 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,
                                                 No. 72167-4-1
                    Respondent,
                                                 DIVISION ONE             ~~ §<=
             v.
                                                 UNPUBLISHED OPINION      ~°   2-V
JORDAN LEE WILSON,                                                        CO   =C^?


                    Appellant.                   FILED: September 28, 2015±    5^
                                                                          en   o—-
                                                                          en   3-<



      Trickey, J. — Jordan Wilson appeals his conviction of possession of a

controlled substance, contending the trial court erred in denying his motion to

suppress based on an unconstitutional investigatory detention. He also argues
that police exceeded the proper scope of the stop by running his name through
the police department computer to determine his warrant status. But the trial
court's findings of fact support the conclusion that the detective's reasonable,
articulable suspicion justified the stop, and Wilson fails to demonstrate the
officers exceeded the proper scope of the stop. We affirm.

                                      FACTS

       The State charged Jordan Wilson with possession of heroin and
methamphetamine.       Wilson filed a CrR 3.6 motion to suppress evidence,
claiming that Detective James Massingale of the City of Everett Police
Department violated his constitutional rights by detaining him for investigation
without reasonable particularized suspicion of criminal activity.
       At the CrR 3.6 hearing, Detective Massingale testified about his

investigation of the theft of jewelry, firearms, sterling silverware, and other
No. 72167-4-1/2



property in a burglary that occurred in Everett on the morning of March 20, 2014.

That afternoon, police officers located a vehicle used in the burglary in the

parking lot of an Extended Stay America.          Massingale went to the hotel to

investigate the vehicle and "numerous people associated with" it.1 Massingale

found the vehicle in the parking lot on the west side of the hotel.         Police

discovered bags of property, as well as three boxes consistent with the storage

of sterling silverware, in the vehicle.     Massingale noted that the vehicle was

located near a door providing a more direct route to rooms involved in his

investigation than that of the main entrance to the hotel.

       Based on the burglary report, Detective Massingale believed that at least

four people were involved. At the hotel, Massingale also discovered that the

resident of Room 123 had a high level of "pawn activity."2 Although the man in

Room 123 "was not apprehended" that night, police arrested one suspect

associated with the vehicle used in the burglary on the evening of March 20 at

the hotel.3   Police also recovered property from the suspect's hotel room.

Massingale determined that the recovered property included items stolen in the

March 20 burglary, in another Everett burglary that occurred on the morning of

March 19, and in three other burglaries in Snohomish County.           Massingale

believed that the burglars had been using the vehicle to transport stolen property

from one hotel to another.           Based on his review of the burglary reports,

Massingale determined that stolen property, including firearms, was still missing.


1Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (May 29, 2014) at 6.
2 VRP (May 29, 2014) at 6.
3 VRP (May 29, 2014) at 6, 13, 15.
No. 72167-4-1/3



During the course of his investigation, Massingale learned that the man in Room

123 continued to pawn items, such as jewelry, consistent with the missing

property.

       On March 31, after receiving a call from a hotel manager, Detective

Massingale went to the Extended Stay America to look for a blue Buick

associated with Room 123.       While driving through the parking lot on the west

side of the hotel, Massingale saw three men engaged in "light-hearted"

conversation around a green Chevrolet Monte Carlo with both doors and the

trunk open, and "overflowing with property" in "bags, backpacks, shoulder-carry

bags, gym bags," in a manner "consistent with similar crimes" he had

investigated.4 Massingale continued driving around the hotel but he did not find

the Buick. On his second pass around the hotel, he stopped his unmarked

vehicle "within about two car lengths" of the Monte Carlo, approached the men

"at a fast walk," identified himself "as the police," and told them he had recovered

stolen property repeatedly at the hotel.5 As he came near the car, Massingale

could see car parts, power tools, "an air-soft gun or a paint-ball gun," as well as

compact discs (CDs) or digital video discs (DVDs), "five or six cellphones," and

"clothing all throughout the car."6 Based on the fact that three of the burglary

suspects had not yet been arrested, that the man in Room 123 was "still actively

pawning," and that the car was overflowing with property "consistent with the




4 VRP (May 29, 2014) at 9, 10, 26.
5 VRP (May 29, 2014) at 10-11.
6 VRP (May 29, 2014) at 26.
No. 72167-4-1/4



other investigation," Massingale testified that he "reasoned" that the men could

be bringing "stolen property" "to Room 123 to be pawned."7

       As he approached, the men stopped talking and focused on Massingale.

Because he knew that stolen firearms were still missing, his view of the two men

on the passenger side of the car was "obscured a little bit," and one man's hand

dropped out of view to his waistband, Massingale drew his gun and held it down

by his side while ordering the men to put their hands on the car.8 Massingale
informed them that "a second officer was en route" and asked them about their

connection to the car and to the hotel.

       When Officer Loucks arrived, he and Detective Massingale requested

identification from the three men.    Loucks requested a computer check on all

three and discovered an outstanding felony warrant for Jordan Wilson. They

arrested Wilson and found heroin and methamphetamine during a search

incident to the arrest.

       Based on this testimony, Wilson argued that his detention was unlawful

because Massingale did not articulate any reasonable basis to suspect that he

was particularly involved in criminal activity given his mere presence in a place

where crimes had occurred in the past and near a car full of innocuous items.

The trial court denied the motion to suppress and filed written findings of fact and

conclusions of law. After a bench trial on stipulated evidence, the court found

Wilson guilty of possession of controlled substances.

       Wilson appeals.


7 VRP (May 29, 2014) at 13, 16.
8 VRP (May 29, 2014) at 11-12.
No. 72167-4-1/5



                                      ANALYSIS

      We review a trial court's order following a motion to suppress evidence to

determine if substantial evidence supports the trial court's factual findings. State

v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d 641, 647, 870 P.2d 313 (1994). Unchallenged findings of fact

are verities on appeal. State v. Bonds, 174 Wn. App. 553, 562, 299 P.3d 663,

review denied, 178 Wn.2d 1011, 311 P.3d 26 (2013). Credibility determinations

are the prerogative of the trial court and are not subject to review. State v.

Camarillo, 115 Wn.2d 60, 71, 794 P.2d 850 (1990). We review the trial court's

legal conclusions de novo. State v. Carneh. 153 Wn.2d 274, 281, 103 P.3d 743

(2004).

       "[A] stop, although less intrusive than an arrest, is nevertheless a seizure

and therefore must be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment and article 1,

section 7 of the Washington Constitution." State v. Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d 1, 4,

726 P.2d 445 (1986).         An investigatory Terry9 stop is permissible if the

investigating officer has "a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the

individual is involved in criminal activity." State v. Walker, 66 Wn. App. 622, 626,

834 P.2d 41 (1992). A reasonable suspicion is the "substantial possibility that

criminal conduct has occurred or is about to occur." Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d at 6.

"When the activity is consistent with criminal activity, although also consistent

with noncriminal activity, it may justify a brief detention." Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d at

6. We review the reasonableness of the police action in light of the particular




9Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).
No. 72167-4-1/6



circumstances of each case. State v. Lesnick, 84 Wn.2d 940, 944, 530 P.2d 243

(1975).

       Wilson assigns error to the following findings of fact:

       2. Detective Massingale had been at that location previously on
       March 20, 2014, at which time he found a vehicle associated with
       rooms at the hotel where criminal activity was taking place.


       5.    Detective Massingale observed property in the vehicle which
       was of a character associated with transporting stolen property,
       such as bags, gym bags, and backpacks.[10]

       Wilson argues that finding of fact 2 is not supported by substantial

evidence because the March 20 investigation revealed criminal activity in only

one room, rather than rooms, at the hotel.         But he fails to explain how the

difference in the number of rooms is material to the court's ruling on the

reasonableness of Massingale's suspicions.

       As to finding of fact 5, Wilson argues that the finding is illogical and that

"Massingale testified that the property in the car appeared consistent with crimes

he was       investigating, not that backpacks,       bags, and gym bags are

characteristically used to transport stolen property."11 But Wilson's claim of error

appears to be a distinction without a difference. And to the extent the language

of the finding is less than artful, we may look to the court's oral ruling to interpret

the finding, as long as no inconsistency exists. State v. Bvnum, 76 Wn. App. 262,

266, 884 P.2d 10 (1994). In its oral ruling, the court stated:

          [Detective Massingale] observed, as he approached, property in the
          vehicle that was of a character and in bags, gym bags, backpacks,


10 Clerk's Papers at 39.
11 Br. of Appellant at 14.
No. 72167-4-1/7



      et cetera, associated with property that is stolen, that is transported
      from burglaries, and observed other things in the car, such as a
      large number of telephones and CDs in the front of the car.[12]

      Substantial evidence in the record supports the material essence of the

challenged finding. As Wilson admits, Massingale testified that he suspected

that the burglars were moving stolen property packed in various bags between

hotels based on the evidence gathered at the hotel on March 20, and that he

initially noticed the Monte Carlo, in part, because it was overflowing with property

of a character and packed in a manner consistent with his investigation.

       Relying on State v. Doughty, 170 Wn.2d 57, 239 P.3d 57 (2010), and

State v. Martinez, 135 Wn. App. 174, 143 P.3d 855 (2006), Wilson also

challenges the trial court's conclusions of law regarding the reasonableness of
the initial detention. In Doughty, an officer stopped the defendant after watching

him stop for two minutes around 3:20 a.m. at a house the police suspected was a
drug house based on complaints from the neighbors of constant "short stay
traffic." 170 Wn.2d at 60, 62. In concluding that these facts amounted to a mere

hunch that was insufficient to justify a Terry stop, the court noted the lack of
supporting information, such as an informant's tip regarding particular drugs,
observations of the defendant's activities at the house, or observations of

suspicious behavior or furtive movements. Doughty, 170 Wn.2d at 63-65.
       In Martinez, an officer stopped a defendant who was walking alone briskly

and looking around nervously late at night in a high crime neighborhood where
car prowls had been reported.       135 Wn. App. at 177. But the officer was


12 VRP (May 29, 2014) at 33-34.
No. 72167-4-1/8



patrolling the parking lot "because of past problems, not in response to a crime in

progress report," and he "had no description or other information linking [the

defendant] to any prowling that evening or, for that matter, at any time." Martinez,

135 Wn. App. at 181. The officer's general suspicion that the defendant "may

have been up to no good" was not enough to warrant a Terry stop. Martinez, 135

Wn. App. at 182.

       Wilson argues that his mere proximity to other people independently
suspected of criminal activity and the innocuous circumstances surrounding his
presence in the parking lot do not support an investigatory detention.           He
highlights the differences in his physical description from that of the occupant of
Room 123, the innocuous nature of a car filled with small bags in the parking lot
of an extended stay hotel, and the fact that Detective Massingale ultimately
determined that the occupant of Room 123 was not connected with the burglaries.
       But Massingale did not testify that he based his suspicions on the physical
attributes of any particular suspect.     Instead, he noted that three burglary
suspects had not yet been arrested and three men stood around the Monte Carlo.
And, while acknowledging that cars full of property in small bags may be
common and innocuous at such hotels, Massingale also testified that the

property in the Monte Carlo appeared to be consistent with his ongoing burglary
investigation, as to the kinds of items he viewed, and the way the items were
packed in the car. Finally, at the time of the detention, Massingale had not yet
determined that the occupant of Room 123 was not connected to the burglaries.




                                          8
No. 72167-4-1/9



       The record and the trial court's findings support the conclusion that

Detective Massingale's reasonable and articulable suspicions justified an

investigatory detention. In particular, while Massingale was on his way to contact

a person he suspected of pawning stolen property related to an ongoing
investigation of a series of burglaries, in which three individuals and stolen

property were still at large, he observed three people next to a car filled with
property in the same hotel parking lot where he had recently apprehended
another suspect and the vehicle used in one of the burglaries and packed in the
same manner. These facts justified the initial detention.

       Finally, relying on State v. Williams, 102 Wn.2d 733, 689 P.2d 1065
(1984), and for the first time on appeal, Wilson argues that the officers exceeded
the permissible scope of the investigatory detention by running his name through
the police department computer to determine his warrant status. In particular, he
claims that Detective Massingale failed to sufficiently explain how "learning Mr.
Wilson's warrant status would be relevant to his investigation of whether Mr.

Wilson was involved in transporting stolen property."13
       In Williams, an officer responding to a burglar alarm found the defendant
in a car in front of the house with the alarm sounding. 102 Wn.2d at 734. The

officer detained the driver, checked him for weapons, and placed him in

handcuffs in the back of a patrol car. Williams, 102 Wn.2d at 734-35. The police
then investigated the house burglary, returned to ask the defendant's business in
the area, inventoried, sealed, and transported the defendant's car, and then took


13 Br. of Appellant at 17.
No. 72167-4-1/10



the defendant to the police station, where they inquired for the first time about his

name and address.      Williams, 102 Wn.2d at 735, 740.         Our Supreme Court

determined that the "intensity and scope of the intrusion" upon the suspect's

liberty was improper because (1) the police did not question him as to his

presence in the area or connection to the crime or even his name and address

until after an extensive investigation of the crime; (2) the police did not articulate

a reason for the significant intrusion into the suspect's freedom during the

detention; (3) the detention was not related to an investigation focused on the

suspect; and (4) the time involved appeared "to approach excessiveness."

Williams, 102 Wn.2d at 739-41.

       Williams did not involve a computer check for warrants and does not

support Wilson's claim. In Williams, the police exceeded the proper scope of an

investigative detention by intruding significantly into the suspect's freedom and

then focusing their investigation on the crime rather than the suspect. Nothing in
Williams suggests that a police officer questioning a suspect detained in a Terry

stop must offer an individualized justification for requesting a police department

computer check of that person's warrant status. Wilson fails to demonstrate that

Detective Massingale exceeded the proper scope of an investigatory detention.




                                          10
No. 72167-4-1/11



      Affirmed.




                        Iv^okey j ^
WE CONCUR:




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