[Cite as United Bank, Div. of the Park Natl. Bank v. Expressway Auto Parts, Ltd., 2015-Ohio-4554.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                    RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

UNITED BANK, DIVISION OF THE                               JUDGES:
PARK NATIONAL BANK                                         Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
                                                           Hon. John W. Wise, J.
        Plaintiff-Appellant                                Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.

-vs-                                                       Case No. 15CA51

EXPRESSWAY AUTO PARTS, LTD.,
ET AL.                                                     OPINION

        Defendants-Appellees



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                               Appeal from the Richland County Court of
                                                       Common Pleas, Case No. 14-CV-0547

JUDGMENT:                                              Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                                November 2, 2015

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant -                              For Defendant-Appellee -
United Bank                                            For Sutton Bank

SUSAN M. ARGO                                          MICHAEL D. STULTZ
ANTHONY R. ROBERTSON                                   KARL C. KERSCHNER
NATHAN L. SWEHLA                                       CHRISTOPHER C. CAMBONI
Graydon Head & Ritchey LLP                             Meyer & Kerschner, Ltd.
1900 Fifth Third Center                                106 East Market Street; P.O. Box 400
511 Walnut Street                                      Tiffan, Ohio 44883
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202-3157

For Defendant-                                          For Defendant-Appellee-
Expressway Auto Parts, Ltd.                             Michael W. Moyer

NEIL A. MCKOWN                                         ROBERT A. FRANCO
McKown & McKown Company, LPA                           Law Office of Robert A. Franco
10 Mansfield Avenue                                    1007 Lexington Avenue
Shelby, Ohio 44875                                      Mansfield, Ohio 44907
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                       2

Hoffman, P.J.


      {¶1}   Plaintiff-appellant United Bank, Division of the Park National Bank (“United

Bank”), appeals the April 3, 2015 Order entered by the Richland County Court of

Common Pleas, which granted summary judgment in favor of defendant-appellee

Sutton Bank. United Bank also appeals the trial court’s May 19, 2015 Bench Trial

Decision which found in favor of defendant-appellee Michael W. Moyer as well as

defendant Expressway Auto Parts, Ltd. on United Bank’s claims.

                         STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

      {¶2}   In 2004, following the death of his former business partner, Mark

Heibertshausen, Moyer arranged to purchase 862 wrecked vehicles from Westfield

Insurance Company. These vehicles were housed on the lot of T & M Expressway Auto

Parts, a salvage auto parts business owned and operated by Heibertshausen. T & M

Expressway had a contract with Westfield Insurance to purchase the wrecked vehicles

after Westfield settled the insurance claims with the vehicle owners. At the time of

Heibertsthausen’s death, T & M Expressway had not yet paid Westfield for the 862

vehicles. Moyer secured a loan from Civista Bank, FKA Citizen’s Bank and Farmer’s

Bank(“the Civista Loan”), to purchase the vehicles. Thereafter, Moyer hired workers to

disassemble the wrecked vehicles to create an inventory of salvage parts, and began

his own salvaged auto parts business. Moyer sold as scrap any parts not suitable for

inventory.

      {¶3}   At this time, Moyer personally owned real estate at 954 East Main Street,

and 222 North Pierce Street in Crestline, Ohio. Civista Bank held a mortgage on these

properties (“the Civista Mortgage”), which Moyer had originally assumed from
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                      3


Heibertshausen on May 27, 2004. The balance on the Civista Mortgage was $334,961,

as of June 24, 2004. On July 29, 2004, Moyer entered into a land installment contract to

sell the two properties to Songer Investments, which was owned by Matthew Songer,

for the amount of the mortgage debt. Instead of making payments directly to Moyer,

Songer made the land contract payments directly to Civista Bank, crediting the Civista

Mortgage.

      {¶4}   Songer decided to purchase the salvage auto parts business from Moyer.

On June 28, 2006, Songer formed a limited liability company, Expressway Auto Parts,

Ltd., to operate the business. The LLC operating agreement named Songer’s wife,

Angela Songer, and his mother, Arlene Songer, as the co-owners and only members of

the LLC. The operating agreement further denoted Songer and his father, Herbert

Songer, as co-general managers. Moyer gave Expressway the inventory from the

Westfield vehicles, and Expressway made payments on the Civista Loan. Moyer was

involved in the business affairs of Expressway throughout the company’s existence.

Moyer, however, was not paid a fixed regular compensation although it appears

Expressway paid Moyer $544,000, over 2011, 2013, and 2014.

      {¶5}   On December 19, 2006, Moyer executed a $630,000 promissory note

payable to Sutton Bank. The Note identified Moyer and Expressway as co-borrowers.

Moyer also signed a security agreement pledging Expressway’s inventory and

equipment, and a 1998 motor vehicle, as collateral for the Note. Moyer signed the

security agreement personally and on behalf of Expressway, and identified himself as a

member of the company.       Sutton Bank filed a financing statement with the Ohio

Secretary of State on May 7, 2007.      Civista Bank received $290,727.26, from the
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                         4


proceeds of the Sutton Bank Loan, as payment on the Civista Loan. Expressway made

the monthly payments on the Sutton Bank Loan over the next eight years.

Expressway’s tax returns for tax years 2006-2010, listed the Sutton Bank Loan as a

corporate liability.

       {¶6}    On September 6, 2007, United Bank loaned Expressway $100,000, taking

a security interest in Expressway’s inventory as collateral for the loan. United Bank filed

a financing statement with the Ohio Secretary of State on November 7, 2007.

Expressway made the monthly payments on that loan.

       {¶7}    On December 1, 2009, Angela Songer and Arlene Songer executed an

Amendment to Operating Agreement, which removed Arlene Songer as a member,

leaving Angela Songer as the sole member. The Amendment also removed Herbert

Songer as the co-general manager, leaving Songer as the sole general manager.

       {¶8}    On March 29, 2010, Songer, in his capacity as general manager, executed

a promissory note in the amount of $569,447.29, payable to United Bank (“the United

Bank Loan”).       Songer also executed a security agreement on the same day.

Expressway made monthly payments on the United Bank Loan until April, 2014.

       {¶9}    On April 1, 2014, Songer was sent to federal prison for mortgage fraud.

Moyer became the acting general manager of Expressway. Moyer stopped making the

monthly payments on the United Bank Loan.           Following this default, United Bank

obtained a cognovits judgment in the amount of $464,000 against Expressway in the

Crawford County Court of Common Pleas on May 14, 2014.

       {¶10} On May 28, 2014, United Bank filed the instant action against Expressway

and Sutton Bank. United Bank subsequently amended the complaint to add Moyer as a
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                   5


defendant. Sutton Bank filed a motion for summary judgment on March 3, 2015. Via

Order filed April 3, 2015, the trial court granted Sutton Bank’s motion for summary

judgment, finding Expressway ratified the Sutton Bank Loan and security agreement

executed by Moyer, and the Sutton Bank Loan was superior to the United Bank Loan.

The trial court conducted a bench trial on United Bank’s claims against Moyer and

Expressway on April 28, 2015. Via Bench Trial Decision filed May 19, 2015, the trial

court entered judgment in favor of Moyer and Expressway on United Bank’s claims.

      {¶11} It is from these entries United Bank appeals, raising the following

assignments of error:

      {¶12} "I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW WHEN IT

GRANTED DEFENDANT-APPELLEE SUTTON BANK ('SUTTON BANK') SUMMARY

JUDGMENT ON PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT UNITED BANK, DIVISION OF THE PARK

NATIONAL BANK'S ('UNITED BANK') DECLARATORY JUDGMENT CLAIM.

      {¶13} "II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED SUTTON BANK

SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON UNITED BANK'S DECLARATORY JUDGMENT CLAIM

BECAUSE GENUINE ISSUES OF MATERIAL FACT REMAIN.

      {¶14} "III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED DEFENDANT-

APPELLEE MICHAEL W. MOYER ('MOYER') JUDGMENT ON UNITED BANK'S

CLAIM FOR CONVERSION.

      {¶15} "IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED MOYER

JUDGMENT ON UNITED BANK'S CLAIM FOR FRAUDULENT TRANSFER.

      {¶16} "V. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED MOYER

JUDGMENT ON UNITED BANK'S CLAIM FOR COLLECTION OF PROCEEDS.
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                       6


         {¶17} "VI. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED MOYER

JUDGMENT          ON    UNITED     BANK'S     REQUEST      FOR    PUNITIVE     DAMAGES

ASSOCIATED WITH ITS CONVERSION AND FRAUDULENT TRANSFER CLAIMS."

         {¶18} Preliminarily, we note this case comes to us on the accelerated calendar.

App.R. 11.1, which governs accelerated calendar cases, provides in pertinent part the

following:

                 (E) Determination and judgment on appeal

                 The appeal will be determined as provided by App. R. 11.1. It shall

         be sufficient compliance with App. R. 12(A) for the statement of the reason

         for the court's decision as to each error to be in brief and conclusionary

         form.

                 The decision may be by judgment entry in which case it will not be

         published in any form.

         {¶19} One of the important purposes of the accelerated calendar is to enable an

appellate court to render a brief and conclusory decision more quickly than in a case on

the regular calendar where the briefs, facts, and legal issues are more complicated.

Crawford v. Eastland Shopping Mall Association, 11 Ohio App.3d 158 (10th Dist.1983).

         {¶20} This appeal shall be considered in accordance with the aforementioned

rules.

                                                I, II

         {¶21} Because United Bank’s first two assignments of error challenge the

propriety of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Sutton, we shall

address said assignments of error together. In its first assignment of error, Unite Bank
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                       7


contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Sutton Bank on

the declaratory judgment claim.          In its second assignment of error, United Bank

maintains the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Sutton Bank as

genuine issues of material fact exist.

       {¶22} Civ. R. 56states in pertinent part:

       {¶23} “Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of

evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that

there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. No evidence or stipulation may be considered except as

stated in this rule. A summary judgment shall not be rendered unless it appears from

the evidence or stipulation, and only from the evidence or stipulation, that reasonable

minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the party

against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being entitled to

have the evidence or stipulation construed mostly strongly in the party's favor. A

summary judgment, interlocutory in character, may be rendered on the issue of liability

alone although there is a genuine issue as to the amount of damages.”

       {¶24} A trial court should not enter a summary judgment if it appears a material

fact is genuinely disputed, nor if, construing the allegations most favorably towards the

non-moving party, reasonable minds could draw different conclusions from the

undisputed facts. Hounshell v. Am. States Ins. Co., 67 Ohio St.2d 427, 424 N.E.2d 311

(1981). The court may not resolve any ambiguities in the evidence presented. Inland

Refuse Transfer Co. v. Browning–Ferris Inds. of Ohio, Inc., 15 Ohio St.3d 321, 474
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                       8


N.E.2d 271 (1984). A fact is material if it affects the outcome of the case under the

applicable substantive law. Russell v. Interim Personnel, Inc., 135 Ohio App.3d 301,

733 N.E.2d 1186 (6th Dist.1999).

        {¶25} When reviewing a trial court's decision to grant summary judgment, an

appellate court applies the same standard used by the trial court. Smiddy v. The

Wedding Party, Inc., 30 Ohio St.3d 35, 506 N.E.2d 212 (1987). This means we review

the matter de novo. Doe v. Shaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388, 2000–Ohio–186, 738 N.E.2d

1243.

        {¶26} The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of

informing the trial court of the basis of the motion and identifying the portions of the

record which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element

of the non-moving party's claim. Drescher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264

(1996). Once the moving party meets its initial burden, the burden shifts to the

nonmoving party to set forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue of material

fact does exist. Id. The non-moving party may not rest upon the allegations and denials

in the pleadings, but instead must submit some evidentiary materials showing a genuine

dispute over material facts. Henkle v. Henkle, 75 Ohio App.3d 732, 600 N.E.2d 791

(12th Dist.1991).

        {¶27} United Bank argues Moyer did not have authority to sign the Sutton Bank

Loan for Expressway and lacked authority to grant a security interest in Expressway’s

inventory to Sutton Bank.    United Bank posits Sutton Bank’s financial statement is

ineffective to perfect its security interest; therefore, the United Bank Loan is first in

priority. We disagree.
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                           9


       {¶28} It is well established an unauthorized contract entered into by a corporate

officer or agent may be impliedly ratified by the governing officers or owners where the

governing officers have actual knowledge of the facts and (1) accept and retain the

benefits of the contract, (2) acquiesce in it, or (3) fail to repudiate the contract within a

reasonable period of time.” Campbell v. Hospitality Motor Inns, Inc. (1986), 24 Ohio

St.3d 54, 57. Further, it is a well-settled doctrine of the law of agency is that a principal

may ratify the acts of its agent performed beyond the agent's scope of authority, and

such ratification relates back to the time of performance of the acts and binds the

principal from that time. State v. Wagner (1990), 55 Ohio St.3d 31, 65.

       {¶29} We find Expressway ratified the Sutton Bank Loan. The record reveals

Moyer played an active role in the operations of Expressway from the company’s

beginning. Although Moyer did not have actual authority, the evidence establishes he

had apparent authority to act on behalf of Expressway.           Expressway reported the

$630,000 loan from Sutton Bank as a liability of the business on its federal tax returns,

beginning in the 2006 tax year.       Expressway made the monthly loan payments of

$5,415.66 to Sutton Bank throughout the eight years of the loan. There is no evidence

Expressway ever questioned the validity of the Sutton Bank Loan as a business

indebtedness.    Moyer granted the security interest in Expressway’s equipment and

inventory in December, 2006. Although Sutton Bank did not file the financing statement

until May 7, 2007, Expressway’s ratification relates back to December, 2006. United

Bank did not file its financing statement with the Secretary of State until November,

2007. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in

favor of Sutton Bank.
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                         10


       {¶30} United Bank also argues Sutton Bank did not provide value or

consideration to Expressway.        Sutton Bank maintains United Bank waived this

argument by failing to raise the defense in its Answer to Sutton Bank’s counterclaim.

Assuming, arguendo, United Bank did not waive this defense, we, nonetheless, find

Sutton Bank provided a value to Expressway. In his cross-claim against Expressway,

Moyer alleged he signed the Note and Security Agreement for the Sutton Bank Loan

“for the benefit of Expressway”. Expressway admitted this allegation was true.

       {¶31} United Bank’s first and second assignments of error are overruled.

                                                III

       {¶32} In its third assignment of error, United Bank asserts the trial court erred in

finding Moyer was not liable for conversion.

       {¶33} The tort of conversion is defined as “the wrongful exercise of dominion

over property to the exclusion of the rights of the owner, or withholding it from his

possession under a claim inconsistent with his rights.” Heflin v. Ossman, Fairfield App

.No. 05CA17, 2005–Ohio–6876, ¶ 20, quoting Joyce v. General Motors Corp. (1990), 49

Ohio St.3d 93, 96, 551 N.E.2d 172. Thus, the elements required for conversion are: (1)

a defendant's exercise of dominion or control; (2) over a plaintiff's property; and (3) in a

manner inconsistent with the plaintiff's rights of ownership. Id., citing Cozmyk Ent., Inc.

v. Hoy (June 30, 1997), Franklin App. No. 96APE10–1380.

       {¶34} Generally, “[i]n order to prove the conversion of property, the owner must

demonstrate (1) he or she demanded the return of the property from the possessor after

the possessor exerted dominion or control over the property, and (2) that the possessor

refused to deliver the property to its rightful owner. The measure of damages in a
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                     11


conversion action is the value of the converted property at the time it was converted.”

Congress Lake Club v. Witte, Stark App.No.2007CA00191, 2008–Ohio–6799, ¶ 66,

quoting Tabar v. Charlie's Towing Serv., Inc. (1994), 97 Ohio App.3d 423, 427–428, 646

N.E.2d 1132 (additional citations omitted). However, “Ohio law recognizes two types of

conversion. The first type is where the wrongful possessor properly acquires the

property but then refuses to return it upon demand and the second is where the

wrongful possessor simply unlawfully acquires the property.” In re Panel Town of

Dayton, Inc. (S.D.Ohio 2006), 338 B.R. 764, 774, citing Petefish v. Haselberger,

Ashland App.No.2005–COA–012, 2005–Ohio–5638. Thus, the aforesaid demand and

refusal elements are conditional, and are necessary “if the original taking was rightful

and no act of dominion or control inconsistent with the [owner's] ownership had taken

place.” See Ohio Telephone Equipment & Sales, Inc. v. Hadler Realty Co. (1985), 24

Ohio App.3d 91, 93.

       {¶35} Upon review of the record, we find United Bank failed to establish the

elements of conversion.     United Bank failed to trace funds in Expressway’s bank

accounts back to any specific secured property; therefore, was unable to establish any

identifiable proceeds from the sale of its secured collateral were used to make

payments to Moyer. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err in finding Moyer not

liable for conversion.

       {¶36} United Bank’s third assignment of error is overruled.
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                       12


                                               IV

      {¶37} In its fourth assignment of error, United Bank argues the trial court erred in

failing to find certain payments by Expressway were fraudulent transfers when United

Bank proved Expressway was insolvent.

      {¶38} R.C. 1336.04(A) presents two separate definitions of a fraudulent transfer.

The statutory elements of a fraudulent transfer under R.C. 1336.04(A)(1) include “ ‘(1) a

conveyance or incurring of a debt; (2) made with actual intent to defraud, hinder, or

delay; (3) present or future creditors.’ ” UAP-Columbus JV326132 v. Young, 10th Dist.

No. 09AP-646, 2010-Ohio-485, 2010 WL 532443, ¶ 28, quoting Atlantic Veneer Corp. v.

Robbins, 4th Dist. No. 01CA678, 2002-Ohio-5363, ¶ 13. By contrast, a claim under

R.C. 1336.04(A)(2) requires that (1) the debtor made a transfer without receiving

equivalent value and (2) the debtor either was engaged or was about to engage in a

business or a transaction “for which the remaining assets of the debtor were

unreasonably small in relation to the business or transaction,” or the debtor “intended to

incur, or believed or reasonably should have believed that he would incur, debts beyond

his ability to pay as they became due.” Esteco, Inc. v. Kimpel, 7th Dist. No. 07 CO 3,

2007-Ohio-7201, ¶ 20.

      {¶39} R.C. 1336.05 governs fraudulent transfers as to creditorswhose claims

arose before a transfer was made, and provides:

             (A) A transfer made or an obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as

      to a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made or the obligation

      was incurred if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation without

      receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer or obligation
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                        13


       and the debtor was insolvent at that time or the debtor became insolvent as a

       result of the transfer or obligation.

                 (B) A transfer made or an obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as

       to a creditor or the obligation was incurred if the transfer was made to or the

       obligation was incurred with respect to an insider for an antecedent debt, the

       debtor was insolvent at that time, and the insider had reasonable cause to

       believe that the debtor was insolvent.

       {¶40} United Bank asserts it established Expressway was insolvent; the

transfers were not made for reasonably equivalent value; and the transfers were made

to an insider.

       {¶41} The trial court found United Bank failed to prove Expressway’s insolvency.

The trial court further found United Bank failed to establish payments made by

Expressway to Sutton Bank and Moyer were made for the purpose of hindering,

delaying, or defrauding United Bank. Upon review of the record, we find there was

sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s findings.

       {¶42} United Bank’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                                                  V

       {¶43} In the fifth assignment of error, United Bank contends the trial court erred

in granting judgment in favor of Moyer on its claim for collection of proceeds. Within this

assignment of error, United Bank submits the trial court erred in finding it had failed to

trace payments to Moyer.

       {¶44} The record reveals although United Bank presented evidence of payments

made by Expressway, United Bank failed to establish the monies paid by Expressway
Richland County, Case No. 15CA51                                                         14


were not legitimate business debts.          Further, United Bank was unable to trace

identifiable proceeds from the sale of its specific collateral.

       {¶45} United Bank’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                                                  VI

       {¶46} In its final assignment of error, United Banks maintains the trial court erred

in failing to award punitive damages on its conversion and fraudulent transfer claims.

       {¶47} Having found the trial court did not err in granting judgment in favor of

Moyer on these claims, we, likewise, find the trial court did not err in failing to grant

punitive damages to United Bank.

       {¶48} United Bank’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶49} The judgment of the Richland County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

By: Hoffman, P.J.

Wise, J. and

Baldwin, J. concur
