                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                                 )
JEFFREY PAUL O’BRIEN, et al.,                    )
                                                 )
                      Plaintiffs,                )
                                                 )
               v.                                )                               06-cv-690 (RCL)
                                                 )
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN,                        )
                                                 )
                      Defendant.                 )
                                                 )


                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

I.     Introduction

       This action arises out of the devastating 1983 bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in

Beirut, Lebanon. The attack decimated the facility, killed 241 U.S. servicemen and left countless

others wounded, and caused injuries to servicemen Jeffery Paul O’Brien and Daniel Lane

Gaffney. The servicemen, joined by various family members, now bring suit against defendant

Islamic Republic of Iran (“Iran”). Their action is brought pursuant to the state-sponsored

exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1330, 1602 et seq.,

which was enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008

(“NDAA”). Pub. L. No. 110-181, § 1083, 122 Stat. 3, 338–44 (2008). That provision, codified

at 28 U.S.C. § 1605A, provides “a federal right of action against foreign states” that sponsor

terrorist acts. Haim v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 784 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting

reference omitted).

II.    Liability
       On July 2, 2010, this Court took judicial notice of the findings of fact and conclusions of

law in Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran, which also concerns the Marine barracks bombing,

and entered judgment in favor of the plaintiffs and against Iran with respect to all issues of

liability. See O’Brien v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 06-cv-690 (D.D.C. July 2, 2010), ECF

No. 30. This Court then referred this action to a special master for consideration of plaintiffs’

claims for damages. Id. at 2. Since the issue of liability has been previously settled, this Court

now turns to examine the damages recommended by the special master.

II.    Damages

       Damages available under the FSIA-created cause of action “include economic damages,

solatium, pain and suffering, and punitive damages.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c). Accordingly, those

who survived the attack may recover damages for their pain and suffering, as well as any other

economic losses caused by their injuries; estates of those who did not survive can recover

economic losses stemming from wrongful death of the decedent; family members can recover

solatium for their emotional injury; and all plaintiffs can recover punitive damages. Valore v.

Islamic Republic of Iran, 700 F. Supp. 2d 52, 82–83 (D.D.C. 2010).

       “To obtain damages against defendants in an FSIA action, the plaintiff must prove that

the consequences of the defendants’ conduct were ‘reasonably certain (i.e., more likely than not)

to occur, and must prove the amount of the damages by a reasonable estimate consistent with this

[Circuit’s] application of the American rule on damages.’” Salazar v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

370 F. Supp. 2d 105, 115–16 (D.D.C. 2005) (quoting Hill v. Republic of Iraq, 328 F.3d 680, 681

(D.C. Cir. 2003) (internal quotations omitted)). As discussed in Peterson II, plaintiffs have

proven that the defendants’ commission of acts of extrajudicial killing and provision of material

support and resources for such killing was reasonably certain to—and indeed intended to—cause




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injury to plaintiffs. Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran (Peterson II), 515 F. Supp. 2d 25, 37

(2007)

         The Court hereby ADOPTS, just as it did in Peterson II, Valore, and Bland, all facts

found by and recommendations made by the special master relating to the damages suffered by

all plaintiffs in this case. Id. at 52–53; Valore, 700 F. Supp. at 84–87; Bland v. Islamic Republic

of Iran, No. 05-cv-2124 (D.D.C. Dec. 21, 2011), 2011 WL 6396527. However, if the special

master has deviated from the damages framework that this Court has applied in previous cases,

“those amounts shall be altered so as to conform with the respective award amounts set forth” in

the framework. Peterson II, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 52–53. The final damages awarded to each

plaintiff are contained in the table located within the separate Order and Judgment issued this

date, and this Court discusses below any alterations it makes to the special master

recommendations.

         A.     Pain and Suffering

         Assessing appropriate damages for physical injury or mental disability can depend upon a

myriad of factors, such as “the severity of the pain immediately following the injury, the length

of hospitalization, and the extent of the impairment that will remain with the victim for the rest

of his or her life.” Peterson II, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 25 n.26 (citing Blais v. Islamic Republic of

Iran, 459 F. Supp. 2d 40, 59 (D.D.C. 2006)). In Peterson II, this Court adopted a general

procedure for the calculation of damages that begins with the baseline assumption that persons

suffering substantial injuries in terrorist attacks are entitled to $5 million in compensatory

damages. Id. at 54. In applying this general approach, this Court has explained that it will

“depart upward from this baseline to $7–$12 million in more severe instances of physical and

psychological pain, such as where victims suffered relatively more numerous and severe injuries,




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were rendered quadripeligic, partially lost vision and hearing, or were mistaken for dead,”

Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 84, and will “depart downward to $2–$3 million where victims

suffered only minor shrapnel injuries or minor injury from small-arms fire,” id. When a victim

suffers severe emotional injury without physical injury, this Court has typically awarded the

victim $1.5 million. Id.

       After reviewing the special master reports, the Court finds that the special master

correctly applied the damages framework outlined in Peterson and Valore, and ADOPTS all of

the special master awards for pain and suffering.

       B.      Solatium

       This Court developed a standardized approach for FSIA intentional infliction of

emotional distress, or solatium, claims in Heiser v. Islamic Republic of Iran, where it surveyed

past awards in the context of deceased victims of terrorism to determine that, based on averages,

“[s]pouses typically receive greater damage awards than parents [or children], who, in turn,

typically receive greater awards than siblings.” 466 F. Supp. 2d 229, 269 (2006). Relying upon

the average awards, the Heiser Court articulated a framework in which spouses of deceased

victims were awarded approximately $8 million, while parents received $5 million and siblings

received $2.5 million. Id.; see also Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 85 (observing that courts have

“adopted the framework set forth in Heiser as ‘an appropriate measure of damages for the family

members of victims’”) (quoting Peterson II, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 51). As this Court recently

explained, in the context of distress resulting from injury to loved ones—rather than death—

courts have applied a framework where “awards are ‘valued at half of the awards to family

members of the deceased’—$4 million, $2.5 million and $1.25 million to spouses, parents, and

siblings, respectively.” Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 768 F. Supp. 2d 16, 26 n.10 (D.D.C.




                                                4
2011) (quoting Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 85); see also Bland, 2011 WL 6396527, at *4–5.

Children of a deceased victim typically receive an award of $3 million, while children of a

surviving victim receive $1.5 million. Stern v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 271 F. Supp. 2d 286,

301 (D.D.C. 2003); Bland, 2011 WL 6396527, at *4; Anderson v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No.

08-cv-535 (D.D.C. Mar. 20, 2012), 2012 WL 928256, at *2.

       This Court further developed the Heiser framework in Bland, where it considered

whether family members could receive solatium awards that were greater than the pain and

suffering awards of the surviving servicemen. Bland, 2011 WL 6396527, at *4–5. In Bland, a

serviceman who suffered severe emotional injury but no physical injury received a $1.5 million

award for pain and suffering. Id. at *10. This Court held that it was inappropriate for family

members to receive a larger solatium award than the injured serviceman’s award, and therefore

the Court proportionally reduced the wife’s solatium award to $1 million and the children’s

solatium awards to $750,000. Id. In applying this framework, however, courts must be wary

that “[t]hese numbers . . . are not set in stone,” Murphy v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 740 F. Supp.

2d 51, 79 (2010), and that deviations may be warranted when, inter alia, “evidence establish[es]

an especially close relationship between the plaintiff and decedent, particularly in comparison to

the normal interactions to be expected given the familial relationship; medical proof of severe

pain, grief or suffering on behalf of the claimant [is presented]; and circumstances surrounding

the terrorist attack [rendered] the suffering particularly more acute or agonizing.” Oveissi, 768

F. Supp. 2d at 26–27.

       In this case, the injured servicemen—Jeffrey O’Brien and Daniel Lane Gaffney—both

receive $1.5 million pain and suffering awards. The special master, following Bland,

recommends proportional reductions in the family members’ solatium awards to $750,000 for




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the victims’ parents and to $500,000 for victims’ the siblings. See Report of Special Master

Concerning Count I and III [ECF No. 37], at 13–16; Report of Special Master Concerning Count

II and IV [ECF No. 38], at 15–18. In order to maintain a rough proportionality with the Heiser

framework as modified by Bland, the Court will increase the parents’ awards to $850,000 but

otherwise ADOPTS the recommended solatium awards.

       One plaintiff merits further discussion. The special master recommended a reduced

award of $250,000 for Peter Gaffney, brother of serviceman Daniel Lane Gaffney. Supplemental

Report of Special Master Concerning Counts II and IV [ECF No. 40]. Peter was “sure that I

would have been very worried for [Daniel]. . . I just don’t really remember all of that.” Id. at 4.

The special master found that Peter “shared no experiences growing up with Daniel and, due to

personal afflictions and the estrangement from his family, was unable to provide anything other

than speculative information as to what Daniel endured, how the bombing impacted Daniel or

what, if any, impact Peter felt as a result of the October 23 bombing.” Id. at 7. In light of Peter’s

estrangement with his family and his inability to recall suffering emotional distress after the

bombing, the Court finds that Peter should not receive a solatium award.

       C.      Punitive Damages

       In assessing punitive damages, this Court has observed that any award must balance the

concern that “[r]ecurrent awards in case after case arising out of the same facts can financially

cripple a defendant, over-punishing the same conduct through repeated awards with little

deterrent effect . . . .,” Murphy, 740 F. Supp. 2d at 81, against the need to continue to deter “the

brutal actions of defendants in planning, supporting and aiding the execution of [terrorist

attacks],” Rimkus v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 750 F. Supp. 2d 163, 184 (D.D.C. 2010). To

accomplish this goal, this Court—relying on the Supreme Court’s opinion in Philip Morris USA




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v. Williams, 549 U.S. 346 (2007)—held that the calculation of punitive damages in subsequent

related actions should be directly tied to the ratio of punitive to compensatory damages set forth

in earlier cases. Murphy, 740 F. Supp. 2d at 81–82. Thus, in Murphy this Court applied the ratio

of $3.44 established in Valore—an earlier FSIA case arising out of the Beirut bombing. Id. at

82-83 (citing Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 52); see also Bland, 2011 WL 6396527, at *6. Here, the

Court will again apply this same $3.44 ratio, which has been established as the standard ratio

applicable to cases arising out of the Beirut bombing. Application of this ratio results in a total

punitive damages award of $34,572,000.

III.   MISCELLANEOUS

       Plaintiffs move to vacate this Court’s Order of August 9, 2011. See ECF No. 39. In that

Order [ECF No. 36], the Court dismissed plaintiff Margaret O’Brien because counsel failed to

timely submit all materials necessary for the special master to complete his reports. Order of

Aug. 9, 2012, at 2. Mrs. O’Brien passed away on April 25, 2006. See Ex. 2 [ECF No. 39-1]. By

August 1, 2011, this Court’s deadline—and more than five years and four months after her

death—the proper paperwork had still not been received by the special master. The Court will

not allow this last-minute motion to prevail because excusing such a delay would set a dangerous

precedent for future cases. Further, Mrs. O’Brien’s estate has been included as a plaintiff in the

recently filed Spencer v. Islamic Republic of Iran, so her estate is not left remediless. Therefore,

plaintiff’s motion to vacate [ECF No. 39] is hereby DENIED.

IV.    CONCLUSION

       In closing, the Court applauds plaintiffs’ persistent efforts to hold Iran accountable for its

cowardly support of terrorism. The Court concludes that defendant Iran must be punished to the

fullest extent legally possible for the bombing in Beirut on October 23, 1983. This horrific act




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impacted countless individuals and their families, a number of whom receive awards in this

lawsuit. This Court hopes that the victims and their families may find some measure of solace

from this Court’s final judgment. For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that defendant

is responsible for plaintiffs’ injuries and thus liable under the FSIA’s state-sponsored terrorism

exception for $10,050,000 in compensatory damages and $34,572,000 in punitive damages, for a

total award of $44,622,000.

       A separate Order and Judgment consistent with these findings shall be entered this date.

       SO ORDERED.

       Signed by Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth on March 28, 2012.




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