                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                 AT JACKSON
                                Assigned On Briefs April 28, 2011

              IN THE MATTER OF: BRANDON C. S. (d/o/b 10/1/2002),
                     a Child Under Eighteen (18) Years of Age

                   Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                        No. CT-00359509      James F. Russell, Judge


                     No. W2010-01015-COA-R3-PT - Filed May 26, 2011


The trial court terminated the parental rights of Mother and Father on the grounds of
persistence of conditions and severe child abuse. We affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                    Remanded

D AVID R. F ARMER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., and
J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

Alicia A. Howard, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellants.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter and Marcie E. Greene, Assistant
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services.

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

       This is a termination of parental rights case. In April 2008, the Department of
Children’s Services (“DCS”) filed a petition to adjudicate dependency and neglect in the
Juvenile Court of Shelby County. In April 2009, the juvenile court entered an order finding

       1
           Rule 10 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee provides:

       This Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case, may affirm, reverse
       or modify the actions of the trial court by memorandum opinion when a formal opinion
       would have no precedential value. When a case is decided by memorandum opinion it shall
       be designated “MEMORANDUM OPINION”, shall not be published, and shall not be cited
       or relied on for any reason in any unrelated case.
the minor child, Brandon S. (Brandon), born October 2002, dependent and neglected and
ordering that he remain in DCS custody. Brandon’s mother (“Mother”) and father (“Father,”
collectively, “Parents”) filed a notice of appeal to the Circuit Court of Shelby County. While
the matter was pending in circuit court, DCS filed a petition to terminate Parents’ parental
rights to Brandon in the Chancery Court of Shelby County. The matter was transferred to
circuit court and consolidated in October 2009. The matter was heard in the circuit court on
January 12 to 14, 2010. In March 2010, the trial court entered an order finding, by clear and
convincing evidence, that Brandon was dependent, neglected, and severely abused. The trial
court also found, by clear and convincing evidence, that the conditions which led to the
removal of Brandon from Parents’ home persisted, and that termination of Parents’ parental
rights was in Brandon’s best interest. The trial court also incorporated the findings of the
juvenile court into its March 2010 order. Parents filed a notice of appeal to this Court on
April 28, 2010. In September 2010, we vacated the trial court’s order and remanded the case
for entry of an order that fully complied with Tennessee Code Annotated 36-1-113(k) and
which fully adjudicated all the claims of the parties. The trial court entered final judgment
on October 12, 2010, and the filing of briefs was completed in April 2011.

                                      Issues Presented

       Parents present the following issues for our review, as we slightly re-word them:

       (1)    Whether the trial court erred by finding that Brandon is dependent and
              neglected within the meaning of the statute;

       (2)    Whether the trial court erred in finding that grounds for termination of
              Parents’ rights were supported by clear and convincing evidence;

       (3)    Whether the trial court erred in terminating parental rights in the
              absence of a showing of reasonable efforts;

       (4)    Whether the trial court erred in considering the written and oral reports
              and recommendation of the guardian ad litem;

       (5)    Whether the trial court erred by determining that termination of parental
              rights was in Brandon’s best interest.

                                    Standard of Review

       We review the decisions of a trial court sitting without a jury de novo upon the record,
with a presumption of correctness as to the trial court’s findings of fact, unless the evidence

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preponderates otherwise. In Re: Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002); Tenn. R. App.
P. 13(d). No presumption of correctness attaches, however, to a trial court’s conclusions on
issues of law. Bowden v. Ward, 27 S.W.3d 913, 916 (Tenn. 2000); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113 governs the termination of parental rights. The Code
provides, in pertinent part:

              (c) Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon:
              (1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that the
       grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights have been
       established; and
              (2) That termination of the parent's or guardian's rights is in the best
       interests of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2010). Thus, every termination case requires the court to
determine whether the parent whose rights are at issue has chosen a course of action, or
inaction, as the case may be, that constitutes one of the statutory grounds for termination.
A parent may not be deprived of their fundamental right to the custody and control of their
child unless clear and convincing evidence supports a finding that a statutory ground for
termination exists and that termination is in the best interests of the child. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(c)(2010). Although the “clear and convincing evidence” standard is more
exacting than the “preponderance of the evidence” standard, it does not require the certainty
demanded by the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard. In Re: M.L.D., 182 S.W.3d 890,
894 (Tenn. Ct. App.2005). Clear and convincing evidence is evidence that eliminates any
substantial doubt and that produces in the fact-finder’s mind a firm conviction as to the truth.
Id. Insofar as the trial court’s determinations are based on its assessment of witness
credibility, this Court will not reevaluate that assessment absent evidence of clear and
convincing evidence to the contrary. Id.

        The heightened burden of proof in parental termination cases requires us to distinguish
between the trial court’s findings with respect to specific facts and the “combined weight of
these facts.” In Re: Michael C. M., No. W2010-01511-COA-R3-PT, 2010 WL 4366070, at
*2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 5, 2010)(quoting In Re: M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 654 n. 35 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2004)). Although we presume the trial court’s specific findings of fact to be correct
if they are supported by a preponderance of the evidence, “we are the ones who must then
determine whether the combined weight of these facts provides clear and convincing
evidence supporting the trial court’s ultimate factual conclusion.” Id.

                                          Discussion

       Parents have four children: two daughters, LTS (born February 1990) and LKS (born

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January 1991), and two sons, DS (born 1992) and Brandon (born 2002). The relationship
between DCS and Parents began December 1992, when LKS, then age two, was removed
from Parents’ custody when she sustained severe burns over 30 percent of her body after
being scalded in a hot bath. During its 1993 investigation, DCS determined that LTS had
scars from being whipped, and that DS had what appeared to be a burn on his elbow. The
record demonstrates that LKS was in foster care for approximately ten years before returning
to Parents’ care. It is undisputed that, after returning to Parents’ home, LKS was sexually
abused by her paternal uncle and that she and her brother, DS, had an incestuous relationship
that resulted in the birth of a child in 2008.

       In 2007, DCS received a referral alleging that Father had physically abused DS. At
the time of the referral, DS’s eye and neck were swollen, and DS stated that he was injured
when his Father hit him and wrapped a belt around his neck. It was during the course of this
investigation that DCS discovered that LKS was pregnant with DS’s child, and that DS had
exposed Brandon to pornographic videos and “other inappropriate behavior.” In December
2007, DS was placed in DCS custody and the family was referred to LaBonheur Center for
Children and Parents (“CCP”) for evaluation for a second time.

        In its April 2008 petition to adjudicate dependency and neglect, DCS alleged Brandon
was abused pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated §§§ 37-1-102(b)(1), 37-1-102(b)(12)(F),
and 37-1-102(b)(12)(G). DCS further asserted that Parents had “continued to demonstrate
a pattern of poor parenting and decision making[,]” and that “[t]he CCP evaluation also[]
stated that [Parents] are not capable of parenting any children.” Brandon has remained in
foster care since coming into DCS custody in April 2008. At the time of the trial of this
matter in January 2010, DS was in foster care; LTS was nineteen years of age, pregnant, and
continued to reside with Parents; LKS was eighteen years of age and resided with Parents and
her daughter by DS; and Brandon was seven years of age.

       The trial court stated that it had evaluated the credibility of the witnesses, and that its
conclusions were based, in large part, upon the “compelling testimony of the professionals
who [had] testified . . . specifically the expert psychologists, Dr. Earle Donelson (“Dr.
Donelson”) and Dr. Chris Bertram (“Dr. Bertram”)[.]” The trial court found that the
evidence was clear and convincing, and the “proof in fact overwhelming,” that there had
been no “moral compass” in the family. The court found that all of the children had been
subject to abuse and neglect; that Parents “transmitted an attitude of defiance and rejection
of authority and instruction”; and that parents denied any knowledge of an ongoing sexual
relationship between LKS and DS. The trial court found that Dr. Donelson had testified that
the family had been through a full team, multi-disciplinary evaluation; that Parents took no
responsibility; that Parents did not seem to appreciate the severe psychological impact that
LKS had experienced; and that Parents are “simply not capable of recognizing even a need

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for counseling and for change in their lifestyle and life habits.” Dr. Donelson testified that
Mother blamed LKS for the sexual abuse by Father’s brother; that Father had a history of
physical abuse including whipping DS and burning LKS; and that Parents had made no
progress. Dr. Donelson recommended the removal of LKS, Brandon, and LKS’s young child
from the household. Dr. Bertram’s testimony was similar. He testified that Parents had
“shown no evidence at all . . . that [they] could adequately . . . marginally parent Brandon.”

       The trial court found that Mother testified, on one hand, that she felt “responsible,”
but that she also testified that there had been no sign of inappropriate behavior in the home.
The court stated,

       When she testified about denial of physical abuse of any child, again the Court
       observed that she cocked her head over, and there was a smirk on her face that
       transmitted an attitude of defiance and rejection of authority and instruction.

The trial court also found that Father “flat out denied that his two children had shared a
bedroom in the sense of a sexual relationship,” and that Father asserted that the case worker
was “coaching” LKS. The trial court found that DCS had established persistence of
conditions under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(3) and severe child abuse under
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(4) as defined in section 36-1-102, as grounds for
termination.

          Upon review of the record, the evidence supports the findings and conclusions of the
trial court. In addition to the specific findings of the trial court, we note that Dr. Bertram
testified that LKS was “one of the most depressed seeming teenagers [that he had] ever seen
. . . in eight and a half years.” He stated that it was clear that she “had gotten the message”
from Mother that “she was responsible for the family’s problems” because of her pregnancy.
Dr. Bertram stated Parents had “neglected” to bring Brandon with them for their first
appointment, and that LKS had been responsible for caring for Brandon and her “medically
fragile” baby since the baby was discharged from the hospital. When asked whether he
believed LKS had been emotionally abused by Parents, Dr. Bertram testified, “Yes, I do.”
Dr. Bertram testified that there had been a pattern since “at least 1992” of “complete and
total lack of responsibility . . . even prior to LKS having been scalded at 23 months,” when
the family was first referred to DCS.

       Dr. Bertram testified to “a complete and total lack of insight, lack of any awareness
or any acceptance of blame as to what has happened to [Parents’] children.” He testified that
Brandon had expressed being happy in his foster home and that he wanted to remain there.
Dr. Bertram further testified that Parents had “very marginal parenting skills,” and that “they
seem[ed] to believe and seem to still believe that their obligations as parents stop at providing

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shelter and food and clothing.” He stated that there seemed “to be a very clear pattern . . .
of just neglect, gross neglect of emotional needs and a pattern of physical abuse starting from
the scalding of LKS or possibly before[.]” Dr. Bertram stated that the prognosis for Parents
to change their pattern was “poor.” Dr. Bertram testified that there had been no improvement
despite therapy. He further testified that, even if Parents complied with all the
recommendations, there was little hope for improvement because Parents “externaliz[ed] all
the blame” to the children. When asked whether he “[saw] much hope of that pattern
changing,” Dr. Bertram testified, “No.” When asked whether Brandon himself was abused
or neglected, Dr. Bertram testified, “At least neglected. . . . I do feel that he was neglected
very much.”

      The trial court terminated Parents rights based upon Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-
1-113(g)(3) and (4). The Code provides, in relevant part:

               (g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be
       based upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The following
       grounds are cumulative and non-exclusive, so that listing conditions, acts or
       omissions in one ground does not prevent them from coming within another
       ground:
       ....
               (3) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian
       by order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:
               (A) The conditions that led to the child's removal or other conditions
       that in all reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to
       further abuse or neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child's safe return to
       the care of the parent(s) or guardian(s), still persist;
               (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at
       an early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent(s) or
       guardian(s) in the near future; and
               (C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship
       greatly diminishes the child's chances of early integration into a safe, stable
       and permanent home;
               (4) The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe
       child abuse as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is
       found by the court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the
       petition for adoption to have committed severe child abuse against the child
       who is the subject of the petition or against any sibling or half-sibling of such
       child, or any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of
       such parent or guardian[.]



                                              -6-
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) & (4)(2010)(emphasis added). Upon review of the
record, we agree with the trial court that clear and convincing evidence establishes that
Brandon was dependent and neglected. We also conclude that grounds for termination of
Parents’ parental rights based on persistence of conditions and severe abuse have been
established by clear and convincing evidence in this case.

        In their brief to this Court, Parents assert DCS failed to make reasonable efforts. They
assert that they complied with the tasks under the parenting plan, but that DCS failed to
supply them with sufficiently intense therapy or counseling. DCS has made “reasonable
efforts” where, in “the exercise of reasonable care and diligence” it has “provide[d] services
related to meeting the needs of the child and the family.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
37-1-166(g)(1)(2010). Whether DCS has made reasonable efforts to provide services to
enable a child to return safely to the home must be decided on a case-by-case basis in light
of the circumstances of the case. In the Matter of: C.M.C., C.L.C., and D.A.M., No.
E2005-00328-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1827855, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug.3, 2005)(no perm.
app. filed). When determining whether DCS has made reasonable efforts, the court may
consider factors such as: (1) the reasons for separating the parent from his or her child or
children, (2) the parent’s physical and mental abilities, (3) the resources available to the
parent, (4) the parent’s efforts to remedy the conditions that required the separation, (5) the
resources available to the Department, (6) the duration of the parent’s remedial efforts, and
(7) the closeness of the fit between the conditions that led to the initial separation, the
requirements in the permanency plan, and the Departments efforts. Id.; In the Matter of:
C.M.M. & S.D.M., No. M2003-01122-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 438326, at * 7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Mar.9, 2004)(no perm. app. filed). Clearly, parents also must make reasonable efforts to
substantially comply with the requirements of the permanency plan and to rectify the
conditions that led to the child’s removal. In the Matter of M.A.B, D.C.M, M.A.M, M.I.M,
D.Z.M and W.M.E.M, No. W2007-00453-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 2353158, at *5 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Aug. 20, 2007).

        Parents do not contend that DCS has not provided them with counseling or therapy.
Rather, they assert that such counseling was not sufficiently intensive. In light of the entire
record in this case, and particularly in light of he testimony of Dr. Bertram, whom the trial
court found to be credible, it appears to us that Parents are simply unable to appropriately
care for these children despite DCS efforts dating from 1993. We agree with the trial court
that the conditions leading to Brandon’s removal from Parents’ care continue to persist, and
they are unlikely to be remedied in the near future despite further counseling and therapy.

       Upon review of the record, we also affirm the trial court’s finding that termination of
Parents’ parental rights is in Brandon’s best interest. As noted above, the record reflects that
Brandon has been residing with his foster family since April 2008, and that he is happy and

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thriving in his foster home. Further, Brandon’s foster parents are willing and able to adopt
him. We finally turn to Parents’ assertion that the trial court erred in considering the report
of the guardian ad litem. To the extent that the trial court may have so erred, any such error
is harmless. The trial court clearly did not rely upon the report of the guardian ad litem, and
did not make its findings based on the guardian ad litem’s conclusions.

                                           Holding

       In light of the foregoing, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs of this
appeal are taxed to the Appellants.




                                                    _________________________________
                                                    DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE




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