                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                        No. 09-4059


                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                               v.

                                   WILLIAM HARRIS,

                                                       Appellant


                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of Delaware
                                  (D.C. No. 08-cr-058)
                         District Judge: Hon. Sue L. Robinson


                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a),
                                   October 6, 2010

             Before: FUENTES, JORDAN, and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges.

                            (Opinion Filed: October 28, 2010)


                               OPINION OF THE COURT




FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

       Appellant, William Harris, was charged with one count of possession of a firearm

by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). At trial, to prove that the gun
affected interstate commerce, the Government presented testimony that the weapon had

been manufactured in New York in approximately 1971 and retrieved in Delaware in

2008 and thus had crossed state lines. Under Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563,

577 (1977), this was sufficient evidence to establish a nexus with interstate commerce.

       Following the guilty verdict, Harris filed a motion for judgment of acquittal,

contending that Scarborough was no longer good law in the wake of United States v.

Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995). Concluding that Scarborough remains the law of this

circuit, the District Court denied the motion. Harris appeals, principally to preserve the

issue for review in the Supreme Court. We will affirm.1

                                             I.

       Because we write primarily for the parties, we only discuss the facts and

proceedings to the extent necessary for the resolution of the case.

       Harris was charged with one count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Before trial, the Government filed notice of intent

to seek an enhanced sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18

U.S.C. § 924(e), because of Harris’s three prior convictions for violent felonies. At trial,

Wilmington Police Corporal Thomas Esterling testified that he and his partner were




       1
         The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. This Court has
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over a district court’s
construction of statutes and case law. United States v. Singletary, 268 F.3d 196, 199 (3d
Cir. 2001).

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following up on complaints received about open drug sales, alcohol consumption, and

loitering at a particular vacant lot. When they drove up to the lot, they saw three men,

one of whom was Harris, in the lot. As they got out of their patrol car, they observed

Harris turn, walk to the back of the lot, and place an object under a concrete block. When

they looked under the block, they found a handgun. They placed Harris under arrest. At

the police station, Harris was interviewed by Detective Steven Parrott, who testified at

trial that during the interview, Harris stated that he carried the gun for protection.

       On the question of interstate commerce, the Government presented expert

testimony by Agent Diane Iardella of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and

Explosives (“ATF”). She testified that the handgun had been manufactured in New York

in approximately 1971. As the gun was retrieved in Delaware in 2008, she concluded that

the gun had crossed state lines and that Harris’s possession of the gun “affect[ed]

interstate commerce.” (J.A. at 153.)

       The jury returned a verdict of guilty. Harris filed a motion for judgment of

acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29(c), arguing that the evidence was

insufficient to prove the interstate commerce element of the offense. Specifically, Harris

contended that Scarborough, in which the Supreme Court set out the quantum of proof

required to meet the interstate commerce element, had been superseded by Lopez. The

District Court denied Harris’s motion, holding that Scarborough remains binding

precedent in this Circuit and that the evidence was sufficient under Scarborough.



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Thereafter, the District Court sentenced Harris to fifteen years’ imprisonment and three

years of supervised release. On appeal, Harris challenges only the District Court’s denial

of his Rule 29(c) motion for acquittal.

                                            II.

       Harris concedes that “[u]nder controlling Third Circuit precedent, this Court must

apply Scarborough and affirm the judgment. [He] seeks to preserve the issue presented

for review in the Supreme Court.” (Harris Br. 9.) In United States v. Singletary, 268

F.3d 196, 200 (2001), we examined the precise question at issue in this appeal—“whether

the proposition established in Scarborough survives as a viable statutory construct in the

wake of United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995), United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S.

598 (2000), and Jones v. United States, 529 U.S. 848 (2000).” The Scarborough Court

held that, to establish a nexus with interstate commerce, the Government “need prove

only that the firearm possessed by the convicted felon traveled at some time in interstate

commerce.” 431 U.S. at 568. In Singletary, reasoning that it was the Supreme Court’s

“prerogative [to] overrul[e] its own decisions,” we concluded that the Scarborough test

remained good law following the “Supreme Court’s trinity of Commerce Clause

decisions.” 268 F.3d at 205 (internal quotation marks & citation omitted). Specifically,

we concluded that “jurisdictional element in § 922(g)(1) distinguishes it from the statutes

considered in Lopez and Morrison. Section 922(g)(1), by its very terms, only regulates

those weapons affecting interstate commerce by being the subject of interstate trade.” Id.



                                            -4-
at 204. As for Jones, “[t]he rationale used . . . to hold that the federal arson statute only

encompassed property currently used in commerce or in an activity affecting commerce

has little impact on the assessment of whether firearms moved through interstate

commerce are subject to congressional regulation.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted). Thus, we concluded that § 922(g) remained constitutional following Lopez,

Jones, and Morrison. We further noted that eight other circuits had reached the same

conclusion. Id. at 205 (collecting cases).

       As Harris acknowledges, we are bound to follow Singletary, which forecloses

Harris’s argument. Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

                                              III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s denial of Harris’s Rule

29(c) motion for judgment of acquittal and Harris’s conviction.




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