                      United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 98-2856
                                     ___________

Larry Pohlmann,                           *
                                          *
       Plaintiff - Appellant,             *
                                          * Appeal from the United States
       v.                                 * District Court for the
                                          * Eastern District of Missouri.
Bil-Jax, Inc.,                            *
                                          *
       Defendant - Appellee.              *
                                     ___________

                                Submitted: February 10, 1999

                                    Filed: June 2, 1999
                                     ___________

Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

       A scaffold collapsed in August 1989, injuring carpenter Larry Pohlmann.
Pohlmann sued the manufacturer, Bil-Jax, Inc., in a Missouri state court. Bil-Jax
answered, asserting lack of personal jurisdiction as a defense. After a trial, the jury
returned a $2,000,000 verdict in favor of Pohlmann. The trial court ordered a new trial
or a remittitur to $362,339. Pohlmann refused the remittitur and appealed the grant of
a new trial. The Missouri Court of Appeals remanded with directions to dismiss the
complaint “without prejudice” for lack of personal jurisdiction. Pohlmann v. Bil-Jax,
Inc., 954 S.W.2d 371, 374 (Mo. App. 1997).
         Pohlmann then filed this action in Missouri state court. The second complaint
recited the dismissal of his prior suit without prejudice, reasserted causes of action for
strict liability and negligence, and added claims for punitive damages and prejudgment
interest. Bil-Jax removed, invoking the district court’s diversity jurisdiction, and
moved to dismiss on the ground that the prior Missouri Court of Appeals decision
precluded Pohlmann from relitigating the personal jurisdiction issue. The district court
agreed, dismissing the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction because “the personal
jurisdiction issue has already been decided by the Missouri courts.” Pohlmann appeals.
Concluding that the preclusion issue is not so cut-and-dried, we reverse and remand.

       The district court’s jurisdiction over the person of defendant Bil-Jax in this
diversity case turned on whether Bil-Jax was amenable to the personal jurisdiction of
the state court and had been validly served prior to removal. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
4(k)(1)(A); Omni Capital Int’l v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., 484 U.S. 97 (1987). To resolve
that issue, we must determine whether Pohlmann’s second suit is precluded because
the Missouri Court of Appeals dismissed his first suit, without prejudice, for lack of
personal jurisdiction. The district court correctly stated the governing principle of
federal law -- “federal courts must give state court judgments the same preclusive effect
they would be given by other courts in the state from which the judgment emerged.”
Butler v. City of North Little Rock, 980 F.2d 501, 503 (8th Cir. 1992).

      Pohlmann argues the Missouri Court of Appeals decision is entitled to no
preclusive effect because it was a dismissal without prejudice that did not adjudicate
the merits of his claims and left him free to commence another action. We generally
agree that dismissal of a case without prejudice does not result in claim preclusion (to
use more venerable terminology, it creates no res judicata bar). But an issue actually
decided in a non-merits dismissal is given preclusive effect in a subsequent action
between the same parties (in the older terminology, the first adjudication creates a
collateral estoppel). Many cases have given this kind of preclusive effect to rulings on
personal jurisdiction as well as other jurisdiction issues. See, e.g., Deckert v.

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Wachovia Student Fin. Servs., 963 F.2d 816 (5th Cir. 1992); Kitces v. Wood, 917 F.
Supp. 338 (D.N.J. 1996); 18 J. WM. MOORE ET AL., MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE §
132.03[5][c] (3d ed.1999). The Supreme Court of Missouri invoked this doctrine in
holding that a dismissal without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction barred
another action in Missouri for the same cause. See Healy v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe R.R., 287 S.W.2d 813, 815 (Mo. 1956). Indeed, that Court has frequently noted the
potential preclusive effect of non-merits dismissals in deciding that such dismissals are
appealable orders. See Chromalloy Am. Corp. v. Elyria Foundry Co., 955 S.W.2d 1,
3 (Mo. banc 1997) (dismissal for lack of jurisdiction); Douglas v. Thompson, 286
S.W.2d 833, 834 (Mo. 1956) (dismissal because petition lacked required plaintiff’s
address). If the Missouri Supreme Court would apply this doctrine to preclude
relitigation of the issue of personal jurisdiction, we must affirm.

       Under Missouri law, the first question in deciding whether collateral estoppel
applies is “whether the issue decided in the prior adjudication was identical with the
issue presented in the present action.” Oates v. Safeco Ins. Co., 583 S.W.2d 713, 719
(Mo. banc 1979). In this case, the district court defined “the issue” as “the question
of personal jurisdiction in Missouri.” But in Missouri, as in other jurisdictions, the
issue of personal jurisdiction turns on whether the trial court has jurisdiction over the
person of a defendant at the time the suit is commenced. See Bridges v. Bridges, 559
S.W.2d 753 (Mo. App. 1977); accord Klinghoffer v. S.N.C. Achille Lauro, 937 F.2d
44, 52 (2d Cir. 1991); ASARCO, Inc. v. Glenara, Ltd., 912 F.2d 784, 787 n.1 (5th Cir.
1990); 4 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND
PROCEDURE § 1051, at 161-62 (2d ed. 1987). In some cases, resolving that issue
requires findings as to the parties’ contacts with the forum State “at the time of the
events underlying the dispute.” Steel v. United States, 813 F.2d 1545, 1549 (9th Cir.
1987). But the court’s personal jurisdiction is time sensitive in each case. The issue
of whether the Missouri trial court had personal jurisdiction over Bil-Jax when
Pohlmann commenced his first suit in November 1993 is not identical to the issue
whether that court had personal jurisdiction over Bil-Jax when the second suit was filed

                                          -3-
in December 1997. Thus, collateral estoppel does not apply so as to preclude, to use
the district court’s phrase, “the question of personal jurisdiction in Missouri.”

        This proposition is demonstrated by hypothetically changing a critical fact in one
of the above-cited cases. In Kitces v. Wood, 917 F. Supp. at 340, a New Jersey
plaintiff sued a Pennsylvania defendant for an auto accident that occurred on a bridge
between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The New Jersey court determined the accident
occurred on the Pennsylvania side of the bridge and dismissed the suit for lack of
personal jurisdiction over the Pennsylvania defendant. Plaintiff then sued in
Pennsylvania, but that suit was dismissed as time-barred, so plaintiff filed a third suit
in the District of New Jersey. The Court dismissed the third suit as precluded by the
New Jersey court’s prior personal jurisdiction dismissal. On the facts of that case, we
agree. But suppose that between the dismissal of the second suit and the filing of the
third defendant had moved to New Jersey, and that plaintiff had personally served the
third summons on defendant at her New Jersey home. Now the New Jersey courts
(federal and state) would indisputably have personal jurisdiction over defendant in the
third suit because the critical jurisdictional facts had changed. Cf. Burnham v. Superior
Court, 495 U.S. 604 (1990). In general, collateral estoppel does not preclude
relitigating a jurisdictional issue when “subsequent events . . . create a new legal
situation or alter the legal rights or relations of the litigants.” 46 AM. JUR. 2D
JUDGMENTS § 631.

       In our view, there are practical reasons why this distinction has not resulted in
the relitigation of personal jurisdiction issues in the many cases where plaintiffs
unsuccessfully sought to invoke a court’s long-arm jurisdiction over a foreign
corporation. Most corporate defendants raise serious personal jurisdiction issues in an
early motion to dismiss. Typically, in response to such a motion, the court will grant
plaintiff reasonable discovery on the personal jurisdiction issue. The issue is then
decided on a full jurisdictional fact record, with the court making supporting findings
of fact if it decides to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. When that decision

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becomes final, the adjudicated jurisdictional facts will be given preclusive effect, and
any attempt by plaintiff to file a second suit in the courts of that State will result in a
quick dismissal, unless critical jurisdictional facts have changed in the interim. The
jurisdictional fact-finding in the first suit dooms the second because, even in
jurisdictions where collateral estoppel is limited to questions of fact, not issues of law,
questions of material fact that are determinative of legal issues may not be relitigated
except, perhaps, to avoid injustice.

       In contrast to the more typical cases, Bil-Jax in this case lay in the weeds for
two-and-one-half years and then sprung its jurisdictional trap by a motion for directed
verdict at the close of Pohlmann’s case in the trial of the first lawsuit. By then, Bil-Jax
no doubt hoped that Pohlmann’s claims were time-barred in all other jurisdictions. The
trap caught its prey, and Pohlmann’s first suit was dismissed for lack of personal
jurisdiction. There were no jurisdictional findings in the trial court, simply a ruling by
the appellate court that the trial record did not establish the trial court’s personal
jurisdiction over Bil-Jax when the first suit was commenced in November 1993. That
ruling sheds little if any light on the different legal issue whether Missouri courts,
including the district court, had personal jurisdiction over Bil-Jax when the second suit
was commenced in December 1997. In these circumstances, we conclude the Supreme
Court of Missouri would not dismiss the second suit on the ground that “the question
of personal jurisdiction in Missouri” was preclusively determined in the first suit.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is reversed and the case is remanded for
further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                 CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.


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