                FOR PUBLICATION

  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ,              No. 11-10244
                Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                          D.C. No.
                v.                     3:10-cr-08049-
                                           DGC-1
EDGAR MIKE ALVIREZ, JR.,
            Defendant-Appellant.          OPINION


     Appeal from the United States District Court
              for the District of Arizona
     David G. Campbell, District Judge, Presiding

                 Argued and Submitted
       June 12, 2012—San Francisco, California

                Filed March 14, 2013

  Before: Dorothy W. Nelson, Johnnie B. Rawlinson,
          and Sandra S. Ikuta, Circuit Judges.

             Opinion by Judge Rawlinson
2                  UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

                           SUMMARY*


                           Criminal Law

    Reversing a conviction for assault resulting in serious
bodily injury on an Indian reservation in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 1153 and 113(a)(6), the panel held that the
district court abused its discretion when it admitted an
unauthenticated Certificate of Indian Blood issued by the
Colorado River Indian Tribes as evidence that the defendant
has tribal or federal government recognition as an Indian.

    The panel wrote that because Indian tribes are not listed
among the entities that may produce self-authenticating
documents, the district court abused its discretion in
admitting the Certificate pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 902(1) as
a self-authenticating document.

     The panel also held that the district court did not deny the
defendant his right to present a defense by denying his motion
in limine to exclude references to polygraph evidence, and did
not commit plain error by applying a sentence enhancement
under U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2 for infliction of a permanent or life-
threatening bodily injury.




  *
    This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has
been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
                UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                   3

                        COUNSEL

Jon M. Sands, Federal Public Defender, District of Arizona;
Daniel L. Kaplan (argued), Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Phoenix, Arizona, for Defendant-Appellant.

Ann Birmingham Scheel, Acting United States Attorney,
District of Arizona; Randall M. Howe, Deputy Appellate
Chief; Heather H. Belt (argued), Assistant United States
Attorney, Phoenix, Arizona, for Plaintiff-Appellee.


                         OPINION

RAWLINSON, Circuit Judge:

    Edgar Alvirez, Jr. (Alvirez) appeals his jury conviction
and sentence for assault resulting in serious bodily injury on
an Indian reservation, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153 and
113(a)(6).

    We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 to
review the district court’s judgment. We conclude that the
district court abused its discretion when it admitted the
unauthenticated Certificate of Indian Blood as evidence to
meet the elements of the governing statute. Accordingly, we
reverse Alvirez’s conviction and remand for further
proceedings. Because other issues raised by Alvirez will
likely arise in the event of a retrial, we address them now in
the interest of judicial economy. See United States v.
Wiggan, 700 F.3d 1204, 1216 (9th Cir. 2012).
4               UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

I. BACKGROUND

    A. The Assault

    On November 3, 2009, at the home of Mary Grace
Alvirez (Mary Grace), Drametria Havatone (Havatone)
discussed the fact that Alvirez, Mary Grace’s son, was not
assisting his mother financially. Havatone initiated this
conversation in the presence of Alvirez, Mary Grace, Brittany
Davis (Davis), Alvirez’s girlfriend and Havatone’s cousin,
and Denisha Siyuja (Siyuja). As the discussion progressed,
a physical altercation ensued. Davis and Siyuja punched and
kicked Havatone as they forcibly and physically removed her
from the house.

    Having forced Havatone outside, Davis and Siyuja
continued the physical assault, eventually knocking Havatone
to the ground. While Havatone was prone on the concrete,
Alvirez stepped on Havatone’s ankle.

    Hualapai Nation Police Officer Michael Williams (Officer
Williams) was dispatched to the scene. Finding Havatone
lying in the road, Officer Williams asked Havatone if she
needed medical assistance, to which she responded
affirmatively. Officer Williams called paramedics, who
drove Havatone to the Hualapai Mountain Medical Center.
She was subsequently transferred to the Kingman Regional
Medical Center, where Dr. Emmett McEleney (Dr.
McEleney), an orthopedic surgeon, repaired her broken ankle
by inserting nine screws and a metal plate.
                UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                    5

   B. The Investigation

    Officer Williams initially obtained statements from Mary
Grace, Davis, and Alvirez (first interview). Once Officer
Williams learned that Havatone’s ankle was broken, he
reclassified the crime from a simple assault to an aggravated
assault, which required referral to the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI).

    On November 9, 2009, FBI Special Agent Margo Barber
(Agent Barber) and Detective Sam Tsosie (Detective Tsosie)
of the Hualapai Nation Police Department, interviewed
Alvirez outside his home (second interview). During the
second interview, the investigators asked Alvirez if he would
submit to a polygraph test. Alvirez acknowledged that he
knew what a polygraph test was and agreed to submit to the
test.

     On January 26, 2010, Agent Barber and Detective Tsosie
arrived at Alvirez’s home to continue the investigation.
Agent Barber asked Alvirez if he remembered stating that he
would be willing to undergo a polygraph examination.
Alvirez acknowledged the conversation and stated that he was
still willing to submit to the polygraph test. Agent Barber and
Detective Tsosie drove Alvirez to the police station to have
FBI Special Agent Brian Fuller (Agent Fuller) administer the
polygraph examination.

    Agent Fuller advised Alvirez of his Miranda rights before
administering the polygraph examination. While Agent
Barber and Deputy Tsosie were present, Agent Fuller
reviewed the polygraph consent forms with Alvirez. During
the polygraph exam, only Agent Fuller was present and
Alvirez denied jumping on Havatone’s leg and breaking it.
6                UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

    Agent Fuller initiated the post-polygraph interview (third
interview) by informing Alvirez that his results signaled
deception. After receiving the information regarding
deception, Alvirez admitted to stepping hard on Havatone’s
leg. Immediately following Alvirez’s oral statement, Agent
Fuller typed and presented the written statement to Alvirez.
Alvirez signed the typed statement, acknowledging that it was
given voluntarily and that it was “true, accurate, and correct.”
Alvirez was subsequently charged with assault resulting in
serious bodily injury. Agent Barber and Detective Tsosie
then rejoined Agent Fuller and Alvirez for the continued post-
polygraph interview conducted by Agent Barber.

    C. Pre-Trial Motion Hearing and Trial

    Prior to trial, Alvirez filed a motion in limine to exclude
any reference to his polygraph examination. The government
responded that it had no intention of referring to the
polygraph examination, unless Alvirez “opened the door” by
suggesting that his confession was coerced or that the
government acted improperly. The district court confirmed
the government’s intention of omitting any reference to the
polygraph test. The court determined that even though
polygraph examinations are not “per se inadmissible,” this
circuit was still “leery of polygraph evidence.”

    The district court then heard arguments from both parties
regarding what could be considered “opening the door” for
admission of polygraph evidence. The defense stated that it
might want to clarify the amount of time Agent Fuller spent
with Alvirez before Alvirez confessed. The court restated the
defense’s proposed argument that Alvirez on two previous
occasions denied assaulting Havatone and confessed during
the third interview, where three officers were present, and
                 UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                     7

after being alone with one of the officers for an hour and a
half. The government took the position that the defense’s
described clarification would “open the door” to introduction
of the polygraph evidence.

    After hearing from both sides, the district court
recognized that the defense should be able to make the
described argument as part of its case. However, the district
court also acknowledged that it would be unfair to allow the
defense to state its argument without allowing the
government to give “an accurate picture of what happened,”
including administration of the polygraph examination.
Ultimately, the district court stated its preference to avoid any
mention of the polygraph, but deferred ruling on the
admissibility of polygraph evidence until the issue “play[ed]
out in the courtroom.” The district court clarified that its
ruling was in no way intended to limit the defense’s
presentation of its case. The district court then denied the
motion in limine.

    During trial, Officer Williams testified that a document
presented by the government was a Certificate of Indian
Blood (Certificate), although initially he did not recognize the
document. Officer Williams identified the Certificate as a
way to determine a person’s quantum of Indian blood and
whether the person was a registered member of a tribe.
Officer Williams testified from examining the document that
the Certificate was issued by the Colorado River Indian
Tribes (CRIT), and that he felt a raised seal on the document.

    Defense counsel objected to Officer Williams’ attempted
authentication of the Certificate, challenging Officer
Williams’ statement as hearsay, because Officer Williams
had no affiliation with the CRIT sufficient to authenticate the
8               UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

Certificate. The government responded that the Certificate
was a self-authenticating document. When defense counsel
could not identify a reason that the Certificate was not self-
authenticating, the judge overruled the defense objection and
admitted the Certificate into evidence.

    During Havatone’s testimony, she identified her own
Certificate of Indian Blood. Havatone testified that the
Certificate signified that she was an enrolled member of an
Indian tribe. Havatone added that she could feel the raised
Hualapai reservation seal on her Certificate. In addition, she
stated that Alvirez was “a Hualapai member of our
reservation.” The court also admitted Havatone’s Certificate
into evidence.

    Havatone then testified about her assault. She recalled
that after being dragged outside of Mary Grace’s house, she
was lying on her stomach. Alvirez came outside and stepped
on her ankle while she was lying on the concrete. Havatone
described feeling extreme pain in her leg, and hearing her
ankle crack.

    Dr. McEleney testified that the fracture to Havatone’s
ankle was severe, necessitating stabilization with surgical
grade stainless steel, resulting in the potential long-term
effect of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. The doctor explained
that posttraumatic osteoarthritis occurs after physical trauma
to a limb, and usually develops earlier than normal arthritis.
He also testified that the hardware installed in Havatone’s
ankle may need to be replaced more frequently than if the
hardware had been installed in another area of the body.
                 UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                    9

    After the jury found Alvirez guilty as charged, the district
court imposed a sentence of thirty-seven months. Alvirez
filed a timely notice of appeal.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

    The decision to admit evidence is reviewed for an abuse
of discretion. See McCollough v. Johnson, Rodenburg &
Lauinger, LLC, 637 F.3d 939, 953 (9th Cir. 2011). A district
court’s acceptance of evidence as authentic is also reviewed
for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Estrada-Eliverio,
583 F.3d 669, 672 (9th Cir. 2009).

    Generally, we review the ruling on a motion in limine for
abuse of discretion. See United States v. Ross, 206 F.3d 896,
898 (9th Cir. 2000). However, we review de novo whether
the ruling precludes the presentation of a defense. See id. at
898–99.

    Criminal sentences are generally reviewed for an abuse of
discretion and are not reversed, unless there is a “procedural
error or substantive unreasonableness.” United States v.
Gonzalez-Aparicio, 663 F.3d 419, 426 (9th Cir. 2011), as
amended (citation omitted).          The “interpretation and
application of the Guidelines is usually reviewed de
novo. . . .” Id. (citations omitted). When the defendant has
failed to object, review is for plain error. See United States
v. Charles, 581 F.3d 927, 932 (9th Cir. 2009).

    We review a district court’s findings of fact to support a
sentencing enhancement for clear error. See United States v.
Pearson, 274 F.3d 1225, 1234 (9th Cir. 2001).
10               UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

III.      DISCUSSION

       A. Determination of Indian Status

    Indian status is an essential element of 18 U.S.C. § 1153,
which the government must “allege in the indictment and
prove beyond a reasonable doubt. . . .” United States v.
LaBuff, 658 F.3d 873, 877 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation,
alterations, and internal quotation marks omitted). We apply
a two-prong test to determine if this element has been met.
See id. First, the government must prove “that the defendant
has a sufficient degree of Indian blood,” and second, the
government must establish that the defendant “has tribal or
federal government recognition as an Indian.” Id. (citation
and internal quotation marks omitted).

    To satisfy the first prong, the government need only prove
that the defendant has “some” Indian blood as a descendant
of an Indian parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent.
United States v. Bruce, 394 F.3d 1215, 1223–24 (9th Cir.
2005) (citations omitted). We utilize a four-factor test, to
assess proof of the second prong. See id. at 1224. The non-
exclusive factors, listed in decreasing order of importance,
are: “1) tribal enrollment; 2) government recognition
formally and informally through receipt of assistance
reserved only to Indians; 3) enjoyment of the benefits of
tribal affiliation; and 4) social recognition as an Indian
through residence on a reservation and participation in Indian
social life.” Id. (citation omitted).

          1. Evidence of “Some” Indian Blood

   A person who has a parent, grandparent, or great-
grandparent “who is clearly identified as Indian” will
                UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                  11

generally satisfy the requirement that a defendant has “some”
Indian blood. Id. at 1223–24. A Certificate of Indian blood
or an enrollment certificate may also establish a person’s
quantum of Indian blood. See id.

    The government elicited through Officer Williams’
testimony that Mary Grace, Alvirez’s mother, resided on the
Hualapai Indian Reservation. Although this evidence was
unrefuted, it is questionable whether it was adequate to meet
the required showing of “some” Indian blood. Id. (discussing
cases where the quantum of blood was part of the evidence).
We need not decide this question because we conclude that
the requirements of the second prong were not met.

       2. Tribal or Federal Government Recognition

    The second prong of the Indian status element required
the government to establish that Alvirez is acknowledged by
a federally recognized tribe or by the government as an
Indian. See id. at 1224. Tribal enrollment is one of the four
types of evidence considered by courts in assessing the
required Indian status. See id. Tribal enrollment or lack of
tribal enrollment is not “necessarily determinative” of Indian
status.    LaBuff, 658 F.3d at 877 (citation omitted).
Government recognition may be established through receipt
of assistance or benefits reserved only for Indians, such as
residency on a reservation or receiving medical treatment at
Indian hospitals. See Bruce, 394 F.3d at 1224. Finally, social
recognition may be established “through residence on a
reservation and participation in Indian social life.” Id.
(citation omitted).

   The government moved to admit Alvirez’s Certificate to
meet the second prong of the Indian status element. The
12               UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

Certificate indicated that Alvirez was an enrolled member of
the CRIT and that his blood quantum is one-fourth CRIT,
three-eighths Hualapai, and one-eighth Havasupai.
Additionally, Agent Barber testified to Alvirez’s residency on
the reservation, and Havatone testified to Alvirez being a
member of the Hualapai reservation.

    Alvirez challenges the district court’s admission of the
Certificate as a self-authenticating document.              The
government responds that Alvirez waived his right to raise
this issue on appeal. We reject the government’s waiver
argument. When the district court judge “makes a definitive
ruling” admitting evidence, there is no need to renew the
objection to preserve the claimed error. United States v.
Sepulveda-Barraza, 645 F.3d 1066, 1070 (9th Cir. 2011); see
also Fed. R. Evid. 103(b). During trial, defense counsel
objected to admission of the Certificate as hearsay and
because the proponent of the Certificate was not affiliated
with the issuing Tribe. The government responded that the
Certificate was a self-authenticating document. After
visually examining the Certificate, the district court asked
defense counsel for a reason underlying her position that the
Certificate was not a self-authenticating document. When
defense counsel could not readily articulate a reason, the
district court overruled the objection. Because the district
court made this definitive ruling on the admissibility of the
Certificate and because it was clear, in context, that Alvirez’s
objection was that the document had not been properly
authenticated, Alvirez preserved his objection to the
authentication of the Certificate. See Sepulveda-Barraza,
645 F.3d at 1070.

   Alvirez contends that documents issued by Indian Tribes
cannot be self-authenticating because the tribes are not
                     UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                         13

political subdivisions as described in Fed. R. Evid. 902(1).1
Additionally, Alvirez argues that the government could not
authenticate the document through Officer Williams’
testimony because Officer Williams did not meet the
requirement set forth in Fed. R. Evid. 902(2).2 We agree.

     Authentication is a prerequisite to the admission of
evidence, satisfied by establishing that the proferred item is
in fact what it purports to be. See Orr v. Bank of Am.,
285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir. 2002), as amended.
Authentication establishes the genuineness of evidence and
is a special aspect of relevancy. See id. at 773 n.7. Evidence

 1
     Fed. R. of Evid. 902(1) (2010) provides:

          Self-authentication
                                     ...
          (1) Domestic public documents under seal.              A
          document bearing a seal purporting to be that of the
          United States, or of any State, district, Commonwealth,
          territory, or insular possession thereof, or the Panama
          Canal Zone, or the Trust Territory of the Pacific
          Islands, or of a political subdivision, department,
          officer, or agency thereof, and a signature purporting to
          be an attestation or execution.

 2
     Fed. R. of Evid. 902(2) (2010) provides:

          Self-authentication
                                     ...
          (2) Domestic public documents not under seal. A
          document purporting to bear the signature in the official
          capacity of an officer or employee of any entity
          included in paragraph (1) hereof, having no seal, if a
          public officer having a seal and having official duties in
          the district or political subdivision of the officer or
          employee certifies under seal that the signer has the
          official capacity and that the signature is genuine.
14                 UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

can be authenticated by presenting testimony from an
individual who has sufficient familiarity with the proffered
evidence to identify the evidence and inform the court of the
circumstances under which the evidence was created. See
United States v. Pelisamen, 641 F.3d 399, 411 (9th Cir.
2011). In sum, the individual who authenticates the evidence
seeks to convince the court that the proffered evidence is
genuinely what it purports to be. See Las Vegas Sands, LLC
v. Nehme, 632 F.3d 526, 532–33 (9th Cir. 2011). However,
certain documents are characterized as self-authenticating,
requiring no extrinsic evidence of genuineness to be admitted
into evidence. See United States v. Mateo-Mendez, 215 F.3d
1039, 1043 (9th Cir. 2000) (explaining self-authentication).
Pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 902(1), self-authentication requires
a seal from an entity listed in the rule and a signature of
attestation or execution.3 See Fed. R. Evid. 902(1). Fed. R.
Evid. 902(1) specifically lists the entities that may issue self-
authenticating documents and Indian tribes are not among
those listed. See Fed. R. Evid. 902(1) (listing the United
States; a State of the United States; a commonwealth,
territory, or insular possession of the United States; the
Panama Canal Zone; and the Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands); see also United States v. Weiland, 420 F.3d 1062,
1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (explaining that a party may not
circumvent the requirements of authentication when the plain
language of a rule lists the requirements necessary for
authentication).



  3
    An attestor certifies that a document is what it purports to be. See
Mateo-Mendez, 215 F.3d at 1043. An executor confirms preparation of
the documents. See Christopher B. Mueller and Laird C. Kirkpatrick,
Authentication and Identification: Rules 901 to 903, 5 Federal Evidence
§ 9:30 (3d ed.) (June, 2012), available at W estlaw FEDEV § 9:30.
                    UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                            15

    The plain language of Rule 902(1) specifically lists the
entities that may issue self-authenticating documents. The
Rule is not ambiguous and must be applied as written. See
Gardenhire v. IRS (In re Gardenhire), 209 F.3d 1145, 1152
(9th Cir. 2000). Because Indian tribes are not listed among
the entities that may produce self-authenticating documents,4
the district court abused its discretion in admitting the
Certificate pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 902(1) as a
self-authenticating document. See United States v. Nguyen,
465 F.3d 1128, 1130 (9th Cir. 2006)5 (articulating that a
district court abuses its discretion when it admits evidence
“based on an erroneous view of the law”) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted).6



  4
    The government argues that tribes are “political subdivisions” of the
United States and thus captured by the text of Rule 902(1). W e disagree.
Tribes are “sovereigns or quasi sovereigns,” Kiowa Tribe of Okla. v. Mfg.
Tech., Inc., 523 U.S. 751, 757 (1998), not one of the political entities into
which the federal government is divided, see Santa Clara Pueblo v.
Martinez, 436 U.S. 49, 56 (1978) (“As separate sovereigns pre-existing
the Constitution, tribes have historically been regarded as unconstrained
by those constitutional provisions framed specifically as limitations on
federal or state authority.”).

 5
    At oral argument, the government conceded that Fed. R. Evid. 902(4)
is inapplicable to this case because, in this case, there was no “custodian
that certified that this was a document” from tribal records. Therefore, we
do not address whether the document could have been admitted under
Rule 902(4).

 6
   For the same reason, the Certificate was not self-authenticating under
Rule 902(2). That rule allows for the authentication of documents
“purporting to bear the signature in the official capacity of an officer or
employee of any entity included in” Rule 902(1). Fed. R. Evid. 902(2).
Therefore, because tribes are not among the entities included in Rule
902(1), Rule 902(2) is inapplicable.
16               UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

    Alvirez’s Indian status is at the heart of this matter.
Indeed, a “defendant’s Indian status is an essential element of
a § 1153 offense which the government must allege in the
indictment and prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” Bruce,
394 F.3d at 1229 (citations omitted). Admission of the
Certificate allowed the government to establish both elements
of Indian status. First, the quantum blood information
indicated that Alvirez met the “some” Indian blood
requirement. Id. at 1223. Second, the Certificate established
that Alvirez was an enrolled member of the CRIT. See id. at
1224. Tribal enrollment is the most important factor of the
four outlined in Bruce to establish a defendant’s
acknowledgment by a tribe or government recognition as an
Indian. See id. Absent admission of the Certificate, it is
questionable whether the government would have established
Alvirez’s Indian status to the satisfaction of the jury, because
the only other evidence of Indian status was Havatone’s
testimony that Alvirez lived on the reservation and was a
member of the Hualapai Tribe. Consequently, it was more
likely than not that the admission of the Certificate materially
affected the verdict. See Wiggan, 700 F.3d at 1215.
Therefore, because the error was not harmless, we vacate
Alvirez’s conviction and remand for proceedings consistent
with the reasoning in this opinion.

     B. Denial of Alvirez’s Motion In Limine to Exclude
        References to Polygraph Evidence

     Citing Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 (1986),
Alvirez asserts that the district court erred when it denied his
motion in limine to exclude references to the polygraph
evidence, because it “deprived him of his constitutional right
to present a complete defense.” As discussed above, when
the district court denied Alvirez’s motion in limine, it
                    UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ               17

acknowledged the defense’s potential argument that he was
coerced into a confession during the third interview. Prior to
administering the polygraph, FBI Agent Fuller verified
Alvirez’s willingness to talk to him and advised Alvirez of his
Miranda7 rights. Agent Fuller asked Alvirez if he had been
drinking, whether he was well rested, and whether he was
taking medications. Alvirez responded that he had not drunk
alcoholic beverages, but that he was taking phenobarbital, and
blood pressure medication. Alvirez also stated that he was
tired, due to a lack of sleep the previous night. However,
Agent Fuller testified that he did not note any weariness or
impairment, and that Alvirez indicated “he was okay to take
the test.”

    The government stated that it had no intention of referring
to Alvirez’s polygraph examination or its results in its case-
in-chief. However, once the government learned that Alvirez
planned to pursue the defense that multiple interrogations and
alleged coercion led to his confession, the prosecution
responded that the defense would be opening the door for the
prosecution to discuss the polygraph examination and its
results. The district court denied Alvirez’s motion in limine
seeking to exclude polygraph evidence. However, the district
court specifically noted that its ruling was in no way intended
to deprive Alvirez of his right to present a complete defense.

    Alvirez now argues that he chose not to raise the multiple
interrogation defense for fear that the prosecution would
introduce the polygraph examination evidence, which would
be unduly prejudicial. According to Alvirez, the district
court’s ruling deprived him of an opportunity to present a
complete defense, as was the case in Crane.

 7
     Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
18               UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

    In Crane, the defendant was convicted of murder. See
Crane, 476 U.S. at 686. When he was initially arrested, the
defendant was sixteen years old. See id. at 684. After being
indicted, the defendant moved to suppress his confession.
See id. at 684–85. During the evidentiary hearing, the
defendant testified that he had been held for hours in a
windowless room, surrounded by up to six police officers,
repeatedly denied his requests to contact his mother, and
forced into making the confession. See id. at 685. The trial
court denied the motion. See id.

    During his opening statement, defense counsel stated that
there were a number of reasons the defendant’s confession
should not be considered trustworthy or credible. See id. In
response to this statement, the prosecution moved in limine to
exclude the defense’s introduction of evidence relating to the
circumstances underlying the defendant’s confession. See id.
at 685–86. The prosecution argued that the circumstances
related to the voluntariness of the statement, and that the
court had already resolved that issue. See id. at 686. The
court granted the prosecution’s motion. See id. The
Kentucky Supreme Court upheld the trial court’s ruling. See
id.

    The United States Supreme Court reversed, holding that
the defendant’s due process rights under the Fourteenth
Amendment and the Confrontation Clause were violated. See
id. at 690. The Court held that the manner in which a
confession is elicited is important to determine the “reliability
and credibility” of the confession. Id. at 691. The Supreme
Court concluded that even voluntary statements may not be
conclusive of guilt. See id. at 689. Excluding evidence
relevant to the credibility of the confession was a clear
                UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                  19

violation of the defendant’s right to present a defense and
denied him a fair trial. See id. at 690–91.

    In this circuit, it is well-established that a polygraph
examination may not be admitted to prove the veracity of
statements made during the examination. See United States
v. Bowen, 857 F.2d 1337, 1341 (9th Cir. 1988). However,
polygraph evidence may be admissible as “an operative fact.”
Id. During the hearing on the motion in limine, the district
court expressed the view that polygraph tests should rarely be
mentioned during trial. The district court expressed that its
“instinct [was] it shouldn’t come in. . . .” However, the
district court clarified that it would not limit Alvirez’s
defense, as he should be able to present “whatever defense
you can.” Nevertheless, the court forewarned Alvirez that his
strategy might result in a reference to the polygraph test by
the government. The district court’s denial of the motion in
limine did not prevent Alvirez from calling key witnesses,
from presenting specific information in support of his
defense, or from refuting an essential element of the
government’s case. See United States v. Pineda-Doval,
614 F.3d 1019, 1033 & n.7 (9th Cir. 2010) (explaining that
cases that violated a defendant’s right to present a defense
involved evidentiary rules that “undermined fundamental
elements of the defendant’s defense”). In sum, Alvirez’s
constitutional right to present a complete defense was
honored. See id. Unlike the defendant in Crane, Alvirez was
not denied the opportunity to present his defense. Rather, he
elected not to present his defense as a legal strategy. See,
e.g., United States v. Main, 443 F.2d 900, 901 (9th Cir. 1971)
(articulating that defense counsel’s informed judgment not to
present an intoxication defense, as a matter of strategy, did
not deprive defendant of a fair trial).
20                  UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

      C. Application of the Sentencing Guidelines

    Alvirez contends that the district court plainly erred in its
calculation of his sentencing by applying a seven-level
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2A2.28,9 for infliction of a
permanent or life threatening bodily injury. The government
counters that Alvirez waived his right to appeal the
enhancement when he failed to object to the pre-sentence
report or the calculated sentencing range.

    A defendant does not waive his right to appeal a district
court’s legal determinations simply because he failed to
object. See United States v. Jimenez, 258 F.3d 1120, 1123
(9th Cir. 2001). Instead, we review for plain error. See id. at
1124.



 8
    Alvirez was sentenced on M ay 27, 2011. Therefore, references to the
United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G. or Guidelines) are
to the November 2010 Guidelines.

 9
     § 2A2.2. Aggravated Assault

          (a) Base Offense Level: 14

          (b) Specific Offense Characteristics
                                    ...
          (3) If the victim sustained bodily injury, increase the
          offense level according to the seriousness of the injury:

          Degree of Bodily Injury               Increase in Level

          (A) Bodily Injury                           add 3
          (B) Serious Bodily Injury                   add 5
          (C) Permanent or Life-Threatening           add 7
          Bodily Injury
                 UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ                   21

     “Plain error is (1) an error that (2) is plain, (3) affects
substantial rights, and (4) seriously affects the fairness,
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United
States v. Blinkinsop, 606 F.3d 1110, 1114 n.2 (9th Cir. 2010)
(citation omitted). An error is plain when it is “clear” or
“obvious.” Charles, 581 F.3d at 933 (citation omitted).

    U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2(b)(3)(C) allows the district court to
increase the defendant’s offense level by seven levels if the
offense resulted in permanent or life-threatening injury. The
district court’s factual findings underpinning its application
of a sentence enhancement are reviewed for clear error. See
Pearson, 274 F.3d at 1234–35. The district court credited Dr.
McEleney’s testimony that Havatone’s ankle required repair
with surgical grade steel and nine screws to stabilize it, that
it may be necessary to replace this hardware more often, and
that the long-term effects of this injury may cause
posttraumatic osteoarthritis. The district court committed no
clear error in equating these effects to a permanent bodily
injury. See id. (approving the district court’s reliance on
evidence from the trial to apply a sentencing enhancement).
Because the district court properly applied the enhancement,
Alvirez cannot show plain error. See United States v. Tafoya-
Motelongo, 659 F.3d 738, 744 (9th Cir. 2011).

IV.    SUMMARY

    We conclude that the district court abused its discretion
when it determined that the Certificate of Indian Blood was
a self-authenticating document under Fed. R. Evid. 902(2).
Because the error was not harmless, we reverse the
conviction. The district court did not abuse its discretion
when it denied the motion in limine, thus it did not deny
Alvirez his right to present a defense. Finally, the district
22              UNITED STATES V . ALVIREZ

court’s application of the sentencing enhancement for serious
bodily injury was not clearly erroneous.

     REVERSED AND REMANDED.
