                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED


              Present: Judges Humphreys, Petty and Decker
              Argued at Richmond, Virginia


              JOYCE VICK
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
              v.     Record No. 1467-14-1                                  JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
                                                                                 MARCH 24, 2015
              HAMPTON ROADS TRANSIT


                            FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION

                               Gregory E. Camden (Montagna, Klein, Camden LLP, on brief), for
                               appellant.

                               Robert L. Samuel, Jr. (Williams Mullen, on brief), for appellee.


                     Joyce Vick (the claimant) appeals a decision of the Virginia Workers’ Compensation

              Commission (the commission) denying her claim for medical benefits and compensation for

              temporary total disability. The claimant contends that the commission erred in finding that she

              suffered no compensable injury by accident, as her injuries did not arise out of conditions of her

              employment. For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the commission.

                                                       I. BACKGROUND1

                     On July 5, 2013, the claimant was employed as a bus operator by Hampton Roads Transit

              (the employer). Her duties in this role were to drive the bus on the route assigned to her and pick

              up and drop off passengers at designated stops. At 8:00 p.m. on that date, the claimant had been

              driving for the prior eight hours when her supervisor asked her to drive an additional three hours


                     
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                       On appeals from the commission, this Court “review[s] the evidence in the light most
              favorable to the prevailing party.” R.G. Moore Bldg. Corp. v. Mullins, 10 Va. App. 211, 212,
              390 S.E.2d 788, 788 (1990).
in order to accommodate an event that evening. While the claimant was leaving the office to get

back on the bus, she was talking to this supervisor and another supervisor. As she left the office,

she turned toward her right to leave. Her shoe “got caught on the bottom of the threshold piece

that was down there, and there was nothing in the hallway to grab . . . to keep [her] from falling

so [she] [] stumble[ed] until [she] fell on [her] right side.” According to the claimant, she

thought that she had raised her foot up high enough to cross the threshold.

       The claimant testified that a marble piece in the threshold was lifted up higher off of the

floor, about one-half inch or one inch above the surface of the floor on which she had been

walking. She stated that “when you’re coming in the door, it seems to be level, it’s level with the

floor when you’re coming in the door. But when you’re going out the door, it has this little kink

on it.” The claimant also noted that the rise had some “little chucks out of it, like broken off, like

a broken tooth.”

       The claimant had walked through that particular door prior to her fall. She was “kind of”

familiar with the building, as it had been recently built. The floor became level again after the

piece of marble in the middle. She testified that there were no other doorways like this one in the

building. She also noted that after her fall, employees were not allowed to walk through that

door anymore. Pictures of the threshold, taken a month after the claimant’s fall, were entered

into evidence at a hearing before the deputy commissioner.

       According to the claimant, she felt a “little sting[ing][,] burning sensation” in her right

hip when she fell. She continued with her work that day, completing the extra three-hour shift.

The claimant first sought medical attention several days later on July 12, 2013, at the hospital

emergency room, where she was diagnosed with sciatica with lower back pain. On July 15, 2013

the claimant went to an urgent care clinic, where she was diagnosed with lower extremity




                                                -2-
contusions, back pain, and a sprained ankle. She was taken out of work through July 20, 2013,

and placed on light-duty work through July 22, 2013.

       On November 19, 2013, the claimant filed a claim for benefits alleging an injury by

accident to her right hip, right leg, and lower back that occurred on July 5, 2013. She sought an

award of medical benefits and compensation for temporary total disability beginning July 11,

2013 through July 30, 2013. The employer defended on the ground that the claimant did not

suffer a compensable injury by accident because her injury did not arise out of her employment.

The deputy commissioner found that the claimant’s injury was compensable and awarded

medical benefits and temporary total disability.

       On review, the full commission, with one commissioner dissenting, found that the

“claimant here has failed to prove that she was at a heightened risk because of her employment

or that the threshold she tripped over was defective or sufficiently unusual. . . . There is . . . no

connection between the claimant’s employment and her trip and fall over the ordinary threshold

in this case.” Additionally, the commission found “no evidence that the claimant was engaged in

some employment related task which made it more likely that she would trip over the threshold

or that a conversation with her supervisors contributed to her fall.” Thus, the commission found

that the claimant’s injury did not arise out of her employment and reversed the deputy

commissioner’s decision, vacating the award. This appeal followed.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

       The claimant contends that the commission erred by holding that she did not sustain an

injury by accident arising out of her employment. Specifically, she argues that the commission

misinterpreted the findings in Dominion Virginia Power v. Pulley, No. 0866-10-1, 2011

Va. App. LEXIS 191 (Va. Ct. App. June 7, 2011), and erred in concluding that the threshold she

tripped over was not an actual risk of employment. She also contends that distraction from her

                                                 -3-
conversation with her supervisors contributed to her injury, proving that she suffered an injury

by accident arising out of her employment.

       Whether a claimant has suffered an injury by accident is a mixed question of law and

fact. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Harris, 35 Va. App. 162, 167, 543 S.E.2d 619, 621 (2001).

In its role as the finder of fact, “the [c]ommission resolves all conflicts in the evidence and

determines the weight to be accorded the various evidentiary submissions.” Bass v. City of

Richmond Police Dep’t, 258 Va. 103, 114, 515 S.E.2d 557, 563 (1999). “On appellate review,

the factual findings of the commission are binding if they are supported by credible evidence.”

Wagner Enter., Inc. v. Brooks, 12 Va. App. 890, 894, 407 S.E.2d 32, 35 (1991). This Court

“does not retry facts, reweigh . . . the evidence, or make its own determination of the credibility

of the witnesses.” Id. However, “whether those [factual findings of the commission] prove the

claimant suffered an ‘injury by accident’ is a question of law” which the Court reviews de novo.

Goodyear Tire, 35 Va. App. at 168, 543 S.E.2d at 621.

       An injury, to be compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act, must “arise out of”

and “in the course of” the injured employee’s employment. Code § 65.2-101; see Simms v.

Ruby Tuesday, Inc., 281 Va. 114, 120, 704 S.E.2d 359, 362 (2011). Here, it is undisputed that

the claimant’s injury resulted from an accident “in the course of” her employment. The only

challenge is to the “arising out of” requirement necessary for the compensability of the

claimant’s injury.

       “Arising out of” refers to the origin or cause of an employee’s injury. Richmond Mem’l

Hosp. v. Crane, 222 Va. 283, 285, 278 S.E.2d 877, 878 (1981). Virginia has adopted an “actual

risk” test to determine whether an accident arises out of an employee’s employment. See Hill

City Trucking, Inc. v. Christian, 238 Va. 735, 739, 385 S.E.2d 377, 379 (1989). “An ‘actual risk

of employment’ is ‘not merely the risk of being injured while at work.’” Bernardo v. Carlson

                                                -4-
Cos. — TGIF, 60 Va. App. 400, 405, 728 S.E.2d 508, 511 (2012) (quoting Taylor v. Mobil

Corp., 248 Va. 101, 107, 444 S.E.2d 705, 708 (1994)). Rather, “[u]nder the actual risk test, an

injury comes within the Act ‘only if there is a causal connection between the employee’s injury

and the conditions under which the employer requires the work to be done.’” Simms, 281 Va. at

122, 704 S.E.2d at 363 (quoting Hilton v. Martin, 275 Va. 176, 180, 654 S.E.2d 572, 574

(2008)).

                       “Under this test, if the injury can be seen to have followed
               as a natural incident of the work and to have been contemplated by
               a reasonable person familiar with the whole situation as a result of
               the exposure occasioned by the nature of the employment, then it
               arises ‘out of’ the employment. But it excludes an injury which
               cannot fairly be traced to the employment as a contributing
               proximate cause and which comes from a hazard to which the
               workmen would have been equally exposed apart from the
               employment. The causative danger must be peculiar to the work
               and not common to the neighborhood. It must be incidental to the
               character of the business and not independent of the relation of
               master and servant. It need not have been foreseen or expected,
               but after the event it must appear to have had its origin in a risk
               connected with the employment, and to have flowed from that
               source as a rational consequence.”

Hill City Trucking, 238 Va. at 739, 385 S.E.2d at 379 (citation omitted) (quoting Baggett &

Meador Cos. v. Dillon, 219 Va. 633, 638, 248 S.E.2d 819, 822 (1978)). Therefore, the “actual

risk doctrine requires a ‘hazard’ or ‘danger’ not equally present ‘apart from the employment’ but

rather one ‘peculiar to the work.’” Bernardo, 60 Va. App. at 405, 728 S.E.2d at 511.

Additionally, distractions that cause the injury may be compensable if they are not “‘unrelated to

any hazard common to the workplace.’” Marion Corr. Treatment Ctr. v. Henderson, 20 Va. App.

477, 480, 458 S.E.2d 301, 303 (1995) (quoting UPS v. Fetterman, 230 Va. 257, 259, 336 S.E.2d

892, 893 (1985)).

       Here, the commission made several factual findings regarding the claimant’s workplace

incident. It found that “the photographs in evidence show that the threshold, over which the

                                               -5-
claimant tripped, is an ordinary, non-defective threshold common to many businesses and public

buildings.” Further, it found that the one-half inch to one inch “slight rise” in the threshold was

“not sufficiently significant to be considered a defect or a risk of employment.” Therefore, the

commission found “no connection” between the claimant’s employment and her fall over the rise

in the threshold. Additionally, the fact that this was the only threshold in the building with a

raised portion was not sufficient to show that the claimant was at a heightened risk as a result of

her employment, and the commission noted that the claimant had walked through this particular

threshold on prior occasions.

        Further, the commission found that there was not sufficient evidence to reasonably infer

that claimant suffered a distraction from speaking with her supervisors. It found that the

claimant merely testified that she was speaking with two supervisors prior to her fall. She did

not testify that her attention was diverted by this conversation or that the conversation in any way

contributed to her fall.

        We are bound by the factual findings made by the commission as long as there is credible

evidence in support of these findings. Wagner Enters., 12 Va. App. at 894, 407 S.E.2d at 35.

Additionally, “[t]he commission is authorized to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence,

and on appeal, we will not disturb reasonable inferences drawn by the commission from the facts

proven by the evidence presented.” Turf Care, Inc. v. Henson, 51 Va. App. 318, 324, 657 S.E.2d

787, 789-90 (2008) (citation omitted). While the evidence in this case is rather sparse, there is

credible evidence in the record to support the commission’s findings. The photographs, entered

into evidence, show a slight rise in the particular threshold at issue, but the rise does not appear

uneven or irregular. The claimant testified that she had crossed the threshold on prior occasions.

She also stated that she believed she had raised her foot sufficiently high to have cleared the

threshold in this instance. These evidentiary facts support the commission’s findings that the

                                                 -6-
threshold was not defective and that appellant was not at a heightened risk because of her

employment.

       Similarly, there is credible evidence to support the commission’s finding that the

claimant was not distracted at the time of her fall. She testified that she was having a discussion

with her supervisors while crossing the threshold, but she did not specifically testify that this

conversation in any way contributed to her fall. The commission is permitted to draw reasonable

inferences from the evidence. Turf Care, 51 Va. App. at 324, 657 S.E.2d at 789-90. Here, we

deem the commission’s inference—that the claimant was not distracted at the time of her fall

because she had the ability to explain to the commission that she was in fact distracted at the

time of her fall, but failed to do so—reasonable under the facts that are in the record.

       The claimant contends that the commission misinterpreted the findings in an unpublished

decision of our Court, Dominion Virginia Power v. Pulley, No. 0866-10-1, 2011 Va. App.

LEXIS 191 (Va. Ct. App. June 7, 2011). In that case, we held that the commission did not

properly apply the actual risk test to determine whether the employee’s injury arose out of her

employment. Id. at *9-10. Therefore, we reversed and remanded to the commission to

determine, based on the actual risk test, whether the employee’s injury arose out of employment.

Id. at *13-14. On remand, the commission found that “a newly installed raised threshold over

which claimant tripped required a greater degree of attentiveness to negotiate and was an actual

risk of [the employee’s] employment.” Pulley v. Dominion Va. Power, JCN 2359880 (Va.

Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Nov. 16, 2011). Here, the claimant suggests that the commission’s

decision on remand in that case supports her argument now before the Court that this raised

threshold was an actual risk of her employment.

       We find the claimant’s contention of error regarding the commission’s use of Pulley

unconvincing, although we recognize that the commission misinterpreted the ultimate holding in

                                                -7-
that case.2 Although the commission did find the facts in Pulley “similar” to the present case,

unlike the situation in Pulley, here it applied the actual risk test. Therefore, the commission’s

comparison of the two cases did not affect the commission’s decision, since it properly applied

the actual risk test to the facts at hand.

        In this case, as required under the actual risk test, the commission made findings as to

whether the claimant’s risk of injury was peculiar to her employment and not one to which the

general public was equally exposed. Bernardo, 60 Va. App. at 405, 728 S.E.2d at 511.

Specifically, the commission found that there was no heightened risk due to the claimant’s

employment and that the threshold was not defective. These factual findings are supported by

credible evidence. Therefore, they are binding on our Court on appeal, and the commission did

not err in denying the claimant’s claim.

                                             III. CONCLUSION

        Credible evidence supports the commission’s factual findings that the claimant’s risk of

injury was not peculiar to her employment. Therefore, the commission did not err by

determining that the claimant’s fall did not arise out of her employment. Accordingly, we affirm

the commission’s decision.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




        2
         The commission correctly recited Pulley as reversing and remanding for proper
application of the actual risk test. The commission, however, incorrectly interpreted the opinion
as holding that the employee failed to prove a heightened risk arising from employment. This
Court expressly remanded the case to the commission to make that factual determination.
Pulley, 2011 Va. App. LEXIS 191, at *13-14.
                                               -8-
