J-S04016-16


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                      PENNSYLVANIA
                        Appellee

                   v.

STEVEN KARPINSKI,

                        Appellant                    No. 2014 WDA 2014


       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence of November 13, 2014
           In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
           Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0010642-2014


BEFORE: BOWES, OLSON AND STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                        FILED FEBRUARY 09, 2016

     Appellant, Steven Karpinski, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered on November 13, 2014. We affirm.

     The trial court ably summarized the underlying facts of this case:

        At the suppression hearing, Jeff Sankey [(hereinafter
        “Sankey”)] testified that he owned and operated a lawn and
        garden shop in the Penn Hills area of Allegheny County.
        Sankey [testified that] the address of the store was 11125
        Frankstown Road.       He [testified] that he also owned
        property at 11101 Frankstown Road, the main floor of which
        was formerly leased to an appliance store. Above the
        former appliance store, accessed by a common stairway,
        were five separate offices. As of April 29, [2014], per
        Sankey, no tenants leased business space on either floor. . .
        .

        [During the suppression hearing,] Sankey was shown a
        photograph of the exterior door leading to the stairway for
        the second floor offices.    He pointed out four or five
        mailboxes, one for each of the upstairs offices, visible inside
        the door in a common vestibule.


*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S04016-15



         Sankey [testified that] the second floor contained a short
         hallway from which the separate offices could be entered,
         with offices on each side of that hallway.[1] He further
         [testified] that he gave Appellant permission to live in one
         of the upstairs rooms after Appellant lost his apartment.
         [In particular, Sankey testified that he invited Appellant to
         stay by telling Appellant: “I have some rooms on the
         second floor. You can have one of those rooms.” N.T.
         Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at 10. Appellant took the
         offer and Sankey provided Appellant with the key to the
         main front door of the office complex. Id. at 10 and 16.] . .
         .

         Appellant worked for Sankey off and on repairing small
         engines and troubleshooting computer problems. Appellant
         did not have a lease for or pay rent on any part of 11101
         Frankstown Road, nor did he indicate to Sankey that he was
         using the entire second floor as his living quarters.
____________________________________________


1
  Specifically, regarding the building and the layout of the offices, Sankey’s
testimony was as follows:

         Q: Can you explain to the [c]ourt what type of building
         11101 Frankstown Road is?

         A: Two lower floors is like a warehouse area. There is a
         main floor that used to be a used appliance store and a
         common stairway to the left that goes up to five different
         offices upstairs.

                                           ...

         Q: Explain to the [c]ourt when you go up to the top of that
         stairway what do you enter into?

         A: The short hallway[. Then] there are offices on the left,
         office on the right, and down the hallway there is an office
         on the left again and one on the right.

N.T. Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at 5-6 and 8.




                                           -2-
J-S04016-15


       [Further, Sankey testified that he never entered the second
       floor of the building while Appellant resided there and that
       he “assumed” that Appellant was occupying only one room
       in the building: the “room [] on the far left of the . . .
       [building, down the second floor] common hallway.” Id. at
       11.] Sankey had permitted Appellant to live at that address
       under this arrangement for a year and a half as of April 29,
       [2014].

          [fn.1] [The trial court] notes that nothing in this
          relationship would have precluded Sankey from entering
          11101 Frankstown [Road] to show any portion of the
          property to potential commercial tenants, nor would it
          preclude Sankey from forcing Appellant to leave the
          building at any time.

       On April 29, [2014], [Corporal Gerhard Goodyear and
       Corporal John Roche of the Pennsylvania State Police]
       arrived at the 11125 Frankstown [Road] address and told
       Sankey that one of his computers had been used to
       download child pornography. After the [corporals’] search
       of Sankey’s office computers at that address produced no
       evidence of child pornography, Sankey indicated that
       Appellant could be using the same wireless connection from
       Sankey’s adjacent property.      Accompanied by Sankey,
       [Corporals Goodyear and Roche] knocked on the exterior
       stairway door at 11101 Frankstown [Road]. Sankey also
       placed several phone calls to Appellant which went to voice
       mail. When no one answered the phone or door, Sankey
       obtained from his secretary the key to open [the main door.
       Sankey testified that he opened the door and allowed
       Corporals Goodyear and Roche access to the second floor.
       According to Sankey, he assumed that Corporals Goodyear
       and Roche “were going into the common area and going up
       to knock on [Appellant’s] room.” Id. at 15].

       Corporal [] Goodyear . . . testified that, with Sankey’s
       permission, he and Corporal [] Roche entered the vestibule
       area just inside the exterior door and proceeded up the
       stairs. [According to Corporal Goodyear, his expectation
       was that the “stairwell [was] a common area leading to
       [the] apartments [on the second floor]. . . . We were going
       to try and figure out which apartment [Appellant] lived in
       and knock on the door and speak to him.” Id. at 44. The

                                  -3-
J-S04016-15


         corporals walked up the stairwell and, a]t the entrance to
         the second floor hallway[,] they came into contact with
         Appellant, who was standing in the second floor hallway.
         [As Corporal Goodyear testified, while they were still in the
         hallway, Corporal Roche “explained to [Appellant] that
         [they] were in the middle of conducting an investigation.
         [Corporal Roche] didn’t tell [Appellant] specifically the
         nature of the investigation but asked him if he would be
         willing to talk to [them] and told [Appellant] he was under
         no obligation to do so.” Id. at 33. Appellant “said that was
         fine and he didn’t have a problem with it.” Id.]

         [After Appellant agreed to speak with the corporals,
         Corporal Goodyear realized that Appellant “had stuff in
         every room” on the second floor and computer equipment
         “in the general hallway.”   Id. at 36-37 and 42-43.[2]
____________________________________________


2
  Corporal Roche testified that, when he arrived at the top of the stairs, he
noticed that all of the second-floor office doors were open. N.T. Suppression
Hearing, 11/13/14, at 57. However, Corporal Roche did not provide a
specific time for when he realized Appellant was maintaining possessions
throughout the entire second floor. As Corporal Roche testified:

         after turning the corner and seeing all the doors and being
         surprised by [Appellant] walking out, I don’t know if I really
         made     the    connection  [that    Appellant   maintained
         possessions throughout the entire second floor] right there
         and then. I was more surprised of [Appellant] walking out.

         I thought this might be a threatening situation potentially. I
         was more concerned about my security. I’m now in an
         unexpected situation. And at that point it made sense to
         identify myself and ask [Appellant] if I could go sit
         somewhere with him and talk. . . .

         So at some point I made a connection this is not what I
         expected. This person is up here occupying the entire
         second floor by himself. I expected to walk up here and see
         a bunch of doors and get into that vestibule area like you
         would in any apartment complex and now here I sit
         standing in a completely open second floor and [Appellant]
         comes walking out.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)


                                           -4-
J-S04016-15


          Appellant invited the corporals into one of the rooms and,
          upon questioning by Corporals Goodyear and Roche],
          Appellant admitted to downloading child pornography.
          Corporal Roche testified substantially similar to Corporal
          Goodyear.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/14/15, at 3-4 (some internal citations and footnotes

omitted).

        Following Appellant’s arrest, the Commonwealth charged Appellant

with sexual abuse of children (dissemination of photographs, videotapes,

computer depictions and films), sexual abuse of children (intentionally

viewing or knowingly possessing child pornography), and criminal use of

communication facility.3

        Prior to trial, Appellant filed a suppression motion. Within this motion,

Appellant claimed that the entire second floor of the office complex at 11101

Frankstown Road constituted his personal residence. Appellant’s Motion to

Suppress, 11/4/14, at 2.          According to Appellant, since the police did not

have either a search warrant or Appellant’s consent to enter the residence,

their entry into the second floor of the office complex violated Appellant’s

constitutional right to be free from unlawful search and seizure.             Id.
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)


          At some point I made a connection that he’s living up here
          all by himself, and I didn’t get to a door where I could knock
          on it and ask to come in.

Id. at 57-58.
3
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6312(c), 6312(d), and 7512(a), respectively.




                                            -5-
J-S04016-15



Appellant claimed that the trial court must thus suppress all evidence that

was obtained as a result of the unlawful entry. Id. at 3.

      Following a hearing, the trial court denied Appellant’s motion to

suppress. As the learned trial court explained on the record, it denied the

motion for the following reasons:

        An awful lot of interesting issues here. One that I would
        point out to the owner of the building is that it’s unclear
        that this particular building is zoned for multiple family use
        of any sort.

        It is clearly, by the photograph offered, a retail
        establishment on the first floor and what the owner
        described as four to five separate offices, business offices
        upstairs. So that is an interesting issue for the landlord.

        The second issue would be what the owner of the building –
        and I’m not going to call him the landlord because there is
        no evidence this was a leased premises or even permitted
        to be a leased premises under the zoning ordinances in
        Penn Hills.

        The owner of the building had given [Appellant] permission
        to use one of the offices for an unspecified period of time at
        no rent while he was essentially homeless. Based on the
        owner’s description of the permission that he gave to use
        the upstairs of that building and his description that he gave
        vague permission to use an office up there for [Appellant’s]
        purposes and again the owner’s description that the
        bathrooms in that area were in the common area. It does
        again seem that this was not a residence of any sort or
        even an apartment building, but a business area.

        Further when [the police] go to it and knock on the
        downstairs door, the owner tells [the police that Appellant
        is] not going to hear [them] because [Appellant is] upstairs
        and assuming [Appellant is] in one of those offices with the
        door shut, I would imagine. Then you look inside the glass



                                    -6-
J-S04016-15


        door, which is again not common for a residence and see
        multiple mailboxes on the wall.

        So the officers entered, go upstairs with one expectation,
        that this is a business office area, turn the corner and find
        all of the doors open and see [Appellant]. Upon doing that,
        they identify themselves which is proper for everyone’s
        safety, the officers as well as [Appellant].       And then
        [Appellant] volunteers that “I just spoke to the owner and I
        was coming down to let you in.”

        It doesn’t seem logical to have them run down the stairs
        and say, “Sir, can we come in?” [Appellant] did not ask
        them to step out of the common hallway or say, “I don’t
        want you to come in.” He then invited them in. And you
        see the rest of the testimony that [Appellant] cooperated in
        the process.

        So I don’t see that the officers had any reason to believe
        they were doing anything other than entering a common
        area of a business with multiple offices upstairs. . . .

        [W]ith the information I have before me, including the case
        law provided, it does appear to me that the police believed
        they had permission from the owner of the business to
        enter a common area.

        . . . [T]he case law is clear that an owner of a business or
        an apartment complex can give permission to enter a
        common area. So I will deny the suppression [motion].

N.T. Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at 68-72.

      Appellant proceeded to a stipulated non-jury trial, after which the trial

court found Appellant guilty of all charged crimes. N.T. Trial, 11/13/14, at

88-89. On November 13, 2014, the trial court sentenced Appellant to serve

an aggregate term of three to six months in jail, followed by six years of

probation, for his convictions.




                                     -7-
J-S04016-15



      Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal; Appellant now raises one

claim to this Court:

           Whether the trial court erred in failing to grant [Appellant’s]
           motion to suppress when the troopers entered his residence
           without a search warrant or a valid consent to enter, and no
           other exception to the warrant requirement applied under
           the circumstances?

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (some internal capitalization omitted).

      “Once a motion to suppress evidence has been filed, it is the

Commonwealth’s burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that

the challenged evidence was not obtained in violation of the defendant’s

rights.”     Commonwealth v. Wallace, 42 A.3d 1040, 1047-1048 (Pa.

Super. 2012) (en banc); see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H). With respect to an

appeal from the denial of a motion to suppress, our Supreme Court has

declared:

           Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial
           court’s denial of a suppression motion is whether the factual
           findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
           conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. When
           reviewing the ruling of a suppression court, we must
           consider only the evidence of the prosecution and so much
           of the evidence of the defense as remains uncontradicted
           when read in the context of the record. . . . Where the
           record supports the findings of the suppression court, we
           are bound by those facts and may reverse only if the legal
           conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.

Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d 1122, 1134 (Pa. 2007) (internal

citations omitted).     “It is within the suppression court’s sole province as

factfinder to pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given



                                        -8-
J-S04016-15



their testimony.”     Commonwealth v. Gallagher, 896 A.2d 583, 585 (Pa.

Super. 2006).        Moreover, we note that our scope of review from a

suppression ruling is limited to the evidentiary record that was created at

the suppression hearing.4 In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1087 (Pa. 2013).

       We have explained:

         Although [a]ppellant was charged with a possessory offense
         and as such has automatic standing to challenge the
         suppression of the items seized, it was appropriate for the
         [suppression] court to first examine the question of
         Appellant's privacy interest in the place searched. See
         Commonwealth v. Peterson, 636 A.2d 615, 617 (Pa.
         1993)[; see also Commonwealth v. Enimpah, 106 A.3d
         695, 701-702 (Pa. 2014) (“it is worth noting that in
         analyzing the merits of a suppression motion, the
         [suppression] court may, indeed, treat the defendant's
         privacy interest as a “threshold” or “preliminary” matter.
         That is to say, if the evidence shows there was no privacy
         interest, the Commonwealth need prove no more; in terms
         of the court's review, it need go no further if it finds the
         defendant has not proven a reasonable expectation of
         privacy.”)]. Both Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
         Constitution and the Fourth Amendment of the United
____________________________________________


4
  On October 30, 2013, our Supreme Court decided In re L.J. In L.J., our
Supreme Court held that our scope of review from a suppression ruling is
limited to the evidentiary record that was created at the suppression
hearing. In re L.J., 79 A.3d at 1087. Prior to L.J., this Court routinely held
that, when reviewing a suppression court’s ruling, our scope of review
included “the evidence presented both at the suppression hearing and at
trial.” See Commonwealth v. Charleston, 16 A.3d 505, 516 (Pa. Super.
2011), quoting Commonwealth v. Chacko, 459 A.2d 311, 317 n.5 (Pa.
1983). L.J. thus narrowed our scope of review of suppression court rulings
to the evidence presented at the suppression hearing.           In this case,
Appellant’s suppression hearing occurred after L.J. was decided. Therefore,
the procedural rule announced in L.J. applies to the case at bar.




                                           -9-
J-S04016-15


        States Constitution have been interpreted as protecting
        zones where an individual enjoys a reasonable expectation
        of privacy. Commonwealth v. Parker, 619 A.2d 735, 737
        (Pa. Super. 1993). While the Pennsylvania Constitution
        may be employed to guard individual privacy rights against
        unreasonable searches and seizures more zealously than
        the federal law, an individual’s expectation of privacy in the
        place searched must be established to invoke constitutional
        protection. Commonwealth v. Melilli, 555 A.2d 1254,
        1258 (Pa. 1989). “[I]n order for a defendant accused of a
        possessory crime to prevail in a challenge to the search and
        seizure which provided the evidence used against him, he
        must, as a threshold matter, establish that he has a legally
        cognizable expectation of privacy in the premises which
        were searched.” Commonwealth v. Strickland, 707 A.2d
        531, 534 (Pa. Super. 1998), quoting Commonwealth v.
        Carlton, 701 A.2d 143, 145-146 (Pa. 1997).

        An expectation of privacy will be found to exist when the
        individual exhibits an actual or subjective expectation of
        privacy and that expectation is one that society is prepared
        to recognize as reasonable. Commonwealth v. Jones,
        874 A.2d 108, 118 (Pa. Super. 2005). In determining
        whether a person's expectation of privacy is legitimate or
        reasonable, the totality of the circumstances must be
        considered and the determination will ultimately rest upon a
        balancing of the societal interests involved. Peterson, 636
        A.2d at 619.        “The constitutional legitimacy of an
        expectation of privacy is not dependent on the subjective
        intent of the individual asserting the right but on whether
        the expectation is reasonable in light of all the surrounding
        circumstances.” Jones, 874 A.2d at 118.

Commonwealth v. Viall, 890 A.2d 419, 421-422 (Pa. Super. 2005)

(parallel citations omitted).

      On appeal, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in concluding that

he was given permission to occupy only one of the offices on the second

floor of the building – and, in further concluding that the second-floor

entryway and hallway were “common areas” of the building.          Appellant’s

                                    - 10 -
J-S04016-15


Brief at 14; see also N.T. Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at 72. According

to Appellant, “[t]he facts in the instant case plainly establish[] that

[Appellant’s] residence consisted of the entire second floor of the building.”

Appellant’s Brief at 28. Starting from this premise, Appellant then writes:

        [a]lthough Sankey had the ability to enter the second floor
        for inspection and maintenance purposes, he did not have
        the authority to allow the police to search or enter
        [Appellant’s] residence.     Because the [police] entered
        [Appellant’s] residence without a warrant or [] valid
        consent, and since no other exception to the warrant
        requirement was applicable, [Appellant’s] [] federal and
        state constitutional rights against unreasonable searches
        and seizures were violated.      And because the [police]
        obtained the evidence against [Appellant] . . . only as a
        result of their illegal search and entry, the “fruit of the
        poisonous tree” doctrine required that the evidence be
        suppressed.

Id. at 28-29 (internal emphasis omitted).

      Here, Appellant was charged with a possessory offense; thus,

Appellant has automatic standing to challenge the search.           However,

Appellant’s claim fails because Appellant did not have a reasonable

expectation of privacy in either the entryway to the second floor or the

second-floor hallway.

      To begin, we note:

        A lease embraces any agreement, whether express or
        implied, which gives rise to the relationship of landlord and
        tenant. When the facts are not in dispute[,] the existence
        of the landlord and tenant relation is a question of law for
        the court. A tenant is one who occupies the premises of
        another in subordination to the other's title and with his
        assent, express or implied. The agreement may be in
        writing or parol and the reservation of rent is not essential

                                    - 11 -
J-S04016-15


        to the creation of the landlord and tenant relation. . . .
        [T]his Court [has] found the existence of a lease even
        though there was no written lease, nor was rent ever paid.
        [See Lasher v. Redevelopment Auth., 236 A.2d 831, 833
        (Pa. Super. 1967)].

Mirizio v. Joseph, 4 A.3d 1073, 1089 (Pa. Super. 2010) (internal citations,

quotations, and corrections omitted).

     In this case, the trial court concluded that Sankey permitted Appellant

to live in only one of the offices on the building’s second floor.      N.T.

Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at 69 (“[t]he owner of the building had

given [Appellant] permission to use one of the offices for an unspecified

period of time at no rent while he was essentially homeless”).          This

conclusion is thoroughly supported by the record. Indeed, Sankey testified

that, when he invited Appellant to stay in the office building, he provided

Appellant with the following offer: “I have some rooms on the second floor.

You can have one of those rooms.” N.T. Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at

10 (emphasis added).    Sankey testified that Appellant accepted this offer.

Id. (“And I said, ‘I have some rooms on the second floor. You can have

one of those rooms.’ And he took it.”). Thus, Sankey expressly assented to

– and Appellant accepted – a relationship where Appellant would occupy only

one of the rooms on the building’s second floor.

     Further, the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that Sankey

did not impliedly assent to Appellant’s occupancy of the entire second floor.

As Appellant notes, it is true that Sankey provided Appellant with a key to


                                   - 12 -
J-S04016-15


the front door of the building – and not to a specific room on the second

floor. Appellant’s Brief at 19; see also N.T. Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14,

at 16. However, there is no evidence that Sankey knew or had a reason to

know that Appellant was occupying more than one room on the second floor.

See, e.g., RESTATEMENT (SECOND)    OF   CONTRACTS § 19(2) (“[t]he conduct of a

party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to

engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that the other party

may infer from his conduct that he assents”).           First, Appellant never

informed Sankey that he was occupying the entire second floor of the

building.   N.T. Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at 11.         Second, Sankey

testified that he assumed Appellant was living in the second floor’s “far left”

office because he only “saw the lights on [in] the [building’s far] left” office.

Id. Finally, even on April 29, 2014, when Sankey allowed the police entry

into the building, Sankey believed that Appellant was occupying only one

room on the second floor. Certainly, as Sankey testified at the suppression

hearing, when he allowed Corporals Goodyear and Roche into the building on

April 29, 2014, he assumed the corporals “were going into the common area

and going up to knock on [Appellant’s] room.” Id. at 15.

      Given this evidence, Appellant is incorrect to claim that “[t]he facts in

the instant case plainly establish[] that [Appellant’s] residence consisted of

the entire second floor of the building.” Appellant’s Brief at 28. Rather, in

accordance with our standard of review, we conclude that the record


                                     - 13 -
J-S04016-15


supports the trial court’s conclusion that Sankey assented to Appellant’s

occupancy of only one office on the second floor of the building – and that

Appellant’s residence did not encompass the entrance to the second floor or

the second-floor hallway.5

       Further, we conclude that the record supports the trial court’s

conclusion that the second-floor entryway and hallway were “common areas”

of the building, where Appellant did not possess a legitimate expectation of

privacy. See N.T. Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at 72.

       As this Court has held, a tenant does not have a legitimate expectation

of privacy in the common hallway and stairs of a multiunit apartment

building. Commonwealth v. Reed, 851 A.2d 958, 962 (Pa. Super. 2004).

Our holding in Reed was based upon the fact that a tenant simply does not

____________________________________________


5
   Within Appellant’s brief to this Court, Appellant makes much of the fact
that Sankey provided him with a key to the front door of the building – and
not to a specific room on the second floor. Appellant’s Brief at 19; see also
N.T. Suppression Hearing, 11/13/14, at 16. According to Appellant, this
evidence proves that Sankey gave him permission to “set up residence
throughout the entire second floor.” Appellant’s Brief at 19. However, as
explained above, Sankey explicitly testified that he permitted Appellant to
live in only one of the offices on the second floor. Further, Sankey testified
that, during the entirety of Appellant’s stay, Sankey believed that Appellant
was occupying only one office in the building. Moreover, we note that
Appellant did not testify at the suppression hearing. Therefore, the record
does not contain any testimony from Appellant that would contradict
Sankey’s testimony regarding their contractual relationship.             See
Strickland, 707 A.2d at 534 (holding that the defendant has the burden of
establishing that he had an expectation of privacy in the premises that were
searched).




                                          - 14 -
J-S04016-15


have the “right to exclude” residents or other authorized individuals from

accessing the shared areas in an apartment building. The Reed Court held:

        The crucial distinction between protected and unprotected
        areas . . . is whether an unrelated person has unfettered
        access to the area. If even one unrelated person has an
        unfettered right to access an area, the area is not protected
        in Pennsylvania from government searches and seizures.

Id. (internal footnotes omitted).

      In this case, Sankey permitted Appellant – and Appellant agreed – to

live in one of the five offices on the second floor. Given this agreement, it

would have been unreasonable for Appellant to have believed that he had a

right to exclude Sankey, Sankey’s agents, or any other individual from

accessing the second-floor entryway or the second-floor hallway.        To be

sure, at the very least, Sankey possessed the unrestrained right to enter the

second floor of his building, walk down the second-floor hallway, and occupy

the four remaining offices on the second floor. Further, Sankey possessed

the unrestrained ability to lease the four remaining offices to anyone, at any

time, and without informing Appellant. Finally, Sankey possessed the right

to allow anyone access to any of the four remaining offices, at any time –

thus, a reasonable person would have been aware that, at any time, an

individual could enter the second floor and walk down the hallway to access

one of the four remaining offices.

      As such, we conclude that Appellant did not have the right to exclude

authorized individuals from the second-floor entryway or the second-floor


                                     - 15 -
J-S04016-15


hallway and that, under the totality of the circumstances in this case,

Appellant did not possess a legitimate expectation of privacy in those

common areas.6 See also Commonwealth v. Gordon, 683 A.2d 253 (Pa.

1996) (holding that the defendant did not establish that he had a legitimate

expectation of privacy in the dining room of an abandoned house, as the

defendant did not establish that he had a right to exclude others from the
____________________________________________


6
  Appellant analogizes his case to our opinion in Commonwealth v. Davis,
743 A.2d 946 (Pa. Super. 2009). In Davis, we held that – even if a landlord
has the right to enter a tenant’s apartment for maintenance and inspection
purposes – the landlord does not have the ability to consent to a police
search of his tenant’s apartment. The Davis Court explained:

         [The landlord’s] right to occupancy [of the defendant’s
         apartment] was neither equivalent to nor greater than [the
         defendant’s]. The fact that [the landlord] had authority
         under the lease to enter the apartment to inspect or repair
         the premises and had given notice of the up-coming
         inspection did not permit the police to disregard [the
         defendant’s] Fourth Amendment rights by accepting [the
         landlord’s] invitation to enter the apartment, thereby
         subjecting [the defendant] to an unreasonable search and
         seizure of evidence.

Id. at 951.

Davis does not apply to the case at bar because, in this case, Appellant did
not have a contractual right to live in more than one of the rooms on the
second floor, to occupy the second-floor hallway, or to exclude authorized
persons from the remaining offices on the second floor. Instead, Sankey
retained the right to occupy – or to allow others to occupy or visit – the
remaining offices on the second floor and, thus, the right to utilize the
second-floor entryway and hallway. Therefore, since Appellant did not
possess a contractual right to control the second-floor entryway or hallway –
and since Sankey did have that right – Davis is inapposite to the case at
bar.




                                          - 16 -
J-S04016-15


room). Therefore, we conclude that Appellant’s claim – that the corporals’

entry into the second floor of the office building violated his constitutional

right to be free from unlawful search and seizure – fails.7

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

       Judge Bowes joins this Memorandum.

       Judge Strassburger files a Concurring Memorandum.




Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 2/9/2016




____________________________________________


7
  Further, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that, “even if the [police]
did not have actual authority to enter the [second-floor entryway or
hallway,] the [police] would have been able to enter under the apparent
authority rule enunciated under Commonwealth v. Blair, 575 A.2d 593
(Pa. Super. 1990).” Trial Court Opinion, 4/14/15, at 6 n.4.



                                          - 17 -
