                                   UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                      No. 15-4565


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff – Appellee,

             v.

DELMENA MARIA STERLING, a/k/a Nicky Sterling, a/k/a Nikki Sterling,

                    Defendant – Appellant.



                                      No. 15-4566


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff – Appellee,

             v.

FABION STEWART, a/k/a Stewart,

                    Defendant – Appellant.



Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Alexandria. T. S. Ellis, III, Senior District Judge. (1:14-cr-00416-TSE-4; 1:14-cr-00416-
TSE-1)


Argued: May 11, 2017                                             Decided: July 10, 2017
Before WILKINSON, KING, and WYNN, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.


ARGUED: Benjamin Joel Beaton, SIDLEY AUSTIN, LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Appellants. Daniel Thomas McGraw, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Geremy C. Kamens, Acting Federal Public
Defender, Kevin R. Brehm, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Frances H. Pratt, Assistant
Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER,
Alexandria, Virginia; Virginia A. Seitz, Nicholas J. Giles, SIDLEY AUSTIN, LLP,
Washington, D.C., for Appellant Fabion Stewart. Jonathan A. Simms, THE SIMMS
FIRM, PLC, Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellant Delmena Sterling. Dana J. Boente, United
States Attorney, Christopher Catizone, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.




                                            2
PER CURIAM:

      Defendants Delmena Maria Sterling and Fabion Stewart appeal from their

convictions — and Stewart appeals from his sentence — after a jury in the Eastern District

of Virginia convicted them of various offenses arising from their participation in a

Jamaican lottery scam. Sterling challenges the district court’s instruction on willful

blindness. She and Stewart jointly maintain that the court erred by admitting improper

hearsay evidence, and Stewart separately contends that the court erred in admitting other

crimes evidence against him. Stewart then challenges his sentence in three respects,

maintaining that the court erred in applying sentencing enhancements for vulnerable

victims, amount of loss, and use of a false identification. As explained below, we reject

the defendants’ contentions and affirm.



                                            I.

                                           A.

      In December 2014, Sterling and Stewart were indicted by the grand jury in

Alexandria, along with codefendants Paul Laing, Tessicar Jumpp, and Alphanso Downie.

The indictment alleged, inter alia, that Sterling and Stewart — mother and son — were

conspirators in the Jamaican lottery scam, which principally targeted elderly victims. The

victims were induced to send money to Sterling, Stewart, and other conspirators in the

United States as so-called “taxes and fees” to support claims for millions of dollars in

lottery winnings. When Sterling and Stewart received the victims’ money, they kept a

portion thereof for themselves and laundered the balances to their coconspirators in

                                            3
Jamaica, including Laing and Jumpp. The victims, of course, never received any lottery

winnings. As relevant here, the indictment charged Sterling and Stewart with conspiracy

to commit mail and wire fraud, in contravention of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, plus conspiracy to

launder monetary instruments, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h). The indictment also

charged Stewart with three substantive counts of mail fraud, in contravention of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1341, and two counts of wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343.

       Shortly before trial, Stewart pleaded guilty — without a plea agreement — to

conspiracy to launder monetary instruments.        In agreeing to the statement of facts

supporting his guilty plea, Stewart admitted that Laing had “posed as a representative of

various lottery entities and real and fake U.S. government agencies.” See J.A. 174. 1

Stewart also agreed that Laing had convinced several victims that they had won lottery

prizes and that, to collect their winnings, they “would need to pay certain taxes or advance

fees.” Id. Stewart acknowledged that he received three packages from one of the victims

— containing a total of $75,000 in currency — and that he had cashed checks from other

victims totalling $10,000. According to the statement of facts, Stewart kept a portion of

those funds and forwarded the balance to Laing in Jamaica.

       During Stewart’s plea hearing, the prosecution represented that, although Stewart

did not “actually admit to the allegations in the indictment,” the statement of facts was

sufficient to support his guilty plea. See J.A. 98. In his colloquy with the court, Stewart



       1
         Citations herein to “J.A. __” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by
the parties in this appeal.

                                             4
admitted that when he first began to transfer money to Jamaica, “it was to help out a

situation,” but that he later realized that the funds he had received were the proceeds of

illegal activity. Id. at 132. Stewart also acknowledged that he wired some of those funds

from victims to Laing in Jamaica. Stewart told the court that he was receiving money from

individuals who were “in the same situation [he] was in.” Id. at 144. Stewart denied

knowing, however, that Sterling, Jumpp, and Downie were involved in the lottery scam’s

fraudulent activities. The court found that, pursuant to the colloquy and the statement of

facts, a sufficient factual basis had been shown, and Stewart’s guilty plea was accepted.

                                             B.

       Although Stewart had already pleaded guilty to conspiracy to launder monetary

instruments, he proceeded to trial on the other six charges against him. Sterling and Stewart

were tried together and jointly sought to exclude, as improper hearsay evidence, certain

statements made by conspirator Maydeen Williams. Williams, like Sterling and Stewart,

had received packages of money from victims and forwarded portions of those funds to

coconspirators in Jamaica. Williams, in the challenged evidence, was expected to testify

as follows: that she had confronted her half-sister, conspirator Jumpp, about receiving

packages of cash from victims and forwarding funds to Jamaica; that Williams had

threatened Jumpp about returning a package of money to one of the victims; that Jumpp

had tried to persuade Williams to continue forwarding money to Jumpp; and that Jumpp

had advised Williams that Sterling and Stewart were involved in the lottery scam. The

district court ruled that it would allow Williams’s testimony concerning her out-of-court

discussions with Jumpp, conditioned on the prosecution showing that Jumpp, in those

                                             5
discussions, was trying to convince Williams to continue her involvement in the

conspiracy.

       Separately, Stewart sought to exclude, as improper evidence of other crimes, his use

of the identity of victim Charles Bennett to fraudulently obtain debit cards in late 2012 and

early 2013. Stewart argued that the lottery scam ended in 2011 and that his debit card fraud

activities with respect to Bennett materially differed from the lottery scam.            The

prosecution countered that the Bennett identity theft evidence was admissible because it

showed that the lottery scam conspiracy continued beyond 2011, and also because

Stewart’s knowledge of Bennett’s identity supported the proposition that Stewart knew

about and was involved in the lottery scam. The district court ruled that the Bennett identity

theft evidence was admissible, but advised that a limiting instruction would be given.

                                             C.

       On May 5, 2015, the trial of Sterling and Stewart began in Alexandria. The

prosecution called multiple witnesses, including coconspirators Downie, Williams, and

Vinton Hall. Several of the conspirators had some level of family relationship with

Sterling, Stewart, and each other. For example, Jumpp is Stewart’s former cousin-in-law.

Downie is Sterling’s uncle, while Hall is Sterling’s ex-husband and Jumpp’s uncle.

Williams is Jumpp’s half-sister. Laing has a child with a sister of Stewart’s wife. 2



       2
         Williams and Hall were charged by information. Prior to Sterling and Stewart’s
trial, Downie, Williams, and Hall pleaded guilty to conspiracy to launder monetary
instruments. Downie was sentenced to eighteen months in prison, and Williams and Hall
were sentenced to two years of probation. When the trial was conducted, Laing and Jumpp

                                              6
                                             1.

       The trial evidence reflected that, beginning in about March 2010, conspirators Laing

and Jumpp operated from Jamaica the lottery scam that contacted potential elderly victims

and informed them that they had won lottery prizes. 3 The victims were advised that, in

order to collect their prizes, they needed to pay advance taxes and fees. The victims

included not only Charles Bennett, age 85, of Massachusetts, but also Harry Wolf, 88, of

Virginia; Geraldine Donnell, 81, of North Carolina; and William Littrell, 77, of Florida.

Laing and Jumpp directed the victims of the lottery scam to send funds to fellow

conspirators in the United States — including Sterling, Stewart, Downie, Williams, and

Hall — by shipping and mailing cash and checks to them, and by using money transfer

services. The conspirators who received funds in this country retained portions thereof and

forwarded the balances to Laing, Jumpp, and others in Jamaica.

       The lottery scam ensnared its victims by utilizing telephone, fax, and email

communications. One of the victims, Bennett, was called by a person using the name

“Stephanie Phelps,” who purported to be from the Publisher’s Clearing House Sweepstakes

and advised Bennett that he had won a $10,500,000 prize. 4 Phelps instructed Bennett to



were fugitives in Jamaica. Laing was apprehended in September 2015 and pleaded guilty
to a single offense. He was sentenced to 120 months in prison.
       3
         The trial evidence is recited herein in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
as the prevailing party. See United States v. Smith, 451 F.3d 209, 217 (4th Cir. 2006).
       4
        At trial, a voicemail recording was placed in evidence relating to a call from
“Stephanie Phelps,” and the voice was identified as that of conspirator Jumpp. The
evidence also reflected that several other conspirators used pseudonyms to communicate

                                             7
send money to a “receiver,” Marcia Fuqua of Virginia, who was another elderly victim of

the lottery scam. See J.A. 281. The conspirators tried to convince Bennett to send Fuqua

$70,000 for lottery fees, and Bennett actually sent $40,000 to Fuqua. Phelps instructed

Fuqua to send Bennett’s money to other conspirators, who sent most of it on to Jamaica. 5

      The evidence established that the lottery scam occurred mainly in 2010 and 2011,

but also continued into 2012 and probably until October 2014. Sterling, Stewart, and their

coconspirators obtained at least $400,000 from elderly victims.

                                            2.

                                            a.

      Stewart’s role in the lottery scam was extensive. The prosecution introduced into

evidence against him the statement of facts and the transcript of Stewart’s guilty plea

hearing, wherein he admitted to his participation in the conspiracy to launder monetary

instruments. Laing and Jumpp identified Stewart as a “merchant agent” on documents sent

to several victims, informing the victims that they should forward their payments to

Stewart. See, e.g., J.A. 1274. Western Union and other business records revealed that,

from March 2010 through December 2011, Stewart received approximately $31,000 from

victims, who included Fuqua, Wolf, and Donnell. In March and May 2010, Stewart also



with their victims. For example, Laing was known as “David O’Connor” and “John
Beckford.” Hall received packages as “Peter Pino,” his deceased father-in-law.
      5
         In about March 2011, Fuqua alerted the FBI to the lottery scam. She thereafter
assisted the FBI in recording telephone calls between herself and conspirator Jumpp.
During those calls, Jumpp — using the handle Stephanie Phelps — instructed Fuqua to
deposit a check from Bennett and then send a money order to Hall.

                                            8
received three packages of cash totalling about $70,000. In all, the trial evidence confirmed

that Stewart received at least seven packages of cash and obtained money from at least ten

of the victims. Between March 2010 and December 2011, Stewart sent approximately

$68,000 to conspirators Jumpp, Laing, and others in Jamaica.

       Stewart’s former girlfriend, Jene Guevara, accepted packages of money and sent

cash to Jamaica on his behalf. 6 Guevara recorded a phone conversation with Stewart in

October 2014, during which Stewart acknowledged his involvement in the lottery scam.

Stewart then said that, as of that time, he had only “slowed down.” See J.A. 510. Despite

Stewart’s insistence that he was acting solely at the direction of Laing, Stewart also

purchased a MagicJack phone device in 2010 that Jumpp later used to contact victims. 7

The evidence proved that Stewart opened two fraudulent debit cards in victim Bennett’s

name in 2012 and 2013. Stewart listed Jumpp’s email address on the fraudulent application

he used for one of those debit cards, and the application used Bennett’s name, date of birth,

and social security number. 8




       6
        The Western Union records in evidence reveal that, from about July 2010 through
November 2011, Guevara received approximately $3,100 and sent approximately $6,300
to Jamaica. Guevara assisted the authorities and was not charged.
       7
         A MagicJack phone device was described as a “matchbox size device that plugs
into a computer” that “allows the user to place calls over the Internet to U.S. and Canadian
numbers for free, from anywhere in the world.” See J.A. 444.
       8
         When the Bennett identity theft evidence was introduced, the trial court instructed
the jury that the evidence could only be considered for the limited purpose of ascertaining
Stewart’s “knowledge and intent with respect to the offenses alleged in the indictment.”
See J.A. 476.
                                             9
                                             b.

       Sterling’s role in the lottery scam was not as extensive as that of Stewart. Only two

packages containing cash were sent to Sterling, and Sterling did not personally sign for

either package. Sterling received four wire transfers from victim Fuqua that she forwarded

to Jumpp. Sterling exchanged two phone calls with Jumpp. From August through October

2010, Sterling received approximately $4,500 from Fuqua through Western Union and

similar services. During that period, Sterling sent approximately $4,300 to Jumpp in

Jamaica. Fuqua also received a fax from Sterling’s home on September 1, 2010, purporting

to be from Publisher’s Clearing House. The document Sterling faxed to Fuqua showed a

balance due from Fuqua, plus a history of Fuqua’s payments to the conspirators.

                                             c.

       The involvement of Sterling and Stewart in the lottery scam was confirmed by the

challenged evidence of conspirator Williams. Under that evidence, in November or

December 2010, Jumpp successfully entangled Williams in the lottery scam by asking

Williams to collect cash that Jumpp’s victims would mail to Williams. At Jumpp’s

direction, Williams kept a small portion of the money for herself and forwarded the balance

to Jumpp in Jamaica.      Jumpp called Williams on a daily basis during Williams’s

participation in the lottery scam. Williams even flew to Jamaica on one occasion and

delivered cash to Jumpp in person. Williams admitted using a Visa credit card that Jumpp

had opened in Fuqua’s name to make purchases on Jumpp’s behalf, as well as to pay

Williams’s own bills.



                                            10
       Williams continued to receive packages of cash from victims until about February

2011. When Williams became “concerned about receiving the money,” she told Jumpp

she planned to return one of the recent packages to the sender. See J.A. 358. Faced with

possible detection, Jumpp admitted to Williams her involvement in the lottery scam.

According to Williams, Jumpp said “that [Jumpp’s] cousin, [Stewart], that lives in New

York, gave her Ms. Marcia Fuqua’s information, and that’s when she started calling her

and scamming her for the money.” Id. at 358-59. Jumpp also told Williams that Fuqua

sent money to Sterling, Stewart, and Hall. After this conversation, Williams forwarded the

remaining cash to Jumpp.

                                             3.

       On August 8, 2013, the FBI and postal authorities arrested Stewart at a New York

airport as he was entering the United States from Jamaica. Upon being interviewed,

Stewart executed a written statement. He explained therein that Laing got Stewart involved

in the lottery scam, having advised Stewart that he had won $2.5 million from the

Publisher’s Clearing House Sweepstakes, but that he would need to remit the taxes and

fees to claim his lottery prize. Stewart responded by sending Laing money until Stewart’s

grandmother told Stewart not to trust Laing. Nonetheless, Stewart agreed to help Laing by

accepting packages of cash from strangers in order to pay his taxes and fees and thus claim

his lottery prize. Stewart initially said he had received two packages of cash from Virginia,

but later admitted that he had received a third package of cash and had “deliberately

shorted” the officers on the number of packages he had received. See J.A. 575.



                                             11
                                            D.

       After the prosecution rested, Stewart moved for judgments of acquittal on the six

conspiracy and fraud charges being tried against him. He contended that the evidence was

insufficient — particularly on the intent to defraud element — as to each charge.

Meanwhile, Sterling moved for judgments of acquittal on the two conspiracy charges

against her, arguing that the prosecution had failed to prove that she knew the aims of the

conspiracies and had entered into them. The court denied the motions of both Sterling and

Stewart.

       In defending themselves, Sterling and Stewart recalled to the stand as their sole

witness an FBI agent involved in the investigation. At the charge conference, Sterling and

Stewart objected to the proposed instruction on willful blindness, but that objection was

overruled. After deliberations, the jury found Sterling guilty of the two conspiracy

offenses, and it found Stewart guilty of the six conspiracy and fraud offenses.

                                            E.

       The district court sentenced Sterling to twelve months plus a day in prison, and

Stewart to sixty months. Stewart’s presentence report (“PSR”) calculated a total offense

level of 36.   With a criminal history category of I, Stewart’s advisory Sentencing

Guidelines range was 188 to 235 months in prison. The PSR recommended a two-level

enhancement for the vulnerability of the victims, stemming from their ages. Stewart

contended that, under the evidence, he had only received packages from Fuqua and was

never aware of her age. Stewart also argued that the fact that he knew Bennett’s age when

he obtained debit cards in 2012 and 2013 did not prove that he had known Bennett’s age

                                            12
earlier. The court overruled Stewart’s objection to the vulnerable victim enhancement,

finding that “the evidence does preponderate in favor of showing that Mr. Stewart knew

that at least some of these victims were elderly, certainly Bennett and Fuqua, and were

targeted because of their age.” See J.A. 1315.

       Next, the PSR calculated the applicable amount of loss as more than $406,000,

based on the trial evidence, resulting in a fourteen-level enhancement. Stewart argued that

the amount of loss should instead be $244,000, which would only support a twelve-level

enhancement. Stewart maintained that Bennett’s losses of $70,000 should not be attributed

to Stewart because he did not receive those funds. He also argued that Bennett’s losses

were not reasonably foreseeable in that he sent his money to another victim (Fuqua), rather

than to a conspirator. The district court withheld ruling on Stewart’s objection to the PSR’s

calculation of the amount of loss.

       Finally, the PSR recommended a two-level enhancement for using a false

identification because the evidence showed that Stewart had used Bennett’s personal

information to obtain debit cards in Bennett’s name.          Stewart contended that this

enhancement did not apply because his use of Bennett’s personal information, even if true,

was not relevant conduct. According to Stewart, the offense conduct involved the lottery

scam only, and his fraudulent use of Bennett’s name to obtain debit cards occurred well

after the lottery scam ended. The district court overruled that objection, finding that

Stewart’s conduct was “part and parcel of the overall conspiracy.” See J.A. 1308.

       The district court then adopted the PSR — withholding a decision on the amount of

loss — and calculated Stewart’s advisory Guidelines range as 135 to 168 months. After

                                             13
argument, the court adopted the PSR’s loss calculation, but explained that “[t]hose two

levels make no difference at all to the sentencing decision.” See J.A. 1326. The court then

varied downward from the advisory Guidelines range, sentencing Stewart to sixty months

on each of his convictions, to run concurrently. The court also imposed a restitution and

forfeiture award of more than $406,000. The court reiterated, with regard to the amount of

loss, that it “didn’t make a lot of difference to me whether it was a 12- or 14-point

enhancement, although I think the calculation of . . . over 400,000 is correct on the evidence

before the court.” Id. at 1332. The court further explained that it would impose the same

sentence notwithstanding “most of the objections that [Stewart] raised,” because sixty

months “is an appropriate sentence.” Id. at 1332-33.

       Sterling and Stewart each timely noted an appeal. Sterling’s appeal is designated as

No. 15-4565, and Stewart’s appeal is No. 15-4566. The appeals were consolidated for

briefing and argument, and we possess jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18

U.S.C. § 3742(a).



                                             II.

       We first assess Sterling’s appeal. She presents two contentions: that the district

court erred by admitting prejudicial hearsay statements, and that the court erred in

instructing the jury on willful blindness.

                                             A.

       Sterling first contends that the district court erred in allowing conspirator Williams

to testify to out-of-court statements of conspirator Jumpp that implicated Sterling and

                                             14
Stewart in the lottery scam. We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of

discretion. See United States v. Faulls, 821 F.3d 502, 508 (4th Cir. 2016). A reversal is

only warranted if, upon consideration of the facts and applicable legal principles, the

court’s ruling “was arbitrary or irrational.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Although Sterling characterizes the challenged evidence as hearsay, an out-of-court

statement is not hearsay if it “was made by the party’s coconspirator during and in

furtherance of the conspiracy.” See Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E). As we have explained,

“[a] statement by a coconspirator is made in furtherance of a conspiracy if it was intended

to promote the conspiracy’s objectives, whether or not it actually has that effect.” See

United States v. Graham, 711 F.3d 445, 453 (4th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks

omitted). The trial court allowed Williams’s testimony as involving statements of a

coconspirator (Jumpp) in furtherance of the conspiracy. By her testimony, Williams —

suspecting that Jumpp had not been honest about the origins of the funds Williams had

been receiving — threatened to “send the package back to the sender” if Jumpp did not

explain the source of the funds. See J.A. 358. Jumpp then admitted that Stewart had

provided Fuqua’s information, which enabled Jumpp to contact and scam Fuqua. Jumpp

also admitted that Fuqua had sent money to Sterling and Stewart.

       Put simply, Jumpp’s statements to Williams were made in furtherance of the lottery

scam conspiracy, in that they furthered the conspiracy by convincing Williams not to return

money to the victims. Jumpp’s statements also persuaded Williams to continue to launder

various sums of cash in furtherance of the conspiracy. In these circumstances, the trial



                                             15
court did not abuse its discretion by allowing Williams to testify to her discussions with

Jumpp.

                                              B.

       Next, Sterling contends that the district court erred in instructing the jury on willful

blindness, arguing that there is no evidence that she “purposely and consciously avoided

learning the details of the scheme.” See Br. of Appellants 30. We review for abuse of

discretion a trial court’s decision with respect to a jury instruction. See United States v.

Bartko, 728 F.3d 327, 343 (4th Cir. 2013).

       As we recently explained, a willful blindness instruction may be appropriately given

when “the defendant asserts a lack of guilty knowledge but the evidence supports an

inference of deliberate ignorance.” See United States v. Vinson, 852 F.3d 333, 357 (4th

Cir. 2017) (internal citations omitted).      If the trial evidence “supports both actual

knowledge on the part of the defendant and deliberate ignorance, a willful blindness

instruction is proper.” Id. At trial, Sterling argued that her lack of knowledge of the

conspiracy was a well-founded defense to the charges. For example, during closing

argument, Sterling’s defense counsel contended that Stewart — not Sterling — had sent a

fax to Fuqua from Sterling’s house. The lawyer emphasized that Sterling had never signed

for any of the packages of cash that came to her house. Nevertheless, the evidence proved

that Sterling had received large sums of cash and wire transfers of funds from persons she

did not even know and then had transferred most of those funds to Jumpp in Jamaica.

Moreover, a person using Sterling’s fax machine had sent a document furthering the lottery

scam to Fuqua in the middle of the night. Such warning signs can readily justify a trial

                                              16
court’s decision to give a willful blindness instruction. Cf. United States v. Ali, 735 F.3d

176, 188 (4th Cir. 2013) (providing examples of warning signs); United States v. Ruhe, 191

F.3d 376, 385 (4th Cir. 1999) (same). In these circumstances, the court did not abuse its

discretion in instructing the jury on willful blindness.



                                             III.

       We turn to Stewart’s appeal. In addition to contending that the district court erred

by admitting prejudicial hearsay statements — a contention we have already rejected —

Stewart asserts that the court erred in admitting other crimes evidence concerning his theft

of victim Bennett’s identity. Stewart also contends that the court erroneously applied three

sentencing enhancements, that is, for vulnerable victims, amount of loss, and use of a false

identification.

                                              A.

       Stewart argues that the district court erred in admitting evidence that he had used

Bennett’s identity to fraudulently obtain two debit cards, in that those events occurred after

and entirely separate from the lottery scam. The Bennett identity theft evidence, Stewart

asserts, should have been excluded as inadmissible other crimes evidence. Again, we

review for abuse of discretion the evidentiary rulings of a trial court. See United States v.

Faulls, 821 F.3d 502, 508 (4th Cir. 2016).

                                              1.

       Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence excludes “[e]vidence of a crime,

wrong, or other act” that is offered “to prove a person’s character in order to show that on

                                              17
a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” Rule 404(b),

however, “applies only to limits on the admission of other acts extrinsic to the one

charged.” See United States v. Lipford, 203 F.3d 259, 268 (4th Cir. 2000) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Other bad acts are intrinsic — as opposed to extrinsic — when those acts “are

inextricably intertwined or both acts are part of a single criminal episode or the other acts

were necessary preliminaries to the crime charged.” See Lipford, 203 F.3d at 268. Intrinsic

evidence, as we have explained, arises “out of the same . . . series of transactions as the

charged offense, . . . or . . . is necessary to complete the story of the crime (on) trial.” See

United States v. Kennedy, 32 F.3d 876, 885 (4th Cir. 1994) (alterations in original) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, other bad acts may be intrinsic even though the

acts occurred outside the alleged time frame of the crime. See id. (“It is well-established

. . . that the mere fact that the evidence involved activities occurring before the charged

time frame of the conspiracy does not automatically transform that evidence into ‘other

crimes’ evidence.”).

       Here, the trial court admitted — over Stewart’s objection — the evidence that

Stewart used Bennett’s personal information in 2012 and 2013 to falsely pose as Bennett

and open two debit card accounts.          Stewart obtained access to Bennett’s personal

information because Bennett was a victim of the lottery scam in about November 2010.

       Stewart’s argument under Rule 404(b) for exclusion of the Bennett identity theft

evidence fails because that evidence is intrinsic — rather than extrinsic — and is thus not

subject to the limitations of Rule 404(b). The indictment alleged that the lottery scam

                                              18
began “in or about March 2010” and continued “through at least in or about 2011.” See

J.A. 30. Stewart argues that the Bennett identity theft — which occurred in 2012 and 2013

— is thus outside the time frame of the lottery scam. Stewart’s theory fails, however, for

several reasons.

       First, as we have recognized, “ending dates on indictments are often tentative and

subject to change as more information is revealed during the course of legal proceedings.”

See United States v. Bakker, 925 F.2d 728, 739 (4th Cir. 1991). In any event, Stewart’s

indictment did not allege that the lottery scam ended in 2011; rather, it alleged that the

scam continued “through at least” that year. See J.A. 30. Moreover, Stewart’s contention

that the Bennett identity theft occurred entirely after the lottery scam ended is belied by the

trial evidence. Guevara confirmed, for example, that in a phone call of October 2014,

Stewart acknowledged his ongoing involvement in the lottery scam. Notably, Stewart

admitted that, as of that date, he had only “slowed down” his participation in the scam. Id.

at 510. By then, the Bennett identity theft had already occurred.

       At bottom, the Bennett identity theft was inextricably intertwined with the lottery

scam. See Lipford, 203 F.3d at 268 (explaining that evidence is intrinsic when acts are

“inextricably intertwined” or “part of a single criminal episode”).          Stewart and his

coconspirators obtained information and funds from Bennett in furtherance of the lottery

scam, and Stewart used that same information to steal Bennett’s identity. The Bennett

identity theft evidence was therefore properly admitted against Stewart.




                                              19
                                              2.

       Even if otherwise admissible, relevant evidence may be excluded by a trial court

pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 403. Before excluding relevant evidence, however,

the trial court is obliged to weigh the probative value of the evidence against the dangers

identified in that rule:

       The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is
       substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair
       prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting
       time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.

See Fed. R. Evid. 403. Here, the district court ruled that the Bennett identity theft evidence

was “not unfairly prejudicial under [Rule] 403.” See J.A. 226. According to Stewart,

however, the Bennett identify theft evidence was riddled with the dangers outlined in Rule

403. Stewart claims that the evidence was “wholly cumulative of other direct evidence”

and was only offered to show he “had a penchant for fraud.” See Br. of Appellants 20.

Although Stewart raises potential red flags with respect to the Bennett identity theft

evidence, he fails to show how those dangers substantially outweigh the probative value of

that evidence. We are satisfied that, in these circumstances, the court properly weighed the

probative value of the Bennett identity theft evidence against the dangers enumerated in

Rule 403.

                                             B.

       Stewart also interposes challenges to three sentencing enhancements. In reviewing

the propriety of such enhancements, “[w]e accord due deference to a district court’s

application of the [Sentencing Guidelines].” See United States v. Steffen, 741 F.3d 411,


                                             20
414 (4th Cir. 2013). We assess the court’s factual determinations for clear error. Id. If

“the issue turns primarily on the legal interpretation of a guideline term,” however, “the

standard moves closer to de novo review.” Id. (alterations and internal quotation marks

omitted). We review a sentencing court’s loss calculation for clear error. See United States

v. Jones, 716 F.3d 851, 859-60 (4th Cir. 2013).

                                              1.

         In his first sentencing challenge, Stewart argues that the district court erroneously

applied a two-level enhancement for vulnerable victims under section 3A1.1(b)(1) of the

Guidelines. A vulnerable victim is someone “who is a victim of the offense of conviction

and any [relevant] conduct for which the defendant is accountable” and “who is unusually

vulnerable due to age, physical or mental condition, or who is otherwise particularly

susceptible to the criminal conduct.” See USSG § 3A1.1(b)(1), cmt. n.2 (2014). For the

enhancement to apply, the sentencing court is obliged “to determine whether [the]

particular victim was more vulnerable to the offense than the world of possible victims.

Then, the court must determine whether the defendant specifically targeted the victim

because of that vulnerability.” See United States v. Singh, 54 F.3d 1182, 1192 (4th Cir.

1995).

         The trial evidence was that the victims of the lottery scam were targeted because

they were elderly. Stewart opened two debit card accounts using the name and date of birth

of the 85-year-old Bennett. Jumpp obtained the personal information of Fuqua — who was

in her eighties — from Stewart. Jumpp later used Fuqua’s date of birth to open a debit

card account in her name, creating an inference that Stewart had given that information to

                                              21
Jumpp. Quite clearly, the conspirators knew of the vulnerable ages of their several victims.

Thus, the court was entitled to infer that the victims were targeted due to their age-related

vulnerability. In these circumstances, the district court did not err in applying the two-

level vulnerable victim enhancement.

                                              2.

       Next, Stewart contends that the district court erred in attributing more than $400,000

in losses to him, including Bennett’s $70,000 loss, and thereby applying a fourteen-level

enhancement under section 2B1.1(b)(1)(H) of the Guidelines.              Stewart argued at

sentencing, instead, for a twelve-level enhancement. The controlling question is whether

Bennett’s $70,000 loss was properly includable as relevant conduct, i.e., whether it was

“reasonably foreseeable” to Stewart.        See USSG § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) (defining relevant

conduct).

       Bennett was not shown to have sent money to Stewart as part of the lottery scam.

Stewart thus argues that Bennett’s $70,000 loss was not foreseeable by him. Under the

evidence, however, the loss was entirely foreseeable to Stewart, in that he and Jumpp were

conspiring to defraud Bennett. We are satisfied that Bennett’s $70,000 loss was reasonably

foreseeable to Stewart, and the sentencing court therefore did not clearly err in calculating

the amount of loss attributable to him. 9


       9
          Although the district court ruled that the amount of loss would not make a
difference to its sentencing decision, it did make a difference in the court’s restitution and
forfeiture award, which Stewart also challenges on appeal. Indeed, the court observed that
if Stewart prevailed on appeal as to his amount of loss contention, “then on remand, I would
enter a different order of forfeiture.” See J.A. 1338. Because we conclude that the court

                                              22
                                             3.

       Finally, Stewart challenges the district court’s two-level enhancement under section

2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i) of the Guidelines for his fraudulent use of Bennett’s identity to obtain

the two debit cards. In sentencing Stewart, the court concluded that his participation in the

Bennett identity theft was “relevant conduct” under section 1B1.3(a). The court therefore

applied a two-level enhancement for “the unauthorized transfer or use of any means of

identification unlawfully to produce or obtain any other means of identification.” See

USSG § 2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i).

       Stewart takes umbrage with the characterization of the Bennett identify theft

evidence as relevant conduct for sentencing purposes. He argues that, although the lottery

scam and the Bennett identify theft had the same victim (i.e., Bennett), the usage of

Bennett’s identity to obtain the debit cards was independent of the lottery scam. Thus,

according to Stewart, the Bennett identity theft evidence was not “relevant conduct” with

respect to the lottery scam, and the two-level enhancement was not applicable.

       Under the Guidelines, a sentencing court is entitled to apply sentencing

enhancements on the basis of relevant conduct. See USSG § 1B1.3. Relevant conduct

includes, inter alia, acts and omissions “that were part of the same course of conduct or

common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.” Id. § 1B1.3(a)(2). The Guidelines

recognize that the “common scheme or plan and same course of conduct are two closely




properly calculated the amount of loss, however, we uphold the restitution and forfeiture
award.

                                             23
related concepts,” and separately define those concepts. Id. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.9 (internal

quotation marks omitted). On one hand, offenses are part of a common scheme or plan

when they are “substantially connected to each other by at least one common factor, such

as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar modus operandi.”

Id. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.9(A) (emphasis omitted). On the other hand, “[o]ffenses that do not

qualify as part of a common scheme or plan may nonetheless qualify as part of the same

course of conduct if they are sufficiently connected or related to each other as to warrant

the conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or ongoing series of offenses.”

Id. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.9(B).

       In support of the two-level relevant conduct enhancement, the prosecution argues

that the sentencing court correctly viewed the lottery scam and the Bennett identify theft

evidence as part of a common scheme or plan, which was shown, inter alia, by an analysis

of all the evidence and by the conspirators’ use of the same email address. We agree that

the Bennett identify theft evidence was “part and parcel of the overall conspiracy.” See

J.A. 1308. We are therefore satisfied that the court did not clearly err in applying the two-

level enhancement for use of a false identification.



                                            IV.

       Pursuant to the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the district court as to Sterling

in No. 15-4565, and we also affirm the court’s judgment as to Stewart in No. 15-4566.

                                                                               AFFIRMED



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