                                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                           v.
                                                                  Criminal Case No. 07-009 (BAH)
 DAVID VILLONGCO,                                                 Judge Beryl A. Howell

                           Defendant.



                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION

        The defendant David Villongco, who is proceeding pro se, contests the government’s

effort to garnish funds in his retirement and brokerage accounts in partial satisfaction of the

defendant’s restitution obligation in the amount of $14,284,852.78. Def.’s Mot. to Quash the

Writ of Continuing Non-Wage Garnishment, ECF No. 46 (“Def.’s Mot.”).1 This restitution

obligation was ordered as part of a criminal judgment entered against the defendant over eight

years ago, with directions that the restitution be paid in monthly installments, with which

payment schedule the defendant has fully complied. Id. at 1. Nevertheless, the government now

seeks to garnish from the garnishee, Fidelity Investments, four of the defendant’s accounts

containing approximately $806,536.52, as “non-exempt disposable earnings in which the

Defendant has a substantial non-exempt interest.” Appl. for Writ of Continuing Non-Wage

Garnishment (“Gov’t’s Appl. for Writ”), at 1, ECF No. 40; Answer of Garnishee (“Answer”), ¶¶




1
        After this case was reassigned, on March 24, 2016, to the undersigned Chief Judge, the defendant
submitted a letter, dated April 19, 2016, which the Court construed as a motion to quash the government’s
garnishment writ. See Min. Order (May 5, 2016). In response to the Court’s Order, the defendant’s former counsel
confirmed, on May 6 and 7, 2016, that they no longer represent the defendant. See Notice of Nonrepresentation as
to David Villongco by Thomas Simeone, ECF No. 47; Notice of Nonrepresentation as to David Villongco by Steven
Gruel, ECF No. 48.

                                                       1
7, 9, ECF No. 42; Supplemental Answer of the Garnishee (“Suppl. Answer”), at 2, ECF No. 43.

For the reasons discussed below, the defendant’s motion to quash is granted.

I.      BACKGROUND

        Summarized below is the relevant factual and procedural background of this case. The

Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) prepared by the United States Probation Office

(“USPO”) in connection with the defendant’s sentencing described the defendant’s “Financial

Condition: Ability to Pay” and disclosed that the defendant held, inter alia, the following assets:

(1) “a 401K retirement savings account with Fidelity Investments” that “was established from his

former employment with Visa” and, as of January 28, 2008, had a balance of $376,003.14, see

PSR ¶¶ 64, 64a, ECF No. 51; (2) “another 401K with General Electric (GE), from his former

employment with this company,” which, “[a]s of December 2007, he believes . . . had a total

asset value of $120,000,” id. ¶ 64; and (3) “[a]s of December 2007,” GE and Prudential stock

with a value of $6,134.00, id. ¶ 65.2 After noting that the defendant must be ordered to pay “full

restitution to the victim without consideration of the economic circumstances of the defendant,”

id. ¶ 96 (citing 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A(a)(1), (3)), the PSR advised that “[t]he Court may order the

defendant to make nominal periodic payments if the Court finds from facts on the record that the

economic circumstances of the defendant do not allow the payment of any amount of []

restitution, . . . in the foreseeable future under any reasonable schedule of payments,” id.

(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(3)(B)).



2
          To facilitate consideration of the defendant’s motion to quash, the Court directed the USPO to file, under
seal, the PSR and the USPO’s Sentencing Recommendation, which were docketed on June 8 and 30, 2016, at ECF
Nos. 51 and 53, respectively. Prior to his sentencing, the defendant acknowledged, on February 29, 2008, receipt of
the PSR. Def.’s Receipt and Acknowledgement of PSR, ECF No. 35. In order for the Court’s reasoning to be fully
discussed here, portions of the PSR and Sentencing Recommendation quoted herein are unsealed, while the full
documents remain sealed. See United States v. Reeves, 586 F.3d 20, 22 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (unsealing the PSR “to
the limited extent referenced in [the] opinion,” but maintaining that “the full document shall remain physically
withheld from public review”) (citing United States v. Parnell, 524 F.3d 166, 167 n.1 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam)).

                                                         2
         At the sentencing hearing, in addition to concurrent terms of imprisonment and

supervised release on each of two counts of conviction, the defendant was ordered to “pay

restitution totaling $14,284,652.78 jointly and severally with [his] accomplices, with credit to

[him] for amounts already paid.” Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 28:8–11, (Feb. 29, 2008), ECF No.

52.3 The Court also issued instructions regarding the timing and manner of the restitution

payments, ordering, first, that “[t]he special assessment and restitution are immediately payable

to the clerk of this court,” and, second, that as a special condition of supervised release, the

defendant “must pay the balance of any restitution owed at a rate of no less than $500 each

month and provide verification of that payment to the probation office.” Id. at 28:16–17, 29:12–

14.4

         Apparently confused by the seemingly contrary directions about when restitution

payments became due—either “immediately” or in installments while on supervised release—,

defense counsel raised the question of when payments on the restitution obligation would begin,

asking, “does that begin upon release from custody and is a condition of his supervised release or

does that begin now?” Id. at 31:16–17. The Court responded: “No, the order I just entered

required the beginning -- required the payment due immediately. You will certainly probably


3
           The PSR indicates that other individuals were involved and indicted in connection with the criminal
conduct underlying the defendant’s convictions. See PSR ¶ 18. The D.C. Circuit recognizes that joint and several
liability for restitution obligations may be appropriate, at least “where there is more than one defendant and each has
contributed to the victim’s injury.” United States v. Monzel, 641 F.3d 528, 538 (D.C. Cir. 2011); see also United
States v. Cano-Flores, 796 F.3d 83, 95 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (holding that “joint and several liability” does not extend to
criminal forfeiture but “might well apply to restitution in a criminal case,” under 18 U.S.C. § 3664(h), “as a means
of protecting victims”); cf. 13 Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Guide to Judiciary Policy, Finance
and Budget, Chapter 8, § 820.20.20 (Setting up Joint and Several Restitution Accounts) (“Joint and several
restitution should not be ordered against individuals who are not before the court or included in the same
indictment.”).
4
           The USPO’s Sentencing Recommendation, in an attached document titled “Sentencing Format,”
recommended a monthly restitution payment that was double the monthly amount imposed by the Court. See
Sentencing Recommendation at 25, ECF No. 53. The “Sentencing Format” also reflected the language employed by
the Court, recommending that “[t]he special assessment and restitution are immediately payable to the Clerk of the
Court for the U.S. District Court, District of Columbia” and that the “Restitution Obligation” payment schedule be
imposed as one of the “special conditions” of supervision. Id.

                                                          3
need to work through with others how and -- how much to pay, when it starts, but certainly

during the period of incarceration, payments will have to come through the Inmate Financial

Responsibility Program. It’s understandable that there may end up being some limits on how

much that can be during that period of time, but the payments for the restitution as well as the

special assessments are due and payable immediately.” Id. at 31:18–32:1. The Court continued,

“[t]he fact is that, you know, payment schedules end up getting worked out when people don’t

have the full amount of all that’s due and payable immediately.” Id. at 32:3–5.

         The Judgment and Commitment Order, entered on March 14, 2008, generally reflects the

sentence imposed at the earlier hearing: the defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of

thirty-three months of imprisonment and three-year terms of supervised release on each of two

counts, to which he pleaded guilty, of conspiracy to defraud the Government and mail fraud, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 286 and 1341, 1342. Judgment and Commitment Order, (“J & C”) at

1, ECF No. 33. The order directed the defendant, inter alia, to pay “[r]estitution totaling

$14,284,652.78 to be paid jointly and severally with your accomplices with credit to the

defendant for amount already paid,” and to “pay the balance of any restitution owed at a rate of

no less than $500.00 each month and provide verification of same to the Probation Office.” J &

C at 5–6.5 The order further required as “a condition of supervised release that the defendant pay

[a fine or restitution] in accordance with the Schedule of Payments sheet of this judgment,” id. at

3, and that the defendant “notify the court and United States attorney of material changes in




5
          The order imposed additional financial penalties, including payment of a $200.00 special assessment and
“forfeit[ure of] $150,000 as ordered in the March 16, 2007 Consent Order of Forfeiture.” J & C at 4; see Consent
Order of Forfeiture, ECF No. 6. The section of the judgment providing for “Criminal Monetary Penalties,”
including restitution, states that “[t]he defendant must pay the total criminal monetary penalties under the schedule
of payments on Sheet 6,” J & C at 6, and, although “Sheet 6” is not in the record, “Sheet 5A” titled “Additional
Terms for Criminal Monetary Penalties” reflects the total amount of restitution and payment schedule orally ordered
by the Court at the sentencing hearing.

                                                          4
economic circumstances,” id. at 1.6 Neither party objected to or appealed the sentence. See

generally Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g.

         Almost eight years later, on March 4, 2016, the government filed an Application for Writ

of Continuing Non-Wage Garnishment to Fidelity Investments as to David Villongco, see

Gov’t’s Appl. for Writ, to which the garnishee, Fidelity Investments, filed an answer, see

Answer at 1. The garnishee explained that the defendant “is a terminated participant in the

General Electric Retirement Savings Plan,” in which “the [d]efendant has an account balance of

$186,456.02 as of March 15, 2016.” Answer ¶¶ 7, 9. Further, the defendant “is a retired

participant in the Visa 401(k) Plan,” in which “the [d]efendant has an account balance of

$405,264[.]23 as of March 15, 2016.” Id. The garnishee subsequently supplemented this

information identifying two additional accounts of the defendant: a UC Individual Brokerage

Account in the amount of $2,764.56, and a Rollover Individual Retirement Account of the

defendant in the amount of $212,051.71. Suppl. Answer at 2.

         Pending before the Court is the defendant’s request that the Court “rescind this collection

effort or procedure.” Def.’s Mot. at 1. The defendant states that he has “been diligently paying

[the amount of $500.00 each month] ever since [he] was released.” Id. To demonstrate this

compliance, he attached the last three months of restitution payments. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. 1

(“Financial Docs.”), ECF No. 46-1. While not disputing the defendant’s full compliance with

the restitution payment schedule both during and after his now expired supervised release term,

the government opposes this motion. Gov’t’s Mem. Opp’n Def.’s Mot. to Quash Writ of

Garnishment (“Gov’t’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 49; see Min. Order (May 9, 2016) (setting briefing



6
          The latter notice requirement regarding material economic changes was not stated orally at the sentencing
hearing, but a district court may use a written judgment to clarify implementation of a sentencing order. See United
States v. Knight, No. 14-3010, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 10516, at *12 (D.C. Cir. June 10, 2016).

                                                         5
schedule and directing government to address in its opposition: United States v. Hughes, 813

F.3d 1007 (D.C. Cir. 2016); United States v. Martinez, 812 F.3d 1200 (10th Cir. 2015); and

United States v. Ekong, 518 F.3d 285 (5th Cir. 2007)).

II.    DISCUSSION

       To satisfy part of the remaining $13,975,907.08 owed on the original $14,284,652.78

restitution order against the defendant, Gov’t’s Appl. For Writ at 1, the government seeks to

garnish the defendant’s Fidelity Investments retirement and brokerage accounts, worth

approximately $806,536.52. The defendant requests that the garnishment be stopped for the

straightforward reason that he is in full compliance with the court-ordered restitution payment

schedule. Def.’s Mot. at 1. Essentially, the defendant’s position is that, absent any delinquency

or default in the restitution payments of $500.00 per month, the government is not entitled to

accelerate these payments by garnishing funds in the targeted savings accounts. The

government’s arguments supporting the garnishment and opposing the motion to quash are

analyzed after a review of the statutory framework.

       A.      STATUTORY FRAMEWORK

       “Federal courts have authority to order restitution solely pursuant to statute.” United

States v. Anderson, 545 F.3d 1072, 1077 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Bok, 156 F.3d

157, 166 (2d Cir. 1998)); see also United States v. Gottesman, 122 F.3d 150, 151 (2d Cir. 1997)

(“‘Federal courts have no inherent power to order restitution. Such authority must be conferred

by Congress through statute.’” (quoting United States v. Helmsley, 941 F.2d 71, 101 (2d Cir.

1991))). In fact, there is a “‘specific and detailed [statutory] scheme addressing the issuance . . .

of restitution orders arising out of criminal prosecution.’” Martinez, 812 F.3d at 1204 (quoting

United States v. Wyss, 744 F.3d 1214, 1217 (10th Cir. 2014)).



                                                  6
         The two principle restitution statutes applicable to defendants convicted of federal crimes

are the Victim Witness Protection Act of 1982 (“VWPA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663, and the Mandatory

Victims Restitution Act of 1996 (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A, 3664. These two statutes

share a number of parallel provisions, with the primary distinctions being that the VWPA

“provides federal courts with discretionary authority to order restitution to victims of most

federal crimes,” while the MVRA “requires restitution in certain federal cases involving a subset

of the crimes covered by the [VWPA]. (Recall that under the 1982 Act, restitution is

discretionary, not mandatory).” United States v. Papagno, 639 F.3d 1093, 1096 (D.C. Cir.

2011). In addition, unlike the VWPA, the MVRA “requires the court to award full restitution

regardless of the defendant’s financial circumstances, . . . ; and gives victims a role in the

sentencing process.” United States v. Monzel, 641 F.3d 528, 543 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citing 18

U.S.C. §§ 3664(d)(2), (f)(1)(A)).7 Set forth below are the relevant provisions of the MVRA and

the enforcement provisions applicable here.

             1. The Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996

         As noted, the MVRA mandates that a defendant convicted of certain enumerated

offenses, “including any offense committed by fraud or deceit,” be ordered to “make restitution

to the victim of the offense . . . .” 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A(a)(1), (c)(1)(A)(ii). The defendant’s

convictions in this case, conspiracy to defraud the government and mail fraud in violation of 18

U.S.C. §§ 286, 1341, and 1342, are indisputably subject to the MVRA. Under the MVRA, the

court must: “(a) order the full amount of restitution; (b) establish an initial payment schedule that



7
         As the D.C. Circuit outlined in Papagno, “several other statutes authorize restitution for specific offenses.”
639 F.3d at 1097 n.1 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 43(c) (damaging or interfering with an enterprise involving animals); 18
U.S.C. § 228(d) (child support violations); 18 U.S.C. § 1593 (peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons); 18
U.S.C. § 2248 (sex crimes); 18 U.S.C. § 2259 (sexual exploitation of children); 18 U.S.C. § 2264 (domestic
violence); 18 U.S.C. § 2327 (telemarketing fraud); 21 U.S.C. § 853(q) (amphetamine and
methamphetamine offenses)).

                                                           7
takes into consideration the defendant’s financial situation; and (c) respond to any change in the

defendant’s economic condition by adjusting the schedule.” United States v. Scales, No. 14-

10725, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 5179, at *14 (5th Cir. Mar. 17, 2016).

        In computing the amount of restitution to be paid by the defendant, the MVRA requires

that restitution be ordered for “each victim in the full amount of each victim’s losses as

determined by the court and without consideration of the economic circumstances of the

defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(A); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(b) (providing guidance on

calculating amount of loss). The MVRA next requires the court to “specify in the restitution

order the manner in which, and the schedule according to which, the restitution is to be paid,”

upon consideration of certain factors, such as “the financial resources and other assets of the

defendant,” “projected earnings and other income of the defendant,” and “any financial

obligations to dependents.” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(2). Thus, the statute requires two distinct

inquiries: first, the court must ascertain and order the total amount of restitution no matter the

defendant’s financial situation; and, second, the court must direct the defendant to satisfy the

restitution obligation in a particular manner, a direction predicated upon an evaluation of the

defendant’s particular financial circumstances. While the MVRA thereby cabins judicial

discretion in setting the amount of restitution to be paid by a defendant, the statute authorizes

broader flexibility in “fashioning” how the defendant is required to pay that restitution amount.

See Paroline v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 1710, 1729 (2014) (“District courts routinely exercise

wide discretion both in sentencing as a general matter and more specifically in fashioning

restitution orders.”).

        Notably, the MVRA contemplates a variety of payment schedules, authorizing the court

to “direct the defendant to make a single, lump-sum payment, partial payments at specified



                                                  8
intervals, in-kind payments, or a combination of payments at specified intervals and in-kind

payments.” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(3)(A). As Justice Sotomayor recently observed, “in choosing

between lump-sum and partial payments, courts ‘shall’ consider ‘the financial resources and

other assets of the defendant,’ along with ‘any financial obligations of the defendant, including

obligations to dependents.’” Paroline, 134 S. Ct. at 1742 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (quoting 18

U.S.C. §§ 3664(f)(2)(A), (C)).

       When installment payments are ordered, “the installments shall be in equal monthly

payments over the period provided by the court, unless the court establishes another schedule,”

and the length of time for scheduled payments “shall be the shortest time in which full payment

can reasonably be made.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 3572(d)(1)–(2). The defendant’s obligation to make

restitution payments continues for up to twenty years after release from imprisonment or until his

death, whichever occurs first. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3613(b), (f); see also United States v. Pickett, 505 F.

App’x 838, 841 (11th Cir. 2013) (finding restitution judgment entered in 1997 “remains

enforceable until 2019,” since defendant “was released from prison in 1999”); United States v.

Dabney, No. 3:02-CR-00068, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 94303, at *4–5 (W.D. Ky. Oct. 8, 2009)

(noting that “defendant’s liability to pay restitution extends until 20 years after release from

imprisonment or upon the death of the defendant” and, thus, “[d]espite the fact that Defendant is

no longer under supervised release, he is still obligated to make restitution payments”).

       Absent a payment schedule, the full amount of restitution is due immediately at the time

of sentencing. 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(2) (directing that the manner in which restitution is to be paid

is “pursuant to section 3572[(d)(1)],” which, in turn, provides that a person ordered to pay a

“monetary penalty, including restitution, shall make such payment immediately, unless, in the

interest of justice, the court provides for payment on a date certain or in installments”); see also



                                                  9
United States v. Carter, 742 F.3d 440, 444–45 (9th Cir. 2014) (“The practical effect of omitting

restitution from the conditions of supervised release is that restitution was due immediately upon

[the defendant’s] sentencing, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3572(d)(1).”).

        In addition to providing guidance on calculating the amount and manner of payment of a

restitution order at the time of sentencing, the MVRA enumerates the circumstances when this

order “can” be “corrected,” “amended,” “modified,” or “adjusted.” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(o);8 see

Wyss, 744 F.3d at 1217–19 (reversing district court’s reduction in amount of restitution owed by

defendant upon concluding that mandatory order of restitution under MVRA may not be altered

“absent a showing of one of the § 3664(o)(1)-(2) factors”). One circumstance in which the

restitution order may be adjusted post-sentencing occurs when the court is notified “of a material

change in the defendant’s economic circumstances.” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(k); see also 18 U.S.C. §

3572(d)(3) (directing that any judgment for a fine permitting installment payments must also

require the defendant to “notify the court of any material change in the defendant’s economic

circumstances that might affect the defendant’s ability to pay the fine,” which notice may trigger,

upon motion of the court or any party, “adjust[ment] of the payment schedule, or require

immediate payment in full, as the interests of justice require”). The original restitution order

must require the defendant to give notice of any material change in economic circumstances to

both the court and the Attorney General, and such notice may also be submitted by the United

States or a victim. 18 U.S.C. § 3664(k). The MVRA further requires a defendant, who enjoys

improved economic circumstances post-sentencing and “during a period of incarceration,” to




8
         18 U.S.C. § 3664(o) provides that a restitution order “[1] can subsequently be (A) corrected under Rule 35
of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and section 3742 of chapter 235 of this title; (B) appealed and modified
under section 3742; (C) amended under subsection (d)(5); or (D) adjusted under section 3664(k), 3572, or 3613A; or
[2] the defendant may be resentenced under section 3565 or 3614.”

                                                        10
apply to the restitution obligation the value of “substantial resources” received “from any source,

including inheritance, settlement, or other judgment.” Id. § 3664(n).

       Generally, a fine or restitution payment becomes delinquent if payment is late more than

thirty days, id. § 3572(h), and is in default if payment is delinquent for more than ninety days, id.

§ 3572(i). The penalties for defaulting on a criminal fine or restitution payment can be severe,

including (1) “[n]otwithstanding any installment schedule,” “the entire amount of the fine or

restitution is due within 30 days after notification of the default,” id.; (2) resentencing “to any

sentence which might originally have been imposed,” if the nonpayment is knowing, id. §

3614(a); (3) revocation or modification of the terms or conditions of supervised release or

probation, id. § 3613A(a)(1); (4) adjustment of the payment schedule, id.; and (5) contempt, id.

Indeed, when compliance with a schedule of restitution payments is made a special condition of

supervised release, revocation of supervised release has been described as a “potent option” to

enforce the restitution obligation. Scales, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 5179, at *19; see also United

States v. Wiley, No. 14-11213, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 4418, at *10 (5th Cir. Mar. 7, 2016)

(“[A]ny delay in paying restitution only violates [the defendant’s] terms of supervised release if

she fails to comply with the payment schedule prescribed by the district court.”).

           2. Garnishment Under the MVRA and the Federal Debt Collection Procedures
              Act

       The MVRA grants the United States broad authority to enforce restitution orders as set

out “in subchapter C of Chapter 227 [18 U.S.C. §§ 3571–74] and subchapter B of chapter 229

[18 U.S.C. §§ 3611–15] of this title” and “by all other available and reasonable means.” 18

U.S.C. §§ 3664(m)(1)(A)(i)–(ii). Specifically, “[t]he United States may enforce a judgment

imposing a fine in accordance with the practices and procedures for the enforcement of a civil

judgment under Federal law or State law,” id. § 3613(a), which authority expressly applies to


                                                  11
“the enforcement of an order of restitution,” id. § 3613(f). The Federal Debt Collection

Procedures Act (“FDCPA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 3001, et seq., in turn, provides the “exclusive civil

procedures for the United States” to enforce “a judgment on a debt.”9 28 U.S.C. § 3001(a)(1).

         The FDCPA authorizes a court, upon application by the government, to “issue a writ of

garnishment against property (including nonexempt disposable earnings) in which the debtor has

a substantial nonexempt interest and which is in the possession, custody, or control of a person

other than the debtor, in order to satisfy the judgment against the debtor.” Id. § 3205(a). The

government must then serve the writ of garnishment on the garnishee and judgment debtor. Id. §

3205(c)(3). The garnishee must file an answer with the court and serve a copy of that answer on

the judgment debtor. Id. § 3205(c)(4). Written objections to the garnishee’s answer and a

request for a hearing asserted by either the judgment debtor or the government must be filed

“[w]ithin 20 days after receipt of the answer.” Id. § 3205(c)(5). “After the garnishee files an

answer and if no hearing is requested within the required time period, the court shall promptly

enter an order directing the garnishee as to the disposition of the judgment debtor’s nonexempt

interest in such property.” Id. § 3205(c)(7). Garnishment is terminated, inter alia, by “a court

order quashing the writ of garnishment.” Id. § 3205(c)(10).

         B.       ANALYSIS

         The government seeks to garnish from the defendant a significantly greater portion of his

restitution obligation than is authorized by the court-ordered payment schedule imposed as part

of the restitution order at the time of sentencing. The government urges that the restitution order




9
         Additionally, the MVRA provides that a victim, including the federal government when named as the
victim in the restitution order, see United States v. James, 312 F. Supp. 2d 802, 806–07 (E.D. Va. 2004), may seek
to enforce a restitution order by converting that order into an abstract of judgment, which “shall be a lien on the
property of the defendant . . . in the same manner and to the same extent and under the same conditions as a
judgment of a court of general jurisdiction in that State,” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(m)(1)(B).

                                                         12
be construed so as to avoid “a substantial limitation on the United States’ ability to collect

because of minimum monthly payments imposed.” Gov’t’s Opp’n at 4.10 As support, the

government proffers an interpretation of language used in the restitution order that is both

contrary to binding precedent in this Circuit and otherwise not persuasive.

         The government focuses first on the restitution order’s requirement for the defendant to

“pay the balance of any restitution owed at a rate of no less than $500 each month.” J & C at 6.

According to the government, this language merely establishes a schedule of minimum monthly

payments and does not obviate the defendant’s liability “for the full amount of restitution” under

the MVRA. Gov’t’s Opp’n at 1–2. Citing the purpose of the MVRA to “encourage[e] more

aggressive collection and enforcement of restitution orders on behalf of victims,” id. at 4, the

government argues that interpreting the payment schedule as setting a cap on the amount the

government may recover at any one time from the defendant “would lead to an unreasonable and

illogical reading” of the MVRA, id. Instead, bolstered by the oral language used at sentencing

that “restitution [is] immediately payable,” Tr. Sentencing Hr’g at 28:16–17, the government

would treat the court-imposed payment schedule as mere guidance to the defendant, rather than

any restriction on the government’s authority to collect the total amount of restitution owed using

any mechanism provided under the FDCPA. Thus, critical to the defendant’s motion to quash

the government’s writ of garnishment is the proper construction of the restitution order, which


10
          In passing, the government notes that the defendant’s motion to quash “appears to be untimely.” Gov’t’s
Opp’n at 1. The government does not dispute, however, that the defendant was served by the U.S. Marshal with the
Notice of Continuing Non-Wage Garnishment on April 5, 2016, id. n.1, and appears to have responded fairly
promptly by sending a letter opposing the garnishment action two weeks later, on April 19, 2016, see Def.’s Mot. at
1. Even if the defendant’s letter was not technically filed within the statutorily prescribed time period, given the
defendant’s pro se status, any brief delay beyond the statutory filing period is excused. See Sebelius v. Auburn Reg’l
Med. Ctr., 133 S. Ct. 817, 824–25 (2013) (finding that Congress must “speak clearly” for a rule to be jurisdictional,
and “absent such a clear statement . . . courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character”);
Henderson v. Shinseki, 562 U.S. 428, 433, 435 (2011) (“Filing deadlines, such as the 120-day filing deadline at issue
here, are quintessential claim-processing rules,” failure to comply with which may “be excused based on equitable
factors, or on the opposing party’s forfeiture or waiver of any objection to the late filing.”).

                                                         13
requires that the restitution be paid both “immediately,” Tr. Sentencing Hr’g at 28:16–17, and “at

a rate of no less than $500 each month,” J & C at 6; Tr. Sentencing Hr’g at 29:12–13.

       The government’s singular focus on the over-arching purpose of the MVRA “to make

victims of crime whole, to fully compensate these victims for their losses and to restore these

victims to their original state of well-being,” United States v. Boccagna, 450 F.3d 107, 115 (2d

Cir. 2006), leads to its interpretation that “notwithstanding the monthly payments,” the

restitution order is “enforceable” through this garnishment action. Gov’t’s Opp’n at 3.

Consistent with this reasoning, other federal district courts have relied upon the provisions of the

MVRA providing for aggressive enforcement of restitution orders, under 18 U.S.C. §§ 3613(a)

and 3664(m), to conclude that, despite a court-imposed payment schedule, the government may

collect the full amount of restitution at any time. See, e.g., United States v. Otter, No. 2:09cr25,

2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 52518, at *4 (W.D.N.C. May 16, 2011) (noting that restitution payment

schedule “‘does not mean that the Government is precluded from pursuing other avenues of

ensuring that defendant’s restitution obligation is satisfied. Court-imposed payment schedules

are merely one means available to enforce a restitution judgment.’” (quoting United States v.

James, 312 F. Supp. 2d 802, 807 (E.D. Va. 2004)); United States v. Bancroft, No. 1:09-cr-101-

02, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 116576, at *2 (W.D. Mich. Nov. 1, 2010) (noting “[a]n expanding list

of Federal courts have found that, under 18 U.S.C. §§ 3664(m) and 3613(a), the government is

not limited by judicially crafted payment plans and may freely pursue other means of securing

restitution, including a writ of garnishment”); United States v. Picklesimer, No. 3:00CR0008,

2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71052, at *4 (W.D.N.C. June 24, 2010) (“Even the existence of a

judicially prescribed payment schedule” does not preclude the Government from pursuing a

continuing writ of garnishment against other proceeds); United States v. Clayton, 646 F. Supp.



                                                 14
2d 827, 835 (E.D. La. 2009) (finding that “The Enforcement Provisions of the MVRA Trump

any Payment Schedule Included in the J&C” and permitting government’s garnishment of assets

beyond the detailed restitution payment schedule); United States v. Miller, 588 F. Supp. 2d 789,

801–02 (W.D. Mich. 2008) (permitting government’s garnishment of defendant’s pension where

judgment provided for an initial payment of a lump-sum amount and subsequent monthly

installment payments during the defendant’s term of incarceration); United States v. Hawkins,

392 F. Supp. 2d 757, 759 (W.D. Va. 2005) (“holding that these court-imposed payment

schedules are merely one means available to enforce a restitution judgment and do not prevent

the government from pursuing other lawful enforcement methods” (internal quotations omitted))

(collecting cases).

       Notwithstanding the non-binding, out-of-circuit authority cited by the government, this

Court is not persuaded that any provision or purpose of the MVRA permits the government to

ignore the specific terms of the restitution order, including, in particular, a payment schedule

imposed after consideration of the requisite statutory factors concerning the economic

circumstances of the defendant. As the Tenth Circuit has stated, “[t]he government has statutory

authority to enforce only the terms of a restitution order, not to take an enforcement action that

would exceed a restitution order’s payment terms.” Martinez, 812 F.3d at 1207.

       Indeed, the government points to no circuit decision holding that the general enforcement

provisions of the MVRA permit the government to override a court-ordered payment schedule.

Instead, the government gives cursory reliance to non-binding decisions in United States v.

Shusterman, 331 F. App’x 994 (3d Cir. 2009) and United States v. Ekong, 518 F.3d 285 (5th Cir.

2007). Gov’t’s Opp’n at 4–5. In both Shusterman and Ekong, the Third and Fifth Circuits,

respectively, permitted the government to garnish assets of incarcerated defendants where the



                                                 15
restitution orders expressly stated that a payment schedule would take effect upon

commencement of supervised release. See Shusterman, 331 F. App’x at 996–97; Martinez, 812

F.3d at 1207 (providing detail omitted from Fifth Circuit’s Ekong decision based on review of

judgment in United States v. Ekong, No. 3:04-CR-030-M (N.D. Tex. Sept. 10, 2004), ECF No.

74, that restitution order required payment schedule to take effect upon commencement of the

term of supervised release). As the Tenth Circuit in Martinez concluded in its review of Ekong,

“the [restitution] payment schedule was triggered only if the defendant had not paid the full

restitution amount by the time she began supervised release.” Martinez, 812 F.3d at 1207.

Consequently, neither Shusterman nor Ekong stands for the proposition posited by the

government here that the MVRA’s general enforcement provisions take precedence over the

court-ordered payment schedule because in both those cases, the payment schedule had yet to

take effect. Moreover, due to the scarcity of reasoning in Ekong, the Tenth Circuit concluded

that it was “impossible to tell” whether the conclusion reached in that case was because the Fifth

Circuit “(1) agreed with the government that the judgment required immediate payment of the

full restitution amount, requiring installments only if the defendant failed to pay the full amount

by the time she began supervised release or (2) concluded that the government could garnish the

full restitution amount in all cases, regardless of the language in the restitution order.” Id. at

1208. In short, this Court agrees with the Tenth Circuit that “we do not believe Ekong helps us

decide whether the government was entitled to garnish [the defendant’s] retirement accounts in

the absence of a default on his payment schedule.” Id.

       Most importantly, the government’s interpretation of the payment-schedule language in

the restitution order at issue here fails to grapple with a recent D.C. Circuit decision holding that

where an order of restitution states that “‘the balance of any restitution [is] owed at a rate of not



                                                  16
less than $50 each month,’ . . . [t]hat statement, however, must mean that a rate of not less or

more than $50 each month was required.” Hughes, 813 F.3d at 1009 (emphasis in original). In

reaching this conclusion, the D.C. Circuit reasoned: “[o]therwise, given the wide range between

$50 and [the full restitution amount owed], the judgment would be virtually meaningless. (Of

course, the court can still adjust its payment schedule if the defendant’s economic circumstances

change. 18 U.S.C. § 3572(d)(3).)” Id. Thus, the Hughes Court found the monthly restitution

payment amount to be the maximum the government was authorized to collect from the

defendant. Id.; cf. United States v. Fariduddin, 469 F.3d 1111, 1112–13 (7th Cir. 2006)

(interpreting judgment that “‘the defendant is to pay restitution at a rate of not less than $150.00

per month’” to be a “minimum installment . . . a floor rather than a ceiling,” where defendant in

plea agreement agreed that “‘any and all financial obligations imposed by the sentencing court

are due and payable upon entry of the judgment of conviction’” and agreed “‘not to request any

delay or stay in payment of any and all financial obligations’” (emphasis in original)).

        Here, the restitution order states plainly that the defendant “shall pay the balance of any

restitution owed at a rate of no less than $500 each month”— nearly identical language to that

analyzed in Hughes. Compare J & C at 6, and Tr. Sentencing Hr’g at 29:12–13 (defendant

“must pay the balance of any restitution owed at a rate of no less than $500 each month”), with

Hughes, 813 F.3d at 1009 (“‘the balance of any restitution [is] owed at a rate of not less than $50

each month’”). The Court imposed this installment payment schedule after review of the PSR,

which fully described the defendant’s assets in his retirement savings and brokerage accounts.

See PSR ¶¶ 64–65.11 Indeed, as noted, supra n.4, the Court ordered a lower monthly payment


11
          The record is somewhat unclear whether the Fidelity Brokerage Account ($2,764.56) and the Fidelity
Rollover Individual Retirement Account ($212,051.71) are generally mentioned in the PSR or are new accounts
identified by the government post-sentencing, but the government does not suggest that these accounts represent a
changed circumstance and, therefore, the Court does not treat them as such.

                                                        17
than the USPO recommended. If the government wanted to recover the defendant’s assets held

by Fidelity Investments, “it was incumbent on the government to speak up at that time, rather

than accepting the Court’s ruling without objection and then attempting to circumvent it by

garnishment.” United States v. Roush, 452 F. Supp. 2d 676, 682 (N.D. Tex. 2006). In

accordance with binding precedent from the D.C. Circuit in Hughes, this Court finds that the

language used in the judgment and at the sentencing hearing required the defendant to pay the

balance of any restitution owed at a rate of no less or more than $500.00 each month, and that

the savings accounts disclosed in the PSR are not now belatedly subject to garnishment.

         The part of the restitution order stating that restitution be “immediately payable,” Tr.

Sentencing Hr’g at 28:16–17, does not supersede the monthly schedule of payments imposed at

the time of sentencing. Indeed, the D.C. Circuit in Hughes confronted similar language, in

combination with the order for installment restitution payments, and discounted this portion of

the restitution order as merely “boilerplate language.” Hughes, 813 F.3d at 1009.12 Other courts


12
          To the extent the government contends that “immediately payable” language in a restitution order has
import, the Court agrees. This language has the operative effect of requiring the defendant to make payments on any
restitution obligation during his period of incarceration, which may be accomplished by the defendant’s voluntary
participation in the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) Inmate Financial Responsibility Program (“IFRP”), as ordered here.
Tr. Sentencing Hr’g at 28:16–17; see United States v. Godoy, 706 F.3d 493, 499 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (modifying
sentence “to reflect the fact that enrollment is voluntary” in the IFRP); see also United States v. Bedonie, 317 F.
Supp. 2d 1285, 1329–30 (D. Utah 2004) (noting that the traditional practice of declaring restitution awards due and
payable in full immediately “had the advantage of allowing the Bureau of Prisons to begin immediate collection of
restitution through its program and later, after a defendant’s release from prison, for the probation office to do the
same thing”), rev’d and remanded on other grounds sub nom. United States v. Serawop, 410 F.3d 656 (10th Cir.
2005). Absent alternative instructions regarding a schedule for restitution payment during the term of imprisonment,
the “immediately payable” language may also permit the government to collect other assets belonging to the
defendant outside of wages earned in prison through the IFRP. See United States v. James, 312 F. Supp. 2d 802,
804–07 (E.D. Va. 2004) (permitting garnishment of defendant’s retirement accounts despite defendant’s
participation in IFRP where restitution was “due and payable immediately” and the monthly payment schedule did
not commence until sixty days after release from imprisonment). In this case, the Court set no restitution payment
schedule prior to the defendant being placed on supervised release, leaving any specific amount of payments
required during incarceration uncertain or up to BOP. The majority of circuits have held that ordering immediate
payment of restitution, without specifying a payment schedule during incarceration, effectively leaves such a
schedule to be developed by BOP and constitutes an impermissible delegation of authority under the MVRA, but the
D.C. Circuit has declined to opine on this issue. See United States v. Hunter, 786 F.3d 1006, 1012 (D.C. Cir. 2015)
(recognizing that “majority of the circuits” agree that district court may not delegate “its own scheduling duties” in
restitution orders that leave a prisoner’s payments up to IFRP and collecting cases, but declining to rule “on the

                                                         18
have similarly given effect to the specific payment schedule provided in a restitution order,

notwithstanding inclusion in the order of language that restitution was “payable immediately.”

See, e.g., Scales, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 5179, at *8 (“Whatever the phrase ‘payable

immediately’ means, its effect is limited by the requirement that the manner in which restitution

is to be paid must be consistent with a defendant’s ability to pay.”); United States v. Grigsby, No.

12-10174, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34170 (D. Kan. March 16, 2016) (order that “payment begin

immediately” authorizes only the monthly payment schedule); accord United States v. Pascucci,

No. 98 cr. 278, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 52152, at *8–9 n.4 (S.D.N.Y. June 18, 2009) (finding that

when collecting restitution, the government must “bill the [defendant] in conformity with the

court-approved schedule”). In short, the government’s reliance on the “immediately payable”

language to support the instant garnishment action, absent any default by the defendant on his

payment schedule, is misplaced.

         The government makes a feeble effort to distinguish Hughes as “factually inapposite,”

Gov’t’s Opp’n at 5, despite the fact that this binding decision addressed virtually identical

language as that at issue here. In a single sentence, the government summarily rejects the

binding nature of the Hughes decision for “turn[ing] on an error in the understanding of the



permissibility of such orders”); United States v. Baldwin, 563 F.3d 490, 491–92 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (declining to
accept government’s confession that the district court “committed error in failing to specify the amount and schedule
of [the defendant’s] restitution payments during her incarceration,” and, instead, concluding that, absent preservation
of any objection, “we cannot say that the district court committed ‘plain error’ in its restitution order” by delegating
authority to BOP to determine restitution obligation payments during incarceration); United States v. Small, 13 F.
Supp. 3d 24, 28 (D.D.C. 2014) (noting that D.C. Circuit has held only “that it is not plain error for a district court to
have failed to determine the payment schedule for a defendant who participates in the IFRP” (emphasis omitted)).
The delegation issue is not presented in this case nor addressed in Hughes. Nevertheless, the Hughes Court’s
holding that a restitution payment schedule imposed as a special condition of supervised release is “controll[ing]” as
the “limit” on restitution payments raises the question whether “boilerplate” reference to restitution being
“immediately payable,” Hughes, 813 F.3d at 1009—without an express payment schedule tethered to consideration
of the defendant’s economic circumstances while incarcerated—is sufficient to require or confer authority on BOP
to implement restitution payments during incarceration. This question need not be answered to resolve the pending
motion, however.


                                                          19
sentence imposed by the Court and [] focus[ing] on collection under the Treasury Offset Program

(TOP), not on Garnishment under the Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act (FDCPA).”

Gov’t’s Opp’n at 5. Yet, the fact that the government’s collection effort in Hughes was through

the TOP, rather than FDCPA garnishment, is immaterial. Focusing on the mechanism used by

the government to collect a restitution obligation side-steps the issue here of whether the

government is authorized to accelerate payments that are not yet due under the payment

schedule.

        Moreover, the Hughes Court’s focus on the district court’s “understanding of the

sentence,” Gov’t’s Opp’n at 5, shows the importance of giving effect to the sentencing judge’s

consideration of statutory factors in providing for a restitution payment schedule. In Hughes, the

defendant, who had played a relatively minor role in a fraud scheme, was ordered to pay

$442,330 in restitution, jointly and severally with her co-defendant, but the court “expressed a

clear intention that the actual restitution amount should be much smaller, perhaps as little as $0,”

and ultimately imposed a payment schedule “at a rate of not less than $50 each month.”

Hughes, 813 F.3d at 1008 (internal quotations omitted). Upon review of the sentencing hearing

record, the Hughes Court determined that “the intent to limit the payment to $50 a month is

especially clear,” id. at 1009, such that the defendant “would only be delinquent if she paid less

than $50 per month,” id. at 1011, with the consequence that the government was required to

return the defendant’s tax returns “and to stop its purported application of TOP so long as [the

defendant] is not delinquent . . . .” Id.

        The holding in Hughes is dispositive here and requires that the defendant’s motion to

quash the government garnishment be granted. This conclusion is supported by at least two

additional reasons. First, the government’s position that the monthly payment schedule should



                                                 20
be treated as a floor on restitution payments due, rather than a ceiling, undermines the statutory

mandate for the court to establish “the manner in which, and the schedule according to which,

the restitution is to be paid,” after consideration of the defendant’s financial resources, assets,

projected earnings, income, and financial obligations. 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(2). If the defendant

is unable to pay “any amount of a restitution order” or comply with “any reasonable schedule of

payments,” the court may direct the defendant “to make nominal periodic payments.” Id. §

3664(f)(3)(B). Conversely, failure to consider the defendant’s economic circumstances, as

required by the MVRA, in setting either a lump-sum payment or installment payment schedule

has been found to be plainly erroneous. See, e.g., Paroline, 134 S. Ct. at 1742–43 (Sotomayor,

J., dissenting) (“Courts of Appeals have uniformly found it an abuse of discretion to require

defendants to make immediate lump-sum payments for the full amount of a restitution award

when they do not have the ability to do so.” (citing United States v. McGlothlin, 249 F.3d 783,

784 (8th Cir. 2001) and United States v. Myers, 198 F.3d 160, 168–69 (5th Cir. 1999))); see also

Scales, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 5179, at *5–6 (noting that failure to set a payment schedule

where defendant lacked resources is reversible plain error); Martinez, 812 F.3d at 1206 (“[W]e

have held that a court commits plain error when failing to properly consider a defendant’s

financial condition before issuing a restitution order.”); United States v. Grant, 715 F.3d 552,

560 (4th Cir. 2013) (vacating restitution order upon finding that “when a court imposes payment

obligations that are untethered from the defendant’s ability to meet those obligations, the court

exceeds its authority”); United States v. Coates, 178 F.3d 681, 684 (3d Cir. 1999) (finding that

district court failed to comply with the MVRA where “[i]t did not specify in the restitution order

the manner in which, and schedule according to which, the restitution is to be made.” (internal

quotations omitted)).



                                                  21
        Construing the MVRA to permit the government to collect payment on the full restitution

ordered, where the court has concluded that only installment or nominal payments are due, is

plainly at odds with the statutory scheme and would render meaningless the statutory

requirement that the court consider various enumerated factors relating to the defendant’s

financial ability to pay restitution. See Hughes, 813 F.3d at 1011 (Brown, J., concurring)

(“‘[T]he statutory scheme directs the district court, not the government, to direct how and when

the defendant is to satisfy a restitution order . . . [t]he government [can]not usurp the district

court’s role by enforcing payments not yet due under the court-ordered payment schedule.’”

(quoting Martinez, 812 F.3d at 1201–02, 1206)); Grant, 715 F.3d at 558 (observing that MVRA

statutory scheme “carefully balance[s] the need for obtaining victim compensation with a

requirement that restitution obligations be based on the defendant’s ability to pay”); Roush, 452

F. Supp. 2d at 681 (granting motion to quash government’s writ of garnishment, explaining that

“[p]ermitting the government to execute on the full amount of restitution at any time it chooses

would plainly disrupt the balance set by the court when it established the payment schedule . . .

[and] will also contravene[] Congress’s evident intent for the courts to oversee the timing of

payment, both in initially establishing the schedule and in modifying it in response to changed

circumstances”).

        Second, relatedly, the government contends that limiting collection efforts to the payment

schedule set out in the restitution order would allow “a single provision aimed at lenity [to] []

completely swallow the greater number and proportion of provisions” in the MVRA, Gov’t’s

Opp’n at 4,13 but this analysis is upside down. On the contrary, authorizing the government to


13
         The government argues limiting enforcement of the restitution order to the payment schedule would treat
the monthly payments as “each separate and enforceable judgments,” a result incompatible with the MVRA because
this would make two provisions, Section 3664(m), permitting collection of after-acquired assets by the defendant,
and Section 3664(n), permitting collection of assets that had been hidden and later discovered, “impermissible.”

                                                       22
ignore a court-ordered payment schedule would make meaningless and unnecessary not only the

court’s role in evaluating the appropriateness of a payment schedule but also other MVRA

provisions guiding the content, adjustment and enforcement of restitution orders. See, e.g., 18

U.S.C. §§ 3572(d)(1), 3664(f)(3)(A) (outlining payment options as an alternative to immediate

payment); 18 U.S.C. §§ 3572(d)(3), 3664(k) (providing mechanisms for adjustment of a

restitution order when material changes to the defendant’s economic circumstances occur); 18

U.S.C. § 3572(i) (providing enforcement mechanisms for defaulting on a restitution payment

schedule). If, as the government advocates, the MVRA requires immediate payment of the full

restitution obligation notwithstanding imposition of a payment schedule, these provisions would

be unnecessary, as the defendant would already be under an obligation to pay the entire amount.

See Martinez, 812 F.3d at 1205. The government simply sidesteps these significant statutory

construction concerns.

        Accordingly, because the restitution order requires the defendant to pay his restitution

obligation in monthly installments of $500.00 each month, J & C at 6, and he has fully complied

with this requirement, the government may not garnish the defendant’s retirement and brokerage

accounts to satisfy a judgment in a manner not countenanced in the restitution order. The Court

does not intend for this “decision [to] be read as discouraging the government from zealously

attempting to collect restitution and make the victims of crime whole,” Roush, 452 F. Supp. 2d

at 682, but such efforts must take place within the statutory framework that Congress enacted.




Gov’t’s Opp’n at 3. The government fails to acknowledge, however, that the adjustment provision in the MVRA
resolves the government’s manufactured conflict. Both Section 3664(m) and Section 3664(n) would amount to
“material change[s] in the defendant’s economic circumstances that might affect the defendant’s ability to pay
restitution,” permitting a court to revisit the original sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 3664(k). Of course, in this case, the
savings accounts targeted by the government’s garnishment writ were disclosed in the PSR and therefore not hidden
or acquired after sentencing.

                                                        23
III.   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, the defendant’s motion to quash is granted and the

government’s writ of garnishment is quashed. An appropriate order will be filed

contemporaneously with this Memorandum Opinion.
                                                                       Digitally signed by Hon. Beryl A. Howell
                                                                       DN: cn=Hon. Beryl A. Howell, o=U.S.
       Date: July 11, 2016                                             District Court for the District of Columbia,
                                                                       ou=Chief Judge,
                                                                       email=Howell_Chambers@dcd.uscourts.
                                                                       gov, c=US

                                                    ________________________
                                                                       Date: 2016.07.11 15:44:42 -04'00'




                                                    BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                    Chief Judge




                                               24
