
453 B.R. 1 (2011)
In re Leonard Alfred CARPENTER, Debtor.
Thomas Coffin Willcox, et al., Plaintiffs,
v.
Leonard A. Carpenter, Defendant.
Bankruptcy No. 10-00572. Adversary No. 10-10048.
United States Bankruptcy Court, District of Columbia.
July 8, 2011.
*2 Thomas C. Willcox, Washington, DC, for Plaintiffs.
Andre P. Barber, Barber & Associates PC, Washington, DC, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER REGARDING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT
S. MARTIN TEEL, JR., Bankruptcy Judge.
The plaintiff, Wyatt, alleges that the defendant, Carpenter, induced her to enter into a contract for him to perform work on her home in the District of Columbia by fraudulently representing that he held a license to perform home improvement work in the District of Columbia. She obtained a $55,540 judgment against Carpenter in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia, and now seeks a determination that the judgment is nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) as a debt for property obtained by fraud. (Her attorney, Willcox, who joined as a plaintiff, no longer presses his claims in this proceeding.) Carpenter has moved to dismiss. For purposes of the motion, I assume that the allegations of the second amended complaint are accurate. Although I agree with Carpenter on his principal contention, and can grant partial dismissal in that regard, I will not grant dismissal as to all issues.

I
Wyatt's judgment was, first, an award to her of all compensation Carpenter had received in the amount of $10,671. That disgorgement of compensation was premised on a District of Columbia rule of law that requires an unlicensed contractor *3 to disgorge any compensation received if the contractor accepted compensation prior to completing a job:
No person shall require or accept any payment for a home improvement contract to be undertaken in the District in advance of the full completion of all work required to be performed under the contract, unless that person is licensed as a home improvement contractor or as a licensed salesperson employed by a licensed contractor in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.
16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 800.1. When an unlicensed home improvement contractor takes a payment for work on a home in the District of Columbia before completing all of the work, that voids the contract and entitles the homeowner to a return of all moneys paid to the contractor, regardless of whether the homeowner knew the contractor was unlicensed, regardless of whether the contractor misled her regarding whether he was licensed, and regardless of whether the contractor performed the work in a competent fashion. Nixon v. Hansford, 584 A.2d 597 (D.C.1991); Billes v. Bailey, 555 A.2d 460, 462 (D.C.1989).
The Superior Court found that Carpenter had performed his work in a shoddy fashion, and that a $1,944 insurance payment that Wyatt had received from her home insurance carrier for water damage "was significantly insufficient to pay for all the damage that had been done by defendant." Nevertheless, the judgment did not include an award for the damages caused by Carpenter's shoddy work.
Instead, in addition to awarding disgorgement of the $10,615, the court found the violation of DCMR § 800.1 to be an unlawful trade practice under D.C.Code § 28-3904(dd), and pursuant to D.C.Code § 28-3905(k)(1), the Superior Court trebled $8,671 of the $10,615 disgorgement award. The Superior Court explained that it limited the trebling of damages to only $8,671 of the disgorgement award "because plaintiff did receive payment of $1944 from her home insurance company for some of the water damage caused by defendant's shoddy work." The total disgorgement award, after taking into account the partial trebling of damages, came to $27,957 (the sum of $10,615 + $8,671 + $8,671).
Finally, the Superior Court granted Wyatt her attorney's fees and costs of $27,583. That brought the total judgment to $55,540.

II
Carpenter has sought dismissal, contending that a construction contractor's license in the District of Columbia does not depend on the contractor's level of skill, and thus that any damage Wyatt suffered from shoddy work by Carpenter was not proximately caused by Wyatt's alleged reliance on Carpenter's stating that he was licensed. The judgment was not an award for damages caused by shoddy work. Instead, the judgment was premised on the violation of a regulation that forbade Carpenter's accepting payment before completion of his work, and the District of Columbia rule of law requiring disgorgement of compensation when that regulation is violated. The real issue is whether such an award necessarily is not a debt for property obtained by fraud.

III
Under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A), a chapter 7 discharge:
(a) ... does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt
. . .
(2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing *4 of credit, to the extent obtained by
(A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement respecting the debtor's or an insider's financial condition....
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) (2006).
As held in Cohen v. de la Cruz, 523 U.S. 213, 217, 118 S.Ct. 1212, 140 L.Ed.2d 341 (1998):
The most straightforward reading of § 523(a)(2)(A) is that it prevents discharge of "any debt" respecting "money, property, services, or credit" that the debtor has fraudulently obtained, including treble damages assessed on account of the fraud. See Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 61, 64, 116 S.Ct. 437, 439, 441, 133 L.Ed.2d 351 (1995) (describing § 523(a)(2)(A) as barring discharge of debts "resulting from" or "traceable to" fraud). . . . [T]he phrase "to the extent obtained by" in § 523(a)(2)(A) . . . makes clear that the share of money, property, etc., that is obtained by fraud gives rise to a nondischargeable debt. Once it is established that specific money or property has been obtained by fraud, however, "any debt" arising therefrom is excepted from discharge.
Accordingly, if Carpenter's receipt of payments gave rise to a debt for such payments as being obtained by fraud, the judgment, including the trebled damages and attorney's fees, is nondischargeable.

IV
An obligation to disgorge all compensation received by an unlicensed contractor, premised solely on a rule of law, like the District of Columbia's, that requires no showing of a knowing misrepresentation or actual damages, does not give rise to a nondischargeable claim for property obtained by fraud. Ghomeshi v. Sabban (In re Sabban), 600 F.3d 1219 (9th Cir.2010).
In In re Sabban, California Business & Professions Code § 7031(b) provided that a party who has utilized the services of an unlicensed contractor may recover all compensation paid to that contractor for performance of a contract, with fraud or actual harm being irrelevant. A separate statute, California Business & Professions Code § 7160, provided a cause of action to individuals induced to contract for home improvements in reliance on fraudulent statements by a contractor or its solicitor, authorizing such an individual to recover a penalty of $500 and damages sustained by reason of such statements.
The debtor, Sabban, had induced the plaintiff, Ghomeshi, to contract for home remodeling by his company, Pacific, in reliance on Sabban's misrepresentation that Pacific was licensed. Ghomeshi sued Sabban in state court to recover $123,000 in compensation paid and to recover a $500 penalty and actual damages. The state court awarded $123,000 Ghomeshi pursuant to § 7031(b), and concluded that Sabban had engaged in a fraudulent representation that his company was licensed but held that Sabban and Pacific had caused no losses to Ghomeshi, and thus awarded pursuant to § 7160 (the statutory cause of action for fraud) only the $500 penalty and attorney's fees authorized by that statute.
Ghomeshi sought a determination of nondischargeability of its claim in the bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court held that the disgorgement award of $123,000 was dischargeable, reasoning that the $123,000 awarded did not constitute a loss and damage sustained by Ghomeshi as the proximate result of Sabban's false representation that Pacific was a licensed contractor. By the time the case reached the court of appeals, both the $500 and the attorney's fees awarded under § 7160 (the *5 statutory cause of action for fraud) had been held nondischargeable, and Sabban did not challenge the correctness of that ruling.
In the court of appeals, Ghomeshi argued that the $123,000 disgorgement award was nondischargeable. Ghomeshi argued that under Cohen v. de la Cruz, it made no difference that a debtor's proven fraud exposes him to further liability for violation of laws that do not mention fraud. The court of appeals disagreed, and distinguished Cohen v. de la Cruz, in part, on the basis that Sabban had caused no actual harm. Critically, however, the court of appeals in In re Sabban distinguished Cohen v. de la Cruz on the additional basis that unlike the statute at issue in Cohen, § 7031(b) (the analog of the District of Columbia rule of law at issue here) was not premised on there being actual damage or a knowing misrepresentation.

V
This case is slightly different because Carpenter allegedly performed the work in a shoddy fashion. The debtor in In re Sabban, in contrast, had caused no losses and his fraudulent representation only subjected him to the $500 penalty and attorney's fees.
As in In re Sabban, Carpenter's obligation to disgorge compensation received was pursuant to a rule of law (D.C.M.R. § 800.1 and the decisions adopting a disgorgement remedy for violation of that regulation) that required no showing of harm proximately caused by a knowing misrepresentation. Accordingly, the obligation under that District of Columbia rule of law to disgorge compensation received is dischargeable even if Carpenter, in addition, caused actual harm and misrepresented that he was licensed. The trebling of damages, similarly, was premised on the violation of D.C.M.R. § 800.1, and did not depend on a misrepresentation or actual harm (although the Superior Court took into account the extent to which actual damages had been suffered in deciding upon the extent to which it would treble damages).

VI
The issue boils down to one of the elements necessary to prove that a debt is for property obtained by fraud, namely, the requirement that the creditor show that the misrepresentation was the proximate cause of the creditor's losses.

A
Numerous decisions have addressed § 523(a)(2)(A) in instances in which the debtor falsely represented that he had a professional license, and have looked to whether the license would have required a level of skill and knowledge in the professional field. In Gem Ravioli, Inc. v. Creta (In re Creta), 271 B.R. 214 (1st Cir. BAP 2002), the debtor falsely represented that he had a license to engage in refrigeration work. The court observed:
[W]hen an individual asserts that he possesses a refrigeration license, whether it be an apprentice's license, a journeyperson's license, or a master's license, he is making a representation that he possesses the necessary level of skill and knowledge to perform refrigeration and air conditioning work. A misrepresentation as to whether a debtor has such a license goes to the very essence of the agreement, i.e., the reliance by the contracting party that the debtor has the requisite knowledge, experience, and training to properly complete the work. Parker v. Grant (In re Grant), 237 B.R. 97, 119 (Bankr. E.D.Va.1999). See also Kendrick v. Pleasants (In re Pleasants), 231 B.R. 893, 898 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1999) ("Professional *6 licenses carry with them a degree of presumed competence ..."); Bottari v. Baiata (In re Baiata), 12 B.R. 813, 820 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.1981) ("The incidence of license conveys to lay persons a concept of authority and standards of workmanship impacting on reliance.").
When a creditor establishes that a debtor fraudulently induced the creditor to enter into a transaction by a misrepresentation that goes to the essence of the transaction, i.e., a debtor's training, competency or experience to complete the work contemplated by the transaction, the misrepresentation was a substantial factor in entering into the transaction, the debtor's work later appears defective, and the creditor suffers a loss, the creditor has established a prima facie case that the defects derive directly from the lack of professional qualifications of the debtor. Grant, 237 B.R. at 119. See also Pleasants, 231 B.R. 893 (finding a debt nondischargeable where the debtor knowingly misrepresented himself as an architect with the intent for the creditors to rely on his representations and the creditors relied on his representations to their detriment); McCain v. Fuselier (In re Fuselier), 211 B.R. 540 (Bankr.W.D.La.1997) (finding the homeowner's judgment against the debtor non-dischargeable where the debtor misrepresented that he held a contractor's license and without authority placed a different contractor's license number on the proposed construction contract); McDaniel v. Border (In re McDaniel), 181 B.R. 883 (Bankr. S.D.Tex.1994) (finding the debtor's obligation to a homeowner nondischargeable where the homeowner established that the debtor made a false representation that he was an architect, with the intent of deceiving her, she relied to her detriment on those representations and suffered injury as a result); Peterson v. Bozzano (In re Bozzano), 173 B.R. 990 (Bankr.M.D.N.C.1994) (holding that the debtor's obligation to home purchasers for repair of construction defects would be excepted from discharge on the grounds that the purchase was induced by the builder's false pretenses, the builder intentionally misled the purchasers into believing he was a qualified general contractor building a quality home when in fact he was an unlicensed, unqualified builder who had recently failed the general contractors licensing exam, and the purchasers detrimentally relied on the misrepresentations), abrogated on other grounds, Cohen v. de la Cruz, 523 U.S. 213, 118 S.Ct. 1212, 140 L.Ed.2d 341 (1998); Baiata, 12 B.R. 813 (finding a debt non-dischargeable where the plaintiff would not have hired the debtor to perform contracting and construction work had the debtor not falsely represented that he was licensed by the county to perform such work).
[Emphasis added.] See also In re Martinez, 2008 WL 954164 (C.D.Cal. Feb. 26, 2008); Sinha v. Clark (In re Clark), 330 B.R. 702 (Bankr.C.D.Ill.2005) (applying section 523(a)(2)(A) to except from discharge amounts paid by homeowners to correct construction defects caused by contractor who had misrepresented his licensing status, but granting discharge to other portions of state court judgment against debtor-contractor). As In re Creta recognized, however, the misrepresentation must have been the proximate cause of the loss suffered. 271 B.R. at 221.

B
Before turning to the District of Columbia licensing regulations, it is useful to examine in general the requirement of *7 proximate causation as an element of a § 523(a)(2)(A) claim. I addressed the issue of proximate causation at length in Rucker v. Brown (In re Brown), 2008 WL 435267 (Bankr.D.D.C. Feb. 13, 2008). What I said there I will repeat here with only slight modification.
If the damages giving rise to the judgment proximately arose from some other cause than the misrepresentation, the debt can not be deemed to be one for property obtained by fraud. As this court explained in Davis v. Melcher (In re Melcher), 319 B.R. 761, 773-74 (Bankr.D.D.C. 2004):
Only debts proximately arising from the obtaining of property by fraud are nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A). United States v. Spicer, 57 F.3d 1152, 1157 (D.C.Cir.1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1043, 116 S.Ct. 701, 133 L.Ed.2d 658 (1996). It is not enough to show that false representations were made; [the plaintiff] must also show that her damage flowed directly from the misrepresentations. McCrory v. Spigel (In re Spigel), 260 F.3d 27 (1st Cir.2001). . . .
As the court of appeals observed in Spicer, 57 F.3d at 1157:
Proximate causationloss or damage to the creditor "as a proximate result of" the debtor's misrepresentationis an element that must be proved in order to establish nondischargeability under § 523(a)(2)(A). [Citations omitted.] And in general, the causation element in fraud cases demands more than mere "but-for" causation. See Greenberg v. de Tessieres, 902 F.2d 1002, 1004 (D.C.Cir. 1990) ("but-for" causation is not sufficient to establish common law fraud); In re Hibbs, 568 F.2d 347 (3d Cir.1977) ("but-for" causation is not sufficient to establish claim under False Claims Act); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 548A (1977) (to establish fraud, fraudulent act must be a "substantial cause" of victim's loss).
See also Archer v. Warner, 538 U.S. 314, 325-26, 123 S.Ct. 1462, 155 L.Ed.2d 454 (2003) (Thomas, J., joined by Stevens, J., dissenting) (for § 523(a)(2)(A) to apply, the creditor's loss must be proximately traceable to the fraudulent act, and superseding independent causes can sever any causal nexus even if there was some remote connection between the injury and the loss). As Spicer and subsequent decisions, including Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 116 S.Ct. 437, 133 L.Ed.2d 351 (1995), make clear, it is appropriate to look to the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1976) (cited hereinafter as "Restatement") in determining what proximate cause entails. Proximate cause requires both causation in fact (but-for causation) and legal causation. See, e.g., Shaw v. Santos (In re Santos), 304 B.R. 639, 669-70 (Bankr.D.N.J.2004):
"If the misrepresentation has in fact induced the recipient to enter into the transaction, there is causation in fact of the loss suffered in the transaction.... [T]he plaintiff must have relied upon the misrepresentation in incurring the loss." RESTATEMENT § 546 cmt. a and b.
Causation in fact can be established through evidence demonstrating that the debtor's false statements induced the creditor to enter into an agreement with the debtor for his services and that the misrepresentation was a substantial factor in influencing the creditor's decision. [Gem Ravioli, Inc. v. Creta (In re Creta), 271 B.R. 214, 219 (1st Cir. BAP 2002)].
By contrast to factual causation, "[m]isrepresentation is a legal cause only of those pecuniary losses that are within the foreseeable risk of harm that it creates. . . . This means that the matter misrepresented must be considered in the light of its tendency to cause *8 those losses and the likelihood that they will follow." RESTATEMENT § 548A cmt. a and b. Legal causation can be established through evidence showing that the creditor's loss could reasonably have been expected to result from its reliance on the debtor's misrepresentation. Gem Ravioli, 271 B.R. at 221.
As stated in District of Columbia v. Harris, 770 A.2d 82, 92 (D.C.2001):
Proximate cause is "that cause, which in natural and continued sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces the injury and without which the result would not have occurred." Lacy v. District of Columbia, 424 A.2d 317, 320 (D.C.1980) (internal quotation omitted). The "defendant need not have foreseen the precise injury, nor should [he] have had notice of the particular method in which a harm would occur, if the possibility of harm was clear to the ordinary prudent eye." Spar v. Obwoya, 369 A.2d 173, 177 (D.C.1977) (citing Kendall v. Gore, 98 U.S.App. D.C. 378, 387, 236 F.2d 673, 682 (1956)).
As this court further explained in Stello v. Aikin (In re Aikin), No. 07-10017, 2007 WL 3305364, at *4 (Bankr.D.D.C. Nov. 5, 2007):
for purposes of evaluating whether a link of proximate causation has been adequately alleged between any fraud and the benefits allegedly obtained by the defendant, ... the plaintiffs' allegation that the contract itself would not have been entered into but for the defendant's alleged fraud (once fraud is adequately pled) might satisfy the causation requirement of a claim asserted under § 523(a)(2)(A) as to damages proximately caused by the fraud of procuring the contract. See In re Creta, 271 B.R. 214, 220 (1st Cir.BAP2002) (debtor obtained a contract by false representations that were of importance to the plaintiff's entering into the contract and of essence to the performance of the contract, and his debt for damages arising from procuring that contract were nondischargeable); Lee-Benner v. Gergely (In re Gergely), 110 F.3d 1448, 1453 (9th Cir.1997); Kendrick v. Pleasants (In re Pleasants), 231 B.R. 893 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1999) (debtor misrepresented that he was an architect); Kadlecek v. Ferguson (In re Ferguson), 222 B.R. 576, 585-86 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1998).
[Emphasis added; footnote omitted.]
In the footnote to that text, the court added:
However, if any damages suffered by the plaintiffs were not a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the false representations, the debt owed by the debtor could not be said to be a debt for property obtained by fraud. Compare Parker v. Grant (In re Grant), 237 B.R. 97, 119 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1999) (false representation that debtor was married, relied upon by landlord in entering into lease with debtor, could not reasonably have been expected to result in the debt for nonpayment of rent) with McCain v. Fuselier (In re Fuselier), 211 B.R. 540 (Bankr.W.D.La.1997) (false representations that the debtor-contractor was a licensed contractor, and that payments made by the homeowners to him would be used for the costs of construction); McDaniel v. Border (In re McDaniel), 181 B.R. 883 (Bankr.S.D.Tex.1994); Peterson v. Bozzano (In re Bozzano), 173 B.R. 990 (Bankr.M.D.N.C.1994); Bottari v. Baiata (In re Baiata), 12 B.R. 813, 820 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.1981).
Stello v. Aikin, No. 07-10017, 2007 WL *9 3305364, at *4, n. 4.[1]
To the foregoing observations, it is useful to note that in Spicer, the debtor argued that no proximate causation existed because the borrowers' defaults arose from "a variety of factors, such as job loss or other personal financial reversals, all beyond Spicer's control." 57 F.3d at 1157. In rejecting that argument, the court of appeals observed:
Spicer's misrepresentations were material to HUD's determination that the mortgage applicants met the financial requirements to qualify for FHA-insured mortgages and had a sufficient personal financial stake in the properties to have the proper incentive to avoid default. The misrepresentations were thus more than a "but-for" cause; they proximately caused HUD's losses when the buyers to whom HUD improvidently granted FHA-insured mortgages on the basis of Spicer's misrepresentations of their financial qualifications defaulted. The defaults were thus a foreseeable consequence of Spicer's conduct.
Id. at 1159. Although other factors also caused the defaults, the court of appeals reasoned that:
as long as Spicer's misrepresentations were a material and proximate cause, they need not have been the sole factor causing HUD's losses. See In re Sobel, 37 B.R. 780, 786 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1984). See also In re Gerlach, 897 F.2d [1048] at 1052 [(1990)] ("a debt is `obtained by' fraud if the fraud is a substantial factor in the creditor's decision").
Id. The court of appeals distinguished In re Hibbs, in which the false certifications made to HUD concerned the property's heat, plumbing, and electrical systems. In Hibbs, the mortgagors monetary defaults and an unforeseen decrease in property values arising from a lead paint injunction could not be said to have proximately flowed from the misrepresentations regarding the heat, plumbing, and electrical systems. See In re Hibbs, 568 F.2d at 351.
As stated in Restatement 2d Torts § 548A (Legal Causation of Pecuniary Loss), "[a] fraudulent misrepresentation is a legal cause of a pecuniary loss resulting from action or inaction in reliance upon it if, but only if, the loss might reasonably be expected to result from the reliance." As explained in Comment a. to that provision, "[i]n general, the misrepresentation is a legal cause only of those pecuniary losses that are within the foreseeable risk of harm that it creates."
The critical question is thus whether Wyatt's claims represent losses that could reasonably have been expected to result from the allegedly false representation that Carpenter was licensed.

VII
I approach the proximate causation question by addressing whether the applicable regulations were designed to assure that Carpenter was competent to perform the work at issue (or had some other qualification that would have minimized the likelihood of her suffering losses through *10 shoddy workmanship), and whether they were designed in some way to provide protection to Wyatt in the event that she suffered a loss.

A
The decisions imposing the disgorgement requirement for violations of § 800.1 make clear that the provision and other related regulations were designed to protect homeowners. The legislative history to the statute authorizing the adoption of regulations regarding home improvement contractors notes the victimization of home owners that motivated the statute:
Recently, articles in the Washington Post and the Evening and Sunday Star newspapers have brought to the attention of the committee and a growing pattern of complaints from homeowners in the District of Columbia who have been victimized by unscrupulous home improvement contractors. . . .
The complaints most frequently received stem from the following practices: contractors receiving full payment prior to completion of the job; misrepresentation of the starting and completion dates and of costs; sloppy inferior work; incomplete work; substituted materials; and various other breaches of contract; and, improper permits or no permits at all.
Only fly-by-night operators can profit by such practices. The established ethical home improvement contractor cannot since his greater financial responsibility furnishes an assurance that a homeowner can obtain redress for violation of a home improvement contract. Requiring home improvement contractors to furnish a bond for the protection of the public will insure that such contractors will be financially responsible.
Under existing law . . ., the Commissioners have authority to license persons engaged in the home improvement business but do not have the authority to require bonds and insurance coverage of such persons. . . .
Section 1 of the bill authorizes the bonding of any person licensed by the Commissioners to engage in the home improvement business. . . .
Section 2 of the bill authorizes the Commissioners to establish classes and subclasses of person so licensed and to specify the amounts and conditions of bonds or other security necessary to protect the public from loss by reason of the failure of the licensed person to observe District Of Columbia Law. The Commissioners may also require such persons to keep public liability and property damage insurance. . . .
S.Rep. No. 86-1829, 86th Cong., 2d Sess. 2 (1960) (emphasis added). It is thus clear that the regulations next discussed were not merely revenue raising measures. At the same time, however, Wyatt has not shown that the regulations finally adopted were designed to protect her from suffering the losses that she suffered or to provide a source of recovery for those losses.

B
Carpenter characterizes the D.C. regulations as merely revenue raising measures. If they were such, then Wyatt would not be able to say that her damages were proximately caused by her reliance on Carpenter's misrepresentation that he was licensed. Although the regulations are more than just a revenue raising measure, and are intended to protect consumers from victimization, they are nevertheless not designed to assure that licensed contractors are competent to perform work: no showing is required that a contractor is competent in the field of home improvement work in order to obtain a license. In *11 contrast, 17 D.C. Mun. Reg. §§ 305 and 306 impose a requirement of an examination regarding installation of air conditioning equipment in order to be licensed to perform such installation work.[2] Because the regulations at issue are not designed to assure that Carpenter was competent to perform the required work, Wyatt's reliance on Carpenter's being licensed cannot be said to be the proximate cause of her loss based on any assumption by her that Carpenter's representation that he was licensed meant that he was competent to do the work.
There being no competence requirement to qualify for a home improvement license, the only possible license requirement imposing a qualification designed to guard against homeowners suffering losses is contained in 16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 801.2, which provides:
Each person applying for a license shall submit to the Director under oath, such information as the Director may require to assist in determining whether the applicant is trustworthy and intends to act as a bona fide home improvement contractor or salesperson. [Emphasis added.] Although the parties have not addressed this requirement, it appears designed to guard against the fly-by-night type of predator (discussed in the legislative history to the statute authorizing adoption of the regulations) who really is not interested in completing a home improvement contract.[3] In any event, Wyatt's losses appear to stem from Carpenter's incompetence, not from any lack of trustworthiness or lack of intent to act as a bona fide home improvement contractor.

C
Wyatt, however, would be entitled to a determination of nondischargeability if she can show that she relied on Carpenter's representation that he was licensed because she had reason to believe that she would be better off, with respect to the harm she suffered, if Carpenter had been licensed. Carpenter has not attempted to address the requirements for obtaining a license, and whether they would not be of a character that would permit Wyatt to assume that if Carpenter were licensed, she would be better off with respect to the losses she suffered. Although Wyatt will bear the burden of proving that Carpenter's being licensed would have left her better off with respect to the damages she suffered, it was Carpenter's burden in moving to dismiss to show that Wyatt cannot come up with any such proof. In any event, the parties have not briefed the issue, and it is appropriate therefore to decide this part of the nondischargeability claim only after the issues in this regard are fully addressed by the parties.
Nevertheless, I address below two requirements under the applicable regulations *12 that Wyatt might attempt to invoke. First, under 16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 802.1:
Each applicant for a contractor's license shall file in the Office of the Director a bond issued in support of the license for which application is made, extending to third-party recovery, in the penal sum of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) running to the District of Columbia. . . .
However, under 16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 802.3:
The condition of the bond under § 802.2 shall not be construed or understood to require any surety to be responsible for the completion of a home improvement contract entered into by the principle on the bond, nor shall the surety be liable under the bond for any claim other than a claim for financial loss suffered by a homeowner in connection with the transaction between the owner and principal and arising out of a violation of statute or regulation for which the principal was subject to criminal prosecution by the United States or the District of Columbia.
If Carpenter had been licensed, his bond could not have been called upon for a claim unless it arose out of a violation of a statute or regulation for which he could be criminally prosecuted. Accordingly, such a bond could not be called upon based on shoddy work without anything more. If Wyatt would not have been able to call upon the bond, it follows that Wyatt cannot assert that she proximately suffered loss because she would have been able to look to a bond if Carpenter had been licensed. Illustratively, in Gilliam v. Travelers Indem. Co., 281 A.2d 429 (D.C.1971), the court of appeals held that a bond could be called upon when the contractor collected prepayment on a contract and its president absconded without the contractor completing the work. The contractor's conduct subjected it to criminal prosecution, and thus the bond could be called upon. The parties have not briefed the issue of whether Carpenter engaged in conduct that caused Wyatt's losses and that would have subjected him to criminal prosecution if he were licensed and had a bond.[4]
Second, 16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 803 imposes an insurance requirement on licensed home improvement contractors. The licensee may be self-insured under certain criteria, and, alternatively, the licensee is required, upon applying for a license, to:
furnish evidence satisfactory to the Director that the operations proposed to be conducted by the applicant under the authority of the license for which application is made will be covered by public liability and property damage insurance for the full period of the license.
16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 803.1. [Emphasis added.] In turn:
the insurance . . . shall provide a minimum limit of liability of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) for bodily injury or death of any one (1) person in any single accident, one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) in the aggregate for more than one (1) person in any single accident, and ten thousand dollars ($10,000) property damage in any single accident.
16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 803.2. [Emphasis added.] These provisions do not appear to *13 be insurance coverage for mere shoddy performance of work. The insurance that a licensed home improvement contractor would have been required to have in place does not appear to furnish any basis for Wyatt to contend that her loss was proximately caused by her reliance on Carpenter being licensed and having insurance in place.
Wyatt could take Carpenter's representation that he was licensed as a representation that he was insured and bonded, and, she might argue, could take that as a representation that he was financially responsible, and that such misrepresentation caused her damage because Carpenter proved to be insolvent. The difficulty with such an argument is that having insurance and a bond in place does not demonstrate an ability to pay for any losses suffered if the bond and insurance are not designed to cover such losses. Moreover, a misrepresentation as to financial condition must be in writing in order to form a basis for nondischargeability. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(B). Wyatt has not pled a written representation as to financial condition, and has not invoked § 523(a)(2)(B).

VIII
If the claim for shoddy work were held to be nondischargeable, that would open up a separate question: does that make the disgorgement award and the partial tripling of that award nondischargeable? It does not make the disgorgement award nondischargeable, as no showing of fraud is required for a disgorgement order, and the disgorgement remedy is not for a loss proximately caused by Carpenter's misrepresentation. All that Wyatt would be entitled to recover would be the losses caused by shoddy workmanship. As to the trebling of damages and the award of attorney's fees, that was applied to the disgorgement award based on Carpenter accepting payment as an unlicensed contractor prior to completing the work, and the incidental award of treble damages and attorney's fees with respect to the disgorgement award is not nondischargeable. As to the losses caused by poor workmanship, however, Wyatt may be able to point to a provision in the D.C. consumer protection statute that permits trebling of the award for such losses. The parties have not addressed that issue. Nor have they addressed whether Wyatt is limited to pursuit of the claim for disgorgement and the award of treble damages and attorney's fees, and cannot now show a claim for losses and an alternative ground for trebling damages and awarding attorney's fees. The disgorgement award apparently was more than adequate to cover Wyatt's losses, and she might argue that she is entitled to treat the judgment as covering her claim for losses. See Spicer, 57 F.3d at 1155-57 (failure to have obtained judgment for fraud did not preclude creditor from demonstrating that the debt was procured by fraud).

IX
In accordance with the foregoing, it is
ORDERED that partial judgment is granted decreeing that any debt based on disgorgement of fees for having accepted payment prior to completing work is dischargeable. It is further
ORDERED that judgment is not granted with respect to whether the losses Wyatt suffered, and any amounts recoverable based on her having suffered such losses, are nondischargeable.
NOTES
[1]  In Davis v. Melcher, 319 B.R. at 775, the court recognized, in dicta, that a false representation that a debtor is licensed is not enough to establish proximate causation if "negligent performance was not a foreseeable consequence of his false representation that he was licensed." The court noted that "[i]n those cases [in which fraud was found to exist], the debtor obtained a contract by false representations that were of importance to the plaintiff's entering into the contract, and his debt for damages arising from procuring that contract rightfully are nondischargeable. See In re Creta, 271 B.R. 214, 220 (1st Cir. BAP2002); see also Lee-Benner v. Gergely (In re Gergely), 110 F.3d 1448, 1453 (9th Cir. 1997)."
[2]  Similarly, the statute at stake in Rubin v. Douglas, 59 A.2d 690 (D.C. 1948), regarding certain health practitioners was designed to "fill `the very great need for legislation to protect the people of the District from being preyed upon by ignorant, incompetent, untrained, conscienceless persons pretending to cure human ailments.'" 59 A.2d at 691 n. 2 (quoting Senate Report).
[3]  The District of Columbia government's website posts application requirements that appear to go to this requirement, and that may or may not have been in place when Carpenter began performing work for Wyatt. Among the requirements are these: the applicant must submit a Police Criminal History Report and "the business requires a background investigation prior to issuance of a license." No evidence has been submitted at this juncture to show that the background investigation entails anything other than examining whether the applicant is trustworthy.
[4]  Because he was not licensed, Carpenter would be subject to criminal prosecution for having violated 16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 800.1 by accepting payment as an unlicensed contractor prior to completing the work. 16 D.C. Mun. Reg. § 800.6. But if he was licensed, his acceptance of payment before completing the work would not be a violation of § 800.1, and thus, any bond he would have been required to have if licensed could not be called upon based on a violation of § 800.1.
