                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                          444444444444
                                            NO. 17-0630
                                          444444444444

                          AGAR CORPORATION, INC., PETITIONER,
                                                  v.


 ELECTRO CIRCUITS INTERNATIONAL, LLC AND SURESH PARIKH, RESPONDENTS
            4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
                            ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                  COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
            4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444


                                     Argued January 23, 2019


       JUSTICE DEVINE delivered the opinion of the court.

       JUSTICE BUSBY did not participate in the decision.

       In this summary-judgment appeal we must determine what statute of limitations applies to a

claim of civil conspiracy. Following its own precedent, the court of appeals applied the two-year

statute generally applicable to torts, including trespass, and affirmed the trial court’s summary

judgment concluding that the civil conspiracy claims were indeed barred by limitations. 565 S.W.3d

12, 18 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016) (mem. op.) (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 16.003 and cases applying it to civil conspiracy). We do not agree that section 16.003 universally

applies to such claims.

       Because civil conspiracy is a derivative tort that “depends on participation in some underlying

tort,” we conclude that the applicable statute of limitations must coincide with that of the “underlying
tort for which the plaintiff seeks to hold at least one of the named defendants liable.” See Tilton v.

Marshall, 925 S.W.2d 672, 681 (Tex. 1996) (describing the nature of a civil conspiracy claim). And

because at least one of the underlying torts asserted as the basis for the conspiracy claims here may

not be barred by its applicable statute of limitations, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment in part

and affirm it in part.

                                           I. Background

        Agar Corporation designs, manufactures, and sells measuring devices for use in the oil and

gas industry. Agar sued more than a dozen individuals and entities, including Sanjay Shah and

Pandurang Nayak, who they alleged sold Agar’s technology in the scheme to produce the knock-off

products. Electro Circuits and its owner Suresh Parikh (collectively “Electro”) were subsequently

implicated in the scheme and added to Agar’s lawsuit in November 2011. Electro once manufactured

circuit boards for Agar, and its alleged role in the conspiracy was that it used Agar’s proprietary

information to manufacture circuit boards for the knock-off products.

        In its seventh amended petition filed on February 10, 2012, Agar asserted claims against

Electro for tortious interference, breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary

duty, fraud, fraud by non-disclosure, misappropriation of trade secrets, violations of the Texas Theft

Liability Act, conversion, and civil conspiracy and asserted similar claims against the other

defendants. Electro answered and, as pertinent here, filed a counterclaim against Agar seeking

attorney’s fees under the Texas Theft Liability Act.

        Electro later filed a traditional motion for summary judgment based on the statute of

limitations and a no-evidence motion that attacked the elements of Agar’s various claims. See TEX.


                                                   2
R. CIV. P. 166a(c), (i). The trial court (1) denied the no-evidence motion for summary judgment as

to Agar’s claims for civil conspiracy; (2) granted the no-evidence motion in favor of Electro “as to

all other claims [by Agar] alleging direct liability;” and (3) granted “a traditional summary judgment

on Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Electro Circuits International, LLC and Suresh Parikh only

on the limited basis as to [their] . . . affirmative defense of statute of limitations.” Following the

severance of Agar’s and Electro’s adverse claims from the others in the case, Electro filed another

motion for summary judgment in the severed case on the issue of attorney’s fees under the Texas

Theft Liability Act. The trial court granted that motion, awarded Electro its attorney’s fees, and

together with the previous summary judgment in Electro’s favor disposed of all issues in the severed

case.

        Agar appealed, complaining about that part of the summary judgment that barred its civil

conspiracy claims because of limitations and the subsequent summary judgment that awarded Electro

attorney’s fees. Agar argued that the trial court should not have applied a two-year statute of

limitations to its conspiracy claims and thereby erred in concluding that such claims were barred by

limitations. Agar also contended that the Texas Theft Liability Act did not provide for the award of

fees to Electro, the defendant. The court of appeals rejected Agar’s arguments and affirmed the

summary judgments for Electro. 565 S.W.3d at 26. In a concurrence to the denial of rehearing en

banc, Chief Justice Frost explained that the courts of appeals have uniformly applied section 16.003’s

two-year statute of limitations to civil conspiracy claims, even though the logic for that rule might

reasonably be questioned. 529 S.W.3d 559, 563–64 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017) (Frost,




                                                  3
C.J., concurring in order denying rehearing en banc). Having never passed on the question, we

granted Agar’s petition to consider the relevant statute of limitations for a claim of civil conspiracy.

                                          II. Statute of Limitations

        The statute of limitations is an affirmative defense that serves to “establish a point of repose

and to terminate stale claims.” Murray v. San Jacinto Agency, Inc., 800 S.W.2d 826, 828 (Tex.

1990). Statutes of limitations vary from claim to claim as determined by the Legislature. See

generally TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 16.002–.051. For example, a two-year limitations period

applies to suits for trespass and conversion, whereas a four-year limitations period applies to suits

for fraud or breach of fiduciary duty. Id. §§ 16.003(a), .004(a)(4), (5). For claims not expressly

identified by the Legislature, a residual limitations period of four years is provided. Id. § 16.051.

        None of the statutes of limitations mention civil conspiracy by name. Rather than apply the

residual limitations period, the courts of appeals that have considered the issue have held civil

conspiracy falls under the two-year statute of limitations applied to suits for trespass in section 16.003

of the Civil Practices and Remedies Code.1 Agar contends that these cases are wrong and that they

misunderstand the nature of a civil conspiracy claim.




        1
           See, e.g., Tucker v. Bedgood, 2016 WL 7011584, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg Dec. 1, 2016,
no pet.) (mem. op.); Archer v. Allison, 2015 WL 7889910, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Dec. 3, 2015, pet. denied) (mem.
op.); Bennett v. Reynolds, 2014 WL 4179452, at *10 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 22, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.);
Dodson v. Ford, 2013 WL 5433915, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 26, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.); Sharpe v. Roman
Catholic Diocese of Dall., 97 S.W.3d 791, 795 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied); Mayes v. Stewart, 11 S.W.3d 440,
453 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied); Chandler v. Chandler, 991 S.W.2d 367, 394 (Tex. App.—El
Paso 1999, pet. denied); Martz v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 965 S.W.2d 584, 587 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1998, no pet.); Fisher
v. Yates, 953 S.W.2d 370, 381 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997), writ denied, 988 S.W.2d 730 (Tex. 1998) (per curiam);
Allen v. City of Midlothian, 927 S.W.2d 316, 322 (Tex. App.—Waco 1996, no writ); Stroud v. VBFSB Holding Corp.,
917 S.W.2d 75, 82 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied); Stevenson v. Koutzarov, 795 S.W.2d 313, 318 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, writ denied).

                                                         4
       In civil conspiracy, the plaintiff seeks to hold the defendant liable for an injury caused by a

third party who has acted in combination with the defendant for a common purpose. Chu v. Hong,

249 S.W.3d 441, 444–45 (Tex. 2008); Carroll v. Timmers Chevrolet, Inc., 592 S.W.2d 922, 925 (Tex.

1979). Agar therefore submits that the applicable statute of limitations for a civil conspiracy claim

should be that of the underlying tort because that limitations period more accurately reflects civil

conspiracy’s status as a vicarious liability theory that hinges on an underlying tort.

       Electro responds that civil conspiracy is not a vicarious liability theory but rather an

independent cause of action in the nature of a trespass to which section 16.003’s two-year statute of

limitations applies. Electro accordingly concludes that the courts of appeals have correctly applied

this limitations period to past civil conspiracy claims and that this uniform line of decisions should

not be disturbed. The parties thus disagree about whether civil conspiracy is an independent tort or

merely a theory of vicarious tort liability derivative of an underlying wrong.

       A. Civil Conspiracy in Texas as a Vicarious Liability Theory

       In most jurisdictions, civil conspiracy is a vicarious liability theory that imparts joint-and-

several liability to a co-conspirator who may not be liable for the underlying tort. See, e.g., Mackey

v. Compass Mktg., Inc., 892 A.2d 479, 485 (Md. 2006); Upah v. Ancona Bros. Co., 521 N.W.2d 895,

901 (Neb. 1994), disapproved on other grounds, Welsch v. Graves, 582 N.W.2d 312, 316 (Neb.

1998); Granewich v. Harding, 985 P.2d 788, 792 (Or. 1999); Dunn v. Rockwell, 689 S.E.2d 255, 269

(W. Va. 2009). Liability depends on injury from the underlying tort, not the conspiracy itself.

Mackey, 892 A.2d at 485. By contrast, a minority of states treat civil conspiracy as an independent

claim where defendants may be held liable for damages caused by the conspiracy itself, even in the


                                                  5
absence of an unlawful act. See, e.g., Allegro, Inc. v. Scully, 791 S.E.2d 140, 144 (S.C. 2016). Our

case law on civil conspiracy leaves Texas’s position on the debate arguably unclear. Although we

have not expressly said whether a civil conspiracy claim is in the nature of a vicarious liability theory

or an independent tort, we have at various times used language implying that it was one or the other.

         We have said a proven civil conspiracy means “each of [the] defendants in error is responsible

for all acts done by any of the conspirators in furtherance of the unlawful combination.” State v.

Standard Oil Co., 107 S.W.2d 550, 559 (Tex. 1937). This is a statement of vicarious liability. See

Carroll, 592 S.W.2d at 925–26 (citing Standard Oil while describing civil conspiracy as a theory of

vicarious liability).2 We have repeatedly called civil conspiracy a “derivative tort,” meaning it

depends on some underlying tort or other illegal act. Chu, 249 S.W.3d at 444; Tilton, 925 S.W.2d

at 681. Our use of the word “derivative” in this context means a civil conspiracy claim is connected

to the underlying tort and survives or fails alongside it. NME Hosps., Inc. v. Rennels, 994 S.W.2d

142, 148 (Tex. 1999). This is because “[i]t is not the agreement itself, but an injury to the plaintiff

resulting from [another] act done pursuant to the common purpose that gives rise to the cause of

action.” Carroll, 592 S.W.2d at 925. Civil conspiracy depends entirely on the injury caused by the

underlying tort; the injury is the damage from the underlying wrong, not the conspiracy itself.

Schlumberger Well Surveying Corp. v. Nortex Oil & Gas Corp., 435 S.W.2d 854, 856 (Tex. 1968).




         2
           Electro argues that Carrol stands for the opposite because it says civil conspiracy is “distinguished from the
concept of vicarious liability for concerted action....” See Carrol, 592 S.W.2d at 925-26. This misses that concerted
action is a separate theory of vicarious liability distinct from civil conspiracy. See Juhl v. Airington, 936 S.W.2d 640,
643-44 (Tex. 1996)(treating civil conspiracy and concerted action as similar but distinct theories). Carrol simply
recognized that distinction.

                                                            6
These cases clearly describe civil conspiracy as a theory of vicarious liability and establish that in

Texas, civil conspiracy requires some underlying wrong.

        In other cases, we have described civil conspiracy as a “recognized tort” or a “cause of

action.” See, e.g., Juhl v. Airington, 936 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1996); Massey v. Armco Steel Co.,

652 S.W.2d 932, 934 (Tex. 1983). A cause of action is simply “a factual situation that entitles one

person to obtain a remedy.” Cause of Action, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014). Likewise,

in modern usage a tort is simply a “civil wrong, other than breach of contract, for which a remedy

may be obtained.” Tort, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014). When used as a theory of

vicarious liability, civil conspiracy is part of the factual situation that permits a remedy against co-

conspirators. Without it, there would be no grounds for recovery against co-conspirators who did not

commit the underlying unlawful act. So it is not inconsistent to say civil conspiracy is a vicarious

liability theory while also recognizing that it is a kind of cause of action. Indeed, it is not uncommon

for courts to characterize vicarious liability itself as a cause of action when sorting through plaintiffs’

various claims. E.g., Sky View at Las Palmas, LLC v. Mendez, 555 S.W.3d 101, 105 n.2 (Tex. 2018)

(including vicarious liability in a list of the plaintiff’s causes of action alongside malpractice,

negligence, and breach of contract); N.P. v. Methodist Hosp., 190 S.W.3d 217, 225 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (“[Plaintiff] nonetheless has a viable cause of action

for vicarious liability under principles of respondeat superior.”). None would take this usage to mean

vicarious liability is an independent cause of action. See Crooks v. Moses, 138 S.W.3d 629, 637

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.) (explaining that vicarious liability is not an independent cause of




                                                    7
action). Likewise, characterizing civil conspiracy as a cause of action does not mean it is an

independent tort.

        Our discussion of the five elements of civil conspiracy enumerated in Massey v. Armco Steel

Co., 652 S.W.2d at 934, might also point to civil conspiracy being an independent claim. There, we

defined the elements of civil conspiracy as: “(1) two or more persons; (2) an object to be

accomplished; (3) a meeting of minds on the object or course of action; (4) one or more unlawful,

overt acts; and (5) damages as the proximate result.” Id. (citing 15A C.J.S. Conspiracy § 1(2)

(1967)). These elements might be read to mean the litigated damages must only be proximately

caused by the conspiracy itself, and we have sometimes described the damages element as “damages

caused by the conspiracy.” E.g., Operation Rescue-Nat’l v. Planned Parenthood of Hou. & Se. Tex.,

Inc., 975 S.W.2d 546, 554 (Tex. 1998). But no past decisions depend on that characterization of the

damages element. Our conspiracy decisions both before and after Massey emphasize that the

damages that matter come from the underlying wrongful act, not the conspiracy itself. Tilton, 925

S.W.2d at 680–81; Schlumberger, 435 S.W.2d at 856. This precedent does not contradict the Massey

elements; it instead clarifies that the damages element refers not to the entire conspiracy itself but to

some tortious act committed by a co-conspirator pursuant to the conspiracy. These cases thus do not

contradict those that more clearly indicate that civil conspiracy is a theory of vicarious liability and

not an independent tort.

        B. Civil Conspiracy Limitations Tied to the Underlying Tort

        Having determined that civil conspiracy is not an independent tort, it follows that the claim

does not have its own statute of limitations. In fact, assigning civil conspiracy its own fixed


                                                   8
limitations period conflicts with its nature as a derivative tort. Civil conspiracy requires an

underlying tort that has caused damages. Tilton, 925 S.W.2d at 681. The cause of action for the

underlying tort typically accrues as soon as the tort causes those damages. See Murphy v. Campbell,

964 S.W.2d 265, 270 (Tex. 1997) (“[A] cause of action accrues when a wrongful act causes some

legal injury . . . .”). A fixed limitations period of two years for civil conspiracy that differs from that

of its underlying tort can produce bizarre consequences. For example, why should co-conspirators

who participate in a scheme to defame a person but who do not commit any defamatory acts

themselves be subject to suit for a longer period than the primary tortfeasor upon whom their liability

is premised? See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 16.002(a) (applying a one-year limitations period

for libel and slander).

        Equating the limitations period for civil conspiracy with that of the underlying tort also

accords with the Legislature’s statute-of-limitations scheme. The Legislature has defined different

statutes of limitations for various claims, such as “suit[s] for trespass or injury,” “suit[s] on . . .

fraud,” “suit[s] for . . . libel” or “suit[s] for misappropriation of trade secrets.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE §§ 16.002–.004, .010. The scheme thus assigns statutes of limitations based on the type

of wrong, but it does not assign different limitations for parties who may be liable through different

theories for the same wrong. Because civil conspiracy is a theory of vicarious liability, a lawsuit

alleging a civil conspiracy that committed some intentional tort is still a “suit for” that tort.

        We are not alone in our understanding of civil conspiracy as a theory of derivative liability

that shares a limitations period with that of its underlying tort. The courts of last resort in Maryland,

Nebraska, Virginia, and West Virginia agree. Dunlap v. Cottman Transmission Sys., 754 S.E.2d 313,


                                                    9
320–21 (Va. 2014); Prince George’s Cty. v. Longtin, 19 A.3d 859, 877 (Md. 2011); Upah v. Ancona

Bros. Co., 521 N.W.2d at 902; Dunn, 689 S.E.2d at 269. Several other states’ intermediate courts

have held the same.3

         Electro offers three reasons we should apply section 16.003’s two-year limitations period to

all civil conspiracies—as our own courts of appeals have uniformly done—rather than align ourselves

with these other states. First, Electro submits that 16.003’s two-year limitations period generally

applies to torts not named by more specific statutes and therefore should apply to a civil conspiracy

claim as an action in trespass. See Williams v. Khalaf, 802 S.W.2d 651, 654 (Tex. 1990) (“[Torts]

not expressly covered by a limitation provision nor expressly held by this court to be governed by

a different provision would presumptively be a ‘trespass’ for limitations purposes.”). The argument

assumes that civil conspiracy is itself an independent tort, but it is not.

         Next, Electro compares civil conspiracy to tortious interference with business relations to

support a strict application of 16.003’s limitations period here. In First National Bank of Eagle Pass

v. Levine, we held section 16.003 governs tortious interference claims. 721 S.W.2d 287, 289 (Tex.

1986). And in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sturges, we held that tortious interference with business

relations requires proving that the defendant’s conduct would be actionable under another recognized

tort. 52 S.W.3d 711, 726 (Tex. 2001). Levine and Sturges combined suggest that 16.003's two-year

limitation can govern claims that depend on other underlying tortious actions, like tortious


         3
          E.g., Filmservice Labs., Inc. v. Harvey Bernhard Enters., Inc., 256 Cal. Rptr. 735, 742 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989);
Mauvais-Jarvis v. Wong, 987 N.E.2d 864, 894 (Ill. App. Ct. 2013); Meyer Land & Cattle Co. v. Lincoln Cty.
Conservation Dist., 31 P.3d 970, 977 (Kan. Ct. App. 2001); Terlecki v. Stewart, 754 N.W.2d 899, 906 (Mich. Ct. App.
2008); Schlotthauer v. Sanders, 545 N.Y.S.2d 197, 199 (N.Y. App. Div. 1989); Segall v. Hurwitz, 339 N.W.2d 333, 338
(Wis. Ct. App. 1983).

                                                          10
interference and civil conspiracy. But we have held this is not the case. In Nath v. Texas Children’s

Hospital, we held that only a one-year statute of limitations applies to tortious interference claims

where a one-year tortious act is the only grounds for the claim. 446 S.W.3d 355, 370 (Tex. 2014).

So even if Electro’s analogy between tortious interference and civil conspiracy were sound, it would

not be grounds for holding section 16.003 applies to every civil conspiracy claim.

       Finally, Electro argues that we should not overturn the court of appeals’ decades-long,

uniform application of the two-year limitations period to civil conspiracy. But a long history of

mistaken application alone is insufficient to counsel against correcting the error. See, e.g., Hubenak

v. San Jacinto Gas Transmission Co., 141 S.W.3d 172, 181 & n.44, 183 & n.69 (Tex. 2004)

(disapproving at least sixteen court of appeals decisions spanning over seventy years); Callejo v.

Brazos Elec. Power Coop., Inc., 755 S.W.2d 73, 75 (Tex. 1988) (disapproving at least twelve

decisions spanning over thirty years). Nor is the Legislature’s inaction in the face of these appellate

decisions evidence that those decisions are in line with the statutory scheme. See Entergy Gulf States,

Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 470–71 (Tex. 2009) (refusing to make inferences about the

Legislature’s statutory intent from the Legislature’s inaction). Because we hold civil conspiracy is

not an independent tort and its statute of limitations is that of the underlying tort, we disapprove the

courts of appeals’ decisions to the extent they contradict this opinion.4

       Agar’s seventh amended petition alleges Electro engaged in a civil conspiracy to commit

several underlying torts including, among others, conversion, misappropriation of trade secrets, and

fraud. These underlying claims are governed by separate two-, three- and four-year statutes of


       4
           See cases cited supra, note 1.

                                                  11
limitations respectively. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 16.003(a), 16.004(a), 16.010(a). The civil

conspiracy claims are likewise governed respectively by those statutes. Agar’s civil conspiracy

claims may only proceed if they are based on an underlying tort that is itself not barred by limitations.

To determine on which bases Agar’s claim may proceed, if any, we turn to accrual.

                                                     III. Accrual

         The statute of limitations begins to run when a claim accrues. Murray v. San Jacinto Agency,

Inc., 800 S.W.2d 826, 828 (Tex. 1990). A cause of action accrues when facts come into existence

that permit a plaintiff to recover. Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Rincones, 520 S.W.3d 572, 593 (Tex. 2017).

Generally, this is when a wrongful act causes an injury. Murray, 800 S.W.2d at 828.

         As with the statute of limitations, we have not previously considered when a civil conspiracy

claim accrues. But the above principles should apply to civil conspiracy claims as they do to other

claims. Because a civil conspiracy requires an underlying tort, Tilton, 925 S.W.2d at 681, most civil

conspiracy claims should accrue when the underlying tort causes harm to the plaintiff, that is, at the

same time as the tort claim against the primary tortfeasor.5 But some disagreement exists about this.

         The courts of other states have announced differing rules for accrual in the context of a

conspiracy. See 16 AM. JUR. 2D Conspiracy § 65 (2018) (describing with citations at least four

different rules for civil conspiracy accrual applied by various courts). For instance, the California

Supreme Court has held the entirety of the conspiracy does not accrue until the last overt act of the

conspiracy. Wyatt v. Union Mortgage Co., 157 Cal.Rptr. 392, 400 (Cal. 1979). In Arizona, by


         5
           As the parties would tie the accrual date in this case to an allegedly damaging overt act or underlying tort,
we need not consider whether a civil conspiracy claim might accrue at a later time if the last element of the claim alleged
to come into existence is something other than an act injuring the plaintiff.

                                                            12
contrast, the statute of limitations commences when the tortious act is committed on which

conspiracy liability is premised. Tovrea Land & Cattle Co. v. Linsenmeyer, 412 P.2d 47, 63 (Ariz.

1966).

         A. Civil Conspiracy’s Accrual in Texas

         Texas appellate courts on balance appear to agree with Arizona, treating each underlying tort

of the conspiracy as having its own limitations which runs from the time the act is committed. See,

e.g., Harang v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 400 S.W.2d 810, 813 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1966,

writ ref’d n.r.e.); Cathey v. First City Bank of Aransas Pass, 758 S.W.2d 818, 822 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied). The application of this rule, however, is not always clear

or consistent. See, e.g., Jeanes v. Hamby, 685 S.W.2d 695, 699 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1984, writ ref’d

n.r.e.) (holding that limitations in a civil conspiracy claim for fraud ran from the conspiracy’s last

overt act rather than with the underlying fraud claim’s accrual). We agree with the rule as stated in

Tovrea and Harang: the claim accrues when each underlying tort of the conspiracy damages the

plaintiff, and limitations run separately for each such tortious act. See Tovrea, 412 P.2d at 63;

Harang, 400 S.W.2d at 813. Understanding that civil conspiracy is a theory of derivative liability,

it follows that a civil conspiracy claim should share both accrual and the limitations period of the

underlying wrong. This also accords with the general rule that a cause of action accrues when a

wrongful act causes an injury. See Murray, 800 S.W.2d at 828.

         Agar contends that statute of limitations in civil conspiracy runs from the commission of the

last overt act alleged to have caused damage, which is the rule followed in California. Applying this

rule, Agar argues its civil conspiracy claims accrued on July 3, 2009 because the trial court identified


                                                  13
a sale of knock-offs between the conspirators on that date as the conspiracy’s “last overt act.” Electro

contends the statute of limitations in civil conspiracy accrues with the injury, and here that injury

occurred in April 2008, at the latest, when Agar discovered the theft of its technology and initially

sued Shah and Nahak.

       Agar argues Harang actually supports its suggested accrual rule, but we disagree. Harang,

in fact, explicitly rejects the last-overt-act accrual rule. The plaintiff in that case sued on a 1958

conspiracy to commit defamation, and later added alleged co-conspirators to the case in 1964.

Harang, 400 S.W.2d at 812. While agreeing that a two-year statute of limitations applied to his

claim, the plaintiff argued limitations ran from the “last overt act” of the conspiracy, which he said

was one of two meetings of the co-conspirators in 1964 and 1965. Id. at 812–14. The court of

appeals disagreed, holding that limitations ran from when the injury occurred and so the conspiracy

claim against the late-added co-conspirators was time-barred. Id. at 813. Under the Harang court’s

reasoning, for each tort committed under the conspiracy, “the statute of limitations begins to run

when it occurs.” See id. Because the defamation injury in Harang had occurred in 1958, the court

held the civil conspiracy claim accrued and limitations began to run at that time and so the claim as

to the co-conspirators added in 1964 was barred to the extent it relied a tort for which the limitations

period had run. See id. at 812–13.

       If conspirators conspire about different underlying torts over the course of a conspiracy, then

claims based thereon accrue separately according to when each tort and injury occur. A conspiracy

claim based on an earlier underlying tort does not re-accrue when the co-conspirators agree to commit

a second tort or make another overt act. See Cathey, 758 S.W.2d at 822 (“[A]ny act committed


                                                  14
[outside limitations] prior to the filing of this conspiracy action would be barred by limitations and

may not be recovered upon at trial.”).

       Agar also relies on another decision it contends interpreted Harang to support its conspiracy-

accrual rule. That case involved a civil conspiracy where an estranged husband conspired with a

friend to hide a winning lottery ticket from his wife to keep lottery winnings out of the marital assets

during divorce. Mayes v. Stewart, 11 S.W.3d 440, 446 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet.

denied). The wife sued both the friend and husband for fraud on both direct and conspiracy liability

theories and won a judgment, which only the friend appealed. Id. at 447. Although the court in

Mayes cited both Harang and Cathey, it rejected an argument that the conspiracy accrued with the

underlying fraud and instead ties accrual to later overt acts of the conspiracy—using the last-overt-act

rule that Harang rejected. Id. at 453. The court ultimately concluded, however, that the conspiracy-

limitations issue was irrelevant because of the jury’s fraud finding against the friend directly. Id.

       The better rule for civil conspiracy accrual is for the statute of limitations to accrue as to each

alleged underlying tort when that tort occurs. See Tovrea, 412 P.2d at 63; Harang, 400 S.W.2d at

813. Because a civil conspiracy claim is derivative of an underlying tort, the claim accrues when the

underlying tort accrues. We therefore reject Agar’s argument that we should adopt the last-overt-act

accrual rule.

       Agar seeks recovery for the injury of the theft of its intellectual property which it discovered

no later than April 2008 when it commenced litigation. The trial court found that for limitations

purposes the last overt act of the conspiracy was the co-conspirators submission and receipt of the

purchase order on July 3, 2009. But this finding suggests the wrong rule because Agar’s civil


                                                   15
conspiracy claim as to each underlying tort accrued at the same time as Agar’s direct claims for those

torts, all of which accrued by April 2008.

        Agar relies on the July 2009 purchase orders as evidence of the last overt act of the

conspiracy. But the discovery of additional damages does not alter the accrual of an earlier tort, nor

is there evidence of an underlying tort distinct from those alleged earlier. The purchase orders may

show continuing damage to Agar from earlier torts, but this does not reset the statute of limitations.

Murray, 800 S.W.2d at 828. Because the July 2009 purchase order does not support a later accrual

of any of Agar’s alleged underlying torts and Agar has not offered any other accrual date, we hold

Agar’s civil conspiracy claims all accrued at the latest on April 3, 2008, when it first filed suit against

Electro’s alleged co-conspirators.

        B. Discovery Rule

        Agar also asserts the discovery rule, arguing its civil conspiracy claim against Electro did not

accrue until March 2011, when it discovered the July 2009 sale. Agar complains that the purchase

orders were not produced until March 30, 2011 although requested years earlier. Because Agar ties

the accrual of its civil conspiracy claims to the July 2009 sale, it argues that the discovery rule should

further toll limitations to March 2011.

        The discovery rule is an exception to the general accrual rule that applies when the injury is

by its nature inherently undiscoverable. Childs v. Haussecker, 974 S.W.2d 31, 36–37 (Tex. 1998).

Where the discovery rule applies, the cause of action accrues when a reasonably diligent and careful

plaintiff knows or should have known of the wrongful act and injury. Id. at 37.




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       Agar’s contention again relies on the assumption that its civil conspiracy claim accrued with

the July 2009 sale as the last overt act of the conspiracy. As we have already rejected that

assumption, no basis exists for Agar’s argument here. Agar’s civil conspiracy claims did not accrue

with the July 2009 sale regardless of when Agar discovered it.

       C. Application of Accrual and Limitations to Agar’s Civil Conspiracy Claims

       Agar’s live pleading, its seventh amended petition, alleges a civil conspiracy based on several

underlying torts, including: “tortious interference with existing contracts; breach of fiduciary duty;

fraud; fraud by nondisclosure; misappropriation of trade secrets; civil theft; conversion; unfair

competition; trademark infringement and passing off.” Agar alleges those torts as direct claims

against Electro and the other defendants and as tortious actions taken pursuant to the conspiracy.

Electro argues that the civil conspiracy claim only relates to misappropriation of trade secrets, but

the record does not support Electro’s belief. Because the various civil conspiracy claims accrued

when their related underlying tortious injuries occurred, Agar’s civil conspiracy claims with respect

to all alleged underlying torts accrued by April 2008 at the latest. As Agar does not allege any

underlying tort related to the July 3, 2009 sale different from those previously alleged, that date is

irrelevant to Agar’s conspiracy claims.

       Agar did not add Electro to the lawsuit until November 2011. To see whether limitations has

run on Agar’s various civil conspiracy claims, we look to the limitations periods of the alleged

underlying torts. Agar’s civil conspiracy claims may not proceed to the extent they are based on torts

barred by limitations. For example, misappropriation of trade secrets is subject to a three-year

limitations period. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 16.010. As Agar added Electro to the lawsuit


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more than three years after April 2008, Agar may not pursue its civil conspiracy claim on the basis

of an alleged misappropriation of trade secrets. But fraud and breach of fiduciary duty are subject

to a four-year limitations period. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM CODE § 16.004. Agar’s civil conspiracy

claims against Electro based on those underlying torts may not be barred. Because the record does

not establish that all of the alleged wrongs underlying Agar’s civil conspiracy claims are barred by

limitations, we conclude the trial court erred in its application of limitations to all of Agar’s civil

conspiracy claims. The court of appeals therefore erred in affirming that part of the trial court’s

summary judgment.

                                        IV. Attorney’s Fees

       Agar also asks us to reverse the trial court’s award of $64,307.44 in attorney’s fees to Electro

under the Texas Theft Liability Act. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 134.001–.005. Agar has

alleged a civil theft claim directly against Electro. Under the Act, “each person who prevails in a suit

. . . shall be awarded court costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE § 134.005(b). The trial court granted Electro a no-evidence summary judgment on

Agar’s direct claim of theft under the Act.

       In the final judgment, the trial court awarded attorney’s fees “incurred as a result of defending

the TTLA claim or the performance of discrete legal acts that were intertwined with defending the

TTLA claim.” An affidavit from Electro’s attorney supported the fees award with an attached hourly

record of the fees amassed during litigation and an estimation as to how much each task involved or

was intertwined with Electro’s defense to the civil theft claim. Agar does not challenge the trial

court’s segregation of the attorney’s fees.


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       Agar contends, however, that a “person who prevails” under section 134.005(b) of the Act

includes only plaintiffs, not defendants like Electro. We begin statutory interpretation with the

statute’s text. Jose Carreras, M.D., P.A. v. Marroquin, 339 S.W.3d 68, 71 (Tex. 2011). The inquiry

ends there if “a statute’s words are unambiguous and yield a single inescapable interpretation.” Alex

Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v. Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 651–52 (Tex. 2006). The statute defines

“person” as “an individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other group, however organized.”

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 134.002(1). Agar contends that this definition serves to broaden

the types of plaintiffs who may sue under the Act, but nothing in the statute supports that contention.

The statute also refers to potential defendants as “persons.” See id. §§ 134.003, .005(a) (assigning

liability under the Act to a “person who commits theft” or a “person who has the duty [to control] a

child [who commits theft]”). The statute’s command that attorney’s fees be awarded to “each person

who prevails” unambiguously applies to all persons, be they a prevailing plaintiff or defendant. See

id. § 134.005(b).

       Agar also contends Electro has not “prevailed on the merits” of the civil theft claim because

Electro only avoided liability through the statute of limitations. This argument ignores that Electro

won a no-evidence summary judgment of Agar’s direct civil theft claim. A defendant “prevails”

when the plaintiff loses with prejudice, whether on the merits or for some other reason. Epps v.

Fowler, 351 S.W.3d 862, 868 (Tex. 2011). Agar’s civil theft claim against Electro has been resolved

with prejudice. Electro is therefore a prevailing party with respect to that claim.

       Agar next argues the affidavit supporting Electro’s attorney’s fees was legally defective and

controverted by Agar. Agar contends the affidavit is insufficient as a matter of law because it lacks


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an assertion that its contents are true or made under penalty of perjury. See Humphreys v. Caldwell,

888 S.W2d 469, 470 (Tex. 1994) (“An affidavit which does not positively and unqualifiedly represent

the facts as disclosed in the affidavit to be true and within the affiant's personal knowledge is legally

insufficient.”). We disagree. The challenged affidavit says it was taken upon the affiant’s oath and

the facts are based on his personal knowledge. An affidavit containing a statement that the affiant

appeared before the notary, was duly sworn, and submitted the statement “on his oath” is legally

sufficient. Ford Motor Co. v. Leggat, 904 S.W.2d 643, 645 (Tex. 1995).

       Agar finally contends its attorney’s affidavit created a fact issue on the reasonableness and

necessity of the attorney’s fees by reasoning that Electro won the case on limitations and therefore

should have moved for summary judgment much earlier. But Electro did not win purely on

limitations; only the civil conspiracy claims were subject to summary judgment on

limitations. Electro won a no-evidence summary judgment against all of Agar’s non-derivative tort

claims, including the civil theft claim. No-evidence summary judgment is only available “[a]fter

adequate time for discovery.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). The affidavit’s rationale fails and offers no

other support for its assertion that Electro’s fees were not reasonably necessary. Accordingly, no

genuine issue of material fact has been raised as to the reasonableness or necessity of Electro’s

attorney’s fees. The trial court did not err in awarding attorney’s fees to Electro under the Act.

                                               *****

       In summary, we hold that civil conspiracy is a derivative claim that takes the limitations

period of the underlying tort that is the object of the conspiracy. Limitations as to both typically run

simultaneously because the conspiracy and underlying tort generally accrue at the same time. As


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pled, the underlying torts alleged in this case all accrued by April 2008. Because Electro was not

joined as a party to the conspiracy until November 2011 and no underlying tort other than those

previously pled was alleged in that joinder, limitations that would bar the underlying tort claims if

alleged anew similarly bar the related claims of conspiracy. Thus, any conspiracy claim based on one

of the underlying torts alleged in April 2008 that shares a limitation period that expired before

November 2011 is barred. Finally, we hold that the Texas Theft Liability Act’s provision for the

award of attorney’s fees to each prevailing person applies both to plaintiffs and defendants who

prevail.

       We affirm the court of appeal’s judgment as to attorney’s fees, reverse it as to those civil

conspiracy claims whose underlying tort was not barred by limitations at the time of Electro’s

addition to the litigation, and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.




                                                      _____________________________
                                                      John P. Devine
                                                      Justice


Opinion Delivered: April 5, 2019




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