[Cite as Allan v. Allan, 2019-Ohio-2111.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

TAREQ AHMED ALLAN,                                :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,             :
                                                             No. 107142
                 v.                               :

RAIDA A. ALLAN,                                   :

                 Defendant-Appellee.              :


                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 30, 2019


            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                             Domestic Relations Division
                                Case No. DR-15-355865


                                            Appearances:

                 John V. Heutsche Co., L.P.A., and John V. Heutsche; and
                 Reminger Co., L.P.A., Holly M. Wilson, Brian D. Sullivan,
                 and Katie Lynn Zorc, for appellant.

                 Raslan & Pla, L.L.C., and Lila D. Raslan, Jorge Luis Pla,
                 and Nadia Zaiem; Dinn, Hochman & Potter, L.L.C., and
                 Edgar H. Boles, for appellee.
MARY J. BOYLE, J.:

              Plaintiff-appellant, T.A. (“husband”), appeals from the final divorce

decree entered by the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Domestic Relations

Division, terminating his marriage to defendant-appellee, R.A. (“wife”). Husband

raises two assignments of error for our review:

      1. The trial court erred in awarding patently unreasonable legal fees in
      the amount of $300,000 to wife.

      2. The trial court erred in concluding that businesses sold years prior
      to the initiation of these divorce proceedings in 2015 constitute marital
      property.

              Finding no merit to his arguments, we affirm.

I. Procedural History and Facts

              Husband filed for divorce in February 2015.            Wife answered

husband’s complaint and filed counterclaims against husband and cross-claims

against husband’s brother, Q.A. (“Q.A.”) whom she joined as a third-party

defendant. Wife also joined businesses, Pearl Road, Inc. and 871 Rocky River Drive,

Inc., as third-party defendants. Q.A., Pearl Road, Inc., and 871 Rocky River Drive,

Inc. filed counterclaims and cross-claims against both husband and wife as well.

              On June 30, 2015, Q.A. filed a lawsuit in the Cuyahoga County Court

of Common Pleas against husband and Tallan, L.L.C., for $188,085. See Cuyahoga

C.P. No. CV-15-847754. The common pleas court dismissed Q.A.’s complaint

without prejudice in May 2018.
               Before the parties’ divorce trial began, the trial court issued a

judgment dismissing wife’s cross-claims against Q.A.’s wife’s counterclaims against

husband that involved tort and contract claims, wife’s claims against the two

businesses, and Q.A.’s claims against wife and husband. The trial court made clear,

however, that Q.A. and the businesses remained properly joined parties “but only as

stakeholders of property.”

               After a 14-day trial that took place in July, September, and November

2017, the trial court issued a 38-page judgment entry in April 2018. The following

facts were presented at trial.

      A. Previous Marriages

               Wife became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1986. She

married her first husband, and they had three children together. Wife’s first

husband died in 1993. Wife received life insurance money for his death, which she

immediately invested.1 Wife also inherited a grocery store from her first husband.

Additionally, wife became the sole owner of a home on Devon Drive in North

Olmsted that she had owned with her first husband.

               Wife married a second time, but this marriage was annulled.




      1 The trial court found that wife’s investment accounts originating from her first
husband’s life insurance money was separate property. The trial court noted that wife
“was cross-examined at length about the rollovers and transfer of funds.” The trial court
found that “[t]he tracing of the rollovers and transfers were obvious and the records
provided. There is no reason other than obfuscation or harassment that the separate
nature of these funds could not have been stipulated prior to trial.” Husband does not
challenge this finding and, thus, wife’s investment accounts are not at issue on appeal.
              Husband came to United States in 1989. He married his first wife,

who was a United States citizen, in 1992. Husband and his first wife had one child

in 1995.

              Husband and his first wife filed for dissolution in May 1999, but later

dismissed the petition. Wife (R.A.) contends that husband paid his first wife to

dismiss the dissolution until he became a United States citizen. Husband denies

wife’s contention and claims that he did not want his first marriage to end. Husband

agreed, however, that if his first wife would have gone through with the dissolution,

he would not have obtained his citizenship. Husband became a United States citizen

in October 2000. Husband and his first wife obtained a dissolution in February

2001.

        B. Husband’s and Wife’s Early Years

              Although husband was still married to his first wife, husband and wife

(R.A.) began dating sometime in the mid-1990s. Wife testified that she and husband

were religiously wed in a mosque in July 1996. Wife explained that in the Arab

culture, religious ceremonies were more important than civil ceremonies. Wife

testified that husband moved into her house on Devon Drive, North Olmsted after

they were religiously wed. Although husband disputed this fact at trial, the trial

court found that there was “much evidence” presented that husband moved in with

wife and had lived with her “since the 1990s.”

              Husband assisted wife in selling her grocery store. Wife took that

money and, with two business partners, purchased a gas station business with a
convenience store located on Pearl Road in November 1996, for a purchase price of

approximately $75,000. Wife and her partners, however, did not purchase the land

on which the gas station sat. Wife contributed $56,500 to the purchase of the Pearl

Road gas station, which was money that she had received from selling her grocery

store. Wife eventually became the sole owner of the Pearl Road gas station after she

bought out her business partner for $57,500.2 Husband began working at the Pearl

Road gas station sometime in 1997. Husband and wife had their first child in April

1998.

               In March 2001, husband purchased 51 shares of wife’s Pearl Road gas

station. Wife claims that husband coerced her into selling him part of the gas station

because he was embarrassed that he did not have any money and could not sponsor

his brother, Q.A., to come to the United States. According to a March 1, 2001 stock

purchase agreement, husband purchased 51 shares of the Pearl Road gas station for

$510. Husband claims that he actually purchased the 51 shares for $80,510 because

his father wired $80,000 to wife for the purchase. Husband agreed, however, that

the stock purchase agreement only stated $510. According to a May 10, 2002 stock

purchase agreement, husband purchased wife’s remaining 49 shares of the Pearl

Road gas station for $980. Wife claims that she never received $510 or $980 for the

shares, let alone $80,000. Husband did not present any evidence showing that he

paid these amounts to wife.


        2Wife testified that she originally had two business partners with the Pearl Road
gas station. But the evidence is not clear as to what happened to the third business
partner.
               Husband and wife were legally married in October 2002. In August

2003, wife deeded her residence to herself and husband as joint and survivor

owners. At the time of the deed, the value of the North Olmsted home was $159,500

and the home was debt free. The parties agree that the home is marital property.

They further stipulated that at the time of the divorce, the value of the marital home

was $155,000.

               Husband and wife’s second child was born in December 2003 and,

thus, was still a minor at the time of the divorce.

      C. Husband Purchases Rocky River Drive Gas Station

               In October 2004, husband purchased a gas station at 871 Rocky River

Drive for $385,000. The sale included the property, all equipment, and the building.

Husband said that he purchased the gas station on Rocky River Drive in part based

on a ten-year loan from Charter One Bank for $269,500. Husband stated that he

also put $120,000 down on the Rocky River Drive gas station from money that he

had “saved” from the Pearl Road gas station.

               Husband incorporated the Rocky River Drive gas station business

under the name 871 Rocky River Drive, Inc. The real estate, including the land and

building of the Rocky River Drive gas station, was titled to husband’s company

Tallan, L.L.C. that he incorporated on June 18, 2004.

      D. Renovations to the Rocky River Drive Gas Station

               Husband testified that he decided to renovate the Rocky River Drive

gas station sometime in 2007. According to husband, wife did not want him to
renovate the gas station, and did not want anything to do with the renovations.

Husband hired an architect to draw up the plans and Skliros Construction to

renovate the entire gas station for $635,000. Construction began around June

2009.

               Husband testified that he chose Skliros to perform the renovations

because Skliros agreed to finance the project and did not require a down payment

or any money up front. Husband also stated that he did not pay Skliros at any time

during the construction. Husband testified that their arrangement was that once

the gas station reopened, he would make payments to Skliros.

               Despite husband’s testimony regarding payment to Skliros, on

October 5, 2009, husband and wife took out a ten-year mortgage of $120,000 on the

marital home from U.S. Bank for the renovations of the Rocky River Drive gas

station. Husband and wife both signed the document as “borrower” and initialed

each page. On the third page, the document states that “By signing this mortgage,

[wife] agrees to subordinate her interest to U.S. Bank, N.A.” Husband testified that

he used this money for the canopy and the refurbished pumps of the gas station.

               Further, wife testified that she and husband paid Skliros $50,000 in

cash to start the renovation. Tom Skliros, the owner of Skliros Construction,

testified that he could not recall if he received a cash deposit of $50,000.

               Wife testified that she also took $50,000 from her annuity on

January 6, 2010, for the renovation project. Wife submitted documents showing

that she removed this money from her annuity. Husband denies this occurred even
though Tallan, L.L.C.’s bank records show that $50,000 was deposited on

January 12, 2010.

                Husband testified that the Rocky River Drive gas station was closed

for most of 2010, because he had run out of money. Husband agreed, however, that

the gas station had purchased 1,088,555 gallons of gasoline for retail sale in 2010.

In 2011, the gas station purchased 1,358,104 gallons.

                Husband testified that the renovations were completed by

October 10, 2010, which is when husband stated that the gas station reopened.

Husband agreed that the gas station convenience store was open throughout the

construction.

      E. Wife Files for Divorce in September 2010

                Husband and wife separated in June 2010, after an incident where

the police were called. Husband moved out of the parties’ marital home at that time

pursuant to a domestic violence petition filed by wife (that she later dismissed).

Wife filed for divorce in September 2010. Wife dismissed this divorce proceeding

on April 14, 2011, after the parties filed a joint reconciliation with the court. Wife

testified that she did so because husband told her, among other things, that he would

go to marriage counseling. Wife testified that husband walked out of their first

session, halfway through the session, and never returned. Husband never moved

back into the parties’ North Olmsted home.
      F. Sale of Rocky River Drive Gas Station

               Husband explained that he had to sell the Rocky River Drive gas

station to his brother (Q.A.) because he had run out of money and Skliros had placed

a mechanic’s lien on the property. Husband testified that he sold the Rocky River

Drive gas station business to his brother in part for $310,000, but he did not sell the

real estate to Q.A. (which Tallan, L.L.C., husband’s company, still owned). Although

husband’s testimony was somewhat contradictory, husband said that he sold the

Rocky River Drive gas station to Q.A. in two transactions. Husband stated that

sometime between November 2010 and March 2011 (this is our summary of the

many dates that he gave during trial), Q.A. purchased 49 percent ownership of the

gas station for improvements that Q.A. had made to the store that husband could

not afford to complete himself because he had run out of money. Husband testified

that his brother bought it “right after we opened [in October 2010], and when we

did that promissory note with Skliros.” The $300,000 Skliros promissory note

(which we will discuss below) was dated March 7, 2011.

               Husband further testified that he sold the remaining 51 shares of

stock to his brother on September 14, 2012, for $175,000. Husband explained that

he transferred it in two parts so that his brother would not lose the liquor license.

Husband further stated that his brother paid him $10,000 for good faith.

      G. Q.A.

               Q.A. came to the United States in August 2001. He stated that before

he came, he wired $60,000 to wife, but that wife never paid him the money back.
Q.A. testified that in 2004, wife told him that she would not give the money to him

and that he should get the “f#ck out of her house.”

               Q.A. first worked at the Pearl Road gas station and then in 2004, he

also worked at the Rocky River Drive gas station. Q.A. stated that when husband

ran out of money to complete the renovations, he asked Q.A. for help. Q.A. and his

wife both testified that they sold Q.A.’s wife’s jewelry for about $84,000 so that Q.A.

could finish the renovations of the Rocky River Drive gas station. Q.A. stated that

he and his wife finished the inside of the building of the Rocky River Drive gas

station with their own funds, including coolers, counters, walls, floors, and security

cameras, as well as the driveway and landscaping. Neither Q.A. nor Q.A.’s wife could

produce any evidence that they paid for these items out of their personal funds.

      H. Tom Skliros

               Skliros testified that he originally gave husband a price of $635,000

to renovate the entire Rocky River Drive gas station, including the canopy, pumps,

tanks in the ground, and the convenience store. Skliros, however, did not complete

all of the work on the gas station.

               Skliros filed a mechanic’s lien against the property for $635,000 in

July 2010. He stated that he filed the lien to protect himself because he heard that

husband was having economic and personal problems.3 Skliros’s July 2010 lien

states that he began working on the property on June 8, 2009 and completed it on



      3Skliros filed the first mechanic’s lien approximately two weeks after wife filed a
domestic violence petition against husband in June 2010.
July 13, 2010. Skliros filed a satisfaction of mechanic’s lien on October 5, 2010,

because he stated that he did not end up renovating the entire gas station. Skliros

explained that he just renovated the outside structure of the building. Skliros

admitted that the mechanic’s lien was not valid because it represented an estimate

of the work, not the actual work. Skliros also did not demand payment from

husband before filing the lien. Skliros further admitted that when he filed this lien,

he was not done with the work.

               On October 5, 2010, Skliros filed a second mechanic’s lien against the

property for $330,580. In it, he explained that he started the work on June 8, 2009,

and completed it on September 25, 2010. Skliros stated that he could not recall if

he demanded payment from husband. Further, there was no notice of furnishing

labor and materials filed. On February 7, 2011, Skliros filed a release of this

mechanic’s lien, stating that the $330,580 debt had been “satisfied, released and

discharged.”

               Skliros filed a third mechanic’s lien against the property in February

2011, for $330,580. In it, he stated that he began the work on June 8, 2009, and

completed it in November 2010. Skliros did not remember why he filed the third

mechanic’s lien, but thought it was “probably” because he had completed more work

on the project after he filed the other mechanic’s liens.

               Husband testified that he talked Skliros into accepting $300,000,

which is why Skliros came back to him with the $300,000 promissory note.

Husband signed a promissory note in favor of Skliros on March 7, 2011 and secured
it with a mortgage on the real estate where the Rocky River Drive gas station was

located, which Tallan, L.L.C. owned.

              When Skliros was shown the $300,000 promissory note at trial, he

said that he was “confused.” Skliros testified that he did not know anything about

the $300,000 note. Skliros testified that he had never seen the document.

              Upon further questioning from husband’s counsel, Skliros said that

he remembered from his deposition that husband was not going to pay him up front

and that he agreed to finance the project.

              Skliros further agreed that he signed an “Assignment and Assumption

Agreement” on October 1, 2012, with husband as the sole member of Tallan, L.L.C.,

and Q.A. as president of 871 Rocky River Drive, Inc. This agreement states that

husband assigned the remaining amount of the $300,000 promissory note that he

owed to Skliros ($174,621) to 871 Rocky River Drive, Inc., and that 871 Rocky River

Drive, Inc. agreed to assume the debt. Skliros testified that although he did sign the

assignment and assumption agreement, he did not know what the document was.

Skliros agreed that in his deposition, he testified that he did not remember ever

seeing the substitute promissory note.

              Skliros testified on cross-examination that he entered into a written

contract with husband for the renovation project, but stated that he could not find

the contract. When Skliros started the project, he did not know if husband or Q.A.

owned the business. He said that he thought it was “a family thing.”
              Skliros agreed that he was paid monthly during the project on checks

made from the bank account of “871 Rocky River Drive Inc, Grocery.” Skliros stated

that the construction contract was for $360,580. He received a total amount of

$263,000 from the checks.

      I. Sale of Pearl Road Gas Station

              Husband purchased the leasehold from Sunoco in March 2009 for the

Pearl Road gas station for $250,000. Husband testified that he decided to sell the

Pearl Road gas station to his brother on November 22, 2013, for $150,000 because

he could not negotiate a new lease with Tober, Inc. Tober, Inc. owned the land on

which the gas station sat. Husband stated that he “negotiated so many times, and

[they] had emails back and forth between” their lawyers “nonstop to come to

arrangement.” Husband claimed that without a valid lease, no one would purchase

the property, and that is why he believed $150,000 was a fair price even though it

was $100,000 lower than what he had paid for the leasehold from Sunoco just four

years previously.

              Husband agreed that during his deposition, he stated that Kurt Tober

wanted to increase his monthly rent to somewhere between $6,500 and $8,300. But

husband agreed that the actual agreement proposed was $4,000 per month for the

first five years, $4,500 for the next 5 years, and $5,000 for the third five years.

Husband also agreed that Pearl Road, Inc. continued to pay $2,464 per month to

Tober.
                Husband testified that for the Pearl Road gas station, Q.A. paid him

$100,000 by check as a down payment for the Pearl Road gas station and then

signed a promissory note in the amount of $50,000. Husband agreed that the

November 22, 2013 agreement between he and Q.A. did not have a purchase price

in it because it was contingent upon his brother negotiating a new lease with Tober.

Husband stated, “No agreement, no sale.” Husband later testified that was not true.

Husband explained that he sold the Pearl Road gas station to his brother “as is” and

that his brother was “on his own” to negotiate a new lease with Tober. Husband

stated that is why he and Q.A. entered into a second purchase agreement on

September 12, 2014. The second agreement between husband and Q.A. had the

purchase price of $150,000 in it, but it did not acknowledge that brother had already

made a $100,000 payment.             Husband’s and Q.A.’s testimony was not

straightforward regarding the sale of the Pearl Road gas station.

      J. Kurt Tober’s Testimony

                Tober, the president of Tober, Inc., testified that his company owns

the land on which the Pearl Road gas station sits. Tober stated that when Sunoco

notified him that they assigned their leasehold to husband, Tober’s attorney sent a

new lease agreement to husband in September 2009. Tober stated that he did so at

his attorney’s suggestion. Tober testified that when husband rejected that proposal,

Tober immediately agreed to continue the monthly rent at the same terms as the

lease they had been operating under with Sunoco, which was $2,464 per month until

May 20, 2015.
               Tober testified that when he spoke to husband after he learned that

husband had rejected the higher rent, Tober told him on the phone, “That’s fine[.]

* * * Throw the lease away. Let’s just continue the present lease[.]” Tober testified

that he did not agree with his attorney to increase the rent in the first place. Tober

said that he does not “like to have squabble in [his] life. And it wasn’t all that

important to be, to be very honest. So whatever money that was being sent to [him]

was satisfactory[.]”

               Tober denied that he ever threatened to cancel husband’s lease.

Tober denied that he and husband ever had a “battle” over the lease. Tober further

denied that he ever proposed a monthly rent of $6,500 to $8,300 per month as

husband had testified to in his deposition. Tober agreed that it was “totally false”

that husband had a chance of losing the lease. Finally, Tober said that there were

never any emails back and forth between him and husband regarding a new lease,

let alone over the course of two years.

               Tober testified that husband contacted him in 2013 and said that he

was selling the Pearl Road gas station to his brother. Husband told Tober that he

would send him the amendment to the lease, and if he agreed, Tober should sign it

and send it back, which Tober said that he did. In the 2013 amendment, Q.A.

proposed beginning the new lease on May 1, 2014, for an initial term of five years at

$2,464 per month; for $2,540 during the first five-year extended term; and $2,618

for the second five-year extended term.        Tober said the terms of the 2013
amendment were fine with him. But Tober denied that he ever negotiated any terms

with Q.A. Tober said that he simply received the new lease and signed it.

      K. Charter One Note

              The Charter One note for $269,500 that husband had taken out in

2004 to purchase the Rocky River Drive gas station became due in the fall of 2014.

Charter One Bank sent a letter to Tallan, L.L.C. in May 2014, stating that the loan

balance of $180,140.11 was due in full by October 25, 2014. Husband claimed he did

not know that this note was going to be due in the fall of 2014, despite the original

loan documents stating so as well as each monthly statement. Husband testified

that he went to Charter One Bank and Key Bank and neither would loan him the

money or permit him to refinance the loan. The original loan was guaranteed

personally by husband as well as 871 Rocky River Drive (the real estate) and Pearl

Road, Inc.

              Husband testified that he borrowed $188,088 from Q.A. in

November 2014 to pay the Charter One loan.           Q.A. corroborated husband’s

testimony, stating that he paid the remaining balance of the Charter One loan, and

husband signed a promissory note to pay the money back to him. Husband agreed

that he secured the promissory note to Q.A. with two “mortgages on real estate” —

the land on which the Rocky River Drive gas station sat (owned by Tallan, L.L.C.,

which was owned by husband) and the marital home. Husband executed the two

mortgages on February 4, 2015, just before he filed his complaint for divorce on

February 18, 2015. According to the promissory note, husband was supposed to pay
his brother $4,500 per month beginning on December 1, 2014. Husband agreed

that he never made any payments to his brother.

      L. Trial Court’s Judgment Entry

               The trial court aptly stated that the issue that involved most of the

court’s time in trial were the questions: (1) what was marital property, (2) what was

separate property, and (3) whether Q.A. “purchased the two gas stations at fair

market value or at all.”

               The trial court concluded that the duration of the marriage was from

February 9, 2001 (when husband’s marriage to his first wife dissolved) until the first

day of trial, June 10, 2016. The court found that it was not equitable to use the

parties’ legal marriage date as the commencement of the marriage due to the parties’

“financial relationship and entanglement.”

               Regarding the marital home, the trial court stated:

      Neither party argued that the residence on Devon Drive was not joint
      property. Although owned by [wife] and mortgage free prior to
      [husband] and [wife’s] civil marriage, [wife] transferred that residence
      into joint names. [Wife] also agreed to mortgage it to renovate [the
      Rocky River Drive gas station] in October 2009. [Wife] did argue that
      the court could trace her premarital portion of $159,000 so that given
      the current value of $155,000, there would be no marital value
      remaining. Given the overall equities in this matter and in
      consideration of the duration of marriage finding, the court declines to
      use a tracing method to exclude [husband’s] interest in this property
      [that] the parties used, in part, to finance the renovation of [the Rocky
      River Drive gas station]. However, the court does hold that the
      subsequent mortgage signed by [husband] in favor of [Q.A.] signed
      immediately prior to the filing of this action and without the signature,
      knowledge, or consent of [wife], is financial misconduct by [husband].
                 With respect to the Pearl Road gas station, the trial court found that

husband did not prove that this property was separate property.4                    The court

explained that wife “solely owned the asset” until March 1, 2001, which was after the

parties’ de facto marriage date. The court noted that since wife’s transfers of the

Pearl Road gas station stock to husband occurred “during the marriage,” the Pearl

Road gas station was not separate property. The court disagreed, however, with wife

that the Pearl Road gas station was her separate property.

                 The trial court found that Tallan, L.L.C. owned the real property at

the Rocky River Drive gas station. Based on expert testimony, the court found that

the real property was marital property worth $520,800, which was what Cuyahoga

County (“the most neutral value,” according to the trial court) valued the land for

tax purposes in 2014. The court further found that the $188,080 promissory note

signed by husband “immediately before the filing” of the divorce in favor of Q.A. and

secured by a mortgage in part on the Rocky River Drive real estate was “part of the

financial misconduct” by husband and was “questionable” debt that “should not be

included in any division of property.”

                 Regarding the two gas station businesses, the trial court stated that it

had “no faith” in husband’s testimony.                 The court explained that “[t]he

inconsistencies, illogic and self-serving nature of [husband’s] testimony requires the




      4   The trial court did not order any party to transfer the title of either gas station.
questioning of the alleged validity of the documents and the veracity of the

assertions.” The court further explained:

      [T]he Court finds that much of the testimony by [husband] was a
      moving target. The testimony of [Q.A.] parroted much of [husband’s]
      testimony with some of the same discrepancies. While there were some
      credibility gaps in [wife’s] testimony, on the whole her testimony was
      more credible. The testimony of [Q.A.] and, especially, of [husband],
      and the contradictory and confusing documents they provided, lacked
      credibility.

               The court found that the initial transfer of the Rocky River Drive gas

station occurred in violation of a restraining order put in place by the court when

wife filed the first divorce action in 2010. The court explained that “despite the

documents presented by [husband] and [Q.A.] and in some ways, because of them,

the court must find that the value of the business operating at 871 Rocky River Drive

is marital.”

               In valuing the Rocky River Drive gas station, the court reviewed the

testimony of three experts presented by wife, husband, and Q.A. Wife’s expert,

however, testified that he could not give his opinion as to the value of the business

due to the “inaccuracy of the tax returns, the lack of certain documents, and the fact

that the documents that do exist do not match up with the alleged transactions.” The

court noted, however, that it had to assign a value. The trial court ultimately used

Q.A.’s expert, valuing the Rocky River Drive gas station business at $306,000. In

doing so, however, the court explained that “in choosing this value, the court notes

the financial misconduct of the husband in providing documents which were used

to create the tax returns upon which this value is based.”
               The court also used Q.A.’s expert to value the Pearl Road gas station,

which was $207,000. The court also noted for this gas station that it was taking into

consideration the “financial misconduct of husband in providing documents which

were used to create tax returns upon which this value is based and for failing to

provide cash register receipts for either business.”

               In dividing the gas stations, the trial court found that it was “not

desirable to split the businesses between these parties even if it was appropriate to

divest [Q.A.] of title in this court.” The court found that selling the businesses would

only diminish the properties. The court further found that husband “has engaged in

financial misconduct in that he transferred the two gas station businesses with

convenience stores and the liquor licenses to his brother to avoid an equitable

division of property.” The court explained:

      The husband’s extreme behaviors to avoid sharing assets with his wife
      must be considered in this matter as an equitable consideration. His
      bank statements, credit cards and other financial indicators of lifestyle
      show that his recorded expenditures did not diminish until this case
      was underway. Meanwhile, he only paid $229.18 toward his temporary
      child support which created lack of cash flow for [wife] who was forced
      to use credit cards and separate property to sustain herself and the
      children during the pendency of this action.

               The court found the following property in husband’s name or

possession to be marital: husband’s car worth $6,000; Tallan, L.L.C. worth

$520,800; Pearl Road, Inc. valued at $207,000; 871 Rocky River Drive, Inc. valued

at $306,000; a boat valued at $4,000; and firearms worth $1,850. The court found

that the following property in wife’s name or possession to be marital: the North
Olmsted home valued at $145,000 (the amount of equity in the home) and wife’s

pension valued at $5,733. The court concluded that “[a]n equal division of the

property based on [its] findings would require husband to pay wife $447,458.50 to

equalize them.”

               In dividing the marital property, the court awarded wife the marital

home, her pension, and Tallan, L.L.C., and awarded husband his car, the boat, and

the three firearms.

               The court further explained:

      In addition to the above [equalization] figure, [husband] owes [wife]
      $105,806.40 for the temporary support arrearages through July 10,
      2017, plus he owes the state of Ohio an additional $4,038.40 for cash
      medical. The arrearage of$105,806.40, plus the amount owed to [wife]
      of $447,458.50 totals $553,264.90. By awarding [wife] all of
      [husband]’s interest in Tallan, LLC (871 Rocky River Drive), the debt
      will be paid and the arrearage reduced to $32,464.90, so long as the
      lien is removed from the property. If the lien remains or is in some way
      executed upon, then the value of the property in Tallan, LLC would be
      reduced to $339,712. In which case, [husband] would owe [wife] the
      full amount of the arrearage, $105,806.40, plus an additional $107,746
      ($447,458.50 less $339,712). The division of property as identified
      above is substantially equal. So long as the property is divided as above
      and the mortgages of $181,088 are removed, this is not inequitable.

               The trial court also awarded wife $2,000 per month in spousal

support for five years as well as child support for the party’s minor child and ordered

that each party pay the debts in his or her name. The trial court further ordered

husband to pay any debt allegedly owed to Q.A. and hold wife harmless for any such

debt. The trial court further ordered Q.A. to release the mortgages on the marital

home and on the real estate of the Rocky River Drive gas station, which was located
at 871 Rocky River Drive, Berea, Ohio. And the trial court awarded wife $300,000

in attorney fees.

               It is from this judgment that husband now appeals.5 We will address

husband’s assignments of error out of order for ease of discussion.

II. Marital Property

      A. Gas Station Businesses

               In his second assignment of error, husband argues that the trial court

abused its discretion when it determined that the Pearl Road and Rocky River Drive

gas station businesses were marital property. Husband does not argue that the gas

stations were his separate property. Rather, he contends that the evidence he

presented at trial established that he transferred ownership of both gas station

businesses to his brother and therefore cannot be considered marital property.

               R.C. 3105.171(A)(3) defines marital property generally as property or

interest in property that is owned by either or both of the spouses and that was

acquired by either or both of the spouses during the marriage. Once a trial court has

classified the property as either marital or separate, review of that determination is

limited to the standard of manifest weight of the evidence. Marcum v. Marcum, 116

Ohio App.3d 606, 612, 688 N.E.2d 1085 (2d Dist.1996). “This standard of review is

highly deferential and [only] some evidence is sufficient to sustain the judgment and

prevent a reversal.” Barkley v. Barkley, 119 Ohio App.3d 155, 159, 694 N.E.2d 989



      5 Q.A. also appealed the trial court’s judgment. See companion case T.A. v. R.A.,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107166.
(4th Dist.1997). Moreover, a court has broad discretion to determine what property

division is equitable. Cherry v. Cherry, 66 Ohio St.2d 348, 421 N.E.2d 1293 (1981),

syllabus.

               The manifest weight standard in a civil case is the same as it is in a

criminal case. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d

517, ¶ 17. In Eastley, the Ohio Supreme Court explained:

      Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater amount
      of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue
      rather than the other. It indicates clearly to the [factfinder] that the
      party having the burden of proof will be entitled to their verdict, if, on
      weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find the greater
      amount of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be
      established before them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but
      depends on its effect in inducing belief.”

Id. at ¶ 12, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

               When conducting a manifest weight review, this court “weighs the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and

determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [finder of fact] clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment]

must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Id. at ¶ 20. “In weighing the evidence,

the court of appeals must always be mindful of the presumption in favor of the finder

of fact.” Id. at ¶ 21, citing Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 461

N.E.2d 1273 (1984).

               Husband was required to move out of the marital home in June 2010,

after wife filed a civil protection order against him. Wife filed for divorce in
September 2010. There was no dispute in this case that when wife filed the first

divorce action, both gas stations were marital property.

               Despite the first divorce action against him as well as a temporary

restraining order forbidding him to do so, husband, almost immediately, began to

try to divest himself of ownership of the gas stations. Husband testified that

sometime as early as October 2010, just after wife had filed the divorce action, he

sold 49 percent of the Rocky River Drive gas station to Q.A. Again, husband was not

permitted to sell or transfer any property pursuant to the temporary restraining

order in the first divorce. Indeed, husband testified that he had actually agreed to

sell the entire gas station business to his brother at that point, but he decided to

transfer it in two steps so that his brother did not lose the liquor license.

               Husband claims that he had to sell the Rocky River Drive gas station

to his brother because he ran out of funds to complete the renovation of the gas

station. This is after husband had taken out a $120,000 loan for the renovation

project in October 2009, using the marital residence to secure the loan. Wife agreed

to “subordinate her interest” in the marital home to secure the loan. In January

2010, wife also took $50,000 out of her individual investment accounts to give to

husband for the renovation project. Husband never explained where the $120,000

went that he obtained from mortgaging the marital residence. It is also unclear

where the $50,000 of wife’s annuity was used in the renovations.

               Husband still claims, however, that he ran out of money to finish the

project. Skliros testified that he heard husband was having personal issues, which
is why he filed the first improper mechanic lien against the Rocky River Drive gas

station. It is telling that Skliros recorded the first mechanic’s lien against the

property for $635,000 on July 15, 2010, approximately two weeks after husband

was ordered to leave the marital residence. Wife then filed the first divorce a couple

months later.

                On March 7, 2011, husband entered into the Skliros promissory note

for $300,000, which was secured by “real estate located at 871 Rocky River Drive.”

Wife’s divorce action, however, was still pending. Husband and Q.A. claim that Q.A.

agreed to pay this $300,000 debt to Skliros as part of his payment for the gas station.

Notably, however, the $300,000 note was paid by checks written from the Rocky

River Drive gas station account. Brother signed most of the checks to Skliros from

this account. It is interesting that the Rocky River Drive gas station account had

sufficient funds to pay the Skliros note when husband testified that he could not pay

it because he ran out of funds. Husband’s reasoning is highly suspect. Further,

husband was prohibited from entering into this promissory note pursuant to the

temporary restraining order. Although wife dismissed the first divorce action, the

trial court could consider it as part of the overall financial misconduct of husband.

                We also find it interesting that Skliros could not identify the

$300,000 note and was “confused” by it. In fact, Skliros stated that he had never

seen the promissory note before trial.

                At some point after wife filed the first divorce action, husband and

wife reconciled.    Wife testified that husband talked her into dismissing her
complaint because, among other things, husband promised to go to marriage

counseling with her. Wife dismissed her complaint on April 14, 2011. Wife testified

that husband went to one session and walked out halfway during the session.

Husband did not dispute this fact. Husband never moved back into wife’s house.

               Q.A. and husband also testified that Q.A. paid to complete the inside

of the gas station business before he even entered into the purchase agreement to

buy the business, including some of the outside renovations such as the black top

finishing. Q.A. and his wife testified that they sold her gold jewelry to do so, but they

did not submit any such proof. Wife, however, submitted checks from the Rocky

River Drive grocery account showing that many companies during the renovation

were paid from this account, including one where the memo line stated, “black top

balance.” Husband could not explain why this had occurred.

               Q.A. and husband did not sign a purchase agreement for the Rocky

River Drive gas station business until September 14, 2012. Husband stated that this

was when he sold the remaining 51 percent of the business to Q.A. Husband

submitted a document that was recorded on October 7, 2014, titled “release of

mortgage,” for the $300,000 note to Skliros. Husband and Q.A. then signed an

assignment and assumption agreement, in which husband assigned, and Q.A.

assumed, the note to Skliros.

               But notably, the assignment and assumption agreement provides that

Skliros Construction Company consents to the assignment and assumption

agreement and “agrees to release and discharge Tallan, LLC from the original
March 2, 2011 Promissory Note so long as the existing Mortgage continues to secure

the new Substitution Promissory Note.” The existing mortgage was “secured by a

mortgage on real estate located at 871 Rocky River Drive, Berea, Ohio 44107.”

Further, the substitute promissory note (where Q.A. agreed to assume the balance

of the debt that husband owed Skliros) further provides that “this note is secured by

a mortgage on real estate located at 871 Rocky River Drive, Berea, Ohio 44107 owned

by Tallan, LLC.” Husband owns Tallan, L.L.C. Thus, husband, who was the sole

owner of Tallan, L.L.C., still ultimately secured the substitute promissory note from

Q.A. to Skliros.

               Husband’s sale of the Pearl Road gas station to Q.A. is just as suspect.

Husband testified that he decided to sell the Pearl Road gas station to his brother in

November 2013 for $150,000 — even though husband had paid $250,000 to Sunoco

for the leasehold in 2009 — because husband said that he could not negotiate a lease

with Kurt Tober. Husband testified ad nauseam that he and Tober went back and

forth with numerous emails and phone calls, trying to negotiate a new lease. Tober,

however, contradicted nearly everything that husband testified to. In fact, Tober

stated that he was fine with husband paying the original amount of the lease.

Husband’s entire testimony regarding the sale of the Pearl Road gas station to his

brother simply did not make sense.

               In this case, the trial court found that the gas stations were marital

property for purposes of its distributive award because it found that husband had

committed financial misconduct in attempting to divest himself of any property so
that he did not have to share any of it with wife — despite the fact that it was wife

who originally owned the first gas station and despite the fact that wife had

transferred title of that first gas station to him for mere pennies compared to what

she paid for it. We further note that the trial court did not order any party to transfer

title of either gas station to wife. Instead, the trial court awarded wife the real estate

of the Rocky River Drive gas station (i.e., Tallan, L.L.C.), which husband

undisputedly owned.

               Further, the trial court found that husband and Q.A. lacked

credibility. The trial court sat through 14 days of trial and was in the best position

to determine the credibility of the witnesses. The trier of fact is best able “to view

the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections, and use

these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” State v.

Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 24. The trier of

fact may take note of any inconsistencies and resolve them accordingly, “believ[ing]

all, part, or none of a witness’s testimony.” State v. Raver, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

02AP-604, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶ 21, citing State v. Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 197 N.E.2d

548 (1964). Moreover, husband’s questionable documentary evidence as well as

Skliros’s and Tober’s testimonies further support the trial court’s findings.

               After reviewing the record before us, we conclude that the trial court’s

findings that the two gas station businesses should be considered marital property

for purposes of totaling the marital estate and equally dividing it — despite the fact

that the two gas station businesses were titled in Q.A.’s name — were supported by
the record and are not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Again, the trial

court did not award wife the two gas stations; it awarded her the real estate on which

the Rocky River Drive gas station sits, which husband owned as the sole shareholder

of Tallan, L.L.C.

               We further note that not only does the record support the trial court’s

findings and division of property, the trial court could have, in its sound discretion,

awarded wife with a “greater award of marital property” or a “distributive award” —

on top of what it awarded her as part of her share of the marital estate — to

“compensate” wife for husband’s serious financial misconduct.                See R.C.

3105.171(E)(4) (“If a spouse has engaged in financial misconduct, including, but not

limited to, the dissipation, destruction, concealment, nondisclosure, or fraudulent

disposition of assets, the court may compensate the offended spouse with a

distributive award or with a greater award of marital property.”).

      B. Commencement of the Marriage

               Husband further argues in his second assignment of error that the

trial court erred in finding that the marriage commenced on February 10, 2001,

rather than when they were legally married. At the crux of this argument, husband

maintains that the trial court erred when it determined that wife sold the Pearl Road

gas station to him “during the marriage” because wife sold her interest in the Pearl

Road gas station to him before they were actually legally married.

               R.C. 3105.171(A)(2)(b) provides the court with authority to select a

date other than the ceremonial wedding date for purposes of equitably determining
what comprises the marital estate for a division of property assessment. D’Hue v.

D’Hue, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81017, 2002-Ohio-5857, ¶ 48. This statute provides:

      (2) “During the marriage” means whichever the following is applicable:

      (a) Except as provided in division (A)(2)(b) of this section, the period
      of time from the date of the marriage through the date of the final
      hearing in an action for divorce or in an action for legal separation.

      (b) If the court determines that the use of either or both of the dates
      specified in division (A)(2)(a) of this section would be inequitable, the
      court may select dates that it considers equitable in determining
      marital property. If the court selects dates that it considers equitable
      in determining marital property, “during the marriage” means the
      period of time between those dates selected and specified by the court.

               This court reviews a trial court’s determination of a de facto marriage

date for an abuse of discretion. Berish v. Berish, 69 Ohio St.2d 318, 323, 432 N.E.2d

183 (1982); Gullia v. Gullia, 93 Ohio App.3d 653, 666, 639 N.E.2d 822 (8th

Dist.1994).

               “‘The term discretion itself involves the idea of choice, of an exercise

of the will, of a determination made between competing considerations.’” State v.

Jenkins, 15 Ohio St.3d 164, 222, 473 N.E.2d 264 (1984), quoting Spalding v.

Spalding, 355 Mich. 382, 94 N.W.2d 810 (1959). To find that a trial court abused

that discretion, “the result must be so palpably and grossly violative of fact or logic

that it evidences not the exercise of will but the perversity of will, not the exercise of

judgment but the defiance of judgment, not the exercise of reason but instead

passion or bias.” Nakoff v. Fairview Gen. Hosp., 75 Ohio St.3d 254, 256, 662 N.E.2d

1 (1996).

               In this case, the trial court found:
      [Husband] and [wife] were civilly and legally married October 16,
      2002. However, they lived together before that marriage for six years.
      [Husband] was married to [his first wife] during that time, until
      February 9, 2001. During that time, [husband] had assisted [wife] in
      selling her grocery store, he had worked at the Pearl Road Sunoco, and
      was living in [wife’s] home. They even had [a] religious marriage
      ceremony in 1996. This Court cannot say that the legal commencement
      of the marriage was 1996. However, given their financial relationship
      and entanglement, it would be inequitable for this Court for the
      purposes of division of property and the interpretation of “duration of
      the marriage” to use the date of legal marriage. This Court must
      commence the division of property in this case after the divorce from
      [husband’s first wife] on February 9, 2001. R.C. 3105.171(A); Bryan v.
      Bryan, [8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97817], 2012-Ohio-3691. The parties
      separated in 2010, but given the facts of this case, the Court cannot find
      that date equitable, but must use the first day of trial. Therefore, for
      the purposes of division of property, the duration of the marriage is
      from February 10, 2001 to July 10, 2016.

              Husband contends that the facts in this case are not analogous to

those in Bryan, where the trial court determined that the de facto marriage date was

six years prior to the date the parties legally married. The husband and wife in

Bryan moved in together and became engaged six years prior to their legal marriage.

The wife in Bryan testified that she and husband split the costs of their living

expenses. The husband in Bryan testified that he paid almost everything. This court

affirmed the trial court’s decision because the “trial court was presented with two

different versions of the parties’ financial life prior to being married and concluded

that wife was more credible than husband.” Id. at ¶ 14.

              Here, husband claims that the facts in this case are more similar to

those in Drummer v. Drummer, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-11-10, 2012-Ohio-3064. In

Drummer, the court determined that there was no reasonable basis to find that the
marriage began six years prior to the date they were legally married. The wife argued

that the trial court erred, relying on a case from this court, Bradley v. Bradley, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 78400, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 3028 (July 5, 2001). The court

in Drummer analyzed Bradley and explained:

      In Bradley, the parties became romantically involved in 1979, which
      resulted in the birth of their son in 1980. After the birth of their son,
      Mrs. Bradley remained at home to raise the parties’ son instead of
      pursuing gainful employment. On June 22, 1991, the parties had a
      ceremonial marriage, but never obtained a marriage license. In 1995,
      Mrs. Bradley filed for divorce. Based on the evidence adduced during
      trial, the trial court determined that the parties were married at
      common law on June 22, 1991, and that the duration of the marriage
      spanned from 1979 to 1995. Mr. Bradley appealed the trial court’s
      decision. On appeal, the court of appeals, noting the trial court’s broad
      discretion on the matter, focused on length of time the parties had been
      together and the fact that Mrs. Bradley was financially dependent on
      Mr. Bradley. Based on these facts, the court of appeals determined that
      the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

      Having considered Bradley, we find that it is distinguishable from the
      present case. In Bradley, the parties cohabitated for approximately
      thirteen years before their common law marriage. Here, William and
      Shirley cohabitated for approximately six years. In Bradley, the parties
      had a son shortly after they began a relationship and well before their
      common law marriage. Here, William and Shirley had their first and
      only child in 1998, nearly four years after their marriage. Last, Mrs.
      Bradley was financially dependent on Mr. Bradley because she stayed
      home to raise their son. Here, Shirley was gainfully employed at Taco
      Bell between 1988 and 1995, and there was no evidence that she was
      financially dependent on William to the degree Mrs. Bradley was
      financially dependent on Mr. Bradley. Given these differences, we
      decline to follow Bradley.

      Certainly, the record in the instant case contains evidence that could
      persuade a trial court that, for purposes of property division, the
      beginning date of the marriage was prior to July 1994. However, the
      trial court did not reach that conclusion, finding that William and
      Shirley married on July 28, 1994. Having considered the record and
      being mindful of the trial court’s broad discretion in determining
      whether the beginning and ending dates of the marriage are
      inequitable, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
      when it did not select October 1988 as the equitable beginning date of
      the marriage.

Drummer at ¶ 52-54.

               The key to the Third District’s decision in Drummer and our decisions

in Bryan and Bradley is that this court and the Third District court were affirming

the trial courts’ decisions because trial courts have broad discretion to determine the

beginning and ending dates of the parties’ marriage.

               In this case, the parties began living together in the mid-1990s.

Husband moved into wife’s home that she had inherited from her first husband

sometime in 1996, when they were religiously married in a mosque. Husband and

wife had their first child together soon after they moved in together. They were

financially intertwined. Husband assisted wife in selling her grocery store. He also

assisted wife in finding her business partner to purchase the Pearl Road gas station.

Husband worked at wife’s gas station. The parties held themselves out in their

community as husband and wife for six years prior to their legal marriage.

               The trial court has broad discretion to determine what is equitable

upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Kunkle v. Kunkle, 51 Ohio St.3d 64,

67, 554 N.E.2d 83 (1990). Based on the record before us, we find no abuse of that

discretion.

               Husband’s second assignment of error is overruled.
III. Attorney Fees

               In his first assignment of error, husband argues the trial court

ordered him to pay “an unreasonable and exorbitant award of legal fees to wife.” He

maintains that the trial court did not consider all of the proper factors, including (1)

his inability to pay, (2) wife’s actions in prolonging the divorce, (3) wife’s retention

of multiple experts to value the property, and (4) the fact that “wife, with little to no

assets and only part-time, minimum wage employment incurred nearly half a

million dollars in legal fees (which if not foisted on husband, would never, ever be

paid).”

               In an action for divorce, a court may award all or part of reasonable

attorney fees and litigation expenses to either party if the court finds the award

equitable. R.C. 3105.73(A). In determining whether such an award is equitable, “the

court may consider the parties’ marital assets and income, any award of temporary

spousal support, the conduct of the parties, and any other relevant factors the court

deems appropriate.” Id. An award of attorney fees under R.C. 3105.73 lies within

the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed absent an abuse of

that discretion. Huffer v. Huffer, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-574, 2010-Ohio-

1223, ¶ 19. Under this highly deferential standard of review, we “may not freely

substitute [our] judgment for that of the trial court.” Dannaher v. Newbold, 10th

Dist. Franklin Nos. 05AP-172 and 05AP-650, 2007-Ohio-2936, ¶ 33.

               Husband cites to Farley v. Farley, 97 Ohio App.3d 351, 646 N.E.2d

875 (8th Dist.1994), in support of his argument that the trial court erred when it
failed to determine that he had the ability to pay wife’s attorney fees. In Farley, this

court held that courts may only award attorney fees in a divorce if it is shown that

the payor spouse has a greater ability to pay. Id. at 355. Farley relied on R.C.

3105.18(H), which husband also cites to. This subsection, however, was repealed in

2005. See Am.Sub.H.B. No. 36, effective April 27, 2005.

                Former R.C. 3105.18(H) governing attorney fees in a divorce case was

contained in the spousal support statute. It provided:

      In divorce or legal separation proceedings, the court may award
      reasonable attorney’s fees to either party at any stage of the
      proceedings, including, but not limited to, any appeal, any proceeding
      arising from a motion to modify any prior order or decree, and any
      proceeding to enforce a prior order or decree, if it determines that the
      other party has the ability to pay the attorney’s fees that the court
      awards. When the court determines whether to award reasonable
      attorney’s fees to any party pursuant to this division, it shall determine
      whether either party will be prevented from fully litigating that party’s
      rights and adequately protecting that party’s interests if it does not
      award reasonable attorney’s fees.

                Attorney fees in a divorce case are now contained in R.C. 3105.73,

which states:

      In an action for divorce, dissolution, legal separation, or annulment of
      marriage or an appeal of that action, a court may award all or part of
      reasonable attorney’s fees and litigation expenses to either party if the
      court finds the award equitable. In determining whether an award is
      equitable, the court may consider the parties’ marital assets and
      income, any award of temporary spousal support, the conduct of the
      parties, and any other relevant factors the court deems appropriate.

R.C. 3105.73(A).

                In enacting R.C. 3105.73, the Ohio General Assembly set forth “a

different standard for courts to apply when deciding whether an award of fees is
warranted.” Dunham v. Dunham, 171 Ohio App.3d 147, 2007-Ohio-1167, 870

N.E.2d 168, ¶ 90 (10th Dist.); see also Humphrey v. Humphrey, 11th Dist. Ashtabula

No. 2006-A-0083, 2007-Ohio-6738, ¶ 67 (“[T]he latest statute sets out a different

standard relating to whether an award of fees is appropriate.”).

                 Under former R.C. 3105.18(H), before a trial court could award

attorney fees to a party, it had to find: (1) the other party has the ability to pay the

fees; (2) the party seeking fees needs them to fully litigate his or her rights and

adequately protect his or her interests; and (3) the fees requested are reasonable.

Awarding attorney fees under R.C. 3105.73, however, is “less burdensome” than the

previous requirements of R.C. 3105.18(H). Dannaher, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos.

05AP-172 and 05AP-650, 2007-Ohio-2936, at ¶ 22, citing Karales v. Karales, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-856, 2006-Ohio-2963.                A court may now award

“reasonable” attorney fees if it determines the award is equitable. Id. In making the

equitable determination, “the court may consider the parties’ income, the conduct

of the parties, and any other relevant factors the court deems appropriate[.]” Id.

                Contrary to husband’s claim, unlike R.C. 3105.18(H), “R.C.

3105.73(A) does not specifically require the trial court to consider the parties’

abilities to pay attorney fees.” Shetler v. Shetler, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2008CA00036,

2009-Ohio-1581, ¶ 170. “It also does not contain an explicit instruction to the court

to consider a party’s ability to litigate his or her rights fully,” as the previous statute

required. Heyman v. Heyman, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-1070, 2007-Ohio-

2241, ¶ 15.
                 We therefore disagree with husband that the trial court abused its

discretion in this case when it failed to consider his ability to pay wife’s attorney fees.

Rather, the trial court merely had to determine whether an award of reasonable

attorney fees to wife was equitable and, in doing so, could “consider the parties’

marital assets and income, any award of temporary spousal support, the conduct of

the parties, and any other relevant factors the court deems appropriate.” R.C.

3105.73(A).

                 In this case, the trial court found that wife incurred attorney fees in

the amount of $493,885.93, excluding closing arguments. Wife had three attorneys

represent her in the divorce. Two of the attorneys charged $250 per hour, which

was less than their current rate. One charged $175 per hour, plus $110 per hour for

a paralegal. The court found that attorneys’ hourly rates were reasonable based on

their “expertise, experience, and function.” The court even found that the hourly

rates were on the “low end of the range.”

                 The trial court explained that the issue with wife’s large amount of

fees was that during depositions and trial, wife had all three or four “of these people

in attendance.” The court acknowledged that the team “may have been necessary

under the circumstances,” causing a “higher than usual range.” Wife’s attorneys

agreed to discount the fee by $150,000, which the court reasoned “help[ed] restore

the hourly rate into a more usual range.”

                 The trial court found that there were “unique issues or procedural

complexities in this case that [were] complicated by the husband’s refusal to
cooperate with discovery, give direct answers at deposition, or recall much of

anything during trial.” One of wife’s attorneys reported that approximately 100

hours of time was expended on husband’s bank records, plus one or two hours of

deposition questioning simply because husband “refused to provide or acknowledge

the bank records.” Wife’s counsel further provided that “hours were spent prior to

trial to obtain stipulations on documents that husband had provided two years”

previously. The trial court found that husband’s “repudiation of his own documents

also occurred during trial.” The trial court further found that husband refused to

acknowledge that his behavior led to the complexity of the case.

                Based upon its findings, the trial court stated that although

husband’s fees were reasonable, husband “should not be rewarded for defending his

financial and other misconduct.” The trial court further found:

      Based on the foregoing, [wife’s] attorney fees in the amount of
      $400,000 are reasonable. In determining the amount of reasonable
      attorney fees for this case, consideration was given as to whether all the
      legal services rendered were necessary and whether under the facts of
      this case the amount of time expended on such services was fully
      compensable. This reduction is related to the team cost, but not the
      necessity of the expenditure. The court finds that the husband should
      be ordered to contribute to the wife’s fees. * * * It is equitable that
      Husband pay $300,000 toward wife’s attorney fees and litigation
      expenses.

                Husband’s arguments that the trial court failed to take wife’s actions

into consideration are unfounded. The court recognized that wife’s fees were

extraordinary, but found that the discounted amount represented a fair cost when

taking husband’s financial misconduct into consideration.
                 Husband further argues that wife just produced a “laundry list of

legal services” rendered. We disagree. The trial court held a hearing on attorney

fees, where husband’s and wife’s attorneys testified at length about their respective

fees.

                  Husband further argues that the trial court failed to consider wife’s

delay tactics, stating that even the trial court recognized that “wife pursued this

matter ‘past reason.’” Husband misrepresents the trial court’s statement. The trial

court was not referring to attorney fees when it made that statement. Rather, the

trial court made that statement when it was attempting to value the gas station

businesses based upon the conflicting expert testimony. In doing so, the court

explained:

        The opinions and methodologies do not illuminate value for the court
        to determine, but each in its own way does provide some insight.
        Whether to manipulate for this case, for tax avoidance, due to sloppy
        bookkeeping, or some combination of all or some of these reasons, the
        records provided are not dispositive of the actual profits generated.
        The belief that the profits are so great has driven [wife] to pursue this
        matter past reason in that she has expended significant amounts of her
        separate property to do so. She has withdrawn over $400,000 from
        her separate property to fund this litigation and to pay her and the
        children[’s] expenses during the pendency.

                 Thus, in actuality, the trial court was referring to husband’s

misconduct in hiding or manipulating documents, which forced wife to pursue the

matter “past reason.” If wife would not have done so, husband would have gotten

away with leaving wife with nothing — despite the fact that it was wife who owned a
grocery store and gas station and who enabled husband to build a business in the

first place.

               Moreover, the trial court also sat through the 14-day trial and listened

to the testimony. Husband’s testimony was maddening. At one point during wife’s

cross-examination, husband’s attorney moved to strike wife’s answer as

“nonresponsive.” The court denied husband’s request, stating “[a]gain, if we were

going to strike every nonresponsive answer, we would have to strike every answer

[husband] said.” We could also give countless examples of husband’s behavior

during trial, which was almost unbearable. Time and time again, husband would

not acknowledge documents that his counsel had turned over in discovery. More

times than we can count, wife’s counsel would ask husband a question that he could

have answered by a simple “yes” or “no,” but he took ten pages of the transcript to

answer and, many times, would still not answer the question. Indeed, there were

numerous times that wife’s counsel would be forced to move onto another topic

because husband would refuse to answer the most basic questions about his own

exhibits, bank records, and other business documents.

                Q.A. was not much better. At one point, even the interpreter got

frustrated with Q.A., telling the court, “Excuse me, Judge, for the record, it seems

like the witness is not capable of understanding the word ‘assets,’ which is all over

the Arabic world.” At another point during Q.A.’s cross-examination, the court

stated, “[w]ell, this could be done a lot simpler, obviously, if we could just stipulate

to some of these documents. This is all going to go to fees at the end of this thing. I
don’t know where we are going, but this is ridiculous. Can we not do this the easy

way? If you produce this sir, then you say you produced this.”

                Husband further argues that the trial court failed to consider the fact

that wife made this case complicated by bringing Q.A. into the case and filing

multiple claims against him, all which “were rejected by the trial court as a matter

of law.” We disagree with husband’s characterization of the trial court’s order. The

trial court’s dismissal of wife’s tort claims against husband and Q.A. did not mean

that wife’s claims are meritless. It simply meant that the trial court was considering

only the domestic relations claims before it. Further, husband is ignoring the fact

that it was because of his and Q.A.’s actions of financial misconduct that caused wife

to bring Q.A. into the case in the first place.

                This case involved complex business issues that were made more

complicated by husband’s misconduct. One of wife’s attorneys specializes in divorce

cases with “significant business issues.” Wife’s attorney explained that other divorce

cases that he has been involved with, including one where there were 300 marital

assets and “involved the reorganization of 46 subsidiaries * * * so that the parties

could equally divide the marital shares,” were “much simpler” than this case because

there was no “fraud, or misleading of evidence, or complications that would require

you to spend an inordinate amount of time reviewing bank records and other

material.” For example, wife’s attorney explained that during the time that husband

said he sold his business because he had no money, “his bank deposits showed that

approximately $550,000 of deposits had been made into his personal checking
account. And much of those deposits were from unknown sources.” Counsel

concluded, “Forensic accounting in a divorce case takes a tremendous amount of

time.”

                  After a thorough review of the record in this case, we find no abuse

of discretion on the part of the trial court. Indeed, we find that the trial court’s

judgment awarding wife $300,000 in attorney fees was reasonable and equitable

based on the facts and circumstances of this case. The record clearly establishes that

it was husband’s extreme financial misconduct, untruthfulness, refusal to turn over

discovery, lack of evidentiary support and/or questionable documentation, endless

obstructionist testimony (both in his deposition and trial testimony), and his failure

to pay temporary support to wife that caused the complexities in this case and

resulted in wife’s attorneys having to work many more hours than they normally

would have in a less complex case.

                  Husband’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                  Judgment affirmed.

         It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

         The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

         It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



MARY J. BOYLE, JUDGE

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR
