[Cite as Brammer v. Brammer, 2013-Ohio-2843.]




                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                             MARION COUNTY




VANCE BRAMMER,

       PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,                            CASE NO. 9-12-57

       v.

SHANNON BRAMMER,                                       OPINION

       DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.




                Appeal from Marion County Common Pleas Court
                                 Family Court
                          Trial Court No. 06 DR 0119

                                   Judgment Affirmed

                            Date of Decision: July 1, 2013




APPEARANCES:

       Ted Coulter for Appellant

       Kevin P. Collins for Appellee
Case No. 9-12-57


WILLAMOWSKI, J.

       {¶1} Plaintiff–Appellant, Vance Brammer (“Vance” or “Father”), appeals

the judgment of the Marion County Court of Common Pleas, Family Division,

terminating the parties’ shared parenting plan and naming Defendant-Appellee,

Shannon Brammer, nka Rappe (“Shannon” or “Mother”) as the residential parent

of the parties’ two sons. On appeal, Father contends that the trial court erred when

it found that there was a change of circumstances warranting the termination of the

shared parenting plan and when it named Mother as the residential parent. Father

also claims the trial court erred in its admission of certain evidentiary exhibits and

in its reliance upon the family service investigator’s report. For the reasons set

forth below, the judgment is affirmed.

       {¶2} The parties were married on August 28, 1998, and had two children

together: Hayden, born in October 2000, and Keegan, born in June 2003. They

divorced in 2006, and the parties entered into a mutually developed shared-

parenting plan. The parties lived in close proximity to each other and the plan

called for them to exercise equal parenting time. Pursuant to the shared-parenting

plan, each parent was designated the residential and custodial parent of the

children during their individual periods of parenting time. The shared-parenting

plan also specified that the children attend school in the River Valley School




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District in Marion County, Ohio, unless the parties agreed to change school

districts by mutual consent.

           {¶3} In January of 2010, Shannon filed a motion to modify the parties’

shared parenting plan because she had received a promotion and intended to

relocate to Tennessee, where her fiancé resided.1 She requested that she be named

the residential parent for school purposes, and the children would reside with

Vance in Ohio during the summer. Vance opposed this modification and he also

filed a motion to modify, asserting that it was in the best interests of the children

to remain in Ohio. Both parents wished to be named their children’s residential

parent for school purposes, and each parent expressed significant concerns with

having the children reside with the other for the school year.

           {¶4} Shannon believed that the Tennessee schools would be better able to

deal with the special educational needs of their younger son, who had been

diagnosed with Tourette’s syndrome, ADHD. She also believed that she was more

qualified to handle this son’s medical needs, since she was a registered nurse.

Vance worried that moving the children to Tennessee would cause their father-son

relationships to suffer. There was also considerable evidence that the children

were doing well in Ohio and were very close to many family and friends who

lived nearby. The family services coordinator assigned to the case recommended



1
    Shannon later married her fiancé, Mark Rappe, in 2011.

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that it was in the children's best interest to remain in Marion and to designate

Vance as the children's residential parent for school purposes.

       {¶5} The trial court granted Mother’s motion and named her the residential

parent for the school year. Vance appealed and requested a stay of the trial court’s

judgment pending the appeal. His motion for a stay was denied and the children

resided with Mother and attended school in Tennessee during the August 2010-

May 2011 school year.

       {¶6} On May 31, 2011, this Court reversed the trial court’s decision. See

Brammer v. Brammer, 194 Ohio App.3d 240, 2011-Ohio-2610 (3d Dist.)

(hereinafter, “Brammer I”). We found that “the majority of the evidence * * *

support[ed] keeping the children in Marion and naming Vance the residential

parent for school purposes.” Id. at ¶ 54.      “[T]here was no evidence presented,

aside from Shannon’s mere conjectures, to substantiate that the school in

Tennessee would better serve her children than the school in Marion.” Id. at ¶ 26.

We further stated that “we cannot find evidence in the record that supports

uprooting the children from an environment where they are surrounded by family

and friends simply to place them in a new state where the only people known to

them are their mother, her fiancé, and his children, with whom they have had only

intermittent contact during the past two years.” Id. at ¶ 60. Although a court of

appeals must defer to a trial court’s discretion in determining these issues, we held


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that the trial court’s decision was an abuse of discretion because the determination

was not supported by a substantial amount of competent, credible evidence. Id. at

¶ 61.

        {¶7} Upon remand, the trial court rendered a new judgment entry,

modifying the shared parenting plan and naming Vance the residential parent for

school purposes pursuant to this Court’s decision in Brammer I. Shannon was

ordered to release custody of the children to Vance on August 20, 2011, so that the

children could return to Ohio for the 2011-2012 school year.

        {¶8} Shortly after this Court’s decision in Brammer I, Shannon filed a

motion to modify parental rights and responsibilities, alleging that there had been

a change in circumstances. She later filed an amended motion to modify parental

rights and responsibilities and to terminate the shared parenting plan, pursuant to

R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c), on November 14, 2011.                            Vance filed motions in

opposition.2

        {¶9} A three-day hearing was held on April 4 and 5, 2012, and June 5,

2012. The trial court heard testimony from: Shannon and Vance; Jennifer Yanka,

the Family Services Coordinator (“Ms. Yanka” or “the FSC”); Shannon’s new

husband (stepfather); Vance’s girlfriend; Vance’s brother; a psychiatrist and

psychologist who have worked with the children; an intervention specialist from

2
  Numerous other motions were filed by both parties throughout these proceedings. However, we shall
limit our discussion of the procedural history of this case to the motions and trial court rulings that are
directly relevant to the issues before us on appeal.

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the Marion schools; a principal from Heritage School in the River Valley School

District; a principal from Benjamin Harris School in the Marion School District;

three of the children’s teachers (from 3rd grade and 5th grade); and a special

education expert witness. More than one hundred exhibits were admitted into

evidence, including the children’s school records, numerous emails between the

parties, depositions, and the FSC’s report.

       {¶10} After hearing all of the evidence, the trial court found that there had

been a significant breakdown in communications between the parties, and that this

was a change in circumstances that had resulted in an adverse impact on the

children. Specifically, the trial court stated that:

       [C]ommunication has become ineffective and often times vitriolic.
       Evidence shows that the children have become the messengers of
       information that should be relayed between the parties. The
       evidence also shows that the children no longer have the benefit of
       both parents making decisions about their education and healthcare.
       The children have been adversely impacted as a result.

(Sept. 12, 2012 J.E., p. 10) The trial court then found that it was in the children’s

best interest that the shared parenting decree be terminated and that “the harm

likely to be caused by the maintenances of the shared parenting plan is outweighed

by the termination of the shared parenting decree to the children.” (Id.)

       {¶11} The trial court proceeded to analyze the factors with respect to the

best interests of the children set forth in R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) in order to allocate

parental rights and responsibilities. After considering all of the relevant factors,

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the trial court designated Shannon as the residential parent and legal custodian of

the children and Vance was to have parenting time during most of the summer

break and during other designated school breaks and holidays.

      {¶12} It is from this judgment that Vance now appeals, raising the

following four assignments of error for our review.

                           First Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred as a matter of law, abused its discretion
      and erred against the weight of the evidence by admitting and
      relying on the family service investigator’s erroneous/prejudicial
      report as substantive facts and determinative reasons to change
      custody rather than weigh all factual evidence and testimony.

                          Second Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred as a matter of law, abused its discretion
      and erred against the weight of the evidence by determining that
      there was a substantiated and sufficient change in circumstances
      pursuant to Ohio Revised Code 3109.04(E)(1)(A).

                           Third Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred as a matter of law, abused its discretion
      and erred against the weight of the evidence by determining that
      terminating the prior decree and naming [Shannon] as the
      custodial parent was in and necessary to serve the best interest
      of the children [sic] pursuant to ORC 3109.04(E)(1)(A), ORC
      3109.04(E)(2)(C), ORC 3109.04(F)(1), and ORC 3109.04(F)(2)
      when failing to substantiate through findings the requisite
      threshold in ORC 3109.04(E)(1)(A)(iii).




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                          Fourth Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred in admitting [Shannon’s] Exhibits 41-46,
       letters between counsel, and erred in not admitting [Vance’s]
       Exhibits 109 and 110, compilations of texts between the parties.

                                Standard of Review

       {¶13} Custody issues are some of the most difficult decisions a trial judge

must make. Therefore, those decisions rest within the sound discretion of the trial

court. Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 1997–Ohio–260; Miller v.

Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74 (1988). A court’s decision regarding an award of

custody is subject to reversal only upon a showing of an abuse of that discretion.

Id.; Trickey v. Trickey, 158 Ohio St. 9, 13–14 (1952). A trial court will be found

to have abused its discretion when its decision is contrary to law, unreasonable,

not supported by the evidence, or grossly unsound. Bruce v. Bruce, 3d Dist. No.

9–10–57, 2012–Ohio–45, ¶ 13, citing State v. Boles, 187 Ohio App.3d 345, 2010–

Ohio–278, ¶ 17–18 (2d Dist.), citing Black’s Law Dictionary (8 Ed.Rev.2004) 11.

“A reviewing court will not overturn a custody determination unless the trial court

has acted in a manner that is arbitrary, unreasonable, or capricious.” Pater v.

Pater, 63 Ohio St.3d 393 (1992).

       {¶14} The reason for this standard of review is that the trial judge is in the

best position to view the demeanor, attitude, and credibility of each witness and to

weigh the evidence and testimony. Davis, 77 Ohio St.3d at 418. This is especially


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true in a child custody case, since there may be much that is evident in the parties’

demeanor and attitude that does not translate well to the record. Id. at 419.

       [I]t is inappropriate in most cases for a court of appeals to
       independently weigh evidence and grant a change of custody. The
       discretion which a trial court enjoys in custody matters should be
       accorded the utmost respect, given the nature of the proceeding and
       the impact the court’s determination will have on the lives of the
       parties concerned. The knowledge a trial court gains through
       observing the witnesses and the parties in a custody proceeding
       cannot be conveyed to a reviewing court by a printed record. * * *

(Citations omitted.) Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d at 74.

       {¶15} In applying an abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing court is not

free to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Hay v. Shafer, 3d Dist.

No. 10–10–10, 2010–Ohio-4811, ¶ 14, citing Holcomb v. Holcomb, 44 Ohio St.3d

128, (1989). When reviewing a change of child custody proceedings, an appellate

court should be guided by the presumption that trial court’s findings were correct.

Miller at 74.

                First Assignment of Error – Reliance on FSC’s Report

       {¶16} In his first assignment of error, Vance contends that the FSC

erroneously acted as a guardian ad litem (“GAL”) when she did not meet the

Marion Family Courts requirements to be a GAL, and that she failed to follow the

applicable rules of court and guidelines pursuant to Loc.R22 and Sup.R.48

(pertaining to GALs). Vance argues that the trial court “prejudicially relied on the

flawed reports” of the FSC rather than weighing all of the evidence and testimony.

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(Appellant’s Br. 18) He further finds fault in the manner in which the FSC

conducted her investigation and with the facts she reported and the conclusions

that she derived.

       {¶17} This Court has previously held that it is permissible for a trial court

to rely on an investigator’s assessments and recommendations so long as the report

contains sufficient facts from which the trial court can draw a proper conclusion

and the trial court does not rely exclusively on the report in reaching its

conclusion. Brammer v. Meachem, 3d Dist. No. 9–10–43, 2011-Ohio-519, ¶ 39;

Martin v. Martin, 3d Dist. No. 9–03–47, 2004–Ohio–807, ¶¶ 15–20. A family

court has the authority to hire an investigator, such as Ms. Yanka, pursuant to R.C.

3109.04(C) and the family court’s local rules.       R.C. 3109.04(C) provides in

relevant part:

       Prior to trial, the court may cause an investigation to be made as
       to the character, family relations, past conduct, earning ability,
       and financial worth of each parent and may order the parents
       and their minor children to submit to medical, psychological,
       and psychiatric examinations. The report of the investigation
       and examinations shall be made available to either parent or the
       parent’s counsel of record not less than five days before trial,
       upon written request. The report shall be signed by the
       investigator, and the investigator shall be subject to cross-
       examination by either parent concerning the contents of the
       report. * * *

       {¶18} Local Rule 18 closely follows the language of the statute and states

as follows:


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       18.01 The Court, pursuant to Ohio Revised Code Section
       3109.04(C), may appoint Family Court Services, upon its own
       Motion or the Motion of a party, in order to complete an
       investigation.

       18.02 An investigation may be made as to the character, family
       relations, past conduct, earning ability, and financial worth of
       each parent and request the Court to order the parents and their
       minor children to submit to medical, psychological, and
       psychiatric examinations.

       18.02 The report of the investigation and examination shall be
       made available to either parent and/or counsel of record not less
       than seven (7) days before trial. The report may be available at
       the settlement conference or final pre-trial provided that a final
       hearing has already been scheduled. The report shall be signed
       by the investigator, and the investigator shall be subject to cross-
       examination by either parent concerning the contents of the
       report.

       ***

Meachem at ¶¶ 16-17.

       {¶19} The Marion County Family Court requires a person to be a licensed

attorney in order to function as a GAL. See Loc.R. 22. Ms. Yanka is a certified

GAL, but she is not a licensed attorney. Therefore, she is employed by the family

court as a FSC, and she performed her investigation on this case in that capacity.

       {¶20} Vance suggests that Ms. Yanka either was unqualified or she

misunderstood her role. However, Ms. Yanka testified she had been employed by

the Family Services Department of the Family Court for two years; she performed

custody evaluations, participated in Early Neutral Evaluations, and mediated


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custody disputes; she has a Bachelor's Degree in Social Work and a Master’s

Degree in Community Counseling; she is a Licensed Social Worker and a

Licensed Professional Counselor; and, she is certified by the Ohio Supreme Court

as a Guardian ad Litem. (Tr. 385-388)

       {¶21} Vance bases most of his arguments on a single comment Ms. Yanka

made when she was asked how long she had been a guardian ad litem. She

responded that she had been a guardian ad litem for two years. (Tr. 392) Then

she was asked if she had been appointed as a guardian ad litem on this case, and

she replied that “I was.”     (Id.)   It is unclear if her comment was merely a

misstatement, or if she was referring to the fact that her role in this case was

similar to what it would be if she was acting as a guardian ad litem in another

court system, or if she was inadvertently using the terms “guardian ad litem” and

“family services counselor/investigator” interchangeably. However, there was no

indication or evidence in the record that either Ms. Yanka or the trial court

misunderstood or misrepresented her role in this case, or that she had acted

improperly or outside of the limitations set forth in the statutes and local rules for

a FSC. She was not under any obligation to follow the rules for a GAL because

they were not applicable to her in her capacity in this case.

       {¶22} Vance also contends that Ms. Yanka’s report should be stricken from

the record. Again, we find no support for that assertion, either under the law or in


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the record. As stated above, it is permissible for a trial court to rely on an

investigator’s assessments and recommendations so long as the report contains

sufficient facts from which the trial court can draw a proper conclusion and a trial

court does not rely exclusively on the report in reaching its conclusion. Martin,

supra; Meacham, supra. Here, the facts in Ms. Yanka’s report were carefully

documented, and the trial court also considered the testimony of thirteen additional

witnesses and countless other exhibits. Furthermore, even if Ms. Yanka’s report

had not been admitted, she testified extensively as to her investigation and all of

her factual findings during the hearing. Therefore, all of the information contained

in the report was also before the trial court via Ms. Yanka’s testimony.

       {¶23} Vance also finds fault with many of the facts and conclusions

contained in Ms. Yanka’s report and her testimony, and he complains that the trial

court erred in relying upon Ms. Yanka’s report and recommendation rather than

weighing “all of the evidence and credible testimony.”        (Appellant’s Br. 18)

While it is true that the family court referenced some of Ms. Yanka’s findings in

the final judgment entry, there is no indication that the trial court relied

exclusively upon these factors. The trial court heard testimony from numerous

witnesses over three days. It was not necessary for the trial court to specify every

single factor and witness that contributed to its final decision. Ms. Yanka was

subject to vigorous cross-examination concerning her methodology and her


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findings. Vance’s attorney questioned Ms. Yanka concerning all of the issues now

being raised. We will not second-guess the trial court's conclusions concerning

the bias and credibility of the various witnesses’ testimony or the relative weight

to be given to the evidence.     See Meacham at ¶ 44.         Essentially, Vance is

attempting to discredit the FSC’s findings and recommendations because they

were not favorable concerning him and his role as a parent.

      {¶24} Ms. Yanka understood her authority and duties under the Local Rule

and the statutes. Her investigation and report satisfied the requirements of both.

Vance offered no supporting evidence for his opinion that the investigation lacked

objectivity or that the trial court improperly relied solely upon Ms. Yanka’s

testimony and report without thoroughly considering all of the evidence before it.

      {¶25} Therefore, we find no merit in Vance’s arguments that Ms. Yanka’s

report, her testimony, and the manner in which she performed her duties as a FSC,

were in any way deficient or improper. Vance’s first assignment of error is

overruled.

             Second Assignment of Error – Change of Circumstances

      {¶26} In the second assignment of error, Vance submits that the trial court

failed to substantiate through accurate findings that there was a sufficient change

in circumstances necessary to satisfy the threshold requirement set forth in R.C.

3109.04(E)(1)(a) before a trial court may modify parental rights and


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responsibilities. He asserts that the evidence offered by Shannon of a lack of

communication between the parties did not accurately portray the state of the

parties’ relationship and that any alleged breakdown in cooperation preceded the

trial court’s determined time-line threshold for a change in circumstances.

Furthermore, Vance contends that there was a lack of evidence to show that any

changed conditions had a continuing and materially adverse effect upon the

children.

       {¶27} Shannon’s response posits that the requirements for terminating a

shared parenting agreement are set forth in R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c), not R.C.

3109.04(E)(1)(a), and that this section of the Revised Code does not necessitate

proof of a change of circumstances.        However, even if (E)(1)(a) is utilized,

Shannon points to a considerable amount of evidence in the record that supports

the trial court’s finding that there was a significant change in circumstance and

that the breakdown in communications was detrimental to the children and made

continuation of the shared parenting plan unworkable.

       {¶28} In its judgment entry, the trial court noted that some appellate courts

have ruled that a trial court need only to find that it is in the best interest of the

child in order to terminate a shared parenting order when a motion is filed

pursuant to R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c) to terminate a shared parenting arrangement.

See, e.g., Kougher v. Kougher, 194 Ohio App.3d 703, 2011-Ohio-3411 (7th Dist.);


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Beismann v. Beismann, 2d Dist. No. 22323, 2008-Ohio-984, ¶ 8. Yet, in other

instances, courts have required a finding of a change of circumstances as a

threshold requirement. See, e.g., In re Luke Illig, 3d Dist. No. 13-08-26, 2009-

Ohio-916. But see, Logan v. Holcomb, 3d Dist. No. 9-12-61, 2013-Ohio-204. The

trial court chose to apply Section (E)(1)(a), requiring a finding of a change of

circumstances, and analyzed the facts accordingly. The trial court also determined

that the “benchmark dates” for determining whether a change has occurred would

be between the date of this Court’s appellate decision, May 31, 2011, and the final

hearing date of June 5, 2012. (J.E. p. 2)

       {¶29} Some of the discrepancy concerning which standard to apply arises

because there are at least four sections of the Revised Code that address the issue

of modification and termination of parental rights and responsibilities in sole

custody and/or shared parenting situations:

       R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), which requires a court to find a change in
       the circumstances of the child, residential parent, or either
       parent subject to the shared-parenting decree before modifying
       a decree allocating parental rights and responsibilities; R.C.
       3109.04(E)(2)(a), which permits parents to jointly modify the
       terms of a shared-parenting plan by filing the modifications with
       the court, if the court finds that the modifications are in the best
       interest of the child; R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(b), which permits a
       court to modify the terms of a shared-parenting plan upon its
       own motion if the court finds that the modifications are in the
       best interest of the child; and R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c), which
       permits the termination of a shared-parenting plan if the court
       finds that shared parenting is not in the best interest of the child.


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Fisher v. Hasenjager, 116 Ohio St.3d 53, 2007-Ohio-5589, ¶ 5.

       {¶30} The determination as to which section of the Revised Code is

applicable in a particular case is contingent upon the factual posture of the case

and depends upon whether a court is dealing with a sole legal custodian or a

shared parenting arrangement; whether the court is seeking to modify a shared

parenting decree in the context of the status of the residential parent or legal

custodian versus modification of a “term” of a shared parenting plan; and, whether

a court is addressing issues concerning a modification or a termination. See Fisher

v. Hasenjager, ¶¶ 31-34. The Ohio Supreme Court attempted to clarify the matter

in its decision in Fisher. However, interpretive confusion still remains because the

majority opinion did not explicitly define its understanding as to whether the plan

in question had been terminated or modified as to the designation of residential

parent and legal custodian. See Fisher, supra (Pfeifer, J., dissenting), ¶¶ 38-60;

Change of Circumstances in Shared Parenting Cases Since Fisher v. Hasenjager,

25 No. 1 Ohio Dom. Rel. J. NL 1 (2013). Furthermore, the Ohio Supreme Court

did not analyze the application of R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c) in its decision, and that is

the section at issue in this case.

       {¶31} The first section in question, R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), which Vance

claims is applicable, provides as follows:

       The court shall not modify a prior decree allocating parental
       rights and responsibilities for the care of children unless it finds,

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       based on facts that have arisen since the prior decree or that
       were unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree, that a
       change has occurred in the circumstances of the child, the
       child’s residential parent, or either of the parents subject to a
       shared parenting decree, and that the modification is necessary
       to serve the best interest of the child. In applying these
       standards, the court shall retain the residential parent
       designated by the prior decree or the prior shared parenting
       decree, unless a modification is in the best interest of the child
       and one of the following applies:

       The residential parent agrees to a change in the residential
       parent or both parents under a shared parenting decree agree to
       a change in the designation of residential parent.

       The child, with the consent of the residential parent or of both
       parents under a shared parenting decree, has been integrated
       into the family of the person seeking to become the residential
       parent.

       The harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is
       outweighed by the advantages of the change of environment to
       the child. R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a).

       {¶32} Under this provision, trial courts must determine three things: “(1)

Has there been a change in circumstances? (2) Is this modification in the best

interest of the child? (3) Will the harm that will result from the change be

outweighed by the benefits that will result from the change?” Clark v. Smith, 130

Ohio App.3d 648, 653 (3d Dist. 1998); Logan v. Holcomb, supra.

       {¶33} Conversely, Shannon points us to R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c), which

provides, in relevant part:

       (E)(2) In addition to a modification authorized under division
       (E)(1) of this section:

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       ***

       (c) The court may terminate a prior final shared parenting
       decree that includes a shared parenting plan approved under
       division (D)(1)(a)(i) of this section upon the request of one or
       both of the parents or whenever it determines that shared
       parenting is not in the best in interest of the children. The court
       may terminate a prior final shared parenting decree that
       includes a shared parenting plan approved under division
       (D)(1)(a)(ii) or (iii) of this section if it determines, * * * upon the
       request of one or both parents, that shared parenting is not in
       the best in interest of the children.

       {¶34} R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c) merely requires that the party seeking

termination of a shared parenting plan must show that the termination is in the best

interests of the minor child, without necessitating a finding of a change of

circumstances. See Kougher v. Kougher, supra at ¶ 18. (“The appellate courts

that have dealt with this specific question have concluded that R.C.

3109.04(E)(2)(c), clearly labeled in the statute as a different procedure from that

detailed in R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), requires only that the termination of a shared-

parenting decree be in the best interests of the child.”); Logan v. Holcomb, supra

(containing a more detailed discussion of the issues and a listing of numerous

other cases concurring with Kougher); Patton v. Patton, 141 Ohio App.3d 691,

695, 2001-Ohio-2117 (3d Dist.) (a court may terminate a prior shared-parenting

decree if it determines that such is in the best interest of the child and this




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determination may be made without a preliminary determination into whether

there was a change in circumstances).

       {¶35} Under the plain language of the statute, it would appear that Section

(E)(2)(c) would be applicable in this case in that Shannon has clearly requested

termination of the entire shared parenting arrangement. However, the trial court

was mindful of the Ohio Supreme Court majority’s statements in Fisher

concerning how the designation of a residential parent and legal custodian was

“critical to the life of a child” and holding “that a modification of the designation

of a residential parent and legal custodian of a child requires that a ‘change in

circumstances’ has occurred, as well as a finding that the modification is in the

best interest of the child.” Fisher at ¶¶ 36-37. Therefore, the trial court analyzed

the facts in this case by the more stringent requirements set forth in R.C.

3109.04(E)(1)(a), and found that a change of circumstances had occurred, as well

as finding that the modification was in the best interest of the children and that the

benefits from the change will be outweighed by any potential harm.

       {¶36} Under the facts in this particular case, the end result does not change

regardless as to which section of the Ohio Revised Code is utilized. As stated

above, it would appear that Section (E)(2)(c) would be applicable in this case, as

Shannon has requested a termination of the entire shared parenting arrangement,

and the trial court found that the continuation of the shared parenting arrangement


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had become unworkable and it was no longer in the children’s best interests.

However, even if a change in circumstances would have been required, under

Section (E)(1)(a), the record clearly supports the trial courts findings that all of the

statutory requirements of R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a) had also been met.

       {¶37} Therefore, based on the above, the trial court did not err in

terminating the parties’ shared parenting plan. The second assignment of error is

overruled.

                           Third Assignment of Error –
                    Residential Parent/Best Interest of Children

       {¶38} Vance argues that the trial court erred in finding that it was in the

best interests of the children to name Shannon as the residential parent. He

complains that the trial court failed to substantiate its decision with specific

findings of facts and conclusions of law in response to his request pursuant to

Civ.R.52. He also asserts that the trial court failed to properly consider the factors

under R.C. 3109.04(F)(2) and R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)(iii). And, he contends that

the trial court “overlooked much credible evidence/testimony” and improperly

“gave deference to Shannon’s assertions” rather than “the credible testimony” of

other “non-biased witnesses.” (Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 12)

       {¶39} After deciding to terminate a shared parenting plan, “the court shall

proceed and issue a modified decree for the allocation of parental rights and

responsibilities for the care of the children under the standards applicable under

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divisions (A), (B), and (C) of this section as if no decree for shared parenting had

been granted and if no request for shared parenting ever had been made.” R.C.

3109.04(E)(2)(d). Pursuant to R.C. 3109.04(B)(1), trial courts are required to

“take into account that which would be in the best interest of the children” when

determining how to allocate parental rights and responsibilities.

       {¶40} R.C. 3109.04(F) provides a non-exclusive list of relevant factors to

be utilized in helping to determine what would be in a child's best interest.

       (1) In determining the best interest of a child pursuant to this
       section, whether on an original decree allocating parental rights
       and responsibilities for the care of children or a modification of
       a decree allocating those rights and responsibilities, the court
       shall consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited to:

       (a) The wishes of the child's parents regarding the child's care;

       (b) If the court has interviewed the child in chambers pursuant
       to division (B) of this section regarding the child's wishes and
       concerns as to the allocation of parental rights and
       responsibilities concerning the child, the wishes and concerns of
       the child, as expressed to the court;

       (c) The child's interaction and interrelationship with the
       child's parents, siblings, and any other person who may
       significantly affect the child's best interest;

       (d) The child's adjustment to the child's home, school, and
       community;

       (e) The mental and physical health of all persons involved in
       the situation;




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       (f) The parent more likely to honor and facilitate court-
       approved parenting time rights or visitation and companionship
       rights;

       (g) Whether either parent has failed to make all child support
       payments, including all arrearages, that are required of that
       parent pursuant to a child support order under which that
       parent is an obligor;

       (h) Whether either parent or any member of the household of
       either parent previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty
       to any criminal offense involving any act that resulted in a child
       being an abused child or a neglected child; * * *

       (i) Whether the residential parent or one of the parents subject
       to a shared parenting decree has continuously and willfully
       denied the other parent's right to parenting time in accordance
       with an order of the court;

       (j) Whether either parent has established a residence, or is
       planning to establish a residence, outside this state.

       {¶41} In determining the best interest of a child under R.C. 3109.04(F)(1),

the court has discretion in determining which factors are relevant. Hammond v.

Harm, 9th Dist. No. 23993, 2008–Ohio–2310, ¶ 51. The factors are merely to

provide guidance for the trial court in determining what is in the child’s best

interest, and each factor may not necessarily carry the same weight or have the

same relevance, depending upon the facts before the trial court. A trial court is not

limited to the listed factors in R.C. 3109.04(F), but may consider any other

relevant factors in making a determination of child custody. Shaffer v. Shaffer, 3d

Dist. No. 11–04–22, 2005–Ohio–3884, ¶ 20.


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       {¶42} First, we do not agree with Vance’s claim that the trial court issued

only a “general” verdict and that he was entitled to findings of fact and

conclusions of law pursuant to Civ.R. 52. Civ.R. 52 requires the court to make

findings of fact and conclusions of law when properly requested by either party.

Findings of fact and conclusions of law have a twofold purpose: they explain the

factual and legal rationale for the trial court's decision and, as a consequence, help

make meaningful appellate review possible.

       {¶43} In this case, the trial court issued a thorough and detailed eighteen-

page judgment entry in which it outlined its findings of facts and conclusions of

law under all of the applicable statutory sections, including six pages devoted to an

analysis of the “best interest” of the children under R.C. 29109.04(F)(1). It is not

realistic to expect a trial court to include a written analysis of each and every

factual bit of information that was presented during a three-day hearing. Merely

because the trial court chose to summarize its findings, and only list some of the

pertinent facts that were instrumental in its decision, does not mean that it did not

consider and weigh all of the evidence before it. In denying Vance’s Civ.R. 52

motion, the trial court stated:

       The Court had the opportunity to see, hear and observe each
       witness who testified. The Court also considered the credibility
       and the weight of each witness’s testimony. The Court in
       making its decision reviewed the voluminous record and more
       than two hundred exhibits. The Court considered the weight
       and the relevance of all of the evidence. The Court does not

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       make findings of fact as to each and every piece of evidence and
       the omission of the Court to make such findings does not suggest
       that the Court did not consider the facts in arriving at the
       ultimate decision. The Court must look at the sufficiency of the
       evidence, the credibility of the witnesses and the weight given the
       testimony when addressing contested issues.

(Sept. 26, 2012 J.E.) Vance’s argument about the trial court’s failure to make

separate findings of fact is not well taken.

       {¶44} Also, Vance’s assertion that the trial court failed to properly consider

the factors under R.C. 3109.04(F)(2) and R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)(iii) is also without

merit. R.C. 3109.04(F)(2) lists some of the factors that a trial should consider “in

determining whether shared parenting is in the best interest of the children.” The

trial court had already determined that the shared parenting plan should be

terminated, and was utilizing the R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) factors to determine the best

interests of the children in naming which parent was to be the custodial parent.

Furthermore, the trial court certainly did consider some of the R.C. 3109.04(F)(2)

factors when it terminated the shared parenting decree, especially Section (F)(2)(a)

concerning “the ability of the parents to cooperate and make decisions jointly,

with respect to the children.” See ¶ 10 above.

       {¶45} Likewise, R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)(iii) is applicable when a court is

modifying a prior decree under R.C. 3109.04(E)(1).         As discussed above, in

response to the second assignment of error, the trial court was terminating the

shared parenting plan under R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c).

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       {¶46} The essence of Vance’s complaints concerning this assignment of

error was that the trial court gave more weight and credibility to the evidence

demonstrating that it was in the best interest of the children to name Shannon the

residential parent. We agree that there was evidence before the trial court that was

positive for each of the parents, and also some that was negative for each of the

parents. Essentially, Vance is asking this Court to reconsider and reweigh the trial

court’s assessment of the evidence.      It is not our position to substitute our

judgment for that of the trial court. In Brammer I, we reversed because there was

an absence of credible evidence to justify moving the children out of Ohio. That

was not the case during the current hearings.

       {¶47} When reviewing a trial court’s best interests analysis, we need only

address two items: “(1) [whether] the trial court considered all of the necessary

factors listed in R.C. 3109.04(F)(1); and (2) [whether] there is competent, credible

evidence supporting the trial court’s conclusion that it was in the children’s best

interest to designate [the other parent] as residential parent.” Heiser v. Heiser, 3d

Dist. No. 10-07-02, 2007-Ohio-5487, ¶ 27. Here, the first prong of our inquiry is

satisfied because the trial court explicitly indicated that it considered all of the

factors contained in R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) and then it separately and thoroughly

addressed each item of R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) in its judgment entry.




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       {¶48} Further, we find that the second prong of our inquiry is satisfied.

Based on the evidence adduced at the hearing, there was considerable evidence

supporting the trial court’s decision that it would be in the children’s best interests

to name Shannon as the residential and custodial parent.

       {¶49} Competent, credible evidence supported the trial court’s finding that

Shannon facilitated visitation and offered Vance additional time and encouraged

him to visit the children in Tennessee and watch their games and participate in

other school related activities. Vance, on the other hand, did not afford Shannon

those same opportunities. (J.E., p. 15) Vance was considering changing the

school the boys would attend and did not share that information with Shannon.

Vance also did not share information with Shannon about Keegan’s IEP, about

parent-teacher conferences, and about Hayden’s graduation ceremony at the end of

the school year. He did not communicate to her that the boys were taking music

lessons in Marion, and never told her that there had been several times when

Hayden had “emotional breakdowns” at school. (Tr. 542) He did not inform her

that the boys were beginning psychological treatments with Dr. Stark or anything

about what went on during the treatments, or that Keegan was going to begin

treatment with Dr. Spare. When Shannon came to Ohio to pick the boys up for her

previously scheduled two-week summer visitation, Vance informed her that he

had subtracted individual visitation dates from her allotted two-week vacation time


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and he determined that she was not entitled to any more time with the boys. He

informed her that he was on his way to file charges against her and that he hoped

they put out an “Amber Alert.”

      {¶50} The evidence further demonstrated that the boys had a very good

relationship with their stepfather and step-siblings, and that they enjoyed doing

many activities with them. Shannon testified about the boys’ activities in the

school and community. “They were involved in a lot of activities at school, they

like the Lego Club, they had a reading club, they were involved in Boy Scouts

which is done through the school.” (Tr., p.509, 514-515) The boys went camping,

canoeing, and spelunking. (Tr.,p.510-511)      They attended a Tennessee Titans

football game, presented the colors at the Nashville Predators hockey game, and

participated in charity fundraising events. (Tr., p.510-511) Shannon participated

in these activities as well. (Tr., p.511-512) Hayden played tackle football for the

Blaze in a large football league. (Tr., p.512) Both boys played flag football in the

spring. (Tr., p.512) They went to a day camp for football, went to the “Y” twice a

week, and had made many friends. (Tr., p.514) There was evidence that the

children were doing well in school, and that their educational needs were being

met, both in Tennessee and in Ohio.

      {¶51} Vance points to several portions of the record claiming to

demonstrate that the termination of the shared parenting plan and naming of


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Shannon as residential parent was not in the children’s best interests. He also

claims that it was erroneous for the trial court to give more weight to Shannon’s

testimony than his own. While there is indeed evidence suggesting that children’s

best interests might also be served if Vance was the residential parent, it is not so

overwhelming as to suggest that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding

to the contrary. See Weese v. Griesheimer, 4th Dist. No. 98CA2436 (Mar. 11,

1999) (“Upon review, we find strong evidence supporting both positions [as they

relate to the child’s best interests]. Bearing in mind that we are not free to

substitute our judgment for that of the trial court, we find that the trial court did

not err [in selecting one of the positions].”).

       {¶52} The trial court was well within its discretion to grant greater weight

to the testimony of Shannon and her witnesses over the testimony of Vance and

his witnesses. See Sellers v. Sellers, 4th Dist. No. 09CA45, 2010-Ohio-3712, ¶ 17

(“We observe that appellant’s main complaint appears to be that the trial court did

not credit her witnesses and their testimony.         As we have noted, however,

credibility, especially in child custody matters, is a matter reserved for the trier of

fact and we will not second-guess credibility determinations.”).           It may be

expected that each party and that party’s relatives/friends/local educators would

naturally possess a certain amount of bias. The FSC was probably the one witness

that did not have any connections to either party, and it likely explains why the


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trial court cited to the FSC’s testimony in several instances in its judgment entry.

Ms. Yanka was very decisive in her testimony, and in her report, that shared

parenting was not recommended and that Shannon should be named the residential

parent based on the best interest factors.

       {¶53} We find that there is considerable evidence in the record in support

of the trial court’s determination that Shannon should be named the residential

parent and legal custodian of the children. Accordingly, the trial court’s decision

was not an abuse of discretion and we overrule Vance’s third assignment of error.

               Fourth Assignment of Error – Admission of Evidence

       {¶54} In his final assignment of error, Vance claims that the trial court

abused its discretion when it admitted Defendant’s Exhibits 41-46, because they

were letters signed by Vance’s counsel and sent to Shannon’s counsel and were

inadmissible under Evid.R. 408 (concerning the inadmissibility of offers to

compromise). He also asserts that the trial court erred in not admitting Plaintiff’s

Exhibits 109 and 110, which were compilations of text messages between the

parties that he claims would have supported his contention that he did

communicate with Shannon.

       {¶55} Trial courts have broad discretion in determining whether to admit or

exclude evidence. Moore v. Moore, 182 Ohio App.3d 708, 2009-Ohio-2434 (3d




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Dist.), ¶ 15. Accordingly, a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence

will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Id.

       {¶56} Because of the voluminous amount of exhibits, a separate date was

set up to review the admissibility of the exhibits that weren’t jointly stipulated as

being admissible by the parties. (See June 26, 2012 Tr.) The record shows that

each party’s counsel had opportunity to offer arguments for and against

admissibility concerning the exhibits that were in dispute and then the trial court

considered the reasons concerning admissibility. We do not find that the process

or the results demonstrated an abuse of discretion.

       {¶57} Evid.R. 408 states that:

       Evidence of (1) furnishing or offering or promising to furnish, or
       (2) accepting or offering or promising to accept, a valuable
       consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise a
       claim which was disputed as to either validity or amount, is not
       admissible to prove liability for or invalidity of the claim or its
       amount. Evidence of conduct or statements made in compromise
       negotiations is likewise not admissible. This rule does not require
       the exclusion of any evidence otherwise discoverable merely
       because it is presented in the course of compromise negotiations.
       This rule also does not require exclusion when the evidence is
       offered for another purpose * * *.

       {¶58} Defendant’s Exhibits 41-44 were letters between the parties’

attorneys from December 2011, January 2012, and March 2012.                However,

however, they appear to be primarily communications concerning visitation time,

scheduling, and discussions as to which parent would have the children when


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(scheduling calendars were attached). Apparently the communication between the

parties had deteriorated to the point where they felt it was necessary to

communicate through counsel rather than directly with each other over these

relatively routine parenting matters.

       {¶59} In its final judgment entry, the trial court stated the following

concerning its ruling on these letters.

       At trial [Vance] admitted that he penned parts of the letters. The
       Court upon review notes that some of the language in the letters is
       similar if not identical to that in [Shannon’s] exhibits 21, 22, 24, 25,
       & 26, which were admitted as communications between the parties.
       The Court finds, therefore, that Defendant Exhibits 41-46 are
       admitted as statements made by a party. However, references in the
       letters as to compromise shall be redacted and excluded.

(J.E., p.4) Counsel for the parties had the opportunity to confer about what parts

of these exhibits should be redacted, and anything that would be prohibited by

Evid.R. 408 was redacted. Evidence Rule 408 states, “This rule also does not

require exclusion when the evidence is offered for another purpose * * *.” It

would appear that the information contained in those exhibits was already before

the trial court, and the purpose in admitting them was to demonstrate the

difficulties in communications and working out shared parenting time that existed

between the parties; there was no discussion of “compromise” or “settlement” that

was not redacted. The trial court did not abuse its discretion concerning the

admission of these exhibits.


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       {¶60} In its judgment entry, the trial court stated, “Plaintiff Exhibits 109

and 110 are a compilation of texts between the parties prepared by [Vance].

[Shannon] objects stating that they are incomplete and are not authenticated.”

(J.E., p.4) The trial court sustained the objection. (Id.)

       {¶61} Vance argues that these texts (which he described as “data dumps”

off of his cell phones) would support his claims that he communicated with

Shannon, and that Shannon’s assertion that the compilations of texts between the

parties were incomplete and not authenticated was inaccurate.           During his

testimony, he was shown the exhibits and he identified them as “various texts

between her and I about things like, hey are you getting on Skype tonight, are we

meeting in Lagrange, or, you know, about the kids, just further substantiation [to

show cooperation and my communication].”            (Tr. 776)   His testimony then

continued to discuss many of the times when he claimed he was cooperating and

communicating with Shannon. (Id.)

       {¶62} Vance is correct in his contention that Shannon’s attorney did not

object to the discussion of these two exhibits during the hearing, but he did object

at the hearing to determine what exhibits were admissible. He claimed that the

copies of the telephone text messages were not authenticated and were “defective,

it’s like it had been moved on the copier or something, it was stretched and blurred

and not legible.” (June 26, 2012 Tr. 13).


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       {¶63} Vance never proffered these exhibits, so they are not before this

Court to review, and he never offered any counter-argument at the admissions

hearing as to why they should be admitted after Shannon’s attorney objected to

their admission. Therefore, we cannot conclude that there was any error in the

exclusion of these text messages. And, even if there was, it must be considered to

be harmless because Vance testified concerning the contents of the text messages.

Therefore, the information he wished to place before the court was in evidence

through his testimony. He has not specified how he was prejudiced.

       {¶64} We do not find that the trial court abused its discretion in its decision

concerning the admission and exclusion of evidence. The fourth assignment of

error is overruled.

       {¶65} Having found no error prejudicial to the Appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                 Judgment Affirmed

PRESTON, P.J. and SHAW, J., concur.

/jlr




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