        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                         Assigned on Briefs February 14, 2012

  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ALEXIS MASON and TERRENCE HARRIS

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                        No. 09-04389    Lee V. Coffee, Judge


                No. W2010-02321-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 27, 2013




In a joint trial, the Appellants, Alexis Mason and Terrence Harris, were convicted of various
offenses by a Shelby County jury. Appellant Mason was found guilty of one count of second
degree murder, a Class A felony, and three counts of aggravated assault, a Class C felony,
for which she received an effective sentence of thirty-seven years in the Department of
Correction. Appellant Harris was convicted of three counts of facilitation of aggravated
assault, a Class D felony, and one count of facilitation of criminally negligent homicide, a
Class A misdemeanor, for which he received an effective sentence of twelve years, eleven
months, and twenty-nine days in the Department of Correction. In this consolidated appeal,
both Appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting their convictions and
the sentences imposed by the trial court. Appellant Harris additionally argues that the trial
court erred in the following evidentiary rulings: admission of various out-of-court statements;
admission of an autopsy photograph; exclusion of evidence of the deceased victim’s violent
character; and the denial of jury instructions on self-defense and lesser included offenses.
Finding no reversible error, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. T IPTON,
P.J., joined. J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, J., concurring in results only.

James E. Thomas (on appeal) and Michael G. Floyd (at trial), Memphis, Tennessee, for the
Defendant-Appellant, Alexis Mason.

Blake D. Ballin, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Defendant-Appellant, Terrence Harris.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Senior Counsel,
Assistant Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; Glen C. Baity and
Kate Edmands, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                                OPINION

        Over a period of two days, Appellant Mason and the victims, Laketra Campbell,
Sabrina Campbell, Sherika Swift, and Shamika Farris, were involved in a verbal dispute,
stemming from one car “bumping” another car while backing out of a driveway. This
dispute eventually led to Appellant Mason shooting and killing Sabrina Campbell, one of the
victims in this case. It began on March 20, 2009, when Sherika Swift was attempting to back
out of a driveway and bumped into the car in which Appellant Mason was a passenger. Swift
got out of the car and approached the other car. An argument ensued, and Appellant Mason
got out of her car and kicked Swift’s car, denting it. Later that same day, Laketra Campbell,
the owner of Swift’s car, attempted to contact Appellant Mason by phone to ascertain why
Appellant Mason dented her car. In response, Appellant Mason “cussed” Laketra Campbell.
The next day, March 21, 2009, the dispute escalated into a physical confrontation between
the victims and Appellant Mason, during which Sabrina Campbell took a metal broomstick
away from Appellant Mason, and struck her with it. Later that afternoon, Appellant Harris,
with Appellant Mason as the front seat passenger, pursued the victims in an SUV, forcing
the victim’s car into another car. Appellant Mason then fired several shots at the four women
out the window of the SUV driven by Appellant Harris. One of the bullets struck and killed
Sabrina Campbell. Appellant Mason was subsequently indicted for one count of first degree
premeditated murder and three counts of aggravated assault. Appellant Harris was indicted
for one count of facilitation of first degree murder and three counts of facilitation of
aggravated assault. The following proof was adduced at trial.

        Laketra Campbell testified that the last time she saw her sister, Sabrina, alive was on
March 21, 2009.1 Laketra stated that on March 20, 2009, she loaned her car to her friend,
Sherika Swift, and her sister. When her sister and Swift returned home with Laketra’s car,
it had a dent in it. Laketra later learned that Appellant Mason was responsible for the dent
in her car. That same day, Laketra called Appellant Mason to inquire “what happened,” and
Appellant Mason “[went] off and start[ed] cussing,” so Campbell hung up the phone.

       The next day, March 21, 2009, Laketra called Appellant Mason and told her that she
was on her way to her house. Laketra, Sabrina, Swift, and Farris drove to the home of
Swift’s boyfriend, Rernardo Wilson, and dropped off their children. On her way to Appellant
Mason’s house, Laketra saw Appellant Mason and Derwin Owens. When Laketra asked
Appellant Mason, “Why is this dent in my car,” she said that Appellant Mason “talked crazy”
and was “cussing.” Laketra said that Appellant Mason specifically told her, “Bitch, I’ll kill
again.” Eventually, Farris, age fifteen at the time of the offense, and Appellant Mason began


        1
         Where the witnesses in this case share the same last name, we will refer to them by their first name.
No disrespect is intended.

                                                     -2-
to fight. Appellant Mason had a knife; however, Owens took it from her. During the fight,
Appellant Mason was biting Farris “like a pit bull,” so Laketra hit Appellant Mason to get
her off Farris. Laketra said that Appellant Mason went into the house and grabbed a
broomstick, but Sabrina took the broomstick from Appellant Mason and struck Appellant
Mason with it. Laketra then saw blood coming from a cut on Appellant Mason’s eye. After
approximately ten minutes, they stopped fighting. The victims got in the car and left.

        Laketra, Sabrina, Farris, and Swift drove to Wilson’s house to check on the children.
Before Laketra left the area, Appellant Mason called her on the phone. Laketra was able to
see Appellant Mason on the phone, standing outside of a black SUV waving a gun in her
hand, but Appellant Mason could not see Laketra. Laketra tried to “ride past [Appellant
Mason] real fast.” When Laketra drove past the SUV, she saw the driver of the SUV and
described him as a man with a dread lock hairstyle. Laketra later noticed the same SUV “on
the side of her [car]” forcing her to “slid[e] and hit[] somebody’s car[.]” She pulled her car
to the side of the street, and the SUV pulled beside them. Appellant Mason’s hand came out
of the window of the SUV, and the victims said, “‘We fixing to die.’”

       Laketra heard shots and closed her eyes. When Laketra opened her eyes, her sister,
Sabrina, had gotten out of the car. Laketra and the other passengers stayed inside Laketra’s
car for fear of being killed. Laketra panicked and later heard Sabrina say, “‘I’m shot.’”
Laketra and the other women then saw Sabrina “[fall] down real slow.” Laketra called for
help from a house nearby the shooting.

        Laketra identified Appellant Mason as the shooter in a photographic lineup on the day
of the offense and at trial. Laketra also identified Appellant Harris as the driver of the SUV
in a photographic lineup on the day of the offense, which was admitted as an exhibit at trial.
Laketra was unable to identify Appellant Harris as the driver of the SUV at a previous
hearing in May 2009, because he had a different hairstyle.

         On cross-examination by Appellant Mason, Laketra was questioned regarding her
preliminary hearing testimony and the statement she gave police soon after the shooting. She
acknowledged testifying at the preliminary hearing that she closed her eyes during the
shooting. She acknowledged telling the police that she drove to Wilson’s house after the
initial fight to get two crowbars. She testified at trial, however, that the crowbars had been
in the car all along.

        On cross-examination by Appellant Harris, Laketra testified that she had never seen
Appellant Harris before she drove by him at the time of the shooting. He was not involved
in the earlier confrontations. Laketra further acknowledged getting mad after she spoke to
Appellant Mason on the phone the evening of March 20.


                                             -3-
       On redirect examination, Laketra’s police statement was admitted as an exhibit.
Laketra testified that the crowbars had been in the car before the fight and that the women
did not take them out of the car.

        Sherika Swift, a long time friend of Sabrina and Laketra, testified consistently with
the testimony of Laketra. She additionally said that on the day before the offense, Laketra
allowed her to use her car. Swift drove Sabrina to the home of Renaldo Wilson, Swift’s
boyfriend at the time, to drop off their children. As Swift backed out of the driveway, she
“bumped” a car that belonged to Derwin Owens, Appellant Mason’s boyfriend. Swift
approached the car to apologize and heard a voice from the back say, “She hit your car.”
Swift replied, “Bitch, I know I hit his car.” Swift apparently returned to her car, and
Appellant Mason approached Swift’s car saying, “Who’s the bitch?” Appellant Mason was
“hollering” and telling Swift to get out of the car. Swift did not respond and attempted to
leave. As she pulled off, Appellant Mason kicked the car.

       The next day, Swift drove back to Wilson’s house to pick up her child. Swift said
Sabrina, Laketra, and Shamika went with her. Laketra asked Wilson about her car, and he
told her to ask Appellant Mason and Owens. As Swift drove down the street, she saw Owens
and asked, “‘What happened to the car? What happened last night?’” Swift said that Owens
told her, “‘You better leave before I put my bitch on you.’” The women then saw Appellant
Mason come outside.

       Swift said that they backed up the car and asked Appellant Mason about the incident
with the car. Swift stated that Appellant Mason taunted them, telling them to get out of the
car and “jack or whatever.” Although Laketra said they did not want to fight, the women
eventually fought in Owens’s front yard. Swift did not observe how the fight started. As the
fight was ending, Appellant Mason said, “I got you hoe’s. I got you . . . . It ain’t over with.
I got you hoes.”

         Within five minutes after the fight, Swift saw Appellant Mason standing beside a
black SUV with a gun in her hand. Swift had not seen either the SUV or the gun during the
earlier events. She saw Appellant Harris in the driver’s seat with the window down. As the
women drove past the black SUV, it began chasing them. The women’s car slid and hit
another car. The SUV pulled alongside their car, and Swift heard a woman’s voice say,
“These bitches got me f----- up. I’m going to make The First 48 tonight.” 2 Swift then saw
shots being fired from the right side of the SUV at the women in the car. Swift and Farris,
who were both in the back seat, ducked. One bullet entered the window near where Swift
was sitting and another went in the roof of the car. After the SUV pulled away, Swift

        2
        Appellant Harris’s brief on appeal explains the reference: “The First 48 is a true-crime television
drama-documentary featuring real-life police investigations in various cities including Memphis.”

                                                   -4-
discovered Sabrina had been shot and was lying outside of the car near a driveway.

       On cross-examination by Appellant Mason, Swift acknowledged that she had
previously testified that she did not see who fired the shots. On cross-examination by
Appellant Harris, Swift testified that Appellant Harris was not present for the incident at
Wilson’s house on March 20. He also was not present for the fight on March 21 when
Appellant Mason said, “It ain’t over with. I got you hoes.” Swift acknowledged telling the
police that Farris followed Appellant Mason onto Owens’s property before the fight began,
but she denied this at trial. At the time of the shooting, the passenger side of the SUV was
positioned next to the driver’s side of the women’s car.

       On redirect examination, Swift testified that she previously told the police that
Appellant Harris was driving the SUV and Appellant Mason was in the front passenger seat.
Swift’s police statement was admitted as an exhibit.

       Shemika Farris testified substantially the same as Laketra and Swift. After the fight,
when the women drove by the SUV, Farris saw Appellant Mason with a gun in her hand
about to get in the SUV. On cross-examination by Appellant Mason, Farris denied that the
women were looking for Appellant Mason to start a fight with her. She acknowledged that
she did not tell police that Appellant Mason was in the front passenger seat of the SUV at the
time of the shooting. On cross-examination by Appellant Harris, Farris testified that when
Laketra first saw that Appellant Mason had a gun, Laketra was going to hit Appellant Mason
with the car to prevent her from shooting the women. She acknowledged that she told the
police that Laketra was going to hit Appellant Mason but changed her mind when Laketra
saw that Appellant Mason had a gun. On redirect, Farris testified that she told the police
Appellant Mason was the person who shot Sabrina. Farris’s police statement was admitted
as an exhibit.

       Rernardo Wilson testified that he was dating Swift at the time of the offense and that
his cousin, Derwin Owens, was dating Appellant Mason. The day before the shooting,
Wilson saw Appellant Mason standing outside Swift and Sabrina’s car, arguing. The next
day, the victims came and left his house twice. After they left the second time, Appellant
Mason arrived as the passenger in a black SUV driven by a man with dread locks. Appellant
Mason got out and told Wilson, “Call them bitches back.” Wilson saw Appellant Mason
standing near the hood of the SUV and called Swift to tell her not to return because
Appellant Mason had a gun. By the time he called, the women were already at a nearby
intersection. After the women turned onto his street, Appellant Mason got into the SUV,
which followed the women. After the cars turned the corner, Wilson heard gunshots.

       Teresa Harris was outside on her front porch on the day of the shooting. She saw a
car stop in front of her neighbor’s house. A black SUV with a woman in the passenger seat

                                             -5-
came from the same direction as the other car. The women in the first car got out and started
running. Teresa then saw the woman in the SUV point a gun out the window and fire four
or five times, shooting one of the women in the other car.

       On the day of the shooting, Cassandra Allen-Wolfe was inside her house when she
heard four gunshots. She looked out her window and a woman knocked on her door. Allen-
Wolfe went outside and saw another woman screaming that she had been shot. Allen-Wolfe
called 911. Her father’s car, parked in front of her house, had a bullet hole in the trunk. A
photograph depicting Allen-Wolfe’s house and her father’s car in front of the house was
admitted as an exhibit.

        Sergeant Ricky Davison of the Memphis Police Department testified that he was
assigned as the crime scene investigator for this case. He described the scene, including the
location of the cars, the bullet holes in the cars, and where Sabrina was lying when
paramedics treated her. A number of photographs of the scene and a diagram of the scene
were admitted as exhibits.

       Sergeant David Parks of the Memphis Police Department testified that he coordinated
the investigation of this case. Although all the witnesses identified Appellant Mason as the
shooter, Sergeant Parks testified that he mistakenly wrote a report stating that Appellant
Harris was the shooter. He called the mistake a “typo.”

        Special Agent Cervinia Braswell, a forensic scientist with the firearms identification
unit of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, examined a bullet removed from Sabrina’s
breast and a bullet removed from the trunk of the car parked in front of Allen-Wolfe’s house.
Special Agent Braswell determined that the bullets were fired from the same gun.

       Dr. Miguel Laboy of the Shelby County Medical Examiner’s Office performed the
autopsy of Sabrina Campbell. Dr. Laboy testified and described two gunshot wounds on
Sabrina’s body. One bullet entered the lower left back, perforated the left iliac vessel and
the stomach, and exited on the front right side of the abdomen. The other bullet entered the
right breast from front to back. Dr. Laboy recovered the bullet from Sabrina’s body. Dr.
Laboy testified that the gunshot wounds caused Sabrina’s death and that the manner of death
was homicide. A number of autopsy photographs and an autopsy diagram were admitted as
exhibits.

        Neither Appellant Mason nor Appellant Harris presented proof. The jury convicted
Appellant Mason of the lesser included offense of second degree murder and three counts
of aggravated assault. The jury convicted Appellant Harris of the lesser included offense of
facilitation of criminally negligent homicide and three counts of facilitation of aggravated
assault.

                                             -6-
       Sentencing Hearing. At the sentencing hearing held on July 21, 2010, Charla
Campbell, Sabrina’s mother, testified that Sabrina, age nineteen when she died, had two
children, ages one and four. Charla testified that the children had sleepless nights and cried
often, wanting their mother. Charla also had difficulty coping with the loss of Sabrina, and
she lost her job and sought counseling as a result of Sabrina’s death.

       Laketra testified that since Sabrina’s death, she had been diagnosed with depression,
which required her to take medicine. She also had to move from the apartment where she
had lived with Sabrina.

        Minerva Mason, Appellant Mason’s mother, testified that Appellant Mason had
become a better person and a “good adult” since she had been incarcerated. However,
Appellant Mason’s seven-year-old son was experiencing behavioral problems at school as
a result of his mother being absent. Appellant Mason introduced as an exhibit to the hearing
a “Letter of Participation” from the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office. The letter stated that
Appellant Mason had been participating in several programs, including “Commitment to
Change,” “Job Readiness,” “Moral Reconation Therapy,” “Anger Management,”
“Parenting,” “Addictive Behavior,” and “Literacy.” In allocution, Appellant Mason told the
victim’s family that she was “sorry for [their] loss.”

       A letter from Shane Norman, Appellant Harris’s uncle, praising Appellant Harris’s
character was also admitted as evidence at the hearing. The letter described Appellant Harris
as “without a shadow of doubt one of the kindest and gentlest human beings you’d ever
meet.” The letter related how Appellant Harris, after the recent murder of a young cousin,
“served as the primary positive influence for other young impressionable men in our family,
and thwarted all conversations and thoughts of retribution and retaliation.” In allocution,
Appellant Harris stated that he was sorry “for this situation” and that he “regret[ted] what
happened.”

       The presentence investigation report for each defendant was also admitted into
evidence at the hearing. Appellant Mason’s report showed that she was twenty-six years old
and had completed the tenth grade. She had worked at two different fast food restaurants for
approximately six months each between December 2008 and December 2009. Since the date
of the offenses, she had been diagnosed with depression requiring her to take medicine.
Appellant Mason’s criminal history included one conviction for driving with a suspended,
cancelled, or revoked license, for which she served one day in jail.

       Appellant Harris, age twenty-eight, had obtained a general education diploma and
attended the University of Phoenix. He had worked as a bouncer at a night club from August
2008 to March 2009, as a laborer during May 2010, and as a server at a country club since
June 2010. He had an eight-year-old daughter, a son whose age was not reported, and four

                                             -7-
stepchildren between eleven and sixteen years old. Harris was previously convicted of
simple assault, two misdemeanor thefts, aggravated criminal trespass, and failure to appear.

       Following the evidence at the hearing, the trial court sentenced Appellant Mason to
twenty-two years for second degree murder and five years for each count of aggravated
assault, to be served consecutively for a total effective sentence of thirty-seven years.
Appellant Harris was sentenced to eleven months and twenty-nine days for facilitation of
criminally negligent homicide and four years for each count of facilitation of aggravated
assault, to be served consecutively for an effective sentence of twelve years and eleven
months and twenty-nine days. This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

        I. Sufficiency of the Evidence. Appellants Mason and Harris contest the sufficiency
of the evidence to support their convictions. When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
on appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all
reasonable inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d
651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this
Court must decide “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). Similarly, Rule
13(e) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure states, “Findings of guilt in criminal
actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to
support the finding by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

       A verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a
presumption of guilt; therefore, a defendant on appeal has the burden of showing that the
evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. State v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208, 221
(Tenn. 2005) (citing State v. Evans, 108 S.W.3d 231, 237 (Tenn. 2003); State v. Carruthers,
35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982)).
A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the State’s
witnesses and resolves all conflicts in the evidence in the State’s favor. Bland, 958 S.W.2d
at 659 (citing State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973)). Issues regarding the
credibility of witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and all factual issues raised
by the evidence are resolved by the jury as the trier of fact, and this court does not reweigh
or reevaluate the evidence. Id. (citing State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978)).
Guilt may be found beyond a reasonable doubt in a case where there is direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776,
779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990) (citing State v. Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977);
Farmer v. State, 343 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tenn. 1961)).


                                               -8-
       Appellant Mason contends that the evidence showing that she was the shooter was
insufficient. She argues that Laketra was the only witness who saw Appellant Mason
shooting and that Sergeant Parks’s report that witnesses identified Appellant Harris as the
shooter demonstrated that Appellant Mason was not the shooter. The State responds that the
evidence supported Mason’s convictions. We agree with the State.

        “The identity of the perpetrator is an essential element of any crime.” State v. Robert
Wayne Pryor, No. M2003-02981-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 901140, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App.
April 19, 2005) (citing State v. Thompson, 519 S.W.2d 789, 793 (Tenn. 1975)). The State
has the burden of proving “the identity of the defendant as the perpetrator beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. (citing State v. Sneed, 908 S.W.2d 408, 410 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995)). The identity of the defendant as the perpetrator, just like guilt generally, may be
established by direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two.
Thompson, 519 S.W.2d at 793. “The credible testimony of one identification witness is
sufficient to support a conviction if the witness viewed the accused under such circumstances
as would permit a positive identification to be made.” State v. Radley, 29 S.W.3d 532, 537
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (citing State v. Strickland, 885 S.W.2d 85, 87-88 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1993)). This Court has stated that the identification of the defendant as the perpetrator is a
question of fact for the jury after considering all the relevant proof. Strickland, 885 S.W.2d
at 87 (citing State v. Crawford, 635 S.W.2d 704, 705 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982)). In addition,
this Court has held that “the testimony of a victim, by itself, is sufficient to support a
conviction.” Id. (citing State v. Williams, 623 S.W.2d 118, 120 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981)).

       Here, both Laketra and Farris testified at trial that Appellant Mason shot at them from
the black SUV. Although this testimony alone was sufficient to prove Appellant Mason’s
identity as the shooter, see id., several other witnesses also testified that they heard Appellant
Mason threaten the victims and saw her waving a gun while standing outside the black SUV
moments before the shooting. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to prove Appellant
Mason’s identity as the shooter. She is not entitled to relief on this issue.

       Appellant Harris argues that “the State offered no testimony or other proof to show
that Harris was aware of Mason’s state of mind” and that as a result, “no rational trier of fact
could find that Harris knew Mason intended to commit the underlying felonies” in order to
convict him of facilitation. The State responds, and we agree, that the evidence was
sufficient to support the convictions.

      Appellant Harris was convicted of the facilitation of both criminally negligent
homicide and aggravated assault. Facilitation occurs “if, knowing that another intends to
commit a specific felony . . ., the person knowingly furnishes substantial assistance in the
commission of the felony.” T.C.A. § 39-11-403 (a). Determining whether Appellant Harris
knew of Appellant Mason’s intent required the jury to consider Appellant Harris’s mental

                                               -9-
state, which is a factual question for the jury to resolve. State v. Brown, 311 S.W.3d 422,
432 (Tenn. 2010) (citing State v. Inlow, 52 S.W.3d 101, 104-05 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)).
The Tennessee Supreme Court has explained that circumstantial evidence is often the only
means of proving mental state: “[W]hile a defendant’s mental state is rarely subject to proof
by direct evidence, it is within the authority of the jury to infer the defendant’s intent, and,
therefore, whether the defendant acted ‘knowingly,’ from surrounding facts and
circumstances.” Brown, 311 S.W.3d at 432 (citations and quotations omitted).

        In this case, the evidence supports Appellant Harris’s convictions for facilitation.
Witnesses testified that Appellant Harris was in the SUV with his window down while
Appellant Mason was standing outside the vehicle, calling the victims, and waving a gun in
the air. Rernardo Wilson called the victims to warn them rather than tell them to return based
on Appellant Mason’s having a gun. Once the victims drove past Appellants Mason and
Harris, Appellant Harris accelerated in pursuit, forcing the victims off the road and into
another car. After Appellant Harris caught up with the victims, he positioned Appellant
Mason, in the front passenger seat of the SUV, next to the victims’ car, where she shot at
them. Based on this evidence, the jury could have reasonably inferred that Appellant Harris
was aware of Appellant Mason’s intent. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to convict
Harris of facilitation. He is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        II. Evidentiary Issues.3 Appellant Harris argues that the trial court erred in ruling
on the admissibility of various evidence during the course of trial. The State responds that
the trial court did not commit reversible error. We agree with the State.

        The Tennessee Supreme Court has generally held, “questions concerning the
admissibility of evidence rest within the sound discretion of the trial court, and this Court
will not interfere in the absence of abuse appearing on the face of the record.” State v.
Pylant, 263 S.W.3d 854, 870 (Tenn. 2008) (citing State v. Dotson, 254 S.W.3d 378, 392
(Tenn. 2008); State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Van Tran, 864
S.W.2d 465, 477 (Tenn. 1993); State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 73 (Tenn. 1992)). A trial
court is found to have abused its discretion when it applies “an incorrect legal standard or
[reaches] a decision which is illogical or unreasonable and causes an injustice to the party
complaining.” State v. Ruiz, 204 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Howell v. State, 185
S.W.3d 319, 337 (Tenn. 2006)). This court has also concluded that the issue of hearsay and
whether it is admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule is reviewed de novo, as a matter
of law. State v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739, 760 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008).

           Appellant Harris first argues that the trial court erred in admitting the police

           3
               We have combined and re-ordered Appellant Harris’s evidentiary issues under one heading for
clarity.

                                                     -10-
statements of Laketra, Swift, and Farris as prior consistent statements. Although he
acknowledges that prior consistent statements are admissible to rehabilitate a witness, see,
e.g., State v. Meeks, 867 S.W.2d 361, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993), Appellant Harris
contends that the victims’ credibility was not sufficiently questioned on cross-examination
to require rehabilitation and that the admission of the victims’ complete written police
statements exceeded the scope of permissible rehabilitation. In response, the State argues
that the trial court properly admitted the victims’ police statements to rehabilitate their
credibility. We agree with the State.

       Under certain circumstances, a prior consistent statement is admissible to rehabilitate
a witness. In State v. Benton, this court stated:

       [U]nder general evidentiary rules, prior consistent statements may be
       admissible, as an exception to the rule against hearsay, to rehabilitate a witness
       when insinuations of recent fabrication have been made, or when deliberate
       falsehood has been implied. But before prior consistent statements become
       admissible, the witness’ testimony must have been assailed or seriously
       questioned to the extent that the witness’ credibility needs shoring up.

759 S.W.2d 427, 433-34 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988); see also Floyd “Butch” Webb v. State,
No. E2006-02352-CCA-R3-PC, 2007 WL 2570201, at *13 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 7, 2007);
State v. Reginald Henderson, No. W2000-00607-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 912759, at *9
(Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 10, 2001); State v. Gerald Leander Henry, No. 01C01-9505-CR-
00161, 1999 WL 92939, at *27 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 25, 1999); State v. Terry Stephens,
No. 01C01-9709-CR-00410, 1998 WL 603144, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 24, 1998).
Although prior consistent statements may be admissible to rehabilitate a witness, “trial courts
should be mindful of the need to limit credibility bolstering evidence to that which they, in
their discretion, determine will not be unduly prejudicial to the opponent of such evidence.”
State v. Tizard, 897 S.W.2d 732, 747 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); see also State v. Livingston,
907 S.W.2d 392, 398 (Tenn. 1995) (holding that a twenty-minute audio recording in which
the minor rape victim detailed the crime to a Child Protective Services agent and the agent
made judgmental remarks about the defendant was not admissible as a prior consistent
statement because it exceeded the scope of rehabilitation warranted by the “mild[]” cross-
examination).

        Here, Laketra, Swift, and Farris were cross-examined regarding contradictions in their
trial testimony, preliminary hearing testimony, and police statements. Each cross-
examination directly challenged the victims’ ability to identify the Appellants and their
credibility. As a result, the victims’ police statements were admissible as prior consistent
statements to rehabilitate their credibility. Furthermore, admitting the complete statements
did not exceed the scope of rehabilitation warranted by the cross-examinations. The

                                              -11-
statements, the longest of which was approximately four and a half pages, were largely
identical to the victims’ trial testimony and were not unduly prejudicial to Appellant Harris.
The trial court further protected against undue prejudice by instructing the jury to consider
the statements only for the limited purpose of assessing the victims’ credibility and not as
substantive evidence. See State v. Shaw, 37 S.W.3d 900, 904 (Tenn. 2001) (holding there
is a presumption that the jury follows the trial court’s instructions). The trial court, therefore,
did not abuse its discretion in admitting the victims’ police statements.

       Appellant Harris next challenges the admission of Appellant Mason’s statement,
spoken immediately before shooting at the victims, that she was going to be on “The First
48.” He asserts that the admission of this out-of-court statement by his non-testifying
codefendant violated his constitutional right to confrontation under Bruton v. United States,
391 U.S. 123, 135 (1968), and that the violation was not harmless. The State responds that
Appellant Harris waived this claim based on a failure to object at trial. See Tenn. R. Evid.
103(a) (requiring a timely objection to preserve a challenge to an evidentiary ruling).
Alternatively, the State argues that the trial court did not err because Appellant Mason’s
statement was not given in a custodial setting nor did it implicate Appellant Harris such that
Bruton protections applied. The State also asserts that the statement was admissible against
Appellant Harris under the hearsay exception for statements made by a co-conspirator in the
furtherance of a conspiracy. See Tenn. R. Evid. 803(1.2)(E). We conclude that the trial
court did not err in admitting this evidence.

       As an initial matter, we determine, contrary to the State’s argument, that Appellant
Harris has not waived this issue for a failure to object at trial. A defendant must timely
object to an evidentiary ruling in order to preserve the issue for appeal. Tenn. R. Evid.
103(a). Here, the record clearly reflects that Appellant Harris objected to the statement, and
waiver based on a failure to object is inappropriate.

       Turning to the merits of Appellant Harris’s claim, we note that whether Appellant
Mason’s statement is hearsay is central to the resolution of this issue. Rule 801(c), defines
hearsay as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or
hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c).
Rule 802 states that “hearsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules or otherwise
by law.” Tenn. R. Evid. 802.

       In Bruton, the United States Supreme Court held that the admission in a joint trial of
a codefendant’s hearsay statements incriminating the defendant violated the defendant’s right
of cross-examination guaranteed by the Confrontation Clause. 391 U.S. at 136-37. The
Tennessee Supreme Court reiterated, “The Bruton rule proscribes, generally, the use of one
codefendant’s confession to implicate the other as being violative of the nonconfess[ing]
codefendant’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation.” State v. Elliot, 524 S.W.2d 473,

                                               -12-
477 (Tenn. 1975). However, a statement that is not hearsay because it is offered to prove
something other than the truth of the matter asserted does not implicate the Confrontation
Clause under Bruton. Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409, 414 (1985); State v. Price, 46
S.W.3d 785, 804 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000); see also United States v. Inadi, 475 U.S. 387, 398
n.11 (1986) (stating that nonhearsay does not violate the defendant’s right to confront
witnesses); Anderson v. United States, 417 U.S. 211, 220 (1974) (“[S]ince the prosecution
was not contending that anything [the non-testifying defendants] said at the election contest
was true, the other defendants had no interest in cross-examining them so as to put their
credibility in issue.”) (internal footnote omitted); White v. Lewis, 874 F.2d 599, 603 (9th Cir.
1989) (“Because this testimony was not used for the truth of the matter asserted by the
out-of-court declarant, it was not hearsay, and Bruton is inapposite.”); United States v. Keith
McCain, No. 03 C 4362, 95 CR 509, 2003 WL 22706913, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 14, 2003)
(“If, however, the out-of-court confession is not hearsay, because it is a co-conspirator’s
statement, or is admissible under one of the exceptions to the hearsay rule, Bruton does not
apply.”); United States v. Andreas, 23 F. Supp. 2d 835, 844 (N.D. Ill. 1998) (“Bruton is
inapplicable to nonhearsay statements being offered to show that the statement was made and
not for its truth.”).

        Here, the trial court overruled Appellant Harris’s objection based, in part, on its
determination that the statement was not hearsay. The trial court ruled that the statement was
admissible to prove inferentially Appellant Mason’s premeditation and intent to kill, as
relevant to the charges of first degree murder and facilitation of first degree murder. We
agree. Appellant Mason’s statement that she was going to be on “The First 48” was not
offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, that Appellant Mason would, in fact, be on
the television show. Rather, the statement went to Appellant Mason’s intent.4 Accordingly,
because Appellant Mason’s statement was not hearsay, it did not implicate Appellant Harris’s
right of confrontation under Bruton. Appellant Harris is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        Appellant Harris next argues that the trial court erroneously admitted an autopsy
photograph because the cause of death was not a contested issue at trial and because the
photograph “did nothing to enhance the testimony of Dr. Laboy.” As a result, according to
Appellant Harris, the photograph was inflammatory and prejudicial. The State responds that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photograph. We agree with the

        4
           Although the trial court determined that the statement was relevant to Appellant Mason’s intent,
the statement also was relevant to the nonhearsay purpose of proving the effect on the listener. See State v.
Venable, 606 S.W.2d 298, 301 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980) (holding that a statement introduced for its effect
on the listener is not hearsay); Neil P. Cohen et. al, Tennesse Law of Evidence § 8.01, at 8-23 (5th ed. 2005)
(“[A]ny time the statement is used to prove the hearer or reader’s mental state upon hearing the declaration,
words repeated from the witness chair are not hearsay . . . because [the statement] is not used to prove the
truth of the matter asserted in the statement.”). Swift testified that immediately after the women heard this
statement, they all ducked down in the car.

                                                    -13-
State.

       The trial court has discretion regarding the admissibility of photographs, and a ruling
on this issue “will not be overturned on appeal except upon a clear showing of abuse of
discretion.” State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978). First, a photograph must
be “verified and authenticated by a witness with knowledge of the facts” before it can be
admitted into evidence. Id. Second, a photograph must be relevant to an issue that the jury
must determine before it may be admitted. State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 102-03 (Tenn.
1998) (citing State v. Stephenson, 878 S.W.2d 530, 542 (Tenn. 1994); Banks, 564 S.W.2d
at 951). However, if the photograph’s “prejudicial effect outweighs its probative value,” it
should not be admitted. Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951; see also Tenn. R. Evid. 401 and 403. A
relevant photograph “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.” Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951. Unfair prejudice has been defined by the Tennessee
Supreme Court as “an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly,
though not necessarily an emotional one.” Id. Photographs must never be used “solely to
inflame the jury and prejudice them against the defendant.” Id.

      Here, during Dr. Laboy’s testimony, the trial court held a bench conference to
consider the admissibility of the photograph. The photograph depicts the victim’s abdomen
and chest. Sutures run vertically from the belly button to the bottom of the sternum and
horizontally below the victim’s breasts. The photograph also depicts a gunshot wound to the
abdomen and to the right breast. In finding the photograph admissible, the trial court stated:

         [The photograph] is not particularly gruesome, it is not particularly
         inflammatory. It is a homicide case. Tennessee case law indicates that
         photographs of the victim in a homicide case are admissible if they supplement
         the testimony of a medical examiner. If the intent and premeditation are
         denied, as it is in this case, they’re admissible for those reasons. . . . It’s not a
         bloody, gruesome, horrifying photograph. It shows an injury and it shows
         medical interventions that were used in order to try to save this woman’s life.
         Tennessee law also indicates that in homicide cases, all photographs
         necessarily are unpleasant. Simply because a photograph is unpleasant doesn’t
         meant [sic] that it is inadmissible. The Court does not find that the probative
         value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The State
         has to prove this as an intentional premeditated killing. It has been denied by
         both parties and this photograph does supplement the testimony of the medical
         examiner. . . . [The photograph] will be admitted as an exhibit.

During Dr. Laboy’s testimony, he referred to the autopsy photograph at issue in describing

                                                 -14-
the victim’s wounds, an “exit defect of the gunshot wound on the abdomen on the right side,
close to the midline” and an “entry defect of the gunshot wound on the right breast.” He also
referred to the photograph in describing the trajectory of the bullets and the damage they
caused internally. He described “the [surgical] incision closed with sutures.”

        We conclude that the trial court properly admitted the autopsy photograph. First, it
was adequately verified and authenticated. Second, it was relevant to at least two issues for
the jury: whether Appellant Mason caused Sabrina’s death, see T.C.A. § 39-13-201
(“Criminal homicide is the unlawful killing of another person . . . .”), and whether Appellant
Mason acted with premeditation, see State v. Nichols, 24 S.W.3d 297, 302 (Tenn. 2000)
(citing Brown, 836 S.W.2d at 542) (stating that the infliction of multiple wounds is evidence
of premeditation). Third, the photograph’s probative value was not substantially outweighed
by unfair prejudice under Rule 403. The photograph corroborated Dr. Laboy’s testimony and
served as an aid to the testimony, facilitating his description of the victim’s wounds. In
considering the danger of unfair prejudice, we recognize that the photograph was graphic.
Nevertheless, it was not gruesome or inflammatory. We cannot conclude, therefore, that the
graphic nature of the photograph substantially outweighed its probative value. Consequently,
Appellant Harris has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion, and he is not entitled
to relief.

       Appellant Harris challenges the trial court’s exclusion of evidence that Sabrina
committed a violent act in the past, evidence Appellant Harris sought to introduce in order
to prove that Sabrina was the first aggressor and that Appellant Mason was acting in self-
defense. He argues that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the evidence and
violated his constitutional right to present a defense. In response, the State argues that
Appellant Harris was not entitled to present evidence in support of a theory that Appellant
Mason killed out of self-defense. According to the State, only Appellant Mason could have
introduced such evidence because “first aggressor is only available to the defendant charged
with [the] crime that inflicted the injury on the victim, rather than any collateral defendants
who might have facilitated the crime.” Additionally, the State argues that the proof did not
support a claim of self-defense to which this evidence of Sabrina’s violent character would
be relevant. We conclude that the trial court did not err in excluding this evidence.

       A defendant has a constitutional right under due process to present a defense and to
offer testimony. State v. Flood, 219 S.W.3d 307, 316 (Tenn. 2007) (citing Chambers v.
Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 294 (1973); State v. Brown, 29 S.W.3d 427, 431 (Tenn. 2000)).
Such a right, however, is not absolute, and a defendant must comply with procedural and
evidentiary rules in presenting a defense. Id. (citing Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302). “So long
as the rules of procedure and evidence are not applied arbitrarily or disproportionately to
defeat the purposes they are designed to serve, these rules do not violate a defendant’s right
to present a defense.” Id. (citing United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308 (1998)). A

                                              -15-
court, in considering whether the exclusion of evidence amounts to a constitutional violation
of a defendant’s right to present a defense, considers “(1) [w]hether the excluded evidence
is critical to the defense; (2) [w]hether the evidence bears sufficient indicia of reliability; and
(3) [w]hether the interest supporting exclusion of the evidence is substantially important.”
Id. (citing Brown, 29 S.W.3d at 434-35).

        Evidence of a victim’s character for violence, such as that at issue here, is subject to
several evidentiary rules. See Tenn. R. Evid. 404(a)(2) (allowing for the use of evidence
pertaining to the victim’s character); Tenn. R. Evid. 405 (governing the methods of proving
character). This court has further explained the use of first-aggressor evidence under the
rules, “In cases such as this, the only basis for the introduction of a victim’s reputation for
prior acts of violence is to corroborate the victim was the first aggressor. Thus, before such
evidence is admissible, the evidence must establish an issue which makes such evidence
relevant, and, therefore, admissible.” State v. Robinson, 971 S.W.2d 30, 40 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1997) (citations omitted). Because first-aggressor evidence pertains only to a claim of
self-defense, the evidence must establish self-defense as an issue before first-aggressor
evidence is relevant and, consequently, admissible. See Tenn. R. Evid 401 (defining
evidence as relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence”); Tenn. R. Evid. 402 (“Evidence which is not relevant is not
admissible.”).

      Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-611(b)(2) provided for the defense of self-
defense at the time of the March 21, 2009 shooting as follows:

       [A] person who is not engaged in unlawful activity and is in a place where the
       person has a right to be has no duty to retreat before threatening or using force
       intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury, if:

       (A) The person has a reasonable belief that there is an imminent danger of
       death or serious bodily injury;

       (B) The danger creating the belief of imminent death or serious bodily injury
       is real, or honestly believed to be real at the time; and

       (C) The belief of danger is founded upon reasonable grounds.

T.C.A. § 39-11-611(b)(2) (2008). Acts committed in self-defense are justified, and self-
defense is a complete defense to crimes of violence. See T.C.A. § 39-11-601; State v. Ivy,
868 S.W.2d 724, 727 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). “Reliance on self-defense is not limited to
the exact moment of the assault [but] may be considered in connection with the entirety of

                                               -16-
the events leading to the assault.” Ivy, 868 S.W.2d at 727 (citing Allsup v. State, 73 Tenn.
362 (1880)).

       Here, Appellant Harris cross-examined Laketra concerning Sabrina’s character. After
Laketra testified on cross-examination that Sabrina was not a violent person, Harris proffered
additional testimony from Laketra outside the presence of the jury. Laketra acknowledged
that Sabrina threw a glass candle holder at her in July 2008. Following the proffer, the court
ruled that the evidence was inadmissible. After generally discussing the evidentiary rules
governing character evidence, the trial court stated:

       [Character traits] are admissible under some circumstances and in a homicide
       case, if there is an issue of self defense, if there is an issue as to who was the
       first or initial aggressor, then those character traits become admissible.

              Mr. Harris and Ms. Mason can’t have inconsistent defenses. . . .
       [Counsel for Mason] and Ms. Mason are not saying this is self defense.
       They’re not saying that Ms. Mason shot at anybody. Ms. Mason’s theory is
       that she shot at no one. She was not present and this is a case of mistaken
       identity.

              Mr. Harris can certainly take a position that this is self defense of some
       sort and again, that would be inconsistent with his theory, if he has a theory
       and I understood his theory to be that he was not facilitating this crime, that he
       did not knowingly provide assistance to Ms. Mason when she . . . killed one
       person and committed an aggravated assault against two [sic] other people. .
       ..

             There is nothing on the record right now that would indicate that self
       defense is an issue in this case. Whether or not Ms. Mason claims it was self
       defense or not [sic], there’s nothing on this record that would indicate that
       whatever happened on March 21st[,] 2009, was a case of self defense. . . .

       ....

       . . . This testimony is not relevant and if at some point, if Mr. Harris presents
       proof or there is some proof on the record that would indicate that this is in
       fact a case of self defense, I will revisit as to whether or not the character of
       the victim may be admissible to show that the victim was the first or the initial
       aggressor . . . .

Appellant Harris did not offer any other evidence pertaining to self-defense or the victim’s

                                              -17-
character during the remainder of the trial.

        We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence.
Even assuming that Harris was entitled to assert self-defense on behalf of his codefendant
Mason, nothing in the record established that Appellant Mason acted in self-defense. As
noted by the trial court, Appellant Mason’s theory of the case was that she was not the
shooter. Moreover, there was no proof that Sabrina or any of the other three victims posed
an imminent danger to Appellant Mason at the time of the shooting, that Appellant Mason
believed she was in imminent danger, or that any such belief was reasonable. Rather, the
proof of the circumstances surrounding the killing demonstrated that Appellant Mason
pursued the victims while they were trying to leave. As a result, self-defense was not at issue
in the case, and the trial court properly excluded character evidence suggesting Sabrina was
the first aggressor. Furthermore, the exclusion did not violate Appellant Harris’s right to
present a defense because the evidence was not relevant or critical to the defense. See Flood,
219 S.W.3d at 316. Appellant Harris is not entitled to relief on this issue.

       Appellant Harris next challenges the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on self-
defense and various other lesser included offenses. Appellant Harris first contends that “the
issue of self-defense was fairly raised based on Appellant Mason’s putative fear of imminent
death or serious bodily injury, and that the trial court’s failure to offer an instruction on self-
defense was in error.” The State responds that the trial court properly denied the request.
We agree with the State.

        The right to trial by jury is guaranteed by the United States and Tennessee
Constitutions. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 6. Proceeding from this right
to a jury trial is a defendant’s “right to a correct and complete charge of the law, so that each
issue of fact raised by the evidence will be submitted to the jury on proper instructions.”
State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000) (citing State v. Teel, 793 S.W.2d 236,
249 (Tenn. 1990)). “In determining whether a defense instruction is raised by the evidence,
the court must examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant to determine
whether there is evidence that reasonable minds could accept as to that defense.” State v.
Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. 2001) (citing Johnson v. State, 531 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tenn.
1975); State v. Bult, 989 S.W.2d 730, 733 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998)). When reviewing
challenged jury instructions, we must look at “the charge as a whole in determining whether
prejudicial error has been committed.” In re Estate of Elam, 738 S.W.2d 169, 174 (Tenn.
1987) (citing Abbot v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 682 S.W.2d 206, 209 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984));
see also State v. Phipps, 883 S.W.2d 138, 142 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). “A charge should
be considered prejudicially erroneous if it fails to fairly submit the legal issues or if it
misleads the jury as to the applicable law.” State v. Hodges, 944 S.W.2d 346, 352 (Tenn.
1997) (citing State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 447 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)). Because the
propriety of jury instructions is a mixed question of law and fact, the standard of review is

                                               -18-
de novo with no presumption of correctness. State v. Smiley, 38 S.W.3d 521, 524 (Tenn.
2001).

        As we stated above, the law on self-defense at the time of these crimes required a
defendant to prove that (1) he “ha[d] a reasonable belief that there [was] an imminent danger
of death or serious bodily injury,” (2) “[t]he danger creating the belief of imminent death or
serious bodily injury [was] real, or honestly believed to be real at the time,” and (3) “[t]he
belief of danger [was] founded upon reasonable grounds.” T.C.A. § 39-11-611(b)(2)(A)-(C)
(2008).

       Here, in a hearing outside the presence of the jury, the trial court considered Appellant
Harris’s request for a jury instruction on self-defense. It reviewed the trial evidence and the
requirements for self-defense, and it determined that self-defense was not applicable:

       In order for the Court to charge self defense it has to be raised by the proof. .
       . . [I]f there’s any proof that Ms. Mason may have acted in self defense, the
       Court has to charge [self defense]. . . . [I]t has to be fairly raised by the
       evidence and as I indicated earlier and after the Court has heard all the proof,
       there’s nothing on the record that would raise self defense.

        The record supports the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on self-defense. As
we discussed above, the record did not support any of the elements of self-defense.
Appellant Harris relies on the fight earlier in the day on March 21, testimony that the victims
may have been looking for Appellant Mason after the fight, and testimony that Laketra may
have been preparing to run over Appellant Mason before Appellant Mason pulled a gun. He
argues that these circumstances fairly raised the question of self-defense. Contrary to
Appellant Harris’s assertion, none of these circumstances are evidence of any imminent
danger to Appellant Mason, or of her actual and reasonable belief of danger, at the time she
pursued the victims and shot at them. We conclude, therefore, that the parties offered no
evidence at trial that reasonable minds could have accepted in support of self-defense, and
the trial court did not err in denying Appellant Harris’s request to instruct the jury on self-
defense. Consequently, Appellant Harris is not entitled to relief.

        Harris also argues that the trial court erred in failing to charge numerous lesser
included offenses. As lesser included offenses of facilitation of first degree murder, he
asserts that the trial court should have charged facilitation of several offenses not involving
homicide including: aggravated assault, reckless aggravated assault, reckless endangerment
with a deadly weapon, simple assault, and misdemeanor reckless endangerment. He argues
that the jury “could have determined that the extent of Harris’ knowledge of Mason’s intent
and/or the extent of his substantial assistance reached only to” these lesser offenses. He also
complains that the trial court did not instruct the jury on various inchoate offenses, including

                                              -19-
“attempted facilitation, facilitation of attempt, and attempted facilitation of attempt of each
of the following: second degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, reckless homicide,
criminally negligent homicide, aggravated assault, reckless aggravated assault, reckless
endangerment with a deadly weapon, simple assault, and misdemeanor reckless
endangerment.” He asserts that the evidence did not clearly establish “both the completion
of the underlying felony committed by Ms. Mason and the completion of Harris’ own
facilitation, i.e., his substantial assistance” such that the court was relieved of the requirement
to charge the jury on attempt. He contends that the trial court should have charged
“attempted facilitation of attempt” because the jury “could have found . . . that his substantial
assistance did not necessarily facilitate the completed felony but did facilitate an attempt of
the underlying felony.” Appellant Harris extends these same arguments to the charged
offense of facilitation of aggravated assault, asserting that the trial court should have charged
facilitation of three lesser offenses: reckless aggravated assault, reckless endangerment with
a weapon, and misdemeanor reckless endangerment. He alleges the court should have
instructed the jury on “attempted facilitation, facilitation of attempt, and attempted
facilitation of attempt of each of the following: reckless aggravated assault, reckless
endangerment with a weapon, simple assault, and misdemeanor reckless endangerment.”

        The State responds that the trial court did not commit reversible error in refusing to
instruct the jury on these lesser offenses. Regarding the offense of facilitation of first degree
murder, the State argues that the trial court correctly determined that all the lesser offenses
of first degree murder that did not involve homicide were inapplicable because, due to
Sabrina’s death, no jury “would find that the defendant was guilty of lesser offenses not
involving death.” The State also asserts, while noting disagreement among panels of this
court, that aggravated assault and assault are not lesser included offenses of first degree
murder. The State further argues that any error was harmless because the evidence of
Appellant Harris’s guilt was overwhelming and because Appellant Harris was not prejudiced
by the error. The State notes the improbability, considering the jury’s verdict of guilt for the
three counts of facilitation of aggravated assault on the surviving victims, that the jury would
have convicted Harris of anything less than facilitation of aggravated assault for the charge
resulting from Sabrina’s death. The State argues that the trial court was correct to deny
Appellant Harris’s request to instruct the jury on attempt because the crimes were completed.
Regarding the offenses of facilitation of aggravated assault, the State argues that, even
assuming that the trial court erred in denying Appellant Harris’s requested charge on lesser
included offenses, there was no prejudice because the jury convicted him on the highest
charged offense. We conclude that although the trial court erred in instructing the jury, any
error was harmless.

       In State v. Burns, the Tennessee Supreme Court outlined the test to determine if
offenses constituted lesser included offenses:


                                               -20-
       An offense is a lesser-included offense if:

       (a) all of its statutory elements are included within the statutory elements of the
       offense charged; or

       (b) it fails to meet the definition in part (a) only in the respect that it contains
       a statutory element or elements establishing

              (1) a different mental state indicating a lesser kind of
              culpability; and/or

              (2) a less serious harm or risk of harm to the same person,
              property or public interest; or

       (c) it consists of

              (1) facilitation of the offense charged or of an offense that
              otherwise meets the definition of lesser-included offense in part
              (a) or (b); or

              (2) an attempt to commit the offense charged or an offense that
              otherwise meets the definition of lesser-included offense in part
              (a) or (b); or

              (3) solicitation to commit the offense charged or an offense that
              otherwise meets the definition of lesser-included offense in part
              (a) or (b).

6 S.W.3d 453, 466-67 (Tenn. 1999). The court held that if an offense constitutes a lesser
included offense pursuant to the aforementioned test, then the trial court needs to undergo
the following two-step analysis before deciding whether an instruction on the lesser included
offense is given to the jury:

       First, the trial court must determine whether any evidence exists that
       reasonable minds could accept as to the lesser-included offense. In making
       this determination, the trial court must view the evidence liberally in the light
       most favorable to the existence of the lesser-included offense without making
       any judgments on the credibility of such evidence. Second, the trial court must
       determine if the evidence, viewed in this light, is legally sufficient to support
       a conviction for the lesser-included offense.


                                              -21-
Id. at 469. Pursuant to the test established in Burns, “an attempt to commit the offense
charged” constitutes a lesser included offense. Id. at 467. However, the trial court must still
conduct the two-step analysis in order to determine whether an instruction on the lesser
included offense of attempt should be given to the jury. Id. at 469. The Tennessee Supreme
Court has also noted that “where the evidence clearly establishes the completion of the crime,
it is unnecessary for the trial court to charge the jury as to attempt.” State v. Banks, 271
S.W.3d 90, 127 (Tenn. 2008). Any error in instructing the jury is considered under the
harmless error doctrine. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d at 433-34; see also Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b) (“A
final judgment from which relief is available and otherwise appropriate shall not be set aside
unless, considering the whole record, error involving a substantial right more probably than
not affected the judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial process.”). “Failure to
give a lesser-included offense instruction will result in reversal unless a reviewing court
concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not affect the outcome of the trial.”
State v. Allen, 69 S.W.3d 181, 189 (Tenn. 2002).

       Here, Appellant Harris filed a request for a jury charge on lesser included offenses,
including those listed above. Before the end of trial, the court conducted a hearing regarding
the jury instructions and denied Appellant Harris’s requests. After summarizing the Burns
standard, the court stated:

       [C]ases since Burns have indicated that an attempt, a facilitation or solicitation
       is an included offense only if no proof exists of the completion of the crime
       and that attempts and facilitation should not be charged if there is no proof that
       the crime itself was not actually committed. There’s no question on this record
       that Ms. Campbell was in fact killed. There’s no question that this is not an
       attempted first degree murder, not an attempted killing because this is a
       completed act. There’s no question that aggravated assault was actually a
       completed act in this case. It’s just a question of whether or not Ms. Mason
       committed this crime or whether Mr. Harris facilitated the commission of these
       crimes. . . . [T]he proof in this case actually does indicate that the crime was
       in fact completed, whether it was first degree murder or the aggravated assault.

As lesser included offenses of facilitation of first degree murder, the trial court charged
facilitation of second degree murder, facilitation of voluntary manslaughter, facilitation of
reckless homicide, and facilitation of criminally negligent homicide. As a lesser included
offense of facilitation of aggravated assault, the trial court charged facilitation of assault.

        Considering first the court’s instructions on lesser included offenses of facilitation of
first degree murder, we conclude that the trial court erred in not charging facilitation of
aggravated assault, reckless aggravated assault, simple assault, and misdemeanor reckless
endangerment. This court has issued divergent decisions on the question of whether assault

                                              -22-
and related offenses that do not involve death are properly charged as lesser included
offenses of homicide offenses. Compare State v. Lia Bonds, No. W2006-01943-CCA-R3-
CD, 2007 WL 3254711, at *10-12 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 2, 2007), perm. app. denied
(Tenn. Apr. 14, 2008) (collecting authority and holding that misdemeanor reckless
endangerment and assault are lesser included offenses of second degree murder), and State
v. Paul Graham Manning, No. M2002-00547-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 354510, at *6 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Feb. 14, 2003), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 15, 2003) (holding that aggravated
assault and assault are lesser included offenses of first degree premeditated murder), with
State v. John C. Walker, III, No. M2005-01432-CCA-RM-CD, 2005 WL 1798758, at *8-11
(Tenn. Crim. App. July 28, 2005), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 19, 2005) (collecting
authority and holding that aggravated assault and assault are not lesser included offenses of
first degree premeditated murder). We agree with the Burns analysis articulated by this court
in Paul Graham Manning:

       [F]irst degree premeditated murder is the “premeditated and intentional killing
       of another.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1). An aggravated assault is
       committed, on the other hand, when the accused intentionally, knowingly, or
       recklessly causes serious bodily injury to another. See id. § 39-13-
       102(a)(1)(A), (a)(2)(A). Similarly, an assault is committed when one
       “[i]ntentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another.” Id.
       § 39-13-101(a)(1). The mens rea of intentional includes the mens reas of
       knowing and reckless. See id. § 39-11-301(a)(2). A killing certainly includes
       serious bodily injury (as well as “mere” bodily injury). Thus, all of the
       statutory elements of these forms of aggravated assault and assault are
       included within the statutory elements of first degree premeditated murder, and
       they are therefore lesser-included offenses under part (a) of the Burns test.

Paul Graham Manning, 2003 WL 354510, at *6; see also Lia Bonds, 2007 WL 3254711, at
*11 (quoting the analysis from Paul Graham Manning). By this same reasoning, first degree
premeditated murder also includes reckless aggravated assault, see T.C.A. § 39-13-
102(a)(1)(B)(i) (defining the offense as the reckless commission of an assault accompanied
by, as relevant here, serious bodily injury to another), and misdemeanor reckless
endangerment, see T.C.A. § 39-13-103(a) (defining the offense as “recklessly engag[ing] in
conduct that places or may place another person in imminent danger of death or serious
bodily injury”). It was error for the trial court to deny Appellant Harris’s request to charge
the jury on these offenses.

       It was not error, however, for the trial court to refuse to instruct the jury on reckless
endangerment with a deadly weapon. Because this offense requires as an element the use
of a deadly weapon, Id. § 39-13-103(b)(2), and because first degree premeditated murder
does not require the use of a deadly weapon, id. § 39-13-202(a)(1), reckless endangerment

                                              -23-
with a deadly weapon is not a lesser included offense of first degree premeditated murder
under the Burns test. State v. Phedrek T. Davis, No. M2006-00198-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL
2051446, at *19 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, July 19, 2007), aff’d, 266 S.W.3d 896, 898
(Tenn. 2008).

        The trial court also properly refused to instruct the jury on attempted facilitation,
facilitation of attempt, and attempted facilitation of attempt. The trial court correctly
determined that all the proof at trial indicated that all the alleged crimes were completed such
that instructions on attempt were unnecessary. Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 127.

        Having found error in the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on the lesser included
offenses of facilitation of aggravated assault, reckless aggravated assault, simple assault, and
misdemeanor reckless endangerment, we must consider whether the error was harmless.
After considering the whole record, we conclude that the any error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. The jury, when instructed on the offenses of facilitation of aggravated
assault and facilitation of assault of the three surviving victims, found Appellant Harris guilty
of facilitation of aggravated assault, a Class D felony. The evidence on those three counts
was identical to the evidence on the count arising from Sabrina’s death, with the exception
that Sabrina was shot and killed. As the State argues, it is therefore unreasonable to think
that the jury would have convicted Appellant Harris of anything less than facilitation of
aggravated assault had the court instructed the jury on the lesser included offenses not
involving death. Under the trial court’s instructions, however, Appellant Harris was
convicted of Class A misdemeanor facilitation of criminally negligent homicide, a much less
serious offense. Consequently, the trial court’s error did not result in any prejudice, and
Appellant Harris is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        Turning next to the court’s instructions for lesser included offenses of facilitation of
aggravated assault, we conclude it was not error for the trial court to refuse to instruct the
jury on the offenses of facilitation of reckless aggravated assault, reckless endangerment with
a deadly weapon, and misdemeanor reckless endangerment. The indictment alleged
aggravated assault committed by causing the victims to reasonably fear imminent bodily
injury through the use of a deadly weapon. T.C.A. § 39-13-102(a)(1)(A)(ii). None of the
offenses that form the basis of Appellant Harris’s complaint here are lesser included offenses
of such an aggravated assault. See State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 776 (Tenn. 2004)
(holding that reckless aggravated assault is not a lesser included offense of aggravated assault
committed by causing the victim to reasonably fear imminent bodily injury through the use
of a deadly weapon because reckless aggravated assault entails the additional element of
bodily injury); State v. Moore, 77 S.W.3d 132, 135 (Tenn. 2002) (holding that reckless
endangerment with a deadly weapon is not a lesser included offense of aggravated assault
committed by causing the victim to reasonably fear imminent bodily injury through the use
of a deadly weapon due to reckless endangerment’s additional element of the risk of

                                               -24-
imminent danger).5 Harris is not entitled to relief on this issue.

         Sentencing. Appellants Mason and Harris challenge the trial court’s sentencing
orders. Until recently, this court reviewed issues regarding the length and manner of service
of a sentence de novo with a presumption that the trial court’s determinations are correct.
In State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, (Tenn. 2012), the Tennessee Supreme Court adopted a new
standard of review for sentencing and stated:

        [W]hen the 2005 amendments vested the trial court with broad discretionary
        authority in the imposition of sentences, de novo appellate review and the
        “presumption of correctness” ceased to be relevant. Instead, sentences
        imposed by the trial court within the appropriate statutory range are to be
        reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard with a “presumption of
        reasonableness.”

Id. at 708 at *19. Accordingly, we now review challenges to the trial court’s application of
mitigating or enhancement factors under an abuse of discretion standard with a “presumption
of reasonableness.” Id. The defendant maintains the burden of showing the impropriety of
the sentence. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d), Sentencing Comm’n Comments. If the trial court
followed the statutory sentencing procedure, made adequate findings of fact that are
supported by the record, and gave due consideration and proper weight to the factors and
principles that are relevant to sentencing under the sentencing act, this court may not disturb
the sentence even if a different result was preferred. State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

       As an initial matter, Appellant Harris argues that the trial court improperly denied
alternative sentencing because it misapplied the factors that can outweigh a defendant’s
favorable consideration for alternative sentencing. Specifically, he asserts that the trial court
improperly found that he had an extensive criminal history, that measures less restrictive than
confinement had been unsuccessful, and that incarceration was necessary for deterrence. The
State responds, and we agree, that the trial court properly applied the factors weighing
against granting Appellant Harris alternative sentencing.

       Any sentence that does not involve complete confinement is an alternative sentence.
See generally State v. Fields, 40 S.W.3d 435 (Tenn. 2001). Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-102(6)(A) states that a defendant who does not require confinement under
subsection (5) and “who is an especially mitigated or standard offender convicted of a Class

       5
           The reasoning of Moore also precludes, as a lesser included offense of the form of aggravated
assault alleged here, misdemeanor reckless endangerment because it requires the same element of risk of
imminent danger.

                                                 -25-
C, D, or E felony, should be considered as a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing
options in the absence of evidence to the contrary[.]” T.C.A. § 40-35-102(6)(A). However,
a trial court “shall consider, but is not bound by, the advisory sentencing guideline” in section
40-35-102(6)(A). Id. § 40-35-102(6)(D). A trial court should consider the following when
determining whether there is “evidence to the contrary” indicating that an individual should
not receive alternative sentencing:

       (A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant who
       has a long history of criminal conduct;

       (B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
       offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective deterrence
       to others likely to commit similar offenses; or

       (C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently
       been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant[.]

Id. § 40-35-103(1)(A)-(C); see State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

        We note that the trial court’s determination of whether the defendant is entitled to an
alternative sentence and whether the defendant is a suitable candidate for full probation are
different inquiries with different burdens of proof. State v. Boggs, 932 S.W.2d 467, 477
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). When a defendant is considered a favorable candidate for
alternative sentencing, the State has the burden of presenting evidence to the contrary. See
State v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448, 455 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995), overruled on other grounds
by Hooper, 29 S.W.3d at 9. However, the defendant has the burden of establishing suitability
for full probation, even if the defendant is considered a favorable candidate for alternative
sentencing. See id. at 455-56 (citing T.C.A. § 40-35-303(b)).

       A defendant is eligible for probation if the actual sentence imposed upon the
defendant is ten years or less and the offense for which the defendant is sentenced is not
specifically excluded by statute. T.C.A. § 40-35-303(a). The trial court shall automatically
consider probation as a sentencing alternative for eligible defendants; however, the defendant
bears the burden of proving his or her suitability for probation. Id. § 40-35-303(b). In
addition, “the defendant is not automatically entitled to probation as a matter of law.” Id. §
40-35-303(b), Sentencing Comm’n Comments. Rather, the defendant must demonstrate that
probation would serve the ends of justice and the best interests of both the public and the
defendant. See State v. Souder, 105 S.W.3d 602, 607 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002).

      When considering probation, the trial court should consider the nature and
circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s criminal record, the defendant’s background

                                              -26-
and social history, his present condition, including physical and mental condition, the
deterrent effect on the defendant, and the best interests of the defendant and the public. See
State v. Kendrick, 10 S.W.3d 650, 656 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (citing State v. Grear, 568
S.W.2d 285, 286 (Tenn. 1978)). In addition, the principles of sentencing require the sentence
to be “no greater than that deserved for the offense committed” and “the least severe measure
necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed.” T.C.A. § 40-35-
103(2), (4). Moreover, “[t]he potential or lack of potential for the rehabilitation or treatment
of the defendant should be considered in determining the sentence alternative or length of
a term to be imposed[,]” and “[t]he length of a term of probation may reflect the length of
a treatment or rehabilitation program in which participation is a condition of the sentence[.]”
Id. § 40-35-103(5). Our supreme court has held that truthfulness is also a factor which the
court may consider in deciding whether to grant or deny probation. State v. Bunch, 646
S.W.2d 158, 160 (Tenn. 1983) (citing State v. Poe, 614 S.W.2d 403, 404 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1981)).

        Here, the trial court found that all of the factors to be considered as evidence contrary
to ordering alternative sentencing applied to Appellant Harris. First, it determined that Harris
had a long history of criminal conduct and that confinement was necessary to protect the
community. T.C.A. § 40-35-103(1)(A). Appellant Harris challenges this finding on the
ground that his criminal history is not “extensive.” He asserts that because the trial court
earlier in the hearing stated that his criminal history was not extensive, the trial court was
precluded from finding a “long” history for the purposes of denying alternative sentencing.
He further contends that the trial court impermissibly relied on his juvenile record in making
this finding.

       The trial court did not err in denying alternative sentencing based on the need to
protect the community from Appellant Harris and that Appellant Harris had a long history
of criminal conduct. Although the trial court stated that Harris’s criminal record was not
“extensive” for the purposes of consecutive sentencing, see id. § 40-35-115(b)(2), it
determined that Appellant Harris had a “long” history for the purposes of denying alternative
sentencing. Because statutory consideration for alternative sentencing and consecutive
sentencing are distinct, the trial court did not err in concluding that Appellant Harris had a
long history of criminal conduct but not an extensive history. The record shows that between
1995 and the instant offenses in 2009, Appellant Harris engaged in criminal conduct on eight
occasions. Additionally, although a trial court cannot find the enhancement factor of
additional criminal convictions beyond that necessary to establish the appropriate sentencing
range based on a defendant’s juvenile history, see State v. Jackson, 60 S.W.3d 738, 741-42
(Tenn. 2001), it may properly consider a juvenile record in denying alternative sentencing.
See State v. Zeolia, 928 S.W.2d 457, 462-63 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996) (affirming the trial
court’s consideration of the defendant’s juvenile record in denying alternative sentencing);
State v. Bobby Holt, Jr., No. W2002-02443-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 21957080, at *3 (Tenn.

                                              -27-
Crim. App., at Jackson, Aug. 15, 2003), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 22, 2003) (holding
that the trial court properly denied alternative sentencing based in part on the defendant’s
juvenile history). Accordingly, the record supports the trial court’s determination that
confinement was necessary to protect society from Appellant Harris, based on his history of
criminal conduct.

       Second, the trial court found that confinement provided an effective general deterrent
to others. T.C.A. § 40-35-103(1)(B). Appellant Harris contests this finding, arguing that the
record contains no evidence that confinement will have a deterrent effect.

       In Hooper, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that a trial court could rely on
deterrence alone to support a denial of probation or an alternative sentence:

       [W]e hold that a trial judge may sentence a defendant to a term of
       incarceration based solely on a need for deterrence when the record contains
       evidence which would enable a reasonable person to conclude that (1)
       deterrence is needed in the community, jurisdiction, or state; and (2) the
       defendant’s incarceration may rationally serve as a deterrent to others similarly
       situated and likely to commit similar crimes.

Hooper, 29 S.W.3d at 13. The court recommended that a trial court consider factors, not
limited to the following, when determining whether confinement is appropriate because of
the need for deterrence:

       (1) Whether other incidents of the charged offense are increasingly present in
       the community, jurisdiction, or in the state as a whole;

       (2) Whether the Defendant’s crime was the result of intentional, knowing, or
       reckless conduct or was otherwise motivated by a desire to profit or gain from
       the criminal behavior;

       (3) Whether the Defendant’s crime and conviction have received substantial
       publicity beyond that normally expected in the typical case;

       (4) Whether the Defendant was a member of a criminal enterprise, or
       substantially encouraged or assisted others in achieving the criminal objective;
       and

       (5) Whether the Defendant has previously engaged in criminal conduct of the
       same type as the offense in question, irrespective of whether such conduct
       resulted in previous arrests or convictions.

                                             -28-
Id. at 10-12.

       The trial court here found that the first factor applied. It stated:

       [T]hese offenses are increasingly present in this community. This is an
       aggravated assault. This is a person who facilitated the loss of someone else’s
       life. Memphis[,] Shelby County[,] Tennessee is the second most violent[,]
       most dangerous metropolitan area in this country. Most of the violence . . .
       that is in this community . . . is driven by guns, gangs, and drugs. Guns are
       present in this instance. . . . When you look at the criminal statistics of what’s
       going on in Shelby County, other violent crimes including homicides are going
       down. Aggravated assault, domestic violence related cases, those cases
       continue to spiral . . . . [I]nnocent folks are being killed as a result of random
       gunfire in this community and it has to stop before we have dead bodies all
       over the streets of Shelby County[,] Tennessee.

In finding that Hooper factor (2) applied, the court determined that Appellant Harris’s crime
was a result of intentional, knowing, or reckless conduct. In applying Hooper factor (4), the
trial court determined that Appellant Harris substantially encouraged or assisted others in
achieving the criminal objective. The court found that Hooper factors (3) and (5) did not
apply.

       Here, we agree with Appellant Harris and conclude that the trial court erred in denying
alternative sentencing based on deterrence. Although the trial court described an escalating
problem in Shelby County, the record includes no evidence, statistical or otherwise, of the
increasing problem under Hooper factor (1). See Hooper, 29 S.W.3d at 11 (“[T]estimony by
someone with special knowledge of the level of a particular crime will generally be sufficient
to establish the presence of this factor.”) Nor do the other two factors alone, on this record,
suggest that deterrence is needed in the community and that confinement might rationally
serve as a deterrent.

        The trial court denied alternative sentencing also based on finding that measures less
restrictive than confinement had frequently or recently been applied unsuccessfully to
Appellant Harris. T.C.A. § 40-35-103(1)(C). Appellant Harris argues that he has never been
placed on probation or given a sentence less restrictive than confinement because all his prior
sentences have involved confinement. According to Appellant Harris, the trial court should
have granted alternative sentencing as a result. In denying alternative sentencing, the court
stated:

       At that time [when Harris committed rape of a child on March 25, 1999,] Mr.

                                              -29-
       Harris would have been about seventeen years old . . . . Juvenile court tried to
       rehabilitate Mr. Harris, placed him in a structured environment and Mr. Harris,
       after he was placed in youth services bureau, that did not rehabilitate [him].
       Mr. Harris is twenty-eight years old. He does not have an extensive adult
       record, but he does have crimes, one crime of violence on his record, the
       assault conviction. He does have theft convictions on his record, which being
       a convicted thief would indicate that his credibility, his honesty is questioned
       and he also has a conviction for failure to appear in court, where he’s shown
       that he would not do what a judge will order him to do. So the court does find
       that measures less restrictive than confinement have been tried and they have
       been unsuccessful. Confinement has not been successful because he’s not
       been placed on probation as an adult. He has not been sentenced to lengthy
       criminal sentences. The most lengthy period of incarceration was twelve days,
       but those attempts to rehabilitate Mr. Harris have in fact failed.

We conclude that the trial court properly denied alternative sentencing based on these
findings. The court determined that Appellant Harris had been supervised and counseled
through juvenile court programs, which failed to prevent Appellant Harris from committing
additional crimes. The court also found that Appellant Harris had a history of disobeying
court orders, suggesting that he would be an unsuccessful candidate for alternative
sentencing. Id. § 40-35-103(5). The record supports these findings, and the trial court did
not err in denying alternative sentencing for these reasons.

        Finally, the trial court found that confinement was necessary to avoid depreciating the
seriousness of the offenses. Id. § 40-35-103(1)(B). Appellant Harris does not challenge this
finding. As the State argues, this finding alone would support the denial of alternative
sentencing in this case, where the circumstances of the offenses reflect that Appellant Harris
needlessly put many bystanders at serious risk. See State v. Housewright, 982 S.W.2d 354,
357 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (holding that a court may deny alternative sentencing based on
the circumstances of the offense alone when they are “especially violent, horrifying,
shocking, reprehensible, offensive, or otherwise of an excessive or exaggerated degree” and
the nature of the offense “outweigh[s] all factors favoring probation.” (quotations and
citations omitted)). In short, the record supports the trial court’s denial of alternative
sentencing, and Appellant Harris is not entitled to relief.

        Appellants Mason and Harris argue that the trial court erred in ordering their
sentences to be served consecutively. Appellant Mason contends that consecutive sentencing
is not necessary to protect society, contrary to the trial court’s findings, because her criminal
history consists only of one misdemeanor driving offense. Appellant Harris argues that the
trial court erred in determining that he was a dangerous offender by punishing him for the
level of risk that is implicitly included in his conviction offenses and by mistakenly

                                              -30-
attributing to Appellant Harris the additional risk resulting from Appellant Mason’s conduct
of firing a gun in a residential neighborhood. Appellant Harris also contests the court’s
findings that consecutive sentences were reasonable in light of the seriousness of the offenses
and were necessary to protect the public from Appellant Harris. The State responds that the
record supports the trial court’s orders of consecutive sentencing. We agree with the State.

       When a defendant is convicted of one or more offenses, the trial court generally has
discretion to decide whether the sentences shall be served concurrently or consecutively.
T.C.A. §40-35-115(a), (b); T.C.A. §40-35-115(d), Sentencing Comm’n Comments (“[W]hile
consecutive sentences are discretionary, in a few instances, consecutive sentences are
mandated either by statute or by Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32.”). A trial court may order multiple
offenses to be served consecutively if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a
defendant fits into at least one of seven categories enumerated in section 40-35-115(b):

       (1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted the
       defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood;

       (2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive;

       (3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person so declared by a
       competent psychiatrist who concludes as a result of an investigation prior to
       sentencing that the defendant’s criminal conduct has been characterized by a
       pattern of repetitive or compulsive behavior with heedless indifference to
       consequences;

       (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or
       no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in which
       the risk to human life is high;

       (5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses involving
       sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating circumstances
       arising from the relationship between the defendant and victim or victims, the
       time span of defendant’s undetected sexual activity, the nature and scope of the
       sexual acts and the extent of the residual, physical and mental damage to the
       victim or victims;

       (6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while on probation;
       or

       (7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.


                                             -31-
Id. § 40-35-115(b). Furthermore, an order of consecutive sentencing must be “justly
deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense,” id. § 40-35-102(1), and the length of
a consecutive sentence must be “no greater than that deserved for the offense committed,”
T.C.A. § 40-35-103(2).

       Here, the trial court ordered consecutive sentencing for both Appellant Mason and
Harris based on finding that each appellant was “a dangerous offender whose behavior
indicat[ed] little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in
which the risk to human life is high” under section 40-35-115(b)(4). In the course of the
sentencing hearing, the trial court discussed the nature of the offenses and summarized each
appellant’s involvement in the offenses. It discussed the crime scene, a residential
neighborhood, and the danger to bystanders, both in their homes and on the streets where the
car chase and shooting occurred. The court determined for each Appellant that the aggregate
sentences were necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offenses and to protect
the community.

       We conclude that the trial court properly ordered consecutive sentencing based on
finding that Appellants Mason and Harris are dangerous offenders under section 40-35-
115(b)(4). Regarding this subsection, the Tennessee Supreme Court has stated:

       Proof that an offender’s behavior indicated little or no regard for human life
       and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life was
       high, is proof that the offender is a dangerous offender, but it may not be
       sufficient to sustain consecutive sentences. Every offender convicted of two
       or more dangerous crimes is not a dangerous offender subject to consecutive
       sentences; consequently, the provisions of [s]ection 40-35-115 cannot be read
       in isolation from the other provisions of the Act. The proof must also establish
       that the terms imposed are reasonably related to the severity of the offenses
       committed and are necessary in order to protect the public from further
       criminal acts by the offender.

State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d 698, 708 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d
933, 938 (Tenn.1995)). Unlike the other six subsections, the trial court must make additional
factual findings for the “dangerous offender” subsection because it is “‘the most subjective
and hardest to apply.’” Id. (quoting State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 461 (Tenn. 1999)).

       Considering first Appellant Mason’s argument that consecutive sentencing is not
necessary to protect society due to her limited criminal history, we conclude that the record
supports the trial court’s order of consecutive sentencing. Although Appellant Mason had
only one relatively minor prior conviction, the egregious nature of the instant offenses, in
which Appellant Mason responded to a “bump” to someone else’s car by eventually engaging

                                             -32-
in a fight, chasing the victims, and then shooting at them multiple times in a densely
populated neighborhood, supported the trial court’s finding that consecutive sentencing was
necessary to protect the public from Appellant Mason. See State v. Tammy R. Flatt, No.
M2008-01959-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 4438285, at *21 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 2, 2009)
(stating that courts commonly find consecutive sentencing necessary to protect the public
when the defendant committed the crime in an “extraordinarily wanton or violent manner”).
Appellant Mason is not entitled to relief.

        We likewise conclude that the record supports the trial court’s order that Appellant
Harris serve his sentences consecutively. Appellant Harris correctly asserts that the trial
court may not impose consecutive sentencing based on the level of danger that is implicit in
the offense of conviction. See State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 603 (Tenn. 1994).
Nevertheless, the record supports the trial court’s determination that Appellant Harris
committed the offenses here in a manner that created a greater risk to human life than that
which is implicit in the offenses of facilitation of criminally negligent homicide and
facilitation of aggravated assault. This is so, as the trial court discussed at length, due to the
risk to bystanders in close proximity to the chase and shooting, including Teresa Harris, her
daughter and granddaughter, and Cassandra Allen-Wolfe. See State v. Sims, 909 S.W.2d 46,
50 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (holding that a high risk to human life may be found “in
situations where individuals other than the victim are in the area and are subject to injury”),
abrogated on other grounds by State v. Charles Justin Osborne, No. 01C01-9806-CC-00246,
1999 WL 298220, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 12, 1999). Additionally, although Appellant
Harris seeks to distinguish his conduct from that of Appellant Mason, the jury’s verdict on
facilitation established that he knowingly and substantially assisted Appellant Mason in her
offenses, while knowing that she intended to commit the offenses. See T.C.A. § 39-11-403
(defining the offense of facilitation). His criminal conduct contributed to the extraordinary
high risk of injury to bystanders that made these crimes particularly severe. Finally, the
egregious nature of the offense, as determined in Appellant Mason’s case, is sufficient to
support a finding that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public. We therefore
conclude that the trial court properly exercised its discretion in ordering Appellant Harris to
serve his sentences consecutively.

                                       CONCLUSION

       Upon review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.




                                                     ______________________________
                                                     CAMILLE R. McMULLEN, JUDGE


                                              -33-
