                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Beales, Alston and Senior Judge Frank
              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
UNPUBLISHED




              RAYMOND DORELL WARREN
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
              v.     Record No. 0893-17-1                                   JUDGE ROSSIE D. ALSTON, JR.
                                                                                   MAY 29, 2018
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
                                            Everett A. Martin, Jr., Judge

                               (B. Thomas Reed; Larchmont Law Group, on brief), for appellant.
                               Appellant submitting on brief.

                               Brittany A. Dunn-Pirio, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Raymond Dorell Warren (appellant) appeals his obstruction of justice conviction, arguing

              that the trial court erred in denying his motion to strike.1 Appellant contends the evidence was

              insufficient to sustain his conviction. We disagree.

                                                          BACKGROUND

                     On August 21, 2016, officers responded to a “person with a weapon” dispatch. The

              offender was described as “a black male wearing a white t-shirt and black jeans.” Officer

              Weaver arrived at the scene--an apartment complex. Officer Weaver observed Toni Smith,

              appellant’s girlfriend, emerge from the bushes and rush toward her. Smith was covered in

              scratches and appeared disheveled and “cr[ied] hysterically.” Smith stated “I can’t believe he



                     
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                      In his assignment of error, appellant misstates that the trial court erred in denying his
              “motion to dismiss.”
did that. I thought he was going to kill me.” Officer Williams and Officer Cruz subsequently

arrived at the scene. The three officers then observed appellant, a man fitting the description,

drop his bike and run by. Officer Williams ran after and eventually caught up with appellant.

Appellant swore “[y]ou’re f[] lucky” with his hand in his waistband. As Officers Williams and

Cruz attempted to confirm that appellant was the offender, appellant continued running toward

the apartment building, disregarding commands to “stop.” Officer Williams pursued him, and

Officer Cruz followed. Officer Cruz heard Officer Williams say “I think he ha[s] a weapon.”

Officer Cruz then drew his service weapon. As Officer Cruz rounded the corner, appellant ran

toward him. Officer Cruz ordered appellant onto the ground. Appellant did not heed Officer

Cruz’s command but instead retreated into the apartment building through its single entry way.

Appellant was the only person in this area. Appellant ran up to the second floor and entered the

apartment Sammie McElroy shared with Tonya Ayers. Neither McElroy nor Ayers knew

appellant. Appellant told them he “was being chased by the police and . . . couldn’t . . . be found

with his handgun.” Appellant lifted up his shirt, withdrew his firearm, waved it around, and put

it down. McElroy and Ayers told appellant to leave the apartment, and he did so. About three to

five minutes later, appellant tried to re-enter the apartment but could not do so because the door

had been locked.

       At this point, appellant opened the door of the apartment building and shouted to the

officers “[y]ou all will have to kill me and bring my girlfriend to me.” He also yelled that he had

hostages, that this was a “standoff,” and that he was not coming out. Appellant continued to

scream variations of these phrases. Appellant threatened to shoot the officers, and several times

gestured as if he were armed. At one point, appellant pulled out his cell phone, brandished it “as

if [it were] a gun, trying to get [the officers] to discharge their weapons.” Throughout the

“standoff,” officers repeatedly commanded appellant to “come out with his hands up” and get on

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the ground, but appellant refused. Ultimately, appellant was tasered by officers at the scene.

Appellant responded “[y]ou[] all have done it now. I’m getting the MAC.”2 Appellant

eventually surrendered. At this point, McElroy exited the apartment building and informed the

officers that a “black [man] wearing black pants” deposited a firearm in his apartment. Officers

Williams and Cruz entered McElroy’s apartment and collected the firearm.

       After appellant was taken into custody, he asked the officers if they found the firearm.

He repeated this in the ambulance. Appellant also indicated that he would show the officers

where the firearm was.

       At trial, appellant pled not guilty and contested the two charges: possession of a weapon

by a violent felon and obstruction of justice. The Commonwealth’s witnesses reiterated the

events as described. In addition, McElroy admitted on cross-examination that he was convicted

of shoplifting over 20 years ago and that he was nearsighted; however, he testified in support of

his identification of appellant that on the day in question, he wore corrective lenses and a pair of

glasses. In addition, the following facts were disputed: whether appellant placed the firearm on

the ottoman or counter and the length of the “standoff.” The Commonwealth rested.

       Appellant made a motion to strike. The trial court denied the motion, finding the

evidence was sufficient to proceed.

       Appellant put on his case-in-chief. He testified on his own behalf. Appellant confirmed

that Smith was his girlfriend at the time but denied pulling a firearm on her. He stated that the

officers lied when they testified. Appellant denied running by the officers, telling the officers

“[y]ou’re lucky,” that this was a hostage situation, and that this was a standoff, and asking

whether they found his firearm. Appellant also denied entering McElroy’s apartment and alleged

that McElroy abused narcotics. Appellant noted that the witnesses’ descriptions of him were


       2
           “MAC” is a “slang term for a type of [firearm]”—a MAC-10 or MAC-11 firearm.
                                                -3-
incorrect. Appellant also explained that he retreated into the apartment building because officers

“brutalize” men like him. On cross-examination, appellant admitted he was previously convicted

of malicious wounding and use of a firearm in addition to two other felonies.

       During closing argument, appellant renewed his motion to strike on the obstruction of

justice charge. Appellant contended “refusing to come out, . . . refusing to get on the ground, . . .

[and] refusing to submit to arrest” do not amount to obstruction of justice. The trial court found

that appellant’s “shameless denial of responsibility” was “brazenly mendacious.” The trial court

convicted appellant of both offenses. The trial court also noted that, with regard to the

obstruction of justice conviction, if it had ruled otherwise, the trial court would “have [had] to

believe there [wa]s some phantom . . . in this apartment stairwell, [that came] into [McElroy’s]

apartment and [deposited the] handgun.” Appellant was sentenced to twelve months’

incarceration on the obstruction of justice conviction and five years’ incarceration on the

possession of a weapon by a violent felon conviction.

                                             ANALYSIS

       Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction.

       “On appeal, we consider the evidence ‘in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,’

granting to it all reasonable inferences that flow from the evidence.” Thorne v. Commonwealth,

66 Va. App. 248, 252-53, 784 S.E.2d 304, 306 (2016) (quoting Jordan v. Commonwealth, 273

Va. 639, 645, 643 S.E.2d 166, 169 (2007)).

               “[A] reviewing court does not ‘ask itself whether it believes that
               the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable
               doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663, 588
               S.E.2d 384, 387 (2003) [(emphasis omitted)] . . . . “We must
               instead ask whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the
               essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” [Id.]
               (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584
               S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc)) [(emphasis omitted)]. See also
               Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499,
               502 (2008). “This familiar standard gives full play to the
                                                -4-
               responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the
               testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
               inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson [v.
               Virginia], 443 U.S. [307,] 319 [(1979)].

Molinet v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 572, 577, 779 S.E.2d 231, 233 (2015).

       “Where factual findings are at issue in the context of an appeal, great deference is given

to the trier of fact.” Thorne, 66 Va. App. at 253, 784 S.E.2d at 306.

       The statute states in pertinent part that

               [i]f any person without just cause knowingly obstructs . . . any
               law-enforcement officer . . . in the performance of his duties as
               such or fails or refuses without just cause to cease such obstruction
               when requested to do so by such . . . law-enforcement officer . . . ,
               he shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.

Code § 18.2-460(A).3

               To constitute an obstruction of an officer in the performance of his
               duty, it is not necessary that there be an actual or technical assault
               upon the officer, but there must be acts clearly indicating an
               intention on the part of the accused to prevent the officer from
               performing his duty.

Ruckman v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 428, 429, 505 S.E.2d 388, 389 (1998) (quoting Jones

v. Commonwealth, 141 Va. 471, 478-79, 126 S.E. 74, 77 (1925) (citation omitted)).

       We note “[o]bstruction of justice does not occur when a person fails to cooperate fully

with an officer or when the person’s conduct merely renders the officer’s task more difficult.”

Id. Obstruction “may be either active or passive.” Thorne, 66 Va. App. at 255, 784 S.E.2d at

308 (citing DiPino v. Davis, 729 A.2d 354, 361-62 (Md. 1999) (indicating that “common-law

obstruction includes both ‘(1) positive direct obstruction in which the officer acts directly against


       3
          When this Court granted in part and denied in part appellant’s petition for appeal, we
noted in footnote 1 that the Commonwealth relied on Code § 18.2-460(B) in its brief while the
warrant alleged a violation of Code § 18.2-460(A). Upon further inspection, during arraignment,
the clerk stated appellant was charged with a violation of Code § 18.2-460. At trial and in the
trial court’s order, the trial court found appellant guilty of violating Code § 18.2-460.
Accordingly, we will confine our analysis to subsection (A).
                                                  -5-
[appellant] or his property and is physically resisted’ and ‘(2) passive direct obstruction, where

the officer seeks to make [appellant] act directly and [appellant] refuses or fails to act as

required’” (emphasis omitted))). Summarily, “[a]s long as the obstructive behavior ‘clearly

indicat[es] an intention on the part of the accused to prevent the officer from performing his

duty,’ the evidence proves the offense.’” Id. at 256, 784 S.E.2d at 308 (quoting Jones v.

Commonwealth, 141 Va. 471, 479, 126 S.E. 74, 77 (1925)).

       Appellant argues that his actions do not constitute obstruction of justice because

subsection (A) prohibits obstruction of justice without “threats or force” whereas subsection (B)

prohibits obstruction of justice “by threat or force.” Because appellant was not charged under

subsection (B), appellant contends that these following acts are irrelevant: “pretending to wa[]ve

a firearm at the police, . . . claiming to have hostages, and . . . threatening to get his ‘MAC.’”

Moreover, according to appellant, his relatively simple act of refusing to exit the apartment

building does not constitute a violation of subsection (A). Appellant supports his argument by

citing to Ruckman, Atkins v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 340, 678 S.E.2d 834 (2009), Henry v.

Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 141, 462 S.E.2d 578 (1995), Molinet, and Thorne.

       Appellant’s case is factually similar to Henry, Molinet, and Thorne. In Henry v.

Commonwealth, officers arrived at Henry’s home to arrest him. 21 Va. App. at 145, 462 S.E.2d

at 580. The officers were told Henry would appear soon but then saw Henry running out of the

back door and into the woods. Id. They pursued Henry and found him sitting by a creek. Id.

One officer raised his service weapon, ordered Henry not to move, and “informed him that he

was under arrest.” Id. That officer maintained his stance for about thirty seconds, approached

Henry, and grabbed him by the arm. Id. Henry struck the officer, shouted at him, and ran. Id.

Henry was apprehended “after a brief scuffle.” Id. This Court upheld Henry’s conviction,

determining that Henry obstructed justice “[a]fter his escape, during [the] third encounter,

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[when] Henry . . . imped[ed] the officers in their attempt to regain custody of him when he

struggled with the officers.” Id. at 146-47, 462 S.E.2d at 581.

       In Molinet v. Commonwealth, an officer was providing assistance “by maintaining a

‘sphere of control’ to ‘keep the scene safe;’” the officer did so by “direct[ing] bystanders to walk

around the incident.” 65 Va. App. at 575, 779 S.E.2d at 232. Molinet “approached the officer

from behind . . . ‘walked up in the middle of what [the officers] were doing[,] and began

speaking to . . . the subjects of [the] investigation.” Id. The officer requested that Molinet step

back, but Molinet refused. Id. The officer repeated this command several times and at one point

directed Molinet to the curb. Id. Molinet stepped toward the officer, shouted profanities at him,

and made “a threatening gesture with his arms.” Id. The officer tried speaking to Molinet;

Molinet responded by shouting profanities. Molinet did this twice more before being arrested for

obstruction of justice. Id. at 575, 779 S.E.2d at 233. This Court affirmed Molinet’s conviction.

Id. at 578, 779 S.E.2d at 234. The evidence established that the officer’s duty was to “secure the

perimeter;” Molinet’s disruptive and threatening behavior required the officer’s attention; thus,

the officer was unable to fulfill his duty. Id. at 580, 779 S.E.2d at 235. Molinet intended to

prevent the officer from fulfilling his duty; Molinet testified that he was trying to ensure the

subjects of the investigation were not arrested. Id. at 581, 779 S.E.2d at 235. However, Molinet

admitted that he did not know these women or what had occurred; thus, there was sufficient

evidence for the jury to find Molinet intended to prevent the officer from performing his duty.

Id.

        In Thorne v. Commonwealth, an officer conducted a traffic stop and approached the

vehicle. Thorne, the driver, provided identifying information but then became agitated, stating

that the officer had no reason to pull her over. 66 Va. App. at 251, 784 S.E.2d at 305. The

officer explained he needed to test the tint on her windows and asked her to roll it down further;

                                                -7-
he also asked her to comply so that he “could see into the back seat.” Id. Thorne refused and

shouted in response. Id. at 251, 784 S.E.2d at 306. The officer asked Thorne this “at least five

times” and also asked her to exit the vehicle. Id. She did neither. Id. The officer explained

Thorne needed to roll down the window more so he could perform the tint test, and if she did

not, she would be charged with obstruction of justice; Thorne continued to be combative. Id.

This continued for about nine minutes. Id. After backup arrived, Thorne did as requested. Id.

Thorne was ultimately convicted of a violation of Code § 18.2-460(A). This Court upheld the

conviction. Regardless of the fact that Thorne ultimately complied, Thorne prevented the officer

from testing the tint by refusing to roll down her window and by shouting at the officer, and she

intended to do so because her responses indicated she understood what the officer was

attempting to do. Id. at 258, 784 S.E.2d at 309.

         Appellant’s case is distinguishable from Atkins and Ruckman. In Atkins v.

Commonwealth, Officer Bennett saw a license plate dangling from Atkins’s car. 54 Va. App. at

342, 678 S.E.2d at 835. Atkins continued driving. Officer Bennett noticed that Atkins had

parked and was conversing with Officer Crowder. Officer Bennett ran Atkins’s license plate and

determined that Atkins was driving a stolen vehicle. Id. He “told Crowder to detain Atkins but

Atkins ran into the woods.” Id. Atkins was discovered four hours later. He provided the

officers with a false name, so he was charged with violating Code § 18.2-460(A). This Court

reversed Atkins’s conviction because “‘obstruction of justice does not occur when a person fails

to cooperate fully with an officer or when the persons’ conduct merely renders the officer’s task

more difficult’ or ‘frustrat[es] [his or her] investigation.’” Id. at 343, 678 S.E.2d at 835 (quoting

Ruckman, 28 Va. App. at 429, 505 S.E.2d at 390). Thus, “an accused’s hiding or seeking to

escape [an] officer by merely running away [is] not such an obstruction as the law

contemplates.’” Id. (quoting Ruckman, 28 Va. App. at 429, 505 S.E.2d at 389).

                                                -8-
         In Ruckman v. Commonwealth, an officer responded to the scene of a car accident;

Ruckman and another man were riding in a truck involved in the collision. 28 Va. App. at 430,

505 S.E.2d at 389. In the initial interview, Ruckman said he felt “too intoxicated to drive . . . and

that [a second individual] was driving;” he repeated this in a second interview. Id. In a third

interview, he indicated he could not remember who drove. Id. The officer charged him with

obstruction of justice. The trial court found Ruckman “knowingly impeded [the officer’s

investigation]” and convicted him. Id. This Court reversed because “[n]o proof was offered that

Ruckman opposed or resisted [the officer’s] investigation of the accident or [the officer’s]

attempt to file his report.” Id. The officer received what he considered to be inconsistent

statements from Ruckman; “while these statements may have frustrated [the] investigation, the

statements did not oppose, impede, or resist [the officer’s] efforts to conduct an investigation.”

Id. at 431, 505 S.E.2d at 390.

           Appellant’s actions constitute a violation of subsection (A) of Code § 18.2-460.

Appellant prevented the officers from fulfilling their duties and intended to do so. Appellant did

not simply “‘fail[] to cooperate fully with an officer or . . . render[] the officer’s task more

difficult’ or ‘frustrat[e] [the officer’s] investigation.’” Atkins, 54 Va. App. at 343, 678 S.E.2d at

835 (quoting Ruckman, 28 Va. App. at 429, 505 S.E.2d at 390). Appellant clearly “oppose[d],

impede[d], or resisted [the officers’ performance of their duties].” Ruckman, 28 Va. App. at

430, 505 S.E.2d at 389. Similar to Henry, Molinet, and Thorne, appellant disobeyed the officers’

commands; he refused to stop, refused to get on the ground, and refused to exit the apartment

building. Appellant yelled that this was a hostage situation and that the officers would have to

kill him. Appellant also threateningly gestured at the officers and at one point brandished his

cell phone at them as if it were a firearm. This “standoff” lasted between thirteen and thirty

minutes. Appellant’s actions demonstrated that he understood or should have reasonably

                                                 -9-
understood that the officers’ duties included apprehending him. Moreover, the evidence was

sufficient to establish that appellant’s actions clearly indicated appellant’s intention to prevent

the officers from performing their duty based on his refusals to comply with the officers’

legitimate orders.

                                            CONCLUSION

       Appellant intended to and did obstruct the officers from performing their duties. The trial

court’s determinations were not plainly wrong, and the evidence was sufficient to support these

determinations. Thus, we affirm appellant’s conviction.

                                                                                            Affirmed.




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