                        Docket No. 103755.


                             IN THE
                     SUPREME COURT
                                OF
                THE STATE OF ILLINOIS




GERALDINE FELZAK, Appellee, v. RALPH HRUBY et al.,
                    Appellants.

                 Opinion filed September 20, 2007.



   JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
   Justices Freeman, Fitzgerald, Kilbride, Garman, and Karmeier
concurred in the judgment and opinion.
   Chief Justice Thomas took no part in the decision.



                             OPINION

    In this case we are asked to revisit our decision in In re M.M.D.,
213 Ill. 2d 105 (2004), and again address whether Wickham v. Byrne,
199 Ill. 2d 309 (2002), which held unconstitutional Illinois’
grandparent visitation statute, invalidated a preexisting agreed order
for grandparent visitation. However, because the minor who was the
subject of the agreed visitation order at issue here has turned 18
during the pendency of this appeal, the case has been rendered moot.
We vacate the judgments of the courts below and remand the cause
with instructions to dismiss.
                              Background
     Ralph and Deborah Hruby were married in 1977 and had three
children: Greg, born November 25, 1983, Jeff, born August 4, 1985,
and Katie, born July 22, 1989. Shortly after Katie’s birth, in October
of 1989, Deborah died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
     In 1992, Ralph married Sondra. Sondra Hruby adopted Ralph’s
three children in November of 1993.
     Geraldine Felzak is the mother of Deborah Hruby. In the spring of
1994, Geraldine filed an amended petition for grandparent visitation
in the circuit court of Du Page County pursuant to section 607(b) of
the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (750 ILCS
5/607(b) (West 1992)). In the petition, Geraldine alleged that,
following the death of her daughter, she had cared for and maintained
close contact with Greg, Jeff and Katie. Geraldine further alleged that,
in December of 1993, Ralph and Sondra had informed her that she
would no longer be permitted to have visitation with the children.
Geraldine sought an order establishing reasonable visitation privileges.
     Ralph and Sondra filed an answer to Geraldine’s amended petition
for grandparent visitation. Included in their answer was the affirmative
defense that section 607(b) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of
Marriage Act, commonly known as the grandparent visitation statute,
was unconstitutional under both the federal and state constitutions. In
support of this contention, Ralph and Sondra maintained, among other
things, that the statute permitted “undue interference with the
fundamental right of parents to raise children and conduct family life
*** in the absence of a compelling State interest.” Ralph and Sondra
sought dismissal of Geraldine’s petition.
     On April 29, 1994, the circuit court referred the parties to a
psychologist for conciliation counseling. In October of 1994, the
psychologist submitted a “Psychological Evaluation/Conciliation
Report,” which recommended that visitation between Geraldine and
the children continue.
     On December 16, 1994, the parties entered into an agreed order
in “full and complete settlement of all pending petitions and responses
thereto.” Pursuant to recommendations contained in the conciliation
report, the parties agreed that Geraldine would be permitted visitation
with her grandchildren one day a month for six hours, and would be


                                  -2-
permitted to visit over the phone with the children for up to 30
minutes, once a month. The parties further agreed that, in the event of
a dispute regarding the terms of the order, they would meet with a
conciliator to mediate the disagreement, before proceeding to court.
     Some four months later, in April of 1995, Geraldine filed a
“Petition for Further Conciliation and Other Relief.” In this petition,
Geraldine alleged that, since the entry of the December 16, 1994,
agreed order, she had not had any visitation with Greg or Jeff.
Geraldine also alleged that Katie, while visiting with her, had
requested additional visitation time, including overnight visitation.
Geraldine requested that the court direct Ralph and Sondra to
participate in further conciliation to resolve these issues.
     Geraldine’s petition was set for hearing in August of 1995. Prior
to that date, however, on June 15, 1995, the parties entered into a
second agreed order. In this order, the parties agreed to increase
Geraldine’s visitation with Katie from 6 hours per month to a total of
10 hours per month, with the terms of the first agreed order otherwise
remaining in effect. In addition, Geraldine agreed to withdraw her
pending petition for further conciliation and other relief.
     Almost 10 years later, on February 24, 2005, Geraldine filed a
petition pursuant to section 607.1 of the Illinois Marriage and
Dissolution of Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/607.1 (West 2004)),
seeking to enforce the agreed order of June 15, 1995. By this time, the
two older Hruby children, Greg and Jeff, had reached majority. Katie
was 15. In the petition to enforce, Geraldine alleged that Ralph had
willfully and without justification denied her visitation with Katie since
May of 2004. Geraldine requested the court to direct Ralph to comply
with the agreed order entered on June 15, 1995, and award make-up
visitation time with Katie.
     In response to Geraldine’s petition, Ralph and Sondra filed an
amended motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2–619 of the Code of
Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2–619 (West 2004)). Ralph and Sondra
argued in the motion that, because Wickham v. Byrne, 199 Ill. 2d 309
(2002), had held the grandparent visitation statute unconstitutional on
its face, the statute was void ab initio, and the circuit court had no
subject matter jurisdiction to enter the agreed order of June 15, 1995.
Thus, according to Ralph and Sondra, the June 1995 order was void


                                   -3-
and unenforceable, and Geraldine’s petition to enforce that order
should be dismissed.
    In further pleadings, Ralph and Sondra also sought to distinguish
this court’s decision in In re M.M.D., 213 Ill. 2d 105 (2004). In In re
M.M.D., this court held that an agreed order establishing custody of
a minor, which included a provision for grandparent visitation, was
not invalidated by Wickham. In so holding, we stated that the agreed
order for visitation was a consent decree. As such, the order was not
a judicial determination of the parties’ rights but, rather, a recording
of their agreement. In re M.M.D., 213 Ill. 2d at 114. We then
explained that the agreement for grandparent visitation was not at
odds with Wickham:
        “The constitution prohibits the state from forcing fit parents to
        yield visitation rights to a child’s grandparents when the
        parents do not wish to do so merely because a trial judge
        believes that such visitation would be appropriate. See
        Wickham, 199 Ill. 2d at 320-22. There is no corresponding
        constitutional prohibition against a fit parent’s decision to
        voluntarily bestow visitation privileges on his child’s
        grandparents. To the contrary, the very constitutional
        principles that required us to strike down the grandparent
        visitation statute in Wickham require that a parent’s voluntary
        visitation decision be honored. If fit parents have a
        fundamental right to make decisions regarding the care,
        custody and control of their children, as Wickham and the
        cases on which it was based held, they must likewise have the
        fundamental right to agree to visitation by the children’s
        grandparents if they wish to do so. To hold otherwise would
        require us to fashion a rule under which a parent’s right to
        choose the persons with whom a child associates somehow
        stops at the grandparents’ front door. We can see no possible
        justification for imposing such a limitation. The constitutional
        protections afforded parenthood therefore obligate the courts
        to uphold voluntary visitation agreements made by fit parents,
        not declare them invalid. As a result, the circuit and appellate
        courts were correct to conclude that the voluntary visitation
        agreement into which Johnson entered with the Duncans was



                                  -4-
         not void and unenforceable.” (Emphasis in original.) In re
         M.M.D., 213 Ill. 2d at 115-16.
     Before the circuit court, Ralph and Sondra noted that the agreed
order for grandparent visitation which was at issue in In re M.M.D.
arose out of custody proceedings brought under the Illinois Parentage
Act and the Illinois Probate Act. In this case, however, Geraldine’s
petition for visitation was brought solely under the grandparent
visitation statute held unconstitutional in Wickham. From this, Ralph
and Sondra maintained that, while subject matter jurisdiction was
present at the time the agreed order was entered in In re M.M.D., it
was lacking when the June 15, 1995, order was entered in the case at
bar.
     The circuit court denied Ralph and Sondra’s motion to dismiss
Geraldine’s petition to enforce. In so ruling, the circuit court
emphasized that Ralph and Sondra could have pursued their
constitutional challenge to the grandparent visitation statute at the
time Geraldine filed her petition for visitation but, instead, chose to
settle. Because Ralph and Sondra “did not pursue [their] objection to
the jurisdiction of the Court at the time [they] entered into the agreed
order,” the circuit court found this case controlled by In re M.M.D.
The circuit court concluded, therefore, that the June 15, 1995, agreed
order remained valid and enforceable.
     Thereafter, Geraldine filed a petition for rule to show cause why
Ralph and Sondra should not be held in contempt of court for failing
to comply with the agreed order of June 15, 1995. Following a
hearing, and based primarily on the reasoning offered in denying the
motion to dismiss Geraldine’s petition to enforce, the circuit court
held Ralph and Sondra in indirect civil contempt for failing to comply
with the June 15, 1995, order. The circuit court also ordered, sua
sponte, that the parties not communicate with Katie regarding the
court proceedings.
     The circuit court’s contempt order directed that either Ralph or
Sondra be incarcerated over the following weekend, and each
weekend thereafter, until they produced Katie for visitation. The
contempt order further stated that Ralph and Sondra could “purge
themselves of this court’s order of contempt by providing visitation of
Katie Hruby to Geraldine Felzak for a period of 10 hours a month to


                                  -5-
be held on one weekend day a month beginning during the month of
September, 2005 and continuing monthly thereafter.”
     Ralph and Sondra subsequently filed a notice of appeal from both
the circuit court’s contempt order and the order denying their motion
to dismiss Geraldine’s petition to enforce. The appellate court stayed
the contempt order pending disposition of the appeal.
     On appeal, the appellate court vacated the circuit court’s order
that the parties not communicate with Katie, but otherwise affirmed
the judgment of the circuit court. 367 Ill. App. 3d 695. Initially, the
appellate court agreed with Ralph and Sondra that, because the
proceedings in In re M.M.D. were brought under the Illinois
Parentage Act and the Illinois Probate Act, that case did not resolve
their jurisdictional challenge to the June 15, 1995, agreed order. 367
Ill. App. 3d at 702-03. Nevertheless, the appellate court concluded
that the circuit court did have jurisdiction to enter the agreed order
because, prior to the adoption of the grandparent visitation statute,
there was a common law right to grandparent visitation. 367 Ill. App.
32d at 706-08. The appellate court acknowledged that the “special
circumstances” test, which was applied at common law for
determining grandparent visitation, was no longer valid in light of
Wickham. However, the appellate court concluded that Wickham did
not completely eliminate grandparent visitation as a matter for the
courts and that, under the common law, “grandparent visitation cases
remain justiciable matters that trial courts of this state have subject
matter jurisdiction to hear.” 367 Ill. App. 3d at 708.
     The appellate court also rejected Ralph and Sondra’s argument
that, because Geraldine filed her petition for visitation solely under the
grandparent visitation statute, and not the common law, the common
law could not be used to invoke jurisdiction. The appellate court
concluded: “We do not believe that the recitation of the
unconstitutional statute in the petition, or the failure to specifically
invoke the common law, changes the fact that the petition concerns
the justiciable matter of grandparent visitation, over which the court
has jurisdiction.” 367 Ill. App. 3d at 710.
     Justice McLaren dissented on this issue. In Justice McLaren’s
view, because the only count pled by Geraldine was statutory, the
common law could not be used to invoke jurisdiction and the June 15,


                                   -6-
1995, order should have been held void. 367 Ill. App. 3d at 722-24
(McLaren, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part).
     Finally, the appellate court rejected Ralph and Sondra’s claim that
the agreed order of June 15, 1995, was invalid because Geraldine’s
visitation petition had no basis in law and, thus, her forbearance of
that claim provided no consideration for the visitation agreement. 367
Ill. App. 3d at 712-18. Accordingly, having concluded that the June
15, 1995, order was not void, the appellate court affirmed the circuit
court’s denial of Ralph and Sondra’s motion to dismiss Geraldine’s
petition to enforce, and affirmed the finding of indirect civil contempt.
367 Ill. App. 3d at 721-22. We subsequently granted Ralph and
Sondra’s petition for leave to appeal. 210 Ill. 2d R. 315.

                                Analysis
     Two rulings are before us in this appeal: the circuit court’s order
holding Ralph and Sondra in indirect civil contempt for failing to
comply with the June 15, 1995, agreed order and the circuit court’s
denial of Ralph and Sondra’s motion to dismiss Geraldine’s petition
to enforce the June 15, 1995, order. We first consider the contempt
order.
     In general, civil contempt is “a sanction or penalty designed to
compel future compliance with a court order.” People v. Warren, 173
Ill. 2d 348, 368 (1996). Civil contempt is a coercive sanction rather
than a punishment for past contumacious conduct. Warren, 173 Ill. 2d
at 368. For this reason, a valid purge condition is a necessary part of
an indirect civil contempt order. In re Marriage of Logston, 103 Ill.
2d 266, 289 (1984). A contemnor must be able to purge the civil
contempt by doing that which the court has ordered him to do.
Logston, 103 Ill. 2d at 289 (“the civil contemnor must be provided
with the ‘keys to his cell’ ”).
     Katie turned 18 on July 22, 2007. Once Katie turned 18, it became
impossible for Ralph and Sondra to purge the civil contempt imposed
by the circuit court. Ralph and Sondra cannot compel Katie, an adult,
to visit Geraldine. Cf. In re Marriage of Casarotto, 316 Ill. App. 3d
567, 571 (2000) (the circuit court lacks jurisdiction to enter a
visitation order against a person who has attained majority).



                                  -7-
    Because Ralph and Sondra can no longer compel Katie to visit
Geraldine, the rationale for the civil contempt order in this case has
been lost. When a situation such as this occurs, the appropriate
disposition of the case, and the action we take here, is to vacate the
judgments of the lower courts and remand the cause with instructions
to dismiss. Shillitani v. United States, 384 U.S. 364, 371, 16 L. Ed.
2d 622, 627-28, 86 S. Ct. 1531, 1536 (1966); see also Sanders v.
Shephard, 163 Ill. 2d 534, 541 (1994) (“As a requirement of due
process, then, a civil contempt order will be vacated once it is evident
that the sanction imposed is no longer fulfilling its original, coercive
function”). Vacating the contempt judgments below leaves nothing
before us with respect to the contempt order to review. Those issues
raised in the contempt proceedings are necessarily moot.
    Similarly, those issues presented by the circuit court’s ruling on
Geraldine’s petition to enforce the agreed visitation order of June 15,
1995, are also moot. When “intervening events have rendered it
impossible for the reviewing court to grant effectual relief to the
complaining party” (In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d 338, 349-50 (2006)), then
the appeal, and issues therein, are considered moot. “The fact that a
case is pending on appeal when the events which render an issue moot
occur does not alter this conclusion.” Dixon v. Chicago & North
Western Transportation Co., 151 Ill. 2d 108, 116-17 (1992), citing
Bluthardt v. Breslin, 74 Ill. 2d 246, 250 (1979). No relief can be
granted Geraldine with respect to her petition to enforce the June 15,
1995, order because the courts cannot force Katie, who is now an
adult, to visit Geraldine. Casarotto, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 571. It is
therefore a moot question whether the circuit court correctly
concluded that In re M.M.D. controls the present case and, in so
holding, properly denied Ralph and Sondra’s motion to dismiss
Geraldine’s petition to enforce.
    An issue raised in an otherwise moot appeal may be addressed,
however, where “ ‘the magnitude or immediacy of the interests
involved warrant[s] action by the court’ or where the issue is ‘ “likely
to recur but unlikely to last long enough to allow appellate review to
take place because of the intrinsically short-lived nature of the
controversies.” ’ ” Dixon, 151 Ill. 2d at 117-18, quoting First
National Bank of Waukegan v. Kusper, 98 Ill. 2d 226, 235 (1983),



                                  -8-
quoting People ex rel. Black v. Dukes, 96 Ill. 2d 273, 277-78 (1983).
Neither of these two exceptions is applicable in this case.
     First, for the latter of the two exceptions to apply, “there must be
a reasonable expectation that the same complaining party would be
subject to the same action again and the action challenged must be of
such short duration that it cannot be fully litigated prior to its
cessation.” In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d at 350. This standard is not met here
because all the Hruby children have reached majority. Geraldine
cannot again challenge Ralph and Sondra’s failure to comply with the
June 15, 1995, agreed order.
     The former exception, known as the public interest exception, is
applicable only if there is a clear showing that: (1) the question at
issue is of a substantial public nature; (2) an authoritative
determination is needed for future guidance; and (3) the circumstances
are likely to recur. In re J.B., 204 Ill. 2d 382, 387 (2003). The
exception is narrowly construed and requires a clear showing of each
criterion. In re India B., 202 Ill. 2d 522, 543 (2002).
     Whether our decision in In re M.M.D. is controlling in this appeal,
and, thus, establishes the validity of the June 15, 1995, agreed order,
is clearly an issue of importance to those who are subject to similar
visitation orders. However, it has not been clearly established that this
issue is of sufficient breadth, or has a significant effect on the public
as a whole, so as to satisfy the substantial public nature criterion.
     Moreover, it is apparent that an authoritative determination on the
scope of In re M.M.D. is not needed for future guidance. There is no
reported appellate opinion, filed after In re M.M.D., which holds that
agreed orders for grandparent visitation are unenforceable. Even the
appellate court in this case, although it distinguished In re M.M.D.,
did not reach a result at odds with that decision. This is not an
instance, then, where there is a pressing need for an advisory opinion
from this court. See In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d at 350-51; In re Adoption
of Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d 362, 366 (1999).
     Finally, while undoubtedly there exist other agreed orders similar
to the one at issue here, i.e., those entered prior to this court’s
decision in Wickham, we note that the number of such orders is
diminishing as the children affected by those orders reach majority. It
is unclear, therefore, to what extent the issues raised in this case are
likely to recur.

                                  -9-
    The criteria for the public interest exception have not been clearly
established. Consequently, we conclude that this is not a case where
“ ‘the magnitude or immediacy of the interests involved warrant[s]
action by the court.’ ” Dixon, 151 Ill. 2d at 117.
    Because we do not reach the merits of the petition to enforce the
June 15, 1995, agreed order, we cannot speak to the correctness of
the judgments rendered by the circuit and appellate courts in this
matter. Accordingly, “[t]o prevent the appellate court’s resolution of
the issues presented to it from standing as precedent for future cases,
we vacate the judgments of both the appellate and circuit courts.”
People ex rel. Black v. Dukes, 96 Ill. 2d 273, 278 (1983); George W.
Kennedy Construction Co. v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill. 2d 70, 78
(1986); First National Bank of Waukegan v. Kusper, 98 Ill. 2d 226,
236 (1983); see also United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U.S. 36,
39-40, 95 L. Ed. 36, 41, 71 S. Ct. 104, 106-07 (1950) (when an
appeal is rendered moot through happenstance, the judgments of the
courts below are vacated); Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v.
Board of Trade, 701 F.2d 653, 656-57 (7th Cir. 1983). As with the
contempt proceedings, the cause is remanded to the circuit court with
instructions to dismiss the petition to enforce. La Salle National Bank
v. City of Chicago, 3 Ill. 2d 375, 382 (1954); Munsingwear, 340 U.S.
at 39, 95 L. Ed. at 41, 71 S. Ct. at 106.

                              Conclusion
    For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the appellate and
circuit courts are vacated. The cause is remanded to the circuit court
with instructions to dismiss Geraldine’s petition for rule to show cause
and petition to enforce.

                                  Appellate court judgment vacated;
                                     circuit court judgment vacated;
                                    cause remanded with directions.

   CHIEF JUSTICE THOMAS took no part in the consideration or
decision of this case.



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