                                                                     FILED
                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                  Tenth Circuit

                                    PUBLISH                      March 8, 2013
                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                 Clerk of Court

                               TENTH CIRCUIT



 BRYAN TOONE; JOLYNNE TOONE,

             Plaintiffs - Appellants,
       v.                                              No. 11-4188
 WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.;
 NORWEST MORTGAGE, INC.;
 LASALLE BANK N.A., as Trustee;
 BANK OF AMERICA, N.A; ETITLE
 INSURANCE AGENCY; LUNDBERG
 & ASSOCIATES; KENT W. PLOTT;
 MARK S. MIDDLEMAS,

             Defendants - Appellees,

 PREMIER MORTGAGE
 CORPORATION OF AMERICA;
 ACCUBANK MORTGAGE
 CORPORATION, d/b/a Accumortgage
 Corporation,

             Defendants.


        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
                   (D.C. NO. 2:11-CV-00170-TS)


Brian W. Steffensen, Steffensen Law Office, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Plaintiffs -
Appellants.

James D. Gardner, (M. Lane Molen, with him on the brief) of Snell and Wilmer
L.L.P., Salt Lake City, Utah, for Defendants - Appellees Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,
Norwest Mortgage, Inc. LaSalle Bank, N.A. and Bank of America, N.A.; and
Richard Gunnerson, (Scott Lundberg on the brief), Lundberg & Associates, Salt
Lake City, Utah, for Defendants - Appellees eTitle Insurance Agency, Lundberg
& Associates, Kent W. Plott, and Mark S. Middlemas.


Before LUCERO, HOLLOWAY, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.


HARTZ, Circuit Judge.


      Bryan and JoLynne Toone executed a promissory note (the Note) secured

by a deed of trust on their home (the Trust Deed). The Note was assigned several

times. After the Toones defaulted on the Note, their home was scheduled to be

sold at a trustee’s foreclosure sale. They filed suit to halt the foreclosure and to

obtain damages and declaratory relief based on alleged violations of statutory and

common-law duties by numerous parties who had current or prior interests in the

Note and Trust Deed or were involved in the foreclosure efforts. The district

court denied relief and the Toones appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291 and affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

      The Trust Deed and Note were executed in 1998. The Note named Premier

Mortgage Service Corp. of America (Premier) as “Lender,” Aplt. App., Vol. II at

208, and the Trust Deed named Inwest Title Services, Inc. as trustee and Premier

as beneficiary. The Note stated that it could be transferred by the Lender.

Similarly, the Trust Deed provided: “The Note or a partial interest in the Note


                                         -2-
(together with this Security Instrument) may be sold one or more times without

prior notice to Borrower.” Id. at 215. It also stated that “[t]he covenants and

agreements of this Security Instrument shall bind and benefit the successors and

assigns of Lender and Borrower.” Id. at 214. And it permitted the Lender to

remove the trustee and appoint a successor, which would “succeed to all the title,

power and duties conferred upon Trustee herein and by applicable law.” Id. at

216. Defendant Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. serviced the Loan.

      The Note was transferred three times. Premier assigned it to Accubanc

Mortgage Corporation, which assigned it to Defendant Norwest Mortgage, Inc.,

which assigned it to Defendant LaSalle Bank, N.A. “as Trustee for the holders of

Prime Mortgage Trust, Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2004-CL1.”

Id., Vol. III at 302. Defendant Bank of America, N.A., as successor by merger to

LaSalle, became the Lender. 1

      On October 20, 2009, Bank of America executed a document appointing

Defendant eTitle Insurance Agency as the successor trustee under the Trust Deed.

The same day, eTitle executed a “Notice of Default and Election to Sell,” stating

that the Toones had defaulted on their monthly payments. Id. at 365


      1
        The record also includes an allonge that contains an endorsement by Wells
Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc., as “Attorney-in-fact for Wachovia Bank fka First
Union National Bank as Trustee,” transferring the Note to LaSalle. Aplt. App.,
Vol. II at 210. None of the parties explains the relationship of this endorsement
to Norwest’s endorsement to LaSalle, and the relationship is not apparent from
the record.

                                         -3-
(capitalization omitted). It declared that under the terms of the Note and Trust

Deed, “the unpaid principal balance is accelerated and now due, together with

accruing interest, late charges, costs and trustees’ and attorneys’ fees.” Id. And

it stated that eTitle had elected to sell the property.

      About a month later, the Toones signed a “Home Affordable Modification

Program Loan Trial Period” Agreement (HAMP Agreement). Id. at 357

(capitalization omitted). (The copy in the record was not signed by Wells Fargo,

but we will assume that both parties signed the original.) In it, the Toones agreed

to provide various financial information and to make trial-period payments for

three months, beginning on December 1, 2009. The HAMP Agreement stated that

Wells Fargo would suspend any scheduled foreclosure if the Toones met their

obligations, but explained:

      [A]ny pending foreclosure action will not be dismissed and may be
      immediately resumed from the point at which it was suspended if this
      Plan terminates, and no new notice of default, notice of intent to
      accelerate, notice of acceleration, or similar notice will be necessary
      to continue the foreclosure action . . . .

Id. at 358. The HAMP Agreement also disclosed that it was not a modification of

the Note and Trust Deed, and stated that those documents would “not be modified

unless and until (I) [the Toones] meet all of the conditions required for

modification, (ii) [the Toones] receive a fully executed copy of a Modification

Agreement, and (iii) the Modification Effective Date has passed.” Id. If,

however, the Toones met the conditions required for modification, they would

                                           -4-
receive a Modification Agreement modifying the Note and Trust Deed to reflect a

new payment amount, which would include unpaid interest and delinquent

amounts. The Note and Trust Deed were never modified, and eTitle conducted a

trustee’s foreclosure sale on January 3, 2011.

      On the same day, the Toones filed suit in Utah state court against Wells

Fargo, Norwest, LaSalle, and Bank of America (the Wells Fargo Defendants), as

well as eTitle and the legal counsel who assisted in the foreclosure process: the

law firm Lundberg & Associates, and attorneys Kent W. Plott and Mark S.

Middlemas (the eTitle Defendants). (Other defendants were named in the suit but

never served.) The Toones asserted claims for (1) declaratory judgment (in

essence, challenging the foreclosure process); (2) violations of the Utah

Consumer Sales Practices Act (UCSPA), Utah Code Ann. §§ 13-11-1 to -23

(1973); (3) breach of the trustee’s duty of good faith and fair dealing (against

eTitle only); (4) violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15

U.S.C. §§ 1692–1692p (1996); (5) breach of contract and the covenant of good

faith and fair dealing (against the Wells Fargo Defendants only); and (6)

violations of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), 12 U.S.C.

§§ 2601–2617 (1974) (against Wells Fargo only).

      With the consent of the eTitle Defendants, the Wells Fargo Defendants

removed the suit to the United States District Court for the District of Utah under

that court’s original jurisdiction over the Toones’ federal statutory claims, see

                                         -5-
28 U.S.C. § 1331, and supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining claims, see

id. § 1367(a). See id. § 1441(a) (permitting removal to federal court of civil

actions brought in state court over which United States district courts would have

original jurisdiction). The eTitle Defendants and the Wells Fargo Defendants

filed separate motions to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), which the district

court granted. The Toones appeal.

II.   DISCUSSION

      “We review de novo the grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for

failure to state a claim.” Gee v. Pacheco, 627 F.3d 1178, 1183 (10th Cir. 2010).

“A pleading that states a claim for relief must contain . . . a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 8(a)(2). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its

face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks

omitted). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual

content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant

is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id.

      A.     Assignments of the Note

      We begin with the heart of the Toones’ claims—the challenge to the

various assignments of the Note. The centrality of this issue was emphasized by

the Toones in their response to the Wells Fargo Defendants’ motion to dismiss:

                                          -6-
      The gravamen of this complaint is the allegation that the purported
      endorsements on the Toone Note are defective for many reasons,
      such that neither LaSalle nor BOA ever legally became the
      owner/endorsee of the Toone Note. If that is true—which for the
      purposes of this Motion to Dismiss must be deemed to be true—then
      eTitle was not properly and validly appointed Substitute Trustee. If
      eTitle never legally became the Substitute Trustee under the Toone
      Trust Deed, then the commencement of the foreclosure, the motion to
      lift stay, the purported foreclosure and then the eviction action were
      and are all wrongful and null and void.

Aplt. App., Vol. III at 326.

      The problem for the Toones is that their complaint does not adequately

allege that the endorsements were improper. It asserts that the endorsements were

invalid because the first was signed by an underwriting assistant for the assignee

(Accubanc) instead of the assignor (Premier), and the remaining ones were “robo-

signed.” Id., Vol. I at 19 (internal quotation marks omitted). They contend that

these improprieties are apparent from the face of the Note and common

knowledge of creditors’ practices.

      Ordinarily, we accept the well-pleaded factual allegations of the complaint

as true for purposes of resolving a motion under Rule 12(b)(6). See Casanova v.

Ulibarri, 595 F.3d 1120, 1124 (10th Cir. 2010). But there are exceptions to this

rule. Courts are permitted to review “documents referred to in the complaint if

the documents are central to the plaintiff’s claim and the parties do not dispute

the documents’ authenticity.” Gee, 627 F.3d at 1186 (internal quotation marks

omitted). The Note falls squarely within this exception: We may consider it in


                                         -7-
evaluating the plausibility of the Toones’ claims because it is mentioned in the

complaint, it is central to their claims, and its authenticity is not disputed.

Moreover, we examine the document itself, rather than the complaint’s

description of it. See Jacobsen v. Deseret Book Co., 287 F.3d 936, 941–42 (10th

Cir. 2002).

      The face of the Note contradicts the Toones’ allegations. The first

endorsement states that Accubanc is Premier’s “agent and attorney in fact,” Aplt.

App., Vol. II at 209 (capitalization omitted), and the Toones present no argument

why the endorsement would be invalid when signed by Premier’s agent.

Likewise, the other endorsements look regular on their face. Of course, the

endorsements may be forged or otherwise fraudulent. But the complaint alleges

no facts from which one could infer such misconduct. It does not explain what

“robo-signing” is or why it renders the endorsements fraudulent, let alone include

factual content indicating that it occurred in this case. Numerous courts have

held that bald allegations of “robo-signing” do not suffice under the Rule 8(a)(2)

standard set by Iqbal. 2 Moreover, the allegations certainly do not satisfy Fed. R.

      2
        See Butler v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. MJG–12–2705, 2013 WL
145886, at *3 (D. Md. Jan. 11, 2013); Nottage v. Bank of New York Mellon, No.
12-00418 JMS/BMK, 2012 WL 5305506, at *6 (D. Haw. Oct. 25, 2012);
Macawile v. Pro30 Funding, No. 2:12-CV-00567-MCE-DAD, 2012 WL 2912349,
at *2 (E.D. Cal. July 16, 2012); Islamic Ass’n of DeSoto, Texas, Inc. v. Mortg.
Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., No. 3:12-CV-0613-D, 2012 WL 2196040, at *3
(N.D. Tex. June 15, 2012); Block v. BAC Home Loans Servicing LP, No. 11-
11181, 2012 WL 2031640, at *4 (E.D. Mich. June 6, 2012); Mickelson v. Chase
                                                                           (continued...)

                                           -8-
Civ. P. 9(b), which states: “In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with

particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” The Toones’

complaint does not “set forth the time, place, and contents of the false

representation, the identity of the party making the false statements and the

consequences thereof.” United States ex rel. Sikkenga v. Regence Bluecross

Blueshield of Utah, 472 F.3d 702, 727 (10th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      Accordingly, the factual predicate of most of the Toones’ arguments on

appeal is undermined. These include the challenges to the dismissal of the

declaratory-judgment claims, the UCSPA claim, the breach-of-duty claim against

eTitle, and the portion of the FDCPA claim premised on Defendants’ lack of

authority to foreclose. We now turn to the Toones’ remaining arguments, which

can be disposed of rather summarily.

      B.        FDCPA

      The argument portion of the Toones’ opening brief on appeal asserts that

“the defendants committed multiple acts which constituted violations of the

FDCPA[].” Aplt. Br. at 42. It fails, however, to specify what those acts were.

      2
          (...continued)
Home Fin. LLC, No. C11-1445 MJP, 2011 WL 5553821, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Nov.
14, 2011); Peterson v. GMAC Mortg., LLC, No. 11-11115-RWZ, 2011 WL
5075613, at *5 (D. Mass. Oct. 25, 2011); Schultz v. BAC Home Loans Servicing
No. CV-11-00558-PHX-NVW, 2011 WL 3684481, at *2 (D. Ariz. Aug. 23, 2011);
Cerecedes v. U.S. Bankcorp, No. CV 11-219 CAS (FMOx), 2011 WL 2711071, at
*5 (C.D. Cal. July 11, 2011).

                                         -9-
Perhaps the brief is referring to a paragraph in the preceding argument section of

the brief that asserts that Defendants did not have “the legal right to immediate

possession of the property” and that the Toones “were not in default.” Id. But if

the legal-right assertion relies on anything other than the allegedly improper

endorsements, the brief does not say what that was. And there is no explanation

of why the Toones were not in default. Although the Toones’ counsel claimed at

oral argument that they were not in default because they made their required

HAMP payments, this clarification came too late. Issues so inadequately treated

in the argument sections of opening briefs do not deserve our attention. See

Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007) (appellate court will

ordinarily “decline[] to consider arguments that are not raised, or are inadequately

presented, in an appellant’s opening brief”); Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(9) (argument

section of appellant’s brief must contain “appellant’s contentions and the reasons

for them”). (We note that the record suggests that the Wells Fargo Defendants

were never bound by the HAMP Agreement because the Toones did not deliver

required financial documents.)

      C.     Breach of Contract and of the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair
             Dealing

      In support of the Toones’ claims against the Wells Fargo Defendants for

breach of contract and of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, the

argument portion of their brief asserts that the Wells Fargo Defendants “made


                                        -10-
representations, warranties and promises” during the HAMP modification process

that modified the Note and Trust Deed. Aplt. Br. at 47. Again, however, they

provide no specifics about what warranties or promises were violated. We see no

coherent argument against the dismissal of this claim.

      D.    RESPA

      The Toones claim that Wells Fargo violated RESPA by not responding to

their written requests for information. See 12 U.S.C. § 2605(e) (stating the duties

of loan servicers to respond to borrower inquiries). But individuals are entitled to

damages under § 2605(e) only for actual damages arising from a RESPA violation

and for statutory damages arising from a pattern or practice of violations:

      Whoever fails to comply with any provision of this section shall be
      liable to the borrower for each such failure in the following amounts:
      . . . In the case of any action by an individual, an amount equal to
      the sum of—(A) any actual damages to the borrower as a result of the
      failure; and (B) any additional damages, as the court may allow, in
      the case of a pattern or practice of noncompliance with the
      requirements of this section, in an amount not to exceed $1,000.

Id. § 2605(f)(1)(A), (B). Therefore, to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss

a claim under § 2605(e) of RESPA, plaintiffs must plead actual damages

stemming from the failure to respond to requests or a pattern or practice of

misconduct. See Hintz v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 686 F.3d 505, 510–11

(8th Cir. 2012) (affirming 12(b)(6) dismissal of § 2605(e) claim because

complaint did not identify actual damages arising from failure to respond to

written requests). The district court ruled that the Toones had not alleged

                                        -11-
damages resulting from delay in responding to their requests but only damages

resulting from “Defendants’ actions occurring after Defendants’ tardy response.”

Aplt. App., Vol. III at 391 (Memorandum Decision & Order on Pending Mots. at

12, Toone v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 2:11-CV-170 (D. Utah Sept. 27, 2011))

(internal quotation marks omitted). The argument portion of the Toones’ opening

brief neither points to any allegations of damages from delay nor challenges the

district court’s ruling that such damages must be alleged. As for statutory

damages, the Toones’ complaint merely asserts that a pattern or practice can be

inferred from the failure to respond to their requests. We agree with the district

court that this inference is not plausible because of the conclusory nature of the

allegations of the complaint and the failure to allege any violations with respect

to other borrowers.

      E.     Procedural Challenges

      The Toones raise five procedural challenges to the district court’s

disposition. None merits extensive discussion.

             1.       Violation of Utah Constitution

      The Toones’ reply brief raises an argument never before mentioned:

namely, that by dismissing their complaint with prejudice, the district court

denied them their rights under the Utah Constitution’s “open courts” provision,

see Utah Const. art. I, § 11, to obtain relief for Defendants’ wrongdoing and to

quiet title to their house. Reply Br. at 1 (internal quotation marks omitted). We

                                         -12-
do not consider this argument because it was not raised in the Toones’ opening

brief. See Bronson, 500 F.3d at 1104.

            2.     Improper Reply Memorandum

      The Toones claim that the district court erred in not striking the Wells

Fargo Defendants’ reply memorandum in support of their motion to dismiss.

They assert that it raised new arguments, theories, and case law to which they did

not have the opportunity to respond. We question their contention that they had

no opportunity to respond, because the district court did not render a decision for

another four months. But in any case, they have failed to show how they are

prejudiced. They have not suggested that they would have presented any

evidence if they had been given an opportunity to respond (and evidence would

ordinarily not be properly considered in a Rule 12(b)(6) proceeding anyway).

And if their point is that they could have made good arguments in response, they

have not identified any such arguments.

            3.     Improper Motion to Dismiss

      Similarly, the Toones complain that the eTitle motion to dismiss was

improper in that it incorporated references to matters outside the complaint and

failed to provide evidentiary support for those outside matters. But they do not

point to anything specific, and we see no such improprieties.

            4.     Deciding State-Law Claims




                                        -13-
      The Toones argue that the district court lacked jurisdiction to rule on the

merits of their state-law claims once it dismissed the federal claims. They cite no

statute or judicial decision in support. And their view of the law is mistaken. It

was a matter of district-court discretion whether to consider the Toones’ state-law

claims after dismissing their federal claims. See Carlsbad Tech., Inc. v. HIF Bio,

Inc., 556 U.S. 635, 639 (2009) (“A district court’s decision whether to exercise

[supplemental] jurisdiction [over state-law claims] after dismissing every claim

over which it had original jurisdiction is purely discretionary.”). There was no

abuse of discretion here.

             5.    Denial of Permission to Amend

      The Toones argue that the district court erred by denying them leave to

amend their complaint after ruling that it failed to state a claim. The court denied

leave to amend on the ground that it would be futile because the proffered

amended complaint cured none of the deficiencies in the original complaint. See

Anderson v. Suiters, 499 F.3d 1228, 1238 (10th Cir. 2007). The Toones argue

that they cannot be denied the right to amend absent “a showing that it is

impossible for the plaintiff to plead facts which would state a claim for relief.”

Aplt. Br. at 48. They are wrong. The district court is not required to imagine all

possible amendments and determine whether any would state a claim. After all,

the plaintiff may be unwilling to make allegations stating a claim because the

allegations would be untrue. Rather, the plaintiff must submit a proposed

                                        -14-
amendment for the court’s consideration, or at least specify how an amendment

would cure the deficiency. See Hall v. Witteman, 584 F.3d 859, 868 (10th Cir.

2009). Although the Toones submitted proposed amendments to the district court,

they have not argued on appeal how the proposed amendments would materially

improve the complaint.

III.   CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




                                       -15-
