     Case: 18-30791   Document: 00515027992       Page: 1   Date Filed: 07/10/2019




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Fifth Circuit


                                   No. 18-30791                         FILED
                                                                    July 10, 2019
                                                                   Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                               Clerk

             Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.

LAZANDY DANIELS,

             Defendant–Appellant.


                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Louisiana


Before KING, SMITH, and WILLETT, Circuit Judges.
DON R. WILLETT, Circuit Judge:
      A jury convicted Lazandy Daniels of distributing crack cocaine, aiding
and abetting possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine, and conspiring
to distribute powder and crack cocaine. Daniels asserts three errors: (1) the
district court wrongly denied his motion to suppress evidence; (2) the district
court wrongly denied him the opportunity to cross-examine an adverse witness
in violation of the Sixth Amendment; and (3) the trial evidence was insufficient
to convict him. We reject Daniels’s arguments and AFFIRM his convictions.
                                        I
                                        A
      This story starts with Craig James, a cocaine dealer who made his living
transporting drugs and money between Houston and New Orleans. The
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                                   No. 18-30791
defendant, Daniels, met James through his brother, Lindsey Daniels. Lindsey
was a middle man, purchasing cocaine from James and then turning around
and reselling it. As part of their partnership, Lindsey let James use his New
Orleans salvage yard for transporting drugs. James would buy cars at auction
in one city, store cocaine in them, and transport the cars to the other city. He
also used this strategy to move money.
        The law eventually caught up with Lindsey. But James continued to use
the salvage yard. Daniels started working more closely with James, helping
him unload the cocaine from the cars and pack them with money before they
returned to Houston. Sometimes Daniels was around when James distributed
the drugs, and he would help James package the concomitant cash in
cellophane. Daniels even dabbled in the drug game himself: James testified
(and others confirmed) that he occasionally gave Daniels small amounts of
cocaine to sell.
        Besides helping James move cocaine, Daniels acted as James’s
chauffeur. When James was in New Orleans, Daniels would “[t]ake [James] to
go get food, pick [him] up from the airport, take [him] to [his] hotel room, things
like that.” James said he asked Daniels to carry out these tasks because
Daniels “was a friend . . . . It wasn’t just all business. He was a friend. I trusted
him.”
May 4, 2015 State Arrest
        In May 2015, Daniels was arrested for selling crack cocaine outside his
house. While conducting surveillance as part of a street-level narcotics
investigation, New Orleans police Sergeant Joseph Davis noticed a woman in
a white SUV stop her car, step out, and approach Daniels, who was standing
on the street. She handed something to Daniels, who went into his house.
Daniels came back out and handed her another object; then she got back into
her car.
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                                 No. 18-30791
      Suspicious, Davis followed the SUV and radioed his fellow officers to pull
it over. While attempting to do so, Officer Jeraire Bridges saw the woman drop
a small item from her window. Once the woman had pulled over, Bridges
retrieved the dropped item. It appeared (and was later confirmed) to be a
plastic bag of crack cocaine. The officers arrested the woman.
      Later that day, New Orleans police officers arrested Daniels. The officers
found him sitting in a pickup truck outside his house. The officers searched the
truck and the house, finding $2,325 in cash in the vehicle, a video recording
system monitoring the residence, and what turned out to be cocaine residue in
a mug in the house. Daniels was charged in Orleans Parish Criminal District
Court with possession with the intent to distribute cocaine.
December 2, 2015 Drug Enforcement Agency Arrest
      These December incidents were initially unrelated to Daniels’s May
arrest—they arose out of the DEA’s separate surveillance spearheaded by
Agents Justin Moran and Christopher Johnson. Thanks to a confidential tip,
the DEA learned that James was coming to New Orleans in early December to
collect some money. Upon his arrival, James took a taxi to the Super 8 Motel
on Chef Menteur Highway and rented a room.
      James testified that on December 1, 2015, a friend paid him an evening
visit, bringing James a duffle bag filled with various drug paraphernalia,
including a scale and cowboy boots stuffed with a cutting agent. Daniels came
by that evening and the next morning to “check on” James. Around noon,
Daniels left to go to his brother’s salvage yard. He returned around 12:34 p.m.
Before entering the motel, he retrieved from his trunk a long, thin item that
he kept under his jacket. The concealed item was a roll of cellophane for
wrapping cash, but the surveilling DEA agents thought it might be a weapon.
      Around 2:00 p.m., James’s brother-in-law, Joppa Jackson (whom the
DEA agents recognized from previous narcotics investigations), came to the
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                                 No. 18-30791
motel in his pickup truck. James left Daniels in the motel room and got into
the pickup, which never left the parking lot. After a bit, James got out of the
truck with a bag of money, repayment for cocaine James had given Joppa.
      Eight minutes later, Daniels and James left the motel to dine at a
restaurant for a couple hours. The pair returned to the motel room in the late
afternoon. At around 6:40 p.m., Leon Jackson, James’s other brother-in-law,
arrived. When Leon exited the motel, DEA Agent Demond Lockhart
approached him to perform an investigatory stop. Agent Lockhart searched
Leon’s bag and vehicle and hit the jackpot: several thousand dollars.
The Knock-and-Talk
      After interviewing Leon Jackson, the DEA agents decided to do a “knock-
and-talk,” (when officers knock on a door, contact the resident, and ask to
search the residence). As he approached the room, DEA Agent Michael Greaves
could smell marijuana. Agent Greaves knocked on the door, and James asked
who was there. Greaves initially pretended that he had hit James’s car. James
did not open the door. Greaves then announced that he was with the police and
asked James to open the door so they could talk.
      After knocking for two minutes, Greaves heard Moran, who was standing
to his left by the motel-room’s window, say that he could hear the toilet
flushing. Greaves, inferring that James was destroying evidence, decided to
kick down the door. DEA Agent Kevin Treigle searched the bathroom, finding
Daniels seated on the toilet, fully clothed, with the seat cover down.
      In the room, the officers found a long roll of cellophane, a plastic bag
filled with cutting agent, a black duffle bag with lots of cash, much of which
was wrapped in cellophane, a digital scale, and crack cocaine. They seized
approximately $286,000 and approximately six ounces of crack cocaine.




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                                No. 18-30791
                                      B
      Daniels was charged with one count of conspiracy to distribute 5
kilograms or more of powder cocaine and 28 grams or more of crack cocaine;
one count of distributing crack cocaine on May 4, 2015; and one count of
possessing with intent to distribute 28 grams or more of crack cocaine on
December 2, 2015.
      Daniels moved to suppress the motel-search evidence, arguing that no
exigency supported the warrantless search. The district court conducted a
suppression hearing. Several DEA agents testified regarding the knock-and-
talk and resulting search. Pertinently, DEA Agent Francisco Del Valle testified
that he had heard the toilet flush while Agent Greaves was knocking on the
motel-room door. Daniels had the opportunity to cross-examine each of the
Government’s witnesses.
      Daniels also attempted to subpoena Agent Moran to have him testify at
the hearing. At the time, Moran was under investigation for misconduct, and
he asserted his Fifth Amendment rights. Although the court did not require
Moran to testify, it allowed Daniels’s counsel to explain what he wanted to ask
Moran.
      The district court denied Daniels’s motion to suppress, holding that he
didn’t have standing to challenge the motel-room search because there was no
evidence indicating he intended to stay overnight. And even if Daniels had
standing, the Fourth Amendment’s exigency exception permitted the search.
The flushing sounds gave the officers “probable cause to believe that there was
evidence of criminal activity in the room, and that the evidence was being
destroyed.”
      In preparation for trial, the Government filed a motion in limine to
preclude Daniels from attacking the credibility of its witnesses based on Agent
Moran’s alleged misconduct. The Government asked the court to prohibit
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Daniels from “[i]nflaming the [j]ury” by referencing the investigation during
trial, arguing that it was irrelevant. The district court granted the motion,
finding Moran’s alleged misconduct “unrelated to the matter at hand.”
       The case went before a jury. The Government called twelve witnesses,
among them Agents Greaves and Treigle (the New Orleans police officers
involved in the May 4 arrest) and Daniels’s alleged co-conspirators, Joppa
Jackson and James. At the close of the Government’s case in chief, Daniels
moved for judgment of acquittal, which the court denied. Daniels submitted
several exhibits to the jury, but he did not testify in his own defense or call any
witnesses to testify. The jury found Daniels guilty of all three counts. The court
sentenced Daniels to 240 months’ imprisonment as to all three counts, to be
served concurrently, and ten years of supervised release. Daniels appealed. 1
                                            II
       The district court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. And we have
appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                            III
                                             A
       First, Daniels challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to
suppress the evidence from the motel-room search. “When a district court
denies a motion to suppress evidence, we review the factual findings for clear
error and legal conclusions . . . de novo.” 2 And we may affirm the decision below




       1 During the sentencing hearing, Daniels expressed his frustration with his lawyer.
At the close of the hearing, Daniels’s counsel made an oral motion to withdraw as counsel,
which the court granted. Daniels then petitioned to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. §
2255, arguing his counsel failed to follow his instructions to file an appeal. After an
evidentiary hearing, the court ordered that Daniels be allowed to file an out-of-time appeal
and dismissed his § 2255 motion as premature.
       2 United States v. Beene, 818 F.3d 157, 161 (5th Cir. 2016).

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                                       No. 18-30791
“on any basis established by the record.” 3 The burden is on Daniels to prove,
“by a preponderance of the evidence, that the evidence in question was
obtained in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights.” 4
       “The exclusionary rule allows a defendant to suppress the evidentiary
fruits of a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights” to be free of unreasonable
searches and seizures. 5 Although “searches and seizures inside a home without
a warrant are presumptively unreasonable,” 6 an officer may search a person’s
property if “ ‘the exigencies of the situation’ make the needs of law enforcement
so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable.” 7 A valid
exigency exists when an officer believes that evidence is being destroyed—
although an officer “may not rely on the need to prevent destruction of evidence
when that exigency was ‘created’ or ‘manufactured’ by the conduct of the
police.” 8 In other words, an officer may not “engag[e] or threaten[] to engage in
conduct that violates the Fourth Amendment” in order to create an exigency
justifying warrantless entry. 9
       Assuming without deciding the issue of standing, we will first address
whether there was an exigency justifying the search. 10 To do so, we use a non-
exhaustive five-factor test:
       (1) the degree of urgency involved and the amount of time
       necessary to obtain a warrant; (2) the reasonable belief that


       3 United States v. Iraheta, 764 F.3d 455, 460 (5th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v.
Pack, 612 F.3d 341, 347 (5th Cir. 2010)).
       4 Id. (quoting United States v. Kelley, 981 F.2d 1464, 1467 (5th Cir. 1993)).
       5 Pack, 612 F.3d at 347.
       6 Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 459 (2011) (quoting Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S.

398, 403 (2006)).
       7 Id. at 460 (alteration in original) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 394

(1978)).
       8 Id. at 461.
       9 Id. at 462.
       10 See United States v. Flores, 640 F.3d 638, 642 (5th Cir. 2011) (“[E]ven assuming [the

Defendant] has standing to challenge the search, the good-faith exception to the exclusionary
rule applies under these facts.”).
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                                      No. 18-30791
       contraband is about to be removed; (3) the possibility of danger to
       the police officers guarding the site of contraband while a search
       warrant is sought; (4) the information indicating that the
       possessors of the contraband are aware that the police are on their
       trail; and (5) the ready destructibility of the contraband and the
       knowledge that efforts to dispose of it and to escape are
       characteristics in which those trafficking in contraband generally
       engage. 11

       Daniels argues that a “single toilet flush” was not enough to justify entry.
If a solitary flush were the only evidence of exigency in the record, he might be
right. But the officers relied on more than just the flush. In fact, they were
flush with exigency evidence. After he knocked, Agent Greaves could hear
“running throughout the room, running back and forth like from the right side
where the door was back to the left side by the window.” He says there were
times when James’s “voice was real close to the door” and when he “could tell
he was much further away from the door,” indicating that James was running
back and forth. 12 Agent Greaves had told James he was a police officer, so he
was “aware that the police [were] on [his] trail.” 13 And Agent Webber testified
that it is “not uncommon for drug dealers to flush narcotics down the toilet.”
Combined with the toilet-flushing sounds, this all reasonably suggests that the
room’s occupants might have been attempting to destroy evidence. The Aguirre
factors therefore suggest that exigent circumstances existed justifying the
warrantless search. So, the district court did not err in finding there was an
exigency to justify the warrantless search. The officers had a full house of
evidence, and a full house beats a flush. 14



       11  United States v. Aguirre, 664 F.3d 606, 611 (5th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States
v. Mata, 517 F.3d 279, 287 (5th Cir. 2008)).
        12 Id.
        13 Aguirre, 664 F.3d at 611.
        14     Poker    Rules—How       to    Play    Poker     Games,     POKERNEWS.COM,
https://www.pokernews.com/poker-rules/ (last visited July 8, 2019).
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                                      No. 18-30791
       Now that we know an exigency existed, we must ask whether the officers
created the exigency. 15 Daniels says the officers’ aggressive conduct made him
believe that he was trapped, in violation of the Fourth Amendment, thereby
creating the exigency. But the officers acted within the bounds of our caselaw.
In King, police “banged on the door as loud as [they] could,” but that did not
create the exigency. 16 Even though the defendant argued that the officers
“demanded” entry, he couldn’t back that up with any evidence in the record. 17
Likewise, Daniels does not point to any evidence in the record that the agents
actually threatened his Fourth Amendment rights. While the officers here
knocked     vigorously,     the   knocking       was   relatively    brief—around       two
minutes 18—and the officers did not attempt to force entry prior to hearing the
toilet flush. 19 The officers did not create the exigency.
       Daniels fails to meet his burden of showing a Fourth Amendment
violation. So the district court did not err in denying his motion to suppress. 20
                                             B
       When     a   defendant      makes     a    general    sufficiency-of-the-evidence
challenge, we review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction de
novo. 21 But where the defendant asserts “specific grounds for a specific element
of a specific count” in his motion for judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule
of Criminal Procedure 29, the defendant fails to preserve any other grounds; 22


       15 See King, 563 U.S. at 461.
       16 See id.
       17 King, 563 U.S. at 471 (alteration in original).
       18 Cf., Westfall v. Luna, 903 F.3d 534, 545 (describing officers’ prolonged attempt to

knock on door).
       19 See United States v. Hernandez, 392 F. App’x 350, 351–53 (5th Cir. 2010)

(unpublished) (finding a Fourth Amendment violation where the officers attempted to force
entry by trying to open a locked door and breaking the pane of a screen door with a baton).
       20 Iraheta, 764 F.3d at 460.
       21 United States v. Brown, 727 F.3d 329, 335 (5th Cir. 2013).
       22 Id. (quoting United States v. Herrera, 313 F.3d 882, 884 (5th Cir. 2002) (en banc)

(per curiam)).
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                                       No. 18-30791
accordingly, we must ask whether there has been a “manifest miscarriage of
justice.” 23
       The parties disagree over which standard applies. At the close of the
Government’s case in chief, Daniels’s counsel stated generally that he was
making “an oral motion as to a directed verdict as to all counts on the
superseding indictment as they refer to Mr. Lazandy Daniels.” 24 And although
he made specific points to support the motion, they were not specific to the
elements of the crime. We thus review de novo. And “the relevant question is
whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 25
       Count 1 convicted Daniels of conspiring to distribute 5 kilograms or more
of powder cocaine and 28 grams or more of crack cocaine. Per Supreme Court
directive, “[a] conviction for a drug conspiracy requires proof of ‘(1) an
agreement between two or more persons to violate the narcotics laws, (2) the
defendant’s knowledge of the agreement, and (3) the defendant’s voluntary
participation in the conspiracy.’ ” 26 Here, the alleged “violat[ion of] the
narcotics laws” is distributing cocaine, so, we must ask whether there was an
agreement to “(1) knowingly (2) distribute[ ] (3) cocaine.” 27
       Having reviewed the record, we hold that the evidence was more than
sufficient for a rational trier of fact to convict Daniels. Although Daniels seeks



       23 Id. (quoting United States v. McDowell, 498 F.3d 308, 312 (5th Cir. 2007)).
       24 See United States v. McCall, 553 F.3d 821, 830 (5th Cir. 2008) (“Rule 29 motions
need not be specific.”).
       25 United States v. Cooper, 714 F.3d 873, 880 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v.

Uvalle–Patricio, 478 F.3d 699, 701 (5th Cir. 2007)).
       26 United States v. Scott, 892 F.3d 791, 797 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v.

Booker, 334 F.3d 406, 409 (5th Cir. 2003)).
       27 United States v. Gordon, 876 F.2d 1121, 1125 (5th Cir. 1989) (citing 21 U.S.C §

841(a)(1)).
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                                     No. 18-30791
to characterize himself as James’s unwitting, overly helpful friend, the trial
evidence was sufficient to prove that Daniels agreed to distribute both powder
and crack cocaine; that he knew about the agreement; and that he participated
voluntarily. 28 James and Joppa Jackson testified that Daniels helped them
transport cocaine from Houston to New Orleans. 29 Sometimes Daniels would
provide drugs to Joppa Jackson even when James wasn’t around. James also
testified that Daniels helped him wrap money in cellophane and load the cars
with money “[a]ll the time.” Both James and Joppa Jackson testified that they
fronted crack cocaine to Daniels so that Daniels could sell it.
      A rational trier of fact could easily find that Daniels was conspiring to
distribute 5 kilograms or more of powder cocaine and 28 grams or more of crack
cocaine beyond a reasonable doubt. There was sufficient evidence to convict
Daniels of Count 1.
      Count 2 accused Daniels of knowingly and intentionally distributing
crack cocaine on May 4, 2015 (the white SUV episode). As with Count 1, there’s
ample evidence to show that Daniels “(1) knowingly (2) distributed (3) [crack]
cocaine.” 30
      The jury saw video footage of the transaction. Officers apprehended the
woman shortly after and saw her throw a piece of crack cocaine out her car
window. And when officers searched Daniels’s house later, they found cocaine
residue and $2,000 in cash. A rational trier of fact could easily find that Daniels
knowingly and intentionally distributed crack cocaine. There was no error.




      28   See Scott, 892 F.3d at 797.
      29   Joppa testified that he would buy “between 10 and 20” kilograms of cocaine from
James at a time, which he would pick up from Daniels at the salvage yard. James also
testified that Daniels would help him unload anywhere from 4 to 12 kilograms of cocaine
from the cars at a time.
        30 Gordon, 876 F.2d at 1125.

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                                      No. 18-30791
       Count 3 accused Daniels of aiding and abetting the knowing and
intentional possession of 28 grams or more of crack cocaine with intent to
distribute on December 2, 2015 (the motel-room episode). 31 As we reiterated in
United States v. Cain, “[t]he essential elements of possession with the intent
to distribute controlled substances . . . are 1) knowledge, 2) possession, and 3)
intent to distribute the controlled substances.” 32 A conviction for aiding and
abetting requires proof that “the substantive offense occurred and that the
defendant (1) associated with the criminal venture; (2) purposefully
participated in the crime; and (3) sought by his actions for it to succeed.” 33 And
as Scott clarified, a defendant who aids and abets the possession with intent to
distribute a controlled substance “need not have actual or constructive
possession of the drugs.” 34
       Daniels’s arguments focus on possession of the drugs. He says he didn’t
have any drugs on him when he was found in the motel bathroom and that his
friend was the only person who actually brought crack cocaine to the motel
room. But Count 3 was for aiding and abetting, so actual or constructive
possession is irrelevant. 35
       The record clearly reflects Daniels’s association with the criminal
venture. As already mentioned, Daniels has a long history of assisting James
with his drug smuggling business. He also closely associated himself with the
criminal venture on the day in question by coming and going from the motel
room and by dining with the other participants.



       31 We think it important to note that while the First Superseding Indictment charged
Daniels with intentional possession, his ultimate conviction was for aiding and abetting.
       32 440 F.3d 672, 675 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Delgado, 256 F.3d 264,

274 (5th Cir. 2001)).
       33 Scott, 892 F.3d at 798 (quoting United States v. Pando Franco, 503 F.3d 389, 394

(5th Cir. 2007)).
       34 Id. at 799 (quoting United States v. Williams, 985 F.2d 749, 753 (5th Cir. 1993)).
       35 See Scott, 892 F.3d at 799

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                                       No. 18-30791
       The record is replete with evidence relevant to elements two and three:
(2) purposeful participation and (3) seeking the crime’s success. Daniels visited
the hotel room where the crime took place multiple times in the days leading
up to the arrest. Daniels provided the cellophane for cash wrapping. After the
fateful toilet flush, DEA agents entered the room and found Daniels seated on
the toilet, fully clothed, with the seat cover down. The hotel room contained
$286,000 in cash and six ounces of crack cocaine.
       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a
rational trier of fact could easily conclude that Daniels was aiding and
abetting. 36 There was sufficient evidence to convict Daniels of Count 3.
                                               C
       Next, Daniels says the district court abused its discretion when it
granted the Government’s motion in limine to stop him from discussing Agent
Moran’s alleged misconduct. After all, says Daniels, Moran played a vital role
in his arrest, so information regarding his credibility is relevant, and the risk
of prejudice to the Government is low. The Government flatly disagrees. We
agree with the Government and cannot say the district court abused its
discretion in granting the motion in limine.
       We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. 37 We “will not
vacate a conviction based on an error committed by the district court unless
the error was harmful, affecting a substantial right of the complaining party,”
meaning that the “trier of fact would have found the defendant guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt with the additional evidence inserted.” 38



       36  See Cooper, 714 F.3d at 880.
       37  United States v. Willett, 751 F.3d 335, 343 (5th Cir. 2014); cf. FED. R. EVID. 103(b)
(moving party does not need to renew objection to court ruling on the record to preserve claim
of error for appeal).
        38 Willett, 751 F.3d at 343 (quoting United States v. Wen Chyu Liu, 716 F.3d 159, 169

(5th Cir. 2013)).
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                                      No. 18-30791
       Generally, relevant evidence is admissible. 39 Nevertheless, a court may
exclude relevant evidence “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by
a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues,
misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting
cumulative evidence.” 40
       Although Moran was under investigation, the district court didn’t believe
that fact was particularly probative. Nothing in the record indicates that
Moran’s investigation concerned anything in this case; rather, it was a “broad
probe into law enforcement misconduct involving members of a DEA Task
Force that included DEA Special Agents, officers from the Tangipahoa Parish
Sheriff’s Office, and officers from the Hammond Police Department.” The
Government’s case didn’t require Agent Moran’s testimony. Allowing Daniels
to present testimony on this point, however, would likely have unfairly
prejudiced the Government’s case. Plus, it could easily have confused the jury
about whose guilt was at issue. Given all of this, we can’t say the district court
went so far afield as to abuse its discretion.
       This too merits mention: Even if the district court had abused its
discretion, the only error that resulted was harmless. Daniels hasn’t explained
what information about Moran’s conduct he would have presented to the jury.
On top of that, it’s not clear that any such information would’ve been
admissible. 41 After all, the Government argues, Moran never testified, so
Federal Rules of Evidence 608 and 609 would probably render Daniels’s
hypothetical evidence inadmissible. Additionally, Federal Rule of Evidence
404(a)—prohibiting the admission of character evidence “to prove that on a



       39 FED. R. EVID. 402.
       40 FED. R. EVID. 403.
       41 Even though the Government pointed this out in its briefing, Daniels didn’t respond

or elaborate in his reply brief.
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                                      No. 18-30791
particular occasion [a] person acted in accordance with the character or trait”—
would likely close the door on Daniels.
      In sum, the district court didn’t abuse its discretion. And even if it did,
any resulting error was harmless.
                                             D
      Now we come to the final issue: Did the district court violate the
Confrontation Clause? That is, did Agent Moran have to testify at the
suppression hearing after he asserted his Fifth Amendment right against self-
incrimination? Daniels says yes, because Moran played a significant role in the
case, and his testimony was necessary. The Government responds that: (1) the
district court couldn’t have made Moran testify after he asserted his Fifth
Amendment rights; (2) Moran didn’t even testify, so Daniels didn’t lose his
ability to cross-examine him; and (3) Daniels said he would’ve asked Moran
about his police report and search-warrant applications—but both of these
were written after the search, so they’re not relevant. Again, we side with the
Government.
      We review Confrontation Clause objections de novo, subject to harmless
error review. 42 The Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right “to be
confronted with the witnesses against him.” 43 This means a prosecutor can’t
rely on an “out-of-court testimonial statement unless the witness is
unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the
witness.” 44 We’ve said before that, although the Sixth Amendment right to
confront is a trial right, it also applies to suppression hearings. 45




      42 United States v. Acosta, 475 F.3d 677, 680 (5th Cir. 2007).
      43 U.S. Const. amend. VI.
      44 Acosta, 475 F.3d at 680.
      45 United States v. Stewart, 93 F.3d 189, 192 n.1 (5th Cir. 1996).

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                                     No. 18-30791
       The district court didn’t err: The Sixth Amendment didn’t require Moran
to testify. Daniels doesn’t cite any case that says the district court could have
and should have compelled Moran to testify. And we can’t find any such case
either. 46
       Daniels argues that Moran was the only one who heard the toilet flush.
If Moran were the only witness who could offer toilet testimony and the
Government had presented hearsay evidence about it, then the district court
might have violated Moran’s right to confrontation. But the Government didn’t
even need to rely on hearsay to establish that the toilet flushed because Agent
Del Valle also testified about it. Plus, Daniels had the opportunity to cross-
examine Agent Del Valle.
       At the very least, Daniels argues, Moran should have been forced to
testify about his police report or his application for a search warrant. But
(again) he doesn’t point to any evidence that the Government broached these
topics at the suppression hearing. And (again) the police report and warrant
application both happened after the warrantless entry, so they weren’t relevant
to the suppression hearing. So even if the district did misstep, the error was
harmless.
       The Government’s failure to put Moran on as a witness also didn’t violate
Daniels’s Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process. The right to
compulsory process is the defendant’s own right to present evidence that
“would have been relevant and material to the defense.” 47 Daniels can’t use the
compulsory-process clause to compel the Government to call its own witnesses.
And even if Daniels were arguing that he wanted to call Moran in his own




       46 The Government pointed out that Daniels can point to no authority to support his
position, but Daniels still didn’t cite any case law in his reply brief.
       47 Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 23 (1967).

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                                       No. 18-30791
defense, we have held that “a witness’[s] right against self-incrimination will
outweigh a defendant’s right to force that witness to testify.” 48
      For all these reasons, we find that the district court committed no
harmful error by not requiring Moran to testify.
                                              IV
       For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM Daniels’s convictions.




      48   Brown v. Cain, 104 F.3d 744, 749 (5th Cir. 1997).
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