                                       2017 IL 120649



                                         IN THE
                                SUPREME COURT
                                             OF
                          THE STATE OF ILLINOIS



                                    (Docket No. 120649)

                THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v.
                          BLACKIE VEACH, Appellant.


                                Opinion filed May 18, 2017.



        JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Garman, Burke, and
     Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                         OPINION

¶1       In this appeal, we examine the propriety of a growing practice in the appellate
     court of declining to consider ineffective assistance of counsel claims on direct
     review. A Coles County jury found defendant, Blackie Veach, guilty of two counts
     of attempted murder and rejected defendant’s theory that someone else committed
     the crimes. On direct review, defendant argued that his trial counsel was ineffective
     for stipulating to the admission of recorded statements of the State’s witnesses. A
     majority of the appellate court affirmed, holding that the record was inadequate to
     resolve the issue. The majority encouraged defendant to raise the issue in a
     postconviction petition. 2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶¶ 89, 92. We allowed
     defendant’s petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule
     315 (eff. Mar. 15, 2016).

¶2       We hold that the record in this case was sufficient for the appellate court to
     consider defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct review and,
     therefore, the appellate court erred in declining to consider the claim. We reverse
     the judgment of the appellate court and remand the cause to the appellate court for
     further review.


¶3                                    BACKGROUND

¶4       The issue in this case concerns defendant’s claim that his trial counsel provided
     ineffective assistance by stipulating to the admission of recorded statements of the
     State’s key witnesses, Johnny Price, Matthew Price, and Renee Strohl.
     Accordingly, we limit the background of this case to those witnesses and the facts
     necessary to an understanding of defendant’s claim.

¶5       Defendant was charged with the attempted murders of his longtime friends,
     Matthew Price and Renee Strohl. He was also charged with the lesser-included
     offenses of aggravated battery. The charges arose from a December 12, 2012,
     incident at Matthew and Renee’s home in Charleston, when defendant allegedly cut
     Matthew’s and Renee’s throats with a knife.

¶6      At defendant’s jury trial, Johnny Price, Matthew’s cousin, testified that on
     December 12, 2012, he went to Matthew and Renee’s house. While there, he and
     Matthew drank alcohol and smoked synthetic marijuana. Renee also drank alcohol.

¶7       Johnny testified that Matthew and Renee went into the bathroom together.
     When they came out, they sat together. Shortly thereafter, Johnny saw defendant
     cut Matthew’s throat with a knife, and then defendant cut Renee’s throat. Johnny
     ran from the house when Matthew pushed defendant onto an adjacent mattress.
     Johnny thought defendant was chasing him so he ran to a nearby Dairy Queen and
     called his grandmother. The police came to the Dairy Queen and took Johnny to the




                                             -2-
       station where he gave a videotaped statement. Johnny was impeached with a prior
       conviction for retail theft.

¶8         Johnny’s videotaped interview was admitted by stipulation of the parties. The
       State offered no reason it wanted to admit the videotape. Defense counsel wanted to
       use portions of the videotape for impeachment and stated that by using the
       videotape for impeachment, he understood he was “going to open the door” to
       admitting the “whole video.” When the State moved to play the entire recording,
       defense counsel responded, “The entire interview?” The State responded, “I believe
       under the doctrine of completeness the—everything needs to be seen.” Defense
       counsel responded that he had no objection to admitting the videotape in its entirety
       as long as the defense would be permitted “to call rebuttal.”

¶9         The videotape was played for the jury in its entirety. In that recording, Johnny
       described the attack six different times, consistently implicating defendant. Johnny
       also stated that defendant was involved in a street gang and had previously
       threatened him. Various parts of Johnny’s videotaped statement, however,
       contradicted his trial testimony.

¶ 10       Matthew Price testified that he was in a two-year relationship with Renee
       Strohl. He and Renee lived together, and defendant, who had been Matthew’s best
       friend, often stayed with them. In the summer of 2012, Matthew heard that
       defendant was having an affair with Renee, but Matthew did not believe defendant
       “would do that.”

¶ 11       Matthew further testified that on the day of the incident, December 12, 2012, he
       and Renee were at their home with Johnny and defendant. Matthew and Renee
       went into the bathroom and had sex. When they came out of the bathroom,
       defendant was standing at the bathroom door. Defendant complained, saying that
       was “bogus.” Matthew and Renee sat back down together. Defendant then asked to
       speak with Matthew on the back porch.

¶ 12       On the back porch, defendant said that he had to put a “hit” on Renee because
       she had beaten up defendant’s friend, Debbie Davis. He told defendant to “just let it
       go” because Renee had been charged with an aggravated battery and because it was
       “just a female fight.” Defendant agreed to drop the issue.




                                               -3-
¶ 13        Matthew and defendant then went back inside, and Matthew sat next to Renee.
       Defendant sat behind them and began talking to Matthew. Defendant next said:
       “You’re not my brother. You never had been.” Matthew then felt “warmness
       running down his neck.” Matthew put his hand up to his neck and felt his hand
       being cut. Matthew yelled, “call 911.” Matthew stood up and saw defendant cutting
       Renee’s neck with a knife. Matthew then punched defendant in the face. Defendant
       dropped the knife and fell back onto an adjacent bed. Matthew was going to start
       hitting defendant, but Johnny ran between them and knocked Matthew off balance.
       Johnny ran out the back door, and defendant followed him.

¶ 14       Matthew gave an audio-recorded statement to police after the incident. The
       parties stipulated to the admission of Matthew’s audio-recorded statement and to its
       publication to the jury. It revealed inconsistencies between Matthew’s recorded
       account of the incident and his trial testimony. In the recording, Matthew told four
       different versions of defendant’s alleged knife attack. Matthew asserted that
       defendant’s motive was retaliation for an earlier fight between Renee and Debbie
       Davis. Matthew also described defendant as “a real big alcoholic, and that’s all he
       does now is drink.”

¶ 15       On cross-examination, Matthew acknowledged that less than two weeks after
       the incident, on December 23, 2012, Renee accused him of “cheating” and she “put
       her hands on me [and] got me locked up for domestic.” Matthew denied holding a
       knife to Renee’s throat. Matthew also denied threatening to commit suicide using a
       knife but admitted he had threatened suicide by hanging himself. Matthew was
       impeached with three prior felony convictions.

¶ 16       Renee Strohl testified that she was in a relationship with Matthew from March
       2011 to February 2013. She and Matthew lived together. In the summer of 2012,
       Matthew began repeatedly accusing her of having an affair with defendant and two
       other men. On several occasions, Matthew held a knife on Renee and threatened to
       cut himself.

¶ 17       In early November 2012, Matthew forced Renee to fight Debbie Davis by
       threatening Renee with a gun. After the fight, Renee and defendant attempted to
       leave, but Matthew told them that if they left or contacted the police he would shoot
       them. Renee testified that she was afraid of Matthew.




                                               -4-
¶ 18      About a month later, on December 12, 2012, Renee and Matthew were at home
       with Johnny and defendant. They drank alcohol, and Matthew smoked cannabis
       and synthetic cannabis. Several people visited them during the evening. At some
       point, Renee and Matthew went into the bathroom and had sex. When they came
       out of the bathroom, defendant was standing in front of the door, and he
       complained about them being in the bathroom. Renee and Matthew sat together.
       She was “fairly impaired” at the time but was wide awake “[f]or a few seconds, not
       long.” Defendant sat in a folding chair behind them.

¶ 19       The next thing Renee remembered was feeling a sharp pain. She stood up and
       saw defendant lying nearby with Matthew standing over him. Matthew hit
       defendant in the face. She went to the bedroom and called 911. Renee testified that
       she did not know who cut her throat and that defendant and Matthew were “both
       there, but [defendant] has never tried to hurt me.” Renee did not see Johnny in the
       room.

¶ 20       The next day, December 13, Renee spoke with Matthew for about 2½ hours
       before going to the police and giving an audio-recorded statement. By agreement,
       Renee’s audio-recorded statement was admitted into evidence. Defense counsel
       asserted he had no objection to playing the recording to the jury.

¶ 21       In the recorded statement, Renee recounted the December 12 assault and
       implicated defendant in her attack. She made several statements that generally
       reflected poorly on defendant’s character, including that he became violent when
       he consumed alcohol. Renee also claimed that Matthew told her defendant cut their
       throats because of her fight with Debbie Davis.

¶ 22       On cross-examination, Renee testified that less than two weeks after the
       incident, on December 23, 2012, Matthew was arrested after he pulled a knife on
       her and threatened to kill her by slitting her throat. Similarly, on January 12, 2013,
       Matthew threatened Renee and other people with a knife and threatened to kill
       himself. Renee testified that defendant had never threatened her with a knife or a
       gun and had never caused any harm to her. Renee was impeached with two felony
       convictions.

¶ 23       Defense counsel pursued three alternative theories throughout his case-in-chief:
       (1) Matthew attacked Renee and then slit his own throat, (2) Johnny committed the




                                               -5-
       attacks, and (3) someone else committed the attacks. Counsel, however, focused
       primarily on the first theory in closing argument. Defense counsel called several
       witnesses to support the theory that someone other than defendant committed the
       offenses. Numerous defense witnesses testified about Matthew’s violent character
       and specific instances when he threatened to commit violence with a knife or gun
       against Renee, himself, and others.

¶ 24       The jury returned guilty verdicts on each count. The trial court denied
       defendant’s motion for a new trial. Defendant was sentenced to consecutive
       sentences of 16 years for each of the two convictions for attempted murder.

¶ 25       On direct review, defendant claimed that trial counsel was ineffective for
       stipulating to the admission of the recorded statements of Johnny, Matthew, and
       Renee. A majority of the appellate court declined to address defendant’s claim,
       holding that the record was not adequate for the court to resolve the issue and
       encouraged defendant to raise the issue in a postconviction petition. 2016 IL App
       (4th) 130888, ¶¶ 89, 92. This court allowed defendant’s petition for leave to appeal
       pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315 (eff. Mar. 1, 2016).


¶ 26                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 27       In his petition for leave to appeal, defendant asked this court to address whether
       the appellate court erroneously refused to consider his ineffective assistance of
       counsel claim, forcing him to pursue the claim through postconviction proceedings.
       Before the appellate court, defendant claimed that his trial counsel provided
       ineffective assistance by stipulating to the admission of recorded statements of the
       State’s key witnesses, Johnny, Matthew, and Renee.

¶ 28       Before this court, the State concedes that the appellate court should have
       addressed defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The State argues,
       however, that defense counsel’s decision to stipulate to the witnesses’ recorded
       statements was not prejudicial nor was it deficient performance.

¶ 29       A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to effective assistance of
       counsel. U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. A claim alleging
       ineffective assistance of counsel is governed by the standard set forth in Strickland




                                               -6-
       v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). See People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688,
       ¶ 36 (citing People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504 (1984) (adopting the Strickland
       standard)).

¶ 30       “To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
       demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient
       performance prejudiced the defendant.” Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36 (citing
       Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). Specifically, “a defendant must show that counsel’s
       performance was objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms
       and that there is a ‘reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
       errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Domagala, 2013
       IL 113688, ¶ 36 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A ‘reasonable probability’
       is defined as ‘a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ”
       People v. Simpson, 2015 IL 116512, ¶ 35 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A
       defendant must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test and a failure to satisfy any
       one of the prongs precludes a finding of ineffectiveness.” Simpson, 2015 IL
       116512, ¶ 35 (citing People v. Patterson, 192 Ill. 2d 93, 107 (2000)).

¶ 31        We begin our review by addressing whether the appellate court majority
       correctly declined to consider defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim
       on direct review and, instead, encouraged defendant to raise the claim in a
       postconviction petition. The appellate court majority held that it could not rule on
       the issue because it would require development of a factual record. 2016 IL App
       (4th) 130888, ¶¶ 89, 92. The majority also engaged in a lengthy discussion of the
       practice of deferring judgment in such cases, citing People v. Kunze, 193 Ill. App.
       3d 708 (1990), People v. Kirklin, 2015 IL App (1st) 131420, People v. Clark, 406
       Ill. App. 3d 622 (2010), and People v. Parker, 344 Ill. App. 3d 728 (2003). The
       majority believed that Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500 (2003), and People
       v. Bew, 228 Ill. 2d 122 (2008), implied that waiting for collateral review of matters
       of ineffective assistance was “almost always” preferable. 2016 IL App (4th)
       130888, ¶¶ 69-70.

¶ 32       The appellate court majority described three categories of review for ineffective
       assistance claims and directed the circumstances when deferral for collateral
       review is preferable. The first category is: “Category A cases: direct appeals raising
       ineffective assistance of counsel that the appellate court should decline to address.”




                                               -7-
       2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶ 72. According to the appellate court, Category A
       cases are “direct appeals” when “for various reasons, the appellate court concludes
       that the record on appeal is not adequate to resolve the defendant’s contention” and
       comprise a “very large percentage of the direct appeals raising ineffective
       assistance of counsel.” 2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶ 74. The appellate court
       determined that the “prudent and judicious course” in Category A cases is to
       “(1) decline to address the issue (while explaining its reason for doing so),
       (2) affirm the trial court’s judgment, and (3) indicate that the defendant may raise
       the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim in a postconviction petition.” 2016 IL
       App (4th) 130888, ¶ 75.

¶ 33       The second suggested category of review for ineffective assistance of counsel
       claims described by the appellate court is “Category B cases: direct appeals raising
       ineffective assistance of counsel that the appellate court may address because they
       are clearly groundless” and the trial court record would not matter in such a case
       “because the defendant’s claim has no merit.” 2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶¶ 72, 82.
       The appellate court described Category B cases as “rare occasions.” 2016 IL App
       (4th) 130888, ¶ 82.

¶ 34       Finally the appellate court suggested a third category of review for ineffective
       assistance claims as “Category C cases: direct appeals raising ineffective assistance
       of counsel that an appellate court may address because trial counsel’s errors were
       so egregious.” 2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶ 72. According to the appellate court,
       Category C cases also occur on “rare occasions” when an appellate court can
       determine ineffective assistance based on the trial court record and no justifiable
       explanation could possibly exist. 2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶ 85.

¶ 35       The appellate court majority categorized defendant’s ineffective assistance
       claim in this case as a Category A appeal “raising ineffective- assistance-of-counsel
       claims that this court should decline to address.” 2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶ 89.
       The appellate court explained:

          “That is because the record before us, like the very large percentage of other
          direct appeals raising this claim, is not adequate for this court to resolve it. The
          record contains no indication whatsoever why defense counsel agreed to the
          admission of the video recordings in question. To resolve defendant’s claim,




                                               -8-
          this court would need to guess at counsel’s motivation.” 2016 IL App (4th)
          130888, ¶ 89.

       The majority encouraged defendant to raise his claim in a postconviction petition
       and affirmed the judgment of the trial court. 2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶ 92.

¶ 36       The dissenting justice opined that deferring ineffective assistance claims for
       collateral review is never preferable and that the appellate majority did not take into
       account the issue of forfeiture that litigants would experience if they were required
       to defer their claim. The dissent believed the record in this case was sufficient for
       review, that defendant’s counsel was ineffective for stipulating to the admission of
       the statements in their entirety, and that defendant was prejudiced by his counsel’s
       ineffective performance. 2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶¶ 96-150 (Appleton, J.,
       dissenting).

¶ 37        We note that since the appellate court reached its decision in this case, our
       appellate court has repeatedly applied this novel three-part classification of
       ineffective assistance of counsel claims. See People v. Heller, 2017 IL App (4th)
       140658; People v. Austin, 2017 IL App (4th) 141013-U; In re Logan F., 2017 IL
       App (4th) 160695-U; People v. Fenton, 2017 IL App (5th) 140052-U; People v.
       Johnson, 2016 IL App (4th) 150004; People v. Fellers, 2016 IL App (4th) 140486;
       People v. Cline, 2016 IL App (4th) 140379-U; People v. Sparks, 2016 IL App (5th)
       130229-U; People v. Reyes, 2016 IL App (1st) 150148-U; People v. Smith, 2016 IL
       App (5th) 140060-U; People v. Wilson, 2016 IL App (4th) 140808-U; People v.
       Stillwell, 2016 IL App (4th) 140753-U; People v. Hansbrough, 2016 IL App (4th)
       141032-U.

¶ 38       It appears that the primary basis for the appellate court majority’s decision here
       is People v. Kunze, 193 Ill. App. 3d 708 (1990). In relevant part, Kunze held:

              “Where, as here, consideration of matters outside of the record is required
          in order to adjudicate the issues presented for review, the defendant’s
          contentions are more appropriately addressed in proceedings on a petition for
          post-conviction relief. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, pars. 122-1 through 122-8.)
          We therefore decline to adjudicate in this direct appeal Kunze’s contentions
          concerning the alleged incompetence of Kunze’s trial counsel. An adjudication
          of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is better made in proceedings on a




                                                -9-
          petition for post-conviction relief, when a complete record can be made and the
          attorney-client privilege no longer applies.” Kunze, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 725-26.

¶ 39       We note, however, that the appellate court in Kunze did not cite any authority to
       support its holding that ineffective assistance of counsel claims are better made in
       postconviction proceedings. Nevertheless, our appellate court has widely followed
       Kunze in refusing to consider ineffective assistance of counsel claims on direct
       review. See In re Alonzo O., 2015 IL App (4th) 150308; People v. Taylor, 2015 IL
       App (4th) 140060; People v. Evans, 2015 IL App (1st) 130991; People v. Brothers,
       2015 IL App (4th) 130644; People v. Sharp, 2015 IL App (1st) 130438; People v.
       Pelo, 404 Ill. App. 3d 839 (2010); People v. Millsap, 374 Ill. App. 3d 857 (2007);
       People v. Evans, 369 Ill. App. 3d 366 (2006); People v. Durgan, 346 Ill. App. 3d
       1121 (2004); People v. Cameron, 336 Ill. App. 3d 548 (2003); People v. Neylon,
       327 Ill. App. 3d 300 (2002); People v. Calvert, 326 Ill. App. 3d 414 (2001); People
       v. Holloman, 304 Ill. App. 3d 177 (1999); People v. Negron, 297 Ill. App. 3d 519
       (1998); People v. Palacio, 240 Ill. App. 3d 1078 (1993); People v. Morris, 229 Ill.
       App. 3d 144 (1992); People v. Fenton, 2017 IL App (5th) 140052-U; People v.
       Jake, 2016 IL App (4th) 140124-U; People v. Clark, 2016 IL App (4th) 140058-U;
       People v. McSpadden, 2015 IL App (4th) 140814-U; People v. Hayes, 2015 IL App
       (4th) 140162-U; People v. Wilder, 2015 IL App (4th) 140004-U; People v. Emeka,
       2015 IL App (4th) 130929-U; People v. Thomason, 2015 IL App (4th) 130875-U;
       People v. Townsell, 2015 IL App (4th) 130854-U; People v. Hall, 2015 IL App
       (4th) 130780-U; People v. Lockett, 2015 IL App (4th) 120440-U; People v.
       Lowery, 2013 IL App (4th) 120514-U; In re Commitment of Tittlebach, 2013 IL
       App (2d) 120463-U; People v. Shaffer, 2013 IL App (4th) 120239-U; People v.
       Fieldman, 2013 IL App (4th) 111065-U; People v. Flores, 2013 IL App (4th)
       110968-U; People v. Pogue, 2012 IL App (4th) 110284-U; People v. Nelson, 2011
       IL App (4th) 100096-U; People v. Roberson, 406 Ill. App. 3d 1224 (2011)
       (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23) (table). Considering the lack of
       authority, Kunze’s broad holding that ineffective assistance of counsel claims are
       “better made” in collateral proceedings is necessarily suspect.

¶ 40       The appellate court majority here also believed that Massaro v. United States,
       538 U.S. 500 (2003), and People v. Bew, 228 Ill. 2d 122 (2008), required waiting
       for collateral review of matters of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. We
       disagree.




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¶ 41       In Massaro, the United States Supreme Court considered whether failure to
       raise an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct appeal results in
       procedural default. The Court began by recognizing “the general rule that claims
       not raised on direct appeal may not be raised on collateral review unless the
       petitioner shows cause and prejudice.” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504. The Court
       recognized that this general procedural default rule “is neither a statutory nor a
       constitutional requirement, but it is a doctrine adhered to by the courts to conserve
       judicial resources and to respect the law’s important interest in the finality of
       judgments.” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504. The Court concluded that “requiring a
       criminal defendant to bring ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims on direct
       appeal does not promote these objectives.” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504.

¶ 42       In Massaro, the court recognized that “ ‘[r]ules of procedure should be
       designed to induce litigants to present their contentions to the right tribunal at the
       right time.’ ” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504 (quoting Guinan v. United States, 6 F.3d
       468, 474 (7th Cir. 1993) (Easterbrook, J., concurring)). The Court noted that
       “[a]pplying the usual procedural-default rule to ineffective-assistance claims would
       have the opposite effect, creating the risk that defendants would feel compelled to
       raise the issue before there has been an opportunity fully to develop the factual
       predicate for the claim.” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504. Thus, the Court rejected a
       Second Circuit Court of Appeals rule that required defendants to bring claims for
       ineffective assistance on direct review or forfeit the claim. The Court reasoned that
       “[w]hen an ineffective-assistance claim is brought on direct appeal, appellate
       counsel and the court must proceed on a trial record not developed precisely for the
       object of litigating or preserving the claim and thus often incomplete or inadequate
       for this purpose.” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504-05. The Court further reasoned that in a
       collateral proceeding:

          “the defendant ‘has a full opportunity to prove facts establishing ineffectiveness
          of counsel, the government has a full opportunity to present evidence to the
          contrary, the district court hears spoken words we can see only in print and sees
          expressions we will never see, and a factual record bearing precisely on the
          issue is created’ ” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 506 (quoting United States v. Griffin,
          699 F.2d 1102, 1109 (11th Cir. 1983)).




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¶ 43       In recognizing a preference for collateral review for deciding ineffective
       assistance claims, the Court expressly stated:

          “We do not hold that ineffective-assistance claims must be reserved for
          collateral review. There may be cases in which trial counsel’s ineffectiveness is
          so apparent from the record that appellate counsel will consider it advisable to
          raise the issue on direct appeal. There may be instances, too, when obvious
          deficiencies in representation will be addressed by an appellate court
          sua sponte.” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 508.

¶ 44       In Bew, 228 Ill. 2d 122, this court considered whether defense counsel was
       ineffective for failure to file a motion to suppress. This court discussed the United
       States Supreme Court’s decision in Massaro, 538 U.S. 500. Relying on Massaro,
       this court held that the record in Bew was insufficient to address the issue on direct
       appeal and concluded:

          “Therefore, even though we find that defendant has, on this record, failed to
          prove ineffective assistance of counsel, we note that defendant may raise these
          alternative grounds for suppression under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act
          [citation]. This disposition allows both defendant and the State an opportunity
          to develop a factual record bearing precisely on the issue.” (Internal quotation
          marks omitted.) Bew, 228 Ill. 2d at 135.

¶ 45       While this court in Bew followed the United States Supreme Court in
       recognizing a preference for collateral review for deciding claims of ineffective
       assistance claims in some situations, we did not hold that ineffective assistance of
       counsel claims are always better suited to collateral proceedings.

¶ 46       In our view, ineffective assistance of counsel claims may sometimes be better
       suited to collateral proceedings but only when the record is incomplete or
       inadequate for resolving the claim. The reason is that in Illinois, defendants are
       required to raise ineffective assistance of counsel claims on direct review if
       apparent on the record. See People v. Kokoraleis, 159 Ill. 2d 325, 328 (1994). In
       Kokoraleis, this court stated:

              “A post-conviction petition offers but a collateral attack remedy. The
          attendant proceeding is not a substitute for, or an addendum to, direct appeal.




                                               - 12 -
           Accordingly, principles of res judicata and procedural default have long been
           recognized to preclude consideration of claims that were or could have been
           earlier raised. [Citation.] An ineffective assistance of counsel claim permits no
           wholesale departure from those considerations.” Kokoraleis, 159 Ill. 2d at 328.

¶ 47       Thus, in Illinois, a defendant must generally raise a constitutional claim
       alleging ineffective assistance of counsel on direct review or risk forfeiting the
       claim. People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 14. Moreover, issues that could have been
       raised and considered on direct review are deemed procedurally defaulted. People
       v. Ligon, 239 Ill. 2d 94, 103 (2010). It is not the function of collateral review to
       consider claims that could have been presented on direct review. People v. Thomas,
       38 Ill. 2d 321, 323 (1967). Procedural default does not, however, preclude a
       defendant from raising an issue on collateral review that depended upon facts not
       found in the record. Thomas, 38 Ill. 2d at 323-24.

¶ 48        For these reasons, we reject the practice of our appellate court in applying a
       broad-sweeping “categorical approach” in determining whether to consider
       ineffective assistance of counsel claims on direct review. Instead, reviewing courts
       in Illinois should carefully consider each ineffective assistance of counsel claim on
       a case-by-case basis.

¶ 49       Here, the appellate court majority determined that the record

           “[was] not adequate for this court to resolve [defendant’s ineffective assistance
           of counsel claim]. The record contains no indication whatsoever why defense
           counsel agreed to the admission of the video recordings in question. To resolve
           defendant’s claim, this court would need to guess at counsel’s motivation.”
           2016 IL App (4th) 130888, ¶ 89.

¶ 50       We cannot agree with the appellate court majority’s assessment of the record.
       In fact, we agree with the parties that the record in this case was sufficient to resolve
       defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct review.

¶ 51       The record in this case contains defense counsel’s reason for stipulating to the
       admission of the recorded statements. Specifically, defense counsel indicated on
       the record that he wanted to use parts of the recordings for impeachment purposes.
       Trial counsel stated on the record his belief that use of the recordings for




                                                - 13 -
       impeachment opened the door for the State to admit the bad character evidence and
       prior consistent statements. When defense counsel questioned why the “whole
       video” needed to be played for the jury, counsel acquiesced to the State’s response
       that “under the doctrine of completeness the—everything needs to be seen.” The
       question remains on whether this decision constitutes a viable claim under
       Strickland. We determine, however, that the appellate court majority erroneously
       concluded that the record in this case was insufficient to resolve defendant’s
       ineffective assistance of counsel claim. We remand the cause to the appellate court
       for its initial consideration of that claim. See In re D.L.H., 2015 IL 117341, ¶ 81
       (remanding cause to appellate court to consider claims of error previously raised
       but not decided that were necessary to a proper disposition of the case).


¶ 52                                    CONCLUSION

¶ 53       For the foregoing reasons we reverse the judgment of the appellate court and
       remand the cause with directions for the appellate court to review the merits of
       defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.


¶ 54      Reversed and remanded.




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