               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 16a0211n.06

                                    Case Nos. 14-3905/3906
                                                                                      FILED
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Apr 15, 2016
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                        DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk


ALEX LEFEVER (14-3906); VIRGINIA                   )
LEFEVER (14-3905),                                 )
                                                   )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                      )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                   )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v.                                                 )       THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                   )       OHIO
JAMES FERGUSON, et al.,                            )
                                                   )
       Defendants-Appellees.                       )




       BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, COOK, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       COOK, Circuit Judge.       More than 20 years after convicting Virginia LeFever of

murdering her estranged husband, William LeFever, an Ohio trial court granted a new trial upon

learning that the toxicologist whose forensic testimony implicated Virginia pleaded no contest to

falsification charges for lying about his graduation date in prior proceedings. County authorities

have since released Virginia from custody and declined to retry her, dismissing the underlying

indictment without prejudice.

       Virginia and her son Alex both sued various county officials and the relevant

municipalities under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pertinent to this appeal, Virginia asserts concealment of

impeachment and exculpatory evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963),

and challenges the district court’s grants of qualified immunity on those claims to the former
Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


chief toxicologist of the Franklin County Coroner’s Office James Ferguson, former Licking

County coroner Dr. Robert Raker, and City of Newark detective Ken Ballantine. Alex alleges

that the defendants violated his right to familial integrity by wrongfully convicting his mother

and contests the district court’s orders dismissing and granting summary judgment on his

familial-integrity claim.

       For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grants of summary judgment

on qualified-immunity grounds to Ferguson, Dr. Raker, and Ballantine in Virginia’s case and its

denial of Virginia’s summary judgment motion against Ferguson, as well as AFFIRM the

dismissal of, and grants of summary judgment on, Alex’s claim.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

A. Ohio’s Murder Case Against Virginia

       Shortly before Virginia’s and William’s final divorce hearing, William visited the family

home for dinner. After dinner and into the following day he displayed increasingly erratic and

combative behavior. Virginia eventually called paramedics claiming to have discovered several

pills missing from an old Elavil (antidepressant) prescription bottle. Nonetheless, William died.

Before he died of cardio-pulmonary arrest, however, he told a hospital nurse competing stories

regarding the pills: (1) that he “couldn’t cope any more” and took them, and (2) that Virginia

forced them on him.

       The Licking County Coroner’s Office, led by Dr. Raker, investigated the alleged

overdose and upon finding numerous bruises on the corpse—unusual for an overdose suicide—

contacted Detective Ballantine.     Dr. Raker ordered a forensic autopsy, which required

transferring William’s corpse from Licking County to the Franklin County Coroner’s Office

(FCCO).

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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


       Franklin County’s Chief of Forensic Pathology, Dr. Patrick Fardal, performed this

autopsy and Ferguson performed a toxicology analysis. Thereafter, FCCO returned William’s

body to Dr. Raker’s custody. The initial toxicology results led Ferguson to suspect that Virginia

injected William with amitriptyline, a key ingredient in the antidepressant Elavil, so Ferguson

requested that Dr. Raker examine William’s body for intramuscular injection sites. Dr. Raker

found one suspicious injection site on William’s left buttock and sent Ferguson a biopsy from

that site for toxicology testing. Tests revealed amitriptyline in the suspicious injection site and in

William’s lower colon, indicative of both intramuscular injection and rectal administration.

Ferguson also discovered two types of strychnine-poisoned rodent bait in William’s colon. At

the conclusion of the autopsy and toxicology analysis, FCCO issued a report concluding that

William died from exposure to amitriptyline.

       The Newark Police Department’s investigation uncovered hypodermic needles and

syringes, rodent-killing poison, and charred remains from “Smoke’em” fumigation pesticides in

Virginia’s home. Interviews with LeFever’s young children revealed that the day before William

died, Virginia lit one of the “Smoke’em” pesticides in a bedroom while he slept and then left

with the children and family cat. Relying on the physical evidence, witness statements, and

autopsy report, the Licking County Prosecutor obtained an indictment from a grand jury in

November 1988.

       Before Virginia’s trial, Ferguson and Director of Forensic Toxicology Dr. Daniel Couri

(also associated with FCCO) issued a supplemental toxicology report (Supplemental Report)

noting that arsenic and sulfur oxides, the primary gas generated by “Smoke’em” pesticides,

contributed to William’s death. The Supplemental Report found arsenic in William’s hair, nails,

kidney, heart, and liver.


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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


        Ultimately, the Supplemental Report concluded that William “died as a consequence of

multiple administration of toxic agents,” with amitriptyline poisoning as the “immediate cause.”

In response, Dr. Raker issued a supplemental death certificate listing acute amitriptyline and

nortriptyline poisoning by intramuscular injection as the primary cause of William’s death, now

classified as a homicide. It further recorded acute poisoning by sulfur oxide, arsenic, and

strychnine via pulmonary and rectal routes, as well as chronic arsenic poisoning via an oral route

as other significant conditions.

        Following a bench trial, an Ohio court convicted Virginia of murder. She spent more

than 20 years in prison until revelations about Ferguson’s misrepresented graduation date led the

court to order a new trial in November 2010. In granting the new trial, the court doubted

Virginia’s innocence, but nonetheless found that Ferguson’s dishonesty regarding his graduation

date resulted in an unfair trial.

B. Virginia’s § 1983 Suit

        After the Ohio trial court ordered her release from prison, Virginia sued various

defendants, including Ferguson, Dr. Raker, and Ballantine, asserting claims under federal and

state law. Those claims include § 1983 claims for failure to disclose evidence—evidence that

Virginia now sees as valuable for impeachment and thus exculpatory under Brady—and for

fabrication of evidence.

        Ferguson, Dr. Raker, and Ballantine each moved for summary judgment. Virginia moved

for partial summary judgment against Ferguson on her Brady claim.

        In resolving these motions, the district court first denied Ferguson absolute and qualified

immunity on Virginia’s fabrication-of-evidence claim, allowing it to proceed. Second, it denied

Virginia’s motion for partial summary judgment against Ferguson on her Brady claim. Third, it

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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


granted qualified immunity to Ferguson and Dr. Raker on Virginia’s Brady claims, finding

neither had a clearly established duty to disclose the evidence Virginia claims to have been

exculpatory or impeaching. Fourth, it granted Ballantine qualified immunity on Virginia’s Brady

claims, discerning no constitutional violation.

       Ferguson immediately appealed the denial of absolute immunity. This court reversed,

granting Ferguson absolute testimonial immunity on Virginia’s fabrication-of-evidence claim.

LeFever v. Ferguson, 567 F. App’x 426, 431 (6th Cir. 2014).

       Virginia now appeals the district court’s grants of summary judgment on qualified-

immunity grounds to Ferguson, Dr. Raker, and Ballantine on her claims for failure to disclose the

evidence she claims to be impeachment/exculpatory under Brady, as well as the denial of her

motion for summary judgment against Ferguson on that claim.

C. Alex’s § 1983 Suit

       Following Virginia’s release, her son Alex also sued Ferguson, Dr. Raker, Ballantine, and

Bill Hatfield, another City of Newark police officer, alleging that their fabricated murder theories

and failure to disclose exculpatory evidence violated Alex’s substantive due process right to

familial integrity. Alex also asserted that Licking County’s, Franklin County’s, and the City of

Newark’s policies and practices led to the violation of this right. Dr. Raker and Licking County

moved to dismiss Alex’s claim, and the other defendants moved for summary judgment.




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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


Ruling on Dr. Raker’s and Licking County’s motion, the district court dismissed Alex’s claim for

the violation of his right to familial integrity, finding that any injury he experienced flowed from

the constitutional violations suffered by Virginia, and Sixth Circuit precedent foreclosed § 1983

actions for harm suffered by others. Granting summary judgment to the other defendants on this

claim logically followed. Alex appeals.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

A. Virginia’s Brady Claims

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, affirming if the

evidence demonstrates no genuine issue as to any material fact and, construing the evidence and

reasonable inferences in favor of the non-movant, the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Wesley v. Campbell, 779 F.3d 421, 434–35 (6th Cir. 2015).

       In evaluating claims for qualified immunity, this court considers whether there was (1) a

constitutional violation, (2) of a clearly established right, and (3) whether the plaintiff has alleged

facts supported by evidence showing that an official engaged in objectively unreasonable

conduct. Moldowan v. City of Warren, 578 F.3d 351, 375 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Williams v.

Mehra, 186 F.3d 685, 691 (6th Cir. 1999) (en banc)).            Once officials raise the qualified-

immunity defense, the plaintiff bears the burden to “demonstrate that the officials are not entitled

to qualified immunity.” Silberstein v. City of Dayton, 440 F.3d 306, 311 (6th Cir. 2006).

       To establish a violation of her constitutional rights under Brady, Virginia must prove that

a defendant withheld favorable exculpatory or impeachment evidence; the state suppressed that

evidence; and the suppression resulted in prejudice, meaning that the suppressed evidence was

material. Robinson v. Mills, 592 F.3d 730, 735 (6th Cir. 2010). Material evidence creates a

“reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result of the proceeding would

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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


have been different,” Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 470 (2009), meaning nondisclosure

“undermine[s] confidence in the verdict,” id. (quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 435

(1995)). We consider evidence alleged to violate Brady collectively to determine materiality.

Kyles, 514 U.S. at 436. And when determining whether undisclosed “‘information [is] material

and therefore prejudicial,’ a reviewing court considers ‘it in light of the evidence available for

trial that supports the . . . conviction.’” Jalowiec v. Bradshaw, 657 F.3d 293, 305 (6th Cir. 2011)

(quoting Jells v. Mitchell, 538 F.3d 478, 502 (6th Cir. 2008)).

       We decide Virginia’s case on grounds other than those relied upon by the district court.

The district court used the clearly-established prong to determine that Ferguson and Dr. Raker

enjoyed qualified immunity. By contrast, we determine that neither Ferguson nor Dr. Raker

violated Virginia’s constitutional rights under Brady. Because Virginia briefed the issue of

whether the evidence Ferguson and Dr. Raker failed to disclose violated those rights, we may

affirm the grant of summary judgment on this alternate ground. See Thornton v. Fed. Express

Corp., 530 F.3d 451, 456 n.2 (6th Cir. 2008).

       1. Did Ferguson Violate Virginia’s Rights Under Brady?

       Virginia contends that Ferguson’s failure to disclose three evidentiary matters would

have altered her trial in her favor: (1) lies told about his graduation date at her trial and others,

(2) his “true conclusions about arsenic,” and (3) a fanciful manuscript he authored about

Virginia’s case. None thwart qualified immunity.

               a. Ferguson’s Graduation-Date Lie

       Virginia attempts to show that Ferguson withheld material evidence by pointing to his

lie—told at her trial and previous trials—that he graduated from The Ohio State University in


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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


1972 when he in fact graduated in 1987. She argues that had Ferguson disclosed this lie to her

before trial, including that he had testified falsely in other trials, she could have destroyed his

credibility, thereby undermining confidence in the outcome of her trial. But Virginia overlooks

several key considerations.

       First, Ferguson told the same lie at every trial: the date he graduated. And as he reminds,

absolute immunity shields his testimony at Virginia’s trial—even lies. Rehberg v. Paulk, 132 S.

Ct. 1497, 1505 (2012); Briscoe v. LaHue, 460 U.S. 325, 329–31, 341–45 (1983). Virginia thus

tries to bootstrap Ferguson’s failure to disclose his lies at other trials into a Brady claim for

failure to disclose material impeachment evidence at her trial. But ultimately her claim relies on

the lie told at her trial—one that was immunized.

       Second, even had Virginia known that Ferguson lied at previous trials about his

graduation date, those lies provide little impeachment value given Ferguson’s otherwise strong

credentials as a toxicology expert at the time of Virginia’s trial. For example, Ferguson had been

performing chemical and toxicology analysis and testifying as an expert witness for over 20

years by the time of Virginia’s trial in February 1990. Additionally, at the time of Virginia’s

trial Ferguson had obtained his undergraduate degree, even though forensic toxicologists need

not possess a college degree to work in Ohio. Exposing the lie he told about the year he

graduated, therefore, would have made little difference in assessing his credibility.

       Third, Ferguson’s lie about his graduation date leaves unscathed the scientific analysis

underlying his conclusions.     Had Virginia tried to impeach Ferguson for lying about his

graduation date, his analysis of facts and data would have remained unimpeached. Indeed,

Virginia makes no suggestion that Ferguson performed invalid or erroneous scientific testing

while working on her case.


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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


       Virginia points us to Westerfield v. United States, 483 F. App’x 950, 952, 955 (6th Cir.

2012), in which we found a detective’s failure to disclose that he perjured himself—at the

criminal trial of the plaintiff’s co-defendant—material under Brady when the detective’s

testimony at the plaintiff’s criminal trial provided the only evidence of an element necessary to

convict the plaintiff. Relying on Westerfield, Virginia argues that Ferguson’s perjury must be

material evidence under Brady.      But here, despite Ferguson’s graduation-date lie, ample

evidence remained to conclude that Virginia poisoned William and, therefore, to support her

murder conviction. For example, Ferguson’s lie in no way undermines the underlying data or

toxicology analysis that he performed to conclude how various toxins entered William’s body.

As another example, Ferguson possessed the credentials to interpret the data and to perform the

various analyses that he used to reach the conclusions to which he testified. Because Ferguson’s

graduation-date lie leaves confidence in the outcome of Virginia’s criminal trial intact,

nondisclosure of that evidence caused Virginia no prejudice and thus constitutes no Brady

violation.

              b. Ferguson’s Arsenic Conclusion

       Next, Virginia argues that Ferguson should have disclosed “[h]is true conclusion[] about

arsenic”: that he could not identify the route of entry to a reasonable degree of scientific

certainty. She contrasts this “true conclusion”—testified to at Ferguson’s deposition for this

case—with his trial testimony that acute arsenic poisoning was administered rectally. But we

already determined that he possesses absolute immunity for his criminal-trial testimony,

including any lies, regarding the administration of arsenic in Virginia’s case. LeFever, 567 F.

App’x at 431. This immunity absolves him from Virginia’s claim for the nondisclosure of his

“true conclusion” about arsenic. See Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 431 n.34 (1976)

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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


(finding that absolute immunity prevents liability under Brady for suppressing the “evidence

upon which the knowledge of perjury rested”).

       In any event, Virginia fails to show any discrepancy in the opinion he offered at her trial

and the opinion he held at the time of his deposition in this case. At Virginia’s criminal trial,

Ferguson testified to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty about acute arsenic poisoning,

opining that it “was administered rectally.” At that trial he also testified that he held no opinion

on how the chronic arsenic poisoning was administered. At his deposition in this case—taken

22 years after Virginia’s trial—however, when asked the unqualified question “how the arsenic

got into [William’s] body,” Ferguson testified that he reached no opinion. His deposition taken

for this case included only questions on arsenic generally, not on acute or chronic arsenic

poisoning specifically.   Virginia thus shows no contradiction between Ferguson’s trial and

deposition testimony.

       In addition, Virginia also fails to undermine the validity of the evidence supporting

Ferguson’s acute-arsenic opinion. At trial, Ferguson testified that acute poisoning resulted from

the arsenic found in William’s colon and that rectal administration readily explained the presence

of that arsenic. Virginia’s version of Ferguson’s “true conclusion” regarding general arsenic

administration contradicts none of his testimony regarding the evidence supporting his acute-

arsenic rectal-administration opinion, namely the high levels of arsenic in William’s dried feces

and the lack of pathological signs consistent with an oral dose. Ferguson’s “true conclusion”

regarding the route of arsenic administration, therefore, provides neither impeachment nor

exculpatory value and fails to undermine confidence in the outcome of Virginia’s criminal trial.




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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


               c. Ferguson’s Fanciful Manuscript

       Finally, Virginia argues that Ferguson should have disclosed the manuscript he authored

before her trial detailing the work he did on her case because it reveals his bias against her. But

Ferguson’s manuscript was not evidence. Indeed, he testified that he wrote the manuscript for

personal interest, not for use at Virginia’s trial. At most the manuscript shows that Ferguson

believed Virginia to be guilty, but a prosecution witness believing the defendant guilty is hardly

unusual or inappropriate.

       Even assuming that Virginia could have introduced the manuscript to impeach Ferguson

at trial, she presents no argument how the manuscript would have accomplished that goal. The

district court considered the manuscript’s impeachment value when deciding Ballantine’s

summary judgment motion and highlighted that the manuscript in no way undermines the

science behind Ferguson’s testimony. Indeed, in the manuscript Ferguson stated his testimony at

trial “will be restricted to expounding on the toxicological facts” but “[t]he courts will decide . . .

who[m] [to] believe[].” And Ferguson never tried to profit from the manuscript in any way.

Virginia simply fails to show how she could have used this manuscript to impeach Ferguson,

much less impeach him so thoroughly as to undermine confidence in the outcome of her trial.

               d. The Three Together Fail to Undermine Confidence in Trial Fairness

       Virginia argues that, taken together, these three undisclosed evidentiary matters

undermine confidence in her trial’s outcome.             She points to the trial judge’s worry that

Ferguson’s testimony cemented the case. But the trial judge doubted her innocence even as he

ordered her release and for good reason. For one, none of the “undisclosed” evidentiary matters

attack the underlying facts or science as synthesized, which supported the state’s murder theory

and contradicted Virginia’s suicide theory. For another, none of this “evidence” attacks the

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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


27 other witnesses offered by the prosecution—and over 50 total—at her trial. Individually none

of the evidentiary matters Virginia identifies have sufficient impeachment value to undermine

confidence in the outcome of her trial. Considering this evidence cumulatively yields the same

result.

          Even viewing the evidence in her favor, Virginia fails to carry her burden of showing that

the evidence Ferguson withheld undermines confidence in the outcome of her trial. She thus

fails to show that Ferguson violated her constitutional right to material impeachment or

exculpatory evidence under Brady.         The district court correctly determined that qualified

immunity shields Ferguson and granted summary judgment to him on Virginia’s Brady claim.

          2. Did Dr. Raker Violate Virginia’s Rights Under Brady?

          Virginia next argues that Dr. Raker violated her constitutional right to material

exculpatory or impeachment evidence by failing to disclose: (1) his “true opinions” on how

arsenic and strychnine entered William’s body, and (2) the manuscript Ferguson authored.

          Both of Dr. Raker’s allegedly “true opinions” about how arsenic and strychnine entered

William’s body deviate from the death certificate. Virginia gleans Dr. Raker’s “true opinion” for

arsenic entry to be the oral route, compared with the death certificate he signed targeting “acute

[arsenic] poisoning by pulmonary and rectal” routes and “chronic [arsenic] poisoning by oral

route.” And though the death certificate lists a rectal route of entry for strychnine, Dr. Raker’s

“true opinion” was that he held no opinion on strychnine entry. Virginia asserts that if disclosed,

these “true opinions” may have prompted the trial judge to reach a different verdict because they

undermine the prosecution’s theory on how those toxins entered William’s body, as well as

damage Dr. Raker’s and Ferguson’s credibility. But three considerations undercut Virginia’s

position.


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         First, no evidence contradicts the facts supporting the rectal-administration-of-arsenic

theory—namely, the high levels of arsenic in William’s dried feces and an absence of “any

pathologic sign of gastric erosion . . . consistent with an oral dose.” Similarly, Dr. Raker’s “true

opinion” about strychnine fails to negate the fact that Ferguson found “two types of strychnine

poisoned rodent bait in [William’s] colon.”

         Second, Dr. Raker undertook no independent toxicology analysis, relying instead on

Ferguson’s work to determine what to report on the death certificate. Dr. Raker’s amending the

death certificate to reflect the conclusions that Ferguson reached by performing the toxicology

analysis thus leaves Dr. Raker’s credibility unimpeached.

         Third, attacking the routes of entry of arsenic and strychnine with Dr. Raker’s “true

opinions” still leaves unchallenged the amitriptyline-by-intramuscular-injection as the cause of

death. So assaulting the arsenic and strychnine theories fails to undermine the main theory of

how William died.

         Virginia also restates her argument about Ferguson’s manuscript because Dr. Raker saw a

copy. But as previously discussed, Ferguson’s manuscript provides negligible impeachment

value.

         Considering the evidence collectively and in her favor, Virginia fails to show that the

evidence Dr. Raker allegedly should have disclosed undermines confidence in the outcome of

her trial. The district court properly granted qualified immunity to Dr. Raker on Virginia’s claim

that he failed to disclose material exculpatory or impeachment evidence under Brady.

         3. Did Ballantine Violate Virginia’s Rights Under Brady?

         Finally, Virginia asserts a Brady claim against Ballantine. Unlike with Ferguson and Dr.

Raker, the district court passed on the materiality of the exculpatory or impeachment evidence on


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Ballantine’s motion for summary judgment and determined that the evidence Ballantine

allegedly withheld constituted no Brady violation.

       Virginia points to three evidentiary matters that she believes may have altered the

outcome of her trial had Ballantine disclosed them, therefore rendering him liable under Brady.

She argues that he should have disclosed: (1) a witness statement by Virginia’s former co-worker

Susan Hamann regarding syringes; (2) notes from his conversation with FCCO Pathologist Dr.

Fardal in which Dr. Fardal “could not say whether [the strychnine in William] came by mouth or

anus;” and (3) Ferguson’s fanciful manuscript.

       Beginning with Hamann’s unrevealed witness statement, Virginia alleges that it listed the

lot numbers of syringes from Hamann’s and Virginia’s workplace, and speculates that this

statement “would have shown that the syringes found in the LeFever house were not the same

ones stocked where Virginia worked.” But as the district court observed, even if this statement

exists and even if it shows that the syringes found at the LeFever house came from somewhere

other than Virginia’s work, that fact “is not exculpatory.” Connecting Virginia to syringes from

her workplace would have been strong inculpatory evidence. That Virginia may not have had

syringes from her work shows nothing.

       Next, Ballantine’s notes from his conversation with Dr. Fardal also provide no value to

Virginia. As with Dr. Raker, Dr. Fardal performed no independent toxicology analysis, instead

relying on Ferguson’s work. The district court thus reasoned that Dr. Fardal’s lack of opinion as

to whether strychnine entered William’s body orally or rectally is hardly surprising—he

performed no analysis allowing him to form such an opinion. In any event, Dr. Fardal offered no

opinion at trial on how strychnine entered William’s body. Also, Dr. Fardal’s non-opinion on

strychnine has no bearing on the state’s primary theory of death: an intramuscular injection of


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amitriptyline.   Accordingly, Ballantine’s notes prove impotent for impeachment, as does

Ferguson’s manuscript, as previously explained.

       Taken together, the evidence Virginia claims Ballantine should have disclosed provides

neither impeachment nor exculpatory value. Considering the evidence in Virginia’s favor, she

fails to meet her burden of showing that its nondisclosure undermines confidence in the outcome

of her criminal trial. The district court properly granted qualified immunity, and thus summary

judgment, to Ballantine on Virginia’s Brady claim.

B. Alex’s Claim for the Violation of His Right to Familial Integrity

       1. Procedural Posture and Standard of Review

       On appeal, Alex challenges the district court’s grant of Dr. Raker’s motion to dismiss his

substantive due process claim brought under § 1983 for the deprivation of his right to familial

integrity, as well as the district court’s attendant grants of summary judgment to Ferguson and

Ballantine on that claim.1

       We review the dismissal of a plaintiff’s claim under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo, Kolley v.

Adult Protective Servs., 725 F.3d 581, 585 (6th Cir. 2013), to determine whether the complaint

“contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible


       1
         Alex also asks the court to reverse the district court’s judgments in favor of the two
county defendants, but these issues are not properly before the court. Under Rule 3(c)(1)(B) of
the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, the notice of appeal must “designate the judgment,
order, or part thereof being appealed.” Here, the notice of appeal designated judgments in favor
of Ferguson, Dr. Raker, and Ballantine. Alex did not name the county defendants or cite the
orders granting them judgment on his family-integrity claim, and counsel for the county
defendants accordingly did not enter appearances or brief the appeal. Because “Rule 3’s dictates
are jurisdictional in nature,” Alex’s “noncompliance is fatal.” Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248
(1992); see also JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc., 550 F.3d 529, 532 (6th Cir.
2008) (“[A] court of appeals has jurisdiction only over the areas of a judgment specified in the
notice of appeal as being appealed.”); United States v. Glover, 242 F.3d 333, 335 (6th Cir. 2001)
(“Congress has limited this Court’s appellate review to issues designated in the notice of
appeal.”).
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on its face,’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Because no defendant disputes acting under the color of state law

when engaging in the conduct Alex complains of, we consider whether any conduct deprived

Alex of his right to familial integrity. See Ziegler v. Aukerman, 512 F.3d 777, 781 (6th Cir.

2008).

         2. Alex’s Right to Familial Integrity

         Alex implores this court to follow Smith v. City of Fontana, 818 F.2d 1411, 1418 (9th

Cir. 1987), overruled on other grounds by Hodgers-Durgin v. de la Vina, 199 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.

1999), which allowed children of a parent killed by the police to pursue claims for losses of

familial companionship and society. Because the defendants violated his personally held right to

familial integrity, Alex argues, the district court erred by finding his claim derivative of his

mother’s and dismissing it.

         But Smith is at odds with our precedents. Claims under § 1983 are personal to the party

injured by a constitutional violation. See Jaco v. Bloechle, 739 F.2d 239, 241 (6th Cir. 1984).

Indeed, we have repeatedly found that § 1983 provides no relief for injuries collateral to the

violation of another person’s constitutional right. Claybrook v. Birchwell, 199 F.3d 350, 357

(6th Cir. 2000) (“[O]nly the purported victim, or his estate’s representative(s), may prosecute a

section 1983 claim; conversely, no cause of action may lie under section 1983 for emotional

distress, loss of a loved one, or any other consequent collateral injuries allegedly suffered

personally by the victim’s family members.”); see also Foos v. City of Delaware, 492 F. App’x

582, 592–93 (6th Cir. 2012). In fact, we juxtaposed the Ninth Circuit’s holding in Smith that §

1983 allows children to assert claims for deprivation of the parent-child relationship with our



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Case Nos. 14-3905/3906, LeFever v. Ferguson


conclusion that “section 1983 provides a cause of action which is personal to the injured party.”

Purnell v. City of Akron, 925 F.2d 941, 948 n.6 (6th Cir. 1991).

       Because Alex alleges that the defendants violated his right to familial integrity by

trampling his mother’s constitutional rights leading to her wrongful conviction, he raises a non-

cognizable claim for a collateral injury.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       We AFFIRM the district court’s grants of summary judgment on qualified-immunity

grounds to Ferguson, Dr. Raker, and Ballantine for Virginia’s Brady claims; AFFIRM the denial

of Virginia’s motion for summary judgment against Ferguson on her Brady claim; and AFFIRM

the dismissal of, and grants of summary judgment on, Alex’s familial-integrity claim.




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       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       Although I agree that Defendants Raker and Ballantine are entitled to qualified immunity

and that the district court properly granted Defendants judgment on Alex LeFever’s family-

integrity claims, my reasoning differs from the majority’s and therefore I write separately to

address these claims. Further, I do not agree that Ferguson is entitled to qualified immunity from

Virginia LeFever’s Brady claim based on Ferguson’s past perjury, and respectfully dissent from

that portion of the majority’s opinion.

                                          I. Virginia LeFever

       LeFever claims the prosecution failed to disclose favorable evidence in violation of her

right to due process, and that Ferguson, Dr. Raker, and Ballantine are liable for money damages

for their roles in that violation. In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), the Supreme Court

held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused . . . violates

due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the

good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Id. at 87. “Favorable” evidence, the Court later

explained, includes both exculpatory and impeachment evidence. United States v. Bagley, 473

U.S. 667, 676–77 (1985). Further, favorable evidence is “material” for Brady purposes “when

there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 470 (2009). “In other

words, favorable evidence is subject to constitutionally mandated disclosure when it ‘could

reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in

the verdict.’” Id. (quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 435 (1995)).

       Disclosure to the defense is ultimately “the responsibility of the prosecutor,” Giglio v.

United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154 (1972), who must “learn of any favorable evidence known to


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the others acting on the government’s behalf in the case.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 437. Thus, the

government’s disclosure obligation “encompasses evidence ‘known only to police investigators

and not to the prosecutor.’” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 280–81 (1999) (quoting id. at

438). As a result, investigators have an “analogous or derivative obligation” of disclosure to the

prosecutor. Moldowan v. City of Warren, 578 F.3d 351, 381 (6th Cir. 2009); see also Carrillo v.

County of Los Angeles, 798 F.3d 1210, 1222 & n.14 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing cases). However, it

is the prosecutor who must “gauge the likely net effect of all [undisclosed] evidence and make

disclosure when the point of ‘reasonable probability’ is reached.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 419. When

the prosecution fails to disclose material evidence, Brady holds that the defendant’s right to due

process has been violated, and the defendant is entitled to a new trial.

       If the conviction is vacated, the criminal defendant may bring a § 1983 action for money

damages. Heck v. Humphrey, 514 U.S. 477, 486–87 (1994); Poventud v. City of New York, 750

F.3d 121, 132–36 (2d Cir. 2014) (en banc). Both police officers and forensic investigators may

be liable for withholding material evidence from prosecutors, causing the prosecution to violate

the criminal defendant’s Brady rights. Moldowan, 578 F.3d at 376–389 (police officers); id. at

396–97 (forensic investigators). However, because investigators lack legal training to evaluate

materiality, we have required more than just nondisclosure before holding investigators

personally liable for causing a Brady violation. First, police are liable if the exculpatory or

impeachment value of the evidence is “apparent,” meaning police “know or should know [the

evidence] ‘might be expected to play a significant role in the suspect’s defense.’” Moldowan,

578 F.3d at 388 (quoting California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 488 (1984)). But see Owens v.

Balt. City State’s Atty.’s Office, 767 F.3d 379, 396 & n.6 (4th Cir. 2014) (noting that some




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circuits require bad faith).      Second, forensic investigators are liable for “deliberately

withholding” favorable evidence. Moldowan, 578 F.3d at 397.

       Police officers and forensic investigators are entitled to qualified immunity from money

damages if their constitutional duties were not “clearly established” at the time of a Brady

violation. Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2080 (2011). Our court has held that both police

officers and forensic investigators have had a clearly established duty to disclose favorable

evidence since at least 1990. Moldowan, 578 F.3d at 381–82, 396–97. But see Drumgold v.

Callahan, 707 F.3d 28, 43 (1st Cir. 1995) (suggesting police officers’ duty was not clearly

established until 1995). Here, LeFever’s trial took place in 1990, and our cases dictate that her

right to disclosure of favorable evidence by the defendants—subject to the relevant standards—

was clearly established. Thus, the main question before us is whether LeFever has made out a

Brady violation for which each of the three defendants can be held liable.

                                           A. Ferguson

       To determine whether Ferguson is entitled to qualified immunity from money damages, I

would first evaluate whether LeFever has made out a Brady violation, and then consider whether

Ferguson can be held liable for that violation.

                                     1. Undisclosed evidence

       First, LeFever asserts that Ferguson failed to disclose his history of misrepresenting his

credentials under oath. Past perjury is, of course, relevant to a witness’s credibility. And, as a

panel of this court concluded in Westerfield v. United States, 483 F. App’x 950 (6th Cir. 2012),

past perjury by a government witness is considered impeachment evidence for Brady purposes,

subject to disclosure. Other courts have reached this same conclusion, e.g., Simmons v. Beard,

590 F.3d 223, 236 (3d Cir. 2009); United States v. Cuffie, 80 F.3d 514, 517–18 (D.C. Cir. 1996),


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even when the undisclosed past-perjury evidence ultimately is not material to the outcome of the

trial, e.g., United States v. Avellino, 136 F.3d 249, 258–59 (2d Cir. 1998). Here, Ferguson’s past

perjury calls into question his credibility as a witness, regardless whether he graduated before

LeFever’s trial, or had the requisite credentials to serve as a forensic examiner throughout the

investigation.

        The majority suggests that in pursuing a Brady claim for failure to disclose a history of

perjury, LeFever seeks to circumvent testimonial immunity, but cites no case holding that

testimonial immunity extends to a Brady claim based on withholding of impeachment evidence

consisting of past perjury. Cf. Rehberg v. Paulk, 132 S. Ct. 1497 (2012); Briscoe v. LaHue, 460

U.S. 325 (1983). As we explained in Gregory v. City of Louisville, 444 F.3d 725 (6th Cir. 2006),

“absolute testimonial immunity does not ‘relate backwards’ to ‘protect a defendant for any

activities he allegedly engaged in prior to taking the witness stand for his testimony.’” Id. at 738

(quoting Mastroianni v. Bowers, 160 F.3d 671, 677 (11th Cir. 1998)) (alterations omitted).

“Merely because a state actor compounds a constitutional wrong with another wrong which

benefits from immunity is no reason to insulate the first constitutional wrong from actions for

redress.” Id. at 739. Ferguson continued to misrepresent his credentials at LeFever’s trial, but

his past perjury would be impeachment evidence regardless, and his withholding of that evidence

is distinct from his testimony at her trial.

        Next, LeFever argues that Ferguson should have disclosed the manuscript—titled “Angel

of Mercy or Angel of Death?”—that he wrote about William LeFever’s death. R. 92-16, PID

2147–72.     Ferguson, in the role of protagonist, describes his investigation into William

LeFever’s death, and explains how he solved the murder through forensic analysis. Id. at PID

2158–68. LeFever, in the title role, is portrayed as her husband’s murderer, and Ferguson


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imagines, in lurid detail, her actions on the night her husband was poisoned. Id. at PID 2169–72.

Further, Ferguson implies that LeFever may have been responsible for the deaths of other family

members—two of her children, her father-in-law, and her sister-in-law, all of whom allegedly

died under her care—and accuses LeFever of “tak[ing] a particular pleasure” when patients

would die at the hospital where she worked as a nurse. Id. at PID 2148–49.

       In LeFever’s criminal trial, the manuscript could have been used as evidence of bias or an

interest in her conviction. Courts have long held that a financial interest in the outcome of a trial

is impeachment evidence, and the authorship of a marketable manuscript is no different. See,

e.g., United States v. Reed, 437 F.2d 57, 58–59 (2d Cir. 1971) (per curiam). The Fifth Circuit

recognized as much in a Brady case, United States v. Edwards, 442 F.3d 258, 267–68 (5th Cir.

2006), although ultimately concluding that the witness’s book was not material. Ferguson stated

in his 2012 deposition that he had no intent to sell the manuscript and subsequently made no

attempt to market it, R. 92, PID 1967, but this post hoc explanation does not affect the

manuscript’s impeachment value in 1990.           Thus, the manuscript is properly considered

impeachment evidence subject to disclosure under Brady.

       Lastly, I agree LeFever’s claim that Ferguson should have disclosed his “true

conclusions” is barred under the reasoning of our previous judgment in this case. LeFever v.

Ferguson, 567 F. App’x 426, 431 (6th Cir. 2014).

                                          2. Materiality

       Even if the past perjury and manuscript are impeachment evidence subject to disclosure,

LeFever cannot establish a Brady violation unless the undisclosed evidence was material.

Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281–82.      The Supreme Court has explained that the materiality of

undisclosed evidence must be “considered collectively, not item by item,” Kyles, 514 U.S. at


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436, so the effect of Ferguson’s past perjury and his manuscript must be considered together. To

determine whether there was a reasonable probability of a different outcome, I would look no

further than the trial court’s decision to vacate LeFever’s conviction.

       LeFever was convicted in a bench trial, and the same trial judge presided over her post-

conviction proceedings. The trial judge granted LeFever a new trial after Ferguson’s history of

perjury came to light, explaining:

       This judge was convinced of the defendant’s guilt on February 22, 1990. I don’t
       know if I feel any different today. This is about fairness. Is it fair to let a verdict
       stand, when it is based in large part on the testimony of a proven liar? And the
       proven liar was the key witness in the case!

R. 114-4, PID 4027. The trial judge further noted that Ferguson was the “key witness to the

State’s case,” and that the other forensic examiners “relied heavily on testing done by Ferguson

in making their findings.” Id. at PID 4026. “Ferguson was the linchpin holding the State’s case

together. Without his testimony, the State’s case would have fallen apart.” Id. Thus, the trial

judge believed there could be no confidence in his own verdict, given the importance of

Ferguson’s testimony to his decision and the credibility issues raised by Ferguson’s history of

perjury. Because the trier of fact lost confidence in his own verdict, so must we. Thus, in my

view, LeFever has made out a Brady violation.

                                            3. Liability

       A forensic examiner can be held liable for “deliberately withholding” favorable evidence.

Moldowan, 578 F.3d at 397. Here, Ferguson purposefully misrepresented his credentials for

years, and continued to lie about his graduation date even after he graduated. Thus, I conclude

that Ferguson deliberately withheld his past perjury. However, nothing in the record suggests

that Ferguson deliberately concealed the manuscript, which he shared with colleagues, although

not the prosecution. Nor would the relevance of the transcript for impeachment be apparent to

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him. In sum, Ferguson can be held liable for depriving LeFever of her clearly established rights

with respect to the past perjury but not the manuscript. I would reverse the district court’s grant

of summary judgment to Ferguson on the Brady/past perjury claim.

                                  B. Dr. Raker and Ballantine

       I agree with the majority that Dr. Raker, a coroner, and Ballantine, a detective, are

entitled to qualified immunity, even though Ferguson’s manuscript was impeachment evidence

that should have been disclosed.      LeFever has not alleged or established that Dr. Raker

“deliberately with[e]ld” the manuscript from the prosecution. Moldowan, 578 F.3d at 396–97.

Ballantine apparently did not even know about the manuscript—in depositions, both Ferguson

and Ballantine testified that Ferguson never showed the manuscript to Ballantine, and LeFever

offers only conclusory allegations that Ballantine must have known. Further, the impeachment

value of the manuscript would not have been “apparent” to Dr. Raker or Ballantine such that

they would have known that it “might be expected to play a significant role” in LeFever’s

defense, or that they were required to inform the prosecutor. Id. at 382.

                                        II. Alex LeFever

       As I read the complaint, Alex LeFever (“Alex”) does not seek relief for the violation of

his mother’s constitutional rights. Rather, he claims that his mother’s wrongful conviction

violated his own due-process right to family integrity. In Jaco v. Bloechle, 739 F.2d 239 (6th

Cir. 1984), the court held that a mother could not bring a § 1983 action for a violation of her

son’s rights, but the plaintiff did not argue that her son’s death violated her own constitutional

rights. And in Purnell v. City of Akron, 925 F.2d 941 (6th Cir. 1991), the court considered a

§ 1983 claim “for deprivation of the parent-child relationship in the wrongful death context,” but

expressly declined to “address the merits of [this] difficult question.” Id. at 948 n.6. The court


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noted other circuits had held that “a decedent’s immediate family may bring a section 1983 claim

for deprivation of the parent-child relationship in the wrongful death context,” and that there was

legislative history supportive of those cases. Id. The court then compared these authorities with

Jaco’s holding that a § 1983 action must be “personal to the injured party,” but the court did not

purport to decide whether Jaco foreclosed a § 1983 family-integrity claim in our circuit. Id.

Thus, I am not convinced that Alex failed to raise a cognizable § 1983 claim.

       In any event, I would find that the individual defendants are entitled to qualified

immunity because the right to family integrity in this context was not clearly established in 1990.

Cf. al-Kidd, 131 S. Ct. at 2084 (instructing courts “not to define clearly established law at a high

level of generality”). To demonstrate a clearly established right, Alex mainly relies on cases

addressing state regulation of families. E.g., Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248 (1983); Santosky v.

Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982); Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18 (1981). In these

cases, the state purposefully separated a child from a parent by interfering with a custodial

relationship.   Here, in contrast, Alex’s separation from his mother was incidental to her

incarceration, and the cases did not clearly establish that wrongful incarceration was an

unconstitutional interference with a parent-child relationship at the time of LeFever’s conviction.

                                         III. Conclusion

       For these reasons, I join the affirmance, except with respect to the district court’s grant of

summary judgment to Ferguson in LeFever’s case.




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