                                                                                     Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                           Lansing, Michigan
                                                                    Chief Justice:       Justices:



Syllabus                                                            Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                                         Marilyn Kelly
                                                                                         Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                         Diane M. Hathaway
                                                                                         Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                                         Brian K. Zahra
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been               Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.                 John O. Juroszek


                            ATKINS v SUBURBAN MOBILITY AUTHORITY FOR
                                     REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION

       Docket No. 140401. Argued March 7, 2012. Decided August 20, 2012.

                Vivian Atkins brought an action in the Wayne Circuit Court against the Suburban
       Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART), seeking damages in tort for injuries
       she suffered while riding on a bus operated by SMART that was involved in an accident.
       Plaintiff had filed an application for no-fault benefits with defendant’s insurer 10 days after the
       accident, but waited more than 7 months to notify defendant that she might pursue a tort action.
       The court, Kathleen Macdonald, J., granted defendant’s motion for partial summary disposition,
       concluding that plaintiff had given notice of her injury but had failed to give defendant notice of
       her tort claims within 60 days of the accident as required by the notice provision of the
       Metropolitan Transportation Authorities Act, MCL 124.419. The Court of Appeals, FORT HOOD,
       P.J., and SAWYER and DONOFRIO, JJ., reversed in an unpublished opinion, issued October 22,
       2009 (Docket No. 288461), concluding that plaintiff’s no-fault claim and information plaintiff
       had supplied to defendant and its insurer were sufficient to give defendant notice of a third-party
       tort claim. The Supreme Court ordered and heard oral argument on whether to grant defendant’s
       application for leave to appeal or take other peremptory action. 489 Mich 958 (2011).

             In an opinion by Chief Justice YOUNG, joined by Justices MARKMAN, MARY BETH
       KELLY, and ZAHRA, the Supreme Court held:

               Notice of a plaintiff’s application for first-party no-fault benefits does not constitute
       written notice of a third-party tort claim sufficient to comply with MCL 124.419.

               1. Under MCL 124.419, a claim brought against a transportation authority in derogation
       of governmental immunity must be presented as an ordinary claim against the common carrier
       involved. Notice of the claim must be served within 60 days of the occurrence through which
       the injury occurred. Any judgment is payable from funds of the authority, and jurisdiction is
       limited to those courts in the counties where the authority carries on its functions.

              2. The 60-day limitation of MCL 124.419 applies to any ordinary claims brought against
       a transportation authority that arise out of injury to persons or property. The term “ordinary
       claims” includes traditional tort claims arising out of occurrences involving a common carrier
       through which injury is sustained. A claim for no-fault benefits is not an ordinary claim for
       purposes of MCL 124.419 because it is not a tort claim and is not paid from the authority’s
funds, as traditional tort claims are, but is paid by a carrier’s no-fault insurer. An application for
no-fault benefits is qualitatively distinct in nature from a claim for third-party tort benefits, so
that notice of one does not serve as notice of the other. First-party no-fault benefits are
recoverable without regard to fault, unlike tort liability, which involves an adversarial process in
which the plaintiff must prove fault to recover.

        3. The Court of Appeals erred by holding that plaintiff’s no-fault application, coupled
with her communications with defendant or its insurer concerning her medical condition,
sufficed to satisfy the 60-day notice requirement of MCL 124.419. There is no aspect of
substantial compliance to the statutory notice requirement. Actual written notice of an ordinary
claim for personal injury is required by the notice requirement of MCL 124.419. The circuit
court properly granted defendant partial summary disposition because plaintiff failed to provide
defendant written notice of her tort claims within 60 days from the occurrence through which the
injury was sustained.

     Reversed and remanded for reentry of the circuit court’s order granting defendant partial
summary disposition.

        Justice MARILYN KELLY, joined by Justices CAVANAGH and HATHAWAY, dissenting,
would have affirmed the Court of Appeals’ judgment and remanded the case to the circuit court
for further proceedings. Statutory notice requirements should be enforceable only to the extent
that a defendant is prejudiced by a plaintiff’s noncompliance. Preventing actual prejudice to a
defendant because of lack of notice is the primary legitimate purpose of notice provisions.
Justice KELLY would have held that partial summary disposition on the basis of failure to comply
with the 60-day notice requirement was inappropriate because defendant had notice of the factual
basis of plaintiff’s tort claims when she filed a claim for no-fault benefits with defendant’s
insurance carrier and defendant, through its carrier, received plaintiff’s medical records as well
as other reports regarding her condition. Thus, plaintiff substantially complied with MCL
124.419 and defendant was not prejudiced.




                                     ©2012 State of Michigan
                                                                             Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                   Lansing, Michigan
                                                       Chief Justice:          Justices:



Opinion                                                Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                            Marilyn Kelly
                                                                            Stephen J. Markman
                                                                            Diane M. Hathaway
                                                                            Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                            Brian K. Zahra

                                                                   FILED AUGUST 20, 2012

                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT


 VIVIAN ATKINS,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                              No. 140401

 SUBURBAN MOBILITY AUTHORITY
 FOR REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION,
 d/b/a SMART,

               Defendant-Appellant.


 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 YOUNG, C.J.
       Plaintiff was a passenger on a bus operated by the Suburban Mobility Authority

 for Regional Transportation (SMART) when the bus was involved in an accident.

 Plaintiff filed an application for no-fault benefits with SMART’s insurer soon thereafter,

 but waited more than seven months to notify SMART that she might pursue liability in

 tort. SMART moved for partial summary disposition, arguing that the notice provision of

 the Metropolitan Transportation Authorities Act, MCL 124.419, required notice of

 plaintiff’s tort claims within 60 days of the accident as a condition precedent to
maintaining those claims.       The circuit court granted SMART partial summary

disposition, but the Court of Appeals reversed.

       MCL 124.419 requires that a plaintiff who wishes to bring a claim for injury to

person or property arising out of an incident with a common carrier like SMART must

provide notice of the claim to the transportation authority within 60 days. Statutory

notice requirements must be interpreted and enforced as plainly written. Thus, we hold

that notice of plaintiff’s application for no-fault insurance benefits, even when

supplemented with SMART’s presumed “institutional knowledge” of the underlying facts

of the injury, does not constitute written notice of a third-party tort claim against SMART

sufficient to comply with MCL 124.419. The provisions of MCL 124.419 apply to

“ordinary claims” that arise in connection with a common carrier, and the 60-day notice

requirement pertains to such claims for personal injury or property damage. An ordinary

claim against a common carrier does not include claims made for first-party no-fault

benefits. Those no-fault claims are not ordinary tort claims, but a statutory benefit

permitted in lieu of tort remedies. Thus, the statutory notice provision does not apply to

no-fault claims, and an application for first-party no-fault benefits does not satisfy the

statutory requirement to provide the transportation authority notice of a plaintiff’s intent

to pursue a third-party tort claim. Nor does a common carrier’s presumed institutional

knowledge of an injury or occurrence relieve a claimant of the obligation to give the

formal notice required by the statute.

       The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed.




                                             2
                       I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On September 15, 2006, plaintiff, Vivian Atkins, was a passenger on a SMART

bus when it collided with another SMART bus. SMART immediately investigated the

accident at the scene, but plaintiff did not believe that she had sustained any serious

injuries and did not stay for the investigation. However, approximately 10 days after the

accident, plaintiff contacted ASU Group, SMART’s no-fault claims representative, and

advised that she had been injured in the accident. ASU sent plaintiff an application for

no-fault benefits, which she completed and returned to ASU. Plaintiff identified her

medical providers and described injuries to her shoulders, stomach, and back.

       SMART, through its insurer, began paying plaintiff first-party, no-fault benefits.

While paying benefits, SMART received updates on plaintiff’s condition, including a

physician’s report. SMART also became aware that plaintiff was on a short leave of

absence from work beginning on October 30, 2006, and that plaintiff’s mother and

daughter were performing some household services for plaintiff.             Unfortunately,

plaintiff’s condition continued to worsen, and an MRI revealed disk herniations and

degenerative changes in her spine.      Through her attorney, plaintiff sent a letter to

SMART on May 4, 2007, notifying that entity of her intent to pursue tort claims arising

out of the accident.

       On August 7, 2007, plaintiff filed a complaint against SMART, alleging third-

party claims for negligence resulting in a serious impairment of body function, negligent

entrustment, and respondeat superior, as well as a claim for first-party no-fault benefits.

SMART moved for summary disposition with respect to the tort claims, alleging that




                                            3
plaintiff had failed to give notice of her tort claims as prescribed by MCL 124.419, which

provides in relevant part:

                 All claims that may arise in connection with the transportation
          authority shall be presented as ordinary claims against a common carrier of
          passengers for hire: Provided, That written notice of any claim based upon
          injury to persons or property shall be served upon the authority no later
          than 60 days from the occurrence through which such injury is
          sustained . . . .

The Wayne Circuit Court held that plaintiff had given notice of injury, but had failed to

give notice of her tort claims within 60 days as required by the statute. The court thus

granted summary disposition to SMART on the tort claims.

          The Court of Appeals reversed, reasoning that SMART’s knowledge of plaintiff’s

no-fault claim and the aggregate information that plaintiff had provided to SMART and

its insurer were sufficient to give SMART written notice of a third-party tort claim. 1 The

Court observed that MCL 124.419 does not “delineate between notice of a claim for first-

party no-fault benefits and notice of a third-party tort claim.” 2 The Court thus reasoned

that this provision only requires notice of “a” claim, which it defined as the aggregate of

operative facts giving rise to an enforceable right. 3 As a result, reasoned the Court of

Appeals, the statute only requires notice without any additional specific requirements of




1
 Atkins v Suburban Mobility Auth for Regional Transp, unpublished opinion per curiam
of the Court of Appeals, issued October 22, 2009 (Docket No. 288461), p 3.
2
    Id. at 2.
3
    Id. at 2-3.



                                              4
what information must be included. 4 On the basis of this analysis, the Court concluded

that SMART had sufficient notice of plaintiff’s tort claim within the 60-day period:

                  Defendant . . . had timely notice that plaintiff was injured, and it
          knew that, 60 days after the accident, she continued to require medical
          treatment, provision of household services, and restriction from work.
          While plaintiff had no proof that she had suffered permanent disfigurement
          or serious impairment of body function, by the expiration of the 60-day
          period, defendant had notice of the operative facts needed to anticipate
          plaintiff’s tort claim, and plaintiff had demanded payment for her injuries.
          The statute does not require a defendant to know what legal theory a
          plaintiff will pursue, only that it have notice of facts giving rise to a right to
          seek damages or payment. Therefore, we hold that the information
          defendant had before the expiration of the 60-day period was sufficient to
          provide written notice of plaintiff’s third-party claim.[5]

Finally, the Court of Appeals qualified its conclusion, noting that not all no-fault claims

would constitute notice of a tort claim:

                 For example, if the plaintiff’s injury was something that apparently
          would be quickly resolved (like an abrasion or bruise), or if the
          circumstances of the accident were such that there was no apparent
          negligence by the defendant (such as a hit-and-run driver running into the
          defendant’s vehicle), a defendant would not necessarily have notice that a
          tort claim would follow. For this reason, defendant is correct in its
          argument that merely having notice of the accident is insufficient. But
          here, defendant had notice of all the facts that would support plaintiff’s
          third-party claim.[6]

          SMART applied for leave to appeal in this Court. We ordered arguments on

SMART’s application, directing the parties to consider “whether written notice of the


4
    Id.
5
    Id. at 3.
6
    Id. (emphasis added).



                                                  5
plaintiff’s no-fault claim, together with SMART’s knowledge of facts that could give rise

to a tort claim by the plaintiff, constituted written notice of her tort claim sufficient to

comply with MCL 124.419.” 7

                               II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

          This Court reviews de novo the grant or denial of summary disposition motions. 8

This case calls on us to consider the statutory notice provision of MCL 124.419. Matters

of statutory interpretation are also reviewed de novo. 9

                                      III. ANALYSIS

          Generally, governmental agencies in Michigan are statutorily immune from tort

liability. 10 However, because the government may voluntarily subject itself to liability, it

may also place conditions or limitations on the liability imposed. 11 Statutory notice

provisions are a common means by which the government regulates the conditions under

which a person may sue governmental entities. It is well established that statutory notice




7
    Atkins v SMART, 489 Mich 958 (2011).
8
    Rowland v Washtenaw Co Rd Comm, 477 Mich 197, 202; 731 NW2d 41 (2007).
9
    Id.
10
     See generally MCL 691.1401 et seq.; Rowland, 477 Mich at 202-203.
11
   See Moulter v Grand Rapids, 155 Mich 165, 168-169; 118 NW 919 (1908) (“It being
optional with the legislature whether it would confer upon persons injured a right of
action therefor or leave them remediless, it could attach to the right conferred any
limitations it chose.”); accord Rowland, 477 Mich at 212.



                                              6
requirements must be interpreted and enforced as plainly written and that no judicially

created saving construction is permitted to avoid a clear statutory mandate. 12

         The Metropolitan Transportation Authorities Act describes in what manner

liability may be imposed on a transportation authority for situations involving the

operation of a common carrier for hire. It includes a notice provision, MCL 124.419,

which provides in full:

                All claims that may arise in connection with the transportation
         authority shall be presented as ordinary claims against a common carrier of
         passengers for hire: Provided, That written notice of any claim based upon
         injury to persons or property shall be served upon the authority no later
         than 60 days from the occurrence through which such injury is sustained
         and the disposition thereof shall rest in the discretion of the authority and
         all claims that may be allowed and final judgment obtained shall be
         liquidated from funds of the authority: Provided, further, That only the
         courts situated in the counties in which the authority principally carries on
         its function are the proper counties in which to commence and try action
         against the authority.[13]

         MCL 124.419 thus provides that claims may be brought against a transportation

authority in derogation of governmental immunity and requires that those claims be

presented as “ordinary claims” against the common carrier involved. The statute then

imposes certain statutory restrictions on the resultant suits against common carriers.

First, when the claim involves injury to person or property, the statute requires written

notice of the claim to be served within 60 days of the injury. The statute further provides



12
 See Rowland, 477 Mich at 211; see also McCahan v Brennan, ___ Mich ___; ___
NW2d ___ (August 20, 2012, Docket No. 142765).
13
     Emphasis added.



                                              7
that any judgment obtained is payable from funds of the authority and restricts

jurisdiction to courts in the counties where the authority carries on its function.

         At issue in this case is whether an application for no-fault benefits can suffice as

the notice of a separate tort claim that MCL 124.419 requires. Our primary objective

when interpreting a statute is to discern the Legislature’s intent. “This task begins by

examining the language of the statute itself. The words of a statute provide ‘the most

reliable evidence of its intent . . . .’” 14 When the Legislature has clearly expressed its

intent in the language of the statute, no further construction is required or permitted. 15

         The Court of Appeals held that plaintiff’s no-fault application and her

communications with SMART or its insurer provided SMART with sufficient knowledge

to anticipate plaintiff’s tort claim, and thus sufficed as the notice required to satisfy the

statute. We disagree. MCL 124.419 plainly requires “written notice” of any “ordinary

claims” for personal injury within 60 days of the underlying occurrence, and the ordinary

claims that may be brought pursuant to the statute are qualitatively different from a

demand for no-fault benefits paid by a common carrier’s insurer. Accordingly, the

demand for no-fault benefits and other communications with SMART or its insurer did

not satisfy the “written notice” requirement with respect to plaintiff’s ordinary claims.

         The text of MCL 124.419 indicates that its provisions pertain only to ordinary

claims brought against a transportation authority. In order to effectuate the Legislature’s


14
  Sun Valley Foods Co v Ward, 460 Mich 230, 236; 596 NW2d 119 (1999), quoting
United States v Turkette, 452 US 576, 593; 101 S Ct 2524; 69 L Ed 2d 246 (1981).
15
     Sun Valley, 460 Mich at 236.



                                               8
purpose, we interpret statutes cohesively, and we read specific statutory provisions in the

context of that which surrounds them. 16 The prefatory clause of MCL 124.419 states that

“[a]ll claims that may arise in connection with the transportation authority shall be

presented as ordinary claims.” The statute then provides the specific limitation that “any

claim based upon injury to persons or property” must be made within 60 days of the

underlying occurrence. The reference to “any claim” is part of the same sentence as the

prior language discussing “ordinary claims,” and it most naturally reads as modifying

“ordinary claims.” Accordingly, the 60-day limitation of MCL 124.419 applies to “any”

ordinary claims brought against the transportation authority that arise out of injury to

persons or property.

       While the term “ordinary claims” is undefined by statute, it may reasonably be

understood to include traditional tort claims arising out of occurrences involving a

common carrier through which such injury is sustained. 17                This understanding

corresponds with the purpose of the statute: to set forth the requirements by which a

person may recover against a common carrier for its liabilities, which includes tort

liabilities involving injury to persons or property. We also discern from the statutory text

that these ordinary claims are to be paid from funds of the authority.

       Contrary to this framework, an application for no-fault benefits is not an ordinary

claim as contemplated by MCL 124.419. A claim for no-fault benefits is not a tort claim,

16
  Herman v Berrien Co, 481 Mich 352, 366; 750 NW2d 570 (2008); Sun Valley, 460
Mich at 236-237.
17
  See, e.g., Trent v Suburban Mobility Auth for Regional Transp, 252 Mich App 247;
651 NW2d 171 (2002), discussed later in this opinion.



                                             9
nor is it comparable to one. In fact, no-fault systems are generally designed to supplant

tort recovery in most situations. Moreover, claims for no-fault benefits are not paid from

funds of the authority, as traditional tort claims are, but are paid by a carrier’s no-fault

insurer. The legislatively chosen language thus indicates that ordinary tort claims like

those pursued by plaintiff here and to which MCL 124.419 applies are distinct from

claims for other kinds of benefits, such as those provided by the no-fault act.

         Apart from the textual indications supporting this analysis, we recognize that

claims for first-party no-fault benefits and third-party tort benefits are qualitatively

distinct in nature, such that notice of one does not serve as notice of the other. Most

notably, an application for first-party insurance benefits recoverable without regard to

fault cannot be equated with a claim for at-fault tort liability. First-party benefits under

the no-fault act are creations of, and thus only available pursuant to, statutory law. And

SMART’s insurer is required to pay no-fault personal protection insurance benefits to

individuals injured in accidents involving their buses. 18        A person who proves his

entitlement to first-party benefits has proved none of the elements that would entitle him

to tort damages. A third-party tort claim is distinct from a claim for first-party benefits

because a third-party tort claim involves an adversarial process in which the plaintiff

must prove fault in order to recover. Therefore, notice of a claim for first-party benefits

is not the equivalent of notice of a third-party tort claim. 19



18
     See MCL 500.3105(1).
19
     Not even the dissent here disagrees with this construction and conclusion.



                                               10
         The decision of the Court of Appeals in Trent v Suburban Mobility Auth for

Regional Transp is instructive. In Trent, the Court of Appeals examined whether a

claimant seeking first-party no-fault benefits was required to meet the 60-day notice

requirement of MCL 124.419. The Court held that MCL 124.419 does not apply to

claims for no-fault benefits, but does apply to third-party claims for personal injury. 20

The Court reasoned that MCL 124.419 contemplates claims brought as “ordinary claims

against a common carrier,” whereas a no-fault claim is statutory and unrelated to

SMART’s status as a common carrier. Thus, the plaintiff in Trent did not have to provide

notice of her no-fault claim within 60 days under MCL 124.419 to be entitled to no-fault

benefits because the statute was inapplicable to that type of benefit sought. 21

         Trent appropriately held that the 60-day window to file notice of an ordinary claim

in MCL 124.419 does not apply or limit a plaintiff’s ability to bring a no-fault claim for

benefits. While this case presents the converse factual situation in which plaintiff argues

that notice of a no-fault claim is sufficient to apprise a defendant of the required statutory

notice of a tort claim, the legal principle remains the same: no-fault claims and fault-

20
     Trent, 252 Mich App at 251-252.
21
   While we cite with approval Trent in this regard, we specifically disavow the
additional holding of Trent that a defendant must show actual prejudice in order to
enforce a statutory notice provision. This Court has since held that when the Legislature
specifically qualifies the ability to bring a claim against the state or its subdivisions on a
plaintiff’s meeting certain requirements that the plaintiff fails to meet, no saving
construction—such as requiring a defendant to prove actual prejudice—is allowed, and
overruled the contrary cases on which Trent relied in this regard. See Rowland, 477
Mich at 201; see also McCahan, ___ Mich at ___, slip op at 2, 16-17 (reaffirming the
principle of Rowland and clarifying that it applies to other similar statutory notice
provisions). Of course, this principle applies with equal force here.



                                             11
based tort claims are qualitatively different. Thus, in Trent, a requirement that applies to

ordinary tort claims did not apply to a claim for no-fault benefits, and here, a request for

no-fault benefits does not apprise the defendant of the desire to pursue liability in tort.

         The Court of Appeals erred to the extent that it held that plaintiff’s no-fault claim

and SMART’s institutional knowledge essentially put SMART on notice of a likely at-

fault claim. Ultimately, plaintiff’s application for no-fault benefits in this case only

asserted her right to, and demanded payment for, no-fault benefits. Plaintiff did not

assert any right to recovery in tort or make a demand for tort damages within 60 days.

The claim asserted in plaintiff’s application for no-fault benefits was qualitatively

different from a claim for recovery in tort and could not reasonably apprise SMART that

plaintiff would pursue a tort action. Plaintiff’s interpretation, and that of the Court of

Appeals, essentially rewrites the statutory text to provide that notice of any one claim—

however distinct—suffices as notice of any other claim that plaintiff may pursue even

when the statute plainly requires “written notice of any claim.”

         Further, the Court of Appeals compounded this error by importing concepts of

substantial compliance and SMART’s institutional knowledge of the accident gleaned

from other sources as sufficient to provide the notice required by MCL 124.419. The

statute requires “written notice” of “claims,” which must be “served” upon SMART. A

“claim” is “a demand for something as due; an assertion of a right or an alleged right.” 22

A claim is not merely an occurrence; it is a demand for payment pursuant to a legal right



22
     Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2000).



                                              12
as a result of that occurrence. 23 The statute does not permit knowledge of facts that could

give rise to a claim, as the Court of Appeals held, but rather it requires written notice of

the claim itself. Knowledge of operative facts is not equivalent to written notice of a

claim. Similarly, aggregate knowledge of an event such as an accident cannot be served

on a defendant. Instead, the requirement that “written notice of any claim . . . shall be

served upon the authority” indicates that a formal delivery of notice of the claim is

intended by the statutory language. 24

         By providing that the accumulated information obtained by SMART from other

sources, in addition to a no-fault application, substantially met the requirement that

plaintiff provide written notice of her tort claims, the Court of Appeals replaced a simple

and clear statutory test with a test based on apparent or imputed knowledge. The Court

of Appeals’ holding would require SMART and its counterparts to anticipate when a tort

claim is likely to be filed on the basis of the underlying facts. In short, it would require a

governmental agency to divine the intentions of an injured or potentially injured person

and then notify itself that the person may file a suit in tort. This approach entirely

subverts the notice process instituted by the Legislature. And the legislative purpose

behind this process is clear: it requires specific statutory notice of any claim so that a

common carrier defendant does not have to anticipate or guess whether a claim will be

filed at some point in the future. Instead, the common carrier must simply be told of the

claim within 60 days and through service of a notice. For these reasons, the decision of

23
     Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed).
24
     Emphasis added. See Nuculovic v Hill, 287 Mich App 58, 68; 783 NW2d 124 (2010).



                                             13
the Court of Appeals contravenes the clear language of MCL 124.419 and must be

reversed. 25

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

       Statutory notice requirements like the one at issue in this case must be interpreted

and enforced as plainly written.     The Legislature has determined that it will waive

governmental immunity in cases of personal injury or property damage that occur in

connection with a common carrier of passengers for hire only when written notice of the

claim is served on the transportation authority within 60 days.        Our opinion today

enforces that legislative determination.

       Because plaintiff did not comply with the notice requirement provided in MCL

124.419, that statute precludes her from maintaining her tort claims against SMART.

Plaintiff’s accident occurred on September 15, 2006. Plaintiff thus had 60 days, or until

25
   The dissent’s argument here is precisely the same as the one made by the dissenting
justice in McCahan, ___ Mich at ___, slip op at 2-7, 9-11 (MARILYN KELLY, J.,
dissenting), which itself substantively repeats the arguments made by the dissent in
Rowland, 477 Mich at 248 (MARILYN KELLY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in
part). In short, the dissent primarily disagrees with this Court’s decision to enforce the
language of MCL 124.419 and, in particular, the Legislature’s designated consequence
for failure to comply with the statutory notice requirement. Oddly, although this case is
one of statutory construction, the dissent undertakes no effort whatsoever to interpret the
actual words of the statute that we are charged with interpreting. Instead, once again the
dissent relies on a nonexistent, often repudiated “judicial prejudice requirement” to avoid
the effect of the statutory language. Rather than repetitively restating yet again that
which has already been authoritatively explored in decisions of this Court, for a full
discussion of these issues we refer to, and incorporate by reference, this Court’s prior
opinions repudiating the various arguments raised by the dissent. See McCahan, ___
Mich at ___, slip op at 17-22; Rowland, 477 Mich at 202-214. In accordance with these
decisions, we continue to advance the simple constitutional notion that this Court lacks
the authority to rewrite statutory language or otherwise avoid by judicial innovation the
Legislature’s dictates.



                                            14
November 14, 2006, to serve notice of her tort claims on SMART. Plaintiff first raised

her tort claims in a letter from her counsel sent to SMART on May 4, 2007. Thus, MCL

124.419 precludes her from maintaining those claims against SMART. Accordingly, we

reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case for reentry of the

circuit court’s order granting partial summary disposition in favor of SMART.


                                                      Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                      Stephen J. Markman
                                                      Mary Beth Kelly
                                                      Brian K. Zahra




                                          15
                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT


VIVIAN ATKINS,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                            No. 140401

SUBURBAN MOBILITY AUTHORITY
FOR REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION,
d/b/a SMART,

              Defendant-Appellant.


MARILYN KELLY, J. (dissenting).

       The issue presented in this case—whether plaintiff’s failure to strictly comply with

MCL 124.419’s notice requirement mandates dismissal of her claim—is hardly novel.

The majority takes this opportunity to perpetuate its restriction to access to our courts by

holding, yet again, that failure to comply with a notice requirement requires dismissal of

a suit. As I have detailed on several occasions, I would hold that statutory notice

requirements are enforceable only to the extent that a defendant is prejudiced by a

plaintiff’s failure to comply. Because defendant in this case was not prejudiced by

plaintiff’s failure to comply, I respectfully dissent.
                                        ANALYSIS

         The proper interpretation and application of statutory notice provisions like MCL

124.419 1 have long occupied our courts. While early decisions of our Court strictly

construed notice provisions and allowed dismissal for failure to comply, 2 the Court

changed course in 1970 in Grubaugh v City of St Johns. 3 In Grubaugh, the Court dealt

with a statutory provision that required a plaintiff to give a governmental defendant

notice of a claim within 60 days of the incident underlying the lawsuit. The Court held

that the provision violated the Due Process Clause of the state constitution. 4

         Two years later in Reich v State Highway Department, the Court extended

Grubaugh and held that a statute that included a 60-day notice provision was

1
    MCL 124.419 provides, in relevant part:

                All claims that may arise in connection with the transportation
         authority shall be presented as ordinary claims against a common carrier of
         passengers for hire: Provided, That written notice of any claim based upon
         injury to persons or property shall be served upon the authority no later
         than 60 days from the occurrence through which such injury is
         sustained . . . .

I agree with the majority’s conclusion that this provision requires potential claimants to
notify the defendant of “any claim.” Considering the language of the statute, an
application for no-fault benefits is not the same as written notice of an impending tort
action. However, as discussed later, I believe that notice of a request for no-fault benefits
arising out of the same underlying facts may be sufficient notice of an impending tort
claim. I believe that a defendant would suffer no prejudice by the failure to file notice of
the tort claim in these circumstances.
2
    See, e.g., Davidson v City of Muskegon, 111 Mich 454; 69 NW 670 (1897).
3
    Grubaugh v City of St Johns, 384 Mich 165; 180 NW2d 778 (1970).
4
    Id. at 176.



                                              2
unconstitutional on equal protection grounds. 5 We reasoned that the state and federal

constitutions forbid treating those injured by governmental negligence differently from

those injured by a private party’s negligence. 6

           The next year, in Carver v McKernan, 7 the Court considered the application of a

six-month notice provision in the Motor Vehicle Accident Claims Act. 8 The Court

somewhat retreated from Grubaugh’s and Reich’s holdings that statutory notice

provisions are per se unconstitutional. Carver held that the notice provision in that case

was constitutional, and thus enforceable, but only if the plaintiff’s failure to give notice

prejudiced the party not receiving the notice. 9 The Court opined that while some notice

provisions may be constitutionally permitted, others may not be, depending on the

purpose served by the notice requirement. 10 The Court explained that if the notice

provision served some purpose other than to prevent prejudice, it could be considered an

unconstitutional legislative requirement. 11




5
    Reich v State Hwy Dep’t, 386 Mich 617, 623-624; 194 NW2d 700 (1972).
6
    Id.
7
    Carver v McKernan, 390 Mich 96; 211 NW2d 24 (1973).
8
    MCL 257.1118.
9
    Carver, 390 Mich at 100.
10
     Id.
11
     Id.



                                               3
          Three years later in Hobbs v Department of State Highways, 12 the Court

reaffirmed the reasoning of Carver. Considering a 120-day notice requirement in the

governmental tort liability act, 13 the Court held:

                 The rationale of Carver is equally applicable to cases brought under
          the governmental liability act. Because actual prejudice to the state due to
          lack of notice within 120 days is the only legitimate purpose we can posit
          for this notice provision, absent a showing of such prejudice the notice
          provision contained in [MCL 691.1404] is not a bar to claims filed [under
          the act].[14]

Thus, Hobbs continued to employ a prejudice standard when construing statutory notice

provisions.

          Twenty years later in Brown v Manistee County Road Commission, 15 the Court

reconsidered the propriety of Hobbs. We concluded that the statute at issue in that case

was unconstitutional, reasoning that we were “unable to perceive a rational basis for the

county road commission statute to mandate notice of a claim within sixty days.” 16 We

further reasoned that there was no legitimate reason to subject some claimants to a 60-day

notice period and others to a 120-day notice period.

          Nonetheless, in 2007, four justices of the Court issued Rowland v Washtenaw

County Road Commission and upended Hobbs, Brown, and their progeny as wrongly


12
     Hobbs v Dep’t of State Hwys, 398 Mich 90; 247 NW2d 754 (1976).
13
     MCL 691.1401 et seq.
14
     Hobbs, 398 Mich at 96.
15
     Brown v Manistee Co Rd Comm, 452 Mich 354; 550 NW2d 215 (1996).
16
     Id. at 363.



                                               4
decided. 17 Those justices concluded that Hobbs and Brown had erroneously read actual

prejudice requirements into statutory notice provisions and, in doing so, usurped the

Legislature’s power to mandate timely notice to defendants. I dissented from the Court’s

decision to overrule Hobbs and Brown. I opined that the Court did not need to reach the

validity of those cases in deciding Rowland but that, in any event, they had been properly

decided. I stated:

                Even if it were proper to reach the 120-day notice requirement in
         this case, it would not be appropriate to overturn Hobbs and Brown.
         Together, these cases represent 30 years of precedent on the proper
         meaning and application of MCL 691.1404. Such a considerable history
         cannot be lightly ignored. And the Legislature’s failure to amend the
         statute during this time strongly indicates that Hobbs and Brown properly
         effectuated its intent when enacting MCL 691.1404(1).

                 The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to give effect to
         legislative intent. In both Hobbs and Brown, the Court identified the intent
         behind the notice provision as being to prevent prejudice to a governmental
         agency. [In Hobbs, the Court held that] [a]ctual prejudice to the state due
         to lack of notice within 120 days is the only legitimate purpose we can posit
         for this notice provision . . . . For 20 years, the Legislature knew of this
         interpretation but took no action to amend the statute or to state some other
         purpose behind MCL 691.1404(1). The Court then readdressed the statute
         in Brown and came to the same conclusion regarding the purpose behind
         MCL 691.1404(1).

                Another ten years have passed, but still the Legislature has taken no
         action to alter the Court’s interpretation of the intent behind the statute.
         This lack of legislative correction points tellingly to the conclusion that this
         Court properly determined and effectuated the intent behind MCL
         691.1404(1). If the proper intent is effectuated, the primary goal of
         statutory interpretation is achieved.[18]

17
     Rowland v Washtenaw Co Rd Comm, 477 Mich 197, 210-213; 731 NW2d 41 (2007).
18
   Id. at 258-259 (MARILYN KELLY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
(quotation marks and citations omitted).



                                                5
       I continue to stand by my dissenting opinion in Rowland and believe that in

toppling decades of settled caselaw, the Court acted improperly.             I would hold,

consistently with Hobbs and Brown, that preventing actual prejudice to a defendant

because of lack of notice is the primary legitimate purpose of notice provisions. 19

Consequently, a suit may be dismissed for lack of notice only when a defendant has been

prejudiced.

       In this case, plaintiff failed to provide the notice of intent to bring a tort claim

within the 60-day period required by MCL 124.419. Applying the reasoning of Hobbs,

Brown, and my partial dissent in Rowland, I would hold that defendant was not

prejudiced by this failure. This is apparent for several reasons.

       First, following the bus collision underlying plaintiff’s claim, defendant

immediately investigated the accident on its own accord. It did not believe that plaintiff

had sustained any serious injuries, but was nonetheless aware of the incident and of

plaintiff’s involvement. Defendant also obtained a statement from one of the bus drivers,

a supervisor’s accident investigation report, and a transit accident report, all within

several days of the accident. Thus, defendant was cogently aware of the basis for

plaintiff’s claim and was not prejudiced by plaintiff’s failure to file a notice of intent to

sue.




19
   Rather than repeat my response to the majority’s criticism of my position, I refer the
reader to my dissenting opinion in McCahan v Brennan, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___
(August 20, 2012, Docket No. 142765) (MARILYN KELLY, J., dissenting), and Rowland,
477 Mich at 248 (MARILYN KELLY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).



                                             6
       Second, within 10 days of the accident, plaintiff advised defendant’s insurer, ASU

Group, that she had been injured in the collision. ASU Group provided her with an

application for no-fault benefits, which she completed and returned. In her application,

plaintiff explicitly noted her injuries that resulted from the accident as well as her health

insurance information. She noted that her doctors had prescribed medication for her. She

also provided a list of the physicians treating her and their contact information.

       ASU Group contacted each of plaintiff’s physicians and obtained her medical

records related to the accident. ASU Group’s notes on plaintiff’s case indicate that it was

aware that during plaintiff’s convalescence, her mother and daughter performed

household services for her. Its notes further reflect that with plaintiff’s anticipated wage

loss, treatment, and household services, she would not be able to cover her expected

medical costs.    Finally, defendant was aware that plaintiff’s condition continued to

worsen several weeks after the accident and that magnetic resonance imaging depicted

disk herniations and degenerative changes in her spine. Thus, defendant was acutely

aware of plaintiff’s injuries and the factual basis for her tort claims.

       This information that plaintiff provided to defendant and its insurer put defendant

on notice of plaintiff’s tort claims against it. This is not a case of a failure to substantially

comply with a notice requirement. Indeed, plaintiff substantially complied with MCL

124.419 and, as the record indicates, defendant was well aware of the genesis of

plaintiff’s claims. Defendant was also fully apprised of all details relevant to plaintiff’s

suit by virtue of its insurer’s active communication with plaintiff within the 60-day notice

period. Accordingly, defendant suffered no prejudice when plaintiff did not give notice

of her intent to pursue tort claims until several months after expiration of the 60-day


                                               7
notice period. I reject the notion that slavish adherence to form must be shown in this

case when the legislative purpose of the notice requirement was so clearly fulfilled.

                                     CONCLUSION

       I would affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals. I would hold that plaintiff’s

failure to provide notice within 60 days of the incident does not mandate partial summary

disposition in favor of defendant. Rather, because defendant was not prejudiced by

plaintiff’s failure to file notice, this Court should remand her case to the trial court for

further proceedings. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.


                                                        Marilyn Kelly
                                                        Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                        Diane M. Hathaway




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