                                                             Filed: December 13, 2012

             IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON

STATE ex rel PORTLAND HABILITATION CENTER, INC.,

                                                                  Petitioner on Review,



      v.

PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY,

                                                                Respondent on Review,

      and



ARAMARK MANAGEMENT SERVICES
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
                                                                Respondent on Review.

                     (CC 091116135; CA A144837; SC S059698)

      En Banc

      On review from the Court of Appeals.*

      Argued and submitted on May 1, 2012.

       Paula A. Barran, Barran Liebman LLP, Portland, argued the cause for petitioner
on review. With her on the brief was John B. Dudrey.

        Roy Pulvers, Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, Portland, argued the cause and filed the
brief for respondent on review Portland State University.

       George S. Pitcher, Williams, Kastner & Gibbs PLLC, Portland, argued the cause
for respondent on review Aramark Management Services Limited Partnership. With him
on the brief were Eric J. Neiman and Rachel A. Robinson.

      LINDER, J.

                                           1
       The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the circuit court are
affirmed.

      *Appeal from Multnomah County Circuit Court, Jean Kerr Maurer, Judge. 243 Or
App 389, 256 P3d 1099 (2011).




                                            2
 1                 LINDER, J.

 2                 This case requires that we resolve a purported conflict between two statutes

 3   relating to the issuance of a writ of mandamus: ORS 34.110, which precludes issuance of

 4   a writ of mandamus if the relator has a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the

 5   ordinary course of law, and ORS 34.130(3), which states that a writ of mandamus "shall

 6   be allowed" by a court or judge on the petition for the writ. After plaintiff1 filed in the

 7   circuit court a petition for an alternative writ, the court declined to issue the writ and

 8   instead dismissed plaintiff's petition, relying on the existence of an adequate remedy at

 9   law. Plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed without opinion. State

10   ex rel Portland Habilitation Center, Inc. v. Portland State University and Aramark

11   Management Services Limited Partnership, 243 Or App 389, 256 P3d 1099 (2011). For

12   the reasons that follow, we conclude that the circuit court permissibly dismissed

13   plaintiff's petition. We therefore affirm the Court of Appeals decision.

14                 We take the following facts from plaintiff's petition and from additional

15   exhibits that defendant submitted to the circuit court.2 Plaintiff is a "[q]ualified nonprofit


            1
                    Although plaintiff was the "relator" in the proceeding below, ORS
     34.105(4), the case caption in the circuit court and on appeal used the term "plaintiff" to
     refer to the relator in the case, as do the parties on appeal and review. We therefore use
     that same term in this opinion.
            2
                    We include facts derived from the exhibits, which defendant presented to
     the circuit court below, solely for the purpose of providing contextual background. The
     circuit court considered at least some of the content in reaching a decision on the merits.
     Plaintiff took issue at oral argument in this court with whether the exhibits were part of
     the circuit court record, but we need not resolve that issue to decide the legal issue on
     review.

                                                    1
 1   agency for individuals with disabilities," ORS 279.835(5), that offers job-placement

 2   services for adults with disabilities, including janitorial services for public agencies.

 3   Defendant is a "public agency" or "public contracting agency," ORS 279.835(4); under

 4   ORS 279.850(1), a public agency must procure certain services from a qualified nonprofit

 5   agency as defined in ORS 279.835(5), if the service at issue "is of the appropriate

 6   specifications and is available within the period required by that public agency."

 7                 In 2007, defendant issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) for janitorial

 8   services. Plaintiff submitted a proposal and negotiations followed, but defendant

 9   eventually discontinued negotiations. In 2008, defendant issued a new RFP, and plaintiff

10   responded by submitting a formal protest to defendant's Office of Finance and

11   Administraton, asserting that the new RFP and defendant's actions concerning the 2007

12   RFP had violated defendant's statutory obligations. In June 2008, defendant's Office of

13   the Vice President for Finance and Administration issued a Final Agency Order that

14   rejected plaintiff's formal protest and further determined that plaintiff had waived any

15   right to assert further grounds or evidence in objection to the RFP. Defendant thereafter

16   entered into a contract for janitorial services with a different company -- intervenor in this

17   action -- that was not classified as a qualified nonprofit agency under ORS 279.835(5).

18                 In November 2009, plaintiff filed a petition for an alternative writ of

19   mandamus in the circuit court, contending that defendant had violated its statutory

20   obligation under ORS 279.850 by procuring services through a nonqualifying company.

21   The petition sought a writ directing defendant either to comply with that statute and



                                                    2
 1   procure janitorial services from plaintiff or, alternatively, to appear and show cause why

 2   it had not done so.

 3                 On the day after plaintiff filed its petition for an alternative writ of

 4   mandamus, counsel for plaintiff, defendant, and intervenor appeared before the circuit

 5   court. Defendant orally requested that the court decline to allow the petition, arguing

 6   that, under ORS 34.110 (set out below), the court was not permitted to direct issuance of

 7   an alternative writ because a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy -- that is, relief under

 8   the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), ORS 183.310 to 183.690 -- had been available

 9   to plaintiff to resolve the dispute at issue. Plaintiff responded that, under the express

10   wording of ORS 34.130(3) (also set out below), the circuit court was required to allow

11   and direct issuance of an alternative writ regardless of any contention on defendant's part

12   about the existence of an alternative remedy. The circuit court agreed with defendant that

13   plaintiff had an available adequate remedy at law and that ORS 34.110 therefore

14   precluded the court from directing issuance of a writ. Accordingly, the court issued an

15   order denying plaintiff's petition and thereafter issued a judgment that dismissed the

16   petition.

17                 Plaintiff then pursued dual courses of action, by filing a separate writ of

18   mandamus in this court and also by appealing the circuit court's judgment to the Court of

19   Appeals. This court denied plaintiff's petition for writ of mandamus by order, State ex rel

20   Portland Habilitation Center, Inc. v. Portland State University (Mar 25, 2010)

21   (S058254); the Court of Appeals affirmed the circuit court's judgment without opinion.

22   We allowed plaintiff's petition for review of the Court of Appeals decision.

                                                    3
 1                 On review, the parties dispute the proper application of two related statutes.

 2   The first is ORS 34.110, which sets out the substantive parameters for issuance of a writ

 3   of mandamus:

 4                 "A writ of mandamus may be issued to any inferior court,
 5          corporation, board, officer or person, to compel the performance of an act
 6          which the law specially enjoins, as a duty resulting from an office, trust or
 7          station; but though the writ may require such court, corporation, board,
 8          officer or person to exercise judgment, or proceed to the discharge of any
 9          functions, it shall not control judicial discretion. The writ shall not be
10          issued in any case where there is a plain, speedy and adequate remedy in
11          the ordinary course of the law."

12   (Emphasis added.) The second is ORS 34.130, which sets out additional requirements

13   relating to, among other things, the filing and service of a petition for a writ of

14   mandamus, allowance of the petition, and issuance of a writ. The pertinent part of that

15   statute, subsection (3), provides:

16                  "Except as to a petition filed in the Supreme Court, the writ shall be
17          allowed by the court or judge thereof on the petition. On the filing of the
18          order of allowance, the clerk or court administrator forthwith shall issue the
19          writ in accordance with the petition. The clerk or court administrator may
20          require the relator to provide a form of writ in accordance with the
21          petition."

22   (Emphasis added.)

23                 On review, plaintiff contends, as it did below, that ORS 34.130(3) required

24   the circuit court to allow and direct issuance of an alternative writ of mandamus in

25   response to plaintiff's petition. According to plaintiff, the circuit court had no discretion

26   to conclude that it should deny plaintiff's petition outright, based on the perceived

27   availability to plaintiff of a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law. Instead, the court

28   should have directed issuance of an alternative writ, and defendant thereafter could have

                                                    4
 1   raised the remedy issue in an answer or motion to dismiss. Plaintiff seeks to harmonize

 2   the apparently conflicting wording in the last sentence of ORS 34.110 by asserting that

 3   that latter statute pertains to issuance of only peremptory, and not alternative, writs.

 4                 Defendant advances two primary arguments in response. First, defendant

 5   contends that the APA provided the sole and exclusive remedy to plaintiff as to its

 6   dispute with defendant, the circuit court therefore had no jurisdiction, and the court thus

 7   did not err in dismissing plaintiff's petition. Defendant relatedly contends that, in light of

 8   the remedy that the APA afforded to plaintiff, the trial court correctly dismissed

 9   plaintiff's petition under ORS 34.110 and also correctly concluded that issuance of an

10   alternative writ was not required to precede that decision.

11                 The parties' arguments offer alternative starting points for our analysis.

12   Given the procedural posture of the case, the central issue is whether the circuit court

13   correctly relied on ORS 34.110 as its rationale for dismissing plaintiff's petition for an

14   alternative writ of mandamus or, conversely, whether the circuit court was required under

15   ORS 34.130(3) to first allow and direct issuance of an alternative writ. As explained

16   below, after applying our statutory construction methodology, State v. Gaines, 346 Or

17   160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009), we conclude that the circuit court correctly

18   determined that ORS 34.110 precludes issuance of an alternative writ of mandamus when

19   a circuit court determines at the outset that a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law is

20   available to the relator. We further conclude that ORS 34.130(3) does not conflict with

21   that construction.



                                                   5
 1                 We begin with the central requirements for issuance of a writ of mandamus,

 2   set out in ORS 34.110:

 3                 "A writ of mandamus may be issued to any inferior court,
 4          corporation, board, officer or person, to compel the performance of an act
 5          which the law specially enjoins, as a duty resulting from an office, trust or
 6          station; but though the writ may require such court, corporation, board,
 7          officer or person to exercise judgment, or proceed to the discharge of any
 8          functions, it shall not control judicial discretion. The writ shall not be
 9          issued in any case where there is a plain, speedy and adequate remedy in
10          the ordinary course of the law."

11   Under that statute, three requirements underlie the issuance of a writ of mandamus. First,

12   the relator must identify an inferior court, entity, or person as described who is obligated

13   to perform a particular act. Second, the relator must request performance of an act

14   specifically required by law, by virtue of a duty as described, which does not involve the

15   exercise of judicial discretion. Third, a writ may not be issued if the relator has a plain,

16   speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law. As to the first two

17   requirements, the statute is permissive and is worded in the affirmative -- that is, a court

18   may exercise its discretion to issue a writ if those requirements are met. As to the third

19   requirement, the statute is mandatory and worded in the negative -- that is, a court shall

20   not issue a writ if a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law is available to the relator.

21                 As this court repeatedly has explained in relation to the remedy provision of

22   ORS 34.110, "[i]t is fundamental that [a] relator is not entitled to the remedy of

23   mandamus unless * * * there is no other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy available to

24   obtain the relief to which he [or she] is entitled." State ex rel. v. Dobson, 171 Or 492,

25   498, 135 P2d 794 (1943). See also State ex rel LeVasseur v. Merten, 297 Or 577, 580,


                                                   6
 1   686 P2d 366 (1984) (mandamus relief "unavailabl[e]" where relator has speedy and

 2   adequate remedy at law); State ex rel Bethke v. Bain, 193 Or 688, 705, 240 P2d 958

 3   (1952) (availability of adequate remedy that affords relator all to which he or she is

 4   entitled serves as "bar" to mandamus relief). In Habersham v. Sears, 11 Or 431, 435, 5 P

 5   208 (1884), this court described the nature of a mandamus proceeding and the remedy

 6   requirement as follows:

 7          "Its object is not to supersede, but to supply the want of a legal remedy. To
 8          authorize its issuance, two facts must co-exist[:] the right to have the
 9          particular act or duty performed and the want of an adequate or specific
10          remedy at law. In determining them, the question presented by this record,
11          it is not sufficient, to warrant the relief prayed for that the plaintiff has a
12          clear legal right to have the duty performed, but it must also appear that the
13          law affords him no other specific, legal remedy, fully adequate to redress
14          his grievances. Has the plaintiff such a remedy in the ordinary course of
15          the law for the negligence or breach of duty of which he complains? A
16          remedy so complete and adequate as will afford him full compensation for
17          any injury or loss which he may have sustained? If the answer to this
18          question be in the affirmative, there will be no failure of justice and the writ
19          must be denied."

20   (Emphasis added.) See also Durham v. Monumental S. M. Co., 9 Or 41, 44 (1880) ("The

21   existence, or non-existence, of an adequate and specific remedy at law under the ordinary

22   forms of legal procedure, is * * * one of the first questions to be determined in all

23   applications for the writ of mandamus[.]") In sum, the remedy provision of ORS 34.110

24   sets out an overarching, fundamental, and time-honored3 requirement that operates to bar

25   mandamus relief if a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law is available to the relator.

26   The foregoing case law supports defendant's contention that a court's determination that

            3
                  The essential text of ORS 34.110 has been in place since the time of
     statehood. See General Laws of Oregon, Civ Code, ch VII, title II, § 583 (so
     demonstrating).
                                                   7
 1   such a remedy is available precludes application of any statutory provision that sets out

 2   procedures for allowing and directing issuance of a writ.

 3                 As to plaintiff's contention that the remedy provision of ORS 34.110 is

 4   limited to issuance of a peremptory -- but not an alternative -- writ of mandamus, nothing

 5   in the statutory wording justifies such a limited application. Notably, other parts of ORS

 6   chapter 34 use the more narrow terms "alternative" and "peremptory," which suggests as

 7   a textual matter that the broader term "writ" in ORS 34.110 applies to writs of both types.

 8   See ORS 34.150 (stating that writ may be alternative or peremptory; setting out required

 9   content for each); ORS 34.160 (describing circumstance when peremptory writ shall be

10   issued in first instance); see also Jordan v. SAIF, 343 Or 208, 217, 167 P3d 451 (2007)

11   (use of particular term in one section of statute, but not another section of same statute,

12   indicates purposeful omission). Further, both an alternative and a peremptory writ

13   "command" compliance with their terms, ORS 34.150(2)(b)(A) and (3), and thus

14   "compel" the performance of a mandatory legal duty within the meaning of ORS 34.110.

15   The only difference is that, in the case of an alternative writ, the defendant may opt to try

16   to show cause for not performing the act, as an alternative to performing the act that the

17   writ commands. ORS 34.150(2)(b)(B). If the defendant does not try to do so, however,

18   the alternative writ compels the act to be performed just as does a peremptory writ.

19                 Case law involving this court's original mandamus jurisdiction

20   demonstrates that the elemental requirements of the statutory predecessor to ORS 34.110

21   apply to issuance of an alternative writ, as well as to a peremptory writ. See State v.

22   Stapleton, 139 Or 402, 10 P2d 600 (1932), overruled on other grounds by State ex rel v.

                                                   8
 1   Leonard, 164 Or 579, 94 P2d 1113 (1940) (on original jurisdiction for alternative writ of

 2   mandamus, court dismissed petition after concluding that official was not obligated to

 3   perform alleged duty that petition had requested); Washington v. Cleland, 49 Or 12, 88 P

 4   305 (1907) (same). And, this court recently has suggested that ORS 34.110 requires a

 5   circuit court to dismiss a petition for a writ of mandamus, before issuance of an

 6   alternative writ, if the court determines that the relator has an adequate remedy at law.

 7   Specifically, in State ex rel Dewberry v. Kulongoski, 346 Or 260, 210 P3d 884 (2009),

 8   the circuit court had dismissed the relator's petition for an alternative writ, based in part

 9   on the availability of an adequate remedy -- there, a declaratory judgment action. Before

10   this court, one issue was whether a declaratory judgment action qualified as a plain,

11   speedy, and adequate remedy at law under ORS 34.110. This court commenced its

12   analysis on that issue by stating that, "[i]f a declaratory judgment action is a plain,

13   speedy, and adequate remedy, then the circuit court properly dismissed the petition for a

14   writ of mandamus." Id. at 270. That observation, coupled with the court's actions in

15   Stapleton and Washington, and the lack of any qualifying or limiting wording in ORS

16   34.110, supports the conclusion that a circuit court is precluded from issuing a writ of

17   mandamus -- either alternative or peremptory -- if the court determines on review of a

18   petition that the relator has a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law.4


            4
                    Of course, if a circuit court initially determines it appropriate to issue an
     alternative writ of mandamus, a defendant may respond by filing a motion to dismiss,
     based on, among other grounds, the availability to the relator of an adequate remedy at
     law. See ORS 34.170 (providing defendant opportunity to file answer or motion to
     dismiss, in response to service of alternative writ). If the court agrees as to the remedy
     issue, then the court must dismiss the previously issued alternative writ. See Mt. Hood
                                                    9
 1                 We turn to plaintiff's contention that -- notwithstanding the remedy

 2   provision of ORS 34.110 -- ORS 34.130(3) requires a circuit court to allow and direct

 3   issuance of an alternative writ of mandamus on the filing of a petition.5 Again, that

 4   subsection provides:

 5                  "Except as to a petition filed in the Supreme Court, the writ shall be
 6          allowed by the court or judge thereof on the petition. On the filing of the
 7          order of allowance, the clerk or court administrator forthwith shall issue the
 8          writ in accordance with the petition. The clerk or court administrator may
 9          require the relator to provide a form of writ in accordance with the
10          petition."

11   (Emphasis added.) In plaintiff's view, that emphasized wording requires a circuit court to

12   allow a petition for an alternative writ, thereby setting in motion the process for a

13   defendant to answer or move to dismiss. See ORS 34.170 (defendant on whom

14   alternative writ is served may show cause by motion to dismiss or answer to writ). Only

15   after a defendant has answered or moved to dismiss, plaintiff contends, may a circuit

16   court determine that dismissal is appropriate -- for example, due to the existence of a

17   plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law. In advancing that argument, plaintiff in part

18   relies on the phrase in subsection (3) of ORS 34.130, "[e]xcept as to a petition filed in the

19   Supreme Court," which plaintiff views as clarifying that a circuit court -- but not the


     Stages, Inc. v. Haley, 253 Or 28, 445 P2d 878, on reh'g, 453 P2d 435 (1969) (circuit
     court issued alternative writ but dismissed on defendant's demurrer based on availability
     of adequate remedy; this court initially affirmed, although on rehearing directed circuit
     court to permit relator to amend writ, to replead sufficiency of remedy allegations).
            5
                   ORS 34.160 sets out the circumstances in which a peremptory writ, as
     opposed to an alternative writ, shall be allowed in the first instance. As do the parties, we
     focus our analysis and discussion on the more typical scenario in which the court may
     direct issuance of an alternative writ.

                                                  10
1   Supreme Court -- is required to allow a petition for an alternative writ. Defendant

2   generally responds that the above-emphasized text of ORS 34.130(3) is merely one

3   component of a procedural, sequential construct that describes the mandamus process,

4   rather than a substantive requirement that compels a circuit court to allow and direct

5   issuance of an alternative writ in response to the filing of a petition.

6                 We agree with defendant that ORS 34.130 appears to operate as a

7   procedural statute that sets out the processes for the filing and service of a petition for a

8   writ of mandamus, and for allowance and issuance of a writ.6 Specifically, subsection (1)

           6
                  ORS 34.130 provides, in full:

                  "(1) The relator shall file a petition for a writ of mandamus with the
           clerk of the court or court administrator.

                   "(2) The relator shall serve a copy of the petition on the defendant
           and, if the mandamus proceeding arises from a judicial or administrative
           proceeding, on all parties to such proceeding. Service of the petition on the
           defendant and adverse parties is sufficient if it complies with ORCP 9 B.
           The court in its discretion may act on a petition regardless of defects in the
           service of the petition on any adverse party, and the petition may be
           allowed with or without notice to the adverse party, as in a writ of review
           proceeding.

                  "(3) Except as to a petition filed in the Supreme Court, the writ shall
           be allowed by the court or judge thereof on the petition. On the filing of
           the order of allowance, the clerk or court administrator forthwith shall issue
           the writ in accordance with the petition. The clerk or court administrator
           may require the relator to provide a form of writ in accordance with the
           petition.

                   "(4)(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection, at any
           time in the course of a mandamus action until the return date of the
           alternative writ, any adverse party may intervene in the mandamus
           proceeding as matter of right. At any time subsequent to the return date of
           the alternative writ, the court in its discretion may allow an adverse party to
           intervene. With the consent of the defendant and, if the defendant is a
                                                  11
 1   identifies the person with whom a petition should be filed (the clerk of the court or court

 2   administrator); subsection (2) sets out service requirements for the petition; subsection

 3   (4) clarifies when an adverse party may intervene; and subsection (5) clarifies the effect

 4   of the mandamus filing on the underlying proceeding.7 As part of that sequential

 5   description, subsection (3) -- discussed further below -- sets out the requirements for

 6   allowance and issuance of a writ.

 7                 Turning specifically to the wording of subsection (3) of ORS 34.130, we

 8   first observe that it conveys a key directive that any ensuing writ of mandamus must be

 9   allowed "on the petition" and must issue "in accordance with the petition." That is, once

10   issued, the alternative writ serves to replace the petition, and the substance of the writ

11   must be drawn from the petition. See United States v. Cohn, 201 Or 680, 687-88, 272

12   P2d 982 (1954) (petition for writ of mandamus becomes "functus officio upon the

            judge of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Oregon Tax Court or circuit
            court, subject to ORS 1.550 and 1.560, the attorney for an adverse party
            may appear on behalf of the defendant.

                   "(b) For a petition filed pursuant to ORS 215.429 or 227.179, a
            motion to intervene must be filed with the court within 21 days of the date
            the petition was filed under subsection (1) of this section.

                   "(5) The filing or allowance of a petition for a writ of mandamus
            does not stay any judicial or administrative proceeding from which the
            mandamus proceeding may arise, but the court in its discretion may stay
            such proceeding."
            7
                   Subsequent provisions of ORS chapter 34 provide additional procedural
     requirements for the mandamus process. See ORS 34.140 (direction and service of writ,
     proof of service, and enforcement of obedience to writ); ORS 34.160 (allowance of
     peremptory as opposed to alternative writ in first instance); ORS 34.170 (defendant's
     answer or motion to dismiss); ORS 34.180 to 34.190 (failure to answer or to move for
     dismissal; additional pleadings; construction and amendment of pleadings; motions;
     manner of trial).
                                                   12
 1   issuance of the alternative writ"); McLeod v. Scott, 21 Or 94, 26 P 1061, on reh'g, 29 P 1

 2   (1891) (circuit court issued alternative writ; this court initially reviewed petition and

 3   supporting documentation to determine sufficiency of factual allegations, but, on

 4   rehearing, clarified that it was limited to examining alternative writ, not petition). In that

 5   respect, subsection (3) appears to set out procedural requirements for the court, by

 6   clarifying the scope and nature of a writ allowed and issued in response to the filing of a

 7   petition.

 8                 We next observe that nothing in ORS 34.130(3) expressly contradicts or

 9   removes the overarching substantive command of ORS 34.110 that no writ of mandamus

10   shall issue if the relator has a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law. That is, ORS

11   34.130(3) can be read to mean that a circuit court "shall" allow and direct issuance of an

12   alternative writ only after the court determines that it has authority to do so under ORS

13   34.110. Under that reading, the statutes operate in harmony.

14                 We turn to plaintiff's reliance on the predicate phrase in ORS 34.130(3),

15   "[e]xcept as to a petition filed in the Supreme Court," in its reading of the subsequent

16   words, "the writ shall be allowed." As noted, in plaintiff's view, that phrase indicates a

17   legislative intent that a circuit court always must respond to a petition for a writ of

18   mandamus by allowing and directing issuance of an alternative writ. By contrast, the

19   Supreme Court may respond to a petition by declining to issue an alternative writ -- for

20   example, based on the court's determination that an adequate remedy at law is available

21   to the relator -- even if the defendant had not yet answered or moved to dismiss. To fully

22   address plaintiff's contention, we set out below the relevant statutory history, as well as a

                                                   13
 1   related statute, ORS 34.200, which also is part of the contextual background for purposes

 2   of our analysis. See Swarens v. Dept. of Rev., 320 Or 326, 331, 883 P2d 853 (1994)

 3   (context includes development of statute through successive legislative sessions); State v.

 4   Klein, 352 Or 302, 309, 283 P3d 350 (2012) (context includes related statutes).

 5                 The legislature enacted the current version of ORS 34.130 -- including the

 6   phrase in subsection (3), "[e]xcept as to a petition filed in the Supreme Court" -- in 1989.

 7   Or Laws 1989, ch 702, § 3. Before 1989, ORS 34.130 (1987) simply provided:

 8                  "The writ shall be allowed by the court or judge thereof upon the
 9          petition, verified as a complaint in an action, of the party beneficially
10          interested. It may be allowed with or without notice to the adverse party, as
11          in the case of a writ of review. Upon the filing of the petition and order of
12          allowance, the writ shall be issued by the clerk or court administrator in
13          accordance therewith."

14   That version of ORS 34.130 dated to the enactment of the Oregon Revised Statutes in

15          1953; before 1953, the same version was in effect. See OCLA § 11-303; General

16          Laws of Oregon, Civ Code, ch VII, title II, § 584.8 In substance, then, the earlier

17          version included the current requirement that a writ of mandamus "shall be

18          allowed by the court or judge thereof upon the petition." The earlier version did

19          not, however, include any "exception" for petitions filed in the Supreme Court.

20          Also notably, the statute originally provided -- and still provides -- that the actors

21          who are authorized to allow a writ as a judicial matter (the court or judge thereof)




            8
                   The only difference between OCLA § 11-303 and ORS 34.130 (1987) was
     the addition of the words "or court administrator," regarding issuance of a writ, which the
     legislature added in 1971. Or Laws 1971, ch 193, § 27.
                                                   14
 1          are different from the actors who are authorized to issue a writ as an administrative

 2          matter (the clerk or court administrator).

 3                 A related statute, ORS 34.200 (1987), specified in its second sentence the

 4   following additional procedure for petitions filed in the Supreme Court:

 5                  "In the circuit court or Oregon Tax Court the writ may be made
 6          returnable either in term time or vacation, and if the latter, may be tried and
 7          determined before the judge in like manner and with like effect as in term
 8          time. In the Supreme Court the writ may be allowed by the court or any
 9          judge thereof, but shall only be tried and determined by the court; and all
10          issues therein shall be tried by the court."

11   (Emphasis added.) That statute remains in effect, with the second sentence now

12   numbered as ORS 34.200(2). And, as with the predecessor to ORS 34.130, that statute

13   predated the Oregon Revised Statutes. See OCLA § 11-314 (virtually identical wording

14   to ORS 34.200 (1987) and current ORS 34.200(2)); General Laws of Oregon, Civ Code,

15   ch VII, title II, § 595 (same). As can be seen, in addition to specifying the same actors

16   who may allow a writ of mandamus as specified in ORS 34.130 (the court or any judge

17   thereof), ORS 34.200 (1987) contained a caveat as to the Supreme Court's consideration

18   on the merits once a writ is allowed: The full court -- not only one or some judges

19   thereof -- must "tr[y] and determine[]" the writ "and all issues therein."9



            9
                    That provision contrasted -- and still contrasts -- against the first part of
     ORS 34.200 (1987), now numbered as ORS 34.200(1), which provides that "the judge" in
     the circuit court or Oregon Tax Court may try and determine the matter as in term time if
     the writ is returnable in vacation. See ORS 3.238(1) (providing for appointment by
     circuit court judge of "term of court," either by general order made and entered during
     term time or by special order made and filed in vacation for trial of particular cause or
     transaction).

                                                  15
1                 In 1989, when the legislature enacted the expanded version of ORS 34.130

2   that now includes in subsection (3) the predicate wording "[e]xcept as to a petition filed

3   in the Supreme Court," the mandamus statutory scheme did not include a provision

4   outlining procedures under the Supreme Court's original mandamus jurisdiction, with the

5   narrow exception of the second sentence of ORS 34.200 (1987), as just discussed.

6   Several years later, in 1997, the legislature enacted ORS 34.250, which now sets out

7   comprehensive procedural requirements relating to mandamus petitions filed under the

8   Supreme Court's original jurisdiction, when the proceedings challenge certain actions of

9   other state court judges.10 Or Laws 1997, ch 388, § 2. Subsection (5) of that statute


           10
                  ORS 34.250 provides, in part:

                   "(1) The provisions of this section apply only to the exercise of the
           Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction in mandamus proceedings that
           challenge the actions of judges in particular cases in the circuit courts, the
           Oregon Tax Court or the Court of Appeals. The provisions of this section
           do not apply to the exercise of the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction in
           mandamus proceedings that challenge the administrative action of a judge
           or court, or that challenge other actions of a judge or court that is of an
           institutional nature. To the extent that any provision of ORS 34.105 to
           34.240 is inconsistent with the provisions of this section, the provisions of
           this section govern in mandamus proceedings subject to this section.

                  "(2) [case title requirements and party designation provisions].

                  "(3) [service requirement provision].

                  "(4) [process to intervene provision].

                 "(5) If the Supreme Court elects to issue an alternative writ of
           mandamus, the Supreme Court shall issue an order allowing the petition.
           The order may be issued in combination with the alternative writ of
           mandamus. * * *.

                  "(6) At any time after the filing of the petition for writ of mandamus
                                                 16
 1   specifically provides, in part, that, "[i]f the Supreme Court elects to issue an alternative

 2   writ of mandamus, the Supreme Court shall issue an order allowing the petition" and that

 3   "[t]he order may be issued in combination with the alternative writ of mandamus."

 4                 Thus, from a procedural standpoint as to the allowance of a writ of

 5   mandamus, the statutory scheme always has included both a general statute, ORS 34.130,

 6   and a more particular statute that applies to only the Supreme Court, now numbered as

 7   ORS 34.200(2). Both statutes always have provided -- and still provide -- that either "the

 8   court or [any] judge thereof" are authorized to "allow[]" the writ. And, as to both the

 9   circuit courts and the Supreme Court, ORS 34.130 always has provided -- and still

10   provides, in subsection (3) -- that, once allowed, the writ shall be issued by "the clerk or

11   court administrator."11 Further, as to the Supreme Court, ORS 34.200 always has


            or issuance of the alternative writ of mandamus, if the judge or court whose
            action is being challenged performs the act sought in the petition or
            required by the alternative writ, the relator shall notify the Supreme Court
            that the judge or court has complied. * * * On motion of any party or on its
            own motion, the Supreme Court may dismiss a mandamus proceeding after
            receiving the notice provided for in this subsection.

                    "(7) If the judge or court to whom the alternative writ of mandamus
            is directed does not perform the act required by the writ, the mandamus
            proceeding will proceed to briefing and oral argument as provided in the
            rules of the Supreme Court or as directed by the Supreme Court. * * *.

                   "(8) If the Supreme Court has determined that the relator is entitled
            to a peremptory writ of mandamus, the court shall direct the State Court
            Administrator to issue a peremptory writ of mandamus. The peremptory
            writ of mandamus may be combined with the appellate judgment. * * *

                   "(9) [issuance of appellate judgment provision]."
            11
                   As noted in the preceding footnote, ORS 34.250(5) (enacted in 1997) now
     provides that the Supreme Court process for allowing an alternative writ of mandamus in
                                                   17
 1   clarified that, although any judge of the court may "allow" a writ, the full court must

 2   determine the ultimate outcome on the merits following issuance of the writ.

 3                 The 1989 amendment to ORS 34.130 at issue here had the effect of

 4   clarifying that the provision in that statute -- now the first sentence of subsection (3) --

 5   about who is authorized to allow a writ of mandamus did not apply to petitions filed

 6   under the Supreme Court's original mandamus jurisdiction. That update was logical,

 7   because ORS 34.200 already separately specified who may allow a writ in that

 8   circumstance: as with the circuit courts, either the court or any judge thereof. By

 9   contrast, ORS 34.130(3) continues to specify as to both the circuit courts and the

10   Supreme Court that different actors are authorized to issue a writ (clerk or court

11   administrator) than are authorized to allow a writ (court or judge thereof).

12                 Further, the statutory wording, "the writ shall be allowed" (emphasis

13   added) in ORS 34.130(3) and "the writ may be allowed" (emphasis added) in ORS

14   34.200(2) can be reconciled in light of the foregoing discussion. The permissive wording

15   in ORS 34.200(2) contrasts the alternative Supreme Court actors who are permitted to

16   allow a petition for a writ of mandamus (the Supreme Court or a judge thereof) against

17   the single actor who is permitted to try and determine the cause on the merits (the

18   Supreme Court, but not a judge thereof). As to ORS 34.130(3), however, no such

19   contrast is required. Rather, as explained, the longstanding wording in ORS 34.130(3)

     an original jurisdiction proceeding that challenges certain actions of another state court
     judge is to issue an order, which the court may combine with the alternative writ. No part
     of ORS 34.250, however, negates the provision in ORS 34.130(3) that, unless combined
     with an order allowing an alternative writ, the clerk or court administrator must issue the
     writ.
                                                   18
 1   that "the writ shall be allowed by the court or judge thereof on the petition" serves to

 2   identify the actors permitted to allow the writ on the petition.

 3                 The legislative history of the 1989 amendment to ORS 34.130 -- which was

 4   one of several changes to ORS chapter 34 proposed by the Oregon Judicial Department,

 5   Senate Bill (SB) 288 (1989), Or Laws 1989, ch 702 -- does not specifically mention the

 6   then-new predicate phrase in subsection (3), "[e]xcept as to a petition filed in the

 7   Supreme Court." Two aspects of the legislative history, however, generally confirm our

 8   determination that that phrase was not intended to require a circuit court to allow and

 9   direct issuance of an alternative writ of mandamus on the filing of a petition. First, the

10   1989 amendments to ORS chapter 34 were characterized before the legislature as "minor

11   procedural changes" that were intended to "modernize[]" mandamus proceedings.

12   Testimony, Senate Committee on Judiciary, SB 288, Feb 17, 1989, Ex C, pp 1, 4

13   (statement of State Court Administrator R. William Linden, Jr.). Second, as to the

14   particular amendments presented, the Judicial Department spokesperson and legislators

15   particularly focused on notable changes to ORS chapter 34, such as updated provisions

16   on real parties in interest, filing and service of the petition, stay, and attorney fees and

17   costs. Tape Recording, Senate Committee on Judiciary, SB 288, Feb 17, 1989, Tape 36

18   Side A, Tape 37 Side A (public hearing); Feb 24, 1989, Tape 44, Side A, Tape 43, Side B

19   (work session). The lack of any reference in that extensive discussion to the new

20   Supreme Court "exception" wording in what is now ORS 34.130(3) demonstrates that the

21   legislature did not view that wording as signifying any particular clarification as to the

22   circuit court mandamus process.

                                                   19
 1                 In support of its reading of ORS 34.110 and ORS 34.130(3), plaintiff raises

 2   one additional argument that bears mention. Plaintiff contends that requiring a circuit

 3   court to allow and direct issuance of an alternative writ is logical from a procedural

 4   standpoint because, at the point of issuance, the writ itself is akin to a complaint and thus

 5   subject to an answer or motion to dismiss. See ORS 34.170 (on return day of alternative

 6   writ or further day as allowed, "the defendant on whom the writ was served may show

 7   cause by motion to dismiss or answer to the writ, in the same manner as to complaint in

 8   an action"); State ex rel Bowles v. Olson, 175 Or 98, 106, 151 P2d 723 (1944) (once

 9   issued, alternative writ deemed to be complaint in mandamus proceeding). In plaintiff's

10   view, as with any civil action, legal argument as to whether the "complaint" states facts

11   sufficient to constitute a claim -- such as the presence or absence of an adequate remedy

12   under ORS 34.110 -- should occur only after the "complaint," i.e., the alternative writ, is

13   served on the defendant and the defendant responds by filing an answer or motion to

14   dismiss.

15                 Plaintiff is correct that the mandamus statutory scheme contemplates the

16   procedural process outlined above -- that is, the filing and service of a petition, the

17   allowance and issuance of an alternative writ, service of the writ on the defendant, and an

18   opportunity for the defendant to answer or move to dismiss. As this court previously has

19   explained, however, mandamus proceedings are unique in the law, with requirements that

20   "differ from the pleading and practice prescribed for ordinary actions." State ex rel Venn

21   v. Reid, 207 Or 617, 631, 298 P2d 990 (1956). One example of that unique character is

22   that the relator files a petition for the court's review and then the court -- through its clerk

                                                    20
 1   or court administrator -- issues the document that is akin to a "complaint" (the writ).

 2   And, more significantly for our purposes for here, the court is guided in its review of the

 3   petition by the fundamental requirements set out in ORS 34.110, which control when the

 4   court may and may not exercise its discretion to issue a writ. It follows that more than

 5   one outcome permissibly may follow from the filing of a petition -- either outright denial

 6   of the petition under ORS 34.110 as described in this opinion or issuance of an alternative

 7   writ. And, as noted earlier, the issuance of the alternative writ ultimately still may end in

 8   dismissal under ORS 34.110, if a defendant on whom the writ is served answers or moves

 9   to dismiss and successfully argues that the relator has an adequate remedy at law or that

10   the writ otherwise should not have issued.

11                 In sum, we agree with defendant that ORS 34.130(3) sets out the

12   sequential, procedural parameters for a circuit court's allowance of a writ of mandamus,

13   but does not operate as a substantive requirement that the circuit court must allow and

14   direct issuance of an alternative writ on the filing of a petition. Instead, the overarching

15   substantive requirements for issuance of a writ -- either alternative or peremptory -- are

16   set out in ORS 34.110, including the requirement that "[t]he writ shall not be issued in

17   any case where there is a plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the

18   law." If a circuit court determines on review of a petition that the relator has such a

19   remedy available, then the court is precluded from issuing an alternative writ.

20   Alternatively, if the court initially determines that the relator has no such remedy

21   available, or determines that the answer to that question is unclear, and also determines

22   that it may issue an alternative writ under ORS 34.110, then the court (or judge thereof)

                                                  21
 1   "shall" allow and direct the issuance of an alternative writ, as set out in ORS 34.130(3).

 2   Thereafter, the parties may argue further as to whether the alternative writ should be

 3   dismissed -- either because the relator has a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law or

 4   for other reasons -- or whether a peremptory writ should issue.

 5                   That legal conclusion fully resolves this case. We need not determine

 6   whether the circuit court below correctly determined that plaintiff had a plain, speedy,

 7   and adequate remedy at law, so as to preclude mandamus relief under ORS 34.110. In

 8   the circuit court, plaintiff's principal position was that, under ORS 34.130(3), the circuit

 9   court was obligated to issue the writ regardless of the purported availability of any

10   adequate remedy. On appeal, plaintiff's single assignment of error presented only that

11   same question. In light of the procedural posture of this case on appeal, that is the only

12   issue before us for resolution.12

13                   The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the circuit court

14   are affirmed.




            12
                    In its reply brief before the Court of Appeals and in its merits brief in this
     court, plaintiff added that the remedy question is more complex than defendant posits
     and, in its merits brief, requested that we remand to the circuit court for further argument
     as to the adequacy of any alternative remedy available to plaintiff. Plaintiff's argument in
     that regard comes too late.
                                                  22
