                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________                  FILED
                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                               No. 08-13365                 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                             FEBRUARY 18, 2009
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                                                             THOMAS K. KAHN
                         ________________________
                                                                  CLERK

                           Agency No. A96-021-634

ROHANLALL MOTIELAL,



                                                               Petitioner-Appellant,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                            Respondent-Appellee.


                         ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________

                               (February 18, 2009)

Before BLACK, BARKETT and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Rohan Motielal, a citizen of Guyana who is of Indian descent, petitions for
review of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision reversing the

Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) order granting him asylum, withholding of removal

under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), and United Nations

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment

or Punishment (“CAT”) relief. After review, we grant the petition.

                               I. BACKGROUND

      Motielal entered the United States without authorization on or about

February 13, 2003. On February 22, 2003, the Department of Homeland Security

(“DHS”) issued a Notice to Appear charging him with removability under INA §§

212(a)(6)(C)(i) and 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). After appearing at a removal hearing, at

which he was found to be removable as charged, Motielal filed an application for

asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under CAT, claiming that he was

persecuted in Guyana because of his race.

      According to his application and hearing testimony, Motielal was born in

Guyana but his family is of East Indian descent. Since age 12, Motielal lived with

his grandfather, a cane farmer who employed mostly African workers. Motielal

worked for his grandfather and was responsible for distributing the workers’

weekly salaries. On October 30, 2002, Motielal’s grandfather was kidnaped by

four or five kidnappers “of the black race.” A few months earlier, around the same

time that Motielal’s grandfather had acquired 50 acres of abandoned lands on
                                         2
which to plant cane, other Indians were kidnaped and about five or six people were

murdered. Motielal’s family received threats but did not report the threats to law

enforcement because the police were useless and the family was afraid of

retribution if they contacted the police.

      An hour or two after the grandfather’s kidnaping, the kidnappers called

Motielal’s family with a ransom demand of $20 million. About an hour later, the

kidnappers called again and told the family not to worry about the money because

the grandfather was already dead. A few hours later, the family tried to search for

the grandfather’s body, but were stopped by police and army guards because the

locality that they were attempting to search was very hostile toward Indians. The

police threatened to lock up the family if they kept looking for the grandfather.

      The kidnappers called again and provided the location of the grandfather’s

body. The family later found the body, which had been shot four times in the face.

After the family had made burial arrangements for the grandfather, the kidnappers

called and again demanded to be paid $20 million. Because Motielal was afraid

that he would be kidnaped and murdered, he fled to Trinidad after the grandfather’s

affairs were resolved. Around this time, a group of people attempted to kidnap

Motielal’s cousin, mistakenly believing him to be Motielal. While staying in

Trinidad with a cousin, Motielal was told that people in Guyana were looking for

him. At the hearing before the IJ, Motielal testified that his uncle, grandmother,
                                            3
and sister were still living in Guyana. Motielal also testified that the kidnappers’

threats after his grandfather’s death were directed at all of the family members, not

just him.

      Motielal believed that his grandfather was murdered because of a “racial

problem” between Indians and Africans, and because Motielal’s grandfather was

the most successful cane farmer in the area. Motielal attached a number of

documents to his asylum application, including several newspaper articles

describing his grandfather’s brutal murder. One editorial stated that Motielal’s

grandfather was “executed” because African leaders had portrayed him as a “prime

example of the greedy acquisitive Indian who ‘takes over’ African ancestral lands

and exploits Africans as the new ‘Massa.’” Another article described how the

Guyanese Black Panthers went on a “killing dance” against Indian people because

they were taught racist things about these people. The record further contained two

U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Guyana describing the longstanding

racial tensions between the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese and discussing the

polarization along ethnic lines of Guyanese society.

      After reviewing the evidence and finding that Motielal testified credibly, the

IJ determined that Motielal had met his burden of proof for establishing asylum

and withholding of removal. The IJ elaborated that Motielal had established past

persecution and/or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of his
                                           4
Indo-Guyanese race and his wealthy Indo-Guyanese landowning social group. The

IJ further found that Motielal established eligibility for CAT relief because the

Afro-Guyanese police forces provided no protection. The IJ thus granted Motielal

asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief.

      On appeal by the government, the BIA found that Motielal was never

physically harmed in Guyana and the incidents on which Motielal based his claims

did not rise to the level of past persecution or past torture. The BIA also found that

Motielal could not establish a well-founded fear of future persecution despite the

racial tensions because (1) over five years had passed since Motielal left Guyana;

(2) part of his family was safely living in Guyana; and (3) discrimination against

Indo-Guyanese was not so pervasive as to give Motielal a well-founded fear of

persecution.

      In his petition, Motielal argues that: (1) the BIA was not sufficiently

deferential to the IJ's findings; (2) the murder of his grandfather, the subsequent

threats, and the attempted kidnaping of his cousin constituted past persecution; and

(3) the BIA did not give sufficient weight to the Country Reports and submitted

newspaper articles, which described racial tensions between the Indo- and

Afro-Guyanese. Motielal also argues that he had a well-founded fear of future

persecution because of: (1) racial tensions; (2) police ineffectiveness and

obstructionism when his grandfather was kidnaped; and (3) his cousin informing
                                           5
him, when Motielal fled to Trinidad, that people still were looking for him in

Guyana.1

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Because in this case the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ’s decision, we

review only the BIA’s decision. See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284

(11th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). We review factual determinations under the

substantial evidence test and will “affirm the BIA’s decision if it is supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). Therefore, we will reverse

a finding of fact “only when the record compels a reversal; the mere fact that the

record may support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal of the

administrative findings.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir.

2004) (en banc) (citations omitted).

                                     III. DISCUSSION

       To be eligible for asylum, an alien must prove that he is a refugee, which is



       1
         Because Motielal’s brief addresses only his asylum claim and does not set forth an
argument regarding withholding of removal and CAT relief, these issues are deemed abandoned.
See Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). In
addition, Motielal’s argument that the BIA was not sufficiently deferential to the IJ is meritless
because the BIA reviews de novo “the application of legal standards [to factual determinations],
such as whether the facts established by an alien amount to past persecution or a well-founded
fear of persecution.” Matter of A-S-B, 24 I. & N. Dec. 493, 496 (BIA 2008) (internal quotations
omitted). Finally, the BIA also found that no pattern or practice of discrimination against the
Indo-Guyanese exists, but Motielal has not raised this issue on appeal.
                                                 6
defined by the INA as:

      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . .
      and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling
      to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of
      persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
      religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
      political opinion . . . .

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). An asylum petitioner must establish a nexus between

the feared persecution and a statutorily listed factor and present “specific, detailed

facts showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled out for

persecution on account of” the statutorily listed factor. Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

401 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). However, the alien

does not need to prove that he would be “singled out” for persecution if (1) there is

a “pattern or practice” of persecution against similarly situated individuals and (2)

his or her inclusion within that group of individuals makes fear of persecution

reasonable. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii). If an applicant establishes past

persecution, there is a presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution

that can only be rebutted by a showing of either “(1) that conditions in the country

have changed, or (2) that the applicant could avoid future persecution by relocating

within the country . . . .” De Santamaria v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 525 F.3d 999, 1007

(11th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted).

      An applicant who cannot demonstrate past persecution still can obtain

                                           7
asylum if he shows that he has a well-founded fear of future persecution. Id.

(citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)). To establish a well-founded fear of future

persecution, an applicant must demonstrate that he has: “(1) a subjectively genuine

and objectively reasonable fear of persecution that is (2) on account of a protected

ground.” Id. The subjective prong is satisfied “by the applicant's credible

testimony that he or she genuinely fears persecution,” and the objective prong is

satisfied if the applicant establishes that he “has a good reason to fear future

persecution.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).

      Although the INA does not define persecution, we have described

persecution as an “extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of

verbal harassment or intimidation.” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (quotations

omitted). Menacing telephone calls and verbal threats, without more, do not

amount to persecution. Id. Yet “[w]e have . . . rejected a rigid requirement of

physical injury, making clear . . . that attempted murder is persecution, regardless

of whether the petitioner was injured.” De Santamaria, 525 F.3d at 1008 (internal

quotations and citation omitted). “In determining whether an alien has suffered

past persecution, the IJ must consider the cumulative effects of the [persecutory]

incidents,” instead of viewing each incident in isolation. Delgado v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 487 F.3d 855, 861 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (citation omitted).

      Here, the record as a whole compels a determination that Motielal suffered
                                           8
past persecution; the evidence shows that the mistreatment he suffered was easily

“more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation.”

Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (internal quotation omitted). Specifically, Motielal’s

undisputed, consistent, and detailed testimony about his grandfather’s murder

(which is further supported by his application documents), the verbal threats to his

family, his cousin’s kidnaping (in which his cousin was mistaken for Motielal, the

petitioner himself), and the government’s refusal to assist based on racial

motivation, cumulatively compels a finding that Motielal suffered past persecution.

Motielal need not “have suffered serious physical injury when there are physical

threats combined with other forms of mistreatment such as kidnaping or attempted

murder.” Moncada v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 287 F. App’x 842, 844 (11th Cir. 2008) (per

curiam) (citation omitted). Further, “we may consider a threatening act against

another as evidence that the petitioner suffered persecution where that act

concomitantly threatens the petitioner.” Id. (citing De Santamaria, 525 F.3d at

1009 n.7) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      In finding no past persecution, the extent of the BIA’s reasoning was that

Motielal was never physically harmed and Motielal “failed to establish that these

threats rise to the level of past persecution.” The BIA’s decision overlooked record

evidence that Motielal’s cousin was kidnaped because the kidnappers mistook him

for Motielal, and further ignored the evidence that the Afro-Guyanese law
                                          9
enforcement were inadequate and ineffective in protecting him or his family.

Indeed, one newspaper article about the grandfather’s execution discussed that

despite the number of witnesses to the grandfather’s kidnaping (which occurred in

broad daylight as the grandfather ate lunch with his employees), no witness had

identified the kidnappers and the police had made no arrest. Motielal’s testimony

also established that he would be “singled out” because he paid the workers’

weekly salaries and everyone knew him by face.

      The BIA failed to make a reasoned decision that considered the cumulative

effect of the grandfather’s murder, the threatening phone calls, the threat relayed

by Motielal’s cousin, the mistaken kidnaping of his cousin, and the lack of

protection from law enforcement. The record compels the conclusion that these

events cumulatively amount to past persecution and that this persecution was on

account of Motielal’s race and social group. And because Motielal established past

persecution, he is entitled to a rebuttable presumption of future persecution. It

does not appear that the government offered any evidence, or that the BIA made

any finding, about changed country conditions or possible relocation. See

Moncada v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 177 F. App’x 36, 38 n.4 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam)

(noting that where a petitioner demonstrates past persecution, the burden shifts to

the government to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner

could avoid future persecution through relocation within his country of origin and
                                          10
that it would be reasonable for the petitioner to do so).

      Because substantial evidence did not support the BIA’s decision that

Motielal did not suffer past persecution, we vacate and remand to the BIA for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      PETITION GRANTED.




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