               By order of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the precedential effect
                of this decision is limited to the case and parties pursuant to 6th
                Cir. BAP LBR 8013-1(b). See also 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8010-1(c).

                                    File Name: 15b0002n.06

            BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: AUBREY BRUCE WRING;                          )
VIRGINIA A. WRING,                                  )     No. 14-8049
                                                    )
                     Debtors.                       )
______________________________________              )




                        Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                            for the Western District of Tennessee
                                      Case No. 10-21899

                                    Submitted: May 11, 2015

                                Decided and Filed: June 22, 2015

     Before: HARRISON, LLOYD, and OPPERMAN, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

                                    ____________________

                                           COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: David Blaylock, Michael P. Coury, GLANKLER BROWN, PLLC, Memphis,
Tennessee, for Appellee. Aubrey Bruce Wring, Memphis, Tennessee, pro se.

                                    ____________________

                                          OPINION
                                    ____________________

       MARIAN F. HARRISON, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. Aubrey Bruce Wring
(“debtor”) filed this pro se appeal from the bankruptcy court’s denial of his expedited motion to
remove the Chapter 11 Trustee and to reinstate him as debtor-in-possession and the denial of the
Chapter 11 Trustee’s motion for instructions, which affirmed the Chapter 11 Trustee’s discretion as
to whether compensation and/or distributions should be made to the debtor. For the reasons stated
below, the Panel affirms the bankruptcy court’s rulings.


                                     I. ISSUES ON APPEAL
        The relevant issues on appeal are: (1) whether the order denying the debtor’s motion
to remove the Chapter 11 Trustee is a final, appealable order; (2) whether the bankruptcy court
erred by denying the debtor’s motion to remove the Chapter 11 Trustee and reinstate the debtor as
debtor-in-possession; (3) whether the debtor has standing to appeal the order denying the Chapter 11
Trustee’s motion for instructions; and (4) whether the bankruptcy court erred by denying the
Chapter 11 Trustee’s motion for instructions by finding that determinations of the debtor’s
entitlement to compensation or distributions from the estate was a matter for the business judgment
of the Chapter 11 Trustee.


                                        II. JURISDICTION
        The United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee has authorized appeals
to the Panel, and no party has timely elected to have this appeal heard by the district court. 28 U.S.C.
§ 158(b)(6), (c)(1).


        A final order of the bankruptcy court may be appealed as of right pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 158(a)(1). For purposes of appeal, a final order “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves
nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States, 489
U.S. 794, 798, 109 S. Ct. 1494, 1497 (1989) (citations omitted). “[T]he concept of finality applied
to appeals in bankruptcy is broader and more flexible than the concept applied in ordinary civil
litigation.” Millers Cove Energy Co., Inc. v. Moore (In re Millers Cove Energy Co., Inc.), 128 F.3d
449, 451 (6th Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). “This finality requirement is considered in a more
pragmatic and less technical way in bankruptcy cases than in other situations . . . . In bankruptcy
cases, a functional and practical application [of Section 158] is to be the rule.” Lindsey v. O’Brien,
Tanski, Tanzer & Young Health Care Providers of Connecticut (In re Dow Corning Corp.), 86 F.3d
482, 488 (6th Cir. 1996) (citations and internal quotations omitted).


                                                   2
       The Chapter 11 Trustee asserts that the order denying the motion to remove is not a final,
appealable order. In the Sixth Circuit, an order denying a motion to remove a trustee has been
treated as an appealable final order. See Boyd v. Rabin (In re Boyd), 397 B.R. 544, 2008 WL
4372948 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2008) (unpublished table decision). In Boyd, this Court dealt with a
motion to recuse a bankruptcy judge and a motion to remove a trustee. Both orders were treated as
final orders with no analysis of finality. See also Miller v. Miller (In re Miller), 302 B.R. 705, 708
(B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted) (bankruptcy court's order denying motion to remove
trustee is final order subject to appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1)); In re Schultz Mfg. Fabricating
Co., 956 F.2d 686, 691–92 (7th Cir. 1992) (court affirmed order denying motion to remove
Chapter 7 trustee without analysis of finality).1


                                 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Whether the bankruptcy court erred in denying the debtor’s motion to remove the Chapter 11
Trustee is a factual conclusion and is thus reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard. A finding
of fact is deemed clearly erroneous “when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing
court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed.” Riverview Trenton R.R. Co. v. DSC, Ltd. (In re DSC, Ltd.), 486 F.3d 940, 944 (6th Cir.
2007) (citations omitted). “‘Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s
choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.’” Thurman v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 90 F.3d


       1
          But see SS Farms, LLC v. Sharp (In re SK Foods, L.P.), 676 F.3d 798, 802 (9th Cir. 2012)
(bankruptcy court's order denying removal of trustee is not final); Sitka Enters., Inc. v. Miranda (In
re Gonzalez), 507 B.R. 775, 777 (D.P.R. 2014) (citations omitted) (An order denying motion to
remove “is not a final and appealable order, as it does not resolve and seriously affect substantive
rights, and it does not determine the ‘discrete’ issue to which it is addressed.”); Bluegrass
Stockyards, LLC v. Knauer (In re E. Livestock Co., LLC), No. 4:12-cv-00126-TWP-WGH, 2013 WL
4479080, at *4 (S.D. Ind. Aug. 20, 2013) (citation omitted) (order denying removal of trustee is not
appealable final order because it preserves status quo and may be revisited later). Despite differences
of opinion as to whether an order denying a motion to remove is a final and appealable order, courts
are generally in agreement that an order granting a motion to remove the trustee is a final, appealable
order. See, e.g., Walden v. Walker (In re Walker), 515 F.3d 1204, 1211 (11th Cir. 2008) (“removal
of a bankruptcy trustee is a ‘final’ order appealable to this Court”); Dye v. Brown (In re AFI Holding,
Inc.), 530 F.3d 832, 836 (9th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted) (“order removing a bankruptcy trustee
is a ‘final order’”).

                                                    3
1160, 1166 (6th Cir. 1996) (quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574, 105
S. Ct. 1504, 1511 (1985)).
       The bankruptcy court’s denial of the Chapter 11 Trustee’s motion for instructions was based
on a conclusion of law that determinations of the debtor’s entitlement to compensation or
distributions from the estate was a matter for the business judgment of the Chapter 11 Trustee.
Conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. Dickson v. Countrywide Home Loans (In re
Dickson), 655 F.3d 585, 590 (6th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). “Under a de novo standard
of review, the reviewing court decides an issue independently of, and without deference to,
the trial court’s determination.” Menninger v. Accredited Home Lenders (In re Morgeson),
371 B.R. 798, 800 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). Essentially, the reviewing court
decides the issue “as if it had not been heard before.” Mktg. & Creative Solutions, Inc. v.
Scripps Howard Broad. Co. (In re Mktg. & Creative Solutions, Inc.), 338 B.R. 300, 302
(B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). “No deference is given to the trial court’s
conclusions of law.” Id. (citation omitted).2


                                            IV. FACTS
       The debtor and his wife filed a voluntary Chapter 11 petition on February 19, 2010. On
May 18, 2011, after a hearing on the motion of the U.S. Trustee for the conversion of this case to
Chapter 7, the bankruptcy court found that cause existed for the conversion. However, rather than
allow the conversion, the bankruptcy court found that it was in the best interest of creditors and the
estate to appoint a Chapter 11 Trustee. On June 2, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered an Order
Approving Appointment of Michael P. Coury as the Chapter 11 Trustee. On June 13, 2011, the
Chapter 11 Trustee filed an application to employ his law firm, Butler Snow O’Mara Stevens &
Cannada, PLLC, to represent the Chapter 11 Trustee in this case. No objections were filed, and the
Chapter 11 Trustee’s application to employ was granted on July 8, 2011.


       2
        On the issue of standing, “the factors that comprise the ‘person aggrieved’ doctrine are
determined as a matter of law.” Moran v. LTV Steel Co., Inc. (In re LTV Steel Co., Inc.), 560
F.3d 449, 452 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted).

                                                  4
       On July 22, 2014, the Chapter 11 Trustee filed an expedited Motion for Instructions and filed
an amended Motion for Instructions on July 23, 2014. Prior to filing the motion for instructions, the
Chapter 11 Trustee had suspended payments to the debtor after the debtor had been barred from the
operation of the business and after it was disclosed that the debtor had made unauthorized
withdrawals from estate accounts and refused to provide an accounting to the Chapter 11 Trustee.
The debtor apparently made demands upon the Chapter 11 Trustee for payments, so the Chapter 11
Trustee sought guidance from the bankruptcy court as to whether he should reinstate the payments
to the debtor. Shortly thereafter, on July 28, 2014, the debtor filed an expedited motion to remove
the Chapter 11 Trustee and to reinstate him as debtor-in-possession. The debtor asserted that the
Chapter 11 Trustee had a conflict of interest and did not request the debtor’s waiver, the Chapter 11
Trustee had not pursued Fair Debt Collection Practices Act actions against the banks, and that the
Chapter 11 Trustee stopped making monthly payments to the debtor. On August 12, 2014, the
bankruptcy court held a hearing on both motions. At the hearing, the bankruptcy court gave the
debtor the opportunity to present proof but he chose to rest on the pleadings because he did not have
counsel. The bankruptcy court denied the motion to remove the Chapter 11 Trustee, making the
following findings on the record:
              On February 19, 2010, the debtors filed a voluntary petition for relief under
       Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code.

               On April 15, 2011, this court entered an order finding debtors in contempt of
       court for violating the court’s order prohibiting the use of cash collateral.

               On May 18, 2011, after a hearing was held on the motion of the United States
       Trustee to convert this case to Chapter 7, the court ordered the appointment of a
       Chapter 11 trustee after having found that cause existed for the conversion of the case
       to Chapter 7 and further finding that the appointment of a trustee was in the best
       interest of creditors and the estate.

             On June 2, 2011, this court entered an order approving the appointment of
       Michael Coury as Chapter 11 trustee in this case.

              A trustee may be removed under Section 324(a) of the Bankruptcy Code for
       cause, which case law has defined as including incompetence or being unwilling to
       perform. In re Williams, 2003, Westlaw 22871593. Bankruptcy, Western District of



                                                 5
        Tennessee, quoting 3 Collier on Bankruptcy, paragraph 324.02, Fifteenth Edition,
        Revised 2003.

                Judge Boswell in In re Williams noted typically courts will not remove a
        trustee absent actual fraud or injury. A trustee’s duties are outlined in 11 USC,
        Sections 1106(a) (3) and (a) (5) and Section 704(a) (5). Case law uniformly provides
        that trustees are to be given substantial degrees of discretion in deciding how best to
        administer the estate with the actions of the trustee to be measured by a business
        judgment standard. See In re Consolidated Industries Corporation, 330 BR 712, at
        715, Bankruptcy, Northern District of Indiana, 2005.

               Mr. Coury has served as trustee in this case with its large number of
        properties for over three years with no allegations of incompetence or being
        unwilling or unable to carry out his duties having been alleged heretofore during that
        three-year period.

                The court finds that no proof has been provided that demonstrates that his
        actions have fallen outside of sound business judgment.

                Considering a totality of the circumstances of the case, the pleadings in this
        matter and the case record as a whole, this court finds that no cause exists to remove
        this trustee. The debtor, Aubrey Bruce Wring’s motion is denied.

        Regarding the Chapter 11 Trustee’s motion for instructions, the bankruptcy court stated that
“[w]hat I will show is that a status conference was held on the motion and at this point the motion
is moot. The court is really not in a position to give instructions to the trustee on the exercise of the
trustee’s sound business judgment.” The bankruptcy court entered an order denying the motion to
remove on August 21, 2014, and an order denying the motion for instructions on September 3, 2014.
The debtor appeals both of these orders.


                                          V. DISCUSSION
                    A. MOTION TO REMOVE CHAPTER 11 TRUSTEE
        11 U.S.C. § 324(a) authorizes a bankruptcy court, “after notice and a hearing,” to “remove
a trustee . . . for cause.” The Code does not define cause, so bankruptcy “courts are left to make the
determination on a case-by-case basis.” In re Boyd, 2008 WL 4372948, at *3 (citation omitted).
“Typical cause for removal includes incompetence, misconduct in office, conflict of interest, or other


                                                   6
violations of fiduciary duties the trustee owes to the estate and its creditors.” Id. at *3 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). See also In re AFI Holding, 530 F.3d at 845 (citation
omitted) (“‘cause’ may include trustee incompetence, violation of the trustee's fiduciary duties,
misconduct or failure to perform the trustee’s duties, or lack of disinterestedness or holding an
interest adverse to the estate”). The party seeking removal of the trustee has the “burden of
establishing ‘cause’ by setting forth specific facts that support removal,” and “[c]onclusory
contentions not supported by specific facts are insufficient grounds for removal of a trustee.” In re
Boyd, 2008 WL 4372948, at *3 (citations omitted). See also Reagan v. Wetzel (In re Reagan), 403
B.R. 614, 623 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2009) (affirming the denial of a debtor's motion to remove a trustee
where the debtor offered only “conclusory contentions unsupported by specific facts” that amounted
to nothing more than a “disagree[ment] with the trustee’s business management”). The “‘[r]emoval
of a trustee under § 324 is left to the sound discretion of the bankruptcy court.’” Shapiro v. French
(In re Connolly N. Am., LLC), Ch. 7 Case No. 09-14179, Adv. No. 01-57090, 2010 WL 4822605,
at *2 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. Nov. 22, 2010) (citation omitted). An abuse of this discretion occurs only
“where the reviewing court has ‘a definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a clear
error of judgment.’” PCFS Fin. v. Spragin (In re Nowak), 586 F.3d 450, 454 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation
omitted).


       In the present case, the debtor failed to present any proof of undisclosed conflicts,
incompetency, or wrong doing on the part of the Chapter 11 Trustee.3 Despite the lack of proof, the
bankruptcy court considered the pleadings and the record as a whole, and held that cause did not
exist to remove the Chapter 11 Trustee. Specifically, the bankruptcy court found that the Chapter 11
Trustee had served in this case with its large number of properties for over three years without any
allegations of incompetence or of an unwillingness or inability to carry out his duties during that
three-year period. The bankruptcy court also found that there was no proof demonstrating that the



       3
        There is no legal support for the debtor’s assertion that the Chapter 11 Trustee was required
to obtain a waiver from the debtor as to any conflicts prior to appointment. The debtor failed to
appeal the appointment of the Chapter 11 Trustee and did not object to the employment of the
Chapter 11 Trustee’s firm.

                                                 7
Chapter 11 Trustee’s actions had fallen outside of sound business judgment. There is nothing in the
record that indicates the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in denying the debtor’s motion to
remove the Chapter 11 Trustee, and therefore, the bankruptcy court’s order should be affirmed.


              B. CHAPTER 11 TRUSTEE’S MOTION FOR INSTRUCTIONS
       The Chapter 11 Trustee asserts that the debtor does not have standing to appeal the denial
of the Chapter 11 Trustee’s motion for instructions. Only a “person aggrieved” has standing to
appeal a bankruptcy order. In re LTV Steel Co. Inc., 560 F.3d 449, 452. In order to be a “person
aggrieved,” the appellant must have “a financial stake in the bankruptcy court's order.” Fid. Bank,
Nat'l Ass'n v. M.M. Grp., Inc., 77 F.3d 880, 882 (6th Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). In other words,
an appellant “must have been directly and adversely affected pecuniarily by the order.” Id.
Normally, “‘[d]ebtors, particularly Chapter 7 debtors, rarely have such a pecuniary interest because
no matter how the estate's assets are disbursed by the trustee, no assets will revert to the debtor.’”
Lunan v. Jones (In re Lunan), 523 Fed. App’x 339, 340 (6th Cir. 2013) (unpublished table decision)
(citation omitted).


       While the debtor might have standing to appeal an order approving the Chapter 11 Trustee’s
decision not to pay funds to the debtor, this is not the issue being appealed. Instead, the bankruptcy
court declined to give instructions to the Chapter 11 Trustee on how to manage the estate.
Consequently, the debtor is no better or worse off than he would have been if the motion for
instructions had not been filed, and thus, the debtor has no standing to appeal the bankruptcy court’s
ruling. Moreover, even if the debtor had standing, the appeal from the bankruptcy court’s order
denying the Chapter 11 Trustee’s motion for instructions would be without merit.


        Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1108, a Chapter 11 trustee has the authority to operate the debtor's
business “[u]nless the court, on request of a party in interest and after notice and a hearing, orders
otherwise.” Section 1108 contemplates that operation of the business is the rule, therefore, it is not
necessary for the trustee to obtain an order authorizing operation. United States v. Deutcscher (In
re H & S Transp. Co., Inc.), 115 B.R. 592, 597 (M.D. Tenn. 1990) (citing H.R. Rep. No. 95–595,


                                                  8
95th Cong., 1st Sess. 404; Sen. Rep. No. 95–989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 116, U.S. Code Cong. &
Admin. News 1978, p. 5787).


       In this vein, a Chapter 11 bankruptcy trustee typically “has the discretionary authority to
exercise his business judgment in operating the debtor's business akin to the discretionary authority
to exercise business judgment given to an officer or director of a corporation.” See In re Holiday
Isles, Ltd., 29 B.R. 827, 830 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1983) (citations omitted). Application of the business
judgment rule “prevents courts from becoming entangled in complex corporate decisions by
deferring to the judgment of skilled business persons provided that those persons comply with certain
minimum standards.” In re Dalen, 259 B.R. 586, 610 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2001).


       A bankruptcy court is not to be involved in the day-to-day administration of the estate.
Instead, the bankruptcy court’s role is “limited to only those instances where the Bankruptcy Code
actually authorizes such involvement.” In re Shaffner, 320 B.R. 870, 878 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2005)
(citation omitted). The operation of the debtor’s business is clearly within the discretion of the
Chapter 11 Trustee, and therefore, the bankruptcy court correctly determined that such decisions
must be made by the Chapter 11 Trustee rather than by the bankruptcy court.


                                       VI. CONCLUSION
       For the reasons stated, the bankruptcy court’s order denying the debtor’s motion to
remove the Chapter 11 Trustee and the order denying the Chapter 11 Trustee’s motion for
instructions are AFFIRMED.




                                                  9
