                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 00-2481
                                     ___________

United States of America,                  *
                                           *
             Appellee,                     *
                                           *   Appeal from the United States
      v.                                   *   District Court for the Eastern
                                           *   District of Missouri
Keith Bowling,                             *
                                           *
             Appellant.                    *

                                     ___________

                              Submitted: January 9, 2001
                               Filed: January 29, 2001
                                    ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, HANSEN, Circuit Judge, and JONES1, District
      Judge.
                            ___________

JONES, District Judge.

       Keith Bowling was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute in excess of fifty grams of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and




      1
        The Honorable John B. Jones, United States District Judge, United States
District Court for the District of South Dakota, sitting by designation.
841(a)(1). The district court2 sentenced Bowling to 151 months’ imprisonment and five
years’ supervised release. Bowling challenges his conviction based upon violations of
Bowling’s Sixth Amendment rights to confrontation and compulsory process and
sufficiency of the evidence. We affirm.

                                 I. BACKGROUND
      Acting as a confidential informant, Sedell Small contacted Bowling in December
1997 in an attempt to purchase crack cocaine. In response to Small’s inquiry, Bowling
contacted Sara McCoy, who contacted Leatha Brown about purchasing nine ounces of
crack cocaine. Some of the details of the purchase, including the quantity and price
were agreed upon during a conference call between Bowling, McCoy and Brown.
Brown, through her nephew, was the supplier of the crack cocaine at issue. During the
conference call, it was agreed that Brown would sell nine ounces of crack cocaine for
$7,500. The date, time and location of the transaction were agreed upon the day the
transaction transpired.

       Small informed Officer Garrett Burgess, a St. Louis City police officer, that a
drug transaction would occur on December 22, 1997. Officer Burgess testified at
Bowling’s trial that Small advised him he had a friend named Keith who was going to
orchestrate a nine-ounce deal of cocaine. The police directed Small to give a
prearranged signal if he observed narcotics during the attempt to purchase crack
cocaine. Small met Bowling at the prearranged Amoco Station on December 22, 1997,
while police surveillance was in place. McCoy was a passenger in the front seat of
Bowling’s car at that time. Bowling exited the car and spoke with Small. Bowling
then returned to the car and informed McCoy that Small wanted to view one ounce of
the crack cocaine. McCoy telephoned Brown who agreed to show one ounce to Small.
Bowling drove to Brown’s apartment and picked her up. Upon arriving at the Amoco


      2
        The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

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Station for the second time, Bowling exited the car while McCoy and Brown remained
in the car. Bowling had a brief conversation with Small outside the car and Small then
entered Bowling’s car. Small viewed the crack cocaine and returned it to McCoy.
Small exited Bowling’s car and Bowling got into the car with McCoy and Brown.
Small signaled to police that he had observed narcotics and the police moved in to
arrest Bowling, Small, McCoy and Brown. Immediately after the arrest, the police
found 27.7 grams of crack cocaine in McCoy’s pockets. Additional crack cocaine was
seized during a search of Brown’s apartment.

       McCoy and Brown pled guilty and testified at Bowling’s trial as witnesses for
the government. Small did not testify as a witness for the government or the defense
during trial because he asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
incrimination. At the time of Bowling’s trial, Small was under indictment for
possessing with the intent to distribute crack cocaine on December 8, 1997. During its
opening statement, the government informed the jury that Small was a fugitive and that
if he was arrested he would testify as a witness for the government. Bowling contacted
Small at Small’s residence before trial and Small provided exculpatory statements
during an interview with Bowling’s attorney. Bowling asserts the government could
have easily located Small to call him as a witness at Bowling’s trial because Small lived
at the same address for a lengthy period of time.

       On the first day of trial, the marshals arrested Small on the indictment pending
against him immediately after serving Small the subpoena from Bowling to testify on
behalf of Bowling at trial. Counsel was appointed for Small and, through counsel,
Small asserted his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination refusing to testify
on behalf of either the government or Bowling during Bowling’s trial. The government
refused to grant restricted immunity relating to the December 22, 1997 incident. The
district court refused Bowling’s request that the court grant immunity to Small.




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                                    II. DECISION
       Bowling argues his Sixth Amendment rights to confrontation and compulsory
process were violated by the district court’s refusal to require Small to testify. Bowling
further contends the district court should have compelled the government to request
immunity for Small or the district court should have granted judicial immunity to Small
and limited the examination of Small to the events for which Bowling was on trial. In
the alternative, Bowling contends the district court should have stricken the hearsay
testimony given by Officer Burgess and other witnesses regarding Small’s oral
statements to them. Finally, Bowling challenges the sufficiency of the evidence,
contending the evidence did not establish that Bowling entered into a knowing
agreement with any individual other than Small, the government informant.

       Asserting a Sixth Amendment violation, Bowling argues the district court should
have required Small to testify at Bowling’s trial, despite Small’s assertion of his Fifth
Amendment right against self-incrimination. Bowling’s Sixth Amendment right to
compulsory process, however, does not include the right to compel a witness to waive
his or her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. United States v. Carr,
67 F.3d 171, 176 (8th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1182 (1996); United States v.
Robaina, 39 F.3d 858, 862 (8th Cir. 1994).

        Bowling contends the district court should have either required the government
to grant immunity to Small or granted “judicial” immunity to Small. We reject
Bowling’s arguments. It is well settled that “use immunity can only be granted when
it is formally requested by the Attorney General.” United States v. Warfield, 97 F.3d
1014, 1020 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1110 (1997) (citing Robaina, 39 F.3d
at 863). The district court, therefore, lacked authority to compel the government to
request immunity for Small. Additionally, “‘[t]he district court did not have the
authority to grant [Small] immunity because this court has consistently refused to
recognize the concept of judicial immunity.’” United States v. Ayers, 138 F.3d 360,
363 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 895 (1998) (quoting United States v. Stewart, 122

                                           -4-
F.3d 625, 627 (8th Cir. 1997)). The district court did not err in refusing to compel the
government to request use immunity or to grant judicial immunity to Small.

       Bowling asserts Small’s danger of self-incrimination was too remote to justify
the assertion of his Fifth Amendment privilege. We disagree. “To sustain the privilege,
it need only be evident from the implications of the question, in the setting in which it
is asked, that a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it cannot
be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result.” Hoffman
v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 486-87 (1951). The Fifth Amendment privilege
protects a witness against “real dangers, not remote and speculative possibilities.”
Zicarelli v. New Jersey State Comm’n of Investigation, 406 U.S. 472, 478 (1972). At
the time of Bowling’s trial, an indictment was pending against Small for possessing
with intent to distribute crack cocaine a few weeks prior to the drug transaction
involving Bowling, McCoy, Brown and Small. Small’s counsel represented to the
district court that Small would assert the Fifth Amendment if called to testify during
Bowling’s trial. Small’s counsel further stated Small’s testimony could not be
sufficiently tailored in Bowling’s trial to avoid corollary issues which would be
dangerous to Small. The district court concluded there was a real danger of Small
incriminating himself if he were required to testify about the matters involved in
Bowling’s trial and the court refused to require Small to testify. The possibility of
Small’s self-incrimination was not “remote or speculative,” and the district court did
not err in allowing Small to plead the Fifth Amendment. See id.; Robaina, 39 F.3d at
862-63.

       If the district court did not err in allowing Small to plead the Fifth Amendment,
Bowling contends the court should have stricken, as inadmissible hearsay, Officer
Burgess’s and other witnesses’ testimony regarding statements Small made to them.
The district court ruled the challenged testimony was not inadmissible hearsay because
the statements were not offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.
The district court held Small’s statements were offered in evidence to establish the

                                          -5-
reason that Officer Burgess and the other police officers were conducting surveillance
of the Amoco Station where Small met Bowling, McCoy and Brown on December 22,
1997. We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s evidentiary decision.
United States v. Wadena, 152 F.3d 831, 854 (8th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S.
1050 (1999) (stating we review for abuse of discretion the district court’s decision
whether certain evidence constituted inadmissible hearsay).

       The final argument advanced by Bowling is that he is not guilty of conspiracy,
as a matter of law, because the evidence did not establish he entered into an agreement
to distribute crack cocaine with any individual other than Small, the police informant.
In reviewing a challenge for sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict, giving the government the benefit of all reasonable
inferences that support the jury verdict. See United States v. Santana, 150 F.3d 860,
864 (8th Cir. 1998). We will reverse a conviction for insufficient evidence “only if a
reasonable jury must have had a reasonable doubt that the elements of the crime were
established.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). To support a
conspiracy conviction, the evidence must establish that an agreement to violate the law
was reached between the defendant and one other person. Robaina, 39 F.3d at 863.
The evidence was sufficient to support the jury verdict finding Bowling guilty of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute crack cocaine. McCoy testified she
participated in a telephone conference call with Bowling, Brown and herself wherein
all three participants agreed upon the price and quantity of crack cocaine to be
distributed. There was further evidence that Bowling participated in the transaction by
arranging the date and location of the sale, by driving McCoy and Brown to the Amoco
Station and by communicating with Small before and during the transaction. Upon
reviewing the evidence as a whole, we cannot say a reasonable jury must have had a
reasonable doubt that the elements of conspiracy were established by the evidence.

      The judgment is affirmed.


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A true copy.

  ATTEST:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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