                                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ________________

                                       No. 17-2882
                                    ________________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                                   JEFFREY MILLER,
                                               Appellant
                                   ________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                        (M.D. Pa. Crim. No. 3-16-cr-00270-001)
                      District Judge: Honorable Richard P. Conaboy
                                   ________________

                     Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                     April 24, 2018

              Before: AMBRO, SCIRICA, and SILER, JR.*, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion Filed: April 26, 2018)


                                    ________________

                                       OPINION**
                                    ________________




*
  Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit,
sitting by designation.
**
   This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
SCIRICA, Circuit Judge

       In this tax fraud and evasion prosecution, the District Court appointed the Federal

Public Defender to represent Appellant Jeffrey Miller. Pursuant to a negotiated plea

agreement, Miller pleaded guilty to a two-count Information charging him with willful

failure to pay his employees’ payroll taxes and to file an individual tax return. See 26

U.S.C. §§ 7202–7203. As Miller’s appointed counsel, the Federal Public Defender

successfully obtained five continuances of Miller’s sentencing over the span of some

seven months. Miller then hired his own lawyer, who entered an appearance and

requested a sixth continuance on the eve of the final sentencing date. Understandably

frustrated by this last-minute request and Miller’s apparent protraction, the Judge denied

the request and required Miller to proceed to sentencing with appointed counsel. He

appeals, arguing this decision violated his Sixth Amendment right to retained counsel of

his choice. U.S. Const. amend. VI. We will affirm.

                                             I.

       Jeffrey Miller failed to truthfully account for and pay over payroll taxes for

employees of his business, JMSI Environmental Corporation, from its founding in 2005.

This prompted a 2009 investigation, which revealed that Miller withheld employment

taxes from employees and gave them Forms W-2 but failed to submit the information or

pay the withheld taxes to the IRS. Although Miller subsequently filed returns for 2005

and 2006, he persisted in failing to pay taxes to the IRS. Indeed, as of Miller’s

sentencing in August 2017, the IRS had no record of Miller making any payment toward

his employment taxes in over a decade, between the first quarter of 2006 and the last

                                             2
quarter of 2017. Miller also failed to file individual income tax returns for at least the

years 2008 through 2011. IRS agents approached Miller in 2015, and he cooperated,

assisting them with separating his commingled business and personal expenses. Because

of Miller’s refusal to comply with the tax laws, the Government could not quantify

Miller’s total tax liability with precision, but it estimated its loss was approximately

$646,897 before penalties or interest.

       In the summer of 2016, Miller’s appointed counsel, the Federal Public Defender,

negotiated a plea agreement with the Government, under which Miller agreed to pay up

to $374,512 in restitution to the IRS. Pursuant to the plea agreement, on September 16,

2016, the Government filed an Information charging Miller with one count of willful

failure to truthfully pay over his employees’ withholding and Federal Insurance

Contributions Act taxes between January 1, 2010 and April 30, 2013, 26 U.S.C. § 7202,

and one count of willful failure to file an income tax return for tax year 2010, id. § 7203.

On October 12, 2016, Miller pleaded guilty to both counts of the Information.

       Sentencing was initially scheduled for January 11, 2017. But on December 21,

2016, appointed counsel requested a continuance because she needed additional time to

review Miller’s presentence investigation report. The Government concurred, and the

District Judge continued sentencing to February 22, 2017. On February 13, appointed

counsel again requested a continuance so that she could review revisions to the PSR and

prepare a sentencing memorandum. The Government again concurred, and the District

Judge continued sentencing to March 31.

       But on March 27, just days before sentencing, appointed counsel requested a third

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continuance. Counsel claimed Miller “had put in place procedures to insure [sic] that tax

deposits w[ould] be made . . . at each payroll period,” was “working to acquire funds to

repay the IRS,” and “believe[d] that within 60 days he w[ould] be current with payroll

taxes and w[ould] be prepared to make a significant restitution payment.” App. 98.

Significantly, counsel also represented Miller “w[ould] not request any additional

continuance.” Id. The Government did not join in this request, but the District Judge

nonetheless continued sentencing to June 15.

       On June 9, appointed counsel requested a fourth continuance because she had

received new information from the Government. Because the Government and Probation

Office also needed more time to prepare, they joined in this request, and the District

Judge once again continued sentencing, this time to July 25.

       On July 18, appointed counsel filed a sentencing memorandum on Miller’s behalf,

requesting that the District Judge grant a variance below the advisory sentencing

Guidelines of 18 to 24 months’ imprisonment. Then on July 24—the day before

sentencing—counsel requested a fifth continuance. Counsel claimed that “Miller w[ould]

be filing back tax returns within the day,” “hope[d] to be able to make a restitution

payment at sentencing,” and “w[ould] provide counsel with important sentencing

information that day.” App. 116–117. Because the request came so late, the Government

could not be reached, but the District Judge nonetheless continued sentencing to August

15.

       On August 11, Miller met with James J. Haggerty, Esq., a civil lawyer whom he

decided to hire. The next day, Haggerty met with appointed counsel to discuss a plan for

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transferring the representation. On August 14—the day before sentencing—Haggerty

filed an entry of appearance on behalf of Miller. He also moved for a sixth continuance,

representing he would be out of the country on the day of sentencing and required

additional time to prepare. The Government objected to this request. Later that day the

Government filed its sentencing memorandum, requesting a sentence within the

Guidelines range. The Government revealed that, despite Miller’s earlier representations

to the District Judge, he had done “little if anything to resolve any of the current tax

liabilities he ha[d] with the Internal Revenue Service.” App. 130. According to the

Government, during the seven months in which sentencing was continued, Miller

“continued to operate his business without remitting the taxes he held from employee’s

paychecks.” App. 129. There were “still personal income tax returns and employment

tax returns outstanding,” App. 129–130, and Miller had failed to comply with the terms

of his plea agreement requiring him to file all delinquent personal income tax returns for

2012 through 2016.

       The Government also revealed that, in addition to his failure to comply with the

tax laws and the terms of his plea agreement, Miller engaged in other acts of dishonesty

respecting his guilty plea and the restitution he owed to the IRS. In December 2016, two

months after pleading guilty, Miller filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy but failed to disclose

either his guilty plea or his outstanding tax liability. And in February 2017, Miller signed

a statement representing that he was not under investigation by any government agency

in order to obtain a sales contract from a customer receiving government funds.

       On August 15, Miller appeared for sentencing with appointed counsel. At the

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outset of the hearing, the District Judge denied the continuance request:

       Now, just yesterday afternoon I want the record to reflect that I have a
       motion to continue the sentencing hearing in this case. And that motion
       was filed by Attorney James J. Haggerty. . . . Mr. Haggerty indicated that
       he had entered his appearance to represent you on the same day, yesterday.
       And I want the court to know that—I want to reflect on the record that I’m
       going to deny that motion to continue this case. You’ll have the absolute
       right to have whatever lawyer you want to represent you. But you cannot
       ask for a hearing. A lawyer has no right to ask for a continuance of a case
       at the last minute. And I’m going to deny that motion to continue, because
       this case has been continued a number of times, and in all fairness to all
       other parties concerned, and especially the United States Government, since
       this is an income tax case I’m denying that motion to continue.

App. 143–144. Later in the hearing, appointed counsel raised an objection, arguing that

retained counsel was better suited to help Miller sell his business to obtain funds for

restitution. The Judge further explained his rationale for denying the continuance:

       You have a right to hire counsel, any counsel you wish personally to
       represent you. And Mr. Haggerty can certainly continue to represent you if
       you wish him to do so. And I understand he has entered a—in this case an
       indication that he is representing you. . . . I’ve not denied any indication of
       him—of Mr. Haggerty that he wants to represent you. That’s up to you and
       him. But I’m not—I will not continue this hearing this morning for a
       number of reasons, not the least of which that it has been continued over
       and over again, and you have failed completely to live up to the reasons
       why—and the case was continued in the past. . . . . You’ve done everything
       in the world legally but pay the tax that you owe. And it’s for those reasons
       I’m denying the motion to continue.

App. 151–152.

       During his allocution, Miller explained that his intention in hiring Haggerty was

“to put together a team to help sell the business [and] to provide additional character

witnesses.” App. 160–161. Miller told the Judge he “should have had more of an

opportunity to prepare [character testimony], to be able to bring in . . . letters from [his]

children, letters from [his] children’s friends’ parents that . . . [he took] to the movies or
                                               6
d[id] stuff like that with.” App. 161. He also explained that he was “trying to get

everything lined up to be able to make restitution for the government,” which “takes

time.” App. 161. At no point did Miller express dissatisfaction with appointed counsel

or her performance.

       The Judge sentenced Miller to 18 months’ imprisonment—the bottom end of the

Guidelines range—and ordered restitution in the amount of $374,512.09. He also

delayed imposition of sentence for 30 days so that Miller could, among other things, “try

to put together some of the money to pay what [he] owed the Government in this case.”

App. 166. On August 28, 2017, Miller timely appealed.

       Despite the District Judge’s statement that Haggerty could represent Miller going

forward, Miller continued to use appointed counsel. On September 13, 2017, that

counsel requested a ten-day continuance of Miller’s voluntary surrender date so Miller

could get his affairs in order. The District Judge granted the motion that same day.

                                            II.2

       The Sixth Amendment provides a criminal defendant the right to be assisted by

counsel of choice. U.S. Const. amend. VI. Miller contends his Sixth Amendment rights

were violated because the Judge denied his request for a continuance so he could proceed

with retained counsel. We review a sentencing judge’s denial of a continuance for abuse

of discretion. See United States v. Hodge, 870 F.3d 184, 202 (3d Cir. 2017). Where the

judge’s discretionary power to deny a continuance comes into conflict with the

defendant’s choice of counsel, we apply “a balancing test to determine if the trial judge

2
 The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction under
18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                            7
acted fairly and reasonably.” Hodge, 870 F.3d at 201 (quoting United States v.

Kikumura, 947 F.2d 72, 78 (3d Cir. 1991)). Factors to be considered include “the

efficient administration of criminal justice; the accused’s rights, including an adequate

opportunity to prepare a defense; and the rights of other defendants awaiting trial who

may be prejudiced by a continuance.” United States v. Kikumura, 947 F.2d 72, 78 (3d

Cir. 1991).

       “While a ‘myopic insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable

request for delay can render the right to defend with counsel an empty formality,’ the

Supreme Court has stated that denying a request for a continuance constitutes an abuse of

discretion only when it is ‘so arbitrary as to violate due process.’” Id. (quoting Ungar v.

Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589 (1964)). “Thus a court, considering all of the facts of a

particular case, may refuse to grant a continuance even if to do so results in the

deprivation of defendant’s chosen counsel.” Id. (citing Paullet v. Howard, 634 F.2d 117,

119 (3d Cir. 1980)). “While it is desirable that a defendant be represented by the counsel

of his choice, that goal is sometimes outweighed by the ‘equally desirable public need for

the efficient and effective administration of criminal justice.’” Id. (quoting Paullet, 634

F.2d at 119).

       “The ability to choose counsel is a right and proper tool of the defendant; it cannot

be used merely as a manipulative monkey wrench.” United States v. Rankin, 779 F.2d

956, 958 (3d Cir. 1986) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “A defendant

will not be permitted to subvert judicial proceedings or cause undue delay by designating

a certain lawyer. . . . Nor must a court honor a belated request made not in good faith but

                                              8
as a transparent ploy for delay.” Id. (citing Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 13 (1983)).

       In the present case, we cannot say that the District Judge’s decision to deny

Miller’s sixth continuance request was an abuse of discretion. At sentencing, Miller

explained to the Judge that he wanted Haggerty to help him sell his business and obtain

funds to repay the IRS, which “takes time.” But Miller—who was free on his own

recognizance throughout the proceedings—knew for at least one year that he would be

pleading guilty to these offenses and would owe the IRS significant restitution. He

apparently took no steps to obtain private counsel or repay the IRS during this time. Cf.

Kikumura, 947 F.2d at 79 (affirming denial of continuance where incarcerated defendant

“had a full month to find new private counsel,” which was “a reasonable amount of time

in which to arrange for such counsel’s appearance at [his] resentencing”). Nor are we

persuaded by Miller’s statement to the Judge that he needed more time or a new lawyer to

obtain letters from his children or their friends’ parents. Miller presented the Judge with

no justifiable reason for this untimely request.

       Indeed, the Judge had ample reason to believe that Miller’s sixth request—which

came on the eve of sentencing—was nothing more than an attempt to unduly delay the

proceedings. In denying the request, he noted Miller had previously requested

continuances so he could make restitution, but that he had repeatedly failed to live up to

those promises. In light of these failures and Miller’s ongoing noncompliance with the

tax laws and other dishonest behavior, it was not unreasonable for the Judge to discredit

Miller’s rationale for a sixth continuance. He found the efficient administration of

criminal justice and fairness to the Government outweighed Miller’s last-minute request

                                              9
to further prolong the proceedings. We do not believe the stated rationale was so

arbitrary as to constitute an abuse of discretion.

       Nor is there any indication that Miller was dissatisfied with appointed counsel

such that the Judge erred in requiring her to represent Miller at sentencing. At no point

did Miller make any allegation that appointed counsel’s performance was deficient. On

the contrary, a month after sentencing, Miller requested a continuance of his voluntary

surrender date through appointed counsel. That Miller continued with appointed counsel

rather than Haggerty—whom the Judge said would be allowed to represent Miller going

forward—only further suggests that the basis for the sixth continuance request was a

contrivance.

                                             III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the August 16, 2017 Judgment and

Commitment Order.




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