                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               ____________

                                      No. 09-2968
                                     ____________

                                  DAVID CALHOUN,

                                       Appellant

                                           v.

                 LAWRENCE F. MURRAY; KENYA MANN;
          JOEL GOLDSTEIN; UNITED STATES MARSHALS SERVICE
                            ____________

                  On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                              (D.C. No. 2-08-cv-04707)
                  District Judge: Honorable Ronald L. Buckwalter
                                    ____________

                          Argued November 14, 2012
             Before: SCIRICA, FISHER and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

                               (Filed: December 20, 2012)

David Calhoun
Elkton FCI
P.O. Box 10
Lisbon, OH 44432
      Pro Se Appellant

Loren L. AliKhan (ARGUED)
O’Melveny & Myers
1625 I Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
       Counsel for Appellant
John C. Manning (ARGUED)
Alan M. Robinson
Pennsylvania Board of Probation & Parole
Executive Offices
1101 South Front Street, Suite 5100
Harrisburg, PA 17104-1268
       Counsel for Appellee, Lawrence Murray

Charlene K. Fullmer (ARGUED)
Office of United States Attorney
615 Chestnut Street, Suite 1250
Philadelphia, PA 19106
       Counsel for Appellees, Kenya Mann,
       Joel D. Goldstein, and United States Marshals Service
                                     ____________

                              OPINION OF THE COURT
                                   ____________

FISHER, Circuit Judge.

      David Calhoun appeals two orders of the District Court dismissing his claims

against former Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole Secretary Lawrence F.

Murray (“State Defendant/Appellee”), former Assistant U.S. Attorney Kenya Mann,

Assistant U.S. Attorney Joel Goldstein, and the U.S. Marshals Service (“Federal

Defendants/Appellees”). Calhoun alleges that the Appellees violated his liberty and

caused him to be falsely imprisoned by keeping him in custody during his federal trial

after he posted bail. Because the District Court erred in dismissing Calhoun’s claims

against Mann and Goldstein on res judicata grounds and failed to provide adequate

reasoning in dismissing Calhoun’s claim against Murray, we will vacate the District




                                            2
Court’s orders and remand the case to the District Court for proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

                                              I.

       We write principally for the parties, who are familiar with the factual context and

legal history of this case. Therefore, we will set forth only those facts necessary to our

analysis.

       In December 2005, Calhoun was serving a state sentence when the Pennsylvania

Department of Corrections transferred him to federal custody to stand trial in the Eastern

District of Pennsylvania on federal drug charges. Calhoun posted bail on the federal drug

charges on July 28, 2005, and his state sentence expired on February 23, 2006. Calhoun,

however, remained in detention throughout his federal trial, which concluded with a

guilty verdict and a sentence of 20 years imprisonment and 10 years supervised release.

On August 17, 2006, Calhoun appealed his conviction on the basis of insufficiency of the

evidence, trial court error, and prosecutorial misconduct. On May 1, 2008, this Court

affirmed the judgment of the District Court. During Calhoun’s criminal proceedings,

Mann and Goldstein were counsel for the government. Mann was predecessor counsel;

Goldstein was trial and appellate counsel.

       In early 2008, Calhoun filed two suits, one in federal court (“original federal court

action”) and the other in Pennsylvania state court (“original state court action”), alleging

that Murray, Mann, Goldstein, and the U.S. Marshals Service violated his liberty and




                                              3
caused him to be falsely imprisoned. This appeal concerns the original state court action,

but an explanation of both cases is pertinent to our analysis.

                   No. 08-cv-0458 – The Original Federal Court Action

       The original federal court action was commenced on January 30, 2008, when

Calhoun filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania against Murray, Mann, Goldstein, and the U.S. Marshals Service. Calhoun

asserted claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985 and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named

Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), alleging that the defendants

“worked in collusion to deprive [Calhoun] of his liberty in the form of false

imprisonment” because “upon reaching his maximum term expiration date of his state

sentence on Feb. 23, 2006, [Calhoun] remained in [the] custody of the federal authorities

despite the fact that he had posted bail on his federal case.”

       On March 18, 2008, the District Court dismissed the complaint without prejudice

under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). The District Court held that the complaint did not

state a claim against Murray, that Mann and Goldstein were absolutely immune from suit

as prosecutors, and that the doctrine of sovereign immunity barred the claims against the

U.S. Marshals Service. On March 27, 2008, Calhoun filed an amended complaint that

dropped the U.S. Marshals Service as a defendant. Also, because Murray was no longer

the Secretary of the Parole Board, the complaint was amended on September 17, 2008 to

substitute the sitting Secretary, Cynthia Daub, as a defendant.




                                              4
       The defendants then filed motions to dismiss, which the District Court granted on

December 18, 2008. With regard to Mann and Goldstein, the District Court concluded

that it was reasonable for the federal prosecutors to believe that Calhoun’s continued

detention did not violate his constitutional rights. Accordingly, Calhoun’s claims against

Mann and Goldstein were dismissed on account of qualified immunity. With regard to

Daub, the District Court held that although the amended complaint alleged claims against

her predecessor, Murray, it did not allege that Daub “either directed or acquiesced in

permitting the decision to detain [Calhoun] after the expiration of his state sentence,” and

therefore did not satisfy the personal involvement requirement of § 1983. The District

Court entered a judgment dismissing the case.

       On December 26, 2008, Calhoun filed a motion for reconsideration. With regard

to Mann and Goldstein, Calhoun argued that the court should have permitted him to

amend his complaint to present evidence of his claims. With regard to Daub, Calhoun

asserted that he had sought an extension of time to respond to Daub’s motion to dismiss,

but his motion never reached the District Court. Calhoun explained that previous filings

had not reached their intended recipients and that he had formally complained to this

Court about the courthouse mailroom procedures. He attached as an exhibit to his motion

a letter from the Circuit Executive stating that “[a]n investigation of [his] complaint

revealed a problem with the mail intake process for the Courthouse and the Clerk’s

Office.”




                                              5
       On January 22, 2009, the District Court denied reconsideration as to Mann and

Goldstein, but held the motion in abeyance as to Daub. The District Court concluded that

Calhoun’s representation that he had filed an extension motion, coupled with the Circuit

Executive’s letter concerning problems in the courthouse mailroom, justified holding the

reconsideration motion in abeyance so that Calhoun could respond to Daub’s motion to

dismiss. The District Court directed Calhoun to file that response by February 23, 2009.

Calhoun subsequently filed the response on February 23, 2009, but the District Court has

yet to rule on his reconsideration motion.

       On February 24, 2010, after Calhoun filed a notice of appeal, this Court dismissed

Calhoun’s appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction, noting that the District Court had yet

to resolve the claims against Daub, and thus, the order was not yet appealable.

                    No. 08-cv-4707 – The Original State Court Action

       After initiating the original federal court action, Calhoun attempted to assert

similar claims in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas against Murray, Mann,

Goldstein, and the U.S. Marshals Service. To this end, on February 14, 2008, Calhoun

dispatched a “praecipe,” which was styled as a complaint, to the Court of Common Pleas

alleging that “the defendants have, in their negligence and/or deliberate indifference to

[Calhoun’s] liberty interest caused [Calhoun] to be falsely imprisoned through over-

detention.” The praecipe was never docketed in the Court of Common Pleas, however,

and was instead docketed in the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania on May 2, 2008.

On May 22, 2008, the Commonwealth Court dismissed the case as filed in error.

                                             6
       Calhoun filed a notice of appeal to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on June 4,

2008, challenging the Commonwealth Court’s dismissal of the action without providing

him an opportunity to respond. On September 17, 2008, the Supreme Court of

Pennsylvania noted probable jurisdiction.

       On September 30, 2008, the Federal Defendants filed a notice of removal of

Calhoun’s action to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania,

which was predicated on 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a) – the federal officer removal provision. On

October 16, 2008, Calhoun filed an objection to the removal as untimely under

§ 1446(b)’s 30-day time period for removal. The Federal Defendants responded that their

removal was not untimely because § 1446(b)’s 30-day time period commences upon

service of the complaint, and they were never properly served. The District Court, on

October 29, 2008, denied Calhoun’s objection to the timeliness of removal.

       On December 24, 2008, the Federal Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the

removed action and argued that the dismissal of the original federal action was res

judicata of the claims against defendants Mann and Goldstein in the removed action. The

District Court subsequently, on March 26, 2009, dismissed the claims against defendants

Mann and Goldstein on the basis of res judicata. The District Court also dismissed

Calhoun’s claim against the U.S. Marshals Service, construing the claim as one under the

Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b), and concluding that Calhoun had not

satisfied the prerequisites for such a claim.




                                                7
         On March 6, 2009, while the proceedings against the Federal Defendants were

ongoing, Murray filed a motion to dismiss. On March 23, 2009, Calhoun requested a 45-

day extension of the time within which to respond to Murray’s motion to dismiss,

explaining that he was proceeding pro se, had no legal training, and had limited access to

the prison’s law library. The District Court granted Calhoun’s motion on May 12, 2009

and ordered him to respond within 14 days. On May 26, 2009, Calhoun filed a

handwritten motion for an additional 30-day extension of time, explaining that he had

been placed in a restrictive housing unit and was unable to access his legal materials.

The District Court did not rule on this motion, and, on May 28, 2009, filed the following

order:

         “[T]he motion to dismiss filed by Lawrence F. Murray is GRANTED. All
         claims against Lawrence F. Murray are DISMISSED. THIS CASE IS
         CLOSED.”

         Also on May 28, 2009, Calhoun filed a motion to amend his complaint, which was

dismissed as moot on June 2, 2009. On May 29, 2009, Calhoun sought reconsideration,

which was denied on June 25, 2009. Calhoun filed a timely notice of appeal with this

Court on July 1, 2009. On February 1, 2010, the Federal Appellees filed a motion for

summary affirmance, arguing that the issues on appeal were identical to the those raised

in Calhoun’s then-pending appeal in the original federal court action. On June 29, 2010,

this Court denied the motion for summary affirmance, explaining:

         “To the extent Appellees are attempting to make a res judicata argument in
         support of their motion, we reject that . . . because there does not appear to


                                               8
       be a final appealable order in the DC No. 08-cv-0458 [the original federal
       court action].”

                                             II.

       The District Court had federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 due to Calhoun’s appeal of a final order in the

District Court.

       This Court exercises de novo review of a district court’s dismissal of a complaint,

including dismissal based on res judicata. Morgan v. Covington Twp., 648 F.3d 172, 177

(3d Cir. 2011). We review a district court’s decision regarding a motion for extension of

time for abuse of discretion. Drippe v. Tobelinski, 604 F.3d 778, 783 (3d Cir. 2010).

With regard to a district court’s denial of a motion to remand, we exercise plenary review

to the extent that the underlying basis for the motion presents a legal question. Ario v.

Underwriting Members of Syndicate 53 at Lloyds for 1998 Year of Account, 618 F.3d

277, 287 (3d Cir. 2010).

                                            III.

                                             A.

       As an initial argument, the Federal Appellees assert that the doctrine of derivative

jurisdiction provides a basis for dismissal of Calhoun’s claims against Mann and

Goldstein in their official capacities along with Calhoun’s claims against the U.S.

Marshals Service.




                                             9
       Under the doctrine of derivative jurisdiction, a federal district court is without

proper removal jurisdiction if the state court from which the case was removed lacked

subject matter jurisdiction, even if the case could have originally been filed in federal

court. Minnesota v. United States, 305 U.S. 382, 389 (1939). Although the doctrine of

derivative jurisdiction has been abrogated for removals under the general removal statute,

28 U.S.C. § 1441, see 28 U.S.C. § 1441(f), the doctrine arguably still applies to removals,

as in this case, pertaining to federal officers, 28 U.S.C. § 1442. See, e.g., Rodas v.

Seidlin, 656 F.3d 610, 619 (7th Cir. 2011); Palmer v. City Nat’l Bank, 498 F.3d 236, 246

(4th Cir. 2007).

       Regardless of whether the District Court exercised proper removal jurisdiction of

Calhoun’s claims against Mann, Goldstein, and the U.S. Marshals Service, the doctrine of

derivative jurisdiction does not deprive this Court of jurisdiction on appeal. While

“[c]hallenges to subject-matter jurisdiction can of course be raised at any time prior to

final judgment,” even for the first time on appeal, Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Global Grp.,

L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 571 (2004), challenges based on procedural defects in removal cannot

be raised for the first time on appeal. Grubbs v. General Elec. Credit Corp., 405 U.S.

699, 702 (1972).

       Our jurisdiction on appeal in this matter is governed by Grubbs because “[t]he

doctrine of derivative jurisdiction, despite its perhaps improvident name, is best

understood as a procedural bar to the exercise of federal judicial power. That is, the

doctrine creates a defect in removal, but is not an essential ingredient to federal subject

                                             10
matter jurisdiction.” Rodas, 656 F.3d at 619; see also Morda v. Klein, 865 F.2d 782, 784

(6th Cir. 1989); Foval v. First Nat’l Bank of Commerce in New Orleans, 841 F.2d 126,

129 (5th Cir. 1988); Sorosky v. Burroughs Corp., 826 F.2d 794, 800-01 (9th Cir. 1987).

       Each of Calhoun’s claims could have been properly filed in the District Court.

Therefore, we are not deprived of jurisdiction on appeal, despite the existence of any

potential procedural errors in removal.

                                             B.

       Calhoun argues that the District Court erroneously dismissed his claims against

Mann and Goldstein on the basis of res judicata and that res judicata cannot present a

barrier to his claims because there has been no final judgment in his previous case, the

original federal court action. 1




       1
         Calhoun asserts that this Court’s June 29, 2010 denial of summary affirmance
based on a lack of finality in the original federal court action is law of the case and binds
our present consideration of the issue. However, the June 29, 2010 denial of summary
affirmance was issued by a motions panel of this Court, and a decision of a motions panel
is not binding on a merits panel for the purpose of the law of the case. Council Tree
Commc’ns, Inc. v. FCC, 503 F.3d 284, 291-92 (3d Cir. 2007).


                                             11
       The preclusive effect of a federal court judgment is determined by federal law. 2

Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 891 (2008). To succeed in the assertion of a res judicata

defense, the defendant must show there has been “(1) a final judgment of the merits in a

prior suit involving; (2) the same parties or their privies; and (3) a subsequent suit based

on the same causes of action.” Sheridan v. NGK Metals Corp., 609 F.3d 239, 260 (3d

Cir. 2010). Unless a court expressly determines that finality is warranted and there is no

just reason for delay, “any order or other decision . . . that adjudicates fewer than all the

claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties does not end the action as

to any of the claims or parties and may be revised at any time before the entry of a

judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’ rights and liabilities.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 54(b).

       In Clausen Co. v. Dynatron/Bondo Corp., we vacated a judgment that was

erroneously predicated on res judicata by holding that the finality requirement was not

met:

       “The adjudication relied upon was of the second count of a two count
       complaint . . . . The first count is still pending in the district court. Thus the

       2
         The District Court erroneously conducted a res judicata analysis under state law
rather than federal law. The Federal Appellees attempt to justify the District Court’s
analysis by citing this Court’s opinion in Delaware River Port Authority v. Fraternal
Order of Police, 290 F.3d 567, 573 (3d Cir. 2002) (“A federal court looks to the law of
the adjudicating state to determine its preclusive effect.”). However, unlike Calhoun’s
case, in which the question is whether a previous federal court decision has a preclusive
effect, Delaware River involved a question of whether a previous state court decision had
a preclusive effect. Only when the previous decision comes from a state court will a
federal court analyze the preclusive effect of the previous decision under state law.


                                              12
       disposition of the second count falls squarely within Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b).
       There has been no express determination that Count II is a separate claim
       on which a final judgment should be entered. Thus the disposition of Count
       II is interlocutory, and subject to reconsideration by the district court so
       long as Count I remains pending.”

889 F.2d 459, 466 (3d Cir. 1989).

       Here, the District Court failed to consider the lack of finality in the original federal

court action. In ruling on Calhoun’s motion for reconsideration in the original federal

court action, the District Court held as follows:

       “Regarding Defendant Daub, Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration is
       HELD IN ABEYANCE. On or before February 23, 2009, Plaintiff shall
       provide this Court with his Response to Defendant Daub’s Motion to
       Dismiss. Consistent with the local rules, Defendant Daub may reply to
       Defendant. At that time, this Court will reexamine the merits of Plaintiff’s
       Motion for Reconsideration as it pertains to Defendant Daub.”

       Calhoun has since provided his response to Daub’s motion to dismiss, but the

District Court has yet to reexamine the merits of Calhoun’s motion for reconsideration.

The District Court, in the original federal court action, did not expressly determine that

finality was warranted. Therefore, as in Clausen, the res judicata finality requirement has

not been met because the previous adjudication was on only one count of a two count

complaint, the other count is still pending, and the disposition of the adjudicated count is

still subject to reconsideration by the District Court so long as the other count remains




                                              13
pending. 889 F.2d at 466. The District Court thus erroneously dismissed Calhoun’s

claims against Mann and Goldstein on res judicata grounds. 3

                                            C.

       Calhoun asserts that the District Court erred in not ruling on his motion for an

extension of time to respond to Murray’s motion to dismiss before granting Murray’s

motion to dismiss, thus effectively denying his motion for an extension of time. We

review denials of motions for extension of time for an abuse of discretion. See Drippe v.

Tobelinski, 604 F.3d 778, 783 (3d Cir. 2010) (“We deem it self-evident that appellate

courts cannot too easily agree to meddle in such case-management decisions lest the trial

court’s authority be undermined and the systems sputter.”).

       On March 6, 2009, Murray filed a motion to dismiss. On March 23, 2009,

Calhoun moved for a 45-day extension of time to file a response. The District Court

granted Calhoun’s motion for a 45-day extension and, on May 12, 2009, informed

Calhoun that he was required to respond within 14 days. When Calhoun subsequently


       3
          The Federal Appellees, for the first time on appeal, argue that although the
District Court based its decision on res judicata (or claim preclusion) grounds, the
decision can be upheld on the basis of collateral estoppel (or issue preclusion). However,
even under the less stringent standards for collateral estoppel, a prior adjudication must
be “sufficiently firm” in order to have issue-preclusive effect, and an important criterion
in assessing the firmness of the prior decision is “whether [the] decision could have been,
or actually was, appealed.” Free Speech Coal., Inc. v. Att’y Gen. of the U.S., 677 F.3d
519, 541 (3d Cir. 2012). Because Calhoun attempted to appeal the District Court’s order
in the original federal court action, and this Court dismissed the appeal due to a lack of
finality, we decline to hold that that the District Court’s erroneous res judicata decision
can be upheld on collateral estoppel grounds.


                                            14
filed a handwritten motion for an additional 30-day extension of time, the District Court

was under no obligation to grant the request. Thus, the District Court did not err in

denying Calhoun’s motion for an extension of time.

                                            D.

       Calhoun argues that the District Court erred in dismissing his claims against

Murray without putting forth any reasoning or analysis. When a district court dismisses a

complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, in order to be

upheld, it must be evident that the district court dismissed the complaint because the

complaint failed to state a claim, rather than because the non-moving party did not file a

response to the moving party’s motion to dismiss. See Stackhouse v. Mazurkiewicz, 951

F.2d 29, 30 (3d Cir. 1991).

       Here, after Calhoun filed his motion for an extension of time, the District Court

issued the following order:

       “[T]he motion to dismiss filed by Lawrence F. Murray is GRANTED. All
       claims against Lawrence F. Murray are DISMISSED. THIS CASE IS
       CLOSED.”

This order simply does not provide enough analysis for this Court to conclude that

Calhoun’s complaint against Murray was dismissed for valid reasons. As noted, the

District Court was permitted to deny Calhoun’s motion for an extension of time to file his

response to Murray’s motion to dismiss, but the District Court was not permitted to

dismiss Calhoun’s claims solely because he did not file a response. Thus, while we are

mindful of the problems of district courts in dealing with a large volume of litigation, we

                                            15
nevertheless conclude that under Stackhouse, the District Court erred in failing to provide

any reasoning or analysis in this situation.

                                               E.

       Calhoun argues that this case should be remanded to the District Court with an

order for the District Court to remand to the state court. 4 Calhoun specifically asserts that

the case was untimely removed from the state court to the District Court and thus should

be returned to the state court for proper adjudication. “The notice of removal of a civil

action or proceeding shall be filed within 30 days after the receipt by the defendant,

through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1).

The Supreme Court has recognized that “[a] named defendant’s time to remove is

triggered by simultaneous service of the summons and complaint, or receipt of the

complaint, through service or otherwise, after and apart from service of the summons, but

not by mere receipt of the complaint unattended by any formal service.” Murphy Bros.,

Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 347-48 (1999) (emphasis added).

       In regard to service of process upon the United States, its agencies, corporations,

officers, or employees, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that “service of


       4
         To be sure, because the District Court’s orders will be vacated, this Court has the
authority to order the District Court to remand the case to the state court. While an
appellate court will not overturn a final judgment on the basis of a defect in removal if, at
the time of judgment, the district court would have had subject matter jurisdiction over
the action had it initially been brought in federal court, see Grubbs v. General Elec.
Credit Corp., 405 U.S. 699, 702 (1972), that rule does not apply when the court of
appeals vacates the district court’s judgment, leaving no judgment on the merits. See 16
James Wm. Moore, Moore’s Federal Practice § 107.41[1][c][ii][C] (3d ed. 1997).

                                               16
process shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the

United States attorney for the district in which the action is brought . . . and by also

sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the

Attorney General of the United States.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(i)(1).

       Here, as noted by the Federal Appellees, the 30-day removal period of

§ 1446(b)(1) was never triggered because Calhoun failed to perfect service upon the

defendants. According to the certificate of service, Calhoun’s “praecipe,” which was

styled as a complaint, was sent to each of the defendants via first class mail without any

accompanying summons. In addition, neither the United States Attorney for the Eastern

District of Pennsylvania nor the Attorney General of the United States were served with

the praecipe. Therefore, Calhoun never perfected service upon the defendants, and the

30-day time period for removing to federal court has not yet commenced. Removal was

thus premature.

       Despite this defect of premature removal, we decline to remand this case to the

state court. Although the general removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1441, is to be strictly

construed in favor of state court adjudication, see Abels v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co.,

770 F.2d 26, 29 (3d Cir. 1985), the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442,

upon which removal was premised in this matter, should be broadly construed in favor of

a federal forum. See Sun Buick, Inc. v. Saab Cars USA, Inc., 26 F.3d 1259, 1262 (3d Cir.

1994). This is because “one of the primary purposes for the [federal officer] removal

statute – as its history clearly demonstrates – was to have [federal] defenses litigated in

                                              17
the federal courts” including “the defense of official immunity.” Willingham v. Morgan,

395 U.S. 402, 407 (1969).

       There are a number of factors weighing against remand to the state court in this

matter. First, the gravamen of Calhoun’s claims are federal in nature, involving federal

actors, and are better suited for a federal forum. Second, the procedural defect in removal

was not the result of bad faith or undue delay on the part of the defendants. Third, a

remand to the state court for Calhoun to formally perfect service so that the defendants

can properly remove the case to the District Court would be a waste of judicial resources.

The District Court has subject matter jurisdiction over Calhoun’s claims and the

procedural defect in removal does not outweigh the policy considerations of keeping this

case in federal court. 5

                                            IV.

       The District Court erred in dismissing Calhoun’s claims against Mann and

Goldstein on res judicata grounds and failed to provide adequate reasoning in dismissing

Calhoun’s claim against Murray. Thus, we will vacate the District Court’s orders and

remand the case to the District Court for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 6


       5
         We have also considered Calhoun’s arguments that the District Court erred in not
allowing him to amend his complaint and that removal was improper because it occurred
while the case was in an appellate posture. Neither argument has merit or warrants
further discussion.
       6
        We note once again, as we did at oral argument, our appreciation of the excellent
work of appointed counsel for Calhoun.


                                            18
