              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

                             No. 23 / 06–1094

                         Filed May 16, 2008


SCOTT E. THOMAS and RHONDA R. THOMAS,

      Appellees,

vs.

PROGRESSIVE CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY,

      Appellant.


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County,

Greg W. Steensland, Judge.



      Insurer appeals from summary judgment ruling determining

underinsured motorist coverage applied to excluded driver’s damage

claim. REVERSED AND REMANDED.



      Steven T. Durick and Joseph M. Barron of Peddicord, Wharton,

Spencer, Hook, Barron & Wegman, LLP, Des Moines, for appellant.



      Anthony W. Tauke of Porter, Tauke & Ebke, Council Bluffs, for

appellees.
                                       2

TERNUS, Chief Justice.

      The appellant, Progressive Casualty Insurance Company, claims it

provides no coverage under an insurance policy issued to appellee

Rhonda R. Thomas for damages sustained by her husband, appellee

Scott E. Thomas, in an accident with an underinsured motorist.

Progressive relies on a named driver exclusion that listed Scott as an

excluded driver.   The district court granted the plaintiffs’ motion for
summary judgment on the coverage issue, concluding the exclusion did

not apply to the underinsured motorist coverage of the policy.              We

disagree and therefore reverse the district court’s ruling and remand for

entry of judgment in favor of the defendant on Scott’s claim.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      In 2004 Rhonda Thomas purchased an automobile liability

insurance policy from Progressive. While this policy was in effect, her

husband, Scott, was driving the insured vehicle when he was involved in

an accident. Scott was injured, and the insurer of the other driver paid

its policy limits to Scott.     The Thomases, believing their damages

exceeded their recovery from the other driver, sought payment from

Progressive under the underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage of Rhonda’s
policy. Progressive denied coverage for Scott’s claim because Scott was

listed on a named driver exclusion that excluded coverage for any claim

arising from Scott’s operation of a motor vehicle.

      The Thomases then filed this suit, seeking UIM benefits under the

Progressive policy. In its answer, Progressive asserted it had no coverage

for Scott’s damages due to the named driver exclusion. Both parties filed

motions for summary judgment on the coverage issue. The district court

determined   the   named      driver   exclusion   did   not   apply   to   the

underinsured motorist coverage of the policy, but refused to rule the
                                             3

plaintiffs were entitled to recover under the policy as a matter of law

because there was a genuine issue of material fact as to the degree of

Scott’s comparative fault and his damages.1                      Progressive filed an

application for interlocutory appeal, which this court granted.2

       II. Scope of Review.

       Summary judgment rulings are reviewed for correction of errors of

law. Lee v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 646 N.W.2d 403, 406 (Iowa 2002).

“To obtain a grant of summary judgment on some issue in an action, the

moving party must affirmatively establish the existence of undisputed

facts entitling that party to a particular result under controlling law.”

Interstate Power Co. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 603 N.W.2d 751, 756 (Iowa

1999).

       III. Governing Legal Principles.

       In the present case, the pertinent facts are undisputed.                        The

disagreement centers on the proper construction and interpretation of

the insurance policy.         The construction of an insurance policy is the

process of determining the policy’s legal effect; interpretation is the

process of determining the meaning of the words used in the policy. See

Hornick v. Owners Ins. Co., 511 N.W.2d 370, 371 (Iowa 1993). “When the


       1The  precise basis of the district court’s coverage decision is not clear. The court
noted that Scott claimed the exclusion was “ambiguous” and alternatively that “public
policy demands coverage for him under the underinsured motorist provisions of the
policy.” The court discussed both theories together, concluding they were “inextricably
intertwined.” After a short discussion of Iowa’s UIM statute, the court ruled:
               In order to comply with the dictates of Chapter 516A of the Iowa
       Code and at the same time be clear and unambiguous, exclusions should
       very clearly state which coverages within the policy it intends to exclude
       certain persons from. Progressive has not done that in this case and this
       Court concludes that coverage under the underinsured motorist
       provisions of the policy must apply to Scott under the undisputed facts
       of this case.
       2We  do not address the insurer’s liability under the UIM coverage for Rhonda’s
loss-of-consortium claim, as that issue is not raised on appeal.
                                     4

parties offer no extrinsic evidence on the meaning of policy language, the

interpretation and construction of an insurance policy are questions of

law for the court.” Lee, 646 N.W.2d at 406.

      “In the construction of insurance policies, the cardinal principle is

that the intent of the parties must control; and except in cases of

ambiguity this is determined by what the policy itself says.”          A.Y.

McDonald Indus., Inc. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 475 N.W.2d 607, 618 (Iowa
1991). “The test for ambiguity is an objective one: Is the language fairly

susceptible to two interpretations?” Iowa Fuel & Minerals, Inc. v. Iowa

State Bd. of Regents, 471 N.W.2d 859, 863 (Iowa 1991). “Only when the

policy language is susceptible to two reasonable interpretations do we

find an ambiguity.” Kibbee v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 525 N.W.2d

866, 868 (Iowa 1994).     In determining whether a policy provision is

subject to two equally proper interpretations, we read the insurance

contract “ ‘as an entirety rather than seriatim by clauses.’ ”    Cairns v.

Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 398 N.W.2d 821, 825 (Iowa 1987) (quoting

Archibald v. Midwest Paper Stock Co., 176 N.W.2d 761, 763 (Iowa 1970)).

Moreover, the court “avoids straining the words or phrases of the policy

‘to impose liability that was not intended and was not purchased.’ ” Id.
at 824 (quoting Gateway State Bank v. N. River Ins. Co., 387 N.W.2d 344,

346 (Iowa 1986)).

      “An insurer assumes a duty to define any limitations or

exclusionary clauses in clear and explicit terms.” Hornick, 511 N.W.2d at

374. Thus, when an exclusionary provision is fairly susceptible to two

reasonable constructions, the construction most favorable to the insured

will be adopted. Cairns, 398 N.W.2d at 824. Nonetheless, if there is no

ambiguity, the court “will not ‘write a new contract of insurance’ ” for the
                                     5

parties. Id. (quoting Stover v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., 189 N.W.2d 588,

591 (Iowa 1971)).

      Notwithstanding the principle that the plain meaning of an

insurance contract generally prevails, this court has recognized that

statutory law may also affect the interpretation and validity of policy

provisions.   Lee, 646 N.W.2d at 406.       When a statute authorizes a

contract of insurance, “ ‘[t]he statute itself forms a basic part of the
policy and is treated as if it had actually been written into the policy.’ ”

Id. (quoting Tri-State Ins. Co. v. De Gooyer, 379 N.W.2d 16, 17 (Iowa

1985)). Consequently, when construing a contract provision that affects

underinsured motorist coverage, we must review not only the language of

the policy but the terms of the UIM statute, Iowa Code chapter 516A, as

well. Hornick, 511 N.W.2d at 372.

      IV. Interpretation of Policy.

      A. Policy Provisions. Because exclusions must be interpreted in

the context of the entire contract, we commence our analysis with a brief

overview of the policy. The policy begins with a section entitled “general

definitions.” The contract then has five parts, with each part dedicated

to a particular type of coverage.    These coverages include “liability to
others,”   “medical   payments,”    “uninsured/underinsured      motorist,”

“damage to a vehicle,” and “roadside assistance.” Each part contains an

insuring agreement, additional definitions, exclusions, and other matters

specific to that particular coverage. After the parts relating to these five

coverages, the contract contains sections entitled “general provisions”

and “named driver exclusion.” The named driver exclusion provides:

      If you have asked us to exclude any person from coverage
      under this policy, then we will not provide coverage for any
      claim arising from an accident or loss involving a motorized
      vehicle being operated by that excluded person.         THIS
                                               6
       INCLUDES ANY CLAIM FOR DAMAGES MADE AGAINST
       YOU, A RELATIVE, OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR
       ORGANIZATION THAT IS VICARIOUSLY LIABLE FOR AN
       ACCIDENT ARISING OUT OF THE OPERATION OF A
       MOTORIZED VEHICLE BY THE EXCLUDED DRIVER.3

The policy also contains a declarations page that shows Rhonda as a

“Named insured” and Scott as an “excluded driver.” In addition to the

contract itself, a separate document entitled “Named Driver Exclusion

Election” similarly states: “No coverage is provided for any claim arising

from an accident or loss involving a motorized vehicle operated by an

excluded person.”         Scott was identified as an excluded driver in this

document, and the document was signed by Rhonda.4

       B. Parties’ Arguments.             Progressive argues the exclusion is

unambiguous and by its clear terms applies to “any claim arising from

an accident or loss involving a motorized vehicle being operated by [the]

excluded person.”         (Emphasis added.)             The insurer points out it is

undisputed Scott was an excluded person, he was operating a motorized

       3Terms  defined in the policy appear in boldface. The all-capital-letters emphasis
is also found in the policy. In subsequent quotations of the exclusion in this opinion,
we have eliminated the boldface as well as the emphasis supplied by using all capital
letters.
       4The   complete contents of this document follows:
       You have named the following persons as excluded drivers under this
       policy:
       SCOTT THOMAS           Date of Birth:       9/17/74
       No coverage is provided for any claim arising from an accident or loss
       involving a motorized vehicle operated by an excluded person. This
       includes any claim for damages made against you, a relative, or any
       other person or organization that is vicariously liable for an accident
       arising out of the operation of a motorized vehicle by the excluded driver.
       I understand and agree that this Named Driver Exclusion election shall
       apply to this policy and any renewal, reinstatement, substitute,
       amended, altered, modified, or replacement policy with this company or
       any affiliated company, unless a named insured revokes this election.
       Signature of Named Insured                            Date
       [signed by Rhonda Thomas]                             8-3-04
                                    7

vehicle at the time of the accident, and his claim arises from that

accident.

      The plaintiffs contend an ambiguity is created when one views in

context the language upon which Progressive relies.        They note the

named driver exclusion is included in the general provisions section of

the   policy,   not   in   the   specific   exclusions    listed    in   the

uninsured/underinsured motorist (UM/UIM) coverage part.            They also
rely on the second sentence of the exclusion, which specifically refers to

coverage for vicarious liability, a claim falling within the liability

coverage, but does not expressly mention the UM/UIM coverage. These

circumstances, the plaintiffs argue, might lead an ordinary person to

conclude the named driver exclusion affected liability coverage only, thus

creating an ambiguity that should be resolved in favor of the insured.

      C. Discussion. To address these arguments, we consider “what

the policy itself says.” A.Y. McDonald Indus., Inc., 475 N.W.2d at 618.

The first sentence of the exclusion states: “If you have asked us to

exclude any person from coverage under this policy, then we will not

provide coverage for any claim arising from an accident or loss involving

a motorized vehicle being operated by that excluded person.” We agree
with the insurer that this sentence, at least when considered in isolation,

clearly and unambiguously excludes coverage for Scott’s UIM claim. The

word “you” is defined in the policy as the person shown as the named

insured on the declarations page. For this policy, that person is Rhonda.

There is no dispute that Rhonda asked the insurer “to exclude [a] person

from coverage under this policy” and that person was Scott. It is also

undisputed that the UIM claim asserted by Scott arose from an accident

involving a motorized vehicle being operated by Scott, the excluded

person.
                                             8

       It is significant there is no limiting language in the first sentence of

the exclusion that would indicate an intent that the exclusion does not

apply to claims brought under the UM/UIM coverage. To the contrary,

the exclusion encompasses “any claim.” We have previously held that

the use of the word “any” in a statute “means all or every.”5                      State v.

Bishop, 257 Iowa 336, 341, 132 N.W.2d 455, 458 (1965); accord Lopez v.

Dairyland Ins. Co., 890 P.2d 192, 195 (Colo. Ct. App. 1994) (interpreting

word “any” in named driver exclusion to “mean[] ‘every,’ ‘all,’ ‘the whole

of,’ and ‘without limit’ ” (quoting Webster’s Third New International

Dictionary 97 (1986)); State Farm Auto. Ins. Co. v. Kiehne, 641 P.2d 501,

502 (N.M. 1982) (interpreting word “any” in named driver exclusion to

mean “without limit”).             The word “claim” means “a demand for

compensation, benefits or payment.” Webster’s Third New International

Dictionary 414 (unabr. ed. 2002).                See generally Iowa Comprehensive

Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Fund Bd. v. Farmland Mut. Ins. Co.,

568 N.W.2d 815, 818 (Iowa 1997) (stating that in searching for the

ordinary meaning of a policy term, “we often look to dictionaries”).

Giving the words in the contract their ordinary meaning, we think the

first sentence of the named driver exclusion clearly encompasses the UIM


       5Cases    interpreting language in statutes are persuasive authority in interpreting
contractual language. In both situations, the court strives to determine intent, the
legislature’s intent in the case of a statute and the parties’ intent in the case of a
contract. See A.Y. McDonald Indus., Inc., 475 N.W.2d at 619 (stating with respect to
contracts of insurance that “the cardinal principle is that the intent of the parties must
control”); State v. Bishop, 257 Iowa 336, 339, 132 N.W.2d 455, 457 (1965) (stating “[t]he
first principle in construing a statute” is that “the courts search for legislative intent as
shown by what the legislature said”). Additionally, in both contexts the words of the
statute or contract are given their ordinary meaning in the absence of a definition in the
statute or contract. See State v. Muhlenbruch, 728 N.W.2d 212, 214 (Iowa 2007) (“In
the absence of a legislative definition, words in a statute are given their ordinary
meaning.”); Iowa Comprehensive Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Fund Bd. v.
Farmland Mut. Ins. Co., 568 N.W.2d 815, 818 (Iowa 1997) (“When a policy term is not
defined in the policy, . . . we give the term its ordinary meaning.”).
                                      9

claim asserted by Scott, unless other provisions in the policy give rise to

an ambiguity. See Progressive N. Ins. Co. v. Schneck, 813 A.2d 828, 831

(Pa. 2002) (holding nearly identical exclusion of “ ‘any claim’ . . .

unambiguously operates to bar recovery of UIM benefits under policy

when driver is excluded”); cf. Nelson v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 162 P.3d

1228, 1234 (Alaska 2007) (holding nearly identical policy language

“plainly indicates that any claim arising from [the excluded driver’s]
operation of the automobile is not covered,” including negligent

entrustment claim against the named insured); O’Brien v. Dorrough, 928

P.2d 322, 325–26 & n.10 (Okla. Civ. App. 1996) (holding similar

exclusion excluding coverage for “any loss” was “clear and unambiguous”

and excluded coverage for UM claims even though such claims were not

expressly mentioned in the exclusion).

      We turn now to the plaintiffs’ contention that the exclusion is

ambiguous when considered in context. The plaintiffs assert the second

sentence of the exclusion clouds the meaning of the first sentence. They

argue that, when the two sentences are read together, the “clear

meaning” of the exclusion is that it “applies only when the excluded

person is liable for an accident.” Based on the ordinary meaning of the
words used in the named driver exclusion, we do not think this provision

is subject to the interpretation suggested by the plaintiffs.

      The second sentence of the exclusion states: “This includes any

claim for damages made against you, a relative, or any other person or

organization that is vicariously liable for an accident arising out of the

operation of a motorized vehicle by the excluded driver.” As the plaintiffs

acknowledge, this sentence addresses vicarious liability claims arising

out of the excluded driver’s operation of a motorized vehicle.          The

sentence begins with the words “this includes.” The word “this,” which
                                     10

immediately follows the first sentence of the exclusion, obviously refers to

the exclusion set forth in the preceding sentence. Thus, the exclusion

described in the first sentence “includes” vicarious liability claims arising

out of the excluded driver’s operation of a motor vehicle. See Webster’s

Third New International Dictionary 1143 (defining “include” as “to take in,

enfold, or comprise as a discrete or subordinate part or item of a larger

aggregate, group, or principle”).    We agree with the insurer that the
second sentence of the exclusion clarifies that, when Scott Thomas is the

driver, coverage of “any claim” is excluded, not only for Scott, but for

others who are alleged to be vicariously liable.

      The plaintiffs point out, if the first sentence of the exclusion is

interpreted to be all-inclusive, the second sentence is superfluous.       In

light of the insurer’s duty to define “exclusionary clauses in clear and

explicit terms,” Hornick, 511 N.W.2d at 374, we doubt that the clarifying

language   of   the   second   sentence   could    properly   be   considered

superfluous.    In any event, notwithstanding our desire to interpret a

policy so as not to render any part superfluous, “we will not do so when

that [interpretation] is inconsistent with the structure and format of the

[provision] and when that [interpretation] is otherwise unreasonable.”
Kibbee, 525 N.W.2d at 869.       In the named driver exclusion, the first

sentence unambiguously excludes “any claim” arising out of the excluded

driver’s operation of a motor vehicle. The second sentence clearly states

that this exclusion “includes” claims of vicarious liability. To interpret

the second sentence as limiting the scope of the first sentence to only

instances when the excluded driver is liable would result in a strained

and unnatural interpretation of the contractual language.          See id. at

868–69 (“We do not indulge in a strained or unnatural interpretation of

policy language merely to find ambiguity.”).
                                       11

      For these reasons, we conclude the second sentence of the named

driver exclusion cannot reasonably be interpreted as a limitation on the

exclusion of “any claim” as stated in the first sentence of the provision.

See Nelson, 162 P.3d at 1234–35 (holding second sentence of a nearly

identical    exclusion   did   not   limit   the   scope   of   the   exclusion).

Consequently, the second sentence of the exclusion does not create an

ambiguity. See id. at 1234 (holding exclusion was not ambiguous). To
the contrary, the second sentence confirms the broad scope of the

exclusion stated in the first sentence by expressly stating that the

exclusion “includes” claims of vicarious liability asserted against persons

other than the excluded driver.

      The plaintiffs claim an ambiguity also arises from the fact that the

named driver exclusion is placed at the end of the policy rather than in

the UM/UIM coverage part. But the placement of the exclusion after the

“general provisions” of the policy is entirely consistent with an

interpretation of the exclusion as applying to “any claim,” regardless of

the specific coverage under which the claimant seeks to recover. If, in

fact, the exclusion applies only to the liability coverage, as plaintiffs

contend, it is more logical that the exclusion would have been placed in
the policy part for “liability to others.” We do not think the location of

the exclusion supports an interpretation limiting the exclusion to the

liability coverage. See Rockford Mut. Ins. Co. v. Econ. Fire & Cas. Co., 576

N.E.2d 1141, 1144–45 (Ill. App. Ct. 1991) (holding location of named

driver exclusion in endorsement did not make it ambiguous; exclusion

applied to “all coverage afforded by [the] policy,” including the UM

coverage).

      In summary, we hold the named driver exclusion is unambiguous.

By the plain meaning of its terms, this provision excludes coverage for
                                   12

any claim that arises from the excluded driver’s operation of a motor

vehicle, including underinsured motorist claims.       Cf. Castaneda v.

Progressive Classic Ins. Co., 166 S.W.3d 556, 561 (Ark. 2004) (holding

nearly identical named driver exclusion “was plain and unambiguous”

and excluded claim brought under UM coverage); Kiehne, 641 P.2d at

502 (holding named driver exclusion excluding “any kind” of liability was

“clear and unambiguous” and excluded coverage for UM claim even
though UM coverage was not specifically mentioned in the exclusion).

      V. Effect of Underinsured Motorist Statute.

      Having determined the policy unambiguously excludes coverage for

UIM claims arising from Scott’s operation of a motor vehicle, we must

now consider whether that interpretation is inconsistent with Iowa’s

underinsured motorist statute. The plaintiffs claim the “Named Driver

Exclusion Election” signed by Rhonda does not satisfy the statutory

requirement that UIM coverage be rejected in writing. In addition, they

contend the public policy evidenced by the UIM statute is violated by the

named driver exclusion.

      A. Compliance with Chapter 516A. Iowa Code section 516A.1

requires that automobile liability policies issued in this state include
uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage “for the protection of

persons insured under such policy.”        Iowa Code § 516A.1 (2001).

“However, the named insured may reject [some or all of such coverages],

by written rejections signed by the named insured.” Id. “If rejection is

made on a form or document furnished by an insurance company, . . . it

shall be on a separate sheet of paper which contains only the rejection

and information directly related to it.”   Id.   The plaintiffs argue the

statutory rejection requirement was not satisfied because the separate
                                            13

writing signed by Rhonda Thomas did not clearly state which coverages

were excluded.

       Before we address this issue, however, we must determine whether

Progressive was obligated to provide UIM coverage to Scott so as to

trigger the written-rejection requirement.            As this court observed in

Hornick, we have adopted the “prevailing view” that “persons who must

be insured by the underinsured motorist insurance are those who are
protected by the liability coverage.” 511 N.W.2d at 373 (citing Kats v.

Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 490 N.W.2d 60, 62 (Iowa 1992)); accord Iowa

Code § 516A.1 (providing underinsured motorist coverage is only

required “for the protection of persons insured under such policy”). In

Kats, the named insured signed an amendment to his automobile

liability policy that added a named driver exclusion listing his stepson.6

490 N.W.2d at 62. We concluded the stepson was not otherwise insured

under the policy “because of the specific exclusion for the [stepson].” Id.

Therefore, we held the insurer was not required to provide UIM coverage

for the stepson. Id.

       The same result is required here. Like the stepson in Kats, Scott

was specifically excluded from coverage by the named driver exclusion.
Because Scott had no liability coverage under the policy, Progressive was

not required to offer UIM coverage to him.            See id. Therefore, section

516A.1 does not require a written rejection of UIM coverage as a

condition of Progressive’s exclusion of Scott from UIM coverage.                   See


       6The   exclusion in Kats provided:
               This policy does not apply under any of the coverages to any
       vehicle in the care, custody, or control of, or while operated by Mulder,
       Keith A. or any other person with his or her permission or at his or her
       direction.
Kats, 490 N.W.2d at 62.
                                    14

Castaneda, 166 S.W.3d at 563 (Imber, J., concurring) (stating because

statute required UM coverage “only when there is liability coverage” and

since named insured’s son, who was driving vehicle at time of accident,

was subject of named driver exclusion, insurer was not required to

obtain a rejection of coverage).

      B. Public Policy. The plaintiffs argue that, even if the insurance

policy excludes UIM coverage for Scott when he is operating a motorized
vehicle, the contract should not be enforced because to do so would

violate the public policy underlying section 516A.1. “We have stated that

the term ‘public policy’ is not susceptible of an exact definition, but ‘a

court ought not enforce a contract which tends to be injurious to the

public or contrary to the public good.’ ” Principal Cas. Ins. Co. v. Blair,

500 N.W.2d 67, 69 (Iowa 1993) (quoting Walker v. Am. Family Mut. Ins.

Co., 340 N.W.2d 599, 601 (Iowa 1983)).
      “[P]ublic policy” is not determined by this court’s “generalized
      concepts of fairness and justice” or our determination of
      what might be most just in a particular case. “ ‘We must
      look to the Constitution, statutes, and judicial decisions of
      [this] state, to determine [our] public policy and that which is
      not prohibited by statute, condemned by judicial decision,
      nor contrary to the public morals contravenes no principle of
      public policy.’ ”
Claude v. Guaranty Nat’l Ins. Co., 679 N.W.2d 659, 663 (Iowa 2004)

(quoting Harvey v. Care Initiatives, Inc., 634 N.W.2d 681, 686 (Iowa 2001)

and In re Marriage of Witten, 672 N.W.2d 768, 780 (Iowa 2003)). “ ‘The

power to invalidate a contract on public policy grounds must be used

cautiously and exercised only in cases free from doubt.’ ” Grinnell Mut.

Reins. Co. v. Jungling, 654 N.W.2d 530, 540 (Iowa 2002) (quoting

DeVetter v. Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co., 516 N.W.2d 792, 794 (Iowa 1994)).

      The plaintiffs assert section 516A.1 evidences a public policy that

all automobile insurance policies include UIM coverage unless rejected
                                    15

by the named insured. The public policy underlying the UIM statute is

not so broad, however. As we have discussed, this court has consistently

recognized that section 516A.1 requires UIM coverage only for persons

“who are protected by the liability coverage.”    Hornick, 511 N.W.2d at

373. Here, Scott is not protected by the liability coverage, and therefore,

chapter 516A does not require that he be protected by the UIM coverage.

Consequently, the public policy of chapter 516A is not thwarted by
enforcement of the named driver exclusion. Cf. Lopez, 890 P.2d at 196

(holding public policy of UM statute not violated by exclusion of UM

coverage for passenger of vehicle driven by excluded driver); Gheae v.

Founders Ins. Co., 854 N.E.2d 419, 422–23 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (holding

named driver exclusion eliminating liability coverage as well as UM

coverage did not contravene UM statute because statute required UM

coverage “only if the claimant otherwise qualifies for liability coverage

under the policy”).

      The plaintiffs also contend that, because Scott would arguably

have been covered under the UIM provision had he been a pedestrian, it

does not further the purpose of UIM protection to deny coverage when he

is the victim of an underinsured motorist.       They claim it should not
matter whether he was a pedestrian or a driver. But that distinction is at

the core of the public interest underlying named driver exclusions.

States that have upheld the validity of named driver exclusions note

such exclusions further

      [the] public policy of protecting all potential claimants from
      damages resulting from automobile accidents by enabling
      drivers with family members having poor driving records to
      procure affordable insurance, rather than obtaining coverage
      from an assigned risk pool at a greater cost or not securing
      insurance at all.
                                     16

St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Smith, 787 N.E.2d 852, 858 (Ill. App. Ct.

2003) (citing cases from Delaware, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah).

Importantly, these exclusions also deter “insured drivers from entrusting

their vehicles to unsafe excluded drivers which [keeps] those unfit drivers

off the road.” Id.

      Requiring coverage of an excluded driver whenever the excluded

driver is not at fault (an after-the-fact determination) would encourage
such unfit drivers to take a chance driving, hoping they would not drive

negligently, rather than deterring them from driving. Not only would the

deterrent effect of the exclusion be undermined, the general public would

be put at greater risk.   Under the plaintiffs’ argument, if an excluded

driver is in an accident while operating a motor vehicle and is not at

fault, the excluded driver will have uninsured or underinsured coverage

for his damages. Unfortunately, if the excluded driver is at fault, victims

of his fault will not be so fortunate.      In that instance, the exclusion

would apply, so there would be no liability coverage for damages

sustained by the unfit driver’s victims and the public policy of protecting

potential claimants from such drivers would be undermined.               We

question whether it is in the public interest to “rewrite” the named driver
exclusion in such a way that more protection is provided to the excluded

driver than to the general public.        Because the exclusion as written

promotes the public policy underlying named driver exclusions, we will

not invalidate it or restrict its application as urged by the plaintiffs. See

O’Brien, 928 P.2d at 324, 326 (refusing to limit named driver exclusion to

instances when named driver was negligent, rejecting argument that

applying exclusion to UM coverage violated public policy); Schneck, 813

A.2d at 832 (holding identical exclusion was consistent with “public

policy of cost containment and consumer choice” evidenced by statutory
                                     17

scheme that tied UIM coverage to liability coverage and authorized

named driver exclusions).

       Finally, we note that our legislature has implicitly authorized

named driver exclusions in automobile insurance policies issued in Iowa,

apparently in recognition of the public value of such exclusions. Section

515D.4 provides:

             A person shall not be excluded from the [automobile
       insurance] policy unless the exclusion is based on one or
       more of the following reasons, or is agreed upon by both the
       named insured and the insurer . . . .

Iowa   Code    § 515D.4(2)    (emphasis   added).    Significantly,   section

515D.4(2) allows the parties to an insurance contract to exclude a person

“from the policy.” (Emphasis added.) The statutory authorization is not

limited to the liability coverage of the insurance policy.       Thus, our

legislature has made a policy decision that exclusions such as the one at

issue here are not contrary to the public good.

       In view of the legislature’s authorization of named driver exclusions

and its decision to require UIM coverage only for drivers protected by the

liability coverage of the policy, we conclude the named driver exclusion in

Progressive’s policy does not violate the public policy of this state. See

Schneck, 813 A.2d at 834 (holding nearly identical exclusion “did not

violate public policy,” noting “there is no clear legislative pronouncement

of public policy requiring UM/UIM coverage for a named driver

exclusion”).   Therefore, we reject the plaintiffs’ argument that the

exclusion is unenforceable.

       VI. Summary and Disposition.

       The named driver exclusion is unambiguous and excludes

coverage for Scott’s underinsured motorist claim arising out of his

operation of a motorized vehicle. Enforcement of the exclusion under the
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circumstances before us does not violate Iowa’s underinsured motorist

statute and is not contrary to public policy.

         The district court erred in granting summary judgment to Scott

Thomas and in denying summary judgment to Progressive on Scott’s

claim.     We reverse the district court’s summary judgment ruling and

remand this case to the district court for entry of summary judgment in

favor of Progressive on Scott Thomas’s claim.
         REVERSED AND REMANDED.
