                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 04-2608
                                   ___________

Kevin Terrance Hannon,                  *
                                        *
            Appellant,                  *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * District of Minnesota.
John Sanner; Jeffrey Oxton,             *
                                        *
            Appellees,                  *
                                        *
Will Brost; Vicki Landwehr,             *
                                        *
            Defendants.                 *
                                   ___________

                              Submitted: December 14, 2005
                                 Filed: March 28, 2006
                                  ___________

Before BYE, RILEY, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

       Kevin Hannon appeals the district court’s1 grant of summary judgment in favor
of police officers John Sanner and Jeffrey Oxton in Hannon’s action filed pursuant
to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. We affirm.



      1
       The Honorable Richard H. Kyle, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota, adopting the report and recommendation of the Honorable Raymond
L. Erickson, United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Minnesota.
       In 2000, Hannon was convicted in Minnesota district court of murdering his
girlfriend. The Supreme Court of Minnesota reversed the conviction, holding that the
trial court had erred in admitting evidence of a confession that Hannon made to
Sanner and Oxton. The state supreme court held that because Hannon had
unequivocally invoked his right to counsel in an interview with the officers, and had
not knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived his right to counsel, the
statements should have been suppressed. State v. Hannon, 636 N.W.2d 796, 807
(Minn. 2001).2 Hannon was retried and convicted again of murder. This conviction

      2
       The pertinent portion of the interrogation of Hannon by the officers was
transcribed as follows:

Appellant: You think I killed her?
Detective: Did you – did you kill her because you were upset with her? Did you kill
her because –
Appellant: You think I killed –
Detective: Kevin, it’s not that we think that, we know that. We need to know why
you did that. That’s all, OK? Tha – it’s no question here as to did you do that.
That’s not a question here, Kevin, OK? So –
Appellant: Can I have a drink of water and then lock me up – I think we really
should have an attorney.
Detective: We’ll get you a drink of water.
Appellant: I don’t want to talk anymore please. (Pause). This is – this is really
wrong. This woman has scars all over her from this Paul Mackey. He’s callin’ her
50 times a week.
Detective: ‘Kay. If you want to talk to an attorney, you understand that we have to
stop talking to you. OK? And – and then your side of this story will never be known.
That’s your choice. That’s a choice you’re making.
Appellant: So, that means what?
Detective: That means we’re gonna put this thing and we’re gonna convict you of
murder.
Appellant: Of murder?
Detective: Absolutely. Yup.
Appellant: Convict me of murdering her?

Hannon, 636 N.W.2d at 800-01 (emphasis added by Minnesota court).


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was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Minnesota. State v. Hannon, 703 N.W.2d 498
(Minn. 2005).

       While awaiting retrial, Hannon brought an action against Sanner and Oxton,
asserting a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Hannon’s theory was that the
officers, by failing to cease questioning of Hannon after he invoked his right to
counsel, and by obtaining statements that were used against Hannon in his first trial,
violated Hannon’s rights under the rule of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966),
and its progeny. The district court granted summary judgment for the officers and
rejected Hannon’s claim on several grounds. First, the court concluded that although
the Supreme Court of Minnesota ruled that Hannon’s confession should be
suppressed, federal law requires an unequivocal request for counsel before officers
are obliged to cease questioning, see Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 461-62
(1994), and that Hannon’s statements to the officers were “too equivocal to constitute
an invocation of the right to counsel under Federal law.” (Add. at 13-14). Second,
assuming, arguendo, that the officers obtained the statement in violation of the
Miranda rule, the court held that Hannon’s exclusive remedy was suppression of the
statements, and that § 1983 does not provide a remedy for a violation of Miranda.
Finally, the court held that the officers were entitled to qualified immunity, because
their conduct did not violate a clearly established right of which a reasonable person
would have known.

       We find it unnecessary to opine whether the officers violated the Miranda rule
during their interrogation of Hannon, because we agree with the district court that a
litigant cannot maintain an action under § 1983 based on a violation of the Miranda
safeguards. Section 1983 provides a civil action against persons who, under color of
law, cause a “deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution and laws.” In considering whether a violation of the Miranda rule
implicates “rights . . . secured by the Constitution” within the meaning of § 1983, we
begin with our own precedent holding that because “[t]he reading of Miranda
warnings is a procedural safeguard rather than a right arising out of the fifth


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amendment itself, . . . the remedy for a Miranda violation is the exclusion from
evidence of any compelled self-incrimination, not a section 1983 action.” Warren v.
City of Lincoln, 864 F.2d 1436, 1442 (8th Cir. 1989) (en banc); accord Brock v.
Logan County Sheriff’s Dep’t, 3 F.3d 1215, 1217 (8th Cir. 1993) (per curiam) (“The
remedy for the alleged Miranda violation is the exclusion from evidence of any
compelled self-incrimination, not a civil rights action.”). By their plain terms,
Warren and Brock establish Hannon’s remedy for an alleged violation of the Miranda
rule was suppression of evidence, which he achieved through a ruling of the Supreme
Court of Minnesota, not a damages action under § 1983.

        Although the Supreme Court recently clarified that Miranda announced a
“constitutional rule,” Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 444 (2000), the
decision in Dickerson did not undermine the continuing validity of the Court’s
precedent that the Miranda procedural safeguards are “not themselves rights
protected by the Constitution,” but instead “measures to insure that the right against
compulsory self-incrimination [is] protected.” Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433, 444
(1974). The Court in Dickerson cited Tucker and other decisions characterizing
Miranda as a “prophylactic rule,” 530 U.S. at 438 & n.2, but concluded that Miranda
nonetheless was, and always had been, a “constitutional decision,” applied against the
States, id. at 438, and giving “concrete constitutional guidelines” for courts to follow.
Id. at 439. The Court defined Miranda as a “constitutional decision” announcing a
“constitutional rule,” but never described the Miranda safeguards as a “constitutional
right” equivalent to the Fifth Amendment itself. We thus view Dickerson as
maintaining the status quo of the Miranda doctrine, see also United States v. Patane,
542 U.S. 630, 640 (2004) (plurality opinion); id. at 644-45 (Kennedy, J., concurring
in judgment), and hence leaving our decisions in Warren and Brock undisturbed as
governing precedent. See also United States v. Villalba-Alvarado, 345 F.3d 1007,
1012 (8th Cir. 2003) (holding that “we are compelled,” after Dickerson, “to remain
faithful to the established exceptions under Miranda”).




                                          -4-
        Nor do we perceive any material distinction between Hannon’s claim and those
analyzed in Warren and Brock based on the fact that evidence allegedly obtained in
violation of Miranda was admitted against Hannon at trial (before the first conviction
was reversed on appeal), while the disputed statements in Warren and Brock were
never used against the suspects in a criminal case. The text of the Fifth Amendment
is focused on the use in a criminal case of a defendant’s compelled, self-incriminating
testimony. See Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760, 777 (2003) (Souter, J., concurring
in the judgment). Statements obtained in violation of the Miranda rule are not
“compelled,” and the use of such statements in a criminal case does not amount to
compelled self-incrimination. The admission at trial of statements obtained in
violation of Miranda thus does not implicate the core of the Fifth Amendment, and
it does not result in the deprivation of a “right[ ] . . . secured by the Constitution”
within the meaning of § 1983, any more than does the eliciting of the statements in
the first place. See Bennett v. Passic, 545 F.2d 1260, 1263 (10th Cir. 1976) (“Even
assuming that Bennett’s confession should have been excluded from the evidence at
his trial, the court cannot find that any rational argument can be made in support of
this civil rights claim for damages.”).

        We are fortified in this view by the post-Dickerson opinions in Chavez v.
Martinez. A four-Justice plurality in Chavez concluded that a police officer’s “failure
to read Miranda warnings to Martinez did not violate Martinez’s constitutional rights
and cannot be grounds for a § 1983 action,” id. at 772, and a fifth Justice explained
that “[t]he exclusion of unwarned statements, when not within an exception [to the
Miranda rule], is a complete and sufficient remedy.” Id. at 790 (Kennedy, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part). This led Justice Scalia to summarize that
“[s]ection 1983 does not provide remedies for violations of judicially created
prophylactic rules, such as the rule of Miranda v. Arizona, as the Court today holds.”
Id. at 780 (Scalia, J., concurring in part in the judgment) (internal citation omitted).
The absence of a criminal case in which Martinez was compelled to be a “witness”
against himself was invoked to defeat his “core Fifth Amendment claim” based on
statements actually “compelled,” id. at 772-73 (plurality opinion), but a civil claim


                                          -5-
based on the failure to read Miranda warnings was rejected simply because a breach
of the Miranda rule does not give rise to a § 1983 action. Id. at 772 (citing Warren,
864 F.2d at 1442); id. at 790 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

       In summary, Hannon’s action is premised on an alleged violation of the
constitutional rule announced in Miranda and subsequent decisions. The remedy for
any such violation is suppression of evidence, which relief Hannon ultimately
obtained from the Supreme Court of Minnesota. The admission of Hannon’s
statements in a criminal case did not cause a deprivation of any “right” secured by the
Constitution, within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                          ______________________________




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