#26776-aff in pt & rev in pt-GAS
2014 S.D. 59

                           IN THE SUPREME COURT
                                   OF THE
                          STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

                                     ****
EAST SIDE LUTHERAN CHURCH
OF SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA,
a South Dakota Nonprofit Corporation,          Plaintiff and Appellant,

      v.

NEXT, INC.,
a South Dakota Corporation,                    Defendant, Third-Party
                                                 Plaintiff and Appellee,

      v.

FIEGEN CONSTRUCTION CO.,
a South Dakota Corporation and
BROWN ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN
CO. n/k/a STUDIO 360 ARCHITECTURE,
INC., a Nebraska Corporation,                  Third-Party Defendants,
                                                 Fourth-Party Plaintiffs
                                                 and Appellees,

      v.

M.J. DALSIN CO. OF S.D., INC.,                 Fourth-Party Defendant,
                                                Fifth-Party Plaintiff and
                                                Appellee,

     v.

JEFF PRINS d/b/a AJ CONSTRUCTION,              Fifth-Party Defendant.

                                   ****
                   APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
                      THE SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
                   MINNEHAHA COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
                                   ****
                     THE HONORABLE STUART L. TIEDE
                                Judge
                                   ****
                                            ARGUED APRIL 29, 2014
                                            OPINION FILED 08/06/14
RONALD A. PARSONS, JR.
Johnson, Heideprim &
  Abdallah, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota

      and

WILLIAM D. KUNSTLE
SAMUEL M. GOODHOPE
LAURA T. BRAHMS
Kading, Kunstle & Goodhope, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota               Attorneys for plaintiff and
                                        appellant.

PAUL W. TSCHETTER
ROGER A. SUDBECK
Boyce, Greenfield, Pashby & Welk, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota               Attorneys for defendant, third-
                                        party plaintiff and appellee
                                        Next, Inc.
DEREK A. NELSON
WILLIAM P. FULLER
Fuller & Williamson, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota               Attorneys for third-party
                                        defendant, fourth-party plaintiff
                                        and appellee Brown
                                        Architecture & Design Co.

MICHAEL L. LUCE
Murphy, Goldammer &
 Prendergast, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota               Attorneys for third-party
                                        defendant, fourth-party plaintiff
                                        and appellee Fiegen
                                        Construction Co.

GREGORY J. ERLANDSON
Bangs, McCullen, Butler,
 Foye & Simmons, LLP
Rapid City, South Dakota                Attorneys for fourth-party
                                        defendant, fifth-party plaintiff
                                        and appellee M.J. Dalsin Co. of
                                        S.D., Inc.
#26776

SEVERSON, Justice

[¶1.]         East Side Lutheran Church (East Side) appeals from a summary

judgment ruling that barred its claim for failing to timely file suit within the

applicable six-year statute of limitations. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

                                      Background

[¶2.]         In April 2002, East Side contracted with NEXT, Inc. (NEXT) for

construction of a new addition to East Side’s church and renovation to its existing

structure. NEXT worked as East Side’s representative for the project and

contracted with third-party defendants Brown Architecture & Design Company

(Brown) and Fiegen Construction Company (Fiegen). Brown provided design and

architectural work on the project and Fiegen served as the general contractor.

Fiegen subcontracted with fourth-party defendant M.J. Dalsin Company (Dalsin) to

complete the roof construction associated with the project. 1 The project was

substantially completed in August 2003.

[¶3.]         In the months immediately following the project’s completion, East

Side experienced a variety of problems throughout the structure. The problems

included ice dams, bats in the church, chipping concrete, hail penetration, and

drainage issues, but the overriding problem was water infiltration. 2 The water

infiltration persisted and resulted in this litigation.



1.      Dalsin in turn sub-subcontracted with fifth-party defendant AJ Contracting
        to provide work on the roof construction. Dalsin obtained a default judgment
        against AJ Contracting prior to the circuit court’s summary judgment ruling.

2.      Water was found in the west entrance, east vestibule, Pastor’s office, quilting
        room, prison ministry office, furnace room, north-side basement, kitchen, pre-
                                                             (continued . . .)
                                           -1-
#26776

[¶4.]         East Side and NEXT communicated about, and NEXT attempted to

eradicate, the water infiltration from the date of the project’s completion until May

2009. On January 23, 2009, NEXT’s attorney sent a letter to East Side explaining

that Fiegen and Dalsin were “unwilling to perform any additional work[,]” and that

NEXT had, without admitting liability, “notified its insurance carrier of a potential

claim.” Later that spring, on May 28, 2009, NEXT’s attorney informed East Side’s

attorney that NEXT “will be undertaking no additional repairs to” the church. The

letter further stated that East Side “will need to either undertake its own repairs

and proceed with litigation or contact Fiegen and Dalsin regarding any such

repairs.”

[¶5.]         In March 2010, East Side hired Michael Ollerich of American

Technical Services. Ollerich’s reports confirmed that the church was experiencing

water infiltration. Ollerich’s reports further indicated the project’s design contained

structural errors; the work completed contained construction errors; and the

structure was experiencing ventilation and insulation problems. East Side filed suit

against NEXT in July 2010. 3

[¶6.]         NEXT, Brown, Fiegen, and Dalsin (Defendants) moved for summary

judgment on the basis that East Side filed its suit outside of the six-year statute of

________________________
(. . . continued)
         kindergarten room, kindergarten room, storage room, second-floor altar-guide
         room, and second-floor south furnace room. In addition, hail was found in the
         narthex. Gigi Rieder, East Side’s office manager, testified that the water
         infiltration was “throughout the structure.”

3.      In addition to defending the lawsuit, NEXT sued third-party defendants
        Brown and Fiegen, Fiegen sued fourth-party defendant Dalsin, and Dalsin
        sued fifth-party defendant AJ Contracting.

                                          -2-
#26776

limitations. See SDCL 15-2-13. The Defendants argued that because East Side

knew of the water infiltration immediately after construction was completed, the

six-year statute of limitations began to run as early as August 2003. As a result,

the statute of limitations lapsed in 2009 and East Side’s July 2010 lawsuit was not

timely filed.

[¶7.]           East Side opposed summary judgment and argued that its lawsuit is

based in part on the project’s structural design errors and construction errors.

Because it did not know of the structural design errors and construction errors until

Ollerich’s 2010 reports, it argued its claims did not accrue until 2010, making its

suit timely. East Side also argued that equitable estoppel tolled the statute of

limitations.

[¶8.]           The circuit court granted summary judgment to Defendants on the

statute of limitations issue because East Side “had actual or constructive notice of a

cause of action immediately after the substantial completion [of the project] in

August of 2003.” The circuit court also granted summary judgment to Defendants

on the issue of equitable estoppel because there was no “genuine issue of material

fact regarding whether or not any of the [D]efendants misrepresented or concealed

material facts from [East Side] in order to induce [East Side] to change its position

in reliance upon either those misrepresentations or that concealment.” East Side

now appeals to this Court arguing the circuit court’s rulings on the statute of

limitations and equitable estoppel were error. 4



4.      Our review of a summary judgment ruling is clear:

                                                            (continued . . .)
                                          -3-
#26776

                                        Decision

Statute of limitations

[¶9.]          The parties agree that the six-year statute of limitations prescribed by

SDCL 15-2-13 controls East Side’s claims. East Side commenced this action in July

2010. Thus, any claims that accrued before July 2004 are barred. As a result, we

must resolve if there are any genuine issues of material fact as to whether any or all

of East Side’s claims accrued before July 2004.

[¶10.]         A claim accrues when a plaintiff has actual or constructive notice of a

cause of action. Strassburg v. Citizens State Bank, 1998 S.D. 72, ¶ 10, 581 N.W.2d

510, 514. “Actual notice consists in express information of a fact.” SDCL 17-1-2.

“Constructive notice is notice imputed by the law to a person not having actual

notice.” SDCL 17-1-3. “One having actual notice of circumstances sufficient to put

a prudent person on inquiry about ‘a particular fact, and who omits to make such

inquiry with reasonable diligence, is deemed to have constructive notice of the fact

itself.’” Strassburg, 1998 S.D. 72, ¶ 10, 581 N.W.2d at 514 (quoting SDCL 17-1-4).

________________________
(. . . continued)
               We must determine whether the moving party demonstrated the
               absence of any genuine issue of material fact and showed
               entitlement to judgment on the merits as a matter of law. The
               evidence must be viewed most favorably to the nonmoving party
               and reasonable doubts should be resolved against the moving
               party. The nonmoving party, however, must present specific
               facts showing that a genuine, material issue for trial exists. Our
               task on appeal is to determine only whether a genuine issue of
               material fact exists and whether the law was correctly applied.
               If there exists any basis which supports the ruling of the trial
               court, affirmance of a summary judgment is proper.

         De Smet Farm Mut. Ins. Co. of S.D. v. Busskohl, 2013 S.D. 52, ¶ 11, 834
         N.W.2d 826, 831 (citation omitted).

                                           -4-
#26776

[¶11.]       “Because the point at which a period of limitations begins to run must

be decided from the facts of each case, statute of limitations questions are normally

left for a jury.” Strassburg, 1998 S.D. 72, ¶ 7, 581 N.W.2d at 513 (citation omitted);

see also Wissink v. Van De Stroet, 1999 S.D. 92, ¶ 11, 598 N.W.2d 213, 215 (citations

omitted) (“This Court has recognized that, generally, statute of limitations

questions are left for the jury.”); Huron Ctr., Inc. v. Henry Carlson Co., 2002 S.D.

103, ¶ 11, 650 N.W.2d 544, 548 (citation omitted) (“[T]he question of when accrual

occurred is one of fact generally reserved for trial.”). “Here, we must ascertain

whether there is any genuine issue of material fact concerning the date the cause of

action accrued; if not, and if the applicable limitations period has expired as a

matter of law, then the [Defendants are] entitled to summary judgment.”

Strassburg, 1998 S.D. 72, ¶ 7, 581 N.W.2d at 513 (citation omitted).

[¶12.]       There is no genuine issue of material fact concerning East Side’s actual

notice of the water infiltration prior to July 2004. It is undisputed East Side knew

water infiltration existed throughout the building almost immediately after

construction was completed in August 2003. Because East Side’s actual notice of

the water infiltration gave rise to a situation where East Side could have filed suit

and sought relief, any claim with a sufficient relationship to the water infiltration

so as to put East Side on constructive notice of that claim (water infiltration claim)

accrued and statutorily lapsed prior to East Side’s July 2010 lawsuit. See Spencer

v. Estate of Spencer, 2008 S.D. 129, ¶ 16, 759 N.W.2d 539, 544 (citation omitted) (“A

cause of action accrues when the right to sue arises.”).




                                          -5-
#26776

[¶13.]         We must next determine whether accrual of the water infiltration

claims encompasses all of East Side’s alleged design and construction error claims,

and whether that is a factual or legal question. 5 East Side contends this case

presents “different acts constituting breaches of contract,” which result “in separate

or different damages” that “give rise to separately accrued claims.” East Side

argues that “[m]any of the structural deficiencies and defects [discovered in 2010]

had nothing to do with water infiltration[,]” and as a result, there is a factual

dispute as to when the different claims accrued. Defendants argue that the water

infiltration places East Side, as a matter of law, on constructive notice of any other

defect in the building. Defendants contend there have not been different acts

constituting separate breaches of contract, but only East Side learning the full

extent of its damages. 6



5.       East Side’s complaint alleges breach of contract and negligence causes of
         action. Defendants argue East Side cannot maintain an action for negligence
         because all of East Side’s causes of action arise from under the contract. See
         Fisher Sand & Gravel Co. v. S.D. Dep’t of Transp., 1997 S.D. 8, ¶¶ 14-15, 558
         N.W.2d 864, 867-68 (providing that in order for a plaintiff to maintain a tort
         claim against a party it contracted with, a duty independent of the contract
         must exist). This issue, although briefly addressed to the circuit court and in
         the briefs by Defendants, was not addressed by the circuit court and is not an
         issue raised on appeal by either party. We therefore decline to address it.

6.       Defendants also point to East Side’s complaint that only pleaded two causes
         of action: (1) breach of contract for not “performing the construction in a good
         and workmanlike manner[;]” and (2) NEXT’s negligence “in its construction
         and supervision of its subcontractors on the work completed[.]” Defendants
         argue that because the complaint did not outline each separate cause of
         action East Side presents to this Court, it cannot raise those separate actions
         on appeal. We disagree. “South Dakota still adheres to the rules of notice
         pleading[.]” Gruhlke v. Sioux Empire Fed. Credit Union, Inc., 2008 S.D. 89, ¶
         17, 756 N.W.2d 399, 409. “[U]nder notice pleading, a case consists not in the
         pleadings, but the evidence, for which the pleadings furnish the basis. Cases
                                                                (continued . . .)
                                              -6-
#26776

[¶14.]       A claim can accrue “even when one may not yet know all the

underlying facts or the full extent of damages.” Strassburg, 1998 S.D. 72, ¶ 13, 581

N.W.2d at 515 (citations omitted). But different causes of action can accrue under

the same contract. See Dakota, Minn. & E. R.R. Corp. v. Acuity, 2006 S.D. 72, ¶ 23,

720 N.W.2d 655, 662 (providing that different causes of action existed under the

same insurance contract). “Statutes of limitations begin to run when plaintiffs first

become aware of facts prompting a reasonably prudent person to seek information

about the problem and its cause.” Strassburg, 1998 S.D. 72, ¶ 13, 581 N.W.2d at

515 (citations omitted).

[¶15.]       East Side had actual notice of the water infiltration throughout its

building prior to July 2004. Whether that actual notice is enough to put East Side

on constructive notice of its structural design error and construction error claims

(making the structural design error and construction error claims accrue prior to

July 2004), and whether that determination is a question of fact or law, is the heart

of this case. Because what a reasonably prudent person should inquire into when

learning of water infiltration can differ depending on the circumstances, we

conclude there is a genuine issue of material fact as to when East Side’s structural

design error and construction error claims accrued. Huron Ctr., 2002 S.D. 103, ¶

________________________
(. . . continued)
         are generally to be tried on the proofs rather than the pleadings.” St. Pierre
         v. State ex rel. S.D. Real Estate Comm’n, 2012 S.D. 25, ¶ 20, 813 N.W.2d 151,
         157 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). East Side adequately
         put Defendants on notice of its claims and presented evidence in support of
         its claims. Both in its response to NEXT’s statement of undisputed facts and
         at the summary judgment hearing, East Side claimed structural design
         errors and construction errors as reported by Ollerich. We conclude the issue
         was properly raised.

                                          -7-
#26776

11, 650 N.W.2d at 548 (providing when accrual occurs is a question of fact reserved

for trial). As a result, it is up to the trier of fact to determine whether East Side’s

actual notice of the water infiltration constitutes a sufficient circumstance to put a

prudent person on inquiry of each of the construction error and design error claims

East Side complains of, i.e., which of East Side’s claims are barred by the statute of

limitations because of the relationship to the water infiltration. See Strassburg,

1998 S.D. 72, ¶ 10, 581 N.W.2d at 514; see also SDCL 17-1-4. On remand, the trier

of fact must parse out which alleged deficiencies have a sufficient relationship to the

water infiltration to put East Side on actual or constructive notice of the alleged

deficiency. See Johnston v. Centennial Log Homes & Furnishing, Inc., 305 P.3d 781,

789 (Mont. 2013) (providing “that factual questions arise in determining the extent

to which the problems discovered by 2005 are related to the issues discovered

between 2008 and 2010”). If East Side was put on actual or constructive notice of

the alleged deficiency because of the actual notice of the water infiltration, then a

claim based on that alleged deficiency is not a separate cause of action but accrued

at the time of the water infiltration and is therefore barred by the statute of

limitations. If East Side was not put on actual or constructive notice of the alleged

deficiency because of the actual notice of the water infiltration, then a claim based

on that alleged deficiency is a separate cause of action with a separate accrual date.

[¶16.]       Defendants ask us to rule as a matter of law that East Side possessed

constructive notice of its design error and construction error claims. In doing so,

Defendants state Ollerich’s reports did not outline separate and distinct causes of

action, but rather outlined the full extent of East Side’s damages. Defendants argue


                                           -8-
#26776

that the water infiltration was such an obvious manifestation of a defect that all

reasonably prudent persons would be put on inquiry about underlying problems

with the design and construction of the building. See Huron Ctr., 2002 S.D. 103, ¶

16, 650 N.W.2d at 549 (“There is, however, no evidence of the initial severity of the

problems, whether it was possible that they could have been dismissed as simple

maintenance, or at what point the problems became such that Huron Center should

have known they were beyond routine repairs.”); see also Performing Arts Ctr. Auth.

v. Clark Constr. Grp., Inc., 789 So. 2d 392, 394 (Fla. Ct. App. 2001) (citations

omitted) (“In sum, we conclude that where there is an obvious manifestation of a

defect, notice will be inferred at the time of manifestation regardless of whether the

plaintiff has knowledge of the exact nature of the defect. However, as in this case,

where the manifestation is not obvious but could be due to causes other than an

actionable defect, notice as a matter of law may not be inferred.”). However,

whether a defect is so obvious as to encompass all potential claims raises the

question: How obvious does a defect need to be to make all claims accrue? That

determination will be properly addressed by a trier of fact when it decides which

claims East Side was put on notice of when it learned of the water infiltration. We

decline to make that determination as a matter of law. Therefore, we reverse the

circuit court, holding that a trier of fact must determine whether any or all of East

Side’s design error and construction error claims accrued at the time of actual notice

of the water infiltration.




                                          -9-
#26776

Equitable Estoppel

[¶17.]       Equitable estoppel will only be applied when all four elements are

proven by clear and convincing evidence: (1) Defendants made false representations

to or concealed material facts from East Side; (2) East Side did not have knowledge

of the real facts; (3) the misrepresentations or concealment was made with the

intention that it should be acted upon; and (4) East Side relied upon those

misrepresentations or concealment to its prejudice or injury. See Wilcox v.

Vermeulen, 2010 S.D. 29, ¶ 19 n.7, 781 N.W.2d 464, 471 n.7 (citations omitted); see

also Cooper v. James, 2001 S.D. 59, ¶ 16, 627 N.W.2d 784, 789 (citations omitted).

[¶18.]       East Side contends that NEXT lulled East Side “into a false sense of

security” when NEXT continually reassured East Side that the water infiltration

would be fixed. East Side contends this creates a question of fact preventing

summary judgment. See Cooper, 2001 S.D. 59, ¶¶ 17-18, 627 N.W.2d at 789. We

disagree. Even if East Side was lulled into a false sense of security that its

problems would be fixed, it fails to identify a single fact demonstrating that

Defendants misrepresented or concealed material facts. Indeed, NEXT, on

numerous occasions, attempted to fix the water infiltration and even stated that it

did not know why the infiltration continued. In addition, East Side had knowledge

of the real facts of the case—that there was leaking throughout the building.

[¶19.]       Even if Defendants’ actions to fix the water infiltration were

misrepresentations intended to be relied upon, East Side could not have reasonably




                                         -10-
#26776

relied on those representations. 7 In January 2009, NEXT informed East Side it had

submitted a claim to its insurer. In May 2009, NEXT informed East Side that

NEXT would not be undertaking any additional repairs to the church. The May

2009 letter further stated that East Side “will need to either undertake its own

repairs and proceed with litigation or contact Fiegen and Dalsin regarding any such

repairs.” These communications were given within the statute of limitations for any

water infiltration claim. Therefore, equitable estoppel was properly denied by the

circuit court.

[¶20.]           In conclusion, we reverse the circuit court’s ruling that barred East

Side’s claims of design error and construction error, concluding that a genuine issue

of material fact exists to determine when those claims accrued. We remand for

further proceedings in line with this opinion. Furthermore, we affirm the circuit

court’s grant of summary judgment on the equitable estoppel claim.

[¶21.]           GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and KONENKAMP, ZINTER, and

WILBUR, Justices, concur.




7.       “A manufacturer’s efforts at repair subsequent to delivery do not extend the
         contract statute of limitations.” Jandreau v. Sheesley Plumbing & Heating
         Co., Inc., 324 N.W.2d 266, 272 (S.D. 1982) (quoting Triangle Underwriters,
         Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc., 604 F.2d 737, 745 (2nd Cir. 1979)).

                                             -11-
