                         Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE                                         NEWS RELEASE #013


FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA



The Opinions handed down on the 17th day of March, 2015, are as follows:




BY WEIMER, J.:


2014-CQ-1546      SCOTT D. LEMOINE; BEVERLY P. LEMOINE v. ELIZABETH P. WOLFE
                  (Certified Question From the United States Fifth Circuit Court of
                  Appeals)

                  We answer the certified question as set forth in this opinion.
                  Pursuant to Louisiana Supreme Court Rule XII, the judgment
                  rendered by this court on the question certified shall be sent by
                  the clerk of this court under its seal to the United States Court
                  of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and to the parties.
                  CERTIFIED QUESTION ANSWERED.
                  HUGHES, J., dissents with reasons.
03/17/15

                       SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA


                                       NO. 2014-CQ-1546

                   SCOTT D. LEMOINE; BEVERLY P. LEMOINE

                                              VERSUS

                                   ELIZABETH P. WOLFE

                    ON CERTIFIED QUESTION FROM THE UNITED STATES
                           FIFTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS



WEIMER, Justice

         Invoking Louisiana Supreme Court Rule XII,1 the United States Court of

Appeals for the Fifth Circuit certified to this court the following question of law:

         Did the dismissal of Scott Lemoine’s criminal cyberstalking prosecution
         pursuant to Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 691 constitute
         a bona fide termination in his favor for the purposes of this Louisiana
         malicious prosecution suit?

Lemoine v. Wolfe, 575 Fed. Appx. 449, 463 (5th Cir. 2014).                             We accepted

certification2 and, for the reasons set forth below, answer that question as follows:

A dismissal of a criminal prosecution pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 691 will constitute

1
    Louisiana Supreme Court Rule XII provides, in relevant part:

         When it appears to ... any circuit court of appeal of the United States, that there are
         involved in any proceedings before it questions or propositions of law of this state
         which are determinative of said cause independently of any other questions involved
         in said case and that there are no clear controlling precedents in the decisions of the
         supreme court of this state, such federal court before rendering a decision may certify
         such questions or propositions of law of this state to the Supreme Court of Louisiana
         for rendition of a judgment or opinion concerning such questions or propositions of
         Louisiana law. This court may, in its discretion, decline to answer the questions
         certified to it.
2
    Lemoine v. Wolfe, 14-1546 (La. 10/31/14), 151 So.3d 611.
a bona fide termination in favor of the malicious prosecution plaintiff unless the

charge is dismissed pursuant to an agreement of compromise, because of misconduct

on the part of the accused or in his behalf for the purpose of preventing trial, out of

mercy requested or accepted by the accused, because new proceedings for the same

offense have been instituted and have not been terminated favorably to the accused,

or when the dismissal is due to the impossibility or impracticality of bringing the

accused to trial. Guided by these principles, we leave it for the Fifth Circuit to

resolve whether there is sufficient evidence of a factual dispute as to the

circumstances surrounding the dismissal of Scott Lemoine’s criminal cyberstalking

charge to preclude summary judgment on this element of a malicious prosecution

cause of action.

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      The certified question arises from a malicious prosecution action in which the

federal district court granted a motion for summary judgment in favor of the

defendant, Judge Elizabeth P. Wolfe. The plaintiffs, Scott and Beverly Lemoine,

appealed that decision. The facts of the case, as presented by the court of appeals, are

consistent with appellate review of a summary judgment, which requires, when

assessing whether a dispute exists as to any material fact, that the court refrain from

making any credibility determination or weighing the evidence, and that all evidence

be viewed in a light most favorable to the non-moving party and all reasonable

inferences drawn in the non-moving party’s favor. Lemoine, 575 Fed. Appx. at 454,

citing Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Employers Mut. Cas. Co., 592 F.3d 687, 690

(5th Cir. 2010), and Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v. Doubletree Partners, L.P., 739

F.3d 848, 856 (5th Cir. 2014). As a result, the facts we recount below have been



                                           2
presented to us in a light most favorable to the Lemoines. Lemoine, 575 Fed. Appx.

at 451.

         This case originated in late 2008, when Scott Lemoine took up the cause of his

disabled friend, Daniel Hoover. On learning the difficulties Daniel was allegedly

having with his ex-wife, Kelly Wolfe, Lemoine authored posts on a local television

news website and on Daniel’s Facebook page. The posts included a vague suggestion

that Kelly’s new mother-in-law, Judge Elizabeth P. Wolfe, a Louisiana state district

court judge, had involved herself in the judicial system for Kelly’s benefit.3

         Following the publication of these posts, Lemoine engaged in an internet

dialogue with Daniel’s sister, Lori Hoover Barrient, in which they debated the

propriety of Kelly’s actions. In September 2009, Lori complained to Detective Toby

Aguillard of the Tangipahoa Parish Sheriff’s Office that she felt harassed by

Lemoine’s posts. In November of that same year, Kelly also contacted Detective

Aguillard, reporting that she “was being threatened and harassed by Internet postings

that were authored by Scott Lemoine and others.”

         According to the Lemoines, later that month, Judge Wolfe also contacted

Detective Aguillard. Judge Wolfe disclosed that she, too, was upset by Lemoine’s

internet posts. Suggesting that Lemoine’s conduct satisfied the elements of the

misdemeanor crime of cyberstalking and that Detective Aguillard had probable cause

to arrest Lemoine, Judge Wolfe indicated that she wanted the detective to do so.


3
    The posts with regard to Judge Wolfe stated:

         [W]hen she [Kelly] said “I do” to her third husband, a fireman, she also became the
         daughter-in-law of a state district judge.

                ....

         Ultimately, we hope that by exposing this story it will attract the attention of
         someone who’s willing and able to fight for Daniel’s best interest, which considers
         the involvement of a few crooked district judges ....

                                                   3
       In December, Detective Aguillard secured an arrest warrant for Scott Lemoine

for alleged violations of Louisiana’s cyberstalking statute, La. R.S. 14:40.3. The

detective then invited Lemoine to stop by the police station. When Lemoine arrived

at the station, he was placed under arrest.

       Lemoine’s bail was initially set at $25,000; however, that amount was later

increased to $100,000, and the additional requirement that Lemoine wear a GPS

tracking bracelet was imposed. Because there were no tracking bracelets available,

Lemoine, who would have been able to post bond, remained incarcerated. At the time

of his arrest, Lemoine was under federal supervised release on an earlier, unrelated

charge. Following the arrest, his conditional discharge was revoked by a federal

district court judge based on the results of an earlier routine drug screen and Lemoine

was recommitted to the custody of an out-of-state federal medical center for the next

ten months.

       Two days following his arrest for cyberstalking, Lemoine was additionally

charged with soliciting Judge Wolfe’s murder.               The charge was based on an

accusation by a fellow inmate at the jail, Brian Register, who told authorities that

Lemoine had solicited Judge Wolfe’s murder and who, as evidence, produced

fabricated drawings and letters that he attributed to Lemoine.4 After turning these

materials over to authorities, Register, who had a criminal case pending before Judge

Wolfe, penned a letter to the Judge in which he identified himself as the person who

“set up” Lemoine and asked: “What should [I] tell [the police]?” Later, Register sent

a second letter to Judge Wolfe, thanking her for sending a public defender to meet

with him and asking for her assistance in having his bond reduced, stating that he



4
  Two handwriting experts, including one retained by the District Attorney, ultimately determined
that Register, not Lemoine, had authored the drawings and letters.

                                               4
could “prove a murder that happened a few years ago.” Judge Wolfe gave copies of

both letters to the District Attorney. At some point, the originals were placed in Mr.

Register’s file, but no copies of the letters were placed in Lemoine’s file.

         Lemoine was formally charged by bill of information with cyberstalking and

solicitation of murder on March 12, 2010. On August 24, 2010, a probable cause

hearing was conducted on the solicitation for murder charge. The presiding judge

found no probable cause to believe that Lemoine had committed the solicitation of

murder offense, reduced the bail on the cyberstalking charge to the original amount

of $25,000, and removed the GPS bracelet condition. Thereafter, Lemoine’s attorney

filed a motion to quash the cyberstalking charge. In September 2010, the District

Attorney dismissed that charge, citing La. C.Cr.P. art. 691.5 Lemoine was released

from custody on October 13, 2010.

         As a result of the foregoing events, Scott Lemoine and his wife, Beverly, filed

suit in federal district court against multiple defendants raising multiple claims under

federal and state law. Among the claims asserted was a Louisiana tort law claim for

malicious prosecution against Judge Wolfe. Judge Wolfe filed a motion for summary

judgment as to this claim, alleging that the Lemoines failed to establish all of the

elements of the malicious prosecution cause of action. The district court granted

Judge Wolfe’s motion for summary judgment and the Lemoines appealed.

         On appeal, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the

Fifth Circuit concluded that the Lemoines produced sufficient evidence to avoid

5
    La. C.Cr.P. art. 691 provides, in relevant part:

                 The district attorney has the power, in his discretion, to dismiss an indictment
         or a count in an indictment, and in order to exercise that power it is not necessary that
         he obtain consent of the court. The dismissal may be made orally by the district
         attorney in open court, or by a written statement of the dismissal signed by the district
         attorney and filed with the clerk of court. The clerk of court shall cause the dismissal
         to be entered on the minutes of the court.

                                                       5
summary judgment with regard to five of the six elements of a malicious prosecution

action.6 As to the remaining element the Lemoines must satisfy – whether the

dismissal of Scott Lemoine’s criminal cyberstalking prosecution under La. C.Cr.P.

art. 691 counts as a bona fide termination of the criminal proceeding in his favor – the

Fifth Circuit pointed out that in Deville v. Marcantel, 567 F.3d 156 (5th Cir. 2009),

a different panel of that court had previously ventured an Erie7 guess that relied on

and extended the holding of this court in Savoie v. Rubin, 01-3275 (La. 6/21/02),

820 So.2d 486, to conclude that only a judgment on the merits in a criminal

proceeding can serve as a bona fide termination and that a dismissal pursuant to La.

C.Cr.P. art. 691 is not a judgment on the merits, but simply a unilateral dismissal of

the charge by the prosecutor. Deville, 567 F.3d at 173. While acknowledging the

Deville decision, the Fifth Circuit found its Erie guess problematic in light of a

number of Louisiana intermediate appellate court decisions that have repeatedly

reached a contrary conclusion and ruled that a district attorney’s dismissal of a

prosecution under La. C.Cr.P. art. 691 satisfies the bona fide termination element of

a malicious prosecution action.8 Given the amount of contrary precedent in the

Louisiana courts of appeal and certain enumerated policy considerations9 which call


6
  This finding, of course, is not a final determination of the merits of the proceeding, but rather a
determination that there is a genuine dispute as to material facts, and that Judge Wolfe is not entitled
to summary judgment as a matter of law. If the case proceeds to trial, it will be the responsibility
of the trier of fact to resolve the disputed matters.
7
  Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938), requires federal courts sitting in diversity
jurisdiction to apply state substantive law to state law claims.
8
 The court cited as examples the decisions in LeBlanc v. Pynes, 46,393 (La.App. 2 Cir. 7/13/11),
69 So.3d 1273, 1281; Hope v. City of Shreveport, 37,759 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/17/03), 862 So.2d
1139, 1143; Amos v. Brown, 36,338 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/18/02), 828 So.2d 138, 142-43; Watson v.
Church’s Fried Chicken, Inc., 527 So.2d 979, 981 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1988); and Allen v. State, 456
So.2d 679, 683 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1984). See Lemoine, 575 Fed. Appx. at 462 n.50.
9
  Recognizing that it is reasonable to suspect that a number of malicious prosecutions are dismissed
before reaching trial once the district attorney realizes the weakness of the case, the Fifth Circuit
found it problematic to hold that such a dismissal can never form the basis of a malicious

                                                   6
into question the holding in Deville, coupled with the lack of definitive guidance

from this court on the issue, the Fifth Circuit declined to hazard a second Erie guess

on what is the dispositive issue in the Lemoines’ appeal. Rather, because “important

state interests are at stake and the state courts have not provided clear guidance on

how to proceed,” the Fifth Circuit certified the question stated above to this court.10

                                  LAW AND ANALYSIS

       The particular tort alleged in this case is the intentional tort of malicious

prosecution. The tort is one that has been recognized since early in the jurisprudence

of this state,11 and while the cause of action in favor of one “whose liberty has been

interfered with in an unwarranted manner” derives from the fault-reparation

principles of La. C.C. art. 2315, this court has imported certain restrictions and

guidelines from the common law in defining the contours of the tort. Jones v.

Soileau, 448 So.2d 1268, 1271 (La. 1984), quoting 12 F. STONE, LOUISIANA CIVIL

LAW TREATISE: TORT DOCTRINE, §§ 200-01 at 264-266 (1977). The limitations on

the tort imposed by these restrictions reflect a careful balance between two important

societal interests: the right of all persons to resort to the courts for redress of wrongs

and to be protected when acting in good faith on reasonable grounds in commencing

either a civil or criminal proceeding, and the right of an individual to seek redress for

the malicious and unwarranted employment of the judicial process against him. See

Miller v. East Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff’s Dept., 511 So.2d 446, 452 (La. 1987);


prosecution action simply because the prosecutor elects to dismiss the groundless prosecution rather
than proceed with a fruitless trial. Lemoine, 575 Fed. Appx. at 462. Such a holding, the court
reasoned, potentially cuts off the right of recovery to a great number of wrongfully prosecuted
defendants. Id.
10
  Lemoine, 575 Fed. Appx. at 461, quoting In re Katrine Canal Breaches Litig., 613 F.3d 504,
509 (5th Cir. 2010).
11
  The earliest reported malicious prosecution action we have found dates from 1840. Maloney v.
Doane, 15 La. 278 (1840).

                                                 7
Robinson v. Goudchaux’s, 307 So.2d 287, 291 (La. 1975). To effectuate and

implement this careful balance, the restrictions and guidelines that have been

imported from the common law must be strictly adhered to before an action for

malicious prosecution will be upheld. Robinson, 307 So.2d at 291. As presently

formulated, the elements of the tort of malicious prosecution are:

      (1) the commencement or continuance of an original criminal or civil
      judicial proceeding; (2) its legal causation by the present defendant in
      the original proceeding; (3) its bona fide termination in favor of the
      present plaintiff; (4) the absence of probable cause for such proceeding;
      (5) the presence of malice therein; and (6) damage conforming to legal
      standards resulting to plaintiff. [Jones, 448 So.2d at 1271.]

      The present case concerns itself exclusively with the third element – whether

the criminal proceeding that gave rise to this malicious prosecution action (the

cyberstalking charge) was terminated in favor of Lemoine – and challenges us to

more precisely define the contours of this element of the malicious prosecution claim.

      This court has recognized that the purpose of the “bona fide termination

favorable to the present plaintiff” requirement in malicious prosecution cases is to

insure “that the underlying litigation is brought to a conclusion on the merits before

a malicious prosecution suit based on the underlying litigation is allowed to proceed.”

Savoie v. Rubin, 01-3275, p. 4 (La. 6/21/02), 820 So.2d 486, 488. One rationale

underlying this requirement is that “termination serves to minimize a threat of civil

liability that might chill testimony in the criminal action and to avoid litigation that

may become needless if a conviction is obtained.” DAN B. DOBBS, PAUL T.

HAYDEN, & ELLEN M. BUBLICK, THE LAW OF TORTS § 590 (2d ed. 2011); Weldon

v. Republic Bank, 414 So.2d 1361, 1364 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1982). The additional

element – that termination must be in favor of the accused (i.e., the malicious

prosecution plaintiff) – is based on a different rationale. If the accused is convicted,


                                           8
allowing a malicious prosecution action to proceed would involve a collateral attack

on the judgment, which is not permitted. DOBBS ET AL., THE LAW OF TORTS at §

590; see also, e.g., Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486 (1994) (noting “civil tort

actions are not appropriate vehicles for challenging the validity of outstanding

criminal judgments”).

       An acquittal of the accused in a criminal proceeding (or a finding of non-

liability in a civil one) following a trial is, of course, a favorable termination that

satisfies this element of the malicious prosecution claim. See, e.g., Muldrow v.

Jones, 85 So.2d 711, 713 (Orl. App. 1956) (acquittal in criminal prosecution is a

favorable termination for purposes of malicious prosecution action). But, “[t]he

prosecution of a cause does not always involve a trial.” Banken v. Locke, 6 So. 763,

764 (La. 1914). Short of a trial on the merits, and consistent with the policies

underlying the favorable termination requirement, the courts of this state have looked

for dispositions that tend to show that the court passed on the merits of the charge in

such circumstances as to suggest the innocence or non-liability of the malicious

prosecution plaintiff in order to find a favorable termination. See, Savoie, 01-3275

at 4; 820 So.2d at 488; Irby v. Harrell, 74 So. 163, 163 (La. 1917) (“[T]here must

have been an acquittal, or else an abandonment of the prosecution equivalent

thereto.”). Thus, dismissals of an underlying suit on exceptions of improper venue,12

or prescription,13 or for failure to allow discovery14 have been held insufficient to


12
  Savoie, 01-3275 at 4-5, 820 So.2d at 488-89 (dismissal of the underlying suit on an exception of
improper venue is not a bona fide termination of the underlying litigation in the plaintiff’s favor).
13
    Milling, Benson, Woodward, Hillyer, Pierson and Miller, L.L.P., v. American Marine
Holding Co., 98-1462, p. 5 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/3/99), 729 So.2d 139, 142 (dismissal of the underlying
suit on an exception of prescription is not a bona fide termination for purposes of a subsequent action
for malicious prosecution).
14
   Terro v. Chamblee, 95-70, pp. 4-5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 7/19/95), 663 So.2d 75, 77-78 (dismissal of
the underlying suit for failure to allow discovery is not a bona fide termination for purposes of a

                                                  9
satisfy the favorable termination requirement; however, the refusal of a grand jury to

return an indictment against the malicious prosecution plaintiff,15 or a dismissal after

the trial court found no probable cause for an arrest at a preliminary examination16 or

after receipt of exculpatory polygraph test results17 have been recognized as favorable

terminations.

       The question we are asked to resolve in this case entails one of the

circumstances in which the dismissal of an underlying criminal proceeding is

obtained prior to a full-blown trial on the merits. More precisely, we are asked to

determine whether the voluntary dismissal of criminal charges pursuant to La. C.Cr.P.

art. 691 (a nolle prosequi) is a bona fide termination in the plaintiff’s favor for

purposes of a subsequent malicious prosecution action.

       In making this determination, we do not write on a blank slate. The court first

addressed the issue in 1893, in the early case of Garnier v. Bernard, 14 So. 189 (La.

1893). There, in affirming a judgment in favor of the defendant, the court noted that

the plaintiff’s petition contained the “essential averments” of a malicious prosecution

claim – “malice, want of probable cause, and the termination of the prosecution by

a nolle prosequi duly entered.” Id. The facts as recited by the court reveal that “the

prosecuting attorney filed an information against the plaintiff, but, ascertaining same


subsequent action for malicious prosecution) (plurality).
15
   Winn v. City of Alexandria, 96-492, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/20/96), 685 So.2d 281, 284 (grand
jury’s refusal to indict plaintiff in a malicious prosecution action is a favorable termination for
purposes of the subsequent malicious prosecution claim).
16
  Hope v. City of Shreveport, 37,759, pp. 3-5 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/17/03), 862 So.2d 1139, 1142-
1143 (District Attorney’s dismissal of charge following preliminary examination in which trial court
found no probable cause for the plaintiff’s arrest is a bona fide termination of the criminal
proceedings for purposes of the subsequent malicious prosecution claim).
17
   Miller v. East Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff’s Department, 511 So.2d 446, 451-53(La. 1987)
(“It is not disputed” that the trial court’s dismissal of charges after receiving a letter from the
arresting officer urging dismissal based on the results of favorable polygraph tests satisfied the bona
fide termination requirement for purposes of malicious prosecution action).

                                                  10
to be defective, he entered a nolle prosequi for the purpose of recasting the bill.

Thereafter the prosecution was renewed by the filing of another information .... This

second information was subsequently nolle prosequied [sic] likewise, and the plaintiff

was not subsequently prosecuted.”             Id. at 190. Thus, in Garnier, the court

recognized that a nolle prosequi, coupled with the failure of the district attorney to

renew the prosecution, satisfied the “essential averment” of a malicious prosecution

action that there be a favorable termination of the underlying criminal proceeding.

       Garnier was soon followed by the decision in Banken v. Locke, supra. In

Banken, the court rejected the contention that a plaintiff whose underlying criminal

prosecution was terminated because of a nolle prosequi by the district attorney

without a trial on the merits and without an acquittal failed to state a cause of action

for malicious prosecution, noting “[s]uch action on the part of the district attorney

[entry of the nolle prosequi] may not be a final disposition of the cause, but it (the

cause) is terminated for the present.”18 Banken, 66 So. at 764. Pointing out that

“[t]he prosecution of a cause does not always involve a trial,” the court held: “In this

instance it appears that the prosecution had terminated in a nolle prosequi entered by

the district attorney; and plaintiff therefore had the right to institute this suit in

damages.” Id.

       Under Garnier and Banken, the rule thus emerged that the formal

abandonment of criminal proceedings via the entry of a nolle prosequi by the district

attorney, coupled with the failure of the district attorney to re-institute charges, is a


18
   Such a holding is entirely consistent with the dismissal of a prosecution pursuant to La. C.Cr.P.
art. 691. Effects of dismissal under La. C.Cr.P. art. 691 are described in La. C.Cr.P. art. 693:
“Dismissal by the district attorney of an indictment or of a count of an indictment, discharges that
particular indictment or count.” While the dismissal is not a bar to subsequent prosecution under
La. C.Cr.P. art. 693 unless trial has commenced, the dismissal does terminate the charges pending
against the defendant and precludes the State from prosecuting the defendant under the charging
document that was dismissed. See La. C.Cr.P. art. 693(1) and (2).

                                                11
bona fide termination in favor of the accused for purposes of the malicious

prosecution action. This rule, however, proved not to be absolute.

      Irby v. Harrell, supra, carved out an exception to the general rule in

circumstances in which the criminal charge is withdrawn or the prosecution

abandoned pursuant to an agreement of compromise. Recognizing that there are

circumstances in which a prosecution may be dismissed without reaching the merits

of the underlying proceeding, the court held, consistent with the purpose behind the

favorable termination requirement (i.e., that there be some disposition of the

underlying proceeding indicative of the innocence of the accused) that “there must

have been an acquittal, or else an abandonment of the prosecution equivalent thereto”

for the maintenance of a malicious prosecution suit. Irby, 74 So. at 163. In a case

such as the one before it, where the prosecution was abandoned, but only as a result

of a compromise, the court held that a malicious prosecution action would not lie. Id.

In such a case, while there has been a termination of the proceeding, the question of

the accused’s guilt or innocence has been left open by the accused’s acceptance of the

compromise.

      In certifying the question presently before this court, the Fifth Circuit posited

that the decisions in Banken and Irby are “conflicting” and “suggest opposite

results.” Lemoine, 575 Fed. Appx. at 461 n.43 and accompanying text. Respectfully,

we do not agree. To the contrary, the holdings reflect the rule followed in a majority

of jurisdictions and set forth in the American Law Institute’s Restatement (Second)

of Torts. Under the Restatement, for purposes of the termination requirement of a

malicious prosecution claim, a criminal proceeding has been terminated in favor of

the accused when a prosecutor formally abandons the proceeding via a nolle

prosequi, (as in Garnier and Banken) unless the abandonment is for reasons not

                                          12
indicative of the innocence of the accused, such as when the nolle prosequi is the

result of an agreement or compromise with the accused (as in Irby), misconduct on

the part of the accused for the purpose of preventing trial, mercy requested or

accepted by the accused, the institution of new criminal proceedings, or the

impossibility or impracticability of bringing the accused to trial. RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF TORTS §§ 659, 660, 661 (1977).

      A review of the cases emanating from the courts of this state confirms that

Louisiana has consistently followed a version of the Restatement principles outlined

above. Compare, Leblanc v. Pynes, 46,393, pp.11-12 (La.App. 2 Cir. 7/13/11), 69

So.3d 1273, 1282 (finding that nolle prosequi constituted a bona fide termination and

noting that the detective involved in the criminal investigation testified that the

dismissal of the criminal charges was based on a lack of evidence); Hope v. City of

Shreveport, 37,759, pp. 4-5 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/17/03), 862 So.2d 1139, 1142-43

(finding bona fide termination in favor of malicious prosecution plaintiff element

satisfied where criminal proceedings had been dismissed by the district attorney after

the trial court found no probable cause at a preliminary hearing); Amos v. Brown,

36,338, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/18/02), 828 So.2d 138, 142-43 (noting that “a nol

pros implies a ‘bona fide’ termination in favor of” the malicious prosecution plaintiff

where the nolle prosequi had not been obtained as part of a bargained-for dismissal,

but because of abandonment by the victim); Plessy v. Hayes Motor Co., Inc.,

31,947, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 2 Cir. 6/16/99), 742 So.2d 934, 939 (dismissal of criminal

charge evidenced by court minutes indicating only that the charge was dismissed by

the district attorney was sufficient to establish a bona fide termination of the criminal

proceedings); Watson v. Church’s Fried Chicken, Inc., 527 So.2d 979, 981

(La.App. 4 Cir. 1988) (dismissal of charges following a court appearance constituted

                                           13
a bona fide termination in favor of malicious prosecution plaintiff); Arceneaux v.

Copes, 497 So.2d 1037, 1039-40 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1986) (bona fide termination in

favor of malicious prosecution plaintiff was satisfied where a nolle prosequi was

entered on the day of trial without explanation by prosecutor); Allen v. State, 456

So.2d 679, 681, 683 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1984) (bona fide termination element proved

where charges were dismissed by district attorney prior to trial for insufficient

evidence); Steadman v. Sladovich, 430 So.2d 816, 818 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1983)

(stating that the dismissal of charges by the district attorney is a termination of the

proceeding in plaintiff’s favor for purposes of the malicious prosecution cause of

action); Harvey v. Bertaut, 303 So.2d 211, 212 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1974) (termination

in favor of the plaintiff found where the district attorney entered a nolle prosequi for

reason of insufficient evidence and no further prosecution was had); with Glisson v.

Biggio, 74 So. 907, 910 (La. 1917) (minute entries showing that the district attorney

moved for dismissal of the underlying criminal proceeding after “reciting that an

agreement had been entered into by all parties” and a compromise reached, were

deemed to preclude a subsequent malicious prosecution action, as the abandonment

of the prosecution under such circumstances was not the equivalent of an acquittal,

or indicative of the accused’s innocence, but was instead entered “with the consent

of all parties in interest”); Guidry v. Savoie, 115 So. 277, 278 (La. 1927) (finding no

abandonment “in the manner required by law” of the prosecution of the underlying

criminal proceeding for purposes of a malicious prosecution action where a

compromise was reached between the parties without the sanction of the district

attorney, the payment of costs, and “the dismissal of the charge by a nolle prosequi

duly entered.”).



                                          14
      Our decision in Savoie v Rubin, supra, does not compel a conclusion different

from the Restatement’s approach. That case arose under unique facts: Dr. Richard

Rubin filed identical suits against his former attorney, Ronald Savoie, in two venues

– Orleans Parish (Rubin I) and Jefferson Parish (Rubin II). Mr. Savoie filed an

exception of improper venue in the Orleans Parish suit (Rubin I) which the district

court granted, dismissing the suit with prejudice. Upon dismissal of Rubin I – and,

significantly, while Rubin II remained pending in Jefferson Parish – Mr. Savoie filed

a malicious prosecution and defamation suit against Dr. Rubin in Orleans Parish,

alleging that Dr. Rubin made false accusations in Rubin I. Dr. Rubin filed

exceptions of prematurity and no cause of action to Mr Savoie’s suit, arguing that

because Rubin II was still pending in Jefferson Parish, Mr. Savoie’s suit was

premature and he did not have a cause of action for malicious prosecution. The

district court denied the exceptions, and the court of appeal affirmed. This court

reversed in a per curiam opinion. Savoie, 01-3275 at 1-3, 820 So.2d at 486-88.

      In Savoie, this court held that “the district court’s dismissal of Rubin I based

on an exception of improper venue cannot be equated to a ‘bona fide termination’ of

the underlying litigation in Mr. Savoie’s favor.” Id., 01-3275 at 5, 820 So.2d at 489.

In reaching this conclusion, the court rejected the contention that an interlocutory

judgment of dismissal based on venue could be transformed into a final judgment for

purposes of the bona fide termination requirement simply by including the words

“with prejudice.” Id., 01-3275 at 4, 820 So.2d at 488. This conclusion was

reinforced by the fact that the underlying litigation remained pending in Rubin II

despite the dismissal of Rubin I. Id., 01-3275 at 4 n.4, 820 So.2d at 488 n.4. In

ruling that the bona fide termination requirement had not been satisfied under these

facts, the court commented that “[t]he obvious purpose of the ‘bona fide termination’

                                          15
requirement in malicious prosecution cases is that the underlying litigation should be

brought to a conclusion on the merits before a malicious prosecution suit based on the

underlying litigation is allowed to proceed.” Id., 01-3275 at 4, 820 So.2d at 488.

      The Fifth Circuit seized upon Savoie’s “conclusion on the merits” language in

Deville v. Marcantel, supra, to venture the Erie guess that a voluntary dismissal

through the nolle prosequi cannot be a bona fide termination under Louisiana law

because it is “a procedural dismissal of the charges without prejudice.” Deville, 567

F.3d at 173. However, this court’s choice of words in Savoie does not bear the

weight attached by the federal court, nor should the language be interpreted so

narrowly. Savoie did not alter Garnier and Banken’s recognition that a nolle

prosequi of criminal charges can constitute a bona fide termination in favor of the

malicious prosecution plaintiff. Rather, in holding that a dismissal with prejudice

based on an exception of improper venue cannot be equated to a bona fide

termination of the underlying proceeding for purposes of a subsequent malicious

prosecution suit, the court merely re-affirmed the prevailing rule in the Louisiana

jurisprudence that looks to dispositions that tend to show the court passed on the

merits of the underlying charge in such circumstances as to suggest the innocence or

non-liability of the malicious prosecution plaintiff in order to find a favorable

termination. Savoie did not change the law.

      Based on our review of the jurisprudence, therefore, we find that insofar as the

dismissal of criminal prosecutions under La. C.Cr.P. art. 691 is concerned, Louisiana,

like the majority of jurisdictions, adheres to the legal precepts set forth in the

Restatement and the comments thereto with respect to this issue. See RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF TORTS §§ 659, 660, 661.



                                         16
        With this rule established, we turn to the more specific issue presented by the

certified question: whether the Lemoines have produced sufficient evidence of a bona

fide termination of the cyberstalking prosecution in Mr. Lemoine’s favor to avoid

summary judgment. As discussed above, the ultimate consideration in any case in

which criminal charges have been dismissed by the district attorney pursuant to La.

C.Cr.P. art. 691 is whether the circumstances surrounding the dismissal of the

criminal proceeding support an inference that there existed a lack of reasonable

grounds to pursue the criminal prosecution. In Amos v. Brown, supra, the court of

appeal recognized, correctly, that under our jurisprudence, a nolle prosequi “implies

a ‘bona fide’ termination in favor of [the accused]; that is, one that indicates his

innocence.” Amos, 36,338 at 6, 828 So.2d at 142. Therefore, the court reasoned,

once Mr. Amos (the malicious prosecution plaintiff in that case) submitted court

minutes showing abandonment of the prosecution by the complainant, the burden

shifted to the defendant to present evidence to the contrary, and “the issue became

one for the trier of fact to decide.” Id. This rule applies for purposes of evaluating

the instant case.19

        In the present case, through her motion for summary judgment, Judge Wolfe

attempts to establish that the criminal cyberstalking prosecution was dismissed, not

for reasons consistent with Lemoine’s innocence, but because prosecution was

impossible or impractical due to Lemoine’s commitment to an out-of-state federal

medical center. See RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 661. To this end, she



19
    This rule should not be construed to indicate, however, that in order to prevail on this element of
the malicious prosecution action it is incumbent on the plaintiff to offer the district attorney’s
testimony as to the reasons for using his or her prosecutorial discretion to dismiss the case. Rather,
it is sufficient if the circumstances surrounding the entering of the nolle prosequi are consistent with
a conclusion that there was a lack of reasonable grounds for pursuing the criminal prosecution. See,
e.g., LeBlanc v. Pynes, 43,393 at 11, 69 So.3d at 1282.

                                                  17
submitted in support of her motion for summary judgment an affidavit from an

assistant district attorney (the ADA). In that affidavit, the ADA attests to his reasons

for dismissing the charges that were pending against Lemoine. He avers that with

respect to the cyberstalking charge, “the policy of the District Attorney is to not

extradite a defendant for misdemeanor offenses,” and that “[h]ad Mr. Lemoine been

in Tangipahoa Parish, the District Attorney’s office would have moved forward.”20

As to the solicitation for murder charge, which was also dismissed pursuant to La.

C.Cr.P. art. 691, the ADA attests that “after the Bill of Information was filed, it was

discovered that Brian Register fabricated evidence necessary to convict Mr.

Lemoine.” According to the ADA, “[w]ith regard to both matters, the merits of the

prosecution of Scott Lemoine were not reached and the charges were procedurally

dismissed within my discretion under Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article

691.”

        In opposing the motion for summary judgment, Lemoine offered copies of the

motions to dismiss filed by the ADA in the criminal proceedings on September 14

and 15, 2010. With respect to the cyberstalking charge, the motion to dismiss offers

no explanation for the nolle prosequi. With respect to the solicitation for murder

charge, the motion to dismiss recites: “Due to information received since the filing

of the bill of information herein, there is insufficient credible, admissible, reliable

evidence remaining to support a continuation of the prosecution of defendant.” As

Lemoine points out, this latter averment, far from constituting a procedural dismissal

not reflecting the merits (as the ADA suggests in his affidavit), is precisely the type

of averment that evidences a dismissal on grounds consistent with the defendant’s



20
  From approximately March 24, 2010, until his discharge in October 2010, Lemoine was in the
custody of an out-of-state federal medical center.

                                            18
innocence. As to the cyberstalking charge, Lemoine argues that the nolle prosequi

was entered shortly after the filing of a Motion to Quash by his counsel arguing that

the internet postings that formed the basis of the charge do not violate the relevant

statute and were protected free speech. This timing, Lemoine argues, supports the

inference that the charges were dismissed in response to the meritorious motion.

Lemoine points out that the affidavit from the ADA suggesting a contrary reason for

the dismissal was not submitted until two years after the nolle prosequi, in response

to the federal lawsuit, and after Judge Wolfe had counseled the ADA against

dismissing the charge out of fear that just such a lawsuit would be filed. Finally,

Lemoine points out that after he was released from federal custody on October 12,

2010, the district attorney had over five months in which to re-institute the

cyberstalking prosecution,21 but elected not to do so. Lemoine argues that this failure

to re-institute charges casts doubt on the contention that the sole reason for

dismissing the prosecution was a policy of not seeking extradition for misdemeanor

charges.

       Having resolved the legal issue certified by the Fifth Circuit by opining that a

nolle prosequi will constitute a bona fide termination in favor of the accused for

purposes of the malicious prosecution cause of action where the circumstances

surrounding the dismissal of the criminal proceeding support an inference that there

existed a lack of reasonable grounds to pursue the criminal proceeding, we leave it

for the court of appeals to resolve the remaining issue: whether, based on the record,

there is sufficient evidence of a factual dispute as to the circumstances surrounding



21
   La. C.Cr.P. art. 576 provides that “[w]hen a criminal prosecution is timely instituted in a court
of proper jurisdiction and the prosecution is dismissed by the district attorney ... a new prosecution
for the same offense or for a lesser offense based on the same facts may be instituted within the time
established by this Chapter or within six months from the date of dismissal, whichever is longer.”

                                                 19
the dismissal of the cyberstalking prosecution to preclude summary judgment on this

element of the malicious prosecution claim. See RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF

TORTS § 673 cmt. (2) (describing that in an action for malicious prosecution, while

it is the function of the court to determine whether the proceedings were terminated

in favor of the plaintiff, in the event of a triable issue, it is the function of the trier of

fact to determine the circumstances under which the proceedings were terminated.).

                                     CONCLUSION

       We answer the certified question as set forth in this opinion. Pursuant to

Louisiana Supreme Court Rule XII, the judgment rendered by this court on the

question certified shall be sent by the clerk of this court under its seal to the United

States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and to the parties.

       CERTIFIED QUESTION ANSWERED.




                                             20
03/17/15



                       SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                NO. 2014-CQ-1546

                 SCOTT D. LEMOINE; BEVERLY P. LEMOINE

                                     VERSUS

                             ELIZABETH P. WOLFE

           ON CERTIFIED QUESTION FROM THE UNITED STATES
                  FIFTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS


Hughes, J., dissenting.

      I respectfully dissent and would find that the dismissal of the prosecution

due to a policy of not extraditing misdemeanor defendants does not constitute a

bona fide termination in favor of the malicious prosecution plaintiff.
