            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS


 ABRAHAM GREER, individually and as personal                        UNPUBLISHED
 representative of the ESTATE OF SANDRA                             February 18, 2020
 GREER,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                                  No. 345698
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
 DETROIT WATER AND SEWERAGE                                         LC No. 16-102832-02
 DEPARTMENT,

                Defendant-Appellant,

 and

 JAMES G. FAUSONE and MICHAEL
 EINHEUSER,

                Defendants.


Before: MURRAY, C.J., and SWARTZLE and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        This action involves claims of negligence and inverse condemnation against defendant, the
City of Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD), for property damage and physical
injury allegedly resulting from repeated sewer backups into the home of Abraham and Sandra
Greer. The DWSD appeals as of right the trial-court order denying its motion for summary
disposition, which was brought under MCR 2.116(C)(7) (governmental immunity and statute of
limitations) and MCR 2.116(C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact). We affirm.
                                       I. BACKGROUND

         This case arose from alleged backups from the DWSD’s sewage-disposal system into the
Greers’ basement at 15739 Manor in Detroit, Michigan. The Greers allegedly experienced these
backups for over 20 years, resulting in water damage to their home, as well as severe mold
infiltration, which they allege caused Sandra’s death. Beginning in 2000, the Greers made


                                               -1-
numerous complaints to the DWSD regarding the backups. The DWSD investigated the
complaints, but repeatedly indicated that there were no failed or blocked sections in the main-
sewer line servicing the home. The DWSD maintained that the water intrusion was related to the
Greers’ private-sewer connection, not the main-sewer line owned and operated by the DWSD.

        Over many years, Sandra suffered from chronic health issues, including type-II diabetes,
hypertension, obesity, chronic-sleep apnea, stage-IV chronic-renal failure, and congestive-heart
failure. The record indicates that she suffered from various medical conditions before she was
allegedly exposed to toxic mold in her home. In 2016, Sandra died from “severe hypertension due
to a pulmonary edema as a consequence of end-stage renal disease.” After her death, Abraham
Greer, individually and as personal representative of Sandra’s estate, filed this action asserting a
claim of negligence and a claim of inverse condemnation. Broadly speaking, the negligence claim
consisted of two separate claims, one for injuries related to the property damage and one for
injuries related to Sandra’s medical conditions and eventual death.

         The DWSD brought a motion for summary disposition asserting that it was immune from
liability under the Governmental Immunity Act (“the Act”), MCL 691.1401 et seq. The DWSD
argued that plaintiff could not establish the requisite elements of the sewage-disposal-system-event
exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1417(2). The DWSD also maintained that
plaintiff’s claim relating to Sandra’s personal injury was time-barred and that plaintiff could not
establish a claim of inverse condemnation.

        In support of their respective positions, both parties relied on video inspections and reports
of the main-sewer line servicing the Greers’ home, which revealed heavy root infiltration in the
sewer downstream of the Greers. In addition, both parties relied on a proposal by Inland Waters
Pollution Control, Inc. (IWPC) to reconstruct several of the sewer pipes. The IWPC proposal
indicated that there was “severe root infestation through the joints and services” of various sewer
pipes. Plaintiff relied on the IWPC proposal to show that the sewage-disposal system maintained
by the DWSD had a “defect” that caused the backups onto the Greers’ property. The DWSD relied
on the same proposal to show that the root infiltration was located in the private-service
connections, not in the main-sewer line owned and operated by the DWSD.

       This distinction is pertinent because, under the sewage-disposal-system-event exception to
governmental immunity, a governmental agency is not liable for a backup onto a plaintiff’s
property if an obstruction in a service lead that was not caused by a governmental agency was a
“substantial proximate cause” of the overflow or backup. MCL 691.1416(k)(i); MCL 691.1417.
A “service lead” is statutorily defined as “an instrumentality that connects an affected property . . .
to the sewage disposal system and that is neither owned nor maintained by a governmental
agency.” MCL 691.1416(i). Thus, to the extent the backups onto the Greers’ property resulted
from an obstruction in their private-service connection to the main-sewer line, or in other property
owners’ private-service connections to the main-sewer line, the DWSD would not be liable under
the Act.

        The DWSD investigated the Greers’ complaints of backups on multiple occasions over the
years, and consistently claimed that there was nothing wrong with the main-sewer line. In 2000,
a video taken by closed-circuit camera revealed that “there were no failed or blocked sections
found” in the main-sewer line and the DWSD advised plaintiff to have the private-service line

                                                 -2-
“rodded.” In 2004, the DWSD determined that the damage alleged by the Greers “was not caused
by any defect in the sewage disposal system owned or operated by the City of Detroit.” In 2006,
the DWSD “cleaned and televised the public line,” found “no failed or blocked sections,” and
concluded that “the sewage problem at your home is the property owner’s responsibility.” In 2011,
the DWSD investigated and identified no “defects in its sewer system that caused flooding of
basements” and concluded that “the cause of your backup on your property was not a result of a
blockage or any defect in the sewer system.” Yet, the DWSD’s inspections of its own sewer
system is not the only evidence in this case.

       Plaintiff’s claim is premised on the alleged existence of severe root infiltration in the sewer
system. Plaintiff alleged in the complaint and asserted in the response to the DWSD’s motion for
summary disposition that it was “indisputable that there existed substantial defects within the
sewage disposal system” as set forth by the IWPC in a 2012 proposal provided to the DWSD. This
proposal stated, in relevant part:

       Pursuant to your departmental request, made . . . on 02/21/2012, we are pleased to
       provide the following proposal for CIPP reconstruction of three 12-inch, one 15-
       inch, one 18-inch and one 20-inch sewer pipes on ER-217W. These sewers have
       been cleaned and televised previously. ER-217W is located at 15739 Manor.
       Accordingly, the work for this ER release is identified within the proposal below.
       This ER was called in to investigate the customer complaint of water in
       basement. From video inspection, it was observed that all sewers have severe
       root infestation problem through joints and services. It is recommended that
       the sewers be lined using CIPP to permanently curb the root growth in main
       sewer. [Emphasis in original.]

Thus, even though the main-sewer line had been “cleaned and televised previously,” the IWPC
nonetheless discovered a “severe root infestation problem.” In 2012, the IWPC performed the
repair work on the sewer line; a preprinted-utilities notice dated April 10, 2012 indicated that
IWPC was working in the area “to reconstruct certain troubled sewer lines.”

        To illustrate the severity of the root problem in the sewer line servicing the Greers’ home,
plaintiff also relied on pictures that were apparently from a video inspection performed in 2012 of
two service connections at addresses located 195.92 and 204.08 feet downstream of their home.
These pictures showed those service connections with heavy roots (90% and 95% blockages,
respectively) within 8 inches of the joint. Plaintiff argued at the motion hearing that these pictures
were egregious and clearly showed that the city’s sewer lines in this area were completely “clogged
by roots and infestation that had grown and really all this is . . . is a failure to maintain.”

        The DWSD argued that the video footage referenced in the 2012 proposal did not show
any defects or obstructions restricting the flow of water in the main sewer, but only showed roots
in service connections. The 2012 video footage, however, is not included as part of the trial court
record (with the exception of the pictures noted above).

        In addition to the 2012 proposal, plaintiff also relied on an earlier, July 2006 video-
inspection by IWPC of the main-sewer line at 15739 Manor. The inspection started at the manhole
19.80 feet upstream showing heavy root infiltration (90% to 100% blockages) in several service

                                                 -3-
connections at addresses located 117.50, 158.60, 182.80, 275.70, and 316.30 feet downstream from
the Greers’ home. The proposal did not, however, specifically identify any heavy roots at the
service connection of the Greers’ property.

        Plaintiff also directed the trial court to evidence provided by one of their neighboring
property owners, Joseph Ensley, who owned the home just south or downstream of the Greers’
home. Ensley stated that he also experienced backups over many years, from 1971 to 2012. Ensley
had his service connection “snaked” and there were no obstructions found. Ensley’s flooding
issues apparently dissipated in 2012, the same year that the DWSD had repair work performed on
the main-sewer line.

         Yet, as the DWSD pointed out, Ensley’s problems were less extensive than those of the
Greers. Unlike Ensley, the Greers continued to experience backups into their basement, even after
the 2012 repairs to the main-sewer line, which suggests that something other than an issue in the
main-sewer line may have caused or contributed to the backups experienced by the Greers.
Plaintiff also repeatedly asserted that the backups occurred in all types of weather conditions,
including heavy rain, light rain, snow, changes of season, or even on perfectly sunny, dry days,
which would be consistent with an obstruction blocking the flow in their own private-service line,
while Ensley indicated that he experienced backups “after a heavy rain,” which would tend to be
more consistent with a blockage in the main-sewer line. There is no evidence that the Greers,
unlike Ensley, ever had their service connection inspected or “snaked” to rule out any issue in their
own private-service line that might have obstructed the water flow from their home into the main
sewer. There is also no evidence that the DWSD televised the Greers’ private-service line to prove
that it was, in fact, obstructed.

       Finally, plaintiff relied on evidence showing that the Greers’ home suffered property
damage because of a severe mold infestation allegedly caused by the repeated instances of sewer
backups. This evidence included an environmental report identifying the serious mold issue in the
home, pictures showing the home’s property damage, and quotes from repair companies to
remediate the mold and repair the water damage. Notably, environmental testing revealed a serious
mold issue because of the flooding in the basement, noting “extensive water damage and
subsequent bacteria/fungal (mold) growth” and “severely elevated Aspergillus/Penicillium
candida (almost 13 times higher) when compared to the outdoor sample.” The inspection
recommended the use of face respirators and protective suits when working in the basement and
concluded that the issue should be addressed immediately with proper remediation.

        The trial court denied the DWSD’s motion for summary disposition, generally concluding
that questions of fact existed regarding plaintiff’s claims. This appeal followed.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Summary disposition is appropriate under MCR 2.116(C)(7) if a plaintiff’s claims are
barred by governmental immunity. Cannon Twp v Rockford Public Schools, 311 Mich App 403,
414; 875 NW2d 242 (2015). We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary


                                                -4-
disposition. Id. The application of governmental immunity is a question of law that we also review
de novo. Pierce v Lansing, 265 Mich App 174, 176; 694 NW2d 65 (2005).

                  B. SEWAGE-DISPOSAL-SYSTEM-EVENT EXCEPTION
                              TO GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY

         Under MCL 691.1401 et seq., governmental agencies enjoy “broad immunity from tort
liability . . . whenever they are engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.”
Plunkett v Dep’t of Transp, 286 Mich App 168, 181; 779 NW2d 263 (2009) (cleaned up); see also
MCL 691.1401(a), (d), (e); 691.1407(1). The Legislature enacted several exceptions to
governmental immunity, and those exceptions are the only means by which an individual may
bring a tort claim against a governmental agency. Lash v Traverse City, 479 Mich 180, 195; 735
NW2d 628 (2007).

         At issue in this case is the so-called sewage-disposal-system-event exception, set forth at
MCL 691.1417(2). This exception “abrogate[s] common law exceptions, if any, to immunity for
the overflow or backup of a sewage disposal system and provide[s] the sole remedy for obtaining
any form of relief for damages or physical injuries caused by a sewage disposal system event
regardless of the legal theory.” Willett v Waterford Charter Twp, 271 Mich App 38, 46; 718 NW2d
386 (2006) (cleaned up). Under this exception, “[a] governmental agency is immune from tort
liability for the overflow or backup of a sewage disposal system unless the overflow or backup is
a sewage disposal system event and the governmental agency is an appropriate governmental
agency.” MCL 691.1417(2).

        There is no question on appeal that the DWSD is an “appropriate governmental agency.”
MCL 691.1416(b). “A ‘sewage disposal system event’ is defined, in pertinent part, as ‘the
overflow or backup of a sewage disposal system onto real property.’ ” Willett, 271 Mich App at
48, quoting MCL 691.1416(k). Meanwhile, the term “sewage disposal system” means “all
interceptor sewers, storm sewers, sanitary sewers, combined sanitary and storm sewers, sewage
treatment plants, and all other plants, works, instrumentalities, and properties used or useful in
connection with collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage and industrial wastes, and includes
a storm water drain system under the jurisdiction of a governmental agency.” MCL 691.1416(j).

         To bring a claim under the sewage-disposal-system-event exception, a claimant must prove
all of the following elements:

       (1) that the claimant suffered property damage or physical injuries caused by a
       sewage disposal system event;

       (2) that the governmental agency against which the claim is made is an appropriate
       governmental agency;

       (3) that the sewage disposal system had a defect;

       (4) that the governmental agency knew, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence
       should have known, about the defect;

                                                -5-
       (5) that the governmental agency, having the legal authority to do so, failed to take
       reasonable steps in a reasonable amount of time to repair, correct, or remedy the
       defect;

       (6) that the defect was a substantial proximate cause of the event and the property
       damage or physical injury;

       (7) reasonable proof of ownership and the value of any damaged personal property;
       and

       (8) that the claimant provided notice to the governmental agency of the claim as set
       forth in MCL 691.1419. [Cannon Twp, 311 Mich App at 415-416 (cleaned up).]

“A plaintiff must satisfy all of these elements to survive a motion for summary disposition based
on governmental immunity.” Id. at 416, citing Willett, 271 Mich App at 50.

        With respect to plaintiff’s negligence claims, the DWSD argues that there is no issue of
fact on whether (1) its sewer system had a defect; (2) it knew, or should have known about any
defect; (3) it failed to take reasonable steps in a reasonable amount of time to repair any defect;
and (4) any defect was a substantial proximate cause of the backups and the resulting property
damage or personal injury. As we explain, there are issues of fact on all of these matters with the
exception of whether any defect was a substantial proximate cause of Sandra’s medical conditions
and death.

                      C. PROPERTY-DAMAGE NEGLIGENCE CLAIM

                                           1. DEFECT

        The DWSD first argues that plaintiff failed to establish an issue of fact on whether the
sewer system had a defect. The Legislature defined “defect” as “a construction, design,
maintenance, operation, or repair defect.” MCL 691.1416(e). The DWSD argues that it repeatedly
told the Greers that the backups that occurred at their home were caused by “significant growth of
roots” in their own private-service lead, not any defect in the main-sewer line. Noting that the
maintenance of private-service leads is the responsibility of the property owner, the DWSD argues
that plaintiff is not entitled to proceed under the sewage-disposal-system-event exception to
governmental immunity.

        As outlined above, plaintiff provided evidence regarding the condition of the main-sewer
line in 2006 and 2012. Considering the heavy roots that IWPC observed in the main-sewer line at
several service connections immediately downstream from the Greers’ home, it can be reasonably
inferred that root growth had infiltrated the main-sewer line by 2012 and could have potentially
obstructed flow in the line so as to cause the contents of the main-sewer line to back up and flood
the private-service connections upstream.

        And, from IWPC’s 2012 proposal to reconstruct the sewer lines, indicating that “all sewers
have severe root infestation problem through joints and services” and recommending using a CIPP
lining “to permanently curb the root growth in main sewer,” it could be reasonably inferred that
the root growth did, in fact, worsen from 2006 to 2012. Moreover, the fact that the DWSD
                                                -6-
responded to the root-infiltration problem identified in the video inspection by performing the
repairs in 2012 could be considered circumstantial evidence that the DWSD viewed the root
infiltration as a fault, shortcoming, or imperfection in its sewer line, i.e., a defect requiring
maintenance. See Willett, 271 Mich App at 51-52 (“Defendant’s response to the obstruction
indicates that it viewed the obstruction as a fault or a defect requiring immediate maintenance.”).

        On this record, including the severity and location of the root infiltration problem in 2012
(in the main line or in the service connections) and the remedial measures that the DWSD
apparently took to “permanently curb the root growth in [the] main sewer,” we conclude that
reasonable minds could differ regarding whether the root infiltration constituted a maintenance
defect under MCL 691.1417(3)(b) for which the DWSD could be liable. Id. at 52.

        Relatedly, the DWSD argues that roots are “foreign objects” that could not constitute a
defect under the Act because they have no relation to the construction, design, maintenance,
operation, or repair of the sewage disposal system. In support, the DWSD refers this Court to
Willett. The portion of the opinion cited by the DWSD, however, is the description of the trial
court’s decision in that case. Id. at 44. The issue in Willett was “whether a foreign object believed
to be concrete or asphalt introduced into the sewer system by an unknown third party creating an
obstruction in the sewer constitutes a maintenance defect.” Id. at 51. This Court concluded that
“the obstruction of the sewer constituted a defect,” regardless of fault. Id. at 52. Thus, as this
Court specifically held, “[T]he trial court erred in finding, as a matter of law, that the obstruction
by a foreign object did not constitute a defect.” Id. Similarly, the existence of root infiltration,
even if not the DWSD’s fault, could constitute a “defect” under the Act. Accordingly, the DWDS
was not entitled to summary disposition on this basis.

                      2. REASONABLE STEPS IN REASONABLE TIME

        The DWSD next argues that plaintiff failed to establish that it failed to take reasonable
steps in a reasonable amount of time to repair, correct, or remedy the root infiltration. Plaintiff
presented evidence that the DWSD was aware that the service connections immediately
downstream of the Greers’ home had a root-infiltration problem as early as 2006, as evidenced by
the IWPC inspection report. In early 2012, IWPC characterized the root-infiltration problem as
“severe” in “all sewers” and “through joints and services,” prompting the company’s
recommendation to reconstruct several sewers using CIPP lining to “permanently curb the root
growth in [the] main sewer.” In April 2012, IWPC performed the work. Accordingly, as the
DWDS asserts, it did take action to remedy the root-infiltration problem in 2012.

        Yet, given the video inspection revealing service connections with heavy roots as early as
2006, reasonable minds could differ regarding whether the DWDS failed to take reasonable steps
in a reasonable amount of time (over six years) to curb the root infiltration, in light of the location
and severity of the root growth. Moreover, plaintiff contends that problems continued after the
IWPC work in 2012. As there is a factual question on whether root infiltration was a defect in the
DWSD line, there is similarly a factual question on whether the DWSD “failed to take reasonable
steps in a reasonable amount of time to repair, correct, or remedy the defect.” MCL
691.1417(3)(d).



                                                 -7-
                            3. SUBSTANTIAL PROXIMATE CAUSE

        With respect to causation, the DWSD argues that there is no evidence that its line was a
substantial proximate cause of the property damage at the Greers’ home or Sandra’s medical
conditions and death. Taking the property damage first, the DWSD argues that such damage
resulted from the Greers’ private-service line. In support, the DWSD cites its numerous responses
to the Greers’ complaints made over the years. The DWSD claims that each time it investigated,
it did not find a blockage or other problem in its system. Additionally, the DWSD points to
IWPC’s 2006 video inspection, which did not indicate any obstructions or defects restricting the
flow in the main-sewer line maintained by the DWSD, but showed several service connections at
addresses downstream with roots, some “heavy” (90% to 100% blockages). Yet, pictures from
IWPC’s 2012 inspection of the sewer line show heavy roots infiltrating the service connections
downstream of the Greers’ home and noted heavy roots within eight inches of the joints, which at
least suggests that the heavy root infiltration was located in the connections to the main-sewer line.

        The fact that a close neighbor also experienced severe water problems caused not by his
own service line, but purportedly by the main-service line, is also some circumstantial evidence
that plaintiff’s problems were similarly caused. The circumstantial inference is not crystal clear,
however, given that the neighbor’s problems cleared up after the DWSD had work performed in
2012, but plaintiff’s problems allegedly continued. But, this is a matter for a fact-finder to resolve,
not one for an appellate court.

         While “[c]ircumstantial evidence may be sufficient to establish a case,” Karbel v Comerica
Bank, 247 Mich App 90, 97; 635 NW2d 69 (2001) (cleaned up), “[t]o be adequate, a plaintiff’s
circumstantial proof must facilitate reasonable inferences . . . not mere speculation,” Yoost v
Caspari, 295 Mich App 209, 228; 813 NW2d 783 (2012) (cleaned up). Viewed in the light most
favorable to plaintiff, there are questions of fact as to the existence of significant root infiltration
in the service connections downstream from the Greers’ property in 2006, and significant
infiltration “through joints and services” in 2012. Read in that same light, the DWSD’s actions in
2012, intended to “permanently curb the root growth in [the] main sewer,” further suggests that
there was significant root growth in the main-sewer line.

        In sum, the facts of this case could support various conclusions regarding the cause of the
Greers’ repeated backups. A reasonable trier of fact could conclude that severe root infiltration in
the main-sewer line was a proximate cause of the Greers’ repeated backups. A reasonable trier of
fact could conversely conclude that root infiltration or some other obstruction or defect in the
Greers’ own private-service line was a proximate cause of the backups. A reasonable trier of fact
could even conclude that defects in both the main-sewer line and the Greers’ own private-sewer
line contributed in various measures to the backups. The term “substantial proximate cause”
means at least 50% of the cause, MCL 691.1416(l), and it is not for this Court to make factual
findings regarding what percentage of fault lies with which party. Viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to plaintiff, an issue of fact exists on whether root infiltration in the DWSD’s
main-sewer line was a substantial proximate cause of the Greers’ repeated sewer backups.
Therefore, the trial court properly denied the DWSD’s motion for summary disposition on
plaintiff’s negligence claim related to property damage.



                                                  -8-
                        D. PERSONAL-INJURY NEGLIGENCE CLAIM

        On appeal, the DWSD argues that plaintiff provided insufficient evidence linking Sandra’s
health conditions and death to any “defect” in its sewer line. The DWSD therefore argues that this
Court should conclude that the trial court erred by not granting summary disposition to the DWDS
on plaintiff’s personal-injury negligence claim. Although the DWSD raises this argument on
appeal, it did not raise this argument in the trial court in any substantive way, and the trial court
did not consider or rule on any issue related to the personal-injury claim. Generally, an issue is
not properly preserved if it is not raised before the trial court. Walters v Nadell, 481 Mich 377,
387; 751 NW2d 431 (2008). Appellate consideration of unpreserved claims of error is disfavored.
People v Frazier, 478 Mich 231, 241; 733 NW2d 713 (2007). Because this issue is not preserved
for appeal, we decline to address it.

       E. INVERSE-CONDEMNATION AND STATUTE-OF-LIMITATIONS CLAIMS

        Lastly, the DWSD asks us to review the denial of its dispositive motion on plaintiff’s
inverse-condemnation claim and the denial of its motion on grounds of the statute of limitations.
We decline to do so. The DWSD filed this appeal as of right under MCR 7.202(6)(a)(v). Under
that rule, a “final order” includes “an order denying a motion for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(10) based on a claim of governmental immunity.” A governmental entity does not enjoy
immunity from a constitutional claim, like one for inverse-condemnation. See Electro-Tech, Inc
v HF Campbell Co, 433 Mich 57, 91 n 38; 445 NW2d 61 (1989); Wiggins v Burton, 291 Mich App
532, 574 n 9; 805 NW2d 517 (2011). Plaintiff’s claim for inverse-condemnation and the DWSD’s
defense under the statute of limitations are outside the scope of this appeal as of right, and therefore
we will not review these issues. Pierce, 265 Mich App at 182-183.

       Affirmed.



                                                               /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                               /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
                                                               /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




                                                  -9-
