Opinion issued December 7, 2017.




                                   In The

                            Court of Appeals
                                   For The

                        First District of Texas
                          ————————————
                            NO. 01-16-00536-CV
                         ———————————
 MICHAEL I. LEAVITT, SUCCESSOR TESTAMENTARY TRUSTEE OF
    THE BERT EARL GASSAWAY TESTAMENTARY TRUST AND
    SUCCESSOR INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATOR WITH WILL
  ANNEXED OF THE ESTATE OF MARIE ANDERSON GASSAWAY,
                     DECEASED, Appellant
                                     V.
         BALLARD EXPLORATION COMPANY, INC., Appellee


                    On Appeal from Probate Court No. 2
                          Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 167164


                               OPINION

     Appellant Michael Leavitt, successor testamentary trustee of the Bert Earl

Gassaway Testamentary Trust and successor independent administrator with will
annexed of the Estate of Marie Anderson Gassaway, deceased (“the Trust”),

appeals the trial court’s summary judgment in favor of appellee Ballard

Exploration Company, Inc. (“Ballard”).         Leavitt sought to collect statutory

prejudgment interest and attorney’s fees against Ballard based on a claim that

Ballard wrongfully withheld royalties. Ballard asserted that although a well

operator like Ballard must pay statutory prejudgment interest when it fails to make

timely payment of royalties, the Texas Natural Resources Code contains a “safe

harbor” provision providing that “[p]ayments may be withheld without interest”

when “a dispute concerning title that would affect distribution of payments” exists.

See TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 91.402(b)(1) (West 2011). The trial court granted

Ballard’s motion for summary judgment and dismissed the Trust’s claims for

prejudgment interest and attorney’s fees with prejudice.

      On appeal, the Trust argues that: (1) the trial court erred in ruling that

Ballard was entitled to the protection provided by the “safe harbor” provision;

(2) Ballard did not meet its summary judgment burden for dismissal of the Trust’s

claim to recover its attorney’s fees incurred in a dispute with a third party based on

theories of conversion, unjust enrichment, and equitable subrogation; and

(3) Ballard did not present, argue, or prove its alleged affirmative defenses in its

motion for summary judgment.




                                          2
      Because we conclude that a legitimate title dispute as contemplated by

Natural Resources Code section 91.402(b)(1) existed here, thus authorizing Ballard

to withhold payment of royalties to the Trust until that dispute was resolved, we

conclude that the trial court did not err in denying all of the Trust’s claims. We

affirm.

                                      Background

      This appeal involves twelve years of litigation that arose from a dispute

regarding royalties from a gas unit in Liberty County, Texas. The Trust traces its

royalty interest back to a 1966 deed conveying a 100-acre tract of land in Liberty

County from Marie Anderson Gassaway and her brother, Allie Anderson, to A.

Chester Holbrook (“the 1966 Deed”). The 1966 Deed reserved a one-sixteenth

nonparticipating royalty interest1 (“NPRI”) to Gassaway and Anderson. Allie



1
      The parties refer to this as a nonparticipating royalty interest (“NPRI”). The 1966
      Deed referred to it as an “overriding royalty” interest. Because neither party
      contests the nature of the interest conveyed on appeal, we refer to the interest as an
      NPRI, as the parties do, throughout the opinion.

      “An overriding royalty interest is a non-participating interest. A royalty owner has
      no right and thus no ability to go onto the underlying property and drill or
      otherwise take action to perpetuate a lease. An overriding royalty interest owner is
      wholly dependent on the lessee to keep a lease alive.” Ridge Oil Co. v. Guinn Invs.
      Inc., 148 S.W 3d 143, 155 (Tex. 2004). Typically, overriding royalty interests are
      part of an oil or gas lease and are extinguished when the lease expires. See Stroud
      Prod., L.L.C. v. Hosford, 405 S.W.3d 794, 803–05 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
      Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (discussing nature of overriding royalty interest and duty
      owed to overriding royalty interest holders).

                                            3
Anderson’s half of this interest was eventually inherited by Charles and David

Stroud, while Marie Gassaway passed her half through her will to the Bert Earl

Gassaway Testamentary Trust, which was created for the benefit of Bert

Gassaway, Marie’s son. The successor beneficiary of the Trust is Sadie Boatner

(a/k/a Celia Boatner). Holbrook’s interest as the executive owner of the mineral

interest passed to his successors Bruce Holbrook, Virgil Holbrook, Juanita Rizzo,

Ellen Holbrook, and Evelyn Waldrop (collectively, “the Holbrooks”).

      In 1997, the Holbrooks entered into various oil and gas leases with Anshutz

Gulf Coast Corp. covering over 250 acres, including the tract of land conveyed in

the 1966 Deed.

      In 1999, Ballard acquired the leases from Anshutz. These leases identified

the Holbrooks as the lessors and Ballard as the lessee/operator. Ballard hired

Shorthorn Resources to examine the relevant titles in order to facilitate royalty

payments. According to the affidavit of Ballard’s representative, Bob Frederick,

this title search did not uncover the Trust’s NPRI.

      By contrast, an NPRI “is an interest in the gross production of oil, gas, and other
      minerals carved out of the mineral fee estate as a free royalty, which does not
      carry with it the right to participate in the execution of, the [b]onus payable for, or
      the delay rentals to accrue under oil, gas, and mineral leases executed by the
      owner of the mineral fee estate.” KCM Fin. LLC v. Bradshaw, 457 S.W.3d 70, 75
      (Tex. 2015) (emphasis added) (quoting Lee Jones, Jr., Non-Participating Royalty,
      26 TEX. L. REV. 569, 569 (1948)). “In oil and gas parlance, the owner of a non-
      participating royalty interest is referred to as a non-executive interest holder, while
      the holder of the leasing privilege, typically the mineral fee owner, is the executive
      interest holder. In this division of rights, the executive has the power to make and
      amend leases affecting the enjoyment of the non-executive’s interests.” Id.
                                             4
      Ballard drilled a producing well known as the Holbrook No. 1 Well (“the

Well”) that was completed in October 1999. The Well was not located on the tract

burdened with the Trust’s NPRI. On November 19, 1999, Ballard designated the

Holbrook No. 1 Unit (“the Unit”) comprised of 234.6 acres, including 38 acres

from the tract of land conveyed in the 1966 Deed and burdened with the Trust’s

NPRI. The Unit designation was recorded in the Liberty County property records.

After production from the Well began in December 1999, Ballard paid royalties to

the Holbrooks for their entire interest in the pooled Unit, including all of the

royalties payable under the pooling agreement for the 38-acre tract burdened with

the Trust’s NPRI.

      Bert Earl Gassaway died on June 26, 2002. In late 2003, Boatner—the

successor beneficiary of the Trust—informed the trustee2 of Bert’s death and of the

royalty interest owned by the Trust in Liberty County. The trustee discovered at

that time that a portion of the land on which it held the NPRI had been pooled in

1999, that “substantial production” from the Unit had occurred between November

1999 and June 26, 2002, when Bert died, and that production continued after Bert’s

death. Boatner, who believed that the NPRI automatically vested in her upon


2
      The original trustee of the Trust was Bernice Leavitt. Bernice Leavitt died on May
      10, 2011, and Michael Leavitt was confirmed as Successor Independent
      Administrator of the Estate and Successor Testamentary Trustee of the Trust on
      January 26, 2012.

                                           5
Bert’s death, made a written claim to Ballard seeking royalty payments based on

her interest in the NPRI, which she represented as beginning at the time of Bert’s

death on June 26, 2002. She was given the opportunity to ratify the lease and

pooled Unit and did so on December 1, 2003.

      Upon receiving Boatner’s claim, Ballard placed the NPRI interest that was

the subject of Boatner’s claim in suspense and requested that Shorthorn reexamine

its earlier title report. Shorthorn indicated that it did not report the Trust’s NPRI

because it believed that the 1966 Deed conveyed an overriding royalty interest

rather than a NPRI based on the language in the Deed.3

      On March 3, 2004, the Trust made a formal written claim to royalties based

on its NPRI to both Ballard and the Holbrooks. The trustee recounted

conversations with attorneys for the Strouds and for the Holbrooks that led to

discovery of the Well. The trustee asserted the Trust’s interest in royalties from the

Well’s production beginning in October 1999 and continuing at least through the

date of Bert Gassaway’s death. The trustee’s letter stated that correspondence with

the Holbrooks’ attorney, Edward Pickett, “makes it apparent to me that Ballard has

discovered that an error was made concerning erroneous royalty payments made to

the Holbrook family and is attempting to rectify the situation.”


3
      Bob Frederick averred, “Overriding royalties are commonly thought of as being
      carved out of the leasehold estate and expiring when the lease from which [they
      were] carved expires.”
                                          6
      The Holbrooks, however, maintained that neither the Trust nor Boatner was

entitled to any of the royalties from the Well in the pooled Unit. On June 3, 2004,

the Holbrooks filed suit in Liberty County asserting that Boatner, Leavitt, and the

Strouds had created a cloud on their title to the royalties at issue (“the Liberty

County suit”). The Holbrooks essentially argued that because the Well was not

located on the tract of land burdened with the NPRI, no royalties were due until the

applicable lease and pooling agreement were ratified, and that royalty payments

would begin as of the date of ratification. Ballard was not a party to the Liberty

County suit.

      On September 3, 2004, the trustee filed an original petition for declaratory

judgment in the trial court (the Harris County probate court) against the Holbrooks

and Ballard, arguing that it had “the immediate right to certain oil and gas royalties

that had accrued from pooled production of an [NPRI] owned by the Estate and

Trust from the inception of production on or about November, 1999 through the

death of Bert Earl Gassaway on June 26, 2002.” The Trust alleged that Ballard had

suspended payment of the royalties and was holding the monies because the

Holbrooks “totally denied” the Trust’s interest in the royalties. The Trust also

argued that it was entitled to attorney’s fees and costs. The Trust further alleged

that the trustee “was never contacted by Ballard or the Holbrooks regarding this

interest, that it had never been given the opportunity to ratify the pooling, related


                                          7
lease, or related division order, and had never received any of the royalties.”

However, this suit was abated pending resolution of the Liberty County suit.

      On December 6, 2005, the Holbrooks and the Strouds announced that they

had reached a settlement in the Liberty County suit. The Liberty County court

subsequently granted summary judgment in favor of the Holbrooks, clearing the

cloud on their title and determining that neither Boatner nor the Trust was entitled

to any of the claimed royalties (i.e., those predating Boatner’s ratification of the

lease). The Trust appealed, and, on July 10, 2014, the Ninth Court of Appeals

vacated the judgment in the Liberty County suit as it related to the Trust on the

ground that the Liberty County court had never had subject matter jurisdiction over

the claim, and it held that the Harris County Probate Court—the trial court in this

appeal—had exclusive jurisdiction over the trustee and actions concerning the

Trust. See Leavitt v. Holbrook, No. 09-12-00303-CV, 2014 WL 3384672, at *3–4

(Tex. App.—Beaumont July 10, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.).

      Boatner was not a party to that appeal. The trustee subsequently asserted that

when Boatner decided not to appeal, she effectively waived any interest she had in

the royalties, and, on June 21, 2012, the Trust sent a letter to Ballard asserting the

Trust’s interest in the entire claim for royalties, including any claim of Boatner’s.

      On December 19, 2014, Leavitt and the Holbrooks reached a settlement,

including an Agreed Partial Final Judgment in which the Holbrooks waived all


                                           8
claims to the disputed royalties and a Settlement Agreement requiring payment to

the Holbrooks to offset some of their costs. The Trust waived any claim for legal

fees against the Holbrooks, and the Holbrooks were dismissed from the underlying

suit, while the Trust’s claims against Ballard remained pending.

       Upon learning of the settlement, Ballard prepared a ratification of the leases

covering the portion of land in which the Trust held the NPRI that was pooled into

the Unit and a division order. On December 31, 2014, the trustee signed the

ratification and division order on behalf of the Trust, and Ballard paid the Trust

$63,709.66, representing “all suspended funds attributable to the [Trust’s]

interest.”

       On August 14, 2015, the Trust supplemented its petition to allege new facts

and arguments in light of the Ninth Court of Appeals’ opinion in Leavitt and the

Trust’s settlement with the Holbrooks. The Trust alleged that it was entitled to

recover from Ballard “all prejudgment interest on the Trust’s oil and gas royalties

from December, 1999 through December 31, 2014” and “reasonable attorney’s

fees and costs pursuant to the protections provided to royalty owners by §§ 91.402,

91.403, 91.404, 91.406 and other provisions of the Texas Natural Resources

Code.” The Trust also asserted that it was entitled to recover from Ballard all

attorney’s fees incurred in both the Harris County and Liberty County suits

because “Ballard’s refusal to pay the Trust any of its legally entitled royalties until


                                          9
December 31, 2014 was without any legal justification since the Trust made

demand on Ballard more than eleven years prior.” The Trust asserted causes of

action for unjust enrichment and conversion, sought the imposition of a

constructive trust, and asserted equitable subrogation rights.

      On October 30, 2015, the Trust moved for partial summary judgment,

arguing that it was entitled as a matter of law to prejudgment interest and

attorney’s fees under the Natural Resources Code due to Ballard’s failure to pay

the Trust royalties—royalties the Trust claims it held by “clear, indisputable legal

title”—in a timely and accurate manner. This motion was denied by the trial court.

      On March 15, 2016, the Trust filed another motion for summary judgment

on its request for attorney’s fees based on claims of conversion, unjust enrichment,

and equitable subrogation against Ballard. Ballard responded, refuting these

claims, and, on March 21, 2016, Ballard filed its own traditional and no evidence

motion for summary judgment on all of the Trust’s claims against it.4 As evidence,

Ballard submitted the affidavit of Bob Frederick setting out the facts discussed

above and Ballard’s actions in withholding the disputed royalties. It also included

copies of the written demands and other letters sent by the trustee, pleadings from



4
      Around this time, Ballard filed an amended answer asserting the affirmative
      defenses of laches, waiver, and failure to mitigate damages, and asserting that the
      applicable statute of limitations barred some of the Trust’s claims. Ballard did not
      address these affirmative defenses in its motion for summary judgment.
                                           10
this suit and the Liberty County suit, the judgment from the Liberty County suit,

and the opinion of the Beaumont Court of Appeals in Leavitt.

      The trial court granted Ballard’s motion for summary judgment and denied

the Trust’s motions for summary judgment. It determined that the Trust should

take nothing on its claims against Ballard. This appeal followed.

                               Summary Judgment

      The Trust contends that the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment

in favor of Ballard.

A.    Standard of Review

      We review the trial court’s summary judgment de novo. See Provident Life

& Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). When reviewing a

summary judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and

we indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s

favor. Id.; Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex. 1997). A

defendant who conclusively negates at least one essential element of the plaintiff’s

cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. Frost Nat’l Bank v.

Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494, 508 (Tex. 2010). Likewise, a defendant is entitled to

summary judgment on an affirmative defense if it conclusively proves all the

elements of the affirmative defense. Id.




                                           11
      When a trial court’s order granting summary judgment does not specify the

grounds relied upon for its ruling, we will affirm the summary judgment on appeal

if any of the theories presented to the trial court and preserved for appellate review

are meritorious. Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 216. When, as here, both parties move for

summary judgment on the same issue and the trial court grants one motion and

denies the other, we consider the summary judgment evidence presented by both

sides, determine all questions presented, and, if we determine that the trial court

erred, render the judgment the trial court should have rendered. See FM Props.

Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000).

B.    The Trust’s Claim for Statutory Prejudgment Interest

      In its first issue, the Trust argues, in part, that it presented at least some

evidence supporting its claim that it was entitled to statutory prejudgment interest

pursuant to Natural Resources Code section 91.403 and that the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment in favor of Ballard on this claim. Ballard argues that

the Trust is not entitled to statutory interest because, under the undisputed facts of

the case and the law, Ballard was permitted to suspend payments of royalties until

the dispute over who was entitled to receive them had been resolved. We agree

with Ballard.

      The owner of an interest in mineral rights conveyed by a deed or another

conveyance instrument—such as an oil or gas well owner, a lessor or lessee of


                                         12
mineral rights, a working interest owner, or a royalty owner—is the title-holder to

an interest in realty subject to Natural Resources Code section 91.402.               See

generally Concord Oil Co. v. Pennzoil Expl. & Prod. Co., 966 S.W.2d 451, 454–

61 (Tex. 1998) (discussing cases addressing deeds and other conveyances

conveying fractional interests in mineral estates); Prize Energy Res., L.P. v. Cliff

Hoskins, Inc., 345 S.W.3d 537, 561 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.)

(discussing right to future royalty payments on oil and gas production as interest in

realty); see also Clyde v. Hamilton, 414 S.W.2d 434, 438–39 (Tex. 1967) (holding

that “a right to future royalty payments is an interest in land” and that “minerals are

part of the land, and royalties . . . are part of the consideration for the sale of the

land” and are therefore “corpus” of estate). Part of the obligation of an operator on

an oil and gas lease is to pay the royalty owners their royalties on production.

Prize Energy, 345 S.W.3d at 562. Proceeds derived from the sale of oil or gas

production must be paid to each payee5 on or before 120 days after the end of the

month of first sale of production from the well. TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN.

§ 91.402(a) (West 2011). Subsequent payments must be paid in accordance with

the terms of the governing lease or, in the absence of specific lease terms, no later

than 60 days after the end of the month in which subsequent oil production is sold

5
      “‘Payee’ means any person or persons legally entitled to payment from the
      proceeds derived from the sale of oil or gas from an oil or gas well located in this
      state.” TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 91.401(1) (West 2011).

                                           13
or 90 days after the end of the month in which subsequent gas production is sold.

Id.

      If payments are not made in the time limits specified in section 91.402(a),

the payor6 must pay interest. Id. § 91.403(a) (West 2011); Headington Oil Co. v.

White, 287 S.W.3d 204, 209–10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.).

However, a payor is not required to pay statutory interest when payment is

withheld under certain enumerated circumstances. See TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN.

§ 91.403(b) (“Subsection (a) of this section does not apply where payments are

withheld or suspended by a payor beyond the time limits specified in Section

91.402 of this code because of the conditions enumerated in Section 91.402 of this

code.”).

      Relevant here, the Natural Resources Code contains a “safe harbor”

provision, providing that “[p]ayments may be withheld without interest beyond the

time limits set out in Subsection (a) of this section when there is . . . a dispute

concerning title that would affect distribution of payments.” Id. § 91.402(b)(1).

Section 91.402 thus protects royalty owners from intentional delays, while also

permitting delays that result from disputes concerning title that would affect


6
      “‘Payor’ means the party who undertakes to distribute oil and gas proceeds to the
      payee, whether as the purchaser of the production of oil or gas generating such
      proceeds or as operator of the well from which such production was obtained or as
      lessee under the lease on which royalty is due.” TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN.
      § 91.401(2).
                                         14
distribution of payments. See Concord Oil, 966 S.W.2d at 461; Headington Oil,

287 S.W.3d at 210; Browning Oil Co. v. Luecke, 38 S.W.3d 625, 647 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2000, pet. denied).

      1.     Application of the safe harbor provision

      According to the summary judgment evidence presented by both the Trust

and Ballard, Ballard entered into a valid lease agreement with the executive owners

of the oil and gas interest, the Holbrooks. Pursuant to the lease’s pooling provision,

Ballard designated the Holbrook No. 1 Unit and drilled the Holbrook No. 1 Well

within the Unit—but not on the tract in which the Trust held an interest—and

production began. The Unit included a 38-acre portion of the tract of land

conveyed in the 1966 Deed that was burdened with the Trust’s NPRI. However,

Ballard was unaware of the existence of the NPRI at the time production began in

December 1999 and thus paid all of the royalties owed for the tract to the

Holbrooks until November 2003, when it received a letter from Boatner’s attorney

claiming an interest in production from the Unit by virtue of Boatner’s status as the

successor beneficiary of the Trust. At that time, Ballard placed the royalty interest

that was the subject of Boatner’s claim in suspense and sought a review of the

relevant title documents.

      The company retained to provide that review, Shorthorn, informed Ballard

that it had not previously noted the royalty interest claimed by Boatner and the


                                         15
Trust because it had been “misidentified” in the 1966 Deed as an “overriding

royalty” interest, which, according to Ballard’s representative, Bob Frederick, is

“commonly thought of as being carved out of the leasehold estate and expiring

when the lease from which it was carved expires.”

      Ballard then received a letter from the Trust claiming its NPRI interest in the

38-acre portion of the tract pooled into the Unit. The Holbrooks subsequently filed

their Liberty County suit to quiet title and to remove a cloud on their title to the

royalties, asserting that neither the Trust nor Boatner were entitled to the claimed

royalties. And the Trust filed a petition regarding this matter in the trial court here.

Both in its appeal of the Liberty County suit and in its pleadings in the instant case,

the Trust alleged that the Holbrooks wrongly collected royalties due the Trust. It

also asserted that legal issues remained regarding whether the Trust’s NPRI

automatically vested in Boatner upon Bert Gassaway’s death.7 See Leavitt, 2014

WL 3384672, at *2 (identifying Trust’s arguments on appeal as including claim

“that the trial court could not exercise jurisdiction over the trustee to decide that




7
      For example, in its original petition in the underlying suit, the Trust asserted that
      Boatner was a necessary party, and in its second supplement to its original
      petition, the trustee asserted that “on the face of the unambiguous governing terms
      of the will, the Trust’s rights to the royalties were totally unaffected by the death
      of Bert” and that, following the appeal of the Liberty County case, “Boatner has
      for all purposes waived any right to claim any of the royalties prior to November
      17, 2003.”
                                           16
the Trust’s NPRI asset automatically vested in Celia Boatner on Bert Gassaway’s

death”).

         Frederick averred, “It was apparent to me that a title dispute or controversy

existed with respect to who was entitled to the proceeds from production

attributable to the NPRI in the 38-acre non-drill-site tract in the Unit and that I

should cause the disputed amounts of royalty to be placed in suspense. I did so, and

they were suspended with respect to production after November 24, 2003.”

         Ballard continued to hold the disputed amounts in suspense while the

Liberty County suit was litigated. The Liberty County court ruled in favor of the

Holbrooks and determined that neither the Trust nor Boatner was entitled to the

disputed royalties prior to November 2003. The Trust appealed this ruling, and the

Beaumont Court of Appeals vacated the Liberty County judgment as to the Trust

on the ground that the Liberty County court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over

the claims against the Trust. Litigation then proceeded in the trial court here until,

in December 2014, the Trust and the Holbrooks reached a settlement. Ballard

subsequently prepared the required ratification and division order, the trustee

signed them on behalf of the Trust, and Ballard released the suspended funds to the

Trust.

         We conclude that the record demonstrates, as a matter of law, the existence

of a “dispute concerning title that would affect distribution of payments.” See TEX.


                                           17
NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 91.402(b)(1). The letters from both Boatner and the Trust

asserting the NPRI in the pooled Unit and the Liberty County suit—in which the

Holbrooks sought to quiet title and remove a cloud on their title created by

Boatner’s and the Trust’s claims—are evidence of a dispute concerning the right of

certain purported title-holders to receive royalty payments that affected Ballard’s

ability to distribute royalty payments.

      The Trust argues that no legitimate title dispute existed because its title to

the NPRI itself was not disputed. It specifically argues that the pleadings in the

Liberty County suit demonstrate that the sole basis of the Holbrooks’ cause of

action was their argument that because the Well was not located on the tract of

land in which the Trust held an NPRI and because no one ever ratified the pooling

agreement on behalf of the Trust, the Trust was not entitled to any royalties based

on production from the Well. The Trust asserts that the Holbrooks’ claim was

“legally based solely on the totally misapplied and misrepresented (both in fact and

law) application of one case, Montgomery v. Rittersbacher, 424 S.W.2d 210 (Tex.

1968).”8


8
      In Montgomery v. Rittersbacher, an NPRI owner sued the holders of the executive
      rights to the mineral estate and the lessee oil company to establish his right to
      collect the proportion of the royalties accruing under the lease that his NPRI bore
      to the leased acreage. 424 S.W.2d 210, 212 (Tex. 1968). In reaching its decision in
      that case, the supreme court stated that “pooling on the part of the holder of the
      executive rights cannot be binding upon the non-participating royalty owner in the
      absence of his consent” and that, if an NPRI owner “ratifies a pooling agreement,
                                          18
      The Trust misconstrues the law. Here, the issue was whether—under the

1966 Deed reserving the NPRI or the pooling agreement between Ballard and the

executive interest owners, the Holbrooks—Ballard, as operator of the Holbrook

No. 1 Unit, was required to distribute royalty payments to the Trust from the Well

drilled within the Unit but not on the specific tract in which the Trust held an

interest. Ballard, however, was unaware of the Trust’s potential royalty interest

until years after production had begun, when it received notice of the Trust’s claim

to a royalty interest from the Trust’s attorney.        The dispute was thus over

(1) whether the NPRI to which the Trust held title under the 1966 Deed and the

pooling agreement between the Holbrooks, as lessees of the Holbrook No. 1 Unit,

and Ballard entitled the Trust to royalties from production from wells drilled with

in the Unit but outside the area subject to its NPRI reserved in the 1966 Deed, or

(2) whether the mineral rights held by the Holbrooks included the right to all of the

royalties from that area. This dispute over who owned the right to the royalties

from the Holbrook No. 1 Well resulted in litigation that was finally resolved by

settlement. This is a classic situation under which the payor (Ballard) was entitled

to withhold royalty payments without incurring interest during the delay in

payment because of “a dispute concerning title that would affect distribution of


      either by joining in the execution of the agreement or by accepting royalties from
      the pool, his interest is bound by the pooling agreement.” Id. at 213–15.

                                          19
payments,” namely a dispute over whether the Trust was entitled to the royalty

payments or the Holbrooks were. See TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 91.402(b)(1).9

      The Trust cites multiple cases in which a Texas court determined that no

legitimate title dispute existed. None of them, however, are apposite. See, e.g.,

Bomar Oil & Gas, Inc. v. Loyd, 381 S.W.3d 689, 695 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012,

pet. denied) (holding that operator was collaterally estopped from re-adjudicating

previously settled “title dispute,” and thus, no legitimate title dispute existed and

award of prejudgment interest was proper); Valence Operating Co. v. Anadarko

Petroleum Corp., 303 S.W.3d 435, 445 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.)

(holding award of prejudgment interest was proper where underlying dispute was

based on breach of contract and neither party disputed the other party’s title to oil

and gas payments); Neel v. Killam Oil Co., 88 S.W.3d 334, 341–42 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2002, pet. denied) (holding that oil company defendants did not

dispute that NPRI owners were entitled to at least one-sixteenth royalty interest;


9
      To the extent that the Trust is attempting to argue that Ballard should have ignored
      the Holbrooks’ and Boatner’s claims because the Trust consistently argued that
      those claims lacked merit, we observe that nothing in Natural Resources Code
      section 91.402(b) requires a payor like Ballard to evaluate the legal merit of a
      dispute, only that such a dispute exists. Furthermore, the Liberty County court
      ruled in the Holbrooks’ favor, and the Beaumont Court of Appeals vacated the
      judgment as to the Trust on jurisdictional grounds and did not reach the underlying
      merits of the claims. Nothing in the record on appeal demonstrates as a matter of
      law the Trust’s entitlement to royalties from production from the pooled unit for
      the relevant time period between December 1999, when production started, and
      November 2003, when Boatner ratified the lease and pooled unit.

                                           20
thus, there was no title dispute that would affect distribution of those payments,

and oil companies owed prejudgment interest on undisputed royalties),

disapproved on other grounds by Hausser v. Cuellar, 345 S.W.3d 462, 470 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2011, pet. denied) (en banc); Browning Oil Co., 38 S.W.3d at

647–48 (construing section 91.402(b)(2)(b) and holding that Natural Resources

Code does not excuse lessees from paying prejudgment interest when dispute

involved how to calculate royalties as damages for breach of pooling agreement

case rather than constituting legitimate title dispute over who was entitled to

receive royalties); Stable Energy, L.P. v. Newberry, 999 S.W.2d 538, 553–54 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1999, pet. denied) (holding, in breach of operating agreement case,

that award of prejudgment interest was appropriate because no legitimate title

dispute existed when “[n]o one asserted a claim to the [royalty owner’s] interests

or contended that their interests were invalid”); see also Prize Energy, 345 S.W.3d

at 559–62 (award of prejudgment interest was appropriate as penalty for failure of

payor to meet prompt payment requirement under section 91.403(a) where payor

failed to timely distribute royalties to payees).

      Rather, this case is controlled by the line of cases stemming from Concord

Oil and Montgomery. In Montgomery, the Texas Supreme Court held that an owner

of an NPRI in land leased by an executive owner along with other lands could

exercise his option to ratify the lease by filing suit to enforce the lease and could


                                           21
share proportionally in the royalties obtained under the lease. 424 S.W.2d at 211–

12, 213–15. The court discussed the title to the property as “including the royalty

interest,” and it determined that the NPRI holder was only entitled to royalties

under his NPRI beginning from the date he ratified the lease. Id. at 211, 215. In

Concord Oil, there was a title dispute involving the distribution of payments. See

TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. §§ 91.402(b), 91.403(b). The supreme court

determined that the title dispute involved two different fractional oil and gas

royalty interests appearing within the conveying instrument, and the ultimate legal

question was who was entitled to receive particular royalty payments. 966 S.W.2d

at 452–53.

      Similarly, in Gore Oil Co. v. Roosth, the court of appeals addressed a dispute

over whether the grantor of a mineral and NPRI interest or the grantor’s successor-

in-interest should bear the burden of outstanding mineral and nonparticipating

royalty interests under an ambiguous deed that determined the distribution of

royalties. 158 S.W.3d 596, 597 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, no pet.). The court of

appeals held that prejudgment interest was “not recoverable when reasonable doubt

exists regarding a title dispute” under section 91.402(b), and “[a] title dispute

clearly existed in this case, and prejudgment interest was not authorized.” Id. at

602. It therefore deleted the trial court’s award of prejudgment interest. Id.




                                          22
      This case is also strikingly similar to Headington Oil, which involved a

dispute over the correct amount of royalty interest owned and therefore over the

amount of royalty payments owed. 287 S.W.3d at 207. The Fourteenth Court of

Appeals held that the record established a disagreement among the fractional

royalty interest owners regarding the correct amount of their interest. Id. at 212. It

held, “Because the disagreement affected [the oil company operator’s] abilities to

distribute royalty payments in accordance with section 91.402(a), it was a title

dispute.” Id. Therefore, “[u]nder section 91.402(b), this title dispute extinguished

any liability for prejudgment interest.” Id.

      Here, as in Headington Oil, the existence of the Trust’s NPRI was never

questioned. However, the Trust, Boatner, and the Holbrooks asserted competing

interests in the royalties payable for the 38-acre tract pooled into the Unit. This

dispute regarding who was entitled to those royalties affected Ballard’s abilities to

distribute royalty payments in accordance with section 91.402(a) and thus

constitutes a title dispute as contemplated by section 91.402(b)(1). See TEX. NAT.

RES. CODE ANN. § 91.402(a), (b)(1); Headington Oil, 287 S.W.3d at 212. The

dispute remained active through litigation in Liberty County, an appeal to the

Beaumont Court of Appeals, and proceedings in the trial court here. After the

dispute was resolved by the Trust and the Holbrooks’ settlement agreement,

Ballard released the royalties to the Trust. Thus, as in Headington Oil, the


                                          23
existence of the dispute concerning title affecting Ballard’s distribution of

payments “extinguished any liability for prejudgment interest.” See 287 S.W.3d at

212; see also TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 91.402(b).

      We hold that, here, a legitimate dispute existed over the Trust’s right to

payment of royalties to it under the 1966 Deed and subsequent pooling agreement

versus the Holbrooks’ right to receipt of those royalties from Ballard. Therefore,

this suit is squarely within the scope of Natural Resources Code Chapter 91, and

the Trust’s argument that it is not is without merit. On the undisputed facts of this

case, the trial court correctly held, as a matter of law, that Ballard was entitled to

withhold the distribution of royalty payments from the Holbrook No. 1 Unit until

the dispute over who was entitled to the distribution of those royalties was

resolved.

      2.     Effect of section 91.404’s notice requirements

      The Trust also asserts that Ballard could not benefit from section 91.402(b)’s

“safe harbor” provision because Ballard “failed to comply with the statutory

condition precedent of [section] 91.404 of the [Texas Natural Resources Code].”

We disagree that section 91.404 provides, as a statutory condition precedent to the

application of section 91.402, that a payor must give written notice of a reasonable

cause for nonpayment to a payee who, as here, files suit against it for non-payment

of royalties. This claim is without merit.


                                             24
      Section 91.404 provides, “If a payee [like the Trust] seeks relief for the

failure of a payor [like Ballard] to make timely payment of proceeds . . . as

required under Section 91.402 or 91.403 of this code, the payee must give the

payor written notice by mail of that failure as a prerequisite to beginning judicial

action against the payor for nonpayment.” TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 91.404(a)

(West 2011). The payor is then entitled to thirty days after receiving written notice

to pay the proceeds due or to “respond by stating in writing a reasonable cause for

nonpayment.” Id. § 91.404(b). By its plain language, this section sets out a

“prerequisite to [a payee’s] beginning judicial action against the payor for

nonpayment” and does not reference the payor’s ability to withhold payments

pursuant to section 91.402(b). See id. § 91.404(a); Garcia v. Genesis Crude Oil,

L.P., No. 13-14-00727-CV, 2016 WL 1732436, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi

Apr. 28, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating that section 91.404 requires payee to

provide written notice of claim to payor “[a]s a pre-requisite to suit”).

      Nothing in sections 91.404 or 91.402(b) supports the Trust’s assertion that

Ballard was required to provide a written explanation to the Trust before it could

withhold payments pursuant to that subsection. We further observe that both the

Trust’s brief on appeal and the summary judgment record demonstrate that the

Trust was aware of the underlying dispute between it, Boatner, and the Holbrooks,




                                          25
and it was aware that Ballard was holding the disputed royalty amounts in suspense

pending resolution of this dispute.

       We overrule the Trust’s first issue as it relates to its claim for statutory

interest.

C.     The Trust’s Claim for Attorney’s Fees

       In the remainder of its first issue, the Trust argues that if this Court reverses

the trial court’s judgment and awards it prejudgment interest, the Trust is also

entitled to attorney’s fees and legal costs. See TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 91.406

(West 2011) (“If a suit is filed to collect proceeds and interest under this

subchapter, the court shall include in any final judgment in favor of the plaintiff an

award of . . . reasonable attorney’s fees.”). Because we determine that the trial

court correctly denied the Trust’s motion for summary judgment and granted

Ballard’s motion on the issue of statutory prejudgment interest, we likewise

conclude that the Trust is not entitled to attorney’s fees pursuant to section 91.406.

       We overrule the remainder of the Trust’s first issue.

D.     The Trust’s Claims for Conversion, Unjust Enrichment, and Equitable
       Subrogation

       In its second issue, the Trust asserts that the trial court erred in granting

Ballard’s motion for summary judgment relating to the Trust’s claim to recover all

legal fees and costs it incurred in the Liberty County suit. The Trust asserts that it

is entitled to such fees under theories of conversion, unjust enrichment, and

                                           26
equitable subrogation. The Trust argues that Ballard did not meet its summary

judgment burden regarding these claims.

      Ballard asserted no-evidence and traditional grounds in its motion for

summary judgment. Specifically, it asserted that because it was authorized to place

the royalties in suspense, no prejudgment interest or attorney’s fees are owed to the

Trust and, thus, “there is no legal or rational basis supporting [the Trust’s] claim

for attorney’s fees related to the Liberty County case.” Likewise, in its response to

the Trust’s second motion for summary judgment, Ballard asserted that the Trust’s

unjust enrichment claim fails because “[o]ne is clearly not ‘unjustly enriched’ by

taking action it is lawfully entitled to take” and that the conversion claim likewise

fails because Ballard “received no benefits [from withholding the royalty

payments] except avoiding the risk of having to pay twice . . . which is precisely

what the statue was designed to protect against.” Ballard further argued that “the

claim of ‘equitable subrogation’ is clearly inapplicable to the facts of this case. No

one has paid anyone’s debts, voluntarily or involuntarily.” We agree with Ballard.

      As Ballard argues in its brief, its withholding of the disputed royalty was

authorized by statute and it paid the proceeds to the Trust once the dispute was

resolved. There is no evidence that Ballard kept any funds to which the Trust was

entitled or that it was in any way enriched by its dealings with the Trust. See

Lawyers Title Co. v. J.G. Cooper Dev., Inc., 424 S.W.3d 713, 718 (Tex. App.—


                                         27
Dallas 2014, pet. denied) (“Conversion is the ‘unauthorized and wrongful

assumption and exercise of dominion and control over the personal property of

another, to the exclusion of or inconsistent with the owner’s rights.’”) (quoting

Wells Fargo Bank Nw., N.A. v. RPK Captial XVI, L.L.C., 360 S.W.3d 691, 699

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.)); see also Heldenfels Bros., Inc. v. City of

Corpus Christi, 832 S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex. 1992) (“A party may recover under the

unjust enrichment theory when one person has obtained a benefit from another by

fraud, duress, or the taking of an undue advantage.”). Likewise, nothing in the

summary judgment record indicates that the attorney’s fees incurred by the Trust in

the Liberty County suit were incurred as a result of equitable subrogation. See

Frymire Eng’g Co. v. Jomar Int’l, Ltd., 259 S.W.3d 140, 142 (Tex. 2008)

(“[E]quitable subrogation applies ‘in every instance in which one person, not

acting voluntarily, has paid a debt for which another was primarily liable and

which in equity should have been paid by the latter.’”) (quoting Mid-Continent Ins.

Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 236 S.W.3d 765, 774 (Tex. 2007)).

      We overrule the Trust’s second issue.

E.    Ballard’s Remaining Affirmative Defenses

      In its third issue, the Trust argues that Ballard’s alleged affirmative defenses

were not presented, argued, or proved up in its traditional and no-evidence motion

for summary judgment. Because we affirm the trial court’s judgment on the basis


                                         28
of Ballard’s arguments under Natural Resources Code section 91.402(b)(1), we

need not address arguments relating to any alleged affirmative defenses.

      We overrule the Trust’s third issue on appeal.

                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                             Evelyn V. Keyes
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Keyes and Massengale.




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