               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 17a0531n.06

                                      Case No. 16-6542
                                                                                     FILED
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       Sep 14, 2017
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                       DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

KELVIN HARDIN,                                    )
                                                  )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                       )
                                                  )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                )      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                  )      THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
FINKELSTEIN, KERN, STEINBERG &                    )      TENNESSEE
CUNNINGHAM, P.C.,                                 )
                                                  )
                                                  )
       Defendant-Appellee.



Before: SILER, SUTTON, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       SILER, Circuit Judge.      Kelvin Hardin appeals from the district court’s grant of

Defendant’s motion to dismiss on grounds of failure to state a claim. Hardin asserts that

Defendant Finkelstein, Kern, Steinberg & Cunningham, P.C. (“FKSC”) violated the Fair Debt

Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), specifically 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(11),1 by failing to disclose

that certain communications came from a debt collector.         He identifies four state-court

documents that, in his view, require a particular disclosure about debt collection: (1) FKSC’s

motion to set aside an agreed judgment, (2) order to set aside an agreed judgment, (3) default

judgment, and (4) judgment lien. We affirm the district court’s judgment because the court

filings and motion are not actionable communications as defined under § 1692e(11).




       1
         Although Hardin alleged other violations of the FDCPA, he appeals only the district
court’s judgment as to alleged violations § 1692e(11).
No. 16-6542
Hardin v. Finkelstein, Kern, Steinberg & Cunningham, P.C.
                                                I

       In October 2014, FKSC filed a collection action on behalf of Cavalry Investments, LLC

(“Cavalry”) against Hardin in Tennessee Circuit Court.2 At a court hearing, Hardin agreed to a

judgment entered against him, stipulating that he would pay $200.00 per month for three months,

beginning in November 2014, toward the full debt of $15,680.86. Hardin also agreed to contact

FKSC and arrange a payment plan to satisfy the full amount. After noticing that the court

documents reflected a total judgment of only $600, FKSC moved to correct the judgment

amount. Because Hardin had already left the courtroom, the court advised FKSC to file a written

motion to set aside the judgment, after which the court would correct the matter at a later

hearing.

       FKSC sent Hardin a letter, both requesting to discuss the erroneous judgment and

inquiring about a payment plan for the full amount of $15,680.86. FKSC received no response

from Hardin so FKSC sent another letter to Hardin, informing him of a hearing on setting aside

the judgment scheduled for March 2015.

       After receiving no response, FKSC filed a motion to set aside the judgment in the

Jefferson County General Sessions Court and purportedly sent Hardin a copy of the motion as

well as the proposed order. Hardin did not respond and failed to make the monthly payments

stipulated in the prior judgment. In December 2014, that court set aside the judgment. At the

hearing in March 2015, the court entered a default judgment for FKSC in the amount of

“$15,680.86, plus interest at the rate of 5.25%.” FKSC then secured a judgment lien by filing the

judgment with the Jefferson County Register of Deeds.



       2
        FKSC does not contest that Hardin has sufficiently alleged facts supporting a conclusion
that FKSC is a debt collector as defined under the FDCPA. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6).
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No. 16-6542
Hardin v. Finkelstein, Kern, Steinberg & Cunningham, P.C.
       In May 2015, FKSC sent Hardin a collection letter, informing him that a judgment lien

had been registered with the county. Each of these letters contained the required disclosure.

Both Hardin’s employer and credit union began garnishing his funds. Hardin responded to the

letter, representing that he never received a copy of the motion to set aside judgment, order

setting aside judgment, default judgment, or judgment lien.

       Hardin sued FKSC in state court, alleging, among other claims, that the default judgment

should be set aside as void for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and for damages and restitution

under state law and the FDCPA. Hardin asserted that certain documents failed to disclose FKSC

as a debt collector, thereby violating its disclosure obligations under 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(11).

Hardin identified only four documents as actionable communications: (1) motion to set aside an

agreed judgment, (2) order to set aside an agreed judgment, (3) default judgment, and

(4) judgment lien.

       On removal to federal court, FKSC moved to dismiss on the basis of failure to state a

claim. The district court granted the motion on grounds that all asserted documents were exempt

from the disclosure requirement because they were “formal pleading[s] made in connection with

a legal action” under § 1692e(11).

                                                  II

       We review de novo a grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. See Top

Flight Entm’t, Ltd. v. Schuette, 729 F.3d 623, 630 (6th Cir. 2013); Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To

avoid dismissal, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a

claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation

omitted). Statutory interpretation is a question of law reviewed de novo. Roberts v. Hamer,

655 F.3d 578, 582 (6th Cir. 2011). We may affirm the dismissal of claims on alternative grounds

                                                 -3-
No. 16-6542
Hardin v. Finkelstein, Kern, Steinberg & Cunningham, P.C.
supported by the record. See Haines v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety Admin., 814 F.3d 417, 428–29

(6th Cir. 2016).

                                                III

       Hardin asserts that FKSC’s motion in the state court, the state court’s own adjudicative

actions, and the act of securing a judgment lien through registration with county records all

constitute communications from a debt collector to a consumer. Those actions, says Hardin,

must contain the disclosures prescribed in 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(11).

       Although the district court dismissed on the grounds that the asserted documents were

“formal pleadings” exempt from the disclosure requirements of § 1692e(11), we affirm on the

alternative basis that Hardin failed to allege actionable communications between a debt collector

and consumer. City Mgmt. Corp v. U.S. Chem. Co., 43 F.3d 244, 251 (6th Cir. 1994) (citation

omitted). A debt collector violates 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(11) when it fails to identify itself as a debt

collector when communicating with the consumer:

       The failure to disclose in the initial written communication with the consumer and
       in addition, if the initial communication with the consumer is oral, in that initial
       oral communication, that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that
       any information obtained will be used for that purpose, and the failure to disclose
       in subsequent communications that the communication is from a debt collector,
       except that this paragraph shall not apply to a formal pleading made in connection
       with a legal action.

15 U.S.C. § 1692e(11) (emphasis added).3         The FDCPA defines “communication” as the

“conveying of information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person through any

medium.” § 1692a(2)(emphasis added). A “debt collector” means “any person who uses any

       3
        By its terms, 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(11) qualifies “initial communication[s]” as “with the
consumer,” while referencing “subsequent communications” without the consumer qualifier.
Even assuming a distinction exists between actionable initial and subsequent communications,
Hardin failed to demonstrate how the asserted documents constituted communications from a
debt collector as defined under the FDCPA.
                                            -4-
No. 16-6542
Hardin v. Finkelstein, Kern, Steinberg & Cunningham, P.C.
instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of

which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or

indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another.” § 1692a(6) (emphasis

added). The Dictionary Act defines a person as “corporations, companies, associations, firms . . .

as well as individuals.” 1 U.S.C. § 1.

       The order to set aside an agreed judgment, default judgment, and judgment lien cannot

constitute communications between the FKSC and Hardin for purposes of triggering the

FDCPA’s disclosure requirements. The listed orders and entries were issued by the court

(a nonperson)—not the FKSC.        See id.   The adjudicative process cannot be construed as

communications from the debt collector to the debtor.

       As for FKSC’s motion to set aside the judgment, it is likewise outside the ambit of

protection under the FDCPA because Hardin claims that he never received the motion. Thus, the

motion cannot be deemed a “communication with the consumer.”

       AFFIRMED.




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