        IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA


                              January 2016 Term
                                                                      FILED
                                                                   June 3, 2016
                                                                     released at 3:00 p.m.
                                  No. 14-1118                      RORY L. PERRY, II CLERK
                                                                 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                      OF WEST VIRGINIA




                  J. MICHAEL TEETS, COMMISSIONER;
              WILLIAM E. KEPLINGER, JR., COMMISSIONER;
                AND THE HARDY COUNTY COMMISSION,

                       Respondents Below, Petitioners



                                        V.


                  WENDY J. MILLER, JOHN A. ELMORE,
                   B. WAYNE THOMPSON, OVID NEED,
                       AND BONNIE L. HAGGERTY,

                       Petitioners Below, Respondents




               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Hardy County

              Honorable Andrew N. Frye, Jr., Senior Status Judge

                          Civil Action No. 14-C-17

                                REVERSED




                           Submitted: May 18, 2016

                             Filed: June 3, 2016


John A. Kessler                                 J. David Judy, III
David R. Pogue                                  Judy & Judy
Carey, Scott, Douglas & Kessler, PLLC           Moorefield, West Virginia
Charleston, West Virginia                       Attorney for the Respondents
Attorneys for Petitioners,
J. Michael Teets, Commissioner                  Ancil G. Ramey
William E. Keplinger, Jr.,                  Steptoe & Johnson PLLC
Commissioner                                Charleston, West Virginia
                                            Bridget M. Cohee
John W. Cooper                              Steptoe & Johnson PLLC
Cooper and Preston, PLLC                    Martinsburg, West Virginia
Parsons, West Virginia                      Attorneys for Petitioner
Attorney for Petitioner                     Steptoe & Johnson PLLC
Hardy County Commission                     Former Attorneys for Petitioner
                                            Hardy County Commission


CHIEF JUSTICE KETCHUM delivered the Opinion of the Court.

JUSTICE DAVIS, deeming herself disqualified, did not participate.

JUDGE PAUL T. FARRELL sitting by temporary assignment.

JUSTICES BENJAMIN and LOUGHRY concur, in part, dissent, in part, and reserve

the right to file separate opinions.

                             SYLLABUS BY THE COURT




              1.     “The primary object in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect

to the intent of the Legislature.” Syllabus point 1, Smith v. State Workmen’s Compensation

Commissioner, 159 W. Va. 108, 219 S.E.2d 361 (1975).



              2.     “A statutory provision which is clear and unambiguous and plainly

expresses the legislative intent will not be interpreted by the courts but will be given full

force and effect.” Syllabus point 2, State v. Epperly, 135 W. Va. 877, 65 S.E.2d 488 (1951).



              3.     Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 7-15-18 (1975), the provisions of the

Emergency Ambulance Service Act of 1975, W. Va. Code § 7-15-1 et seq., shall be liberally

construed to accomplish its purpose and no procedure or proceedings, notices, consents or

approvals shall be required in connection therewith except as may be prescribed therein.

Accordingly, a county commission taking action in connection with the Emergency

Ambulance Service Act of 1975 is not required to comply with the open meeting and/or

notice requirements of the Open Government Proceedings Act, W. Va. Code § 6-9A-1 et

seq., or W. Va. Code § 7-1-2 (1923).




                                              i
Ketchum, Chief Justice:

              The action underlying this appeal was brought by Wendy J. Miller,1 John A.

Elmore, B. Wayne Thompson, Ovid Need, and Bonnie Haggerty, citizens of Hardy County

(collectively “Hardy County Citizens”), respondents herein, seeking to remove two

commissioners serving on the Hardy County Commission (“Commission” or “the

Commission”), and to void the Commission’s purchase of a building and its imposition of

a Special Emergency Ambulance Service Fee (“Ambulance Fee”).                 The action was

bifurcated, and this appeal pertains only to the portion of the proceedings below held in the

Circuit Court of Hardy County seeking to void the building purchase and the Ambulance

Fee.2 In this appeal, the Commission and two of its commissioners, J. Michael Teets

(“Commissioner Teets”) and William E. Keplinger, Jr. (Commissioner Keplinger”), seek

review of two orders issued by the circuit court. In those orders, the circuit court found both

the building purchase and the Ambulance Fee were invalid because the Commission violated

the Open Governmental Proceedings Act, W. Va. Code § 6-9A-1 et seq., and, alternatively,

because the Commission failed to provide proper notice of special meetings pursuant to

W. Va. Code § 7-1-2 (1923), which failure deprived the Commission of jurisdiction over the



              1
              Prior to this appeal, Wendy Miller filed in the circuit court a motion to
withdraw as a petitioner in this matter. By order entered October 10, 2014, the circuit court
granted Ms. Miller’s motion. Accordingly, she is not a party to this appeal.
              2
                The removal issue was decided by a three judge panel. The panel ultimately
ruled that Commissioners Teets and Keplinger were not subject to removal. That decision
is not part of the instant appeal.

                                              1

challenged acts. Based upon those findings, the circuit court, inter alia, granted the Hardy

County Citizens’ motion for injunctive relief and expressly prohibited the Commission from

voting, in an open meeting with proper notice, to validate its purchase of the building and

also prohibited the Commission from instituting an Ambulance Fee “unless and until

ambulance service is not otherwise available to all residents of Hardy County”; granted the

Hardy County Citizens’ motion for attorney’s fees and directed the Commission to pay

$112,000 for said fees, plus interest, to counsel for the plaintiffs; rendered judgment against

Commissioner Teets and Commissioner Keplinger, jointly and severally, in an amount equal

to that paid for the building purchase, which was $1,130,000, plus interest; and denied a

motion by the Commission to join as parties to the litigation the sellers of the building.



              Also before this Court is Steptoe & Johnson, LLC, former counsel to the

Commission in the proceedings below. Steptoe & Johnson seeks review of a separate order

issued by the circuit court that found Steptoe & Johnson had a disqualifying conflict in regard

to this action, and further compelled Steptoe & Johnson to refund certain attorney’s fees

earned by the firm.



              We find that, pursuant to W. Va. Code § 7-15-18 (1975), the Commission was

not required to comply with the Open Governmental Proceedings Act or W. Va. Code § 7-1­

2 under the particular circumstances presented herein. Therefore, we reverse all three of the


                                              2

circuit court’s orders appealed in this action.



                                              I.


                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY


              Because the circuit court agreed to proceed on the record created before the

three-judge panel that heard the removal portion of the action, the facts of this case were

primarily developed in the removal action with the parties providing limited additional

evidence to the circuit court. We begin our recounting of the facts with background

information necessary to understand the events that later unfolded and led to the instant

litigation.



              Emergency ambulance services were provided to residents of Hardy County

through a mix of paid and volunteer crews. During the fall of 2011, three crews served the

bulk of Hardy County’s emergency ambulance needs: Fraley Ambulance Service, Mathias-

Baker Rescue Squad, and Wardensville Rescue Squad. On November 20, 2011, the

Commission learned that the Mathias-Baker Rescue Squad was experiencing financial

difficulties when Mathias-Baker sought funding from the Commission to remain solvent.

Although the Commission provided $300,000 to keep Mathias-Baker operating, the troubled




                                                  3

rescue squad closed suddenly in October 2012.3 Members of the Mathias-Baker Rescue

Squad thereafter provided emergency ambulance services on a volunteer basis, however the

volunteer ambulance services ceased in May 2013. Meanwhile, in response to the closure

of the Mathias-Baker Rescue Squad, at a Commission meeting held on November 20, 2012,

the Commission voted to hire a county medic and to create the Hardy County Emergency

Ambulance Authority (“Ambulance Authority”).4



              To facilitate our recitation of the remaining course of events in this case, it is

helpful to first explain the normal process followed by the Commission in announcing its

meetings. This process apparently is in compliance with the “Hardy County Rules for

Conducting Public Meetings” as promulgated in 2004. Typically, two weeks prior to each

meeting of the Commission, the county clerk places the following announcement, which the

Commission refers to as its “Standard Agenda,” in the classified section of the Moorefield

Examiner newspaper:

              3
                 The Commission states in its brief that it approved the $300,000 request
without extensive information being provided and with no formal notice to the public. The
Commission explains that, while it knew that the Mathias-Baker Rescue Squad had debts
approximating $2,700,000.00 at the time it approved the funding request, it did not know at
that time that Mathias-Baker had reached a settlement agreement with the United States
Attorney’s Office requiring Mathias-Baker to pay fines amounting to nearly $1,100,000.00
as a result of fraudulent Medicaid and Medicare billing practices.
              4
               W. Va. Code § 7-15-4 (1975) mandates, with certain exceptions, that county
commissions “cause emergency ambulance service to be made available to all the residents
of the county where such service is not otherwise available,” and further provides that county
commissions “may cause such services to be provided by an authority[.]”

                                              4

              NOTICE OF HARDY COUNTY COMMISSION MEETING

              The public and news media are hereby notified that the Hardy
              County Commission will hold a meeting in Room 101 at the
              Hardy County Courthouse, 204 Washington Street, Moorefield,
              WV on [the day of the week for the specific advertized meeting
              would be inserted here], [the date and year for the specific
              advertized meeting would be inserted here] at 9:00 A.M.

                     The County Commission meeting will be open to all
              members of the public. A quorum of the County Commission
              is scheduled to meet and make decisions and take official action
              on matters scheduled on the meeting agenda.

                    Any person desiring to address the County Commission
              should contact the County Clerk’s Office at the telephone
              number and/or address below.

                     A copy of the meeting agenda is available, in advance, to
              any member of the public and/or news media at the Hardy
              County Clerk’s Office, Room 111, 204 Washington Street,
              Moorefield, WV 26836 or by contacting the Hardy County
              Clerk’s Office at telephone number [telephone number provided
              here] or facsimile number [facsimile number provided here].

This “Standard Agenda” also is posted on the courthouse door. A second agenda, referred

to by the Commission as its “Appointments Sheet,” is placed on the desk of the county clerk.

The county clerk and his staff then create a list on the “Appointments Sheet” that includes

names of persons wishing to be heard and/or topics to be considered at the upcoming meeting

of the Commission. Additions to the “Appointments Sheet” may be made up to the time of

the meeting. The Commission explains that, anyone who reads the published notice or who

has an interest in a particular meeting may contact the county clerk to obtain a copy of

“Standard Agenda” and/or the “Appointments Sheet.” The circuit court observed that,

                                             5

because the “Appointments Sheet” may be supplemented up to the time of the meeting,

anyone obtaining an earlier version of the list would not thereby be informed of all persons

to be heard and/or topics to be considered at a particular meeting.5



              Having established the Commission’s general procedure for providing notice

of its meetings, we turn to the facts pertaining to the acts taken by the Commission and

Commissioners Teets and Keplinger that were challenged below.6 The imposition of the

Ambulance Fee was first discussed at a meeting of the Commission held on March 5, 2013,

during which the county prosecuting attorney was instructed to “prepare an Ordinance to

impose a fee according to §7-15-15 [sic].”7 Neither the “Standard Agenda” nor the

“Appointment Sheet” prepared for the March 5 meeting contained any indication that an

Ambulance Fee would be a topic of discussion during the meeting.



              The Commission’s purchase of a building was first addressed at a meeting held



              5
               We note, however, that pursuant to W. Va. Code § 6-9A-3(c) (2013), “persons
who desire to address the governing body may not be required to register to address the body
more than fifteen minutes prior to time the scheduled meeting is to commence.”
              6
            At the time relevant to this appeal, the three Commissioners who made up the
Commission were Commissioner Teets, who served as president, Commissioner Keplinger,
and Commissioner A. J. Wade. Commissioner Wade retired from the Hardy County
Commission effective December 31, 2014. He is not a party to this appeal.
              7
              Presumably, the intended reference was to W. Va. Code § 7-15-17 (1999),
which authorizes a county commission to impose a special emergency ambulance service fee.

                                             6

on May 21, 2013. There was nothing on either the Standard Agenda or the “Appointment

Sheet” prepared for the meeting to indicate that the purchase of a building would be

discussed. During the course of the meeting, however, an officer of the Ambulance

Authority requested an executive session8 regarding the purchase of property. An executive

session was held, but no vote was taken on the matter. It is now known that the property

purchase discussed in the executive session was a building that had been owned by the

Mathias-Baker Rescue Squad (“Baker building”). At the time the Mathias-Baker Rescue

Squad closed, the Baker building was pledged as collateral to secure numerous notes held


             8
                 Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 6-9A-4(b)(9) (1999):

                    (b) An executive session may be held only upon a
             majority affirmative vote of the members present of the
             governing body of a public agency. A public agency may hold
             an executive session and exclude the public only when a closed
             session is required for any of the following actions:

                      ....

                     (9) To consider matters involving or affecting the
             purchase, sale or lease of property, advance construction
             planning, the investment of public funds or other matters
             involving commercial competition, which if made public, might
             adversely affect the financial or other interest of the state or any
             political subdivision: Provided, That information relied on
             during the course of deliberations on matters involving
             commercial competition are exempt from disclosure under the
             open meetings requirements of this article only until the
             commercial competition has been finalized and completed:
             Provided, However, that information not subject to release
             pursuant to the West Virginia Freedom of Information Act does
             not become subject to disclosure as a result of executive session;

                                              7

by the Capon Valley Bank. The Capon Valley Bank had foreclosed and planned to sell the

Baker building by public auction. The CEO of Capon Valley Bank testified that, on two

separate occasions prior to the sale, all three Hardy County Commissioners met with bank

representatives to discuss purchasing the Baker building. The meetings dealt primarily with

procedure. The Commissioners wanted to know what the “processes would be and what the

time frame would be. . . . [T]hey wanted to know at what point the bank would have to begin

to repossess collateral and secure buildings, et cetera.”



              The Commission also held a meeting on June 4, 2013, at which it authorized

the Ambulance Authority to bid on the Baker building by vote of two to one, with

Commissioners Teets and Keplinger voting in favor and Commissioner Wade voting against.

The Commission then retired into executive session to discuss the building purchase. The

circuit court found that there was no notice to the public that the Commission would vote on

whether to bid on the Baker building at this meeting, and the county clerk admitted the same

during his testimony. Moreover, the circuit court found that the public likewise was without

notice that the Ambulance Authority would present the Commission with a proposed budget

related to operating the building and that the budget included the Ambulance Fee to be

imposed upon county citizens.



              Another meeting relevant to this case occurred on June 18, 2013. The


                                              8

“Appointment Sheet” for this meeting contained an item stating “HCEAA Jerry Moore/Greg

Greenwalt fuel cards, medic, building etc.” (emphasis added). During the meeting, the

Ambulance Authority advised the Commission of financing options for the Ambulance

Authority’s purchase of the Baker building. The Commission approved a line item addition

to its budget of $100,000 to be given to the Ambulance Authority annually to allow it to

secure a loan for its purchase of the Baker building. In addition the Commission discussed

the Ambulance Fee and an upcoming public hearing on the same.



              Thereafter, on June 24, 2013, and July 15, 2013, the Commission held public

hearings to receive public comments on the proposed adoption of the Ambulance Fee.

Notice of these two hearings was published in the Moorefield Examiner newspaper. The

notice for the second hearing incorrectly advertised the date of the meeting as July 3, 2013.

The public was advised in the notice that “[t]he proposed fee amounts being considered are

$10.00, $12.00, or $14.00 per month. The proposed fee will/may be applicable to all

property owners with property that has a residence structure upon it.”



              At a July 16, 2013, meeting of the Commission, imposition of the Ambulance

Fee was rejected by Commissioners Keplinger and Wade, who voted to not impose the fee.

In addition, Commissioner Wade moved that the Baker building not be purchased. The

motion passed with Commissioners Wade and Keplinger voting in favor thereof. The


                                             9

“Appointment Sheet” for this meeting contained no indication that the Baker building would

be discussed, but did contain an item stating “Emergency Ambulance Fee & Ordinance Set

amount &/or adopt ordinance.”



              At a Commission meeting held on August 2, 2013, the Commission again

addressed the Baker building and the Ambulance Fee. The “Appointment Sheet” for this

meeting contained a line stating “EAA [Ambulance] Fee,” and the word “building” was

handwritten on the same line. The minutes for this meeting reflect that, after some favorable

discussion regarding the Ambulance Fee and the Baker building,

                      Commissioner Keplinger made a motion to set the
              [Ambulance F]ee at $10.00 per month and buy the [Baker]
              building, seconded by Commissioner Wade; President Teets
              called for discussion, Commissioner Keplinger stated that we
              don’t know what it is going to exactly cost and the fee may go
              down. I felt bad last time we left, voting no; it bothered me; you
              don’t do it for the reason of popularity. Commissioner Teets
              stated that all the money will go to the ambulance authority; we
              will not change our minds. There being no further discussion
              President Teets called for a vote and Commissioner Keplinger
              voting Yea, Commissioner Wade voting Nay and Commissioner
              Teets voting Yea, President Teets declared the motion passed.

The minutes further reflect that, toward the end of the meeting,

                     [i]t was moved by Commissioner Keplinger to transfer
              funding to [the Ambulance A]uthority to pay the entire amount
              and not borrow any money for the [Baker] building, seconded by
              Commissioner Wade; President Teets called for discussion;
              there being none, a vote was called for and Commissioners
              Keplinger and Teets voting in the affirmative, and
              Commissioner Wade voting in the negative, the motion was

                                             10

                passed and declared approved by President Teets.

Thereafter, the Commission paid the full amount for the Baker building. The purchase

transaction closed on August 6, 2013, and the Commission gained possession of the building

on that date.



                Finally, the Commission held a meeting on August 20, 2013. The Appointment

sheet for this meeting contained an item stating “Order adopting fee ordinance – fee

ordinance-order creating special checking acct.” After a brief discussion of the Ambulance

Fee ordinance, Commissioner Keplinger moved for a vote adopting the ordinance. The

motion passed with Commissioner Teets and Keplinger voting in favor thereof.



                Thereafter, on November 4, 2013, the Hardy County Citizens filed a two-part

petition against Commissioners Teets and Keplinger and the Commission. The petition

sought removal of Commissioners Teets and Keplinger and additionally sought to invalidate

and vacate the Ambulance Fee ordinance and the purchase of the Baker building. The case

was bifurcated and the law firm of Steptoe & Johnson was hired by the West Virginia

Counties Risk Pool (“the Risk Pool”) to defend the removal action. A reservation of rights

was claimed by the Risk Pool and coverage was denied to the Commission on the remaining

part of the petition that sought to invalidate the Ambulance Fee and the purchase of the Baker




                                             11

building.9 A three-judge panel heard the removal action and found no misconduct warranting

removal of Commissioners Teets and Keplinger.



              The Circuit Court of Hardy County thereafter heard the portion of the case

seeking nullification of the Ambulance Fee and the purchase of the Baker building. The

circuit court relied in large part upon the record created in the removal proceeding, and also

heard arguments and took supplemental evidence. Thereafter, the circuit court entered a

series of orders relevant to this appeal. By Final Order entered August 8, 2014, the circuit

court ruled that the actions of the Commission implementing the Ambulance Fee and the

purchase of the Baker building were both void. The circuit court ordered the Commission

to refund all moneys collected for the Ambulance Fee. By subsequent order entered on

August 29, 2014, the circuit court temporarily enjoined the Commission from taking any

votes or otherwise considering the Special Emergency Ambulance Service Fee ordinance or

the purchase of the Baker building until a full hearing could be held on the Hardy County

Citizens’ “Motion to Enforce the Final Order of August 8, 2014, and Motion for Injunctive

Relief.”




              9
              Even though the Risk Pool did not provide a defense for the portion of the
action seeking to invalidate the Ambulance Fee and the purchase of the Baker building,
Steptoe & Johnson continued to represent the Commission by virtue of an engagement letter
signed by Commissioner Teets.

                                             12

              Thereafter, the circuit court addressed numerous outstanding motions by Final

Order entered on October 10, 2014. Relevant to this appeal, the circuit court granted a

motion filed by the Hardy County Citizens seeking attorney’s fees and awarded them

$112,000.00, plus interest, for said fees; denied a motion filed by Commissioners Teets and

Keplinger seeking to join, as indispensable parties, the Capon Valley Bank and Jack Walters,

as Trustee of the Capon Valley Bank, who were the sellers of the Baker building; granted the

Hardy County Citizens’ motion for injunctive relief and ordered that no Ambulance Fee

could be imposed by the Commission until ambulance service is not otherwise available to

all residents of Hardy County; entered judgment, jointly and severally, against

Commissioners Teets and Keplinger in the amount of $1,130,000.00, which represented the

amount paid by the Commission to purchase the Baker building; and observed a conflict now

existed between the Commission and Commissioners Teets and Keplinger, and, therefore,

ordered the Hardy County prosecuting attorney to protect the interests of the Commission.10



              A notice of appeal was then filed by Steptoe and Johnson on behalf of the

Commission and Commissioners Teets and Keplinger. This Court entered an order staying

all proceedings pending appeal. The Hardy County Citizens then raised questions in this

Court about whether Steptoe & Johnson should be disqualified based upon a conflict of


              10
                The prosecuting attorney later determined that he too had a conflict, insofar
as the Commission set his budget, and he requested the appointment of a special prosecutor
to represent the Commission.

                                             13

interest arising from the firm representing both the Commission and Commissioners Teets

and Keplinger in the appeal. This Court remanded the case to the circuit court to resolve the

conflict of interest issue. By order entered February 19, 2015, the circuit court found a

conflict of interest did exist and that Steptoe & Johnson was disqualified. In addition, the

circuit court ordered Steptoe & Johnson to refund $26,528.80 of the fees it had received from

the Commission. This appeal followed.



                                             II.


                                STANDARD OF REVIEW


              It is well established that

                     [i]n reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions
              of the circuit court, we apply a two-prong deferential standard
              of review. We review the final order and the ultimate
              disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review
              the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly
              erroneous standard. Questions of law are subject to a de novo
              review.

Syl. pt. 2, Walker v. West Virginia Ethics Comm’n, 201 W. Va. 108, 492 S.E.2d 167 (1997).

To the extent that our resolution of this case requires consideration of statutory provisions,

our review is de novo. “Where the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a

question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of

review.” Syl. pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995).

With these standards in mind, we will address the dispositive issue presented in this appeal.


                                             14

                                              III.


                                        DISCUSSION


              In this appeal multiple issues have been raised by three separate petitioners.

However, it is necessary for us to address only one dispositive issue, i.e., whether W. Va.

Code § 7-15-18 applies in this case to the exclusion of the Open Government Proceedings

Act, W. Va. Code § 6-9A-1 et seq., and W. Va. Code § 7-1-2.



              Our resolution of this matter requires consideration of various statutory

provisions. Thus, at the outset, we note that “[t]he primary object in construing a statute is

to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature.” Syl. pt. 1, Smith v. State

Workmen’s Comp. Comm’r, 159 W. Va. 108, 219 S.E.2d 361 (1975). To glean legislative

intent, “[w]e look first to the statute’s language. If the text, given its plain meaning, answers

the interpretive question, the language must prevail and further inquiry is foreclosed.”

Appalachian Power Co. v. State Tax Dep’t of West Virginia, 195 W. Va. 573, 587, 466

S.E.2d 424, 438 (1995). In other words, “[a] statutory provision which is clear and

unambiguous and plainly expresses the legislative intent will not be interpreted by the courts

but will be given full force and effect.” Syl. pt. 2, State v. Epperly, 135 W. Va. 877, 65

S.E.2d 488 (1951). Conversely, “[a] statute that is ambiguous must be construed before it

can be applied.” Syl. pt. 1, Farley v. Buckalew, 186 W. Va. 693, 414 S.E.2d 454 (1992).




                                               15

              The circuit court concluded, in its order of August 8, 2014, that the

Commission violated the Open Government Proceedings Act, W. Va. Code § 6-9A-1 et seq.,

as well as W. Va. Code § 7-1-2, by holding meetings for which it did not provide adequate

notice to the public regarding the issues to be discussed and/or voted upon during said

meetings. Specifically, the court found that the Commission’s practice of having a “Standard

Agenda” and separate “Appointments Sheet” is inherently deceptive. The circuit court took

issue with the “ever-changing nature” of the “Appointments Sheet” considering matters were

added to the sheet up until the day of the meetings, which the court found to create an

unreliable record of the business that was to be transacted during Commission meetings.11

The circuit court additionally concluded that the “Appointments Sheet” lacked adequate

descriptions of the business to be addressed by the Commission and therefore failed to

inform the public of that business.



              The circuit court also recognized that W. Va. Code § 7-1-2 requires a county

commission to provide notice of special sessions that include the purpose for which a special

session will be held. Observing that the Commission failed to adopt a schedule of regular

sessions, the circuit court concluded that the Commission meetings at issue were special



              11
                It should be noted that the Open Government Act provides that “persons who
desire to address the governing body may not be required to register to address the body more
than fifteen minutes prior to time the scheduled meeting is to commence.” W. Va. Code §
6-9A-3(c) (2013).

                                             16

sessions that failed to comply with W. Va. Code § 7-1-2 insofar as the public was not

properly notified of the purpose of the meetings.12 Therefore, the circuit court found that the

Commission was without jurisdiction to decide the challenged issues.



              Turning to the relevant statutes, we note that the Open Government

Proceedings Act expressly provides, in part, that “[e]ach governing body shall promulgate

rules by which the date, time, place and agenda[13] of all regularly scheduled meetings and

the date, time, place and purpose of all special meetings are made available, in advance, to

the public and news media . . . .” W. Va. Code § 6-9A-3(d) (2013) (footnote added).14

Clearly, and in plain and unambiguous language, the Act requires advanced notice to the

public and news media of the “date, time, place and agenda of all regularly scheduled

meetings” and of the “date, time, place and purpose of all special meetings.” W. Va. Code


              12
                  The Commission disputes the circuit court’s finding that its meetings were
special sessions. Due to the manner in which we resolve this appeal, it is unnecessary for us
to settle this issue.
              13
                 The common, ordinary and accepted meaning of the term “agenda” is “[a] list
of things to be done, as items to be discussed at a meeting.” Black’s Law Dictionary 63 (7th
ed. 1999). See Syl. pt. 1, Miners in Gen. Grp. v. Hix, 123 W. Va. 637, 17 S.E.2d 810 (1941)
(“In the absence of any definition of the intended meaning of words or terms used in a
legislative enactment, they will, in the interpretation of the act, be given their common,
ordinary and accepted meaning in the connection in which they are used.”), overruled on
other grounds by Lee–Norse Co. v. Rutledge, 170 W. Va. 162, 291 S.E.2d 477 (1982).
              14
                Although an earlier version of W. Va. Code § 6-9A-3 was in place during
some of the Commission’s meetings described in this opinion, the amendments thereto,
which became effective on July 12, 2013, did not change the provisions of that code section
that are relevant to this appeal. Consequently, we cite to the current code.

                                              17

§ 6-9A-3(d) 15



              Similarly, W. Va. Code § 7-1-2 requires at least two days notice before a

county commission holds a special session:

                     The county court [county commission] of each county
              shall hold four regular sessions in each year at the courthouse
              thereof, at such times as may be fixed upon and entered of
              record by the court. It may also hold special sessions, whenever
              the public interests may require it, to be called by the president
              with the concurrence of at least one other commissioner; and the
              commissioner, if any, not concurring therein, must have at least
              twenty-four hours’ notice of the time appointed for such special
              session. A notice of the time of such special session, and of the
              purpose for which it will be held, shall be posted by the clerk of
              the court, at the front door of the courthouse of the county, at
              least two days before such session is to be held. If such
              commissioner, after due notice thereof, shall willfully fail to
              attend such special session, he shall forfeit not less than five nor
              more than twenty dollars.

(Emphasis added).




              15
                 The invalidation of actions taken by a governing body is an available remedy
for the failure of such body to comply with the notice requirements of the Open Government
Proceedings Act:

                      Upon petition by any adversely affected party any court
              of competent jurisdiction may invalidate any action taken at any
              meeting for which notice did not comply with the requirements
              of this section.

W. Va. Code § 6-9A-3(i) (2013).

                                              18

             Although the foregoing provisions of the Open Government Proceedings Act

and W. Va. Code § 7-1-2 plainly require a county commission to provide notice of meetings

and/or special sessions, the Commission and Commissioners Teets and Keplinger claim they

were excused from these requirements in this instance because the challenged actions they

took were governed by the Emergency Ambulance Service Act of 1975 (“Emergency

Ambulance Act”), W. Va. Code § 7-15-1 et seq. We agree.



             In adopting the Emergency Ambulance Act, the Legislature expressly declared:

                   (a) That a significant part of the population of this State
             does not have adequate emergency ambulance service;

                     (b) That the establishment and maintenance of adequate
             emergency ambulance systems for the entire State is necessary
             to promote the health and welfare of the citizens and residents
             of this State;

                    (c) That emergency ambulance service is not likely to
             become available to all the citizens and residents of this State
             unless specific requirements therefor are provided by law;

                   (d) That emergency ambulance service is a public
             purpose and a responsibility of government for which public
             money may be spent; and

                    (e) This article is enacted in view of these findings and
             shall be liberally construed in the light thereof.

W. Va. Code § 7-15-2 (1975) (emphasis added). The foregoing code section plainly

expresses the Legislature’s view that establishing and maintaining adequate emergency

services is a necessity that is unlikely to become available absent “specific requirements

                                            19

therefor.” W. Va. Code § 7-15-2(c). Indeed, the Legislature therein expressly provides that

public money may be spent to provide such services. Moreover, W. Va. Code § 7-15-2

provides that article 15 “shall be liberally construed” in light of the expressed legislative

findings, thereby further demonstrating the vast importance placed by the Legislature upon

the provision of emergency services to “all the citizens and residents of this State.” W. Va.

Code § 7-15-2(c), (e).



               Significant to our resolution of the instant case, the Emergency Ambulance Act

further declares, in pertinent part, that

                       [t]his article shall constitute full and complete authority
               for the provision of emergency ambulance service within a
               county by a county commission and for the creation of any
               authority and carrying out the powers and duties of any such
               authority. The provisions of this article shall be liberally
               construed to accomplish its purpose and no procedure or
               proceedings, notices, consents or approvals shall be required in
               connection therewith except as may be prescribed by this
               article.

W. Va. Code § 7-15-18 (emphasis added). There are three notable provisions of W. Va.

Code § 7-15-18 relevant to our resolution of this case. First, the statutory provision expressly

announces that the Emergency Ambulance Act “shall constitute full and complete authority

for the provision of emergency ambulance service within a county by a county commission.”

Thus, because the Act identifies itself as the “full and complete authority” for the provision

of emergency ambulance service as described therein, it plainly is intended to be the only


                                               20

authority relied upon by a county commission in undertaking its duty to provide such

ambulance service. W. Va. Code § 7-15-18. Moreover, W. Va. Code § 7-15-18 repeats, and

thereby emphasizes, the Legislature’s earlier proclamation regarding this article, which is

first made in the declaration of policy found at W. Va. Code § 7-15-2, that it “shall be

liberally construed.”



              Finally, the text we have emphasized in the above quote of W. Va. Code § 7­

15-18 makes clear, in plain language, that “no procedure or proceedings, notices, consents

or approvals shall be required in connection [with]” the Emergency Ambulance Act. It is

significant that this provision uses the phrase “in connection with” to identify the types of

actions for which no notice, proceeding, etc., shall be required. The phrase “in connection

with” has been given broad meaning by this Court. See Elk Run Coal Co., Inc. v. Canopius

U.S. Ins., Inc., 235 W. Va. 513, 521 n.10, 775 S.E.2d 65, 73 n.10 (2015) (“Terms such as

‘relating to’ and ‘in connection with’ have been afforded exceptionally broad meaning by this

Court.”).16 In fact, it has been determined that the phrase signals only that one thing must


              16
                 Other courts also have broadly interpreted the term “in connection with.” See
Atain Specialty Ins. Co. v. Greer, No. 15-CV-422-JPG-PMF, 2016 WL 1569892, at *3 (S.D.
Ill. Apr. 19, 2016) (“‘In connection with’ is . . . broad and does not necessarily even connote
a causal connection as long as some significant connection exists.”); Galilea, LLC v. AGCS
Marine Ins. Co., No. CV 15-84-BLG-SPW, 2016 WL 1328920, at *3 (D. Mont. Apr. 5,
2016) (commenting, in the context of an arbitration clause, that “if the clause uses the phrase
‘arising in connection with,’ it is broadly interpreted”); Valdin Invs. Corp. v. Oxbridge
Capital Mgmt., LLC, 106 F. Supp. 3d 316, 329 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (“[C]ourts have found that
                                                                                  (continued...)

                                              21

“bear a logical relationship to” another. Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 225 W. Va. 128,

147, 690 S.E.2d 322, 341 (2009).



              Applying the plain terms of W. Va. Code § 7-15-18, the Commission’s

imposition of the Ambulance Fee and its purchase of the Baker building could be

accomplished without any “procedure or proceedings, notices, consents or approvals” so long

as the Ambulance Fee and the purchase of the Baker building bore a logical relationship to

the Commission’s provision of emergency ambulance service.



              Without question the Commission’s imposition of the Ambulance Fee bears

a logical relationship to the Commission’s provision of emergency ambulance service. In



              16
                 (...continued)
the plain meaning of ‘[i]n connection with’ is ‘related to.’”); Bank of Am., N.A. v. Klein, No.
3:10CV987 JBA, 2013 WL 1296478, at *3 (D. Conn. Mar. 27, 2013) (“[U]nder New York
law the term ‘in connection with’ is meant to have a broad meaning. Thus, the Court finds
that the meaning of the term ‘in connection with’ is unambiguous and that if any of the
matters for which Plaintiff seeks to recover attorneys’ fees was somehow related to or
connected with the enforcement of the Agrippa Guaranty, such fees are properly recoverable
in this action.”); In re Lehman Bros. Holdings Inc., 469 B.R. 415, 442 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
2012) (“It is proper to construe the phrase ‘in connection with’ broadly to mean ‘related
to.’”); Smith v. Lucent Techs., Inc., No. CIV. A. 02-0481, 2004 WL 515769, at *8 (E.D. La.
Mar. 16, 2004) (noting that the terms “related to” and “in connection with” are broader terms
“not necessarily tied to the concept of a causal connection”); In re Interbulk, Ltd., 240 B.R.
195, 202 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999) (“A natural reading of ‘in connection with’ suggests a
broader meaning similar to ‘related to.’”); Jackson v. Lajaunie, 270 So. 2d 859, 864 (La.
1972) (reasoning that the term “in connection with” is broader than “arising out of” and is
equivalent to the terms “linked,” “associated with,” or “related to”).

                                              22

fact, the Commission’s authorization to impose such a fee comes from the Emergency

Ambulance Service Act itself:

                      A county commission may, by ordinance, impose upon
              and collect from the users of emergency ambulance service
              within the county a special service fee, which shall be known as
              the “special emergency ambulance service fee.” The proceeds
              from the imposition and collection of any special service fee
              shall be deposited in a special fund and used only to pay
              reasonable and necessary expenses actually incurred and the cost
              of buildings and equipment used in providing emergency
              ambulance service to residents of the county. The proceeds may
              be used to pay for, in whole or in part, the establishment,
              maintenance and operation of an authority, as provided for in
              this article: Provided, That an ambulance company or authority
              receiving funds from the special emergency ambulance fees
              collected pursuant to this section may not be precluded from
              making nonemergency transports.

W. Va. Code § 7-15-17 (1999).



              Likewise, the evidence presented in this case establishes that the purchase of

the Baker building bears a logical relationship to the provision of emergency ambulance

service. The Baker building was specifically designed and constructed to house an

ambulance service. It will accommodate ambulances and other emergency medical service

vehicles, has sleeping quarters for emergency staff, and is climate controlled to facilitate the

preservation of medications used on ambulances that are required to be stored within a

certain range of temperatures. In addition, the building is centrally located within Hardy

County and is, therefore, ideal for responding to emergencies throughout the county.


                                              23

Accordingly, the Commission’s purchase of the Baker building was “in connection with” the

provision of emergency ambulance service as contemplated in the Emergency Ambulance

Act.



              The Hardy County Citizens argue that the Emergency Ambulance Act does not

provide authority supporting the Commission’s herein challenged actions insofar as W. Va.

Code § 7-15-4 (1975) states, in part, that

              the county commission shall cause emergency ambulance
              service to be made available to all the residents of the county
              where such service is not otherwise available: Provided,
              however, That the duty imposed upon county commissions by
              this article shall not be construed in such manner as to impose
              a duty to cause such emergency ambulance service to be
              provided unless the commission shall make an affirmative
              determination that there are funds available therefor by the
              inclusion of a projected expenditure for such purpose in the
              current levy estimate, and in the event that such county
              commission shall make such determination the commission shall
              not be under a duty to cause such service to be provided beyond
              a level commensurate with the amount of funds actually
              available for such purpose.

(Emphasis added). The Hardy County Citizens contend that, contrary to the foregoing

provision, ambulance service was otherwise available in Hardy County and funds had not

been budgeted by the Commission in 2014 for ambulance service.



              The Hardy County citizens misinterpret the relevance of W. Va. Code § 7-15-4

to the instant matter. By using the word “shall,” W. Va. Code § 7-15-4 imposes a mandatory

                                             24

duty upon county commissions to “cause emergency ambulance service to be made available

to all the residents of the county where such service is not otherwise available.” See Syl. pt.

1, E.H. v. Matin, 201 W. Va. 463, 498 S.E.2d 35 (1997) (“‘It is well established that the word

“shall,” in the absence of language in the statute showing a contrary intent on the part of the

Legislature, should be afforded a mandatory connotation.’ Syllabus Point 1, Nelson v. West

Virginia Public Employees Insurance Board, 171 W. Va. 445, 300 S.E.2d 86 (1982).”). The

legislature tempered this mandatory duty to provide emergency ambulance service by

clarifying that this duty would not be imposed unless certain conditions were met, such as,

inter alia, the availability of funds: “this article shall not be construed in such manner as to

impose a duty to cause such emergency ambulance service to be provided unless the

commission shall make an affirmative determination that there are funds available

therefor . . . .”



                In this matter, the Commission was not fulfilling its mandatory duty to provide

emergency ambulance service under W. Va. Code § 7-15-4. Rather, the Commission was

exercising its discretionary authority to impose a special emergency ambulance service fee

pursuant to W. Va. Code § 7-15-17, which provides that “[a] county commission may, by

ordinance, impose upon and collect from the users of emergency ambulance service within

the county a special service fee. . . .” (Emphasis added). By using the term “may” in W. Va.

Code § 7-15-17, the legislature clearly signaled that it was affording county commissions


                                               25

discretion in this area. See Weimer v. Sanders, 232 W. Va. 367, 374, 752 S.E.2d 398, 405

(2013) (“As a general rule, the word ‘may’ is afforded a permissive connotation, which

renders the referenced act discretionary, rather than mandatory, in nature.”); State v. Hedrick,

204 W. Va. 547, 552, 514 S.E.2d 397, 402 (1999) (“The word ‘may’ generally signifies

permission and connotes discretion.” (citations omitted)). Accordingly, while a county

commission is not under a mandatory duty to provide emergency ambulance service that

exceeds its available funds, the Emergency Ambulance Act clearly does not prohibit a county

from exercising its discretion to provide a higher level of emergency ambulance service than

required by the mandatory duty.17



              Our finding that the Commission’s imposition of the Emergency Ambulance

fee and its purchase of the Baker building were done “in connection” with the Commission’s

provision of emergency ambulance service, and therefore complies with W. Va. Code § 7-15­

18, does not fully resolve this case. Rather, we have merely established that there is a

conflict between the provisions of the Open Government Proceedings Act and W. Va. Code

§ 7-1-2 on the one hand, and the Emergency Ambulance Act on the other. This conflict is



              17
                The Commission avers that, while emergency ambulance service was
available throughout Hardy County prior to its imposition of the Emergency Service Fee and
its purchase of the Baker building, such service was not always reliable insofar as limited
emergency resources resulted in delayed response times and scratched calls in remote areas
of the County. The herein challenged actions of the Commission sought to remedy these
deficits.

                                              26

resolved by applying the more specific statute: “The general rule of statutory construction

requires that a specific statute be given precedence over a general statute relating to the same

subject matter where the two cannot be reconciled.” Syl. pt. 6, Carvey v. West Virginia State

Bd. of Educ., 206 W. Va. 720, 527 S.E.2d 831 (1999) (internal quotations and citations

omitted). See also In re Chevie V., 226 W. Va. 363, 371, 700 S.E.2d 815, 823 (2010) (“As

a rule, when both a specific and a general statute apply to a given case, the specific statute

governs.”).



              Because the Emergency Ambulance Act applies specifically to the

circumstances herein presented, i.e. the Commission’s provision of emergency ambulance

service to the citizens and residents of Hardy County, it governs over the Open Government

Proceedings Act, which, in this context, is more general in setting forth requirements and

procedures for open proceedings held by public agencies of this state. It also is noteworthy

that the Open Government Proceedings Act itself recognizes exceptions to its mandate for

open meetings: “Except as expressly and specifically otherwise provided by law, whether

heretofore or hereinafter enacted, . . . all meetings of any governing body shall be open to

the public.” W. Va. Code § 6-9A-3(a) (emphasis added). Thus, because the Emergency

Ambulance Act expressly and specifically provides that the Commission is not required to

provide a proceeding or notice to the public, it is a recognized exception to the open meeting

requirements of the Open Government Proceedings Act.


                                              27

              Correspondingly, W. Va. Code § 7-1-2, which is included in a series of statutes

that are titled “County Commissions Generally” and sets forth standard guidelines pertaining

to general and special sessions held by the various West Virginia county commissions, is

more general under the present circumstances where the actions taken by the Commission

are expressly governed by the Emergency Ambulance Act. Therefore, the Emergency

Ambulance Act, as the more specific statute, takes precedence over W. Va. Code § 7-1-2.



              Based upon the foregoing analysis, we now expressly hold that, pursuant to

W. Va. Code § 7-15-18, the provisions of the Emergency Ambulance Service Act of 1975,

W. Va. Code § 7-15-1 et seq., shall be liberally construed to accomplish its purpose and no

procedure or proceedings, notices, consents or approvals shall be required in connection

therewith except as may be prescribed therein. Accordingly, a county commission taking

action in connection with the Emergency Ambulance Service Act of 1975 is not required to

comply with the open meeting and/or notice requirements of the Open Government

Proceedings Act, W. Va. Code § 6-9A-1 et seq., or W. Va. Code § 7-1-2.



              Applying the foregoing holding to the case sub judice, we conclude that the

circuit court erred by finding that the Commission violated the Open Government

Proceedings Act, W. Va. Code § 6-9A-1 et seq., and W. Va. Code § 7-1-2, by holding

meetings for which it did not provide adequate notice to the public regarding the imposition


                                             28

of an Ambulance Fee and the purchase of the Baker building. Because these actions by the

Commission were carried out in connection with the provision of emergency ambulance

service, and were executed under the authority of the Emergency Ambulance Service Act,

the Commission was not required to comply with the Open Government Proceedings Act or

W. Va. Code § 7-1-2. Accordingly, the circuit court’s order of August 8, 2014, is reversed.



              Because we reverse the circuit court’s finding that the Commission and

Commissioners Teets and Keplinger violated the Open Government Proceedings Act and

W. Va. Code § 7-1-2, we summarily reverse the circuit court’s additional rulings that were

based upon its finding of such violation. Specifically, we reverse the circuit court’s order of

October 10, 2014, that permanently enjoined the County Commission from conducting future

proceedings pertaining to the purchase of the Baker building and the implementation of the

Emergency Ambulance Fee; that granted the Hardy County Citizens’ motion for attorney’s

fees and expenses, and awarded them $112,000.00, plus interest; and that imposed personal

liability upon Commissioners Teets and Keplinger. In addition, we reverse the circuit court’s

order of February 19, 2015, that required the law firm of Steptoe & Johnson to refund to the

Commission $26,582.80 in attorney’s fees.18




              18
               Additional issues raised in this appeal, such as the improper exclusion of
evidence and the circuit court’s failure to join parties, need not be addressed in light of the
manner in which this case has been resolved.

                                              29

                                          IV.


                                   CONCLUSION


             For the reasons explained in the body of this opinion, the August 8, 2014,

October 10, 2014, and February 19, 2015, orders of the Circuit Court of Hardy County are

reversed.



                                                                              Reversed.




                                          30

