                          IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

               MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL

                                          STATE V. SERR


  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).


                                 STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,
                                              V.
                                  HERBERT E. SERR, APPELLANT.


                               Filed July 2, 2013.   No. A-12-790.


     Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: KAREN B. FLOWERS, Judge.
Remanded for further proceedings.
      Dennis R. Keefe, Lancaster County Public Defender, Scott P. Helvie, and Luke
Henderson, Senior Certified Law Student, for appellant.
       Jon Bruning, Attorney General, and Kimberly A. Klein for appellee.


       INBODY, Chief Judge, and IRWIN and MOORE, Judges.
       IRWIN, Judge.
                                       I. INTRODUCTION
        Herbert E. Serr appeals his conviction on a charge of driving during revocation,
subsequent offense, and the sentence imposed. On appeal, Serr challenges the district court’s
receipt of various exhibits offered to demonstrate his prior driver’s license revocation, the
sufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction, and the sentence imposed by the district
court. We find no merit to Serr’s assertions of reversible error related to the court’s admission of
evidence, the sufficiency of the evidence, or the sentence imposed. We do find that the
sentencing court failed to comply with the statutory mandate of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,197.01
(Reissue 2010) regarding immobilization of vehicles or ordering of an ignition interlock device,
and we remand for further proceedings.




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                                        II. BACKGROUND
        The underlying facts surrounding Serr’s being stopped by law enforcement are not
relevant to the issues raised on appeal and need not be discussed in depth. Serr was stopped in
November 2011 for running a red light in Lincoln, Nebraska. That stop led to the present action
wherein Serr was charged and convicted of driving during revocation, subsequent offense.
        On January 27, 2012, Serr was charged by information with operating a motor vehicle
during a period of license revocation. The information indicated that the offense was set forth in
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,197.06 (Reissue 2010), and alleged that at the time of the November 2011
stop, Serr’s operator’s license had been revoked pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-306; Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 60-698; Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,197.03(4) through (10); or pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 60-6,196(2)(c) or (d) or Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,197(4)(c) or (d), “as such . . . existed prior to
July 16, 2004.” The information also alleged that Serr had previously been convicted of
operating a motor vehicle during a period of revocation, and it specifically referenced an April
2011 conviction in York County, Nebraska.
        Serr filed motions to suppress statements and evidence. The district court scheduled a
hearing on the motions to suppress, and the parties agreed that after that hearing the matter
would be submitted to the court as “a stipulated [bench] trial.”
        The testimony presented to the district court included that of the officer who initially
stopped Serr in November 2011. He testified that he witnessed Serr violate a red traffic light and
effected a traffic stop. He testified that when he made contact with Serr, Serr provided his name
correctly but provided a false date of birth. The officer testified that Serr told the officer that he
had given a false date of birth “[b]ecause he knew he had a suspended license” and “he was
afraid of going back to prison.”
        Serr testified in his own behalf. He denied having violated a red traffic light and indicated
that the light remained yellow as he passed through the intersection. On cross-examination, he
acknowledged that his operator’s license had been revoked at the time of the traffic stop in this
case and acknowledged that he knew he was driving on a revoked license.
        At the conclusion of the hearing, the court concluded that it believed the testimony of the
officer and that the traffic stop was proper. The parties then stipulated that if the officer were
called to testify again for a trial, his testimony would be consistent with his testimony during the
hearing and that the court could consider that testimony for purposes of the bench trial.
        The State then offered a number of exhibits.
        Exhibits 1 and 2 were purported to relate to a 2010 conviction in York County for driving
during a period of license revocation and a 2006 conviction in Saunders County, Nebraska, for
driving during a period of license revocation. Exhibit 3 was purported to be a certified copy of
Serr’s driving abstract from the Nebraska Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Exhibit 4 was
purported to relate to a 1997 conviction in York County for driving under the influence, third
offense. The 1997 driving under the influence conviction was represented to be the underlying
offense which led to Serr’s operator’s license being revoked for 15 years.
        Serr made a variety of objections to the exhibits, including challenges to relevance and
undue prejudice related to exhibits 1 and 2. The State ultimately indicated that exhibits 1 and 2
were intended for purposes of enhancement if the court found Serr guilty of the current charge of



                                                -2-
operating a motor vehicle during a period of license revocation. Serr then objected to exhibits 3
and 4 on a variety of grounds, including challenges that the exhibits were hearsay and that their
admission would violate Serr’s right to confrontation. Serr also objected that exhibit 4 had not
previously been disclosed to Serr, that it was not properly certified or self-authenticating, and
that it was not a final order. The State then sought a continuance to address issues raised by the
objections.
        The court denied the State’s request for a continuance. The State then reoffered exhibits 1
and 2. Serr renewed his objections to exhibits 1 and 2. The court then took the matter under
advisement.
        At a subsequent hearing, the court specifically overruled the motions to suppress. The
court then found that the State had proven that Serr had operated a motor vehicle during a period
of license revocation and that this was a subsequent offense.
        The court subsequently held an enhancement hearing and ultimately imposed a sentence
of 2 to 5 years’ imprisonment. The court also ordered Serr’s operator’s license revoked for a
period of 15 years. This appeal followed.
                                III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       On appeal, Serr has assigned errors challenging the court’s admission of exhibits 1
through 4, the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction, and the sentence imposed.
                                          IV. ANALYSIS
                                    1. ADMISSION OF EXHIBITS
        Serr first challenges the admission of exhibits 1 through 4. Inasmuch as Serr’s challenges
to each exhibit differed, we will address each exhibit and its admissibility individually. We find
no reversible error related to the admission of these exhibits.
        As noted in the factual background section above, exhibits 1 and 2 were initially offered,
objected to, withdrawn, and later reoffered during the trial in this matter. Exhibits 3 and 4 were
also offered during the trial in this matter. Finally, exhibits 1 and 2 were offered again during the
enhancement hearing.
        The court specifically received exhibits 3 and 4 during the trial. At trial, when the State
made its reoffer of exhibits 1 and 2, the district court took the matter under advisement and did
not make an immediate ruling on the admissibility of the documents or on Serr’s objections to
the State’s offer of the exhibits. Nonetheless, when the court announced its finding that the State
had proven that Serr was guilty of operating a motor vehicle during a relevant period of
revocation, the court referenced “all of the exhibits that were in front of [the court]” and
indicated that the evidence “collectively” demonstrated Serr’s guilt. As such, we agree with the
parties that it appears that the court did receive all four exhibits and consider them in our
resolution of this case.
                                           (a) Exhibit 1
       Serr challenged the trial court’s admission of exhibit 1 on a variety of grounds. The first
time the exhibit was offered, he objected on the grounds of relevance and undue prejudice. The
second time the exhibit was offered, he objected on those same grounds and also asserted “it’s


                                                -3-
not a self-authenticating document, hearsay, [and] confrontation.” We find that exhibit 1 was not
relevant for purposes of this prosecution, but find its admission to be harmless.
        All relevant evidence is normally admissible. State v. Merchant, 285 Neb. 456, 827
N.W.2d 473 (2013). Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible. Id. Relevant evidence
means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to
the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence. Id.
        In this case, Serr was charged with operating a motor vehicle during a period of license
revocation, as prohibited by § 60-6,197.06. That statute specifically prohibits operating a motor
vehicle while one’s operator’s license has been revoked pursuant to § 28-306; § 60-698;
§ 60-6,197.03(4) through (10); or pursuant to § 60-6,196(2)(c) or (d) or § 60-6,197(4)(c) or (d),
as they existed prior to July 16, 2004. The statute also includes an enhancement provision,
increasing the offense from a Class IV felony offense to a Class III felony offense upon a
showing that the defendant had a conviction under § 60-6,197.06 or under § 60-6,196(6) or
§ 60-6,197(7), as they existed prior to July 16, 2004.
        Exhibit 1 was purported to relate to a 2010 conviction in York County. The information
contained within exhibit 1 alleged that on or about October 1, 2009, Serr had operated a motor
vehicle while his operator’s license had been revoked; thus, the charge was for driving under a
period of revocation. The information designated the relevant statutory authority for the charge
as “Section 60-6,196(6).”
        Our review of the statutes in effect at that time reveals that there was, in fact, no such
statutory provision as “Section 60-6,196(6).” At the time, § 60-6,196 (Reissue 2004) included
only two subdivisions, designated as (1) and (2). In fact, § 60-6,196 was not even a statutory
prohibition against driving under a period of revocation--it was a statutory prohibition against
driving under the influence of alcoholic liquor or drug.
        We note that § 60-6,196 was amended in 2004 and, prior to that time, did include a
number of other subsections. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,196 (Supp. 2003). Even then, however,
the statute was a prohibition against driving under the influence and not driving during a period
of revocation.
        As a result, exhibit 1 appears to demonstrate that Serr was alleged to have been driving
during a period of revocation, but the statutory authority for the charge was not one of the
statutory provisions specified in § 60-6,197.06 as providing a basis for the currently alleged
offense. It was, therefore, not relevant to demonstrating that on the date alleged in the present
case he was operating a motor vehicle during a period when his license had been revoked
pursuant to the specifically enumerated statutory sections.
        Exhibit 1 was also not relevant for purposes of enhancement. Although § 60-6,197.06’s
enhancement provision provides for enhancing the penalty classification if the defendant has a
prior conviction for driving during a period of license revocation and includes a conviction
pursuant to § 60-6,196(6), it specifically indicates that § 60-6,196(6) is relevant only as it existed
prior to July 16, 2004. Inasmuch as exhibit 1 purports to reflect a 2010 conviction, it was also not
relevant on the issue of enhancement.
        We conclude that exhibit 1 was not relevant to demonstrate that on the date alleged, Serr
was operating a motor vehicle during a period of time when his license had been revoked


                                                -4-
pursuant to the specifically enumerated statutory provisions, and was not relevant for purposes of
enhancement. As such, it was not admissible and the district court erred in receiving it.
        Nonetheless, we conclude that admission of exhibit 1 was harmless in this case.
Erroneous admission of evidence is harmless error and does not require reversal if the evidence
is cumulative and other relevant evidence, properly admitted, supports the finding by the trier of
fact. State v. Lovette, 15 Neb. App. 590, 733 N.W.2d 567 (2007). Exhibit 1 purported to show
that on the date alleged, Serr’s operator’s license had been suspended. As discussed below, there
was sufficient other admissible evidence, properly admitted, to demonstrate the same fact and
support the finding by the trier of fact.
                                          (b) Exhibit 2
        Serr challenged the trial court’s admission of exhibit 2 on a variety of grounds. Serr
objected that exhibit 2 was not relevant and that its admission would be unduly prejudicial. We
find that although exhibit 2 was not relevant for purposes of proving the offense with which Serr
was charged, it was relevant for purposes of demonstrating that enhancement was appropriate.
        Exhibit 2 was purported to relate to a 2006 conviction in Saunders County. The
information contained within exhibit 2 alleged that on or about January 28, 2006, Serr had
operated a motor vehicle while his operator’s license had been revoked; thus, the charge was for
driving during a period of revocation. The information designated the relevant statutory authority
for the charge as “Sec. 60-6,197.06.”
        As noted above, § 60-6,197.06 was the statutory basis for the driving during revocation
charge in the present case and it specifies that it is unlawful to operate a motor vehicle during a
period of time when one’s operator’s license has been revoked pursuant to specifically
enumerated provisions. Section 60-6,197.06 is not, itself, one of the enumerated provisions for
purposes of establishing that the offense has been committed. As such, exhibit 2 was not relevant
for purposes of proving that Serr was guilty of driving during a period of revocation under the
enumerated provisions. Exhibit 2 was not admissible for purposes of proving the violation in this
case.
        Also, as noted above, however, § 60-6,197.06 also contains an enhancement provision
which allows the classification of a proven offense to be enhanced if the defendant has
previously been convicted of driving during a period of revocation pursuant to specifically
enumerated provisions, including § 60-6,197.06 itself. As such, exhibit 2 was relevant and
admissible for enhancement purposes.
        The district court’s admission of exhibit 2, while error with regard to the allegation that
on the date alleged Serr was operating a motor vehicle during a period of time when his license
had been revoked pursuant to the enumerated statutory provisions, was not error with regard to
the allegation that the classification of this offense should be enhanced because of a prior
conviction for the same offense. As discussed below, there was sufficient evidence to
demonstrate the alleged offense of operating during a period of revocation without regard to
exhibit 2.




                                               -5-
                                           (c) Exhibit 3
        Serr challenged the trial court’s admission of exhibit 3 on a variety of grounds. Serr
asserted that exhibit 3 was inadmissible because admission of it violated his right to
confrontation and because the exhibit was hearsay and lacked sufficient foundation. We find that
exhibit 3 was not testimonial in nature, was properly certified as a public record, and was not
improperly admitted.
                                   (i) Confrontation Challenge
        Serr first asserts that admission of exhibit 3 violated his constitutional right to
confrontation of witnesses against him. He asserts that the document was testimonial in nature
and was prepared specifically for the State’s prosecution of him in this case. We disagree.
        The Confrontation Clause, U.S. Const. amend. VI, provides, in relevant part: “In all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses
against him.” State v. Fischer, 272 Neb. 963, 968, 726 N.W.2d 176, 181 (2007). In Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), the U.S. Supreme Court
held that where testimonial statements are at issue, the Confrontation Clause demands that such
out-of-court statements be admitted at trial only if the declarant is unavailable and there had been
a prior opportunity for cross-examination. State v. Fischer, supra. In Davis v. Washington, 547
U.S. 813, 126 S. Ct. 2266, 165 L. Ed. 2d 224 (2006), the U.S. Supreme Court expressly held that
the Confrontation Clause applies only to testimonial hearsay, because it applies only to witnesses
who bear testimony against an accused. State v. Fischer, supra.
        The initial step in Confrontation Clause analysis is to determine whether the statements at
issue are testimonial in nature and subject to Confrontation Clause analysis. State v. Fischer,
supra. If the statements are nontestimonial, then no further Confrontation Clause analysis is
required. State v. Fischer, supra. Generally speaking, testimonial statements include ex parte
in-court testimony or its functional equivalent (affidavits, custodial examinations, prior
testimony); extrajudicial statements contained in formalized testimonial materials (affidavits,
depositions, prior testimony, confessions); or those statements made under circumstances which
would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for
use at a later trial. Id.; State v. Vaught, 268 Neb. 316, 682 N.W.2d 284 (2004).
        The Colorado Court of Appeals has addressed the question of whether materials
contained within a defendant’s driving record are testimonial in nature. See People v. Espinoza,
195 P.3d 1122 (Colo. App. 2008). In People v. Espinoza, supra, the court compared the materials
in the defendant’s driving record with, among other things, crime laboratory reports. The court
noted that crime laboratory reports are considered testimonial in nature because they are
prepared at the direction of the police and a copy of the reports are transmitted to the district
attorney’s office, the sole purpose being to analyze evidence in anticipation of criminal
prosecution. Id. See, also, Hinojos-Mendoza v. People, 169 P.3d 662 (Colo. 2007).
        The court in People v. Espinoza, supra, concluded that the materials in the defendant’s
driving record were different and more akin to business records. The documents were created
and maintained by the Colorado Department of Revenue and were created before the defendant
had ever engaged in any conduct for which he was charged. Id. The documents served a routine



                                               -6-
administrative function and were not testimonial merely because an objective person might
reasonably believe they could at some point be available for use in a prosecution. Id.
        “‘[M]ost documents are not testimonial if they qualify as business records, because most
such documents are created for ordinary business purposes unrelated to their potential use by the
government in a criminal prosecution.’” Id. at 1126, quoting Thomas v. United States, 914 A.2d
1 (D.C. 2006). Documents are not testimonial when their primary purpose is not to document
facts or events for future prosecution, but, rather, to satisfy administrative functions. People v.
Espinoza, supra.
        The Colorado Court of Appeals also noted that a number of other jurisdictions have held
that driving records are not testimonial in nature. Id. See, State v. King, 213 Ariz. 632, 146 P.3d
1274 (Ariz. App. 2006); State v. Dukes, 38 Kan. App. 2d 958, 174 P.3d 914 (2008); State v.
Davis, 211 Or. App. 550, 156 P.3d 93 (2007).
        Similarly, exhibit 3 in the present case was certified to be “true and exact copies of the
originals [of documents] which are in the file and custody of the Department of Motor Vehicles.”
While it is true that exhibit 3 includes a letter from the DMV requesting a certified transcript of
Serr’s driving record, it is apparent from a review of exhibit 3 that it contains a record
maintained by the DMV dating back to at least 1994. These records were not created for
purposes of any prosecution, and the entire abstract includes information concerning all of Serr’s
previous driving violations, the majority of which are not related to the present case in any way.
Serr did not make a relevancy objection, and from a review of exhibit 3, it is apparent that the
driving records contained therein are not testimonial in nature but are administrative documents
created and maintained by the DMV without regard to their potential use in a speculative future
prosecution and that their existence predated any actual offense involved in this prosecution. We
thus find that there is no Confrontation Clause issue related to the admission of exhibit 3.
                                  (ii) Hearsay and Foundation
        Serr also alleged that exhibit 3 was inadmissible hearsay. As noted above, exhibit 3 is
more akin to a regularly kept public record than a testimonial statement made outside of court.
        Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-803 (Reissue 2008) provides in relevant part:
                Subject to the provisions of [Neb. Rev. Stat. §] 27-403 [permitting the exclusion
        of certain relevant and probative evidence], the following are not excluded by the hearsay
        rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness:
                ....
                (7) Upon reasonable notice to the opposing party prior to trial, records, reports,
        statements, or data compilations made by a public official or agency of facts required to
        be observed and recorded pursuant to a duty imposed by law, unless the sources of
        information or the method or circumstances of the investigation are shown by the
        opposing party to indicate a lack of trustworthiness.
        The Nebraska Supreme Court has previously held that documentation provided by the
DMV documenting the revocation of a driver’s license is admissible under the public records
exception to the hearsay rule. See, State v. Rowland, 234 Neb. 846, 452 N.W.2d 758 (1990);
§ 27-803(7). In this case, there was no assertion that Serr did not receive reasonable notice that
the State intended to offer exhibit 3, and there was no showing that the driving records contained


                                               -7-
in exhibit 3 lacked trustworthiness. A representative of the DMV certified that exhibit 3
contained true and accurate copies of originals maintained by the DMV, and every page of
exhibit 3 contains a raised seal from the DMV. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-901(2)(g) (Reissue
2008) (requirement of authentication satisfied by evidence that purported public record is from
office where items of this nature are kept) and § 27-902(1) (Reissue 2008) (extrinsic evidence of
authenticity not required for documents bearing seal of any state or department thereof). We find
that exhibit 3 was an admissible public record, not inadmissible hearsay.
                                           (d) Exhibit 4
         Finally, Serr challenged the trial court’s admission of exhibit 4 on a variety of grounds.
The objection made at trial that Serr also argues on appeal is that exhibit 4 was not properly
certified or authenticated to be admissible under §§ 27-901 and 27-902. We find no merit to this
assertion.
         Section 27-902 provides that extrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent
to admissibility is not required with respect to a variety of documents. Section 27-902(4)
includes in the category of self-authenticating documents “[a] copy of an official record or report
or entry therein, or of a document authorized by law to be recorded or filed and actually recorded
or filed in a public office . . . certified as correct by the custodian or other person authorized to
make the certification.” See, also, State v. Benzel, 220 Neb. 466, 370 N.W.2d 501 (1985) (court
records are official records under this section), overruled on other grounds, State v. Kuehn, 258
Neb. 558, 604 N.W.2d 420 (2000).
         In this case, exhibit 4 is a copy of an official record of documents filed in the county
court for York County related to a 1996 prosecution of Serr for third-offense driving under the
influence and refusal to submit to a chemical test. The first page of exhibit 4 includes a
certification from the clerk of the county court certifying that it is a true copy of the original on
file with the court. The first page of exhibit 4 indicates that the complaint was filed in county
court on December 30, 1996. The second and third pages indicate that Serr appeared before the
county court on December 30 for arraignment on charges of third-offense driving under the
influence and refusal to submit to a chemical test, but that Serr was without counsel and was
ordered to appear on January 8, 1997. The fourth and fifth pages of exhibit 4 indicate that Serr
appeared before the county court, with counsel, on January 8 and was arraigned on charges of
third-offense driving under the influence and refusal to submit to a chemical test; he entered
pleas of not guilty to both charges.
         The sixth page of exhibit 4 is an order indicating that trial was held on April 22, 1997;
that Serr had appeared for trial with counsel; that the jury had found Serr guilty of driving under
the influence and refusal to submit to a chemical test; and that an enhancement hearing was
scheduled for May 28. The seventh and eighth pages of exhibit 4 indicate that Serr appeared
before the county court on May 28 for an enhancement hearing, that the court found that Serr’s
conviction for driving under the influence was a third offense, and that the court sentenced Serr.
         Serr argues that the certification in this case was insufficient because it appeared only on
the first page of exhibit 4 and did not indicate how many pages or documents were included. He
also points out that the docket number reflected on the second and fourth pages (relating to the
two times Serr appeared for arraignment, once without counsel and once with counsel), is not


                                                -8-
consistent: the docket number on the second page is “96-757” and the docket number on the
fourth page is “96-760.”
        In State v. Epp, 278 Neb. 683, 773 N.W.2d 356 (2009), the Nebraska Supreme Court
specifically held that it is not necessary to have a certification on each page of a compilation of
documents relating to a prior conviction. We conclude that the certification on the first page of
exhibit 4 was sufficient where, as recounted above, a review of the entirety of exhibit 4 leaves no
doubt that the documents are all part of the court file concerning the case certified by the clerk of
court on the first page. Despite the error concerning the docket number, a review of each page of
exhibit 4 demonstrates that every page is part of the court file concerning the same prosecution
and the consistency and relation between the documents demonstrates its trustworthiness. As
such, we conclude that exhibit 4 was properly admitted.
                                   2. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
        Serr next asserts that the evidence adduced by the State was insufficient to support a
guilty verdict. Serr’s argument in this regard is heavily dependent on his assertions discussed
above concerning the admissibility of exhibits 1 through 4. Because we conclude that exhibits 3
and 4 were both properly admitted, we find sufficient evidence to support Serr’s conviction.
        In this case, Serr was charged with operating a motor vehicle during a period of license
revocation, as prohibited by § 60-6,197.06. That statute specifically prohibits operating a motor
vehicle while one’s operator’s license has been revoked pursuant to § 28-306; § 60-698;
§ 60-6,197.03(4) through (10); or pursuant to § 60-6,196(2)(c) or (d) or § 60-6,197(4)(c) or (d),
as they existed prior to July 16, 2004. The statute also includes an enhancement provision,
increasing the offense from a Class IV felony offense to a Class III felony offense upon a
showing that the defendant had a prior conviction under § 60-6,197.06, § 60-6,196(6), or
§ 60-6,197(7), as they existed prior to July 16, 2004.
        As a result, for the evidence to be sufficient to support the guilty verdict, there had to be
sufficient evidence to demonstrate that on or about November 5, 2011, Serr was operating a
motor vehicle while his operator’s license had been revoked pursuant to one of the enumerated
provisions. To support enhancement of the offense from a Class IV felony offense to a Class III
felony offense, there had to be sufficient evidence adduced to demonstrate that Serr had a prior
conviction for this same offense.
        As discussed above, we have concluded that exhibits 3 and 4 were properly admitted.
Exhibit 4 demonstrates that in December 1996, Serr was charged with third-offense driving
under the influence pursuant to § 60-6,196(2)(c). Exhibit 4 demonstrates that Serr was convicted
and that, as part of his sentence, his operator’s license was revoked for a period of 15 years.
Exhibit 4 demonstrates that the sentence was imposed in May 1997 and that the sentence was
ordered to begin in July if Serr’s appeal was not perfected. The record does not demonstrate
whether an appeal was perfected or successful. However, exhibit 3 demonstrates that Serr’s
operator’s license was revoked in December 1997, pursuant to a charge filed in December 1996.
        Taken together, exhibits 3 and 4 demonstrate that Serr’s license was revoked for a period
of 15 years in 1997, pursuant to one of the provisions enumerated in § 60-6,197.06. It appears
that the revocation began in December 1997, meaning that it would have remained in effect until
December 2012. At the earliest, the revocation was ordered in a sentencing order in May 1997,


                                                -9-
and even if we considered that the operative date of revocation, it would have remained in effect
until May 2012. Regardless of when the revocation took effect, it remained in effect in
November 2011 when Serr was stopped while operating a motor vehicle, leading to the charge in
the instant case. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to demonstrate that Serr was operating a motor
vehicle during an enumerated period of revocation.
        In addition, exhibit 3 also demonstrates that Serr’s operator’s license was again revoked
for a period of 15 years in April 2010. Exhibit 3 demonstrates that this revocation was as a result
of a judgment that Serr had violated § 60-6,197.06. Thus, the evidence was also sufficient to
demonstrate that the instant offense was properly enhanced from a Class IV felony offense to a
Class III felony offense.
        As noted above, we have concluded that exhibits 1 and 2 were not shown to be relevant
and were not properly admitted. However, inasmuch as exhibits 3 and 4 sufficiently
demonstrated the requisite elements to support Serr’s conviction, the admission of exhibits 1 and
2 was harmless error. See State v. Lovette, 15 Neb. App. 590, 733 N.W.2d 567 (2007) (erroneous
admission of evidence is harmless if other relevant and properly admitted evidence supports
finding by trier of fact).
        The evidence adduced by the State was sufficient to demonstrate that Serr was guilty of
operating a motor vehicle during a period of time when his operator’s license had been revoked,
pursuant to one of the enumerated provisions, and that Serr has a prior conviction for the same
offense. We find no merit to Serr’s assertion that the evidence was insufficient.
                                           3. SENTENCE
        Finally, Serr asserts that the sentence imposed was excessive. We disagree. He also
points out that the trial court did not comply with the requirement of § 60-6,197.01 mandating a
sentencing court to either order all motor vehicles owned by the convicted defendant
immobilized or order an ignition interlock permit. Because the trial court did not impose either of
these statutorily mandated requirements, the matter must be remanded for further proceedings.
                                  (a) Excessiveness of Sentence
        As discussed above, the conviction in this case was for a Class III felony offense. In
addition to revoking Serr’s operator’s license for another 15 years, the court sentenced Serr to 2
to 5 years’ imprisonment. A sentence of 2 to 5 years’ imprisonment for this offense was not an
abuse of discretion.
        An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed within the statutory limits absent
an abuse of discretion by the trial court. State v. Watt, 285 Neb. 647, ___ N.W.2d ___ (2013).
The appropriateness of a sentence is necessarily a subjective judgment and includes the
sentencing judge’s observation of the defendant’s demeanor and attitude and all the facts and
circumstances surrounding the defendant’s life. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when the
sentencing court’s reasons or rulings are clearly untenable and unfairly deprive a litigant of a
substantial right and a just result. State v. Ramirez, 285 Neb. 203, 825 N.W.2d 801 (2013).
        Because Serr had a prior conviction for this same offense, the offense in this case was a
Class III felony offense. See § 60-6,197.06. A Class III felony offense is punishable by 1 to 20




                                              - 10 -
years’ imprisonment and may also include a fine of up to $25,000. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-105
(Cum. Supp. 2012).
        Serr asserts that a sentence of 2 to 5 years’ imprisonment was excessive because the
sentencing court did not give enough consideration to his substance abuse addiction, his lack of
significant violent criminal record, and his rehabilitative needs. We disagree.
        Serr’s criminal history includes a variety of offenses, including numerous prior violations
involving operating a motor vehicle when he was not legally authorized to do so. Serr has
numerous prior convictions for driving under the influence. Starting in September 1981, Serr has
been convicted of driving while his operator’s license had been suspended or revoked on 13 prior
occasions. The sentences imposed for these violations has ranged from the loss of “points” to
short jail sentences to longer jail sentences to imprisonment. Serr has previously been given the
benefit of intensive supervised probation for such a conviction. When considering Serr’s entire
criminal history since 1980, his operator’s license has previously been revoked on approximately
16 occasions, with periods of revocation ranging from 30 days to 15 years. Nonetheless, Serr has
continued to show a complete disregard for the legal requirement of having a valid operator’s
permit to drive.
        The sentence imposed in this case, 2 to 5 years’ imprisonment, is near the low end of the
statutory range that could have been imposed. Given Serr’s criminal history, we find no abuse of
discretion in this sentence, and Serr’s assertions to the contrary are meritless.
                                 (b) Immobilization or Interlock
        Section 60-6,197.01(1) mandates that upon conviction for a violation of § 60-6,197.06,
the sentencing court “shall” either order all motor vehicles owned by the convicted defendant
immobilized at the owner’s expense for a period of 5 days to 8 months or order the convicted
defendant, in order to operate a motor vehicle, to obtain an ignition interlock permit and install
an ignition interlock device on each motor vehicle he owns or operates. The sentencing order in
this case makes no mention of § 60-6,197.01 or its requirements. As such, we must remand to the
trial court for imposition of a sentence that is consistent with § 60-6,197.01.
                                       V. CONCLUSION
        We find no merit to Serr’s assertions of reversible error related to the admission of
evidence, the sufficiency of the evidence, or the sentence imposed. We do find that the trial court
failed to follow the statutory mandate of § 60-6,197.01, and we remand for further proceedings.
                                                          REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.




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