                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS,                                   FOR PUBLICATION
                                                          November 25, 2014
             Appellant,                                   9:10 a.m.
and

DEPARTMENT OF LICENSING &
REGULATORY AFFAIRS/WAGE & HOUR
DIVISION,

             Appellee,
v                                                         No. 317007
                                                          Wayne Circuit Court
STEPHEN CONN, CHRISTAL BONNER, ENID                       LC No. 12-012014-AV
CHILDERS, and REGINA DIXON,

             Appellees.


DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS,

             Appellee,

and

DEPARTMENT OF LICENSING &
REGULATORY AFFAIRS/WAGE & HOUR
DIVISION,

             Appellant,

v                                                         No. 317050
                                                          Wayne Circuit Court
STEPHEN CONN, CHRISTAL BONNER, ENID                       LC No. 12-012013-AV
CHILDERS, and REGINA DIXON,

             Defendant-Appellees.


Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and MARKEY and K. F. KELLY, JJ.


                                           -1-
PER CURIAM.

       Detroit Public Schools (DPS) (Docket No. 317007) and the Department of Licensing &
Regulatory Affairs/Wage & Hour Division (the wage & hour division or agency) (Docket No.
317050) appeal by leave granted the Wayne circuit court order of June 12, 2013, affirming the
July 13, 2012 decision of Administrative Law Judge Tyra Wright (the hearing officer). The
hearing officer ruled that a deduction from or reduction of appellee-teachers’ pay, which was
authorized by a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between DPS and the Detroit Federation
of Teachers (DFT), violated several provisions of 1978 PA 390, the Payment of Wages and
Fringe Benefits Act (PWFBA or the act), MCL 408.471 et seq. This Court subsequently
consolidated the two appeals for the efficient administration of the appellate process. Detroit
Public Schools v Conn, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 12, 2014
(Docket Nos. 317007 & 317050).

        For the reasons discussed below, we find no merit to the appellants’ arguments that the
hearing officer lacked jurisdiction to consider the appellees’ complaints of violations of the
PWFBA. But we also conclude that the hearing officer and the circuit court erred in their
interpretation of the PWFBA and by finding that its provisions were violated. These conclusions
render moot the other issues raised in these appeals; therefore, we reverse the circuit court’s
order affirming the July 13, 2012 decision of the hearing officer, vacate that decision, and
remand this matter for entry of an order or orders dismissing appellees’ complaints.

                        I. SUMMARY OF FACTS & PROCEEDINGS

       Appellees are teachers and members of the DFT employed by DPS. DPS and the DFT
entered into a CBA on December 18, 2009 that contains a provision known as the Termination
Incentive Plan (TIP), which provided in part:

       Beginning January 12, 2010 and ending with the fourth . . . pay of the 2011-2012
       school year (for a total of 40 payments), all salaried members of the bargaining
       unit (except assistant attendance officers, accompanists and members who work
       less than .50 FTE) shall have $250 per pay deducted from their pay and deposited
       into a [TIP] account. . . .

                                              ***

       Bargaining unit members who retire or resign from the District following
       ratification of the 2009-2012 Agreement shall receive a Termination of Service
       Bonus of [$1000] for each year of service with the District up to ten . . . years of
       service, with a cap of $10,000. Bargaining unit members on layoff status shall
       not be entitled to this Bonus until such time as they are removed from the layoff
       list . . . . However, no member’s Termination of Service Bonus shall exceed the
       amount he/she contributed to his/her TIP account . . . .

       Members may elect to have their Termination of Service Bonus paid as a lump
       sum, deposited into an annuity, or deposited into a Tax Deferred Plan (TDP).
       [Underlining and paragraph headings omitted.]


                                               -2-
        Appellees1 initiated this action by filing complaints with the wage & hour division. They
asserted that the TIP provision violates the PWFBA. The wage & hour division rejected the
complaints on the basis of § 7(1) of the act, MCL 408.477(1), which states in part:

               Except for those deductions required or expressly permitted by law or by a
       collective bargaining agreement, an employer shall not deduct from the wages of
       an employee, directly or indirectly, any amount . . . without the full, free, and
       written consent of the employee, obtained without intimidation or fear of
       discharge for refusal to permit the deduction. [Emphasis added.]

The agency reasoned that a CBA between DPS and the DFT authorized the TIP deductions;
therefore, they were therefore within the exception of § 7(1). The appellees also asserted claims
in the administrative proceedings that the CBA was improperly adopted, but the agency ruled
that it lacked authority to address such allegations.

        Appellees appealed the wage & hour division’s rejection of their claims, and the appeal
proceeded to a hearing before the ALJ. Appellees argued that the TIP provision violated § 7(2)
of the act, MCL 408.471(2), which provides in pertinent part:

               Except as provided in this subsection and subsection (4), a deduction for
       the benefit of the employer requires written consent from the employee for each
       wage payment subject to the deduction, and the cumulative amount of the
       deductions shall not reduce the gross wages paid to a rate less than minimum rate
       as defined in the minimum wage law . . . . [Emphasis added.]

       DPS asserted that deductions for any purpose are permitted when authorized by a CBA
and that DFT members are deemed to have consented to the terms of a CBA. Appellees
disagreed, arguing that deductions under the CBA exception of § 7(1) must be for dues and other
union fees.

       On April 22, 2011, the hearing officer issued her decision which agreed with appellees’
arguments that the TIP deductions were being made for DPS’ benefit and violated § 7(2) of the
act because appellees had not given written consent to the deductions. She concluded:

               . . . DPS is withholding a portion of [appellees’] wages resulting in
       [appellees] failing to receive a portion of their wages in a timely manner. The
       $250 deduction from each paycheck is being withheld until some future time—
       weeks, months, or years—depending on when a teacher retires or resigns; never,
       in those cases where a teacher is terminated. In short, there is no approval under
       the statute of an I.O.U. or option to not pay full wages to an employee who has
       worked his or her full schedule.


1
 The claims of the four appellees in this case are representative of those of many DFT members
who challenged the TIP provisions and represent “test cases” for all employees who have filed
complaints.


                                               -3-
              . . . I find [appellees] met the burden of proving that the Wage & Hour
       Division should not have dismissed their claims on the grounds the deductions
       were allowed by a collective bargaining agreement. Furthermore, I find that the
       employer violated Sections 2(3), 6(1), 7(2) and 8(1) of Act 390.

        The other sections of the act the hearing officer referred to are, respectively, § 2(3), MCL
408.472(3) (requiring regular weekly or biweekly payment of wages); § 6(1), MCL 408.476(1)
(specifying the methods of paying wages are restricted to United States currency, electronic
deposit at a financial institution, and debit cards meeting certain criteria); and § 8(1), MCL
408.478(1) (prohibiting an employer from demanding a fee, gift, tip, gratuity, or other
remuneration as a condition of employment or continued employment). She did not explain how
these other provisions of the act applied apart from her determination that the CBA exception of
§ 7(1) did not apply and that the TIP provision violated § 7(2) of the act. On the basis of this
reasoning, the hearing officer reversed the wage & hour division’s dismissal of appellee’s
complaints and ordered DPS to pay each appellee the amount deducted from their wages under
the TIP program.

        DPS moved for rehearing and to stay the enforcement of the April 22, 2011 decision,
submitting “new evidence” in the form of a February 2010 letter agreement between it and DFT
that clarified the intent of the parties regarding the TIP provision in the CBA. The letter of
understanding modified the wording of the TIP from saying, “shall have $250 per pay deducted
from their pay” to one saying “shall have their pay reduced by $250 per pay.” In essence, the
revised language relabeled the $250 deduction per pay period to a $250 reduction of pay per pay
period. The hearing officer ruled that the new evidence did not justify granting rehearing and
denied DPS’ motions. DPS then filed its appeal of the hearing officer’s final decision in Wayne
circuit court. The circuit court remanded the matter to the administrative agency for
consideration of the letter of agreement.

       The hearing officer rejected DPS’ arguments that the letter of agreement established that
the TIP provision constituted a reduction in wages rather than a deduction from wages and that
respondents’ challenge to the TIP presented a claim of an unfair labor practice that was within
the exclusive jurisdiction of the Michigan Employment Relations Commission (MERC). The
hearing officer concluded that the letter of agreement had not changed the substance of the TIP
provision. The hearing officer also concluded the argument that appellees’ complaint was really
an unfair labor practice charge within the jurisdiction of MERC was “nonsensical.”

       On appeal again to the circuit court, DPS argued that the CBA authorizes the TIP;
therefore, it was valid under § 7(1) of the PWFBA. It also argued that appellees have, in
essence, asserted an unfair labor practice claim within the exclusive jurisdiction of MERC under
the public employment relations act (PERA), MCL 423.201 et seq.

        In a June 12, 2013 opinion and order, the circuit court agreed with the hearing officer’s
conclusion that the TIP provision violates the PWFBA. The court affirmed the hearing officer’s
decisions and entered a judgment against appellants. As noted, DPS (Docket No. 317007) and
the wage & hour division (Docket No. 317050), appeal by leave granted the circuit court’s
opinion and order. Appellants argue that because it was part of a CBA, the hearing officer and
the circuit court erred in finding that the TIP provision violated the PWFBA. Appellants also

                                                -4-
argue that appellees’ claims are an unfair labor charge within the exclusive jurisdiction of MERC
under PERA.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

                                       A. JURISDICTION

                                  1. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        As presented in this case, the question of the hearing officer’s jurisdiction is one of law
that this Court reviews de novo. Michigan’s Adventure, Inc v Dalton Twp, 287 Mich App 151,
153; 782 NW2d 806 (2010). Because an administrative agency has only such power as the
Legislature has conferred on it, Oshtemo Charter Twp v Kalamazoo Co Rd Comm, 302 Mich
App 574, 584; 841 NW2d 135 (2013), the issue becomes one of statutory construction, which is
also reviewed de novo. In re Harper, 302 Mich App 349, 352; 839 NW2d 44 (2013); see also
MCL 24.201(1)(b) (providing for judicial review of agency decisions to determine if it is “[i]n
excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency”).

                                        2. DISCUSSION

        Although we conclude that the hearing officer erred as a matter of law in her
interpretation and application of the PWFBA under the facts and circumstances presented in this
case, as discussed in the next issue, she possessed subject-matter jurisdiction to do so.

        Subject-matter jurisdiction presents the question whether the agency and the hearing
officer have “the power to hear and determine a cause or matter.” See Bowie v Arder, 441 Mich
23, 36; 490 NW2d 568 (1992) (citation omitted). As noted, administrative agencies and their
administrative appellate branches are creatures of the Legislature, limited to such power and
authority conveyed by statute. Oshtemo Charter Twp, 302 Mich App at 584. “Administrative
agencies have no common-law powers.” Herrick Dist Library v Library of Michigan, 293 Mich
App 571, 582; 810 NW2d 110 (2011). But the Legislature may confer on an administrative
agency the power to enact rules regarding details, to conduct hearings to find facts, and to
exercise some discretion in administering a statute. Id. This authority, however, must be clearly
expressed in the enabling statute and will not be extended by inference. Id. at 582-583. Thus,
the general rule “is that the power and authority of an agency must be conferred by clear and
unmistakable statutory language.” Id. at 583.

        In this case, appellee DFT members filed complaints with the wage & hour division
alleging that DPS was violating certain provisions of the PWFBA. MCL 408.481(1), § 11(1) of
the act, provides in pertinent part: “An employee who believes that his or her employer has
violated this act may file a written complaint with the department [2] within 12 months after the
alleged violation.” The act further provides that the department shall “investigate the claim and

2
  MCL 408.471(1)(a) defines “department” as the “department of labor.” It is undisputed that
the authority of the former department of labor regarding the act has devolved by executive
orders to the wage and hours division of the department of licensing and regulatory affairs.

                                                -5-
shall attempt to informally resolve the dispute.” § 11(2). If unable to resolve the matter, the
department “shall notify the employer and employee within 90 days after the complaint is filed”
of its “determination of the merits of the complaint . . . .” § 11(3). In this case, the wage & hour
division notified appellees by letter that their complaints would be dismissed. After stating the
provisions of the § 7(1), the wage & hours division wrote:

       The Termination Incentive Plan (TIP) account deduction(s) that were agreed upon
       by The Detroit Federation of teachers on December 3, 2009 (see collective
       bargaining agreement Article 98) allowed Detroit Public Schools to make the
       deductions claimed. The allegation that “Illegal Contract Negotiations” took
       place during this period is not an Issue the Wage & Hour Division has authority to
       address. As a result, no further action will be taken and the above-referenced
       complaint will be dismissed.

By the plain and unambiguous language of MCL 408.481(1) – (3), the wage & hour division had
jurisdiction—the power and authority—to make the investigation and determination that it made
regarding appellees’ complaints under the PWFBA.

       After the wage & hour division made its decision and notified the parties, both employer
and employee were afforded 14 days to request a review of the decision, or it would become
final. MCL 408.481(4). Appellees filed timely requests for review. Section 11 of the act
provides the following with respect to review of the agency’s decision:

              (6) The employee, employer, and the department shall be parties to a
       proceeding before a hearings officer brought pursuant to this section.

               (7) The director shall appoint hearings officers to make determinations in
       proceedings brought pursuant to this section. All proceedings in a hearing shall
       be conducted pursuant to the procedures applicable to the trial of contested cases
       under Act No. 306 of the Public Acts of 1969, as amended, being sections 24.201
       to 24.315 of the Michigan Compiled Laws. The hearings officer shall affirm,
       modify, or rescind the order of the department and may assess costs as provided
       in section 18(3).

               (8) The hearings officer shall issue a determination which constitutes a
       final disposition of the proceedings to each party within 30 days after the
       conclusion of the hearing. The determination of the hearings officer shall become
       the final agency order upon receipt by the parties.

               (9) A party to the proceeding may obtain judicial review of the
       determination of the hearings officer pursuant to Act No. 306 of the Public Acts
       of 1969, as amended. Venue for an appeal under this act shall only be in the
       circuit where the employee is a resident, where the employment occurred, or
       where the employer has a principal place of business. [MCL 408.481(6)-(9).]

        Thus, the statute plainly provides for the appointment of a hearing officer to hear and
decide an appeal of a decision by the wage & hour division regarding a complaint alleging
violation of the PWFBA. This review occurs in accordance with trial-like procedures of a
                                                -6-
contested case under the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCL 24.201 et seq. At the
conclusion of the contested case proceedings, the hearing officer “shall affirm, modify, or
rescind the order of the department . . . .” MCL 408.481(7). Thus, the statute “by clear and
unmistakable statutory language” confers the power and authority of the wage & hour division to
interpret and apply the PWFBA on the hearing officer to review the agency’s determination of
complaints filed under the act. Herrick Dist Library, 293 Mich App at 583.

                                        B. THE STATUTE

                                  1. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Our Constitution provides the minimum standard of review applicable to “final decisions,
findings, rulings and orders of any administrative officer or agency existing under the
constitution or by law, which are judicial or quasi-judicial and affect private rights . . . .” Const
1963, art 6, § 28. That minimum standard includes reviewing the agency’s or officer’s decision
to determine whether it is “authorized by law.” Id. “An agency’s decision is not authorized by
law if it violates a statute or constitution, exceeds the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the
agency, is made after unlawful procedures that result in material prejudice, or is arbitrary and
capricious.” Oshtemo Charter Twp, 302 Mich App at 583-584.

       An agency’s findings of fact are reviewed to determine if “the same are supported by
competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record.” Const 1963, art 6, § 28; see
also Huron Behavioral Health v Dep’t of Community Health, 293 Mich App 491, 497; 813
NW2d 763 (2011). Deference must be accorded an agency’s findings of fact, especially when
made on the basis of credibility determinations or conflicting evidence. Dep’t of Community
Health v Anderson, 299 Mich App 591, 598; 830 NW2d 814 (2013).

        Administrative decisions are also subject to review “as provided by law.” Const 1963, art
6, § 28. MCL 408.481(9) instructs that the hearing officer’s decision be reviewed “pursuant to”
the APA, MCL 24.201 et seq. Section 106 of the APA provides that a decision or order of an
administrative agency affecting substantial rights of an appellant may be set aside where it is:
“(a) In violation of the constitution or a statute [or] (b) In excess of the statutory authority or
jurisdiction of the agency [or] . . . (f) Affected by other substantial and material error of law.”
MCL 24.306(1); see also Huron Behavioral Health, 293 Mich App at 496.

        In this case, essentially, the determination of whether the hearing officer’s decision is
“authorized by law,” Const 1963, art 6, § 28, or in violation of or in excess of statutory authority,
MCL 24.306(1)(a), (b), turns on statutory interpretation. The interpretation and application of a
statute in particular circumstances is a question of law this Court reviews de novo. Autodie, LLC
v Grand Rapids, 305 Mich App 423, 427; 852 NW2d 650 (2014); United Parcel Service, Inc v
Bureau of Safety & Regulation, 277 Mich App 192, 202; 745 NW2d 125 (2007).

                                         2. DISCUSSION

        We conclude that the circuit court and hearing officer erred by not applying the clear and
unambiguous provisions of § 7(1), MCL 408.477(1) and by reading § 7(2), MCL 408.477(2), as
a limitation on § 7(1) that is “not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the
act itself.” Michigan Ed Ass’n v Secretary of State (On Rehearing), 489 Mich 194, 218; 801
                                                -7-
NW2d 35 (2011). This substantial and material misinterpretation of the act regarding § 7(1) and
§ 7(2) led the hearing officer and circuit court to reach the erroneous and unsupported conclusion
that the deduction or reduction at issue violated other provisions of the PWFBA. Consequently,
we reverse the circuit court and hearing officer and remand this matter to the hearing officer for
entry of an order or orders dismissing appellees’ complaints.

       The critical and pertinent language of MCL 408.477 at issue provides:

               (1) Except for those deductions required or expressly permitted by law or
       by a collective bargaining agreement, an employer shall not deduct from the
       wages of an employee, directly or indirectly, any amount . . . without the full,
       free, and written consent of the employee, obtained without intimidation or fear of
       discharge for refusal to permit the deduction. . . . .

               (2) Except as provided in this subsection and subsection (4), a deduction
       for the benefit of the employer requires written consent from the employee for
       each wage payment subject to the deduction, and the cumulative amount of the
       deductions shall not reduce the gross wages paid to a rate less than minimum rate
       as defined in the minimum wage law of 1964, 1964 PA 154, MCL 408.381 to
       408.398. . . . [Emphasis added.]

       In Autodie, 305 Mich App at 428, the Court laid the framework for statutory construction:

              When interpreting a statute, our goal is to give effect to the intent of the
       Legislature. The language of the statute itself is the primary indication of the
       Legislature’s intent. If the language of the statute is unambiguous, we must
       enforce the statute as written. This Court reads the provisions of statutes
       reasonably and in context, and reads subsections of cohesive statutory provisions
       together. [Citations and quotation marks omitted.]

        Another pertinent rule for construing a statute provides that nothing may be read into a
statute that is not within the intent of the Legislature apparent from the language of the statute
itself. See United Parcel Service, 277 Mich App at 202, 206, citing Roberts v Mecosta Co Gen
Hosp, 466 Mich 57, 63; 642 NW2d 663 (2002). “‘Courts may not speculate regarding legislative
intent beyond the words expressed in a statute. Hence, nothing may be read into a statute that is
not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the act itself.’” Michigan Ed
Ass’n, 489 Mich at 217-218, quoting Omne Fin, Inc v Shacks, Inc, 460 Mich 305, 311; 596
NW2d 591 (1999).

        We also consider pertinent to review of the hearing officer’s decision the principle that an
appellate court must accord some deference to an agency’s administrative expertise. See Dep’t
of Community Health, 299 Mich App at 598; Huron Behavioral Health, 293 Mich App at 497
(“great deference should be given to an agency’s administrative expertise”). Our Supreme Court
has explained:

       “[T]he construction given to a statute by those charged with the duty of executing
       it is always entitled to the most respectful consideration and ought not to be
       overruled without cogent reasons. However, these are not binding on the courts,
                                                -8-
       and [w]hile not controlling, the practical construction given to doubtful or obscure
       laws in their administration by public officers and departments with a duty to
       perform under them is taken note of by the courts as an aiding element to be given
       weight in construing such laws and is sometimes deferred to when not in conflict
       with the indicated spirit and purpose of the legislature.” [In re Complaint of
       Rovas Against SBC Michigan, 482 Mich 90, 103; 754 NW2d 259 (2008), quoting
       Boyer-Campbell v Fry, 271 Mich 282, 296-297; 260 NW 165 (1935).]

        Thus, appellate courts must give “‘respectful consideration’ and ‘cogent reasons’ for
overruling an agency’s interpretation.” Rovas, 482 Mich at 103; see also Monroe v State
Employees’ Retirement Sys, 293 Mich App 594, 607-608; 809 NW2d 453 (2011). But, “the
agency’s interpretation is not binding on the courts, and it cannot conflict with the Legislature’s
intent as expressed in the language of the statute at issue.” Rovas, 482 Mich at 103; see also
United Parcel Service, 277 Mich App at 202-203. In this case, the longstanding interpretation
of the wage & hour division that a deduction from or reduction of wages authorized by a CBA
comes within the exception of § 7(1) and is therefore not subject to the individual written consent
requirements of § 7(2), is entitled to “respectful consideration.” Rovas, 482 Mich at 103, 106;
Catalina Mkg Sales Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 470 Mich 13, 23-24; 678 NW2d 619 (2004).

        Section 7(1) plainly states the general rule that any deduction that an employer makes
from an employee’s wages must be authorized by the “full, free, and written consent of the
employee, obtained without intimidation or fear of discharge for refusal to permit the deduction .
. . .” But this subsection by its plain terms also provides two exceptions to the general rule
requiring written consent for employer deductions from an employee’s wages: (1) “deductions
required or expressly permitted by law” and (2) “deductions required or expressly permitted . . .
by a collective bargaining agreement”. MCL 408.477(1). The Legislature’s intent with respect
to these two exceptions is plainly evident. Written consent is unnecessary in the first instance
because the employer is required as a matter of law to make the deductions regardless of whether
the employee consents. With respect to the collective bargaining agreement exception, the
Legislature recognized that the employee’s representative, the union, has already consented to
the employer’s deduction from the employee’s wages through a written CBA. No language in
§ 7(1) specifically subjects the CBA exception to the benefit analysis and individual consent
requirements of § 7(2). Similarly, no language in § 7(2) specifically applies its terms to § 7(1).
Nothing may be read into a statute that is not within the manifest intention of the Legislature as
gathered from the statute itself. United Parcel Service, 277 Mich App at 202. A reasonable
reading of the two subsections in context is that where a wage deduction is required by law or
expressly permitted by a CBA, the deduction is exempted from written consent requirements of
both subsections. Autodie, 305 Mich App at 428. On the other hand, when neither of the
exceptions of § 7(1) applies and the deduction could be considered “for the benefit of the
employer,” the individual “written consent from the employee for each wage payment subject to
the deduction” is required. MCL 408.477(2).

        The hearing officer does not provide cogent reasons for rejecting the wage & hour
division’s longstanding interpretation of MCL 408.477(1). Instead, without cogent reasoning,
the hearing officer determined that the TIP deductions benefited DPS, and because they were not
authorized by written consents, the CBA could not be used to violate § 7(2). The hearing officer
also determined, again without clear reasons, that the TIP deductions were an illegal fee, gift, tip,

                                                -9-
gratuity under § 8(1), resulted in earned wages not being regularly paid contrary to § 2(3), and
somehow violated § 6(1) regarding the manner and method of paying wages.

        The hearing officer’s conclusion that § 7(2) controls over § 7(1) also violates the settled
rule of statutory construction that where two statutes (here subsections) address the same subject
(deductions from wages), the more specific statute, § 7(1) permitting deductions authorized by a
CBA, controls over the more general provision of § 7(2). See In re Harper, 302 Mich App at
358, citing Slater v Ann Arbor Pub Sch Bd of Ed, 250 Mich App 419, 434-435; 648 NW2d 205
(2002) (opining that “where two statutes or provisions conflict and one is specific to the subject
matter while the other is only generally applicable, the specific statute prevails”).

        A more fundamental flaw in the hearing officer’s reasoning stems from ignoring the
purpose of collective bargaining and the result when a collective bargaining agreement is
reached. Under § 15 of PERA, MCL 423.201 et seq., public employers must bargain in good
faith with the representatives of public employees regarding mandatory subjects of bargaining
that include “wages, hours and other terms and conditions of employment.” MCL 423.215;
Detroit Police Officers Ass’n v Detroit, 391 Mich 44, 54-56; 214 NW2d 803 (1974). When the
bargaining parties reach a collective bargaining agreement, the parties have determined the
public employees “wages, hours and other terms and conditions of employment” and placed that
determination into a written contract. When interpreting a contract, a court must ascertain and
enforce the parties’ intent as expressed in its plain terms. Wilkie v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 469
Mich 41, 61; 664 NW2d 776 (2003); Burkhardt v Bailey, 260 Mich App 636, 656; 680 NW2d
453 (2004). Also, courts must “read contracts as a whole, giving harmonious effect, if possible,
to each word and phrase.” Wilkie, 469 Mich at 50 n 11; see also Perry v Sied, 461 Mich 680,
689 n 10; 611 NW2d 516 (2000) (“contracts are to be interpreted and their legal effects
determined as a whole,” citing 3 Corbin, Contracts, § 549, pp 183-186). Thus, a contract should
be read as a whole, with meaning given to all of its terms. Century Surety Co v Charron, 230
Mich App 79, 82; 583 NW2d 486 (1998).

       The fact that the hearing officer believed the TIP program benefited DPS is not material
to whether its required deduction or reduction of wages violates the PWFBA. First, because it is
part of a CBA, § 7(1) permits the deduction or reduction by whatever name for any lawful
purpose.3 The parties to the CBA have agreed to the TIP provision and as DFT members,
appellees are bound by its terms. See Port Huron Ed Ass’n v Port Huron Area Sch Dist, 452
Mich 309, 319; 550 NW2d 228 (1996), quoting Dep’t of Navy v Federal Labor Relations
Authority, 295 US App DC 239, 248; 962 F2d 48 (1992) (“‘When parties bargain about a subject



3
  Appellants and appellees assert that Michigan Ed Ass’n v Secretary of State (On Rehearing),
489 Mich 194, 226-227; 801 NW2d 35 (2011), favors their interpretation of the § 7(1). But that
case held merely that a school district—a “public body” under the Michigan Campaign Finance
Act (MCFA)—cannot lawfully administer a payroll deduction plan authorized by a CBA where
the school district’s activity in doing so is, in fact, an illegal campaign contribution under § 55 of
MCFA, MCL 169.255. Consequently, the holding of Michigan Ed Ass’n, 489 Mich 194, is not
directly applicable to the facts and circumstances of the present case.


                                                -10-
and memorialize the results of their negotiation in a collective bargaining agreement, they create
a set of enforceable rules—a new code of conduct for themselves—on that subject.’”). To the
extent the CBA is subject to review as part of appellees’ complaint filed under the PWFBA, we
note that reading it as a whole reveals that it divides employee compensation into current wages
and a contingent future bonus or a “fringe benefit” under MCL 408.471(e). An employer may
“withhold a payment of compensation due an employee as a fringe benefit to be paid at . . .
termination” when “the withholding is agreed upon by written contract . . . .” MCL 408.474.

       Finally, we find the hearing officer’s analysis ascribing the “benefit” of one portion of the
CBA to the DPS is very problematic. The very nature of collective bargaining is give and take
compromise based on each of the bargaining parties’ desire to maximize what they value most.
The result may not be pleasant to either side, and a determination made by an outsider is fraught
with value judgments that may not be the same as those of the negotiating parties. Indeed, to
ascribe to one party “benefit” from one portion of a CBA is merely an exercise in speculation.
Further, allowing disgruntled members of a public employee union to collaterally attack a CBA
on the basis of a claimed “benefit” supposedly conferred on the public employer would imperil
the policy of this state to resolve public employer-public employee strife through collective
bargaining. See Port Huron Ed Ass’n, 452 Mich at 311 (“A primary goal of the public
employees relations act is to resolve labor-management strife through collective bargaining.”).

         For many of the same reasons the hearing officer erred as a matter of law by concluding
that the TIP deduction or reduction violated §§ 2(3), 6(1), and 8(1) of the PWFBA. Under
§ 2(1)(a), MCL 408.472(1)(a), “wages earned” during the first 15 days of a month must be paid
the first day of the next month, and under § 2(1)(b). “[W]ages earned” during the last half of a
month must be paid on or before the fifteenth day of the next month. Section 2(3) authorizes
payment of wages earned under a biweekly payment schedule. MCL 408.472 is not violated in
this case because the PWFBA must be read as a whole and the provisions of § 2 are subject to
other provisions of the act. As discussed, because a CBA authorized the deduction or reduction,
it is permitted by § 7(1). Furthermore, the deduction concerns a fringe benefit bonus that is not
“earned” until an employee retires or resigns and is authorized by MCL 408.474. Consequently,
the hearing officer and circuit court erred by concluding that the TIP deduction or reduction
violated § 2(3) of the PWFBA, MCL 408.472(3).

         For similar reasons, there is no basis to conclude that the TIP deduction or reduction
constitutes a violation of § 6(1), MCL 408.476 regarding the manner and method of paying
wages. And similarly, § 8(1), MCL 408.478, prohibiting an employer from demanding a fee,
gift, tip, gratuity, or other remuneration as a condition of employment or continued employment,
has not been violated. The TIP deduction or reduction involves a deferred bonus, not an illegal
fee, gift, tip, gratuity as consideration for employment or continuation of employment.

        For all the reasons discussed, we conclude that the hearing officer and circuit court erred
as a matter of law by ruling that the TIP deduction or reduction violated the PWFBA. We
therefore reverse the circuit court and hearing officer and remand this matter to the hearing
officer for entry of an order or orders dismissing appellees’ complaints. These conclusions and
resolution render the other issues appellants raise moot.



                                               -11-
        We reverse the circuit court and hearing officer and remand this matter to the hearing
officer for entry of an order or orders dismissing appellees’ complaints. Because these appeals
presented questions of public policy, we award no taxable costs pursuant to MCR 7.219. We do
not retain jurisdiction.



                                                          /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                          /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                          /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly




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