                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-0863
                                    A14-1021

                               J. D. Donovan, Inc., et al.,
                                      Appellants,

                                           vs.

                     Minnesota Department of Transportation, et al.,
                                    Respondents.

                                Filed February 2, 2015
                                       Affirmed
                                     Reilly, Judge

                             Ramsey County District Court
                       File Nos. 62-CV-13-1272, 62-CV-13-1242

Thomas R. Revnew, Jessica H. Hofrichter, Seaton, Peters & Revnew, P.A., Minneapolis,
Minnesota (for appellants)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Mathew Ferche, Stephen D. Melchionne, Assistant
Attorneys General, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondents)

      Considered and decided by Chutich, Presiding Judge; Reilly, Judge; and

Toussaint, Judge.*




*
 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

REILLY, Judge

      These consolidated appeals challenge the district courts’ application of the

Minnesota Prevailing Wage Act (MPWA). Appellants contest determinations by the

district courts granting summary judgment in favor of respondents, arguing that the

district courts erred by (1) determining that the work performed by appellants qualified as

“work under the contract” subject to the MPWA, and (2) concluding that the commercial-

establishment exception does not apply. We affirm.

                                         FACTS

      In July 2009, the State of Minnesota, through the Minnesota Department of

Transportation (MnDOT), awarded a contract for a construction project to general

contractor Hardrives, Inc. (Hardrives) for full completion of a stretch of state highway

along trunk highways 10 and 23 in Benton County, Minnesota (State Project 0501-27).

Hardrives agreed to provide milling concrete and bituminous surface, apply an ultrathin

bonded wearing course overlay, and replace guardrails on a 2.542-mile section of

highway. The project was scheduled to begin on August 3, 2009, and end within 15

working days.

      In April 2012, MnDOT awarded a contract to general contractor OMG Midwest,

Inc., d/b/a Southern Minnesota Construction, Inc. (OMG Midwest) to perform

construction work along trunk highway 30 in Blue Earth County, Minnesota (State

Project 0705-19). OMG Midwest agreed to provide concrete pavement rehabilitation,

bituminous mill and overlay with culvert repairs and guardrail, and concrete pavement


                                            2
rehabilitation to a 14.454-mile section of the highway. The project was scheduled to

begin on April 30, 2012, and end by June 30, 2012.

      MnDOT administers activities required to implement, monitor, and enforce the

State and Federal Small Business Contracting Programs, including those for

Disadvantaged Business Enterprises (DBE). The contracts for the two state projects each

contained a federal DBE component, requiring the use of a DBE on a certain percentage

of the projects. OMG Midwest and Hardrives committed to achieve 6.4% and 4.8% DBE

participation on their respective state projects.       OMG Midwest and Hardrives

subcontracted with appellant J.D. Donovan, Inc. (Donovan) for asphalt cement supplies

and trucking services. Donovan is certified as a Minnesota DBE engaged under the Code

of Federal Regulations, title 49, part 26 for specialized freight, petroleum and petroleum

products, and construction sand and gravel mining.

OMG Midwest’s Contract

      OMG Midwest contracted with Donovan to purchase 300 tons of asphalt cement

material. Donovan purchased the material from Northern Tier Energy in St. Paul Park,

Minnesota, and transported it to OMG Midwest’s fixed commercial plant location near

Kasota, Minnesota. MnDOT credited OMG Midwest with 60% DBE participation for

the portion of the Donovan subcontract attributable to asphalt cement supply, and 100%

DBE participation for the portion of the Donovan subcontract attributable to trucking

services. The contract between MnDOT and OMG Midwest included an addendum for

Federally Funded Construction Contracts, Special Provisions Division A – Labor,

requiring all contractors to submit a weekly payroll statement to MnDOT along with a


                                            3
completed and signed Statement of Compliance form. These special provisions required

the prime contractor to maintain responsibility for all certified payroll records, including

those of all subcontractors, throughout the course of the construction project.

Hardrives’s Contract

       Hardrives contracted with Donovan to purchase asphalt cement materials and

arrange for transport of the material from Flint Hills Resources in Savage, Minnesota, to

Hardrives’s fixed commercial plant location. Hardrives also contracted with appellant

Wayne Transports, Inc. (Wayne) for service on the project. Wayne is a common motor

and contract carrier, conducting for-hire trucking operations and transporting a variety of

asphalt, chemical, dry bulk, propane, and petroleum products.           Wayne transported

approximately 1,129 loads of asphalt cement for Hardrives. MnDOT credited Hardrives

with 60% DBE participation for the portion of the Donovan subcontract attributable to

asphalt cement supply and 100% DBE participation for the portion of the Donovan

subcontract attributable to trucking services. The parties’ contract included an addendum

for Federally Funded Construction Contracts, Special Provisions Division A – Labor,

requiring all contractors to submit a weekly payroll statement to the department along

with a completed and signed Statement of Compliance form.             Under these special

provisions, Hardrives was required to maintain responsibility for the certified payroll

records of its subcontractors throughout the course of the construction project.

MnDOT demands payroll records from OMG Midwest and Hardrives

       MnDOT later demanded payroll records from OMG Midwest and Hardrives for

the hauling work performed by Donovan and Wayne in connection with the state


                                             4
projects. MnDOT’s labor-compliance unit informed OMG Midwest and Hardrives that

the hauling work undertaken by the subcontractors was not exempt under Minn. Stat.

§ 177.4, subd. 2 (2014), and demanded compliance. Donovan and Wayne refused to

comply with MnDOT’s request. Instead, Hardrives, Donovan, and Wayne initiated an

action in district court against MnDOT and the Minnesota Department of Labor &

Industry (DLI) seeking declaratory judgment and injunctive relief. Donovan and OMG

Midwest initiated a separate action in district court against MnDOT and DLI on similar

grounds, also seeking declaratory judgment and injunctive relief. The district courts

dismissed DLI from the actions and granted MnDOT’s motion for dispositive relief.

These consolidated appeals followed.

                                    DECISION

             Rule 56 of the Minnesota Rules of Civil Procedure is
             designed to implement the stated purpose of the rules—
             securing a just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of an
             action—by allowing a court to dispose of an action on the
             merits if there is no genuine dispute regarding the material
             facts and a party is entitled to judgment under the law
             applicable to such facts.

DLH, Inc. v. Russ, 566 N.W.2d 60, 69 (Minn. 1997). Accordingly, summary judgment is

appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on

file, together with any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material

fact and that either party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Minn. R. Civ. P.

56.03. On appeal from summary judgment, the reviewing court applies a de novo

standard of review. Kratzer v. Welsh Cos., LLC, 771 N.W.2d 14, 18 (Minn. 2009). The

evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom judgment was


                                           5
granted. Id. The application of statutes to undisputed facts is a legal conclusion, which

we review de novo. City of Morris v. Sax Invs., Inc., 749 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Minn. 2008).

                                              I.

       The MPWA requires contractors performing work on state projects to pay their

laborers the prevailing wage. Minn. Stat. §§ 177.41-44 (2014); see also Minn. Stat.

§ 161.32 (2014) (regulating construction and maintenance contracts for trunk highways).

This directive is based on the legislature’s conviction that it is in the public’s interest to

ensure that public-works are “constructed and maintained by the best means and highest

quality of labor reasonably available and that persons working on public works be

compensated according to the real value of the services they perform.” Minn. Stat.

§ 177.41. Accordingly, it is the policy in Minnesota “that wages of laborers, workers,

and mechanics on projects financed in whole or part by state funds should be comparable

to wages paid for similar work in the community as a whole.” Id. The prevailing wage is

determined by the commissioner of labor and industry. Minn. Stat. § 177.43, subd. 4.

The MPWA was modeled after the federal Davis-Bacon Act, 40 U.S.C. §§ 3141-3148

(2006), which governs the payment of wages on federally funded projects. Dicks v.

Minn. Dep’t of Admin., 627 N.W.2d 334, 337 (Minn. App. 2001), review denied (Minn.

July 24, 2001). The Davis-Bacon Act was enacted to protect union employees, and

provides that laborers on federal construction projects must be paid no less than the

minimum wage “without subsequent deduction or rebate on any account.” Midwest Pipe

Insulation, Inc. v. MD Mech., Inc., 771 N.W.2d 28, 30 n.2 (Minn. 2009) (citing 40 U.S.C.

§ 3142(c)(1)).


                                              6
       The first issue on appeal is whether the district courts erred in determining that

Donovan and Wayne performed “work under the contract” as that term is defined in the

MPWA.          This issue turns on a question of statutory interpretation.          Statutory

interpretation presents a question of law that we review de novo. Hoekstra v. Comm’r of

Pub. Safety, 839 N.W.2d 536, 540 (Minn. App. 2013). “The object of all interpretation

and construction of laws is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the legislature.”

Minn. Stat. § 645.16 (2014). We begin with the proposition that the plain language of a

statute is the “touchstone” of statutory interpretation. ILHC of Eagan, LLC v. Cnty. of

Dakota, 693 N.W.2d 412, 419 (Minn. 2005). Thus, where the statutory language is

“clear, explicit, unambiguous, and free from obscurity, courts are bound to expound the

language according to the common sense and ordinary meaning of the words.” Krueger

v. Zeman Const. Co., 758 N.W.2d 881, 885 (Minn. App. 2008) aff’d, 781 N.W.2d 858

(Minn. 2010) (citations omitted); Minn. Stat. § 645.08(1) (2014) (“[W]ords and phrases

are construed according to rules of grammar and according to their common and

approved usage[.]”). Judicial construction is not necessary when a statute’s meaning is

plain from its language as applied to the facts of the case. ILHC of Eagan, LLC, 693

N.W.2d at 419.

       The rules governing prevailing-wage determinations define “work under the

contract” as

                all construction activities associated with the public works
                project, including any required hauling activities on the site of
                or to or from a public works project and work conducted
                pursuant to a contract as defined by item B, regardless of
                whether the construction activity or work is performed by the


                                               7
              prime contractor, subcontractor, trucking broker, trucking
              firms, independent contractor, or employee or agent of any of
              the foregoing entities, and regardless of which entity or
              person hires or contracts with another.

Minn. R. 5200.1106, subp. 2(A) (2013). “Contract” is defined as “the written instrument

containing the consideration and the terms of agreement between the prime contractor

and the contracting agency for the construction of all or a part of . . . a highway pursuant

to Minnesota Statutes, sections 161.32 and 177.44.” Id., subp. 2(B). “Contract” includes

project proposals, plans, and specifications. Id.

       MnDOT argues that appellants are subcontractors on the state projects and

performed “work under the contract” under a plain reading of the MPWA, obviating the

need for further interpretation by this court. The prevailing-wage provision applies to

“laborers” who are “employed by a contractor, subcontractor, agent, or other person”

performing work on a contract to which the state is a party. Minn. Stat. § 177.44, subd.

1; see also Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Twin City Millwork Co., 291 Minn. 293, 301, 191

N.W.2d 401, 406 (1971) (determining company was acting as a subcontractor in

construction of a public project where product delivered was a “significant part of

construction”). Indeed, Donovan’s own certification identifies the company as a DBE

subcontractor on the state project. In both instances, the district courts agreed with

MnDOT and concluded that appellants’ activities qualified as “work under the contract.”

Regarding State Project 0705-19, the district court found that “there is no genuine issue

of material fact as to whether Donovan’s deliveries constituted ‘work under the

contract.”’ Similarly, the district court for State Project 0501-27 determined that the



                                             8
Minnesota rules placed Donovan’s and Wayne’s trucking activities “within the

definitions of ‘contractor’ and ‘work under the contract.’”

       Appellants argue that hauling loads of asphalt cement from a refinery to the

general contractor does not qualify as “work under the contract.” Appellants assert two

arguments in support of this position: first, that they did not perform “construction

activity” within the meaning of the relevant statutes and rules, and second, that the work

did not take place at a construction site.

       With respect to the first argument, appellants contend that “construction activity”

is an ambiguous term under the rules because it is susceptible to more than one

interpretation. In matters of statutory construction, a statute or rule is ambiguous if it has

more than one reasonable interpretation. Cnty. of Dakota v. Cameron, 839 N.W.2d 700,

705 (Minn. 2013). If a statute is ambiguous, a court may “resort to the canons of

statutory construction to determine its meaning.”          Id.   However, if a statute is

unambiguous, we apply the plain meaning of the statute. Id. Appellants argue the term

“construction activity” is ambiguous because it is unclear whether it includes the act of

hauling materials from a refinery to a commercial establishment. We disagree. Rule

5200.1106, subp. 2(D) provides that:

              “Contractor” means an individual or business entity that is
              engaged in construction or construction service-related
              activities including trucking activities either directly or
              indirectly through a contract as defined by item B, or by
              subcontract with the prime contractor, or by a further
              subcontract with any other person or business entity
              performing work under the contract.




                                              9
We conclude that this broad definition encompasses the trucking services provided by

both Donovan and Wayne on the state projects. It is undisputed that Donovan’s and

Wayne’s drivers hauled asphalt cement materials from the commercial refineries to the

prime contractor’s facility and, under a plain reading of rule 5200.1106, these trucking

activities qualify as “construction service-related activities.”

       Next, appellants argue the hauling activities do not meet the definition of “work

under the contract” because they did not physically take place at a construction site. Rule

5200.1106 provides that construction activities include “any required hauling activities

on the site of or to or from a public works project.” Minn. R. 5200.1106, subp. 2(A).

Appellants note that they hauled materials from the refinery to fixed commercial plant

locations and did not make any deliveries to the jobsite itself. If possible, a law should be

construed “to give effect to all its provisions,” Minn. Stat. § 645.16, and ‘“no word,

phrase, or sentence should be deemed superfluous, void, or insignificant.”’ ILHC of

Eagan, LLC, 693 N.W.2d at 419 (quoting Owens v. Federated Mut. Implement &

Hardware Ins. Co., 328 N.W.2d 162, 164 (Minn. 1983)). Appellants claim that, by

ignoring the phrase “to or from a public works project,” the district court arguably

rendered the language superfluous. We disagree. Subpart 2 of the rule defines “work

under the contract” broadly enough to encompass construction activities “including any

required hauling activities on the site of or to or from a public works project and work

conducted pursuant to a contract as defined by item B.” Minn. R. 5200.1106, subp. 2(A).

Item B enumerates six examples of hauling activities that are considered “work under the

contract” for purposes of the MPWA, including “the delivery of materials or products by


                                              10
trucks hired by a contractor, subcontractor, or agent thereof, from a commercial

establishment.” Minn. R. 5200.1106, subp. 3(B)(5). We conclude that the district courts

did not err by determining that appellants’ hauling activities fell squarely within the rule

as work conducted pursuant to a contract.

                                            II.

       The next issue raised on appeal is whether the hauling activity is exempt from the

MPWA under the commercial-establishment exemption. The MPWA excludes from the

prevailing-wage requirement

              wage rates and hours of employment of laborers or mechanics
              engaged in the processing or manufacture of materials or
              products, or to the delivery of materials or products by or for
              commercial establishments which have a fixed place of
              business from which they regularly supply the processed or
              manufactured materials or products.

Minn. Stat. § 177.44, subd. 2.         The administrative rules define a “commercial

establishment” as

              [A] business entity that has not set up at the location from
              which deliveries are made primarily to serve public works
              projects and, prior to and at the time of advertisement of the
              public works contract, it:
                     (1) owned or leased the land on which it operates;
                     (2) possessed business records indicating that sales
              from the location from which deliveries are made are for
              other than the contracting agency’s public works contracts;
                     (3) advertised the availability of material for sale to
              the general public from the location and had facilities
              available for effecting sales at the location; and
                     (4) has acquired all necessary permits to operate from
              the location, and met all legal obligations of state and local
              regulations to excavate soils, sand, gravel, or rock for the
              purpose of receiving something of value for the product.



                                            11
Minn. R. 5200.1106, subp. 5(F).

       Appellants argue that under the plain language of the statute, they delivered

materials “by or for” the general contractor.         Appellants claim that the general

contractors’ facilities meet all of the requirements of a “commercial establishment,”

given the longevity of their operations and the fact that their facilities are open to the

general public and do not exist solely to serve public-works contracts. In response,

MnDOT argues that appellants performed work for the general contractors on a state

project which, as a matter of law, places it within the meaning of the MPWA. See Minn.

R. 5200.1106, subp. 3(B)(5) (listing six examples of work considered to be “under a

contract,” including delivery of materials by trucks “hired by a contractor”).

       Appellants argue that MnDOT is interpreting Minn. Stat. § 177.44 and Minn. R.

5200.1106 in a way that is at odds with its previous interpretations. We are sympathetic

to appellant’s argument that they have not been held to the requirements of the

prevailing-wage act before these incidents.      Indeed, the factual record reflects that

appellants previously delivered materials on state projects, similar to the deliveries at

issue in this case, without the MPWA being enforced.            Nevertheless, the parties’

contracts clearly provide that Hardrives and OMG Midwest, as general contractors, bear

the ultimate responsibility of submitting certified payroll statements for the work

performed by their subcontractors on the state projects. MnDOT applied the plain and

unambiguous language of the prevailing-wage statute to appellants’ work, and MnDOT’s

action is in line with the stated public policy of ensuring that laborers are “compensated

according to the real value of the services they perform.” Minn. Stat. § 177.41. We


                                            12
conclude that the district courts did not err in granting dispositive relief in MnDOT’s

favor based upon a plain reading of the statute and consistent with federal and state

public policy considerations.

      Affirmed.




                                          13
