Filed 1/12/16 P. v. Williams CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B261844

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BA426957)
         v.

CHARLES WILLIAMS,

         Defendant and Appellant.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, William
N. Sterling, Judge. Affirmed.
         Kevin Smith, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General; Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General; Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Steven D. Matthews,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General; and David E. Madeo, Deputy Attorney General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.




                                     _____________________________
       Charles Williams was charged with the attempted burglary of a marijuana
dispensary. During trial, the prosecution sought to admit a surveillance video that
showed Williams with a drill saw near a security door covering the dispensary entrance.
Williams objected to the video, asserting the prosecution had failed to authenticate the
evidence and failed to establish chain of custody. The court overruled the objections and
Williams was found guilty. On appeal, Williams argues the court abused its discretion in
admitting the video. We affirm.

                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND
       A.     Summary of Events Preceding the Filing of the Information
       On July 8, 2014, at approximately 4:30 a.m., Los Angeles Police Department
(LAPD) officer Jose Anzora and his partner responded to a report of a possible burglary
in progress at the “Main Spot Collective” (the Main Spot), a medical marijuana
dispensary located in south Los Angeles. When Anzora arrived at the dispensary, he saw
defendant Charles Williams and Clinzell Washington standing next to each other in front
of the store. Washington was wearing a blue jumpsuit, black gloves and a dark colored
hat; Williams was wearing a brown or burgundy tee shirt and a light colored hat. As
Anzora and his partner approached, Williams and Washington began walking away from
the dispensary, in opposite directions. The officers detained the suspects and placed them
in handcuffs. Shortly thereafter, LAPD officers Daniel Hayashi and his partner arrived to
aid in the investigation and transport the suspects to booking.
       While inspecting the premises, officer Hayashi noticed that a lock on the bottom
of the dispensary’s roll-up security door had been cut. Hayashi conducted a search of a
white truck parked in front of the dispensary, where he found a drill saw, several grinder
wheels, two crowbars and a backpack.

       B. Information and Trial
       On August 6, 2014, the district attorney of the County of Los Angeles filed a two-
count information against Williams alleging attempted burglary (Pen. Code, §§ 459 &



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6641) and possession of burglary tools (§ 667.6, subd. (a).) The information further
alleged Williams had nine prior convictions within the meaning of section 667.5,
subdivision (b).
       Prior to trial, the prosecution informed the court it intended to play the jury a 23
minute surveillance video that had recorded the area in front of the dispensary on the
night in question. Williams objected, arguing the prosecution should not be permitted to
show the video until it authenticated the evidence and established chain of custody. In
response, the prosecution stated that officers Anzora and Hayashi both appeared at the
end of the video, and would “lay [a] foundation” by “identifying themselves [and
Williams], who they detained on [the] scene.” The court overruled the objection,
explaining that it would allow the video based on the prosecution’s “representation that
the necessary witnesses will be here.”

              1. Testimony of Jose Anzora
       During the testimony of officer Anzora, the prosecution informed the court it
intended to show Anzora a two-minute segment of the surveillance video that depicted
the events that occurred after he had arrived at the dispensary. Williams objected,
arguing that the prosecution had still not authenticated or established chain of custody
over the video. During a sidebar conference, the prosecution explained that Anzora
would confirm the video accurately portrayed the events that had occurred while he was
at the dispensary. The court permitted the segment of the video to be shown, explaining
that Anzora’s testimony would be sufficient to provide a foundation, and that the “[t]he
rest goes to weight.”
       The prosecution then played the surveillance video, beginning at time stamp 4:31
a.m. The video showed a white truck parked in front of the Main Spot. Anzora testified
he had seen the same vehicle parked in the same spot when he arrived at the dispensary.
Anzora also testified that the video’s time stamp, which showed him arriving at the
dispensary at approximately 4:32 a.m., accurately reflected his arrival time. He also

1      Unless otherwise noted, all further statutory citations are to the Penal Code.

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testified that the video accurately portrayed his detention of Williams, and the subsequent
arrival of officer Hayashi and Hayashi’s partner.

              2. Testimony of Daniel Hayashi
       During the testimony of officer Hayashi, the prosecution informed the court it
intended to play the entire surveillance video, which ran from approximately 4:10 a.m. to
4:33 a.m. The prosecution explained that Hayashi’s testimony would provide a proper
foundation for the evidence “based on the fact he appears on the video.” The prosecution
also explained that Hayashi had previously watched the video and would testify that the
clothing Williams and Washington were seen wearing matched the clothing they were
wearing when Hayashi had arrived on scene. The prosecution also informed the court
that although the Main Spot employee who had provided the video no longer worked at
the dispensary, it intended to call a current employee who was “familiar with the
surveillance system and how it records.” The court permitted the video to be shown
based on the prosecution’s “offer of proof.”
       Officer Hayashi testified that he had watched the entire video and did not notice
any breaks or jumps in the recording. Hayashi confirmed the video accurately portrayed
what had occurred during and after his arrival at the dispensary. Hayashi also stated he
was not the individual who had retrieved the video from the dispensary, explaining that a
detective had obtained the video during a “follow-up” investigation.
       The prosecution played the video to the jury, which showed a white truck pull up
to the Main Spot. Two individuals exited the vehicle. One of the individuals crouched
toward the bottom of a security door that covered an entrance to the dispensary. While
the individual was crouched near the security door, sparks began emanating upward
toward the surveillance camera. Later in the video, the same individual was seen holding
a drill saw. The second individual who had exited the white truck was shown standing in
front of the dispensary wearing a backpack and holding a crowbar. Toward the end of
the video, officers Anzora and his partners were seen arriving at the dispensary and




                                               4
detaining the suspects. Hayashi and his partner were shown arriving shortly after the
detention.
       Hayashi testified that when he and his partner arrived on scene, the white truck
depicted in the video was parked in front of the dispensary. Hayashi also testified that
based on his contact with Williams and Washington on the night of the events in
question, he believed they were the two suspects shown in the video. Hayashi explained
that the clothes and hats Williams and Washington were wearing in the video matched
the items they were wearing when Hayashi arrived on scene. Hayashi identified
Williams as the individual crouched near the bottom of the security door. He testified
that the drill Williams was seen holding later in the video was the same type of drill
Hayashi had recovered from the white truck. Hayashi identified Washington as the
second individual on the video, testifying that that the backpack and crowbar Washington
was seen holding matched other items Hayashi had recovered from the vehicle.

              3. Testimony of Levon Azhanvuryan
       The prosecution also called Levon Azhanvuryan, the manager of the Main Spot.
Azhanvuryan testified that the roll-up security door covering the front entrance of the
dispensary remained permanently locked because the dispensary’s customers entered the
store through the rear of the building. Azhanvuryan also explained that the security door
had two sets of locks, only one of which was accessible from the exterior of the store.
Azhanvuryan stated that when he last checked the front of the store, which had occurred
sometime in June, the exterior lock to the security door was not cut.
       Azhanvuryan also testified that the Main Spot had a security camera which
provided a live recording of the area located in front of the security door. Azhanvuryan
explained that the camera’s images were recorded onto a digital video recording device
(DVR) located inside the store, which was accessible to the Main Spot’s employees.




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              4. Renewed objections to the surveillance video
       After the prosecution had presented its evidence, Williams reasserted his objection
to the surveillance video based on “lack[ of] foundation” and failure to “establish[] . . .
chain of custody . . . all the way through.” The court overruled the objections, explaining
that it had watched the video and did not see any “kind of break in the action where it
would have been spliced or anything would have been left out. It appeared to be . . .
continuous.” The court further explained that the images in the video and the testimony
of the prosecution’s witnesses were sufficient to satisfy chain of custody.

              5. Verdict and sentencing
       The jury found Williams guilty of attempted burglary (count one) and possession
of burglary tools (count two). At sentencing, Williams admitted each of the nine prior
conviction allegations, five of which the trial court struck. The court sentenced Williams
to 66 months in prison on count one, which included an upper term sentence of 18
months plus a four year enhancement for the four prior convictions. The court elected to
suspend the last 30 months of Williams’s sentence, during which time he was to remain
under the supervision of the probation department. The court imposed a six month
sentence on count two, which the court then stayed under section 654.

                                       DISCUSSION
       A. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Admitting the
          Surveillance Video

       Williams argues the trial court should have excluded the surveillance video
because the prosecution failed to authenticate the evidence and failed to establish chain of
custody. We review the court’s determination of authenticity and chain of custody for
abuse of discretion. (See People v. Goldsmith (2014) 59 Cal.4th 258, 266 (Goldsmith)
[trial court’s determination that the prosecution “provide[d] the foundational testimony
necessary to authenticate [evidence]” is reviewed for abuse of discretion]; People v. Hall
(2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 282, 294 (Hall) [“We review a trial court’s exercise of discretion
in admitting evidence over a chain of custody objection for abuse of discretion”].) Under

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this standard, “we will not disturb the trial court’s ruling ‘except on a showing the trial
court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that
resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ [Citation.]” (Goldsmith, supra, 59 Cal.4th
at p. 266.)

              1. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the
                 prosecution authenticated the video

       Williams argues the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that the
prosecution provided sufficient evidence to authenticate the video. “To be admissible in
evidence, an audio or video recording must be authenticated. [Citations.]” (People v.
Mayfield (1997) 14 Cal.4th 668, 747 [disapproved on other grounds in People v. Scott
(2015) 61 Cal.4th 363, 390, fn. 2].) The prosecution must provide evidence that would
permit a reasonable trier of fact to find the “video . . . is a fair and accurate representation
of the scene depicted. [Citation.]” (Goldsmith, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 266.) “This
foundation may, but need not be, supplied by the person taking the photograph or by a
person who witnessed the event being recorded. [Citations.] It may [also] be supplied by
other witness testimony, circumstantial evidence, content and location.” (Goldsmith,
supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 266; People v. Marshall (1996) 13 Cal.4th 799, 832; People v.
Valdez (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1429, 1432; § 1400.)
       At trial, officers Anzora and Hayashi both testified that the video accurately
portrayed what occurred during and after their arrival at the dispensary. Officer Hayashi
also testified that the clothing Williams and Washington were wearing throughout the
video matched the clothing they were wearing when he arrived at the scene. He further
testified that the tools Williams and Washington were seen holding in the video matched
items that Hayashi had found in the front seat of a white truck parked in front of the
dispensary.
       Williams does not dispute that this testimony was sufficient to authenticate the
portion of the video depicting what occurred after officers Anzora and Hayashi arrived on
scene. (People v. Bowley (1963) 59 Cal.2d 855, 859 [“It is well settled that the testimony


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of a person who was present at the time a film was made that it accurately depicts what it
purports to show is a legally sufficient foundation for its admission into evidence”].)
Williams argues, however, that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding that the
remainder of the video, which purportedly showed the events that occurred immediately
before the officers arrived, was accurate.
          In People v. Chism (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1266 (Chism), our Supreme Court concluded
that analogous testimony was sufficient to authenticate a surveillance video depicting
events that had occurred inside of a liquor store shortly before the arrival of responding
officers. A police officer, Stacey Holdredge, testified that she responded to a report of a
possible burglary in progress at the liquor store. When Holdredge arrived, she found a
victim lying on the floor with a gunshot wound. Police retrieved a surveillance video that
showed the defendant walking into the store shortly before Holdredge had arrived. At
trial, the prosecution introduced still photographs of the defendant that were produced
from the images on the surveillance video. To authenticate the evidence, “officer
Holdredge testified that she arrived at [the liquor store] within minutes after the shooting,
that she viewed the surveillance videotape police obtained at the crime scene, and that it
accurately portrayed what occurred when she [and other officers] were inside the store.”
(Chism, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 1302.) A second officer provided testimony regarding the
process that had been used to print the still photographs from the surveillance video. On
appeal, the defendant argued the prosecution had failed to authenticate the photographs.
          The Court rejected the argument, explaining: “Holdredge testified [the video] . . .
accurately depicted her conduct and that of [other officers] inside the store immediately
after the shooting. Thus, the videotape was shown to be an accurate representation of
what it purported to be, a recording of the events that occurred inside [the liquor store] at
or near the time of the shooting.” (Chism, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 1304.) The Court
further explained that the second officer’s testimony established the still photographs
depicted “the images stored in the videotape that Officer Holdredge authenticated.”
(Ibid.)



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       As in Chism, officers Anzora and Hayashi each testified that the Main Spot’s
surveillance video accurately portrayed what had occurred after they arrived at the
dispensary, thereby raising a reasonable inference that the video accurately represented
what had occurred during the period preceding their arrival. The prosecution also
provided additional authenticating evidence that was unavailable in Chism, which
included Hayashi’s testimony that the clothes Williams and Washington were wearing
when the officers arrived at the dispensary matched the clothing they were wearing in the
video. Hayashi further testified that the tools the suspects were seen holding in the video
matched items that Hayashi found during a search of a vehicle parked in front of the
dispensary. In light of such testimony, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
concluding that the prosecution made a sufficient evidentiary showing that the video was
“a fair and accurate representation of the scene depicted. [Citation.]” (Goldsmith, supra,
59 Cal.4th at p. 267.)

          2. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Williams’s chain of
             custody objection

       Williams also argues the trial court should have excluded the video based on the
prosecution’s failure to establish chain of custody. “In a chain of custody claim, ‘“[t]he
burden on the party offering the evidence is to show to the satisfaction of the trial court
that, taking all the circumstances into account including the ease or difficulty with which
the particular evidence could have been altered, it is reasonably certain that there was no
alteration. [¶] The requirement of reasonable certainty is not met when some vital link in
the chain of possession is not accounted for, because then it is as likely as not that the
evidence analyzed was not the evidence originally received. Left to such speculation the
court must exclude the evidence. [Citations.] Conversely, when it is the barest
speculation that there was tampering, it is proper to admit the evidence and let what doubt
remains go to its weight.” [Citations.]’ [Citations.]” (People v. Catlin (2001) 26 Cal.4th
81, 134 (Catlin).) “While a perfect chain of custody is desirable, gaps will not result in
the exclusion of the evidence, so long as the links offered connect the evidence with the


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case and raise no serious questions of tampering.” (Méndez, Cal. Evidence (1993)
§ 13.05, p. 237 [language quoted and cited with approval in Catlin, supra, 26 Cal.4th at
p. 134].)
       Williams asserts the video should have been excluded from trial because the
prosecution provided no evidence explaining how the video was obtained from the Main
Spot, or what happened to the video while it was in the possession of the police. The trial
transcript confirms that the prosecution did not provide any testimony from the law
enforcement officer who obtained the video from the Main Spot, nor did they call any
witness to explain how the police maintained control over the video. Instead, the
prosecution relied solely on the Main Spot manager’s testimony that the dispensary’s
surveillance system recorded live images of the area depicted in the video, and officer
Hayashi’s testimony that the video was obtained by an unnamed “detective” during a
“follow-up” investigation into the crimes at issue.
       Although the prosecution’s effort to establish chain of custody was far from
perfect, we nonetheless conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
the video. Several factors support our decision. First, unlike DNA or other types of
evidence that must be gathered and tested to determine their relevance, the continuous
time-stamped video at issue here could not be easily corrupted or manipulated. (Catlin,
supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 134 [in assessing chain of custody claim, court should consider
“ease or difficulty with which the particular evidence could have been altered”].) Law
enforcement or some other hypothetical interested party would have had to affirmatively
fabricate the images that appeared on the video. There is no evidence suggesting any
such fabrication occurred here.
       Second, Williams has never claimed the video was in fact altered in any way.
Instead, his chain of custody claim essentially asserts that the prosecution failed to negate
the possibility that alteration might have occurred. When a party asserting a chain of
custody objection has provided no suggestion of tampering beyond bare speculation, any
shortcomings in the chain of custody generally go to the weight of the evidence, not its
admissibility. (Catlin, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 134; Hall, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at

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p. 294; People v. Lewis (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 1288, 1299 [prosecution was not required
to “‘negate all possibility of tampering’ . . . . Appellant having raised the barest
speculation that there was tampering with . . . the original exhibits, it was proper for the
trial court ‘“to admit the evidence and let what doubt remain [ed] go to its weight.
[Citations.]”’ [Citation.]”].)
       Third, as explained above, officers Anzora and Hayashi both testified that the
video accurately portrayed what occurred after they had arrived on scene, suggesting that
at least a portion of the video was accurate. Moreover, Hayashi testified the clothes
Williams and Washington were wearing in the video matched the clothing they were
wearing when they were detained a short time later, providing further evidence that the
images in the video were not altered or fabricated. (Cf. People v. Wallace (2008) 44
Cal.4th 1032, 1061 [officer’s statement that socks matched those he obtained at scene of
crime sufficient to overcome gaps in chain of custody].)
       Finally, the prosecution provided evidence explaining the source of the video.
Specifically, the Main Spot’s manager testified that the dispensary’s surveillance system
recorded live images of the area that was depicted in the video, and that images were
transferred onto a DVR located inside the store. Thus, there was evidence demonstrating
the likely origin of the video.
       Given the circumstances described above, including the specific nature of the
evidence at issue, the lack of any actual allegation of tampering and testimony indicating
at least a portion of the video was accurate, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
concluding the prosecution demonstrated it was reasonably certain the video had not been
altered. (Catlin, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 134 [party offering the evidence must show that,
“taking all the circumstances into account, . . . it is reasonably certain that there was no
alteration”].)




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       B. Williams Has Forfeited His Objection to Hayashi’s Identification Testimony

       Williams also argues that “apart from the erroneous introduction of the entire
surveillance video,” the trial court “further erred in permitting Officer Hayashi to identify
Williams . . . on the portion of the videotape before Hayashi arrived on the scene.” At
trial, Hayashi identified Williams as the person who was shown on the video crouching
near the security door, and later seen holding a drill saw. Williams contends prior case
law has established that “lay opinion testimony concerning the identify of an [individual]
portrayed in a surveillance camera photo . . . is admissible [only if] the witness has
personal knowledge of the defendant’s appearance at or before the time the photo was
taken.” Williams further contends that, applying the applicable standard here, Hayashi’s
identification testimony was not supported by sufficient “personal knowledge” because
his first encounter with the defendant occurred after the images were recorded, rather
than “at or before” the time of the recording.
       The People argue Williams has forfeited this argument by failing to object to
Hayashi’s identification testimony at trial. Although Williams does not dispute he never
specifically objected to Hayashi’s identification testimony, he argues that his objection
to the “introduction . . . of the entire [surveillance] video . . . necessarily include[d] an
objection to Hayashi testifying about any portion of it, including his identification of
Williams from the video . . .”
       “Evidence Code section 353, subdivision (a) allows a judgment to be reversed
because of erroneous admission of evidence only if an objection to the evidence or a
motion to strike it was ‘timely made and so stated as to make clear the specific ground of
the objection.’ Pursuant to this statute, ‘“[our Supreme Court] ha[s] consistently held that
the ‘defendant’s failure to make a timely and specific objection’ on the ground asserted
on appeal makes that ground not cognizable.”’ [Citation.]” (People v. Demetrulias
(2006) 39 Cal.4th 1, 21.) “‘[T]he objection must be made in such a way as to alert the
trial court to the nature of the anticipated evidence and the basis on which exclusion is
sought, and to afford the People an opportunity to establish its admissibility.’ [Citation.]
What is important is that the objection fairly inform the trial court, as well as the party

                                               12
offering the evidence, of the specific reason or reasons the objecting party believes the
evidence should be excluded, so the party offering the evidence can respond
appropriately and the court can make a fully informed ruling.” (People v. Partida (2005)
37 Cal.4th 428, 434-435).
       Williams’s foundational objections to the surveillance video were not sufficient to
alert the court or the prosecution that he also believed Hayashi lacked the personal
knowledge necessary to identify the persons shown on the video. The foundational
objections, which pertained to the admissibility of the video itself, involved an entirely
different category of evidence than Hayashi’s identification testimony, which related to
his ability to recognize the person shown in the video. Under section 353, subdivision
(a), Williams has forfeited any challenge to Hayashi’s identification testimony.

                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.




                                                  ZELON, Acting P. J.




We concur:




       SEGAL, J.




       BLUMENFELD, J.




*       Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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