ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS                            ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kent M. Frandsen                                    David K. Herzog
Michael L. Schultz                                  Jane Dall Wilson
Lebanon, Indiana                                    Katrina Gossett
                                                    Stanley E. Karon
Karl L. Mulvaney                                    Indianapolis, Indiana
Nana Quay-Smith
Indianapolis, Indiana




                                           In the
                         Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                               Aug 27 2015, 12:24 pm
                                    No. 55S04-1508-PL-501

SCI PROPANE, LLC; SOUTH CENTRAL
INDIANA RURAL ELECTRIC MEMBERSHIP
CORPORATION; RUSHSHELBY ENERGY
RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC.,
                                                           Appellants (Defendants below),

                                               v.

COURTNEY FREDERICK, AS PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF
STEPHAN FREDERICK, DECEASED,
                                                           Appellee (Plaintiff below).


                  Appeal from the Morgan Superior Court, No. 55D01-0510-PL-658
                          The Honorable Robyn L. Moberly, Special Judge


       On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 55A04-1211-PL-586



                                        August 27, 2015

Massa, Justice.
        We are asked to resolve a matter of first impression with respect to Indiana’s fifty-year-old
General Wrongful Death Statute; specifically, whether attorneys’ fees are recoverable as a form of
damages when the decedent is survived by a spouse and/or dependents. Finding that they are not,
we reverse the attorneys’ fee award.




                                   Facts and Procedural History


        The relevant facts are undisputed. SCI Propane LLC, South Central Indiana Rural Electric
Membership Corporation and RushShelby Energy Rural Electric Cooperative Inc. (collectively,
“SCI”) provide metered propane services in and around Martinsville, Indiana. On May 13, 2004,
a gas leak occurred at the home of William and Betty Kindle, one of SCI’s customers, resulting in
an explosion and fire. The explosion killed one of the Kindles’ family members, Stephan
Frederick, who was staying with them; Frederick’s minor son and his wife, Courtney, were injured
but survived.


        Stephan’s Estate filed a wrongful death suit against SCI and other defendants. 1 (App. at
108.) The parties agreed to bifurcate the issues of liability and damages, and the case proceeded
to separate trials. The liability jury apportioned 65% liability to defendants, for which SCI was
ultimately responsible, and 35% to the Kindles. Before the damages trial, the Estate moved for
partial summary judgment, arguing that it could seek attorneys’ fees under the Indiana General
Wrongful Death Statute, Indiana Code section 34-23-1-1 (2014) (“GWDS”); SCI cross-moved for
the opposite summary judgment determination. The trial court granted the Estate’s motion and
denied SCI’s. Both parties appealed, and in a published opinion, a unanimous panel of our Court
of Appeals affirmed in relevant part, agreeing with the trial court that attorneys’ fees are




1
 Defendant Midland-Impact, LLP settled with the Estate prior to trial. And the jury found defendant White-
Rodgers not liable, which has not been challenged on appeal.



                                                    2
recoverable under the GWDS. SCI Propane, LLC v. Frederick, 15 N.E.3d 1015, 1027–29 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2014). We now grant SCI’s petition to transfer, thus vacating the decision below. 2 See
Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A). We reverse the trial court.




                                         Standard of Review


        “When reviewing the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment ‘we stand in the
shoes of the trial court.’” Alva Elec., Inc. v. Evansville-Vanderburgh Sch. Corp., 7 N.E.3d 263,
267 (Ind. 2014) (quoting City of Gary v. Ind. Bell Tel. Co., 732 N.E.2d 149, 153 (Ind. 2000)).
Summary judgment is appropriate only “if the designated evidentiary matter shows that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
of law.” Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). “The fact that the parties have filed cross-motions for summary
judgment does not alter our standard for review, as we consider each motion separately to
determine whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Reed v. Reid, 980
N.E.2d 277, 285 (Ind. 2012). “Where, as here, the dispute is one of law rather than fact, our
standard of review is de novo.” Alva Elec., 7 N.E.3d at 267.




    Attorneys’ Fees Are Not Recoverable as a Type of Damages Under Indiana’s General
    Wrongful Death Statute if the Decedent Is Survived by a Spouse and/or Dependents.


        As its text is of crucial import, the GWDS is reproduced in its entirety 3:




2
 We deny the Estate’s petition for transfer, which challenged the Court of Appeals’ method of calculating
attorneys’ fees.

3
 The history of the GWDS is well-trodden ground. See, e.g., Ed Wiersma Trucking Co. v. Pfaff, 643
N.E.2d 909, 911 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), opinion adopted, 678 N.E.2d 110 (Ind. 1997) (describing in detail


                                                   3
               When the death of one is caused by the wrongful act or omission of
               another, the personal representative of the former may maintain an
               action therefor against the latter, if the former might have
               maintained an action had he or she, as the case may be, lived, against
               the latter for an injury for the same act or omission. When the death
               of one is caused by the wrongful act or omission of another, the
               action shall be commenced by the personal representative of the
               decedent within two (2) years, and the damages shall be in such an
               amount as may be determined by the court or jury, including, but
               not limited to, reasonable medical, hospital, funeral and burial
               expenses, and lost earnings of such deceased person resulting from
               said wrongful act or omission. That part of the damages which is
               recovered for reasonable medical, hospital, funeral and burial
               expense shall inure to the exclusive benefit of the decedent’s estate
               for the payment thereof. The remainder of the damages, if any,
               shall, subject to the provisions of this article, inure to the exclusive
               benefit of the widow or widower, as the case may be, and to the
               dependent children, if any, or dependent next of kin, to be
               distributed in the same manner as the personal property of the
               deceased. If such decedent depart this life leaving no such widow
               or widower, or dependent children or dependent next of kin,
               surviving her or him, the damages inure to the exclusive benefit of
               the person or persons furnishing necessary and reasonable
               hospitalization or hospital services in connection with the last illness
               or injury of the decedent, performing necessary and reasonable
               medical or surgical services in connection with the last illness or
               injury of the decedent, to a funeral director or funeral home for the
               necessary and reasonable funeral and burial expenses, and to the
               personal representative, as such, for the necessary and reasonable
               costs and expenses of administering the estate and prosecuting or
               compromising the action, including a reasonable attorney’s fee, and
               in case of a death under such circumstances, and when such
               decedent leaves no such widow, widower, or dependent children, or
               dependent next of kin, surviving him or her, the measure of damages
               to be recovered shall be the total of the necessary and reasonable
               value of such hospitalization or hospital service, medical and




the statutory evolution of the GWDS). For a discussion of the evolution of wrongful death as a statutory
cause of action generally, see Alldredge v. Good Samaritan Home, Inc., 9 N.E.3d 1257, 1260 (Ind. 2014).



                                                   4
                surgical services, such funeral expenses, and such costs and
                expenses of administration, including attorney fees.

Ind. Code § 34-23-1-1. While this block text is arguably less clear than if it had been drafted in a
more modern style, the GWDS nevertheless delineates two separate categories of decedents.


        The first category includes all decedents generally, without any additional conditions, in
which case the estate is entitled to recover damages “including, but not limited to, reasonable
medical, hospital, funeral and burial expenses, and lost earnings of such deceased person resulting
from said wrongful act or omission.” Id. There is a fixed list of death-related expenses available
to the estate directly as damages: “medical, hospital, funeral and burial[.]” Id. The remaining
damages, if any, must “inure to the exclusive benefit of the widow or widower, as the case may
be, and to the dependent children, if any, or dependent next of kin, to be distributed in the same
manner as the personal property of the deceased.” Id.


        The second category includes only those decedents who “depart this life leaving no such
widow or widower, or dependent children or dependent next of kin, surviving her or him.” Id. In
such instances, the damages “inure to the exclusive benefit of the person or persons furnishing”
services related to the decedent’s death, and the personal representative of the estate is expressly
entitled to recover reasonable attorneys’ fees in “prosecuting or compromising the action.” Id.


        Our General Assembly has also enacted two additional wrongful death provisions: the
Adult Wrongful Death Statute, Indiana Code section 34-23-1-2 (“AWDS”), and the Child
Wrongful Death Statute, Indiana Code section 34-23-2-1 (“CWDS”). Both the AWDS and the
CWDS provide that, as necessary prerequisites of recovery, the decedent be unmarried and have
no dependents, and the two statutes are defined in the alternative. 4 Thus, when combined, their




4
  A “child” is defined in the CWDS as an “unmarried individual without dependents” who is either less
than 20 years of age, or is less than 23 years of age and is enrolled in some form of postsecondary education
or training. Ind. Code § 34-23-2-1(b). The definition of “adult” in the AWDS is an unmarried person who


                                                     5
scope perfectly matches the second category of GWDS decedents; in other words, every decedent
in the second GWDS category also satisfies the conditions to bring suit under either the AWDS or
the CWDS.


       The CWDS expressly allows for the award of attorneys’ fees. Ind. Code § 34-23-2-
1(f)(3)(E). The AWDS does not, instead stating that damages “may include but are not limited to”
a delineated list of types of expenses and loss of love and companionship. Ind. Code § 34-23-1-
2(c)(3). Nevertheless, in McCabe v. Commissioner, Indiana Department of Insurance, we held
attorneys’ fees were recoverable under the AWDS, reasoning that since the phrase “may include
but are not limited to” is ambiguous, and since fees were available under the comparable provisions
of the GWDS and the CWDS, the statutory interpretation doctrine of in pari materia required us
to read the AWDS in harmony. 949 N.E.2d 816, 819–21 (Ind. 2011).


       With this backdrop in mind, we now turn to the question presented: are attorneys’ fees
available to decedents in the first category of the GWDS, who leave a surviving spouse and/or
dependents? The trial court reasoned that they were, based in large part on McCabe. (App. at 92.)
We agree with our Court of Appeals that our statement in McCabe that attorneys’ fees are
“specifically permitted by the GWDS” is not determinative of whether decedents falling only into
the first category of the GWDS may recover attorneys’ fees. See SCI Propane, 15 N.E.3d at 1025
(quoting McCabe, 949 N.E.2d at 821). That being said, we find the underlying reasoning in
McCabe directly applicable, but it leads to the opposite conclusion: attorneys’ fees are not
recoverable for decedents falling into the first category of the GWDS.


       First, we held in McCabe that the phrase “may include but are not limited to” in the AWDS
was ambiguous, because “as to whether a plaintiff’s attorney fees and litigation expenses are part




does not have any dependents, and who is not a “child,” as defined by the CWDS. Ind. Code § 34-23-1-
2(a).



                                                 6
of the open-ended class, [] we find that the phrase is susceptible to differing, reasonable
interpretations[.]” McCabe, 949 N.E.2d at 820. We can discern no logical distinction between
this language in the AWDS and the phrase “including, but not limited to” in the GWDS.
Accordingly, the GWDS is also ambiguous as to whether attorneys’ fees are available under these
circumstances.


       Second, as we stated in McCabe, since the statute is ambiguous, we must “engage in
statutory construction in an effort to determine and give effect to legislative intent.” Id. at 819.
We determined in McCabe that the paramount concern was in pari materia construction of the
GWDS, AWDS, and CWDS, stating that “this rule takes precedence over other rules of statutory
construction,” and thus we held attorneys’ fees were available under the AWDS. Id. at 820. This
holding was reasonable in the context of the AWDS: had we determined that the AWDS did not
allow for the award of attorneys’ fees, the estate of an adult decedent without a surviving spouse
or dependents would have been able to recover attorneys’ fees under the GWDS but not under the
AWDS, despite meeting the precise conditions of both. Such a result would be implausible, and
we were thus obliged to reject it. See, e.g., Walczak v. Labor Works-Ft. Wayne LLC, 983 N.E.2d
1146, 1154 (Ind. 2013) (“We presume the General Assembly intended the statutory language to
be applied logically and consistently with the statute’s underlying policy and goals, and we avoid
construing a statute so as to create an absurd result.” (internal citations omitted)). Here, however,
we consider the availability of attorneys’ fees for the first category of decedents under the GWDS,
i.e. those survived by a spouse and/or dependents. Accordingly, neither the AWDS, the CWDS
nor the second category of the GWDS apply, since they provide distinct statutory remedies only if
there are no such survivors.


       Based on this distinction, we believe the doctrine of in pari materia must yield, in the face
of our prior precedents holding the phrase “including, but not limited to” in the GWDS should be
construed narrowly. Specifically, in Estate of Kuba by Kuba v. Ristow Trucking Co., we
determined that the GWDS “can not be broadly construed to permit any perceivable damage claim
to be available in a wrongful death action.” 508 N.E.2d 1, 2 (Ind. 1987). Rather, we ruled that
“the loss must evolve from a deprivation to a survivor as a result of the death and the value assigned


                                                  7
is measured by the value of that loss.” Id. We thus declined to find that the GWDS permitted the
award of treble damages, reasoning that as the GWDS is in derogation of common law, it must be
strictly construed. Id. And in Durham ex rel. Estate of Wade v. U-Haul International, we directly
applied the reasoning of Kuba to preclude the award of punitive damages under the GWDS. 745
N.E.2d 755, 763 (Ind. 2001).


        We find the rule announced in Kuba and upheld in Durham controlling here. A wrongful
death action is pursued by the personal representative of the decedent’s estate. Ind. Code § 34-23-
1-1. As such, the estate is responsible for all legal expenses in pursuing a wrongful death claim.
In wrongful death suits falling within the first GWDS category, however, the damages must be
either: (1) a “reasonable medical, hospital, funeral and burial expense” or (2) “inure to the
exclusive benefit” of the surviving spouse or dependent. 5 Attorneys’ fees thus do not qualify as
damages, because since the estate ultimately bears the burden for their payment, such fees do not
“evolve from a deprivation to a survivor.” See Durham, 745 N.E.2d at 763 (quoting Kuba, 508
N.E.2d at 2) (emphasis added). Although the payment of fees may deplete the estate and reduce
the amount of a surviving spouse and/or dependent’s inheritance, such depletion is not “of the
same genre as those [damages] enumerated in the statute,” such as lost earnings. 6 See Kuba, 508
N.E.2d at 2.




5
 See Ind. Code § 34-23-1-1 (“That part of the damages which is recovered for reasonable medical, hospital,
funeral and burial expense shall inure to the exclusive benefit of the decedent’s estate for the payment
thereof. The remainder of the damages, if any, shall, subject to the provisions of this article, inure to the
exclusive benefit of the widow or widower, as the case may be, and to the dependent children, if any, or
dependent next of kin, to be distributed in the same manner as the personal property of the deceased.”
(emphasis added)).
6
  It is also not controlling that Courtney Frederick is both the personal representative of Stephan’s Estate
and his widow (app. at 109); acting in both capacities does not convert the legal expenses she paid as
representative into damages she personally suffered.



                                                     8
        This outcome is neither absurd nor contrary to public policy. The existence of a surviving
spouse or dependent of a decedent creates a significant incentive for the personal representative of
the estate to pursue a wrongful death claim for the benefit of the survivors, who were perhaps
financially dependent upon the decedent and could face significant hardship without his or her
income. 7 In the absence of such survivors, however, the only “party” arguably damaged as a
matter of law is the decedent, and thus the estate itself. It is therefore logical that our General
Assembly would provide extra incentive—in the form of statutory fee awards—to personal
representatives prosecuting such actions, in order to ensure that those who commit acts resulting
in a wrongful death are held liable, which further encourages such actors to avoid that wrongful
conduct in the future. 8


        Moreover, it is well settled that Indiana adheres to the “American Rule,” under which each
party is responsible for paying his or her legal expenses absent contrary statutory authority; thus,
we “generally exclude[] the award of attorney fees from compensatory damages.” Loparex, LLC
v. MPI Release Techs., LLC, 964 N.E.2d 806, 817 (Ind. 2012) (holding attorneys’ fees were not
recoverable in blacklisting claim and distinguishing McCabe, finding there was no conflict
between the Indiana blacklisting statutes necessitating in pari materia construction). We therefore
presume our General Assembly did not intend to provide attorneys’ fees as a compensatory
damages remedy. See, e.g., Kosarko v. Padula, 979 N.E.2d 144, 148 (Ind. 2012) (“When resolving
a conflict between the common law and a statute, we presume that the legislature did not intend to




7
  This is the very policy rationale supporting the creation of wrongful death statutes in the first place. See
Alldredge, 9 N.E.3d at 1260 (describing how industrialization in the middle of the 19th Century gave rise
to wrongful death statutes, because as opposed to the anonymous robber or burglar, “in his place stood the
prospering corporation with abundant assets to meet the needs of widows and orphans” (quoting Wex S.
Malone, The Genesis of Wrongful Death, 17 Stan. L. Rev. 1043, 1043 (1965))).
8
  We also find this same policy rationale could be used to support our decision in McCabe, since the
preconditions of liability under the AWDS include no surviving spouse or dependents.



                                                      9
alter the common law unless the statute declares otherwise in express terms or by unmistakable
implication.”).


        In light of our precedent strictly construing the GWDS, the presumption against the
abrogation of the American Rule, and a valid policy rationale in support, we find attorneys’ fees
are not recoverable as compensatory damages under the GWDS when the decedent leaves a
surviving spouse and/or dependents. 9 Finding this issue dispositive, we need not reach the
remaining issues presented by the parties on transfer.




                                               Conclusion


        For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the award of attorneys’ fees under the General
Wrongful Death Statute, Indiana Code section 34-23-1-1.

Rush, C.J., and Dickson, Rucker, and David, JJ., concur.




9
  As we stated in Durham, “we believe policy setting on an issue such as this is for the elected branch of
government. If the legislature disagrees with this longstanding interpretation of the statute, it can correct
it.” 745 N.E.2d at 763.



                                                     10
