                        COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH


                              NO. 2-08-001-CR


RANDY DEAN PARNELL, JR.                                         APPELLANT

                                       V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                    STATE

                                   ------------

     FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 4 OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                   ------------

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                   ------------

                                I. Introduction

     In two points, Appellant Randy Dean Parnell, Jr. appeals his convictions

for unauthorized use of a vehicle and engaging in organized crime (theft of

property valued more than $1,500 but less than $20,000).2 We affirm.



     1
         … See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
     2
      … See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 31.03, 71.02(a)(1) (Vernon Supp.
2008), § 31.07 (Vernon 2003).
                             II. Procedural History

      The State charged Parnell with unauthorized use of a vehicle and

engaging in organized criminal activity (theft of property worth $1,500 to

$20,000). After a pretrial hearing, the trial court overruled Parnell’s motion to

suppress. Parnell pleaded not guilty at trial, but the jury convicted Parnell of

both charges and assessed punishment at ten years’ confinement for the

unauthorized use conviction and fifteen years’ confinement for the organized

criminal activity conviction. The trial court entered judgment on the verdict,

and this appeal followed.

                                 III. Discussion

      In his first point, Parnell complains that his motion to suppress should

have been granted and that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to

make written findings of fact and conclusions of law “with respect to the

admissibility of evidence and statements.” In his second point, he complains

that he was entitled to an article 38.23 instruction in the jury charge.

A. Suppression Hearing

      Arlington Police Officer Jared Ross was the only witness to testify at the

suppression hearing.     For purposes of the suppression hearing, the State

stipulated that in the early morning hours of January 21, 2007, Officer Ross




                                       2
approached Parnell and another suspect, arrested them for evading detention,

handcuffed them, and placed Parnell in his patrol car.

      Officer Ross testified that he read the Miranda warnings 3 to Parnell when

he arrested him, and then he asked Parnell whether he understood his rights.

He testified that Parnell responded that he understood his rights. Then Officer

Ross asked Parnell whether he wanted to waive those rights, and Parnell agreed

to talk.

      Officer Ross testified that there were three vehicles at the location where

he arrested Parnell. He stated that the first question he asked Parnell after

Parnell agreed to talk with him was “something to the effect of[,] [‘A]re any of

these vehicles legit [or] any of these vehicles legal?[‘]” He testified that Parnell

responded, “no.”     Before he could ask his second question, Parnell started

asking about his bond amount. Officer Ross testified,

      A. . . . I was initially informed by the supervisors on scene to hold
      off on setting a bond until we could figure out all the charges and
      until a detective could have a chance to talk to him. So I advised
      him at that time that—at that point that there was no bond set.

      Q. So you—you told that to the defendant?

      A. Correct.

      Q. What was his response?



      3
          … See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).

                                         3
      A. He said something to the effect of, well, if there’s no bond—you
      know, if there’s no bond, then I don’t feel like talking to you guys
      anymore.

      Q. So did you stop talking to him?

      A. I did.

      Q. What happened after that?

      A. I closed the door, I got in my car, I drove him to the police
      station, transported him to the jail.

      Officer Ross testified that this portion of his conversation with Parnell

took place while Parnell was sitting in the back of his patrol car and Officer

Ross was standing outside the patrol car. He testified that his weapon was

holstered and that he did not make any promises or threats to Parnell when he

spoke with him.

      When they arrived at the jail, Officer Ross parked in the jail sallyport area

and took out a book-in information form to fill out on Parnell. He testified that

he started to collect the information for the form from Parnell, such as his

name, social security number, and address, and that while asking Parnell the

routine book-in questions, Parnell gave him additional information about the

three vehicles. Specifically, Officer Ross testified that as he and Parnell spoke,

      A. I believe at some point I explained to him more about the bond
      process and that he would, in fact, have a bond shortly thereafter
      once the detective got to talk to him and once all the charges could
      be, you know, figured out and all the appropriate charges could be

                                        4
filed, we knew what was going on. And he started becoming a
little bit more relaxed and wanted to talk—seemed like he wanted
to talk a little bit more at that point.

Q. So what did he say?

A. He started telling me that—he basically said that, you know, I’m
going to be honest with you, or something to that effect, and
basically began telling me exactly how—the chain of events for the
past few hours.

Q. And what did he tell you?

A. He told me that a few hours prior to officers getting there to
811 Oak Street, that he and the other arrestee, Mr. Torres, and
another Hispanic male that he just barely knew by the name of
Juan started stealing cars in the neighborhood there on Oak Street.

Q. What else did he tell you?

A. He said that they started with a black Suburban over on Maple
Street and they—that the Hispanic male that he knows as Juan
located the car, somehow got into the car, defeated the ignition
and drove the car away from that location. He said that the three
of them then went to the area of Bowie Street where he
saw—where Mr. Parnell saw the Jeep Cherokee parked at that
address there on Bowie Street. He said that he remembers seeing
the key in the ignition and that it was too tempting not to take. He
said that he got in the Jeep and drove it away from the owner’s
house over to 811 North Oak.

Q. Okay. It was at the owner’s house on Bowie Street?

A. Correct.

Q. And he drove it over to where you later . . . recovered some
vehicles?

A. That’s right.

                                 5
      Q. What else did he tell you?

      A. And the last vehicle he said was the Chevy pickup truck with
      the Nike swoop over on Town North. He told me that—I guess
      Juan had located the vehicle, Juan had somehow gotten in and
      defeated the ignition, and that Mr. Torres then drove that pickup
      back to 811 North Oak Street. And shortly thereafter is when
      officers contacted them.

      Q. Did he tell you what happened with Juan?

      A. He said that Juan was by the Suburban when officers
      approached and that when officers began chasing him and Mr.
      Torres, that Juan must have ran the other way.

      Q. This information that [Parnell] gave to you . . . when you were
      talking with him in the patrol car and in the jail . . . did you know
      any of that information ahead of time?

      A. I didn’t know any of the information to be fact.          I mean, I
      suspected stuff.

      Officer Ross testified that the police later confirmed that all three vehicles

were stolen and that at least one of the vehicles was stolen around 5

a.m.—that is, a few hours before Officer Ross encountered Parnell. 4           With

regard to Parnell’s statement that Juan forced entry and broke the ignition on

the Suburban, officers on the scene reported that the ignitions were defeated

on both the Suburban and the Chevy pickup truck. And with regard to Parnell’s

statement that he saw a red Jeep Cherokee with the key in the ignition, Officer




      4
          … The 9-1-1 log showed that the vehicle’s owner called in at 5:26 a.m.

                                         6
Ross testified that the Jeep’s owner told one of the officers that the key had

been stuck in the ignition and that he left it that way overnight. He testified

that Parnell’s admissions and the subsequent discovery of corroborating facts

led other officers to go to where the three vehicles were allegedly stolen and

to talk with those vehicles’ owners, and it led to the filing of theft of a vehicle

charges against him.

      After Officer Ross finished testifying, Parnell argued that his statements

should be suppressed because they constituted a confession and were

inadmissible under article 38.22, section 3(c) of the code of criminal procedure,

claiming that the facts the police learned “don’t show that a weapon was

secreted,” or anything else contemplated by the portion of the statute “about

the police finding some secretive instrument with which the offense was

committed or finding something that was unknown.” The State responded that

Parnell’s statements were admissible under article 38.22, section 3(c) because

there was no custodial interrogation by Officer Ross and because they were

shown to be reliable—each one of the facts that Parnell told Officer Ross was

later found to be true and there was no evidence of coercion.

      The trial court overruled Parnell’s motion. Parnell did not request findings

of fact and conclusions of law at that time, nor does the record reflect that he

subsequently filed a motion to request them.

                                        7
B. Preservation of Error

      To preserve a complaint for our review, a party must have presented to

the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific

grounds for the desired ruling if they are not apparent from the context of the

request, objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Mosley v. State, 983

S.W.2d 249, 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 526 U.S.

1070 (1999). Further, the trial court must have ruled on the request, objection,

or motion, either expressly or implicitly, or the complaining party must have

objected to the trial court’s refusal to rule. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2); Mendez

v. State, 138 S.W.3d 334, 341 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). And the complaint

made on appeal must comport with the complaint made in the trial court or the

error is forfeited. Heidelberg v. State, 144 S.W.3d 535, 537 (Tex. Crim. App.

2004); Bell v. State, 938 S.W.2d 35, 54 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), cert. denied,

522 U.S. 827 (1997); Rezac v. State, 782 S.W.2d 869, 870 (Tex. Crim. App.

1990).

      Although Parnell now argues that “[b]ecause the statements were

conditioned upon the condition of getting bond[,] they cannot be said to be

legally valid or voluntary,” he did not present this argument to the trial court.

Therefore, he has not preserved this argument for appeal. See Tex. R. App. P.

33.1; Heidelberg, 144 S.W.3d at 537.       Furthermore, although Parnell cites

                                       8
article 38.22 of the code of criminal procedure and State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d

696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), to support his argument that the trial court was

required to make written findings of fact and conclusions of law, neither apply

to this particular situation.   The article 38.22, section six fact-finding and

conclusion requirement applies only where a question is raised as to the

voluntariness of a statement of an accused, which Parnell did not argue at the

suppression hearing. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 6 (Vernon

2005) (stating that in all cases where a question is raised as to the

voluntariness of an accused’s statement, the court must make an independent

finding as to whether the statement was made under voluntary conditions and

enter an order stating its conclusion and the specific fact findings upon which

the conclusion is based). And Cullen just states that “upon the request of the

losing party on a motion to suppress evidence, the trial court shall state its

essential findings.” 195 S.W.3d at 699 (emphasis added). Parnell made no

request to the trial court for findings of fact and conclusions of law, either at

the pretrial hearing or in a subsequent motion. Therefore, Parnell has also failed

to preserve this portion of his complaint for our review. See Tex. R. App. P.

33.1.




                                        9
C. Motion to Suppress

      Finally, we review the trial court’s ruling on Parnell’s motion to suppress

under a bifurcated standard. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997).5 When, as here, the record is silent on the reasons for the trial court’s

ruling, there are no explicit fact findings, and (as addressed above) neither party

timely requested findings and conclusions from the trial court, we imply the

necessary fact findings that would support the trial court’s ruling if the

evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports

those findings. State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim. App.

2008); see Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 25. We then review the trial court’s legal




      5
        … That is, the trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the
credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Wiede
v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Ross, 32
S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), modified on other grounds by State
v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Therefore, we give almost
total deference to the trial court’s rulings on (1) questions of historical fact,
even if the trial court’s determination of those facts was not based on an
evaluation of credibility and demeanor, and (2) application-of-law-to-fact
questions that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221
S.W.3d at 673; Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108–09 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006); Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
But when application-of-law-to-fact questions do not turn on the credibility and
demeanor of the witnesses, we review the trial court’s rulings on those
questions de novo. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Estrada v. State, 154
S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Johnson, 68 S.W.3d at 652–53.

                                        10
ruling de novo unless the implied fact findings supported by the record are also

dispositive of the legal ruling, and we must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is

supported by the record and correct under any theory of law applicable to the

case even if the trial court gave the wrong reason for its ruling.          State v.

Stevens, 235 S.W.3d 736, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Kelly, 204

S.W.3d 808, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d

401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 974 (2004).

      The only argument Parnell made at the suppression hearing was that his

statements were inadmissible under article 38.22 of the code of criminal

procedure, and Parnell’s only complaint on appeal that comports with this

argument is that “[b]ecause the fruits of the statement were already known[,]

it cannot be said that [Parnell’s] statements led the officers to recover the

vehicles.”

      Article 38.22, section 3(a) provides that an accused’s oral statements

made as a result of custodial interrogation are generally inadmissible. See Tex.

Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 3(a). However, under section 3(c), oral

statements asserting facts or circumstances establishing the guilt of the

accused are admissible if at the time they were made they contained assertions




                                         11
unknown by law enforcement but later corroborated.6 Moore v. State, 999

S.W.2d 385, 400 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1216 (2000).

Such oral statements need only circumstantially demonstrate the defendant’s

guilt, and if such an oral statement contains even a single assertion of fact

found to be true and conducive to establishing the defendant’s guilt, then the

statement is admissible in its entirety. Id. at 401; see also Cameron v. State,

988 S.W.2d 835, 844–45 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d), cert.

denied, 528 U.S. 1166 (2000). Facts “found to be true” means those “facts

about which the police [were] unaware at the time of the confession [that] are

later, after [the] confession, found to be true.” Gunter v. State, 858 S.W.2d

430, 448 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 921 (1993), overruled on

other grounds by Riley v. State, 889 S.W.2d 290 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). The

provision, “finding of secreted or stolen property or the instrument with which

he states the offense was committed,” is not a limitation on the statements




      6
          … Section 3(c) states,

      Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to any statement
      which contains assertions of facts or circumstances that are found
      to be true and which conduce to establish the guilt of the accused,
      such as the finding of secreted or stolen property or the instrument
      with which he states the offense was committed.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 3(c).

                                      12
that may be found to be true and conduce to establish guilt. Gunter, 858

S.W.2d at 447 – 8. Oral statements made by an accused need not lead to or

result in the discovery of incriminating evidence so long as the requirements of

section 3(c) are met. Id.

      Based on the hearing testimony, in which Officer Ross testified that all he

had were suspicions before other police officers later confirmed Parnell’s

information, we conclude that the trial court did not err by denying Parnell’s

motion to suppress. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 3(c); Moore,

999 S.W.2d at 400; Gunter, 858 S.W.2d at 448. We overrule the remaining

portion of Parnell’s first point.

D. Jury Charge

      In his second point, Parnell complains that a jury instruction under article

38.23 should have been given because he was interrogated while in custody

and the jury needed that instruction to determine the validity of his statements.

      The following conversation ensued during the charge conference:

      The Court: Have both sides looked at the charge?

      [State]: State has, Your Honor.

      [Parnell]: Defense has looked at the charge, and we request that on
      page 5 it says, “No evidence or statements obtained by an officer.”

      [State]: Judge, the statute actually reads, no evidence obtained by
      an officer. The charge can track the statute, just track the statute.

                                        13
      The Court: All right. I’ll look at that and consider it before we read
      it. At this time, I’ll overrule you, but I’ll try to find something
      tonight.

      [State]: I just have something, if the issue is the statements, my
      understanding is that the only 38.23 related would be about
      voluntariness.

      The Court: That’s what I thought.

      [State]: And so I don’t know, this is more physical evidence, my
      understanding is, so there may be a charge out there on
      voluntariness.

      [Parnell]: It goes to the statement, I might work on it myself a little
      tonight.

The next day, another charge conference took place.

      The Court: Both sides have had a chance to look at the charge.
      This is different than the charge we had yesterday afternoon, and
      I believe that you had requested a charge yesterday afternoon that
      you’ve put in. You’ve now requested that that be taken out and a
      supplement is in there at this time; is that correct?

      [Parnell]: That’s correct, Your Honor. And I have no objection to
      the charge as it’s currently—

      The Court: All right. State?

      [State]: No, Your Honor.

      The Court: All right. Are both sides ready?

Both sides announced ready. The trial court included the following instruction

in the jury charge:




                                        14
            You are instructed that no evidence or statements obtained
      by an officer or other person in violation of any provisions of the
      Constitution or laws of the State of Texas or the Constitution or
      laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in evidence
      against the accused in the trial of any criminal case. Pursuant to
      Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 38.22 Sec. 3(a), no oral
      or sign language statement of an accused made as a result of
      custodial interrogation shall be admissible against the accused in a
      criminal proceeding unless the statement contains assertions of
      facts or circumstances that are found to be true and which
      conduce to establish the guilt of the accused, such as the finding
      of secreted or stolen property or the instrument with which he
      states the offense was committed.

            Therefore, if you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the
      peace officer lawfully obtained the evidence or statement, you may
      consider it. If you have a reasonable doubt that the peace officer
      lawfully obtained the evidence or statement, you may not consider
      it.

      Based on the record before us, Parnell forfeited his voluntariness

complaint with regard to the trial court’s charge by failing to preserve error.

See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. We overrule his second point.

                                IV. Conclusion

      Having overruled both of Parnell’s points, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                                           PER CURIAM

PANEL: MCCOY, GARDNER, and WALKER, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: March 26, 2009

                                      15
