[Cite as Ibrahim v. Dayton, 2018-Ohio-1318.]




                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 SANWR IBRAHIM                                      :
                                                    :
         Plaintiff-Appellant                        :   Appellate Case No. 27699
                                                    :
 v.                                                 :   Trial Court Case No. 2016-CV-4178
                                                    :
 CITY OF DAYTON, et al.                             :   (Civil Appeal from
                                                    :   Common Pleas Court)
         Defendants-Appellees                       :
                                                    :

                                               ...........

                                               OPINION

                             Rendered on the 6th day of April, 2018.

                                               ...........

EDWARD C. YIM, Atty. Reg. No. 0067168, 130 West Second Street, Suite 2000, Dayton,
Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

MARTIN W. GEHRES, Atty. Reg. No. 0096711, and JOHN C. MUSTO, Atty. Reg. No.
0071512, 101 West Third Street, P.O. Box 22, Dayton, Ohio 45402
     Attorneys for Defendants-Appellees

                                               .............




TUCKER, J.
                                                                                         -2-




       {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Sanwr Ibrahim, appeals from the trial court’s decision of

July 19, 2017, in which the court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants-

appellees, the City of Dayton and Officer Walter Evans of the Dayton Police Department.1

Presenting three assignments of error, Ibrahim argues that the trial court received

insufficient evidence to support its determination that Appellees are entitled to immunity

under R.C. Chapter 2744.         We find that the record supports the trial court’s

determination, and therefore, we affirm.

                            I. Facts and Procedural History

       {¶ 2} On August 20, 2014, Officer Evans was dispatched to a location in the vicinity

of the Reibold Building at 117 South Main Street, Dayton, in response to a report of “a

large crowd,” possibly armed, “yelling and shouting.” Decision, Order & Entry Sustaining

Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. 1, July 19, 2017; Aff. of Walter Evans ¶ 3-6, Apr. 28, 2017.2 As

Officer Evans drove past in his marked police vehicle, a man emerged from the Reibold

Building and waved in the officer’s direction. Id. at ¶ 7-8. Officer Evans interpreted the

gesture to mean that the man, whom he took for a security guard, had information about

the disturbance to which he was responding, so he “placed [his] vehicle in reverse [gear]



1 The trial court identified Appellant as “Snoor Ibrahim, formerly known as Sanwr
Ibrahim,” having been prompted by a statement to the same effect made by Appellant
herself in her memorandum in opposition to Appellees’ motion for summary judgment.
Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. 1, May 31, 2017; Decision, Order & Entry
Sustaining Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. 1, July 19, 2017. Appellant has referred to herself
exclusively as “Sanwr Ibrahim” in her filings before this court, however, and has not
requested that the caption be changed.
2 The trial court did not cite the correct date in its decision. Officer Evans submitted his
affidavit as an attachment to Appellees’ motion for summary judgment of May 1, 2017.
                                                                                            -3-

and backed up at just a few miles per hour,” intending to ask about the disturbance. Id.

at ¶ 8-9. His vehicle moved “two to three feet” backwards and then struck Ibrahim’s

vehicle. Id. at ¶ 10; Dep. of Walter Evans 45:2-45:5, May 31, 2017.3

       {¶ 3} By Officer Evans’s account, the accident caused “very minor damage to [his]

police [vehicle] and only minor damage to [Ibrahim]’s vehicle.” Evans Aff. ¶ 12. Ibrahim

herself has not testified, but in his deposition, Officer Evans testified that Ibrahim told him

she was unharmed and indicated that she preferred to leave rather than wait for his

supervisor to arrive and begin an accident investigation. Evans Dep. 56:15-57:8.

       {¶ 4} On August 11, 2016, Ibrahim filed a complaint against the City of Dayton and

Officer Evans, claiming that Officer Evans’s “negligence” caused her “severe and

permanent injuries”; “great pain and suffering, both physical and emotional”; “loss of

ability to perform usual functions”; “future pain and suffering, both physical and

emotional”; “future loss of ability to perform usual functions”; “reasonable and necessary

medical expenses in an amount to be determined”; “future reasonable and necessary

medical expenses in an amount to be determined”; “loss of wages and earnings in an

amount to be determined”; “future loss of wages and earnings in an amount to be

determined”; and “property damage in an amount to be determined.” Compl. ¶ 5 and 13.

Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment on May 1, 2017, to which Ibrahim


3 Ibrahim attached a transcript of Officer Evans’s deposition as an unlabeled exhibit to
her memorandum in opposition to Appellees’ motion for summary judgment. Arguably,
the deposition should have been stricken because Ibrahim did not comply with Civ.R.
30(E)-(F) and 31(C), or with Mont. Co. C.P.R. 1.27(A), and Officer Evans neither signed
the deposition nor waived signing. See e.g. Bank of New York Mellon Trust Co. v. Unger,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97315, 2012-Ohio-1950, ¶ 40 and 43-46. Nevertheless,
Appellees did not move to have the deposition stricken, and any objections to its
admission have been waived. See Civ.R. 32(D).
                                                                                        -4-


responded with a memorandum in opposition on May 31, 2017.4

      {¶ 5} On July 19, 2017, the trial court issued its decision sustaining Appellees’

motion. Ibrahim timely filed her notice of appeal on August 17, 2017.

                                       II. Analysis

      {¶ 6} For her first assignment of error, Ibrahim argues that:

             THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE APPELLEE’S [sic]

      MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [by] FINDING THAT THERE WAS

      NO GENUINE ISSUE OF MATERIAL FACT AS TO WHETHER OR NOT

      OFFICER WALTERS [sic] WAS RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENCY

      CALL AT THE TIME OF THE ACCIDENT.

      {¶ 7} Ibrahim grounds this argument on citations to the record purportedly

demonstrating that “at the time of the collision[,] the disturbance [to which Officer Evans

was dispatched] had dissipated, and he had reentered the traffic pattern and beg[u]n [a]

routine patrol.” Appellant’s Br. 14. Relying on these assumptions, Ibrahim requests that

her case be remanded to the trial court for a redetermination of whether the disturbance

ended before the accident happened. See id.

      {¶ 8} Under Civ.R. 56, summary judgment is proper when: (1) the case presents

no genuine dispute as to any material fact; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law; and (3) construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the non-moving

party, reasonable minds can reach only one conclusion, which is adverse to the non-

moving party. Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66, 375 N.E.2d



4The memorandum in opposition is captioned as a “Motion and Memorandum Contra,”
but the document includes no motion for summary judgment on Ibrahim’s behalf.
                                                                                       -5-

46 (1978); Dalzell v. Rudy Mosketti, L.L.C., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2015-CA-93, 2016-Ohio-

3197, ¶ 5, citing Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc., 82 Ohio St.3d 367, 369-370, 696

N.E.2d 201 (1998). The substantive law of the claim or claims being litigated determines

whether a fact is “material.”   Herres v. Millwood Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 23552, 2010-Ohio-3533, ¶ 21, citing Hoyt, Inc. v. Gordon & Assocs.,

Inc., 104 Ohio App.3d 598, 603, 662 N.E.2d 1088 (8th Dist.1995).

      {¶ 9} Initially, the movant bears the burden of establishing the absence of any

genuine issues of material fact. Mitseff v. Wheeler, 38 Ohio St.3d 112, 115, 526 N.E.2d

798 (1988). The movant may rely only on evidence of the kinds listed in Civ.R. 56(C) for

this purpose. Dalzell, 2016-Ohio-3197, ¶ 5, citing Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,

292-293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). If the movant meets its burden, then the non-moving

party bears a reciprocal burden to establish, as set forth in Civ.R. 56(E), that the case

presents one or more genuine issues of fact to be tried. Id. at ¶ 6. The non-moving

party, in satisfying this requirement, may not rely merely upon the allegations or denials

offered in the pleadings, but like the movant, “must be able to point to evidentiary

materials of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C).” Dresher, 75 Ohio St.3d at 293, quoting

Civ.R. 56(E); Dalzell, 2016-Ohio-3197, ¶ 6. On appeal, a trial court’s ruling on a motion

for summary judgment is reviewed de novo.          Dalzell, 2016-Ohio-3197, ¶ 6, citing

Schroeder v. Henness, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2012 CA 18, 2013-Ohio-2767, ¶ 42.

      {¶ 10} Ibrahim’s contention that Officer Evans was not responding to an

emergency call at the time of the accident implicates the provisions of R.C.

2744.02(B)(1)(a), which establishes that a municipal corporation has a “full defense[]” to

liability arising from “the negligent operation of any motor vehicle” by a police officer
                                                                                        -6-


“responding to an emergency call,” so long as “the operation of the vehicle [does] not

constitute willful or wanton misconduct.” The term “emergency call,” according to R.C.

2744.01(A), means a “call to duty, including, but not limited to, communications from

citizens, police dispatches, and personal observations by peace officers of inherently

dangerous situations that demand an immediate response on the part of a peace officer.”

Of this nonexhaustive list of examples, “only the third * * * refers to [imminent hazards],

thereby indicating that the other listed examples need not involve * * * inherently

dangerous situation[s].” Colbert v. City of Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-

3319, 790 N.E.2d 781, ¶ 14, citing R.C. 2744.01(A), and State v. Thompson, 92 Ohio

St.3d 584, 588, 752 N.E.2d 276 (2001). The “phrase ‘inherently dangerous situations’ ”

thus “places no limitation on the term ‘call to duty.’ ” Id., quoting R.C. 2744.01(A); see

also, e.g., Seege v. Smith, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26210, 2014-Ohio-5450, ¶ 14-18

and 25-27.

      {¶ 11} In attempting to demonstrate that Officer Evans was not responding to an

“emergency call” as defined by R.C. 2744.01(A), Ibrahim mischaracterizes the record.

For instance, citing the trial court’s decision and the transcript of Officer Evans’s

testimony, Ibrahim claims that when the accident occurred, the disturbance that Officer

Evans was dispatched to investigate “had [already] dissipated.” Appellant’s Br. 13, citing

Decision, Order & Entry Sustaining Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. 2, and Evans Dep. 13:1-

22:25.5 The trial court, however, expressly found the opposite, remarking that Officer


5 Ibrahim uses a non-standard citation format based on “Page ID” numbers. These
citations are problematic because the cited references do not obviously correspond to the
assertions they are presumably intended to support. Page 2 of the trial court’s decision,
for example, would seem to be irrelevant or directly contradictory to the point for which
Ibrahim cited it. The citation to Officer Evans’s testimony, which is “RE: Evans Depo.,
                                                                                           -7-


Evans’s “affidavit[] [and] deposition, [along with] the dispatch records[,] all establish that

[he] was dispatched to and was responding to a disturbance call at the time the accident

occurred.”   (Emphasis added.)      Decision, Order & Entry Sustaining Defs.’ Mot. for

Summ. J. 4. Officer Evans, for that matter, testified unambiguously that the disturbance

had not ended when he saw the security guard emerge from the Reibold Building. Evans

Dep. 29:12-36:7; see also Evans Aff. ¶ 8-9. Asked what the group of people causing the

disturbance was doing “[a]t the time [he] saw the security guard,” Officer Evans answered

that they were “a usual group” who were “always very loud, always causing some kind of

a disturbance[,] and that’s what they were doing then.” Evans Dep. 36:1-36:7.

       {¶ 12} Ibrahim has not shown that this case presents a genuine dispute of material

fact on the question of whether, at the time the accident occurred, Officer Evans was

responding to an emergency call. Officer Evans’s affidavit and deposition testimony

consistently indicate that the accident occurred almost simultaneously with his arrival at

the scene of the disturbance, and Ibrahim has not provided any summary judgment

evidence to the contrary. At the moment his police vehicle struck Ibrahim’s vehicle,

Officer Evans was, in fact, actively investigating the situation by attempting to make

contact with a person whom he reasonably believed to have information about the

disturbance. Although the record also suggests that the disturbance did not pose any

inherent danger, an “emergency call” for purposes of R.C. 2744.01(A) need not be

inherently dangerous. Ibrahim’s first assignment of error is overruled.



Page ID #34; 13-22,” is likewise inapposite. Neither the testimony given by Officer Evans
between Pages 13 and 22, nor the testimony given by the officer on Page 34, offers any
insight into whether the disturbance ended before or after he arrived at the Reibold
Building. See Evans Dep. 12:18-22:25 and 34:1-34:25.
                                                                                               -8-


       {¶ 13} For her second assignment of error, Ibrahim argues that:

               THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE CITY OF DAYTON

       IMMUNITY UNDER []R.C[.] * * * 2744.02(A).

       {¶ 14} Ibrahim posits that because the evidence on record gives rise to a “genuine

issue of material fact as to whether Officer Evans[’s] [actions] constituted willful, wanton,

or reckless conduct,” the trial court should not have held that the City of Dayton is entitled

to immunity pursuant to R.C. 2744.02(A)(1).            Appellant’s Br. 14.       This argument

implicates the exception to municipal immunity established by R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a),

under which a municipal corporation is not liable for injury to person or property allegedly

caused by any act or omission of a “member of [its] police department * * * operating a

motor vehicle while responding to an emergency call,” unless the “operation of the vehicle

* * * constitute[s] willful or wanton misconduct.”

       {¶ 15} Determining “whether a political subdivision is immune from tort liability

pursuant to R.C. Chapter 2744 involves a three-tiered analysis.”             Colbert v. City of

Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-3319, 790 N.E.2d 781, ¶ 7, citing Greene

County Agric. Soc’y v. Liming, 89 Ohio St.3d 551, 556-557, 733 N.E.2d 1141 (2000).

The first tier “is the general rule that a political subdivision is immune from liability incurred

in performing either a governmental * * * [or] proprietary function.”            Id., citing R.C.

2744.02(A)(1), and Greene County Agric. Soc’y, 89 Ohio St.3d at 556-557. The second

tier “of the analysis requires a court to determine whether any of the five exceptions to

immunity listed in R.C. 2744.02(B) apply.”           (Citation omitted.)    Id. at ¶ 8.    If the

subdivision would be liable under R.C. 2744.02(B), then the third tier of the analysis

requires a review of the defenses to liability set forth in R.C. 2744.03. See id. at ¶ 9.
                                                                                         -9-


Here, Officer Evans was performing a “governmental function” as that term is defined by

R.C. 2744.01(C)(2). The City of Dayton would thus be liable to Ibrahim under R.C.

2744.02(B)(1)(a) if Officer Evans’s conduct were “willful or wanton.”

       {¶ 16} The terms “willful” and “wanton” delineate “distinct degrees of care and are

not interchangeable.” Anderson v. City of Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-11,

983 N.E.2d 266, ¶ 31. Willful misconduct “implies an intentional deviation from a clear

duty or from a definite rule of conduct,” a “deliberate purpose not to discharge some duty

necessary to safety,” or a purpose to engage in “wrongful acts with knowledge or

appreciation of the likelihood of resulting injury.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.

Wanton misconduct, on the other hand, “is the failure to exercise any care [for] those to

whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great probability that harm

will result.” Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 17} Ibrahim concedes that Officer Evans’s actions did “not rise to the level of

willful misconduct,” instead maintaining that his actions amount to wanton misconduct

because he “did not use any care in the operation of his police [vehicle] at the time of the

accident,” faulting him specifically for reversing his vehicle “without checking his mirrors

or activating [the vehicle’s] lights or siren.” Appellant’s Br. 17. Yet, the only evidence

on record shows that Officer Evans reversed his vehicle “at just a few miles per hour” and

drove backwards merely “two to three feet” when the accident occurred. Under the

circumstances, we cannot conclude that this presented a great probability of harm to

others, and the low speed at which the officer reversed his vehicle represents at least a

modicum of care. Evans Aff. ¶ 8-9; Evans Dep. 45:2-45:5; compare with Seege v. Smith,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26210, 2014-Ohio-5450, ¶ 29-30.
                                                                                          -10-


       {¶ 18} Ibrahim suggests that Officer Evans “was only traveling at such a low

[speed] because he had just abruptly changed directions,” implying that he would have

driven faster if he had had sufficient space, but this is nothing more than speculation.

Appellant’s Br. 17-18. The record includes no evidence contradicting Officer Evans’s

sworn testimony that he reversed his vehicle for a very short distance at a very low speed,

and we find accordingly that the record does not give rise to any genuine dispute of

material fact on the question of whether Officer Evans’s operation of his vehicle was willful

or wanton. Given that we have already determined the officer was responding to an

emergency call at the time of the accident, we find further that the trial court did not err

by holding that the City of Dayton is entitled to immunity pursuant to R.C.

2744.02(B)(1)(a). Ibrahim’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 19} For her third assignment of error, Ibrahim argues that:

              THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT OFFICER EVANS

       IS ENTITLED TO IMMUNITY UNDER []R.C. * * * 2744.03(A).

       {¶ 20} Finally, Ibrahim contends that Officer Evans’s actions “constituted wanton

and reckless conduct,” subjecting him to personal liability. Appellant’s Br. 18. This

contention implicates the provisions of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b), under which an employee

of a political subdivision “is immune from liability unless * * * [t]he employee’s acts or

omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.”

For individual employees, this statute controls the immunity analysis, and the foregoing

three-tiered analysis is inapplicable. Rankin v. Cuyahoga County Dep’t of Children and

Family Servs., 118 Ohio St.3d 392, 2008-Ohio-2567, 889 N.E.2d 521, ¶ 36.

       {¶ 21} The term “wanton,” as noted above, means a “failure to exercise any care
                                                                                          -11-


[for] those to whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great

probability that harm will result.” Anderson v. City of Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380,

2012-Ohio-11, 983 N.E.2d 266, paragraph three of the syllabus; see also Rankin, 2008-

Ohio-2567, ¶ 36-37. Similarly, the term “reckless” refers to a “conscious disregard of[,]

or indifference to[,] a known or obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under

the circumstances and is substantially [more remiss] than negligent conduct.”            See

Anderson, 2012-Ohio-11, ¶ 34; see also Rankin, 2008-Ohio-2567, ¶ 36-37.

       {¶ 22} We have already found that Officer Evans’s operation of his police vehicle

at the time of the accident did not constitute wanton conduct.          In light of the “high

standard” required to make a showing of recklessness, we hold likewise that Officer

Evans did not act recklessly. Rankin, 2008-Ohio-2567, ¶ 37. Arguably, Officer Evans

consciously disregarded the obvious risk that he would back into another vehicle behind

his own—which is exactly what happened. Nevertheless, at very low speed, an accident

of this sort did not present a “risk of harm to another that [was] unreasonable under the

circumstances,” and the officer’s likely failure to check his rear-view mirrors, though hardly

above criticism, was not so egregious that it can fairly be said to be “substantially [worse]

than negligen[ce].”6 Anderson, 2012-Ohio-11, ¶ 34; see also Argabrite v. Neer, 149 Ohio

St.3d 349, 2016-Ohio-8374, 75 N.E.3d 161, ¶ 7-8.

       {¶ 23} Ibrahim has not demonstrated that this case presents a genuine dispute of

material fact on the question of whether Officer Evans operated his police vehicle



6 Officer Evans testified that he could not remember whether he checked his rear-view
mirrors before reversing his vehicle, but he also testified that he would not have reversed
his vehicle had he seen anything behind it. Evans Dep. 45:6-46:12; see also Evans Aff.
¶ 10.
                                                                                         -12-


wantonly or recklessly at the time of the accident. Hence, the trial court did not err by

holding that Officer Evans is entitled to immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(a). Ibrahim’s

third assignment of error is overruled.

                                     III. Conclusion

       {¶ 24} On our de novo review, we find that Ibrahim has not met her burden to show

that this case presents a genuine issue of material fact on the questions of whether Officer

Evans was responding to an emergency call at the time of the accident, or whether Officer

Evans’s operation of his police vehicle was willful, wanton or reckless.         Therefore,

Ibrahim’s assignments of error are overruled, and the trial court’s decision of July 19,

2017, is affirmed.



                                     .............



WELBAUM, P.J. and HALL, J., concur.



Copies mailed to:

Edward C. Yim
Martin W. Gehres
John C. Musto
Hon. Barbara P. Gorman
