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07/22/2016 09:07 AM CDT




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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          294 Nebraska R eports
                                                    STATE v. BOL
                                                 Cite as 294 Neb. 248




                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                          A ngelo M. Bol, appellant.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                          Filed July 22, 2016.    No. S-15-706.

                1.	 Pleas. To support a finding that a defendant has entered a guilty
                    plea freely, intelligently, voluntarily, and understandingly, a court must
                    inform a defendant concerning (1) the nature of the charge, (2) the
                    right to assistance of counsel, (3) the right to confront witnesses against
                    the defendant, (4) the right to a jury trial, and (5) the privilege against
                    self-incrimination. The record must also establish a factual basis for
                    the plea and that the defendant knew the range of penalties for the
                    crime charged.
                2.	 Trial: Interpreters. The appointment of an interpreter for an accused at
                    trial largely rests in the trial court’s discretion.
                3.	 ____: ____. A trial court does not abuse its discretion by failing to
                    appoint an interpreter if the record shows that the defendant had a suf-
                    ficient command of the English language to understand questions posed
                    and answers given.
                4.	 Trial: Witnesses: Interpreters. Generally, a defendant is entitled to
                    an interpreter only if he or she timely requests one, or it is otherwise
                    brought to the trial court’s attention that the defendant or a witness has
                    a language difficulty that may prevent meaningful understanding of, or
                    communication in, the proceeding.
                5.	 Effectiveness of Counsel: Proof: Appeal and Error. To establish inef-
                    fective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his or her
                    counsel’s performance was deficient and that counsel’s deficiency preju-
                    diced the defendant.
                6. 	Effectiveness of Counsel: Evidence: Appeal and Error. An appellate
                    court addresses an ineffective assistance claim raised on direct appeal
                    only if the record allows the court to adequately review the question
                    without an evidentiary hearing.
                             - 249 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                  294 Nebraska R eports
                          STATE v. BOL
                       Cite as 294 Neb. 248

   Appeal from the District Court for Buffalo County: William
T. Wright, Judge. Affirmed.

   Charles D. Brewster, of Anderson, Klein, Brewster & Brandt,
for appellant.

   Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and George R. Love
for appellee.

  Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Miller-Lerman, Cassel,
Stacy, and K elch, JJ.

  Connolly, J.
                         SUMMARY
  Angelo M. Bol pleaded no contest to first degree murder.
The court accepted Bol’s plea and sentenced him to life impris-
onment. On appeal, Bol argues that his plea was involuntary
and that the court should have appointed him an interpreter
because he had trouble understanding the English language.
We conclude that Bol could comprehend the proceedings and
communicate in English. We therefore affirm.
                       BACKGROUND
   According to the prosecutor’s factual basis to support Bol’s
plea of no contest, in December 2014, Bol got in a fight with
the victim. The fight occurred at the meatpacking plant where
they worked. Later, Bol’s employer fired him. Bol went home
and returned to the plant with a handgun. Bol waited a few
hours for a shift change. While the victim was leaving the
plant, Bol approached him, supposedly to ask a question. He
then shot the victim several times in the torso and head. The
victim died at the scene.
   Although Bol focuses his assignments of error on the plea
hearing, the record includes Bol’s motion to suppress state-
ments that he made at the scene and to an investigator for
the county sheriff during questioning at the jail. Bol claimed
that his statements were not freely and voluntarily made
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   294 Nebraska R eports
                           STATE v. BOL
                        Cite as 294 Neb. 248

because the court did not properly inform him of his constitu-
tional rights.
   Officers responding at the scene wondered if Bol could
speak English because he never said a word. They learned that
Bol was Sudanese and tried to find an interpreter to come to
the jail. But when the investigator asked Bol during the book-
ing procedure if he understood English, he said yes. His native
language is Dinka Bor. The interpreter who came to the jail
appeared to know Bol or to know of him, and the sheriff’s
office decided not to use him. Because Bol had answered ques-
tions during the booking procedure in English, the sheriff’s
office decided that an interpreter was unnecessary. The booking
procedure took 3 to 4 minutes. Later, the investigator read Bol
his Miranda rights, had him sign a waiver form, and told him
that if he did not understand something, he needed to tell the
investigator. Bol said that he was willing to speak to the inves-
tigator. During the 2-hour interview, Bol never said that he did
not understand a question.
   Immigration officials told the investigator that Bol came to
the United States in 2001 and became a lawful permanent resi-
dent in 2004. In addition to working in various meatpacking
plants, Bol obtained a commercial driver’s license. The court
overruled the motion to suppress Bol’s statements, finding that
Bol gave his consent freely and voluntarily.
   At the plea hearing, Bol’s attorney stated that Bol had
reached a plea agreement with the State. In exchange for Bol’s
plea of guilty or no contest to first degree murder, the State
agreed to dismiss the charge of using a weapon to commit
a felony. The court informed Bol that he would give up the
constitutional rights the court would next describe by plead-
ing guilty or no contest to the charges. The court informed
Bol that he had the right to (1) have a trial by a jury of 12
persons or the judge alone; (2) be presumed innocent; (3)
have guilt proved beyond a reasonable doubt; (4) have the
court determine whether bond was appropriate; (5) be rep-
resented by counsel at the county’s expense if he could not
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   294 Nebraska R eports
                           STATE v. BOL
                        Cite as 294 Neb. 248

afford an attorney; (6) remain silent and not testify, or testify
if he wished; (7) have witnesses against him testify and cross-
examine them; (8) call witnesses and present evidence; and (9)
use the court’s subpoena power to compel a witness’ testimony.
Conversely, the court explained that Bol still had the right to
counsel through sentencing and a direct appeal but that he
would likely waive any court error to that point in the proceed-
ings by entering a plea.
   After this explanation, the court asked Bol a series of ques-
tions calling for yes or no answers. First, it asked Bol whether
he had a condition or illness, or had used any substance, that
would affect his ability to understand. Bol said no. After Bol’s
attorney described the plea agreement, Bol confirmed to the
court that the stated agreement was correct and that he was sat-
isfied with his attorney’s advice and representation. Bol denied
being compelled to comply with the agreement. The following
colloquy then occurred:
         [Court]: Do you understand that if you plead guilty or
      no contest to Count I in the amended information, which
      now charges you with first-degree murder, a Class IA
      felony, you will, in essence, be telling this Court that you
      committed the crime described in Count I or at least you
      do not contest the accuracy of the facts stated in Count I;
      do you understand that?
         [Bol]: No.
         [Court]: Okay. What is it about that you don’t
      understand?
         [Bol]: The process, the way it work.
         [Court]: All right. Basically what’s going to happen is
      if you plead guilty or no contest, there will not be any
      trial. What will happen is you are telling the Court that I
      did that crime. Or you are saying I’m not going to agree
      that I did that crime, but I am going to say that I’m not
      going to contest it[.] I’m not going to argue against any-
      thing that’s said in Count I.
         [Bol]: Well, yeah.
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     Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
             294 Nebraska R eports
                      STATE v. BOL
                   Cite as 294 Neb. 248

   [Court]: Do you understand that?
   [Bol]: Yeah.
   [Court]: Okay. In this particular case the State has filed
an amended information, that is, it has changed the origi-
nal information. The way they changed it is they have
dismissed the second count. That leaves one count only
against you. That count now charges you with first-degree
murder, which is a Class IA felony, . . . one of the most
serious levels of felony under Nebraska law.
   ....
   Do you understand that is the charge or count to which
you will be pleading guilty or no contest today?
   [Bol]: Yes.
   ....
   [Court]: Now, did you hear my description of the rights
that you have under the constitution of the United States,
the constitution of the State of Nebraska and the laws
of both?
   [Bol]: Yes.
   [Court]: Do you have any questions with regard to
those rights?
   [Bol]: No.
   [Court]: Do you understand that you will waive or give
up all the rights I have told you you will waive or give
up, if you plead guilty or no contest?
   [Bol]: Yes.
   [Court]: Do you understand if you plead guilty or
no contest, I’ll find you guilty of Count I, first-degree
murder, a Class IA felony, without a trial; do you under-
stand that?
   [Bol]: What that mean?
   [Court]: All right. Again, I want to make sure you
understand this very clearly. If you plead guilty or no
contest to Count I, I’m going to find you guilty of
Count I, but there is going to be no trial. Your admission
that you are guilty will be the sole basis upon which I will
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   294 Nebraska R eports
                           STATE v. BOL
                        Cite as 294 Neb. 248

      make a determination and I will find you guilty. Do you
      understand that?
         [Bol]: Yes.
   The court asked the prosecutor to advise Bol of the poten-
tial penalties he faced if he pleaded guilty or no contest.
The prosecutor stated that “first-degree murder is a Class IA
felony, punishable by a term of life imprisonment. That is the
sentence.” The court asked Bol if he understood the potential
penalties; Bol said yes.
   Next, the court then explained that Bol’s conviction was
likely to adversely affect his ability to remain in the country or
become naturalized, “assuming that you are ever released from
prison.” When the court asked Bol if he still wished to enter a
plea of guilty or no contest, his attorney stated that Bol had a
question about the immigration consequences. When the court
again explained that if Bol were ever released, his conviction
would adversely affect his ability to stay in the country, Bol
asked, “How can I leave if I will be sentenced to life?” The
court responded as follows:
         [Court]: That’s correct; however, life sentences are not
      always necessarily life sentences. There are occasions
      when persons who are sentenced to life in prison get
      released, perhaps long after the prison term commences,
      but you need to know that if that would occur for some
      reason unknown to us at this point, that most likely would
      adversely affect your ability to remain in this country,
      work in this country or ever complete the naturalization
      process. Do you understand that?
         [Bol]: Correct.
         [Court]: All right. Would you please stand. . . . [W]ith
      regard to Count I of the amended information . . . charg-
      ing you with first-degree murder, a Class IA felony
      under Nebraska law, how, sir, do you plead? What is
      your plea?
         [Bol]: Guilty or no contest.
         [Court]: It has to be one or the other. It can’t be both.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   294 Nebraska R eports
                            STATE v. BOL
                         Cite as 294 Neb. 248

After an off-the-record discussion between Bol and his attor-
ney, the court and Bol further conversed:
          [Court]: . . . [L]et’s do this for purposes of the record,
      you are apparently having a little bit of difficulty under-
      standing. I want to make sure you understand. There is
      little difference between a plea of guilty or no contest.
      Both will result in a guilty judgment. The only differ-
      ence is that a plea of guilty can be used against you
      in some later court proceeding as an identification of
      guilt. A no contest plea typically cannot be used in
      most other civil and criminal proceedings, as the plea
      of guilty can be used. That’s the only difference. Both
      will result in the finding you are guilty. Do you under-
      stand that?
          [Bol]: It’s kind of difficult to understand that.
          [Court]: I understand that. Let’s go over it one more
      time. If you plead guilty, it’s going to happen because I’m
      going to find you guilty. I’m going to enter a judgment
      of guilt on first-degree murder, okay. If you plead no
      contest, I’m going to find you guilty, I’m going to enter a
      judgment of guilty of first-degree murder.
          The only difference between the two pleadings is the
      potential affect they might have on their use against you
      in some other civil or criminal proceedings. Typically a
      no contest plea cannot be used in other civil or criminal
      proceedings. That is, your plea of guilty can be used in
      certain other civil or criminal proceedings. That’s the
      only difference between the two pleas. Both are going
      to result in a judgment of guilt. Which one do you wish
      to enter?
          [Bol]: Plead no contest.
          ....
          [Court]: All right. Thank you. . . . [L]isten carefully to
      me. Has anyone threatened, pressured or forced you to
      enter this plea against your will?
          [Bol]: Yeah.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   294 Nebraska R eports
                           STATE v. BOL
                        Cite as 294 Neb. 248

         [Court]: Okay. Did you understand what I just said?
      It’s extremely important . . . that you know what is going
      on. What I want to make sure of is that no one has threat-
      ened, beat you, tortured you, done anything similar to
      that to get you to enter this plea. Has anyone done any-
      thing like that?
         [Bol]: No.
         [Court]: Has anyone promised you anything that isn’t
      reflected in this hearing today —
         [Bol]: No.
         [Court]: — to get you to enter this plea?
         [Bol]: No.
         [Court]: Okay. Thank you. You can be seated.
   After this colloquy, the court asked the prosecutor to pro-
vide the factual basis for the plea. The court found beyond a
reasonable doubt that a factual basis for the plea existed and
that Bol understood his rights, the nature of the charges, and
the possible penalties and consequences. It found that Bol
had entered his plea freely, voluntarily, knowingly, and intel-
ligently. It accepted Bol’s plea and judged him guilty of first
degree murder.
   Later, at the sentencing hearing, Bol extensively spoke
about the workplace harassment he had suffered to explain
why he had committed the crime. This explanation comprises
6 pages of transcript and showed Bol’s competence with
English. When the court explained how his actions showed
that he had planned the killing and intended to kill the victim,
Bol agreed. He did not appear to have any problem following
the court’s extensive comments. The court sentenced him to
life in prison.

                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Bol assigns, restated, that the court erred by (1) accepting
Bol’s plea without ensuring that he understood the charges
against him and his constitutional rights; (2) determining
that Bol entered his plea freely, intelligently, voluntarily, and
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       294 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. BOL
                            Cite as 294 Neb. 248

understandingly; (3) not appointing Bol an interpreter; and (4)
failing to inform Bol of the minimum and maximum penal-
ties for first degree murder. Bol also assigns that (5) his trial
counsel was ineffective for not assuring that Bol understood
the proceedings.

                           ANALYSIS
   Bol generally argues that he “did not understand what
was going on.”1 As a result, he contends that his plea was
involuntary and that the court should have appointed him
an interpreter.
   [1] To support a finding that a defendant has entered a guilty
plea freely, intelligently, voluntarily, and understandingly, a
court must inform a defendant concerning (1) the nature of
the charge, (2) the right to assistance of counsel, (3) the right
to confront witnesses against the defendant, (4) the right to
a jury trial, and (5) the privilege against self-incrimination.2
The record must also establish a factual basis for the plea
and that the defendant knew the range of penalties for the
crime charged.3
   [2,3] Courts have held that a defendant’s inability to com-
prehend criminal proceedings or communicate in English at
such proceedings can result in a violation of the defendant’s
due process and Sixth Amendment rights.4 But like most other
courts,5 in State v. Topete,6 this court adopted an abuse of
discretion standard for a court’s decision whether a defendant
requires an interpreter:

 1	
      Brief for appellant at 9.
 2	
      State v. Ortega, 290 Neb. 172, 859 N.W.2d 305 (2015).
 3	
      Id.
 4	
      See 2 Barbara E. Bergman & Nancy Hollander, Wharton’s Criminal
      Evidence § 8:5 (15th ed. 1998 & Cum. Supp. 2015-16).
 5	
      See, id.; Annot., 32 A.L.R.5th 149, § 29 (1995).
 6	
      State v. Topete, 221 Neb. 771, 773, 380 N.W.2d 635, 636 (1986).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       294 Nebraska R eports
                                 STATE v. BOL
                              Cite as 294 Neb. 248

          The appointment of an interpreter for an accused at
      trial is a matter resting largely in the discretion of the
      trial court.[7]
          Even though a defendant might not speak grammati-
      cally correct English, where the record satisfactorily dem-
      onstrates that such defendant had a sufficient command
      of the English language to understand questions posed
      and answers given, there has been no abuse of discretion
      in refusing to appoint an interpreter.[8]
          If a defendant understands and communicates reason-
      ably well in the English language, the mere fact that such
      defendant might be able to accomplish self-expression a
      little better in another language does not warrant utiliz-
      ing an interpreter at trial.[9]
          Nebraska statutory law requires the appointment of an
      interpreter in a court proceeding . . . when the defendant
      is “unable to communicate the English language.”[10]
   Section 25-2401 (Reissue 2008) is essentially the same as it
was in 1986. It provides that it is
      the policy of this state that the constitutional rights of
      persons unable to communicate the English language
      cannot be fully protected unless interpreters are avail-
      able to assist such persons in legal proceedings. It is
      the intent of sections 25-2401 to 25-2407 to provide
      a procedure for the appointment of such interpreters
      to avoid injustice and to assist such persons in their
      own defense.
   In 1987, the Legislature somewhat amended the interpreter
statutes as part of a law requiring interpreters for deaf or hard

 7	
      Perovich v. United States, 205 U.S. 86, 27 S. Ct. 456, 51 L. Ed. 722
      (1907); Prokop v. State, 148 Neb. 582, 28 N.W.2d 200 (1947).
 8	
      State v. Faafiti, 54 Haw. 637, 513 P.2d 697 (1973).
 9	
      Flores v. State, 509 S.W.2d 580 (Tex. Crim. 1974).
10	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-2401 (Reissue 1979).
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        294 Nebraska R eports
                                  STATE v. BOL
                               Cite as 294 Neb. 248

of hearing persons.11 The most significant change in chapter
25 concerned the definition of deaf person.12 The legislative
history does not suggest that the 1987 amendments were a
response to Topete.13
   [4] Neither Bol nor his attorney requested an interpreter.
This failure is not a waiver of Bol’s due process rights, but it
is relevant to whether the court should have recognized on its
own that Bol needed interpretative services. Generally,
      the defendant in a criminal proceeding may be entitled to
      have an interpreter provided only where he or she timely
      requests one, or it is otherwise brought to the trial court’s
      attention that the defendant or a witness has a language
      difficulty that may prevent meaningful understanding of,
      or communication in, the proceeding.14
   We conclude that the record shows that Bol had the
ability to comprehend the proceedings and communicate in
English. So the court did not violate Bol’s constitutional
rights by accepting his no contest plea. Nor did it abuse its
discretion by not appointing Bol an interpreter sua sponte.
And the claimed language barrier did not render Bol’s plea
involuntary.
   Bol argues that he did not freely, intelligently, voluntarily,
and understandingly enter his plea because no one told him
about the range of penalties for first degree murder. At the
court’s direction, the prosecutor told Bol that the punishment
was “a term of life imprisonment. That is the sentence.” Bol
suggests that the prosecutor should have instead stated that

11	
      See 1987 Neb. Laws, L.B. 376, § 3, codified at Neb. Rev. Stat. § 20-152
      (Reissue 2012).
12	
      See 1987 Neb. Laws, L.B. 376, § 12.
13	
      See Judiciary Committee Hearing, L.B. 376, 90th Leg., 1st Sess. 1-8 (Feb.
      11, 1987).
14	
      32 A.L.R.5th, supra note 5, § 22 at 260.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        294 Nebraska R eports
                                  STATE v. BOL
                               Cite as 294 Neb. 248

“the minimum sentence was life imprisonment and the maxi-
mum sentence was life imprisonment.”15
   We determine that Bol knew the penalty for his crime. First
degree murder is a Class IA felony.16 Under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 28-105(1) (Cum. Supp. 2014), the punishment for a Class IA
felony is simply “Life imprisonment.” There is no maximum
or minimum penalty.
   Nor did the court err by telling Bol that pleading no con-
test to first degree murder would probably lower his chance
of living in the United States or becoming a citizen, should
Nebraska ever release Bol for “some reason unknown to us
at this point.” The court had a duty to advise Bol about the
immigration consequences of his plea under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 29-1819.02(1) (Reissue 2008). Failure to do so could have
allowed Bol to vacate his conviction.17
   Finally, Bol argues that his attorney provided ineffective
assistance by (1) failing to ensure that he understood his con-
stitutional rights and the likely consequences of entering a
plea; (2) failing to stop the plea hearing when it became appar-
ent that Bol had no idea what was going on; and (3) failing to
request an interpreter.
   [5,6] To show that his counsel was ineffective, Bol must
show that his counsel’s performance was deficient and that
counsel’s deficiency prejudiced him.18 The fact that a defend­
ant raises an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct
appeal does not necessarily mean that we can resolve it.19
The key is whether the record allows us to adequately review
the question.20 We will not address an ineffective assistance

15	
      Brief for appellant at 12.
16	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-303(2) (Reissue 2008).
17	
      § 29-1819.02(2).
18	
      See State v. Collins, 292 Neb. 602, 873 N.W.2d 657 (2016).
19	
      Id.
20	
      Id.
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            Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                    294 Nebraska R eports
                          STATE v. BOL
                       Cite as 294 Neb. 248

of counsel claim on direct appeal if it requires an eviden-
tiary hearing.21
   Here, the record on direct appeal shows that Bol’s counsel
was not ineffective. Bol had the ability to comprehend the
proceedings and communicate in English. The record shows
that Bol had a sufficient command of the English language
to understand the questions posed and the answers given. So
his counsel was not ineffective for failing to ensure that Bol
understood his constitutional rights, failing to stop the plea
hearing, and failing to request an interpreter.
                        CONCLUSION
   Bol understood the proceedings. His plea was voluntary,
the court did not abuse its discretion by not appointing him
an interpreter, and his counsel was not ineffective. We there-
fore affirm.
                                                   A ffirmed.

21	
      Id.
