                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                         No. 172A19

                                   Filed 24 January 2020

IN THE MATTER OF: J.H., Z.R., A.R., D.R.


      Consolidated appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1) and on writ of

certiorari pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-32(b) from orders entered on 26 February 2018

and 6 February 2019 by Judge Denise S. Hartsfield, in District Court, Forsyth

County. This matter was calendared in the Supreme Court on 17 January 2020 but

was determined on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule

30(f) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.


      Theresa A. Boucher, Assistant County Attorney, for petitioner-appellee Forsyth
      County Department of Social Services.

      Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein LLP, by Brandon Duckworth, for appellee
      Guardian ad Litem.

      Sydney Batch for respondent-appellant mother.


      EARLS, Justice.


      Respondent appeals from the trial court’s 26 February 2018 permanency

planning order and from its 6 February 2019 order terminating her parental rights

to Jared, Zendaya, Aaron, and Devon.1 We affirm.

                                         Background


      1   Pseudonyms are used to protect the identity of the juveniles and for ease of reading.
                             IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Respondent is the mother of nine children. Four of her older children were

adjudicated abused or neglected and she relinquished her parental rights with regard

to those children in 2008. Over the last twenty years, respondent and her children

have been the subjects of over forty Child Protective Services reports.

      More recently, the Forsyth County Department of Social Services (DSS)

received a report on or about 21 October 2016 that respondent was using

inappropriate discipline by punching her sons Jared (age 9 at the time) and Devon

(age 8 at the time). Two reports were made to DSS on or about 10 November 2016.

The first concerned an injury to Devon’s top lip that required medical attention. The

second report indicated that respondent’s daughter Zendaya (age 4 at the time) had

been sexually abused by Zendaya’s adult brother, I.H., one of respondent’s older sons.

The sexual abuse occurred after respondent was evicted from her home and had

moved into I.H.’s home. Prior to moving in with I.H., respondent was aware of the

dangers I.H. posed to her children. Specifically, DSS advised respondent multiple

times that I.H. posed a risk of harm to the younger children and, earlier in 2016, I.H.

had been named as a sexual offender in a report involving the sexual abuse of

respondent’s son, Jared. Jared, Zendaya, Aaron, and Devon were removed from the

care, custody, and control of respondent on 11 November 2016.

      On 3 April 2017, the trial court adjudicated Jared, Zendaya, Aaron, and Devon

to be abused and neglected. In its order, the trial court required respondent to take a

number of steps in order to reunify with her children, including:


                                          -2-
                            IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                 Opinion of the Court



            a)     Complete a mental health assessment and follow all
                   the recommendations of her assessment.
            b)     Maintain employment to demonstrate her ability to
                   provide for herself and her children for a minimum
                   of six months.
            c)     Maintain appropriate and safe housing for herself
                   and her children for a minimum of six months.
            d)     Participate in parent coaching to change and
                   develop appropriate ways to parent her children and
                   implement those skills during visits. [Respondent] is
                   to follow the recommendations of the parent coach.
            e)     That [respondent] signs the necessary release forms
                   to allow FCDSS and the Courts to monitor her
                   progress.

      The trial court held a review hearing on 31 May 2017, followed by a

permanency planning hearing on 1 September 2017. Following the latter hearing,

the court entered an order on 8 December 2017 finding that respondent was thus far

“in compliance with her court plan and has made progress,” but that “[respondent]

can not safely parent her children. The Court continues to have concerns about the

safety of [respondent’s] new baby in her home.”

      The court held another permanency planning hearing on 24 January 2018. In

its subsequent written order filed 26 February 2018, the court found that respondent

had complied with some of the terms of her case plan while failing to comply with

others. The court found that “[respondent] has made some progress but still

demonstrates that she cannot safely parent her children” and that “the issues that

brought the children into care are still present.” After noting that DSS had filed

petitions to terminate respondent’s rights on 5 January 2018, the court ordered the



                                         -3-
                              IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                   Opinion of the Court



cessation of reunification efforts and visitation between respondent and her children,

ordered that the permanent plan for Zendaya, Aaron, and Devon be reunification with

the father with a secondary plan of adoption, and ordered that the permanent plan

for Jared be reunification with the father with a secondary plan of adoption. On 23

March 2018, respondent filed a “NOTICE TO PRESERVE RIGHT OF APPEAL” of

the 26 February 2018 order ceasing reunification efforts.

      The trial court held a termination of parental rights hearing on 12 September

2018. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court terminated respondent’s

parental rights as to these four children. The termination of parental rights order

was filed on 6 February 2019. In its order, the court found that respondent did not

successfully complete compliance with the prior orders of the courts, including, inter

alia, by failing to demonstrate safe parenting skills during the 22 months her children

were in the custody of DSS and failing to successfully complete parenting classes. The

court concluded that respondent had abused and neglected Jared, Zendaya, Aaron,

and Devon and that grounds existed to terminate respondent’s parental rights under

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1). Furthermore, the court concluded that respondent “failed

to demonstrate . . . that she can safely maintain her children in a safe home,” that

return of the children to respondent “would result in a strong likelihood of repeated

abuse or neglect of the children,” and that it is in the best interests of the children to

terminate respondent’s parental rights. On 28 February 2019, respondent filed a

notice of appeal.


                                           -4-
                                  IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                        Opinion of the Court



                                  Cessation of Reunification

       Respondent first contends that the trial court erred in its 26 February 2018

permanency planning order ceasing reunification efforts and excluding reunification

with respondent as a permanent plan (the cessation order).2 We hold that the trial

court’s findings are supported by competent evidence and that its permanency

planning order was not an abuse of discretion.

       “Our review of [a] cease reunification order . . . ‘is limited to whether there is

competent evidence in the record to support the findings [of fact] and whether the

findings support the conclusions of law.’ ” In re L.M.T., 367 N.C. 165, 168, 752 S.E.2d

453, 455 (2013) (second alteration in original) (quoting In re P.O., 207 N.C. App. 35,

41, 698 S.E.2d 525, 530 (2010)). “The trial court’s findings of fact are conclusive on

appeal if supported by any competent evidence.” Id. (citing In re P.O., 207 N.C. App.

at 41, 698 S.E.2d at 530). Further, we agree with the Court of Appeals that we review

an order ceasing reunification “to determine . . . whether the trial court abused its

discretion with respect to disposition.” See In re N.G., 186 N.C. App. 1, 10, 650 S.E.2d



       2 Respondent filed her appeal of the termination of her parental rights in this Court
but simultaneously filed her appeal of the cessation order in the Court of Appeals. On 17
June 2019, DSS filed a motion at the Court of Appeals to dismiss respondent’s appeal of the
cessation order based upon potential procedural issues with respondent’s appeal.
Respondent filed a response, arguing that DSS’s contentions were without merit. On 14
November 2019, this Court “acting on its own motion, in order to resolve expeditiously all of
the issues relating to these children, . . . issue[d] a writ of certiorari, . . . to consolidate both
matters for review in this Court, as contemplated by N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(2).” We decline
to address those procedural issues here given our determination that, in any event, the trial
court did not err in its cessation order.

                                                -5-
                              IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                   Opinion of the Court



45, 51 (2007) (quoting In re C.M., 183 N.C. App. 207, 213, 644 S.E.2d 588, 594 (2007)),

aff’d per curiam, 362 N.C. 229, 657 S.E.2d 355 (2008). “At the disposition stage, the

trial court solely considers the best interests of the child. Nonetheless, facts found by

the trial court are binding absent a showing of an abuse of discretion.” Id. at 10, 650

S.E.2d at 51 (quoting In re Pittman, 149 N.C. App. 756, 766, 561 S.E.2d 560, 567

(2002). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling is so arbitrary

that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” Id. at 10–11, 650 S.E.2d

at 51 (quoting In re Robinson, 151 N.C. App. 733, 737, 567 S.E.2d 227, 229 (2002)).

      At a permanency planning hearing, “[r]eunification shall be a primary or

secondary plan unless,” inter alia, “the court makes written findings that

reunification efforts clearly would be unsuccessful or would be inconsistent with the

juvenile’s health or safety.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2(b) (2019). Additionally, the court

must make findings “which shall demonstrate the degree of success or failure toward

reunification,” including:

             (1) Whether the parent is making adequate progress
                 within a reasonable period of time under the plan.

             (2) Whether the parent is actively participating in or
                 cooperating with the plan, the department, and the
                 guardian ad litem for the juvenile.

             (3) Whether the parent remains available to the court, the
                 department, and the guardian ad litem for the juvenile.

             (4) Whether the parent is acting in a manner inconsistent
                 with the health or safety of the juvenile.



                                           -6-
                              IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                   Opinion of the Court



Id. § 7B-906.2(d). This Court has stated in the context of orders ceasing reunification

efforts that “[t]he trial court’s written findings must address the statute’s concerns,

but need not quote its exact language.” In re L.M.T., 367 N.C. 165, 168, 752 S.E.2d

453, 455 (2013).

      Here the trial court found that respondent completed a mental health

assessment, signed the requisite release forms, and maintained, at the time of the

hearing, an appropriate home.       On the other hand, the trial court found that

respondent was unemployed and was not in compliance with the requirement that

she maintain employment and demonstrate her ability to provide for herself and her

children for a period of six months. Additionally, the trial court found that while

respondent participated in parent coaching, the parenting coach “reported that

parenting coaching should be discontinued” due to respondent’s slow progress and

struggles with parenting her children. The court further found that “[respondent]

has made some progress but still demonstrates that she cannot safely parent her

children” and that “the issues that brought the children into care are still present.”

The Court determined that return of the children “to the home of their parents would

be contrary to the welfare of the juveniles at this time.”

      Respondent contends that, with respect to her parenting skills, the trial court’s

finding that she only made “some progress” was unsupported by evidence. Yet, the

weekly reports from the parent coaching sessions catalogue how respondent, rather

than listening to the coach and implementing suggested strategies, became


                                           -7-
                             IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                  Opinion of the Court



argumentative, failed to follow simple instructions, and would threaten to leave the

sessions. On one occasion, respondent “pin[ned] [Aaron] to the ground using her

weight to restrain him,” and when asked by the parenting coach not to lie on the child

because doing so could cause injury, began yelling at the coach and then left the

session. Respondent brought food for the children to which they were allergic, stating

that she was “aware of the allergies but ‘they only cause diarrhea.’ ” Additionally,

the parenting coach reported that she “asked [respondent] weekly for the last two

months to bring diapers for [Devon] and every week she has a different reason for not

bringing the diapers. I ask her again if she remembered to bring a diaper. She did

not.” The parenting coach ultimately reported:

             I’m recommending coaching services be discontinued for
             [respondent]. She has been consistent with visits and
             appears to enjoy spending time with her children when
             they are compliant. However, she is not making the effort
             or showing improvement when parenting is difficult. She
             has four children with severe trauma and/or developmental
             disabilities. Parenting will be difficult, challenging and
             stressful. . . . Both [Aaron] and [Devon] can be defiant,
             difficult to communicate with and require consistent and
             constant monitoring. [Respondent] avoids engaging the
             children when they [ ] need the additional attention. When
             I try to redirect her, she is argumentative o[r] simply
             ignores my suggestions. This behavior/conflict is not
             productive and sets a poor example for the children.

Similarly, the parenting coach reported that she explained to respondent:

             I also wanted her to know it is my recommendation that
             coaching services be terminated because she is not making
             progress and some of the reasons I believe this is so,
             specifically she feels there is no need for services or room


                                          -8-
                               IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                    Opinion of the Court



             for growth. In addition, I believe she sees coaching as
             punitive and is therefore defensive when I offer suggestions
             or recommendations. I have seen the children, specifically
             [Jared], negatively impacted by her response to me and this
             does not benefit her, them or the process.

      We conclude that there was ample evidentiary support for the trial court’s

finding that respondent only made “some progress” with respect to her parenting

skills. Moreover, we conclude that, given the trial court’s extensive findings about

respondent’s degree of progress and the underlying evidence, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in determining that ceasing reunification was in the best

interests of the children.

                             Termination of Parental Rights

      A termination of parental rights proceeding involves two stages: an

adjudicatory stage and a dispositional stage. See In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101,

110, 316 S.E.2d 246, 252 (1984). During the adjudicatory stage, the party petitioning

for the termination of parental rights must show the existence of one or more of the

statutory grounds for termination of parental rights by clear, cogent, and convincing

evidence. N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109 (2017). In this appeal, respondent does not challenge

the trial court’s findings that these four children are abused or neglected and that

statutory grounds exist to terminate her parental rights.

      Having found grounds to terminate respondent’s parental rights, the trial

court then moved to the dispositional stage, where it examined whether the

termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the children. See N.C.G.S. §


                                            -9-
                             IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                  Opinion of the Court



7B-1110. We review the trial court’s decision to terminate parental rights at the

disposition stage for abuse of discretion. In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. 835, 842, 788 S.E.2d

162, 167 (2016) (citations omitted). “[A]buse of discretion results where the court’s

ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not have

been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re T.L.H., 368 N.C. 101, 107, 772 S.E.2d

451, 455 (2015) (quoting State v. Hennis, 323 N.C. 279, 285, 372 S.E.2d 523, 527

(1988)). We find no such abuse of discretion in this case.

      In determining the best interests of a child during the dispositional phase of

the termination of parental rights hearing, the trial court must make relevant

findings concerning: (1) the age of the juvenile, (2) the likelihood of adoption, (3)

whether termination will aid in the accomplishment of the permanent plan, (4) the

bond between juvenile and the parent, (5) the quality of the relationship between the

juvenile and the proposed permanent placement, and (6) any relevant consideration.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a). The trial court made findings related to each issue

enumerated by statute, and individually determined that Jared, Zendaya, Aaron, and

Devon each had a “high probability” of adoption. Respondent argues that the trial

court erred in terminating her parental rights solely because she believes it is

unlikely the children would be adopted due to their numerous serious developmental

challenges. However, the record shows that the trial court thoroughly considered the

children’s developmental challenges and their likelihood of adoption based on their

current placement and potential future adoptive parents.


                                         -10-
                              IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                   Opinion of the Court



Jared

      The trial court found that Jared has “special mental health and educational

needs,” has a learning disability, and has been diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress

Disorder (PTSD) and ADHD for which he is prescribed medication. In determining

Jared’s probability of adoption the trial court found:

             [Jared] is 11 years old. He is placed in the home of his
             father and stepmother. He is receiving good and safe care
             in this home. There is a high likelihood that a stepparent
             adoption can occur for Jared so that he will have an intact
             two-parent home.

At the time of the termination hearing Jared was in the care of his biological father,

his step-mother, and his sixteen year old sister. The evidence presented at the

hearing showed that Jared is bonded with his biological father and that if he remains

with his father, there is a strong likelihood of stepparent adoption. Thus, there is

evidence in the record to support the trial court’s finding that Jared was likely to be

adopted even though he has a learning disability and other challenges.

Devon

      The trial court found that Devon has “very special needs.” At ten years old, he

has severe intellectual disabilities, is not toilet trained, and is non-verbal. Devon is

learning sign language in order to communicate his needs. Further, the trial court

found that Devon has received an Innovations Waiver, which will provide him with

necessary services for the rest of his life. In considering the probability that Devon

would be adopted, the trial court found:


                                           -11-
                             IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                  Opinion of the Court



             There is a high likelihood of [a]doption and there is an
             identified prospective adoptive home for [Devon] but he is
             not living in that home at this time. The maternal
             grandmother has expressed interest in adopting [Devon]
             and all of his siblings. The Court is unable to determine the
             quality of that relationship.

             ....

             [Devon] is currently placed in a specialized facility . . . ..
             [Devon] is doing well in this facility and he has learned to
             swim. He is also learning to ride a bike. [Devon] is learning
             to have positive peer relationships and is making
             improvements in this area.

The trial court heard testimony that Devon was thriving in his current placement.

There was evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion that despite Devon’s

developmental challenges his probability of adoption was high because there is a

prospective adoptive home for him in addition to the desire of his maternal

grandmother to adopt him.

Aaron

      The trial court found that Aaron has “special needs” and that he has been

diagnosed with mild intellectual disabilities. Aaron has an Individual Education Plan

and is diagnosed with ADHD for which he receives medication. In determining

Aaron’s probability of adoption the trial court found:

             [Aaron] is 6 years old. The likelihood for Adoption is very
             likely.

             ....

             [Aaron] is placed in a prospective adoptive home and he has


                                         -12-
                             IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                  Opinion of the Court



             a very good relationship with his prospective adoptive
             parent. [Aaron] looks to her for comfort and guidance. He
             is thriving in this home. His communication skills have
             improved greatly. In this home he has a same-age sibling
             and the two children have a close relationship.

At the termination hearing, Ms. Tonya Britton, a foster care social worker with DSS,

summarized Aaron’s progress with his prospective adoptive parent:

                   Q. What is the quality of relationship between
             [Aaron] and his prospective adoptive parent?

                    A. He’s very bonded to her. He’s called her Mom. He
             also has a foster brother in the home as well that he’s very,
             very close to. They are the same age.

                   Q. Does he look to her for comfort and guidance?

                   A. Yes, he does.

                   Q. When you have visited him in that home, does he
             appear to be at home there?

                    A. Yes. . . . He has thrived in that home to the point
             that he has been caught up, as far as some of the
             educational things that he was behind in. He’s
             communicating a whole lot better now. He could have a
             conversation with you, compared to when he didn’t used to
             talk at all, or you couldn’t understand what he was saying.

The testimony presented at trial supported the court’s finding that even in light of

his special needs, Aaron was likely to be adopted.

Zendaya

      The trial court found that Zendaya has “special needs.” Further, the trial court

found that Zendaya was sexually molested by her brother I.H. and needs ongoing



                                         -13-
                             IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                  Opinion of the Court



support and therapy. Zendaya has been diagnosed with PTSD but is making

significant progress since her removal from her mother’s home. With regard to the

probability of Zendaya’s adoption the trial court found:

             [Zendaya] is 5 years old. The likelihood of Adoption for
             [Zendaya] is very high. There are multiple families
             interested in adopting her.

             ....

             [Zendaya] is in kindergarten and is making educational
             progress.

             [Zendaya] has a safe and nurturing relationship with her
             current caregivers, who are prospective adoptive parents.
             [Zendaya] looks to them for comfort and guidance. She is
             involved in community and church activities with her
             prospective adoptive [parents]. She is thriving in this
             home.

The evidence at trial established that Zendaya was thriving in her current placement,

even calling her prospective adoptive parents “Daddy, and Mom.” Zendaya has

multiple potential adoptive families and there was testimony that the prospect of her

being adopted was “[v]ery, very, very, very likely.” The trial court’s finding that

Zendaya was likely to be adopted despite her developmental challenges was

supported by clear, cogent and convincing evidence in the record.

      Respondent argues that children with               behavioral challenges and/or

developmental delays, as well as children in foster care, are difficult to place with

adoptive families. Such general truths cannot overcome the particularized evidence

in this case supporting the trial court’s factual findings that each of these children


                                         -14-
                             IN RE: J.H., Z.R., D.R., A.R.

                                  Opinion of the Court



had a high probability of being adopted.        Notably, as relevant to the ultimate

conclusion that termination of respondent’s parental rights is in the children’s best

interests, there was also testimony that Jared, Devon, Aaron and Zendaya are

thriving and showing great improvement developmentally in their current

placements. This evidence suggests they are benefitting from not being in the custody

and control of respondent. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding

that it was in the children’s best interests to terminate respondent’s parental rights.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         -15-
