                              NOT FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    File Name: 10a0426n.06
                                                                                             FILED
                                              No. 09-5105                                Jul 14, 2010
                                                                                   LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

REGINA F. EDMOND; and
MINNETTA BAYRAQ,

                          Plaintiffs-Appellants,        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                                      COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                        DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
STATE OF TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT
OF PROBATION AND PAROLE,

                          Defendant-Appellee.

_______________________________________/

BEFORE: BOGGS, SUHRHEINRICH and ROGERS; Circuit Judges.

        SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge. Minnetta Bayraq (“Bayraq”) appeals the district court’s

non-jury trial denial of her claim of retaliation, pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,

42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”), against the State of Tennessee Department of Probation and

Parole (“STDPP”). On appeal, Bayraq argues that the district court made erroneous factual findings

and wrongly determined that she had failed to establish retaliation. Regina F. Edmond1 (“Edmond”)

appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of STDPP. The court determined

that she had failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII because she had

produced no evidence that suggested STDPP knew about her protected activity. For the reasons set

forth below, we AFFIRM.




        1
            Some of the documents in this case incorrectly refer to the Plaintiff as Edmonds.
                                           I. Background

       These appeals arise from a lawsuit filed by current and former female employees of STDPP:

Bayraq, Edmond, and Julia Barner (“Barner”). The Plaintiffs filed suit on May 17, 2006, and

amended their complaint on May 31, 2007. They alleged disparate treatment, a sexually abusive

work environment, retaliation, unlawful discharge, demotion, and constructive discharge in violation

of Title VII. STDPP filed a motion to dismiss all claims; only the Plaintiffs’ retaliation and disparate

treatment claims survived this motion.

       STDPP then filed a motion for summary judgment to dispose of the two remaining claims.

On September 29, 2008, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of STDPP for all of

the Plaintiffs’ disparate treatment claims due to their failure to establish a prima facie case.

Specifically, the court determined that the Plaintiffs had failed “to establish that they were treated

any differently than similarly-situated employees or to allege any timely evidence that raises an

inference of discrimination.” The Plaintiffs conceded that they had not presented evidence of

similarly situated male employees, but contended that they had no obligation to do so because of the

unique nature of their positions at work. The district court rejected this argument. The court further

held that “while the alleged list of retaliatory incidents offered by Plaintiffs are probative of

Plaintiffs’ retaliation claims, they do not indicate action taken because of Plaintiffs’ sex” and

“Plaintiffs offer no evidence that any of the actions taken against Plaintiffs within 300 days prior to

their March/April 2005 EEOC complaints were discriminatory.”

       The district court also granted STDPP’s motion for summary judgment for Edmond’s and

Barner’s retaliation claims. For Edmond, the court held that she had not produced evidence that

suggested the decision-makers who supposedly took the adverse action against her knew about her


                                                   2
protected activity. However, the district court determined that Bayraq had established a prima facie

claim of retaliation and permitted her claim to proceed to trial.

       Because Bayraq and Edmond raise different factual and legal issues, each appeal warrants

separate consideration.

                                            II. Bayraq

                               A. Factual and Procedural History

       On November 18-19 and December 8-10, 2008, the district court held a non-jury trial to

consider Bayraq’s retaliation claim.     On December 23, 2008, the district court entered its

memorandum opinion and judgment in favor of STDPP.

               It made the following findings of fact, which are the focus of Bayraq’s appeal:

               Bayraq has been an employee of the State of Tennessee for approximately
       twenty-five years. She spent the first fifteen of those twenty-five years with the
       Tennessee Department of Corrections (“TDOC”). Bayraq began her career as a
       Correctional Counselor 2 and was then promoted to the position of Probation and
       Parole Officer 3 (“PPO3”). In 1999, TDOC merged with the Board of Pardons and
       Parole to form the Board of Probation and Parole (“BOPP”). After the merger,
       Bayraq became an employee of BOPP, with whom she is currently employed as a
       PPO3.
               In 1999, at the time of the merger, Bayraq was supervised by B.J. Murray. In
       2000, Clarence Williams took charge of supervising Bayraq. As part of this
       supervision, immediate supervisors conduct an evaluation process of each of their
       employees, which consists of an initial meeting called a Job Performance Planning
       Discussion, at least one Interim Review Discussion, and a final Annual Evaluation.
       The initial Job Performance Planning Discussion is an opportunity for the supervisor
       and the employee to discuss the employee’s specific responsibilities, as well as the
       supervisor’s expectations. Thereafter, at the Interim Review Discussion and at the
       Annual Evaluation, the supervisor reviews the employee’s job performance based on
       the goals, objectives, and expectations explained at the Job Performance Planning
       Discussion. After each of these discussions, the employee and supervisor are asked
       to sign and date the evaluation so as to indicate only that the particular discussion
       occurred. Towards the end of the calendar year, at the Annual Evaluation Discussion,
       the supervisor rates the employee’s overall performance on a scale of one (1) to five
       (5), one being “Not Acceptable” and five “Exceptional.”


                                                  3
         For each of the years that Clarence Williams (“Williams”) supervised
Bayraq—2000, 2001, and 2002—she received a score of five (5) on her overall
evaluation and recommendation. As a PPO3 under Williams, Bayraq testified that
she supervised three to four PPO1 and PPO2 employees, but did not carry a caseload.
In 2002, Bayraq had a number of problems with Williams. Bayraq claimed that
Williams followed her around the office building and made sexually explicit gestures
to her on at least one occasion.
         In 2003, Williams was replaced as Bayraq’s supervisor by Michelle Steward
(“Steward”). As a result of this switch and realignment of staff, Bayraq did not
receive an Annual Evaluation for 2003. Bayraq’s responsibilities as a PPO3
continued unchanged, except that the responsibility of carrying absconder cases was
added to her duties.
         Bayraq testified that initially her relationship with Steward was acceptable but
that it grew problematic. On April 1, 2004, Steward conducted an Interim Evaluation
Discussion with Bayraq. In that discussion, Steward rated Bayraq with an overall
score of four (4), meaning that her performance was “Superior.” The following day,
April 2, 2004, Bayraq called the governor’s office to complain about the quality of
the supervision and management in the Delta Region. Steward claims that after both
of these events, the files of Cindy Harwell, Bayraq’s subordinate, came to the
attention of Steward. Harwell had recently left her position with BOPP, and before
her files could be transferred to other officers, they had to be reviewed by Steward.
Steward claimed that the files were in disarray—some files were not properly closed
out, arrest checks were not been [sic] performed, and absconder files were located in
other offices.
         After reviewing Harwell’s files, Steward gave Bayraq an oral warning.
Steward held Bayraq accountable for the state of the files because Bayraq was
Harwell’s direct supervisor and thus ultimately responsible for them. Steward then
issued a written follow-up to this oral warning in which she laid out specific
examples of problem areas and ways to correct these issues. In response to this
warning, Bayraq filed a grievance against Steward and against Helen Ford, the
District Director. In that grievance, Bayraq claimed that the oral warning she
received from Steward was in retaliation for her contacting the governor’s office.
She also stated that Ford and Charles Traughber, Chairman of BOPP, harassed and
retaliated against her for “an [unspecified] incident that happened to me” in 1995.
In response to Bayraq’s April 8, 2004 grievance, she received a letter from Donna
Blackburn, Executive Director, that stated there was sufficient documentary evidence
to support the oral warning and that her grievance did not set forth a grievable matter
as defined by department regulations.
         After the First Interim Review Discussion on April 1, 2004 and the
subsequent oral warning, Steward did not conduct a Second Interim Review of
Bayraq. On November 30, 2004, Steward conducted the 2004 Annual Evaluation.
In this evaluation, Steward gave Bayraq an overall score of three (3) or “Good.”
Bayraq refused to sign the evaluation but wrote in the section for employee’s


                                           4
comments that the evaluation was “unfair,” that her work was being sabotaged, and
that she was being harassed, intimidated, subjected to “fear tactics,” and retaliated
against because she had filed a grievance. Within the evaluation, Steward made a
number of recommendations on how Bayraq could improve her performance, which
included conducting arrest checks, submitting compliance exception reports after
reviewing them with her staff, and making notes on files, after reviewing them,
within sixty days so that her staff would be aware of required actions. Bayraq then
filed a grievance in response to the Annual Evaluation alleging that Steward and Ford
conspired to harass, intimidate, and retaliate against her. This grievance was found
to be non-grievable.
         On April 6, 2005, Bayraq filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC
alleging that she had suffered sexual harassment from Clarence Williams. The
complaint also alleged that Ford and Traughber harassed and retaliated against her
on the basis of her age. In early August 2005, Steward brought eighty-six files to
Bayraq’s attention. These eighty-six files had not been closed properly and in
accordance with the fee manual policy, which resulted in the files showing that fees
continued to accrue when the fees should have been terminated and deemed
uncollectible. Steward told Bayraq to review these files and properly terminate the
fee screens. In response to this request, Bayraq filed a grievance on August 5, 2005
in which she complained that Steward was making unrealistic demands and that her
actions were in retaliation for Bayraq’s EEOC “suit.” On August 9, 2005, Bayraq
filed another grievance complaining that Steward had “demanded” the return of
forty-one of the eighty-six cases with a form from the electronic management system,
TOMIS, attached to the front. Bayraq claimed that Steward’s request was not
necessary according to BOPP policy and procedure and that this was harassment in
retaliation for seeking redress through the EEOC. Both of these grievances were
determined to be non-grievable and Bayraq was informed of this through a letter
from Chairman Traughber.
         On August 22, 2005, Steward issued a written warning because Bayraq had
not performed the work instructed regarding the eighty-six files. In her warning,
Steward put-forth a detailed schedule for Bayraq to follow in order to terminate the
review of the eighty-six files by September 13, 2005. After Bayraq received her
written warning, she responded on September 20, 2005 with a letter rebutting and
appealing the warning, which was sent to Chairman Traughber, State Director Gary
Tullock (“Tullock”), and Governor Phil Bredesen. This letter once again made
reference to harassment and retaliation as a result of her EEOC suit. Bayraq also
complained that the files she was told to close were not hers and that she had never
been asked in the past to do the things that Steward now requested. Chairman
Traughber subsequently responded to this letter on October 26, 2005 and upheld the
written warning.
         In late November 2005, Steward conducted the Annual Evaluation Discussion
with Bayraq. In that evaluation, Steward rated Bayraq’s performance a 2 or
“Marginal” due mainly to her failure to submit requested case files and her inability


                                         5
to follow instructions related to the eighty-six case files. Steward noted that Bayraq’s
performance had not improved despite the fact that Ford and Steward had reduced
the number of individuals that she supervised in order to improve her performance.
Steward recommended that Bayraq’s supervisory responsibilities be removed.
Bayraq refused to sign the Annual Evaluation.
         On December 13, 2005, Bayraq filed another grievance claiming that the
2005 Annual Evaluation was harassment in retaliation for her EEOC complaint. Two
days later, Chairman Traughber wrote her a letter stating the evaluation was
non-grievable.
         Approximately ten months later, on October 10, 2006, Bayraq filed a
grievance claiming that Steward and Ford were “deliberately delaying” her work and
retaliating against her by making her submit typed copies of her annual reviews of
the employees she supervised. On November 9, 2006, Chairman Traughber once
again sent a letter stating that her grievance was non-grievable.
         Also on November 9, 2006, Steward issued Bayraq’s 2006 Annual
Evaluation. Bayraq refused to attend the discussion. Bayraq was once again rated
a 2 or “Marginal” for her work performance. Steward listed a number of areas in
which Bayraq had made errors, including the supervision of her employees, and
stated that Bayraq’s performance had suffered as a result of her refusal to follow
instructions. On December 6, 2006, Helen Ford informed Bayraq that her
supervisory duties were being removed. Ford told her that it was not a demotion, that
her salary would not be affected, but that her duties would be shifted so that she
would work on cases and not have to supervise other employees. Ford stated that she
made this change in an effort to give Bayraq an opportunity to improve her
performance. On the same day that Ford told Bayraq that her supervisory duties
would be removed, Bayraq filed a grievance alleging that Ford’s decision was
harassment and retaliation for Bayraq’s EEOC complaint. Bayraq was informed a
week later by letter that her grievance was non-grievable.
         As part of the changes made by Ford, Bayraq was assigned to a new
supervisor, Ms. Mary E. Williams. In 2007, as a PPO3 without supervisory
responsibilities and working under Ms. Williams, Bayraq achieved a score of 4 or
“Superior” on her Annual Evaluation. Although Williams became her new direct
supervisor, Bayraq continues to work under Ford in the Delta District.
         On May 17, 2006, after receiving her right to sue letter from the EEOC,
Bayraq filed the instant law suit against Defendant State of Tennessee Department
of Probation and Parole.

Edmonds v. Tenn. Dep’t of Prob. & Parole, No. 06-CV-2295, 2008 WL 5378078, at *1-4

(W.D. Tenn. Dec. 23, 2008).

The district court next determined that Bayraq had engaged in protected activity, STDPP



                                           6
knew about this protected activity, and Bayraq’s loss of supervisory duties qualified as an adverse

action against her pursuant to the Supreme Court’s standard found in Burlington Northern & Santa

Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006). Nevertheless, the court held that Bayraq had failed to

establish a prima facie case for her retaliation claim because she had failed to present evidence that

suggested that there was a causal connection between her protected activity and the adverse

employment action taken against her.

       The court also determined that, even assuming a causal connection had been established for

the purposes of the prima facie case, Bayraq had failed to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence,

that the proffered reason for her removal was a pretext. The court found credible the testimony of

STDPP’s witnesses and the “detailed Annual Evaluations and memoranda presented at trial.”

Conversely, the court noted that “Bayraq presented no convincing evidence to controvert

Defendant’s assertion that her performance was poor and that it began to deteriorate in April 2004,

twenty months before she engaged in protected activity.” She responded to these allegations by

testifying that she had continued to do her job the same way that she had performed it for the last

twenty-two years and that she did not know why her supervisors asked her to do assignments she had

never done before. The district court found “Bayraq to be obstinate, contradictory, and likely

difficult to supervise, yet credible. Bayraq seemed incapable of providing a straight-forward answer

even to questions asked by her own attorney.”

       On January 7, 2009, Bayraq filed a motion requesting that the court make additional findings

of fact pursuant to Rule 52 and amend the judgment of the court pursuant to Rule 59. On January

13, 2009, the district court denied the motion and held that the findings of fact in the memorandum

and opinion were sufficient to support the judgment. Bayraq appeals. She argues that: 1) the district


                                                  7
court erred when it refused to analyze her additional findings of fact; 2) she satisfied the fourth

element of a prima facie case of retaliation; and 3) she proved retaliation at trial.

                                  B. Appeal of Factual Findings

       Bayraq argues that the district court erred in its factual findings and when it refused to

consider her motion pursuant to Rule 52 and Rule 59. She contends that the district court should

have made additional findings of fact that would have supported her retaliation claim: namely,

findings that key witnesses lied about their knowledge of her EEOC case and about their motives

for taking certain actions against her.

       A district court’s findings of fact in a Title VII case are reviewed for clear error. Zamlen v.

City of Cleveland, 906 F.2d 209, 217 (6th Cir. 1990) (quoting Wrenn v. Gould, 808 F.2d 493, 499

(6th Cir. 1987)). “A finding is clearly erroneous when although there is evidence to support it, the

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has

been committed.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985) (quoting United

States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948)) (internal quotations omitted). “When findings

are based on determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses, Rule 52(a) demands even greater

deference to the trial court’s findings; for only the trial judge can be aware of the variations in

demeanor and tone of voice that bear so heavily on the listener’s understanding of and belief in what

is said.” Wooldridge v. Marlene Indus. Corp., 875 F.2d 540, 543 (6th Cir. 1989) (quoting Anderson,

470 U.S. at 575). “These credibility judgments are particularly the province of the district court,

with only a narrow scope for appellate intervention when a district court has relied on testimony that

simply cannot be believed.” New Conn. Bank & Trust v. Mussa (In re Cleveland Tankers, Inc.), 67

F.3d 1200, 1205 (6th Cir. 1995). Furthermore:


                                                  8
        [t]his Court has enunciated a liberal standard for reviewing the adequacy of a District
        Court's findings. Findings should be comprehensive and relevant to the issues so as
        to provide a rational basis for the trial court's decision. It is not necessary for the
        District Court Judge to prepare elaborate findings on every possible issue raised at
        trial. However, there must be findings, in such detail and exactness as the nature of
        the case permits, of subsidiary facts on which an ultimate conclusion can rationally
        be predicated. The findings should be explicit so as to give the appellate court a clear
        understanding of the basis of the trial court's decision, and to enable it to determine
        the grounds on which the trial court reached its decision.

        Grover Hill Grain Co. v. Baughman-Oster, Inc., 728 F.2d 784, 792-93 (6th Cir. 1984)

        (internal citations omitted).

        Bayraq contends that the documentary proof and testimony of Steward, Ford, and Traughber

were “so internally inconsistent or implausible on their face that a reasonable fact finder would

discredit the testimony.” She also accuses each witness of perjury. Bayraq falls well short of

satisfying her burden on appeal. Steward testified consistently at trial that, although she knew about

Bayraq’s grievances, she did not know that any of them pertained to sexual harassment until after

she had given Bayraq a score of two on her performance review. She admitted seeing documents

that said EEOC, but testified that she did not know what EEOC meant at the time, and did not

inquire further into the matter. Ford testified that she did not know about the EEOC charge, or any

allegations of sexual harassment, until after Bayraq filed suit, thus it could not have been her reason

for taking away Bayraq’s supervisory duties in December 2006. Traughber testified that he received

reports, sometimes oral, after his staff investigated a grievance that alleged retaliation or harassment.

He reviewed each report and determined if the accusation was grievable. Bayraq presented no

documentary evidence or testimony that would compel a reasonable fact finder to not believe

STDPP’s witnesses. In sum, the testimony presented by each witness was plausible, and it would

not be appropriate for this court to reassess credibility on appeal.


                                                   9
                                        C. Prima Facie Case

        Bayraq appeals the district court’s determination that she failed to establish a prima facie

case. To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must show:

        (1) that plaintiff engaged in an activity protected by Title VII; (2) that the exercise
        of his civil rights was known by the defendant; (3) that, thereafter, the defendant
        took an employment action adverse to the plaintiff; and (4) that there was a causal
        connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action.

Wrenn v. Gould, 808 F.2d 493, 500 (6th Cir. 1987). The district court determined that Bayraq did

not meet the fourth element. “[T]o establish the element of causal link a plaintiff is required to

‘proffer evidence sufficient to raise the inference that her protected activity was the likely reason for

the adverse action.’” E.E.O.C. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 104 F.3d 858, 861 (6th Cir. 1997).

Generally, temporal proximity alone is not enough to establish a causal link. See Tuttle v. Metro.

Gov’t of Nashville, 474 F.3d 307, 321 (6th Cir. 2007) (“The law is clear that temporal proximity,

standing alone, is insufficient to establish a causal connection for a retaliation claim.”). But see

Mickey v. Zeidler Tool & Die Co., 516 F.3d 516, 523-25 (6th Cir. 2008) (surveying Sixth Circuit

cases that suggest that temporal proximity alone can establish a causal connection).

        However, the district court’s determination is moot on appeal because the district court

conducted a trial:

        [A] prima facie case is defined as “sufficient evidence in the type of case to get
        plaintiff past a motion for directed verdict in a jury case or motion to dismiss in a
        nonjury case; it is the evidence necessary to require defendant to proceed with his
        case.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1190 (6th ed. 1990). The finding that plaintiff has
        proven a prima facie case forces the defendant to proceed with its case. It necessarily
        follows, then, that the defendant is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law or
        summary judgment if a plaintiff has proven its prima facie case. Following a trial on
        the merits, the district court, therefore, cannot return to a consideration of whether
        plaintiff has proven its prima facie case. This is a preliminary matter which cannot
        be revisited at a later time.


                                                   10
Avery Dennison, 104 F.3d at 861; see also Imwalle v. Reliance Med. Prods., Inc., 515 F.3d 531, 545

(6th Cir. 2008) (“Both the Supreme Court and this court, however, have held that a party framing

its argument on appeal in prima facie terms, after a jury trial on the merits, has ‘unnecessarily evaded

the ultimate question of discrimination vel non.’” (quoting U.S. Postal Serv. Bd. of Governors v.

Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 714 (1983))). Therefore, the analysis proceeds to the ultimate question of

whether STDPP retaliated against Bayraq because of her protected activity and the issue of causal

connection is part of that consideration. See Kovacevich v. Kent State Univ., 224 F.3d 806, 825 (6th

Cir. 2000) (“Of course, there is nothing to prevent the court from considering evidence that also

bears on that prima facie case as long as it does so in order to address the ultimate question of

discrimination.”); see also Imwalle, 515 F.3d at 546 (“This is not to say, however, that a plaintiff’s

failure to present evidence sufficient to make out a prima facie case is irrelevant to our review of the

ultimate question.”).

                                  D. Retaliation Determination

        At trial, Bayraq had the burden of proving, by a preponderance of evidence, that STDPP’s

proffered reason was a pretext to hide unlawful discrimination. Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 215

F.3d 561, 573 (6th Cir. 2000). She had to show that “1) the stated reasons had no basis in fact; 2)

the stated reasons were not the actual reasons; or 3) that the stated reasons were insufficient to

explain the defendant’s action.” Id. Furthermore, she had to demonstrate that not only were the

given reasons pretexts, but the discrimination was the real reason for the adverse action. Id. St.

Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993)).

        Bayraq’s argument is two-fold: 1) she argues that Steward, Ford, and Traughber offered



                                                  11
inaccurate testimony, and that their alleged legitimate reasons for the written reprimands, poor

evaluations, and the removal of her supervisory duties cannot be legitimately believed, and 2) she

argues that her prior evaluations and the testimony of Edmond, Barner, and Mary Logan-Jones,

another STDPP employee, demonstrate a corrupt pattern and practice of retaliation by STDPP.

        Her first argument fails because, as already discussed, the district court did not err in its

credibility or factual findings. Despite her contentions otherwise, the district court did not commit

error just because it did not believe her supporting testimony. See In re Cleveland Tankers, Inc., 67

F.3d at 1205 (“Here, the testimony of different witnesses directly contradicted each other, and the

district court made a necessary choice between two versions.”). Second, Bayraq’s allegations of a

corrupt pattern of retaliation are of no moment because, if such a pattern exists, she was not a victim

of the retaliation.

        We now proceed to Edmond’s appeal of the district court’s dismissal of her case at the

summary judgment stage.

                                           III. Edmond

                               A. Factual and Procedural History

        Edmond began her employment with Tennessee in 1998 as a probation officer within the

Tennessee Department of Corrections. After the merger, she became an employee at STDPP, and

Williams directly supervised her. She alleges that he sexually harassed her and that Williams,

Traughber, and Ford retaliated against her because of her grievances and complaints about

Williams’s conduct. Specifically, she alleges that he (1) said to her in a sexually explicit way, “I

have heard about you,” (2) invaded her personal space, (3) followed her to lunch and to her home,

(4) repeatedly called her into his office for trivial reasons, and (5) once opened up his legs and


                                                  12
moved his hips in an up and down motion.

       Edmond filed her first grievance with STDPP on November 20, 2001. This grievance and

the ones that followed never alleged sexual harassment and all were found to be non-grievable by

Traughber. Nevertheless, Edmond maintains that she repeatedly complained to STDPP about sexual

harassment. She says she made a phone call to the Employee Assistance Program hotline in August

2001 to complain about sexual harassment, had a conversation with a co-worker about Williams’s

sexual harassment, and, in November 2001, wrote Ford to inform her that Williams had called her

into his office for “callous and infantile” reasons.

                                      B. Standard of Review

       Edmond appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of STDPP. This

court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo. Baggs v. Eagle-Picher Indus., 957 F.2d 268,

271 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing EEOC v. Univ. of Detroit, 904 F.2d 331, 334 (6th Cir. 1990)). For a grant

of summary judgment to be upheld, it must be determined, upon review of the pleadings, affidavits,

and other submissions, that “‘there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving

party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). “When

evaluating this appeal, this court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

non-moving party.” Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Petroleum Specialties, Inc., 69 F.3d 98, 101-02

(6th Cir. 1995) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)).

                                           C. Retaliation

       For her retaliation claim, Edmond appeals the district court’s determination that she did not

establish that STDPP knew about her protected activity. The district court held that none of the

evidence suggested that Edmond was discriminated against because of her gender and that none of


                                                  13
the decision-makers knew of any protected activity. Of all the incidents mentioned by Edmond, the

court concluded that only two of them could potentially constitute protected activity: (1) the phone

call to the company complaint hotline and (2) her conversation with a co-worker. However, the

court noted that, with respect to both of these incidents, there was no evidence that suggested

management knew about the complaints.

       On appeal, Edmond neither contests that she must establish that a decision-maker knew about

her protected activity nor claims that she satisfied her burden of proof with the incidents discussed

in the opinion. See Felts v. Campbell, 134 F.3d 371 (table), 1998 WL 13403, at *4 (6th Cir. Jan. 7,

1998) (“However, Plaintiff's biggest obstacle with this claim is showing that anyone at TDHS, no

less a decision-maker, had knowledge of her 1988 EEOC charge, as required for the second element

of the Canitia standard.”). She has instead limited her appeal to arguing that another piece of

evidence, that was in the record but not mentioned in the opinion, established that management knew

she had engaged in protected activity.

        On November 2, 2002, Edmond wrote a letter to Traughber, where she made allegations of

inappropriate conduct by Williams and management practices that were “illegal, arbitrary and

capricious.” Several other STDPP employees also signed this letter. In response, STDPP instigated

an investigation and made a report detailing the findings of that investigation that was submitted to

Traughber’s office. Edmond argues that this report satisfies her burden with regard to management’s

knowledge.

       Review of the investigative report, however, reveals that there is nothing in the report that

would reasonably alert management to any sexual harassment concerns. Edmond’s letter, which was

included in full in the report, did not make any allegations of sexual harassment. Likewise, the


                                                 14
findings of the investigation, which are based on the responses of employees to interview questions,

do not mention any concerns that touch on sex or sexual harassment. Finally, although the report

concluded that a hostile work environment existed at STDPP, it did not mention sex or sexual

harassment.

       Perhaps in acknowledgment of this deficiency, Edmond provides a list of questions included

in the report, both were supposedly asked to different employees during the investigation, to

demonstrate management’s knowledge of the sexual harassment allegations. Specifically, Edmond

relies upon the following questions, out of a list of over fifty questions, to establish STDPP’s

knowledge:

       1. Have you ever been stalked or followed by Mr. Williams?
       2. Define stalking. Explain the particular behavior that Mr. Williams exhibited that
       you consider to be stalking. Please be specific.
       3. Has Mr. Williams ever followed you at night? Were you working at that time?
       4. Has Mr. Williams ever followed you during the day? Were you working at that
       time?
       5. Has Mr. Williams ever called you at home? Has Mr. Williams ever come to your
       home?
       6. Does Mr. Williams have you call him when you leave work?
       7. Has Mr. Williams ever invaded your sense of personal space? If so . . . how and
       please explain.

       However, these questions, especially when viewed with the full list of questions included in

the report, suggest that management knew about allegations of Williams’s allegedly aggressive

management style, not claims of sexual harassment. Moreover, even if we assume that these

questions were asked to ferret out whether Williams engaged in sexual harassment, Edmond has

offered no evidence that suggests that any of the employees interviewed responded to these questions

with allegations of sexual harassment. Accordingly, a reasonable juror could not find that

management knew about any sexual harassment claims based on these questions alone.


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                                    D. Disparate Treatment

       Edmond purports to appeal the dismissal of her sexual harassment claim, but she does not

address any of the dispositive issues on appeal. She maintains that the court dismissed her

harassment claim solely because she did not produce any evidence that established that STDPP knew

her complaints involved sexual harassment. Contrary to this categorization, the district court

dismissed Edmond’s sexual harassment complaint because she, and her co-plaintiffs, did not put

forth any evidence of similarly situated male employees, and because none of the harassment

allegations made by Edmond pertained to sex. Since these aspects of the district court’s ruling are

not challenged on appeal, the dismissal of her sexual harassment claim stands.

                                         IV. Conclusion

               For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.




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