[Cite as Praetorium Secured Fund I, L.P. v. Keehan Tennessee Invests., L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-8391.]


STATE OF OHIO                    )                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                 )ss:                      NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF LORAIN                 )

PRAETORIUM SECURED FUND I, L.P.                            C.A. No.         15CA010757

        Appellant

        v.                                                 APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                           ENTERED IN THE
KEEHAN TENNESSEE INVESTMENTS,                              COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
LLC, et al.                                                COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO
                                                           CASE No.   14 CV 183506
        Appellees

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: December 27 , 2016



        CANNON, Judge.

        {¶1}    Appellant, Praetorium Secured Fund I, L.P. (“Praetorium”), appeals from the

judgment of the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas granting a motion to vacate a judgment

on a cognovit note, pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B)(5), filed by appellees, David Keehan; Durham

Ridge Investments, LLC (“Durham Ridge”); Westlake Briar, LLC (“Westlake Briar”); 951

Realty Ltd. (“951 Realty”); Keehan Trust Funding, LLC (“Keehan Trust”); and Keehan

Tennessee Investment, LLC. Based on the following, we reverse and remand the matter for

proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                                                 2


                                                 I.

       {¶2}   This case stems from the alleged breach of certain loan commitments related to a

multi-million dollar development project in Tennessee (“the Project”).1 The Project included the

development of a championship golf course and upscale residential community on 170 acres.

       {¶3}   Although the Project began in 2008, Praetorium did not become involved with the

Project until 2014 when appellees sought financing from Praetorium to satisfy its financial

obligations. In order to approve the requested financing, Praetorium required and obtained a

cognovit promissory note and a personal cognovit guarantee (collectively referred to as the

“Note”) from David Keehan. Cognovit guarantees were also executed in favor of Praetorium by

Appellees Durham Ridge, Westlake Briar, 951 Realty, Keehan Trust, and Keehan Tennessee.

       {¶4}   The Note at issue states, in pertinent part:

       (d) WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL: BORROWER AND THE LENDER
       ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IS A
       CONSTITUTIONAL ONE, BUT THAT IT MAY BE WAIVED. EACH
       PARTY, AFTER CONSULTING (OR HAVING HAD THE
       OPPORTUNITY TO CONSULT) WITH COUNSEL OF THEIR CHOICE,
       KNOWINGLY AND VOLUNTARILY, AND FOR THEIR MUTUAL
       BENEFIT, WAIVES ANY RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN THE EVENT
       OF   LITIGATION   REGARDING   THE    PERFORMANCE     OR
       ENFORCEMENT, OR IN ANY WAY RELATED TO, THIS NOTE OR
       THE INDEBTEDNESS.

       CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. BORROWER HEREBY AUTHORIZES
       ANY ATTORNEY-AT-LAW TO APPEAR IN ANY COURT OF RECORD
       IN ANY COUNTY IN THE STATE OF OHIO OR ELSEWHERE WHERE
       BORROWER HAS A PLACE OF BUSINESS, SIGNED THIS NOTE OR
       CAN BE FOUND, AFTER LENDER DECLARES A DEFAULT AND
       ACCELERATES THE BALANCES DUE UNDER THIS NOTE, TO
       WAIVE THE ISSUANCE OF SERVICE OF PROCESS AND CONFESS
       JUDGMENT AGAINST BORROWER IN FAVOR OF LENDER FOR THE
       AMOUNT THEN APPEARING DUE, TOGETHER WITH THE COSTS
       OF SUIT, AND THEREUPON TO RELEASE ALL ERRORS AND

1
 For a factual background, see Keehan Tennessee Invest., LLC v. Praetorium Secured Fund I,.
L.P., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 15CA010800, 2016-Ohio-____.
                                                3


        WAIVES ALL RIGHTS OF APPEAL AND STAYS OF EXECUTION.
        BORROWER AGREES      AND CONSENTS     THE   ATTORNEY
        CONFESSING   JUDGMENT   ON    BEHALF  OF   BORROWER
        HEREUNDER MAY ALSO BE COUNSEL TO LENDER OR ANY OF ITS
        AFFILIATES, WAIVES ANY CONFLICT OF INTEREST WHICH
        MIGHT OTHERWISE ARISE, AND CONSENTS TO LENDER PAYING
        SUCH CONFESSING ATTORNEY A LEGAL FEE OR ALLOWING
        SUCH ATTORNEY’S FEES TO BE PAID FROM ANY PROCEEDS OF
        COLLECTION OF AGREEMENT OR COLLATERAL SECURITY
        THEREFOR.

        {¶5}   No payments were made on the Note, and default occurred on April 11, 2014.

Praetorium filed a “complaint on cognovit promissory note and cognovit guaranty agreements”

in the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas. Appellees filed an “answer confessing judgment

on the complaint on cognovit promissory note and cognovit guarantee agreements.” Praetorium

obtained judgment against appellees, jointly and severally, in the sum of $3,516,711.11, plus

interest.

        {¶6}   Thereafter, appellees filed a motion to vacate the judgment, pursuant to Civ.R.

60(B)(5). Praetorium filed a brief in opposition.

        {¶7}   In the motion to vacate, appellees presented three defenses: (1) error in the

amount of the underlying judgment; (2) economic duress; and (3) abatement. In issuing its

order, the trial court found that “Defendants have raised meritorious defenses that justify relief

from judgment.” Appellees motion was granted, and the entire judgment was vacated.

        {¶8}   All proceedings were stayed pending this appeal.

Cognovit Notes and Civ.R. 60(B)

        {¶9}   Notes with the cognovit feature are expressly permitted by Ohio law in a

commercial transaction, as set forth in R.C. 2323.12—2323.14. “The purpose of a cognovit note

is to allow the holder of the note to quickly obtain judgment, without the possibility of a trial.”

Masters Tuxedo Charleston, Inc. v. Krainock, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 02 CA 80, 2002-Ohio-
                                                4


5235, ¶6. “By signing a cognovit note, a debtor relinquishes the possibility of notice, hearing or

appearance at an action to collect in the event of non-repayment. * * * To accomplish this,

cognovit notes are accompanied by a warrant of attorney by which the debtor provides for the

waiver of the prejudgment notice and hearing requirements.” Id. The debtor may pursue redress

by filing a Civ.R. 60(B) motion, if the debtor disputes a cognovit judgment entered against him.

Id. at ¶7.

        {¶10} The test outlined in GTE Automatic Elec., Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc., 47 Ohio

St.2d 146 (1976) has been modified where a debtor challenges a cognovit judgment. See

Huntington Natl. Bank v. Royal Mt. Sterling Corp., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-174, 2012-

Ohio-4514, ¶13; Lewandowski v. Donohue Intelligraphics, Inc., 93 Ohio App.3d 430, 433 (9th

Dist.1994). “A Civ.R. 60(B) movant that challenges a cognovit judgment need only satisfy the

first and third prongs of GTE, i.e., the movant need only allege a meritorious defense and file a

timely motion.” Huntington, supra, at ¶13.

        {¶11} It is undisputed that the motion to vacate was filed in a timely manner. Thus, the

only issue for consideration is whether appellees alleged a meritorious defense. This court has

stated, “[w]hen a motion for relief from judgment of a cognovit note ‘is pursued in a timely

manner and in light of a proper allegation of a meritorious defense, any doubt should be resolved

in favor of setting aside the judgment so that the case may be decided on the merits.’” Waldman

Fin. v. Digital Color Imaging, Inc., 9th Dist. Summit No. 23101, 2006-Ohio-4077, ¶9.

        {¶12} Defenses available to a cognovit judgment debtor seeking Civ.R. 60(B) relief

include non-default; “improper conduct in obtaining the debtor’s signature on the note; deviation

from proper procedures in confessing judgment on the note; and miscalculation of the amount
                                                 5


remaining due on the note at the time of confession of judgment.” First Natl. Bank of Pandora

v. Freed, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-03-36, 2004-Ohio-3554, ¶9.

       {¶13} As Praetorium’s first, second, and third assignments of error relate to appellees’

first alleged meritorious defense, i.e., a dispute in the amount of the underlying judgment, we

address them in a consolidated analysis.

                                                II.

                        First, Second, and Third Assignments of Error

       [1.] The trial court abused its discretion in granting appellees’ motion to
       vacate because appellees failed to demonstrate that the amount owed on the
       cognovit notes is in dispute, when Praetorium disbursed the entire principal
       sum.

       [2.] The trial court abused its discretion in granting appellees’ motion to
       vacate because appellees failed to demonstrate that the amount owed on the
       cognovit notes cannot be ascertained from the face of the cognovit notes.

       [3.] Even if there is a dispute as to the amount appellees owe Praetorium
       pursuant to the cognovit notes, the trial court abused its discretion when it
       vacated the entire judgment.

       {¶14} Praetorium argues the trial court abused its discretion in vacating the cognovit

judgment. Praetorium alleges the amount due under the note was undisputed and the Note

facially provided the amount owed by appellees. Praetorium asserts, even if there is a dispute as

to the amount owed, the trial court abused its discretion in vacating the entire judgment.

       {¶15} As to the amount of the underlying judgment, appellees presented two arguments

below. First, appellees maintained there is a dispute on the underlying amount owed on the Note

because Praetorium failed to make all of the required loan disbursements. Second, appellees

argued the Note failed to sufficiently describe the amount due, as it referenced other documents.

       {¶16} We first address appellees’ argument that the cognovit note was facially

insufficient to support a cognovit judgment. To rebut this argument, Praetorium referenced the
                                                 6


plain language of the Note. The Note specifically provides that appellees were loaned “the

principal sum of $2,995,000, with interest thereon as forth herein.” Section 1 of the Note, the

interest provision, provides:

       1(a): Interest: Interest shall accrue at a rate of fifteen percent (15%) per annum
       until paid in full. The interest rate applicable during a given period of time shall
       be referred to herein as the ‘Note Rate.’ Interest shall be computed on the basis of
       a 360-day year comprised of twelve 30-day months, and shall be payable in
       arrears. Borrower acknowledges that interest shall accrue by applying the Note
       Rate to the sum of (x) the principal sum of $2,995,000, and (y) any additional
       sums (including but not limited to interest) that become due by operation of the
       Loan Documents. Interest shall be compounded monthly.

       ***

       (c) Default Interest: While any Event of Default exists, the Loan shall bear
       interest at the Default Rate (defined below.) * * * The “Default Rate” shall be the
       Note Rate plus five percent (5%) per annum.

       {¶17} Additionally, Section 2 of the Note, governing repayment and prepayment,

provides, in part: “(c) Prepayment. Borrower may prepay interest or principal on this Note at

any time in any amount; provided, however, that Lender shall be entitled to * * * $448,500 in

interest for the first twelve month term of the Loan, notwithstanding that the Note is paid in full

or in part on or before the one year anniversary of the execution date of the note.”

       {¶18} We find, therefore, the amount of the cognovit note can be calculated from its

face. It does not require reference to any outside extrinsic information. The terms of the

cognovit note explicitly set forth the payment schedule, interest payments, and default penalties

to support judgment on the note. See Orange City Golf Club, LLC v. MCGC Golf, LLC, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24865, 2012-Ohio-2415, ¶14.

       {¶19} We next address appellees’ contention that the judgment must be vacated because

all or part of the amount shown on the cognovit note is not owed. Appellees allege that
                                                 7


Praetorium failed to make all of the required loan disbursements. Appellees presented the

affidavit of Donald Keehan, Jr., which stated, in part:

       The Loan Agreement describes, in detail, to whom the principal amount of the
       Praetorium loan proceeds were to be disbursed. Many of the disbursements
       required by the Loan Agreement were not made. Therefore, although the
       principal amount shown on the Praetorium promissory note was $2,995,000.00,
       significantly less funds were provided.

       {¶20} Mr. Keehan then specifies the following loan disbursements were not made:

$97,000 to Praetorium; $528,000 to Guardian Capital Advisors; $103,000 to Guardian Capital

Advisors; $63,000 to Praetorium; and $35,000 to Guardian Capital Advisors.

       {¶21} In its response, Praetorium maintained that appellees borrowed $2,995,000, but

part of that amount included fees associated with acquiring the loan. While appellees did not

“net” the entire amount, they were responsible for the entire principal amount. Praetorium

attached a Refinance Summary, which revealed that an escrow was established by a title

company to distribute the funds, fees were charged for the escrow, and the proceeds from the

loan were distributed.

       {¶22} We recognize that an alleged dispute regarding the amount owed under the

cognovit note can be the basis for a meritorious defense to a cognovit note judgment. And,

because there is a dispute as to whether the required disbursements were made, any doubt should

be resolved in favor of setting aside the judgment so that the case may be decided on the merits.

We do, however, find the trial court abused its discretion in vacating the portion of the judgment

related to the amount due that was not in dispute. Here, there is no dispute as to liability, only a

dispute as to the amount owed to Praetorium. Because of this, the trial court should have granted

appellees’ Civ.R. 60(B) motion to the extent necessary to take evidence with respect to the
                                                 8


amount due under the note. See Sadraoui v. Hersi, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-849, 2011-

Ohio-3160, ¶16-18.

       {¶23} As such, Praetorium’s first, second, and third assignments of error are without

merit with respect to the disputed amount (i.e., $826,000). The assignments of error are with

merit with respect to the remaining, undisputed, amount due on the note.

                                                III.

                                  Fourth Assignment of Error

       The trial court abused its discretion in granting appellees’ motion to vacate
       because appellees failed to demonstrate they were under economic duress
       when they executed the cognovit notes.

       {¶24} In the Civ.R. 60(B) motion, appellees argued that because they were on the verge

of losing their entire interest in the Project, they were compelled to agree to the oppressive

cognovit note provisions. Conversely, Praetorium maintained that unpleasant consequences of a

business decision do not equate to economic duress.

       {¶25} To establish economic duress a party must demonstrate (1) it involuntarily

accepted the terms of another; (2) under the circumstances it had no other reasonable alternative;

and (3) the circumstances were a product of coercive actions on the part of the opposite party.

Blodgett v. Blodgett, 49 Ohio St.3d 243, 246 (1990). “Merely taking advantage of another’s

financial difficulty is not duress. Rather, the person alleging financial difficulty must allege that

it was contributed to or caused by the one accused of coercion.” DiFranco v. Razakis, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 94809, 2011-Ohio-1677, ¶10.

       {¶26} Appellees have failed to establish the meritorious defense of economic duress.

Although appellees maintain they were compelled to agree to the onerous provisions of the Note,

appellees failed to allege any action taken by Praetorium that negated appellees free will in
                                                9


deciding whether to sign it. Appellees argue they had no alternative to signing the Note; this was

not, however, the proverbial Hobson’s Choice. While Praetorium may have been aware of

appellees’ necessity to acquire funds for the Project, appellees had the opportunity not to accept

the offer to execute the Note and related loan documents. Further, the record demonstrates that

appellees were represented by counsel throughout the negotiations and execution. In fact, the

cognovit note provides, in boldface type:

         AFTER CONSULTING (OR HAVING HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO
         CONSULT) WITH COUNSEL OR THEIR CHOICE, KNOWLINGLY
         AND VOLUNTARILY, AND FOR THEIR MUTUAL BENEFIT, WAIVES
         ANY RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION
         REGARDING THE PERFORMANCE OR ENFORCEMENT OF, OR IN
         ANY WAY RELATED TO, THIS NOTE OR THE INDEBTEDNESS.

         {¶27} Based on the preceding analysis, Praetorium’s fourth assignment of error is well

taken.

                                               IV.

                                   Fifth Assignment of Error

         The trial court abused its discretion in granting appellees’ motion to vacate
         because the doctrine of abatement is not a meritorious defense.

         {¶28} In the Civ.R. 60(B) motion, appellees argued there will be duplicate cases

proceeding through the state and federal court systems because of the separate suit filed by them

against Praetorium and Guardian Capital Advisors, Inc.2 Appellees argue the case sub judice

should be abated and all of the issues should be considered and resolved in the federal case.

         {¶29} “[W]hen actions involving the same subject matter and the same parties are

pending in two different Ohio courts that have concurrent jurisdiction, the court in which the


2
  Guardian Capital Advisors, Inc., entered into the initial loan commitment with Keehan
Tennessee Investment, LLC and its principals David Keehan, Donald Keehan, Jr., and Donald
Keehan Sr., to provide the $24.5 million loan to fund the Project.
                                                 10


action was first commenced has priority of jurisdiction to maintain the action, and pendency of

an action may be pleaded as a defense to bar the second court’s jurisdiction.” Commercial

Union Ins. Co. v. Wheeling Pittsburgh Corp., 106 Ohio App.3d 477, 486 (2d Dist.1995), citing

State ex rel. Maxwell v. Schneider, 103 Ohio St. 492 (1921).

       {¶30} “‘However, the fact that an action involving the same subject matter and the same

parties is pending in a court of a sister state does not have the same effect.’” Id., quoting Hoppel

v. Greater Iowa Corp., 68 Ohio App.2d 209 (9th Dist.1980). See also Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins.

Co. v. Modroo, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2004-G-2557, 2004-Ohio-4697, ¶12; Newman v.

Martinez, 4th Dist. Pike No. 15CA857, 2016-Ohio-647, ¶18.

       {¶31} Praetorium obtained a cognovit judgment from the Lorain County Court of

Common Pleas in Ohio. Many of the rights and defenses available to the maker of a promissory

note are not available to the maker of a cognovit note. Many of those rights and defenses have

been waived, including the right to a jury trial. Pursuant to R.C. 2323.13(A), the Lorain County

Court of Common Pleas has jurisdiction over these cognovit claims. When that case was filed,

the other suit instituted by appellee was pending in federal court. Federal courts do not have

“concurrent” jurisdiction over the suit related to the cognovit judgment. Further, this court has

addressed this argument in Keehan, supra, at ¶42-47.

       {¶32} Praetorium’s fifth assignment of error is well taken.

                                            V.

       {¶33} Based on the opinion of this court, the judgment of the Lorain County Court of

Common Pleas is hereby affirmed in part and reversed in part; and the matter is remanded for

proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                                                11


                                                                          Judgment affirmed in part,
                                                                                   reversed in part,
                                                                                     and remanded.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of

this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellees.



                                                     TIMOTHY P. CANNON
                                                     FOR THE COURT


SCHAFER, J.
CONCURS.

CARR, P. J.
DISSENTS.

(Cannon, J., of the Eleventh District Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.)

APPEARANCES:

RICHARD W. CLINE and JOSEPH M. MUSKA, Attorneys at Law, for Appellant.

ROBERT R. KRACHT and CHARLES J. PAWLUKIEWICZ, Attorneys at Law, for Appellees.
