                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 09a0149p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                 X
                                                  -
 JOHN DOE,
                                                  -
                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                      No. 07-6300
          v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                                 Defendants, -
 BEVERLY BRILEY, et al.,
                                                  -
                                                  -
 TENNESSEE BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION;               -
 METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT OF NASHVILLE -
                                                  -
                       Defendants-Appellees, -
 & DAVIDSON COUNTY,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
 GANNETT SATELLITE INFORMATION

                                                  -
 NETWORK, INC. d/b/a THE TENNESSEAN;
                                                  -
 NEWSCHANNEL 5 NETWORK, L.P.,
                       Intervenors-Appellees. -
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
               No. 73-06971—Aleta Arthur Trauger, District Judge.
                                   Argued: December 11, 2008
                               Decided and Filed: April 16, 2009
                                                                                                      *
Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge; THAPAR, District Judge.

                                       _________________

                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: James F. Blumstein, VANDERBILT LAW SCHOOL, Nashville,
Tennessee, for Appellant. Allison L. Bussell, METROPOLITAN DEPARTMENT OF
LAW, Nashville, Tennessee, Lyndsay Fuller, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY
GENERAL, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: James F. Blumstein,
VANDERBILT LAW SCHOOL, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Allison L.
Bussell, Keli J. Oliver, METROPOLITAN DEPARTMENT OF LAW, Nashville,


         *
           The Honorable Amul Thapar, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky,
sitting by designation.


                                                   1
No. 07-6300          Doe v. Briley, et al.                                          Page 2


Tennessee, Lyndsay Fuller, Michael A. Meyer, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY
GENERAL, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees. Alfred H. Knight, Alan D. Johnson,
WILLIS & KNIGHT, Nashville, Tennessee, Ronald G. Harris, Jon D. Ross, NEAL &
HARWELL, Nashville, Tennessee, for Intervenors.
                                    _________________

                                             OPINION
                                    _________________

       KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff appeals the district court’s order vacating
a 34-year-old consent decree that proscribed the publication of certain arrest records.
We agree with the district court that subsequent caselaw has swept away the decree’s
constitutional foundation. We therefore affirm.

                                                I.

       This case comes to us after lying dormant for a generation. On April 12, 1973,
Plaintiff John Doe (“Doe”) sued several officials of the Metropolitan Government of
Nashville and Davidson County (“Metro”), and the director of the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation (“TBI”), all in their official capacities (collectively, “Defendants”). Doe’s
complaint alleged that the due-process rights of persons who were arrested, but not
charged with or convicted of crimes, were violated by Defendants’ “maintenance and/or
dissemination of” their arrest records. Doe sought injunctive relief and a declaration that
the practice of maintaining and disseminating “raw” arrest records is unconstitutional.

       The suit came during what proved to be a period of confusion regarding whether
the Constitution (as opposed to only state defamation law) protects a stand-alone liberty
interest in one’s reputation.        The Supreme Court’s decision in Wisconsin v.
Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433 (1971), appeared to suggest that it does. The Court’s
decision five years later in Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693 (1976), emphatically made clear
that it does not. The consent decree at issue here was entered during the time between
the two decisions.

       Doe’s suit actually yielded two decrees. The first, entered on September 10,
1973, (the “1973 decree”) forbids Metro from “inquiring about, obtaining, or using any
No. 07-6300         Doe v. Briley, et al.                                            Page 3


information regarding any arrests which have not resulted in a criminal trial or
conviction . . . when considering applicants for employment with the Metropolitan
Government or the Metropolitan Board of Education[.]” That decree remains in effect
and is not challenged here. The second (the “1974 decree”), is the subject of this
appeal. Entered on March 22, 1974, it enjoined Metro and the State of Tennessee from
providing arrest records of persons “who [were] not convicted of the charges upon which
the arrest was predicated” to anyone other than “law enforcement agencies for official
law enforcement purposes.” It also required the State of Tennessee to update Metro’s
arrest records regularly, and reserved jurisdiction in the Middle District of Tennessee “to
assure compliance with this and any subsequent order.”

        The decrees then passed into a long period of quiescence. There were stirrings
in 2004, however, when the Tennessee General Assembly enacted Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 38-6-120, which expressly permits TBI to provide raw arrest records to anyone who
makes a written request for them and pays a fee. The Metro Police Department
thereafter began posting on its website the names and mugshots of persons arrested for
patronizing prostitutes.

        Doe then reappeared to file a “Motion for Further Relief to Assure Further
Compliance[,]” in which he cited the Metro website postings. Doe did not seek a
contempt order, but instead requested an order (i) requiring Defendants to comply with
the 1974 decree, (ii) requiring Metro to shut down its website, and (iii) directing
Defendants to perform a “detailed and comprehensive self-study to investigate its [sic]
relevant practices and procedures[.]” Two media outlets, Gannett Satellite Information
Network, Inc., d/b/a The Tennessean, and News Channel 5 Network, L.P., moved to
intervene in the case, arguing that the 1974 decree violated their statutory and
constitutional rights to obtain arrest records. The district court allowed the intervention.
TBI and Metro thereafter filed separate motions to vacate the 1974 decree under Fed. R.
Civ. P. 60(b). The district court granted the motions and vacated the decree, finding that
the legal theory on which the decree was based had been invalidated by subsequent
caselaw.
No. 07-6300         Doe v. Briley, et al.                                             Page 4


        This appeal followed.

                                             II.

                                             A.

        Doe devotes the bulk of his brief to arguing, not that the decree remains valid in
light of later caselaw, but that the district court should not have reached the merits of that
question at all. In this regard, Doe first argues that Defendants’ Rule 60(b) motion was
untimely. “This aspect of the district court’s discretion receives abuse-of-discretion
review.” Assoc. Builders v. Mich. Dept. of Labor, 543 F.3d 275, 278 (6th Cir. 2008).

        As an initial matter, the district court was correct to analyze Defendants’ Rule
60(b) motion under subsection (b)(5) of the Rule.             “Injunctions (permanent or
temporary), some declaratory judgments, and particularly consent decrees are
prospective judgments susceptible to a Rule 60(b)(5) challenge.” Kalamazoo River
Study Group v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 355 F.3d 574, 587 (6th Cir. 2004). Under Rule
60(b)(5), the district court may dissolve a decree if, among other things, its prospective
application “is no longer equitable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5). A party bringing a motion
under this subsection must do so “within a reasonable time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(1).

        The gist of Doe’s argument is that the reasonable-time determination under Rule
60(c)(1) should depend entirely on the promptness with which a party brings the motion,
to the exclusion, apparently, of any other consideration. That narrow focus, of course,
would yield a determination that Defendants’ motions were untimely, since they were
filed some 30 years after the Supreme Court decision upon which they principally rely.

        But our caselaw takes a broader view.             In making the reasonable-time
determination, we consider “the length of the delay, the explanations for the delay, the
prejudice to the opposing party caused by the delay and the circumstances warranting
relief.” Assoc. Builders, 543 F.3d at 278. Moreover—and importantly for our purposes
here—we consider “the nature of the dispute and whether it involves a purely private
disagreement or a matter of public interest.” Id.
No. 07-6300        Doe v. Briley, et al.                                            Page 5


       These broader concerns make clear that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in finding Defendants’ motions to be timely. It is true enough that the motions
were filed long after they could have been filed, and that Defendants’ explanation for the
delay—basically, that they had forgotten about the decree—is hardly compelling. But
several countervailing concerns support the district court’s determination. First, as
explained below, “there has been a change in the law,” id., whose effect is that “[t]he
foundation upon which the [decree] was built has crumbled.” Sweeton v. Brown, 27 F.3d
1162, 1166 (6th Cir. 1994) (en banc).

       Second, “this case plainly implicates a matter of public concern[.]” Assoc.
Builders, 543 F.3d at 278. As the involvement of the intervening news organizations
illustrates, the decree affects the public’s ability to access certain governmental
information. Indeed, the decree would bar Intervenors, and anyone else in the public,
from seeking to benefit from the 2004 enactment of Tenn. Code Ann. § 38-6-120.
Moreover, a refusal on our part even to consider the merits of Defendants’ Rule 60(b)
motions, solely on the ground that the motions could have been brought sooner, would
effectively “bind all future officers of the State”—including not least the Tennessee
General Assembly—to the decree’s proscriptions. Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk County
Jail, 502 U.S. 367, 392 (1992). And that, as the district court aptly observed, “would be
a perverse and undemocratic state of affairs.” 511 F.Supp.2d at 913.

       Third, Doe has not identified even a shred of prejudice that he has suffered as a
result of Defendants’ delay. To the contrary, the only apparent consequence of the
delay, so far as Doe is concerned, is that the decree remained in place for some 30 years
longer than it probably should have. That is no reason to leave it in place forever,
particularly in a case of public concern. We therefore reject Doe’s argument that
Defendants’ motion was untimely.

       Doe’s other procedural argument is that the district court should have entered an
order directing Defendants to comply with the decree, before considering whether to
enter an order vacating it. But on this point as well, we entirely agree with the reasoning
of the district court. It is true, as the district court recognized, that “a defendant to a
No. 07-6300         Doe v. Briley, et al.                                            Page 6


contempt proceeding may not challenge the validity of the underlying injunction as a
defense to violating that injunction.” Id. at 915. Doe concedes that he did not file a
contempt motion, but contends that his “Motion for Further Relief to Assure
Compliance” was close enough for purposes of this rule, and that the motion’s omission
of the word “contempt” is trivial. But Doe underrates the relevant distinction. That
distinction concerns not merely the omission of a single word, but the difference
between motions for retrospective and prospective enforcement of a decree. We agree
with Doe that a Rule 60(b) motion seeking invalidation of an order would be no defense
to a motion seeking to punish a defendant’s past failure to comply with it. And we have
some sympathy for Doe’s claim that Defendants may have violated the 1974 decree with
impunity. But Doe did not file a retrospective motion in the district court. Instead, as
the district court correctly found, Doe’s motion “seeks only prospective relief[,]” that is,
compliance with the decree going forward. Id. at 916 (emphasis added). And whether
the legal foundation of a decree remains valid—or whether, more to the point here, the
Supreme Court has demolished that foundation—certainly is relevant to whether the
decree should be enforced prospectively.

        For similar reasons, Doe’s reliance on Gonzales v. Galvin, 151 F.3d 526 (6th Cir.
1998), is misplaced. There, we observed that “a district court may not terminate its
jurisdiction until it finds both that Defendants are in compliance with the decree’s terms
and that the decree’s objectives have been achieved.” Id. at 531. But that rule governs
the question whether a decree remains “necessary to remedy” a prior violation of a duty
arising under federal law. Id. at 531. This case concerns an antecedent question:
namely, whether intervening caselaw has made clear that there was no such federal duty
to violate in the first place. The district court properly reached that question; and now,
so do we.

                                            B.

        We review a district court’s decision to vacate a decree for an abuse of
discretion. Gonzales, 151 F.3d at 531. Here, the district court vacated the decree
pursuant to the rule that “modification of a consent decree may be warranted when the
No. 07-6300        Doe v. Briley, et al.                                            Page 7


statutory or decisional law has changed to make legal what the decree was designed to
prevent.” Rufo, 502 U.S. at 388.

       We have applied that rule before. In Sweeton, our en banc court considered
“whether a set of injunctions imposed by a consent decree may be dissolved if the old
decree appears to be based on an earlier misunderstanding of the governing law[.]” 27
F.3d at 1163. The misunderstanding in Sweeton concerned the extent to which “federal
due process standards govern[ed] state parole procedures,” a question as to which “there
was considerable confusion in the late 1970*s when this class action was originally
filed.” Id. at 1164. The Sweeton decree was predicated, it appears, on the theory that
“a state statute or regulation creating a purely procedural limitation concerning parole
may also create a federal due process liberty interest or substantive right.” Id. Several
years after the decree was entered, however, the Supreme Court’s decision in Olim v.
Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238 (1983), made clear that “state statutes and regulations
governing prisoner hearings do not create an independent federal due process liberty
interest or right in the prisoner[.]” Sweeton, 27 F.3d at 1164 (emphasis added). The
state defendants thus moved to vacate the decree; and, given the change in the law, this
court held that the district court abused its discretion by failing to grant the motion.

       Doe’s case is remarkably similar. Here too the decree was entered during a
period of confusion with respect to the putative due-process right on which the decree
was based. (Indeed, the confusion here was a first cousin to the confusion that underlay
the decree in Sweeton.) Specifically, in 1971, the Supreme Court decided Wisconsin v.
Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433 (1971), in which it appeared to hold that reputation is a
stand-alone liberty interest protected by the federal Constitution.        Pursuant to a
Wisconsin statute, Constantineau had been identified to local liquor outlets as a person
to whom alcohol should not be sold for one year (allegedly because she was an
alcoholic). Id. at 435. Over the dissent of four Justices, the Court held that the statute
was unconstitutional, broadly reasoning that “[w]here a person’s good name, reputation,
honor, or integrity is at stake because of what the government is doing to him, notice and
an opportunity to be heard are essential.” Id. at 437. Not long thereafter, the parties to
No. 07-6300         Doe v. Briley, et al.                                            Page 8


this case stipulated to entry of the 1974 decree, which enjoined Defendants from
disseminating the arrest records of persons “not convicted of the charges on which the
arrest was predicated[.]”

        Our court read Constantineau the same way the parties to this case did. In Davis
v. Paul, 505 F.2d 1180 (6th Cir. 1974)—decided exactly seven months after entry of the
decree at issue here—Davis claimed that “the distribution by the Chiefs of Police of the
Louisville and Jefferson County Police Departments of a flyer captioned ‘Active
Shoplifters’ and containing the names and mugshots of persons” arrested but not
convicted of shoplifting “violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment.” Id. at 1180. Citing the “good name” passage quoted above, we held that
vindication of Davis’s claim “is mandated in view of Wisconsin v. Constantineau[.]” Id.
at 1182. In light of Constantineau, we said, “law enforcement officials cannot,
consistent with the Due Process Clause, brand a person as an active shoplifter when he
has never been tried for the offense.” Id. at 1184.

        The Supreme Court soon told us we were wrong. In Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693
(1976), the Court reversed our decision and held that “[n]one of [Davis’s] theories of
recovery were based upon rights secured to him by the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id. at
713. The Court distinguished Constantineau on the ground that “the governmental
action taken in that case deprived the individual of a right previously held under state
law[,]” namely, “the right to purchase or obtain liquor in common with the rest of the
citizenry.” Id. at 708. The Court further explained, rather pointedly, that the resultant
harm to Constantineau’s reputation, “standing alone,” had not deprived her “of any
‘liberty’ protected by the procedural guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id. at
709. Turning to Davis’s case, the Court flatly rejected his claim of “constitutional
protection against the disclosure of the fact of his arrest on a shoplifting charge.” Id. at
713.

        That rejection has large consequences here. The Court’s decision in Paul makes
unmistakably clear that, in this case, “the legal theory and analysis upon which the
consent decree was formulated was erroneous.” Sweeton, 27 F.3d at 1164. Doe’s
No. 07-6300         Doe v. Briley, et al.                                              Page 9


fundamental problem is that the constitutional claim on which the 1974 decree was based
is utterly indistinguishable from the claim rejected in Paul. The cases are materially
identical. Doe does not contest that fact; and indeed nowhere in his brief does he argue
that the conduct proscribed by the 1974 decree actually violates the Constitution. He
instead presents any number of arguments, some which have already been discussed, as
to why the district court need not—or indeed should not—have faced that fact directly.

          Our opinion in Sweeton refutes those arguments.            Here, as there, “[t]he
foundation upon which the claim for injunctive relief was built has crumbled[,]” 27 F.3d
at 1166; the “decisional law has changed so that the enjoined behavior, which once
might have been a violation of federal law, is no longer a matter of federal law at all[,]”
id. (emphasis added); and the decree “appears to be based”—indeed could only have
been based—“on an earlier misunderstanding of the governing law[.]” Id. at 1163. That
was a misunderstanding we shared, such that Paul effected not merely a change in the
law of this circuit, but literally a reversal of it. In Sweeton, we reversed the district court
for its refusal to vacate the decree; and here, taken together, Sweeton and Paul compel
the conclusion that the district court did not abuse its discretion in vacating the 1974
decree.

          Only one argument of significance remains. Doe argues that the 1974 decree
remains valid as a means of enforcing the 1973 decree, whose validity is not challenged
here. Citing Rufo, 502 U.S. at 389, Doe says the 1974 decree must be upheld if it is
merely “related to” the 1973 decree’s “ban” on the use of arrest data for purposes of
governmental hiring. Appellant Br. at 44. But that is not quite the relation specified in
Rufo. It is not good enough that one decree is “related to” another decree. What Rufo
says is that a decree should be “related to the conditions found to violate the
Constitution.” 502 U.S. at 389 (emphasis added). That more immediate relation to the
Constitution is completely absent with respect to the 1974 decree. And otherwise, the
proper way to enforce the 1973 decree is simply to enforce the 1973 decree. If its terms
prove inadequate to meet its lawful purposes, then Doe can move to modify it.
No. 07-6300        Doe v. Briley, et al.                                          Page 10


       “Ongoing injunctions should be dissolved when they no longer meet the
requirements of equity. . . . Neither the doctrines of res judicata or waiver nor a proper
respect for previously entered judgments requires that old injunctions remain in effect
when the old law on which they were based has changed.” Sweeton, 27 F.3d at 1167.
Such is the case here. The district court did not abuse its discretion in vacating the 1974
decree. And neither did it err in granting the motions to intervene.

       The September 28, 2007 order of the district court is affirmed.
