                    United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 04-2693
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * District of Nebraska.
David Arden Burling,                    *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: March 16, 2005
                                Filed: August 23, 2005
                                 ___________

Before MURPHY, HEANEY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       David Burling pleaded guilty to conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine
in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1). The district court enhanced Burling's
sentence under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, concluding that he possessed a dangerous weapon
in connection with the offense. On appeal, Burling argues that the district court
violated his Sixth Amendment rights under Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296
(2004), and the district court erred in applying the § 2D1.1 enhancement. We reverse
and remand for resentencing.
                                  I. Background
       On April 12, 2003, Dan Burling and his father, Carroll Burling, both Nebraska
farmers, reported their 1998 Ford truck stolen. They suspected that Dan's brother,
David Burling, had taken the vehicle. Two deputies located David and the pickup at
a gas station. David was placed under arrest and an inventory search was performed
on the pickup. The inventory search turned up a machete, also known as a corn knife,
that was placed on the bench seat next to the driver, tucked between the seat and a
few other items. A further search of the pickup revealed a bucket containing
components and chemicals used in the production of methamphetamine.

       David was charged by a two-count indictment for: 1) manufacturing and
attempting to manufacture a substance containing methamphetamine;1 and 2) intent
to manufacture a mixture of methamphetamine. Count two of the indictment
concerned the incident of April 12, 2003. David pleaded guilty to count one of the
indictment. The plea agreement addressed several core issues pertinent to sentencing,
but left unresolved issues relating to chemical injuries sustained by one officer while
performing an inventory search of the pickup.

       The United States District Court for the District of Nebraska requires every
defendant seeking to plead guilty to file a petition to enter a plea of guilty. The
petition to enter a plea of guilty contained a waiver consistent with the dictates of
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). The waiver explained:

      The Constitution requires that any fact that increases the penalty for a
      crime beyond the statutory maximum, other than the fact of a prior
      conviction, must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable
      doubt. By pleading guilty you waive and give up that right. By waiving
      and giving up that right, a judge will decide by the greater weight of the


      1
      David had also been caught manufacturing and attempting to manufacture
methamphetamine on January 26, 2003, and May 19, 2003.

                                         -2-
      evidence facts relevant to sentencing and the maximum penalty. The
      judge will decide these facts as he or she sees fit even if you and the
      government agree to different facts.

David signed the petition.

       After the petition was filed, a Magistrate Judge conducted a voluntariness
hearing. Consistent with his petition to enter a plea, David again agreed to waive his
right to have a jury determine all the facts beyond a reasonable doubt. The Magistrate
Judge recommended that David's plea be accepted, and a presentence report (PSR)
was prepared. The PSR recommended that David's sentence be enhanced under
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) for possession of a dangerous weapon during the commission
of the offense. The PSR identified the machete found in the pickup as the dangerous
weapon justifying an enhancement. The PSR also recommended that David's sentence
be enhanced for the injuries sustained by the officer conducting the inventory search
under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(5). David objected to both enhancements recommended
by the PSR.

       The district court conducted a sentencing hearing to determine the application
of enhancements. After hearing evidence and argument, the district court concluded
that the machete was a dangerous weapon under § 2D1.1(b)(1), but declined to
enhance David's sentence for the injury caused to the officer under § 2D1.1(b)(5). The
district court sentenced David to 104 months' imprisonment based on the Guidelines.
That same day, the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision in Blakely
v. Washington, 542 U.S.296 (2004), and David filed a motion to correct his sentence
pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(a), arguing that his Sixth Amendment rights were
violated. The district court denied the motion.

      David then instituted the instant appeal arguing, in part, that Blakely requires
him to be resentenced. In the meantime, the United States Supreme Court extended


                                         -3-
the Blakely ruling to the Federal Guidelines in United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738
(2005). Booker resolved any remaining mystery about Blakely's impact. After Booker,
David filed a Motion for Immediate Remand. We agreed to consider David's motion
with the case on appeal.

                                     II. Discussion
                                   A. Booker Claim
        The first issue on appeal is whether David waived his rights under Booker
through his signed petition to enter a plea of guilty and his statements at the
voluntariness hearing. We can find no court that has addressed whether a waiver
made in a petition to enter a plea and designed to address Apprendi is sufficient to
also waive Sixth Amendment claims under Booker. Of course, Booker is the logical
extension of Apprendi. As such, the waiver in David's petition states that he waives
the Constitutional requirement "that any fact that increases the penalty for a crime
beyond the statutory maximum, other than the fact of a prior conviction, must be
submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt." In Booker the Court ruled
that it was reaffirming Apprendi: "Any fact (other than a prior conviction) which is
necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts
established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or
proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt." Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756.

      Justice Stevens hypothesized:

      First, it is axiomatic that a defendant may waive his Sixth Amendment
      right to trial by jury. Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276, 312–313, 50
      S. Ct. 253, 74 L. Ed. 854 (1930). In Blakely we explained that "[w]hen
      a defendant pleads guilty, the State is free to seek judicial sentence
      enhancements so long as the defendant either stipulates to the relevant
      facts or consents to judicial factfinding." 542 U.S., at ___, 124 S. Ct. at
      2541. Such reasoning applies with equal force to sentences imposed
      under the Guidelines.

Booker, 125 S. Ct . 738, 774 (2005) (Steven's, J., dissenting).
                                         -4-
       Nonetheless, the waiver was not part of the plea agreement entered into
between the government and Burling. It is axiomatic that plea agreements are
contractual in nature and interpreted according to general contract principles. United
States v. DeWitt, 366 F.3d 667, 669 (8th Cir. 2004). The plea agreement signed by
both the government and David contains a merger clause stating "[n]o promises,
agreements, or conditions have been entered into other than those set forth in this
document, and none will be entered into unless in writing and signed by all parties."
As indicated earlier, the government did not sign the petition to enter a plea of guilty.2
As such, we refuse to find that David's waiver was part of his plea agreement.

        David also reaffirmed his waiver to the Magistrate Judge during a voluntariness
hearing. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c)(1) cautions that a "court must not
participate in [plea agreement] discussions." The court's power extends to either
accept or reject the agreement between the defendant and the government. Fed. R.
Crim. P. 11(c)(3). We have explained that "[a]ppellate courts have consistently
prohibited district courts from interfering in the plea bargaining process" absent a
showing of fraud. United States v. Olesen, 920 F.2d 538, 540 (8th Cir. 1990). As
such, we hold that there was no enforceable waiver of David's substantive Booker
rights.

       David specifically preserved his Booker claim by objecting to his sentence with
citation to Blakely and the Sixth Amendment. See United States v. Pirani, 406 F.3d
543, 550 (2005) (en banc) (holding that a Booker claim is preserved when the
defendant makes "a specific reference to Apprendi or Blakely or the Sixth
Amendment."). Here the district court made factual determinations while applying the
Guidelines in a mandatory fashion. Accordingly, the district court understandably
erred under Booker. Furthermore, because the court's fact finding increased the
Guidelines range, the error was not harmless. See United States v. Hadash, 408 F.3d

      2
        The government did attest to reviewing the petition to enter a plea of guilty in
a certificate of prosecuting attorney; however, the petition itself was signed solely by
David.
                                          -5-
1080, 1082 (8th Cir. 2005) (explaining that an error is harmless when the district
court would have imposed the same sentence absent the error). Accordingly, we must
reverse and remand for resentencing consistent with Booker.

                      B. Application of Sentencing Guidelines
             David also challenges the court's application of certain enhancements
under the Guidelines. On remand, the district court will be required to consult the
Guidelines along with the other factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) in fashioning a
reasonable sentence. United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738, 764–65 (2005). Because
application of the Guidelines will no doubt be an issue on remand, we address David's
claim of error here.

       We review the district court's findings of fact for clear error and its application
of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United States v. Campbell, 410 F.3d 456, 466
(8th Cir. 2005). David argues that the court erred in applying an enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) for possession of a dangerous weapon during the commission
of the offense. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(B)(1) provides for a two-level increase in offense
level if the defendant possessed a dangerous weapon during the commission of the
crime. We review the district court's determination that David possessed a dangerous
weapon within the meaning of § 2D1.1(b) for clear error. United States v. Payne, 81
F.3d 759, 762 (8th Cir. 1996). Section 2D1.1(b)(1) mandates a two-level
enhancement if the government proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the
defendant possessed a weapon during the commission of a drug offense. United
States v. Braggs, 317 F.3d 901, 904 (8th Cir. 2003); United States v. Atkins, 250 F.3d
1203, 1213 (8th Cir. 2001). The government need only establish that "a temporal and
spacial relation existed between the weapon, the drug trafficking activity, and the
defendant." Atkins, 250 F.3d at 1214 (internal quotation and citation omitted).
Constructive possession is sufficient to support a § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement. Id. at
1213. Proof of ownership, use, or actual possession is not necessary. Id. at 1213–14.




                                           -6-
        David first takes issue with classifying the 14-inch machete, also called a corn
knife, as a dangerous weapon. Dangerous weapon means "an instrument capable of
inflicting death or serious bodily injury." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1, application note 1(d). Use
of this enhancement is not limited to the possession of a firearm and should be
applied unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was connected to the offense.
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, application note 3. A knife can be a dangerous weapon under §
2D1.1. See United States v. Scott, 91 F.3d 1058, 1064 (8th Cir. 1996);United States
v. Russell, 134 F.3d 171 (3d Cir. 1998). A 14-inch knife can readily be employed to
cause death or serious bodily injury.3

      Here, law enforcement found a 14-inch machete in a stolen vehicle operated
by David. The machete was partially hidden between the seat and situated with the
handle facing out. It was also within reaching distance from the driver's seat.
Furthermore, the weapon was found in the truck while David was transporting
materials used to manufacture methamphetamine. We recognize that the machete
serves a dual purpose—a weapon, or a harvesting tool. However, under these
circumstances, we cannot say that the district court clearly erred in concluding that
the machete was a dangerous weapon under § 2D.1(b)(1). That is, it is not clearly
improbable that the machete was connected to David's attempt to manufacture
methamphetamine.

       David next argues that because he did not plead guilty to the charge arising out
of the events where the officers discovered the machete, the court improperly applied




      3
        We note, but do not rely upon, a remarkably similar unpublished Fourth
Circuit case. See United States v. Mimms, 155 F.3d 562, slip op. at 2 (4th Cir. 1998)
(unpublished opinion) ("Further, because the knife was found in the car in which
Mimms was traveling with the cocaine, and was located in the passenger door
compartment readily accessible to the driver or to a passenger and within several feet
of the cocaine base located in the wheel well, the connection between the knife and
the drug offense was not clearly improbable.").
                                         -7-
the § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement.4 He cites no law that prohibits a district court from
considering relevant conduct outside the conviction for which a defendant pleads
guilty. Indeed, the Ninth Circuit has explained that a sentencing court may properly
consider the possession of a gun while engaging in drug sales related to, though
distinct from, the crime of conviction. See United States v. Willard, 919 F.2d 606 (9th
Cir.1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 872 (1991). The district court found that David
possessed the machete in connection with his attempt to manufacture
methamphetamine. The district court did not err.

                              III. Conclusion
      David is entitled to be resentenced under the mandates of Booker; however we
conclude that the district court ultimately applied the Guidelines appropriately. As
such, while we must remand for resentencing, we are not instructing the district court
to change the sentence in any relevant manner. Instead, the district court should
fashion a reasonable sentence in accord with the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
                       ______________________________




      4
      The machete in this case specifically related to count two in the indictment,
which went unprosecuted after David pleaded guilty to count one.
                                       -8-
