            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



BRENDA BURTON,                                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    April 25, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                   No. 340592
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
CITY OF DETROIT and CITY OF DETROIT                                 LC No. 17-007880-NO
WATER AND SEWAGE DEPARTMENT,
JOHN DOE 1, Employee of City of Detroit Water
and Sewage Department, CITY OF DETROIT
POLICE DEPARTMENT, POLICE OFFICER
JOHN DOE 2, and POLICE OFFICER JOHN
DOE 3,

               Defendants-Appellees.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and FORT HOOD and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff, Brenda Burton, appeals as of right the order of the trial court granting summary
disposition to defendants under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (8). We affirm.

                                            I. FACTS

        This case involves plaintiff’s claim that defendants acted with gross negligence and
intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon her. On July 6, 2015, plaintiff’s son, Osean
Lockett, did not return home as expected. Plaintiff reported him missing to the Detroit Police
Department, but the police failed to locate him. In early September 2015, plaintiff learned that
someone had posted a message on Facebook stating, “went to wk this morning found a dead
body in the sewer.” Plaintiff, together with her other sons, went to the area where the Facebook
posts indicated the body had been found. Noticing that a manhole cover was partially lifted, they
slid the cover back, revealing Lockett’s body. It was later determined that Lockett had multiple
gunshot wounds and his death apparently had been a homicide.

      Plaintiff initiated this action against the City of Detroit, the City of Detroit Water and
Sewage Department (DWSD), the unidentified employee of the DWSD who allegedly posted the


                                                -1-
message on Facebook (John Doe 1), the Detroit Police Department, and two unidentified police
officers (Police Officer John Doe 2 and Police Officer John Doe 3). In Count I of her complaint,
plaintiff alleged gross negligence, asserting that the Detroit Police Department and the two
unidentified police officers were reckless in failing to investigate and locate Lockett’s body after
the location of the body was posted on Facebook by a DWSD employee. Plaintiff also alleged
that the DWSD and John Doe 1 were reckless and grossly negligent when John Doe 1 posted the
message on Facebook before the police had investigated and secured the body. Plaintiff alleged
that she endured pain and suffering, mental anguish, anxiety, and emotional distress as a result of
defendants’ gross negligence. In Count II of her complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendants’
conduct constituted the intentional infliction of emotional distress, that John Doe 1 was reckless
in posting the information on Facebook, and that the adverse consequences to plaintiff were
foreseeable.

        Defendants City of Detroit and the Detroit Police Department moved for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), contending that plaintiff’s complaint failed to state a claim
in avoidance of governmental immunity. Defendants DWSD and John Doe 1 thereafter moved
for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(8), also contending that plaintiff’s
claims against the DWSD were barred by governmental immunity, and that plaintiff had failed to
establish that John Doe 1 was grossly negligent in making the alleged Facebook post or that the
Facebook post was the proximate cause of any damages to plaintiff. The trial court granted
defendants’ motions under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (8), dismissing the complaint as to all
defendants. Plaintiff now appeals.

                                         II. DISCUSSION

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision to grant or deny summary disposition.
Dawoud v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 317 Mich App 517, 520; 895 NW2d 188 (2016). A
motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) asserts that the claim is barred by
“release, payment, prior judgment, immunity granted by law, statute of limitations, statute of
frauds, an agreement to arbitrate or to litigate in a different forum, infancy or other disability of
the moving party, or assignment or other disposition of the claim before commencement of the
action.” MCR 2.116(C)(7). In reviewing a grant of summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(7), we accept the contents of the complaint as true unless contradicted by the
documentation submitted by the moving party, and consider any affidavits, depositions,
admissions, or other documentary evidence submitted. McLean v McElhaney, 289 Mich App
592, 597; 798 NW2d 29 (2010). Whether a claim is barred by governmental immunity is a
question of law that we review de novo. Ray v Swager, 501 Mich 52, 61; 903 NW2d 366 (2017).

        A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) “tests the legal
sufficiency of the complaint. All well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true and
construed in a light most favorable to the nonmovant.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120;
597 NW2d 817 (1999). A motion for summary disposition under this section is properly granted
when, considering only the pleadings, the alleged claims are clearly unenforceable as a matter of
law and no factual development could justify recovery. Id.


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                              B. GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY

       Plaintiff contends that because defendants were grossly negligent in their conduct, they
are not shielded by governmental immunity, and that the trial court therefore erred in granting
defendants summary disposition. We disagree.

         Governmental immunity from tort liability is governed by §7 of the governmental tort
liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1407. Under that section, immunity is broadly granted, and
exceptions to that immunity are construed narrowly. Margaris v Genesee Co, 324 Mich App
111, 116; 919 NW2d 659 (2018). Under the GTLA, governmental agencies and their employees
are immune from tort liability when engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental
function, MCL 691.1407; Beals v Michigan, 497 Mich 363, 370; 871 NW2d 5 (2015), and can
be held liable only when the circumstances fall into one of the enumerated statutory exceptions.
Grimes v Mich Dep’t of Transp, 475 Mich 72, 77; 715 NW2d 275 (2006). “The statutory
exceptions to the governmental immunity provided to the state and its agencies are the highway
exception, MCL 691.1402; the motor-vehicle exception, MCL 691.1405; the public-building
exception, MCL 691.1406; the proprietary-function exception, MCL 691.1413; the
governmental-hospital exception, MCL 691.1407(4); and the sewage-disposal-system-event
exception, MCL 691.1417(2) and (3).” Odom v Wayne Co, 482 Mich 459, 478 n 62; 760 NW2d
217 (2008). To assert a viable claim against a governmental agency, a plaintiff must plead facts
that establish the applicability of one of the exceptions to governmental immunity. Wood v City
of Detroit, 323 Mich App 416, 420; 917 NW2d 709 (2018).

        By contrast, when a claim is asserted against an officer or employee of a governmental
agency, the burden is on the officer or employee to plead and prove governmental immunity as
an affirmative defense. Odom, 482 Mich at 479. MCL 691.1407 provides that governmental
employees acting within the scope of their authority are entitled to immunity from tort liability
unless their conduct constitutes gross negligence that is the proximate cause of the alleged injury
or damage. MCL 691.1407(2)(c); Tarlea v Crabtree, 263 Mich App 80, 89; 687 NW2d 333
(2004). That statutory section provides, in pertinent part:

                (2) Except as otherwise provided in this section, and without regard to the
       discretionary or ministerial nature of the conduct in question, each officer and
       employee of a governmental agency, each volunteer acting on behalf of a
       governmental agency, and each member of a board, council, commission, or
       statutorily created task force of a governmental agency is immune from tort
       liability for an injury to a person or damage to property caused by the officer,
       employee, or member while in the course of employment or service or caused by
       the volunteer while acting on behalf of a governmental agency if all of the
       following are met:

              (a) The officer, employee, member, or volunteer is acting or reasonably
       believes he or she is acting within the scope of his or her authority.

             (b) The governmental agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a
       governmental function.


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             (c) The officer’s, employee’s, member’s, or volunteer’s conduct does not
       amount to gross negligence that is the proximate cause of the injury or damage.
       [MCL 691.1407(2).]

        Gross negligence is defined by MCL 691.1407(8)(a) as “conduct so reckless as to
demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results.” By defining the term in
this way, the Legislature limited employee liability only to “situations where the contested
conduct was substantially more than negligent.” Maiden, 461 Mich at 122. This Court has
stated that gross negligence is “almost a willful disregard of precautions or measures to attend to
safety and a singular disregard for substantial risks.” Tarlea, 263 Mich App at 90. Whether a
government employee’s conduct constitutes gross negligence under MCL 691.1407 is generally
a question of fact. Id. at 88. But if no reasonable person could find that the governmental
employee was grossly negligent, then a court may grant summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(7). Id.

        We also note that MCL 691.1407 does not create a cause of action known as “gross
negligence,” but instead sets forth the extent of governmental immunity. Cummins v Robinson
Twp, 283 Mich App 677, 692; 770 NW2d 421 (2009). As in any case alleging negligence, a
plaintiff alleging gross negligence by a government employee must establish a prima facie case
that (1) the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, (2) the defendant breached that duty, (3) the
plaintiff incurred damages, and (4) the damages were proximately caused by the defendant’s
breach. Id. Thus, a plaintiff may only maintain a negligence action if a legal duty existed that
required the defendant to conform to a particular standard of conduct to protect others from
unreasonable risk of harm. Riddle v McLouth Steel Products Corp, 440 Mich App 85, 96; 485
NW2d 676 (1992). A claim alleging gross negligence is properly dismissed under MCR
2.116(C)(8) if the plaintiff failed to establish that the defendant owed the plaintiff a legal duty.
Beaudrie v Henderson, 465 Mich 124, 130; 631 NW2d 308 (2001). Whether a defendant owed a
plaintiff a legal duty is a question of law for the court. Id. In addition, the plaintiff must also
demonstrate that the employee defendant’s conduct was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s
injuries. MCL 691.1407(2).

        In this case, there are three municipal defendants (City of Detroit, Detroit Police
Department, and DWSD), and three defendants who allegedly are employees of the municipal
defendants (John Does 1-3). Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred when it determined that
her claims were barred by governmental immunity. Plaintiff alleged against the municipal
defendants both gross negligence and intentional infliction of emotional distress. With respect to
the municipal defendants, however, the gross negligence exception does not apply. Gracey v
Wayne Co Clerk, 213 Mich App 412, 420; 540 NW2d 710 (1995), overruled in part on other
grounds by American Transmissions, Inc v Attorney General, 454 Mich 135, 143 (1997).
Rather, with regard to the municipal defendants, plaintiff was obligated to plead her claims in
avoidance of governmental immunity. Odom, 482 Mich at 478-479. Because the municipal
defendants do not fall within the category of defendants against whom the gross negligence
exception applies, and because plaintiff has not asserted the applicability of any statutory
exception to immunity with respect to her claims, the trial court properly granted summary
disposition to the municipal defendants under MCR 2.116(C)(7). See Margaris, 324 Mich App
at 125.


                                                -4-
                               C. FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

        With regard to the employee defendants, plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a claim.
Plaintiff alleges against these defendants both gross negligence and intentional infliction of
emotional distress. As noted, gross negligence is not itself a cause of action and instead refers to
the level of negligence on the part of a government employee that may subject the employee to
tort liability. Although the employee has the burden to assert governmental immunity as an
affirmative defense, to successfully allege a claim of negligence the plaintiff is required to
demonstrate that the government employee owed a duty to the plaintiff, breached that duty, and
that the plaintiff’s resulting damages were proximately caused by the employee’s breach. See
Maiden, 461 Mich at 131 (negligence action may be maintained only if a legal duty exists).

        In this case, plaintiff’s complaint fails to demonstrate these elements. Plaintiff alleges in
Count I of her complaint that John Doe 1 is a DWSD employee and that he was grossly negligent
when he posted the message on Facebook. Accepting as true that John Doe 1 is an employee of
the DWSD, plaintiff nonetheless failed to allege that John Doe 1 owed a duty to plaintiff,
breached that duty, and thereby proximately caused her alleged damages. A mere allegation that
an actor could have done more, or in this case could have been more cognizant of the feelings of
others, is insufficient to establish gross negligence. See Wood, 323 Mich App at 424. And
although whether a government employee’s conduct constituted gross negligence generally is a
question of fact for the jury, if reasonable minds could not differ, summary disposition is
properly granted. Id.

        Nor does plaintiff’s complaint establish a prima facie case of negligence with regard to
Police Officer John Doe 2 and Police Officer John Doe 3. Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the
conduct of these officers was reckless in their failure to investigate and locate Lockett’s body
after the location of the body was posted on Facebook by John Doe 1. Again, plaintiff fails to set
forth a prima facie case setting forth facts to demonstrate that the police officers breached a duty
and thereby proximately caused plaintiff’s alleged damages.

       Plaintiff also contends that the trial court erred in granting the employee defendants
summary disposition of her claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. Again, we
disagree. To establish a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must
demonstrate (1) that the defendant engaged in extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) that the
conduct was intentional or reckless, (3) causation, and (4) that plaintiff experienced severe
emotional distress. Hayley v Allstate Ins Co, 262 Mich App 571, 577; 686 NW2d 273 (2004).
To be considered extreme and outrageous, the conduct must be “so outrageous in character, and
so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as
atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. The element of intent or
recklessness may be established by demonstrating that the defendant specifically intended to
cause emotional distress to the plaintiff or that his or her conduct was so reckless that any
reasonable person would know that emotional distress would result. Lewis v LeGrow, 258 Mich
App 175,197; 670 NW2d 675 (2003). It is for the trial court to initially determine whether the
defendant’s conduct reasonably may be regarded as so extreme and outrageous as to permit
recovery. Hayley, 262 Mich App at 577.



                                                -5-
        Here, plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the defendant John Doe 1 acted recklessly when
he posted the Facebook post before the police had investigated and secured Lockett’s body,
causing her emotional distress. A review of the limited record suggests that the alleged conduct
of John Doe 1, though perhaps thoughtless, was not “so outrageous in character, and so extreme
in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious and
utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. Because it was for the trial court to initially
determine whether the defendant’s conduct could reasonably be regarded as so extreme and
outrageous as to permit recovery, Hayley, 262 Mich App at 577, and because the trial court’s
determination is supported by the record, we find no error.

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
                                                            /s/ Michael F. Gadola




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