                                 COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judge Kelsey and Senior Judge Bumgardner


IAN DOUGLAS BROWN
                                                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION*
v.       Record No. 2619-05-4                                         PER CURIAM
                                                                     MARCH 21, 2006
ROSA INES B. BROWN


                        FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                   Gaylord L. Finch, Jr., Judge

                   (Sean P. Kelly; Anne M. Heishman; Condo Roop Kelly & Byrnes,
                   P.C., on briefs), for appellant.

                   (Grant T. Moher; Shoun, Bach & Walinsky, P.C., on brief), for
                   appellee.


         Ian Douglas Brown, father, appeals a decision of the trial court awarding Rosa Ines B.

Brown, mother, sole legal custody and primary physical custody of the parties’ minor child. On

appeal, father contends the trial court erred by: (1) awarding mother sole legal custody of the child;

(2) awarding mother sole legal custody in contravention of Code § 20-124.2(B); (3) awarding

mother primary physical custody of the child; and (4) failing to consider the proper statutory code

sections pertaining to custody and visitation. Both parties request an award of attorney’s fees and

costs incurred in this appeal. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we conclude that

this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. Rule

5A:27.




         *
             Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                          BACKGROUND

        The parties married in 2001 and had one child, born in 2003. They separated in July 2005.

Also in July 2005, father filed a bill of complaint seeking a divorce and requesting sole legal and

physical custody of the child. In a cross-bill of complaint, mother requested sole legal and physical

custody of the child. On August 24 and 29, 2005, the trial court held a hearing on the issues of

custody and visitation.

        The evidence showed the parties resided in Virginia but took frequent, lengthy trips to Peru,

where mother’s family resides. Mother is a citizen of Peru. During the marriage, mother worked

part-time as a fitness trainer and father worked full-time until April 2005, when he left full-time

employment in order to spend time with the child.

        Father testified that even when he was working, he was able to spend time at home caring

for the child. He stated that when he did not care for the child, a nanny or a relative helped mother

with the day-to-day child care duties while mother spent much of her time at the gym.

        On July 12, 2005, without advising mother, father left the marital home, taking the child

with him because he believed mother intended to move to Peru with the child. Later that same day,

mother was served with father’s bill of complaint for divorce, a motion to enjoin relocation and a

motion for pendente lite custody. Father did not contact mother for about ten days and did not

permit mother to visit the child until July 29, 2005. After that, he allowed mother only supervised

visitation with the child.

        Mother presented evidence that she was the primary caretaker for the child. She testified

that during the past two years, several women had assisted her with domestic duties, such as

cooking, cleaning, and occasional babysitting. However, mother stated the women were not

nannies for the child. Mother testified she intended to continue to reside in the United States for the

foreseeable future.

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        The trial court awarded mother primary physical custody and sole legal custody of the child.

When announcing its ruling, the court specifically stated that it considered the best interests of the

child and referenced Code § 20-124.2. The trial court found that both parents are “capable” and

“loving” parents. However, the court found father showed “poor judgment” when he left the

marital home, taking the child without advising mother of the child’s location for ten days. The trial

court further found that father’s restriction that mother could have only supervised visitation with

the child was “ridiculous” and that the parties had “communications problems.” In addition, the

court accepted mother’s testimony that she did not intend to take the child to live permanently in

Peru. During the hearing, the parties argued extensively about a contract they had signed

concerning a custody agreement. However, the trial court specifically stated it did not consider the

contract in its decision.1

        Father appeals the trial court’s decision.

                                              ANALYSIS

                                          I. Custody Award

                        On appeal, we review the evidence in the light most
                favorable to the prevailing party below. . . . Where the record
                contains credible evidence in support of the findings made by that
                court, we may not retry the facts or substitute our view of the facts
                for those of the trial court.

Ferguson v. Stafford County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14 Va. App. 333, 336, 417 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1992).

        Code § 20-124.2(B) provides that the trial court may award joint custody or sole custody.

When determining which parent should have custody the trial court must decide what is in the

best interests of a child, and it is required to consider the factors listed in Code § 20-124.3. The

trial court is not required to quantify or elaborate on what weight or consideration it has given to


        1
        A contract between parents setting the terms of custody will not preclude a trial court
from changing or modifying those terms, in sum or part, if necessary. Featherstone v. Brooks,
220 Va. 443, 446, 258 S.E.2d 513, 515 (1979).
                                             -3-
each of the factors in Code § 20-124.3 or to weigh each factor equally. See Sargent v. Sargent,

20 Va. App. 694, 702, 460 S.E.2d 596, 599 (1995). The trial court is vested with broad

discretion to safeguard and promote the child’s interests, and its decision will not be reversed

unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. See Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326,

327-28, 387 S.E.2d 794, 795 (1990).

        The record demonstrates that the trial court carefully considered and weighed the

evidence and considered the best interests of the child and the factors set forth in Code

§ 20-124.3. In its ruling from the bench, the court elaborated on factors three, six, and seven of

the statute. Furthermore, the trial court’s order provides: “The [c]ourt considered the statutory

factors set forth in the Code . . . .”

        The record shows that both parents have a strong bond with the child and are loving and

capable parents. In addition, as the trial court found, the parties have poor communications skills

and display a lack of trust. These facets were demonstrated by father taking the child from the

marital home without telling mother where the child was located for ten days, then imposing

supervised visitation upon mother. The trial court was “particularly concerned” about father’s

display of “poor judgment” when he removed the child from the home. Father stated he feared

mother would take the child to live in Peru permanently, but mother testified that was not her

intention, and the trial court accepted her testimony. “[T]he trier of fact ascertains a witness’

credibility, determines the weight to be given to their testimony, and has the discretion to accept

or reject any of the witness’ testimony.” Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387, 488 S.E.2d 665,

668 (1997) (en banc). The trial court also noted that future visits to Peru would be beneficial for

the child because she has loving relatives in that country.

        In addition, the court found that father’s imposition of mother’s supervised visitation was

“ridiculous” and was without basis. In conclusion, the trial court found that the parties were not

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“ideal candidates for joint custody” at this time. In light of these facts, we find no error in the

trial court’s decision to award sole legal custody and primary physical custody with mother while

providing substantial opportunities for visitation with father.

                                               II. Statutory Factors

        Father argues the trial court failed to consider the factors of Code § 20-124.3(3)-(7) and

generally argues the trial court failed to consider the proper code sections pertaining to custody and

visitation. Code § 20-124.3 provides that a court making a custody or visitation determination

“shall communicate to the parties the basis of the decision either orally or in writing.”

        As addressed above, the trial court stated that it considered Code § 20-124.2. Code

§ 20-124.2 provides that the court shall consider the best interests of the child when making a

custody determination, and Code § 20-124.3 lists the factors to consider when determining the best

interests of the child. In addition, the court order provided that the trial court considered the

“statutory factors set forth in the Code.” However, assuming, without deciding, that the trial court’s

statements were insufficient to meet the statutory requirement that the court communicate to the

parties the basis for its decision, father failed to make this objection to the trial court.

        “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless the objection

was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown

or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “The Court of

Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.”

Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998).

        Father endorsed the trial court’s order: “SEEN AND EXCEPTION NOTED AS TO: 1.

Award of sole custody to [mother]. 2. All rulings excepted to at trial, as reflected in the record.

(Visitation agreed to).” When the trial court announced its rulings and analysis from the bench,

father did not contend that the trial court failed to comply with the provision of Code § 20-124.3

                                                    -5-
requiring it to set out the basis for its rulings, nor did he argue the trial court failed to consider any

specific code sections. Had he done so, the trial court would have had the opportunity to provide

its explanation in order to avoid a remand. Thus, we hold that, pursuant to Rule 5A:18, father

waived his argument that the court failed to consider the factors enumerated in Code § 20-124.3 or

that the court failed to inform the parties of the basis of its decision. See Torian v. Torian, 38

Va. App. 167, 186-87, 562 S.E.2d 355, 364-65 (2002) (under statute permitting award of spousal

support for defined duration and requiring court granting such an award to make written findings

including “the basis for the nature, amount and duration of the award,” holding party not entitled to

raise objection to sufficiency of explanation for first time on appeal).

          Appellant asserts in his reply brief that we should consider this issue pursuant to the ends

of justice exception to Rule 5A:18. However, because the trial court’s award of custody was

based on the evidence presented and the best interests of the child, and because the evidence

presented related to the enumerated factors in Code § 20-124.3 and supported the trial court’s

custody award, the record does not reflect any reason to invoke the good cause or ends of justice

exceptions to Rule 5A:18.

                                           III. Attorneys’ Fees

          Both parties request costs and attorneys’ fees for matters relating to this appeal.

                  The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum to
                  determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts
                  expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the
                  opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine
                  whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for
                  requiring additional payment.

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). Upon consideration

of the entire record in this case, we hold that neither party is entitled to costs or attorneys’ fees in the

matter.



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Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.

                                                                           Affirmed.




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