                                       In The

                                Court of Appeals
                    Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
                            ____________________
                               NO. 09-13-00551-CR
                            ____________________


                     EX PARTE DAVID LEE VICTORICK

_______________________________________________________          ______________

                    On Appeal from the 435th District Court
                         Montgomery County, Texas
                       Trial Cause No. 13-11-12323 CR
________________________________________________________          _____________

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant David Lee Victorick (“Victorick”) is charged by indictment with

the offense of online solicitation of a minor under section 33.021(c) of the Texas

Penal Code, a second-degree felony. 1 See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021 (West

2011). The indictment in this case is as follows:

      David Lee Victorick, the Defendant, on or about June 02, 2013, . . .
      did then and there, knowingly solicit by text message, K.E., a minor,
      to meet the defendant, with the intent that K.E. would engage in

      1
        Victorick was originally charged by indictment with the offense of online
solicitation in violation of section 33.021(b) of the Texas Penal Code, but he was
re-indicted under subsection (c).
                                          1
      sexual contact and sexual intercourse and deviate sexual intercourse
      with the defendant. . . .

Section 33.021 of the Texas Penal Code is entitled “Online Solicitation of a

Minor.” Subsection (c) provides that:

             A person commits an offense if the person, over the Internet, by
      electronic mail or text message or other electronic message service or
      system, or through a commercial online service, knowingly solicits a
      minor to meet another person, including the actor, with the intent that
      the minor will engage in sexual contact, sexual intercourse, or deviate
      sexual intercourse with the actor or another person.

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(c). In section 33.021(a)(1), “minor” is defined as:

             (A) an individual who represents himself or herself to be younger than
                17 years of age; or
             (B) an individual whom the actor believes to be younger than 17 years
                of age.

Id. § 33.021(a)(1).

      Victorick filed a pretrial application for a writ of habeas corpus challenging

the facial constitutionality of the statute. The trial court judge denied the

application. On appeal, Victorick raises seven issues. In issues one through five, he

contends that section 33.021(c) is unconstitutionally overbroad, vague and an

impermissible content-based restriction under both the Texas and United States

Constitutions. In issues six and seven, he contends the statute lacks a mens rea

requirement, fails to “recognize” an affirmative defense for Victorick, and violates

the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States

                                         2
Constitution, as well as the Due Course of Law provision of the Texas

Constitution. We find no merit to Victorick’s challenges, and we affirm the ruling

of the trial court.2

                                Standard of Review

       Ordinarily, when reviewing the constitutionality of a statute, we presume

that the statute is valid and that the legislature has not acted unreasonably or

arbitrarily. Ex parte Lo, No. PD-1560-12, 2013 WL 5807802, at *2 (Tex. Crim.

App. Oct. 30, 2013); Maloney v. State, 294 S.W.3d 613, 626 (Tex. Crim. App.

2009) (citing Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)). The

party challenging the statute normally carries the burden to establish the statute’s

unconstitutionality. Rodriguez, 93 S.W.3d at 69. We shall uphold the statute if

there is a reasonable construction that renders it constitutional. See Ely v. State,

582 S.W.2d 416, 419 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).

       A content-based restriction punishes speech based upon its content. See Ex

parte Lo, 2013 WL 5807802, at *1. If the statutory provision in question is

content-based, then the ordinary statutory presumptions do not apply, the statute

will be “presumed invalid,” and the State must rebut that presumption. Id. “The

Supreme Court applies the ‘most exacting scrutiny to regulations that suppress,
       2
        Victorick also filed with this Court a Request for Emergency Stay and
Petition for Writ of Mandamus and Writ of Prohibition in Cause No. 09-13-00550-
CR, which we denied.
                                         3
disadvantage, or impose differential burdens upon speech because of its content.’”

Id. (quoting Turner Broadcasting Sys., Inc. v. F.C.C., 512 U.S. 622, 642 (1994)).

On the other hand, if the statute punishes conduct rather than speech, the courts

apply a “rational basis” level of review to determine if the statue has a rational

relationship to a legitimate state purpose. See Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S.

601, 615 (1973).

      A statute may be invalidated if it is unconstitutionally overbroad or vague.

Before a statute will be invalidated on its face as overbroad, the overbreadth must

be real and substantial when “judged in relation to the statute’s plainly

legal sweep.” Id. A statute should not be invalidated for overbreadth merely

because it is possible to imagine some unconstitutional application. See In re

Shaw, 204 S.W.3d 9, 15 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d). As to a

vagueness challenge, statutes are not necessarily unconstitutionally vague merely

because the words or terms employed in the statute are not specifically defined.

See Engelking v. State, 750 S.W.2d 213, 215 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). When the

words used in a statute are not otherwise defined in the statute, we will give the

words their plain meaning. See Parker v. State, 985 S.W.2d 460, 464 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1999). Under the void-for-vagueness doctrine, the statute will be invalidated

if it fails to give a person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know


                                          4
what conduct is prohibited. See State v. Holcombe, 187 S.W.3d 496, 499 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2006).

      Victorick makes a facial challenge to the statute and he must therefore prove

the statute is unconstitutional in every application, and that it could never be

constitutionally applied to any defendant under any set of facts or circumstances.

State v. Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d 550, 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Santikos v. State,

836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Whether a criminal statute is

facially unconstitutional is a question of law that we review de novo. See Ex parte

Lo, 2013 WL 5807802, at *1 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 30, 2013); Maloney, 294

S.W.3d at 626. If we determine there is a reasonable construction that will render

the statute constitutional, we must uphold the statute. Tarlton v. State, 93 S.W.3d

168, 175 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d).

                              Issues One through Five

      In his first five issues, Victorick raises interrelated challenges to the facial

constitutionality of subsection (c) of section 33.021. In issues one, three, and five,

he contends that section 33.021(c) is unconstitutionally overbroad and vague under

the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and

under Article I, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution. In issues two and four, he

contends that subsection (c) “criminalizes a substantial amount of harmless speech


                                          5
between adults” that is protected under the First Amendment to the United States

Constitution and under Article I, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution. Victorick

further contends that subsection (c) fails to give fair notice of the conduct that is

forbidden.

      According to the plain wording in subsection (c), the conduct punishable by

subsection (c) is the “knowing” solicitation of a “minor” with the intent that the

minor will engage in some form of sexual contact with that person or another

person. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(c). Accordingly, the solicitation-of-a-

minor offense defined by subsection (c) is “the conduct of knowingly soliciting a

minor to engage in illegal sexual acts[,]” as opposed to the “sexually explicit”

communication, i.e., speech, prohibited by subsection (b). See Ex parte Lo, 2013

WL 5807802, at *2.

      In Lo, the Court of Criminal Appeals applied strict scrutiny to subsection (b)

of section 33.021 (the Online Solicitation Statute). The Court determined that

subsection (b) is content-based. Id. at *1. Utilizing a “strict scrutiny” review, the

Court concluded that subsection (b) is unconstitutionally “overbroad because it

prohibits a wide array of constitutionally protected speech and is not narrowly

drawn to achieve only the legitimate objective of protecting children from sexual

abuse.” Id. Notably, the Court explained in Lo that unlike subsection (b),


                                         6
subsection (c) punishes conduct rather than the content of speech alone. Id. at

**2-7. In analyzing section 33.021 (b) the Court specifically contrasted (b) to

subsection (c):

      1. Section 33.021(c): Solicitation of a Minor.
      Section 33.021 of the Texas Penal Code is titled “Online Solicitation
      of a Minor.” It includes subsection (c)—a provision that prohibits and
      punishes an actor who uses electronic communications to “solicit” a
      minor, “to meet another person, including the actor, with the intent
      that the minor will engage in” certain sexual behavior. Such
      solicitation statutes exist in virtually all states and have been routinely
      upheld as constitutional because “offers to engage in illegal
      transactions [such as sexual assault of a minor] are categorically
      excluded from First Amendment protection.” Thus, it is the conduct of
      requesting a minor to engage in illegal sexual acts that is the
      gravamen of the offense. The First Court of Appeals previously
      upheld the constitutionality of the Texas online-solicitation-of-minors
      statute. That specific provision is not at issue in this case, but it
      provides an excellent contrast to the provision that is at issue.

Id. at *2 (footnotes omitted). The indictment in the instant case is under subsection

(c) and we conclude it punishes conduct rather than the content of speech alone.

Furthermore, we find that the statute has a rational relationship to a legitimate and

compelling state interest. See Broadrick, 413 U.S. at 615.

      The United States Supreme Court has stated that the “prevention of sexual

exploitation and abuse of children constitutes a government objective of surpassing

importance.” New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 757 (1982). Lo contains a similar

observation:


                                          7
      There is no question that the State has a right—indeed a solemn
      duty—to protect young children from the harm that would be inflicted
      upon them by sexual predators. In upholding the constitutionality of
      Section 33.021(c)—the offense of online solicitation—the First Court
      of Appeals stated that “[t]he prevention of sexual exploitation and
      abuse of children addressed by the Texas online solicitation of a
      minor statute constitutes a government objective of surpassing
      importance.” Indeed it does. The statute prohibits internet
      communications with a minor that solicit an illegal sex act.
              Many states have enacted statutes aimed at preventing the
      dissemination of “harmful” materials to minors and solicitation of
      minors over the internet. Courts all across the United States have
      upheld these statutes. They share either of two characteristics: (1) the
      definition of the banned communication usually tracks the definition
      of obscenity as defined by the Supreme Court in Miller v. California;
      or (2) the statutes include a specific intent to commit an illegal sexual
      act, i.e., the actor intends to “solicit” or “lure” a minor to commit a
      sexual act.

Ex parte Lo, 2013 WL 5807802, at *4 (footnotes omitted).

      Subsection (c) includes a mens rea. A person commits an offense under the

statute if the person “knowingly solicits” a “minor” to meet another person with

the “intent that the minor will engage in sexual contact, sexual intercourse, or

deviate sexual intercourse[.]” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(c). “[T]he

compelling interest of protecting children from sexual predators is well served by

the solicitation-of-a-[minor] prohibition in subsection (c).” Ex parte Lo, 2013 WL

5807802, at *5. The Supreme Court and federal appellate courts have upheld

online solicitation statutory provisions that prohibit online solicitation of a minor to

engage in sexual acts. See, e.g., United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 297-307

                                           8
(2008); United States v. Hornaday, 392 F.3d 1306, 1308-1311 (11th Cir. 2004);

United States v. Dhingra, 371 F.3d 557, 559 (9th Cir. 2004); United States v.

Bailey, 228 F.3d 637, 639-40 (6th Cir. 2000).

      Because subsection (c) punishes conduct, we reject Victorick’s argument

that this case involves a “content based” restriction on speech. Accordingly, we

apply the ordinary presumptions to subsection (c). We begin by presuming the

statute is valid, and that the legislature did not act unreasonably or arbitrarily in

enacting the statute. Ex parte Lo, 2013 WL 5807802, at *1. Within that framework,

we address the overbreadth and vagueness arguments.

      In Lo, the Court cited with approval the decision of the First Court of

Appeals in Maloney v. State, which held that subsection (c) was neither

overbroad nor vague. See Ex parte Lo, 2013 WL 5807802, at **2, 4 (citing

Maloney, 294 S.W.3d 613). In Maloney, the defendant, a 47-year-old male, was

convicted of online solicitation of a minor. Maloney, 294 S.W.3d at 616. Maloney

entered an online chat room and corresponded with “Brandy,” a 13 year old. Id.

Unknown to Maloney, Brandy was actually an online persona created by a

detective in Kemah. Id. Over the course of several days and hours of online chats

Maloney expressed his desire to meet Brandy and to have sex with her. Id. at 616-

17. When Maloney showed up for the meeting, he was arrested and then charged


                                         9
with the offense of online solicitation of a minor under section 33.021(c). Maloney,

294 S.W.3d at 617-18. Maloney argued at trial that he believed he was conversing

with an adult and they were only playing out a “fantasy.” Id. at 618, 626-29. The

jury convicted Maloney of the offense and Maloney appealed. Id. at 618.

      In one of his issues on appeal, Maloney urged the appellate court to find that

section 33.021(c) is unconstitutionally overbroad because it infringes upon his

freedom of speech and right to privacy. Maloney, 294 S.W.3d at 625. He argued

that subsection (c) is unconstitutionally vague because the statute fails to define the

term “fantasy.” Maloney, 294 S.W.3d at 625. The First Court of Appeals

concluded that section 33.021(c) is neither unconstitutionally overbroad nor

unconstitutionally vague. See Maloney, 294 S.W.3d at 628-29; see also Alamia v.

State, Nos. 05-12-00992-CR & 05-12-00993-CR, 2014 WL 474632, at **6-9 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Feb. 5, 2014, no pet. h.) (Definition of “minor” in Texas Online

Solicitation Statute is not unconstitutionally overbroad.); Ex parte Zavala, 421

S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.) (upholding the

constitutionality of subsection (c) and citing to both Maloney and Lo for authority).

      Victorick contends that the statutory definition of “minor” is both overbroad

and vague. Victorick claims the definition is so broad that it includes

constitutionally protected communications between adults. He argues that, “as


                                          10
defined in this statute, a minor is not a minor, much less a child, or a person under

the full age of legal responsibility, or even a person who is actually under 17 years

of age.” We overrule his arguments and conclude that the definition of “minor” is

not unconstitutionally overbroad or vague. See Alamia, 2014 WL 474632, at **6-9.

      The legislative intent in the statute was to permit law enforcement officers to

discover and intercept sexual predators before the predator makes actual contact

with a child. See Criminal Justice Comm., Senate Research Ctr., Bill Analysis,

Tex. H.B. 2228, 79th Leg., R.S. (July 27, 2005). Additional legislative history

from the Committee Report (House Research Organization) summarizes the views

of the bill’s supporters:

      Usually individuals go through a series of “grooming” steps when
      soliciting sex with a child through the Internet. This process begins
      with befriending a child online, developing trust, then engaging in
      sexually explicit conversation, and finally meeting with the child. By
      criminalizing online sexually explicit communication with a child, the
      bill would allow law enforcement to stop an offender before the
      offender could injure the child. It also would serve as a deterrent to
      potential offenders.

House Research Org., Bill Analysis for House Criminal Jurisprudence Comm.,

H.B. 2228, 79th Leg., R.S. (April 11, 2005). The definition of “minor” utilized by

the legislature is inclusive of circumstances where either the recipient provides

notice to the offender that the recipient is younger than 17 years old or where the


                                         11
offender holds the belief that the recipient is younger than 17 years old. See Tex.

Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(a)(1).

      Given the State’s “solemn duty—to protect young children from the harm

that would be inflicted upon them by sexual predators,” the State has a legitimate

and compelling interest in protecting children from predators, and the statute

provides this protection by allowing the State to prosecute such predators. See Ex

parte Lo, 2013 WL 5807802, at *4. The fact that the statute defines “minor” to

include otherwise legal communications with someone who may actually be over

the age of 17 would not make the statute unconstitutionally overbroad because the

“overbreadth,” if any, would not be substantial when compared to the compelling

and legitimate purpose of the statute. Furthermore, Victorick has failed to establish

that the statute is unconstitutional in all of its applications. See Rosseau, 396

S.W.3d at 557.

      Victorick also argues that the statute fails to provide fair warning of the

scope of the prohibited conduct, that the statute lacks a definition of the use of the

word “internet,” and that there is no guidance in the statute about how one might

“represent[] himself or herself” to be under the age of 17. Victorick includes in his

brief some hypothetical scenarios to further his arguments.




                                         12
       “[T]he mere fact that one can conceive of some impermissible applications

of a statute is not sufficient to render it susceptible to an overbreadth challenge.”

Members of City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789,

800 (1984). And, merely because the statute might not define the words therein

does not mean the statute is void for vagueness when, as here, the criminal offense

is described with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what

conduct is prohibited. See Holcombe, 187 S.W.3d at 499. Although the statute may

lack a definition of the word “Internet,” a person of ordinary intelligence is able to

understand what conduct is prohibited by reading the statute in question and by

applying the ordinary meaning of the word “Internet.” Furthermore, the word

“Internet” should be read in conjunction with the remainder of the sentence which

also expressly prohibits a knowing solicitation of a minor to engage in sexual acts

if that solicitation is “over the Internet, by electronic mail or text message or other

electronic message service or system, or through a commercial online service.”

Victorick contends that the statute as written is an unconstitutional restraint upon

speech because it would “criminalize” a communication of speech which occurs

via a “Voice Over Internet Protocol.” We disagree. The statutory provision at issue

criminalizes the conduct of the solicitation of a minor to engage in sexual acts, by

transmission over the Internet or by any other electronic means and that would


                                          13
necessarily include the use of a VOIP. The prohibited behavior is sufficiently clear

and subsection (c) would give an ordinary person “adequate notice” that such

conduct is a criminal offense. Maloney, 294 S.W.3d at 629.

      As to an overbreadth challenge under the First Amendment, the United

States Supreme Court has recognized that the “overbreadth doctrine” involves

balancing the effects of the statute on protected speech with the otherwise

legitimate and necessary prohibition of antisocial behavior that has been made

criminal. See Williams, 553 U.S. at 292.

      In order to maintain an appropriate balance, we have vigorously
      enforced the requirement that a statute’s overbreadth be substantial,
      not only in an absolute sense, but also relative to the statute’s plainly
      legitimate sweep. Invalidation for overbreadth is “‘“strong
      medicine”’” that is not to be “casually employed.”

Id. (internal citations omitted). Section 33.021(c) unambiguously provides that a

person is prohibited from “knowingly” soliciting a minor “over the Internet, by

electronic mail or text message or other electronic message service or system, or

through a commercial online service . . . with the intent that the minor will engage

in sexual contact, sexual intercourse, or deviate sexual intercourse with the actor or

another person.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(c). There is no constitutionally

protected right to solicit sexual contact with a recipient who represents that he or

she is younger than 17 or a recipient who, the actor believes, is younger than 17, or


                                           14
who is actually younger than 17. Victorick has failed to establish that the statute is

unconstitutional as applied to him. See Bynum v. State, 767 S.W.2d 769, 774 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1989). Furthermore, he has not satisfied his burden to prove the statute

is unconstitutionally vague, either as applied to him or in all respects. We hold that

section 33.021(c) is not unconstitutionally overbroad or vague, and we conclude

that the statute provides fair notice of the prohibited conduct. We overrule issues

one through five.

                                Issues Six and Seven

      In issues six and seven, Victorick contends that the statute is a “strict

liability” statute because it lacks a mens rea requirement and is therefore

unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and

under the Due Course of Law Clause of the Texas Constitution. He further argues

that section 33.021(c) fails to allow for a defendant to raise the defense that he had

a reasonable belief that the complaining witness was “17 years of age or older at

the time of the alleged offense.” We overrule points six and seven.

      Section 33.021(c) contains a mens rea requirement. The State must prove

that the defendant “knowingly solicited” a “minor” to meet another person with the

intent that the “minor” would engage in sexual activity. The requirement that “the

defendant must solicit ‘with the intent that the minor will engage in sexual contact’


                                         15
. . . operates to make otherwise innocent conduct, i.e., soliciting a minor to meet,

into criminal conduct.” Ex parte Zavala, 421 S.W.3d at 232. Accordingly, we

disagree with Victorick’s argument that section 33.021(c) “does not require a

culpable mental state in so far as the actual age of the [minor] solicited is

concerned.” We also reject Victorick’s argument that the statute is unconstitutional

because it violates the due process clause and due course of law provision in that it

prevents him from asserting a mistake-of-fact defense concerning the complaining

witness’s age.

      As we have noted, subsection (a) of section 33.021 defines “minor” as “(A)

an individual who represents himself or herself to be younger than 17 years of age;

or (B) an individual whom the actor believes to be younger than 17 years of age.”

We note that in the clerk’s record in No. 09-14-00112-CR, a separate appeal filed

by Victorick in the present case, Victorick acknowledges in his Application for

Writ of Habeas Corpus that the recipient of the alleged communications was a

family member. 3 Victorick has not asserted in the record before us that he did not

know the age of the alleged victim, or that she represented herself to be an adult, or
      3
       In No. 09-14-00112-CR, Victorick filed a motion requesting that this Court
“take judicial notice of the Record in Docket No. 09-13-00551-CR or to
consolidate the records in both cases[.]” An appellate court may take judicial
notice of its own records in the same or related proceedings involving the same or
nearly same parties. See Turner v. State, 733 S.W.2d 218, 223 (Tex. Crim. App.
1987).

                                         16
that he believed she was 17 or older. Therefore, Victorick has failed to meet his

burden under Rosseau. See Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d at 557. We conclude that the

statute does not violate the Due Process Clause. Victorick states in his appellate

brief that “due course” and “due process” are without meaningful distinction, and

he does not articulate a separate legal analysis under the Due Course of Law

provision. Nevertheless, we conclude the statute does not violate the Due Course

of Law provision for the same reasons as outlined herein. We overrule issues six

and seven.

      We hold that section 33.021(c) is not unconstitutional and we affirm the trial

court’s ruling denying Victorick’s request for habeas relief.

      AFFIRMED.



                                                    _________________________
                                                        LEANNE JOHNSON
                                                             Justice


Submitted on March 4, 2014
Opinion Delivered May 21, 2014
Do Not Publish

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.




                                         17
