      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                        NO. 03-13-00323-CV



                                   Gilbert M. Borjas, Appellant

                                                   v.

             Federal National Mortgage Association a/k/a Fannie Mae, Appellee


           FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF TRAVIS COUNTY,
       NO. C-1-CV-12-011760, HONORABLE J. DAVID PHILLIPS, JUDGE PRESIDING



                             MEMORANDUM OPINION


                Appellant Gilbert Borjas, appearing pro se, appeals from the trial court’s judgment

in a forcible-detainer suit awarding Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) possession

of residential real property and attorney’s fees. Because we conclude that Fannie Mae’s evidence

at trial established its right to immediate possession of the property and that the trial court had

jurisdiction over the dispute, we will affirm the trial court’s judgment.


                                          BACKGROUND

                In 2007, Borjas entered into a loan agreement that was secured with a deed of trust

granting a first lien on the property. After Borjas defaulted on the loan and failed to cure the default,

the property was sold to Fannie Mae at a nonjudicial foreclosure sale by a substitute trustee.

Fannie Mae received a substitute trustee’s deed memorializing the conveyance. Fannie Mae sent

written notice to Borjas informing him of the sale and instructing him to vacate the property. The
notice also informed Borjas that if he failed to vacate, Fannie Mae would file a forcible-detainer

action. After Borjas refused to vacate, Fannie Mae brought a forcible-detainer action in justice court.

Following a jury trial, the justice court granted possession of the property to Fannie Mae.

                Borjas appealed the justice court’s decision to the county court at law. At the de novo

bench trial in county court, Borjas, then represented by counsel, advised the court that he had filed

a petition in federal district court and that the case was still pending. According to Borjas, the suit

in federal court concerned whether OneWest Bank, the entity for whom the foreclosure sale was

conducted, was the owner of a valid lien securing the property. Borjas asserted that the same issue

was presented in the forcible-detainer suit at hand and that Fannie Mae’s failure to demonstrate that

“the dots are [] connected” in the chain of title leading to the substitute trustee’s deed precluded a

judgment of possession in favor of Fannie Mae. Rejecting these arguments, the trial court rendered

judgment granting Fannie Mae possession of the property.

                Reasonably construing Borjas’s arguments on appeal, we conclude that he asserts

three issues: (1) that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to resolve the forcible-detainer action; (2) that

the trial court erred in concluding that Fannie Mae established its right to immediate possession of

the property because the evidence is insufficient to support this conclusion; and (3) the trial court

erred in failing to file findings of facts and conclusions of law. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.9 (requiring

briefs to be construed liberally).


                                             DISCUSSION

                The forcible-detainer action was created by the legislature as a speedy, simple, and

inexpensive procedure for obtaining immediate possession of property when there is no unlawful

                                                     2
entry. Williams v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, 315 S.W.3d 925, 926 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.);

see Tex. Prop. Code § 24.002. To prevail in the action, “a plaintiff is not required to prove title,

but is only required to show sufficient evidence of ownership to demonstrate a superior right to

immediate possession.” Rice v. Pinney, 51 S.W.3d 705, 709 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001, no pet.);

see Tex. R. Civ. P. 510.3(e) (“The court must adjudicate the right to actual possession [in eviction

cases] and not title.”). The statutory remedy of forcible detainer will lie when a person in possession

of real property refuses to surrender possession if the person is a tenant at will or by sufferance.

Tex. Prop. Code § 24.002(a). To establish forcible detainer, Fannie Mae had to prove that (1) it is

the owner of the property, (2) Borjas is a tenant at will or by sufferance, (3) Fannie Mae has made

written demand for possession of the property in accordance with section 24.005 of the Texas

Property Code, and (4) Borjas has refused to surrender possession. See id. §§ 24.002, .005.

               The evidence admitted at trial included the deed of trust, the substitute trustee’s

deed, and the notice of eviction to Borjas. The substitute trustee’s deed showed that Fannie Mae

purchased the property at a nonjudicial foreclosure sale after Borjas defaulted under the terms of the

deed of trust. The deed of trust stated:


       If the Property is sold pursuant to this section [setting forth nonjudicial foreclosure
       procedure], Borrower or any person holding possession of the Property through
       Borrower shall immediately surrender possession of the Property to the purchaser at
       the sale. If possession is not surrendered, Borrower or such person shall be a tenant
       at sufferance and may be removed by writ of possession or other court proceeding.


Thus, the deed of trust established that Borjas became a tenant-at-sufferance when he refused to

surrender the property following the nonjudicial foreclosure sale. Finally, the notice of eviction



                                                  3
informed Borjas that Fannie Mae had purchased ownership of the property, that his tenancy was

being terminated, and that he was required to vacate the property. This evidence was sufficient to

establish Fannie Mae’s right to immediate possession of the property. See Schlichting v. Lehman

Bros. Bank FSB, 346 S.W.3d 196, 198 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. dism’d) (considering similar

evidence); see also Bierwirth v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n, No. 03-13-00076-CV, 2014 WL

902541, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 6, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (same); Jaimes v. Federal Nat’l

Mortg. Ass’n, No. 03-13-00290-CV, 2013 WL 7809741, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 4, 2013, no

pet.) (mem. op.) (same).

                In response, Borjas did not present evidence showing that he was entitled to

immediate possession of the property. Instead, Borjas argued that Fannie Mae failed to present

evidence that the foreclosure sale was conducted on behalf of an entity that was entitled to enforce

the note and that had been validly assigned the deed of trust. Borjas contends that this outstanding

title issue (1) deprived the trial court of jurisdiction and (2) demonstrates that Fannie Mae has failed

to establish the landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship necessary to support a forcible detainer.

                Jurisdiction over a forcible-detainer suit is expressly given to the justice court of

the precinct where the property is located and, on appeal, to the county court for a trial de novo.

Tex. Prop. Code § 24.004(a); Tex. R. Civ. P. 510.10(c). Neither the justice court nor the county

court on appeal has jurisdiction to resolve issues of title to real property in a forcible-detainer

suit. Dormady v. Dinero Land & Cattle Co., L.C., 61 S.W.3d 555, 557 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2001, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). Instead, challenges to title or to the foreclosure process must be pursued,

if at all, in a separate suit. Schlichting, 346 S.W.3d at 199. If the question of title is intertwined with



                                                    4
the issue of possession, then the issue of possession may not be adjudicated without first determining

title. Dormady, 61 S.W.3d at 557. In such a case, until the issue of title is resolved, neither the justice

court nor the county court has jurisdiction to enter a judgment in the suit for forcible detainer. Id.

                In cases involving deeds of trust containing landlord-tenant provisions almost identical

to the one presented in this case, this Court has rejected the argument that a party seeking forcible

detainer must establish a chain of title between the original lender and the substitute trustee’s deed.

See Wilder v. Citicorp Trust Bank, F.S.B., No. 03-13-00324-CV, 2014 WL 1207979, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Austin Mar. 18, 2014, pet. filed) (mem. op.); Jaimes, 2013 WL 7809741, at *3-4; see also

Stephens v. Federal Home Mortg. Corp., No. 02-10-00251-CV, 2011 WL 1532384, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth Apr. 21, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that Fannie Mae was not required to

“connect the dots” between original lender and mortgage servicer in forcible-detainer action where

tenant-at-sufferance relationship was established under deed of trust).             Instead, we “[have]

consistently held that defects in the foreclosure process cannot be used either to negate a landlord-

tenant relationship provision in a deed of trust or to raise a question of title depriving the justice or

county courts of jurisdiction to resolve the question of immediate possession.” Wilder, 2014 WL

1207979, at *2 (citing recent cases from this Court); see also Campbell v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,

No. 03-12-00007-CV, 2013 WL 6805590, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 20, 2013, no pet.)

(mem. op) (explaining that it was not necessary to resolve title dispute to determine right to immediate

possession because deed of trust created landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship).

                Borjas’s assertion that Fannie Mae failed to sufficiently “connect the dots” in the

chain of title leading to the purchase of the property at foreclosure is an attack on the validity of the



                                                    5
foreclosure that cannot be adjudicated in a forcible detainer action. See Jaimes, 2013 WL 7809741,

at *4 (concluding that argument that party seeking forcible detainer failed to “connect[] the dots” in

its chain of title did not deprive justice or county courts of jurisdiction). While this challenge may

be pursued in a separate suit, it does not deprive the justice court or the county court of jurisdiction

or negate the landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship otherwise established under the deed of

trust.1 See Wilder, 2014 WL 1207979, at *2 (rejecting argument that “the existence of a title dispute

arising from issues about the authority and capacity of the parties to the nonjudicial foreclosure sale”

deprived trial court of jurisdiction to decide forcible detainer). “Where, as here, a foreclosure under

a deed of trust establishes a landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship between the parties, there

is an independent basis to determine the issue of immediate possession without resolving the issue of

title to the property.” Bierwirth, 2014 WL 902541, at *3 (quoting Schlichting, 346 S.W.3d at 199).

                In a related issue, Borjas argues that the trial court erred in awarding possession to

Fannie Mae because he obtained title to the property by adverse possession. Borjas asserts that this

claim establishes his superior title and precludes Fannie Mae’s forcible-detainer action as a matter


       1
           Borjas also alleges that the deeds and assignments were not timely filed or properly noticed.
These alleged defects in the foreclosure process are also beyond the jurisdiction of the justice and
county courts, see Tex. R. Civ. P. 510.3, and do not deprive the justice and county courts of the
ability to determine the issue of immediate possession. See Schlichting v. Lehman Bros. Bank FSB,
346 S.W.3d 196, 199 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. dism’d) (determination of right to immediate
possession did not require resolution of title dispute where foreclosure pursuant to deed of trust
established landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship); see also Killebrew v. BKE Invests., Inc.,
No. 03-13-00149-CV, 2014 WL 3055984, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin June 30, 2014, no pet.) (mem.
op.) (explaining that argument that document appointing substituted trustee had not been recorded
in county deed records at time of foreclosure was challenge to foreclosure sale and did not deprive
trial court of jurisdiction over forcible-detainer action).

                                                   6
of law. Borjas, however, does not explain, nor it is clear from the record, how his claim of adverse

possession, even if true, would deprive Fannie Mae of its right to immediate possession. In addition,

Borjas never argued or presented any evidence to the trial court in support of any claim that he

possessed superior title to the property. “[I]f a party [to a forcible-detainer suit] fails to present

‘specific evidence to raise a genuine title dispute, the jurisdiction of the court [is] never at issue.’”

Jaimes, 2013 WL 7809741, at *4 (citations omitted). We cannot conclude from Borjas’s bare assertion

of superior title that the landlord-tenant relationship established under the deed of trust was negated

or that the justice court and county court were deprived of jurisdiction over the forcible-detainer suit.

See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. We overrule Borjas’s first and second issues on appeal.2

                Finally, we consider Borjas’s complaint that the trial court failed to issue findings of

fact and conclusions of law. Rule 296 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “in any

case tried in the district or county court without a jury, any party may request the court to state in

writing its findings of fact and conclusions of law.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 296. Further, Rule 297 states

that “[t]he court shall file its findings of fact and conclusions of law within twenty days after a timely

request is filed.” Id. R. 297. If the trial court fails to file timely findings of fact and conclusions of

law, “the party making the request shall . . . file with the clerk and serve on all other parties . . . a


        2
          Borjas also appears to argue that Fannie Mae lacks standing to seek a writ of possession
because it failed to establish that it purchased the property under a valid chain of title. However, by
demonstrating its landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship with Borjas, Fannie Mae established
that it has standing to pursue a forcible detainer. See Bierwirth v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n,
No. 03-13-00076-CV, 2014 WL 902541, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 6, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(rejecting argument that Fannie Mae lacked standing to sue for forcible detainer where deed of trust
established landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship).

                                                    7
‘Notice of Past Due Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.’” Id. The record in the case does not

show that Borjas ever requested findings of fact or conclusions of law or that he filed the notice of

past due findings of fact and conclusions of law, as required by Rule 297. Therefore, we cannot

conclude that the trial court was required to file findings of fact or conclusions of law or, even if it

were, that Borjas has preserved the issue. See Curtis v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline,

20 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (failure to file notice of past

due findings of fact waives right to complain about trial court’s failure to file findings of fact and

conclusions of law).3 We overrule Borjas’s third issue on appeal.

                Having overruled all of Borjas’s issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment of possession.



                                                __________________________________________

                                                Scott K. Field, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Field

Affirmed

Filed: October 17, 2014



       3
          Borjas also argues that Fannie Mae is a “state actor” that has violated his due-process rights
under the Fourteenth Amendment. See U.S. Const. art. XIV. However, Borjas does not provide any
citation to the record in support of this argument nor does he explain how his due-process rights have
been violated. Accordingly, we conclude that this argument is waived as inadequately briefed. See
Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (appellant’s brief must contain clear and concise argument for contentions
made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to record).

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