Def.’s Mot. to Exclude at 7 (“physicians rely upon the clinical

presentation coupled with the treating physician’s knowledge of likely pathogens.”).

       Defendant does, however, challenge the manner in which Drs. Abbruzzese and

Auwaerter reached their conclusions in this particular case. Defendant does so on a number of

grounds, which the Court will now address. First, both doctors testified during their depositions



                                                 11
that they chose B. cereus as the most likely cause of Plaintiff West’s illness in part because they

were informed that Plaintiff had used a Triad alcohol prep pad immediately before the onset of

his symptoms, and that, based on a recall notice Plaintiff received via e-mail during his hospital

stay, there was a known risk (although not a certainty) that those pads were contaminated with B.

cereus. Defendant contends that this aspect of their testimony runs afoul of Federal Rule of

Evidence 407. Rule 407 states that “[w]hen measures are taken that would have made an earlier

injury or harm less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to

prove negligence, culpable conduct, a defect in a product or its design, or a need for a warning or

instruction.” Fed. R. Evid. 407. Defendant argues that the recall e-mail Bayer sent Plaintiff was

a subsequent remedial measure, and accordingly evidence of the recall is inadmissible.

Defendant claims that “Plaintiff’s experts cannot rely upon an inadmissible subsequent remedial

measure.” Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot. to Exclude at 13.

       Even assuming that Defendant is correct that the recall is inadmissible at trial, the Court

sees nothing problematic with this aspect of the doctors’ opinions. In the context of Defendant’s

motion to exclude expert testimony, Defendant’s focus on Rule 407 is misguided, because the

admissibility of the recall e-mail is irrelevant. Defendant’s focus should instead be on Rule 703,

which states that “[a]n expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has

been made aware of or personally observed,” and “[i]f experts in the particular field would

reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they need

not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted.” Fed. R. Evid. 703 (emphasis added).

       Accordingly, the question before the Court—for the purposes of Defendant’s Daubert

motion—is not whether the information about the possible B. cereus contamination in the recall

e-mail is admissible. It need not be. Instead, the question is whether infectious disease doctors



                                                12
diagnosing a patient would consider the information conveyed by that e-mail when rendering a

diagnosis. Based on the deposition testimony of both doctors, the Court is satisfied that this is

the case. See, e.g., Abbruzzese Depo. at 289:11-18 (testifying that “any reasonable doctor”

would want to know this information when treating a patient); id. at 296:11-297:2 (in response to

question about considering the information in the recall e-mail, testifying that “whenever you

have access to new pieces of information, it’s just important that you add it. You can’t ignore

it”); id. at 300:16-301:2 (“we did get that information. And that’s the point of the whole

business. That information is there. And I can’t ignore it as you formulate a true bona fide

medical opinion”); Auwaerter Depo. at 180:21-181:1 (indicating that if doctors became aware of

the information in the recall notice, B. cereus would go to “the top of their list”). Accordingly,

even assuming Defendant is correct that Rule 407 renders evidence of the recall e-mail

inadmissible, that does not mean that there is anything improper about Plaintiffs’ experts’ partial

reliance on information that they learned about through that e-mail. See Pineda v. Ford Motor

Co., 520 F.3d 237, 246-47 (3d Cir. 2008) (holding that the district court erred by “conflat[ing]

the separate issues of whether [a recall] itself can be admitted into evidence [despite Rule 407]

and whether [an expert’s] opinion can be admitted if it is based on a consideration of the [recall]”

under the requirements of Rule 703). 7

       Relatedly, Defendant also complains about Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter’s

consideration of the potential contamination discussed in the recall e-mail because the doctors



       7
          In a footnote, Defendant states that “Courts have also barred expert testimony that is
based on subsequent remedial measures.” Def.’s MSJ at 12 n.8. The Court has reviewed the
opinions cited by Defendant. The district court opinions are unpublished orders on motions in
limine from districts outside of this Circuit, which contain very little analysis at all. To the
extent they could be interpreted as reaching conclusions contrary to this Memorandum Opinion,
the Court does not find them persuasive. The opinion cited by Defendant from the Fourth
Circuit Court of Appeals actually supports the Court’s analysis in this case. In Wehling v.
                                                 13
did not themselves conduct investigations to “learn about the details of the recall,” or determine

with certainty that “Mr. West’s alcohol pads specifically were in fact contaminated.” Def.’s

Mot. to Exclude at 1-2 (emphasis added). The Court is not persuaded that these points render the

proffered expert opinions inadmissible, although they may be fair game for cross-examination.

Based on the depositions of Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter, the Court concludes that doctors in

their field would reasonably rely on the information relayed by the recall e-mail as one factor to

be considered when formulating a diagnosis, despite the fact that they have not confirmed with

one-hundred percent certainty that the particular product their patient had used was in fact

contaminated. This aspect of the experts’ methodology does not strike the Court as so

unfounded or unreliable that exclusion is necessary. The Court notes that Dr. Auwaerter testified

that, given the passage of time (many years), he doubted whether attempting to test Plaintiff’s

particular alcohol pads for B. cereus would be a fruitful exercise at all. See Auwaerter Depo. at

35:23-36:1. Dr. Auwaerter’s doubt is lent some credence by the fact that Defendant itself also

retains some Triad pads, and has also opted not to test them. See Depo. of Suzanne

Bunthuwong, ECF No. 127-12, at 114:12-18. Also, while Dr. Auwaerter may not have

determined that Plaintiff West’s prep pads were definitely among those contaminated, he did

testify that he concluded Plaintiff’s prep pads were likely to have been contaminated because he

reviewed an article that stated that “the majority” of alcohol prep pads involved in the recall had

tested positive for contamination. See Auwaerter Depo. at 33:16-24; Pls.’ Ex. 9, ECF No. 127-

11 at 3 (“B. cereus and other Bacillus species were consistently cultured from the internal



Sandoz Pharm. Corp., 162 F.3d 1158 (4th Cir. 1998), the court held that an expert’s opinion was
not based on valid methodology and reasoning where he based his opinion on a subsequent
relabeling of a drug, but only because, in that case, the relabeling was not “the type of
subsequent remedial measure reasonably relied upon by experts in the field in forming their
opinions or inferences.” Id. at *4. In this case, the Court has reached the opposite conclusion.
                                                14
contents of 8 of the 10 lots of the Triad nonsterile APPs”). Defendant argues that this conclusion

“cannot survive scrutiny,” Def.’s Mot. to Exclude at 19, and perhaps the jury will agree. But the

Court concludes that such issues go to the weight of the proffered experts’ conclusions, not to

their admissibility.

        A second overarching argument raised by Defendant is that Plaintiffs’ experts do not

have conclusive medical proof that Plaintiff was infected with B. cereus, such as “cultures” or

“microbiological data.” Although Defendant may inquire about this point during cross-

examination, it is not a reason to exclude these witnesses’ testimony altogether. At their

depositions, both experts testified that the absence of such evidence is routine and does not mean

that Plaintiff did not have a B. cereus infection. See, e.g., Auwaerter Depo. at 82:12-22

(testifying that the absence of such evidence “would not be viewed as evidence that it’s not

bacillus cereus infection” and “would not be unusual”); id. at 85:5-11 (testifying that a patient

not culturing positive “is not unusual with cellulitis”); id. at 86:2-3 (“generally cellulitis often

doesn’t have positive cultures”); Abbruzzese Depo. at 72:11-15 (agreeing that “cultures don’t

always identify the causative etiologic agent for an infectious cellulitis”); id. at 288:15-23

(“culturing is such an imperfect world today . . . culturing isn’t the answer”). According to the

doctors, this is especially so for those cultures that were taken after Plaintiff started to receive

antibiotics, which can prevent B. cereus from growing in a culture. See, e.g., Abbruzzese Depo.

at 41:18-42:10. Where two highly experienced and knowledgeable infectious disease doctors

opine about the most likely bacterial cause of a patient’s infectious disease based on all of the

facts surrounding his history and clinical presentation, those opinions are not subject to exclusion




                                                  15
simply because they are not also confirmed by tests that definitively prove the presence of that

bacteria.

        Third, Defendant argues that the experts in this case did not rely on scientific or medical

literature to support their conclusions. As an initial matter, it is not clear to the Court that

Defendant is correct with respect to Dr. Auwaerter. Dr. Auwaerter’s report cites two published

articles. Pls.’ Ex. 3 at 3. Regardless, even accepting Defendant’s argument that, for the most

part, the experts’ conclusions are not based on medical literature, such literature is not necessary

to render a medical expert’s opinion admissible. Defendant “does not dispute” this point. Def.’s

Reply in Support of Mot. to Exclude at 6. This is especially so in a case like this one where,

given the apparent rarity of self-injection related infections, see Abbruzzese Depo. at 90:13-18

(testifying that a patient-administered self-injection conducted in a sterile fashion has a “real

close” to zero percent chance of resulting in an infection); Auwaerter Depo. at 212:4-5 (injection

related infections are “something we don’t see very commonly”), scientific literature on the topic

would reasonably be expected to be limited. See Pipitone v. Biomatrix, Inc., 288 F.3d 239, 246

(5th Cir. 2002) (holding that district court erred by excluding expert testimony regarding cause

of infection, stating that “[t]he lack of literature on injection-related salmonella infections of the

joint does not undermine Dr. Coco’s hypothesis,” especially because, given the rarity of the

infection at issue, “it is difficult to see why a scientist would study this phenomenon.”). Like

Defendant’s other arguments, its argument regarding supporting literature goes to the weight of

the experts’ opinions, and can be used to probe and critique their testimony at trial, but does not

render that testimony inadmissible.

        A fourth argument for exclusion raised by Defendant is that neither of Plaintiffs’ experts

have been able to conclusively rule out every other possible cause of Plaintiff West’s symptoms.



                                                  16
The Court rejects this argument as well. Even if the experts were unable to narrow the potential

list of causes of Plaintiff’s illness to one, this is not fatal to the admissibility of their opinions.

Both experts opined that, despite the theoretical possibility that Plaintiff’s illness was caused by

something else, the culprit was more likely than not B. cereus. As both parties agree, “more

likely than not” is as certain as an expert needs to be to pass the threshold of admissibility. See

Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot. to Exclude at 16 (“it is true that Plaintiffs’ Experts must offer

their opinions to a ‘more likely than not’ standard to be admissible”); see also Psychiatric Inst. of

Washington v. Allen, 509 A.2d 619, 624 (D.C. 1986) (“The expert need only state an opinion,

based on a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that the defendant’s negligence is more likely

than anything else to have been the cause (or a cause) of the plaintiff’s injuries.”). Absolute

certainty in a causation opinion is not necessary. See Mendes-Silva v. United States, 980 F.2d

1482, 1488 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (holding that the fact “that no scientific evidence exists

which conclusively establishes [a] causal link” is not a “bar to the admissibility of . .

. expert opinion on causation.”) (emphasis in original). Stated differently, the fact that other

potential causes for Plaintiff’s illness cannot be definitively ruled out does not preclude

Plaintiffs’ experts from testifying about what they conclude is the most likely of the remaining

possible causes. See Bell v. Gonzales, No. CIV.A. 03-163 (JDB), 2005 WL 3555490, at *17

(D.D.C. Dec. 23, 2005) (“failure to eliminate several possible causes ‘goes to the weight rather

than the admissibility of [the] testimony.’”) (quoting Ambrosini, 101 F.3d at 140); Lakie v.

SmithKline Beecham, 965 F. Supp. 49, 57 (D.D.C. 1997) (“an expert must not eliminate each and

every possible alternative cause”).

        Moreover, it is not as though the experts in this case did not narrow the list of possible

causes at all. To the contrary, the list was narrowed considerably. As Defendant notes, cellulitis



                                                    17
“can be caused by a wide variety of bacteria or other agents.” Def.’s Mot. to Exclude at 3 n.2.

Defendant has offered two potential bacterial causes other than B. cereus that Plaintiffs’ experts

concede could potentially have caused Plaintiff West’s illness (streptococcus and

staphylococcus), but it appears that the various other potential causes of cellulitis were ruled out.

Within the potential bacterial causes, the doctors chose B. cereus and provided reasoning for

doing so. Dr. Auwaerter testified—although perhaps not in particularly strong terms—that

various aspects of Plaintiff’s symptoms were not consistent with the other potential bacterial

causes Defendant has proffered. See Auwaerter Depo. at 157:23 (describing Plaintiff’s

symptoms as “relatively inconsistent” with streptococcus and staphylococcus). And both doctors

also considered that Plaintiff had just used Triad alcohol prep pads before contracting his

infection, which were potentially contaminated with B. cereus, a bacteria that would cause

symptoms consistent with Plaintiff’s clinical presentation. Again, the issue of other possible

causes can be explored before the jury. The jury can weigh this issue when they consider the

import of the experts’ conclusions.

       Fifth, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs’ experts based their opinions solely on the

temporal proximity between Plaintiff’s use of the Triad alcohol prep pad and the onset of his

infection. Defendant argues that “[a]n expert’s opinion that is supported by nothing more than a

temporal relationship cannot pass muster under Daubert.” Def.’s Mot. to Exclude at 20 (internal

quotation omitted). As is hopefully clear by this point in the Court’s Memorandum Opinion, the

experts in this case did not rely solely on “temporal proximity.” As described in more detail

above, Plaintiffs’ experts have based their opinions on, among other things, Plaintiff’s history,

symptoms and the information in the recall e-mail regarding the potential B. cereus

contamination. To the extent Plaintiffs’ experts also relied on timing as one of the reasons for



                                                 18
their conclusions, this was not improper or, frankly, surprising. See Heller v. Shaw Indus., Inc.,

167 F.3d 146, 158 (3d Cir. 1999) (“when the temporal relationship is strong and is part of a

standard differential diagnosis, it would fulfill many of the Daubert[ ] factors”); Arias, 928 F.

Supp. 2d at 21 (“An expert may . . . rely on a temporal relationship between the exposure to a

toxin and onset of symptoms to form a specific causation opinion.”). The doctors’ reliance on

temporal proximity as one of a constellation of factors they considered when determining

causation in this particular case is especially appropriate, given the extremely close proximity

between the time Plaintiff West used the potentially contaminated Triad alcohol prep pad and the

onset of his infection.

       Sixth, although Defendant concedes that “a physician may rely on her or his own clinical

experience, if relevant and sufficient, as one basis for expert opinion,” Def.’s Reply in Support of

Mot. to Exclude at 7, Defendant argues that Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter do not have

sufficient clinical experience upon which to base their conclusions. This argument lacks merit.

Both doctors are infectious disease specialists with extensive experience with infectious

cellulitis—the condition Plaintiff suffered from—in particular. Defendant stresses the doctors’

relative lack of experience treating B. cereus strains in particular, especially those in “intact skin”

or “soft tissue.” Def.’s Mot. to Exclude at 9, 12. But to require, merely to pass the threshold of

admissibility, that Plaintiff put forth experts who have extensive experience not just with

infectious cellulitis generally, but with the exact bacterial strain and circumstances at issue, is too

much. Defendant is free to cross examine Plaintiffs’ witnesses at trial on their clinical

experience (e.g., how many patients with the exact same condition as Plaintiff have they treated,




                                                  19
how well they remember those instances, differences between those patients and Mr. West, etc.)

but the Court will not prevent these witnesses from testifying altogether on this basis.

          Seventh, Defendant argues that Dr. Abbruzzese’s conclusion that Plaintiff’s illness was

most likely caused by B. cereus is unreliable because it is “radically different” than his

conclusion during his care of Plaintiff—that B. cereus was a possible cause of that illness. Def.’s

Mot. to Exclude at 7; Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot. to Exclude at 9. The Court disagrees that

Dr. Abbruzzese’s initial opinion and his current opinion are “radically different.” Def.’s Reply

in Support of Mot. to Exclude at 9. At most, he appears to merely have increased his certainty

about the role of B. cereus in Plaintiff’s illness. Defendant claims that the development of Dr.

Abbruzzese’s opinion “by definition . . . indicates that he is not using the same level of

intellectual rigor in this litigation as he did in practice.” Def.’s Mot. to Exclude at 22. This

argument simply does not follow. Although Defendant is free to question Dr. Abbruzzese during

cross-examination about why he became more certain that B. cereus was the culprit in the time

between when he made his initial note and when he provided an opinion for this litigation, the

Court sees no reason to conclude that his current opinion demonstrates any lack of “intellectual

rigor.”

          Defendant raises various other critiques of Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter’s opinions

and statements they made during their depositions. The Court has considered all of those

critiques and is not persuaded that any of them call for exclusion. Defendant argues that one

statement in Dr. Abbruzzese’s deposition testimony—that Plaintiff had received antibiotics

before certain of his cultures were taken—is factually incorrect. Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot.

to Exclude at 3-4. Defendant argues that when asked a particular question about cultures and B.

cereus, “Dr. Abbruzzese admitted he did not know.” Id. at 4. Defendant argues that one



                                                 20
statement Dr. Auwaerter made during his deposition is “at odds with what he has published on

this very question.” Id. And Defendant argues that Dr. Auwaerter and Dr. Abbruzzese may

disagree on certain points. Def.’s Mot. to Exclude at 11 n.5. The Court’s answer to all of these

arguments is the same: they are possible (and, indeed, fairly traditional) avenues of cross-

examination and impeachment and go merely to the weight of the experts’ opinions.

       In sum, despite the large volume of arguments raised by Defendant, the Court is not

persuaded that the testimony of Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter should be excluded. All of

Defendant’s arguments regarding the proffered experts’ testimony go to weight, not

admissibility, and should be explored before the jury. To the extent Defendant views this expert

testimony as unpersuasive, “[v]igorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and

careful instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and appropriate means of attacking

shaky but admissible evidence.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596. Defendant’s motion to exclude is

DENIED.

B. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment

       Defendant’s motion for summary judgment relies on many of the same arguments that

underpin its motion to exclude. In large part, this motion will also be denied. However, the

Court will grant Defendant’s summary judgment motion to the extent it is not contested. In its

motion, Defendant argued that it was entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff West’s gross

negligence and punitive damages claims. Def.’s MSJ at 14-19. Plaintiffs consent to the




                                                21
dismissal of these claims. Pls.’ Opp’n to MSJ at 7. Accordingly, Defendant is granted summary

judgment on these claims, and they are dismissed. 8

       Beyond that, however, the Court is not convinced that summary judgment is appropriate.

Defendant’s summary judgment motion presents two arguments: (1) that Plaintiffs have no

evidence of causation, which is a required element of all of Plaintiff West’s substantive claims,

and (2) that Plaintiff Gleason’s loss of consortium claim must fail because its success depends on

the success of Plaintiff West’s claims. The Court will address each in turn.

           1. Causation with Respect to Plaintiff West’s Claims

       Defendant argues that “Plaintiffs cannot make [the] requisite showing” of causation

because “[n]o expert has come forward with a reliable opinion, based on actual evidence, to

prove Mr. West had a B. cereus induced illness or that Bayer’s injection kit even contained a B.

cereus-infected alcohol prep pad.” Def’s. MSJ at 6. It is Defendant’s position that “Plaintiffs’

infectious disease experts have no evidence of causation except for the temporal relationship

between Mr. West’s illness and the events that gave rise to the recall of Triad alcohol prep pads,”

and “a temporal relationship, without more, is insufficient to prove causation.” Id. at 6-7.

       The Court disagrees and concludes that there is sufficient evidence of causation in this

case to allow it to proceed to trial. 9 Most importantly, the Court has determined that two expert

witnesses will be allowed to opine that, in their medical opinion as infectious disease doctors, the

most likely cause of Plaintiff’s illness was an infection of B. cereus from his use of Triad alcohol



       8
          Plaintiffs also agree with Defendant that the law of the District of Columbia applies to
this matter. Pls.’ Opp’n to MSJ at 7.
        9
          Defendant points out that Plaintiffs have not elicited causation opinions from other
physicians—Dr. Justin McArthur and Dr. Assil Saleh—who treated Plaintiff West and have been
disclosed as experts, Def.’s MSJ at 7 n.3, but this is not surprising given that neither of these
doctors are infectious disease specialists, like Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter, see Pls.’ Ex. 2 at
2-4, 7.
                                                22
prep pads. As discussed in more detail above, Dr. Abbruzzese will testify that, based on his

expertise with infectious diseases, and “Plaintiff’s clinical history and presentation, including the

nature and severity of his infection and its sequelae . . . Plaintiff’s abdominal wall cellulitis was

caused by Bacillus cereus.” Pls.’ Ex. 2 at 6. Dr. Auwaerter will testify that, having reviewed

Plaintiff’s medical records, Plaintiff’s illness was “highly likely due to infection introduced by

contaminated alcohol prep pads that failed to cleanse skin surface and introduced high burden of

an infectious pathogen that was likely due to Bacillus species.” Pls.’ Ex. 3 at 3. The testimony

of these experts is sufficient to create a genuine question of material fact about whether or not

Plaintiff West’s illness was caused by a B. cereus infection due to contaminated Triad alcohol

prep pads. See Ambrosini, 101 F.3d at 141 (reversing grant of summary judgment because

expert testimony on causation provided sufficient evidence to raise a question of material fact

regarding causation).

       Moreover, Plaintiffs have presented circumstantial evidence of causation. See Doe v.

U.S. Postal Serv., 317 F.3d 339, 343 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“we generally draw no distinction

between the probative value of direct and circumstantial evidence.”). There is evidence that

Plaintiff had used Betaseron injections and Triad alcohol prep pads for a number of years

without incident before this infection. See, e.g., Abbruzzese Depo. at 297:3-10; Auwaerter

Depo. at 97:4-15; Pls.’ Ex. 11., ECF No. 127-13. There is evidence that certain Triad alcohol

prep pads were discovered to be contaminated with B. cereus. See, e.g., Pls.’ Ex. 9 at 3 (“B.

cereus and other Bacillus species were consistently cultured from the internal contents of 8 of the

10 lots of the Triad nonsterile APPs”); Auwaerter Depo. at 33:16-34:11. There is evidence that

Plaintiff fell ill immediately after using the Triad alcohol prep pads provided in his Betaseron

injection kit on December 29, 2010. See, e.g., Depo. of William P. West, Jr., ECF No. 127-14, at



                                                 23
33:19-35:5. There is evidence that Plaintiff’s symptoms were consistent with a B. cereus

infection. See, e.g., Auwaerter Depo. at 208:2 (testifying that Plaintiff’s illness was “very

consistent” with a B. cereus infection). There is evidence that absent a bacterial contamination,

the chances that a patient would become infected from self-injecting Betaseron is very low. See,

e.g., Abbruzzese Depo. at 90:13-18; Auwaerter Depo. at 212:4-5. There is evidence that

Plaintiff’s infection cleared up after receiving medicine that has been proven to kill B. cereus.

See, e.g., Abbruzzese Depo. at 209:18-210:8. Putting all of these pieces together, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs and drawing all reasonable inferences for them,

the Court concludes that there is a genuine factual dispute as to whether Plaintiff West contracted

a B. cereus infection from using a Triad alcohol prep pad. Summary judgment will accordingly

be denied.

       The Court notes that this conclusion does not rest on the admissibility of the recall e-mail

Bayer sent to Plaintiff. The Court assumes for the purposes of this Memorandum Opinion that

the recall e-mail was a subsequent remedial measure—a point Plaintiffs do not seem to dispute—

and accordingly Plaintiffs will not be able to present that e-mail at trial for the purpose of

arguing to the jury that Defendant acted negligently or culpably, that there was a defect in

Defendant’s product, or that Defendant should have provided a warning or instruction. Fed. R.

Evid. 407; see also Velazquez v. Abbott Labs., 901 F. Supp. 2d 279, 291 (D.P.R. 2012) (“Recall

notices . . . that are issued after an accident or injury are considered to be subsequent remedial

measures under Rule 407.”) (collecting cases). But this assumption does not affect the

conclusions in this Memorandum Opinion. The only way in which the recall e-mail is relevant

to the Court’s decision today is that the Court has determined that Plaintiffs’ experts may rely on

the information conveyed by that recall as one basis of their opinions. As explained above, this



                                                  24
is allowable under the Federal Rules of Evidence regardless of whether the recall e-mail itself is

admissible. Whether the e-mail is presented to the jury, what arguments can be made about it,

and the potential necessity for an instruction limiting how the jury is to consider it, are all issues

that can be resolved at a later point, presumably with motions in limine on the eve of trial. These

issues do not, however, affect the outcome of Defendant’s pending motions.

         2. Plaintiff Gleason’s Loss of Consortium Claim

       Both parties agree that Plaintiff Gleason’s loss of consortium claim is derivative of

Plaintiff West’s substantive claims. Def.’s MSJ at 19; Pls.’ Opp’n to MSJ at 28. Because

summary judgment is not appropriate with respect to Plaintiff West’s claims, it is also

inappropriate with respect to Plaintiff Gleason’s loss of consortium claim.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

       In sum, the Court will DENY Defendant’s motion to exclude Plaintiffs’ experts on

causation, and will GRANT-IN-PART and DENY-IN-PART Defendant’s motion for summary

judgment. The Court is satisfied that Drs. Abbruzzese and Auwaerter can provide the jury with

reliable scientific opinions about what they, as infectious disease doctors, view as the most likely

cause of Plaintiff West’s illness. This is so despite their inability to prove their conclusions with

one-hundred percent certainty, or to definitively eliminate every other possible explanation.

These are issues Defendant can raise on cross-examination, but they are not sufficient grounds to

exclude the proffered opinions. In large part because the Court will not exclude this expert

testimony, Plaintiffs have enough evidence to survive summary judgment on causation as an

element of Plaintiff West’s substantive claims. Because these claims survive summary

judgment, so does Plaintiff Gleason’s loss of consortium claim. The Court will, however, with




                                                  25
Plaintiffs’ consent, dismiss Plaintiff West’s gross negligence and punitive damages claims. An

appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.


                                                      /s/
                                                   COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                   United States District Judge




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