Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
07/02/2020 08:10 AM CDT




                                                          - 372 -
                               Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                                        306 Nebraska Reports
                                        STATE ON BEHALF OF MIAH S. v. IAN K.
                                                 Cite as 306 Neb. 372




                       State of Nebraska on behalf of Miah S., a minor
                           child, appellee, v. Ian K., appellee, and
                                    Aaron S., appellant.
                                                     ___ N.W.2d ___

                                            Filed July 2, 2020.     No. S-19-937.

                 1. Statutes: Appeal and Error. The meaning and interpretation of statutes
                    are questions of law for which an appellate court has an obligation to
                    reach an independent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by
                    the court below.
                 2. Paternity: Statutes. Paternity proceedings are purely statutory, and
                    because such statutes modify the common law, they must be strictly
                    construed.
                 3. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory language is to be given its plain
                    and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort to inter-
                    pretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain,
                    direct, and unambiguous.
                 4. Paternity: Statutes. An action to establish paternity is statutory in
                    nature, and the authority to bring such action must be found in the
                    statute.
                 5. Paternity. Read together, Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 43-1411 and 43-1401(1)
                    (Reissue 2016) authorize the State to bring an action to establish the
                    paternity of a child born out of wedlock.

                  Appeal from the Separate Juvenile Court of Lancaster
               County: Reggie L. Ryder, Judge. Vacated and remanded with
               directions to dismiss.
                    Dalton W. Tietjen, of Tietjen, Simon & Boyle, for appellant.
                Patrick Condon, Lancaster County Attorney, and Haley N.
               Messerschmidt for appellee State of Nebraska.
                                     - 373 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      306 Nebraska Reports
                  STATE ON BEHALF OF MIAH S. v. IAN K.
                           Cite as 306 Neb. 372

  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.

   Stacy, J.
   In this case, the State filed a complaint seeking to disestab-
lish the paternity of Aaron S. to a child born during his mar-
riage to the child’s mother and to establish paternity in another
man. The separate juvenile court of Lancaster County granted
the requested relief, and Aaron appeals. Because we find the
State was not statutorily authorized to bring the action, we
vacate the order and remand the cause with directions to dis-
miss the State’s complaint.

                              FACTS
   Cameo S. and Aaron S. were married on July 15, 2018.
Approximately 10 months later, Cameo gave birth to a daugh-
ter. Aaron was present for the birth and was listed as the father
on the child’s birth certificate. 1
   Genetic testing performed a few months later showed
Ian K. was the child’s biological father. Based on the test
results, the State filed a complaint in the district court for
Lancaster County seeking to establish Ian’s paternity. On the
State’s motion, the action was transferred to the separate juve-
nile court, which already had jurisdiction over the child due
to an abuse/neglect adjudication 2 involving Cameo but not
Aaron. 3
1
    See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-640.01 ((Reissue 2018) (when mother married at
    time of conception or birth, name of husband entered on birth certificate
    as child’s father unless court establishes paternity in another or mother and
    husband execute affidavits attesting husband is not father).
2
    See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(3)(a) (Reissue 2016).
3
    See, § 43-247(10) (juvenile court has jurisdiction over “[t]he paternity or
    custody determination for a child over which the juvenile court already has
    jurisdiction”); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1411.01 (Cum. Supp. 2018) (county
    court or separate juvenile court may determine paternity if already has
    jurisdiction over child).
                               - 374 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                   306 Nebraska Reports
               STATE ON BEHALF OF MIAH S. v. IAN K.
                        Cite as 306 Neb. 372

                   State’s Paternity Action
   The State’s complaint alleged that during the marriage of
Cameo and Aaron, a child was born, but the child’s biologi-
cal father was Ian, not Aaron. The State prayed for an order
“finding that [Aaron] is not the biological father of said minor
child [and] that [Ian] is the biological father of said child.” It is
undisputed that at the time the child was born, and at the time
of trial in this matter, Cameo and Aaron were married.
   At trial, a caseworker from the Department of Health and
Human Services (DHHS) testified the child became a ward of
the State immediately after birth, and the child had never lived
with Cameo or Aaron. The DHHS caseworker testified that
Aaron had always expressed a desire to be the child’s father
and had visited the child regularly while she was in foster care.
According to the caseworker, Aaron stopped visiting for a time
after he learned of the genetic test results, but he had resumed
visitation with the child by the time of trial.
   The caseworker testified that Ian had no contact with the
child and had “strenuously advocated” to be allowed to relin-
quish whatever rights he may be found to have with respect to
the child. The caseworker did not consider either Aaron or Ian
an “ideal father,” but she testified that if Aaron remained the
legal father after the hearing, DHHS would provide him serv­
ices to address “whatever issues” he may be found to have.
   Aaron testified he wanted to remain the child’s father and
was willing to participate in any services DHHS could offer
him. He expressly stated he was willing to take full respon-
sibility for the child, including financial responsibility. Aaron
testified that he no longer wished to be married to Cameo and
had commenced divorce proceedings that morning. Our appel-
late record does not contain any other information regarding
the status of the dissolution proceeding.
   At the conclusion of the evidence, the State asked the court
to “dis-establish” Aaron as the child’s legal father and to
establish Ian as the child’s father so he could effectively relin-
quish his rights. The State acknowledged that Aaron wanted to
                               - 375 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                   306 Nebraska Reports
               STATE ON BEHALF OF MIAH S. v. IAN K.
                        Cite as 306 Neb. 372

remain the child’s father, but it suggested without elaboration
that Aaron’s goal was to “circumvent the adoption process.”
   Ian’s counsel asked the court to dismiss the State’s paternity
action, arguing that despite the results of the genetic testing,
Ian had not signed an acknowledgment of paternity and Aaron
remained the child’s legal father. Aaron’s counsel agreed, argu-
ing that at the time of trial, Aaron was the child’s legal father
and wanted to remain so.
                         Court’s Order
   The separate juvenile court entered an order which pur-
ported to disestablish Aaron as the child’s father and to estab-
lish Ian as the child’s biological father. As to Aaron, the court
found:
      While he was the legal father of [the child] at her birth,
      the evidence clearly and convincingly shows that, when
      considering her age [and] her previous relationship with
      [Aaron] there is no significant evidence that [the child]
      could benefit from establishing paternity with [Aaron
      and] it is in the best interest of [the child] to disestablish
      [Aaron] as her legal father.
And as to Ian, the court found “he is also not a very appealing
choice to be the legal and/or biological father” of the child.
But the court found the genetic test results clearly established
Ian as the child’s biological father, and it granted the State the
relief sought in its complaint.
   Aaron timely appealed, and we moved the case to our docket
on our own motion.
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Aaron assigns, summarized, that the juvenile court erred
in disestablishing his paternity and in establishing Ian as the
child’s father.
                 STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] The meaning and interpretation of statutes are questions
of law for which an appellate court has an obligation to reach
                                   - 376 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     306 Nebraska Reports
                 STATE ON BEHALF OF MIAH S. v. IAN K.
                          Cite as 306 Neb. 372

an independent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by
the court below. 4
                           ANALYSIS
   Under Nebraska common law, now embodied in Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 42-377 (Supp. 2019), children born to parties in a mar-
riage relationship “shall be legitimate unless otherwise decreed
by the court.” 5 In this case, it is undisputed that Cameo and
Aaron were married when the child was born. Neither Cameo,
Aaron, nor Ian sought to delegitimize the child or to challenge
Aaron’s status as the child’s legal father. Instead, the State filed
the operative complaint expressly seeking to “disestablish”
Aaron as the child’s father and to establish Ian as the biologi-
cal father.
   The question presented here is a narrow one: Is the State
statutorily authorized to bring a paternity action seeking to
delegitimize a child born during a marriage relationship in
order to establish biological paternity in another man?
   [2,3] To answer this question, we examine the statutes that
govern actions to establish and disestablish paternity. In doing
so, we remember that paternity proceedings are purely statu-
tory, and because such statutes modify the common law, they
must be strictly construed. 6 Statutory language is to be given
its plain and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not
resort to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory
words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. 7
   Civil proceedings to establish the paternity of a child are
governed by Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 43-1411 (Reissue 2016) and
43-1411.01 (Cum. Supp. 2018). Section 43-1411 sets out the
circumstances under which a paternity action may be instituted
4
    See State v. Sierra, 305 Neb. 249, 939 N.W.2d 808 (2020).
5
    See, also, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1406(2) (Reissue 2016) (“[a] child whose
    parents marry is legitimate”).
6
    See State on behalf of B.M. v. Brian F., 288 Neb. 106, 846 N.W.2d 257
    (2014).
7
    In re Guardianship of Eliza W., 304 Neb. 995, 938 N.W.2d 307 (2020).
                                  - 377 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     306 Nebraska Reports
                 STATE ON BEHALF OF MIAH S. v. IAN K.
                          Cite as 306 Neb. 372

and identifies who may institute such an action. Those autho-
rized to bring an action to establish paternity under § 43-1411
include the mother or the alleged father of a child, the guard-
ian or next friend of a child, and the State. Section 43-1411.01
dictates in which courts an action to establish paternity may
be filed.
   Civil proceedings to disestablish paternity are governed by
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1412.01 (Reissue 2016), which provides
in relevant part:
         An individual may file a complaint for relief and the
      court may set aside a final judgment, court order, admin-
      istrative order, obligation to pay child support, or any
      other legal determination of paternity if a scientifically
      reliable genetic test performed in accordance with sec-
      tions 43-1401 to 43-1418 establishes the exclusion of the
      individual named as a father in the legal determination.
In Alisha C. v. Jeremy C., 8 we held that the plain language of
§ 43-1412.01 is not limited to setting aside legal determina-
tions of paternity regarding children born out of wedlock, but
is broad enough to also encompass disestablishing legal deter-
minations regarding children born during a marriage.
   In the instant case, we requested supplemental briefing
addressing whether the State is an “individual” authorized to
bring a civil proceeding to disestablish a child’s paternity under
§ 43-1412.01. Having received and considered that briefing, it
is notable that the parties agree the State is not an “individ-
ual” who may file a complaint to disestablish paternity under
§ 43-1412.01.
   But the State, in its supplemental briefing, contends it did not
bring an action to disestablish paternity under § 43-1412.01,
but, rather, it initiated a proceeding to establish paternity
under § 43-1411. The State argues it is one of several par-
ties expressly authorized under that statute to institute such
an action.
8
    Alisha C. v. Jeremy C., 283 Neb. 340, 808 N.W.2d 875 (2012).
                                    - 378 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      306 Nebraska Reports
                  STATE ON BEHALF OF MIAH S. v. IAN K.
                           Cite as 306 Neb. 372

   It is true that § 43-1411 authorizes the State to bring a
civil proceeding “to establish the paternity of a child.” But
the definition of “child” as used in § 43-1411 is governed by
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1401 (Reissue 2016), which provides in
relevant part:
          For purposes of sections 43-1401 to 43-1418:
          (1) Child shall mean a child under the age of eighteen
      years born out of wedlock;
          (2) Child born out of wedlock shall mean a child
      whose parents were not married to each other at the time
      of its birth, except that a child shall not be considered
      as born out of wedlock if its parents were married at the
      time of its conception but divorced at the time of its birth.
      The definition of legitimacy or illegitimacy for other pur-
      poses shall not be affected by the provisions of [sections
      43-1401 to 43-1418].
The statutory definitions of the terms “child” and “child born
out of wedlock” were enacted in 1994 and have remained
unchanged since that time. 9 Because the State relies exclu-
sively on § 43-1411 as the statutory authority for commencing
this action, we find these statutory definitions are dispositive.
   [4,5] An action to establish paternity is statutory in nature,
and the authority to bring such action must be found in the
statute. 10 Read together, §§ 43-1411 and 43-1401(1) authorize
the State to bring an action to establish the paternity of a child
born out of wedlock. The child in this case was not born out
of wedlock; she was born during the marriage of Cameo and
Aaron. Consequently, when the State filed this action, the child
was the legitimate daughter of Cameo and Aaron and was not
a child on whose behalf the State was authorized to initiate a
civil proceeding to establish paternity under § 43-1411. To the
extent our 1998 opinion in State on behalf of Hopkins v. Batt 11
 9
     See 1994 Neb. Laws, L.B. 1224.
10
     See Bryan M. v. Anne B., 292 Neb. 725, 874 N.W.2d 824 (2016).
11
     State on behalf of Hopkins v. Batt, 253 Neb. 852, 573 N.W.2d 425 (1998).
                              - 379 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  306 Nebraska Reports
              STATE ON BEHALF OF MIAH S. v. IAN K.
                       Cite as 306 Neb. 372

held otherwise, we expressly overrule it as contrary to the plain
language of the governing statutes.
   The State’s lack of statutory authority to bring this paternity
action under § 43-1411 requires that we vacate the separate
juvenile court’s order in all respects and remand the cause with
directions to dismiss the State’s complaint.
                        CONCLUSION
   Because the child at issue in this case was not born out of
wedlock and was instead the legitimate child of Aaron, the
State lacked statutory authority to institute an action under
§ 43-1411 to establish the child’s paternity. The order of the
separate juvenile court is vacated, and the cause is remanded
with directions to dismiss the State’s complaint.
                               Vacated and remanded with
                               directions to dismiss.
