[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2014-Ohio-5491.]

                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                            TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                             BUTLER COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,                                     :
                                                         CASE NOS. CA2013-12-243
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                        :               CA2014-01-014

                                                   :            OPINION
   - vs -                                                       12/15/2014
                                                   :

REGINALD L. PALMER,                                :

        Defendant-Appellant.                       :



       CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                          Case No. CR2013-10-1583



Michael T. Gmoser, Butler County Prosecuting Attorney, Kimberly L. McManus, Government
Services Center, 315 High Street, 11th Floor, Hamilton, Ohio 45011, for plaintiff-appellee

Neal D. Schuett, 121 West High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, for defendant-appellant



        M. POWELL, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Reginald Palmer, appeals his conviction in the Butler

County Court of Common Pleas for aggravated robbery, felonious assault, and grand theft.

        {¶ 2} Appellant was indicted in October 2013 on one count each of aggravated

robbery with a firearm specification, felonious assault, and grand theft. The state alleged that

on September 24, 2013, appellant struck Jamey Arnold in the head with a handgun, then

stole Arnold's cellphone and car and fled the scene in Arnold's car. A jury trial was held in

November 2013.
                                                                        Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                               CA2014-01-014

       {¶ 3} After the jury was selected and sworn, but prior to opening statements, defense

counsel made an oral motion in limine asking the trial court to exclude the testimony of two

state witnesses. Specifically, defense counsel sought to exclude the testimony of attorney

Gregory Hatcher that his law office was burglarized in September 2013 and that a handgun

was stolen. Defense counsel also sought to exclude expert testimony that DNA evidence

from the victim was found on appellant's shoes. The trial court denied the motion but offered

to give a limiting instruction to the jury with regard to Hatcher's testimony. Testimony at trial

subsequently revealed the following facts.

       {¶ 4} On September 24, 2013, Arnold and Katie Henry, his estranged wife, drove to

an abandoned house on South 12th Street, in Hamilton, Ohio to buy a laptop from a man

known to Henry as "Reggie." Although Henry knew Reggie from a homeless shelter, he was

then living in the abandoned house on South 12th Street. Henry had been to the house

before and believed no other person lived or stayed there other than Reggie. Once they

arrived at the house, Arnold stayed in his car; Henry met Reggie on the side of the house and

they entered the house through a back door.

       {¶ 5} After Reggie refused to sell the laptop to Arnold, Henry left the house and

returned to Arnold's car. As they were about to leave, Reggie came out of the house and

approached the car, was given a few cigarettes by Henry, and told them he wanted to talk

about the laptop. Arnold let him in the car. Reggie entered the car through the rear

passenger door, sat on the backseat slightly behind Henry, began talking about the laptop,

and asked for and was given a lighter. Arnold and Henry both testified that Reggie then

suddenly pulled out a gun and struck Arnold once in the head with the gun. Arnold testified

the gun was a chrome-colored revolver. Henry testified the gun was silver.

       {¶ 6} Reggie ordered Arnold to get out of the car. By then, Arnold was bleeding a lot.

Arnold crawled out of the car through the driver's door. As he was crawling to the back of the
                                               -2-
                                                                       Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                              CA2014-01-014

car, his cellphone fell on the ground. Reggie got out of the car through the driver's door,

followed Arnold, and ordered Arnold to give him his cellphone. When Arnold refused, Reggie

first threatened to shoot Arnold, then pointed the gun at Arnold and shot it. Henry, who was

on the ground near the car after Reggie had dragged her out of the car, heard but did not

witness the shooting. Thereafter, Reggie got in Arnold's car, stated "he doesn't get robbed,

he robs or he's a robber," and fled the scene in Arnold's car. Henry's purse, coat, and

identification card were in the car.

       {¶ 7} Arnold was taken to the hospital, was admitted, and remained there one and

one-half days. His head wound required seven staples. Arnold also sustained a chipped

tooth and experienced severe headaches resulting in subsequent visits to the hospital. At

some point after the incident, Arnold realized his cellphone was missing. It was recovered in

a parking lot at Second Street and Ludlow Street and eventually returned to Arnold.

       {¶ 8} Arnold was unable to identify his assailant in a photo lineup and could not

identify appellant at trial as his assailant. By contrast, Henry identified appellant as the man

who assaulted Arnold, both in a photo lineup after the incident and in the courtroom at trial.

The revolver used by appellant was never recovered.

       {¶ 9} Tim Klein lives on South 12th Street. At the time of the incident, Klein was

standing outside on the street talking to his friend Tabitha McKeehan who was in her car.

McKeehan testified she could not see the incident as her view was blocked by a parked car;

she could however hear the incident. By contrast, Klein witnessed part of the incident.

       {¶ 10} McKeehan testified she heard what sounded like a one-sided argument, with

someone repeatedly stating, "You think you're going to rob me, bitch. You can't effing rob

me. I'm the mothereffing robber." McKeehan then heard a gunshot, a car door slam, and

tires squeal as a car was pulling off. Klein testified he heard screaming and then saw Arnold

being pushed out of a car. Subsequently, appellant got out of the car and hit Arnold three or
                                              -3-
                                                                       Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                              CA2014-01-014

four times before Arnold managed to get away. Shortly after, Arnold tripped and fell.

Appellant went up to Arnold, told him, "You're not the robber, I'm the robber," pointed a gun

at Arnold, and shot it once. Appellant then turned and looked Klein in the eye, ran back to

the car, and fled the scene in the car. Klein described the gun used by appellant as a

revolver with a "greyish" steel tint. Klein identified appellant as the man who assaulted

Arnold both in a photo lineup seven days after the incident and in the courtroom at trial.

       {¶ 11} Hatcher testified that his law office in Hamilton, Ohio was burglarized in

September 2013, and that a loaded revolver and two or three prescription bottles with his

name on them were stolen. Hatcher described the stolen revolver as a shiny black revolver

with a brown wooden handle. Hatcher testified that no one was charged in that incident.

       {¶ 12} Several law enforcement officers testified. Their testimony revealed that (1) the

day after the incident, Arnold's car was found behind a building on Ludlow Street, (2) a police

search of the area yielded the vehicle's keys, a shirt appellant was wearing when he

assaulted Arnold, Henry's identification card, and a white cellphone Henry had loaned to

appellant, (3) a shoeprint found at the scene of the incident matched the distinctive diamond

pattern of the shoes appellant was wearing when he was arrested, (4) a laptop was found in

the abandoned house occupied by appellant, (5) prescription bottles belonging to Hatcher

were found hidden under a blanket on a cot in the abandoned house, and (6) with the

exception of the bed, there was no evidence anyone else was living in the house.

       {¶ 13} Appellant turned himself in at the Hamilton Police Department on September

25, 2013. During his interview with appellant, Detective Frank Botts noticed a red spot on top

of appellant's right shoe. Because the red spot looked like blood, the shoes were sent to

BCI&I for testing. At trial, Katherine Hall, a forensic scientist at BCI&I, testified that (1)

several items were tested for DNA, including appellant's shoes, (2) the red substance on

appellant's shoes tested "presumptive positive for blood," and (3) the DNA profile on
                                              -4-
                                                                          Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                                 CA2014-01-014

appellant's right shoe was consistent with Arnold. Hall authored a report on the items she

tested.

       {¶ 14} On November 19, 2013, the jury found appellant guilty as charged. Appellant

was subsequently sentenced to 12 years in prison.

       {¶ 15} Appellant appeals, raising three assignments of error.

       {¶ 16} Assignment of Error No. 1:

       {¶ 17} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE DEFENDANT-

APPELLANT WHEN IT ADMITTED EVIDENCE OF AN UNRELATED BURGLARY,

CONTRARY TO EVID.R. 403 AND EVID.R. 404.

       {¶ 18} Appellant argues the trial court erred in allowing Hatcher to testify that his law

office was burglarized and that a revolver was stolen. Appellant argues such evidence was

prohibited other-act evidence under Evid.R. 404 and should have been excluded under

Evid.R. 403 because it was unfairly prejudicial and misleading and confusing to the jury.

       {¶ 19} As stated earlier, appellant sought to exclude Hatcher's testimony through a

motion in limine before opening statements. The trial court denied the motion. At trial,

defense counsel did not object to the presentation of Hatcher's testimony. Rather, during a

post cross-examination sidebar conference, defense counsel asked the trial court to give a

limiting instruction to the jury. Thereafter, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

               Ladies and gentlemen, you just received testimony * * * that a
               break-in occurred. You're not to consider the fact that a break-in
               occurred and tie that in any way, shape, or form to this
               Defendant. That's not the purpose of that testimony.

               The purpose of the testimony was to show that a revolver gun
               was taken, along with some prescription pill bottles were taken.
               And that's * * * the purpose and that's the limit of that testimony,
               okay?

       {¶ 20} A motion in limine, such as appellant's motion to exclude Hatcher's testimony,

is a "'tentative, interlocutory, precautionary ruling by the trial court reflecting its anticipatory
                                                -5-
                                                                       Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                              CA2014-01-014

treatment of the evidentiary issue.'" State v. Baldev, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2004-05-106,

2005-Ohio-2369, ¶ 11, quoting State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d 199, 201-202 (1986). A trial

court's ruling on a motion in limine does not preserve the record on appeal. State v. Maurer,

15 Ohio St.3d 239, 259 (1984), fn. 14; State v. Harris, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2007-11-280,

2008-Ohio-4504, ¶ 27. Instead, any claimed error regarding a trial court's decision on a

motion in limine must be "preserved at trial by an objection, proffer, or ruling on the record

when the issue is actually reached and the context is developed at trial." Maurer at id.;

Baldev at ¶ 11. Failure to object to the admissibility of the evidence at trial waives any error

except plain error. Maurer at 260, fn. 15; Harris at ¶ 27.

       {¶ 21} Because appellant did not object to Hatcher's testimony at trial, he waived any

error except plain error. See Crim.R. 52(B). An error does not rise to the level of a plain

error unless, but for the error, the outcome of the trial would have been different. Harris at ¶

29. "Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost caution, under

exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice." State v.

Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 111 (1990). Further, even if "evidence has been improperly

admitted in derogation of a criminal defendant's constitutional rights, the admission is

harmless 'beyond a reasonable doubt' if the remaining evidence alone comprises

'overwhelming' proof of defendant's guilt." State v. Murphy, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2007-03-

073, 2008-Ohio-3382, ¶ 29, citing State v. Williams, 6 Ohio St.3d 281 (1983).

       {¶ 22} It is well-established that evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not

admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that a person acted in

conformity therewith on a particular occasion. Evid.R. 404(B); State v. Thomas, 12th Dist.

Butler No. CA2012-11-223, 2013-Ohio-4327, ¶ 37. Such evidence may be used for other

purposes, however, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,


                                              -6-
                                                                        Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                               CA2014-01-014

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. Evid.R. 404(B); Thomas at ¶ 37.

Nevertheless, even if the evidence meets the prerequisites of Evid.R. 404(B), it may still be

excluded under Evid.R. 403(A) if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger

of unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, or misleading the jury. Id. at ¶ 11. For evidence to

be excluded on this basis, "the probative value must be minimal and the prejudice great."

State v. Morales, 32 Ohio St.3d 252, 257 (1987).

       {¶ 23} "Evid.R. 403(A) speaks in terms of unfair prejudice. Logically, all evidence

presented by a prosecutor is prejudicial, but not all evidence unfairly prejudices a defendant.

It is only the latter that Evid.R. 403 prohibits." State v. Martin, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2007-

01-022, 2007-Ohio-7073, ¶ 16; State v. Skatzes, 104 Ohio St.3d 195, 2004-Ohio-6391, ¶

107. Unfairly prejudicial evidence is that which might result in an improper basis for a jury

decision. State v. Bowman, 144 Ohio App.3d 179, 186 (12th Dist.2001). Unfavorable

evidence is not equivalent to unfairly prejudicial evidence. Id. at 185.

       {¶ 24} We find that Hatcher's testimony was properly admitted to show identity under

Evid.R. 404(B) as the identity of Arnold's assailant was an issue at trial. Courts must be

careful when considering evidence as proof of identity to recognize the distinction between

evidence that shows that a defendant is the type of person who might commit a particular

crime and evidence that shows that a defendant is the person who committed a particular

crime. State v. Vore, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2011-08-093, 2012-Ohio-2431, ¶ 43, citing

State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio St.3d 527, 530 (1993). However, if (1) an enumerated matter, such

as identity, is a material issue at trial, and (2) the other-acts evidence tends to show that

matter by substantial proof, then the evidence of other acts is admissible for that limited

purpose. See State v. Broom, 40 Ohio St.3d 277, 281-282 (1988). Evidence of the burglary

of Hatcher's law office and the theft of items from the law office connected the theft of the

prescription bottles with the theft of the revolver. The prescription bottles were found hidden
                                               -7-
                                                                         Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                                CA2014-01-014

under a blanket on a cot in the house occupied by appellant. The handgun used by appellant

matched the description of the handgun stolen from Hatcher's law office.               Hatcher's

testimony was therefore properly admitted to show identity. In addition, as discussed below,

the trial court gave a limiting instruction to the jury.

       {¶ 25} We also find that Hatcher's testimony was not improperly admitted under

Evid.R. 403. As stated earlier, the trial court instructed the jury they could not link the break-

in of Hatcher's law office "in any way, shape, or form to [appellant]." After the jury was so

instructed, and after the trial court inquired, defense counsel indicated he was satisfied with

the limiting jury instruction.

       {¶ 26} "Curative instructions are presumed to be an effective way to remedy errors

that occur during trial." State v. Parker, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2013CA00217, 2014-Ohio-3488,

¶ 36, citing State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460 (2001). A jury is presumed to follow and

comply with instructions given by the trial court. State v. Carpenter, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2005-11-494, 2007-Ohio-5790, ¶ 20, citing Pang v. Minch, 53 Ohio St.3d 186 (1990).

       {¶ 27} We find that the limiting instruction given by the trial court was appropriate and

plainly instructed the jury not to link the fact Hatcher's law office was burglarized and

prescription bottles and a revolver were stolen to appellant in any way, shape, or form. The

purpose of the limiting instruction was to prevent the burglary of Hatcher's law office and the

theft of prescription pills and a revolver from being unfairly prejudicial. We are confident that

the limiting instruction minimized any possible prejudice resulting from the admission of

Hatcher's testimony. Further, because a jury is presumed to follow instructions by the trial

court, we conclude the jury used the testimony at issue only for its specific and limited

purpose. See State v. Vega, 9th Dist. Summit No. 19369, 1999 WL 980589 (Oct. 27, 1999).

       {¶ 28} In addition, as is fully discussed in appellant's third assignment of error, the

eyewitnesses' testimony at trial and the evidence presented by the state clearly identified
                                                -8-
                                                                          Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                                 CA2014-01-014

appellant as the perpetrator. Given the ample evidence against appellant, the trial court's

appropriate limiting instruction, appellant's lack of request for further curative instructions,

and the fact the jury is presumed to follow the trial court's instructions, we find no error, let

alone plain error, in the admission of Hatcher's testimony. Appellant did not establish he

would not have been convicted had Hatcher's testimony been excluded.

       {¶ 29} Appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 30} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 31} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE DEFENDANT-

APPELLANT WHEN IT ALLOWED THE STATE TO OFFER EXPERT TESTIMONY IN

VIOLATION OF CRIM.R. 16(K) AND THE DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS.

       {¶ 32} Appellant argues the trial court erred by not excluding Hall's expert testimony

that DNA evidence from Arnold was found on appellant's shoes because the state failed to

provide appellant with the evidence 21 days prior to trial as mandated by Crim.R. 16(K).

Appellant asserts that the trial court's modification of the time restrictions of Crim.R. 16(K) via

its failure to exclude Hall's testimony was prejudicial because it allowed the state to offer

crucial incriminating evidence against appellant and affected his due process rights, namely

his speedy trial rights.

       {¶ 33} As stated earlier, appellant sought to exclude the foregoing expert testimony as

a discovery sanction under Crim.R. 16 through a motion in limine prior to opening

statements. The trial court denied the motion. At trial, defense counsel did not object to the

presentation of Hall's testimony. Consequently, we once again conduct a plain error analysis

due to appellant's failure to object to the admission of this evidence at trial.

       {¶ 34} The record shows that the state disclosed its intention to call Hall as a witness

at trial when it filed its supplemental discovery on November 12, 2013, six days before the

trial. The first day of the trial was November 18, 2013. That day, following defense counsel's
                                                -9-
                                                                           Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                                  CA2014-01-014

motion in limine, the state explained why it failed to comply with Crim.R. 16:

              With regard to the DNA evidence, I was made aware by
              Detective Botts, by voice mail last Monday that some DNA
              testing was available from BCI&I. Obviously, last Monday was
              Veterans Day. I was not in the office. The next day on Tuesday,
              I contacted BCI&I, was made aware that they had just completed
              their testing results but the official report was not yet even sent
              out to either the prosecutor's office or the Hamilton Police
              Department.

              I requested that they scanned [sic] and email me a copy of the
              report prior to it being sent out in the mail. I was able to obtain a
              copy of the report and immediately forwarded it to [defense
              counsel] by email to make him aware of the genetic testing
              results in an effort to give him as much lead time as possible to
              be aware of that evidence and to speak with his client about that
              evidence.

              [I] believe, under the circumstances, the State did make every
              effort to provide timely notice of the report and its contents to
              defense counsel at the first moment available.

              In addition, the State also tried to provide it as quickly as
              possible to allow the Defendant an opportunity to request a
              continuance if he wished to do so. As the Court is well aware,
              we're here today because the Defendant wished for a speedy
              trial and refused to waive time.

              Even after receiving the DNA evidence, I believe the position of
              the Defense did not change.

       {¶ 35} The trial court denied the motion in limine on the basis of Crim.R. 16(L). In

denying the motion, the trial court noted that (1) in order to abide by appellant's speedy trial

wishes, the court only had 12 days from arraignment to the setting of the trial date, (2) the

state provided the DNA evidence to defense counsel as soon as possible, which occurred on

November 12, 2013, (3) when the issue was brought up to the trial court on November 13,

2013, the court offered to continue the case but appellant declined the offer, and (4) two days

later, on November 15, 2013, the trial court asked defense counsel if they were ready for

trial, to which defense counsel replied they were.

       {¶ 36} The trial court further stated: "I tried to alleviate this issue. I tried to avoid this
                                               - 10 -
                                                                        Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                               CA2014-01-014

issue by offering a continuance a couple times." However, as the trial court explained,

appellant wanted to proceed and declined the trial court's offers to continue the case. During

the trial, immediately prior to Hall's testimony, the trial court called the parties to a sidebar

conference and stated:

              And so for the record, I did make the offer to Defense counsel to
              allow him to interview this witness prior to testimony since there
              was an issue earlier about the timing of her report * * * for the
              DNA. And [defense counsel] declined to exercise that right. I
              just want to put that on the record.

       {¶ 37} Crim.R. 16 governs discovery in criminal prosecutions. State v. Wilson, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2012-12-254, 2013-Ohio-3877, ¶ 14. Crim.R. 16(K) states:

              An expert witness for either side shall prepare a written report
              summarizing the expert witness's testimony, findings, analysis,
              conclusions, or opinion, and shall include a summary of the
              expert's qualifications. The written report and summary of
              qualifications shall be subject to disclosure under this rule no
              later than twenty-one days prior to trial, which period may be
              modified by the court for good cause shown, which does not
              prejudice any other party. Failure to disclose the written report to
              opposing counsel shall preclude the expert's testimony at trial.

       {¶ 38} Crim.R. 16(L)(1) states:

              The trial court may make orders regulating discovery not
              inconsistent with this rule. If at any time during the course of the
              proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court that a party
              has failed to comply with this rule or with an order issued
              pursuant to this rule, the court may order such party to permit the
              discovery or inspection, grant a continuance, or prohibit the party
              from introducing in evidence the material not disclosed, or it may
              make such other order as it deems just under the circumstances.

       {¶ 39} "Prosecutorial violations of Crim.R. 16 are reversible only when there is a

showing that (1) the prosecution's failure to disclose was a willful violation of the rule, (2)

foreknowledge of the information would have benefited the accused in the preparation of his

defense, and (3) the accused suffered some prejudicial effect." State v. Joseph, 73 Ohio

St.3d 450, 458 (1995). Notwithstanding Crim.R. 16(K), sanctions for a Crim.R. 16 discovery


                                              - 11 -
                                                                          Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                                 CA2014-01-014

violation are within the discretion of the trial court. State v. Parson, 6 Ohio St.3d 442, 445

(1983). The trial court "is not bound to exclude [discoverable] material at trial although it may

do so at its option." Id. When deciding on a sanction, the trial court must impose the least

severe sanction that is consistent with the purpose of the rules of discovery. State v. Retana,

12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-12-225, 2012-Ohio-5608, ¶ 53.

       {¶ 40} There is no doubt that the state's failure to provide appellant with the DNA

report 21 days before the trial was a violation of Crim.R. 16. Nonetheless, we find that the

trial court did not err, much less commit plain error, in refusing to exclude Hall's expert

testimony because of the state's failure to strictly comply with Crim.R. 16(K). First, there is

no indication that the violation was willful. The state asserted, and defense counsel did not

dispute, that it first learned of the DNA report on November 12, 2013, six days before the

trial, and that it provided defense counsel with a copy of the report that very same day.

       {¶ 41} Appellant has also failed to show that foreknowledge of the DNA report would

have benefited him. Appellant asserts he "should have been afforded adequate time to

review, prepare his cross-examination, and ask for replicated tests, if necessary, before

proceeding to trial." However, while the evidence was not disclosed to defense counsel 21

days prior to trial, it was disclosed and provided to defense counsel six days prior to trial. In

addition, the trial court offered to continue the case a couple of times and allow defense

counsel to interview Hall prior to testimony, but appellant declined each time and instead

chose to proceed with the trial. See State v. Horton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86821, 2006-

Ohio-3736 (no abuse of discretion in allowing expert witness to testify at trial even though

state did not notify defendant of its intention to call expert witness until the day of trial where

defense counsel declined trial court's offer for an overnight continuance to prepare

questioning on expert's testing methodology).

       {¶ 42} Although Hall's testimony that DNA evidence from Arnold was found on
                                               - 12 -
                                                                                        Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                                               CA2014-01-014

appellant's shoes tended to identify appellant as the assailant, appellant has not

demonstrated he was unfairly prejudiced as a result of the testimony. As is fully discussed in

appellant's third assignment of error, there is ample other evidence to support appellant's

conviction for aggravated robbery, felonious assault, and grand theft. Thus, even if the trial

court had excluded Hall's testimony, the outcome would not have been different. Joseph, 73

Ohio St.3d at 458; Wilson, 2013-Ohio-3877 at ¶ 19.

        {¶ 43} Finally, no due process issue exists here. There is no general due process or

constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case. See State v. Hale, 119 Ohio St.3d 118,

2008-Ohio-3426; State v. Craft, 149 Ohio App.3d 176, 2002-Ohio-4481 (12th Dist.). In

addition, had appellant accepted the trial court's offer of a continuance, plainly the

continuance and the late discovery violation would have been counted against the state. See

State v. Viera, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 11CAA020020, 2011-Ohio-5263.

        {¶ 44} Appellant frames this issue as one where he was forced to choose between his

right to a speedy trial and his right to the 21-day prior notice of an expert witness report. The

record does not support this claim. Appellant was arrested on September 25, 2013, and held

in jail until his trial began on November 18, 2013. Even if appellant had remained in jail

during any continuance of his trial, he could still have been tried consistent with his statutory

right to a speedy trial until December 26, 2013. R.C. 2945.71(C)(2) and (E) provide that one

charged with a felony offense and held in jail in lieu of bail shall be brought to trial within 90

days of arrest. When appellant's jury trial began on November 18, 2013, 53 speedy-trial

days had elapsed, leaving a balance of 37 days. There is nothing in the record to suggest

that a continuance of the trial would have extended its start beyond December 26, 2013.1



1. It is well-established that the day of the arrest is not included for purposes of the speedy trial calculation. See
State v. Baker, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2008-03-008, 2009-Ohio-674. Accordingly, speedy trial time under the
triple count provision of the statute began to run on September 26, 2013. Because the application of the triple
count provision would have fallen on December 25, 2013, a holiday, the state had until December 26, 2013, to
                                                        - 13 -
                                                                        Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                               CA2014-01-014

         {¶ 45} The record reflects that the trial court offered curative measures to ensure the

fairness of the proceedings. However, appellant declined the offers and instead chose to

proceed with the trial. He now argues that Hall's testimony should not have been considered

and as a result his conviction should be reversed. "The fact that defense counsel declined to

pursue the curative measures offered by the trial court does not entitle [appellant] to a finding

that the trial court should have imposed the strictest remedy available, namely excluding

[Hall's] testimony." Wilson, 2013-Ohio-3877 at ¶ 20.

         {¶ 46} Appellant's second assignment of error is overruled.

         {¶ 47} Assignment of Error No. 3:

         {¶ 48} APPELLANT'S CONVICTION WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF

THE EVIDENCE.

         {¶ 49} Appellant argues that given "the lack of credible evidence offered by the State

during the jury trial" and the fact the eyewitnesses' description of the handgun used by

appellant contradicted Hatcher's description of his stolen revolver, the jury lost its way in

finding appellant guilty of aggravated robbery, felonious assault, and grand theft.

         {¶ 50} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence, this court, reviewing the entire record, must weigh the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether in resolving

conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Lang, 129

Ohio St.3d 512, 2011-Ohio-4215, ¶ 220. The discretionary power to grant a new trial should

be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the

conviction. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997).



bring appellant to trial.
                                              - 14 -
                                                                        Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                               CA2014-01-014

       {¶ 51} An appellate court will not reverse a judgment as against the manifest weight of

the evidence in a jury trial unless it unanimously disagrees with the jury's resolution of any

conflicting testimony. State v. Estes, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2013-12-126, 2014-Ohio-

3295, ¶ 15. When reviewing the evidence, an appellate court must be mindful that the

original trier of fact was in the best position to judge the credibility of witnesses and the

weight to be given the evidence. Id.

       {¶ 52} Appellant was convicted of aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C.

2911.01(A)(1), which states in relevant part: "No person, in attempting or committing a theft

offense or in fleeing immediately after the attempt or offense, shall [h]ave a deadly weapon

on or about the offender's person or under the offender's control and either display the

weapon, brandish it, indicate that the offender possesses it, or use it."

       {¶ 53} Appellant was also convicted of felonious assault, in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(2), which, as applicable here, prohibits any person from "knowingly caus[ing] or

attempt[ing] to cause physical harm to another by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous

ordnance."    Finally, appellant was also convicted of grand theft, in violation of R.C.

2913.02(A)(1), which states in relevant part: " No person, with purpose to deprive the owner

of property, shall knowingly obtain or exert control over the property [w]ithout the consent of

the owner."

       {¶ 54} After carefully reviewing the record, we find that the jury did not lose its way in

convicting appellant of aggravated robbery with a firearm specification, felonious assault, and

grand theft. Arnold testified that on September 24, 2013, a man named Reggie struck him

once in the head with a revolver, subsequently shot at him, and then fled the scene in

Arnold's car. As a result of the incident, Arnold was hospitalized, suffered a head wound

which required seven staples, sustained a chipped tooth, and has experienced severe

headaches resulting in subsequent visits to the hospital.
                                              - 15 -
                                                                          Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                                 CA2014-01-014

       {¶ 55} Likewise, Henry, Arnold's estranged wife, testified that Arnold was struck in the

head with a gun by Reggie and that the latter fled the scene in Arnold's car after stating that

"he doesn't get robbed, he robs or he's a robber." Klein, who was talking to a friend at the

time of the incident, testified that a man hit Arnold in the face three or four times, told Arnold,

"You're not the robber, I'm the robber," and pointed a gun at Arnold and shot at him before

fleeing the scene in a car. Both Henry and Klein identified appellant as the man who

assaulted Arnold, both in a photo lineup after the incident and in the courtroom at trial.

Henry's identification of appellant as the perpetrator is particularly probative as Henry knew

appellant prior to the incident and spent up-close and personal time with appellant

immediately prior to the incident.

       {¶ 56} The state presented evidence that a shoeprint found at the scene matched the

distinctive diamond pattern of the shoes appellant was wearing when he was arrested. The

state also presented evidence that after Arnold's car was found the day after the incident, the

police searched the area where the car was located and found the vehicle's keys, a shirt

appellant was wearing when he assaulted Arnold, Henry's identification card which she had

left in Arnold's car at the time of the incident, and a white cellphone Henry had loaned to

appellant.

       {¶ 57} The handgun used by appellant was never found. Hatcher testified that his

stolen handgun was a shiny black revolver with a brown wooden handle. Arnold testified he

was struck with a chrome-colored revolver. Henry testified appellant struck Arnold with a

silver gun. Klein testified that the handgun used by appellant was a revolver with a "greyish"

steel tint. The eyewitnesses' respective description of the handgun used by appellant is not

necessarily contradictory as all three essentially described the color of the handgun as being

a shade of grey.      Hatcher's description of his stolen revolver is also not necessarily

inconsistent with the eyewitnesses' description of the handgun used by appellant.
                                               - 16 -
                                                                       Butler CA2013-12-243
                                                                              CA2014-01-014

Appellant's hand likewise covered the handle of the handgun and the eyewitnesses likely

only saw or focused on the handgun barrel.

       {¶ 58} As the trier of fact in this case, the jury was in the best position to judge the

credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given the evidence. Estes, 2014-Ohio-3295 at ¶

15. In light of all of the foregoing, we find that appellant's conviction for aggravated robbery

with a firearm specification, felonious assault, and grand theft were not against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 59} Appellant's third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 60} Judgment affirmed.


       RINGLAND, P.J., and PIPER, J., concur.




                                             - 17 -
