           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

MARIE SMITH,                            )
                                        )
             Plaintiff Below,           )
             Appellant,                 )   No. 308, 2014
                                        )
      v.                                )
                                        )   Court Below: Superior Court
HARRY GRIEF, and HARRY’S                )   of the State of Delaware in
TRANSPORT, INC., a foreign              )   in and for New Castle County
corporation,                            )   C.A. No. N11C-06-098
                                        )
             Defendants Below,          )
             Appellees.                 )


                           Submitted: December 3, 2014
                             Decided: January 8, 2015

Before STRINE, Chief Justice, RIDGELY, and VAUGHN, Justices.

                                       ORDER
      This 8th day of January 2015, upon consideration of the parties’ briefs and the

record of the case, it appears that;

      1.     The plaintiff below/appellant, Marie Smith, appeals from a Superior

Court order which denied her motion in limine to exclude the testimony of a

biomechanical engineer, Sandra Metzler, D.Sc. Dr. Metzler was retained by

defendants below/appellees, Harry Grief and Harry’s Transportation, Inc.         The

appellant raises two claims on appeal. First, she claims that Dr. Metzler’s testimony


                                            1
Smith v. Grief, et al.
No. 308, 2014
January 8, 2015

should have been excluded because her opinions were not supported, corroborated,

or relied upon by supporting medical opinions. Second, she claims that Dr. Metzler’s

testimony should have been excluded because the opinions were unreliable under

Daubert and D.R.E. 702.

      2.     The appellant sought recovery for bodily injuries, primarily injuries to

her cervical spine, allegedly sustained in an auto accident. Each side retained a

medical expert to testify about the appellant’s alleged injuries. The appellees also

retained Dr. Metzler, a biomechanical engineer.

      3.     In her report, Dr. Metzler offered the following expert opinions:

             1. The average acceleration and resulting loading that Ms.
             Smith was exposed to as a result of this accident was
             approximately 1.7 g’s in the horizontal direction.

             2. The forces and acceleration that Ms. Smith experienced
             in this accident are not consistent with causing her reported
             neck and upper extremity conditions.

      4.     A hearing on the motion in limine was held, at which Dr. Metzler

testified. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Superior Court denied the motion.

The court found that Dr. Metzler was a qualified expert in the field of biomechanics

and that her opinions were related to the particular circumstances surrounding the


                                          2
Smith v. Grief, et al.
No. 308, 2014
January 8, 2015

appellant and the accident. The court further found that the proffered testimony was

relevant and reliable. The case proceeded to trial, at which the jury returned a verdict

in favor of the appellant in the amount of $48,000.

      5.        We review the trial court’s evidentiary ruling for abuse of discretion.1

      6.        In Eskin v. Cardin,2 this Court addressed, for the first time, the

admissibility of expert biomechanical testimony in a personal injury case, and held

as follows:3

                We, therefore, hold that a trial judge may admit
                biomechanical expert opinion that a particular injury did
                (or did not) result from the forces of an accident only
                where the trial judge determines that the testimony reliably
                creates a connection between the reaction of the human
                body generally to the forces generated by the accident and
                the specific individual allegedly injured or another
                determinative fact in issue.

      In Eskin, the plaintiff had a pre-existing back injury.              Because the

biomechanical expert’s opinions were generalized and not connected to the facts and

circumstances pertaining to the specific plaintiff involved in that case, the opinions


      1
          Eskin v. Carden, 842 A.2d 1222, 1227 (Del. 2004).
      2
          Id.
      3
          Id. at 1230.

                                              3
Smith v. Grief, et al.
No. 308, 2014
January 8, 2015

were found to be inadmissible.

      7.       A month later, in Mason v. Rizzi,4 this Court elaborated on Eskin. In

Mason, the plaintiff’s spine had degenerative weakness and had been subjected to

surgery before the accident involved in that case. In affirming the trial court’s

decision that the biomechanical expert’s opinion was not admissible, this Court found

that the proffered opinion was not connected to the plaintiff’s characteristics. It was

generalized and the expert did not consider the effect of the forces at work upon a

spine which had degenerative weakness and had been subjected to surgery before the

accident.

      8.       The appellant argues that Eskin and Mason establish a general rule that

biomechanical expert testimony must be connected to, that is, supported by, medical

testimony, with one narrow exception. The narrow exception, the appellant argues,

is that biomechanical expert testimony may be admissible without being supported

by medical testimony if it is offered to impeach or contradict factual assumptions

relied upon by a medical expert.

      9.       However, Eskin and Mason do not support the appellant’s arguments.


      4
           89 A.3d 32 (Del. 2004).

                                           4
Smith v. Grief, et al.
No. 308, 2014
January 8, 2015

In Mason this Court expressly stated that biomechanical expert opinion may be

admissible without being related to expert medical opinion: “[W]e reject the notion,

suggested by the term ‘medical causation,’ that biomechanical expert opinion can

never be admitted unless the opinion is seconded by or relied upon by a physician in

forming that physician’s opinion about whether an accident caused physical injury

to a person.”5         The issue is not whether biomechanical expert testimony is

corroborated, relied upon, or used to impeach expert medical testimony. Rather, as

stated in Mason, “[t]he essential inquiry, given the particular facts of the case, should

be whether the expert opinion is sufficiently reliable, as well as relevant, so that the

trial judge can fairly conclude that it is trustworthy.”6 The appellant’s contention that

Dr. Metzler’s opinions were inadmissible because they were not supported,

corroborated or relied upon by expert medical testimony, or did not impeach or

contradict factual assumptions relied upon by a physician, is rejected.

      10.       The appellant’s second claim is that Dr. Metzler’s testimony should be

excluded because her opinions were unreliable under Daubert v. Merrell Dow


      5
          Id. at 36.
      6
          Id.

                                            5
Smith v. Grief, et al.
No. 308, 2014
January 8, 2015

Pharmaceuticals, Inc.7 and D.R.E. 702. Under D.R.E. 702, the Superior Court must

determine whether:

               (1) the witness is qualified as an expert by knowledge,
               skill, experience, training or education; (2) the evidence is
               relevant; (3) the expert's opinion is based upon information
               reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field; (4)
               the expert testimony will assist the trier of fact to
               understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; and
               (5) the expert testimony will not create unfair prejudice or
               confuse or mislead the jury.8

      11.      At the conclusion of the hearing, the Superior Court carefully considered

Eskin and each of the D.R.E. 702 factors just mentioned. The court found that “Dr.

Metzler has done the type of examination and analysis to connect this particular

injury to this particular individual. And it’s based upon verifiable results.”9 The

court found that Dr. Metzler’s analysis involved substantial calculations, an extensive

review of the individual characteristics of the accident and the plaintiff, and an

application of the biomechanical principles involved to the particularized

circumstances of the case. Individualized factors considered included the plaintiff’s


      7
          509 U.S. 579 (1993).
      8
          Bowen v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 906 A.2d 787, 794 (Del. 2006).
      9
          (A186).

                                              6
Smith v. Grief, et al.
No. 308, 2014
January 8, 2015

medical records, the plaintiff’s height and weight, the fact that she was a female, the

fact that she was pregnant, the type of vehicle she was in, and her position in the

vehicle based upon the plaintiff’s account of her position. We find that the Superior

Court’s analysis and conclusion are supported by the evidence and free of legal error.

      NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior

Court is AFFIRMED.

                                        BY THE COURT:

                                        /s/ James T. Vaughn, Jr.
                                               Justice




                                          7
