                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Humphreys, Russell and AtLee
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia


              MARION KENNETH ALLEN, JR.
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1117-14-4                                  JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR.
                                                                               NOVEMBER 3, 2015
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                                Robert J. Smith, Judge

                               Joseph B. Dailey (Law Office of Joseph B. Dailey, PLLC, on
                               brief), for appellant.

                               Katherine Quinlan Adelfio, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     A Fairfax County jury convicted Marion Kenneth Allen, Jr. (“appellant”) of robbery and

              use of a firearm to commit that robbery. He contends: (1) the trial court erred in denying his

              motion to strike a prospective juror for cause, and (2) the jury erred in finding the evidence

              sufficient to convict him. We disagree and affirm.

                                                        I. BACKGROUND

                     On appeal, we review evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth.

              Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003). In doing so, we

              “‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as

              true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn

              therefrom.’” Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980) (emphasis

              omitted) (quoting Wright v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 132, 137, 82 S.E.2d 603, 606 (1954)).

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
       Additionally, “an appellate court’s ‘examination is not limited to the evidence mentioned

by a party in trial argument or by the trial court in its ruling.’” Perry v. Commonwealth, 280 Va.

572, 580, 701 S.E.2d 431, 436 (2010) (quoting Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 147, 654

S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008)). Instead, we “‘must consider all the evidence admitted at trial that is

contained in the record.’” Id. (quoting Bolden, 275 Va. at 147, 654 S.E.2d at 586).

       So viewed, the evidence showed that on April 29, 2013, appellant traveled from

Maryland to Virginia, with his cousin and two other people, to meet a juvenile (“the victim”).

The victim had exchanged Facebook messages with one of the passengers, Xavier Hall, and had

arranged to trade a pair of shoes and a phone to Hall in exchange for money and marijuana. Hall

and the victim had agreed to meet at a Taco Bell in a shopping center in Annandale, Virginia.

       That night, appellant’s cousin drove his extended cab pickup truck into the restaurant

parking lot, and the victim got into the front passenger seat. Initially the victim saw only the

driver, who began driving toward an alley behind one of the nearby businesses. The victim, who

was facing forward, then “felt someone grab both [his] arms” at the elbows with two hands.

While his arms were being held, the victim “felt someone tap something on [his] head.” The

victim “turned around really quickly” and saw “a really long black tube.” The victim “believed

[the tube] was a gun” because he later heard “a pumping sound.” Someone in the backseat took

the victim’s phone and a pocketknife out of his pants pockets. The victim then was instructed to

take off his watch, his shoes, and his pants.

       Once the truck reached the alley, the driver turned off the headlights and continued

driving. A police officer who was patrolling the area noticed the truck driving without

headlights and pulled it over. The victim testified that when the officer “turned on the [patrol

car’s] lights,” the two hands that had been securing the victim released their grip. The officer

approached the driver and asked for everyone’s identification. The officer could see the driver,

                                                -2-
the victim, and a third person with dreadlocks (appellant) seated “in the backseat of the truck

behind the passenger.” The officer then noticed that the victim “was much younger than the

driver and the passenger.” When the officer looked at the victim, “he appeared to be extremely

nervous,” and he “made a gesture with his mouth” as if “he was trying to tell [the officer]

something without letting the other people in the vehicle know.” The officer then knew that

“there was something wrong.” He instructed the backup unit to watch the other individuals in

the vehicle and told the victim to leave the truck. The victim got out of the truck and told the

officer “that [he] was getting robbed for [his] shoes and that they ha[d] a gun.”

       All the officers on the scene then “retreat[ed] back to an area behind cover” in order to

“initiate a felony traffic stop” by “order[ing] all the remaining occupants out of the car at

gunpoint.” The first person to exit the truck was a man lying “on the back floorboard behind the

driver,” whose presence was previously unknown to the officers. This man was “ducking

between the seats” and “lying on top of the gun.” The driver and appellant (who was seated in

the rear passenger-side seat) were ordered out of the truck as well. When officers approached

the vehicle to confirm there was no one else in the truck, one of the officers discovered Hall

lying under some clothing in the truck’s bed. Officers discovered a shotgun on the floor of the

backseat of the truck. They also found three unspent shotgun shells in the pocket of the man that

had been ducking between the seats on top of the gun. Finally, the victim’s pocketknife and

phone were found on the rear passenger-side seat where appellant had been sitting.

       Appellant testified that he was in the truck because he had asked his cousin earlier in the

day to give him a ride to sell his iPad. Appellant also testified that he had asked his sister for a

sleeping pill that evening because he was starting a new job the next day. Appellant took the

sleeping pill “around 6:00, 6:30ish,” and appellant’s cousin picked him up soon after. After

appellant sold his iPad, his cousin “said he was bored and he didn’t want to go in the house yet.”

                                                 -3-
His cousin then called Hall, who in turn asked appellant’s cousin to pick him and another friend

up so they could “buy some shoes.” Appellant believed they were going to stay in Maryland.

       Appellant claimed that he fell asleep as his cousin drove to pick up Hall and Hall’s

friend. Appellant alleged that he “was in and out of sleep the whole time [he] was in the car,”

awakening at one point to smoke marijuana near a park, and at another point to make a purchase

at a gas station. Appellant claimed that he then fell back to sleep and did not awaken until

“somebody shook [his] leg” after the officer pulled them over in the alley in Virginia. Appellant

claimed not to know what state he was in when he was shaken awake. Appellant testified that he

only saw the victim sitting in front of him when he woke up and that he never touched the

victim. Appellant also denied touching the phone or pocketknife that were removed from the

victim’s pockets and found lying on the edge of appellant’s seat. Appellant admitted to a

previous felony conviction of a crime of moral turpitude.

       At the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, appellant moved to strike the

evidence as insufficient as a matter of law, and renewed his motion at the conclusion of his own

case. The trial court denied both motions. After the trial court denied appellant’s renewed

motion to strike, however, the Commonwealth called a detective as a rebuttal witness. This

detective had interviewed appellant at the police station shortly after the robbery. The detective

testified that during the interview, appellant had “stated he was in Virginia” and had said “[h]e

went to several gas stations” during the trip from Maryland to Virginia. Appellant made no

additional motion to strike following the testimony of the Commonwealth’s rebuttal witness.

The jury convicted appellant of robbery and use of a firearm in the commission of the robbery.

Appellant never moved to set aside the jury’s verdict.




                                               -4-
                                           II. ANALYSIS

                                         A. Jury Selection

       Appellant first argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to strike, for cause, a

member of the venire (“the prospective juror”) because the prospective juror was “having

difficulty presuming [appellant] to be innocent.”1 Appellant’s Brief at 2.

       At the beginning of voir dire, the trial judge asked the venire whether any of them had

“expressed or formed any opinion as to the innocence or guilt of [appellant].” The prospective

juror answered, “No.” The prospective juror also affirmed that she did not “know any reason

whatsoever why [she] cannot give a fair and impartial trial to the Commonwealth of Virginia and

to [appellant] based solely on the law and the evidence” and that she understood that “[appellant]

is presumed innocent.” She additionally affirmed for the Commonwealth that she “agree[d] to

follow the law and make [her] decision based upon the law,” whether she liked the law or not.

       Later during voir dire, appellant’s attorney asked: “Any of you feel that just because he

was charged with something there’s going to be something in the back of your head in being

[sic], ‘Well, we wouldn’t be here if there wasn’t some reason why he’s here?’” The prospective

juror stated: “Well, I have to admit that’s kind of going through my head . . . .” Appellant’s

attorney further stated “you must assume that my client is innocent” until the Commonwealth

“meet[s] their burden.” Appellant’s attorney then questioned the prospective juror again: “Now,



       1
           Rule 5A:20(c) requires an appellant to provide this Court “with a clear and exact
reference to the page(s) of the transcript, written statement, record, or appendix where each
assignment of error was preserved in the trial court.” In his brief, appellant cites pages 60-63 of
the appendix as the location of his preservation of this assignment of error. Those pages contain
nothing related to this assignment of error. Notwithstanding this non-compliance with the Rule,
we have located the preservation of this assignment of error at pages 53-56 of the appendix and
will consider this assignment of error. See Moncrief v. Div. of Child Support Enforcement ex
rel. Joyner, 60 Va. App. 721, 731, 732 S.E.2d 714, 719 (2012) (holding that “appellant’s failure
to strictly adhere to the requirements of Rule 5A:20(c) were insignificant and were not so
substantial as to preclude us from addressing the merits of the case”).
                                                  -5-
thinking about that do you still think you would have that presumption in the back of your head

that he must be here for a reason?” The prospective juror replied: “Well, I guess I sort of do.

I’m sorry, I mean, I have to be honest that I—yeah.”

       The trial judge then interjected: “‘The fact that Mr. Allen has been indicted is on trial—

and is on trial is absolutely no indication of his guilt.’ Now, that I’ve told you the law does that

help you with this idea that you have about him being here?” The prospective juror replied:

“Yeah, that helps.” The trial judge then restated that appellant was “presumed innocent at this

point” and asked whether the prospective juror could “set aside that concept that as [appellant’s

attorney] said, ‘That he must have done something that’s why he’s here.’” The prospective juror

responded: “Okay. Yeah, I can.” Appellant’s attorney moved to strike the prospective juror for

cause. The trial court denied the motion, and appellant later struck the prospective juror

peremptorily.

       “Juror impartiality is a question of fact, and a trial court’s decision to seat a juror is

entitled to great deference on appeal.” Lovos-Rivas v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 55, 61, 707

S.E.2d 27, 30 (2011) (citations omitted). “This deference stems from our recognition that ‘a trial

judge who personally observes a juror, including the juror’s tenor, tone, and general demeanor, is

in a better position than an appellate court to determine whether a particular juror should be

stricken.’” Hopson v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 144, 151, 662 S.E.2d 88, 92 (2008) (quoting

Teleguz v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 458, 475, 643 S.E.2d 708, 719 (2007)). “Accordingly, the

decision to retain or exclude a prospective juror ‘will not be disturbed on appeal unless there has

been manifest error amounting to an abuse of discretion.’” Lovos-Rivas, 58 Va. App. at 61-62,

707 S.E.2d at 30 (quoting Barrett v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 823, 826, 553 S.E.2d 731, 732

(2001)). “In reviewing this exercise of discretion, we examine the ‘entire voir dire, not just




                                                 -6-
isolated portions.’” Hopson, 52 Va. App. at 153, 662 S.E.2d at 93 (quoting Juniper v.

Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 401, 626 S.E.2d 383, 408 (2006)).

       Although we are deferential to a trial court’s decision to seat or strike a juror, “[a]n

accused has a fundamental right to a trial by an impartial jury,” such that “any reasonable doubt

regarding [a venireman’s] impartiality must be resolved in favor of the accused.” Barker v.

Commonwealth, 230 Va. 370, 374, 337 S.E.2d 729, 732-33 (1985). “This does not mean,

however, that a trial court must exclude all veniremen who have any preconceived opinion of the

case.” Id. at 375, 337 S.E.2d at 733. “Thus, ‘[i]t is the duty of the trial court, through the legal

machinery provided for that purpose, to procure an impartial jury to try every case.’” Roberts v.

CSX Transp., Inc., 279 Va. 111, 116, 688 S.E.2d 178, 181 (2010) (alteration in original) (quoting

Salina v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 92, 93, 225 S.E.2d 199, 200 (1976)). Accordingly, “[t]he trial

judge should . . . ask questions or instruct only where necessary to clarify and not for the

purposes of rehabilitation.” McGill v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 237, 242-43, 391 S.E.2d

597, 600 (1990). “If a trial judge adheres to this role, an appellate court may not set aside the

trial judge’s determination of a juror’s impartiality if the juror’s responses, even though

conflicting, support that determination.” Id. at 243, 391 S.E.2d at 600.

       To determine “whether a venireman who has formed an opinion is constitutionally

impartial, courts must ‘determine . . . the nature and strength of the opinion formed.’” Briley v.

Commonwealth, 222 Va. 180, 185, 279 S.E.2d 151, 154 (1981) (alteration in original) (quoting

Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 156 (1878)). “The spectrum of opinion can range, by

infinite shades and degrees, from a casual impression to a fixed and abiding conviction.” Id.

“‘To hold that the mere existence of any preconceived notion as to the guilt or innocence of an

accused, without more, is sufficient to rebut the presumption of a prospective juror’s impartiality

would be to establish an impossible standard.’” Id. at 186, 279 S.E.2d at 154-55 (quoting Irvin

                                                 -7-
v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 723 (1961)). Rather, the test of a prospective juror’s impartiality is

whether “‘the juror can lay aside his impression or opinion and render a verdict based on the

evidence presented in court.’” Id. (quoting Irvin, 366 U.S. at 723). “‘The opinion entertained by

a juror, which disqualifies him, is an opinion of that fixed character which repels the

presumption of innocence in a criminal case, and in whose mind the accused stands condemned

already.’” Hopson, 52 Va. App. at 152, 662 S.E.2d at 92-93 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Justus

v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 971, 976, 266 S.E.2d 87, 91 (1980)).

       Our inquiry is straightforward here, for the simple reason that the answers of the

prospective juror to the voir dire questions of appellant’s attorney evinced no bias. Appellant’s

attorney’s question was this: “Any of you feel that just because he was charged with something

there’s going to be something in the back of your head in being [sic], ‘Well, we wouldn’t be here

if there wasn’t some reason why he’s here?’” Appellant’s attorney maintained at oral argument

that this was simply another way of asking: “Do any of you feel that the defendant is here

because he must have done something wrong?” At trial, however, appellant’s attorney phrased

the actual question so poorly that the prospective juror’s affirmative answer showed no bias.

Even when following up in his questioning of the prospective juror, appellant’s attorney only

asked this: “Now, thinking about that do you still think you would have that presumption in the

back of your head that he must be here for a reason?” This question offers no clarity, and only

restates the murky initial query. Again, the prospective juror’s affirmative answer showed no

bias. Everyone in the courtroom that day was there “for a reason.” The jurors had been

summoned; the judge, prosecutor, and defense attorney had each been assigned the case; the

defendant had been indicted. Acknowledging that the defendant must be there “for a reason”

does not acknowledge any bias. That the judge, in his attempt to explain the law to the

prospective juror, seemed to understand what appellant’s attorney was trying to ask does not

                                                -8-
retroactively cast the prospective juror’s answers in any more sinister a light. Because

appellant’s question to the prospective juror elicited no bias, there was no infirmity for the trial

judge to rehabilitate.

        Even presuming that the prospective juror initially expressed a preconception that

appellant “must have done something wrong,” the responses from the prospective juror

throughout voir dire supported the trial court’s finding that the prospective juror could be

impartial. Following the trial judge’s initial inquiries to the venire, the prospective juror

responded that she could be fair and impartial and presume appellant to be innocent until proven

guilty. She also confirmed to the trial judge that she had not “expressed or formed any opinion

as to the innocence or guilt of [appellant].”

        After reviewing the entire voir dire, we cannot say that the prospective juror held an

opinion of such a “‘fixed character’” that the presumption of innocence was repelled, nor can we

say that appellant stood “‘condemned already’” in the mind of the prospective juror. Hopson, 52

Va. App. at 152, 662 S.E.2d at 92-93 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Justus, 220 Va. at 976, 266

S.E.2d at 91). Given the prospective juror’s affirmation at the beginning of voir dire that

appellant was presumed innocent and her later confirmation that she could set aside any idea that

appellant “must have done something,” any opinion of the prospective juror was merely a

“casual impression” rather than a “fixed and abiding conviction.” Briley, 222 Va. at 185, 279

S.E.2d at 154. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to strike the

prospective juror for cause.

                                   B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        Appellant next argues that the jury erred in finding the evidence sufficient to convict him

of the offenses because “the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to prove Appellant[’]s

involvement in the robbery or the use of the firearm during the robbery, and the jury could not

                                                 -9-
have overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” We find no merit in appellant’s

sufficiency argument.2

       “We review lower court factfinding with the highest degree of appellate deference.”

Thomas v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 605, 608, 633 S.E.2d 229, 231 (2006). “An appellate

court does not ‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond

a reasonable doubt.’” Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193, 677 S.E.2d 280, 282

(2009) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). Instead, the “relevant

question is, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Sullivan v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676, 701 S.E.2d 61, 63 (2010)

(emphasis added). Thus, “it is not for this court to say that the evidence does or does not

establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt because as an original proposition it might have




       2
          The Commonwealth asserts that, under Rule 5A:18, appellant waived any objection to
the sufficiency of the evidence, because he failed to move to strike the Commonwealth’s
evidence following the Commonwealth’s presentation of a rebuttal witness. (A motion to set
aside the jury’s verdict also would have preserved an objection to the sufficiency of the evidence,
but appellant made no such motion.) A “defendant must afford the trial court the opportunity
upon proper motion to decide the question of the sufficiency of all the evidence, and . . . if he
fails to do so, he has waived his right to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal.”
Murillo-Rodriguez v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 64, 80, 688 S.E.2d 199, 208 (2010) (emphasis
added). Although appellant had made two prior motions to strike, the landscape of the case
changed with the Commonwealth’s introduction of a rebuttal witness. Because appellant failed
to move to strike at the end of all the evidence, or to set aside the jury’s verdict, “‘the trial court
was never asked to rule on [the issue of evidentiary sufficiency] based on the entire record.’” Id.
at 75, 688 S.E.2d at 205 (emphasis added) (quoting White v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 231,
233, 348 S.E.2d 866, 867 (1986)). Notwithstanding this shortcoming, “[o]ur jurisprudence
requires us to seek ‘the best and narrowest ground available’ for our decision. In this case,
resolution of the merits constitutes the best and narrowest ground.” Abdo v. Commonwealth, 64
Va. App. 468, 473 n.1, 769 S.E.2d 677, 679 n.1 (2015) (quoting Armstead v. Commonwealth, 56
Va. App. 569, 576, 695 S.E.2d 561, 564 (2010)). We therefore decline to decide whether Rule
5A:18 precludes this assignment of error, and we will rule on the merits as to the sufficiency of
the evidence.
                                                 - 10 -
reached a different conclusion.” Cobb v. Commonwealth, 152 Va. 941, 953, 146 S.E. 270, 274

(1929).

          “This deferential standard of review ‘applies not only to the historical facts themselves,

but the inferences from those facts as well.’” Clanton v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 566,

673 S.E.2d 904, 907 (2009) (en banc) (quoting Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658,

663 n.2, 588 S.E.2d 384, 387 n.2 (2003)). “Thus, a factfinder may ‘draw reasonable inferences

from basic facts to ultimate facts,’” Tizon v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 1, 10, 723 S.E.2d 260,

264 (2012) (quoting Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 10, 602 S.E.2d 402, 406 (2004)),

“unless doing so would push ‘into the realm of non sequitur,’” id. (quoting Thomas, 48 Va. App.

at 608, 633 S.E.2d at 231).

          “The credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters solely

for the fact finder who has the opportunity to see and hear that evidence as it is presented.”

Elliott v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 457, 462, 675 S.E.2d 178, 181 (2009). “‘[T]he victim’s

testimony alone, if not inherently incredible, is sufficient to support a conviction . . . .’” Quyen

Vinh Phan Le v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 66, 77, 774 S.E.2d 475, 480 (2015) (quoting

Nobrega v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 508, 519, 628 S.E.2d 922, 927 (2006)). “To be

‘incredible,’ testimony ‘must be either so manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to

believe it, or it must be shown to be false by objects or things as to the existence and meaning of

which reasonable men should not differ.’” Juniper, 271 Va. at 415, 626 S.E.2d at 417 (quoting

Cardwell v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 412, 414, 164 S.E.2d 699, 701 (1968)). Therefore, “the

testimony of a single witness, if found credible by the [factfinder] and not found inherently

incredible by this Court, is sufficient to support a conviction.” McCary v. Commonwealth, 36

Va. App. 27, 41, 548 S.E.2d 239, 246 (2001).




                                                 - 11 -
       “[I]t is axiomatic that any fact that can be proved by direct evidence may be proved by

circumstantial evidence.” Etherton v. Doe, 268 Va. 209, 212-13, 597 S.E.2d 87, 89 (2004).

Proof that the defendant is a “criminal agent,” like any other portion of the prosecution’s case,

may rest on “inferences to be drawn from circumstantial evidence.” Cook v. Commonwealth,

226 Va. 427, 432, 309 S.E.2d 325, 329 (1983). The requirement “‘that circumstantial evidence

must exclude every reasonable theory of innocence is simply another way of stating that the

Commonwealth has the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Haskins, 44 Va. App. at

8, 602 S.E.2d at 405 (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 258, 584 S.E.2d 444,

447-48 (2003) (en banc)). This statement “merely ‘reiterates the standard applicable to every

criminal case.’” Id. (quoting Pease v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 342, 360, 573 S.E.2d 272,

280 (2002) (en banc), aff’d, 266 Va. 397, 588 S.E.2d 149 (2003)).

       Further, “[t]he rejection of a hypothesis of innocence ‘is binding on appeal unless plainly

wrong.’” Ervin v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 495, 519, 704 S.E.2d 135, 147 (2011) (en banc)

(quoting Archer v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 13, 492 S.E.2d 826, 832 (1997)). This is true

“even if there is ‘some evidence to support’ the hypothesis of innocence.” Id. (quoting Hudson,

265 Va. at 513, 578 S.E.2d at 785). “‘Merely because defendant’s theory of the case differs from

that taken by the Commonwealth does not mean that every reasonable hypothesis consistent with

his innocence has not been excluded.’” Clanton, 53 Va. App. at 573, 673 S.E.2d at 910 (quoting

Miles v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 462, 467, 138 S.E.2d 22, 27 (1964)). Thus, “on appellate

review for the sufficiency of the evidence, the factfinder’s rejection of a hypothesis of innocence

‘cannot be overturned as arbitrary unless no rational factfinder would have come to that

conclusion.’” Ervin, 57 Va. App. at 520, 704 S.E.2d at 147 (quoting Clanton, 53 Va. App. at

573, 673 S.E.2d at 910 (emphasis omitted)).




                                               - 12 -
         Although the victim never saw appellant sitting directly behind him in the truck, a jury

could infer from the evidence that more than one person from the backseat of the truck

participated in the robbery. The victim testified that two hands grabbed his elbows at the same

time the barrel of a shotgun was placed against his head. Someone from the backseat took the

victim’s phone and pocketknife out of the victim’s pants pockets. The phone and knife were

found on the edge of the rear passenger seat, behind the victim, where appellant had been sitting.

Someone from the backseat demanded that appellant remove his watch, shoes, and pants. The

officer that initially pulled the truck over, as well as the officers that later cleared the truck,

observed appellant seated in the rear passenger seat behind the victim. After reviewing the facts

and circumstances, we cannot say that no rational finder of fact could have found appellant guilty

of robbery.

         Additionally, the same facts and circumstances that could lead a rational factfinder to find

appellant guilty of robbing the victim support the jury’s finding of guilt for the use of a firearm

in the commission of the robbery. “[O]ne who never held or possessed a firearm might

nevertheless be convicted as a principal in the second degree of the use of a firearm in the

commission of a felony where he acted in concert with the gunman.” Carter v. Commonwealth,

232 Va. 122, 125, 348 S.E.2d 265, 267 (1986). Although the shotgun shells were discovered in

the possession of the man ducking between the seats and lying on top of the shotgun, appellant’s

assistance in the robbery permitted the jury to find him guilty of using a firearm in the

commission of the robbery, regardless of whether he held or possessed the shotgun during the

crime.

         As to appellant’s theory that he slept through the crime and Hall must have reached

across appellant from the bed of the truck, the jury clearly did not believe it. The jury

                sitting as factfinder, was at liberty to discount [appellant]’s
                self-serving statements as little more than lying to “conceal his
                                                  - 13 -
                guilt,” Coleman v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 19, 25, 660
                S.E.2d 687, 690 (2008) (citation omitted), and could treat such
                prevarications as “affirmative evidence of guilt,” id. (quoting
                Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277, 296 (1992)). This principle
                naturally follows from the broader observation that “whenever a
                witness testifies, his or her credibility becomes an issue.” Hughes
                v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 448, 462, 573 S.E.2d 324, 330
                (2002) (citation omitted).

Armstead v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 569, 581, 695 S.E.2d 561, 567 (2010). Appellant had

a prior conviction for a felony crime of moral turpitude, which the jury was permitted to consider

in assessing his credibility. We do not find the jury’s rejection of appellant’s hypothesis of

innocence plainly wrong.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we affirm appellant’s convictions. Because the voir dire

answers of the prospective juror showed no bias, the trial court committed no error in refusing to

strike her for cause. We cannot say that no rational finder of fact could have found the evidence

sufficient to find appellant guilty, nor was the jury plainly wrong to reject appellant’s hypothesis

of innocence.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




                                               - 14 -
