                      TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS


                           OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

                                     State of California


                                     DANIEL E. LUNGREN

                                       Attorney General


                         ______________________________________

                  OPINION            :
                                     :          No. 91-502
                  of                 :
                                     :          March 18, 1992
        DANIEL E. LUNGREN            :
           Attorney General          :
                                     :
        ANTHONY S. Da VIGO           :
        Deputy Attorney General      :
                                     :
______________________________________________________________________________

            THE HONORABLE MAX E. ROBINSON, COUNTY COUNSEL, COUNTY OF
FRESNO, has requested an opinion on the following question:

               Is a two-thirds vote of the entire membership of a city council required to override
an adverse determination made by an airport land use commission concerning the city's proposed
amendment of its general plan?

                                         CONCLUSION

                 A two-thirds vote of the entire membership of a city council is not required to
override an adverse determination made by an airport land use commission concerning the city's
proposed amendment of its general plan; a two-thirds vote of the members constituting a quorum
is sufficient to override the determination.

                                           ANALYSIS

              Airport land use commissions are statutorily created in each county for the purpose
of formulating a comprehensive land use plan for the orderly growth of public airports and to
achieve, by zoning, compatible land uses in the vicinity of airports. (Pub. Util. Code, §§ 21670-
21677; see 74 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 58 (1991); 71 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 213 (1988).)1

                We are informed that a seven-member city council has voted four-to-two to overrule
an airport land use commission's adverse determination concerning the city's proposed amendment
of its general plan. The question presented for analysis is whether the motion passed "by a two-
thirds vote" of the city's "governing body." We conclude that it passed.

              The inquiry calls for an interpretation of subdivision (b) of section 21676.

 Subdivision (b) states:


   1
    All section references are to the Public Utilities Code unless otherwise specified.
                       "Prior to the amendment of a general plan or specific plan, or the adoption
              or approval of a zoning ordinance or building regulation within the planning
              boundary established by the airport land use commission pursuant to Section 21675,
              the local agency shall first refer the proposed action to the commission. If the
              commission determines that the proposed action is inconsistent with the
              commission's plan, the referring agency shall be notified. The local agency may,
              after a public hearing, overrule the commission by a two-thirds vote of its governing
              body if it makes specific findings that the proposed action is consistent with the
              purposes of this article stated in Section 21670." (Emphasis added.)

If the phrase "two-thirds vote of its governing body" requires a two-thirds vote of all members of
the legislative body, the motion in question failed since five votes would be necessary for a seven-
member council. On the other hand, if the phrase only requires a two-thirds vote of those members
present and constituting a quorum,2 the motion passed to override the airport land use commission's
decision.3
                 We have on numerous occasions recited the prevailing rule where no supermajority
requirement (e.g., two-thirds or four-fifths) is necessary for the governing body to act. In the
absence of express contrary indication, a simple majority of a collective body constitutes a quorum,4
and a majority of a quorum is empowered to act for the body. (FTC v. Flotill Products (1967) 389
U.S. 179, 183; People v. Harrington (1883) 63 Cal. 257; 66 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 336 (1983); 62
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 698 (1979); 58 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 706 (1975); 55 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 26 (1972).)5

                Such express contrary indication has been found in those statutes which refer
specifically to the members of a collective body as distinguished from the body itself. (See, Dry
Creek Valley Association, Inc. v. Board of Supervisors (1977) 67 Cal.App.3d 839, 845; Fisher v.
Board of Police Commissioners (1965) 236 Cal.App.2d 298.) For example, a statutory reference
to "the affirmative votes of at least a majority of the members of the board" necessitates a majority
vote of the whole board. (55 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, 28-29.) Again, the "majority of all entitled
to vote" requires action by a majority of the collective body as a whole. (23 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 99
(1954).)


      2
     A "quorum" is the minimum number of members of a body who must be present to transact
business legally. Almost always, a quorum consists of a majority (more than half) of the body's
existing membership. (62 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 698, 699-700 (1979).) For example, a city council
with seven members would have a quorum to transact business at its meetings when four members
are present and entitled to vote.
      3
    We are not here concerned with an existing membership of a collective body which has been
reduced by vacancies in office. (See, Nesbitt v. Bolz (1939) 13 Cal.2d 677; 49 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen.
30 (1967).) It is assumed that the city council in question was at the time herein pertinent fully
constituted.
          4
     While the city in question is chartered and may adopt its own rules for the transaction of
business (62 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, 699), it will be assumed that the rule is the same as provided
for general law cities, i.e., that a majority of the council constitutes a quorum for the transaction of
business. (Gov. Code, § 36810; Kennedy v. City of Ukiah (1977) 69 Cal.App.3d 545, 551.)
  5
   It is further assumed in the case of a city that an ordinance will be passed by a minimum of three
votes. (Gov. Code, § 36936.)

                                                       2.                                             91-502
                Based on our prior opinions, it is clear that but for the two-thirds super-majority
requirement in section 21676, the reference to the "governing body" without allusion to its
individual members would authorize action to be taken by a majority of the members present rather
than the entire membership. Is a distinction to be drawn where reference is made to a supermajority
of the governing board without allusion to the individual members? We think not.6

               As summarized in 4 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d ed. Rev.), section
13.31a, pages 708-709:

                   "Where any particular act is required to be done by a specified vote, the rule
          is generally held to be that the requirement is met by a proportion of the vote of those
          constituting a quorum to do business. So `unanimous consent of the council,' as used
          in a council rule, was construed to require unanimity of a quorum only. However,
          where the act must be done by a distinct proportion `of all the members elected,' or
          `of all the members of the council,' it is manifest that the law should be construed by
          counting the whole membership of the body in question." (Fns. omitted.)

               In Tidewater Southern Railway Co. v. Jordan (1912) 163 Cal. 105, a company's board
of directors voted unanimously in favor of a resolution which a statute required to be adopted by
"the unanimous vote of its board of directors." The Supreme Court upheld the adoption of the
resolution even though not all directors had been present for the vote:

                 "We entertain no doubt of the soundness of the contention that the vote of the
          seven who attended the meeting was all that was required. The statute does not
          demand the `unanimous vote of all the directors,' nor the `unanimous vote of all the
          members of the board.' What is called for is the `unanimous vote of the board.' The
          provision looks to the body constituting the board of directors, rather than to the
          individuals of whom the board is composed." (Id. at 106; cf. Hopkins v. MacCulloch
          (1939) 35 Cal.App.2d 442, 452-453.)

               The adoption and amendment of a general plan by a city requires "the affirmative
vote of not less than a majority of the total membership of the legislative body." (Gov. Code, §
65356.) The two-thirds requirement for an override of a commission's decision as specified in
section 21676 reasonably elevates the standard in view of the commission's adverse determination.
In addition, the council is required under the statute to make specific findings to support the
override. In light of the fact that supermajority requirements are to be "strictly construed" (Los
Angeles County Transport. Com. v. Richmond (1982) 31 Cal.3d 197, 205; 66 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen.,
supra, 337), we perceive no indication in section 21676 that a two-thirds vote is required not only
of a quorum, but of the entire membership of the council as a whole.7



  6
   In this regard, we are compelled to reexamine and disapprove a recent informal opinion, No. 91-
307 (March 18, 1991).
      7
     It is true that fewer affirmative votes might be necessary for the council's override under the
"two-thirds" standard than for the general plan amendment itself under the "majority" standard.
With a seven-member council having four members present, for example, three could override the
commission's adverse decision under section 21676, while four would be required to amend the
general plan under Government Code section 65356. However anomalous this result may seem, it
is a matter for the Legislature to address if it deems appropriate.

                                                    3.                                               91-502

                It is concluded that a two-thirds vote of the members of a city council constituting
a quorum overrides an adverse determination made by an airport land use commission concerning
the city's proposed amendment of its general plan.


                                             *****




                                                 4.                                         91-502

