     Case: 17-60637    Document: 00514860849     Page: 1   Date Filed: 03/06/2019




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                           FILED
                                                                         March 6, 2019
                                  No. 17-60637                          Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                             Clerk

NORMA YANET FUENTES-PENA; ERIK ARISTEDES VIJIL-FUENTES;
JUDITH DANIELA VIJIL-FUENTES,

             Petitioners

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

             Respondent




                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals


Before JOLLY, DENNIS, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge:
      Petitioner Norma Yanet Fuentes-Pena and her two minor children seek
review of a final order by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying her
motion to reopen removal proceedings. She contends that the BIA abused its
discretion by refusing to reopen her removal proceedings because she never
received notice of her removal hearing. The government argues that Fuentes-
Pena did not receive notice because she moved without informing the
immigration court of her new address. Because Fuentes-Pena updated her
address with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), we VACATE the
order of the BIA and REMAND for further proceedings.
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                                No. 17-60637
                                       I.
      Norma Yanet Fuentes-Pena is a native and citizen of El Salvador who
entered the United States near Hidalgo, Texas, with her two children. Upon
her release from immigration detention, the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) personally served Fuentes-Pena with a Notice to Appear (NTA),
charging her with removability as an alien present in the United States
without being admitted or paroled. The NTA advised Fuentes-Pena that she
was to appear before an immigration judge (IJ) in Miami, Florida on a date
and at a time to be later determined. Fuentes-Pena’s children were “riders” on
her immigration case. Accompanying the NTA was a notice from ICE, an
agency within DHS, stating that the NTA would “be filed with the Office of the
Immigration Judge with jurisdiction over the residential address [she]
provided to ICE upon [her] release.”
      Upon release from DHS custody, Fuentes-Pena, as required by law,
provided an address for further communication, which was in Duncanville,
Texas. Fuentes-Pena received an EOIR-33 form and acknowledged that she
needed to use that form to inform the “Office of the Immigration Judge” and
ICE of any change in her address within five days. The NTA also stated: “If
you do not submit EOIR-33 and do not otherwise provide an address at which
you may be reached during proceedings, then the Government shall not be
required to provide you with written notice of your hearing.” Several months
later, in March 2016, Fuentes-Pena moved to Massachusetts and informed
only ICE of her change of address. On June 1, 2016, the NTA, furnished by
ICE, was stamped as received by the immigration court in Dallas, Texas. On
June 7, 2016, a hearing notice from the immigration court was mailed to the
Duncanville, Texas address that she had provided when she was released,
advising Fuentes-Pena that a hearing was scheduled for June 20, 2016, in
Dallas, Texas. Fuentes-Pena, however, failed to appear for the scheduled
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                                 No. 17-60637
hearing. Consequently, the IJ found her removable as charged in the NTA
and, in absentia, ordered her removed to El Salvador. The IJ’s in absentia
removal order was also mailed to Fuentes-Pena at the Duncanville, Texas
address.
      On November 15, 2016, Fuentes-Pena filed a motion to reopen and
rescind the in absentia order of removal. In her motion, Fuentes-Pena argued
that, although she had failed to apprise the immigration court of the change in
her address, she had met her obligation to provide a current address by giving
her new address to the ICE office in Massachusetts. Alternatively, Fuentes-
Pena argued that exceptional circumstances warranted the reopening of her
removal proceedings because she “did everything she could to remain apprised
of her court hearing and her failure to appear was beyond her control.” Finally,
Fuentes-Pena requested that the IJ reopen her case sua sponte if it found that
reopening was not warranted on any other grounds.
      The IJ issued a written decision denying Fuentes-Pena’s motion to
reopen. The IJ found that it was not required to provide written notice of the
hearing. While Fuentes-Pena had apprised ICE of her change in address, she
did not meet her obligation to inform the immigration court, despite the fact
that the NTA specified this obligation. Further, the IJ found that the NTA had
provided Fuentes-Pena with “constructive” notice of the hearing.         The IJ
determined that Fuentes-Pena did not show exceptional circumstances, such
as “battery, extreme cruelty, or serious illness,” and it declined to reopen her
case sua sponte because it did not present an “exceptional situation.”
      Fuentes-Pena appealed the IJ’s decision.      On appeal, Fuentes-Pena
reiterated her earlier arguments.      The BIA issued an order dismissing
Fuentes-Pena’s appeal. The BIA found that the hearing notice was properly
mailed to Fuentes-Pena’s address of record. Further, the BIA noted that the
NTA informed Fuentes-Pena of her obligation to update her address and the
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                                      No. 17-60637
consequences of missing her hearing. Finally, the BIA found that Fuentes-
Pena did not establish exceptional circumstances based on the “totality of the
circumstances” and that the IJ did not err by refusing to reopen her case sua
sponte.     Fuentes-Pena filed a timely petition for review.                See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(1).
                                             II.
       When considering a petition for review, we have the authority to review
only the BIA’s decision, not the IJ’s decision, unless the IJ’s decision has some
impact on the BIA’s decision. See Mikhael v. INS, 115 F.3d 299, 302 (5th Cir.
1997).     Here, the BIA referenced the IJ’s decision and found that the IJ
committed no error. We review the denial of a motion to reopen under a highly
deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. See Zhao v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 295,
303 (5th Cir. 2005). Motions to reopen immigration proceedings are disfavored
because “as a general matter, every delay works to the advantage of the
deportable alien who wishes merely to remain in the United States.” INS v.
Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 (1992). On petition for review of a BIA decision, we
review factual findings for substantial evidence, meaning that we will accept
the BIA’s factual findings “unless the evidence is so compelling that no
reasonable fact finder could fail to find otherwise.” Lopez-Gomez v. Ashcroft,
263 F.3d 442, 444 (5th Cir. 2001) (internal citation and quotation marks
omitted). We review constitutional claims and questions of law de novo. See
Sattani v. Holder, 749 F.3d 368, 370 (5th Cir. 2014).
                                            III.
       In her petition for review, Fuentes-Pena argues that the BIA abused its
discretion by affirming the IJ’s order denying her motion to reopen. 1 We agree.



       1Because we find that the BIA abused its discretion by affirming the IJ’s order, we do
not reach Fuentes-Pena’s second argument, that the immigration court violated her right to
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                                       No. 17-60637
       An alien must be provided with written notice of the time and place at
which a removal hearing will be held. 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i). Service of
the notice may be by mail. Id. § 1229(c); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13 (allowing
service by “regular mail”). Any alien who fails to appear at a deportation
hearing after written notice or fails to provide an address shall be ordered
removed in absentia if DHS establishes by clear, unequivocal, and convincing
evidence that the alien is removable and that the alien was provided with the
written notice required under 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)–(2).                             See id.
§ 1229a(b)(5)(A).      “The written notice by the Attorney General shall be
considered sufficient . . . if provided at the most recent address provided under
section 1229(a)(1)(F) of this title.” Id. § 1229a(b)(5)(A). Section 1229(a)(1)(F),
in turn, requires that an “alien must provide the Attorney General
immediately with a written record of any change of the alien’s address.” Id. §
1229(a)(1)(F)(ii).
       Written notice of the deportation hearing is not required if the alien fails
to satisfy the requirement in 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(F) to provide an address
where “the alien may be contacted respecting [removal] proceedings.” See id.
§ 1229(a)(2)(B). A deportation order may be rescinded through a motion to
reopen if the alien demonstrates that they “did not receive notice in accordance
with paragraph (1) or (2) of section 1229(a).” Id. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii). On a
motion to reopen, it is the alien’s burden to demonstrate that they did not
receive notice in accordance with section 1229(a). See id. We have held that
an alien’s failure to receive actual notice of a removal hearing due to their
neglect of their obligation to inform the immigration court of their current




due process by failing to properly notify her of the hearing when it sent notice of the hearing
to the address she provided ICE upon her release.
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                                       No. 17-60637
address does not mean that the alien did not receive the statutorily required
notice. Gomez-Palacios v. Holder, 560 F.3d 354, 360–61 (5th Cir. 2009). 2
       Nonetheless, we find that Gomez-Palacios is distinguishable. Unlike the
alien in Gomez-Palacios, Fuentes-Pena notified ICE of her change of address
before ICE filed the NTA with the immigration court. This means that the
government cannot rely on 8 CFR § 1003.15(d), which requires aliens to notify
the immigration court of any change of address only after the NTA has been
filed by the government.
       The government, however, instead attempts to support the BIA’s
decision by pointing directly to the statute. 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(F) required
Fuentes-Pena to “provide the Attorney General immediately with a written
record of any change” to her address. We must determine whether Fuentes-
Pena satisfied this obligation by notifying ICE of her new address.
       Section 1229 was enacted before the creation of the Department of
Homeland Security. Prior to that statutory change, removal proceedings were
prosecuted by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), which indeed
was an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ). But when the DHS
was created, the INS was dissolved and most of its functions were moved out
of the DOJ and into the DHS. 6 U.S.C. § 557 facilitated this transition by
providing that:
       With respect to any function transferred by or under this chapter
       (including under a reorganization plan that becomes effective
       under section 542 of this title) and exercised on or after the
       effective date of this chapter, reference in any other Federal law to


       2  In Pereira v. Sessions, handed down after the initial briefing was concluded in this
case, the Supreme Court addressed a “narrow question” regarding the effect of an NTA that
does not specify the time or place of the removal hearing on the trigger for the “stop-time
rule” for the purposes of a cancellation of removal. 138 S.Ct. 2105, 2110 (2018). We recently
held that this decision does not affect our holding in Gomez-Palacios. See Mauricio-Benitez
v. Sessions, 908 F.3d 144, 148 n.1 (5th Cir. 2018).

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                                    No. 17-60637
      any department, commission, or agency or any officer or office the
      functions of which are so transferred shall be deemed to refer to
      the Secretary, other official, or component of the Department to
      which such function is so transferred.
The former INS was responsible for providing aliens with the statutorily
required NTA and for filing the NTA, containing the alien’s current address,
with the immigration court. Both functions are now performed by ICE. In
most cases, the immigration court then has the responsibility to send the
precise hearing information to the alien’s address on file.              See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.18. Because ICE is now responsible for providing the alien’s address to
the immigration court when it files the NTA, we read 8 U.S.C. §1229, through
the lens of 6 U.S.C. § 557, to require the alien to provide a change of address
to ICE at least until the NTA has been filed with the immigration court. 3 As
such, by notifying ICE of her change of address before it filed the NTA with the
immigration court, Fuentes-Pena satisfied her statutory obligation to provide
notice of her change of address, and her failure to attend her removal hearing
is excused.     The BIA abused its discretion by refusing to reopen removal
proceedings against her.
                                          IV.
      In sum, we hold that the BIA abused its discretion in refusing to reopen
Fuentes-Pena’s removal proceedings. Under these circumstances, Fuentes-
Pena satisfied her obligation to provide her new address to the “Attorney
General” by notifying ICE of her change of address. We VACATE the decision
of the BIA and REMAND the case for further proceedings not inconsistent with
this opinion.




      3  We express no opinion on an alien’s statutory obligations after the NTA has been
filed with the immigration court.
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