[Cite as State v. Raines, 2011-Ohio-3735.]




        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO                                            :

        Plaintiff-Appellee                               :            C.A. CASE NO.     24227

v.                                                       :            T.C. NO.    10CR662

HOUBERT J. RAINES                                        :            (Criminal appeal from
                                                                       Common Pleas Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                   :

                                                         :

                                             ..........

                                             OPINION

                         Rendered on the          29th       day of        July      , 2011.

                                             ..........

KIRSTEN A. BRANDT, Atty. Reg. No. 0070162, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W.
Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

DANIEL R. ALLNUTT, Atty. Reg. No. 0085452, P. O. Box 234, Alpha, Ohio 45301
     Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             ..........

DONOVAN, J.

        {¶ 1} This matter is before the Court on the Notice of Appeal of Houbert J. Raines,

filed August 27, 2010. On March 30, 2010, Raines was indicted on one count of aggravated

robbery (deadly weapon), in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), with a firearm specification,

and one count of aggravated burglary (deadly weapon), in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(2),
                                                                                             2

with a firearm specification. Both offenses are felonies of the first degree. Raines pled not

guilty, and on April 20, 2010, he filed a motion to suppress. The trial court overruled the

motion, after a hearing, and the Order provides that the court’s rationale “was stated on

record.” On August 6, 2010, Raines pled no contest, and the trial court sentenced him to

four years on each offense, to be served concurrently, and to three years on the merged

firearm specifications, for an aggregate term of seven years.

       {¶ 2} At the hearing on the motion to suppress, City of Dayton police officer Mitch

Olmstead, who has been so employed for 18 years, testified that he was assigned to

investigate the incident herein, which occurred at 903 Milburn Avenue. On March 4,

2010, Olmstead interviewed Raines at approximately 12:30 p.m. at the First District.

Olmstead identified the pre-interview form that he used in the interview, and he testified that

at the start of the process, he put the date, time and location of the interview in the upper

right hand corner of the form. Olmstead stated that he read the entire form to Raines, and

then he “drew lines next to each right,” and as he read each right, he “had him answer out

loud that he verbally understood them with a yes.” According to his testimony, Olmstead

then had Raines place his initials by each of the five rights to indicate his understanding

thereof. Olmstead stated that he had Raines read the waiver of rights out loud and Raines

indicated he understood the waiver. Olmstead then asked Raines how many years of school

he had completed, and Raines wrote 11 years on the form. According to Olmstead, Raines

signed the form and printed his name under his signature. Olmstead testified that he wrote

Raines’ identifying information in the upper left hand corner of the form and Raines placed

his initials next to the identifiers, which included his name, address, social security number
                                                                                           3

and birthday.   Officer Bill Herman was also in the room, and Olmstead testified that

Herman signed the form, and then Olmstead signed the form.

       {¶ 3} After the form was signed, Raines agreed to make statements to Olmstead.

During the course of the interview, Olmstead asserted that Raines did not ask to terminate

the process, nor did he ask for an attorney. Olmstead indicated that Raines did not appear to

be under the influence of any alcohol or drugs, and he “understood every word I said to

him.” Olmstead stated that he did not threaten Raines or employ force at any point, and no

promises were made in exchange for his statements. Olmstead stated that he did not

withhold medical treatment from Raines.        In addition to his oral statements, Raines

provided a written statement to Olmstead. At the conclusion of the interview, Officer

Herman took Raines to Grandview Hospital while Olmstead followed in a separate cruiser.

According to Olmstead, Raines remained at the hospital for two to three hours before being

released, and then he was booked into the Montgomery County Jail.

       {¶ 4} Olmstead further testified that on March 8, 2010, he showed a photo spread to

Ernie Gilbert, the victim herein, at the Safety Building.       Detective Richie Davidson

prepared the photo spread at Olmstead’s request. Olmstead testified that he read the

instructions for the photo spread to himself, and then he read them “verbatim” to Gilbert.

Olmstead testified that when the photo spread was placed in front of him, Gilbert identified

Raines as “the person who had robbed him, broken into his home.” Gilbert circled, signed

and dated Raines’ photo, and then he signed the bottom of the paper, according to Olmstead.

 Olmstead identified the photo spread that he showed to Gilbert at the hearing. Olmstead

stated that no one else was present when Gilbert identified Raines. Olmstead testified that
                                                                                             4

he did not in any way suggest to Gilbert which individual to choose in the photo spread.

       {¶ 5} On cross-examination, Olmstead stated that he was advised of the incident

herein by another officer, and he also received a call on his cell phone regarding the incident

from an evidence crew.       Olmstead stated that he came into contact with Raines at

approximately 12:10 p.m. at the home of his parents, and he immediately noticed a large

knot on Raines’ forehead, as well as fresh blood on his face. Olmstead testified that Raines

also “had some abrasions around his hand and some * * * small cuts on the back of his

head.” The lacerations “didn’t appear to be very big, at all,” and Olmstead stated that he did

not believe that Raines was aware of them. Raines “never made reference to them,” and

Olmstead “never saw him paying any attention to them. I never saw him touching them. I

never heard him complain about them.” Olmstead stated that there was not very much

blood on the back of Raines’ head. Regarding the knot on his forehead, Olmstead stated

that “it was swollen and there was a cut. And there was blood on his forehead that had run

down onto his nose and blood had dried.” Olmstead identified photos that were taken of

Raines’ injuries.

       {¶ 6} According to Olmstead, the interview lasted “maybe an hour,” and at its

conclusion, Raines was taken to the hospital, at “1:30, two o’clock.” Olmstead stated that

Raines did not appear dazed in any way. In the course of the interview, according to

Olmstead, Raines, “looked away and started laughing. And when I was repeating what he

said to him, I told him - - I called him Hobie, * * * Hobie, you can tell you’re lying; you

know it yourself; you started to laugh and you’re looking away; the rest of the time you were

real serious and when you got to the part where you were lying to me, you started laughing.”
                                                                                           5

After being confronted about lying, Raines “stood up and said all right you got me. And he

said I’ll tell you the complete truth. And he sat back down and we’d finished the first page

and I slid the second page in front of him.” Olmstead also wrote questions on paper, to

which Raines wrote answers. Olmstead stated that he did not tell Raines how to answer the

questions, and he did not tell him that he would take him to the doctor if he answered the

questions in a certain way. Olmstead stated that, in addition to some sutures, he believed

that Raines was given a CAT scan at the hospital. According to Olmstead, Raines was

conscious throughout his treatment at the hospital.

       {¶ 7} Regarding the photo spread, Olmstead stated that it contained six photos of

different sizes, and that Raines was depicted in photograph no. 4. According to Olmstead,

photograph nos. 4, 1 and 2 were of equal size and larger than photograph nos. 3, 5 and 6.

Olmstead testified that he went over the instructions “very clearly,” and when the photo

spread was presented to Gilbert, he “didn’t look at it very long * * * less than 30 seconds,”

before identifying Raines.

       {¶ 8} On redirect examination, Olmstead testified that the incident at issue occurred

at 3:44 a.m., and that several hours had passed between the time of the incident and when

Olmstead made contact with Raines. According to Olmstead, Raines did not indicate that

he had sought any type of medical care in the intervening hours.

       {¶ 9} The trial judge asked Olmstead if he previously knew Raines, and Olmstead

responded, “I had arrested him about a year ago, * * * for B and E.       But I didn’t really

remember him.”

       {¶ 10} Raines’ mother, Sally Raines, testified on behalf of her son. On the date of
                                                                                              6

the incident, Raines resided with Sally and his father at 731 North Keowee Street.

According to Sally, she and her husband had doctor’s appointments on March 4, 2010, and

they woke up around 7:30 a.m. Upon entering their kitchen, Sally “saw my son in the

kitchen drenched in blood. * * * I didn’t know what had happened to him, where he’d been *

* * . But I asked him, I said what in the world happened to you; who did this to you. And I

asked him several times, repeatedly. He couldn’t tell me anything. * * * it was like he was

just looking at - - blank stare. * * * I tried to get him to sit down so I could clean the blood

up and he just kind of was incoherent * * * .” Sally and her husband decided to take Raines

straight to the hospital at approximately 8:00 a.m. because he was nonresponsive and

“couldn’t form complete sentences.” Sally testified that the area between Raines’ eyes

“looked like hamburger meat.” She could not tell “how deep the cut was or how bad the cut

was.” Sally stated that most of Raines’ jacket was covered in blood, as was the front of his

shirt. There was also some blood on the floor that Sally later cleaned up. Sally stated that

she was with Raines for “maybe half-hour or 45 minutes” before Olmstead arrived, and that

Raines’ demeanor did not improve during that time. When the officers arrived, Raines’

father was guiding Raines out the back door to get into their truck, according to Sally.

       {¶ 11} On cross-examination, Sally stated that Raines tried to speak to her “but just

the words weren’t making any sense.” She stated that Olmstead and the other officers

arrived at her home “around nine” in the morning. Raines “looked like he had a pretty good

concussion,” according to Sally.

       {¶ 12} Raines also testified. He stated that he was 23 years old at the time of the

hearing, and that he had never been convicted of a felony offense. When asked about his
                                                                                             7

injuries, Raines stated, “I don’t really recall how they come to be about.” He stated that he

“had lacerations * * * between my eyes here (indicating). I had a approximately a one-inch

gash on the left side of my head. It received seven staples. And another gash in the back

of my head that received two staples.”    According to Raines, he told Olmstead and another

officer that he was injured before he was placed in handcuffs at his mother’s home, and he

told them repeatedly that he was injured on the way to the station. Raines stated that he was

interviewed in the “early daytime,” and he testified that he was interviewed for “about an

hour,” during which time he asked for medical treatment. Raines stated that he did not

recall what happened during the interview, and he did not recall the nature of his

conversation with Olmstead. According to Raines, he was only concerned about getting

medical treatment and representation. Raines testified that Olmstead promised to take him

to the hospital if Raines answered his questions the “way he wrote them out.” Initially,

according to Raines, he answered the questions “to the best of my knowledge and he told me

that I was lying.” Then Raines “wrote “whatever I had to write to just get to the hospital.

He told me you did this, this and this. I wrote down on the paper that.” Raines testified

that he was deprived of medical treatment, and that the only reason that he made statements

to Olmstead was to get treatment.

       {¶ 13} On cross-examination, when asked about the incident, Raines stated that he

remembers “waking up and crawling home.” Before the incident, Raines stated that he was

“with a female,” named Ashley Honshul, at his home on Keowee. According to Raines,

Honshul “had stolen a family heirloom, a pistol, my grandfather had left me.”       Raines did

not see her take the gun, but his grandmother, who also lives at that address, “seen her go out
                                                                                            8

my front door with a black case.” Raines stated that he “went to retrieve it” at Honshul’s

residence at 903 Milburn Avenue. Raines testified that the last thing he remembers before

waking up was the “first blow to my face with my revolver.” Raines stated that he woke up

“by the Pepsi Cola factory,” and he was “in a snow embankment.” Raines testified that he

then crawled a block to his home. When he saw his mother and father in the kitchen, he

“couldn’t” tell them what happened. Raines stated that he felt disoriented and that he was

“pretty much out of it.” According to Raines, he has “no recollection of the time” when the

officers responded.

       {¶ 14} Regarding the pre-interview form, Raines testified that it “didn’t really make

sense to me but I nodded and initialed.” Raines stated that Olmstead “wouldn’t take me to

the hospital until I completed” the form. When he was shown his written statements,

Raines stated, “I was helped to write that statement, not physically but he helped me with the

words.” Regarding the conflicting statements that he gave, Raines stated that Olmstead told

him what to write in both statements. Raines stated that he was told at the hospital that he

had sustained a concussion, and he “couldn’t remember the events.” At the jail, Raines

stated that he received Motrin for pain, and that his request to be placed in a “medical cell”

was denied.

       {¶ 15} The following exchange occurred between the trial judge and Raines:

       {¶ 16} “THE COURT: “* * * your mother says that it was nine o’clock that the

police took you from your house. And it was noon on the forms when you started this

interview or somewhere around there. What happened from nine o’clock to noon?

       {¶ 17} “THE WITNESS: Me and - - well I was sitting in the chair at First District
                                                                                             9

and were going over and over and over.

       {¶ 18} “THE COURT: For three hours?

       {¶ 19} “THE WITNESS: I couldn’t say for three hours, sir.”

       {¶ 20} Dr. Craig A. Dues, who treated Raines at the hospital, testified.          Dues

identified Raines’ medical records, which indicated that Raines had experienced a loss of

consciousness after being injured. According to Dues, he “documented that there is a

stellate, two centimeter laceration at the intraorbital region in the forehead as well as a two

centimeter laceration to the * * * supraorbital left frontal region and a one centimeter

laceration on the posterior scalp.

       {¶ 21} “I go on to document that his pupils are equally round and reactive to light

and accommodation.” Dues testified that Raines’ treatment “primarily involved repair of

the wounds.”      For the wound between Raines’ eyes, it “was anesthetized with some

Lidocaine, one percent with Epinephrine. It was thoroughly cleansed and there was some

5.0 sutures placed, which are stitches.” Dues stated that “it was a complex facial closure. *

* * it was not a nice straight wound.” Raines’ two centimeter scalp wound “required six

staples. Another scalp wound that was one centimeter in length required two staples.”

Dues documented that Raines was “alert and oriented.” Dues diagnosed Raines with a

“closed head injury,” which is “a blunt force type trauma” in which there’s no penetration

into the skull.   Dues stated that he ordered a CAT scan of the head, facial bones, and the

C-spine for Raines. Dues testified that he “documented that there was no hemorrhage

meaning no intracranial bleed. However, there is documented a scalp hematoma which

means there was some type of blunt force trauma resulting in a scalp hematoma which is
                                                                                              10

collection of blood and some swelling under the skin.” Dues stated that he “did not

diagnose [Raines] with a concussion.        However, based on my documentation, I have

documented per his history that there was a loss of consciousness for two to three minutes

which essentially tells me there was a traumatic brain injury.” Dues further noted, however,

that Raines had the highest, or best, score obtainable on his neurologic exam.             Dues

explained, Raines “did not have any altered sensorium, meaning he was alert, appropriate,

oriented; his verbal response was appropriate; his motor response was appropriate; his eye

opening was all appropriate * * * .” Dues testified, “the fact that he’s in the emergency

department and completely appropriate, you know assuming this happened at four o’clock,

which is what he told me, and I’m seeing him at roughly 2 p.m., ten hours later, * * * he had

a fairly minimal traumatic brain injury.”

       {¶ 22} On cross-examination, Dues stated that he was unable to verify that Raines

lost consciousness, and that the history Raines provided was the sole basis for his diagnosis

of a traumatic brain injury. Dues stated that Raines told him that he was hit in the face and

head with a pistol at approximately 4:00 a.m., and Dues testified that Raines “obviously,

remembered the event and he independently recalled that. He told me about it.” Dues

stated that Raines was discharged after spending two hours at the hospital.

       {¶ 23} In overruling the motion to suppress, the trial court found that Raines was

taken to the First District police station, where “at about 12:30,” shortly after his arrival, he

was advised of his Miranda rights with the use of a pre-interview form. The court found

that Raines initialed each right and indicated that he had 11 years of schooling. The court

found that Raines read the waiver of rights out loud and signed the form, and there were “no
                                                                                           11

threats or promises, no withholding of medical treatment. The record should reflect also

that at the time the defendant was located, which was shortly before he was taken to the

police department, although approximately eight hours after the event, that the defendant

still had blood on his head. He had injuries on his skull. He had dried blood on his face

and his clothing, The defendant had a large knot on his forehead, dried blood on his face and

fresh blood on his face and on his hands. The officer indicated that the defendant did not

appear to be dazed.” The court noted that Raines made verbal and written statements to

Olmstead.

       {¶ 24} According to the trial court, at “one point the defendant was challenged by

the officer. The officer indicated that he did not believe that the defendant was telling him

the truth, and the defendant then continued to give statements which were different from the

initial statement that he made.”

       {¶ 25} The court summarized the testimony of Raines’ mother and found that her

“story makes no sense whatsoever to the Court with regard to the timing. Either she is lying

or sorely mistaken as to the timing of the events because she’s either a couple hours off or

intentionally she is trying to mislead by her testimony.”

       {¶ 26} The court also summarized Raines’ testimony, and found “that his testimony

is also inconsistent with the time line of the event and the time that he eventually was found

by the police about eight hours later. And is inconsistent further with the testimony of Dr.

Dues, who testified that on March the 4th, 2010, he was working at Grandview Hospital.

       {¶ 27} “The chart was introduced as an exhibit, and the documentation in that chart

is effectively undisputed. There’s no doubt that the defendant needed sutures for a complex
                                                                                              12

facial closure, staples for a two-centimeter head wound and staples for a one-centimeter head

wound.

         {¶ 28} “The doctor did not diagnose him with a concussion * * * . The defendant

was alert and oriented * * * . The doctor described it as a fairly minimal, if any traumatic

brain injury. Mild to moderate injury was also the description he used.”

         {¶ 29} The trial court found it significant that Raines “was able to provide medical

history and was able to provide information by independent recollection * * * and was

perfectly alert and oriented” while at the hospital.

         {¶ 30} Regarding Gilbert’s identification of Raines in the photo spread, the court

noted that Gilbert was read the instructions verbatim and there “were no suggestions made as

to who the victim should identify.” The court noted that the identification occurred on

March 8, 2010. Having found that the presentation of the photo spread was not suggestive,

the court noted that it “does not need to determine whether or not it’s a reliable identification

in any event,” and the court determined that Gilbert’s identification of Raines is admissible.

         {¶ 31} Regarding Raines’ statements, the court found that “there is no doubt that at

the police station the defendant was in a custodial interrogation.” The court found that

Raines was adequately advised of his Miranda rights. According to the court, the “signing of

a rights form is strong evidence, North Carolina v. Butler, of a knowing and intelligent

waiver of the defendant’s Miranda rights.”

         {¶ 32} The court found that Raines “was properly advised of his rights, knowingly

and intelligently waived those rights; and although he had received an injury eight hours

earlier, the Court [did] not find that there was anything unconstitutional about waiting until
                                                                                            13

after he was interviewed before he was taken” to the hospital.

       {¶ 33} The court found that there was not a “nexus or a connection between the

statements that the defendant made and his medical treatment. Medical treatment was not

withheld until the defendant would make any statements.            His condition, even at the

hospital, was adequate to be interviewed.”

       {¶ 34} Finally the court found that Raines “did not seek medical treatment for eight

hours before the police found him. It was not the Police department that did not have him

seek medical treatment for that extended period of time before the interview.”

       {¶ 35} Raines asserts three assignments of error.         We will consider his first and

second assignments of error together. They are as follows:

       {¶ 36} “THE APPELLANT’S CONFESSION GIVEN TO LAW ENFORCEMENT

DURING HIS INTERROGATION BY OFFICER OLMSTEAD WAS NOT KNOWINGLY,

VOLUNTARILY OR INTELLIGENTLY MADE, BECAUSE MEDICAL TREATMENT

WAS WITHHELD IN A SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO COERCE THE APPELLANT’S

CONFESSION.” And,

       {¶ 37} “THE APPELLANT’S WAIVER OF HIS MIRANDA WARNINGS PRIOR

TO HIS INTERROGATION BY OFFICER OLMSTEAD WERE NOT KNOWINGLY,

VOLUNTARILY OR INTELLIGENTLY MADE, BECAUSE MEDICAL TREATMENT

WAS WITHHELD TO COERCE HIM TO MAKING THE WAIVERS.”

       {¶ 38} According to Raines, he was “severely injured,” and his injuries “gave law

enforcement leverage to elicit a confession.”

       {¶ 39} “Appellate courts give great deference to the factual findings of the trier of
                                                                                               14

facts. (Internal citations omitted). At a suppression hearing, the trial court serves as the trier

of fact, and must judge the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence. (Internal

citations omitted). The trial court is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and

evaluate witness credibility.    (Internal citations omitted).     In reviewing a trial court’s

decision on a motion to suppress, an appellate court accepts the trial court’s factual findings,

relies on the trial court’s ability to assess the credibility of witnesses, and independently

determines whether the trial court applied the proper legal standard to the facts as found.

(Internal citations omitted). An appellate court is bound to accept the trial court’s factual

findings as long as they are supported by competent, credible evidence. (Internal citations

omitted).” State v. Purser, Greene App. No. 2006 CA 14, 2007-Ohio-190, ¶ 11.

        {¶ 40} “ ‘The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution guarantee that no person in any criminal case

shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. The concern that animated the

framers to adopt the Fifth Amendment was that coerced confessions are inherently

untrustworthy. (Citation omitted). “A free and voluntary confession is deserving of

the highest credit, because it is presumed to flow from the strongest sense of guilt *

* * but a confession forced from the mind by the flattery of hope, or by the torture of

fear, comes in so questionable a shape * * * that no credit ought to be given it.” ’ ”

(Citation omitted). State v. Jenkins, Montgomery App. No. 24220, 2011-Ohio-754,

¶ 45.

        {¶ 41} “ ‘* * * The burden is on the prosecution to prove by a preponderance

of the evidence that a defendant waived his Miranda rights voluntarily, knowingly,

and intelligently. (Citation omitted).
                                                                                      15

       {¶ 42} “ ‘* * * The test is whether the [waiver] [is] voluntary under the totality

of the circumstances, “including the age, mentality, and prior criminal experience of

the accused; the length, intensity and frequency of interrogation; the existence of

physical deprivation or mistreatment; and the existence of threat or inducement.”

(Citations omitted).

       {¶ 43} “ ‘The totality of the circumstances analysis is triggered by evidence of

police coercion.       (Citation omitted). “[C]oercive police activity is a necessary

predicate to the finding” that a suspect involuntarily waived his Miranda rights and

involuntarily confessed.      (Citation omitted).   A suspect’s decision to waive his

Miranda rights * * * [is] made voluntarily absent evidence that “his will was

overborne and his capacity for self-determination was critically impaired because of

coercive police conduct.” (Citations omitted).

       {¶ 44} “ ‘The suspect’s impaired mental condition at the time of the waiver

and the confession has some bearing on the issue of the voluntariness but only as

to whether police officers deliberately exploit the suspect’s mental condition to

coerce the waiver and confession.” (Citation omitted).              State v. Swopes,

Montgomery App. No. 24044, 2011-Ohio-2072, ¶ 32-35.

       {¶ 45} “ ‘The line to be drawn between permissible police conduct and

conduct deemed to induce or tend to induce an involuntary statement does not

depend upon the bare language of inducement but rather upon the nature of the

benefit to be derived by a defendant if he speaks the truth, as represented by

police. * * * .’ ” Jenkins, ¶ 49.

       {¶ 46} Having thoroughly reviewed the record, we conclude that the State
                                                                                    16

met its burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Raines voluntarily,

knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights.      The record is clear that

Olmstead thoroughly went over Raines’ Miranda rights and ascertained his

understanding thereof individually. Raines initialed each right. Raines read the

waiver of rights form out loud and indicated that he understood it. Raines signed

the form, and Olmstead testified that Raines “understood every word I said to him.”

       {¶ 47} The record reflects that Rains was 23 years old at the time of the

hearing, and that he completed 11 years of schooling. Raines testified that he had

never been convicted of a felony.       The length of his interview with Olmstead,

“maybe an hour,” was reasonable. The fact that Raines laughed in the course of

the interview suggests that the interview was not of unreasonable intensity, and it

further suggests that Raines was not as “severely injured” as he asserts herein.

The trial court found Olmstead’s testimony credible that he did not threaten Jenkins,

make promises or withhold medical treatment in exchange for his statement, and

we defer to the trial court’s assessment of credibility. While Raines testified that he

“couldn’t remember the events,” Olmstead testified that Raines did not appear to be

dazed in the interview, and Dues’ testimony regarding Raines’ condition at the

hospital, where Raines was taken immediately after the interview, supports

Olmstead’s testimony. Dues testified that Raines did not have a concussion, that

he remembered being injured, that he had the highest possible score on his

neurological examination, that he “did not have any altered sensorium, meaning he

was alert, appropriate, oriented,” with appropriate verbal and motor responses.

Raines told Dues that he was injured at approximately 4:00 a.m., which is
                                                                                    17

consistent with Olmstead’s testimony regarding when the incident occurred.

Further, the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that Raines himself failed to

seek medical treatment in the intervening eight hours between the incident and

arrest, lending credence to a finding that the injuries were not of such severity that

necessitated law enforcement immediately transporting him to a hospital before

conducting an interrogation.

       {¶ 48} There is no evidence of police coercion before us.        Since Raines

voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights, and since his

confession was free and voluntary, Raines’ first two assignments of error are

overruled.

       {¶ 49} Raines’ third assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 50} “THE TRIAL COURT’S DECISION THAT THE APPELLANT’S

IDENTIFICATION IN THE PHOTO ARRAY WAS ADMISSIBLE WAS AN ABUSE

OF DISCRETION, BECAUSE THE FORM OF THE ARRAY WAS SUGGESTIVE.”

       {¶ 51} According to Raines, the form of the photo spread “drew special

attention” to his image because his photo was “significantly larger than half of the

photographs.”

       {¶ 52} “In many cases, and in almost all cases in which the criminal offender

is not known to his victim or other eyewitnesses and is not arrested at the time of

the crime, those who witness the crime are asked to identify the perpetrator for

purposes of police investigation through some form of confrontation.              This

confrontation may be in the form of a ‘lineup,’ a one-on-one ‘show up,’ or from a

photograph or series of photographs displayed to the witness. When any of these
                                                                                       18

systems of confrontations suggest, due to the manner or mode of their

presentation, that one individual is more likely than others to be the perpetrator of

the crime, that fact increases the likelihood of misidentification and violates the right

to due process of law of a defendant so identified. (Citation omitted). Identification

testimony that has been tainted by an unduly or unnecessarily suggestive

out-of-court confrontation may be suppressed on that basis.” State v. White (Feb.

2, 1994), Montgomery App. No. 3057.

          {¶ 53} “ ‘In order to justify suppressing a pretrial identification, a defendant

must demonstrate (1) that the identification procedure used was so impermissibly

suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of misidentification, and (2)

that the identification in fact was unreliable under the totality of the circumstances.

(Citations omitted). In other words, even if an identification procedure was overly

suggestive, the identification remains admissible if sufficient evidence of reliability

exists.      A determination of reliability is unnecessary, however, where an

identification procedure was not unduly suggestive.’ ” (Citations omitted.) State v.

Taylor, Montgomery App. No. 22232, 2008-Ohio-6048, ¶ 12.

          {¶ 54} Olmstead testified that he read the photo spread instructions to

himself and then aloud “verbatim” to Gilbert. Gilbert readily identified Raines within

30 seconds, without difficulty. Gilbert circled Raines’ photo, signed and dated it.

Olmstead did nothing to suggest that Gilbert should identify Raines. The fact that

three of the photographs in the array were larger than the other three does not

render the photo array “so impermissibly suggestive” that there is a “very

substantial likelihood of misidentification.” See State v. Foster (Sept. 25, 1998),
                                                                                  19

Trumbull App. No. 97-T-0094, quoting State v. Hill (1987), 37 Ohio App.3d 10 (“ ‘ * *

* There is nothing in the record to indicate that the police officers in any way

suggested to the witnesses looking at the photo array who should be chosen from

the array. The mere fact that appellant’s photograph was slightly larger and did not

contain the same border as the other pictures is not sufficient to find that the

identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive’ ”). There being no due

process violation, Raines’ third assigned error is overruled.

       {¶ 55} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                     ..........

GRADY, P.J. and FAIN, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Kirsten A. Brandt
Daniel R. Allnutt
Hon. Mary L. Wiseman
