          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                              DIVISION ONE

 METIER CONSTRUCTION, INC.,                   No. 78172-3-1

                           Appellant,

                  V.                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND
INDUSTRIES,

                                              FILED: April 15, 2019

      SCHINDLER, J. — Metier Construction Inc. stacked drywall sheets in a hallway of

an apartment unit under construction. The drywall reduced the width of the only exit.

The Department of Labor and Industries cited Metier for violation of the Washington

Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1973, chapter 49.17 RCW. The Board of Industrial

Insurance Appeals affirmed the citations and the superior court affirmed the decision of

the board. We affirm.

                                         FACTS

       Metier Construction Inc. was the framing and drywall subcontractor at the

construction site of an apartment building in Seattle. Metier instructed the drywall

supplier to stack 14 "drywall sheets" in the hallway of an unfinished second-floor unit.

One sheet of drywall was 12 feet long, 4 feet 6 inches wide, and 5/8 inches thick and
No. 78172-3-1/2

weighed approximately 106 pounds. The drywall sheets were stacked "on their edge"

vertically against the wall in the hallway of the apartment. The hallway was the only

means for workers to exit the apartment unit.

       On September 24, 2015, the Department of Labor and Industries (Department)

safety and health compliance officer Javier Sarmiento was at the construction site.

Sarmiento learned an electrical subcontractor had been injured when the drywall stack

fell over and broke his left leg. Sarmiento took measurements and photographs of the

drywall and hallway, reviewed documents, and interviewed employees who worked for

the general contractor CHINN Construction LLC, the subcontractor Metier, and the

electrical subcontractor.

       On December 15, 2015, the Department issued a citation and notice of

assessment to Metier for two "serious" violations and one "general" violation:

       Violation 1 Item 1                              Violation Type: Serious
       WAC 296-155-265(4)(a)

      As a hazard creating contractor, the employer did not ensure that exit
      routes were not obstructed or adversely affected to provide a safe egress
      for all employees in the building and that a 28 inch width for egress was
      maintained. Metier construction had stacked and stored drywall in an exit
      route reducing the exit route width to approximately 18 inches. Exits
      should be clear and free of obstacles in case employees need to exit the
      building and give enough clearance to exit if needed during an
      emergency.

       Aisle walkways with less than 28 inch width of clear space to fit through
       created a high hazard in an emergency, which could cause serious
       injuries and/or broken bones or permanent disability.



       Violation 1 Item 2                              Violation Type: Serious
       WAC 296-155-325(1)(a)




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       As a hazard creating contractor, the employer did not ensure that storage
       of construction material shall not create a hazard. The drywall stack was
       standing on the edge and wasn't secure against falling or collapsing, as a
       result one employee was injured when the drywall stack collapsed onto his
       left leg. At least one employee was exposed to crushing hazards type
       injuries in the event of falling over, which could result in broken bones or
       permanent disability.



       Violation 2 Item 1                                     Violation Type: General
       WAC 296-155-110(9)(b)

       The employer did not ensure that walk-around safety inspections were
       documented and available for inspection by personnel of the department.
       The weekly walk-around safety inspections were not documented at
       Metier's Construction worksite. No walk-around safety inspection
       documentation was provided by the employer.[1]

       Metier appealed the citation and notice of assessment to the Department. The

Department issued a "Corrective Notice of Redetermination"(CNR)and affirmed the

violations. Metier appealed the CNR to the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals

(Board). The Department amended the citation against Metier, reduced Violation 1 Item

1 from a "serious" to a "general" violation, and vacated Violation 1 Item 2.

       A number of witnesses testified at the two-day hearing before an industrial

appeals judge (IAJ), including Sarmiento, Metier foreperson Erick Dominguez, Metier

metal framer Aron Diaz, and Metier workplace safety expert Kurt Stranne. Sarmiento

testified the overall width of the hallway near the apartment unit doorway was 38 /
                                                                                  12

inches and the angled stack of drywall reduced the width to 23% inches. Sarmiento

testified he measured the hallway width to be 38 1/2 inches, reduced the hallway width
                                                                 3/4 inches, and reduced the
by subtracting the thickness of 14 sheets of drywall at 8



       1 Because Metier does not appeal the Board decision regarding Violation 2 Item 1, we do not
address the facts related to that violation.


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No. 78172-3-1/4

hallway width by 6 more inches at the ground level to allow the drywall to rest at an

angle to the wall, for a total hallway width of 23 /
                                                   34 inches. Sarmiento said the reference

in the citation that states the stacked drywall reduced "the exit route width to

approximately 18 inches" was error. Because construction workers typically wear tool

belts carrying approximately 10 pounds of equipment, Sarmiento said it was inevitable a

worker would "sooner or later" tip over the drywall stacked in the hallway.

       Foreperson Dominguez did not dispute that he directed the supplier to stack the

drywall sheets in the hallway near the exit. Dominguez testified he walked by the stack

of drywall, both with and without a tool belt, and did not encounter any problems.

Dominguez said he did not see anyone else having trouble walking by the stack of

drywall. However, on cross-examination, Dominguez admitted that this was not the

"first time the drywall got knocked over." Dominguez testified that when electrical

workers previously attempted to move the stack of drywall to "[Mork behind it," the

drywall stack fell over.

       Metal framer Diaz testified that he walked by the drywall stack "[m]any times" and

never had any difficulty walking past the drywall. Both Dominguez and Diaz stated that

although Metier had regular safety meetings with general contractor CHINN, no one

ever raised a concern about how the drywall was being stored on the construction site.

       Workplace safety expert Stranne agreed with the Department calculations that

the angled stack of drywall reduced the width of the unit's exit route to approximately 23

3 4 inches. However, based on the assumption that the apartment unit exit doorway is
/

the same as a fire door, Stranne concluded the reduced width was close to the 24-inch

clearance required for fire doors under WAC 296-155-265(4)(g).



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No. 78172-3-1/5

       The IAJ issued a proposed decision and order. The IAJ found the Department

proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Metier violated WAC 296-155-

265(4)(a). The IAJ noted WAC 296-155-265(4)(a) does not require exit routes to be a

particular width but "requires only that stored materials not obstruct or adversely affect a

means of exit." Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, the IAJ found the

"drywall that Metier stored in the hallway of the unit adversely affected the means of exit

from the unit" and affirmed the decision of the Department.

       Metier filed a petition for review of the proposed decision and order with the

Board. Metier argued that the stack of drywall did not obstruct or adversely affect the

means of exit, the measurements cited by the IAJ were erroneous, and there was no

evidence presented to rebut the testimony of Metier employees.

       The Board affirmed the decision of the Department. In the "Decision and Order,"

the Board notes, "While we concede that there are no specific clearance widths

specified in the code, our hearing judge's point about construction workers with tool

belts requiring additional space to safely pass by stacked drywall in a narrow hallway is

well taken" and "one could reasonably conclude from the evidence that the stored

drywall obstructed the only means of exit from the unit." The Board entered the

following pertinent findings of fact and conclusions of law:

                                   FINDINGS OF FACT


       3.     The 12-foot long sheets of drywall that Metier Construction, Inc.,
              stored at an angle in the hallway leading to the only means of exit
              from the unit where Metier and others were working reduced the
              width of the hallway leading to the exit doorway.
       4.     The drywall that Metier Construction, Inc., stored in the hallway of
              the unit where work was being performed adversely affected the
              only means of ingress and egress into that particular unit.


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No. 78172-3-1/6




                                    CONCLUSIONS OF LAW


       2.      Metier Construction, Inc., committed a general violation of WAC
               296-155-265(4)(a).

       4.      Corrective Notice of Redetermination No. 317938044 issued by the
               Department on February 4, 2016, is affirmed as modified.12]

        Metier appealed the Decision and Order of the Board to King County Superior

Court. The court affirmed the Decision and Order of the Board.

                                            ANALYSIS

        Metier contends substantial evidence does not support the Board's finding that

the stack of drywall adversely affected the exit route of the apartment. Metier also

argues the Board and superior court erred in failing to apply the 24-inch minimum

clearance fire door requirement under WAC 296-155-265(4)(g) to determine whether

the stack of drywall obstructed or adversely affected the exit route.

Standard of Review
       The Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1973(WISHA), chapter

49.17 RCW, governs our review. The purpose of WISHA is to "assure, insofar as may

reasonably be possible, safe and healthful working conditions for every man and

woman working in the state of Washington." RCW 49.17.010. We construe all

regulations implemented under WISHA in light of the purpose of the statute. Mid

Mountain Contractors, Inc. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 136 Wn. App. 1,4, 146 P.3d 1212

(2006)(citing Adkins V. Alum. Co. of Am., 110 Wn.2d 128, 146, 750 P.2d 1257, 756



         2 One member of the Board disagreed that Metier violated WAC 296-155-265(4)(a) on the ground
that the Department "failed to present any credible evidence to establish that the drywall in any way
impeded the ingress and egress of any workers at this construction site."


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No. 78172-3-1/7

P.2d 142 (1988)). WISHA gives the Department the authority to promulgate regulations

governing workplace safety. RCW 49.17.050. The Department may issue citations and

impose penalties when employers violate these regulations. RCW 49.17.120, .180.

       In a WISHA appeal, the findings of fact of the Board are conclusive if substantial

evidence supports the findings when viewed in light of the record as a whole. RCW

49.17.150(1); Express Constr. Co. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 151 Wn. App. 589, 595-

96, 215 P.3d 951 (2009). We review the decision of the Board "directly, based on the

record before the agency." Legacy Roofing, Inc. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 129 Wn.

App. 356, 363, 119 P.3d 366 (2005). If substantial evidence supports the findings, we

determine whether the findings support the conclusions of law. Mid Mountain, 136 Wn.

App. at 4; see RCW 49.17.150(1).

       Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair-minded person of

the truth of the declared premise. Mowat Constr. Co. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 148

Wn. App. 920, 925, 201 P.3d 407(2009). We view the evidence and reasonable

inferences in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. Erection Co. v. Dep't of

Labor & Indus., 160 Wn. App. 194, 202, 248 P.3d 1085 (2011). We do not reweigh or

rebalance the evidence, nor do we apply anew the burden of persuasion. Rogers v.

Dep't of Labor & Indus., 151 Wn. App. 174, 180-81, 210 P.3d 355 (2009). Credibility

determinations are for the trier of fact and are not subject to appellate review. Yow v.

Dep't of Health Unlicensed Practice Program, 147 Wn. App. 807, 819-20, 199 P.3d 417

(2008).




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No. 78172-3-1/8

Substantial Evidence Supports the Finding of the Board

        Metier contends substantial evidence does not support the Board finding that the

stacked drywall adversely affected worker egress. Metier argues the evidence

establishes that no worker, either with or without a tool belt, had any trouble walking

through the hallway. Metier argues the Department failed to meet its burden of

establishing that the drywall either obstructed or adversely affected a worker's means of

exit. We disagree.

        When alleging a violation of WISHA regulations against an employer, the

Department has the burden of proving the existence of that violation. WAC 263-12-

115(2)(b); J.E. Dunn Nw., Inc. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 139 Wn. App. 35, 44, 156

P.3d 250 (2007). A "general violation" is any violation of a safety or health standard

promulgated under WISHA or of any Department regulation governing conditions of

employment that is "determined not to be of a serious nature."3 RCW 49.17.180(3).

        To establish a general violation of a WISHA safety regulation, the Department

must prove by a preponderance of the evidence the following:

       "(1)[T]he cited standard applies;(2) the requirements of the standard
       were not met;(3) employees were exposed to, or had access to, the
       violative condition;[and](4) the employer knew or, through the exercise of
       reasonable diligence, could have known of the violative condition."

Wash. Cedar & Supply Co. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 119 Wn. App. 906, 914, 83 P.3d

1012(2004)(quoting D.A. Collins Constr. Co. v. Sec'y of Labor, 117 F.3d 691, 694(2d

Cir. 1997)).




       3 A "serious violation" is one that causes "a substantial probability that death or serious physical
harm could result." ROW 49.17.180(6).


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No. 78172-3-1/9

       Metier does not dispute that WAC 296-155-265(4)(a) applied, that workers were

exposed to the stacked drywall in the exit route, or that it knew or could have known

about the location of the drywall sheets. Metier challenges only whether the stack of

drywall adversely affected the apartment exit route.

       Under WAC 296-155-265(4)(a), employers must comply with the following indoor

storage requirements: "Storage must not obstruct, or adversely affect, means of exit."

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Department, substantial

evidence supports the Board finding that Metier's placement of the stack of drywall

adversely affected the means of exit from the apartment unit.

      The record establishes the drywall stacked in the hallway reduced the width of

the apartment exit route and the hallway was the only means of exit from the apartment

unit. The record also shows the drywall stacked in the hallway presented a hazard.

       Despite conceding a "reduction in the width of a hallway could obstruct or

adversely affect worker egress," Metier claims the unrefuted testimony of its employees

established the stacked drywall did not hinder any workers in the exit route. But the IAJ

rejected the testimony of Metier's employees as not credible.

       Citing State ex rel. Liqe & Wm. B. Dickson Co. v. County of Pierce, 65 Wn. App.

614, 618, 829 P.2d 217 (1992), Metier argues the IAJ was required to consider

competing testimony or evidence. In Lige, we state that the deference appellate courts

give to fact finders "necessarily entails acceptance of the fact[ ]finder's views regarding

the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given reasonable but competing

inferences." Lige, 65 Wn. App. at 618. But a fact finder's credibility determination does

not necessarily turn on the existence of competing testimony. A fact finder can decide a




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No. 78172-3-1/10

witness is not credible without regard to contrary testimony. See, p.p., State v. Swan,

114 Wn.2d 613, 666, 790 P.2d 610 (1990)(witness's demeanor is a factor in credibility

determinations). Because the IAJ was in a better position to evaluate the credibility of

witnesses and weigh the evidence, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the IAJ

in reviewing the record on appeal. Callecod v. Wash. State Patrol, 84 Wn. App. 663,

676 n.9, 929 P.2d 510 (1997).

WAC 296-155-265(4)(a)

        WAC 296-155-265(4)(a) states that storage must not "obstruct" or "adversely

affect" the means of exit. Metier contends the terms "obstruct" and "adversely affect"

are analogous. Metier asserts a means of exit must be obstructed in order to be

adversely affected. Metier contends the mere narrowing of the width of an exit route

does not establish a violation of WAC 296-155-265(4)(a).4

        We review the interpretation of WISHA regulations de novo. Erection Co., 160

Wn. App. at 201. "Administrative rules and regulations are interpreted as a whole,

giving effect to all the language and harmonizing all provisions." Cannon v. Dep't of

Licensing, 147 Wn.2d 41, 57, 50 P.3d 627 (2002). "If an administrative rule or

regulation is clear on its face, its meaning is to be derived from the plain language of the

provision." Cannon, 147 Wn.2d at 56. Regulatory definitions apply and we give any

undefined terms their ordinary meaning as defined in the dictionary. Habitat Watch v.

Skagit County, 155 Wn.2d 397, 423, 120 P.3d 56 (2005).




        4 We  note Metier took a contrary position in its opening brief. Initially, Metier indicated that the
superior court "correctly held that the Department did not have the burden to establish complete
obstruction or difficulty moving through" the exit route.


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No. 78172-3-1/11

        Chapter 295-155 WAC does not define the terms "obstruction" or "adversely

affect." The common meaning of "obstruction" is "a condition of being clogged or

blocked." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1559 (2002). By contrast,

the term "adversely" means "unfavorably" or "disadvantageously" and the term "affect"

means "to produce an effect" or "to produce a material influence upon or alteration in."

WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY, at 31, 35. Applying the definitions in

context, WAC 296-155-265(4)(a) requires employers to store material in a manner that

neither completely blocks a means of exit nor negatively impacts a means of exit even

where the means of exit is passable. Here, placing the stack of drywall in the hallway

violated WAC 296-155-265(4)(a).5

WAC 296-155-265(4)(g)

        Metier contends the 24-inch clearance requirement for fire doors under WAC

296-155-265(4)(g)6 applies to a violation of WAC 296-155-265(4)(a). Metier raised this

argument for the first time in its reply brief filed in superior court. Under RCW

49.17.150(1), "[r]o objection that has not been urged before the board shall be

considered by the court" except in "extraordinary circumstances." See Dep't of Labor &

Indus. v. Nat'l Sec. Consultants, Inc., 112 Wn. App. 34, 37, 47 P.3d 960 (2002)(unlike

the permissive language of RAP 2.5(a), RCW 49.17.150 is mandatory). Accordingly,

we do not address this argument on appeal.




        5  We also note the exit route was not the only location where Metier could have stored the
drywall. Metier foreperson Dominguez testified there were "multiple places" in the apartment unit where
the stack of drywall could be stored.
         6 WAC 296-155-265(4)(g) states, "You must maintain a clearance of 24 inches around the
                                                                                                    path of
travel of fire doors unless a barricade is provided, in which case no clearance is needed. Material must
not be stored within 36 inches of a fire door opening."

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No. 78172-3-1/12

      We affirm the superior court order affirming the Decision and Order of the Board.




WE CONCUR:




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