       Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                          Opinion filed August 8, 2018.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                                No. 3D18-478
                         Lower Tribunal No. 17-25827
                             ________________


                       Duty Free World, Inc., et al.,
                                   Appellants,

                                        vs.

                  Miami Perfume Junction, Inc., et al.,
                                    Appellees.


     An Appeal from a non-final order from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade
County, Daryl E. Trawick, Judge.

      Holland & Knight LLP, and J. Raul Cosio and Rebecca M. Plasencia, for
appellants.

     Akerman LLP, and Gerald B. Cope, Jr., Ilana Tabacinic, and Erika R.
Shuminer, for appellees.


Before LAGOA, EMAS, and FERNANDEZ, JJ.

     LAGOA, J.

     Duty Free World Inc. (“DFW”), Duty Free World Inflight, Inc. (“Inflight”)

(collectively, “the DFW Companies”), Mayra Del Valle, and Leylani Cardoso
appeal the trial court’s order denying their motion to compel arbitration.1 For the

following reasons, we hold that the trial court erred in denying the motion to

compel arbitration and reverse.

I.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      Doral International Products, LLC (“Doral”), and Miami Perfume Junction,

Inc. (“MPJ”), are affiliated entities engaged in the purchase and sale of cosmetics,

perfumes, and similar products on a wholesale basis. The DFW Companies are

also engaged in the purchase and sale of cosmetics, perfumes, and similar products

on a wholesale and retail basis.     The DFW Companies obtain their products

directly from the vendor or manufacturer and, in turn, sell the products to other

companies, such as Doral and MPJ.

      As of November 21, 2012, the DFW Companies were indebted to Doral in

the total amount of $6,000,000. On November 21, 2012, the DFW Companies and

Doral entered into a Supply Agreement and a Reimbursement Agreement (the

“2012 Agreements”) for the purpose of addressing the DFW Companies’

repayment of their $6,000,000 obligation to Doral.2 Under the Supply Agreement

1 During the pendency of this appeal, the parties agreed that the claims against the
individual defendants, Mayra Del Valle and Leylani Cardoso, would proceed in
arbitration. Our discussion is therefore limited to the issues concerning the
corporate entities.
2 Although not a signatory to the 2012 Agreements, MPJ concedes in its Answer
Brief that a reversal of the trial court’s order denying the DFW Companies’ motion
to compel arbitration means that “both plaintiffs’ claims must proceed in
arbitration.”
                                         2
between Doral and DFW, DFW agreed to make available to Doral a minimum of

$6,000,000 of products in each calendar quarter, and Doral agreed to purchase a

minimum of $6,000,000 of products in each calendar quarter (referred to as “the

Minimum Purchase Requirement”). The Supply Agreement also provided that

fifteen percent of the purchase price of the ordered products would be paid by

crediting that percentage against the balance of the DFW’s $6,000,000 obligation.

The credit was subsequently reduced to ten percent. Under the Reimbursement

Agreement between Doral and the DFW Companies, the DFW Companies

acknowledged their joint and several liability to Doral for the $6,000,000 and

agreed that the obligation would be paid to Doral pursuant to the terms of the 2012

Agreements. As a result of the 2012 Agreements, the $6,000,000 obligation was

reduced to $633,615.90 as of February 10, 2017.

      The 2012 Agreements contain an identical arbitration clause. That clause

states that the parties will first attempt to mediate “any claim, controversy or

dispute among the parties with respect to the construction, application or

enforcement of this Agreement or arising out of a breach hereof . . . .” If mediation

is unsuccessful, the dispute must be submitted to binding arbitration.           The

arbitration clause contains an exception that provides the parties the right to seek

equitable relief in the state or federal courts in Miami-Dade County:

             If the parties are unable to amicably resolve their disputes
             within 30 days of submitting the dispute to mediation, the
             dispute, except actions seeking injunctive or emergency

                                          3
            relief shall be submitted, at the request of either party, to
            binding arbitration by a single arbitrator . . . .
            Notwithstanding the foregoing, each party shall have
            the right to seek equitable or emergency relief in the
            state or federal courts in Miami-Dade County, Florida, in
            order to protect any rights enforceable by injunctive or
            other equitable relief. . . . The parties hereby waive any
            bond requirements for obtaining equitable relief, without
            bond.

(emphasis added).

      On October 2, 2017, DFW initiated an arbitration proceeding against Doral,

claiming that Doral breached the Supply Agreement “by failing to purchase

products from DFW in accordance with the terms and conditions specified by the

Supply Agreement.” On November 6, 2017, Doral filed a counterclaim in the

arbitration proceeding alleging breach of contract, civil theft, conversion, and

fraudulent misrepresentation. In its breach of contract count, Doral claimed that

between October 3, 2016, and February 10, 2017, Doral ordered, and MPJ pre-paid

for, products from the DFW Companies pursuant to the Supply Agreement. Doral

alleged that MPJ paid $2,683,252.80 for products that were never delivered and

that “[t]he DFW Companies substantially and materially breached the 2012

Agreements by, among other things, failing to deliver products to Doral after

receiving Purchase Orders for goods along with the requisite payments.” Doral

claimed that it incurred “actual and substantial damages.”

      On the same day that Doral filed its counterclaim in the arbitration

proceeding, Doral and MPJ filed a complaint in the circuit court for Miami-Dade

                                         4
County asserting a claim for unjust enrichment against the DFW Companies. By

way of summary, Doral and MPJ alleged that the DFW Companies’

representations and omissions induced Doral and MPJ to place purchase orders for

products between October 3, 2016, and February 10, 2017, but that the DFW

Companies delivered only a fraction of the products ordered. As a result, Doral

and MPJ allegedly paid $2,683,252.80 for undelivered products. Doral and MPJ

alleged that “it would be inequitable for the DFW Companies to retain [Doral and

MPJ’s] monies, without delivering the requisite products to [Doral and MPJ],” and

sought a judgment against the DFW Companies “for equitable relief, including

disgorgement.”

       The DFW Companies filed a motion to compel arbitration in the circuit

court, arguing that Doral and MPJ’s unjust enrichment claim was subject to the

mandatory arbitration clause contained in the 2012 Agreements. In their response

in opposition, Doral and MPJ argued that their unjust enrichment claim falls

squarely within the arbitration clause’s exception providing that the parties have

the right to “seek equitable . . . relief” in the circuit court.

       The trial court conducted a hearing on February 27, 2018. On March 7,

2018, the trial court entered its Order Denying Defendants’ Motion to Compel

Arbitration. The trial court found that “Plaintiffs’ claim for unjust enrichment is

not subject to arbitration based on the express carve-out contained within the



                                             5
Arbitration Clause which permits Plaintiffs to ‘seek equitable relief’ from this

Court.” The DFW Companies’ timely appeal ensued.3

II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews an order granting or denying a motion to compel

arbitration de novo. Mukamal v. Marcum, LLP, 223 So. 3d 422, 425 n.3 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2017); Apartment Inv. & Mgmt. Co. v. Flamingo/South Beach 1 Condo.

Ass’n, 84 So. 3d 1090, 1092 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012); Roth v. Cohen, 941 So. 2d 496,

499 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006).

III.   ANALYSIS

       “When considering a motion to compel arbitration, three factors need to be

considered: (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists, (2) whether an

arbitrable issue exists, and (3) whether the right to arbitration was waived.” Roth,

941 So. 2d at 499 (citing Seifert v. U.S. Home Corp., 750 So. 2d 633, 636 (Fla.

1999)). “Arbitration provisions are contractual in nature and remain a matter of

contractual interpretation. The intent of the parties to a contract, as manifested in

the plain language of the arbitration provision and contract itself, determines

whether a dispute is subject to arbitration.” Jackson v. Shakespeare Found., Inc.,

108 So. 3d 587, 593 (Fla. 2013) (citation omitted). In considering a motion to

compel arbitration, “all doubts should be resolved in favor of arbitration.” CT


3On March 27, 2018, the trial court entered an order staying the proceedings below
until the conclusion of the instant appeal.
                                         6
Miami, LLC v. Samsung Elecs. Latinoamerica Miami, Inc., 201 So. 3d 85, 90 (Fla.

3d DCA 2015); accord Apartment Inv. & Mgmt. Co., 84 So. 3d at 1092. It is

equally true, however, “that no party may be forced to submit a dispute to

arbitration that the party did not intend and agree to arbitrate.” Seifert, 750 So. 2d

at 636; see also Regency Grp., Inc. v. McDaniels, 647 So. 2d 192, 193 (Fla. 1st

DCA 1994) (“The agreement of the parties determines the issues subject to

arbitration.”). Thus, “‘where parties bargain for and/or contemplate exceptions to

arbitration in their contracts, their intentions should control.’” Apartment Inv. &

Mgmt. Co., 84 So. 3d at 1092 (quoting Rath v. Network Mktg., L.C., 790 So. 2d

461, 465 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001)).

       The instant case concerns the second factor to be considered on a motion to

compel arbitration—whether an arbitrable issue exists.          Specifically, the issue

before us is whether Doral and MPJ’s unjust enrichment claim falls within the

arbitration clause’s exception permitting the parties to “seek equitable . . . relief” in

the circuit court.

       “‘The elements of a cause of action for unjust enrichment are: (1) plaintiff

has conferred a benefit on the defendant, who has knowledge thereof; (2)

defendant voluntarily accepts and retains the benefit conferred; and (3) the

circumstances are such that it would be inequitable for the defendant to retain the

benefit without first paying the value thereof to the plaintiff.’” Agritrade, LP v.

Quercia, 42 Fla. L. Weekly D2514, D2516 (Fla. 3d DCA Nov. 29, 2017) (quoting

                                           7
Peoples Nat’l Bank of Commerce v. First Union Nat’l Bank of Fla., 667 So. 2d

876, 879 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996)), rev. denied, No. SC17-2294, 2018 WL 1256501

(Fla. Mar. 12, 2018). The basis of the remedy of unjust enrichment is to provide

restitution where one person has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another.

See id. (“‘At the core of the law of restitution and unjust enrichment is the

principle that a party who has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another is

required to make restitution to the other.’” (quoting Gonzalez v. Eagle Ins. Co.,

948 So. 2d 1, 3 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006))); see also Ala v. Chesser, 5 So. 3d 715, 718

(Fla. 1st DCA 2009) (“A claim for unjust enrichment seeks restitution from a party

allegedly unjustly enriched.”); Circle Fin. Co. v. Peacock, 399 So. 2d 81, 84 (Fla.

1st DCA 1981) (“Unjust enrichment is characterized as the effect of a failure to

make restitution for property received by one under such circumstances as to give

rise to a legal or equitable obligation, thereby requiring such person to account for

his retention of the property.”); Moore Handley, Inc. v. Major Realty Corp., 340

So. 2d 1238, 1239 (Fla. 4th DCA 1976) (finding that a count seeking a judgment

for monies wrongfully received states a cause of action for “‘restitution’ to prevent

‘unjust enrichment’”).

      We begin our analysis with an acknowledgment that this Court and others

have stated that “the theory of unjust enrichment is equitable in nature.” Bowleg v.

Bowe, 502 So. 2d 71, 72 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987); accord Tooltrend, Inc. v. CMT

Utensili, SRL, 198 F.3d 802, 805 (11th Cir. 1999) (“A claim for unjust enrichment

                                         8
is an equitable claim . . . .”); CEMEX Constr. Materials Fla., LLC v. Armstrong

World Indus., Inc., No. 3:16-CV-186-J-34JRK, 2018 WL 905752, at *12 (M.D.

Fla. Feb. 15, 2018) (“A claim for unjust enrichment is equitable in nature . . . .”);

Ala, 5 So. 3d at 719-20 (“Remedying unjust enrichment is affording equitable

relief.”); Hall v. Humana Hosp. Daytona Beach, 686 So. 2d 653, 656 (Fla. 5th

DCA 1996) (“An action for money had and received, or the more modern action

for unjust enrichment, is an equitable remedy requiring proof that money had been

paid due to fraud, misrepresentation, imposition, duress, undue influence, mistake,

or as a result of some other grounds appropriate for intervention by a court of

equity.”(citation omitted)).

      As the Fourth District Court of Appeal explained in Commerce Partnership

8098 Ltd. Partnership v. Equity Contracting Co., Inc., 695 So. 2d 383 (Fla. 4th

DCA 1997) (en banc), however, the use of the term “equitable” in reference to an

unjust enrichment claim denotes fairness and does not mandate that unjust

enrichment be construed as seeking only an equitable, as opposed to a legal,

remedy. In Commerce Partnership, the Fourth District addressed the difference

between a contract implied in fact and a contract implied in law. In discussing the

legal history of contracts implied in law, the court stated that under the common

law “[t]he action of assumpsit was available for the ‘recovery of damages for the

breach or non-performance of a simple contract . . . or upon a contract implied by

law from the acts or conduct of the parties.’” Id. at 386-87 (quoting Hazen v.

                                         9
Cobb, 117 So. 853, 857 (Fla. 1928)). In reversing a judgment entered in favor of

the subcontractor against the owner on the subcontractor’s claim for “quantum

meruit,” the court found that cases from other states that “rely on the principle that

there can be no remedy in equity when the [construction] lien statute provides an

adequate remedy at law” do not apply in Florida because:

             [t]hese cases turn on the determination that unjust
             enrichment is an equitable cause of action. However, in
             Florida, as was demonstrated above, all implied contract
             actions were part of the action of assumpsit, which was
             an action at law under the common law. Although some
             Florida courts have described quasi contracts as being
             “equitable in nature,” the term has been used in the
             sense of “fairness,” to describe that quality which
             makes an enrichment unjust, and not as a reference to
             the equity side of the court.

Id. at 389-90 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

      Indeed, the principle set forth in Commerce Partnership that unjust

enrichment is an action at law has been applied in cases where the plaintiff sought

damages for unjust enrichment. See M.I. Indus. USA Inc. v. Attorneys’ Title Ins.

Fund, Inc., 6 So. 3d 627, 629 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009) (finding that trial court erred in

denying motion to dissolve injunction preventing transfer of funds in bank account

where plaintiff sought damages for unjust enrichment and stating that, in denying

motion for rehearing, “this court has squarely held that an action for unjust

enrichment is an action at law”); American Safety Ins. Serv., Inc. v. Griggs, 959

So. 2d 322, 331 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (stating that compensatory damages under a


                                         10
claim for quasi contract cannot be awarded simply by appealing to the court’s

powers in equity and that “an action for unjust enrichment is an action at law, not

in equity”); Della Ratta v. Della Ratta, 927 So. 2d 1055, 1060 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006)

(finding that claim seeking an award of damages for unjust enrichment measured

by the value of the repairs and capital improvements made to condominium “was

an action at law” for damages).

      Our analysis does not end here, however, because unlike the cases cited

above where the plaintiff sought damages, Doral and MPJ purport to seek a

judgment for “equitable relief, including disgorgement.” Because “[a] claim for

unjust enrichment seeks restitution,” Ala, 5 So. 3d at 718, we turn for guidance to

the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Great-West Life & Annuity

Insurance Co. v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204 (2002), which addressed the difference

between legal and equitable forms of restitution.4

      In Great-West, the respondent was severely injured in a car accident. Id. at

207. The respondent’s medical expenses were paid by an insurance plan provided

by the respondent’s husband’s employer.        Id.   The insurance plan “covered

4See also Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 4 (Am. Law
Inst. 2011) (discussing the legal versus equitable nature of restitution and unjust
enrichment, and noting in Reporter’s Note comment b that “[t]he mixed [legal and
equitable] ancestry of modern-day restitution and unjust enrichment is recognized
correctly by some current decisions” such as the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in Great-West, which “distinguish[ed] ‘restitution at law through an
action derived from the common-law writ of assumpsit’ from ‘restitution in equity,
ordinarily in the form of a constructive trust or an equitable lien’” (quoting Great-
West, 534 U.S. at 213)).
                                         11
$411,157.11 of [respondent’s] medical expenses, of which all except $75,000 was

paid by petitioner Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Co. (“Great-West Life”)

pursuant to a ‘stop-loss’ insurance agreement with the [insurance] Plan” and

included a reimbursement provision stating that the plan “shall have ‘the right to

recover from the [beneficiary] any payment for benefits’ paid by the Plan that the

beneficiary is entitled to recover from a third party.” Id. The insurance plan

assigned to petitioner Great-West Life its rights under the reimbursement

provision. Id. The respondent subsequently obtained a settlement in a tort action,

the proceeds of which were disbursed to a special needs trust and into respondent’s

attorney’s trust fund in order to pay respondent’s creditors. Id. at 207-08.

      The petitioners5 sought relief under section 502(a)(3) of the Employee

Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), which authorizes a civil

action “‘by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary (A) to enjoin any act or practice

which violates . . . the terms of the plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate

equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii) to enforce any provisions of . . .

the terms of the plan.’”      Great-West, 534 U.S. at 209 (alteration in original)

(quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3) (1994)). Specifically, the petitioner, Great-West

Life sought “injunctive and declaratory relief under § 502(a)(3) to enforce the




5 In an amended complaint, Great-West Life added both the Respondent’s
husband’s employer and the Plan as plaintiffs.
                                           12
reimbursement provision of the Plan by requiring the [respondent] to pay the Plan

$411,157.11 of any proceeds recovered from third parties.” Id. at 208.

      The issue before the Supreme Court, therefore, was whether the petitioners’

claim for restitution constituted “equitable relief” available under section 502(a)(3)

of ERISA or legal relief not available under that section.             See id. at 218

(“Respecting Congress’s choice to limit the relief available under § 502(a)(3) to

‘equitable relief’ requires us to recognize the difference between legal and

equitable forms of restitution.”). The Supreme Court explained:

             [N]ot all relief falling under the rubric of restitution is
             available in equity. In the days of the divided bench,
             restitution was available in certain cases at law, and in
             certain others in equity. See, e.g., 1 Dobbs § 1.2, at 11;
             id., § 4.1(1), at 556; id., § 4.1(3), at 564-565; id., §§ 4.2-
             4.3, at 570-624; 5 Corbin § 1102, at 550; Muir, ERISA
             Remedies: Chimera or Congressional Compromise?, 81
             Iowa L. Rev. 1, 36-37 (1995); Redish, Seventh
             Amendment Right to Jury Trial: A Study in the
             Irrationality of Rational Decision Making, 70 Nw. U.L.
             Rev. 486, 528 (1975). Thus, “restitution is a legal
             remedy when ordered in a case at law and an equitable
             remedy . . . when ordered in an equity case,” and whether
             it is legal or equitable depends on “the basis for [the
             plaintiff’s] claim” and the nature of the underlying
             remedies sought. Reich v. Continental Casualty Co., 33
             F.3d 754, 756 (C.A.7 1994) (Posner, J.).

             In cases in which the plaintiff “could not assert title or
             right to possession of particular property, but in which
             nevertheless he might be able to show just grounds for
             recovering money to pay for some benefit the defendant
             had received from him,” the plaintiff had a right to
             restitution at law through an action derived from the
             common-law writ of assumpsit. 1 Dobbs § 4.2(1), at

                                          13
             571. See also Muir, supra, at 37. In such cases, the
             plaintiff’s claim was considered legal because he sought
             “to obtain a judgment imposing a merely personal
             liability upon the defendant to pay a sum of money.”
             Restatement of Restitution § 160, Comment a, pp. 641-
             642 (1936). Such claims were viewed essentially as
             actions at law for breach of contract (whether the contract
             was actual or implied).

Id. at 212-13 (emphasis added). In contrast, “where money or property identified

as belonging in good conscience to the plaintiff could clearly be traced to particular

funds or property in the defendant’s possession,” a plaintiff could seek restitution

in equity. Id. at 213.

             A court of equity could then order a defendant to transfer
             title (in the case of the constructive trust) or to give a
             security interest (in the case of the equitable lien) to a
             plaintiff who was, in the eyes of equity, the true owner.
             But where “the property [sought to be recovered] or its
             proceeds have been dissipated so that no product
             remains, [the plaintiff’s] claim is only that of a general
             creditor,” and the plaintiff “cannot enforce a constructive
             trust of or an equitable lien upon other property of the
             [defendant].” Restatement of Restitution, supra, § 215,
             Comment a, at 867. Thus, for restitution to lie in equity,
             the action generally must seek not to impose personal
             liability on the defendant, but to restore to the plaintiff
             particular funds or property in the defendant’s
             possession.

Id. at 213-14 (alteration in original) (emphasis added).

      The Supreme Court held that because the petitioners were “seeking legal

relief—the imposition of personal liability on respondents for a contractual




                                         14
obligation to pay money—§ 502(a)(3) does not authorize this action.” Id. at 221.

In reaching its conclusion the Supreme Court reasoned:

             Here, the funds to which petitioners claim an entitlement
             under the Plan’s reimbursement provision—the proceeds
             from the settlement of respondents’ tort action—are not
             in respondents’ possession. . . . The basis for petitioners’
             claim is not that respondents hold particular funds that, in
             good conscience, belong to petitioners, but that
             petitioners are contractually entitled to some funds for
             benefits that they conferred. The kind of restitution that
             petitioners seek, therefore, is not equitable—the
             imposition of a constructive trust or equitable lien on
             particular property—but legal—the imposition of
             personal liability for the benefits that they conferred upon
             respondents.

Id. at 214 (emphasis in original).

      Applying these principles to the instant case, we conclude that Doral and

MPJ’s unjust enrichment claim does not fall within the arbitration clause’s

exception for “equitable . . . relief” such that the claim may properly proceed in

circuit court. At the outset, we agree with the Fourth District’s reasoning in

Commerce Partnership that the “equitable” nature of an unjust enrichment claim

denotes only “that quality which makes an enrichment unjust, and [is] not . . . a

reference to the equity side of the court.” 695 So. 2d at 390. An examination of

the substantive allegations of the complaint shows that Doral and MPJ do not seek

equitable relief. Specifically, Doral and MPJ allege that they conferred a benefit

upon the DFW Companies by paying $2,683,252.80 under specific purchase orders

for products the DFW Companies refused to deliver. They also allege that despite

                                         15
“multiple requests and a formal demand letter, the DFW Companies have refused

to deliver the products that Plaintiffs have paid for (or to return Plaintiffs’ money),

which is the subject of this action.” Doral and MPJ further allege that “it would be

inequitable for the DFW Companies to retain Plaintiffs’ monies, without delivering

the requisite products to Plaintiffs.” (emphasis added). Doral and MPJ’s unjust

enrichment claim, therefore, seeks nothing more than money to compensate them

for payments made under the purchase orders. In other words, Doral and MPJ seek

“the imposition of personal liability for the benefits that they conferred upon [the

DFW Companies].” Great-West, 534 U.S. at 214. Under these circumstances,

Doral and MPJ’s unjust enrichment claim seeks legal, rather than equitable, relief.

See id. at 213 (stating that action for restitution was considered legal where

plaintiff “sought ‘to obtain a judgment imposing a merely personal liability upon

the defendant to pay a sum of money’” and that “[s]uch claims were viewed

essentially as actions at law for breach of contract (whether the contract was actual

or implied)” (quoting Restatement of Restitution § 160 cmt. a (1936)); Restatement

(Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 4 cmt. d (Am. Law Inst. 2011)

(“The standard legal remedy for a liability based on unjust enrichment is a

judgment for money, to be satisfied from the assets of the defendant by the

ordinary procedures of execution.”).

      Critical to our conclusion that Doral and MPJ do not seek equitable relief is

the fact that that Doral and MPJ do not allege that the $2,683,252.80 can “clearly

                                          16
be traced to particular funds or property in [the DFW Companies’] possession.”

Great-West, 534 U.S. at 213. As the Supreme Court explained in Great-West, a

claim for restitution in equity ordinarily takes the form of a constructive trust or an

equitable lien in order “to restore to the plaintiff particular funds or property in the

defendant’s possession.” Id. at 213-14. Here, Doral and MPJ do not allege that the

DFW Companies hold the particular funds paid under the purchase orders or that

the DFW Companies possess particular property “identified as belonging in good

conscience to” Doral and MPJ. Indeed, Doral and MPJ allege that “their funds

were used in part to pay wholly unrelated outstanding obligations of the DFW

Companies rather than to pay the suppliers for the products ordered by Plaintiffs.”

Where “‘the property [sought to be recovered] or its proceeds have been dissipated

so that no product remains, [the plaintiff’s] claim is only that of a general

creditor,’” and restitution will not lie in equity.     Id.   (alterations in original)

(quoting Restatement of Restitution § 215 cmt. a (1936)).

      Finally, the fact that Doral and MPJ’s prayer for relief seeks “equitable

relief, including disgorgement” does not alter our conclusion. “Disgorgement is an

equitable remedy intended to prevent unjust enrichment.” S.E.C. v. Monterosso,

756 F.3d 1326, 1337 (11th Cir. 2014); see also Cushman & Wakefield, Inc. v.

Office Depot, Inc., No. 08-80321-CIV-MIDDLEBROOKS/JOHNSON, 2008 WL

11409887, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 3, 2008) (“Disgorgement is a remedy for an

unjust enrichment action, and not an independent cause of action.”); Montage Grp.,

                                          17
Ltd. v. Athle–Tech Comp. Sys., Inc., 889 So. 2d 180, 196 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004)

(finding remedy of disgorgement was appropriate for unjust enrichment claim).

The equitable remedy of disgorgement is measured by the defendant’s ill-gotten

profits or gains rather than the plaintiff’s losses. See S.E.C. v. Levin, 849 F.3d

995, 1006 (11th Cir. 2017) (concluding that disgorgement amount was properly

based upon the defendant’s gains and not the investors’ losses); Ellett Bros. v. U.S.

Fid. & Guar. Co., 275 F.3d 384, 388 (4th Cir. 2001) (“Restitution and

disgorgement require payment of the defendant’s ill-gotten gain, not compensation

of the plaintiff’s loss.”); Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment

§ 49 cmt. a (“[D]isgorgement rules . . . shift the focus of the remedy from

measuring the value of a benefit to measuring the profits derived from wrongful

conduct . . . .”); see also Waldrop v. Southern Co. Serv., Inc., 24 F.3d 152, 157

(11th Cir. 1994) (“[D]amages are equitable when ‘they are restitutionary, such as

in “action[s] for disgorgement of improper profits.”’” (quoting Chauffeurs,

Teamsters & Helpers, Local No. 391 v. Terry, 494 U.S. 558, 570 (1990))); King

Mountain Condo. Ass’n v. Gundlach, 425 So. 2d 569, 572 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982)

(holding that disgorgement of secret profits as a remedy for breach of fiduciary

duty is equitable in nature).

      Doral and MPJ’s factual allegations do not support their characterization of

the relief sought as disgorgement.     As Doral and MPJ acknowledged at oral

argument, they do not plead any untoward profit to the DFW Companies in their

                                         18
complaint.   As alleged in their complaint, what Doral and MPJ seek is the

restitution of the benefit they allegedly conferred upon the DFW Companies, i.e.,

the $2,683,252.80 paid to the DFW Companies by placing the purchase orders. At

oral argument, Doral and MPJ argued, for the first time, that to the extent the DFW

Companies used the payments to buy other products and subsequently made a

resulting profit, Doral and MPJ are entitled to that profit. This argument, however,

is belied by the allegations in the complaint—Doral and MPJ allege that the DFW

Companies used the payments made under the purchase orders “to pay wholly

unrelated outstanding obligations of the DFW Companies.”          Thus, Doral and

MPJ’s factual allegations establish that their unjust enrichment claim does not seek

the profits (if any) produced by the payments made under the purchase orders and

therefore does not seek the equitable remedy of disgorgement.

IV.   CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we find that Doral and MPJ’s unjust enrichment

claims seeks legal, rather than equitable, relief and therefore the arbitration

clause’s exception permitting the parties to seek “equitable . . . relief” in Miami-

Dade state court does not apply here. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court

erred in denying the DFW Companies’ motion to compel arbitration, and we

further hold that Doral and MPJ’s unjust enrichment claim may proceed only in the

parties’ arbitration proceeding.

      Reversed.

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