        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2017-KM-00795-COA

JOE CLYDE TUBWELL A/K/A JOE C.                                            APPELLANT
TUBWELL A/K/A JOE TUBWELL

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI                                                        APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         06/02/2017
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. GERALD W. CHATHAM SR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                DESOTO COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                   JOE CLYDE TUBWELL (PRO SE)
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                    ROBERT E. HAYES JR.
COUNTY ATTORNEY:                          ROBERT E. HAYES JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CRIMINAL - MISDEMEANOR
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED: 01/08/2019
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       BEFORE GRIFFIS, C.J., BARNES AND CARLTON, P.JJ.

       GRIFFIS, C.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Joe Clyde Tubwell appeals his misdemeanor convictions of the unsafe operation of

a motor vehicle and failure to dim high beams, as well as the imposition of fines and court

costs. We find no error and affirm.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    On the evening of November 7, 2014, Matt Defore, a patrol officer with the

Southaven Police Department, observed a truck, driven by Tubwell, traveling westbound on

Rasco Road with its high beams in use. Officer Defore performed a u-turn and was

ultimately able to get behind the vehicle. As Officer Defore approached, the vehicle turned
onto Ashbrook Road. According to Officer Defore, the vehicle was traveling approximately

forty miles-per-hour in a twenty-five miles-per-hour zone. As a result, Officer Defore

“turned on [his] blue lights to make a traffic stop.” Tubwell was cited for the unsafe

operation of a motor vehicle in violation of City Code #9-332 and the failure to dim high

beams in violation of Mississippi Code Annotated section 63-7-33 (Rev. 2012). Tubwell was

advised of his municipal court date.

¶3.    On March 18, 2015, Tubwell was convicted in the Municipal Court of the City of

Southaven of the unsafe operation of a motor vehicle and the failure to dim high beams.

Tubwell appealed his convictions to the DeSoto County County Court. Tubwell was allowed

to proceed in the county court in forma pauperis.

¶4.    A bench trial was held on December 1, 2015. Tubwell, who represented himself,

testified at trial and presented witnesses on his behalf. The county court found Tubwell

guilty of both charges. Tubwell was not sentenced to jail, but he was ordered to pay $150

in fines, $316 in lower court costs,1 and $110 in county court costs. Tubwell filed a motion

for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) or, alternatively, a new trial, which the

county court denied. Tubwell subsequently appealed to the DeSoto County Circuit Court.

Tubwell was allowed to proceed in the circuit court in forma pauperis.

¶5.    On May 31, 2017, the circuit court, sitting as an appellate court, reviewed the record,

as well as the briefs submitted by the parties, and affirmed the county court’s judgment.



       1
         Specifically, Tubwell was ordered to pay a $50 fine and $163 in lower court costs
for the unsafe operation of a motor vehicle and a $100 fine and $153 in lower court costs
for the failure to dim high beams, for a total fine of $150 and $316 in lower court costs.

                                              2
Tubwell timely appealed the circuit court’s judgment to the Mississippi Supreme Court and

moved to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis. A hearing was conducted regarding

Tubwell’s pauper status. By order entered August 23, 2017, the circuit court granted

Tubwell leave to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis.

¶6.    On appeal, Tubwell argues: (1) there is insufficient evidence to support his

convictions, (2) the county court erred in allowing his witness to be arrested in open court,

(3) the county court erroneously threatened him with practicing law without a license, and

(4) the county court erred in imposing fines and court costs due to his indigent status.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶7.    “The county court was the fact finder, and the circuit court, as well as this Court, are

bound by the judgment of the county court if supported by substantial evidence and not

manifestly wrong.” Stevens v. Grissom, 214 So. 3d 298, 300 (¶6) (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

                                        ANALYSIS

       I.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶8.    Tubwell first argues there is insufficient evidence to support his convictions of the

unsafe operation of a motor vehicle and failure to dim high beams. We separately address

each offense, but we note that the standard of review is the same.

¶9.    “A motion for [a JNOV] implicates the sufficiency of the evidence.” Lenoir v. State,

224 So. 3d 85, 90 (¶18) (Miss. 2017). When reviewing a case for sufficiency of the

evidence, “[we] must accept as true all credible evidence consistent with guilt” and “give the

State the benefit of all favorable inferences that may reasonably be drawn from the



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evidence.” Id. at 90-91 (¶18). “[We] may reverse only when, with respect to one or more

of the elements of the offense charged, the evidence so considered is such that reasonable

and fair-minded jurors could only find the accused not guilty.” Id. at 91 (¶18) (internal

quotation mark omitted). “Thus, if any rational trier of fact could have found each and every

one of the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, when viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the prosecution, the verdict must stand.” Id.

               A.      Unsafe Operation of a Motor Vehicle

¶10.   Tubwell was convicted of the unsafe operation of a motor vehicle in violation of City

Code #9-332. Pursuant to City Code #9-332, “It shall be unlawful for any person to operate

a motor vehicle or vehicle or allow for the operation of a motor vehicle in an unsafe, careless,

illegal[,] or imprudent manner.”

¶11.   Here, Officer Defore testified that Tubwell was driving forty miles-per-hour in a

twenty-five miles-per-hour zone. Officer Defore explained that Tubwell’s speed was unsafe

and excessive due to the fact that he was traveling in a residential neighborhood, at night, on

a narrow road.2

¶12.   Although Tubwell claims he was driving no more than fifteen miles-per-hour, his

passenger, Amy Dunn, testified that he was driving approximately thirty miles-per-hour.

Dunn agreed that the speed limit was twenty-five miles-per-hour and ultimately stated that



       2
         Specifically, Officer Defore testified that “[i]t’s a residential city street. It was dark.
The roadway was narrowed from many cars being parallel parked on both sides of the
roadway, which narrows the roadway. That neighborhood typically has regular pedestrian
traffic. There are many driveways coming onto that road where cars or people could
emerge.”

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she “couldn’t really see the speedometer.”

¶13.   In light of our standard of review, we find sufficient evidence was presented to

support Tubwell’s conviction of the unsafe operation of a motor vehicle.

                  B.   Failure to Dim High Beams

¶14.   Tubwell was further convicted of the failure to dim high beams in violation of

Mississippi Code Annotated section 63-7-33. Under section 63-7-33, “whenever the driver

of a vehicle approaches an oncoming vehicle within five hundred feet, such driver shall use

a distribution of light or composite beam so aimed that the glaring rays are not projected into

the eyes of the oncoming driver.”

¶15.   Tubwell claims that “at no time was [Officer Defore]’s vehicle oncoming.” He further

claims Officer Defore “did not testify that he was blinded by the lights of Tubwell’s vehicle.”

However, the record contradicts Tubwell’s claims. Indeed, the record reflects that at the time

Officer Defore first observed Tubwell’s vehicle, Officer Defore was traveling “eastbound”

and Tubwell “was coming head-on westbound.” Moreover, the record indicates that as he

approached Tubwell’s oncoming vehicle, Officer Defore was “blinded by the high beams of

[Tubwell’s] truck.”

¶16.   Tubwell testified that due to the age of his truck, his “[lights] don’t work on bright.”

However, Tubwell offered no evidence, other than his own self-serving statement, to support

this assertion.

¶17.   We find sufficient evidence was presented to support Tubwell’s conviction of the

failure to dim high beams. As sufficient evidence was presented to support both of



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Tubwell’s convictions, the county court did not err in denying Tubwell’s motion for a JNOV.

Accordingly, this issue is meritless.

         II.      Witness’s Arrest

¶18.     At the conclusion of her trial testimony, Dunn was taken into custody and arrested on

an outstanding warrant. Tubwell argues the county court erred in allowing “[his] only

witness to be set up and arrested in court by the City of Southaven.”3 Tubwell claims that

such actions “clearly tainted and prejudiced [his] case.”

¶19.     In support of his claim, Tubwell relies on Johnson v. State, 105 So. 851 (Miss. 1925),

Brandon v. State, 23 So. 517 (Miss. 1898), and Chase v. State, 22 So. 828 (Miss. 1897).

However, Tubwell’s reliance on these cases is misplaced.

¶20.     In Johnson, Brandon, and Chase, the court found that a witness’s arrest in the

presence of the jury was reversible error. Johnson, 105 So. at 852; Brandon, 23 So. at 518;

Chase, 22 So. at 828-29. Here, unlike in Johnson, Brandon, and Chase, Dunn was not

arrested in the presence of the jury4 or the trial court. Instead, Dunn was arrested following

her trial testimony, after she was released by the court, and outside of the court’s presence.

Accordingly, as the county court properly noted, “[Dunn’s] arrest . . . had no [prejudicial]

effect.” As a result, this issue is without merit.

         III.     Judicial Threat


         3
        The record reflects that Dunn was not Tubwell’s only witness at trial. Instead, in
addition to Dunn, Tubwell also called Officer Brad Hodge, a sergeant in the K-9 division
of the City of Southaven Police Department.
         4
             As previously noted, a bench trial, not a jury trial, was conducted by the county
court.

                                                6
¶21.   After Dunn was released and exited the courtroom, the county court instructed

Tubwell to call his next witness. Tubwell advised that he would call Sergeant Hodge, and

the following discussion occurred:

       Tubwell:       Your Honor, while we are waiting on [Sergeant Hodge], I would
                      like to make a note for the [c]ourt on the record, if you don’t
                      mind. My assumption is that they’re about to arrest [Dunn], and
                      the law is, I believe, that once a witness appears on a subpoena
                      before the [c]ourt that that witness is protected from any other
                      incident that might have occurred or which might cause her
                      arrest because she appeared in this court on subpoena. And I
                      don’t think it would be proper to arrest this person since this
                      person is under this [c]ourt’s order and should be under the
                      protection of the [c]ourt.

       Court:         Well, Mr. Tubwell, one, that’s something that’s occurring
                      outside the presence of the [c]ourt. Secondly, what you’re doing
                      is you’re getting up here and making a legal argument on her
                      behalf. And that sounds like practicing law, and I think you
                      need to be really careful about that, okay. You can represent
                      yourself, but you can’t represent her. So, that is an issue for her
                      to raise, not you. I understand what you’re saying, but that’s not
                      — that’s something that’s happening outside the presence of the
                      [c]ourt.

¶22.   Tubwell argues the county court “erred, abused its discretion, and created an

atmosphere requiring recusal, when [it] threatened [him] with practicing law without a

license . . . .” However, as the trial transcript indicates, the county court did not “threaten”

Tubwell but, instead, merely explained to him that any issue regarding Dunn’s arrest should

be raised by Dunn.

¶23.   Additionally, assuming Tubwell asserts that the county court judge should have

recused himself, the record clearly shows no such request for recusal was ever made by

Tubwell. As Tubwell’s allegations are unsupported and unfounded, we find this issue lacks

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merit.

         IV.    Imposition of Court Costs and Fines

¶24.     Tubwell argues the county court “erred in imposing court costs where [Tubwell] had

been granted indigent status [and] remained indigent.” The determination of indigent status

is within the sound discretion of the trial judge. Clay v. State, 757 So. 2d 236, 239 (¶12)

(Miss. 2000). Such determination shall not be overturned unless there is a showing of

manifest error or abuse of discretion. Id.

¶25.     The record reflects that Tubwell was allowed to proceed in the county court in forma

pauperis. According to the sworn affidavit submitted to the county court in support of his

pauper status, Tubwell is unemployed and was last employed on June 11, 2014; Tubwell has

not received any income from any source within the past twelve months, he does not own any

cash, checking or savings accounts, and he does not own any real estate, stocks, bonds, notes,

or other valuable property except for a 1990 GMC truck worth approximately $300; Tubwell

has no dependents.

¶26.     However, there was sworn testimony presented at trial that was inconsistent with

Tubwell’s application for indigent status. Specifically, the trial testimony shows Dunn was

paid to clean Tubwell’s house, mow the yard, and clean his office. Moreover, at the time of

trial, Tubwell’s wife was a retired nurse,5 and Tubwell received $376 per month in social

security income. Thus, as the county court properly noted, “[Tubwell] filed an affidavit

         5
        Tubwell advised the county court that at the time the traffic violations occurred in
November 2014, his wife was employed as a nurse. However, at the time of trial in
December 2015, she was retired. Tubwell did not advise how much his wife receives in
retirement, only that she is a retired nurse.

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under oath stating that [he] was indigent but . . . gave testimony that was inconsistent with

indigent status.” Accordingly, we do not find the county court’s imposition of court costs

was manifest error or an abuse of discretion.

¶27.   Tubwell further argues the fines were improper and excessive. We disagree. Tubwell

does not cite any authority for the proposition that a fine may not be imposed upon an

indigent found guilty of a crime. Lee v. State, 457 So. 2d 920, 924 (Miss. 1984). Simply

because Tubwell was allowed to proceed in forma pauperis does not relieve him of his

obligation to pay the traffic fines related to the offenses for which he was convicted. Thus,

we find no reversible error in the county court’s imposition of fines despite Tubwell’s alleged

indigency. Id.

¶28.   Additionally, the fines imposed were not excessive. Indeed, the record shows the

fines are within the guidelines set forth by the City of Southaven. As the fines were neither

improper nor excessive, the county court’s imposition of the fines was not erroneous.6

                                       CONCLUSION

¶29.   Overall, we find the judgment of the county court is supported by substantial evidence

in the record and not manifestly wrong. Stevens, 214 So. 3d at 300 (¶6). Accordingly, we

affirm the circuit court’s judgment.

¶30.   AFFIRMED.

     BARNES AND CARLTON, P.JJ., WILSON, GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS
AND TINDELL, JJ., CONCUR. McDONALD, LAWRENCE AND McCARTY, JJ.,

       6
        The record reflects that Tubwell was given 90 days to pay his court costs and fines.
Thus, even though Tubwell and his wife are on a fixed income, he was given approximately
three months to pay the costs and fines.

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NOT PARTICIPATING.




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