[Cite as State v. Leigh, 2013-Ohio-3243.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                        No. 99181




                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                     PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                               vs.

                                      AUSBURN LEIGH
                                                     DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED



                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                              Case Nos. CR-556762 and CR-556285

        BEFORE: S. Gallagher, P.J., Blackmon, J., and McCormack, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 25, 2013
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Ronald A. Skingle
2450 St. Clair Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44114


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
By: Brian M. McDonough
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
Justice Center - 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, OH 44113
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant Ausburn Leigh appeals from his conviction for felonious

assault. For the following reasons, we affirm.

       {¶2} The victim testified that in the early morning of November 18, 2011, she

went to a home located on West 46th Street to obtain heroin.    Several people were in the

home at the time, including Leigh and Nereida Rosario.     According to the victim, Leigh

approached her and took her belongings to cover the $20 she owed him for a prior heroin

purchase.   After obtaining heroin from another drug dealer at the house, the victim

pleaded with Leigh to return her belongings.     Leigh responded by calling her a “snitch”

because he suspected the victim was the informant underlying a raid at his home on

November 2, 2011. While the victim was crying and sitting “Indian-style” on the living

room floor, Leigh, who was six feet three inches tall and weighed 240 pounds, struck her

on the left side of her face with his right open hand.

       {¶3} When questioned on direct examination how she felt after Leigh struck her,

the victim testified:

       A. I kind of saw stars a little bit. Not really stars, but it really shook my
       whole head and it took me aback and it split my nose open. I had blood all
       over my face.

       Q. Did it hurt?

       A.   It hurt very badly.

Tr. 454: 4-9.   The victim testified further that she left the home and walked over to a

friend’s gas station located at the intersection of Fulton Road and Denison Avenue. A
police officer in the area approached the victim and asked her to explain what happened

to her.     The victim testified that Leigh assaulted her and as a result of the assault, she

sustained a laceration on her nose, bruises on her left eye, and fractures to several facial

bones.

          {¶4} The state also presented the testimony of the two police officers who

responded to the alleged assault, Michael Billet and Frank Ambrose.             The officers

received a call about the alleged assault at 10:13 a.m. Billett testified that he approached

the victim at the gas station because she was upset and crying, and had cuts on her nose

and left cheek.     The cut on her nose was bleeding, and her face was swollen.

          {¶5} The police officers took the victim back to the home on West 46th Street.

They arrested Leigh but could not locate any other eyewitness to the alleged assault.

The officers then took the victim to MetroHealth for examination and treatment.

          {¶6} A CT scan showed the victim had facial and orbital fractures.      Specifically,

she had a left maxillary sinus anterior wall fracture and a minimally displaced left orbital

floor fracture.    Her medical report documented a laceration to the bridge of her nose,

with the bleeding controlled; an abrasion on the left side of her face, with no bleeding;

and positive swelling to her left maxilla. The report also indicated that the victim did

not lose consciousness, but she had a headache and some dizziness.             Her pain was

moderate and constant in severity.

          {¶7} Rosario also testified on behalf of the state.     She identified herself as

Leigh’s former girlfriend, and a high school acquaintance of the victim.              Rosario
admitted to being with Leigh at the home on West 46th Street when the victim arrived

there on November 18, 2011.     Rosario testified that she saw Leigh strike the victim once

in the face with an open hand, resulting in a cut to the victim’s nose. According to

Rosario, the victim did not have any bruising or other injuries to her left cheek or eye

following the incident.

       {¶8} Rosario testified further that the victim then begged another drug dealer in the

home for some heroin. The victim “shot up” and left the home to engage in prostitution

in order to repay Leigh the $20 owed to him.    According to Rosario, the victim appeared

fine, and was not crying when she left the home.

       {¶9} The state submitted into evidence two photographs of the victim’s injuries.

It also submitted into evidence her medical records from MetroHealth.

       {¶10} The Cuyahoga County Grand Jury issued a seven-count indictment against

Leigh as a result of the November 18, 2011 incident.        The charges were as follows:

Count 1, kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(4); Count 2, rape in violation of

R.C. 2907.02(A)(2); Count 3, felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1); Count

4, aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3); Count 5, theft in violation of

R.C. 2913.02(A)(1); Count 6, theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1); and Count 7,

intimidation of a crime victim in violation of R.C. 2921.04(B).

       {¶11} A jury trial commenced on September 26, 2012.          After the state’s case,

Leigh made a motion for acquittal.    The trial court denied the motion except as to Count

7, intimidation of a victim. The jury subsequently returned a guilty verdict on Count 3,
felonious assault. The jury found Leigh not guilty on the remaining counts. The trial

court sentenced Leigh to a term of eight years for the felonious assault.

       {¶12} This appeal followed.      In one assignment of error, Leigh challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting his guilt.      Specifically, Leigh argues the state

failed to present any expert medical testimony at trial to prove beyond a reasonable doubt

that the victim’s facial and orbital fractures were the proximate result of Leigh slapping

her once with an open hand.       In other words, causation under the circumstances was

sufficiently complex to be beyond the knowledge and experience of the jury.

       {¶13} The test as stated in Thompkins for judging the sufficiency of the evidence is

as follows: “‘sufficiency’ is a term of art meaning that legal standard which is applied to

determine whether the case may go to the jury or whether the evidence is legally

sufficient to support the jury verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).       Verdicts not supported by sufficient evidence

violate a defendant’s due process rights.    Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 45, 102 S.Ct.

2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982).

       {¶14} When there is conflicting evidence “it [is] the function of the jury to weigh

the evidence and assess the credibility of the witnesses in arriving at its verdict.” State

v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 279, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991). “It is not the function of an

appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder.” Id. It is the jurors’

minds that must be convinced rather than the reviewing court. State v. Thomas, 70 Ohio

St.2d 79, 80, 434 N.E.2d 1356 (1982).
             {¶15} A court reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence must consider the totality

      of all the evidence, construing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the

      prosecution.    State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 543, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001). The

      mere existence of conflicting evidence cannot make the evidence insufficient as a matter

      of law.   Id.

             {¶16} In this case, Leigh claims the state failed to provide expert medical

      testimony as to the cause of the victim’s facial or orbital fractures and, therefore, failed to

      prove felonious assault. The jury convicted Leigh of felonious assault in violation of

      R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), which provides in pertinent part, “[n]o person shall knowingly * *

      *[c]ause serious physical harm to another.”      “Serious physical harm,” in turn is defined

      as any of the following:

             (a) Any mental illness or condition of such gravity as would normally
             require hospitalization or prolonged psychiatric treatment;

      (b) Any physical harm that carries a substantial risk of death;

      (c) Any physical harm that involves some permanent incapacity, whether partial or total,
      or that involves some temporary, substantial incapacity;

      (d) Any physical harm that involves some permanent disfigurement or that involves some
      temporary, serious disfigurement;

      (e) Any physical harm that involves acute pain of such duration as to result in substantial

      suffering or that involves any degree of prolonged or intractable pain.

R.C. 2901.01(A)(5).    This court has previously determined that “[t]he degree of harm that rises to the

level of ‘serious’ physical harm is not an exact science, particularly when the definition includes such

terms as ‘substantial,’ ‘temporary,’ ‘acute,’ and ‘prolonged.’” State v. Miller, 8th Dist. No. 98574,
2013-Ohio-1651,  18, citing State v. Irwin, 7th Dist. No. 06 MA 20, 2007-Ohio-4996, ¶ 37. In

Miller, the victim was knocked unconscious from a blow to the head that caused both a laceration

requiring stitches and a skull fracture.      Upon those facts, this court determined that there was

sufficient evidence of serious physical harm to sustain the defendant’s conviction.    Id. at  23.

                {¶17} After construing the facts of this case in a light most favorable to the

       prosecution, we conclude the evidence is legally sufficient to support Leigh’s felonious

       assault conviction.    The victim testified that as a result of the blow to her face

       administered by Leigh, she sought treatment at the hospital for facial and orbital fractures,

       a laceration to the bridge of her nose, an abrasion on the left side of her face, and positive

       swelling to her left maxilla.   The evidence also indicated that although the victim did not

       lose consciousness, she had a headache and some lingering dizziness.           Her pain was

       moderate and constant in severity. Upon similar facts, this court has consistently found

       that sufficient evidence supported the jury’s conclusion that serious physical harm

       occurred as a result of the assault. See, e.g., State v. Melendez, 8th Dist. No. 97175,

       2012-Ohio-2385 (finding the sufficiency of the evidence established that the victim

       suffered serious physical harm as she experienced severe head and shoulder pain and had

       a one centimeter laceration over her right eye); State v. Rogers, 8th Dist. No. 91380,

       2009-Ohio-2252 (finding the fact that the victim required stitches to arrest the bleeding

       from the laceration caused by the assault was sufficient evidence of serious physical

       harm).
       {¶18} Leigh’s singular argument on appeal is that the state was required to

introduce medical evidence establishing that the assault proximately caused the victim’s

injuries.   Apparently, Leigh’s defense theory is that he could not have caused all the

injuries from a single “slap” to the victim’s face.      When construing the evidence in a

light favorable for the prosecution, the victim’s testimony alone establishes the causal

connection between the assault and her injuries diagnosed at the hospital shortly after the

assault.    In this case, no further evidence is needed to determine that the jury’s verdict is

supported by the sufficiency of the evidence.         The victim’s credibility regarding the

cause of her injuries was well within the province of the jury’s determination.

       {¶19} Because of the foregoing analysis, Leigh’s assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶20} Judgment is affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



SEAN C. GALLAGHER, PRESIDING JUDGE
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., and
TIM McCORMACK, J., CONCUR
