                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



WILLIAM I. RAMANAUSKAS,                                              UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     May 14, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 322962
                                                                     Oakland Circuit Court
BLUE HORSESHOE HOLDING COMPANY and                                   LC No. 2014-139688-CZ
JOSEPH R. HENNINGER III,

               Defendants-Appellees.


Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and JANSEN and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff appeals by leave granted1 the trial court’s order denying his motion for a
preliminary injunction in this fraud action. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused
its discretion by making a legal error when it denied his motion on the ground that he “waited til
[sic] the last minute” to attempt to redeem his house despite the fact that plaintiff still acted
within the statutory redemption period. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm.

                                  I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s decision whether to grant
injunctive relief. Thermatool Corp v Borzym, 227 Mich App 366, 372; 575 NW2d 334 (1998).
“The exercise of this discretion may not be arbitrary, but rather must be in accordance with the
fixed principles of equity jurisdiction and the evidence in the case.” Davis v Detroit Fin Review
Team, 296 Mich App 568, 612; 821 NW2d 896 (2012). An abuse of discretion exists when the
decision is outside the range of principled outcomes, Detroit Fire Fighters Ass’n v Detroit, 482
Mich 18, 28; 753 NW2d 579 (2008), and it may arise from the trial court’s misunderstanding of
controlling legal principles, Davis, 296 Mich App at 612-613. The trial court’s findings related
to the preliminary injunction are reviewed for clear error. Int’l Union, United Auto, Aerospace &
Agricultural Implement Workers of America v Michigan, 231 Mich App 549, 551; 587 NW2d



1
  Ramanauskas v Blue Horseshoe Holding Co, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals,
entered September 15, 2014 (Docket No. 322962).


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821 (1998). Issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. Williams v Enjoi Transp
Solutions, 307 Mich App 182, 185; 858 NW2d 530 (2014).

                                          II. ANALYSIS

        Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a preliminary
injunction because it implicitly concluded, in error, that he had failed to show a likelihood of
success on the merits of his fraud claim. We conclude that although plaintiff established a
likelihood of success on the merits of his fraud claim, the trial court properly denied the motion
because plaintiff failed to show a risk irreparable harm from the denial of a preliminary
injunction.

       Generally, the procedure for obtaining a preliminary injunction is set forth in MCR
3.310(A), which provides, in pertinent part, that “the party seeking injunctive relief has the
burden of establishing that a preliminary injunction should be issued.” MCR 3.310(A)(4). The
purpose of a preliminary injunction is “to preserve the status quo pending a final hearing,
enabling the rights of the parties to be determined without injury to either party.” Pharm
Research & Mfrs of America v Dep’t of Community Health, 254 Mich App 397, 402; 657 NW2d
162 (2002).

        Injunctive relief is an extraordinary remedy that should issue only when justice requires.
Pontiac Fire Fighters Union Local 376 v Pontiac, 482 Mich 1, 8; 753 NW2d 595 (2008). When
determining whether to grant a plaintiff’s request for a preliminary injunction, a trial court must
consider four factors: “(1) the likelihood that the party seeking the injunction will prevail on the
merits, (2) the danger that the party seeking the injunction will suffer irreparable harm if the
injunction is not issued, (3) the risk that the party seeking the injunction would be harmed more
by the absence of an injunction than the opposing party would be by the granting of the relief,
and (4) the harm to the public interest if the injunction is issued.” Davis, 296 Mich App at 613.

              A. PLAINTIFF’S LIKELIHOOD OF SUCCESS ON THE MERITS

       Regarding the first factor—the likelihood of prevailing on the merits—the underlying
question is whether plaintiff’s failure to redeem the property was the result of fraud on the part of
one or more defendants. The trial court erred when it seemingly found that plaintiff failed to
show a likelihood of prevailing on the merits of his fraud claim.

       MCL 600.3240 provides, in pertinent part:

               (7) Subject to [the rules related to foreclosure sales, i.e., MCL 600.3238],
       for a mortgage executed on or after January 1, 1965, of commercial or industrial
       property, or multifamily residential property in excess of 4 units, the redemption
       period is 6 months from the date of the sale.

               (8) Subject to subsections (9) to (11) and [MCL 600.3238], for a mortgage
       executed on or after January 1, 1965, of residential property not exceeding 4 units,
       if the amount claimed to be due on the mortgage at the date of the notice of
       foreclosure is more than 66-2/3% of the original indebtedness secured by the
       mortgage, the redemption period is 6 months.

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               (9) For a mortgage of residential property not exceeding 4 units, if the
       property is abandoned as determined under [MCL 600.3241], the redemption
       period is 1 month.

              (10) If the property is abandoned as determined under [MCL 600.3241a],
       the redemption period is 1 month or until the time to provide the notice required
       by [MCL 600.3241a(c)] expires, whichever is later.

               (11) Subject to [MCL 600.3238], for a mortgage of property that is used
       for agricultural purposes, the redemption period is 1 year from the date of the sale.

               (12) If subsections (7) to (11) do not apply, and subject to [MCL
       600.3238], the redemption period is 1 year from the date of the sale. [Emphasis
       added.]

Neither party disputes that the statutory redemption period applicable to the Rochester Hills
property was one year, and that the statutory redemption period in this case ended on March 19,
2014.

        The right to redeem property following a foreclosure is “a statutory, legal right” that may
be enlarged or abridged by the courts “only under unusual circumstances such as fraud.” Flynn v
Korneffel, 451 Mich 186, 201; 547 NW2d 249 (1996). In such cases, fraud must be proven by
clear and convincing evidence. Id. The elements of fraud are: “(1) the defendant made a
representation that was material, (2) the representation was false, (3) the defendant knew the
representation was false, or his representation was made recklessly without any knowledge of the
potential truth, (4) the defendant made the representation with the intention that the plaintiff
would act on it, (5) the plaintiff actually acted in reliance, and (6) the plaintiff suffered an injury
as a result.” Stephens v Worden Ins Agency, LLC, 307 Mich App 220, 230; 859 NW2d 723
(2014). “Each of these facts must be proved with a reasonable degree of certainty, and all of
them must be found to exist; the absence of any one of them is fatal to a recovery.” Cooper v
Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 481 Mich 399, 408; 751 NW2d 443 (2008). That said, fraud may be
established by circumstantial evidence. Foodland Distrib v Al-Naimi, 220 Mich App 453, 458;
559 NW2d 379 (1996).

        Plaintiff offered proof—by way of the affidavit of his previous attorney, Arthur J. Rose
III (“Rose”)—that conversations between Rose and defendant Joseph R. Henninger
(“Henninger”) persuaded Rose to wait to give the redemption check to Henninger personally,
instead of filing it with the Oakland County Register of Deeds, based purely on Henninger’s own
preference. To this end, Henninger made a representation that he would be at Rose’s office
shortly after their initial conversation on March 19, 2014, the last day of the statutory redemption
period, and his representation was material because plaintiff’s transfer of the redemption funds
was the only necessary step remaining before plaintiff could redeem the Rochester Hills
property. Thus plaintiff has adequately established the first element of a fraud claim.

      Second, plaintiff has adequately established, by way of circumstantial evidence, id., that
Henninger’s assertion that he would meet Rose at Rose’s office on March 19, 2014, was false
and Henninger knew it was false when he made it, Stephens, 307 Mich App at 230. In Rose’s

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affidavit, he alleged that Henninger continued to lead him to believe that Henninger was on the
way to his office, until approximately 4:15 p.m., when it was no longer possible for Rose to
deliver the redemption check to the Oakland County Register of Deeds office from Rose’s office
in Warren, Michigan. At that time, Henninger ceased all communications with Rose, thereby
giving plaintiff no reasonable possibility of redemption. While plaintiff has provided no direct
evidence that Henninger knew the statements were false, “questions concerning the state of one’s
mind, including intent, motivation, or knowledge can be proven by circumstantial evidence.”
Bergen v Baker, 264 Mich App 376, 387; 691 NW2d 770 (2004). Based upon the timing of
Henninger’s swift change of plans, coupled with his complete cessation of further
communications until the redemption period had passed, plaintiff has provided sufficient
evidence to prove that his representation to Rose was false, and he knew it to be false, thereby
supporting elements (2) and (3) of his fraud claim. Stephens, 307 Mich App at 230.

        Next, plaintiff clearly showed that Henninger made his representations to Rose with the
intention of Rose and plaintiff acting on them. Id. While the meeting was supposed to take
place on the afternoon of the last day of the redemption period, the meeting was scheduled
because of Henninger’s desire to receive the redemption funds directly. Rose waited at his office
for Henninger’s arrival, and Henninger’s statements that he was “leaving for [Rose’s] office in
five minutes,” and asking which driving route he should take, were clearly designed to ease any
concerns Rose had about the exchange of funds and cause him to stay at his office. Therefore, it
is clear that Henninger intended for Rose, who was acting in a representative capacity for
plaintiff, to rely on his statements, and that Rose actually did rely on Henninger’s statements,
satisfying elements (4) and (5) of his fraud claim. Id.

        Finally, defendant adequately supported the requisite showing that he suffered an injury
as a result of his reliance on Henninger’s statements. Id. Regarding this element, defendants
claim that, while plaintiff obviously suffered an injury because he was unable to redeem the
Rochester Hills property, plaintiff is unable to show that he suffered an injury as a result of his
reliance on Henninger’s statements. To this end, defendants cite an unpublished opinion of this
Court for the proposition that plaintiff could have redeemed the Rochester Hills property by
simply mailing a check to the Oakland County Register of Deeds or to defendants on March 19,
2014, the last day of the redemption period. Unpublished opinions of this Court are not
precedentially binding, MCR 7.215(C)(1), and regardless of whether we are persuaded by its
holding that plaintiff could have redeemed the property by mailing a check to either defendants
or the Register of Deeds, it is irrelevant to the determination of the cause of plaintiff’s injury.
Even if plaintiff knew that he could have mailed the check on March 19, 2014, to redeem the
property, the proceedings below unequivocally showed that plaintiff was waiting to tender the
money to Henninger in person, per Henninger’s request. Plaintiff, apparently in good faith,
agreed to personal delivery of the redemption funds to Henninger, and he was led to believe that
Henninger would arrive at Rose’s office on the afternoon of March 19, 2014. When Henninger
failed to arrive, after the Register of Deeds office and post office had closed, plaintiff suffered
harm directly traceable to Henninger’s statements. Therefore, plaintiff has shown that he
suffered injury as a result of Henninger’s statements, and has shown a likelihood of success on
the merits of his fraud claim. Stephens, 307 Mich App at 230.




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                                   B. IRREPARABLE HARM

        The second factor a trial court must consider before granting a preliminary injunction is
“the danger that the party seeking the injunction will suffer irreparable harm if the injunction is
not issued.” Davis, 296 Mich App at 613. A showing of irreparable harm is considered an
indispensable requirement before a preliminary injunction can issue. AFSCME Council 25 v
Woodhaven-Brownstown School Dist, 293 Mich App 143, 149; 809 NW2d 444 (2011). This
factor requires a particularized showing of irreparable harm. Pontiac Fire Fighters, 482 Mich at
9.    “In order to establish irreparable injury, the moving party must demonstrate a
noncompensable injury for which there is no legal measurement of damages or for which
damages cannot be determined with a sufficient degree of certainty.” Thermatool Corp, 227
Mich App at 377. The injury must be actual, certain and great, id., and cannot be the mere
apprehension of a future injury, AFSCME Council, 293 Mich App at 149. “ ‘Equally important
is that a preliminary injunction should not issue where an adequate legal remedy is available.’ ”
Id., quoting Pontiac Fire Fighters, 482 Mich at 9. “[I]rreparable injury is not established by
showing economic injury because such an injury can be remedied by damages at law.” Alliance
for Mentally Ill of Mich v Dep’t of Community Health, 231 Mich App 647, 664; 588 NW2d 133
(1998).

        Plaintiff is correct that real property, such as the land on which the Rochester Hills home
sits, can be inherently unique, and therefore, equitable remedies are generally permitted to
protect a party’s interest in the land. See, e.g., In re Smith Trust, 480 Mich 19, 26-27; 745 NW2d
754 (2008) (noting that “[l]and is presumed to have a unique and peculiar value, and contracts
involving the sale of land are generally subject to specific performance”). However,
contemporaneous with the filing of the complaint, plaintiff filed a notice of lis pendens with the
trial court. A notice of lis pendens establishes “constructive notice to a purchaser of any real
estate” that the real estate is the subject of pending litigation, MCL 600.2701(1), and is
“designed to warn persons who deal with property while it is in litigation that they are charged
with notice of the rights of their vendor’s antagonist,” Richards v Tibaldi, 272 Mich App 522,
536; 726 NW2d 770 (2006). “A purchaser who acquires property after the commencement of a
suit and the filing of a notice of lis pendens is bound by the proceedings because ‘[o]ne may not
purchase any portion of the subject matter of litigation and thereby defeat the object of suit.’ ”
Id., quoting Provident Mut Life Ins Co of Philadelphia v Vinton Co, 282 Mich 84; 275 NW 776
(1937).

        Plaintiff’s motion requested that defendants be enjoined from “selling, transferring, or
altering in anyway [sic] the property located at 645 Apple Hill Lane, Rochester Hills, Michigan.”
The notice of lis pendens negates the possibility of irreparable harm resulting from defendants’
sale or transfer of the Rochester Hills property because the notice of lis pendens currently in
place serves to preserve plaintiff’s interest in the property and would require the return of the
property to plaintiff. Richards, 272 Mich App 536. Further, any harm caused by defendants’
alteration of the property could be remedied with monetary damages, a legal remedy. Therefore,
plaintiff is unable to show either that he is at risk of irreparable harm as a result of defendants’
sale or transfer of the property, Pontiac Fire Fighters, 482 Mich at 9, or that he is without a legal
remedy if defendants alter the Rochester Hills home, AFSCME Council 25, 293 Mich App at
149. Plaintiff’s failure to prove irreparable harm precludes the issuance of the injunction.


                                                -5-
                         C. COMPARATIVE HARM TO THE PARTIES

        The next factor a trial court must consider when deciding whether to issue a preliminary
injunction is the comparative harm to the parties. Davis, 296 Mich App at 613. Plaintiff is
correct that defendants have never argued that a preliminary injunction would harm them.
Further, plaintiff has alleged foreseeable harm, albeit not necessarily irreparable, if defendants
were to sell, transfer, or alter the Rochester Hills property during the pendency of the lower court
proceedings. Therefore, the comparative-harm factor supports an issuance of a preliminary
injunction.

                             D. HARM TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST

        The final factor a trial court must consider before issuing a preliminary injunction is “the
harm to the public interest if the injunction is issued.” Id. While the public-interest factor is
generally discussed in the context of union-employer disputes, this Court has noted that it also
applies in cases involving “violence or a breach of peace.” AFSCME Council, 293 Mich App at
157. That said, the instant case involves a distinctly private dispute between two individuals
regarding the foreclosure of a residential property, and does not seem to implicate any public
interests. Therefore, this factor is either not relevant to the instant dispute, or favors the issuance
of a preliminary injunction.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        While the trial court erred by implicitly finding that plaintiff did not establish a likelihood
of success on the merits, plaintiff has failed to show that he risks irreparable harm or harm
without any legal remedy. Without a showing of irreparable harm, a preliminary injunction
should not issue. Though the trial court committed legal error in implicitly finding that plaintiff
did not have a likelihood of success on the merits of his fraud claim, it properly denied plaintiff’s
motion for a preliminary injunction. “A trial court’s ruling may be upheld on appeal where the
right result issued, albeit for the wrong reason.” Gleason v Dep’t of Transp, 256 Mich App 1, 3;
662 NW2d 822, 824 (2003). The trial court reached the correct result, albeit for the wrong
reason, when it denied plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction.

         Affirmed. Defendants, having prevailed on appeal, may tax their costs pursuant to MCR
7.219.


                                                               /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
                                                               /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                               /s/ Michael F. Gadola




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