                                                                                          08/23/2016


                                          DA 15-0769

             IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                         2016 MT 203



IN THE MATTER OF:

A.G. and T.G.,

         Youths in Need of Care.



APPEAL FROM:            District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,
                        In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DN 11-9C and DN 14-41C
                        Honorable John C. Brown, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                 For Appellant:

                        Kathryn McEnery, McEnery Law Office, P.C., Hot Springs, Montana

                 For Appellee:

                        Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Micheal S. Wellenstein,
                        Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana

                        Martin Lambert, Gallatin County Attorney, Bozeman, Montana



                                                   Submitted on Briefs: June 8, 2016

                                                              Decided: August 23, 2016


Filed:

                        __________________________________________
                                          Clerk
Justice Laurie McKinnon delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1    J.G. (Father) appeals from two orders entered by the Eighteenth Judicial District

Court, Gallatin County, terminating his parental rights to his daughter A.G. and son T.G.

We affirm.

¶2    Father presents the following issue for review: Did the Department of Health and

Human Services (the Department) make reasonable efforts to prevent the necessity of

removing A.G. and T.G. as required by § 41-3-423, MCA?

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3    Father and K.G. (Mother) have two minor children together, A.G., born in 2009,

and T.G., born in 2014. In 2009, K.G. was intoxicated, operating a motor vehicle, and

involved in an accident while A.G. was in the vehicle. As a result, the Department

entered into a voluntary services agreement with Mother to work with her chemical

dependency issues and parenting of A.G., then only two months old. On February 16,

2010, Mother left A.G. in her unlocked vehicle parked in a lot while she was in a store

shopping. As a result, a police officer cited Mother with endangering the welfare of a

child and the Department and Mother entered into a second voluntary services agreement.

On February 24, 2011, a police officer arrested Father for assaulting Mother in A.G.’s

presence. Both parents were intoxicated. Father was charged with Aggravated Assault.

The Department entered into a third voluntary services agreement with the family.

¶4    On June 21, 2011, the Department removed A.G. because Mother was attempting

to drive to North Dakota under the influence of drugs and alcohol with A.G. in the

vehicle. Mother pled guilty to endangering the welfare of a child and DUI. On June 24,


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2011, the Department filed a petition for emergency protective services and temporary

legal custody of A.G. Mother stipulated, but Father contested A.G.’s adjudication as a

youth in need of care and the Department’s petition for emergency protective services.

After conducting a hearing, the District Court adjudicated A.G. a youth in need of care

and granted the Department temporary legal custody for six months. The District Court

approved a treatment plan and Father signed it on January 9, 2012. The District Court

extended temporary legal custody several times.

¶5     On April 30, 2013, the Department placed A.G. with Father for a trial home visit

in North Dakota.     The visit was successful and Father successfully completed his

treatment plan. On June 25, 2013, Mother relinquished her parental rights to A.G. On

August 2, 2013, the District Court sentenced Mother to thirteen months commitment to

Department of Corrections with five years suspended for criminal endangerment and

DUI, both felonies, in connection with an incident wherein Mother left an unrelated child

unattended in a vehicle in hot weather. On November 18, 2013, the District Court

terminated Mother’s parental rights to A.G. On December 17, 2013, the District Court

ordered permanent placement of A.G. with Father and the dependent and neglect

proceeding concerning A.G. was dismissed. A child protection specialist involved in the

case cautioned Father that if Father and Mother resumed their relationship and Mother

resumed drinking alcohol, Father needed to protect A.G. Father agreed that protecting

A.G. was his priority.

¶6     Upon discharge from her period of commitment, Mother and Father resumed their

relationship in North Dakota, Mother resumed drinking alcohol, and the parties married.


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Thereafter, Father routinely left A.G. in Mother’s care without supervision of Mother’s

parenting. Father, however, contacted North Dakota police and asked them to remove

Mother because she was drunk and out of control in Father’s home. Mother returned to

Montana because she violated her probation by drinking alcohol in North Dakota. She

again drank when she returned to Montana.       Father and A.G. then moved back to

Montana to live with Mother.

¶7    On May 14, 2014, Father bought Mother a bottle of wine to drink, even though he

knew Mother was pregnant. Father admitted he understood that Mother consuming large

amounts of alcohol while pregnant can harm the fetus. Father also admitted that he

advised Mother to stay in the vehicle and bought her the alcohol because she was drunk

and pregnant and he was embarrassed. That night, A.G. was not home and Mother and

Father drank and watched movies together. According to Father, Mother “got a little

physical” and he locked himself in the bedroom. Neighbors contacted police when they

heard Mother and Father arguing. Mother picked the bedroom door lock and Father

locked himself in the bathroom until police arrived. When police arrived they believed

Mother was intoxicated. They observed alcohol bottles, noticed that Mother was slurring

her words, struggling to balance, and leaning on the walls for support. Both Mother and

Father were arrested—Father because he had an outstanding warrant and Mother for

violating her probation by drinking alcohol. Police contacted the Department. The

Department removed A.G. and placed her in kinship care. Again, the Department filed a

petition for emergency protective services and temporary legal custody “based on the

Father’s physical neglect of A.G., including exposure to alcohol abuse, domestic


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violence, and failure to protect against [Mother] whose parental rights to A.G. were

terminated.”

¶8    In June 2014, while Mother was five months pregnant, a motorist found her drunk

and lying in a roadway. The motorist tried to take her home, but Mother could not

describe to him where she lived. He took her to his house instead, where she became

aggressive and he contacted police. Police arrived and took Mother to the hospital.

Mother went from the hospital to jail where a breath test indicated she had a blood

alcohol content of .238. Mother’s probation officer contacted the Department. Mother’s

probation officer also listened to a recording of a phone call Mother made to Father while

she was incarcerated wherein Father indicated he planned to flee the state with A.G.

¶9    Later that month, a neighbor observed Father with A.G.           According to the

neighbor, Father and A.G. were alone at a pond, although he was not allowed

unsupervised visits with A.G. at the time. Father was intoxicated and repeatedly dunking

A.G. underwater. The neighbor explained that A.G. was crying, choking, and reminding

her father that she did not know how to swim, but Father continued dunking and throwing

her into the water. The neighbor contacted the Department. Afterwards, Father left a

message on the neighbor’s husband’s phone saying he was so angry he could “kill

someone” and warning that his wife should “stay[] the fuck out of [his] life.” The

neighbor and her husband obtained an order of protection against Father.

¶10   T.G. was born in September 2014, and the Department removed him the following

day before Mother and Father could leave the hospital with him. The reasons listed for

T.G.’s removal were Mother and Father’s history of domestic violence, alcohol abuse,


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A.G.’s pending dependent and neglect case, the Department’s prior history with Mother

and Father, and T.G.’s vulnerability as a newborn. T.G. was placed in foster care for

several days and then in kinship care with A.G. On October 3, 2014, the Department

filed for emergency protective services and temporary legal custody of T.G.

¶11   After conducting a hearing, the District Court adjudicated A.G. a youth in need of

care. In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, issued November 10, 2014, the

District Court concluded that the Department had made reasonable efforts to prevent

A.G.’s removal:

      [I]ncluding providing the Father a Treatment Plan and services in the prior
      DN; providing reunification services in the prior DN; placing A.G. in
      kinship placement in this case; and arranging for supervised parenting time
      in this case. The Court make[s] this determination recognizing per
      § 41-3-423, MCA, the child’s health and safety are of paramount concern in
      making reasonable efforts.

Mother and Father stipulated to T.G. being a youth in need of care. The District Court

concluded reasonable efforts had been made; however, “no services could have been

provided to the family which would have prevented or eliminated the need” for T.G.’s

removal.   The District Court approved a treatment plan and Father signed it on

November 26, 2014. The District Court also granted the Department temporary legal

custody of A.G. and T.G. for six months.

¶12   Also on November 26, 2014, the Department placed A.G. and T.G. with Mother

and Father for a trial home visit. On December 23, 2014, police and the Department

were contacted after A.G., aged five, and her cousin, also five, were found walking

around town unsupervised. When found, the two said they had been sleeping in a park



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and someone’s dad had dropped them off there. The children were taken home, where

Mother was found intoxicated. Police were contacted and arrested Mother for violating

her probation. The Department removed A.G. and T.G. from their trial home visit.

¶13    Father did not successfully complete his treatment plan. On May 26, 2015, the

Department filed a petition to terminate Father’s parental rights to A.G. and T.G. Mother

relinquished her rights to T.G. On November 30, 2015, the District Court terminated

Mother’s parental rights to T.G. The District Court held a termination hearing for Father.

Father failed to appear. On December 1, 2015, the District Court terminated Father’s

parental rights to A.G. and T.G. In its orders terminating Father’s parental rights, the

District Court concluded reasonable efforts had been made given the need to protect the

children’s health and safety.

¶14    Father appeals.

                                STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶15    We review a district court’s decision to terminate parental rights for an abuse of

discretion. In re C.J.M., 2012 MT 137, ¶ 10, 365 Mont. 298, 280 P.3d 899 (citation

omitted). We review a district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions

of law for correctness. C.J.M., ¶ 10 (citations omitted).

                                      DISCUSSION

¶16 Did the Department make reasonable efforts to prevent the necessity of removing
A.G. and T.G. as required by § 41-3-423, MCA?

¶17    “It is the policy in Montana to protect children whose health and welfare may be

threatened by those persons responsible for their care, but this protection must be



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provided in a manner that preserves the family environment, if possible.” In re C.J.,

2010 MT 179, ¶ 23, 357 Mont. 219, 237 P.3d 1282, citing § 41-3-101(1)(a)-(b), MCA.

Section 41-3-423(1), MCA, provides:

       The department shall make reasonable efforts to prevent the necessity of
       removal of a child from the child’s home and to reunify families that have
       been separated by the state. Reasonable efforts include but are not limited
       to voluntary protective services agreements, development of individual
       written case plans specifying state efforts to reunify families, placement in
       the least disruptive setting possible, provision of services pursuant to a case
       plan, and periodic review of each case to ensure timely progress toward
       reunification or permanent placement. In determining preservation or
       reunification services to be provided and in making reasonable efforts at
       providing preservation or reunification services, the child’s health and
       safety are of paramount concern.

We have stated that this statute “obligates the Department to make ‘reasonable efforts’ to

reunify families; however, the statute does not define the term and indeed it would be

impossible to do so, as each case must be evaluated on its own facts. But clearly the

statute does not require herculean efforts.” In re K.L., 2014 MT 28, ¶ 41, 373 Mont. 421,

318 P.3d 691. We similarly understand that “reasonable efforts” are required to prevent

the necessity of removal; however, these efforts must be tailored to the facts of each case

and clearly “herculean efforts” are not required.

¶18    Father argues § 41-2-423, MCA, requires the Department “make reasonable

efforts prior to the removal in each and every case” and, here, the Department failed to

make reasonable efforts prior to removing A.G. in May 2014 and prior to removing T.G.,

the day after he was born. The Department counters that the children’s health and safety

required their removal and nothing could have been done to prevent it. We agree with

the Department. The Department removed A.G. in May 2014 after Father bought Mother


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alcohol during her pregnancy with T.G. and a neighbor contacted police when they could

hear Mother and Father arguing.        Both parents were subsequently arrested.        The

Department removed T.G. when he was two days old because he was vulnerable and

there were no viable options to assure his in-home safety amid Mother and Father’s

repeated instances of alcohol abuse and domestic violence.

¶19    Here, the Department had been involved with and receiving referrals regarding

this family since A.G. was two months old. The Department entered into three voluntary

services agreements before removing A.G. for the first time. The Department provided

treatment plans and services during the first removal. Father was successful, Father and

A.G. were reunified, and the first proceeding was dismissed. Father was cautioned to

prioritize A.G.’s protection, including protecting her from Mother and he agreed that

A.G.’s safety was a priority. Father reinitiated his relationship with Mother and married

her knowing Mother was an alcoholic and drinking.            He recognized that Mother’s

parental rights to A.G. had been terminated and that Mother had multiple citations for

endangering the welfare of his children. In spite of this history, Father allowed Mother to

care for A.G. without supervision. Father also recognized that Mother was drinking

during her pregnancy and that this could harm the fetus. Nonetheless, Father purchased

alcohol for Mother and consumed alcohol with Mother during her pregnancy with T.G.

¶20    Reasonable efforts must be reasonable under the circumstances. What may have

been reasonable prior to removing A.G. the first time—providing three separate

voluntary services agreements—was not reasonable for the Department prior to removing

A.G. for the second time and removing T.G. shortly after his birth. Father argues “the


                                            9
Department made no efforts whatsoever” to prevent A.G.’s removal in May 2014, but

fails to assert what efforts the Department could have utilized when Father was arrested

that evening on an outstanding warrant. Conversely, we believe it would have been

unreasonable for the Department not to resume responsibility for A.G. at that point

because Mother’s rights had been terminated and Father was taken into custody, leaving

no one responsible for A.G.’s health and safety. Father also fails to assert what efforts

the Department could have utilized to assure T.G.’s safety after his birth. We believe it

would have been unreasonable for the Department to allow Mother and Father to leave

the hospital with T.G. knowing T.G.’s vulnerability as a newborn and that Mother and

Father had exposed him to alcohol and domestic violence prior to his birth.

¶21    In consideration of the paramount importance of A.G. and T.G.’s health and safety

and given the evidence of extensive interaction between the Department and this family

from the time A.G. was two months old until Father’s termination, we conclude the

District Court correctly determined that the Department made reasonable efforts to

prevent the necessity of their removal.

                                     CONCLUSION

¶22    Affirmed.

                                                /S/ LAURIE McKINNON

We Concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER




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