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                                                            2018 JUL -2 AM 8:3

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                          )
                                              )         No. 77275-9-1
                       Respondent,            )
                                              )         DIVISION ONE
              v.                              )
                                              )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
 BRANDON LYNN VANWINKLE,                      )
                                              )
                       Appellant.             )         FILED: July 2, 2018
                                              )
      APPELWICK, C.J. — VanWinkle was convicted of an assault which occurred

in a courtroom. Simple assault while in a courtroom is an assault in the third

degree when signage at any public entrance to the courtroom warns of this fact.

VanWinkle argues his conviction cannot be upheld, because no warning sign was

posted at the entrance where he and other in-custody defendants entered. He

also argues that the jury instructions misstated the law, and that juror misconduct

occurred. We affirm.

                                     FACTS

      As Brandon VanWinkle waited in custody in a courtroom for a case against

him to be called, he observed proceedings in a different case. After VanWinkle's

proceedings concluded, officers began to escort him from the courtroom, but

VanWinkle physically attacked the defendant from the other case. Because the

assault occurred in a courtroom, VanWinkle was charged with third degree assault.
No. 77275-9-1/2


       VanWinkle moved to dismiss, arguing that the courtroom entrance that he

used did not contain signage required by statute. The trial court denied the motion.

VanWinkle was convicted. He appeals.

                                  DISCUSSION

       VanWinkle makes three arguments. First, he argues that the trial court

erred in denying his motion to dismiss, because it misinterpreted the statute that

requires a sign to be posted that warns that assault in a court room is third degree

assault. Second, he argues that the jury instructions misstated the signage

requirement. Third, he argues that juror misconduct warrants a new trial.

  I.   Statutory Interpretation

       VanWinkle first contends that the courtroom did not contain a sign, as

required by statute, warning that an assault in a courtroom is in the third degree.

       RCW 9A.36.031(1)(k) states that a person is guilty of assault in the third

degree if he or she assaults a person located in a courtroom "(i)[d]uring the times

when a courtroom, jury room, or judge's chamber is being used for judicial

purposes during court proceedings; and (ii) if signage was posted in compliance

with RCW 2.28.200 at the time of the assault." RCW 2.28.200 prescribes where

signs must be posted:

            (1)Signage shall be posted notifying the public of the possible
       enhanced penalties under chapter 256, Laws of 2013.

             (2) The signage shall be prominently displayed at any public
       entrance to a courtroom.
(Emphasis added.)




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No. 77275-9-1/3


       In this case, VanWinkle entered the courtroom while in custody. He entered

not through the public entrance, but through a limited access entrance not

available to the general public. The entrance used by VanWinkle was a secured

entrance used by officers and in-custody defendants. There was no signage

posted at this entrance. The trial court ruled that it was not public. VanWinkle

argues that this was error, because he is a member of the public, and would never

otherwise have an opportunity to see the sign.

       Statutory interpretation is a question of law that this court reviews de novo.

State v. Gray, 174 Wn.2d 920, 926, 280 P.3d 1110 (2012). The court's primary

duty in construing a statute is to ascertain and carry out the legislature's intent.

Lake v. Woodcreek Homeowners Ass'n, 169 Wn.2d 516, 526, 243 P.3d 1283

(2010). Statutory interpretation begins with the statute's plain meaning, which we

discern from the ordinary meaning of the language used in the context of the entire

statute, related statutory provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole. Id. If

the statute's meaning is unambiguous, our inquiry ends. State v. Armendariz, 160

Wn.2d 106, 110, 156 P.3d 201 (2007). Conversely, a statute is ambiguous when

it is susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations, but not merely because

different interpretations are possible. In re Det. of Aston, 161 Wn. App. 824, 842,

251 P.3d 917(2011).

       Here, we need look no further than the plain language of the statute. Absent

a special status, the public cannot use the secured entrance used by in-custody

defendants. VanWinkle effectively argues that a sign is required if members of the

public, such as VanWinkle, might use the entrance. But, his suggested rule would


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No. 77275-9-1/4


require a sign at every entrance. The statutory language requires signs at any

public entrance.1 ROW 2.28.200. The statute's use of "public" to modify entrance

implies a distinction from "nonpublic" entrances, those not open to the general

public. Thus, it is clear the legislature did not intend the phrase "any public

entrance" to mean every entrance. Id. It is also clear that signage at a nonpublic

entrance, such as the secured entrance used by in-custody defendants, was not

subject to signage in order for the courtroom to be in compliance with ROW

2.28.200.2

       We hold that the signage of the courtroom satisfied ROW 2.28.200.

 II.   Jury Instructions

       VanWinkle next argues that the jury instructions misstated the law by stating

that a warning sign must be posted at"the" public entrance, rather than "any" public




       I VanWinkle cites authority that he claims supports the.argument that the
term "any" is most often interpreted to mean "all" or "every." But, because we hold
that the secured entrance is not a public entrance, the meaning of "any" is of no
consequence in this case.
       2 VanWinkle analogizes to an unpublished opinion of this court, State v.
Tapia, No. 32558-0-111, (Wash. Ct. App. Sept. 15, 2015) (unpublished),
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/325580.unp.pdf. In Tapia, the defendant
was charged with trespass for entering school property. Id. at 1-2. An applicable
statute created a defense to trespass when there is no posted notice, on unfenced
premises otherwise open to the public, which instructs the public when they were
not permitted to enter. Id. at 4. Even though no signage was posted, the trial court
convicted, because a reasonable person would have believed he or she was
trespassing. Id. at 3, 5. The State conceded that the evidence was insufficient
because no signage was posted, and the Court of Appeals therefore reversed. Id.
at 5.
       This unpublished case does not compel reversal, because here the primary
issue is whether notice was required to be posted at a specific location. But, in
Tapia,there was no dispute as to whether the school was required to have signage
at the specific location in question. See id. at 4.

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No. 77275-9-1/5


entrance. He argues that the use of the term "the," rather than "any" is error,

because RCW 2.28.200 refers to "any" public entrance.

       This court reviews alleged errors of law in jury instructions de novo. State

v. Barnes, 153 Wn.2d 378, 382, 103 P.3d 1219(2005). Jury instructions are proper

when they permit the parties to argue their theories of the case, do not mislead the

jury, and properly inform the jury of the applicable law. Id. And, this court reviews

jury instruction errors for constitutional harmless error. See State v. Berube, 150

Wn.2d 498, 505, 79 P.3d 1144 (2003). A constitutional error is harmless if it

appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the ultimate

verdict. Id. When applied to an element omitted from, or misstated in, a jury

instruction, the error is harmless if that element is supported by uncontroverted

evidence. Id.

       As a matter of law, the statute did not require signage at the entrance to the

courtroom used by VanWinkle, because it was not a public entrance. Testimony

showed that there was a single entrance to the courtroom available to the general

public. A sign complying with the statute was displayed by this entrance. Thus,

whether the jury was instructed that a sign was required at one public entrance

(i.e., "the"), or all public entrances (i.e., "any") was of no consequence.3

       VanWinkle cites to a case, State v. Cronin, 142 Wn.2d 568, 576-77, 581-

82, 14 P.3d 752 (2000), where the court found reversible error in an accomplice


       3VanWinkle argues that, because the jury asked a question to the court
about signage during deliberations, the instruction likely affected their verdict. But,
because we hold that, as a matter of law, signage was not required at VanWinkle's
entrance, the jury's deliberation on this matter is not relevant to our analysis.
No. 77275-9-1/6


liability instruction that referred to "a crime" rather than "the crime." But, this

authority is inapplicable to this case.         There, the choice of terms created

impermissible ambiguity as to which crime was being referenced. See id. at 582.

Here, there was only one public entrance, and thus "the"functionally conveyed the

same meaning as "any." The instruction did not contain an ambiguity or misstate

the law.

 III.   Juror Misconduct

        VanWinkle next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a

mistrial due to juror misconduct. He argues that jurors discussed the case

prematurely.4

        A party petitioning for a new trial on the grounds of premature deliberations

must establish that the communication prejudiced the outcome of the trial. See

Tate v. Rommel, 3 Wn. App. 933, 936-37, 478 P.2d 242 (1970). And, this court

will not reverse a trial court's ruling on a motion for new trial absent a showing of

abuse of discretion. State v. Balisok, 123 Wn.2d 114, 117, 866 P.2d 631 (1994).

        Here, the trial court's denial of the motion was well within its discretion.

Juror 10 expressed concerns for her safety to three fellow jurors and the trial court

bailiff. The bailiff alerted the trial court about the situation, because juror 10 refused

       4   VanWinkle frames his argument under the principle that
"[c]ommunications by or with jurors constitute misconduct." State v. Murphy, 44
Wn. App. 290, 296, 721 P.2d 30 (1986). Once established, such communication
gives rise to a presumption of prejudice, which the State has the burden of
disproving beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. But, VanWinkle's argument is that the
jurors discussed the case too early. This is a premature deliberation argument,
not an improper communication argument, which might typically involve a juror
discussing the case with a nonjuror. Nor is there any indication that the jurors
discussed the substance of the case.

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No. 77275-9-1/7


to speak in court. The trial court examined the jurors. The three jurors whom juror

10 had spoken to all stated that juror 10 had expressed safety concerns. But, all

three jurors to whom juror 10 had spoken stated that they had not discussed the

substance of the case. The trial court questioned every member of the jury to

ensure that it was fully apprised of what had happened, and that it did not affect

their verdict. No premature deliberations occurred. Juror 10 was dismissed, and

replaced by an alternate juror.

      The trial court's denial of the motion for new trial was not an abuse of

discretion.

       We affirm.




WE CONCUR:



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