Filed 4/30/15 P. v. Smith CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA



THE PEOPLE,                                                         D064925

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. SCE321948)

MICHAEL JOHN SMITH,

         Defendant and Appellant.


         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Patricia K.

Cookson, Judge. Affirmed as modified and remanded with directions.

         Raymond Mark DiGuiseppe, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for

Defendant and Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,

Eric A. Swenson and Joy Utomi, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and

Respondent.
       A jury convicted Michael John Smith of assault by means likely to produce great

bodily injury (Pen. Code,1 § 245, subd. (a)(4); count 1) and battery with serious bodily

injury (§ 243, subd. (d); count 2). It found true allegations that as to count 1, Smith

personally inflicted great bodily injury upon the victim within the meaning of section

12022.7, subdivision (a). As to both counts 1 and 2, it found true allegations that Smith

had committed the offenses for the benefit of, at the direction, or in association with a

criminal street gang—the San Diego Skinheads (the SD Skinheads gang)—with the

specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members

(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) and that Smith had committed a hate crime in concert with

another person. (§ 422.75, subd. (b).) In a bifurcated proceeding, the trial court found

true allegations that Smith had two prior prison convictions (§§ 667.5, subd. (b), 668),

one prior serious felony prior conviction (§§ 667, subd. (a)(1), 668, 1192.7, subd. (c)),

and one strike prior conviction (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, 668). The court later

struck Smith's prior prison convictions under section 1385 and sentenced him to a prison

term of 26 years, consisting of an eight-year term (double the four-year upper term) on

count 1, a 10-year term for the gang enhancement, a three-year term for the hate crime

enhancement, and a five-year term for Smith's prior serious felony conviction. It

imposed but stayed a three-year enhancement on count 1 for the great bodily injury

finding. On count 2, the court imposed but stayed under section 654 an upper term of




1      Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
                                              2
eight years, a 10-year term for the gang enhancement, and a three-year term for the hate

crime enhancement.

       Smith contends the court erred by admitting evidence relating to handwritten jail

notes or "kites" because the evidence lacked probative value and any relevance it had was

outweighed by risk of confusion and undue prejudice. He further contends the 10-year

enhancement attached to his count 2 conviction is unauthorized and the matter should be

remanded for resentencing. The People concede the latter point, but argue Smith's

aggravated battery conviction constitutes a serious felony under section 1192.7,

subdivision (c)(8), subjecting him to a five-year gang enhancement. We modify the

judgment to reduce the 10-year gang enhancement on count 2 to a five-year enhancement

under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(B), which is stayed under section 654. As

modified, we affirm the judgment.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On July 2, 2012, Thomas Murray, a Caucasian man who was then a member of the

predominantly African-American West Coast Crips, was serving time as an inmate in the

San Diego County Jail in module 5-B when he was physically assaulted by Smith and

Arren Dangler. Surveillance cameras recorded the incident. At the time, Smith was 36

years old and Dangler was 29 years old. Murray believed he was "greenlighted"—that a

"hit" was put on him to kill or maim him—because he was a white man who "r[a]n with

the blacks." After the incident, Dangler was visibly angry and pacing back and forth in

his cell with clenched fists, yelling, "I can't believe you motherfuckers set me up like that,

SDSH Bitch, Skinheads. You motherfuckers are lucky I didn't kill him. You guys did

                                              3
this by putting me in here with that motherfucker." Smith was not heard saying anything,

and the surveillance cameras did not record audio.

       Deputies found Murray bloody and on the floor of his cell. He was unresponsive

and unconscious for a "pretty long period of time." Murray was taken to a surgical

intensive care unit where he remained for almost three days. He suffered a traumatic

brain injury and internal bleeding in three areas of his brain, his nose was fractured, and

he had multiple contusions and lacerations on his head and face requiring multiple

sutures.

       After the attack, Smith was moved to the George Bailey Detention Center, and on

October 26, 2012, a sheriff's deputy found a small handwritten note in house 4.

According to deputies, such notes are used to pass information between inmates, and they

are usually concealed in some way on the inmate's clothing or body. It was also common

for kites to end up all over the jail; they were not restricted to only one housing unit. At

the time the note was found, Smith was placed in house 6, which was a separate building

about 200 feet away from house 4.

In Limine Motion and Evidence Code Section 402 Hearing

       Before trial, the prosecution moved to admit into evidence the jail note found in

October 2012 by sheriff's deputies and other notes found on December 9, 2012.

According to the People, the October 2012 note, addressed to "Tipsy," was found in cell

129 in module 4B and was signed with Smith's SD Skinheads gang moniker, "Spanky."

It referred to Tipsy's name being in the note writer's paperwork "concerning the white

crip me and my crimie almost killed downtown in 5B." The People argued the notes

                                              4
should be admitted into evidence because there was ample evidence linking Smith to

them, including the fact the writer identified himself as "Spanky" in the notes, Smith used

that moniker in his email address, and the notes described facts only the attacker would

know. The People further argued that if not admissible, their gang expert, former San

Diego County Sheriff's Detective Ellen Vest, could rely on the notes as a basis for her

expert opinions.

       The trial court conducted an Evidence Code section 402 hearing concerning the

jail notes. After the People presented evidence, the prosecutor argued that the October

2012 note, exhibit No. 38, would go to Detective Vest's opinion as to whether Smith

associated with the SD Skinheads gang, and that Smith was "directing and calling shots

for the San Diego Skinheads." After the hearing, the court declined to admit the jail

notes into evidence, but ruled Detective Vest could opine based on the evidence that

Smith was in fact a gang member based on the information within the notes. The court

ordered Vest to "talk in generalities" and not specifically quote from the notes.

Testimony of Detective Vest

       At trial, Detective Vest testified about the SD Skinheads gang: that it was a San

Diego County white supremacist gang that began in the 80's but was only recently

documented in 2012. She testified that the gang's primary activity included unlawful

homicide, assaults with a deadly weapon, felony battery, felony witness intimidation,

robbery, drug sales and transportation, vehicle theft, felony grand theft, residential and

commercial burglary, felony possession of weapons, felony vandalism and identity theft.

She recounted several convictions of SD Skinheads gang members.

                                              5
       Detective Vest testified that respect was a significant part of gang culture; that to

gain respect, a person has to "put in work" for the gang, that is, participate in some

criminal activity for the gang's benefit. She explained that when a gang member calls out

the name or letters of a gang after committing a crime, it shows the crime was committed

in association with the gang.

       According to Detective Vest, Smith had tattoos that were consistent with

association and membership in a skinhead gang generally, including the word "skinhead"

across the top of his chest, as well as a war bird and swastika in the center of his chest.

He also had a German-type helmet with the letters, "SS," and a portrait of Hitler.2

Detective Vest was asked about writings that indicated Smith was giving orders to SD

Skinheads gang members or was authoritative, and she referred to writings in which

Smith called himself a "shot caller," stated that he had the keys to certain floors in the

jail, and that he was calling the shots for not only SD Skinheads but a lot of other white

inmates. She testified the writings showed Smith was "working together with San Diego

Skinheads to run the jails. Inside he's calling the shots; he is giving the orders. He's

calling himself the number one person. And he's calling another individual who is [a SD

Skinheads gang member], a documented [SD Skinheads member], his number two

person." Detective Vest opined that the writings showed Smith had a close association

with the SD Skinheads gang, and also mentioned the Aryan Brotherhood, which was a



2       Detective Vest testified that a probation report stated that Smith also had tattoos of
a five pointed star and certain letters representing the United Society of Aryan Skinheads,
but Smith demonstrated at trial that he did not have such tattoos.
                                              6
very powerful white supremacy prison gang. She testified it was very uncommon in gang

culture for a younger gang member to give orders to an older and more senior gang

member. Detective Vest admitted on cross-examination that Smith was not a

documented SD Skinheads gang member as of July 2, 2012.

Defense Evidence

       Dangler testified in Smith's defense that he had just met Smith on July 2, 2012,

when Smith entered module 5-B, and that before that date Smith was not a member of the

SD Skinheads gang. Dangler testified that when Smith arrived, he noticed Smith had

tattoos that indicated he was familiar with "prison politics," and so Dangler instructed

Smith to come to his cell where there were three other white inmates, had him look at

what Murray was doing, and told Smith that Dangler was going to "take this dude

[Murray] out," meaning he was going to severely beat or murder him, and wanted Smith

to come with him. Dangler testified he did not give Smith any option. According to

Dangler, Smith was "highly hesitant," but Dangler became extremely irritated and told

him they were going, and other words to the effect that if Smith did not go, Dangler

would physically assault Smith. Dangler testified that during the attack on Murray,

Smith yelled at him to stop because Dangler was going to kill Murray.

Renewal of Request to Admit Exhibit No. 38 and Court's Ruling

       Following Dangler's testimony, the prosecutor renewed his request to admit into

evidence exhibit No. 38, the October 2012 jail note addressed to Tipsy. The prosecutor

argued the note directly rebutted Smith's theory of duress and Dangler's testimony that

Smith did not speak up but went along with him, and it showed instead that Smith was a

                                             7
person of authority: that he "has the keys to the jail." He sought to introduce the note for

the truth of the statements that Smith was "running things in the jail; that he is in control

of things in the jail." Defense counsel responded that the note was not authenticated and

had no foundation, Detective Vest had already testified as to Smith's status, the writing

was not probative to Smith's status as of July 2, 2012, and the note was extremely

prejudicial. The court ruled that the trial evidence, the personal information in the note,

and Smith's location suggested he was the note's author. It ruled exhibit No. 38 was

relevant and admissible based on Dangler's testimony to the issue of whether Smith was

in fact someone in authority, and it was for the jury to determine exhibit No. 38's weight.

It ordered the exhibit be redacted to eliminate a statement concerning an individual

needing to "be whacked asap."

Detective Vest's Testimony on Recall

       Detective Vest was recalled to discuss exhibit No. 38. She opined that Smith

wrote it because it was signed by "Spanx" or "Spanky"; Detective Vest knew Spanky to

be Smith's moniker; and below that signature were the numbers "14" and "88" with a

swastika, all references with significance to skinheads. The jail note indicated the author

was housed in 6-C. Detective Vest believed that "Tipsy" was Aaron Taylor, a known

associate of the SD Skinheads gang. The note contained references to two other

documented SD Skinheads gang members. She testified that the author of the jail note

was calling himself out as a "key holder" or leader in the jail and requesting a "roll call"

of all white inmates: a list of all those aligned with the SD Skinheads gang. As for the

note's statement: "somehow your name is in my paperwork concerning the white crip me

                                              8
and my crimie almost killed downtown in 5-B," Detective Vest testified a "crimie" is

someone with whom a person commits a crime. She explained that an inmate could

subject himself to discipline from other gang members by falsely claiming to be in a

position of authority in a white supremacist prison gang.

                                       DISCUSSION

                            I. Admission of Jail Note Evidence

       Smith contends the trial court deprived him of his rights to due process, a fair trial,

and a reliable determination of the charges when it admitted the jail note evidence for

what he characterizes as the "irrelevant, confusing, and highly prejudicial point that [he]

had later acquired special status in the gang . . . ." We address his points seriatim,

keeping in mind that the court's decision on admissibility of evidence is reviewed for

abuse of discretion. (People v. McCurdy (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1063, 1095.)

A. Authentication

       First, Smith suggests there are "logical and chronological breaks" between the note

and the incident, which assertedly show the prosecution did not establish a "necessary

prerequisite for any relevancy," that is, that the note was actually written by him. Smith

argues the link between him and the note is "tenuous at best" because the note was found

four months after the incident; other inmates in the jail may have used the moniker

"Spanky"; the note was not found in his possession, his cell, or in the control of someone

shown to be connected with him or any gang; and it was discovered in a part of the jail

that was completely separate from where the incident occurred.



                                              9
       Based in part on Smith's reliance on Evidence Code section 1400, we understand

his claim to be that the jail note was not authenticated. "A writing is admissible if a

finding of authentication is supported by a preponderance of the evidence. [Citation.]

The proponent of a writing satisfies the requirement of authentication when he or she

introduces evidence sufficient to sustain a finding that the writing is what it is purports to

be. [Citation.] Even if conflicting inferences can be drawn from the evidence supporting

authentication, that consideration goes to the weight of the evidence and not to its

admissibility." (People v. Lucas (2014) 60 Cal.4th 153, 262.) And "[t]he means of

authenticating a writing are not limited to those specified in the Evidence Code.

[Citations.] For example, a writing can be authenticated by circumstantial evidence and

by its contents." (People v. Skiles (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1178, 1187, citing Evid. Code,

§ 1410 ["[n]othing in this article shall be construed to limit the means by which a writing

may be authenticated or proved"] & People v. Gibson (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 371, 383;

see also Evid. Code, § 1421 [writing may be authenticated by evidence that it refers to or

states matters that are unlikely to be known to anyone other than the person who is

claimed by the proponent to be the writing's author].)

       By his arguments, Smith asks us to speculate (i.e., that other inmates may have

had the moniker "Spanky"), or draw inferences in his favor from the evidence, as

opposed to inferences that may be reasonably drawn in favor of the trial court's ruling.

Here, evidence that Smith's gang moniker is Spanky permits a reasonable inference that

the note, signed by "Spanky" or "Spanx," was written by Smith. Evidence of the manner

and location of the crime against Murray permits a reasonable inference that Smith wrote

                                              10
the note because the note's reference to almost killing a "white crip" with another "crimie

. . . downtown in 5B" is sufficiently close to the facts of the crime and are facts that

Smith would know as the attacker. The note's indication that its author was in house 6-C,

where Smith was housed when the note was found, supports the other evidence

suggesting that Smith was the note's author. Finally, because it was common for jail

notes to be transferred between inmates in different cells or even houses, the fact Smith

was housed separately from where the note was found does not cut against the trial

court's ruling. We conclude the People presented evidence from which the trial court

properly ruled the note was sufficiently what it purported to be. (Accord, People v. Lynn

(1984) 159 Cal.App.3d 715, 735.)3

B. Relevance

       Smith further argues that the note does not logically or factually support the

prosecution's purpose in admitting it, which was to rebut the defense theory that he acted

under duress but instead shows he was a "shot-caller" at the time of the incident. Smith


3       In People v. Lynn, supra, 159 Cal.App.3d 715, the defendant challenged
admission of two handwritten notes on grounds they had not been authenticated as his.
The notes had been received by a man named Morgan while in jail. (Id. at p. 734.) The
notes, which were not in the handwriting of the defendant or Morgan and were addressed
to a person named "Bob," contained exculpatory statements in connection with the
charged crime of first degree murder, and advised Morgan his testimony could reduce the
crime to second degree murder. (Id. at p. 735.) After Morgan turned the notes over to
authorities, the defendant told him he had " 'really f[ ]up, giving the notes over.' " (Id. at
p. 735.) This court held that in addition to defendant's statement to Morgan, which
fulfilled the authentication requirements of Evidence Code section 1414, the writing's
contents, and the veiled threats of harm to Morgan if he testified adversely to the
defendant "ma[de] it unlikely anyone other than [the defendant] authored the notes" and
thus the notes were properly authenticated under Evidence Code section 1421. (Id. at pp.
735-736.)
                                              11
points to evidence that he had entered 5-B only hours before the incident, he was not a

documented member of the SD Skinheads gang, and the evidence was that a person had

to "earn" power and authority by putting in work over time for the gang in jail.

According to Smith, even assuming the truth of the People's position that he authored the

note and was claiming leadership status in the gang, nothing in the note refuted the theory

that four months earlier, in July 2012, he acted in response to someone else's directive.

       We are unpersuaded by these arguments. Relevant evidence under Evidence Code

section 210 is evidence "having any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed

fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action." The test of relevance is

whether the evidence tends "logically, naturally, and by reasonable inference" to establish

material facts such as identity, intent, or motive. (People v. Bivert (2011) 52 Cal.4th 96,

116-117, 127.) Except as otherwise provided by statute, all relevant evidence is

admissible. (Evid. Code, §§ 350, 351; see also Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (d).) "[T]he

trial court has broad discretion to determine the relevance of evidence." (People v. Cash

(2002) 28 Cal.4th 703, 727.) Here, Smith boasts about the attack within the October

2012 jail note and his being a "key holder." This evidence, combined with Detective

Vest's testimony, including her explanation about Smith's reference to Dangler as his

"crimie" and her testimony concerning the low likelihood a younger inmate such as

Dangler would order an older inmate such as Smith to perform such an attack, tend to

show Smith was not forced into action, but willingly participated in the attack

notwithstanding it occurred four months before the note was written. Because the



                                             12
evidence had a tendency to counter the defense theory that Smith had acted in duress, the

trial court did not err in admitting it.

C. Risk of Prejudice

       Finally, Smith contends that whatever the note's "miniscule" probative value, it

was outweighed by the risk of undue prejudicial and inflammatory effect, and confusion

to the jury in determining the actual issues. The premise of this argument, based on cases

such as People v. Albarran (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 214, People v. Avitia (2005) 127

Cal.App.4th 185, and People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 153, is that gang-related

evidence, or just mention of the word "gang," is inflammatory and creates a risk the jury

will improperly infer the defendant has a criminal disposition and is therefore guilty of

the charged offense. In view of this, Smith argues: "This was more than just the mere

mention of the word 'gang' and it was more than just evidence of mere membership—

bare facts which themselves can raise the specter of unfair prejudice. [Citations.] This

was evidence introduced for the specific purpose of showing Smith was a gang leader and

authority, and in the very gang for whose benefit, promotion, and advancement the

incident was allegedly perpetrated." (Italics omitted.)

       We see no merit to this argument. A court, in its discretion, may exclude relevant

evidence "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its

admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger

of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury." (Evid. Code, §

352, italics added.) "Prejudice for purposes of Evidence Code section 352 means

evidence that tends to evoke an emotional bias against the defendant with very little

                                             13
effect on issues, not evidence that is probative of a defendant's guilt." (People v. Crew

(2003) 31 Cal.4th 822, 842; People v. Olguin (1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 1355, 1373

[Evidence Code section 352 does not make evidence inadmissible merely because it is

highly damaging to the defendant].)

       We have already rejected the premise of Smith's argument that the evidence had

only "miniscule" relevance for balancing against its potentially prejudicial effect. When

gang-related evidence is relevant to prove something other than the defendant's

disposition to commit crimes, it does not constitute inadmissible character evidence.

(See, e.g., People v. Valdez (2012) 55 Cal.4th 82, 131 [evidence showing the "workings

and activities" of a gang, as well as photos of defendant's gang tattoos, was not character

evidence because it was relevant to motive and identity].) The jail note was relevant not

only to rebut Smith's defense theory of duress, but also to show Smith acted in

association with and for the benefit of a criminal street gang, matters that Smith does not

challenge on appeal.

       And here, the trial court gave a limiting instruction to the jury about the purpose of

gang-related evidence, that the jury "may not conclude from [evidence of gang activity]

that the defendant is a person of bad character or that he has a disposition to commit

crime." Such an instruction minimized the very sort of prejudice Smith urges would

result from introduction of this evidence. In the absence of indications to the contrary,

we presume the jury adhered to a court's instructions and did not consider the challenged

evidence as improper or prejudicial character evidence. (People v. Olguin, supra, 31

Cal.App.4th at pp. 1373-1374.) Thus, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion

                                             14
in concluding that the jail note evidence was admissible: that any prejudice flowing from

its admission did not substantially outweigh its probative value. Because we have held

there was no error, we need not address Smith's prejudice arguments.

                           II. Claim of Unauthorized Sentence

       Smith contends the trial court imposed an unauthorized sentence on his count 2

conviction for battery with serious bodily injury. Though he acknowledges the court

properly stayed all of his sentences and enhancements on count 2, he maintains it

incorrectly imposed the ten-year gang enhancement because under the version of section

186.22, subdivision (b)(1) operative at the time of the offense, battery with serious bodily

injury was not an enumerated "serious" or "violent" felony offense. He argues that "the

only potentially conceivable theory under which the battery conviction could have

constituted a 'violent' felony offense for purposes of section 667.5 would be that the

crime was a felony in which Smith inflicted 'great bodily harm on any person other than

an accomplice which has been charged and proved as provided for in Section 12022.7,

12022.8, or 12022.9 on or after July 1, 1977,' " but the prosecution neither alleged nor

proved such an element with regard to the count 2 battery. Smith argues the trial court

should have sentenced him under the general sentencing scheme to a stayed term of two,

three or four years in the court's discretion, and he asks that we remand the matter for

resentencing.

       The People agree that the ten-year enhancement was unauthorized and should be

stricken. However, they argue Smith is subject to a five-year enhancement because under



                                             15
section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(8),4 a "serious felony" means any felony in which the

defendant personally inflicts great bodily injury on any person and " 'serious bodily

injury,' as required for an aggravated battery conviction, is 'essentially equivalent' to

'great bodily injury' " so Smith's aggravated battery conviction constitutes a serious

felony subjecting him to a five-year term. The People argue remand is unnecessary

because this court can strike the 10-year gang enhancement and impose the five-year

enhancement attached to count 2.

       Under the version of section 186.22 in effect at the time of Smith's 2012 offense,

a person who commits a felony under circumstances indicating gang involvement is

subject to increased punishment under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1).5 Specifically,

where the underlying felony is a violent felony under section 667.6, the increased

punishment is 10 years (§ 186, subd. (b)(1)(C)); where the underlying felony is a serious

felony under 1192.7, subdivision (c), the increased punishment is five years (§ 186, subd.

(b)(1)(B)); and any other felony subjects the defendant to an additional term of two, three



4      Section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(8) defines a "serious felony" as, inter alia, "any
felony in which the defendant personally inflicts great bodily injury on any person, other
than any accomplice."

5       Section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1) provides for a sentence enhancement when the
defendant "is convicted of a felony committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in
association with any criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or
assist in any criminal conduct by gang members." There are three main aspects of this
gang enhancement, namely, that the crime was (1) "committed for the benefit of, at the
direction of, or in association with" (2) "any criminal street gang," as defined by the
statute, and (3) the defendant committed the crime "with the specific intent to promote,
further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members." (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1); see
also People v. Gardeley (1996) 14 Cal.4th 605, 616-617.)
                                              16
or four years at the court's discretion (§ 186, subd. (b)(1)(A)). The parties concede and

we agree the count 2 offense in the instant case, aggravated battery, does not qualify as a

"violent" felony (§ 667.5, subd. (c)), and therefore does not trigger the section 186,

subdivision (b)(1)(C) 10-year enhancement.

       The question is simply whether Smith's conviction for committing battery with

infliction of serious bodily injury (§ 243, subd. (d)) constitutes a serious felony within the

meaning of section 1192.7, permitting imposition of the five-year enhancement on count

2. As Smith points out, the jury did not make a finding as to whether he inflicted great

bodily injury as to that offense; it was instructed on great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd.

(a)) solely as to count 1.6 However, the jury was instructed on the element of serious

bodily injury as to count 2 that "serious bodily injury means a serious impairment of

physical condition" and that such injury "may include, but is not limited to: loss of

consciousness, concussion, bone fracture, protracted loss or impairment of function of

any bodily member or organ, or a wound requiring extensive suturing and serious

disfigurement."

       Smith's argument against imposition of the five-year enhancement is based on this

court's decision in People v. Taylor (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 11, and the more recent

California Supreme Court decision in People v. Santana (2013) 56 Cal.4th 999

(Santana). In People v. Taylor, the defendant was charged with battery causing serious



6      In part, the jury was instructed as to count 1 that "[g]reat bodily injury means
significant or substantial physical injury. It is an injury that is greater than minor or
moderate harm."
                                              17
bodily injury under section 243, as Smith was here, but the defendant in Taylor was also

charged with the great bodily injury enhancement under section 12022.7. (Taylor, 118

Cal.App.4th at pp. 17-18.) The jury, however, found all great bodily injury

enhancements to be not true. (Id. at pp. 18, 21, 23.) Under those circumstances, this

court was required to decide whether the defendant's prior conviction for battery causing

serious bodily injury qualified as a serious felony under section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(8)

notwithstanding the fact the jury specifically found the defendant did not personally

inflict great bodily injury in the commission of the charged offenses. The attorney

general argued the battery was a "serious felony" under section 1192.7 for purposes of a

five-year enhancement under section 667, subdivision (a)(1) because the jury's finding of

serious bodily injury was equivalent to a finding of great bodily injury. (Taylor, 118

Cal.App.4th at p. 22.)

       This court disagreed. "In the particular circumstances of this case, the conviction

for battery with serious bodily injury is not legally or factually equivalent to a finding of

great bodily injury." (People v. Taylor, supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 24, italics added.)

Though the attorney general's argument had support in case law (see People v. Moore

(1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1868), that case was distinguishable because "the record of

Moore's battery prior did not include any finding that he had not inflicted great bodily

injury in committing the prior offense. The trial court's conclusion that the prior offense

was a serious felony thus did not conflict with the express findings of the trier of fact. In

the absence of any contrary indication in the record, the trial court in Moore was justified

in applying the usual assumption that 'great bodily injury' and 'serious bodily injury' are

                                              18
'essentially equivalent.' " (Taylor, at p. 26, italics added, citing Moore, 10 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1871.) Taylor presented an obvious problem that renders it distinguishable: the jury

there had expressly found that the great bodily injury allegations were "not true" and thus

this court was unwilling to permit the trial court to "make what amounted to a legal

determination that Taylor had in fact inflicted great bodily injury." (Taylor, 118

Cal.App.4th at p. 27.) Santana is likewise distinguishable. There, the issue before the

California Supreme Court was whether the standard jury instruction for the offense of

mayhem, CALCRIM No. 801, properly included a requirement that the prosecution prove

the defendant cause serious bodily injury. (Santana, supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 1005-1011.)

In concluding it did not, the court pointed out that "serious bodily injury" was not

mentioned in the mayhem statute, section 203, nor was a "serious impairment of physical

condition," but CALCRIM No. 801 explained its definition of serious bodily injury had

been drawn from a case holding that "great bodily injury" was an element of mayhem.

(Santana, at pp. 1007-1008.) The California Supreme Court stated: "We recognize

that the terms 'serious bodily injury' and 'great bodily injury' have been described as

' " 'essential[ly] equivalent' " ' [citation] and as having 'substantially the same meaning'

[citation]. [Citation.] However, the terms in fact 'have separate and distinct statutory

definitions.' [Citation.] This distinction may make a difference when evaluating jury

instructions that provide different definitions for the two terms. [Citation.] Thus, in this

context where we must consider a jury instruction's precise language, we cannot

conclude that the offense of mayhem includes a serious bodily injury requirement simply



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based on cases holding that mayhem includes a great bodily injury component." (Id. at

pp. 1008-1009, italics added.)

       Santana was decided in the context of proper jury instructions and does not bear

on the question before us.7 The Santana court recognized that the terms at issue have

distinct statutory definitions, a point with which we do not quarrel, but that circumstance

does not bar a trier of fact from assessing whether a particular set of proven facts on

which a jury found the defendant inflicted serious bodily injury will support an

enhancement that requires a finding of infliction of great bodily injury.

       In short, we are not precluded from applying the usual rule, recognized by the

California Supreme Court, that serious bodily injury and great bodily injury " 'are

essentially equivalent elements.' " (People v. Burroughs (1984) 35 Cal.3d 824, 831,

overruled on another ground in People v. Blakeley (2000) 23 Cal.4th 82, 89; see also

People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 143, fn. 2; People v. Wade (2012) 204

Cal.App.4th 1142, 1149-1150 [citing cases]; People v. Arnett (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th

1609, 1613 [citing cases].) In this case, the jury's finding that Smith inflicted serious



7       Additionally, the language of the mayhem statute contains neither the terms
serious bodily injury or great bodily injury. (§ 203 ["Every person who unlawfully and
maliciously deprives a human being of a member of his body, or disables, disfigures, or
renders it useless, or cuts or disables the tongue, or puts out an eye, or slits the nose, ear,
or lip, is guilty of mayhem"].) Indeed, the Santana court pointed out the examples of
serious bodily injury given in CALCRIM No. 801 were inconsistent with the mayhem
statute and the court found "no basis—compelled either by case law or by the need to
give jurors further guidance—to superimpose a wholesale definition of 'serious bodily
injury' from section 243[, subdivision] (f)(4)" in the instruction. (Santana, supra, 56
Cal.4th at p. 1010.)

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bodily injury, which was amply supported by the evidence, was sufficient to bring his

offense within the purview of subdivision (c)(8) of section 1192.7 for purposes of

imposing a five-year gang enhancement under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(B).

                                     DISPOSITION

      The judgment is modified to reduce the 10-year enhancement imposed on count 2

under Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C) to a five-year enhancement under

section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(B), which is stayed under section 654. The judgment

is affirmed as modified. The matter is remanded with directions that the superior court

prepare an amended abstract of judgment to reflect these modifications to the judgment

and forward a certified copy to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.




                                                                          O'ROURKE, J.

WE CONCUR:


BENKE, Acting P. J.


HUFFMAN, J.




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