                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 13-1420
                               Filed March 26, 2014


IN THE INTEREST OF K.S., B.S., AND G.B.,
Minor Children,

R.S., Father,
Appellant,

B.T., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Louise M. Jacobs,

District Associate Judge.



       A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental

rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.



       Bryan J. Tingle, Des Moines, for appellant father.

       Magdalena Reese of Carr & Wright, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant

mother.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant

Attorney General, John P. Sarcone, County Attorney, and Annette Taylor,

Assistant County Attorney, for appellee State.

       Erin Mayfield of the Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney and guardian

ad litem for minor children.

       Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Bower, JJ.
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DOYLE, J.

       B.T., the mother of G.B., born in 2007, K.S., born in 2011, and B.S., born

in 2012, appeals the termination of her parental rights. R.S., the father of K.S.

and B.S., also appeals the termination of his parental rights. Both parents 1 argue

the State failed to prove the grounds for termination and that termination of their

parental rights is not in the children’s best interests. Additionally, both contend

Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(a) and (c) (2013) applies to avoid termination of

their parental rights. Upon our de novo review, we affirm on both appeals.

       I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       The parents have a history of substance abuse, domestic violence, and

criminal activities. In September 2010, the mother received a deferred judgment

after she pled guilty to the charge of obtaining or attempting to obtain a

prescription drug by fraud, deceit, misrepresentation, or subterfuge, a class “C”

felony. She was placed on probation for three years. As part of her probation,

she underwent a substance abuse evaluation, which recommended she

participate in an intensive-outpatient-treatment program.              She agreed to

participate, and in February 2011, she successfully discharged from the program.

       In approximately June 2012, it was reported to the Iowa Department of

Human Services (Department) that the parents were again actively using illegal

substances. At that time, the mother was pregnant with B.S. The parents had

sought treatment at a methadone clinic, and the parents were required to provide


       1
          We will refer to R.S. as “the father” and to R.S. and B.T. collectively as “the
parents,” though we recognize R.S. is not the biological father of G.B. The parental
rights of G.B.’s biological father, J.B., were not terminated and are not at issue in this
appeal.
                                        3


urine samples for testing as part of the program. The clinic’s records revealed

the father had been drug-tested nine times from December 2011 to

approximately July 2012. He tested positive for marijuana on every drug screen,

and he tested positive for methamphetamine seven out of nine times, including

his drug screen in July 2012.           The mother also tested positive for

methamphetamine and benzylpiperazine in May 2012. In July, she gave birth to

B.S., who was born addicted to methadone and had to spend a month in the

neonatal intensive care unit due to withdrawals from the drug.

      The mother then provided a urine sample in August that was negative for

substances, including methadone. Because it was negative for methadone, it

was believed she had used someone else’s urine sample for the test. She was

requested to provide another sample thereafter, and she refused. At the end of

August 2012, the parents provided samples, and both tested positive for

methamphetamine.       The mother admitted she was abusing prescription

medication, and she reported the father was selling prescription medication. The

children were then removed from their care. B.S. and K.S. were placed in a

friend’s care, and G.B. was placed with his biological father. In April 2013, B.S.

and K.S. were placed in the custody of their paternal third cousins. B.S., K.S.,

and G.B. have since remained in their relatives’ care.

      Services were offered to the parents, including substance abuse treatment

and therapy, but they minimally participated. The parents’ last provided urine

samples in November 2012, and the father had tested positive for amphetamine.

Both parents stopped attending their substance-abuse-treatment programs in

December 2012.     The father stopped contacting the Department, and he no
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longer had visits with his children. The mother’s visitation had decreased from

two visits a week to one because she was inconsistent in her attendance. She

too stopped contacting the Department, and the case worker did not hear from

her from the end of January 2013 to the end of March. The mother also stopped

meeting with her probation officer, and ultimately, her deferred sentence was

revoked and a warrant issued for her arrest.

       In April 2013, the State filed petitions for the termination of the parents’

parental rights due to their lack of participation and progress in the case.

Hearing on the petition was held in July 2013. At that time, the mother was in

jail, having been arrested on the warrant a few days before the hearing. The

court entered its ruling terminating their parental rights on multiple grounds in

August, finding termination was in the children’s best interest

       Both parents now appeal.2

       II. Analysis.

       In determining whether parental rights should be terminated under chapter

232, the juvenile court “follows a three-step analysis.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d

703, 706 (Iowa 2010). Step one requires the court to “determine if a ground for

termination under section 232.116(1) has been established” by the State. Id. If

the court finds grounds for termination, the court moves to the second step of the

analysis: deciding if the grounds for termination should result in a termination of

parental rights under the best-interest framework set out in section 232.116(2).

Id. at 706-07.      Even if the court finds “the statutory best-interest framework

supports termination of parental rights,” the court must proceed to the third and

       2
           We note this case was transferred to this court on March 6, 2014.
                                          5


final step: considering “if any statutory exceptions set out in section 232.116(3)

should serve to preclude termination of parental rights.” Id. at 707.

       On appeal, we review the juvenile court’s decision to terminate parental

rights de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa 2012). Although we are

not bound by the court’s factual findings, we do give them weight, particularly any

credibility findings made.   Id.   If the juvenile court finds multiple grounds for

termination exist under section 232.116(1), we need only to determine, on our de

novo review, if there is clear and convincing evidence supporting one of those

grounds in the record. D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707; see also In re R.R.K., 544

N.W.2d 274, 276 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995).

       Here, both parents separately contend the State failed to prove the

grounds for termination found by the juvenile court and that termination of their

parental rights is not in their children’s best interests. Additionally, both argue

their parental rights should not be terminated because section 232.116(3)(a) and

(c) (2013) applies. We address their arguments in turn.

       A. Grounds for Termination.

       Among other grounds, the juvenile court terminated both parents’ parental

rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(l), which requires proof of

several elements including proof that “[t]he parent has a severe substance-

related disorder and presents a danger to self or others as evidenced by prior

acts” and “the parent’s prognosis indicates that the child will not be able to be

returned to the custody of the parent within a reasonable period of time

considering the child’s age and need for a permanent home.” Upon our de novo

review, we find the State has met its burden as to each parent on this ground.
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         While the law requires a “full measure of patience with troubled parents

who attempt to remedy a lack of parenting skills,” this patience has been built into

the statutory scheme of chapter 232. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa

2000).    Our supreme court has stated “the legislature, in cases meeting the

conditions of [the Iowa Code], has made a categorical determination that the

needs of a child are promoted by termination of parental rights.” In re M.W., 458

N.W.2d 847, 850 (Iowa 1990) (discussing Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(e)).             The

public policy of the state having been legislatively set, we are obligated to heed

the statutory time periods for reunification.

         1. The Father.

         The father only challenges the latter element of paragraph (l), and he

points to his testimony at the hearing claiming, among other things, he was

scheduled to begin treatment and that, “although he had been in denial, he was

prepared to regain custody of his children.” All of his actions prior to the end of

March 2013 support the opposite conclusion, and by that time, the children had

been out of his care for over six months. He did nothing to even start addressing

his multiple issues until right before the petition for termination of his parental

rights had been filed. He only completed a substance abuse evaluation a week

before the termination hearing, and he had still not completed any kind of

substance abuse treatment at the time of the termination hearing, three months

after the petition was filed. He still had not provided any urine samples for drug

screening, and he testified at the hearing that, if he provided a sample at that

time, it would likely be positive for marijuana.
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       “We have long recognized that an unresolved, severe, and chronic drug

addiction can render a parent unfit to raise children.” A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 776.

Given that the father has tested positive for illegal substances since at least

December 2011 and still had not completed any substance-abuse-treatment

program by the time of the termination hearing, he has given us no reason to

believe that he will now complete it. The evidence demonstrates that the father’s

substance abuse issue continued to place himself and others in danger despite

his newfound interest in participating in services. While we commend the father

for his recent efforts and hope he is successful, K.S. and B.S. are not equipped

with pause buttons. We have reiterated many times that “[t]he crucial days of

childhood cannot be suspended while parents experiment with ways to face up to

their own problems.” In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 151 (Iowa 2002) (citations and

internal quotation marks omitted). Children “simply cannot wait for responsible

parenting.   Parenting cannot be turned off and on like a spigot.     It must be

constant, responsible, and reliable.”     A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 777 (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, the children’s best interests are

not served by “continu[ing] to keep them in temporary foster homes while the

natural parents get their lives together.” Id.

       Although it appears the father loves K.S. and B.S., he was unable to

distance himself from illegal substances to act as their father throughout the

case. He showed no interest in being a sober father to these children until just

before the termination hearing, and even then, he still had a long way to go to

reach sobriety. Here, the father’s actions throughout the case support the finding

that, due to his abuse of illegal substances, the children will not be able to be
                                         8


returned to his custody within a reasonable period of time. We therefore agree

with the juvenile court that the State proved the ground for termination set forth in

section 232.116(1)(l).

       2. The Mother.

       The mother directs us to her on-and-off participation in the methadone

clinic’s substance-abuse-treatment program as support she will now complete an

inpatient treatment program, refrain from using illegal substances, and maintain

sobriety. However, her actions throughout the case do not support her claim.

       Here, the record shows the mother was pregnant at the time of the

termination hearing, and she was still not following recommendations concerning

use of methadone for the sake of that child’s safety. In fact, the mother used her

pregnancy as a tactic to demand methadone even though she was not following

safety recommendations.

       Like the father, we hope the mother is successful in her newest attempt at

treatment for the sake of her youngest child, but the evidence in this case

demonstrates that the mother’s substance abuse issue continued to place her

and others in danger.      Moreover, the record shows the children cannot be

returned to her custody within a reasonable period of time. We therefore agree

with the juvenile court that the State proved the ground for termination set forth in

section 232.116(1)(l).

       B. Best-Interest Framework.

       As stated above, “[e]ven after we have determined that statutory grounds

for termination exist, we must still determine whether termination is in the

children’s best interests.” A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 776. For the reasons stated
                                          9


above in finding the children could not be returned to the parents’ custody within

a reasonable period of time, we find the best interests framework in Iowa Code

section 232.116(2) supports termination of their parental rights of these children.

In that section, the legislature highlighted the children’s safety, the best

placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the children, and

the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the children as

primary considerations. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 37 (Iowa 2010); see also

Iowa Code § 232.116(2). The children’s “safety and the need for a permanent

home are now the primary concerns when determining [the children’s] best

interests.” In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 801 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J., concurring

specially). Those best interests are to be determined by looking at the children’s

long-range as well as immediate interests. In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 172

(Iowa 1997). We are to consider what the future likely holds for the children if the

children are returned to the parents. In re J.K., 495 N.W.2d 108, 110 (Iowa

1993).     Insight for that determination is to be gained from evidence of the

parent’s past performance, for that performance may be indicative of the quality

of the future care that the parent is capable of providing. In re L.L., 459 N.W.2d

489, 493-94 (Iowa 1990).

         1. The Father.

         The father merely asserts the juvenile court did not apply the best-interest

framework in its decision to terminate his parental rights.           The evidence

demonstrates otherwise. Here, the juvenile court explained:

                The children’s safety is the court’s primary consideration.
         There are ongoing concerns about the safety of the children if
         returned to the care and custody of either parent. The children
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       need a long-term commitment by adult(s) who can be appropriately
       nurturing, supportive for their growth and development, and that
       appropriately meet their physical, mental, and emotional needs.
       [B.S. and K.S.] are currently placed in a family that meets such
       criteria. [G.B.] is in the custody of his [biological father], who is
       appropriately meeting his needs. The children in interest’s best
       interests require that the parental rights of [their mother] and [their
       father] be terminated.

We agree with the juvenile court, and, like that court, we conclude termination of

the father’s parental rights to K.S. and B.S. was in their best interests.

       2. The Mother.

       The mother contends termination of her parental rights was not in the

children’s best interests due to the close bond between her and the children.

She states “the children were excited to see her during interactions, and they

became upset when the visits ended.”          However, our review of the record

indicates that statement was true when she regularly participated in visitation up

to January 2013. The service provider testified that since January 2013, the

mother’s visits were very inconsistent and, at the time of the hearing, the mother

had not seen her children for two months. The provider testified the mother’s

bond with the children was not strong at that time. The provider also testified that

the mother stopped consistently preparing for the visits, such as bringing a diaper

bag with her to the visit, after January 2013. Upon our de novo review of the

record, we agree with the juvenile court that termination of the mother’s parental

rights was in the children’s best interests as set forth under section 232.116(2).

       C. Potential Grounds Not to Terminate.

              Section 232.116(3) provides that the court need not
       terminate the relationship between the parent and child under
       certain circumstances. A finding under subsection 3 allows the
       court not to terminate. The factors weighing against termination in
                                          11


      section 232.116(3) are permissive, not mandatory, and the court
      may use its discretion, based on the unique circumstances of each
      case and the best interests of the child, whether to apply the factors
      in this section to save the parent-child relationship.

In re A.M., ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2014 WL 685401, *12 (Iowa 2014) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted).

      Here, each parent contends termination was not necessary because the

children are in the custody of relatives, and because of the closeness of their

relationship with the children. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(a), (c). However, we

conclude upon our de novo review that neither the children’s placement with

relatives nor their bond with either parent weighs heavily enough to reverse the

termination. Under the facts of this case, we cannot maintain the parent-child

relationship where there exists only a remote possibility the mother and/or the

father will become a responsible and consistent parent sometime in the unknown

future. See In re Z.H., 740 N.W.2d 648, 652 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007) (describing

strong bond between parent and child as militating factor, but not overriding

consideration). These children deserve permanency now and should not have to

wait any longer for the parents to put their needs first. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at

707-08.   Termination will provide the children with the safety, security, and

permanency they deserve. See P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 41. The children are doing

well in their relative placements. We believe the children’s best interests are

served by severing their legal tie with the parents, and we therefore decline to

invoke section 232.116(3).
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      III. Conclusion.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the juvenile court’s termination of

each parent’s parental rights.

      AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
