Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
                                                                          Sep 25 2014, 9:14 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.


APPELLANT PRO SE:                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
                                                   BEVERLY J. MIDDAUGH:
JOEL GRANBERRY
Indianapolis, Indiana                              BRYAN S. REDDING
                                                   Redding Law, LLC
                                                   Carmel, Indiana

                                                   ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
                                                   BRIGHT IDEAS IN BROAD RIPPLE INC:

                                                   RICHARD K. SHOULTZ
                                                   WANDINI B. RIGGINS
                                                   Lewis Wagner, LLP
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana


                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JOEL GRANBERRY,                                    )
      Appellant-Petitioner,                        )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )   No. 49A05-1312-CT-585
                                                   )
BRIGHT IDEAS IN BROAD RIPPLE, INC.,                )
and BEVERLY J. MIDDAUGH,                           )
      Appellees-Respondents.                       )


                      APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                           The Honorable Heather A. Welch, Judge
                             Cause No. 49D12-1208-CT-31886


                                       September 25, 2014

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BAILEY, Judge
                                            Case Summary

        Joel Granberry (“Granberry”), proceeding pro se, filed a civil suit against Bright Ideas

in Broad Ripple, Inc. (“Bright Ideas”) and Beverly J. Middaugh (“Middaugh”) (collectively,

“the Defendants”), seeking damages on numerous theories of recovery. The trial court

granted the Defendants’ motion to dismiss his case, granted a motion for default judgment on

the Defendants’ counterclaims, and subsequently ordered Granberry to pay attorney’s fees

incurred by the Defendants.

        Granberry appeals. We affirm.

                                                  Issues

        Granberry presents several issues on appeal. We consolidate and restate these as:

          I.    Whether the trial court erred when it granted the Defendants’ motion to
                dismiss Granberry’s suit; and

         II.    Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his motion
                to set aside the default judgment on the counterclaims entered against
                him.

                                   Facts and Procedural History

        In light of the procedural posture of this appeal, we take as true the facts as alleged in

Granberry’s second amended complaint.

        Granberry and his estranged wife, Heidi, shared a daughter, T.A.G., who was twelve

years old in October 2011. On October 4, 2011, Heidi attempted suicide.1 Learning of this,




1
  Upon review of the record, it is unclear to this Court which of T.A.G.’s parents customarily had custody of
the child. In light of events in the case, it appears that Heidi ordinarily had custody of T.A.G.

                                                     2
Heather Coffy (“Coffy”), maternal aunt to T.A.G., took custody of the girl on Heidi’s behalf

and brought the child to Coffy’s home in Indianapolis for the night.

       Against Granberry’s will, Coffy kept custody of T.A.G. during the two subsequent

days and denied Granberry access to T.A.G., transporting the girl on October 5, 2011, to the

Indianapolis home of Coffy’s employer, Middaugh. On October 6, 2011, T.A.G. was

transported to Middaugh’s business, Bright Ideas, also located in Indianapolis.

       Also on October 6, 2011, Granberry, accompanied by his father, John Granberry, Sr.

(“John”), went to Coffy’s home to see T.A.G. Finding no one home, the two went to Bright

Ideas and asked to speak with T.A.G., Coffy, or Middaugh. After Granberry was initially

told none of these individuals were present, Middaugh came out to speak with Granberry and

John; Middaugh did not disclose T.A.G.’s whereabouts.

       Granberry called 911 to report T.A.G. as a missing child. Several police officers

arrived, and it was eventually determined that T.A.G. was inside Bright Ideas. Police officers

spoke with T.A.G., and T.A.G. later told Granberry that Middaugh and an otherwise

unknown individual named Vivian had attempted to coerce her into accusing Granberry of

abuse. Middaugh made statements to police based upon information Coffy had provided her

that caused police to become concerned about the possibility of child abuse having occurred.

As a result, Police contacted Marion County Child Protective Services (“CPS”).

       After CPS arrived, various family members were interviewed by CPS. Heidi was

contacted and transported to Bright Ideas from Community North Hospital, and after CPS




                                              3
concluded concerns about child abuse were unsubstantiated, T.A.G. left with Granberry,

Heidi, and John.

       A police report was subsequently filed that quoted statements by Middaugh and

others. The document inaccurately reported Middaugh’s name and relationship to the parties,

and inaccurately reported the name of Middaugh’s business and the nature of the business.

       On August 13, 2012, proceeding pro se and alleging as fact the events related above,

Granberry filed suit. On February 12, 2013, he filed a second amended complaint, which set

forth thirteen substantive claims for relief against the Defendants, alleging the Defendants

were liable to Granberry for damages arising from criminal confinement (Count I),

interference with custody (Count II), false identity statements (Count III), false report of

child abuse (Count IV), false informing (Count V), violation of Granberry’s rights under the

Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Count VI), violation of Granberry’s

rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Count VII),

defamation per se (Count VIII), slander per se (Count IX), libel per se (Count X), civil

conspiracy (Count XI), negligent infliction of emotional distress (Count XII), and intentional

infliction of emotional distress (Count XIII). Granberry sought damages totaling $520,000,

or $40,000 for each of the thirteen counts.

       On April 6, 2013, the Defendants filed an answer to the second amended complaint.

The Defendants’ answer also asserted affirmative defenses and counterclaims against

Granberry, contending that Granberry’s litigation against Middaugh was groundless and




                                              4
maintained in bad faith, and that Granberry’s allegations of criminal conduct on Middaugh’s

part amounted to defamation per se.

        On July 15, 2013, the Defendants moved to dismiss Granberry’s case, asserting

immunity from civil liability for reporting suspected child abuse under Indiana Code section

31-33-6-1.

        A hearing on the motion to dismiss, as well as a motion filed by Granberry concerning

a discovery request, was conducted on August 27, 2013. Also on August 27, 2013, the

Defendants moved for default judgment against Granberry as to Middaugh’s counterclaims.

        On September 26, 2013, the trial court granted the Defendants’ motion to dismiss.

The trial court also granted Middaugh’s motion for default judgment on the counterclaims

and denied Granberry’s discovery-related motions.

        Also on September 26, 2013, Granberry filed a motion for relief from judgment on the

trial court’s order of dismissal and the default judgment.

        On October 29, 2013, a hearing was conducted to determine the amount of damages to

which Middaugh was entitled subsequent to the entry of judgment of default on the

counterclaims. On November 7, 2013, the trial court entered its order denying Granberry’s

motion for relief from judgment. The same day, the trial court entered final judgment on the

counterclaims, awarding $16,578.00 in attorney’s fees on the Defendants’ claim that

Granberry’s suit was frivolous.2



2
 The trial court also found that Granberry’s contentions were defamation per se against Middaugh, but entered
no award of damages on the counterclaim because no testimony or exhibits had been provided to support an
award.

                                                     5
        This appeal ensued.

                                      Discussion and Decision

                                                Dismissal

        Granberry’s first contention on appeal is that the trial court erred when it entered its

order of dismissal.3 As a threshold matter, Granberry contends that the trial court erred as a

procedural matter when it treated the Defendants’ motion to dismiss as a timely motion under

Trial Rule 12(B)(6), because the Defendants had already filed an answer and counterclaim

before filing their motion to dismiss.

        A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Trial Rule 12(B)(6) “tests the

legal sufficiency of the complaint,” that is, “whether the allegations in the complaint establish

any set of circumstances under which a plaintiff would be entitled to relief.” Putnam Cnty.

Sheriff v. Price, 954 N.E.2d 451, 453 (Ind. 2011). A trial court must view the complaint in a

light most favorable to the non-moving party and with every inference in that party’s favor.

Id. We review de novo an appeal from a ruling on a motion to dismiss a civil complaint. Id.

“Viewing the complaint in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, we must

determine whether the complaint states any facts on which the trial court could have granted

relief.” Id.

        Granberry is correct that the Trial Rules require a stand-alone motion challenging the

legal sufficiency of a complaint alone be pursued under Trial Rule 12(B)(6). However, a

3
 Granberry also contends that he is entitled to summary judgment on his complaint. A party generally may not
raise an issue on appeal that was not previously raised in the trial court, and summary judgment must be
carefully reviewed to ensure parties are not improperly denied their day in court. Oshinski v. N. Ind.
Commuter Transp. Dist., 843 N.E.2d 536, 538-39 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). We therefore decline to entertain
Granberry’s request on appeal for entry of summary judgment.

                                                     6
motion for judgment on the pleadings may be submitted “[a]fter the pleadings are closed but

within such time as not to delay the trial.” Ind. Trial Rule 12(C). The criteria upon which a

motion for judgment on the pleadings is considered are the same as those in response to a

motion to dismiss under Rule 12(B): “A motion for judgment on the pleadings should be

granted only when it is clear from the face of the complaint that under no circumstances

could relief be granted.” Davis ex rel. Davis v. Ford Motor Co., 747 N.E.2d 1146, 1151 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. As the Davis court observed, in procedural postures such as

the one now before us, the distinctions between Rule 12(B) motions and Rule 12(C) motions

are “blurred.” Id. at 1149. However, “[a]ll pleadings shall be so construed as to do

substantial justice, lead to disposition on the merits, and avoid litigation of procedural

points.” T.R. 8(F). Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s acceptance of the

formal caption of the motion as one for dismissal under Rule 12(B), as the substantive

treatment of the motion was proper under Rule 12(C).

       Turning now to the substantive aspects of the trial court’s decision, the court

dismissed Granberry’s claims on two bases. As to Counts I (criminal confinement), II

(interference with custody), III (false identity statements), IV (false report of child abuse), V

(false informing), VIII (defamation per se), IX (slander per se), X (libel per se), XI (civil

conspiracy), XII (negligent infliction of emotional distress), and XIII (intentional infliction of

emotional distress), the trial court concluded that the immunity provisions of Indiana Code

section 31-33-6-1 precluded Granberry from any remedy related to Middaugh’s statements to

police concerning possible abuse of T.A.G. As to Counts VI and VII, in which Granberry


                                                7
alleged violations of his constitutional rights by Middaugh and Bright Ideas, the trial court

concluded that Granberry had failed to assert a claim for which relief could be granted

because the proper adverse party for alleged violations of constitutional rights are

governmental bodies, not private parties such as the Defendants. We will address first

Granberry’s allegations under tort theories, and afterward turn to Granberry’s claims that

sound in constitutional doctrine.

                                    Statutory Immunity

       We turn first to the provisions of Indiana law concerning reporting child abuse.

Indiana Code section 31-33-5-1 provides, “In addition to any other duty to report arising

[under Title 31, Article 33 of the Code], an individual who has reason to believe a child is a

victim of child abuse or neglect shall make a report as required by this article.” “A person

who has a duty under this chapter to report that a child may be a victim of child abuse or

neglect shall immediately make an oral report to: (1) the department [of Child Services]; or

(2) the local law enforcement agency.” I.C. § 31-33-5-4. As another panel of this Court has

observed, “[t]he statute makes clear that time is of the essence … by requiring that abuse or

neglect ‘shall immediately’ be reported.” Anonymous Hosp. v. A.K., 920 N.E.2d 704, 707

(Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting I.C. § 31-33-5-4) (emphasis in original).

       To ensure that individuals will report good-faith concerns about child abuse or neglect

without fear of liability, the Indiana Code also affords immunity:

       Except as provided in [I.C. § 31-33-6-2], a person, other than a person accused
       of child abuse or neglect, who:



                                              8
       (1) makes or causes to be made a report of a child who may be a victim of
       child abuse or neglect;

       (2) is a health care provider and detains a child for purposes of causing
       photographs, x-rays, or a physical medical examination to be made under IC
       31-33-10;

       (3) makes any other report of a child who may be a victim of child abuse and
       neglect; or

       (4) participates in any judicial proceeding or other proceeding:

              (A) resulting from a report that a child may be a victim of child abuse
              or neglect; or

              (B) relating to the subject matter of the report;

       is immune from any civil or criminal liability that might otherwise be imposed
       because of such actions.

I.C. § 31-33-6-1. Immunity from liability “does not attach for a person who has acted

maliciously or in bad faith.” I.C. § 31-33-6-2. “A person making a report that a child may be

a victim of child abuse or neglect or assisting in any requirement of this article is presumed to

have acted in good faith.” I.C. § 31-33-6-3. As the A.K. Court observed, reporting of abuse

“without delay does not support an inference of bad faith. Instead, it suggests the opposite.”

A.K., 920 N.E.2d at 707.

       Here, the substance of Granberry’s allegations are that Coffy told Middaugh that

T.A.C. was a victim of child abuse and, as a result, Middaugh informed police officers—

whom Granberry himself had called to Bright Ideas—of the abuse allegation. This in turn

led to a brief CPS investigation that found the report unsubstantiated. Granberry further

alleged that Coffy is well-known in the community for her dishonesty and malice. Taking

these together, then, Granberry’s complaint would appear to argue that Middaugh should

                                               9
have known Coffy’s expressed concern about abuse of T.A.C. was false. Thus, Granberry

alleges that Middaugh’s report to police was made in bad faith so that Middaugh was not

entitled to the presumption in Section 31-33-6-3 of having made a good-faith report of child

abuse or neglect. Accordingly, Granberry argues, Middaugh was also not entitled to

immunity from liability under Section 31-33-6-1.

       We cannot conclude that this set of facts, as pleaded and with all inferences in favor of

Granberry as the non-movant, is sufficient to defeat Middaugh’s assertion of immunity under

the child abuse reporting statutes. Middaugh’s immediate report of child abuse to police

actively on her business’s premises, after having received information of abuse from an

employee who had—whether or not with Granberry’s permission—taken care of T.A.C.

when the child’s mother was hospitalized after a suicide attempt, does not give rise to an

inference that Middaugh was acting with bad faith. To the extent Granberry’s complaint

relies upon the need to establish bad faith in Middaugh’s report to defeat any claim of

immunity as a result of Coffy’s alleged bad reputation, we cannot conclude he has pleaded

facts that overcome the presumption of good-faith reporting. This is sufficient to dispose of

Counts III, IV, V, VIII, IX, X, and XI, all of which have their basis in Granberry’s

contentions concerning Coffy’s trustworthiness and Middaugh’s alleged bad faith reporting.

                                    Standing as to Count I

       Granberry’s complaint also fails to allege facts sufficient to state a claim for relief as

to Count I, criminal confinement, because the alleged victim of the criminal confinement is

not Granberry himself, but T.A.C. Indiana courts have long held that when a child is injured


                                              10
by a tort, two causes of action accrue: one in favor of the child for the injuries, and one in

favor of the child’s parent for loss of service. Forte v. Connerwood Healthcare, Inc., 745

N.E.2d 796, 802 (Ind. 2001). The right of action of a parent for loss of services is an action

in the nature of a property right, not an action for personal injury. Id. A cause of action for

personal injury to a child is “owned by the child himself, and inure[s] to his benefit alone.”

Id. at 803. “The parent can only sue for an injury to his child occasioning loss of service.

The child must sue for other injuries.” Boyd v. Blaisdell, 15 Ind. 73, 76 (1860).

       Under Count I, Granberry does not seek damages on T.A.C.’s behalf; he seeks them

for himself. He does not allege loss of services from T.A.C. Accordingly, Granberry’s claim

under Count I was properly dismissed by the trial court.

                              Cause of Action under Count II

       Count II, which alleges interference with custody, was also properly dismissed.

Granberry contended that Middaugh violated Indiana Code section 35-42-3-4(b), which

provides:

       A person who with the intent to deprive another person of custody or parenting
       time rights:

       (1) knowingly or intentionally takes;

       (2) knowingly or intentionally detains; or

       (3) knowingly or intentionally conceals;

       a person who is less than eighteen (18) years of age commits interference with
       custody, a Class C misdemeanor. However, the offense is a Class B
       misdemeanor if the taking, concealment, or detention is in violation of a court
       order.



                                               11
       Granberry does not contend through cogent argument and citation to authority that the

crime of interference with custody gives rise to an actionable tort. See Ind. Appellate Rule

46(A)(8).   And we find no authority under Indiana law to support that proposition.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly dismissed Count II for failure to state a

claim upon which relief could be granted.

                         Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment Claims

       We turn now to Counts VI and VII, in which Granberry alleged violations of his rights

under the United States Constitution. In Count VI, Granberry alleged that Middaugh, an

individual known only as “Vivian,” and police engaged in an unreasonable seizure of T.A.G.

because Middaugh’s report of suspected child abuse was unsubstantiated. The Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution governs searches and seizures as those

activities may be carried out by the government. As the trial court observed, the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution by its own terms “protects individual privacy

against certain kinds of government intrusion,” but does not merely protect privacy and does

not create a right to privacy. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 350 (1967).

       “‘A search or seizure by a private party does not implicate the Fourth Amendment.’”

Bone v. State, 771 N.E.2d 710, 714 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting U.S. v. Shahid, 117 F.3d

322, 325 (7th Cir. 1997)). To obtain relief from a private individual under federal civil rights

laws, a plaintiff must present “evidence of a concerted action between a state actor and that

individual,” K.M.K. v. A.K., 908 N.E.2d 658, 662 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (quoting Fries v.

Helsper, 146 F.3d 452, 457 (7th Cir. 1998)) (quotation marks omitted), trans. denied, or must


                                              12
demonstrate that the private individual was acting as an agent for the government. Bone, 771

N.E.2d at 714.

       Granberry does not direct his complaint toward police officers. His suit is solely

against certain private actors, and he does not indicate how Middaugh may have been acting

under color of or in collaboration with state actors to deprive him of T.A.G.’s services or

T.A.G. of her liberty. Rather, he accuses Middaugh of providing false information to police,

and makes a bald claim that police acted to conceal her falsehood based upon claimed errors

in the police report. This is not sufficient to state a claim against Middaugh as either a

private individual undertaking concerted action with police, or of a private individual acting

as an agent for police.

       As to Count VII, we note that “the [Fourteenth] Amendment affords no shield” against

private conduct, “no matter how unfair that conduct may be.” Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n

v. Tarkanian, 488 U.S. 179, 191 (1988). This, again, is based in the need to carefully adhere

to the state action requirement. Id. Granberry alleges in his complaint that Middaugh’s

refusal to allow him to see T.A.G. at her business’s premises was done “with the aid of

government authorities.” (Appellant’s App’x at 43.) Yet Granberry’s complaint also alleges

that Middaugh did not disclose T.A.G.’s presence at Bright Ideas until police questioned her

as to the girl’s whereabouts, and that police asked “repeatedly why she would not allow the

child to leave with her father.” (Appellant’s App’x at 27.) Thus, Granberry’s allegations in

the complaint fail to establish how police extended authority to Middaugh to detain T.A.G.




                                             13
Granberry has accordingly failed to state a claim that falls within the scope of the Fourteenth

Amendment’s protections of parental rights.

        To the extent Granberry makes other claims—for example, that the trial court judge

was biased, or that the trial court did not accord proper weight and credibility to statements in

the pleadings—those claims fail or do not comport with the standard of review applicable on

appeal.4 Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s order dismissing Granberry’s suit.

                                        Crossclaim and Damages

        Granberry also challenges the trial court’s entry of default judgment against him.

Indiana Trial Rule 60(B) governs motions to set aside judgments. “On motion and upon such

terms as are just the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a judgment,

including a judgment by default,” for reasons that include mistake, surprise, or excusable

neglect, newly discovered evidence, or fraud or misconduct of an adverse party. T.R.

60(B)(1)-(3). Relief from judgment under Trial Rule 60(B) “is a matter entrusted to the trial

court’s equitable discretion.” Citimortgage, Inc. v. Barabas, 975 N.E.2d 805, 812 (Ind.

2012). We reverse only where a trial court has abused its discretion, that is, when the

decision of the trial court is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances

before it, or when the court has misinterpreted the law. Id. Default judgments are extreme

remedies, and are available only where a party fails to defend or prosecute a suit. Id.

“Courts should guard against the use of a default judgment as ‘a trap…set by counsel to catch

4
 Granberry’s complaint of judicial bias rests on his claim that the trial court was biased in interacting with him
during argument and entering adverse rulings against him. Yet an adverse ruling is not sufficient to show bias
or prejudice, Flowers v. State, 738 N.E.2d 1051, 1060 n. 4 (Ind. 2000), and a party “must show that the trial
judge’s action or demeanor crossed the barrier of impartiality and prejudiced” his case. Id. at 1061. Granberry
has not done so.

                                                       14
unsuspecting litigants,’” and should resolve cases on their merits whenever possible. Id.

(quoting State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Hughes, 808 N.E.2d 112, 116 (Ind. Ct. App.

2004)).

       Granberry’s argument on appeal challenging the entry of default judgment states that

“counsel produced no evidence at all to support their claim save his attorney fee affidavit.”

(Appellant’s Br. at 30.) Yet Granberry failed to file an answer to any of the Defendants’

counterclaims. On appeal, he does not directs this Court to any contention that the default

judgment was obtained by fraud, or that he was prejudiced by any form of “mistake, surprise,

or excusable neglect.” Ind. Trial Rules 60(B)(1) & (3). Rather, he asks that we look anew at

evidence that he claims disposes of the case on summary judgment, and attacks as “based

entirely on hearsay” the Defendants’ case. (Appellant’s Br. at 30.) Simply put, Granberry

sets forth no basis upon which this Court may conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion when it denied his motion to set aside the default judgment. We accordingly

affirm the trial court’s order denying that motion.

                                        Conclusion

       The trial court did not err when it dismissed Granberry’s suit. The trial court did not

abuse its discretion when it denied Granberry’s motion for relief from the default judgment.

       Affirmed.

NAJAM, J., and PYLE, J., concur.




                                             15
