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               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA


JESSE CECIL BELARDE,
                                                      Court of Appeals No. A-11321
                            Appellant,              Trial Court No. 3AN-10-12993 CR

                     v.
                                                              O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,

                            Appellee.                    No. 2500 — May 20, 2016


              Appeal from the Superior Court, Third Judicial District,
              Anchorage, Michael L. Wolverton, Judge.

              Appearances: Whitney G. Glover, Assistant Public Advocate,
              Appeals and Statewide Defense Section, and Richard Allen,
              Public Advocate, Anchorage, for the Appellant. Ann B. Black,
              Assistant Attorney General, Office of Criminal Appeals,
              Anchorage, and Craig W. Richards, Attorney General, Juneau,
              for the Appellee.

              Before: Mannheimer, Chief Judge, Allard, Judge, and Coats,
              Senior Judge. *

              Judge MANNHEIMER.




   *
       Sitting by assignment made pursuant to Article IV, Section 11 of the Alaska
Constitution and Administrative Rule 23(a).
              Jesse Cecil Belarde and two friends, Rolando Barlow and Robert Smith,
entered an Anchorage Fred Meyer store for the purpose of stealing a battery for
Belarde’s car.
              (Belarde’s car had recently broken down, and it was inoperable unless the
battery was recharged. After concluding that it would take too long to recharge the
battery, Belarde borrowed another car, and he and his friends went looking for a battery
to steal.)
              Inside the Fred Meyer store, Belarde went to the car battery section and
identified the correct battery for his vehicle. His friend Smith then picked up the battery
and attempted to carry it out of the store (without paying).
              Two of the store’s loss-prevention employees intercepted Smith in the arctic
entry. Smith dropped the battery and punched one of the employees in the face.
Belarde’s other friend, Barlow, then hit the other loss-prevention employee in the face.
At this point, Smith pulled a pistol from his waistband, chambered a round, and ordered
the loss-prevention employee to back away. Belarde then picked up the battery from the
floor, and he and his friends left the store (with the battery).
              Based on this incident, Belarde was convicted of both the theft of the
battery and first-degree robbery. The robbery charge was based on the theory that
Belarde and his accomplices took the battery from the immediate presence of the store
employees through the use of force (the basic crime of second-degree robbery as defined
in AS 11.41.510(a)), and by threatening the employees with a pistol (thus elevating the
crime to first-degree robbery as defined in AS 11.41.500(a)).
              In this appeal, Belarde argues that his first-degree robbery conviction must
be reversed because his jury was misinstructed regarding the rules for when one
accomplice to a crime (in this case, Belarde) can be held legally accountable for the
intentions of another accomplice to the crime (in this case, Smith).

                                            –2–                                       2500

              We agree with Belarde that there was a flaw in the jury instruction on the
elements of first-degree robbery. But we conclude that, given the facts of Belarde’s case
and the way in which the case was argued to the jury, there is no chance that the flaw in
the jury instruction affected the jury’s verdict. We therefore affirm Belarde’s robbery
conviction.


      A more detailed look at Belarde’s claim on appeal


              Belarde acknowledges that he was properly found guilty of stealing the car
battery. (In fact, when Belarde’s trial attorney delivered his summation to the jury, he
conceded that Belarde should be convicted of theft.) But Belarde argues that his robbery
conviction should be reversed because of a faulty clause in the jury instruction on the
elements of first-degree robbery.
              Belarde’s attack on the jury instruction is based on the defense that he
offered at trial. Belarde testified that, when he picked up the battery and ran out of the
store, he was unaware that Smith had used a pistol to threaten the employees.
              (Belarde asserted that he had been using his mobile phone as he walked out
of the store, and thus his attention was initially distracted away from the fight that
occurred between Smith, Barlow, and the two loss-prevention employees. Belarde
declared that he remained unaware that Smith had used the pistol until they were driving
away from the store, when he listened to Smith and Barlow recounting the events that
had just occurred.)
              Turning to the jury instruction on the elements of first-degree robbery,
paragraph 3 of this instruction told the jurors that the State was required to prove that
“[Belarde] or another participant intended to prevent or overcome ... resistance to the
taking of the property [by using force]”. (Emphasis added) Pointing to this italicized


                                          –3–                                        2500

language, Belarde argues that this jury instruction improperly deprived him of his
defense to the first-degree robbery charge — because this instruction told the jurors that,
as long as Smith intended to accomplish the taking by armed force (i.e., by threatening
the store employees with a pistol), it did not matter whether Belarde personally intended
to accomplish the taking by force.
              Belarde’s trial attorney did not object to the jury instruction, so Belarde
must now show that the challenged jury instruction constituted plain error.


       Even if the challenged jury instruction was flawed, we conclude that any
       error was harmless, given the way this case was litigated and argued to the
       jury


              Under the definition of robbery codified in AS 11.41.510(a), the theft or
attempted theft of property from the immediate presence and control of another
constitutes robbery if, during the course of the taking (or attempted taking), the
defendant

              uses [force] or threatens the immediate use of force upon any
              person with [the] intent to ... prevent or overcome resistance
              to the taking of the property or the retention of the property
              after [the] taking.

              On appeal, Belarde implicitly concedes that if Smith threatened the Fred
Meyer employees with a pistolto overcome their resistance to the theft of the car battery,
this would constitute a robbery — and would, in fact, constitute a first-degree robbery
under AS 11.41.500(a)(1), which covers all cases of robbery where the defendant “is
armed with a deadly weapon or represents by words or other conduct that [the defendant]
or another participant [in the taking] is so armed”.



                                           –4–                                        2500

              Belarde’s claim of plain error rests on the premise that even if Smith and
Barlow committed robbery by striking the Fred Meyer loss-prevention employees, and
even if that robbery became a first-degree robbery when Smith drew the pistol, Belarde
himself would be innocent of robbery if he did not personally intend for the theft to be
accomplished by force. Based on this premise, Belarde argues that it was obvious error
for the trial judge to instruct the jurors that it was sufficient for the State to prove that
either Belarde or Smith or Barlow used force with the intent of preventing or
overcoming resistance to the taking of the battery.


          The “natural and probable consequences” theory of accomplice
          liability


              Belarde’s argument ignores the criminal law doctrine that a person who
participates in a joint criminal enterprise (such as the theft in this case) is deemed to
intend the natural and probable consequences of that enterprise — including any
reasonably foreseeable related criminaloffenses committed by the person’s accomplices.
United States v. Barnett, 667 F.2d 835, 841 (9th Cir. 1982); People v. Durham, 449 P.2d
198, 204; 74 Cal.Rptr. 262, 269 (Cal. 1969). See also Vaden v. State, 768 P.2d 1102,
1111 (Alaska 1989) (Justice Burke, dissenting).
              As the California Supreme Court explained in People v. Prettyman, 926
P.2d 1013, 1019-1020; 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 827, 833-34 (Cal. 1996):

                     At common law, a person encouraging or facilitating
              the commission of a crime could be held criminally liable not
              only for that crime, but for any other offense that was a
              “natural and probable consequence” of the crime aided and
              abetted.




                                            –5–                                         2500

             Although legal commentators have questioned whether it is proper to hold
accomplices liable for all reasonably foreseeable crimes committed in pursuance of a
criminal enterprise, 1 most courts adhere to the “natural and probable consequences”
doctrine. See Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law (2nd ed. 2003), § 13.3(b),
Vol. 2, pp. 360-63 (criticizing the doctrine but describing it as the “established rule”).
And under this doctrine, if the jury concluded that it was reasonably foreseeable that
Smith would threaten the loss-prevention officer with a firearm, then Belarde could
properly be found guilty of first-degree robbery.
             There is no Alaska case expressly adopting the “natural and probable
consequences” doctrine of accomplice liability. And, in any event, it is a jury question
whether an accomplice’s crime was “reasonably foreseeable” under the facts of a given
case — and Belarde’s jury was not asked to resolve this question.
             The foregoing discussion of the “natural and probable consequences”
doctrine is relevant only because Belarde’s attack on the jury instruction is raised as a
claim of plain error. That is, Belarde must show that it was obvious error for the trial
judge to instruct the jurors that Belarde could be convicted of robbery if any participant
in the theft (Belarde or Smith or Barlow) used force or threatened the use of force to
prevent or overcome resistance to the theft of the battery. The “natural and probable
consequences” doctrine is the predominant rule in American jurisdictions; and under this
doctrine, the challenged jury instruction was not obvious error — indeed, it was not error
at all — so long as the jurors found that Belarde’s accomplice’s use of force was
reasonably foreseeable.
             But to resolve Belarde’s case, we need not decide whether to adopt the
“natural and probable consequences” doctrine of accomplice liability — because there



   1
       See Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law (1987) § 30.05, p. 427.

                                          –6–                                        2500

is a second, more case-specific reason why we conclude that the challenged jury
instruction was not plain error.


          Why we conclude that any flaw in the jury instruction was cured by the
          final arguments of the parties


              As we explained earlier, Belarde’s theory of defense was that (1) he was
unaware that Smith had threatened the Fred Meyer loss-prevention employees with a
pistol, and that (2) even if Smith did threaten the Fred Meyer employees with the pistol,
Belarde himself never intended to accomplish the theft of the battery through the use of
force.
              In response to this offered defense, the prosecutor told the jurors that the
State was required to prove (1) that Belarde was, indeed, personally aware that Smith had
drawn a gun on the Fred Meyer employees, and (2) that Belarde knowingly took
advantage of this situation to grab the battery, knowing that the Fred Meyer employees
had been intimidated and were no longer actively attempting to stop the theft.
              The prosecutor reminded the jurors of the testimony given by Belarde’s
accomplice, Barlow, and the testimony given by the detective who interviewed Belarde
following his arrest. Between them, these two witnesses testified that Belarde did see
Smith take out the gun, and saw one of the Fred Meyer employees with his hands up.
At that point, according to Barlow’s testimony, Belarde said, “Fuck that. I’m not leaving
[the battery] here.” — and he picked up the battery.
              The prosecutor argued that Belarde, despite his protests of ignorance, must
have seen what was going on — and that Belarde, at that instant, formed the intent to
take advantage of Smith’s use of force by completing his theft of the battery, knowing
that the Fred Meyer employees had been threatened into ceasing their resistance to the
theft:

                                          –7–                                        2500

       Prosecutor: [The crime of] robbery ... requires [an]
assault — [a] threat, [a] show of force — and it requires [a]
taking. You need both. In this case, Rolando Barlow and
Robert Smith were the use of force, ... and Jesse Belarde
completed the taking. And, together, that created the
robbery.

        It’s pretty convenient for Mr. Belarde at this point to
say, ... “I don’t remember seeing the gun; I don’t remember
looking around.” [But] I encourage you to go back and
watch the video. ... Mr. Belarde is in there, he’s moving
around. He’s watching what’s going on, and he’s actively
involved. He comes towards Jonathan Canaii [one of the
store’s loss-prevention officers] with his hand out. You can
see him do that. [Belarde says that] he doesn’t remember.
[But] he is an active and willing participant in this robbery.
        . . .
       Jesse Belarde tells loss-prevention officer Canaii to let
[Robert] Smith go. Let him go. And you can see in that
video when [Belarde] comes forward with something in his
hand, probably a cell phone. He comes forward. Ladies and
gentlemen, he’s in this; he’s a part of this. He picks up the
battery after the gun comes out. ... And they [all] run out of
the store. He’s the get-away driver.

       Ladies and gentlemen, you heard today that Mr.
Belarde and Mr. Barlow were standing right next to each
other while the loss-prevention officers were dealing with
Mr. Smith. There’s no way that [Belarde] couldn’t have seen
what was going on. And I encourage you to go listen ...
again [to] the interview with Detective Summey, and hear
what Mr. Belarde said actually happened.
       . . .
     [Under a complicity theory, a] defendant need not
commit every element of the offense in order to be guilty as

                             –8–                                   2500

             an accomplice. However, it’s necessary [that] he participate.
             In other words, it’s something that he wishes to bring about,
             [something] that the person seeks by his actions to make
             succeed. ... Jesse Belarde is ... absolutely guilty as an
             accomplice. His actions helped promote, facilitate, plan,
             [and] develop [the] execution of this robbery. Ladies and
             gentlemen, he was in there; he was involved. He got the car,
             he picked up the battery at the end [after] he picked out the
             battery itself. If it weren’t for Mr. Belarde, there wouldn’t
             have been a robbery that day.

             In response to the prosecutor’s argument, Belarde’s attorney delivered a
summation in which he conceded that Belarde planned and executed a theft, but in which
he asserted that Belarde was not guilty of robbery.
             More specifically, the defense attorney argued that Belarde never intended
to use force to accomplish the theft of the battery — and that even if Belarde had seen
Robert Smith using force against the loss-prevention officers, that use of force was
simply so that Smith and the others could escape. The defense attorney argued that
Belarde was not responsible for Smith’s use of force to avoid arrest, and the defense
attorney argued that Belarde’s contemporaneous act of picking up the battery and
runningout of the store did not prove that Belarde ever intended to accomplish the taking
by force.
             Here is the final paragraph of the defense attorney’s summation:

                    Defense Attorney: The crucial thing is the intent. And
             Mr. Belarde never intended to rob anybody. [And] Mr. Smith
             never intended to rob anybody. Mr. Smith’s intent was to ...
             escape, and Mr. Belarde’s intent was to steal the battery. So
             I ask you to find my client not guilty of robbery. Thank you.

             In his rebuttal summation, the prosecutor agreed that the crucial issue was
Belarde’s intent — but the prosecutor argued that, even though Belarde may not have
                                          –9–                                       2500

intended to steal the battery by force when he walked into the Fred Meyer store, Belarde
formed the intent to accomplish the taking by force when he saw Smith holding the loss-
prevention officers at bay with a gun:

                    Prosecutor: Ladies and gentlemen, people are not
             required to premeditate or plan their intent. Intent can be
             formed in an instant. ... [T]hat’s what happened in this case.
             After the gun is out, after [loss-prevention officer] Fred
             Becker is standing there with his hands up — we know [that]
             Robert Smith intended to still take the battery by force,
             because, as he’s holding Fred Becker at bay, he starts to
             move towards the battery. ...

                    [Robert Smith] wasn’t trying to just get out of there; he
             was trying to get out there with the battery. He was trying to
             complete that robbery. And as [Robert Smith is] standing
             there with a gun pointed at Fred Becker, it’s Jesse Belarde
             who sees [Smith’s] use of force ... . He sees that, and he’s
             using that force when he picks up the battery and runs out of
             the store.

                    Ladies and gentlemen, the intent was formed at the
             moment he bent over, after seeing the gun, and picks up the
             battery and runs out. This is a theft that went wrong. It was
             a theft that turned into a robbery.

             In other words, the prosecutor did not argue that Belarde was guilty of
robbery because someone else (Robert Smith) intended to use force to accomplish the
taking. Rather, the prosecutor argued that Belarde was guilty of robbery because
Belarde personally formed the intent to accomplish the taking by force — i.e., the intent
to complete the theft of the battery by taking advantage of the fact that Smith was
intimidating the store employees with a gun.



                                          – 10 –                                    2500

              Accordingto Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law (2nd ed. 2003),
§ 20.3(e), Vol. 3, pp. 191-92, “[t]he great weight of authority” favors the view that a
robbery occurs when one person strikes another, even without an intent to steal, “and ...
then, seeing his adversary helpless, takes the latter’s property from his person or his
presence.” Indeed, many appellate courts have held that, in such circumstances, a
robbery is committed even if the taking of property occurs after the use of force has
stopped. A number of these cases are discussed in Stebbing v. State, 473 A.2d 903, 914­
15 (Md. 1984). 2



   2
       In Rex v. Hawkins, 3 Carr. & P. 392 (1828), a gamekeeper came upon a group of
poachers. The poachers beat the gamekeeper until he was unconscious, left him lying on the
ground and fled. After the poachers had gone some little distance, one of them, Williams,
returned and took the gamekeeper’s money and gun. The court held that the poachers, other
than Williams, were not guilty of robbery, but that Williams had committed robbery.

    To the same general effect are: People v. McGrath, 62 Cal.App.3d 82, 133 Cal.Rptr. 27
(1976) (after the victim was murdered in retribution for a homosexual attack on a third party,
the defendant removed money from victim’s pockets); People v. Jordan, 303 Ill. 316, 135
N.E. 729 (1922) (after the victim was knocked out in a street fight; the victim’s money was
taken); State v. Covington, 169 La. 939, 126 So. 431 (1930) (the victim was beaten until he
appeared to be dead, then his money was taken); Hope v. People, 83 N.Y. 418 (1881) (the
victim was forced to reveal the combination to safe located on bank premises, then the key
to the bank taken from the victim’s bedroom when the defendants were leaving); Turner v.
State, 198 S.W.2d 890 (Tex. Crim. 1947) (the victim was knocked unconscious in an
altercation arising out of a minor traffic accident; then the victim’s money was taken); Alaniz
v. State, 177 S.W.2d 965 (Tex. Crim. 1944) (the victim was beaten to avenge an insult, then
his money taken: “[Although] there must be an intent to steal at the time of the taking ... ,
the intent to steal need not coincide with the force. It is sufficient if there be force followed
by a taking with intent to steal as part of the same general occurrence or episode.”). Accord:
Norman v. Sheriff of Clark County, 558 P.2d 541, 542-43 (Nev. 1976); State v. Iaukea, 537
P.2d 724 (Haw. 1975).

                                                                                  (continued...)

                                             – 11 –                                         2500

              In Belarde’s case, the State’s theory of robbery was more straightforward
— because, under the State’s view, Belarde took the battery while Smith was using force
against the store employees. But regardless of whether Belarde picked up the battery
while Smith was intimidating the employees with a gun or immediately thereafter, the
majority view supports the prosecutor’s argument that Belarde committed a robbery
when he formed the intent to take advantage of the opportunity created by his
accomplice’s use of force, by taking the car battery from the immediate presence of the
now-subdued store employees.
              To sum up this discussion: The prosecutor told the jurors that Belarde
could be convicted of robbery only if the State proved that Belarde (1) knew that Smith
had intimidated the store employees with a gun, and that Belarde (2) purposely took
advantage of this opportunity to accomplish the taking of the car battery. As a legal
matter, the prosecutor’s argument was not plainly erroneous; in fact, it represents the
majority view in this country. Accordingly, we find that any arguable ambiguity or flaw
in the challenged jury instruction was cured by the defense attorney’s summation and the
prosecutor’s response. 3
              For these reasons, we conclude that Belarde has failed to show that the
challenged portion of the jury instruction constituted plain error.



   2
       (...continued)
   But see People v. King, 384 N.E.2d 1013 (Ill. App. 1979); State v. Lopez, 900 A.2d 779,
783-86 (N.J. 2006); Branch v. Commonwealth, 300 S.E.2d 758 (Va. 1983) (adopting the
minority position that this situation does not support a conviction for robbery, but rather
separate convictions for assault and theft).
   3
       See Riley v. State, 60 P.3d 204, 208 (Alaska App. 2002) (“we have repeatedly held
that ambiguities and potential flaws in jury instructions can be cured by the arguments of the
parties”); Norris v. State, 857 P.2d 349, 355 (Alaska App. 1993); O’Brannon v. State, 812
P.2d 222, 229 (Alaska App. 1991).

                                            – 12 –                                       2500

              (We also reject Belarde’s related argument that the prosecutor exacerbated
the flaw in the jury instruction by arguing that Belarde did not need to know that he was
committing a robbery. We have examined the challenged portion of the prosecutor’s
argument, and it is clear that she was merely telling the jury that it did not matter whether
Belarde understood that, as a legal matter, his conduct and his accompanying culpable
mental state constituted the offense of robbery as defined under Alaska law.)


       Conclusion


              The judgement of the superior court is AFFIRMED.




                                           – 13 –                                       2500

