MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                             Jan 29 2016, 9:16 am

regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Christopher L. Clerc                                      Gregory F. Zoeller
Columbus, Indiana                                         Attorney General of Indiana

                                                          Robert J. Henke
                                                          David E. Corey
                                                          Deputy Attorneys General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination                          January 29, 2016
of the Parent-Child Relationship                          Court of Appeals Case No.
of: I.H., A.H., E.H., and F.H.,                           03A01-1507-JT-953
Minor Children,                                           Appeal from the Bartholomew
                                                          Circuit Court
and                                                       The Honorable Stephen R.
J.H., Mother,                                             Heimann, Judge

Appellant-Respondent,                                     The Honorable Heather M. Mollo,
                                                          Magistrate
        v.                                                Trial Court Cause Nos.
                                                          03C01-1406-JT-2493
The Indiana Department of                                 03C01-1406-JT-2494
Child Services,                                           03C01-1406-JT-2495
                                                          03C01-1406-JT-2496
Appellee-Petitioner.


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 1 of 17
      Brown, Judge.


[1]   J.H. (“Mother”) appeals the involuntary termination of her parental rights with

      respect to her daughters, I.H., A.H., E.H., and F.H. (the “Children”). Mother

      raises one issue, which we revise and restate as whether the evidence is

      sufficient to support the termination of her parental rights. We affirm.


                                       Facts and Procedural History

[2]   Mother had four children, I.H., born on October 11, 2000, A.H., born on April

      20, 2002, E.H., born on December 30, 2003, and F.H., born on October 26,

      2006. In February 2009, the Department of Child Services (“DCS”) received

      reports regarding the condition of the home, that Mother was using illegal

      drugs, the Children had recurring head lice, and that F.H. had been left

      unattended and was nearly struck by a car. DCS learned that Mother’s

      grandmother and mother actually had guardianship of the Children at that

      time. Mother acknowledged to DCS that she was unemployed, did not have

      stable housing, and had some issues with substance abuse, and that these

      factors led to the guardianship. DCS closed the assessment because it was

      determined that the Children had appropriate caregivers under the

      guardianship.


[3]   In March 2012, DCS received a report alleging poor living conditions in

      Mother’s home, trash throughout the home, feces and vomit in the bathrooms,

      and clothing, other items, and empty beer cases scattered throughout the home.

      The case was assigned to family case manager Mike Gamroth (“FCM


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 2 of 17
      Gamroth”), and, on March 19, 2012, he knocked on the door of Mother’s

      residence, and a child said that Mother was in the shower. FCM Gamroth

      returned within twenty minutes, knocked, and contacted law enforcement when

      no one answered.


[4]   Law enforcement and Cathy Franke, the family case manager supervisor,

      responded to the scene, and Mother answered the door and stated that she had

      been in the shower. Mother allowed them into the home which was very dirty

      and had old alcohol bottles, empty beer cases, cleaning chemicals within reach

      of the children, a stained and sticky carpet, a kitchen cluttered with dirty dishes

      and pans, and an extremely dirty refrigerator with very little edible food. There

      was dried vomit around the toilet and used feminine products located in the

      hallway, and the beds were “covered in items.” Transcript at 54. Mother

      submitted to a drug screen which tested positive for methamphetamine.


[5]   On March 20, 2012, DCS filed verified petitions alleging that the Children were

      in need of services (“CHINS”) due to unsafe and unsanitary conditions in the

      home. The Children were removed due to the conditions of the home and

      Mother’s use of methamphetamine. During the removal of the Children, James

      Bennett, a person with a drug history, was arrested in front of the Children.

      Bennett was much younger than Mother and would sometimes be left alone

      with the Children as a caregiver.


[6]   At some point, Home Builders, an intensive family preservation service, helped

      clean up the home, talked about parenting, and discussed how Mother could


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 3 of 17
      best move forward. On April 28, 2012, the Children were returned to Mother

      for a trial home visit.


[7]   On May 11, 2012, the court held a fact-finding hearing on the CHINS petition

      and entered an order finding that Mother admitted that the Children were

      CHINS and finding that Mother was unable or unwilling to maintain a safe

      environment for the Children. A dispositional hearing was held on June 14,

      2012.


[8]   On June 26, 2012, Ann Moore, a home-based case worker, met with Mother.

      That day, Mother had moved into “grandma’s home,” but they had lost that

      home “just immediately” because grandmother died. Id. at 58. Mother told

      Moore that they were going to camp in the woods for a couple weeks until she

      could “figure things out.” Id. at 59. During the visit, A.H. had stepped on a

      piece of glass and had “a little pseudo band-aid tied around it.” Id. at 58. A.H.

      was waiting for someone to come and take her to the emergency room, but no

      one came for almost an hour, so Moore took her to the emergency room where

      she received stitches. The next day, Mother tested positive for

      methamphetamine, the trial home visit was terminated, and the Children were

      removed from Mother’s care due to ongoing concerns of housing and a lack of

      medical attention.


[9]   On July 2, 2012, the court entered a dispositional order which ordered Mother

      to contact the family case manager every week to allow them to monitor

      compliance, complete the 12 Step Facilitation program through Centerstone,


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 4 of 17
       complete a psychological evaluation and successfully complete any and all

       recommendations, attend and participate in NA/AA meetings, continue to

       meet with a recovery coach, successfully complete home-based case

       management and/or therapy, and successfully complete an intensive family

       preservation program.


[10]   At some point, Mother was diagnosed with a major and recurrent depressive

       disorder. In November 2012, she completed the twelve-step facilitation and

       aftercare through Centerstone as recommended by her substance abuse

       evaluation, but subsequently missed appointments with her recovery coach.


[11]   In January 2013, Mother tested positive for methamphetamine and underwent

       a medication evaluation. It was recommended that she take medication, and

       she sometimes complied.


[12]   In April and May 2013, Mother again tested positive for methamphetamine and

       missed a couple of psychiatric medication appointments. In June 2013,

       inpatient treatment was recommended.


[13]   In July 2013, Mother went to Harbor Lights and was released with

       recommendations to follow up with Centerstone, undergo another assessment,

       and follow those recommendations. The next month she began “Living in

       Balance,” but by September 2013 it was reported that she was behind in her

       meetings. Id. at 146. She graduated from “Living in Balance” on October 30,




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 5 of 17
       2013, but it was noted that she had three missed appointments during the

       month of October. Id.


[14]   In January 2014, the plan was for Mother to seek individual counseling and

       medication management services through Centerstone on her own, and it

       “would have been a fairly easy transition for her” because she was still working

       with Centerstone. Id. at 118. On February 4, 2014, Beth Grunewalt was

       assigned as Mother’s individual therapist, but reported no contact after

       Gruenwalt made multiple attempts. On February 20, 2014, Mother was

       reassigned to Ashley Pulskamp, another therapist employed at Centerstone.

       The next month she began individual therapy with Pulskamp, but following the

       March 21st session Pulskamp did not see or hear from Mother for two months,

       and Mother failed to show for two drug screens.1 On May 21, 2014, Pulskamp

       reviewed the zero tolerance agreement with Mother which detailed that she

       could not miss three more appointments without a doctor’s statement and that

       she could not fail drug screens, and she signed the agreement. Mother kept her

       next two appointments, including one on June 12, 2014, at which she said that

       she was barely able to make it to work that day and that she was thinking about

       using. Meanwhile, after May 16, 2014, medication management could no

       longer contact Mother because she “never followed up.” Id. at 120.




       1
        When asked whether Mother had any positive drug screens during 2014, Elizabeth Curtis, a family case
       manager, testified that she had “what we would consider positive no shows,” one of which occurred in
       March and another in April. Transcript at 113.

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[15]   On June 6, 2014, DCS filed a verified petition for the involuntary termination

       of Mother’s parental rights to the Children2 and a hearing was held on

       November 18, 2014. Moore, the home-based case worker, described the

       supervised visitation as “[u]sually very chaotic” with “[e]verybody talking at

       once.” Id. at 59. When asked if she noticed any changes over the course of the

       last two and one-half years, Moore stated: “Overall we are pretty much at the

       same place.” Id. at 60. Moore testified that she tried to give Mother some

       direction on how to improve visits with the Children, which were chaotic, but

       Mother did not implement the direction on a consistent basis.


[16]   When asked to explain her concerns with Mother’s housing stability, Moore

       stated that Mother had been evicted from her initial residence, lost her

       grandmother’s home to an eviction, stayed with some friends for a couple of

       weeks, moved back to grandmother’s home until the foreclosure in April 2013,

       then slept on her friend’s couch in April and May, moved to a home in

       Columbus until the fall of 2013 when she moved into a home on Stanley Drive,

       but lost that home in December 2013 because her dog did substantial damage to

       the home and she was asked to leave, moved into a rental home in Columbus

       and stayed there until July 2014, and then moved to a mobile home park with a

       friend in Elizabethtown. Moore also testified that Mother had lost multiple

       jobs.




       2
        DCS also requested the termination of the parental rights of the Children’s father. The father signed
       consent forms regarding the termination.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016           Page 7 of 17
[17]   When asked her opinion as to Mother’s ability to provide and care for the

       Children long term, she answered: “Well, with the lack of employment stability

       and the lack of housing stability, I would say long term prognosis would not be

       good.” Id. Moore testified that the Children love Mother but are tired and

       “they just need this chapter to close so that they can move on.” Id. at 68-69.

       She testified that Mother “really tried hard” but “was just unable to show the

       ability to provide stability.” Id. at 69.


[18]   Pulskamp, Mother’s therapist, testified regarding Mother’s missed

       appointments and that she had no contact with Mother since June 12, 2014,

       stating “[s]he was scheduled to follow up with me on June 16th, 2014 for her

       next appointment, and no call no showed.” Id. at 81.


[19]   The court appointed special advocate, Kelly Harden (“CASA Harden”),

       testified that she had concerns with Mother’s inconsistent housing, financial

       instability, lack of transportation, and inability to obtain utilities such as heat.

       She expressed concern for the Children’s need for permanency. She testified

       that she did not believe that Mother was able to provide the Children with a

       safe, drug free, stable home and that she did not foresee Mother being able to

       obtain that in the near future. When asked what she believed was in the best

       interest of the Children, she stated “at this time for permanency for the

       [C]hildren, it would be for them to move forward with the adoption and to

       terminate rights.” Id. at 94.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 8 of 17
[20]   A family case manager, Elizabeth Curtis (“FCM Curtis”), testified that during

       the life of the case, Mother has had “[f]ive homes with two, at least two periods

       of unknown whereabouts and at one point staying with, several instances of

       staying with friends while looking for a home.” Id. at 142. She did not

       consider Mother to have successfully completed counseling, and testified that

       Mother was compliant with home-based case management but goals were not

       met, issues were not resolved, and she did not develop new coping skills. She

       testified that Mother can maintain sobriety but that “it’s concerning that we are

       seeing a relapse, a pattern of relapses.” Id. at 130. She testified that Mother

       was not compliant with meeting either her or the Children’s medical and

       mental health needs, and that she was concerned with “[h]ousing, employment,

       organization, budgeting, transportation[,] [p]arenting, decision making.” Id. at

       122.


[21]   When asked whether she had the opportunity to view Mother’s current address

       in Elizabethtown, FCM Curtis answered:


               I have not. I have been out there two times and have not been
               successful in making contact with anyone living in the home. It’s
               reported that [Mother] is staying with either roommates or
               friends and I’m not aware of who those people are.


       Id.


[22]   Mother testified that she lived in a trailer with Bennett’s mother, father and

       grandmother, but they were moving out of the trailer, and her mother was

       moving in with her. She testified that Bennett “kinda floats between, back and

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 9 of 17
       forth.” Id. at 166. She stated that FCM Curtis did not leave her business card

       at her most recent residence or tried to call, that she worked forty hours a week

       at Wal-Mart and part-time at another employer, that she attends NA meetings,

       has a sponsor, has been clean since she had been at Harbor Lights, and that a

       lot of her problems were due to her financial situation. On cross-examination,

       she testified that she still associates with Bennett because he went “through all

       this with me and he is one of the people that sit down and encourage me, and

       talk to me and tell me to keep my head up, and tell me that I’m, to keep on

       trying, and not to give up.” Id. at 176-177.


[23]   On May 8, 2015, the court entered an order terminating Mother’s parental

       rights, making detailed findings of fact, and concluding that there is a

       reasonable probability that the conditions which resulted in the Children’s

       removal and continued placement outside the home will not be remedied, that

       continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the Children’s

       well-being, that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the Children’s

       best interests, and that adoption is a satisfactory plan for the Children.


                                                    Discussion

[24]   The issue is whether the evidence is sufficient to support the termination of

       Mother’s parental rights. In order to terminate a parent-child relationship, DCS

       is required to allege and prove, among other things:


               (A) that one (1) of the following is true:




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 10 of 17
                 (i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least
                 six (6) months under a dispositional decree.


                 (ii) A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6
                 that reasonable efforts for family preservation or
                 reunification are not required, including a description of
                 the court’s finding, the date of the finding, and the manner
                 in which the finding was made.


                 (iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has
                 been under the supervision of a local office or probation
                 department for at least fifteen (15) months of the most
                 recent twenty-two (22) months, beginning with the date
                 the child is removed from the home as a result of the child
                 being alleged to be a child in need of services or a
                 delinquent child;


        (B) that one (1) of the following is true:


                 (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
                 that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
                 placement outside the home of the parents will not be
                 remedied.


                 (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
                 of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
                 being of the child.


                 (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
                 adjudicated a child in need of services;


        (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 11 of 17
               (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
               the child.


       Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). If the court finds that the allegations in a petition

       described in Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4 are true, the court shall terminate the parent-

       child relationship. See Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).


[25]   The State’s burden of proof for establishing the allegations in termination cases

       “is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-

       1261 (Ind. 2009) (quoting Ind. Code § 31-37-14-2), reh’g denied. This is “a

       ‘heightened burden of proof’ reflecting termination’s ‘serious social

       consequences.’” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 642 (Ind. 2014) (quoting In re G.Y.,

       904 N.E.2d at 1260-1261, 1260 n.1). “But weighing the evidence under that

       heightened standard is the trial court’s prerogative—in contrast to our well-

       settled, highly deferential standard of review.” Id. “We do not reweigh the

       evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses, but consider only the

       evidence that supports the judgment and the reasonable inferences to be drawn

       from the evidence.” Id. (quoting Egly v. Blackford Cnty. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 592

       N.E.2d 1232, 1235 (Ind. 1992)). “We confine our review to two steps: whether

       the evidence clearly and convincingly supports the findings, and then whether

       the findings clearly and convincingly support the judgment.” Id.


[26]   “Reviewing whether the evidence ‘clearly and convincingly’ supports the

       findings, or the findings ‘clearly and convincingly’ support the judgment, is not

       a license to reweigh the evidence.” Id. “[W]e do not independently determine

       whether that heightened standard is met, as we would under the ‘constitutional
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 12 of 17
       harmless error standard,’ which requires the reviewing court itself to ‘be

       sufficiently confident to declare the error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

       Id. (quoting Harden v. State, 576 N.E.2d 590, 593 (Ind. 1991) (citing Chapman v.

       California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824 (1967), reh’g denied). “Our review must

       ‘give “due regard” to the trial court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the

       witnesses firsthand,’ and ‘not set aside [its] findings or judgment unless clearly

       erroneous.’” Id. (quoting K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., Dearborn Cnty. Office,

       989 N.E.2d 1225, 1229 (Ind. 2013) (citing Ind. Trial Rule 52(A)). “Because a

       case that seems close on a ‘dry record’ may have been much more clear-cut in

       person, we must be careful not to substitute our judgment for the trial court

       when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence.” Id. at 640.


[27]   We note that the involuntary termination statute is written in the disjunctive

       and requires proof of only one of the circumstances listed in Ind. Code § 31-35-

       2-4(b)(2)(B). Because we find it to be dispositive under the facts of this case, we

       limit our review to whether DCS established that there was a reasonable

       probability that the conditions resulting in the removal or reasons for placement

       of the Children outside the home will not be remedied. See Ind. Code § 31-35-2-

       4(b)(2)(B)(i).


[28]   In determining whether the conditions that resulted in the Children’s removal

       will not be remedied, we engage in a two-step analysis. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at

       642-643. First, we identify the conditions that led to removal; and second, we

       determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will

       not be remedied. Id. at 643. In the second step, the trial court must judge a

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 13 of 17
       parent’s fitness as of the time of the termination proceeding, taking into

       consideration evidence of changed conditions and balancing a parent’s recent

       improvements against habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there

       is a substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation. Id. We entrust that

       delicate balance to the trial court, which has discretion to weigh a parent’s prior

       history more heavily than efforts made only shortly before termination. Id.

       Requiring trial courts to give due regard to changed conditions does not

       preclude them from finding that parents’ past behavior is the best predictor of

       their future behavior. Id.


[29]   A court may properly consider evidence of a parent’s prior criminal history,

       drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack

       of adequate housing and employment. In re N.Q., 996 N.E.2d 385, 392 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2013). A trial court can reasonably consider the services offered by

       DCS to the parent and the parent’s response to those services. Id. Further,

       where there are only temporary improvements and the pattern of conduct

       shows no overall progress, the court might reasonably find that under the

       circumstances, the problematic situation will not improve. Id. A trial court

       need not wait until a child is irreversibly influenced by a deficient lifestyle such

       that his or her physical, mental, and social growth are permanently impaired

       before terminating the parent-child relationship. In re Z.C., 13 N.E.3d 464, 469

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.


[30]   Mother argues that DCS did not present clear and convincing evidence that

       there is a reasonable probability that the conditions which resulted in the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 14 of 17
       Children’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home would not be

       remedied. She asserts that she had adequate housing, employment, and was

       sober at the time of the termination hearing.


[31]   DCS argues that Mother does not challenge any of the court’s findings and that

       the findings support the termination order. DCS points out that Mother does

       not challenge the court’s conclusion that termination was in the Children’s best

       interests or that DCS had a satisfactory plan for the Children.


[32]   The trial court’s order addressed the arguments Mother now raises on appeal

       regarding her housing, employment, and sobriety. Specifically, the court found:

               17. There have been no positive drug screens since Mother’s
               release from Harbor Lights in July 2013. The DCS family case
               manager has had difficulty contacting Mother for purposes of
               administering drug screens. She has gone to Mother’s home and
               has sent texts in an attempt to drug screen, with no response.
               The last screen that was administered was June 2014.


                                                     *****


               22. Mother has lived in nine different locations since June 2012.
               No home has been appropriate for the Children to live in. She
               has been evicted from one home and asked to vacate another
               after leaving a dog unattended in the home while she stayed with
               the family of a boyfriend. At one point she was sleeping on a
               friend’s couch. One of the homes had no running water.
               Another home had the electricity disconnected due to lack of
               payment. At time of trial, Mother testified that [] she has secured
               a three bedroom trailer. There currently are other occupants in
               the trailer that Mother reports will be moving out. These
               occupants are the family to James Bennett, an individual Mother

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 15 of 17
               has been cautioned about. She is still involved with Mr. Bennett
               romantically. The family members of Mr. Bennett will be
               moving into a trailer in close proximity to Mother and she plans
               to rely on the family to help with transportation and the care of
               the Children. These plans strongly indicate that Mr. Bennett will
               continue to have a presence in the lives of the Children.


                                                     *****


               24. Mother’s lack of stability with employment also has
               contributed to an ongoing state of crisis. She has held seventeen
               jobs since June 2012, some lasting only one day. At time of trial,
               Mother was employed at Wal-Mart and Clarion.


       Appellant’s Appendix at 48-49. The court also found that Mother’s attendance

       in recovery work and individual therapy has been “sporadic to non-existent.”

       Id. at 47. The court also found:


               40. Even if Mother has now demonstrated a sufficient period of
               time with sobriety, she is still not in a position for the Children to
               be immediately returned to her care. Daily living stability,
               improved mental health functioning and the ability to parent four
               Children would require additional services and monitoring. The
               Children’s urgent needs for permanency do not support giving
               Mother this additional time.


       Id. at 51.


[33]   The record reveals that the Children were removed from Mother in March 2012

       due to the unsafe and unsanitary conditions in the home and Mother’s use of

       methamphetamine. While Mother made some progress at certain times, she

       tested positive for methamphetamine multiple times after the removal of the
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 16 of 17
       Children, failed to show for drug screens in March and April 2014, did not

       comply with the recommendations following her release from Harbor Lights,

       did not keep appointments with her therapists, did not follow up with

       medication management, did not develop new coping skills, and switched jobs

       and moved multiple times. Mother failed to demonstrate during visits that she

       could successfully deal with the Children. FCM Curtis testified that the

       conditions which resulted in the removal of the Children had not been

       remedied. CASA Harden testified that she did not believe that Mother was able

       to provide the Children with a safe, drug free, stable home, and that she did not

       foresee Mother being able to obtain that in the near future.


[34]   Based upon the court’s findings and the record, we conclude that clear and

       convincing evidence supports the trial court’s determination that there was a

       reasonable probability that the conditions leading to the Children’s removal

       would not be remedied. As pointed out by DCS, Mother does not challenge the

       trial court’s finding that termination was in the Children’s best interests.


                                                    Conclusion

[35]   We conclude that the trial court’s judgment terminating Mother’s parental

       rights is supported by clear and convincing evidence. We find no error and

       affirm.


[36]   Affirmed.


       Kirsch, J., and Mathias, J., concur.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 03A01-1507-JT-953 | January 29, 2016   Page 17 of 17
