                                 RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                      Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                               File Name: 06a0446p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                          FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                            _________________


                                                       X
                                  Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                        -
                                                        -
                                                        -
                                                            No. 05-3228
           v.
                                                        ,
                                                         >
 CLIFTON L. COUSINS,                                    -
                               Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                       N
                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Northern District of Ohio at Akron.
                     No. 04-00169—David D. Dowd, Jr., District Judge.
                                             Argued: April 19, 2006
                                  Decided and Filed: November 30, 2006
             Before: MOORE and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; SHADUR, District Judge.*
                                               _________________
                                                     COUNSEL
ARGUED: Dennis G. Terez, ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant.
Robert J. Becker, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Akron, Ohio, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Dennis G. Terez, ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER, Cleveland, Ohio, for
Appellant. Robert J. Becker, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Akron, Ohio, for
Appellee.
                                               _________________
                                                   OPINION
                                               _________________
     MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SHADUR, D. J., joined.
GIBBONS, J. (pp. 9-10), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
        KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Clifton Cousins appeals
his sentence for the crimes of threatening to harm the President of the United States and his family,
arguing that the district judge violated the constitutional standard set forth in United States v.
Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), by incorrectly calculating the applicable Sentencing Guidelines range
and by imposing an unreasonable sentence; and contending that the district court committed plain
error by failing to give advance notice, as required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h), of

         *
          The Honorable Milton Irving Shadur, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting
by designation.


                                                           1
No. 05-3228                United States v. Cousins                                                                Page 2


its intention to impose an upward variance. For the reasons set forth below, we VACATE Cousins’s
sentence and REMAND this case to the district court for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
                                                I. BACKGROUND
         On November 17, 2004, Cousins pleaded guilty to three counts of threatening the President
of the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 871(a), and the President’s family, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 879(a)(2). The base offense level for each of these crimes is 12. U.S. SENTENCING
GUIDELINES MANUAL (“U.S.S.G.”) § 2A6.1(a)(1). In the pre-sentence investigation report (“PSR”),
the probation officer suggested a three-level enhancement, under § 3A1.2 of the Guidelines, because
of the official status of the victims. Id. § 3A1.2(a)(1)(C); Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 96 (PSR at 6).
The probation officer also suggested     a two-level enhancement based upon the multiple counts to
which Cousins pleaded guilty.1 J.A. at 96 (PSR at 6); U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4. These calculations resulted
in a total suggested adjusted offense level of 17. J.A. at 96 (PSR at 6). Finally, the PSR
recommended that that level be reduced by three for Cousins’s acceptance of responsibility, yielding
a final total offense level of 14. J.A. at 97 (PSR at 7).
        Cousins objected to the calculations in the PSR, arguing that the recommended two-level
enhancement for multiple counts was impermissible and, therefore, that the correct adjusted offense
level was 12, the level upon which the parties had agreed in plea negotiations. J.A. at 22 (Cousins
Br. in Resp. to District Ct. Order of January 13, 2005 at 5); J.A. at 115 (Cousins Objections to PSR
at 1). Cousins and the probation officer agreed that Cousins’s criminal history score placed him in
criminal history category VI. J.A. at 103 (PSR at 13); Cousins Br. at 7.
       At sentencing, the district judge calculated an adjusted total offense level of 142 and a
criminal history category of VI, which yielded a Guidelines range of 37 to 46 months’
imprisonment. J.A. at 90 (District Ct.’s Statement of Reasons). The judge then imposed a sentence
of 48 months, an upward variance of two months from the top of the Guidelines range. Id.
       Cousins now appeals his sentence on the grounds that the district judge incorrectly calculated
the Guidelines range and that the sentence is unreasonable in light of United States v. Booker, 543
U.S. 220 (2005). He also argues that the district judge failed to give advance notice of his intention
to impose an upward variance from the applicable Guidelines range, pursuant to Federal Rule of
Criminal Procedure 32(h).
                                                   II. ANALYSIS
A. Double Counting
       Cousins challenges the district court’s calculation of the applicable Guidelines range, on the
ground that the three-level enhancement for the official status of the victims constitutes double
counting because the victims’ identities are elements of the charged offenses. Cousins Br. at 17-20.
Cousins properly preserved this objection for appeal by articulating it during the sentencing hearing.



         1
           Because § 3D1.2 provides for grouping of counts involving the same victim, the two counts arising from
Cousins’s threats against the President were treated as a single count in the PSR. J.A. at 95 (PSR at 5). Accordingly,
the PSR regarded Cousins’s case as involving only two counts in all. J.A. at 96 (PSR at 6).
         2
            Instead of adopting either party’s suggested calculation, the district court determined that the initial offense
level of 12 should be enhanced by three levels for the official status of the victims and another two levels under U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1, because Cousins is a career criminal, for an aggregate level of 17. J.A. at 55-56 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 19-20).
The court then applied a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility. Id.
No. 05-3228            United States v. Cousins                                                   Page 3


See United States v. Perkins, 89 F.3d 303, 306-07 (6th Cir. 1996). We review the district court’s
application of the Guidelines de novo. United States v. Jarman, 144 F.3d 912, 914 (6th Cir. 1998).
         Cousins argues that, because he could not be found guilty of violating either § 871(a) or
§ 879(a)(2) were his victims ordinary citizens rather than a public official and his relatives, the
Guidelines range applicable to those provisions already takes into account the victims’ status.
Cousins Br. at 17-20. Cousins is mistaken. The Guidelines provision applicable to §§ 871(a) and
879(a)(2), U.S.S.G. § 2A6.1, does not mention victim status. Rather, it applies to all threatening or
harassing communications, irrespective of the identity of the victim. Thus, absent the enhancement,
the sentencing provision makes no distinction between threats toward the First Family and threats
toward ordinary citizens. Cf. United States v. Smith, 196 F.3d 676, 683-84 (6th Cir. 1999) (adopting
the Fifth Circuit’s holding in United States v. Kings, 981 F.2d 790, 793 (5th Cir. 1993), that a district
court does not engage in double counting by applying an official-victim enhancement when the
Guideline establishing the base offense level — as opposed to the statute establishing criminal
liability — does not take the victim’s status into account); compare United States v. Farrow, 198
F.3d 179, 191, 193 (6th Cir. 1999) (reversing the district court’s “cumulative use of the same
conduct to both establish a base offense level and apply an enhancement” and noting this Circuit’s
“well-established rule that impermissible ‘double counting’ occurs when precisely the same aspect
of a defendant’s conduct factors into his sentence in two separate ways”) (emphasis added).
Accordingly, we hold that the district court correctly applied the three-level § 3A1.2 enhancement.
B. Reasonableness of the Variance
       Cousins also contends that his sentence is unreasonable because the district judge failed
adequately to explain why the upward variance of two months was “sufficient, but not greater than
necessary,” to comply with the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). In reviewing sentencing decisions,
we apply “a practical standard of review . . . familiar to appellate courts: review for
‘unreasonable[ness].’” United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 261 (2005).
        Guided by Booker’s principle of meaningful appellate review for reasonableness and
        its respect for the sentencing goals articulated in § 3553(a), we “may conclude that
        a sentence is unreasonable when the district judge fails to consider the applicable
        Guidelines range or neglects to consider the other factors listed in 18 U.S.C.
        § 3553(a), and instead simply selects what the judge deems an appropriate sentence
        without such required consideration.”
United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 553 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal citation and quotation
marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005)).
        Section 3553(a) requires a sentencing court to consider the following factors: (1) “the nature
and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant”; (2) “the need
for the sentence . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, . . . to
provide just punishment,” to deter similar criminal conduct, “to protect the public from further
crimes of the defendant,” and to provide the defendant with training, medical care, or other
treatment; (3) “the kinds of sentences available”; (4) the applicable advisory Guidelines range;
(5) relevant policy statements by the Sentencing Commission; (6) “the need to avoid unwarranted
sentenc[ing] disparities”; and (7) “the need to provide restitution to . . . victims.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a).
        A sentence within the Guidelines range triggers a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness,
see Richardson, 437 F.3d at 553-54, but a court imposing such a sentence must nonetheless
articulate its reasoning with sufficient specificity to permit meaningful appellate review. Id. at 554.
No. 05-3228           United States v. Cousins                                                       Page 4


       Perhaps most critically, the presumption [of reasonableness] does not excuse a
       sentencing court’s failure to adhere to the procedural requirements of a reasonable
       sentence and indeed applies only to sentences that generally have satisfied these
       numerous requirements. In the Sixth Circuit, as in many other circuits, we
       distinguish between the substantive and procedural components of reasonableness
       review, and nothing about the presumption permits a sentencing court to ignore the
       procedural requirements of a reasonable sentence.
United States v. Buchanan, 449 F.3d 731, 738 (6th Cir. 2006) (Sutton, J., concurring) (internal
quotation marks omitted). In Richardson, we emphasized “the obligation of the district court in each
case to communicate clearly its rationale for imposing the specific sentence.” Richardson, 437 F.3d
at 554. In particular:
       Where a defendant raises a particular argument in seeking a lower sentence, the
       record must reflect both that the district judge considered the defendant’s argument
       and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it. This assures not only that the
       defendant can understand the basis for the particular sentence but also that the
       reviewing court can intelligently determine whether the specific sentence is indeed
       reasonable.
Id. At the sentencing hearing in this case, Cousins requested that the sentences for all three counts
run concurrently with each other and with Cousins’s state sentence, in order to maximize the
likelihood that Cousins would receive treatment for mental illness and drug dependency. See J.A.
at 70-77 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 34-41).
        A district court may impose a sentence outside of the applicable Guidelines range through
a Guidelines or non-Guidelines departure. “Our court has previously explained that departures
based on Chapter 5 of the Guidelines should be referred to as ‘Guideline departures,’ and that
‘sentences lower than the Guidelines recommendation based on section 3553(a) factors’ can be
referred to as ‘Non-Guideline departures.’” United States v. Jones, 445 F.3d 865, 872 n.1 (6th Cir.
2006) (Moore, J., dissenting) (quoting United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 477 n.5 (6th Cir.
2006)). We often refer to Non-Guideline departures as “variances.” See id.; United States v.
Matheny, 450 F.3d 633, 640 n.4 (6th Cir. 2006). The district court in this case imposed a non-
Guidelines sentence without mentioning any of the Chapter 5 bases for departures; in other words,
it imposed a variance. J.A. at 78-79 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 42-43). Variances are neither
presumptively reasonable nor presumptively unreasonable. United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638,
644 (6th Cir. 2006).
        We have upheld sentences imposed by district courts after careful balancing of factors
militating toward both stringency and leniency. See, e.g., United States v. Ward, 447 F.3d 869, 871-
72 (6th Cir. 2006):
       The district court . . . provided sufficient indication of its consideration of the factors
       listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) to give this court a sufficient basis to review the
       sentence for reasonableness. In particular, the district court balanced defendant’s
       drug history and the need for defendant to participate in a substance abuse program,
       pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(D), with the severity of his offense including the
       need to protect the public, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553 (a)(2)(A), (B), and (C), and
       his history of criminal activity, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). The district court
       also investigated the kinds of sentences available, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
       § 3553(a)(3), in light of the fact that it imposed restitution on defendant. Thus, in
       focusing on the need to protect society from violent criminals, discussing the
       seriousness of the crime, taking into account the relatively quick amount of time in
No. 05-3228           United States v. Cousins                                                   Page 5


       which defendant had amassed an extensive criminal history, while considering as
       well defendant’s need for drug treatment, and by deciding to impose restitution on
       defendant, the district court took into account all of the relevant factors under 18
       U.S.C. § 3553(a).
Notably, the Ward Court applied this stringent level of review to a sentence that fell within the
Guidelines range and was, therefore, entitled to a presumption of reasonableness.
       In contrast, we have held that a sentence is unreasonable where the district court lists the
§ 3553(a) factors and various characteristics of the defendant but does not refer to the applicable
Guidelines range or provide reasoning explaining its decision to deviate from that range:
       We hold that, even post-Booker, the list provided by the district court, without any
       accompanying analysis, is insufficient to justify the sentence imposed, as it renders
       our reasonableness review impossible. Although we are fully cognizant of the fact
       that district courts are no longer bound by the Guidelines in the manner they once
       were, a fact which inevitably may empower district courts with greater flexibility in
       sentencing, we nonetheless find that, pursuant to Booker, we as an appellate court
       must still have the articulation of the reasons the district court reached the sentence
       ultimately imposed, as required by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c). In our view, Booker
       requires an acknowledgment of the defendant’s applicable Guidelines range as well
       as a discussion of the reasonableness of a variation from that range.
United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 304-05 (6th Cir. 2005).
         In pronouncing Cousins’s sentence, the district court noted the gravity of Cousins’s offense,
the difficulty of deterring similar conduct by Cousins or others, and the importance of protecting the
public and the President. The court also concluded that Cousins’s criminal history score, high
though it was, did not adequately reflect the full extent of Cousins’s criminal record. The district
judge then ruled as follows:
       Having considered the nature and circumstances of the offense, the history and
       characteristics of the defendant, the advisory nature of the applicable guideline,
       sentencing guidelines, and in the exercise of the court’s sentencing discretion, the
       court sentences the defendant to a term of 48 months for each conviction, with the
       terms of 48 months for Counts 1, 2, and 3 to be served concurrently with each other
       but consecutive to the sentence now being served by the defendant in state custody.
J.A. at 79-80 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 43-44).
        In pronouncing the sentence, the district court did not mention Cousins’s request for
concurrent federal and state sentences or explain the reason for its rejection of that request. J.A. at
79 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 43) (stating only, “I think it’s very doubtful that any appropriate
treatment can be provided for the defendant in the context of correctional treatment, having studied
his record and his conduct”). Nor did the court expressly acknowledge the applicable Guidelines
range. J.A. at 79 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 43) (referring only to “the advisory nature of the applicable
guideline, sentencing guidelines”). See United States v. Davidson, 409 F.3d 304, 310 (6th Cir. 2005)
(“A judge cannot satisfy this duty [to consider the Guidelines recommendation] by a general
reference to the entirety of the Guidelines Manual, followed by a decision to impose a ‘non-
Guidelines sentence.’”) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Crosby, 397 F.3d 103, 111-
12 (2d Cir. 2005)). Finally, the district judge failed to provide his reasoning for the variance or to
explain how the two months that he added to the maximum Guidelines sentence were related to his
stated goal of protecting the public, which might as easily be invoked to justify a variance of one
day or ten years. We therefore hold that the district court failed to provide sufficient explanation
No. 05-3228           United States v. Cousins                                                  Page 6


to permit meaningful appellate review, and the sentence thus falls short of Booker’s procedural
reasonableness requirement. See Booker, 543 U.S. at 224. We would reach the same result even
if a within-Guidelines-range sentence were not viewed as presumptively reasonable.
C. The Notice Requirement of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h)
        Cousins also points out that the district court failed to give the parties advance notice that
it was considering imposing a sentence outside of the applicable Guidelines range on a ground not
identified in the PSR or in any party’s pre-hearing submission, as required by FED. R. CRIM. P. 32(h).
Cousins Br. at 24. Rule 32(h) was adopted in 1996 in response to the Supreme Court’s holding in
Burns v. United States, 501 U.S. 129 (1991). United States v. Vampire Nation, 451 F.3d 189, 195-
96 (3d Cir. 2006); United States v. Walker, 447 F.3d 999, 1006 (7th Cir. 2006). The Burns Court
held as follows:
       Here we deal with the extraordinary case in which the district court, on its own
       initiative and contrary to the expectations of both the defendant and the Government,
       decides that the factual and legal predicates for a departure are satisfied. The
       question before us is whether Congress, in enacting the Sentencing Reform Act,
       intended that the district court be free to make such a determination without
       notifying the parties. We believe that the answer to this question is clearly no.
Burns, 501 U.S. at 135. Rule 32(h), which was formulated while the Guidelines were still
mandatory, codified the Burns principle:
       Notice of Possible Departure from Sentencing Guidelines. Before the court may
       depart from the applicable sentencing range on a ground not identified for departure
       either in the presentence report or in a party’s prehearing submission, the court must
       give the parties reasonable notice that it is contemplating such a departure. The
       notice must specify any ground on which the court is contemplating a departure.
FED. R. CRIM. P. 32(h).
        In this case, the district court, no longer bound by the mandatory Guidelines, utilized not a
departure but a variance. Our sister circuits are split concerning the question whether Rule 32(h)
applies to variances based upon the § 3553(a) factors. The Third, Seventh, Eighth, and Eleventh
Circuits have answered in the negative. Vampire Nation, 451 F.3d at 196 (“What has changed[,]
post-Booker, is that sentencing is a discretionary exercise, and now includes a review of the factors
set forth in § 3553(a). These factors are known prior to sentencing. . . . [and thus] we believe the
element of ‘unfair surprise’ that Burns sought to eliminate is not present.”); Walker, 447 F.3d at
1007 (“The element of unfair surprise that underlay Burns and led to the creation of Rule 32(h) is
no longer present; defendants are on notice post-Booker that sentencing courts have discretion to
consider any of the factors specified in § 3553(a).”); United States v. Long Soldier, 431 F.3d 1120,
1122 (8th Cir. 2005) (“[N]otice pursuant to Rule 32(h) is not required when the adjustment to the
sentence is effected by a variance, rather than by a departure.”); United States v. Irizarry, 458 F.3d
1208, 1212 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding Rule 32(h) inapplicable to such variances because, “[g]iven
Booker, parties cannot claim unfair surprise or inability to present informed comment — the
Supreme Court’s concerns in Burns — when a district court imposes a sentence above the guidelines
range based on the section 3533(a) sentencing factors”).
        The Fourth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have, however, held that Rule 32(h) continues to apply
to all non-Guidelines sentences. United States v. Davenport, 445 F.3d 366, 371 (4th Cir. 2006)
(“The need for . . . notice is as clear now as before Booker. There is essentially no limit on the
number of potential factors that may warrant a . . . variance, and neither the defendant nor the
Government is in a position to guess when or on what grounds a district court might depart or vary
No. 05-3228               United States v. Cousins                                                            Page 7


. . . .”) (internal quotation marks omitted); United States v. Evans-Martinez, 448 F.3d 1163, 1167
(9th Cir. 2006) (“Post-Booker, the district court . . . . has the discretion to sentence both above and
below the range suggested by the Guidelines. Parties must receive notice the court is contemplating
such a possibility in order to ensure that issues with the potential to impact sentencing are fully
aired.”) (internal citations omitted); United States v. Dozier, 444 F.3d 1215, 1217-18 (10th Cir.
2006) (“We do not question the viability of Rule 32(h) and Burns after Booker. Indeed, we recently
held that[,] post-Booker, the Government is entitled to notice under Rule 32(h) when the District
Court departs downward      from the Guidelines.”) (citing United States v. Monroy, 135 F. App’x 190,
193 (10th Cir. 2005)).3
        We find persuasive the reasoning of the circuits that continue to apply Rule 32(h) to all
sentences that deviate from the Guidelines. While it is true that, after Booker, parties may be
assumed to know that a district court may impose a variance on the basis of a factor not identified
in the PSR or in a party’s submission, the same was true of departures before Booker. Chapter 5 of
the Guidelines, like § 3553(a), specifically identifies various factors that a court should take into
consideration when deciding whether or not to grant a departure. Section 5K2.1, for instance,
authorizes a sentencing court to enter an upward departure upon a finding that a defendant’s crime
resulted in a death. U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1. Similarly, the court may depart if the defendant caused
significant physical injury, with the degree of the departure corresponding to the severity of the
injury, and so on. Id. § 5K2.2.
        Chapter 5’s lengthy list of departure criteria provided guidance to parties seeking to identify
likely sentencing issues well before Booker was decided.4 We cannot discern any distinction
between the departure criteria and the § 3553(a) factors, in terms of the notice that they provide to
parties preparing for sentencing. Accordingly, we join the Fourth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits in
holding that Rule 32(h) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure applies equally to Chapter 5
departures and § 3553(a) variances. In this case, the district court imposed a two-month upward
variance from the Guidelines range, despite the fact that neither the government nor the PSR had
recommended such a variance. Cousins did not object to the district court’s failure to provide
advance notice that it was considering the variance, and thus we review the court’s action for plain
error. See United States v. Meeker, 411 F.3d 736, 744 (6th Cir. 2005).
        Plain-error review is governed by Rule 52(b), which provides that “[a] plain error that affects
substantial rights may be considered even though it was not brought to the court’s attention.” FED.
R. CRIM. P. 52(b). To vacate a sentence for plain error, we must find (1) an error that (2) is plain,
(3) affects substantial rights, and (4) “seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-34, 736 (1993) (internal quotation
marks and alteration omitted). We have previously held that “[a] sentencing court that fails to
provide reasonable notice of its intention to depart from the Guidelines range . . . commits plain
error.” Meeker, 411 F.3d at 744.
         “Having demonstrated obvious error, [Cousins] must establish an effect on his substantial
rights, and a serious impact to the fairness, integrity or public reputation of the judicial proceeding,
to fulfill the further requirements of the plain error test.” United States v. Lopez-Medina, 461 F.3d
724, 745 (6th Cir. 2006). “An effect on substantial rights is typically established through a showing
of an actual effect on the outcome of the case.” Id. While Cousins has not produced (and, indeed,

        3
            Although the Dozier opinion uses the term “departs” instead of “varies,” the context of the opinion makes
clear that its holding encompasses both Chapter 5 departures and § 3553(a) variances. See id. at 1218 (quoting from
United States v. Simmerer, 156 F. App’x 124, 128 (11th Cir. 2005), a decision that speaks of a “variance,” and
characterizing it as contrary to the Dozier holding).
        4
            Chapter 5, Part K, which lists the departure criteria, was enacted in 1987 and amended in 1990.
No. 05-3228           United States v. Cousins                                                   Page 8


it will be the rare defendant who can produce) evidence that his sentence would have been different
had the district court provided him with advance notice of its intention to impose an upward
variance, he does argue that such notice would have permitted his counsel to address the district
court’s concerns regarding his prior criminal history and potential (or lack thereof) for rehabilitation.
         In Meeker, we held that the defendant had not shown prejudice where “the evidence
supporting an upward departure was essentially irrebuttable.” Meeker, 411 F.3d at 746. There, the
district court had departed upward in sentencing a defendant convicted of fraud, on the grounds that
“the offense involved the knowing endangerment of the solvency of one or more victims” and that
“the offense caused reasonably foreseeable, physical or psychological harm or severe emotional
trauma.” Id. at 745 (internal quotation marks omitted). The evidence upon which the sentencing
court relied consisted of “a five-page list of the victims’ names and the amount of their financial
losses,” as well as “victim letters, wherein their authors described the emotional impact that
Meeker’s fraud was having on them.” Id.
        In contrast to the facts of Meeker, the evidence supporting the variance in this case is not
“irrebuttable.” On the contrary, in light of the variety of considerations relied upon by the district
judge and the minimal variance that he imposed—a mere two months above the top of the
Guidelines range—it appears at least possible that defense counsel could, given adequate notice,
have prepared additional argument and evidence and thus persuaded the district court that the
guideline range was appropriate.
        “The final inquiry is whether the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of the judicial proceedings. Whether this factor is met is within our discretion to decide.”
United States v. Hamm, 400 F.3d 336, 340 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). Both the Supreme Court and this court have declined to exercise their discretion to vacate
erroneous sentences when the evidence supporting the district court’s findings is “overwhelming”
and “essentially uncontroverted.” See, e.g., United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 633 (2002)
(internal quotation marks omitted); United States v. Stewart, 306 F.3d 295, 318 (6th Cir. 2002), cert.
denied, 537 U.S. 1138 (2003), 538 U.S. 1036 (2003), 537 U.S. 1146 (2003); United States v. Harris,
293 F.3d 970, 974 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1073 (2002).
        As explained supra, however, the evidence supporting the variance in this case is neither
overwhelming nor uncontroverted. We therefore conclude that the district court committed
reversible error by imposing a variance on a ground not specified in the PSR or in any party’s
submission, without providing advance notice as required by Rule 32(h).
                                        III. CONCLUSION
         Cousins’s sentence is unreasonable under Booker because the district judge failed to provide
an adequate explanation for his imposition of a sentence with an upward variance. Moreover, the
district court plainly erred in failing to give the parties notice pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 32(h) that he was contemplating an upward variance on a ground not previously
identified. The sentence is therefore VACATED and this case is REMANDED to the district court
for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
No. 05-3228                  United States v. Cousins                                                             Page 9


                         _________________________________________________
                           CONCURRING IN PART, DISSENTING IN PART
                         _________________________________________________
        JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I agree
with the majority’s conclusion that we must remand this case for resentencing but disagree with the
opinion’s analysis on the Rule 32(h) issue. I also write separately to make a few comments on the
other issues.
       Initially, although I agree with the majority’s resolution of the double-counting issue, I note
that we need not resolve this issue. Cousins is a career offender, a status he does not challenge.
Thus, under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(F), his offense level is 17. Success on the double-counting issue
would not alter his guideline range.
         Second, I offer a few thoughts about the adequacy of the district court’s explanation of its
decision to sentence Cousins to a sentence two months longer than the top of the applicable
guideline range and to make the federal sentence consecutive to the state sentence. The district
court’s discussion of its reasoning with respect to the sentence is fairly extensive. It includes several
salient observations that might well justify the sentence imposed. For example, the court indicates
that Category VI underrepresents the seriousness of the defendant’s criminal history and references
the seriousness of the crime, the need to protect the public, and the likely futility of treatment for the
defendant in prison. The district court’s explanation is thoughtful and covers factors admittedly
relevant to sentencing. Moreover, U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(a) directs that a consecutive sentence               be
imposed when the defendant committed the crime while serving a term of imprisonment.1 We have
not considered the treatment of guideline provisions of this type under an advisory guideline regime,
but it is fair to say that the district court was, at a minimum, entitled to take it into account. Under
these circumstances, I am reluctant to remand the case to a district judge who has doubtless given
careful thought to the sentence. Yet I believe that we must do so because we cannot properly review
the sentence for reasonableness without knowing why the court selected the particular sentence it
imposed. The court’s failure is neglecting to tell us which, if any, of the factors it mentioned
prompted the decision to sentence Cousins to 48 months and why the 48-month sentence was chosen
as opposed to some other one.
         Turning last to the Rule 32(h) issue, my preferred course would be declining to resolve it.
We are remanding the case anyway and, upon remand, Cousins will clearly be on notice that the
district court is contemplating a variance, since it previously imposed one. The question presented
has divided our sister circuits, and we have no good reason to reach it here. But since the majority
has chosen to reach it, I will note that any error was not a plain error affecting substantial rights.
Although the majority pays lip service to the requirement that the defendant make “a showing of an
actual effect on the outcome of the case,” Lopez-Medina, 461 F.3d at 745, it then effectively
eliminates the requirement. The majority distinguishes Meeker by concluding that “the evidence
supporting the variance in this case is not ‘irrebuttable.’” (Op. 8.) However, prejudice is not
demonstrated by a simple lack of irrebuttable evidence. “It is the defendant rather than the
Government who bears the burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice.” Olano, 507 U.S. at 734.
As the majority correctly notes, Cousins merely “argues that [notice of the upward variance] would
have permitted his counsel to address the district court’s concerns.” He gives no “indication as to
how, if given the proper notice and opportunity to comment, he could have challenged the
information.” United States v. Nappi, 243 F.3d 758, 770 (3d Cir. 2001), cited with approval in


          1
              Cousins initially sent his threats from state prison and later reiterated them in an interview while in state
prison.
No. 05-3228            United States v. Cousins                                                  Page 10


Meeker, 411 F.3d at 746. The majority tacitly recognizes this when it makes its highly-qualified
conclusion that “it appears at least possible that defense counsel could, given adequate notice, have
prepared additional argument and evidence.” (Op. 8 (emphasis added).) Yet there is no evidence
to support this conclusion. Cousins’s brief in this appeal was filed more than ten months after the
sentencing hearing, yet in that time defense counsel still has not presented the court with an actual
argument that might have affected the outcome of the case. Cousins’s conclusory assertion in his
brief is an inadequate basis to find that a failure to give the Rule 32(h) notice affected his substantial
rights. While the majority may be correct that it is difficult for a defendant to prove that his sentence
would have been different, it is not difficult for, and the prejudice analysis requires, the defendant
at least to articulate the arguments that would have been made. See Nappi, 243 F.3d at 770 (“[The
defendant] must convince us that . . . he would have done something by way of argument or
proof . . . that probably would have impacted upon the Court’s sentence.”) I thus dissent from the
majority’s analysis on the Rule 32(h) issue.
