                     United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 00-1940
                                    ___________

Joyce Davis,                           *
                                       *
             Plaintiff-Appellant,      *     Appeal from the United States
                                       *     District Court for the Eastern
      v.                               *     District of Arkansas.
                                       *
Kenneth S. Apfel, Commissioner of      *
Social Security Administration,        *
                                       *
             Defendant-Appellee.       *
                                  ___________

                              Submitted: January 12, 2001
                                  Filed: February 13, 2001
                                   ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, HANSEN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

        Joyce Davis appeals from the summary judgment ordered by the district court1
upholding the decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration
which denied her disability benefits. Davis contends that there was not substantial
evidence to support the finding of the administrative law judge (ALJ) that she was not
disabled, that the hypothetical question posed to the vocational expert did not include
all of her relevant impairments and limitations, and that the ALJ's residual functional

      1
       The Honorable John F. Forster, Jr., United States Magistrate Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas, presiding.
capacity determination was inconsistent with the evidence. We conclude that there was
substantial evidence in the record to support the ALJ's decision and accordingly affirm
the judgment of the district court.

                                           I.

       Davis was born in 1946. She has a tenth grade education and over twenty years
experience as a sewing machine operator. In 1992, Davis injured her back at work and
subsequently underwent back surgery. She filed for benefits in April 1993, alleging
that she was unable to work because of back and leg pain. The Social Security
Administration denied Davis' application initially and upon reconsideration. Davis then
requested and received an administrative hearing before an ALJ, who denied her
application for benefits on the grounds that she was not disabled. The Appeals Council
denied her request for review, and Davis brought suit in federal court. The district
court concluded that the ALJ had not properly evaluated her subjective complaints of
pain under Polaski v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1320, 1322 (8th Cir. 1984), and remanded for
that purpose.

       The ALJ held a supplemental hearing and evaluated Davis' claim according to
the five-step sequential analysis prescribed by the social security regulations. See 20
C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)-(f). The ALJ found that Davis met the disability insured status
requirements since she had not engaged in substantial gainful activity from the date she
became unable to work until the date she was last insured. The ALJ also determined
that Davis had a severe physical impairment of post operative diskectomy and
hemilaminectomy of the lumbar spine with residual back and leg pain, but that this
impairment did not meet the level of severity required by the regulations.

       The ALJ ultimately concluded that although Davis was unable to perform her
past work as a sewing machine operator, she nevertheless possessed the residual
functional capacity to perform a significant number of jobs in the national economy.

                                          -2-
This conclusion was based on the testimony of a vocational expert in response to a
hypothetical question posed by the ALJ. The expert was asked to consider whether
jobs are available for an individual of Davis' age, education, and vocational profile with
the residual functional capacity for "work which is no more than light or sedentary from
an exertional standpoint, is unskilled in nature, where the work performed would . . .
allow for alternate sitting and standing and would not require more than six hours
sitting [or standing] during the course of an eight-hour day" and "which could be
performed without frequent postural stress." The vocational expert responded that
there are a significant number of such jobs available in the economy which Davis could
perform. The ALJ also evaluated Davis' subjective allegations of pain in light of the
Polaski factors, and determined that her allegations were not credible to the extent
alleged. The ALJ consequently concluded that Davis was not disabled as defined by
the Social Security Act and accordingly denied her application.

       Davis asked the Appeals Council to review the ALJ's decision, and submitted
with her appeal a January 1996 medical opinion from her treating physician, Dr.
Kenneth Tonymon. This opinion, which was not before the ALJ, stated that Davis "is
unable to pursue gainful employment and should be considered disabled." The Appeals
Council concluded that Tonymon's opinion did not warrant reversal because Tonymon
had not examined Davis since April 1995 and his statement was inconsistent with his
previous opinions and not supported by clinical evidence. The Council denied the
appeal, making the ALJ decision the final decision of the Commissioner. Davis then
refiled in the district court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The district court granted
the Commissioner's motion for summary judgment, and this appeal followed.

       Davis argues on appeal that the ALJ's decision denying benefits is not supported
by substantial evidence in the record as a whole. According to Davis, the ALJ erred
by failing to include in the hypothetical posed to the vocational expert any reference to
the frequency of her need to alternate sitting and standing, her borderline intelligence,
or her pain. Davis also maintains that the ALJ's functional capacity determination is

                                           -3-
inconsistent with evidence in the record. The Commissioner responds that the
hypothetical accurately set forth all of her impairments and that the ALJ properly
weighed the evidence in determining her functional capacity. The Commissioner
contends that the determination that Davis is not disabled is supported by substantial
evidence in the record and must therefore be affirmed.

                                           II.

      Our task on review is to determine whether the Commissioner's decision is
supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole. See Lowe v. Apfel, 226
F.3d 969, 971 (8th Cir. 2000). Substantial evidence is defined to include such relevant
evidence as a reasonable mind would find adequate to support the Commissioner's
conclusion. See McKinney v. Apfel, 228 F.3d 860, 863 (8th Cir. 2000). We may not
reverse merely because substantial evidence also exists that would support a contrary
outcome, or because we would have decided the case differently. Id.

       Davis first argues that the hypothetical posed to the vocational expert was
defective because it did not accurately set forth Davis' impairments. She contends that
the hypothetical did not specify the frequency of her need to alternate sitting and
standing, nor did it take into account her borderline intelligence or her pain. According
to Davis, the vocational expert's opinion cannot constitute substantial evidence to
support a conclusion of no disability because the hypothetical did not adequately
present the full extent of Davis' impairments.

      A hypothetical is sufficient if it sets forth impairments supported by substantial
evidence in the record and accepted as true by the ALJ. See Prosch v. Apfel, 201 F.3d
1010, 1015 (8th Cir. 2000). The hypothetical here addressed Davis' need to sit and
stand at will, and required the expert to limit her consideration to jobs which would
"allow for alternate sitting and standing." In response to a specific question from the
ALJ, the expert indicated that band attaching, polishing, mounting, and order clerk jobs

                                          -4-
would permit Davis to sit and stand and would not require her to maintain a certain
position for an extended period of time. These questions underscored Davis' need to
sit and stand at will, and the vocational expert took this need into account in assessing
the jobs Davis was capable of performing. The hypothetical was sufficient because it
represented a valid assessment of Davis' physical limitations consistent with evidence
in the record.

       Davis also contends that the hypothetical was flawed because it did not refer to
her borderline intelligence.2 Davis claims that her borderline intelligence is a significant
nonexertional impairment which must be evaluated by a vocational expert. As noted,
a vocational expert need only consider impairments supported by substantial evidence
in the record and accepted by the ALJ as true. See id. Although an IQ test can be
"useful in determining whether an applicant has a mental impairment . . . other
information in the record which indicates the individual's ability to function can be used
to discredit the lone IQ score." Holland v. Apfel, 153 F.3d 620, 622 (8th Cir. 1998).
Here, there was significant evidence available to support the ALJ's conclusion that
Davis does not suffer from a severe mental impairment. Davis did not allege a
disabling mental disorder in her application for benefits. She testified that she does not
suffer from any learning disabilities, that she is capable of reading, writing, and doing
arithmetic, and that she never failed any grades or took any special education classes.
Moreover, Davis worked as a sewing machine operator for over twenty years without
any functional difficulties. This evidence is sufficient to support the ALJ's finding that
Davis' borderline intelligence did not constitute a significant nonexertional impairment,
and he was not required to include it in the hypothetical.

       2
        An intellectual evaluation administered in December 1994 indicated that Davis
had a full scale IQ of 81. Davis claims this score indicates that she has borderline
intellectual functioning capability. Dr. Atkinson, the psychologist who administered
the test, indicated that this result places Davis in the "borderline retardation" range of
intellectual functioning and that she is "moderately limited" in her ability to understand,
remember, and carry out detailed instructions.

                                            -5-
       Davis also contends that the hypothetical was defective because it did not
include her subjective allegations of leg and back pain. In accordance with the district
court's instructions, the ALJ evaluated Davis' complaints in light of the five Polaski
factors. After reviewing the record evidence, the ALJ concluded that her condition was
not as bad as she had alleged. Sufficient evidence exists to support this conclusion.
First, there was a discrepancy between Davis' medical treatment history and her
subjective complaints. The record indicated that Davis had not made significant efforts
to seek medical treatment to alleviate her alleged pain, and she was not taking any
prescription medicine intended to treat such pain. The ALJ properly took this evidence
into account in discrediting her complaints. See Shannon v. Chater, 54 F.3d 484,
487(8th Cir. 1995). The record also indicated that Davis participated in many normal
daily activities inconsistent with her alleged symptoms. Allegations of pain may be
discredited by evidence of daily activities inconsistent with such allegations. See
Benskin v. Bowen, 830 F.2d 878, 883 (8th Cir. 1987). Based upon this evidence the
ALJ was entitled to discount Davis' complaints, and the hypothetical was not defective
for failing to include them. Because the hypothetical properly characterized Davis'
limitations, the vocational expert's testimony in response constitutes substantial
evidence upon which the ALJ was entitled to rely in finding that Davis was not
disabled.

      Davis' second argument is that the ALJ's erred in concluding that she has the
residual functional capacity for unskilled light work with a sit and stand option which
does not require frequent postural functions. Davis contends that this finding is
inconsistent with medical evidence in the record and with her subjective complaints of
pain, depression, and carpal tunnel syndrome. According to Davis, the ALJ's
conclusion is inconsistent with the opinion of her treating physician Dr. Kenneth
Tonymon3 and with the vocational limitations expressed by two consulting physicians,


      3
       Davis initially contended that the ALJ "disregarded" Tonymon's January 1996
opinion that she is "is unable to pursue gainful employment and should be considered

                                          -6-
Dr. Patrick O'Sullivan and Dr. Jere Disney. After examining the record, we conclude
that the ALJ's functional capacity determination was supported by substantial evidence
in the record. Although Tonymon's 1996 opinion was not before the ALJ, Davis did
submit it to the Appeals Council in her request for review. The Appeals Council
disregarded the opinion, noting that "Dr. Tonymon's statement does not say how or why
she is now 'disabled,' does not provide any information and/or objective findings to
support that opinion, and, more importantly, does not indicate that he examined her
subsequent to April 1995." The conclusions of any medical expert may be rejected "if
inconsistent with the medical record as a whole." See Bentley v. Shalala, 52 F.3d 784,
787 (8th Cir. 1995). Here, not only was Tonymon's opinion unsupported by any
clinical or medical evidence, but it was inconsistent with his previous diagnoses of
Davis' condition. Substantial evidence existed on which to discredit Tonymon's
opinion.

        There were also significant conflicts between the testimonies of O'Sullivan and
Disney, both of whom examined Davis within a five day period. The discrepancies
noted by the ALJ were that O'Sullivan believed that Davis could lift up to 20 pounds,
which was consistent with light work, but that she could only stand for two hours and
sit for four hours in an eight hour day, or do either of these for only 30 minutes without
interruption. Sullivan also found that she could "never" stoop, crouch, or engage in
repetitive pushing or pulling of arm controls. Disney on the other hand opined that
Davis could only lift and carry 10 pounds, which is consistent with sedentary work, but
that she could stand or walk for up to six hours without interruption and could
occasionally stoop or crouch. The ALJ noted that "there is a wide divergence in the
opinions of these specialists and it is doubtful that either is particularly reliable." The
ALJ was entitled to discredit these differing testimonies. See Bentley, 52 F.3d at 785


disabled." She concedes in her reply brief that this opinion was not before the ALJ
when he rendered his decision and that the ALJ therefore did not err "by not mentioning
Dr. Tonymon's [January 1996] opinion." App.R.Br. 3.

                                           -7-
(stating that it is "ALJ's function to resolve conflicts among the various treating and
examining physicians") (citations omitted). Instead of relying upon these inconsistent
opinions, the ALJ properly based his functional capacity determination upon the
opinion of the state agency medical consultant and upon the record as a whole. The
ALJ noted that the record evidence, including Davis' treatment and prescription history,
indicated that she did not suffer from a disabling physical impairment. He determined
that Davis "cannot lift more than twenty pounds and requires a sit and stand option,"
thus giving credence to the one assessment in which O'Sullivan and Disney agreed.

       The ALJ was also entitled to find that Davis' allegations of pain, carpel tunnel
syndrome, and depression were not credible to the extent alleged. "Subjective
complaints may be discounted if there are inconsistencies in the evidence as a whole,"
and the ALJ properly relied upon discrepancies between Davis' allegations of pain and
her treatment history, medicinal selections, and daily activities in disregarding her
subjective complaints. Polaski, 739 F.2d at 1322. In short, the ALJ's functional
capacity determination was supported by substantial evidence in the record.

      We accordingly affirm the judgment of the district court.

A true copy.

      Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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