                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-0810

                                      State of Minnesota,
                                         Respondent,

                                              vs.

                                Damien Lashaun Nelson,
                                      Appellant.

                                  Filed March 2, 2015
                                        Affirmed
                                   Schellhas, Judge

                              Dakota County District Court
                              File No. 19HA-CR-13-3228

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

James C. Backstrom, Dakota County Attorney, Karen Wangler, Assistant County
Attorney, Hastings, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Richard Schmitz, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Stauber, Judge; and

Hooten, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SCHELLHAS, Judge

      Appellant challenges the validity of his guilty plea to simple robbery and felony

domestic assault (fear). We affirm.
                                        FACTS

      Appellant Damien Lashaun Nelson entered B.S.’s home, grabbed her, pushed her,

and left with personal property taken from the pockets of a sweatshirt that B.S. was

wearing, including car keys, a cell phone, cash, and personal identification and credit

cards. B.S. did not give Nelson permission to take the property. Police soon located

Nelson at another residence, arrested him, and recovered B.S.’s property from that

residence.

      Respondent State of Minnesota charged Nelson with simple robbery, two counts

of felony domestic assault, and obstructing legal process. Consistent with the terms of a

plea agreement, Nelson pleaded guilty to simple robbery and one count of felony

domestic assault (fear); the state agreed not to charge Nelson for an alleged

September 18, 2013 violation of a domestic assault no-contact order; and the district

court sentenced Nelson concurrently to 37 months’ imprisonment for simple robbery and

24 months’ imprisonment for felony domestic assault (fear) and dismissed the remaining

charges.

      This appeal follows.

                                    DECISION

      “A defendant is free to . . . appeal directly from a judgment of conviction and

contend that the record made at the time the plea was entered is inadequate” to show that

the plea was valid. Brown v. State, 449 N.W.2d 180, 182 (Minn. 1989); see also State v.

Anyanwu, 681 N.W.2d 411, 413 n.1 (Minn. App. 2004) (“[A] defendant who challenges a

judgment of conviction against him based on an invalid guilty plea . . . may appeal


                                           2
directly to this court.”). On appeal, “[t]he defendant bears the burden to establish that his

plea was invalid,” and this court reviews the validity of the plea de novo. Lussier v. State,

821 N.W.2d 581, 588 (Minn. 2012).

       “Among other requirements, a constitutionally valid guilty plea must be accurate.”

Id. “The purpose of the accuracy requirement is to protect a defendant from pleading

guilty to a more serious offense than that for which he could be convicted if he insisted

on his right to trial.” Id. (quotation omitted). A plea must be established on a proper

factual basis to be accurate. Id. “The factual-basis requirement is satisfied if the record

contains a showing that there is credible evidence available which would support a jury

verdict that defendant is guilty of at least as great a crime as that to which he pled guilty.”

Rickert v. State, 795 N.W.2d 236, 243 n.3 (Minn. 2011).

       In this case, Nelson challenges the validity of his guilty plea to simple robbery and

felony domestic assault (fear), arguing that the plea was inaccurate because it is not

supported by a proper factual basis. During his plea hearing, Nelson admitted that he was

pleading guilty to a felony domestic assault because he had four prior convictions of

domestic assault in which B.S. was the victim; he went to B.S.’s Burnsville residence in

the late evening hours of September 30 or early morning hours of October 1, 2013; B.S.

is the mother of his three-year-old son; when he went to B.S.’s residence, he believed that

a no-contact order or an order for protection was in place, prohibiting his contact with

B.S.; he argued with B.S. and “picked her up in a type of hug or to move her out of the

way so that [he] could get into the bedroom”; his behavior of “pushing her out of the way

or hugging her” caused her to be fearful; he took some items from the sweatshirt that B.S.


                                              3
was wearing and left the residence; some of the items were car keys, an Apple cell phone,

money, and “some personal identification cards, specifically an EBT card, and a

Minnesota Driver’s license,” and “some prepaid credit cards that did not have a specific

name on them, but they were . . . for Wal-Mart”; and he did not have B.S.’s permission to

take the items.

       Near the end of the plea hearing, Nelson’s counsel asked the district court,

              Is the Court satisfied with that to the charge of simple robbery
              based upon the fact he did in fact cause her to be threatened
              with perhaps the use of force, and that he did push her which
              would contribute to the domestic assault with intent of
              causing fear charge as to Count 3?

The court asked Nelson, “Do you believe you’re guilty of those two offenses?” Nelson

answered, “Yes, ma’am,” and affirmed to the court that he was making no claim of

innocence.

       Nelson argues that his guilty plea to simple robbery lacks a proper factual basis

because the record does not show that he intended to deprive B.S. permanently of the

property that he took from her. He argues that theft is a lesser-included offense of simple

robbery and therefore an element of simple robbery is intent to deprive an owner

permanently of property. See Minn. Stat. § 609.52, subd. 2(1) (2012) (providing that theft

includes “intentionally and without claim of right tak[ing] . . . movable property of

another without the other’s consent and with intent to deprive the owner permanently of

possession of the property”); Barnslater v. State, 805 N.W.2d 910, 914 (Minn. App.

2011) (“For a guilty plea to be accurate, a factual basis must be established on the record

showing that the defendant’s conduct meets all elements of the charge to which he is


                                             4
pleading guilty.” (emphasis added)). The state disagrees that theft is a lesser-included

offense of simple robbery.

       We conclude that regardless of whether theft is a lesser-included offense of simple

robbery, Nelson’s argument fails. Nelson was not charged with, and did not plead guilty

to, the offense of theft by “intentionally and without claim of right tak[ing] . . . movable

property of another without the other’s consent and with intent to deprive the owner

permanently of possession of the property.” See Minn. Stat. § 609.52, subd. 2(1). Nelson

pleaded guilty to simple robbery, the elements of which are (1) “tak[ing] personal

property from the person or in the presence of another” and (2) “us[ing] or threaten[ing]

the imminent use of force against any person to overcome the person’s resistance or

powers of resistance to, or to compel acquiescence in, the taking or carrying away of the

property,” while (3) “having knowledge of not being entitled thereto.” See Minn. Stat. §

609.24 (2012). A factual basis is required for “all elements of the charge to which [the

defendant] is pleading guilty,” Barnslater, 805 N.W.2d at 914, not the elements of an

uncharged offense to which he is not pleading guilty. Nothing in section 609.24 requires

the state to prove the defendant’s intent to deprive the owner permanently of possession

of the property.

       Nelson’s admissions during his plea colloquy constitute credible evidence that

Nelson, believing that he was prohibited from having contact with B.S., went to her

residence and used force to overcome B.S.’s resistance or to compel her acquiescence in

taking property from B.S.’s person. We conclude that Nelson’s guilty plea to simple

robbery is supported by a proper factual basis.


                                             5
       Nelson also argues that his guilty plea to felony domestic assault (fear) was not

established on a proper factual basis because the record does not show that he acted with

intent to cause B.S. to fear bodily harm. Because one element of felony domestic assault

(fear) is acting “with intent to cause fear in another of immediate bodily harm or death,”

Minn. Stat. § 609.2242, subd. 1(1) (2012), the record must show a factual basis for

Nelson’s intent to cause such fear. “‘With intent to’ . . . means that the actor either has a

purpose to do the thing or cause the result specified or believes that the act, if successful,

will cause that result.” Minn. Stat. § 609.02, subd. 9(4) (2012). “Intent may be inferred

from events occurring before and after the crime and may be proved by circumstantial

evidence.” State v. Rhodes, 657 N.W.2d 823, 840 (Minn. 2003). Indeed, “[the supreme

court] ha[s] determined that intent is a subjective state of mind usually established only

by reasonable inference from surrounding circumstances.” State v. Slaughter, 691

N.W.2d 70, 77 (Minn. 2005) (quotation omitted).

       Even where intent is an element of the offense to which a defendant is pleading

guilty, the district court may infer the requisite intent. See Sykes v. State, 578 N.W.2d

807, 809, 813–14 (Minn. App. 1998) (rejecting defendant’s “claim[] that the factual basis

for guilt [of felony terroristic threats] is lacking because he was never questioned about

his intent or state of mind at the time he sent the letter or made the telephone call” on the

basis that “[t]he district court could readily infer [defendant]’s intent to terrorize [some

recipients of the letter and the call]”), review denied (Minn. July 16, 1998); cf. State v.

Russell, 306 Minn. 274, 274–75, 236 N.W.2d 612, 613 (1975) (concluding that

“[d]efendant’s answers to questions by the prosecutor in this case disclose a factual basis


                                              6
for the plea [to second-degree murder] even though no question was specifically directed

to the element of intent to kill”). And a defendant’s prior harassment or abuse of a victim

may be relevant to the defendant’s state of mind during later incidents involving the same

victim. See State v. Franks, 765 N.W.2d 68, 75–76 (Minn. 2009) (noting that “it is proper

to view a defendant’s words and acts in the context of the defendant’s relationship with

the victim, including evidence of past crimes against the victim,” reasoning that “[t]he

context for this case is one of domestic violence,” and concluding that “the evidence is

sufficient to support a finding that [the defendant] knew or had reason to know that his

letters would cause [the victim] to feel terrorized”); cf. Pechovnik v. Pechovnik, 765

N.W.2d 94, 96, 100 (Minn. App. 2009) (concluding, on husband’s appeal from order for

protection of wife, that “[t]he evidence was sufficient for the district court to infer

[husband]’s present intent to inflict fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury or

assault based on the totality of the circumstances, including [husband]’s history of

abusive behavior”).

       The record contains credible evidence that supports a reasonable inference that

Nelson intended to cause B.S. to fear bodily harm. We conclude that Nelson’s guilty plea

to felony domestic assault (fear) is supported by a proper factual basis.

       Affirmed.




                                             7
