                                                                                  ACCEPTED
                                                                              03-15-00109-CR
                                                                                      6546620
                                                                   THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                              AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                                         8/18/2015 3:09:11 PM
                                                                            JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                                                       CLERK
                        NO. 03-15-00109-CR

                             IN THE                          FILED IN
                                                      3rd COURT OF APPEALS
                                                          AUSTIN, TEXAS
                       COURT OF APPEALS               8/18/2015 3:09:11 PM
                                                        JEFFREY D. KYLE
                     THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS                  Clerk


                         AUSTIN, TEXAS


CHELSEA PADOWSKI                 §                         APPELLANT

VS.                              §

THE STATE OF TEXAS               §                           APPELLEE



      APPEAL FROM THE COUNTY COURT OF LAW NUMBER FIVE

                     TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS

                   CAUSE NO. C-1-CR-14-205047



                        APPELANT’S BRIEF




                                     James Gill
                                     1201 Rio Grande, Ste 200
                                     Austin, Texas 78701
                                     Phone: (512) 448-4560
                                     Fax: (512) 308-6780
                                     jgill@austin-criminallawyer.com
                                     Bar Number: 24043692

                              ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                  IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL



CHELSEA PODWOSKI
2202 W. Northloop
Austin, Texas 78756
Appellant

JAMES R. GILL
1201 Rio Grande, Ste 200
Austin, Texas 78701
Trial & Appellate Attorney for Appellant

WARD B.B. DAVISON
1201 Rio Grande, Ste 200
Austin, Texas 78701
Appellate Attorney for Appellant

Giselle Horton
Travis County Attorney’s Office
P.O. Box 1748
Austin, Texas 78767
Appellate Attorney for the State

The Honorable Nancy Hohengarten
County Court at Law #5
P.O. Box 1748
Austin, Texas 78767
Trial Judge




                   i                 i
TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL……………………………………….i

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES………………………………………………………iv

STATEMENT OF THE CASE…………………………………………………….v

REQUEST FOR ORAL ARGUMENT…………………………………………....vi

ISSUES PRESENTED…………………………………………………………....vii

STATEMENT OF FACTS…………………………………………………………2

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS……………………………………………..4

ARGUMENT…………………..…………………………………………………...4

    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S MOTION
    TO SUPPRESS THE BREATH TEST EVIDENCE OBTAINED
    THROUGH PSYCHOLOGICAL COERCION OF APPELLANT.

    A. Based on the totality of the circumstances, Appellant’s ability to
       determine whether or not to provide evidence to a law enforcement
       officer was overborne by that law enforcement officer’s actions.

         a. Officer Marler read the statutory DIC-24, required to be read
            before asking for a breath sample, warning so fast as to cause
            confusion for the Appellant.

         b. Upon Appellant’s request for a clarification of the DIC-24,
            Officer Marler misrepresented the law in regards to possible
            consequences of Appellants compliance or refusal.

         c. Appellant complied with Officer Marler’s request for a
            specimen of her breath based upon Officer Marler’s
            misrepresentation of her rights.

    B. The trial court’s error in failing to suppress the breath test
       evidence was harmful beyond a reasonable doubt.


                ii                  ii
PRAYER………………………………………………………………………….11

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE……………………………………………………12




          iii        iii
                       TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

Fienen v. State, 390 S.W.3RD 328 (Tx. Crim App., 2013)………………….6,7,8,9

Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)………………....5,6

Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)……………………..5

Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App.1990)……………………5

Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)…………………...5

State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)………………………..5

State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App)………………………………...5

Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108–09 (Tex. Crim. App.2006)……………..5

Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)……………...5,6

Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)…………………..5

Snowden v. State, 353 S.W.3d 815, 822 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)………………10

Statutes

TEX. TRANS. CODE §724.015(3)……………………………………………….7

TEX. R. APP. PROC. 44.2(a)……………………………………………………10




                 iv                iv
                           STATEMENT OF THE CASE


Nature of the case:            On May 2014 the County Attorney presented
                               information alleging that the Appellant committed
                               DWI (1st offense, BAC > .15) on or about March
                               29, 2014.

Course of proceedings:         A pretrial hearing was held on Appellant’s Motion
                               to Suppress was held on November 25th, and
                               December 4th, 2014.

Disposition of the case:       Client pleaded guilty to the offense of DWI on
                               December 4th, 2014. Appellant was sentenced to
                               15 months of probation on a class B 1st offense,
                               $100 fine, 60 hours of Community Service and 6
                               months of an ignition interlock in her vehicle. The
                               finding of BAC >.15 was waived by the state.




                      v                 v
                          REQUEST FOR ORAL ARGUMENT

      This issue needs to be heard as it revolves around the split between Erdman

and Fienen. It also speaks directly to the concurring opinion in Fienen.

      This case seeks to clarify the conclusion the Criminal Court of Appeals laid

out in Fienen, especially about clear misrepresentations of the law. Fienen states

that a law enforcement officer may not misrepresent the law. However, the law

enforcement officer in Fienen represented the law clearly and correctly. And the

main issue was whether or not extra statutory language should be permitted. It is

perfectly reasonable and just for a law enforcement officer to clarify statutory

language and provide the arrested individual with factual information.

      The question remains: Is it permissible to admit evidence to trial obtained by

a law enforcement official’s misrepresentation of the law? Fienen says that it is not

permissible. However, there is some ambiguity as to the weight given

misrepresentations of the law because we must view under the totality of the

circumstances of each individual case.

      An oral argument may better allow for examination of the facts of this case

as there is some confusion about the weight the evidence should be given. Closer

scrutiny will provide all parties, and all trial court in Texas, with greater clarity.




                     vi                     vi
                               ISSUES PRESENTED

Did the trial court err in failing to suppress evidence of the Appellants breath test
when the arresting officer misrepresented the law to Appellant?




                    vii                   vii
                                NO. 03-15-00109-CR

                                       IN THE

                               COURT OF APPEALS

                           THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                  AUSTIN, TEXAS


CHELSEA PADOWSKI                           §                            APPELLANT

VS.                                        §

THE STATE OF TEXAS                         §                              APPELLEE



      APPEAL FROM THE COUNTY COURT OF LAW NUMBER FIVE

                            TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS

                          CAUSE NO. C-1-CR-14-205047

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:


      COMES NOW, Appellant Chelsea Podowski, by and through her

undersigned counsel and offers this Appellant’s Brief.

      This case brings to light how an officer’s misrepresentation of the law can

critically impair a suspect’s power of self-determination. Police officers are highly

respected members of the community. This same community tasks law

enforcement officials to protect the rights and liberties of the entire population.




                     1                     1
When an officer testifies that he misrepresented the law and incorrectly advised the

suspect with regard to her privileges to operate a motor vehicle, the officer has

abridged the suspect’s rights as opposed to protecting them. This Court should

send a message that police officers are not allowed to gather evidence by

misinforming a suspect of their rights. Failure to reverse and remand the trial

court’s decision will set a precedent that law enforcement officials may

misrepresent the law when gathering evidence…certainly an unjust outcome.



                             STATEMENT OF FACTS



      Officer Scott Marler testified Officer Jennings made a traffic stop on

Appellant, Chelsea Padowski, and requested an officer to perform the standardized

field sobriety tests around 1:00 A.M, March 29, 2014. RR II 18-19. Marler

responded to perform the tests. RR II 18. Marler observed the vehicle stopped in a

parking lot at 1100 block of W. Sixth. RR II 19. After speaking with Officer

Jennings, Marler introduced himself to Appellant, Padowski, and performed the

Standardized Field Sobriety Tests. RR II 20-21. After completing the tests, Marler

then read Padowski the DIC 24 warning. RR II 21. Marler read the document at a

very rapid pace, confusing Padowski. RR II 31, RRIII 17. Padowski informed

officer Marler that she didn’t fully comprehend everything and asked “In which



                    2                     2
case is my license not going to be suspended at all.” RR II 24. Officer Marler,

misrepresenting the law, responded “None.” RR II 24. Marler then asked, “Is that

a yes or a no?” RR II 24. Padowski then responded “yes” to provide a sample of

her breath. RR II 24. Marler had previously requested a PBT test from Padowski

which Padowski declined to provide after another officer explained to her what a

portable breath test was. RR II 21. On cross-examination Marler estimated that he

had read the DIC-24 approximately 10-12 times in his entire career. RR II 24-25.

      Padowski testified on direct examination that she didn’t feel like she had a

choice to refuse the breath test from the arresting officer. RR II 29. Padowski

further testified once she arrived at the mobile breath test unit that the man who

administered the breath test told her she had to take the test. RR II 29. The man

who administered the breath test is Keith Wade, a civilian employee and former

peace officer. RR III 2-3.

      Keith Wade had no recollection of performing the breath test on Padowski

even after having been shown a booking photo of Appellant or of any events of

that particular day. RR III 5. Wade subsequently admitted that he has been asked

“quite a bit” by persons who are under arrest if they have to take the breath test.

RR III 7. When asked by the state how he responded to these questions, he

responded, “It all depends of the situation.” RR III 7. On direct examination,

Wade further testified that if it were not a no-refusal weekend he would tell them



                    3                     3
they didn’t have to take the test. RR III 8. When asked on direct examination if

Padowski asked him if she had to take the test he didn’t recall. RR III 8-9.

Padowski distinctly remembers asking Wade if she was required to provide a

specimen of her breath and Wade’s answer in the affirmative. RR II 29.



                           SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS


The trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress the breath test

evidence acquired illegally by the police officer. An officer is not allowed to

make misrepresentations of the law. Further, based on the totality of the

circumstances the Appellant’s involuntary acquiescence to the police officer’s

request for evidence was obtained through psychological coercion. By allowing the

evidence to be admitted, the trial court harmed the Applicant beyond a reasonable

doubt.

         THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S MOTION
         TO SUPPRESS THE BREATH TEST EVIDENCE OBTAINED
         THROUGH PSYCHOLOGICAL COERCION OF APPELLANT.

                                   Preservation of Error

         Prior to the beginning of trial, Appellant raised the issue of the officer

misrepresenting the law with regard to Appellant’s right to refuse to take a breath

test. RR II 21, 24




                       4                     4
                                 Standard of Review

      An appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress

evidence under a bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666,

673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997). In reviewing the trial court’s decision, the appellate court does not

engage in its own factual review. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.

Crim. App.1990). As the sole trier of fact, the trial judge is in the best position to

assess the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.

Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Ross, 32

S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), modified on other grounds by State v.

Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Therefore, a reviewing court

gives almost total deference to the trial court’s rulings on: (1) questions of

historical fact, even if the trial court’s determination of those facts was not based

on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor, and (2) application-of-law-to-fact

questions that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221

S.W.3d at 673; Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108–09 (Tex. Crim.

App.2006); Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

However, when application-of-law-to-fact questions do not turn on the credibility

and demeanor of the witnesses, the appellate court reviews the trial court’s rulings




                     5                     5
on those questions de novo. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Estrada v. State, 154

S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Johnson, 68 S.W.3d at 652–53.

      Here, Appellant challenges the validity of Appellant’s consent to providing a

breath specimen. The ruling on this issue does not turn on the credibility and

demeanor of witnesses, as they admitted to the alleged conduct. Consequently, this

Court should conduct a de novo review of the trial court’s ruling.



                             Argument and Authorities

“The totality of the circumstances” must be taken into account to determine

“whether DWI suspects acted voluntarily.” Fienen v. State, 390 S.W.3d 328, 336

(Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The Travis County Court No. 5 agreed with this

assessment. RR III 10. Part of the totality of those circumstances was a

misrepresentation of the law by a police officer when asked for a clarification from

Appellant. RR II at 27. The Court in Fienen clearly states in its conclusion that

“law-enforcement officers may not misrepresent the law.”

      A. Based on the totality of the circumstances, Appellant’s ability to
         determine whether or not to provide evidence to a law enforcement
         officer was overborne by that law enforcement officer’s actions.

      In Fienen the officer places a suspect under arrest. After having been

properly read the DIC-24, the suspect then refuses to give a breath specimen. The

arresting Officer requests a warrant for a blood draw. At this point Fienen begins to



                    6                     6
vacillate between wanting to comply with the officer’s request for a specimen and

refusing that request. At no time did the officer “provide any information that was

untrue.” Id at 335-336. Conversely, the officer’s responses to Fienen’s constant

questioning provided Fienen with “greater information on which to base his

decision” to comply with the officer’s request or to refuse. Id.

      The Court in Fienen clearly states that “a driver’s consent to a blood or

breathe test must be free and voluntary.” Id. The Court further explains that the

“ultimate question is whether the person’s will has been overborne and capacity for

self-determination critically impaired such that his consent to search must have

been involuntary.” Id.

      Here, Officer Marler critically impaired the Appellant’s capacity for self-

determination by misrepresenting the law following a request from the Appellant

for a clarification. RR II 24. Officer Marler’s departure from the law further

confused the Appellant, forcing her to make a decision based on false information

supplied by Officer Marler.

             a. Officer Marler read the statutory DIC-24, required to be read
                before asking for a breath sample, warning so fast as to cause
                confusion for the Appellant.

      An arresting officer must “inform the [arrested] orally” of the consequences

of their refusal to provide a specimen. TEX. TRANS. CODE §724.015(3). Officer

Marler failed to inform Padowski orally because Marler, according to the trial



                    7                     7
court, read the warning “way too fast.” RR II 45. While this fact alone would not

likely render Padowski’s waiver of the right to refuse providing a specimen

involuntary, it is the act which leads to Officer Marler’s misrepresentation of the

law. But for Officer Marler’s unreasonable reading of the warning (the Trial Court

stated that Officer Marler should be admonished not to read it in such a manner),

Padowski would not have required clarification. RR II 45. Marler created the

circumstances under which he would misrepresent the law. This is vastly different

than Fienen, where Fienen created the confusion and the officer provided Fienen

with accurate clarifications. Here, Officer Marler created a confusing situation and

further befuddled Appellant’s ability to make a clear determination of her rights

when he misrepresented those rights to her.


             b. Upon Appellant’s request for a clarification of the DIC-24,
                Officer Marler misrepresented the law in regards to possible
                consequences of Appellants compliance or refusal.

      When asked if he “misrepresented the current law,” Officer Marler replied

“Yes, sir, I did.” RR II 27. The Court in Fienen states in its conclusion that “law

enforcement officer’s may not misrepresent the law.” Appellant recognizes the fact

that Officer Marler did not intend to misrepresent the law. Appellant does not

make the argument that Officer Marler intended to deceive or coerce the Appellant.

However, through his actions, Officer Marler created a deception that coerced




                    8                     8
Appellant Padowski into an involuntary acquiescence to Marler’s request for a

breath specimen.


             c. Appellant complied with Officer Marler’s request for a
                specimen of her breath based upon Officer Marler’s
                misrepresentation of her rights.

      After Officer Marler misstated the law, Padowski felt that she “didn’t really

have a choice” that would allow her to proceed without having her license

suspended. RR II 29. Thus her decision making moved towards a matter of

compliance or not. Padowski complied because she “wanted to be up front with

everything” and “felt that [refusal] would just, in general, look like [she] was

resisting. RR II 31. Given the circumstances under which she was forced to make

her decision, Officer Marler’s failure to inform Padowski of her rights and

misrepresenting her rights to her, Padowski could only involuntarily comply.

      The State argues that Marler’s over zealous reading of the warning

combined with his misrepresentation of the law do not deem her breath test

compliance involuntary. However, the burden is on the State to prove that the test

is voluntary. Fienen. The State must provide clear and convincing evidence that it

was voluntary. Id. The State’s best evidence to carry their burden is Appellant’s

eventual consent. That simply does not rise to the level of clear and convincing

evidence, especially when weighed against the facts supporting Padowski’s

argument.


                    9                     9
      B. The trial court’s error in failing to suppress the breath test
         evidence was harmful beyond a reasonable doubt.

Due to the constitutional magnitude of the trial court’s error, this Court must

reverse the judgment of conviction unless it determines beyond a reasonable doubt

that the error did not contribute to the conviction or punishment. See Tex. R. App.

Proc. 44.2(a). In conducting this analysis, this Court should consider the following

factors: (1) the nature of the error, (2) whether it was emphasized by the State, (3)

the probable implications of the error, and (4) the weight the jury would likely

have assigned to it in the course of its deliberations. See Snowden v. State, 353

S.W.3d 815, 822 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The Court of Criminal Appeals has held

that these are not the exclusive considerations in any particular case, as many other

considerations may logically serve to inform a proper harm analysis. See

id. According to the Court of Criminal Appeals:

     At bottom, an analysis for whether a particular constitutional error is
     harmless should take into account any and every circumstance apparent
     in the record that logically informs an appellate determination whether
     “beyond a reasonable doubt [that particular] error did not contribute to
     the conviction or punishment.”
     Id. (quoting Tex. R. App. Proc. 44.2(a))

      Here, the error certainly crippled any chance of trying this case in front of a

jury. Any reasonable jury would have given great weight to a breath alcohol

concentration over .16. Had the Trial Court not erred in denying Appellant’s




                    10                    10
Motion to Suppress the breath test evidence, Padowski’s chances of going to trial

and maintaining her innocence would have drastically increased.



                                      PRAYER


      WHEREFORE PROMISES CONSIDERED, Appellant prays that this

Court sustains her point of error, reverse the trial court’s denial of the motion to

suppress & judgment of conviction, and remand for new trial.



                                        Respectfully submitted,


                                        /s/ James Gill________________________

                                               James Gill
                                               1201 Rio Grande, Ste 200
                                               Austin, Texas 78701
                                               Phone: (512) 448-4560
                                               Fax: (512) 308-6780
                                               jgill@austin-criminallawyer.com
                                               Bar Number: 24043692




                    11                    11
                           CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE


This is to certify that the above Appellant’s brief has been served on the State’s
attorney by hand delivering a copy to Giselle Horton, Travis County Attorney’s
Office, P.O Box 1748, Austin, Texas 78767 and electronic transmission
(AppellateTCDA@co.travis.tx.us), on this 18th day of August, 2015



                                       /s/ James Gill_________________________

                                              James Gill




                   12                    12
