                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                          No. 180A19

                                    Filed 6 December 2019

 IN THE MATTER OF: Z.V.A.



      Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from order entered on 1 March

2019 by Judge J.H. Corpening II in District Court, New Hanover County. This matter

was calendared in the Supreme Court on 7 November 2019 but was determined on

the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North

Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.


      Jill Cairo for petitioner-appellee Social Services of New Hanover County and
      K&L Gates LLP, by Abigail F. Williams, for appellee Guardian ad Litem.

      David A. Perez for respondent-appellant father.

      Richard Croutharmel for respondent-appellant mother.


      MORGAN, Justice.


      Respondent-father, who is the legal father of the minor child Z.V.A. (Zoey1),

and respondent-mother appeal from the district court’s order terminating their

parental rights to Zoey. We affirm.

                        Factual Background and Procedural History




      1    A pseudonym is used to protect the identity of the minor child and for ease of
reading.
                                    IN RE: Z.V.A.

                                  Opinion of the Court



      On 15 December 2016, the New Hanover County Department of Social Services

(DSS) received a Child Protective Services report regarding three-day-old Zoey. The

report indicated that there was domestic violence between respondent-parents, that

respondent-father had issues with alcohol and assaultive behavior, and that

respondent-mother had developmental and cognitive issues.           In response to the

report, DSS began providing in-home services to the family. DSS had previously

worked with respondent-parents from 2012 to 2015 in an attempt to address issues

with an older child.   However, the previous case ended with respondent-father

relinquishing his parental rights to the older child and respondent-mother having her

parental rights terminated by order of the court.

      On 30 March 2017, a DSS social worker visiting respondent-parents’ residence

noticed that respondent-mother had recently been crying. When asked about her

emotional state, respondent-mother reported that respondent-father had become

angry and had struck respondent-mother while she was putting Zoey down for a nap.

On 3 April 2017, DSS filed a petition alleging that Zoey was a neglected and

dependent juvenile. Zoey was placed in the nonsecure custody of DSS.

      On 12 July 2017, the district court entered an order adjudicating Zoey as a

neglected juvenile based on findings of fact to which respondent-parents stipulated.

Respondent-parents were both ordered to complete psychological evaluations and

vocational   rehabilitation   services,   and    to      comply   with   any   resulting

recommendations; to engage in parenting education programs; to refrain from drug


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                                      Opinion of the Court



and alcohol use; and to provide an adequate living environment for Zoey.

Respondent-father was additionally ordered to participate in paternity testing and to

engage in domestic violence programs. Zoey remained in DSS custody.

      On 22 June 2018, the district court entered a permanency planning order. The

district court detailed the progress made by respondent-parents on their respective

case plans. The district court also found that respondent-parents were unable to

translate what they supposedly learned while working their case plans into

successfully changing their behaviors, and as a result, Zoey could not be returned to

the family home. The district court set the permanent plan as adoption with a

concurrent plan of reunification and ordered DSS to proceed with termination of

respondents’ parental rights.

      On 2 July 2018, DSS filed a petition to terminate respondents’ parental rights

pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(2) (2017). On 10 July 2018, Zoey was placed

with her maternal aunt in New Jersey.

      The termination hearing was conducted from 29–31 October 2018. On 1 March

2019, the district court entered an order finding that the evidence established facts

sufficient to support the termination of both respondents’ parental rights pursuant to

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1).2 The district court also concluded that it was in Zoey’s best

interest for her parents’ rights to be terminated and thereupon, terminated




      2   The district court dismissed the other ground for termination alleged by DSS.

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                                    Opinion of the Court



respondents’ parental rights. Respondents each gave timely notice of appeal to this

Court pursuant to N.C.G.S. §§ 7A-27(a)(5) and 7B-1001(a1)(1).3

                           Respondent-Mother’s Competency

       Respondent-mother argues that the district court abused its discretion by

failing to address whether she required a guardian ad litem under N.C.G.S. § 1A-1,

Rule 17 (2017). Respondent-mother contends that the evidence presented at the

termination hearing demonstrated that she was unable to manage her own affairs.

In our view, the district court did not abuse its discretion here.

       Section 7B-1101.1(c) of the North Carolina General Statutes permits the

district court, either on the motion of a party or on its own motion, to appoint a

guardian ad litem for an incompetent parent. An incompetent adult is defined as one

“who lacks sufficient capacity to manage the adult’s own affairs or to make or

communicate important decisions concerning the adult’s person, family, or property

whether the lack of capacity is due to mental illness, intellectual disability, epilepsy,

cerebral palsy, autism, inebriety, senility, disease, injury, or similar cause or

condition.” N.C.G.S. § 35A-1101(7) (Supp. 2018).

       District “court decisions concerning both the appointment of a guardian ad

litem and the extent to which an inquiry concerning a parent’s competence should be



       3 Evidence was presented that respondent-father was not Zoey’s biological father,
but no biological father was able to be identified. The rights of the putative biological
father and any unknown fathers were also terminated by the district court, but they are not
parties to this appeal.

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                                  Opinion of the Court



conducted are reviewed on appeal using an abuse of discretion standard.” In re

T.L.H., 368 N.C. 101, 107, 772 S.E.2d 451, 455 (2015). “An ‘[a]buse of discretion

results where the court’s ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary

that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.’ ” Id. (alteration in

original) (quoting State v. Hennis, 323 N.C. 279, 285, 372 S.E.2d 523, 527 (1988)). As

this Court has previously explained, the district court is afforded substantial

deference with respect to its decisions involving a party’s competence, because it

“actually interacts with the litigant whose competence is alleged to be in question and

has, for that reason, a much better basis for assessing the litigant’s mental condition

than that available to the members of an appellate court, who are limited to reviewing

a cold, written record.” Id. at 108, 772 S.E.2d at 456. Thus,

             when the record contains an appreciable amount of
             evidence tending to show that the litigant whose mental
             condition is at issue is not incompetent, the [district] court
             should not, except in the most extreme instances, be held on
             appeal to have abused its discretion by failing to inquire
             into that litigant’s competence.

Id. at 108–09, 772 S.E.2d at 456 (emphasis added).

      The instant case does not present such an extreme instance. As reflected by

the record evidence underlying the district court’s unchallenged findings of fact,

although respondent-mother’s approximate IQ of 64 indicates a mental disability, the

psychologist who examined respondent-mother diagnosed her with only a “mild

intellectual disability” because respondent-mother had been able to work and to

attend school.     Moreover, the district court found that respondent-mother

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                                   Opinion of the Court



demonstrated that she had developed adaptive skills to lessen the impact of her

disability, and that while working on her case plan, respondent-mother completed

empowerment classes to help address the issues of domestic violence in her

relationship. The evidence which supported these findings of fact does not suggest

that respondent-mother’s disability rose to the level of incompetence so as to require

the appointment of a guardian ad litem to safeguard respondent-mother’s interests.

Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it

did not conduct an inquiry into respondent-mother’s competency.

                   Adjudication of Neglect as to Respondent-Father

      Respondent-father argues that no clear, cogent and competent evidence

supports the district court’s findings of fact which in turn led to its conclusion of law

that his parental rights should be terminated based upon his neglect of Zoey.

      Termination of parental rights proceedings consist of two stages: adjudication

and disposition. N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-1109, -1110 (2017); In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101,

110, 316 S.E.2d 246, 252 (1984). At the adjudicatory stage, the petitioner must prove

by “clear, cogent, and convincing evidence” that one or more grounds for termination

exist under section 7B-1111(a) of our General Statutes. N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(e), (f)

(2017). Thus, we review a district court’s adjudication “to determine whether the

findings are supported by clear, cogent and convincing evidence and the findings

support the conclusions of law.” In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. at 111, 316 S.E.2d at

253 (citing In re Moore, 306 N.C. 394, 404, 293 S.E.2d 127, 133 (1982)). Unchallenged


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                                   Opinion of the Court



findings of fact made at the adjudicatory stage are binding on appeal. Koufman v.

Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991) (citing Schloss v. Jamison, 258

N.C. 271, 275, 128 S.E.2d 590, 593 (1962)). If the petitioner proves at least one ground

for termination during the adjudicatory stage, “the court proceeds to the dispositional

stage, at which the court must consider whether it is in the best interests of the

juvenile to terminate parental rights.” In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. 835, 842, 788 S.E.2d

162, 167 (2016) (citing In re Young, 346 N.C. 244, 247, 485 S.E.2d 612, 614–15 (1997);

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110).

      Pursuant to Section 7B-1111(a)(1), termination of parental rights is proper

where a district court finds a parent has neglected his or her child to such an extent

that the child is a “neglected juvenile.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1). For purposes of a

termination proceeding, a neglected juvenile is, inter alia, one “whose parent,

guardian, custodian, or caretaker does not provide proper care, supervision, or

discipline; . . . or who lives in an environment injurious to the juvenile’s welfare[.]”

N.C.G.S. § 7B-101(15) (Supp. 2018).

      When it cannot be shown that a parent is neglecting his or her child at the time

of the termination hearing because “the child has been separated from the parent for

a long period of time, there must be a showing of past neglect and a likelihood of

future neglect by the parent.” In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. at 843, 788 S.E.2d at 167 (citing

In re Ballard, 311 N.C. 708, 713–15, 319 S.E.2d 227, 231–32 (1984)). Respondent-

father here does not dispute that there was past neglect in this case; he challenges


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                                   Opinion of the Court



only the district court’s determination that future neglect is likely if Zoey were to be

returned to his care. When determining whether such future neglect is likely, the

district court must consider evidence of changed circumstances occurring between the

period of past neglect and the time of the termination hearing. In re Ballard, 311

N.C. at 715, 319 S.E.2d at 232. “The determinative factors must be the best interests

of the child and the fitness of the parent to care for the child at the time of the

termination proceeding.” Id.

      The district court’s determination in the present case that neglect would likely

be repeated if Zoey was returned to respondent-father was intrinsically linked to

respondent-father’s inability to sever his relationship with respondent-mother. The

unchallenged findings of fact reflect that respondent-mother struggled with basic

parenting skills and relied on respondent-father as a main support for parenting.

Although respondent-mother failed to demonstrate that she could independently

parent Zoey safely and appropriately, respondent-father would not commit to DSS

that he would not leave Zoey alone with respondent-mother, and he declined to have

visitation with Zoey separately from respondent-mother.

      Respondent-father notes that he testified during the termination hearing that

he did not fully understand how his unwillingness to ensure that Zoey was not left

alone with respondent-mother was affecting his ability to have Zoey returned to him.

He further stated that he would yield on this issue if it meant he could retain his

parental rights.    However, the district court was not required to credit this


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                                   Opinion of the Court



testimonial evidence, particularly in light of other testimony admitted during the

hearing. See In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. at 843, 788 S.E.2d at 167–68 (“[The district court]

judge ha[s] the responsibility to ‘pass[ ] upon the credibility of the witnesses and the

weight to be given their testimony and the reasonable inferences to be drawn

therefrom.’ ” (second alteration in original) (quoting Knutton v. Cofield, 273 N.C. 355,

359, 160 S.E.2d 29, 33 (1968)).

      In other portions of his testimony, respondent-father acknowledged that he

had multiple conversations with the social worker about respondent-mother’s

parenting limitations and that respondent-father had responded to DSS’s concerns

by advocating for respondent-mother to be given another chance at parenting. The

DSS social worker testified that respondent-father would not promise her that he

would not leave Zoey alone in respondent-mother’s care, even though he was

repeatedly asked to make that promise. Based on these repeated interactions and

respondent-father’s consistent view toward this concern of DSS, the district court

could properly assume that respondent-father would allow Zoey to be left alone in

respondent-mother’s care in the future.

      This caution exercised by DSS for Zoey’s well-being was amplified when

respondent-father and respondent-mother would parent Zoey together during visits

and legitimized its position about respondent-mother’s interactions with the child.

The district court made unchallenged findings of fact that during such parental visits,

respondent-father would speak to respondent-mother “in an aggressive, harsh and


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                                    Opinion of the Court



negative manner” and that he used his body to invade respondent-mother’s personal

space.     In response, respondent-mother would do things intended to upset

respondent-father.      The social worker testified that these types of behaviors

continued throughout the social worker’s supervised visits of respondent-parents

with Zoey. Even after respondent-parents engaged in counseling together, the social

worker felt that “they weren’t putting . . . into practice” what they had learned. Based

on this testimony, the district court found that “when challenges arise in the

relationship, [respondents] are not able to use any of the learned skills to

communicate or deal with each other in a more positive and effective manner.”

Despite this, they both intended to remain in their relationship.

         The district court’s findings that respondent-father was willing to leave Zoey

alone in the care of respondent-mother even though respondent-mother was unfit for

such accountability, that respondent-parents continued to be in constant marital

discord even while having supervised visits with Zoey, and that respondent-parents

intended to remain together despite the aforementioned problems, provided an

adequate basis for the court’s determination that Zoey would likely be neglected again

if she were returned to respondent-father’s care.          As such, clear, cogent, and

competent evidence supported the district court’s findings of fact which in turn

supported the conclusion that respondent-father’s parental rights were subject to

termination under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1).

                                      Judicial Bias


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                                   Opinion of the Court



      Finally, both respondent-parents argue that the district court was unfairly

biased against them as reflected by the following comments made by the court during

the oral announcement of its ruling on the child Zoey’s best interest:

             But one of the reasons that I was willing to make the
             commitment that I made in sending that child – this child
             – to Newark was what I heard from [the maternal aunt].
             And sort of the rest of that story is that I would never have
             sent this child to live in Newark if I thought that she could
             be with her parents. Because that creates a distance
             barrier for these folks that is practically insurmountable.
             So that’s – when I said yes to Newark then that was – that
             was sort of my point of saying “there’s not – there’s not any
             coming back from this.” That’s part of why they call them
             permanency planning hearings. Right? So I – I do find
             that it’s in [Zoey]’s best interest for the parental rights of
             her mom, her legal father, putative father, and any
             unknown fathers to be terminated.

Respondent-parents contend that this statement regarding the district court’s

decision to send Zoey to live with her aunt in July 2018—implemented more than

four months before the termination hearing—demonstrates that the district court

had prejudged the termination case, and therefore should have disqualified itself sua

sponte from the matter.

      Normally, as respondent-parents both acknowledge, a court is not required to

recuse itself absent a motion from a party, and when no such motion is made, the

issue is not preserved for appellate review. See, e.g., In re D.R.F., 204 N.C. App. 138,

144, 693 S.E.2d 235, 240 (2010) (“When a party does not move for a judge's recusal at

trial, the issue is not preserved for our review.”); see also N.C.R. App. P. 10(a)(1) (“In



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                                   Opinion of the Court



order to preserve an issue for appellate review, a party must have presented to the

trial court a timely request, objection, or motion[.]”).         However, under the

circumstances of this case, we elect in our discretion to invoke North Carolina Rule

of Appellate Procedure 2 and address respondent-parents’ arguments. See N.C.R.

App. P. 2.

      Canon 3C(1) of the North Carolina Code of Judicial Conduct states: “On

motion of any party, a judge should disqualify himself/herself in a proceeding in which

the judge’s impartiality may reasonably be questioned[.]” In arguing that the district

court’s impartiality could reasonably be questioned based on its statement during its

ruling on the best interest phase of this termination of parental rights proceeding,

respondents conveniently reconstruct the statement at issue. When Zoey was sent to

live with her maternal aunt in New Jersey on 10 July 2018, the district court had

already changed the primary permanent plan to adoption and ordered DSS to file a

termination petition, which the agency had done a few days earlier. Viewed in this

light, the district court’s statement during its ruling was merely an explanation that

the court had previously taken those steps because it had determined that they were

in Zoey’s best interest at the time those actions were taken. If the bias alleged here

were to be deemed to exist as depicted by respondent-parents and ultimately to

require recusal, then the illogical consequence would follow that a district court would

not ever be able to preside over a termination hearing after it had previously set the

permanent plan for a juvenile as a plan that would imply or be compatible with


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                                   Opinion of the Court



termination, because of the inherent implication of bias which would be ascribed to a

district court’s decision to adopt such a plan. Therefore, considered in context, the

district court’s ultimate decision here to terminate the parental rights of respondent-

parents was wholly consistent with the evidence presented at the termination

hearing and nothing in the above-quoted statement of the district court reflects that

it had definitively reached a conclusion to terminate respondent-parents’ rights to

their child Zoey prior to the termination hearing. Indeed, in discerning the district

court’s execution of fairness and impartiality in its ruling in this case as we resolve

the issue of bias, it is worthy to note that the district court dismissed one of the

grounds for termination alleged by DSS. In sum, respondent-parents have not shown

that the district court had a duty to recuse itself from hearing the termination case.

         For the reasons discussed herein, we affirm the district court’s termination

order.

         AFFIRMED.




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