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                                                        - 498 -
                               Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                                        304 Nebraska Reports
                                                    STATE v. BRYE
                                                  Cite as 304 Neb. 498




                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                        Curtis R. Brye, Jr., appellant.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                         Filed November15, 2019.   No. S-19-061.

                 1. Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure: Motions to Suppress:
                    Appeal and Error. In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
                    suppress based on a claimed violation of the Fourth Amendment, an
                    appellate court applies a two-part standard of review. Regarding histori-
                    cal facts, an appellate court reviews the trial court’s findings for clear
                    error, but whether those facts trigger or violate Fourth Amendment
                    protections is a question of law that an appellate court reviews indepen-
                    dently of the trial court’s determination.
                 2. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a ques-
                    tion of law which an appellate court reviews independently of the
                    lower court.
                 3. Criminal Law: Motions to Suppress. No evidence should be sup-
                    pressed because of technical irregularities not affecting the substantial
                    rights of the accused.
                 4. Intercepted Communications. Substantial but not strict compliance
                    with the Nebraska wiretap statutes is required.
                 5. ____. Interception must be conducted in such a manner as not to violate
                    substantive rights.
                 6. Intercepted Communications: Time. An application to intercept under
                    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-291 (Reissue 2014) must be submitted to the
                    Attorney General in close enough proximity to the submission to the
                    court that the grounds upon which the application is based are equally
                    applicable and the Attorney General could issue its recommendation
                    with sufficient time so the court could timely consider it in making its
                    determination.
                 7. Intercepted Communications: Judgments. Because interception under
                    the Nebraska wiretap statutes occurs both at the origin or point of recep-
                    tion and where the communication is redirected and first heard, both of
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           Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                    304 Nebraska Reports
                              STATE v. BRYE
                            Cite as 304 Neb. 498

    these locations must be considered when deciding whether interception
    is within a court’s territorial jurisdiction.
 8. Intercepted Communications: Words and Phrases. A court can autho-
    rize interception of communications within its territorial jurisdiction,
    and this interception occurs both at the origin or point of reception and
    where the communication is redirected and first heard.

   Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: Gary
B. Randall, Judge. Affirmed.
  Stuart J. Dornan, of Dornan, Troia, Howard, Breitkreutz &
Conway, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
  Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Melissa R.
Vincent for appellee.
  Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, Papik, and
Freudenberg, JJ.
   Funke, J.
   Curtis R. Brye, Jr., appeals his conviction of criminal con-
spiracy to distribute crack cocaine. In doing so, Brye chal-
lenges the district court’s failure to suppress evidence obtained
during and derived from an electronic interception of his cel-
lular telephone communications. Brye claims the State failed
to comply with Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-291 (Reissue 2014) by
submitting to the district court an application to intercept
Brye’s communications 2 days after submitting the application
to the Attorney General. Brye also claims the interception of
his communications while he was outside the State of Nebraska
was impermissible and beyond the court’s authority under Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 86-293(3) (Reissue 2014). For the reasons set forth
herein, we affirm.
                       BACKGROUND
  From April 2017 to January 2018, an FBI task force con-
ducted an investigation using a confidential informant (CI) to
purchase controlled substances from David Gills. One such
controlled buy occurred on August 24, 2017, when the CI
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  304 Nebraska Reports
                          STATE v. BRYE
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 498

purchased crack cocaine from Gills. On that occasion, the CI
contacted Gills by telephone to arrange the exchange. Before
the exchange occurred, law enforcement observed Brye come
from his residence and provide Gills crack cocaine which Gills
then delivered to the CI.
   Other purchases occurred on August 31, September 13, and
September 25, 2017, wherein the CI bought crack cocaine
from Gills. These purchases were also arranged through tele-
phone calls between the CI and Gills. On November 8, the
State received court authorization for an interception of Gills’
telephone number which the CI had been utilizing to set up
the buys.
   A subsequent purchase occurred on November 15, 2017.
On that date, the CI again contacted Gills’ telephone number
to solicit crack cocaine and arrange to meet. A few minutes
after the CI arrived at the meeting, Gills talked to Brye on his
telephone. Gills then left the meeting location and traveled to a
second location where previous purchases had occurred. Gills
had a second telephone conversation with Brye, wherein Brye
said he would meet Gills in about 5 minutes. Seven minutes
later, Brye arrived at the second location and met with Gills.
Brye then left, went to his residence, returned to Gills’ loca-
tion, and then left again. About 1 minute later, Gills texted the
CI to meet him at the second location. The CI met Gills, and
Gills supplied the CI with the crack cocaine.
   Thereafter, the State through the Douglas County Attorney
submitted an application and affidavit for interception of Brye’s
telephone number to the Attorney General, who received it on
December 20, 2017. Two days later, on December 22, the
Attorney General issued a recommendation that the applica-
tion be approved and the State submitted this recommendation
and the application to the district court. On that same day, the
State received court authorization for an interception of Brye’s
telephone number.
   A final purchase was made on January 3, 2018. The CI
again arranged for the buy with Gills. The CI met Gills to give
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  304 Nebraska Reports
                          STATE v. BRYE
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 498

him money for the crack cocaine, and the CI and Gills agreed
to meet later when Gills had the controlled substance. Gills
then called Brye to obtain the requested drugs. At that point,
Brye left his residence and delivered the crack cocaine to
Gills. When Brye left Gills’ residence, he was stopped by law
enforcement and arrested. Money which the CI had given Gills
was later found shoved under the back of the seat of the police
cruiser Brye was placed in after his arrest. A subsequent search
pursuant to a warrant of Brye’s house uncovered additional
crack cocaine as well as packaging material, a scale, and cash.
Gills was also arrested after he provided the CI the drugs. A
search pursuant to a warrant of Gills’ residence and business
identified more of the money the CI provided Gills, as well as
other cash, handguns, and additional crack cocaine in multiple
packages. Gills confirmed that Brye supplied him with crack
cocaine on several occasions.
   Pursuant to these events, Brye was charged with conspiracy
to distribute crack cocaine, possession with intent to distribute
crack cocaine, possession of a deadly weapon by a prohibited
person, and failure to affix a drug tax stamp. Brye filed a
motion to suppress all evidence obtained during and derived
from the wiretap interception of communications authorized
in the December 2017 order on the telephone number ascribed
to him.
   In his motion, Brye claimed the State, in applying for the
interception, failed to comply with the statutory requirement
under § 86-291 that an application to intercept with the court
be made simultaneously with an application notifying the
Attorney General. Brye argued that the State violated this
requirement by submitting the application to intercept Brye’s
telephone number to the Attorney General 2 days before sub-
mitting the application to the court.
   The court denied this claim, noting that Brye failed to allege
how such an action constituted a material noncompliance with
the statute or how the action prejudiced Brye to justify the sup-
pression of part of or the entire interception. The court found
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            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     304 Nebraska Reports
                              STATE v. BRYE
                            Cite as 304 Neb. 498

that suppression of any part of the intercepted communications
was not warranted and determined that the 2-day delay “at
most, if at all, is a technical violation” which “does not consti-
tute a violation of a core statutory requirement.”
   Additionally, Brye claimed the State exceeded the permis-
sible scope of the court order authorizing the interception
when it intercepted communications while Brye was outside
of Nebraska. On this claim, the parties agreed that the State,
through its “listening post” in Douglas County, Nebraska, had
intercepted some of Brye’s communications when he was in
Texas. However, the State noted that it did not use any evi-
dence from the communications in Texas in its case.
   The court also denied this claim. Specifically, the court
determined that the interception was permissible because it was
authorized by the order and because the listening post at which
the State intercepted the communication was in Nebraska.
   In November 2018, the State filed an amended information
which retained only the charge of conspiracy to distribute crack
cocaine, and the parties agreed to a bench trial on stipulated
facts. In January 2019, the court found Brye guilty and sen-
tenced him to 20 to 20 years’ imprisonment.
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Brye assigns the district court erred in overruling his motion
to suppress and in determining that (1) suppression was not
warranted due to an alleged violation of § 86-291 in the State’s
submitting the application for interception with the court 2
days after submitting it to the Attorney General and (2) the
interception of Brye’s communications while he was in Texas
was not beyond the permissible scope of the court order.
                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to sup-
press based on a claimed violation of the Fourth Amendment,
an appellate court applies a two-part standard of review.1

1
    State v. Goynes, 303 Neb. 129, 927 N.W.2d 346 (2019).
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            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     304 Nebraska Reports
                              STATE v. BRYE
                            Cite as 304 Neb. 498

Regarding historical facts, an appellate court reviews the trial
court’s findings for clear error, but whether those facts trig-
ger or violate Fourth Amendment protections is a question of
law that an appellate court reviews independently of the trial
court’s determination.2
  [2] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law which
an appellate court reviews independently of the lower court.3
                            ANALYSIS
           Timing of Application for Interception
   Brye first argues that evidence extending from the December
2017 interception order should have been suppressed because
the State failed to submit the application for interception with
the Attorney General and court simultaneously.
   Under Nebraska law, a county attorney may make applica-
tion to any district court for an order authorizing the intercep-
tion of wire, electronic, or oral communications.4 Among other
justifications, a reviewing court may grant such application
when the interception may provide or has provided evidence
of a conspiracy to deal narcotic or other dangerous drugs.5
While an applying county attorney is not required to obtain
preapproval from the Attorney General to submit the applica-
tion with a district court, Nebraska law does require the county
attorney to submit the application to the Attorney General in
order to obtain a nonbinding recommendation. Specifically,
§ 86-291 provides, in relevant part:
         At the same time a county attorney first makes appli-
      cation to the district court for an initial order authoriz-
      ing or approving the interception of wire, electronic,
      or oral communications, the county attorney shall sub-
      mit the application to the Attorney General or his or

2
    Id.
3
    See State v. Uhing, 301 Neb. 768, 919 N.W.2d 909 (2018).
4
    § 86-291.
5
    Id.
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          Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                   304 Nebraska Reports
                           STATE v. BRYE
                         Cite as 304 Neb. 498

      her designated deputy or assistant. Within twenty-four
      hours of receipt by the office of the Attorney General of
      the application from the county attorney, the Attorney
      General or his or her designated deputy or assistant, as
      the case may be, shall state to the district court where the
      order is sought his or her recommendation as to whether
      the order should be granted. The court shall not issue the
      order until it has received the recommendation or until
      seventy-two hours after receipt of the application from
      the county attorney, whichever is sooner, unless the court
      finds exigent circumstances existing which necessitate the
      immediate issuance of the order. The court may issue the
      order and disregard the recommendation of the Attorney
      General or his or her designated deputy or assistant.
   Additionally, § 86-293(11) provides, in relevant part:
      Any aggrieved person in any trial, hearing, or proceed-
      ing in or before any court . . . of this state may move to
      suppress the contents of any intercepted wire, electronic,
      or oral communication or evidence derived therefrom
      on the grounds that the communication was unlawfully
      intercepted, the order of authorization or approval under
      which it was intercepted is insufficient on its face, or the
      interception was not made in conformity with the order of
      authorization or approval. . . . If the motion is granted, the
      contents of the intercepted wire, electronic, or oral com-
      munication or evidence derived therefrom shall be treated
      as having been obtained in violation of sections 86-271
      to 86-295.
   In the present case, the State submitted the application for
interception to the Attorney General on December 20, 2017.
The Attorney General recommended the application be granted,
and the State submitted the application and recommendation to
the district court on December 22.
   Brye contends that by seeking the Attorney General’s recom-
mendation prior to submitting the application to the court, the
State failed to adhere to the requirement under § 86-291 that
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             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      304 Nebraska Reports
                                STATE v. BRYE
                              Cite as 304 Neb. 498

an application for interception be sent to the Attorney General
“[a]t the same time a county attorney first makes application
to the district court.” We disagree and find the State’s submis-
sions of the application to the Attorney General and the court
substantially complied with § 86-291.
   [3-5] We have previously held that no evidence should
be suppressed because of technical irregularities not affect-
ing the substantial rights of the accused, and we have been
reluctant to deem provisions mandatory if something less
than strict compliance would not interfere with a statute’s
fundamental purpose.6 As to Nebraska’s wiretap statutes spe-
cifically, we have held substantial but not strict compliance
with the statutes is required.7 That is to say, the interceptions
must be conducted in such a manner as not to violate substan-
tive rights.8
   Relatedly, in analyzing the admissibility of wiretap evidence
under federal law, the Eighth Circuit has considered three
factors when determining whether an alleged deficiency is a
substantive violation or a mere technical irregularity, including
(1) whether the statutory procedure is a central or functional
safeguard of the statute, (2) whether the purpose which the
statutory procedure was designed to accomplish has been sat-
isfied in spite of the error, and (3) whether the statutory pro-
cedure was deliberately ignored and a tactical advantage was
gained thereby.9

6
    D.I. v. Gibson, 291 Neb. 554, 867 N.W.2d 284 (2015); State v. Whitmore,
    White, and Henderson, 215 Neb. 560, 340 N.W.2d 134 (1983) (motion to
    suppress resulting in one-judge opinion later adopted by full court in State
    v. White, 220 Neb. 527, 371 N.W.2d 262 (1985)).
7
    State v. Brennen, 218 Neb. 454, 356 N.W.2d 861 (1984).
8
    Id.
9
    United States v. Civella, 533 F.2d 1395 (8th Cir. 1976), vacated sub nom.
    United States v. Barletta et al., 430 U.S. 902, 97 S. Ct. 1168, 51 L. Ed. 2d
    578 (1977) (citing United States v. Chavez, 416 U.S. 562, 94 S. Ct. 1849,
    40 L. Ed. 2d 380 (1974)). See, also, U.S. v. Lomeli, 676 F.3d 734 (8th Cir.
    2012).
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  304 Nebraska Reports
                          STATE v. BRYE
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 498

   Under its plain language, § 86-291 requires the following:
submission of the interception application to the Attorney
General and the court, the Attorney General to provide a rec-
ommendation on the application to the court, and the court
to make an independent determination on the application.
Section 86-291 sets forth time constraints surrounding the
Attorney General’s recommendation and the court’s approval
of the application. Namely, within 24 hours of receipt by the
Attorney General of the application from the county attorney,
the Attorney General or his or her designated deputy or assist­
ant, as the case may be, shall state to the district court where
the order is sought his or her recommendation as to whether
the order should be granted. Additionally, the court shall not
issue the order until it has received the recommendation or
until 72 hours after receipt of the application from the county
attorney, whichever is sooner, unless the court finds exigent
circumstances existing which necessitate the immediate issu-
ance of the order.
   [6] We read the requirement in § 86-291 that the submis-
sions of these applications to the Attorney General and the
court occur “[a]t the same time” to necessitate that the appli-
cation be submitted to the Attorney General in close enough
proximity to the submission to the court that the grounds upon
which the application is based are equally applicable and the
Attorney General could issue its recommendation with suf-
ficient time so the court could timely consider it in making
its determination.
   In this case, the State’s submission of the application to
the Attorney General on December 20, 2017, ensured that the
requirement of seeking the Attorney General’s recommenda-
tion before consideration by the court was met. This timing
satisfied the purpose of § 86-291 to provide additional safe-
guards to the interception of communications by requiring
both the Attorney General and the court to consider the appli-
cation prior to the court’s making its independent determina-
tion. Accordingly, the submissions substantially complied with
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  304 Nebraska Reports
                          STATE v. BRYE
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 498

§ 86-291 and any delay between the submissions was a mere
technical irregularity.
   In arguing the 2-day difference in the submissions of the
application to the Attorney General and the court was more
than a mere technical irregularity, Brye claims the timing of
the submissions prejudiced him because there was no guar-
antee that the applications were the same version due to this
time difference. However, there would have been no such
guarantee even if the applications were sent on the same date.
The difference in the timing of the submissions does not make
it any more or less likely that the applications were different
versions. Outside of arguing that the difference in the timing
of the submissions created a greater implicit risk that the appli-
cations were different, Brye does not argue that the application
upon which the Attorney General based its recommendation
and the application approved by the court were impermissibly
dissimilar. Brye also does not argue that the time difference
affected the underlying grounds upon which the application
was based.
   Similarly, Brye’s assertion that the court’s receipt of the
recommendation at the same time as the application prejudiced
him due to the risk of the court’s giving the recommendation
greater weight is without merit. We find no reason to infer
that a court would give additional weight to a recommenda-
tion when it is received along with the application instead of
on its own. Under either scenario, the court would receive the
application and the recommendation and make its determina-
tion on the appropriateness of the interception based upon both
these documents.
   Considering all of the above, the district court did not err
in determining that there was no violation of Brye’s substan-
tive rights based upon the timing of the State’s submissions
of the application to the Attorney General and the court. As
a result, the district court did not err in declining to sup-
press evidence extending from the December 2017 inter­­
ception order.
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             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      304 Nebraska Reports
                                STATE v. BRYE
                              Cite as 304 Neb. 498

             Authority to Intercept Out-of-State
                         Communications
   Brye also argues evidence extending from the December
2017 interception order should have been suppressed because
the State exceeded the permissible scope of the order in
intercepting communications occurring outside of Nebraska.
Brye contends § 86-293(3) limits a court’s authority to grant
an application for interception to only those communications
occurring within its territorial jurisdiction. Because the parties
acknowledge the State intercepted some of Brye’s communi-
cations while he was in Texas, Brye argues this interception
of out-of-state communication occurred beyond the territorial
jurisdiction of the court.
   We disagree with Brye’s interpretation of this jurisdictional
statutory requirement. Section 86-293(3) permits a court to
approve an “interception of wire, electronic, or oral commu-
nications or mobile telephone communications within the ter-
ritorial jurisdiction of the court.” “Intercept” under this section
is defined as “the aural or other acquisition of the contents of
any wire, electronic, or oral communication through the use of
any electronic, mechanical, or other device.”10 “Aural transfer,”
in turn, is defined as “a transfer containing the human voice
at any point between and including the point of origin and the
point of reception.”11
   [7] Explicit in the definition of aural transfer is the proposi-
tion that aural communication occurs at the communication’s
origin or point of reception and any point in between. As
such, the location of any interception of those communications
must also be measured at the communication’s origin or point
of reception and any point along the transfer where the com-
munication is redirected and first heard. Because the intercep-
tion occurs both at the origin or point of reception and where
the communication is redirected and first heard, both of these

10
     Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-280 (Reissue 2014).
11
     Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-273 (Reissue 2014).
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              Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                       304 Nebraska Reports
                                 STATE v. BRYE
                               Cite as 304 Neb. 498

locations must be considered when deciding whether intercep-
tion is within a court’s territorial jurisdiction.
   Other courts analyzing similar statutes have held that “inter-
ception” for the purpose of determining territorial jurisdiction
occurs at both the location of the tapped telephone and the
listening post location.12 For instance, in U.S. v. Henley,13 the
Eighth Circuit found that a federal district court located in
Missouri was authorized under the similarly worded federal
wiretap statute to approve the interception of communications
when the listening post was located in St. Louis, Missouri,
even though some of the communications occurred in Illinois.
In addition to interpreting territorial jurisdiction based upon
statutory language, some of these outside courts have opined
that this reading is supported by the mobile nature of cellular
telephones and the complexity that mobility can bring in trying
to determine the likely location of their use and in protecting
individuals from intrusive interceptions.14
   [8] In this case, the parties acknowledge that some of Brye’s
communications were acquired while he was in Texas but also
agree that the State redirected and first heard these conversa-
tions at a listening post in Nebraska. Based upon the plain
language of § 86-293(3) and the definitions under §§ 86-273
and 86-280 analyzed above, a court can authorize interception
of communications within its territorial jurisdiction and this

12
     See, U.S. v. Jackson, 849 F.3d 540 (3d Cir. 2017); U.S. v. Cano-Flores,
     796 F.3d 83 (D.C. Cir. 2015); U.S. v. Henley, 766 F.3d 893 (8th Cir. 2014);
     U.S. v. Luong, 471 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Wilson, 237 F.3d 827
     (7th Cir. 2001); U.S. v. Jackson, 207 F.3d 910 (7th Cir. 2000), vacated on
     other grounds 531 U.S. 953, 121 S. Ct. 376, 148 L. Ed. 2d 290 (2000);
     U.S. v. Denman, 100 F.3d 399 (5th Cir. 1996); U.S. v. Tavarez, 40 F.3d
     1136 (10th Cir. 1994); U.S. v. Rodriguez, 968 F.2d 130 (2d Cir. 1992);
     State v. Ates, 217 N.J. 253, 86 A.3d 710 (2014); Davis v. State, 426 Md.
     211, 43 A.3d 1044 (2012).
13
     Henley, supra note 12.
14
     See, Denman, supra note 12; Rodriguez, supra note 12; Ates, supra
     note 12.
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  304 Nebraska Reports
                          STATE v. BRYE
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 498

interception occurs both at the origin or point of reception and
where the communication is redirected and first heard. Because
the State redirected and first heard Brye’s communications at a
listening post in Nebraska, the interception occurred within the
court’s territorial jurisdiction. Accordingly, the district court
did not err in declining to suppress evidence based on some of
Brye’s conversations’ occurring in Texas.
                       V. CONCLUSION
   The district court did not err in overruling Brye’s motion to
suppress. The court correctly determined that the State’s sub-
mission of the application to intercept to the Attorney General
2 days prior to submitting it to the court did not violate the
timing requirement of § 86-291 and that the interception of
Brye’s communications was within the territorial jurisdiction of
the court because the communications were redirected and first
listened to at a Nebraska listening post.
                                                    Affirmed.
   Heavican, C.J., not participating.
