                          PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


GRACE LONTZ; BEVERLY PETTIT,           
              Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                 v.
JOYCE THARP; ELIZABETH DOAK;                  No. 04-1967
JAMES BAISH; SANDEEP THAKRAR;
MONICA, LLC, d/b/a Holiday Inn
Express,
              Defendants-Appellees.
                                       
           Appeal from the United States District Court
     for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Wheeling.
              Frederick P. Stamp, Jr., District Judge.
                          (CA-03-260-5)

                      Argued: March 17, 2005

                       Decided: July 1, 2005

 Before WILKINSON, LUTTIG, and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.



Vacated and remanded with instructions by published opinion. Judge
Wilkinson wrote the opinion, in which Judge Luttig and Judge Trax-
ler joined.


                           COUNSEL

ARGUED: Paul Joseph Harris, Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appel-
lants. Mario Richard Bordogna, STEPTOE & JOHNSON, Clarks-
burg, West Virginia, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: John R. Merinar, Jr.,
STEPTOE & JOHNSON, Clarksburg, West Virginia, for Appellees.
2                           LONTZ v. THARP
                               OPINION

WILKINSON, Circuit Judge:

   The phrase "complete preemption" has become a term of art. It
refers to that "small category of statutes that . . . ‘authoriz[e] removal
of actions that sought relief only under state law.’" Alongi v. Ford
Motor Co., 386 F.3d 716, 724 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Beneficial
Nat’l Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1, 6-7 (2003)). In this case we con-
sider whether state wrongful discharge claims are completely pre-
empted by the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 157, 158
(2000). We conclude that they are not. We express no view as to
whether such claims on the merits are preempted by federal law, as
this is a question for state courts to resolve. We accordingly vacate
the judgment of the district court and remand with instructions to
remand the case in turn to state court.

                                    I.

   Grace Lontz and Beverly Pettit were employed as hotel supervisors
at a Holiday Inn Express in Dallas Pike, West Virginia. Some of the
employees at the hotel initiated union-organizing activities in 2003.
Pettit alleges that management, convinced that she had assisted and
encouraged the activities, fired her on July 2, 2003.

   Lontz alleges that members of management "met with [her] and
instructed her to seek the assistance of a deputy sheriff, (a friend of
[hers]) and have a union organizer arrested." Lontz refused. Thereaf-
ter, she claims, management "created an intolerable work environ-
ment" for her. Lontz says that she resigned on October 8, 2003, for
this reason.

   Later in October, Lontz and Pettit jointly brought suit in West Vir-
ginia state court, naming as defendants their former employer, Mon-
ica, LLC (the entity operating the Holiday Inn Express), and four
members of its management. Plaintiffs’ claims sounded entirely in
state law. Pettit and Lontz alleged respectively wrongful discharge
and constructive discharge "in violation of the public policy of the
State of West Virginia" and contrary to W. Va. Code § 21-1A-1
                            LONTZ v. THARP                              3
(Michie 2002). Lontz also alleged a violation of the West Virginia
Wage Payment and Collection Act, W. Va. Code § 21-5-1 et seq.*

   Defendants removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the
Northern District of West Virginia. They subsequently filed a motion
to dismiss, and the plaintiffs filed a motion to remand the case to state
court. On July 1, 2004, the district court dismissed the wrongful and
constructive discharge claims but remanded the statutory wage pay-
ment claim. The district court concluded that the discharge claims
were not brought under state law, but rather alleged violations of sec-
tions 7 and 8 of the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA"), 29
U.S.C. §§ 157, 158 (2000), which it felt sufficient for federal jurisdic-
tion. In other words, the district court concluded that the putative state
law claims were completely preempted by the NLRA. It was on this
basis that the district court noted that the complaint "allege[d] viola-
tions of federal law," making removal jurisdiction proper. Having
assumed jurisdiction on these grounds, the district court further
observed that claims under sections 7 and 8 are channeled exclusively
to the NLRB. The court therefore dismissed the discharge claims.

   Lontz and Pettit timely filed a notice of appeal. They argue that the
case was improperly removed, and therefore seek a remand to the
state court in which the claims were filed. Like all questions implicat-
ing the subject matter jurisdiction of the federal courts, we review de
novo the denial of a motion to remand to state court. Dixon v. Coburg
Dairy, Inc., 369 F.3d 811, 815-16 (4th Cir. 2004) (en banc); Sonoco
Prods. Co. v. Physicians Health Plan, Inc., 338 F.3d 366, 370 (4th
Cir. 2003). In particular, "[w]e review de novo the question of
whether Plaintiffs’ state law claims are completely preempted." Felix
v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 387 F.3d 1146, 1153 (10th Cir. 2004).

  *Lontz and Pettit also filed charges with the NLRB. They later con-
cluded that as supervisory employees they lacked a remedy under the
NLRA and that they therefore had been in error to file the charges. They
withdrew them, and the regional director of the NLRB wrote to the
employer in February 2004 noting that the charges had, "with [his]
approval, been withdrawn." The district court found NLRA preemption
regardless of the plaintiffs’ status as supervisory employees. We decline
to address this question or to speculate on the effect of the withdrawn
charges because our jurisdictional resolution renders these issues irrele-
vant.
4                           LONTZ v. THARP
                                   II.

   Because this case began in state court, our jurisdiction depends on
the propriety of removal, which in turn depends on the scope of the
district court’s original jurisdiction. This is because the removal stat-
ute allows defendants to remove a case to federal court only if "the
district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction" over it.
28 U.S.C. § 1441(a) (2000); Rivet v. Regions Bank of La., 522 U.S.
470, 474 (1998). The question, then, is "whether [this] claim could
have been brought originally in federal district court." King v. Marri-
ott Int’l, Inc., 337 F.3d 421, 424 (4th Cir. 2003). To answer it, we
observe that § 1441 generally makes removal appropriate in three cir-
cumstances, demonstration of which is the burden of the party seek-
ing removal. See Mulcahey v. Columbia Organic Chems. Co., 29 F.3d
148, 151 (4th Cir. 1994).

   First, a defendant may remove a case to federal court if the parties
are diverse and meet the statutory requirements for diversity jurisdic-
tion. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1441(b) (2000); Richardson v. Kruchko
& Fries, 966 F.2d 153, 155 (4th Cir. 1992) (federal jurisdiction over
claim of retaliatory discharge for pro-union activities "based on diver-
sity of citizenship"). Since diversity always vests original jurisdiction
in the district courts, diversity also generates removal jurisdiction.

   Second, removal is appropriate if the face of the complaint raises
a federal question. See § 1441(b); King, 337 F.3d at 424. Under the
firmly settled well-pleaded complaint rule, however, merely having a
federal defense to a state law claim is insufficient to support removal,
since it would also be insufficient for federal question jurisdiction in
the first place. See Louisville & Nashville R.R. v. Mottley, 211 U.S.
149, 152 (1908); King, 337 F.3d at 424. Thus, the Supreme Court
unwaveringly has maintained that "[t]o bring a case within [§ 1441],
a right or immunity created by the Constitution or laws of the United
States must be an element, and an essential one, of the plaintiff’s
cause of action." Gully v. First Nat’l Bank, 299 U.S. 109, 112 (1936).

   The third justification for removal is actually a narrow exception
to the well-pleaded complaint rule. "[K]nown as the ‘complete pre-
emption’ doctrine," Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 393
(1987), it provides that if the subject matter of a putative state law
                            LONTZ v. THARP                             5
claim has been totally subsumed by federal law — such that state law
cannot even treat on the subject matter — then removal is appropriate.
See Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 124 S. Ct. 2488, 2494-95 (2004);
Franchise Tax Board v. Construction Laborers Vacation Trust, 463
U.S. 1, 23-24 (1983); King, 337 F.3d at 424-25. Although completely
preempted claims are rare, they are held to satisfy the well-pleaded
complaint requirements of Mottley and Gully.

  Neither party believes that diversity exists or that the complaint
explicitly raises a federal question. We therefore turn to complete pre-
emption.

                                  III.

   We have noted our obligation "to construe removal jurisdiction
strictly because of the ‘significant federalism concerns’ implicated"
by it. Maryland Stadium Auth. v. Ellerbe Becket Inc., 407 F.3d 255,
260 (4th Cir. 2005) (quoting Mulcahey, 29 F.3d at 151). "Federalism
concerns strongly counsel against imputing to Congress an intent to
displace a whole panoply of state law . . . absent some clearly
expressed direction." Custer v. Sweeney, 89 F.3d 1156, 1167 (4th Cir.
1996) (internal quotes omitted). Consistent with these principles, we
have recognized that state law complaints usually must stay in state
court when they assert what appear to be state law claims. See, e.g.,
Harless v. CSX Hotels, Inc., 389 F.3d 444, 450 (4th Cir. 2004); King,
337 F.3d at 424; Darcangelo v. Verizon Communications, Inc., 292
F.3d 181, 186 (4th Cir. 2002); Cook v. Georgetown Steel Corp., 770
F.2d 1272, 1274 (4th Cir. 1985). The presumption, in other words, is
against finding complete preemption. Custer, 89 F.3d at 1167.

   But that presumption is rebuttable, because federal law occasion-
ally "displace[s] entirely any state cause of action." Franchise Tax
Board, 463 U.S. at 23. When it does, federal law then "provide[s] the
exclusive cause of action for such claims," and therefore "there is . . .
no such thing as a state-law claim" in the regulated area. Beneficial,
539 U.S. at 11. The doctrine of complete preemption thus prevents
plaintiffs from "defeat[ing] removal by omitting to plead necessary
federal questions." Franchise Tax Board, 463 U.S. at 22. It thereby
ensures compliance with congressional intent that federal courts be
available to resolve certain claims which are peculiarly national in
6                           LONTZ v. THARP
scope. Defendants’ burden, then, is to demonstrate that a federal stat-
ute indisputably displaces any state cause of action over a given sub-
ject matter.

   In assessing whether defendants have carried their burden, we may
not conflate "complete preemption" with "conflict" or "ordinary" pre-
emption. While these two concepts are linguistically related, they are
not as close kin jurisprudentially as their names suggest. Complete
preemption is a "jurisdictional doctrine," while ordinary preemption
simply declares the primacy of federal law, regardless of the forum
or the claim. Sonoco Prods., 338 F.3d at 370-71. Ordinary preemption
has been categorized as a federal "defense to the allegations." Cater-
pillar, 482 U.S. at 392. And as a mere defense, the "preemptive effect
of a federal statute . . . will not provide a basis for removal." Benefi-
cial, 539 U.S. at 6 (internal citations omitted). See also Rivet, 522
U.S. at 475-76; Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 392-93; Metro. Life Ins. Co.
v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 66 (1987) ("even an ‘obvious’ pre-emption
defense does not, in most cases, create removal jurisdiction"); Fran-
chise Tax Board, 463 U.S. at 14, 28. Even if preemption forms the
very core of the litigation, it is insufficient for removal. Caterpillar,
482 U.S. at 393.

   By contrast, when complete preemption exists, there is "no such
thing" as the state action, Beneficial, 539 U.S. at 11, since the federal
claim is treated as if it appears on the face of the complaint because
it effectively displaces the state cause of action. Complete preemption
thus "transform[s] the plaintiff’s state-law claims into federal claims."
Rivet, 522 U.S. at 476. Since the complaint is then understood to state
a federal question, the well-pleaded complaint rule is satisfied,
thereby justifying removal under § 1441(b).

   Recognizing that complete preemption undermines the plaintiff’s
traditional ability to plead under the law of his choosing, the Supreme
Court has made clear that it is "reluctant" to find complete preemp-
tion. Metro. Life, 481 U.S. at 65. The Court has, in fact, found com-
plete preemption in only three statutes. See Beneficial, 539 U.S. at 10-
11 (National Bank Act); Metro. Life, 481 U.S. at 66-67 (ERISA
§ 502(a)); Avco Corp. v. Aero Lodge No. 735, Int’l Ass’n of Machin-
ists, 390 U.S. 557, 560 (1968) (Labor Management Relations Act
("LMRA") § 301). Unsurprisingly, therefore, the Court has articulated
                            LONTZ v. THARP                            7
exacting standards that must be met before it will find complete pre-
emption. Most notably, the congressional intent that state law be
entirely displaced must be clear in the text of the statute. See Metro.
Life, 481 U.S. at 65-66.

   In fact, the Court in Beneficial emphasized that the preempting
statute must not only create a federal cause of action, but must also
show that Congress intended it to "provide the exclusive cause of
action" for claims of overwhelming national interest. Beneficial, 539
U.S. at 9, 11 (emphasis added). In finding that the National Bank Act
completely preempted state law governing interest rates, Beneficial
stressed that national banks were the subject of unique national con-
cern. Such banks are, after all, chartered at the national level and
explicitly not governed by state law. Id. at 10. Under these circum-
stances, federal law alone regulates the interest charged by national
banks, extinguishing — that is, completely preempting — state regu-
lation of the same subject. Id. at 10-11.

   This view of the complete preemption doctrine is consistent with
our approach in Rosciszewski v. Arete Associates, Inc., 1 F.3d 225
(4th Cir. 1993). In that case, we concluded that the Copyright Act, 17
U.S.C. § 301(a), completely preempted the state law claims that had
been brought. We recognized, as Beneficial did in its context, the stat-
utory text’s insistence on exclusive, uniform national regulation of
copyright. Rosciszewski, 1 F.3d at 229, 232. And like Beneficial, we
made clear that "the focus of our inquiry must be congressional
intent." Id. at 231.

   Nothing in Beneficial or Rosciszewski altered the general principle
that defendants seeking removal under the doctrine of complete pre-
emption bear a significant burden. They must establish congressional
intent to extinguish similar state claims by making the federal cause
of action exclusive. And as we must construe removal strictly, reason-
able doubts must be resolved against the complete preemption basis
for it. Maryland Stadium Auth., 407 F.3d at 260.

                                  IV.

   We now apply these standards to the present case. Defendants
argue that the state court lacks jurisdiction because the state law
8                           LONTZ v. THARP
claims should be recharacterized as deriving from sections 7 and 8 of
the National Labor Relations Act. Those provisions concern employ-
ees’ protected "concerted activities," 29 U.S.C. § 157, and regulate
the ability of employers or labor organizations to engage in "unfair
labor practices," id. § 158.

   Preemption under those sections is known as "Garmon preemp-
tion," named for the Supreme Court case which clarified that "[w]hen
an activity is arguably subject to § 7 or § 8 of the Act, the States as
well as the federal courts must defer to the exclusive competence of
the National Labor Relations Board . . . ." San Diego Bldg. Trades
Council v. Garmon, 359 U.S. 236, 245 (1959). However, defendants’
deployment of this principle proves too much. Garmon may strip state
courts of adjudicatory authority, but in the very same breath it also
deprives federal courts of that authority. Indeed, the same "exclusive
competence" of the NLRB which divests state courts of original juris-
diction over claims subject to sections 7 and 8 also divests federal
courts of such jurisdiction.

   If this distinction amounted to deciding which court had the honor
of dismissing the case, it might appear to be a dispute over trifles. But
even if the structural allocation of authority could be dismissed as
trivial, we think more is at stake. For instance, the removal-cum-
dismissal urged by defendants is predicated on the assumption that
sections 7 and 8 do in fact preempt the state law claims. But what if
that assumption is faulty? Garmon itself made clear that not every
state law claim that touches on sections 7 and 8 is in fact preempted.
See Garmon, 359 U.S. at 247-48; see also Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at
396 n.10. If it turned out that the plaintiffs’ claims here are among
those not preempted, removal and dismissal unconstitutionally
deprive the plaintiffs of the opportunity to make their case, and
deprive West Virginia of the right to vindicate its own non-preempted
laws.

   The district court held that this was one of those cases in which
state law was indeed preempted. But that this conclusion had to be
made is itself the best proof that strict adherence to the removal stat-
ute is more than mere formalism. The state court may, of course, ulti-
mately share the district court’s view. But its ability to determine its
                            LONTZ v. THARP                              9
own jurisdiction is a serious obligation, and not something that fed-
eral courts may easily take for themselves.

   Fidelity to Supreme Court precedent and our own case law requires
us to agree with our sister circuits that sections 7 and 8 do not com-
pletely preempt these claims. As noted, the sine qua non of complete
preemption is a pre-existing federal cause of action that can be
brought in the district courts. Beneficial, 539 U.S. at 9; see also
Metro. Life, 481 U.S. at 63 (noting the "exclusive federal cause of
action for resolution of such disputes"); Franchise Tax Board, 463
U.S. at 26 (contrasting a non-completely preemptive statute with
LMRA § 301, which "expressly supplied the plaintiff in Avco with a
federal cause of action to replace its" state law claim); King, 337 F.3d
at 425 ("a vital feature of complete preemption is the existence of a
federal cause of action that replaces the preempted cause of action").

   Under this standard, sections 7 and 8 do not work to completely
preempt the kind of state law claims that plaintiffs are pressing.
Indeed, the contrast between sections 7 and 8 of the NLRA and provi-
sions of the statutes with complete preemptive force is unmistakable.
For instance, section 301 of the LMRA explicitly "provides that the
federal district courts have plenary jurisdiction, without regard to citi-
zenship or amount in controversy . . . ." Alongi, 386 F.3d at 723
(emphasis added); see also Childers v. Chesapeake & Potomac Tel.
Co., 881 F.2d 1259, 1262 (4th Cir. 1989) (noting that section 301 pro-
vides federal jurisdiction). Similarly unlike sections 7 and 8,
"[s]ection 502 of ERISA creates a civil cause of action," King, 337
F.3d at 426, necessary for the complete preemption deriving from that
provision. And the National Bank Act, 12 U.S.C. § 86 (2000), pro-
vides a cause of action for "a usury claim against a national bank."
Beneficial, 539 U.S. at 9. In this case, we cannot find complete pre-
emption if for no other reason than that Congress has not chosen to
create a cause of action.

   Other courts have considered the completely preemptive effect of
sections 7 and 8 and "are uniform in finding that Garmon preemption
under the NLRA does not completely preempt state laws so as to pro-
vide removal jurisdiction." Felix, 387 F.3d at 1166. "[S]tate law
actions claimed to be preempted by sections 7 and 8 of the NLRA are
not removable to federal court." Ethridge v. Harbor House Rest., 861
10                          LONTZ v. THARP
F.2d 1389, 1400 (9th Cir. 1988) (footnote omitted). "Nothing in the
history of the Garmon doctrine suggests that state courts are incapable
of determining their own jurisdiction." Id. To the contrary, "Garmon-
preemption analysis is one that the state courts are to undertake in the
first instance." Id.; see also Felix, 387 F.3d at 1165-66 ("Garmon pre-
emption does not provide a basis for removal jurisdiction."); Alongi,
386 F.3d 716, 723 (6th Cir. 2004) (same); Kline v. Sec. Guards, Inc.,
386 F.3d 246, 262 (3d Cir. 2004) (same); United Ass’n of Journeymen
& Apprentices v. Bechtel Power Corp., 834 F.2d 884, 886-87 (10th
Cir. 1987) (same); Sandoval v. New Mexico Tech. Group LLC, 174
F. Supp. 2d 1224, 1233-35 (D.N.M. 2001) (same).

   That Congress’s allocation of authority to an agency and away
from district courts defeats a complete preemption claim is further
confirmed by the analogous situation in Opera Plaza Residential Par-
cel v. Hoang, 376 F.3d 831 (9th Cir. 2004). Section 207 of the Tele-
communications Act of 1996 undeniably has preemptive effect, but
violations of its rules are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the FCC.
Id. at 838-39. In Opera Plaza, the Ninth Circuit concluded that Con-
gress had not created a federal cause of action, id. at 838, and that
complete preemption was therefore unavailable, id. at 839.

   Because sections 7 and 8 do not create a cause of action, the
Supreme Court has always assumed, as we now hold, that Garmon
preemption is a matter for the state courts to determine in those cases
where federal jurisdiction cannot be independently established by
some other means. The Court has twice stated as much in resolving
other issues. In International Longshoremen’s Association v. Davis,
476 U.S. 380, 393 (1986), the Court noted that "when a claim of Gar-
mon pre-emption is raised, it must be considered and resolved by the
state court." In Caterpillar, the Court observed that "[t]he fact that a
defendant might ultimately prove that a plaintiff’s claims are pre-
empted under the NLRA does not establish that they are removable
to federal court." 482 U.S. at 398 (footnote omitted). It specifically
noted that such preemption arguments "are questions that must be
addressed in the first instance by the state court in which respondents
filed their claims." Id. at 398 n.13.

                                   V.

  Removal statutes do not create jurisdiction. They are instead a
mechanism to enable federal courts to hear the cases that are already
                            LONTZ v. THARP                            11
within their original jurisdiction. See Darcangelo, 292 F.3d at 186.
Even though their ordinary preemptive power is great, sections 7 and
8 do not on their own terms confer federal jurisdiction and therefore
cannot be the basis of removal through complete preemption.

   We therefore hold that the district court lacked subject matter juris-
diction over this case, and thus had no basis to permit removal under
§ 1441. We vacate the judgment of the district court and remand with
instructions to remand the case to state court.

              VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS
