                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 28 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CHILKAT INDIAN VILLAGE OF                       No.    19-35424
KLUKWAN; SOUTHEAST ALASKA
CONSERVATION COUNCIL; LYNN                      D.C. No. 3:17-cv-00253-TMB
CANAL CONSERVATION; RIVERS
WITHOUT BORDERS, a project of Tides
Center,                                         MEMORANDUM*

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT;
BRIAN STEED, in his official capacity as
Acting Director of the Bureau of Land
Management; CHAD PADGETT, in his
official capacity as Alaska State Director of
the Bureau of Land Management; MARNIE
GRAHAM, in her official capacity as Field
Manager of the Bureau of Land
Management Glennallen Field Office,

                Defendants-Appellees,

 and


ALYU MINING CO. INC.; HAINES
MINING & EXPLORATION, INC.;
CONSTANTINE NORTH, LLC,


       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      Intervenor-Defendants-
      Appellees.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the District of Alaska
               Timothy M. Burgess, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted June 3, 2020
                               Anchorage, Alaska

Before: CHRISTEN, WATFORD, and BADE, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiffs-Appellants seek reversal of the district court’s grant of summary

judgment on their claims under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 42

U.S.C. §§ 4321–4370. In these claims, Appellants challenged the Bureau of Land

Management’s (BLM) approval of Intervenor-Defendants’ operations plans for

hard rock mineral exploration on a large parcel of public land in southeastern

Alaska (the “Palmer Project”). Because the parties are familiar with the

administrative record and facts, we do not recount them here. We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm the district court.

      We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.

Westlands Water Dist. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 376 F.3d 853, 865 (9th Cir. 2004).

For claims brought pursuant to NEPA, we may set aside agency actions that are

“arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with

law.” Id. (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)).

      1. Appellants fail to demonstrate that NEPA’s timeliness provisions

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required BLM to consider the environmental impacts of the future development of

a mine on the Palmer Project prior to approving Intervenors’ exploration plans.1

An environmental impact statement (EIS) is intended “to apprise decisionmakers

of the disruptive environmental effects that may flow from their decisions at a time

when they ‘retain[] a maximum range of options.’” Conner v. Burford, 848 F.2d

1441, 1446 (9th Cir. 1988) (alteration in original) (quoting Sierra Club v. Peterson,

717 F.2d 1409, 1414 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). Thus, an agency must consider all of the

environmental impacts of a project at the agency’s “point of commitment”—i.e.,

the point at which it “irreversibl[y] and irretrievabl[y] commit[s]” federal land to

activities “that could have a significant impact on the environment.” Id.; see also

42 U.S.C. § 4332(C)(v) (providing an EIS must include a statement regarding “any

irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved

in the proposed action should it be implemented”).

      Appellants contend that, by approving the operations plans, BLM will lose

its authority to preclude Intervenors from developing hard rock mineral mines on

the Palmer Project. More specifically, they argue that BLM would no longer be

able to petition the Secretary of the Interior (the “Secretary”) to exercise his


      1
        The “exploration” phase of a mine’s life cycle refers to the search for
mineral deposits and any efforts to determine the size and value of those deposits.
In contrast, during the “development” or “extraction” phase, a mining company
develops plans for the construction of a physical mine and removes the minerals
from the earth.

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authority under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA),

43 U.S.C. §§ 1701–1787, to withdraw Palmer Project lands from operation of the

General Mining Act of 1872 (the “Mining Act”), 30 U.S.C. §§ 22–54. See 43

U.S.C. § 1714(c)–(d); Nat’l Mining Assoc. v. Zinke, 877 F.3d 845, 854–57 (9th Cir.

2017). We disagree.

      The record in this case contains insufficient evidence to conclude that

BLM’s commitment is either “irreversible” or “irretrievable.” Conner, 848 F.2d at

1446. For example, the record contains no indication that BLM cannot still

successfully petition the Secretary to withdraw the Palmer Project lands under

FLPMA after approving Intervenors’ exploration plans. Although we agree that

BLM’s approval may make it more likely that Intervenors make a discovery

sufficient to limit the Secretary’s FLMPA withdrawal authority, see FLPMA, Pub.

L. No. 94-579, § 701(h), 90 Stat. 2743, 2786 (1976) (“All actions by the Secretary

concerned under this Act shall be subject to valid existing rights.”), Appellants do

not demonstrate that such a discovery is imminent. Thus, we cannot conclude that

BLM’s approval amounts to an “irreversible and irretrievable commitment” of

Palmer Project lands to future mine development. Conner, 848 F.2d at 1446.

      Our holding in Conner does not require that we conclude otherwise. In

Conner, this court considered a similar question: whether BLM violated NEPA by

failing to consider the environmental impacts of drilling prior to its sale of oil and



                                           4
gas leases under the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920. 848 F.2d at 1442–43, 1452.

We held a full analysis was required in that case because, in issuing the leases, the

government retained the right only “to impose reasonable conditions” on any

surface disturbing activity. Id. at 1444. Because the sale forfeited the

government’s ability “to prevent . . . surface-disturbing activity” entirely, we

concluded that BLM made an “irretrievable commitment of [public] resources” by

selling the leases. Id. at 1449, 1451.

      But unlike the Mineral Leasing Act, which was at issue in Conner, the

Mining Act provides a default rule that public lands “shall be free and open to

exploration and purchase.” 30 U.S.C. § 22; see also Hickel v. Oil Shale Corp., 400

U.S. 48, 51 (1970) (“[I]n 1920, Congress by enacting [§] 21 of the Mineral Lands

Leasing Act completely changed the national policy over the disposition of oil

shale lands. Thereafter such lands were no longer open to location and acquisition

of title but only to lease.” (internal citations omitted)). Thus, the problem flagged

by Appellants—that Intervenors might make a discovery sufficient to preclude a

FLPMA withdrawal—results as a function of the Mining Act rather than any

relinquishment by BLM of its preclusion ability. Accordingly, we conclude that

BLM did not violate NEPA’s timeliness requirements by failing to examine the

environmental impacts of a future mine on the Palmer Project.

      2.     For similar reasons, BLM did not act arbitrarily by failing to consider



                                          5
the impacts of future mining activity on the Palmer Project as “cumulative” to those

examined in its environmental assessment (EA).

      When an agency prepares an EA, “that document must consider the

cumulative impacts of the action under consideration.” League of Wilderness Defs.

v. Connaughton, 752 F.3d 755, 762 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing 40 C.F.R. § 1508.7); Kern

v. U.S. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 284 F.3d 1062, 1075 (9th Cir. 2002). Cumulative

impacts are those “impact[s] on the environment which result[] from the incremental

impact[s] of an action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable

future actions.” Jones v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., 741 F.3d 989, 1000 (9th Cir.

2013) (quoting 40 C.F.R. § 1508.7).         If the agency does not have “enough

information . . . to permit meaningful consideration” and “the parameters of [a

future] project [a]re unknown,” we have found that the agency does not act

arbitrarily by excluding those projects from its analysis of the cumulative impact.

Envtl. Prot. Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 451 F.3d 1005, 1014–15 (9th Cir. 2006)

(citations omitted).

      As in Jones, Appellants fail to point to any “reliable study or projection of

future mining” on the Palmer Project within the record. 741 F.3d at 1001. Although

the record contains some data about the mineral deposits on the Palmer Project, and

indicates a desire by Intervenors to ultimately develop a mine, it contains no estimate

of the scale or scope of a future mine, see Envtl. Prot. Info. Ctr., 451 F.3d at 1014–



                                          6
15, nor any “specific proposal[],” Jones, 741 F.3d at 1000, nor a projection of future

mining activity, see N. Plains Res. Council, Inc. v. Surface Transp. Bd., 668 F.3d

1067, 1079 (9th Cir. 2011). At best, the record contains evidence amounting to

“general plans for expanding mining.” Jones, 741 F.3d at 1001. But, as we have

held, this alone “do[es] not require a cumulative impacts analysis.” Id. Therefore,

BLM did not act arbitrarily and capriciously by failing to consider the cumulative

impacts of a future mine development on the Palmer Project as a reasonably

foreseeable action.

      3.     Finally, BLM did not err by concluding that the development of a future

mine was not a “connected action.” Regulations promulgated pursuant to NEPA

require that an agency consider “connected actions” within a single EA. 40 C.F.R.

§ 1508.25(a)(1); Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Ctr. v. Bureau of Land Mgm’t, 387

F.3d 989, 998–99 (9th Cir. 2004). In evaluating whether actions are connected,

“[w]e apply an ‘independent utility’ test to determine whether multiple actions are

so connected as to mandate consideration in a single [EA].” Sierra Club v. Bureau

of Land Mgm’t, 786 F.3d 1219, 1226 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Cal. ex rel. Imperial

Cnty. Air Pollution Control Dist. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 767 F.3d 781, 795 (9th

Cir. 2014)). The critical question is whether “each of two projects would have taken

place with or without the other.” Id. (quoting Pac. Coast Fed’n of Fishermen’s

Ass’ns v. Blank, 693 F.3d 1084, 1098 (9th Cir. 2012)); see also Thomas v. Peterson,



                                          7
753 F.2d 754, 759 (9th Cir. 1985) (noting that connected actions are those that are

“inextricably intertwined”), abrogated on other grounds as recognized by

Cottonwood Envtl. L. Ctr. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 789 F.3d 1075, 1092 (9th Cir. 2015).

      As the record indicates, mineral exploration projects—such as the operations

plans approved by BLM—often move forward even when a mine is never

developed. Moreover, at the time BLM completed the EA, Intervenors had not

proposed or planned for the construction of a mine on the Palmer Project. See

Thomas, 753 F.2d at 760–61 (finding an action “connected” when the record

revealed it was at “an advanced stage of planning”). Because Appellants fail to

demonstrate that the exploration plans “would [not] have taken place . . . without”

the future development of a mine, Sierra Club, 786 F.3d at 1226, BLM did not act

arbitrarily by failing to consider those future impacts within a single EA.

      AFFIRMED.




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