           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Children and Youth Services                     :
for the County of Berks,                        :
                         Petitioner             :
                                                :   CASE SEALED
               v.                               :   No. 1175 C.D. 2017
                                                :   Argued: April 12, 2018
Department of Human Services,                   :
                      Respondent                :


BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
        HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
        HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge


OPINION NOT REPORTED


MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE BROBSON                                FILED: May 7, 2018


               Children and Youth Services for the County of Berks (CYS) petitions
for review of an order of the Secretary of the Department of Human Services (DHS),
dated August 2, 2017. The Secretary upheld an order of the Bureau of Hearings and
Appeals (BHA), which sustained J.K.’s appeal and thereby granted J.K.’s request to
expunge from the ChildLine & Abuse Registry (ChildLine)1 an indicated report of
child abuse identifying J.K. as the perpetrator of the abuse. For the reasons set forth
below, we affirm.


       1
         ChildLine is an organizational unit of DHS that operates a statewide toll-free system for
receiving and maintaining reports of suspected child abuse, along with making referrals for
investigation. 55 Pa. Code § 3490.4.
                   On July 1, 2016, following an investigation, CYS filed an indicated
report2 of child abuse against J.K. and placed J.K.’s name into ChildLine. The
indicated report related to an allegation that J.K. hit S.Z.-K., his eight-year-old minor
child (Child), with a stick on her upper left thigh on May 1, 2016, thereby causing
bodily injury. On August 18, 2016, J.K. requested a hearing before BHA to
determine whether the indicated report of child abuse should be expunged.
Administrative Law Judge Twilah S. Shipley (ALJ) conducted a hearing on
November 10, 2016.
                   At the hearing, CYS presented the testimony of Nicole Robinson, an
intake caseworker in CYS’s sexual abuse unit with thirteen years of experience with
CYS (Caseworker Robinson). (Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 6.) Caseworker
Robinson testified that on or about May 1, 2016, CYS received a referral regarding
Child, which indicated that J.K. had caused Child to sustain an injury to her leg. (Id.)
Caseworker Robinson testified further that on May 3, 2016, she visited Child’s
family home to investigate the allegations of the referral. (Id.) At that time,
Caseworker Robinson interviewed Child’s siblings, Child’s mother, M.K., and
Child.        (Id.)    Caseworker Robinson explained that Child’s siblings informed
Caseworker Robinson that their older sister, A.Z.-K., who had retrieved them from
the bus stop while Caseworker Robinson was at the home, told them to inform

         2
             An “indicated report” is defined, in part, as:
         [A] report of child abuse made pursuant to this chapter if an investigation by [DHS]
         or [CYS] determines that substantial evidence of the alleged abuse by a perpetrator
         exists based on any of the following:
                   (i) Available medical evidence.
                   (ii) The child protective service investigation.
                   (iii) An admission of the acts of abuse by the perpetrator.
Section 6303(a) of the Child Protective Services Law (CPSL), 23 Pa. C.S. § 6303(a).

                                                      2
Caseworker Robinson that “[J.K.] was messing around with [Child], and that’s how
she received the mark on her leg.” (Id. at 7.) Caseworker Robinson explained
further that while M.K. initially informed Caseworker Robinson that she was not
aware that there was a mark on Child’s leg, she later indicated that she was aware of
the mark, but did not know how it had happened. (Id. at 8.)
             Caseworker Robinson also testified that Child initially informed
Caseworker Robinson that when A.Z.-K. had picked her up from the bus stop,
A.Z.-K. “told her just to say that her and [J.K.] were messing around, and that’s how
she received the bruise.” (Id.) Child, however, then informed Caseworker Robinson
             that she didn’t know why [A.Z.-K.] said that, and that
             really didn’t happen, and that [J.K.] had gotten mad at her
             because she didn’t take the dogs out fast enough. So he
             got a stick, which she described that it was --- came off the
             wall, and she hit him --- he hit her with the stick and broke
             it on her leg.
(Id.) During her interview of Child, Caseworker Robinson observed a black and
blue bruise on Child’s upper left thigh that was the size of a cookie or graham
cracker. (Id. at 8, 11, 13.) Child informed Caseworker Robinson that her leg hurt
when she sat down for a long period of time and when she touched it. (Id. at 9, 13.)
Child rated her pain at an eight out of ten. (Id.) Caseworker Robinson explained
that she also noticed redness and swelling on Child’s left thigh and that Child was
uncomfortable and had difficulty moving her left leg. (Id. at 9, 11, 13.) Caseworker
Robinson indicated further that Child did not treat with a doctor for her injury.
(Id. at 12.) Caseworker Robinson stated that she did not know whether Child missed
school as a result of the injury or whether her injury affected her daily activities.
(Id. at 13.) Caseworker Robinson also interviewed J.K. over the phone. (Id. at 6.)
Caseworker Robinson testified that J.K. initially indicated to Caseworker Robinson
that nothing had happened, but then stated “what a terrible child that [Child] was and
                                          3
that [Child] curses at him often, and what would [Caseworker Robinson] do if [she]
was in a situation as he was.” (Id. at 9.)
             CYS also presented the testimony of Child. Child testified that when
she gets in trouble, J.K. uses his hands to spank her on her butt. (Id. at 18-20, 24.)
Child testified further that J.K. never spanks her with anything but his hands.
(Id. at 19-20, 22.) Child stated that she helps take care of her family’s ten dogs by
feeding them and taking them outside. (Id. at 18-20.) Child explained that M.K.
and J.K. yell at her and her sisters if they forget to take the dogs outside, but she and
her sisters are not punished or grounded. (Id. at 20.) Child initially testified that she
did not remember how she got the black and blue mark on her leg. (Id. at 19.) When
questioned by the ALJ, however, Child indicated that her sister was rocking a
wooden swing back and forth and the swing hit her leg. (Id. at 21.) Child testified
further that J.K. did not hit her with a piece of wood. (Id. at 21, 23.) Child explained
that she informed Caseworker Robinson that J.K. had caused the bruise by hitting
her with a piece of wood, because she was mad at D3, J.K.’s sixteen-year-old son,
who “did something very wrong.” (Id. at 21.)
             J.K. presented the testimony of K.M., who is M.K.’s sister and J.K.’s
sister-in-law. (Id. at 28.) K.M. testified that she spoke with Child on the telephone
the day after Caseworker Robinson visited Child’s family home. (Id. at 28-29.) At
that time, Child informed K.M. that she got the bruise on her thigh when she and her
sister were playing with the swings and her sister’s swing hit her in the leg.
(Id. at 29.) K.M. testified further that she spoke with Child about the incident more
than fifteen times and Child consistently indicated to K.M. that the bruise was caused
by the swing. (Id. at 29-30.) K.M. stated that Child indicated to K.M. that she had
informed Caseworker Robinson that J.K. had caused the bruise to her thigh because


                                             4
she was angry at J.K. (Id. at 29-30.) Child also informed K.M. that she was angry
at J.K. because D3, who had touched her inappropriately, was present in the family
home. (Id. at 30.) K.M. explained further that while J.K. “looks rough and gruff,”
he is peaceful and like a big teddy bear. (Id. at 31.) K.M. described Child as
outgoing, a follower, and “a good kid . . . very opinionated, very vocal . . . twists the
truth a lot.” (Id. at 31-32.)
              J.K. also testified on his own behalf. J.K. stated that Child received the
bruise on her thigh from the swing set. (Id. at 36.) J.K. explained:
              I was watching her. I was underneath the vehicle when
              they were playing outside, and she did, in fact, get hit by
              the swing set and came running inside. I was underneath
              the vehicle. She showed me the mark. And I said, oh,
              that’s going to leave a bruise.
(Id.) J.K. explained that the injury involving the swing set happened three weeks
before May 1, 2016, the date of the alleged child abuse incident. (Id.) J.K. also
explained that Child was limping immediately after the swing set incident, but by
the end of the night you could not tell that her leg was bothering her anymore.
(Id. at 37.) J.K. explained further that Child did not see a doctor, receive any pain
medication, or miss any school as a result of the injury that she received from the
swing. (Id.) J.K. testified further that, on May 1, 2016, he gave Child and two of
her siblings a “swat”—i.e., open-handed slap on the butt—when they did not listen
to M.K.’s and J.K.’s repeated instructions to take the dogs outside. (Id. at 36-37.)
J.K. stated that he never hit Child with a stick or piece of molding. (Id. at 37.)
J.K. also stated that he never disciplines or hits any of his children with anything
other than his open hand.3 (Id. at 37-38.)

       3
          J.K. also presented the testimony of W.G., J.K.’s friend and character witness.
(R.R. at 34-35.) W.G. indicated that he did not have any personal knowledge of the child abuse
allegations other than conversations that he had with J.K. (Id. at 35.)

                                              5
             On February 24, 2017, the ALJ issued a recommendation sustaining
J.K.’s appeal. In her recommendation, the ALJ made the following relevant factual
findings and credibility determinations:
             7.    [Child] did not receive medical attention for her
                   injury or take any medication.
             8.    [Child] did not miss any time from school nor were
                   her regular daily activities interrupted as a result of
                   her injury.
                   ....
             11.   The testimony of [DHS’s/CYS’s] witnesses [sic],
                   Caseworker Robinson, was credible, candid and
                   consistent and she lacked a personal interest in the
                   outcome of the appeal.
             12.   The testimony of [Child] was not credible with
                   respect to [DHS’s/CYS’s] allegations as to how she
                   received an injury to her thigh.
             13.   The statements of [Child] to Caseworker Robinson
                   on May 3, 2016, two (2) days after the alleged
                   abuse, were more credible than her testimony at the
                   hearing.
             14.   The testimony of [Child’s] maternal aunt and
                   [J.K.’s] sister-in-law, K.M.[,] was credible, candid
                   and consistent; however, she had no personal
                   knowledge of the allegations. K.M. described
                   [Child] as a “good kid” and a “follower” who
                   “twists the truth a lot.” On multiple occasions,
                   about 15 times, K.M. spoke with [Child] about the
                   allegations and [Child] told her that she injured her
                   thigh when the swing in their backyard hit her leg.
             15.   The testimony of W.G., [J.K.’s] close friend and
                   character witness, was credible and consistent;
                   however, he had no personal knowledge of the
                   allegations relating to this appeal.
             16.   The testimony of [J.K.] was not credible with
                   respect to the allegations relating to this appeal.
                   [J.K.] denied hitting [Child] on her leg and claimed


                                           6
                     that he only spanks [Child] on her buttocks and
                     never used any other objects.
              17.    [J.K.’s] testimony contradicted Caseworker
                     Robinson’s investigation . . . .
              18.    When Caseworker Robinson investigated the
                     allegations, none of the family members that she
                     interviewed, including [Child], stated to her that
                     [Child] injured her thigh when a swing hit it.
              19.    The ALJ placed more weight and credence on
                     [Child’s] and her family members’ statements to
                     Caseworker Robinson in May 2016 during
                     Caseworker Robinson’s investigation than their
                     testimonies on November 10, 2016.
(ALJ’s Recommended Decision at 5-6 (emphasis in original) (citations omitted).)
Based on those factual findings and credibility determinations, the ALJ determined
that DHS/CYS failed to prove by substantial evidence that J.K. committed child
abuse against Child. (Id. at 16.) The ALJ recommended that J.K.’s appeal be
sustained and the indicated report of child abuse be expunged from ChildLine. (Id.)
The ALJ reasoned that “[J.K.’s] actions lacked good, sound judgment and he
exhibited poor parenting skills under the circumstances; however, in [her] opinion,
the evidence [did] not support a finding of child abuse.” (Id.)
              In reaching her recommendation, the ALJ recognized that “child abuse”
is defined by Section 6303(b.1)(1) of the Child Protective Services Law (CPSL),
23 Pa. C.S. § 6303(b.1)(1), as, inter alia, “intentionally, knowingly or recklessly . . .
[c]ausing bodily injury to a child through any recent act or failure to act.”4 (Id. at 7.)


       4
         Pursuant to Section 6303(a) of the CPSL, 23 Pa. C.S. § 6303(a), the terms “knowingly,”
“intentionally,” and “recklessly” have the same meaning under the CPSL as they do under
Section 302 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa. C.S. § 302. Section 302 of the Crimes Code defines
“knowingly,” “intentionally,” and “recklessly” as follows:
       (b) Kinds of culpability defined.—


                                              7
The ALJ also recognized that “bodily injury” is defined by Section 6303(a) of the
CPSL as “[i]mpairment of physical condition or substantial pain.”                                 (Id.)
Recognizing that this is a corporal punishment case, the ALJ then applied the
criminal negligence standard and concluded that DHS/CYS failed to prove that
J.K.’s actions were criminally negligent or reckless because: (1) “[s]ome reasonable
persons in [J.K.’s] position who were angry at their child for failing to do chores or
obey them may have used a wooden stick to spank or discipline [Child]” and,
therefore, there was not a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable
person would observe in J.K.’s situation; and (2) J.K. may not have recognized that



             (1) A person acts intentionally with respect to a material element of an
      offense when:
                      (i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct or a result
              thereof, it is his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature or to
              cause such a result; and
                     (ii) if the element involves the attendant circumstances, he is aware
              of the existence of such circumstances or he believes or hopes that they
              exist.
              (2) A person acts knowingly with respect to a material element of an offense
      when:
                     (i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct or the attendant
              circumstances, he is aware that his conduct is of that nature or that such
              circumstances exist; and
                      (ii) if the element involves a result of his conduct, he is aware that it
              is practically certain that his conduct will cause such a result.
             (3) A person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of an offense
      when he consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material
      element exists or will result from his conduct. The risk must be of such a nature
      and degree that, considering the nature and intent of the actor’s conduct and the
      circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a gross deviation from the
      standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the actor’s situation.


                                                 8
“a substantial and unjustifiable risk would result from his conduct.”5 (Id. at 9, 15.)
The ALJ also concluded that Child did not sustain bodily injury as a result of J.K.’s
actions because Child was not treated for her injury by a medical provider, was not
prescribed or given pain medication, and continued to go about her normal activities.
(Id. at 15.) BHA adopted the ALJ’s recommendation in its entirety, and CYS sought
reconsideration of BHA’s February 24, 2017 order. The Secretary of DHS granted
CYS’s request for reconsideration on March 21, 2017, but ultimately upheld BHA’s
order on August 2, 2017. CYS then petitioned this Court for review.
               On appeal,6 CYS argues that BHA committed an error of law in
concluding that CYS failed to present substantial evidence to support the indicated
report of child abuse. More specifically, CYS argues that the evidence presented to
BHA established that “J.K. intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly struck [Child]
with a stick with enough force to cause substantial pain.” (CYS’s Br. at 14.) CYS
argues further that J.K. did not present any evidence to establish “that striking
[Child] in the leg with a stick was a reasonable use of force used for supervision,
control, or discipline.”7 (CYS’s Br. at 19.) In response, J.K. argues that BHA

       5
          The ALJ went on to conclude that J.K.’s actions were also not intentional or knowing.
(ALJ’s Recommended Decision at 15-16.) This analysis by the ALJ was unnecessary and
improper as any act of corporal punishment is inevitably an intentional and knowing act. See P.R.
v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 801 A.2d 478, 486 (Pa. 2002) (“Corporal punishment at its core embodies
intent to inflict pain.”).
       6
        “This Court’s scope of review in expunction proceedings is limited to a determination of
whether constitutional rights were violated, whether errors of law were committed, or whether
necessary findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence.” E.D. v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare,
719 A.2d 384, 387 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1998).
       7
         CYS also argues that whether J.K. struck Child with the stick for disciplinary purposes is
irrelevant because J.K. did not raise this issue before BHA. In response, J.K. argues that CYS’s
argument is misplaced because CYS had the burden of proof and failed to present substantial
evidence to support the indicated report of child abuse. We agree. J.K. was not required to raise


                                                9
properly determined that CYS failed to establish that J.K. intentionally, knowingly,
or recklessly caused bodily injury to Child. J.K. also argues that BHS properly
determined that, assuming J.K. did use a wooden stick to effectuate discipline, “the
standard of care utilized by J.K. was not a gross deviation from the standard of care
a reasonable person would utilize” under the circumstances.8 (J.K.’s Br. at 17.)
                “[CYS] has the burden of establishing by substantial evidence that an
indicated report of child abuse is accurate. If CYS fails to sustain that burden, a
request for expungement will be granted.” Bucks Cty. Children & Youth Soc. Servs.
Agency v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 808 A.2d 990, 993 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002). The
substantial evidence standard established by the CPSL9 differs from the substantial
evidence standard typically used in administrative law.10 Substantial evidence, as
defined by the CPSL, is “[e]vidence which outweighs inconsistent evidence and
which a reasonable person would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
23 Pa. C.S. § 6303(a). “[I]n determining whether a finding of fact is supported by
substantial evidence, the Court must give the party in whose favor the decision was
rendered the benefit of all reasonable and logical inferences that may be drawn from
the evidence of record; the weight and credibility to be accorded to the evidence is
solely within the province of the . . . fact finder.” S.T. v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare,

any and all potential defenses to CYS’s claims against him and, instead, could rely on CYS’s
inability to meet its burden of proof below. In addition, nothing prevents J.K., as the non-appealing
party, from setting forth any and all arguments in support of BHA’s decision on appeal.
       8
         DHS did not file a brief in this appeal but indicated to this Court that it agreed with J.K.’s
position that BHA properly determined that CYS did not establish substantial evidence of child
abuse.
       9
           23 Pa. C.S. §§ 6301-6386.
       10
          Courts typically define “substantial evidence” as “relevant evidence upon which a
reasonable mind could base a conclusion.” See Johnson v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review,
502 A.2d 738, 740 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986).

                                                 10
Lackawanna Cty. Office, Children, Youth & Family Servs., 681 A.2d 853, 856
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1996) (citing Bedford Cty. Children & Youth Servs. v. Dep’t of Pub.
Welfare, 613 A.2d 48, 50 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1992)), appeal denied, 690 A.2d 1165
(Pa. 1997).
              Here, the ALJ found that J.K. struck Child with a wooden stick for
disciplinary purposes, thereby causing Child to sustain a bruise to her upper left
thigh. The ALJ determined, however, that J.K.’s use of corporal punishment did not
constitute child abuse, because the record failed to establish that J.K.’s actions were
criminally negligent/reckless or that Child sustained bodily injury. As a result, the
ALJ concluded that CYS failed to meet its burden to present substantial evidence to
support the indicated report of child abuse against J.K. The ALJ did not commit an
error of law in reaching this conclusion because, giving J.K. the benefit of all
reasonable and logical inferences as we must, a reasonable person could accept the
record evidence as adequate to support the ALJ’s determination that J.K.’s actions
were not criminally negligent/reckless. Although decided under a prior version of
the CPSL (which defined “child abuse” using the term “non-accidental” and “serious
physical injury” rather than “intentionally, knowingly or recklessly” and “bodily
injury”), this Court’s prior decision in F.R. v. Department of Public Welfare,
4 A.3d 779 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), is helpful to our analysis. In F.R., F.R. spanked
P.R. on his buttocks with an open hand multiple times to discipline P.R. for throwing
away his reading assignment and lying about it. F.R., 4 A.3d at 781. On appeal
from the denial of F.R.’s request for expungement of an indicated report of child




                                          11
abuse, this Court determined that criminal negligence11 was the proper standard to
be applied in corporal punishment cases12 and concluded:
               The ALJ specifically found that Petitioner’s intentional act
               of spanking caused P.R. to suffer severe pain and a
               functional impairment based on the bruising P.R. suffered.
               The ALJ also found that, while F.R. did not act with
               malicious intent in disciplining P.R., Petitioner “lost
               control of his emotions” and caused injuries “while
               disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk to P.R.”
               Thus, the ALJ properly applied the criminal negligence
               standard in this case when he considered the existence of
               severe pain and functional impairment, which he found
               were caused by a substantial and unjustifiable risk.
Id. at 788 (citations omitted).
               In this case, unlike in F.R., there is no evidence in the record to suggest
that J.K. was criminally negligent—i.e., that he disregarded a substantial and
unjustifiable risk or deviated from a standard of care that a reasonable person would


       11
         “Criminal negligence” is defined by Section 302(b)(4) of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa. C.S.
§ 302(b)(4), as follows:
       A person acts negligently with respect to a material element of an offense when he
       should be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element
       exists or will result from his conduct. The risk must be of such a nature and degree
       that the actor’s failure to perceive it, considering the nature and intent of his conduct
       and the circumstances known to him, involves a gross deviation from the standard
       of care that a reasonable person would observe in the actor’s situation.
       12
           In P.R., the Pennsylvania Supreme Court balanced the competing objectives of
protecting children from abuse and a parent’s right to use corporal punishment and adopted a
criminal negligence standard to determine whether corporal punishment constituted child abuse.
P.R., 801 A.2d at 486-87. Thereafter, in F.R., this Court recognized that, following the Supreme
Court’s decision in P.R., the General Assembly amended the CPSL and codified the criminal
negligence standard “in the CPSL under the auspices of the definition of ‘non-accidental.’”
F.R., 4 A.3d at 787. While the term “non-accidental” can no longer be found in the current version
of the CPSL, the criminal negligence standard remains the proper standard to be used in corporal
punishment cases, as the Supreme Court’s decision in P.R. has not been overturned.


                                                 12
observe in J.K.’s situation. Other than the use of a wooden stick rather than his open
hand, J.K.’s actions were no different from when he has previously “swatted”
Child’s buttocks as a form of discipline. For these reasons, we conclude that BHA
did not commit an error of law in determining that CYS failed to present substantial
evidence to support the indicated report of child abuse.13
               Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Secretary of DHS.




                                                P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge




       13
          Because we have concluded that the record evidence is sufficient to support the ALJ’s
determination that J.K.’s actions were not criminally negligent or reckless, we need not consider
whether the ALJ erred in determining that Child did not sustain bodily injury. We note, however,
that the ALJ seems to have conflated substantial pain with impairment of physical condition. In
addition, while evidence that a child received medical treatment (i.e., medical care and/or
medication to manage pain) may show that a child suffered “substantial pain,” the absence of
treatment does not necessarily establish the absence of “substantial pain.” Whether to seek medical
treatment is oftentimes a decision beyond the control of the child. Administrative law judges,
therefore, should exercise caution before drawing any conclusions regarding the extent of pain
from the absence of medical treatment.

                                               13
        IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Children and Youth Services             :
for the County of Berks,                :
                         Petitioner     :
                                        :
            v.                          :   No. 1175 C.D. 2017
                                        :
Department of Human Services,           :
                      Respondent        :



                                      ORDER


            AND NOW, this 7th day of May, 2018, the order of the Secretary of the
Department of Human Services is hereby AFFIRMED.




                                        P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
