         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                                     March 6, 2007 Session

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TOMMY L. HOLMES

                  Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                          No. 02-02082    Joseph B. Dailey, Judge



                      No. W2006-00236-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 7, 2007


The defendant, Tommy L. Holmes, was convicted of aggravated rape, a Class A felony, and
sentenced as a violent offender to twenty-four years in the Department of Correction. He presents
six issues on appeal: (1) whether he forfeited his right to counsel; (2) whether the jury was properly
instructed on lesser-included offenses; (3) whether the evidence was sufficient to establish the bodily
injury element of aggravated rape; (4) whether the trial court erred in answering the jury’s question
regarding what constitutes bodily injury; (5) whether there was prosecutorial misconduct during
closing argument; and (6) whether the trial court erred by excluding certain evidence the defendant
offered. Following our review, we conclude that his claims are without merit. However, we
additionally conclude that, before determining that the defendant had forfeited his right to counsel,
the trial court should have conducted an evidentiary hearing. Accordingly, we remand to the trial
court for an evidentiary hearing as to this claim.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed in Part,
                             Vacated and Remanded in Part

ALAN E. GLENN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID G. HAYES and JERRY L.
SMITH , JJ., joined.

Claiborne H. Ferguson, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tommy L. Holmes.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Amy Weirich and Valerie Smith, Assistant
District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                               OPINION

                                                FACTS

       Prior to trial, the trial court appointed an attorney to represent the defendant. Subsequently,
appointed counsel was allowed to withdraw, with the defendant representing himself at trial, assisted
by “elbow counsel.”

        At trial, the victim testified that on June 23, 2001, she went to the home of her boyfriend’s
mother in South Memphis for a barbecue, arriving between 11:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. About seven
people were at the gathering, some of whom were drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana. The
victim acknowledged that she smoked marijuana “around about” 9:00 or 10:00 p.m. The victim’s
boyfriend, Ephram Williams, introduced her to the defendant at the party and later asked him to take
her home because he did not have a car. She left with the defendant and “a couple of his friends”
about midnight. The defendant took his friends to “the rooming house down the street,” and then
took her home where she “went in to tell [her] sister that [she] was with [the defendant] and [she]
would be back in a couple of hours or so.” Asked where she planned to go with the defendant, the
victim said, “Just riding around with him, smoke a little mari[j]uana.” She explained that she went
with the defendant because she “didn’t have nothing to do – wasn’t ready to go home. And I didn’t
figure he would hurt me because he seemed like a gentleman.”

       The victim said that she and the defendant stopped at a gas station where they bought a “six
pack” of wine coolers before going to a hotel “because [the defendant] said he wanted to sit down
and chill and talk.” The victim explained why she would willingly go to a hotel room under these
circumstances:

                For kickin’ it – like we supposed to had been doing – smoking mari – weed
        – I mean mari[j]uana. Sit down, talking. You know, I wasn’t scared because that
        weren’t the first time that I had did it before. You know, he didn’t give me no signs
        of, you know, he was going to hurt me or anything.

        The defendant gave the victim “forty or fifty dollars to go in [the hotel] and pay for a room,”
and they went to the room where they talked, watched television, and continued drinking for “about
thirty or forty-five minutes.” When the victim got up to blow her nose, the defendant attacked her
from behind. He “grabbed” her, threw her in the bathtub, and started hitting her on the head and
face. As the defendant ripped her clothes off, he said, “Take your clothes off, Bitch.” The defendant
threw her around the room, put his penis in her mouth, and made her perform oral sex on him, saying
he was going to kill her if she did not comply. She said that he also put his penis in her vagina and
anus and that he ejaculated in her anus. The victim said that afterwards, the defendant was “[t]alking
crazy – just still talking crazy . . . calling me bitches and whores. He was going to kill me. He was
going to kill my little girl’s daddy – just constantly saying the same stuff over and over . . . [b]ecause
he know he had done a bad thing – he had done something wrong.” The defendant then “grabbed”
her again, “laid across the bed with [her] and fell asleep.”


                                                   -2-
       The victim explained why she did not try to flee:

               Oh, Lord. I didn’t go because I was so terrified of what had just happened to
       me. I had never been through nothing like that in my life. I had got scared and forgot
       where I was and just stood in the middle of the floor dazed before I had even called
       the police; before I had did anything. I just stood in the middle of the floor dazed.
       I couldn’t believe that that had just happened to me.

Asked if there were any weapons in the room or anything that she was lead to believe was a weapon,
the victim said, “Yeah. . . . Your fist.”

        The victim said that she remembered calling 9-1-1 from the hotel room and that the defendant
was still asleep when the police arrived but fought with them while being arrested. The police took
the victim to the Memphis Sexual Assault Resource Center were she underwent a physical
examination. As to her injuries, the victim testified, “I had a knot. I wasn’t swollen, but I had knots
in my head.” She also said that she had pain in her head, face, and rectum. She said that she did not
struggle with the defendant because he was “twice [her] size.”

        Dan Farrar, a communications supervisor with Memphis Police Communications, testified
that their records showed that the victim placed three 9-1-1 calls from the hotel room, beginning at
4:15 a.m. on the day of the offense. One of the taped calls was played for the jury.

        Sally Discenza, a forensic sexual assault nurse examiner with the Memphis Sexual Assault
Resource Center, testified regarding the examination she conducted on the victim on the morning
of the offense. She found no trauma to the victim’s vagina or anus. Although there was no bruising
or marks on the victim’s skin, Discenza explained that “sometimes it can take up to a day or two to
actually see discoloration” and that it is more difficult to see such marks on a “darker-complected
individual” like the victim. On cross-examination, Discenza acknowledged that she asks patients
to return to the center if bruises or abrasions develop after the examination and that the victim did
not return.

        Hyun Kim of the Memphis Sexual Assault Resource Center testified that a rape kit was taken
of the defendant and sent to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) for testing. Qadri Yyah
Debnam, a special agent forensic scientist with the TBI’s Memphis Crime Laboratory, testified that
both the vaginal and anal swabs taken from the victim tested positive for the presence of semen.
Debnam also said that DNA analysis indicated that the semen was the defendant’s.

        Dorothy Bryant testified that she rented a car to the defendant on June 23, 2001. She
retrieved the car, which had been damaged, from a hotel on Third Street the following day.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                     I. Forfeiture of Counsel


                                                 -3-
        The first issue raised on appeal is whether the trial court violated the defendant’s right to the
assistance of counsel by allowing appointed counsel to withdraw and refusing to appoint a
replacement. In our analysis, we first will summarize the circumstances that culminated in the
defendant’s acting pro se at trial.

         Approximately one week before the defendant originally was scheduled to be tried, on March
27, 2003, at an impromptu hearing at which the defendant was present, appointed counsel requested
the trial court’s permission to withdraw from the case, saying that the defendant had been verbally
and physically abusive:

                On two occasions, Your Honor, including this morning – the reason I had [the
        defendant] brought up was so I could visit with him up here. He has threatened
        physical violence in the past at our last meeting. Today he put hands on me and I had
        to leave. He punched me in the face with his finger, knocked my glasses off. And
        I don’t believe that I can represent [the defendant]; so I’m asking the Court to relieve
        me.

        The trial court permitted the withdrawal, explaining that it accredited appointed counsel’s
allegations, that there would not be a hearing on the matter, and that the court would not appoint
another lawyer to represent the defendant:

                I will relieve you under those circumstances, and we’ve been faced with this–

                First of all, I’ll state for the record that I don’t find there to be a need to have
        a formal hearing in this regard. [Appointed counsel] is a lawyer that’s practiced in
        this court for many years. I know him to be a man of impeccable integrity, and if he
        says that happened, as an officer of this court, then I accept his statement that that is
        what happened.

                 Now, if I’m told by the Court of Criminal Appeals that taking the word of a
        lawyer, an officer of the court, is not good enough in circumstances such as this, then
        so be it. We’ll come back and we’ll have a full formal hearing on this issue. But as
        far as I’m concerned, the statement of [appointed counsel] regarding the incident that
        happened in the back and the threats of violence happened and are true as he stated
        it.

                That’s the start of my analysis, and beyond that, I don’t think that [appointed
        counsel] or any other lawyer should be required to endure that kind of threat or
        intimidation in representing a client. That’s not in his job description. Beyond that,
        he’s representing his client, [the defendant], at taxpayers’ expense. [The defendant]
        didn’t go out and hire a lawyer. He has the taxpayers of the [S]tate of Tennessee to
        thank for having an outstanding lawyer, such as [appointed counsel], appointed to
        represent him.


                                                    -4-
               ....

               . . . I’m not sure that you reward an individual who is for whatever reason
       dissatisfied with his attorney and decides to threaten bodily harm and knock his
       glasses [off] him, you reward him by then allowing that attorney to be relieved and
       appoint[ing] another lawyer. That seems to me to be a very convoluted way of
       appointing lawyers to represent individuals. If a defendant chooses to take action
       such as [the defendant] took today, he does so at his [own] peril and the result is he
       is going to be representing himself unless he –

               You’re always welcome to hire a lawyer if you’ve got money to hire a lawyer,
       but if you can’t hire a lawyer, then you’re on your own. If you threaten lawyers, if
       you knock their glasses off of them, you’re on your own. I’m not going to require
       some other lawyer to come in and try to represent you at taxpayers’ expense and have
       to look over his shoulder and worry about physical harm or worry about getting
       punched in the face when he is talking to you. That’s just not in their job description.

              So, from this point forward, unless you’re able to hire a lawyer, you or your
       family able to hire a lawyer privately, you better read [up on] the rules of criminal
       procedure and rules of evidence because you’re going to be representing yourself.

       Appointed counsel turned over the discovery materials he had received from the State to the
defendant, and the trial court subsequently denied his written motion for the appointment of counsel.

        During a May 15, 2003, hearing on pretrial motions, the defendant informed the trial court
that he needed a lawyer and asserted that appointed counsel’s allegations were false, but the court
again denied his request, reaffirming its accreditation of appointed counsel:

               THE DEFENDANT: Judge . . ., I’m a layman in the law. I cannot represent
       myself. And I never got a chance to rebut the allegations that [appointed counsel]
       made. You just took that information to be true because of his position, and those
       things just – is falsified. It’s falsified allegations that he made toward me.

               THE COURT: You’re right. I didn’t have a full hearing. I took his
       statement as true. And I did that because, as an officer of the court, when he makes
       a statement of that sort, I believe him. And I know you’ve stated on a couple of
       occasions that you didn’t do those things, and I’ll note your statement for the record.
       But when it comes down to the final analysis, I believe [appointed counsel] is telling
       me the truth.

               ....



                                                 -5-
                . . . [Y]ou all were the only two back there and so he says it did happen; you
                say it didn’t happen. I’m going to believe what he said.

        The defendant responded that he and appointed counsel were not alone when the alleged
incident took place, asserting that a “sheriff” and “plenty [of] inmates” were present. However, the
trial court ruled that there would not be a hearing and that the case would “proceed as is.”

       The defendant proceeded pro se,1 but the trial court subsequently appointed advisory or
“elbow” counsel to assist him in conducting his defense, ordering that the advising attorney would
“be available to talk to [the defendant] and confer with [him] during recesses, but [could] not sit at
counsel table with [him] during the trial.” The defendant also represented himself at his sentencing
hearing, but the lawyer previously appointed as elbow counsel was permitted to directly represent
him at his motion for a new trial and on appeal.

        On appeal, the defendant argues that he “suffered a constitution violation [sic] in being
denied either counsel or a hearing on the alleged events which precipitated removal of appointed
counsel.” The State counters that, although there was no formal hearing, the trial court “ultimately
heard the defendant’s version of events, [and] accredited [appointed] counsel’s version of events that
the defendant verbally assaulted him on one occasion and physically assaulted him on another
occasion.” Thus, the State contends that the trial court “properly found in this case that the
defendant forfeited his right to counsel and the defendant is not entitled to relief on this claim.” We
now will review these arguments.

        The Constitutions of the United States and Tennessee both guarantee indigent criminal
defendants the right to the assistance of appointed counsel at trial. See U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tenn.
Const. art. I, § 9. However, a criminal defendant can forfeit his constitutionally secured right to
counsel by engaging in extremely serious misconduct. See State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 548
(Tenn. 2000) (discussing at length the difference between “implicit waiver” of the right to counsel
and “forfeiture” of that right) (citing United States v. Goldberg, 67 F.3d 1092, 1102 (3d Cir. 1995);
City of Tacoma v. Bishop, 920 P.2d 214, 218 (Wash. Ct. App. 1996)). A defendant who has
engaged in such extremely serious misconduct may forfeit his right to counsel “even though [he]
was not warned of the potential consequences of his or her actions or the risks associated with self-
representation.” Id. In such circumstances, “forfeiture results regardless of the defendant’s intent
to relinquish the right and irrespective of the defendant’s knowledge of the right.” Id.

       Forfeiture is an extreme sanction. Id. at 550. As such, our supreme court cautioned that a
finding of forfeiture is proper only in limited circumstances:

        We reiterate that a finding of forfeiture is appropriate only where a defendant
        egregiously manipulates the constitutional right to counsel so as to delay, disrupt, or


        1
         Two years and five months passed between the time appointed counsel withdrew and the beginning of the
defendant’s trial.

                                                     -6-
        prevent the orderly administration of justice. Where the record demonstrates such
        egregious manipulation a finding of forfeiture should be made and such a finding will
        be sustained, even if the defendant is charged with a capital offense.

Id.

        Defendants who are physically abusive toward their court-appointed lawyers may forfeit their
constitutional rights to the assistance of counsel. See United States v. Leggett, 162 F.3d 237, 250
(3d. Cir. 1998) (concluding that “unprovoked physical battery . . . qualifies as the sort of ‘extremely
serious misconduct’ that amounts to the forfeiture of the right to counsel”) (quoting Goldberg, 67
F.3d at 1102). In such cases, the trial court may properly require an indigent defendant to proceed
pro se. However, this court must have an adequate record on which to evaluate such a finding. See
State v. Michael Small, No. W2003-02014-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 3327845, at *3 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Nov. 15, 2006) (remanding for a hearing to determine whether the defendant had forfeited or
waived his right to counsel because the record was devoid of specific factual findings regarding what
transpired between trial counsel and the allegedly physically abusive defendant).

        In this matter, the trial court did not conduct a hearing, at which the defendant would have
been allowed both to testify and present witnesses on his behalf, before concluding that he had
waived his right to counsel. Rather, it is apparent from the record that the trial court accredited
appointed counsel’s account of what transpired at their meeting the morning of the withdrawal, but
in light of the defendant’s assertions that there were witnesses to the altercation, we must remand
for consideration of this issue. We note that the State has the burden of establishing that the
defendant forfeited his right to counsel. The procedures which should be followed at the hearing are
set out in State v. Christopher Perry, No. W2004-03004-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 3533338 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Dec. 22, 2005), and State v. William Chouinard, No. 03C01-9311-CR-00357, 1995 WL
50752 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 9, 1995).

        If the trial court finds that the defendant’s right to counsel was violated, the court then should
vacate the judgment of conviction and sentence and order a new trial. However, if the trial court
concludes, following an evidentiary hearing, that the defendant forfeited his right to counsel by being
physically abusive, then the defendant may appeal that determination.

                                    II. Lesser-Included Offenses

         At the trial of this matter, the trial court instructed the jury as to aggravated rape and the
lesser-included offense of rape. The defendant argues on appeal that the court should have instructed
as to the additional lesser-included offenses of aggravated sexual battery, sexual battery, and assault.
However, the defendant failed at trial to file a written request that the jury be instructed as to these
offenses. Thus, according to the dictates of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-18-110(c), this
issue is waived, and we may not consider it unless it rises to the level of plain error. See State v.
Page, 184 S.W.3d 223, 226 (Tenn. 2006). The State argues that it does not, both because the
defendant admitted he penetrated the victim, leaving consent as the only issue, and failed to show


                                                   -7-
that he did not decide, for tactical reasons, not to afford the jury another lesser-included offense
which it might use to resolve the contending claims as to whether the penetration was forcible.

        Given that the sole issue in this trial was whether the sexual relations were consensual, we
cannot conclude that the fact the instructions did not include the additional lesser offenses does not
result in especially egregious error which strikes at the fairness of the proceedings. See State v.
Atkinson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). This claim is without merit.

                                  III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The defendant argues that the State’s evidence was not sufficient, asserting that the State
failed to show that the victim had suffered a bodily injury. Not surprisingly, the State disagrees.

         In considering this issue, we apply the rule that where sufficiency of the convicting evidence
is challenged, the relevant question of the reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.
Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions
whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the
findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185,
190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). All
questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and
all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony
of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v.
Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:

                This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
        jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their demeanor
        on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary instrumentality of justice
        to determine the weight and credibility to be given to the testimony of witnesses. In
        the trial forum alone is there human atmosphere and the totality of the evidence
        cannot be reproduced with a written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212 Tenn. 464,
370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)). A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with which a
defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal, a convicted
defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient. See State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

        The elements of aggravated rape, as set out in Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-502,
are unlawful sexual penetration, defined by section 39-13-501(7) as an “intrusion, however slight,
of any part of a person’s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of the victim’s, the


                                                  -8-
defendant’s, or any other person’s body,” committed with intent, knowledge or recklessness and
accompanied by, among other things, bodily injury to the victim. Tennessee Code Annotated section
39-11-106(a)(2) defines “bodily injury” as a “cut, abrasion, bruise, burn or disfigurement; physical
pain or temporary illness or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or mental
faculty.”

        As to his claim that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for aggravated
rape, the defendant relies on the holding in State v. Henderson, 623 S.W.2d 638, 639 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1981), wherein the court found that the victim’s “‘emotional reaction’ to the offense rose to
the level of an impairment of her mental faculties, temporary or otherwise.” By contrast, in the
present matter, the victim, asked if she had suffered physical pain as the result of the rape, testified,
“My head was hurting. I had knots on my head.” We conclude that this testimony as to the victim’s
physical pain was sufficient to establish the bodily injury element of aggravated rape. It is apparent
from the verdict that the jurors accredited the victim’s testimony, as was their right. Accordingly,
this claim is without merit.

                               IV. Instruction as to “Bodily Injury”

        The defendant argues that the trial court “supplied the jury with improper supplemental
instructions” as to the definition of “impairment of mental faculty.”

        During deliberations, the jury asked for a definition of the phrase “impairment of mental
faculty.” The court solicited appropriate definitions and then utilized Webster’s Dictionary and
Black’s Law Dictionary in its instruction, which was as follows:

                Impairment is – to impair, of course, is to cause – to diminish as in strength
        of quality. And the noun form of that – impairment – would be the condition that
        exists when something is diminished in strength or quality.

                “Mental” would be relating to or existing in the mind.

                And “faculty” would be any of the powers or capacities by the human mind
        – the ability to perform or act.

        Although referring this court to his argument regarding insufficiency of the evidence, the
defendant does not identify what, in his view, is wrong with this definition given by the trial court.
While we surmise the defendant’s claim may be that the trial court should have instructed the jury
that an emotional reaction to rape does not constitute an impairment of mental faculties, we cannot
be certain that this is the case. Accordingly, this claim is waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7);
Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b).

       The defendant argues as well that the trial court should have instructed the jury “not to place
undue emphasis on the supplemental instructions.” The State responds that, while the giving of such


                                                  -9-
an additional instruction would have been the better procedure, the fact the court did not do so does
not require a reversal of the conviction.

        As the defendant correctly notes, reversible error does not necessarily result from the fact the
trial court did not instruct that the supplemental instruction must be considered with the entire
charge. See State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 451 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Considering the entire
charge, and the fact that the State utilized the victim’s testimony as to her physical pain to establish
the bodily injury element of aggravated rape, we conclude that the error in not providing the
additional instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

                           V. Crying by the Victim and the Prosecutor

       The defendant argues that he was denied a fair trial because one of the prosecutors and the
victim cried during closing argument. The State responds that the defense made no objection to
alleged crying during closing argument and, at the hearing on motion for new trial, made only
general claims in this regard. Thus, in addition to no objections being made as the crying allegedly
was occurring, the record does not reveal its alleged extent. Accordingly, this claim is waived. See
Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7); Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b).

         The defendant also complains of brief statements made in the State’s final argument, which
followed a lengthy closing argument made by the defendant himself. The State’s arguments, of
which the defendant now complains, were statements that the jury should be “proud” of the victim
for testifying, that the defendant was the one with an interest in the outcome of the case, and several
other similar statements. None of these statements were objected to at the trial. In view of the
defendant’s very detailed closing argument, we conclude that, taken in context, the statements as to
which the defendant now complains were fair responses to his own argument.

        This assignment is without merit.

                               VI. Limitations of Defendant’s Proof

          On appeal, the defendant complains that the trial court erred (1) in disallowing his proof that,
several years after the rape of the victim, she stated in an application for order of protection that she
had run away after being struck in the face by her boyfriend and (2) by refusing to allow him to recall
the State’s witness, Sergeant Crowe, to ask about alleged inconsistencies between the victim’s
statement to him and her testimony at trial. We will review the manner in which these issues arose
at trial.

        At the conclusion of the testimony of the victim on direct examination, the defendant
apparently asked that he be allowed to cross-examine her about seeking an order of protection
several years after the rape had occurred:




                                                  -10-
                Your Honor, I wanted to bring out – and even during the direct exam, it was
       mentioned that sworn testimony has not been given before a judge by the victim; but
       earlier this year, 2005, January 25th, sworn testimony had been given by the victim
       on an order of protection about the same Ephram that continually being [sic]
       mentioned as her baby’s daddy or boyfriend at that time.

       The trial court concluded that this line of questioning was irrelevant:

               [THE COURT]: I don’t think that there, in my opinion, is sufficient nexus
       or connection between the events that are on trial this week and some order of
       protection that was sought four years later against a different individual, different
       circumstances, different parties. We’re just, again, talking apples and oranges – two
       completely different situations. There is no pattern; there is no proximity in time or
       place or parties, so I don’t – I think it’s unfair and illogical to try to draw any
       connection between the two incidents or infer any impeachment based on some order
       of protection that was sought four years later by – I guess sought by her against the
       father of her child is that what you said?

             [THE DEFENDANT]: For an assault that had happened, and she vacated
       whatever location they had been in.

               THE COURT: So what would be the question[?] What relevance would
       there be?

            [THE DEFENDANT]: And the extreme of what happened during 2001 was
       somewhat worse as being alleged and you stayed?

               THE COURT: Well, those are just matters the jury is going to have to weigh.
       That’s for the jury to determine; whether they believe her testimony or not. That’s
       a matter of credibility, but the fact that she might have been arguably – for argument
       sake, let’s assume that she was caught up in another situation four years later and she
       left. Well, those might be completely different circumstances with different people.
       You weren’t involved in that one in 2005 because you were in jail. So it was a
       different person. I don’t know. I have no idea of what the personalities were or the
       circumstances were in 2005 in an incident that involved an order of protection. So
       there’s not a sufficient connection in facts, in time, in parties, in events, to allow one
       to be introduced – the 2005 one to be introduced to try to draw some impeachment
       of the 2001 conduct – completely different.

        This court will not reverse the decision of a trial court to exclude evidence based on its lack
of relevance unless the trial court has abused its discretion. See State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649,
652 (Tenn. 1997) (citations omitted). Abuse of discretion, in this context, essentially, contemplates
a situation where the “court applied an incorrect legal standard, or reached a decision which is


                                                 -11-
against logic or reasoning that caused an injustice to the party complaining.” State v. Shuck, 953
S.W.2d 662, 669 (Tenn. 1997) (citing Ballard v. Herzke, 924 S.W.2d 652, 661 (Tenn. 1996)).
Accordingly, “[a]lthough a decision made under this standard will not be lightly reversed on appeal,
the discretion of the trial court is not without limits.” State v. Gilliland, 22 S.W.3d 266, 273 (Tenn.
2000). We cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that the matters about
which the defendant sought to cross-examine the victim were irrelevant.

         As the second part of this issue, the defendant asserts that the court erred in refusing to allow
him to recall Sergeant Crowe to question him about “a lot of inconsistencies” between the victim’s
trial testimony and the statement she had given to Crowe. The trial court then explained that the
defendant had failed, during the cross-examination of the victim, to lay a foundation for subsequent
questions about her statement:

                The only way you can question him about it is if [the victim] denied
        something in the statement that she gave – denied that she made that statement. Then
        you could call him to the stand to prove that, yes, she did make that statement. I
        don’t recall her denying anything about the statement when you asked her on cross
        examination.

        After listening to the defendant explain each of the portions of the victim’s statement about
which he wanted to question Sergeant Crowe, the court again explained that the defendant had failed
to lay a foundation for such questions:

               But if that’s the reason you wanted to call Sergeant Crowe, in order to
        impeach her with this prior statement, I don’t find that any of those matters were
        properly submitted to [the victim] for her to explain what – the few that were [sic],
        she did explain away – like the 3:30 in the afternoon. That you did ask her about
        that. You did say, “Isn’t it true you told – in the statement told the police that it was
        3:30 when you were smoking mari[j]uana?” And she explained it away. She said,
        “Well, maybe it was 3:30. I don’t really remember. It’s been four and a half or five
        years.” So, that’s fine.

       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 613(b) provides that “[e]xtrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent
statement by a witness is not admissible unless and until the witness is afforded an opportunity to
explain or deny the same . . . .” We have examined the record and agree with the trial court that the
defendant failed to question the victim about portions of her statement which, in his view, were
inconsistent with her trial testimony. Accordingly, the record supports this determination by the trial
court.




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                                         CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we remand this matter to the trial court for
an evidentiary hearing as to whether the defendant forfeited his right to counsel.


                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




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