                                                                   Tuesday                 13th

               July, 2004.


Ernestine Anderson, s/k/a
Ernestine L. Anderson,                                                                         Appellant,

against             Record No. 2460-02-2
                    Circuit Court No. CR02 0272

Commonwealth of Virginia,                                                                      Appellee.


                                       Upon a Rehearing En Banc

            Before Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judges Benton, Elder, Annunziata, Bumgardner,
                    Frank, Humphreys, Clements, Felton, Kelsey and McClanahan

                   Gregory R. Sheldon (Goodwin, Sutton & DuVal, P.L.C., on brief),
                   for appellant.

                   Kathleen B. Martin, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore,
                   Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


       By memorandum opinion dated December 23, 2003, a divided panel of this Court reversed the

judgment of the trial court. We stayed the mandate of that decision and granted rehearing en banc.

       Upon rehearing en banc, it is ordered that the December 23, 2003 mandate is vacated, and the

judgment of the trial court is affirmed for the reasons set forth in the panel dissenting opinion. The

appellant shall pay to the Commonwealth of Virginia thirty dollars damages.

_____________________
Benton, J., with whom McClanahan, J., joins, dissenting.

       I agree with the earlier panel majority opinion that we should reverse this conviction. See

Anderson v. Commonwealth, Record No. 2460-02-2 (Va. Ct. App. December 23, 2003). I would add,

however, the following additional reasons for reversing this conviction.

       In a criminal case, where the quantum of proof must be beyond a reasonable doubt, the

imperative to secure convictions free of speculation, surmise, and conjecture is constitutionally based.

See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970). Thus, when the proof relied upon by the Commonwealth is

wholly circumstantial, the following principles pertain:

               All necessary circumstances proved must be consistent with guilt and
               inconsistent with innocence. It is not sufficient that the evidence create a
               suspicion of guilt, however strong, or even a probability of guilt, but must
               exclude every reasonable hypothesis save that of guilt. To accomplish that
               the chain of circumstances must be unbroken and the evidence as a whole
               must be sufficient to satisfy the guarded judgment that both the corpus
               delicti and the criminal agency of the accused have been proved to the
               exclusion of any other reasonable hypothesis and to a moral certainty.

Webb v. Commonwealth, 204 Va. 24, 34, 129 S.E.2d 22, 29 (1963).

       In this circumstantial evidence case, however, the only evidence offered by the Commonwealth

that did not require the trier of fact to speculate, conjecture, or surmise while assessing Ernestine

Anderson’s guilt or innocence was evidence of opportunity. Yet, it is well established that “mere

opportunity to commit an offense raises only ‘the suspicion that the defendant may have been the guilty

agent; and suspicion is never enough to sustain a conviction.’” Christian v. Commonwealth, 221 Va.

1078, 1082, 277 S.E.2d 205, 208 (1981) (citation omitted).

       The evidence proved that Anderson entered the receptionist’s office while the receptionist was at

her desk engaged in a personal telephone conversation. The receptionist testified that she put the caller

“on hold” while she informed Anderson that her employer, Hancock, did not handle the type of

employment case for which Anderson was seeking the services of an attorney. She gave Anderson the

name of another attorney and gave her directions to his office. The receptionist testified that she then

                                                -2-
“ran into . . . Hancock’s office to continue [her] personal call to [the receptionist’s] attorney” as

Anderson stood at the door to leave the receptionist’s office. Explaining that she did not stay to observe

whether Anderson left the office, she testified as follows:

               Q: . . . At the time that you went back to . . . Hancock’s office, where was
               . . . Anderson?

               A: She was standing at the door in my office.

               Q: At that time, did you hear the door open or close?

               A: No.

               Q: So, you went into . . . Hancock’s office and continued your telephone
               conversation?

               A: Yes, I did.

       Relying upon the trial judge’s finding that “[t]he unique thing about the case . . . is this front

door,” the Commonwealth contends the trier of fact could conclude that because the testimony proved

the front door was “very loud and very hard to open” and the receptionist did not hear the door’s noise,

Anderson remained in the office alone with the purse. I disagree. Even when evidence is sufficient “to

elevate suspicion to the level of probability, [it does] not relieve the Commonwealth of the burden of

producing evidence which establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Hyde v. Commonwealth, 217

Va. 950, 954, 234 S.E.2d 74, 78 (1977). Here, the receptionist did not observe the fact the

Commonwealth sought to prove -- that Anderson remained in the office. Instead, the Commonwealth

sought to prove this fact by testimony that the receptionist did not hear the door open. In short, the

Commonwealth contends the trier of fact could conclude that Anderson remained in the office because

(1) the door makes a noise when it is opened or closed, (2) the receptionist did not hear the noise the

door generally makes when it opens or closes, and (3) therefore, Anderson did not leave the office. This

is a leap in logic that would require the trier of fact to speculate that Anderson, whom the receptionist

saw at the door as if leaving, did not open the door and leave when the receptionist “ran” to the other

room, which was six to ten feet down the hallway, to resume her personal telephone call.

                                                 -3-
       The Supreme Court has long held that testimony establishing that a witness did not hear a sound

has little probative value unless evidence also establishes that the witness “had good opportunity to . . .

hear, and the evidence demonstrates that [the witness] probably would have . . . heard the event if it had

occurred, or it is shown that [the witness’] attention was drawn to the matter controverted.” Norfolk &

W. Ry. Co. v. Greenfield, 219 Va. 122, 130-31, 244 S.E.2d 781, 785 (1978). Commenting upon the

testimony of a witness who did not hear a train whistle, the Court noted in Southern Ry. Co. v. Bryant,

95 Va. 215, 28 S.E. 183 (1897), that the witness’ “testimony . . . was simply that he did not hear the

whistle. He mentioned no circumstance to show that he was listening for it, or that there was anything

to direct his attention specially to it.” Id. at 216, 28 S.E. at 184. The Court ruled, therefore, that the

“evidence upon this point was merely negative, and may be left out of consideration.” Id. See also

White v. S. Ry. Co., 151 Va. 302, 312, 144 S.E. 424, 427 (1928) (holding that “‘[n]egative testimony

proper is entitled to no weight’”).

       The evidence in this case established that the receptionist last saw Anderson at the door and

“thought she was leaving.” The receptionist, by her own testimony, “ran into . . . Hancock’s office to

continue [her] personal call.” Nothing in the receptionist’s testimony established that her attention was

drawn to Anderson. Rather, her testimony establishes that she was alert and attentive to her personal

circumstance and quickly left the room to resume the telephone conversation with her personal attorney,

whom she had put “on hold.” This evidence is akin to the deficiency the Court noted in Norfolk &

Portsmouth Belt Line R.R. Co. v. Mueller Co., 197 Va. 533, 90 S.E.2d 135 (1955):

                 It will be noted from the . . . evidence that [the witness] nowhere claims
               to have listened for an approaching train. If he made any special effort to
               hear the ringing of the bell or the approach of the train he does not say so.
               He emphasizes the fact that he made an effort to see but . . . never says
               that he listened or made an effort to hear. He contents himself with saying
               “I heard no [noise].”

Id. at 538, 90 S.E.2d at 139. The Court ruled that in the absence of predicate facts concerning the

witness’ attention “evidence such as here presented (and in many instances stronger) . . . [is] lacking in

                                                 -4-
probative value.” Id. See also Norfolk & W. Ry. Co. v. Eley, 157 Va. 568, 579, 162 S.E. 3, 6 (1932)

(holding that a witness’ testimony that he did not hear a whistle was “testimony [that] is negative and

without probative value”).

       I would hold that the testimony of the receptionist was insufficient to prove that Anderson

remained in the room and to support an inference that she stole the purse. The receptionist’s testimony

that she did not hear the door open as she “ran” to the other office was not coupled with a sufficient

predicate, consisting of additional testimony or circumstances, to show that her attention and acuity were

focused upon the occurrence of the event. Indeed, the receptionist’s own testimony established, instead,

that the focus of her attention and the thrust of her activities were related to her personal telephone call.

       Significantly, the evidence proved that the receptionist was in Hancock’s office for an

undisclosed time, but in excess of three minutes, while conversing on the telephone about her personal

matter. During that time, both the front door and the rear door to the office were unlocked. After the

receptionist had been in Hancock’s office for two or three minutes, she “hear[d] the door open and

close.” As further evidence of her distraction, the receptionist testified she did not cease her personal

telephone conversation when she heard the door open and close. Moreover, she did not testify that she

was looking toward the hallway that led from the rear door to the front door. No other evidence proved

where the receptionist stood or sat while she continued her personal telephone conversation for another

two or three minutes in Hancock’s office before returning to her desk. The receptionist discovered that

her purse was missing several hours later, which was three hours after she placed it on the floor.

       No evidence excludes the reasonable hypothesis that a third person entered the back door and

exited the front door. No evidence excludes the reasonable hypothesis that a third person entered and

exited the front door. Lastly no evidence excludes the reasonable hypothesis that a third person entered

the front door and exited the rear door. The conviction in this case rests solely upon the speculative

hypothesis that Anderson was in the room alone with the purse and then stole it. Therefore, I would


                                                 -5-
“hold that the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth established only a

suspicion or a probability of guilt and was insufficient as a matter of law to support the grand larceny

conviction.” Tarpley v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 251, 257, 542 S.E.2d 761, 764 (2001).

______________________

       It is ordered that the trial court allow counsel for the appellant a total fee of $925 for services

rendered the appellant on this appeal, in addition to counsel’s costs and necessary direct out-of-pocket

expenses.

       The Commonwealth shall recover of the appellant the amount paid court-appointed counsel to

represent her in this proceeding, counsel’s costs and necessary direct out-of-pocket expenses, and the

fees and costs to be assessed by the clerk of this Court and the clerk of the trial court.

       This order shall be certified to the trial court.

Costs due the Commonwealth by
 appellant in Court of Appeals of Virginia:

       Attorney’s fee          $925.00 plus costs and expenses

                                           A Copy,

                                                   Teste:

                                                                       Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk

                                                   By:

                                                                     Deputy Clerk




                                                 -6-
                                                                      Wednesday               28th

               January, 2004.


Ernestine Anderson, s/k/a
Ernestine L. Anderson,                                                                            Appellant,

against             Record No. 2460-02-2
                    Circuit Court No. CR02 0272

Commonwealth of Virginia,                                                                         Appellee.


                                  Upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc

             Before Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judges Benton, Elder, Annunziata, Bumgardner,
                    Frank, Humphreys, Clements, Felton, Kelsey and McClanahan


       On January 6, 2004 came the appellee, by the Attorney General of Virginia, and filed a petition

praying that the Court set aside the judgment rendered herein on December 23, 2003, and grant a

rehearing en banc thereof.

       On consideration whereof, the petition for rehearing en banc is granted, the mandate entered

herein on December 23, 2003 is stayed pending the decision of the Court en banc, and the appeal is

reinstated on the docket of this Court.

       The parties shall file briefs in compliance with Rule 5A:35. The appellee shall attach as an

addendum to the opening brief upon rehearing en banc a copy of the opinion previously rendered by the

Court in this matter. It is further ordered that the appellee shall file with the clerk of this Court twelve

additional copies of the appendix previously filed in this case.

                                           A Copy,
                                                 Teste:
                                                                       Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk
                                                   By:
                                                                       Deputy Clerk

                                                 -7-
                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Frank, McClanahan and Senior Judge Coleman
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


ERNESTINE ANDERSON, S/K/A
ERNESTINE L. ANDERSON
                                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION∗ BY
v.     Record No. 2460-02-2                           JUDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN
                                                              DECEMBER 23, 2003
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CAROLINE COUNTY
                             Horace A. Revercomb, III, Judge

                 Gregory R. Sheldon (Goodwin, Sutton & DuVal, P.L.C., on brief),
                 for appellant.

                 Kathleen B. Martin, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore,
                 Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


       Ernestine L. Anderson appeals from a conviction for grand larceny in violation of Code

§ 18.2-95. Anderson contends that the trial court erred in finding that the evidence was sufficient

to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that she was the person who committed the larceny. For the

reasons that follow, we reverse the trial court.

                                           I. Background

       On appeal, when considering whether evidence is sufficient for conviction, “the evidence

and all reasonable inferences flowing therefrom must be viewed in the light most favorable to the

prevailing party in the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d

781, 786 (2003) (citations omitted). We “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with




       ∗
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the

Commonwealth and all fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” Craddock v.

Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 539, 542-43, 580 S.E.2d 454, 456 (2003) (citations omitted).

       Julanne Ryckman was working as a paralegal in the office of Katherine Hancock on

March 19, 2001. She worked at a desk in the first room of the law office, facing the front door.

At about 4:30 p.m., she discovered her purse was missing from behind her desk. The purse

would have been “in plain view” of anyone standing in front of her desk. Ryckman testified that

she had the purse when she returned from lunch at about 1:40 p.m. The purse and its contents

were valued at over $200.

       On that day, Hancock left the office at 2:00 p.m. for a court hearing. She left through the

back door of the office suite, leaving the door unlocked. Hancock testified that, while the back

door does not make “big loud” noises when opened and closed, “[y]ou can normally hear that

somebody has come in . . . .” Hancock described the office layout, explaining that someone

entering through the rear door must walk past her office to get to Ryckman’s desk.

       At about 2:10 p.m. that same day, Anderson entered the law office. Ryckman was alone

in the office and talking on the telephone at her desk. Ryckman briefly continued her phone

conversation and then put the caller “on hold” to speak with Anderson. Anderson indicated she

wanted an attorney to represent her in an employment dispute. Ryckman advised Anderson that

Hancock did not handle that type of case and referred Anderson to another attorney.

       Ryckman stated that she thought Anderson was leaving, as she was standing at the front

door. Ryckman went into Hancock’s adjacent private office, some six feet from the front room,

to continue her telephone call. Ryckman said she heard the front door close two or three minutes

later. Ryckman finished her call a few minutes after hearing the door close. She then returned to

her desk, where she stayed for the remainder of the afternoon.

                                               -9-
       The front door to the office had an old lock that was difficult to open, and the door made

“a racket” when it was opened and closed. Hancock testified, “You can always hear when

someone comes in” and when someone leaves. She added, “You can be all the way in the back

and hear somebody come in.” When asked if she would have heard someone other than

Anderson enter the office, Ryckman responded “definitely.”

       About fifteen to twenty minutes after Anderson left, a man entered looking for her.

Ryckman, who remained at her desk, told the man that she had referred Anderson to another

attorney, and the man left. According to Ryckman, the only other visitor to the office after she

returned from lunch was Bob Gaines, a title examiner. He came to the office shortly before

Anderson arrived, but he left when he saw that Ryckman was on the phone. He returned after

3:00 p.m. and spoke to Hancock in the waiting area. Ryckman remained at her desk during both

of Gaines’s visits.

       Rob Hall, the Bowling Green Chief of Police, interviewed Anderson. Anderson told Hall

she had not seen Ryckman’s purse when she was at the law office. She claimed Ryckman was

still in the front room when she left. Anderson said she did not see anyone else in the office

while she was there. She denied taking the purse. Hall testified that none of the stolen items

were found in Anderson’s possession and that none of the property had ever been recovered from

Anderson or anywhere else.

       Anderson testified at trial that she sat in the office for ten to fifteen minutes while

Ryckman talked on the phone. Anderson said she was never alone in the office and did not see

or take Ryckman’s purse. She also said Ryckman did not go into Hancock’s office while she

was there.

       At the conclusion of all the evidence, Anderson moved to strike the evidence, contending

the testimony did not exclude the possibility that someone else took the purse. Anderson’s

                                                - 10 -
attorney noted, “[T]here is a two and a half hour time period where the back door is open.” He

argued several people came in and out of the law office.

       The trial court, in denying Anderson’s motion to strike, found no unknown persons

entered the law office through the front door because of the “loud front door.” He excluded the

title examiner and the person inquiring about Anderson as the thief because Ryckman was

present at her desk at those times. He excluded anyone entering through the back door “because

Ms. Ryckman testified that she was in the proximity by going in Ms. Hancock’s office that no

one came in.” He concluded Anderson was the only person who had access to the purse while it

was outside Ryckman’s view.

                                             II. Analysis

       When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, we “‘presume the

judgment of the trial court to be correct’ and reverse only if the trial court’s decision is ‘plainly

wrong or without evidence’ to support it.” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584

S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc) (citations omitted); see also McGee v. Commonwealth, 25

Va. App. 193, 197-98, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc). As the reviewing court, “we do

not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.” Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257, 584 S.E.2d at

447 (citation omitted). We also do not ask whether we believe that the evidence at the trial

established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979).

Instead, we ask whether “‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257, 584 S.E.2d at 447 (quoting

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319 (emphasis in original)); see also Hoambrecker v. Commonwealth, 13

Va. App. 511, 514, 412 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1992). Applying this standard of review, we find that

no rational fact finder could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the Commonwealth

proved that Anderson stole Ryckman’s purse.

                                                - 11 -
       “In every criminal prosecution the Commonwealth must establish beyond a reasonable

doubt all elements of the offense and that the accused did commit it.” Harward v.

Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 468, 470, 364 S.E.2d 511, 512 (1988). Larceny, a common law

crime, is the wrongful or fraudulent taking of another’s property without her permission and with

the intent to deprive the owner of that property permanently. Stanley v. Webber, 260 Va. 90, 96,

531 S.E.2d 311, 315 (2000); Bryant v. Commonwealth, 248 Va. 179, 183, 445 S.E.2d 667, 670

(1994); Jones v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 295, 300, 349 S.E.2d 414, 417 (1986). Grand

larceny includes the taking, not from the person of another, of goods that have a value of $200 or

more. Stanley, 260 Va. at 96, 531 S.E.2d at 315. Thus, to sustain Anderson’s conviction for

grand larceny, the Commonwealth had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Anderson was

the person who took Ryckman’s purse with the intention of depriving Ryckman of it

permanently.

       The Commonwealth did not present sufficient evidence that Anderson took the purse. No

one testified that they saw Anderson with the purse, and there was no evidence that she ever had

any of the stolen items in her possession. Additionally, the chief of police testified that neither

the purse nor any of its contents had ever been recovered from Anderson or anywhere else.

Appellee cites Toler v. Commonwealth, 188 Va. 774, 51 S.E.2d 210 (1949), in which the

defendant was the only person seen in an office building at the time money was taken from an

employee’s billfold. The billfold had been in a room that was open to the public. The Supreme

Court found that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction. However, in that case, the

defendant was caught a short time later in possession of the money. Here, none of the stolen

items were ever seen or found in Anderson’s possession. The Supreme Court has held in the

following cases, where there was opportunity and some evidence of possession, the evidence was

insufficient to convict on the basis that the criminal agent could not be unerringly identified. See

                                                - 12 -
e.g., Lewis v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 497, 178 S.E.2d 530 (1971) (holding the evidence

insufficient though defendant had the opportunity to commit the crime and had on his person

when arrested a sum of money approximating the amount charged in the warrant and

indictment); Foster v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 326, 163 S.E.2d 601 (1968) (holding evidence

insufficient to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt even though defendant had access to the

goods that were stolen and was seen in the area where the stolen goods were found); Leebrick v.

Commonwealth, 198 Va. 365, 94 S.E.2d 212 (1956) (holding that the evidence raised only a

strong suspicion of guilt even when the stolen items were found hidden under a porch where the

defendants had slept); Williams v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 764, 71 S.E.2d 73 (1952) (holding

the evidence insufficient where defendant had the opportunity to commit the crime and where

unique coins similar to those stolen were found in his possession). In the case at bar, there was

not some evidence of possession; there was no evidence of possession.

       The Commonwealth showed only that Anderson had an opportunity to take the purse.

“Presence in the area of a crime is sufficient to prove opportunity, but, standing alone, it is

insufficient to prove guilt and creates nothing more than a suspicion that the accused is guilty of

the crime charged.” Sutphin v. Commonwealth, 1 Va. App. 241, 248, 337 S.E.2d 897, 900

(1985) (holding evidence may have created a strong suspicion or even a probability defendant

was guilty of committing larceny, but as a matter of law was insufficient to identify him as the

criminal agent to the exclusion of a reasonable doubt) (citing Duncan v. Commonwealth, 218

Va. 545, 547, 238 S.E.2d 807, 808 (1977)); see also Simmons v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 181,

247 S.E.2d 359 (1978) (holding evidence insufficient as a matter of law to prove criminal agency

when all that could be reasonably inferred was that the defendant had the opportunity to commit

the crime and had fled arrest). “Mere opportunity to commit an offense raises only ‘the

suspicion that the defendant may have been the guilty agent; and suspicion is never enough to

                                                - 13 -
sustain a conviction.’” Christian v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 1078, 1082, 277 S.E.2d 205, 208

(1981) (citation omitted). See also Tarpley v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 251, 542 S.E.2d 761

(2001) (holding that the evidence established only a suspicion or a probability of guilt, and was

insufficient as a matter of law to support the grand larceny conviction).

       While the evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, showed

Anderson had an opportunity to take the purse during the two to three minutes she was alone in

Ryckman’s office, there is no evidence other than opportunity linking any of her conduct to the

theft. The evidence showed that the back door was left unlocked for two and one-half hours and

that at least three other people were in the area where the purse was kept and had the opportunity

to take the purse. There was no evidence of conduct or acts by Anderson sufficient for the fact

finder to draw an inference that Anderson stole the purse. There was no evidence of a taking by

this defendant. When there are breaks in the circumstantial evidence chain, a trier of fact cannot

determine the relevant facts without speculation. Hickson v. Commonwealth, 258 Va. 383, 520

S.E.2d 643 (1999).

       No rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt. Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257, 584 S.E.2d at 447. The evidence did not establish

that Anderson was the criminal agent. Accordingly, we hold that the Commonwealth’s evidence

was insufficient, as a matter of law, to sustain the conviction. The judgment appealed from must

be, therefore, reversed.

                                                                            Reversed and dismissed.




                                               - 14 -
Frank, J., dissenting.

       I respectfully dissent. From my perspective, this is purely a standard of review case.

       When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible

therefrom. See Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1975).

“In so doing we must ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the

Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all

fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.’” Norman v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 518, 520,

346 S.E.2d 44, 45 (1986) (quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759

(1980) (quoting Wright v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 132, 137, 82 S.E.2d 603, 606 (1954))). The

trial court’s judgment will not be set aside unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.

Josephs v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 87, 99, 390 S.E.2d 491, 497 (1990) (en banc).

Additionally:

                The credibility of a witness and the inferences to be drawn from
                proven facts are matters solely for the fact finder’s determination.
                In its role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled
                to disbelieve the self-serving testimony of the accused and to
                conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his guilt.

Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998) (citations

omitted).

       The majority opines that the evidence was not sufficient to convict, i.e., no one saw

appellant take the purse nor were the stolen items found in her possession. The only issue on appeal

in a sufficiency case, however, is whether the evidence supports the trial court’s judgment.

Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support a conviction when it “excludes every reasonable

hypothesis of innocence which flows from the evidence.” Ford v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App.

249, 259, 503 S.E.2d 803, 807 (1998).


                                                 - 15 -
               [W]e do not “substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.”
               Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 375, 380, 564 S.E.2d 160,
               162 (2002). “Instead, the relevant question is whether, after
               viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
               any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
               the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443
               U.S. 307, 319 (1979). “This familiar standard gives full play to the
               responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the
               testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
               inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Id.

Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257-58, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc).

       The uncontroverted evidence excluded appellant’s hypothesis of innocence. Ryckman

testified she left the desk where her purse was located and went into Hancock’s office as appellant

appeared to leave the front office. Ryckman returned to the desk several minutes later, after she

heard appellant open the door and leave the law office. Ryckman was not away from her purse at

any other time that afternoon. She was at her desk the entire time that the title examiner and the

friend of appellant were in the front office. The trial court properly concluded the theft occurred

during that short period of time while Ryckman was in Hancock’s office.1

       Further, the trial court found no one else could have taken the purse. The court, in denying

appellant’s motion to strike, found no unknown persons entered the law office through the front

door because of the “loud front door.” The testimony proved Ryckman would have heard someone

else enter and leave the office through the front door. The trial court excluded the title examiner and

the person inquiring about appellant as the thief because Ryckman was present at her desk at those

times. The testimony proved Ryckman would have seen either man take her purse from behind her

desk because she was sitting there the entire time they were in the office. The trial court excluded

anyone entering through the back door “because Ms. Ryckman testified that she was in the


       1
         During oral argument, appellant conceded the theft occurred between 1:40, when
Ryckman returned from lunch, and approximately 2:30, when Ryckman completed her telephone
call in Hancock’s office and returned to the desk in the front office.

                                                - 16 -
proximity by going in Ms. Hancock’s office that no one came in.” Ryckman testified she would

have heard and seen anyone entering the suite via the back door while she was in Hancock’s office.

The court concluded appellant was the only person who had access to the purse while it was outside

Ryckman’s view.2 This inference reasonably flows from the testimony presented by Ryckman and

Hancock.

       The majority concludes the evidence proves only that appellant had an opportunity to take

the purse, not that she actually took the purse. However, this conclusion does not afford the proper

deference to the reasonable findings of the trial court. The finder of fact excluded any person other

than appellant as the perpetrator. The majority opinion emphasizes that the back door was unlocked

for over two hours and at least three other people entered the area where the purse was kept. As

explained above, the trial court reasonably excluded those people. Appellant conceded Hancock

was not the thief, and Ryckman was present at her desk when Gaines and the man looking for

appellant were present. Contrary to the majority view, there is no “break in the circumstantial

evidence.” Further, the trial court rejected appellant’s testimony that Ryckman never left the

waiting room while she was there.

       The evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact. While other fact finders may

have acquitted appellant, the testimony was sufficient to find that a rational trier of fact could

find appellant guilty of theft beyond a reasonable doubt. I would, therefore, affirm the

conviction.




       2
           Appellant conceded Hancock was not the thief.
                                            - 17 -
