               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 12–1024

                         Filed February 15, 2013


IOWA SUPREME COURT ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY BOARD,

      Appellee,

vs.

RICHARD SCOTT RHINEHART,

      Appellant.



      On appeal from the report of the Grievance Commission of the

Supreme Court of Iowa.



      Grievance commission reports respondent committed ethical

infractions and recommends his license be suspended for sixty days.

LICENSE SUSPENDED.



      Leon F. Spies of Mellon & Spies, Iowa City, for appellant.



      Charles L. Harrington, Des Moines, and Margaret E. Johnson,

Sidney, for appellee.
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WATERMAN, Justice.

        The Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board (Board)

brought a two-count complaint against Richard Scott Rhinehart alleging

he violated nine rules of professional conduct. The first count arose from

the district court’s ruling, affirmed on appeal, that Rhinehart had

committed extrinsic fraud responding to his wife’s discovery in his own

protracted marital dissolution proceeding.     The second count involved

Rhinehart’s billing dispute with his clients in a residential construction

defect case. The grievance commission applied issue preclusion to count

one and found Rhinehart had violated all six rules charged by the Board.

The commission based on a stipulated record also found Rhinehart

violated three rules as charged in count two.            The commission

recommended we suspend Rhinehart’s license to practice law for sixty

days.

        On our de novo review, we apply issue preclusion based on the

district court’s adjudication that Rhinehart committed extrinsic fraud

and conclude he violated two of the rules charged in count one. We hold

the four other rules at issue in count one apply only to a lawyer acting as

an advocate for a client and thus were inapplicable to Rhinehart as a

party in his own divorce proceeding. As to count two, we hold Rhinehart

violated two of the three rules charged by the Board.        We suspend

Rhinehart’s license to practice law for sixty days.

        I. Scope of Review.

        Our review of attorney disciplinary proceedings is de novo. Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Stowers, 823 N.W.2d 1, 4 (Iowa

2012). While we give the commission’s findings respectful consideration,

we are not bound by them.       Id.   The Board has the burden to prove

attorney misconduct by a convincing preponderance of the evidence. Id.
                                      3

We may increase or decrease the sanction recommended by the

commission. Id.

      II. Prior Proceedings and Factual Background.

      The Board’s two-count complaint against Rhinehart arose from his

actions in two matters, which we discuss separately.

      A. Rhinehart’s Dissolution Proceeding.        The first count of the

Board’s complaint involves Rhinehart’s failure to disclose two contingent

fee cases in his own dissolution proceeding.           In January 2003,

Rhinehart’s now ex-wife, Deborah Rhinehart, filed an action in Woodbury

County for dissolution of their marriage.     Their case went to trial on

September 11 and 12. At the request of the parties, the district court

entered a decree dissolving their marriage on December 29.                  A

supplemental decree addressing the remaining issues was entered by the

court on March 18, 2004. Both parties appealed, and our court affirmed

the decree on further review.

      In December 2005, Deborah filed a petition to correct, vacate, or

modify the 2004 decree.         Deborah’s petition alleged Rhinehart had

committed extrinsic fraud by failing to disclose in discovery two pending

contingent-fee cases. A key contested issue in the dissolution proceeding

had been the value of Rhinehart’s law practice and the income generated

from his practice. Deborah alleged Rhinehart’s failure to disclose the two

cases affected the court’s ability to issue a fair and equitable division of

their marital property because those cases were not taken into account

by the court or the parties’ experts in valuing Rhinehart’s law practice.

      The cases Rhinehart failed to disclose involved two clients, A.G.

and J.G., siblings who were seeking compensation from Father George

McFadden and his employer, the Diocese of Sioux City. Rhinehart first

met with A.G. and J.G. to discuss their claims in July 2002, while
                                      4

Rhinehart and Deborah were still married. A.G. and J.G. alleged they

had been sexually abused by Father McFadden in their childhood. Given

the sensitive nature of their claims, Rhinehart contends he assured A.G.

and J.G. that he would keep their information confidential. During this

first meeting, A.G. and J.G. equivocated whether they wanted to sue

Father McFadden and the diocese. Rhinehart had only limited contact

with A.G. and J.G. the rest of that year and the only work he did for

them was to correspond with counsel for the Sioux City diocese regarding

the process for bringing a priest sex abuse claim.

      As part of his law firm’s year-end bookkeeping in 2002, Rhinehart

sent A.G. and J.G. a letter to determine whether his firm should close

their file. Rhinehart’s letter was prompted by a message from A.G. and

J.G. indicating that they no longer wished to pursue their claims.

Rhinehart encouraged them to reconsider their decision because, in

Omaha, similar “claims are now being responded to fairly promptly with

reasonable monetary compensation.”          This letter was sent the month

before Deborah filed for divorce.

      A.G. and J.G. met with Rhinehart again on January 20, 2003, the

same month Deborah filed for divorce.          It was at this meeting that

Rhinehart and A.G. and J.G. executed the contingent fee agreements

Rhinehart later failed to disclose.       Following this meeting, Rhinehart

wrote demand letters on behalf of A.G. and J.G. and arranged a meeting

between them and the bishop to discuss their claims.

      Rhinehart was deposed in his dissolution proceeding on June 30.

He was asked to bring certain information regarding his law practice with

him to the deposition, including “a list of all plaintiffs, workers’ comp,

personal injury, and contingent fee cases of every kind that are currently

open at his firm.”    Deborah’s attorney sought these records for the
                                     5

purpose of valuing Rhinehart’s law practice.        The parties agreed to

maintain the confidentiality of that information. Rhinehart nevertheless

failed to include A.G. and J.G.’s cases in the list of contingent fee cases

he provided to Deborah’s attorney. Rhinehart also failed to disclose them

in his deposition testimony and did not tell his own attorney about the

cases.

         In July 2003, shortly after his deposition, Rhinehart met again

with A.G. and J.G. On July 16, Rhinehart wrote a letter to the diocese’s

attorney stating, in part: “[A.G. and J.G.] are prepared to take action and

have agreed to file a lawsuit naming Father McFadden and the diocese of

Sioux City as defendants.” The letter enclosed a draft petition and made

a settlement demand of $700,000, or $350,000 for each client.

Rhinehart exchanged further correspondence regarding settlement before

filing A.G. and J.G.’s lawsuit on August 27.

         Rhinehart never supplemented his discovery responses to disclose

these cases.     Rhinehart also failed to disclose these cases during his

testimony at the dissolution trial held the following month. Rather, while

defending his position that his wife should bear her own attorney fees in

the dissolution, Rhinehart testified at trial as follows: “Since I have laid

all the cards on the table, haven’t hidden any assets or money, I don’t

think it is fair [to have to pay hers].” Rhinehart also testified that he had

“been forthright to the best of [his] ability about all of the assets and

debts that [he has].” Counsel for Rhinehart and for Deborah and their

experts opining on the value of his law practice remained unaware of the

priest sex abuse litigation. The district court entered its decree valuing

the law practice and dividing the marital property without taking into

account these contingent fee cases. Twenty months later, Deborah filed
                                     6

her action to correct, vacate, or modify the property division after she

learned Rhinehart had concealed these contingent fee cases.

      The district court conducted a three-day bench trial on Deborah’s

action to reopen her dissolution decree. The district court entered a fifty-

nine-page ruling on October 24, 2008. In this ruling, the district court

found Rhinehart had committed extrinsic fraud as follows:

      Deb has met her burden of proving by clear and convincing
      evidence that [Rhinehart] committed extrinsic fraud when he
      failed to disclose his representation of [J.G. and A.G.] as
      clients with claims against Father McFadden and the Sioux
      City Diocese at the time his discovery deposition was taken
      on June 30, 2003, and further when he failed to supplement
      his discovery responses to disclose that he had filed lawsuits
      on their behalf prior to or during the underlying dissolution
      trial held on September 11, 2003. [Rhinehart] committed
      this fraud, not through his false testimony during his
      discovery deposition, but rather through his deliberate
      concealment of [these] cases beginning with his discovery
      deposition, and continuing through the underlying trial in
      this case.

The district court also noted in its ruling that Rhinehart “has

demonstrated a lack of credibility, and also a willingness to say whatever

he thinks will benefit him throughout the course of the present

proceedings.”

      The district court denied Rhinehart’s motion to reconsider or

enlarge its findings. Rhinehart appealed, and we transferred his appeal

to the court of appeals. The court of appeals affirmed the district court’s

ruling on extrinsic fraud. We denied Rhinehart’s application for further

review.

      On remand, Rhinehart presented new evidence in an attempt to

rebut the district court’s finding of fraud, including an affidavit and

testimony from his daughter alleging that Deborah was aware of the two

contingent fee cases during the pendency of the divorce proceedings.
                                    7

The district court refused to reconsider its ruling that Rhinehart

committed extrinsic fraud:

      Even if this court considered this “new” evidence from Scott,
      however, the court finds no reason to set aside the original
      trial court’s findings and conclusions, or those of the Court
      of Appeals on review, regarding Scott’s extrinsic fraud. . . .
      Deborah was aware that Scott considered taking on Catholic
      sex abuse cases before the dissolution trial. Her awareness
      did not mitigate his duty to disclose those sex abuse clients
      along with the others he listed during pre-dissolution
      discovery and during the original dissolution trial in
      September 2003. . . . Thus, this court does not find any
      material difference in the facts surrounding Scott’s extrinsic
      fraud during this trial, as compared to the July 2007 trial.
      The legal conclusions of the trial court in July 2007 and the
      Court of Appeals on review that Deborah did not commit
      extrinsic fraud and that Scott did commit extrinsic fraud are
      the law of the case and will not be altered by this court.

      On December 14, 2011, the district court modified its previous

decree dividing the property and awarding support.      The district court

determined Rhinehart’s failure to disclose A.G. and J.G.’s cases did not

affect the property division or support award because recovery on those

cases was speculative. Rhinehart appealed the district court’s refusal to

reopen its finding of extrinsic fraud. On February 13, 2013, the court of

appeals affirmed, stating, “The district court was correct in not reopening
that issue.” In re Marriage of Rhinehart, No. 12–0287 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb.

13, 2013).

      B. The Merrigan Fee Dispute. The second count of the Board’s

complaint involves Rhinehart’s fee dispute with Andrew and Susan

Merrigan. In June 2005, the Merrigans retained Rhinehart to represent

them in a residential construction defect lawsuit against a general

contractor, insurance company, and roofing subcontractor.               The

Merrigans initially agreed to pay Rhinehart on an hourly basis.        After

their legal fees mounted, in December 2006 the Merrigans and Rhinehart
                                    8

renegotiated their fee agreement to substitute a contingent fee contract.

The written contingent fee agreement provided Rhinehart would receive

one-third of any recovery and stated that “[f]ees previously paid to

Attorney under prior hourly Attorney Fee Contract will be deducted from

funds received as part of any judgment recovered.”      The Merrigans by

then had paid Rhinehart $13,963.63 in hourly fees under the original fee

agreement.

      In June 2007, one of the defendants settled for $10,000.

Rhinehart credited $3330 against the hourly attorney fees the Merrigans

had already paid, leaving a balance of $10,633.63 to offset Rhinehart’s

contingent fee in any future recovery.

      The remaining defendants offered the Merrigans $400,000 to settle

before trial. The Merrigans rejected this offer against Rhinehart’s advice.

The Merrigans also opted to try their case to a jury contrary to

Rhinehart’s advice that they waive their jury demand and try their case

to the court. The jury awarded the Merrigans $33,280.87, merely eight

percent of the pretrial settlement offer Rhinehart had urged them to

accept. One-third of that amount is $11,082.53. Under the contingent

fee agreement, this amount was to be reduced by $10,633.63—the

balance of the hourly fees the Merrigans had previously paid Rhinehart.

      Rhinehart nevertheless retained the entire $11,082.53, without

crediting the hourly fees paid as required by the governing fee agreement

and without his clients’ approval. In a June 2009 letter to the Merrigans

accompanying the judgment breakdown, Rhinehart wrote:

      Although you have never responded to our requests for an
      explanation why you refused to take our advice throughout
      the litigation process, we want to reiterate for the last time,
      why we are disappointed by your accusations that we are not
      entitled to our 33 1/3% attorney fees:
                                     9
            1. You had a settlement offer of $400,000 which we
      encouraged you accept. We explained the strong possibility
      of a jury awarding you little to no award at trial. You
      complained that you would take a loss. Had you taken our
      advice, your loss would have been significantly less and you
      would not have endured the stress of trial.
            2. We strongly recommended that you waive the jury
      and allow the judge to rule in this case. We explained how a
      judge is more likely to award a larger judgment, juries are
      very critical of Plaintiffs and their testimony and often allow
      personal opinions to interfere with their decisions.
             3. [We] spent more than 1,000 hours working on your
      case. . . . Although we agreed to take your case on a
      contingency basis, we, too, incurred a huge loss (well over
      $150,000) based on your refusal to accept the $400,000
      settlement and refusal to waive the jury.

      During the commission’s April 5, 2012 hearing, Rhinehart

stipulated as follows regarding count two:

      Respondent Mr. Rhinehart, represented Andy and Suzy
      Merrigan in a lawsuit. . . . [C]lients and Respondent’s fee
      agreement originally called for Respondent, Mr. Rhinehart, to
      be paid on an hourly basis. . . . [I]n December 2006 because
      the Merrigans could not afford to pay Respondent’s firm on
      an hourly basis, the Merrigans and Respondent entered into
      a contingent fee agreement . . . . [T]he Merrigans case was
      tried to a jury resulting in a jury verdict of approximately
      $30,000. . . . [P]roceeds of that were placed in Respondent’s
      firm trust account. . . . [O]n June 17, 2009, Respondent
      disbursed the proceeds from the trust account together with
      a letter . . . . Respondent believed at the time he was
      justified in not deducting fees already paid to his firm under
      the hourly fee agreement. . . .       [H]e now believes that
      disbursement should have been made in conformance with a
      contingent fee agreement and agrees to pay the Merrigans
      the amount due under that agreement.

On April 10, five days after the commission’s hearing and roughly three

years after he pocketed the disputed fees over his clients’ objection,

Rhinehart refunded $11,082.53 to the Merrigans.

      We will discuss the commission’s findings and conclusions with

our review of Rhinehart’s alleged violations below.
                                      10

      III. Ethical Violations.

      A. Count I—Extrinsic Fraud.          In count one, the Board alleged

Rhinehart committed extrinsic fraud during the dissolution proceeding

with his wife in violation of Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct

32:3.3(a)(1), 32:3.3(a)(3), 32:3.3(c), 32:3.4(c), 32:8.4(c), and 32:8.4(d).

The Board gave notice it intended to invoke issue preclusion with regard

to Rhinehart’s alleged violations under this count. The commission gave

preclusive effect to the district court’s extrinsic fraud ruling and found

Rhinehart violated each of the charged rules.         Rhinehart argues the

Board’s offensive use of issue preclusion is not appropriate in this case

because his “alleged fraud was neither material nor relevant to the

disposition of the property and support issues, nor was it ‘necessary and

essential’ to the resulting district court judgment.”         Rhinehart also

argues that he could not have violated rules 32:3.3 and 32:3.4 in his own

divorce litigation because those rules only apply to an attorney

representing a client in a pending proceeding.

      We begin our analysis by determining whether an attorney may

violate rules 32:3.3 and 32:3.4 by his conduct as a party when he is not

serving as an advocate representing a client. We then consider whether

the commission properly gave preclusive effect to the district court’s

finding that Rhinehart committed extrinsic fraud.

      1. Applicability of rules 32:3.3 and 32:3.4. Rule      32:3.3   requires

attorney candor toward the tribunal. The Board alleged in its complaint

that Rhinehart violated three provisions of this section by committing

extrinsic fraud in his own dissolution proceeding.          Rule 32:3.3(a)(1)

prohibits an attorney from “knowingly . . . mak[ing] a false statement of

fact or law to a tribunal or fail[ing] to correct a false statement of material

fact or law previously made to the tribunal by the lawyer.” Iowa R. Prof’l
                                      11

Conduct 32:3.3(a)(1).        Rule 32:3.3(a)(3) prohibits an attorney from

knowingly offering “evidence that the lawyer knows to be false” and

requires the attorney to “take reasonable remedial measures, including,

if necessary, disclosure to the tribunal” if the attorney later learns the

evidence is false. Id. r. 32:3.3(a)(3). The final provision of rule 32:3.3 the

Board alleges Rhinehart violated provides that these “duties . . . [shall]

continue to the conclusion of the proceeding, and apply even if

compliance requires disclosure of information otherwise protected by rule

32:1.6.” Id. r. 32:3.3(c).

      We have noted lawyers “are required to obey the disciplinary rules

when acting pro se or in a personal capacity.” Stowers, 823 N.W.2d at

13.   Nevertheless, some rules target only the conduct of an attorney

while serving as an advocate representing a client.        For example, the

comments to rule 32:3.3 indicate the rule applies only to an attorney

representing clients in the proceedings of a tribunal:

             [1] This rule governs the conduct of a lawyer who is
      representing a client in the proceedings of a tribunal. . . . It
      also applies when the lawyer is representing a client in an
      ancillary proceeding conducted pursuant to the tribunal’s
      adjudicative authority, such as a deposition. . . .
             [2] This rule sets forth the special duties of lawyers as
      officers of the court to avoid conduct that undermines the
      integrity of the adjudicative process. A lawyer acting as an
      advocate in an adjudicative proceeding has an obligation to
      present the client’s case with persuasive force.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:3.3 cmts. 1–2; see also State ex rel. Okla. Bar

Ass’n v. Dobbs, 94 P.3d 31, 52 (Okla. 2004) (holding attorney who made

false statements to a tribunal did not violate its rule 32:3.3 because

“[t]hat rule addresses professional misconduct as an advocate for making

false statements to a tribunal, not false statements by a lawyer as a

witness”).   This conclusion is buttressed by the fact that this rule is
                                    12

found in a section of the rules entitled, “Advocate.” See State v. Tague,

676 N.W.2d 197, 201–02 (Iowa 2004) (“ ‘Although the title of a statute

cannot limit the plain meaning of the text, it can be considered in

determining legislative intent.’ ” (quoting T & K Roofing Co. v. Iowa Dep’t

of Educ., 593 N.W.2d 159, 163 (Iowa 1999))).         The Board cites no

authority, nor have we found any, for applying rule 32:3.3 to a lawyer as

a party in his own case while he is not acting as an advocate

representing a client before a tribunal. We hold Rhinehart did not violate

rule 32:3.3 because he was not serving as an advocate representing a

client in the dissolution proceeding.

      We reach the same conclusion as to rule 32:3.4(c), which the

Board alleges Rhinehart violated when he failed to disclose A.G. and

J.G.’s cases in his own divorce proceedings. Rule 32:3.4(c) prohibits an

attorney from “knowingly disobey[ing] an obligation under the rules of a

tribunal except for an open refusal based on an assertion that no valid

obligation exists.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:3.4(c). This rule, like rule

32:3.3, is located in the section of the rules entitled “Advocate,” which

helps show the rule applies only when an attorney is representing a

client. The Board cites no authority, and we found none applying rule

32:3.4 to a lawyer for conduct in his own case while not representing a

client. Accordingly, because Rhinehart was not serving as an advocate

representing a client, we hold rule 32:3.4(c) did not apply to him when he

committed extrinsic fraud as a party in his own dissolution proceeding.

      2. Issue preclusion.    The district court found Rhinehart had

committed extrinsic fraud in the dissolution-of-marriage proceeding with

his wife. This ruling was unanimously affirmed by a three-judge panel of

the Iowa Court of Appeals.      Rhinehart applied for, and was denied,

further review by our court.      On remand, Rhinehart presented new
                                    13

evidence in an attempt to rebut the district court’s finding of fraud;

however, the district court declined to revisit its previous ruling.

Rhinehart appealed the district court’s refusal to revisit its previous

ruling. The court of appeals affirmed.

      The Board contends the district court’s ruling has preclusive effect.

Iowa Court Rule 35.7(3) allows the Board to invoke issue preclusion in

attorney disciplinary proceedings when the following conditions are met:

             a. The issue has been resolved in a civil proceeding
      that resulted in a final judgment, or in a criminal proceeding
      that resulted in a finding of guilt, even if the Iowa Supreme
      Court Attorney Disciplinary Board was not a party to the
      prior proceeding.
            b. The burden of proof in the prior proceeding was
      greater than a mere preponderance of the evidence.
            c. The party seeking preclusive effect has given written
      notice to the opposing party, not less than ten days prior to
      the hearing, of the party’s intention to invoke issue
      preclusion.

Iowa Ct. R. 35.7(3); see also Stowers, 823 N.W.2d at 7–8; Iowa Supreme

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Iversen, 723 N.W.2d 806, 809 (Iowa 2006).

      The three enumerated requirements of rule 35.7(3) are satisfied

here. First, the extrinsic fraud issue was resolved in a civil proceeding

that resulted in a final judgment. See Stowers, 823 N.W.2d at 8; Emp’rs

Mut. Cas. Co. v. Van Haaften, 815 N.W.2d 17, 24–25 (Iowa 2012).

Second, the burden of proof for extrinsic fraud—clear and convincing

evidence—is greater than a mere preponderance of the evidence.            See

Johnson v. Mitchell, 489 N.W.2d 411, 415 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992) (noting

that a finding of extrinsic fraud “must be supported by clear,

unequivocal, and convincing evidence”).       Third, the Board provided

Rhinehart with notice that it intended to give preclusive effect to the
                                      14

district court’s finding of extrinsic fraud several months before the

hearing.

      There are several additional requirements when the Board is using

issue preclusion offensively:

             (1) the issues . . . sought to be precluded in the . . .
      disciplinary [proceeding] are identical to the issues . . . in the
      prior . . . action;
              (2) the issues . . . were raised and litigated in the prior
      . . . action;
            (3) the issues . . . were material and relevant to the
      disposition of the prior . . . action; and
            (4) the . . . determination of the . . . issues [in the prior
      action] [was] necessary and essential to the resulting
      judgment . . . .

Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. D.J.I., 545 N.W.2d 866,

875 (Iowa 1996).

      Rhinehart argues the Board may not invoke offensive issue

preclusion because the ruling that he committed extrinsic fraud was

neither material and relevant nor necessary and essential to the district

court’s judgment amending the property division.         Rhinehart relies on

the district court’s determination that the value of the two contingency

cases he failed to disclose was “too speculative” to impact the court’s
revised division of the Rhineharts’ property.

      The problem with Rhinehart’s position is that he focuses on the

wrong ruling. The adjudication to which we give preclusive effect is not

the final judgment entered December 14, 2011, amending the property

division, but rather, the fifty-nine-page order entered October 24, 2008,

granting Deborah’s petition to reopen the 2004 dissolution decree.          A

dissolution decree dividing property is a final judgment that may only be

modified or vacated under limited circumstances.         See Iowa R. Civ. P.

1.1012 (listing grounds for vacating or modifying judgment). One ground
                                          15

on which a court may vacate or modify a dissolution decree is if

“[extrinsic] fraud [was] practiced in obtaining it.”             Id.; see also In re

Marriage of Bauder, 316 N.W.2d 697, 699 (Iowa Ct. App. 1981).

       Here, Deborah petitioned the district court to vacate the decree it

had previously entered dividing the Rhineharts’ property and awarding

support.      In the petition, Deborah argued the district court had the

authority to vacate the decree on two grounds: extrinsic fraud and newly

discovered material evidence. In its October 24, 2008 ruling, the district

court granted Deborah’s petition to vacate the 2004 decree based on its

adjudication that Rhinehart committed extrinsic fraud.                 The finding of

extrinsic fraud was both necessary and essential and material and

relevant to the October 24, 2008 ruling. 1 The extrinsic fraud finding was

affirmed on appeal, never subsequently vacated, and remains the law of

the case in Rhinehart’s dissolution proceeding. Issue preclusion applies

here, even though the October 24, 2008 ruling is not itself a final

judgment. As Judge Friendly wrote in an oft-cited passage:

       Whether a judgment, not “final” [for purposes of appeal],
       ought nevertheless be considered “final” in the sense of
       precluding further litigation of the same issue, turns upon
       such factors as the nature of the decision (i.e., that it was
       not avowedly tentative), the adequacy of the hearing, and the
       opportunity for review. “Finality” in the context here relevant
       may mean little more than the litigation of a particular issue
       has reached such a stage that a court sees no really good
       reason for permitting it to be litigated again.

Lummus Co. v. Commonwealth Oil Ref. Co., 297 F.2d 80, 89 (2d Cir.

1961); see also Robinette v. Jones, 476 F.3d 585, 589–90 (8th Cir. 2007)



       1The  district court also found that the existence of newly discovered evidence
could provide a ground for the court to vacate the ruling, but determined that ground
depended on its finding of extrinsic fraud to avoid the one-year deadline in Iowa Rule of
Civil Procedure 1.1012.
                                    16

(holding interlocutory ruling on contested immunity defense in prior

action voluntarily dismissed by plaintiff precluded relitigation of same

issue in subsequent action).      “[T]he finality requirement for issue

preclusion has become less rigorous.” Robinette, 476 F.3d at 589 (citing

cases applying issue preclusion “to matters resolved by preliminary

rulings”). See generally 18A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice

and Procedure § 4434 (2d ed. 2012) (explaining “practical finality” for

purposes of issue preclusion).

      We give preclusive effect to the extrinsic fraud finding, even though

the district court later ruled the amended property division was

unaffected by the fraud. In Stowers, we rejected a similar effort to avoid

the preclusive effect of a contempt ruling that did not form the basis of

the ultimate final judgment in the prior proceeding:

      Stowers contends the contempt ruling in Reis was not final
      because on remand the district court did not enter a
      contempt judgment, but a discovery sanction.        Stowers
      places undue emphasis on the specific entry of judgment on
      remand.     “Finality is a term of art for res judicata.”
      [Van Haaften, 815 N.W.2d at 25]. “Finality for purposes of
      res judicata requires [only] that a firm and considered
      decision has been made by the court . . . .” Id. at 25, 26
      (holding judicial acceptance of an Alford plea of guilty to
      theft charge is final for issue preclusion purposes in a
      subsequent civil collection action, even though the criminal
      record of theft was expunged upon successful completion of
      the terms of a deferred judgment).
             The ultimate final judgment need not be on the
      specific issue to be given preclusive effect. Id. (“[I]t is the
      court’s factual-basis determination when accepting the plea
      that provides the plea’s preclusive effect, not the subsequent
      sentence and deferred judgment.”). We affirmed the district
      court’s determination that Stowers’s emails were in contempt
      of the protective order. [Reis v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 787 N.W.2d
      61, 71 (Iowa 2010)] (“The district court’s determination
      holding Stowers in contempt of the protective order is
      affirmed.”). The resolution of that issue is sufficiently “firm
      and considered” to be final for issue preclusion purposes.
      The issue was “resolved” in the contempt proceedings for
      purposes of rule 35.7(3)(a).
                                         17

Stowers, 823 N.W.2d at 8.

        For the same reasons, we hold the extrinsic fraud finding has

preclusive effect here.        This result is consistent with the purposes of

issue preclusion—avoiding unnecessary relitigation of issues, avoiding

the risk of inconsistent adjudications of the same issue, and promoting

judicial economy and efficiency.         See Van Haaften, 815 N.W.2d at 22.

Rhinehart had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue of his

extrinsic fraud in his dissolution proceedings, including an appeal. He is

not entitled to another bite at the apple through relitigation of the same

issue in this disciplinary proceeding.

        3. Rule violations based on extrinsic fraud. Rule 32:8.4(c) states

that “[i]t is professional misconduct for a lawyer to . . . engage in conduct

involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.”              Extrinsic

fraud     itself   is   “conduct    involving    dishonesty,   fraud,   deceit,   or

misrepresentation.”          Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:8.4(c); see also In re

Marriage      of   Cutler,    588   N.W.2d      425,   430   (Iowa   1999)   (listing

“misrepresentation or failure to disclose when under a legal duty to do

so” and “intent to deceive” as two factors required to establish extrinsic

fraud).     Accordingly, because we give preclusive effect to the district

court’s finding that Rhinehart committed extrinsic fraud, we find

Rhinehart violated rule 32:8.4(c) when he failed to disclose the

contingent fee cases during the dissolution proceeding.

        Under rule 32:8.4(d), an attorney commits professional misconduct

when he “engage[s] in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of

justice.”    An attorney’s conduct is prejudicial to the administration of

justice when it violates “the well-understood norms and conventions of

the practice of law” such that it hampers “the efficient and proper

operation of the courts or of ancillary systems upon which the courts
                                     18

rely.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Axt, 791 N.W.2d 98, 102

(Iowa 2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

      Our   prior    cases   have   consistently   held   that   an   attorney

representing a client violates rule 32:8.4(d) when his misconduct results

in additional court proceedings or causes court proceedings to be delayed

or dismissed.   See, e.g., Stowers, 823 N.W.2d at 15 (“Stowers’s emails

violated the protective order and triggered a series of unnecessary court

proceedings, including rulings by the district court, court of appeals, and

this court [and therefore] constituted conduct prejudicial to the

administration of justice.”); Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.

Schmidt, 796 N.W.2d 33, 41–42 (Iowa 2011) (holding attorney’s contact

with a represented opposing party that required opposing counsel to

withdraw was prejudicial to the administration of justice); Iowa Supreme

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Gailey, 790 N.W.2d 801, 807 (Iowa 2010)

(holding attorney who represented his son in divorce proceedings violated

rule prohibiting conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice when

he aided his son in violating a no-contact order). When an attorney is

not representing a client, however, whether the attorney violates this rule

depends on whether the attorney’s personal conduct is related to the

practice of law.    See Schmidt, 796 N.W.2d at 42 (“We have held that,

when the basis of a domestic abuse conviction results from personal

conduct that is unrelated to the practice of law, no violation of rule

32:8.4(d) occurs.”); see also Axt, 791 N.W.2d at 102 (holding Board failed

to prove a violation of rule 32:8.4(d) because attorney’s repeated

violations of a no-contact order “were based on personal conduct that

was unrelated to the practice of law”); Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary

Bd. v. Weaver, 750 N.W.2d 71, 90–91 (Iowa 2008) (holding attorney who

made false accusations against a judge sentencing him in a criminal
                                          19

matter   violated   the   rule    prohibiting     conduct   prejudicial    to    the

administration of justice because he “left the impression that courts do

not do justice”).

      Rhinehart argues he did not violate this rule because his

      failure to supplement his discovery responses as a private
      litigant, and not in the course of representing a client or
      himself, did not hamper the operation of the courts nor did it
      serve to interfere with any of his professional relationships.

We disagree. Rhinehart’s misconduct in his divorce proceeding resulted

in additional court proceedings, including rulings by the district court

and court of appeals, that otherwise would have been unnecessary had

Rhinehart    disclosed    the    cases.        Conduct   that   results   in    such

unnecessary proceedings clearly impedes the efficient operation of the

court. While it is true that Rhinehart was not representing a client at the

time he committed the extrinsic fraud, we cannot say his conduct was

unrelated to the practice of law or that it did not interfere with his

professional relationships. See Schmidt, 796 N.W.2d at 42 (noting that

attorney’s conduct “did not affect [attorney]’s relationships with his

clients, fellow lawyers, and judges” in holding attorney did not violate

rule 32:8.4(d)).    Rhinehart’s misconduct occurred during a judicial

proceeding before a court in which Rhinehart regularly practiced.                An

attorney who commits fraud responding to discovery and testifying in a

court proceeding—even if the proceeding involves only a personal

matter—necessarily damages his credibility as a professional.                   The

professional consequences of Rhinehart’s conduct were reflected in his

testimony before the commission:

      [P]rofessionally it’s – it’s resulted in clients not—long-time
      clients not coming back.         It’s—I have clients that are
      currently my clients that sent me e-mails that say something
      like, “Well, I heard about you. I Googled you. I think you
      need to get out of my case.” Or cases involving Judge Lester,
                                     20
      where I had to either get out of the case or he did. So I’ve
      had to file a motion to recuse Judge Lester in one case.

Accordingly, we hold Rhinehart violated rule 32:8.4(d) by committing
extrinsic fraud in his own divorce proceedings.

      B. Count II—Merrigan Fee Dispute.            In count two, the Board

alleged Rhinehart violated rules 32:1.5(a), 32:1.15(e), and 32:8.4(c) by

failing to credit his clients for the fees they had previously paid to him in

accordance with their contingent fee agreement. Relying on the factual

stipulations Rhinehart made during the hearing, the commission found

that Rhinehart violated all three of the rules charged by the Board. Upon

our de novo review, we hold that Rhinehart violated two of the Board’s

charged rules.

      Rule 32:1.5(a) prohibits a lawyer from “mak[ing] an agreement for,

charg[ing], or collect[ing] an unreasonable fee or an unreasonable

amount for expenses.” An attorney violates this provision by failing to

refund fees that are unearned. Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.

Parrish, 801 N.W.2d 580, 586 (Iowa 2011). Here, Rhinehart violated this

rule when he failed to deduct the fees the Merrigans had previously paid

under the hourly fee agreement, as was required under their subsequent

contingent fee agreement. By failing to deduct this amount, Rhinehart

retained fees that he had not earned under the controlling fee agreement.

Accordingly, we hold the Board has established Rhinehart collected an

unreasonable fee in violation of rule 32:1.5(a).

      The next rule the Board alleged Rhinehart violated in the

Rhinehart fee dispute was rule 32:1.15(e). This rule provides as follows:

      When in the course of representation a lawyer is in
      possession of property in which two or more persons (one of
      whom may be the lawyer) claim interests, the property shall
      be kept separate by the lawyer until the dispute is resolved.
      The lawyer shall promptly distribute all portions of the
      property as to which the interests are not in dispute.
                                    21

“[W]hen the dispute over entitlement to the funds is between the lawyer

and either a client or a third party . . . the lawyer must not take

advantage of physical control of the funds.” 1 Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.

et al., The Law of Lawyering § 19.7, at 19-14 (3d ed. 2005-2 Supp.). In

such cases, the lawyer must keep “the disputed portion of the funds . . .

in a trust account and the lawyer should suggest means for prompt

resolution of the dispute, such as arbitration.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct

32:1.15 cmt. 3.

      Here, Rhinehart violated this rule in every respect. At the time he

disbursed the fees to himself, Rhinehart was aware there was a dispute

over the fees and acknowledged as much in his letter to the Merrigans.

In the face of this dispute, rather than keeping the fees in a separate

account until the dispute was resolved as is required under the rule,

Rhinehart paid the fees out to himself. Rhinehart explained that he only

did so after the Merrigans refused to engage in a dialog with him

regarding the dispute.     Rhinehart’s attempted rationalization of his

actions falls short. The Merrigans’ refusal to discuss the issue did not

alleviate the dispute over the fees and did not entitle Rhinehart to the

fees. Further, Rhinehart does not claim he made any effort to resolve the

dispute or that he suggested the parties attempt to resolve the dispute

over the fees in arbitration or some other proceeding. Accordingly, we

hold Rhinehart violated rule 32:1.15(e).

      Rule 32:8.4(c) states that “[i]t is professional misconduct for a

lawyer to . . . engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or

misrepresentation.” To establish a violation of this rule, the Board must

prove the lawyer acted with a “level of scienter that is greater than

negligence.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Netti, 797 N.W.2d

591, 605 (Iowa 2011); see also Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.
                                    22

Boles, 808 N.W.2d 431, 440 (Iowa 2012) (holding Board did not establish

a violation of rule 32:8.4(c) because Board failed to prove the attorney

“possessed the requisite scienter” in not properly accounting for and

refunding fees). Here, there is no evidence that Rhinehart was dishonest,

deceitful, or that he committed fraud or made any misrepresentation

during the course of the fee dispute. To the contrary, Rhinehart openly

informed the Merrigans that he was disbursing the attorney fees to

himself. The Board has not proven by a convincing preponderance of the

evidence that Rhinehart violated rule 32:8.4(c).

      IV. Sanction.

      Although prior cases are instructive, we determine the appropriate

sanctions in light of the unique circumstances of the case before us.

Stowers, 823 N.W.2d at 15. When crafting a sanction,

      “ ‘we consider the nature of the violations, the attorney’s
      fitness to continue in the practice of law, the protection of
      society from those unfit to practice law, the need to uphold
      public confidence in the justice system, deterrence,
      maintenance of the reputation of the bar as a whole, and any
      aggravating or mitigating circumstances.’ ”

Id. at 15–16 (quoting Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Kallsen,

814 N.W.2d 233, 239 (Iowa 2012)).          In recommending a sixty day

suspension for Rhinehart, the commission noted:

      [T]he Respondent continued to exhibit little or no remorse in
      either count of the Complaint. He continued to attempt to
      relitigate the extrinsic fraud issue, and even in stipulating to
      Count II, attempted to justify his actions.                 His
      acknowledgement of wrongdoing as to the Merrigans was last
      minute, at the beginning of the hearing, over three months
      after the filing of the Complaint and over two years, ten
      months after his June 17, 2009, letter to the Merrigans
      stating he would not follow the terms of the fee agreement.
                                      23

The Board argues that a sixty-day suspension is too lenient and requests

a longer suspension precluding automatic reinstatement. We agree with

the commission that a sixty-day suspension is warranted.

      The finding of extrinsic fraud warrants a suspension.              See Iowa

Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Wanek, 589 N.W.2d 265,

271 (Iowa 1999) (suspending for two months the license of an attorney

who misrepresented material facts in deposition testimony); Comm. Prof’l

Ethics & Conduct v. Zimmerman, 354 N.W.2d 235, 238 (Iowa 1984)

(suspending for ninety days the license of an attorney who made

misrepresentations to court).        Rhinehart’s violation of his discovery

obligations    contributed   to   years    of   litigation   in   his   dissolution

proceedings.     We consider in mitigation the fact the district court

ultimately concluded his nondisclosure of the two contingent fee cases

did not materially affect the value of his law practice to warrant revising

the marital property distribution.

      Rhinehart has no plausible excuse for violating his contingent fee

agreement by retaining the $10,633 the Merrigans paid him previously.

We recently surveyed our cases sanctioning attorneys who improperly

retained unearned fees, noting suspensions ranging from thirty days to

six months.     See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Ries, 812

N.W.2d 594, 598–99 (Iowa 2012) (discussing sanctions given in cases

involving a failure to refund unearned fees). In Ries, we gave a thirty-day

suspension to an attorney who failed to refund a $500 overpayment to

his clients, even after he became aware of his failure to do so. Id. We

noted aggravating factors, “including a recent reprimand for neglect, a

failure to initially respond to the Board, and the absence of any attempt

to make even a partial refund.” Id. at 599. We emphasized, however,

that Ries had only a single violation and that it did not involve any
                                    24

“dishonesty or fraudulent conduct.” Id. We consider Rhinehart’s long-

delayed refund of the Merrigans’ money in determining the appropriate

sanction. See Boles, 808 N.W.2d at 442 (“We also consider the lack of

harm to his clients apart from the delayed refunds.”).

      Rhinehart’s general reputation for being a hardworking, highly

competent, zealous advocate and his lack of prior disciplinary problems

are mitigating factors.    See Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics &

Conduct v. Isaacson, 565 N.W.2d 315, 317 (Iowa 1997).

      After   careful   consideration    of   the   record,   mitigating   and

aggravating factors, and precedent, we conclude a sixty-day suspension

is appropriate.

      V. Conclusion.

      We suspend Rhinehart’s license to practice law in this state with

no possibility of reinstatement for sixty days. The suspension applies to

all facets of the practice of law, as provided in Iowa Court Rule 35.13(3),

and requires notification to clients, as provided by Iowa Court Rule

35.23.   The costs of this proceeding are assessed against Rhinehart

pursuant to rule 35.27(1). Absent an objection by the Board, Rhinehart

shall be reinstated after the sixty-day suspension period under the

condition that all costs have been paid. Iowa Ct. R. 35.13(2).

      LICENSE SUSPENDED.

      All justices concur except Hecht, J., who takes no part.
