          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                              DIVISION ONE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                              No. 78567-2-1

                        Respondent,

                V.                               UNPUBLISHED OPINION

JOSEPH V. ZIRANSKI,

                        Appellant.               FILED: November 12, 2019

       SCHINDLER, J. — Joseph V. Ziranski seeks reversal of the jury conviction for

residential burglary. Ziranski claims insufficient evidence supports the jury finding that

he entered or remained unlawfully in a "dwelling" in violation of RCW 9A.52.025(1).

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, sufficient evidence

supports the conviction, and we affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Paul Sanchez owned a five-acre parcel of property off Kendall Road in the Maple

Falls area of Whatcom County. A mobile home and a large two-story building are

located on the property at the end of a long gravel driveway surrounded by thick foliage.

The ground floor of the two-story building contains a three-car garage and a shop. An

interior staircase leads to a second-floor apartment.
No. 78567-2-1/2

          Paull and his family lived in the mobile home and his father-in-law lived in the

apartment. In approximately 2009, Paul and his family moved out of the mobile home.

Paul's father-in-law continued to live in the apartment of the two-story building on the

property. No one lived in the mobile home after Paul and his family moved.

          In 2015, Paul decided to repair the mobile home and sell the property. At the

beginning of January 2016, Paul's father-in-law moved out of the apartment and Paul

began working on repairing the mobile home. Paul stored and locked several "bundles

of flooring" and the tools he was using to repair the mobile home in the shop in the two-

story building. Because of snow, Paul did not go to the property on January 5 or 6.

          On January 7, Paul and his son Dominic returned to the property to install the

new flooring in the mobile home. When they went to get the tools and flooring out of the

shop, they saw footprints and fresh tire tracks leading up to the building in the snow.

The shop door was ajar and damaged. Full toolboxes and several large tools, including

drills, a table saw, and a compressor, as well as most of the flooring materials were

missing from the shop. Paul went to the mobile home to get his cell phone to call the

police.

          While Dominic was waiting outside, a 1990 white Ford pickup truck with a canopy

drove down the gravel driveway toward him. Paul ran outside. The truck started

"revving" its engine and "reversing back really fast." The driver backed the truck into a

tree, damaging the tree and the rear bumper of the truck before driving away.

        While waiting for the police to arrive, Dominic found a set of keys on the ground

outside the shop door. One of the keys had a Ford emblem.


        1 We refer to the victims by their first names for purposes of clarity and mean no disrespect by
doing so.


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       Whatcom County Sheriff's Deputy Todd Walcker responded to the 911 call.

Deputy Walcker took photographs of the damaged shop door, the footprints around the

building, and the tire tracks in the snow. The tire tracks leading up to the two-story

building matched the tire tracks at the damaged tree. White paint chips were lodged in

the tree. Deputy Walcker photographed the keys Dominic found outside the shop door.

       Using social media, Dominic obtained information about the location of the white

Ford pickup truck. Dominic drove to a residence in Maple Falls. The Ford pickup truck

with damage to the rear bumper was parked on the street near the driveway of the

residence. Dominic contacted Deputy Walcker to report the license plate information.

Joann Thoresen was listed as the registered owner of the truck.

      The next day on January 8, Deputy Walcker went to Maple Falls. The 1990

white Ford pickup truck was still parked on the street near the driveway of the

residence. Deputy Walcker saw fresh tree bark on the bumper of the truck. The tire

tracks in the snow at the residence matched the tire tracks at Paul's property. Deputy

Walcker contacted Paul and Dominic and asked them to meet him at the residence

where the truck was parked in Maple Falls. While Deputy Walcker waited, Thoresen

and Joseph V. Ziranski arrived. Ziranski talked to Deputy Walcker. Ziranski initially

"denied ever being at the property, and then he changed his story and indicated that he

had been there when he was out for a drive the day before." Ziranski "admitted that he

had been the driver that struck the tree." Deputy Walcker asked Ziranski if he lost any

keys. Ziranski said he did not. However, Ziranski later told Deputy Walcker that he had

lost his keys. Ziranski denied burglarizing the shop but said he could help obtain the




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stolen tools and would meet Deputy Walcker and Dominic at the property in

approximately an hour.

       Forty-five minutes later, Ziranski met Deputy Walcker and Dominic at the

property with some of the stolen tools. The tools had been painted with "fresh . . .

purple stripes." Paul and Dominic identified the tools with yellow handles and black tips

as belonging to them.

       The State charged Ziranski with committing the crime of residential burglary on

January 5, 2016 in violation of RCW 9A.52.025(1). Ziranski pleaded not guilty.

       The State called several witnesses to testify at trial, including Paul, Dominic, and

Deputy Walcker. The court admitted into evidence a number of photographs of the two-

story building, damaged shop door, tire tracks, damaged tree, and keys Dominic found

near the shop.

       Paul testified the snow prevented him from working on the mobile home from

January 3 until January 7, 2016. Paul testified that when he went to the property on

January 7, there was still fresh snow on the ground and he saw footprints in the snow

around the two-story building. Paul testified the shop door was damaged and looked

like it had been pried open. Paul said the doorknob "had been pried open," the door

"was open maybe three inches," and the "actual frame. . . was broken, so it was

jimmied with something." Paul testified, "I noticed that all my tools were gone."

       Dominic testified that it looked like someone had "kicked in" the shop door.

Dominic said he found the set of keys with the Ford emblem "right at the entrance of the

doorway. . . to the shop." Dominic heard Ziranski tell Deputy Walcker that he "was part

of the crime" and "he'll get our tools back." Dominic testified that when Ziranski returned




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No. 78567-2-1/5

with the tools, Ziranski "looked toward the ground and said he was sorry for stealing

items."

       Deputy Walcker testified that it looked like someone forcibly pried open the shop

door. Deputy Walcker saw footprints and large unique tire tracks in the snow near the

shop. The tire tracks by the shop door matched the tracks leading from the driveway to

the damaged tree. Deputy Walcker said the damaged tree contained white paint chips

that matched the white Ford pickup truck, and the set of keys Dominic found included a

key with the Ford emblem. Deputy Walcker said Thoresen identified Ziranski as the

sole driver of the 1990 white Ford pickup truck registered to her.

       Deputy Walcker testified that Ziranski initially told him he "was out for a drive the

day before, and again, the victim's property is well off of the roadway. You cannot see it

from Kendall Highway, and he indicated that he did remember possibly driving down

their driveway." Ziranski later told Deputy Walcker that he "went to the property, I

believe the first time was on the 5th; the second time was on the 6th, and then the third

time was on the 7th." Deputy Walcker testified that Ziranski admitted he "had broken

into the victim's shop." When Deputy Walcker asked if Ziranski could get Paul's tools

back, he nodded his head "yes." Deputy Walcker testified that he permitted Ziranski to

leave for one hour to get the stolen tools and agreed to meet at the Sanchez property.

Deputy Walcker testified that "without prompting," Ziranski also told him that the keys

Dominic found were in fact his keys. Deputy Walcker testified, "I do remember

[Ziranski] apologized and said that he was sorry for taking their items. He indicated that

what he returned was all of the items that he took."




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No. 78567-2-1/6

       Ziranski testified that he went to the property on January 7 because "it was for

sale, and you know, I was looking for property for a, for, to build a good garage."

Ziranski said on January 7, he was driving his "F-250 '90 pick-up truck, a white truck

with big tires, and I do logging with it, and I tried to turn around in that narrow road, and I

backed into the tree." Ziranski denied telling Deputy Walcker that he forcibly entered

the shop door. Ziranski said, "I never even seen that door that he's talking about. He

asked me several times how did I get in, how did I get in? I said get into what? He says

to the residence. I says I didn't, I didn't get, I never was back here." Ziranski testified

the keys Dominic found did not belong to him—"'They're not my keys.'"

       Ziranski testified he told Deputy Walcker that he did not burglarize Paul's

property but knew where people often "stash" stolen goods. Ziranski testified he told

Deputy Walcker," 'I think I may be able to locate some of the stuff' "but would have to

do so alone. Ziranski said that after he brought some of the tools to the property, he

told Dominic, "'I'm sorry for what happened to you.'"

       In rebuttal, Deputy Walcker testified that when Ziranski brought the tools back,

"some of the tools had been spray painted with some purple spray paint." Deputy

Walcker testified he searched the Thoresen property on January 15 and found "a purple

can of spray paint, and some of the tools inside of that trailer had been also spray

painted purple."

       The jury found Ziranski guilty as charged of residential burglary.

                                         ANALYSIS

       Ziranski seeks reversal, arguing insufficient evidence supports the jury finding he

committed the crime of residential burglary.




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No. 78567-2-1/7

       The State has the burden to prove every element of the crime charged beyond a

reasonable doubt. U.S. CONST. amend XIV; WASH. CONST. art. I, § 3; In re Winship, 397

U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068,25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970). "[T]he Due Process Clause

protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt

of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged." Winship, 397

U.S. at 364; State v. Rich, 184 Wn.2d 897, 903, 365 P.3d 746 (2016). Sufficiency of the

evidence is a question of constitutional law that we review de novo. Rich, 184 Wn.2d at

903.

       Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.

Johnson, 188 Wn.2d 742, 750-51, 399 P.3d 507 (2017). A challenge to the sufficiency

of the evidence admits the truth of the State's evidence. State v. Witherspoon, 180

Wn.2d 875, 883, 329 P.3d 888 (2014). "[A]ll reasonable inferences from the evidence

must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against the

defendant." State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992); Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99S. Ct. 2781,61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). In determining

sufficiency, circumstantial evidence is no less reliable than direct evidence. State v.

Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d 634, 638, 618 P.2d 99(1980). We defer to the trier of fact on

"issues of witness credibility." Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d at 883.

       To convict Ziranski of residential burglary, the State had to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that "with intent to commit a crime against a person or property," he

entered or remained "unlawfully in a dwelling" on January 5, 2016 in violation of RCW

9A.52.025(1). A "dwelling" is "any building or structure, though movable or temporary,




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No. 78567-2-1/8

or a portion thereof, which is used or ordinarily used by a person for lodging." RCW

9A.04.110(7).

       Whether the two-story building was a dwelling is a jury question and turns on

consideration of a number of relevant factors, including whether the occupant deemed

the house his abode and treated it as such, whether it is furnished or rented out

periodically, if it was inhabited, whether it was maintained as a dwelling, and how long it

was vacant. State v. McDonald, 123 Wn. App. 85, 91, 96 P.3d 468 (2004).

      Ziranski asserts the State did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt the essential

element that the apartment was a "dwelling" because no one occupied the apartment in

the two-story building as a lodging on January 5, 2016.

      The uncontroverted evidence established Paul's father-in-law used the apartment

in the two-story building as a lodging for at least seven years and vacated the apartment

by January 1, 2016 so that Paul could repair the mobile home and list the property for

sale. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence

supports finding Paul's father-in-law lived in the apartment as lodging and deemed the

apartment to be his abode from at least 2009 until January 1, 2016. A reasonable

inference from the evidence is that Paul planned to sell the property with the mobile

home and the two-story building with the apartment as dwellings.

      Ziranski also claims the apartment could not be a dwelling because there was no

evidence that "there was any furniture" or "had a bathroom." The undisputed evidence

established that Paul's father-in-law lived in the apartment for at least seven years and

that the apartment was equipped with a kitchen and had a bedroom. A reasonable

inference from the evidence is that the apartment was furnished and had a bathroom.




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No. 78567-2-1/9

       We conclude sufficient evidence supports the jury determination that the

apartment in the two-story building was a "dwelling." We affirm the jury conviction for

residential burglary.




WE CONCUR:




 AAAAAN,




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