              Case: 18-14799    Date Filed: 07/29/2019   Page: 1 of 7


                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]



               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 18-14799
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cv-01996-MHH



JAMES LEONARD HINES,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                       versus

REGIONS BANK,
f.k.a. Union Planters Bank, N.A.,

                                                              Defendant-Appellee.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of Alabama
                          ________________________

                                    (July 29, 2019)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, JILL PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit
Judges.

PER CURIAM:
               Case: 18-14799     Date Filed: 07/29/2019    Page: 2 of 7


      James Leonard Hines, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s

dismissal of his complaint against Regions Bank. He contends that he was entitled

to an entry of default judgment because he effected service of process and Regions

failed to timely respond to his complaint.

                                           I.

      Hines filed a complaint against Regions in Alabama state court on

September 14, 2016. Hines alleged that after he had declared bankruptcy and

defaulted on his mortgage, Regions violated the Real Estate Settlement Procedures

Act (RESPA) by ignoring his correspondence when he attempted to cure the

default.

      On December 13, 2016 Regions removed the action to federal court. A

week later it filed a motion to dismiss. In February 2017 Hines filed a motion for

default judgment and response to Regions’ motion to dismiss. He alleged that after

he served his complaint, Regions failed to answer within the time limit set forth

under Rule 12 of the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure. Regions responded,

attaching the state court summons and case action summary. The summons was

addressed to Regions’ post office box and did not list any officer or individual.

The case action summary showed that a summons and complaint were issued by

certified mail, but it did not include any entry for return of service.




                                             2
              Case: 18-14799      Date Filed: 07/29/2019   Page: 3 of 7


      In February 2018 the district court issued a memorandum opinion denying

Hines’ motion for default judgment and granting in part and denying in part

Regions’ motion to dismiss. The court found that Hines’ attempts at service of

process did not comport with the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure because his

summons was directed only to Regions’ P.O. box and not an officer or authorized

agent. The court found that although Hines had also attempted to serve process

through the law firm that represented Regions in the initial foreclosure action, the

firm’s representation of Regions in that action did not make it Regions’ general

agent for service of process. It also noted that neither attempt at service resulted in

the return of a signed receipt as required by Rule 4(i)(2)(C) of the Alabama Rules

of Civil Procedure. Accordingly the court denied Hines’ motion for default

judgment but allowed his RESPA claim to proceed.

      In the following months Regions filed a motion to alter or amend the

judgment and Hines filed a motion to set aside the memorandum opinion. In

November 2018 the district court granted Regions’ motion, which it construed as a

motion for reconsideration. The court held that it had committed clear error in its

earlier order by applying a version of RESPA that was not in effect at the time of

the alleged violation. It dismissed all of Hines’ claims because it found that they

were barred under a relevant exemption contained in the applicable version of




                                           3
              Case: 18-14799     Date Filed: 07/29/2019    Page: 4 of 7


RESPA. Hines now appeals, contending that the district court erred in failing to

grant his motion for default judgment.

                                          II.

      “We review the denial of a motion for a default judgment for abuse of

discretion.” Mitchell v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 294 F.3d 1309,

1316 (11th Cir. 2002). When service of process is challenged, the party on whose

behalf it is made — here Mr. Hines — bears the burden of establishing its validity.

Aetna Bus. Credit, Inc. v. Universal Decor & Interior Design, Inc., 635 F.2d 434,

435 (5th Cir. 1981).

       An entry of default is appropriate when a party against whom affirmative

relief is sought fails to plead or otherwise defend a case. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a),

(b). But a party’s delay may result in a default judgment only if the party has been

properly served because “a court lacks jurisdiction over the person of a defendant

when that defendant has not been served.” Pardazi v. Cullman Med. Ctr., 896 F.2d

1313, 1317 (11th Cir. 1990).

      When evaluating the sufficiency of service of process that occurred before

removal, we “look[] to the state law governing process.” Usatorres v. Marina

Mercante Nicaraguenses, S.A., 768 F.2d 1285, 1286 n.1 (11th Cir. 1985) (per

curiam). The Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure permit service upon a corporation

“by serving an officer, a partner (other than a limited partner), a managing or


                                          4
              Case: 18-14799     Date Filed: 07/29/2019    Page: 5 of 7


general agent, or any agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service

of process.” Ala. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(6). If service is effectuated through certified mail

the addressee must be a person described in Rule 4(c). Id. at 4(i)(2)(B)(i). Service

through certified mail is not effective until “the date of delivery to the named

addressee or the addressee’s agent as evidenced by signature on the return receipt.”

Id. at 4(i)(2)(C) (emphasis added).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that Hines’

attempt at service of process did not comport with the Alabama Rules of Civil

Procedure. Hines sent the summons to Regions’ P.O. box and to the law firm

representing Regions in the foreclosure action, and did not address it to any officer

or agent of Regions as required by Rule 4(c)(6). Hines makes the conclusory

assertion that the law firm representing Regions in the foreclosure action was its

authorized agent. But Alabama law does not authorize service of process on a

defendant’s attorney “unless there is credible evidence of the appointment of the

attorney as agent for purposes of service of process” or another relevant section of

Rule 4 authorizes such service. Kingvision Pay-Per-View, Ltd. v. Ayers, 886 So.

2d 45, 52 (Ala. 2003). Hines has pointed to no evidence of such an appointment,

much less credible evidence. And in any case, neither of Hines’ attempts at service

resulted in the return of a signed receipt as contemplated by Rule 4(i)(2)(C).




                                          5
               Case: 18-14799     Date Filed: 07/29/2019    Page: 6 of 7


      Hines argues that he was not required to follow the Alabama Rules of Civil

Procedure as long as Regions received adequate notice that did not violate its due

process rights, relying on United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa, 559 U.S.

260 (2010). That reliance is misplaced. In Espinosa the Supreme Court held that a

debtor’s failure to adequately serve the creditor with a summons and complaint in

accordance with the Bankruptcy Rules did not justify setting aside the bankruptcy

court’s judgment as void under Rule 60(b)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. Id. at 272. The Court recognized that Espinosa’s failure to serve the

creditor deprived it “of a right granted by a procedural rule” and that the creditor

“could have timely objected to this deprivation and appealed from an adverse

ruling on its objection.” Id. But the creditor, despite having actual notice, failed to

make such a timely objection or appeal and instead sought to overturn the

Bankruptcy Court’s final judgment under Rule 60(b)(4). Id. at 264–68. Because a

judgment must be “so affected by a fundamental infirmity that the infirmity may be

raised even after the judgment becomes final” to be declared void under Rule

60(b)(4), the Court held that the creditor was not entitled to relief because it had

actual notice and failed to file a timely appeal. Id. at 270.

      Hines is incorrect that under Espinosa he is entitled to default judgment so

long as Regions had actual notice of his complaint and failed to make a timely

answer. Rather Espinosa recognized that violating the Bankruptcy Rules’ service


                                           6
              Case: 18-14799     Date Filed: 07/29/2019    Page: 7 of 7


of process provisions deprived the creditor of a right that it could have vindicated

on direct appeal instead of trying to take the extraordinary step of voiding a final

judgment under Rule 60(b)(4). See id. at 272. Nothing in Espinosa excuses Hines

from complying with the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure. And we have held

that providing a defendant with actual notice does not excuse a party from

following such rules. See Albra v. Advan, Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007)

(per curiam) (“A defendant’s actual notice is not sufficient to cure defectively

executed service.”). So we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in

declining to grant Hines’ motion for default judgment.

      AFFIRMED.




                                          7
