No. 13	                        March 3, 2016	741

              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE
                    STATE OF OREGON

               Inquiry Concerning a Judge,
                 Re: THE HONORABLE
          WALTER RANDOLPH “RANDY” MILLER,
                       Respondent.
                (CJFD 14-50; SC S063788)

    En Banc
   On review of the Commission on Judicial Fitness and
Disability Finding of Fact, Conclusion of Law, and Recom-
mendation.
    Submitted on the record January 26, 2016.
  Lisa Ludwig, Portland, represented the Commission on
Judicial Fitness and Disability.
  W. Michael Gillette, Schwabe Williamson & Wyatt PC,
Portland, represented respondent.
    PER CURIAM
    The recommendation of the Commission on Judicial
Fitness and Disability is accepted, and the formal complaint
is dismissed.
    Case Summary: The Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability filed
a formal complaint alleging that respondent had violated two provisions of the
Oregon Code of Judicial Conduct, in connection with a 2014 voters’ pamphlet
statement supporting his judicial candidacy, before he became a judge. After con-
ducting a hearing, the commission recommended that the formal complaint be
dismissed. Held: (1) Rule 2.1(D), which provides that a “judge” shall not engage
in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation, did not apply
to respondent’s conduct; and (2) Rule 5.1(D), which provides that a “judicial can-
didate” shall not make any false statement concerning qualifications, education,
experience, or other material fact relating to a judicial campaign, requires proof
that the candidate acted knowingly or with reckless disregard for the truth,
and that mental state was not proved as to respondent by clear and convincing
evidence.
    The recommendation of the Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability is
accepted, and the formal complaint is dismissed.
742	                                               In re Miller

	       PER CURIAM
	         This case is before us on a recommendation from the
Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability. The commis-
sion filed a formal complaint alleging that respondent, now a
circuit court judge, had violated the Oregon Code of Judicial
Conduct (Code) in connection with a 2014 voters’ pamphlet
statement supporting his judicial candidacy. The commis-
sion specifically alleged violations of Rule 2.1(D) (judge shall
not engage in “conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit,
or misrepresentation”) and Rule 5.1(D) (judicial candidate
shall not knowingly or with reckless disregard for truth
make any “false statement” concerning qualifications, edu-
cation, experience, or other material fact relating to judicial
campaign). The commission conducted a hearing and now
recommends that we dismiss the formal complaint. See ORS
1.430(1) (if commission holds hearing, Supreme Court shall
review record of proceedings on law and facts and may dis-
cipline judge). We accept the commission’s recommendation.
	       The facts, taken from the record, are as follows.
In 2010, before he became a judge, respondent attended a
week-long “trial academy” presented by the International
Association of Defense Counsel (IADC), held on the campus
of Stanford Law School. Although held on the Stanford cam-
pus, the academy was not affiliated with that school. Upon
completion, respondent received a certificate stating that
he “successfully completed the course of instruction at the
IADC Trial Academy, Stanford Law School[.]”
	        In 2013, respondent filed for election to an open
judicial position on the Deschutes County Circuit Court. As
part of his initial form submission to the Secretary of State,
under “Education Information,” “Educational Background
(schools attended),” respondent listed his college and law
school degrees, and under a related section, “Educational
Background (other),” respondent identified his participa-
tion in the academy as follows: “International Association of
Defense Counsel: Trial Academy Graduate, at Stanford Law
School.” (Emphasis added.)
	        After respondent completed his Secretary of State
submission, he prepared a voters’ pamphlet statement, lim-
ited to a 325-word narrative. To prepare that narrative, he
Cite as 358 Or 741 (2016)	743

reviewed the Elections Division’s Candidates Manual for com-
pliance, and he also consulted with colleagues. Respondent
decided to include a reference to the academy in a section
that contained his college and law school information, which
he entitled “Educational Background.” In doing so, he did
not include the word “at” before “Stanford Law School,” as
he had in his earlier Secretary of State submission; instead,
he replaced “at” with a comma. He initially used “IADC”
to describe the academy—specifically writing “IADC Trial
Academy, Stanford Law School”—but he eliminated that
modifier after a judge who reviewed the draft statement
suggested that it was not recognizable. Respondent opted
not to spell out “IADC” so that he could save four words to
use elsewhere in his statement. He asked a different judge
to review an updated draft that removed “IADC,” and that
judge told him that nothing about “Trial Academy, Stanford
Law School,” appeared misleading to him. Respondent’s
final voters’ pamphlet statement therefore stated, “Trial
Academy, Stanford Law School,” as part of his educational
background.
	        Respondent’s reference to the academy and Stanford
Law School in his voters’ pamphlet statement became an
issue during the campaign. After respondent was elected
to a judicial position, the commission received a complaint,
which it investigated, resulting in the filing of a formal
complaint. At a hearing on that formal complaint, respon-
dent asserted that the contested statement had not been
false and that his decision to reword the description of the
academy, following his initial Secretary of State filing, had
been merely editorial in nature. He further asserted that,
because Rule 2.1(D) applied to only “[a] judge,” but not also
“a judicial candidate,” that rule did not apply to his conduct
at the time of his candidacy, before he became a judge.
	        After the hearing, the commission filed an opinion
with this court, which, as noted, recommended dismissal.
As to Rule 5.1(D), which expressly applies to “a judge or a
judicial candidate,” the commission recommends dismissal
on the merits, because respondent’s voters’ pamphlet state-
ment was not “false” within the meaning of that rule. As to
Rule 2.1(D), which expressly applies to only “[a] judge,” the
commission reasoned that, because Rule 5.1(D) sets out a
744	                                                  In re Miller

more “specific” prohibition that applies to “a judge or a judi-
cial candidate,” that latter rule “govern[ed]” the conduct at
issue here. As discussed below, although we do not precisely
agree with the commission’s particular reasoning, we con-
clude that Rule 2.1(D) did not apply to respondent’s conduct
and that the allegation under that rule therefore should be
dismissed. We further conclude, as did the commission, that
the allegation under Rule 5.1(D) also should be dismissed.
	        The commission must establish a violation of the
Code by clear and convincing evidence. Commission on
Judicial Fitness and Disability Rule of Procedure 16. “Clear
and convincing evidence means that the truth of the facts
asserted is highly probable.” In re Jordan, 295 Or 142, 156,
665 P2d 341 (1983) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Additionally, under Article VII (Amended), section 8(1)(b),
of the Oregon Constitution, a judge may be removed, sus-
pended, or censured for “[w]ilful misconduct” in judicial
office, “where such misconduct bears a demonstrable rela-
tionship” to the effective performance of judicial duties; fur-
ther, under section 8(1)(e), a judge similarly may be removed
for “[w]ilful violation” of any judicial conduct rule. See also
In re Schenck, 318 Or 402, 405, 870 P2d 185 (1994) (explain-
ing section 8(1)(e)). Our review is de novo. ORS 1.430; In re
Ochoa, 342 Or 571, 574, 157 P3d 193 (2007).
	       The predicate question whether Rule 2.1(D) applies
to respondent’s conduct involves an examination of that rule
as compared to Rule 5.1(D), as well as an additional rule,
Rule 1.1, which describes the scope of the Code. Rule 1.1
provides, in part:
   	 “* * * The Oregon Code of Judicial Conduct establishes
   standards for the ethical conduct of judges and judicial
   candidates. A judge or judicial candidate shall comply with
   the provisions of this Code and may be disciplined for viola-
   tion of the Code.
   	“Because a judge or judicial candidate may be disci-
   plined for violations of this Code, the provisions are limited
   to addressing specific circumstances where certain conduct
   is either prohibited or required. * * *”
(Emphasis added.) Rule 2.1(D) expressly applies to “[a]
judge” and provides that a judge “shall not engage in conduct
Cite as 358 Or 741 (2016)	745

involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.”
By contrast, Rule 5.1(D) expressly applies to “a judge or a
judicial candidate” and provides that a judge or judicial can-
didate shall not, “[e]xcept as permitted by law,”
   “knowingly or with reckless disregard for the truth, make
   any false statement concerning a judicial candidate’s iden-
   tity, qualifications, present position, education, experience,
   or other material fact that relates to the judicial campaign
   of the judge or any judicial candidate[.]”
In light of the commission’s recommendation—which deter-
mined that Rule 5.1(D), rather than Rule 2.1(D), “gov-
ern[ed]” the conduct at issue—this case poses a construction
question, most notably as to the “scope” rule, Rule 1.1.
	        Beginning very simply with the text of Rule 2.1(D),
we observe, as did respondent and the commission below,
that that rule expressly applies to only “[a] judge,” con-
trasted against Rule 5.1(D), which applies to both “a judge
or a judicial candidate.” Rule 1.1 provides necessary context
for that textual difference; that rule, however, could be read
in more than one way, as discussed below.
	        As noted, Rule 1.1 provides, in part, that the Code
“establishes standards for the ethical conduct of judges and
judicial candidates” and that “[a] judge or judicial can-
didate shall comply with the provisions of this Code * * *.”
(Emphasis added.) One way to read that rule is that all the
Code’s provisions apply to both judges and judicial candi-
dates, with the exception of provisions that, by their nature,
could apply to only judges. As an example of the latter, Rule
3 sets out provisions relating to the impartial and diligent
performance of judicial duties that, in practical operation,
can apply to only judges. See, e.g., Rule 3.2 (ensuring right
to be heard); Rule 3.7 (decorum, demeanor, and communica-
tion with jurors); Rule 3.9 (ex parte communications); Rule
3.10 (disqualification). Other provisions of the Code that
textually apply to only “a judge,” however, could be read to
apply to both judges and judicial candidates. For example,
most, if not all, of Rule 2—which sets out provisions relat-
ing to maintaining the integrity of the judicial system—
theoretically could apply to both judges and judicial candi-
dates. See, e.g., Rule 2.1 (various rules to promote confidence
746	                                               In re Miller

in judiciary); Rule 2.2 (avoiding misuse of prestige of judicial
office, which could apply to both present and future office).
Similarly, Rule 4—which sets out provisions about mini-
mizing the risk of conflict between a judge’s activities and
the obligations of judicial office—contains some provisions
that, by their nature, could apply to only judges, but also
theoretically could apply to judicial candidates. Compare
Rule 4.8 (prohibiting “[a] judge” from practicing law, which
would apply to only a judge), with Rule 4.5(A) (prohibiting
“a judge” from personally soliciting funds for an organiza-
tion or entity, with exceptions, which could apply to both a
judge and a judicial candidate). And, of course, most of Rule
5 both in its text and in practical operation applies to both
judges and judicial candidates. See generally Rule 5 (setting
out provisions relating to engaging in political and judicial
campaign activities). If Rule 1.1 were construed to apply to
both judges and judicial candidates as to any provision of
the Code that, by its nature, could apply to judicial candi-
dates, then respondent would have been required to comply
with Rule 2.1(D) (prohibiting engaging in conduct involving
dishonesty, deceit, or misrepresentation), as well as Rule
5.1(D) (prohibiting making false statement in relation to
judicial campaign).
	        The other way to read Rule 1.1, however, is to mean
that judicial candidates are bound by the Code, even though
they are not “judges,” but they are so bound only as to those
provisions that expressly apply to a “judicial candidate.”
That is, in stating that the Code “establishes standards for
the ethical conduct of judges and judicial candidates” and
that “[a] judge or judicial candidate shall comply with the
provisions of this Code,” Rule 1.1 could be intended to mean
that judges must comply with all the “judge” rules, and judi-
cial candidates must comply with all the “judicial candi-
date” rules. Only Rule 5 sets out rules that expressly govern
both judges and “judicial candidate[s],” see Rule 5.1 (politi-
cal activities of judges and judicial candidates in general);
Rule 5.2 (judge or judicial candidate shall take reasonable
measures to ensure that other persons and organizations do
not undertake, on judge’s or candidate’s behalf, any activity
prohibited under Rule 5). Otherwise, the rest of the Code—
including Rule 2.1(D)—textually applies to only “a judge.”
Cite as 358 Or 741 (2016)	747

Under that alternative reading, Rule 2.1(D) could not have
applied to respondent’s conduct while he was a judicial can-
didate, before he became a judge.1
	        The underlying history of Rule 1.1 resolves those
competing readings in respondent’s favor. Rule 1.1 is based,
in part, on the “Scope” section of the 2007 American Bar
Association’s Model Code of Judicial Conduct. Rule 1.1,
Notes on Sources, printed in Oregon Rules of Court, v I -
State (2015). The Model Code’s Scope statement refers to
a separate “Application” section that establishes when the
various model rules “apply to a judge or judicial candidate.”
ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct (Feb 2007), Scope [1],
2, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/
judicialethics/ABA_MCJC_approved.authcheckdam.pdf
(accessed Feb 25, 2016). That “Application” section, in turn,
expressly states that Canon 4 of the Model Code—which, as
with Rule 5 of the Oregon Code, sets out political activity
and campaigning rules for “[a] judge or candidate for judi-
cial office”—applies to “judicial candidates.” Model Code,
Application I, 6.2 That express link in the Model Code’s
Application section between “judicial candidates” and Canon
4 necessarily precludes a conclusion that any other canon of
the Model Code—such as any provision designed to ensure

	1
      We do not agree with the commission’s framing of the issue as whether,
because it more specifically applies to “a judge or a judicial candidate,” Rule
5.1(D) “govern[ed]” the conduct in this case. This case did not require the com-
mission to apply conflicting rules, which in turn might have invoked the stat-
utory construction principle that a particularly worded statute controls over a
conflicting, generally worded statute. See ORS 174.020(2) (setting out principle);
Kambury v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 334 Or 367, 374, 50 P3d 1163 (2002) (stating
and applying principle). Instead, the formal complaint alleged that respondent
had violated two rules as a result of a single course of conduct, both of which could
apply to that conduct, if Rule 2.1(D) applies to judicial candidates.
	2
       The Application section of the Model Code provides, in part:
    	     “The Application section establishes when the various Rules apply to a
    judge or judicial candidate.
    “I.    APPLICABILITY OF THIS CODE
           “(A) The provisions of the Code apply to all full-time judges. Parts II
           through V of this section identify those provisions that apply to four
           distinct categories of part-time judges. * * * Canon 4 applies to judicial
           candidates.”
Model Code (2007), Application, I(A), 6, http://www.americanbar.org/content/
dam/aba/migrated/judicialethics /ABA _MCJC_approved.authcheckdam.pdf
(accessed Feb 25, 2016) (footnote omitted; emphasis added).
748	                                                               In re Miller

preservation of the integrity, impartiality, and independence
of the judiciary—applies to judicial candidates.
	        The Oregon Code also contains an “Application” sec-
tion, Rule 1.2, but that section does not mention applicability
of the Oregon Code to judicial candidates.3 Given that Rule
1.1 is based on the Model Code’s Scope section, however, and
because the Model Code’s Scope section in turn incorporates
an express clarification that judicial candidates are bound
by only the Model Code’s political and campaign rules that
expressly refer to “a candidate for judicial office,” we like-
wise construe Rule 1.1 to mean that only provisions in the
Oregon Code that expressly refer to a “judicial candidate”
apply to such candidates. Under that construction, Rule
2.1(D), which applies to only “[a] judge,” did not apply to
respondent’s conduct. We therefore accept the commission’s
recommendation to dismiss that allegation.
	        As to the allegation under Rule 5.1(D) (false state-
ment relating to judicial campaign), the commission deter-
mined—as respondent argued below—that respondent’s
voters’ pamphlet statement had not been “false” within the
meaning of that rule. After reviewing the record, even if
respondent’s statement qualified as a “false statement” for
purposes of Rule 5.1(D) (which we do not decide), we are not
persuaded by clear and convincing evidence that respondent
acted with the requisite mental state. See Rule 5.1(D) (false
statement must be made knowingly or with reckless disre-
gard for truth); Article VII (Amended), § 8(1)(b), (e) (judge
may be disciplined for “[w]ilful misconduct” or “[w]ilful vio-
lation” of judicial conduct rule). We therefore also accept the
commission’s recommendation to dismiss that allegation.
	        The recommendation of the Commission on Judicial
Fitness and Disability is accepted, and the formal complaint
is dismissed.
	3
       Rule 1.2 describes when the Oregon Code applies in different circumstances
in which a person might perform the functions of a judge. That rule, similarly to
Rule 1.1, is based in part on the “Application” section of the Model Code. Rule
1.2, Notes on Sources, printed in Oregon Rules of Court, v I - State (2015). The
“Application” section of the Model Code contains similar provisions pertaining to
the functions of a judge, but also, as noted, includes an express “judicial candi-
dates” applicability provision. See 358 Or at 747 n 2 (quoting that provision). Rule
1.2 also is similar in subject matter to former JR 5-101 (2012), Rule 1.2, Notes on
Sources, which provided that “[a]ll judges shall comply with this Code except as
provided otherwise in this rule.” (Emphasis added.)
