[Cite as State v. Vaughn, 2020-Ohio-307.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                   :
                                                 :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                      :   Appellate Case No. 28409
                                                 :
 v.                                              :   Trial Court Case No. 2018-CR-818
                                                 :
 ANTHONY VAUGHN                                  :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                 :   Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                     :
                                                 :

                                            ...........

                                            OPINION

                           Rendered on the 31st day of January, 2020.

                                            ...........

                                      H
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by SARAH E. HUTNIK, Atty. Reg. No. 0095900, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division,
Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio
45422
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

DAVID R. MILES, Atty. Reg. No. 0013841, 1160 East Dayton-Yellow Springs Road,
Fairborn, Ohio 45324
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
                                                                                       -2-


                                    .............

DONOVAN, J.

      {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Anthony Vaughn appeals his conviction for one count

of robbery (physical harm), in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), a felony of the second

degree. Vaughn filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on May 22, 2019.

      {¶ 2} The incident which formed the basis for the Vaughn’s conviction occurred on

February 23, 2018, when an adult male, later identified as Vaughn, entered the LCNB

Bank located at 2705 Far Hills Avenue in Oakwood, Ohio, and ordered the bank teller,

Katherine Hamilton, “to put it all on the table.” Tr. 303. When Hamilton hesitated, Vaughn

pointed at his right pocket and stated, “it [is] a good day to die.” Tr. 304. Hamilton

testified that she believed that Vaughn was robbing the bank. Vaughn also ordered the

other bank teller present that day, Rebecca Loprete, to give him the cash in her bank

drawer. Hamilton testified that she and Loprete took the money out of their drawers,

placed the money in a pouch along with an exploding red dye pack, and gave Vaughn

the pouch. Oakwood Police Detective Jeffrey Yount, Jr., testified that Vaughn robbed

the bank of a total of $5,687 in cash.      After Hamilton handed Vaughn the pouch

containing the money, he exited the bank and walked to his vehicle, a black Pontiac G6.

As Vaughn reached his vehicle, the red dye pack exploded, and he dropped the pouch.

Vaughn immediately retrieved the pouch containing the money, got in his vehicle, and

drove away.

      {¶ 3} On Saturday, February 24, 2018, Vaughn’s neighbor in his apartment, Donna

Johnson, was watching television when she viewed a surveillance video of the bank

robbery released by the press. Johnson testified that after watching the surveillance
                                                                                        -3-


video, she believed the man who robbed the bank was her neighbor, Vaughn. However,

Johnson testified that she did not contact the police until the following Monday, February

26, 2018, to inform them that Vaughn was the perpetrator of the robbery. We note that

Johnson initially called in anonymously to the police when she first informed them of

Vaughn’s potential involvement in the robbery.

      {¶ 4} Once Vaughn became a suspect, Detective Yount created a six-person

photospread containing a photograph of Vaughn.         Kettering Police Detective David

Warren testified that he was asked to serve as a blind administrator of the photospread.

Detective Warren testified that he had no prior involvement in the case.         Detective

Warren showed the photospread to Hamilton and Loprete separately. Detective Warren

testified that both women identified Vaughn as the perpetrator of the robbery.

      {¶ 5} Based upon the evidence collected up to this point, Detective Yount was able

to obtain a search warrant for Vaughn’s apartment and his vehicle. Detective Yount

testified that, upon execution of the search warrant on February 26, 2018, $1,731.00 was

recovered from Vaughn’s apartment, in addition to traces of red dye on his clothes and a

pouch similar to the one observed in the bank surveillance video. The recovered money

also had pink stains on it, and the money appeared as if it had recently been wet and then

dried off. Furthermore, traces of red dye were found on Vaughn’s vehicle. Forensic

scientist Daniel Davidson testified that the red dye found on the money matched the red

dye found on Vaughn’s vehicle. Vaughn, who was present during the search of his

apartment, was arrested and taken into custody.

      {¶ 6} On March 8, 2018, Vaughn was indicted for one count of robbery (physical

harm). At his arraignment on March 13, 2018, Vaughn pled not guilty. On March 14,
                                                                                         -4-


2018, Vaughn was released on his own recognizance after he posted bond in the amount

of $10,000.

       {¶ 7} On March 22, 2019, Vaughn filed a motion to suppress Hamilton’s and

Loprete’s identifications of him, alleging that the photospread was impermissibly

suggestive. Vaughn also sought suppression of any evidence obtained as a result of the

search of his vehicle and any statements he had made to police after being taken into

custody. A suppression hearing was held on April 12, 2019. On April 22, 2019, the trial

court issued a decision overruling Vaughn’s motion to suppress in its entirety.

       {¶ 8} Vaughn’s jury trial began on May 1, 2019, and ended on May 6, 2019, with

Vaughn being found guilty of robbery as charged in the indictment. At disposition on

May 21, 2019, the trial court sentenced Vaughn to three years in prison. The trial court

waived fines and costs but imposed restitution in the amount of $3,553 to LCNB Bank.

The trial court also notified Vaughn that he would be subject to three years of post-release

control upon his release from prison on this conviction.

       {¶ 9} It is from this judgment that Vaughn now appeals.

       {¶ 10} Vaughn’s first assignment of error is as follows:

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING APPELLANT’S MOTION

       TO SUPPRESS IDENTIFICATION FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OR A PHOTO

       ARRAY LINEUP.

       {¶ 11} In his first assignment, Vaughn contends that the trial court erred when it

overruled his motion to suppress because the photospread used to identify him was

impermissibly suggestive.    Specifically, Vaughn argues that the procedures used by

Detective Yount in compiling the photospread violated R.C. 2933.83.
                                                                                              -5-


       {¶ 12} “Due process requires suppression of pre-trial identification of a suspect

only if the identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a

very substantial likelihood of misidentification.” Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 196-97, 93

S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972).

       {¶ 13} The defendant must first show that the identification procedure was unduly

suggestive.    “A lineup is unduly suggestive if it steers the witness to one suspect,

independent of the witness's honest recollection.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Adams,

144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127, ¶ 208. If the pretrial identification

procedure was not unfairly suggestive, any remaining questions as to the identification's

reliability go to the weight of the identification, not its admissibility, and no further inquiry

into the reliability of the identification is required. Id. at ¶ 209; State v. Williams, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 26357, 2015-Ohio-1403, ¶ 13.

       {¶ 14} If, on the other hand, the defendant shows that the pretrial identification

procedure was unduly suggestive, the court must then consider whether the identification,

viewed under the totality of the circumstances, was reliable despite the suggestive

procedure. Id.     In reviewing the likelihood that the circumstances resulted in a

misidentification, courts consider the opportunity of the witness to view the perpetrator at

the time of the offense, the witness's degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness's

prior description of the perpetrator, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at

the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation. Neil,

400 U.S. at 199-200, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401; Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98,

97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977); State v. Chaffin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25220,

2014-Ohio-2671, ¶ 16.
                                                                                        -6-


      {¶ 15} Reliability of the pretrial identification is the linchpin in determining its

admissibility. Manson at 114. “So long as the identification possesses sufficient aspects

of reliability, there is no violation of due process.” State v. Sherls, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 18599, 2002 WL 254144, *3 (Feb. 22, 2002).

      {¶ 16} We review a trial court's decision on a motion to suppress a pretrial

identification for an abuse of discretion. State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22624,

2009-Ohio-1038, ¶ 19.

      {¶ 17} The evidence adduced at the suppression hearing established that

Detective Yount used a computerized method to create the photospread. Detective

Yount testified that he initially attempted to use OHLEG to create a photospread lineup,

but the database was not than accessible.        Detective Yount testified that he next

attempted to use the JusticeWeb database to retrieve a photograph of Vaughn, but he

discovered that Vaughn’s photograph was not that database.           Therefore, Detective

Yount decided to use Vaughn’s driver’s license photograph to include in the photospread.

Detective Yount testified that he retrieved the other five photographs from JusticeWeb in

order to create a six-photograph lineup.       In choosing the other five photographs,

Detective Yount entered Vaughn’s height, weight, age, eye color, and ethnicity into the

JusticeWeb database; he then chose five photographs that were similar to Vaughn’s

photograph. Furthermore, since Vaughn’s photograph could not be uploaded into the

JusticeWeb database for comparison, Detective Yount printed all of the photographs out

as 8.5 by 11 inch prints so they would match the size of Vaughn’s driver’s license

photograph. Accordingly, although Detective Yount was unable to utilize JusticeWeb to

create the entire photospread, the database was still used to choose the comparison
                                                                                          -7-


photographs.

       {¶ 18} On appeal, Vaughn argues that the trial court erred when it overruled his

motion to suppress the photospread identifications because his photograph stood out

from the other photographs and was therefore impermissibly suggestive. Specifically,

Vaughn argues that his photograph stood out for the following reasons: 1) his head was

tilted to one side; 2) the background of his photograph was a different color than the other

photographs chosen; 3) Vaughn was smiling in his photograph; and 4) he was wearing

glasses.

       {¶ 19} Initially, we note that the trial court found the testimony of Detectives Yount

and Warren at the suppression hearing to be credible; we defer to the trial court's

assessment of credibility and its conclusion that the officers did not in any way suggest

Vaughn's identity to Hamilton or Loprete. Upon review of the photospread lineup shown

separately to Hamilton and Loprete, we find that the photospread itself was not

impermissibly suggestive so as to require exclusion from evidence. Specifically, in three

of the photographs in the spread, the men were wearing eyeglasses. Additionally, the

backgrounds in all of the photographs were different colors. All of the photographs

depicted clean-shaven African-American men with dark eyes and short hair. While there

were some minor differences between the photographs, the other men in the photographs

matched Vaughn’s main facial characteristics. Therefore, we agree with the trial court’s

finding that the photospread was not impermissibly suggestive.

       {¶ 20} Vaughn also argues that the trial court erred when it found that the

procedure followed by Detectives Yount and Warren in creating and administering the

photospread complied with R.C. 2933.83. Specifically, Vaughn argues that Detective
                                                                                           -8-


Yount failed to use the “folder system” when he created and administered the

photospread.

       {¶ 21} In State v. Stevenson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24821, 2012-Ohio-3396,

we stated the following:

       This assignment of error implicates R.C. 2933.83(B), which took effect in

       July 2010. The statute “requires any law enforcement agency or criminal

       justice entity that conducts live lineups and photo lineups to adopt specific

       procedures for conducting the lineups.” State v. Ruff, 1st Dist. Hamilton No.

       C-110250, 2012-Ohio-1910, ¶ 5.         These procedures include, inter alia,

       using “a blind or blinded administrator” to conduct a photo lineup. R.C.

       2933.83(B)(1). Under R.C. 2933.83(C)(1), evidence of a failure to comply

       with the required protocol “shall be considered by trial courts in adjudicating

       motions to suppress eyewitness identification resulting from or related to

       the lineup.” The First District Court of Appeals has held, however, that

       “R.C. 2933.83(C)(1) does not provide an independent ground for

       suppression, and that [a] trial court [errs] in relying solely on the statute in

       suppressing” an identification. Ruff at ¶ 7.         We agree.        Indeed, the

       “penalty” for failure to comply with R.C. 2933.83 is not suppression, but that

       “the jury shall be instructed that it may consider credible evidence of

       noncompliance       in   determining   the   reliability   of   any   eyewitness

       identification.” R.C. 2933.83(C)(3).

Id. at ¶ 16.

       {¶ 22} Pursuant to R.C. 2933.83(A)(2), a “blind administrator” is defined as an
                                                                                       -9-


administrator who “does not know the identity of the suspect,” while a “blinded

administrator” as an administrator who “may know who the suspect is, but does not know

which lineup member is being viewed by the eyewitness.”             R.C. 2933.83(A)(3).

“ ‘Blinded administrator’ includes an administrator who conducts a photo lineup through

the use of a folder system or a substantially similar system.” Id. The folder system

provides for the inclusion of the suspect's photograph with five “filler photographs,” and

four “blank photographs,” which are placed into ten empty folders and shuffled; the

administrator accordingly does not know which folder the witness is viewing when the

array is administered. R.C. 2933.83(A)(6). The statute does not require the use of the

folder system. State v. Harmon, 98 N.E.3d 1238, 2017-Ohio-8106, ¶ 24 (2d Dist.)

      {¶ 23} In the instant case, the record establishes that Detective Yount contacted

the Tactical Crime Suppression Unit in order to locate an officer who could act as the

blind administrator of the photospread lineup to Hamilton and Loprete. As previously

stated, Detective Warren was chosen to act as the blind administrator. At the time that

Detective Warren administered the photospread, he was unaware that Vaughn was the

main suspect in the robbery. Furthermore, Detective Warren testified that he utilized the

same procedures for both Hamilton and Loprete when he administered the photospread

separately to each witness. Detective Warren testified that he read each witness the

instructions and asked them to look at all of the photographs and then choose one if

possible.   Both witnesses chose Vaughn’s photograph and their individual levels of

certainty were indicated. Hamilton indicated that she was 90% sure that Vaughn was

the man who robbed the bank, while Loprete indicated that she was 80% sure that

Vaughn was the perpetrator. Finally, the photospreads were signed by the witnesses
                                                                                          -10-


and Detective Warren. Detective Warren also testified that Detective Yount was not

present when the photospreads were individually administered. In light of the foregoing,

we find that Detectives Yount and Warren properly complied with the requirements of

R.C. 2933.83(B). Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it overruled Vaughn’s

motion to suppress as it related to the creation and administration of the photospreads.

       {¶ 24} Vaughn’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 25} Vaughn’s second assignment of error is as follows:

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING APPELLANT’S MOTION

       TO     SUPPRESS         PHYSICAL     EVIDENCE       OBTAINED       THROUGH

       EXECUTION OF A SEARCH WARRANT.

       {¶ 26} In his second assignment, Vaughn argues that the trial court erred when it

overruled his motion to suppress the evidence obtained through the search warrant.

Specifically, Vaughn argues that the affidavit in support of the search warrant lacked

sufficient factual support because it was based upon anonymous sources without

verification of the reliability of those sources. Vaughn also argues that the wrong city

was listed in the affidavit.

       {¶ 27} In ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court “assumes the role of the

trier of fact, and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate

the credibility of the witnesses.” State v. Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 592, 639 N.E.2d

498 (2d Dist.1994); State v. Knisley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22897, 2010-Ohio-116,

¶ 30. Accordingly, when we review suppression decisions, we must accept the trial

court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Retherford

at 592. “Accepting those facts as true, we must independently determine as a matter of
                                                                                         -11-


law, without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether they meet the applicable

legal standard.” Id.

       {¶ 28} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution provide that search warrants may only be issued upon

probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the person and/or things to be seized. See also State v. Jones, 143 Ohio

St.3d 266, 2015-Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d 123, ¶ 11.

       {¶ 29} We begin our analysis with the governing legal standards. Under Crim.R.

41, a request for a search warrant requires a sworn affidavit “establishing the grounds for

issuing the warrant.” Crim.R. 41(C)(1). The judge may issue a search warrant if the

judge finds, based on the information in the affidavit, that “probable cause for the search

exists.” Crim.R. 41(C)(2). “The finding of probable cause may be based upon hearsay

in whole or in part, provided there is a substantial basis for believing the source of the

hearsay to be credible and for believing that there is a factual basis for the information

furnished.” Id. “In determining the sufficiency of probable cause in an affidavit submitted

in support of a search warrant, ‘[t]he task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a

practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the

affidavit before him, including the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons

supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a

crime will be found in a particular place.’ ” State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 544 N.E.2d

640 (1989), paragraph one of the syllabus, quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-

239, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983).

       {¶ 30} “[T]he duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had
                                                                                         -12-


a ‘substantial basis for * * * conclud[ing]’ that probable cause existed.” Gates at 238-239,

quoting Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 271, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960);

State v. Castagnola, 145 Ohio St.3d 1, 2015-Ohio-1565, 46 N.E.3d 638, ¶ 35. Ordinarily,

“a probable cause inquiry must be confined to the four corners of the affidavit.” State v.

Klosterman, 114 Ohio App.3d 327, 333, 683 N.E.2d 100 (2d Dist.1996). In reviewing

whether a search warrant has been issued upon probable cause, courts must examine

the totality of the circumstances. Jones, 143 Ohio St.3d 266, 2015-Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d

123, at ¶ 15.

       {¶ 31} Trial courts and appellate courts “should accord great deference to the

magistrate's determination of probable cause, and doubtful or marginal cases in this area

should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.” George, paragraph two of the

syllabus; Jones, 143 Ohio St.3d 266, 2015-Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d 123, at ¶ 14.

       {¶ 32} Regarding informants, this Court has previously noted:

                “Courts have generally recognized three categories of informants: (1)

       the identified citizen informant, (2) the known informant, i.e., someone from

       the criminal world who has a history of providing reliable tips, and (3) the

       anonymous informant.” State v. Jordan, 104 Ohio St.3d 21, 2004-Ohio-

       6085, 817 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 36, citing Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295,

       300, 720 N.E.2d 507 (1999).

                “Where a confidential or anonymous informant is the source of the

       hearsay, the ‘informant's veracity, reliability and basis of knowledge are all

       highly relevant’ in a totality of the circumstances probable cause

       determination. Gates at 230 (internal quotations omitted). There must be
                                                                                          -13-


       some basis in the affidavit to indicate the informant's credibility, honesty or

       reliability. An affidavit which contains detailed information from informants

       (permitting an inference that illegal activity was personally observed by the

       informants), police corroboration of an informant's intelligence through its

       own independent investigation, or additional testimony by the affiant helps

       to bolster and substantiate the facts contained within the affidavit. While

       individual facts and statements themselves may not separately support a

       probable cause determination, a reviewing court must weigh all of the

       components together because ‘[p]robable cause is the sum total of [all]

       layers of information.’ ” (Citations omitted.) State v. Harry, 12th Dist. Butler

       No. CA2008-01-0013, 2008-Ohio-6380, ¶ 20.

State v. Mitchell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25402, 2013-Ohio-622, ¶ 19-20.

       {¶ 33} As we have further noted, while an informant's veracity, reliability and basis

of knowledge are highly relevant factors to the determination of probable cause, “those

factors are not separate and independent requirements but, rather, ‘intertwined issues

that may usefully illuminate the commonsense, practical question whether there is

“probable cause” to believe that contraband or evidence is located in a particular

place.’ ” State v. Harris, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18913, 2002 WL 1041868, *1 (May 24,

2002), quoting Gates at 320. “Accordingly, an informant's tip may be reliable despite the

deficiency in one factor where there is a strong showing of another factor or some other

indicia of reliability.” Id., citing Gates at 233.

       {¶ 34} Finally, we note that the “Supreme Court of the United States held that

evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment by an officer acting in objectively
                                                                                    -14-


reasonable reliance on a search warrant issued by a neutral and detached magistrate

need not be excluded from state criminal prosecution. (Citations omitted).” State v.

Arnold, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2016 CA 20, 2017-Ohio-559, ¶ 48.

       {¶ 35} Although Vaughn does not specify which section of the affidavit he is

referring to, he appears to be referring to paragraph four, which states:

       On 02-26-2018, Affiant received an anonymous call who stated the B/M who

       committed the LCNB bank robbery on 02-23-2018 was his/her neighbor.

       The caller stated that they lived at the Terraces Apartment located at 150

       W. Dorothy Lane Kettering, Ohio.          Affiant contacted the Terraces

       Apartment manager and further investigation revealed the person the

       anonymous was referring to was Anthony W. Vaughn who lived in

       apartment 326. Affiant ran Anthony Vaughn in law enforcement databases

       and discovered Mr. Vaughn is the co-owner of a black Pontiac G6 * * *.

       {¶ 36} It is undisputed that an anonymous witness, later identified as Donna

Johnson, called the police and suggested that her neighbor committed the bank robbery.

However, Detective Yount verified the information provided by the anonymous witness by

calling the Terraces Apartment complex and speaking with the manager of the premises.

Through further investigation, Detective Yount was able to determine that there was a

black Pontiac G6 parked in the parking lot of the apartment complex and that the person

the anonymous caller was referring to was Vaughn. Detective Yount then proceeded to

run Vaughn’s name through police databases and discovered that he co-owned a black

Pontiac G6, the very car in which the robbery suspect was seen leaving. Additionally,

the affidavit states that when Detective Yount went to the Terraces Apartment to
                                                                                           -15-


investigate the black Pontiac G6, not only was the vehicle found to be owned by Vaughn,

but the exterior of the vehicle had red dye on it, which was similar to the kind used in the

dye pack which exploded on Vaughn and his vehicle as he tried to leave the scene of the

robbery. Therefore, while the initial call regarding the identity of the robbery suspect may

have been anonymous, Detective Yount was able to verify the anonymous tip through

further investigation.

        {¶ 37} Furthermore, it is undisputed that the affidavit incorrectly stated “that there

is probable cause to believe” that the offense of aggravated robbery occurred in Kettering,

Ohio.   This statement was incorrect because the LCNB Bank that was robbed was

located in Oakwood, Ohio. Upon review, we find that this is nothing more than a clerical

error and did not render the search warrant deficient. The LCNB Bank in question is

located on the southern edge of Oakwood, which borders Kettering. Additionally, the

locations to be searched that were the subject of the search warrant, Vaughn’s apartment

and vehicle, were located in Kettering, nearby the bank, and all locations were in

Montgomery County, Ohio. Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it overruled

Vaughn’s motion to suppress the search warrant.

        {¶ 38} Vaughn’s second assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶ 39} Vaughn’s third assignment of error is as follows:

        THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PERMITTING WITNESS DANIEL

        DAVISON TO TESTIFY AS AN EXPERT WITNESS ON MATERIALS

        COMPOSITION/COMPARISON.

        {¶ 40} In his third assignment, Vaughn contends that the trial court erred when it

permitted Daniel Davison to testify as an expert in the field of materials
                                                                                            -16-


composition/comparison.

       {¶ 41} The admissibility of expert testimony is a matter committed to the sound

discretion of the trial court, and the trial court's ruling will not be overturned absent an

abuse of that discretion. Valentine v. Conrad, 110 Ohio St.3d 42, 2006-Ohio-3561, 850

N.E.2d 683, ¶ 9. We first note that expert testimony must meet the threshold of being

relevant to a trial issue. Evid.R. 401.      If so, then we must determine whether it is

sufficiently reliable under Evid.R. 702. State v. Abner, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20661,

2006-Ohio-4510, ¶ 26.

       {¶ 42} Under Evid.R. 702, a witness may testify as an expert if “(A) The witness'

testimony either relates to matters beyond the knowledge or experience possessed by

lay persons or dispels a misconception common among lay persons; (B) The witness is

qualified as an expert by specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education

regarding the subject matter of the testimony; and (C) The witness' testimony is based on

reliable scientific, technical, or other specialized information.”

       {¶ 43} It is well-established that an expert witness need not be the best witness on

the subject. Alexander v. Mt. Carmel Med. Ctr., 56 Ohio St.2d 155, 159, 383 N.E.2d 564

(1978). “The test of admissibility is whether a particular witness offered as an expert will

aid the trier of fact in the search of the truth.” Ishler v. Miller, 56 Ohio St.2d 447, 453, 384

N.E.2d 296 (1978).

       {¶ 44} Davison was called by the State to testify as an expert witness in the field

of trace evidence. Davison testified that he had been employed at the Bureau of Criminal

Investigation (BCI) since 1997 as a forensic scientist. Davison also testified that he had

attended several BCI classes, including a class taught by an expert in the use of an
                                                                                         -17-


infrared spectrometer. Davison testified that he specialized in trace evidence, which

included impression analysis and materials analysis. Davison testified that he had been

trained in the use of the FTIR Spectrometer for chemical comparisons and that he had

been designated as an expert in materials comparison at least once before. Davison

testified that he had testified as an expert witness in approximately 55 trials in Ohio and

other states.

       {¶ 45} In the instant case, Davison’s testimony established that he was qualified

to testify as an expert regarding the chemical composition of the red dye found on

Vaughn’s clothes, vehicle, and the bank’s money discovered in his apartment. Absent a

specific argument regarding Davison's qualifications as an expert witness, we find

Vaughn's argument on this point to be unpersuasive. See State v. Ross, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 19036, 2002-Ohio-6084, ¶ 19. Accordingly, the trial court did not err

when it permitted Davison, over objection, to testify as an expert in the field of materials

composition/comparison.

       {¶ 46} Vaughn’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       APPELLANT RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL IN

       NOT      REQUESTING          EYEWITNESS         IDENTIFICATION         JURY

       INSTRUCTIONS        IN   VIOLATION      OF    THE    FIFTH,    SIXTH    AND

       FOURTEENTH         AMENDMENTS           TO     THE      UNITED      STATED

       CONSTITUTION.

       {¶ 47} In his fourth assignment, Vaughn argues that his counsel was ineffective for

failing to request a jury instruction regarding eyewitness testimony, as he alleges that the

photospreads shown to Hamilton and Loprete were “flawed.”
                                                                                          -18-


       {¶ 48} “We review the alleged instances of ineffective assistance of trial counsel

under the two prong analysis set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104

S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State

v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373. Pursuant to those cases, trial

counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that his or her conduct falls within the wide

range of reasonable assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. To reverse a conviction

based on ineffective assistance of counsel, it must be demonstrated that trial counsel's

conduct fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that his errors were

serious enough to create a reasonable probability that, but for the errors, the result of the

trial would have been different. Id. Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment

of what was reasonable in light of counsel's perspective at the time, and a debatable

decision concerning trial strategy cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective

assistance of counsel. * * *” State v. Mitchell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21957, 2008-

Ohio-493, ¶ 31.

       {¶ 49} An appellant is not deprived of effective assistance of counsel when counsel

chooses, for strategic reasons, not to pursue every possible trial tactic. State v. Brown,

38 Ohio St.3d 305, 319, 528 N.E.2d 523 (1988). The test for a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel is not whether counsel pursued every possible defense; the test is

whether the defense chosen was objectively reasonable. Strickland. A reviewing court

may not second-guess decisions of counsel which can be considered matters of trial

strategy. State v. Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). Debatable strategic

and tactical decisions may not form the basis of a claim for ineffective assistance of

counsel, even if, in hindsight, it looks as if a better strategy had been available. State v.
                                                                                              -19-


Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992).

       {¶ 50} Here, Vaughn argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to request

a limiting jury instruction required by R.C. 2933.83(C)(3), which states in pertinent part:

       (C) For any photo lineup or live lineup that is administered on or after the

       effective date of this section, all of the following apply:

       ***

       (3) When evidence of a failure to comply with any of the provisions of this

       section, or with any procedure for conducting lineups that has been adopted

       by a law enforcement agency or criminal justice agency pursuant to division

       (B) of this section and that conforms to any provision of divisions (B)(1) to

       (5) of this section, is presented at trial, the jury shall be instructed that it may

       consider credible evidence of noncompliance in determining the reliability

       of any eyewitness identification resulting from or related to the lineup.

       {¶ 51} As stated in our analysis of Vaughn’s first assignment, Detectives Yount

and Warren both complied with the requirements of R.C. 2933.83(B).                    Therefore,

Vaughn's trial counsel's decision not to request an instruction under R.C. 2933.83 was

reasonable. When there is evidence of noncompliance with the requirements of R.C.

2933.83, a trial court must “instruct the jury that such noncompliance may be considered

in determining the credibility of the witness identification.” State v. Jones, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 102318, 2015-Ohio-4694, ¶ 55, citing R.C. 2933.83(C)(3). Contrary to

Vaughn’s argument, there was no evidence of noncompliance with the requirements of

R.C. 2933.83.     Accordingly, any request for a limiting instruction pursuant to R.C.

2933.83(C)(3) was unnecessary and therefore cannot be the basis for a claim of
                                                                                         -20-


ineffective assistance of counsel.

       {¶ 52} Vaughn’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 53} Vaughn’s fifth and final assignment of error is as follows:

       APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR ROBBERY IS AGAINST THE

       MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

       {¶ 54} In his final assignment, Vaughn contends that his conviction for robbery was

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 55} This court has stated that “a weight of the evidence argument challenges

the believability of the evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested

by the evidence is more believable or persuasive.” (Citations omitted). State v. Jones, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 25724, 2014-Ohio-2309, ¶ 8.             “When evaluating whether a

[judgment] is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the appellate court must review

the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider witness

credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact

‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction

must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

       {¶ 56} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must

extend deference to the factfinder's decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the

testimony of particular witnesses. State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997

WL 476684 (Aug. 22, 1997). However, we extend less deference in weighing competing

inferences suggested by the evidence. Id.       The fact that the evidence is subject to

differing interpretations does not render the judgment against the manifest weight of the
                                                                                           -21-


evidence. State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 14. A

judgment should be reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence only

in exceptional circumstances. State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717

(1st Dist.1983).

       {¶ 57} As previously stated, Hamilton and Loprete both identified Vaughn as the

man who entered the LCNB Bank and robbed them.                Donna Johnson watched the

surveillance video of the robbery on television and notified the police that the man in the

video was her neighbor. The surveillance video depicted a man who drove into the CVS

parking lot next to the LCNB Bank in a black Pontiac G6, parked and exited the vehicle,

and walked toward the bank. The video then depicted the same individual walk back to

the vehicle as the dye pack exploded. After the dye pack exploded, the man got in the

vehicle and drove away.          Approximately $1,700 was recovered from Vaughn’s

apartment, in addition to clothes marked with traces of red dye and a pouch similar to the

one observed in the bank surveillance video. The recovered money also had pink stains

on it, and the money appeared as if it had recently been wet and then dried.

Furthermore, traces of red dye were found on Vaughn’s vehicle.             Forensic scientist

Daniel Davidson testified that the red dye found on the money matched the red dye found

on Vaughn’s vehicle.

       {¶ 58} Having reviewed the record, we find no merit in Vaughn's manifest weight

challenge. It is well settled that evaluating witness credibility is primarily for the trier of

fact. State v. Brown, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27571, 2018-Ohio-3294; see also State v.

Benton, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2010-CA-27, 2012-Ohio-4080, ¶ 7. A trier of fact does not

lose its way and create a manifest miscarriage of justice if its resolution of conflicting
                                                                                       -22-


testimony is reasonable. Id. Here, the jury reasonably credited the State's evidence,

which established that Vaughn was guilty of the offense for which he was convicted.

Accordingly, the jury did not lose its way and create a manifest miscarriage of justice in

reaching a guilty verdict for robbery.

       {¶ 59} Vaughn’s fifth and final assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 60} All of Vaughn’s assignments of error having been overruled, the judgment

of the trial court is affirmed.

                                         .............



TUCKER, P.J. and FROELICH, J., concur.



Copies sent to:

Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Sarah E. Hutnik
David R. Miles
Hon. Timothy N. O’Connell
