
469 F.Supp.2d 973 (2002)
RIO GRANDE SILVERY MINNOW, et al., Plaintiffs,
v.
John W. KEYS, III, et al., Federal Defendants,
Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District, et al., Defendants-Intervenors.
No. CV 99-1320 JP/RLP-ACE.
United States District Court, D. New Mexico.
April 19, 2002.
*974 *975 Alletta d'Andelot Belin, Steve Sugarman, Belin & Sugarman, Santa Fe, NM, Laurence J. Lucas, Land & Water Fund of the Rockies, Boise, ID, for Plaintiffs.
Bradley S. Bridgewater, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Environmental & Natural Resources Division, Denver, CO, Mark A. Brown, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Wild Life & Marine Resources Section, Washington, DC, Andrew A. Smith, John W. Zavitz, U.S. Attorney's Office, District of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, for Federal Defendants.
Charles T. DuMars, Christina Bruff DuMars, David Seeley, Law & Resource Planning Associates, Albuquerque, NM, for Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District.
Robert M. White, Michael I. Garcia, Albuquerque City Attorney's Office, District of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Maria O'Brien, Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, Albuquerque, NM, Jay F. Stein, Stein & Brockman, PA, Santa Fe, NM, for City of Albuquerque.
Fred Abramowitz, John E. Stroud, Abramowitz, Franks & Stroud, Albuquerque, NM, Karen L. Fisher, Frances C. Bassett, New Mexico Attorney's Office, Water Environment Utility Division, Santa Fe, NM, Stephen R. Farris, New Mexico Attorney. General's Office, Santa Fe, NM, Peggy E. Montano, Trout, Witwer & Freeman, PC, Denver, CO, Daniel R. Rubin, State of New Mexico, Interstate Stream Commission, Santa Fe, NM, for State of New Mexico.
Thomas A. Simons, IV, Frank M. Bond, Faith Kalman Reyes, Simons & Slattery, LLP, Santa Fe, NM, Fred J. Waltz, Taos, NM, for Rio Chama Acequia Association.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
PARKER, Chief Judge.
This is an appeal by Plaintiffs from administrative action by a federal agency, the *976 United States Fish and Wildlife Service ("FWS"), in issuing a final Biological Opinion ("BO") on two endangered species found in the middle Rio Grande basin, the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (hybognathus amarus) and the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (empidonax traillii extimus). In preparing to issue its Biological Opinion, FWS consulted with two federal "action" agencies, the Bureau of Reclamation ("BOR"), and the United States Army Corps of Engineers ("the Corps"), under the Endangered Species Act ("ESA"), 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. Plaintiffs challenge the BO itself, as well as the procedure leading up it its issuance.
The parties submitted detailed legal memoranda on the merits of Plaintiffs' claims, and a hearing on the merits was held on November 19, 2001. At the hearing the various parties presented oral arguments. I have thoroughly considered the documents in the administrative record, the arguments of counsel, and the relevant case law. I conclude that the Biological Opinion should be affirmed.
I. Introduction.
At that time the original Complaint was filed, the Plaintiffs primarily challenged the failure by the two federal action agencies, BOR and the Corps, to consult fully with FWS on a broad range of allegedly discretionary water alternatives in order to save the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow and the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher from extinction.
Plaintiffs are the two listed species and several non-profit environmental and conservation organizations acting on behalf of the listed species. In the original Complaint the Defendants were the two federal action agencies, BOR and the Corps, together with various agency officials sued in their official capacities. Several parties with interests in the water in the middle Rio Grande basin were allowed to intervene. These include the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District ("MRGCD"), the City of Albuquerque, the State of New Mexico, and the Rio Chama Acequia Association. No, claims are made against the Intervenors, but MRGCD has filed a cross-claim under the Quiet Title Act against the United States, asserting title to some of the property within the MRGCD.
On June 29, 2001, shortly before `a scheduled hearing on the merits before this Court, FWS issued its final BO. At the hearing on July 2, 2001, recognizing the legal significance of the issuance of the final BO, Plaintiffs requested' and were granted leave to file a Second Amended Complaint to reflect the effects of the issuance of the June 29 final BO on their claims. The thrust of the Second Amended Complaint is to attack the final BO under the applicable standard of this Court's review of final agency action, while continuing to maintain Plaintiffs' original challenge to the scope of the consultation. The Second Amended Complaint adds as Defendants the United States, FWS, and the Secretary of Interior.
The Second Amended Complaint alleges procedural and substantive violations of Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA (Count 1), and seeks review of the BO under the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. ("APA") for these violations (Count 6). The alleged procedural violation is the failure of BOR and the Corps to consult fully with FWS over all their discretionary agency actions. The substantive violation is for allegedly causing jeopardy to the endangered species. Plaintiffs allege that FWS violated the APA when it issued the BO with a Reasonable and Prudent Alternative ("RPA") that allows significant river drying, and that FWS failed to use the best available scientific data as required by the ESA.
*977 The Second Amended Complaint also contains a cause of action against the federal agencies, under Section 7(a)(1) of the ESA (Count 2), for failure to conserve the listed species. Plaintiffs dropped their claim under Section 7(d) of the ESA (Count 3), because that section, applies only during ongoing consultation, and they also dropped their claim against BOR for failure to comply with NEPA (Count 5). The Second Amended Complaint alleges a violation of Section 9 of the ESA for "take" of the species (Count 4). This claim received some attention during the briefing, but Plaintiffs expressly acknowledged at the November 19, 2001 hearing that the take claim is not ripe without further factual development. Finally, Count 7 of the Second Amended Complaint involves Plaintiffs' challenges to FWS's issuance of the Incidental Take Statement ("ITS"). The ITS purports to shield all federal and non-federal water users in the middle Rio Grande basin from "take" liability under Section 9 of the ESA.
II. Standard of Review.
This Court sits as an appellate court with respect to reviewing Plaintiffs' claims regarding final agency action. Olenhouse v. Commodity Credit Corp., 42 F.3d 1560, 1580 (10th Cir.1994). Biological opinions issued under section 7 of the ESA are reviewed under Administrative Procedures Act ("APA") standards to determine whether the opinion is "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law." 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). See Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 178, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (holding biological opinion was final agency action because it effectively stopped further proceedings by action agency); Wyoming Farm Bureau Federation v. Babbitt, 199 F.3d 1224, 1231 (10th Cir.2000) (review of ESA claims governed by APA); Biodiversity Legal Foundation v. Babbitt, 146 F.3d 1249, 1252 (10th Cir. 1998) (in examining whether FWS's actions violate ESA, court relies on standards of review provided in APA); Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Ass'ns, Inc. v. National Marine Fisheries Serv., 265 F.3d 1028, 1034 (9th Cir.2001) (same). This deferential standard is designed to ensure that the agency's decision was based on relevant factors and that it contained no "clear error of judgment." Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378, 109 S.Ct. 1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989); Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416, 91 S.Ct. 814, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971).
A BO is arbitrary and capricious under the APA if the agency has "entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise." Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Ass'ns, Inc. v. National Marine Fisheries Serv., 265 F.3d at 1034 (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983)). "A biological opinion may also be invalid if it fails to use the best available scientific information as" required by 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2)." Id., 265 F.3d at 1034. In deciding disputes that involve primarily issues of fact requiring a high level of technical expertise, the court "must defer to the informed discretion of the responsible federal agencies.'" Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council, 490 U.S. at 377, 109 S.Ct. 1851 (quoting Kleppe v. Sierra Club, 427 U.S. 390, 412, 96 S.Ct. 2718, 49 L.Ed.2d 576 (1976)).
*978 III. Background.
A. Endangered Species Act ("ESA").
In 1973, Congress enacted the ESA in response to growing concern about the extinction of various species "as a consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation." 16 U.S.C. § 1531(a)(1). The Supreme Court stated: "the plain intent of Congress in enacting this statute was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost." Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 184, 98 S.Ct. 2279, 57 L.Ed.2d 117 (1978).
Listing a species as endangered triggers a consultation procedure required by Section 7 of the ESA. Federal agencies like BOR and the Corps must consult with FWS to "insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency . . . is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence" of the species. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). This subsection further provides that "each agency shall use the best scientific and commercial data available." Id.
After FWS reviews "all relevant information," the consultation process culminates in the issuance of a Biological Opinion ("BO"). 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(g)(1) and (4). The BO contains FWS's opinion as to whether an agency action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of an endangered species. 50 C.F.R. §§ 402(g)(4) and 402.14(h)(3); see also 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(3)(A). When a final BO concludes that the agency action is likely to jeopardize a listed species, the BO must include reasonable and prudent alternatives ("RPAs") that will not jeopardize the species, to the extent that the action agencies are able to implement the alternatives. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(h)(3); see also 16 U.S.C. §§ 1536(b)(3)(A) and 1536(b)(4). If FWS determines that the agency action, or implementation of RPAs, will result only in an "incidental take" of a species, FWS must indicate "reasonable and prudent measures" which will minimize the impact on the species. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(i); see also 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(4). In addition, FWS must issue an Incidental Take Statement ("ITS") specifying the conditions under which incidental taking of the species may occur so as not to violate ESA Section 7(a)(2). 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(4). The ITS provides immunity from prosecution under Section 9 of the ESA for an incidental take that is made in accordance with the reasonable and prudent measures outlined in the BO. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(o)(2); 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(i)(5).
B. The silvery minnow.
In 1994, the FWS listed the silvery minnow as an endangered species under 16 U.S.C. § 1533 of the ESA. 59 Fed.Reg. 36988 (July 20, 1994); FWS III.A.14.[1] The FWS believed at the time of listing that the silvery minnow was found only in a 170 mile stretch of the Rio Grande from Cochiti Dam downstream to the headwaters of Elephant Butte Lake. FWS III.A.14. This portion of the river includes bank-to-bank diversion structures at Angostura (the first structure downstream from Cochiti Dam), Isleta (the structure immediately downstream from the Angostura Dam and the City of Albuquerque), and San Acacia (downstream from Socorro, New Mexico, and the final diversion structure above Elephant Butte Lake). By 1999, according to BOR, over 95% of the remaining wild silvery minnow population was concentrated *979 in the San Acacia reach. BOR 194 at 71-72; BOR 196 at 52-3. A "reach" is that part of the Rio Grande extending downstream from the diversion dam for which the reach is named to the next significant physical feature of the river. The San Acacia reach spans from the San Acacia diversion dam to Elephant Butte Reservoir. It is only about 60 miles long, and represents a small fraction of the silvery minnow's historic range. FWS III. A.14. It is also the section of the river that is most prone to drying. BOR 35 at 21; BOR 171 at [5033].[2]
The silvery minnow is a small fish reaching 3.5 inches in length. It is a pelagic spawner, producing nonadhesive, semibouyant eggs. BOR 15 at ii; BOR 47 at 559. The eggs drift downstream until the larvae are sufficiently developed to move to the silvery minnow's preferred shallowwater, low velocity habitats, lined with silt/ sand substrate. BOR 15 at 17; BOR 26 at 42-47; BOR 194 at 73. One source has attributed the concentration of silvery minnows in the San Acacia reach to the minnow's spawning behavior and its apparent inability to move upstream beyond the San Acacia diversion structure. BOR at 15 at 18. Other sources attribute the relative scarcity of minnows throughout their former range in the Rio Grande to a variety of factors that include stream channelization, regulation of river flow, water diversion for agriculture, competition and predation, as well as dewatering. 59 Fed. Reg. 36988. Still others list as additional factors water quality degradation, introduction of non-native species, BOR 194 at 73, and entrainment of fish and larvae in irrigation facilities, BOR 196 at 88.
C. The willow flycatcher.
In 1995, FWS listed as endangered the Southwestern willow flycatcher, a bird found in several states of the American Southwest, including. New Mexico, where it has been observed along the middle Rio Grande. 60 Fed. Reg. 10694 (Feb. 27, 1995); BOR 194 at 76. Drying of the Rio Grande is harmful to the willow flycatcher's forage base and habitat. BOR 196 at 88. Overall numbers of flycatchers in areas surveyed have apparently increased in recent years, however, and the parties have confined their legal arguments to the plight of the silvery minnow.
D. The administrative procedure regarding the silvery minnow.
On July 6, 2000 FWS confirmed the initiation of formal consultation between FWS and the action agencies, BOR and the Corps. Formal consultation culminated on June 29, 2001 when FWS issued the final BO, which found jeopardy to the silvery minnow from the proposed actions of BOR and the Corps. Both prior to initiation of formal consultation, and also during the intervening period before June 29, 2001, these agencies engaged in a number of preliminary steps that are detailed in the final BO. BO at 2. During this procedure, BOR changed its position as to ownership of the works of the Middle Rio Grande Project. Initially BOR had proposed undertaking no discretionary actions with respect to the three diversion dams on the ground that it did not hold title to them. BOR 167 at 24. BOR's position regarding title changed, and on July 6, 2000, BOR advised FWS that it had concluded that it in fact owned the constructed facilities in the Middle Rio Grande Project. Ownership of these *980 works is presently the subject of a pending cross-claim by Intervenor, Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District ("MRGCD"). Although BOR now asserts ownership of the diversion dams, BOR is not proposing to reduce water deliveries to MRGCD under the Middle Rio Grande Project or the San Juan-Chama Project.
On July 20, 2000, I ordered the parties into mediation. Mediation efforts involving all the parties to this litigation ultimately were unsuccessful in resolving this dispute, and the federal agencies continued with their formal consultation under the ESA.
Despite the failure of court-ordered mediation to resolve this case, further negotiations between the United States and the State of New Mexico led to an agreement by New Mexico to store 100,000 acre feet ("af") of water over a period of three years, and to release up to 30,000 acre-feet per year ("afy") to benefit the silvery minnow. See Conservation Water Agreement ("CWA"), FWS 2.XII.A.55 ¶ 4 at 2-3. In turn, the United States agreed to provide incidental take coverage for all New Mexico water users in the Rio Grande system above Elephant Butte Reservoir. The terms of a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") between the United States and the State of New Mexico that preceded the CWA were incorporated into a Biological Assessment ("BA") submitted by BOR and the Corps to FWS on June 8, 2001. FWS 2. IXA. 95.
The United States also negotiated a separate agreement with MRGCD in which MRGCD guarantees that 50% of the amount of water delivered by the United States at the Isleta diversion dam will reach the downstream diversion dam at San Acacia. BOR 32ss ¶ 4.1(d) at 3. MRGCD also agrees to assist the federal agencies in developing a fish passage at San Acacia dam, and to assist in rescue of stranded silvery minnows. Id. ¶ 4.1(c) and (e) at 3. The terms of these agreements coincide with the implementation period of the BO, which ends December 31, 2003.
In its final BO, issued on June 29, 2001, FWS finds that the water operations and river maintenance actions of BOR and the Corps in the middle Rio Grande are "likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the silvery minnow." BO at 107. The BO proposes a single RPA that FWS believes "will avoid jeopardy to the silvery minnow," BO at 108, and an Incidental Take Statement ("ITS") that allows a certain amount of "take" of silvery minnows under specified conditions. BO at 111-113. The ITS purports to shield from take liability under Section 9 of the ESA virtually all water users in the middle Rio Grande basin. BO at 113, and at 3-4.
IV. The Best Available Scientific Data Claim.
Plaintiffs claim that the final BO is arbitrary and capricious because it is contrary to the best available scientific data in the administrative record. The ESA requires federal agencies to use the best scientific data available when consulting about whether federal actions will jeopardize endangered species:
Each Federal agency shall, in consultation with and with the assistance of the Secretary, insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency (hereinafter in this section referred to as an "agency action") is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of habitat of such species which is determined by the Secretary, after consultation as appropriate with affected States, to be critical, unless such agency has been granted an exemption for such action by *981 the Committee pursuant to subsection (h) of this section. In fulfilling the requirements of this paragraph each agency shall use the best scientific and commercial data available.

16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2) (emphasis added). This requirement is also written into the applicable ESA regulations. See 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(d) (requiring federal agency requesting consultation to provide FWS with "best scientific . . . data available or which can be obtained during the consultation"); 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(g)(8) (requiring FWS to use "best scientific . . . data available" in formulating BO and RPAs).
A violation of the best available scientific data requirement may be grounds to invalidate a BO as arbitrary and capricious. See Resources Ltd. v. Robertson, 35 F.3d 1300, 1304-05 (9th Cir. 1993) (holding federal action agency acted arbitrarily and capriciously in relying on BO with no jeopardy conclusion because FWS not provided with best available science). Although the ESA requires that FWS be provided with, and use, the best available scientific data, an RPA that is supported only by "weak" scientific evidence is not arbitrary and capricious. See Greenpeace Action v. Franklin, 14 F.3d 1324, 1336 (9th Cir.1992) (upholding action agency's adoption of "no jeopardy" finding even though it was based on admittedly "weak" scientific evidence); Stop H-3 v. Dole, 740 F.2d 1442, 1460 (9th Cir.1984) (holding it was not clear error of judgment for agency to rely on admittedly weak scientific information). Further, while FWS must rely on the best scientific data available in formulating an RPA, the agency is not limited to scientific considerations; it may also consider political and pragmatic factors. Southwest Center for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Bur. of Reclamation, 143 F.3d 515, 523 and n. 5 (9th Cir.1998). An agency cannot ignore available scientific information. See Conner v. Burford, 848 F.2d 1441, 1454 (9th Cir.1988) ("In light of the ESA requirement that the agencies use the best scientific and commercial data available to insure that protected species are not jeopardized, . . . the USFWS cannot ignore available biological information") (internal cite omitted). Only if there is "no scientific evidence in the record to support" an RPA will it be rejected. Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Assns., Inc. v. National Marine Fisheries Serv., 265 F.3d 1028, 1037 (9th Cir.2001).
The RPA that FWS has developed to avoid jeopardy to the silvery minnow appears at pages 108 through 111 of the BO. It consists of several elements, some of which are "water-related" (A through E, H, and M), others of which are "non-waterrelated" (F, G, I through L). The water-related features require continuous flow in the Rio Grande from Cochiti Dam to Isleta Diversion Dam year-round, and continuous flow from Cochiti all the way to Elephant Butte Reservoir from October 31 to June 15, with a spike in the flow between April 15 and June 15, if necessary, to induce spring spawning. From June 16 to July 1, the flow downstream of Isleta, as measured at San Acacia, will be "ramped down" gradually, and the RPA specifies a flow from July 1 to October 31 of only 50 cubic feet per second ("cfs") over the San Acacia Diversion Dam.[3] Other water-related elements include using supplemental water *982 from a Conservation Water Agreement ("CWA") between the United States and the State of New Mexico to help meet these flows, pumping from the Low Flow Conveyance Channel ("LFCC") into the river downstream of San Acacia when river drying is likely, and developing better measuring and monitoring of flows. Finally, in years of above-average snowpack and excess water, the Corps will cause overbank flooding to improve silvery minnow backwater habitat.
The non-water-related elements of the RPA include propagation activities to augment captive populations of silvery minnows and facilitate repopulating the upper reaches of the river, efforts to establish silvery minnows upstream and in "off-channel refugial sites," construction of a fish passage at San Acacia Diversion Dam to allow upstream movement of silvery minnows, and various habitat restoration projects.[4] In addition, the San Marcial Railroad Bridge will be relocated to increase the river's channel capacity.[5]
Plaintiffs challenge the RPA. They first suggest that the record reveals FWS based its judgment not on scientific data, but on pragmatic considerations. They maintain that FWS accepted the State of New Mexico's proposal for the 30,000 afy of supplemental water that is the subject of the CWA only because BOR and the Corps insisted they had no discretion to do more to maintain a higher level of flow in the river. The Federal Defendants do not dispute that BOR and the Corps believed that they lacked discretion to do more, and that this belief contributed to FWS' decision to change the water-related elements in the final RPA. In fact, in a June 20, 2001 memo Theresa Davidson, FWS's chief fishery biologist, included this as a reason for changing the February 9, 2001 draft RPA requirement of continuous river flows year-round from Cochiti Dam to Elephant Butte Reservoir:
But why eliminate the requirement for year round continuous flow from Cochiti Dam to Elephant Butte? After the issuance of the draft BO in February, 2001, the Service met with Reclamation to discuss the RPA. It was Reclamations position that they did not have the, discretion to guarantee flows, because they could not guarantee that they could obtain enough supplemental water, they could not bypass stored water from El Vado, and though they claim ownership over the diversion dam, they could not force the MRGCD to bypass any necessary water to maintain continuous flows to the headwaters of Elephant Butte.
FWS 2.IX.A.79 at 2.
However, in evaluating a final BO for compliance with the scientific data standard, a court need not inquire into FWS's reasons for changing its mind; rather the reviewing court should focus on the question of whether FWS was provided with, and used, the best scientific data. See Southwest Center for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Bur. of Reclamation, 143 F.3d at 523 (holding that if final RPA complied with jeopardy standard and could be implemented by agency, reasons why FWS *983 "changed its mind" need not be considered).
Plaintiffs next contend that FWS failed to evaluate meaningfully the scientific data in the record in formulating the RPA. Underlying Plaintiffs' attack on the RPA is their belief that the minnow needs more water to survive than is provided in the RPA, that the RPA allows massive river drying, and that little or no river drying should be allowed in the San Acacia reach. They argue that FWS's determination that the RPA will avoid jeopardy to the silvery minnow is directly contradicted by scientific studies in the administrative record, and that FWS has not explained away these studies. Plaintiffs claim that the administrative record shows that FWS has consistently interpreted the scientific data to mean that river drying in the San Acacia stretch, where the last remaining minnows are located, must be avoided to the maximum extent possible to avoid jeopardy. In addition, Plaintiffs assert that FWS's position has become more emphatic in the years since the endangered listing in 1994, as the minnow population has continued to spiral downward.
Plaintiffs go through a detailed analysis starting with the 1994 listing of the minnow, FWS III.A.19, to show that FWS has emphasized the importance of river drying as a danger to the minnow's survival. In the 1999 recovery plan developed by FWS for the silvery minnow with input from numerous outside scientists and stakeholders, FWS V.C.22, "providing sustained flow" was listed among the factors considered important to, the minnow's recovery. FWS V.C.22 at 42-43. Also, "river dewatering" is mentioned as a factor in drops in population levels of the minnow. Id. at 44-45. The recovery plan estimated that it would be necessary to bypass up to 200 cfs of water at San Acacia in order to maintain flowing water downstream to San Marcial. Id. at 50.
Plaintiffs contend that in the January 1999 draft BO, FWS 2.IX.A.55, which was never finalized, "FWS rejected BOR's plan to lease 30,000 afy for the minnow, and instead required that supplemental water be sufficient to maintain continuous river flows throughout the San Acacia reach. Id. at 107. In the November 2000 proposed BO, FWS stressed the need to ensure no significant river drying below Isleta and San Acacia Dams, stating: "Continued conditions that dewater sections of the middle Rio Grande, resulting in reduced silvery minnow reproduction and recruitment throughout the species' range, could lead to its extinction . . . [and] dewatering [the San Acacia] reach in 2000 could have critical consequences for the species." FWS 2.IX.A.59 at 17-18, 21. In the February 2001 draft BO, BOR 196, FWS held that jeopardy to the minnow could only be avoided with continuous flows in the middle Rio Grande past San Marcial, the last gauging station before Elephant Butte Reservoir, and FWS set 50-150 cfs as the target range of those flows at San Marcial, depending on precipitation.
Plaintiffs cite other scientific evidence in the record that supports the notion that continuous river flow is needed: Steven Platania, the leading silvery minnow researcher and expert for over 16 years, identifies river drying, especially within the San Acacia reach, as the most dire of three substantial factors adversely affecting the minnow.[6]BOR 40, ¶¶ 32-35. James Wilber, BOR's fishery biologist, *984 confirms that with the dramatic decrease in abundance of minnows upstream, river drying in the lower reaches could jeopardize the continued existence of the species. BOR 37, ¶¶ 29-31. And Plaintiffs' experts Dean Hendrickson and John Pittenger support the same conclusions about the effects of river drying below San Acacia diversion dam. Hendrickson stated, "Unless the last remaining native habitat of the Rio Grande silvery minnow is kept intact, with sufficient river flows to prevent further river drying, the species could suffer irreversible losses and become extinct." BOR 36, ¶ 34. Pittenger stated, "river drying events have a major influence on mortality . . . of Rio Grande silvery minnow." FWS 2.IX.A.69.
Plaintiffs argue that in the June 2001 final BO, FWS failed to invoke any biological evidence or reasoning for allowing inadequate flows and extensive river drying, and that FWS has not proposed a way to replace the minnow habitat lost by river drying. Thus, Plaintiffs contend there is no "rational connection" between the "facts found in the BO" and the RPA's conclusion that the minnow will not be jeopardized by the river drying expected and allowed under the RPA. Plaintiffs maintain that the RPA allows the destruction of about 75% of the minnow's remaining habitat, the area below San Acacia Dam. Plaintiffs arrive at this figure from their interpretation of a March 19, 2001 internal memorandum by Theresa Davidson. FWS 2.IX.A.64. This, Plaintiffs argue, combined with the unrefuted scientific evidence that the minnow is exceptionally vulnerable to river drying, means the RPA is not rationally related to the evidence in the administrative record, making it arbitrary and capricious.
The Federal Defendants acknowledge that massive river drying would mean the death of many silvery minnows. They contend, however, that FWS formulated an RPA that meets the biological needs of the minnow in a manner different from the approaches set forth in the draft documents that preceded the final BO. They maintain that FWS balanced flow requirements with other water-related and nonwater-related elements to avoid jeopardy.
My review of the record indicates that the water-related elements in the RPA are probably adequate in a year of average precipitation to prevent the type of massive river drying that would mean the demise of the silvery minnow. Plaintiffs' 75% figure is an exaggeration. I have studied the March 19, 2001 Davidson memo closely, because it is cited frequently by Plaintiffs, and compared it with a June 20, 2001 Davidson memo, FWS 2.IX.A.79, and with other data in the record. My calculations result in an estimate that less than 33% of the San Acacia reach may be too dry to support the minnow.[7] Still, the RPA appears to allow close to *985 30% of the San Acacia stretch to dry during some parts of the summer months when irrigation is at its peak. This drying in the San Acacia reach is offset by other factors such as providing enough water to result in continuous spring flows, and ramping down flows gradually after June 15, which will allow for better rescue of minnows stranded in isolated pools. The RPA also provides for a spring spawning spike to induce spawning. Plaintiffs' expert, Pittenger, agrees that spring spawning flows are "a major determinant of spawning success," FWS 2.IX.A.69 at 3. Pittenger lists affording "spring flows to promote successful spawning" as the first in the strategy for reducing risk of extinction in 2001 because "a successful spawn is critical to survival of the species", id. at 10. The RPA protects that feature.
Moreover, there is evidence 4 some recovery in silvery minnow population during 2001. Recent monitoring reports that predated the final BO found large numbers of silvery minnows in reaches of the river upstream of San Acacia in 2001, BOR 3s (Platania Population Monitoring Data, at 6). This indicates an apparent improved status of the minnow in 2001 in the Isleta and Angostura reaches, upstream of the San Acacia reach, which could result in some natural repopulation in the San Acacia reach because the minnows' eggs drift freely downstream after the spawn. See also Dudley, R and S. Platania, Summary of Population Monitoring of Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (26-28 June 2001), dated 6 August 2001, BOR 38ss at 2, and 39ss at 9 (report finding large number (188) of silvery minnows in Angostura reach, upstream from Isleta diversion dam).[8] Therefore, even though no minnows were found in the upper reaches during 2000, by June 29, 2001 there was some scientific information indicating that the minnow population was recovering in those reaches.
The significance of finding minnows upstream of the San Acacia reach is illustrated in an August 14, 2000 memo of Hoagstrom and Brooks, of the FWS New Mexico Fishery Resources Office, Rio Grande silvery minnow recovery priorities, FWS 2.V.A.54. In this memo, the authors state that while flows and habitat conditions in the San Acacia Reach are "important to long-term survival of the species, it is equally, if not more important to insure that the Rio Grande upstream of San Acacia enter into considerations for high priority recovery actions." Id. at 1. The authors also explain that reduction in minnow population in the San Acacia Reach is caused not only by river channel drying, but also by a reduced population upstream. Id. at 4. If spawning does not occur upstream, eggs will not flow downstream and hatch. Conversely, if more minnows are found upstream, the effect of downstream drying will be lessened. The RPA sets forth ways to assist upstream repopulation of minnows.
The RPA's non-water-related elements include habitat restoration, repopulation of the minnow in upstream reaches,[9] and construction *986 of a fish passage at San Acacia Diversion Dam. These features of the RPA, designed to enhance the water-related elements, aim to protect the minnow's survival and to ensure its recovery by avoiding jeopardy to the species. Plaintiffs counter that until efforts to reestablish the minnow upstream succeed, the evidence clearly establishes that the river must be kept flowing in the San Acacia reach year-round, especially now when the minnow is in a near-term crisis and at risk of extinction. As mentioned earlier, however, the record does contain some data, albeit weak, that indicate upstream recovery has begun. Additionally, the RPA includes artificial propagation of. minnows and reintroduction of minnows into upstream reaches. See FWS 2.VII.A.16 and .17 (e-mail memos regarding efforts at artificial propagation and release in May and June 2000).
Finally, the consultation over the silvery minnow is a dynamic, ever-evolving process, and the BO is not intended to be the final solution to protecting the minnow from extinction. If there is a drought year, as it presently, appears 2002 will be, FWS will reinitiate consultation. Even if that does not occur, consultation must begin again within the 20 remaining months in the term of the June 2001 BO, which was shortened from five years to 30 months. This shortened period probably will reduce many existing biological uncertainties and data gaps. My ruling on the scope of discretion, which follows, will guide the agencies and should help expedite the process when further consultation occurs.
The ESA requires FWS to design an RPA that does not jeopardize the minnow, and in so doing to use the best available scientific data, but it does not require FWS to choose the best or most effective RPA that will avoid jeopardy. The best available scientific data was provided to FWS, which considered that data in determining that the actions proposed in the RPA avoid jeopardy. Plaintiffs make strong arguments emphasizing that water is important to the survival of the silvery minnow, and that extensive river drying is harmful. But Plaintiffs have not established that FWS ignored scientific data in the record, and they have pointed to no scientific data that were not considered by. FWS. Although it is a close question, I find that FWS's determination that it can avoid jeopardy by instituting the RPA, even though it allows for some intermittent drying of the river in the' San Acacia reach, is not arbitrary and capricious, or contrary to law.
V. The Consultation Claim.
From the beginning of this litigation, Plaintiffs have asserted as their main point that' BOR and the Corps have failed to consult fully with FWS under the ESA over all the actions in regard to which BOR and the Corps have discretion (Count 1). Plaintiffs continue to challenge the outcome of the final BO, as well as the procedure used by the federal agencies, based on this assertion (Count 6). Plaintiffs maintain that the BO fails to examine the full scope of possible remedial actions that FWS could have prescribed in an adequate RPA, thereby leaving less water available to protect the endangered silvery minnow. The Federal Defendants respond, first, that the consultation claim is moot and, second, that the agencies have fulfilled the consultation requirements imposed by the. ESA.
I first rule that the scope of consultation issue is not moot. Next, I hold that the BOR retains sufficient discretion over its river management and operations in the middle Rio Grande, specifically water deliveries under the Middle Rio Grande Project *987 and under the San Juan-Chama Project, to require BOR to consult over those actions under Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA. Finally, I examine whether the lack of full consultation is a ground for invalidating the final BO, and conclude that it is not.
A. Mootness.
Defendants assert that the consultation claim is moot because of the issuance of the final BO. An actual controversy must exist at all stages of the litigation. Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 67, 117 S.Ct. 1055, 137 L.Ed.2d 170 (1997). "A case is moot when the issues it presents are no longer live, or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome." Los Angeles County v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631, 99 S.Ct. 1379, 59 L.Ed.2d 642 (1979) (quoting Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496, 89 S.Ct. 1944, 23 L.Ed.2d 491 (1969)). A case may be moot if there is no reasonable expectation that the alleged violation will recur, and "interim relief or events have completely and irrevocably eradicated the effects of the alleged violation." City of Albuquerque v. Browner, 97 F.3d 415, 420 (10th Cir.1996).
In Southern, Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Smith, 110 F.3d 724 (10th Cir. 1997), a case in which the only relief sought by plaintiffs was to force ESA consultation, the Tenth Circuit held that the completion of consultation by the issuance of a final BO mooted that claim. Id. at 729-30. Here, however, Plaintiffs have always complained not only about completing consultation, but also about the breadth of the consultation, i.e. that the ongoing consultation was too narrow in scope. In Count 6 of their second amended complaint, Plaintiffs seek to invalidate the BO because of alleged improper narrowness of the consultation's scope. Plaintiffs contend that a procedural violation of Section 7(a)(2) of this sort is sufficient to overturn the BO. There is some support for this contention, as discussed later in this opinion. Thus, in order to determine whether the BO is arbitrary and capricious on this basis, I must look at the merits of the consultation claim to decide whether the scope of consultation was too narrow, and if so go on to determine whether that is a ground for invalidating the BO.
I find the reasoning in NRDC v. Houston, 146 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir.1998), where the court confronted the issue of mootness under very similar circumstances, to be persuasive here. The Plaintiffs in NRDC v. Houston had challenged the scope of consultation under Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA, and before the case was decided, a final BO was issued. The court stated: "Procedural violations of the ESA are not necessarily mooted by a finding by the FWS that a substantive violation of the ESA had not occurred." Id. at 1128.
Cases in which courts have concluded that the issuance of a BO renders a consultation claim moot have involved procedural circumstances different from those involved in this case. For example, in EPIC v. Pacific Lumber Co., 67 F.Supp.2d 1113 (N.D.Cal.1999), the only relief sought was "to forestall during the consultation period the irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources," id. at 1124. Similarly, in Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Smith, the only relief sought by plaintiffs was to force ESA consultation. 110 F.3d at 729-30.
In support of their mootness argument, Defendants cite Southwest Center for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Bur. of Reclamation, 143 F.3d 515 (9th Cir.1998), which held that BOR's assertion that it lacked discretion to lower the water level in Lake Mead was immaterial to the court's review of a final BO under the APA. Southwest Center is inapposite because there all *988 claims against BOR had been dismissed by the district court for lack of notice under the citizen suit provisions of the ESA; the only remaining claim was a challenge to the final BO by FWS under the APA. That case did not squarely present the question of whether a procedural violation of Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA had occurred, nor did it discuss mootness.
The Federal Defendants argue that the agencies expanded the consultation to encompass all depletions in the middle Rio Grande, thus mooting the claim that the consultation was too narrow. This is a matter to be determined on the merits of the consultation claim, however, not when determining mootness.[10]
Another reason why this issue is not moot is that the BO itself contemplates reinitiation of consultation, and so there is a reasonable expectation that the controversy about the scope of consultation will recur within the meaning of City of Albuquerque v. Browner, 97 F.3d at 420. This will happen for certain before December 31, 2003, the end of the 30-month period covered by the BO.[11] It is likely to happen sooner, even as early as this summer, because current weather conditions, of which I take judicial notice, indicate the Rio Grande watershed is experiencing a very dry year that may cause significant river drying beyond that contemplated by the BO.[12] If 2002 continues to be a dry year and the limits in the BO's ITS are likely to be exceeded, FWS will reinitiate consultation, and it may need to require BOR and/or the Corps to release more water to protect the silvery minnow.[13] To do that, *989 the parties need a judicial determination of the extent of the federal action agencies' discretion and the corresponding proper scope of consultation when it is reinitiated. Defendants have failed to carry their "heavy burden" of demonstrating mootness. Los Angeles County v. Davis, 440 U.S. at 631, 99 S.Ct. 1379.
B. Consultation  Legal Requirements.
Section 7(a)(2) sets forth the consultation requirement of the ESA. The consultation requirement is broad and significant in the overall scheme of the ESA. Once the silvery minnow was listed as endangered, BOR and the Corps were required to consult with FWS to "insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency . . . is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species. . . ." 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). The regulations implementing Section 7 define agency "action" as "all activities or programs of any kind authorized, funded, or carried out, in whole or in part, by Federal agencies. . . ." 50 C.F.R. § 402.02. The regulations also indicate that Section 7 applies to "all actions in which there is discretionary Federal involvement or control." 50 C.F.R. § 402.03. The regulations also require each federal agency to "review its actions at the earliest possible time to determine whether any action may affect listed species. . . ." 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(a). And if a new species is listed in the midst of an agency action, or if an action changes to the detriment of a species, or if the amount of taking of a species exceeds that specified in the Incidental Take Statement, or if significant new information is revealed, the agency must reinitiate consultation "where discretionary Federal involvement or control over the action has been retained or is authorized by law. . . ." 50 C.F.R. § 402.16.
Thus, the Court's inquiry for each "agency action" is whether the agency retained "discretionary Federal involvement or control" within the meaning of 50 C.F.R. § 402.03. This inquiry is viewed against the backdrop of TVA v. Hill, in which the Supreme Court observed that the ESA commands that section 7 applies to "all . . . actions authorized, funded; or carried out" by federal agencies and that "[t]his language admits of no exception." 437 U.S. at 173, 98 S.Ct. 2279. Again, "Congress has spoken in the plainest of words, making it abundantly clear that the balance has been struck in favor of affording endangered species the highest of priorities, thereby adopting a policy which it described as `institutionalized caution.'" Id. at 194, 98 S.Ct. 2279.
In some cases, it is apparent that a federal agency, sua sponte or at least without a court order, has consulted over agency actions. See, e.g., O'Neill v. United States, 50 F.3d 677 (9th Cir.1995) (ongoing water delivery contracts); Klamath Water Users Protective Association v. Patterson, 204 F.3d 1206 (9th Cir.1999) (water deliveries *990 under reclamation project); Kandra v. United States, 145 F.Supp.2d 1192 (D.Or.2001) (same). In others, courts have ordered federal agencies to comply with their ESA consultation duties. Pacific Rivers Council v. Thomas, 30 F.3d 1050 (9th Cir.1994); NRDC v. Houston, 146 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir.1998) (renewal of water delivery contracts); Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Ass'ns v. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 138 F.Supp.2d 1228 (N.D.Cal.2001); WaterWatch of Oregon v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2000 WL 1100059 (D.Or. June 2000) (permits for irrigation pumps). In some, an agency's failure to consult has been upheld by a court which found the agency lacked discretion over an action. Environmental Protection, Info. Center v. Simpson Timber Co., 255 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir.2001) (incidental take permit for logging); Sierra Club v. Babbitt, 65 F.3d 1502 (9th Cir.1995) (agreement for logging road); Center for Biological Diversity v. Nat'l Marine Fisheries Serv., 2001 WL 1602707 (N.D.Cal. 2001) (longline fishing permits issued to fishing vessels).
C. Scope of Consultation.
Plaintiffs contend that BOR and the Corps, in their consultations with FWS, should have considered protecting the endangered silvery minnow more broadly: (1) by BOR limiting water deliveries to the MRGCD under the Middle Rio Grande Project; (2) by BOR altering water deliveries and operations to federal contractors under the San Juan-Chama Project; and (3) by the Corps deviating from normal operation of several of its reservoir facilities on the middle Rio Grande.
"Agency action" under the ESA includes a broad array of actions, including annual water deliveries under federal projects, NRDC v. Houston, 146 F.3d 1118, 1130 (9th Cir.1998), renewal of long-term water delivery contracts, Id. at 1125, and ongoing long-range forest management plans, Pacific Rivers Council v. Thomas, 30 F.3d 1050, 1056 (9th Cir.1994). I conclude that the expansive definition of "agency action" in the ESA regulations, 50 C.F.R. § 402.02, encompasses the annual water deliveries by BOR under the Middle Rio Grande Project and the San Juan-Chama Project, and the Corps' operation of reservoirs and dams in the middle Rio Grande. Thus, I turn to the more hotly contested issue, federal agency discretion.
I begin the discretion analysis by examining the applicable statutes, regulations, and contracts for each of the actions at issue.
1. BOR's water deliveries to MRGCD under the Middle Rio Grande Project.
The Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District ("MRGCD") was organized as a political subdivision of the State of New Mexico under the Conservancy Act of New Mexico in 1925. MRGCD constructed the major irrigation facilities on the middle Rio Grande in the 1930s, with partial funding from the United States related to Pueblo Indian water deliveries. Its irrigation and flood control works deteriorated seriously in the 1940s, and by then MRGCD had become financially insolvent. This led to the federal Middle Rio Grande Project, which dates back to 1947-48 when BOR and the Corps prepared a project plan. According to the plan, BOR would undertake channel rectification and rehabilitation of MRGCD irrigation and drainage works, and the Corps would construct reservoirs and levees for flood protection. BOR 307. Congress approved those proposals in the 1948 and 1950 Flood Control Acts. Pub.L. 80-858 (June 30, 1948) and Pub.L. 81-516 (May 17, 1950), BOR 795, 616. Under the Congressionally-approved *991 plan for the Middle. Rio Grande Project, BOR was directed to pay off the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District's outstanding debt, and to rehabilitate and expand irrigation, storage and diversion facilities along the middle Rio Grande. In return, MRGCD would transfer its assets and management of the system to the federal government, and repay a portion of project costs over time. The United States would thus assume ownership of all MRGCD diversion and storage facilities until project costs were repaid and Congress ordered a transfer back to MRGCD. Unlike most federal Reclamation projects, BOR did not appropriate water rights for the Middle Rio Grande Project. Under a 1951 contract, MRGCD was to assign its water rights to the United States, but ultimately MRGCD in 1963 transferred to BOR only, the right to store water in El Vado Reservoir.
MRGCD has since paid its debt to the United. States, and asserts title to the works of the Project.[14] MRGCD contends that the Court cannot decide the consultation claim until after the title question is resolved. I disagree. The United States claims ownership of these works, and under the Quiet Title Act, "possession or control" remains in the United States until 60 days after final resolution of the title issue. 28 U.S.C. § 2409a(b).
BOR owns El Vado Dam and Reservoir and is authorized by federal law and state permit to store native Rio Grande water there for MRGCD. BOR releases that water at MRGCD's call as agreed by contract and authorized by the state permit. MRGCD operates the United States' diversion dams to divert, these native flows for MRGCD and Pueblo Indian use during the irrigation season. BOR has consulted with FWS over some aspects of its operation of El Vado Reservoir and of diversions at the diversion dams, but it has not consulted about reducing water deliveries to MRGCD because it has taken the position that it lacks discretion to do so.
Plaintiffs have identified two sources for BOR's discretion to limit water deliveries to MRGCD under the Project. The first is the shortage provision in the applicable contracts. The 1951 Contract between the United States and MRGCD provides:
United States Not Liable for Water Shortage

23. Should there ever occur a shortage in the quantity of water which normally would be available through and by means of said project works constructed in connection therewith, in no event shall any liability accrue therefor against the United States. . . . 

BOR 306 ¶ 23.
A subsequent amendment (leaving paragraph 23 intact) called for the United States to "operate and maintain any works, structures, and improvements, including levees and flood control structures, as requested by [MRGCD]. . . ." BOR 306 (Art. 6, Contract Am. No. 2, dated Jan. 4, 1955, as amended by Contract Am. No. 3.). A 1963 "Amendatory Contract," which amended the 1951 contract, states in paragraph 12:

b. Water Shortages  On account of drouth and other causes, there may occur at times during any year a shortage in the quantity of water available from the reservoir storage complex for use by the District pursuant to this contract. In no event shall any liability accrue against the United States . . . for any *992 damage, direct or indirect, arising out of any such shortage.

BOR 521 § 12.b.
The second source of BOR's alleged discretion to restrict water deliveries to MRGCD stems from the Reclamation Act, 43 U.S.C. § 372, which limits use of federal project water to that reasonably needed for beneficial use. In addition, the Act requires that federal water projects conform with state water law, unless doing so would interfere with other federal requirements or interests. 43 U.S.C. § 383. Plaintiffs claim that both of these statutes are being violated if the MRGCD is using more water than reasonably needed for beneficial use. There is some evidence that this is happening. State Engineer Thomas C. Turney asserted in a letter to MRGCD that from 1989 to 1999, MRGCD diverted 11 afy per acre irrigated, while 72 afy is "sufficient and non-wasteful." BOR 486. MRGCD disputes that it has exceeded reasonable beneficial use, and it is not my role in this litigation to determine that it has or has not. The point, however, is that BOR has a statutory duty to determine whether overuse is occurring. If excessive water is being diverted, this may provide BOR the requisite discretion under the ESA to consult with FWS about the quantity of water BOR delivers to MRGCD under the Middle Rio Grande Project. Diversions in excess of what is reasonably needed for beneficial use may be a source of water that could be used to help preserve the endangered minnow.
In Klamath Water Users Protective Association v. Patterson, 204 F.3d 1206 (9th Cir.1999), after BOR consulted with FWS over water releases under a long-term contract designed to govern the management of a reclamation project dam, irrigators challenged B OR's decision to reduce releases from the dam to provide minimum lake levels for fish species listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA. The irrigators claimed this would interfere with their rights under a contract. The contract had been entered into under "the Reclamation Act and acts of Congress relating to the preservation and development of fish and wildlife resources." Id. at 1209 (internal quotations omitted). Although the irrigators were not parties to "the contract, which was between BOR and a power company, they asserted their rights as third-party beneficiaries. The dam had been built to help the United States satisfy its contractual obligations to water users in the basin, including the irrigators, and for other purposes such as providing water to flood adjacent wildlife refuges. The court denied the irrigators' requested relief, holding that they were not third-party beneficiaries under the contract. It also found that BOR had retained authority to manage the dam, "and because it remains the owner in fee simple of the Dam, it has responsibilities under the ESA as a federal agency. These responsibilities include taking control of the Dam when necessary to meet the requirements of the ESA, requirements that override the water rights of the Irrigators." Id. at 1213.
O'Neill v. United States, 50 F.3d 677 (9th Cir.1995) involved a long-term water service contract between the United States and a water district relating to the Central Valley Project in California. The contract contained a clause limiting the United States' liability in the event of shortage caused by "errors in operation, drought, or any other causes." Id. at 680. The water district sued soon after BOR announced that the district's consumers would receive only half of their contractual supply of water. This occurred after consultation under the ESA resulted in a BO which concluded that BOR's continued operations of the CVP "was likely to jeopardize the continued existence" of a listed salmon in *993 the Sacramento River. Id. at 681. Citing Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe, 455 U.S. 130, 148, 102 S.Ct. 894, 71 L.Ed.2d 21 (1982), the Ninth Circuit observed that contracts to which the sovereign is a party are subject to subsequent legislation by the sovereign. O'Neill, 50 F.3d at 686. The court upheld BOR's action taken to comply with the ESA.
In WaterWatch of Oregon v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2000 WL 1100059 (D.Or. June 2000), the court confronted the issue of whether a federal agency maintained discretionary control over long-term permits for pumping irrigation water sufficient to require the agency to enter into Section 7(a)(2) consultations under the ESA. The federal agency contended that it did not need to consult about having issued the permits on the ground that it had no discretion concerning the permits during the permitted pumping. Id. at *8. The court disagreed, and found that the federal agency "retained ongoing discretionary involvement or control." Id. In doing so, the court looked to the language of the permits and noted two critical features. First, the permits contained conditions expressly allowing the Corps to suspend, modify, or revoke them if doing so was "in the public interest," the definition of which included "fish and wildlife concerns." Id. at *7. Second, an amendment to one of the permits indicated that changes in water use could result in revocation of the permit. Id. at *8.
Not all ongoing federal contracts involve the "discretionary Federal involvement or control" required by 50 C.F.R. § 402.03. See, e.g., Sierra Club v. Babbitt, 65 F.3d 1502 (9th Cir.1995), where the Ninth Circuit held that BLM lacked sufficient discretion under an ongoing right-of-way agreement for construction of a logging road. The court rejected plaintiffs blanket suggestion that the ESA "abrogates preexisting agreements." Id. at 1510. It also rejected the notion that the ESA represents "Congress's intent to void preexisting agreements." Id. Thus, the ESA does not mandate that a federal agency "abrogate" or "void" existing contracts. Rather, the ESA only requires consultation if the terms of the contract give the agency discretion to perform the contract in a way to benefit listed species. See also Environmental Protection Info. Center v. Simpson Timber, 255 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir.2001), where the Ninth Circuit found no "agency action" and a lack of agency discretion under an ongoing permit issued to a timber company. The permit allowed the company, incidental take of one species, but the permit did not retain federal discretion to alter it for new species listed after issuance. I do not read Environmental Protection Info. Center v. Simpson Timber to mean that there can never be federal agency discretion under existing permits or contracts to take action to protect endangered species. Rather, where there is discretion under permits or contracts, that discretion must be exercised.
The present case is closer to the situation in NRDC v. Houston, 146 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir.1998), where the Ninth Circuit found the requisite agency discretion to alter the terms of renewal contracts based on the federal reclamation laws. Id. at 1126. The reclamation laws provided the right to renewal of long-term water delivery contracts on "mutually agreeable" terms. Id. When the contracts were up for renewal, BOR renewed them without altering the quantity of water to be delivered, even though some fish species affected by the project by then had been listed as threatened under the ESA. The court held that the reclamation laws gave BOR discretion to decrease the quantity of water to be delivered when renewing the contracts, even though those laws did not expressly state there was discretion to decrease *994 the quantity of water. The reclamation laws gave the contractors "a first right" to a "share or quantity of the project's available water supply . . ." id., but the ESA gave BOR the authority to reduce the total amount of available project water to be delivered to the contractors. This supports the position that the reclamation laws can be a source of federal agency discretion.
In accordance with the extensive protective purposes of Section 7 of the ESA, "[t]he term `agency action' has been defined broadly." NRDC v. Houston, 146 F.3d at 1125; see also Pacific Rivers Council v. Thomas, 30 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir.1994) ("there is little doubt that Congress intended to enact a broad definition of agency action in the ESA"). Conversely, what may be called the "discretionary exception" contained in 50 C.F.R. § 402.03 should be construed narrowly, consistent with the Supreme Court's exhortation in TVA v. Hill that the language of Section 7 "admits of no exception." 437 U.S. at 173, 98 S.Ct. 2279.
Although it is a close question, I believe that BOR does have discretion over its actions resulting in the delivery of water to MRGCD under the Middle Rio Grande Project, and that it should have consulted with FWS regarding those water deliveries. The term "drouth and other causes" in the contract should be interpreted broadly in this case because drought and dryness are what affect the continued existence of the silvery minnow. Viewed together with BOR's statutory duty to limit MRGCD's diversions to amounts reasonably needed for beneficial use, BOR's discretion becomes even more manifest. This aspect of BOR's river operations and management was erroneously and improperly omitted from the mix of possible solutions to the crisis facing the endangered silvery minnow about which BOR and FWS could consult.
2. BOR's water deliveries to San, Juan-Chama Project contractors at Heron Reservoir.
Plaintiffs argue that BOR has discretion over possible use of San Juan-Chama Project water to benefit endangered species, giving rise to a duty to consult about all aspects of storage and release of San Juan-Chama water from Heron Reservoir. In the BO, FWS cites the fact that none of the, existing contracts expires within the next five years as the reason why use of any of this water is not considered available to protect endangered species. BO at 11.
The San Juan-Chama Project was approved by Congress in 1962 to divert up to 110,000 afy of water from the San Juan River basin for use in the Rio Grande basin. BOR 194 at 5142-48; BOR 543, 583, 619. Under the SJCP, BOR constructed, owns, and manages Heron Reservoir, located above El Vado Reservoir on a tributary to the Rio Chama, which flows into the Rio Grande. Heron Reservoir, was constructed to store around 400,000 af of SJCP water. El Vado dam was also improved to allow passage of SJCP water through El Vado Reservoir after release from Heron Reservoir.
The SJCP legislation specifies that any right to use SJC water is defined and limited by the provisions of BOR's implementing contracts: "No person shall have or be entitled to have the use for any purpose . . . [of San Juan water under the Project] except under contract satisfactory to the Secretary and conforming to the provisions of this Act." P.L. 87-483, § 11(a); 76 Stat. 96. BOR has entered into contracts for annual delivery of SJC water out of Heron Reservoir in the total amount of 96,200 afy, which is known as *995 the "firm yield" of the Project. BOR 520-557. About half that amount is contracted for delivery to the City of Albuquerque, and another 20,900 afy is contracted for delivery to MRGCD under the 1963 Amendatory Contract (discussed above) for "supplemental irrigation water." Other entities that have SJC water delivery contracts with the United States are identified at BOR 194 at 16. The contracts provide that BOR has sole authority to operate Heron Reservoir and other SJC project facilities. BOR 521, ¶ 7.a.
Plaintiffs cite three provisions contained in the contracts with the City of Albuquerque and with MRGCD, and common to other contracts as well, that anticipate shortfalls: (1) a provision that "[d]uring periods of scarcity when the actual available water supply may be less than the estimated firm yield," the contractors "shall share in the available water supply" pro rata with other contractors, BOR 520, ¶ 18j; (2) a clause immunizing BOR from liability for failure to deliver water to the contractors because of "shortages" resulting from "drought and any other causes," BOR 521 ¶ 12.b; and (3) a provision reducing contractors' costs to reflect a higher portion of water going to fish and wildlife needs, BOR 521 ¶ 12.h. I find that these three contract provisions vest BOR with discretion to consider reallocating water from SJC contractors to address the needs of endangered species.
Moreover, the stated purpose of the SJCP is to supply water "for municipal, domestic, and industrial uses, and providing recreation and fish and wildlife benefits" in the Rio Grande Valley. BOR 619; Act of June 13, 1962, P.L. 87-483 (76 Stat. 96). Thus, use of. SJCP water to benefit endangered species is consistent with the Project's authorizing legislation.
Defendants contend, however, that using SJCP water would be inconsistent with Jicarilla Apache Tribe v. United States, 657 F.2d 1126 (10th Cir.1981). In that case, the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit held that the City of Albuquerque could not store its excess SJCP water at Elephant Butte Reservoir solely for recreational purposes. In doing so, the court interpreted the above-quoted Project language as indicating that recreation (and fish and wildlife) uses are not primary purposes of. the San Juan-Chama legislation. Id. at 1139. However, this does not mean that SJCP water cannot be used solely for fish and wildlife purposes under. the ESA. Recreation is not entitled to the same overriding policy considerations that protection of endangered species under the ESA enjoys. Also, Congress subsequently reversed that part of the Jicarilla decision that disallowed use of SJCP water solely for recreation purposes, Pub.L. 97-140, Act of Dec. 29, 1981, § 5; 95 Stat. 1717.[15] And the Supreme Court of the United States has declared that the "national policy of saving endangered species" has priority *996 over even the "primary missions" of federal agencies. TVA v. Hill, 437 U.S. at 185, 98 S.Ct. 2279.
Another contested matter is whether using SJCP water to benefit endangered species would violate Interstate Compacts to which New Mexico is a signatory. Two Colorado River Compacts, the Colorado River Compact of 1922 and the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948, require that the water be put to "beneficial consumptive use." The legislation authorizing the SJCP requires that the Project be operated consistently with these Compacts. The Rio Grande Compact requires delivery of Texas' share of Rio Grande water at Elephant Butte Reservoir. Defendants and intervenors argue that use of water for fish and wildlife purposes is not beneficial consumptive use within the meaning of the Colorado River Compacts, and that the Rio Grande Compact will be violated if SJCP water reaches Elephant Butte Reservoir. Plaintiffs argue convincingly, however, that the Compacts would not be violated, first, because SJC water can be traded for native water, a technique that has already been used. Thus, any SJC water that reached Elephant Butte Reservoir could be offset against other specific depletions. Second, Plaintiffs contend that most if not all Project water used for endangered species would be beneficially consumptively used within the meaning of the Compacts. Water for the silvery minnow would be "consumed" in New Mexico because, flows can be managed so that no water, or only a trickle, reaches Elephant Butte Reservoir. Use of water for fish and wildlife purposes constitutes a beneficial use under the Project. There is no direct conflict between the ESA and the Compacts, and the Compacts do not limit BOR's discretion under the ESA.
I conclude that BOR clearly has discretion under the various delivery contracts to supply less water to the SJCP contractors in order to meet fish and wildlife needs, including those of the endangered silvery minnow. As with water delivered to MRGCD under the Middle Rio Grande Project, this is not to say that BOR must use SJCP water as a first source of water to help preserve endangered species, or that it must use it at all. It is certainly proper and advisable to seek water elsewhere so as not to damage the economy of New Mexico, and the federal government may consider compensating the contractors for delivering less water to them under these contracts. BOR cannot, however, consistently with its duties under the ESA, exclude SJCP water from the ESA equation by erroneously claiming it lacks any discretion to consult about SJCP water deliveries.
3. Corps' operation of its reservoir facilities on the middle Rio Grande.
As part of a "comprehensive plan" for the middle Rio Grande proposed in two reports in 1947 and 1948, Congress authorized the Corps to construct and operate a series of reservoirs on the middle Rio Grande, principally for flood and sediment control purposes. BOR 305. As a result, the Corps now owns and operates three dams with reservoirs  Abiquiu, Cochiti, and Jemez Canyon  as well as other dams. Corps 88 at 5-9. The Corps operates and maintains each of these dams, reservoirs, and associated facilities in accordance with the operating criteria set forth in P.L. 86-645. Corps 88 at 10, 48. Plaintiffs acknowledge that those criteria generally limit the Corps' discretion in storage and release of the reservoirs' water, but they argue that the Corps can deviate from these operating criteria in two circumstances: (1) if there is an "emergency," or (2) if a deviation is approved by the Rio Grande Compact Commission. Corps 88 at 48; P.L. 86-645 *997 (July 14, 1960), 74 Stat. 480, § 203, Rio Grande Basin, subsection (d).
As support for their discretion argument, Plaintiffs cite the Corps' participation in the steps leading up to the Conservation Water Agreement between the United States and the State of New Mexico, most notably the April 12, 2001 Memorandum of Understanding, Corps. 102, as directly contradicting the Corps' insistence that it cannot operate its reservoirs to store and release water for the purpose of benefitting endangered species. However, I do not consider the Corps' role in the MOU and CWA as controlling the issue of whether the Corps has discretion for ESA purposes.
In my view, Plaintiffs overstate the Corps' discretion to operate the reservoirs in a way to benefit the silvery minnow under the Corps' emergency authority. Corps regulations permit "temporary modifications" of operations "if found necessary in time of emergency." 33 C.F.R. § 208.11(d)(9)(vi). The regulations also permit temporary deviation "from the water control plans in the event that an immediate, short-term departure is deemed necessary for emergency reasons to protect the safety of the dam, or to avoid other serious hazards." 33 C.F.R. § 208.11(d)(9)(vii). Examples of an emergency, drawn from Corps of Engineers South Pacific Division Regulation 1110-2-8 para. 5.a. include "drowning or other accidents . . . failure of operation facilities, chemical spills, treatment plant failures and other temporary pollution or water quality problems." Unlike the contracts discussed in connection with the Middle Rio Grande Project and the San Juan-Chama Project, these provisions do not include factors such as drought or fish and wildlife concerns.
The 1960 Flood Control Act mandates that deviations from operating criteria must be approved by the Rio Grande Compact Commission, unless "an emergency exists affecting the safety of major structures or endangering life. . . ." Pub.L. 86-645, 74 Stat. 480, § 201, Rio Grande Basin (d), FWS 2.IX.B.25. Plaintiffs construe this provision to give the Corps discretion to request that the Rio Grande Compact Commission revise its operating criteria, and again cite the MOU of April 12, 2001 as support. Corps 102. Plaintiffs also assert that the Corps can ask the Rio Grande Compact Commission for permission to pass sediment through Cochiti, Jemez Canyon, and Galisteo dams, which would be beneficial for the minnow. Plaintiffs further argue that the phrase "endangering life" in PL 86-645, when construed with the ESA, should include lives of silvery minnows. I construe the phrase "endangering life" as encompassing only human life, not lives of endangered species.
I see a distinction between the MRGP and the SJCP contracts, which contain more discretionary language, and the statutory and regulatory provisions that govern the flood control reservoir operations at issue here. The reservoirs have rather clear operating criteria, under which emergency deviation appears to be warranted only for short term situations of very limited duration and at the determination of the damsite manager. Emergency deviations are described as sudden and unexpected. Corps PLTWCM at 8-4. The regulations require that the operator report an emergency deviation to the owner immediately, and that the owner seek and receive approval for the Corps Chief to continue the deviation. 30 C.F.R. § 208.11(d)(9)(vi) and (vii). The regulations also describe emergencies as short-term. A water release for the minnow would likely be a more protracted event. All in all, I find that these provisions do not give the Corps sufficient discretion to *998 bring operation of these reservoir facilities under the consultation requirement of the ESA,
With respect to the agency actions for which I have found discretion under the Middle Rio Grande Project and the SJCP, the Federal Defendants argue in the alternative that even if a federal agency has discretion to take an action, it does not need to consult about taking the action unless it is proposing to do so. In other words, they maintain that a federal agency need not consult over an action it has not planned to pursue. In like vein, the State of New Mexico argues that it would be a recipe for chaos if federal agencies were required to consult on all the actions they are engaged in, rather than just the ones they propose to utilize in order to comply with the ESA. These arguments are circular and unpersuasive. The ESA requires consultation whenever a federal agency is already involved in an "agency action" that affects endangered species. The only limitation on that duty to consult is that the agency have discretion over the action to benefit the species. See NRDC v. Houston, 146 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir.1998), in which BOR took the position, as it does in this case, that it had no intention of taking the action of altering the quantity, of water for delivery, and thus was not required to consult over the water contract renewals. The Ninth Circuit rejected that view, noting that the agency failed to consider "the issue of whether the total amount of available project water could be reduced in order to comply with the ESA or state law." Id. at 1126. I also reject these alternative arguments.
D. Effect of Erroneous Limitation on Scope of Consultation.
Having decided that BOR erroneously took the position that it lacked discretion to alter existing water deliveries under the Middle Rio. Grande Project and the San Juan-Chama Project, I must confront the issue of whether BOR's failure to consult with FWS fully over these possible sources of water invalidates the BO and RPA. Plaintiffs contend that the BO is arbitrary and capricious because it does not consider all the discretionary federal agency actions that could have provided more water for the minnow. Plaintiffs argue that in the June 29, 2001 BO, and throughout the consultation process leading up to the BO, FWS simply accepted BOR's and the Corps' erroneous assertions about their limited discretionary authority.
The Federal Defendants acknowledge that the final BO and RPA are different from previous draft RPAs and allow smaller overall river flows because they were "shaped to reflect the legal limitations on the discretionary authority" of BOR and the Corps. Fed. Defts. Brief at 35. But they maintain that the scope of the consultation was expanded to include all water depletions that affect water in the middle Rio Grande basin. They also argue that the consulting agency, FWS, need not question an action agency's determination concerning the scope of its own authority. Finally, they argue that the final BO is not arbitrary and capricious simply because it addresses only "some" of BOR's and the Corps' discretionary actions in the middle Rio Grande.
I believe that FWS did not expand the scope of consultation in any meaningful way. The only reason FWS "expanded the scope" to include "the effect" of all depletions from the river upstream of Elephant Butte Reservoir was to comply with the State of New Mexico's demand that incidental take coverage be provided for all historical uses of water in New Mexico. Without that coverage, the State of New Mexico would not enter into the CWA.[16]*999 Despite the claimed "expansion" of the consultation, BOR continued to assert that its actions with respect to deliveries to MRGCD under the Middle Rio Grand Project and use of SJCP water stored in Heron Reservoir were off-limits for its consultation with FWS regarding endangered species.
I also reject the argument that FWS can rely on BOR's own interpretation of its discretion and thus avoid judicial review of this issue. Interestingly, FWS did not merely rely on BOR's interpretation; in its BO, FWS adopted BOR's interpretation as FWS' independent interpretation of BOR's discretion. Moreover, this is a legal conclusion, not entitled to the deference accorded factual matters determined by an agency. BOR has not given good legal reasons for interpreting its discretion as being limited under the ESA; and for the Court to turn a blind eye to this error would be to endorse the agency's shirking of its duties under the ESA. Interpretation of the ESA and its regulations in regard to the challenged agency actions is a matter that is properly the responsibility of the court.
A BO must address "all phases" of the "entire agency action." Conner v. Burford, 848 F.2d 1441, 1453 (9th Cir. 1988) (emphasis in original). In NRDC v. Houston, 146 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir. 1998), where the BOR had failed to consult over renewal of long-term water delivery contracts and FWS had issued a "no jeopardy" BO, the court granted the remedy of contract rescission. It held that the issuance of the BO did not afford all the relief that could have been granted, and explained that the procedural requirement of consultation under the ESA "itself offers valuable protections against the risk of a substantive violation and ensures that environmental concerns will be properly factored into the decision-making process. . . ." Id. at 1128-29.
While I find that procedural violations of the consultation clause occurred, I do not believe that in this case these procedural violations should invalidate the BO. It is proper for federal agencies to attempt to avoid jeopardy, as they have done here, by proposing other, more discretionary actions, or even less politically drastic actions. See Southwest Center for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Bur. of Reclamation, 143 F.3d 515 (9th Cir. 1998) (focusing on whether final BO avoids jeopardy and is achievable by agency, not on reason why agency "changed its mind"). Even though FWS accepted BOR's erroneous view that it lacked discretion under the San Juan-Chama Project to alter water deliveries to contractors, FWS came up with an interim solution to avoid jeopardy in coordination with all the major players in the middle Rio Grande basin. That distinguishes this case from the situation in NRDC v. Houston, where the court ordered contract rescission because of a procedural violation of Section 7. The contracts in NRDC v. Houston would have been in effect for many more years without compliance with ESA's consultation requirement. In contrast, the solution in this case is one that has been worked out following unprecedented attempts to come to grips with all the competing interests for a very limited water supply in the middle Rio Grande basin. The situation here in complex, difficult to resolve, and evolving.
Having been confronted with a complex and difficult task, the federal agencies *1000 have made a valiant effort to protect the minnow without altering water deliveries to federal contractors. The interim solution FWS has come up with, as reflected in the BO, may be workable. I do not wish to upset, without strong justification, the agreements the United States has entered into with the State of New Mexico and the MRGCD. The BO lasts for only a limited period, and is subject to reinitiation of consultation. The overall effect of my decision will be that when the parties go back to the table, either in informal negotiations or in reinitiation of formal consultation, the annual water deliveries that I have identified as discretionary will be available to be considered for use in protecting the endangered silvery minnow from extinction.
VI. The Failure to Conserve Claim and the Jeopardy Claim.
Plaintiffs allege in Count 2 a violation of ESA Section 7(a)(1) by BOR, the Corps, and FWS for failing to conserve the minnow in their operation of reservoirs, dams, and other irrigation and flood control facilities, which allegedly causes river drying and harms the minnow and its habitat. Plaintiffs allege in Count 1 a substantive violation of ESA Section 7(a)(2) by BOR and the Corps for jeopardizing the minnow. This jeopardy claim is based on the action agencies'"ongoing management actions causing jeopardy to the listed species." 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 48 at 21. Plaintiffs allege that the federal agencies are "proceeding to implement their management decisions concerning the Middle Rio Grande, with the result that imminent river drying is expected this year and [in] future years, which will admittedly cause mortality and harm to the remaining silvery minnow population. [BOR and the Corps] are thus `jeopardizing' the silvery minnow. . . ." 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 47 at 20-21.
Sixty days prior to filing a lawsuit to enforce compliance with the ESA, a citizen must give written notice of intent to sue to the Secretary of the Interior and any alleged violators:
No action may be commenced under subparagraph (1)(A) of this section  prior to sixty days after written notice of the violation has been given to the Secretary, and to any alleged violator of any such provision or regulation; . . .
16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)(2)(A)(i ). Subparagraph (1)(A) allows private citizens to file an action "to enjoin any person, including the United States and any other governmental instrumentality or agency . . . who is alleged to be in violation of any provision of this chapter or regulation issued under the authority thereof. . . ." 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)(1)(A).
The Federal Defendants contend that Plaintiffs have failed to comply with the ESA's 60-day notice requirement in connection with both the failure to conserve claim and the jeopardy claim. It is undisputed that Plaintiffs complied with the notice requirement prior to filing suit by sending written notice referencing both of these claims to the proper parties on January 29, 1999. FWS X.V.12. However, Plaintiffs have not sent a new notice since issuance of the final BO on June 29, 2001. The Second Amended Complaint was filed only a few days after issuance of the BO.
In Water Keeper Alliance v. US. Dept. of Defense, 152 F.Supp.2d 163 (D.P.R. 2001), relied on by Federal Defendants because it is "factually similar" to this case, the district court dismissed plaintiffs' ESA claims for failure to file a new notice of intent to sue after a Biological Assessment was issued. On appeal, the First Circuit disagreed with the district court and held that the notice was adequate:
The May 2000 Notice, sent before the Navy and the FWS entered formal *1001 consultations for the interim period, admittedly does not notify the Navy that Water Keeper disputes its July 2000 determination to bypass a biological assessment in favor of a consultation package. But the letter does take issue with the fact that the Navy has been conducting military activities on Vieques for some years without the benefit of a biological assessment incorporating new scientific evidence. . . . To say that the Navy was not on notice that Water Keeper would object to the failure to prepare a biological assessment for its interim activities, when the Notice makes it clear that Water Keeper intended to challenge an ongoing delinquency in the preparation of a biological assessment, would be setting the bar for adequacy of notice too high. We therefore find that notice was sufficient for purposes of the ESA challenge against the Navy.
Water Keeper Alliance v. U.S. Dept. of Defense, 271 F.3d 21, 30 (1st Cir.2001).[17]
I find that the notice given in this case on January 29, 1999 is adequate to allow Plaintiffs to assert claims for failure to conserve and for causing jeopardy based on the June 29, 2001 BO.
Although Plaintiffs argue they should prevail on their claims for failure to conserve and for causing jeopardy, they are not seeking injunctive relief at this time:
[T]he Court should find for Plaintiffs on the claims in their Second Amended Complaint . . . and declare Federal Defendants to be in violation of the ESA in the following respects: . . .
3. Hold that all Federal Defendants are violating the separate command of ESA 7(a)(1), that they must utilize all their authorities to "conserve" the endangered minnow and willow flycatcher; and further, that their actions are "jeopardizing" the silvery minnow in violation of ESA Section 7(a)(2)
PL Br. at 4. Even though I have found a procedural violation of the ESA as to the consultation claim, the federal agencies did consider all relevant factors during consultation other than the potential sources of water from the Middle Rio Grande Project and the San Juan-Chama Project, and they made extensive efforts to come up with the final BO. They have tried to fulfill their duties to conserve the endangered species, and to avoid jeopardy to the species, and I believe those efforts have been in good faith. In the absence of a request for injunctive relief, and without further factual development, I believe it would be unwise and perhaps inconsistent to declare violations of the duties to conserve and to avoid jeopardy, given my rulings affirming the BO. These claims might, however, be appropriate should Plaintiffs find it necessary to seek injunctive relief in the future (although given the level of cooperation exhibited by the federal agencies during the consultation process, I trust this will not be necessary). Plaintiffs' previous written notice is probably adequate to cover future claims they may assert for failure to conserve or for causing jeopardy. Thus, should additional evidence come to light to support these claims, Plaintiffs will not be required to give another 60-day notice before requesting injunctive relief in this action. In sum, I will defer ruling on these claims at this time.
VII. Count 7  The Incidental Take Statement.
In Count 7, Plaintiffs mount a two-fold attack against the Incidental Take Statement *1002 ("ITS") in the final BO. First, they contend the ITS is arbitrary and capricious because it includes take coverage for non-federal entities who were not "applicants" for that coverage. Second, Plaintiffs maintain that the ITS is invalid because FWS did not comply with the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA") in issuing take coverage.
As mentioned previously, Plaintiffs conceded at the hearing on November 19, 2001 that Count 4, which alleges that BOR and the Corps are causing take of the silvery minnow, should not be decided before additional facts are developed. Count 7 presents even less of a live case or controversy because it purports to challenge take coverage for entities against which Plaintiffs have not asserted take claims. These entities include the Intervenors, as well as all other New Mexico water users that deplete water from the Rio Grande and Rio Chama upstream from Elephant Butte Reservoir. Therefore, I decline to rule on the ITS take issues raised in Count 7.
VIII. Conclusion.
I reviewed the June 29, 2001 final Biological Opinion issued by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the arbitrary and capricious standard of the Administrative Procedures Act. I found first that the Biological. Opinion is not invalid because of the alleged failure by FWS to receive and use the best available scientific data in formulating the .Reasonable and Prudent Alternative contained in the opinion. Next, I determined that issuance of the Biological Opinion did not render moot the question of whether a procedural violation of the consultation clause of the Endangered Species Act occurred. I found that a procedural violation of the Endangered Species Act did occur because the Bureau of Reclamation failed to consult with FWS about using two sources of water under two federal projects, the Middle Rio Grande Project and the San Juan-Chama Project, to protect the silvery minnow. I concluded, however, that the Biological Opinion is not arbitrary and capricious as a result of this procedural violation. Additionally, I deferred ruling on Plaintiffs' substantive claims under the Endangered Species Act for an alleged failure to conserve the species and for allegedly causing jeopardy to the species. I also did not reach the merits of the challenges to the Incidental Take Statement for the reasons previously stated.
Even though I am constrained by the highly deferential standard of review to affirm the final Biological Opinion issued by Fish and Wildlife Service on June 29, 2001, I believe it is appropriate to compliment Plaintiffs' counsel for their work on behalf of the endangered silvery minnow and the entire middle Rio Grande system. It is my impression that at the time this lawsuit was filed, not much was being done by the federal agencies, or by the other major players with interests in the middle Rio Grande, to confront seriously the hard, difficult issues that had to be addressed in order to protect the minnow, and the river, itself. By filing this lawsuit, the Plaintiffs' attorneys got the ball rolling, prompting all interested parties to come up with far-reaching solutions to the problems that once seemed insurmountable. Plaintiffs' counsel have demonstrated a determined commitment to the plight of endangered species, while at the same time being mindful of the competing demands on a limited resource. They have performed admirably in serving their clients. As a result, Plaintiffs have prevailed on at least one significant issue in the case.
IT IS ORDERED that the June 29, 2001 final Biological Opinion issued by Defendant *1003 United States Fish and Wildlife Service is hereby AFFIRMED.
NOTES
[1]  The Administrative Record will be referred to by the initials of the agency (FWS = Fish and Wildlife Service; BOR = Bureau of Reclamation; Corps = Corps of Engineers), followed by the document number used by that agency to index the document.
[2]  This exhibit is not paginated. The number in brackets is that which appears on the lower left hand corner of the document.
[3]  Paragraph C of the RPA states: "Flows will not drop below 100 cfs below Isleta Diversion Dam." BO at 109. In turn, the July 3, 2001 agreement between the United States and MRGCD provides that "MRGCD agrees to provide sufficient water . . . to assure that 50% of the amount of water delivered by the United States at Isleta Diversion Dam is passed over San Acacia." ¶ 4.1.d. at 3. The net effect of these two provisions is that a flow of 50 cfs will be maintained at San Acacia.
[4]  Additionally, although not mentioned specifically in the RPA, the ITS section entitled "Reasonable and Prudent Measures" requires the rescue of minnows as flows are gradually ramped down after June 15, and the salvage of minnow eggs during the month of May at the diversion dams. It also contemplates continued efforts to find supplemental water from other sources. BO at 113-14.
[5]  San Marcial is the location of the last gauge before the Rio Grande flows into the headwaters of Elephant Butte Reservoir. The headwaters comprise the southernmost area where silvery minnows are found because Elephant Butte Reservoir is not a favorable environment for silvery minnows.
[6]  Barriers to upstream movement and habitat degradation are the other two factors Platania lists.
[7]  The San Acacia stretch (from the San Acacia Diversion Dam to Elephant Butte Reservoir) is approximately 60 miles long. Davidson's March 19, 2001 memo indicates that providing 100 cfs at Isleta Dam, together with pumping from the LFCC, could allow about 20 miles of the San Acacia stretch to dry, and an additional 15-18 miles to experience a "trickle effect" in which there would not be enough water to support the minnow. Thus, according to Davidson's March 19 memo, 50-60% of the San Acacia stretch would not support the minnow. Davidson's June 20, 2001 memo, on the other hand, factors in the additional safeguard of MRGCD's assurance that it will pass 50 cfs at San Acacia, which "is beneficial to the silvery minnow." FWS 2.IX.A.79 at 4. Guaranteeing 50 cfs at San Acacia is more beneficial than 100 cfs at Isleta because it assures a certain flow at a more downstream location, reducing or eliminating the "trickle effect." Additionally, the RPA requires more pumping than the "additional pumping" contemplated in the Davidson memoranda.
[8]  This count was made on June 26, 2001, three days before the final BO was issued. The written report of this count was not in the administrative record at the time the BO was issued, and so its significance and admissibility in this proceeding are questionable. Nevertheless I mention it because counsel for the Federal Defendants represented in open court that prior to issuing the. BO, FWS had received oral reports from the field indicating that the upstream reaches above San Acacia showed signs of recovery and repopulation, and that the written report is documentation of one of those oral reports.
[9]  The Federal Defendants point out that in years without a successful spawn, this could be done by collecting eggs from minnows reared in captivity, and/or by captive propagation activities.
[10]  Moreover, as discussed below, I decide this issue against Defendants because the "expansion" in the scope of consultation appears to have been to consider the effect of all known depletions so as to afford take coverage for all water users in the basin  there is no indication whatever that BOR, the Corps, or FWS ever contemplated using water from federal projects or stored in the reservoirs to protect the silvery minnow, which is the gist of Plaintiffs' consultation claim.
[11]  The BO states: "This project period is from June 30, 2001 through December 31, 2003. Any of the proposed actions that will continue after December 31, 2003, will require additional consultation with the Service prior to that date to ensure continued ESA compliance." BO at 1. "This consultation is valid until December 31, 2003, and consultation must be reinitiated prior to the expiration of this opinion to ensure continued compliance with sections 7 and 9 of the ESA." BO at 117.
[12]  The Federal Rules of Evidence permit a court to take judicial notice of facts that are either "(1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned." FED.R.EVID. 201. Since it is common knowledge that there has been an abnormally small amount of precipitation this winter and spring in areas supplying the, middle Rio Grande with water, I will take judicial notice of the dry weather conditions. Other courts have found weather conditions, to be appropriate objects of judicial notice. See e.g. United States v. Sargent County Water Resource District, 876 F.Supp. 1081, 1086 (D.N.D.1992) (taking judicial notice recent drought of which judge was "personally aware"); Barroll v. United States, 135 F.Supp. 441 (D.Md.1955) (taking judicial notice that climate was "quite humid from time to time"). My decision to take judicial notice of the current conditions is further supported by the ability to readily determine the existence of dry conditions through resort to accurate records systematically kept by various entities. See e.g. http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda. gov/water/snow/snow_rpt.html (providing snow pack reports by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture's National Water and Climate Center for various river basins); http://www/nrcs/usda. gov/water/snow/update.html (reporting river basin precipitation data).
[13]  See discussion at the November 19, 2001 hearing by counsel for the Federal Defendants: "It may be a drought condition. We may have problems living up to the RPA." Tr. at 39. "If there were such a massive drying event starting, those Incidental Take Statement limits would be met very quickly. But that's not going to happen because the agencies are managing this water and, again, if they can't do it they have to reinitiate consultation . . . They're going to have to reinitiate consultation . . ." Tr. at 42. "If it's not attainable, the reinitiation of consultation has to occur. . . . If some event comes that throws the RPA out the window, then reinitiation of consultation has to occur . . ." Tr. at 43. "Circumstances change. And that's why there's provisions in the law for reinitiation of consultation." Tr. at 44.

The BO contains this language: "If, during the course of the action, the anticipated level of take is exceeded, such incidental take represents new information requiring reinitiation of consultation . . ." BO at 115. See also 50 C.F.R. § 402.16 (requiring reinitiation of formal consultation if amount of incidental take is exceeded).
[14]  This title issue is the subject of MRGCD's cross-claim, which was recently amended. The title issue is the subject of a motion for summary judgment, which currently is in the briefing process.
[15]  The Regional Interior Solicitor, i.e., BOR's own counsel, concluded that SJCP water could be used to protect the minnow as long as the water is beneficially consumed in New Mexico. FINS IV.A.20. He apparently reached this conclusion for three reasons. One was the 1981 legislation which in his view removed any doubt that Congress had intended SJCP water to be used for fish or wildlife. Second was the fact that as a participating project under the Colorado River Basin Project Act, the SJCP is covered by the provision that "improving conditions for fish and wildlife" was one of the purposes of the program established by the act. Third was the SJCP's coverage by the Fish and Wildlife. Coordination Act which states that "[f]ederal agencies authorized to construct or operate water-control projects are authorized to modify or add to the structures and operations of such projects. . . . in order to accommodate means and measures for . . . conservation of wildlife resources as an integral part of such projects." 16 U.S.C. § 662(c).
[16]  The CWA has a provision for its termination if the BO does not "contain incidental take statements that authorize take that may result from the diversion and use of the waters of the Rio Grande, San Juan-Chama Project water or hydrologically-connected groundwater pursuant to valid existing uses of water," CWA ¶ 7.A.
[17]  The First Circuit's opinion was filed on November 13, 2001, after completion of briefing in this case and just a few days before the November 19, 2001 oral arguments.
