                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                        No. 04-11-00692-CR

                                        Rene CASTORENO,
                                             Appellant

                                                 v.

                                       The STATE of Texas,
                                             Appellee

                     From the 290th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                  Trial Court No. 2009CR1044A
                             Honorable Melisa Skinner, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Rebecca Simmons, Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Delivered and Filed: May 9, 2012

AFFIRMED

           A jury found appellant, Rene Castoreno, guilty of the capital murder of Manuel Barrera.

The State did not seek the death penalty, and the trial court assessed punishment at life

imprisonment. We affirm.

                                          BACKGROUND

           On the evening of October 10, 2008, Diana Barrera, her husband, Manuel Barrera, and

her mother, Herminia Castaneda, were leaving a Veterans of Foreign Wars hall (“VFW”). Diane
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testified that Manuel walked her to their car, and then walked Castaneda to her car. Castaneda

testified that as she was about to get in her car, a van stopped behind the car and a man got out of

the van and demanded her purse. Castaneda stated that she threw her purse to the side and that

Manuel started walking toward the van, at which time a second man, inside the van pulled out a

gun and shot Manuel. Castaneda said she then drove her car to the back of the VFW hall, got out

of the car, and ran inside. She testified that as she was running to the door of the VFW hall, she

heard two gun shots fired at her. After the van left, she returned to the parking lot and saw that

Manuel was dead. Castaneda testified she told the investigating detective that the vehicle was a

mini-van—light blue or light green in color—with three people inside. She could not identify

any of the men and provided no other descriptive details to the police.

       Additionally, testimony by Tracy Elizalde established that, prior to the shooting at the

VFW, she and her boyfriend, Michael Morales, left a restaurant and walked back to their car.

The car was parked about two blocks from the restaurant on a dark street. Elizalde testified that

as she and Morales stopped to talk for a short while at the passenger side of their car, a van

pulled up behind them. She said that two men got out of the side door of the van and that one of

them, later identified as appellant, pointed a gun at her and Morales. According to Elizalde,

appellant demanded her and Morales’s belongings. The other man grabbed her purse and

necklace and took Morales’s wallet. Elizalde stated that the unarmed man then demanded

Morales’s watch, but because Morales did not give it to him right away, appellant put the gun to

her head and threatened to shoot her if Morales did not give him the watch. Elizalde testified

Morales complied and gave him the watch. The men then returned to the van and started to drive

away. Morales testified to the same events. Elizalde got the license plate number of the van

before it drove off. After the van left, Elizalde called the police and gave them the license plate



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number. She stated that, several weeks later, she went to the police station and identified the two

men, along with the driver of the vehicle, based on photographs.

       Prior to both incidents, testimony established that Daniel Norriega parked his van at a

restaurant and that it was the last time he saw his van that evening. Norriega was robbed and the

van was stolen by three men. Early the next morning, the van was discovered in a park after it

was set on fire. The van’s license plate number matched the number given to police by Elizalde.

Detective Tim Angell, the officer who investigated Barrera’s murder, also believed it was the

same van involved in the VFW shooting. Latent fingerprint analysis was performed on the van

and prints belonging to Brijido Munoz were discovered. Detective Angell testified that after

speaking with Norriega, he learned that Norriega did not know Munoz. Detective Angell stated

that he then made contact with Munoz. He also testified that after further investigation, three

arrest warrants were issued for appellant, Munoz, and Edgar Velasquez for the capital murder of

Manuel Barrera.

                           EXTRANEOUS OFFENSE EVIDENCE

       In his first issue on appeal, appellant complains the trial court abused its discretion when

it admitted evidence that appellant had committed two aggravated robberies before committing

the capital murder of Barrera. Generally, extraneous offense evidence is not admissible at the

guilt-innocence phase of a trial to prove that a defendant committed the charged offense in

conformity with his bad character. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b); Devoe v. State, 354 S.W.3d 457, 469

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). However, this evidence may be admissible when it has relevance apart

from its character conformity. Devoe, 354 S.W.3d at 469. “For example, it may be admissible

to show proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence

of mistake or accident.” Id. Whether it has relevance apart from its character conformity is a



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question for the trial court. Id. However, even if the evidence is relevant apart from its character

conformity, it still may be excluded under Rule 403 if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 626 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2003); see also TEX. R. EVID. 403.

        A trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of extraneous offenses is reviewed under an

abuse of discretion standard. Devoe, 354 S.W.3d at 469. As long as the ruling of the trial court

is within the “zone of reasonable disagreement,” there is no abuse of discretion, and the trial

court’s ruling will be upheld. Id. A trial court’s ruling admitting 404(b) evidence is generally

within the zone if there is evidence supporting that an extraneous offense is not relevant to a

defendant’s character trait. Id. If the evidentiary ruling of the trial court is correct on any theory

of liability applicable to that ruling, it will not be disturbed. Id.

        Here, the trial court’s charge instructed the jury that appellant could be found guilty of

the offense of capital murder as a party. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(b) (West 2003).

Thus, the State was required to prove that appellant entered into a conspiracy to commit the

felony of robbery, and while in the course of committing or attempting to commit the robbery,

appellant, along with Munoz and/or Velasquez, intentionally caused Barrera’s death in

furtherance of the unlawful purpose to commit robbery and that the offense of capital murder

should have been anticipated as a result of carrying out the conspiracy. See id.

        At trial, the State put on evidence outside the presence of the jury that a carjacking

involving Norriega’s van, and two other aggravated robberies, one of which involved Elizalde

and Morales, had occurred within one hour of Barrera’s murder. All of the incidents involved a

mini-van fitting the same description as that involved in the capital murder.            During this

testimony, appellant was identified by Elizalde as the robber with the gun.             Additionally,



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Norriega described his carjacking and the State presented evidence that a fingerprint matching

one of the co-defendants was found on the burned van.

       After appellant objected to the jury hearing this evidence, the State argued the extraneous

offenses were relevant and connected appellant to the capital murder because the evidence

“would show the jury [appellant’s] role as a party, his intent, his planned preparation, and the

identity of these actors as the ones that committed this offense.” The State also asserted that the

jury was entitled to know why the van became a suspect vehicle.

       The trial court, however, determined that “each and everyone of these robberies” prior to

the capital murder were “separate and distinct.” Still, the trial court allowed the following

limited testimony concerning these events stating:

       under 404, and because the State has indicated that [they] are proceeding under a
       parties theory . . . the robbery of Tracy Elizalde shows knowledge under 404 that
       the defendant, if he is not the gunman, should have anticipated the taking of a
       human life. And given the fact that he was actually the gunman in that case and
       identified as such . . . I find that to be [a] compelling reason under 404 to allow
       that aggravated robbery or the testimony of Ms. Elizalde into evidence.

                Mr. Norriega may testify that he did not give permission for these
       individuals to have the vehicle. But he may not testify to the facts of the
       aggravated robbery. He may testify to and identify the vehicle. Ms. Elizalde may
       testify to the facts of the aggravated robbery as I stated under 404, but the rest of
       the evidence is not admissible.

       The trial court also conducted a balancing test under Rule 403 and found that allowing

evidence of Elizalde’s and Morales’s aggravated robbery was “very compelling evidence that the

defendant should have anticipated the taking of human life” and that it is “more probative than it

is prejudicial in this particular case.” No evidence concerning the details of Norriega’s robbery

was allowed. The trial court also gave a limiting instruction in the jury’s charge that read: “you

cannot consider [this] testimony for any purpose unless you find and believe beyond a reasonable




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doubt that the defendant committed the other offenses . . . and even then you may only consider

the same in determining the intent and knowledge of the defendant . . . .”

       Because neither Casteneda nor Diana Barrera were able to provide any descriptive details

to the investigating officer about the shooting of Manuel other than a description of the van, we

believe the extraneous offense evidence was necessary to show appellant’s intent to commit

capital murder as well as his preparation and identity. See Rubio v. State, 607 S.W.2d 498, 500–

01 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) (“This Court has consistently held that when a defendant raises a

defensive theory of lack of intent to wrongfully engage in criminal conduct, an extraneous

offense is admissible by way of rebuttal on the issue of intent.”).

       Turning to the question of whether the probative value of the testimony concerning the

aggravated robbery was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, we note that

appellate courts should afford deference to a trial court’s Rule 403 balancing determination and

should reverse a trial court “rarely and only after a clear abuse of discretion.” Montgomery v.

State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). As we have already determined, this

evidence was relevant in identifying appellant and showing his intent to commit capital murder.

Moreover, the trial court gave a limiting instruction on the use of this evidence. The evidence

presented to the jury concerning the aggravated robbery was not so prejudicial as to overcome

the effectiveness of the limiting instruction. See Powell v. State, 63 S.W.3d 435, 439 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2001) (“Here, the trial court’s limiting instruction clearly shows that the trial court admitted

the evidence for its noncharacter conformity purpose.”); TEX. R. EVID. 105(a) (providing for

limiting instruction when evidence is admissible for one purpose but not admissible for another).

For these reasons, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the

extraneous offense evidence.



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                                       LAW OF PARTIES

         In his second issue on appeal, appellant argues the trial court erred when it included an

expansion on the law of parties definition in the jury charge. Specifically, appellant contends the

charge allowed the jury to convict him of capital murder based on a theory of conspiracy to

commit murder. Appellant complains this is error because conspiracy to commit capital murder

is not a lesser included offense of capital murder. Appellant also asserts that the inclusion of the

theory of conspiracy in the court’s charge was error because the offense of conspiracy was not

alleged in the indictment. Appellant did not object at trial; therefore, the alleged error must be

fundamental in order to merit reversal. English v. State, 592 S.W.2d 949, 952 (Tex. Crim. App.

1980).

         A criminal conspiracy is a separate offense under Texas Penal Code section 15.02. TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 15.02 (West 2011). However, here, the court’s charge did not instruct the

jury to consider whether appellant was guilty of criminal conspiracy. Instead, the court’s charge

contained an alternative “parties” charge that tracked Penal Code section 7.02(b), which

provides:

         (b) If, in the attempt to carry out a conspiracy to commit one felony, another
         felony is committed by one of the conspirators, all conspirators are guilty of the
         felony actually committed, though having no intent to commit it, if the offense
         was committed in furtherance of the unlawful purpose and was one that should
         have been anticipated as a result of the carrying out of the conspiracy.

Id. § 7.02(b).

         The law of parties, as stated in section 7.02(b), may be applied to a case even though no

such allegation was contained in the indictment. Montoya v. State, 810 S.W.2d 160, 165 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1989). Additionally, the theory of criminal responsibility as set forth in section

7.02(b) is applicable in capital murder cases. Id.; Wallace v. State, 618 S.W.2d 67, 69 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1981). Section 7.02(b) “spells out how an actor can be held criminally responsible
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for an offense committed by another, when the actor does not have the specific intent to commit

the offense committed by the other.” English, 592 S.W.2d at 954.

         Here, in accordance with section 7.02(b), the court’s charge required the jury to find that

appellant, Munoz, and Velasquez conspired to commit felony robbery and “in an attempt to carry

out this agreement . . . did intentionally cause the death of . . . Barrera.” Thus, contrary to

appellant’s argument, the court’s charge did not authorize the jury to convict appellant of the

separate offense of conspiracy to commit murder. See id. Instead, the jury was required to find

that appellant was a party to the offense of capital murder.

         Based on a review of the record, we conclude the evidence in this case supported the

submission of a charge on criminal responsibility pursuant to section 7.02(b). Additionally, it

was not necessary for the State to include a conspiracy allegation in the indictment because it is

not required under the law of parties. Thus, the trial court did not err in charging the jury based

on section 7.02(b).

                                          CONCLUSION

         We overrule both of appellant’s issues on appeal and affirm the judgment of the trial

court.

                                                      Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice

Do not publish




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