                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 14-1339
                            Filed December 9, 2015

STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

NATHAN ANTHONY WALTER,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Todd A Geer,

Judge.



      The defendant appeals his conviction for willful injury causing serious

injury while in the immediate possession of a dangerous weapon. AFFIRMED.



      Alfredo Parrish and Andrew Dunn of Parrish, Kruidenier, Dunn, Boles,

Gribble, Gentry, Brown & Bergmann, L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik and Alexandra Link,

Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.



      Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ.
                                         2



MCDONALD, Judge.

      On November 27, 2012, while drinking in a bar, Nathan Walter came up

behind Craig Kriener and smashed a glass against the side of Kriener’s head.

Broken glass sliced Kriener’s jugular vein and face. Walter immediately left the

bar and left Kriener in a pool of blood. Kriener was rushed to the emergency

room, underwent surgery, and spent three days in the intensive care unit. He

suffered permanent scarring and nerve damage. The assault was captured on

the bar’s video surveillance system and was witnessed by numerous bar patrons.

At trial, Walter asserted a defense of intoxication. The jury rejected the defense

and found Walter guilty of willful injury causing serious injury and found Walter

was in the immediate possession of a dangerous weapon. Walter filed a motion

for new trial and motion in arrest of judgment, both of which the district court

overruled. Walter stipulated to two prior felony convictions, and the district court

entered judgment on the verdict and sentenced Walter as a habitual offender to

an indeterminate term of incarceration not to exceed fifteen years. In this direct

appeal, Walter raises numerous challenges to his conviction.

                                         I.

      Walter first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

conviction. We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence for correction

of legal error. See State v. Edouard, 854 N.W.2d 421, 431 (Iowa 2014). “In

reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of evidence supporting a guilty verdict,

courts consider all of the record evidence viewed in the light most favorable to

the State, including all reasonable inferences that may be fairly drawn from the
                                          3



evidence.” State v. Sanford, 814 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2012). We will uphold

a verdict if there is substantial evidence to support it. See id. “Evidence is

considered substantial if, when viewed in the light most favorable to the State, it

can convince a rational jury that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Id. But “[e]vidence that raises only suspicion, speculation, or conjecture

is not substantial evidence.” State v. Thomas, 561 N.W.2d 37, 39 (Iowa 1997)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

         As relevant here, the State was required to prove Walter acted with the

specific intent to cause serious injury. See Iowa Code § 708.4(1) (2011) (“Any

person who does an act which is not justified and which is intended to cause

serious injury to another commits willful injury, which is punishable as follows: 1.

A class “C” felony, if the person causes serious injury to another.”); State v.

Hickman, 623 N.W.2d 847, 852 (Iowa 2001) (explaining the “willful-injury statute”

required the State to prove “the defendant intended to cause serious injury to the

victim (specific intent)”); State v. Rowley, No. 07-0168, 2008 WL 4725291, at *3

(Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 29, 2008) (“The crime of willful injury has as an element the

specific intent to cause serious injury to another.”).     In Iowa, “specific intent”

means to undertake an act with the intent to “to do some further act or achieve

some additional consequence.”         Eggman v. Scurr, 311 N.W.2d 77, 79 (Iowa

1981).

         Walter asserted a defense of intoxication. The code provides:

         The fact that a person is under the influence of intoxicants or drugs
         neither excuses the person’s act nor aggravates the person’s guilt,
         but may be shown where it is relevant in proving the person’s
         specific intent or recklessness at the time of the person’s alleged
                                         4



       criminal act or in proving any element of the public offense with
       which the person is charged.

Iowa Code § 701.5.      The defense of intoxication is a limited one.      “[B]efore

intoxication [can] prevent a finding of specific intent, the offender not only had to

be intoxicated, but so intoxicated that he or she could no longer reason and was

incapable of forming a felonious intent.” State v. Guerrero Cordero, 861 N.W.2d

253, 259 (Iowa 2015). This is a fairly high threshold: “Mental disability, arising

from the use of intoxicants, is a matter of degree. Partial drunkenness does not

make impossible the formation of said criminal object.              Therefore, the

‘intoxication’ or ‘drunkenness’ must be to the extent that the designing or framing

of such purpose is impossible.” Id.

       Walter contends his voluntary intoxication precluded him from forming the

specific intent to cause Kriener serious injury.         The evidence shows on

November 27, 2012, Walter and a friend began drinking beer around 3:00 p.m. at

Walter’s house. Walter’s friend testified he and Walter either shared a twelve

pack of beer or drank a twelve pack of beer each. Regardless, according to

Walter’s friend, they finished drinking at approximately 6:00 p.m. Walter’s friend

went home, and Walter drove himself to a local bar to meet friends. After arriving

at the bar, Walter continued to drink with his friends, including Kurt Walker. Later

that evening Walker and Kriener got into a verbal dispute while playing pool.

While Walker and Kriener were standing face-to-face and speaking with each

other, Walter walked across the bar and smashed a bar glass against Kriener’s

head. Walker and Walter immediately left the bar. Walker called his mother, a
                                          5



registered nurse, to see if she could treat injuries to Walter’s hand. Ms. Walker

met with Walker and Walter and drove Walter to the hospital.

       Several witnesses testified regarding Walter’s level of intoxication.

Walter’s friend testified to the quantity of beer Walter drank in the afternoon prior

to leaving for the bar. Jacob McCraney testified Walter was excessively drunk.

Several of Walter’s friends testified to the same. Walter’s wife testified Walter

took at least two of her Xanax pills earlier in the day prior to departing for the bar.

There was also testimony Walter was drinking heavily, slurring his words, and

had bloodshot eyes.        Walter’s expert witness, Dr. Newring, testified the

combination of alcohol and Xanax rendered Walter sufficiently intoxicated to

preclude him from forming the specific intent necessary to commit the offense.

The State did not present any contrary expert evidence.

       Despite the foregoing, when viewed in the light most favorable to the

State, we have little trouble concluding there is substantial evidence Walter was

capable of forming the specific intent to cause Kriener serious injury.           The

prosecutor effectively cross-examined the witnesses who testified Walter drank

excessively prior to going to the bar and was excessively drunk at the bar.

Through cross-examination, the prosecutor discredited Walter’s wife’s testimony

that Walter took her Xanax pills on the day of the assault.          The information

regarding the Xanax was inconsistent with prior police or medical reports. Her

testimony also was inconsistent with her prescription use and fulfillment dates.

There was also testimony Walter was not overly intoxicated.            The bartender

testified she had worked as a bartender for several years and was experienced in
                                         6



determining when patrons had too much to drink.          She testified she served

Walter several dinks and had no concern regarding his intoxication level. She

testified he appeared awake and alert. Walter’s friend, Amanda Hall, testified

Walter did not need assistance in moving around and Walter was able to hold a

conversation. The investigating officer who interviewed Walter at the hospital

testified Walter “seemed a little bit intoxicated” but was awake, alert, and

understood events.      The jury also was able to view the assault on the

surveillance video admitted into evidence. The surveillance video shows Walter

was able to walk across the bar without any impairment and strike Kriener. After

striking the victim, Walter left the bar without any apparent impairment.

       Walter makes much of the fact the State did not call an expert witness to

rebut Dr. Newring’s testimony. The argument is unavailing. It was established

during cross-examination the doctor did not meet with the defendant at the

relevant time. It was also established the doctor did not have any toxicology

reports from the relevant time. Dr. Newring admitted his conclusions were based

on the predicate information provided by Walter’s counsel that Walter had drank

eighteen beers and taken a certain quantity of Xanax. The predicate information

was greatly disputed, and the jury was free to conclude Walter was not so

impaired. Even if the jury had believed Walter had drunk a significant quantity of

alcohol mixed with Xanax, the jury was still within its province to reject Dr.

Newring’s opinion drawn from those facts.       “The fact finder is not obliged to

accept expert testimony, even if it is uncontradicted, although testimony should
                                        7



not be arbitrarily and capriciously rejected.” State v. Brandes, No. 06-0576, 2007

WL 4553478, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2007).

      We also conclude there was substantial evidence Walter in fact had the

specific intent to cause Kriener serious injury. Although there was some verbal

sparring between Walker and Kriener, there was no immediate threat of violence

from which it could be inferred Walter was merely reacting to a violent situation.

Instead, Walter walked across the bar without any apparent impairment. He

approached the victim from behind so the victim was unable to protect himself.

There was testimony from which the jury could have found Walter picked up the

glass off of a table while walking across the bar, from which it could be inferred

he intended to use the glass as a weapon to inflict serious injury. The mere use

of a dangerous weapon supports an inference Walter intended to cause death or

serious injury.   See State v. Ambrose, 861 N.W.2d 550, 560 (Iowa 2015)

(explaining intent may be inferred “from the mere use of the instrument”); State v.

Smith, 242 N.W.2d 320, 326 (Iowa 1976) (concluding “malice aforethought may

be inferred from defendant's use of . . . a deadly weapon” in a second-degree-

murder prosecution); State v. Hephner, 161 N.W.2d 714, 720 (Iowa 1968)

(stating that use of a deadly weapon supports inference of intent to commit

murder necessary for a conviction of assault with intent to commit murder).

Walter smashed the drinking glass against Kriener’s head with sufficient force to

shatter the glass and cause Kriener permanent injury. The savagery of the blow

and seriousness of the resulting injury support an inference of intent to cause

serious injury. See State v. Bell, 223 N.W.2d 181, 184 (Iowa 1974) (“[T]he extent
                                           8



of injury may be taken into consideration in determining defendant’s intent.”);

State v. Alexander, No. 12-0715, 2013 WL 535741, at *7 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 13,

2013) (holding blow to the head with cane done with sufficient force to crack the

cane and lacerate the forehead supported inference of “intent to cause death or

serious injury”). In short, the jury was free to infer the defendant intended the

natural consequences of his acts. See State v. Evans, 671 N.W.2d 720, 724–25

(Iowa 2003) (noting a court may infer intent from the normal consequences of a

party’s actions); State v. Rinehart, 283 N.W.2d 319, 322–23 (Iowa 1979)

(discussing the inference a person intends the natural consequences of voluntary

acts).

         “Inherent in our standard of review of jury verdicts in criminal cases is the

recognition that the jury [is] free to reject certain evidence and credit other

evidence.” Sanford, 814 N.W.2d at 615 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). In particular, the question of whether the defendant was so intoxicated

as to be unable to form the requisite intent is “entrusted to the jury based on the

facts of each case.” Guerrero Cordero, 861 N.W.2d at 259. It is immaterial the

State’s evidence was circumstantial. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(p) (“Direct

and circumstantial evidence are equally probative.”). Intent is seldom proven by

direct evidence.     See State v. Grant, 722 N.W.2d 645, 647–48 (Iowa 2006)

(“Because it is difficult to prove intent by direct evidence, proof of intent usually

consists of circumstantial evidence and the inferences that can be drawn from

that evidence.”); State v. Nance, 533 N.W.2d 557, 562 (Iowa 1995) (“Intent is a

state of mind; it may be established by circumstantial evidence and by inferences
                                         9



drawn from that evidence.”). Walter presented his defense to the jury, and the

jury rejected his defense. We are disinclined to interfere with the jury’s verdict.

See Brandes, 2007 WL 4553478, at *4 (holding trial court was free to reject

expert testimony the defendant lacked the capacity to form specific intent).

                                        II.

      A criminal defendant has a constitutional and statutory right to be

personally present at all critical phases of the proceedings. See U.S. Const.

amend. VI and XIV; Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.27(1); State v. Rogerson, 855 N.W.2d

495, 505 (Iowa 2014); State v. Wise, 472 N.W.2d 278, 279 (Iowa 1991). The

right is grounded in both the Confrontation Clause and the Due Process Clause.

See Rogerson, 855 N.W.2d at 505. Although the defendant has a right to be

present for all critical stages of the proceedings, the right to be present may be

waived. See State v. Mensah, 424 N.W.2d 453, 455 (Iowa 1988). If not waived,

prejudice may be presumed from the defendant's absence. See State v. Atwood,

602 N.W.2d 775, 781 (Iowa 1999). This presumption may be rebutted, however,

under a harmless-error analysis. See id. A defendant’s absence thus will not

always necessitate reversal.    See Wise, 472 N.W.2d at 279.         “To establish

harmless error, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt the error

complained of did not contribute to the verdict.” State v. Walls, 761 N.W.2d 683,

686 (Iowa 2009).

      Walter contends his right to be present at a critical stage of the proceeding

was violated when the district court allowed the jury to re-watch the surveillance

video in his absence but in the presence of the prosecutor and the judge. After
                                       10



the case had been submitted to the jury, the jury requested permission to re-

watch the surveillance video that had been admitted into evidence. The district

court contacted the prosecutor and defense counsel prior to taking any action.

Both parties agreed the jury could re-view the surveillance video in the

defendant’s absence.    In the judge’s presence, the prosecutor operated the

audiovisual equipment to allow the jury to view the exhibit. This is the same

procedure the parties used during the course of trial. The re-viewing of the

surveillance video was reported in the defendant’s absence. The record reflects

the prosecutor operated the audiovisual equipment without any comment or

remarks to the jury.

       “Our error preservation rule requires that issues must be presented to and

passed upon by the district court before they can be raised and decided on

appeal.”   State v. Manna, 534 N.W.2d 642, 644 (Iowa 1995).         After closing

arguments, the parties made a record regarding the exhibits to be given to the

jury to view during deliberation. Walter did not object to the jury having the

surveillance video to view during deliberation. The district court contacted the

parties upon receiving the jury’s request to re-watch the surveillance video, and

the parties consented to the procedure used.      After the jury had viewed the

exhibit but prior to the district court reading the verdict, the district court

discussed with Walter and his counsel the procedure used to replay the video for

the jury. Walter’s trial counsel stated, “I have discussed it with Mr. Walter, and

we don’t have any objections to that.” After the verdict was read in open court,
                                            11



Walter made no objection to the procedure used. Walter did not raise this issue

in either of his post-trial motions.

         In a very similar case, the Washington Court of Appeals concluded the

defendant effectively waived any challenge to the jury’s re-listening to audiotapes

outside of the defendant’s presence when the audiotapes had been admitted into

evidence and the defendant made no contemporaneous objection to the

procedure:

         Bowers contends that the trial court violated his right to be present
         during critical stages of his trial when it played the tapes for the jury
         outside his presence and the presence of his counsel. He
         acknowledges that his counsel agreed to the playing of the tapes at
         the request of the jury without the presence of counsel, but argues
         that he did not waive his right to be present. . . . We also note that
         the record contains no indication that Bowers objected to the
         court’s statement that it would allow the jury to listen to the tapes
         outside of his presence. The trial court therefore lacked the
         opportunity to address the issue of prejudice. Because Bowers
         does not meet the threshold requirement of establishing the
         possibility of prejudice, he cannot claim that the alleged error
         caused him harm.

State v. Bowers, No. 54168-4-I, 2005 WL 2420426, at *2 (Wash. Ct. App. Oct. 3,

2005).     Similarly, because Walter did not object to the procedure used, we

conclude he has effectively waived any challenge to the procedure used and

otherwise failed to preserve error. See State v. Mitchell, 757 N.W.2d 431, 435

(Iowa 2008) (“Issues not raised before the district court, including constitutional

issues, cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”); State v. Rasmus, 90

N.W.2d 429, 430 (Iowa 1958) (“A party to a criminal proceeding . . . will not be

permitted to allege an error in which he himself acquiesced, or which was

committed or invited by him, or was the natural consequence of his own
                                         12



actions.”); State v. Jensen, 66 N.W.2d 480, 484 (Iowa 1954) (“It is sound law and

logic that a party may not sit by and permit the court to commit inadvertent error

without protest, and then complain for the first time in his motion for a new trial or

in the appellate court.”).

                                         III.

       Walter raises several claims of ineffective-assistance-of-counsel. Such a

claim is an “exception to normal error-preservation rules.” State v. Ondayog, 722

N.W.2d 778, 784 (Iowa 2006). To establish a claim of ineffective assistance,

Walter must demonstrate “(1) his trial counsel failed to perform an essential duty,

and (2) this failure resulted in prejudice.” State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 133

(Iowa 2006). To establish counsel failed to perform an essential duty, Walter

must establish “the attorney performed below the standard demanded of a

reasonably competent attorney.” Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134, 142 (Iowa

2001). The attorney’s performance is measured against “prevailing professional

norms,” and it is presumed the attorney performed competently. See id. “A

claim of ineffective assistance is more likely to prevail when counsel lacked

diligence as opposed to the exercise of judgment.” State v. Polly, 657 N.W.2d

462, 465 (Iowa 2003). To establish prejudice, the defendant must show trial

counsel’s allegedly deficient performance caused a complete “breakdown in the

adversary process” such that his conviction is unreliable.        See Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). This requires a showing “there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of

the proceeding would have been different.” Collins v. State, 588 N.W.2d 399,
                                         13



402 (Iowa 1998) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “A reasonable

probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of

the defendant's trial.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “In

determining whether this standard has been met, we must consider the totality of

the evidence, what factual findings would have been affected by counsel’s errors,

and whether the effect was pervasive or isolated and trivial.” State v. Clay, 824

N.W.2d 488, 496 (Iowa 2012). A claim for ineffective assistance of counsel is

reviewed de novo. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.907; State v. Finney, 834 N.W.2d 46,

49 (Iowa 2013).

                                         A.

       Walter contends his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the

jury re-viewing the surveillance video outside Walter’s presence and for failing to

request an instruction the jury should not draw a negative inference from Walter’s

absence during the re-viewing. While “the better practice [would be] for counsel

to always obtain the client’s presence or for the court to obtain an express waiver

of the defendant’s presence,” Everett v. State, 789 N.W.2d 151, 159 (Iowa 2010),

Walter failed to establish counsel breached an essential duty by failing to object

to the procedure used or by failing to request a curative instruction and failed to

establish prejudice.

       It is not disputed it was within the court’s sound discretion to allow the jury

to take to the jury room for further examination all papers and exhibits in

evidence. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.19(5)(e) (“Upon retiring for deliberations the

jury may take with it all papers and exhibits which have been received in
                                         14



evidence. . . .”). The parties agreed to this prior to the time the jury asked to re-

view the surveillance video. As a general rule, the defendant has no right to

monitor the jury’s deliberations while examining evidence.           See State v.

Gathercole, 553 N.W.2d 569, 575 (Iowa 1996) (holding the district court did not

abuse its discretion in allowing the jury to use recorder to replay audio tape of

interview during deliberations); State v. Johnson, No. 01-1644, 2003 WL

1966962, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2003) (holding trial counsel did not breach

an essential duty by not objecting to jury’s use of recorder to listen to audiotape

during deliberations). There is thus no issue with the jury re-viewing a video

already admitted into evidence.

       The question is whether the defendant’s presence was required when the

jury re-viewed the surveillance video in the presence of the judge and the

prosecutor, who was present solely for the purpose of operating the equipment,

where neither the prosecutor nor the judge had any substantive communication

with the jury. There is some authority indicating the defendant did not need to be

present. See, e.g., United States v. Sobamowo, 892 F.2d 90, 96 (D.C. Cir. 1989)

(holding there was no reversible error when defense counsel and judge, but not

defendants, were present when an audio tape was replayed for the jury during

deliberations); Atwood v. Mapes, 325 F. Supp. 2d 950, 975 (N.D. Iowa 2004)

(stating the “presence of a defendant is a condition of due process to the extent

that a fair and just hearing would be thwarted by his absence, and to that extent

only”); Banks v. State, 884 N.E.2d 362, 371 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (holding

“appellate counsel could not have provided ineffective assistance of counsel by
                                        15



failing to argue that Banks’ rights had been violated when he was not permitted

to be present when the jury reviewed the tape during deliberations”); State v.

Wembley, 712 N.W.2d 783, 796 (Minn. Ct. App. 2006) (stating “defendant does

not have a constitutional right to be present during jury deliberations when the

jury reviewed exhibits submitted into evidence” and “the district court did not

commit reversible error when it allowed the jury to replay the videotape exhibit

outside of [the defendant’s] presence”); State v. Fehr, 341 P.3d 363, 368 (Wash.

Ct. App. 2015) (“We hold that where audio evidence was admitted at trial and

played to the jury with the defendant present, a subsequent proceeding to

determine whether to replay that audio evidence during jury deliberations is not a

time during trial where the defendant’s substantial rights may be affected.”).

       We need not resolve this question, however, because Walter has not

articulated Strickland prejudice. In this context, the defendant must show that

had he been present or had the jury been instructed not to draw a negative

inference from his absence, there was a reasonable probability of a different

outcome. See Everett, 789 N.W.2d at 159-60. Walter has not identified the

prejudice allegedly suffered.     Walter has not cited any authority for the

proposition he suffered any prejudice. He simply asserts he was prejudiced.

“[C]onclusory claims of prejudice are not sufficient to satisfy the prejudice

element.” State v. Tate, 710 N.W.2d 237, 241 (Iowa 2006). See also Iowa R.

App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3) (“Failure to cite authority in support of an issue may be

deemed waiver of that issue.”).
                                       16



        Independently, we conclude Walter has not established Strickland

prejudice. “Even if a defendant shows that particular errors of counsel were

unreasonable . . . the defendant must show that they actually had an adverse

impact on the defense.” Tate, 710 N.W.2d at 240. There is no such showing

here.   The district court acted within its discretion.   See Iowa R. Crim P.

2.19(5)(e).   The jury contacted the district court only because it needed

assistance in viewing the surveillance video.     The district court specifically

explained to the jury: “Ladies and gentlemen, I need to inform you that we cannot

communicate with you. You’re deliberating now, and so you won’t hear anything

from Mr. Williams. Mr. Engels and his client are not here because Mr. Engels is

unavailable . . . we won’t be able to answer any questions you might have.” The

jury watched the surveillance video in the presence of the judge. Neither the

judge nor the prosecutor made any substantive comment while the jury watched

the video. The tape had been played for the jury multiple times during trial and

discussed during closing argument. There is no reasonable probability the jury

would have reached a different result had the defendant been present.        See

Everett, 789 N.W.2d at 160-61 (holding no prejudice when court instructed jury

outside the defendant’s presence); Erving v. State, No. 11-0582, 2013 WL

4039464, at *1-2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jul. 24, 2013) (holding the defendant did not

establish Strickland prejudice where the defendant was not present during guilty-

plea proceeding for misdemeanor offense); see also Pilgrim v. Pineda, No. 2:10-

CV-761, 2011 WL 6967997, at *26 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 4, 2011) (“Even if the trial

court’s communication with the jury outside of defendant’s presence were error,
                                        17



defendant failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced when not only did

defense counsel agree with the trial court’s response to the jury, but the court’s

communication was brief and nonsubstantive in nature.”); People v. Kinsey, No.

322145, 2015 WL 6161744, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Oct. 20, 2015) (holding non-

substantive communication with jury outside the presence of the defendant was

not prejudicial); State v. Johnson, No. 03 CA 118, 2004 WL 1812731, at *1-2

(Ohio Ct. App. Aug. 11, 2004) (holding the defendant suffered no prejudice

where the court had non-substantive communication with the jury outside the

defendant’s presence).

                                        B.

      Walter next contends his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to

several instances of prosecutorial misconduct. We apply the following standard

to assess a prosecutorial misconduct claim raised within an ineffective-

assistance-of-counsel claim:

              In analyzing the defendant’s ineffective-assistance-of-
      counsel claim, our first step is to assess whether the record
      demonstrates, as a matter of law, the existence or absence of a
      meritorious due process violation. Thus, we must consider whether
      the prosecutor was guilty of misconduct in the particulars identified
      by [defendant] and whether the record shows [defendant] was
      prejudiced, i.e., denied a fair trial.
              If the record is insufficient to make this determination, we
      must preserve the defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim for a
      fuller development of the pertinent facts. If, however, the record
      shows that either element is lacking as a matter of law, we will
      affirm [defendant’s] conviction without preserving his due process
      claim for a later postconviction-relief action.

State v. Graves, 668 N.W.2d 860, 869–70 (Iowa 2003). A party is entitled to a

new trial based on prosecutorial misconduct only if the party has shown
                                       18



prejudice. See State v. Bowers, 656 N.W.2d 349, 355 (Iowa 2002). Relevant

factors include: “(1) the severity and pervasiveness of the misconduct; (2) the

significance of the misconduct to the central issues in the case; (3) the strength

of the State’s evidence; (4) the use of cautionary instructions or other curative

measures; and (5) the extent to which the defense invited the misconduct.”

Graves, 668 N.W.2d at 870 (internal citations omitted). “The most important

factor under the test for prejudice is the strength of the State’s case.” State v.

Carey, 709 N.W.2d 547, 559 (Iowa 2006).          If the defendant establishes a

meritorious due process claim, we must then consider that claim within the

context of an ineffective-assistance of counsel claim by considering whether trial

counsel’s decision to forego objection or request new trial was a breach of an

essential duty and whether Strickland prejudice resulted.

                                        1.

      Walter argues the prosecutor engaged in misconduct while cross-

examining Walter’s wife. The defendant complains the prosecutor used leading

questions to paint the impression Walter’s wife would say anything to exonerate

her husband.    Walter’s complaint regarding the prosecutor’s examination of

Walter’s wife is without merit.    Leading questions are permitted on cross-

examination. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.611(c) (“Ordinarily leading questions should

be permitted on cross-examination.”). The prosecutor’s use of Walter’s wife’s

prior inconsistent statements was also permissible. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.613.

Walter has failed to establish a threshold showing of prosecutorial misconduct in

support of his ineffective-assistance claim, and his claim fails.   See State v.
                                         19



Schneider, No. 14-1113, 2015 WL 2394127, at *4-6 (Iowa Ct. App. May 20,

2015) (holding the defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance failed absent a

threshold showing of misconduct).

                                         2.

       Walter also challenges the conduct of the prosecutor in examining Dr.

Newring. Walter contends the prosecutor’s questions regarding Dr. Newring’s

opinions in other, unrelated cases were irrelevant because the prosecutor failed

to lay foundation from which the jury could infer Dr. Newring’s opinions in the

other cases were unreliable. Walter also contends the prosecutor engaged in

misconduct by eliciting through cross-examination of Dr. Newring that Dr.

Newring was a paid expert witness who had not testified for the State for several

years. With respect to the first issue, even assuming the questions did not elicit

relevant information due to lack of foundation, the questions do not rise to the

level of prosecutorial misconduct. With respect to the latter issue, the fact that an

expert is paid is proper grounds for impeachment. See State v. Stewart, 691

N.W.2d 747, 751-52 (Iowa Ct. App. 2004) (holding “straightforward, non-

inflammatory” questioning of expert regarding past history and pattern of

testifying for party in criminal trial was proper cross-examination); Butman v.

Christy, 198 N.W. 314, 317 (Iowa 1924) (“It should require no citation of

authorities to establish the proposition that it is always permissible to show, on

cross-examination, the interest of the witness.”). The claims are without merit.

See Schneider, 2015 WL 2394127, at *2.
                                       20



                                       3.

      Walter challenges several statements the prosecutor made during closing

argument. A prosecutor is entitled to “some latitude” during closing arguments in

analyzing the evidence admitted at trial. See Graves, 668 N.W.2d at 874. A

prosecutor may argue the reasonable inferences and conclusions to be drawn

from the evidence but may not suggest that the jury decide the case on any

ground other than the weight of the evidence introduced at trial. See id. The

prosecutor cannot assert a personal opinion, create evidence, or misstate the

law. See id. at 874, 879-80. “The governing principle does not preclude all

personalized remarks; it merely precludes those that do not appear to be based

on the evidence.” State v. Williams, 334 N.W.2d 742, 745 (Iowa 1983).

      Walter contends the prosecutor engaged in misconduct when he used the

phrase “red herring” in reference to Walter’s argument that the police failed to

test his blood alcohol concentration. Walter contends the term “red herring” is

“undeniably pejorative.” The cases on which Walter relies are distinguishable. In

United States v. Holmes, 413 F.3d 770, 775 (8th Cir. 2005), the court held the

defendant was denied a fair trial where the prosecutor made improper

statements, including use of the phrase “red herring,” to create the impression

“defense counsel [was] conspiring with the defendant to fabricate testimony.”

The isolated statement here does not go that far. In State v. Campos, 309 P.3d

1160, 1175 (Utah Ct. App. 2013), the court held the prosecutor’s comments were

improper because the comments were directed at defense counsel. In contrast,

in this case the prosecutor’s statement was a comment on the defense’s theory
                                        21



and the evidence, which is permissible.        See Campos, 309 P.3d at 1175

(“However, referring to defense counsel’s theory as a red herring would not be

inappropriate so long as the reference could be classified as a comment on the

strength of the evidence and the inferences and deductions arising therefrom.”).

The defendant was not denied a fair trial by the prosecutor’s singular use of the

phrase “red herring.” The claim fails. See Schneider, 2015 WL 2394127, at *6.

       Walter contends the prosecutor crossed the line by reemphasizing during

closing argument that Dr. Newring was a paid expert witness. This was not

improper argument. See State v. Comes, 62 N.W.2d 753, 757 (Iowa 1954) (“It is

of course the duty of a prosecuting officer to present the State’s cause zealously

and effectively within proper bounds.”). However, misconduct occurs when the

prosecutor seeks to attack a witness’s credibility “through unnecessary and

overinflammatory means that go outside the record or threaten to improperly

incite the passions of the jury.” Carey, 709 N.W.2d at 556. We are concerned by

the prosecutor’s arguably inflammatory statement regarding Dr. Newring’s

motivation to testify:

       The doctor, who’s paid to be here, who has never testified in his
       current position for the prosecutor in any criminal matter, what’s his
       motive here? And I would say it’s a big dollar sign, folks. His
       explanation, his bias for the opinion that he gives is a big dollar
       sign.

The defendant cites numerous cases from other jurisdictions that give examples

of the prosecutor going too far in criticizing a paid expert. We need not discuss

or distinguish each case.    The statement in this case, while at the edge of

propriety, is not as inflammatory as in the cases cited. We do make the following
                                         22



observation, however: The motivation of the witness is a proper ground for

argument; inflammatory language is not a proper means to make the argument.

        Walter also challenges the same statement on the ground that the

prosecutor gave his personal opinion on the evidence. It is improper for the

prosecutor to give his personal opinion regarding the evidence. See Williams,

334 N.W.2d at 744 (“Of course, counsel has no right to create evidence by his

argument nor interject his personal beliefs. It is for the jury to determine the logic

and weight of the conclusions drawn.”).         We reject Walter’s argument that

counsel’s statement was a statement of personal belief. Under similar facts, our

court has concluded the prosecutor did not interject his personal beliefs into

closing argument by using the pronoun “I” during argument when the context

showed the prosecutor was referring to evidence admitted. See State v. Lindsey,

No. 10-1812, 2011 WL 6076544, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 7, 2011) (“While the

prosecutor’s use of the word ‘I’ was perhaps unfortunate, in this case the

statements made did not insinuate to the jury that his opinion was based on non-

record facts. Each remark was related to evidence the jury would hear or did

hear. . . .   Thus, we cannot conclude that these statements amount to

prosecutorial misconduct.”).

        Walter contends the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by asking the jury

to consider whether Walter’s witnesses would have testified the same way if this

were a different kind of case:

        And I ask you, if this was an OWI case or public intoxication case,
        would all of his buddies be coming in here saying how drunk he
        was? I want you to ask yourself what their motive is here, why
        they’re coming in here saying how drunk he was, because he’s got
                                         23



       nothing else, folks. . . . And then [Walter] parades his buddies and
       his wife up here, this alleged use [of] the Xanax. Would they be
       doing that if this was any other kind of case?”

Walter cites no authority supporting the proposition these statements constituted

prosecutorial misconduct. The issue is without merit.

       Finally, Walter contends the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by

misstating the law during closing argument.        During closing argument, the

prosecutor stated:

       [D]o we have a mentally ill individual . . . incapable of forming
       specific intent, who hits the guy who’s arguing with his buddy? Is
       that a colossal coincidence? The guy who evades police, does he
       know what’s going on? I submit to you that the obvious answer is
       yes.

The defendant notes the instruction given to the jury provided intoxication is a

defense “when it causes a mental disability which makes the person incapable of

forming the specific intent. . . .”   The defendant argues “mental illness” and

“mental disability” are distinct and the prosecutor effectively required the jury to

find the defendant had a mental illness. The prosecutor’s statement was a mere

stray remark, and the prosecutor did not rely on the purported distinction. Walter

cites no authority supporting the proposition this constituted prosecutorial

misconduct. The issue is without merit.

       Even if the prosecutor had engaged in any misconduct, Walter has not

established he did not receive a fair trial.    See Graves, 668 N.W.2d at 869

(“Thus, it is the prejudice resulting from misconduct, not the misconduct itself,

that entitles a defendant to a new trial.”). There was strong evidence of Walter’s

guilt. The challenged statements were isolated and not repeated as part of an
                                        24



overall theme. The jury was instructed that it should base its verdict only on the

evidence and that the statements, arguments, questions, and comments by the

lawyers were not evidence. See State v. Musser, 721 N.W.2d 734, 756-57 (Iowa

2006) (finding defendant was not prejudiced where the jury was instructed “to

decide the defendant’s guilt or innocence from the evidence and the law in these

instructions, and that evidence did not include statements, arguments, and

comments by the lawyers” (alteration omitted)); State v. Reeves, No. 13-0908,

2014 WL 2884864, at *4-5 (Iowa Ct. App. Jun. 25, 2014) (holding the defendant

failed to establish prejudice where the evidence was strong and the jury was

properly instructed to consider only the evidence). Mere stray remarks or poorly

worded questions do not entitle the defendant to a new trial. “[W]e are faced with

the firmly established rule that misconduct of the prosecutor does not require a

new trial unless it appears to have been so prejudicial as to deprive defendant of

a fair trial.” State v. Mercer, 154 N.W.2d 140, 142 (Iowa 1967). A fair trial does

not necessarily mean an absolutely perfect trial. Walter’s trial counsel presented

a vigorous defense on Walter’s behalf. Walter received a fair trial.

                                        C.

       Walter contends his counsel should have objected to the testimony of the

police officer to the extent the officer provided narration regarding the events

captured on the video surveillance. Walter contends the testimony usurped the

role of the jury. As set forth below, Walter has not established prejudice.
                                        25



                                        D.

       Walter argues his counsel was ineffective in failing to request a jury

instruction regarding defense of another and reasonable force.         Walter also

contends his trial counsel should have requested an instruction that Walter was

“under the influence.” See Iowa State Bar Ass’n., Iowa Criminal Jury Instruction

2500.5. While we do not believe the evidence was sufficient to require these

instructions and while we do not believe these instructions are consistent with the

law or the defense as presented, we preserve this claim for postconviction-relief

proceedings.

                                        E.

       We address a final issue common to each of the claims resolved in parts

III.A.-C. of this direct appeal: the failure to establish Strickland prejudice. See

Graves, 668 N.W.2d at 869 (providing the failure to prove prejudice is fatal to an

ineffective-assistance claim).    Whether the claimed errors are considered

individually or cumulatively, we conclude Walter failed to establish Strickland

prejudice. See Clay, 824 N.W.2d at 501 (discussing cumulative prejudice). As

set forth above, the only issue for trial was whether Walter had the specific intent

to cause Kriener serious injury. There was overwhelming evidence from which

the jury could have inferred such intent, including: the testimony of the bartender

and investigating officer, both of whom testified Walter was alert and aware;

Walter’s ability to walk across the bar and strike the victim; Walter’s decision to

pick up a glass from a table while approaching the victim; Walter’s use of a

dangerous weapon in striking the victim; the severity of the injury; and Walter’s
                                          26



ability to leave the bar and seek medical attention. Given these facts, there is no

reasonable probability the result of the proceeding would have been different

even assuming trial counsel breached an essential duty. See State v. White, 668

N.W.2d 850, 859-60 (Iowa 2003) (denying ineffective-assistance claim where

there was overwhelming evidence of specific intent to inflict serious injury); Sager

v. State, Nos. 9-477, 98-1108, 1999 WL 775941, at *1-2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sep. 29,

1999) (denying ineffective-assistance claim where there was overwhelming

evidence establishing specific intent, including the nature of the injuries).

                                          IV.

       We have considered each of the defendant’s claims and permutations of

the same. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s conviction and

sentence.    We preserve for postconviction-relief proceedings Walter’s claim

regarding the failure to request certain jury instructions.

       AFFIRMED.
