                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 16-1806
                              Filed December 6, 2017


IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF BRIAN JAMES SEDARS
AND KATHRYN LYNNE SEDARS

Upon the Petition of
BRIAN JAMES SEDARS,
      Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning
KATHRYN LYNNE SEDARS,
     Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dallas County, Richard B. Clogg,

Judge.




      A husband appeals the physical care and visitation provisions of the

parties’ dissolution decree. AFFIRMED.



      Ryan D. Babich of Babich Goldman, P.C., Des Moines, for appellant.

      Katie M. Naset of Hope Law Firm, P.L.C., West Des Moines, for appellee.




      Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
                                              2


MULLINS, Judge

       Brian Sedars appeals the physical care and visitation provisions of the

decree dissolving his marriage to Kathryn (Katie) Sedars. He primarily argues

the district court erred in failing to award him physical care of the parties’ minor

children.    He requests a reversal of that portion of the decree and a

corresponding amendment to the parties’ child-support obligations.                    In the

alternative, he argues he should be awarded significantly more visitation with the

children. Both parties request an award of appellate attorney fees.

I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       Upon our de novo review and based on the evidence we find credible, 1 we

make the following findings of fact. Brian and Katie married in 2006 and are the

parents of two minor children, a daughter and a son, born in 2009 and 2014,

respectively. At the time of trial, Brian was thirty-five years old and Katie thirty-

two; both are in good health.          Brian is a program-integrity manager for an

insurance company. In this position, Brian earns approximately $85,000 per year

and has the ability to work from home ninety percent of the time. Katie is a

special-education teacher at a middle school earning approximately $40,000 per


1
  In this case, we are without the benefit of the district court’s credibility determinations.
Based on our de novo review of the record we find the testimony of Katie, Brian’s
mother, and Brian’s aunt credible. We find Katie’s testimony credible because, in her
testimony, she was willing to concede to the existence of facts that were detrimental to
her position in the case. We find the testimony of Brian’s family members credible
because both family members were involved in the children’s lives, had close
relationships with Brian prior to the parties’ separation, and their testimony was largely
detrimental to his case.
         We find not credible much of the testimony of Brian and his significant other,
Amanda Smith. In their testimony, when faced with facts adverse to Brian’s case, they
either denied such facts outright or attempted to bend them in Brian’s favor, even when
such facts were supported by other evidence and the testimony of the witnesses we find
credible.
                                           3


year. Katie’s position allows her to have time off from work for seasonal and

holiday breaks. Both parties conceded at trial that the other is generally a good

parent to the minor children. The evidence presented at trial generally focused

on the historical caregiving attributes of each party and the conduct of each

toward one another during the proceedings. Generally lacking in the evidence is

that which would show how either of the parties’ behavior during the proceedings

had a negative effect on the children.

       Brian filed a petition for dissolution of marriage in September 2015

requesting temporary and permanent joint legal custody and joint physical care.

Prior to trial, the court approved the parties’ stipulation to, among other things,

temporary, joint legal custody of the children;2 a temporary parenting schedule

allowing Brian six nights of parenting time and Katie eight nights of parenting

time per two-week period and alternating parenting time to each on holidays,

school breaks, and other occasions; and Brian’s monthly payment of temporary

child support in the amount of $782.52. Although the parties initially agreed in

their pleadings that joint physical care would be appropriate upon dissolution,

both subsequently amended their pleadings to request an award of physical care.

       The evidence we find credible supports a finding that Katie was the

primary caregiver of the parties’ children both before and after the parties

separated and that she is more able to minister the children’s needs. Although

Brian assisted with caring for the children when available and when the


2
  The agreement required, among other things, equal participation in “decisions affecting
the children’s legal status, medical care, education, extracurricular activities, and
religious training” and that each party “foster feelings of affection and respect between
the children and the other party.”
                                           4


assistance was needed, we find Katie shouldered the bulk of tasks associated

with caring for and raising the children. When the parties’ first child was born,

parental duties were generally divided based upon the parties’ work schedules,

availability, and other family tasks, with the exception of breastfeeding, which fell

to Katie. The division was largely the same when the parties’ second child was

born, but at this point Brian provided more of his time to the older child than the

younger because Katie was breastfeeding, and as the younger child’s source of

sustenance, was naturally required to provide more attention to the younger

child. Katie was more able to attend to the children’s specific needs when they

were infants, as Brian has “never been a huge fan of babies.” Katie has primarily

cared for the children during periods of her maternity leave, seasonal and holiday

breaks from school, and Brian’s battle with thyroid cancer.

       Shortly before filing his petition, Brian decided he wanted to pursue a

relationship with another woman, Amanda Smith, with whom he had started a

relationship in August 2015—Brian advised Katie of his desire to dissolve their

marriage so he could pursue this relationship further.3 Around the time Brian

filed his petition, he and Amanda stayed the night in a camper located at the

parties’ marital home when Katie and the children were staying elsewhere. In the

middle of the night, Katie went to the camper and confronted them. Brian and




3
  We note from the outset that Iowa is a no-fault-divorce state. See In re Marriage of
Fennelly, 737 N.W.2d 97, 103 (Iowa 2007). “[W]e only consider a party’s indiscretions if
[a] child was harmed by the behavior.” In re Marriage of Rothfus, No. 13-1745, 2014 WL
2885340, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. June 25, 2014).
                                         5


Amanda accused Katie of assault, which she denies. Brian and Amanda called

the police, but no criminal charges were ever filed against Katie.4

       Brian moved into his own apartment shortly after this occurrence and

subsequently moved in with Amanda in late January 2016. Amanda has two

daughters, one is three-years old and the other is five-years old. According to

Brian, his children and Amanda get along “excellent[ly]” and “her bond with [his]

children is very impressive.” Correspondence between Brian and his daughter’s

guidance counselor indicates that the daughter has transitioned well into Brian

and Amanda’s home and that she likes Amanda, despite Katie’s distaste for her.

Since moving in with Amanda, Brian has sent Katie weekly updates concerning

the children. At some point during the proceedings, Katie started sending Brian

weekly updates as well.     If Brian receives physical care of the children, he

intends to remove his daughter from the Adel school district, where she has

attended kindergarten and first grade and receives counseling regarding her

parents’ separation, and enroll her in the Waukee school district, where

Amanda’s children now attend. He believes Waukee is a superior school district

and “[i]t would be more convenient for [him]” if the children went there. Katie’s

desire is to allow her daughter to continue her education in Adel.

       The parties have struggled in their efforts to co-parent their children since

their separation. Brian has pushed the parties’ status as joint-legal custodians to

its limits and demanded that he be involved in every single decision relating to

the children, even those relating to matters that he clearly had no interest in

4
  Brian and Amanda alleged Katie assaulted Amanda on another occasion at their home
in February 2016 when Katie was picking up the children. Again, however, no charges
were ever filed.
                                             6


being involved prior to the separation. The record reveals a volitional effort on

the part of Brian to push Katie to the edge throughout the proceedings in an

attempt to get her to unravel and violate the temporary-matters order. Katie,

obviously struggling with the fact that Brian left her for another woman, said

some particularly hateful things to Brian and was slow to accept his rejection of

her and his preference for another woman. She was initially resistant to the

ideas of co-parenting with Brian and the children having two separate homes.

The record reveals, however, that she has made progress in coming to terms

with what the situation and the best interest of her children require of her.

       The record makes clear that Katie has advised the parties’ daughter of the

reasoning for the dissolution proceedings and that it is Brian’s fault.5 Katie has

stated in electronic correspondence with Brian that Brian has “decided to not be

a part of his family” and she “feel[s] it’s important to focus on [the children’s]

actual family and not just [Brian and Amanda].” Katie has also advised Brian that

the children would “be better off without [him]” and she wishes he would die. She

has also stated, “I don’t want my children growing up with you. I will keep them

safe.”6 She has told her children that Brian’s house is not their home. However,

Katie has never denied Brian the visitation he is entitled to under the temporary-

matters order. Brian has also directed a fair share of disparaging comments at



5
  At trial, Katie testified she never made any disparaging comments to her children about
Brian. The statements she made in her exchanges with Brian during the proceedings
reveal at least that she told her daughter that the divorce is Brian’s fault.
6
  These statements are a small sampling of many similar statements Katie made to Brian
during the proceedings. The bulk of these statements, however, were made early in the
proceedings, at a time when Katie was still struggling with the fact that Brian left her for
another woman. As noted, the record reveals Katie has made progress with
understanding her responsibilities as a co-parent.
                                          7


Katie, at least once in the children’s presence, calling her dumb and stupid, a “fat

ass,” and another name that need not be identified in this opinion.

       Both parties are involved with the older child’s extracurricular activities and

schooling and often communicate with her teacher and guidance counselor.

Since the separation, Katie has continued to involve Brian with matters

concerning the children’s medical and dental appointments, at least to the same

extent that he was involved prior to the separation. Katie has unilaterally made

decisions regarding their daughter’s extracurricular activities and their son’s

daycare provider but, again, Katie was primarily responsible for coordinating

these matters prior to the separation. All of the extracurricular activities that the

daughter is involved in pre-date the parties’ separation; Brian is familiar with the

activities, scheduling, and the contact information of the establishments

associated with the activities. Brian has made unilateral decisions regarding the

children’s religious education and has started taking the children to a Lutheran

church without soliciting Katie’s input on the matter; the children were baptized

as Catholic.

       Trial was held in April 2016. The district court entered its decree in August

2016 and, noting its consideration of the factors contained in Iowa Code section

598.41(3) (2015), concluded, “It is in the best interests of the minor children that

they be placed in the joint legal custody of Brian and Katie, with primary physical

care being placed with Katie.” The court awarded Brian “reasonable and liberal

parenting time with the minor children as the parties can agree” or, if the parties

were unable to agree, every other weekend from “Friday at 5:00 PM until Sunday

at 5:00 PM” and every “Wednesday at 5:00 PM until Thursday at the
                                           8


commencement of the school day or 9:00 AM in the event that the children do

not have school.” Brian’s parenting time was also to include two weeks in the

summer and alternating spring breaks, holidays, and other occasions. Brian was

ordered to pay monthly child support in the amount of $1239.41 while both

children were eligible therefore, and $862.05 upon the ineligibility of one of the

children.

       Brian filed a timely motion to amend pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil

Procedure 1.904(2) requesting the court to, among other things, “amend his

visitation schedule to an amount of time, at a minimum, equal to the parenting

time he was granted under the Temporary Stipulation” and recalculate his

child-support obligation accordingly.      Following a hearing, the court denied

Brian’s motion and this appeal followed.

II.    Standard of Review

       Review of dissolution cases is de novo.         Iowa R. App. 6.907; In re

Marriage of Schenkelberg, 824 N.W.2d 481, 483–84 (Iowa 2012). Because the

court bases its decision on the unique facts of each case, precedent is of little

value. In re Marriage of Brown, 776 N.W.2d 644, 647 (Iowa 2009).

III.   Physical Care

       Brian argues the district court erred in granting Katie physical care of the

minor children. He specifically argues (1) he has a superior ability to promote the

relationship between the children and Katie and (2) he can provide a superior

and more stable living arrangement for the children.

       “Physical care” involves “the right and responsibility to maintain a home for

the minor child[ren] and provide for the routine care of the child[ren].” Iowa Code
                                          9


§ 598.1(7). The court considers a number of factors in determining which parent

should have physical care. See id. § 598.41(3); In re Marriage of Winter, 223

N.W.2d 165, 166–67 (Iowa 1974). The fundamental goal in determining physical

care of a child in an action for dissolution of marriage is to place the child in the

care of the parent who will likely accommodate the long-range best interests of

the child. Winter, 223 N.W.2d at 167. “[T]he basic framework for determining the

best interest of the child” is well established. In re Marriage of Hansen, 733

N.W.2d 683, 696 (Iowa 2007); see generally Iowa Code § 598.41. Generally,

stability and continuity of caregiving are important considerations. Hansen, 733

N.W.2d at 696. Finally, “[t]he objective of a physical care determination is to

place the children in the environment most likely to bring them to health, both

physically and mentally, and to social maturity.” Id. at 695.

       Brian first argues his ability to promote the relationship between the

children and Katie is superior to Katie’s ability to support his relationship with the

children. One factor in our analysis is “[w]hether each parent can support the

other parent’s relationship with the child[ren].” Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(e); see

also id. § 598.41(5)(b) (“[T]he parent responsible for providing physical care shall

support the other parent’s relationship with the child.”); In re Marriage of Barry,

588 N.W.2d 711, 713 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998) (“The denial by one parent of a child’s

opportunity to have meaningful contact with the other parent is a significant factor

in determining the custody or physical care arrangement.”).

       Brian complains of Katie’s statements throughout the proceedings that she

does not want the children to have a relationship with him. We recognize early in

the proceedings, Katie struggled with the fact that Brian left her for another
                                         10


woman and Katie directed hostile statements toward Brian. But, this conduct did

not permeate the proceedings—Katie came to terms with her situation and

progressed toward conduct that is expected of a co-parent and effectively dealt

with the emotions that resulted in these early, negative statements. Cf. In re

Marriage of Shanklin, 484 N.W.2d 618, 619–20 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992) (affirming

award of physical care to father where mother was “unable to effectively deal

with her anger towards” the father (emphasis added)). There is no evidence in

the record to support a conclusion that Katie’s statements materially affected

either the children or Brian’s relationship with the children. See Rothfus, 2014

WL 2885340, at *4 (“[W]e only consider a party’s indiscretions if [a] child was

harmed by the behavior.”). It is also clear that Katie did not prevent the visitation

Brian was entitled to under the district court’s temporary-matters order. At the

time of trial, Katie was willing and able to support Brian’s relationship with his

children.

       Brian next complains of Katie’s inability to co-parent with him as

demonstrated by her unilateral decisions relating to medical and dental care,

extracurricular activities, the younger child’s day care, and other matters. As

noted above, although Katie did make some unilateral decisions regarding these

matters, her individual handling thereof after the separation was mere

maintenance of the status quo, as she handled such matters prior to the parties’

separation.   Katie, although reluctantly, generally began to include Brian in

decisions and provide him with information when she learned that he was

interested in being involved in such matters, which he made known by threats,

and actual filing, of contempt actions against Katie. We also note that Katie was
                                         11


not the only party to engage in unilateral decisions, as Brian did the same with

regard to the children’s religious education.

       Brian also argues that “as an historically equal physical care provider of

the parties’ minor children, [he] can provide the superior and more stable living

arrangement for the minor children over the long term.”           We do consider

“[w]hether both parents have actively cared for the child[ren] before and since the

separation.” Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(d); see also In re Marriage of Roberts, 545

N.W.2d 340, 343 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996) (“Although certainly not controlling, due

consideration should be given to the fact [one party] has been the historical

primary care giver during the marriage.”). First and foremost, Brian’s status as

an alleged “equal physical care provider” does not entitle him to physical care.

Nor do we find that the care the parties provided to the children was equal. As

noted, we find that Katie was the primary caregiver of the parties’ children both

before and after the parties separated. Although Katie’s status as the primary

caregiver does not automatically entitle her to physical care in this dissolution

proceeding, “[t]he role of primary caretaker is . . . critical in the development of

children, and careful consideration is given in custody disputes to allowing

children to remain with the parent who has been the primary caregiver.” In re

Marriage of Wilson, 532 N.W.2d 493, 495 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995).

       Brian finally argues his “home is more stable, permanent, and wholesome

than Katie’s,” and he is therefore entitled to physical care of the children. We

recognize that it is in the children’s best interests to be placed in stable and

wholesome environments, see In re Marriage of Carrico, 284 N.W.2d 251, 254

(Iowa 1979), but Brian’s argument on this point is largely materialistic.        He
                                          12


compares his “big, beautiful home” to Katie’s home which is akin to “a very small

apartment.” We are less concerned with the material aspects of the parties’

environments and more concerned with the stability and continuity that will be

provided in those environments. Although Katie’s residence may be temporary

and not as lavish as Brian’s, there is nothing in the record to support Brian’s

argument that the environment Katie will provide for the children is less “stable”

or “wholesome” than the environment he can provide in his “big, beautiful home.”

       We find that allowing the children to remain with Katie, who has been their

primary caregiver, enables the children to have stability and continuity in their

lives and is therefore in their best interests. See Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 696–97;

In re Marriage of Knight, 507 N.W.2d 728, 730 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993). Although,

we think it is a close call as to which parent is better able to support the children’s

relationship with the other parent, upon our review of all the evidence, we defer

to the district court’s decision after its opportunity to hear and observe the parties

at trial. We therefore affirm the district court’s decision to place physical care

with Katie.

IV.    Visitation

       Brian alternatively argues he “should be awarded significantly more

visitation with the children” because “[l]iberal visitation rights are in the children’s

best interest.” He requests that his parenting time be returned to what it was
                                        13


under the temporary-matters order and that his child support be recalculated

accordingly.7

      “Liberal visitation rights are in the best interests of the children” and

children “should be assured the opportunity for the maximum continuing physical

and emotional contact with both parents.” In re Marriage of Ruden, 509 N.W.2d

494, 496 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993); accord Iowa Code § 598.41(1)(a). “Although

liberal visitation is the benchmark, our governing consideration in defining

visitation rights is the best interests of the children, not those of the parent

seeking visitation.” In re Marriage of Brainard, 523 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa Ct.

App. 1994).

      Brian contends he is entitled to more visitation because Katie refuses to

involve him in decision making and does not support his relationship with the

children. We have already addressed these issues and do not find that Brian’s

concerns warrant an increase in his parenting time. Based on the circumstances

of this case, we conclude the district court’s visitation schedule providing Brian

with parenting time every Wednesday and on alternating weekends was not

unreasonable. Cf. In re Marriage of Dorman, No. 07-0511, 2007 WL 3085907, at

*3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 24, 2007) (ordering a similar visitation schedule for a non-

custodial parent); In re Marriage of Lacaeyse, 461 N.W.2d 475, 477 (Iowa Ct.

App. 1990) (same); In re Marriage of Muell, 408 N.W.2d 774, 777 (Iowa Ct App.

1987) (same). Additionally, under the decree, the parties are free to agree to



7
 Under the temporary-matters order, Brian had six nights of parenting time per two-
week period. Under the decree, Brian has four nights of parenting time per two-week
period.
                                          14


additional visitation beyond the minimum amount.       We affirm the visitation

schedule decreed by the district court.

V.    Appellate Attorney Fees

      Both parties request an award of appellate attorney fees. An award of

appellate attorney fees is not a matter of right but rests within this court's

discretion. In re Marriage of Berning, 745 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007).

In determining whether to award attorney fees, we consider the needs of the

party making the request, the ability of the other party to pay, and whether the

party making the request was obligated to defend the district court's decision on

appeal. Id. In consideration of these factors, we decline to award appellate

attorney fees to Brian, and we award appellate attorney fees to Katie in the

amount of $5000. Costs on appeal are assessed to Brian.

VI.   Conclusion

      We affirm the physical care and visitation provisions of the decree

dissolving Brian and Katie’s marriage. We award Katie appellate attorney fees in

the amount of $5000 and assess the costs of this appeal to Brian.

      AFFIRMED.
