                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 05-3856
                                    ___________

United States of America,             *
                                      *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,           *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the
                                      * District of South Dakota.
Darryl Joe Blakey, also known as      *
“Big Daddy,”                          *
                                      *
      Defendant - Appellant.          *
                                 ___________

                              Submitted: March 16, 2006
                                 Filed: June 8, 2006
                                  ___________

Before COLLOTON, JOHN R. GIBSON, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

       Darryl Blakey appeals from his conviction after jury trial of conspiracy to
possess 50 grams or more of cocaine base with intent to distribute it and possession
with intent to distribute the same amount of cocaine base. On appeal he argues that
the district court1 should have granted his motion to acquit because the evidence was
insufficient to prove that he knew of or controlled the cocaine base found in his motel
room. We affirm the conviction.


      1
        The Honorable Lawrence L. Piersol, United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota.
       At trial, two witnesses testified that they were drug customers of Blakey and
Alexander Rhea. Linda Paulson testified that beginning in June 2003 she often bought
cocaine base, known as crack, from Blakey and Rhea. Once Blakey and Rhea came
to her house to socialize, and once she went to their motel room. On both occasions,
Rhea had crack in a plastic tic-tac box with a magnet attached to it and he allowed
Paulson to use some crack. Paulson also saw Rhea hide cocaine in his sock. Several
times during each evening, Rhea received a page, whereupon he would put some crack
in a twist of brown paper, give it to Blakey with instructions on where to take it, and
Blakey would leave. Blakey would soon return with money, which he would give to
Rhea. Paulson herself also bought drugs from Rhea and Blakey, using the pager and
receiving delivery from Blakey. Paulson testified that she had once rented a room for
Rhea at the Motel 6 in Sioux Falls. Paulson said that she would purchase crack from
Rhea and Blakey as frequently as ten times in a day.

       Paul Hull was the second customer-witness. He also began buying drugs from
Blakey and Rhea starting in June 2003. He would call Rhea on a cell phone to place
his order, and Blakey would deliver the merchandise. Hull called Rhea and ordered
$40 worth of crack the day that Blakely was arrested.

       Police witnesses testified that they conducted surveillance at the Motel 6 in
Sioux Falls on February 11, 2004, in preparation for executing a search warrant. They
saw Blakey leave his room and drive to an apartment complex, where he got out and
the police lost sight of him. He came back to the car and drove to a gas station, where
police followed him. As Blakey came out of the station, the police advised him they
had a warrant to search him and his car. They found a small twist of brown paper
containing .2 grams of crack in his pocket, and numerous bindles in his socks that
contained 2.7 grams of crack.2 They also found $40 in cash, three hotel card-keys for


      2
       Other evidence in the record indicates a different weight for the crack found
on Blakey, but the discrepancy would make no difference to the outcome of the case.

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Motel 6 and a cell phone for number 605.929.3699. There was testimony at trial that
crack is sold in the form of rocks, which bring $20 to $40 apiece.

       Police then executed a search warrant on Room 123 at the Motel 6. They found
Rhea kneeling on the floor, leaning over one of the beds. Police lifted Rhea up and
found $1817 in cash on the bed. Police searched the room and found crack on the
floor behind a dresser, as well as a white sock containing crack. They also found a tic-
tac box with a magnet affixed to it, stuck to the back of a small refrigerator; the tic-tac
box also had crack residue in it. The search also turned up a crack pipe, three cell
phones, and a pager. The total amount of crack found in the room was 221 grams.

        Blakey had rented the room at Motel 6, paying in cash in advance for a week's
stay.

      Both Paulson and Hull said that they routinely called Rhea at cell phone number
929-3699, the number assigned to the phone found on Blakey. They said they used
pager number 357-6537 to contact Rhea; that pager was found in the motel room. The
government introduced telephone records showing that Paul Hull called cell phone
number 929-3699 fifty-six times.

      Blakey contends that the government did not adduce sufficient evidence to
prove that he knew of or controlled the crack hidden in the motel room.

       We review de novo the district court's denial of a motion to acquit for lack of
sufficient evidence. United States v. Serrano-Lopez, 366 F.3d 628, 634 (8th Cir.
2004). We must affirm if there is substantial evidence to support the conviction,
taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the government. United States v.
Crenshaw, 359 F.3d 977, 987 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting Glasser v. United States, 315
U.S. 60, 80 (1942), superseded by rule on other grounds as stated in Bourjaily v.
United States, 483 U.S. 171, 177-78 (1987)). There is substantial evidence where a

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rational finder of fact could have found each essential element of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. Id. at 987-88.

       To establish conspiracy to possess cocaine base with intent to distribute it, the
government had to prove that there was an agreement to distribute drugs, that Blakey
knew of the agreement, and that he intentionally joined in the agreement. United
States v. Sanders, 341 F.3d 809, 815 (8th Cir. 2003). Blakey does not specifically
challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the conspiracy charge, and the
evidence is ample.

       To establish possession with intent to distribute, the government must prove the
defendant knowingly possessed a controlled substance and intended to distribute it.
United States v. Cawthorn, 429 F.3d 793, 797-98 (8th Cir. 2006). Possession can be
actual or constructive. Id. at 798. To prove constructive possession of the crack, the
government must show the defendant knew of the crack, had the ability to control it,
and intended to control it. Id. Possession need not be exclusive, but can be shared.
Id. Constructive possession of drugs can be established either by Blakey's exercise
of ownership, dominion, or control over the contraband itself or dominion over the
premises in which the contraband is concealed. United States v. McCracken, 110 F.3d
535, 541 (8th Cir. 1997); United States v. DePugh, 993 F.2d 1362, 1364 (8th Cir.
1993). We have said that a "holder of [a] key, be it to the dwelling, vehicle or motel
room in question, has constructive possession of the contents therein." United States
v. Rice, 49 F.3d 378, 386 (8th Cir. 1995).

      Blakey contends that there was no evidence he knew of the cocaine hidden in
the motel room or that he exercised dominion over the motel room. There is
substantial evidence of both. Paulson and Hull described an ongoing and very busy
drug enterprise in which Rhea received calls and held the bulk of the inventory while
Blakey made the deliveries. Police saw Blakey leave the Motel 6, stop by an
apartment, and leave immediately. When they stopped him, he had crack in small

                                          -4-
paper packages; $40 in cash, which was the going price for one to two rocks of crack;
and the cell phone which Rhea used for drug contacts. Moreover, Paulson had seen
Rhea in Blakey's presence using a tic tac box equipped with a magnet to store crack
and storing crack in his sock. Blakey himself had crack in his socks when he was
arrested. This is abundant evidence that the crack in the motel room was hidden in the
sock and in the tic-tac box as a routine part of the Blakey-Rhea business practice. A
rational jury could easily infer that Blakey knew of the crack hidden in the motel
room.

        The jury could also find that Blakey exercised dominion over both the crack
itself and the motel room where it was found. Blakey had rented the motel room
himself, he was in the room until he left to run an errand, and his personal effects were
found in the room. When he was searched, he had keys to a Motel 6 room. Although
Blakey's dominion was not exclusive because Rhea was in the room as well, there was
evidence that the two cooperated in using the room as an operations base for the drug
business. As for the crack itself, a person can be said to exercise dominion over drugs
in another's possession if the relationship between defendant and holder is such that
the defendant can produce the drugs for a customer at will: "It is enough if one person
is sufficiently associated with another having physical possession that he is able to
produce a controlled substance for a customer." United States v. Holm, 836 F.2d
1119, 1123 (8th Cir. 1988); accord United States v. Chauncey, 420 F.3d 864, 873 (8th
Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1480 (2006). The jury could have found that the
drugs were in the room for safekeeping while Blakey made a delivery, but that Blakey
could and would have reduced them to possession immediately and without difficulty
as soon as a customer requested them. There was sufficient evidence to support a
finding of constructive possession.

       Blakey also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the element
of intent to distribute the crack found on his person. This argument cannot affect the
outcome of his case, since we have already decided he could be found accountable for

                                          -5-
the larger amount of crack in the motel room. At any rate, as we have recounted, there
was evidence that Blakey was the delivery man for a drug-selling business. He was
caught with tiny sale-size bindles of drugs in his sock and $40 in cash after making
what the jury could find was a delivery stop. Additionally, he told a police officer that
he had been "running" crack for "quite a while." The evidence of intent to distribute
is plainly sufficient.

      We affirm the conviction.
                      ______________________________




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