[Cite as State v. Carmichael, 2013-Ohio-2178.]
                          STATE OF OHIO, COLUMBIANA COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                       SEVENTH DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO                                    )   CASE NO. 11 CO 23
                                                 )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE                       )
                                                 )
VS.                                              )   OPINION
                                                 )
BRYAN CARMICHAEL                                 )
                                                 )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT                      )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                            Criminal Appeal from the Court of
                                                     Common Pleas of Columbiana County,
                                                     Ohio
                                                     Case No. 10 CR 151

JUDGMENT:                                            Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                              Atty. Robert Herron
                                                     Columbiana County Prosecutor
                                                     Atty. Ryan P. Weikart
                                                     Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
                                                     105 South Market Street
                                                     Lisbon, Ohio 44432

For Defendant-Appellant:                             Atty. Douglas A. King
                                                     Hartford, Dickey & King Co., LPA
                                                     91 West Taggart Street
                                                     P.O. Box 85
                                                     East Palestine, Ohio 44113

JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
                                                     Dated: May 23, 2013
[Cite as State v. Carmichael, 2013-Ohio-2178.]
WAITE, J.


        {¶1}     Appellant was involved in a shooting at a bar in East Liverpool.

Appellant was not the gunman, but drove the gunman away from the scene and

purchased the motel rooms where he, the shooter and a third man travelling with

them stayed after the incident. The three men were apprehended together in the

early morning following the shooting.             Appellant was ultimately charged with

complicity to felonious assault. Appellant appeals this conviction primarily due to the

introduction of evidence suggesting that he and his travelling companions, who were

from Columbus, were involved in drug trafficking. Appellant alleges error with regard

to the prosecutor’s offering of and the trial court’s decision to allow before the jury

some evidence of drug-related activity. Appellant also claims error based on the

weight of the evidence supporting his conviction. Appellant’s six assignments of error

are without merit and are overruled.

                                  Factual and Procedural History

        {¶2}     Appellant, Bryan Carmichael, drove the getaway car in a shooting that

occurred outside the A1 Hideaway Bar in East Liverpool, Ohio.              According to

witnesses at the scene that night, an argument began inside the bar, apparently

between bar patrons. The argument moved outside and three men from Columbus,

Ohio, including Appellant and his companion Carlos Garner, became involved. A

local man, Rick Austin III and his father were among the people who moved out into

the parking lot. The younger Mr. Austin threw a bottle which exploded against a

fence and Garner confronted him. The older Mr. Austin hit Garner and he fell to the

ground. As Garner got up, he ordered Appellant to start their car, and then shot the
                                                                                     -2-

older Mr. Austin in the hip with a .9 mm pistol. According to witnesses at the scene,

Garner pulled the pistol prior to sending Appellant off to start the car. (Tr., pp. 245-

245; 497.)

      {¶3}   Appellant did start their car and apparently pulled toward the group.

According to witnesses, Garner moved to the car, stood on the door frame, and fired

or attempted to fire more shots toward Mr. Austin.         (Tr., pp. 143-144.)   When

Garner’s gun jammed, he entered the vehicle and Appellant, who was driving, sped

off down the street. (Tr., pp. 145-145.) The third man, Tysin Gordon, was present

during the incident, but the extent of his involvement is unclear from this record. The

three men ended their evening at the East Liverpool Motor Lodge, where they asked

how long it would take to get to Youngstown. When told it would take over an hour,

Appellant rented and paid for two rooms. (Tr., p. 278.) Appellant and a woman took

one room, the gunman, Gordon and a second woman took the other. The rooms

they were initially assigned were at some distance from one another, and Appellant

returned to the office to request a room change so that the group could stay close

together. (Tr., pp. 276-280.)

      {¶4}   The patrolmen who responded to the incident at the bar were able to

take statements at the scene from multiple witnesses. The officers were also aided

in their investigation by information received during their ongoing narcotics

investigations. Narcotics investigators had previously connected the three men to a

known dealer in the area and were able to share with the investigators of the bar

shooting the pattern of activity of the three men and their possible whereabouts.
                                                                                   -3-

      {¶5}   When the investigating officers arrived at the motel, they found a rented

vehicle matching the description of the getaway car. The vehicle was parked in a

manner that concealed its single out-of-county license plate against a wall. Clothing

and a digital scale were collected from the men’s motel rooms. Samples from the

scene revealed cocaine residue. When the three were apprehended, they had large

amounts of cash concealed in their shoes. According to investigators, the shooting

was believed to be drug-related from the beginning of the investigation because

Appellant and the other two men were affiliated with a known dealer. (Tr., pp. 213-

214; 220; 224; 347.)

      {¶6}   The statements given by the victim and his son at the scene and later

the same night were subsequently contradicted by some of the testimony the two

provided at trial.     According to the prosecution and trial testimony, the three

Columbus-area men were involved in drug trafficking and the argument at the bar

concerned that involvement. According to the defense, Appellant had no idea that

co-defendant Garner intended to shoot anyone, and was unaware that Garner shot

Mr. Austin prior to driving away with Garner. Appellant also claims he did not know

Garner continued to attempt to shoot the victim as he entered the car.

      {¶7}   Appellant was convicted following a three-day trial. During the course

of the trial, the judge overruled two mistrial motions. The first motion was made when

testimony was offered as to the chain of custody of clothing collected when Appellant

and the other two men were arrested. This clothing was tested for gunshot residue to

help identify which of them might have discharged a firearm that night. The second

motion was made at the close of all of the prosecution evidence and essentially
                                                                                    -4-

alleged that there was not enough prosecution evidence to even put before the jury.

Both were overruled. The jury returned a unanimous guilty verdict on April 27, 2011

and Appellant was released on bond. Appellant was sentenced on June 30, 2011, to

four years in prison with credit for eleven days served. Appellant’s timely appeal of

his conviction was filed from the entry of his sentence.

                                  Argument and Law

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

       Appellant was deprived his due process right to a fair trial by

       misconduct on the part of the prosecutor.

       {¶8}   The standard of review for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the

actions by the prosecution were improper, and, if so, whether they prejudiced

Appellant's substantial rights. State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 480, 739 N.E.2d

749 (2001).     “In determining whether the prosecutor’s statements affected a

substantial right of the defendant, an appellate court should consider the following

factors:   ‘(1) the nature of the remarks; (2) whether an objection was made by

defense counsel; (3) whether the court gave any corrective instructions; and (4) the

strength of the evidence presented against the defendant.’ ” State v. Scott, 7th Dist.

No. 07 MA 152, 2009-Ohio-4961, ¶85, quoting State v. Breland, 11th Dist. No. 2003-

A-0066, 2004-Ohio-7238, ¶29.

       {¶9}   Prosecutorial misconduct will not provide a basis for reversal unless the

misconduct can be said to have deprived Appellant of a fair trial based on the entire

record.    State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 166, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990); State v.
                                                                                      -5-

Skidmore, 7th Dist. No. 08 MA 165, 2010-Ohio-2846, ¶44; appeal not allowed, 126

Ohio St.3d 1602, 2010-Ohio-4928, 935 N.E.2d 47.             The test for prosecutorial

misconduct focuses on “the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.”

State v. Noling, 98 Ohio St.3d 44, 2002-Ohio-7044, 781 N.E.2d 88, ¶91.

       {¶10} Usually, an appellant alleging prosecutorial misconduct is complaining

about allegedly improper statements made by a prosecutor during opening or closing

remarks. Appellant first alleges prosecutorial misconduct not for any statement made

during opening arguments, but for various references throughout the trial to

Appellant’s alleged involvement in drug trafficking. In a majority of the instances now

alleged as misconduct, no objection was raised in the trial court.            Therefore,

Appellant has waived all but a plain error review of these alleged errors. Crim.R.

52(B). Use of the discretionary plain error doctrine requires us to find an obvious

error that affected substantial rights under exceptional circumstances. Crim.R. 52(B);

State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). It cannot be utilized

unless the outcome clearly would have been different if not for the error. State v.

Waddell, 75 Ohio St.3d 163, 166, 661 N.E.2d 1043 (1996).

       {¶11} In the remaining instances Appellant now claims were misconduct,

evidentiary objections were raised by defense counsel at the time. The trial court did

end the line of questioning after sustaining defense counsel’s objection on relevance

or prejudice grounds in most of these instances. When the trial court sustained

Appellant’s objection, our review is limited to whether the questions were improper

and if an impropriety occurred, whether it prejudiced Appellant’s substantial rights to

such a degree the trial court’s ruling could not remedy this impropriety. Where the
                                                                                     -6-

trial court overruled Appellant’s objection, our review is limited to whether that

decision was an abuse of discretion.

      {¶12} Appellant does not point to even a single incident of the type of

impermissible behavior universally recognized as prejudicial:          comment on a

defendant’s decision not to testify, or appeals to the jury to place themselves in the

victim’s position. Instead, Appellant objects to the prosecution’s theory of the case as

a drug-related shooting.    Essentially, Appellant is arguing that the state’s entire

theory of the case amounted to misconduct. Unfortunately for Appellant, testimony

from the investigating officers directly established that the shooting was investigated

as a drug-related matter and that information provided by narcotics officers was

instrumental in apprehending the three men so quickly after the shooting. Hence, the

evidence was patently relevant. Although Appellant challenges the degree to which

this evidence was used by the prosecution during trial, he does not explain how this

prejudiced his ability to defend himself against the crime of which he was actually

convicted: complicity to felonious assault.

      {¶13} Testimony concerning drug trafficking was offered by the state to show

the reason the three men were travelling together and as the source of the

disagreement that resulted in the shooting. This evidence was also offered to explain

some of the steps taken by the responding and investigating officers and to suggest

why witness testimony at trial contradicted some of the witnesses’ original

statements.   For each of these uses, the testimony offered was relevant to the

relationship between Appellant and the shooter and was also relevant to the

credibility of the witnesses. It explained the behavior of both men pre- and post-
                                                                                    -7-

shooting and helped to explain both the circumstances in which the men were

apprehended as well as the manner in which they were subsequently charged. The

trial court did determine, occasionally, that additional testimony regarding drug

trafficking might become more prejudicial than helpful, and ended further testimony

on that theory in a few instances.

      {¶14} Although Appellant alleges that all mention of narcotics and drug

trafficking amounts to prosecutorial misconduct, he does not identify or even suggest

a defect in the actual evidence against him that supported his conviction. Appellant

does not identify any connection between the alleged misconduct and his conviction.

He does argue, generally, that such evidence made him look like a “bad guy” to the

jury, and this possible taint to his overall character may lead the jury to more easily

convict him on the charges he faced. But the trial court clearly believed, and the

record reflects, that the prosecutor’s theory of the case was relevant as to certain

issues.   Appellant’s pure speculation as to how the jury might overreact to this

evidence is not the kind of “but for” argument that will support a finding of

misconduct. First, the information presented to the jury does not appear, on its face,

improper.   Second, Appellant cannot and does not show that, even if it were

improper, “but for” this evidence he would not have been convicted. Instead, he

postulates that the evidence was somehow completely irrelevant to his investigation,

arrest and prosecution. He then further postulates that the jury could only have been

prejudiced by the introduction of this evidence. Nowhere does Appellant present, in

this record, any clear correlation between either assertion. Because Appellant fails to

demonstrate a causal connection between the alleged misconduct and his resulting
                                                                                       -8-

conviction, he cannot demonstrate reversible error. Even if Appellant had identified a

single comment or act by the prosecutor that rose to the level of plain error, the error

itself would not be reversible unless it operated to deprive him of a fair trial. State v.

Davis, 76 Ohio St.3d 107, 119; 666 N.E.2d 1099 (1996), citing Smith v Phillips, 455

U.S. 209, 220; 102 S.Ct. 940, 947, 71 L.Ed.2d 78, 88 (1982), fn. 10. Appellant has

not identified plain error, nor has he identified a single instance of actual misconduct

in the record. Appellant has not explained any relationship between the alleged

misconduct and his conviction or described how he was prejudiced by the alleged

misconduct other than in a general, speculative way. Neither the material in the

record nor the arguments offered by Appellant demonstrate that the state engaged in

misconduct or that the testimony elicited by the state as to drug trafficking resulted in

Appellant’s conviction for complicity to aggravated assault.            Appellant’s first

assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

       The trial court abused its discretion by allowing drug evidence and

       testimony to be admitted when that evidence was either irrelevant to the

       charge of complicity to commit felonious assault, or unduly prejudicial.

       {¶15} Again, Appellant does not specifically identify the testimony and

evidence he argues is prejudicial, but instead contends generally that “[e]vidence of

drugs, drug paraphernalia, money, and any other evidence related to drug use or

possession or any other fact of illegal drugs” does not constitute evidence of any

element of complicity with felonious assault. (Appellant’s Brf., p. 14.) No actual
                                                                                       -9-

evidence or testimony concerning drug use or drug paraphernalia was offered by the

state, although testimony concerning the contents of one of the two motel rooms

rented by Appellant was allowed. The testimony that was permitted established that

a digital scale with cocaine residue was found in one of the rooms and that all three

men had large amounts of cash stuffed in their shoes when they were apprehended.

The officers who described the investigation also testified that the identification of the

three men and their subsequent apprehension at the motel was due in part to

narcotics officers’ knowledge of their known associates who had been identified in an

ongoing drug trafficking investigation. According to the state, the fact that the three

men had come from Columbus and had followed a certain pattern of interaction with

known offenders in the area was relevant to the mental element of complicity.

       {¶16} Evidence Rule 404(B) provides that “[e]vidence of other crimes,

wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show

action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes,

such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or

absence of mistake or accident.” Appellant challenges the trial court’s decision to

allow testimony that the shooting was investigated as a drug-related incident and

disputes the relevance of the information provided by narcotics investigators.

Appellant also challenges the relevance of the circumstances in which he was

arrested.

       {¶17} As earlier noted, Appellant’s argument that the information provided by

narcotics investigators and the circumstances of his apprehension should have been

excluded ignores its clear relevance to the relationship of the three men and its
                                                                                    -10-

relevance to their purpose for staying in the area as these relate to his conviction on

complicity with felonious assault. It also ignores the significance of the fact that he

followed instructions and drove someone who had just shot a man away from the

scene of the crime and housed him in a motel room. The challenged evidence is

directly relevant to refuting Appellant’s theory of the case in his defense, which relied

on attempts to distance Appellant from the other two men and suggest that he was

completely unaware a shooting not only might occur, but had occurred. It is also

relevant to the corresponding, but rather contradictory, defense theory that although

Appellant was unaware of the shooting, he never intended to drive the shooter away

from the scene, but actually attempted to leave him there because of the shooting.

Appellant’s second assignment of error is not well-taken. The statements were not

introduced to demonstrate Appellant’s bad character, but instead, to explain

Appellant’s knowledge of the shooter’s intent, assistance of the shooter after the fact,

and offer a possible reason the shooting took place. The information was relevant to

explain the circumstances that allowed investigators to locate the three men, and

suggest a reason for some of the witness testimony that contradicted these

witnesses’ original statements to the police.

       {¶18} Questions of admissibility are subject to the discretion of the trial court.

Absent an abuse of discretion, an appellate court will not disturb a ruling by a trial

court as to the admissibility of evidence. State v. Martin, 19 Ohio St.3d 122, 129, 483

N.E.2d 1157 (1985). An abuse of discretion connotes more than an error of law or

judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980).
                                                                                -11-

      {¶19} This record reflects that the trial court allowed certain information

pertinent to how the investigation was conducted, the relationship between the three

men, and the circumstances in which Appellant was taken into custody to be

introduced.   At some point, the judge occasionally did determine that enough

information had been allowed and denied the state the opportunity to continue to

introduce such evidence beyond its immediate relevancy. (Tr., p. 241.) The court

made a distinction between the circumstances of the arrest and investigation, which

were allowed, and subsequent additional testimony concerning the money found in

the shoes of all three men.     The information in the record was relevant to and

supports a conclusion that Appellant knew exactly what was happening when Garner

pulled his pistol and ordered him to start the car. For this reason, the decision to

allow such testimony was well within the court’s discretion and is not barred by

Evid.R. 404(B). The court stated a purpose for allowing certain testimony and then

stated a purpose for ending questioning on the subject.         The court’s clearly

articulated reasoning does not support a conclusion that the decision was arbitrary,

unconscionable, or unreasonable under the circumstances.         Appellant’s second

assignment of error is overruled.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3

      The trial court abused its discretion when it refused to grant defense

      counsel’s two motions for mistrial.

      {¶20} Appellant’s third assignment of error challenges the trial court’s denial

of two motions for mistrial. The Ohio Supreme Court “grants great deference to the
                                                                                           -12-

trial court's discretion in this area, in recognition of the fact that the trial judge is in the

best position to determine whether the situation in his courtroom warrants the

declaration of a mistrial.” State v. Glover, 35 Ohio St.3d 18, 19, 517 N.E.2d 900

(1988).   When “examining the trial judge's exercise of discretion in declaring a

mistrial, a balancing test is utilized, in which the defendant's right to have the charges

decided by a particular tribunal is weighed against society's interest in the efficient

dispatch of justice.” Id. A defendant's right to have his trial completed by a particular

tribunal must in some instances be subordinated to the public's interest in fair trials

designed to end in just judgments. Id. Where the facts of the case do not reflect

unfairness to the accused, the public interest in insuring that justice is served may

take precedence. Id. citing Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505, 98 S.Ct. 824,

830 (1978).

       {¶21} Appellant acknowledges that prosecutorial misconduct was not the

basis of either motion for mistrial. However, on review Appellant attempts to reform

the motions in the context of his allegations of misconduct and relies on State v.

Johnston, 39 Ohio St.3d 48, 60, 529 N.E. 2d 898 (1988) for the proposition that if

misconduct is the basis of the mistrial motion a reviewing court must undertake a due

process analysis of the proceeding. (Appellant’s Brf., p. 15.) Appellant is mistaken.

If Appellant had identified an instance of prosecutorial misconduct, a due process

analysis may be appropriate. However, a court’s decision whether or not to grant a

motion for mistrial, regardless of the basis for that motion, is reviewed for an abuse of

discretion. An abuse of discretion exists when the trial court's decision is arbitrary,
                                                                                 -13-

unreasonable, or unconscionable. See, e.g., State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 527,

584 N.E.2d 715, 719-720 (1992).

       {¶22} Appellant’s mistrial argument does not identify a specific instance of

misconduct by the prosecutor or a juror, or any other evidentiary or procedural defect

resulting in prejudice.   Instead, he again alleges that the use of drug evidence

generally amounted to prosecutorial misconduct.       Appellant is not presenting a

mistrial argument. He is repackaging his objection to the trial court’s evidentiary

decisions concerning the testimony of the various investigators in an attempt to

renew his general argument concerning alleged misconduct he believes occurred

simply because of the prosecution’s theory of the case. Evidentiary decisions were

the subject of Appellant’s second assignment of error and alleged misconduct was

the subject of the first. Nothing is offered under this third assignment that was not

previously addressed. Because Appellant has not identified any appropriate grounds

for mistrial or an abuse of discretion by the trial court, and the other arguments

brought under this assignment do not pertain to mistrial, Appellant’s third assignment

of error is overruled.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4

       The jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶23} Appellant contends that the evidence in the record was not sufficient to

support all elements of the offense (but does not assign the sufficiency as error) and

argues that the jury should have reached a different conclusion based on the lack of

“substantial evidence” that Appellant knew he was aiding and abetting a felonious
                                                                                  -14-

assault.   Appellant nevertheless concedes that the men travelled together, the

shooting occurred, the men left together after the shooting in a car driven by

Appellant, and that Appellant obtained and paid for the motel rooms in which they

spent the night. In determining whether a criminal judgment is against the manifest

weight of the evidence, we act as a “thirteenth juror” to determine whether, “the jury

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172,

175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1983). The verdict is not against the weight of the evidence

when there is evidence in the record which, if believed, will convince the average

person of the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Eley, 56 Ohio

St.2d 169, 172, 383 N.E.2d 132 (1978).

      {¶24} “A verdict that is supported by sufficient evidence may still be against

the manifest weight of the evidence.        ‘Weight of the evidence concerns “the

inclination of the greater amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support

one side of the issue rather than the other. It indicates clearly to the jury that the

party having the burden of proof will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the

evidence in their minds, they shall find the greater amount of credible evidence

sustains the issue which is to be established before them. Weight is not a question

of mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing belief.” ’     (Emphasis sic.)”

(Internal citations omitted.) State v. Barnhart, 7th Dist. No. 09 JE 15, 2010-Ohio-

3282, ¶24, quoting Thompkins, supra, at 387. The weight to be given the evidence

and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of fact to determine.
                                                                                   -15-

State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the

syllabus.

      {¶25} The jury in this instance was instructed by the court as to the meaning

of complicity in the commission of felonious assault as follows:

      Before you can find the Defendant guilty you must find that the State of

      Ohio has proven, beyond a reasonable doubt, that on or about the 25th

      day of May, 2010, in Columbiana County, Ohio, the Defendant did

      knowingly aid or abet another in committing the offense of felonious

      assault.


      A person acts knowingly regardless of his or her purpose when he or

      she is aware that his or her conduct will probably cause a certain result,

      or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of

      circumstances when he or she is aware that such circumstances

      probably exist. Aid or abet means supported, assisted, encouraged,

      cooperated with, advised or [incited].


      For the purposes of this case, felonious assault is knowingly causing or

      attempting to cause physical harm to another by means of a deadly

      weapon or dangerous ordinance [sic]. I’ve already defined knowingly

      for you.   Cause is an act or failure to act which in a natural and

      continuous sequence directly produces physical harm, without which it

      would not have occurred.
                                                                                    -16-

       Physical harm means any injury, illness, or other physiological

       impairment regardless of its gravity or duration. Deadly weapon means

       any instrument, device or thing capable of inflicting death and designed

       or specifically, or specially adapted for use as a weapon or possess

       carried or used as a weapon.


       Dangerous ordinance [sic] means any firearm. * * *


       The Defendant may not be found guilty of complicity unless the offense

       of felonious assault was actually committed. * * *

(Tr., pp. 596-599.) Both at trial and on appeal Appellant conceded the following: the

shooting occurred; he had some type of relationship with the shooter; he drove the

vehicle away from the scene; and he rented and paid for the two hotel rooms in which

the three men stayed after the shooting.       At trial, the jury heard testimony from

witnesses that the victim and his son, as well as others, were involved in an

altercation that began inside the bar and moved outside. The jury also heard that

Garner pulled the pistol prior to telling Appellant to go and get the car. A witness

testified that after the initial shots were fired and before the shooter got into the car

driven by Appellant, the gunman stood on the running board and attempted to

continue shooting but the firearm appeared to jam.

       {¶26} The victim initially gave a statement suggesting that Appellant gave

Garner the firearm before going to get the car. Although the victim’s testimony at trial

differed from his initial statement, which was included in with the evidence at trial,

various witnesses and the victim indicated that there were multiple shots and
                                                                                        -17-

attempted shots. The record reflects probative evidence on each element of the

offense as described by the jury instructions. The testimony of the two defense

witnesses was placed in context by their original statements to the police, a prior

conviction for false statements, and the fact that the victim reported attempts by

friends or relatives of Appellant to have the victim write a letter on Appellant’s behalf.

Where, as here, there is evidence in the record which, if believed, would support

conviction, and there is nothing in the record that would tend to discredit the available

evidence, deference must be given to the determination reached by the trier of fact.

DeHass, supra.

       {¶27} Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5

       It was plain error for the trial court to fail to give the jury an instruction

       on lesser included offenses.

       {¶28} Appellant contends that the jury should have been instructed on the

elements of complicity to commit assault or complicity to commit negligent assault as

alternatives to felonious assault due to the differing degree of the mental state

requirements in the lesser offenses. Appellant argues in support of this assertion that

the prosecution failed to establish that he acted with the mental state necessary to

establish complicity to aggravated assault. No objection was raised at trial on these

grounds.

       {¶29} “Notice of plain error * * * is to be taken with the utmost caution, under

exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.”
                                                                                   -18-

State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the

syllabus. The Supreme Court has “repeatedly emphasized, the plain error test is a

strict one:   ‘[A]n alleged error “does not constitute a plain error or defect under

Crim.R. 52(B) unless, but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly would have

been otherwise.” ’ ” Internal citations removed. State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516,

532, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001), quoting State v. Campbell, 69 Ohio St.3d at 41, 630

N.E.2d at 345 (1994).

       {¶30} A reviewing court has discretion to determine whether a plain error

analysis is necessary. In this instance, there is no dispute that the shooting occurred.

The shooting was a felonious assault. Appellant conceded at trial and again in his

brief: “There was no denial of the fact of the felonious assault, which is a necessary

element of the complicity charge.” (Appellant’s Brf., p. 26.) Moreover, there was no

objection to the jury instructions.   Because there is no genuine dispute that the

shooting occurred and complicity to commit assault and complicity to commit

negligent assault are not lesser included offenses of complicity to commit felonious

assault, Appellant has failed to identify an error for review.       Appellant’s lesser

included offense argument does not amount to plain error. The substance of the

argument does not explain how Appellant could be convicted of complicity to commit

any crime other than the one he readily admits did occur. Instead, Appellant repeats

an argument about the weight of the state’s evidence as to the knowledge element of

Appellant’s conviction. The issue of the weight of the evidence was addressed under

Appellant’s fourth assignment of error. To the extent that this assignment of error

raises the same issues, it is overruled for the same reasons.          Appellant’s fifth
                                                                                  -19-

assignment of error does not identify any error, least of all a plain error, for review

and is therefore overruled.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 6

      The cumulative effect of the errors in his case deprived Appellant Bryan

      Carmichael of a fair trial.

      {¶31} Appellant contends that each of the errors identified in his preceding

assignments warrant reversal, but that even if they are individually found harmless,

their cumulative effect deprived Appellant of a fair trial.   However, errors do not

become prejudicial “by sheer weight of numbers.” State v. Frazier, 115 Ohio St.3d

139, 2007-Ohio-5048, 873 N.E.2d 1263, ¶241. Although cumulative error may “be

found when the effect of multiple errors * * * acts to deprive the defendant of his

constitutional right to a fair trial;” an assignment of error “that simply intones the

phrase ‘cumulative error’ but offers no analysis or argument constitutes an

assignment of error without substance.” State v. Scott, 7th Dist. No. 07 MA 152,

2009-Ohio-4961, ¶92–93 (citing State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 656 N.E. 2d 150

(1995) and State v. Bethel, 110 Ohio St.3d 416, 2006-Ohio-4853, 854 N.E.2d 150).

      {¶32} Appellant has not identified a single instance of error. Even if error

could become prejudicial by sheer weight of numbers, such numbers are completely

nonexistent, here. There is no evidence in the record that suggests that the jury

would have acquitted Appellant if the jury was not aware that the incident was

investigated as a drug-related shooting and that a digital scale with cocaine residue

and plastic baggies were recovered from one of the motel rooms rented by Appellant
                                                                                    -20-

who was found with money in his shoes. Absent any error there is no cumulative

effect that worked to deprive Appellant of his right to a fair trial.

       {¶33} Appellant’s sixth assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.

                                        Conclusion

       {¶34} Appellant’s six assignments of error are without merit. The record does

not reflect prosecutorial misconduct, abuse of judicial discretion, improper use of

evidence, grounds for mistrial or cumulative error.          Appellant’s assignments are

overruled in their entirety and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.


Donofrio, J., concurs.

DeGenaro, P.J., concurs.
