              Case: 12-13385     Date Filed: 05/15/2013   Page: 1 of 6


                                                              [DO NOT PUBLISH]


                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 12-13385
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 8:11-cr-00028-JDW-EAJ-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                       versus

PATRICK LEAKS,

                                                               Defendant-Appellant.

                           ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                         ________________________

                                   (May 15, 2013)

Before BARKETT, HULL and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Patrick Leaks appeals his convictions and sentences for being a felon in

possession of a .357 caliber pistol, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1),
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924(a)(2), possession with the intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1), and firearm possession in furtherance of that cocaine trafficking crime,

in violation of 924(c). Leaks raises four arguments on appeal. First, Leaks asserts

that he received constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel when trial

counsel’s closing argument invited the jury to find Leaks guilty of his charge for

being a felon in possession of a .357 caliber pistol and a lesser included offense of

possession with the intent to distribute cocaine, i.e., mere possession. Second, the

district court erred when it found that Leaks’ two prior convictions for fleeing

and/or eluding were violent felonies for purposes of an Armed Career Criminal Act

(“ACCA”) enhancement. Third, Fla. Stat. § 893.101 is facially unconstitutional,

and both of Leaks’s prior convictions pursuant to that Florida statute used to

enhance his sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C), were void. Fourth, Leaks

argues that his 360-month sentence was substantively unreasonable in light of his

prior criminal record and because, in the instant case, Leaks only possessed a small

amount of cocaine and did not brandish his weapon.

                                          I.

      We will not generally consider claims of ineffective assistance of counsel

raised on direct appeal where the district court did not entertain the claim or

develop a factual record. United States v. Patterson, 595 F.3d 1324, 1328 (11th

Cir. 2010). The preferred means for deciding a claim of ineffective assistance of


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counsel is through a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion even if the record contains some

indication of deficiencies in counsel’s performance. Id. at 1328-29. Since the

record does not contain any information about trial counsel’s reasons for making

the allegedly deficient litigation choices, the record is not sufficient to determine

whether Leaks’ counsel was ineffective. Therefore, on direct appeal, we decline to

address Leaks’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

                                          II.

      Whether a prior conviction qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA is a

question of law that we review de novo. United States v. Petite, 703 F.3d 1290,

1292 (11th Cir. 2013). The ACCA provides that a person who violates 18 U.S.C.

§ 922(g) and has 3 previous convictions for a violent felony or a serious drug

offense is subject to 15-year minimum sentence. Id.; see also 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).

The ACCA defines “violent felony” as any crime punishable by imprisonment for

a term exceeding one year that:

      (i)    has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
             physical force against the person of another; or

      (ii)   is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or
             otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk
             of physical injury to another.

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). The Supreme Court requires that courts determine

whether a crime is a violent felony for ACCA purposes by the fact of conviction

and the statutory definition of the offense, and generally not by considering the
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particular facts disclosed by the record of conviction. Petite, 703 F.3d at 1294. In

Sykes v. United States, 564 U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 2267, 180 L.Ed.2d 60 (2011), the

Supreme Court concluded that vehicle flight from a law enforcement officer is

extraordinarily risky because of the dangerous confrontation between the offender

and law enforcement that ordinarily can be expected to ensue. Petite, 703 F.3d at

1296-97. Therefore, a prior conviction for vehicle flight, in violation of Fla. Stat.

§ 316.1935(2), qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA. Id. at 1301. Since

both of Leaks’s convictions for fleeing and/or eluding involved intentional

vehicular flight, both convictions are predicate offenses under the ACCA. See

Petite, 703 F.3d at 1301. Therefore, the district court properly applied the ACCA

enhancement to Leaks’s guideline range.

                                          III.

      Whether a defendant can collaterally attack a prior conviction involves a

question of statutory construction and is subject to de novo review. United States v.

Mikell, 102 F.3d 470, 474 (11th Cir. 1996). To increase a defendant’s punishment

due to one or more prior convictions, the United States Attorney must file with the

court an Information that states those prior convictions. 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1). No

person, who stands convicted of an offense under 21 U.S.C. § 841 et seq., may

challenge the validity of any prior conviction, alleged under § 851, which occurred

more than five years before the date of the Information that alleged such prior


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conviction. 21 U.S.C. § 851(e).

      Leaks concedes that he did not contest the validity of his prior Fla. Stat.

§ 893.101 convictions within the five-year framework set forth in 21 U.S.C.

§ 851(e). Thus, § 851(e) bars Leaks’s collateral challenge to his 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(C) enhancement.

                                         IV.

      We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence under a deferential

abuse of discretion standard of review. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128

S.Ct. 586, 597, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007). We review the ultimate sentence and not

each decision made during the sentencing process. United States v. Winingear, 422

F.3d 1241, 1245 (11th Cir. 2005). Although we do not automatically presume a

sentence falling within the guideline range to be reasonable, we ordinarily expect

such a sentence to be reasonable. United States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324

(11th Cir. 2008). “The party challenging the sentence bears the burden to show it is

unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors.” United States v.

Tome, 611 F.3d 1371, 1378 (11th Cir. 2010). We examine whether the sentence

was substantively reasonable in light of the totality of the circumstances. Id. A

district court abuses its discretion when it balances the U.S.S.G. § 3553(a) factors

unreasonably or places unreasonable weight on a single factor. United States v.

Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). We reverse only if “left with


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the definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of

judgment in weighing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies

outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” Id. at

1190 (quotation omitted).

      Leaks’ total sentence was at the lowest point of the advisory guidelines

range. Even if the instant offense involved only possession of a small amount of

cocaine, and Leaks did not brandish his weapon, Leaks violently resisted

apprehension and actually possessed a loaded firearm prior to his flight. In any

event, Leaks’s criminal history was a significant factor in why Leaks’s guideline

range was as high as it was, and the district court noted that Leaks’s criminal

history was both violent and similar to the crimes for which he was convicted in

the instant case. Therefore, Leaks has failed to establish that the district court

abused its discretion or that his total sentence was substantively unreasonable.

      AFFIRMED.




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