      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                          NO. 03-14-00815-CV



                                            N. D., Appellant

                                                   v.

                Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Appellee


           FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY,
           NO. 13-0139-CPS1, HONORABLE SUZANNE BROOKS, JUDGE PRESIDING



                             MEMORANDUM OPINION


               N.D. appeals the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights to her children,

L.D. and L.M.D, following a bench trial.1 N.D. challenges the factual and legal sufficiency of the

evidence to support the trial court’s findings as to the statutory predicate grounds and the children’s

best interest. Because we conclude that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient, we affirm

the trial court’s order of termination.


                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

               The appellate record shows that N.D. has a history with child protective services. In

June 2011, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) received




       1
        We use initials to refer to appellant, her children, and their father and N.D’s husband, J.D.,
who voluntarily relinquished his parental rights and is not a party to this appeal. See Tex. R. App.
P. 9.8.
allegations that N.D. had left L.D. in a bar with J.D., while he was drinking. In December 2011, the

Department conducted an investigation following a report by a UPS driver that he had discovered

L.D., who was three years old at the time, home alone.2 During the investigation, the Department

learned that J.D. had made suicidal threats and exhibited other unstable behavior. Based on concerns

about J.D.’s drug use and instability and N.D.’s decisions in light of those factors, the Department

removed the children from N.D.’s home in August 2012 and placed them in foster care.3 In

November 2012, the children were placed with N.D.’s parents. The Department subsequently

removed them from the grandparents’ care upon learning that the grandfather had driven off with

the grandmother and left the children alone on the front porch.4 A protective order was issued to

prevent J.D. from coming to N.D.’s home, and N.D. filed for divorce. N.D. cooperated in keeping

J.D. from the home and completed her court-ordered services, and the children were returned to N.D.

in June 2013. The Department monitored their care until November 2013, at which time it dismissed

the case.

                 After the protective order ended on November 14, 2013, N.D. allowed J.D. to return

to the home. N.D.’s father expressed concerns that J.D. was living with N.D., and N.D. agreed to

let the children live with her parents. Nonetheless, L.D. continued to go back and forth between the



       2
          According to testimony, J.D. was incarcerated on charges related to leaving L.D. home
alone. Following his release, he met with the Department and signed a service plan, but he made no
progress on the plan and eventually relinquished his parental rights prior to the Department’s petition
for termination in this case.
       3
            L.M.D. was born on April 30, 2012, during the investigation.
       4
        It is not clear from the record where the children were placed following removal from the
grandparents’ care.

                                                  2
two homes. Approximately a week after the first case was dismissed, while L.D. was in the home,

there was an incident in which a known drug user assaulted N.D. and J.D. with a knife.

Approximately one week later, the Department received a report of new concerns about the

children’s safety. The police had arrived at the home in response to reports that there was drug

manufacturing and selling in the home. The police found three glass pipes believed to be drug

paraphernalia, but subsequent testing revealed no illegal substance, and no charges were pursued.

The children were temporarily placed with N.D.’s parents pending an emergency family meeting.

At the family meeting, J.D. admitted to using methamphetamine. N.D. denied drug usage.

               The Department filed a petition for termination of parental rights and was named

temporary managing conservator of L.D. and L.M.D. J.D and N.D. were ordered to submit to

random drug testing.    J.D. tested positive for methamphetamine.        N.D. tested positive for

methamphetamine once but tested negative on all subsequent drug tests. At a status hearing in

January 2014, N.D. was ordered not to have contact with anyone with a criminal or drug history.

In July 2014, N.D. was arrested and charged with four felony counts of manufacturing and delivering

a controlled substance and one misdemeanor assault charge.5

               The final hearing was held in January 2015. The witnesses included N.D., who was

still incarcerated pending disposition of the criminal charges; the Department caseworker,

Todd Luis Serpico; and the CASA volunteer who served as guardian ad litem, Laura Hancock. N.D.

testified that the Department had been involved with her children the majority of their lives. She


       5
           The felony counts were first-degree charges for manufacturing and delivery of
methamphetamine, morphine, hydrocodone, and alprazolam. The assault misdemeanor charge
involved an incident with N.D.’s former roommate.

                                                3
stated that in November 2013, she tried methamphetamine and tested positive for methamphetamine

in December 2013. She agreed that having children present where there is methamphetamine,

having drug abusers at the home, making or selling drugs, and violence in the home would be a

danger to her children’s physical and emotional well being. N.D. further testified that she

understood that one thing that would alleviate the Department’s concerns was to make sure that J.D.

was not around but that she had let him come back because he said he had changed. She stated that

she understood the protective order expired on November 14, 2013, J.D. had moved in after that, and

he was living with her in July 2013. She also stated that she was still married to him and they were

still communicating in writing while they were incarcerated although she agreed that remaining in

contact with him is not in the children’s best interest. N.D. testified that a problem in her life is that

she gets angry at J.D. but then reconciles with him. She also testified that she believed she was

protecting her children by having them at her parents’ home even knowing that her father had driven

off and left them alone. However, she agreed that it is not in the children’s best interest to have J.D.

at her home and her children somewhere else. She explained that she had let L.D. come to the house

at the time the knife incident occurred because it was Thanksgiving weekend, and L.D. wanted to

see her father. N.D. also testified that she had been diagnosed with anti-social personality disorder

and borderline bi-polar disorder but disagreed with the results. She agreed that the psychologist had

expressed concerns that she would always put herself and J.D. before the interest of L.D. and L.M.D.

                N.D. also testified that she had last worked in February 2014 for approximately three

weeks and otherwise had not been employed in the last year, during which she had paid “some

money here and there” but no child support. She testified that her children deserve to have a good



                                                    4
life, that she had not been able to provide that for quite awhile, and that she had made some bad

choices in the last couple of years that were not in the children’s best interest. She stated that she

was currently incarcerated and could not provide a stable environment for her children “right now

at this moment.” N.D. also testified that she had completed all of her services except the basic and

protective parenting classes, which she had not completed because she was incarcerated.

               Serpico testified that he had been the caseworker for the majority of both cases

involving N.D. He stated that N.D. had admitted to him on several occasions that she had left the

children with J.D. at a bar while he was drinking. He also stated that during the first case, N.D.

appeared to be doing well and making good choices, that she completed her services, that they

discussed the danger J.D. brought into the home, that she said she understood that it was not okay

to have him around, and that she began seeking a divorce. He then stated that unfortunately things

were not as they had appeared. Serpico testified concerning the knife incident at the home, the police

incident that triggered the second case, and the family meeting in early December 2013. He stated

that N.D. initially denied drug use but later admitted that for an approximately six-week period from

“late October through parts of November 2013,” she had experimented with methamphetamine. He

also stated that she had been ordered not to have contact with anyone with a criminal or drug history

and that it was expressly explained to her that the prohibition included J.D., but she had not abided

by that order. He testified that N.D. admitted in February 2014 that J.D. was still in the home and

had told him in May 2014 that she had finally gotten him to move out, but that in July 2014 the

police stated that they knew J.D. was still living there and had been seen walking in the

neighborhood with weapons.



                                                  5
               Serpico also testified concerning N.D.’s service plan. He stated that she had never

provided any sign-in sheet for narcotics anonymous classes and that she did not seek unemployment

when she was laid off and had been unemployed for many months, getting behind in her mortgage

and car loan payments. Serpico testified that he believed N.D. had knowingly placed or allowed the

children to be placed in a situation that endangered their physical and emotional well-being because

she understood the dangers J.D. brought and had admitted to allowing those “very dangerous factors”

around her children. He further testified that he believed that N.D. had engaged in conduct that

endangered their physical and emotional well-being because in addition to the conduct for which she

was arrested, she had taken the children to stay with their grandparents even after the Department

had removed them from the grandparents because of concerns of their being left home alone by the

grandparents. Finally, he testified that he believed termination of N.D.’s parental rights was in the

children’s best interest because, despite the fact that N.D. loved her children, over an extended

period of time she had shown an inability to provide a safe, stable home.

               Hancock, the CASA volunteer who served as guardian ad litem, testified concerning

the time she had spent with the children, their therapist, N.D. and the psychologist who examined

her, the grandparents, the foster parents, L.D.’s teacher, and L.M.D.’s day care director. Her report

was admitted as an exhibit. In the report, Hancock stated that the foster placement was an excellent

situation for the children, that they were well cared for, had the appropriate level of structure and

discipline, participated in activities outside the home, including church, and both had a solid bond

with the foster parents. She stated that she recommended termination of N.D.’s parental rights

because although N.D. loves her children, she had been unable to commit to completing her services



                                                 6
and can maintain a safe home only for the short term but not for the long term. Hancock testified

that L.D. and L.M.D. needed a stable and permanent placement as soon as possible and that being

in “limbo” while N.D. went “up and down” was bad for them. She observed that the case had been

going on for two years—almost all of L.M.D.’s life—and that while the oldest knows her mother and

had “some bond,” L.M.D., “not as much.”

                After the close of evidence, the trial court determined that N.D.’s parental rights

should be terminated based on subsections (D), (E), and (O) of section 161.001(1) of the Family

Code and its finding that termination of N.D.’s parental rights was in the children’s best interest.

See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(1)(D), (E), (O), (2). In response to N.D.’s request, the trial court

issued findings of fact and conclusions of law. This appeal followed.


                                           DISCUSSION

Burden of Proof and Standard of Review

                To terminate a parent’s rights to a child under section 161.001 of the Family Code,

the Department must establish that (1) the parent has committed conduct prohibited by

section 161.001(1), and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. See id. § 161.001(1), (2);

In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). Because “‘termination is a drastic remedy and is of

[great] weight and gravity,’” see In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 23 (Tex. 2002) (quoting In re G.M.,

596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980)), grounds for termination must be supported by clear and

convincing evidence, Tex. Fam. Code §§ 161.001, .206(a); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex.

2002) (due process requires clear and convincing standard of proof in parental termination cases).

The clear and convincing standard is “‘that measure or degree of proof which will produce in the

                                                   7
mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be

established.’” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 23 (quoting State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex.

1979)); see also Tex. Fam. Code § 101.007 (defining clear and convincing evidence). Although

“parental rights are of constitutional magnitude,” “it is also essential that emotional and physical

interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26.

                N.D. raises legal and factual sufficiency challenges to the evidence. When reviewing

the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a termination, we “look at all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a

firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. In conducting

a factual sufficiency review of the evidence to support a termination finding, we review the record

to determine “whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or

conviction about the truth of the State’s allegations.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25; see also

In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (describing factual sufficiency review

in context of termination finding and noting that appellate court “must give due deference to a

[factfinder’s] factfindings” and “not supplant the [factfinder’s] judgment with its own judgment”).


Statutory Predicate Grounds

                In her first and second issues, N.D. challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the

evidence to support the trial court’s findings as to statutory grounds found in section 161.001(1)(D),

(E), and (O). Because termination of a parent’s rights can stand on one statutory ground plus a best

interest finding, we limit our review to the evidence to support the ground set out in subsection

(E)—that the parent “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged

                                                   8
in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” See Tex. Fam. Code

§ 161.001(1)(E); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362 (explaining that only one predicate ground is

necessary to support termination of parental rights when there is also best interest finding).

                “‘Endanger’ means ‘to expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize.’” In re M.C.,

917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam) (quoting Texas Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd,

727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987)). “Although ‘endanger’ means more than a threat of metaphysical

injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal family environment, it is not necessary that the

conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffers injury.” Id. The relevant inquiry

under section 161.001(1)(E) is whether evidence exists that the endangerment of the child’s

well-being was “the direct result of Appellant’s conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to

act.” In re M.E.-M.N., 342 S.W.3d 254, 262 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet. denied) (citation

omitted). “Additionally, termination under subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act

or omission; the statute requires a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the

parent.” Id.

                In challenging the trial court’s finding under section 161.001(1)(E), N.D. focuses on

the trial court’s statements in finding of fact number 7 that N.D. “admitted to allowing violent[] drug

users around the home where her children resided” and “continued to allow [J.D.] around the

children despite his illegal drug use and after his parental rights were terminated . . . .” N.D.

contends that there was no evidence she was aware of the potential for danger and that because of

her concerns that the violent drug user might retaliate, she moved her children to her parents’ home.




                                                   9
N.D. also argues that there was no evidence that J.D. used or was under the influence of illegal

substance around the children and that relinquishment alone is not evidence of neglect or abuse.

               However, N.D. testified that she was aware from the first Department case that there

was a concern about J.D.’s living with her, that she was aware of and abided by the protective order

keeping him from the home, and that she understood that the children were returned to her because

of the protective order that kept J.D. away. The evidence showed that N.D. was counseled on and

understood the danger that J.D. brought by being in the home, yet she admitted that she allowed him

to return to the home almost immediately after dismissal of the first case, was aware that he used

methamphetamine at the time, allowed L.D. to be around him, and continued to allow him to live

with her even after the knife incident. N.D. also admitted that moving the children to her parents’

home and allowing J.D. to stay in her home was not in the children’s best interest. The trial court

ordered N.D. not to have contact with anyone with a criminal or drug history, and the caseworker

testified that it was expressly explained to her that the prohibition included J.D. and that N.D. failed

to comply with that order. The caseworker also testified that N.D. admitted to experimenting with

methamphetamine from “late October through parts of November 2013,” and the evidence showed

that N.D. tested positive for methamphetamine during the pendency of the case, was subsequently

arrested for manufacturing and delivering controlled substances and for assault, and remained

incarcerated at the time of the hearing.

               The trial court could have credited this evidence of illegal drug use, continued contact

with J.D. despite knowing the dangers he brought, violence in the home, and alleged criminal

activity and incarceration to find that N.D. engaged in a conscious course of conduct that endangered



                                                  10
her children. See In re J.L.B., 349 S.W.3d 836, 848 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.)

(“‘Conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the physical and

emotional well-being of a child.’”) (quoting In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d 358, 367–68 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.)); In re M.E.-M.N., 342 S.W.3d at 263 (“A parent’s decision to

engage in illegal drug use during the pendency of a termination suit, when the parent is at risk of

losing a child, supports a finding that the parent engaged in conduct that endangered the child’s

physical or emotional well-being.”); In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009) (“[A] parent’s

use of narcotics and its effect on his or her ability to parent may qualify as an endangering course of

conduct.”); In re S.M.L. 171 S.W.3d 472, 479 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.)

(“Incarceration alone will not support termination, but it is an appropriate factor to consider in

evaluating a parent’s course of conduct endangering the child.”) (citations omitted); In re A.W.T.,

61 S.W.3d 87, 89 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2001, no pet.) (“[I]ntentional criminal activity which

exposed the parent to incarceration is relevant evidence tending to establish a course of conduct

endangering the emotional and physical well being of the child.”) (citation omitted)).

               Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the endangerment finding under

subsection (E), we conclude that the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that

N.D. “engaged in conduct . . . which endanger[ed] the physical or emotional well-being of the

child[ren].” See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(1)(E); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. Further, based

on our review of the record, we conclude that the evidence is such that the trial court reasonably

could have formed a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the Department’s endangerment

allegations against N.D. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. Thus, we conclude that the evidence was



                                                  11
legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding under section 161.001(1)(E),

overrule N.D.’s second issue as to finding of fact number 7, and decline to address her first issue and

the remainder of her second issue. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362.


Best Interest Finding

                In her third issue, N.D. challenges the trial court’s finding of fact number 10 that

“under the totality of the circumstances,” termination of N.D.’s parental rights was in the best

interest of L.D. and L.M.D. Initially, N.D. argues that the trial court failed to apply the proper

standard in its best interest analysis because the correct standard is that articulated in Holley

v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976), not “totality of the circumstances.” While we agree

that we are to assess the best interest of the children by applying the factors set out by the supreme

court in Holley, the trial court is given wide latitude in determining the best interest of a minor child,

Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982), and we do not agree that the trial court’s

reference to its consideration of all of the circumstances presented precluded its consideration of—or

establishes that it did not consider—the Holley factors. We construe the remainder of N.D.’s

arguments in issue three as a challenge to the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support

the best interest finding and review the evidence as to the Holley factors. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d

at 371–72.

                The factors courts are to consider include the (i) desires of the child, (ii) emotional

and physical needs of and danger to the child now and in the future, (iii) parental abilities, (iv) plans

for the child by the individual or agency seeking custody, (v) programs available to assist the

individual to promote the best interest of the child, (vi) stability of the home, (vii) acts or omissions

                                                   12
of the parent that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and

(viii) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Id.; see also Tex. Fam. Code § 263.307(a),

(b) (stating that “prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is presumed

to be in the child’s best interest” and listing factors that court should consider “in determining

whether the child’s parents are willing and able to provide the child with a safe environment”). This

list of factors is not exhaustive, not all of them are present in every case, not all of them need to be

proven to determine a child’s best interest, and analysis of a single factor may be adequate in a

particular factual situation to support a finding that termination is in the best interest of the children.

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27; Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372; In re J.O.C., 47 S.W.3d 108, 115 (Tex.

App.—Waco 2001, no pet.), disapproved on other grounds, In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 367 n.39.

Further, evidence presented to satisfy the predicate statutory ground finding may also be probative

of the child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28.

                Many of the Holley factors are implicated here. The guardian ad litem’s report

reflects that L.D., age six at the time of the hearing, had expressed a desire to live with her mother,

her aunt and uncle, and her foster parents at various times during the case. Her report noted that

L.M.D., age two and one-half at the time of the hearing, was too young and nonverbal to express any

desires. Concerning their needs, the guardian ad litem testified that L.D. and L.M.D. needed a stable

and permanent environment as soon as possible and that leaving them with N.D. and “allow[ing] her

to go up and down and try different things [was] bad for the girls.” In addition, the caseworker

testified that the children were at “a very important age, especially L.M.D.,” and needed stability,

safety and a “home that could provide for them.”



                                                    13
               As for present emotional and physical dangers, N.D. argues that the Department’s

allegations that N.D.’s continuing contact with J.D., methamphetamine use, and incarceration posed

dangers to the children fail because the caseworker testified that N.D. understood it was

inappropriate to have drugs around and that spurred her to seek divorce. N.D. also argues that she

testified that she permitted J.D. to have contact with the children only because he told her he was no

longer using drugs and L.D. missed her father, an excuse for her actions. And N.D. argues that there

was no evidence as to any future emotional and physical dangers. However, the evidence showed

that N.D. continued to allow J.D. in the home despite her acknowledgment that his presence posed

a danger to the children. Moreover, even if we were to assume that J.D.’s assurances that he was not

using drugs and L.D.’s missing her father excused N.D.’s initial decision to allow him to return, the

trial court could have reasonably determined that they did not excuse her continuing to permit him

in the home when his assurances that he was not using drugs proved not to be true. As for future

dangers, the evidence showed that N.D. was still married to J.D. and was still communicating with

him while both were incarcerated despite her admission that it was not in the children’s best interest.

Moreover, “a fact finder may infer that past conduct endangering the well being of a child may recur

in the future if the child is returned to the parent.” Williams v. Williams, 150 S.W.3d 436, 451 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied). The trial court could have credited this evidence, along with

evidence of N.D.’s conduct that led to her arrest and her incarceration, as evidence that the children

faced present and future emotional and physical dangers if they remained in N.D.’s care.

               Concerning her parenting abilities, N.D. argues that she completed all of her first

service plan and portions of her second service plan, that she showed protective behaviors by



                                                  14
removing the children from her home when she believed they were at risk, and that she pursued

counseling for co-dependency on her own initiative. However, the guardian ad litem recommended

termination because N.D. had be unable to complete her services regularly and was unable to commit

to doing the things necessary to be a protective mother for the long term and because the children

needed to be in a permanent, safe, and stable home. The evidence also showed that N.D. took the

children to her parents’ home even after the Department had removed the children from the

grandparents for leaving them at home alone, and N.D. testified that it was not in her children’s best

interest for J.D. to be in the home and the children to be living somewhere else. The trial court

could have credited this evidence and determined that N.D. did not possess the appropriate

parenting abilities.

                N.D. also challenges the trial court’s finding that “N.D.’s incarceration was the reason

N.D. did not have safe housing for her children.” However, finding of fact number 8 simply states

that N.D. “has been incarcerated since July and does not have a [sic] safe housing for the children,”

a circumstance to which N.D. admitted. Moreover, N.D.’s arguments on this point are based on

subsections (N) and (Q) of section 161.001(1), statutory grounds not found by the trial court. See

Tex. Fam. Code § 161.00(1)(N), (Q). The trial court’s finding of fact number 9 included a finding

that N.D. “is not capable of providing the children with a safe and stable environment,” and there

was evidence to support this finding. The caseworker testified that he believed termination was in

the children’s best interest because over an extended period of time N.D. had shown an inability to

provide the kind of stable home that they need. The guardian ad litem expressed concerns that N.D.

had not been able to commit to doing what was necessary to provide a safe home for L.D. and



                                                  15
L.M.D. for the long term. And N.D. testified that whether her parental rights should be terminated

was “a hard question for [her] to answer” and that her children “deserve to have a good life,” but she

admitted that she had not been able to provide that for “quite a while” and that she had made poor

choices in the last couple of years that were not in her children’s best interest.

               Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the best interest findings, we

conclude that the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that terminating the

parental rights of N.D. was in the best interest of the children. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(2);

In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. Further, based on our review of the record, we conclude that the

evidence is such that the trial court reasonably could have formed a firm belief or conviction that

termination of the parental rights of N.D. was in the best interest of the children. See In re C.H.,

89 S.W.3d at 25. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to

support the best interest finding. We overrule N.D.’s third issue.

                                          CONCLUSION

               Having overruled N.D.’s dispositive issues, we affirm the trial court’s order of

termination.



                                               __________________________________________

                                               Melissa Goodwin, Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Field

Affirmed

Filed: April 16, 2015



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