               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                        NO. 2019-CA-00094-SCT

THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI, EX REL. LYNN
FITCH, ATTORNEY GENERAL

v.

YAZAKI NORTH AMERICA, INC., LEONI
WIRING SYSTEMS, INC., LEONISCHE
HOLDING, INC., G.S.W. MANUFACTURING,
INC., G.S. WIRING SYSTEMS, INC., DENSO
INTERNATIONAL AMERICA, INC., AND
AMERICAN FURUKAWA, INC.


DATE OF JUDGMENT:               01/11/2019
TRIAL JUDGE:                    HON. CYNTHIA L. BREWER
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:          CHARLES EDWIN ROSS
                                CATOUCHE JUDGE BODY
                                DANIEL J. MULHOLLAND
                                ALAN W. PERRY
                                FRED KRUTZ, III
                                WILLIAM N. REED
                                CHARLES E. GRIFFIN
                                SUZANNE GRIGGINS KEYS
                                MICHAEL B. WALLACE
                                STEPHEN L. THOMAS
                                REBECCA L. HAWKINS
                                GLENN S. SWARTZFAGER
                                JAMES W. SHELSON
                                JOHN A. CRAWFORD, JR.
                                CRYSTAL WISE MARTIN
                                PATRICK RYAN BECKETT
                                CABLE MATTHEW FROST
                                LINDA FAYE COOPER
                                JACK E. PACE, III
                                SIMON TURNER BAILEY
                                BRENTON WEBSTER COLE
                                BRIAN K. GRUBE
                             JOHN M. MAJORAS
                             CHARLES EDWARD COWAN
                             RATOYA JANAE GILMER
                             JOHN H. CHUNG
                             LA’TOYIA JENESSA SLAY
                             TIFFANY D. LIPSCOMB-JACKSON
                             MICHELLE KAREN FISCHER
                             STEVEN FRANKLIN CHERRY
                             LARRY S. GANGNES
                             KENNETH RAY DAVIS, II
                             JAMES L. COOPER
                             MICHAEL A. RUBIN
                             CHRISTINA BARRADAS BRENHA
                             KATHERINE ELAINE CLEMONS
                             HANS N. HUGGLER
                             STEPHANIE ILANA FINE
                             MOLLY SUE CRABTREE
                             DONALD MICHAEL BARNES
                             SETH BASTIANELLI
                             DAVID H. SUGGS
                             PRIYA L. SRINIVASAN
                             DEMETRA V. FRAWLEY
                             BRENT HAZZARD
                             JACQUELINE H. RAY
                             GERALD MOSES ABDALLA, JR.
                             GEORGE W. NEVILLE
                             STACEY K. GRIGSBY
                             EDGAR D. GANKENDORFF
                             ERIC BELIN
                             RICHARD B. SCHWARTZ
                             DAVID PATRICK DONOVAN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:   MADISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT




                              2
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:   OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                           BY: JACQUELINE H. RAY
                               DONALD L. KILGORE
                               MARY JO WOODS
                           BRENT HAZZARD
                           RICHARD B. SCHWARTZ
                           STUART H. SINGER
                           ERIC R. G. BELIN
                           EDGAR D. GANKENDORFF
                           MATTHEW L. DAMERON
                           WILLIAM A. ISAACSON
                           STACY K. GRIGSBY
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:   LA’TOYIA JENESSA SLAY
                           JOHN A. CRAWFORD, JR.
                           CHARLES E. GRIFFIN
                           P. RYAN BECKETT
                           STEPHEN L. THOMAS
                           ALAN W. PERRY
                           SIMON TURNER BAILEY
                           FRED KRUTZ, III
                           DANIEL J. MULHOLLAND
                           MICHAEL B. WALLACE
                           CHARLES EDWIN ROSS
                           REBECCA L. HAWKINS
                           CHARLES EDWARD COWAN
                           WILLIAM N. REED
                           AMY CHAMPAGNE
                           JEREMY J. CALSYN
                           ALEXIS L. COLLINS
                           JOHN H. CHUNG
                           JACK E. PACE, III
                           DAVID H. SUGGS
                           DEMETRA V. FRAWLEY
                           MICHAEL F. TUBACH
                           MEGAN HAVSTAD
                           STEVEN FRANKLIN CHERRY
                           KEVIN MICHAEL GALLAGHER
                           PATRICK J. CAROME
                           SETH BASTIANELLI
                           DONALD M. BARNES
                           MOLLY CRABTREE



                            3
NATURE OF THE CASE:                         CIVIL - TORTS-OTHER THAN PERSONAL
                                            INJURY & PROPERTY DAMAGE
DISPOSITION:                                AFFIRMED - 04/30/2020
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


       BEFORE KITCHENS, P.J., MAXWELL AND CHAMBERLIN, JJ.

       MAXWELL, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    In 2012, the executives of several Japanese auto-parts manufacturers pled guilty to

federal crimes based on an international scheme to fix the price of Automotive Wire Harness

Systems (AWHS). Three years later, the State of Mississippi sued the American subsidiaries

of these federally prosecuted companies. The State alleged violations of the Mississippi

Consumer Protection Act (MCPA) and the Mississippi Antitrust Act (MAA), as well as a

civil conspiracy to violate the MCPA and MAA. The trial court dismissed the State’s

complaint for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. The State appealed.

¶2.    After review, we affirm the trial court’s finding that the alleged unfair trade practices

were too remote in time to support the State’s claim for injunctive relief under the MCPA.

Also, the complaint alleges no “wholly intrastate” transactions that would make the alleged

illegal cartel punishable under the MAA.1 And because the State alleged no viable claim for

a statutory violation, its civil-conspiracy claim—based solely on the alleged statutory

violations—likewise fails. We affirm the judgment of dismissal.

                        Background Facts & Procedural History



       1
         Standard Oil Co. of Ky. v. State, 107 Miss. 377, 65 So. 468, 471 (1914), overruled
in part on other grounds by Mladinich v. Kohn, 250 Miss. 138, 164 So. 2d 785 (1964).

                                               4
       I.     The Attorney General’s Complaint

¶3.    On October 9, 2015, Attorney General Jim Hood,2 on behalf of the State, sued nine3

automotive component-parts manufacturers in Hinds County Chancery Court. The State

alleged these manufacturers—all manufacturing in the United States but not in

Mississippi—had been part of an illegal cartel that fixed the prices of Automotive Wire

Harness Systems (AWHS)—the electrical distribution system for motor vehicles.

¶4.    According to the complaint, the defendants sold AWHS to motor vehicle original-

equipment manufacturers (OEMs), suppliers to OEMs, and distributors. While the complaint

explained that “OEMs include domestic OEMs such as the Big Three in Detroit (General

Motors, Ford and Chrysler) and non-domestic OEMs who also operate manufacturing plants”

such as “Nissan and Toyota manufactur[ing] cars in Mississippi,” the complaint did not

allege any defendant directly sold AWHS to the Nissan or Toyota plant in Mississippi during

the relevant time period.     Rather, the complaint alleged that “[s]uppliers purchased

Automotive Wire Harness Systems directly from Defendants or their co-conspirators, which

they then sold to OEMs or other suppliers to OEMs.”

¶5.    Ultimately, the AWHS were installed in vehicles manufactured and sold in the United

States. The State alleged that Mississippians, by buying some of these vehicles, had indirectly

purchased the defendants’ inflated AWHS. Mississippians had also indirectly purchased



       2
         While this appeal was pending, Lynn Fitch was elected Mississippi’s attorney
general and assumed that role in this litigation.
       3
        Originally, the State sued ten separate defendants but soon after stipulated to the
dismissal of one defendant.

                                              5
replacement AWHS from an auto-parts supplier.

¶6.    The State based its illegal-cartel allegations specifically on the federal criminal

prosecutions of several of the defendant manufacturers’ Japanese parent companies—

prosecutions that ended three years earlier. In 2012, executives for the parent companies

entered a series of guilty pleas, admitting to meeting with the executives of other companies

to discuss bids, fix prices, and allocate supplies of AWHS sold to United States automobile

manufacturers. The conspiracy began in early 2000 and lasted until January 2010. As part

of their guilty pleas, two of the parent companies agreed respectively to pay $200 million and

$470 million in fines

¶7.    Citing the actions of defendants’ Japanese parent companies, the State alleged the

defendant United States manufacturers were part of a conspiracy to restrain trade, increase

the price, and hinder competition of AWHS in the United States generally and Mississippi

specifically. The State claimed this supposed agreement violated the Mississippi Consumer

Protection Act (MCPA). The State also alleged the defendants had violated the Mississippi

Antitrust Act (MAA). Finally, the State alleged a civil conspiracy.

       II.    The Defendants’ Responses

¶8.    All nine defendants responded to the complaint with motions to dismiss. Eight

asserted lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, and failure to state a claim as grounds

for dismissal. See M.R.C.P. 12(b)(2) (dismissal based on lack of personal jurisdiction),

M.R.C.P. 12(b)(3) (dismissal based on improper venue), and M.R.C.P. 12(b)(6) (dismissal

based on failure to state a claim). The ninth defendant, Yazaki North America, Inc., asserted



                                              6
only improper venue under Rule 12(b)(3) and failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).

Because Michigan-based Yazaki had opened a four-person office near the Nissan plant in

Canton, Mississippi, it did not challenge Mississippi’s personal jurisdiction.

       III.   Venue Transfer

¶9.    The Hinds County Chancery Court first considered the defendants’ motions to dismiss

for improper venue. The defendants had argued the MCPA’s venue statute, Mississippi Code

Section 75-24-9 (Rev. 2016), controlled. And under this statute, they contended, Hinds

County was not an available venue. Instead of dismissal, the Hinds County chancellor

granted both the defendants’ and the State’s alternative request to transfer the matter to

chancery court in Madison County, where Yazaki’s office was located. In the Hinds County

chancellor’s view, Madison County was “the only forum that could be even remotely

consistent with the unambiguous and mandatory terms of Section 75-24-9.”

       IV.    Limited Discovery

¶10.   With the motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and failure to state a

claim still pending,4 the Madison County chancellor allowed the parties to engage in limited

discovery aimed at the personal-jurisdiction question. See Long v. Vitkauskas, 287 So. 3d



       4
         Following the transfer, the defendants renewed their motion to dismiss for improper
venue in the Madison County Chancery Court, arguing Madison County also was not an
available venue under Section 75-24-9. But this motion was later withdrawn following this
Court’s decision in Purdue Pharma L.P. v. State, 256 So. 3d 1, 5 (Miss. 2018), which held
that, if “MCPA’s venue statute provides no choice of venue for foreign corporations,”
instead of dismissing the action, a chancery court must “look to the general venue statute for
chancery court actions.” And if “the general venue statute for chancery courts also provides
no venue for foreign corporations, [courts] must turn to the general venue statute for civil
actions, Mississippi Code Section 11-11-3.” Id.

                                              7
171, 178 (Miss. 2019) (noting a trial court, when ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction may “consider ‘affidavits, interrogatories, depositions, oral testimony,

or any combination of the recognized methods of discovery’” (quoting Revell v. Lidov, 317

F.3d 467, 469 (5th Cir. 2002))). The parties stipulated that this discovery would require the

production of confidential material. On June 30, 2017, the chancellor entered a protective

order allowing the parties to file this material under seal. Consequently, although this is not

a confidential case but instead is a matter brought on the public’s behalf, most documents in

the record from this date forward—including the chancellor’s final order and the briefs on

appeal—were filed under seal.

       V.     Trial Court’s Ruling

¶11.   On January 5, 2017, the Madison County chancellor dismissed by agreement two of

the defendant manufacturers—Fujikura America, Inc., and Leoni Wire, Inc.—for lack of

personal jurisdiction. Two years later, the chancellor dismissed the remaining seven

defendants: Yazaki; American Furukawa, Inc. (AFI); Denso International America, Inc.

(DIAM); Leoni Wiring Systems, Inc. and Leonische Holding, Inc. (collectively, Leoni

Defendants); G.S. Wiring Systems, Inc. (G.S. Wiring); and G.S.W. Manufacturing, Inc.

(G.S.W.).

¶12.   In a sealed order, the chancellor first determined Mississippi lacked general or specific

personal jurisdiction over out-of-state defendants AFI, DIAM, the Leoni Defendants, G.S.

Wiring, and G.S.W. Specifically, the chancellor found the State had failed to show these

defendants had sufficient minimum contacts with Mississippi to satisfy due process.



                                              8
¶13.   Next, the chancellor found that, even if personal jurisdiction existed over all seven

defendants, the complaint still failed to state a claim. Specifically, the chancellor held the

State’s MCPA claim failed because the alleged unfair trade practices were too remote to

support the State’s request for injunctive relief. The State’s MAA claim failed because the

State did not allege any “wholly intrastate conduct” as required by Standard Oil Co. of

Kentucky v. State, 107 Miss. 377, 65 So. 468, 471 (1914), overruled in part on other

grounds by Mladinich v. Kohn, 250 Miss. 138, 164 So. 2d 785 (1964). And the State’s civil-

conspiracy claim failed because it was based on alleged violations of the MCPA and MAA

for which the State had no causes of action.

¶14.   The chancellor gave the State thirty days to amend the complaint under Mississippi

Rule of Civil Procedure 15. The attorney general declined to amend the State’s claims.

Instead, the State asked the chancellor to certify her order as final and appealable. The

chancellor entered a final judgment on January 11, 2019. And the State appealed.

                                         Discussion

¶15.   The State asserts three errors on appeal—(1) the Hinds County Chancery Court

misapplied the appropriate venue statute, (2) the Madison County Chancery Court failed to

conduct a proper Rule 12(b)(2) personal-jurisdiction analysis, and (3) the Madison County

Chancery Court failed to conduct a proper Rule 12(b)(6) analysis. Only the third issue need

be discussed. Because the State’s complaint failed to state a claim, the venue question

becomes moot.5 Cf. F&S Sand, Inc. v. Stringfellow, 265 So. 3d 170, 173 (Miss. 2019)

       5
       The State argues the Hinds County Chancery Court’s transfer ruling ran counter to
Purdue Pharma, 256 So. 3d at 5. Consequently, it asserts, all orders entered after the

                                               9
(holding that, because the plaintiff’s claim was time-barred, the venue issue was moot).

Similarly, because the complaint fails to state a claim, we need not address the State’s

personal-jurisdiction claims—especially since all the personal-jurisdiction evidence was filed

under seal.6

¶16.   Zeroing in on the chancellor’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, we review this decision de

novo. Triplett v. S. Hens, Inc., 238 So. 3d 1128, 1130 (Miss. 2018). A Rule 12(b)(6)

motion for failure to state a claim tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. Id. So this

Court’s task on appeal is to “consider the legal sufficiency of the complaint anew.” Trigg

v. Farese, 266 So. 3d 611, 619 (Miss. 2018). When so considered, the State’s complaint fails

to state a claim for which relief can be granted under the MCPA, the MAA, or a civil-

conspiracy theory.

       I.      Count I—Mississippi Consumer Protection Act (MCPA)

¶17.   Section 75-24-5(1) of the MCPA prohibits “[u]nfair methods of competition affecting

commerce and unfair or deceptive trade practices affecting commerce . . . .” Miss. Code

Ann. § 75-24-5(1) (Rev. 2016). But the purpose of the statute is not to punish past

violations. Rather, the purpose of the MCPA is to restrain or enjoin unfair methods of



transfer to Madison County Chancery Court should be vacated. But the State fails to cite
any authority for this proposition. Because the State’s complaint fails to state a claim,
dismissal was required as a matter of law, regardless of which chancellor entered the order
or in which venue the order was entered.
       6
         We find analyzing the personal-jurisdiction issues raised without being able to relay
fully the relevant facts and circumstances could only serve to confuse the bench and bar as
to how to apply this Court’s decision in cases involving similar claims. So we refrain from
embarking on this unnecessary task.

                                             10
competition through injunctive relief. Miss. Code Ann. § 75-24-9 (Rev. 2016). Section 75-

24-5(1) makes clear that “[a]ction may be brought under Section 75-24-5(1) only under the

provision of Section 75-24-9.” Id. And Section 75-24-9 provides,

       [w]henever the Attorney General has reason to believe that any person is
       using, has used, or is about to use any method, act or practice prohibited by
       Section 75-24-5, and that proceedings would be in the public interest, he may
       bring an action in the name of the state against such person to restrain by
       temporary or permanent injunction the use of such method, act or practice.

Miss. Code. Ann. § 75-24-9. While the MCPA also allows for the recovery of civil penalties

for willful violations of Section 75-24-5, these monetary penalties may only be recovered

“[i]n an[] action brought under Section 75-24-9.” Miss. Code Ann. § 75-24-19(1)(b) (Rev.

2016). If there is no action for injunctive relief under 75-24-9, there is no action to recover

civil penalties under Section 75-24-19.

¶18.   When considering the sufficiency of the allegations to bring an action under 75-24-9,

the chancellor noted that the State’s complaint broadly alleged the defendant manufacturers’

price-fixing conspiracy had “continu[ed] through the filing of this Complaint” in October

2015. But according to the attorney general’s more specific factual allegations, the

conspiracy ended in 2010, and the parent-company perpetrators pled guilty in 2012.

¶19.   The State argued it could pursue an MCPA injunction based on past conduct because

a statutory injunction, unlike a common-law injunction, does not require showing an

irreparable injury is likely to occur. See Conway v. Miss. State Bd. Of Health, 252 Miss.

315, 324, 173 So. 2d 412, 416 (1965) (holding that the statute authorizing the state board of

health to seek an injunction for the unlicensed practice of medicine “by implication assumes



                                              11
there was not an adequate remedy at law and that the injury was irreparable”). The

defendants countered that the MCPA, while including the phrase “has used,” did not cover

past conduct.7 The chancellor was persuaded by the defendants’ argument and what she

described as “the official comment to the MCPA” that “show[ed] the legislative intent was

not to enjoin conduct that was not ongoing as of the filing of the Complaint.” Ultimately,

the chancellor concluded the State had failed to state a valid claim for injunctive relief

because “the factual allegations in the [State’s] Complaint are too remote in time . . . .”

¶20.   While the chancellor focused on the statute’s inclusion of the phase “has used” and

its historical background, we take a different approach when considering the sufficiency of



       7
         The MCPA was patterned after the Uniform Trade Practices and Consumer
Protection Law (Model Act), the defendants asserted. Section 5 of the Model Act provides

       Whenever the attorney general has reason to believe that any person is using,
       has used, or is about to use any method, act or practice declared by Section 2
       of this Act to be unlawful, and that proceedings would be in the public interest,
       he may bring an action in the name of the State against such person to restrain
       by temporary or permanent injunction the use of such method, act or practice,
       upon the giving of appropriate notice to that person.

And as the Model Act’s commentary explained,

       adding the words “has used” in the phrase which authorizes the attorney
       general to proceed when he has reason to believe that any person ‘is using, has
       used, or is about to use’ any method, etc., which is unlawful . . . [was meant
       to] obviate the problem which might occur if a defendant contends that he
       discontinued the alleged practice some days before trial, and that the
       prosecutor has failed to show continuance of the unlawful practice up to the
       and through the day of trial.

So, the defendants reasoned, the phrase “has used” does not point to any and all past conduct
but rather covers only past conduct that had continued through the filing of the complaint but
ceased before injunctive relief was obtained.

                                              12
the State’s MCPA claim.8 See Trigg, 266 So. 3d at 619 (holding that, when reviewing de

novo the dismissal of a complaint, this Court is neither bound by nor even concerned with

why the trial court reached its result but rather considers anew the legal sufficiency of the

complaint). To be sure, the attorney general’s “hav[ing] reason to believe that any person

is using, has used, or is about to use any method, act or practice prohibited by Section

75-24-5” is a necessary element to bring a Section 75-24-9 action. But it is not the only

element.

¶21.   Section 75-24-9 requires that the attorney general have reason to believe “that

proceedings would be in the public interest,” and the purpose of the action must be “to

restrain by temporary or permanent injunction the use of such method, act or practice.” Miss.

Code Ann. § 74-24-9. So in determining if the State’s complaint sufficiently alleged a claim

under the MCPA, the dispositive question is not whether the defendant’s alleged past

       8
        On appeal, the State argues—and we agree—that there is no official comment to the
MCPA. The chancellor obviously misattributed the Model Act’s comment as being the
MCPA’s official comment. But that does not mean the Model Act’s comment was
necessarily off-limits. When Mississippi’s Legislature adopted the MCPA in 1974, it clearly
drew Section 75-24-9 from Section 5 of the Model Act. So the Model Act’s official
comment, though not adopted by the Legislature, still was “the most informed source” as to
what the Legislature intended the phrase “has used” to mean. Holifield v. BancorpSouth,
Inc., 891 So. 2d 241, 248 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004) (finding that, even when the Mississippi
Legislature does not adopt an official comment, courts “look to official comments about
uniform laws, when those laws have been adopted all but verbatim by the legislature, as the
most informed source explaining provisions of the original enactment”).
       But resorting to the MCPA’s historical background is permissible only if the phrase
“has used” is ambiguous. Williams v. Duckett (In re Guardianship of Duckett), 991 So.
2d 1165, 1182 (Miss. 2008). Language is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two reasonable
interpretations. Dalton v. Cellular S., Inc., 20 So. 3d 1227, 1232 (Miss. 2009). And here,
the phrase “has used”is arguably susceptible to two reasonable interpretations—it could
mean past conduct or past conduct continuing into the present. But declaring an ambiguity
and going outside the language of Section 75-24-9 is unnecessary to resolve this appeal.

                                             13
conduct is covered by the phrase “has used.” Rather, the controlling issue is whether the

State has alleged facts that support a reasonable inference of present or future illegal

conduct that needs to be enjoined.

¶22.   Certainly, there could be cases in which the nature of the past conduct would support

seeking to enjoin future conduct. E.g., Order, Hood ex rel. State v. BASF Corp., No. 56863

(Rankin County, Miss., Ch. Ct. Jan. 17, 2006) (finding the “Defendant’s previous acts” when

combined with “[t]he lack of cooperation from the Defendant” supported the attorney

general’s reasonable belief “that the Defendant will use these illegal acts in the future if not

monitored”). This is especially true when the defendant voluntarily ceased—or claimed to

have voluntarily ceased—the alleged illegal activity after the injunctive action was filed.

E.g., Pullum v. Greene, 396 F.2d 251 (5th Cir. 1968). Discontinuing the alleged illegal

activity does not deprive a court of its power to grant an injunction. United States v. W. T.

Grant Co., 345 U.S. 629, 633, 73 S. Ct. 894, 897, 97 L. Ed. 1303 (1953). After all, “[t]he

purpose of an injunction is to prevent future violations, and, of course, it can be utilized even

without a showing of past wrongs.” Id. (emphasis added) (citing Swift & Co. v. United

States, 276 U.S. 311, 326, 48 S. Ct. 311, 314, 72 L. Ed. 587 (1928)).

¶23.   But to obtain an injunction, “the moving party must satisfy the court that relief is

needed.” Id. “The necessary determination is that there exists some cognizable danger of

recurrent violation, something more than the mere possibility which serves to keep the case

alive.” Id. The fact the State seeks a statutory, versus a common-law injunction, does not

change the nature of injunctive relief. The State is correct that the MCPA provides for a



                                               14
statutory injunction, alleviating the need to plead the common-law-injunction prerequisites

of no adequate remedy at law and irreparable injury. Conway, 173 So. 2d at 416. But

statutory injunctive relief is still injunctive relief, “which requires a threat that the

misconduct to be enjoined is likely to be repeated in the future.” Madrid v. Perot Sys. Corp.,

130 Cal. App. 4th 440, 465 (Ca. Ct. App. 2005) (holding that California’s unfair-competition

statute does “not alter[] the nature of injunctive relief”). “Injunctive relief has no application

to wrongs which have been completed, absent a showing that past violations will probably

recur.” Id. (quoting People v. Toomey, 157 Cal. App. 3d 1, 20 (Cal. Ct. App. 2004)); see

also Catrett v. Landmark Dodge, Inc., 560 S.E.2d 101, 106 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002) (holding

that an injury alleged caused by a past misrepresentation could not be remedied through

Georgia’s Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, which only provides injunctive relief).

Again, based on a plain-language reading of the MCPA, its purpose is not to punish past

violations but rather to restrain or enjoin unfair methods of competition through injunctive

relief. Miss. Code Ann. § 75-24-9.

¶24.   In this case, the State’s factual allegations fail to support any reasonable danger of

future conduct by the defendants that will violate the MCPA. The State’s complaint provided

no factual basis for the alleged illegal activity continuing past 2010. According to the

complaint, those responsible were convicted of federal crimes and had to pay hefty penalties

to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars. Based on these specific allegations, the State

has simply failed to allege any facts that support the danger of a present or future unfair trade

practice warranting injunctive relief to protect the public’s interest. Instead, it appears that



                                               15
the State has attempted to use the MCPA impermissibly to redress completed wrongs.

¶25.   Because, to use the chancellor’s words, the State’s allegations of the price-fixing

conspiracy are simply “too remote” to support a claim that injunctive relief is needed, we

affirm the dismissal of the State’s MCPA claim. See Madrid, 130 Cal. App. 4th at 462-66

(holding that a complaint that referred to actions that only happened in the past failed to state

a claim for injunctive relief under California’s consumer-protection statute because the

complaint did not allege any facts that another incident is likely to occur).

       II.      Count II—Mississippi Antitrust Act (MAA)

¶26.   We also affirm the dismissal of the State’s Mississippi Antitrust Act (MAA) claim

based on failure to allege any intrastate activity.

¶27.   Section 75-21-1 defines a trust or combine as

       a combination, contract, understanding or agreement, expressed or implied,
       between two or more persons, corporations or firms or association of persons
       or between any one or more of either with one or more of the others, when
       inimical to public welfare and the effect of which would be:

       (a)      To restrain trade;

       (b)      To limit, increase or reduce the price of a commodity;

       (c)      To limit, increase or reduce the production or output of a commodity;

                [or]

       (d)      To hinder competition in the production, importation, manufacture,
                transportation, sale or purchase of a commodity . . . .9

       9
           Under Section 75-21-1, a trust also exists when the effect of the agreement is

       (e)      To engross or forestall a commodity;


                                               16
Miss. Code. Ann. § 75-21-1(a)-(d) (Rev. 2016). Section 75-21-1 makes it illegal to create

or become part of a trust so defined, subjecting violators to criminal penalties. And Section

75-21-7 authorizes the attorney general to pursue civil penalties ranging between $100 to

$2,000 per violation.10 Miss. Code Ann. § 75-21-7 (Rev. 2016).

¶28.   In 1914, this Court handed down the leading case on Mississippi’s antitrust statute,

Standard Oil Co. of Kentucky v. State, 107 Miss. 377, 65 So. 468, 471 (1914), overruled in

part on other grounds by Mladinich v. Kohn, 250 Miss. 138, 164 So. 2d 785 (1964).11 In


       (f)     To issue, own or hold the certificate of stock of any trust and combine
               within the spirit of this chapter knowing it to be such at the time of the
               issue or the acquisition or holding such certificate; or

       (g)     To place the control to any extent of business or of the proceeds or
               earnings thereof, contrary to the spirit and meaning of this chapter, in
               the power of trustees, by whatever name called; or

       (h)     To enable or empower any other person than themselves, their proper
               officers, agents and employees to dictate or control the management of
               business, contrary to the spirit and meaning of this chapter; or

       (i)     To unite or pool interest in the importation, manufacture, production,
               transportation, or price of a commodity, contrary to the spirit and
               meaning of this chapter.

Miss. Code Ann. § 75-21-1(e)-(i) (Rev. 2016).
       10
         The attorney general may also seek an injunction in chancery court. Miss. Code
Ann. § 75-21-1. But, in contrast to the MCPA, the ability to recover civil penalties is not tied
to bringing an action for injunctive relief. See Miss. Code Ann. § 75-21-9.
       11
         Mississippi’s antitrust statute was first enacted in 1892 and can be traced through
the following statutes: Miss. Code (1972) § 75-21-1; Miss Code (1942) § 1088; Miss. Code
(1930) § 3436;1926 Miss. Laws ch. 182; Hemingway’s Code (1917) §§ 3281, 3282; 1908
Miss. Laws chs. 88, 119; Miss. Code (1906) § 5002; Miss. Code (1892) § 4437. The
version of the antitrust statute in effect in 1914 is nearly identical in the activity it prohibits.
Compare 1908 Miss. Laws ch. 119 (amending Miss. Code (1906) § 5002) with Miss. Code

                                                17
Standard Oil, this Court held that “a conspiracy to monopolize trade in any commodity to

be punishable under state laws must have as one of its objects a monopoly in the intrastate

trade therein to be accomplished in part at least by transactions which are also wholly

intrastate.” Id. at 471.

¶29.   The State alleged that Standard Oil of Kentucky had engaged in a conspiracy to

monopolize both inter and intrastate sale of petroleum. Id. at 470. The conspiracy’s object

was achieved in Mississippi, the complaint alleged, by selling Standard Oil’s products on the

same day in different locations in Mississippi at different prices for the purpose of creating

a monopoly. Id. While all the petroleum in Mississippi had been imported—i.e., came in

by way of interstate commerce—it was only after Standard Oil’s products became

“incorporated into the general mass of property” in Mississippi that the company sold or

distributed the petroleum at anticompetitive prices in order to further its monopoly. Id. This

Court agreed with the trial court that the State’s complaint could proceed because “[t]he

controversy here complained of, ha[d] as one of its objects a monopoly of that portion of the

trade in petroleum products which lies wholly within the state of Mississippi, to be

accomplished in part at least by transactions lying wholly within the state,” and thus was

“punishable under the laws thereof.” Id. at 471; see also BASF Corp., No. 56863 (trial

court’s finding the State’s alleged price-fixing scheme for vitamins to be analogous to

Standard Oil because the State alleged the defendant’s vitamins were imported into

Mississippi and then sold through the defendant’s sales representative to Mississippi



Ann. § 75-21-1 (Rev. 2016).

                                             18
customers at anticompetitive prices).

¶30.   Applying Standard Oil, the chancellor dismissed the State’s MAA claim for failure

to allege any wholly intrastate conduct. As with the MCPA claim, while the State broadly

alleged the defendant manufacturers restrained trade, increased prices, and hindered

competition “in the State of Mississippi,” the complaint contained no allegation that the

defendant manufacturers sold AWHS in Mississippi or that the auto manufacturers, suppliers,

or distributors who bought the AWHS were in Mississippi. The complaint did assert that the

defendants “manufactured, marketed, and/or sold [AWHS] that were purchased, directly or

indirectly, throughout the State of Mississippi after they became a part of interstate and

intrastate commerce. But the chancellor determined “[t]his conclusory allegation [wa]s not

sufficient to withstand a [Rule] 12(b)(6) motion.”

¶31.   On appeal, the State does not argue against the application of Standard Oil to its

MAA claim. Rather, the State argues the chancellor misapplied this case.

¶32.   First, the State claims the chancellor, as part of her reliance on Standard Oil, “applied

a 1914 standard for a demurrer” and “ignored the fact that the State of Mississippi became

a ‘notice pleading’ state, with the adoption of the of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure,

and more specifically, Rule 8.” But the State’s assertion is unfounded. It is clear from her

order that the chancellor relied on Standard Oil for guidance on what is substantively

required under Mississippi’s antitrust statute. She did not apply Standard Oil for its

demurrer standard.

¶33.   Neither did she ignore Rule 8. Even under Rule 8’s liberal “short and plain statement”



                                              19
requirement, the complaint still must set forth “‘factual allegations, either direct or

inferential, respecting each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some

actionable legal theory.’” Sanderson Farms, Inc. v. McCullough, 212 So. 3d 69, 73 n.6

(Miss. 2017) (quoting Carter v. Reddix, 115 So. 3d 851, 856-57 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012)). And

according to Standard Oil, a material element to an MAA claim is that the illegal objective

of the trust “be accomplished in part at least by transactions lying wholly within the state.”

Standard Oil, 65 So. at 471. In Count II of the complaint, the State does not allege any

“wholly intrastate” transaction to support its allegation that the defendant manufacturers

violated Section 75-21-1. Elsewhere, the State alleges the AWHS “were purchased, directly

or indirectly, throughout the State of Mississippi after they became a part of interstate and

intrastate commerce.” But the State does not allege any “wholly intrastate” transactions by

the defendants. Therefore, dismissal was proper under Rule 12(b)(6).12

¶34.   Second, the State alternatively argues the chancellor misapplied Standard Oil as

applying to “wholly intrastate conduct.” The State argues the fact the alleged trust was also

interstate does not defeat an MAA claim. The State is correct in one respect. The alleged

conduct does not have to be exclusively intrastate to be actionable under the MAA. Standard

Oil, 65 So. at 470 (“A conspiracy . . . having for its object the creation of a monopoly in both

the inter and intra state commerce in a commodity is necessarily subject to the law both of

the general government and of the state affected thereby.”). But the conduct does have to be

       12
          As further evidence the chancellor followed the Mississippi Rules of Civil
Procedure, the chancellor did not dismiss the MAA claim with prejudice. Instead, applying
Rule 15, she permitted the State thirty days to amend its MAA claim, which it chose not to
do. See M.R.C.P. 15(a).

                                              20
partly intrastate. Or, as this Court stated in Standard Oil, “to be punishable under state

laws,” the illegal monopoly must “be accomplished in part at least by transactions which are

. . . wholly intrastate.” Id. at 471.

¶35.   Contrary to the State’s assertion, it was not the inclusion of allegations of interstate

conduct but rather the omission of allegations of wholly intrastate transactions that led to its

MAA claim being dismissed. In contrast to Standard Oil, the State’s complaint does not

allege the AWHS conspiracy was accomplished at least in part by transactions lying wholly

within Mississippi. While it mentions, by way of example, both Nissan and Toyata had

OEMs in Mississippi, the State neither alleges the defendant sold AWHS in Mississippi nor

that the OEMs, suppliers, or distributors that directly purchased AWHS from the defendants

were in Mississippi.

¶36.   Notably, the State did not even amend its complaint when given the opportunity to

make any allegations of intrastate transactions. Instead, the State chose to appeal. And on

appeal, the State merely claims its broad assertion that the conspiracy existed in both

interstate and intrastate commerce was sufficient under Rule 8 to give the defendants notice

of the conduct that allegedly violated Section 75-21-1 and entitled the State to civil penalties

on a per-violation basis under Section 75-29-9. “While [Rule] 8 has eliminated the technical

forms of pleadings required in years past, notice pleadings are still required to place the

opposing party on notice of the claim being asserted.” Estate of Stevens v. Wetzel, 762 So.

2d 293, 295 (Miss. 2000). Here, by failing to allege any wholly intrastate transactions, the

State’s complaint falls short of this requirement.



                                              21
       III.   Count III—Civil Conspiracy

¶37.   Finally, we affirm the chancellor’s dismissal of the State’s civil-conspiracy claim.

¶38.   Because the State had no statutory claims, the chancellor ruled the State had no civil-

conspiracy claim, citing Wells v. Shelter General Insurance Co., 217 F. Supp. 2d 744, 754-

55 (S.D. Miss. 2002). On appeal, the State does not argue that its civil-conspiracy claim was

based on anything other than its statutory claims. In fact, the State argues on appeal that the

chancellor erred because it “relied on the Defendants’ violations of the MCPA and MAA as

the underlying wrongs in its claim for civil conspiracy.”

¶39.   In claiming error, the State relies on this Court’s recent decision in Rex Distributing

Co., Inc. v. Anheuser-Busch, LLC, 271 So. 3d 445, 455 (Miss. 2019). As in this case, the

plaintiff in Rex Distributing, in addition to a statutory-violation claim, brought a civil-

conspiracy claim based on the alleged statutory violation. The defendant argued this count

had to be dismissed because there was no underlying tort. This Court rejected that argument

because “there [wa]s an underlying wrong”—Anheuser Busch’s alleged violation of the Beer

Industry Fair Dealing Act. Id. at 455 (emphasis added). But, in sharp contrast to this case,

the Rex Distributing plaintiff’s alleged statutory claim survived Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal. Id.

at 451. That is not the case here. In this case, the State’s complaint failed to state a claim

on which relief can be granted under the MCPA or MAA. So, unlike Rex Distributing, there

is no alleged underlying wrong.

¶40.   Because the State’s statutory claims do not survive Rule 12(b)(6), its civil-conspiracy

claim based solely on these alleged statutory violations cannot either. Cf. In re Microsoft



                                              22
Corp. Antitrust Litig., No. CIV. JFM 03-743, 2003 WL 22070561, at *3 (D. Md. Aug. 22,

2003) (dismissing a civil-conspiracy claim based on a non-viable MAA claim).

¶41.   AFFIRMED.

    RANDOLPH, C.J., KITCHENS AND KING, P.JJ., COLEMAN, BEAM,
CHAMBERLIN, ISHEE AND GRIFFIS, JJ., CONCUR.




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