                                                                                             03/01/2019
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs February 1, 2019

       DEXTER LEE WILLIAMS v. TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF
                     CORRECTION ET AL.

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hickman County
                    No. 16-CV-5755 Michael Binkley, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                            No. M2018-01375-COA-R3-CV
                        ___________________________________


Appellant, an inmate in the custody of the Tennessee Department of Correction, appeals
the trial court’s dismissal of his petition for common law writ of certiorari. Appellant
raises several issues regarding violations of the Tennessee Department of Correction’s
uniform disciplinary procedures. The inmate was found guilty of refusal/attempt to alter
a drug test. After exhausting his administrative appeals, he filed an application for a writ
of certiorari in the trial court. The trial court granted the writ of certiorari, and on review
of the record, dismissed Appellant’s petition. Finding no error, we affirm.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                            Affirmed and Remanded

KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS R.
FRIERSON, II and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JJ., joined.

Dexter Lee Williams, Pikeville, Tennessee, appellant, pro se.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General and Reporter, Andrée Sophia Blumstein,
Solicitor General, and Jennifer L. Brenner, Senior Assistant Attorney General, for the
appellees, Tennessee Department of Correction, Commissioner, TN. Dept. of Correction,
Debra Johnson, and D. Epley.


                                         OPINION

                                       I. Background

       Appellant Dexter Lee Williams is an inmate in the custody of the Tennessee
Department of Correction (“TDOC”). According to his petition for common law writ of
certiorari, on December 2, 2015, Mr. Williams was called to the institutional drug testing
area for a drug screen “based upon a reasonable suspicion of drug usage.” Mr. Williams
was first searched by a prison employee, Officer Godwin, who then requested that Mr.
Williams provide a urine sample for testing. Mr. Williams complied. Officer Godwin
field tested the urine sample, which yielded a positive result for an “abnormal specific
gravity.” Officer Godwin then sent the sample to a laboratory for confirmation of the
field test. The independent lab, US Diagnostics, confirmed that the field test did, in fact,
show a low specific gravity level of 1.0003, a reading which indicated that the specimen
had been diluted.

        On December 8, 2015, Mr. Williams was cited with a disciplinary infraction for
Refusal/Attempt to Alter a Drug Test. As reflected in the incident description, the
infraction alleged that “confirmation was received that indicates that Inmate Williams did
dilute his urine specimen. Inmate Williams is being charged with Altering Drug Screen.”
On January 12, 2016, a disciplinary hearing was conducted, at which time Mr. Williams
was convicted of Refusal/Attempt to Alter a Drug Test.

        After exhausting his administrative appeals, on April 15, 2016, Mr. Williams filed
a petition for common law writ of certiorari in the Chancery Court for Hickman County
(“trial court”). Mr. Williams filed an amended petition for common law writ of certiorari
on December 27, 2016.            Mr. Williams named TDOC; Derrick Scofield, the
Commissioner of TDOC; Debra Johnson, Warden; and Sargent Daniel Epley, the
Disciplinary Board Chairman (together with TDOC, Mr. Scofield, and Ms. Johnson,
“Appellees”).     In his petition, Mr. Williams alleged that the board’s decision was
arbitrary and illegal because: (1) there was no material evidence to support the board’s
decision; (2) the board refused to allow Mr. Williams to present the testimony of relevant
witnesses; and (3) the board failed to state its reasons for the decision. Appellees did not
oppose the trial court’s granting of the petition for certiorari, and the record from the
disciplinary proceedings was transmitted to the trial court for review by order of May 17,
2017. By order of July 6, 2018, the trial court dismissed Mr. Williams’ petition for
common law writ of certiorari finding that Mr. Williams’ “[l]imited due process rights
were not violated at the disciplinary hearing.” He appeals.

                                         II. Issue

       The sole issue for review is whether the trial court erred in dismissing Appellant’s
petition for common law writ of certiorari.

                                 III. Standard of Review

      The common-law writ of certiorari serves as the proper procedural vehicle through
which prisoners may seek review of decisions by prison disciplinary boards, parole
                                        -2-
eligibility review boards, and other similar administrative tribunals. See Willis v. Tenn.
Dep’t of Corr., 113 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2003); Rhoden v. State Dep’t of Corr., 984
S.W.2d 955, 956 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (citing Bishop v. Conley, 894 S.W.2d 294 (Tenn.
Crim. App.1994)). The issuance of a writ of common-law certiorari is not an
adjudication of anything. Keen v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., No. M2007-00632-COA-R3-
CV, 2008 WL 539059, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2008) (citing Gore v. Tenn. Dep’t
of Corr., 132 S.W.3d 369, 375 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)). Instead, it is “simply an order to
the lower tribunal to file the complete record of its proceedings so the trial court can
determine whether the petitioner is entitled to relief.” Hawkins v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr.,
127 S.W.3d 749, 757 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); Hall v. McLesky, 83 S.W.3d 752, 757
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

       Review under a writ of certiorari is limited to whether the inferior board or
tribunal exceeded its jurisdiction or acted illegally, arbitrarily or fraudulently, and if there
is any material evidence to support the board’s findings. Watts v. Civil Serv. Bd. of
Columbia, 606 S.W.2d 274, 276-77 (Tenn. 1980); Davidson v. Carr, 659 S.W.2d 361,
363 (Tenn. 1983); Harding Acad. v. Metropolitan Gov't of Nashville & Davidson Cnty.,
222 S.W.3d 359, 363; (Tenn. 2007); see also Stewart v. Schofield, 368 S.W.3d 457, 463
(Tenn. 2012). These determinations are issues of law. Watts, 606 S.W.2d at 277.

       The Tennessee Supreme Court has held that the use of the common law writ of
certiorari is appropriate to provide judicial relief from: (1) fundamentally illegal rulings;
(2) proceedings inconsistent with essential legal requirements; (3) proceedings that
effectively deny parties their day in court; (4) decisions that are beyond the decision-
maker’s authority; and (5) decisions that involve plain and palpable abuses of discretion.
State v. Lane, 254 S.W.3d 349, at 355 (Tenn. 2008) (quoting Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712).
A common law writ of certiorari proceeding does not empower the courts to re-determine
the facts found by the entity whose decision is being reviewed. Tennessee Waste
Movers, Inc. v. Loudon Cnty., 160 S.W.3d 517, 520 n. 2 (Tenn. 2005); Cooper v.
Williamson Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 746 S.W.2d 176, 179 (Tenn. 1987). Accordingly, we
have repeatedly cautioned that a common-law writ of certiorari does not authorize a
reviewing court to evaluate the intrinsic correctness of a governmental entity’s decision.
See, e.g., Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712; Stewart, 368 S.W.3d at 465; Arnold v. Tennessee
Bd. of Paroles, 956 S.W.2d 478, 480 (Tenn. 1997). As previously stated by this Court:

       At the risk of oversimplification, one may say that it is not the correctness
       of the decision that is subject to judicial review, but the manner in which
       the decision is reached. If the agency or board has reached its decision in a
       constitutional or lawful manner, then the decision would not be subject to
       judicial review.

Powell v. Parole Eligibility Review Bd., 879 S.W.2d 871, 873 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994).
Accordingly, we consider Mr. Williams’ arguments within these parameters. “A board’s
                                         -3-
determination is arbitrary and void if it is unsupported by any material evidence.” Watts,
606 S.W.2d at 276–77. Whether there existed material evidence to support the board’s
decision is a question of law that should be determined by the reviewing court based on
the evidence submitted. Id. This Court must review a trial court’s conclusions of matters
of law de novo with no presumption of correctness. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). This Court
“will not ‘inquire into the intrinsic correctness of the [b]oard’s decision,’ but will uphold
the decision if it was reached lawfully and in a constitutional manner.” Hopkins v. Tenn.
Bd. of Paroles and Prob., 60 S.W.3d 79, 82 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

                                         IV. Analysis

         We are cognizant that Mr. Williams is a prison inmate and is proceeding pro se.
The courts should take into account that many pro se litigants have no legal training and
little familiarity with the judicial system. Garrard v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., No. M2013-
01525-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 1887298, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 8, 2014) (internal
citations omitted). It is well-settled that “pro se litigants are held to the same procedural
and substantive standards to which lawyers must adhere.” Brown v. Christian Bros.
University, No. W2012-01336-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 3982137, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 5, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 15, 2014). While a party who chooses to
represent himself or herself is entitled to the fair and equal treatment of the courts,
Hodges v. Tenn. Att’y Gen., 43 S.W.3d 918, 920 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000), “[p]ro se
litigants are not . . . entitled to shift the burden of litigating their case to the courts.”
Whitaker v. Whirlpool Corp., 32 S.W.3d 222, 227 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).

       Furthermore, in disciplinary hearings, prisoners have only very limited due
process rights. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 555 (1974) (“Prisoner disciplinary
proceedings are not part of a criminal prosecution, and the full panoply of rights due to a
defendant in such a proceeding does not apply.”). The minimum requirements for
satisfaction of a prisoner’s due process rights for a disciplinary hearing are satisfied if: (1)
the prisoner receives notice of the charges; (2) the prisoner has the opportunity to be
heard; and (3) the factfinders make a written statement concerning the evidence relied on
and the reasons for the disciplinary action. Id. at 563-69.

       With the foregoing in mind, we turn to address each of Mr. Williams’ assignments
of error concerning his disciplinary hearing.

           A. Sufficient Material Evidence to Support the Board’s Findings

       Mr. Williams asserts that there was “no evidence” to support the board’s
determination that he diluted his urine specimen. Specifically, he argues that the certified
disciplinary record was “totally devoid of any lab report or other confirmation.” The
TDOC TOMIS Disciplinary Report, which is included in the record, describes the
evidence against Mr. Williams as follows:
                                            -4-
       On 12/2/2015 Inmate Dexter Williams. . . was given a drug test and field
       tested positive for abnormal specific gravity. His urine sample was sent to
       US Diagnostics Lab for testing. Confirmation was received that indicates
       that Inmate Williams did dilute his urine specimen. Inmate Williams is
       being charged with altering drug screen. Capt. David Breece was notified
       and approved.

The report indicates that it was prepared by Officer Steven Palk. Pursuant to TDOC
Policy No. 502.01(IV)(I), which is included in the record, the prison disciplinary board
only has to meet the “preponderance of the evidence” standard to convict Mr. Williams
of the charged disciplinary offense. Preponderance of the evidence is defined, in the
TDOC Policy, as “the amount of evidence necessary for a party to prevail at the
disciplinary hearing,” or “more probable than not.”

       Turning to the evidence, Officer Palk testified, in person, at the disciplinary
hearing. In relevant part, Officer Palk stated that the specific gravity of Mr. Williams’
urine sample was “less than 1.003.” Specifically, Officer Palk testified that the lab report
showed “that inmate’s sample was diluted due to specific gravity and creatinine level
being low which by policy these things are checked to see if dilution has occurred.” At
Mr. Williams’ request, Officer Godwin and Officer Serna also testified at the hearing.
On Mr. Williams’ questioning, Officer Godwin testified that he remembered giving Mr.
Williams the drug screen and that he did not see Mr. Williams alter or tamper with the
sample.

        Mr. Williams contends that because there are no lab results included in the
disciplinary record, the board’s decision to convict him was arbitrary. Although the lab
results are not included, it is clear that Officer Godwin, who conducted the field test, was
in possession of the lab results from US Diagnostics while giving testimony at the
hearing. The “Description of Physical Evidence Introduced” section of the TDOC
Disciplinary Report Hearing Summary, which is included in the record, indicates that the
“Report and US Diagnostic Lab Report” were introduced at the hearing. Mr. Williams’
inmate advisor, Christopher Crysler, also appears to have had a copy of the lab report at
the hearing as he referenced it in his cross-examination of Officer Godwin. In view of
the respective testimony of the officers involved in the events giving rise to the
disciplinary action against Mr. Williams, we cannot conclude that the absence of the
physical lab results was such a deviation from the Uniform Disciplinary Procedures as to
have “effectively denied [Mr. Williams] a fair hearing.” Jeffries v. Tennessee Dep’t of
Corr., 108 S.W.3d 862, 873 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002).

       Concerning the urine sample, Mr. Williams asserts that it was “illegal” for the
board to render a finding of guilty based on a urine sample that had been diluted as
indicated by low specific gravity or creatinine. We disagree. TDOC Policy No.
502.05(VI)(A)(54) states that attempting to alter a drug test is a punishable offense. The
                                          -5-
Policy defines “Refusal of/or Attempt to Alter Test” as: “Refusal to provide an adequate
breath or urine sample for a drug or alcohol screen upon request, refusal to sign any chain
of custody forms, or attempting to change or modify documents, urine, or blood content
for the purpose of creating false negative test results.” Here, Mr. Williams was convicted
of altering/diluting his urine sample to avoid detection of drugs. This is the precise
offense contemplated under TDOC Policy No. 502.05 (VI)(A)(54).

       Mr. Williams also argues that the board’s “failure to follow recommendations by
the laboratory constitutes a clear and palpable abuse of discretion.” In making this
argument, Mr. Williams relies on testing recommendations from Alere Laboratory.
However, Alere Laboratory did not conduct the specimen testing in this case, and there is
no indication that the initial field test was conducted using an Alere Laboratory test kit.
Accordingly, any recommendations regarding Alere Laboratory testing or procedures are
not relevant to Mr. Williams’ case. Furthermore, Alere Laboratory recommendations
were not made part of the disciplinary hearing record; accordingly, Mr. Williams cannot
rely on such recommendations on appeal.

        Finally, Mr. Williams appears to suggest that his urine sample was diluted based
on the fact that he was working at his prison job when he was called to give the sample.
Mr. Williams argues that because he had been instructed to drink plenty of fluids, the
excess fluids caused his urine to become diluted. There is no evidence in the disciplinary
board record to support Mr. Williams’ contention. Rather, this argument challenges the
intrinsic correctness of the board’s decision; as discussed above, the common law writ of
certiorari cannot be used to challenge the intrinsic correctness of an administrative
finding so long as there was some evidence to support it. Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712;
Stewart, 368 S.W.3d at 465; Arnold, 956 S.W.2d at 480.

                                      B. Witnesses

       Mr. Williams alleges that the disciplinary board acted “arbitrarily and illegally by
refusing to allow him to present the testimony of relevant witnesses.” If an inmate
wishes to call witnesses at his or her disciplinary hearing, TDOC Policy No.
502.01(VI)(L)(4)(d)(1) requires that the inmate complete form CR-3511, Inmate Witness
Request, and submit the form to the hearing officer at least twenty-four hours prior to the
hearing. If an inmate does not complete the witness form, the hearing officer has
discretion to deny the live witness. However, even if the hearing officer denies in person
testimony from the witness, the inmate may submit a written witness statement.

       Here, the disciplinary record contains three witness request forms—one for
Officer Godwin, one for Counselor Setzer, and one for Officer Serna. As discussed
above, both Officer Godwin and Officer Serna testified at the hearing. The record
indicates that Mr. Williams’ request for Counselor Setzer to testify was denied because
Counselor Setzer lacked training to read lab tests. As noted above, TDOC policy allowed
                                           -6-
Mr. Williams to file a written witness statement from Counselor Setzer after live
testimony was denied. However, there is no indication that Mr. Williams attempted to
submit such a statement. Regardless, there is no basis for a finding that Mr. Williams’
request for Counselor Setzer’s testimony was denied arbitrarily; rather, the reason given
was that Counselor Setzer had no training to read lab tests.

                                       C. Findings

       Mr. Williams asserts that the disciplinary hearing officer failed to provide detailed
reasons for the board’s decision in contravention of TDOC Policy No.
502.01(VI)(L)(4)(n). This policy requires the hearing officer to state detailed reasons for
the board’s decision and to summarize the evidence that led to its decision. Here, the
hearing officer described the evidence as follows: “Report and US Diagnostics Lab
Report.” The hearing officer further described the findings of fact and evidence the
board relied on as follows: “Guilty based on lab report that inmate’s sample was diluted
due to specific gravity and creatinine level being low which by policy these things are
checked to see if dilution has occurred.” Based on the actual evidence adduced at the
hearing, as discussed above, the hearing officer’s report adequately sets forth the
evidence and findings of fact that the board relied on in reaching its decision. Mr.
Williams does not elaborate concerning what additional findings or information should
have been included in the officer’s report. From the totality of the circumstances, the
reporting official complied with the relevant policy requirements.

                                      V. Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order. The case is remanded
for such further proceedings as may be necessary and are consistent with the opinion.
Costs of the appeal are assessed against the Appellant, Dexter Lee Williams. Because
Mr. Williams is proceeding in forma pauperis in this appeal, execution for costs may
issue if necessary.




                                                 _________________________________

                                                 KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE




                                           -7-
