        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs October 5, 2010

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MARK A. OWENS

                Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lake County
                    No. 09-CR-9297      R. Lee Moore, Jr., Judge


              No. W2010-00314-CCA-R3-CD - Filed November 24, 2010


The defendant, Mark A. Owens, was convicted by a Lake County jury of the sale of less than
.5 grams of cocaine, a Class C felony, and was sentenced by the trial court as a Range III,
persistent offender to ten years in the Department of Correction. The sole issue he raises on
appeal is whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain his conviction. Following our
review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

A LAN E. G LENN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J.C. M CL IN and C AMILLE
R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.

Noel H. Riley, II, Dyersburg, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mark A. Owens.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Brian Clay Johnson, Assistant
Attorney General; C. Phillip Bivens, District Attorney General; and Lance E. Webb,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                                          FACTS

        According to the State’s proof at trial, on August 12, 2008, a confidential informant
who was working for Investigator Joseph Vernon and Sergeant Danny Tippit of the Lake
County Sheriff’s Department made a controlled drug buy of .4 grams of powder cocaine from
the defendant at the defendant’s Tiptonville home. As a result, the defendant was indicted
for the sale of less than .5 grams of a Schedule II controlled substance, a Class C felony.
        At trial, Investigator Vernon testified that before the drug buy the informant met him
at the jail, where she and her vehicle were searched, an audio recording device was placed
on her person, and she was given $50 in confidential funds. He said he had instructed her
to make buys from any street level dealer in Tiptonville with whom she thought she could
transact business, and she proposed either the defendant or Cody Doyle as two possibilities.
She then drove past Doyle’s house as he and Deputy Tippit followed in an unmarked vehicle.
Doyle, however, was not out front and the informant continued without stopping to the
defendant’s home, where she parked her vehicle, walked to the front door, knocked, was
admitted, and then emerged approximately five minutes later.

       Investigator Vernon testified that he heard the informant ask for the defendant at the
door to the home and for “50 hard,” or $50 of crack cocaine, when she entered the house.
However, due to the background noise and the fact that the microphone “was cutting in and
out,” he was unable to distinguish anything else until he heard the informant say, “I’m good,”
as she exited the house. He said that the informant returned to her vehicle, got inside, and
proceeded directly to their pre-established meeting location, where she handed the drugs she
had purchased to Deputy Tippit.

        Investigator Vernon testified that the informant, who at the time of the controlled buy
had a pending charge for the introduction of contraband into a penal institution, was paid $50
for her work in each controlled buy case. In addition, he promised that he would inform the
district attorney of the help she provided in his drug investigations. He explained that the
contraband charge had resulted from her attempt to bring pills into the jail when she arrived
for her weekend service in an unrelated case and that it had later been dismissed after the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation determined that the pills were not a controlled substance.
He further testified that there were no specific targets to his drug investigation and that had
the informant purchased the drugs from someone other than the defendant, it would have
made no difference in the compensation she received for her work in the case. He said that
approximately fifteen or twenty minutes after he and Deputy Tippit had collected the drugs
from the informant, he drove back by the defendant’s home to verify his address.

      On cross-examination, Investigator Vernon testified that the pills that the informant
attempted to bring into the jail had been hidden inside her vagina. He acknowledged that he
had no personal knowledge about what transpired inside the defendant’s house and that a
Windstar van was not at the residence during the transaction.

      Deputy Angela Ballard of the Lake County Sheriff’s Department, who searched the
informant prior to the controlled buy, testified that she ran her hands underneath the
informant’s clothing and patted down her groin area but did not conduct a cavity search.



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       Sergeant Danny Tippit testified that he searched the informant’s vehicle for drugs and
money before the drug buy and then followed her in an unmarked vehicle to the defendant’s
home, where she went to the front door, knocked, and asked for the defendant. He said he
heard her ask for “a 50 hard,” but he was unable to distinguish anything else said until he
heard her announce “I’m good” as she came back outside. He stated that she walked straight
back to her vehicle, drove to their prearranged meeting place, and gave him the narcotics,
which he turned over to Investigator Vernon. He then performed “a standard pat search” of
her body through her clothing. In addition, he had her pull her bra up through her shirt and
shake it to ensure that she had nothing hidden inside. At that point, he discovered that the
microphone of the audio recording device was broken away from the wire. He identified a
brown and black Ford pickup truck in a photograph of the defendant’s home, taken during
the drug transaction, as a vehicle that belonged to the defendant. On cross-examination, he
acknowledged that the defendant also owned a 1999 Windstar van.

       The confidential informant testified that she had been convicted of DUI, sentenced
to serve weekends at the Lake County Jail, and was caught on one of those weekends as she
attempted to smuggle tobacco and Tylenol PM into the jail hidden inside her vagina. She
said that her mother then approached Investigator Vernon about the possibility of her
working as a confidential informant in drug cases. Although her understanding was that her
contraband charges would likely be dismissed, Investigator Vernon never made that specific
promise but instead told her that he would talk to the district attorney and get her “whatever
leniency they could.”

       She testified that she told Investigator Vernon that she thought she could buy drugs
from either Cody Doyle or the defendant. When she drove by Doyle’s home, however, she
did not see him standing out front where he usually was when home, so she continued to the
defendant’s house, where she saw his brown truck parked outside. The informant testified
that she knocked at the door and was admitted by an individual she knew by the nickname
“Lay-Low.” Another individual whom she knew by sight but not name was also inside, and
she asked the men if “Big Mark,” or the defendant, was there. The men announced her
presence to the defendant, who was in his bedroom, and he met her at the door to his
bedroom. She asked him if he “had a 50,” meaning $50 worth of “dope,” and the defendant
answered that he had some powder. The defendant then handed her a baggie of white
powder, and she gave him the $50 in confidential funds that the deputies had earlier given
her. Afterwards, she left the defendant’s home, got into her vehicle, and drove straight to the
prearranged meeting place, where she gave the drugs to Sergeant Tippit.

       On cross-examination, the informant testified that she used the money she received
from the sheriff’s department to pay her bondsman, but that her real motivation for
participating in the drug investigation was her desire to avoid more jail time.

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       Special Agent Forensic Scientist Dana Parmenter of the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation, an expert in the field of drug identification, testified that the white powder
submitted for analysis in this case consisted of .4 grams of cocaine.

        Tabatha Tanner, the defendant’s girlfriend, testified on the defendant’s behalf that the
defendant was away from home in his van on the afternoon of August 12, 2008, when the
informant came to the house. She said that she was in a bedroom and that “Black Face” and
“Bud” were sitting in the living room. The informant was walking out the door as Tanner
came out of her bedroom and when she asked the men what the informant had wanted, they
told her “nothing.” According to her testimony, the defendant did not return home until at
least an hour after the informant had gone.

        The defendant denied that he sold any drugs to the informant on August 12, 2008, or
at any other time and said that he was running errands in his 1999 Windstar van on the day
that the alleged transaction occurred.

        Investigator Joseph Vernon, called as a rebuttal witness by the State, testified that
when he drove back by the defendant’s home approximately twelve to seventeen minutes
after the drug transaction took place, the defendant was standing on the front porch of the
residence.

                                          ANALYSIS

       The defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction,
arguing that there was no proof beyond a reasonable doubt that he was the one who sold the
cocaine to the confidential informant. The State responds by arguing that it was within the
province of the jury to accredit the testimony of the confidential informant, which established
that she bought the cocaine from the defendant, over that of the defendant and his girlfriend,
who both claimed that the defendant was not at home at the time the controlled buy was
made. We agree with the State.

        When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, the relevant question
of the reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall
be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.”); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State
v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). All questions involving the
credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues

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are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of
the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State
v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our supreme court stated the rationale for this
rule:

                This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
         the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
         demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
         instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
         to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
         atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
         written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212
Tenn. 464, 370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence with which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that
on appeal a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is
insufficient.” State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

        We agree with the State that this is a classic case involving vastly differing testimony
by witnesses whose credibility had to be determined by the jury as the trier of fact. By
convicting the defendant of the indicted offense, the jury showed that it obviously accredited
the testimony of the informant, who identified the defendant as the individual who sold her
the cocaine, over that of the defendant and his girlfriend, who both claimed otherwise. We
conclude, therefore, that the evidence at trial, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
State, was more than sufficient to sustain the defendant’s conviction.

                                       CONCLUSION

         Based on the forgoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




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