                     United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                ________________

                                   No. 08-3838
                                ________________


Qwest Corporation,                     *
                                       *
             Appellant,                *
                                       *
      v.                               *
                                       *
Anne C. Boyle, in her official         *
capacity as Commissioner of the        *
Nebraska Public Service                *
Commission; Gerald L. Vap, in          *
his official capacity as               *
Commissioner of the Nebraska           *     Appeal from the United States
Public Service Commission, Rod         *     District Court for the
Johnson, in his official capacity as   *     District of Nebraska.
Commissioner of the Nebraska           *
Public Service Commission; Frank       *
E. Landis, Jr., in his official        *
capacity as Commissioner of the        *
Nebraska Public Service                *
Commission; Timothy Schram, in         *
his official capacity as               *
Commissioner of the Nebraska           *
Public Service Commission;             *
Nebraska Public Service                *
Commission,                            *
                                       *
             Appellees.                *
                                _______________

                           Submitted: October 20, 2009
                               Filed: December 29, 2009
                              ________________

Before RILEY, HANSEN and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                         ________________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

       Qwest Corporation challenges an order issued by the Nebraska Public Service
Commission setting the rates that competitors must pay to lease elements of Qwest’s
local telephone network in Nebraska. The district court,1 applying a deferential
standard of review, affirmed the Commission’s order. For the following reasons, we
affirm in part and remand to the district court with instructions to remand to the
Commission for further proceedings concerning how Qwest will implement the order.

I.    BACKGROUND

       The Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires established local telephone
companies such as Qwest to lease elements of their networks to rival companies
seeking to enter a local market. The established companies are conventionally called
“ILECs,” which stands for “incumbent local exchange carriers.”2 The ILECs’ rivals
are called “CLECs,” which stands for “competitive local exchange carriers.” And the


      1
      The Honorable Richard G. Kopf, United States District Judge for the District
of Nebraska.
      2
       The ILECs were spun off from the old AT&T in 1982 as part of the antitrust
settlement that ended the national monopoly in telephone service. See AT&T
Commc’ns of Ill., Inc. v. Ill. Bell Tel. Co., 349 F.3d 402, 404 (7th Cir. 2003).

                                        -2-
network elements that ILECs are required to lease to CLECs are called “UNEs,”
which stands for “unbundled network elements.”

       The Act allows ILECs to negotiate and contract with CLECs regarding the rates
for leasing UNEs. See 47 U.S.C. § 252(a). In the event that carriers cannot reach an
agreement, the Act authorizes state public utilities commissions to set rates. See id.
§ 252(b); see also Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions in the
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 11 F.C.C.R. 15499, ¶¶ 620, 693 (Aug. 8, 1996).
State commissions must, in turn, follow implementing regulations issued by the
Federal Communications Commission. See MPower Commc’ns Corp. v. Ill. Bell Tel.
Co., 457 F.3d 625, 627 (7th Cir. 2006).

        Two FCC regulations are particularly relevant here. The first regulation
provides that rates for UNEs must be based on a standard known as “total element
long-run incremental cost,” or “TELRIC.” 47 C.F.R. § 51.505(a); see also Verizon
Commc’ns Inc. v. FCC, 535 U.S. 467 (2002) (holding that the FCC has authority
under the Act to require state commissions to set rates based on TELRIC). Under
TELRIC, rates “are calculated according to what it would cost today to build and
operate an efficient network that can provide the same services as the ILEC’s existing
network.” Qwest Corp. v. Koppendrayer, 436 F.3d 859, 863 (8th Cir. 2006). In other
words, “TELRIC obliges . . . state regulators to set prices based on the long-run costs
that would be incurred to produce the services in question using the most-efficient
telecommunications technology now available, and the most efficient network
configuration.” AT&T Commc’ns of Ill., Inc. v. Ill. Bell Tel. Co., 349 F.3d 402, 405
(7th Cir. 2003). TELRIC thus differs from “old-style rate regulation,” in which a
commission simply determined “how much capital a utility ha[d] reasonably invested
in its plant and then set[] the reasonable rate of return on that investment.” MPower
Commc’ns, 457 F.3d at 629. As other courts have noted, TELRIC is a very flexible
standard. See, e.g., id. at 630 (“Because the endeavor is hypothetical and prospective,
it is impossible to find ‘right’ answers; there are only better and worse estimates.”);

                                         -3-
AT&T Commc’ns of Ill., 349 F.3d at 405 (“TELRIC is a framework rather than a
formula; there is considerable play in the joints.”); AT&T Corp. v. FCC, 220 F.3d 607,
616 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (“[E]normous flexibility is built into TELRIC.”).

       The second regulation requires state commissions to “establish different rates
for elements in at least three defined geographic areas within the state to reflect
geographic cost differences.” 47 C.F.R. § 51.507(f). The process of establishing
different rates for UNEs in different areas is called “geographic deaveraging.”
According to the FCC, rates must be deaveraged to “more closely reflect the actual
costs of providing . . . unbundled elements.” Implementation of the Local Competition
Provisions, 11 F.C.C.R. 15499, ¶ 764.

       In 2002, the Nebraska Public Service Commission set the leasing rates for
Qwest’s “local loops,” a term of art referring to the “last mile” of copper wire or fiber-
optic cable that connects customers to the local network. In Docket C-2516, the
Commission used three economic cost studies to determine TELRIC for Qwest’s
loops. The Commission then used a statistical technique called cluster analysis to
place “wire centers” (the connecting point for local loops and the carrier’s central
office) with similar cost characteristics into three geographically-deaveraged zones.
The Commission’s application of this methodology resulted in the following monthly
leasing rates for individual loops in each zone: Zone 1, $15.14; Zone 2, $35.05; and
Zone 3, $77.92. Qwest later moved to reduce these rates by 20 percent.3 The
Commission granted Qwest’s motion, resulting in monthly rates of $12.14, $28.11,
and $62.49. The parties agree that these rates complied with the TELRIC standard.

     In addition to its rate-setting responsibilities, the Commission is responsible for
administering Nebraska’s “universal service fund,” which is intended to “ensure[] that

      3
       Qwest sought to reduce its leasing rates in connection with an application to
provide long-distance phone service in Nebraska and other states, which was then
pending before the FCC. See 47 U.S.C. § 271.

                                           -4-
all Nebraskans, without regard to their location, have comparable accessibility to
telecommunications services at affordable prices.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-317. The
Commission supports universal access by allocating subsidies to service providers.
In 2004, the Commission adopted a new method of allocating these subsidies. The so-
called “long-term universal service funding mechanism” that the Commission adopted
in Docket NUSF-26 was designed to target subsidies to rural, out-of-town areas where
the costs of providing service are highest. In particular, the Commission developed
a model using econometric regression (another form of statistical analysis) to calculate
subsidies based on the relationship between household density and “forward-looking
costs.”4 The Commission also ordered certain subsidies for leased UNEs to be
“ported” (i.e., transferred) from the ILEC to a CLEC. The Commission adjusted the
size of portable subsidies linked to loops providing service to residential customers
and eliminated portable subsidies linked to many loops providing service to business
customers.5 While this proceeding did not affect the leasing rates for Qwest’s loops,
the new method of allocating subsidies led to a competitive imbalance in Zone 2 and
Zone 3.6




      4
        This is another term that the parties use to refer to hypothetical estimates of
“long-run costs” for Qwest’s loops (as opposed to the actual “historical costs” that
Qwest has invested in its plant). See generally Verizon Commc’ns, 535 U.S. at 495-
501 (2002); AT & T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 525 U.S. 366, 424-25 (1999) (Breyer,
J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
      5
       Specifically, the Commission authorized continuing portable subsidies to
CLECs that had existing leases on loops providing service to business customers but
eliminated portable subsidies linked to business loops that were not already leased by
a CLEC.
      6
       For instance, the portable subsidy linked to loops providing service to
residential customers in Zone 3 exceeded the leasing rate, so a CLEC profited from
leasing such loops even without charging the customer.

                                          -5-
       In 2006, the Commission opened an investigation into whether the three
geographically-deaveraged zones established in Docket C-2516 remained appropriate
in light of the funding mechanism announced in Docket NUSF-26. In Docket C-3554,
the Commission’s staff proposed adding in-town and out-of-town designations to the
existing zones. According to the staff, further deaveraging leasing rates would
account for geographic cost differences “on a more targeted basis.” Furthermore, the
staff suggested that adding in-town and out-of-town designations would restore
competitive neutrality by harmonizing leasing rates with portable subsidies.

       The Commission adopted the staff’s proposal to deaverage leasing rates into
four zones: Zone 1 (out-of-town); Zone 2 (out-of-town); Zone 3 (out-of-town); and
a zone encompassing in-town areas. The Commission defined in-town areas as
“cities, villages or unincorporated areas with 20 or more households and densities
greater than 42 households per square mile” and defined out-of-town areas as the
“remaining areas” in each zone “that have not been assigned to a town.”

       The Commission also adopted the staff’s proposed deaveraging method, which
had four basic steps. First, the existing leasing rates were multiplied by the number
of loops in each zone to determine the “total cost” in each zone. Second, the
percentage of “expected cost,”7 calculated using the econometric regression model
from Docket NUSF-26, was allocated to in-town and out-of-town areas. Third, the
total cost in each zone determined in step one was allocated to in-town and out-of-
town areas according to the percentages determined in step two. Fourth, the aggregate
costs for in-town and out-of-town areas were divided by the number of in-town and
out-of-town loops to determine per loop costs for in-town and out-of-town areas in
each zone. The Commission’s application of this methodology resulted in the

      7
       The Commission determined the “expected cost” for a given area based on the
observed relationship between forward-looking loop costs and household density.
Expected cost thus differs from “total cost,” which is simply the product of existing
leasing rates and the number of loops in each zone.

                                         -6-
following monthly leasing rates for loops in each zone: In-town, $10.76; Zone 1 (out-
of-town), $37.04; Zone 2 (out-of-town), $95.32; and Zone 3 (out-of-town), $210.90.8

       The Commission ordered Qwest to implement its order by identifying in-town
and out-of-town customers (as proxies for in-town and out-of-town loops) using the
distribution model developed in Docket NUSF-26. Qwest moved for reconsideration
and rehearing, asserting that the distribution model did not contain the data needed to
classify many of its customers’ addresses as in-town or out-of-town. Qwest requested
permission to use municipal tax records, which were already integrated into Qwest’s
billing system, instead of the distribution model. Qwest described this alternative
method of implementing the Commission’s order as “a reasonable approximation” of
the Commission’s definition of in-town and out-of-town areas. The Commission
denied Qwest’s motion because it was untimely. Qwest then moved for clarification,
modification, or waiver of the Commission’s order, renewing its request for
permission to use municipal tax records instead of the distribution model. The
Commission granted Qwest’s request for clarification, stating “that Qwest may use the
municipal tax information in its existing billing systems in the implementation of the
four zone methodology.”

       Qwest filed this action under 47 U.S.C. § 252(e)(6), which authorizes any party
aggrieved by the rates set by a state commission to seek judicial review in federal
court. The district court found that Qwest “[made] a good case for setting aside the
rate[s]” set by the Commission in Docket C-3554. Qwest Commc’ns Corp. v. Vap,
No. 8:07-cv-430, 2008 WL 4866351, at *1 (D. Neb. Nov. 7, 2008) (unpublished).
Specifically, the court noted that it was “doubtful” whether the Commission’s


      8
       The Commission established the following portable subsidies linked to loops
providing service to residential customers: In-town, $0; Zone 1 (out-of-town), $12.90;
Zone 2 (out-of-town), $71.18; and Zone 3 (out-of-town), $186.76. Thus, to take just
one example, a CLEC that leases an out-of-town residential loop in Zone 2 must pay
$95.32 to Qwest, but receives up to $71.18 from the universal service fund.

                                         -7-
deaveraging method resulted in TELRIC-based rates. Id. at *9. Nevertheless, the
court construed Qwest’s challenge as raising a mixed question of law and fact, subject
to review under the arbitrary and capricious standard. Id. The court held that the
Commission’s order did not violate the Act or applicable FCC regulations and was not
arbitrary and capricious. Id. at *9-11. Accordingly, the court concluded that “[e]ven
though it is . . . a close question, I will defer to the [Commission’s] judgment,
confident that it will take prompt corrective action in the event the marketplace
discloses that there is a[n] imbalance between rates and costs in any zone.” Id. at *9.
Qwest appeals.

II.   DISCUSSION

      Qwest makes five principal arguments for overturning the Commission’s order.
Although there is some overlap between these arguments, we find it convenient to
address them in turn. At the outset, however, we will recite the general principles
governing our standard of review.

       We review the district court’s decision de novo, “applying the same standards
as the district court.” Ace Tel. Ass’n v. Koppendrayer, 432 F.3d 876, 878 (8th Cir.
2005). Thus, we review a state public utilities commission’s interpretation of federal
law de novo. Id. (citing Qwest Corp. v. Minn. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 427 F.3d 1061,
1064 (8th Cir. 2005)). Recognizing the state commission’s “superior technical
expertise,” however, “we review its factual determinations under the arbitrary and
capricious standard.” Id. (citing Qwest Corp. v. Minn. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 427 F.3d
at 1064). The scope of review under the arbitrary and capricious standard is “narrow”;
the standard does not permit “a court . . . to substitute its judgment for that of the
agency.” Connect Commc’ns Corp. v. Sw. Bell Tel., L.P., 467 F.3d 703, 711 (8th Cir.
2006) (quoting In re Core Commc’ns, Inc., 455 F.3d 267, 277 (D.C. Cir. 2006)).




                                         -8-
      We have applied the arbitrary and capricious standard in reviewing
commissions’ decisions concerning “rate-setting issues.” See, e.g., WWC License,
L.L.C. v. Boyle, 459 F.3d 880, 894 (8th Cir. 2006) (citing Qwest Corp. v.
Koppendrayer, 436 F.3d 859, 863 (8th Cir. 2006)). For instance, the court in WWC
License applied the arbitrary and capricious standard in reviewing a challenge to a
commission’s cost estimates. Id. Likewise, the court in Qwest Corp. v. Koppendrayer
applied the arbitrary and capricious standard in reviewing challenges to a
commission’s “adoption of . . . cost models.” 436 F.3d at 871. These cases
appropriately focused on concrete rate-setting issues rather than abstract
methodological principles. See AT&T Commc’ns of Ill., Inc. v. Ill. Bell Tel. Co., 349
F.3d 402, 408 (7th Cir. 2003) (“Congress provided for federal judicial review of rates
set by state commissions; it did not provide for review of individual factors that
influence those rates.”). Given the fact-intensive nature of rate-setting, applying a
deferential standard of review makes good sense. See WWC License, 459 F.3d at 894.

       On the other hand, we have said that we review a commission’s decision “for
compliance with federal law de novo.” See, e.g., Connect Commc’ns, 467 F.3d at 708
(citing Qwest Corp. v. Minn. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 427 F.3d at 1064). The meaning
of “compliance” in this context is not entirely clear. Presumably, our statements
concerning review for compliance with federal law refer to purely legal questions
rather than the mixed questions that we have elsewhere described as “rate-setting
issues.” For instance, the court in WWC License applied the de novo standard in
reviewing a dispute about an ILEC’s statutory duties, noting that “resolution of
the . . . issue requires only interpretation of the Act.” 459 F.3d at 890. As we
mentioned above, the court went on to apply the arbitrary and capricious standard in
reviewing a challenge to the commission’s cost estimates. Id. at 894. The challenged
cost estimates in WWC License were based on the commission’s application of federal
pricing standards. Id. at 893-94. Thus, we can state with confidence that not every




                                         -9-
challenge to a commission’s application of federal law is reviewed de novo.9 We do
not want to bog down in a “standard of review quagmire,” Connect Commc’ns, 467
F.3d at 709, so we will not attempt a more comprehensive exegesis of these general
principles.10

      Turning to the merits, Qwest first argues that the Commission’s order violates
federal law because it sets rates based on a “mathematical equation” rather than a
“TELRIC cost study.” Qwest relies almost exclusively on 47 C.F.R. § 51.505(e),
which provides in pertinent part that “[a]n incumbent LEC must prove to the state
commission that the rates for each element it offers do not exceed the forward-looking
economic cost per unit of providing the element, using a cost study that complies with
the methodology set forth in this section.”

      The parties disagree about whether this challenge to the Commission’s
deaveraging method raises a pure question of law or a mixed question of law and fact.
Qwest contends that the Commission’s compliance with the Act and applicable FCC
regulations is a question of law and that “[n]o deference is owed to the cost
methodologies a state commission adopts to set rates.” Appellant’s Br. at 39. The


      9
        In practice, this means that an aggrieved party cannot obtain de novo review
merely by framing its challenge to a commission’s cost estimates (WWC License) or
a commission’s adoption of a particular cost model (Qwest Corp. v. Koppendrayer)
as a failure to “comply” with federal law.
      10
        Which standard of review we formally apply may often turn out to be
academic, for “there is no doubt . . . that if the federal courts believe a state
commission is not regulating in accordance with federal policy they may bring it to
heel.” AT & T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 525 U.S. 366, 378 n.6 (1999). It would not
be appropriate, however, to defer to a commission’s judgment based on the possibility
of corrective action. See AT&T Commc’ns of Ill., 349 F.3d at 411 (“[T]he possibility
of repair in the future is no warrant for promulgating today a rate that deviates from
the TELRIC standard. Federal law requires any rate for unbundled network elements,
adopted by a state commission, comply with TELRIC when adopted.”).

                                        -10-
Commission contends that the question whether its deaveraging method complies with
the Act and applicable regulations depends in part on its underlying factual findings
and in turn on “whether the record contains sufficient evidence to support those
factual findings.” Appellee’s Br. at 27-28.

       This challenge is difficult to classify because it assumes a crucial fact: that the
Commission’s deaveraging method nullified the results of the three cost studies that
the Commission used in Docket C-2516. That assumption fails to account for the
limited scope of the current rate-setting proceeding before the Commission. Recall
that the Commission’s avowed purpose in Docket C-3554 was to deaverage the
leasing rates for Qwest’s loops by adding in-town and out-of-town designations to the
existing geographic zones. The Commission’s deaveraging method started with the
existing leasing rates in each zone. Those rates satisfied the requirements set out in
47 C.F.R. § 51.505(e) because they were based on the averaged results of three cost
studies.11 The Commission used those cost studies to determine TELRIC for Qwest’s
loops. As the district court noted, the Commission’s “division of the [existing] zones
into ‘in-town’ and ‘out-of-town areas’ necessitated a change in rates, [but] the loop
costs that were used in the rate calculation remained unchanged.” Qwest Commc’ns
Corp. v. Vap, No. 8:07-cv-430, 2008 WL 4866351, at *9 (D. Neb. Nov. 7, 2008)
(unpublished). Hence, a new study of loop costs would have been superfluous.12


      11
        While the rates set in Docket C-2516 were later reduced by 20 percent, Qwest
has not shown that the initial rates failed to comply with the TELRIC standard.
      12
         Qwest submitted an updated cost study to the Commission but the
Commission did not consider it, noting that “if Qwest would like the Commission to
revisit the UNE rates [i.e., the underlying loop costs] established in Docket C-2516,
Qwest should file a request for the Commission to open a proceeding to determine
whether [those] rates . . . should be reviewed in light of alleged rising costs, evolution
in technology, increases in competition and other market changes.” As far as we can
tell, Qwest never formally requested such a proceeding. Qwest might have assumed
that by opening Docket C-3554 the Commission intended to set new leasing rates
from scratch; if Qwest made such an assumption, it was plainly mistaken.

                                          -11-
       Qwest suggests that there is a hole in this logic because the deaveraged rates
“bear no resemblance to the original TELRIC-compliant rates.” Reply Br. at 9. In
particular, Qwest asserts that “[a]ll rates for out-of-town loops have increased between
205% and 239%, and rates for in-town loops in zones 2 and 3 have decreased between
61% and 83%.” Reply Br. at 9. That is quite obviously an invalid comparison; one
should expect the bottom-line rates to differ, perhaps by large amounts, based on the
number of geographic zones (four versus three) and the use (or not) of in-town and
out-of-town designations.           Notwithstanding those differences, the key
input—estimated loop costs—remained the same for both sets of rates. The whole
point of further deaveraging the existing rates was to account for geographic cost
differences “on a more targeted basis.” The magnitude of the increases and decreases
in bottom-line rates that Qwest identifies only goes to show that the three-zone model
was obscuring large differences in loop costs in in-town versus out-of-town areas.

      Once the current rate-setting proceeding is placed in proper context, the relevant
question of law becomes whether a new cost study is required every time a state
commission wants to further deaverage existing rates that comply with the TELRIC
standard. Section 51.505(e) does not mention geographic deaveraging, so it is
inapposite on this point. Qwest has not identified any other authority for the
proposition that deaveraging existing rates that comply with the TELRIC standard
requires a new cost study, and we have found none. Because the Commission’s
deaveraging method did not nullify the results of the three cost studies that the
Commission used in Docket C-2516, a new cost study was not required. Accordingly,
we reject Qwest’s first argument for overturning the Commission’s order.

        Qwest next argues that the Commission’s order violates federal law because the
rates it sets are inaccurate and not “cost-based.” Qwest relies almost exclusively on
the following sentence in the FCC’s 1996 order on proposed rulemaking: “Where
costs differ, rate differences that accurately reflect those differences are not
discriminatory.” Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions in the

                                         -12-
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 11 F.C.C.R. 15499, ¶ 860 (Aug. 8, 1996). The
relevance of this sentence is not immediately apparent, for Qwest does not contend
that the rates violate the Act’s anti-discrimination provision. See 47 U.S.C. §
252(d)(1)(A)(ii) (providing that “[t]he just and reasonable rate for network
elements . . . shall be—nondiscriminatory”). Instead, the crux of Qwest’s argument
is that the rates violate the Act’s requirement “that prices must be based on estimates
of forward-looking costs that are accurate.” Appellant’s Br. at 51; see 47 U.S.C. §
252(d)(1)(A)(i) (providing that “[t]he just and reasonable rate for network
elements . . . shall be—based on the cost (determined without reference to a rate-of-
return or other rate-based proceeding) of providing the . . . network element”). On this
view, inaccurate rates are, ipso facto, not cost-based.

         Qwest frames the issue as a pure question of law. Specifically, Qwest asserts
that it is undisputed that the rates “are at least 22% inaccurate and are more likely 35%
inaccurate.” Reply Br. at 7. According to Qwest, these inaccuracies are an
unavoidable consequence of the regression model’s use of household density to
allocate costs between in-town and out-of-town areas. Reply Br. at 14-15. The
question therefore becomes whether rates with that “level of error meet the Act’s
requirement of accurate, cost-based rates.” Reply Br. at 13.

       We reject the premise that the rates suffer from an “undisputed level of error.”
Appellant’s Br. at 52. Qwest apparently defines “error” as any deviation from the
“estimates of true loop costs” derived from its preferred cost study, the “Benchmark
Cost Proxy Model,” or “BCPM.” Reply Br. at 12-14. But we see no reason to treat
the BCPM as the gold standard; the Commission certainly was not required to do so.
The real benchmark here is TELRIC, and TELRIC is a flexible standard. We will not
proceed as if there is a single “right” answer when it comes to estimating loop costs.
See MPower Commc’ns, 457 F.3d at 630. Thus, Qwest’s assertion that the rates are
at least 22 percent inaccurate amounts to an exercise in semantics with little or no
practical significance.

                                          -13-
       Moreover, since Qwest has failed to provide any objective criteria for
evaluating the accuracy of the regression model or the rates that it produced, its
second argument turns out to be an ipse dixit. The Commission’s expert, Dr. David
Rosenbaum, testified that the regression model explained 95 percent of the variation
between household density and the natural logarithm of loop costs and 78 percent of
the variation between household density and loop cost estimates under the BCPM.
Qwest asserts that an “error rate” of more than 20 percent is too high. But the fact that
a regression model does not explain a certain amount of variation between two
variables does not necessarily mean that the model is “inaccurate” in any legally
meaningful sense. In this instance, the amount of unexplained variation in the
relationship between household density and loop cost estimates (viz., 22 percent) does
not necessarily mean that the resulting rates deviate from TELRIC, much less that the
rates deviate from TELRIC by at least 22 percent.

        Qwest also points to testimony from its own expert, Dr. William Fitzsimmons,
who testified that the results obtained using the regression model deviate from loop
cost estimates under the BCPM by 35 percent. The Commission found that Qwest
“did not provide any alternative statistical criteria for evaluating whether or not the
fit of the regression model was poor or the variation substantial.” Put differently,
Qwest’s expert failed to provide adequate context for the Commission to assess the
significance of his findings. As a result, the Commission determined that the
regression model was “sufficiently accurate.”

       In our view, the dispositive question is whether the Commission’s adoption of
the deaveraging method proposed by its staff was arbitrary and capricious. Accord
MCI WorldCom Commc’ns, Inc. v. BellSouth Telecommc’ns, Inc., 446 F.3d 1164,
1177 (11th Cir. 2006) (reviewing a state commission’s decision to adopt a certain
method of geographically deaveraging rates under the arbitrary and capricious
standard). The applicable FCC regulation is 47 C.F.R. § 51.507(f), which provides
that “[s]tate commissions shall establish different rates for elements in at least three

                                          -14-
defined geographic areas within the state to reflect geographic cost differences.” As
the Eleventh Circuit has recognized, “section 51.507 does little to cabin the discretion
of a state commission when devising a geographic cost-based deaveraging method.”
MCI WorldCom Commc’ns, 446 F.3d at 1177.

      Qwest has not shown that the Commission’s deaveraging method violated the
general requirements set out in section 51.507(f).13 And we are not convinced that the
Commission’s adoption of that method was arbitrary and capricious. On the contrary,
Dr. Rosenbaum’s testimony leaves little doubt that household density was “the single
most significant cost variable.” Qwest Commc’ns Corp. v. Vap, 2008 WL 4866351,
at *9. Qwest has not proven that the rates are unreasonable, unsupported by
substantial evidence, or otherwise inconsistent with the TELRIC standard. See
MPower Commc’ns, 457 F.3d at 629-30. Nor has Qwest offered a viable alternative
method of further deaveraging the existing rates. Cf. Qwest Corp. v. Koppendrayer,
436 F.3d at 868 (upholding the commission’s adoption of a potentially flawed cost
model, in part because the ILEC failed to provide a “satisfactory alternative”).
Qwest’s conclusory assertion that the deaveraged rates are inaccurate and not cost-



       13
         Qwest points to a dictum in which the district court questioned “whether a rate
zone that cannot reliably be drawn on a map is a ‘defined geographic area’ within the
meaning of 47 C.F.R. § 51.507(f).” Qwest Commc’ns Corp. v. Vap, No. 8:07-cv-430,
2008 WL 4866351, at *10 n.26 (D. Neb. Nov. 7, 2008) (unpublished). The record
shows that Qwest did not raise this issue before the district court, and Qwest has not
offered any persuasive reason to consider the issue on appeal. See, e.g., Beavers v.
Lockhart, 755 F.2d 657, 662 (8th Cir. 1985) (“The general rule, of course, is that
federal appellate courts will not consider issues not raised in the district court.” (citing
Hormel v. Helvering, 312 U.S. 552, 556 (1941))). In any event, the dictum begs the
question by assuming that the deaveraged zones cannot be reliably drawn on a map.
Qwest asserts that delineating the relevant boundaries is impossible, but it has not
convincingly established that premise. To be sure, the zones might not be contiguous
or compact, but we are not aware of any prohibition on “gerrymandering” in these
circumstances.

                                           -15-
based is not enough to justify setting aside the Commission’s order.14 Accordingly,
we reject Qwest’s second argument.

      Qwest’s third argument is that the Commission’s order violates federal law
because the rates it sets will undermine “facilities-based competition” in Nebraska.
Qwest variously describes facilities-based competition as “[t]he Act’s ultimate
objective,” Reply Br. at 24, and, more modestly, as “one of the Act’s central
purposes,” Appellant’s Br. at 58. Qwest asserts that the new leasing rate for loops in
in-town areas underestimates loop costs. The in-town rate will discourage facilities-
based competition, the argument runs, because CLECs would rather lease Qwest’s
loops at an “artificially low” price than invest in building a parallel network. Reply
Br. at 24-25. Qwest claims that the Commission’s order “creates the opposite
problem” in out-of-town areas because “it is simply uneconomic for CLECs to
compete at the out-of-town rates.” Appellant’s Br. at 61.

        We will review this challenge under the arbitrary and capricious standard,
keeping in mind that if the Commission’s order contravenes federal policy then the
order must give way.15 See AT & T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 525 U.S. 366, 378 n.6
(1999). Initially, we reject the proposition that promoting facilities-based competition
is the sine qua non of valid rate-setting under the Act. The Supreme Court has noted


      14
        Even if we treated this challenge as a pure question of law, it would still fail.
Qwest has offered no plausible basis for setting the dividing line between “accurate”
and “inaccurate” rates; merely asserting that the new leasing rates are inaccurate does
not make it so. In fact, Qwest has not identified any provision in the Act or the FCC’s
implementing regulations that uses the term “accuracy,” much less a provision
defining the meaning of the term in this context.
      15
         We will also keep in mind that the FCC has made clear that state commissions
have substantial discretion under the Act to implement a “pro-competitive regime” in
their local markets. Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions, 11 F.C.C.R.
15499, ¶ 22.

                                          -16-
that the Act authorizes CLECs to pursue three “strategies” for competing in a local
market:

      First, a competitor entering the market . . . may decide to engage in pure
      facilities-based competition, that is, to build its own network to replace
      or supplement the network of the incumbent. . . . At the other end of the
      spectrum, the statute permits an entrant to skip construction and instead
      simply to buy and resell “telecommunications service,” which the
      incumbent has a duty to sell at wholesale. . . . Between these extremes,
      an entering competitor may choose to lease certain of an incumbent’s
      “network elements,” which the incumbent has a duty to provide “on an
      unbundled basis” at terms that are “just, reasonable, and
      nondiscriminatory.”

Verizon Commc’ns Inc. v. FCC, 535 U.S. 467, 491-92 (2002) (citing and quoting 47
U.S.C. § 251(a)-(c)). The Act thus recognizes the “practical difficulties” of promoting
competition, id. at 491, and “allows for an entrant that may have to lease some
‘unnecessarily expensive’ elements in conjunction with building its own elements to
provide a telecommunications service to consumers,” id. at 510 n.27 (quoting id. at
546 (Breyer, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)). Indeed, the FCC has
acknowledged that “entrants may need to share some facilities that are very expensive
to duplicate (say, loop elements) in order to be able to compete in other, more sensibly
duplicable elements (say, digital switches or signal-multiplexing technology).” Id. at
510 n.27 (emphasis added) (recounting the FCC’s position on facilities-based
competition). Assuming, then, that the Commission’s order will limit facilities-based
competition in in-town areas, that result is not necessarily at odds with federal policy,
for the Act does not require CLECs to construct parallel networks of loops if leasing
the ILEC’s existing loops would be equally or more efficient.

      To the extent the Act does embody a federal policy of promoting facilities-
based competition wherever possible, Qwest has not proven that the Commission’s
order will not do so. Qwest insists that the new rate for loops in in-town areas will

                                          -17-
discourage facilities-based competition because the rate underestimates loop costs.16
Here again, Qwest compares the new rate for loops in in-town areas to the rates for
those loops under the three-zone model. As we have said, that comparison is invalid
since the point of further deaveraging the existing rates was to account for geographic
cost differences (i.e., the differences in loop costs in in-town versus out-of-town areas)
that the three-zone model obscured. Qwest also points to testimony from Dr.
Fitzsimmons indicating that the results obtained using the Commission’s regression
model deviate from loop cost estimates under the BCPM. But as we have said, the
Commission was not required to treat the BCPM as the gold standard. The
Commission found that the new rate for loops in in-town areas complies with the
TELRIC standard, and that is what matters here. See Qwest Corp. v. Koppendrayer,
436 F.3d at 863 (noting that rates based on TELRIC “can provide accurate market
signals to inform CLECs’ decisions about whether to invest in their own facilities or
lease the ILEC’s facilities”).

       Qwest’s claim that the Commission’s order will discourage all competition in
out-of-town areas also lacks merit. Once more, Qwest compares the new rate for
loops in out-of-town areas to the rates for those loops under the three-zone model.
That comparison is invalid, for the reasons we have already discussed. In addition,
Qwest posits that the “dramatic disparities” in rates for in-town and out-of-town areas
“will stifle or altogether eliminate competitive alternatives offered by CLECs in rural
areas.” Appellant’s Br. at 61. In support of this point, Qwest notes that a CLEC
would be required to pay more than $200 to lease a loop in Zone 3, yet the rate it
could charge the customer would be sharply constrained under state law. Qwest
reasons that “[a]ny rational CLEC would . . . choose not to provide service to the
customer.” Appellant’s Br. at 61. We are not persuaded. This line of argument

      16
        Qwest has not identified any evidence in the record about CLECs’ past,
current, or projected future investment in building their own loops, in Nebraska or
elsewhere. Without reliable information about baseline investment levels, we are left
to speculate about the magnitude of the purported reduction in future investment.

                                          -18-
overlooks the existence of portable subsidies, which the Commission has targeted to
rural, out-of-town areas where the costs of providing service are highest. Returning
to Qwest’s example, a CLEC that leases an out-of-town residential loop in Zone 3
must pay $210.90 to Qwest, but receives up to $186.76 from the universal service
fund. Taking portable subsidies into account, we cannot say that CLECs will be
unable to compete with Qwest in out-of-town areas. In any event, the Commission
found that the new rates for loops in out-of-town areas comply with the TELRIC
standard. We may not overturn the Commission’s order based on mere speculation
about how CLECs will react to the “market signals” sent by those rates. See Qwest
Corp. v. Koppendrayer, 436 F.3d at 863.

      We conclude that the Commission’s order does not contravene federal policy.
In particular, we are not convinced that the new leasing rates will have anti-
competitive effects in any of the four geographically-deaveraged zones. Accordingly,
we reject Qwest’s third argument.

      Qwest’s fourth argument is that the Commission’s order is based on arbitrary
and capricious decision making. This challenge rehashes Qwest’s previous arguments
regarding the Commission’s deaveraging method and the accuracy of the new leasing
rates. Qwest also alleges that the Commission ignored testimony from Dr.
Fitzsimmons and another expert.

       As we have said, review under the arbitrary and capricious standard does not
permit “a court . . . to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Connect
Commc’ns, 467 F.3d at 711 (quoting In re Core Commc’ns, 455 F.3d at 277). But we
will not blindly defer to an agency decision that is uninformed or unexplained. The
agency must “examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory explanation for
its action including a rational connection between the facts found and the choice
made.” Id. (quoting In re Core Commc’ns, 455 F.3d at 277); see also Motor Vehicle
Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43-44 (1983).

                                       -19-
        We conclude that the Commission considered the relevant evidence and gave
an adequate explanation for its decision. In particular, we find that the Commission
gave a reasoned explanation for its decision to adopt the deaveraging method
proposed by its staff, which we have already discussed in connection with Qwest’s
first argument. Likewise, we find that the Commission gave a reasoned explanation
for its determination that the regression model was “sufficiently accurate,” which we
have already discussed in connection with Qwest’s second argument. Finally, we find
that Qwest’s allegation that the Commission ignored relevant testimony is not
supported by the record. The fact that the Commission “chose the . . . methodology
of one expert over another” does not mean that it ignored the testimony of Qwest’s
experts. See Qwest v. Koppendrayer, 436 F.3d at 871.

       Although the Commission’s order “could have provided more detail,” see id.,
the order shows that the Commission engaged in rational decision making that was not
arbitrary and capricious. Accordingly, we reject Qwest’s fourth argument.

       Qwest’s fifth argument is that it cannot implement the Commission’s order
because there is no reliable method of delineating the boundaries between in-town and
out-of-town areas. Specifically, Qwest claims that using municipal tax records is not
a workable solution because the records are incomplete. Qwest asserts that
implementing the Commission’s order would require it “to arbitrarily designate
thousands of Nebraska customers as in-town or out-of-town and, in turn, arbitrarily
determine whether the prices for their loops would be $10.76 or between 3.4 and 19.6
times that rate.” Appellant’s Br. at 56.

      We are troubled by the fact that Qwest proposed the solution that it now claims
is woefully inadequate. Before the Commission, Qwest described its alternative
method of implementing the Commission’s order as “a reasonable approximation” of
the Commission’s definition of in-town and out-of-town areas. Qwest now says that
method is “imperfect,” and that it only proposed using municipal tax records as a
stopgap measure. Appellant’s Br. at 55. In our view, Qwest has not shown that

                                        -20-
delineating the relevant boundaries is impossible, only that doing so would be costly
and inconvenient.

       Nevertheless, at oral argument, the Commission invited us to remand for further
proceedings concerning how Qwest will implement its order. We agree that a remand
is appropriate, but only for the limited purpose of settling on a workable method of
implementing the order. To be clear, we reject Qwest’s argument that there is no
reliable method of delineating the boundaries between in-town and out-of-town
areas.17 We express no opinion, however, on whether using municipal tax records is
a viable long-term solution.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court insofar
as it upheld the leasing rates set by the Commission in Docket C-3554. We remand
to the district court with instructions to remand to the Commission for further
proceedings concerning how Qwest will implement its order.



HANSEN, Circuit Judge, concurs in the judgment.
                _____________________________




       17
         Qwest argues that the four-zone model violates 47 C.F.R. § 51.507(f) because
the in-town and out-of-town zones cannot reliably be drawn on a map (and thus do not
qualify as “defined geographic areas”). We reject this argument for the reasons
discussed in note 13, supra. We also reject any suggestion that the Commission must
find a “perfect” solution. Thus, Qwest should not construe this limited remand as an
invitation to take a second bite at challenging the validity of the Commission’s order.

                                         -21-
