               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 37433

STATE OF IDAHO,                                  )
                                                 )      2011 Opinion No. 58
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                     )
                                                 )      Filed: October 5, 2011
v.                                               )
                                                 )      Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
TODD JAMES SURINER,                              )
                                                 )
       Defendant-Appellant.                      )
                                                 )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada
       County. Hon. Deborah A. Bail, District Judge.

       Judgment of conviction for two counts of lewd conduct with a minor under the
       age of sixteen, reversed.

       Molly J. Huskey, State Appellate Public Defender; Diane M. Walker, Deputy
       Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. Diane M. Walker argued.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Mark W. Olson, Deputy Attorney
       General, Boise, for respondent. Mark W. Olson argued.
                 ________________________________________________
LANSING, Judge
       Todd James Suriner appeals from his judgment of conviction for two counts of lewd
conduct with a minor under the age of sixteen. Suriner argues that the State failed to present
evidence of the corpus delicti of the crime independent of his extrajudicial confessions, and that
the district court erred in instructing the jury. Because we conclude that the State presented no
independent evidence of the corpus delicti, we reverse Suriner’s judgment of conviction.
                                                I.
                                 FACTS AND PROCEDURE
       Suriner and his wife had twin daughters who, at the time of the events in this case, were
approximately three years old. Suriner’s wife informed authorities that she became suspicious of
misconduct by Suriner after she learned the twins had told their aunt that Suriner had put his
finger in their “business,” the word used by the girls to refer to their vaginas. After learning of
these accusations, Suriner agreed to take a polygraph test. Before the test was administered,

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however, he confessed to the polygraph examiner that he had penetrated one daughter’s vagina
with his finger. At a second interview with a police detective, Suriner admitted to abusing both
daughters in this way on multiple occasions over the previous year. Suriner stated that he abused
the girls only on Sundays while his wife was at work. After Suriner confessed, his daughters
were given physical examinations that yielded no finding of any abnormalities. Due to their
young age, they were unable to participate in an interview with a social worker. Based upon his
confessions, Suriner was charged with two counts of lewd conduct with a minor under the age of
sixteen, I.C. § 18-1508. While awaiting trial, Suriner made three telephone calls from the jail in
which he admitted he abused his daughters and expressed remorse for his actions.
       Because of the girls’ age, their testimony was not offered at trial. The State’s evidence
included testimony by the officers who interviewed Suriner, the doctor who examined the girls,
and Suriner’s wife. The polygraph examiner who conducted the first interview testified that he
asked whether Suriner knew why he had been brought in for questioning and that Suriner
indicated he understood it was regarding his daughters. The officer then asked what Suriner
could tell him about the case, and Suriner replied that he was not “sure where the girls had come
up with this,” but the only thing “he could think of was when he was doing his dad duties.” 1
Video recordings of Suriner’s confessions and audio recordings of his telephone calls from jail
were also admitted. In the videos, the polygraph examiner made multiple references to the
statements made by Suriner’s daughters.        Suriner objected to these references on hearsay
grounds. In response to the objection, the district court instructed the jury that any reference to
statements made by Suriner’s daughters were inadmissible hearsay, that they were not to be used
as evidence that a crime was committed, and that the statements were admissible only as context
for the response they elicited from Suriner.
       At the close of the State’s case, Suriner moved for a judgment of acquittal on the ground
that the State’s evidence did not satisfy the doctrine of corpus delicti because it included no
evidence corroborating Suriner’s confessions. The district court denied the motion and the jury
ultimately found Suriner guilty of both charges. On appeal, Suriner argues that the district court
erred in denying his motion to dismiss because the State failed to prove the corpus delicti of the



1
      Suriner further explained that his “dad duties” included getting the twins up in the
morning, taking off their diapers, cleaning them, and getting them dressed.

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crime independent of his extrajudicial confessions, and that the court erroneously instructed the
jury. Because we find the first issue dispositive, we do not address the jury instruction issue.
                                                II.
                                           ANALYSIS
       The term “corpus delicti” literally means “body of the crime,” BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY 346 (7th ed. 1999), and refers to the evidence needed to establish that the charged
crime actually was committed. The corpus delicti rule prohibits the conviction of a criminal
defendant based solely upon the defendant’s own out-of-court confession to prove that a crime
occurred. See State v. Tiffany, 139 Idaho 909, 913, 88 P.3d 728, 732 (2004); State v. Urie, 92
Idaho 71, 73, 437 P.2d 24, 26 (1968); State v. Wilson, 51 Idaho 659, 669, 9 P.2d 497, 500-01
(1932); State v. Keller, 8 Idaho 699, 704-05, 70 P. 1051, 1052 (1902); State v. Roth, 138 Idaho
820, 822, 69 P.3d 1081, 1083 (Ct. App. 2003). It thereby protects against convicting the
innocent on the strength of a false or mistaken confession. 2 It has been said that reasons for the
rule include the danger of misreporting what the accused said; that the rule is a safeguard against
coerced confessions; that an accused may himself be mistaken about whether a crime was
committed; that the rule safeguards against false confessions from mentally disabled persons;
and that the rule forces the prosecution to use its best evidence. Urie, 92 Idaho at 76, 437 P.2d at
29 (McFadden, J., specially concurring).
       Generally, to prove an accused guilty of a crime, the State must produce evidence of
three broad elements: (1) that a harm or injury occurred; (2) that the harm or injury was caused
by someone’s criminal acts; and (3) the identity of the person who caused it. See id. at 75, 437
P.2d at 28; Roth, 138 Idaho at 823, 69 P.3d at 1084.            Historically, under the traditional
formulation of the corpus delicti doctrine, the prosecution was required to show the “body” of a
crime by establishing the first two of these elements--the injury and the criminal agency--
independently from a defendant’s confession. Roth, 138 Idaho at 823, 69 P.3d at 1084; State v.
Darrah, 60 Idaho 479, 482, 92 P.2d 143, 144 (1939). However, it appears that under the corpus


2
        The corpus delicti rule was developed at common law in response to cases in which
alleged homicide victims were found to be alive after the accused, on the basis of his confession,
had been convicted and executed. State v. Urie, 92 Idaho 71, 75, 437 P.2d 24, 28 (1968)
(McFadden, J., specially concurring). Though it originally applied only to homicide cases, in the
United States it has been expanded to cover most serious crimes. Id.; Note, Proof of the Corpus
Delicti Aliunde the Defendant’s Confession, 103 U. PA. L. REV. 638, 641 (1955).

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delicti doctrine as currently formulated by Idaho Supreme Court decisions, the State need not
present independent evidence on both corpus delicti elements, but may meet its burden with
evidence to independently corroborate either the fact of injury or criminal agency. Urie, 92
Idaho at 73, 437 P.2d at 26. See also Tiffany, 139 Idaho at 914-15, 88 P.3d at 733-34 (affirming
involuntary manslaughter conviction where mother’s confession to killing child was
corroborated by fact that child died while in her exclusive care, but no independent evidence
indicated death was caused by criminal act). This may be accomplished by either direct or
circumstantial evidence.   Keller, 8 Idaho at 704, 70 P. at 1052.        Although a defendant’s
extrajudicial admission, standing alone, is insufficient to support a conviction, only slight
corroborating evidence is necessary.     Tiffany, 139 Idaho at 915, 88 P.3d at 734; State v.
Downing, 23 Idaho 540, 544, 130 P. 461, 462 (1913).
       Here, the alleged victims were too young to testify, and no adult testified to anything that
the girls had said, presumably because such testimony would have been precluded by the hearsay
rule, Idaho Rule of Evidence 802, and the Confrontation Clauses of the United States and Idaho
Constitutions.   Nor did any witness claim to have seen any conduct by Suriner that was
indicative of sexual molestation of the girls. Thus, Suriner contends, he was impermissibly
convicted based solely upon his out-of-court confessions.
       The State argues, however, that there was corroborating evidence, though slight, in
testimony showing that Suriner had the opportunity to commit the crimes. In his confessions,
Suriner said that he abused his daughters on Sundays when his wife was at work, and at trial
Suriner’s wife confirmed that he was alone with his daughters on Sundays because she worked
on those days. Contrary to the State’s argument, the wife’s testimony did not satisfy the State’s
burden. Although Suriner’s wife corroborated a tangential detail of his statement to police, her
testimony did not meet the corpus delicti requirement because mere opportunity does not tend to
prove either injury or a criminal act. See People v. Robson, 80 P.3d 912, 913 (Colo. App. 2003)
(holding trial court did not err in granting motion to dismiss because the State proved only that
defendant had the opportunity to commit the crime and opportunity alone is insufficient to satisfy
the requirements of corpus delicti); People ex rel. T.A.O., 36 P.3d 180, 181 (Colo. App. 2001)
(holding evidence that opportunity to commit the charged offense did not satisfy requirements of
corpus delicti); State v. Campbell, 178 P.3d 337, 340 (Or. Ct. App. 2008) (same); State v. Ray,
926 P.2d 904, 907 (Wash. 1996) (same).


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       The State also argues that Suriner’s confessions and expressions of remorse to a third
party, which corroborated his confessions to police, satisfied the requirements of corpus delicti.
This evidence consisted of three recorded telephone conversations between Suriner and his
sister-in-law while he was in jail. During these conversations, Suriner expressed remorse, stating
that he was at fault and needed to pay for what he did to his daughters. We note, however, that
the statements Suriner made to his sister-in-law are, in themselves, extrajudicial confessions
subject to the corpus delicti doctrine. It is generally held that additional admissions by an
accused are insufficient to corroborate an initial confession for purposes of the corpus delicti
rule. See United States v. Calderon, 348 U.S. 160, 163-64 (1954) (holding additional admissions
were insufficient to corroborate defendant’s initial confession and the Court must look for other
evidence a crime was committed); United States v. Northrup, 482 F. Supp. 1032, 1037 (D. Nev.
1980) (holding that, “if two admissions, in and of themselves, are untrustworthy, obviously they
cannot be bootstrapped together to raise each other to the level of trustworthiness”); McMillian v.
State, 499 A.2d 192, 198 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1985) (holding that multiple confessions of an
accused cannot be viewed as corroborative of one another); State v. Weisser, 150 P.3d 1043,
1051 (N.M. Ct. App. 2006) (saying the court is “not convinced that the mere fact that a
defendant tells more than one person about his or her alleged acts necessarily establishes the
trustworthiness of such statements”); State v. Aten, 900 P.2d 579, 585 (Wash. Ct. App. 1995)
(holding that additional admissions are insufficient to corroborate a confession); State v. Ferry,
275 P.2d 173, 174 (Utah 1954) (“To say a second confession, without more, could be used to
prove the corpus delicti, obviously would be to devour the rule itself, which is predicated on the
fact that one confession alone, with nothing more, cannot prove the corpus delicti,--there being
no magic or significance to a repetition thereof.”). But see State v. McClain, 292 N.W. 753, 754-
55 (Minn. 1940) (holding that a confession may be corroborated by other plain admissions of
guilt made by both declarations and conduct of the defendant). It is irrelevant that the statements
were made to a third party rather than to the authorities. See Keller, 8 Idaho at 703-04, 70 P. at
1052 (applying corpus delicti rule to defendant’s confession to third party witness). Therefore,
Suriner’s confessions at multiple times in different contexts do not provide the requisite
corroboration of either injury or criminal agency to satisfy the corpus delicti rule.
       Finally, the State argues that the actions taken by Suriner’s wife, which evidenced her
suspicions about Suriner, provided sufficient corroboration of his confessions. Suriner’s wife


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testified that there was a “situation” which caused her to contact the authorities concerning her
daughters. The State contends that the wife’s actions--taking her daughters to the Department of
Health and Welfare and contacting the police--satisfied the slight corroboration requirement of
the corpus delicti doctrine by an implication that something must have prompted these acts.
According to the State, “While the victims did not testify at trial, the fact that they made some
type of statements that initiated a criminal investigation against Suriner was properly in front of
the jury.”
       The State’s argument urges us to find slight corroboration of the corpus delicti from
testimony that could be viewed as impliedly conveying the substance of the twins’ out-of-court
statements. It would require that we rely upon an inference--that Suriner’s daughters made
statements indicating they were being abused--that was not and could not be presented by direct
evidence at trial because it is hearsay. To do so is impermissible. The hearsay rule not only
prohibits repetition of an actual out-of-court statement, it also bars an attempt to convey the
substance or purport of a statement without directly relating the statement. State v. Gomez, 126
Idaho 700, 704, 889 P.2d 729, 733 (Ct. App. 1994). Testimony that conveys the substance of an
out-of-court statement for the truth of the matter asserted is properly characterized as hearsay
even though the statement is not directly repeated. State v. Agundis, 127 Idaho 587, 596, 903
P.2d 752, 761 (Ct. App. 1995). Quite appropriately, the State did not attempt to admit the
testimony of the twins’ aunt concerning what they told her about Suriner’s conduct, nor
testimony from Suriner’s mother about that hearsay, and the district court properly instructed the
jury that hearsay evidence of the girls’ statements presented through videos of the polygraph
examination could not be considered for the truth of their content because the statements were
hearsay. To allow the inference now claimed by the State would just as surely violate the
hearsay rule.
       Of course, any suggestion that the mere opening of the criminal investigation indicates
there must have been some evidence against Suriner and thereby corroborates his confessions is
specious. To hold that the mere initiation of a criminal investigation constitutes even slight
evidence of a criminal act by the person investigated would violate every principle of due
process enshrined in our state and federal Constitutions. The fact of an investigation provides no
corroboration of either injury or criminal agency. Accordingly, evidence that Suriner’s wife




                                                6
contacted authorities and that a criminal investigation was thereby launched does not satisfy the
requirements of the corpus delicti doctrine.
       It might reasonably be argued that the corpus delicti doctrine has outlived its purpose
because, since its genesis, advances in forensic investigative techniques, mental health
assessment, and enforcement of due process safeguards have vastly reduced the risk of reliance
upon false confessions occasioned by police coercion or mental abnormality. As long ago as
1968, two Idaho Supreme Court justices criticized application of the rule in circumstances where
its purposes are not served. Urie, 92 Idaho at 75-76, 437 P.2d at 28-29 (McFadden, J. and
Taylor, C.J., specially concurring). We also note that not all American jurisdictions follow the
corpus delicti doctrine, and some have replaced it with a trustworthiness test. 3 Nevertheless, this
Court is bound by precedent calling for application of the corpus delicti rule and preclusion of a
criminal conviction without evidentiary corroboration of the accused’s confession. Here, the
trial evidence did not provide even slight corroboration of either the injury or criminal agency
elements of lewd conduct with a minor under the age of sixteen. Accordingly, Suriner’s motion
for a judgment of acquittal should have been granted.
                                                III.
                                         CONCLUSION
       The district court erred in denying Suriner’s motion for a judgment of acquittal because
the trial evidence included no corroboration to satisfy requirements of the corpus delicti rule.
Accordingly, Suriner’s judgment of conviction for two counts of lewd conduct with a minor
under sixteen is reversed.
       Judge GUTIERREZ CONCURS.


3
        The United States Supreme Court replaced the corpus delicti rule with the trustworthiness
doctrine, which requires that a confession be corroborated by substantial independent evidence
that tends to establish the trustworthiness of the statement. See Opper v. United States, 348 U.S.
84, 93 (1954); Smith v. United States, 348 U.S. 147, 156 (1954). Under the trustworthiness
doctrine, “The adequacy of corroborating [evidence] is measured not by its tendency to establish
the corpus delicti, but by the extent to which it supports the trustworthiness of the admissions.”
United States v. Johnson, 589 F.2d 716, 718-19 (D.C. Cir. 1978). State authorities that have
adopted a trustworthiness test in preference to the corpus delicti rule include State v. Hafford,
746 A.2d 150, 174 (Conn. 2000); State v. Yoshida, 354 P.2d 986, 990 (Haw. 1960); State v.
George, 257 A.2d 19, 21 (N.H. 1969); State v. Parker, 337 S.E.2d 487, 492 (N.C. 1985);
Fontenot v. State, 881 P.2d 69, 77-78 (Okla. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Osborne, 516 S.E.2d
201, 204-05 (S.C. 1999); and State v. Mauchley, 67 P.3d 477, 490 (Utah 2003).

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        Judge Pro Tem SCHWARTZMAN, DISSENTING
        I respectfully dissent, although I do so with modest caution and circumspection. Were it
not for the steady erosion of the traditional “corpus delicti” doctrine in Idaho, from State v. Urie,
92 Idaho 71, 437 P.2d 24 (1968) to State v. Tiffany, 139 Idaho 909, 88 P.3d 728 (2004), I could
easily join in the majority’s well-written, researched, and articulate decision. But, as footnoted
in the State’s brief:
        [T]he Idaho appellate courts’ application of the corpus delicti doctrine is so
        distinct from the doctrine’s traditional application that at least two commentators
        have concluded that Idaho does not in fact utilize corpus delicti. See Don
        Taylor III, Evidence Beyond Confession, 41 Ariz. Att’y 22, 22-27 (May, 2005)
        (comparing State v. Tiffany, 139 Idaho 909, 912, 88 P.3d 728, 732 (2004) to a
        factually similar Arizona case where, unlike in Tiffany, the Arizona Court of
        Appeals found that the state failed to reach the level of corroboration required by
        corpus delicti, and concluding that “Idaho does not follow the corpus delicti
        rule.”); Eugene R. Milhizer, Confessions After Connelly: An Evidentiary Solution
        For Excluding Unreliable Confessions, 81 Temp. L. Rev. 1, 45, fn.275 (Spring,
        2008) (including Idaho in a footnote listing jurisdictions that have abolished
        corpus delicti, and correctly recognizing that in Idaho, “‘slight corroboration will
        suffice’ to admit confession and corroboration need not establish elements of
        corpus delicti.”) (citing State v. Urie, 437 P.2d 24, 26-27 (1968)).

        In denying Suriner’s motion to dismiss for lack of corroboration, the learned district
judge orally ruled as follows:
                In this case, I don’t think it is accurate to say that the only corroborating
        evidence is opportunity. This case is peculiar in Idaho cases, in the sense that the
        defendant confesses one time at an interview he goes to voluntarily. He confesses
        one time. He leaves. Days elapse. He goes and confesses again. He elaborates
        substantially the next time he goes.
                And it is a situation where the jury can assess for itself, because
        everything’s been videotaped, what kinds of pressures were brought to bear that
        might cause a false confession.
                And also in this case, there are the unusual features of the defendant
        calling--initiating calls himself, not to state officers, not in any situation where
        somebody else is pressing him, but initiating calls to others in which he talks
        about convicting himself of the crime.
                He makes other statements about the offense, and so I think there are very
        peculiar facts in this case. There’s also corroborating evidence as to the externals.
                ....
                I think this is a very unusual case. The facts of this case are very unusual,
        and I think it warrants presenting the issues to the jury once it’s instructed on this
        standard, and I think it’s fair for counsel to argue all facts in the case for both
        sides and to present it to the jury.


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               ....
               But I think when you see the progress of the cases as outlined in State [v.]
       Tiffany, the rule is “That while an extrajudicial confession standing alone is not
       sufficient to convict an accused in the absence of some corroborating
       circumstances, slight corroboration will suffice.”
               And that’s the rule in Idaho. That’s what the jury should be asked to
       decide, if it exists or not. But I do think that this case does present some very
       unusual factors with all the times--we are not talking about an extrajudicial
       admission.
               We are talking about many extrajudicial admissions in many different
       contexts. That’s unusual. As far as I can see, certainly from any Idaho case, I
       think there is a little bit in Tiffany, but in any Idaho case, I did not see this number
       of statements by any defendant under so many different contexts.
               So I think it should be presented to the jury. I think it’s certainly a valid
       issue to raise, but I think it needs to be presented to the jury for the jury’s
       resolution once they have been given the instruction on how the corpus delicti
       rule works.

       Admittedly, the “corroboration” referred to is diaphanous and “wafer-thin.” But, so too
was it in Urie and Tiffany. Add to this Suriner’s repeated expressions of remorse, the doctor’s
testimony that while he did not discover any physical evidence of abuse in cases such as this
involving manual-to-genital contact it is common for no physical evidence to be found,
opportunity and exclusive care, and the context in which the investigation was launched prior to
defendant’s multiple confessions/admissions in different situations and settings; the “Idaho
version” of the corpus delicti corroboration can be satisfied.         As in Tiffany, we have the
similarities that the children were abused while under the exclusive care of Suriner and that his
statements about how he abused them were not inconsistent with the medical forensics. Id. at
915, 88 P.3d at 734. Moreover, we should not be unmindful that a crime of this nature would be
difficult, if not impossible, to prove with any degree of certainty in the absence of a confession
on the part of the sexually-abusing parent involved. See and compare Urie, 92 Idaho at 74, 437
P.2d at 27.
       In conclusion, I would re-echo the majority’s allusion to the suggestion that the corpus
delicti doctrine may have outlived its purpose and usefulness in Idaho. Indeed, the rule of corpus
delicti no longer exists in the federal system because it failed to serve its original purpose. See
United States v. Kerley, 838 F.2d 932, 940 (7th Cir. 1988) and cases cited in footnote 3 of the
majority opinion. Then again, whether or not it will be taken off viable life support and allowed
to breathe its last must await higher judicial authority.


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