[Cite as State v. Bays, 2011-Ohio-3021.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                      ASHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO                                  :      JUDGES:
                                               :
                                               :      Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
                        Plaintiff-Appellee     :      Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
                                               :      Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
-vs-                                           :
                                               :      Case No. 10-CA-42
LARRY E. BAYS                                  :
                                               :
                                               :
                       Defendant-Appellant     :      OPINION



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                           Appeal from the Ashland County Municipal
                                                   Court Case No. 10-CRB-00261AB


JUDGMENT:                                          AFFIRMED

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                            June 13, 2011


APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                               For Defendant-Appellant:

W. DAVID MONTAGUE 0015203                             DAVID R. STIMPERT 0080871
Assistant Director of Law                             10 E. Main Street
1213 E. Main Street                                   Ashland, Ohio 44805
Ashland, Ohio 44805
[Cite as State v. Bays, 2011-Ohio-3021.]


Delaney, J.

        {¶1}     Defendant-Appellant, Larry Bays, appeals the judgment of the Ashland

County Municipal Court, convicting him of one count of cultivation of marijuana, a

misdemeanor of the first degree. The State of Ohio is Plaintiff-Appellee.

        {¶2}     On February 11, 2009, Evelyn Bays, wife of Appellant, signed a parole

agreement indicating that she agreed to be subject to a warrantless search of her

residence, person, and property at any time while she was on parole. Specifically, the

terms that she agreed to stated:

        {¶3}     “I agree to a search without warrant of my person, my motor vehicle, or my

place of residence by a supervising officer or other authorized representative of the

Department of Rehabilitation and Correction at any time. * * *

        {¶4}     “Notice pursuant to section 2959.131 of the Revised Code, officers of the

Adult Parole Authority may conduct warrantless searches of your person, your place of

residence, your personal property, or any other property of which you have been given

permission to use if they have reasonable grounds to believe that you are not abiding by

the law or terms and conditions of your supervision.”

        {¶5}     Michelle Flaherty, an Adult Parole Authority officer (“APA”), supervised

Evelyn Bays. She accepted supervision of Evelyn because both Evelyn and Appellant

agreed to the above terms of supervision.         Flaherty stated that these terms were

explained verbally to both Evelyn and Appellant and that a written copy of these

instructions was given to Evelyn.

        {¶6}     Officer Flaherty received information from an informant who was a former

employee of Appellant’s tobacco shop that was connected to the Bays’ residence, that
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                        3


Appellant was growing marijuana in the basement of the Bays’ residence.               The

informant told Flaherty that Appellant told him that he was growing the marijuana in his

basement.

       {¶7}   Based upon the information received, Officer Flaherty and Officer

Kimberly Marcelli went to the Bays’ residence, where they advised both Evelyn and

Appellant that they were going to look around. Evelyn stated that it was fine for them to

look around and Appellant did not make any statement to the contrary, nor did he state

that the officers could not look around.

       {¶8}   The officers observed a lock on the door to the basement. Evelyn and

Appellant told differing stories as to why there was a padlock on the door. Initially, both

Evelyn and Appellant stated that the landlord had placed the lock on the basement and

that they did not have access to the basement. They were unable, however, to provide

the landlord’s name or contact information. Subsequently, Appellant told the officers

that he sprayed for bugs in the basement and that was why there was a lock on the

basement.

       {¶9}   Evelyn then stated that she did not go into the basement because she

was scared of it; however, she admitted to having possessions and canned food stored

in the basement. Appellant stated that Evelyn did not go into the basement, but Evelyn

eventually testified at the suppression hearing that she did not go into the basement

because she was afraid of it.

       {¶10} The APA officers contacted the Ashland County Sheriff’s Department, who

dispatched a deputy to remove the lock.        The officers then observed a marijuana

growing operation in the basement.
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                           4


       {¶11} Appellant was asked several questions at the Bays’ residence by Ashland

County Sheriff Lieutenant Scott Smart. Appellant was pacing around the house and

also walked outside of the house after being instructed to stay in a particular area of the

home. He admitted that the marijuana in the basement was his. At the time he made

this statement, he had not been read his Miranda warnings; however, he was never

arrested on the date in question.

       {¶12} Officer Flaherty testified that Appellant was not placed into custody, but

that he was told not to leave for officer safety reasons.           Appellant was never

handcuffed. The officers did find the key to the padlock beside a loaded gun that was

next to a place that Appellant kept going to stand beside while the officers searched the

residence.

       {¶13} Two complaints were filed against Appellant, charging him with one count

of possession of marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), and one count of cultivation

of marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.04(A). Appellant pled not guilty to both charges.

       {¶14} A motion to suppress was filed on behalf of Appellant and a hearing was

held, wherein Appellant argued that he did not specifically grant consent for the officers

to search the residence, even though his wife did; and the officers’ questioning of

Appellant was tantamount to a custodial interrogation.

       {¶15} The trial court denied Appellant’s motion on November 18, 2010, finding

that pursuant to State v. Benton (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d 316, 695 N.E.2d 757, and R.C.

2967.131(C), the warrantless search of the Bays’ residence was proper, and that the

interaction between the officers and Appellant was not custodial.
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                      5


      {¶16} On November 29, 2010, Appellant entered a change of plea, and pled no

contest to the charge of cultivation of marijuana, a misdemeanor of the first degree.

The possession of marijuana charge was dismissed. The court found Appellant guilty of

the cultivation charge and sentenced him to thirty days in jail with fifteen days

suspended.

      {¶17} Appellant now appeals and raises two Assignments of Error:

      {¶18} “I.    THE     ASHLAND      MUNICIPAL      COURT      ERRED       BY    NOT

SUPPRESSING        THE     EVIDENCE     GATHERED        AS    A   RESULT      OF    THE

UNCONSTITUTIONAL SEARCH OF APPELLANT’S RESIDENCE, BECAUSE SAID

SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED WITHOUT A WARRANT AND WITHOUT HIS

CONSENT, IN VIOLATION OF APPELLANT’S FOURTH AMENDMENT RIGHT

AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.

      {¶19} “II.     THE    ASHLAND      MUNICIPAL      COURT      ERRED      BY    NOT

SUPPRESSING A CONFESSION MADE BY THE APPELLANT, SAID CONFESSION

BEING MADE WHILE IN CUSTODY, PRIOR TO MIRANDA WARNINGS, AND WHICH

FOLLOWED STATEMENTS MADE BY AN OFFICER THAT WOULD NORMALLY BE

UNDERSTOOD BY THE AVERAGE LISTENER AS CALLING FOR A RESPONSE

AND THEREFORE, IN VIOLATION OF HIS FOURTH AND FIFTH AMENDMENT

RIGHTS.”

                                           I.

      {¶20} In his first assignment of error, Appellant argues that the trial court erred

by failing to suppress evidence gathered as a result of the search of his residence. We

disagree.
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                            6


       {¶21} Appellate review of a trial court’s decision to deny a motion to suppress

involves a mixed question of law and fact. State v. Long (1998), 127 Ohio App.3d 328,

713 N.E.2d 1. During a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role of trier of

fact and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate

witness credibility. State v. Brooks, (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 148, 661 N.E.2d 1030. A

reviewing court is bound to accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported

by competent, credible evidence. State v. Metcalf (1996), 111 Ohio App.3d 142, 675

N.E.2d 1268. Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must independently

determine as a matter of law, without deference to the trial court’s conclusion, whether

the trial court’s decision meets the applicable legal standard. State v. Williams (1993),

86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141.

       {¶22} There are three methods of challenging a trial court’s ruling on a motion to

suppress on appeal. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court’s finding of fact. In

reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether the trial

court’s findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. See State v.

Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 1 Ohio B. 57, 437 N.E.2d 583; and State v. Klein

(1991), 73 Ohio App.3d 486, 597 N.E.2d 1141. Second, an appellant may argue that

the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the findings of fact. In

that case, an appellate court can reverse the trial court for committing an error of law.

See State v. Williams (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141.                  Finally, an

appellant may argue the trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issues

raised in a motion to suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate court

must independently determine, without deference to the trial court’s conclusion, whether
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                     7

the facts meet the appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry (1994),

95 Ohio App.3d 623, 620 N.E.2d 906.

      {¶23} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits

warrantless searches and seizures, rendering them per se unreasonable unless an

exception applies. Katz v. United States (1967), 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507. An

investigative stop, or Terry stop, is a common exception to the Fourth Amendment

warrant requirement. Terry v. Ohio (1968), 391 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1503. Because the

"balance between the public interest and the individual's right to personal security,"

United States v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975), 422 U.S. 873, 878, 95 S.Ct. 2574, tilts in favor

of a standard less than probable cause in such cases, the Fourth Amendment is

satisfied if the officer's action is supported by reasonable suspicion to believe that

criminal activity "may be afoot." United States v. Sokolow (1989), 490 U.S. 1, 7, 109

S.Ct. 1581 (quoting Terry, supra, at 30). In Terry, the Supreme Court held that a police

officer may stop an individual if the officer has a reasonable suspicion based upon

specific and articulable facts that criminal behavior has occurred or is imminent. See,

also, State v. Chatton (1984), 11 Ohio St.3d 59, 61, 463 N.E.2d 1237.

      {¶24} A warrantless search performed pursuant to a condition of parole requiring

a parolee to submit to random searches of his or her person, motor vehicle, or place of

residence by a parole officer at any time is constitutional. State v. Benton (1998), 82

Ohio St.3d 316, 695 N.E.2d 757.

      {¶25} As the Benton court noted, “prisoners have forfeited many of their rights

and privileges upon incarceration. Some of these privileges are regained upon parole,

but the defendant is still subject to limitations because a convicted criminal has no
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                        8


inherent or constitutional right to be conditionally released before the expiration of a

validly imposed sentence. Greenholtz v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal & Correctional

Complex (1979), 442 U.S. 1, 7, 99 S.Ct. 2100, 2104, 60 L.Ed.2d 668, 675; State ex rel.

Hattie v. Goldhardt (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 123, 125, 630 N.E.2d 696, 698; State ex rel.

Carrion v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth. (1998), 80 Ohio St.3d 637, 687 N.E.2d 759.

Nonetheless, because the state has an interest in rehabilitation and reintegration of the

prisoner into society, prisoners are often offered an opportunity for parole. The

government is “offering to allow the prisoner to regain his or her freedom in return for a

promise to abide by rules which, to a greater or lesser extent, limit the exercise of

fundamental rights.” Carchedi v. Rhodes (S.D.Ohio 1982), 560 F.Supp. 1010, 1016.”

       {¶26} Allowing offenders to be present in the community before the expiration of

their sentence creates the need for special supervision. Benton, supra, citing Griffin v.

Wisconsin (1987), 483 U.S. 868, 107 S.Ct. 3164, 97 L.Ed.2d 709. Supervision “is a

‘special need’ of the State permitting a degree of impingement upon privacy that would

not be constitutional if applied to the public at large.” Id. at 875, 107 S.Ct. at 3169, 97

L.Ed.2d at 718. “Revocation deprives an individual, not of the absolute liberty to which

every citizen is entitled, but only of the conditional liberty properly dependent on

observance of special parole restrictions.” Morrissey v. Brewer (1972), 408 U.S. 471,

480, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 2600, 33 L.Ed.2d 484, 494. “These restrictions are meant to assure

that the probation serves as a period of genuine rehabilitation and that the community is

not harmed by the probationer's being at large. * * * These same goals require and

justify the exercise of supervision to assure that the restrictions are in fact observed.”
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                         9

Benton, supra, quoting Griffin, 483 U.S. at 875, 107 S.Ct. at 3169, 97 L.Ed.2d at 718.

See, also, Carchedi, 560 F.Supp. at 1015.

       {¶27} In this case, Evelyn Bays, a parolee, and Appellant’s wife, as part of the

conditions of her parole, read and signed an Ohio Adult Parole Authority form entitled

“Conditions of Supervision.” One of the conditions enumerated in the form required

Evelyn, if she chose to sign the form and be paroled, to “agree to a search without

warrant of [her] person, [her] motor vehicle, or [her] place of residence by a parole

officer at any time.” By signing the form, Evelyn waived her right to have searches

conducted pursuant to a warrant. Appellant was also present when this form was read

to Evelyn and agreed to the terms and conditions of her parole since he lived with her.

       {¶28} Conditions of parole must be reasonably and necessarily related to the

government's interest in rehabilitating the parolee and in protecting society from

recidivism. Carchedi, 560 F.Supp. 1010.

       {¶29} In the present case, Evelyn gave consent to search her residence and

Appellant did not object to that search. We find that the consent-to-search condition at

issue meets the twin goals set forth in Carchedi. Consent searches are part of the

standard investigatory techniques of law enforcement. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte

(1973), 412 U.S. 218, 231, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2050, 36 L.Ed.2d 854, 865. “The primary

purpose of [searches of parolees' residences] is to deter the commission of crime and to

provide supervisors with information on the progress of their rehabilitative efforts. It is

clear that a requirement that searches only be conducted when officers have

‘reasonable suspicion’ or probable cause that a crime has been committed or that a
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                      10


condition of probation has been violated could completely undermine the purpose of the

search condition.” Owens v. Kelley (C.A.11, 1982), 681 F.2d 1362, 1368.

       {¶30} “Being on parole with a consent-to-search condition is ‘akin to sitting

under the Sword of Damocles: ‘ “ With knowledge he may be subject to a search by law

enforcement officers at any time, [the parolee] will be less inclined to have narcotics or

dangerous drugs in his possession. The purpose of an unexpected, unproved search of

defendant is to ascertain whether he is complying with the terms of probation; to

determine not only whether he disobeys the law, but also whether he obeys the law.

Information obtained under such circumstances would afford a valuable measure of the

effectiveness of the supervision given the defendant and his amenability to

rehabilitation.” ’ ” (Emphasis added.) In re Anthony (1992), 4 Cal.App.4th 1000, 1002, 6

Cal.Rptr.2d 214, 215, fn. 1, quoting People v. Kern (1968), 264 Cal.App.2d 962, 965, 71

Cal.Rptr. 105, 107, and People v. Bravo (1987), 43 Cal.3d 600, 610, 238 Cal.Rptr. 282,

288, 738 P.2d 336, 342.

       {¶31} “To require a warrant would decrease the deterrent effect of the

supervisory relationship. Griffin, 483 U.S. at 878, 107 S.Ct. at 3171, 97 L.Ed.2d at 720.

As the United States Supreme Court pointed out, “[t]he [parolee] would be assured that

so long as his illegal (and perhaps socially dangerous) activities were sufficiently

concealed as to give rise to no more than reasonable suspicion, they would go

undetected and uncorrected.” Id. at 878, 107 S.Ct. at 3171, 97 L.Ed.2d at 720.” Benton,

supra, at 320.

       {¶32} “Absent some evidence of a motive of ill will or intent to harass, we must

trust a parole officer's judgment as to when a search may be appropriate, as sometimes
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                     11


only very subtle signs may lead a parole officer to suspect that the parolee is engaging

once again in illegal activities. To that end, random searches serve as an important tool

in rehabilitation.” Id.

       {¶33} In the present case, Officer Flaherty had evidence that Evelyn’s husband

was cultivating marijuana in their basement, as was reported to her by an employee of

the tobacco shop that Appellant and Evelyn ran. Such evidence is sufficient to supply

the necessary basis for the APA to search a parolee’s home. Moreover, since Appellant

did not object to the search, we do not need to consider whether he had the standing to

prevent the search from occurring.

       {¶34} Further, since Appellant was present during the reading of Evelyn’s parole

agreement and he agreed to the terms of that agreement, we find that he also agreed to

be bound to the search provisions in that parole agreement.

       {¶35} Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                                                II.

       {¶36} In Appellant’s second assignment of error, he argues that the trial court

erred by failing to suppress statements that he made to officers while they were at his

residence after the marijuana was discovered. We disagree.

       {¶37} The existence of an arrest is dependent upon the existence of four

requisite elements:

       {¶38} “(1) An intent to arrest, (2) under real or pretended authority, (3)

accompanied by an actual or constructive seizure or detention of the person, and (4)

which is so understood by the person arrested.” State v. Barker (1978), 53 Ohio St.2d
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                      12


135, 7 O.O.3d 213, 372 N.E.2d 1324, paragraph one of the syllabus, certiorari denied

(1978), 439 U.S. 913, 99 S.Ct. 285, 58 L.Ed.2d 260.

      {¶39} Furthermore, an arrest, in the technical, as well as the common sense,

signifies the apprehension of an individual or the restraint of a person's freedom in

contemplation of the formal charging with a crime. United States v. Bonanno

(S.D.N.Y.1960), 180 F.Supp. 71; Patterson v. United States (C.A.5, 1951), 192 F.2d

631, 633 (dictum), certiorari denied, 343 U.S. 951, 72 S.Ct. 1043, 96 L.Ed. 1352. See,

also, 5 American Jurisprudence 2d 698, Arrest, Section 3; American Law Institute, Code

of Criminal Procedure, Section 18.

      {¶40} In the present case, no arrest occurred.           The officers testified that

Appellant was told to stay within a certain place in the residence for officer safety

purposes. Given the fact that a loaded weapon was found by the key to the padlock

and that Appellant kept drifting towards that area in the home, we find this to be a

legitimate reason to limit Appellant’s movement in his home.

      {¶41} Moreover, Appellant made statements to Lieutenant Smart inside

Appellant’s home and outside his residence. Appellant was never handcuffed, nor was

he arrested after he admitted that the marijuana in the basement was his. He was not

even arrested after the loaded weapon was found next to the key to the basement lock.

Quite simply, there was no custodial interrogation and therefore, Miranda rights were

not required. Additionally, Appellant was never arrested on the charges, but instead

was issued a summons days after the search was completed.

      {¶42} Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.
Ashland County, Case No. 10-CA-42                                                  13


       {¶43} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Ashland Municipal Court is

affirmed.

By: Delaney, J.

Gwin, P.J. and

Hoffman, J. concur.



                                       HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY



                                       HON. W. SCOTT GWIN



                                       HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN
[Cite as State v. Bays, 2011-Ohio-3021.]


              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR ASHLAND COUNTY, OHIO

                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO                                  :
                                               :
                        Plaintiff-Appellee     :
                                               :
                                               :
-vs-                                           :    JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                               :
LARRY E. BAYS                                  :
                                               :
                       Defendant-Appellant     :    Case No. 10-CA-42
                                               :




       For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion on file, the

judgment of the Ashland County Municipal Court is affirmed.             Costs assessed to

Appellant.



                                                   _________________________________
                                                   HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY


                                                   _________________________________
                                                   HON. W. SCOTT GWIN


                                                   _________________________________
                                                   HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN
