
17 Cal.3d 671 (1976)
552 P.2d 749
131 Cal. Rptr. 789
KATHLEEN TRIPP, Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
DAVID B. SWOAP, as Director, etc., Defendant and Appellant.
Docket No. S.F. 23423.
Supreme Court of California.
August 3, 1976.
*674 COUNSEL
Evelle J. Younger, Attorney General, Elizabeth Palmer, Assistant Attorney General, Jerome M. Behrens and John J. Klee, Jr., for Defendant and Appellant.
Carl L. McConnell, Peter Reid and Byron Mellberg for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Craig H. Scott and Richard M. Pearl as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Respondent.
*675 OPINION
SULLIVAN, J.
This is an appeal from a judgment awarding plaintiff Kathleen Tripp retroactive payment of welfare benefits with attorneys' fees and prejudgment interest.
On July 25, 1972, plaintiff presented an application for benefits under the aid to the needy disabled program (ATD)[1] based on a disabling injury to her back sustained in 1970. The ATD review team initially denied plaintiff benefits on the ground that she had not established the requisite permanent disability on which such benefits were conditioned. After a hearing to review the denial the hearing officer found that plaintiff was eligible for Group II benefits. These benefits were available to an applicant whose impairments were reasonably expected to continue throughout the applicant's lifetime, but might improve at some future, undetermined date and therefore were subject to periodic review. Despite the hearing officer's finding, on August 28, 1973, defendant Director of the State Department of Social Welfare (hereafter Director and DSW)[2] denied plaintiff's claim on the ground that her impairments were not permanent in that they would improve with time or medical treatment and therefore did not appear reasonably certain to continue for the duration of her life.
Plaintiff commenced the instant proceedings in administrative mandamus to challenge the Director's determination of her ineligibility. The trial court determined that there was substantial evidence to support a finding that plaintiff's disability was permanent, and that there was no substantial evidence that her condition would improve.[3] The court entered judgment accordingly ordering the issuance of a peremptory writ of mandate directing defendant to set aside his decision of August 28, 1973, in the underlying administrative proceeding and to pay plaintiff benefits retroactively from July 25, 1972, with attorney's fees and interest *676 at the legal rate. The writ issued forthwith. This appeal by the Director followed.
We agree at the outset with the trial court's conclusion that the Director's decision denying benefits to plaintiff must be set aside as not supported by substantial evidence. (1) Under the substantial evidence test it was the duty of the trial court to review defendant's decision in light of the entire administrative record. Our task is defined by the same standard of review. (Bixby v. Pierno (1971) 4 Cal.3d 130, 149 [93 Cal. Rptr. 234, 481 P.2d 242]; Merrill v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1969) 71 Cal.2d 907, 915-916 [80 Cal. Rptr. 89, 458 P.2d 33].)
(2) Defendant denied plaintiff's claim for benefits on the ground that her impairments would improve. However, the only evidence adduced by defendant to support his finding was a report by plaintiff's physician made one month after she underwent surgery. In his report the doctor noted that the prognosis was "fair" but that a final prognosis could not be rendered for another year, and further noted that plaintiff's functional limitations were "temporary." On the other hand, the remaining evidence disclosed that five months after her surgery plaintiff was required to wear a back brace to stand; that in her doctor's opinion she would never return to her prior work and would probably require additional surgery; that she still suffered from dizziness and had difficulty speaking; that her doctor had diagnosed deterioration of the spine; that after a short period of improvement following her operation, she began hemorrhaging in her back; and that her condition was becoming progressively worse.
On the basis of the above facts, the trial court properly concluded that there was substantial evidence that plaintiff's impairments were sufficiently permanent to entitle her to ATD benefits subject to periodic review. Considered in the light of the entire record, the report made by plaintiff's doctor one month after her surgery did not constitute substantial evidence to support defendant's decision denying plaintiff benefits. Accordingly, the trial court did not commit error in ordering the decision to be set aside.
We reject as devoid of merit the Director's related contention that the trial court did not in fact apply the "substantial evidence test" in reversing the Director's decision. Defendant argues that the trial court reweighed the evidence and exercised its independent judgment in reviewing the administrative record. It is urged that this is manifest in the *677 trial court's memorandum decision where after summarizing the evidence, the court stated that "it is apparent that a preponderance of evidence pointed to the conclusions of the referee that the disability was indeed permanent." Defendant complains that at least the court alternatively used the "independent judgment" test and the "substantial evidence" test to overturn his decision. We do not agree. At the very beginning of the memorandum decision and immediately preceding the above summary of evidence, it is clearly and explicitly stated that "The trial court's review of this decision is confined to the issue of whether or not there was substantial evidence to support the [Director's] decision." Again at the end of the decision the court concluded: "Thus, it is apparent from the evidence there were substantial facts to support a finding of permanence, and no substantial evidence to find that petitioner `will improve.'" We are satisfied that the trial judge applied the proper scope of review.
(3a) We also uphold the trial court's award of retroactive benefits. Defendant contends that the power to grant aid was vested in the DSW subject to review by the trial court and that consequently although the court could order defendant to pay benefits to plaintiff, it was without power to order such payments to be made retroactively or to fix the date on which payments were to commence. Contrary to the Director's claim, however, it has been held on a number of occasions over the last 30 years that where the circumstances so warrant, it is within the power of a trial court to order that the payment of benefits be made retroactive. (See, e.g., Bd. of Soc. Welfare v. County of L.A. (1945) 27 Cal.2d 81, 86-89 [162 P.2d 630]; Smock v. Carleson (1975) 47 Cal. App.3d 960, 964 [121 Cal. Rptr. 432]; Leach v. Swoap (1973) 35 Cal. App.3d 685, 689-690 [110 Cal. Rptr. 62]; Mooney v. Pickett (1972) 26 Cal. App.3d 431, 435 [102 Cal. Rptr. 708].)
When in its review of an administrative decision the court enters judgment commanding the respondent to set aside the decision, it "may order respondent to take such further action as is specially enjoined upon it by law but the judgment shall not limit or control in any way the discretion legally vested in the respondent." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (e).) In the instant case, having determined that plaintiff had been wrongfully denied ATD benefits as a matter of law, the trial court merely rendered a judgment ordering defendant to discharge his legal obligation. Inasmuch as an ATD applicant is entitled by statute to benefits as of a particular date once eligibility is established (§ 11056), there was no issue remaining on which the trial court could invade the director's discretion.
*678 Under these circumstances, it is manifest that the trial court acted properly within the scope of its power. We observe, however, that the court erroneously applied July 25, 1972, the date of plaintiff's application for benefits, as the effective date of her entitlement to benefits. Under section 11056, plaintiff's entitlement to benefits commenced on August 1, 1972, as the first day of the month following the date of application. Accordingly, the judgment must be modified to reflect August 1, 1972, as the proper date of commencement of plaintiff's benefits.
We turn to the issue whether the recipient of wrongfully withheld welfare benefits is entitled to prejudgment interest. Defendant contends that plaintiff is not entitled to interest because it is not specifically authorized under section 10962[4] which provides for judicial review of benefit determinations. Plaintiff, on the other hand, contends that section 3287, subdivision (a), of the Civil Code,[5] which provides generally for the award of interest on damages, authorizes the interest awarded her by the trial court.[6]
*679 The resolution of this issue thus calls for the statutory construction of section 10962 and Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a). (4) We begin with the fundamental rule that a court "should ascertain the intent of the Legislature so as to effectuate the purpose of the law." (Select Base Materials v. Board of Equal. (1959) 51 Cal.2d 640, 645 [335 P.2d 672].) (5) In interpreting particular words, phrases, or clauses in a statute, "the entire substance of the statute or that portion relating to the subject under review should be examined in order to determine the scope and purpose of the provision containing such words, phrases, or clauses." (West Pico Furniture Co. v. Pacific Finance Loans (1970) 2 Cal.3d 594, 608 [86 Cal. Rptr. 793, 469 P.2d 665].) The words in question "`must be construed in context, keeping in mind the nature and obvious purpose of the statute where they appear.'" (Moyer v. Workmen's Comp. Appeals Bd. (1973) 10 Cal.3d 222, 230 [110 Cal. Rptr. 144, 514 P.2d 1224], quoting from Johnstone v. Richardson (1951) 103 Cal. App.2d 41, 46 [229 P.2d 9].)
(6) Where as here two codes are to be construed, they "must be regarded as blending into each other and forming a single statute." (Armenta v. Churchill (1954) 42 Cal.2d 448, 455 [267 P.2d 303].) Accordingly, they "must be read together and so construed as to give effect, when possible, to all the provisions thereof." (Pareses v. State Board of Prison Directors (1929) 208 Cal. 353, 355 [281 P. 394].) With these guiding principles in mind, we proceed to an examination of the statutes involved in the instant action.
Section 10962 permits an applicant or recipient of welfare benefits to seek judicial review of an adverse determination by the Director of the DSW.[7] Appellate courts have construed section 10962 in part as having as its purpose to ensure that aggrieved recipients have access to the judicial system to establish their statutory rights. (Silberman v. Swoap (1975) 50 Cal. App.3d 568, 571 [123 Cal. Rptr. 456]; Trout v. Carleson (1974) 37 Cal. App.3d 337, 343 [112 Cal. Rptr. 282].) Defendant correctly points out that section 10962 authorizes a recipient to secure judicial *680 review without payment of a filing fee, and further authorizes a successful recipient to recover attorney's fees and costs. However, it does not follow that by enumerating these specific items, the Legislature has evinced an intent to foreclose a recipient from recovering interest on a retroactive benefit award.[8]
The provisions embodied in section 10962 relating to filing fees, attorney's fees, and costs ease the financial burden which a recipient seeking judicial review otherwise would encounter. Payment of a filing fee is required generally by statute as a condition to bringing suit. (Code Civ. Proc., § 411.20.)[9] Attorney's fees ordinarily are not recoverable except as provided by statute or agreement of the parties. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1021; see County of Humboldt v. Swoap (1975) 51 Cal. App.3d 442, 444 [124 Cal. Rptr. 510].) (7) Finally, the award of costs to a prevailing applicant in a mandamus proceeding normally lies within the discretion of the court under Code of Civil Procedure section 1095. (Gould v. Moss (1910) 158 Cal. 548, 549 [111 P. 925]; Oksner v. Superior Court (1964) 229 Cal. App.2d 672, 690 [40 Cal. Rptr. 621]; Ellis v. City Council (1963) 222 Cal. App.2d 490, 500-501 [35 Cal. Rptr. 317]; Kramer v. State Board of Accountancy (1962) 200 Cal. App.2d 163, 177 [19 Cal. Rptr. 226].)
(8) In the absence of the specific provisions in section 10962 relating to filing fees, attorney's fees, and costs, a needy person unable to bear the cost of bringing suit might be foreclosed from vindicating rights which have been conferred upon him by statute. The Legislature's inclusion of *681 these provisions thus supports the view that the purpose of section 10962 is to ensure access to judicial review, rather than to define the extent of a recipient's recovery.[10] Interest, on the other hand, relates to the extent of recovery inasmuch as it constitutes an element of damages. Under this construction the fact that the Legislature did not mention interest specifically does not mean that a successful recipient is precluded from receiving it. Rather, we must determine whether there is some other authority on which it should be awarded.
(3b) Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a), (see fn. 5 ante) authorizes the recovery of interest on damages which are certain or capable of being made certain by calculation, where the right to recover has vested on a particular day. In Mass v. Board of Education, supra, 61 Cal.2d 612, we construed this statute as providing for prejudgment interest in actions based upon a general underlying monetary obligation, including the obligation of a governmental entity determined by way of mandamus. Since Mass our courts on numerous occasions have awarded prejudgment interest in mandamus proceedings brought to recover sums of money pursuant to a statutory obligation. (City and County of San Francisco v. Cooper (1975) 13 Cal.3d 898, 932 [120 Cal. Rptr. 707, 534 P.2d 403] (San Francisco Ord., No. 152-74); Sanders v. City of Los Angeles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 252, 262-263 [90 Cal. Rptr. 169, 475 P.2d 201] (Los Angeles City Charter, § 425); Squire v. City and County of San Francisco (1970) 12 Cal. App.3d 974, 982 [91 Cal. Rptr. 347] (San Francisco City and County Charter, § 151.3.1); Mullins v. Toothman (1965) 231 Cal. App.2d 756, 769 [42 Cal. Rptr. 254] (Oakland City Charter, § 91b).)
(9) Defendant argues that the award of interest authorized under Civil Code section 3287 is limited to contract actions and actions sounding in tort. This contention simply is not supported by the cases just cited. In each of them the court was confronted with a claim based on a statutory obligation and did not mention the existence of a contract as underlying plaintiff's suit.[11] In each case the court awarded interest *682 pursuant to section 3287 despite the absence of specific statutory authority.
(10) Under section 3287, subdivision (a), as interpreted in Mass, supra, a claimant must satisfy three conditions for the recovery of interest in a mandamus action against the state:[12] (1) There must be an underlying monetary obligation; (2) the recovery must be certain or capable of being made certain by calculation; and (3) the right to recovery must vest on a particular day.
(3c) These three requirements are satisfied in the instant case. First, we observe that the state has a legal obligation to furnish welfare benefits to all persons who meet applicable standards of eligibility. (See Mooney v. Pickett (1971) 4 Cal.3d 669, 676 [94 Cal. Rptr. 279, 483 P.2d 1231].) This obligation becomes a debt due as of the date an applicant is first entitled to receive aid. (Bd. of Soc. Welfare v. County of L.A., supra, 27 Cal.2d 81, 86.) Accordingly, an action to recover wrongfully withheld benefits is an action on an underlying monetary obligation to the same extent as an action to recover back salary under Mass, supra. (See Leach v. Swoap, supra, 35 Cal. App.3d 685, 690.)
Secondly, we observe that the entire scheme of our welfare laws serves to promote certainty as to the amount of benefits payable by setting forth fixed payment schedules. (See, e.g., Cooper v. Swoap (1974) 11 Cal.3d 856, 861-862 [115 Cal. Rptr. 1, 524 P.2d 97]; cert. den. (1974) 419 U.S. 1022 [42 L.Ed.2d 296, 95 S.Ct. 498].) Once an applicant's entitlement to benefits is established, the calculation of the amount of such benefits becomes a mechanical exercise of applying the appropriate standard of assistance. The recovery of wrongfully withheld benefits thus is not subject to the uncertainty that would otherwise bar an award of interest. (See Lineman v. Schmid (1948) 32 Cal.2d 204, 212 [195 P.2d 408, 4 A.L.R.2d 1380].)
Finally, we note that section 11056 specifically provides that once eligibility has been determined, payment of a recipient's benefits must *683 commence on a particular day. We have made it clear that for purposes of ordering retroactive payments, the right to receive benefits vests in the recipient on the first date of his entitlement. (Bd. of Soc. Welfare v. County of L.A., supra, 27 Cal.2d at p. 86.) For purposes of awarding interest, each payment of benefits similarly should be viewed as vesting on the date it becomes due. (See Mass v. Board of Education, supra, 61 Cal.2d at p. 625.)
In Bd. of Soc. Welfare v. County of L.A., supra, 27 Cal.2d 81, we recognized the strong public policy in favor of retroactive payment of welfare benefits. (Id., at pp. 85-86.) This policy has been articulated as "securing to those entitled to aid the full payment thereof, from the date they were first entitled thereto, regardless of errors and delays by local authorities...." (Mooney v. Pickett, supra, 26 Cal. App.3d at p. 435.)
The same public policy that favors the award of retroactive benefits would appear to favor the award of prejudgment interest on such benefits. Indeed, we have recognized in the context of an interest award on retroactive salary payments that "[i]f plaintiff had not been wrongfully suspended, he would have obtained the benefit of the moneys paid as of those dates; he has thus lost the natural growth and productivity of the withheld salary in the form of interest." (Mass v. Board of Education, supra, 61 Cal.2d at p. 625.) The policy rationale behind awarding prejudgment interest articulated in Mass takes on particular significance in the context of wrongfully withheld welfare benefits. In some instances, it may take long periods of time for an applicant to vindicate his entitlement to aid and in the interval the delay inevitably exacts its toll from that portion of our society least able to bear the deprivation.
The dual concept of debt and public policy articulated in Bd. of Soc. Welfare, supra, supplies a strong rationale for the award of prejudgment interest in the case at bench. (See Leach v. Swoap, supra, 35 Cal. App.3d at p. 689.) (11) In the recent case of Luna v. Carleson (1975) 45 Cal. App.3d 670 [119 Cal. Rptr. 711], however, the court held as a matter of first impression that prejudgment interest was not available to the recipient of wrongfully withheld welfare benefits. In a brief opinion the court set forth essentially four grounds for its reversal of the trial court's award of interest in a proceeding brought under section 10962. We are not persuaded that any of the grounds on which the court relied provide authority for the position which the court adopted.
First, the court appears to have misapplied the general rule that interest cannot be recovered against a state or municipality. While it is *684 true that governmental entities traditionally have been immune from liability for interest, Civil Code section 3287 as amended in 1959 provides a clear statutory exception to the general rule, and this exception has been consistently recognized by this court as imposing liability for interest on such entities. (E.g., Sanders v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 262; Benson v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 60 Cal.2d 355, 364.)
Second, the court was of the view that in the face of the provision in section 10962 for attorney's fees and costs, the Legislature's failure to include interest was not an inadvertence. The court was unable to find any legislative authorization for the payment of interest in a section 10962 proceeding. However, as we have pointed out above, the fact that the Legislature did not specify interest is not probative on the issue whether it is recoverable under the view that the purpose of section 10962 is to ensure access to judicial review and not to define the extent of recovery. (See Silberman v. Swoap, supra, 50 Cal. App.3d at p. 571.) Moreover, by failing to find any legislative authorization for the payment of interest in a section 10962 proceeding, the court completely ignored the general availability of interest under Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a). As we have explained, we are satisfied that section 3287, subdivision (a), reaches actions brought to recover sums of money owing as a statutory obligation. In Mass v. Board of Education, supra, 61 Cal.2d 612, the statute under which we awarded back salary did not provide for the recovery of interest.[13] Rather than imply a legislative bar of interest from that fact, we awarded interest pursuant to the general authority of section 3287, subdivision (a). (See also City and County of San Francisco v. Cooper, supra, 13 Cal.3d at p. 932; Sanders v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 3 Cal.3d at pp. 262-263; Squire v. City and County of San Francisco, supra, 12 Cal. App.3d at p. 982; Mullins v. Toothman, supra, 231 Cal. App.2d at p. 769.)
Third, the Luna court observed that of the many cases decided by our appellate courts involving welfare payments, none of them discussed the matter of interest. As the court acknowledged, however, the fact that interest has not been discussed in similar decisions is not the most convincing authority for denying it.
Finally, the court noted that the federal government funds a large share of the welfare payments made by the state and that there is no *685 federal statute authorizing reimbursement to the state for interest payments. As amici have pointed out, however, whether federal reimbursement is available is irrelevant to the determination of the issue whether interest is recoverable against the state. The claims of a recipient such as plaintiff are based upon an entitlement to benefits as a matter of state law. (See Bd. of Soc. Welfare v. County of L.A., supra, 27 Cal.2d 81.) The procedure for judicial review of a denial of benefits is a creature of state law under section 10962 and the entitlement to interest is a matter of state policy as articulated in Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a).
We believe that sound statutory construction of section 10962 reveals no intent on the part of the Legislature to deny prejudgment interest to the recipient of wrongfully withheld welfare benefits. On the other hand, there is clear authority for awarding such interest pursuant to Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a). We are further of the view that the award of such interest would be in conformity with the statutory mandate requiring the law relating to public assistance programs to be liberally construed. (§ 11000; see County of Los Angeles v. Frisbie (1942) 19 Cal.2d 634, 644 [122 P.2d 526].)[14]
Accordingly, we hold that where a recipient of welfare benefits is adjudged entitled to retroactive payment of benefits pursuant to the statutory obligation of the state, such recipient is entitled to an award of prejudgment interest at the legal rate from the time each payment becomes due. To the extent that Luna v. Carleson, supra, 45 Cal. App.3d 670, is inconsistent with the views expressed herein, it is disapproved.
The cause is remanded to the trial court with directions to modify its judgment by directing defendant to pay retroactive aid to plaintiff effective August 1, 1972, instead of July 25, 1972. As modified, the judgment is affirmed. The trial court is further directed to determine a reasonable attorneys' fee to be awarded to plaintiff's attorneys for their services on appeal. Plaintiff shall recover costs on appeal.
Wright, C.J., Tobriner, J., Mosk, J., and Richardson, J., concurred.
*686 CLARK, J., Dissenting.
The majority err in allowing a welfare recipient interest on unpaid aid, contravening both legislative intent and welfare's purpose.
The Legislature has provided the recipient judicial review, mentioning filing fees, attorney's fees and court costs. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 10962.) But the same code makes no mention of interest.
The purpose of welfare is to provide subsistence to the needy. (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 10000, 10001; Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) 397 U.S. 254, 264 [25 L.Ed.2d 287, 296-297, 90 S.Ct. 1011].) But it has not been shown that the addition of interest will alleviate Mrs. Tripp's needs.
The welfare fund is a limited resource, derived from the labor of others. By now adding interest to the aid of one, we reduce the aid available to another. Today's decision is inequitable to all.
McComb, J., concurred.
NOTES
[1]  The ATD program (former Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 13500-13801) has since been superseded by the supplemental security income program (42 U.S.C. §§ 1381-1383c) and the ATD statutes have been repealed (Stats. 1973, ch. 1216, § 55, p. 2923, effective Dec. 5, 1973).

Hereafter, unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
[2]  The Department of Social Welfare is now known as the Department of Benefit Payments. (§ 10054.)
[3]  This determination is reflected in the court's memorandum decision. Written findings of fact and conclusions of law apparently were not requested. (Code Civ. Proc., § 632; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 232.)
[4]  Section 10962 provides: "The applicant or recipient or the affected county, within one year after receiving notice of the director's final decision, may file a petition with the superior court, under the provisions of Section 1094.5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, praying for a review of the entire proceedings in the matter, upon questions of law involved in the case. Such review, if granted, shall be the exclusive remedy available to the applicant or recipient or county for review of the director's decision. The director shall be the sole respondent in such proceedings. Immediately upon being served the director shall serve a copy of the petition on the other party entitled to judicial review and such party shall have the right to intervene in the proceeding.

"No filing fee shall be required for the filing of a petition pursuant to this section. Any such petition to the superior court shall be entitled to a preference in setting a date for hearing on the petition. No bond shall be required in the case of any petition for review, nor in any appeal therefrom. The applicant or recipient shall be entitled to reasonable attorney's fees and costs, if he obtains a decision in his favor."
[5]  Section 3287, subdivision (a), provides: "Every person who is entitled to recover damages certain, or capable of being made certain by calculation, and the right to recover which is vested in him upon a particular day, is entitled also to recover interest thereon from that day, except during such time as the debtor is prevented by law, or by the act of the creditor from paying the debt. This section is applicable to recovery of damages and interest from any such debtor, including the state or any county, city, city and county, municipal corporation, public district, public agency, or any political subdivision of the state."
[6]  Contrary to defendant's contention, we do not comprehend plaintiff's position to be that the express amendment of Civil Code section 3287 in 1959 to make interest recoverable against the state constitutes an implied amendment of section 10962. Rather, plaintiff simply contends that independently of section 10962, Civil Code section 3287 as construed by our courts authorizes recovery of prejudgment interest on wrongfully withheld welfare benefits. Accordingly, defendant's reliance on Myers v. King (1969) 272 Cal. App.2d 571, 579 [77 Cal. Rptr. 625], for the statement of the "general rule of statutory interpretation that an implied amendment of one code section by an express amendment of another code section is disfavored ... [citations]" does not support his contention that interest is unavailable in an action to recover retroactive welfare benefits.
[7]  Defendant contends that plaintiff is not entitled to interest since section 10962 makes judicial review under Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5 plaintiff's "exclusive remedy" without specifically providing for interest. However, defendant misconstrues the purpose of the exclusory language by taking it out of context. A closer reading of the statute reveals that this language refers only to the manner in which an aggrieved party may seek review of an adverse determination and the scope of review to which he is entitled. Indeed, inasmuch as an aggrieved party must proceed by way of administrative mandamus, the availability of interest as an element of damages remains open. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 1095.)
[8]  Defendant contends that the express provision for the award of attorney's fees and costs implies the exclusion of interest pursuant to the statutory rule of interpretation expressio unius est exclusio alterius. He bolsters his argument by pointing out that the Legislature has authorized recovery of interest in some statutorily created remedies, while failing to do so in others. However, as plaintiff points out, the only statute defendant cites as exemplifying specific legislative authority for interest  section 19091 of the Revenue and Taxation Code  was enacted prior to the amendment of Civil Code section 3287, in order to create a narrow exception to the then prevailing rule that interest was not recoverable against the state. Section 42231 of the Vehicle Code, relied on by defendant as illustrative of the Legislature's failure to authorize interest in particular cases, similarly has no relevance to the issue at bar inasmuch as claims under section 42231 are payable from a special fund. (Gibbons & Reed Co. v. Dept. of Motor Vehicles (1963) 220 Cal. App.2d 277, 289 [33 Cal. Rptr. 688, 927], disapproved on other grounds, Mass v. Board of Education (1964) 61 Cal.2d 612, 627, fn. 9 [39 Cal. Rptr. 739, 394 P.2d 579].)
[9]  Of course, we recognize that California courts retain a common law authority to waive the payment of filing fees in the case of indigent litigants. (Conover v. Hall (1974) 11 Cal.3d 842, 850-851 [114 Cal. Rptr. 642, 523 P.2d 682].) Nevertheless, statutory waiver of such fees avoids burdening our courts with a potentially great volume of pro forma applications.
[10]  Additional indicia that the purpose of section 10962 is to ensure access to judicial review are the provisions which confer a preference in setting a date for hearing and waive payment of bond on appeal.
[11]  We recognize that Mass contains language of contract at one point in the decision. (Mass v. Board of Education, supra, 61 Cal.2d at p. 626.) However, our holding that the petitioner Mass was entitled to the payment of past salary did not rest on the fact of a contractual obligation but rather on Education Code section 13516.5, which imposed liability for past due salary without mention of an underlying contract. Moreover, our recognition of a contractual relation was grounded on Education Code section 1011, which imposed yet another statutory obligation for both debt and contract.
[12]  Of course, the operation of section 3287, subdivision (a), is further predicated on the existence of damages. Actions to recover retroactive salary increases and wrongfully withheld pension payments have been held to constitute actions for damages. (Sanders v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 3 Cal.3d 252, 262-263; Benson v. City of Los Angeles (1963) 60 Cal.2d 355, 365-366 [33 Cal. Rptr. 257, 384 P.2d 649].) For purposes of section 3287, subdivision (a), we find wrongfully withheld welfare benefits analytically indistinguishable from salary increases and pension payments. Accordingly, we are of the view that the action before us is an action for damages within the meaning of that statute. (See also Edelman v. Jordan (1974) 415 U.S. 651, 668 [39 L.Ed.2d 662, 675, 94 S.Ct. 1347].)
[13]  Education Code section 13516.5.
[14]  Defendant argues that to award interest under Civil Code section 3287 on retroactive benefits to welfare recipients who have been denied benefits but are successful in obtaining them after judicial review will discriminate against recipients who have been denied benefits but are successful in obtaining them after an administrative appeal to the Director. We fail to see how this argument assists defendant. We are not presented with the question whether the latter class of recipients is similarly entitled to interest and do not now decide that question which in our view defendant lacks standing to raise.
