Opinion issued August 23, 2012




                                 In The

                           Court of Appeals
                                 For The

                       First District of Texas
                        ————————————
                           NO. 01-09-00022-CV
                         ———————————
 DAVID STEAKLEY, MARVIN STEAKLEY, DARRELL KAINER, ALAN
 PETERS, GLEN M. BOUDREAUX, AND TIM S. LEONARD, Appellants
                                   V.
ROUND ONE INVESTMENTS, L.P., SOMETIMES DOING BUSINESS AS
 ROUND ONE INVESTMENTS I, L.P., ROUND ONE INVESTMENTS,
 LLC, SOMETIMES DOING BUSINESS AS ROI INVESTMENTS, LLC,
  INTELLIGENT DATA DELIVERY CORP., VIDYAH, INC., JOHN S.
        ROBISON, AND C. WILLIAM FOWLER, Appellees



                 On Appeal from the 151st District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 2007-45337
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellants David Steakley, Marvin Steakley, Darrell Kainer, Alan Peters,

Glen M. Boudreaux, and Tim S. Leonard (“Buyers”) appeal from an order

dismissing their case without prejudice based upon a contractual forum-selection

clause. We conclude that the Buyers’ claims are not within the scope of the forum-

selection clause. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

                                   Background

      The Buyers are individuals who claim that they were misled into investing in

Intelligent Data Delivery Corporation (“IDDC”).        They filed suit against the

appellees, who include IDDC and interrelated businesses, along with individuals

involved in the governance and management of these businesses. Round One

Investments, L.L.C. (“ROI”) is the general partner of Round One Investments,

L.P., a venture capital firm that owned more than 10% of IDDC. ROI provided

information to the Buyers in connection with their investments in IDDC.

      In their original petition, the Buyers alleged that they each executed separate

subscription agreements for the purchase of stock in IDDC. Each subscription

agreement included a California choice-of-law provision and specified that the

agreement “may be amended only by a writing executed by the Company and the

Subscriber.”   The subscription agreement did not include a venue- or forum-

selection clause.


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      Subsequently, the Buyers were asked to sign nondisclosure agreements. The

form of the nondisclosure agreement provided, in its entirety:

                        Round One Investments, L.L.C.
                       NONDISCLOSURE AGREEMENT

             In connection with a proposed business relationship, Round
      One Investments, L.L.C. (“ROI”) has disclosed or may disclose to you
      valuable business or other information relating to ROI, its investors
      and/or its proposed transactions and/or has provided you or may
      provide you with documentation or other materials (“Proprietary
      Information”). In consideration of any disclosure of Proprietary
      Information and any negotiations concerning the proposed business
      relationship, the undersigned agrees as follows:

      1.     You acknowledge that any business or technical information
      relating to ROI and/or its investors and/or its proposed transactions
      and/or any documentation or other materials provided to you shall be
      deemed “Proprietary Information” and subject to the terms of this
      Agreement, unless otherwise agreed upon in writing by ROI.

      2.     You will hold in confidence and not use or disclose, directly or
      indirectly, any Proprietary Information except information you can
      document which (a) is in, or becomes part of, the public domain
      through no fault of yours, or (b) was properly disclosed to you by
      another person without restriction. In addition, you will not copy,
      alter, modify, or distribute any Proprietary Information. The
      foregoing does not grant you a license in or to any Proprietary
      Information. You acknowledge and agree that, as between you and
      ROI, all Proprietary Information and all copies thereof are owned
      solely by ROI.

      3.     If you decide not to proceed with the proposed business
      relationship or if asked to by ROI, you will immediately cease all use
      of and return all Proprietary Information and all copies and extracts to
      ROI.

      4.    You will immediately notify ROI of any unauthorized release
      of Proprietary Information. You understand that this Nondisclosure

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      Agreement does not obligate ROI to disclose any information to you,
      or negotiate or enter into any agreement or relationship with you.

      5.     You acknowledge and agree that due to the nature of the
      Proprietary Information, there can be no adequate remedy at law for
      any breach of your obligations hereunder, that any such breach may
      allow you or third parties to compete unfairly with ROI resulting in
      irreparable harm to ROI and, therefore that upon any such breach or
      threat thereof, ROI shall be entitled to injunctions and other
      appropriate equitable relief in addition to whatever remedies it may
      have at law. In addition, if ROI prevails in any legal dispute
      hereunder it shall be entitled to collect from you its reasonable
      attorneys’ fees and expenses.

      6.    You acknowledge and agree that for a period of three (3) years
      from the date this Nondisclosure Agreement is accepted, you will
      maintain all Proprietary Information in confidence and will refrain
      from using any such Proprietary Information for any purpose, unless
      so authorized by ROI.

      7.     This Nondisclosure Agreement shall be governed and construed
      under the laws of the State of California and the United States without
      regard to conflict of laws provisions thereof. The sole jurisdiction and
      venue for actions related to the subject matter hereof shall be
      California state and U.S. federal courts having within their jurisdiction
      the location of ROI’s principal place of business. You consent to the
      jurisdiction of such courts.


      The nondisclosure agreement thus required the Buyers to keep Proprietary

Information confidential, to return copies of Proprietary Information to ROI if the

parties chose not to proceed with the proposed business relationship, and to notify

ROI of an unauthorized release of Proprietary Information.           The agreement

established that these obligations would exist for three years, that no remedy at law

would be adequate in the event of a breach, and that ROI would be entitled to

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injunctive relief, equitable relief, attorney’s fees, and expenses in the event of a

breach. As pertinent to this appeal, a forum-selection clause required that “actions

related to the subject matter” of the nondisclosure agreement must be brought in a

California court.

      The Buyers’ lawsuit is premised upon the allegation that they invested in

IDDC based on representations that the company would soon be acquired by

Vidyah, an affiliate of the Knowledge Universe group, a successful business

venture that owned many well-known educational brands, including LeapFrog and

Kindercare. The Buyers allege that the appellees made representations that Vidyah

would purchase IDDC by means of a stock issuance and, shortly thereafter, Vidyah

would have an initial public offering, giving the Buyers a speedy cash profit.

      Vidyah purchased IDDC by issuing shares of Vidyah stock to the IDDC

shareholders, but Vidyah did not have an initial public offering. The Buyers sued,

alleging that the appellees “persuaded [them] to purchase IDDC stock by providing

false, misleading, and incomplete information concerning the profitability of

Vidyah, the structure of a relationship with Vidyah to achieve liquidity[,] . . . and

by promising a forthcoming initial public offering of Vidyah stock.” The Buyers

also alleged that the appellees’ failure to disclose pertinent facts rendered their

representations materially misleading.




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      The Buyers brought two causes of action for statutory fraud in a transaction

involving stock in a corporation, alleging that the appellees made false

representations of material fact and made false promises. See TEX. BUS. & COM.

CODE ANN. § 27.01 (West 2009). They also alleged fraud based on violations of the

Texas Securities Act. See generally TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. arts. 581-1 to 581-

43 (West 2010 & Supp. 2011). The appellees answered and moved to dismiss,

relying on the forum-selection clause of the nondisclosure agreements. The trial

court granted the motion to dismiss, and the Buyers appealed.

      On appeal, the Buyers contend that the trial court erred by granting the

motion to dismiss. They argue that the forum-selection clause does not apply

because (1) the alleged fraud occurred before the parties signed the nondisclosure

agreements, (2) the underlying claims are not for breach of the nondisclosure

agreements, (3) the sale of stock was made pursuant to a separate agreement and

the parties to the two agreements are not identical, (4) a forum-selection clause

does not deprive Texas courts of jurisdiction over claims arising under the Texas

Securities Act, and (5) Section 33L of the Texas Securities Act voids application of

an exclusive forum-selection clause.1


1
      In their notice of appeal, the Buyers also appealed from the trial court’s
      order sustaining John S. Robison’s special appearance and dismissing the
      Buyers’ claims against him for want of jurisdiction. Pursuant to a
      bankruptcy discharge, the Buyers have moved to dismiss their appeal as to
      Robison only. See 11 U.S.C. § 727(b). No party has opposed the motion to
                                         6
                                     Analysis

      “A motion to dismiss is the proper procedural mechanism for enforcing a

forum-selection clause that a party to the agreement has violated in filing suit.”

Phoenix Network Techs. (Europe) Ltd. v. Neon Sys., Inc., 177 S.W.3d 605, 610

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).         On appeal, we review the

enforcement of a forum-selection clause for an abuse of discretion. Id. “However,

to the extent that our review involves contractual interpretation of a forum-

selection clause—a legal matter—the standard of review is de novo.” Id.2

      “When a party seeks to enforce a mandatory forum-selection clause, a court

must determine whether the claims in question fall within the scope of that clause.”


      dismiss. Further, the Buyers have not included in their briefing any
      argument pertinent to the trial court’s order sustaining Robison’s special
      appearance. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss their appeal from the order
      sustaining Robison’s special appearance is granted.
2
      Although the nondisclosure agreement specifies that it “shall be governed
      and construed under the laws of the State of California and the United States
      without regard to conflict of laws provisions thereof,” no party has provided
      us any arguments based upon California law or otherwise suggested that the
      contract would be interpreted differently under the laws of California and
      Texas. Accordingly, like the parties have done, we will analyze the
      nondisclosure agreement in accordance with well-established principles of
      contract interpretation under Texas law. Cf. In re Lisa Laser USA, Inc., 310
      S.W.3d 880, 884–86 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam) (relying on well-established
      principles of contract interpretation under Texas law to determine whether
      forum-selection clause applied to dispute, despite choice-of-law provision
      specifying California law); In re AdvancePCS Health L.P., 172 S.W.3d 603,
      606 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam) (holding that in the absence of conflicting
      laws, “there can be no harm in applying Texas law”).
                                         7
Deep Water Slender Wells, Ltd. v. Shell Int’l Exploration & Prod., Inc., 234

S.W.3d 679, 687–88 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied); see In

re Lisa Laser USA, Inc., 310 S.W.3d 880, 884–86 (Tex. 2010) (considering

whether Texas lawsuit fell within scope of forum-selection clause). To do so, the

court makes a “common-sense examination of the claims and the forum-selection

clause to determine if the clause covers the claims.” In re Int’l Profit Assocs., Inc.,

274 S.W.3d 672, 677 (Tex. 2009). In construing a forum-selection clause, our

primary goal is to give effect to the parties’ intent as expressed in their written

agreement. Phoenix Network Techs., 177 S.W.3d at 615; see Frost Nat’l Bank v.

L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 311–12 (Tex. 2005). Contract terms are

given their plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meanings, and contracts are to

be construed as a whole in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all provisions

of the contract. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 662 (Tex.

2005).   If the forum-selection clause is susceptible of only one reasonable

meaning, then it is not ambiguous, and the court may not consider parol evidence.

Id.; see Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983).

      The forum-selection clause at issue states that it applies to “actions related to

the subject matter” of the nondisclosure agreement. Broadly stated, the subject

matter of the nondisclosure agreement is the protection and nondisclosure of

information that the parties have deemed to be proprietary, as well as remedies for

                                          8
a breach of the agreement.       The Buyers were the recipients of proprietary

information, and the terms of the agreement imposed restrictions on the Buyers’

use of that information. The agreement also created rights in favor of ROI as the

provider of information to enforce the restrictions. The appellees argue that the

nondisclosure agreement “govern[ed] the terms of their investment relationship”

because, by the agreement’s terms, it “relate[d] to ‘business or other information

relating to ROI, its investors and/or its proposed transactions . . . .’”        The

nondisclosure agreement was concerned with the use of “Proprietary Information,”

and that term was defined in the agreement to embrace “business or technical

information relating to ROI,” including information relating to “its investors” and

“its proposed transactions.” But no common-sense reading of the nondisclosure

agreement permits a conclusion that the subject matter of the agreement is the

“investment relationship” itself, such that the forum-selection clause would

effectively apply to other disputes arising from the parties’ transactions, including

the Buyers’ claims for breaches of duties existing independently of the specific

agreement about the treatment of proprietary information.

      The Buyers’ claims are for statutory fraud in a stock transaction and for

violations of the Texas Securities Act. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01.

The duties implicated by these claims are established by the law applicable to the

subscription agreements; they do not relate to the rights and obligations created by

                                         9
the nondisclosure agreement. See In re Int’l Profit Assocs., 274 S.W.3d at 677

(“determining whether a contract or some other general legal obligation establishes

the duty at issue and dictates whether the claims are such as to be covered by the

contractual forum-selection clause should be according to a common-sense

examination of the substance of the claims made”). We conclude that the forum-

selection clause in the nondisclosure agreements does not apply to the Buyers’

claims, and we hold that the trial court erred by granting the appellees’ motion to

dismiss. We sustain the Buyers’ second issue, which is dispositive of this appeal.

                                   Conclusion

      We reverse the judgment of the trial court dismissing the Buyers’ case based

on the forum-selection clause and remand for further proceedings.




                                             Michael Massengale
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Bland, Massengale, and Brown.




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