                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                               Fifth Circuit
                                                            F I L E D
                         REVISED JUNE 25, 2007
                                                             April 12, 2007
              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                      FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT             Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                Clerk


                             No. 06-40335



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                       Plaintiff - Appellee

     v.

KEYON LAKEITH MITCHELL; DUFORD LEE MITCHELL

                       Defendants - Appellants



          Appeals from the United States District Court
            for the Eastern District of Texas, Sherman


Before KING, GARZA, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.

KING, Circuit Judge:

     Defendants-appellants Keyon LaKeith Mitchell and Duford Lee

Mitchell appeal their convictions and sentences stemming from

their involvement in a crack-cocaine conspiracy in Paris, Texas.

After a jury trial, both were convicted of one count of

conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute crack cocaine and

one count of possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-

trafficking crime.   For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM.

              I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

     The government presented evidence at trial that defendant-

appellant Keyon Mitchell and co-defendants Corwin Jeffrey and
Raphael Robinson1 were central figures in a crack-cocaine

conspiracy in Paris, Texas.

     Keyon Mitchell’s involvement with crack cocaine began in

2002 when he started driving his friend Jeffrey to DeKalb,

Texas——Jeffrey’s own car was not reliable enough to take on the

highway——so that Jeffrey could purchase crack cocaine to sell in

Paris.   Keyon Mitchell knew of the reason for the trips to

DeKalb; in fact they took his mother’s green sedan in order to

avoid detection by police.    Keyon Mitchell drove Jeffrey to

DeKalb approximately ten times in 2002, and Jeffrey purchased

four to six ounces of crack cocaine on each trip.

     Seeing how much money Jeffrey was making by selling crack

cocaine inspired Keyon Mitchell to start selling it himself.

Jeffrey initially sold Keyon Mitchell two ounces of crack cocaine

and showed him how to cut it up, weigh it, and repackage it into

smaller amounts for resale.    Keyon Mitchell sold this quantity

quickly and then continued buying crack cocaine from Jeffrey in

two-ounce increments, at least ten times.     On one occasion, Keyon

Mitchell and Jeffrey pooled their money together to purchase a

quarter-kilogram (nine ounces) in DeKalb to sell in Paris.

     Later in 2002, Keyon Mitchell, Jeffrey, and Robinson began

traveling together on drug runs to Dallas, Texas.     Robinson had a

supplier in Dallas named “Bowleg.”     The three men went on at

     1
       Both Jeffrey and Robinson were indicted in this case, and
each pleaded guilty to conspiracy pursuant to a plea agreement.

                                 -2-
least five runs together in 2002 and 2003 to purchase crack

cocaine from “Bowleg.”    On each trip, the men would drive to the

supplier’s home, Keyon Mitchell and Jeffrey would give their

money to Robinson, and Robinson would go into the home and

procure the drugs for all three of them.    Each individual would

purchase four to six ounces of crack cocaine per trip.    The men

would then sometimes transport the drugs back to Paris

themselves, but on other occasions they would have another

individual transport it for them in exchange for drugs.      Once

back in Paris, the men would repackage the drugs in smaller

quantities and then distribute them.

     Then at some point in 2003, the men found a new supplier,

Chris Culberson, who would deliver the drugs directly to them in

Paris.   Culberson would not make a delivery for less than nine

ounces of crack cocaine.    About ten to fifteen times over an

approximately one-year period, Culberson delivered crack cocaine

to Robinson’s home.   On about five of these occasions, Robinson

agreed to purchase crack cocaine from Culberson on behalf of

Keyon Mitchell; Keyon Mitchell gave Robinson his payment in

advance, and Robinson conducted the transactions once Culberson

arrived.   Generally, each man would purchase nine ounces of crack

cocaine from Culberson.    They distributed the drugs they

purchased from Culberson in the Paris area.

     Numerous witnesses testified that Keyon Mitchell sold them

crack cocaine.   The amounts of crack that Keyon Mitchell sold

                                 -3-
ranged in quantity from approximately 1.5 grams to 2 ounces.2

     Defendant-appellant Duford Mitchell, Keyon Mitchell’s

cousin, also sold crack cocaine in Paris during this period.

Duford Mitchell generally obtained his drugs from Keyon Mitchell;

indeed, the government alleged that Duford Mitchell was Keyon

Mitchell’s chief distributor.   Numerous witnesses testified that

they either purchased crack cocaine from Duford Mitchell or saw

him selling crack cocaine in the Booth Alley area of Paris.

     On October 1, 2003, Keyon Mitchell, Duford Mitchell, and

Jeffrey participated in a break-in of Robinson’s home in an

attempt to steal Robinson’s stash of crack cocaine.    On that

date, Culberson had delivered an order of crack cocaine to

Robinson’s home at around 1:00 a.m.   Jeffrey and Keyon Mitchell

knew that Culberson was making this delivery, and they hatched a

scheme to steal the fresh stash so that they could “make extra

money.”   Keyon Mitchell recruited Duford Mitchell into the plan,

and Duford Mitchell in turn recruited Brandon Grant.    Jeffrey and

Keyon Mitchell purchased four ski masks for the robbery.    The

four robbers met at Keyon Mitchell’s father’s house, where they

gathered firearms, and then they went to Jeffrey’s house to pick

up black shirts.   At about 2:00 a.m., Keyon Mitchell drove them

to Robinson’s home, where he stayed in the car——his arm was in a


     2
        One ounce is equivalent to 28.35 grams. U.S. SENTENCING
GUIDELINES MANUAL § 2D1.1 cmt. n.10, Measurement Conversion Table
(2006).

                                -4-
sling, and he was concerned the sling might reveal his identity

to Robinson——while Jeffrey, Duford Mitchell, and Grant, wearing

the ski masks and black shirts, entered Robinson’s home.    Duford

Mitchell and Grant also carried firearms.   Jeffrey, Duford

Mitchell, and Grant scoured Robinson’s house for the crack-

cocaine stash, but they never found it, and they ultimately left

empty-handed.

     Keyon Mitchell and Duford Mitchell (collectively, “the

defendants”) were charged in a two-count superseding indictment

on March 10, 2005.   Count one charged them with conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute fifty grams or more of crack

cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846.    Count two charged them

with possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking

crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1); count two specified

that the underlying drug-trafficking crime was possession with

intent to distribute more than 50 grams of crack cocaine.

     The defendants proceeded to trial, and a jury convicted them

on both counts.   They now appeal.

                  II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

     Keyon Mitchell first maintains that there was insufficient

evidence to support his conviction on count one for conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute fifty grams or more of crack

cocaine.

A. Standard of Review



                                -5-
     Because Keyon Mitchell preserved his challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence, we review de novo the district

court’s denial of his Rule 29 motion for a judgment of acquittal.

United States v. Anderson, 174 F.3d 515, 522 (5th Cir. 1999)

(citing United States v. Payne, 99 F.3d 1273, 1278 (5th Cir.

1996)).

     In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the

evidence and the inferences drawn therefrom in the light most

favorable to the verdict, and we determine whether a rational

jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable

doubt.    Id. (citing United States v. Burton, 126 F.3d 666, 669

(5th Cir. 1997); Payne, 99 F.3d at 1278).    “The evidence need not

exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly

inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt, and the

jury is free to choose among reasonable constructions of the

evidence.”    Id. (quoting Burton, 126 F.3d at 669-70).   “Moreover,

our standard of review does not change if the evidence that

sustains the conviction is circumstantial rather than direct.”

Id. (citing Burton, 126 F.3d at 670; United States v. Cardenas, 9

F.3d 1139, 1156 (5th Cir. 1993); United States v. Bell, 678 F.2d

547, 549 n.3 (Former 5th Cir. 1982)).



B. Analysis

     Count one charged that Keyon Mitchell, together with other



                                 -6-
named and unnamed individuals, conspired to possess with intent

to distribute fifty grams or more of a cocaine mixture or

substance containing a detectable amount of crack cocaine in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and 18 U.S.C. § 2.    To have proved

Keyon Mitchell’s guilt on count one, the government must have

established (1) the existence of an agreement between two or more

persons to possess with intent to distribute fifty grams or more

of crack cocaine, (2) that Keyon Mitchell knew of the conspiracy

and intended to join it, and (3) that he participated in the

conspiracy.   United States v. Morris, 46 F.3d 410, 414-15 (5th

Cir. 1995) (citing United States v. Maseratti, 1 F.3d 330, 337

(5th Cir. 1993)).    “Direct evidence of a conspiracy is

unnecessary; each element may be inferred from circumstantial

evidence.”    United States v. Casilla, 20 F.3d 600, 603 (5th Cir.

1994) (citing Cardenas, 9 F.3d at 1157).    “An agreement may be

inferred from a ‘concert of action.’” Id. (citing Cardenas, 9

F.3d at 1157; United States v. Natel, 812 F.2d 937, 940 (5th Cir.

1987)).

     Keyon Mitchell contends that the government failed to

present sufficient evidence of an agreement between the alleged

co-conspirators.    He argues that the government proved merely

that there were numerous buyer/seller relationships, not that

there was a conspiracy.    He concedes that there was sufficient

evidence that he and other defendants trafficked in crack

cocaine, but he asserts that the traffickers were acting

                                 -7-
independently rather than in concert.    He points to the testimony

of alleged co-conspirators that each controlled what he sold,

where he sold, and the prices he charged, and that no profits

were shared between them.

     But the evidence amply supports a finding that Keyon

Mitchell entered into an agreement with Jeffrey and Robinson to

purchase crack cocaine together for distribution in Paris.    On

numerous occasions, the three men agreed to drive to Dallas

together, they agreed to have Robinson conduct the transaction

with “Bowleg” on behalf of all three of them, and they agreed on

a method of transporting the drugs back to Paris for

distribution.   And each trip involved the purchase of at least

twelve ounces of crack cocaine in total (four ounces each), which

is significantly greater than 50 grams.    Even in the absence of

any formal agreement to violate the narcotics laws, the jury

certainly could have inferred such an agreement from the

individuals’ concert of action.    We therefore conclude that there

was sufficient evidence from which a jury could have found beyond

a reasonable doubt that Keyon Mitchell conspired to possess with

intent to distribute more than fifty grams of crack cocaine.



                        III. MATERIAL VARIANCE

A. Standard of Review

     A material variance occurs “when the proof at trial depicts


                                  -8-
a scenario that differs materially from the scenario charged in

the indictment but does not modify an essential element of the

charged offense.”     United States v. Delgado, 401 F.3d 290, 295

(5th Cir. 2005).    We determine whether a variance occurred by

comparing the evidence presented at trial with the language of

the indictment.     See United States v. Medina, 161 F.3d 867, 872

(5th Cir. 1998).    If a variance did occur, we reverse only if the

variance prejudiced the defendant’s substantial rights.      See

Delgado, 401 F.3d at 295; Medina, 161 F.3d at 872.      In

determining whether a material variance resulted in prejudice, we

employ a harmless-error analysis.       United States v. Ramirez, 145

F.3d 345, 351 (5th Cir. 1998); United States v. Dean, 59 F.3d

1479, 1491 (5th Cir. 1995).

     The question whether the evidence establishes the existence

of one conspiracy (as alleged in the indictment) or multiple

conspiracies is a fact question within the jury’s province.

United States v. Morrow, 177 F.3d 272, 291 (5th Cir. 1999) (per

curiam) (citing United States v. Morgan, 117 F.3d 849, 858 (5th

Cir. 1997)).   We will affirm the jury’s finding that the

government proved a single conspiracy “unless the evidence and

all reasonable inferences, examined in the light most favorable

to the government, would preclude reasonable jurors from finding

a single conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.”       Morris, 46 F.3d

at 415 (quoting United States v. DeVarona, 872 F.2d 114, 118 (5th

Cir. 1989)); see also Morrow, 177 F.3d at 291 (quoting Morgan,

                                  -9-
117 F.3d at 858).    Even where the evidence points to multiple

conspiracies rather than the single conspiracy charged in the

indictment, the variance does not affect the defendant’s

substantial rights as long as the government establishes the

defendant’s involvement in at least one of the proved

conspiracies.     Morrow, 177 F.3d at 291.

B. Count One (Conspiracy)

     Keyon Mitchell contends that even if there was sufficient

evidence to prove a conspiracy, the evidence points to multiple

conspiracies, not the single conspiracy charged in count one.      He

argues that a material variance between the charged conspiracy

and the proof at trial requires reversal of his conviction.

     “The principal considerations in counting the number of

conspiracies are (1) the existence of a common goal; (2) the

nature of the scheme; and (3) the overlapping of the participants

in the various dealings.”     Id. (citing Morgan, 117 F.3d at 858);

see also Morris, 46 F.3d at 415 (citing United States v.

Richerson, 833 F.2d 1147, 1153 (5th Cir. 1987)).

     This court has broadly defined the criterion of a common

goal in counting conspiracies.     Morrow, 177 F.3d at 291; see also

Morris, 46 F.3d at 415 (“In fact, one panel has remarked that

‘given these broad “common goals” the common objective test may

have become a mere matter of semantics.’” (quoting Richerson, 833

F.2d at 1153)).    The jury could reasonably have concluded that



                                 -10-
the common goal of the charged conspiracy in this case was to

derive personal gain from the sale of crack cocaine in Paris.

     Under the second prong, wherein we examine the nature of the

scheme, “the existence of a single conspiracy will be inferred

where the activities of one aspect of the scheme are necessary or

advantageous to the success of another aspect or to the overall

success of the venture, where there are several parts inherent in

a larger common plan.”     Morris, 46 F.3d at 416 (citing United

States v. Elam, 678 F.2d 1234, 1246 (5th Cir. 1982)).    The

evidence supports an inference that the joint, coordinated

purchases of crack cocaine from “Bowleg” in Dallas and from

Culberson in Paris were necessary or at least advantageous for

the co-conspirators’ sale of crack cocaine in Paris.

     The third prong “examines the interrelationships among the

various participants in the conspiracy.    The more interconnected

the various relationships are, the more likely there is a single

conspiracy.”    Id.   But “there is no requirement that every member

must participate in every transaction to find a single

conspiracy.    Parties who knowingly participate with core

conspirators to achieve a common goal may be members of an

overall conspiracy.”     Id. (quoting Richerson, 833 F.2d at 1154

(footnote omitted)).    The evidence does not seem to evince

significant overlap between the participants in the alleged

single conspiracy.    Below the top level of Keyon Mitchell,

Jeffrey, and Robinson, there was little evidence of interaction

                                 -11-
among the distributors.

     But we need not determine conclusively whether there was a

variance (i.e., how many conspiracies were proved) because even

assuming arguendo that Keyon Mitchell has demonstrated that there

was a variance, the variance does not necessitate reversal since

he has not demonstrated that it affected his substantial rights.

The most common prejudice to a substantial right caused by a

variance in a conspiracy trial is transference of guilt from one

co-defendant to another in a trial with multiple defendants.       Id.

at 417.   Thus, “where the indictment alleges a single conspiracy

and the evidence established each defendant’s participation in at

least one conspiracy a defendant’s substantial rights are

affected only if the defendant can establish reversible error

under general principles of joinder and severance.”        Id. (quoting

United States v. Jensen, 41 F.3d 946, 956 (5th Cir. 1994));

United States v. Faulkner, 17 F.3d 745, 762 (5th Cir. 1994); see

also Morrow, 177 F.3d at 291.     Keyon Mitchell has not

demonstrated error under the rules of joinder and severance;

indeed, he acknowledges that his trial was initially properly

joined with Duford Mitchell’s.3    Furthermore, any risk of

prejudice was minimized by the district court’s instruction to

the jury that it must acquit if it were to find that a defendant

     3
       Keyon Mitchell does argue that the district court should
have severed the trial after the trial began because of an
incident that occurred after the first day of trial. But we
reject this argument in Part V.

                                -12-
was not a member of the charged conspiracy, even if it were to

find that the defendant was a member of some other conspiracy.

See Morrow, 177 F.3d at 291-92; Morris, 46 F.3d at 417-18.

B. Count Two (Firearms)

     Both Keyon Mitchell and Duford Mitchell contend that there

was a material variance between count two of the indictment,

which charged them with possession of a firearm in furtherance of

a drug-trafficking crime, and the government’s proof at trial.

We conclude that although there was a variance, it was not

prejudicial.

     Count two charged that “[o]n or about October 1, 2003,” the

defendants violated 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)4 by “knowingly

possess[ing] a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking

crime . . . , to wit: possession with intent to distribute more

than 50 grams or more [sic] of a cocaine mixture or substance

containing a detectable amount of cocaine base, namely, crack

cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance.”

     The defendants assert that there was a material variance

because the government never proved that they committed the drug-

trafficking crime named in the indictment, possession with intent

     4
       Section 924(c)(1)(A) makes it unlawful for “any person
[to], during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug
trafficking crime . . . for which the person may be prosecuted in
a court of the United States, use[] or carr[y] a firearm, or
[to], in furtherance of any such crime, possess[] a firearm.”
The term “drug-trafficking crime” includes “any felony punishable
under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.).” 18
U.S.C. § 924(c)(2).

                              -13-
to distribute, since there was no evidence they actually

possessed crack cocaine on October 1, 2003.   The defendants point

to the fact that although they participated in a break-in of

Robinson’s home in an effort to steal his crack cocaine, they

never found it, and therefore they never possessed it.   The

defendants also maintain that there was another, different

material variance because the government argued that it could

prove the defendants’ guilt by relying on other incidents——apart

from the October 1, 2003, robbery——when the defendants possessed

firearms and crack cocaine together.

     We will consider the second alleged variance first.     At the

hearing on the defendants’ Rule 29 motion for a judgment of

acquittal after the close of the government’s case-in-chief, the

defendants pointed out that the government had not proved they

actually possessed crack cocaine on October 1, 2003.   The

government responded, inter alia, that since the indictment used

the non-exclusive language “[o]n or about,” the government could

“just take out the date of October 1” and point to occasions of

firearms possession at any time during the course of the

conspiracy.   The district court appears to have agreed with the

government’s argument; the court denied the Rule 29 motion,

reasoning that “generally speaking, proof of any date before the

return of the indictment . . . and within the statute of

limitations is sufficient.”

     The defendants assert in essence that to the extent the

                               -14-
government relied on other occasions of firearms possession apart

from the events of October 1, 2003, it prosecuted them for a

crime other than the one charged in the indictment.   Although the

defendants do not specifically describe what occurred below as a

“constructive amendment,” they in essence argue that the

indictment was constructively amended.   “A constructive amendment

occurs when the government changes its theory during trial so as

to urge the jury to convict on a basis broader than that charged

in the indictment, or when the government is allowed to prove ‘an

essential element of the crime on an alternative basis permitted

by the statute but not charged in the indictment.’”   United

States v. Robles-Vertiz, 155 F.3d 725, 728 (5th Cir. 1998)

(quoting United States v. Salvatore, 110 F.3d 1131, 1145 (5th

Cir. 1997)).

     The problem with the defendants’ argument, however, is that

the government did not change its theory at trial since it did

not rely on occurrences of other firearms possession in its

argument to the jury.   The government’s argument that it could

“just take out the date of October 1” from the indictment and

rely on other occurrences of firearms possession was an argument

before the judge in order to defeat the Rule 29 motion.    The

government’s argument to the jury with respect to count two

focused almost exclusively on the October 1, 2003, robbery.5     The

     5
       The government did mention during closing argument that
both defendants possessed firearms during the time frame of the

                               -15-
government argued to the jury that there actually was crack

cocaine present in Robinson’s house (hidden in a trash-can liner)

but that the robbers had simply not looked in the right place.

Furthermore, the court did not specifically instruct the jury

that it could look at occurrences of firearms possession apart

from October 1, 2003; the jury charge simply included this

circuit’s pattern “on or about” instruction.6        We therefore

conclude that the indictment was not constructively amended.

     We do agree, however, that there was a variance between the

language of count two and the evidence presented at trial:

although the indictment charged that the underlying drug-

trafficking crime was possession with intent to distribute more

than fifty grams of crack cocaine, the defendants never actually

possessed crack cocaine during the course of the robbery since


conspiracy, but it did so in only one sentence as to each
defendant. The government’s argument for count two cannot fairly
be characterized as relying on occurrences of firearms possession
apart from the date alleged in the indictment.
     6
         The jury instructions provided:

                 You will note that the Superseding
            Indictment charges that the offenses were
            committed between certain dates or [sic] on or
            about a specified date. The government does
            not have to prove that the crimes were
            committed on those exact dates, so long as the
            government proves beyond a reasonable doubt
            that the defendants committed the crimes on
            dates reasonably near the dates stated in the
            Superseding Indictment.

Cf. FIFTH CIRCUIT PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS (CRIMINAL) § 1.18 (2001).


                                  -16-
they found no drugs at Robinson’s house.   Instead, the government

proved that the defendants possessed firearms in furtherance of a

different drug-trafficking crime: attempted possession with

intent to distribute crack cocaine.7

     Yet we do not reverse the defendants’ convictions because

the variance did not prejudice the defendants’ rights.    Rule

31(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure permits

conviction of a lesser included offense of the charged offense

even though the lesser offense was not charged in the indictment.

See FED. R. CRIM. P. 31(c)(1) (“A defendant may be found guilty

of . . . an offense necessarily included in the offense

charged.”).   Possession of a firearm in furtherance of attempted

     7
       Attempted possession with intent to distribute is
proscribed by 21 U.S.C. § 846, which provides: “Any person who
attempts or conspires to commit any offense defined in [21 U.S.C.
§§ 801-904] shall be subject to the same penalties as those
prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the
object of the attempt or conspiracy.” To establish attempt to
possess with intent to distribute, the government must prove (1)
that the defendants acted with the kind of culpability required
for the crime of possession with intent to distribute and (2)
that the defendants engaged in conduct constituting a substantial
step toward commission of the crime. See, e.g., United States v.
Redd, 355 F.3d 866, 872-73 (5th Cir. 2003).

     The government proved overwhelmingly that the defendants
attempted to possess with intent to distribute more than fifty
grams of crack cocaine. First, the government proved at trial
that the defendants intended to take Robinson’s stash of crack
cocaine, which was at least nine ounces, so that they could “make
extra money.” And second, the government proved that the
defendants took substantial steps toward commission of the crime;
for example, Keyon Mitchell procured firearms for the robbery and
drove his cohorts to and from Robinson’s house, and Duford
Mitchell actually entered Robinson’s house and searched for the
crack cocaine.

                               -17-
possession with intent to distribute is a lesser included offense

of possession of a firearm in furtherance of the crime of

completed possession with intent to distribute.    See United

States v. Gaskin, 364 F.3d 438, 453 (2d Cir. 2004) (“[A]ttempted

drug possession in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 is simply a

lesser-included offense of the drug possession proscribed by

§ 841(a)(1).”); see also United States v. Remigio, 767 F.2d 730,

733 (10th Cir. 1985) (“The crime of attempt is a lesser included

offense of the substantive crime.”).   As the Sixth Circuit stated

in United States v. Solorio, “[t]he concept of variance is

designed to prevent the prosecution from convicting the defendant

of a different offense, not a lesser variation on the charged

offense.”   337 F.3d 580, 590 (6th Cir. 2003) (holding that

conviction of a lesser included offense did not constitute

prejudicial variance because such a conviction was permitted

under Rule 31(c) and therefore the variance did not affect the

defendant’s ability to defend himself).

     Moreover, because the facts overwhelmingly support

conviction of the lesser offense, we may modify the judgment to

reflect such a conviction without affecting the defendants’

substantial rights.   See United States v. Castro-Trevino, 464

F.3d 536, 543 (5th Cir. 2006) (modifying judgment to reflect

offense of attempt where the defendant pleaded guilty to

completed offense but the facts reflected that the defendant

unsuccessfully attempted to commit the offense).

                               -18-
     Accordingly, we decline to reverse the defendants’

convictions on count two.    But we do modify the judgment to

reflect convictions for the lesser offense of possession of a

firearm in furtherance of the drug-trafficking crime of attempted

possession with intent to distribute more than fifty grams of

crack cocaine.

                       IV. RULE 404(b) EVIDENCE

     Duford Mitchell argues that the district court improperly

permitted testimony that he pulled a gun on another individual

during the time frame of the conspiracy.

     This court reviews a district court’s decision to admit Rule

404(b) evidence in a criminal case under a heightened abuse-of-

discretion standard.    United States v. Jackson, 339 F.3d 349, 354

(5th Cir. 2003) (citing United States v. Wisenbaker, 14 F.3d

1022, 1028 (5th Cir. 1994)).    Even if the district court abused

its discretion in admitting the Rule 404(b) evidence, we do not

reverse if the error was harmless.      See FED. R. CRIM. P. 52(a);

Jackson, 339 F.3d at 354 (citing United States v. Torres, 114

F.3d 520, 526 (5th Cir. 1997)).

     Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is admissible “as

proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”       FED. R.

EVID. 404(b).    The admissibility of evidence pursuant to Rule

404(b) is analyzed in a two-step inquiry.      “First, it must be



                                 -19-
determined that the extrinsic offense evidence is relevant to an

issue other than the defendant’s character.    Second, the evidence

must possess probative value that is not substantially outweighed

by its undue prejudice and must meet the other requirements of

[R]ule 403.”    United States v. Beechum, 582 F.2d 898, 911 (5th

Cir. 1978) (en banc).

     Robinson testified that during the course of the conspiracy,

he saw Duford Mitchell pull a gun on Tommy Johnson on an occasion

when Keyon Mitchell and Johnson got into a physical fight.

Johnson also testified that Duford Mitchell pulled a gun on him

once.    The district court permitted the testimony, over Duford

Mitchell’s objection, only for the purpose of showing that Duford

Mitchell possessed a firearm during the conspiracy, reasoning

that his firearm possession was relevant to his intent.    The

court instructed the jury that it could consider the fact that

Duford Mitchell possessed a firearm in order to determine whether

Duford Mitchell committed the crime of conspiracy as alleged in

count one knowingly and intentionally.8   But the court also

instructed the jury to disregard the portion of the testimony

regarding Duford Mitchell’s pulling a gun on someone else because

it related only to a separate, unalleged crime.


     8
       Duford Mitchell’s challenge is exclusively to the
admission of the testimony that he pulled a gun on Johnson; he
does not challenge (and we express no opinion on) the court’s
admission of the evidence of firearm possession (and the related
instruction) for the purpose of showing intent on count one.

                                -20-
     Duford Mitchell asserts in conclusory terms that the

testimony about pulling a gun on another individual is irrelevant

to both the conspiracy and firearms charges, that it was admitted

solely to prove his character, and that the probative value of

the evidence is substantially outweighed by its prejudice.

Assuming arguendo that Mitchell’s assertions are correct, any

error is harmless.    “One of the dangers inherent in the admission

of extrinsic offense evidence is that the jury may convict the

defendant not for the offense charged but for the extrinsic

offense.”    United States v. Anderson, 933 F.2d 1261, 1272 (5th

Cir. 1991) (quoting United States v. Beechum, 582 F.2d 898 (5th

Cir. 1978) (en banc)).    But the district court’s limiting

instruction sufficiently minimized this risk.     See, e.g., United

States v. Adair, 436 F.3d 520, 527 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 126

S. Ct. 2306 (2006).    Moreover, there was ample evidence of Duford

Mitchell’s guilt on both counts apart from the disputed

testimony.

                V. MOTIONS FOR SEVERANCE AND MISTRIAL

     Keyon Mitchell maintains that the district court should have

granted his mid-trial motions for severance and mistrial because

of testimony that Duford Mitchell assaulted a government witness

during the trial.    We disagree.

     We review the district court’s denial of motions for

severance and mistrial for abuse of discretion.     See United



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States v. Neal, 27 F.3d 1035, 1045 (5th Cir. 1994) (severance);

United States v. Mitchell, 166 F.3d 748, 751 (5th Cir. 1999)

(mistrial).

     Under Rule 14(a) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure,

if the joinder of defendants for trial appears to prejudice a

defendant, the court may sever the defendants’ trials or provide

any other relief that justice requires.   FED. R. CRIM. P. 14(a).

To demonstrate that the court abused its discretion in denying

the motion for severance, “the defendant bears the burden of

showing specific and compelling prejudice that resulted in an

unfair trial, and such prejudice must be of a type against which

the trial court was unable to afford protection.”    Morrow, 177

F.3d at 290 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United

States v. Faulkner, 17 F.3d 745, 759 (5th Cir. 1994)).    Severance

is proper “only if there is a serious risk that a joint trial

would compromise a specific trial right of one of the defendants,

or prevent the jury from making a reliable judgment about guilt

or innocence.”   Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 539

(1993).   “When the risk of prejudice is high, a district court is

more likely to determine that separate trials are necessary,

but . . . less drastic measures, such as limiting instructions,

often will suffice to cure any risk of prejudice.”   Id. (citing

Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 211 (1987)).

     Cornelius Sims, who pleaded guilty to conspiracy in this

case, testified for the government.   Sims testified, inter alia,

                               -22-
that after the first day of trial, Duford Mitchell attacked him

while they were in a room together at the jail where they were

being held during the trial.   According to Sims, Duford Mitchell

said, “It’s just me and you now,” called Sims “a snitch,” and

began repeatedly striking Sims in the head.    The government also

introduced photographs of Sims after the fight showing a knot on

Sims’s head.   The district court permitted the testimony and

admitted the photographs over Keyon Mitchell’s objection.     After

Sims’s testimony, the district court instructed the jury that it

could consider the testimony regarding the altercation “in

connection with the charges that have been brought against Duford

Mitchell” but that the jury should “keep the evidence separate as

to Duford Mitchell and Keyon Mitchell,” as “[t]hat evidence has

no bearing on Keyon Mitchell.”    Several other inmates who

witnessed the altercation also testified about it, and the court

reminded the jury after their testimony that it could consider

the testimony against Duford Mitchell alone and not against Keyon

Mitchell.

     Keyon Mitchell asserts that Sims was a key witness against

him, and he opines that the assault greatly prejudiced him

because it bolstered Sims’s credibility and caused him to be

sympathetic to the jury.   He argues that it was error for the

trial court to have continued with the joint trial after the

assault.

     We conclude that Keyon Mitchell has not made the specific

                                 -23-
showing of sufficiently compelling prejudice required to

demonstrate an abuse of discretion.       The most damaging witnesses

against Keyon Mitchell were Jeffrey and Robinson, not Sims.

There were numerous other witnesses who testified that Keyon

Mitchell sold them crack cocaine.       Even if the assault on Sims

had prejudiced Keyon Mitchell, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by determining that the prejudice could be adequately

minimized by limiting instructions, obviating the need for

severance or a new trial.

                     VI. FORECLOSED ARGUMENTS

     Duford Mitchell also presents other arguments that he

concedes have been foreclosed by precedents of this court and of

the Supreme Court.   He makes these arguments solely to preserve

them for further review.

     First, he argues that the district court erred by enhancing

his United States Sentencing Guidelines offense level based on

facts not found by a jury but rather found by a judge by a

preponderance of the evidence.    This includes an objection to the

court’s determination of his criminal-history category.       As he

concedes, the argument is foreclosed by United States v. Mares,

402 F.3d 511, 519 (5th Cir. 2005).

     Second, he argues that the district court erred by relying

upon hearsay statements in the presentence report without giving

him an opportunity to confront the individuals who made the



                                 -24-
statements.   As he concedes, this argument is foreclosed by

United States v. Navarro, 169 F.3d 228, 236 (5th Cir. 1999)

(“[T]here is no Confrontation Clause right at sentencing . . . .”

(citing Lindh v. Murphy, 96 F.3d 856, 870 (7th Cir. 1996), rev’d

on other grounds, 521 U.S. 320 (1997))).

                          VII. CONCLUSION

     For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the defendants’

convictions on count one, we MODIFY the convictions on count two

to reflect convictions for possession of a firearm in furtherance

of attempted possession with intent to distribute more than fifty

grams of crack cocaine, we AFFIRM AS MODIFIED the convictions on

count two, and we AFFIRM the defendants’ sentences.




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