                                   William BISHOP, Petitioner-Appellee,

                                                      v.

   Janet RENO, U.S. Attorney General, Director of the United States Bureau of Prisons, U.S. Bureau of
Prisons, Warden, Dade County Jail, Federal Detention Center, Miami, U.S. Parole, Respondents-Appellants.

                                                No. 98-4109.

                                      United States Court of Appeals,

                                              Eleventh Circuit.

                                               April 24, 2000.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 96-02457-CV-FAM),
Federico A. Moreno, Judge.

Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and OWENS*, Senior District Judge.

        BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

        This appeal requires us to determine whether a district court has subject matter jurisdiction to

entertain habeas corpus relief for a foreign sentence of a United States citizen, who is serving the foreign

sentence in the United States pursuant to treaty transfer. The district judge granted habeas relief and reduced

the foreign sentence. We reverse and remand for dismissal.

                                             I. BACKGROUND

        In July, 1995, petitioner-appellee and United States citizen, William Bishop, was convicted by a

Bahamian court of conspiracy to possess with intent to supply 1,956 pounds of marijuana. He was sentenced

to a five-year term of imprisonment and an $80,000 fine. If Bishop failed to pay the fine by the end of this

five-year term of imprisonment, then the Bahamian court sentenced him to serve an additional five years in

prison "bringing the to[t]al imprisonment to 10 years." R1-1-Exh. A-1.1




   *
    Honorable Wilbur D. Owens, U.S. Senior District Judge for the Middle District of Georgia, sitting by
designation.
   1
    The Bahamian prison authorities subsequently accorded Bishop a "[r]emission" of three years and four
months that commuted his imprisonment term to six years and eight months, which made him "due for
discharge on the 11th March, 2002. 11/3/2002." R1-1-Exh.1-2.
           In a March 22, 1996, letter to the Attorney General of the Bahamas, the United States Department

of Justice ("DOJ") requested that Bishop be transferred to the United States to serve the remainder of his

sentence pursuant to the Council of Europe Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons, Mar. 21, 1983,

35 U.S.T. 2867, T.I.A.S. No. 10824 (entered into force in the United States on July 1, 1985) ("Treaty"), to

which the United States and the Bahamas are signatories. The DOJ letter specifically states that "[t]he United

States will apply the 'continued enforcement' provision of the [Treaty] to the United States nationals

transferred from the Bahamas to serve their sentences in the United States." R1-11-Exh. D, Attachment C.

In accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 4108, a United States magistrate judge conducted a hearing in the Bahamas

that included Bishop and other similarly sentenced offenders to verify their consent to the transfer.

           At this April 10, 1996, hearing, Bishop and the other convicted transferees were represented by an

assistant federal public defender from the Southern District of New York. That counsel subsequently testified

at an evidentiary hearing that he advised the transferees "that a sentence can only be modified or set aside by

a proceeding brought in the Bahamas and not in the United States."2 R2-9. During the hearing, the magistrate

judge explained the consequences of the convicts' consent to transfer. He informed the sworn transferees

collectively: "[Y]ou understand that your conviction or sentence can only be modified or set aside through

appropriate proceedings brought by you, or on your behalf, in the Commonwealth of the Bahamas." R1-11-

Exh. E-13. Bishop raised his hand acknowledging his understanding. Pursuant to individual questioning as

to understanding of the result of the transfer, Bishop stated that he understood the consequences. See id. at

18. In the presence of the magistrate judge, Bishop additionally signed a verified consent form, showing his

agreement to being transferred to the United States to serve the remainder of his Bahamian sentence.3


   2
    The assistant federal public defender testified that he informed Bishop that the worst case scenario was
that he would serve ten years of imprisonment "[l]ess good time" earned in the Bahamas and in the United
States. R2-14.
   3
       In relevant part, the verified consent states:

                             My conviction or sentence can only be modified or set aside through appropriate
                             proceedings brought by me or on my behalf in the Commonwealth of The Bahamas;

                                                        2
        Because Bishop did not pay his imposed fine, the Bureau of Prisons ("BOP") calculated his sentence

to include the additional five-year incarceration ordered by the Bahamian court if the fine was not paid.4 This

five-year term subsequently was translated by the United States Parole Commission ("Parole Commission")

into supervised release.5 An assistant federal public defender in the Southern District of Florida wrote the

BOP on Bishop's behalf that his imprisonment for his inability to pay his fine violated the United States

Constitution under Tate v. Short, 401 U.S. 395, 91 S.Ct. 668, 28 L.Ed.2d 130 (1971). While the BOP

acknowledged that a defendant's imprisonment because of his inability to pay a fine would be unconstitutional

in the United States, it explained that "the sentence is enforceable in the United States as required by the

treaty. The defendant was fully aware of, and accepted, the conditions under which the transfer was made."

R1-1-Exh. D at 5 (BOP Bahamian Foreign Treaty Sentences memorandum). The BOP response further

advised "that the defendant's method of relief should be taken up with the Bahamian courts or by way of a

petition for a writ of habeas corpus with the federal court." Id. at 6.

        The assistant federal public defender then filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2241 in federal court for the Southern District of Florida and asserted that a prison term imposed for

indigence "may not be enforced and a federal court has authority to release an inmate from service of such

an illegal sentence." R1-1-3. In a consolidated response for respondents Attorney General Janet Reno, the

BOP Director, and the Federal Detention Center Warden, the government asserted that the district court was



                         ....

                         I HEREBY CONSENT TO MY TRANSFER TO THE UNITED STATES OF
                         AMERICA FOR EXECUTION OF THE PENAL SENTENCE IMPOSED ON ME
                         BY A COURT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE BAHAMAS

                 R1-11-Exh. F.
    4
     Although his statutory release date was set as August 17, 2004, his projected satisfaction date with
anticipated adjustments was July 26, 2003. See R1-1-Exh. C at 3.
    5
    After an evidentiary hearing, the Parole Commission reduced Bishop's incarceration term from 120
months to 60 months to be followed by 60 months of supervised release.

                                                       3
without jurisdiction under the Treaty to modify Bishop's Bahamian sentence. Because of his verified and

documented consent to the conditions of his transfer to the United States to serve the remainder of his

Bahamian sentence, the government alternatively argued that Bishop had waived his right to challenge his

Bahamian sentence in a United States court.

        Following two reports and recommendations by a magistrate judge that Bishop's habeas corpus

petition be granted as well as an evidentiary hearing, the district judge conducted a status conference in

Bishop's case and the other transferee cases presenting the same issue. With respect to Bishop, the following

exchange occurred between the assistant federal public defender and the district judge:

        [COUNSEL]: When Mr. Bishop filed his initial petition, he had a ten year sentence. The Parole
        Commission has reduced that to five years, which was the imprisonment relief he sought by way of
        this petition, but they tacked on a five year period of supervised release to follow.

                As to Mr. Bishop, our request is for the Court to strike the five year period of supervised
        release which would make his sentence longer in effect.

        THE COURT: What authority do I have to do that? I either vacate—you get the whole thing or
        nothing.

                ....

        [COUNSEL]: You could. That is an alternative you have. You can either strike—you can vacate
        the treaty transfer determination of the Parole Commission completely. They can hold a new hearing
        or you can just strike that portion of it which offends the constitution which at this point is the
        supervised release portion of five years.

R3-4, 5 (emphasis added). The government maintained its position that the district judge was without

jurisdiction to strike any part of Bishop's sentence based on his Bahamian sentence.

        Thereafter, the district judge granted Bishop's habeas petition by striking the Bahamian five-year

sentence for failure to pay his fine: "The terms of imprisonment that were imposed shall be ADAPTED, in

accordance with the U.S.-Bahamas Treaty, Art. 10 § 2, Art. 9 § 3, to include only that portion of the sentence

which was actually imposed, and not the remaining portion which is optional upon the payment of a fine."

R1-36-2. Although Bishop has completed the incarceration portion of his sentence, he remains on supervised




                                                      4
release pending this appeal. On appeal from the grant of habeas relief to Bishop, the government pursues its

argument that the district court lacked jurisdiction to reduce Bishop's Bahamian sentence.6

                                               II. DISCUSSION

         Subject matter jurisdiction of the district court is a legal question that we review de novo. See

Abebe-Jira v. Negewo, 72 F.3d 844, 846 (11th Cir.1996). "Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction"

and "possess only that power authorized by Constitution and statute." Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co.,

511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 1675, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994); see Celotex Corp. v. Edwards, 514 U.S.

300, 307, 115 S.Ct. 1493, 1498, 131 L.Ed.2d 403 (1995) (stating that the jurisdiction of "federal courts ... is

grounded in, and limited by, statute"). "It is to be presumed that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction,

and the burden of establishing the contrary rests upon the party asserting jurisdiction." Kokkonen, 511 U.S.

at 377, 114 S.Ct. at 1675 (citation omitted). "As courts of limited jurisdiction, the federal district courts

possess no warrant to create jurisdictional law of their own." Insurance Corp. of Ireland, Ltd. v. Compagnie

des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 711, 102 S.Ct. 2099, 2109, 72 L.Ed.2d 492 (1982).

         Questions of statutory and treaty interpretation present legal questions that are subject to plenary

review. See United States v. MacAllister, 160 F.3d 1304, 1306 (11th Cir.1998) (per curiam), cert. denied, ---

U.S. ----, 120 S.Ct. 318, 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Puentes, 50 F.3d 1567, 1575 (11th

Cir.1995). "[I]t is a well established axiom of statutory interpretation that in construing a statute, courts must

first look to the plain meaning of the statute itself." Solis-Ramirez v. United States Dep't of Justice, 758 F.2d

1426, 1430 (11th Cir.1985) (per curiam). "When the text of the statute is clear, our interpretive inquiry ends."

Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 538, 114 S.Ct. 1023, 1035, 127 L.Ed.2d 455 (1994) (Thomas, J.,

concurring). " 'In expounding a statute, we must not be guided by a single sentence or member of a sentence,

    6
     The government also maintains on appeal its alternative argument that, even if the district court has
jurisdiction to grant habeas relief on a foreign sentence being served in the United States, Bishop's sworn
consent to transfer to the United States to serve the remainder of his sentence waived such a collateral
challenge. Because we decide that a district court lacks jurisdiction to grant habeas relief for a foreign
sentence being served in the United States pursuant to the Treaty, we need not address this alternative waiver
argument.

                                                        5
but look to the provisions of the whole law, and to its object and policy.' " Philbrook v. Glodgett, 421 U.S.

707, 713, 95 S.Ct. 1893, 1898, 44 L.Ed.2d 525 (1975) (citation omitted). Penal laws are construed strictly

because legislatures, not courts, define crimes and establish punishments. See Yates v. United States, 354

U.S. 298, 304, 77 S.Ct. 1064, 1069, 1 L.Ed.2d 1356 (1957), overruled on other grounds, Burks v. United

States, 437 U.S. 1, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978). Therefore, "we must adopt the plain meaning of a

statute, however severe the consequences." Jay v. Boyd, 351 U.S. 345, 357, 76 S.Ct. 919, 927, 100 L.Ed.

1242 (1956).

          "When interpreting a treaty, we 'begin "with the text of the treaty and the context in which the written

words are used." ' " Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694, 699, 108 S.Ct. 2104, 2108,

100 L.Ed.2d 722 (1988) (citations omitted). In construing treaties, " ' "we may look beyond the written words

to the history of the treaty, the negotiations, and the practical construction adopted by the parties." ' " Id. at

700, 108 S.Ct. at 2108. Under the Supremacy Clause, "an Act of Congress, which must comply with the

Constitution, is on a full parity with a treaty."7 Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 18, 77 S.Ct. 1222, 1231, 1 L.Ed.2d

1148 (1957). While we construe treaties and statutes alike in determining meaning from the terms, see United

States v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 655, 663, 112 S.Ct. 2188, 2193, 119 L.Ed.2d 441 (1992), the "rule of

equality" prohibits implementing statutory law that renders any treaty term nugatory, Asakura v. City of

Seattle, 265 U.S. 332, 341, 44 S.Ct. 515, 516, 68 L.Ed. 1041, amended on other grounds, 44 S.Ct. 634

(1924).

          To decide if the district court had jurisdiction to grant collateral, habeas relief on a foreign sentence

is to delineate the interaction between the Treaty and the implementing statutes, which determine the



   7
    The Supremacy Clause provides: "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be
made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United
States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land." U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2. We note that this case does not
involve a statute that is subsequent to and inconsistent with a treaty, which would render the treaty void to
the extent of the conflict. See Reid, 354 U.S. at 18, 77 S.Ct. at 1231; see also Herrmann v. Meese, 849 F.2d
101, 103 (3d Cir.1988) (concluding that the preceding statutes that implement this Treaty were intended to
apply to future treaties).

                                                         6
procedure in the United States for administering a foreign-imposed sentence to be completed here. See

Cannon v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 973 F.2d 1190, 1197 (5th Cir.1992) ("Procedural legislation which makes

operation of a Treaty more convenient cannot amend or abrogate a self-executing Treaty."). The Treaty

signatories recognized "that foreigners who are deprived of their liberty as a result of their commission of a

criminal offense should be given the opportunity to serve their sentences within their own society" and "that

this aim can be achieved by having them transferred to their own countries."8 Treaty, 35 U.S.T. at 2870

(preamble)9; see Kanasola v. Civiletti, 630 F.2d 472, 474 (6th Cir.1980) (per curiam) (acknowledging that

our country enters into transfer treaties with foreign nations "to permit an American citizen convicted of a

crime in a foreign country to serve his sentence in a prison at home where conditions are much better").

Nevertheless, "[a] sovereign nation has exclusive jurisdiction to punish offenses against its laws committed

within its borders, unless it expressly or impliedly consents to surrender its jurisdiction." Wilson v. Girard,



  8
    The Treaty defines " 'sentence' " as "any punishment or measure involving deprivation of liberty ordered
by a court for a limited or unlimited period of time on account of a criminal offence," and " 'judgment' means
a decision or order of a court imposing a sentence." Treaty, art. 1, §§ a, b, 35 U.S.T. at 2870. The terms "
'sentencing State,' " meaning "the State in which the sentence was imposed on the person who may be, or has
been, transferred," and " 'administering State,' " meaning "the State to which the sentenced person may be,
or has been, transferred in order to serve his sentence" because he is a citizen of that country, id. at art. 1, §§
c, d, also are referenced respectively in this opinion as "sentencing country" and "administering country."
We additionally include the reasoning of other circuit courts that have addressed similar transfer treaties with
analogous provisions.
   9
   Explaining the general considerations behind the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons, the
Council of Europe stated:

                          In facilitating the transfer of foreign prisoners, the convention takes account of
                 modern trends in crime and penal policy.... As penal policy has come to lay greater
                 emphasis upon the social rehabilitation of offenders, it may be of paramount importance that
                 the sanction imposed on the offender is enforced in his home country rather than in the state
                 where the offence was committed and the judgment rendered. This policy is also rooted in
                 humanitarian considerations: difficulties in communication by reason of language barriers,
                 alienation from local culture and customs, and the absence of contacts with relatives may
                 have detrimental effects on the foreign prisoner. The repatriation of sentenced persons may
                 therefore be in the best interests of the prisoners as well as of the governments concerned.

        Council of Europe, Explanatory Report on the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons at
        6-7, ¶ 9 (1983) (hereinafter "Explanatory Report").

                                                        7
354 U.S. 524, 529, 77 S.Ct. 1409, 1412, 1 L.Ed.2d 1544 (1957). Furthermore, provisions of our Constitution,

including the writ of habeas corpus, "have no relation to crimes committed without the jurisdiction of the

United States against the laws of a foreign country"; an American citizen who commits a crime in a foreign

country is subject to trial and punishment under the laws of that country. Neely v. Henkel, 180 U.S. 109, 122,

123, 21 S.Ct. 302, 307, 45 L.Ed. 448 (1901).

         "A sovereign does not lose its power to keep a convict in custody by turning the convict over to

another sovereign for service of a sentence....'[T]he question of jurisdiction and custody is one of comity

between the two governments and not a personal right of the prisoner.' " Tavarez v. U.S. Attorney General,

668 F.2d 805, 809 (5th Cir.1982) (citation omitted) (alteration in original). Because foreign governments

likely would not consent to the transfer of United States citizens serving sentences in their countries for

crimes committed while abroad if the United States were to disregard the convictions and sentences of

transferees in this country, jurisdictional exclusivity is a reasonable treaty term. See Rosado v. Civiletti, 621

F.2d 1179, 1200 (2d Cir.1980) ("In assessing the interacting interests of the United States and foreign nations,

'we must move with the circumspection appropriate when [a court] is adjudicating issues inevitably entangled

in the conduct of our international relations.' " (quoting Romero v. International Terminal Operating Co., 358

U.S. 354, 383, 79 S.Ct. 468, 486, 3 L.Ed.2d 368 (1959) (alteration in original))).

         A "sentence" under the Treaty means imprisonment for a criminal conviction. See Treaty, art. 1, §

a, 35 U.S.T. at 2870. The Treaty "applies only" to implementing this "deprivation of liberty ... regardless of

whether the person concerned is already serving his sentence or not." Explanatory Report at 8, ¶ 13. Upon

agreement between the sentencing country and the administering country to a prisoner's transfer, see Treaty,

art. 3, § 1, ¶ f, 35 U.S.T. at 2872, enforcement of the sentence is suspended in the sentencing country, see

Treaty, art. 8, § 1, 35 U.S.T. at 2876, and the administering country must either continue or convert the

sentence of the sentencing country, see Treaty, art. 9, § 1, 35 U.S.T. at 2876. See also Asare v. United States

Parole Comm'n, 2 F.3d 540, 541 (4th Cir.1993) (interpreting this Treaty). The distinction between



                                                       8
"continued enforcement" and "conversion of sentence" in the administering country is that the former

"continues to enforce the sanction imposed in the sentencing state," although it may be adapted in accordance

with the Treaty, while the latter converts the sentence "into a sanction of the administering state, with the

result that the sentence enforced is no longer directly based on the sanction imposed in the sentencing state."

Explanatory Report at 15, ¶ 46.

        When the administering country elects continued enforcement, as in this case, the Treaty provides:



                                            Continued enforcement

        1. In the case of continued enforcement, the administering State shall be bound by the legal nature
        and duration of the sentence as determined by the sentencing State.

        2. If, however, this sentence is by its nature or duration incompatible with the law of the
        administering State, or its law so requires, that State may, by a court or administrative order, adapt
        the sanction to the punishment or measure prescribed by its own law for a similar offense. As to its
        nature, the punishment or measure shall, as far as possible, correspond with that imposed by the
        sentence to be enforced. It shall not aggravate, by its nature or duration, the sanction imposed in the
        sentencing State, nor exceed the maximum prescribed by the law of the administering State.

Treaty, art. 10, 35 U.S.T. at 2876. Consequently, the administering country "is bound by" two conditions of

the sentence as imposed by the sentencing country: the legal nature and the duration of the sentence.

Explanatory Report at 16, ¶ 49. "Legal nature" means "the kind of penalty imposed where the law of the

sentencing state provides for a diversity of penalties involving deprivation of liberty, such as penal servitude,

imprisonment or detention." Id. "Duration" is the term of the sentence to be served in the administering

country, subject to that country's decision on conditional release or remission corresponding to the original

sentence and "taking into account the time served and any remission earned in the sentencing state up to the

date of transfer." Id.

        When the sentencing country and the administering country "have different penal systems with regard

to the division of penalties or the minimum and maximum lengths of sentence," Explanatory Report at 16,

¶ 50, the Treaty permits the administering country to adapt the sentence in accordance with "the punishment



                                                       9
or measure prescribed by its own law for a similar offence," Article 10, § 2. This adaptation by the

administering country, however, is restricted: the administering country may adapt the original sentence so

long as it does not render a more severe detention in nature or duration than the sentence imposed by the

sentencing state "and it must not exceed the maximum prescribed by the law of the administering state."

Explanatory Report at 16, ¶ 50. Under the adaptation procedure of Article 10, § 2, the administering country

adapts the original sentence "to an equivalent sanction prescribed by its own law in order to make the

sentence enforceable" and "thus continues to enforce the sentence imposed in the sentencing state, but it does

so in accordance with the requirements of its own penal system." Id.; see Herrmann v. Meese, 849 F.2d 101,

102-03 (3d Cir.1988) (interpreting the same Treaty with the Explanatory Report, the Third Circuit determined

that Article 10, § 2 is applicable only if the government chooses to adapt the foreign sentence). In contrast

to the adaptation procedure of Article 10, § 2, the sentence conversion of Article 11 "substitutes a sanction

for that imposed in the sentencing state." Explanatory Report at 16, ¶ 50.

        Additionally, Article 13 provides that "[t]he sentencing State alone shall have the right to decide on

any application for review of the judgment." Treaty, art. 13, 35 U.S.T. at 2878. The Treaty defines

"judgment" as the sentencing order of the court in the sentencing country. See Treaty, art. 1, § b;

Explanatory Report at 8, ¶ 14. While the convicted prisoner may challenge his sentence factually and legally,

the exclusive jurisdiction of the sentencing country to review the sentence is justified because such "review

proceedings are not part of enforcement" in the administering country. Explanatory Report at 18, ¶ 60.

Under the plain meaning of its terms, "[t]he Treaty does not create new rights which enable a foreign convict

to have a review of an otherwise final foreign judgment." Pfeifer v. United States Bureau of Prisons, 615

F.2d 873, 876 (9th Cir.1980) (affirming denying habeas relief to United States citizen serving remainder of

Mexican sentence in federal penitentiary).

        Significantly, the DOJ's letter informed the Bahamian government that the United States would

continue Bishop's Bahamian sentence. Under the Treaty, that election committed the United States to



                                                     10
maintain the nature and duration of Bishop's Bahamian sentence, although adaptation in accordance with our

penal law was permissible. See Treaty, art. 10, 35 U.S.T. at 2876; Herrmann, 849 F.2d at 102-03. The

Treaty terms, therefore, required the United States to retain Bishop's Bahamian sentence of five years of

imprisonment for his drug crime, with an additional five years of imprisonment for his failure to pay his

$80,000 fine as imposed by the Bahamian court.10




  10
    Because this appeal relates only to Bishop's original Bahamian sentence, we do not address specifically
any credits or adjustments applied to that sentence either in the Bahamas or in the United States.

                                                    11
         Our implementing legislation governing treaty transferees who are completing their foreign sentences

in the United States, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3244 and 4100 et seq.,11 is consistent with the Treaty in establishing

    11
      The Transfer of Offenders To and From Foreign Countries Act, 18 U.S.C. § 4100 et seq. (1977),
authorizes the Attorney General "to make regulations for the proper implementation of such treaties in
accordance with this chapter and to make regulations to implement this chapter." 18 U.S.C. § 4102(4). Thus,
the various provisions establish the procedure by which the foreign sentence of a Treaty transferee is
translated into a United States sentence appropriate for domestic penal enforcement. "Upon the receipt of
an offender who is on parole from the authorities of a foreign country, the Attorney General shall assign the
offender to the Parole Commission for supervision." 18 U.S.C. § 4106A(a). The Sentencing Guidelines
apply to the sentences of transferees whose convictions occurred after November 1, 1987, as in this case. See
18 U.S.C. § 4106A(c); Cannon, 973 F.2d at 1196 & n. 36.

                   The Parole Commission is designated to adapt the foreign sentence so that it can be
         administered under the laws of the United States and to determine a "release date" from incarceration
         together with the period and conditions of supervised release "as though the offender were convicted
         in a United States district court of a similar offense." See 18 U.S.C. § 4106A(b)(1)(A); see Tramel
         v. United States Parole Comm'n, 100 F.3d 129, 130 (11th Cir.1996) (per curiam) (stating that the
         Parole Commission "ha[s] jurisdiction to determine a release date and a period of supervised release
         for each [transferred] prisoner"). "The combined periods of imprisonment and supervised release"
         determined by the Parole Commission "shall not exceed the term of imprisonment imposed by the
         foreign court" on the transferee. 18 U.S.C. § 4106A(b)(1)(C); see Cannon, 973 F.2d at 1197 & n.
         42 (recognizing that "the [Parole] Commission is not free to vary the total sentence of a Treaty
         prisoner," consisting of incarceration plus supervised release); see also Tramel, 100 F.3d at 131
         ("When the applicable sentencing guideline range exceeds the full term of the sentence imposed by
         a foreign court, a transfer treaty prisoner's foreign sentence should be treated by the Parole
         Commission as analogous to a § 5G1.1(a) 'guideline sentence.' "). Consequently, the Parole
         Commission is in an analogous position to that of the district court relative to the convicted
         transferee, and the United States court of appeals for the circuit where the transferee is imprisoned
         at the time of the Parole Commission's determination has jurisdiction for an appeal therefrom. See
         18 U.S.C. § 4106A(b)(2)(A); Trevino-Casares v. U.S. Parole Comm'n, 992 F.2d 1068, 1069, 1070
         (10th Cir.1993) (explaining that, because the Parole Commission translates the transferee's foreign
         sentence into an imprisonment release date and supervised release under § 4106A(b)(1)(A), "it is in
         procedure, substance, and effect tantamount to the imposition of a federal sentence," and thus, §
         4106(b)(2)(A) "expressly makes the [Parole] Commission's determination directly appealable to the
         circuit level"); see also Asare, 2 F.3d at 542 (addressing this Treaty and the implementing statutes).
         "[T]he [Parole] Commission's order is not subject to collateral attack," Bennett v. United States
         Parole Comm'n, 83 F.3d 324, 328 (10th Cir.1996), and "circuit courts of appeal have no original
         jurisdiction to consider habeas corpus petitions," Trevino-Casares, 992 F.2d at 1070. Although the
         Parole Commission transforms the foreign sentence into a federal sentence, its function is discrete:
         "[t]he [Parole] Commission is authorized to determine a release date and period of supervised release,
         not to sentence the transferred prisoner." Navarrete v. United States Parole Comm'n, 34 F.3d 316,
         319 (5th Cir.1994) (per curiam).

                 Separate from the Parole Commission's translation of a transferee's foreign sentence into a
         surrogate sentence that complies with United States penal law for service in this country is the BOP's
         implementation of that sentence of the convicted transferee with its determination of foreign and

                                                      12
procedure in the United States for administering foreign sentences. Section 3244 provides:

         When a treaty is in effect between the United States and a foreign country providing for the transfer
         of convicted offenders—

                 (1) the country in which the offender was convicted shall have exclusive jurisdiction and
                 competence over proceedings seeking to challenge, modify, or set aside convictions or
                 sentences handed down by a court of such country;

                         ....

                 (3) all proceedings instituted by or on behalf of an offender transferred to the United States
                 pertaining to the manner of execution in the United States of the sentence imposed by a
                 foreign court shall be brought in the United States district court for the district in which the
                 offender is confined or in which supervision is exercised....

18 U.S.C. § 3244(1), (3) (emphasis added). With respect to § 3244, jurisdiction in the Bahamian courts or

federal district court turns on whether Bishop's habeas corpus proceeding is one "to challenge, modify, or set

aside" his Bahamian sentence, § 3244(1), which plainly reserves jurisdiction in the sentencing court in the

foreign country,12 or pertains solely "to the manner of execution in the United States" of his Bahamian


         domestic good-time credits in accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 3624(a), (b). See 18 U.S.C. § 4105(c)(1);
         Ajala v. United States Parole Comm'n, 997 F.2d 651, 656 (9th Cir.1993) ("[T]he calculation and
         award of foreign and domestic credits is not part of the [Parole] Commission's § 4106A
         determination, but is a matter for the Bureau of Prisons."); see also 18 U.S.C. § 4105(a) ("[A]n
         offender serving a sentence of imprisonment in a foreign country transferred to the custody of the
         Attorney General shall remain in the custody of the Attorney General under the same conditions and
         for the same period of time as an offender who had been committed to the custody of the Attorney
         General by a court of the United States for the period of time imposed by the sentencing court.").
         Pursuant to § 4105(c)(1), "the application of service credits is governed by 18 U.S.C. § 3624(a),
         which indicates, uncontroversially, that such credits are applied to the sentence of confinement the
         prisoner is serving." Trevino-Casares, 992 F.2d at 1072 (emphasis added). Dissatisfaction with the
         BOP's determination is addressed in federal district court by a habeas corpus petition. See Asare, 2
         F.3d at 544. Thus, the distinct functions performed by the Parole Commission and the BOP "have
         separate procedural routes for judicial review." Trevino-Casares, 992 F.2d at 1069.
    12
     The House Report explains the policy concerns behind limiting jurisdiction to challenge a foreign
sentence to the sentencing country and specifically addresses habeas corpus relief:

                          [Section 3244(1), formerly 28 U.S.C. § 2256,] provides that exclusive jurisdiction
                 of any proceeding seeking to challenge, modify, or set aside convictions or sentences shall
                 be in the country in which the offender was convicted and sentenced. Some question has
                 been raised as to whether this is an improper limitation o[n] an individual's right, under the
                 United States Constitution, to seek a writ of Habeas Corpus. This provision does not, in any
                 way, suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus. It merely states that certain types of challenges—to

                                                      13
sentence, § 3244(3), which places jurisdiction in the district court in the district where the convicted

transferee is imprisoned or supervised.13 Once a sentence has been imposed by a foreign sentencing court

and translated by the Parole Commission into a sentence under our penal law, it is the BOP's determination

of service credits that has been challenged in habeas corpus proceedings under "manner of execution."14 See

Kass v. Reno, 83 F.3d 1186, 1191 (10th Cir.1996) ("Congress made it clear that despite the provision barring

United States courts from reviewing the validity of a foreign conviction or sentence, 'a transferred offender

may challenge in the [United States] ... the manner of the execution of his confinement' and '[a]ny challenge

in the courts of the [United States], other than to the foreign conviction or sentence is not precluded by [the


                 foreign convictions and sentences—may not be brought in American courts.

                         Witnesses before the Subcommittees of both the House and Senate Judiciary
                 Committees were unanimous that such a provision is constitutionally valid.... [I]t is
                 important to note that these provisions were considered essential in protecting the integrity
                 of the judicial process of the respective countries and in securing approval for prisoner
                 exchange treaties, in the past and presumably in the future. The Departments of Justice and
                 State indicated that neither the United States nor any other country which is currently a
                 party or expected to become a party to a treaty for the execution of penal sentences would
                 have acquiesced to a provision which would permit the courts of the Receiving State to set
                 aside or modify a sentence imposed by the courts of the Transferring State. Otherwise the
                 fundamental sovereignty of a nation over crimes committed within its territorial boundaries
                 would be impugned.

        H.R.Rep. No. 95-720, at 41-42 (1977), reprinted in 1977 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3146, 3164-3165 (emphasis
        added); see 28 U.S.C. § 4100(c) ("An offender shall not be transferred to or from the United States
        if a proceeding by way of appeal or of collateral attack upon the conviction or sentence be pending.").


   13
     See Boyden v. Bell, 631 F.2d 120, 121 n. 1 (9th Cir.1980) (acknowledging that 18 U.S.C. § 3244(3)
"confers jurisdiction upon the district court of the district in which the transferring prisoner is confined to hear
any challenges to the manner of execution of a sentence imposed by a foreign court").
  14
    Since the administration of service credits, including calculation, awarding, and withholding, is done by
the BOP under 18 U.S.C. § 3624, this process involves the execution rather than the imposition of sentence;
thus, this function of the BOP is a matter for habeas corpus review in the district court. See Trevino-Casares,
992 F.2d at 1070; Boyden, 631 F.2d at 122-23 (challenging award of remission credits affecting parole); see
also Jones v. Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 83 S.Ct. 373, 9 L.Ed.2d 285 (1963) (holding that parole constitutes
custody amenable to habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2241); United States v. Tubwell, 37 F.3d 175,
177 (5th Cir.1994) (upholding denial of parole, the Fifth Circuit recognized that a habeas petition under 28
U.S.C. § 2241 "challeng[es] the manner in which [a] sentence is being executed rather than the validity of
[the] conviction and sentence").

                                                        14
implementing statutes], or any treaty.' " (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 95-720, at 43 (1977), reprinted in 1977

U.S.C.C.A.N. 3146, 3165) (alterations in original) (emphasis added)). The district judge adopted the

magistrate judge's conclusion that Bishop's habeas petition "involve[d] questions concerning both the nature

of the sentence and the execution of the sentence." R1-32-4. Accordingly, the district judge determined that

he properly had jurisdiction to consider Bishop's habeas petition pursuant to § 3244(3), and that is the

argument of Bishop's counsel in this court.

         We disagree. Although the district judge purported to have adapted Bishop's Bahamian sentence,

he actually converted it into a new sentence by impermissibly eliminating the additional five-year

imprisonment term of Bishop's sentence for failure to pay the $80,000 fine imposed by the Bahamian court.

Because the United States had informed the Bahamian government that it would continue the original

sentence, the district judge had no jurisdiction to convert or override Bishop's Bahamian sentence by fiat,

when neither the Treaty nor the implementing statutes authorizes a district judge to convert a foreign-imposed

sentence. Furthermore, the district judge did not even have jurisdiction to adapt Bishop's Bahamian sentence

because Congress has charged the Parole Commission with the authority to translate a foreign sentence of

a transferee into a sentence recognized under United States law. See 18 U.S.C. § 4106A; Asare, 2 F.3d at

542 (recognizing that the Treaty and statutory scheme do not authorize the Parole Commission to impose a

new sentence but to translate the original, foreign sentence into one that can be administered under United

States law).

         As we have explained, the term of Bishop's sentence, as adapted by the Parole Commission to retain

his Bahamian sentence, was consistent with and not "in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the

United States."15 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). The implementing statutes clarify "that while the laws of the

receiving nation shall govern the manner in which the sentence is served, the laws of the sentencing nation



    15
     To the extent that Bishop argues that this appeal and issues regarding his sentence are moot, our
explanation of his original sentence, as appropriately adapted in compliance with the Treaty and
implementing statues by the Parole Commission and not the district judge, nullifies this argument.

                                                      15
shall continue to govern both the validity of the conviction and the term of the sentence." Tavarez, 668 F.2d

at 808. Therefore, we reverse the district judge's grant of habeas relief to Bishop because the judge had no

jurisdiction to entertain Bishop's habeas corpus petition challenging his sentence, much less to eliminate the

supervised release established by the Parole Commission to retain the original Bahamian sentence. See

Bennett v. United States Parole Comm'n, 83 F.3d 324, 328 (10th Cir.1996).

                                              III. CONCLUSION

        This appeal concerns whether a district court has subject matter jurisdiction to consider habeas corpus

relief for a foreign-imposed sentence of a United States citizen who is to serve the remainder of his sentence

in the United States pursuant to Treaty transfer. As analyzed, we conclude that the district judge did not have

jurisdiction to grant Bishop collateral relief as to the five-year term of supervised release imposed by the

Parole Commission for his failure to pay the fine imposed for his drug crime by the Bahamian court.

Accordingly, the grant of habeas corpus relief to Bishop is REVERSED, and we REMAND with instructions

that the district judge dismiss this case for lack of jurisdiction.




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