      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CHARGE INJECTION                       )
TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,                    )
                                       )
                  Plaintiff,           )
                                       )
                  v.                   )        C.A. No. 07C-12-134-JRJ
                                       )
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS &               )
COMPANY,                               )
                                       )
                  Defendant.           )

                                  OPINION

                       Date Submitted: December 11, 2015
                          Date Decided: March 9, 2016

  Upon Defendant E. I. DuPont De Nemours & Company’s Motion to Dismiss:
                                DENIED.


Arthur G. Connolly, III, Esquire, Ryan P. Newell, Esquire, Josiah R. Wolcott,
Esquire, Connolly Gallagher LLP, The Brandywine Building, 1000 West Street,
Suite 1400, Wilmington, DE 19801, Amir H. Alavi, Esquire (pro hac vice)
(argued), Timothy C. Shelby, Esquire (pro hac vice), Lauren R. Reeder, Esquire
(pro hac vice), Ahmad, Zavitsanos, Anaipakos, Alavi & Mensing P.C., 1221
McKinney, Suite 3460, Houston, TX 77010, Attorneys for Plaintiff Charge
Injection Technologies, Inc.

Kathleen F. McDonough, Esquire (argued), John A. Sensing, Esquire, Michael B.
Rush, Esquire, Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP, 1313 North Market Street, P.O.
Box 951, Wilmington, DE 19801, Attorneys for Defendant E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Company.

Jurden, P.J.
                                 I. INTRODUCTION

      Before the Court is Defendant E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and

Company’s (“DuPont”) Motion to Dismiss. 1                 In 2007, Charge Injection

Technologies, Inc. (“CIT”) instituted this suit against DuPont, alleging that DuPont

wrongfully used and disclosed CIT’s proprietary and confidential technology.

Several years into the litigation, CIT entered into a financing agreement. DuPont

alleges that the financing agreement violates Delaware’s prohibition against

champerty and maintenance, and therefore, CIT’s claims against DuPont must be

dismissed. For the reasons set forth below, DuPont’s Motion to Dismiss based on

champerty and maintenance is DENIED.

                                 II. BACKGROUND

      CIT filed suit against DuPont in December 2007, alleging that DuPont

wrongfully used and disclosed CIT’s proprietary and confidential technology. 2

Lacking adequate resources to pursue what became costly and protracted litigation,

Ross James (“James”), CIT’s Chief Executive Officer, sought third-party financing

in 2008 to help cover the costs of this litigation as well as other business expenses. 3

      CIT entered into two separate agreements—one with Latigo IP, LLC

1
  Defendant E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company’s Opening Brief in Support of its Motion to
Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot. Dismiss”) (Trans. ID. 57739103).
2
  Third Am. Compl. ¶ 1 (Trans. ID. 29596891).
3
  Plaintiff Charge Injection Technologies, Inc.’s Brief in Opposition to Defendant DuPont’s
Motion to Dismiss at 3 (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) (Trans. ID. 57854661); Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, Ex. A
Declaration of Ross James ¶¶ 2–3 (“James Decl.”). Ross James has been the Chief Executive
Officer of CIT since 2000. James Decl. ¶ 1.


                                            2
(“Latigo”) and one with Fortitude Advisors (“Fortitude”)—pursuant to which

Latigo and Fortitude would assist CIT with securing third-party financing. 4 Frank

Knuettel (“Knuettel”) is CIT’s primary contact with Latigo, and Chris Wilson

(“Wilson”) is CIT’s primary contact with Fortitude.5

       In 2010, Wilson contacted Burford Capital LLC, 6 an investment advisor that

conducts due diligence for Burford Capital Ltd., a United Kingdom company that

provides litigation financing (“Burford”). 7          Wilson spoke with Aviva Will

(“Will”), the Managing Director at Burford. 8 After providing Burford with non-

confidential information about the litigation, CIT and Burford entered into a non-

disclosure agreement. 9 Although Burford and CIT had preliminary discussions

about potential financing in 2010, no formal negotiations took place at that time

because Burford decided not to fund the litigation.10

       On October 31, 2011, CIT’s original counsel withdrew. 11 While CIT was

searching for new counsel, Wilson contacted Will again to see if Burford might


4
  James Decl. ¶¶ 20–21, 25–28. In exchange for their services, Latigo and Fortitude would earn
fees upon a third-party’s financing of this litigation. Id.
5
  Id.
6
   Burford Capital LLC was then known as Burford Group LCC. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, Ex. C
Deposition of Aviva Will at 21–22 (“Will Dep.”).
7
   Id. at 21–22, 27–28; Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, Ex. B Deposition of Ross James at 49–52 (“Def.’s
Ex. B James Dep.”). This Opinion will refer to both entities as “Burford.”
8
   Def.’s Ex. B James Dep. at 49–52; Will Dep. at 28–29. As Managing Director at Burford
Capital LLC, Will is responsible for underwriting and monitoring investments. Will Dep. at 20–
21.
9
  Will Dep. at 30–37.
10
    Id. at 47–49.
11
    See Trans. ID. 40632788.


                                              3
reconsider its financing decision. 12 At that time, Burford’s “portfolio was larger

and more diverse,” and Burford was willing to take “a more substantive look” at

the case. 13 Burford spent several months conducting due diligence, which included

discussions with CIT’s potential new counsel, Ahmad, Zavitsanos, Anaipakos,

Alavi & Mensing (“AZA”), and with CIT                  regarding the potential financing

terms. 14 On December 1, 2011, CIT’s current lead counsel, AZA entered its

appearance in the case. 15

       Following negotiations between CIT and Burford, a financing agreement

was finalized on June 15, 2012, subject to approval from CIT’s Board of Directors

and Burford’s Board of Directors. 16 CIT’s Board of Directors and Burford’s Board

of Directors approved the deal, and CIT entered into the “Forward Purchase

Agreement” (“FPA”) with Aloe Investments Limited (“Aloe”), a subsidiary of

Burford. 17   Pursuant to the FPA, Aloe provided financing in exchange for a

percentage of any future proceeds of the litigation and obtained a security interest

in CIT’s claim as collateral.18



12
   Will Dep. at 49, 53–55.
13
   Id. at 80–82.
14
   Id. at 55–61, 82. Will initially spoke with Wilson but also spoke with James and Gary Benton,
CIT’s outside legal advisor. Id. at 59–63.
15
   See Trans. ID. 41184823; Trans. ID. 41143308; Trans. ID. 52178115.
16
   Will Dep. at 68–71.
17
   Id. at 24–26, 88–101; Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, Ex. D, E.
18
    Def.’s Mot. Dismiss Ex. G Forward Purchase Agreement. AZA is representing CIT on a
contingency basis. Pl.’s Opp’n at 6.


                                               4
                                 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The common law doctrines of champerty and maintenance originated in

Medieval England in response to the practice of feudal lords and other wealthy

individuals financing other individuals’ legal claims, usually against the financier’s

political or personal enemies, in exchange for a share of the results.19 These

“champertors” enlisted paid retainers—known as “maintainers”—who would

prosecute the suits ruthlessly on the champertors’ behalf.20 Such claims often

involved title to land, which meant that the champertor would grow richer by

becoming a joint owner of the landed estate. 21

       “Because kings soon found themselves the target of this vexatious litigation,

and because of a [ ] distaste for litigation in general, laws against champerty and

maintenance were born.”22 The historical justification for prohibiting any form of

champerty or maintenance was to prevent disinterested third-parties from stirring



19
    Osprey, Inc. v. Cabana Ltd. P’ship, 532 S.E.2d 269, 374–75 (2000); Andrew Hananel &
David Staubitz, The Ethics of Law Loans in the Post-Rancman Era, 17 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS
795, 797–98 (2004); Ronald C. Minkoff & Andrew D. Patrick, Taming the Champerty Beast: A
Proposal for Funding Class Action Plaintiffs, 15 PROF. LAW. 1, Spring 2004 at 1.
20
   Minkoff & Patrick, supra note 19, at 1; Osprey, 532 S.E.2d at 374–75; Ari Dobner, Litigation
for Sale, 144 U. PA. L. REV. 1529, 1544 (1996) (“[T]he word ‘champerty’ derives from
champart, a type of feudal tenure in land that lent itself most easily to the evasion of the laws
against usury.”).
21
   Osprey, 532 S.E.2d at 374–75; Minkoff & Patrick, supra note 19, at 1; Dobner, supra note 20,
at 1544 (“One particularly pernicious practice was the selling or assigning of a pretended right in
land to persons of great power or influence, who would use their rank to further the prosecution
of their lawsuits and oppress the possessors of the lands. This problem was exacerbated where
trial by combat prevailed and litigants assigned their claims to champion fighters.”).
22
   Minkoff & Patrick, supra note 19, at 1.


                                                5
up or encouraging fraudulent and frivolous lawsuits.23

       Although CIT maintains that Delaware no longer recognizes the doctrines of

champerty and maintenance, 24 “[a]bsent a ruling from the Delaware Supreme

Court holding that [the] doctrines are dead, this Court will continue to recognize

them.” 25

       Under Delaware law, champerty is a type of maintenance defined as “an

agreement between the owner of a claim and a volunteer that the latter may take

the claim and collect it, dividing the proceeds with the owner, if they prevail; the

champertor to carry on the suit at his own expense.”26                    “In a champertous

assignment, an assignee of a cause of action initiates litigation at his or her own

risk and expense in consideration of receiving a portion of the proceeds if

successful.” 27 “Champerty cannot be charged against one with an interest in the

matter in controversy,” 28 and “[a]n agreement is not champertous where the

assignee has some legal or equitable interest in the subject matter of the litigation



23
   Susan Lorde Martin, Syndicated Lawsuits: Illegal Champerty or New Business Opportunity?,
30 AM. BUS. L.J. 485, 487 (1992); Modern Views of Champerty and Maintenance, 18 HARV. L.
REV. 222, 222–23 (1905) (“The object was to prevent intimidation of the courts by the great
lords, who by enlisting in suits in which they had no proper interest, overawed courts and juries,
and perverted ‘the remedial process of the law into an engine of oppression.’”).
24
   Pl.’s Opp’n at 10–13.
25
   Charge Injection Techs., Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 2014 WL 891286, at *3 (Del.
Super. Feb. 27, 2014) appeal refused sub nom., 89 A.3d 476 (Del. 2014).
26
    In re Emerging Commc’ns, Inc. Shareholders Litig., 2004 WL 1305745, at *29 (Del. Ch.
2004); Hall v. State, 655 A.2d 827, 829 (Del. Super. 1994).
27
   Hall, 655 A.2d at 830.
28
   In re Emerging Commc’ns, Inc., 2004 WL 1305745, at *29.


                                                6
independent from the terms of the assignment under which the suit was brought.29

       Maintenance “is an officious intermeddling in a suit which in no way

belongs to the intermeddler by maintaining or assisting either party to the action,

with money or otherwise, to prosecute it or defend it.” 30 Stated differently, it is

“the intermeddling in a suit by a stranger, one having no privity or concern in the

subject matter and standing in no relation of duty to the suitor.”31

                                       IV. DISCUSSION

A. Champerty

       CIT maintains that the FPA is not champertous because CIT did not assign

its claims to Aloe and did not “seek a bargain with a third party to carry on the

litigation in CIT’s absence at the third party’s own risk and expense in

consideration of receiving part of the proceeds.” 32 DuPont argues that whether the

FPA constitutes champerty does not depend on a formal assignment because CIT is

no longer the “real party in interest.”33           According to DuPont, the FPA is

champertous because it provides Burford, a disinterested third-party, with de facto

control over the litigation.34 DuPont maintains that “CIT has signed away all


29
   Hall, 655 A.2d at 829; Street Search Partners, L.P. v. Ricon Int’l, L.L.C., 2006 WL 1313859,
at *3 (Del. Super. 2006); J. Travis Laster, Goodbye to the Contemporaneous Ownership
Requirement, 33 DEL. J. CORP. L. 673, 683 (2008).
30
   Hall, 655 A.2d at 829 (citing Bayard v. McLane, 3 Del. 139, 208 (1840)).
31
   Id.
32
   Pl.’s Opp’n at 15–16.
33
   Def.’s Mot. Dismiss at 12–14, 24–25.
34
   Id.


                                              7
rights to litigation proceeds, and has no real interest remaining in this litigation,”

because, if successful, Burford has the right to collect “any judgment.” 35

       CIT and DuPont have identified two cases in Delaware that were dismissed

based on the champertous assignment of a claim. In Hall v. State, a prisoner

assigned his claim for the return of seized property to another prisoner. The

assignee then brought suit against the State seeking the return of the property.36

The Court dismissed the suit finding the assignment void as champertous because

the assignee had no legal or equitable interest in the subject matter of the litigation

prior to the assignment, the assignee endeavored to carry on the litigation at his

own risk and expense, and the assignee was attempting to enforce a claim which

the assignor, the true owner of the claim, did not care to prosecute. 37

       In Street Search Partners, L.P. v. Ricon International, LLC,38 the plaintiff,

Street Search Partners, L.P. (“Street Search”), encountered financial difficulties

and assigned its interest in the litigation to A & R Investment Associates LP



35
   Id. at 14, 24.
36
   Hall, 655 A.2d at 830.
37
   Id. at 829–31. In Hall, the Court distinguished the transaction from legitimate assignments of
contract rights, stating, “[i]t should be noted that this decision in no way affects an assignee’s
ability to enforce contracts, notes, mortgages and financial instruments in general.” Id. at 831.
Similarly, in Kingsland Holding, Inc. v. Bracco, the Court of Chancery distinguished between
the assignment of a claim and the assignment of a judgment for valuable consideration. 1996 WL
104257, at *5 (Del. Ch. 1996). The Court noted that assigning a judgment for valuable
consideration is more akin to assigning a contract, note or financial instrument, which Courts
recognize as valid assignments. Id.
38
   2006 WL 1313859 (Del. Super. 2006).


                                                8
(“A & R”). 39 A & R then filed a motion to intervene as assignee-in-interest for the

purpose of pursuing Street Search’s claims. In considering whether the assignment

was champertous, the Court noted “[t]he law clearly requires a legal interest in the

litigation to avoid champerty.” 40 The Court held that the assignment of the claim

was champertous because neither A & R’s interest as an investor in Street Search’s

management company nor Street Search’s debt to A&R provided A & R with a

legal interest in the subject matter of the litigation. 41

       The Court is not persuaded by DuPont’s argument that the FPA is

champertous because of Burford’s alleged “de facto control.” The record before

the Court demonstrates that CIT is the bona fide owner of the claims in this

litigation, and Burford has no right to maintain this action.42 In this case, there was

no assignment. Neither the FPA nor the Security Agreement assigns ownership of

CIT’s claims against DuPont to Burford.

       The doctrine of champerty “is based upon the ground that no encouragement

should be given to litigation by the introduction of a party to enforce those rights


39
   Id. at *3.
40
   Id. at *4.
41
   Id. at *4–5.
42
   Drake v. Nw. Nat. Gas Co., 165 A.2d 452, 454 (1960); Gibson v. Gillespie, 152 A. 589, 593
(Del. Super. 1928) (“[I]f the plaintiff in a suit at law had an interest in the cause of action prior to
and independent of the alleged champertous assignment or agreement, he has a right to maintain
the action. He is not then a volunteer or meddler in stirring up litigation in which he has no legal
or proper interest.”); Bayard, 3 Del. at 139 (“The English statutory offence of champerty (to
which the earliest Delaware laws on this subject refer) is maintenance not merely for a part, but
at the expense of the champertor.”).


                                                   9
which the owners are not disposed to prosecute.”43 CIT did not bargain with

Burford to enforce claims which CIT is not disposed to prosecute. Rather, § 3.3 of

the FPA expressly states:

       [Aloe] is not, and does not by virtue of entering into this Agreement
       become, a party to the Litigation Claim nor does [Aloe] have any
       rights as to the direction, control, settlement or other conduct of the
       Litigation Claim . . . [and CIT] retains the unfettered right to settle the
       Litigation Claim at any time for any amount.

B. Maintenance

       Maintenance involves the officious intermeddling in a suit, “for the purpose

of stirring up ligation and strife, encouraging others to bring actions or make

defenses that they have no right to make.” 44 CIT argues that Burford is not an

officious intermeddler because CIT sought out Burford (not the other way around),

CIT did not enter the FPA until four years after it initiated suit, and Burford is not

directing or controlling the litigation.45 DuPont argues that Burford is an officious

intermeddler because Burford has “no bona fide interest” in the litigation, and by

providing financing, Burford is impermissibly prosecuting the lawsuit.46

According to DuPont, Burford has impermissibly taken control over the litigation

because: (1) Burford has assumed control over CIT’s ability to choose its own


43
   Gibson, 152 A. at 593 (emphasis added).
44
   Champerty and Maintenance § 1, 5B AM. JUR. PL. & PR. FORMS (2015); Bayard, 3 Del. at 208
(noting that maintenance involves “an unlawful taking in hand or upholding quarrels or sides, to
the disturbance or hindrance of common right.”).
45
   Pl.’s Opp’n at 16–19.
46
   Def.’s Mot. Dismiss at 15–16.


                                              10
counsel because under the FPA, CIT can only replace AZA under limited

circumstances; 47 and (2) the FPA takes away CIT’s incentive to settle because

“CIT realistically cannot agree to a settlement unless it ensures that the offer is

large enough that Burford and AZA get paid in full.” 48

       An “officious intermeddler” is “[s]omeone who confers a benefit on another

without being requested or having a legal duty to do so, and who therefore has no

legal grounds to demand restitution for the benefit conferred.”49 The Court finds

that Burford is not an officious intermeddler, and therefore, the arrangement does

not constitute maintenance. This is not a case in which Burford “stirred up”

litigation, is controlling or forcing CIT to pursue litigation, or is controlling the

litigation for the purpose of continuing a frivolous or unwanted lawsuit.50

       CIT’s principal asset was and still is its intellectual property rights in its

patented charge injection electrospinning technology, which CIT alleges DuPont

wrongfully used, disclosed, and misappropriated, thereby causing CIT’s financial


47
   Id. at 28–29.
48
   Id. at 17–29.
49
   Officious Intermeddler, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
50
     The doctrine of maintenance was “developed at common law to prevent officious
intermeddlers from stirring up strife and contention by vexatious and speculative litigation which
would disturb the peace of society, lead to corrupt practices, and prevent the remedial process of
law.” Kerry M. Diggin, Champerty, Maintenance, Ect. § 1, 14 AM. JUR. 2D (2016). See also
Hannigan v. Italo Petroleum Corp. of Am., 178 A. 589, 590 (Del. Super. 1935); Gibson, 152 A.
at 594 (“There is an utter absence of evidence showing that the plaintiff was guilty of stirring up
litigation, or of officious intermeddling in the suit before the court. On the contrary, it appears
from the uncontradicted evidence that the plaintiff had, or honestly believed he had, a substantial
and legal interest in the note, and that suit was brought thereon to protect his own interest as well
as the interest of the company.”).


                                                 11
constraints.51 CIT began pursuing third-party financing in 2008 to help cover the

costs of its litigation against DuPont (as well as other business expenses) because

CIT felt strongly that it had been wronged by DuPont but lacked adequate

resources to pursue protracted litigation.52 Unable to obtain third-party financing

in 2008, CIT continued to pursue the litigation, eventually entering into agreements

with Latigo and Fortitude to assist in finding potential sources of financing.53

       The FPA was freely negotiated.54 The FPA does not give Burford any right

either to direct, control, or settle CIT’s claims against DuPont. And, under the

FPA, the financing can be used for litigation expenses as well as other business


51
    Third Am. Compl. ¶¶ 144–54. CIT filed this action against DuPont in 2007, alleging that
DuPont “engaged in a coordinated pattern of deception aimed at concealing their wrongful
activities, misappropriated trade secrets and proprietary information belonging to CIT,
wrongfully disclosed CIT’s technology by way of patent application with the U.S. Patent Office,
and improperly deprived CIT of prospective revenues and royalties . . . .” Id. ¶¶ 1–2.
52
   James Decl. ¶¶ 2–3; Def.’s Ex. B James Dep. at 8–10; Will Dep. at 119–22.
53
    In 2008, James personally searched for financing through various banks, but was ultimately
unsuccessful. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. C Deposition of Ross James at 9–10, 70 (“Pl.’s Ex. C James
Dep.”). This case is now in its ninth year, and the parties have expended considerable time and
resources litigating a multitude of discovery disputes and this potentially dispositive issue. On
more than one occasion, CIT has told the Court that DuPont is trying to wear it down. See e.g.,
Pl.’s Opp’n at 3 (“CIT quickly found that it lacked adequate resources to pursue long, drawn-out
litigation against DuPont, which has tens of billions of dollars at its disposal to wage a war of
attrition against litigation adversaries.”) (emphasis added).
54
   In 2010, in addition to Burford, CIT also spoke with several other startup companies interested
in potentially providing financing. Pl.’s Ex. C James Dep. at 70. Benton, CIT’s outside legal
advisor, was CIT’s primary negotiator. Id. at 60–61. CIT was involved in the negotiations of the
FPA, including discussions about the financing amounts and repayment terms, litigation budgets,
timing of expenditures, and the parties risk assessment of the merits of the case. Other
individuals involved in the negotiations include James, Wilson, Knuettel, and Roger Wiegley, a
member of CIT’s Board of Directors. James Decl. ¶¶ 12, 23, 28–52; Will Dep. at 63.
See e.g., James Decl. ¶ 42 (“During that time, [Mr. Wilson] was communicating with me and Mr.
Benton to make sure that changes CIT sought to the agreement were made and was assisting in
the rendition of legal advice to CIT.”).


                                               12
expenses. 55 The FPA specifically states that Aloe is not a party to the litigation,

Aloe does not have “any rights as to the direction, control, settlement or other

conduct of the litigation,” and CIT “retains the unfettered right to settle the

[litigation] at any time for any amount.”56                  In addition, James testified

that: (1) “CIT controls the litigation claim;” 57 (2) as CIT’s CEO, he is the decision

maker with regard to the DuPont litigation; and (3) Burford has not participated in

any mediation sessions between CIT and DuPont. 58 Will testified that Burford

does not represent CIT or control the litigation, 59 and that Burford has not

reviewed DuPont’s confidential information.60               The Court does not find the

arrangement constitutes maintenance.

                                    V. CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, Defendant E. I. DuPont De Nemours &

Company’s Motion to Dismiss based on champerty and maintenance is DENIED.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.


                                                        ____________________________
                                                        Jan R. Jurden, President Judge
55
   Will Dep. at 119–22.
56
   Def.’s Mot. Dismiss, Ex. G Forward Purchase Agreement § 3.3.
57
   Pl.’s Ex. C James Dep. at 27; Def.’s Ex. B James Dep. at 190–193.
58
   Pl.’s Ex. C James Dep. at 22–23, 152.
59
   Will Dep. at 72. In response to questioning about why the FPA contains a provision relating to
CIT’s ability to choose its own counsel, Will stated, “[t]he choice of lawyers, who the clients’
lawyers are, is critical to our assessment of the case. We don’t lawyer the case. We don’t
represent the client. We don’t control the case. So it’s important that we have confidence in the
lawyers who are litigating the case . . . .” Id.
60
   Id. at 36–37.


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