[Cite as State v. Prater, 2012-Ohio-5105.]




                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  MONTGOMERY COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                 :     Appellate Case No. 24936
        Plaintiff-Appellee                       :
                                                 :     Trial Court Case No.11-CRB-1179
v.                                               :
                                                 :
CASEY B. PRATER                                  :     (Criminal Appeal from
                                                 :     (Kettering Municipal Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                 :
                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                            Rendered on the 2nd day of November, 2012.

                                              ...........

JAMES F. LONG, Kettering Municipal Prosecutor’s Office, 2325 Wilmington Pike,
Kettering, Ohio 45420
       Attorney for Appellee

JOHN M. EBERSOLE, Baver and Bookwalter Co., L.P.A., 202 East Central Avenue,
Miamisburg, Ohio 45342
      Attorney for Appellant


                                             .............

HALL, J.

        {¶ 1}     Casey B. Prater appeals from his conviction and sentence following a
no-contest plea to a minor-misdemeanor charge of marijuana possession.

       {¶ 2}    Prater advances two assignments of error challenging the trial court’s denial

of his motion to suppress the marijuana, which police discovered during a traffic stop. Prater

contends the trial court erred in finding that police obtained consent to search the stopped

vehicle. Alternatively, even if consent was given, he claims the trial court erred in finding the

consent voluntary.

       {¶ 3}    The record reflects that Prater was a passenger in a vehicle driven by his

friend, Robert Slone, and registered to his mother. Centerville police officer Adam Bennett

stopped the vehicle for a traffic violation. In the course of the stop, Bennett discovered

marijuana under both front seats. As a result, Prater and Slone were charged with marijuana

possession. Slone also received a paraphernalia charge based on a coke can being found in the

car. Prater and Slone moved to suppress the evidence. The matter proceeded to a September

19, 2011 hearing.

       {¶ 4}    Based on the evidence presented, the trial court made the following factual

findings:

               * * * Officer Bennett was on road patrol on June 17, 2011, at

       approximately 7:45 p.m. when he observed a black Honda Civic operated by

       Slone. The vehicle had a broken left taillight, and a smoke or dark gray plastic

       cover obscuring the vehicle’s temporary license placard. The officer, after

       [e]ffecting a traffic stop, approached the Honda, spoke briefly with the

       occupants, then returned to his cruiser to check for wants or warrants. While in

       his cruiser, he called for back up, which arrived in the person of Officer

       [Andrew] Hardacre. During this time, both Defendants remained seated in the
                                                                                    3


Honda. After confirming that neither Defendant had a detainer or warrant,

Officer Bennett decided to issue warnings rather than citations for the observed

violations. Officer Hardacre, during part of this time, stood in a grassy area

near the Honda’s right passenger door. Officer Bennett walked to the rear of the

Honda, requested Defendant Slone to exit the vehicle, and come to the rear of

the vehicle. At that time he pointed out to Slone the cracked left taillight, and

the smoke colored plate cover. The two discussed possible “fixes” for the

perceived defects, Officer Bennett handed the warnings to Defendant Slone,

and advised him he was free to go. Officer Bennett then asked Slone for

permission to search the vehicle, and Slone gave the officer his permission.

Defendant Prater was then asked to exit the vehicle, and stood near the rear of

the Honda. As Officer Bennett got to the driver door area, he did detect the

odor of marijuana coming from inside the vehicle. He searched the vehicle and

found two baggies (one under each front seat) containing suspected marijuana,

and also found an empty Coke can with the top removed, which had sandwich

baggies containing suspected marijuana residue.

       Officer Hardacre testified he heard Officer Bennett advise Defendant

Slone he was “free to go,” then ask for permission to search the vehicle, and

heard Slone give that permission to Officer Bennett.

       Defendant, Casey Prater testified the Honda is his, although it is titled

in his mother’s name. Prater denied giving either officer permission to search

the vehicle, but did not admit or deny that Defendant Slone gave his consent to
                                                                                             4


       search.

                                             ***

                 The Court in reviewing the video and audio recording of the stop

       (State’s Ex. “B”) observed the officer apparently discussing the taillight and

       plate cover issues with Defendant Slone at the rear of the vehicle. (The audio

       portion of the recording is not always clear or understandable.). After handing

       the warning to Defendant Slone, it appears the officer asks said Defendant a

       question. Defendant Slone’s body language suggests his agreement, and the

       officer requests Defendant Prater exit the vehicle as he commences to search

       the vehicle. At no time does it appear that Defendant Prater, the passenger[,] is

       asked for permission to search the vehicle. Defendant Slone did not testify at

       the hearing. As such, Officer Bennett’s testimony that he requested permission

       to search the vehicle from the driver, Defendant Slone, and was granted

       permission is uncontroverted. Additionally, the actions of Officer Bennett and

       Defendant Slone in the video support the officer’s testimony.

(Doc. #18 at 2-3).

       {¶ 5}     The trial court then held that Officer Bennett’s traffic stop was supported by

reasonable, articulable suspicion of a legal violation due to the obscured plate cover. The trial

court also held that Slone had consented to a search of the Honda and that his consent was

voluntary. In support, the trial court found that Bennett had advised Slone he was “free to go”

before Slone consented to the search. After the trial court overruled the suppression motion,

Prater entered a no-contest plea. The trial court accepted the plea, found him guilty, and
                                                                                              5


sentenced him accordingly. The trial court also stayed execution of the sentence pending

appeal. (Doc. #20).

       {¶ 6}     In his first assignment of error, Prater challenges the trial court’s finding of

consent to search. Although officers Bennett and Hardacre provided uncontroverted testimony

that Slone consented to the search, Prater contends “the probative value of that testimony is

fatally compromised by the evidence as set forth in the video” of the traffic stop. Specifically,

Prater asserts that Slone can be seen trying “to explain something” and “throwing up his

arms.” Prater reasons that Slone “could well have been saying that he did not have the

authority to consent or he could have been revoking consent.” (Appellant’s brief at 4). At

most, Prater contends the video establishes Slone’s “mere acquiescence.”

       {¶ 7}     In ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court “assumes the role of the trier

of fact, and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the

credibility of the witnesses.” (Citation omitted). State v. Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586,

592, 639 N.E.2d 498 (2d Dist. 1994). As a result, when we review suppression decisions, “we

are bound to accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent,

credible evidence. Accepting those facts as true, we must independently determine as a matter

of law, without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether they meet the applicable legal

standard.” Id.

       {¶ 8}     In its ruling, the trial court found, as a factual matter, that Slone orally gave

Officer Bennett permission to search the Honda. This factual finding is supported by evidence

in the record, including Officer Bennett’s testimony that he obtained consent and Officer

Hardacre’s testimony that he heard Bennett ask for and obtain permission to search the
                                                                                                  6


vehicle. We are unpersuaded by Prater’s argument that the video recording of the traffic stop

clearly contradicts the officers’ testimony. Nothing on the video definitively establishes that

Slone did not consent to a search or that he revoked his consent. Although Slone appears to act

equivocally when the issue of consent is raised, not every word on the recording can be heard.

Slone’s consent, or lack thereof, simply cannot be established by viewing the video alone. We

are left, then, with the trial court’s factual finding, based on the officers’ testimony, that Slone

consented. Significantly, the record contains no testimony contradicting the officers’ claim,

which the trial court credited. We will defer to the trial court, as the finder of fact, on this issue

because its finding of consent is supported by competent, credible evidence in the form of the

officers’ testimony.

        {¶ 9}    Under his first assignment of error, Prater also claims Slone lacked authority

to consent to a search. Prater acknowledges that a non-owner generally may consent to a

search if he possesses authority over the area to be inspected. Prater suggests this rule does not

apply, however, when another person with superior authority is present. Here, Prater contends

that he, not Slone, was the only person capable of consenting to the vehicle search. In support,

Prater points out that Officer Bennett knew (1) Slone did not own the vehicle, (2) the vehicle

was registered to Prater’s mother, (3) Prater and the registered owner shared the same address,

and (4) Slone and the registered owner did not share the same address.

        {¶ 10} Upon review, we find the foregoing argument to be unpersuasive. In

consent-to-search cases, the test is whether police had an objectively reasonable belief that the

consenting person possessed apparent authority to give consent. State v. Wallace, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24383, 2011-Ohio-1741, ¶ 15-16; State v. Green, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2007
                                                                                           7


CA 2, 2009-Ohio-5529, ¶ 65; State v. Lawson, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA99-12-226, 2001 WL

433121, *5 (April 30, 2001) (“In this case, Jenks consented to the search of the vehicle and

handed the baggie over to Officer Boyd. Although, according to appellant, Jenks was not the

owner of the vehicle, she had apparent authority to consent to a search. * * * The vehicle was

parked in her driveway and registered to an automobile dealer. She told the police that she and

Lawson were in the process of buying it together.”).

       {¶ 11} The record reflects that Officer Bennett knew Slone was not the owner of the

Honda. The video of the stop shows Bennett approaching the driver’s side of the car and being

told that the car belonged to Prater, the passenger. After obtaining identification from Slone

and Prater, Bennett returned to his cruiser and discovered that the car’s registered owner

actually was Prater’s mother. (Tr. at 25). In his own suppression-hearing testimony, Prater

claimed the car was his because he made the payments. He testified that the car could not be

registered in his name for legal reasons. (Id. at 73). These additional facts, however, were

unknown to Bennett at the time of the traffic stop. Bennett knew only that Slone was driving a

car registered to Prater’s mother and that Prater claimed ownership.

       {¶ 12} Based on the foregoing circumstances, Bennett reasonably could have

believed that neither Slone nor Prater owned the car. The only verifiable evidence in Bennett’s

possession indicated that the owner was Prater’s mother. Given that neither Slone nor Prater

appeared to own the car, Bennett reasonably could have believed that Slone, the driver, had

authority to consent to a search. In United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171, 94 S.Ct. 988,

39 L.Ed.2d 242 (1974), the Supreme Court recognized that “[w]hen the prosecution seeks to

justify a warrantless search by proof of voluntary consent, it is not limited to proof that
                                                                                               8


consent was given by the defendant, but may show that permission to search was obtained

from a third party who possessed common authority over or other sufficient relationship to the

premises or effects sought to be inspected.” Common authority rests “on mutual use of the

property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes, so that it is

reasonable to recognize that any of the co-inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in

his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit

the common area to be searched.” Id. at n.7.

       {¶ 13} Case law supports the proposition that a non-owner driver of a vehicle has

sufficient access or control under Matlock to consent to a search. United States v. Morales,

861 F.2d 396, 399 (3d Cir.1988) (“Under the Matlock test, a driver of a vehicle has the

authority to consent to a search of that vehicle. As the driver, he is the person having

immediate possession of and control over the vehicle.”); State v. Walton, 565 So.2d 381, 383

(Fla.App.1990) (“In the context of vehicles on the highway and searches after a valid traffic

stop, courts generally hold that the driver of a car can validly authorize the police to search the

car, whether or not there are other passengers in the car.”); United States v. Dunkley, 911 F.2d

522, 527 (11th Cir.1990) (“Under the rationale of Matlock, a third party in sole possession and

control of a vehicle clearly has the authority to consent to its search.* * * It is a somewhat

different question whether an owner/lessee of a vehicle who is a passenger in the vehicle

completely abandons his or her privacy interests to the driver, to the extent that the third-party

driver may rightfully consent to a full search of the entire vehicle. It is clear, however, that

even if the owner/lessee is present as a passenger, the driver of a vehicle has some amount of

joint access to the vehicle, and, in fact, the driver has immediate control over the vehicle.”
                                                                                           9


(Citations omitted)); United States v. Crain, 33 F.3d 480, 484 (5th Cir.1994) (“Crain was a

co-occupant of the vehicle and had permission to drive it on a late-night highway trip. In such

a situation, Watkins had assumed the risk that Crain might consent to a search. * * * We

therefore conclude that Crain, as the driver of the vehicle with Watkins' permission, had

enough authority to consent to the search.”).

       {¶ 14} In United States v. Brickley, 916 F.2d 713 (6th Cir.1990), the Sixth Circuit

Court of Appeals held that a non-owner driver’s consent justified a vehicle search even when

the car’s owner was present in the vehicle. It reasoned:

               Seefeldt implies in his brief that Brickley could not validly consent to

       the car search because the officers knew that Brickley did not own the car and

       knew that the car’s owner was available to consent. This argument is

       unpersuasive. In United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 & n. 7 (1974), the

       Supreme Court held that persons having common access or control over

       property can give officers lawful authority to search. * * * The fact that the

       owner is available does not alter this analysis. The holding of Matlock does not

       rest on some sort of implied agency, which could be vitiated by the availability

       of the principal, but on the reduced expectation of privacy that naturally

       accompanies shared control. 415 U.S. at 171 n. 7. See also United States v.

       Morales, 861 F.2d 396, 399-400 (3d Cir.1988) (search consented to by the

       driver of a rental car was valid against the car’s lessee, even though lessee was

       present and silent); 1 W. LaFave & J. Israel, Criminal Procedure section 3.10,

       at 352 (1984). Accordingly, we hold that Brickley’s consent was valid against
                                                                                             10


       Seefeldt.

Id. at n.2; see also Welch v. State, 93 S.W.3d 50, 53-54 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (“Matlock

instructs us that property rights are not dispositive in determining whether a third-party has

joint access and control. * * * The relevant inquiry under Matlock is not whether Welch

possessed a superior privacy interest to Hirsch’s. The relevant inquiry is whether Hirsch had

joint access and control over the truck for most purposes at the time she granted consent, and

whether Welch assumed the risk in giving the truck to Hirsch that Hirsch would consent to a

search. The answer to both questions is ‘yes’ even though Welch owned the truck and did not

consent to a search.”).

       {¶ 15} Based on the foregoing authority, we reject Prater’s argument that Slone could

not give consent to search. At a minimum, Officer Bennett had an objectively reasonable

belief that Slone possessed apparent authority to give consent. Accordingly, the first

assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 16} In his second assignment of error, Prater claims the trial court erred in finding

Slone’s consent to search voluntary. Prater reasons that the original purpose for the traffic stop

ended when Officer Bennett handed Slone his driver’s license and warning ticket. Prater

asserts that Bennett lacked any suspicion of criminal activity at that point to justify requesting

consent to search the Honda and that the continued detention was an illegal seizure. Prater

further argues that Slone’s consent to search was a product of this illegal seizure rather than a

voluntary act.

       {¶ 17} Prater’s argument implicates State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 685

N.E.2d 762 (1997) (Robinette III) and its progeny. In Robinette III, the Ohio Supreme Court
                                                                                              11


held:

                   1. When a police officer’s objective justification to continue detention

        of a person stopped for a traffic violation for the purpose of searching the

        person’s vehicle is not related to the purpose of the original stop, and when that

        continued detention is not based on any articulable facts giving rise to a

        suspicion of some illegal activity justifying an extension of the detention, the

        continued detention to conduct a search constitutes an illegal seizure. * * *

                   2. Under Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution, the

        totality-of-the circumstances test is controlling in an unlawful detention to

        determine whether permission to search a vehicle is voluntary. * * *

                   3. Once an individual has been unlawfully detained by law enforcement,

        for his or her consent to be considered an independent act of free will, the

        totality of the circumstances must clearly demonstrate that a reasonable person

        would believe that he or she had the freedom to refuse to answer further

        questions and could in fact leave. * * *

Id. at syllabus.

        {¶ 18} In a more recent case, State v. Wilburn, 188 Ohio App.3d 384,

2010-Ohio-3536, 935 N.E.2d 509 (2d Dist.), this court applied Robinette III and explained:

                   A police officer’s request for consent to search a vehicle stopped for a

        traffic violation is valid if it is made, and voluntary consent is obtained, during

        the period of time reasonably necessary to process the traffic citation; in other

        words, while the driver is lawfully detained for the traffic violation. * * * On
                                                                                             12


        the other hand, once a traffic citation is issued and the purpose of the original

        stop is completed, the lawful basis for the detention ceases. If police thereafter

        seek consent to search the vehicle absent some reasonable, articulable

        suspicion of criminal activity other than the traffic violation, the continued

        detention is unlawful. * * * Any consent to search obtained during an unlawful

        detention is tainted and may be invalid. * * * For such consent to be voluntary,

        the totality of the circumstances must demonstrate that a reasonable person

        would believe that he or she had the freedom to refuse to answer further

        questions and could, in fact, leave. * * *

Id. at ¶ 12.

        {¶ 19} In the present case, once Officer Bennett handed Slone a warning citation and

returned his driver’s license, “the purpose of the original stop was completed, and the lawful

basis for the detention of defendant ended[.]” State v. Ferrante, 196 Ohio App.3d 113,

2011-Ohio-4870, 962 N.E.2d 383, ¶ 21 (2d Dist.). Bennett’s ensuing request to search the

vehicle constituted an unlawful continued detention unless he possessed a reasonable

suspicion of additional criminal activity other than the traffic violations. Id. No such suspicion

existed here. As a result, the continued detention to search the vehicle constituted an unlawful

seizure. Id. at ¶ 28. “An illegal detention presumptively nullifies any consent that is a product

of the detention.” Id. The remaining question, then, is whether Slone’s consent was a product

of the illegal detention or whether it was a voluntary act of his free will. Robinette III at 241.

(“Even though we have determined that Newsome unlawfully detained Robinette to ask for

permission to search his car, our analysis is not complete. Voluntary consent, determined
                                                                                            13


under the totality of the circumstances, may validate an otherwise illegal detention and

search.”).

       {¶ 20} “* * * [O]nce an individual has been unlawfully detained by law enforcement,

for his or her consent to be considered an independent act of free will, the totality of the

circumstances must clearly demonstrate that a reasonable person would believe that he or she

had the freedom to refuse to answer further questions and could in fact leave.” Ferrante, at

¶ 29. “The state has the burden to show, under the totality of the circumstances, that * * *

consent to search [a] vehicle was a voluntary act of free will, as opposed to mere submission

to an officer’s superior position of authority, which is not sufficient to demonstrate a free and

voluntary consent.” (Citations omitted.) Id.

       {¶ 21} Even if we accept the trial court’s finding that Slone consented to a search of

the stopped Honda, the record fails to establish that his consent was free and voluntary. Based

on our review of the video, Bennett appears to tell Slone, “You guys are good to go,” after

handing Slone a warning ticket and his driver’s license. Slone responds by engaging Bennett

in a few seconds of conversation about the vehicle’s tail light and license plate cover. During

this time, the cruiser’s overhead lights remain flashing and Officer Hardacre remains

positioned beside the Honda’s passenger-side door, where Prater sits inside. After answering

Slone’s questions, Bennett repeats, “You’re good to go.” Sloan begins moving toward his car

and Officer Bennett moves slightly backwards toward the cruiser. Bennett then re-engages the

conversation and asks whether there is anything illegal in the Honda. Slone responds

negatively. Bennett then appears to say, “You don’t care if we take a look, do you?” Slone’s

response suggests surprise on his part. He shrugs slightly, gestures toward the car, and begins
                                                                                            14


to reply, “I didn’t know—.” At that point, Bennett directs him to the curb and orders Prater out

of the vehicle.

       {¶ 22} Having reviewed the video, we are unconvinced that the circumstances clearly

demonstrate that a reasonable person in Slone’s position would have believed at that point that

he was free to refuse to give consent and could leave. We note that the defendant in Robinette

III admitted having been told by police that he was “free to go.” Robinette III at 244. Despite

that fact, the Ohio Supreme Court held that the a reasonable person in the defendant’s position

would not have felt free to leave. Id. at 244-246. We reach the same conclusion here.

       {¶ 23} Arguing against the foregoing conclusion, the State contends Prater lacks

“standing” to challenge the constitutionality of the search and seizure of items found inside the

car. The State asserts that Prater cannot object to the search because he lacks a “possessory or

property interest in the property seized or the premises searched.” The State further argues that

“[a] mere occupant of a vehicle who neither owns nor is operating a vehicle, and who

maintains no property interest in the property seized, has no legitimate expectation of privacy

necessary to bring a wrongful search and seizure claim.”

       {¶ 24} We are unpersuaded by the State’s argument for at least two reasons. First, as

explained above, Officer Bennett’s continued detention of the Honda after giving Slone a

warning ticket and returning his driver’s license constituted an unlawful seizure under

Robinette III. Even though he was a passenger in the vehicle, Prater was equally seized and

has standing to challenge the unlawful detention. Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 127

S.Ct. 2400, 168 L.E.2d 132 (2007). It follows, then, that Prater also has standing to argue that

the marijuana discovered under his seat, and attributed to him, was a product of that unlawful
                                                                                          15


detention. State v. Carter, 69 Ohio St.3d 57, 63, 630 N.E.2d 355 (1994). (“* * * [A]

passenger does have standing to object to police conduct which intrudes upon his Fourth

Amendment protection against seizure of his person. If either the stopping of the car or the

passenger’s removal from it is unreasonable in a Fourth Amendment sense, then surely the

passenger has standing to object to those constitutional violations and to have suppressed any

evidence found in the car which is their fruit.”).

          {¶ 25} Second, Prater had a sufficient interest in the property seized and the area

searched. The record supports a finding that the marijuana discovered under the passenger’s

seat belonged to him. Indeed, that is why the State charged him with marijuana possession.

The record also reflects that he had an interest in the vehicle itself. Although he was not

driving and was not the registered owner of the Honda, Prater provided uncontroverted

testimony that the car belonged to him because he was making the payments. Therefore, we

are persuaded he has standing to challenge the continued detention and search of the vehicle.

          {¶ 26} Finally, the State makes a passing argument that the consent issue is

immaterial because Officer Bennett smelled marijuana when he had Prater exit the passenger

side of the vehicle so he could search it. The State contends this odor of marijuana gave

Bennett probable cause to search the car. The flaw in this argument is that, absent valid

consent to search, Bennett had no authority to continue detaining Prater or to order him out of

the Honda. As set forth above, the traffic stop already had been completed and the continued

detention was unlawful. Therefore, the smell of marijuana when Bennett approached the

passenger side of the vehicle to have Prater step out could not supply probable cause for a

search.
                                                                                             16


       {¶ 27} Based on the reasoning set forth above, we sustain Prater’s second assignment

of error. The trial court erred in failing to suppress the marijuana found under Prater’s seat and

attributed to him. The trial court’s judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                        .............

GRADY, P.J., and DONOVAN, J., concur.



Copies mailed to:

James F. Long
John M. Ebersole
Hon. Thomas M. Hanna
