               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                               No. 18–1892

                          Filed March 12, 2020


STATE OF IOWA,

      Appellee,

vs.

TRAVIS CARL BOYER,

      Appellant.


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Mills and Pottawattamie

Counties, James S. Heckerman, Judge.



      Plaintiff appeals the district court order requiring him to pay a civil

judgment for room and board reimbursement. APPEAL DISMISSED.



      Maria Ruhtenberg, Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.



      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Martha E. Trout, Assistant
Attorney General, Naeda Elliott, County Attorney, and Tyler Loontjer,

Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
                                      2

PER CURIAM.

      In this case, Travis Boyer entered guilty pleas in two sex abuse cases

on September 24, 2018. That same day, the district court sentenced Boyer

to a ten-year term of incarceration for each offense and ordered the

sentences to be served consecutively. The district court also entered a

special sentence under Iowa Code section 903B.1 (2018).           The district

court assessed all court costs to Boyer.

      On October 5, the Mills County sheriff filed a room and board

reimbursement     claim   under   Iowa     Code   section   356.7.     In   the

reimbursement claim, the sheriff sought reimbursement for the seventy-

eight days Boyer spent in the Mills County jail at a rate of $60 per day for

a total of $4680. On the same day that the claim was filed, the district

court approved the claim and ordered Boyer to pay the amount.

      Boyer filed a pro se notice of appeal, which he claimed was placed

in the prison mail system on October 23. The notice of appeal stated that

Boyer was appealing the “final judgment & sentence entered in these

matters on the 24th day of September, 2018.” The Mills County clerk of

court file-stamped the notice on November 2. On our own motion, we

granted a delayed appeal on December 7.

      On its face, the notice of appeal seeks relief from “the district court’s

September 24, 2018[] order.” He does not seek to appeal the later order of

October 5. On appeal, however, Boyer’s entire argument is a challenge to

the October 5 restitution order. After oral argument in this matter, we

asked the parties to file supplemental briefs on the question of whether

this court has jurisdiction to consider the restitution issues raised by

Boyer. Although the jurisdictional issue was not raised by the parties, this

court has the inherent power to determine whether it has subject matter
                                      3

jurisdiction and may raise this question at any stage. As this court has

previously stated,

      Every court has inherent power to determine whether it has
      jurisdiction over the subject matter of the proceedings before
      it. It makes no difference how the question comes to its
      attention. Once raised, the question must be disposed of, no
      matter in what manner of form or stage presented. The court
      on its own motion will examine grounds of its jurisdiction
      before proceeding further.

Walles v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers, 252 N.W.2d 701, 710 (Iowa 1977)

(quoting Carmichael v. Iowa State Highway Comm’n, 156 N.W.2d 332, 340
(Iowa 1968)).

      The State urges us to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. The

State notes that, on its face, the notice seeks only to appeal from the order

dated September 24. The State stresses that failure to file a timely notice

of appeal leaves the court without subject matter jurisdiction.           See

Evenson v. Winnebago Indus., Inc., 922 N.W.2d 335, 337 (Iowa 2019)

(“Failure to file a timely notice of appeal leaves [the court] without subject

matter jurisdiction to hear the appeal.”).

      In his response, Boyer brings additional facts to our attention.

Namely, that the October 5 order was sent to the defendant’s address in

Texas, with the implication being he did not receive the order as he was

incarcerated in Iowa. On November 14, that same mailed judgment order

was returned as undeliverable. Again, the implication is that Boyer did

not actually receive notice of the judgment from the clerk of court.

      Boyer argues that as a general matter, notices of appeal “should be

liberally construed so as to preserve the right of review, and permit, if

possible, a hearing on the merits.” Iowa Dep’t of Human Servs. ex rel.

Greenhaw v. Stewart, 579 N.W.2d 321, 323 (Iowa 1998) (quoting 4 C.J.S.

Appeal & Error § 371, at 421 (1993)); see also Hawkeye Sec. Ins. v. Ford
                                        4

Motor Co., 199 N.W.2d 373, 378 (Iowa 1972) (“This more liberal rule of

construction is consistent with our oft repeated preference for disposition

of cases on the merits and not on mere technicalities”). Boyer notes that

in this appeal the State responded to his restitution argument and, as a

result, cannot claim it was misled by the notice of appeal. See Stewart,

579 N.W.2d at 323–24. Boyer asserts that the problem in this case is a

technical problem, namely, his failure to include the phrase “and all

adverse rulings and orders inhering therein” from his notice of appeal, as

is standard. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.1401, Form 1.

      As Boyer correctly notes, there is ample authority for construing

pro se pleadings generously.      Further, we have held that “[s]ubstantial

compliance . . . is sufficient . . . if the intent of the appellant to appeal from

a judgment may be inferred from the text of the notice and if the appellee

has not been mislead by the defect.” State v. Birch, 306 N.W.2d 781, 782–

83 (Iowa 1981) (quoting Hawkeye Sec. Ins., 199 N.W.2d at 378). Here, the

State makes no claim of being misled and, indeed, fully briefed the merits

of the underlying restitution order.

      The problem, however, is that Boyer identified a specific order in his

notice of appeal, namely, the district court’s judgment and sentence

entered on September 24. When a party, even a pro se party, files a notice

of appeal related to a specific order, we cannot rewrite it to include an

order entered on a later date. We can find no evidence of intent to appeal

anything other than the September 24 order in the notice.

      The filing of a timely notice of appeal is jurisdictional. See City of

Albia v. Stephens, 461 N.W.2d 326, 328 (Iowa 1990). Although we found

good cause for a delayed appeal of the September 24 order, this extension

of time does not provide a basis for expanding the notice of appeal to

include the October 5 restitution order or any other order. As a result, we
                                    5

lack jurisdiction to consider matters raised in the October 5 restitution

order or any other subsequent order of the court.

      APPEAL DISMISSED.

      All justices concur except Oxley, J., who takes no part.

      This opinion shall not be published.
