NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@state.vt.us or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be
made before this opinion goes to press.


                                        2015 VT 110

                                        No. 2015-003

Juanita Burch-Clay                                          Supreme Court

                                                            On Appeal from
   v.                                                       Superior Court, Rutland Unit,
                                                            Civil Division

Debra J. Taylor, Individually and In Her Capacity           April Term, 2015
as Superintendent of Schools, Rutland Central
Supervisory Union


William D. Cohen, J.

William B. Miller, Jr. and Wanda Otero-Weaver of Langrock Sperry & Wool, LLP,
 Middlebury, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Pietro J. Lynn and Sean M. Toohey of Lynn, Lynn & Blackman, P.C., Burlington, for
 Defendants-Appellees.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund and Eaton, JJ., and Morris, Supr. J. (Ret.),
         Specially Assigned


        ¶ 1.    DOOLEY, J.      Plaintiff Juanita Burch-Clay sought review in Rutland Superior

Court of the West Rutland School Board’s decision to terminate her employment contract. The

superior court affirmed the Board’s decision, and plaintiff appealed to this Court, arguing that

procedural defects invalidated her post-termination hearing and that the Board lacked just and

sufficient cause for her termination. We affirm.

        ¶ 2.    The following facts are undisputed, except where otherwise noted. In 2011, the

Board hired plaintiff as principal of West Rutland School with a two-year contract beginning

July 1, 2011.     In February 2012, the superintendent conducted a staff survey concerning
plaintiff’s performance and received both positive and negative comments. In response to the

survey, the superintendent completed a “formative performance evaluation,” dated February 28,

in which she evaluated plaintiff in six performance areas. The evaluation addressed plaintiff’s

strengths and also noted areas for improvement. The superintendent testified that she shared the

results of this evaluation with the Board at its March 14 meeting. In addition to the concerns

raised in the superintendent’s evaluation, the Board had developed its own concerns about

plaintiff’s performance.1

       ¶ 3.    Plaintiff’s contract authorizes the Board to not renew her contract by providing

written notice of its reasons for non-renewal on or before March 15. By letter dated March 14,

the Board notified plaintiff of its decision not to renew her contract, citing “school climate” as

the reason for non-renewal. The letter also stated that the Board would be willing to reconsider

its decision upon plaintiff’s successful participation in a remedial plan developed and approved

by the superintendent and the Board.        Plaintiff followed up with a letter dated March 19

expressing her desire to work collaboratively with the Board to address its concerns.2

       ¶ 4.    On April 2, plaintiff met with the superintendent and the Board to discuss the plan

for remediation.     That same day, the Board provided plaintiff with a letter outlining

“performance deficiencies and Board expectations that require corrective action by” plaintiff.

The letter directed plaintiff to provide written summaries of specific actions that plaintiff planned

       1
           Plaintiff’s theory of the case is that the Board was biased against her from the outset
and that at the time it made the decision not to renew her contract in mid-March 2012, she had
received only positive feedback from parents, staff, and the administration. Despite these claims,
plaintiff provides no countervailing evidence. Nor does she dispute that the staff survey and
formative evaluation contained negative feedback. Indeed she presented these exhibits in her
printed case. Rather, plaintiff highlights the positive feedback while downplaying the concerns
expressed by her colleagues.
       2
           After the Board’s March 2012 non-renewal decision, several parents filed a lawsuit
against the Board seeking declaratory and injunctive relief for alleged open-meeting law
violations. After the superior court denied their motion for preliminary injunction, the parents
withdrew the lawsuit. Plaintiff relies on this lawsuit in support of her conflict-of-interest claim,
but it otherwise is not relevant to this case.
                                                 2
to take to address the problem areas discussed in the letter: student/parent favoritism, failure to

foster inclusiveness, communication issues, and scope of authority/communication with the

Board. The letter further stressed that “failure on [plaintiff’s] part to meet the expectations set

forth above will result in appropriate action by the Board.” The letter provided no specific

deadline for completion of the assigned tasks. The Board also directed plaintiff not to make any

public statement about the status of her contract.3

       ¶ 5.    In a letter dated April 5, plaintiff acknowledged receipt of the April 2 letter and

plan for remediation and indicated her commitment to the school and her desire to work with the

Board on meeting its expectations. Around April 9, plaintiff posted an entry to the “Principal’s

Blog” on the school’s website, indicating that it was her “understanding” that she would be

continuing at the school during the next year and that she and the Board were “eager to work

well together.” On May 23, the superintendent sent plaintiff an email regarding plaintiff’s

discussions with parents and teachers about her contract status. The superintendent reiterated the

need for confidentiality and again directed plaintiff not to speak publicly about the matter,

warning her that “[f]ailure to do so will result in further disciplinary action.” In a June 3 email to

the superintendent, plaintiff admitted that she “inadvertently caused more talk [among the

parents] by answering a query” about a recent meeting.

       ¶ 6.    On May 7 and May 21, plaintiff again met with the superintendent and the Board.

Plaintiff had not yet prepared written responses to the Board’s April 2 letter by the May 7

meeting but provided her responses at the May 21 meeting. The Board reviewed plaintiff’s

responses but at that time did not take action in reconsidering non-renewal of her contract.




       3
          Plaintiff alleges that, the day after she received the April 2 letter, the Board chair had a
conversation with a parent about plaintiff at the parent’s place of business. She claims that the
chair disclosed information from the Board’s executive sessions about plaintiff’s performance
deficiencies. The parent testified to this conversation at the post-termination hearing, but the
Board did not find his testimony credible.
                                                   3
        ¶ 7.    On June 2, the superintendent arranged for plaintiff to consult with a former

public school administrator to discuss the issues raised in the April 2 letter. In an email to the

superintendent the following day, plaintiff expressed positive thoughts about the meeting with

the former administrator, acknowledged and apologized for her actions that had “hurt the

community,” and reemphasized her eagerness to address the Board’s concerns and improve her

performance. Two days later, the Board chair forwarded to the rest of the Board members an

email chain that contained communications from another school employee to parents and staff

concerning plaintiff’s performance, proposing a new governance model for the school, and

supporting the Board’s March 14 non-renewal decision. The email first had been forwarded to

the superintendent, who wrote, “The last nail in the coffin?” before forwarding the message on to

the Board chair. In his message to the other Board members, the chair briefly stated that the

email was “not good” and mentioned future meeting dates.

        ¶ 8.    The superintendent prepared a “summative evaluation” dated June 8, which

highlighted many deficiencies raised in the earlier formative evaluation that had not yet been

remedied. The superintendent twice met with plaintiff to review the evaluation, which plaintiff

refused to sign, stating that she did not agree with it.

        ¶ 9.    On June 21, the Board sent plaintiff a letter notifying her of its decision to affirm

its March 14 non-renewal of her contract for the 2012-2013 school year. In its letter, the Board

noted that plaintiff failed to timely submit her written responses regarding her performance

deficiencies and Board expectations, as set out in the April 2 letter. The Board further stated

that, upon reviewing and discussing the responses that plaintiff provided at the May 21 meeting,

it concluded that plaintiff had not taken seriously the concerns set forth in the April 2 letter and

had not “demonstrated a sincere commitment to address [those] concerns.”

        ¶ 10.   On the same day, the Board sent a second letter notifying plaintiff that the Board

was initiating termination of her contract and would be meeting on July 11 to consider whether it

                                                   4
had cause to terminate her contract. The letter also notified plaintiff of her right to request a

post-termination hearing.    The termination letter explained that plaintiff’s responses to the

remediation plan and accompanying letter had been “uncooperative, untimely and

insubordinate.” It also addressed plaintiff’s public statements about her contract status, the

negative feedback provided in the superintendent’s evaluations, and the Board’s belief that that

plaintiff’s written responses showed “no serious consideration” of its concerns and “no sincere

commitment” to address those concerns. This letter apparently was sent in an effort to provide

an alternative route to terminating plaintiff’s employment because plaintiff took the position that

she had a two-year contract and that renewal into the second year was automatic. The case

proceeded as a termination pursuant to this second letter, and the Board appears to have

abandoned its non-renewal action.

       ¶ 11.   A post-termination hearing was conducted over four days in July. The Board

chair presided over the hearing until the last day, when he was called to testify against plaintiff

on the matter of the parent who claimed that the chair had disclosed information about plaintiff

from the Board’s executive sessions. After appearing as a witness, the chair recused himself

from further participation in the hearing, deliberation, and final vote on termination. The Board

issued its final decision on August 12, concluding that it had just and sufficient cause to

terminate plaintiff’s employment contract.       One member authored a dissenting opinion

highlighting what she perceived was bias against plaintiff on the part of the Board chair and vice-

chair from as early as fall 2011.

       ¶ 12.   Plaintiff filed a motion in the superior court for review under Vermont Rule of

Civil Procedure 74, raising claims of both procedural defects and a lack of just cause for her

termination. The superior court found no error in the conduct of the hearing and concluded that

the Board had just and sufficient cause for termination. Plaintiff renews her claims on appeal to

this Court. She first argues that she was denied due process of law because: (1) the Board was

                                                5
biased against her; (2) the Board had a conflict of interest based on participation in another

lawsuit; (3) the Board chair improperly participated in the hearing as both the presiding officer

and a witness; (4) the Board and the superintendent violated the Vermont Administrative

Procedure Act (APA); (5) the Board abused its discretion in excluding relevant evidence; and (6)

the Board and the superintendent violated Vermont’s open-meeting law. She then argues that, in

spite of these procedural defects, the Board failed to present evidence of just and sufficient cause

for her termination. We affirm the judgment of the superior court and conclude that plaintiff was

not denied due process and that the Board had just and sufficient cause for her termination.

       ¶ 13.   The foundation for our review here is the statute governing the termination of

public school principals, 16 V.S.A. § 243(d), and the procedural rule governing the scope of

appeal from termination decisions of the school board, Rule 74. The controlling statute provides:

                During the term of a contract, a principal may be dismissed by the
               board for just and sufficient cause by written notice setting forth
               the grounds therefor. The board may provide that its order shall
               take effect immediately, or following a hearing. In either case, the
               principal shall be given an opportunity to request in writing a
               hearing within 15 days following delivery of the notice. Within 15
               days following receipt of a request for hearing from the principal,
               the board shall conduct such a hearing. The clerk of the board
               shall advise the principal and the superintendent of the time and
               place of hearing by written notice at least five days before the date
               of the hearing. The hearing shall be in executive session unless
               both parties agree in writing that it be open to the public. The
               principal and any member of the board may present witnesses and
               written evidence and cross-examine witnesses, and the principal
               and the board may be represented by counsel. Either the principal
               or the school board may arrange for the taking of a verbatim record
               of the proceedings. After the hearing, the board shall affirm,
               modify, or reverse its earlier action. Within five days after the
               conclusion of evidence in the case, the board shall issue a written
               decision that includes findings of fact and conclusions of law.
               Within 30 days of the day the written decision is delivered, the
               principal may appeal to the superior court under the rules for
               appeals from decisions in contested cases.

16 V.S.A. § 243(d). What is most important here is that the statute vests in the Board the dual

powers of initiating termination with a “written notice setting forth the grounds therefor” and

                                                 6
thereafter conducting the termination hearing, if requested, and issuing a written decision to

“affirm, modify, or reverse its earlier action.” Id. Although plaintiff challenges aspects of the

process employed by the Board here, she has not alleged that the Board violated this governing

statute. Indeed, it is the dual role of the Board as initiator of the termination and adjudicator of

the grounds for termination, as required by the statute, that underlies plaintiff’s procedural due

process claim.

       ¶ 14.      The last sentence of the statute states that “the principal may appeal [from the

board decision] to the superior court under the rules for appeals from decisions in contested

cases.” Id. This sentence is a cross-reference to 3 V.S.A. § 815, which provides for judicial

review of contested cases. Specifically, § 815(c) states that review of final agency action may be

taken under the procedures provided in Rule 74. As we repeatedly have held, review under Rule

74 is presumed to be on the record developed in the administrative hearing, unless the statute

clearly states otherwise.4 See, e.g., In re Kwon, 2011 VT 26, ¶ 6, 189 Vt. 598, 19 A.3d 139

(mem.). The statute before us does not explicitly provide otherwise, and therefore review is on

the record. The superior court conducted an on-the-record review, and plaintiff did not object to

this procedure.

       ¶ 15.      The standard of review in the superior court is deferential, id., and our review on

appeal is the same as that of the superior court, 863 To Go, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor, 2014 VT 61,

¶ 8, 196 Vt. 551, 99 A.3d 629. We will uphold the Board’s factual findings unless clearly

erroneous and its conclusions of law if reasonably supported by the findings. Id. Our review of

matters not within the scope of the Board’s expertise, including alleged due-process violations

and other questions of law, is plenary. Rodriguez v. Pallito, 2014 VT 18, ¶ 20, 195 Vt. 612, 93

A.3d 102.


       4
         Section 815(b) of Title 3 sets forth a procedure by which the court may remand to the
agency for the taking of additional evidence. No such request was made in this case.
                                                7
       ¶ 16.   We begin with plaintiff’s claims of procedural and evidentiary errors. Plaintiff

relies on three sources of law: the Vermont APA, 3 V.S.A. §§ 800-849; Vermont’s open-meeting

law, 1 V.S.A. §§ 310-314; and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the

United States Constitution, U.S. Const. amend. xiv, § 1.5 With respect to the APA, plaintiff

alleges that the Board violated 3 V.S.A. § 813 by engaging in ex parte communications with the

superintendent.6 The APA applies to state agencies, id. § 801(b)(1), and therefore does not apply

to local school boards, Burroughs v. W. Windsor Bd. of Sch. Dirs., 141 Vt. 234, 236, 446 A.2d

377, 379 (1982) (so holding); see also In re Maple Tree Place, 156 Vt. 494, 497-98, 594 A.2d

404, 406 (1991) (“The APA does not apply to local boards or commissions.”). Because the APA

does not apply to the school board proceeding before us, we do not reach the merits of plaintiff’s

claim of APA violations.

       ¶ 17.   We turn next to plaintiff’s claim that the Board violated Vermont’s open-meeting

law. Plaintiff argues that the “nail in the coffin” email chain, which was forwarded from the

Board chair to the other members of the Board, violated the open-meeting law because it

       5
          Plaintiff raised neither the APA argument nor the general due-process arguments in her
post-hearing memorandum of law. Pieces of these arguments appear in objections made during
the hearings but not to the extent and scope made in her brief to this Court. The due-process
arguments were made to the superior court, but it is not clear that plaintiff made the APA
argument in that forum. The Board and the superintendent have not raised a preservation
argument, and we accordingly address the merits.
       6
           Plaintiff does not rely on the Municipal Administrative Procedure Act (MAPA), 24
V.S.A. §§ 1201-1210, although it appears on its face to apply here. The MAPA applies only to
four specific types of contested hearings, three of which clearly do not apply here. Applicable
here is § 1201(1)(D):

                A hearing by a municipal body which is not required by law to be
               conducted according to procedures establishes in this chapter, but
               which the municipality elects to conduct in accordance with this
               chapter.

The Board’s conclusion in its final order of termination states that “[the Board] has attempted to
comply with the requirements of MAPA.” We do not read this language as a binding election to
conduct the hearing in accordance with MAPA. In any event, we do not consider MAPA’s
applicability since plaintiff failed to raise it.
                                                  8
addressed official Board business in a non-public forum.         See 1 V.S.A. § 312(a)(1) (“All

meetings of a public body are declared to be open to the public at all times . . . .”). Plaintiff

further argues that if we found an open-meeting law violation, the remedy would be to reverse

the Board’s decision to terminate her employment. We do not reach the question of whether this

remedy would be proper because we conclude that plaintiff has not demonstrated a violation of

the open-meeting law.

       ¶ 18.   Turning to the statute, “meeting” is defined as “a gathering of a quorum of the

members of a public body for the purpose of discussing the business of the public body or for the

purpose of taking action.” Id. § 310(2). In 2013, the Legislature amended § 310(2) to include

additional language specifying that a meeting “shall not mean written correspondence or an

electronic communication, including e-mail . . . between members of a public body for the

purpose of scheduling a meeting, organizing an agenda, or distributing materials to discuss at a

meeting,” provided that the communication is available to the public under the Public Records

Act, 1 V.S.A. §§ 315-320.7

       ¶ 19.   The language of § 310(2), prior to amendment, compels a reading that is

consistent with the Legislature’s clarifying 2013 language. The definition of “meeting” under

the earlier statute was limited to discussing business or taking action and did not include

organizing agendas or distributing materials.     We have explained that “[w]here, as here, a

legislative body enacts a law clarifying an earlier law, the ‘subsequent legislation declaring the

intent of an earlier statute is entitled to great weight in statutory construction.’ ” Washington v.

Pierce, 2005 VT 125, ¶ 33, 179 Vt. 318, 895 A.2d 173 (quoting Loving v. United States, 517

U.S. 748, 770 (1996)). We further have explained that “the later act can be viewed as the


       7
          Plaintiff does not argue that the Board violated the amended statute by failing to make
the email chain publicly accessible. Therefore, we need not consider whether this language
applies to emails sent before the effective date of the amendment. Of course, the underlying
content of the email chain was sent to parents and staff of the school.
                                                 9
legislative body’s interpretation of the earlier act ‘in the sense that it aids in ascertaining the

meaning of the words as used in their contemporary setting.’ ” Id. (quoting Erlenbaugh v.

United States, 490 U.S. 239, 244 (1972)).        It is clear in reading the earlier and amended

legislative enactments together that the Legislature did not intend for the term “meeting” to

encompass the distribution by email of information for discussion at meetings, as occurred here.

       ¶ 20.   The “nail in the coffin” email merely forwarded the comments of the employee

and the superintendent to the other Board members for discussion at upcoming meetings. No

members of the Board discussed any business or took any action with respect to the contents of

the email or any issue surrounding plaintiff’s performance. At most, the Board chair indicated

that the forwarded messages were “not good” and reinforced the need for the Board to move

forward on resolving plaintiff’s employment status. We therefore conclude that the Board did

not violate Vermont’s open-meeting law.

       ¶ 21.   We turn next to plaintiff’s claims under the Due Process Clause. As noted above,

supra, ¶ 13, these claims more or less arise out of the nature of the Board’s dual role in initiating

termination of plaintiff’s employment and adjudicating the grounds for her termination. Plaintiff

alleges that she was denied due process because of the Board’s alleged bias and conflict of

interest, the multiplicity of functions by the Board chair, and the improper exclusion of relevant

evidence.

       ¶ 22.   We start with plaintiff’s claim of bias. Plaintiff argues generally that the Board

harbored animosity toward her and, based on its involvement in the non-renewal decision,

prejudged the facts of the case such that she was denied a fair and impartial hearing. With

respect to her claim of actual bias, plaintiff relies primarily on the dissenting opinion from the

termination decision, which stated that the Board chair and vice-chair “have approached

[plaintiff] with suspicion, lack of cooperation, and on occasion with outright hostility.” The



                                                 10
dissent asserted that the chair and vice-chair decided in 2011 that they did not want plaintiff to

“remain as our principal” and abused their authority to reach that end. Plaintiff alleges that

               actual bias is also evident in [the Board chair’s] discussions with
               the Board and Superintendent, and in the preclusion of inquiry into
               such discussions, [and by] the final-nail-in-the-coffin email[,
               which] shows that the Board (adjudicator) and the Superintendent
               (prosecutor) were working together to prepare the strongest
               possible defense of a predetermined result.

Plaintiff further alleges that the presence of “apparent bias” is also sufficient to overturn the

decision.

       ¶ 23.   We recognize that “[a] fair trial before an impartial decisionmaker is a basic

requirement of due process, applicable to administrative agencies as well as to the courts.”

Sec’y, Agency of Natural Res. v. Upper Valley Reg’l Landfill Corp., 167 Vt. 228, 234-35, 705

A.2d 1001, 1005 (1997); see also Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 (1976) (“The

fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and

in a meaningful manner.” (quotation omitted)). The presence of bias—or prejudgment, a form of

bias—may preclude a fair and impartial hearing. In re Davenport, 129 Vt. 546, 555, 283 A.2d

452, 456 (1971); see also Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 46-47 (1975) (stating that “a biased

decisionmaker [is] constitutionally unacceptable”). Bias may manifest itself in the form of either

“actual bias” or the “probability of actual bias.” Withrow, 421 U.S. at 47. We recently noted,

however, that “only in ‘the most extreme of cases’ is disqualification for bias constitutionally

required.” In re JLD Props. of St. Albans, LLC, 2011 VT 87, ¶ 9, 190 Vt. 259, 30 A.3d 641

(quoting Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Lavoie, 475 U.S. 813, 821 (1986)).

       ¶ 24.   Three significant precedential decisions define the controlling law for this case—

two from the United States Supreme Court and one from this Court. In Withrow, 421 U.S. 35,

the State Medical Examining Board conducted an investigation into whether a doctor had

engaged in certain proscribed acts. Based on the investigation, the Board filed a notice of a

contested hearing on whether the doctor’s medical practice license would be temporarily
                                          11
suspended. The doctor sought an injunction against the Board to prevent the hearing, alleging

that, because of the investigative role of the Board, it was biased and could not conduct an

adjudicatory hearing consistent with the requirements of due process.        The United States

Supreme Court rejected this claim, noting that it is common for an administrative agency to

receive the results of an investigation, to approve the filing of charges based on that

investigation, and to then participate in the ensuing hearings on those charges. Id. at 56. The

Court held that this procedure did not violate due process because “there is no incompatibility

between the agency filing a complaint based on probable cause and a subsequent decision, when

all the evidence is in, that there has been no violation of [law].” Id. at 57. In reaching its

conclusion, the Court added that, although the presence of both investigative and adjudicative

functions “does not, without more, constitute a due process violation,” a court might conclude

that “special facts and circumstances present in the case before it [make] the risk of

unfairness . . . intolerably high.” Id. at 58.

        ¶ 25.   Based on Withrow, the United States Supreme Court reached the same conclusion

in Hortonville Joint School District No. 1 v. Hortonville Education Ass’n, 426 U.S. 482 (1976), a

closer decision than the one here. In Hortonville, the school board conducted disciplinary

hearings for several teachers who had gone on strike in violation of state law. At the hearings,

the aggrieved teachers argued that the school board was not sufficiently impartial—because the

strike at issue had been prompted by the board’s failure to meet the teachers’ demands—and that

due process entitled them to an independent and unbiased decisionmaker.          The Wisconsin

Supreme Court held that the school board impermissibly was biased, and the United States

Supreme Court reversed. The Court first noted the school board’s broad statutory authority over

the governance of the school district, including its power to negotiate employment terms and

employ and dismiss teachers, id. at 487, and emphasized that it is not improper for the same

board that unsuccessfully negotiated with the union to conduct the disciplinary hearings leading

                                                 12
to the teachers’ dismissal, id. at 489-91. The Court then focused on the nature of the alleged

bias, noting that the teachers must show some personal animosity or personal or financial stake

in the outcome. Id. at 491-92. “Mere familiarity with the facts of the case gained by an agency

in the performance of its statutory role,” the Court explained, “does not . . . disqualify a

decisionmaker.” Id. at 493. Nor did the Court accept that anti-union animus was sufficient to

show bias where the board was acting within its statutory authority. Id. at 492 n.4. The school

board’s involvement in the events giving rise to the decision to terminate employment, the Court

further reasoned, “is not enough to overcome the presumption of honesty and integrity in

policymakers with decisionmaking power.” Id. at 496-97.

       ¶ 26.   A case before this Court, In re Davenport, 129 Vt. 546, 283 A.2d 452, involved

facts that are analogous to those present here, and, even though the decision preceded Withrow

and Hortonville, it is fully consistent with those decisions. In Davenport, the superintendent and

the school board of the Hartford School District suspended three high school teachers as a

consequence of a student walkout and demonstration during school hours. The notifications sent

to each of the three teachers informed them of their right of appeal to the board. After a two-day

hearing, the board ordered dismissal of the three teachers. The aggrieved teachers appealed the

decision to the superior court, arguing that they were denied an impartial hearing because the

school board participated in their suspension and conducted the final hearing. We rejected their

claim and held that the board’s dual role in ordering suspension and hearing the appeal did not

deprive the teachers of a fair and impartial hearing. Id. at 555-56, 283 A.2d at 456. In reaching

our decision, we considered the nature of the legislative enactment, which vests both

administrative and judicial authority in the school board, and recognized that, although

“problems of impartiality” may arise, such dual authority “is permissible when the combination

is incidental to the primary governmental function of the administrative body.” Id. at 555, 283

A.2d at 456. We emphasized that employees are entitled to a fair and impartial hearing before an

                                               13
unbiased board but that only actual prejudice will preclude an impartial hearing. Id. As we

stated, “Prior involvement in the subject matter of the hearing, of itself, will not work a judicial

disqualification. And a claim of prejudgment founded on prior participation will not oust the

only tribunal that has the authority to act in the premises.” Id. Although Davenport was decided

over forty years ago, we recently reaffirmed its rationale in JLD Properties, 2011 VT 87, ¶¶ 6-9.

       ¶ 27.    On this record, plaintiff’s claim of bias against the Board is controlled by

Davenport and Hortonville, and we must affirm the decision of the superior court that there was

no due-process violation based on bias. We stress that the statutory scheme charged the Board

with the dual role of making non-renewal and termination decisions and adjudicating the

sufficiency of the grounds for termination.         The Board necessarily communicated about

plaintiff’s performance with the superintendent and others, resulting in the decision to initiate

termination proceedings. The fact that the Board had thought about plaintiff’s performance prior

to the hearing is not dispositive, so long as it was open to consider the matter based on the

evidence at the hearing. The Board’s decision specifically addressed this point in response to

plaintiff’s challenges. The Board stated in its decision that it was required “to render its decision

based on an impartial and unbiased review of the evidence submitted during the hearing.” It

acknowledged that the individual members had been involved in “some of the discussions and

events that have led to this proceeding,” given the Board’s broad governance responsibility, but

concluded that these actions did not prevent it from fulfilling its adjudicative responsibility.

       ¶ 28.    We stress the limitation of the record. Because plaintiff chose to raise due-

process challenges by appeal under 16 V.S.A. § 243(d), she must base her challenges on the

record before the Board.8 In adhering to this limitation, she relies heavily on the dissenting

opinion of one Board member. The dissent’s conclusions appear to be based on the Board’s

discussions over the entire period of their consideration of plaintiff’s performance. For example,

       8
           Plaintiff also brought an independent action in superior court.
                                                 14
the dissent concludes that the chair and vice-chair decided in 2011 that they no longer wanted to

retain plaintiff as principal. We find no evidence in the record of any Board hearings on which

this conclusion is based, and neither the dissent’s statements nor plaintiff’s brief to this Court

points to any. We also endorse the superior court’s observation that plaintiff’s “attempt to rely

on stray comments, contained either in speech or e-mail, by the Board expressing dissatisfaction

with her or advocating in favor of her termination is unavailing. Comments such as these are

unavoidable where the Board is entrusted by the community in the statutory process of making

personnel decisions.”

       ¶ 29.   We are required by our standard of review to determine whether the Board’s

decision is supported by the record. The dissent’s statements based on non-record observations

or stray emails challenging the Board are not of any assistance to plaintiff’s position. Even if we

found record evidence to support the dissent’s conclusions, if those conclusions are based on

findings of fact not agreed to by the majority, we would have to conduct our review based on the

majority’s findings.

       ¶ 30.   As summarized above, plaintiff has rolled into her bias allegations arguments

related to the Board’s involvement in a concurrent lawsuit, the Board chair’s multiplicity of

functions and recusal from the final decision, and the “nail in the coffin” email. We consider

issues related to these claims separately below. We add only that, to the extent plaintiff’s

arguments rely on the testimony of the parent with whom the Board chair allegedly discussed

plaintiff’s performance, the Board’s decision explicitly rejects that testimony as not credible.

Reconciliation of conflicting testimony must be left to the Board.

       ¶ 31.   We turn next to plaintiff’s claim that the Board had a conflict of interest arising

from a concurrent lawsuit filed by parents against the Board for open-meeting law violations.

Plaintiff argues that the Board acted improperly as both adversary in defending itself against the

parents’ lawsuit and adjudicator in its role as decisionmaker in the post-termination hearing. She

                                                15
again relies on the dissent’s statement that the parents’ action “backed the Board into a corner”

and caused it to “seek further actions to make the non-renewal stick.” For purposes of this

analysis, we will accept that plaintiff’s theory is valid, such that the presence of a lawsuit could

prevent the Board from conducting a fair adjudication.9

       ¶ 32.    As noted above, supra, n.2, the parents withdrew their lawsuit after the superior

court denied their motion for preliminary injunction on the ground that the parents showed no

“likelihood of success.” The court made this ruling before the commencement of the post-

termination hearing. We conclude that plaintiff failed to demonstrate a conflict of interest that

would prevent the Board from conducting the termination hearings and ruling on plaintiff’s

terminations.

       ¶ 33.    We turn next to plaintiff’s claim that the Board chair’s roles in both presiding

over the hearing and testifying against plaintiff deprived her of a fair and impartial hearing. The

issue arose when plaintiff presented as a witness a parent who supported plaintiff. The witness

testified to two meetings with the Board chair in which the chair discussed his negative

evaluation of plaintiff’s performance.      Initially, the Board ruled that this testimony was

inadmissible because it was irrelevant. Before the last day of the hearing, however, the Board

offered plaintiff the opportunity to present the evidence, so long as the Board chair could testify

in response and then disqualify himself from participating in the final decision. Plaintiff did not

object to this procedure, and it was implemented. Plaintiff, however, argued in the superior court

that the Board chair’s recusal came too late in the proceeding to overcome the prejudice of his

dual role as witness and adjudicator. She makes the same argument here.




       9
           In this case, the Board never was an adversary of plaintiff in the lawsuit, and the
lawsuit was related only tangentially to plaintiff’s termination; rather, the Board was an
adversary to the parents on the issue of whether the Board violated the open-meeting law. There
is clearly a question of whether the specific lawsuit relied upon by plaintiff would create an
unacceptable conflict of interest for the Board in ruling on plaintiff’s termination.
                                                 16
       ¶ 34.   Due process generally does not tolerate multiplicity of functions by a single

individual in an adjudicative proceeding. In re Crushed Rock, Inc., 150 Vt. 613, 621-22, 557

A.2d 84, 89 (1988). The Board and the superintendent argue that the risk of impartiality may be

avoided, however, if the individual recuses himself from the deliberations and final vote.

Although we never have directly addressed this argument, we have recognized that recusal from

the final decision cures a disqualified member’s participation in an adjudicative proceeding. See,

e.g., State v. Lund, 168 Vt. 102, 110-11, 718 A.2d 413, 418 (1998) (denying motion to vacate

based on recused judge’s participation in decision because vote was unanimous and judge’s

presence did not affect deliberations). Plaintiff responds that the Board chair, despite his recusal,

“unquestionably influenced [the] conduct of the proceedings and recommendations to the Board

during the first three days” of the hearing and that his participation as a witness testifying against

her “demonstrates an actual conflict of interest.”

       ¶ 35.   We recently addressed a somewhat analogous situation in JLD Properties, 2011

VT 87. There, we considered potential due-process violations in a development review board

(DRB) chair’s failure to recuse himself from a proceeding for a permit to build a retail store.

While serving as a selectboard member, the DRB chair personally had attacked the nonprofit

environmental organization that opposed the permit. We held that the chair should have recused

himself from participating in the DRB proceeding and that his failure to do so was a due-process

violation. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. We further held, however, that the violation was cured on appeal by the

Environmental Division’s de novo review, noting that participation by the chair at the DRB level

was not the kind of fundamental structural error that tainted the whole process of permit

consideration. Id. ¶¶ 12-13.

       ¶ 36.   We reach the same conclusion here.           We note that, at the outset, plaintiff

consented to the process that enabled the Board chair to testify if he recused himself from further

participation. At best, plaintiff speculates that the chair may have tainted the deliberation in

                                                 17
discussion with other Board members, but there is no evidence in the record that any taint

occurred. As the United States Supreme Court observed in Hortonville, such speculation is not

enough to overcome the presumption of honesty and integrity in policymakers with

decisionmaking power. 426 U.S. at 496-97. The Board members were aware that the chair was

no longer part of the decisionmaking process when they agreed to the procedure that allowed the

chair to testify, and we must presume the Board rendered a decision based on its own evaluation

of the evidence.

       ¶ 37.   We turn next to plaintiff’s claim that the Board abused its discretion in excluding

as evidence the “nail in the coffin” email. She argues that the email was “probative of the

Board’s improper motive and decision-making process” and “demonstrated the Board’s

prejudgment and the impermissible collaboration between the Board and the Superintendent.”

The Board’s decision to exclude evidence is “highly discretionary” and will be reversed “only

where discretion has been abused or withheld and prejudice has resulted.” In re Lathrop Ltd.

P’ship, 2015 VT 49, ¶ 90, ___ Vt. ___, ___ A.3d ___ (quotation omitted); see also Bombard v.

Dep’t of Labor, 2010 VT 100, ¶ 10 n.1, 189 Vt. 528, 12 A.3d 533 (mem.) (recognizing discretion

of administrative board to exclude evidence).

       ¶ 38.   As the record reflects, plaintiff attempted to introduce this email during her cross-

examination of the Board chair, which concerned his alleged statements to a parent about

plaintiff’s performance. She had the opportunity to introduce the evidence during her case-in-

chief but failed to do so. While it is true that the Board generally is not “free to exclude”

evidence that is “competent, relevant, and material,” In re Cent. Vt. Pub. Serv. Corp., 141 Vt.

284, 293, 449 A.2d 904, 909 (1982) (quotation omitted), it has the discretion to exclude evidence

not within the limited the scope of the cross-examination, see V.R.E. 611(b) (providing that

“[c]ross-examination should be limited to the subject matter of the direct examination and

matters affecting the credibility of the witness”). At the hearing, plaintiff objected to the limited

                                                 18
scope of her cross-examination of the Board chair, but makes no argument here as to why the

Board should have allowed her to exceed the scope of the direct examination.

         ¶ 39.   We add that we do not attach the same significance to the email that plaintiff

does. As the superior court stated, any error in excluding the email was harmless because it

“simply shows the types of discussion that occur before a school board makes the decision to

terminate a principal.” It is likely that Board members were bombarded with communications

from citizens and others supporting and opposing plaintiff’s continued employment. 10 It is also

clear that the Board acted at the initiative of the superintendent, who forwarded the email to the

chair.    Exploring every communication and its effect would have greatly lengthened the

proceedings for little purpose.      We agree with the superior court that this email chain

demonstrates no actual bias toward plaintiff. We therefore conclude that the Board did not abuse

its discretion in excluding the email and that plaintiff was not prejudiced by its exclusion.

         ¶ 40.   Finally, we address plaintiff’s argument that the cumulative effect of the evidence

shows apparent bias, if not actual bias. The record certainly shows that personnel disputes in the

context of public education can be controversial and divisive. The Legislature has decided to

place the responsibility for acting on personnel matters and adjudicating the validity of that

action in an elected local school board. Beyond the apparent conflict that adheres to these roles,

the record does not support plaintiff’s allegations of apparent or actual bias.

         ¶ 41.   As we have concluded that plaintiff’s post-termination hearing was proper and

involved no procedural defects, we turn to the merits of the Board’s decision. Plaintiff claims

that the Board could not show just and sufficient cause for termination and argues that “public

opinion almost uniformly favored” her and opposed her termination; that staff surveys, formative

evaluations, and feedback from parents all were “uniformly positive” at least through March 1,


         10
            The underlying email from the employee indicates that some teachers had been
contacting school board members.
                                           19
2012; and that the superintendent acknowledged that as of March 1 there was “a positive

collaborative school culture.” Plaintiff also stresses that the Board did not review her February

evaluation prior to its March 14 vote not to renew her contract and that it attempted non-renewal

only two weeks after the superintendent’s positive assessment. For these reasons, plaintiff

argues that the Board’s non-renewal decision “is simply not supportable.” Plaintiff further

stresses that the summative evaluation, which was “replete with generalized claims of

insubordination,” was not reviewed by the Board until its June 13, 2012 vote on termination.

Essentially, plaintiff’s argument is two-pronged: first, that the Board “aggressive[ly]

manipulat[ed] the factual record”; and second, that there was insufficient evidence to support

plaintiff’s termination in spite of the manipulation. As noted above, supra, ¶ 15, our review of

the Board’s decision is deferential, particularly when reviewing the factual underpinnings of the

Board’s conclusions. 863 To Go, Inc., 2014 VT 61, ¶ 8 (reviewing factual findings for clear

error).

          ¶ 42.   As to plaintiff’s claim that the Board’s findings are unsupported by the record

evidence, we find no clear error. First, plaintiff argues that feedback was positive through at

least March 1, 2012, and that it was undisputed that the Board did not review the formative

evaluation prior to its March 14 non-renewal vote. As to this point, the Board made findings that

the February staff survey documented concerns about favoritism and faculty divisiveness. The

Board noted that comments were both positive and negative but stressed that “many comments

clearly pointed to issues of low morale and divisions on the staff that were attributed to actions

of [plaintiff].” The Board further noted both the positive and negative feedback provided in the

formative evaluation completed by the superintendent on February 28, and emphasized instances

of plaintiff’s resistance to Board directives, failure to meet timelines, and need for improvement

in superintendent and Board relations. The Board’s findings are supported by the staff survey

and formative evaluation, both of which were admitted in evidence at the hearing.             The

                                                 20
superintendent’s testimony also supports the Board’s findings that plaintiff’s job performance

was a cause for concern at this time. She testified that she had concerns about the negative

feedback from staff, including issues of distrust, lack of transparency, micro-management, low

morale, and dishonesty. She acknowledged that, while many of the survey responses indicated a

“positive collaborative school culture,” there were “very negative” responses from individuals

who were “very very concerned.” With respect to plaintiff’s claim that that the Board did not

review the evaluation prior to its March 14 vote not to renew her contract, the superintendent

testified that she shared her evaluation with the Board at that very meeting. Plaintiff provides no

evidence to support her claim that the Board never saw the evaluation. Plaintiff’s claim that

“[t]he attempted non-renewal, just 13 days after the Superintendent’s assessment of a positive

and collaborative school climate, is simply not supportable” is itself not supportable. The

evidence demonstrates staff and superintendent concerns about plaintiff’s performance, and we

see no error in the Board’s findings.

       ¶ 43.   Second, plaintiff claims that the Board saw the summative evaluation for the first

time during the June 13, 2012 meeting where it voted on her termination, viewing it “only

briefly,” and that therefore it could not have been “the impetus for the Board’s decision” to

terminate her. As the Board’s findings demonstrate, however, the Board had concerns about

plaintiff’s performance even before the superintendent prepared the summative evaluation.

Specifically, the Board noted plaintiff’s failure to make progress toward completion of a

remedial plan; its dissatisfaction with her responses to questions presented under the remedial

plan; and her failure to abide by the Board’s directive not to discuss her contract with the public.

Plaintiff’s failure to timely complete tasks assigned under the remedial plan and the Board’s

dissatisfaction with her responses are the precise reasons the Board provided in its June 21, 2012

letter informing plaintiff of its decision to affirm its March 14 non-renewal decision. Moreover,

the superintendent’s testimony supports the Board’s finding that there was concern about

                                                21
plaintiff’s public discussion of her contract status. Specifically, the superintendent testified that

the issue was discussed at a Board meeting and that at least one of the members stated that

plaintiff was not authorized to make the comment, the comment was improper, and it did not

reflect the Board’s view. The Board makes no finding that the summative evaluation was the

impetus of its decision. Rather, the Board’s findings, as supported by evidence and testimony,

demonstrate other considerations that led to the final termination vote.

       ¶ 44.   Because we find no error in the Board’s findings, we turn to its conclusion that it

had just and sufficient cause for termination, which we review for reasonableness. Id. ¶ 8.

Plaintiff makes no concrete argument here but merely asserts that the Board’s findings do not

support its conclusion that it had cause for her termination.

       ¶ 45.   We previously have addressed the requirements for finding just and sufficient

cause for an employee’s termination and formulated a two-part test for determining whether

there was just cause for dismissal: (1) whether “the employee’s conduct was egregious enough

that the discharge was reasonable” and (2) whether “the employee had fair notice, express or

implied, that such conduct could result in discharge.” Sarvis v. Vt. State Colls., 172 Vt. 76, 80,

772 A.2d 494, 497 (2001) (quotation omitted).           We also have held that insubordination

constitutes behavior egregious enough to warrant discharge, explaining that “[i]nsubordination is

a serious offense because it weakens the confidence management has in an employee’s reliability

in carrying out directives from management.” In re Hurlburt, 2003 VT 2, ¶ 23, 175 Vt. 40, 820

A.2d 186; see also In re Morrissey, 149 Vt. 1, 13, 538 A.2d 678, 686 (1987) (finding just cause

for termination where employee undermined established policy and superior’s authority).

       ¶ 46.   As the superior court noted, the Board expressly cited insubordination as the

reason for plaintiff’s dismissal. The evidence supports the Board’s conclusions that plaintiff

failed to cooperate with and follow directives of the superintendent and the Board and that she

had her own vision for the school that did not align with that of the Board. Further, the evidence

                                                 22
supports the Board’s conclusions that plaintiff failed to make progress on the plan for

remediation and address deficiencies in her performance and that she disregarded the Board’s

directive not to publicly discuss her contract. The Board reasonably concluded that this conduct

amounted to insubordination requiring dismissal.

       ¶ 47.    We also have held that “[k]nowledge that certain behavior is prohibited and

subject to discipline is notice of the possibility of dismissal.” In re Hurlburt, 2003 VT 2, ¶ 25

(quotation omitted). Here, plaintiff was aware that her job performance needed improvement.

The superintendent discussed the evaluations with plaintiff, and the Board drew up a remediation

plan and provided plaintiff with a letter outlining what she needed to do to address her

deficiencies.   She also received a warning from the superintendent that any further public

discussion of her contract status would result in disciplinary action. She was fully aware that

failure to progress with the plan, respond to the Board’s concerns, and obey the Board’s

directives could result in termination of her contract.

       ¶ 48.    Plaintiff has presented no evidence in support of her argument that the Board

lacked cause. She merely wars with the Board’s findings, relies heavily on the comments in the

dissent, and recites, out of context, comments from the evaluation forms that she had fostered a

“positive collaborative school climate.” We therefore affirm the Board’s decision that it had just

and sufficient cause to terminate her employment contract.

       Affirmed.

                                                FOR THE COURT:



                                                Associate Justice




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