Filed 5/29/13
                             CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                        DIVISION ONE


Estate of TARUK JOSEPH BEN-ALI,
Deceased.

IVAN W. GOLDE,
                                                     A132979
        Petitioner and Respondent,
v.                                                   (Alameda County
                                                     Super. Ct. No. HP09432597)
WENDELYN EYVONNE WILBURN et
al.,
        Contestants and Appellants.


        The intestate heirs of decedent Taruk Joseph Ben-Ali appeal from a judgment
admitting the decedent‘s will to probate. Appellants contend there was insufficient
evidence of due execution under Probate Code1 section 6110. We agree, and reverse the
judgment.
                                      I. BACKGROUND
A. The Parties
        Taruk, born in 1968, was the only biological child of Hassan Ben-Ali and Ann
Jackson. Hassan and Jackson were married in 1973 and divorced in 1974, but maintained
a relationship over the next 34 years. Hassan also had a son from a different relationship,
D‘Artagnan Lloyd, with whom Hassan had little contact before 2006. According to
Hassan‘s attorney, respondent Ivan Golde, Hassan was a very shrewd and savvy real
estate investor who had owned a lot of properties over the years and had also gone


        1
            All statutory references are to the Probate Code unless otherwise indicated.
through financial problems, including tax problems. One of Hassan‘s properties was an
apartment building at 2235 Ashby Avenue in Berkeley (hereafter Ashby property or
Ashby building), which Hassan had transferred to Taruk in approximately 1993, perhaps
to avoid losing the property to the IRS.
         In 1995, Jackson moved into an apartment in the Ashby building. Hassan
occupied another apartment in the building at that time and, according to Jackson,
continued to handle all aspects of managing the property despite title being in their son‘s
name. On August 3, 2002, Taruk married appellant Wendelyn Wilburn. According to
Wilburn, Hassan opposed the marriage, believed Wilburn just wanted to obtain a portion
of the Ashby property, and persisted in trying to talk Taruk out of marrying her down to
the day of their wedding. At the time of the marriage, Taruk had a young daughter from
a previous relationship, appellant Brittany Desmond, and Wilburn had a son. Wilburn
was aware when she married Taruk that he had spent time in prison and had a history of
drug problems. According to Wilburn, drugs were not an issue for Taruk during their
relationship and marriage until sometime in early 2004, when he relapsed into using
drugs.
B. Decedent’s Disappearance and Death
         Wilburn was on a business trip in Las Vegas on June 8, 2004, when she
communicated with Taruk by telephone for the last time. Over the next two days,
Wilburn repeatedly tried to call Taruk from Las Vegas, but got no answer. When she
returned from her trip, she called Hassan to find out if he knew where Taruk was. Hassan
told her Taruk had decided to leave her and start a new life somewhere else. He told
similar stories to Jackson and others who inquired about Taruk‘s whereabouts. Wilburn
testified she did not believe Hassan, and made attempts to locate Taruk, but neither
Wilburn nor anyone else reported Taruk‘s disappearance to the police. Between
June 2004 and December 2008, Hassan continued to manage Taruk‘s apartment building
in Taruk‘s name, collected rents, forged Taruk‘s name on checks drawn against Taruk‘s
bank accounts, and refinanced the property in the amount of $600,000 by forging Taruk‘s
signature and the signature of a notary.


                                             2
       In November 2008, Hassan called Golde and asked to meet with him. Hassan
informed Golde that Taruk had in fact died in 2004. Hassan explained he had found
Taruk dead of a drug overdose in a hotel room. Not wanting to report the death for fear
of losing the Ashby property, he had taken Taruk‘s body to the property and hidden it in
the wall of a storage area of the building. Hassan further informed Golde that a person
who had assisted him in the removal and concealment of Taruk‘s body was extorting
substantial sums of money from him by threatening to reveal what had happened.
       Hassan committed suicide on December 15, 2008, while Berkeley police officers
were visiting the property. Two days later, Taruk‘s body was discovered on the
premises. Police believed Taruk had died four and half years earlier, in June 2004.
Hassan left a will, not contested in this proceeding, in which he named his former spouse,
Ann Jackson, as the sole beneficiary of his estate.
C. Decedent’s Will
       Among Hassan‘s possessions, police found a purported will of Taruk, bearing the
apparent signatures of Taruk and two attesting witnesses. The typewritten document was
dated August 16, 2002, two weeks after Taruk and Wilburn were married, and the day
before they were to leave town for a honeymoon in Hawaii. It recited that Taruk had one
living child, Brittany Desmond. The document provided Taruk‘s ―wife,‖ who was the
only person not referred to by name in it, was to receive all of Taruk‘s personal property,
and his father, Hassan Ben-Ali, was to receive all other assets. It further stated Desmond
―has been provided for by a life insurance policy on my life, which is held in trust for her
by my father, Hassan Ben-Ali.‖2 Hassan was identified as executor of the estate in the
document, and ―Attorney Ivan Gold‖ was named as the alternate executor.3
       The purported will contained an attestation clause stating it was signed by Taruk
in the presence of two witnesses who also signed in the presence of each other and that

       2
           No such life insurance policy was ever found.
       3
         Golde had represented Taruk in some criminal matters and in a workers‘
compensation case. According to Golde, he and Taruk were also good friends who
socialized together frequently.


                                              3
Taruk declared to them the document was his ―Last Will and Testament.‖ One of the
witness signatures was of ―Wendy Ben-Ali‖ with an address of ―2235 Ashby #201
Berkeley, Ca.‖ The handwritten name and address of the second purported witness were
illegible, and the identity of that person has never been determined.
D. Probate Court Proceedings
       Wilburn filed a petition for appointment and for letters of administration. Lloyd
filed a separate petition for appointment and for probate of the will. Golde filed a
petition to be appointed the executor of Taruk‘s will, and for probate of the will. Wilburn
and Desmond objected to the petitions filed by Lloyd and Golde, and filed contests to the
validity of the purported will. The question of the validity of Taruk‘s purported will of
August 16, 2002, was tried to the court. The primary issues were whether the will was
duly executed according to the requirements of section 6110, subdivision (c)(1) or, if not,
whether the will‘s proponents proved by clear and convincing evidence under
subdivision (c)(2) that Taruk intended the instrument to constitute his will when he
signed it.4
       Respondent‘s forensic document expert, David Moore, testified he believed with a
high degree of certainty Taruk‘s signature on the will was authentic based on comparing
it with known signatures of Taruk. He further believed Wilburn‘s signature was
―probably‖ genuine based on comparison with one known signature by Wilburn in which

       4
          With certain exceptions not relevant here, section 6110 provides that in addition
to being signed either by the testator or some other person at the testator‘s direction, the
will is not valid unless it is either ―witnessed by being signed, during the testator‘s
lifetime, by at least two persons each of whom (A) being present at the same time,
witnessed either the signing of the will or the testator‘s acknowledgment of the signature
or of the will and (B) understand that the instrument they sign is the testator‘s will.‖
(§ 6110, subds. (a), (b), (c)(1).) Subdivision (c)(2) of section 6110 alternatively provides
that if a will was not executed in compliance with the witnessing and attestation
requirements of subdivision (c)(1), it ―shall be treated as if it was executed in compliance
with that paragraph if the proponent of the will establishes by clear and convincing
evidence that, at the time the testator signed the will, the testator intended the will to
constitute the testator‘s will.‖



                                             4
she signed as ―Wendy Ben-Ali.‖ Appellants‘ forensic document expert, James Blanco,
opined it was ―highly probable‖ the signatures of Taruk and Wilburn on the will were not
genuine. Wilburn denied witnessing or signing the will, although she acknowledged the
―Wendy‖ portion of the signature looked like ―something [she] would write.‖ She
testified Hassan asked her to sign something in 2004, which he told her was a medical
release needed in case Taruk required medical attention. Wilburn further testified she
never lived at the Ashby building, and did not use or sign documents with the surname
―Ben-Ali,‖ except for one application she filled out with Taruk on August 2, 2002.
E. Probate Court Decision
       The probate court rejected expert Blanco‘s analysis of Taruk‘s and Wilburn‘s
signatures and accepted the testimony of expert Moore that both signatures were genuine.
The court found these conclusions were bolstered by circumstantial evidence including
(1) the common understanding that wills are often executed in anticipation of taking a
trip, (2) the fact Taruk and Wilburn were flying to Hawaii the morning after the will was
executed, (3) a reasonable inference Taruk wanted to be certain his testamentary
intentions were made clear before embarking on that journey, and (4) the reasonable
inference Taruk would want to make clear after his marriage that his father would receive
the Ashby property rather than his intestate heirs. The court also noted Wilburn‘s
interests were adverse to the will and her testimony accordingly had to be evaluated with
caution.
       With respect to the signature of the unknown witness, the court held the regular
and complete attestation clause on the signature page of the will was prima facie evidence
of the validity of the unknown signature. Further, the court held its findings regarding
the validity of Taruk‘s and Wilburn‘s signatures, and the expert opinion and
circumstantial evidence supporting those findings, by reasonable inference, lent
credibility to the unknown signature. The court noted the evidence against the validity of
the unknown signature derived from Wilburn‘s testimony that she did not sign the will,
and by inference that the unknown signature and attestation must also be fictitious. The
court found Wilburn‘s testimony unreliable for the following reasons: (1) she had a


                                             5
financial interest in having the will invalidated; (2) her testimony that she chose not to
use the Ben-Ali last name during her marriage was contradicted by her use of it just two
weeks before the date of the will; and (3) her testimony regarding what she may have
signed, and when, was vague and equivocal, and her memory seemed selective. The
court found the evidence in favor of the validity of the unknown signature outweighed the
evidence against its validity. The court found it unnecessary to determine if there was
clear and convincing evidence under section 6110, subdivision (c)(2) that Taruk intended
the will to be his testamentary instrument, but observed such evidence ―far outweighs the
evidence to the contrary.‖
       The court denied Wilburn‘s petition for letters, denied the will contest, granted the
petitions for probate of the will, and made its own appointment of an administrator in
view of an express waiver by Golde of his right to appointment.
       This timely appeal followed.
                                     II. DISCUSSION
       Appellants contend (1) the trial court erred in applying a presumption of due
execution since the proponents failed to establish the genuineness of the signatures of
both witnesses, and (2) the proponents failed to establish by clear and convincing
evidence the decedent intended the contested document to be his will.
A. Standard of Review
       The question of due execution of a will is one of fact, and the probate court‘s
finding will not be reversed on appeal if there is any substantial evidence to sustain it.
(Estate of Fletcher (1958) 50 Cal.2d 317, 320.) In this case, however, the probate court
relied on a rebuttable presumption of due execution which it found arose as a matter of
law from the regular and complete attestation clause on the signature page of the will,
buttressed by evidence of the genuineness of the signatures of Taruk and Wilburn. Thus,
as a threshold matter, we are confronted with a question of law: In the face of contrary




                                              6
evidence,5 is evidence of the genuineness of the signatures of the testator and one of two
subscribing witnesses on the signature page of a will containing a regular and complete
attestation clause sufficient to establish due execution for purposes of section 6110,
subdivision (c)(1)? This is a purely legal issue—the interpretation of a statute—that is
subject to de novo review. (People ex rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000)
24 Cal.4th 415, 432.)
       If the proponents‘ evidence was insufficient to establish compliance with
section 6110, subdivision (c)(1), we must address whether the proponents nonetheless
proved by clear and convincing evidence under section 6110, subdivision (c)(2) that
Taruk intended the document in issue to be his will. The probate court made no finding
on this issue to which this court must defer. We may therefore decide as a matter of law
whether a reasonable fact finder could determine the evidence of Taruk‘s intent was clear
and convincing. (See, e.g., In re Henry V. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 522, 530; City of
Santa Cruz v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1167, 1180; Aquino v.
Superior Court (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 847, 860.)
B. Proof of Due Execution
       Relying on Estate of Pitcairn (1936) 6 Cal.2d. 730 (Pitcairn), the trial court held
the regular and complete attestation clause on the signature page of the will was prima
facie evidence of the validity of the unknown witness signature. For the reasons
discussed below, we believe the trial court misread Pitcairn. It did not hold a regular and
complete attestation clause could establish the genuineness of an unknown signature, but
the converse—proof of the genuineness of the subscribing witnesses‘ signatures is
sufficient to create a presumption of due execution notwithstanding an irregular or
incomplete attestation clause.
       Preliminarily, we note the power to make a will is conferred solely by statute:
―The power to dispose of one‘s property by will and the mode by which it may be

       5
        While respondent asserts ―no evidence‖ was offered to rebut due execution, the
testimony of Wilburn and documents expert Blanco, if credited, does rebut any
presumption of due execution.


                                             7
exercised are matters under legislative control, and the mode prescribed by the statute
must be followed, or there is no will.‖ (Estate of Manchester (1917) 174 Cal. 417, 419–
420.) When due execution of a will is contested, the proponents of the will have the
burden of proving it. (§ 8252, subd. (a).) Section 8253 specifies how execution may be
proven: ―At the trial, each subscribing witness shall be produced and examined. If no
subscribing witness is available as a witness within the meaning of Section 240 of the
Evidence Code, the court may admit the evidence of other witnesses to prove the due
execution of the will.‖
       Pitcairn was an appeal from a judgment admitting a contested will to probate.
(Pitcairn, supra, 6 Cal.2d at p. 731.) The only ground of contest was that the will was
not executed with the formalities required by statute. (Ibid.) There was no dispute the
will was signed by the testatrix or that it was subscribed by two witnesses, both of whom
testified at the trial. (Ibid.) However, one of the subscribing witnesses testified she was
not present in the room when the testatrix signed and that she was asked to sign a piece of
paper without being told it was a will. (Ibid.) There was some evidence of an adverse
attitude and untrustworthy recollection on the part of the witness. (Id. at pp. 731–732.)
Further, the attestation clause was incomplete and merely recited it was ― ‗Signed &
witnessed‘ ‖ by the witnesses. (Id. at p. 731.) The trial court found in favor of the
proponents, and the issue before the reviewing court was whether there was substantial
evidence to support its findings and judgment. (Ibid.) The court described the issue
more particularly as follows: ―We have, then, a case where the signatures of the testatrix
and subscribing witnesses are genuine; the will is attested, but lacks a formal attestation
clause reciting the steps in execution; the attesting witnesses, seemingly adverse but
uncontradicted on the essential issues, testify to a technical failure to comply with the
formalities of execution. In such a case, may the trial court admit the will to probate?‖
(Id. at p. 732, italics added.)
       The Supreme Court concluded the trial court could admit the will to probate on
those facts. First, the court noted the rule that a regular and complete attestation clause
makes out a prima facie case of due execution. (Pitcairn, supra, 6 Cal.2d at p. 732.)


                                              8
This rule came about because if the witnesses are dead, unavailable, or unable to testify
or recollect, or are adverse or corrupt, it is necessary to rely on other evidence of the
sufficiency of the instrument. (Ibid.) However, the court rejected the suggestion that it is
the specific recitals in the clause that furnish the basis for the presumption. (Ibid.)
Instead, it found ―[t]he foundation of the presumption is the proof of genuineness of the
signatures, for the instrument is then on its face a valid will.‖ (Ibid.) The recitals in an
attestation clause may add to the weight or force of the presumption, but they do not in
themselves create the logical basis for it. (Id. at pp. 732–733.) The Pitcairn court cited
two earlier California cases also standing for the proposition that the presumption of due
execution, when it exists, depends upon proof of the genuineness of the subscribing
witnesses‘ signatures. (See Estate of Kent (1911) 161 Cal. 142, 143–145 (Kent)
[testimony of a single subscribing witness authenticating signatures of both witnesses
validates will lacking any attesting clause]; Estate of Tyler (1898) 121 Cal. 405, 406–409
(Tyler) [will upheld notwithstanding an incomplete attestation clause where the evidence
established the genuineness of the testatrix‘s and both subscribing witnesses‘
signatures].)6
       Respondent cites Estate of Gerst (1957) 153 Cal.App.2d 528. The relevant facts
in Gerst were stated as follows: ―The signatures of both witnesses are genuine. One
witness . . . predeceased testatrix; and the other . . . had absolutely no recollection of the
circumstances surrounding the execution of the will or the affixing of his own signature
thereto.‖ (Id. at p. 534.) In Gerst, the court merely applied the rule stated in Pitcairn,
Kent, and Tyler that ― ‗where a will bears the genuine signatures of the testator and

       6
         There is some authority that the presumption discussed in Pitcairn and the earlier
cases is no longer considered evidence sufficient to sustain a finding of due execution in
the face of contrary evidence, but is merely a rebuttable presumption affecting the burden
of producing evidence which disappears when the contrary evidence is produced. (See
Evid. Code, § 600, subd. (a) [presumptions are not evidence]; 64 Cal.Jur.3d (2006) Wills,
§ 262 [due execution presumption is apparently one affecting the burden of producing
evidence that disappears when contrary evidence is introduced].) However, whether
analyzed as a presumption or as a proof requirement, the underlying question is the same:
Does the record in this case establish substantial evidence of due execution?


                                               9
attesting witnesses, the presumption exists on the death of the witnesses or failure of their
memory that all of the requirements of Probate Code, Section 50 [section 6110‘s
predecessor statute], proof of which depends on the recollection of the witnesses, were
duly observed.‘ ‖ (Gerst, at p. 535, citing Tyler and other cases, italics added.)
        Estate of Burdette (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 938, also cited by respondent, is
inapposite. It merely held the will‘s proponents need not produce live testimony from
both subscribing witnesses in order to support a presumption of due execution as long as
there is other evidence the decedent‘s signature and the signatures of the subscribing
witnesses are genuine. (Id. at p. 946.) It was critical to the result in Burdette that one of
the subscribing witnesses testified he observed the decedent sign the contested will and
he identified his signature and that of the other subscribing witness on the will. (Id. at
pp. 941–942.) Under those circumstances, no testimony from the other witness was held
to be necessary. (Id. at p. 946; see also Estate of Cecala (1949) 92 Cal.App.2d 834, 838
[proponents entitled to presumption of due execution where signatures of at least two
subscribing witnesses were shown to be genuine].)
       We have found no California case in which evidence of the genuineness of the
decedent‘s signature and of the signature of only one subscribing witness was held to be
sufficient to establish the genuineness of another witness‘s signature, or to create a
presumption or prima facie evidence of due execution.7 Such evidence was found
insufficient for that purpose in Estate of Wood (1934) 274 N.Y.S. 461.8 (See also Estate


       7
         We found one Texas statute, Texas Probate Code section 84, subdivision (b)(3),
which allows proof by evidence of the genuineness of the signature of only one
subscribing witness if none of the witnesses is living, or all are members of the armed
forces and beyond the jurisdiction of the court. (But see Howard Hughes Medical
Institute v. Neff (Tex.Ct.App. 1982) 640 S.W.2d 942, 949–950 [where no one could
testify as to the identity of either of the attesting witnesses, the evidence was insufficient
to prove due execution].) California has no statutory provision comparable to the Texas
provision.
       8
        ―The question presented here is whether there is proof, under the statutes and
decisions, sufficient to establish the will. . . . [¶] In support of probate, certain testimony
has been taken in this proceeding. The signature of the testatrix has been established as

                                               10
of Cann (1928) 240 N.Y.S. 840 [proof of signatures of both subscribing witnesses
required]; Estate of Speers (Okla. 2008) 179 P.3d 1265, 1272–1273 [will denied probate
where there was no competent evidence establishing unavailability of second witness or
genuineness of her signature].)
       In short, the rule in California and elsewhere is that proof of the signatures of the
decedent and the witnesses makes out a prima facie case of due execution. (Pitcairn,
supra, 6 Cal.2d at p. 732.) Proof of the signature of the decedent and of only one of the
witnesses does not. Respondent complains that under this rule if both witnesses are
deceased, or the sole available witness has a financial motive to defeat the will, it can
never be admitted to probate over objection. Not so. The Evidence Code specifically
provides the testimony of a subscribing witness is not required to authenticate a writing.
(Evid. Code, §§ 1411, 1412.) Witness signatures can be authenticated by a variety of
means including eyewitness testimony (Evid. Code, § 1413), lay opinion testimony by a
person familiar with the writer‘s handwriting (id., § 1416), comparison by the trier of fact
(id., § 1417), and expert testimony (id., § 1418). No such evidence was produced in this
case regarding the signature of the unidentified purported witness. There was therefore
no adequate evidentiary basis for determining the illegible entry on the signature page of
the will was in fact a signature and, if so, that it was made by a person distinct from the
testator who was competent, present during the execution, and understood the instrument
to be a will.
       The probate court erred in admitting the will to probate on the basis of
section 6110, subdivision (c)(1).




authentic. The handwriting of one of the subscribing witnesses, Benjamin Wood, has
likewise been proven. The record is barren, however, of any proof of the handwriting of
the other unidentified subscribing witness, ‗R. F. McCormack.‘ [¶] Under these
circumstances, I am compelled to hold that the will is not entitled to be admitted to
probate.‖ (Estate of Wood, supra, 274 N.Y.S. at p. 462.)


                                             11
C. Evidence of Testator’s Intent
       A will not executed in compliance with section 6110, subdivision (c)(1) may
nonetheless be admitted to probate if the proponent establishes by clear and convincing
evidence the testator intended the instrument to constitute his will at the time he signed it.
(§ 6110, subd. (c)(2).) The clear and convincing standard ― ‗requires a finding of high
probability. . . . ― ‗so clear as to leave no substantial doubt‘; ‗sufficiently strong to
command the unhesitating assent of every reasonable mind.‘ ‖ ‘ ‖ (Lackner v. North
(2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1188, 1211–1212.) In our view, no reasonable trier of fact could
find that standard has been reached on the record before us.
       Taruk was only 34 years old when he allegedly executed his will. No witness in
this case knew anything about the will or the circumstances of its execution.9 There was
no evidence Taruk had spoken about his testamentary intentions with anyone, or that
Wilburn ever mentioned the will to anyone between 2002 and its discovery in 2008—
despite the fact that her husband‘s decision not to provide for her in his will would
presumably have been a topic of some interest to her. There was also no testimony as to
how the typewritten will had been prepared, who had drafted it, or who Taruk might have
consulted about its terms or phrasing. Significantly, no original or copy of the will was
found at Taruk‘s residence or among his belongings. The will was found among the
belongings of Taruk‘s father, Hassan. The evidence showed Hassan was a man willing to
go to extremes of fraud and dishonesty in order to protect his financial interests and, in
particular, to retain control of the Ashby property—which was both his residence and a
major source of his income. Before taking his own life, Hassan had hidden his son‘s
body behind a wall, perpetrated a callous fraud on Taruk‘s mother, spouse, and friends
about Taruk‘s fate, and had impersonated Taruk and forged his name to multiple


       9
        At one point, Golde offered vague, equivocal testimony to the effect that Taruk
indicated or implied at one point he had a will or ―some sort of instrument.‖ Taruk‘s
mother testified he had never spoken to her about a will or estate planning. Wilburn,
Taruk‘s wife and one of the purported witnesses, testified he had never spoken to her
about estate planning or writing a will.


                                               12
documents, all apparently for financial reasons connected to the property. At the same
time, no convincing theory was offered to explain how Hassan‘s decision to conceal the
death for financial reasons was consistent with the existence of a valid will passing
Taruk‘s property to him. There was vague testimony about possible tax concerns, but no
competent evidence of Hassan‘s tax situation in 2004 was admitted. On the other hand,
Hassan would have had an obvious financial motive for concealing Taruk‘s death if a will
leaving the building to Hassan did not in fact exist when Taruk died. The will document
itself was far from self-authenticating. In the will, Taruk referred to Wilburn as ―my
wife‖ rather than mentioning her by name, even though they had just been married two
weeks earlier. Whoever signed Wilburn‘s name used the Ashby property as her address
even though Wilburn had never lived there. Both the signature and address of the second
witness were completely indecipherable. The life insurance policy for Brittany Desmond
referenced in the will has never been found, and no evidence was produced of any
premiums paid for such a policy. Taruk‘s signature on the will—the only real evidence
of Taruk‘s intent to make a will—was primarily authenticated by the proponents‘
document examiner who was not told about or shown any of the known documents on
which Hassan had forged Taruk‘s signature.
       By highlighting circumstances casting doubt on the will‘s provenance, we do not
discount the other circumstances and evidence that persuaded the trial court Taruk did in
fact sign the document in issue, and intend it as his will. But in light of the many unusual
events surrounding the document, and the paucity of evidence Taruk had discussed his
testamentary intent with others, we do not believe a reasonable fact finder could conclude
those facts were proven by clear and convincing evidence.
       Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and remand for further proceedings
consistent with the views expressed herein. We make no judgment about the
reappointment of a special administrator, but leave that to the probate court‘s discretion.




                                             13
                                  III. DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded to the probate court for the
entry of a new judgment upholding appellants‘ contest of the will based on insufficient
evidence of due execution, denying admission of the will to probate, and providing for
the administration of the estate in a manner consistent with those determinations.




                                                 _________________________
                                                 Margulies, Acting P.J.


We concur:


_________________________
Dondero, J.


_________________________
Banke, J.




                                            14
Trial Court: Alameda County Superior Court

Trial Judge: Hon. Marshall Ivan Whitley

Counsel:

Goins & Associates, Vernon C. Goins and Yasmin Gilani for Contestant and Appellant
Wendelyn Eyvonne Wilburn.

Law Offices of Edward J. Simone and Edward J. Simon for Contestant and Appellant
Brittany Desmond.

Feldman Law Group and Aaron R. Feldman for Petitioner and Respondent.




                                          15
