                          COURT OF APPEALS
                          SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                               FORT WORTH

                               NO. 02-18-00034-CV


IN THE INTEREST OF J.B.,
A CHILD




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          FROM THE 235TH DISTRICT COURT OF COOKE COUNTY
                     TRIAL COURT NO. CV16-00427

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                         MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

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      After a jury trial, the trial court terminated appellant D.L.M.’s parental rights

to his 18-month-old son, J.B. 2 On appeal, D.L.M. raises five issues. In his first

three, he attacks three grounds for termination. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.



      1
       See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
      2
       We use initials to refer to various individuals associated with this appeal.
See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d) (West Supp. 2017); Tex. R. App. P.
9.8(b)(2).
§ 161.001(b)(1) (West Supp. 2017). In his fourth, he attacks the best-interest

finding. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(2) (West Supp. 2017). And in his

fifth, he asserts that the trial court erred by admitting his criminal history into

evidence. We affirm.

                             Termination Generally

      In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but to

erase them permanently—to divest the parent and child of all legal rights,

privileges, duties, and powers normally existing between them, except the child’s

right to inherit. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b) (West 2014); Holick v. Smith,

685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Consequently, “[w]hen the State seeks to sever

permanently the relationship between a parent and a child, it must first observe

fundamentally fair procedures.” In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. 2012)

(citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747–48, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1391–

92 (1982)). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and strictly construe

involuntary-termination statutes in favor of the parent. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d

796, 802 (Tex. 2012); E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 554–55; Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20–21.

      Termination decisions must be supported by clear and convincing

evidence. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b), § 161.206(a) (West 2014);

E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802. Due process demands this heightened standard

because “[a] parental rights termination proceeding encumbers a value ‘far more

precious than any property right.’” E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 555 (quoting Santosky,

455 U.S. at 758–59, 102 S. Ct. at 1397); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex.


                                         2
2002); see also E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802. Evidence is clear and convincing if it

“will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the

truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann.

§ 101.007 (West 2014); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802.

      For a trial court to terminate a parent–child relationship, the party seeking

termination must establish by clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s

actions satisfy one ground listed in family code section 161.001(b)(1) and that

termination is in the best interest of the child under family code section

161.001(b)(2). Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 803;

In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). Both elements must be established;

termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child as

determined by the factfinder. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d

531, 533 (Tex. 1987); In re C.D.E., 391 S.W.3d 287, 295 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2012, no pet.).

                                   Background

      When born, J.B. exhibited withdrawal symptoms, and after testing, J.B.’s

meconium came back positive for both methamphetamine and amphetamine.

Due to feeding problems, J.B. remained in the hospital for about two weeks, after

which the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services placed him in

foster care.

      J.B.’s mother later relinquished her parental rights.




                                         3
      DNA testing determined that D.L.M. was J.B.’s father. At the time these

proceedings took place, D.L.M. was incarcerated and serving a ten-year

sentence for unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon.

      The jury here found and the judgment reflects that D.L.M.’s parental rights

were terminated based on three grounds plus the requisite best-interest finding:

         • D.L.M. had “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed [J.B.] with
           persons who [had] engaged in conduct [that] endanger[ed] [J.B.’s]
           physical or emotional well-being . . . ,” see Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
           § 161.001(b)(1)(E);

         • D.L.M. had “constructively abandoned [J.B.] who ha[d] been in the
           permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the
           Department of Family and Protective Services for not less than six
           months,” and that “(i) the department ha[d] made reasonable efforts
           to return [J.B.] to [D.L.M.]; (ii) [D.L.M.] ha[d] not regularly visited or
           maintained significant contact with [J.B.]; and (iii) [D.L.M.] ha[d]
           demonstrated an inability to provide [J.B.] with a safe environment,”
           see id. § 161.001(b)(1)(N); and

         • D.L.M. had “knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that ha[d]
           resulted in” his “(i) conviction of an offense; and (ii) confinement or
           imprisonment and inability to care for [J.B.] for not less than two
           years from the date of filing the petition.” See id. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q).

         • The jury also found “that termination [was] in [J.B.’s] best interest
           . . . .” See id. § 161.001(b)(2).

              Grounds Discussion—D.L.M.’s First Three Issues

      In the first three issues in D.L.M.’s brief, he asserts that the evidence is

legally and factually insufficient to support grounds under subsections (E)




                                         4
(endangering conduct), (N) (constructive abandonment), and (Q) (criminal

conduct resulting in inability to care for child due to confinement). 3

I. Standard of Review

      A. Legal Sufficiency

      In evaluating the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental-termination

cases, we determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the Department proved both the

particular ground for termination and the child’s best interest. In re J.P.B.,

180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005). We review all the evidence in the light most

favorable to the finding and judgment, and we resolve any disputed facts in favor

of the finding if a reasonable factfinder could have done so. Id. We also must

disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved, in

      3
       Under his first issue in his brief, D.L.M. refers to grounds under section
161.001(b)(1)(D) (endangering conditions or surroundings)—a ground on which
the termination decree is not based—instead of grounds under subsection (E)
(endangering conduct). See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(D). Within his
discussion, however, he also refers to the allegation that he “engaged in conduct”
that endangered the child’s physical or emotional well-being, which is language
found in subsection (E). But he mistakenly attributes that engaged-in-conduct
language to grounds under subsection (D) (endangering conditions or
surroundings). Elsewhere he argues that the Department failed to prove that he
engaged in a dangerous “course of conduct,” which is a phrase associated with
subsection (E). See In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2003, no pet.). Finally, D.L.M.’s prayer tracks the language found in both
subsections (D) and (E). We construe his brief to attack grounds under
subsection (E) (endangering conduct). See Tex. R. App. P. 38.9 (“Briefing Rules
to Be Construed Liberally”). Otherwise, a failure to challenge all the grounds on
which a termination is based renders attacks on those grounds that are
contested moot. See In re S.L., 421 S.W.3d 34, 37 (Tex. App.—Waco 2013, no
pet.).


                                           5
addition to considering undisputed evidence even if it is contrary to the finding.

Id. That is, we consider evidence favorable to termination if a reasonable

factfinder could, and we disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable

factfinder could not. See id. In doing our job, we cannot weigh witness-credibility

issues that depend on the witness’s appearance and demeanor because that is

the factfinder’s province. Id. And even when credibility issues appear in the

appellate record, we defer to the factfinder’s determinations as long as they are

not unreasonable. Id.

      B. Factual Sufficiency

      We must perform “an exacting review of the entire record” in determining

whether the evidence is factually sufficient to support terminating a parent-child

relationship. In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 500 (Tex. 2014). In reviewing the

evidence for factual sufficiency, we give due deference to the factfinder’s findings

and do not supplant the verdict with our own. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105,

108 (Tex. 2006). We determine whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could

reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that the parent violated an alleged

ground and that termination was in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann.

§ 161.001(b); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002). If, in light of the entire

record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have

credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not

reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction in the truth of its finding, then

the evidence is factually insufficient. H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.


                                         6
II. Discussion

      D.L.M. confirmed that he was currently serving a ten-year sentence for

unlawful possession of a firearm. He was sentenced on March 9, 2017, with

about 14 months’ credit for time served. Trial in this termination proceeding was

in January 2018—ten months after his sentencing for unlawful possession. So at

the time of trial, he had served about two years of his sentence. D.L.M. testified

that he thought he would serve only a few more months before getting paroled.

His next parole hearing was in March or April 2018. But parole is inherently

speculative, and its possibility does not prevent a finding that the parent will

remain incarcerated for not less than two years from the date the Department

filed its petition—here, July 2016. See H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108–09 (discussing

parole in the context of subsection (Q) grounds). In D.L.M.’s case, he admitted to

not having gotten paroled on his two earlier trips to the penitentiary—once on an

eight-year sentence and once on a two-year sentence.

      Viewing the evidence in light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that the

evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or

conviction that D.L.M. had “knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that ha[d]

resulted in” his “(i) conviction of an offense; and (ii) confinement or imprisonment

and inability to care for [J.B.] for not less than two years from the date of filing the

petition” and is thus legally sufficient on the subsection (Q) grounds. See J.P.B.,

180 S.W.3d at 573; see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q).




                                           7
      Furthermore, based on the entire record and giving due deference to the

factfinder’s findings, we also hold that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm

conviction or belief that D.L.M. had “knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that

ha[d] resulted in” his “(i) conviction of an offense; and (ii) confinement or

imprisonment and inability to care for [J.B.] for not less than two years from the

date of filing the petition” and that the evidence is therefore also factually

sufficient on subsection (Q) grounds. See H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108; C.H.,

89 S.W.3d at 28; see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q).

      We overrule D.L.M.’s third issue.

   For purposes of this appeal, we need not decide whether the evidence
    supports the endangering-conduct and constructive-abandonment
                                 findings.

      When we find that sufficient evidence supports one of the alleged

predicate grounds for termination under section 161.001(b)(1), we need not

review the remaining predicate grounds. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355,

362 (Tex. 2003); In re S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d. 875, 900 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2007), pet. denied, 260 S.W.3d 463 (Tex. 2008). Accordingly, we do not address

whether the evidence sufficed to support the grounds alleged either under

section   161.001(b)(1)(E)    (endangering     conduct)     or   under      section

161.001(b)(1)(N) (constructive abandonment). For purposes of termination, one

ground is sufficient. See In re A.O., No. 02-09-00005-CV, 2009 WL 1815780, at

*6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 25, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.).

      We overrule D.L.M.’s first and second issues. Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.


                                          8
                         Best Interest—D.L.M.’s Fourth Issue

      In D.L.M.’s fourth issue, he contends that the evidence is legally and

factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination was in

J.B.’s best interest.

I. Standard of Review—Best Interest

      There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the

child’s best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006).

      We review the entire record to determine the child’s best interest. In re

E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 250 (Tex. 2013). The same evidence may be probative

both of the grounds under section 161.001(b)(1) and of best interest under

section 161.001(b)(2). Id. at 249; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. Nonexclusive factors

that the factfinder in a termination case may also use in determining the child’s

best interest include:

          • the child’s desires;

          • the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in the
            future;

          • the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the
            future;

          • the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

          • the programs available to assist these individuals to promote
            the child’s best interest;

          • the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency
            seeking custody;

          • the stability of the home or proposed placement;


                                         9
         • the parent’s acts or omissions which may indicate that the
           existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and

         • the parent’s excuse, if any, for the acts or omissions.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976) (citations omitted); see

E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 249 (stating that in reviewing a best-interest finding, “we

consider, among other evidence, the Holley factors”); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 807.

These factors are not exhaustive, and some listed factors may not apply to some

cases. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. Furthermore, undisputed evidence of just one

factor may be sufficient in a particular case to support a finding that termination is

in the child’s best interest. Id. On the other hand, the presence of scant evidence

relevant to each factor will not support such a finding. Id.

II. Best-Interest Discussion

      D.L.M. was 35 years old at the time of trial. Since his eighteenth birthday,

he had spent more time incarcerated than free. He admitted having multiple

previous convictions for unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, evading arrest, and

burglary of a habitation, as well as convictions for organized retail theft,

possession of marijuana, criminal mischief, unlawful possession of a firearm by a

felon, evading detention, cruelty to animals, and unlawful restraint. D.L.M. was

incarcerated at the time of trial, serving a ten-year sentence for unlawful

possession of a firearm.

      D.L.M. had been incarcerated twice before. In 2013, he was sentenced to

two years for evading arrest in a vehicle, and before that, in 2005, he was



                                         10
sentenced to eight years for burglary and for possession of a prohibited

weapon—a Molotov cocktail. 4 D.L.M. admitted that when he was released from

prison in 2012, he was in legal trouble again within four months. He also admitted

that when he was released in 2015, he was in trouble again within three months.

      At trial in January 2018, D.L.M. claimed that his next parole-board meeting

was only months away—in March or April 2018—and that he thought he would

be released. He acknowledged that he had served all eight years of his eight-

year sentence from 2005 and both years of his two-year sentence from 2013.

      The Department caseworker acknowledged that, other than being in jail,

D.L.M. had not endangered J.B.’s life.

      D.L.M. denied knowing that J.B.’s mother was using drugs. He contended

that he did not know about her drug use until J.B. tested positive for

methamphetamines.

      And not until December 2016, after DNA testing, did D.L.M. even know he

was J.B.’s father. D.L.M. had never met J.B. and had never sent any birthday

presents, letters, or pictures to J.B. Acknowledging that bonding occurs only by

being together, D.L.M. admitted that he and J.B. had not bonded.




      4
        D.L.M. mistakenly testified that he received a two-year sentence for theft
in 2012. He received a theft conviction in 2013 on the same date as his evading-
arrest-in-a-vehicle conviction. The offense dates for both convictions were in
2012.


                                         11
       D.L.M. had fathered two other children—daughters—one in California and

one in Gainesville. Both lived with their mothers. 5 Although D.L.M. did not pay

child support, he testified that he supported his children when he could, usually

by selling drugs. D.L.M. felt particularly motivated this time because J.B. was a

boy and carried his last name. 6

       Once released from prison, D.L.M. planned to work on cars in a body

shop. D.L.M. had previously held a job only twice—once for six months at El

Fenix in 2012, and once for six months at Toby Keith’s, also in 2012. When he is

released from prison, D.L.M.’s fiancée said that he could live with her.

       In the meantime, his grandmother and sister had agreed to help care for

J.B. The Department had conducted a home study on D.L.M.’s grandmother, but

the study’s results had not yet come back. 7 D.L.M.’s grandmother was 72 years

old and currently lived in a two-bedroom, one-bathroom house with five children.

       D.L.M.’s sister spoke highly of his parenting ability. His grandmother

described D.L.M. as a “good boy” when around her, as having a good

relationship with his daughters, and as having the ability to be a good father.



       5
       D.L.M.’s sister testified that his daughter in Gainesville currently lived with
her.
       6
       J.B. did not carry D.L.M.’s last name. Nevertheless, the gist of D.L.M.’s
testimony was that the thought of having a son was particularly motivating.
       7
       D.L.M.’s grandmother testified but denied knowing anything about a home
study on her.


                                         12
      As for J.B., he was thriving in his foster home, which was the only home he

had ever known. The foster parents were very nurturing and hoped to adopt him.

      J.B.’s foster (and prospective adoptive) mother testified, stating that she

stayed in contact with J.B.’s mother and that J.B. visited and did activities with his

half-siblings. If she were allowed to adopt J.B., the foster mother testified that she

would allow D.L.M.’s family to have contact with him. Expressing her belief that

D.L.M. had a right to get to know his son, she even extended that offer to D.L.M.,

provided they met at a neutral place in the beginning, at least until they got to

know him better. The foster mother testified that she offered J.B. certainty and

permanence.

      A child’s need for permanence through the establishment of a stable,

permanent home is a paramount consideration in the best-interest determination.

In re. E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 251, 267 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no

pet.). Unlike the prospective adoptive family here—or presumably like any other

family with whom the Department might ultimately place J.B.—D.L.M. offered

only uncertainty. He might get paroled in March 2018 or, if his previous

incarcerations were any indication, he might not get paroled at all and thus not be

released until January 2026.

      D.L.M. had not met J.B.’s emotional or physical needs in the past, and

because D.L.M. was in prison, his ability to meet those needs in the future was

altogether speculative. D.L.M.’s criminal history posed an emotional and physical

danger to J.B. should D.L.M. return to a life of crime; and although D.L.M.


                                         13
assured the jury that he would change his ways, the jury was not required to

believe him. After all, despite his already having two daughters, D.L.M. had

engaged in criminal conduct, was convicted, and was given a lengthy prison

sentence. D.L.M.’s sister and grandmother might have thought highly of his

parenting skills, but his ability to parent at all was compromised by his

incarcerations.

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that

a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that

termination was in J.B.’s best interest and thus that the evidence was legally

sufficient. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

      And when viewing the evidence equally, in light of the entire record and

while according due deference to the jury’s findings, we hold that a reasonable

factfinder could have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that the

termination was in J.B.’s best interest and, therefore, that the evidence is

factually sufficient as well. See id.; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26.

      We overrule D.L.M.’s fourth issue.

                                 Criminal History

      In D.L.M.’s fifth issue, he argues that the trial court erred by allowing

evidence and testimony of his criminal history into evidence.

I. Standard of Review—Admission of Evidence

      We review a trial court’s admission of challenged evidence for an abuse of

discretion. In re D.D., No. 02-17-00368-CV, 2018 WL 1630708, at *12 (Tex.


                                         14
App.—Fort Worth Apr. 5, 2018, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (citing Gharda USA, Inc. v.

Control Sols., Inc., 464 S.W.3d 338, 347 (Tex. 2015)). A trial court abuses its

discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles—that is, if

it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably. Id. (citing Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609,

614 (Tex. 2007); Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838–39 (Tex. 2004)). We

must uphold the trial court’s evidentiary ruling if the record provides any

legitimate basis for it. Id. (citing Owens–Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone,

972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998)).

      Relevant evidence tends “to make a fact more or less probable than it

would be without the evidence” and is generally admissible. Tex. R. Evid. 401(a),

402; D.D., 2018 WL 1630708, at *12. But if the risk of unfair prejudice

substantially outweighs relevant evidence’s probative value, that evidence should

be excluded. See Tex. R. Evid. 403; D.D., 2018 WL 1630708, at *13. Rule

403 favors the admission of relevant evidence and presumes that relevant

evidence will be more probative than prejudicial. D.D., 2018 WL 1630708, at

*13 (citing Murray v. Tex. Dept. of Fam. & Protective Servs., 294 S.W.3d 360,

368 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet)). Excluding evidence under rule 403 is an

extraordinary remedy that must be done sparingly. Id. (citing Murray, 294 S.W.3d

at 368).

II. Discussion

      To prove that a parent’s rights should be terminated, the Department must

prove both a subsection (1) ground and, under subsection (2), that termination is


                                         15
in the child’s best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1), (2); D.D.,

2018 WL 1630708, at *12.

      Evidence of extensive criminal history is relevant when evaluating parental

abilities. In re L.M., No. 02-16-00127-CV, 2016 WL 5957030, at *15 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth Oct. 13, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.); In re J.F., No. 02-08-00183-

CV, 2009 WL 806889, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 26, 2009, pet. denied)

(mem. op.); see also In re S.B., 207 S.W.3d 877, 886 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2006, no pet.) (noting that parent’s poor judgment may be considered in

determining child’s best interest). Criminal history and incarceration adversely

affect the amount of contact between a parent and child and the parent’s ability

to provide financial and emotional support to the child. In re J.L.G., No. 06-16-

00087-CV, 2017 WL 1290895, at *5 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Apr. 6, 2017, no

pet.) (mem. op.). In D.L.M.’s case, his criminal history is directly relevant both to

his absence from J.B.’s life and to his failure to financially and emotionally

support him. In re C.W., No. 02-17-00025-CV, 2017 WL 2289115, at *7 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth May 25, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.). Even criminal conduct

before the child is born is relevant in evaluating the appropriateness of a parent’s

choices and lifestyle. Calderon v. Tex. Dept. of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-

09-00257-CV, 2010 WL 2330372, at *2 n.3 (Tex. App.—Austin June 11, 2010, no

pet.) (mem. op.). D.L.M.’s extensive criminal history was thus directly relevant to

the best-interest determination. See Tex. R. Evid. 401.




                                         16
      And although the evidence was prejudicial, it was not unfairly prejudicial.

“[T]estimony is not inadmissible on the sole ground that it is ‘prejudicial’ because

in our adversarial system, much of a proponent’s evidence is legitimately

intended to wound the opponent.” Bay Area Healthcare Group, Ltd. v. McShane,

239 S.W.3d 231, 234 (Tex. 2007). “The fact that evidence has some prejudicial

effect is insufficient to warrant its exclusion. To be excluded, evidence must not

only create a danger of unfair prejudice, but that danger must substantially

outweigh its relevance.” In re T.E., No. 06-11-00048-CV, 2011 WL 5865712, at

*7 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Nov. 23, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (internal citations

omitted); see Tex. R. Evid. 403. Here, D.L.M.’s criminal history was undoubtedly

prejudicial but not unfairly so, as it showed a long pattern of unlawful, dangerous

behavior that resulted in his repeated incarceration and bore on whether the

factfinder could trust D.L.M. to responsibly and capably raise J.B. to adulthood.

      We overrule D.L.M.’s fifth issue.

                                   Conclusion

      Having overruled each of D.L.M.’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.


                                                   /s/ Elizabeth Kerr
                                                   ELIZABETH KERR
                                                   JUSTICE

PANEL: SUDDERTH, C.J.; KERR and BIRDWELL, JJ.

DELIVERED: July 5, 2018



                                          17
