Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be

                                                               FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,                   Jun 11 2012, 9:55 am
collateral estoppel, or the law of the
case.
                                                                    CLERK
                                                                  of the supreme court,
                                                                  court of appeals and
                                                                         tax court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

NANCY A. MCCASLIN                                ROBERT J. HENKE
McCaslin & McCaslin                              DCS Central Administration
Elkhart, Indiana                                 Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                 SERGIO A. LOPEZ
                                                 Elkhart, Indiana


                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF THE TERMINATION                 )
OF THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP                 )
OF: C.K. (Minor Child) and R.K. (Father),        )
                                                 )
       Appellant,                                )
                                                 )
              vs.                                )     No. 20A04-1110-JT-534
                                                 )
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD                      )
SERVICES,                                        )
                                                 )
       Appellee.                                 )


                    APPEAL FROM THE ELKHART CIRCUIT COURT
                        The Honorable Terry C. Shewmaker, Judge
                      The Honorable Deborah A. Domine, Magistrate
                             Cause No. 20C01-1106-JT-35


                                       June 11, 2012
                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

DARDEN, Judge


                                 STATEMENT OF THE CASE

        R.K. (“Father”) appeals the termination of his parental rights as to his minor child,

C.K.1

        We affirm.

                                              ISSUES

               1.      Whether the trial court violated Father’s due process rights.

               2.      Whether there was clear and convincing evidence to support
                       the termination of Father’s parental rights.

                                               FACTS

        C.K. was born on April 21, 2005. At some point, Father obtained legal custody of

C.K. C.K. lived with Father, his half-siblings, B.K and M.K., and his stepmother, N.K.,

who is B.K.’s mother.

        Subsequently, on June 10, 2010, the Elkhart County’s office for the Indiana

Department of Child Services (“DCS”) received a report that Father was manufacturing

methamphetamine in a barn located on his property. Father had a prior substantiation for

methamphetamine use. Father submitted to an oral drug screen, which tested positive for

methamphetamine.        A hair drug screen performed on C.K. also tested positive for

1
  The trial court also terminated the parental rights of C.K.’s mother. (“Mother”). She does not appeal
the termination.


                                                  2
methamphetamine. Pursuant to an emergency custody order, DCS placed C.K. with his

paternal grandparents, T.S. and J.K. DCS placed B.K. and M.K. with their mothers, N.K.

and S.F., respectively.

       On July 12, 2010, DCS filed a petition, alleging C.K. to be a child in need of

services (“CHINS”). That same day, the trial court appointed a court-appointed special

advocate (“CASA”). Following a hearing on July 20, 2010, Father admitted that C.K.

had tested positive for methamphetamine but denied manufacturing methamphetamine.

The trial court found C.K. to be a CHINS.

       On August 17, 2010, the trial court entered its dispositional order, wherein it

continued C.K.’s placement with his grandparents. The trial court ordered Father to

submit to random drug and alcohol screens; participate in a substance abuse assessment

and follow all recommendations; “participate in a treatment program or pay for services,

consistent with the recommendation of DCS”; and participate in weekly supervised visits

with C.K., “with a move to unsupervised visits at the discretion[] of DCS and [C.K.’s]

CASA.” (App. 58). The trial court further ordered Father to pay $54.76 per week to T.S.

in child support. The trial court also ordered visitation between C.K. and his siblings.

       On or about September 10, 2010, T.S. died in a methamphetamine-related

explosion. C.K. witnessed his grandmother’s injuries. Without notifying DCS, Father

took C.K. back into his care and control.

       On September 15, 2010, DCS filed an emergency motion to modify the

dispositional decree, seeking to place C.K. in foster care and requesting unsupervised

                                             3
visitation between C.K. and his stepmother, N.K., who had moved to Michigan. In

support thereof, DCS asserted that C.K. had been raised by N.K.; C.K. had an

“established caregiver relationship” with N.K.; and that N.K. would facilitate visitation

between C.K. and B.K. (App. 60). The trial court granted the modification and ordered

that C.K. be placed in foster care, “with a move to less restrictive placement a[t] the

discretion of DCS,” and that unsupervised visitation “begin immediately between [C.K.]

and [N.K.]” (App. 62).

       Following a modification hearing on September 20, 2010, the trial court

suspended visitation between C.K. and Father. The trial court also ordered C.K. to

“remain in an extended visit in the home of [N.K.] pending the completed interstate

compact” and that Father have no contact with either C.K. or N.K. (App. 73). Finally,

the trial court noted that “a Personal Protection Order issued by the State of Michigan

was served on [Father] in open Court.” (App. 74).

       On November 8, 2010, DCS filed a motion for rule to show cause, asserting that

Father had violated the no-contact order. Specifically, DCS asserted that Father had

telephoned N.K. on three separate occasions and had stated “that he ha[d] a plan up his

sleeve to get [C.K.] back and that [N.K.] will never see him again.” (App. 75). The trial

court held a hearing on the motion for rule to show cause on November 10, 2010. After

finding that “the hearing was set too quickly to insure that [F]ather received notice” of

the hearing, the trial court continued the hearing to January 13, 2011. (App. 76).



                                             4
       At some point prior to January 10, 2011, Father relocated to Florida for a job

opportunity. Father therefore ceased participating in services. Thereafter, the trial court

held a hearing on DCS’s motion for rule to show cause. The trial court found that Father

had failed to complete the court-ordered intensive outpatient drug treatment program,

missing seventeen sessions; violated the no-contact order on four separate occasions; and

had failed to pay child support. The trial court therefore ordered that Father serve forty-

eight hours in jail.

       On June 15, 2011, DCS filed a petition to terminate the parents’ parental rights.

The trial court set an initial hearing for July 14, 2011. Father, by counsel, filed a motion

to appear telephonically. The trial court granted Father’s motion.

       On July 14, 2011, the trial court held the initial hearing on DCS’s petition to

terminate. Although “attempts were made to contact [F]ather to appear by telephone,” he

failed to appear. (App. 107). Counsel, however, appeared and represented Father. The

trial court therefore ordered Father to appear in person at the evidentiary hearing set for

September 9, 2011.      On August 30, 2011, Father filed a motion to appear at the

evidentiary hearing telephonically, asserting that he was unable to travel from Florida.

Finding that “Father had notice of his obligation to appear and has had nearly two months

to make travel arrangements,” the trial court denied Father’s request. (App. 113).

       The trial court held the final hearing on September 9, 2011. Father, by counsel,

again moved to appear telephonically. The trial court denied the motion.



                                             5
       Alicia Kimble, the family’s case manager, testified that even prior to the entry of

the no-contact order between Father and N.K., Father failed to exercise visitation with

C.K. According to Kimble, Father “didn’t seem interested” and “never tried to have

visitations with [C.K.]” (Tr. 242). Kimble also testified that Father failed to complete a

substance abuse program; failed to comply with the court-ordered drug screens; and

failed to stay in contact with Kimble. According to Kimble, Father passed two drug

screens, both of which were administered during Father’s visits to Indiana from Florida;

the screens, however, were not random. She also testified that Father completed an on-

line substance abuse class in Florida. Kimble, however, did not believe the class met

DCS’s standards because it was “[o]nly a 24-hour online substance abuse course . . . .”

(Tr. 243). She testified that it “couldn’t give you [as] much information as hands-on in

class, one-on-one or group sessions . . . .” (Tr. 243).

       Kimble opined that termination of Father’s parental rights would be in C.K.’s best

interests “so that [C.K.] can have a stable drug-free living environment where his needs

are being met, that he feels love, he feels secure and safe.” (Tr. 253). Finally, Kimble

testified that DCS’s plan for C.K. is adoption and that N.K. had expressed a desire to

adopt him.

       The CASA testified that she did not believe Father could provide a stable

environment for C.K. due to Father’s “lack of compliance with services and . . . just

overall his lack of involvement in [C.K.]’s life.” (Tr. 259). She further testified that she



                                              6
believed termination of Father’s parental rights to be in C.K.’s best interests because N.K

provides a “stable parental figure” and “healthy environment.” (Tr. 261).

       In lieu of testimony, the trial court admitted a letter from Father into evidence. In

the letter, Father asserted that he had passed “several random drug screenings”;

“completed drug classes”; completed parenting classes; and complied with the no-contact

order. (Father’s Ex. 1).

       On September 19, 2011, the trial court entered its order, terminating Father’s

parental rights.

                                        DECISION

 1. Due Process

       Father asserts that the trial court violated his due process rights by denying his

motions to appear at the final hearing telephonically and proceeding in Father’s absence.

       Although parental rights are of a constitutional dimension, the law allows for

termination of these rights when parties are unable or unwilling to meet their

responsibility. In re A.N.J., 690 N.E.2d 716, 720 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). The purpose of

termination of parental rights is not to punish parents but to protect children. In re L.S.,

717 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied.

              [T]he Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution prohibits
       state action that deprives a person of life, liberty, or property without a fair
       proceeding.      When the State seeks to terminate the parent-child
       relationship, it must do so in a manner that meets the requirements of due
       process. “The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to
       be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.”


                                              7
              The nature of process due in a termination of parental rights
       proceeding turns on the balancing of three factors: (1) the private interests
       affected by the proceeding; (2) the risk of error created by the State’s
       chosen procedure; and (3) the countervailing governmental interest
       supporting use of the challenged procedure. The balancing of these factors
       recognizes that although due process is not dependent on the underlying
       facts of the particular case, it is nevertheless “flexible and calls for such
       procedural protections as the particular situation demands.”
D.A. v. Monroe County Dep’t of Child Serv., 869 N.E.2d 501, 510 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007)

(internal citations omitted). A parent in a proceeding to terminate the parent-child

relationship is statutorily entitled to (1) cross-examine witnesses, (2) obtain witnesses or

tangible evidence by compulsory process, and (3) introduce evidence on behalf of the

parent. In re C.G., 954 N.E.2d 910, 917 (Ind. 2011) (citing Indiana Code section 31-32-

2-3(b)).

       Both the private interests and the countervailing governmental interests that are

affected by the proceeding are substantial. Id. “In particular, the action concerns a

parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his children, which has been

recognized as one of the most valued relationships in our culture.” Id. The right to raise

one’s children is an essential and basic right. Id. Thus, “a parent’s interest in the

accuracy and justice of the decision is commanding.” Id. “On the other hand, the State’s

parens patriae interest in protecting the welfare of the children involved is also

significant.” Id.

       When balancing the competing interests of a parent and the State, we must

consider the risk of error created by the challenged procedure. In prior opinions, this

court has addressed whether proceeding with a termination hearing in a parent’s absence

                                             8
violates the parent’s constitutional right to due process. Generally, we have held that

there is no constitutional right for a parent to be physically present at a termination

hearing. See In re B.J., 879 N.E.2d 7, 16 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. In so

holding, this court has determined that the rights of the parent are sufficiently protected

where the parent is represented by counsel throughout the termination hearing; the

parent’s counsel is provided with an opportunity to cross-examine witnesses; and the

parent, through counsel, is able to introduce evidence. See id. at 17. In this case, Father

challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to appear telephonically rather than in

person.

       The record shows that the trial court ordered Father to appear in person at the

evidentiary hearing after he failed to appear telephonically at an initial hearing on DCS’s

petition to terminate his parental rights. In so doing, the trial court set the hearing two

months in advance, giving Father time to arrange transportation and time off from work.

Only ten days prior to the hearing, Father filed a motion to appear telephonically. The

trial court denied the motion and held the final hearing as scheduled. Father did not

appear at the final hearing; counsel, however, represented Father during the entire hearing

and cross-examined witnesses. Furthermore, the trial court admitted and considered a

letter from Father into evidence in lieu of his testimony.

       Given these facts, we cannot say that the trial court’s refusal to allow Father to

participate telephonically resulted in a significant risk of error. Furthermore, we cannot

agree with Father that the procedure prejudiced him by precluding him “from presenting

                                              9
evidence of what he had accomplished during the pendency of the case” and

“prohibit[ing] [Father] from presenting evidence in defense of the allegations . . . .”

Father’s Br. at 22. The trial court admitted into evidence Father’s letter, which detailed

the actions he had taken during the course of the CHINS-proceeding, and there is no

evidence in the record that Father attempted to present any additional evidence. We

therefore do not find that the trial court’s denial of Father’s motion to appear

telephonically violated Father’s due process rights.

2. Order

       Father asserts that the trial court erred in terminating his parental rights.

Specifically, Father asserts that the trial court’s findings are deficient because the

findings merely recite the testimony of witnesses. Father also asserts that the trial court’s

findings of fact and conclusion of law are not supported by the evidence.

       In reviewing the termination of parental rights, we will neither reweigh the

evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses. In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d 1127, 1132 (Ind.

2010). We consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment. Id. Where the

trial court has entered findings of fact and conclusions of law, we apply a two-tiered

standard of review. Id. We must determine whether the evidence supports the findings

and then whether the findings support the judgment. Id. We will set aside a judgment

terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. A judgment is

clearly erroneous if the findings do not support the conclusions or the conclusions do not

support the judgment. Id.

                                             10
       Findings of fact are clearly erroneous when the record lacks any evidence or

reasonable inferences to support them. In re Adoption of T.J.F., 798 N.E.2d 867, 874

(Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Erroneous findings include findings that are merely a recitation of

the evidence. Id.

       A court or an administrative agency does not find something to be a fact by
       merely reciting that a witness testified to X, Y, or Z. Rather, the trier of
       fact must find that what the witness testified to is the fact. Additionally, the
       trier of fact must adopt the testimony of the witness before the “finding”
       may be considered a finding of fact.

Id. (internal citation omitted).

       Provided, however, “there exist at least some valid findings to support the trial

court’s conclusions, erroneous findings will not prove fatal.” A.F. v. Marion County

Office of Family & Children, 762 N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied.

“Because findings of fact are not to be reviewed individually, we review them in their

entirety to determine if they support the court’s legal conclusions or if they constitute an

abuse of discretion.” Id.

       When DCS seeks to terminate parental rights, it must plead and prove in relevant

part that:

       (B) that one (1) of the following is true:


              (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
       in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of the
       parents will not be remedied.
              (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
       parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the child.


                                             11
             ....

             (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

             (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the
             child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2).      These allegations must be established by clear and

convincing evidence. I.A., 934 N.E.2d at 1133.

      Because subsection (b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, DCS need prove only

one of the two elements by clear and convincing evidence. See Bester v. Lake County

Office of Family and Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 153 n.5 (Ind. 2005). Thus, if we hold

that the evidence sufficiently shows that the conditions resulting in removal will not be

remedied, we need not address whether the continuation of the parent-child relationship

poses a threat to the well-being of D.T. See I.C. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B); A.N.J., 690

N.E.2d at 721 n.2.

      a. Conditions remedied

      In this case, Father asserts that DCS failed to establish that the conditions resulting

in the removal of C.K. will not be remedied. To determine whether the conditions are

likely to be remedied, the trial court must examine the parent’s fitness to care for the

child “as of the time of the termination hearing and take into account any evidence of

changed conditions.” In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 881 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). The trial

court, however, also must determine whether there is a substantial probability of future

neglect or deprivation. Id. In so doing, the trial court “may properly consider evidence


                                            12
of a parent’s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to

provide support, and lack of adequate housing and employment.” McBride v. Monroe

County Office of Family and Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).

       The trial court may also consider the services offered to the parent and the parent’s

response to those services. Id. “Finally, we must be ever mindful that parental rights,

while constitutionally protected, are not absolute and must be subordinated to the best

interests of the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding termination.” Id.

Thus, the trial court need not wait until a child is irreversibly harmed such that the child’s

physical, mental, and social development is permanently impaired before terminating the

parent-child relationship. Id.

       Here, the trial court found that Father was held in contempt for “failing to attend

court ordered Intensive Outpatient drug treatment, for failing to pay child support, and for

contacting and making threats against [N.K.] in violation of court orders.” (App. 9). The

trial court further found that Father “has exhibited a pattern of unwillingness to work with

the DCS and service providers. [F]ather, made the choice to move away from his child

even though the case manager warned it would make reunification more difficult.

[F]ather has shown little commitment to his child.” (App. 14). The trial court also

reiterated its previous findings that Father had failed to comply with the case plan by not

completing a substance abuse assessment; not maintaining contact with DCS; missing

seventeen sessions of his drug treatment program; paying no child support; and violating

the no-contact order.

                                             13
        The evidence shows that DCS removed C.K. from Father’s care due to Father’s

alleged manufacturing and use of methamphetamine.                    Father denied manufacturing

methamphetamine; however, both Father and C.K. tested positive for methamphetamine.

Accordingly, the trial court ordered Father to submit to random drug screens. Father,

however, only submitted to two drug tests, neither of which was random, during the

fifteen months from the date DCS removed C.K. until the final hearing.

        Furthermore, the evidence shows that Father failed to comply with court-ordered

services, including following the recommendations for substance-abuse treatment; failed

to fully participate in visitation; failed to pay child support, despite his purported

employment in Florida; and did not maintain contact with DCS.2 Father also violated the

trial court’s no-contact order.

        We find that the evidence clearly and convincingly supports the findings, which

clearly and convincingly support trial court’s conclusion that the conditions that resulted

in C.K.’s removal will not be remedied.              We therefore cannot say the trial court’s

judgment is clearly erroneous.

        b. Best interests

        Father also challenges the trial court’s finding and determination that termination

of his parental rights is in the best interests of C.K. For the “best interest of the child”

statutory element, the trial court is required to consider the totality of the evidence and

2
  We note that Father seems to argue that DCS should have offered or arranged for services in Florida.
We cannot say, however, that DCS has a duty to provide or coordinate out-of-state services. See, e.g., In
re S.M., 840 N.E.2d 865, 869 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Furthermore, Father does not dispute that DCS
offered services in Indiana.
                                                   14
determine whether the custody by the parent is wholly inadequate for the child’s future

physical, mental, and social growth. In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 223 (Ind. Ct. App.

2010). In making this determination, the trial court must subordinate the interest of the

parent to that of the child involved.      Id.     In addition, the recommendations of the

caseworker and CASA that parental rights be terminated support a finding that

termination is in the child’s best interests. C.T. v. Marion County Dep’t of Child Serv.,

896 N.E.2d 571, 586 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied.

       As to whether termination of Father’s parental rights would be in C.K.’s best

interests, the trial court found, inter alia, that C.K. “has in essence lost his father because

his father made the choice to move to Florida and has not participated in services or

visited his child ever since.” (App. 16). The trial court further found that Father “has

demonstrated a lack of stability in his commitment to his child since the start of this case

as evidenced by his lack of contact with the child. The commitment is necessary for the

child to ever feel safe and secure. The court finds the father cannot meet the child’s

needs.” (App. 16).

       Both DCS case manager Kimble and the CASA testified that it would be in C.K.’s

best interests to terminate Father’s parental rights as C.K. needs stability and

permanency. The trial court heard testimony that Father’s pattern of behavior indicates

that he lacks the motivation to provide a stable environment for C.K. This is reflected in

Father not participating in services or visitation with C.K. and moving to another state in



                                              15
the midst of the CHINS case. The recommendations and testimony support the trial

court’s finding that termination of Father’s parental rights is in C.K.’s best interests.




        c. Satisfactory plan

        Father maintains that DCS “failed to provide testimony that clearly and

convincingly showed that at the time of the evidentiary hearing, . . . adoption was a

satisfactory plan for placement of C.K.” Father’s Br. at 34. We disagree.

        Before the trial court may terminate the parent-child relationship, it must find that

there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child. In re S.L.H.S., 885

N.E.2d 603, 618 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). “This plan need not be detailed, so long as it

offers a general sense of the direction in which the child will be going after the parent-

child relationship is terminated.” Id. Generally, adoption is a satisfactory plan. See id.

        DCS presented evidence that C.K. has a bond with, and is doing well in the care

of, N.K., his stepmother. Kimble testified that DCS’s permanency plan for C.K. is

adoption, and N.K. testified that she is interested in adopting C.K. Given the evidence,

DCS has proved that there is a satisfactory plan in place.3



3
    Father argues that the “[b]ecause the order does not indicate the court considers [DCS]’s plan
satisfactory, the plan should be considered as not satisfactory.” Father’s Br. at 33. In finding that
termination of Mother’s parental rights would be in C.K.’s best interest, the trial court found that DCS
“has a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment” of C.K., which is adoption. (App. 8). As we review
the trial court’s findings in their entirety, we cannot say that the trial court erred in terminating Father’s
parental rights. See A.F., 762 N.E.2d at 1251.
                                                     16
       Upon review, we find that DCS established its allegations against Father by clear

and convincing evidence. Such evidence supports the trial court’s findings that the

conditions that resulted in the removal of C.K. will not be remedied; that termination is in

his best interests; and that DCS has a satisfactory plan. Furthermore, the trial court’s

findings sufficiently support the trial court’s conclusions. Accordingly, the elements

necessary to sustain the termination of Father’s parental relationship with C.K. were

established by clear and convincing evidence.

       Affirmed.

NAJAM, J., and RILEY, J., concur.




                                            17
