                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED


              Present: Judges Humphreys, Malveaux and Senior Judge Frank
              Argued at Newport News, Virginia


              JUSTIN SETH RILEY
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0405-17-1                                    JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
                                                                               DECEMBER 27, 2017
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                             FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH
                                               Leslie L. Lilley, Judge

                               William H. O’Brien (Doummar & O’Brien, on brief), for appellant.

                               Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Justin Seth Riley, appellant, was convicted, in a bench trial, of driving under the

              influence, in violation of Code § 18.2-266. On appeal, appellant challenges the trial court’s

              denial of his motion to suppress the evidence derived from his traffic stop. For the reasons

              stated, we dismiss the appeal.

                                               PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                     Initially, appellant filed a motion to suppress the evidence derived from the traffic stop.

              The court denied that motion. Thereafter, appellant entered a plea of guilty to the charge. The

              court found appellant guilty and sentenced him by order entered November 3, 2016. On

              November 16, 2016, appellant filed a motion to reopen, contending the Commonwealth agreed to

              allow him to file a conditional plea of guilty to preserve his right to appeal the suppression issue.

              On November 17, 2016, the court, with the Commonwealth’s concurrence, ordered the case be



                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
reopened and placed back on the docket on December 8, 2016. On December 20, 2016, the court

allowed appellant’s original guilty plea to be amended to a conditional plea and ordered the

original sentence re-imposed. The execution of the sentence was ordered stayed during the

pendency of the appeal. Appellant’s notice of appeal was filed January 19, 2017 in the trial

court.

                                             ANALYSIS

         Before we address the merits of appellant’s motion to suppress, we must first resolve the

Commonwealth’s contention that the trial court had no authority to grant appellant’s motion to

amend his earlier guilty plea to a conditional plea of guilty, in that the motion had to be acted on

within twenty-one days after the entry of the final judgment order.1 See Rule 1:1; Hackett v.

Commonwealth, 293 Va. 392, 399, 799 S.E.2d 501, 505 (2017) (holding that Rule 1:1 limits a

trial court’s authority to alter a final order, absent some other statute or rule, to twenty-one days

following the date of entry of the order). Furthermore, “[t]he running of the twenty-one-day time

period prescribed by Rule 1:1 may be interrupted only by the entry, within the twenty-one-day

period, of an order modifying, vacating, or suspending the final judgment order.” Hackett, 293

Va. at 399, 799 S.E.2d at 505 (emphasis added) (quoting Super Fresh Food Mkts. of Va., Inc. v.

Ruffin, 263 Va. 555, 560, 561 S.E.2d 734, 737 (2002)).

         Our review of whether the trial court retained jurisdiction over the case to allow it to

consider appellant’s motion to amend his guilty plea involves the interpretation of the Rules of

the Supreme Court of Virginia. Thus, it poses a question of law that we review de novo. See

LaCava v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 465, 470-71, 722 S.E.2d 838, 840 (2012). “[W]e have

jurisdiction to consider this appeal only if the trial court had jurisdiction to entertain the


         1
       The twenty-one-day time period expired on November 28, 2016. The twenty-first day
was November 24, 2016, which was a legal holiday, and the next day the court was open was
Monday, November 28, 2016.
                                           -2-
underlying motion.” Minor v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 728, 738, 791 S.E.2d 757, 762

(2016) (dismissing appeal because trial court no longer had jurisdiction over the case when it

considered defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas). We find here that the trial court did

not have such jurisdiction.

       The very narrow issue before us is whether the final sentencing order, entered November

3, 2016, or any other order entered within twenty-one days therefrom, “clearly and expressly

modified, vacated or suspended the final judgment.” Super Fresh, 263 Va. at 563, 561 S.E.2d at

739. We must consider whether the language of the order of November 17, 2016, which

“ADJUDGED, ORDERED and DECREED that the case be reopened and placed back on the

docket on December 8, 2016,” complied with the requirements of Rule1:1. Stated differently,

the question is whether the trial court still had control over the final judgment of November 3,

2016 when it modified that order on December 20, 2016, amending appellant’s plea.

       Rule 1:1 addresses the finality of judgments and provides the following, in pertinent part:

               All final judgments, orders, and decrees, irrespective of terms of
               court, shall remain under the control of the trial court and subject
               to be modified, vacated, or suspended for twenty-one days after the
               date of entry, and no longer. . . . The date of entry of any final
               judgment, order, or decree shall be the date the judgment, order, or
               decree is signed by the judge.

“[U]nless an order vacating or modifying a final judgment is entered before the expiration of 21

days, the final judgment is no longer under the control of the trial court.” In Re: Dept. of

Corrections, 222 Va. 454, 464, 281 S.E.2d 857, 862-63 (1981); Lyle and Allen v. Ekleberry, 209

Va. 349, 350-51, 164 S.E.2d 586, 587 (1968). “Neither the filing of post-trial or post-judgment

motions, nor the court’s taking such motions under consideration, nor the pendency of such

motions on the twenty-first day after final judgment is sufficient to toll or extend the running of

the 21-day period prescribed by Rule 1:1 . . . .” Davis v. Mullins, 251 Va. 141, 148-49, 466



                                                -3-
S.E.2d 90, 94 (1996) (quoting School Bd. of Lynchburg v. Caudill Rowlett Scott, Inc., 237 Va.

550, 556, 379 S.E.2d 319, 323 (1989)).

       “[Rule 1:1] requires that the trial court enter an order that expressly modifies, vacates, or

suspends the judgment.” Super Fresh, 263 Va. at 563, 561 S.E.2d at 734. Absent an express

order, “the case will no longer be under the control of the trial court when the original

twenty-one-day time period has run.” Id.; see Godfrey v. Williams, 217 Va. 845, 845-46, 234

S.E.2d 301, 301-02 (1977). Any action taken after the time expires “is a nullity.” Minor, 66

Va. App. at 739-40, 791 S.E.2d at 762.

       “Black’s Law Dictionary defines ‘express’ as ‘clear,’ ‘definite,’ ‘plain,’ ‘explicit,’

‘direct,’ ‘unmistakable.’” Hardesty v. Hardesty, 40 Va. App. 663, 674, 581 S.E.2d 213, 219

(2003) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 580 (6th ed. 1990)). See Richmond v. Sutherland, 114

Va. 688, 697, 77 S.E. 470, 473 (1913) (“Bouvier’s Law Dictionary gives the definition of

‘express’ as ‘stated or declared as opposed to implied; that which is made known and not left to

implication.’”).

       None of the trial court’s orders in this case clearly suspended or vacated the final

judgment order of November 3, 2016. Whatever the trial court intended to do is not relevant

because a court speaks only through its written orders. In The Berean Law Group, P.C. v. Cox,

259 Va. 622, 528 S.E.2d 108 (2000), the trial judge had agreed orally during a telephone

conference to extend the time in which the plaintiff could file an amended motion for judgment

beyond the date specified in the written order. The plaintiff, however, failed to submit a timely

written order suspending, modifying or vacating the order sustaining the demurrers. The

Supreme Court of Virginia held that the trial court no longer had control of the final order when

it entered the written order granting plaintiff’s motion for nonsuit. Id. at 627-28, 528 S.E.2d at

111-12. See Wagner v. Shird, 257 Va. 584, 588, 514 S.E.2d 613, 615 (1999) (holding that any

                                                -4-
oral understanding between counsel and the trial court extending time for counsel to file

supplemental pleading was not relevant, as “a court speaks only through its written orders” as of

the day of entry); Davis, 251 Va. at 149, 466 S.E.2d at 94 (holding that an order entered in 1982

in a property dispute remained in effect, despite the entry of subsequent orders, because the

record contained no order suspending or vacating the 1982 order within twenty-one days of its

entry, and after that date, Rule l:1 divested the trial court of its jurisdiction “and every action of

the court thereafter to alter or vacate [the 1982] order, including the entry of the 1983 order, was

a nullity”).

        Once a sentence is imposed, it may be modified only as permitted by law. Rule 1:1

permits modification, but the strictures of Rule 1:1 are applied “rigorously,” subject to only a

few exceptions, none of which are pertinent to appellant’s case. Commonwealth v. Morris, 281

Va. 70, 77, 705 S.E.2d 503, 506 (2011) (quoting McEwen Lumber Co. v. Lipscomb Bros.

Lumber Co., 234 Va. 243, 247, 360 S.E.2d 845, 848 (1987)). Thus, the trial court was without

authority to “enter[] a second sentencing order altering an original sentencing order that has

become final.” Id. (quoting Charles v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 14, 19, 613 S.E.2d 432, 434

(2005)). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to amend

appellant’s initial plea of guilty to a conditional plea on December 20, 2016. See Minor, 66

Va. App. at 742, 791 S.E.2d at 763-64.

        Appellant’s original plea is operative and precludes him from appealing his suppression

claim. See Smith v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 710, 725, 722 S.E.2d 310, 317 (2012)

(“Where a conviction is rendered upon a voluntary and intelligent guilty plea and a punishment

fixed by law is in fact imposed in a proceeding free of jurisdictional defect, there is nothing to

appeal.”). Nothing in this record suggests that appellant’s guilty plea was not made voluntarily




                                                 -5-
and intelligently.2 See Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 618 (1998) (stating defendant’s

“plea of guilty is constitutionally valid only to the extent it is ‘voluntary’ and ‘intelligent’”

(quoting Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970))). Thus, appellant waived his right to

contest the denial of his motion to suppress. See Hill v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 667, 676,

626 S.E.2d 459, 464 (2000).

        For the foregoing reasons, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to reopen the case to amend

appellant’s guilty plea. We therefore lack any basis to consider an appeal regarding the denial of

appellant’s suppression motion. Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal. See Minor, 66 Va. App. at

742-43, 791 S.E.2d at 764.

                                                                                            Dismissed.




        2
        The statement of facts includes only limited information regarding the suppression
motion and does not address the later proceedings pertaining to appellant’s efforts to change his
plea.
                                              -6-
