                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                    Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
                             _________________

                              NO. 09-11-00658-CV
                             _________________

     IN RE COMMITMENT OF WILLIAM ERNEST WASHINGTON

________________________________________________________________________

                   On Appeal from the 435th District Court
                        Montgomery County, Texas
                      Trial Cause No. 11-05-05226-CV
________________________________________________________________________

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      The State of Texas filed a petition to civilly commit William Earnest

Washington as a sexually violent predator under the Sexually Violent Predator Act.

See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 841.001-.151 (West 2010 & Supp. 2012)

(SVP statute). A jury found Washington suffers from a behavioral abnormality

that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. Id. §

841.003. The trial court entered a final judgment and an order of civil commitment

under the Act. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




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      Washington raises four issues on appeal. Washington argues that the Texas

Supreme Court‟s recent construction of the SVP statute renders the statute facially

unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment, the trial court erred by allowing

testimony regarding the details of the underlying offenses in violation of Texas

Rule of Evidence 705(d), and the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to

support the judgment.

                     I.     CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE

      In his first issue, Washington contends that in In re Commitment of

Bohannan the Texas Supreme Court construed the SVP statute in a manner that

“eliminated the requirement of a mental illness[.]”           See generally In re

Commitment of Bohannan, 388 S.W.3d 296, 306 (Tex. 2012) (addressing the

relevance of a “medical diagnosis” in determining whether a person is a sexually

violent predator under the statute). Washington argues that the Supreme Court‟s

construction of the SVP statute renders the statute “facially unconstitutional” under

the Fourteenth Amendment‟s due process clause. We disagree with Washington‟s

reading of the Texas Supreme Court‟s decision in Bohannan. In In re Commitment

of Anderson, we recently stated “[w]e do not read the Bohannan opinion as

eliminating a statutory requirement, or as altering the proof required under the

statute to find that a person is a sexually violent predator.” In re Commitment of

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Anderson, 392 S.W.3d 878, 886 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2013, pet. denied). We

recognized that the Supreme Court in Bohannan did not “change the statute or

render it unconstitutional.” Id. at 885. We overrule Washington‟s first issue.

                          II.   ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE

      In his second issue, Washington argues that the trial court erred in allowing

testimony regarding the details of Washington‟s underlying offenses to be admitted

into evidence. Washington contends that the facts regarding his past offenses do

not have “any bearing on whether [he] suffers from a behavioral abnormality[,]”

and were used instead to inflame the jury.

      The admission of evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion

standard. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex.

1998); In re Commitment of Salazar, No. 09-07-345 CV, 2008 WL 4998273, at *2

(Tex. App.—Beaumont Nov. 26, 2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.). A trial court

abuses its discretion when it acts without reference to any guiding rules or

principles. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558

(Tex. 1995). A judgment will not be reversed based on the admission of evidence

unless the appellant establishes that the trial court‟s ruling was in error and that the

error was reasonably calculated to cause and probably did cause the rendition of an



                                           3
improper judgment. Salazar, 2008 WL 4998273, at *2; see also Tex. R. App. P.

44.1 (a).

      Under Rule 705 of the Rules of Evidence, an expert may disclose on direct

examination, or be required to disclose on cross-examination, the underlying facts

or data on which he bases his opinion. Tex. R. Evid. 705(a); In re Commitment of

Yaw, No. 09-08-042 CV, 2008 WL 5096511, at *1 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Dec. 4,

2008, no pet.) (mem. op.). Rule 705(d) provides as follows:

      When the underlying facts or data would be inadmissible in evidence,
      the court shall exclude the underlying facts or data if the danger that
      they will be used for a purpose other than as explanation or support
      for the expert‟s opinion outweighs their value as explanation or
      support or are unfairly prejudicial. If otherwise inadmissible facts or
      data are disclosed before the jury, a limiting instruction by the court
      shall be given upon request.

Tex. R. Evid. 705(d). “When an expert relies upon hearsay in forming his opinion,

and it is of a type reasonably relied upon by such experts, the jury is generally

permitted to hear it.” Salazar, 2008 WL 4998273, at *4.

      Dr. Antoinette McGarrahan, a forensic psychologist, testified for the State.

Dr. McGarrahan explained that the facts related to Washington‟s past offenses

were relevant to her determination of whether Washington has a behavioral

abnormality. She stated that information contained in the records relating to past

behavior is generally relied upon by experts in her field in making these types of

                                        4
determinations. Dr. McGarrahan testified regarding Washington‟s criminal history

and the facts related to his sexual and non-sexual offenses. She considered the

details of Washington‟s offenses as part of a “behavior pattern” that was relevant

to her determination of whether he has a behavioral abnormality.

      The State‟s forensic psychiatrist, Dr. David Self, briefly testified to the facts

related to Washington‟s offenses. Like Dr. McGarrahan, Dr. Self testified that

historical information, such as the information found in Washington‟s records, is

important in determining how a behavioral issue has presented itself over the

course of a lifetime, across different environments. Dr. Self considered

Washington‟s past criminal history, including both convictions and non-conviction

offenses, in reaching his opinion. Dr. Self testified regarding facts related to

Washington‟s sexual offenses that he found relevant in his analysis and explained

that these facts showed a “stark pattern,” such as the fact that all the victims were

adolescent girls approximately fifteen years of age, that Washington frequented

school grounds and places where there were adolescent children, and that he had a

habit of portraying himself as an adolescent even into his mid-twenties.

      Washington objected to the introduction of any testimony from the records

as hearsay, and argued that the prejudicial nature of that evidence substantially

outweighed its probative value. At Washington‟s request, the trial court gave the

                                          5
jury a limiting instruction during Dr. McGarrahan‟s testimony. The trial court

instructed the jury that “hearsay is normally not admissible. However, certain

information obtained in records and reviewed by experts is allowed into evidence

through the expert‟s testimony[,]” and “is admitted for the purpose of showing the

basis of the expert‟s opinion.”     The trial court provided a virtually identical

limiting instruction during Dr. Self‟s testimony.     The trial court provided an

additional limiting instruction in the jury charge, wherein the court stated that

hearsay information contained in the records reviewed by the experts and admitted

before the jury “was admitted only for the purpose of showing the basis of the

experts‟ opinion[s] and cannot be considered as evidence to prove the truth of the

matter asserted.”

      Trial courts have the discretion to admit the underlying facts or data on

which the expert has based his opinion. See Tex. R. Evid. 705(d); Boswell v.

Brazos Elec. Power Coop., Inc., 910 S.W.2d 593, 602 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

1995, writ denied).     Washington did not object to the trial court‟s limiting

instructions, nor did he request different or additional instructions at the time the

limiting instructions were given. Further, Washington did not object to the limiting

instruction contained in the jury charge.



                                            6
      We conclude the trial court properly applied Rule 705(d) by providing the

jury with limiting instructions. See Tex. R. Evid. 705(d). We presume the jury

followed the court‟s limiting instructions. See Day, 342 S.W.3d at 199; Yaw, 2008

WL 5096511, at *3 (citing Turner, Collie & Braden, Inc. v. Brookhollow, Inc., 642

S.W.2d 160, 167 (Tex. 1982)). Additionally, the trial court could have reasonably

concluded that the evidence at issue would help the jury understand how the

State‟s experts formed their opinions that Washington suffers from a behavioral

abnormality. Both experts explained the facts they considered in forming their

opinions and how those facts influenced their opinions. Considering the purpose

for which the facts related to Washington‟s offenses were admitted into evidence,

the trial court could have reasonably concluded that this evidence was not unfairly

prejudicial.   See In re Commitment of Ford, No. 09-11-00425-CV, 2012 WL

983323, at *2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Mar. 22, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); Day,

342 S.W.3d at 199. We overrule Washington‟s second issue.

                    III.   SUFFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE


      In issues three and four, Washington argues that the evidence is legally and

factually insufficient to support a finding that Washington suffers from a

behavioral abnormality.



                                        7
                                 A. Applicable Law

      Under the SVP statute, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

“the person is a sexually violent predator.” Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §

841.062(a). The SVP statute defines “sexually violent predator” as a person who

“(1) is a repeat sexually violent offender; and (2) suffers from a behavioral

abnormality that makes the person likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual

violence.” Id. § 841.003(a). The statute defines “„behavioral abnormality‟” as “a

congenital or acquired condition that, by affecting a person‟s emotional or

volitional capacity, predisposes the person to commit a sexually violent offense, to

the extent that the person becomes a menace to the health and safety of another

person.” Id. § 841.002(2).

      Because the SVP statute employs a beyond-a-reasonable-doubt burden of

proof, when reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we must assess all the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any

rational trier of fact could find, beyond a reasonable doubt, the elements required

for commitment under the statute. In re Commitment of Mullens, 92 S.W.3d 881,

885 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, pet. denied); In re Commitment of Myers, 350

S.W.3d 122, 130 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2011, pet. denied). It is the responsibility

of the trier of fact to fairly resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the

                                         8
evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.

Mullens, 92 S.W.3d at 887; Myers, 350 S.W.3d at 130. In reviewing the factual

sufficiency of the evidence in an SVP commitment case, we must weigh the

evidence to determine whether a verdict that is supported by legally sufficient

evidence nevertheless reflects a risk of injustice that compels ordering a new trial.

Day, 342 S.W.3d at 213; Myers, 350 S.W.3d at 130.

                                   B. The Testimony

      Dr. McGarrahan testified that in addition to reviewing over 1800 pages of

records, she met with Washington for approximately two and a half hours. Dr.

McGarrahan stated that her evaluation and interview were conducted in accordance

with her training as a psychologist and accepted standards in the field of

psychology. She testified regarding Washington‟s lengthy criminal history and

sexual offenses he committed against four different girls when each girl was

approximately fifteen years old.

      Dr. McGarrahan told the jury that the record contained evidence that when

Washington was twenty-four years old he impregnated a fifteen-year-old girl after

engaging in a sexual relationship with her for several months. Washington was not

prosecuted for this offense. Later Washington was charged with sexual assault of a

child, indecency with a child, and injury to a child for an incident that occurred

                                         9
with another fifteen-year-old girl. Though he was twenty-five years old at the

time, Washington told the victim he was nineteen. Washington was on probation

for credit card abuse at the time of this offense. Washington pled guilty to injury

to a child, and the other counts were dismissed. He was sentenced to two years in

prison but received shock probation. He served six months and was released on

probation. While on probation for credit card abuse, Washington was also charged

with aggravated robbery.      However this charge was dismissed in lieu of his

conviction for injury to a child.

      At age twenty-seven, Washington was charged with four counts of sexual

assault against a third victim, another fifteen-year-old girl. He was on probation at

that time for his prior conviction of injury to a child. The records related to this

offense indicate that Washington picked up the victim and a friend and offered to

take them to McDonalds. Instead Washington took the girls to his house where

“he made them drink several shots of alcohol” and sexually assaulted one of them.

Dr. McGarrahan testified that according to the records the girls alleged that “the

door was locked on the inside with a key[,]” which prevented them from leaving

until Washington fell asleep and they were able to locate the key. The third

victim‟s mother did not bring charges against Washington until he was arrested for

sexual assault against a fourth fifteen-year-old girl. The fourth victim alleged that

                                         10
Washington gave her alcohol and prescription pills and then raped her.

Washington pled guilty to one count of sexual assault and was sentenced to ten

years confinement. Washington also pled guilty to one count of sexual assault of a

child for the offense committed against his third victim and was also sentenced to

ten years confinement in that case. Dr. McGarrahan further testified that the

records indicated there were four additional high school girls who made sexual

assault complaints against Washington; however, these complaints did not result in

convictions. Dr. McGarrahan testified that the evidence in the record established

that Washington “was perusing the five local high schools to pick up these young

girls.”

          Dr. McGarrahan also testified regarding Washington‟s behavior problems in

prison. Dr. McGarrahan discussed disciplinaries Washington received in prison,

and explained that Washington received several for attempting to establish

inappropriate relationships with female guards and two for sexual misconduct. Dr.

McGarrahan explained that this is evidence of Washington‟s “difficulty

establishing boundaries.”      In addition to reviewing records and meeting with

Washington, Dr. McGarrahan performed actuarial tests on Washington. She

testified that actuarial tests look “at characteristics of the individual that [have]

been proven to be risk factors” for re-offense. On the Static-99, Washington

                                          11
scored a six, which puts him in a high risk category for engaging in sexual violent

offenses in the future. On the Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-Revised,

Washington scored a ten, which also corresponds to a high level of risk for

engaging in a sexually violent offense after release. On the HARE psychology

checklist, Washington scored a 31, which indicates a very high level of

psychopathic characteristics.

      According to Dr. McGarrahan, Washington “has a great deal of sexual

deviancy[,]” and a “significant degree of psychopathy . . . that allows him to

violate the rights of others easily and not feel bad about it.” Dr. McGarrahan stated

that Washington‟s sexual deviancy and psychopathy is untreated. Dr. McGarrahan

noted that just a few months before trial Washington was disciplined for following

around a female officer, trying to talk to her. She testified that Washington has

difficulty controlling his impulses, difficulty making good decisions, and that he

has not learned from the consequences of his actions. Dr. McGarrahan told the

jury that Washington‟s sexual deviancy, combined with his psychopathic

characteristics, put Washington at a high risk to engage in sexually-violent

behavior after his release. Dr. McGarrahan testified that using the definition of

behavioral abnormality as defined by the statute, it is her opinion that Washington



                                         12
has a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of

sexual violence when he is released.

      Like Dr. McGarrahan, Dr. Self also testified that the records indicated that

Washington frequented school grounds and other places where young girls

gathered, and that he had a habit of portraying himself as an adolescent even into

his mid-twenties. All of Washington‟s victims were young adolescent girls,

approximately fifteen years of age, and he exhibited a pattern of trying to seduce

them by intoxication. Dr. Self discussed Washington‟s psychopathic characteristics

and his poor institutional adjustment. Like Dr. McGarrahan, Dr. Self

acknowledged that Washington‟s disciplinary cases for attempting to establish

inappropriate relationships with female officers show a continuing problem with

boundaries. Dr. Self also testified that committing offenses while on supervised

release evidences a low level of self control.

      Dr. Self testified that he diagnosed Washington with paraphilia not

otherwise specified with antisocial, narcissistic, and psychopathic traits. Dr. Self

explained these diagnoses to the jury and agreed that these conditions do not

“spontaneously [go] away.” Dr. Self testified that Washington is “in a group that‟s

at a pretty high risk” to reoffend. Dr. Self also testified that in his opinion,



                                          13
Washington has a behavioral abnormality as defined by the Texas Health and

Safety Code.

      The State also called Washington as a witness at trial. Washington told the

jury that he does not need sex offender treatment and that he has been treating

himself for the last nine and a half years.

                                       C. Analysis

      “[P]roof of serious difficulty in controlling behavior” is required in order to

civilly commit a defendant under a SVP statute. See Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S.

407, 413, 122 S. Ct. 867, 151 L. Ed. 2d 856 (2002). The inability to control

behavior “must be sufficient to distinguish the dangerous sexual offender whose

serious mental illness, abnormality, or disorder subjects him to civil commitment

from the dangerous but typical recidivist convicted in an ordinary criminal case.”

Id. Washington asserts that “[t]he only evidence the State presented at trial that

[he] currently has either a „condition‟ or serious difficulty controlling his behavior

was conclusory expert testimony.” Washington further contends the State‟s experts

did not offer a basis supporting their opinions that Washington currently has a

“condition” or serious difficulty controlling his behavior. We disagree.

      Serious difficulty controlling behavior can be inferred from an individual‟s

past behavior, his own testimony, and the experts‟ testimony. In re Commitment of

                                          14
Mosqueda, No. 09-10-00540-CV, 2011 WL 5988361, at *1 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont Dec. 1, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also In re Commitment of

Martinez, No. 09-05-493-CV, 2006 WL 2439752, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

Aug. 24, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.). The record contains evidence that Washington

sexually assaulted at least four adolescent girls, and there are potentially four other

adolescent victims. Many of Washington‟s offenses were committed while he was

under supervision while on probation for prior offenses. Both experts testified that

Washington exhibited a pattern in the commission of his offenses. Both experts

discussed Washington‟s sexual deviancy and psychopathic characteristics. Dr.

McGarrahan specifically testified that Washington‟s “sexual deviancy remains

current, that his psychopathy or psychopathic characteristics remain current, that

he hasn‟t learned from negative consequences that come about from [his]

behaviors[.]” Dr. Self testified that he diagnosed Washington with paraphilia not

otherwise specified, non-consenting adolescents, and personality disorder, not

otherwise specified with antisocial, narcissistic, and psychopathic traits. Dr. Self

opined that Washington‟s sexual deviancy was “not going to go away,” and, at

most, with treatment Washington could “learn to avoid the circumstances that

make it likely for him to offend and given him strategies to avoid it.”



                                          15
      In addition, both experts testified regarding the disciplinaries Washington

received in prison for attempting to establish inappropriate relationships, as well as

his sexual misconduct. The jury heard testimony concerning Washington‟s risk

factors, actuarial test scores, criminal history, diagnoses, repeated sexual offenses,

and his continued issues recognizing and establishing appropriate boundaries while

in prison.   The record established that Washington has never undergone sex

offender treatment, nor does he believe he needs treatment. Both experts testified

in their opinion, Washington has a behavioral abnormality that affects his

emotional or volitional capacity.

      We conclude that both experts presented evidence-based support for their

opinions. See Day, 342 S.W.3d at 206. In addition, the State submitted proof

during the trial that Washington has serious difficulty controlling his behavior.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury‟s verdict, a rational

jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Washington has a behavioral

abnormality that makes him likely to commit a predatory act of sexual violence.

See Mullens, 92 S.W.3d at 887. In addition, weighing all the evidence, the verdict

does not reflect a risk of injustice that would compel ordering a new trial. See

Day, 342 S.W.3d at 213. Accordingly, we overrule issues three and four.



                                         16
      Having overruled all of Washington‟s appellate issues, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

      AFFIRMED.



                                             ___________________________
                                                 CHARLES KREGER
                                                       Justice

Submitted on November 26, 2012
Opinion Delivered June 13, 2013

Before McKeithen, C.J., Gaultney and Kreger, JJ.




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