                                IN THE

    SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA
THE BUTLER LAW FIRM, PLC; EVERETT S. BUTLER; MATTHEW D. WILLIAMS,
                            Petitioners,

                                   v.

 THE HONORABLE ROBERT J. HIGGINS, JUDGE OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
     THE STATE OF ARIZONA, IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF NAVAJO,
                        Respondent Judge,

 WINSLOW MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, INC., D/B/A LITTLE COLORADO MEDICAL
                           CENTER,
                     Real Party in Interest.

                          No. CV-17-0119-PR
                        Filed February 22, 2018

        Special Action from the Superior Court in Navajo County
                 The Honorable Robert J. Higgins, Judge
                           No. CV 2016-00034
                     REVERSED and REMANDED

             Order of the Court of Appeals, Division One
                          No. 1-CA-SA 17-0073
                           Filed Mar 23, 2017

COUNSEL:

Anthony S. Vitagliano (argued), Robert B. Zelms, Manning & Kass, Ellrod,
Ramirez, Trester LLP, Phoenix, Attorneys for The Butler Law Firm, PLC,
Everett S. Butler, Matthew D. Williams

Randall Yavitz, Isabel M. Humphrey, Hunter, Humphrey & Yavitz, PLC,
Phoenix; and James E. Ledbetter (argued), Jared R. Owens, The Ledbetter
Law Firm, P.L.C., Cottonwood, Attorneys for Winslow Memorial Hospital,
Inc. d/b/a Little Colorado Medical Center

JUSTICE BRUTINEL authored the opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF
JUSTICE BALES, VICE CHIEF JUSTICE PELANDER, and JUSTICES
TIMMER, BOLICK, GOULD, and LOPEZ joined.
        BUTLER LAW, ET AL. V. HON. HIGGINS (WINSLOW MEMORIAL)
                          Opinion of the Court


JUSTICE BRUTINEL, opinion of the Court:

¶1           Winslow Memorial Hospital (“Hospital”) filed this legal-
malpractice action in the Superior Court of Navajo County against Butler
Law Firm, PLC (“BLF”), a professional limited liability company (“PLLC”)
organized in Maricopa County, and against attorneys Everett S. Butler and
Matthew D. Williams, both Maricopa County residents (collectively,
“Defendants”). The trial court denied Defendants’ motion for change of
venue. We reverse and hold that venue does not properly lie in Navajo
County as to any of the Defendants.

                          I. BACKGROUND

¶2           In March 2013, BLF entered into a legal-services agreement
(the “Representation Agreement” or “Agreement”) with the Hospital to
draft an employment contract for the Hospital’s CEO. The Hospital is in
Navajo County. The Representation Agreement stated that BLF would
provide “legal services” to the Hospital and that Everett S. Butler, BLF’s
sole member, would have “primary responsibility” for representing the
Hospital. In addition to an hourly fee, the Hospital agreed to reimburse
BLF for costs incurred on its behalf, including “travel, parking,
computerized legal research, long distance calls, photocopying, court costs
and filing fees, court transcripts, messenger services, etc.”          The
Representation Agreement was written on BLF’s letterhead and displayed
BLF’s Phoenix address, but it was silent as to where BLF was to perform its
services under the Agreement.

¶3           The relationship between the parties soured. In January 2016,
the Hospital sued BLF, Butler, and Williams, a non-member attorney
employed by BLF. The complaint alleged legal malpractice, breach of
fiduciary duty, and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

¶4            Defendants moved to transfer venue to Maricopa County
pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-404(A). They argued that because all Defendants
resided in Maricopa County, venue in Navajo County was improper unless
a statutory exception applied under A.R.S. § 12-401.

¶5           The trial court denied the motion. Relying on Morgensen v.
Superior Court, 127 Ariz. 55, 56 (App. 1980), it found that venue in Navajo

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                          Opinion of the Court

County was proper under § 12-401(5) because “the plaintiff exclusively
contracted business in Navajo County.” The court also found venue proper
under § 12-401(18), reasoning that because the liability limitations of both
limited liability companies (“LLCs”) and corporations are susceptible to
“veil-piercing,” LLCs should be considered corporations for venue
purposes. The court did not address any other exception. The court of
appeals declined special-action review.

¶6            We granted review to consider (1) whether BLF “contracted
in writing to perform an obligation” in Navajo County, and (2) whether an
LLC is an “other corporation” contemplated by the venue statute. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to article 6, section 5(3), of the Arizona Constitution
and A.R.S. § 12-120.24.

                             II. DISCUSSION

       A.     Standard of Review

¶7             The interpretation of Arizona’s venue statutes is a matter of
law that we review de novo. Yarbrough v. Montoya-Paez, 214 Ariz. 1, 4 ¶ 11
(App. 2006); see Samiuddin v. Nothwehr, 243 Ariz. 204, 207 ¶ 7 (2017). “Our
primary goal in interpreting statutes is to effectuate the legislature’s intent.”
Rasor v. Nw. Hosp., LLC, 243 Ariz. 160, 164 ¶ 20 (2017). To determine that
intent, we look first to the statute’s language. See State v. Burbey, 243 Ariz.
145, 147 ¶ 7 (2017); Wilks v. Manobianco, 237 Ariz. 443, 446 ¶ 8 (2015). “When
the text is clear and unambiguous, we apply the plain meaning and our
inquiry ends.” Burbey, 243 Ariz. at 147 ¶ 7. Statutes relating to the same
subject or general purpose should be considered to guide construction and
to give effect to all the provisions involved. Stambaugh v. Killian, 242 Ariz.
508, 509 ¶ 7 (2017). But when a statute’s language is ambiguous, we look to
its “legislative history, effects and consequences, and spirit and purpose.”
Rasor, 243 Ariz. at 164 ¶ 20.

¶8             Section 12-401 provides generally that “[n]o person shall be
sued out of the county in which such person resides” unless a statutory
exception applies. The statutory exceptions to the general venue rule are
narrowly construed, and “courts will not enlarge or add to an express
exception.” Wray v. Superior Court, 82 Ariz. 79, 84 (1957). To determine
venue, courts consider the complaint and construe the pleadings liberally
in favor of the plaintiff. Pride v. Superior Court, 87 Ariz. 157, 160 (1960). The
general venue rule is sufficiently important, however, that “an equal doubt

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                          Opinion of the Court

between the exception and the rule is to be resolved in favor of the rule.”
Goodrich v. Superior Oil Co., 237 S.W.2d 969, 972 (Tex. 1951).1 Our court of
appeals has noted that “convenience to the defendant is . . . the first
consideration in establishing venue.” Yarbrough, 214 Ariz. at 3 ¶ 4.

¶9            The Hospital argues that three exceptions allow Defendants
to be sued in Navajo County: A.R.S. § 12-401, subsections (5), (10), and (18).
Because it is not clear that the trial court considered the applicability of
subsection (10), although the Hospital urged it as a ground for suing
Defendants in Navajo County, we confine our review to subsections (5) and
(18).2

       B.     Written Contract to Perform an Obligation in One County

¶10             Section 12-401(5) states: “Persons who have contracted in
writing to perform an obligation in one county may be sued in such county
or where they reside.” We interpreted this provision in Miller Cattle Co. v.
Mattice: “[I]f the contract be in writing, and must necessarily be executed in
a county different from that of the domicile of the party contracting, then,
for breach of the contract, he may be sued in either of these counties.”
38 Ariz. 180, 185 (1931) (quoting Seley v. Williams, 50 S.W. 399, 400 (Tex. Civ.
App. 1899)). The contract itself must “plainly specify” or necessarily imply
the place of performance. Id. at 184-5 (citing Cecil v. Fox, 208 S.W. 954,
955–56 (Tex. Civ. App. 1919)); accord Blakely v. Superior Court, 6 Ariz. App.
1, 2 (1967).




1 “Because Arizona’s venue statute was adopted from the Texas statute, that
state’s decisions are of particular interest.” Cacho v. Superior Court, 170 Ariz.
30, 33 (1991).
2 Section 12-401(10) states, in relevant part: “When the foundation of the

action is a crime, offense or trespass for which an action in damages may
lie, the action may be brought in the county in which the crime, offense or
trespass was committed or in the county in which the defendant or any of
the several defendants reside or may be found . . . .” We do not decide here
whether subsection (10) applies, and that question may be raised on
remand. But we have held that “a defendant must have been present in the
county at the time of the commission of the ‘trespass’ before venue can be
laid in that county.” Smitherman v. Superior Court, 102 Ariz. 504, 508 (1967).
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                          Opinion of the Court

¶11           The Hospital argues that the Representation Agreement was
a written contract to perform legal services in Navajo County because the
Agreement expressly referred to representation of the Hospital (located in
Navajo County) with respect to the Hospital’s Navajo County business
affairs. Therefore, according to the Hospital, BLF’s obligations under the
Representation Agreement could not be performed without “acting within”
Navajo County, “whether by traveling there physically or by causing effects
within that county by use of the Internet and other communication
methods.”

¶12           But for venue to lie in Navajo County, the Representation
Agreement must have required performance there, “either expressly or by
necessary implication.” Blakely, 6 Ariz. App. at 2. To determine whether
the Representation Agreement so required, we consider not only its text but
also the allegations in the complaint, construing them in the Hospital’s
favor. See Tribolet v. Fowler, 77 Ariz. 59, 61 (1954). Here, the Representation
Agreement did not specify any place of performance. Moreover, nowhere
in its complaint does the Hospital allege that the Representation Agreement
required BLF to perform legal services in Navajo County. Indeed, the
complaint is silent as to where BLF was to perform its obligations.
Likewise, nothing in the Representation Agreement implied that BLF must
do any work in Navajo County. Thus, neither the Representation
Agreement nor the complaint provides any support for finding that BLF
was required, expressly or by necessary implication, to perform in Navajo
County.

¶13           The trial court misconstrued Morgensen by finding that the
Agreement implicitly required performance in Navajo County because the
Hospital “exclusively contracted business” there. Although the Hospital is
in Navajo County, “[t]he determining factor is not whether the contract
requires the plaintiff to perform in the county of suit, but whether it requires
the defendant to so perform.” Morgensen, 127 Ariz. at 57 (emphasis added).
And we will not expand the meaning of “place of performance” to include
a place where performance merely causes an effect. See Wray, 82 Ariz. at 84.
BLF’s performance under the contract may have had an effect in Navajo
County, but BLF was not explicitly or implicitly required to perform any
services in Navajo County.




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                          Opinion of the Court

      C.     Venue as to the Attorney Defendants

¶14           The Hospital also claims venue is proper as to Butler and
Williams individually under subsection (5) because, under the PLLC
statute, each member or employee of a PLLC remains “personally liable for
any results of the negligent or wrongful acts, omissions or misconduct
committed by him or by any person under his direct supervision and
control while performing professional services on behalf of the limited
liability company.” A.R.S. § 29-846 (emphasis added).

¶15           This argument is unavailing. Subsection (5) applies only to
“[p]ersons who have contracted in writing to perform an obligation.” Here,
neither attorney entered into the Representation Agreement; rather, BLF
did. As the Hospital acknowledges, although Butler signed the Agreement,
he did so as BLF’s agent. See A.R.S. § 29-654 (describing when a member or
manager is an agent of an LLC). But when an LLC binds itself to a contract
through an agent, only the LLC, not the agent, is bound to the contract. See
Queiroz v. Harvey, 220 Ariz. 273, 275 ¶ 8 (2009); Restatement (Third) of
Agency § 6.01.

¶16          Even if Butler were bound personally by the Representation
Agreement, contract-based venue in Navajo County would remain
improper for the reasons discussed above. See supra ¶¶ 10–13. And in no
event would the Representation Agreement create venue as to Williams,
who did not sign the Agreement and is not even a member of BLF.

¶17          Furthermore, even if the subsection (5) exception applied to
BLF, venue would still not lie as to Butler and Williams. Section 12-401(7)
provides: “When there are several defendants residing in different counties,
action may be brought in the county in which any of the defendants reside.”
This permits defendants to be subject to venue outside their county of
residence, but only if another defendant is a resident in the county of suit.
BLF is not a resident of Navajo County, so § 12-401(7) would not make
venue proper as to Butler and Williams under subsection (5) or any other
exception.

      D.     Actions Against “Other Corporations”

¶18          Section 12-401(18) states:



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        BUTLER LAW, ET AL. V. HON. HIGGINS (WINSLOW MEMORIAL)
                          Opinion of the Court

       Actions against railroad companies, insurance companies,
       telegraph or telephone companies, joint stock companies and
       other corporations may be brought in any county in which the
       cause of action, or a part thereof, arose, or in the county in
       which the defendant has an agent or representative, owns
       property or conducts any business.

Subsection (18) does not refer to LLCs, so it does not on its face apply to
BLF. But the Hospital argues, as it successfully did in the trial court, that a
limited liability company is an “other corporation[]” under the statute.

¶19            Subsection (18) creates an exception for “other corporations.”
We interpret words in a statute in accordance with their statutory
definition. See Fields v. Elected Officials’ Ret. Plan, 234 Ariz. 214, 219 ¶ 19
(2014). The venue statute itself does not define “corporation.” Statutes in
title 10, although limited to specific sections, define various types of
“corporation[s]” by reference to their governing statutes. See, e.g., A.R.S.
§ 10-140(14) (“‘Corporation’ . . . means a corporation for profit . . . that is
incorporated under or subject to chapters 1 through 17 of this title.”). No
statutory definition of “corporation,” however, includes LLCs.

¶20            The Arizona Constitution states, “The term ‘corporation,’ as
used in this article, shall be construed to include all associations and joint
stock companies having any powers or privileges of corporations not
possessed by individuals or co-partnerships . . . .” Ariz. Const. art. 14, § 1.
The “powers or privileges” of corporations are found in A.R.S. § 10-302. See
Reilly v. Clyne, 27 Ariz. 432, 435–36 (1925). These powers are quite similar
to those of a domestic LLC, which are addressed in A.R.S. § 29-610(A).
Nevertheless, an LLC does not fall within the constitutional definition,
which by its terms is limited to article 14. But more importantly, the LLC
statute’s placement in the overall statutory scheme, its history, and its
structure reflect the legislature’s intent to create a new form of
unincorporated business entity.

¶21        Limited liability companies are statutorily created entities
formed pursuant to the Arizona Limited Liability Company Act




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                          Opinion of the Court

(“ALLCA”). A.R.S. §§ 29-601 to -858.3 The legislature placed ALLCA
within title 29, which governs partnerships, whereas corporations are
governed by title 10. The inclusion of ALLCA under a separate title from
corporations bespeaks a legislative intent to create an entity distinct from
corporations. And the legislature expressly recognized that an LLC
organized outside Arizona is an “unincorporated entity.” See § 29-601(13)
(defining “foreign limited liability company”).

¶22           Legislative history is likewise bereft of any suggestion that
LLCs fall within the subsection (18) exception. Partnerships have never
been included in an exception in the venue statute and are therefore
covered by the general venue rule under § 12-401. See Rev. Stat. Ariz. Terr.,
Civ. Code, § 17-85 (1901). And because ALLCA was enacted long after the
general venue statute and the corporation exception, the legislature could
not have intended to include LLCs in an exception to the venue statute
when it was enacted. Nor has the legislature since manifested any intent to
include them. Cf. Collins v. Stockwell, 137 Ariz. 416, 420 (1983) (“Courts will
not read into a statute something that is not within the manifest intent of
the Legislature as gathered from the statute itself.”). To the contrary, the
inclusion of ALLCA in title 29 suggests that the legislature did not consider
LLCs to be “other corporations” for venue purposes.

¶23           Furthermore, the LLC structure is sufficiently different from
that of corporations that an LLC does not naturally fall within the scope of
“other corporations” in subsection (18). An Arizona LLC is a distinct
business entity that is neither a partnership nor a corporation.4 “Limited


3Professional limited liability companies, like BLF, are formed pursuant to
article 11 of ALLCA. A.R.S. §§ 29-841 to -848. Only those licensed to
perform the professional services described in a PLLC’s articles of
organization may be members of that PLLC. § 29-844(B)(1). PLLCs also
have distinct rules relating to liability for professional negligence. See
§ 29-846. None of the unique features of PLLCs are pertinent to this case,
and so we base our decision on “the laws applicable to other limited liability
companies.” See § 29-843.

4 By contrast, some states expressly treat LLCs as partnerships. See, e.g., Ex
parte WMS, LLC, 170 So. 3d 645, 650 (Ala. 2014) (applying to LLCs the venue
statute for partnerships); Ex parte Miller, Hamilton, Snider & Odom, LLC,


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                          Opinion of the Court

liability companies are statutorily-created entities, designed primarily to
provide the personal liability protection found in a corporate structure,
while allowing the LLC members the state and federal tax benefits
generally provided in a partnership setting.” TM2008 Invs., Inc. v. Procon
Capital Corp., 234 Ariz. 421, 424 ¶ 13 (App. 2014). Although corporations
and LLCs have overlapping statutory powers, an LLC can waive any of
these powers in its articles of organization. § 29-610(B). And LLCs have
features shared by neither corporations nor partnerships: for instance,
unlike both corporations and partnerships, LLC members do not owe each
other fiduciary duties unless they are expressly included in the LLC
operating agreement. See TM2008 Invs., 234 Ariz. at 424–25 ¶¶ 13–15.
Indeed, an LLC’s organizational flexibility is one of its central
characteristics: an LLC may be managed directly by its members, making it
more like a partnership, or it may be managed by a manager or group of
managers, making it more like a corporation. See A.R.S. § 29-632(A)(6),
(B)–(C). Although some LLCs, because of their specific articles of
organization, may more closely resemble a corporation, LLCs as a class are
not sufficiently like corporations to be included in the “corporation”
exception for venue.

¶24             The trial court erred when it applied the subsection (18)
exception on the basis that LLCs, like corporations, are amenable to “veil-
piercing,” that is, subjecting their members to personal liability via the alter-
ego doctrine. Venue and the alter-ego doctrine reflect different policy
considerations. Venue is based on convenience in choosing the site for
litigation, see, e.g., Sil-Flo Corp. v. Bowen, 98 Ariz. 77, 83 (1965), whereas the
alter-ego doctrine attempts to prevent “fraud,” “misuse,” and “injustice”
arising from misuse of the corporate form of organization, see NetJets
Aviation, Inc. v. LHC Commc’ns, LLC, 537 F.3d 168, 176–77 (2d Cir. 2008).
Moreover, imparting such an expansive meaning to “other corporations”
would substantially increase the reach of the exception. Absent legislative
action, we “will not enlarge or add to [this] express exception.” Wray,
82 Ariz. at 84.




942 So. 2d 334, 336 (Ala. 2006) (citing statute declaring that the term
“partnership” in any statute encompasses LLCs).
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       BUTLER LAW, ET AL. V. HON. HIGGINS (WINSLOW MEMORIAL)
                         Opinion of the Court

                        III. CONCLUSION

¶25          We reverse the trial court’s order denying the Defendants’
motion for a change of venue, and we remand the case to that court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




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