                                                                                            June 25 2013


                                          DA 12-0278

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                          2013 MT 169



STATE OF MONTANA,

              Plaintiff and Appellee,

         v.

CHRISTOPHER NELS BULLPLUME,


              Defendant and Appellant.



APPEAL FROM:            District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,
                        In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. CDC-11-305
                        Honorable Kenneth R. Neill, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                For Appellant:

                        Wade Zolynski, Chief Appellate Defender, Sarah Chase Rosario, Assistant
                        Appellate Defender, Helena, Montana

                For Appellee:

                        Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Mardell Ployhar, Assistant
                        Attorney General, Helena, Montana

                        John Parker, Cascade County Attorney, Kory Larsen, Deputy County
                        Attorney, Great Falls, Montana



                                                    Submitted on Briefs: April 24, 2013

                                                               Decided: June 25, 2013


Filed:

                        __________________________________________
                                          Clerk
Justice Laurie McKinnon delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1    Christopher Nels Bullplume was convicted of failing to provide notice of his

change of residence when required to do so as a sexual offender. The Eighth Judicial

District Court, Cascade County, imposed a four-year suspended sentence. Bullplume

appeals several conditions of that sentence. We affirm.

¶2    We restate the issues on appeal as follows:

      1.     Whether Bullplume has waived appellate review of the District Court’s
             requirement that he pay the costs of his court-ordered evaluations and
             treatment.

      2.     Whether the District Court abused its discretion in imposing conditions 26
             through 40, which relate specifically to sexual offenders.

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3    In 1993, Bullplume was convicted of first-degree rape in the State of Washington.

As a result of that conviction, he is required to register as a sexual offender. Bullplume

has discharged the Washington sentence that was imposed.

¶4    On August 1, 2011, Bullplume was arrested in Great Falls for misdemeanor

offenses of driving under the influence (DUI), disorderly conduct, driving without

insurance, and driving while license suspended. Law enforcement officers ascertained

that Bullplume was a registered sexual offender from Washington and that a warrant had

been issued for his arrest in Washington because he had absconded from his last known

address in June 2011. Officers further determined that Bullplume had not registered as a

sexual offender in Great Falls. A detective spoke with Bullplume, who admitted that he




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had left Washington approximately two months earlier and that he had been living in

Great Falls for about two weeks.

¶5    On August 11, 2011, the State charged Bullplume with failing to register, a felony,

in violation of §§ 46-23-505 and -507, MCA (2009). The State and Bullplume ultimately

entered into a binding plea agreement under § 46-12-211(1)(b), MCA. In exchange for

Bullplume’s guilty plea, the State agreed to recommend a four-year commitment to the

Montana State Prison, with all time suspended.       On November 1, 2011, Bullplume

appeared in court and changed his plea to guilty. A presentence investigation report

(PSI) was ordered. As required by § 46-18-111(1)(b), MCA, a psychosexual evaluation

was prepared in conjunction with the PSI.

¶6    The PSI was filed with the District Court on February 22, 2012. It reflected that

Bullplume, age 34 at the time, was unemployed and relied on family as a means of

support. In addition to his 1993 conviction for rape, Bullplume had convictions for

felony possession of heroin (1995) and felony unlawful possession of a firearm (2006).

He also had two convictions for DUI (2001 and 2003) and had been arrested for his third

DUI when the State charged him with failure to register. Additionally, Bullplume had a

conviction for felony attempt to elude (2001), as well as two prior convictions of felony

failing to register as a sexual offender in Washington (2001 and 2003). The PSI notes

that Bullplume’s charge of failing to register in the instant case occurred not long after

his release in 2010 from a four-year incarceration in Washington State Prison on a

firearm offense.




                                            3
¶7    Dr. Donna M. Zook conducted the psychosexual evaluation and prepared a report

for the District Court. Dr. Zook determined that “[t]he veracity and trustworthiness of

Mr. Bullplume’s self-report is questionable” in that “[h]is account of events do not

coincide with records.” Dr. Zook found that “[t]he most salient factor regarding Mr.

Bullplume’s character is his lack of shame, guilt, or remorse regarding antisocial

behaviors that he committed and the effects on others.” Dr. Zook provided the following

summary of Bullplume:

      In summary Mr. Bullplume is a moderate risk for repeated sexual offending
      due to: (1) criminal history; (2) lack of honesty during the clinical
      interview portion of the evaluation; (3) invalid MMPI-2; (4) denial of
      sexual interests, fantasies, urges, or drive; (5) poor social adjustment and
      inability to cope with daily demands; (6) low empathy and callous and
      irresponsibility to family and others; (7) lacking insight and judgment due
      in part to cognitive processing at the level of a child; (8) extensive alcohol
      and drug history; (9) emotional detachment and lack of guilt, shame or
      remorse for his previous criminal behavior; (10) poor or inadequate
      pro-social support and influence; and (11) lacking distress and motivation
      for change.

Dr. Zook concluded that Bullplume was a moderate risk to repeat a sexual offense and

designated him a Level 2 offender. See § 46-23-509(2), MCA.

¶8    The District Court conducted a sentencing hearing on February 28, 2012. The

State recommended that the court impose the four-year suspended sentence called for in

the plea agreement. In addition, the State requested that the court impose all 41 of the

probation conditions recommended in the PSI. Bullplume objected to conditions 26

through 40, which the PSI describes as “standard sexual offender conditions.” He argued

(1) that failure to register is not a sexual offense which would necessitate conditions

relating to sexual offenders and (2) that there was an insufficient nexus to impose the


                                            4
conditions because the underlying rape conviction had occurred nearly 20 years earlier.

Bullplume did not object to any of the other recommended conditions.

¶9     The District Court orally imposed a four-year suspended sentence and allowed the

parties an opportunity to brief the applicability of conditions 26 through 40. In the

subsequent written Sentence, issued March 8, 2012, the District Court affirmed the

imposition of conditions 26 through 40 under the authority of State v. Malloy, 2004 MT

377, 325 Mont. 86, 103 P.3d 1064.

¶10    In his opening brief on appeal, Bullplume challenges the District Court’s

imposition of not only conditions 26 through 40, but also conditions 11, 21, and 22,

which prohibit him from gambling, entering bars, and entering casinos, respectively.

Additionally, Bullplume argues, for the first time on appeal, that the District Court lacked

authority to require him to pay the costs of his court-ordered evaluations and treatment.

In his reply brief, however, Bullplume concedes the validity of the State’s argument that

he may not obtain appellate review of conditions 11, 21, and 22 due to his failure to

object to these conditions in the District Court. Bullplume maintains only his challenge

to conditions 26 through 40, as well as his claim that the District Court lacked authority

to impose the costs of court-ordered evaluations and treatment. With respect to the latter,

the State notes that State v. Lenihan, 184 Mont. 338, 602 P.2d 997 (1979), provides a

basis for this Court to review whether the District Court had authority to require

Bullplume to pay for his evaluations and treatment.

¶11    Conditions 26 through 40 may be summarized as follows:




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•   Bullplume shall enter and successfully complete sexual offender treatment at
    his own expense. He shall remain in Aftercare or Relapse Prevention Class for
    the entirety of his supervision unless released at the discretion of the probation
    and parole officer and the therapist. He shall reenter treatment at any time if
    deemed appropriate by the probation and parole officer and the therapist.
    (Conditions 26, 37, 38.)

•   Bullplume may not have contact with any individual under the age of 18 unless
    accompanied by an approved and appropriately trained, responsible adult. He
    may not reside in a residence where there are any children under the age of 18
    without the written approval of the therapist and the probation and parole
    officer. He may not date, live with, or otherwise be aligned with any person
    with children under the age of 18 without the express prior approval of the
    therapist and the probation and parole officer. (Conditions 27, 34, 40.)

•   Bullplume shall not frequent places where children are present or reasonably
    expected to be present—including schools, parks, playgrounds, malls, movies,
    fairs, parades, swimming pools, carnivals, arcades, parties, family functions,
    and holiday festivities—unless accompanied by an approved and appropriately
    trained, responsible adult. He shall obtain permission from the probation and
    parole officer prior to going to any of these places. (Condition 28.)

•   Bullplume may not access or have in his possession or under his control any
    material that describes or depicts human nudity, the exploitation of children,
    consensual sexual acts, nonconsensual sexual acts, or sexual acts involving
    force or violence, without prior written approval of the probation and parole
    officer and the therapist. He may not frequent adult book stores, topless bars,
    or massage parlors, or use the services of prostitutes. He may not view
    television shows or motion pictures that are sexually stimulating, or access
    “900” telephone sex lines. (Conditions 29, 30, 35.)

•   Bullplume shall not have access to the Internet without prior permission from
    the probation and parole officer and the therapist. If Internet access is allowed,
    Bullplume must allow rating control software to be installed and random
    searches of the hard drive to be conducted for pornography or other
    inappropriate material. He may not have a cell phone or other such device
    with photo or Internet capabilities. (Conditions 31, 36.)

•   Bullplume shall be designated a Level 2 sexual offender. (Condition 32.)

•   Bullplume shall be subject to reasonable employment or occupational
    prohibitions and restrictions under § 46-18-255(1), MCA. (Condition 33.)



                                       6
       •     Bullplume shall submit to annual polygraph testing. (Condition 39.)

¶12    The requirements that Bullplume pay the costs of evaluations and treatment are

contained in conditions 17, 18, and 26, which provide as follows:

       17.      The Defendant shall obtain a chemical dependency evaluation by a
                state approved evaluator. The Defendant must pay for the evaluation
                and follow all of the evaluator’s treatment recommendations.

       18.      The Defendant shall obtain a mental health evaluation/assessment by
                a state approved evaluator. The Defendant must pay for the
                evaluation and follow all of the evaluator’s treatment
                recommendations.

                                          .   .   .

       26.      The Defendant will enter and successfully complete sexual offender
                treatment with a MSOTA clinical member or associate member with
                supervision, or equivalent, who is approved by the state and the
                Probation & Parole Officer and at the Defendant’s expense. The
                Defendant shall abide by all treatment rules and recommendations of
                the treatment provider.

¶13    With regard to conditions 26 through 40, Bullplume argues that, given “more than

(19) nineteen years of living without committing a crime of violence or a sex crime, and a

lifetime of never committing a crime involving children,” there is an insufficient nexus

between the offense/offender and the conditions. With regard to conditions 17, 18, and

26, he asserts that the District Court was without statutory authority to require that he pay

the costs of his evaluations and treatment. The State argues that the District Court did not

abuse its discretion in imposing conditions 26 through 40 in light of Bullplume’s criminal

history, the PSI, and the psychosexual evaluation. The State further argues that it was

within the broad authority of the District Court to require Bullplume to pay the costs of

his evaluations and treatment.


                                              7
                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶14   We review restrictions or conditions on a criminal sentence for both legality and

abuse of discretion. State v. Melton, 2012 MT 84, ¶ 16, 364 Mont. 482, 276 P.3d 900.

                                     DISCUSSION

¶15   Issue One. Whether Bullplume has waived appellate review of the District
      Court’s requirement that he pay the costs of his court-ordered evaluations and
      treatment.

¶16   As noted, Bullplume did not object to the District Court’s requirement that he pay

the costs of his court-ordered evaluations and treatment as conditions of his probation.

Generally, this Court will not review a claim where the defendant failed to object to the

alleged error in the trial court. State v. Kotwicki, 2007 MT 17, ¶ 8, 335 Mont. 344, 151

P.3d 892; State v. Micklon, 2003 MT 45, ¶ 8, 314 Mont. 291, 65 P.3d 559. As the parties

correctly point out, however, we have created an exception to this general rule where a

defendant alleges that a sentence exceeds statutory parameters and is, therefore, illegal.

Lenihan, 184 Mont. at 343, 602 P.2d at 1000; State v. Muhammad, 2002 MT 47, ¶ 23,

309 Mont. 1, 43 P.3d 318. Part of the rationale behind this exception “is that, as a

practical matter, ‘a defendant often times must remain silent even in the face of invalid

conditions’ to guard against the possibility that the sentencing court may forego a more

lenient sentence if the defendant objects to one of the conditions.” Micklon, ¶ 9 (quoting

Lenihan, 184 Mont. at 343, 602 P.2d at 1000). We have declined to apply the Lenihan

exception, therefore, in a situation where the defendant “affirmatively agreed” at

sentencing to the condition he now asserts as error on appeal. Micklon, ¶ 10.




                                            8
¶17    For purposes of applying Lenihan, we have held that a sentence which may be

objectionable is, nevertheless, legal if it falls within statutory parameters. Kotwicki, ¶ 16.

We explained that “a sentencing court’s failure to abide by a statutory requirement [such

as consideration of the defendant’s ability to pay] rises to an objectionable sentence, not

necessarily an illegal one that would invoke the Lenihan exception.” Kotwicki, ¶ 13

(citing State v. Nelson, 274 Mont. 11, 906 P.2d 663 (1995), and State v. Swoboda, 276

Mont. 479, 918 P.2d 296 (1996)).         In Nelson and Swoboda, we held the Lenihan

exception inapplicable despite allegations that the sentencing court had failed to abide by

statutory requirements. Both cases involved situations where the trial court had failed to

consider sentencing alternatives as required by § 46-18-225, MCA, before imposing a

prison sentence upon a nonviolent offender. The defendants in each case had failed to

object to the court’s error at the sentencing hearing and attempted to invoke the Lenihan

exception on appeal. We observed, however, that the trial court, after considering the

requirements of § 46-18-225, MCA, legally could have sentenced Nelson and Swoboda

to prison, and thus their sentences failed to meet the illegality requirement for applying

the Lenihan exception. Nelson, 274 Mont. at 20, 906 P.2d at 668; Swoboda, 276 Mont. at

482, 918 P.2d at 298.       Accordingly, where the sentencing court, if provided the

opportunity to consider the error now asserted on appeal, could nevertheless have

imposed the same sentence, the illegality requirement of the Lenihan exception has not

been met. Nelson, 274 Mont. at 20, 906 P.2d at 668; Swoboda, 276 Mont. at 482, 918

P.2d at 298; Kotwicki, ¶ 16.




                                              9
¶18    In considering the District Court’s requirement that Bullplume pay the costs of his

evaluations and treatment as conditions of his probation, we note preliminarily that it is

well established a court does not have the power to impose a sentence unless authorized

by a specific grant of statutory authority. Melton, ¶ 17; State v. Burch, 2008 MT 118,

¶ 23, 342 Mont. 499, 182 P.3d 66. A sentencing judge is specifically authorized to

impose on a suspended sentence various restrictions or conditions that the judge

considers necessary to obtain the objectives of rehabilitation and the protection of the

victim and society. Section 46-18-202(1), MCA. These include restrictions on the

offender’s freedom of association and freedom of movement, plus “any other limitation

reasonably related to the objectives of rehabilitation and the protection of the victim and

society.” Section 46-18-202(1)(c), (d), (g), MCA (2011).1 Similar authority is provided

in § 46-18-201(4)(o), MCA (2009),2 which authorizes a sentencing judge to impose on a

suspended sentence any “reasonable restrictions or conditions considered necessary for

rehabilitation or for the protection of the victim or society.” We have emphasized that a

sentencing judge’s discretion under these statutes is broad and that our review is

correspondingly deferential. Melton, ¶ 18; State v. Zimmerman, 2010 MT 44, ¶¶ 16-17,

355 Mont. 286, 228 P.3d 1109. As a general rule, we will affirm a condition of probation

       1
         The law in effect at the time an offense is committed controls as to the possible
sentence. State v. Tracy, 2005 MT 128, ¶ 16, 327 Mont. 220, 113 P.3d 297. In 2011, the
Legislature added a new subsection to § 46-18-202(1), MCA, and provided an effective
date of July 1, 2011. See Laws of Montana, 2011, ch. 419, §§ 29, 40. Since Bullplume’s
offense was committed between July 15 and August 1, 2011, we cite the 2011 version of
§ 46-18-202(1), MCA.
       2
         Although the 2011 Legislature also amended § 46-18-201(4), MCA, that
amendment was made effective on October 1, 2011. See Laws of Montana, 2011,
ch. 318, § 8; § 1-2-201(1), MCA. Thus, we cite the 2009 version of this statute.

                                            10
imposed pursuant to this statutory authority so long as the restriction or condition has

some correlation or connection—i.e., nexus—to the underlying offense or to the offender.

Ashby, ¶¶ 13-15; Zimmerman, ¶ 17. But if the condition is “overly broad or unduly

punitive,” or if the required nexus is “absent or exceedingly tenuous,” we will reverse.

Melton, ¶ 18; Zimmerman, ¶ 17.

¶19   It is pursuant to the foregoing statutory authority that the State argues the District

Court could impose the requirement that Bullplume pay for his own evaluations and

treatment.   Bullplume maintains that the court exceeded its statutory authority by

imposing such a requirement; however, because he did not object to this requirement, our

review is limited under Lenihan, as clarified in Kotwicki, Nelson, and Swoboda, to

determining whether, had the District Court been presented with the challenge Bullplume

now makes, the court still could have imposed the requirement. In so doing, we consider

whether a condition requiring Bullplume to pay for his evaluations and treatment might

be reasonably related to the objective of rehabilitation, thus providing the statutory

authority for imposing the condition and correspondingly requiring that any objections to

the condition be made at sentencing. This consideration is different from, for example,

the unauthorized imposition of a fine, which relates to the imposition of a penalty and is

thus punitive, rather than rehabilitative, in nature.     If a condition of probation is

reasonably related to the objective of rehabilitation, and not prohibited by some other

provision of law, then the sentencing court has acted within statutory parameters and

there is no further review under Lenihan.




                                            11
¶20    The District Court required Bullplume to obtain a chemical dependency

evaluation, a mental health evaluation, and sexual offender treatment with a MSOTA

qualified therapist. The court also required Bullplume to pay for these services. Had

Bullplume made an objection at the time of sentencing, testimony may have been

presented that, for example, payment for services by the offender has therapeutic value

and is related to the offender’s rehabilitation.3 Had an objection been made at sentencing,

the court may have considered whether Bullplume could have had services provided free

of cost or on a sliding fee scale, based on his indigency and the service providers in his

geographic area.   Had an objection been made at sentencing, the court could have

inquired of Bullplume and his counsel of other available options to address concerns of

rehabilitation and public safety, such as treatment in an inpatient facility of the

Department of Corrections which would be at no cost to Bullplume. Had the matter been

properly raised and presented to the District Court, numerous areas could have been

explored by the District Court and the parties to fully develop treatment options for

Bullplume and how they were to be financed. A record would have been created and the

matter would have been preserved for appeal, thereby enabling this Court to consider

whether the condition was reasonably related to Bullplume’s rehabilitation.

¶21    In sum, the State has pointed to plausible authority for the imposition of a

condition requiring Bullplume to pay for the costs of his evaluations and treatment—

       3
         Many of Montana’s drug courts require payment for services based on the
principle that the participant must be accountable for his or her treatment. See e.g.
Shannon M. Carey, Juliette R. Mackin, & Michael W. Finigan, What Works? The Ten
Key Components of Drug Court: Research-Based Best Practices, 8 Drug Ct. Rev. 6
(Natl. Drug Ct. Inst. 2012).

                                            12
namely, § 46-18-201(4)(o), MCA (2009), and § 46-18-202(1)(g), MCA (2011). Due to

Bullplume’s failure to raise the issue in the District Court, however, the record before us

contains no discussion, evidence, or consideration by the court regarding his paying for

these services. On the basis of this silent record, and given the broad discretionary

authority of the sentencing court to tailor sentences designed to rehabilitate the offender,

we decline to address this issue any further. We conclude Bullplume is precluded from

raising it based upon his failure to object to the condition at sentencing. Kotwicki, ¶ 21.

¶22    Issue Two. Whether the District Court abused its discretion in imposing
       conditions 26 through 40, which relate specifically to sexual offenders.

¶23    Bullplume objected in the District Court to conditions 26 through 40, and his

challenge has, therefore, been properly raised on appeal. Bullplume argues that there is

an insufficient nexus between the sexual offender conditions and either himself or his

underlying offense. He argues that his rape conviction occurred when he was 15 years

old and involved a 25-year-old woman, that he has not committed a “crime of violence”

or a “sex crime” for nearly 20 years, and that he has not committed any crimes involving

children. Bullplume argues that, given the totality of these facts, any nexus to conditions

26 through 40 is too isolated or stale to serve as justification for their imposition.

¶24    We declined to adopt as a categorical rule the position that a sufficient nexus could

be established to the original sexual offense when imposing conditions of sentence for the

offense of failing to register. Melton, ¶ 20. We stated that “a passing, isolated, or stale

instance of behavior or conduct is insufficient to support a restrictive probation condition

imposed in the name of offender rehabilitation.” Melton, ¶ 20 (citing Ashby, ¶ 15, State



                                              13
v. Stiles, 2008 MT 390, ¶ 16, 347 Mont. 95, 197 P.3d 966, and State v. Jones, 2008 MT

440, ¶¶ 22-23, 347 Mont. 512, 199 P.3d 216). Thus, in some instances, the original

offense underlying the registration requirement may have relevance, but in other cases,

the original offense may be too isolated or stale to serve as justification for imposing the

challenged condition. Melton, ¶ 20. We stated that “[e]ach case must turn on its specific

facts.” Melton, ¶ 20.

¶25    Upon review of Bullplume’s PSI and psychosexual evaluation, we conclude that

the District Court did not abuse its discretion in imposing the conditions related to sexual

offenders. In fact, Bullplume presents a compelling case for needing treatment. His

history demonstrates an inability to remain law abiding or to conform his conduct to the

demands of sexual offender laws. This, combined with Bullplume’s significant chemical

dependency concerns, leaves the public and society in danger should Bullplume not

reform his behavior through treatment.       Referring to Dr. Zook’s observations that

Bullplume “tends to be non-conforming, resentful of authority[,] . . . erratic and

unpredictable,” the PSI author noted that “[s]uch an assessment raises questions on how

likely the Defendant will comply with any Court-ordered probation conditions.” Given

Bullplume’s criminal history, moderate risk of reoffending, and excessive use of

substances, Bullplume’s only chance of succeeding in the community is through his

participation in treatment services. Treatment similarly is the only hope of protecting the

public from Bullplume’s potential recidivism. Thus, imposition of conditions 26 through

40 has a sufficient nexus to Bullplume himself and establishes an offender nexus under




                                            14
Ashby, ¶ 15. The District Court did not abuse its discretion in imposing these conditions

related to sexual offenders as part of Bullplume’s probation.

                                     CONCLUSION

¶26    Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Bullplume has waived any objection to

the requirement that he pay for the costs of his evaluations and treatment. We further

conclude that imposition of the conditions relating to sexual offenders (conditions 26

through 40) was supported by a sufficient nexus to Bullplume himself. The District

Court’s sentencing order is affirmed.


                                                 /S/ LAURIE McKINNON



We Concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
/S/ JIM RICE




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