                                                                                      09/11/2018
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                AT NASHVILLE
                            September 5, 2018 Session

     CAPITAL PARTNERS NETWORK OT, INC. v. TNG CONTRACTORS, LLC,
                             ET AL.

                Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                No. 17C2766        Hamilton V. Gayden, Jr., Judge
                     ___________________________________

                          No. M2018-00411-COA-R3-CV
                      ___________________________________

Plaintiff in this action, which recovered a judgment against the Tennessee Defendants in
a New York court, sought to enroll and enforce the judgment in accordance with the
Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act, Tennessee Code Annotated sections
26-6-101 to -108, in Davidson County Circuit Court. Defendants moved to dismiss the
proceeding and to deny the New York judgment full faith and credit on the ground, inter
alia, that it was void under Tennessee law. The court denied the motion, held that the
judgment was entitled to full faith and credit, and enrolled the judgment. Defendants
appeal; we reverse and remand the case for further proceedings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court for Davidson
                       County Reversed; Case Remanded

RICHARD H. DINKINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ANDY D. BENNETT
and BRANDON O. GIBSON, JJ., joined.

Benjamin E. Goldammer and Kay Griffin, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants, TNG
Contractors, LLC and Akbar Arab.

John A. Bell, Jr., Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, M & A Development, LLC.

James Michael Clemons, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Capital Partners
Network OT, Inc.

                                      OPINION

I.      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      Plaintiff, Capital Partners Network OT, Inc., recovered a Judgment By Confession
in the Orange County, New York, Supreme Court against TNG Contractors, LLC
(“TNG”), M&A Development, LLC (“M&A”), and Mr. Akbar Arab (“Mr. Arab”) on
September 5, 2017. On October 31, Capital Partners filed a “Notice of Filing” in
Davidson County Circuit Court pursuant to the Uniform Enforcement of Foreign
Judgments Act (UEFJA), codified at Tennessee Code Annotated sections 26-6-101 to -
108. A copy of the New York “Judgement by Confession” together with a “Certificate of
Exemplification,” authenticated by the Orange County Court Clerk and Justice of the
court, were included with the Notice.1

          On January 5, 2018, TNG and Mr. Arab filed an Answer alleging:

          2. The underlying judgment is void as a matter of law pursuant to T.C.A. §
          25-2-101(a) because it was based on a power of attorney to confess a
          judgment given before an action was instituted. See T.C.A. § 25-2-101(a)
          (“Any power of attorney or authority to confess judgment which is given
          before an action is instituted and before the service of process in such
          action, is declared void and any judgment based on such power of attorney
          or authority is likewise declared void.”).

          3. The underlying judgment is void as a matter of law because it is
          premised upon a usurious interest rate. See generally T.C.A. § 47-14-101,
          et seq.

          4. The underlying judgment is void because it violates Tennessee public
          policy and due process.

          5. The underlying judgment is void because it is premised upon an
          unlawful, unconscionable and enforceable contract of adhesion.

          6. The underlying judgment is void because the forum court lacked
          jurisdiction.



1
    The judgment stated:

          Plaintiff, CAPITAL PARTNERS NETWORK, OT, located at 11 Broadway, Suite 814,
          New York, NY 10004, has judgment and does recover of Defendant TNG
          CONTRACTORS, LLC/M&A DEVELOPMENT LLC, having an address at [ ],
          Nashville 37210, and Defendant, AKBAR ARAB, having an address at [ ] Nashville,
          37215 jointly and severally; the sum of $71,938.74 plus interest sixteen percent (16%) as
          calculated by the clerk in the amount of $220.74, plus costs and disbursements as taxed
          by the clerk in the amount of $225.00, plus reasonable attorney’s fees in the amount of
          $23,739.78 for a total sum of $96,124.23; and that Plaintiff CAPITAL PARTNERS
          NETWORK, OT shall have execution therefor.

                                                     2
       7. The Defendants have not been properly served with process in this
       action as required by the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. These
       Defendants assert the defenses of insufficient process and insufficient
       service of process.

       8. The petition filed in this action is being prosecuted unlawfully. The
       corporation asserting claims is not represented by an attorney licensed to
       practice law in the State of Tennessee as required by T.C.A. § 23-3-103.

       9. The Plaintiff has not filed all documents required by Tenn. R. Civ. Proc.
       3A and the petition is facially deficient.

       TNG and Mr. Arab also moved pursuant to Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure
12.02(6) and 60.02 to dismiss the proceeding and to vacate the New York judgment and
deny it full faith and credit, arguing that “[t]he judgment is void as a matter of law under
T.C.A. § 25-2-101(a) because it is premised on a prelitigation confession of judgment.”
M&A did not file an answer or join in the motion to dismiss.

       The trial court entered an order on February 7, holding that it was “required to
accord full faith and credit to the foreign judgment at issue”; the court denied the motion
to dismiss and “made [the New York Judgment] a judgment of this Court.” The court
stayed execution on the judgment pending the appeal “given the novelty of the legal issue
presented in the motion.” In light of the fact that M&A had not joined in the motion or
filed a responsive pleading, the court subsequently entered an agreed order, including
M&A within the scope of the February 7 order, thereby making the denial of the motion
and entry of the New York judgment as a judgment of the Tennessee court a final order.
TNG, Arab, and M&A appeal, raising the following issues:

       1. Whether the trial court erred in domesticating a foreign judgment based
       on a pre-litigation confession of judgment obtained in violation of T.C.A. §
       25-2-101(a)?

       2. Whether the trial court erred in domesticating a foreign judgment where
       the defendants had demanded a trial on the merits concerning the
       underlying validity of the foreign judgment in accordance with Tenn. R.
       Civ. Proc. 3A?

II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “[W]hether to grant full faith and credit to a foreign judgment is a question of law,
and therefore, we review the decision de novo upon the record with no presumption or
correctness for the trial court’s conclusions of law.” Guseinov v. Synergy Ventures, Inc.,
467 S.W.3d 920, 924 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014).
                                              3
III.   ANALYSIS

       The Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution provides that
‘Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each state to the public Acts, Records, and judicial
Proceedings of every other State.’” U.S. Const. art. IV, § 1. The Full Faith and Credit
clause “requires the judgment of a state court, having both personal and subject matter
jurisdiction, be given the ‘same credit, validity and effect in the courts of every other
state and that such judgment be equally conclusive upon the merits in the courts of the
enforcing states.’” Guseinov, 467 S.W.3d at 924 (quoting Mirage Casino Hotel v. J.
Roger Pearsall, No. 02A01-9608-CV-00198, 1997 WL 275589, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App.
May 27, 1997)).

       The UEFJA “codifies the Full Faith and Credit clause,” In re Proceeding to
Enforce Judgment Against Nat’l Partitions, Inc., No. E2016-00339-COA-R3-CV, 2017
WL 1149208, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 27, 2017), and “provides a streamlined
process”2 for the enrollment and enforcement of a foreign judgment, Baumann v.
Williams, No. M2006-00962-COA-R3CV, 2007 WL 3375365, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Nov. 13, 2007). However, this streamlined process does not dispense with “the two-step
nature of the process,” i.e., “enrollment first and then enforcement.” Guseinov, 467
S.W.3d at 925 (citing Baumann, 2007 WL 3375365, at *2. While a party seeking to
prevent enrollment of a foreign judgment faces a “stern and heavy burden,” Guseinov,
467 S.W.3d at 925 (quoting Coastcom, Inc. v. Cruzen, 981 S.W.2d 179, 181 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1998)), there are three circumstances in which a Tennessee court may refuse to
enroll a foreign judgment: (1) if the judgment is void due to a lack of personal or subject
matter jurisdiction, (2) if the judgment is based upon fraud, or (3) where enforcement of
the judgment would violate the public policy of Tennessee. Guseinov, 467 S.W.3d at 925
(citing Mirage Casino-Hotel, 1997 WL 275589 at *4). Enforcement of a foreign
judgment may be challenged via the “‘same procedures, defenses, and proceedings for
reopening, vacating, or staying as a judgment of a court of record in Tennessee . . . .’”
Baumann, 2007 WL 3375365, at *2 (quoting First State Bank of Holly Springs, Miss. v.
Wyssbrod, 124 S.W.3d 566, 573 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)).

2
 The process under the UEFJA begins with the filing of the foreign judgment. Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-6-
104. “The requirements for filing a foreign judgment are few and straightforward.” Baumann, 2007 WL
3375365, at *2. In Baumann, we explained the process required by the statute:

       A person desiring to file a judgment must file a copy of the judgment that has been
       authenticated in accordance with Tennessee law. Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-6-104(a). Along
       with the authenticated copy of the judgment, the person desiring to file a judgment must
       also file an affidavit containing the names and last known addresses of the judgment
       creditor and the judgment debtor. Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-6-105(a). Once these documents
       are filed, the clerk of the court in which they were filed must issue a summons to the
       judgment debtor. Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-6-105(b).

Id.
                                                  4
        Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 3A governs proceedings to enforce foreign
judgments; the rule was promulgated to “ensure that trial courts follow the same process
[for enrolling and enforcing foreign judgments] throughout the state.” Tenn. R. Civ. P.
3A.04 (advisory commission comments (2013)). Rule 3A.01 and 3A.03, respectively, set
forth the responsibilities of the judgment creditor and the clerk; Rule 3A.04 allows for the
judgment debtor to file a response or answer within 30 days after service of the summons
issued by the clerk. If the debtor disputes the notice of filing the foreign judgment, “the
[UEFJA] entitles the debtor to a trial on the merits concerning the underlying validity of
the judgment, and the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure govern the trial on the merits
on that answer and response.” Id.

       In the case at bar, the court only heard the Defendants’ motion to dismiss before
enrolling the New York judgment. Pursuant to the UEFJA and Rule 3A, however,
Defendants were entitled to a trial on the merits of the defenses to enrollment and
enforcement that were raised in their Answer. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial
court is reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.3




                                                             RICHARD H. DINKINS, JUDGE




3
    Given our resolution of this appeal, consideration of the first issue raised by Defendants is pretermitted.
                                                        5
