                                COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Beales, Powell and Alston
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


RASHID AMIR MUSTAFA
                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.      Record No. 2126-08-2                                  JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                  JANUARY 12, 2010
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY
                                  David H. Beck, Judge

                  Ronald Junho Hur, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public
                  Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                  Susan M. Harris, Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mims,
                  Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


        Rashid Amir Mustafa (appellant) was convicted by a jury of grand larceny, in violation of

Code § 18.2-95. Appellant on appeal argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it

denied his motion to suppress. Finding no reversible error, we affirm appellant’s conviction for the

following reasons.

                                             I. BACKGROUND

        On October 6, 2006, a purse, a .9 mm pistol (the firearm), and other items were stolen

from a car in Spotsylvania County. About one hour after the theft, a credit card taken from the

stolen purse was used at a Wal-Mart in Spotsylvania County. Wal-Mart’s surveillance cameras

depicted appellant both inside the store and driving a white Pontiac vehicle bearing Virginia

license plates in the store’s parking lot.



        *
            Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
       On November 6, 2006, the firearm was recovered from a white Pontiac vehicle bearing

Virginia license plates that was parked in a high school parking lot in Sidney County, Ohio.

According to the Sidney County authorities, appellant was present and consented to a search of the

vehicle.

       Appellant was charged in Spotsylvania County for grand larceny, and he filed a pretrial

motion to suppress evidence seized from the vehicle in Ohio, including the firearm.

       At the suppression hearing in the Spotsylvania Circuit Court, Sidney County, Ohio Police

Officer Bryce Stewart testified that, on the night of November 6, 2006, Sidney Lehman High

School held a “very formal” alumni auction. At approximately 10:20 p.m., Officer Stewart

responded to a report that “an unknown black male” had possibly broken into a BMW automobile

in the high school’s parking lot. The officer noticed appellant sitting in a parked vehicle in this

parking lot. The parking lot was full of cars, but appellant was the only other person actually in

the parking lot at the time.

       Officer Stewart pulled his patrol car closer to appellant’s vehicle, and approached the

vehicle on foot. Appellant was sitting in the driver’s seat, and the vehicle’s electrical and

mechanical equipment did not appear to be in use. The driver’s side window was down. The

officer noted that appellant wore “a T-shirt, pants, jeans, sneakers” – certainly not the

significantly more formal attire worn by the alumni auction patrons inside the high school.

       Officer Stewart introduced himself and asked appellant what he was doing there.

Appellant told Stewart that he intended to meet a female named Denise Reed “for sexual

relations” and that he was nervous. Appellant said that his name was Patrick Goins, and handed

the officer a Michigan birth certificate bearing this name. While Officer Stewart performed a

computer check on appellant’s claimed identity, Officer Baker (who had been assigned to the

alumni auction inside the high school) canvassed the auction attendees and determined that there

                                                -2-
was no one named Denise Reed present. Another officer had also arrived by this time. Officer

Stewart asked appellant “if he wouldn’t mind stepping from the vehicle.” Appellant replied,

“That’s fine,” and exited the vehicle.

       Officer Stewart learned that Patrick Goins was actually incarcerated, and then he told

appellant that he did not believe appellant was meeting anyone named Denise Reed or that he

was named Patrick Goins. Officer Stewart testified that he was standing next to appellant near

the trunk of the vehicle by this time, although there is no indication in the trial court record how

or why appellant was standing in that location. Officer Baker then asked appellant, “Do you

mind if we search your vehicle?” Appellant indicated that he did not mind, Officer Stewart

testified. A marijuana cigarette was found in the driver’s area. Appellant was placed under

arrest as Officer Martin, who was continuing to search the car, found the .9 mm pistol.

       The trial court found that Officer Stewart reasonably “approached [appellant] and asked a

few questions” and that “[reasonable] articulable suspicion mount[ed]” as the details appellant

provided to the officer failed to add up. Furthermore, the trial court found that appellant

voluntarily stepped out of the vehicle and voluntarily consented to the search of the vehicle.

Therefore, the trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

       On appeal of the denial of a motion to suppress, the burden is on the appellant to

demonstrate reversible error. Emerson v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 263, 272, 597 S.E.2d

242, 246 (2004). We consider that evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,

as we must since it was the prevailing party in the trial court, and grant to the Commonwealth all

reasonable inferences that may be fairly deducible from that evidence. Commonwealth v.

Grimstead, 12 Va. App. 1066, 1067, 407 S.E.2d 47, 48 (1991). Furthermore, “we are bound by

the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or ‘without evidence to support

                                                -3-
them.’” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en

banc). We review de novo both questions of law and the “trial court’s application of defined

legal standards to the particular facts of a case.” Watts v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 206, 213,

562 S.E.2d 699, 703 (2002).

        Consensual encounters do not implicate a citizen’s protections under the Fourth

Amendment. See United States v. Drayton, 536 U.S. 194, 200 (2002) (“Law enforcement

officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable seizures merely by

approaching individuals on the street or in other public places and putting questions to them if

they are willing to listen.”); Malbrough v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 163, 169, 655 S.E.2d 1, 4

(2008) (“Police officers are free to engage in consensual encounters with citizens, indeed, it is

difficult to envision their ability to carry out their duties if that were not the case.”). A

“consensual encounter becomes a seizure ‘[o]nly when the officer, by means of physical force or

show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen.’” Id. (quoting Florida v.

Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991)).

        Appellant argues that, while the encounter here may initially have been consensual, it

progressed into a seizure when he stepped out of his vehicle at the officer’s request. However,

the trial court expressly found that appellant “voluntarily stepped out of the vehicle.”

“‘[V]oluntariness is a question of fact to be determined from all the circumstances.’” Harris v.

Commonwealth, 266 Va. 28, 37, 581 S.E.2d 206, 212 (2003) (quoting Ohio v. Robinette, 519

U.S. 33, 40 (1996)).

                There is good reason for the rule that appellate courts must defer to
                the factual findings of the trial judge in Fourth Amendment cases.
                The fact patterns in such cases arrive in infinite variety, seldom or
                never exactly duplicated. Moreover, they involve consideration of
                nuances such as tone of voice, facial expression, gestures and body
                language seldom discernable from a printed record. The
                controlling inquiry is the effect of such matters on a reasonable
                person in the light of all the surrounding circumstances.
                                                  -4-
Malbrough, 275 Va. at 171, 655 S.E.2d at 5 (deferring to the trial court’s factual findings relating

to whether the defendant was detained for Fourth Amendment purposes). Thus, we defer here to

the trial court’s finding that appellant voluntarily stepped out of the vehicle, as this factual

finding was not plainly wrong under the totality of the circumstances.

       Here, upon observing appellant – the only individual presently in the high school parking

lot where a BMW automobile reportedly had recently been broken into – Officer Stewart, quite

reasonably, approached appellant as part of his investigation. 1 See Parker v. Commonwealth,

255 Va. 96, 101, 496 S.E.2d 47, 50 (1988) (characterizing “police questioning as a tool in the

effective enforcement of the criminal laws”). It is certainly well established that “[p]olice

officers are free to approach individuals and ask questions.” Davis v. Commonwealth, 37

Va. App. 421, 428, 559 S.E.2d 374, 377 (2002). Appellant offered an explanation for why he

was sitting in a parked car in the parking lot, identified himself, and handed the officer a birth

certificate. There is no evidence in the record that Officer Stewart actually asked appellant for

the birth certificate or any other form of identification; however, even if the officer had requested

identification from appellant, “a police request made in a public place for a person to produce

some identification, by itself, generally does not constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure.”

McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 491, 545 S.E.2d 541, 546 (2001).

       After Officer Stewart began attempting to verify appellant’s claimed identity, he asked

appellant “if he wouldn’t mind stepping from the vehicle.” Officer Stewart made a request, not a

demand. See Roulhac v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 8, 16, 646 S.E.2d 4, 8 (2007) (finding

that, although the encounter later became a seizure when the police officer grabbed the


       1
         Officer Stewart testified he pulled his police cruiser close to, but “not quite in front of,”
appellant’s vehicle. Therefore, appellant’s vehicle was not blocked by Officer Stewart’s police
cruiser. Contra Bolden v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 465, 472, 561 S.E.2d 701, 705 (2002)
(holding that the police’s blocking of Bolden’s car was one of two factors supporting a finding
that Bolden was detained for Fourth Amendment purposes).
                                                -5-
defendant’s wrist, the officer initially “did not make any threats or demands”). Furthermore, this

request was not amplified by factors that may indicate a seizure has occurred, such as “‘the

threatening presence of several officers, 2 the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical

touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that

compliance with the officer’s request might be compelled.’” Id. (quoting United States v.

Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980)). Appellant agreed to step out of the vehicle, and there is

no indication in the trial court record that his decision to do so was involuntary. Thus, the

encounter remained consensual. 3 See Payne v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 86, 88, 414 S.E.2d

869, 870 (1992) (holding that a consensual encounter “remain[s] consensual as long as the

citizen voluntarily cooperates with the police”).

       Even assuming without deciding that this consensual encounter became a seizure at some

point after appellant stepped out of the vehicle, the trial court still appropriately denied


       2
         Officer Stewart’s testimony established that at most three officers were present when he
requested that appellant step out of the vehicle. However, there was no indication at the
suppression hearing that the officers’ presence was threatening in any way. The “mere presence
of officers who are uniformed and armed does not constitute a ‘show of authority’ that
transforms a consensual encounter into a seizure” under the Fourth Amendment. Dickerson v.
Commonwealth, 266 Va. 14, 18, 581 S.E.2d 195, 197 (2003) (quoting Drayton, 536 U.S. at 234).
       3
          Appellant also contends that Officer Stewart made a “specific allegation of criminal
wrongdoing” against him and that this “factor is highly significant among the totality of factors”
in determining whether the encounter with Officer Stewart became a seizure. Davis, 37
Va. App. at 431-32, 559 S.E.2d at 379 (citing McGee, 25 Va. App. at 196, 487 S.E.2d at 260).
However, the evidence here does not support this contention. Although Officer Stewart
apparently told appellant that he matched the description of the person suspected of breaking into
the BMW in the parking lot, this statement alone was not a specific allegation of criminal
wrongdoing. Contra McGee, 25 Va. App. at 196, 487 S.E.2d at 260 (where the police officer
specifically stated that he “received a call that [the defendant] was on this corner selling drugs”).
In addition, while Officer Stewart subsequently told appellant that he did not believe his story,
the officer said this after he learned that Patrick Goins was incarcerated. Thus, even if we were
to assume without deciding that this statement made appellant “‘the focus of [the]
investigation,’” id. at 200, 487 S.E.2d at 262 (quoting State v. Ossey, 446 So. 2d 280, 285 (La.
1984)), the officer’s statement certainly occurred after reasonable articulable suspicion had
developed here.

                                                 -6-
appellant’s motion to suppress because reasonable articulable suspicion amply justified any

seizure here. “A police officer may elevate a consensual encounter with a citizen into an

investigatory detention only if the officer has a ‘reasonable suspicion supported by articulate

facts that criminal activity may be afoot, even if the officer lacks probable cause.’” Jones v.

Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 548, 559, 665 S.E.2d 261, 267 (2008) (quoting United States v.

Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)). Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, as we must because it was the prevailing party below, and judging the police

conduct here “from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene allowing for the need of

split-second decisions,” Scott v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 725, 727, 460 S.E.2d 610, 612

(1995), reasonable articulable suspicion existed under the totality of the circumstances here.

       As the trial court found, the facts here presented “an accumulating thing occurring with

one fact laid on top of another of reasonable articulable suspicion . . . .” The Sidney County,

Ohio authorities received a report that a BMW automobile parked in the high school parking lot

may have been broken into during the alumni auction. Police officers, including Officer Stewart,

responded promptly to this report. Officer Stewart observed only one person – appellant – in the

parking lot. Appellant sat alone in the driver’s seat of his vehicle. On the night that a “very

formal” alumni auction was held inside the high school, Officer Stewart testified that appellant

wore “a T-shirt, pants, jeans, sneakers” – creating a strong inference that appellant was not

attending the event inside.

       Admitting to the officer that he was nervous, appellant claimed that he was meeting

Denise Reed “for sexual relations.” Officer Baker learned that there was no one named Denise

Reed attending the alumni auction. While this fact, by itself, did not exclude the possibility that

appellant might perhaps be telling the truth, the trial court correctly found that it was a relevant,

probative factor to consider as reasonable articulable suspicion accumulated here. “Indeed, the

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Supreme Court has explicitly recognized that conduct observed by police may be ‘ambiguous

and susceptible of an innocent explanation’ and yet still justify an investigatory stop, allowing

the officers to ‘detain the individuals to resolve the ambiguity.’” Rudolph v. Commonwealth,

277 Va. 209, 214, __ S.E.2d __, __ (2009) (quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 125

(2000)).

        Moreover, as recounted above, appellant claimed he was named Patrick Goins and

produced a Michigan birth certificate bearing this name; however, very close in time to when

appellant voluntarily stepped out of the vehicle, Officer Stewart learned that Patrick Goins was

actually incarcerated. Understandably, this information contributed even more to the officer’s

impression that “things weren’t adding up” – especially given that no one named Denise Reed

was present, either – and the officer concluded that further investigation was necessary in light of

all of his observations here.

        Based on these facts, the Sidney County police officers here certainly had “‘a

particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting” appellant was involved in criminal activity.

Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996) (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S.

411, 417-18 (1981)). Accordingly, even if we were to assume that appellant became seized at

some point after he voluntarily stepped out of his vehicle, the police conduct here was reasonable

in light of all the circumstances. 4

        Appellant also contends that, while the trial court record reflects that he consented to a

search of his vehicle, this consent was involuntary. “As a general rule, ‘a search authorized by

consent is wholly valid,’” Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 483, 612 S.E.2d 213, 218


        4
          Appellant asserts on appeal that any detention occurring here was “too long in duration”
and that the police should “have attempted to locate the individual who reported the incident at
the school or anyone who owned a BMW.” Because appellant did not raise these specific
arguments at trial, we will not consider them on appeal. See Rule 5A:18.

                                                -8-
(2005) (quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973)), although consent given

involuntarily is invalid. Id. However, the trial court expressly found that appellant voluntarily

consented to the search of his vehicle, and we defer on appeal to the trial court’s factual finding

here. See Sykes v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 262, 268, 556 S.E.2d 794, 797 (2001).

       In Lowe v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 670, 239 S.E.2d 112 (1977), the Supreme Court

affirmed a trial court’s finding that the defendant validly consented to the search of an apartment

when the evidence showed that the defendant was in custody, was handcuffed, was sitting on the

floor, and was surrounded by police officers. Id. at 677-78, 239 S.E.2d at 117. Here, it is

undisputed that appellant was not handcuffed when he consented to the vehicle search, and there

is no evidence that appellant had been physically restrained in any other way. 5 Based on these

facts here, we conclude that appellant’s “consent was ‘the product of an essentially free and

unconstrained choice’” and that appellant’s “will had not ‘been overborne and his capacity for

self-determination [had not been] critically impaired.” Id. at 678, 239 S.E.2d at 117 (quoting

Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 225).

       In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not err when it denied appellant’s motion to

suppress.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s grand larceny conviction.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




       5
         Appellant claims that he was “physically removed to the rear of his vehicle.” However,
the claim that he was “physically removed” in any way by the officers here is unsupported by the
evidence.
                                              -9-
