         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA


                                  September 2015 Term

                                                                   FILED

                                                               November 6, 2015

                                       No. 14-0174                released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                  RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
                                                                SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    OF WEST VIRGINIA




                              STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,

                               Plaintiff Below, Respondent



                                           V.



                               JAMES EARL NOEL, JR.,

                               Defendant Below, Petitioner



                  Appeal from the Circuit Court of Mercer County

                      Honorable Omar J. Aboulhosn, Judge

                         Criminal Action No. 13-F-330-OA


                          REVERSED AND REMANDED




                              Submitted: September 23, 2015
                                Filed: November 6, 2015

David L. White                                       Patrick Morrisey
Charleston, West Virginia                            Attorney General
Attorney for the Petitioner                          Elbert Lin
                                                     Solicitor General
                                                     Gilbert Dickey
                                                     Assistant Attorney General
                                                     Julie A. Warren
                                                     Assistant Attorney General
                                                     Charleston, West Virginia
                                                     Attorneys for the Respondent
JUSTICE DAVIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.


JUSTICES BENJAMIN AND KETCHUM concur and reserve the right to file

concurring opinions.


JUSTICE LOUGHRY dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.

                               SYLLABUS BY THE COURT




              1.      “Police officers may stop a vehicle to investigate if they have an

articulable reasonable suspicion that the vehicle is subject to seizure or a person in the vehicle

has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime.” Syllabus point 1, in part, State

v. Stuart, 192 W. Va. 428, 452 S.E.2d 886 (1994).



              2.      Pursuant to Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710, 173

L. Ed. 2d 485 (2009), police may conduct a warrantless search of a vehicle incident to a recent

occupant’s arrest only if (1) the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the

vehicle’s passenger compartment at the time of the search or (2) it is reasonable to believe that

the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest. If these justifications are absent, a

warrantless search of an arrestee’s vehicle will be unreasonable unless police obtain a warrant

or show that another exception to the warrant requirement applies.



              3.      “‘An automobile may be stopped for some legitimate state interest. Once

the vehicle is lawfully stopped for a legitimate state interest, probable cause may arise to

believe the vehicle is carrying weapons, contraband or evidence of the commission of a crime,

and, at this point, if exigent circumstances are present, a warrantless search may be made.’

Syllabus point 4, State v. Moore, 165 W. Va. 837, 272 S.E.2d 804 (1980)[, overruled on other


                                                i
grounds by State v. Julius, 185 W. Va. 422, 408 S.E.2d 1 (1991)].” Syllabus point 2, State

v. Flint, 171 W. Va. 676, 301 S.E.2d 765 (1983).




              4.     “‘A furtive gesture on the part of the occupant of a vehicle is ordinarily


insufficient to constitute probable cause to search a vehicle if it is not coupled with other


reliable causative facts to connect the gesture to the probable presence of contraband or


incriminating evidence.’ Syllabus point 5, State v. Moore, 165 W. Va. 837, 272 S.E.2d 804


(1980)[, overruled on other grounds by State v. Julius, 185 W. Va. 422, 408 S.E.2d 1


(1991)].” Syllabus point 3, State v. Flint, 171 W. Va. 676, 301 S.E.2d 765 (1983).





                                              ii

Davis, Justice:

              The petitioner herein and defendant below, James Earl Noel, Jr. (“Mr. Noel”),

appeals from a sentencing order entered January 30, 2014, by the Circuit Court of Mercer

County. By that order, as corrected by its March 18, 2014, amended sentencing order,1 the

circuit court upheld Mr. Noel’s jury convictions and sentenced him therefor as follows: one

to five years for his conviction of fleeing in a vehicle;2 one to fifteen years for his conviction

of possession with intent to deliver a schedule II controlled substance (cocaine);3 and one to

five years for his conviction of possession with intent to deliver a schedule II controlled

substance (methamphetamine),4 said sentences to run consecutively. On appeal to this Court,

Mr. Noel raises two assignments of error: (1) the circuit court erred by not suppressing

evidence discovered by the arresting officer at the time of the subject traffic stop and (2) the

circuit court erred by allowing Mr. Noel’s attorney to answer as to whether Mr. Noel intended

to testify at his trial in violation of State v. Neuman, 179 W. Va. 580, 371 S.E.2d 77 (1988).5


               1
               On March 18, 2014, the circuit court entered an amended sentencing order
which corrected the erroneous sentences set forth in its January 30, 2014, sentencing order
to accurately reflect the sentences imposed during the court’s January 16, 2014, sentencing
hearing.
               2
                See W. Va. Code § 61-5-17(f) (2012) (Supp. 2013). For further treatment of
this provision, see Section III.A., infra.
               3
                   See W. Va. Code § 60A-4-401 (2011) (Repl. Vol. 2014).
               4
                   Id.
               5
                   The parties also have submitted supplemental briefs in this case regarding the
                                                                                   (continued...)

                                                 1

Upon a review of the parties’ arguments, the record designated for appellate consideration,

and the pertinent authorities, we conclude that the search of Mr. Noel’s car was unlawful and

that the circuit court erred by not suppressing the evidence found during that search.

Accordingly, we reverse Mr. Noel’s convictions and resultant sentences and remand this case

for a new trial.



                                               I.


                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY


               On August 23, 2013, Mr. Noel was driving through the streets of downtown

Bluefield, West Virginia, when Bluefield Police Officer K.L. Adams (“Officer Adams”), who

was patrolling those streets in a police car, pulled out behind him. Mr. Noel then turned onto

a side street, and Officer Adams continued his patrol route. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Noel

exited a side street in front of Officer Adams’ cruiser, whereupon Officer Adams noticed that

Mr. Noel’s vehicle had a large, horizontal crack in the windshield, which spanned from one

side of the windshield to the other and had additional cracks radiating vertically from the main

crack. Believing the windshield cracks posed a safety hazard, Officer Adams activated his




               5
               (...continued)
recent United States Supreme Court case of Heien v. North Carolina, ___ U.S. ___, 135
S. Ct. 530, 190 L. Ed. 2d 475 (2014). Because the arresting officer neither charged nor
arrested Mr. Noel with a violation of a vehicle safety statute, we do not find this case to be
instructive to our resolution of the instant appeal. See infra Section III.

                                               2

cruiser’s lights to effectuate a stop of Mr. Noel’s vehicle.6 Rather than stopping his vehicle,

however, Mr. Noel drove away at a high rate of speed, reaching speeds of eighty to ninety

miles per hour, through residential and campus streets of Bluefield. Upon reaching a

particular residence, Mr. Noel stopped his vehicle in front of the house, exited his vehicle, and

attempted to flee on foot; shortly thereafter, Officer Adams apprehended him.



              Upon returning Mr. Noel to the location where Mr. Noel’s vehicle and Officer

Adams’ police cruiser were parked, Officer Adams asked Mr. Noel for his driver’s license;

Mr. Noel stated that he did not have a driver’s license, but produced an identification card

issued by the State of Ohio. Investigating further, Officer Adams learned that Mr. Noel’s

driver’s license had been suspended due to numerous violations. Mr. Noel additionally

claimed that he had traveled to that particular house to visit its resident, but the woman living

there said that, while she knew who Mr. Noel was, she did not know why he would be visiting

her. While Officer Adams engaged in this conversation with the home’s occupant, Mr. Noel

again attempted to flee on foot.



              Eventually, Officer Adams placed Mr. Noel in handcuffs. At this point in time,

Mr. Noel was standing next to the driver’s side door of his vehicle, and the driver’s side door



               6
               See W. Va. Code § 17C-16-2(a) (1951) (Repl. Vol. 2013). For the relevant
statutory language, see infra Section III.A.

                                               3

was open. Officer Adams later testified that Mr. Noel repeatedly glanced inside his vehicle

and at the vehicle’s center console. Apparently fearing that Mr. Noel either might have a

weapon on his person or in his vehicle that he was attempting to access, Officer Adams

searched under the vehicle’s driver’s seat and in the vehicle’s center console, where he

discovered crack cocaine and methamphetamine. At trial, Officer Adams explained that Mr.

Noel’s lack of a valid driver’s license and his repeated attempts to flee, coupled with his

knowledge that persons in custody have been known to escape police handcuffs and retrieve

a weapon, led him to search the vehicle. After placing Mr. Noel under arrest for fleeing but

before transporting him to the police station for processing, Officer Adams conducted an

inventory of Mr. Noel’s car in preparation for its impoundment; during the inventory process,

Officer Adams also discovered straws used to crush and inhale drugs and latex gloves. On

the way to the police station, Mr. Noel allegedly asked Officer Adams, “Who ratted me out?

How did you know to pull me over?” The State did not reveal this dialogue to Mr. Noel or

his attorney until right before his criminal trial was scheduled to begin. As a result of this

delayed disclosure, the trial court prohibited the State from using this statement in its case-in­

chief, but allowed it to be used for purposes of impeachment on cross-examination.



              Mr. Noel was indicted by a Mercer County grand jury on charges of fleeing in

a vehicle, possession with intent to deliver a schedule II controlled substance (cocaine), and

possession with intent to deliver a schedule II controlled substance (methamphetamine). Prior


                                                4

to trial, Mr. Noel moved to suppress the evidence Officer Adams discovered upon searching

his vehicle, arguing that no probable cause existed for either the traffic stop or the subsequent

vehicle search. The trial court denied Mr. Noel’s motion and allowed the drug evidence to

be admitted at trial. At the commencement of his jury trial on December 26, 2013, the trial

court informed Mr. Noel of his right to testify and his right to remain silent, and that the jury

would be instructed accordingly; Mr. Noel answered in the affirmative when the trial court

asked if he had understood this explanation of his rights. Thereafter, at the beginning of Mr.

Noel’s case-in-chief, the trial court asked whether Mr. Noel intended to testify, to which his

attorney replied in the negative. Upon the conclusion of the trial, the jury convicted Mr. Noel

of fleeing in a vehicle and possession with the intent to distribute cocaine and

methamphetamine. During the ensuing sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced Mr. Noel

to one to five years for his conviction of fleeing in a vehicle, one to fifteen years for his

conviction of possession with intent to deliver a schedule II controlled substance (cocaine),

and one to five years for his conviction of possession with intent to deliver a schedule II

controlled substance (methamphetamine), which sentences were memorialized by the court’s

January 30, 2014, sentencing order and its March 18, 2014, amended sentencing order.7 From

these convictions and corresponding sentences, Mr. Noel appeals to this Court.




               7
                   See supra note 1.

                                               5

                                              II.


                                STANDARD OF REVIEW


              In the case sub judice, Mr. Noel asserts two alleged errors. Because this Court’s

review of each of these issues is governed by a different standard, we will set forth the

applicable standard of review in our discussion of each issue.



                                             III.


                                       DISCUSSION


              On appeal to this Court, Mr. Noel raises two assignments of error: (1) the circuit

court erred by refusing to suppress the evidence that Officer Adams obtained from his search

of Mr. Noel’s car and (2) the circuit court violated Mr. Noel’s rights under State v. Neuman,

179 W. Va. 580, 371 S.E.2d 77 (1988), by allowing Mr. Noel’s attorney to answer whether

Mr. Noel intended to testify in his own defense at trial. We will address each of these

assigned errors in turn.



                           A. Motion to Suppress Search Evidence

              Mr. Noel first argues that the circuit court erred by denying his motion to

suppress evidence discovered during Officer Adams’ search of Mr. Noel’s vehicle. After

Officer Adams handcuffed Mr. Noel, who was standing at the open, driver’s side door of his

car, Officer Adams searched the interior of the vehicle because, he explained, he was afraid


                                               6

Mr. Noel had a weapon that he would be able to retrieve. During this search, Officer Adams

discovered evidence that led to Mr. Noel’s arrest and conviction for the two drug charges in

the case sub judice. Mr. Noel contends that the search and resultant evidence was improper

because Officer Adams did not have probable cause to effectuate a traffic stop of his vehicle.



              The State responds that the West Virginia vehicle safety statutes provided

Officer Adams with sufficient probable cause to stop Mr. Noel’s vehicle to inspect its cracked

windshield, and, after Mr. Noel fled upon the activation of Officer Adams’ patrol car lights,

additional probable cause existed to stop Mr. Noel for fleeing. The State further contends that

Officer Adams conducted a permissible search of Mr. Noel’s vehicle incident to a valid traffic

stop, and, therefore, the circuit court correctly refused to suppress the evidence discovered

during this search.



              Before reaching the merits of this assignment of error, we first must consider

the manner in which we review the denial of a motion to suppress. We previously have

enunciated this standard as follows:

                     The standard of review of a circuit court’s ruling on a
              motion to suppress is now well defined in this State. See State v.
              Farley, 192 W. Va. 247, 452 S.E.2d 50 (1994) (discussing at
              length the standard of review in a suppression determination).
              By employing a two-tier standard, we first review a circuit
              court’s findings of fact when ruling on a motion to suppress
              evidence under the clearly erroneous standard. Second, we
              review de novo questions of law and the circuit court’s ultimate

                                              7

              conclusion as to the constitutionality of the law enforcement
              action. Under the clearly erroneous standard, a circuit court’s
              decision ordinarily will be affirmed unless it is unsupported by
              substantial evidence; based on an erroneous interpretation of
              applicable law; or, in light of the entire record, this Court is left
              with a firm and definite conviction that a mistake has been made.
              See State v. Stuart, 192 W. Va. 428[, 433], 452 S.E.2d 886, 891
              (1994). When we review the denial of a motion to suppress, we
              consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
              prosecution.

State v. Lilly, 194 W. Va. 595, 600, 461 S.E.2d 101, 106 (1995) (footnotes omitted).



              Turning to Mr. Noel’s contentions, we disagree that Officer Adams did not have

sufficient cause8 to effectuate a traffic stop as a result of the severely broken windshield in

Mr. Noel’s vehicle. Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 17C-16-2(a) (1951) (Repl. Vol. 2013),

                     [t]he department of public safety may at any time upon
              reasonable cause to believe that a vehicle is unsafe or not
              equipped as required by law, or that its equipment is not in proper
              adjustment or repair, require the driver of such vehicle to stop
              and submit such vehicle to an inspection and such test with
              reference thereto as may be appropriate.

Insofar as a vehicle cannot be driven “in such unsafe condition as to endanger any person,”

W. Va. Code § 17C-15-1(a) (1951) (Repl. Vol. 2013), it is clear that Officer Adams had



               8
               We note that both Mr. Noel and the State have indicated that Officer Adams
was required to have probable cause in order to stop Mr. Noel’s vehicle. This, however, is
not the correct standard. Rather, the governing vehicle safety statute requires only
“reasonable cause,” W. Va. Code § 17C-16-2(a), and our established case law requires only
“an articulable reasonable suspicion,” Syl. pt. 1, in part, State v. Stuart, 192 W. Va. 428, 452
S.E.2d 886 (1994), to stop a vehicle.

                                               8

“reasonable cause,” W. Va. Code § 17C-16-2(a), to stop Mr. Noel’s vehicle to inspect its

windshield to determine whether such impairment was of a nature as to obstruct the driver’s

vision and render the vehicle unsafe.



               However, an independent justification also exists to provide a basis for the

traffic stop. Upon his activation of his patrol car’s lights, Officer Adams observed Mr. Noel

drive away from him, through the streets and college campus of downtown Bluefield,

reaching speeds of eighty to ninety miles per hour. Such actions on Mr. Noel’s part

constituted the crime of fleeing with reckless indifference and provided independent

justification for the subject traffic stop. See State v. Flint, 171 W. Va. 676, 681, 301 S.E.2d

765, 770 (1983) (observing that there exists “a legitimate state interest in . . . the safety of the

public [so as to] necessitate . . . the stopping of the erratically driven vehicle”). We previously

have held that “[p]olice officers may stop a vehicle to investigate if they have an articulable

reasonable suspicion that the vehicle is subject to seizure or a person in the vehicle has

committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime.” Syl. pt. 1, in part, State v. Stuart,

192 W. Va. 428, 452 S.E.2d 886 (1994). Specifically, the crime of fleeing involving reckless

indifference, with which Mr. Noel was charged and ultimately convicted, is defined as

follows:

                       A person who intentionally flees or attempts to flee in a
               vehicle from a law-enforcement officer . . . acting in his or her
               official capacity after the officer has given a clear visual or
               audible signal directing the person to stop, and who operates the

                                                 9

               vehicle in a manner showing a reckless indifference to the safety
               of others, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall
               be fined not less than $1,000 nor more than $2,000 and shall be
               imprisoned in a state correctional facility not less than one nor
               more than five years.

W. Va. Code § 61-5-17(f) (2012) (Supp. 2013).9 Having determined that sufficient cause

existed to effectuate the traffic stop, we next must determine whether the ensuing search was

permissible.



               Whether Officer Adams’ search of Mr. Noel’s vehicle was proper depends upon

the facts and circumstances surrounding the traffic stop, itself. As the United States Supreme

Court explained in Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 103 S. Ct. 3469, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1201

(1983),

                       [o]ur past cases indicate . . . that protection of police and
               others can justify protective searches when police have a
               reasonable belief that the suspect poses a danger, that roadside
               encounters between police and suspects are especially hazardous,
               and that danger may arise from the possible presence of weapons
               in the area surrounding a suspect. These principles compel our
               conclusion that the search of the passenger compartment of an
               automobile, limited to those areas in which a weapon may be
               placed or hidden, is permissible if the police officer possesses a
               reasonable belief based on “specific and articulable facts which,


               9
               In the case sub judice, we will apply the version of W. Va. Code § 61-5-17(f)
(2012) (Supp. 2013) that was in effect at the time Mr. Noel committed the offense of fleeing
in 2013. While this statute twice has been amended since that date, those changes do not
alter the definition of or the penalty for fleeing with reckless indifference set forth in
subsection (f). See W. Va. Code § 61-5-17(f) (2015) (Supp. 2015); W. Va. Code § 61-5­
17(f) (2014) (Repl. Vol. 2014).

                                                10

              taken together with the rational inferences from those facts,
              reasonably warrant” the officers in believing that the suspect is
              dangerous and the suspect may gain immediate control of
              weapons. See Terry[ v. Ohio], 392 U.S.[ 1], at 21, 88
              S. Ct.[ 1868], at 1880[, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968)]. “[T]he issue
              is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would
              be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in
              danger.” Id., at 27, 88 S. Ct., at 1883. If a suspect is
              “dangerous,” he is no less dangerous simply because he is not
              arrested. If, while conducting a legitimate Terry search of the
              interior of the automobile, the officer should . . . discover
              contraband other than weapons, he clearly cannot be required to
              ignore the contraband, and the Fourth Amendment does not
              require its suppression in such circumstances.

463 U.S. at 1049-50, 103 S. Ct. at 3480-81, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1201 (footnote and additional

citations omitted).



              More recently, the Court revisited the question of when a vehicle search incident

to a driver’s arrest is proper and reasonable under the circumstances in Arizona v. Gant, 556

U.S. 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (2009). In Gant, the Tucson Police Department

was investigating a residence believed to be involved in the sale of drugs; Mr. Gant answered

the door and informed the officers that the home’s owner would be home later that evening.

Following this encounter, the police conducted a records check and learned that Mr. Gant’s

driver’s license had been suspended and that he had an outstanding warrant for his arrest for

driving on a suspended license. Upon returning to the residence later that evening to continue

their drug investigation, the officers saw Mr. Gant also returning to the residence while

driving a car. Once Mr. Gant parked his car, the police called his name and immediately

                                              11

arrested and handcuffed him. After placing Mr. Gant in the back of a patrol car, the officers

searched his car, where they found a gun and a bag of cocaine. During his ensuing criminal

trial for possession of a narcotic drug for sale and possession of drug paraphernalia, Mr. Gant

moved to suppress the evidence discovered in his car claiming that the search of his vehicle

was unlawful. The trial court permitted the evidence to be admitted, but the Arizona Supreme

Court determined the search to be unreasonable. Id., 556 U.S. at 335-38, 129 S. Ct. 1714-16,

173 L. Ed. 2d 485.



              In considering the parties’ arguments, the Court recognized the existence of

confusion regarding the scope of the exception to the Fourth Amendment’s search warrant

requirement in cases involving a vehicle search incident to an arrest. Thus, the United States

Supreme Court revisited the issue, clarifying the parameters of such a search by holding as

follows:

              [P]olice [are authorized] to search a vehicle incident to a recent
              occupant’s arrest only when the arrestee is unsecured and within
              reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the
              search. . . .

              [W]e also conclude that circumstances unique to the vehicle
              context justify a search incident to a lawful arrest when it is
              “reasonable to believe evidence relevant to the crime of arrest
              might be found in the vehicle.”

Id., 556 U.S. at 343, 129 S. Ct. at 1719, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (footnote omitted) (quoting

Thornton v. United States, 541 U.S. 615, 632, 124 S. Ct. 2127, 2137, 158 L. Ed. 2d 905


                                              12

(2004) (Scalia, J., concurring)). With respect to the first reason for authorizing such a search,

i.e., an arrestee who is unsecured and within reaching distance of the vehicle’s passenger

compartment, the Court observed that

                       [b]ecause officers have many means of ensuring the safe
               arrest of vehicle occupants, it will be the rare case in which an
               officer is unable to fully effectuate an arrest so that a real
               possibility of access to the arrestee’s vehicle remains. But in
               such a case a search incident to arrest is reasonable under the
               Fourth Amendment.

Gant, 556 U.S. at 343 n.4, 129 S. Ct. at 1719 n.4, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (citation omitted). As

to the second justification for such a search, i.e., to retrieve evidence relevant to the crime for

which the arrestee has been arrested, the Court noted that,

               [i]n many cases, as when a recent occupant is arrested for a
               traffic violation, there will be no reasonable basis to believe the
               vehicle contains relevant evidence. But in others, . . . , the
               offense of arrest will supply a basis for searching the passenger
               compartment of an arrestee’s vehicle and any containers therein.

Gant, 556 U.S. at 343-44, 129 S. Ct. at 1719, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (citations omitted). Thus, the

precedent established by Gant is clear, and we now hold that, pursuant to Arizona v. Gant, 556

U.S. 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (2009), police may conduct a warrantless search

of a vehicle incident to a recent occupant’s arrest only if (1) the arrestee is unsecured and

within reaching distance of the vehicle’s passenger compartment at the time of the search or

(2) it is reasonable to believe that the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest. If

these justifications are absent, a warrantless search of an arrestee’s vehicle will be

unreasonable unless police obtain a warrant or show that another exception to the warrant

                                                13

requirement applies.



              Similarly, this Court considers the circumstances justifying a search of a vehicle

incident to a traffic stop to be quite narrow:

                      “An automobile may be stopped for some legitimate state
              interest. Once the vehicle is lawfully stopped for a legitimate
              state interest, probable cause may arise to believe the vehicle is
              carrying weapons, contraband or evidence of the commission of
              a crime, and, at this point, if exigent circumstances are present,
              a warrantless search may be made.” Syllabus point 4, State v.
              Moore, 165 W. Va. 837, 272 S.E.2d 804 (1980)[(emphasis
              added), overruled on other grounds by State v. Julius, 185
              W. Va. 422, 408 S.E.2d 1 (1991)].

Syl. pt. 2, State v. Flint, 171 W. Va. 676, 301 S.E.2d 765 (emphasis added). Furthermore,

                      “[a] furtive gesture on the part of the occupant of a vehicle
              is ordinarily insufficient to constitute probable cause to search a
              vehicle if it is not coupled with other reliable causative facts to
              connect the gesture to the probable presence of contraband or
              incriminating evidence.” Syllabus point 5, State v. Moore, 165
              W. Va. 837, 272 S.E.2d 804 (1980)[, overruled on other grounds
              by State v. Julius, 185 W. Va. 422, 408 S.E.2d 1 (1991)].

Syl. pt. 3, State v. Flint, 171 W. Va. 676, 301 S.E.2d 765.



              Applying these holdings to the case sub judice, we conclude that Officer

Adams’ search of Mr. Noel’s car without a warrant was not lawful under either the Supreme

Court’s opinion in Gant or this Court’s prior jurisprudence. To render the subject search

lawful under Gant, either (1) Mr. Noel had to be unsecured and within reaching distance of


                                                 14

the passenger compartment of his car or (2) it was reasonable to believe that Mr. Noel’s

vehicle contained evidence of the crime for which he was arrested, i.e., fleeing with reckless

indifference. From the circumstances that led to the instant appeal, it is clear that Mr. Noel

was neither unsecured nor within reaching distance of the interior of his vehicle searched by

Officer Adams. The record demonstrates that Officer Adams secured Mr. Noel by placing

him in handcuffs before he searched Mr. Noel’s vehicle.10 Moreover, at the time Officer


               10
                 Other courts considering whether an arrestee who is handcuffed, but who
remains near his/her vehicle at the time of the warrantless search, rather than being placed
in the officer’s patrol car, is secured also have concluded that the arrestee has been secured
as contemplated by Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485
(2009). See Canino v. State, 314 Ga. App. 633, 725 S.E.2d 782 (2012) (driver charged with
reckless driving was handcuffed and standing next to open driver’s door of vehicle during
warrantless search; Gant requirements found not satisfied because driver was secured, not
within reaching distance of car, and car would not have contained evidence of reckless
driving). See also Commonwealth v. Perkins, 465 Mass. 600, 989 N.E.2d 854 (2013)
(vehicle search without warrant found unlawful where driver was secured by handcuffs, was
standing near car but could not access it, and evidence of arrest for traffic violation not likely
to be found in car); State v. VanNess, 186 Wash. App. 148, 344 P.3d 713 (2015) (warrantless
search of arrestee’s backpack not proper where arrestee was handcuffed and standing at rear
of vehicle, but could not access backpack placed on vehicle’s trunk and arrest was made for
outstanding warrants). Cf. United States v. McCraney, 674 F.3d 614 (6th Cir. 2012)
(warrantless vehicle search not proper because unhandcuffed driver was standing near trunk
of car, was not within reaching distance of vehicle’s passenger compartment, and it was
unreasonable to believe evidence of traffic violation would be found inside vehicle). But see
United States v. Sellers, 897 F. Supp. 2d 754 (N.D. Ind. 2012) (warrantless vehicle search
proper where driver was standing at trunk of car, was not handcuffed, had informed police
he had a weapon, and was subject of ongoing drug investigation); Robinson v. State, 407 S.C.
169, 754 S.E.2d 862 (2014) (search of vehicle without warrant proper where driver was
handcuffed and standing at rear of vehicle, but police had seen handgun inside the vehicle
when the occupants exited the car and driver and occupants were wanted in connection with
armed robbery); State v. Snead, 326 Ga. App. 345, 756 S.E.2d 581 (2014) (warrantless search
of vehicle proper to secure scene where unhandcuffed driver was outside of vehicle, but
                                                                                   (continued...)

                                               15

Adams searched the vehicle’s closed console, Mr. Noel was not in reaching distance of the

passenger compartment of his car. See Gant, 556 U.S. at 343 n.4, 129 S. Ct. at 1719 n.4, 173

L. Ed. 2d 485 (“Because officers have many means of ensuring the safe arrest of vehicle

occupants, it will be the rare case in which an officer is unable to fully effectuate an arrest so

that a real possibility of access to the arrestee’s vehicle remains.” (citation omitted)). Finally,

it was unreasonable to believe that Mr. Noel’s vehicle contained evidence of the offense of

his arrest, i.e., fleeing with reckless indifference. Therefore, Officer Adams’ warrantless

search of Mr. Noel’s vehicle incident to his arrest for fleeing was unlawful under Gant, and

the circuit court should have suppressed the evidence found during this search.



               Furthermore, Officer Adams’ warrantless search of Mr. Noel’s vehicle was not

lawful under this Court’s prior holdings in Flint. Under Syllabus point 2 of Flint, a vehicle

search without a warrant is proper only if probable cause exists that the vehicle contains a

weapon, contraband, or evidence of the commission of a crime and exigent circumstances

exist. 171 W. Va. 676, 301 S.E.2d 765. In the case sub judice, Officer Adams originally

initiated the traffic stop to check the safety of Mr. Noel’s vehicle and then effectuated the stop

based upon Mr. Noel’s flight. Officer Adams had no probable cause to believe that Mr.

Noel’s vehicle contained either a weapon or contraband, and evidence of the crime of arrest,



               10
              (...continued)

police had seen driver holding firearm inside car).


                                                16

i.e., fleeing with reckless indifference, would not have been found in the vehicle; neither were

exigent circumstances present. Moreover, much of Officer Adams’ justification for the

warrantless vehicle search was based upon Mr. Noel’s repeated glances towards the interior

of his car and, specifically, its center console. As we held in Syllabus point 3 of Flint, such

furtive gestures, without the presence of contraband or evidence of criminal activity, is not

sufficient justification for a warrantless vehicle search. Id.



               Accordingly, we find that the subject warrantless vehicle search was not lawful

and that the circuit court erred by refusing to suppress the evidence resulting therefrom.11

Therefore, we reverse Mr. Noel’s convictions and resultant sentences and remand this case

for a new trial.12

                11
                Although Mr. Noel has not addressed this issue, the State alternatively
contends that Officer Adams’ search of Mr. Noel’s vehicle was proper as an inventory
search. We disagree. The State has not demonstrated that Officer Adams saw any item of
value in Mr. Noel’s vehicle that would have justified an inventory search. See Syl. pt. 2,
State v. Goff, 166 W. Va. 47, 272 S.E.2d 457 (1980) (“An inventory search is not proper
when there is no showing that the police saw any items of personal property in the interior
of the vehicle, which would warrant the initiation of an inventory search.”).
                12
                  Having concluded that the circuit court improperly admitted evidence that
was used to convict Mr. Noel and that he is entitled to a new trial in which such evidence is
suppressed, we need not consider his second assignment of error regarding the propriety of
the Neuman colloquy conducted by the circuit court. However, during the retrial of this case,
the circuit court should ensure that it complies with the protections afforded by Neuman. See
Syl. pt. 7, State v. Neuman, 179 W. Va. 580, 371 S.E.2d 77 (1988) (“A trial court exercising
appropriate judicial concern for the constitutional right to testify should seek to assure that
a defendant’s waiver is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent by advising the defendant outside
the presence of the jury that he has a right to testify, that if he wants to testify then no one can
                                                                                       (continued...)

                                                17

                                              IV.


                                       CONCLUSION


              For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s January 30, 2014, sentencing order,

as corrected by its March 18, 2014, amended sentencing order, is hereby reversed, and this

case is remanded for a new trial.



                                                                      Reversed and Remanded.




              12
               (...continued)
prevent him from doing so, that if he testifies the prosecution will be allowed to
cross-examine him. In connection with the privilege against self-incrimination, the defendant
should also be advised that he has a right not to testify and that if he does not testify then the
jury can be instructed about that right.”).

                                               18
