                                                                                              Filed
                                                                                        Washington State
                                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Division Two

                                                                                         March 22, 2016

        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                           DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                             No. 47123-0-II

                                  Respondent,

            v.

    BRIAN KEITH HARPER,                                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                  Appellant.

          MELNICK, J. — Brian Keith Harper appeals his conviction of unlawful possession of a

firearm in the first degree. He argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress

and failing to take into account Harper’s ability to pay when imposing discretionary legal financial

obligations (LFOs). We affirm.

                                                FACTS

I.        OVERVIEW1

          On May 30, 2014, numerous witnesses reported a drive-by shooting in the area of 54th

Street and South Oakes Street in Tacoma. Witnesses reported the suspect vehicle to be either a

white Ford Crown Victoria or a white Chevrolet Caprice with two black male occupants “which

fled after firing approximately 6 shots at two women walking with a stroller.” Clerk’s Papers (CP)

at 35. Police dispatch did not broadcast a license plate number to the officers reporting to the

scene. Officers Christopher Yglesias and Joshua White “drove to the area of 48th and Pine[,] . . .

were updated that the vehicle was last seen traveling east toward Tacoma Mall Blvd,” and they


1
     Most of these facts were derived from a hearing held pursuant to CrR 3.5.
47123-0-II


drove to the intersection of 48th Street and Tacoma Mall Boulevard. CP at 35. White observed a

vehicle approaching them driving north bound on Tacoma Mall Boulevard. It matched both the

description of the suspect vehicle, a 1999 white Ford Crown Victoria, and the report that two black

males occupied it. The officers pulled the vehicle over in a parking lot and conducted a high-risk,

felony stop of the vehicle. The parking lot was approximately 11 blocks north and six blocks east

from where the shooting occurred. The officers did not observe any criminal violations or traffic

infractions before pulling the vehicle over.

         Officers Stephen O’Keefe and Mikael Johnson arrived on the scene as the occupants were

being called out of the vehicle at gunpoint. O’Keefe took custody of Harper after he exited the car

from the passenger seat. The officers observed a firearm in plain view on the floorboard of the

front passenger seat. O’Keefe read Harper his Miranda2 rights while placing him under arrest.

Harper understood them and waived them. Harper admitted he owned the firearm, it had not been

fired, and he kept it for his own safety.

         The State charged Harper with unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree.3

II.      PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On September 19, 2014, Harper filed a motion to suppress evidence pursuant to CrR 3.6.

The State’s response included the involved officers’ reports of the incident and the Computer

Aided Dispatch (CAD) report.




2
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
3
    RCW 9.41.040(1)(a).


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          On October 2, 2014, the trial court heard arguments on the motion to suppress. In deciding

the motion, the trial court relied on the police reports and the testimony from the CrR 3.5 hearing

which we have described above. Harper argued that the officers did not have a reasonable

articulable suspicion to believe he was involved in criminal activity and that there were also reports

of other possible vehicles.

          The trial court denied the motion to suppress and concluded the officers had a reasonable

articulable suspicion to conduct an investigative Terry4 stop. The trial court entered written

findings of fact and conclusions of law on the admissibility of evidence under CrR 3.5 and 3.6.

The trial court’s findings of fact stated in relevant part:

          1. Tacoma Police Officers responded to the area of South 54th and South Oakes to
          investigate a drive-by shooting/assault. Officers were informed by dispatch that
          the suspect vehicle was an older white sedan, possibly a Ford Crown Victoria.
          Dispatch also advised that the suspect vehicle’s occupants consisted of two black
          men, whom had been involved in the drive-by.

          2. Dispatch advised officers that the suspect vehicle had been seen six blocks
          away—traveling east toward on Tacoma Mall Blvd. They drove to that area and
          observed a vehicle matching the suspect vehicle’s description approaching
          northbound on Tacoma Mall Blvd. Two black males were inside the vehicle.

CP at 133. The trial court made the following conclusion of law:

          1. Based on the testimony presented during the 3.6 hearing, Tacoma Police Officers
          involved in this case conducted a permissible Terry stop of Harper while
          investigating a drive-by shooting/assault incident because he was riding in a vehicle
          that had been described as being involved in the drive-by; the vehicle, within
          minutes, was located about a mile from the scene of the shooting; and he fit the
          description of suspect described by 911 callers.

CP at 135.




4
    Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).


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III.    TRIAL AND SENTENCING

        The matter proceeded to trial and on October 6, 2014, the jury found Harper guilty of

unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree.

        On January 9, 2015, the trial court sentenced Harper to 31 months of confinement. The

trial court ordered Harper to pay $2,000 in LFOs. The mandatory LFOs included: a $500 crime

victim assessment, a $100 DNA database fee, and a $200 criminal filing fee. The discretionary

LFOs included $1,200 in court-appointed attorney fees and defense costs. The trial court did not

specifically inquire as to Harper’s ability to pay LFOs. Harper did not object to the lack of inquiry

or to the imposition of the LFOs. Harper appeals.

                                             ANALYSIS

I.      MOTION TO SUPPRESS

        Harper argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because the State

failed to present sufficient facts to establish that the officers had a reasonable articulable suspicion

of criminal behavior to justify the stop. We disagree.

        A.      Standard of Review

        We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress by considering whether the trial

court’s findings of fact support its conclusions of law. State v. Ross, 106 Wn. App. 876, 880, 26

P.3d 298 (2001). Any unchallenged findings of fact are considered to be verities on appeal. State

v. Bonds, 174 Wn. App. 553, 562, 299 P.3d 663 (2013). Because Harper does not assign error to

the trial court’s findings of fact, they are verities on appeal and we determine whether they support

the court’s conclusions of law. Ross, 106 Wn. App. at 880. We review conclusions of law de

novo. State v. Roden, 179 Wn.2d 893, 898, 321 P.3d 1183 (2014).




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       B.      The Trial Court Did Not Err in Denying the Motion to Suppress

       “Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of

the Washington State Constitution, a police officer generally cannot seize a person without a

warrant supported by probable cause.” State v. Z.U.E., 178 Wn. App. 769, 779, 315 P.3d 1158

(2014), aff’d, 183 Wn.2d 610, 352 P.3d 796 (2015). “‘As a general rule, warrantless searches and

seizures are per se unreasonable.’” State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 70, 917 P.2d 563 (1996)

(quoting State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d 143, 149, 622 P.2d 1218 (1980)). However, the rule is subject

to exceptions. Z.U.E., 178 Wn. App. at 779. One exception is the investigative stop, commonly

referred to as a Terry stop. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968);

State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d 343, 349, 979 P.2d 833 (1999). “The burden is always on the [S]tate

to prove one of these narrow exceptions.” Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 350.

       A Terry stop is justified when the officer can “point to specific and articulable facts which,

taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Terry,

392 U.S. at 21. When considering the reasonableness of a stop, the court must evaluate it based

on a totality of the circumstances. State v. Glover, 116 Wn.2d 509, 514, 806 P.2d 760 (1991).

“An important factor comprising the totality of circumstances which must be examined is the

nature of the suspected crime.” State v. Randall, 73 Wn. App. 225, 229, 868 P.2d 207 (1994). An

investigatory stop can be justified on the basis of information supplied to the police by another

person. State v. Lesnick, 84 Wn.2d 940, 943, 530 P.2d 243 (1975) (citing Adams v. Williams, 407

U.S. 143, 92 S. Ct. 1921, 32 L. Ed. 2d 612 (1972)). “An officer may make a Terry stop based

upon a reasonable suspicion that the detainee is engaged in criminal activity, which is less than

what is required to find probable cause.” Randall, 73 Wn. App. at 228.




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       Reasonable suspicion is dependent upon the reliability and content of the information

possessed by the police considered in the totality of circumstances. Alabama v. White, 496 U.S.

325, 330, 110 S. Ct. 2412, 110 L. Ed. 2d 301 (1990). Our Supreme Court has held that reliability

“can be established if (1) the informant was reliable or (2) the officer’s corroborative observation

suggests either the presence of criminal activity or that the information was obtained in a reliable

fashion.” Z.U.E., 178 Wn. App. at 781. However, when an officer is “acting on a tip involving

the threat of violence and rapidly developing events,” the officer “does not have the opportunity

to undertake a methodical, measured inquiry into whether the tip is reliable.” Randall, 73 Wn.

App. at 230. Rather, in the midst of investigating a violent crime, the officer “must make a swift

decision based upon a quick evaluation of the information available” at that instant. Randall, 73

Wn. App. at 230. Under these circumstances, the officer “should be able to rely on the reliability

of information disseminated by police dispatch and, when his or her observations corroborate the

information and create a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, to make an investigatory stop.”

Randall, 73 Wn. App. at 230.

       In State v. Moreno, 173 Wn. App. 479, 493, 294 P.3d 812 (2013), the officers responded

to a crime in progress. Multiple reports of gunfire were reported one block away moments before

an officer stopped the defendant. Moreno, 173 Wn. App. at 493. The officer who made the

investigatory stop had considerable experience with gangs in the area and saw the defendant in a

rival gang’s colors, in a car “hurriedly leaving” an alley. Moreno, 173 Wn. App. at 493. Under

the totality of the circumstances, the officer reasonably believed the car was involved in the crime




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47123-0-II


being investigated. Moreno, 173 Wn. App. at 493. Although Harper tries to distinguish his case

from Moreno, his case is actually similar. In both cases the officers were responding to violent

crimes that just occurred, and the vehicles were seen and stopped shortly after the reported

shooting.

       Similarly, in State v. Thierry, 60 Wn. App. 445, 803 P.2d 844 (1991), officers observed the

defendant and a passenger driving in a manner consistent with committing drive-by shootings.

They were driving slowly in a high crime area. The windows were down even though it was forty

degree weather. And, they were slouched down in their seats.        The defendant also made furtive

hand motions as the officers approached the car. We upheld the stop because a reasonable

articulable suspicion existed. Thierry, 60 Wn. App. at 446-48. The “[c]ircumstances that might

appear innocuous to the average person may appear incriminating to a police officer in light of

past experience, and the officer may bring that experience to bear on a situation, as the officers did

here.” Thierry, 60 Wn. App. at 448.

       Harper argues that his case is distinguishable from Moreno and Thierry because he did not

make furtive movements, and the officers did not stop the vehicle “because of any facts specifically

related to the occupants’ behavior, but only because they were driving a similar car in the direction

that the drive-by shooting suspects could have also driven.” Br. of Appellant at 12. However,

here, multiple reliable witnesses reported that the vehicle was heading the direction the officers

witnessed, the vehicle matched the suspect vehicle description, and Harper and the driver matched

the suspects’ description. These circumstances might appear innocuous to the average person but

incriminating to a police officer under the circumstances of people fleeing from a reported crime

in progress. Harper has failed to effectively distinguish his case from Moreno or Thierry.




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47123-0-II


         Harper cites to State v. Doughty, 170 Wn.2d 57, 63, 239 P.3d 573 (2010), for support where

our Supreme Court determined the facts did not rise to the level of a reasonable articulable

suspicion. In Doughty, the court determined that the totality of the circumstances did not present

facts that established a reasonable articulable suspicion because there was no informant’s tip and

the officer did not observe furtive movements by the defendant. 170 Wn.2d at 64. The officer

only saw the defendant approach and leave a suspect drug house at 3:20 A.M. Doughty, 170 Wn.2d

at 64. However, Harper does not argue how his case is similar to the circumstances in Doughty.

Unlike Doughty, there were many witness tips in this case, and the car and occupants matched the

descriptions provided by witnesses.

         Therefore, the trial court’s findings of fact supported its conclusion of law because there is

support for the trial court’s conclusion that the officers had a reasonable articulable suspicion that

the white Crown Victoria in which Harper was a passenger was involved in the drive-by shooting,

making the Terry stop lawful.

         We hold that the trial court did not err in denying Harper’s motion to suppress because the

trial court’s findings supported its conclusion of law that under the totality of the circumstances

the officers had a reasonable articulable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop and contact

Harper.

II.      LEGAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS

         Harper argues that the trial court erred by not conducting a particularized inquiry before

imposing LFOs. Harper did not object during the trial and therefore, we will not consider the

issue.




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       “Unpreserved LFO errors do not command review as a matter of right.” State v. Blazina,

182 Wn.2d 827, 833, 344 P.3d 680 (2015). We may use our discretion to review unpreserved

claims of error. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 830. Harper argues that the court imposed LFOs on him

without taking into account his financial resources or ability to pay the LFOs. However, he did

not challenge the imposition of LFOs at sentencing. Therefore, we exercise our discretion to not

consider the issue.5

       We affirm the trial court.

       A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.




                                                              Melnick, J.

We concur:




       Worswick, P.J.




       Lee, J.




5
 In exercising this discretion, we consider the total amount of the LFOs, the length of the sentence,
and the fact Harper is a licensed barber who was employed full-time prior to his arrest.


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