                      United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                No. 03-3831
                                ___________

CD Partners, LLC;                        *
CD Developers, LP,                       *
                                         *
             Appellees,                  *
                                         *
      v.                                 *
                                         *
Jerry W. Grizzle, acting in scope of his *
employment as Chief Executive Officer * Appeal from the United States
of CDWI [CD Warehouse, Inc.];            * District Court for the
Doyle E. Motley, acting within the       * Southern District of Iowa.
scope of his employment as Chief         *
Financial Officer of CDWI [CD            *
Warehouse, Inc.]; Gary Johnson,          *
acting within the scope of his           *
employment as Chief Operating Officer *
of CDWI [CD Warehouse, Inc.],            *
                                         *
             Appellants.                 *
                                   ___________

                           Submitted: March 14, 2005
                              Filed: September 23, 2005
                               ___________

Before MURPHY, BYE, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.
       Jerry Grizzle, Doyle Motley and Gary Johnson, three principals in a
corporation called C.D. Warehouse, Inc. (CDWI), appeal the district court's order
denying their motion to compel arbitration of the tort lawsuit C.D. Partners, L.L.C.,
filed against them. The lawsuit accuses the three of negligence, negligent
misrepresentation, and fraudulent misrepresentation arising out of four franchise
agreements between CDWI (franchisor) and C.D. Partners (franchisee). The district
court denied the motion on the grounds the three principals were not signatories to
the franchise agreements between the two corporations, and the tort lawsuit was not
covered by the agreements' arbitration clauses. We reverse and remand for further
proceedings.

                                            I

        Between 1997 and 1999, CDWI and C.D. Partners signed four franchise
agreements1 to operate retail stores under the name CD Warehouse. The purpose of
the agreements was to sell new and used music compact discs (CDs). Each franchise
agreement contained an identical arbitration clause which stated, in relevant part:
"Except as provided in this Agreement, Franchisor and Franchisee agree that any
claim, controversy or dispute arising out of or relating to Franchisee's operation of the
Franchised business under the Agreement . . . which cannot be amicably settled shall
be referred to Arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the American Arbitration
Association." In addition, each franchise agreement provided "nothing in this
Agreement is intended, nor shall be deemed, to confer upon any Person or legal entity
other than Franchisee, Franchisor, Franchisor's officers, directors, and employees .
. . any rights or remedies under or by reason of this Agreement." In each instance, the
agreements were signed by David Gott on behalf of C.D. Partners and Jerry Grizzle
on behalf of CDWI.


      1
      The four franchise agreements relate to retail stores in Iowa City, Iowa; Cedar
Rapids, Iowa; Waterloo, Iowa; and Maryland Heights, Missouri.

                                          -2-
       In April 2000, a contractual dispute arose between the two corporations. C.D.
Partners filed suit against CDWI in Iowa state court. CDWI removed the action to
federal district court, where it was subsequently stayed pending arbitration pursuant
to the arbitration clauses in the parties' franchise agreements. The arbitration was
never held, however, because CDWI filed for bankruptcy.

       In May 2003, C.D. Partners filed this suit in Iowa state court. Whereas the first
suit sounded in contract and was brought directly against the corporation CDWI, the
second suit sounded in tort and was brought directly against the three individuals who
comprised CDWI's primary management – Jerry Grizzle, its president and Chief
Executive Officer (CEO); Doyle Motley, its Chief Financial Officer (CFO); and Gary
Johnson, its Chief Operating Officer (COO). The complaint alleged negligence,
negligent misrepresentation, and fraudulent misrepresentation.

       The complaint alleged Grizzle was negligent in nine specific ways, all related
to the operation of the franchises (for example, failing to protect the exclusive
territories under the franchise agreements, failing to make improvements to point-of-
sale software, failing to provide suitable and timely financing for capital
improvements to the stores). Similarly, the negligence allegations against Motley and
Johnson all related to the operation of the franchises.               The negligent
misrepresentation count alleged all three defendants provided C.D. Partners with false
information to influence the franchise transactions between the parties, which caused
damage to C.D. Partners. The fraudulent misrepresentation count alleged all three
defendants knew certain representations they made were false, and that they intended
to deceive C.D. Partners.

      The three principals removed the case to federal district court and filed a
motion to compel arbitration pursuant to the franchise agreements between C.D.
Partners and CDWI. They argued they could enforce the arbitration clauses between
the two corporations – notwithstanding the fact they were not signatories to the

                                          -3-
agreement – because the tort allegations against them arose from the contractual
relationship between the two corporations, and the claims against them arose from the
duties they performed while acting as officers of the signatory, CDWI. C.D. Partners
resisted the motion, contending the three principals could not enforce the arbitration
clauses because they were not signatories and the tort claims against the officers did
not fall within the scope of the arbitration clauses.

       The district court denied the motion to compel arbitration concluding "neither
the claims nor damages sought in this case are the same as those sought against the
corporation in that earlier lawsuit." Grizzle, Motley and Johnson filed this timely
appeal.

                                          II

       We review de novo the denial of a motion to compel arbitration. Telectronics
Pacing Sys., Inc. v. Guidant Corp., 143 F.3d 428, 430 (8th Cir. 1998). "[A]ny doubts
raised in construing contract language on arbitrability 'should be resolved in favor of
arbitration.'" Id. at 430-31 (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr.
Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983)). Grizzle, Motley and Johnson contend they can
enforce the arbitration clauses in the franchise agreements between CDWI and C.D.
Partners despite their status as nonsignatories. We agree.

      A nonsignatory can enforce an arbitration clause against a signatory to the
agreement in several circumstances. One is when "the relationship between the
signatory and nonsignatory defendants is sufficiently close that only by permitting the
nonsignatory to invoke arbitration may evisceration of the underlying arbitration
agreement between the signatories be avoided." MS Dealer Serv. Corp. v. Franklin,
177 F.3d 942, 947 (11th Cir. 1999) (quoting Boyd v. Homes of Legend, Inc., 981 F.
Supp. 1423, 1432 (M.D. Ala. 1997)). Another is "when the signatory to a written
agreement containing an arbitration clause 'must rely on the terms of the written

                                         -4-
agreement in asserting [its] claims' against the nonsignatory." Id. (quoting Sunkist
Soft Drinks, Inc. v. Sunkist Growers, Inc., 10 F.3d 753, 757 (11th Cir. 1993)). "When
each of a signatory's claims against a nonsignatory makes reference to or presumes
the existence of the written agreement, the signatory's claims arise out of and relate
directly to the written agreement, and arbitration is appropriate." Id. (internal
quotations omitted).

      We believe both circumstances are present here. The relationship between
signatory CDWI and the nonsignatory appellants is a close one. The tort allegations
against the three appellants all arise out of their conduct while acting as officers of
CDWI. Evisceration of the underlying arbitration agreement will be avoided only by
allowing the three principals to invoke arbitration. Similarly, C.D. Partners's claims
against the three appellants rely upon, refer to, and presume the existence of the
written agreement between the two corporations. Thus, arbitration is appropriate.

       The authority cited by C.D. Partners is inapposite. For example, Flink v.
Carlson, 856 F.2d 44 (8th Cir. 1988), involved a signatory attempting to force a
nonsignatory into arbitration. See id. at 46-47 (affirming district court's stay of
arbitration of a brokerage house's claims against the individual representative who
was not a signatory to the agreements in question); see also Merrill Lynch Inv.
Managers v. Optibase, Ltd., 337 F.3d 125, 131-32 (2d Cir. 2003) (affirming district
court's grant of a preliminary injunction enjoining an investor from proceeding with
arbitration against fund advisor who had not agreed to arbitration).

       This is not such a case. This is a case where a nonsignatory with a close
relationship to a signatory wants the other signatory to arbitrate a claim. The test for
determining whether a nonsignatory can force a signatory into arbitration is different
from the test for determining whether a signatory can force a nonsignatory into
arbitration:



                                          -5-
      [I]t matters whether the party resisting arbitration is a signatory or not.
      . . . [A] willing nonsignatory seeking to arbitrate with a signatory that is
      unwilling may do so under what has been called an alternative estoppel
      theory which takes into consideration the relationships of persons,
      wrongs, and issues, [b]ut a willing signatory seeking to arbitrate with a
      non-signatory that is unwilling must establish at least one of the five
      theories described in [Thomson-CSF, S.A. v. Am. Arbitration Ass'n, 64
      F.3d 773, 776 (2d Cir. 1995)].

Merrill Lynch, 337 F.3d at 131 (internal citations and quotations omitted). The courts
clearly recognize a nonsignatory's ability to force a signatory into arbitration under
the "alternative" estoppel theory when the relationship of the persons, wrongs and
issues involved is a close one. See, e.g., Astra Oil Co. v. Rover Navigation, Ltd., 344
F.3d 276, 279-80 (2d Cir. 2003) (holding a nonsignatory may compel arbitration
against a signatory to an arbitration agreement because of nonsignatory's close
affiliation with the other signatory party to the agreement).

       The dissent relies upon a case not cited by C.D. Partners, McCarthy v. Azure,
22 F.3d 351(1st Cir. 1994), arguing it is better reasoned than the cases we have cited
and on point. We respectfully disagree McCarthy is on point. McCarthy turned
primarily on the fact the agreement at issue was a purchase agreement, a "one-shot
transaction" where the only act the nonsignatory performed for the corporate
signatory was that of signing the purchase agreement itself. 22 F.3d at 357. The First
Circuit specifically distinguished such an instance from those instances in which the
contracting parties "contemplate[] an ongoing relationship in which the [signatory's]
promises only can be fulfilled by future (unspecified) acts of its employees or agents
stretching well into an uncertain future." Id. (distinguishing Pritzker v. Merrill
Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 7 F.3d 1110, 1121 (3d Cir. 1993) (allowing
nonsignatories to enforce an arbitration clause for a dispute arising out of an ongoing
service contract); Roby v. Corp. of Lloyd's, 996 F.2d 1353, 1360 (2d Cir. 1993)



                                          -6-
(same); Letizia v. Prudential Bache Sec., Inc., 802 F.2d 1185, 1188 (9th Cir. 1986)
(same)).

       Here, we do not have "a one-shot transaction in which the purchaser's
obligations are specified and are, essentially, performed in full at the closing, or soon
thereafter." Id. This case involves an ongoing relationship where signatory CDWI's
promises could only be fulfilled by the future conduct of its corporate officers,
employees, and agents. The current dispute between signatory C.D. Partners and
nonsignatories Grizzle, Motley, and Johnson arises out of and relates directly to the
contractual agreement between the signatories, where the core of the dispute is the
conduct of the three nonsignatories in fulfilling signatory CDWI's promises. Thus,
the situation here is inapposite to the one addressed in McCarthy, and similar to the
situations addressed in Pritzker, Roby, and Letizia, where the courts allowed
nonsignatories to enforce an arbitration clause.

       The dissent also implies the franchise agreements involved here were not
drafted skillfully enough to include CDWI's officers within the ambit of the
arbitration clause. We respectfully disagree. Each agreement's arbitration clause was
drafted broadly to cover every "claim, controversy or dispute arising out of" the
operation of the franchise. Each agreement further provided nothing in the agreement
would be deemed to confer rights or remedies upon anyone "other than Franchisee,
Franchisor, Franchisor's officers, directors, and employees, . . .." By necessary
implication, then, each agreement intended to confer its rights or remedies – including
the right to arbitrate – upon "Franchisor's officers, directors, and employees." Under
the circumstances involved in this case, it is clearly appropriate to allow the
nonsignatories to enforce the arbitration agreement against signatory C.D. Partners.




                                          -7-
                                          III

     Grizzle, Motley and Johnson further contend the tort suit filed against them by
C.D. Partners is covered by the arbitration clauses in the franchise agreements
between CDWI and C.D. Partners. We agree.

       The arbitration clauses in the franchise agreements are worded broadly to cover
"any claim, controversy or dispute arising out of or relating to Franchisee's operation
of the Franchised business under the Agreement." There is a strong national policy
in favor of arbitration. Dobbins v. Hawk's Enters., 198 F.3d 715, 717 (8th Cir. 1999).
As a consequence, doubts about whether an arbitration clause should be construed to
cover a particular dispute are generally resolved in favor of arbitration. Telectronics,
143 F.3d at 430. Broadly worded arbitration clauses such as the ones at issue here
are generally construed to cover tort suits arising from the same set of operative facts
covered by a contract between the parties to the agreement.

      For example, in P & P Industries v. Sutter Corp., 179 F.3d 861 (10th Cir.
1999), the Tenth Circuit addressed an arbitration clause in an exclusive agency
agreement between a manufacturer and marketer. The arbitration clause provided
"[a]ny controversy, claim, or breach arising out of or relating to this Agreement" shall
be arbitrable. Id. at 871. The court held the arbitration clause was broad enough to
encompass tort claims where the marketer's allegations of improper conduct against
the manufacturer were limited to actions taken in connection with the manufacturer's
decision to terminate the agreement. Id.2


      2
        Citing Lee v. Chica, 983 F.2d 883 (8th Cir. 1993), the dissent contends P &
P Industries is inapposite on the issue whether "arising out of" language in an
arbitration clause is broad enough to cover tort claims because P & P Industries
involved the confirmation of an arbitration award rather than a motion to compel
arbitration. We respectfully disagree. The distinction made in Chica between
compelling arbitration and confirming an arbitration award addressed whether state

                                          -8-
        Similarly, in Gregory v. Electro-Mechanical Corp., 83 F.3d 382 (11th Cir.
1996), the Eleventh Circuit addressed a provision in a stock purchase agreement
which provided for arbitration of all disputes "arising hereunder." The court held the
arbitration clause required arbitration not only of the seller's contract claims, but of
all claims asserted in the seller's complaint – including fraud, fraudulent inducement,
deceit, misrepresentation, conversion, breach of good faith and fair dealing, and
outrage – because all the tort claims were "disputes that originate[d] out of or ha[d]
a connection with th[e] underlying agreement." Id. at 383; see also Kroll v. Doctor's
Assocs., 3 F.3d 1167, 1170 (7th Cir. 1994) ("[A] plaintiff may not avoid an otherwise
valid arbitration provision merely by casting its complaint in tort. The touchstone of
arbitrability in such situations is the relationship of the tort alleged to the subject
matter of the arbitration clause.") (internal quotations and citations omitted); Acevedo
Maldonado v. PPG Indus., 514 F.2d 614, 616 (1st Cir. 1975) ("The contracts provide
for arbitration of 'any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement
or the breach thereof'. Broad language of this nature covers contract-generated or
contract-related disputes between the parties however labeled: it is immaterial
whether claims are in contract or in tort[.]").3


or federal law applies when deciding if a party has standing to challenge the validity,
revocability, or enforceability of an arbitration clause. Chica, 983 F.2d at 886 (citing
Perry v. Thomas, 482 U.S. 483, 492 n.9 (1987)). In this case, we have already
determined Grizzle, Motley, and Johnson have standing to enforce the arbitration
clause. Chica does not stand for the proposition we apply different rules of contract
interpretation to an arbitration clause when we have already determined a dispute is
arbitrable.
      3
        The dissent contends our reliance upon Gregory v. Electro-Mechanical Corp.
and Kroll v. Doctor's Associates is misplaced because those cases did not involve a
nonsignatory. Once again, we respectfully disagree. The issue whether
nonsignatories can enforce an arbitration clause is entirely separate and distinct from
the issue whether the phrase "arising hereunder" is broad enough to encompass tort
claims arising from the same set of operative facts covered by a contract employing
that phrase in its arbitration clause. Thus, Gregory and Kroll do not have to involve

                                          -9-
       In this case, the tort claims against the three appellants had their genesis in,
arose out of, and related to C.D. Partners's operation of the franchises under the
franchise agreements. Thus, the tort claims stated in this lawsuit are subject to the
arbitration clauses.

                                           IV

       Finally, the arbitration clauses provide the "[a]rbitration shall take place at
Franchisor's principal place of business in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma."
Notwithstanding its agreement to the contrary, C.D. Partners contends the arbitration
should take place in Iowa because Section 4 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA)
provides the "hearings and proceedings, under such agreement, shall be within the
district in which the petition for an order directing such arbitration is filed." 9 U.S.C.
§ 4. C.D. Partners therefore requests us to require the district court on remand to
order the arbitration to take place in Iowa rather than Oklahoma.

       The district court did not require the parties to undergo arbitration, so there is
no order compelling the arbitration to take place in either Iowa or Oklahoma. Thus,
this issue is not ripe for our review at this time, and we leave it to the district court
to address in the first instance on remand.

                                            V

      We reverse the district court's order denying the motion to compel arbitration
and remand for further proceedings.




a nonsignatory to be persuasive.

                                          -10-
SMITH, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

       I believe that the district court properly refused to compel arbitration in C.D.
Partner's case against Jerry Grizzle, Doyle Motley, and Gary Johnson, and, therefore,
respectfully dissent. First, I note that this circuit has yet to decide whether, or under
what circumstances, non-signatories to a contractual agreement can enforce an
arbitration clause. The majority does not rely on any controlling Eighth Circuit
precedent, and cites no other factually similar case. The Eleventh Circuit precedent
relied on by the majority invokes the doctrine of equitable estoppel, a theory not
argued here; and in MS Dealer Serv. Corp. v. Franklin, 177 F.3d 942, 948 n.4 (11th
Cir. 1999), the court noted that the arbitration clause at issue specifically included
claims arising out of the tort of fraud. The arbitration clause at issue in this case does
not have such language and is specifically limited to claims arising under the
Agreement. Indeed, the majority notes that the relationship necessary to apply the
Eleventh Circuit precedent is "a close one."

       I agree that there is a strong national policy in favor of arbitration. However
P & P Indus., Inc. v. Sutter Corp., 179 F.3d 861 (10th Cir. 1999), relied on by the
majority, involved the confirmation of an arbitration award, and, therefore, is
inapposite. See Lee v. Chica, 983 F.2d 883 (8th Cir. 1993) (explaining that being
compelled to arbitrate differs from confirming an arbitration award). Likewise, the
majority's reliance on Gregory v. Electro-Mechanical Corp., 83 F.3d 382, 383 (11th
Cir. 1996), which merely interpreted the phrase "arising hereunder," is misplaced as
it did not involve a non-signatory. See also Kroll v. Doctor's Assocs., Inc., 3 F.3d
1167 (7th Cir. 1993) (situation did not involve a non-signatory).

       I find the factually similar case of McCarthy v. Azure, 22 F.3d 351 (1st Cir.
1994), to rest on a stronger foundation with better reasoning. In McCarthy, the First
Circuit held that a corporate officer, who signed an agreement containing an
arbitration clause in his official capacity, could not compel arbitration of claims

                                          -11-
lodged against him as an individual. McCarthy, Id. at 363. McCarthy rightfully
encourages skillful drafting of agreements as the proper means for including officers
in the ambit of an arbitration clause. "A corporation that wishes to bring its agents
and employees into the arbitral tent can do so by writing contracts. . . that will specify
the desired result." Id. at 360. McCarthy is on point and well reasoned.

      I respectfully dissent.
                       ______________________________




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