
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



NO. 03-09-00705-CV


Cevia Fleming, Individually and on Behalf of Other Persons Similarly Situated, Appellant

v.

Allstate Insurance Company, Allstate Indemnity Company, and Allstate Property &
Casualty Insurance Company, Appellees




FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 250TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-03-003879, HONORABLE RHONDA HURLEY, JUDGE PRESIDING


M E M O R A N D U M   O P I N I O N

		Cevia Fleming sued Allstate Insurance Company, Allstate Indemnity Company, and
Allstate Property & Casualty Insurance Company (collectively, "Allstate") for anticipatory breach
of contract for Allstate's alleged failure to comply with the terms of a Rule 11 Agreement it entered
into with Fleming and a putative class of similarly situated individuals.  See Tex. R. Civ. P. 11.  The
district court granted summary judgment in favor of Allstate.  On appeal, Fleming argues that the
trial court erred in granting Allstate's motion for summary judgment and in denying her motion
for summary judgment requesting specific performance of the Rule 11 Agreement.  We affirm the
judgment of the trial court.

BACKGROUND
		Fleming and other plaintiffs brought an action individually and on behalf of a class
of similarly situated persons alleging that several insurers, including Allstate, had improperly
collected a $1 yearly fee authorized by the legislature to fund the Automobile Theft Prevention
Authority ("the ATPA fee").  See 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 5.205(a) (2010) (Tex. Dep't of Ins.,
Automobile Theft Prevention Authority Pass-Through Fee).  The plaintiffs challenged the manner
in which the fee had been collected, alleging that the fee could not be recouped as a separate charge
but that it must be included in the insurers' rate filings.
		The action was originally filed as a single lawsuit in Henderson County against
Allstate, two Farmers Insurance companies, including Mid-Century Insurance Company, and
several Liberty Mutual Insurance companies.  All of the named plaintiffs were represented by the
same counsel.  Plaintiffs included Fleming, Linda McKee, Shefqet Ademaj, and Betty Greising.
After suit was filed, the case was split into three different cases, each governed by a separate Rule 11
Agreement.  The case against Allstate was transferred to Travis County, as was the case against
Liberty Mutual.  The case against Farmers remained in Henderson County.
		The Rule 11 Agreement governing the case against Allstate specified that, once the
case was transferred to Travis County, each side would file a motion for summary judgment seeking
a declaratory judgment on the controlling issue of law in the case--whether the ATPA fee had been
improperly collected.  The Agreement stated that, within 30 days after the district court signed an
order disposing of the cross-motions for summary judgment, each losing party would timely
prosecute an appeal from the order.  According to paragraph seven of the Agreement, "If the appeal
[concerning the controlling issue of law] is finally resolved in favor of Plaintiffs, the parties to the
transferred action will seek the approval of the Travis County District Court to settle all remaining
issues in the transferred action pursuant to a formal settlement agreement."  As part of the settlement
agreement, the plaintiffs were to file an unopposed motion to certify them as representatives of a
mandatory settlement class under Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 42(b)(1)(A) and 42(b)(2).
		After the case was transferred, Fleming and Allstate filed cross-motions for
summary judgment on the controlling legal issue, and the trial court ruled in favor of Fleming.  On
appeal, this Court affirmed the trial court's judgment.  See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Fleming (Fleming I),
No. 03-04-00621-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 5081 (Tex. App.--Austin June 29, 2005) (mem. op.),
pet. dism'd w.o.j., 248 S.W.3d 166 (Tex. 2007).
		Allstate filed a petition for review with the Texas Supreme Court, as did
Liberty Mutual and Farmers, who had also lost on the controlling issue of law in the trial court and
on appeal.  The supreme court granted the petitions of Allstate and Farmers; the Liberty Mutual case
was held pending the outcome of the other cases.  The supreme court reversed on the controlling
legal issue in the Farmers case, holding that the ATPA fee had been properly collected, in a case
styled Mid-Century Insurance Co. v. Ademaj, 243 S.W.3d 618 (Tex. 2007).  However, it dismissed
the petitions filed by Allstate and Liberty Mutual for want of jurisdiction, indicating that it lacked
conflict jurisdiction to decide the cases.  See Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Greising, 251 S.W.3d 471,
472 (Tex. 2007); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Fleming (Fleming II), 248 S.W.3d 166, 166 (Tex. 2007).  In
each case, however, the court specifically noted that the controlling issue in each of the other cases
was the same as in Ademaj.  In the order dismissing Fleming's petition, the court began, "In
[Ademaj], we determined that Mid-Century Insurance Co. and others had properly charged insureds
a Texas Automobile Theft Prevention Authority fee.  Cevia Fleming and other raised the same issue
in a suit against Allstate Insurance Company and several of its affiliates . . . ."  Fleming II,
248 S.W.3d at 166.
		Following the dismissal of its appeal in the supreme court, Allstate filed a motion for
rehearing in this Court and mandamus actions in this Court and the supreme court attempting to
prevent this Court from issuing its mandate.  The actions were unsuccessful, and this Court issued
its mandate affirming the judgment of the district court on the controlling issue of law.  Before this
Court's mandate issued, however, Fleming amended her petition in the district court to remove her
claim that Allstate had improperly collected the ATPA fee.  Instead, she asserted a new claim for
anticipatory breach, arguing that Allstate had breached the Rule 11 Agreement by declining to enter
into the settlement agreement contemplated by the Agreement, which was to take effect if the
appeal was "finally resolved in favor of Plaintiffs."  Fleming sought to recover damages or specific
performance of the Rule 11 Agreement.
		The case was returned to the district court.  Allstate moved for summary judgment
on Fleming's claim for anticipatory breach, and Fleming filed a cross motion requesting specific
performance of the Rule 11 Agreement.  The trial court granted Allstate's motion, and this
appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
		We review summary judgments de novo.  Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett,
164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005).  A defendant who moves for traditional summary judgment on
the plaintiff's claims must conclusively disprove at least one element of each of the plaintiff's causes
of action.  Little v. Texas Dep't of Criminal Justice, 148 S.W.3d 374, 381 (Tex. 2004).




DISCUSSION
		This case currently revolves around enforcement of the Rule 11 Agreement signed
by the parties.  Rule 11 agreements are contracts relating to litigation, subject, therefore, to general
rules of contract construction.  Trudy's Tex. Star, Inc. v. City of Austin, 307 S.W.3d 894, 914
(Tex. App.--Austin 2010, no pet.).  Our primary objective in construing a written contract is to
ascertain and give effect to the intentions the parties have objectively manifested in the written
instrument.  Frost Nat'l Bank v. L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 311-12 (Tex. 2005). 
Contract terms are given their plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meanings, and contracts are
to be construed as a whole in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all provisions of the contract.
Valence Operating Co., 164 S.W.3d at 662.  If a contract can be given a certain or definite legal
meaning or interpretation, it is not ambiguous and is construed as a matter of law.  Coker v. Coker,
650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983).
		In Texas, in order to prevail on a claim for anticipatory breach of contract, a plaintiff
must establish each of the following elements:  (1) an absolute repudiation of the obligation;
(2) a lack of a just excuse for the repudiation; and (3) damage to the non-repudiating party.  Gonzalez
v. Denning, 394 F.3d 388, 394 (5th Cir. 2004) (citing Taylor Publ'g Co. v. Systems Mktg. Co.,
686 S.W.2d 213, 217 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.)).
		Allstate argues numerous grounds in its motion for summary judgment and on appeal.
First, Allstate argues that the Rule 11 Agreement cannot be enforced because a condition
precedent--"final" resolution in favor of the plaintiffs of Fleming's appeal on the controlling issue
of law--has not occurred.  Allstate also maintains that the Rule 11 Agreement can no longer be
enforced, in part because the class contemplated by the Agreement can no longer be certified.
Further, Allstate argues that the Rule 11 Agreement is unenforceable as a mandatory class action
because it lacks a provision for declaratory or injunctive relief, and that Fleming made
judicial review and approval of the Rule 11 Agreement impossible by abandoning her claims for
declaratory judgment. (1)  Fleming contends that all conditions precedent for enforcement of the
Rule 11 Agreement have occurred, and that the Agreement can still be enforced and the class
certified.  Fleming also filed a cross-motion for summary judgment seeking specific performance
of the Rule 11 Agreement.

Condition Precedent
		Under the Agreement, paragraph seven--which addresses settlement of claims and
certification of and payment to the class--only becomes operative "[i]f the appeal described in
paragraph 6 is finally resolved in favor of Plaintiffs."  Paragraph six describes the appeal taken
following the trial court's resolution of competing summary judgment motions on the controlling
issue of law in the case, namely, the propriety of the collection of the ATPA fee by Allstate.  As
noted above, with regard to the controlling issue of law, the trial court found in favor of Fleming
and this Court affirmed.  See Fleming I, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 5081, at *3-4.  The case was
appealed to the supreme court, which dismissed the petition for want of jurisdiction.  However,
the court prominently noted in its order that the legal issue was the same as that in Ademaj, in which
the supreme court reversed the lower court and held that the ATPA fees had been properly collected.
Fleming II, 248 S.W.3d at 166.  After the supreme court dismissed the petition, this Court issued
its mandate.
		In the instant appeal, Fleming argues that, since this Court issued its mandate
affirming the judgment of the trial court in her favor, the appeal was "finally resolved in favor of
Plaintiffs."  Allstate, however, notes that under the law of the case doctrine, this Court is not bound
by its prior decision.  Under the doctrine, a court of appeals is normally bound by its initial decision
on a question of law if there is a subsequent appeal in the same case.  Texas Parks & Wildlife Dep't
v. Dearing, 240 S.W.3d 330, 348 (Tex. App.--Austin 2007, pet. denied) (citing Briscoe
v. Goodmark Corp., 102 S.W.3d 714, 716 (Tex. 2003)).  However, a longstanding exception to
the law of the case doctrine is where the appellate court concludes, on the second appeal, that its
original decision was "clearly erroneous."  Id. (citing Hudson v. Wakefield, 711 S.W.2d 628, 630
(Tex. 1986)).  Allstate contends that, since any reconsideration of our decision in Fleming I would
result in abandonment of our prior holding in light of Ademaj, the appeal has not been "finally
resolved in favor of Plaintiffs."
		We agree.  While Fleming has attempted to avoid reconsideration of the controlling
issue of law by removing her claims for declaratory relief from her pleadings, she cannot escape
the fact that this Court would be forced to disavow its holding in Fleming I were the issue involving
the ATPA fee to come before this court anew.  See Hudson, 711 S.W.2d at 630 ("It would be
unthinkable [for the court] after having . . . arrived at the conclusion that the opinion on the former
appeal was clearly erroneous, to hold that it is bound by considerations of consistency to perpetuate
that error.").  Accordingly, under the peculiar posture of this case, we conclude that the appeal
has not been "finally resolved" in favor of Fleming and the other plaintiffs.  Therefore, a condition
precedent to the Rule 11 Agreement has not occurred.  We consequently hold that the trial court did
not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Allstate.

Class Certification
		Even if the appeal in Fleming I had been "finally resolved in favor of Plaintiffs,"
no damages would result from anticipatory breach of the Rule 11 Agreement.  In the alternative,
Allstate argues that the putative class cannot be certified under the terms of the Agreement, and
therefore no damages result from its breach.  The Agreement states,

If the appeal [on the controlling issue of law] is finally resolved in favor of Plaintiffs,
the parties to the transferred action will seek the approval of the Travis County
District Court to settle all remaining issues in the transferred action pursuant to a
formal settlement agreement, which would include the following terms:

a.  Plaintiffs will file an unopposed motion under Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(b)(1)(A) &
42(b)(2) for an order certifying them as representatives of a mandatory settlement
class consisting of:

Every person, entity, and/or organization who paid an Auto Theft Prevention
Authority fee to Allstate . . . .


The Agreement then goes on to detail notice and payment of the settlement to members of the class.
		Allstate argues that, since the claims for declaratory relief were removed from the
pleadings, the class can no longer be certified under Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(b)(2).  Under Rule 42(b)(2),
an action may be certified as a class action if "the party opposing the class has acted or refused to
act on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief
or corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole."  In determining whether
subsection (b)(2) is satisfied, courts "consider whether declaratory relief, to the exclusion of
damages, is appropriate."  Compaq Computer Corp. v. Lapray, 135 S.W.3d 657, 669 (Tex. 2004)
(citing McManus v. Fleetwood Enters., 320 F.3d 545 (5th Cir. 2003)).  Fleming contends that, as
the district court's order declaring collection of the ATPA fee improper was affirmed by this Court,
the trial court can certify the class based on the declaratory relief granted in its prior order.  However,
the claim for improper collection of the ATPA fee underlying the court's order granting
declaratory relief has been removed from the pleadings in the case.  As this relief is no longer
requested by the plaintiffs--or proper under the law following Ademaj--we agree with Allstate that
the class can no longer be certified as a mandatory (b)(2) class for declaratory relief. (2) See McManus,
320 F.3d at 553 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by certifying (b)(2) class where, as
here, ordinary relief for lawsuit would be money damages).  Accordingly, as certification of the class
is a predicate for awarding payments to the class under the Rule 11 Agreement, and as the
putative class cannot be certified in accordance with the Agreement, no damages result from any
anticipatory breach of the Agreement by Allstate. (3)
CONCLUSION
		We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
 
__________________________________________
						Diane M. Henson, Justice
Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Henson
Affirmed
Filed:   October 22, 2010
1.   A fourth ground was included in Allstate's motion for summary judgment but was not
argued on appeal.
2.   Fleming also argues that, under Lapray, the class can be certified as a (b)(2) class even
without a claim for declaratory relief.  Fleming points to language in Lapray that indicates that a
(b)(2) class seeking damages can be certified if the trial court orders notice and opt-out to protect the
rights of the class members.  Compaq Computer Corp. v. Lapray, 135 S.W.3d 657, 670 (Tex. 2004). 
Notice and opt-out, however, would not be appropriate in this case--the Rule 11 Agreement
specifically calls for a "mandatory" class, precluding the possibility of opt-out.
3.   We need not address other arguments raised by the parties on summary judgment.  Where,
as here, the trial court's order does not specify the grounds for its summary judgment, we must 
affirm the summary judgment if any of the theories presented to the trial court and preserved for
appellate review are meritorious.  Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216
(Tex. 2003).
