                               SECOND DIVISION
                                ANDREWS, P. J.,
                            MILLER and BRANCH, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                  November 13, 2015




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A1248. REYNOLDS v. THE STATE.

      BRANCH, Judge.

      Jeremy Reynolds was tried by a DeKalb County jury and convicted on two

counts of violating his oath as a public officer.1 He now appeals, claiming that the

trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict of acquittal because the

evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction. Reynolds further contends that the

trial court violated his right to due process by limiting the number of questions that

could be asked during general voir dire. For reasons explained below, we find no

error and affirm.

      “On appeal from a criminal conviction, the defendant is no longer entitled to

a presumption of innocence and we therefore construe the evidence in the light most

      1
          The jury acquitted Reynolds of one count of aggravated sodomy.
favorable to the jury’s guilty verdict.” Marriott v. State, 320 Ga. App. 58, 58 (739

SE2d 68) (2013) (citation omitted). So viewed, the record shows that from March

2008 through at least January of 2010, Reynolds served as a DeKalb County police

officer. In September 2009, Reynolds, while in uniform and on patrol, stopped L. W.

as she was walking down a street at approximately 1:30 a. m. Reynolds asked L. W.

if she had any drugs in her possession; L. W. responded affirmatively, removed a

small bag of marijuana from her pocket, and placed it on the back of Reynolds’s

patrol car. Reynolds then told L. W. that either he could take her to jail or she could

perform oral sex on him. When L. W. elected not to go to jail, Reynolds drove her in

his patrol car to behind a nearby building, where L. W. performed oral sex on the

officer.

       In January 2010, Reynolds performed a traffic stop of a car driven by Y. R. A

check of Y. R.’s license showed an outstanding warrant for her arrest resulting from

her failure to pay a fine imposed for a traffic violation. Reynolds handcuffed Y. R.

and placed her in the back of his patrol car. He then proceeded to tell Y. R. that he did

not want to do the paperwork associated with her arrest; that because it was Friday,

if he took her to jail she would likely be there over the weekend; and that if he

arrested her, her car would be impounded. Reynolds then removed the handcuffs from

                                           2
Y. R. and told her that if she showed him her breasts, he would not arrest her. When

Y. R. refused, Reynolds handcuffed her a second time and pulled up her shirt. During

the incident, Y. R. observed that the officer’s name plate said “Reynolds.” After

molesting Y. R., Reynolds arrested her and took her to jail.

      Both of Reynolds’s victims eventually reported these incidents to the DeKalb

County Police, and each victim subsequently identified Reynolds from a photographic

line up as her assailant. Following an investigation, officers with the county’s Special

Victims Unit questioned Reynolds. During that interview, which was recorded and

played for the jury at trial, Reynolds admitted that he had given both victims a choice

between complying with his request for sexual contact or going to jail. Reynolds was

subsequently arrested and indicted on one count of aggravated sodomy and two

counts of violating his oath as a public officer.

      Prior to jury selection, the trial court informed both parties that a number of

general questions had been posed to the jury by way of a written questionnaire and

that the responses of each potential juror would be provided to counsel. The trial

court further informed the parties that each could ask no more than ten questions

during general voir dire. The court imposed no limit on the number of questions that

either side could pose to a potential juror when questioning that juror individually.

                                           3
Defense counsel objected to the limitation on questions that could be asked during

general voir dire, but the trial court overruled that objection.

      With respect to Reynolds’s alleged violation of his oath of office, the State

presented evidence showing that on March 11, 2008, Reynolds took the “Sworn Oath

of Office” of the DeKalb County Police Department and that he signed a written copy

of the same. In that oath, Reynolds swore, among other things, that he would

“faithfully enforce the laws of the State of Georgia and . . . faithfully perform all the

duties of my office, and . . . faithfully observe all the rules, orders[,] and regulations

of the DeKalb County Police Department.” Officer Mark West, the chief instructor

at the DeKalb County Police Academy, administered the oath to Reynolds and

witnessed Reynolds’s signature on the written copy. West testified that all DeKalb

County Police Department recruits must complete the Academy training, which takes

26 weeks. On the first day of Academy training, all recruits are issued an employee

manual containing the rules and regulations of the DeKalb County Police

Department. The rules and regulations contained in the employee manual address

what is appropriate and inappropriate conduct for police officers. According to West,

it would be a violation of DeKalb County Police Department rules for a police officer

to have either consensual or nonconsensual sex while on duty; to solicit sex or any

                                            4
kind of sexual favor; to barter over whether to take someone to jail; and to ask a

woman in custody to show the officer her breasts.

      At the close of the State’s case, Reynolds moved for a directed verdict of

acquittal. In support of this motion, defense counsel argued that the State had failed

to prove that Reynolds had violated his oath of office because it had failed to

introduce into evidence a copy of any specific rule, regulation, or order that

Reynolds’s alleged conduct had violated. The trial court denied that motion, finding

the State had presented sufficient evidence to submit these counts to the jury.

      Reynolds then testified in his own defense and acknowledged that L. W. had

performed oral sex on him while he was on duty, but insisted that the contact had

been consensual. Reynolds denied that the incident with Y. R. had occurred. On

cross-examination, Reynolds acknowledged that having consensual sex while on duty

would be inappropriate conduct for an officer; that he had previously engaged in

consensual sex while on duty; that if he had offered L. W. a choice between going to

jail and performing oral sex on him, that conduct would violate his oath of office; and

that if he had offered Y. R. a choice between going to jail and showing him her

breasts, that conduct would violate his oath of office.



                                          5
      The jury acquitted Reynolds of aggravated assault but found him guilty of the

two counts of violating his oath of office. The trial court entered judgment on the

jury’s verdict, and Reynolds now appeals his conviction.

      1. Reynolds first argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a

directed verdict of acquittal because the evidence was insufficient to convict him of

violating his oath of office. We disagree.

      With respect to this claim of error,

      the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
      most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
      found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In
      determining that question, we consider the inferences that can be
      logically derived from the evidence presented at trial. As long as there
      is some competent evidence, even though contradicted, to support each
      fact necessary to make out the State’s case, the jury’s verdict will be
      upheld.


King v. State, 325 Ga. App. 777, 781 (1) (755 SE2d 22) (2014) (citation and

punctuation omitted). See also Dorsey v. State, 279 Ga. 534, 542 (3) (615 SE2d 512)

(2005) (“[t]he standard for reviewing a denial of a motion for a directed verdict of

acquittal is the same test to be used when the sufficiency of the evidence is

challenged”).

                                             6
      The code section under which Reynolds was convicted, OCGA § 16-10-1,

makes it illegal for any public officer to “willfully and intentionally violate[ ] the

terms of his oath as prescribed by law.” As this Court has previously explained, to

convict an officer of violating OCGA § 16-10-1, the State must prove that the

defendant was actually administered an oath, that the oath was “prescribed by law,

and that the officer violated the terms of that oath. See Bradley v. State, 292 Ga. App.

737, 740 (2) (665 SE2d 428) (2008). On appeal, Reynolds does not dispute the terms

of the oath, that he was administered the oath, or that the oath was one prescribed by

law. Rather, he contends that the State failed to prove that he violated that part of the

oath which required him to “faithfully observe all the rules, orders[,] and regulations

of the DeKalb County Police Department.” Specifically, Reynolds argues that the

State could not prove a violation of this part of his oath without introducing into

evidence a certified copy of the rule, order, or regulation he allegedly violated.

Reynolds’s argument as to the sufficiency of the evidence fails.

      The cases relied on by Reynolds to support the proposition that the State was

required to introduce a certified copy of one or more specific rules, orders, or

regulations that his conduct allegedly violated are inapposite. Unlike the case at hand,

which involves a criminal prosecution under state law, the cases relied upon by

                                           7
Reynolds each involved the attempted enforcement of a city or county ordinance or

regulation. See Sweeney v. Lowe, 325 Ga. App. 883, 883 (755 SE2d 813) (2014)

(where plaintiff’s personal-injury lawsuit was predicated on the defendant’s alleged

violation of a county ordinance, the plaintiff bore the burden of proving the terms of

that ordinance by introducing into evidence a certified copy of the same); Morrow v.

Angkawijana, LLC, 327 Ga. App. 1, 5-6 (755 SE2d 561) (2014) (same); Reed v.

State, 229 Ga. App. 817, 818-819 (a) (495 SE2d 313) (1997) (where defendant was

charged in state court with violating a city ordinance, the prosecution was required

to prove the terms of that ordinance by introducing a certified copy thereof). Thus,

each of these cases was applying the well-established rule that “[n]either the superior

courts nor the appellate courts [of this State] can adjudicate a claim or defense based

on a city [or county] ordinance unless the ordinance has been properly presented.”

Whitfield v. City of Atlanta, 296 Ga. 641, 641 (769 SE2d 76) (2015) (emphasis

supplied). See also Davis & Schulman’s Ga. Practice & Procedure, §7:9 (2015-2016

ed.) (“[p]roof of law or regulations, other than [OCGA] and state regulations

promulgated under the Administrative Procedures Act and published by the Secretary

of State as the Official Regulations of the State of Georgia, must be pled and proved



                                          8
. . . , because judicial notice cannot be taken of rules, regulation, and ordinances not

authorized for publication”).

      Reynolds, however, was not being prosecuted for a violation of a DeKalb

County rule, ordinance, or regulation. The State, therefore, was not required to

introduce into evidence the terms of any such rule, ordinance, or regulation. Instead,

the prosecution had to prove only that Reynolds engaged in the conduct alleged in the

indictment and that such conduct violated his oath of office. Here, Reynolds’s

admitted he took an oath that required him to “faithfully observe all the rules,

orders[,] and regulations of the DeKalb County Police Department.” Additionally,

Officer West testified that these rules, orders, and regulations were contained in an

employee manual given to all recruits, including Reynolds, at the time they entered

the police academy; that Reynolds completed the 26-week-long police academy

training course, during which these rules, orders, and regulations were reviewed in-

depth; and that the conduct of which Reynolds was accused would constitute a

violation of those rules, orders, and regulations. Moreover, Reynolds himself

admitted at trial that the conduct of which he was accused would constitute a

violation of his oath of office. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to sustain



                                           9
Reynolds’s convictions for violating OCGA § 16-10-1.2 See Bradley, 292 Ga. App.

at 740-741 (2) (testimony by a witness with the requisite knowledge that certain

conduct would constitute a violation of the oath of office taken by the defendant, a

corrections officer, was sufficient to convict the defendant of violating OCGA § 16-

10-1).

         2. Reynolds also contends that the trial court erred in limiting the number of

his general voir dire questions to no more than ten. Again, we disagree.

         2
         We also note that Reynolds’s oath of office required him to “faithfully
perform all the duties of [his] office.” Although the indictment did not charge
Reynolds with violating this part of his oath, the evidence would have supported a
conviction on such a charge. Specifically, based on the evidence, the jury could have
concluded that by abusing his authority in an effort to coerce sexual favors from
women who were subject to arrest, Reynolds failed to faithfully perform the duties
of his office. See Gaskins v. State, 318 Ga. App. 8, 11-12 (2) (733 SE2d 338) (2012)
(evidence showing that police officer abused her authority by accessing a police
department database to obtain the personal identification information of a third party
and then using that information to commit financial identity fraud showed that she
violated that part of her oath requiring her to “faithfully perform and discharge the
duties of [her] position”). See also Brandeburg v. State, 292 Ga. App. 191, 195 (2)
(b) (663 SE2d 844) (2008) (indictment was sufficient to charge a violation of OCGA
§ 16-10-1 where it alleged that the officer’s conduct in failing to turn in weapons
seized during a police raid constituted a violation of his oath of office, which required
him to “faithfully administer and discharge the duties of his office”); Murkerson v.
State, 264 Ga. App. 701, 702 (2) (592 SE2d 184) (2003) (indictment was sufficient
to charge a violation of OCGA § 16-10-1 where it alleged that a jailer had delivered
cigarettes to an inmate in exchange for marijuana; such conduct, if proven, would
violated that part of the jailer’s oath of office requiring him to “‘well and truly
perform’ his job”).

                                           10
      The sole purpose of voir dire is to provide both parties with an opportunity to

determine “the impartiality of jurors, their ability to treat the cause on the merits with

objectivity and freedom from bias and prior inclination.” Sallie v. State, 276 Ga. 506,

510 (3) (578 SE2d 444) (2003) (citation and punctuation omitted). See also

Henderson v. State, 251 Ga. 398, 399-400 (1) (306 SE2d 645) (1983) (“the larger

purpose” of voir dire “is to enable counsel to identify those prospective jurors counsel

desires to remove from the panel by use of peremptory strikes as opposed to

challenges for cause”); OCGA § 15-12-133.3 While a defendant must be “permitted

      3
          That statute provides, in relevant part,
               In all criminal cases, both the state and the accused shall have the
      right to an individual examination of each prospective juror from which
      the jury is to be selected prior to interposing a challenge. The
      examination shall be conducted . . . in criminal cases after the usual voir
      dire questions have been put by the court. In the examination, the
      counsel for either party shall have the right to inquire of the individual
      prospective jurors examined touching any matter or thing which would
      illustrate any interest of the prospective juror in the case, including any
      opinion as to which party ought to prevail, the relationship or
      acquaintance of the prospective juror with the parties or counsel
      therefor, any fact or circumstance indicating any inclination, leaning, or
      bias which the prospective juror might have respecting the subject
      matter of the action or the counsel or parties thereto, and the religious,
      social, and fraternal connections of the prospective juror.

                                            11
to ask sufficient questions to determine the fairness and impartiality of the

prospective jurors,” Terrell v. State, 276 Ga. 34, 38 (3) (572 SE2d 595) (2002), the

appropriate scope of voir dire in a particular case is left to the sound discretion of the

trial judge. Arrington v. State, 286 Ga. 335, 338 (7) (687 SE2d 438) (2009). And

absent some showing that the court abused its discretion, we presume its rulings as

to the scope of voir dire are correct. Meeks v. State, 269 Ga. App. 836, 836-837 (1)

(605 SE2d 428) (2004), citing Gatlin v. State, 236 Ga. 707, 708 (2) (225 SE2d 224)

(1976). See also Ellington v. State, 292 Ga. 109, 127 (7) (b) (735 SE2d 736) (2012)

(“appellate courts should give substantial deference to the decisions made by trial

judges, who oversee voir dire on a regular basis, are more familiar with the details

and nuances of their cases, and can observe the parties’ and the prospective jurors’

demeanor”). Accordingly, a criminal defendant alleging that the trial court erred in

limiting his voir dire bears the burden of demonstrating that an abuse of discretion

occurred – i.e., the defendant must show that the trial court prevented him from

asking one or more questions that would have allowed him to explore a potential

juror’s bias. See Williams v. State, 287 Ga. App. 361, 362 (2) (651 SE2d 768) (2007)

(“[i]n criminal appeals, as in civil ones, the burden is on the appellant” to show his

OCGA § 15-12-133.

                                           12
asserted error “affirmatively by the record”) (citation and punctuation omitted);

Sanders v. State, 204 Ga. App. 37, 38 (1) (419 SE2d 24) (1992). If the defendant

makes such a showing, the burden then shifts to the State to “show that it is ‘highly

probable’ that the limitation of voir dire did not contribute to the verdict.”Hunt v.

State, 215 Ga. App. 677, 677 (451 SE2d 797) (1994).

      Here, Reynolds has failed to show any abuse of discretion by the trial court in

limiting his general voir dire. Although Reynolds objected at trial to the ten-question

limit for general voir dire, he did not identify for the trial court any questions he

wished to ask during general voir dire that would have put him over the ten-question

limit. Moreover, Reynolds was allowed to pose as many questions as he liked when

each of the potential jurors was questioned individually. And a review of the record

shows that the relatively lengthy voir dire which occurred in this case “was sufficient

to ascertain the fairness and impartiality of the prospective jurors.” Sallie, 276 Ga. at

510 (3) (footnote omitted). Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial

court in limiting general voir dire. Id. See also Terrell, 276 Ga. at 38 (3) (trial court

did not abuse its discretion in limiting voir dire where the defendant “was permitted

to ask sufficient questions to determine the fairness and impartiality of the

prospective jurors”) (footnote omitted).

      Judgment affirmed. Andrews, P. J., and Miller, J., concur.


                                           13
