                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________                   FILED
                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                No. 09-12086                 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 MAY 24, 2010
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                                                                  JOHN LEY
                          ________________________
                                                                   CLERK

                      D.C. Docket No. 07-00529-CV-KD-M

TOMMY ALPHONSO,

                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee
                                                          Cross-Appellant,

                                      versus

ESFELLER OIL FIELD CONSTRUCTION, INC.,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant
                                                          Cross-Appellee.

                          ________________________

                  Appeals from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Alabama
                         ________________________
                                (May 24, 2010)

Before EDMONDSON, BIRCH and COX, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Tommy Alphonso worked as a pipe fitter and was assigned to fit a drain pipe

at a facility in Coden, Alabama. After work on the pipe was completed, it was loaded
for transport onto a forklift operated by an employee of Esfeller Oil Field

Construction, Inc. As the forklift passed Alphonso on its way to a weld shop, the

pipe, which was at least fourteen feet long, struck Alphonso and injured him.

      Invoking the court’s diversity jurisdiction, Alphonso brought an Alabama state-

law negligence action against Esfeller in the U.S. District Court for the Southern

District of Alabama.     After a bench trial, the court found Esfeller liable for

Alphonso’s injuries due to the negligence of its employee forklift operator, and it

awarded Alphonso general damages, past medical expenses, and past and future lost

wages. Liability is not contested in this appeal. Rather, both parties assert that the

court erred in determining recoverable damages.

      We first address Esfeller’s claims of error and conclude they are without merit.

Esfeller contends that to recover past medical expenses under Alabama law, a

plaintiff must present expert testimony to show the reasonableness and necessity of

those expenses. Alphonso presented testimony from his treating physicians attesting

to the necessity of the medical procedures performed, and he introduced evidence of

the actual costs of those procedures. He did not present expert testimony that the

charges were reasonable. But, the medical treatments were rendered pursuant to the

Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Act. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 23:1035.1. And, a

payment schedule promulgated under this Act set the charges that medical providers

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could assess for Alphonso’s treatments. Id. § 23:1034.2. So, even if Alphonso was

required to present evidence of the reasonableness of medical charges incurred, we

conclude that he presented such evidence in the form of medical bills, which reflect

adjustments based on the workers’ compensation payment schedule. (R.81 at 18);

(R.81, Ex. 3 at 21-22.) We do not believe that Alabama law demands expert

testimony—to the exclusion of all other forms of proof— to show the reasonableness

of medical costs. Therefore, we conclude that the district court’s finding that the

expenses were necessarily incurred and reasonable was not clearly erroneous.

      Esfeller next argues that the court erred by declining to deduct business

expenses in calculating Alphonso’s lost future wages. Prior to the injury, Alphonso

earned approximately $20 per hour, but incurred costs traveling between his home

and work sites. The court did not include “in its calculation any adjustment for

business expenses because plaintiff’s skills allowed him wages at $20 per hour,

regardless of any business expenses, (e.g., gas) he would have incurred.” (R.85 at 4

n.6.) Generally, unreimbursed costs, such as transportation to and from a work site,

should be deducted in estimating lost income. See Deakle v. John E. Graham & Sons,

756 F.2d 821, 830 (11th Cir. 1985). But, Alphonso would have earned $20 per hour

as a pipe fitter whether or not he incurred travel expenses. And, Alphonso could

likely incur expenses in traveling to and from a future place of employment. The

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court did not have evidence before it to calculate the amount of future travel expenses

so as to compare these costs with those Alphonso had incurred while working as a

pipe fitter. Given that the court had no evidence with which to predict future business

expenses, its decision not to deduct prior business expenses was not clearly

erroneous. See Walker County v. Davis, 128 So. 144, 148 (Ala. 1930) (“As to

impaired earning capacity . . . it is shown to be difficult to furnish a standard for

measurement, and the amount is to be fixed by the jury in their fair and enlightened

discretion.” (citation omitted)).

      We next turn to Alphonso’s claims of error and conclude that they are also

without merit. Alphonso first asserts that the award of general damages for pain and

suffering was not sufficient to do “substantial justice” and did not “give substantial

compensation for substantial injuries.” See Orr v. Hammond, 460 So. 2d 1322, 1323

(Ala. Civ. App. 1984) (citation omitted). The court found Alphonso was subjected

to some pain over the course of his treatment, but also found that his testimony

regarding the extent of his pain was not credible. (R.85 at 9.) It awarded $5,000 for

pain and suffering, and Alphonso does not present a persuasive argument that this

was clear error.

      Alphonso next argues that the court erred in admitting and/or improperly

weighed surveillance evidence. At trial, Alphonso answered no when asked whether

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he had done anything to earn money since the accident. Esfeller then presented, and

the court admitted as impeachment evidence, a video of Alphonso selling clothing out

of the back of a sport utility vehicle. Alphonso argues that the video was not merely

impeachment evidence, but was also substantive evidence that Alphonso was not

totally disabled. He contends that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 required

Esfeller to disclose the video in response to a discovery request. Because Esfeller did

not disclose the video before trial, Alphonso argues the video should have been

excluded and/or the court should not have considered the video as substantive

evidence of the extent of Alphonso’s disability.

      Rule 26 does not require pre-trial disclosure of evidence that may be offered

at trial solely for impeachment. And, the record demonstrates that the video was

admitted solely to impeach Alphonso’s testimony (R.105 at 774-776). The court

primarily considered the evidence for its proffered purpose—impeachment. It relied

on the video to assess the credibility of Alphonso’s testimony regarding pain and

suffering and the extent of his disability. (R.85 at 4, 9.) While a footnote in the order

addressing damages acknowledges that the video was probative of whether Alphonso

was capable of engaging in light-duty work, we are not convinced that the court relied

on the video to conclude that Alphonso was not permanently disabled. (R.85 at 5 n.

7.) The court’s finding that Alphonso could engage in light-duty work was drawn

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from the testimony and a report of Esfeller’s vocational rehabilitation expert, not from

the contents of the video. (R.85 at 5.) So, even if the court considered the video as

substantive evidence of the extent of Alphonso’s disability, and even if it was

improper to do so because the video was admissible solely for impeachment, any

error was harmless.

      Finally, Alphonso asserts that the court erred in finding that he was capable of

performing light-duty work as of June 2007. Upon review of the record, we conclude

that the court’s finding was supported by substantial evidence including the testimony

and report of Esfeller’s vocational rehabilitation expert. (R.85 at 5.) The finding was

not clearly erroneous.

      AFFIRMED.




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