Filed 3/30/16 Soleimani v. Seyfarth Shaw LLP CA2/8
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT


MAHSHID SOLEIMANI,                                                   B260808

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC497252)
         v.

SEYFARTH SHAW LLP,

         Defendant and Respondent.




         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Yvette M. Palazuelos, Judge. Affirmed.



         Mahshid Soleimani, in pro. per., for Plaintiff and Appellant.


         Waxler, Carner, Brodsky, Andrew J. Waxler and Brian D. Peters for Defendant
and Respondent.


                                       __________________________
       Plaintiff Mahshid Soleimani brought a legal malpractice action against defendant
Seyfarth Shaw LLP (Seyfarth), asserting two causes of action: legal malpractice; and
breach of fiduciary duty. Seyfarth successfully demurred to the breach of fiduciary duty
cause of action and obtained summary judgment on the legal malpractice. Soleimani
appeals. We affirm.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Soleimani’s suit is based on Seyfarth’s limited representation of her in connection
with some postjudgment proceedings in her marital dissolution action from her husband
Tourage (husband). Although Seyfarth obtained summary judgment based largely on
Soleimani’s procedural defaults, a review of the facts of Seyfarth’s representation in the
underlying action demonstrates that Soleimani’s malpractice action had no legitimate
factual basis.
1.     The Underlying Action
       A.        The Judgment of Dissolution
       A judgment of dissolution, based on a settlement agreement, was entered between
Soleimani and husband on July 30, 2009. Soleimani and husband owned several
properties, and held these properties through different legal entities. The judgment
allocated the properties, and the entities, between Soleimani and husband as their separate
property. There was one piece of property, referred to as the Modesto property, which
the divorcing spouses agreed to put in a trust for the benefit of their children. Pursuant to
the judgment, Soleimani and husband were to share the costs of establishing the Modesto
property trust.
       B.        “Wild Deeds” are Recorded
       In January 2010, husband recorded several deeds, pertaining to three properties
which were allocated to Soleimani in the divorce settlement. The deeds had been
prepared by husband’s counsel to convey the properties to Soleimani. Although the
deeds indicated that both husband and Soleimani were the transferors, they were signed
only by husband. There is a second problem with the deeds: the properties in question
had not been held by Soleimani and husband directly, but by entities controlled by

                                               2
Soleimani and husband; thus, the transferors in the deeds should have been the entities,
not the individuals. Husband’s counsel was aware the recorded deeds were inadequate to
convey the properties to Soleimani. New deeds were prepared, which required
Soleimani’s signature.
          C.     Husband’s Motion to Enforce Judgment
          In August 2010, husband filed a motion to enforce the judgment. Soleimani had
refused to sign the deeds that would replace the wild deeds and convey the properties to
her; she had similarly refused to sign deeds that would convey other properties to
husband—all pursuant to the judgment of dissolution. Husband filed a motion for an
order directing the clerk to sign all of the documents on Soleimani’s behalf.
          D.     Seyfarth is Retained
          At the time, Soleimani was represented in the dissolution action by Attorney Brian
Kramer. Kramer thought it necessary to retain an expert in trust and tax matters to look
over the documents husband had wanted Soleimani to sign, and advise her regarding the
legal and tax effects of executing the documents. On Kramer’s recommendation,
Seyfarth was retained to do so. On October 5, 2010, Soleimani and Seyfarth executed an
engagement letter setting forth the limited representation. Thereafter, a notice of limited
scope representation was filed in the dissolution action. The two attorneys at Seyfarth
working Soleimani’s case were Patricia Chock and Alan Yoshitake.
          E.     The November 1, 2010 Hearing
          While Soleimani’s family law attorney, Kramer, prepared Soleimani’s opposition
to husband’s motion to enforce the judgment, Yoshitake submitted a supporting
declaration addressing the tax and property issues. At the November 1, 2010 hearing,
Kramer argued other issues on behalf of Soleimani, while Chock argued the transactional
issues.
          Two issues that Chock argued are relevant for our purposes: the Modesto property
and the disposition of a corporation known as JBJ Real Estate Management, Inc. (JBJ).
          There was no dispute that the parties had intended to create a trust to hold the
Modesto property for their children. But husband’s attorney had conceded that there

                                                3
might be unintended gift tax issues that would arise by the creation of the trust. The trial
court indicated that it would not order Soleimani to sign something that caused a tax
consequence neither party had intended. There was a second issue regarding the
Modesto property. It was then held by an entity known as Yosemite, and Yosemite itself
was not allocated between Soleimani and husband in the judgment of dissolution. At this
point in the hearing, husband’s counsel represented that Yosemite was not part of
husband’s motion, and that this was something the parties had to discuss.
       JBJ was the general partner for some of the limited partnerships owned by
Soleimani and husband, including Yosemite (which held the Modesto property). The
documents prepared by husband, which he wanted Soleimani to sign (or have the court
sign on her behalf) would have transferred JBJ to her. At the time of the hearing, JBJ
was not in good standing according to the Secretary of State, and it was unclear if JBJ
had filed tax returns for 2009. Soleimani was concerned about taking sole ownership of
JBJ under these circumstances. The court told Attorney Chock to “assume that I’m going
to make them clear the taxes and put the corporation back in good standing,” and asked if
there were any other reasons why Soleimani should not be ordered to sign the documents
once JBJ was reinstated. Attorney Chock replied the JBJ was not allocated to either
spouse in the judgment of dissolution. Husband’s counsel acknowledged that JBJ was
not allocated in the judgment, and the court concluded that it had no jurisdiction to force
Soleimani to sign a document regarding an asset that was not addressed in the judgment.
As JBJ was a missed asset, the court concluded that it could do nothing with JBJ, but the
parties could resolve the issue themselves.
       As the hearing progressed, the court stated its intent to grant husband’s motion.
But first, the court directed the parties to meet and confer, based on the court’s
comments. The court indicated that either Soleimani would sign the documents or the
court would order the clerk to sign them for her that afternoon.
       F.     The November 1, 2010 Stipulation
       Soleimani, husband, and their counsel then met and conferred, reaching a
stipulation that resolved all issues. The stipulation provided that husband’s counsel

                                              4
would hold all deeds and other assignment documents until December 1, 2010. In the
meantime, the parties’ accountants would meet and confer to resolve outstanding loans
on the books between the various partnership entities. The stipulation also provided that
husband would assume all interest in JBJ, except for JBJ’s interest in Yosemite, which
would be subject to the parties’ meet and confer as to the disposition of Yosemite itself.
As to partnerships allocated to Soleimani in which JBJ was the general partner, she was
to amend those partnerships to name a new general partner that she controlled.
         The parties returned to court and represented that they had resolved everything.
Both Soleimani and her husband personally testified that they agreed to the stipulation
and wanted it made a court order. The court signed it, and the stipulation and order were
filed.
         G.    The November 19, 2010 Order
         On November 19, 2010, in apparent disregard of the November 1, 2010 stipulation
and order, the trial court issued the order which husband’s counsel had previously
submitted in connection with its motion to enforce the judgment. The order incorporated
none of the terms of the stipulation, nor any of the statements the court had made at the
hearing. For example, the order indicated that the clerk should sign, on Soleimani’s
behalf, an assignment of corporate interest transferring JBJ to Soleimani—while the
parties’ stipulation gave JBJ to husband, and the court had previously indicated that
because JBJ was not addressed in the judgment, it would make no order regarding JBJ at
all. In January 2011, the clerk signed all of the deeds and assignments on behalf of
Soleimani.
         Seyfarth was unaware that the court had entered the November 19, 2010 order, or
that the clerk had signed the documents, until February 2011.1 In the meantime, Kramer



1      Soleimani takes the position that this is a disputed fact, and that it is possible that
Seyfarth was aware of this order when it was entered, and simply hid the fact from her.
At summary judgment, Seyfarth offered, as an undisputed fact, that it did not learn of the
order until February 2011. The fact was supported by Chock’s declaration to that effect.
In opposition, Soleimani simply stated, “This is a disputed fact,” but offered no evidence
                                              5
sought, unsuccessfully, to have the parties’ accountants meet and confer to resolve their
differences pursuant to the stipulation.
       H.     Soleimani’s Relationship With Kramer Terminates
       In March 2011, Kramer’s relationship with Soleimani deteriorated to the point
where he stopped representing her. Soleimani was then briefly represented by Attorney
Malcolm McNeil, but ultimately represented herself in the dissolution. During this time,
Seyfarth continued to advise Soleimani solely on trust, tax, and real estate issues.
       I.     Ultimate Disposition of JBJ and the Modesto Property
       In April 2011, while Soleimani was represented by Attorney McNeil, Soleimani
signed an assignment of her interest in JBJ to husband. She did so on McNeil’s advice,
in McNeil’s office. Soleimani would later testify at deposition that, when she signed the
assignment, it was her understanding that McNeil would hold it, but he instead sent it to
husband’s counsel without her consent. Husband’s counsel later represented to the court
that she destroyed the assignment previously signed by the clerk transferring JBJ to
Soleimani.
       Husband thus had control of JBJ. JBJ had a 1 percent in Yosemite, and was its
general partner. Soleimani and husband otherwise owned equal shares of Yosemite; with
JBJ being transferred to husband, he now had control of it. In August 2012, husband
would use his control of JBJ to have Yosemite deed the Modesto property to another
entity he controlled. In other words, Soleimani’s assignment of her interest in JBJ to
husband enabled husband to take control of the Modesto property; this was in apparent
violation of the dissolution agreement that called for the property to be in trust for the
parties’ children.
       J.     Soleimani Attempts to Vacate The November 19, 2010 Order
       In June 2011, Soleimani, acting in pro. per., filed an order to show cause in an
attempt to invalidate the court’s November 19, 2010 order, on the basis that the order was
not reflective of the stipulation and order entered by the court at the November 1, 2010

beyond the entry of the order itself. As Seyfarth had evidence supporting its lack of
knowledge, and Soleimani had none to the contrary, we treat the fact as established.
                                              6
hearing.2 The court denied Soleimani’s motion, indicating that every order had been
entered intentionally.
       K.     The End of Seyfarth’s Attorney/Client Relationship
       Throughout 2011, Chock continued to advise Soleimani on trust deeds, tax, and
real estate issues. Chock believed that progress was being made in negotiations with
husband, but no agreements were reached.
       In October 2011, Chock learned of the wild deeds that had been executed in
January 2010 by husband only. When Chock learned of the wild deeds, she informed
Soleimani, and advised her that those deeds were void.
       Chock’s communication with Soleimani regarding her discovery of the wild deeds
was the beginning of the end of the attorney/client relationship. Soleimani lost faith in
Seyfarth, and demanded to know how husband had recorded the wild deeds without her
having signed them, and how Seyfarth had not known about the wild deeds earlier. She
sent vitriolic e-mails to Chock and Yoshitake, accusing them of fraud and reflecting her
hope that they would lose their licenses to practice. She speculated that Chock and
Yoshitake had been in cahoots with husband to defraud her. Seyfarth’s representation of
Soleimani formally ended shortly thereafter.
       L.     No Trust on the Modesto Property
       As mentioned above, in 2012, after Seyfarth’s representation of Soleimani ended,
husband used his control of JBJ to have Yosemite transfer the Modesto property to
another entity husband controlled.
       Soleimani and husband had agreed, in the dissolution, that the Modesto property
would be placed in trust for their children, and both spouses would share the costs of
establishing the trust. In July 2011, while Seyfarth was still on the case, Soleimani wrote
Seyfarth a check from a joint account for the purpose of setting up the trust on the


2       In the same document, Soleimani raised several other complaints. One month
later, she filed a supplement to the motion, seeking court clarification of additional issues.
The propriety of the family court’s ruling on Soleimani’s motion is not before us.

                                               7
Modesto property. Husband stopped payment on the check. Thereafter, a consultant for
husband inquired as to Seyfarth’s charges for establishing the trust; Chock replied, but
husband never agreed to Seyfarth being retained for these purposes. Seyfarth never
drafted the trust documents.
2.     The Malpractice Action
       With the facts of the underlying action in mind, we now turn to the case before us,
Soleimani’s malpractice action against Seyfarth.
        A.    The Complaint
       On December 17, 2012, Soleimani, represented by counsel, filed a complaint
against Seyfarth alleging causes of action for legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary
duty. The complaint itemizes four ways in which Seyfarth was alleged to have failed to
act with reasonable care: (a) failure to properly “consider, investigate, research and/or
advise” Soleimani as to her rights to the entities and property being divided in her
divorce; (b) failure to discover and inform her of inaccuracies in the property transfer
documents it was retained to review; (c) failure to propose changes or work with
opposing counsel to make changes to the transfer documents husband’s counsel had
prepared; and (d) failure to discover, inform or advise Soleimani that tax returns and
other documents provided to them showed inconsistencies as to Soleimani’s ownership
interest in the assets to be divided between the parties to the divorce.3
       As to breach of fiduciary duty, the complaint alleges the same errors, and suggests
that Seyfarth did these things for its own self-interest in the fees it would generate by
remaining on the case.




3       This fourth basis is not pursued on appeal. While the complaint is somewhat
uncertain, it appears to allege that at least one property owned by Soleimani and husband
may have been incorrectly reported as an asset of a partnership in which a third
individual held a 25 percent interest. Soleimani alleged Seyfarth should have discovered
this earlier.

                                              8
       B.     Seyfarth Demurs to the Breach of Fiduciary Duty Cause of Action
       Seyfarth demurred to the breach of fiduciary duty cause of action only. Seyfarth
argued that no cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty was stated; Soleimani had
simply realleged legal malpractice. Soleimani, who was now in pro. per., opposed the
demurrer with a lengthy factual discussion of Seyfarth’s alleged acts of malfeasance, but
provided no citation to authority, and no argument as to how those acts amounted to a
breach of fiduciary duty rather than simple malpractice.4
       The trial court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend. Having reviewed
the allegations of the complaint, the court concluded that the allegations of breach of
fiduciary duty were merely duplicative of the allegations of legal malpractice. Plaintiff’s
motion for reconsideration, which only reargued her opposition to the demurrer, was
denied.
       C.     Soleimani Incurs Discovery Sanctions
       Seyfarth answered the complaint and discovery commenced. In May 2014, the
trial court granted Seyfarth’s motion to compel further discovery responses. The record
contains only the trial court’s order. The order states that Seyfarth had moved to compel
further responses to special interrogatories, requests for production, and form
interrogatories. While the court upheld a few of Soleimani’s objections to particular
document requests, Soleimani was ordered to provide further responses to each of the
three discovery requests at issue. Seyfarth had sought sanctions of $3,485 in connection
with the special interrogatories, $1,310 in connection with the requests for production,
and $1,060 in connection with the form interrogatories. The court awarded a total of
$3,500 in sanctions for all three motions.
       D.     Seyfarth Moves for Summary Judgment
       On June 20, 2014, Seyfarth moved for summary judgment on the remaining legal
malpractice cause of action. Seyfarth’s motion was based on two theories: (1) that



4      Soleimani’s only argument was that the “sheer number” of negligent acts
“indicates deception.”
                                             9
Seyfarth’s representation complied with the standard of care at all times; and (2) even if it
did not, there was no evidence that but for Seyfarth’s negligence, Soleimani would have
obtained a more favorable result. The motion was supported by declarations of Chock
and Yoshitake, and numerous exhibits reflecting the course of Seyfarth’s representation.
Additionally, Seyfarth submitted the declaration of Attorney Timothy D. McGonigle, an
expert on attorney malpractice. McGonigle stated his opinion that Seyfarth “used the
skill and care that a similarly situated, reasonably careful and qualified attorney
practicing in Southern California would have used under similar circumstances and
therefore complied with the applicable standard of care.” McGonigle did not stop at that
generalization, but explained in detail how he believed Seyfarth complied with the
standard of care at every step of its representation.
       E.     Soleimani’s Opposition
       Soleimani opposed the motion for summary judgment with a single argumentative
document to which she attached numerous unauthenticated exhibits. She did not submit a
declaration of her own under penalty of perjury. She did not submit a separate statement
in response to Seyfarth’s separate statement of undisputed facts. She simply identified
(by number) 22 of Seyfarth’s undisputed facts with which she took issue, and collectively
argued against them.
       Soleimani did attempt to submit the declaration of her own expert on the standard
of care, Attorney Connolly Oyler. The declaration was not submitted under penalty of
perjury. Instead, the words “Respectfully submitted” appeared above his signature.5 On
the merits, Oyler’s declaration includes a “discussion” section which sets forth certain
concerns about Seyfarth’s representation of Soleimani—such as that certain concerns of
her requests of Seyfarth were repeatedly ignored. However, the only acts which Oyler
specifically asserts were negligent are: (1) Seyfarth’s failure to order a title search on the
properties and entities when it was first retained; and (2) Seyfarth’s advice to Soleimani

5     His signature itself appears under his firm’s name, and over the words,
“Attorneys’ for Plaintiff”—although it is clear that Oyler was a retained expert, not
counsel for Soleimani.
                                              10
on November 1, 2010, to grant JBJ to husband “without recognizing that by doing so
[Soleimani] unintentionally made her ex-husband the controlling partner of all of the
[limited partnerships] under the authority of JBJ as their general partner.” On the issue of
causation, Oyler states only that had Seyfarth “ordered appropriate title reports, which
was their duty to do so, issues could have been raised and, hopefully, resolved.”
       Seyfarth filed evidentiary objections to nearly all of Soleimani’s evidence, and the
Oyler declaration. While Seyfarth raised individual objections to nearly every paragraph
of the Oyler declaration, it also objected to the declaration in its entirety, on the basis that
it was not executed under penalty of perjury as required by Code of Civil Procedure
section 2015.5. On the day before the hearing on the summary judgment motion, after
Seyfarth had already filed its reply, Soleimani filed an amended declaration of Oyler.
The amended declaration was identical to the original declaration, except it now stated,
both at the start and above the signature line, that it was “under penalty of perjury.”
Seyfarth immediately objected to the amended declaration as untimely and still not in
strict compliance with Code of Civil Procedure section 2015.5 (by failing to identify the
place of execution, or indicating that it was subject to the California laws of perjury).
       At the hearing on the motion, the trial court indicated an intention to continue the
hearing to enable Soleimani to file a separate statement. Soleimani then asked the court
for permission to file a declaration on her own behalf. Seyfarth agreed that the court had
discretion to do so, but argued against exercising its discretion in that manner. The court
declined Soleimani’s request, permitting her to file only a separate statement.
       Soleimani then filed a separate statement which failed to comply with Code of
Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (b)(3). It failed to indicate whether Soleimani
agreed or disagreed that each fact raised by Seyfarth was, in fact, undisputed. When
Soleimani indicated disagreement with Seyfarth’s facts, the disagreement was largely
argumentative, and only rarely cited to evidence supporting her disagreement.
       F.     The Court Grants Summary Judgment
       After a hearing, the court granted the motion for summary judgment. It sustained
all of Seyfarth’s objections to Soleimani’s evidence including the Oyler declaration. The

                                              11
court concluded that Soleimani’s failure to furnish an appropriate separate statement was
fatal to her opposition—not in and of itself, but because Soleimani failed to demonstrate
a triable issue of material fact, supported by admissible evidence, that Seyfarth was the
but-for cause of any of her damages.
       G.     Judgment and Appeal
       Because Soleimani’s breach of fiduciary duty cause of action was resolved on
demurrer, and her malpractice cause of action was resolved on summary judgment, the
court entered judgment in favor of Seyfarth.
       Soleimani filed a notice of appeal, indicating that she was appealing: (1) the
judgment after summary judgment; (2) the dismissal after demurrer; and (3) the monetary
discovery sanction.
                                       DISCUSSION
       On appeal, Soleimani presents a scattershot argument, suggesting that the facts
show Seyfarth was derelict in its representation, but with minimal argument as to how
that supposed malpractice caused her damages, and no argument that the allegations of
her complaint sufficiently supported a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty.
Contentions supported by neither argument nor citation of authority are deemed to be
without foundation and abandoned.6 (Huntington Landmark Adult Community Assn. v.
Ross (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 1012, 1021.) Moreover, several of her arguments are made
for the first time in her reply brief; we need not consider them.7 (Reichardt v. Hoffman


6      Soleimani also includes a somewhat incomprehensible argument under the
heading, “COURT’S NO APPEARANCES ORDER AGAINST SOLEIMANI IS IN
‘NO LEGAL FILE’ FORM.” The argument appears to be addressing an omission from
the court’s official docket sheet. Regardless of the merits of this argument, Soleimani has
not indicated any way in which this would impact the judgment against her.

7      In implicit acknowledgement of her failure to file a declaration in opposition to the
summary judgment motion, Soleimani requests that we consider her reply brief as a
declaration under oath. While a reviewing court may, on motion, take new evidence on
appeal (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.252(b)), that rule is not available when there is no
good cause shown for the unavailability of the evidence in the trial court. (DeYoung v.
                                            12
(1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 754, 764.) Despite Soleimani’s multiple procedural defaults, we
will address both the propriety of the trial court’s rulings and Soliemani’s arguments on
their merits.
1.     The Summary Judgment Motion was Properly Granted
       “The standard of review for an order granting or denying a motion for summary
judgment or adjudication is de novo. [Citation.] The trial court’s stated reasons for
granting summary relief are not binding on the reviewing court, which reviews the trial
court’s ruling, not its rationale. [Citation.] [¶] A party moving for summary judgment
‘bears the burden of persuasion that there is no triable issue of material fact and that he is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ [Citation.] ‘There is a triable issue of material
fact if, and only if, the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the
underlying fact in favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the
applicable standard of proof.’ [Citation.] ‘A defendant bears the burden of persuasion
that “one or more elements of” the “cause of action” in question “cannot be established,”
or that “there is a complete defense” thereto. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Moua v. Pittullo,
Howington, Barker, Abernathy, LLP (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 107, 112 (Moua).)
       “Generally, ‘the party moving for summary judgment bears an initial burden of
production to make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence of any triable issue of
material fact; if he carries his burden of production, he causes a shift, and the opposing
party is then subjected to a burden of production of his own to make a prima facie
showing of the existence of a triable issue of material fact. . . . A prima facie showing is
one that is sufficient to support the position of the party in question. [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (Moua, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 112.)
       Seyfarth obtained summary judgment of its legal malpractice cause of action. The
elements of such a cause of action are: the duty of the attorney to use such skill,
prudence, and diligence as attorneys commonly possess and exercise; (2) a breach of that
duty; (3) a proximate causal connection between the breach and the resulting injury; and

Del Mar Thoroughbred Club (1984) 159 Cal.App.3d 858, 863, fn. 3.) Soleimani has
made no such showing, and we decline to take new evidence.
                                              13
(4) actual loss or damage resulting from the attorney’s negligence. (Moua, supra,
228 Cal.App.4th at p. 112.) If the allegedly negligent conduct does not cause damage, it
generates no cause of action in tort. (Id. at pp. 112-113.) To establish causation, the
plaintiff must prove that but for the attorney’s negligent acts or omissions, he or she
would have obtained a more favorable result. (Namikas v. Miller (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th
1574, 1582) In a legal malpractice case, the absence of causation may be decided on
summary judgment if, on undisputed facts, there is no room for a reasonable difference of
opinion. (Id. at p. 1583.)
       Seyfarth moved for summary judgment on two elements, standard of care and
causation of damages. Seyfarth met its burden as movant. On the issue of its compliance
with the standard of care, Seyfarth offered expert testimony that it acted within the
standard of care at all times. That shifted the burden to Soleimani to establish a triable
issue of material fact that Seyfarth did not live up to the standard of care. Seyfarth also
established that Soleimani could not establish she suffered damages as a result of
Seyfarth’s alleged wrongdoing. This shifted the burden to Soleimani to establish a triable
issue of material fact that Seyfarth’s alleged malpractice caused her harm.
       As Soleimani’s opposition was unsupported by admissible evidence of any kind,
she failed to meet her burden.8 Summary judgment was therefore properly granted.
       Even if we were to consider the improperly sworn declaration of Soleimani’s
expert, Oyler, the result is the same. Oyler stated that Seyfarth failed to meet the
standard of care in two ways: (1) by failing to obtain title reports when first retained; and
(2) by advising Soleimani to grant JBJ to husband without recognizing that, by doing so,



8      On appeal, Soleimani states it “is not clear as to why” the trial court declined her
request to file a sworn declaration at the same time it continued the summary judgment
hearing to allow her to file a separate statement. To the extent she is arguing that the
court abused its discretion in denying her permission to supplement her evidence, we
conclude there was no abuse. Seyfarth had already replied to Soleimani’s opposition, and
Soleimani had no legitimate reason for not submitting a declaration when she first
opposed the motion.

                                             14
she unintentionally made husband the controlling partner in all of the partnerships in
which JBJ was the general partner. As to the first, even if the failure to obtain title
reports fell below the standard of care, Soleimani has identified no evidence establishing
how she was damaged by this failure. Oyler himself provided only the pure speculation
that, had title reports been obtained, “issues could have been raised and, hopefully,
resolved.” That is insufficient to defeat summary judgment. As to the second, advising
Soleimani regarding JBJ is nowhere mentioned in Soleimani’s complaint, and therefore
cannot be a basis for defeating summary judgment.9
       On appeal, Soleimani argues the evidence—admissible and inadmissible—
establishes other acts of negligence of Seyfarth. But Soleimani does not provide even a
plausible argument that any of these purported negligent acts caused her harm. For
example, Soleimani argues that Seyfarth should have drafted the trust for the Modesto
property (even though Soleimani and husband were to share the costs of the trust, and
husband had never authorized Seyfarth to draft it). But even if Seyfarth had drafted a
Modesto trust, it is wholly speculative that husband would have signed it. Soleimani
states that, had the trust been drafted, she would have given it to her sons to present to
husband for signature. Yet there is no evidence Soleimani’s sons would have chosen to
ask their father to sign the trust, nor that husband would have signed it had they asked.

9       In any event, Oyler is simply factually mistaken, as the November 1, 2010
stipulation establishes. When Soleimani entered into that stipulation, with Chock’s
advice, the stipulation protected Soleimani against husband gaining control of other
partnerships via his control of JBJ. The stipulation provided that, when husband assumed
the interest in JBJ, he would not assume JBJ’s interest in Yosemite and the parties would
instead meet and confer regarding Yosemite. As to partnerships under Soleimani’s
control, she had 45 days in which to amend the ownership of those partnerships so they
would have a general partner other than JBJ. In other words, the stipulation was keenly
aware of JBJ’s interests in both Yosemite and partnerships controlled by Soleimani, and
made provisions to prevent husband from gaining control of those partnerships through
his control of JBJ. That Soleimani subsequently signed JBJ over to husband without
making certain the protections of the stipulation had been put into place is not something
chargeable against Seyfarth; Soleimani testified that she signed the assignment on the
advice of subsequent counsel, McNeil, and had not intended McNeil to transmit the
assignment to husband’s counsel at that time.
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Thus, it is pure speculation that the result would have been any different had Seyfarth
drafted a trust for the Modesto property. Similarly, Soleimani charges Seyfarth with
negligence for failing to discover the wild deeds earlier, but makes no argument that the
wild deeds themselves, or the delay in their discovery, had any adverse effect on her.
2.     The Demurrer to the Breach of Fiduciary Duty Cause of Action was Properly
       Sustained
       “In reviewing the sufficiency of a complaint against a general demurrer, we are
guided by long-settled rules. ‘We treat the demurrer as admitting all material facts
properly pleaded, but not contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law.
[Citation.] We also consider matters which may be judicially noticed.’ [Citation.]
Further, we give the complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its
parts in their context. [Citation.] When a demurrer is sustained, we determine whether
the complaint states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. [Citation.] And when
it is sustained without leave to amend, we decide whether there is a reasonable possibility
that the defect can be cured by amendment: if it can be, the trial court has abused its
discretion and we reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of discretion and we affirm.
[Citations.] The burden of proving such reasonable possibility is squarely on the
plaintiff. [Citation.]” (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.)
       “The elements of a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty are: (1) the
existence of a fiduciary duty; (2) the breach of that duty; and (3) damage proximately
caused by that breach.” (Mosier v. Southern Cal. Physicians Ins. Exchange (1998)
63 Cal.App.4th 1022, 1044.) In a cause of action by a client against its former attorney,
the “scope of the duty owed to a client is based upon the California Rules of Professional
Conduct.” (Ibid.)
       In setting forth the specific acts by which Seyfarth allegedly breached its fiduciary
duties, Soleimani’s complaint alleges that Seyfarth breach the duties of loyalty, fair
dealing, and putting its client’s interest ahead of its own by “failing to properly research
and investigate the facts and circumstances relating to the ownership of certain real
property and business interests” of Soleimani. But this is simply the language of

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negligence. The trial court did not err in concluding Soleimani had not alleged breach of
fiduciary duty.
       On appeal, Soleimani makes no legal argument that she properly alleged breach of
fiduciary duty. Instead she argues only that the allegation of breach of fiduciary duty was
in her complaint “to determine whether Seyfarth . . . had . . . knowledge of” the entry of
the November 19, 2010 order of the court “and had intentionally kept it from” her. At no
point in her complaint did Soleimani allege that Seyfarth knew of this order and hid it
from her. This therefore provided no basis for overruling the demurrer.10
       Soleimani also argues that, because a demurrer admits the truth of the pleadings,
Seyfarth’s demurrer could not have been sustained unless and until Seyfarth had actually
admitted the facts she had pleaded. Soleimani misunderstands the nature of a demurrer.
Courts simply treat the demurrer as admitting (for the purposes of demurrer only) the
truth of the facts alleged, in order to determine whether the complaint sufficiently states a
cause of action.
3.     Discovery Sanctions were Appropriately Granted
       Soleimani argues that the court erred in ordering her to pay Seyfarth $3500 in
discovery sanctions.
       Soleimani first argues that the court should not have sanctioned her at all, because
she had answered the discovery requests to the best of her ability. But Soleimani did not
provide a sufficient record on appeal to enable us to evaluate her answers and objections;
the record does not include Seyfarth’s motion to compel. It is the appellant’s burden to
provide an adequate record on appeal. To the extent the record is inadequate, we make
all reasonable inferences in favor of the judgment. (Rossiter v. Benoit (1979)
88 Cal.App.3d 706, 712.) We therefore infer that sanctions were warranted.




10    As both causes of action were properly resolved in Seyfarth’s favor, we need not
address Soleimani’s argument on appeal that the court erred in granting Seyfarth’s
motion to strike Soleimani’s allegations of punitive damages.

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      Soleimani next argues the court erred in sanctioning her $3500 when Seyfarth had
sought sanctions of only $3,485. Yet the court’s order indicates that Seyfarth had sought
sanctions in connection with three separate failures of discovery: $3,485 in connection
with the first, $1,310 in connection with the second, and $1,060 in connection with the
third. The court did not award more sanctions than sought; it awarded less.
                                    DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed. Soleimani is to pay Seyfarth’s costs on appeal.




                                                RUBIN, ACTING P. J.
WE CONCUR:



             FLIER, J.



             GRIMES, J.




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