[Cite as State v. Clark, 2015-Ohio-5003.]


                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                            FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                HIGHLAND COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                 :
                               :    Case No. 14CA20
     Plaintiff-Appellee,       :
                               :
     vs.                       :    DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                               :    ENTRY
DALLAS P. CLARK,               :
                               :
    Defendant-Appellant.       :    Released: 11/24/15
_____________________________________________________________
                         APPEARANCES:

Susan M. Zurface Daniels, Hillsboro, Ohio, for Appellant.1

Anneka Collins, Highland County Prosecuting Attorney, and James Roeder,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Hillsboro, Ohio, for Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

McFarland, A.J.

           {¶1} Dallas P. Clark appeals his conviction in the Highland County

Court of Common Pleas after a jury found him guilty of one count of illegal

assembly or possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs, a third-

degree felony. On appeal, Clark contends: (1) the trial court erred in

denying his Rule 29 motion when the State presented no evidence of “intent

to manufacture” methamphetamine; (2) his conviction was against the

manifest weight of the evidence; (3) his conviction was based on insufficient


1
    Attorney Daniels was granted leave to withdraw as counsel for Appellant on July 31, 2015.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                       2

evidence; and (4) his five year mandatory sentence pursuant to R.C.

2925.041 was improper and invalid as a matter of law. Upon review, we

find no merit to Appellant’s first three assignments of error. However, his

fourth assignment of error regarding his five-year mandatory sentence has

merit. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s first three assignments of error

and remand the matter for resentencing in accordance with current Ohio law.

                                  FACTS

      {¶2} On September 9, 2014, Appellant Dallas P. Clark was indicted

on one count of illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the

manufacture of drugs, a violation of R.C. 2925.041(A), a felony of the third

degree. The indictment arose from activities which occurred on or about

August 13, 2014 when officers executed a search warrant at 6172 Holaday

Road in Highland County, and found various items used in the production of

methamphetamine. Kevin Colville lived at the address. Appellant and

Amanda Campanero, with whom he was romantically involved, also stayed

there on occasion. Appellant, Colville, and Campanero were charged and

arrested.

      {¶3} Appellant was tried on the sole count on November 13, 2014.

The State presented testimony from the following individuals: Kelsey

Degan, a forensic scientist employed by the Ohio Bureau of Criminal
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                    3

Investigation (BCI); Detective Daniel Croy of the Highland County Sheriff’s

Department; Detective Jennifer Swackhammer, Deputy Vinny Antinore,

Detective Randy Sanders, and Detective Chris Bowen, all of the sheriff’s

department. Co-defendant Kevin Colville testified on behalf of Appellant.

Appellant also testified in his own defense.

      {¶4} In closing, the State argued that circumstantial evidence

showed Appellant possessed pseudoephedrine and lithium, necessary

chemicals in the manufacture of drugs, and that he possessed the items

with the intent to manufacture drugs. The State pointed out Appellant

purchased pseudoephedrine at least twice a month on average in the

year 2014. The State emphasized Appellant knew Colville cooked

methamphetamine. The State noted the room in which Appellant was

located contained a majority of the items found for the manufacture of

drugs. At the conclusion of the one-day trial, the jury returned a

verdict of guilty.

      {¶5} This timely appeal followed. Where relevant, additional facts

will be related below.

                         ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

      “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING
      APPELLANT’S MOTION PURSUANT TO CRIM.R. 29(A)
      WHEN THE STATE PRESENTED NO EVIDENCE OF
      “INTENT TO MANUFACTURE” METHAMPHETAMINE,
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                    4

      WHICH IS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE CRIME OF
      ILLEGAL ASSEMBLY OR POSSESSION OF CHEMICALS
      FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF METHAMPHETAMINE
      PURSUANT TO R.C. 2925.041 OF THE OHIO REVISED
      CODE.

      II. APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR ILLEGAL
      ASSEMBLY OR POSSESSION OF CHEMICALS FOR THE
      MANUFACTURE OF METHAMPHETAMINE PURSUANT
      TO O.R.C. 2925.041 WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
      WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

      III. APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR ILLEGAL
      ASSEMBLY OR POSSESSION OF CHEMICALS FOR THE
      MANUFACTURE OF METHAMPHETAMINE PURSUANT
      TO O.R.C. 2925.O41 WAS BASED ON INSUFFICIENT
      EVIDENCE.

      IV. THE SENTENCING PROVISIONS OF 2925.041 OF THE
      OHIO REVISED CODE, WHEN READ IN PARI MATERIA
      WITH THE 2929.14 ARE IN CONFLICT WITH EACH
      OTHER, RENDERING A FIVE (5) YEAR MANDATORY
      SENTENCE PURSUANT TO 2925.041 IMPROPER AND
      INVALID AS A MATTER OF LAW.”

      {¶6} The arguments made in the first three assignments of error are

interrelated. For ease of analysis, we begin with consideration of

Appellant’s Assignment of Error Two. Appellant argues his conviction was

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

                     ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO

                       A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶7} When an appellate court considers a claim that a conviction is
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                       5

against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court must dutifully

examine the entire record, weigh the evidence, and consider the credibility

of witnesses. The reviewing court must bear in mind however, that

credibility generally is an issue for the trier of fact to resolve. State v.

Wickersham, 4th Dist. Meigs No. 13CA10, 2015-Ohio-2756, ¶ 25; State v.

Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001); State v. Murphy, 4th

Dist. Ross No. 07CA2953, 2008-Ohio-1744, ¶ 31. “ ‘Because the trier of

fact sees and hears the witnesses and is particularly competent to decide

“whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular

witnesses,” we must afford substantial deference to its determinations of

credibility.’ ” Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St.3d 5, 2010-Ohio-2420, 929

N.E.2d 1047, ¶ 20, quoting State v. Konya, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No.

21434, 2006-Ohio-6312, ¶ 6, quoting State v. Lawson, 2nd Dist.

Montgomery No. 16288 (Aug. 22, 1997). As explained in Eastley v.

Volkman,132 Ohio St.3d 328, 972 N.E.2d 517:

       “ ‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly
       against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment
       must be made in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts.

       ***

       If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the
       reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is
       consistent with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to
       sustaining the verdict and judgment.’ ”
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                        6


      {¶8} Eastley at ¶ 21, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland,

10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio

Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191-192 (1978). Thus,

an appellate court will leave the issues of weight and credibility of the

evidence to the fact finder, as long as a rational basis exists in the record for

its decision. State v. Picklesimer, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 11CA9, 2012-

Ohio-1282, ¶ 24; accord State v. Howard, 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2948,

2007-Ohio-6331, ¶ 6 (“We will not intercede as long as the trier of fact has

some factual and rational basis for its determination of credibility and

weight.”).

      {¶9} Once the reviewing court finishes its examination, the court may

reverse the judgment of conviction only if it appears that the fact-finder,

when resolving the conflicts in evidence, “ ‘clearly lost its way and created

such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed

and a new trial ordered .’ ” Wickersham, supra, at 26, quoting Thompkins,

78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485

N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist. 1983). A reviewing court should find a conviction

against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the “ ‘exceptional case in

which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’ “ Id., quoting
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                     7

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175; State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio St.3d 479, 483,

721 N.E.2d 995 (2000).

                          B. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      {¶10} Appellant was convicted of R.C. 2925.041, illegal assembly or

possession of chemicals for manufacture of drugs, which provides:

      “(A) No person shall knowingly assemble or possess one or
      more chemicals that may be used to manufacture a controlled
      substance in schedule I or II with the intent to manufacture a
      controlled substance in schedule I or II in violation of section
      2925.04 of the Revised Code.”

      {¶11} R.C. 2925.04 states:

      “(A) No person shall knowingly cultivate marihuana or
      knowingly manufacture or otherwise engage in any part of the
      production of a controlled substance.”

      {¶12} Appellant contends the State failed to present any evidence of

“intent to manufacture.” Appellant points out the “intent to manufacture a

controlled substance” is not defined in the Ohio Revised Code, and directs

us to cases from the Eighth, Ninth, and Eleventh appellate districts which

have analyzed what constitutes proof of this particular element.

      {¶13} Appellee responds that the facts and testimony of various

witnesses provide evidence from which a reasonable juror could infer

Appellant held the intent to manufacture. Appellee points out Appellant was

present in a residence where a search warrant had recently been executed for
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                      8

illegal manufacture of methamphetamine. The prior warrant was executed

within a month of Appellant’s own arrest, at the same house, for the same

crime. Appellee points out the home and property contained various other

items for the production of methamphetamine. Appellee also points to

Appellant’s history of purchasing an inordinate amount of pseudoephedrine.

Finally, Appellee emphasizes the room in which Appellant and his girlfriend

stayed was found to have many of the items also offered as evidence for the

production of methamphetamine.

      {¶14} We begin by noting that R.C. 2925.041(B) further provides:

      “In a prosecution under this section, it is not necessary to allege
      or prove that the offender assembled or possessed all chemicals
      necessary to manufacture a controlled substance in schedule I
      or II. The assembly or possession of a single chemical that may
      be used in the manufacture of a controlled substance in
      schedule I or II, with the intent to manufacture a controlled
      substance in either schedule, is sufficient to violate this
      section.”

      {¶15} Appellant’s trial began with testimony from Kelsey

Degan of BCI. The trial court declared her to be an expert in

substance identification and measuring. She identified the following:

      1) States’ Exhibit 1, a copy of a lab report she prepared in
      Appellant’s case. Degan testified she received evidence from
      Detective Swackhammer on August 21, 2014.

      2) State’s Exhibit 2, a manila envelope containing a white
      substance discovered to contain methamphetamine. Degan
      emphasized she followed all procedures and that she could say
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                           9

      beyond a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that the
      substance in the manila envelope was methamphetamine.

      3) State’s Exhibit 27, twenty white tablets containing
      pseudoephedrine, which she had tested and analyzed. She
      again testified beyond a reasonable degree of scientific certainty
      that the tablets were pseudoephedrine.

Degan testified after she analyzed the evidence she sealed it up to be

returned. Degan also testified it is not a standard operating procedure to test

for DNA on drugs. On cross-examination, the defense emphasized that there

was no DNA link between Appellant and the methamphetamine confiscated.

      {¶16} Detective Daniel Croy testified one of his duties is maintaining

the evidence room at the Highland County Sheriff’s Department. He and

Detective Swackhammer testified to the chain of custody for State’s Exhibits

2 and 27. Detective Jennifer Swackhammer testified she transported

Exhibits 2 and 27 to BCI and also returned them to the evidence room.

      {¶17} Detective Vinny Antinore testified he has been employed by

the sheriff’s office for nearly three years. Primarily, his duty is to dispatch.

However, on August 13, 2014, he assisted other officers on execution of a

search warrant on Holaday Road. He identified Appellant for the jury.

Deputy Antinore testified when he first saw Appellant at the scene, he was

being escorted out of the home onto the front porch. Deputy Antinore

noticed Appellant had something in his hand he was attempting to conceal.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                    10

Later, after Appellant was removed from the porch, the item recovered was a

clear bag with a white powdery substance. The bag was located on the

porch, directly under where Appellant had been seated. Deputy Antinore

identified State’s Exhibit 2 as the item that had been recovered by Sergeant

Bowen, from where Appellant had been sitting.

      {¶18} On cross-examination, Deputy Antinore acknowledged he had

not consistently assisted with search warrants during his three years of

employment. He first saw Appellant with Sergeant Seaman. Deputy

Antinore testified he did not advise Sergeant Seaman he saw Appellant

holding something in his hand. Deputy Antinore further testified he never

approached Appellant and attempted to retrieve the item in his hand. After

Appellant was removed from the porch, he advised Sergeant Bowen he

observed something in Appellant’s hand. Then he walked over and saw the

item on the porch. On redirect, Deputy Antinore testified he didn’t alert

anyone about the item in Appellant’s hand immediately because he was

fearful if Appellant was aware of the information, he would throw the item

and the officers would never find it.

      {¶19} The next witness was Detective Randy Sanders. Detective

Sanders testified to his experience and training identifying and dismantling

methamphetamine labs. Detective Sanders testified as to the process of
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                    11

manufacturing methamphetamine. He also testified he was present when the

warrant was executed at Holaday Road on August 13, 2104. He identified

Appellant.

      {¶20} Detective Sanders testified Appellant had been staying at the

Holaday Road residence because he saw him there on July 23, 2014 when he

drove by. On August 13, 2014, when the warrant was executed, Detective

Sanders searched Kevin Colville’s bedroom and the garage. Inside the

garage he found numerous items inside a bag, including ammonium nitrate

pellets out of a cold pack, a torn up lithium battery, a Hamilton Beach

blender, a bottle of lye, drain cleaner, crystal drain opener. Detective

Sanders identified State’s Exhibit 20, the bag he found in the garage

containing the above-described items. Detective Sanders testified each of

the items can be used in the production of methamphetamine. Detective

Sanders testified the significance of the blender is that it is commonly used

to grind the pseudoephedrine pills. Detective Sanders identified various

other photographs of items discovered on August 13, 2014.

      {¶21} On cross-examination, Detective Sanders acknowledged

Appellant was in a romantic relationship with Amanda Campanero and she

stayed at the residence as well. Detective Sanders testified he did not

observe Appellant with a bag in his hand while Appellant was sitting on the
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                    12

porch. He testified Amanda Campanero, Kevin Colville, Appellant, and

others were also sitting on the porch at that time. Detective Sanders further

admitted he did not see Appellant have any contact with the bag found in the

garage containing the various items. He testified he had no evidence

Appellant purchased the blender or used the blender.

      {¶22} On redirect, Detective Sanders testified the house was set up to

make methamphetamine. The Hamilton Beach blender box was found in the

bedroom where Appellant and Campanero stayed.

      {¶23} The State’s final witness was Detective Chris Bowen. He also

testified as to his responsibility for identifying and dismantling

methamphetamine labs. He went to the Holaday Road residence to execute

the search warrant on August 13, 2014. When he arrived he saw Kevin

Colville in the kitchen. He later checked Appellant’s bedroom. Inside the

room he found pseudoephedrine, pseudoephedrine receipts, lithium batteries

and personal property belonging to Appellant and Amanda Campanero. He

also found miscellaneous personal items. He testified he found a plastic tote

inside Appellant’s bedroom which contained coffee filters, the blender box,

and a Folger’s coffee container. He reiterated the blender was found outside

in the garage with white residue in it. He also found crushed Sudafed pills.

Detective Bowen identified the following exhibits:
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                   13

      1) State’s Exhibit 7, a photograph taken of two blister packs
      that contained pseudoephedrine laying on top of the dresser.

      2) State’s Exhibit 8, a photograph of a Wal-Mart bag in the
      bedroom hanging off the dresser which contained an empty box
      of pseudoephedrine.

      3) State’s Exhibit 10, a third receipt of pseudoephedrine
      purchase, dated August 12, 2014, from Kroger in Hillsboro.

      4) State’s Exhibit 11, a photograph showing an overview of the
      items on the dresser; an RX bag that contained a full box of
      pseudoephedrine that had six pills in it; and two blister packs
      containing 20 pseudoephedrine pills. He also explained
      pseudoephedrine is an active ingredient in the production of
      methamphetamine.

      5) State’s Exhibit 13, a photograph of items he found on top of
      the dresser in the bedroom. The photograph showed lithium
      batteries wrapped in a paper towel and part of a blister pack
      beside the pseudoephedrine pills.

      6) State’s Exhibit 14, two lithium batteries. He added lithium
      metal is an active ingredient needed to produce
      methamphetamine.

      7) State’s Exhibit 27, two blister packs that contained twenty
      pseudoephedrine pills found on top of the dresser.

      {¶24} Detective Bowen testified that the items depicted in State’s

Exhibits 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 14 were all found in Appellant’s bedroom. He

collected the pseudoephedrine tablets, placed them in an evidence bag, and

eventually took them to an evidence locker in the sheriff’s office.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                                              14

        {¶25} Detective Bowen testified he located two receipts inside the

bedroom.2 A receipt dated August 11, 2014 from Kroger appeared to be

inside Amanda Campanero’s purse. A receipt on top of the dresser dated

August 12, 2014 was a purchase of pseudoephedrine made by Appellant.

Bowen searched the rest of the residence and eventually went to the front

porch. Bowen also identified State’s Exhibit 27, the evidence bag with

methamphetamine from the porch which he transported to the evidence

locker on August 13, 2014.

        {¶26} On cross-examination, Detective Bowen admitted that the

August 12, 2014 receipt, attached to the bag, contained the pills in an

unopened box. He acknowledged the pills had never been used to

manufacture. He also acknowledged Exhibit 27, the two blister packs

located on top of the dresser, had only nineteen pills because BCI tested one.

He testified a discarded pseudoephedrine box was inside the Wal-Mart bag

hanging on the dresser. He admitted that he did not know if the pills had

come from Amanda Campanero’s purchase or if they had been there for

months. He also testified he did not know whether the pills had been used in

the manufacture of methamphetamine.

2
  Bowen testified regarding a computer program his office has in which one can track the purchase of
pseudoephedrine. The information is accessible to law enforcement. A person can log on, look up a
receipt, and see specifically who made the purchase. Bowen used this technology to track the two receipts
in Appellant’s bedroom. The name of this computer program was not correctly spelled when identified in
the transcript.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                      15

      {¶27} Detective Bowen further testified that no lithium had been

extracted from the batteries. He acknowledged batteries may be used for

lawful purposes and it is common for people to have batteries in their

homes. He admitted he did not know who brought the batteries to the trailer.

He admitted it was legal to purchase pseudoephedrine up to a certain amount

each month.

      {¶28} Detective Bowen testified Appellant’s ID cards were on top of

the dresser. He admitted other than the receipt tracing a single Sudafed

purchase to Appellant, there was no other evidence that Appellant purchased

any of the other items, brought them to the residence, or exercised control

over them. He testified there was no active cook going on.

      {¶29} Detective Bowen testified he escorted Appellant, Ms.

Campanero, and another person from the bedroom to the porch. He didn’t

observe anything in Appellant’s had. Deputy Antinore advised that he found

a baggy where Appellant was seated on the porch after he left. Detective

Bowen collected it.

       {¶30} On redirect, Detective Bowen identified Exhibit 32,

Appellant’s purchase history. Appellant had purchased pseudoephedrine, or

attempted to purchase it, 15 times in 8 months. At this point, the State asked

for the relevant exhibits to be admitted and rested.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                   16

      {¶31} Appellant’s counsel then made a Rule 29 motion for acquittal.

Counsel argued there was no evidence of intent to manufacture

methamphetamine. Counsel pointed out the only item the State could prove

was in Appellant’s possession was the Sudafed purchased the day before.

Furthermore, the Sudafed box was completely intact and had never been

used for any purpose. Counsel argued Appellant had to have some

conscious awareness that the other items of manufacture existed and he had

to have taken some step towards completion of the manufacture of drugs.

The State responded that Appellant was near the finished product and had

receipts for the purchase. Appellant was discovered in the bedroom where

his personal belongings were and he had been residing, with all the

chemicals to make methamphetamine. The trial court overruled Appellant’s

motion.

      {¶32} The defense case began with the testimony of Kevin Colville.

He testified he rented the Holaday Road residence on August 13, 2014. He

acknowledged he was currently serving a prison term after pleading to two

charges of possession of chemicals for the manufacture of

methamphetamine.

      {¶33} Colville testified on August 13, 2014, he and Appellant had

worked on the transmission of Appellant’s truck. Appellant and Campanero
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                      17

occasionally stayed in a bedroom at Colville’s residence that was used for

storage. Other people occasionally stayed overnight in that bedroom.

Appellant had stayed more since his truck was broken.

      {¶34} When the officers arrived, Colville was in the kitchen.

Appellant and Campanero were in one of the bedrooms. Colville was taken

out to the porch. Colville admitted he was the person engaged in the

manufacture of methamphetamine as his residence. He testified that

Appellant had never purchased chemicals to be used in the production of

methamphetamine. Colville denied that Appellant provided the various

items located at the residence, which included Damp-Rid, crystal Drano,

lighter fluid, and pseudoephedrine. He wrote a letter from prison to let

everyone know Appellant should not be blamed for his mistakes.

      {¶35} On-cross-examination, Colville admitted he told Appellant he

would “do anything to try to help him get out of [this]because it’s not his

fault.” He admitted that he and Appellant had been communicating through

letters and family members. He denied Appellant cooked meth with him.

He admitted Appellant was at his residence on July 23, 2014 when the

officers were previously there.

      {¶36} Finally, Appellant testified. He gave his residence as a location

in Peebles, Ohio. He admitted he moved around and sometimes stayed at
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                     18

Colville’s residence. Appellant testified on August 13, 2014, at the Holaday

Road residence, he was present with Amanda Campanero, Kevin Colville,

and 4 others. He said he had been chauffeuring people around all day,

traveling to and from a parts store, and working on his truck. When the

police arrived, he was in Mr. Colville’s daughter’s bedroom off the kitchen.

He had stayed there from time to time.

      {¶37} Appellant testified Detective Bowen and another officer

brought them out. A third officer on the porch was keeping them in the area.

Five people on the porch were lined up close together. Appellant testified he

“made a scene”, accusing someone else of setting them up. Therefore, he

was taken to a patrol car.

      {¶38} Appellant testified he did purchase Sudafed the day before. He

was planning to give it to his girlfriend to trade for methamphetamine. He

admitted he had a prior conviction for assembling chemicals. He admitted

he used methamphetamine on August 13, 2014. Appellant specifically

denied:

      1) Bringing Damper-Rid to the residence, opening it, or using
      it;

      2) Bringing Sudafed to the house;

      3) Possessing crystal Drano, using it, or knowing it was present
      in the residence;
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                       19

      4) Being aware of the presence of the bottle of lighter fluid;

      5) Creating any solvents;

      6) Manufacturing methamphetamine;

      7) Participating in the use or discarding of the previous meth
      lab; and,

      8) Collaborating with Kevin Colville.

      {¶39} On cross-examination, Appellant reiterated nobody was

making meth. He knew that Colville cooked meth and had a meth lab at his

house a few months prior. His pseudoephedrine was in the house, in

Campanero’s purse next to his ID. He testified he was aware

pseudoephedrine is a necessary item to make meth.

      {¶40} As we begin our analysis, Appellant has directed us to State v.

Seldon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98429, 2013-Ohio-819, where the defendant

was charged with one count of assembly or possession of chemicals used for

the manufacture of drugs and one count of carrying a concealed weapon

subsequent to a lawful traffic stop. Seldon was driving his friend’s truck and

two others were riding with him. Pursuant to the stop, troopers located

various items which can be used in the manufacture of a controlled

substance. At trial, Seldon’s father testified his son was going to look for

work in the area at the time of his stop. Seldon testified some of the items in

the truck were purchased by him that day for the purpose of work on
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                      20

damaged or inoperable vehicles. He testified, in particular, to having

matchbooks because he stamped them to advertise his services. He admitted

24 Sudafed pills were his, but a package of 96, and some starting fluid, were

not his. He testified to having iodine in the vehicle to treat sores on his arm.

      {¶41} Seldon further acknowledged trying methamphetamine, but

testified it was years before, not one week before as a trooper had previously

testified. He denied that the items in the truck were purchased for the

purpose of illegally manufacturing methamphetamine. He also denied

knowing how to manufacture methamphetamine or having done so in the

past. Although the jury returned a guilty verdict, the appellate court held the

state failed to prove by sufficient evidence that Seldon possessed the

chemicals discovered with an intent to manufacture methamphetamine. The

eighth district appellate court held at ¶ 21:

      “Under the clear requirements of R.C. 2925.041(A), the mere
      assembly or possession of chemicals that could be used to
      produce a controlled substance is not sufficient to prove the
      performance of the criminal act. State v. Cumberledge, 11th
      Dist. No. 2010-L-142, 2012-Ohio-3012. In addition to
      possessing the chemical, the state must further demonstrate a
      present intent on the part of the defendant to actually use the
      chemical in the future to produce the illegal drug. Id.

      ***

      In most instances, proof of this intent will likely be based upon
      the defendant's completion of a subsequent act, such as an
      initial step in the manufacturing process.” Seldon, supra.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                                                 21


         {¶42} The eighth district court noted the only evidence of

Seldon’s intent to manufacture was:

         1) His possession of the confiscated chemicals;

         2) Testimony from an agent that the chemicals were used in the
         red phosphorous method of cooking methamphetamine;

         3) Testimony from another agent that based on the location,
         quantity, and combination, the seized products could be used to
         manufacture methamphetamine;

         4) The fact the canine alerted to a narcotic in the truck after the
         stop; and,

         5) Seldon’s admission that he had used methamphetamine in
         the past. Id. at 22.3

         {¶43} Appellant herein argues there is no evidence of intent to

manufacture. It is true that the State’s case against Appellant herein is

largely circumstantial. It is well-established, however, that “a defendant

may be convicted solely on the basis of circumstantial evidence.” State v.

Wickersham,¶ 39, quoting State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 151, 529

N.E.2d 1236 (1988). “Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence

inherently possess the same probating value.” Jenks, paragraph one of the

syllabus. “Circumstantial evidence is defined as ‘[t]estimony not based on

3
   Appellant also directs us to State v. Morlock, 20 N.E.3d 1212, 2014-Ohio- 4458, (9th Dist.) in
which the ninth district appellate court held there was insufficient evidence to convict appellant for
illegal manufacture of drugs and illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the manufacture
of drugs. However, our review of the case reveals its precise holding is that there was insufficient
evidence to establish appellant committed the crimes on or about the date alleged.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                      22

actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in controversy, but of

other facts from which deductions are drawn, showing indirectly the facts

sought to be proved. * * * ’ ” Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d at 150, quoting Black's

Law Dictionary (5th Ed. 1979) 221.

      {¶44} Furthermore, the case at bar involves circumstantial evidence

of intent. “Intent lies within the privacy of an individual's own thoughts and

is not susceptible of objective proof.” Wickersham, supra, at ¶ 30, quoting

State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 60, 656 N.E.2d 623 (1995). So “intent

‘can never be proved by the direct testimony of a third person.’ ” State v.

Moon, 4th Dist. Adams App. No. 08CA875, 2009-Ohio-4830, ¶ 20, quoting

State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 168, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). Rather it “

‘must * * * be inferred from the act itself and the surrounding

circumstances, including the acts and statements of the defendant

surrounding the time of the offense.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Wilson, 12th

Dist. Warren No. CA2006-01-007, 2007-Ohio-Ohio-2298, ¶ 41. But

“persons are presumed to have intended the natural, reasonable and probable

consequences of their voluntary acts.” Garner at 60.

      {¶45} By the end of the State’s case, the jury had heard evidence that:

      1) Detective Sanders has experience in identifying and
      dismantling methamphetamine labs. Appellant, Amanda
      Campanero, his girlfriend, and Kevin Colville were present at
      the Holaday Road residence when various items for the
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                23

     manufacture of methamphetamine including ammonium nitrate
     pellets, a torn up lithium battery, a Hamilton Beach blender, a
     bottle of lye, a bottle of drain cleaner, and crystal Drano were
     located in the garage. Detective Sanders testified each of the
     items can be used in the production of methamphetamine. He
     also testified blenders are commonly used to grind
     pseudoephedrine pills for such purpose. He testified the
     residence was set up to make methamphetamine.

     2) Detective Bowen also has experience in identifying and
     dismantling meth labs. In Appellant’s bedroom he found
     pseudoephedrine, pseudoephedrine receipts, lithium batteries,
     and personal property of both Appellant and Amanda
     Campanero. He also found a plastic tote containing a Hamilton
     Beach blender box in the bedroom. He found lithium batteries
     wrapped in a paper towel on the dresser in the bedroom. He
     found two blister packs containing pseudoephedrine on top of
     the dresser. He explained that pseudoephedrine and lithium
     metal are active ingredients needed to produce
     methamphetamine. However, no active cook was going on
     when the officers arrived.

     3) Detective Bowen also found two receipts in the bedroom,
     one dated August 11, 2014 in Amanda Campanero’s purse, and
     one on top of the dresser dated August 12, 2014. The August
     12, 2014 receipt was for a purchase of pseudoephedrine made
     by Appellant.

     4) Exhibit 2, a white substance determined to be
     methamphetamine, and Exhibit 27, twenty white tablets
     containing pseudoephedrine, had been transferred to BCI for
     scientific testing and the chain of custody for the evidence had
     been preserved.

     5) Deputy Antinore testified State’s Exhibit 2 was a white
     powdery substance in a clear bag that he saw in Appellant’s
     hand. He did not report the clear bag to anyone at the time for
     fear that Appellant would discard it. The bag was later
     recovered by Detective Bowen from the area where Appellant
     had been sitting on the porch.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                24


     4) Detective Sanders testified Appellant had been staying at the
     Holaday Road residence because he saw him there on July 23,
     2014 and again on August 13, 2014.

     5) Detective Bowen testified Exhibit 27 was the
     pseudoephedrine he located on top of the dresser.

     6) Detective Bowen admitted other than the receipt of
     Appellant’s Sudafed purchase, there was no other evidence
     Appellant purchased any of the other items, brought them to the
     residence, or exercised control over them.

     7) Kevin Colville testified he was currently serving a prison
     term for possession of chemicals for the manufacture of
     methamphetamine. Appellant, Campanero, and others
     occasionally stayed in the bedroom where Appellant was
     located. He testified he was the person engaged in the
     manufacture of methamphetamine at his residence, but
     Appellant was not. He testified Appellant did not provide any
     of the chemicals found there.

     8) Appellant testified he was present at the Holaday Road
     residence on August 13, 2014. He purchased Sudafed the day
     before to give to his girlfriend. He denied manufacturing
     methamphetamine. He denied bringing any of the chemicals to
     the house. He admitted using methamphetamine on August 13,
     2014. He admitted he had a prior conviction for assembling
     chemicals. Appellant admitted he knew that Colville cooked
     meth and had done so before.

     {¶46} The trial court instructed appropriately as follows:

     “Whether an inference is made, rests entirely with you. Now,
     when considering circumstantial evidence, you may not draw
     one inference from another inference; but, you may draw more
     than one inference from the same facts and circumstances. In
     other words, you can’t stack one inference upon another to
     reach a factual conclusion.”
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                     25

      {¶47} Based on the foregoing, we find there was circumstantial

evidence in this case supporting the conclusion that Appellant intended to

manufacture methamphetamine. It is a logical inference that Appellant was

familiar with the Holaday Road residence where various ingredients used to

make methamphetamine were located. Colville and Appellant testified he

stayed there on occasion. Detective Sanders saw Appellant there on July 23,

2014 and three weeks later on August 13, 2014.

      {¶48} Appellant and Campanero were discovered by officers in a

bedroom. Although Colville testified others stayed at the residence, the

evidence demonstrates that Appellant had a significant connection to the

bedroom where he was located on August 13, 2014. His identification cards

and Campanero’s purse were found in the room. The absence of evidence

indicating that other individuals had recently stayed in the bedroom supports

the inference that the batteries and pseudoephedrine located on top of the

dresser, along with the tote bag containing the Hamilton Beach blender box,

were present under Appellant’s knowledge and control.

      {¶49} Furthermore, Appellant testified he had used

methamphetamine on the date of his arrest. He purchased Sudafed the day

before for the purpose of obtaining more methamphetamine. Importantly,

Appellant testified he was aware that Colville made methamphetamine.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                      26

      {¶50} More importantly, Deputy Antinore’s testimony places

Appellant with the finished product in his hand, the clear baggie containing

the white powdery substance ultimately determined to be methamphetamine

by Kelsey Degan. Although Appellant denied manufacturing

methamphetamine or knowing how to manufacture methamphetamine, and

defense counsel cross-examined Deputy Antinore about why he did not

immediately report seeing the bag in Appellant’s hand, the jury was free to

believe some, all, or none of the witnesses’ testimony. The jury apparently

chose to discredit Appellant and his witness. See State v. Seal, 20 N.E.3d

392, 2015-Ohio-4167, (4th Dist.), ¶ 34. As cited above, “intent” is to be

inferred from the act and surrounding circumstances. The evidence supports

the inference that Appellant had engaged in the manufacture of

methamphetamine, and therefore possessed an “intent” to manufacture, as

the testimony was that he was seen with the finished product in his hand.

      {¶51} We acknowledge that this is a close case and we reiterate that

the jury was in the best position to observe the witnesses and evaluate their

credibility. Notably, the jury sent out two questions during deliberations,

indicating they took seriously their duty to evaluate the evidence and
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                                                  27

Appellant’s arguments.4 Having reviewed the entire record, weighed the

evidence, and considered the credibility of the witnesses as it arises from the

transcript, we find a rational basis exists in the record for the jury’s decision.

We do not find this to be the exceptional case where the evidence weighs

heavily against conviction. Nor do we believe Appellant’s conviction is a

manifest miscarriage of justice. As such, we overrule Appellant’s second

assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR THREE

                           A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         {¶52} When reviewing a case to determine if the record contains

sufficient evidence to support a criminal conviction, we must “examine the

evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed,

would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of

fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a

reasonable doubt.” State v. Hollis, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 09CA9, 2010-

Ohio-3945, ¶ 20, citing State v. Smith, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 06CA7,

2007-Ohio-502, at ¶ 33, quoting State v. Jenks at paragraph two of the

4
 However, we reiterate, as in Wickersham, supra, at Fn. 6, that “[T]his is not to suggest that a defendant’s
conviction is unsustainable if a jury does not submit a question to the trial court during deliberations.”
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                        28

syllabus. See, also, Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781

(1979).

      {¶53} The sufficiency of the evidence test “raises a question of law

and does not allow us to weigh the evidence,” Hollis, at ¶ 21; Smith at ¶ 34,

citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1983).

Instead, the sufficiency of the evidence test “gives full play to the

responsibility of the trier of fact [to fairly] resolve conflicts in the testimony,

to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to

ultimate facts.” Smith at ¶ 34, citing State v. Thomas, 70 Ohio St.2d 79, 79-

80, 434 N.E.2d 1356 (1982); State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227

N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus.

                            B. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      {¶54} Appellant next argues his conviction, pursuant to R.C.

2925.041was based on insufficient evidence. When an appellate court

concludes that the weight of the evidence supports a defendant's conviction,

this conclusion necessarily includes a finding that sufficient evidence

supports the conviction. Wickersham, supra, at 27; State v. Pollitt, 4th Dist.

Scioto No. 08CA3263, 2010-Ohio-2556, ¶ 15. “ ‘Thus, a determination that

[a] conviction is supported by the weight of the evidence will also be

dispositive of the issue of sufficiency.’ ” State v. Lombardi, 9th Dist.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                    29

Summit No. 22435, 2005-Ohio-4942, ¶ 9, quoting State v. Roberts, 9th Dist.

Lorain No. 96CA006462 (Sept. 17, 1997). See, State v. Chandler, 4th Dist.

Highland No. 14CA11, 2014-Ohio-5125, ¶12. In the case sub judice,

having found no merit to Appellant’s argument that his conviction is against

the manifest weight of the evidence, we further find it is supported by

sufficient evidence. As such, we overrule Appellant’s third assignment of

error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                      ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE

                       A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶55} The standard of review for a Crim.R. 29(A) motion is generally

the same as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. Hollis, supra, at ¶

19. See State v. Hairston, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 06CA3081, 2007-Ohio-3880,

2007 WL 2181535, at ¶ 16; State v. Brooker, 170 Ohio App.3d 570, 2007-

Ohio-588, 868 N.E.2d 683, at ¶8. Appellate courts must determine whether

the evidence adduced at trial, if believed, supports a finding of guilt beyond

a reasonable doubt. See State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 1997-

Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541; State v. Jenkins, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d

492 (1991).

                           B. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      {¶56} Here Appellant contends the trial court erred by denying his
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                     30

Rule 29 motion for acquittal, against arguing the State failed to prove intent.

We have set forth above the analysis for the evaluation of a Crim.R. 29

motion is the same as the “sufficiency-of-the-evidence” analysis. We have

found Appellant’s conviction was supported by the manifest weight of the

evidence, and elaborated that the manifest weight of the evidence necessarily

includes a finding that sufficient evidence supports the conviction. As such,

we need not engage in further analysis under this assignment of error.

Appellant’s argument hereunder is overruled. The judgment of the trial

court is affirmed.

                     ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR FOUR

                       A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶57} In State v. Pulliam, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 14CA3609, 2015-

Ohio-759, ¶ 5, see State v. Brewer, 2014-Ohio-1903, 11 N.E.3d 317, we

recently held that when reviewing felony sentences, we apply the standard of

review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). Brewer at ¶ 33 (“we join the

growing number of appellate districts that have abandoned the Kalish

plurality's two step abuse-of-discretion standard of review; when the General

Assembly reenacted R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), it expressly stated ‘[t]he appellate

court's standard of review is not whether the sentencing court abused its

discretion’ ”). See also State v. Graham, 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA11,
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                       31

2014-Ohio-3149, ¶ 31. R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) specifies that an appellate court

may increase, reduce, modify, or vacate and remand a challenged felony

sentence if the court clearly and convincingly finds either that “the record

does not support the sentencing court's findings” under the specified

statutory provisions or “the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.”

                           B. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      {¶58} Appellant argues the general felony sentencing provision of

R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(a), revised most recently by House Bill 234, effective

March 23, 2015, conflicts with the internal sentencing provision of R.C.

2929.041. On his conviction for manufacture of drugs, Appellant was

sentenced to a five-year mandatory sentence, in accordance with the

provision of R.C. 2929.041 which states:

      “Whoever violates this section is guilty of illegal assembly or
      possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs. Except
      as otherwise provided in this division, illegal assembly or
      possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs is a
      felony of the third degree, and, except as otherwise provided in
      division (C)(1) or (2) of this section, division (C) of section
      2929.13 of the Revised Code applies in determining whether to
      impose a prison term on the offender. If the offense was
      committed in the vicinity of a juvenile or in the vicinity of a
      school, illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the
      manufacture of drugs is a felony of the second degree, and,
      except as otherwise provided in division (C)(1) or (2) of this
      section, division (C) of section 2929.13 of the Revised Code
      applies in determining whether to impose a prison term on the
      offender. If the violation of division (A) of this section is a
      felony of the third degree under this division and if the
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                     32

      chemical or chemicals assembled or possessed in violation of
      division (A) of this section may be used to manufacture
      methamphetamine, there either is a presumption for a prison
      term for the offense or the court shall impose a mandatory
      prison term on the offender, determined as follows:

      (1) Except as otherwise provided in this division, there is a
      presumption for a prison term for the offense. If the offender
      two or more times previously has been convicted of or pleaded
      guilty to a felony drug abuse offense, except as otherwise
      provided in this division, the court shall impose as a mandatory
      prison term one of the prison terms prescribed for a felony of
      the third degree that is not less than two years. If the offender
      two or more times previously has been convicted of or pleaded
      guilty to a felony drug abuse offense and if at least one of those
      previous convictions or guilty pleas was to a violation of
      division (A) of this section, a violation of division (B)(6) of
      section 2919.22 of the Revised Code, or a violation of division
      (A) of section 2925.04 of the Revised Code, the court shall
      impose as a mandatory prison term one of the prison terms
      prescribed for a felony of the third degree that is not less than
      five years.”

Pursuant to the above statute, Appellant was sentenced to a five-year

mandatory prison term due to having two prior convictions for felony drug

abuse offenses. However, recently revised R.C. 2929.14 (A)(3) provides:

      “(a) For a felony of the third degree that is a violation of section
      2903.06, 2903.08, 2907.03, 2907.04, or 2907.05 of the
      Revised Code or that is a violation of section 2911.02 or
      2911.12 of the Revised Code if the offender previously has
      been convicted of or pleaded guilty in two or more separate
      proceedings to two or more violations of section 2911.01,
      2911.02, 2911.11, or 2911.12 of the Revised Code, the prison
      term shall be twelve, eighteen, twenty-four, thirty, thirty-six,
      forty-two, forty-eight, fifty-four, or sixty months.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                       33

      (b) For a felony of the third degree that is not an offense for
      which division (A)(3)(a) of this section applies, the prison term
      shall be nine, twelve, eighteen, twenty-four, thirty, or thirty-six
      months.”

      {¶59} Appellant argues R.C. 2929.14 does not list R.C. 2925.041 as

an offense excluded from the thirty-six month range. As such, the two

statutes are in conflict. Appellant urges that statutes relating to the same

general subject matter must be read in pari materia and viewed in a manner

to carry out the legislative intent of the sections.

      {¶60} Appellee responds that there is no conflict between the statutes.

Appellee cites R.C. 2929.13(C), which states:

      “Except as provided in division (D), (E), (F), or (G) of this
      section, in determining whether to impose a prison term as a
      sanction for a felony of the third degree or a felony drug offense
      that is a violation of a provision of Chapter 2925 of the Revised
      Code and that is specified as being subject to this division for
      purposes of sentencing, the sentencing court shall comply with
      the purposes and principles of sentencing under section 2929.11
      of the Revised Code and with section 2929.12 of the Revised
      Code.”

Appellee points out that none of the language contained in subsections (D,

(E), (F), and (G) of R.C. 2929.13 specifically refer to R.C. 2925.041 or

2929.14. As such, the court can assume the intent is for R.C. 2925.041 to be

a “stand alone” offense.

      {¶61} The Twelfth District Court of Appeals recently considered the

argument that the statutes are in conflict in State v. Young, 31 N.E.3d 178,
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                    34

2015-Ohio-1347. The Twelfth District Appellate Court pointed out the

statutory provisions listed in R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(a) refer to certain vehicular

offenses, certain sexual offenses, and robbery and burglary. Importantly,

illegal assembly of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs is not an offense

listed in R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(a). Thus, pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(a)

and (b), appellant's maximum sentence for violating R.C. 2925.041 would be

36 months in prison. As here, the record showed that Young was previously

convicted of “illegal manufacture of drugs, aggravated possession of drugs”

and had a prior conviction for illegal assembly of chemicals for the

manufacture of drugs under R.C. 2925.041(A). As a result, pursuant to R.C.

2925.041(C)(1), appellant's mandatory sentence for violating R.C. 2925.041

would be 60 months (5 years) in prison.

       {¶62} The Young court observed in State v. Shaffer, 9th Dist. Medina

Nos. 12CA0071-M, 12CA0077-2014-Ohio-2461, the decision cited by the

state, that:

       “[T]he defendant entered a plea of no contest to illegal
       assembly of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs and was
       sentenced to five years in prison under R.C. 2925.041(C)(1).
       The Ninth Appellate District upheld the sentence on the ground
       that ‘the General Assembly intended R.C. 2925.041(C)(1) to be
       a specific exception to the general felony sentencing scheme set
       forth in R.C. 2929.14,’ and thus, R.C. 2925.041(C)(1) prevailed
       over R.C. 2929.14.” Id. at ¶42.

       {¶63} The Shaffer court held in its decision:
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                    35


      “Here, similar to the facts in Sturgill, Ms. Shaffer's sentence for
      a felony of the third degree was increased from thirty-six
      months to five-years because R.C. 2925.041(C)(1) specifically
      mandates imprisonment of ‘not less than five-years’ if certain
      conditions precedent are met. Additionally, as indicated above,
      both R.C. 2929.14 and R.C. 2925.041 were amended by H.B.
      86 on September 30, 2011. As a result, we conclude that if the
      General Assembly wished to amend R.C. 2925.041(C)(1), in
      order to remove the penalty enhancement language, it would
      have done so at that time. Instead, the General Assembly
      amended R.C. 2925.041(C)(1) to state that the court shall
      impose as a mandatory prison term one of the prison terms
      prescribed for a felony of the third degree that is not less than
      five years if ‘two or more times previously [the offender] has
      been convicted of or pleaded guilty to a felony drug abuse
      offense and if at least one of those previous convictions or
      guilty pleas was to a violation of division (A) of this section, a
      violation of division (B)(6) of section 2919.22 of the Revised
      Code, or a violation of division (A) of section 2925.04 of the
      Revised Code[.]’ CA0077-M (Emphasis added.) (Italicized
      words indicate changes made to R.C. 2925.041(C)(1) in H.B.
      86.) Shaffer, at ¶ 14.”

      {¶64} The Young court noted in addressing the conflict between the

statutes and seeking guidance with this matter, the Shaffer court relied on the

12th district’s decision in State v. Sturgill, 12th Dist. Clermont Nos.

CA2013-01-002 and CA2013-01-003, 2013-Ohio-4648. However, on

March 23, 2015, the Twelfth District Appellate Court explicitly overruled

Sturgill and its progeny in State v. Burkhead, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014–

02–028, 2015-Ohio-1085. The holding and analysis in Sturgill was no

longer good law in the 12th appellate district.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                                              36

        {¶65} The Young court also considered the arguments made in State

v. Dunning, 12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2013-05-048, CA2013-06-58, 2014-

Ohio-253, cited by the appellant. In Dunning, the defendant was first

sentenced to five years in prison following his 2013 guilty plea to illegal

assembly of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs. While his appeal was

pending, the trial court resentenced the defendant to three years in prison.

On appeal, this court addressed sua sponte whether the trial court had

jurisdiction to resentence the defendant while his original appeal was still

pending, and held that the trial court did not. Thereafter, the Twelfth

District Court held:

        “That said, issues remain regarding the trial court's original
        decision sentencing Dunning to an aggregate five-year prison
        term. After a thorough review of the record, we find the trial
        court erred by sentencing Dunning to serve five years in prison
        resulting from his guilty plea *189 to illegal possession or
        assembly of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs in violation
        of R.C. 2925.041(A), a third-degree felony. At the time of his
        original sentencing hearing, the maximum prison sentence for a
        third-degree felony was three years in prison. Therefore, the
        trial court's original sentencing decision in Case No. CA2013-
        05-048 is reversed and this matter is remanded for the sole
        purpose of resentencing Dunning according to law. Dunning's
        conviction is affirmed in all other respects.” Id. at ¶ 11.5

        {¶66} The Young court held:



5
 The defendant in Dunning was sentenced in 2013. Thus, the two statutory provisions at issue in the case
at bar, to wit, R.C. 2929.14 and 2925.041(C)(1) as revised by H.B. 86, were also applicable in Dunning.
Young, supra, at ¶ 45.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                       37

      “R.C. 2925.041(C)(1) sets forth a specific sentencing scheme
      for third-degree felonies involving felony drug abuse offenses
      and is thus specific, rather than general, in nature. See Shaffer,
      supra, at ¶ 14-15. Likewise, R.C. 2929.14(A)(3), which sets
      forth a specific, two-tiered sentencing scheme for third-degree
      felonies, is specific, rather than general, in nature. See State v.
      Owen, 11th Dist., 2013-Ohio-2824, 995 N.E.2d 911, ¶ 27-28.
      The two statutes are clearly in conflict since the maximum
      sentence authorized for a third-degree felony drug offense
      under R.C. 2925.041(C)(1) is 60 months, while the maximum
      sentence allowed for third-degree felonies, other than those
      listed in R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(a), is 36 months. Yet, R.C.
      2925.041(C)(1) also incorporates by reference R.C. 2929.14
      when the former states, “the court shall impose as a mandatory
      prison term one of the prison terms prescribed for a felony of
      the third degree * * *.” Young, at ¶43.

      {¶67} Young also referenced Owen, supra, in which the Eleventh

Appellate District emphasized the fact that one of the overriding purposes of

felony sentencing under H.B. 86 is to “ ‘punish the offender using the

minimum sanctions that the court determines accomplish those purposes.’ ”

Owen at ¶ 30, quoting R.C. 2929.11. The Owen court found that the

foregoing language “evinces the legislative intent that sentencing courts are

to use the minimum sanctions available to accomplish the purposes of felony

sentencing.” Young, at ¶4. Furthermore, Young recognized the “rule of

lenity” which applies where there is an ambiguity in a statute or a conflict

between statutes. State v. Sheets, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2006-04-032,

2007-Ohio-1799, ¶ 29. “The rule of lenity is codified in R.C. 2901.04(A)

which provides in relevant part that “sections of the Revised Code defining
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                          38

offenses or penalties shall be strictly construed against the state, and

liberally construed in favor of the accused.” Young, at ¶ 48. Under the rule

of lenity, “a court will not interpret a criminal statute so as to increase the

penalty it imposes on a defendant where the intended scope of the statute is

ambiguous.” Sheets at ¶ 28.

      {¶68} The Young court concluded as follows:

      “In light of our decisions in Dunning and Burkhead, the fact
      this court overruled Sturgill and its progeny, and the rule of
      lenity, we find that appellant should have been sentenced under
      R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(b), and not under R.C. 2925.041(C)(1).
      The trial court's decision to sentence appellant to 60 months in
      prison under R.C. 2925.041(C)(1) is therefore clearly and
      convincingly contrary to law and appellant's sentence must be
      vacated. See R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). On remand, the trial court
      should exercise its discretion in resentencing appellant to one of
      the prison terms set forth in R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(b) up to 36
      months in prison.” Id. at ¶ 49.

      {¶69} We have located no other cases beyond those cited which

address the conflict issue raised by Appellant. Based on the persuasive

reasoning set forth in Young, we find Appellant’s fourth assignment of error

has merit. We find his five-year mandatory sentence under R.C.

2925.041(C) is clearly and convincingly contrary to law. As such, we

remand the matter for resentencing in accordance with this law as set forth in

R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(b).
Highland App. No. 14CA20                             39

                           JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN
                           PART, REVERSED IN PART,
                           AND CAUSE REMANDED
                           FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
                           CONSISTENT WITH THIS
                           OPINION.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                     40

Harsha, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part:

      {¶70} I respectfully dissent from the majority’s disposition of the

fourth assignment of error and would affirm the trial court’s judgment and

sentence in toto.

      {¶71} To the extent that Clark contends R.C. 2929.14(A)(3) should

prevail over R.C. 2929.041(C)(1) because the former has been amended

more recently that the latter, he is mistaken. Although R.C. 2929.14 has

been more recently amended, those changes did not affect R.C.

2929.14(A)(3). As the court in State v. Young, supra, noted in footnote 4,

“The 2012 amendment did not affect or modify R.C. 2929.14(A)(3).”

Neither did the 2015 amendments found in HB 234, effective March 23,

2015, which dealt with firearms legislation. The only change to R.C.

2929.14(A)(3) was limited to striking the word “silencer” and the

substitution of “suppressor” in its place.

      {¶72} Thus both the relevant sections of R.C. 2929.14(A)(3) and R.C.

2929.041(C) were adopted at the same time in 2011 in HB 96. There is no

basis for claiming R.C. 2929.14(A)(3) prevails because it was adopted later

than R.C. 2929.041(C).

      {¶73} And as Clark points out in his brief at page 25, R.C. 2929.14 is

a “general felony sentencing provision,” especially when compared to R.C.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                       41

2929.041(C). Thus, the provisions of R.C. 2929.041(C), which is a more

specific pro-statute, should prevail.

      {¶74} Based upon those facts and the rationale expressed by the

Ninth Appellate District in Shaffer, supra, I would affirm the trial court’s

judgment of conviction and its sentence in its entirety.
Highland App. No. 14CA20                                                                    42

                                JUDGMENT ENTRY

      It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN
PART, AND REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH
THIS OPINION. Appellant and Appellee shall split the costs.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Highland
County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

         IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL
HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it
is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously
posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme
Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court.
If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the
Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of
the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court
of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of
the date of such dismissal.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, J.:     Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
Harsha, J.:    Concurs in Part and Dissents in Part with Opinion.


                                               For the Court,


                                       BY:     ______________________________
                                               Matthew W. McFarland,
                                               Administrative Judge



                                 NOTICE TO COUNSEL

        Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with
the clerk.
