                                  Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court



                              People v. Slack, 2014 IL App (5th) 120216




Appellate Court              THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee,
Caption                      v. RAY TERRANCE SLACK, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.               Fifth District
                             Docket No. 5-12-0216



Filed                        May 20, 2014



Held                         Defendant’s convictions for first-degree murder and armed robbery
(Note: This syllabus         were upheld over his contentions that he was denied a fair trial by
constitutes no part of the   certain evidentiary rulings and that the trial court erred in refusing to
opinion of the court but     give an instruction on the lesser-included offense of theft, since the
has been prepared by the     trial court did not err in refusing to admit the testimony of defendant’s
Reporter of Decisions        sister in support of his claim that he acted in self-defense on the basis
for the convenience of       of remoteness and uncertainty, the trial court did not abuse its
the reader.)
                             discretion in admitting allegedly “gruesome” and “needlessly
                             prejudicial” autopsy photographs, and an instruction on theft would
                             have been inappropriate in view of the evidence that defendant took
                             the victim’s money after the use of force.



Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Madison County, No. 11-CF-541;
Review                       the Hon. Ann Callis, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                     Affirmed.
     Counsel on                Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Peter Sgro, all of State
     Appeal                    Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                               Thomas D. Gibbons, State’s Attorney, of Edwardsville (Patrick
                               Delfino, Stephen E. Norris, and Whitney E. Atkins, all of State’s
                               Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.


     Panel                     JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the judgment of the court, with
                               opinion.
                               Justices Spomer and Cates concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                               OPINION

¶1         After a jury trial in the circuit court of Madison County, defendant, Ray Terrance Slack,
       was convicted of first-degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2010)) and armed robbery
       (720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(1) (West 2010)). He was sentenced to consecutive terms of 40 years in
       the Department of Corrections on the murder conviction and 7 years on the armed robbery
       conviction. The two issues raised by defendant on direct appeal are: (1) whether defendant
       received a fair trial and (2) whether the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the
       lesser-included offense of theft. We affirm.

¶2                                              FACTS
¶3         Defendant was charged by indictment with first-degree murder and armed robbery of the
       victim, Bob Garrett. The victim was 77 years old, 5 feet 7 inches tall, and weighed between
       140 and 150 pounds. Garrett was wearing a catheter when he was killed and had physical
       ailments, including coronary artery disease and emphysema.
¶4         The victim’s neighbor, Mark Cope, testified that he lives on Carl Street in Alton. It is a
       dead-end street, and the only other residents of the street were Cope’s father and the victim.
       Around midnight on March 16, 2011, Cope was on his porch smoking when he saw a pickup
       truck with its lights and engine off parked on the street. There was a man in the driver’s seat
       and a man outside the truck who appeared nervous. Cope shined a flashlight on the man
       outside the truck, which made the man even more nervous. The truck lights came on, and the
       truck started to back up. Cope dialed 911. Cope then went to the victim’s home and knocked on
       the door, but got no response. Cope contacted the police again and asked them to check on the
       victim’s welfare.
¶5         Officers Espinoza and McCray of the Alton police department responded to the victim’s
       house, where they found the victim lying dead in the backyard with a wallet next to him. There
       were no weapons near the body. The officers could not gain entry to the house due to a large

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       amount of debris blocking both the front and back doors. The officers noticed that the glass on
       the back door was broken.
¶6         Detective Metzler processed the scene. He did not find a gun or any weapons in the
       victim’s house. The victim possessed a firearm owner’s identification card, but it expired on
       March 1, 2001. Metzler obtained a blood standard card from the victim and a birdbath, which
       he sent to the crime lab for analysis.
¶7         Lieutenant Simmons of the Alton police department testified he responded to a call of a
       suspicious vehicle on Carl Street and Yeakel Avenue around 1 a.m. on the date in question.
       Simmons stopped a pickup truck that was traveling at a high rate of speed. Herbert Slack was
       the driver. The passenger was defendant, who identified himself as Ray M. Slack. Simmons let
       the men leave after he determined neither of them had any outstanding warrants. However,
       Simmons was then informed by his dispatcher that Ray T. Slack had an outstanding warrant.
       Simmons looked at a photograph of Ray T. Slack and determined that the passenger was in fact
       Ray T. Slack, not Ray M. Slack. Simmons stopped the truck again and took defendant into
       custody. Defendant smelled of alcohol and never mentioned he had been part of a fight or a
       physical confrontation.
¶8         Lieutenant Golike testified he was assigned to investigate the victim’s death. He learned
       from other officers that the coat defendant was wearing when he was arrested appeared to have
       blood on it. Golike waited until approximately 7:15 a.m. to interview defendant because he
       knew defendant was intoxicated when he was arrested at 1:10 a.m. In addition to Golike,
       Detective Gary Cranmer took part in the initial interrogation of defendant.
¶9         People’s Exhibit 13 is a videotape of the interrogation, which lasted approximately 68
       minutes. Defendant admitted he consumed a lot of alcohol the previous evening and said he
       could not remember much. He denied any type of confrontation with a white male, denied
       knowing the victim, and said he had never been to Carl Street. Cranmer told defendant that he
       appeared to have blood on his hand and showed him the jacket and the shoes he was wearing
       when he was brought into the station, both of which had blood on them. Defendant denied any
       knowledge of how the blood might have gotten on him or his attire. Defendant allowed Metzler
       to take a swab from his right hand and buccal swabs. It was later determined from DNA
       profiles that the blood recovered from defendant’s jacket and hands matched the victim’s DNA
       profile.
¶ 10       Over halfway through the interview, defendant admitted he knew the victim, but did not
       remember going to his house the previous evening. Defendant said he had previously taken
       prostitutes to the victim at the victim’s request. At 8:22 a.m. defendant said he did not feel like
       speaking anymore, and the interview was terminated.
¶ 11       Detective Cooley testified that later that day he received from a jailer a message that
       defendant wanted to speak with him. Cooley met defendant in the interview room at 6:50 p.m.,
       and a second interview was videotaped. Defendant admitted he was drinking with his cousin
       Herb and that they smoked some crack. After they ran out of alcohol, defendant went to the
       victim’s house to borrow some money. He admitted that his sister previously dated the victim
       and that the victim was “like family.” Defendant knocked on the victim’s door. The victim
       came out, but refused defendant’s request to borrow money. Defendant got mad and threw
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       something and broke the victim’s window. According to defendant, the victim ran down the
       stairs and defendant thought he had something and was going to hit him, so he punched the
       victim in the face. When the victim got up, defendant hit him again and then used a bricklike
       object, which he later described as part of a birdbath. The victim was still conscious, so
       defendant picked up a piece of string that he found nearby and choked the victim.
¶ 12        Defendant said he was extremely drunk, was not thinking straight, and would not have
       gotten into the fight if he had been sober. Defendant got scared after he realized the victim was
       not moving, but he noticed the victim’s wallet lying on the ground and removed the cash from
       the wallet. Defendant denied going to the victim’s house with the intent to steal from the victim
       and said he only took the money after he noticed the wallet on the ground. Defendant said he
       knew the victim owned a pistol and believed that the victim might have had it when he charged
       at him after defendant broke the window. Defendant claimed the victim shot at him on a
       previous occasion. Defendant said he choked the victim to “calm his ass down” because he did
       not want to hit him anymore with the birdbath.
¶ 13        Defendant threw the birdbath pedestal over the fence, and the police later recovered it. A
       photograph was introduced into evidence and shows blood on the large concrete pedestal. The
       DNA profile of the blood recovered from the birdbath matched the victim’s.
¶ 14        Defendant then walked and met up with Herb, his cousin. He continued to drink and went
       with Herb to get more crack. Later in the evening, defendant told Herb he hit an old white man
       in the head with a brick. Defendant wanted to go back to the house to check on the victim,
       while Herb wanted to go steal something from the victim’s residence. When they went back to
       the victim’s house, a neighbor shined a light on the truck, and they got scared and left. This
       second interview lasted approximately 45 minutes.
¶ 15        Cooley testified that he received another message that defendant wanted to speak to him
       again, so Cooley conducted a third interview with defendant on March 17, 2011. This
       interview was also videotaped and shown to the jury. Defendant said he went to borrow five
       dollars from the victim. He said he borrowed money from the victim at least 60 times and the
       victim would give him money 7 out of 10 times that he asked. On the night in question, the
       victim refused to give defendant money, so defendant threw a beer he was carrying at a
       window in the back of victim’s home and broke it. Defendant said the victim then ran down the
       steps and reached behind his back. Defendant thought the victim might have a pistol or a knife.
       Defendant hit the victim and a fight ensued. While they were fighting the victim asked, “Why
       you doing this Ray?” Defendant told the victim he thought the victim was going to shoot him,
       and the victim did not deny having a gun, but kept reaching behind his back. However,
       defendant admitted that once he got the victim on the ground, he knew the victim did not have
       a gun.
¶ 16        The victim started yelling for help and defendant wanted to stop him from reporting the
       incident. Defendant said the victim was strong for his age and recounted an incident in which
       the victim got in a fight with defendant’s cousin. Defendant said he never intended to rob or
       kill the victim. He thought the victim was just out cold. When he was driving around with Herb
       later that evening, he told Herb he knew where they could get some money. He said there were

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       at least two hours between the time he was at the victim’s house alone and the time he went
       back with Herb.
¶ 17       Dr. Raj Nanduri performed an autopsy on the victim and testified the victim died as the
       result of strangulation and blunt-force trauma. Several autopsy photographs were introduced
       into evidence. Defense counsel objected to People’s Exhibit 42, an internal photograph of the
       victim’s ribs after his chest plate was removed, and People’s Exhibit 57, a photograph of the
       victim’s head after the scalp was peeled back to show the injuries beneath his scalp. Both
       objections were overruled. Nanduri testified that the victim’s injuries included tears to the side
       of his head, a broken nose, a broken orbital bone, a broken cheek bone, and a massive
       hemorrhage under the scalp. The victim’s hyoid bone was broken, which occurs during
       strangulation.
¶ 18       Defendant did not testify. The defense attempted to call defendant’s sisters, Natalie and
       Jacqueline, to support defendant’s theory of self-defense. The State filed a motion in limine to
       exclude their testimony, which the trial court granted. In an offer of proof, defense counsel
       stated that both sisters would testify that they knew the victim to carry a gun. Natalie, who
       dated the victim for 12 to 14 years, would testify that she saw the victim threaten defendant
       with a gun in 1996. Natalie also would testify that she saw the victim point a gun at her cousin
       in an unrelated incident.
¶ 19       The jury was instructed on self-defense and second-degree murder based on an
       unreasonable belief in self-defense. The trial court denied the defense’s proffered theft
       instruction. The jury found defendant guilty of first-degree murder and armed robbery. After a
       sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant to consecutive terms of 40 years and 7
       years. Defendant now appeals.

¶ 20                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 21       The first issue on appeal is whether defendant received a fair trial. Defendant contends he
       was denied a fair trial because the trial court barred admission of evidence that would have
       supported his theory of self-defense and admitted gruesome autopsy photographs that were
       needlessly prejudicial. We disagree.
¶ 22       Defendant asserts that the question of whether he was entitled to present the testimony of
       his sister, Natalie Slack, to support his claim of self-defense is subject to de novo review.
       However, it is well settled that the admissibility of evidence lies within the sound discretion of
       the trial court, and its decision will not be overturned on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.
       People v. Becker, 239 Ill. 2d 215, 234, 940 N.E.2d 1131, 1142 (2010); People v. Ward, 101 Ill.
       2d 443, 455-56, 463 N.E.2d 696, 702 (1984). An abuse of discretion occurs only where the trial
       court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or where no reasonable person would
       take the view adopted by the trial court. Becker, 239 Ill. 2d at 234, 940 N.E.2d at 1142.
¶ 23       In the instant case, the trial court was confronted with the proferred testimony of Natalie
       Slack, who would have testified the victim carried a gun and that in 1996, she saw the victim
       point a pistol at defendant. As to the incident involving her cousin, no further time frame was
       given. A trial court may bar evidence on the grounds of relevancy if the evidence is remote,

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       uncertain, or speculative. People v. Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d 404, 456, 758 N.E.2d 813, 843 (2001).
       We agree with the State that with one act occurring 15 years prior to the instant incident and the
       other act not even given a time frame, the trial court was within its discretion to refuse to admit
       Natalie Slack’s testimony on the basis of remoteness and uncertainty. Finally, even assuming
       arguendo that the trial court erred in refusing to admit Natalie’s testimony, we find such error
       harmless.
¶ 24       Error is deemed harmless where the evidence supporting a defendant’s conviction is so
       overwhelming that the defendant would have been convicted even if the error was eliminated.
       People v. Jackson, 195 Ill. App. 3d 104, 114, 551 N.E.2d 1025, 1030 (1990). Here, even if
       Natalie Slack was allowed to testify, it would not have overcome the overwhelming evidence
       that defendant was the initial aggressor. Defendant admitted he started the confrontation when
       the victim refused to loan him money. Defendant became angry and threw his beer can at the
       victim’s window, causing it to shatter. The victim, who was much older, smaller, and in worse
       health than defendant, then allegedly came toward defendant. While defendant claimed the
       victim had a weapon behind his back, he also admitted during the third interview that once the
       victim was on the ground, he realized the victim was not armed. Nevertheless, defendant beat
       the victim senseless, using not only his hands but also a concrete birdbath and, ultimately, a
       piece of string or rope to strangle the victim. Accordingly, defendant’s own statements show
       that he was the initial aggressor.
¶ 25       An initial aggressor is not entitled to use deadly force in self-defense unless he or she
       completely withdraws from the altercation so that the victim’s actions constitute a separate
       aggression. People v. Armstrong, 273 Ill. App. 3d 531, 534, 653 N.E.2d 17, 18-19 (1995).
       Here, defendant failed to show that he withdrew from the altercation but rather admitted that he
       ultimately strangled the victim. Under these circumstances, we find the trial court did not
       commit reversible error in refusing to admit the testimony of Natalie Slack.
¶ 26       Defendant next contends the trial court erred in admitting two autopsy photographs,
       People’s Exhibit 42 and People’s Exhibit 57, because the photos were “gruesome” and
       “needlessly prejudicial.” We disagree.
¶ 27       Whether a jury should be allowed to see photographs of a decedent is a decision which lies
       within the sound discretion of the trial court. People v. Heard, 187 Ill. 2d 36, 76-77, 718
       N.E.2d 58, 80 (1999). Photographs of a decedent may be introduced if they are used to prove
       the nature and extent of the injuries, the manner and cause of death, or aid in the understanding
       of a pathologist. Heard, 187 Ill. 2d at 77, 718 N.E.2d at 81.
¶ 28       People’s Exhibit 42 is an internal photograph of the victim’s ribs after his chest plate was
       removed, and People’s Exhibit 57 is a photograph of the victim’s head after the scalp was
       peeled back. Both photographs were relevant to show the nature and extent of the victim’s
       injuries and the amount of force used by defendant in inflicting the injuries upon the victim.
       Moreover, both photographs helped in understanding the pathologist’s testimony. Dr. Nanduri
       specifically testified with regard to People’s Exhibit 42:
               “You can see there is a lot of black discoloration around the ribs. The black
               discoloration is from the fractures of the ribs he had, and you have an internal control.

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                You can see these other areas there is no bleeding. So, that’s the way the normal should
                look whereas the bleeding part is the fracture.”
¶ 29       Dr. Nanduri then explained that the dark black part in the photograph showed the victim
       had three broken ribs.
¶ 30       With regard to People’s Exhibit 57, Dr. Nanduri explained that previous pictures showed
       lacerations or tears on the outside of the victim’s head, but this photograph showed the injuries
       underneath the scalp, which she described as a “massive hemorrhage, crushing injury, blunt
       force trauma.” It showed “a lot of bleeding in the scalp.” Therefore, the photographs were
       relevant not only to show the amount of force used by defendant but also to assist the jury in
       understanding Dr. Nanduri’s testimony. Under these circumstances, we cannot say the trial
       court abused its discretion in admitting either People’s Exhibit 42 or 57.
¶ 31       The final issue raised in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the
       jury on the lesser-included offense of theft. Defendant argues there was sufficient evidence
       presented to allow the jury to find defendant guilty of theft and not guilty of armed robbery so
       that a theft instruction was warranted.
¶ 32       A defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on a less serious offense which is
       included in the charged offense if: (1) the charging instrument describes the lesser offense and
       (2) the evidence adduced at trial rationally supports the conviction on the lesser-included
       offense. People v. Ceja, 204 Ill. 2d 332, 359-60, 789 N.E.2d 1228, 1246-47 (2003). Because
       the decision to allow a jury instruction is within the province of the trial court, a reviewing
       court generally reviews the refusal of a proposed instruction for abuse of discretion. People v.
       Tijerina, 381 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 1030, 886 N.E.2d 1090, 1097 (2008). However, where the
       question presented is whether the defendant met “the evidentiary minimum” for a certain jury
       instruction, it is best categorized as a question of law and reviewed de novo. Tijerina, 381 Ill.
       App. 3d at 1030, 886 N.E.2d at 1097.
¶ 33       There is no dispute that theft from a person is a lesser-included offense of armed robbery.
       Here, defendant insists the evidence was sufficient to warrant a theft instruction because his
       taking the money from the victim’s wallet was a “crime of opportunity” or an afterthought.
       However, under the evidence presented, a jury simply could not reasonably infer that
       defendant acted without the use of force, which is necessary for armed robbery. See 720 ILCS
       5/18-2(a)(1) (West 2010). The evidence clearly shows that defendant took the victim’s money
       only after the use of force. Based upon the record before us, a jury instruction on the
       noncharged lesser-included offense of theft would have been inappropriate, and the trial court
       did not err in refusing to give a theft instruction.
¶ 34       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Madison County.

¶ 35       Affirmed.




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