          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS


                                            NO . 01-468

                              ALBERT F. MAUERHAN , APPELLANT ,

                                                  V.


                                   ANTHONY J. PRINCIPI,
                         SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.


                         On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals


(Argued May 6, 2002                           Decided October 30, 2002 )


Ronald L. Smith, of Washington, D.C., for the appellant.

       Richard A. Cohn, with whom Tim S. McClain, General Counsel; Joan E. Moriarty, Acting
Assistant General Counsel; Patricia Trujillo, Acting Deputy Assistant General Counsel; and
Elizabeth H. Goldberg, Appellate Attorney, were on the brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the
appellee.

       Before KRAMER, Chief Judge, and FARLEY and GREENE, Judges.

       GREENE, Judge: Veteran Albert Mauerhan appeals, through counsel, a November 28, 2000,
decision of the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) that, relying on 38 C.F.R. § 4.130, Diagnostic
Code (DC) 9411, denied an increased initial rating for Mr. Mauerhan's post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Mr. Mauerhan filed a brief and a reply brief, and the Secretary filed a brief. A motion for
expedited consideration was granted due to the veteran's failing health, and in May 2002 a panel of
this Court heard oral argument. On appeal, Mr. Mauerhan argues that the Board's decision was
arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law, because
the Board failed to determine a disability rating based on PTSD symptoms established in the
American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, as
revised in the 1994, fourth edition (DSM-IV). We conclude that the Board's decision was not clearly
erroneous and will affirm the Board's decision.
                                             I. FACTS
       Mr. Mauerhan served on active duty in the U.S. Army from September 1967 to November
1969, including service in Vietnam. Record (R.) at 16. In June 1998, he filed a claim for VA
service connection for his PTSD. R. at 45-46. In an August 1998 letter in support of his claim, he
detailed his Army experiences in Vietnam and described psychological difficulties he had suffered
since his return from Vietnam. R. at 52-54. In October 1998, he submitted a treatment report from
the Elkton, Maryland, "Vet Center," indicating that he had begun medical treatment in February
1998 in response to the following symptoms: Nightmares of Vietnam with intense anxiety; guilt;
suicidal thoughts; hypervigalance; and occasional intrusive thoughts of a friend being killed in
Vietnam. R. at 58-60. The examiner noted that Mr. Mauerhan was anxious and tense and that he
described himself as moody and irritable. R. at 59. The examiner also noted that Mr. Mauerhan
exhibited deep regret and severe guilt for his Vietnam service. R. at 58-60. During the treatment,
Mr. Mauerhan reported having been "arrested on one occasion for shooting at someone in his yard."
Id. The medical reports indicated that he had attempted suicide three times, often felt depressed, and
did not feel close to his family. Id. Mr. Mauerhan was diagnosed with chronic PTSD and
dysthymia. Id. (Dysthymia is "a disorder of mood." STEDMAN 'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY 436
(5th unabridged lawyers ed. 1982)).
       In January 1999, Mr. Mauerhan was given a VA compensation and pension examination for
PTSD. R. at 67-72. During that examination, he reported that he had married at age 18 and
divorced 11 years later. Id. There were six children from that marriage. Id. He stated that he had
remarried shortly after the divorce, but that that marriage lasted only two years. R. at 68. At the
time of the examination, Mr. Mauerhan reported that he has been in a 24-year relationship with a
woman, whom he calls his wife. Id. He reported having flashbacks and intrusive memories of
Vietnam and felt as though he never left Vietnam. R. at 67. He stated that he had overdosed on pills
a number of times and had attempted to kill himself with a rifle. Id. He told the examiner that
before enlisting in the Army he had never kept guns in the house but that he currently had five guns
and slept with one loaded under his mattress. Id. Mr. Mauerhan recalled to the examiner his desire
to trade places with his friend who was killed after stepping on a landmine in Vietnam, and the
intense shock he still feels when recalling the explosion of a Vietnamese bus loaded with civilians.
R. at 70. He reported that concern for his own safety made it extremely difficult to sleep, often

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prompting him to "walk around the house and check the doors and windows over and over again."
R. at 68. Although he recounted numerous arguments and difficulties at work, Mr. Mauerhan
reported that he had maintained his current job longer than any other position he had held, and was
going into his ninth year as an employee of the U.S. Postal Service. R. at 71.
       The examiner observed Mr. Mauerhan's speech to be clear and coherent, "although he tended
to be overly talkative and a bit tangential at times . . . ." Id. The examiner found Mr. Mauerhan in
"good reality contact," oriented, and providing no evidence of any delusions or hallucinations. Id.
Mr. Mauerhan's Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score of 52 was determined to be
"indicative of moderate to serious symptomatology involving short temper, insomnia,
hypervigilance, social isolation, and frequent reexperiencing." R. at 72. The examiner concluded
that Mr. Mauerhan's PTSD was secondary to his military service and that his prognosis was "fair."
Id. The examiner "strongly recommended" that Mr. Mauerhan continue psychotherapy and
reconsider psychotropic medication for his sleep difficulties and intrusive thoughts. Id.
       In April of 1999, a VA regional office (RO) awarded Mr. Mauerhan service connection for
PTSD and assigned him a 30% disability rating. R. at 76-81. Mr. Mauerhan filed a Notice of
Disagreement seeking an increased rating for his service-connected PTSD, based on an April 1999
treatment report from the Vet Center. R. at 83, 96. The treatment report recorded Mr. Mauerhan's
progress in the immediately preceding months, but also noted that he reported an increase in
symptoms. R. at 84. He reported experiencing "frequent nightmares, painful intrusive thoughts,
[and] overwhelming feelings of guilt and irritability." Id. He also indicated that he was "consumed
at times by anger and sadness." Id. The treatment report listed his prognosis as "guarded." Id. Mr.
Mauerhan was given another VA examination, which confirmed that he had chronic PTSD and as
of May 1999 had a GAF score of 50. R. at 86-88. The RO issued a decision continuing Mr.
Mauerhan's 30% disability rating, and on August 16, 1999, Mr. Mauerhan appealed to the Board.
R. at 98-101, 113.
       On November 28, 2000, the Board denied entitlement to an increased initial rating of Mr.
Mauerhan's PTSD, concluding that his condition does not warrant a rating greater than 30%. R. at
1-13. The Board recounted the medical reports from Mr. Mauerhan's PTSD treatments and
examinations. R. at 3-10. The Board then discussed 38 C.F.R. § 4.130, DC 9411, the regulation



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applied in rating PTSD, and detailed the criteria that would result in 30% or 50% ratings. R. at 11.
In applying the rating criteria to Mr. Mauerhan's condition, the Board stated:
       Taking into account all the evidence, the Board finds that the veteran is currently
       properly rated as 30 percent disabl[ed]. Specifically, the evidence does not
       demonstrate that the veteran's PTSD is manifested by occupational and social
       impairment with reduced reliability and productivity due to such symptoms as
       flattened affect, circumstantial, circumlocutory, or stereotyped speech, panic attacks
       more than once a week, difficulty in understanding complex commands, impairment
       of short- and long-term memory, impaired judgment and abstract thinking, or
       disturbances of motivation. Though the veteran does have some difficulty in
       establishing and maintaining effective work and social relationships, that is, he has
       gotten into fights on the job, and is socially isolated, it is noted that he has been able
       to maintain a 24[-]year relationship with his partner, and he does stay in contact with
       his children. Further, he has been able to hold a job at the post office for the past
       nine and a half years. As to disturbances of mood, though the veteran does suffer
       from depression as well as thoughts of a foreshortened future, as well as of death and
       intermittent suicidal ideation, the report of the May 1999 VA PTSD examination
       found that he generally functions satisfactorily with routine behavior, self-care and
       normal conversation, and his general cognitive processes appeared to be intact. His
       [GAF] score was found to be 52 in his January 1999 examination, and 50 in his May
       1999 examination, which would indicate only moderate to severe symptoms, or
       moderate difficulty to serious impairment in social, occupational, or school
       functioning. The report of the January 1999 examination found the veteran to be in
       good contact with reality, and oriented in all three spheres, with no evidence of any
       delusions or hallucinations, and an intact memory.
R. at 11-12. In conclusion, the Board held that the "evidence does not demonstrate that the veteran's
PTSD warrants more than a 30 percent disability evaluation under the applicable schedular criteria."
R. at 12.
       On appeal, Mr. Mauerhan argues that the Board erred in relying on the 30% and 50% rating
criteria listed under 38 C.F.R. § 4.130, as requirements rather than examples, because those criteria
apply to all mental disorders. Instead, he claims that the Board, in determining the appropriate
rating, should have considered the criteria specific to PTSD, set forth in the DSM-IV. He contends
that many of the symptoms listed in § 4.130 are not found in the DSM-IV as being associated with
PTSD and, as a result, do not apply to PTSD claims. He claims that the Board's failure to use the
DSM-IV is arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of discretion, and is not in accordance with the law.
In response, the Secretary maintains that the Board did not err when it applied the criteria listed in
the rating code to the evidence contained in the record in order to assign the appropriate disability


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rating, and that the Court should affirm the Board's decision because it is supported by a plausible
basis in the record.


                                           II. ANALYSIS
       Mr. Mauerhan seeks an increased initial disability rating for his service-connected PTSD,
and alleges that the Board erred in declining to grant him a disability rating greater than 30%. In
light of such a challenge, the Court may set aside the Board’s finding as to the appropriate disability
rating only if it is determined to be clearly erroneous. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(4); Zink v. Brown,
10 Vet.App. 258, 259 (1997) (per curiam order); Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 52-53 (1990).
Under this standard, the Court may not "substitute its judgment for that of the B[oard] on issues of
material fact" and may only overturn a finding of the Board if there does not exist a "plausible basis"
in the record that supports the factual determination at issue. Id. at 53; see also 38 U.S.C.
§ 7261(a)(4).
       Once a veteran has been awarded service connection for a disease or disorder, VA will assign
the veteran an appropriate disability rating after referring to the schedule of ratings for reductions
in earning capacity for the specific injury or disability. See 38 U.S.C. § 1155. The rating is based,
as far as practicable, upon the average impairments of earning capacity, in civil occupations,
resulting from such injuries. Id. The Secretary has promulgated regulations to implement
assignment of an appropriate disability rating. See generally 38 C.F.R. Pt. 4. In the process of
evaluating a mental disorder, VA is required to consider a number of pertinent factors, such as the
frequency, severity, and duration of a veteran's psychiatric symptoms. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.126 (2001).
After consideration of these factors, and based on all the evidence of record that bears on
occupational and social impairment, VA must assign a disability rating that most closely reflects the
level of social and occupational impairment a veteran is suffering. See id. Where there is a question
as to which of two evaluations to apply, the Board will assign the higher rating if a veteran's
disability more closely resembles the criteria for the higher rating; otherwise the lower rating will
be assigned. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.7 (2001). Under the "General Rating Formula for Mental
Disorders," a rating of 30% for PTSD is appropriate when a veteran exhibits the following:
               Occupational and social impairment with occasional decrease in work
       efficiency and intermittent periods of inability to perform occupational tasks


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       (although generally functioning satisfactorily, with routine behavior, self-care, and
       conversation normal), due to such symptoms as: depressed mood, anxiety,
       suspiciousness, panic attacks (weekly or less often), chronic sleep impairment, mild
       memory loss (such as forgetting names, directions, recent events)[.]
38 C.F.R. § 4.130, DC 9411 and 9440 (2001). A mental disorder is to be rated 50% disabling when
the veteran exhibits the following:
               Occupational and social impairment with reduced reliability and productivity
       due to such symptoms as: flattened affect; circumstantial, circumlocutory, or
       stereotyped speech; panic attacks more than once a week; difficulty in understanding
       complex commands; impairment of short- and long-term memory (e.g., retention of
       only highly learned material, forgetting to complete tasks); impaired judgment;
       impaired abstract thinking; disturbances of motivation and mood; difficulty in
       establishing and maintaining effective work and social relationships[.]
Id.
       Mr. Mauerhan argues that the Board erred by treating the factors specified in DC 9440 as
requirements for a particular rating, rather than as examples of conditions that would warrant a
specific rating assignment. He contends that many of the criteria listed in the rating schedule are
not found in the DSM-IV as being associated with PTSD, and that the Board should have based its
rating on the specific effects of the PTSD symptoms set forth in the DSM-IV and the degree to
which those symptoms affected his occupational and social orientation. Mr. Mauerhan asserts that
by restating verbatim the criteria listed in the rating schedule under a 50% rating, and then denying
a 50% rating because he did not exhibit those precise symptoms, "the Board unlawfully denied the
[v]eteran an increased rating for his service-connected PTSD because it found he did not have
symptoms unrelated to PTSD." Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 8.
       Mr. Mauerhan's argument, that the Board improperly interpreted § 4.130, DC 9440, is a
question of law, which the Court reviews de novo. See Butts v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 532, 539 (1993)
(en banc) (noting that Court reviews agency interpretations of law de novo). His assertion that the
symptoms listed in the DSM-IV should, in effect, replace the criteria listed in DC 9440 as the basis
for rating PTSD claims is not supported by a plain reading of the regulation. See Glover v. West,
185 F.3d 1328, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1108 (2000) ("In construing a statute
or regulation, we commence by inspecting its language to ascertain its plain meaning."). Section
4.130 states: "The nomenclature employed in this portion of the rating schedule is based upon the
[DSM-IV]. Rating agencies must be thoroughly familiar with this manual to . . . apply the general


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rating formula for mental disorders in § 4.130." 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (emphasis added). Section 4.130
then lists diagnostic codes for more than 30 mental disorders and sets forth one "general rating
formula" to be used in rating all the listed disorders. Although § 4.130 makes clear that an
understanding of the DSM-IV is essential for properly applying the rating formula, nowhere does
it state that consideration of the DSM-IV in any way relieves VA from fully considering the specific
rating criteria outlined in 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 when rating the severity of a claimant's disorder.
       Mr. Mauerhan contends that the Board committed error by specifically referencing "such
symptoms as flattened affect, circumstantial, circumlocutory, or stereotyped speech, panic attacks
more than once a week, difficulty in understanding complex commands, impairment of short- and
long-term memory, impaired judgment and abstract thinking, or disturbances of motivation."
Appellant's Br. at 13-14, 18-19; see also R. at 11. He suggests that because every one of those
symptoms is not relevant to PTSD, the Board should not have considered each one in rating his
disorder. This argument is not entirely persuasive.
       First, the symptoms recited under both the 30% and 50% ratings in 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 follow
the phrase "such symptoms as." By definition, "such as" means "for example" or "like or similar
to." See WEBSTER'S NEW WORLD DICTIONARY (3rd coll. ed. 1988) 1337. The use of the term "such
as" demonstrates that the symptoms after that phrase are not intended to constitute an exhaustive list,
but rather are to serve as examples of the type and degree of the symptoms, or their effects, that
would justify a particular rating. Accordingly, any suggestion that the Board was required, in
complying with the regulation, to find the presence of all, most, or even some, of the enumerated
symptoms is unsupported by a reading of the plain language of the regulation. See Glover, 185 F.3d
at 1332 (stating that when terms of regulation are unambiguous, "no further inquiry is usually
required"). Mr. Mauerhan is correct that the factors listed in the rating formula are "examples" of
conditions that warrant particular ratings. Without those examples, differentiating a 30% evaluation
from a 50% evaluation would be extremely ambiguous. In § 4.130, removing the factors following
the phrase "such symptoms as" would leave the Board with the difficult task of determining whether
a veteran suffered from "[o]ccupational and social impairment with reduced reliability and
productivity" (50% rating) or "[o]ccupational and social impairment with occasional decrease in
work efficiency and intermittent periods of inability to perform occupational tasks (although



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generally functioning satisfactorily, with routine behavior, self-care, and conversation normal)"
(30% rating). See 38 C.F.R. § 4.130.
        The Secretary, acting within his authority to "adopt and apply a schedule of ratings," chose
to create one general rating formula for mental disorders. 38 U.S.C. § 1155; see 38 U.S.C. § 501;
38 C.F.R. § 4.130. By establishing one general formula to be used in rating more than 30 mental
disorders, there can be no doubt that the Secretary anticipated that any list of symptoms justifying
a particular rating would in many situations be either under- or over-inclusive. The Secretary's use
of the phrase "such symptoms as," followed by a list of examples, provides guidance as to the
severity of symptoms contemplated for each rating, in addition to permitting consideration of other
symptoms, particular to each veteran and disorder, and the effect of those symptoms on the
claimant's social and work situation. This construction is not inconsistent with Cohen v. Brown,
10 Vet.App. 128 (1997). In Cohen, the Court held that the DSM-IV criteria will be considered in
making the initial determination of service connection for PTSD, but that once service connection
is granted, the diagnostic code "will be for application to establish the appropriate disability rating."
10 Vet.App. at 152. As stated above, the evidence considered in determining the level of
impairment under § 4.130 is not restricted to the symptoms provided in the diagnostic code. Instead,
the rating specialist is to consider all symptoms of a claimant's condition that affect the level of
occupational and social impairment, including, if applicable, those identified in the DSM-IV. See
38 C.F.R. § 4.126 (2001). If the evidence demonstrates that a claimant suffers symptoms or effects
that cause occupational or social impairment equivalent to what would be caused by the symptoms
listed in the diagnostic code, the appropriate, equivalent rating will be assigned.
        Further, as the Secretary accurately points out, the idea of evaluating PTSD under a rating
formula separate from that for other mental disorders was specifically considered and rejected when
38 C.F.R. §§ 4.16 and 4.125 through 4.132 were amended in 1996. The portion of the Federal
Register that records the amendment process reads:
                One commentator suggested that we evaluate [PTSD] not under a general
        rating formula for mental disorders but under a separate formula based on the
        frequency of symptoms particular to PTSD, i.e., nightmares, flashbacks, troubling
        intrusive memories, uncontrollable rage, and startle response.

               The distinctive PTSD symptoms listed by the commentator are used to
        diagnose PTSD rather than evaluate the degree of disability resulting from the


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        condition. Although certain symptoms must be present in order to establish the
        diagnosis of PTSD, as with other conditions it is not the symptoms, but their effects,
        that determine the level of impairment. For example, it is not the presence of
        "flashbacks," per se, but their effects, such as impaired impulse control, anxiety, or
        difficulty adapting to stressful situations, that determine the evaluation. We have,
        therefore, made no changes based on this suggestion.
61 Fed. Reg. 52,695, 52,697 (Oct. 8, 1996). The fact that the regulation is written with this built-in
versatility does not make it inconsistent with the underlying statute. See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v.
Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843-44 (1984) ("If Congress has explicitly left a gap
for the agency to fill, there is an express delegation of authority to the agency to elucidate a specific
provision of the statute by regulation. Such legislative regulations are given controlling weight
unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute."). We therefore reject that
part of Mr. Mauerhan's argument that the DSM-IV criteria should be the exclusive basis in the
schedule governing ratings for PTSD and hold that § 4.130 "is a reasonable and permissible
construction" of 38 U.S.C. § 1155. See Gallegos v. Principi, 283 F.3d 1309, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
        In its decision, the Board recited the 30% and 50% rating criteria for mental disorders,
discussed other symptoms Mr. Mauerhan displayed, and decided that the medical evidence did not
show that Mr. Mauerhan's PTSD was of a degree that warrants a 50% rating. R. at 11. Specifically,
the Board set forth his symptomatology as reported in the September 1998 and April 1999 treatment
reports from the Vet Center, the January 1999 and May 1999 VA compensation and pension
examination reports, which related symptoms both inside and outside the specific rating criteria used
in § 4.130, and the diagnoses provided by the examiners. Id. Contrary to Mr. Mauerhan's argument
that the Board limited its consideration exclusively to the factors specified in the rating schedule,
the Board included in its analysis a discussion of evidence reflecting that he suffers from symptoms
such as thoughts of a foreshortened future, which is a DSM-IV criterion for diagnosis and may effect
occupational and social impairment, but is not listed under either the 30% or 50% rating. R. at 12.
Therefore, although Mr. Mauerhan is correct that the Board may look at criteria outside of the rating
code in determining the level of occupational and social impairment, it cannot be said that the Board,
in this case, limited its analysis solely to whether he exhibited symptoms listed in the 30% and 50%
rating levels. Although the Board acknowledged that Mr. Mauerhan does have "some difficulty in
establishing and maintaining effective work and social relationships," it found that his impairment
does not warrant the 50% rating, based in part on his ability to maintain a 24-year relationship with

                                                   9
his partner, contact with his children, and nine and one-half years of employment at his then-current
job. R. at 11; see 38 C.F.R. § 4.130, DC 9440. Because the Board, in determining that Mr.
Mauerhan's PTSD more closely resembled a 30% level of impairment due to his ability to maintain
some social and occupational relationships, based its decision on all of his symptomatology, a
plausible basis in the record exists for the November 2000 decision and therefore that decision was
not clearly erroneous. See Caluza v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 498, 506 (1995), aff'd per curiam, 78 F.3d
604 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (table).


                                       III. CONCLUSION
       After consideration of the pleadings and arguments of the parties, and upon review of the
record, the Court holds that Mr. Mauerhan has not demonstrated that the Board committed either
legal or factual error that would warrant reversal or remand. The Court is also satisfied that the
Board's decision fulfills the "reasons or bases" requirements of 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1).
       The decision of the Board is AFFIRMED.




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