      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                      NO. 03-09-00361-CV




                                        In re Marvel Reed




                  ORIGINAL PROCEEDING FROM WILLIAMSON COUNTY



                            MEMORANDUM OPINION


               This case involves a Texas court’s power to order the production of documents from

a nonparty witness for use in a Minnesota divorce proceeding. We hold that the trial court did not

have the power to order a nonparty witness to produce documents other than as specified by the

Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code and the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. Accordingly, we

conditionally grant the writ of mandamus and instruct the trial court to vacate its discovery order.



                                         BACKGROUND

               Relator is a nonparty witness, who is the sister of Raymond E. Graf, the husband and

respondent in the suit for divorce pending in Minnesota. Real party in interest is Tammy J. Graf, the

wife and petitioner in the Minnesota divorce suit. Relator seeks mandamus relief from the trial

court’s discovery order compelling production of documents in Texas for use in a Minnesota divorce

proceeding on the ground that the trial court’s order violates section 20.002 of the Texas Civil

Practices and Remedies Code and the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code Ann. § 20.002 (West 2008); Tex. R. Civ. P. 201.2. Specifically, relator contends that the trial

court’s order violates the statute and rule because no “mandate, writ, or commission” has been issued

by the Minnesota court in which the real party in interest’s divorce is pending.

                On February 10, 2009, a Minnesota district court entered a pretrial order addressing

various underlying issues, including various discovery disputes, in Graf v. Graf, No. 01-FA-07-1324,

Order (Minn. Dist. Ct. Feb. 10, 2009).1 In relevant part, the Minnesota order states:


        6.      A writ shall be issued to the State of Texas for Marvel Reed to produce
                within 15 days from the date of this Order or as ordered by the Texas District
                Court all records since 2001 . . . .

        7.      A writ shall be issued to the State of Texas for Marvel Reed to submit for
                oral deposition as outlined in the Rules of Court for the State of Texas within
                30 days of the receipt of the production of documents or as ordered by the
                Texas District Court.


See id., No. 01-FA-07-1324, Order, at 3-4 (Minn. Dist. Ct. Feb. 10, 2009).

                Real party in interest filed the Minnesota order with the Williamson County District

Court on April 6, 2009, and, on April 21, 2009, the district clerk sent notice of registration of foreign

support order to Raymond E. Graf as a nonregistering party. The record before us reflects some

confusion on the part of the district clerk as to how to handle the Minnesota order and, in a series

of emails between the district clerk and counsel for real party in interest, counsel requested the

district clerk to file the Minnesota order as a foreign order, not a foreign judgment, and to correct the




        1
         In addition to addressing the issue of discovery from relator, the Minnesota pretrial order
addressed discovery issues regarding A.G. Edwards and Larry Dunnahoe, a Texas CPA. The
Minnesota order also rescheduled the pretrial hearing and trial dates.

                                                   2
notice previously sent on April 21, 2009. On May 20, 2009, the district clerk sent notice of filing

of foreign order in cause number 09-1044-F425 to Raymond Graf.

                Real party in interest issued a subpoena duces tecum on April 27, 2009, and

relator filed a plea to the jurisdiction, motion to quash and for protective order. After a hearing on

May 26, 2009, the trial court entered the discovery order that is the subject of this original

proceeding.2 In its order, the trial court “clarified” the Minnesota order and ordered relator to

produce the documents sought by real party in interest on or before 5:00 p.m. June 30, 2009. The

trial court thereafter extended the time for production until 5:00 p.m. on July 10, 2009, and relator

sought mandamus relief.3


                                           DISCUSSION

                Relator raises three complaints about the trial court’s discovery order. Relator

contends that the trial court abused its discretion in granting discovery when the Minnesota court did

not issue a “mandate, writ, or commission” in compliance with Texas law and the Texas Rules of

Civil Procedure. Relator also contends that the trial court abused its discretion by altering the

Minnesota order under the guise of “clarifying” that order and by ordering the production of

voluminous bank records without a prior in camera inspection.

                We observe that an order for discovery that is contrary to Texas law or the

Texas Rules of Civil Procedure is reviewable by mandamus. See, e.g., In re Amer. Optical,

988 S.W.2d 711, 713 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding) (“An order compelling discovery that is


       2
           The trial court’s order was signed on June 11, 2009, and filed the next day.
       3
           Relator also sought an emergency stay, which this Court granted on July 8, 2009.

                                                  3
well outside the proper bounds is reviewable by mandamus.”); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Street,

754 S.W.2d 153, 155 (Tex. 1988) (orig. proceeding) (granting mandamus to overrule location

of deposition of Sam Walton). To obtain mandamus relief, relator must show that the trial court

clearly abused its discretion and that there is no adequate remedy. See In re McAllen Med. Ctr.,

275 S.W.3d 458, 462, 464-69 (Tex. 2008); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36

(Tex. 2004); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992). When, as here, mandamus

proceedings arise out of the trial court’s interpretation of statutes or legal rules, our review is to be

conducted with limited deference to the trial court. Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840. Because “[a] trial

court has no ‘discretion’ in determining what the law is or applying the law to the facts,” erroneous

analysis or application of the law “will constitute an abuse of discretion, and may result in appellate

reversal by extraordinary writ.” Id.

                To facilitate discovery in Texas for use in a foreign jurisdiction—i.e., in another state

or country—Texas law provides what is known as a “helping” statute. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 20.002 (“Testimony Required by Foreign Jurisdiction”). Section 20.002 states:


        If a court of record in any other state or foreign jurisdiction issues a mandate, writ,
        or commission that requires a witness’s testimony in this state, either to written
        questions or by oral deposition, the witness may be compelled to appear and testify
        in the same manner and by the same process used for taking testimony in a
        proceeding pending in this state.


Id. In addition, Rule 201.2 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides:


        If a court of record of any other state or foreign jurisdiction issues a mandate, writ,
        or commission that requires a witness’s oral or written deposition testimony in this



                                                   4
        State, the witness may be compelled to appear and testify in the same manner and by
        the same process used for taking testimony in a proceeding pending in this State.


Tex. R. Civ. P. 201.2.

                Relator argues that real party in interest has failed to comply with the statute and rule

because the Minnesota court has not issued a “mandate, writ, or commission” within the meaning

of the statute or rule. Real party in interest responds that the terms “mandate,” “writ,” and

“commission” are used interchangeably in the statute and rule and that the Minnesota order is a

mandate within the meaning of the statute and rule. Real party in interest further responds that

whether the Minnesota court order is a “mandate, writ, or commission” within the meaning of the

statute and rule is a question of fact to be decided by the trial court.

                To decide whether to grant the discovery sought by real party in interest, the trial

court was required to interpret section 20.002 of the civil practices and remedies code and rule 201.2

of the rules of civil procedure. Our review of the trial court’s interpretation thus presents a question

of statutory construction, which is a question of law, not fact. See, e.g., State v. Shumake,

199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006); see also Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840. By its use of the terms

“mandate, writ, or commission,” the legislature has signaled a specific meaning and intent of the

statute and rule, and it is our job to discern this intent from the words chosen by the legislature.

See Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 284; City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25

(Tex. 2003).

                The Texas statute and rule expressly authorize relator to seek discovery from a Texas

resident for use in a foreign jurisdiction only if the court of record in that jurisdiction has issued a



                                                   5
“mandate, writ, or commission.” Real party in interest argues—and the trial court agreed—that the

Minnesota order was a “mandate, writ, or commission” within the meaning of the statute and rule.

But these terms are legal terms of art with specific meanings in the discovery context,4 and the

Minnesota court recognized as much in its February 10th order. By its plain terms, that order states,

“A writ shall be issued to the State of Texas . . . .” But nothing in the record before us demonstrates

that the Minnesota court ever issued a writ to the State of Texas as contemplated in its order.

Because the Minnesota order is phrased in the future tense—“a writ shall be issued”—we cannot

construe that order to be the “mandate, writ, or commission” contemplated under section 20.002 or

Rule 201.2. See, e.g., In re Prince, No. 14-06-00895-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 10558, at *2

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006) (orig. proceeding) (California court issued commission for

Harris County trial court to issue subpoena for production of documents and for Prince’s oral

deposition); Warford v. Childers, 642 S.W.2d 63, 65 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1982) (Hawaiian trial

court issued commission to take deposition of Childers, a Lubbock, Texas, police officer in

Lubbock). Stated differently, the plain language of the Minnesota order contemplates further action

on the part of the Minnesota court. As a result, we cannot construe that order to be the “mandate,

writ, or commission” as contemplated in the statute and rule.

               Although a court has the power and duty to control the discovery process, it may only

do so within the confines of the rules of civil procedure. See In re Guzman, 19 S.W.3d 522, 525

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2000, orig. proceeding). Because real party in interest seeks discovery



       4
         See 25B Am. Jur. Pleading & Practice Forms §§ 36 (motion for order granting commission
to depose witness in foreign state or country), 48 (commission to take deposition in foreign state or
country) (Rev. ed. 2001).

                                                  6
from relator, who is a nonparty to the underlying divorce proceeding, we cannot excuse real party

in interest’s failure to comply with the express requirements of the statute and rule. See In re Prince,

2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 10558, at *9-11 (identifying and explaining different standards under Texas

rules for compelling discovery from parties versus nonparties). In the absence of a “mandate, writ,

or commission” within the meaning of section 20.002 and rule 201.2, the trial court abused its

discretion in ordering relator’s production of documents.5 See Walker, 827 S.W.3d at 840 (trial

court’s failure to correctly analyze and apply the law constitutes an abuse of discretion). We,

therefore, conditionally grant relator’s petition for writ of mandamus and instruct the trial court to

vacate its discovery order. The writ will issue only if the trial court does not comply with

this opinion.



                                                __________________________________________

                                                Jan P. Patterson, Justice



Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Patterson and Henson
  Dissenting Opinion by Justice Henson

Filed: July 10, 2009




       5
           Because we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering discovery from
relator in the absence of a “writ, mandate, or commission” within the meaning of the statute and rule,
we do not reach relator’s additional grounds for mandamus relief.

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