                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Petty, Beales and Huff
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


EDWARD LEONARD CHRISTIAN, JR.
                                                                     OPINION BY
v.     Record No. 0231-11-2                                   JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                  FEBRUARY 14, 2012
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                             Bradley B. Cavedo, Judge1

               Catherine French Supervising Assistant Public Defender (Office of
               the Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.

               Kathleen B. Martin, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
               Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


       Edward Leonard Christian, Jr. (appellant), was tried by a judge of the Circuit Court of the

City of Richmond and found guilty of possession of a controlled substance in violation of Code

§ 18.2-250(A)(a). 2 On appeal, appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that he had the requisite guilty knowledge of the cocaine for which he

was charged with possession. We disagree. For the following reasons, we affirm his conviction.




       1
        The Honorable John C. Morrison, Jr., Judge-Designate, presided at the bench trial.
Judge Cavedo presided at the sentencing hearing and entered the final order.
       2
          Code § 18.2-250(A)(a) reads in relevant part: “It is unlawful for any person knowingly
or intentionally to possess a controlled substance . . . Any person who violates this section with
respect to any controlled substance classified in Schedule I or II of the Drug Control Act shall be
guilty of a Class 5 felony.”
                                        I. BACKGROUND

       On appeal, we consider “the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,

as we must since it was the prevailing party” in the trial court. Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va.

296, 330, 601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004). On June 1, 2010 at about 4:00 p.m., City of Richmond

police officer Jon Bridges observed appellant sitting with three other persons on a retaining wall

at a city park. The police had ongoing problems with crime in the park, which was known to the

police as an area where narcotics and alcohol offenses commonly occurred. Officer Bridges saw

a beer can in a plastic bag near the defendant. Officer Bridges approached the group and asked

them for identification. Appellant told Officer Bridges that his name was “Keith Christian”

(even though his name is Edward Christian) and gave him a social security number. Another

officer then checked the information and told Officer Bridges that an outstanding warrant was on

file for “Keith Christian.” Accordingly, Officer Bridges arrested appellant, who had given the

name “Keith Christian.”

       During a search incident to arrest, Officer Bridges recovered from appellant’s front pants

pocket “a prescription pill” wrapped in tinfoil. 3 He also found “an off-white rock” individually

wrapped in a knotted baggie corner inside a clear plastic bag that was inside a white opaque

plastic bag. Officer Bridges believed the substance was crack cocaine. Laboratory analysis

confirmed it was 0.062 gram of cocaine.

       After Officer Bridges advised appellant of his Miranda 4 rights, appellant told him that

“Keith Christian” – the name he gave Officer Bridges as his own – was actually his brother’s

name. Appellant explained that he used his brother’s name because he thought there might be an

outstanding warrant for arrest for himself, which in fact there was. Officer Bridges testified that


       3
           Appellant was not charged with illegally possessing the pill.
       4
           Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
                                               -2-
appellant told him that he “found the crack cocaine on the ground” and that appellant

acknowledged that he “thought it was drugs, but he thought he might be able to get four or five

dollars for it.”

        Appellant argued in his motion to strike that the Commonwealth had not proved that he

knowingly possessed the cocaine and was aware of its nature and character. The trial court

denied the motion. Appellant presented no evidence and renewed his motion to strike. The trial

court found him guilty as charged under Code § 18.2-250(A)(a).

                                          II. ANALYSIS

        When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, “a reviewing court does not

‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663, 588 S.E.2d 384, 387 (2003)

(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). “Viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must since it was the prevailing party in the trial

court,” Riner, 268 Va. at 330, 601 S.E.2d at 574, “[w]e must instead ask whether ‘any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,’”

Crowder, 41 Va. App. at 663, 588 S.E.2d at 387 (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App.

250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc)). See also Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va.

437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2008). A trial court’s judgment will not be disturbed on appeal

unless it is “plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Code § 8.01-680; Preston v.

Commonwealth, 281 Va. 52, 57, 704 S.E.2d 127, 129 (2011).

        Code § 18.2-250(A)(a) reads in relevant part: “It is unlawful for any person knowingly

or intentionally to possess a controlled substance . . . Any person who violates this section with

respect to any controlled substance classified in Schedule I or II of the Drug Control Act shall be

guilty of a Class 5 felony.” To sustain a conviction for possession of a controlled substance,

                                                -3-
“[t]he Commonwealth must also establish that the defendant intentionally and consciously

possessed [the drug] with knowledge of its nature and character. That knowledge is an essential

element of the crime.” Young v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 587, 591, 659 S.E.2d 308, 310 (2008)

(citations omitted) (emphasis in original). In other words, “the Commonwealth must prove the

accused was aware of the character of the particular substance at issue.” Smith v.

Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 626, 627-28, 432 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1993).

         A. Appellant had “knowledge” of the “nature and character” of the cocaine as
           required under Young v. Commonwealth as Officer Bridges testified that appellant
        “acknowledged that he thought it was drugs, but he thought he might be able to get four
                                        or five dollars for it.”

       Appellant argues that the Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient to prove that he

knew he possessed the cocaine that was found in his pants pocket, as is required under Young,

275 Va. at 591, 659 S.E.2d at 310. Specifically, appellant argues that although he thought the

bag contained drugs, his hope or suspicion does not prove that he knew the bag contained

cocaine. Appellant cites two unpublished opinions from this Court in support of his contention

that mere hope that the item is a drug does not rise to the required level of knowledge under

Code § 18.2-250(A)(a) and Young. See Whitehead v. Commonwealth, Record No. 0908-93-1,

1995 Va. App. LEXIS 191 (Va. Ct. App. Feb. 28, 1995). See also Gaither v. Commonwealth,

Record No. 0610-96-2, 1997 Va. App. LEXIS 424 (Va. Ct. App. June 24, 1997); Rule 5A:1(f)

(stating that unpublished opinions can be “informative, but shall not be received as binding

authority”).

       It is well settled that “unpublished opinions are merely persuasive authority and not

binding precedent.” Baker v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 146, 153 n.3, 717 S.E.2d 442, 445

n.3 (2011); see also Grajales v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 1, 2 n.1, 353 S.E.2d 789, 790 n.1

(1987). This Court’s unpublished decisions in Whitehead and Gaither are simply not persuasive

here, given the very different circumstances.
                                                -4-
       In Whitehead a police officer “saw Whitehead toss a small [pill] bottle in the air, place it

on a church windowsill, and abandon it.” Whitehead, 1995 Va. App. LEXIS 191, at *2.

Whitehead said he thought the bottle might contain cocaine, but when he determined that it did

not, he discarded it. The bottle contained cocaine residue, however. This Court held the

evidence was not sufficient to prove Whitehead knowingly and intentionally possessed cocaine

because his “promptly discard[ing]” the bottle supported the conclusion that he did not know it

held cocaine. Id. (emphasis added).

       Here, even if appellant “found the crack cocaine on the ground,” as he claimed to Officer

Bridges, he kept it in his pants pocket because he “thought it was drugs” he could sell. Unlike in

Whitehead, appellant here attached value to the item and did not discard it. The fact that

appellant attached value to the item and did not discard it reinforces the conclusion that appellant

knew the “nature and character” of the cocaine. Young, 275 Va. at 591, 659 S.E.2d at 310.

       Similarly, Gaither also involved very different facts than the facts of this case. Gaither,

1997 Va. App. LEXIS 424. There, Gaither claimed a package, which was addressed to him, at a

local bus station and then gave the package to a man outside the station. The package contained

men’s clothing and 71 grams of cocaine. After he was arrested and given Miranda warnings,

Gaither told the police he had picked up two previous packages before he “suspected” drugs

might be inside, but there was no evidence he had opened any of the three packages. Id. at *3.

This Court reversed Gaither’s convictions for conspiracy to distribute cocaine and attempted

possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, holding that the evidence did not prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that he was aware of the presence and character of the cocaine and

“intentionally and consciously” possessed it. Id. at *6-7.

       In this case, even though the evidence does not indicate definitively whether appellant

actually opened the bag, it clearly shows that appellant intended to profit from finding the

                                                -5-
cocaine. In fact, appellant specifically told Officer Bridges that he “thought it was drugs” and

that he thought he “might be able to get four or five dollars” for it. These circumstances were

not part of the evidence before this Court in Gaither.

       Furthermore, no part of the Supreme Court’s decision in Young would compel reversal

here. At oral argument before this Court, counsel for appellant argued that the holding in Young

means that a person cannot be convicted of possession of a drug when that person is found

possessing a drug that most people could look at and determine to be contraband – unless there is

additional evidence of knowledge. However, this interpretation is inconsistent with the Supreme

Court’s actual holding in Young.

       The facts of Young were that the defendant, Angela Young, was pulled over “for failing

to stop at an intersection,” and consented to a search of her boyfriend’s car, which she was

driving. 275 Va. at 589, 659 S.E.2d at 309. The officer arrested Young upon finding a

prescription bottle labeled “OxyContin” (a controlled drug) in her purse inside of the car. Id.

However, the arresting officer “could not determine the nature of the pills” – beyond what was

printed on the bottle’s label. Id. The pills inside the prescription bottle were not found to be

OxyContin (or its generic equivalent, oxycodone), but instead were later “identified as morphine,

a Schedule II substance” and “Trazodone, a Schedule VI substance.” 5 Id.

       The Supreme Court’s express holding in Young was that “possession alone, without

more, is insufficient to support an inference of guilty knowledge.” Id. at 592, 659 S.E.2d at 310

(emphasis added). The Supreme Court in Young did not hold that possession of drugs – when

the nature of the illegal substance is apparent – is insufficient to support an inference of guilty


       5
         The prescription bottle was labeled with the name Stephanie Woody, who is the niece of
Young’s boyfriend. Id, at 589, 659 S.E.2d at 309. Woody testified at trial that the pills belonged
to her and that she “inadvertently left them in her uncle’s car . . . and that the defendant had
called her, telling her that she had them.” Woody had prescriptions for the pills, which “she said
she took for chronic migraine headaches.” Id. at 590, 659 S.E.2d at 309.
                                                -6-
knowledge. On the contrary, the Supreme Court reemphasized that to sustain a conviction for

possession of a controlled substance, “[t]he Commonwealth must . . . establish that the defendant

intentionally and consciously possessed [the drug] with knowledge of its nature and character.

That knowledge is an essential element of the crime.” Id. at 591, 659 S.E.2d at 310.

        Given these principles, the Supreme Court in Young found that where the illegal nature

of the substance the defendant was found possessing was not identifiable to the officer or

defendant and no other evidence in the record could support an inference of guilty knowledge,

there was insufficient evidence “to support a finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the

defendant possessed morphine with knowledge of its nature and character.” Id. at 592-93, 659

S.E.2d at 311. When the illegal nature of the substance is apparent – as it is here – that

circumstance supports a finding of the defendant’s guilty knowledge of the contraband he

possesses. The facts of this case simply do not fall within the scope of the Supreme Court’s

holding in Young, and, therefore, the result in Young is not controlling here, given those very

different facts of this case.

        In making its ruling in Young, the Supreme Court emphasized that “the contents of the

pill bottle . . . gave no indication of their character” and that the officer, “after examining the

pills, could not determine their nature without submitting them for laboratory analysis, and there

is no reason to infer that the defendant was any better informed.” Id. at 592, 659 S.E.2d at 311.

Unlike in Young, the contents of the bag here gave an indication of their character because after

examining the bag, Officer Bridges found “an off-white rock” individually wrapped in a knotted

baggie corner inside a clear plastic bag that was inside a white opaque plastic bag. This

examination led Officer Bridges to determine the nature of the substance, which he believed to

be crack cocaine. Upon this determination, Officer Bridges arrested appellant for possession of

cocaine, and laboratory analysis ultimately confirmed that his determination was correct (the bag

                                                 -7-
contained 0.062 gram of cocaine). Moreover, appellant here admitted to Officer Bridges that he

“thought it was drugs” and that he “thought he might be able to get four or five dollars for it” –

clearly showing that appellant was aware of the nature of the substance, unlike in Young. When

the strong evidence in this case indicating not just appellant’s possession but also his knowledge

of the nature and character of the contraband is compared with the insufficient evidence in

Young, it is obvious that the trial court here was not “plainly wrong[,]” Preston, 281 Va. at 57,

704 S.E.2d at 129, when it found that appellant had the requisite knowledge that he possessed

cocaine.

   B. There is sufficient evidence that supports the trial court’s finding that appellant had the
                               requisite knowledge of the cocaine.

       In support of his argument that there was insufficient evidence of his knowledge of the

cocaine, appellant emphasizes the following facts: Officer Bridges testified that the outermost

bag was opaque and white – rather than clear, and that Officer Bridges testified that he was

unable to see through the white bag. Appellant also points out that cocaine does not have a

distinctive odor, which would have alerted appellant as to its nature. However, the trial court

(acting as factfinder) clearly found that these facts were substantially outweighed by several

other compelling pieces of evidence, which clearly prove that appellant had the requisite

knowledge of the cocaine beyond a reasonable doubt.

       “A defendant’s knowledge of the presence and character of a drug may be shown by

evidence of the acts, statements, or conduct of the accused, as well as by ‘other facts or

circumstances’ tending to demonstrate the accused’s guilty knowledge of the drug.” Ervin v.

Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 495, 506-07, 704 S.E.2d 135, 140-41 (2011) (en banc) (citations

omitted). Here, a number of “acts, statements, or conduct of the accused” reveal appellant’s

“knowledge of the presence and character” of the cocaine. Id.



                                                -8-
       When Officer Bridges asked appellant for his identification, appellant gave his brother’s

name, “Keith Christian” – instead of his own (Edward Christian). In addition, the trial judge,

sitting as the factfinder without a jury, could have determined that appellant was untruthful when

he told Officer Bridges that he “found the crack cocaine on the ground.” The judge then could

infer appellant’s consciousness of guilt from his two false statements – about his identification

and about finding the “crack cocaine on the ground.” See Rollston v. Commonwealth, 11

Va. App. 535, 548, 399 S.E.2d 823, 831 (1991) (“A defendant’s false statements are probative to

show he is trying to conceal his guilt, and thus is evidence of his guilt.”); see also Emmett v.

Commonwealth, 264 Va. 364, 372, 569 S.E.2d 39, 45 (2002).

       Furthermore, after Officer Bridges observed appellant in a city park, which is known to

police as one where narcotics and alcohol offenses occur, and searched him incident to a lawful

arrest, appellant admitted to Officer Bridges that he “thought it was drugs” and that he “thought

he might be able to get four or five dollars for it.” Upon hearing all of this testimony, the trial

judge could have reasonably inferred that appellant knowingly possessed the cocaine and did not

err in rejecting appellant’s hypothesis of innocence. See Archer v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App.

1, 12-13, 492 S.E.2d 826, 832 (1997) (“Whether an alternate hypothesis of innocence is

reasonable is a question of fact, and, therefore, is binding on appeal unless plainly wrong.”

(citation omitted)).

       In summary, the trial court was not “plainly wrong,” Preston, 281 Va. at 57, 704 S.E.2d

at 129, when it found that appellant had the requisite knowledge of the cocaine he possessed,

Code § 18.2-250(A)(a), because a ‘“rational trier of fact could have found th[is] essential

[element] of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,’” Crowder, 41 Va. App. at 663, 588 S.E.2d at

387 (quoting Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257, 584 S.E.2d at 447). Specifically, a rational trier of fact

could have found that the evidence sufficiently proves that appellant “possessed [the cocaine]

                                                 -9-
with knowledge of its nature and character.” Young, 275 Va. at 591, 659 S.E.2d at 310

(emphasis in orginal).

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       In this case, ample evidence supports the trial court’s finding that appellant is guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt of possession of a controlled substance in violation of Code

§ 18.2-250(A)(a). Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction.



                                                                                          Affirmed.




                                               - 10 -
