                                     2017 IL App (1st) 151253
                                                                                  Second Division
                                                                                November 21, 2017

                                           No. 1-15-1253


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                           )   Appeal from the
                                                               )   Circuit Court of
          Plaintiff-Appellee,                                  )   Cook County.
                                                               )
     v.                                                        )   No. 13 CR 10795
                                                               )
RONALD PALMER,                                                 )   Honorable
                                                               )   Erica L. Reddick,
          Defendant-Appellant.                                 )   Judge, presiding.


          JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
          Presiding Justice Neville and Justice Hyman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1        Following a bench trial, defendant Ronald Palmer was convicted of possession of a

controlled substance with intent to deliver and sentenced to six years in prison. On appeal,

Palmer contends that his conviction should be reversed because the trial court erred in finding

that the sole testifying police officer’s surveillance location was privileged. Palmer argues that

the “surveillance location privilege” should be rejected as a matter of law; asserts that even if the

privilege is valid, disclosure was merited here because the State’s case turned exclusively on the

surveillance officer’s uncorroborated testimony; and contends that application of the privilege in

his case was not harmless. In the alternative, Palmer contends that the mittimus should be

corrected to reflect the accurate name and class of the offense of which he was convicted.

¶2        Because we agree that the surveillance officer’s location should have been disclosed and

that the lack of disclosure deprived Palmer of a fair trial, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
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¶3     Palmer’s conviction arose from the events of May 11, 2013. Following his arrest, Palmer

was charged by information with one count of possession with intent to deliver between 1 and 15

grams of heroin within 1000 feet of a church. Before trial, the State amended the charge to strike

the element of being within 1000 feet of a church. Also before trial, a codefendant, Marc

Hardiman, pled guilty to one count of possession of less than 15 grams of heroin in exchange for

a sentence of 18 months in prison.

¶4     At trial, Chicago police officer Paul Zogg, a 15-year veteran of the police force, testified

that on May 11, 2013, he and his partner, Officer J. Rojas, were working as surveillance officers

with a narcotics team in the area of 4037 West Jackson Boulevard. Zogg, who was familiar with

the neighborhood from having conducted “dozens and dozens of surveillances” in the area over

the past 11 years, explained that the building at the given address was an abandoned two-flat.

About 11 p.m., Zogg saw Palmer on the porch and steps area of the two-flat. Zogg was

approximately 40 yards from Palmer, using 10 power binoculars. Although it was dark outside, a

streetlight immediately in front of the two-flat provided light. Palmer was wearing a gray jacket,

gray hoodie, blue jeans, and light green shoes.

¶5     Zogg testified that during his surveillance, three different men approached Palmer on

separate occasions: a Hispanic man in a tan jacket, a black man in a black jacket, and a different

black man in a black jacket. On each occasion, the customer gave United States currency to

Palmer. Palmer would then place the money in his right jacket pocket, pull out a yellow strip of

tape from his left jacket pocket, and tear off and tender to the customer items that had been

attached to the strip. Zogg could not tell how much money Palmer received.

¶6     After the third transaction, Zogg radioed the enforcement officers on his team, broke

surveillance, and approached Palmer and his third customer, who was later determined to be


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codefendant Hardiman. Palmer and Hardiman looked in Zogg’s direction and fled into the two-


flat. Just before Palmer entered the building, he dropped the yellow strip at the top of the steps.


Zogg, who was about 10 yards behind Palmer at that point, picked up the yellow strip. He,


Officer Rojas, and the enforcement officers then pursued Palmer inside the building. Rojas


detained Palmer in the vestibule area and Zogg detained Hardiman in the rear of the building.


Once Palmer was in custody, Rojas conducted a custodial search of his person in Zogg’s


presence. Rojas recovered $20 in multiple denominations from Palmer’s right jacket pocket.


Zogg testified that the item he had recovered at the top of the steps consisted of two yellow strips


holding 16 clear zip baggies, each with a “blue lady” design on them and each containing suspect


heroin. Zogg brought the baggies to the police station, where they were inventoried, heat-sealed,


and placed in a narcotics vault.


¶7     On cross-examination, Zogg testified that his surveillance of Palmer lasted less than 10


minutes, that he periodically radioed enforcement officers during the surveillance, and that less


than five minutes passed between the time he broke surveillance and Palmer was detained. When


asked how Palmer could have engaged in three narcotics transactions but only have $20 on him, 


Zogg explained that the recovered items were “nickel hit bags of heroin,” meaning they sold for


$5 each. He also explained that the cash recovered from Palmer was not inventoried because, 


pursuant to department policy, Palmer was allowed to retain the money. 


¶8     Defense counsel then questioned Zogg about his surveillance location as follows:


                       “Q. *** You stated that you had observed my client for, approximately,

               ten minutes; and that you were 20 to 40 feet away?

                       A. No, I was about 40 yards away, Counsel.

                       Q. I’m sorry, 40 yards away?

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                        A. Correct.

                        Q. And you had to use binoculars?

                        A. I do, correct.

                        Q. And were you elevated or on foot?

                        A. Street level.

                        Q. Were you in a vehicle or outside of a vehicle?

                        A. Outside of a vehicle.

                        Q. Were you in plain clothes or uniform?

                        A. Uniform, with cover clothing over the top of it, that being a camouflage

              jacket.

                        Q. Were you working alone or with a partner?

                        A. Surveillance officer was Rojas.

                        Q. And you said you were on the street level, correct?

                        A. That’s correct.”

¶9     Following this exchange, Zogg testified that he was not able to hear any conversation

between Palmer and the men who approached him and could not see what denominations of bills

the men gave Palmer. Zogg acknowledged that four people were inside the two-flat when the

police entered, that the narcotics the police recovered were inventoried under four different

numbers, and that only the set inventoried with the number ending “2929” was “assigned to”


Palmer. 


¶ 10   Zogg further testified on cross-examination that during his surveillance, (i) he had a front


view of Palmer, (ii) Officer Rojas was “in the rough vicinity” of his own surveillance location


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and (iii) they were observing Palmer from the same direction. When defense counsel asked

where exactly Zogg had been located, the prosecutor objected, arguing against disclosure due to

officer safety. Defense counsel responded that concerns for officer safety did not apply, as Zogg

had stated he was on street level, in uniform, and using a radio, which indicated this was not an

undercover situation. The trial court had Zogg leave the room and then addressed the attorneys

regarding officer safety. The prosecutor answered that he believed the surveillance location “may

be a spot that they still use,” and suggested that the court have an in camera conversation with

the officer on that topic. Defense counsel responded that based on Zogg’s testimony that he was

at street level and in uniform, the location could not be secret since “anybody in the

neighborhood who walks by is going to see the cops.”

¶ 11   The trial court decided to hold an “in camera review of the information” in the presence

of the prosecutor and defense counsel. In chambers, the prosecutor questioned Zogg as follows:

                      “Q. Officer, were you outside your—were you outside of your vehicle?

                      A. That’s correct.

                      Q. And were you on the street?

                      A. No.

                      Q. Or were you in a building?

                      A. Neither.

                      Q. Where were you?

                      A. At—there’s a vacant property there, with ample vegetation.

                      Q. I’m sorry, I didn’t hear the—

                      A. Vacant lot with a lot of vegetation.”


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¶ 12   At this point, the trial court stopped the questioning and went off record. When the court

came back on record, it stated, “Based on the representation that it was a spot that they use

continually, and revealing it will compromise officer safety—.” Defense counsel interrupted,

arguing that this was not a case involving the police using private property and thus

compromising the safety of the property’s owner. Defense counsel asserted that the exact

surveillance location was relevant to cross-examination because it had to do with the view Zogg

had of Palmer and Zogg’s ability “to see what he says he saw” through the vegetation he was

using to conceal himself. The prosecutor responded that Zogg had been clear that he was able to

see over the vegetation with binoculars and had given “as many details as necessary.” The trial

court made the following decision:

                      “All right. Considering the arguments of counsel, together with the elicited

              information as to the exact location, I do think you are able to elicit the issue you

              want to on cross-examination, without revealing the exact location. *** So, over

              the State’s—I will permit you to ask questions that will not reveal the exact

              location. It will not be revealed; but certainly, you may challenge, based on the

              in camera, off-the-record questioning process, facts that address the issues you

              want to raise on cross-examination, okay?”

¶ 13   In open court, the trial court reiterated that its ruling was that the surveillance location

would not be revealed, but defense counsel would be permitted to inquire as to other

circumstances surrounding the location. Defense counsel then elicited from Zogg that in his

surveillance location, he was kneeling and surrounded by bushes, grass, and weeds; that his head

was above the shrubs; and that he held binoculars to his face. When counsel asked Zogg whether

his view of Palmer was compromised by the bushes and grass, Zogg answered that his view was


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unobstructed. In response to defense counsel’s question whether he used shrubs to conceal his

location, Zogg gave the following answer:

                        “There’s multiple things that go into camouflage and concealment, that

                 being shadows, background. So, if I am sitting in the shadows, I have a dark

                 background. I can keep some of myself, the portion I need to, that being my eyes,

                 try to cover as much of myself as I can, I will have that portion; and I will

                 normally try to have a good background. I’ll try to blend in with it. And then, I’ll

                 have shadows around me, which helps conceal someone that’s going past, from

                 seeing me, because they are looking more in the darkness, whereas I’m looking

                 into a more lighted area.”

¶ 14      Following Zogg’s testimony, the parties stipulated that a forensic chemist received

inventory No. 12902929 in a heat-sealed condition, that the envelope contained 16 items of

powder, and that she tested the contents of 7 of the 16 items. The 16 items weighed 2.7 grams,

the 7 tested items weighed 1.2 grams, and the tested items were positive for the presence of

heroin.

¶ 15      Palmer presented no evidence and the parties rested.

¶ 16      In closing, defense counsel questioned Officer Zogg’s credibility. As relevant to this

appeal, she argued that Zogg’s claim that he observed Palmer engage in narcotics transactions

did not “make very much sense, because he is saying that he can see *** he can’t reveal his

location, because he has to be hidden, but he can see everything perfectly, when it comes to my

client.” Counsel asserted that her cross-examination of Zogg was limited because the

surveillance location was not revealed, but nevertheless maintained that Zogg’s ability to observe

Palmer was questionable because “there was vegetation in the way.” The prosecutor responded

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by arguing that defense counsel’s ability to cross-examine was not hampered or curtailed in any

way and that Palmer’s guilt had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.


¶ 17    The trial court found Palmer guilty of possession of a controlled substance with intent to 


deliver. 


¶ 18    Defense counsel filed a motion for a new trial, arguing, inter alia, that Palmer did not

receive a fair and impartial trial, and Palmer filed a pro se “motion for re-trial due to ineffective

assistance of counsel.” The trial court conducted an inquiry into Palmer’s claim of

ineffectiveness and found it lacked merit. The court also denied defense counsel’s motion for a

new trial. The court later sentenced Palmer to six years in prison and Palmer timely appealed.

¶ 19    Palmer’s first contention on appeal is that the trial court erred in applying the surveillance

location privilege. He argues that the privilege should be rejected as a matter of law or, in the

alternative, that the trial court should have required disclosure here because the State’s case

turned exclusively on Zogg’s testimony. Palmer asserts that his constitutional right to effectively

cross-examine Zogg was violated, that he was denied a fair trial, and that the error was not

harmless.

¶ 20    As an initial matter, we note the State’s argument that Palmer has forfeited this issue

because he failed to raise it in his motion for a new trial. It is true that ordinarily, a defendant

must both object at trial and include a claim in a posttrial motion in order to preserve it for

appeal. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). However, an exception to forfeiture exists

for constitutional issues that were not included in a posttrial motion, but were raised at trial and

could be raised later in a postconviction petition. See People v. Cregan, 2014 IL 113600, ¶ 16;

People v. Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st) 142356, ¶ 23. In such cases, “the interests in judicial

economy favor addressing the issue on direct appeal rather than requiring defendant to raise it in

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a separate postconviction petition.” Cregan, 2014 IL 113600, ¶ 18. Here, Palmer’s arguments

regarding the surveillance location privilege implicate his constitutional right to confront

witnesses against him. Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st) 142356, ¶ 23. Accordingly, we will review

his claims. Id.

¶ 21    Palmer’s first argument is that the surveillance location privilege should be rejected

entirely as a matter of law for three reasons: (1) though the creation of a privilege is

presumptively a legislative task, the surveillance location privilege was created by this court

rather than by the Illinois legislature; (2) the privilege has not been addressed by the Illinois

Supreme Court; and (3) the privilege does not meet a test for recognizing evidentiary privileges

that was set forth by the Illinois Supreme Court in People ex rel. Birkett v. City of Chicago, 184

Ill. 2d 521 (1998).

¶ 22    We decline Palmer’s invitation to completely abandon the surveillance location privilege.

This court has developed a consistent and long-standing body of law regarding the privilege. It

was first recognized in Illinois in People v. Criss, 294 Ill. App. 3d 276 (1998), and evolved from

the informant’s privilege, which is codified in the Illinois Compiled Statutes. See 735 ILCS 5/8­

802.3 (West 2012); Criss, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 280. Since Criss, the surveillance location privilege

has been recognized and applied in numerous cases in our state. See, e.g., In re Manuel M., 2017

IL App (1st) 162381, ¶ 18; Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st) 142356, ¶ 26; People v. Reed, 2013 IL

App (1st) 113465, ¶ 18; People v. Britton, 2012 IL App (1st) 102322, ¶ 26; People v. Price, 404

Ill. App. 3d 324, 330-31 (2010); People v. Stokes, 392 Ill. App. 3d 335, 340 (2009); People v.

Bell, 373 Ill. App. 3d 811, 818 (2007); People v. Quinn, 332 Ill. App. 3d 40, 43 (2002); People v.

Knight, 323 Ill. App. 3d 1117, 1127-28 (2001).




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¶ 23   Moreover, Birkett and Criss were both decided in 1998. Despite the plethora of cases

recognizing the qualified surveillance privilege that have been decided by our court over the past

decades, our supreme court has not cast doubt on the continuing viability of this body of law.

And as the surveillance location privilege derives from the legislatively enacted informant’s

privilege and implicates the same policy concerns, we deem it ill-advised to eliminate it entirely.

¶ 24   Palmer next challenges the state’s invocation of the privilege under the circumstances of

this case, stressing that his conviction rested entirely on Zogg’s uncorroborated testimony.

¶ 25   Criminal defendants have a constitutional right to confront witnesses against them, which

includes the right to cross-examination. See U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art.

I, § 8; Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 54 (2004). Yet, the right to cross-examination is

not absolute. Price, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 330. A trial court is afforded broad discretion to limit the

scope of cross-examination, and its restriction of cross-examination will not be reversed absent

an abuse of that discretion. Id.

¶ 26   As discussed above, Illinois courts recognize a qualified privilege regarding the

disclosure of surveillance locations. See, e.g., Manuel M., 2017 IL App (1st) 162381, ¶ 18.

Whether disclosure is required is determined on a case-by-case basis, with the trial court

balancing the public interest in keeping the location secret against the defendant’s interest in

preparing a defense and right to test the credibility of a witness by cross-examination. Id.;

Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st) 142356, ¶ 34. The more important a witness is to the State’s case,

the more important the defendant’s right to cross-examination concerning the surveillance

location becomes. Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st) 142356, ¶ 34. If there is no question about a

surveillance officer’s ability to observe or evidence of the crime in question appears on a

contemporaneous video recording, disclosure would not be required. Id. In contrast, if the


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prosecution’s case depends almost exclusively on one police officer’s testimony, disclosure must

“ ‘almost always’ ” be required. Id. (quoting Knight, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 1128).

¶ 27   Where, as here, the State invokes the surveillance location privilege at trial, it bears the

initial burden of proof in demonstrating that the privilege should apply. Manuel M., 2017 IL App

(1st) 162381, ¶ 19. The State carries this burden by presenting evidence that the surveillance

location was either (1) on private property with the permission of the owner or (2) in a useful

location, the utility of which would be compromised by disclosure. Id. To evaluate whether the

privilege applies, the trial court should hold an in camera hearing, outside the presence of the

defendant and defense counsel, during which the State’s witness must reveal the surveillance

location and make a preliminary showing that disclosure of that location would harm the public

interest. Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st) 142356, ¶ 35; but see Manuel M., 2017 IL App (1st)

162381, ¶ 26 (holding that the in camera examination of the officer should be conducted outside

the presence of the State and the defense, that it should be strictly limited to disclosure of the

exact surveillance location, and that any testimony or argument addressing the public interest in

nondisclosure should be made in open court). Then, the trial court should weigh the defendant’s

need for the surveillance location against the public’s interest in nondisclosure. Flournoy, 2016

IL App (1st) 142356, ¶ 35. Factors to be considered in evaluating the public interest in

nondisclosure include the crime charged, the possible defenses, and the potential significance of

the privileged information. Id.

¶ 28   If the State satisfies its burden of proof at the in camera hearing, then the burden shifts to

the defendant to overcome the privilege. Id. ¶ 36. The defendant’s burden at this point varies

depending on the timing of the invocation of the privilege. Id. If the surveillance location

privilege was invoked or challenged pretrial, the defendant may overcome it by making a strong


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showing that the disclosure of the surveillance location is material or necessary to the defense

and that his need for the information outweighs the public’s interest in keeping the location

secret. Id. In contrast, if the State first invokes the privilege at trial, as it did in the instant case,

then the defendant need only show that the surveillance location is relevant and helpful to his

defense, or is essential to the fair determination of the cause. Id.

¶ 29    Here, the State’s invocation of the privilege at trial triggered an in camera hearing. The

portion of that hearing that was transcribed reveals that the trial court allowed the State to

question Zogg and elicit information that his surveillance location was in a vacant property with

“a lot of vegetation.” Transcription then stopped. When it resumed, the court indicated that Zogg

had represented that the location was a spot the police used continually and that revealing it

would compromise officer safety. Defense counsel argued that the exact surveillance location

was necessary in order to cross-examine Zogg regarding his ability “to see what he says he saw”

through the vegetation he was using to conceal himself. The trial court ruled that the surveillance

location would not be revealed, stating to defense counsel, “I do think you are able to elicit the

issue you want to on cross-examination, without revealing the exact location.” The court also

stated that defense counsel would be “permitted to inquire as to other circumstances surrounding

the location.”

¶ 30    We find that, although the trial court was sensitive to Palmer’s need to ascertain Zogg’s

exact surveillance location, it failed to take into account other factors such as (i) the lower

burden Palmer was required to meet to obtain disclosure, (ii) Zogg’s status as the State’s only

live witness, and (iii) the fact that surveillance was conducted from a vacant lot, which does not

implicate the safety of cooperating landowners.




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¶ 31   First, as noted, when the surveillance location privilege is invoked at trial, the defendant,

in order to overcome the privilege, is only required to show that the exact location is relevant and

helpful to his defense. Manuel M., 2017 IL App (1st) 162381, ¶ 19; Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st)

142356, ¶ 36. Particularly since Zogg testified that his body was completely concealed by

vegetation, but that he was still able to see Palmer’s actions, the disclosure of the area in the

vacant lot where Zogg positioned himself would have enabled defense counsel to challenge that

testimony more effectively. Thus, this information was relevant and helpful to Palmer’s defense.

¶ 32   Second, it has long been the position of this court that when the State’s case depends

almost exclusively on one police officer’s testimony, disclosure must “almost always” be

ordered. See, e.g., Manuel M., 2017 IL App (1st) 162381, ¶ 22; Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st)

142356, ¶ 34; Reed, 2013 IL App (1st) 113465, ¶ 18; Price, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 331; Stokes, 392

Ill. App. 3d at 340; Knight, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 1128. Here, the State’s case against Palmer rested

almost entirely upon Zogg’s testimony, the State’s sole live witness. Defense counsel’s trial

strategy was to challenge Zogg’s credibility via cross-examination—the principal means to test a

witness’s credibility. Manuel M., 2017 IL App (1st) 162381, ¶ 22. Because Zogg’s testimony

provided the only evidence that Palmer had engaged in three hand-to-hand narcotics transactions

in front of the two-flat, Zogg’s ability to see the porch and steps of that two-flat from his point of

observation was highly relevant to the credibility of his testimony, and disclosure of the location

would have been helpful to the defense. We agree with Palmer that asking a witness if his sight

line was clear is pointless if the witness’s answer cannot then be tested by specific questions

based on his exact location. By blocking disclosure of the surveillance location, the trial court

seriously hampered Palmer’s ability to test the credibility of the only witness against him.




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¶ 33   Third and finally, the circumstances here, involving an officer concealing himself behind

vegetation in a vacant lot, do not implicate the safety concerns of property owners who allow

police to conduct surveillance from private property. See Criss, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 280-81. And

while officer safety is also a concern underlying the surveillance location privilege, we perceive

no greater threat to officer safety as a result of disclosure in this case given that anyone selling

drugs in the vicinity of 4037 West Jackson Boulevard now knows that officers conceal

themselves behind vegetation in vacant lots nearby.

¶ 34   Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it applied the

surveillance location privilege in this case. See Manuel M., 2017 IL App (1st) 162381, ¶¶ 21-22

(where the State’s case rested entirely upon one officer’s testimony, the trial court abused its

discretion in applying the surveillance location privilege and only permitting defense counsel to

inquire into “ ‘distance, lighting, [and] everything else’ ”); Flournoy, 2016 IL App (1st) 142356,

¶¶ 4, 49 (disclosure was warranted where the officer’s testimony concerning what he saw from

his surveillance location was the linchpin of the State’s case, and the trial court’s allowance that

defense could “cross as to the distance whether any possible obstructions, any visual aids” was

insufficient); Price, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 333 (the trial court abused its discretion where it invoked

the privilege without conducting a balancing inquiry and the defendant’s conviction rested solely

on one officer’s testimony); Knight, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 112 (where the case turned almost

exclusively on one officer’s uncorroborated testimony, the trial court abused its discretion in

allowing cross-examination regarding “ ‘his distance, the lighting, opportunity to observe,

obstructions blocking his view, and things of that nature without requiring the officer to disclose

the exact location of this surveillance’ ”); but see Bell, 373 Ill. App. 3d at 818-19 (finding no

abuse of discretion where defense counsel cross-examined the officer extensively with respect to


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lighting conditions, any possible obstructions, the officer’s familiarity with the area, his use of


binoculars, whether he was in uniform, and the distance of the nearest individual to the


defendant); Quinn, 332 Ill. App. 3d at 44 (finding no abuse of discretion where defense counsel


cross-examined the officer with respect to lighting conditions, any possible obstructions, and use


of binoculars).


¶ 35   The failure to disclose Zogg’s location—so that Palmer could test his claim that the


vegetation that concealed Zogg’s presence in a vacant lot did not also impair his ability to 


observe Palmer’s conduct—denied Palmer a fair trial. Thus, we reverse Palmer’s conviction and 


remand for a new trial, during which the State must disclose Zogg’s surveillance location. We 


find no double jeopardy bar to retrial, as the evidence supports a guilty finding on the charged 


offense. See People v. Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d 382, 393 (1995).


¶ 36   Given our disposition, we need not address Palmer’s contention regarding the accuracy of


the mittimus.


¶ 37   Reversed and remanded.





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