       NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.


  United States Court of Appeals
      for the Federal Circuit
                ______________________

         MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP.,
                  Appellant

                           v.

                    WYETH LLC,
                       Appellee
                ______________________

                 2018-2133, 2018-2134
                ______________________

    Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos. IPR2017-
00378, IPR2017-00380.
                 ______________________

              Decided: November 26, 2019
                ______________________

    JEFFREY A. LAMKEN, MoloLamken LLP, Washington,
DC, argued for appellant. Also represented by MICHAEL
GREGORY PATTILLO, JR., BENJAMIN THOMAS SIROLLY; SARA
MARGOLIS, New York, NY; ARLENE L. CHOW, Hogan Lovells
US LLP, New York, NY; RYAN BOYD MCCRUM, Jones Day,
Cleveland, OH; JENNIFER LORAINE SWIZE, Washington,
DC.

   JOHN P. SCHEIBELER, White & Case LLP, New York,
NY, argued for appellee. Also represented by DIMITRIOS T.
2                   MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC




DRIVAS, DANIEL LEDESMA, STEFAN MENTZER,                     AMIT
THAKORE.
              ______________________

    Before PROST, Chief Judge, DYK and WALLACH, Circuit
                          Judges.
DYK, Circuit Judge.
    Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (“Merck”) appeals deci-
sions of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“Board”) de-
clining to find claim 18 of U.S. Patent No. 8,562,999 (“the
’999 patent”) unpatentable as obvious. We vacate and re-
mand for further proceedings.
                         BACKGROUND
     The ’999 patent, owned by Wyeth LLC (“Wyeth”), is di-
rected to formulations for stabilizing polysaccharide-pro-
tein conjugate vaccines. These vaccines are derived from
the capsular polysaccharides present on the surface of cer-
tain disease-causing bacteria. The human immune system
can use these capsular polysaccharides to detect and iden-
tify different serotypes (i.e., strains) of a species of bacteria.
Polysaccharide vaccines can be monovalent (comprising a
single serotype), or multivalent (comprising multiple sero-
types). For example, a 13-valent vaccine would contain pol-
ysaccharides from 13 different serotypes. Because these
polysaccharides typically have low immunogenicity (i.e.,
ability to provoke an immune response), it is desirable to
enhance the effectiveness of these vaccines by conjugating
(i.e., bonding) the polysaccharides to a carrier protein with
high immunogenicity. However, as the ’999 patent ex-
plains, polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines aggre-
gate (i.e., clump together) when exposed to silicone oil, a
common lubricant used in vaccine storage containers. The
invention described in the ’999 patent is a formulation that
inhibits silicone-induced aggregation by suspending the
polysaccharide-protein conjugate in a mixture of (1) a pH-
buffered saline solution and (2) an aluminum salt.
MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC                    3



Claim 1, the sole independent claim of the ’999 patent, re-
cites a formulation comprising of: (1) a pH-buffered saline
solution, (2) an aluminum salt, and (3) one or more poly-
saccharide-protein conjugates. Claim 18 recites a specific
13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate with
CRM197 as the sole carrier protein for use with the formu-
lation recited in claim 1.
     On December 1, 2016, Merck filed two petitions for in-
ter partes review with the Board, challenging claims 1–6,
10, 11, 14, and 17–20 of the ’999 patent. The Board insti-
tuted review of all challenged claims in two parallel pro-
ceedings, IPR2017-00378 (“the 378 IPR”) and IPR2017-
00380 (“the 380 IPR”). In each proceeding, the Board found
all the challenged claims except one—claim 18—to be un-
patentable as obvious. Claim 18 covers a 13-valent pneu-
mococcal conjugate vaccine. In both proceedings, the Board
rejected Merck’s argument that the formulation recited by
claim 18 was obvious in light of the prior art. Merck ap-
peals the Board’s decisions as to claim 18. We have juris-
diction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A).
                       DISCUSSION
    “We review the Board’s factual findings for substantial
evidence and review its legal conclusions de novo.” In re
Cuozzo Speed Techs., LLC, 793 F.3d 1268, 1280 (Fed. Cir.
2015). “The ultimate determination of obviousness un-
der [35 U.S.C.] § 103 is a question of law based on underly-
ing factual findings.” Id. 1 “The presence or absence of a



   1    Congress amended § 103 when it enacted the
Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“AIA”). Pub. L. No.
112-29, § 3(b)(1), 125 Stat. 284, 285–87 (2011). However,
because the application that led to the ’999 patent has
never contained (1) a claim having an effective filing date
on or after March 16, 2013, or (2) a reference under 35
U.S.C. §§ 120, 121, or 365(c) to any patent or application
4                  MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC




motivation to combine references in an obviousness deter-
mination is a pure question of fact.” Intelligent Bio-Sys-
tems, Inc. v. Illumina Cambridge, Ltd., 821 F.3d 1359, 1366
(Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting Par Pharm., Inc. v. TWi Pharms.,
Inc., 773 F.3d 1186, 1196 (Fed. Cir. 2014)). “The presence
or absence of a reasonable expectation of success is also a
question of fact.” Id. (quoting Par Pharm., 773 F.3d at
1196).
                              I
     It is well established that “[t]he agency tribunal must
make findings of relevant facts, and present its reasoning
in sufficient detail that the court may conduct meaningful
review of the agency action.” In re Lee, 277 F.3d 1338, 1346
(Fed. Cir. 2002). “The [Board]’s own explanation must suf-
fice for us to see that the agency has done its job and must
be capable of being ‘reasonably . . . discerned’ from a rela-
tively concise [Board] discussion.” In re NuVasive, Inc., 842
F.3d 1376, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting In re Huston, 308
F.3d 1267, 1281 (Fed. Cir. 2002)).
    On appeal, Merck argues that the Board’s decisions
here fail to provide a reasoned basis for upholding claim 18.
For the reasons discussed below, we agree.
    Claim 18 depends on claim 1, which recites:
    A formulation comprising (i) a pH buffered saline
    solution, wherein the buffer has a pKa of about 3.5
    to about 7.5, (ii) an aluminum salt and (iii) one or
    more polysaccharide-protein conjugates, wherein
    the formulation is comprised in a siliconized con-
    tainer means and inhibits aggregation induced by
    the siliconized container means.




that ever contained such a claim, the pre-AIA § 103 ap-
plies. See id. § 3(n)(1), 125 Stat. at 293.
MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC                      5



’999 patent, col. 31, ll. 7–12.
    Claim 18 recites:
    The formulation of claim 1, wherein the one or
    more polysaccharide-protein conjugate comprises
    [13 different S. pneumoniae serotype polysaccha-
    rides conjugated to a CRM197 polypeptide].
’999 patent, col. 32, ll. 24–45. 2
    In the 378 IPR, Merck challenged claim 1 as obvious in
light of International PCT Application No. WO 03/009869
(“Chiron”); Edward J. Smith, Siliconization of Parenteral
Drug Packaging Components (1988) (“Smith”); and Inter-
national PCT Application No. WO 2004/071439 (“Elan”).
In the 380 IPR, Merck challenged claim 1 as obvious in
light of Chiron and Annex I of the European Medicines
Agency’s European Public Assessment Report for Prevenar
(“Prevenar”). In both proceedings, the Board made de-
tailed findings that claim 1 was obvious in light of the cited
references. 3 The Board also found that a skilled artisan
“would have found it obvious to prepare Chiron’s formula-
tion [according to claim 1 and also] comprising the seven


    2     The 13 serotypes are 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14,
18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F.
      3   The Board found that “Chiron teaches a formula-
tion comprising the ingredients [pH-buffered saline solu-
tion, aluminum salt, and one or more polysaccharide-
protein conjugate] recited in independent claim 1,” J.A. 21,
that “a person of ordinary skill in the art would have had
reason to provide Chiron’s formulation in a siliconized con-
tainer means, and would have had a reasonable expecta-
tion of successfully doing so, as had been done with other
. . . conjugate vaccines [identified by Chiron],” J.A. 29, and
that “a person of ordinary skill in the art would have ap-
preciated that Chiron’s formulation inhibits aggregation
induced by a siliconized container means,” J.A. 32.
6                  MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC




valent conjugate recited in claim 17.” J.A. 37. Wyeth does
not challenge either of these determinations on appeal.
    In each proceeding, Merck also challenged dependent
claim 18 as obvious in light of the previously cited refer-
ences and in combination with an additional reference,
Peña et al., Present and Future of the Pneumonia Vaccina-
tion, 24 Pediatrika 47 (2004) (“Peña”). Peña disclosed a
study involving a 13-valent conjugate, but did not disclose
conjugating with the CRM197 protein as required by claim
18.
    The Board found that although Peña disclosed a “13-
valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine with the same sero-
types recited by claim 18 that is described as being in an
‘advanced phase of study,’” Merck failed to “direct [the
Board] to any disclosure in Peña, or other evidence of rec-
ord, further characterizing the vaccine or the study.”
J.A. 44 (citing J.A. 272, 992), see also J.A. 86. The Board
stated that it was “unable to assess whether the study in-
volved a formulation comprising each of the thirteen
known serotypes conjugated to a CRM197 polypeptide, [the
carrier protein] required by the claim, or if such an attempt
was even considered, tried, and successful.” Id. The Board
concluded that Merck “ha[d] not provided a reason that a
person of skill in the art would have modified Chiron’s for-
mulation to comprise a thirteen valent conjugate,” and that
“[Merck] ha[d] not provided sufficient evidence for [the
Board] to determine whether a skilled artisan who endeav-
ored to modify Chiron’s formulation to yield a 13-valent
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine with the same serotypes
as in Peña would have had a reasonable expectation of suc-
cessfully doing so.” Id. at 44.
    The Board found—and there is no dispute—that Peña
discloses each of the 13 serotypes in claim 18. Merck’s ex-
pert testified (without contradiction from Wyeth’s expert)
that early pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines included
14-valent and 23-valent unconjugated vaccines which,
MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC                     7



together, included all 13 serotypes, and that it would have
been obvious to combine them. At oral argument in this
court, Wyeth made little effort to counter Merck’s conten-
tions that each of the 13 serotypes was disclosed in the
prior art and that there was motivation to combine the 13
serotypes into a single vaccine. Furthermore, Wyeth was
unable to identify any expert testimony in the record sug-
gesting that the 13-serotype combination was not obvious.
On this record, Merck established that it was obvious to
combine the 13 serotypes into a single vaccine.
    Instead, the question was whether it was obvious to
conjugate the 13 serotypes to the CRM197 protein in a single
vaccine. The Board’s decision rests on its finding that the
study discussed in Peña did not show that “a formulation
comprising each of the thirteen known serotypes conju-
gated to a CRM197 [protein] . . . was even considered, tried
and successful.” J.A. 44. Standing alone, this finding is
insufficient to support a lack of motivation or a reasonable
expectation of success. Obviousness, unlike anticipation,
does not require a prior art successful formulation. See Par
Pharm., 773 F.3d at 1198. Here, there was conflicting evi-
dence as to motivation and reasonable expectation of suc-
cess—evidence not discussed by the Board.
     Even if we assume that the Board found that Peña it-
self did not suggest conjugating the 13-valent combination
with CRM197, the Board found that Chiron identified
CRM197 as a “particularly preferred” carrier protein.
J.A. 19. Merck’s expert testified that “[o]ne of the studies
cited in [Peña] describes the 9-valent version of the vaccine
as being conjugated to only the single CRM197 carrier,”
J.A. 697, and Wyeth’s expert conceded that the prior art
disclosed “Wyeth’s 9-valent conjugate vaccine in which the
carrier protein is CRM197,” J.A. 6098. But the parties’ ex-
perts differed as to the 11-valent conjugate vaccine.
Merck’s expert testified that that “it had been reported in
the literature that, prior to 2004, Wyeth’s . . . 11-valent
conjugate vaccine[] used only CRM197 as a carrier protein.”
8                  MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC




J.A. 697. On the other hand, Wyeth’s expert stated that
none of the references “provide any citations or references
to describe or even confirm the existence of the 11-valent
pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine allegedly being
developed by Wyeth,” and that “[i]n fact, the two 11-valent
vaccines in development at the time were Sanofi’s mixed
carrier vaccine and GSK’s protein D carrier vaccine.”
J.A. 6098–99. Merck’s expert testified that “as of April 26,
2006, [the priority date of the ’999 patent,] a [skilled arti-
san] would have found it obvious to select the 13 conjugates
recited in [Peña] (each conjugated to CRM197) for a polysac-
charide-protein conjugate vaccine.” J.A. 698. Wyeth’s ex-
pert testified to the contrary that Peña “would not have
lead a [skilled artisan] to conclude that the 7-valent conju-
gate vaccine . . . could be expanded to the 13-valent pneu-
mococcal polysaccharide single-carrier CRM197 conjugate
vaccine of claim 18 with a reasonable expectation of suc-
cess.” J.A. 6098.
     Merck’s expert, relying on a memorandum purportedly
drafted by Ireland’s Environmental Protection Agency, tes-
tified that “Wyeth applied for a facility license to produce
the 13-valent conjugate vaccine . . . around 2003,” and that
the memorandum noted that “CRM197 would be the only
carrier protein for the . . . 13-valent version[] of the vac-
cine.” J.A. 698 (citing J.A. 1253). However, the Board de-
clined to rely on that memorandum, stating that it was
“cumulative to previously submitted evidence, or related to
issues disposed upon other bases.” J.A. 48.
     The parties’ differences primarily concerned whether a
skilled artisan would have been dissuaded from using a
single carrier protein (i.e. CRM197) due to “immune inter-
ference,” a phenomenon that may result in decreased im-
munogenicity in multivalent vaccines with a sole carrier
protein. Merck argues that the immune interference issue
is irrelevant, quoting the Board’s claim construction of the
term “polysaccharide-protein conjugate[]” as not requiring
“any specific level of immunogenicity for the composition.”
MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC                       9



J.A. 10. However, this issue is relevant to whether a
skilled artisan would have been motivated to conjugate the
13 serotypes with CRM197 as a sole carrier protein. “If all
elements of a claim are found in the prior art, as is the case
here, the factfinder must further consider the factual ques-
tions of whether a person of ordinary skill in the art would
be motivated to combine those references . . . .” Dome Pa-
tent L.P. v. Lee, 799 F.3d 1372, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2015); see
also KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 418
(2007) (“[I]t can be important to identify a reason that
would have prompted a person of ordinary skill in the rel-
evant field to combine the elements in the way the claimed
new invention does.”).
    On the issue of immune interference, Wyeth’s expert
testified that “[a] [person of ordinary skill in the art] would
have had significant concerns expanding the formulation of
[the 7-valent] Prevenar [prior art reference] because of the
possible loss of immunogenicity due to ‘immune interfer-
ence’ when developing a 13-valent conjugate vaccine,” and
that “[v]accine development researchers believed that
mixed-carrier [i.e., multiple different] conjugates provided
the most reasonable technical solution for increasing the
number of polysaccharide serotypes in a multivalent conju-
gate vaccine.” J.A. 6090–91. On the other hand, Merck’s
expert testified that he “strongly disagree[d]” with the as-
sertion that “concerns over ‘immune interference’ would
have dissuaded a [person having ordinary skill in the art]
from pursuing a 13-valent formulation in which each poly-
saccharide is conjugated to [only] CRM197.” J.A. 699.
    Despite these clearly disputed factual issues, the Board
simply did not address the evidence as to whether someone
skilled in the art would have been motivated to combine
the 13 serotypes into a CRM197 conjugate or whether the
potential loss of immunogenicity would have dissuaded
someone skilled in the art from making such a combina-
tion. The fact that Peña did not disclose such a combina-
tion fails to answer this central question, and an
10                 MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP. v. WYETH LLC




explanation was particularly necessary given the Board’s
finding that the use of CRM197 was obvious with the 7-va-
lent conjugate in claim 17—which also uses CRM197 as a
sole carrier protein. We conclude that the Board’s decision
is too cryptic to survive judicial review.
     Under these circumstances, “we have consistently va-
cated and remanded for further proceedings.” In re Van
Os, 844 F.3d 1359, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2017). We therefore va-
cate the Board’s obviousness findings with respect to claim
18, and remand for further consideration of the parties’ ar-
guments and evidence as to (1) motivation to combine and
(2) reasonable expectation of success and, if the Board finds
a sufficient motivation to combine and reasonable expecta-
tion of success, other issues such as secondary considera-
tions. 4 We do not reach Merck’s remaining arguments.
             VACATED AND REMANDED
                           COSTS
     No Costs.




     4  The Board in its decision did not consider the Ire-
land Environmental Protection Agency memorandum. On
remand, the Board should consider these documents and
their probative value.
