 Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
 this Memorandum Decision shall not be
 regarded as precedent or cited before any
                                                                   FILED
                                                                Jan 31 2013, 9:19 am
 court except for the purpose of
 establishing the defense of res judicata,
 collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                           CLERK
                                                                      of the supreme court,
                                                                      court of appeals and
                                                                             tax court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                              ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

BRENT C. VIAN                                        ROBERT J. HENKE
Fort Wayne, Indiana                                  DCS Central Administration
                                                     Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                     MICHAEL SPECIALE
                                                     DCS, Allen County Office
                                                     Fort Wayne, Indiana


                                IN THE
                      COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN RE THE INVOLUNTARY TERMINATION                    )
OF THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF                  )
S.F.:                                                )
                                                     )
C.P.,                                                )
                                                     )
        Appellant-Respondent,                        )
                                                     )
                vs.                                  )       No. 02A03-1206-JT-275
                                                     )
THE INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD                      )
SERVICES,                                            )
                                                     )
        Appellee-Petitioner.                         )
                                                     )


                        APPEAL FROM THE ALLEN SUPEIOR COURT
                            The Honorable Charles F. Pratt, Judge
                               Cause No. 02D08-1108-JT-135


                                          January 31, 2013

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

FRIEDLANDER, Judge
        C.P. (Father) appeals the involuntary termination of his parental rights to his child,

S.F. Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the juvenile court’s

judgment.

        We affirm.

        Father is the biological father of S.F., born in May 2006. 1 The facts most favorable to

the trial court’s judgment reveal that Father was incarcerated at the time S.F. was born.

Father remained incarcerated for the first three years of S.F.’s life. Shortly after his release

from incarceration, Father became acquainted with S.F., and in September 2009, Mother left

S.F. in Father’s care because she was homeless and unable to care for S.F. At that time, S.F.

had head lice, a urinary tract infection, and an upper respiratory infection. Approximately

three weeks later, Mother contacted local police personnel due to a custody dispute between

her and Father concerning S.F., but the police refused to remove S.F. from Father’s care

because Mother was unable to verify that she had appropriate housing for herself and S.F.

The local Allen County office of the Indiana Department of Child Services (DCS) was

thereafter contacted and an assessment of the matter ensued.

        A Preliminary Inquiry was held in October 2009, after which the juvenile court

determined there was probable cause to believe S.F. was a child in need of services (CHINS).

An evidentiary hearing on an amended CHINS petition was held in November 2009. During



1
 S.F.’s biological mother, T.F. (Mother), voluntarily relinquished her parental rights to S.F. in February 2012.
Mother does not participate in this appeal. In addition, S.F.’s sibling, R.V., who was also removed from the
family home with S.F., is not Father’s biological child and is not subject to this appeal. We therefore limit our
recitation of the facts to those pertinent solely to Father’s appeal of the juvenile court’s judgment terminating
Father’s parental rights to S.F.

                                                       2
the CHINS hearing, Father admitted to a majority of the allegations in the CHINS petition

and S.F. was so adjudicated. The court proceeded to disposition the same day and, following

the hearing, the juvenile court issued a dispositional order formally removing S.F. from

Father’s custody.

       The juvenile court’s dispositional order allowed S.F. to continue living with Father as

an in-home CHINS in the maternal grandmother’s home. The court’s order, however,

incorporated a Parent Participation Plan (PPP) and directed Father to successfully complete a

variety of tasks and services designed to address his parenting deficiencies. Among other

things, Father was ordered to: (1) refrain from all criminal activity; (2) obtain a legal and

stable source of income; (3) maintain clean, safe, and appropriate housing at all times; (4)

submit to a psychological evaluation and parenting assessment and follow any resulting

recommendations; (5) successfully complete the home-based services program through Park

Center; (6) refrain from the use of alcohol, illegal drugs, or other substances and submit to

random drug screens; (7) participate in parenting classes through Caring About People, Inc.;

(8) follow the safety plan established by the DCS case manager which prohibited Father from

allowing S.F. to be left in the unsupervised company of the maternal grandmother; (9)

maintain consistent contact with DCS; and (10) notify DCS within forty-eight hours of all

changes in household composition, housing, and employment.

       Father’s participation in services was inconsistent and ultimately unsuccessful. Father

failed to obtain a psychological evaluation, engage in home-based services, and refrain from

criminal activities. In January 2010, Father was arrested and incarcerated in Noble County


                                              3
but failed to notify DCS. Several days later, DCS learned of the arrest and found S.F. had

been living with the maternal grandmother for approximately two days before the child was

moved to the paternal grandfather’s home. The paternal grandfather had been previously

disqualified as an appropriate caregiver because of a 1978 rape conviction. Consequently,

S.F. was taken into emergency protective custody and placed in foster care. Father continued

to be in and out of jail for the remainder of the CHINS case, and in September 2011, DCS

filed a petition seeking the involuntary termination of Father’s parental rights to S.F.

       A two-day evidentiary hearing on the termination petition was eventually held in

February 2012. During the termination hearing, DCS presented significant evidence

establishing that Father remained incapable of providing S.F. with a safe and stable home

environment, and that Father had failed to complete a majority of the court-ordered

reunification services, including a parenting assessment and classes, a psychological

evaluation, and home-based services. DCS also established that Father had a significant

history of criminal activities, was arrested and incarcerated several times during the

underlying proceedings on various charges including theft and violating the terms of his

probation, and most recently had been incarcerated since approximately September 2011 with

a projected release date not until March 2012. As for S.F., DCS presented evidence showing

the child was thriving in pre-adoptive relative foster care together with R.V.

       At the conclusion of the termination hearing, the juvenile court took the matter under

advisement. On May 14, 2012, the juvenile court entered its judgment terminating Father’s

parental rights to S.F. Father now appeals.


                                              4
       Initially, we note that when reviewing the termination of parental rights, we will not

reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258

(Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable

inferences that are most favorable to the judgment. Id. In deference to the juvenile court’s

unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside the court’s judgment terminating a

parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d 204 (Ind. Ct.

App. 1999), trans. denied. Thus, if the evidence and inferences support the juvenile court’s

decision, we must affirm. Id.

       Here, the juvenile court made detailed findings in its order terminating Father’s

parental rights to S.F. Where the juvenile court enters specific findings of fact and

conclusions thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of

Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143 (Ind. 2005). First, we determine whether the evidence

supports the findings, and second we determine whether the findings support the judgment.

Id. “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to support them

either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). A

judgment is clearly erroneous only if the findings do not support the juvenile court’s

conclusions or the conclusions do not support the judgment thereon. Quillen v. Quillen, 671

N.E.2d 98.

       Initially, we recognize that the traditional right of parents to “establish a home and

raise their children is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States

Constitution.” In re M.B., 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. Although


                                              5
parental rights are of a constitutional dimension, the law provides for the termination of these

rights when parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities. In re R.H.,

892 N.E.2d 144 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). In addition, a juvenile court must subordinate the

interests of the parents to those of the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding

the termination. In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 832 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).

        Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur in Indiana, the State is

required to allege and prove, among other things:

        (B)      that one (1) of the following is true:

                 (i)     There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
                         in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the
                         home of the parents will not be remedied.

                 (ii)    There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
                         parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
                         child.

                 (iii)   The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a
                         child in need of services.

Ind. Code Ann. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) (West, Westlaw through end of 2011 1st Regular

Sess.). 2 The State’s burden of proof for establishing these allegations in termination cases “is

one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009)

(quoting Ind. Code Ann. § 31-37-14-2 (West, Westlaw through end of 2011 1st Regular

Sess.)). If the court finds that the allegations in a petition described in section 4 of this




2
 We observe that Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4 was amended by Pub. L. No. 48-2012 (eff. July 1, 2012).
The changes to the statute became effective after the filing of the termination petition involved herein and are
not applicable to this case.

                                                       6
chapter are true, the court shall terminate the parent-child relationship. I.C. § 31-35-2-8

(West, Westlaw through end of 2011 1st Regular Sess.).

        On appeal, Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the juvenile

court’s findings as to subsection (b)(2)(B) of the termination statute cited above. 3 See I.C. §

31-35-2-4(b)(2). Specifically, Father claims that the “conditions which brought about the

removal of the child were circumstances directly attributable to conduct of the mother.”

Appellant’s Brief at 9. Father further asserts that although he “admittedly” was not compliant

with the juvenile court’s dispositional orders, he nevertheless “participated in services” and

“showed an ability to benefit from said services” while he was incarcerated. Id. Father

therefore contends he is entitled to reversal.

        At the outset, we note that DCS needed to establish only one of the three requirements

of subsection (b)(2)(B) by clear and convincing evidence before the juvenile court could

terminate parental rights. See In re L.V.N., 799 N.E.2d 63 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Here, the

juvenile court found DCS presented sufficient evidence to satisfy the first subsection of

(b)(2)(B) of the termination statute, namely, that there is a reasonable probability the

conditions resulting in S.F.’s removal or continued placement outside Father’s care will not

be remedied. See I.C. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i).



3
  Father does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the juvenile court’s findings regarding
the remaining elements of Indiana’s termination statute, including whether the child was removed from
Father’s care for the requisite amount of time, whether termination of parental rights is in S.F.’s best interests,
and whether there is a satisfactory plan for the future care and treatment of the child. See I.C. § 31-35-2-
4(b)(2)(A), (C), and (D). Father has therefore waived appellate review of these issues. See Davis v. State, 835
N.E.2d 1102, 1113 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (concluding that failure to present a cogent argument or citation to
authority constitutes waiver of issue for appellate review), trans. denied.

                                                        7
       In making such a determination, a juvenile court must judge a parent’s fitness to care

for his or her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence

of changed conditions. In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. The

court must also evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there

is a substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child. In re M.M., 733

N.E.2d 6 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Similarly, courts may consider evidence of a parent’s prior

criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support, and

lack of adequate housing and employment. A.F. v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family &

Children, 762 N.E.2d 1244 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. The juvenile court may also

consider the services offered to the parent by a county office of the Indiana Department of

Child Services and the parent’s response to those services, as evidence of whether conditions

will be remedied. Id. Finally, we have previously explained that the language of Indiana’s

termination statute makes clear that “it is not just the basis for the initial removal of the child

that may be considered for purposes of determining whether a parent’s rights should be

terminated, but also those bases resulting in the continued placement outside of the home.”

In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798, 806 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied

       Here, in determining that there is a reasonable probability the conditions resulting in

A.P.’s removal and/or continued placement outside of Father’s care will not be remedied, the

juvenile court made detailed findings in its termination order regarding Father’s (1)

significant history of criminal activity and current incarceration, (2) unresolved parenting,

housing, and employment issues, and (3) lack of progress in improving his ability to provide


                                                8
a safe and stable home for S.F. In noting Father’s extensive criminal history, the juvenile

court found that Father was incarcerated and serving an enhanced sentence for theft when

S.F. was born due to his habitual offender status. The court went on to observe that Father

remained incarcerated for the first three years of S.F.’s life until 2009, was again incarcerated

in Noble County from January 2010 “until late February or early March 2010,” was “violated

on his parole in April 2010,” was served with a warrant in October 2010 for battery

stemming from a July 2010 “battery resulting in injury charge” while he was already

incarcerated on a theft charge, and remained incarcerated at Westfield Correctional Facility at

the time of the termination hearing with an expected release date not until March 2012.

Appellee’s Appendix at 3-4. 4 The court then specifically found, “In total, [Father] has been

released from prison with the ability to contact [S.F.] for a total of seven (7) months of her

five years of life.” Id. at 4.

        Regarding Father’s lack of compliance with the court’s remaining dispositional orders,

the juvenile court specifically found that Father has “only held employment for a total of two

years” since the time he was eighteen years old. Id. At the time of the termination hearing,

Father was thirty-two years old. The court also found Father had failed to complete a

psychological evaluation and never completed a parenting assessment despite having

multiple scheduled appointments to do so, including appointments in October 2009,

December 2009, and two in March 2010.



4
 The copies of the juvenile court’s judgment provided by the Appellant in both the Appellant’s Brief and
Appendix are missing a page. We therefore cite to the Appellee’s Appendix.

                                                   9
       Although the court acknowledged in its findings that Father had enrolled in some

services while incarcerated, including parenting classes, the court went on to note that at the

time of the termination hearing, Father had completed only four of the twelve parenting

classes while incarcerated and “will not be able to complete the program before his release

date.” Id. The court went on to find that S.F. has been “the subject of multiple case

investigations reflecting a history of neglect and child endangerment.” Id. Based on these

and other findings, the juvenile court concluded:

       Despite being reminded that he needed to stay away from criminal activity,
       [Father] was arrested for battery and for theft in 2010 resulting, again, in his
       long[-]term incarceration. [Father] has been found to be a[] habitual offender
       and has [a] historic pattern of behavior that includes criminal offense and
       violation of his conditional release/parole from a time prior to the child’s birth.
        Although [Father] enrolled in services after his incarceration in Westfield
       Correctional Facility, there has not been any time after his release from a
       structured environment to test whether he has truly benefitted from the services
       he received. Since [sic] he has not completed parenting instruction either
       under the Dispositional Decree or while at Westville, additional time will be
       required to ensure that [Father] is prepared for the child to be reunited into his
       care.

                                              ***
       The child has emotional and educational behavioral problems that require a
       safe, dependable, and consistent environment. The only person with whom
       [S.F.] has had a consistent relationship is her [sibling]. If reunification efforts
       are resumed, the child may be separated from the only person which has been a
       constant in her life. In contrast, termination of parental rights will afford [S.F.]
       a safe and stable environment in an adoptive home with [R.V.]. . . . [Father’s]
       historic pattern of behavior suggests that he will unlikely be able to sustain the
       type of supportive environment that the child requires. This conclusion is
       especially true in light of [Father’s] limited circle of support. The child has
       been out of the home and in licensed foster care for two years because of
       [Father’s] decision to engage in illegal behaviors. [S.F.] is entitled to a safe,
       sustainable[,] permanent placement.

Id. at 6. Our review of the record leaves us convinced that these findings and conclusions are

                                               10
supported by abundant evidence.

       During the termination hearing, several DCS case managers, including Graydon

Vanderwall, Molly Hall, and Jennifer Rasey testified as to Father’s failure to progress in

services. In so doing, Vanderwall confirmed that Father had failed to complete parenting

classes and home-based services during the CHINS case. Vanderwall further testified that

Father had never achieved stable housing and violated the Safety Plan by failing to notify

DCS in January 2010 that he had been incarcerated and by leaving S.F. with the maternal

grandmother in violation of the express terms of the Safety Plan in place at the time of his

incarceration.

       As for visitation with S.F., Hall confirmed that Father failed to visit regularly with

S.F. when he was not incarcerated, explaining that Father “had three total visitations” with

S.F. Transcript at 94. Hall further reported that during the time Father was not incarcerated,

he “no show[ed]” for scheduled visits approximately “five or six” times. Id. Hall also

testified that in June 2010 she had discussed with Father “the important[ce] of [Father]

cooperating with probation” and “staying out of jail if he wanted a shot at reunification with

S.F.,” but that Father “ended up getting re-incarcerated at the end of August 2010.” Id. at

95. This Court has repeatedly recognized that “[i]ndividuals who pursue criminal activity run

the risk of being denied the opportunity to develop positive and meaningful relationships

with their children.” Castro v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 375 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied.

       When asked whether DCS had any continuing concerns regarding Father should S.F.


                                             11
be returned to Father’s care following his release from incarceration, Rasey stated, “The

Department would have concerns returning S.F. to [Father] based on his recurring

incarcerations. His mother [paternal grandmother] has already been disqualified as a

caretaker of S.F.[,] so she would not be allowed to take care of [S.F.] should [Father] get

rearrested again.” Transcript at 129. Rasey further testified that there had been “numerous

open cases” involving S.F. in the past and that S.F. had not had a “stable life since she was

very little.” Id. at 136. Concerns regarding Father’s unresolved parenting issues and

criminal activities were likewise echoed in the testimony of Guardian ad Litem (GAL) David

Joley. In recommending termination of Father’s parental rights, GAL Joley informed the

juvenile court that “some of [Father’s] decisions have made S.F. vulnerable” in the past, and

although Joley believes Father loves S.F., he does not believe Father has the “support

network in place” to make reunification a viable option. Id. at 144, 146. Joley expressed

additional concerns regarding Father’s ability to provide S.F. with “stable housing” and the

“emotional support” that the child needs. Id. at 145.

       As previously explained, a juvenile court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for his

or her children at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration the parent’s

habitual patterns of conduct to determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of

the children. D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Where a parent’s

“pattern of conduct shows no overall progress, the court might reasonably find that under the

circumstances, the problematic situation will not improve.” In re A.H., 832 N.E.2d 563, 570

(Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Moreover, a juvenile court need not wait until a child is irreversibly


                                             12
influenced by a deficient lifestyle such that his or her physical, mental, and social growth are

permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship. In re E.S., 762

N.E.2d 1287 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).

        Throughout the underlying proceedings, Father has demonstrated a persistent

unwillingness and/or inability to take the actions necessary to show he is capable of

refraining from criminal activity and of providing S.F. with the safe and stable home

environment the child needs. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that that there is clear and

convincing evidence to support the juvenile court’s findings set forth previously, as well as

the court’s ultimate determination that there is a reasonable probability the conditions leading

to S.F.’s removal and continued placement outside Father’s care will not be remedied.

Father’s arguments to the contrary amount to an impermissible invitation to reweigh the

evidence. See D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258.

        This Court will reverse a termination of parental rights “only upon a showing of ‘clear

error’– that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been

made.” In re A.N.J., 690 N.E.2d 716, 722 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (quoting Egly v. Blackford

Cnty. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 592 N.E.2d 1232, 1235 (Ind. 1992)). We find no such error

here.

        Judgment affirmed.

NAJAM, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.




                                              13
