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 1         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 3          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 4 v.                                                            NO. 32,643

 5 JEREMIAH IRVIN,

 6          Defendant-Appellant.

 7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
 8 Samuel L. Winder, District Judge

 9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10 Yvonne M. Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General
11 Santa Fe, NM

12 for Appellee

13 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender
14 Mary Barket, Assistant Appellate Defender
15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Appellant

17                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

18 ZAMORA, Judge.

19   {1}    Defendant Jeremiah Irvin appeals his convictions for two counts of kidnapping,

20 one count each of conspiracy to commit kidnapping, robbery, and unlawful taking of
 1 a motor vehicle. Defendant argues that (1) the conduct constituting kidnapping was

 2 incidental to the robbery; (2) the State presented insufficient evidence to support his

 3 convictions; (3) the robbery and kidnapping convictions violate the prohibition against

 4 double jeopardy; (4) the district court erred in its serious violent offense determination

 5 under the earned meritorious deductions statute (EMD), NMSA 1978, § 33-2-34

 6 (2006).

 7   {2}   We hold that the restraint involved in this case was incidental to the robbery as

 8 a matter of law and is not punishable as kidnapping. As a result, we reverse the

 9 kidnapping and conspiracy to commit kidnapping convictions. Because we reverse the

10 kidnapping convictions, we need not address Defendant’s double jeopardy argument.

11 It is also unnecessary to address Defendant’s arguments regarding the jury instruction

12 for kidnapping and the district court’s classification of kidnapping as a serious violent

13 offense. We further hold that the district court’s findings are insufficient to support

14 its serious violent offense determination under the EMD. We reverse this designation

15 and remand for sentencing in accordance with EMD. We affirm all other convictions.

16 BACKGROUND

17   {3}   On September 28, 2011, Defendant, Joshua Saavedra, and an unidentified man

18 went to the hotel room of Brandon Bates and Bryanna Sawyer.Defendant and

19 Saavedra were casual acquaintances of Bates and had been to the hotel room the



                                               2
 1 previous week. Defendant and Saavedra asked Bates for heroin, and Bates gave them

 2 a small amount. Defendant and Saavedra went to the bathroom area while another

 3 unidentified man sat on the bed. Saavedra called Bates over to the bathroom area.

 4 Defendant punched Bates, grabbed him in a headlock, and pushed him to the floor.

 5 Bates ended up on his knees. Defendant demanded that Bates tell Saavedra where

 6 Bates had his money. Defendant had one hand on Bates’ shoulder and one arm cocked

 7 back like he was going to hit him again.

 8   {4}   Sawyer was sitting on the bed, and the unidentified man held a knife to her

 9 throat. While Sawyer and Bates were restrained, Saavedra collected money from

10 Bates’ pants pockets, drugs, Sawyer’s purse, a car speaker, and Bates’ car keys. The

11 men ran out of the room and fled in Bates’ vehicle. When the men left, Bates and

12 Sawyer tried to call the police from the phone in their room and noticed that the cord

13 connecting the receiver to the phone was missing. They went to the office of the hotel,

14 where Bates called the police.

15   {5}   Detective Geoffrey Stone of the Albuquerque Police Department responded to

16 the robbery call and took statements from Bates and Sawyer. Detective Stone also

17 viewed hotel surveillance video that showed three men entering the victims’ hotel

18 room and leaving a short time later with items that they did not have when they went

19 in. The video showed the men getting into Bates’ vehicle and leaving the hotel parking



                                              3
 1 lot. Detective Stone was able to identify Saavedra. He and other police officers went

 2 to the apartment complex where Saavedra lived. Bates’ car was in the parking lot.

 3 Defendant was standing in the open doorway of Saavedra’s apartment. Detective

 4 Stone testified that Defendant was wearing the “exact same clothing” that he had seen

 5 on one of the subjects in the hotel surveillance video.

 6   {6}   Defendant was taken into custody and charged with the armed robbery of Bates

 7 and Sawyer (Counts 1 and 3), conspiracy to commit the robberies (Counts 2 and 4),

 8 the kidnapping of Bates and Sawyer (Counts 5 and 7), conspiracy to commit the

 9 kidnappings (Counts 6 and 8), and unlawful taking of a vehicle (Count 9). Defendant

10 was convicted of robbery for taking Bates’ money, a lesser-included offense of armed

11 robbery, as charged in Count 1; the kidnapping of Bates and Sawyer, as charged in

12 Counts 5 and 7; conspiracy to commit Bates’ kidnapping, as charged in Count 6; and

13 unlawful taking of a vehicle, as charged in Count 9.

14 DISCUSSION

15   {7}   Defendant raises several issues related to his kidnapping convictions. He argues

16 that the conduct charged as kidnapping was actually restraint incidental to the robbery,

17 that the convictions violate double jeopardy, that the jury instructions for kidnapping

18 did not accurately reflect the law], and that the district court erred in designating

19 kidnapping as a serious violent offense for purposes of EMD. Because our analysis



                                               4
 1 of the restraint, as incidental to the robbery, is determinative of Defendant’s other

 2 kidnapping related arguments, we begin our analysis there. We will then address

 3 Defendant’s remaining arguments.

 4 I.      Kidnapping

 5   {8}   We begin our review of Defendant’s kidnapping convictions by considering

 6 whether Defendant’s conduct constitutes kidnapping as a matter of law. State v.

 7 Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-112, ¶¶ 6, 22, 289 P.3d 238, cert. quashed, 2015-NMCERT-

 8 003, 346 P.3d 1163. The question of whether the legislative intended restraint under

 9 these circumstances to be charged as kidnapping is a question of law that we review

10 de novo. Id. ¶ 7 (stating that “[w]hether the Legislature intended restraint during an

11 aggravated battery to be charged as kidnapping is a question of statutory interpretation

12 . . . which we review de novo”).

13         Kidnapping is defined as:

14         the unlawful taking, restraining, transporting or confining of a person, by
15         force, intimidation or deception, with intent:

16         (1)   that the victim be held for ransom;

17         (2) that the victim be held as a hostage or shield and confined against
18         his will;

19         (3)   that the victim be held to service against the victim’s will; or

20         (4)   to inflict death, physical injury or a sexual offense on the victim.



                                               5
 1 NMSA 1978, § 30-4-1 (2003).

 2   {9}    Defendant was convicted of kidnapping under the third mens rea requirement,

 3 that the victim be “held to service against the victim’s will.” Section 30-4-1(A)(3).

 4 Defendant argues that restraint which is incidental to other crimes is not punishable

 5 under the “held to service” prong of the kidnapping statute. Defendant also contends

 6 that the evidence supporting his kidnapping convictions was insufficient because it

 7 failed to establish that the victims were “held to service” as contemplated by the

 8 statute.

 9   {10}   This Court has held that movement or restraint of a victim that is merely

10 incidental to another crime is not separately punishable as kidnapping. Trujillo,

11 2012-NMCA-112 ¶¶ 6-8, 39. The determination of whether conduct is incidental is

12 fact dependent and based on the totality of the circumstances. Id. ¶¶ 42-43. One factor

13 we have considered in determining whether restraint or movement of a victim is

14 incidental is “whether a defendant intended to prevent the victim’s liberation for a

15 longer period of time or to a greater degree than that which is necessary to commit the

16 other crime.” Id. ¶¶ 34, 39 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted).

17 We have also considered whether the movement or restraint subjected the victim to

18 a “risk of harm over and above that necessarily present in the other crime,” id. ¶ 36

19 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted), and whether the movement



                                               6
 1 or restraint is “of the kind inherent in the nature of the other crime” or whether it has

 2 “some significance independent of the other crime in that it makes the other crime

 3 substantially easier of commission or substantially lessens the risk of detection.” Id.

 4 ¶ 37 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Although we have not adopted

 5 a specific test to determine whether a defendant’s conduct is incidental to another

 6 crime, the ultimate question is “whether the restraint or movement increases the

 7 culpability of the defendant over and above his culpability for the other crime.” Id. ¶

 8 38.

 9   {11}   Our review of the record in the present case reveals that Defendant punched

10 Bates and used a headlock to gain physical control of him, and then restrained him

11 while Saavedra looted Bates’ room. After Bates was restrained, Defendant did not use

12 additional force against Bates. Sawyer was restrained when the unidentified assailant

13 pointed a knife at her throat and threatened to “shank” her if she moved. Sawyer

14 testified that the unidentified man did not hold her in any other way. Both victims

15 were released before the men left the hotel room. The entire incident lasted

16 approximately two minutes.

17   {12}   The restraint used in this case was not longer nor was it to a greater degree than

18 necessary to complete the robbery. See Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-112, ¶ 39 (stating that

19 the restraint in that case was not longer or greater than that necessary to achieve the



                                                7
 1 underlying crime, the restraint occurred within the period of the underlying crime in

 2 the same general location, and there was no indication that the defendant intended any

 3 other purpose than to complete the underlying crime). The restraint did not subject the

 4 victims to an increased risk of harm above and beyond that inherent in the underlying

 5 crime of robbery. See id. (reasoning that the risk of harm to the victim was not

 6 increased by the restraint because the restraint was an effort to complete the intended

 7 crime, not an effort to increase the harm to the victim, because “the restraint did not

 8 increase the length or severity” of the underlying crime, and because the “entire

 9 episode began and ended within a relatively short period”).

10   {13}   Moreover, the restraint used against the victims in this case was of the kind

11 inherent in robbery. See NMSA 1978, § 30-16-2 (1973) (“Robbery consists of the

12 theft of anything of value from the person of another or from the immediate control

13 of another, by use or threatened use of force or violence.”). The restraint also had no

14 significance, independent of the robbery, that made the robbery substantially easier

15 to commit or substantially lessened the risk of detection. See Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-

16 112, ¶ 37 (noting that “[a] standstill robbery on the street is not a kidnapping; the

17 forced removal of the victim to a dark alley for robbery is. The removal of a rape

18 victim from room to room within a dwelling solely for the convenience and comfort

19 of the rapist is not a kidnapping; the removal from a public place to a place of



                                              8
 1 seclusion is. The forced direction of a store clerk to cross the store to open a cash

 2 register is not a kidnapping; locking him in a cooler to facilitate escape is.” (internal

 3 quotation marks and citation omitted)).

 4   {14}   We conclude that the restraint of the victims in this case was incidental to the

 5 robbery and did not increase Defendant’s culpability over and above his culpability

 6 for the robbery. We hold that the restraint here, as a matter of law, is not separately

 7 punishable under the kidnapping statute, and Defendant’s convictions for kidnapping

 8 are reversed. We emphasize, as we did in Trujillo, that “the factual circumstances of

 9 this case have allowed us to determine as a matter of law that the Legislature did not

10 intend Defendant’s conduct to constitute kidnapping.” 2012-NMCA-112, ¶ 42. If the

11 facts were different or more complicated, it would be for a properly instructed jury to

12 decide “whether the restraint involved was merely incidental to the other crime.” Id.

13   {15}   Because we reverse the kidnapping convictions, there is no need to address

14 Defendant’s double jeopardy argument. It is also unnecessary to address Defendant’s

15 arguments regarding the jury instruction for kidnapping and the district court’s

16 classification of kidnapping as a serious violent offense.

17 II.      Sufficiency of the Evidence

18 A.       Standard of Review




                                                9
 1   {16}   Reviewing sufficiency of the evidence we must “determine whether substantial

 2 evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt

 3 beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.”

 4 State v. Dowling, 2011-NMSC-016, ¶ 20, 150 N.M. 110, 257 P.3d 930 (internal

 5 quotation marks and citation omitted). In doing so, we “view the evidence in the light

 6 most favorable to the [s]tate, resolving all conflicts and indulging all permissible

 7 inferences in favor of the verdict.” State v. Reed, 2005-NMSC-031, ¶ 14, 138 N.M.

 8 365, 120 P.3d 447.

 9 B.       Conspiracy to Commit Kidnapping

10   {17}   “The gist of conspiracy under the statute is an agreement between two or more

11 persons to commit a felony.” State v. Gallegos, 2011-NMSC-027, ¶ 25, 149 N.M. 704,

12 254 P.3d 655 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “In order to be

13 convicted of conspiracy, the defendant must have the requisite intent to agree and the

14 intent to commit the offense that is the object of the conspiracy.” Id. (internal

15 quotation marks and citation omitted).

16   {18}   In the present case, the State had to prove that (1) Defendant and another person

17 by words or acts agreed to commit the kidnapping of Bates, and (2) Defendant and the

18 other person intended to commit the kidnapping of Bates. Even though there was no

19 direct evidence of an agreement to kidnap Bates, “[a] conspiracy may be established



                                               10
 1 by circumstantial evidence, [and] the agreement is a matter of inference from the facts

 2 and circumstances. Gallegos, 2011-NMSC-027, ¶ 26 (internal quotations marks and

 3 citation omitted).

 4   {19}   However, the evidence presented to support conspiracy to kidnap is identical

 5 to the evidence presented to support the kidnapping convictions. The State argues that

 6 a conspiracy to kidnap Bates can be inferred from the testimony related to Defendant’s

 7 restraint of Bates during the robbery. As we discussed earlier, Defendant’s restraint

 8 of Bates does not constitute kidnapping as a matter of law. Accordingly, that

 9 testimony alone is insufficient to support Defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to

10 commit kidnapping.

11 C.       Accessory Liability for Robbery

12   {20}   At trial, the State presented theories of both principal and accessory liability to

13 the jury. However, the verdict sheets returned by the jury did not specify whether its

14 determinations of Defendant’s guilt for robbery and unlawful taking of a motor

15 vehicle were based on principal or accessory liability, though both theories were

16 presented to the jury. Since the verdicts may be upheld where one of the theories for

17 conviction is supported by sufficient evidence, we will address these crimes under the

18 accomplice liability theory. State v. Bahney, 2012-NMCA-039, ¶ 26, 274 P.3d 134.




                                                11
 1   {21}   In New Mexico, a person may be “convicted of [a] crime as an accessory if he

 2 procures, counsels, [or] aids or abets in its commission[,] although he did not directly

 3 commit the crime.” NMSA 1978, § 30-1-13 (1972). “A person who aids or abets in

 4 the commission of a crime is equally culpable” and faces “the same punishment as a

 5 principal.” State v. Carrasco, 1997-NMSC-047, ¶ 6, 124 N.M. 64, 946 P.2d 1075. A

 6 defendant may be found guilty of a substantive offense as an accessory, if the jury

 7 finds beyond a reasonable doubt that: “[(1) t]he defendant intended that the crime be

 8 committed; [(2) t]he crime was committed; and [(3) t]he defendant helped,

 9 encouraged[,] or caused the crime to be committed.” UJI 14-2822 NMRA. Under an

10 accessory liability theory, “a jury must find a community of purpose for each crime

11 of the principal.” Carrasco, 1997-NMSC-047, ¶ 9. In other words, “a jury must find

12 that a defendant intended that the acts necessary for each crime be committed.” Id.

13   {22}   Defendant maintains that the evidence was insufficient to support his

14 convictions for robbery and unlawful taking of a motor vehicle because the witnesses

15 in this case were unreliable and because there was no physical evidence tying him to

16 the crime. We disagree. According to the victims’ testimony, Defendant knocked

17 Bates to the floor, demanded to know where Bates kept his money, restrained Bates

18 during the robbery, and left the hotel as a passenger in Bates’ stolen vehicle. Shortly

19 after the robbery, Defendant was present at Saavedra’s apartment wearing the “exact



                                              12
 1 same clothing” that Detective Stone had seen on one of the subjects in the hotel

 2 surveillance video. Bates’ stolen vehicle was recovered in the parking lot of the same

 3 apartment complex.

 4   {23}   Even in the absence of any evidence directly connecting Defendant to the

 5 crimes, this testimony constitutes sufficient circumstantial evidence to establish that

 6 Defendant was helping, encouraging, or causing the robbery and unlawful taking of

 7 Bates’ vehicle. See § 30-16-2 (“Robbery consists of the theft of anything of value

 8 from the person of another or from the immediate control of another, by use or

 9 threatened use of force or violence.”); NMSA 1978, § 30-16D-1(A) (2009)

10 (“Unlawful taking of a vehicle or motor vehicle consists of a person taking any

11 vehicle or motor vehicle . . . intentionally and without consent of the owner.”).

12   {24}   Moreover, the same evidence is sufficient to establish that Defendant had the

13 requisite intent to commit robbery and unlawful taking of a motor vehicle, which is

14 necessary to convict Defendant as an accessory. State v. Brenn, 2005-NMCA-121,

15 ¶ 26, 138 N.M. 451, 121 P.3d 1050 (stating that “an accessory’s intent may be

16 established by inference from the surrounding facts and circumstances” and that

17 “intent can be inferred from behavior which encourages the act” (internal quotation

18 marks and citation omitted)). “The evidence is not so thin that we can say as a matter




                                              13
 1 of law that no rational jury could find the required facts to support a conviction.” Id.

 2 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).

 3 III.     Defendant’s Claim of Instructional Error

 4   {25}   There were no objections to the instructions as given at trial and, therefore, we

 5 review the instructions for fundamental error. See State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-

 6 009, ¶ 8, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176; see also State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶

 7 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d 1134 (stating that when an issue concerning jury

 8 instructions has not been preserved, review is for fundamental error). Under the

 9 fundamental error analysis, “we seek to determine whether a reasonable juror would

10 have been confused or misdirected by the jury instruction.” State v. Stefani, 2006-

11 NMCA-073, ¶ 22, 139 N.M. 719, 137 P.3d 659 (internal quotation marks and citation

12 omitted). “The rule of fundamental error applies only if there has been a miscarriage

13 of justice, if the question of guilt is so doubtful that it would shock the conscience to

14 permit the conviction to stand, or if substantial justice has not been done.” State v.

15 Sutphin, 2007-NMSC-045, ¶ 16, 142 N.M. 191, 164 P.3d 72 (internal quotation marks

16 and citation omitted).

17   {26}   The unlawful taking of a vehicle statute reads: “[u]nlawful taking of a motor

18 vehicle consists of a person taking any vehicle or motor vehicle . . . intentionally and




                                               14
 1 without consent of the owner.” Section 30-16D-1(A). The jury was given an

 2 instruction on unlawful taking of a vehicle, which read:

 3                 For you to find [D]efendant guilty of Unlawfully Taking a Vehicle
 4          as charged in Count 9, the [S]tate must prove to your satisfaction beyond
 5          a reasonable doubt each of the following elements of the crime:

 6          1.    [D]efendant took a 1999 Subaru 2-door without the owner’s
 7                consent;

 8          2.    This happened in New Mexico on or about the 28th day of
 9                September[] 2011.

10   {27}   Unlawful taking of a vehicle is a general intent crime. It usually requires that

11 the instruction on general criminal intent, UJI 14-141 NMRA, be given. See UJI 14-

12 141 comm. comment. The instruction on general criminal intent states in pertinent

13 part:

14                 In addition to the other elements of [the target offense], the [S]tate
15          must prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt that
16          [D]efendant acted intentionally when he committed the crime. A person
17          acts intentionally when he purposely does an act which the law declares
18          to be a crime.

19 UJI 14-141.

20   {28}   At trial, the general intent instruction was not given. Defendant argues that the

21 failure to give the general intent instruction constituted a failure to instruct the jury on

22 criminal intent, an essential element of unlawful taking of a vehicle. However, in

23 closing, the State argued that Defendant was guilty of unlawfully taking Bates’ vehicle



                                                 15
 1 as an accessory or accomplice. The jury received an instruction on accomplice

 2 liability, which read:

 3                [D]efendant may be found guilty of a crime even though he
 4          himself did not do the acts constituting the crime, if the [S]tate proves to
 5          your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt that:

 6          1.    [D]efendant intended that the crime be committed;

 7          2.    The crime was committed;

 8          3.    [D]efendant helped, encouraged or caused the crime to be
 9                committed.

10   {29}   In State v. Bachicha, we reversed the defendant’s conviction for unlawful

11 taking of a vehicle because the intent instruction given in that case addressed the

12 determination of intent but failed to instruct on the essential element of “conscious

13 wrongdoing.” 1972-NMCA-141, ¶ 5, 84 N.M. 397, 503 P.2d 1175 (internal quotation

14 marks omitted). This case is distinguishable. Here, the instructions, when read

15 together, were sufficient to instruct the jury on the elements of unlawful taking of a

16 vehicle as required by the statute, including criminal intent. See Carrasco, 1997-

17 NMSC-047, ¶ 7 (“The uniform jury instruction for accessory liability incorporates the

18 intent requirement and correctly states the standard for a finding that a defendant is

19 guilty as an accessory.”). We do not believe that a reasonable jury would have been

20 confused or misdirected by the jury instructions given or that failing to give the




                                                16
 1 general criminal intent instruction amounted to a miscarriage of justice that would

 2 shock the conscience.

 3 IV.      Findings Required to Support the District Court’s Designation of Robbery
 4          as a Serious Violent Offense Under the EMD

 5   {30}   Defendant contends that the district court’s findings were legally insufficient

 6 to support its conclusion that the robbery conviction was a serious violent offense

 7 under the EMD. We review the district court’s designation of a crime as a serious

 8 violent offense for an abuse of discretion. State v. Solano, 2009-NMCA-098, ¶ 7, 146

 9 N.M. 831, 215 P.3d 769. Because a court abuses its discretion when it acts contrary

10 to law, we review de novo the legal sufficiency of the district court’s findings in

11 support of its serious violent offense designation. Id.

12   {31}   Under the EMD, prisoners convicted of serious violent offenses may earn only

13 four days a month of credit against their time in prison for participating in certain

14 programs, while prisoners convicted of nonviolent offenses may earn up to thirty days

15 a month. Section 33-2-34(A)(1), (2). The statute provides a list of offenses that are per

16 se serious violent offenses. Section 33-2-34(L)(4)(a)-(n). The statute also provides a

17 list of offenses that, based on the nature of the offense and the resulting harm, may be

18 categorized as serious violent offenses, at the discretion of the sentencing court.

19 Section 33-2-34(L)(4)(o). Defendant’s robbery conviction falls within the

20 discretionary provision of the statute. See § 33-2-34(L)(4)(o)(13) (stating that “


                                              17
 1 ‘serious violent offense’ means ‘any of the following offenses[;] third degree robbery

 2 as provided in Section 30-16-2’ ”).

 3   {32}   In State v. Morales, we discussed the legislative intent supporting the EMD.

 4 2002-NMCA-016, ¶ 16, 131 N.M. 530, 39 P.3d 747, abrogated on other grounds by

 5 State v. Frawley, 2007-NMSC-057, ¶ 36, 143 N.M. 7, 172 P.3d 144. We observed that

 6 the EMD’s list of discretionary offenses includes some offenses that always result in

 7 death, indicating that harm resulting from a crime is not the only consideration in

 8 determining whether that crime is a serious violent offense. Morales, 2002-NMCA-

 9 016, ¶ 13. We also noted that many of the discretionary offenses “are characterized

10 by multiple ways of committing the offense, some intentional and some not, and some

11 utilizing physical force and some not,” as opposed to the non-discretionary offenses,

12 which “all involve an intent to do the harm prohibited by the statute, or a specific

13 intent to kill or injure, or knowledge that one’s acts are reasonably likely to cause

14 serious harm.” Id. ¶¶ 14-15. We concluded that categorizing a discretionary offense

15 as a serious violent offense is justified where the district court finds that the offense

16 was “committed in a physically violent manner either with an intent to do serious

17 harm or with recklessness in the face of knowledge that one’s acts are reasonably

18 likely to result in serious harm.” Id. ¶ 16. We also concluded that, even where support




                                              18
 1 exists in the record that these factors are met, the district court must make the required

 2 findings in the first instance. Id. ¶ 18.

 3   {33}   The State argues that we should overturn Morales and its progeny because those

 4 cases are contrary to various rules of statutory construction. However, the State does

 5 not explain how the law has developed or the facts have changed since we decided

 6 Morales, and even its own argument recognizes that our appellate courts have

 7 consistently followed that case. See Trujillo v. City of Albuquerque, 1998-NMSC-031,

 8 ¶ 34, 125 N.M. 721, 965 P.2d 305 (recognizing that, before overturning precedent, we

 9 must consider “whether the principles of law have developed to such an extent as to

10 leave the old rule no more than a remnant of abandoned doctrine” and “whether the

11 facts have changed in the interval from the old rule to reconsideration so as to have

12 robbed the old rule of justification” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

13 We have no basis for overruling Morales and decline the State’s request to do so.

14   {34}   Since Morales, our appellate courts have continued to require that district courts

15 make specific findings regarding both the nature of the offense and the resulting harm

16 to support a serious violent offense designation. State v. Loretto, 2006-NMCA-142,

17 ¶ 14, 140 N.M. 705, 147 P.3d 1138. This requirement serves “to inform the defendant

18 being sentenced of the factual basis on which his good time credit is being

19 substantially reduced, and to permit meaningful and effective appellate review of the



                                                19
 1 court’s designation.” Id. ¶ 12. Although Morales does not require the district court’s

 2 findings to be expressed in specific language, they must demonstrate how the

 3 defendant’s acts “amounted to an offense committed in a physically violent manner.”

 4 State v. Scurry, 2007-NMCA-064, ¶ 6, 141 N.M. 591, 158 P.3d 1034 (internal

 5 quotation marks and citation omitted).

 6   {35}   Here, the district court made factual findings as to why the robbery constituted

 7 a serious violent offense. At sentencing the following exchange took place between

 8 the district court and counsel:

 9          The Court:          All right. Robbery is set forth as a serious violent
10                              offense . . . so I’ll find that.

11          Prosecutor:        It is an option.

12          Defense Counsel: It is an option, Your Honor. You do have
13                           discretion.

14          The Court:          I know that; I know that. And I do take judicial
15                              notice of the fact that the jury did not convict your
16                              client of armed robbery; but I’ll find that robbery . . .
17                              is a serious violent offense.

18   {36}   Because the parties do not dispute that the robbery was a discretionary offense

19 under Section 33-2-34(L)(4)(o), we conclude that the district court’s failure to make

20 findings regarding the nature of the offense or the resulting harm requires remand

21 under Morales.

22 CONCLUSION


                                                  20
1   {37}   For the foregoing reasons we reverse the convictions for kidnapping and

2 conspiracy to commit kidnapping. We reverse the designation of the robbery

3 conviction as a serious violent offense and remand for additional fact finding. The

4 remainder of the judgment and sentence is affirmed.

5   {38}   IT IS SO ORDERED.


6
7                                       M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

8 WE CONCUR:


 9
10 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge


11
12 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge




                                          21
