              Case: 17-10978     Date Filed: 08/07/2017    Page: 1 of 6


                                                              [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 17-10978
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                       D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-01948-ODE



GABRIEL FERNANDO NASSAR CURE,
ALAN M. KOZARSKY,
individually and on behalf of others similarly situated,

                                                                Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                       versus

INTUITIVE SURGICAL INC.,
INTUITIVE SURGICAL OPERATIONS, INC.,
JOHN DOES 1-10,

                                                              Defendants-Appellees.

                           ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of Georgia
                         ________________________

                                  (August 7, 2017)
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Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, MARTIN and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       After Gabriel Fernando Nassar Cure and Alan M. Kozarsky underwent heart

surgery, small metallic particles were discovered in their brains. They brought suit

on behalf of themselves and a putative class, alleging that the particles were metal

shavings that had been shed, during surgery, by certain instruments manufactured

and sold by Intuitive Surgical Inc. and Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc. The

plaintiffs’ amended complaint alleged that as a result of the shavings they

“suffered and will continue to suffer physical, neurological, and mental effects.” It

also alleged that the plaintiffs will have to shoulder “the cost of medical expenses

related to care necessary to address those effects” and that the plaintiffs are “also

anticipated to lose future wages.” The plaintiffs asserted claims under various

Georgia law theories of negligence.1

       The district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss, ruling that the

amended complaint’s allegations did not state a claim for negligence under

Georgia law. This is the plaintiffs’ appeal. “We review de novo the district court’s

grant of a motion to dismiss under [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 12(b)(6) for

failure to state a claim, accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and
       1
          They also asserted claims under several theories of strict liability. But in their initial
brief to this Court, they address only the dismissal of their negligence claims. As a result, they
have abandoned any argument with respect to the district court’s dismissal of their strict liability
claims. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681–82 (11th Cir. 2014)
(holding that an appellant abandons an issue when he makes only “passing references” to it).


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construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Butler v. Sheriff of

Palm Beach Cty., 685 F.3d 1261, 1265 (11th Cir. 2012). The plaintiffs’ “[f]actual

allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on

the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in

fact).” Id.

          “In Georgia, the essential elements of a cause of action for negligence are:

(1) a legal duty; (2) a breach of this duty; (3) an injury; and (4) a causal connection

between the breach and the injury.” Vaughan v. Glymph, 526 S.E.2d 357, 359

(Ga. Ct. App. 1999). The district court concluded that the plaintiffs had failed to

sufficiently plead that they had suffered an injury due to the defendants’ alleged

negligence. The plaintiffs contend that conclusion is erroneous because the

presence of metal shavings in their brain is a legally recognized injury in and of

itself.

          The plaintiffs’ contention runs contrary to Georgia law. In Boyd v. Orkin

Exterminating Co., 381 S.E.2d 295 (Ga. Ct. App. 1989), overruled on other

grounds by Hanna v. McWilliams, 446 S.E.2d 741 (Ga. Ct. App. 1994), two

children, through their parents, claimed that an extermination company had

misapplied termiticide in their home. Id. at 297. They presented evidence that the

termiticide had caused them to have “significantly elevated levels of heptachlor

expoxide.” Id. And their expert testified that the presence of that amount of



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heptachlor expoxide “would require periodic monitoring over the ensuing years to

determine whether they were developing any health problems associated with

exposure to toxic pesticides.” Id.

      On that record, the Court of Appeals of Georgia affirmed the trial court’s

entry of a directed verdict in favor of the extermination company. Id. at 298. It

rejected the children’s argument that “the presence of elevated levels of

[heptachlor expoxide] in [their] blood itself constituted ‘injury.’” Id. Instead, the

court held that the children had to show that “the presence of [heptachlor expoxide]

had caused or would eventually cause actual disease, pain, or impairment of some

kind” to support a finding that they suffered an injury. See id. Because they did

not do so, they were not entitled to relief. Id.

      The plaintiffs argue that the Boyd decision is distinguishable because that

case involved toxic chemicals and this case involves “foreign objects” found inside

the plaintiffs after surgery. For support they cite Georgia Code § 9-3-72, which

provides that the limitations period for a foreign object medical malpractice case

begins to run once the “negligent or wrongful act is discovered.” O.C.G.A. § 9-3-

72 (emphasis added). That rule is an exception to the general medical malpractice

limitations period, which begins to run on “the date on which an injury or death

arising from a negligent or wrongful act or omission occurred.” Id. § 9-3-71

(emphasis added).



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       Providing a distinct limitations period for foreign object cases, as the

Georgia Code does, makes sense because a foreign object can often go

undiscovered for some time after a medical procedure. But that logic has nothing

to do with the Boyd rule that having an unnatural amount of a certain substance —

whether chemical particles or metallic particles — is not an injury in itself.2 We

see no indication in Georgia law that § 9-3-72 (or anything else) cabins the Boyd

holding to cases involving toxic chemicals. Because the Boyd holding applies, the

presence of metal shavings in the plaintiffs’ brains does not, under Georgia law,

constitute a legally recognizable injury in itself. See Boyd, 381 S.E.2d at 297.

       The plaintiffs contend that they stated a claim for relief even if the Boyd

holding applies because the amended complaint also alleged that they “suffered

and will continue to suffer physical, neurological, and mental effects.” The

problem is that the amended complaint did not contain any allegations more

specific than those vague, conclusory statements. It did not contain, for example,

an allegation that the plaintiffs had or will experience any particular symptom as a

result of the defendants’ purported negligence. As the Supreme Court has

explained, such “naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement” do not


       2
          All of the foreign object cases that the plaintiffs cite satisfy the Boyd rule because they
all involve an injury beyond the mere presence of the foreign object. See Norred v. Teaver, 740
S.E.2d 251, 251–52 (Ga. Ct. App. 2013) (cotton pellet caused “extensive infection”); Ivey v.
Scoggin, 295 S.E.2d 164, 165 (Ga. Ct. Ap. 1982) (suture necessitated removal of left kidney);
Ellis v. Kite, 129 S.E.2d 547, 547 (Ga. Ct. App. 1963) (gauze or sponge caused permanent
physical disabilities).


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“suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009)

(quotation marks omitted).

      The amended complaint did allege two types of financial harm: future

medical costs and future lost wages. But those allegations do not add any factual

heft to the plaintiffs’ claims. The amended complaint did not say what symptoms

or conditions will give rise to the medical costs. Nor did it say what symptoms

will interfere with the plaintiffs’ ability to work and cause the plaintiffs to lose

wages. That lack of factual specification about the medical effects of the alleged

negligence comes even though information about the plaintiffs’ medical situation

is uniquely in their possession.

      Because the amended complaint did not “contain sufficient factual matter

. . . to state a claim to relief,” it was properly dismissed. See id.

      AFFIRMED.




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