                  NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 12a0841n.06

                                            No. 11-3054                                      FILED
                                                                                        Aug 06, 2012
                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                          LEONARD GREEN, Clerk


EUGENE RHODES,                                             )
                                                           )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                                )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                           )        COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
v.                                                         )        DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                           )
R&L CARRIERS, INC., et al.,                                )                            OPINION
                                                           )
       Defendants-Appellees.                               )




BEFORE:        COLE, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; ZATKOFF, District Judge.*

       COLE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Eugene Rhodes appeals the district court’s grant

of the Defendants’ motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Defendants-Appellees R+L Carriers, Inc. contend

that Rhodes’s complaint failed to satisfy pleading standards and contained insufficient factual

allegations to state a plausible claim to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), as clarified

by Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009).

Because Rhodes’s amended complaint does plead sufficient factual allegations to support a plausible

claim on three of its four causes of action, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Rhodes’s




       *
        The Honorable Lawrence P. Zatkoff, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Michigan, sitting by designation.
No. 11-3054
Eugene Rhodes v. R + L Carriers, Inc., et al.

promissory estoppel claim, REVERSE the district court’s dismissal of the remaining three claims,

and REMAND for further proceedings.



I.

       As this appeal arises from a motion to dismiss, we accept as true the well-pleaded facts from

the Plaintiff’s allegations in the Amended Complaint. In 2009, R&L Carriers (“R&L”) hired Rhodes

as their Senior Director of Human Resources. As a human resources professional with over thirty

years’ experience, Rhodes was hired to “cure a toxic workplace environment replete with systemic

discrimination and other illegal conduct.” When Rhodes accepted this position, he was informed

that he could work for R&L until retirement as long as he “did a good job.” As such, he left a “very

good job” with another company in order to join the R&L team.

       Soon after Rhodes joined R&L, he discovered numerous violations of state and federal laws

and regulations relating to employment and employee benefits. Specifically, Rhodes contends that

R&L unlawfully considered the sex, age, and disabilities of applicants when making hiring decisions.

With regard to sex discrimination, Rhodes alleges that R&L refused to hire women to work on the

loading dock, paid female sales employees lower base salaries than their male counterparts, and

awarded raises to male employees, but not female employees. Additionally, R&L failed to enforce

its internal policies, permitting existing sexual harassment to continue. As for age discrimination,

Rhodes alleges that R&L reviewed the ages of applicants for employment and specifically rejected

applicants based on their age and also set a maximum age limit for certain positions, including

drivers. Furthermore, an Executive Vice President discussed at a meeting the need to lower the

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average age of the workforce to thirty-two years of age. With respect to disability discrimination,

applicants were specifically rejected based on apparent potential benefits claims to R&L’s health

benefits plan or if the applicants were deemed overweight. Rhodes alleges that an Executive Vice

President discussed the need to stop hiring overweight employees.

       The amended complaint further alleges that once Rhodes was apprised of these violations,

he objected to and opposed these practices, policies, and decisions. Rhodes alleges that he brought

his concerns to the Vice Presidents of Human Resources and the Executive Vice Presidents and

informed R&L that it needed to stop these practices and comply with employment and employee

benefits laws. In July and August 2009, Rhodes placed his opposition in writing, voicing his

concerns to the Vice Presidents of Human Resources and corporate counsel. Rhodes’s efforts were

unsuccessful: R&L management told Rhodes that the company did not intend to come into

compliance with the laws “because R&L had never had to write a big enough check to justify

compliance with the rules.” On October 9, 2009, R&L terminated Rhodes. On his last day,

Rhodes’s immediate supervisor informed him that his performance had been “great.”

       On April 7, 2010, Rhodes filed a complaint against R&L as well as four individual

defendants in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. The complaint

raised four claims: (1) Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) retaliation, (2) wrongful discharge

in violation of public policy, (3) retaliation under Ohio Revised Code (“O.R.C.”) § 4112.02, and (4)

age discrimination in violation of O.R.C. § 4112.02. R&L filed a motion to dismiss under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and, in response, Rhodes voluntarily dismissed the individual

defendants as well as the claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. Rhodes then

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Eugene Rhodes v. R + L Carriers, Inc., et al.

filed a motion to amend his complaint to reflect these voluntary dismissals as well as to add a

promissory estoppel claim.

        On August 17, 2010, the district court dismissed with prejudice all of Rhodes’s claims

against the individual defendants and the wrongful discharge in violation of public policy claim.

Noting that leave to amend under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 should be freely granted when

“justice so requires,” the district court granted Rhodes’s motion for leave to amend. The district

court further advised Rhodes that his “complaint fails to allege facts that are sufficient to support a

plausible claim of discrimination nor retaliation.” The district court found that although Rhodes

does not need to “plead a detailed outline of all of the facts and evidence that may support his claims,

his current complaint lacks factual allegations that raise a plausible, as opposed to a possible, claim

against any of the Defendants.”

        On August 31, 2010, Rhodes filed an Amended Complaint and R&L again filed a motion

to dismiss. With R&L’s motion to dismiss pending, Rhodes filed a motion for leave to amend to add

federal claims for age discrimination. Rhodes sought leave to amend because on August 27, 2010,

he received a right-to-sue letter from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”)—a

prerequisite to bringing federal claims for age discrimination and retaliation.

        The district court granted R&L’s motion to dismiss, dismissing all of Rhodes’s claims with

prejudice, and denied Rhodes leave to file a second amended complaint. In doing so, the district

court noted that “the amended complaint suffers from most, if not all, of the same fatal flaws in the

original complaint.” The district court found Rhodes’s amended complaint to lack sufficient factual

allegations to give rise to a plausible claim against R&L and, therefore, found the amended

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complaint unable to withstand the pleading standards of Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, and Iqbal, 556 U.S.

662. Among the factual deficiencies the district court noted, it pointed to Rhodes’s failure to: plead

the dates of the meetings when R&L representatives unlawfully discussed the use of age or disability

in hiring decisions; identify the exact applicants and employees who were subject to unlawful

employment practices; and describe “how or in what manner he ‘opposed’ any unlawful practice.”

Rhodes now appeals the district court’s grant of R&L’s motion to dismiss as well as the denial of

his motion for leave to amend.

                                                   II.

        We review a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted de novo. Keys v. Humana, Inc.,

–F.3d–, 2012 WL 2505534, at *2 (6th Cir. July 2, 2012). Under the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, a complaint must provide “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the

pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). “[A] complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations,” however, it must assert sufficient facts

to provide the defendant with “fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it

rests.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (second alteration

in original). To satisfy Rule 8(a)(2) and “survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570).




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Eugene Rhodes v. R + L Carriers, Inc., et al.

A. Retaliation Claims

       Rhodes’s amended complaint raises an FMLA retaliation claim and alleges that R&L

retaliated against him in violation of O.R.C. § 4112.02. The FMLA prohibits certain employers from

“discharg[ing] or in any other manner discriminat[ing] against any individual for opposing any

practice made unlawful by” the Act. 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(2). Meanwhile, O.R.C § 4112.02 prohibits

an employer from discriminating on the basis of “race, color, religion, sex, military status, national

origin, disability, age, or ancestry . . . .” Ohio Rev. Code § 4112.02. To state a retaliation claim

under both the FMLA and O.R.C. § 4112.02, Rhodes must establish that: (1) he was engaged in a

protected activity; (2) R&L knew that Rhodes engaged in the protected activity; (3) R&L took an

adverse employment action against Rhodes; and (4) there was a causal connection between the

protected activity and the adverse employment action. Donald v. Sybra, Inc., 667 F.3d 757, 761 (6th

Cir. 2012) (FMLA standard); Watson v. City of Cleveland, 202 F. App’x 844, 855 (6th Cir. 2006)

(O.R.C. § 4112.02 standard).

       In support of these claims, Rhodes’s amended complaint states that during his employment

with R&L, he became aware of the company’s “utter and conscious disregard for, and intentional

violations of, multiple state and federal laws and regulations relating to employment and employee

benefits.” The complaint alleges that these violations included discriminating against: women in

hiring and salary; applicants based on “apparent potential for claims for [health] benefits;”

overweight applicants; and applicants based on age by using their birth dates and setting maximum

age limits for hires. Furthermore, the complaint states that employees “who took FMLA leave were

not permitted to return to their positions following leave . . . .” Rhodes pleads that he objected to

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and opposed these practices, verbalizing his opposition to the Vice Presidents of Human Resources

and the Executive Vice Presidents. The complaint also alleges that he placed his concerns in writing

to both the Vice Presidents of Human Resources and corporate counsel. Finally, Rhodes pleads that

several months after voicing his opposition to R&L’s FMLA and O.R.C. § 4112.02 violations, he

was terminated, despite receiving an evaluation form his supervisor on Rhodes’s last day saying that

his performance at the company had been “great.”

       The district court found the complaint insufficient to satisfy Twombly and Iqbal,

characterizing the pleading as full of “generalized and conclusory allegations.” In discussing the

complaint’s deficiencies, the district court noted that Rhodes failed to provide: the dates of the

meetings with the Vice Presidents of Human Resources; the names of applicants who were denied

employment based on a discriminatory reason; and the names of employees who were not permitted

to return to work following FMLA leave. The district court also demanded more detailed facts

concerning R&L’s “refusal to hire women on loading docks, how [Rhodes] may have learned about

any particular unlawful hiring decision, and by whom any unlawful hiring decision may have been

made. . . .[and] how and in what manner he ‘opposed’ any unlawful practice[s].”

       The district court erred in demanding such detailed factual content to survive a motion to

dismiss. While these facts may be critical ultimately to proving Rhodes’s claims on a motion for

summary judgment or at trial, to demand such detailed pleading at the motion to dismiss stage

disregards “the continuing viability of the short and plain language of Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 8.” Keys, 2012 WL 2505534, at *4 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Although Twombly and Iqbal clarified that a complaint must state a plausible claim—not just a

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possible claim—this Court has cautioned against reading “Twombly and Iqbal so narrowly as to be

the death of notice pleading . . . .” Id. (quoting HDC, LLC v. City of Ann Arbor, 675 F.3d 608, 614

(6th Cir. 2012)).

       Rather than demanding highly specific factual allegations to satisfy this plausibility

requirement, the district court should have looked to whether “the plaintiff plead[ed] factual content

that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “If a reasonable court can draw the necessary inference from the

factual material stated in the complaint, the plausibility standard has been satisfied.” Keys, 2012 WL

2505534, at *4. The amended complaint allege R&L’s various unlawful actions, Rhodes’s

opposition to these practices, and his termination mere months after expressing this opposition,

despite the “great” work he performed while at the company. From these facts and the reasonable

and necessary inferences that arise from them, we conclude that Rhodes has pleaded a plausible

claim that R&L retaliated against him for opposing the company’s unlawful employment and

employee benefits practices.

B. Age Discrimination Claim

       Rhodes’s amended complaint raises an allegation of age discrimination in violation of

O.R.C. § 4112.02. To prevail on such a claim, Rhodes “must prove discriminatory intent and may

establish such intent through either direct or indirect methods of proof.” Dautartas v. Abbott Labs.,

2012 WL 1344030, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App. Apr. 17, 2012) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). “[A] plaintiff may establish a prima facie case of age discrimination directly by presenting

evidence, of any nature, to show that an employer more likely than not was motivated by

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discriminatory intent.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (alteration in original).

Rhodes’s pleadings include statements of R&L upper management directly concerning the role age

may play in their hiring decisions. The amended complaint allege that R&L employees, including

the Executive Vice President, “specifically stated in meetings that the average age of the workforce

needed to be lowered to 32 years of age.” Moreover, the complaint alleges that R&L set maximum

age limits for particular positions and reviewed applicants’ birth dates and “specifically rejected

[applicants] for employment based on age.” Rhodes’s complaint also pleaded facts indicating his

membership in the protected class, his qualifications for the position, and his termination despite his

immediate supervisor’s belief that he had done “great” work at the company.

       Given the allegation that R&L employees made express statements regarding the unlawful

use of age in the hiring process, we conclude that Rhodes has satisfied the plausibility requirement.

To survive a motion to dismiss, Rhodes need not establish a prima facie case to satisfy the pleading

standards,” see Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002), but rather he must only state

a plausible claim in which the court can draw from the pleaded facts a “reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Keys, 2012 WL 2505534, at *2 (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). Rhodes’s allegations, if true, could constitute direct discrimination and

“discovery might uncover such direct evidence.” Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at 512. Therefore, we find

Rhodes’s pleading of express statements indicating an unlawful and discriminatory use of age

satisfies this standard and the complaint, therefore, survives the motion to dismiss.

C. Promissory Estoppel Claim



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No. 11-3054
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       The fourth cause of action in Rhodes’s amended complaint is a promissory estoppel claim,

alleging that R&L breached its promise that Rhodes could remain employed by the company until

retirement provided that he did “good work.” R&L moved to dismiss this claim—a motion the

district court granted—alleging both that the claim was factually deficient under the Twombly

minimum pleading standards and that the cause of action failed to give rise to an actionable claim.

We need not address R&L’s allegation that the promissory estoppel claim was insufficiently pleaded

under Twombly, for as a matter of Ohio law, this claim fails to state a claim upon which relief can

be granted.

       To establish a claim of promissory estoppel, “a plaintiff must show that (1) the employer

made a clear, unambiguous promise; (2) the plaintiff relied on that promise; (3) the reliance was

justifiable; and (4) the reliance caused detriment to the plaintiff.” O’Donnell v. Coulson, 40 F. Supp.

2d 446, 455 (N.D. Ohio 1998). As a matter of Ohio law, Rhodes cannot establish this first prong,

and accordingly his complaint fails “to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 12(b)(6). As for this first prong, “[a]ccording to Ohio law, the promise at a minimum not only

must be sufficiently clear and unambiguous, but also must promise ‘continued employment for a

specific period.’” See Steele v. Mara Ents., Inc., 2009 WL 3494847, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 29,

2009). An employer’s promise of continued employment until some unspecified date, such as death

or retirement, does not satisfy this requirement. See id. (rejecting promissory estoppel claim because

the promise was not clear and unambiguous where the employer promised the employee that “he

would have a job with [the company] for as long as” the employer was alive”); Callander v.

Callander, 2008 WL 2026431, at *7 (Ohio Ct. App. May 13, 2008) (noting that “discussions of

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future career developments or promises of future opportunities . . . are not sufficient to establish a

promissory estoppel claim). As such, Rhodes’s reliance on R&L’s promise of employment until

retirement is insufficient to state a claim for promissory estoppel under Ohio law and the district

court properly granted R&L’s 12(b)(6) motion.

D. Motion to Amend

       As a final matter, Rhodes appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for leave to amend

his complaint, a second time, following the EEOC’s issuance of a right-to-sue letter on federal

claims of retaliation and discrimination under Title VII, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act,

and the Americans with Disability Act. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that a district

court “should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2),

however, this standard is tempered by countervailing interests such as avoiding undue delay,

repeated failure to cure deficiencies, and futility. Riverview Health Inst. LLC v. Med. Mutual of

Ohio, 601 F.3d 505, 512 (6th Cir. 2010). The district court denied Rhodes’s motion to amend,

finding these countervailing interests to outweigh the liberal leave to amend standard. We review

a decision denying a motion to amend for an abuse of discretion. Id.

       The district court reasoned that leave to amend would be futile because Rhodes failed to

“cure the pleading defects that led to the dismissal of his original complaint.” Thus, the court

determined that permitting Rhodes to file a second amended complaint would be futile because

Rhodes again would likely fail to satisfy pleading standards. As the district court erred in dismissing

Rhodes’s amended complaint, it was further error and an abuse of the court’s discretion to extend



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this erroneous and heightened pleading standard as a justification for denying leave to amend in this

instance.

                                                 III.

           The district court’s grant of R&L’s motion to dismiss is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED

in part.




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