                                     2018 IL App (1st) 171958

                                          No. 1-17-1958

                                     Filed December 20, 2018

                                                                                    Fourth Division
______________________________________________________________________________

                                    IN THE

                        APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________

RAMINDER CHADHA,                                            )

                                                            )

          Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee            )

                                                            )

     v.                                                     )    Appeal from the
                                                            )    Circuit Court of
NORTH PARK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL                                )    Cook County
ASSOCIATION, LYNN LAWRENCE, ERIC                            )
MOULTON, SWAN DEVELOPMENT                                   )    No. 13 L 8785
CORPORATION, DAN LUNA, AND THE CITY OF                      )
CHICAGO,                                                    )    Honorable
                                                            )    Raymond W. Mitchell,
          Defendants-Appellees.                             )    Judge Presiding.
                                                            )
(North Park Elementary School Association, Lynn             )
Lawrence, Eric Moulton, and Swan Development                )
Corporation                                                 )

          Cross-Appellants).



          JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
          Justices Gordon and Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1        In 2008, plaintiff Raminder Chadha purchased a parcel of real property at 2035 West

Montrose Avenue in Chicago, Illinois (the Property). The Property was adjacent to appellee
No. 1-17-1958

North Park Elementary School (NPES) and contained a fire-damaged structure that had been

boarded up. After Chadha had owned the Property for some time without repairing the damaged

structure, appellee Eric Moulton, as an NPES board member and the president of appellee Swan

Development Corporation (Swan), approached Chadha about purchasing the Property for an

undisclosed client. Chadha declined Moulton’s offers but did not repair the blighted structure.

During this time, Chadha had been receiving notices of building code violations from the

alderman’s office of appellee City of Chicago (City), and the City initiated an action against him

in the housing court to force him to remedy the violations. After Chadha failed to repair the

structure, the housing court ordered Chadha to demolish it. Chadha demolished the structure in

December 2010 and subsequently constructed a new structure on the Property.

¶2     After the demolition, NPES filed suit against Chadha alleging that, as a result of the

demolition, he introduced lead into the ground that posed a hazard to the school children at

NPES. NPES subsequently voluntarily dismissed its complaint. In 2013, Chadha filed suit

against NPES alleging abuse of process for the unsubstantiated lawsuit. During discovery,

Chadha received a series of e-mails between NPES board members, appellee Lynn Lawrence

(then NPES’s principal), and members of the alderman’s office regarding the Property. Chadha

filed an amended complaint adding Lawrence, Moulton, Swan, the City, and Dan Luna, a City

employee, as defendants and alleging claims for civil conspiracy, tortious interference with

contract, aiding and abetting, and violating the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt

Organizations Act (RICO) (18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c), (d) (2012)). Chadha alleged that the

communications he obtained showed that defendants conspired against him to induce him to sell

the Property to NPES at a reduced price through a campaign of harassment and intimidation.




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¶3     The circuit court granted Luna and the City’s (jointly, the City Defendants) motion to

dismiss the claims against them in Chadha’s complaint, finding that the Local Governmental and

Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 10/1-101 et seq.

(West 2014)) statute of limitations barred any claims against those defendants. The court denied,

however, the motion to dismiss under the Citizen Participation Act (Act) (735 ILCS 110/1 et seq.

(West 2014)) filed by NPES, Lawrence, Moulton (jointly the NPES Defendants), and joined by

Swan. The NPES Defendants and Swan filed motions for summary judgment, and Chadha filed a

cross-motion for summary judgment. The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of the

NPES Defendants and Swan and denied Chadha’s cross-motion. Chadha now appeals that order,

and the NPES Defendants and Swan filed a cross-appeal from the circuit court’s denial of their

motion to dismiss Chadha’s complaint pursuant to the Act. For the reasons stated, we affirm the

judgment of the circuit court.

¶4                                     I. BACKGROUND

¶5     In July 2008, Chadha purchased the Property for $225,000 with the intention to

rehabilitate the fire-damaged structure and live there with his family. Chadha acknowledged that

he had no prior experience as a contractor nor any experience with the rehabilitation of fire-

damaged homes. Throughout 2008 and 2009, Chadha was unable to obtain financing for his

rehabilitation project and began receiving building code violations and citations from the City for

issues with the Property. In the summer of 2009, Chadha sent an e-mail to NPES to determine if

it was interested in purchasing the Property. At the time, NPES was exploring the possibility of

expanding its facilities, and Moulton proposed to the NPES board that he contact Chadha

through Swan to inspect the Property and determine how much Chadha wanted for the Property.




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No. 1-17-1958

¶6      With approval from the NPES board, Moulton contacted Chadha in March 2010 and

informed him that he was inquiring about purchasing the Property “on behalf of a client.”

Moulton began negotiating with Chadha for the sale of the Property but never disclosed that he

was connected to NPES. On April 30, 2010, while Moulton and Swan were negotiating to

purchase the property from Chadha, the City filed a complaint against Chadha in housing court

because he had failed to correct the building code violations. The City sought an order requiring

Chadha to repair the structure or, in the alternative, a demolition order. On June 7, 2010, the

housing court entered an order finding that the structure on the Property was “dangerous and

hazardous to the public health, safety, and welfare.” The court ordered that the City enter the

premises and conduct a demolition inspection. The court continued the matter to January 10,

2011.

¶7      On June 14, 2010, Moulton informed the NPES board that Chadha was not interested in

selling the Property. In an affidavit, Moulton averred that he had limited contact with Chadha

after that date, which concerned only excavation issues after the demolition of the structure on

the Property. On June 21, 2010, Chadha entered into a contract with Soto Home Remodelers

(Soto) to rehabilitate the structure. At his deposition, Chadha was unable to recall when Soto

applied for permits to perform the remodeling work but acknowledged that he received an e-mail

from Soto stating that they applied for permits on August 30, 2010. Chadha testified that Soto

did not perform any work on the Property because they were unable to obtain permits.

Accordingly, Chadha terminated his contract with Soto.

¶8      On August 24, 2010, the housing court granted the City leave to file an amended

complaint and ordered Chadha to schedule an inspection of the Property. The court also ordered

Chadha to abate a rodent and pigeon infestation on the Property within seven days. The court


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No. 1-17-1958

continued the case to October 12, 2010. At his deposition, Chadha testified that he did not

contest the City’s allegations in its complaint and did not have counsel in the housing court

proceeding. Chadha acknowledged that he did not address any of the violations identified by the

City in its complaint. On October 12, 2010, the housing court ordered Chadha to demolish the

structure on the Property by December 2010. On November 8, 2010, Chadha voluntarily

withdrew his permits to rehabilitate the structure and, through a letter addressed to the City,

stated his intention to build a new construction home on the Property after the demolition.

Chadha hired Permit Express to obtain demolition permits for the current structure and permits

for the new construction he planned to build on the Property, which it successfully obtained.

Chadha demolished the structure in December 2010 in accordance with the housing court’s

order. Chadha subsequently constructed a new home on the Property through Thang

Construction. Chadha estimated the current value of the Property with the newly constructed

structure to be $1.1 million.

¶9     Chadha alleged that, after his property was demolished, NPES filed suit against him

alleging that he had intentionally allowed lead to contaminate the soil as a result of the

demolition. NPES subsequently voluntarily dismissed the suit. On August 2, 2013, Chadha filed

his initial complaint in the case at bar naming NPES as the sole defendant. In his complaint,

Chadha alleged that, when Moulton approached him in an effort to purchase the Property,

Moulton did not reveal that he was a member of the NPES board or that he was acting on the

NPES board’s behalf. Defendant raised claims for abuse of process against NPES for pursuing

an unsubstantiated lawsuit against him because NPES had not submitted any evidence that he

introduced lead into the ground as a result of the demolition.




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No. 1-17-1958

¶ 10   On July 29, 2014, Chadha filed an amended complaint and added Lawrence, Moulton,

Swan, Luna, and Ben Bowdon 1 as defendants. In his amended complaint, Chadha contended that

Lawrence, Bowdon, Moulton, NPES, and its board, along with Swan and Luna, “engage[d] in a

concerted effort to force Chadha to sell the [Property] and to have the same demolished so that

NPES could acquire it for a planned expansion.” Chadha asserted that the defendants carried out

this arrangement by sending anonymous complaints, writing letters, and making phone calls to

the City and the alderman. Chadha contended that the defendants’ actions resulted in the

issuance of multiple complaints filed by the City relating to building code violations. Chadha

asserted that, “despite his stated efforts and intent with regard to the” Property, he was issued

violations from the City “all due to complaints lodged by NPES staff members at [Lawrence]

and [Bowdon’s] direction, in concert with [Moulton] and the Alderman Schulter’s office,

working through [Luna], its then chief-of-staff.” Chadha asserted that the actions taken by the

defendants, including the City employees, were not done for a legitimate purpose but were for

the sole purpose of coercing Chadha to sell his property to NPES.

¶ 11   Chadha attached to his complaint numerous e-mails between Lawrence, Moulton, the

alderman’s office, and other City employees that he obtained during discovery after filing his

initial complaint. In reliance on the information contained in these e-mails, Chadha asserted

claims for civil conspiracy, defamation per se, and tortious interference with expectancy. The

thrust of Chadha’s claims centered on the e-mails, which Chadha contended showed the

collective efforts by the defendants to improperly put pressure on Chadha in order to help NPES

acquire the Property for a price below market value. Chadha alleged that the defendants’ tortious

conduct, as demonstrated by the e-mails, affected the housing court proceeding, prevented him

       1
        Chadha contended that Bowdon was a business manager of NPES.

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No. 1-17-1958

from obtaining permits to repair the structure on the Property, and resulted in the ultimate

demolition of the structure.

¶ 12   Chadha subsequently filed a second amended complaint on January 14, 2015. In his

second amended complaint, Chadha added the City as a defendant but did not include Bowdon as

a defendant. The second amended complaint again relied on the e-mails between Lawrence,

NPES board members, Moulton, and the alderman’s office in contending that the defendants

engaged in a concerted effort to obtain the Property for NPES by pressuring Chadha through

improper building code violations and the housing court proceeding. Chadha once again raised

claims for civil conspiracy and defamation per se but added claims for tortious interference with

contract, aiding and abetting, and violations of RICO.

¶ 13   The NPES Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the claims against them in Chadha’s

second amended complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735

ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2014)) for failure to state a claim. Separately, Swan also filed a motion

pursuant to section 2-615 to dismiss the claims Chadha raised against it in his complaint. The

circuit court denied the motions to dismiss Chadha’s claims for tortious interference with

contract and for civil conspiracy. However, the circuit court granted the defendants’ motion with

respect to Chadha’s claims for defamation per se and the RICO violations.

¶ 14   Plaintiff filed a third amended complaint in which he restated his general allegations from

the first and second amended complaints and restated his claims for civil conspiracy, defamation

per se, 2 tortious interference with contract, violation of the federal RICO statute, and aiding and

abetting.


       2
        Chadha’s defamation per se count was previously dismissed by the court and realleged by
Chadha in his third amended complaint, but it is not at issue in this appeal.

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No. 1-17-1958

¶ 15   The City Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Chadha’s complaint pursuant to section 2­

619(a)(9) of the Code (id. § 2-619(a)(9)) as untimely. The City Defendants contended that the

action was time-barred based on the one-year statute of limitations in the Tort Immunity Act,

which provides that “[n]o civil action *** may be commenced in any court against a local entity

or any of its employees for any injury unless it is commenced within one year from the date that

the injury was received or the cause of action accrued.” 745 ILCS 10/8-101(a) (West 2014). The

City Defendants pointed out that the conduct Chadha complained of occurred in 2010 and 2011,

but Chadha did not file his initial complaint until August 2013, did not add Luna as a defendant

until July 2014, and did not add the City until January 2015. Accordingly, the City Defendants

asserted that Chadha’s claims against them were time-barred and should be dismissed. The

circuit court agreed with the City Defendants and granted their motion to dismiss the claims

against them with prejudice.

¶ 16   The NPES Defendants also filed a motion to dismiss Chadha’s third amended complaint

pursuant to section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2014)) and the Act,

Illinois’s anti-SLAPP (strategic lawsuits against public participation) litigation act. 735 ILCS

110/5 (West 2014). Swan joined the NPES Defendants’ motion. In the motion, the NPES

Defendants contended that Chadha’s action was premised on activity protected by the Act;

particularly the NPES Defendants’ constitutionally protected rights to petition and participate in

local government. The NPES Defendants contended that Chadha’s lawsuit was intended to

punish the NPES Defendants for contacting the alderman about the condition of Chadha’s

property, participating in the housing court proceeding, and encouraging other neighborhood

citizens to contact the alderman about the Property. The NPES Defendants asserted that, under

the Act, they are immune from liability for these actions regardless of their intent in participating


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No. 1-17-1958

in these protected activities. The NPES Defendants contended that Chadha’s complaint should

therefore be dismissed with prejudice and the court should award them reasonable attorney fees

and costs.

¶ 17   In ruling on the NPES Defendants’ motion, the circuit court found that under the supreme

court’s ruling in Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, a party seeking dismissal under the Act

must establish (1) that the conduct alleged in the complaint constitutes protected activity within

the meaning of the CPA and (2) that the plaintiff’s claims are solely based on or in response to

protected activities; that is, the claims are “meritless [and] retaliatory.” The court found that the

NPES Defendants satisfied the first prong of the Sandholm test but failed to produce undisputed

facts disproving an essential element of Chadha’s cause of action. The court also found that the

NPES Defendants had not established that Chadha filed the action with the intent to chill their

constitutional rights. Rather, the court determined that, based on Chadha’s claims in the

complaint, he was seeking redress for harm he suffered as a result of the defendants’ alleged

tortious conduct. Accordingly, the circuit court denied the NPES Defendants and Swan’s motion

to dismiss the complaint pursuant to the Act.

¶ 18   The NPES Defendants and Swan filed an interlocutory appeal to review the court’s order

under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(9) (eff. Jan 1, 2016). On November 17, 2016, this

court denied their petition for leave to appeal. Chadha v. North Park Elementary School

Association, No. 1-16-2804 (Nov. 17, 2016).

¶ 19   Following the circuit court’s order denying the motion to dismiss, the parties filed cross-

motions for summary judgment on all of Chadha’s remaining claims. In ruling on the motions,

the court found that it did not matter what information defendants supplied to the City before or

during the housing court proceeding. “Assuming every bad thing [Chadha] suggests is true, the


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No. 1-17-1958

inescapable fact remains that when [Chadha] was confronted with the City’s claim that ‘the

Property needed to be demolished, he acquiesced.’ ” (Emphasis added.) The court determined

that, by not contesting it, he “effectively agreed” to the demolition, which was “fatal” to his

claims because it showed that the defendants did not cause a “sham” demolition action.

¶ 20   The court further found that Chadha’s summary judgment brief represented an

impermissible collateral attack on the housing court’s demolition order. The court stated that if

Chadha thought the demolition order was erroneous, he should have moved for reconsideration

or appealed the order, but he did neither. The court found that, instead, Chadha acquiesced in the

demolition and, therefore, caused his own injury. Accordingly, the court found that Chadha

could not prevail on his claim for tortious interference with contract as a matter of law. In

addition, the court determined that Chadha’s remaining claims for civil conspiracy and aiding

and abetting were not independent torts but required underlying tortious conduct, which was not

present in this case. Thus, the court found that Chadha could not prevail on any of his remaining

claims. As such, the court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants and denied

Chadha’s motion. Chadha now appeals.

¶ 21                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 22                                   A. Chadha’s Appeal

¶ 23   We first address the claims raised by Chadha in his appeal. On appeal, Chadha contends

that the circuit court erred in dismissing his claim for a violation of the federal RICO statute, the

court erred in dismissing the City Defendants under the Tort Immunity Act, and the court erred

in granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Chadha asserts that he presented

unrebutted evidence of defendants’ tortious conduct through their own writings and admissions




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No. 1-17-1958

and the circuit court improperly construed his arguments as a collateral attack on the housing 


court’s demolition order.


¶ 24                                1. Chadha’s RICO Claim


¶ 25   Chadha first contends that the court erred in dismissing his claim for a violation of the


federal RICO statute directed against all defendants. Chadha first raised this claim in his second 


amended complaint, and after it was dismissed by the circuit court, he restated the claim in his


third amended complaint for purposes of preserving the claim for appeal. 


¶ 26                                  a. Standard of Review


¶ 27   The circuit court granted the NPES Defendants and Swan’s motions to dismiss Chadha’s


claim for a violation of the RICO statute pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code. A section 2-615


motion to dismiss attacks the legal sufficiency of a claim based on defects apparent on its face.


Doe-3 v. McLean County Unit District No. 5 Board of Directors, 2012 IL 112479, ¶ 15. A 


section 2-615 motion to dismiss “presents the question of whether the facts alleged in the 


complaint, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and taking all well-pleaded facts


and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those facts as true, are sufficient to state a 


cause of action upon which relief may be granted.” Reynolds v. Jimmy John’s Enterprises, LLC, 


2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶ 25 (citing Doe-3, 2012 IL 112479, ¶ 16). A court should dismiss a


claim pursuant to section 2-615 only where it is clearly apparent that no set of facts can be


proved that would entitle the plaintiff to recovery. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 


422, 429 (2006). We review the court’s ruling on a section 2-615 motion to dismiss de novo. 


Doe-3, 2012 IL 112479, ¶ 15. 


¶ 28                              b. Elements of a RICO Claim




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No. 1-17-1958

¶ 29   “In order to assert a civil claim for violations of [section 1962(c) of] the RICO Act, a

plaintiff must allege that (1) the defendants participated in the operation or management (2) of an

enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

Merrilees v. Merrilees, 2013 IL App (1st) 121897, ¶ 19 (quoting Rodgers v. Peoples Gas, Light

& Coke Co., 315 Ill. App. 3d 340, 351-52 (2000)). “An ‘enterprise’ is an entity composed of a

group of persons associated together for a common purpose,” and it “must be an ongoing entity

or association that is distinct from the alleged pattern of racketeering activity.” (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Id. (quoting Rodgers, 315 Ill. App. 3d at 352). “[R]acketeering

activity” includes so-called predicate acts, including mail fraud, extortion, and wire fraud, which

are alleged in the case at bar. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1) (2012); Pankros v. Tyler, 401 Ill. App. 3d 936,

943 (2010). In order to state a cause of action for a RICO claim, a plaintiff may not simply allege

these elements in a boilerplate fashion, but must allege sufficient facts to support each element.

Merrilees, 2013 IL App (1st) 121897, ¶ 19 (citing Goren v. New Vision International, Inc., 156

F.3d 721, 727 (7th Cir. 1998)).

¶ 30                                       i. Enterprise

¶ 31   In order to properly state a cause of action for a RICO claim, Chadha was first required to

allege sufficient facts to show that defendants were involved in an enterprise. A RICO enterprise

“ ‘includes any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any

union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.’ ” Wallace

Acquisitions, Inc. v. Allied Waste Industries, Inc., 304 Ill. App. 3d 1009, 1016 (1999) (quoting 18

U.S.C. § 1961(4) (1994)). “The central element of an enterprise is an ongoing structure or

persons associated through time, joined in purpose, and organized in a manner amenable to

hierarchical or consensual decision-making.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) (Wallace, 304


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No. 1-17-1958

Ill. App. 3d at 1016 (quoting Richmond v. Nationwide Cassel L.P., 52 F.3d 640, 644 (7th Cir.

1995)). The enterprise must be an ongoing entity or association that is distinct from the alleged

pattern of racketeering activity. Merrilees, 2013 IL App (1st) 121897, ¶ 19 (citing Rodgers, 315

Ill. App. 3d at 352).

¶ 32   In his complaint, Chadha alleged that “NPES is an enterprise and the Defendants did

conduct the affairs of this enterprise through a pattern of racketeering.” Chadha also alleged that

each of the defendants “had some part in directing the enterprise’s affairs.” Chadha’s allegation

that the defendants are an enterprise fails for two reasons. First, Chadha fails to introduce any

factual support for this element but merely offers the conclusory claim that the defendants are an

“enterprise.” Chadha contends that the e-mails attached to his complaint demonstrate that the

defendants were associated for a common purpose and “an ongoing entity or association,” but

the e-mails merely show communication between the defendants and do not show that

defendants were organized in a manner amenable to hierarchical or consensual decision-making.

Chadha also vaguely refers to an “agreement” among defendants, presumably to assist NPES in

acquiring the Property, but such a contention, without sufficient factual support, cannot serve as

a basis for this claim, and no such agreement is readily apparent from the e-mails themselves.

¶ 33   Secondly, Chadha failed to plead facts showing that the alleged enterprise was an

ongoing entity that was distinct from the alleged pattern of racketeering activity. Chadha alleged

that the defendants formed this association in order to obtain the Property through a pattern of

racketeering activity but provides no factual support to show that defendants were an “ ‘ongoing

entity or association *** distinct from the alleged pattern of racketeering activity.’ ” Id. (quoting

Rodgers, 315 Ill. App. 3d at 352). Chadha fails to identify any ongoing association or

relationship between the City, Luna, NPES, Swan, Lawrence, and Moulton independent from the


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alleged racketeering activity. Thus, Chadha failed to sufficiently plead the enterprise element of

his RICO claim.

¶ 34                                        ii. Pattern

¶ 35   Chadha also failed to plead facts showing a pattern of racketeering activity. A pattern of

racketeering activity requires at least two predicate acts of racketeering committed within a 10­

year period. 18 USC § 1961(5) (2012). “Predicate acts alone, however, do not make a pattern; in

order to establish a RICO pattern, ‘it must also be shown that the predicates themselves amount

to, or that they otherwise constitute a threat of, continuing racketeering activity.’ ” (Emphasis in

original.) Merrilees, 2013 IL App (1st) 121897, ¶ 20 (quoting H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell

Telephone Co., 492 U.S. 229, 240 (1989)). Continuity can be either closed-ended or open-ended.

                “Closed-ended continuity *** refers to criminal behavior that has come to a close

       but endured for such a substantial period of time that the duration and repetition of the

       criminal activity carries with it an implicit threat of continued criminal activity in the

       future. [Citation]. Open-ended continuity refers to a course of criminal activity that lacks

       the duration and repetition to establish continuity but where the past conduct by its nature

       projects into the future with a threat of repetition.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

       (citing Jennings v. Auto Meter Products, Inc., 495 F.3d 466, 473 (7th Cir. 2007)).

¶ 36   Here, Chadha failed to establish either closed-ended or open-ended continuity. All of the

conduct Chadha complained of occurred before the housing court ordered the demolition of his

house. Chadha raised no allegations any defendant engaged in any alleged racketeering activity

after the structure on the Property was demolished and he constructed a new home or that he was

concerned about future racketeering activity from these defendants. His allegations thus lacked




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the threat of repetition or threat of future criminal activity necessary to show a pattern of

racketeering activity necessary to support a RICO claim.

¶ 37                                 iii. Racketeering Activity

¶ 38   Chadha also failed to plead facts showing defendants committed any predicate acts that

constituted racketeering activity. Section 1961(1) of the United States Code lists a series of

predicate offenses that constitute racketeering activity. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1) (2012). That section

lists acts or threats punishable by state law, including murder, kidnapping, arson, and extortion,

as well as specifically enumerated federal law offenses such as mail fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1341

(2006)) and wire fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1343 (2006)), which Chadha alleged in this case.

¶ 39   In his complaint, Chadha listed 25 different occurrences that he contended constituted

predicate acts for purposes of his RICO claim. Chadha asserted that these acts constituted mail

fraud, wire fraud, extortion and/or acts of intimidation under section 12-6 of the Criminal Code

of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/12-6 (West 2010)). The majority of Chadha’s claims were based on e-mails

exchanged among the defendants. For instance, in one allegation, Chadha contended that he had

previously approached Lawrence regarding NPES purchasing his property. Lawrence indicated

to Chadha in an e-mail that NPES was not interested in purchasing the Property. Chadha

contended, however, that despite Lawrence’s representation to him, NPES was interested in

purchasing the Property, and the defendants “began to engage in concerted efforts and schemed

to take steps that would have the effect of coercing Chadha to sell the Property, through the

following action: acting t[o] restrict Chadha’s ability to make repairs and obtain permits, through

false offers of purchase for ‘interested buyers’ that were fabricated, through written threats and

suggestions that he will lose the Property.”




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No. 1-17-1958

¶ 40   Similarly, in a separate allegation, Chadha contended that defendants “commenced a

series of ‘neighborhood nuisance’ complaints [ ] against the Property, which resulted in the

issuance of multiple complaints filed by the City of Chicago against the Property.” Chadha also

identified an e-mail Lawrence sent to the NPES board about Chadha’s housing court proceeding.

In the e-mail, Lawrence informed the board that Luna attended the court date as well as four

people from the neighborhood and that an inspector would be visiting the Property to check on

the status of the violations assessed against the Property. Essentially, each of the predicate acts

identified by Chadha are communications between Lawrence, the NPES board, Moulton, the

alderman’s office, the City, and himself regarding the Property, NPES’s desire to acquire the

Property, the housing court proceeding, and the various violations assessed against the Property

by the City.

¶ 41   Despite Chadha’s contentions to the contrary, the e-mails merely show the NPES

Defendants’ desire to purchase the Property and their concern about the condition of the structure

on Chadha’s property. Lawrence communicated these concerns to the City and the alderman,

which resulted in citations being issued against Chadha and the Property. Crucially, Chadha did

not contend in the housing court proceeding, before the circuit court, or before this court that

these citations were wrongfully assessed or otherwise improper. Instead, he acknowledged the

poor condition of the Property but nonetheless asserted that the defendants somehow violated the

law by communicating their concerns about Chadha’s property to the City and the alderman. In

fact, as the circuit court implicitly recognized, none of defendants’ conduct identified by Chadha

is unlawful despite Chadha’s conclusory allegations that the conduct constituted acts of

intimidation, attempted extortion, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The NPES Defendants do not deny

that they sought to purchase Chadha’s property and made several offers to Chadha for the


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No. 1-17-1958

purchase of the Property. The NPES Defendants also do not deny that they contacted the City

and alderman regarding the state of Chadha’s property believing it to be a safety concern.

Neither NPES nor Moulton denies that Moulton contacted Chadha through Swan on behalf of

NPES in an attempt to purchase the Property without revealing that his “client” was NPES.

Chadha represents these facts as unquestionably illegal activity without even attempting to show

how defendants’ actions violated the statutes he alleges. Instead, his allegations merely cite to the

e-mails attached to his brief, and he summarily concludes that defendants must have violated the

law. Such baseless allegations cannot serve as the basis for a RICO claim. The thrust of

Chadha’s allegations seem to suggest that the e-mails speak for themselves, but contrary to his

arguments before the circuit court and in his brief before this court, the complained-of conduct

does not amount to illegal activity that would constitute a predicate act under RICO. In essence,

Chadha’s allegations seem to be merely that the communications took place, but the

communications themselves are not sufficient to support his claim, and an independent review of

the communications attached to his complaint does not reveal actionable conduct. Thus, as the

circuit court recognized, Chadha’s failure to present a sufficient factual basis to show how

defendants’ activities constituted “racketeering activity” is fatal to his claim.

¶ 42                                       iv. Conclusion

¶ 43   In short, Chadha has failed to allege sufficient factual support for any element of his

RICO claim. Even assuming some of the conduct alleged by Chadha did constitute criminal

activity, we would still find that the circuit court properly dismissed this count from his

complaint. As this court has recognized, congress enacted RICO “in an attempt to eradicate

organized, long-term criminal activity.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Merrilees, 2013 IL

App (1st) 121897, ¶ 18 (quoting Zinser v. Rose, 245 Ill. App. 3d 881, 885 (1993)). RICO was


                                                - 17 ­
No. 1-17-1958

“ ‘never intended to allow plaintiffs to turn garden-variety state law fraud claims into

federal RICO actions,’ ” as Chadha attempts to do here. Id. (quoting Jennings, 495 F.3d at 472).

Accordingly, we find that the circuit court properly granted the NPES Defendants and Swan’s

motion to dismiss this claim.

¶ 44                  2. Tort Immunity Act Statute of Limitations

¶ 45   We next address Chadha’s claim that the circuit court improperly dismissed his claims

against the City Defendants based on the Tort Immunity Act statute of limitations. The Tort

Immunity Act provides that “[n]o civil action *** may be commenced in any court against a

local entity or any of its employees for any injury unless it is commenced within one year from

the date that the injury was received or the cause of action accrued.” 745 ILCS 10/8-101(a)

(West 2014). In this case, Chadha’s contentions are focused on conduct that occurred in 2010

and 2011. Chadha filed his initial complaint against NPES in August 2013, added Luna as a

defendant in July 2014, and added the City in January 2015.

¶ 46   Chadha acknowledges that the Tort Immunity Act’s one-year statute of limitations

applies to his claims against the City Defendants but contends that his claims are nevertheless

timely because the discovery rule applies to his claims. Chadha asserts that he did not know

about the City Defendants’ communications with NPES regarding NPES’s desire to acquire the

Property until he received the e-mails in discovery in January 2014 and he added both City

Defendants to the cause of action within one year of that discovery. Chadha contends that the

court thus erred in granting the City Defendants’ motion where Chadha discovered his claims

against the City Defendants less than one year before adding them as defendants.

¶ 47                                 a. The Discovery Rule




                                             - 18 ­
No. 1-17-1958

¶ 48   The discovery rule “delays the commencement of the relevant statute of limitations until

the plaintiff knows or reasonably should know that he has been injured and that his injury was

wrongfully caused.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hermitage Corp. v. Contractors

Adjustment Co., 166 Ill. 2d 72, 77 (1995) (quoting Jackson Jordan, Inc. v. Leydig, Voit & Mayer,

158 Ill. 2d 240, 249 (1994)). Knowledge that an injury has been wrongfully caused “does not

mean knowledge of a specific defendant’s negligent conduct or knowledge of the existence of a

cause of action,” and thus the statute of limitations may run despite the lack of actual knowledge

of wrongful conduct. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Janousek v. Katten Muchin Rosenman

LLP, 2015 IL App (1st) 142989, ¶ 13 (citing SK Partners I, LP v. Metro Consultants, Inc., 408

Ill. App. 3d 127, 130 (2011), Dancor International, Ltd. v. Friedman, Goldberg & Mintz, 288 Ill.

App. 3d 666, 673 (1997)). The rule protects a plaintiff only until he knows or reasonably should

know of the injury, not until he has actual knowledge. PSI Resources, LLC v. MB Financial

Bank, National Ass’n, 2016 IL App (1st) 152204, ¶ 44 (citing Gale v. Williams, 299 Ill. App. 3d

381, 387 (1998)). “A person knows or reasonably should know an injury is ‘wrongfully caused’

when he or she possesses sufficient information concerning an injury and its cause to put a

reasonable person on inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct had occurred.” Janousek,

2015 IL App (1st) 142989, ¶ 13 (citing Hoffman v. Orthopedic Systems, Inc., 327 Ill. App. 3d

1004, 1011 (2002)). Generally, whether an action was brought within the time allowed by the

discovery rule is a question of fact. PSI Resources, 2016 IL App (1st) 152204, ¶ 44. We may

determine the question as a matter of law, however, where the answer is clear from the

pleadings. Id.

¶ 49             b. Discovery Rule Does Not Toll Limitations Period in this Case




                                               - 19 ­
No. 1-17-1958

¶ 50   In this case, Chadha contends that the discovery rule tolls the limitations period because

he did not know about the communication between NPES and Moulton and the City regarding

NPES’s desire to acquire the Property until he received the e-mails through discovery in January

2014. In his third amended complaint, however, Chadha alleged that between May 14 and May

20, 2010, he received a text message from Moulton in which he indicated that the alderman’s

office said that there would be more violations issued for the Property. Chadha also alleged that

in 2010, the City, with the aid of defendants, “commenced a series of ‘neighborhood nuisance’

complaints” against the Property. Chadha alleged that these complaints required him to borrow

funds and incur greater expense in attempting to rehabilitate his home. He further alleged that

despite his efforts and intent to rehabilitate the Property, the City issued him more violations.

Chadha alleged that staff at the alderman’s office exceeded their authority when they attended

his housing court proceeding on two separate “furlough days.” Chadha alleged that Luna was

one of the employees who attended court and supported the demolition “as a representative of

the Alderman’s office.” Chadha also alleged that the City’s housing court complaint did not

show dangerous or hazardous conditions that could not be repaired and none of the alleged code

violations required demolition of the structure on the Property.

¶ 51   Based on the contentions in his complaint, it is clear that Chadha had enough information

in 2010 or 2011 to put him on notice that there was an injury or that the injury may have been

wrongfully caused by the City Defendants. Dancor, 288 Ill. App. 3d at 674. In this case, the

injury is the demolition of the structure on the Property and the subsequent expenditure Chadha

incurred in constructing a new structure on the Property. By Chadha’s own admissions he

believed that the City’s allegations in the housing court proceeding did not merit demolition, and

he noted the unusual participation in the proceedings by City employees, including Luna.


                                              - 20 ­
No. 1-17-1958

Chadha also knew in 2010 that Moulton was connected to NPES, that NPES wanted to purchase

the Property, and that Moulton had been in contact with the alderman’s office. Although Chadha

did not have “actual knowledge” that his injury was wrongfully caused or the extent of the City

Defendants’ involvement, based on the information available to him at the time, he had sufficient

information to make a reasonable inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct had occurred.

Janousek, 2015 IL App (1st) 142989, ¶ 13.

¶ 52   It is clear from Chadha’s second and third amended complaints that his allegations are

based in part on the same information he knew in 2010 regarding the City Defendants’

involvement in the housing court proceeding. Chadha’s injury has always been the demolition,

and if Chadha believed that injury to be wrongfully caused when it occurred, he knew of the

City’s involvement at the time of the demolition. Although those allegations are now supported

by communications he obtained in January 2014, it is clear that, in 2010, Chadha possessed

sufficient knowledge to put him on notice of the City Defendants’ possible contribution to his

injury. Accordingly, the statute of limitations began to run at the latest in December 2010 when

he demolished his home pursuant to the housing court order or in 2011 when he incurred

expenses in the construction of a new structure on the Property. At that time, his injury was

realized, and he had sufficient information to put him on reasonable notice of the City

Defendants’ involvement to require him to inquire further. Thus, the Tort Immunity Act’s one-

year statute of limitations began to run at that time and expired before Luna was added to the

cause of action on July 29, 2014, and before the City was added as a defendant on January 14,

2015. We therefore find that the court did not err in granting the City Defendants’ motion to

dismiss the claims against them in Chadha’s complaint.

¶ 53                      3. Chadha’s Claims on Summary Judgment


                                             - 21 ­
No. 1-17-1958

¶ 54   We now address Chadha’s remaining claims on summary judgment. After dismissing

Chadha’s RICO claim and dismissing the City Defendants from the cause of action, Chadha’s

remaining claims were (1) civil conspiracy against the NPES Defendants, (2) tortious

interference with contract against the NPES Defendants and Swan, and (3) aiding and abetting

against the NPES Defendants and Swan. After discovery, the NPES Defendants and Swan filed

separate motions for summary judgment on all of Chadha’s remaining claims. Chadha filed a

cross-motion for summary judgment on his claims. In a written order, the circuit court granted

NPES Defendants’ and Swan’s motions and denied Chadha’s cross-motion.

¶ 55                                 a. Standard of Review

¶ 56   A court should grant summary judgment only where the pleadings, depositions,

admissions, and affidavits on file, when viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2014); Adams v. Northern

Illinois Gas Co., 211 Ill. 2d 32, 43 (2004). “When parties file cross-motions for summary

judgment, they agree that only a question of law is involved and invite the court to decide the

issues based on the record.” Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 28. Although a plaintiff is not

required to prove his case at the summary judgment stage, he must present sufficient evidence to

create a genuine issue of material fact to defeat a defendant’s motion for summary judgment.

Keating v. 68th & Paxton, L.L.C, 401 Ill. App. 3d 456, 470 (2010). We review an order granting

a motion for summary judgment de novo. Adams, 211 Ill. 2d at 43.

¶ 57                         c. Tortious Interference with Contract

¶ 58   We first address Chadha’s claim for tortious interference with contract. As the circuit

court recognized, Chadha’s other claims for civil conspiracy and aiding and abetting are not

                                             - 22 ­
No. 1-17-1958

independent torts, i.e., they both require underlying conduct that is tortious. Coghlan v. Beck,

2013 IL App (1st) 120891, ¶ 59 (civil conspiracy); Reuben H. Donnelley Corp. v. Brauer, 275

Ill. App. 3d 300, 310 (1995) (aiding and abetting). In this case, Chadha’s claims for civil

conspiracy and aiding and abetting are premised on his claim for tortious interference with

contract, that is, that defendants’ underlying conduct was tortious. Thus, as the circuit court

found, if Chadha cannot prevail on his claim for tortious interference with contract, then his

remaining claims must necessarily fail as a matter of law.

¶ 59                                        i. Elements

¶ 60   In order to prevail on a claim for tortious interference with contract, a plaintiff must plead

and prove

       “(1) the existence of a valid and enforceable contract between the plaintiff and another;

       (2) the defendant’s awareness of the contractual relationship between the plaintiff and

       another; (3) the defendant’s intentional and unjustifiable inducement of a breach of

       the contract; (4) a breach of contract by the other caused by the defendant’s wrongful

       acts; and (5) damage to the plaintiff.” Cress v. Recreation Services, Inc., 341 Ill. App. 3d

       149, 175 (2003) (citing Grund v. Donegan, 298 Ill. App. 3d 1034, 1038 (1998)).

¶ 61                          ii. Allegations in Chadha’s Complaint

¶ 62   In his tortious interference with contract count, Chadha alleged that the NPES Defendants

were communicating with the City Defendants in an attempt to “fast track” the housing court

proceeding so that Chadha did not have an adequate opportunity to repair the Property. Chadha

contended that all of the defendants knew he had entered into a contract for the rehabilitation of

the Property and had obtained a permit for the rehabilitation. Chadha asserted that “[d]efendants

specifically knew that Chadha intended to fully rehab and bring the [ ] Property into full

                                               - 23 ­
No. 1-17-1958

compliance with the building and any related municipal codes, and that he was willing to do so,”

but defendants told City employees that Chadha was “ ‘incompetent to rehab the [P]roperty’ and

that the contractors were doing poor work and that they were ‘concerned about building code

violations.’ ”

¶ 63    Chadha contended that defendants “intentionally interfered” with his contracts with Soto

and Permit Express by “seeking out aldermanic and political assistance” and urging other people

in the neighborhood to attend the housing court proceeding and speak out about the condition of

the Property. Chadha alleged that these efforts by defendants interfered with his ability to

rehabilitate the Property because it coerced the housing court and the alderman’s office to push

for demolition of the Property and made the rehabilitation efforts appear impossible “(although it

was not).” Chadha contended that the defendants also put pressure on him by telling him that the

Property would be foreclosed or taken by the City. Chadha asserted that these “actions

contributed toward a frustration and eventually a termination of Chadha’s reasonable

expectancy” of rehabilitating the Property and that he was forced to build a new structure on the

Property after the demolition. Chadha asserted that his damages exceeded “well over $300,000

and can be proven up at trial.”

¶ 64                              iii. The Circuit Court’s Ruling

¶ 65    In granting defendants’ motions for summary judgment, the circuit court determined that,

in order for Chadha to prevail on his tortious interference with contract claim, he had to be able

to prove that the housing court’s demolition order was entered as a result of defendants’

wrongful conduct. The court found that Chadha had not introduced any admissible evidence to

support his claim that defendants interfered with his building permit application and prevented

him from rehabilitating the Property. The court noted that Chadha’s permit application was never


                                              - 24 ­
No. 1-17-1958

denied, but he voluntarily withdrew it. The court determined that it was irrelevant what

information defendants provided to the City before or during the housing court proceeding.

“Assuming every bad thing Plaintiff suggests is true, the inescapable fact remains that when

Plaintiff was confronted with the City’s claim that ‘the Property needed to be demolished, he

acquiesced.’ ” (Emphasis added.) The court noted that Chadha acknowledged that he did not

contest the allegations in the City’s demolition complaint and effectively agreed to the

demolition. The court found that this was fatal to his claim because it foreclosed any argument

that defendants caused the City to initiate a “ ‘sham’ or baseless demolition action.”

¶ 66   The court also determined that Chadha’s summary judgment brief represented a

challenge to the legality of the housing court’s demolition order, which was an impermissible

collateral attack on that judgment. The court stated that, if Chadha sought to challenge that order,

he could have appealed from it or filed a section 2-1401 petition for relief from judgment (735

ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2014)). The court found that because Chadha acquiesced in the demolition,

he in effect caused his own injury and could not prevail on his claim for tortious interference

with contract as a matter of law. The court further found that he therefore could not prevail on

his remaining claims for civil conspiracy and aiding and abetting. Accordingly, the court found

that Chadha could not prevail on any of his claims as a matter of law, granted summary judgment

in favor of defendants, and denied Chadha’s cross-motion for summary judgment.

¶ 67                   iv. The Circuit Court Properly Granted Summary Judgment

¶ 68   In his brief before this court, Chadha contends that the circuit court erred in finding that

his tortious interference claim was determined by the outcome of the housing court proceeding.

Chadha asserts that the “sole reason” the circuit court could not provide the relief he requested

was because he did not appeal or attempt to vacate the demolition order. Chadha contends that


                                               - 25 ­
No. 1-17-1958

this finding was in error because he showed defendants’ tortious conduct irrespective of the

outcome of the housing court proceeding. Chadha asserts that he demonstrated defendants’

tortious interference through the NPES Defendants’ communications with the City where it

sought violations against Chadha’s property, Moulton’s attempts to purchase his home on

NPES’s behalf without revealing that he was acting on behalf of NPES, and Lawrence’s e-mails

to neighbors encouraging them to attend the housing court proceeding.

¶ 69   Initially, we observe that Chadha dedicates much of his brief to challenging the circuit

court’s determination that his summary judgment brief represented an impermissible collateral

attack on the housing court’s demolition order. Despite Chadha’s contentions, this finding was

not the “sole” reason the court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants. Rather, the

court had already found that Chadha could not prevail on his tortious interference with contract

claim before stating that his summary judgment brief amounted to an impermissible collateral

attack on the housing court’s judgment. Because we affirm the circuit court’s judgment that

Chadha cannot prevail on this claim as a matter of law, we express no opinion regarding whether

his summary judgment brief represented an impermissible collateral attack.

¶ 70   Chadha also disagrees with the circuit court’s conclusion that he could only prevail on his

tortious interference with contract claim if he could prove that the housing court’s demolition

order was entered as a result of defendants’ wrongful conduct. However, as the circuit court

recognized, this is the crux of Chadha’s claim, as the defendants’ conduct could only be tortious

if the violations levied against Chadha’s property were meritless and the demolition was

ultimately unwarranted and occurred only as a result of defendants’ tortious conduct.

¶ 71   The circuit court was also correct in finding that Chadha had failed to establish the other

elements required for a tortious interference with contract claim. The crucial elements here, as


                                              - 26 ­
No. 1-17-1958

identified by the circuit court, are whether defendants intentionally and unjustifiably induced a

breach of the contract and whether the breach of contract by the third party was caused by the

defendants’ wrongful acts. In this case, Chadha’s claims were centered around his contract with

Soto to rehabilitate the structure on the Property. Although Chadha never alleged that Soto

breached that contract, his allegations seem to suggest that defendant’s wrongful conduct caused

performance of the contract to be impossible, thus requiring him to terminate the contract.

Although our analysis of this issue could stop at this juncture, as Chadha has failed to

demonstrate, or even allege, an essential element of this claim, i.e., breach of the contract, 3 we

will nonetheless address Chadha’s remaining claims on this issue.

¶ 72     Chadha contends that defendants’ actions rendered performance of the contract

impossible in two ways. First, Chadha alleges that defendants’ wrongful actions made it

impossible for him to acquire permits for the rehabilitation. Second, Chadha asserts that, after the

housing court ordered the demolition, any rehabilitation efforts became worthless and he had no

choice but to cancel the contract with Soto. With regard to the first allegation, Chadha has failed

to demonstrate that he would otherwise have been entitled to the permits absent defendants’

conduct or that his rehabilitation efforts would have forestalled the demolition. Chadha has not

introduced into evidence the permit applications themselves or any credible evidence suggesting

that, absent defendants’ alleged conduct, the permit applications would have been approved and

Soto could have performed on the contract. In fact, the record shows that after retaining Permit

Express, Chadha subsequently filed new permit applications, which were approved without

issue.



         3
         In fact, the record shows that Chadha voluntarily withdrew his permit applications and chose to
terminate Soto because he wanted to “start fresh.”

                                                 - 27 ­
No. 1-17-1958

¶ 73   Similarly, with regard to Chadha’s second allegation, Chadha has once again failed to

demonstrate that, absent defendants’ alleged conduct, the housing court would not have ordered

the demolition. At no point in his pleadings before the circuit court or in his brief before this

court does Chadha assert that any of the building code violations issued against the Property

were improper. Nor does he contest any of the allegations in the City’s housing court complaint.

Chadha, however, asserts that “[d]efendants did not submit proofs as to what was said in [the

housing court proceeding], what actions any party took prior to the demolition order, and they

submitted exactly zero proof of testimony from any party that established what came before that

order.” We first note that this contention is contradicted by the record. In his deposition, Chadha

acknowledged that he did not contest the City’s allegations and did not retain a lawyer to

represent him in the housing court proceeding. Chadha speculated that, if he had retained a

lawyer, the structure on the Property might not have been demolished. The record also includes

various filings by the City in the housing court against Chadha, which, again, are uncontested.

Instead of presenting contradictory factual evidence, however, Chadha relies on conclusory

arguments such as “the acts of the Defendants were tortious because singly or taken together, a

series of things were done and said as alleged in the Third [Amended] Complaint which were

proven.”

¶ 74   Secondly, this argument by Chadha represents a misunderstanding of the burden of proof.

Defendants were not required to prove the inverse of Chadha’s claims. Rather, the burden was on

Chadha to show that the housing court’s demolition order was entered only because of

defendants’ wrongful conduct and, in fact, would not have been entered in the absence of

defendants’ wrongful conduct. As the circuit court recognized, “[a]ssuming every bad thing

Plaintiff suggests is true, the inescapable fact remains that when Plaintiff was confronted with


                                              - 28 ­
No. 1-17-1958

the City’s claim that ‘the Property needed to be demolished, he acquiesced.’ ” (Emphasis


omitted.) As Chadha’s own allegations recognized, it was the demolition that ultimately rendered


performance of his contract with Soto impossible, and thus in order to prevail on his claim, he


was required to show that the demolition was improperly ordered as a result of defendants’


wrongful conduct. He has failed to do so, and thus, we find that the circuit court properly granted


summary judgment in favor of defendants on this claim. 


¶ 75                                          v. Conclusion


¶ 76    As stated, because we find that Chadha cannot prevail on his claim for tortious


interference with contract, his other claims for civil conspiracy and aiding and abetting must also


fail. Accordingly, we find that the circuit court properly granted summary judgment in favor of


defendants and denied Chadha’s cross-motion for summary judgment. 


¶ 77                             B. NPES Defendants and Swan Cross-Appeal


¶ 78    Finally, we will address the NPES Defendants and Swan’s 4 contentions on cross-appeal.


In their cross-appeal, the NPES Defendants contend that the circuit court erred in denying their


motion to dismiss Chadha’s complaint pursuant to the Act. In challenging the circuit court’s


judgment, the NPES Defendants assert that Chadha failed to demonstrate that his lawsuit was not


meritless and not brought to retaliate against the NPES Defendants for participating in conduct


protected under the Act. The NPES Defendants maintain that the circuit court misapplied the


relevant standard as interpreted by the Illinois Supreme Court in Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, by 


placing the burden on them to show that the lawsuit was meritless and retaliatory, where the


burden should have been on Chadha to show that the suit did not violate the Act. 


        4
         Swan adopted the NPES Defendants arguments on cross-appeal without advancing any
additional argument. Accordingly, for the sake of clarity, we will refer to the contentions as being raised
by the NPES Defendants while recognizing that Swan also joined in the argument.

                                                   - 29 ­
No. 1-17-1958

¶ 79                                      1. Jurisdiction

¶ 80    We initially note that we have jurisdiction to consider this issue. The record shows that

the circuit court entered an order denying the NPES Defendants’ motion to dismiss on September

23, 2016. Within 30 days of that order, the NPES Defendants filed a petition for leave to appeal

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(9) (eff. Jan. 1, 2016). This court denied the

NPES Defendants leave to appeal that order. Chadha v. North Park Elementary School

Association, No. 1-16-2804 (Nov. 17, 2016). After the circuit court’s final judgment in this case,

Chadha filed his notice of appeal within 30 days, and the NPES Defendants filed their notice of

cross-appeal within 10 days of Chadha’s notice of appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 303(a)(3) (eff. Jan. 1,

2015). It is well settled that

        “an appeal from a final judgment draws into issue all prior interlocutory orders which

        produced the final judgment. [Citation.] That is to say, we have jurisdiction to review

        interlocutory orders of a trial court if those orders constitute a procedural step in the

        progression leading to the entry of the final judgment from which an appeal has been

        taken.” Valdovinos v. Luna-Manalac Medical Center, Ltd., 307 Ill. App. 3d 528, 538

        (1999) (citing Burtell v. First Charter Service Corp., 76 Ill. 2d 427, 433 (1979); Hough v.

        Kalousek, 279 Ill. App. 3d 855, 863-64 (1996)).

Accordingly, we find that we have jurisdiction to consider the NPES Defendants’ arguments.

¶ 81                                        2. The Act

¶ 82    The Act was enacted in 2007 as Illinois’s anti-SLAPP litigation act. 735 ILCS 110/5

(West 2014). SLAPP lawsuits are “lawsuits aimed at preventing citizens from exercising their

political rights or punishing those who have done so.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 33. The Act provides that “[a]cts in furtherance of the

                                              - 30 ­
No. 1-17-1958

constitutional rights to petition, speech, association, and participation in government are immune

from liability, regardless of intent or purpose, except when not genuinely aimed at procuring

favorable government action, result, or outcome.” 735 ILCS 110/15 (West 2014). The Act

provides for summary dismissal, expedited appellate review, and recovery of attorney fees for

the “SLAPPed” party. Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 35.

¶ 83   In determining whether a lawsuit may be dismissed under the Act, the court engages in a

three-part analysis. Id. ¶¶ 53-57. Under the Act, a defendant may move “to dispose of a claim in

a judicial proceeding” on (1) the grounds that he engaged in an act “in furtherance of [his] rights

of petition, speech, association, or to otherwise participate in government” and (2) the plaintiff’s

claim “is based on, relates to, or is in response to” that protected act of citizen participation. 735

ILCS 110/15 (West 2014). The burden then shifts to the plaintiff to produce (3) “clear and

convincing evidence” that the acts of the moving party were a sham, i.e., that they were “not

genuinely aimed at procuring favorable government action.” Id. §§ 15, 20(c). A motion for

dismissal under the Act is brought under section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code and our review is

de novo. Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 55.

¶ 84            a. Whether Defendants’ Acts Were in Furtherance of Political Rights

¶ 85   Here, the NPES Defendants assert that the conduct Chadha identifies in his complaint

was protected conduct under the Act. In his response brief, Chadha does not directly contest this

contention, but instead focuses on whether the NPES Defendants had adequately proved that his

lawsuit was meritless and retaliatory. We agree with the NPES Defendants and the circuit court

that their conduct of contacting the alderman and the City regarding Chadha’s property was an

act of government participation clearly protected by the Act.

¶ 86                   b. Whether Chadha’s Suit Was Meritless and Retaliatory

                                                - 31 ­
No. 1-17-1958

¶ 87   The second prong of our analysis requires us to consider whether the NPES Defendants

established that Chadha’s lawsuit was “solely based on” the NPES Defendants’ exercises of their

political rights. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Goral v. Kulys, 2014 IL App (1st) 133236,

¶ 38. In order to establish this element, the NPES Defendants must show that Chadha’s suit “is

meritless and was filed in retaliation against [their] protected activities in order to deter [them]

from further engaging in those activities.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. (quoting

Garrido v. Arena, 2013 IL App (1st) 120466, ¶ 18).

¶ 88   In denying the NPES Defendants’ motion to dismiss under the Act, the circuit court,

relying on Sandholm and Goral, found that the NPES Defendants failed to establish that

Chadha’s claims were meritless and retaliatory. The court found that the NPES Defendants had

failed to “come forward with undisputed facts disproving an essential element of [Chadha’s]

causes of action.” The court also found that the NPES Defendants did not establish that Chadha

brought the action for the sole purpose of “chill[ing]” the NPES Defendants’ constitutional

rights. Rather, the court found that based on the allegations in Chadha’s complaint, he was

seeking redress for the harm he suffered as a result of the NPES Defendants’ alleged wrongful

conduct. The court found that the timing of Chadha’s suit weighed in his favor with regard to this

factor because he did not file his suit while the NPES Defendants were engaged in the exercise

of their protected rights but filed the suit only after the structure on the Property was demolished

and after the NPES Defendants engaged in the allegedly tortious conduct.

¶ 89   In their arguments before this court, the NPES Defendants assert that the circuit court

misapplied the standard in Sandholm and Goral, which had the effect of placing an unreasonably

high burden on them to affirmatively defeat Chadha’s claim. The NPES Defendants contend that

such a construction “effectively guts” the Act and renders the act superfluous to the avenues of


                                               - 32 ­
No. 1-17-1958

relief already provided for in section 2-619 of the Code. The NPES Defendants contend that

under the Act and Sandholm, the burden is on defendant only to show that he engaged in activity

protected by the Act but then the burden should shift to the plaintiff to show that his lawsuit is

not meritless and retaliatory and, thus, does not violate the Act. The NPES Defendants contend

that the court erred in flipping the burden of proof to defendants. The NPES Defendants

nonetheless contend that, even under the standard applied the circuit court, they met their burden

to show that Chadha’s claim was meritless and retaliatory.

¶ 90                            i. Burden Shifting Under the Act

¶ 91    The text of the Act provides that once the defendant establishes that plaintiff’s complaint

is based on or in response to defendant’s protected rights, the burden then shifts to the

responding party to produce “clear and convincing evidence that the acts of the moving party are

not immunized from, or are not in furtherance of acts immunized from, liability” under the Act.

Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 56 (citing 735 ILCS 110/15, 20 (West 2008)). Thus, as the

supreme court explained in Sandholm,

        “defendants had the initial burden of proving that plaintiff’s lawsuit was solely ‘based on,

        relate[d] to, or in response to’ their acts in furtherance of their rights of petition, speech or

        association, or to participate in government. Only if defendants have met their burden

        does the plaintiff have to provide clear and convincing evidence that defendants’ acts are

        not immunized from liability under the Act.” Id.

The Sandholm court denied defendants relief under the Act, finding that “[d]efendants have not

met their burden of showing that plaintiff’s suit was based solely on their petitioning activities.”

Id. ¶ 57.




                                                 - 33 ­
No. 1-17-1958

¶ 92   In Ryan v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st) 120005, ¶ 21, this court

interpreted the holding in Sandholm to require a defendant to “affirmatively demonstrate that the

[plaintiff’s] claim is a SLAPP within the meaning of the Act, that is, that the claim is meritless

and was filed in retaliation against the [defendant’s] protected activities in order to deter the

[defendant] from further engaging in those activities.” Following that ruling, this court in

Garrido examined the “meritless” and “retaliatory” standard, noting that it was not included in

the text of the Act but “originated in Sandholm.” Garrido, 2013 IL App (1st) 120466, ¶ 19. The

court concluded that a defendant could prove that plaintiff’s claims were meritless by disproving

some essential element of plaintiff’s prima facie case. Id. ¶ 28 (citing Ryan, 2012 IL App (1st)

120005, ¶ 29). The Garrido court determined that the defendants in that case had not met their

burden of demonstrating that plaintiff’s claims were meritless “and thus have not carried their

burden of proving that his lawsuit is a SLAPP.” Id. ¶ 30.

¶ 93   Our court has consistently applied this burden-shifting framework for claims brought

under the Act. See, e.g., Stein v. Krislov, 2013 IL App (1st) 113806; Samoylovich v.

Montesdeoca, 2014 IL App (1st) 121545; Goral, 2014 IL App (1st) 133236. In fact, in

Samoylovich, this court addressed a challenge to this framework that was almost identical to the

arguments raised by the NPES Defendants here. In rejecting Montesdeoca’s arguments, this

court found that he “ignore[d] the implicit subtext upon which the Act stands and which informs

the Act’s understanding of what it means for a lawsuit to be a SLAPP.” Samoylovich, 2014 IL

App (1st) 121545, ¶ 24. The court explained that, in Sandholm, the supreme court recognized the

common-law origins of a SLAPP claim and formulated a test derived from the Act to determine

whether a lawsuit is meritless and brought in retaliation to a party’s participation in protected

activity. Id. ¶¶ 25, 26. Essentially, this court found that the Sandholm court recognized that


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SLAPP suits by their very nature are meritless and retaliatory and, thus, it is defendant’s burden

to demonstrate that plaintiff’s suit meets this common-law standard. Id. The Samoylovich court

explained that the “meritless” and “retaliatory” language is therefore not an unwarranted addition

to the Act but allows the court to identify meritless SLAPP suits to achieve the Act’s goal of

“discouraging and eliminating meritless, retaliatory SLAPPs, as they have traditionally been

defined.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 26 (citing Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 42).

The court concluded that, under this framework, dismissal of a plaintiff’s claim is not proper

unless the defendant can show that “a claim is a meritless, retaliatory SLAPP as contemplated by

the Act.” Id. ¶ 30. Accordingly, we find that the circuit court did not err in requiring the NPES

Defendants to establish that Chadha’s claims were meritless and retaliatory in order to establish

dismissal was proper under the Act. We will thus consider the NPES Defendants’ contentions

that the court erred in finding that they did not demonstrate that Chadha’s claims were meritless

and retaliatory.

¶ 94                       i. NPES Defendants Failed to Demonstrate
                               That Chadha’s Suit Was Meritless

¶ 95   As discussed above, a party moving for dismissal under the Act can show that a claim is

“meritless” only “if a movant disproves some essential element of the nonmovant’s claim.”

Garrido, 2013 IL App (1st) 120466, ¶ 19. In their motion for dismissal under the Act, the NPES

Defendants concluded that they adequately established the first prong of the Act analysis because

all of the complained-of conduct in Chadha’s complaint rested on government participation.

They then contended that

                “Chadha admits that the actions of the [NPES Defendants] were all aimed at

       solely procuring favorable government action asserting that the [NPES Defendants]


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        turned to the government for relief either by petitioning the alderman for action; by

        attending and participating in hearings and encouraging members of the community to do

        the same; and by seeking judicial relief. Thus, the second prong has been met.”

As the circuit court recognized, however, this conclusory argument does not disprove some

essential element of Chadha’s prima facie case as required to satisfy the second prong. Id. ¶ 28.

In fact, it does not even address the merits of Chadha’s claims. Rather than challenge the merits

of Chadha’s claims, the NPES Defendants solely focused on proving that they acted “in

furtherance of [their] rights of petition, speech, association, or to otherwise participate in

government” (735 ILCS 110/15 (West 2014)), which is a consideration under only the first

prong. Accordingly, we find that the court did not err in finding that the NPES Defendants failed

to establish that Chadha’s claims were meritless. Although the circuit court ultimately granted

the defendants’ motion for summary judgment thus implicitly finding his claims meritless, this is

a different consideration than whether the NPES Defendants carried their burden on this issue.

Even if we were to find that the NPES Defendants sufficiently established that Chadha’s claims

were meritless, we would nonetheless find that they failed to establish that his claims were

retaliatory.

¶ 96                          ii. NPES Defendants Failed to
                      Demonstrate That Chadha’s Suit Was Retaliatory

¶ 97    In order to show that Chadha’s suit was retaliatory, the NPES Defendants were required

to establish that it was a “ ‘strategic lawsuit intended to chill participation in government or to

stifle political expression,’ ” as opposed to a suit that sought redress for the injuries alleged.

Goral, 2014 IL App (1st) 133236, ¶ 54 (quoting Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 57). In conducting

this inquiry, courts generally consider two factors: “(1) the proximity in time between the


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protected activity and the filing of the complaint, and (2) whether the damages requested are

reasonably related to the facts alleged in the complaint and are a good-faith estimate of the extent

of the injury sustained.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. (quoting Ryan, 2012 IL App (1st)

120005, ¶ 23).

¶ 98   As the circuit court recognized, the timing of Chadha’s complaint weighs heavily in favor

of demonstrating that his lawsuit was not retaliatory. Chadha’s initial complaint was filed in

August 2013, and his amended complaint adding counts for the NPES Defendants’ participation

in protected conduct was filed in July 2014. Thus, Chadha did not file his suit while the NPES

Defendants were engaged in protected conduct in 2010 and did not file the suit to deter the NPES

Defendants from engaging in protected conduct. At the time Chadha filed his suit, the structure

on the Property had already been demolished, and Chadha’s complaint merely sought redress for

that injury. Although Chadha’s claims were based on the NPES Defendants’ communications

with government officials, among others, his claims did not have the intent of “ ‘chill[ing]

participation in government or [stifling] political expression.’ ” Id. (quoting Sandholm, 2012 IL

111443, ¶ 57). This is especially true where the NPES Defendants had already participated in the

protected activity, Chadha had already been allegedly injured by the NPES Defendants’

participation, and there was no implicit threat of future governmental participation by the NPES

Defendants that could cause Chadha further injury.

¶ 99   In addition, the damages Chadha requested were reasonably related to the facts alleged in

the complaint. For damages, Chadha sought $300,000 as the difference between the expenses he

incurred in constructing a new structure on the Property instead of rehabilitating the original

structure as he intended. He also sought punitive damages of $500,000. This is not the type of

damages typical of a retaliatory SLAPP. Rather, a “classic SLAPP scenario” is one where a


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plaintiff seeks damages in the millions for alleged defamation. See Ryan, 2012 IL App (1st)


120005, ¶ 24. That is not the case here where the damages Chadha sought were a good-faith


estimate of the extent of the injury sustained. Accordingly, we find that the NPES Defendants


have failed to establish that Chadha’s claims were meritless and retaliatory and the circuit court 


did not err in denying their motion to dismiss Chadha’s claims pursuant to the Act. 


¶ 100 We note that the NPES Defendants renewed their arguments under the Act in their


motion for summary judgment. The circuit court again denied that aspect of their summary


judgment motion. For the same reasons stated above, we find that the circuit court did not err


when it denied the NPES Defendants’ claim under the Act in their motion for summary


judgment. 


¶ 101                                  III. CONCLUSION


¶ 102 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.


¶ 103 Affirmed.





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