         CONTINENTAL CASUALTY COMPANY, a foreign corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                    v.

                                  Bernard WENDT, Defendant-Appellant.

                                              No. 99-12520.

                                     United States Court of Appeals,

                                             Eleventh Circuit.

                                              March 7, 2000.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.(No. 97-00323-CIV-0C-10B),
Wm. Terrell Hodges, Judge.

Before DUBINA and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and BECHTLE*, Senior District Judge.

        PER CURIAM:

        Defendant-Appellant Bernard Wendt appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor

of plaintiff-appellee Continental Casualty Company in a declaratory judgment action brought by Continental

seeking a declaration of rights and obligations on insurance policy(ies) issued by Continental to Defendant

Thomas P. Hall.

        We affirm the district court's judgment based on its well-reasoned order filed on June 29, 1999, and

attached hereto as an Appendix.

        AFFIRMED.

                                               APPENDIX

                                  UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                                   MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

                                           OCALA DIVISION

              CONTINENTAL CASUALTY COMPANY, a foreign corporation, Plaintiff,

                                                    v.



   *
   Honorable Louis C. Bechtle, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting
by designation.
         Thomas P. HALL, P.A., Thomas P. Hall, individually, and Bernard Wendt, Defendants.

                                      Case No. 97-323-CIV-OC-10B.

                                                  ORDER

        HODGES, District Judge:

        Plaintiff has brought this action for declaratory judgment to determine the applicability of the limits

of a Lawyers Professional Liability Insurance Policy issued by the Plaintiff to Defendant, Thomas P. Hall.

The case is now before the Court on the Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). Defendant

Wendt has filed his response (Doc. 17), and the motion is now ripe for decision. Upon due consideration,

the Court has determined that the motion for summary judgment is due to be Granted.

                                  FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        The pleadings, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, viewed in

the light most favorable to the non-moving party, disclose the following details.

        Plaintiff, Continental Casualty Company ("Continental"), issued two Lawyers Professional Liability

policies to Defendants Thomas P. Hall, P.A. and Thomas P. Hall ("Hall"). See Exhs. 1 & 2 to Plaintiff's

Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). The first policy was in effect from November 1, 1995 to

November 1, 1996 ("the 1996 policy"). The second policy was in effect from November 1, 1996 to

November 1, 1997 (the "1997 policy"). For all purposes relevant to this case, the two policies contained

identical terms and provisions. Both policies had limits of liability of $100,000 per claim with a $300,000

aggregate. The limits available on both policies were diminished by attorneys fees and costs incurred in

defense of any claims. See Affidavit of Nancy Pistilli Hurst, Exh. 5 to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary

Judgment (Doc. 14).

        From the Spring of 1994 through the Summer of 1995, Hall promoted the sale of notes issued by K.D.

Trinh and also provided legal services regarding various aspects of the transactions. See Defendant's'

Response to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 17, pg. 8). K.D. Trinh is a Canadian federal



                                                      2
corporation, doing business in the state of Florida by selling promissory notes to investors through agents.

One such agent was Bernard Wendt. See First Amended third-Party Complaint, Exh. 3, pg. 1 to Plaintiff's

Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14).

        In 1996, Thomas Hall and Bernard Wendt, among others, were named as Defendants in a class action

law suit, styled Edwin Cowan et al. V. K.D. Trinh Investments, Inc. ("the Cowan Litigation"). See Third

Amended Complaint, Exh. 7 to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). The case, filed in the

United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida, Fort Myers Division, was brought by

individuals who had invested in K.D. Trinh Investments, Inc. Hall was sued for giving inaccurate legal

advice, and for making false and misleading statements regarding the legality of K.D. Trinh Investments as

securities. See Defendants' Response (Doc. 17, pg. 2). On April 10, 1996, during the 1996 policy period,

Continental was notified of the claims brought against Hall. See Affidavit of Nancy Pistilli Hurst, Exh. 5 to

Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). Continental ultimately settled the claims in the Cowan

litigation by payment of the total aggregate limit of liability available under the 1996 policy less fees and

expenses. See Release of All Claims, Exh. 5.A to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). The

settlement amounted to $295,000.00 plus any retainage not spent by Hall's counsel in monitoring the action

and having the release approved. See id.

        In August of 1997, during the period of the second policy, Bernard Wendt filed a Third Party

Complaint against Hall in the case of Ed Lasky, et al. v. Bernard Wendt v. Thomas P. Hall, et al. (Case No.

97-520-CA) in the Fifth Judicial Circuit in and for Lake County, Florida ("the Wendt Litigation"). See Exhs.

3 & 4 to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). In the Wendt litigation, the complaint alleged

that Wendt had sold over $1 million dollars worth of promissory notes to over 44 investors. See Exh. 3.A,

¶ 9 to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). The complaint claimed that K.D. Trinh was, in

fact, a "fraudulent enterprise which sustained itself through its selling agents, including Wendt." See id. at

¶ 19. Wendt then filed the third party complaint against Hall claiming that Hall had made misrepresentations



                                                      3
to him regarding the legality of such investments. See Exhs. 3 & 4 to Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment

(Doc. 14).

        Hall notified Continental of the Wendt litigation in August of 1997 and ultimately made a claim

under the 1997 policy. See Second Amended Complaint (Doc. 21, ¶ 13). Continental now seeks declaratory

judgment concerning its obligation to provide insurance to Hall for the second lawsuit—the Wendt

litigation—filed during the 1997 policy period.

        Section 1 of the 1997 policy issued to Hall provides as follows:

I.      Coverage Agreements

                                                     ****

                B.       The wrongful act, [as insured above], must happen before the end of the policy term
                         stated on the Declarations and claim therefor must first be made against you and
                         reported to us during that policy term.

                         Any claim or claims arising out of the same or related wrongful acts, shall be
                         considered first made during the policy term in which the earliest claim arising out
                         of such wrongful acts was made.

        Section III(a), entitled Limits of Liability, states that:

        the limit of liability stated for "each claim" is the maximum we will pay for all claims and claim
        expenses arising out of, or in connection with, the same or related wrongful acts. All such claims
        whenever made, shall be considered first made during the policy term in which the earliest claim
        arising out of such claim and related wrongful acts was made, and all such claims shall be subject to
        the same limit of liability. This limit applies regardless of the number of you who are insured under
        this policy or the number of claims against you.

"Claim" is defined as "the receipt of a demand for money or services, naming you and alleging a wrongful

act." See Insurance Contract, Exh. 2 to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14).

        Plaintiff commenced this action by the filing of a complaint (Doc .1) for declaratory judgment

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 seeking a declaratory decree that "Continental has no duty to defend or

indemnify Hall for the claims brought against him by Wendt" or alternatively, that "Continental's liability in

this regard [is limited] to $100,000 [for] 'each claim.' " The Plaintiffs have amended the complaint twice.




                                                        4
On September 28, 1998, Plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment (Doc. 14) to which the Defendant

Wendt has filed his response (Doc. 17).

                                   SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD

        Summary judgment is appropriate only when the court is satisfied that "there is no genuine issue as

to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R .Civ.P. 56(c).

In applying this standard, the court must examine the pleadings, affidavits and other evidence in the record

"in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." Samples on Behalf of Samples v. Atlanta, 846 F.2d

1328, 1330 (11th Cir.1988). The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing the nonexistence of

a triable fact issue. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). If the

movant is successful on this score, the burden of production shifts to the non-moving party who must then

come forward with sufficient evidence of each and every element that he or she must prove. Rollins v.

TechSouth, Inc., 833 F.2d 1525, 1528 (11th Cir.1987). The non-moving party may not simply rest on the

pleadings, but must use affidavits, depositions, and answers to interrogatories or other evidence to

demonstrate that a material fact issue remains to be tried. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. at 2553.

        Plaintiff alleges, in its motion for summary judgment, that, as a matter of law, the term "same or

related" acts in the insurance policy is not ambiguous. See Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc.

14, pgs. 6-8). The Plaintiff also argues that no material issues of fact remain as to whether Hall's conduct,

which was the subject of the Cowan litigation, was the same or was related to his conduct which forms the

basis of the Wendt litigation. See id. at 9.

        The Defendant responds that the term "related" as used in the policy is ambiguous. See Defendant's

Memorandum in Response to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 17, pgs. 4-5) Furthermore, the

Defendant argues that Hall's actions were not in fact "the same or related" in the two lawsuits. See id. at pgs.

6-7. The basis for this assertion is the Defendant's theory that "[a]ll of the acts or omissions by Hall

constituted separate and distinct acts to individuals ... Hall's duty in each circumstance was distinct and



                                                       5
different to each person who was affected differently by his various acts and omissions." See Defendant's

memorandum in response (Doc. 17, Pgs. 11-12).

A.        Ambiguity in the Insurance Contract

          Under Florida law, when a term in an insurance policy is ambiguous, the court must construe it in

favor of the insured and against the insurer. See Gas Kwick, Inc. v. United Pacific Insurance Co., 58 F.3d

1536, 1539 (11th Cir.1995)(quoting Davis v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co., 450 So.2d 549, 550 (Fla. 5th DCA

1984)). "An insurance contract is deemed ambiguous if it is susceptible to two or more reasonable

interpretations that can fairly be made." Id. (citing Dahl-Eimers v. Mutual of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 986 F.2d

1379 (11th Cir.1993)).       However, "ambiguity is not invariably present when a contract requires

interpretation." Id. Furthermore, the "mere failure to provide a definition for a term involving coverage does

not necessarily render the term ambiguous." State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. v. Metropolitan Dade County,

639 So.2d 63 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994)(quoting Jefferson Ins. Co. v. Sea World, 586 So.2d 95, 97 (Fla. 5th DCA

1991)).

          The Defendant argues that the term "related wrongful acts" is susceptible to two or more meanings

and is ambiguous. Thus, the Defendant contends that the term must be interpreted or construed against the

insurer and in favor of the insured.

          Neither the Eleventh Circuit nor any Florida appellate court has determined whether the term "related

wrongful act" as used in an insurance contract is necessarily ambiguous.1 Moreover, courts outside of the

     1
    Two Florida cases have interpreted the term "related"; however, neither of them ruled that the term was
necessarily ambiguous. In Pacific Employers Ins. v. Ott, 545 So.2d 462 (Fla.App. 3 Dist.1989), the Third
District Court of Appeal of Florida held that an insurance policy which provided that multiple claims or suits
arising out of single act of omission or related series of acts or omissions are to be treated as one claim was
not ambiguous. The case involved an attorney's negligent handling of a helicopter sale which resulted in three
of the attorney's clients becoming liable to another party. The court remanded the case to the trial court for
a determination as to whether the attorney had committed one act of negligence or two "separate, unrelated
acts of negligence."

                   Second, Defendant cite Continental Casualty Company v. First Arlington Investment Corp.,
          497 So.2d 726 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986), which also involved a Lawyer's Liability Insurance Policy. In
          this case, however, the policy language did not include the term "related." Rather, it provided that

                                                       6
Eleventh Circuit are not in agreement as to the term's ambiguity. See Arizona Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Fund

v. Helme, 153 Ariz. 129, 735 P.2d 451 (Ariz.1987)(noting that to interpret the term "related" as that word is

commonly understood would lead to ambiguity); Bay Cities Paving & Grading v. Lawyers' Mut., 5 Cal.4th

854, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 691, 702, 855 P.2d 1263 (1993)(holding that the word "related" as commonly understood

and used encompasses both logical and causal connections); St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Chong,

787 F.Supp. 183, 186-87 (D. Kansas 1992)(holding the term "series of related wrongful acts" to be ambiguous

and construing the term narrowly to refer solely to "multiple causally connected" acts); Gregory v. Home Ins.

Company, 876 F.2d 602, 605-06 (7th Cir.1989)(noting that the word "related" covers a very broad range of

connections, both causal and logical).

        I believe that the most persuasive of these authorities is the Seventh Circuit decision in Gregory. The

words "relate" or "related" are commonly understood terms in everyday usage. They are defined in the

dictionary as meaning a "logical or causal connection between" two events. See Webster's Third New

International Dictionary (1981). There is no ambiguity unless one is created through the device of simply

ignoring one half of the definition. This is essentially the flaw in the reasoning of the Arizona court in Helme,

supra, as recognized in Gregory. The Seventh Circuit said:

        We agree with the Helme court that the common understanding of the word "related" covers a very
        broad range of connections, both causal and logical. However, we don't think the rule requiring
        insurance policies to be construed against the party who chose the language requires such a drastic
        restriction of the natural scope of the definition of the word "related." Parties are generally free to
        include language of their choice in contracts, and courts should refrain from rewriting them. At some


        the limit of liability for "each claim" would be "a total limit of the company's liability for all damages
        rising out of all acts or omissions in connection with the same professional service regardless of the
        number of claims or claimants." Thus, the language in the insurance policy differed from the
        language at issue in the case presently before the Court. Additionally, however, the Florida Court
        noted that in order to protect each of his clients, it was necessary for the lawyer to render separate
        distinct services to each of them. Thus, under the provisions of the policy, "the damages did not arise
        from the same professional service."

                 The instant case presents no such policy language. Additionally, the case does not present
        separate professional services. Hall allegedly held himself out as an attorney who had particular
        knowledge of securities law and who represented to investors and agents of K.D. Trinh, the legality
        of the promissory notes.

                                                       7
        point, of course, a logical connection may be too tenuous reasonably to be called a relationship, and
        the rule of restrictive reading of broad language would come into play.

Gregory, 876 F.2d at 606 (internal citations omitted).

         I believe this holding of the Seventh Circuit to be harmonious with Florida law. It is well established

that " '[i]n construing terms appearing in insurance policies, Florida courts commonly adopt the plain meaning

of words contained in legal and non-legal dictionaries.' " Watson v. Prudential Property & Cas. Co., 696

So.2d 394, 396 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996)(quoting Brill v. Indianapolis Life Ins. Co., 784 F.2d 1511, 1513 (11th

Cir.1986)(internal citations omitted)). The plain meaning of the word "relate" is "to show or establish a

logical or causal connection between." Applying the common meaning of the word to the facts of this case,

the court finds that Hall's acts, which formed the basis for the first suit, "relate" or have a "logical connection"

in any "meaningful sense of the word" to those which form the basis of the third party complaint filed against

him by Wendt in 1997.

        The Defendant admits in his response that Hall promoted the K.D. Trinh note or securities from the

Spring of 1994 to the Summer of 1995. See Defendant's response to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary

Judgment (Doc. 17, pg. 8). Defendant also states that Hall's activity at that time relating to K.D. Trinh

included: (1) appearances at seminar where he held himself out as an attorney knowledgeable in securities

law; (2) representations at the seminars as to the legality of K.D. Trinh loans; (3) vouching for the legality

of the notes to clients to whom he had a fiduciary duty; (4) taking loans of money from his employees,

drafting brochures for use by promoters, and various other illegal and unethical activities all performed with

the aim of supporting investment in K.D. Trinh loans. See id. at 8-11. The basis of Defendant's argument

is that Hall committed a series of disconnected acts, each of which had separate and distinct consequences

to different individuals (some of whom were clients and some to whom Hall owed a fiduciary duty ). This

argument is without merit.

        The Court can see no ambiguity when applying the language of the policy to the facts of this case.

The record reveals, and the Defendant does not dispute, that Hall engaged in a series of actions all of which


                                                         8
were intended to encourage investment in K.D. Trinh. The language of the insurance policy clearly focuses

on the wrongful act or acts, and not on the number of duties breached or injuries sustained. The policy states

that "[a]ny claim or claims arising out of the same or related wrongful acts, shall be considered first made

during the policy term in which the earliest claim arising out of such wrongful acts was made." See Exh. 2

to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). Furthermore, the policy defines a "claim" as "the

receipt of a demand for money or services, naming you and alleging a wrongful act." See id.

        It is undisputed that the first claim was filed during the coverage under the 1996 policy, and the

policy clearly states that the earlier policy period covers subsequent claims arising from the same or related

acts. A review of the record discloses that both cases were brought by investors (purchasers of the

interest-bearing notes) in K.D. Trinh. The Third Amended Complaint (filed in the Cowan litigation) alleges,

inter alia, that Hall failed to exercise due care or was reckless in not knowing that the notes offered to

investors violated federal and Florida securities laws. See Third Amended Complaint, Exh. 7, ¶ 115 to

Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 14). The Complaint asserts causes of action against Hall,

and numerous other Defendants, for violations of Florida and Federal Securities Acts, malpractice, fraud, and

negligent misrepresentation. See id.

        Similarly, the Third Party Complaint filed by Wendt against Hall asserts that Wendt and his

customers relied to their detriment on Hall's legal advice that the notes did not violate federal or Florida

securities laws. See Amended Third Party Complaint, Exh. 4 to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment

(Doc. 14). The Third Party Complaint was filed after Wendt was sued for negligent misrepresentation and

for various Florida law based securities violations. See Exh. 3.A to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment

(Doc. 14).

        It is clear that Hall's course of conduct encouraged investment in the K.D. Trinh's notes. Though

clearly this course of conduct involved different types of acts, these acts were tied together because all were

aimed at a single particular goal. The fact that these acts resulted in a number of different harms to different



                                                       9
persons, who may have different types of causes of action against Hall does not render the "wrongful acts"

themselves to be "unrelated" for the purposes of the insurance contract. Rather, they comprised a single

course of conduct designed to promote investment in K.D. Trinh. It is this same course of conduct which

serves as the basis for both the Cowan and Wendt litigation. The conduct at issue in both cases was arguably

the "same" and at the very least "related" in any common sense understanding of the word.

        The Court thus Grants the Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on the prayer for declaratory

relief, that the insured's wrongful acts as alleged in the "Cowan litigation" are "related" to the corresponding

acts involved in the "Wendt litigation" within the meaning of the policy, and Continental Casualty has paid

the full aggregate amount under the policy for Hall's involvement in K.D. Trinh. Accordingly, upon due

consideration, the Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment (Doc. 14) is GRANTED, and the Clerk is directed

to enter judgment to that effect, terminate any remaining pending motions, and close the file.

        IT IS SO ORDERED.

        DONE and ORDERED in Ocala, Florida, this 28th day of June, 1999.




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