                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 08-2012
                                   ___________

Naomi Chial,                       *
                                   *
            Appellant,             *
                                   * Appeal from the United States
      v.                           * District Court for the
                                   * District of Minnesota.
Sprint/United Management Company, *
                                   *
            Appellee.              *
                              ___________

                             Submitted: February 13, 2009
                                Filed: June 24, 2009
                                 ___________

Before WOLLMAN, HANSEN, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Naomi Chial appeals from the district court’s1 grant of summary judgment in
favor of her former employer, Sprint/United Management Company (Sprint), in this
diversity action under the Minnesota Whistleblower Statute, Minn. Stat. § 181.932,
and Minnesota’s common law. We affirm.




      1
      The Honorable Patrick J. Schiltz, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
                                         I.
        Sprint is a telecommunications company that sells mobile phones and service
contracts. During the relevant time period, Sprint’s sales force was organized by
store, market, and area. Each store was staffed with a manager, who reported to a
retail sales manager. The retail sales manager was responsible for the stores within
her market, and she reported to the area retail director, who oversaw all stores and
retail sales managers within an area. Compensation for each level of management
depended, in part, on the commissions earned by the sales representatives within the
respective store, market, or area.

        Sales representatives earned a commission based on the monthly recurring
charge (MRC) on each new plan they sold, and Sprint tracked and ranked the retail
sales managers’ average plan MRC. The district court used the following example to
illustrate how a salesperson earned a commission on a MRC:

      [I]f a sales representative sold a plan to a customer that obligated the
      customer to pay $50 per month, that sale’s MRC was $50, and the
      salesperson earned a one-time commission on that $50. (The sales
      representative did not earn commissions on the continuing monthly
      revenue generated by that sale; Sprint paid a commission only at the time
      of the initial sale.)

D. Ct. Order of April 1, 2008, at 2.

       At the time relevant to the complaint, Sprint was running an add-a-phone
program. Under that program, customers could add a phone to their existing plans for
a price less than buying a new, separate plan. “For example, an existing customer
with a $50-per-month plan, she might add a second phone to her plan for an additional
$10 per month.” Id. The existing customer’s plan would be considered the primary
account, and a new phone line would be added to that account. Before Sprint changed



                                         -2-
its compensation plan in October 2004, the MRC and the sales commission were
based on the added phone, or $10 in the example.

      Chial worked as a retail sales manager for the Twin Cities market. In March
or April 2004, Chial and several store managers participated in a conference call
regarding Sprint’s compensation plan. Jeff Lively, a regional retail sales manager and
Chial’s peer, presented information and fielded questions. When asked how to
increase MRCs, Lively recommended a method for reporting sales under Sprint’s add-
a-phone program. Lively explained that a salesperson could record the addition of the
new phone as a sale of a new primary account. Under this scenario, the primary
account holder would not be the existing customer, but rather the individual who was
supposed to be added to the existing customer’s account. The customer would pay the
same monthly charge—$60 in the example—but the MRC would include the value
of a new primary account, not just the $10 added phone line. Additionally, the
salesperson would earn commission as if this was an entirely new account, even
though the customer had intended to add a phone to an existing account.2

       Chial objected to this practice as unethical and as constituting commissions
fraud. She told Lively that she would not permit the sales representatives in her
market to participate in it unless she received written authorization from upper
management. Shortly after the conference call, Chial contacted Michelle Dunn, her
direct supervisor and the area retail director for Sprint’s North Central region, and
reported the practice. Dunn told Chial that she would look into it. Dunn contacted
Dennis Armstrong, the retail finance director at Sprint’s headquarters, and asked him
to investigate.

       Following the conference call with Chial, Lively also sought input about the
practice. In an email to Sprint managers, Lively explained the practice and gave two


      2
       We will refer to the practice described above as the Lively practice.

                                         -3-
examples of how the scenario might present itself: (1) the customer has a high-end
plan or a family plan and would like to add another phone to the plan; and (2) the
customer has a low-end plan with only one phone and the salesperson persuades the
customer to upgrade to a high-end plan, adding one or more phones to the new plan.
Lively stated that in either scenario, the “customer is not impacted negatively” but that
the consensus during the conference call was that the first scenario seemed like
commissions fraud. Lively forwarded the email to Chial, who explained that she
thought the practice would cause customer confusion. Chial stated her opinion that
“this kind of behavior is deception for the customer and the company.”

       Armstrong eventually joined the discussion and stated that he believed that the
practice constituted commissions fraud. Armstrong also contacted Chial and
reiterated his opinion that the practice was commissions fraud. In October 2004,
Sprint explicitly barred the practice, except in certain circumstances, and changed the
compensation plan so that there was no longer a commissions incentive to engage in
the practice.

       In May 2004, about a month after Chial reported the Lively practice, Dunn gave
Chial a verbal warning for poor performance. Dunn summarized the verbal warning
in an email to Chial, describing how Chial had failed to meet Sprint’s expectations
with respect to the company’s policies and procedures. In early July 2004, Dunn
issued a written warning to Chial for her continued failure to meet objectives. Chial
was surprised that she had been given a verbal warning, and the subsequent written
warning caused her great anxiety. Due to this work related stress, Chial took medical
leave from July through October 2004. Chial returned to work in late October, and
shortly thereafter, Dunn reissued Chial’s written warning. Chial was given a final
warning in November 2004, and she was terminated in January 2005.

    Chial sued Sprint in state court alleging, among other things, statutory and
common law claims for whistle blowing. Sprint removed the case to federal district

                                          -4-
court and later moved for summary judgment. The district court granted Sprint’s
motion and dismissed the whistle blowing claims because Chial admitted that she did
not believe the Lively practice was illegal at the time she made her report.

                                          II.

      We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Hitchcock
v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 442 F.3d 1104, 1106 (8th Cir. 2006). Summary
judgment is appropriate if there are no genuine disputes of material fact and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c);
Hitchcock, 442 F.3d at 1106. A dispute is genuine if the evidence is such that it could
cause a reasonable jury to return a verdict for either party; a fact is material if its
resolution affects the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 248, 252 (1986). We view the evidence and inferences that may be reasonably
drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.
Hitchcock, 442 F.3d at 1106.

                                          A.

       The Minnesota Whistleblower Statute provides that an employer shall not
discharge an employee because the employee, in good faith, reported “a violation or
suspected violation of any federal or state law or rule adopted pursuant to law to an
employer or to any governmental body or law enforcement official.” Minn. Stat. §
181.932, subdiv. 1 (1). The plaintiff employee has the initial burden of establishing
a prima facie case. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 801-03 (1973);
see also Buytendorp v. Extendicare Health Servs., Inc., 498 F.3d 826, 834 (8th Cir.
2007) (applying the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework to claims under
the Minnesota Whistleblower Statute); Hitchcock, 442 F.3d at 1106 (same). To do so,
she must show that her conduct is statutorily protected, that an adverse employment
action was directed at her, and that a causal connection exists between the protected

                                         -5-
conduct and the adverse action. Buytendorp, 498 F.3d at 834 (citing Rothmeier v. Inv.
Advisers, Inc., 556 N.W.2d 590, 592-93 (Minn. Ct. App. 1996)).

       The statutorily protected conduct at issue in this case is the good faith reporting
of a violation or suspected violation of law. See Minn. Stat. § 181.932, subdiv. 1 (1).
To constitute whistle blowing, a report must be “made for the purpose of exposing an
illegality.” Obst v. Microtron, Inc., 614 N.W.2d 196, 202 (Minn. 2000). In
determining whether the employee’s report is made in good faith,

      [t]he central question is whether the reports were made for the purpose
      of blowing the whistle, i.e., to expose an illegality. . . . We look at the
      reporter’s purpose at the time the reports were made, not after
      subsequent events have transpired. . . . In part, the rationale for looking
      at the reporter’s purpose at the time the report is made is to ensure that
      the report that is claimed to constitute whistle-blowing was in fact a
      report made for the purpose of exposing an illegality and not a vehicle,
      identified after the fact, to support a belated whistle-blowing claim.

Id. (internal citations omitted). Accordingly, for an employee to make a good faith
report, she must subjectively believe the conduct is unlawful at the time she makes the
report and she must make the report because the conduct is unlawful. See id.

       Chial cannot show that she made a good faith report of a violation or suspected
violation of law because she did not believe that the Lively practice was unlawful at
the time she made the report. In her deposition, Chial testified as follows:

      Q:     At the time you made the complaint did you believe that it was a
             violation of either state or federal law?

      A:     No.




                                              -6-
Chial’s testimony answers the usually difficult and fact-based question of whether the
employee’s subjective motivations qualify her as a whistle blower. Because she did
not believe the practice was unlawful when she reported it, she could not have made
the report for the purpose of exposing an illegality.

        Chial contends that a jury should decide whether she made a good faith report
of a violation or suspected violation of law because her purpose in making the report
was to do the right thing and call attention to the wrongdoers and because she referred
to the practice as commissions fraud. Reporting conduct for purposes other than
exposing an illegality, however, is not sufficient to satisfy the good faith requirement
under Minnesota law. See Obst, 614 N.W.2d at 202. Chial testified that the Lively
practice was wrong, unethical, and commissions fraud. We have reviewed the record
carefully, and it appears that Chial formed a belief that the practice was illegal at some
point after she reported the practice to Dunn. Although it is unclear when she
determined the practice was illegal, her above-quoted testimony makes clear that she
did not believe it was illegal at the time she reported it. Because Chial did not make
the report for the purposes of exposing an illegality, she did not make a good faith
report of a violation or suspected violation of the law. Accordingly, Chial’s conduct
is not statutorily protected, and the district court properly granted summary judgment
in favor of Sprint.3




      3
       We disagree with Chial’s argument that she would have to be a lawyer and
understand a technical definition of illegal to qualify as a whistle blower. The
employee must believe that the reported conduct is against the law at the time she
makes her report, but Minnesota law does not require that the employee identify the
law that was violated. Obst, 614 N.W.2d at 204; Abraham v. County of Hennepin, 639
N.W.2d 342, 354-55 (Minn. 2002).

                                           -7-
                                          B.

       Chial also appeals from the district court’s dismissal of her common law claim
for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. The Minnesota Supreme Court
has held that an employee may bring an action for wrongful discharge if she “is
discharged for refusing to participate in an activity that the employee, in good faith,
believes violates any state or federal law or rule or regulation adopted pursuant to
law.” Phipps v. Clark Oil & Refining Corp., 408 N.W.2d 569, 571 (Minn. 1987).
Chial argues that the district court erred when it concluded that Chial was not ordered
to violate the law. With respect to her common law claim, however, the district court
held that it failed on the merits because “Chial did not refuse to participate in the
Lively practice on the basis of any good-faith belief that the practice was illegal.” D.
Ct. Order of April 1, 2008, at 10. Like her statutory claim, Chial’s wrongful discharge
claim must fail because she did not form her belief that the practice was illegal until
after she told Lively that she would not allow the salespeople in her market to engage
in it and after she reported the practice to Dunn. Accordingly, the district court
properly dismissed Chial’s common law claim.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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