                                 Stuart J. McGREGOR Receiver-Appellee,

                       United States Federal Trade Commission, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                      v.

                    Teri CHIERICO, Michael Chierico, et al., Defendants-Appellants,

                                    William Bethell, et al., Defendants.

                       United States Federal Trade Commission, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                      v.

                         Teri Chierico, Michael Chierico, Defendants-Appellants,

                              American Business Supplies, et al., Defendants.

                       United States Federal Trade Commission, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                      v.

           Michael Chierico, American Business Supplies, Inc., et al., Defendants-Appellants,

                              Creative Business Consultants, Inc., Defendant.

                                  Nos. 98-5290, 99-13250 and 99-13868.

                                      United States Court of Appeals,

                                              Eleventh Circuit.

                                              March 24, 2000.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 96-01754-CIV-
KMM), K. Michael Moore, Judge.

Before COX and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judge.

        DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

        This case arises from the district court's entry of three consecutive civil contempt orders against all

or some of the defendants. Originally, the district court held all of the defendants in contempt for violating

the terms of a Stipulated Final Judgment which resolved an underlying civil complaint brought by the Federal

Trade Commission ("FTC") for violations of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 41 et seq. The subsequent two

contempt findings resulted from the two non-corporate defendants' failure to comply with the previous
contempt order(s). The defendants challenge all three contempt orders, as well as the assessment of damages

for consumer redress. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm in part and vacate and remand in part.

                                            I. BACKGROUND

        On June 26, 1996, the FTC initiated an action against Michael Chierico, American Business Supplies,

Inc., Interstate Office Systems, Inc., and Nationwide Office Products, Inc. ("the defendants"). The FTC

complaint alleged that these defendants engaged in a variety of deceptive acts and practices in connection

with their nationwide telemarketing of photocopier toner and other office supplies, in violation of both

Section 5 of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45, and the Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention

Act, 15 U.S.C. § 6101 et seq.

        On June 28, 1996, the district court granted the FTC's request for an "Ex Parte Temporary Restraining

Order with Asset Freeze, Appointment of Receiver, and Other Equitable Relief" ("TRO"). (R1-20). On the

same day the defendants received notice of the TRO, Michael Chierico's wife, Teri Chierico, who was not

a named defendant at the time, attempted to withdraw $500,000 from an account held jointly with her

husband. This attempted withdrawal violated the asset freeze. As a result, the FTC named Teri Chierico as

a defendant in its amended complaint.

        On November 13, 1996, the district court entered a Stipulated Final Judgment ("Final Judgment")

which resolved the underlying FTC action. Michael Chierico signed the Final Judgment on his own behalf

and on behalf of the corporate defendants, and Teri Chierico signed the Final Judgment on her own behalf.

The Final Judgment prohibited the defendants, including Teri Chierico, from, inter alia, making

misrepresentations designed to trick prospective customers into accepting shipment of, or paying for, office

products; from using misrepresentations, threats, or coercion to complete sales; and from shipping and

billing for unordered merchandise. Moreover, the Final Judgment ordered the payment of $1 million to

redress consumers injured by the fraud. In addition, the Final Judgment required the defendants to obtain a

performance bond from a surety company before engaging in future telemarketing.



                                                     2
        In January 1997, Michael Chierico and the corporate defendants paid the first bond installment and

resumed telemarketing sales. On June 23, 1998, pursuant to a sealed motion by the FTC, the district court

entered an Emergency Show Cause Order upon finding good cause to believe the defendants had violated and

were likely to further violate the Final Judgment. The Emergency Order froze all of the defendants' assets

and appointed a receiver to manage, wind down, and liquidate the corporate defendants.

        On June 24, 1998, the defendants received service of the Emergency Order. The district court

commenced a three-day evidentiary hearing the next day ("First Contempt Hearing"). At the conclusion of

the hearing, the court entered its First Contempt Order which found that all of the defendants had violated

the Final Judgment and held them in contempt. In order to "to coerce compliance with the Stipulated Final

Judgment and to compensate for injuries resulting from defendants' contumacious conduct," the district court

(1) directed forfeiture of the $400,000 bond, (2) conveyed to the FTC all right, title, and interest in all of the

defendants' assets previously frozen by the court's Emergency Order, and (3) directed Michael and Teri

Chierico ("the Chiericos") to provide the FTC with a certified check in the amount of $2 million to be funded,

if necessary, by all realizable equity in the couple's residence. (R4-120). The court's basis for taking

substantially all of the Chiericos' property and assets was its finding that the fraudulent telemarketing

practices had caused "at least" $7.2 million in consumer injury. The $7.2 million figure represents the

corporate defendants' gross receipts from December 18, 1996, to June 23, 1998. Finally, the order enjoined

all of the defendants from telemarketing in the future.

        In an effort to comply with the First Contempt Order, the Chiericos attempted to raise the $2 million

by listing their home for sale and applying through a mortgage lender/broker to refinance their home. Despite

these efforts, the Chiericos failed to make the required $2 million payment by July 31, 1998.

        On August 5, 1998, the FTC filed another Emergency Show Cause Motion. After conducting an

evidentiary hearing, the district court concluded that the Chiericos' failed efforts to sell or refinance their

home did not excuse their noncompliance with the First Contempt Order. Therefore, the district court held



                                                        3
the Chiericos in contempt ("Second Contempt Order") for their failure to "make all reasonable efforts" to

comply with Section II.B.3 of the First Contempt Order, which required payment of $2 million to the FTC.

        To ensure payment of the $2 million, the Second Contempt Order required the Chiericos to (1)

prepare loan applications for a second mortgage and supply those to the receiver by August 19, 1998, (2)

obtain a firm commitment for a loan to be secured by the realizable equity in their home by September 11,

1998, and (3) close a loan secured by their home by September 25, 1998. The court's order provided that,

if the Chiericos failed to complete any of the above steps, they would be required to transfer marketable title

to their home to the FTC. If they failed to transfer title, the order provided that the Chiericos would be

"arrested and taken into custody and incarcerated until such time as they can demonstrate that they have

complied with [the] order." (R5-169-3).

        On August 21, 1998, the Chiericos filed timely notices of appeal, challenging the district court's First

and Second Contempt Orders. Both the district court and this court denied the Chiericos' Motion to Stay the

orders pending appeal.

        Pursuant to the Second Contempt Order, the Chiericos provided the receiver with an acceptable loan

application, but the receiver failed to secure a loan. Therefore, the order directed the Chiericos to convey title

to their home to the FTC. On June 25, 1999, the FTC filed a third Show Cause Motion, and the district court

conducted an evidentiary hearing on that motion. Despite the receiver's inability to procure a loan against

the Chiericos' home, the district court rejected the Chiericos' argument that it was impossible to comply with

the Second Contempt Order and concluded that the Chiericos' only means of compliance was to deed their

home to the FTC or go to jail. Because signing the deed would have mooted the underlying appeals from the

First and Second Contempt Orders, upon advice of counsel, the Chiericos refused to sign the deed.

        After the hearing, the district court entered a written order finding the Chiericos in contempt for the

third time ("Third Contempt Order") for failing "to close on a loan against the realized equity in the [home]

and [failing] to transfer marketable title in the [home] to the Receiver." (2nd Supp.R3-242-2). Accordingly,



                                                        4
the district court ordered that "Michael and Teri Chierico shall be committed to the custody of the United

States Marshal ... until such time as they purge themselves of contempt by transferring marketable title ... to

the Receiver." (2nd Supp.R3-242-2).

        Two days after the district court issued its Third Contempt Order, the Chiericos filed timely notices

of appeal, as well as an Emergency Motion for Stay Pending Appeal in this court. A panel of this court1

construed the Emergency Motion for Stay as a Motion for Release Pending Appeal and granted it, thereby

releasing the Chiericos from incarceration. This court consolidated the appeal from the Third Contempt Order

with the initial appeal from the First and Second Contempt Orders.

        In the present appeal, the defendants challenge the district court's finding that they violated the Final

Judgment. They also challenge the district court's finding that their contumacious conduct caused over $7.2

million in "actual damage" to consumers. Accordingly, the Chiericos challenge the district court's order that

they forfeit substantially all of their assets to the FTC in order to fund the payment of consumer redress. In

addition, the Chiericos assert that the district court's Second and Third Contempt Orders relating to their

failure to liquidate the equity in their home should be vacated because the orders violate Florida's

constitutional homestead exemption.

                                       II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         This court reviews the grant or denial of a motion for civil contempt under the abuse of discretion

standard. See Jordan v. Wilson, 851 F.2d 1290, 1292 (11th Cir.1988) (per curiam). Upon appellate review,

a civil contempt order may be upheld only if the proof of the defendant's contempt is clear and convincing.

See id. "This clear and convincing proof must also demonstrate that 1) the allegedly violated order was valid

and lawful; 2) the order was clear, definite and unambiguous; and 3) the alleged violator had the ability to

comply with the order." Id. at 1292 n. 2.

                                             III . DISCUSSION


    1
     McGregor v. Chierico, Nos. 98-5290 & 99-13250 (11th Cir. filed Sept. 3, 1999).

                                                       5
A.       Teri Chierico

         Teri Chierico argues that the district court abused its discretion by finding that she violated the Final

Judgment. She alleges that, in evaluating the FTC's charges, the district court simply lumped together all of

the defendants without considering the weight of the evidence as it applied to each individual and corporate

defendant. She also argues that the FTC did not offer clear and convincing evidence that she, in particular,

engaged in telemarketing activities and by this omission, failed to prove that she violated the Final Judgment.2

Consequently, Teri Chierico asserts that we should vacate the district court's contempt order.

         As a preliminary matter, we recognize that, with limited exceptions, active participation in

telemarketing following the entry of the Final Judgment is a prerequisite to the district court's finding that the

defendants violated the Final Judgment. Close analysis of the evidence reveals that Teri Chierico did not

actively participate in the telemarketing business. She did not serve as an officer, shareholder, director, or

employee of any of the defendant corporations. In fact, aside from her marriage to Michael Chierico, Teri

Chierico's only relation to the telemarketing business derives from her status as a shareholder and employee

of the non-defendant corporation, Chierico Enterprises, Inc. Chierico Enterprises owns the building which

housed Michael Chierico's businesses. Teri Chierico served as a secretary and property manager and

collected rent payments from the defendant corporations on behalf of Chierico Enterprises. Although

Chierico Enterprises undeniably took money from the defendant corporations, there is no allegation that

Chierico Enterprises engaged in any wrongdoing. Consequently, Teri Chierico's relationship with Chierico

Enterprises should not impact upon the contempt charges levied against her.3




     2
     On appeal, the FTC does not argue against the merits of Teri Chierico's challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence presented against her at the First Contempt Hearing. Rather, the FTC contends that Teri
Chierico has waived her right to appeal because of default. We reject this argument.

     3
     Teri Chierico's relationship with Chierico Enterprises is relevant to the FTC's allegation that she became
an officer of the corporation and according to the Final Judgment, was required to report this fact to the FTC
as it constitutes a change in her employment status. See Section III.A.3 infra.

                                                        6
         Despite the lack of any business relationship between Teri Chierico and her husband's telemarketing

businesses, the FTC insists that Teri Chierico was "part and parcel of this operation." (1st Supp.R2-363). In

conflict with this assertion, the FTC acknowledges that it presented minimal evidence at the First Contempt

Hearing relating to Teri Chierico. The FTC only produced evidence that she occasionally visited her

husband's telemarketing office with their children and "that's it." "That's the only thing she does in this

operation." (1st Supp.R2-363). None of the facts presented by the FTC provide clear and convincing

evidence that Teri Chierico engaged in telemarketing activities and, by doing so, violated the terms of the

Final Judgment. (1st Supp.R2-363). In our view, the FTC included Teri Chierico in these contempt

proceedings, not because she poses a threat to the innocent public, but because, as Michael Chierico's wife,

she received some money from her husband's businesses. This fact alone is not sufficient to support a finding

of contempt. After a careful analysis of each basis for the contempt finding, we conclude that the district

court erred in finding Teri Chierico in contempt for violating the Final Judgment.

1.       The Bond Requirement

         Teri Chierico asserts that she never directly engaged in the telemarketing business after the entry of

the Final Judgment and, thus, was not required to satisfy the bond requirement. The Final Judgment

prohibited the defendants from engaging in telemarketing without first obtaining a performance bond.4 The

bond, executed in favor of both the FTC and the defendants' telemarketing customers, ensured the availability

of reparations to customers harmed by the defendants' telemarketing practices. The bond requirement applied

only to those defendants who participated in telemarketing after the Final Judgment. Thus, although other

defendants decided to re-enter the telemarketing business, a defendant who did not re-enter the telemarketing

business after the entry of the Final Judgment was not bound to fulfill the bond requirement.




     4
   Initially a $100,000 bond was required, with a provision raising it to $200,000 after six months, and then
$400,000 after 18 months.

                                                      7
        In its original Show Cause Motion, the FTC alleged that Teri Chierico played a substantial role in

her husband's post-Final Judgment telemarketing activities, yet the FTC failed to produce any evidence during

the First Contempt Hearing to support this allegation. As a result, we conclude that Teri Chierico was never

responsible for posting any of the bonds described in the Final Judgment because the bond requirements apply

only to those defendants who engaged in telemarketing. Thus, the district court erred in finding that Teri

Chierico violated the bond requirements.

2.      Prohibited Telemarketing Activities and Maintenance of Business Records

        The district court's First Contempt Order finds that the "defendants' acts and practices in connection

with the sale of toner violates the following injunctive provisions of the Final Order: Section I.A, subsections

1-6, Section I.B, subsections 1-4, Section I.B, and Section I.E." (R4-120-2). All of these sections prohibit

certain business activities in relation to telemarketing, such as misrepresentation and violation of the FTC's

Telemarketing Sales Rule, 16 C.F.R. Part 310. In addition, the district court found that Teri Chierico violated

Sections VII.B and D of the Final Judgment which require that the defendant maintain certain business

records "in connection with the advertising, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any goods by means of

telemarketing." (R4-100-20). Given that the FTC presented no evidence that Teri Chierico participated in

any way in telemarketing, there is no basis for the district court's finding that she violated these sections of

the Final Judgment. Therefore, we conclude that the district court erred in finding that Teri Chierico violated

the above cited provisions of the Final Judgment.

3.      Change in Employment Status

         Section VI.A of the Final Judgment creates affirmative obligations that apply independent of any

resumed telemarketing activity. Section VI.A required Teri Chierico to report to the FTC any change in her

employment status. The FTC did not present any evidence at the First Contempt Hearing as to a change in

Teri Chierico's employment status, rather it first raised the charge (inappropriately) during closing argument.

(1st Supp.R2-365). Even if we accept the FTC's allegation, the burden rests on the complaining party, here



                                                       8
the FTC, to show by clear and convincing evidence that the alleged contemnor acted in violation of the court's

order. See Jordan, 851 F.2d at 1292. Thus, the district court's finding is unsupported by the evidence and,

as such, constitutes an abuse of discretion.

4.       Consumer Redress

         In civil contempt proceedings, a party guilty of contempt may be required to compensate those

injured by its contempt.5 See In re DuPont De Nemours & Co. (Benlate Litigation), 99 F.3d 363, 368 (11th

Cir.1996). The district court predicated its assessment of redress for consumer injury against Teri Chierico

upon a finding that she engaged in fraudulent telemarketing after signing the Final Judgment. (R4-120-2).

Teri Chierico appeals this portion of the order on the basis that she never engaged in telemarketing activity

and, accordingly, could not have caused any consumer injury.

         With no evidence to support its allegation that Teri Chierico engaged in telemarketing activity, the

FTC argues alternatively that, "in any event," Teri Chierico should be held liable for the payment of consumer

redress because she is a "conduit ... a sort of fallback position for Michael Chierico" whereby he can protect

his ill-begotten assets. (1st Supp.R2-361). Pursuant to this reasoning, the FTC requested that the district court

order the forfeiture of "all of the assets in this case—boat, bank accounts, everything," regardless of whether

they belong to Michael Chierico or Teri Chierico. While this argument certainly deepens the pocket from

which the FTC can collect, it ignores the fact that a court cannot use its contempt power to acquire assets

owned by innocent individuals. Fundamental fairness requires that Teri Chierico not be held liable for

consumer redress when she did not participate in any acts which caused harm to consumers.




     5
     District courts are afforded wide discretion in fashioning an equitable remedy for civil contempt. See
United States v. City of Miami, 195 F.3d 1292, 1298 (11th Cir.1999). The sanctions may serve to either (1)
coerce the contemnor to comply with a court order, or (2) compensate a party for losses suffered as a result
of the contemnor's act. See id; see also United States v. United Mine Workers of America, 330 U.S. 258, 304,
67 S.Ct. 677, 91 L.Ed. 884 (1947) ("Where compensation is intended, a fine is imposed.... Such fine must
of course be based upon evidence of complainant's actual loss, and his right, as a civil litigant, to the
compensatory fine is dependent upon the outcome of the basic controversy.") (footnote omitted).

                                                       9
        That said, we must now determine what effect Teri Chierico's innocence will have upon the validity

of the district court's order that the Chiericos forfeit jointly held property, in particular, their family home.

The district court's order mandates that the defendants supply to the FTC a certified check for $2 million "to

be used for payment of consumer redress." (R4-120-4). The order indicated that the funds for the check

"shall be supplied through the conversion of any realizable equity in the defendants' home...." (R4-120-4).

The family home referenced in the First Contempt Order is owned by Michael and Teri Chierico as tenants

by the entirety.

        This court has already determined that severance of a tenancy by the entirety for the purpose of taking

the property owned by a guilty spouse, works a partial taking of the innocent spouse's property. See United

States v. One Single Family Residence, 894 F.2d 1511, 1515 (11th Cir.1990). The partial taking results from

the fact that "[a] tenant by the entireties holds an indivisible right to own and occupy the entire property."

Havoco of Am., Ltd. v. Hill, 197 F.3d 1135, 1139 (11th Cir.1999) (internal quotations omitted). To convert

that right to own and occupy into a tenancy in common would effect an unlawful taking. See One Single

Family Residence, 894 F.2d at 1516.

        Although One Single Family Residence is a forfeiture case, and Havoco of America, Ltd. is a

bankruptcy case, the reasoning of those cases may be readily extended to the civil contempt context. See 197

F.3d at 1139; 894 F.2d at 1512. As tenants by the entireties, this court cannot extract Michael Chierico's

rights in the family home without affecting Teri Chierico's rights. Because the district court erred in holding

Teri Chierico in contempt, it would be unjust to force her to relinquish any innocently held property rights.

Thus, in effect, protection of Teri Chierico's interest in the family home renders Michael Chierico's interest

in the home unreachable by the court's contempt power.

        In conclusion, we must vacate the portion of the district court's First Contempt Order which requires

the conversion of Teri Chierico's realizable equity in the family home for the provision of consumer redress.

Vacating this aspect of the First Contempt Order necessarily impacts upon the Second and Third Contempt



                                                       10
Orders,6 which hold both Michael and Teri Chierico in contempt for their failure to comply with this limited

element of the First Contempt Order. Accordingly, the Second and Third Contempt Orders must be vacated

as well.7

B.       Michael Chierico

         Michael Chierico8 presents all of the same issues on appeal as Teri Chierico, but in contrast to the

case against his wife, we conclude that the FTC presented ample evidence at the First Contempt hearing of

Michael Chierico's misconduct in connection with his telemarketing. Consequently, Michael Chierico's

appeal from the district court's finding that he violated the Final Judgment is without merit.9 Nonetheless,

Michael Chierico's appeal from the district court's assessment of the amount of consumer redress deserves

some discussion.

            The district court ordered forfeiture of substantially all of Michael Chierico's assets to fund payment

of consumer compensation pursuant to the court's finding that the defendants' contumacious conduct resulted


     6
     The government argues that we lack jurisdiction to review the Third Contempt Order on the theory that
the order is non-final and therefore, any appeal at this point constitutes an impermissible interlocutory appeal.
The Third Contempt Order is the direct result of the Chiericos' failure to comply with the Second Contempt
Order. Our decision to vacate the Second Contempt Order moots the sole ground relied upon by the district
court to hold the Chiericos in contempt for a third time. Thus, the Third Contempt order is essentially
unenforceable. Accordingly, we vacate the Third Contempt Order without reaching the jurisdictional
question.
     7
    Because the tenancy by the entirety effectively protects Michael Chierico's interest in the family home,
we need not determine the difficult issue of whether the district court properly used its contempt power to
override the homestead exception in Florida's Constitution.

     8
    The three corporate defendants join Michael Chierico in his appeal from the First Contempt Order. After
thorough consideration, we deem their arguments uncompelling.

     9
     Michael Chierico also appeals from Section III of the First Contempt Order which permanently enjoins
him from "engaging or participating, whether directly or indirectly," in any capacity, in telemarketing as
defined by the Final Judgment and from engaging in the sale of office supplies via direct mail. (R4-120-4).
Contrary to Michael Chierico's contention, the permanent ban was not a contempt sanction, but a modification
of Section II of the Final Judgment. Section II's bond requirement and injunctive provisions were intended
to ensure Michael Chierico's compliance with the law and protect consumers from further injury. In light of
Michael Chierico's continued fraudulent practices after the entry of the Final Judgment, the district court did
not abuse its discretion in modifying Section II of the Final Judgment.

                                                         11
in at least $7,282,404 in consumer injuries. Michael Chierico appeals the damages award as excessive. The

district court's ability to order payment of consumer redress is limited to actual damages. See City of Miami,

195 F.3d at 1298 ("[A] court's civil contempt power is measured solely by the requirements of full remedial

relief.")(internal quotations omitted).

         "An award of damages in a civil contempt proceeding requires proof of both the fact of injury to the

aggrieved party and the amount of damages the aggrieved party has suffered." Graves v. Kemsco Group, Inc.,

864 F.2d 754, 756 (Fed.Cir.1988). The standard of proof for the amount of damages, once contempt has been

established by clear and convincing evidence, is unclear. At least three other circuits have held that the injury

need only be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. See In re General Motors Corp., 110 F.3d 1003,

1018 (4th Cir.1997); Reliance Ins. Co. v. Mast Constr. Co., 159 F.3d 1311, 1318 (10th Cir.1998); Graves,

864 F.2d at 755 (applying Seventh Circuit law); but see Gregory v. Depte, 896 F.2d 31, 40 (3d.Cir.1990)

(Becker, J., concurring and dissenting) ("civil contempt awards ... must be vacated if they appear to us

excessive, or unsupported by clear and convincing evidence"). We agree with the Fourth Circuit that, "[s]ince

[the court] has already found by clear and convincing evidence that harm has occurred, the damages issue

should be treated no differently than any other run-of-the-mill civil action." In re General Motors Corp., 110

F.3d at 1018. Thus, in a civil contempt action, we hold that damages must be proven by a preponderance of

the evidence.

        At the First Contempt Hearing, the FTC bore the burden of proving the amount of consumer injury

by a preponderance of the evidence. Following the FTC's recommendation, the district court valued the

amount of damages according to the gross sales generated by the defendant companies during the relevant




                                                       12
18-month period.10 Michael Chierico contends that gross sales is not the appropriate measure of damages

because not all of his customers were misled and because his customers received some benefit from the toner.

1.        Extent of the Misrepresentation

          Michael Chierico asserts that the district court's award of consumer redress in the amount of gross

sales was inappropriate because the FTC did not prove actual reliance on false and misleading statements for

each of his customers. He argues instead that the court should limit its assessment of consumer redress to

those losses specifically proven by the FTC.

          The inherent equitable powers of the federal courts authorize the district court to order payment of

consumer redress for injury caused by Michael Chierico's contumacious conduct. See Granfinanciera v.

Nordberg, 872 F.2d 397, 400-01 (11th Cir.1989). In the underlying action, the sanctions imposed by the

district court would have been authorized by Section 13(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C.

§ 53(b), which provides a remedy, specifically in the form of injunctive relief, for consumers harmed by

"unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce." 15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1). Federal courts have

used their inherent equitable power to justify the use of non-injunctive equitable sanctions as permissible

remedies under section 13(b). See FTC v. Security Rare Coin & Bullion Corp., 931 F.2d 1312, 1314 (8th

Cir.1991) ("Where Congress allows resort to equity for the enforcement of a statute, all the inherent equitable

powers of the district court are available for the proper and complete exercise of the court's equitable

jurisdiction, unless the statute explicitly ... limits the scope of that jurisdiction."); accord FTC v. Gem

Merchandising Corp., 87 F.3d 466, 470 (11th Cir.1996) (holding that "section 13(b) permits a district court

to order a defendant to disgorge illegally obtained funds"). The analysis which applies to consumer remedies

issued under section 13(b) is instructive in the case before us because the remedy for Michael Chierico's


     10
       Although the First Contempt Order assessed $7.2 million in damages, in actuality, the court limited
actual recovery to roughly $3 million. The discrepancy between the $7.2 million assessed in damages and
the order of forfeiture of approximately $3 million in assets results from the fact that the district court could
not have (logically) ordered the Chiericos to pay the full $7.2 million because they clearly did not have
sufficient assets to make such a payment.

                                                       13
contemptuous conduct is closely akin to the remedy for the statutory violation which lies at the heart of this

action.

          Liability under the FTC Act is predicated upon certain misrepresentations or misleading statements,

coupled with action taken in reliance upon those statements. Proof of individual reliance by each purchasing

customer is not a prerequisite to the provision of equitable relief needed to redress fraud. See FTC v. Figgie

Int'l, Inc., 994 F.2d 595, 605 (9th Cir.1993). "A presumption of actual reliance arises once the [FTC] has

proved that the defendant made material misrepresentations, that they were widely disseminated, and that

consumers purchased the defendant's product." Id. at 605-06; see also Security Rare Coin, 931 F.2d at 1316.

          The FTC presented evidence that Michael Chierico's businesses routinely used deceptive calling

scripts to induce the purchase of toner.11 In most cases, the telemarketer made credible and persuasive

misrepresentations concerning the existence of a preexisting relationship between Michael Chierico's

businesses and the purchasing company. The evidence provided by the FTC creates a presumption that the

fraudulent statements of Michael Chierico's telemarketers induced customers to accept and pay for unordered

toner. Given this presumption, the FTC need not prove subjective reliance by each customer, as "[i]t would

be virtually impossible for the FTC to offer such proof, and to require it would thwart and frustrate the public

purposes of FTC action." Security Rare Coin, 931 F.2d at 1316. Because it is clear from the record that

Michael Chierico failed to successfully rebut the presumption of fraud raised by the FTC's evidence, all that

is left for us to review is the district court's valuation of the losses sustained by Michael Chierico's customers.

2.        Amount of Refund Needed to Redress Injury




     11
       The modus operandi of Michael Chierico's telemarketers was to call businesses, and using pretense,
learn the name of an employee authorized to make toner purchases, as well as the make and model of the
businesses' copiers. The telemarketers would then make a second call to each business and, using the
information gained during the first call, trick whoever answered the telephone into believing that the business
had already ordered toner. Thus, the second call sounded like a confirmation of an already placed order
when, in actuality, no such order had been placed. Supporting this pattern, the FTC offered evidence that
95% of the customers who complained said that they had not ordered the toner they received.

                                                        14
         Michael Chierico challenges the district court's $7.2 million valuation of the damages caused by his

fraudulent telemarketing. He argues that the FTC's evidence supports, at best, several thousand dollars in

damages. Michael Chierico bases this argument on the existence of a full refund policy, coupled with the

FTC's failure to show that the complaining businesses did not receive toner, or did not use the toner they

received. We review the district court's assessment of contempt sanctions for an abuse of discretion. See Jove

Eng'g, Inc. v. Internal Revenue Serv., 92 F.3d 1539, 1559 (11th Cir.1996).

         "[T]here can be no 'equity' in a compensatory award except as it provides a fair equivalent for some

loss." Gregory, 896 F.2d at 35 (quoting National Drying Mach. Co. v. Ackoff, 245 F.2d 192, 195 (3d

Cir.1957)). While it may be true that the defrauded businesses received a useful product, and though less

likely, they may have even received the product at a competitive price,12 the central issue here is whether the

seller's misrepresentations tainted the customer's purchasing decisions. See Figgie, 994 F.2d at 606. We

agree with the Ninth Circuit in Figgie that in cases like this, "[t]he fraud in the selling, not the value of the

thing sold, is what entitles consumers in this case to full refunds ... for each [product] that is not useful to

them." Id.13 Accordingly, we affirm the district court's assessment of damages in the amount of gross sales.

                                             IV. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we vacate the First Contempt Order as it pertains to Teri

Chierico. In all other respects, we affirm the First Contempt Order. We vacate the Second and Third




   12
      To support the claim that his prices were fair, Michael Chierico points to the fact that an overwhelming
majority of the products sold were sold at prices which had been incorporated into the Final Judgment. He
also argues that the existence of his company's "beat price" policy, whereby it would sell its product at a
lower price than any of its customers claimed could be obtained from a different vendor, supports a finding
that consumer injuries were limited to only a few specific cases.
   13
      All of the consumer witnesses presented by the FTC testified that they normally receive toner without
additional charge through their copier service contracts. Thus, the toner sold by Michael Chierico afforded
no benefit to these customers. Michael Chierico failed to offer any evidence to rebut the presumption that
the vast majority of his customers had no need for the toner they received.

                                                       15
Contempt Orders entered against the Chiericos and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

        AFFIRMED in part, VACATED in part, and REMANDED.




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