                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Supreme Court




                     Simpkins v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 2012 IL 110662




Caption in Supreme         CYNTHIA SIMPKINS, Appellee, v. CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC.,
Court:                     Appellant.



Docket No.                 110662
Filed                      March 22, 2012


Held                       A 2007 “take-home asbestos” claim, dismissed with prejudice after
(Note: This syllabus       defendant employer argued it had no duty as a matter of law to its
constitutes no part of     worker’s injured wife, was remanded for repleading to attempt to
the opinion of the court   establish the foreseeability element of duty by specific facts as to what
but has been prepared      was known about the dangers of secondhand exposure at the time it
by the Reporter of         occurred, between 1958 and 1964.
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Fifth District; heard in that court
Review                     on appeal from the Circuit Court of Madison County, the Hon. Daniel J.
                           Stack, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Appellate court judgment affirmed.
                           Cause remanded with directions.
Counsel on               Kurt E. Reitz and Heath H. Hooks, of Thompson Coburn LLP, of
Appeal                   Belleville, and Michele Odorizzi, of Chicago, and Andrew Tauber, of
                         Washington, D.C., both of Mayer Brown LLP, for appellant.

                         John A. Barnerd, Amy Garrett, John D. Simmons and Ted N. Gianaris,
                         of Simmons Browder Gianaris Angelides & Barnerd LLC, of Alton
                         (Charles W. Chapman, of Wood River, of counsel), and J. Timothy Eaton
                         and Patricia S. Spratt, of Shefsky & Froelich Ltd., and John D. Cooney,
                         of Cooney & Conway, all of Chicago, for appellee.


Justices                 JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                         Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Karmeier and Theis concurred in the
                         judgment and opinion.
                         Justice Freeman dissented, with opinion, joined by Justice Burke.
                         Justice Thomas took no part in the decision.



                                            OPINION

¶1        Plaintiff, Annette Simpkins, filed a three-count complaint against defendant, CSX
      Transportation (CSXT), alleging negligence, wanton and willful conduct, and strict liability
      for her exposure to take-home asbestos on the clothing of her husband, who worked for
      defendants from 1958 to 1964. Annette Simpkins died of mesothelioma and her daughter,
      Cynthia Simpkins, was substituted as the plaintiff as the special administrator of Annette’s
      estate. The circuit court of Madison County granted defendant’s motion to dismiss (735 ILCS
      5/2-615 (West 2006)). The appellate court reversed and remanded the cause to the circuit
      court. We granted CSXT’s petition for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)).
      We affirm the appellate court’s reversal of the trial court’s judgment but hold that the
      allegations in plaintiff’s complaint are insufficient to establish that defendant owed a duty
      of care to Annette. We remand the cause to the circuit court to allow plaintiff to amend her
      complaint.

¶2                                     BACKGROUND
¶3        On January 19, 2007, Annette Simpkins filed a complaint in the circuit court of Madison
      County, alleging she had contracted mesothelioma cancer due to exposure to asbestos from
      various sources. Her complaint named over 70 defendants, including her former employers
      and former employers of her family members, and manufacturers, sellers, distributors, and
      installers of asbestos. Relevant to this appeal, she alleged that her inhalation of asbestos
      fibers brought home on her former husband’s body and work clothes during their marriage


                                                -2-
     was a direct and proximate cause of her illness. She alleged that her husband, Ronald, while
     employed by defendant from 1958 to 1964, was exposed to asbestos fibers emanating from
     asbestos-containing materials and raw asbestos present and being used at defendant’s
     premises. Ronald carried these fibers home on his person and clothing, and Annette was
     exposed to and inhaled, ingested, or otherwise absorbed these asbestos fibers. Further,
     Annette alleged that defendant knew or should have known that exposure to asbestos fibers
     posed an unreasonable risk of harm to her and “others similarly situated.”
¶4       The complaint alleged three bases for liability against defendant1: strict liability for
     engaging in the ultrahazardous activity of using asbestos-containing products and raw
     asbestos in their plants so as to cause the release of asbestos fibers (count VII), negligence
     for failing to take precautions to protect Ronald Simpkins’ family from take-home asbestos
     exposure (count VIII), and willful and wanton misconduct (count IX).2
¶5       On February 28, 2007, defendant filed a motion to dismiss the three counts of the
     complaint against it pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-
     615 (West 2006)). Defendant argued that, because “[e]mployers do not owe any duty to a
     third-party, non-employee, who comes into contact with its employee’s asbestos-tainted work
     clothing at locations away from the workplace,” it owed no duty to plaintiff and, therefore,
     no liability can be imposed upon it. Defendant attached to its motion a memorandum of law
     citing similar cases from other jurisdictions.
¶6       On April 2, 2007, Annette Simpkins died. On May 2, her daughter, Cynthia, was
     appointed the special administrator of Annette’s estate and was later substituted as the
     plaintiff here.
¶7       On May 18, 2007, the circuit court heard arguments on defendant’s motion to dismiss.
     In opposition to the motion to dismiss, plaintiff filed a 21-page memorandum accompanied
     by 84 pages of supporting documentation and affidavits. Concluding that plaintiff’s
     arguments regarding duty “sound[ed] like a great argument for the Supreme Court,” the
     circuit court allowed the motion to dismiss and granted plaintiff an interlocutory appeal on
     the issue. The court also severed the claims against CSXT from plaintiff’s claims against
     other defendants.
¶8       On appeal, the appellate court noted that all three counts involved allegations that the risk
     of harm to Annette Simpkins was foreseeable. 401 Ill. App. 3d 1109, 1112. The parties did
     not distinguish the three counts, so the appellate court discussed them together. Id. After
     thoroughly discussing the principles of duty, the appellate court held that plaintiff’s


             1
               The complaint named both “CSX Corporation and/or CSX Transportation, Inc.,” as the
     defendant. In its motion to dismiss, CSX Corporation argues that it was improperly named in
     plaintiff’s complaint. On March 16, 2007, the parties stipulated to a dismissal of CSX Corporation
     without prejudice. The case proceeded with CSX Transportation, Inc., as the named defendant.
             2
            Counts VII, VIII, and IX of plaintiff’s complaint included defendant Dow Chemical
     Company, Ronald’s employer from 1964 to 1965. Only CSXT filed the motion to dismiss, and Dow
     Chemical Company did not join this motion. It is not a party to this appeal.

                                                -3-
       complaint “sufficiently states a cause of action to establish a duty of care” owed by defendant
       to plaintiff. Id. at 1120.
¶9         This court allowed defendant’s petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Supreme Court
       Rule 315 (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)).

¶ 10                                         ANALYSIS
¶ 11        Defendant argues that because it had no direct relationship with Annette Simpkins, it
       cannot be liable for her injury. Because Annette was not defendant’s employee, never visited
       its premises, and was not a vicarious beneficiary of any duty defendant owed her husband,
       defendant asserted that it owed Annette no duty. Plaintiff argues in response that defendant
       created the risk of harm at issue and, in such a case, a preexisting special relationship is not
       a prerequisite to a finding that there was a duty owed by defendant to plaintiff.

¶ 12                                Procedural Posture on Appeal
¶ 13       This appeal is before the court on defendant’s motion to dismiss under section 2-615 (735
       ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2006)), which challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint based on
       defects apparent on its face. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 429 (2006).
       Therefore, we review de novo an order granting or denying a section 2-615 motion, accepting
       as true all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those
       facts. Id. We also construe the allegations in the complaint in the light most favorable to the
       plaintiff. Id. A cause of action should not be dismissed pursuant to section 2-615 unless it
       is clearly apparent that no set of facts can be proved that would entitle the plaintiff to
       recovery. Id.
¶ 14       We note first that plaintiff’s complaint alleged strict liability, willful and wanton conduct,
       and negligence. In both the circuit court and the appellate court, the parties did not
       distinguish the counts. Further, in their briefs to this court, the parties’ arguments focus on
       whether the complaint established, on its face, the existence of a duty in the context of
       plaintiff’s negligence claim. Accordingly, we limit our review to the question of whether
       plaintiff’s complaint was sufficient to establish a duty for purposes of a complaint of
       negligence.
                    “To state a cause of action for negligence, a complaint must allege facts that
                establish the existence of a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a
                breach of that duty, and an injury proximately caused by that breach.” Id. at 430.
       The issue before us is whether a duty of care was owed by defendant to plaintiff in this case.
       “Whether a duty exists in a particular case is a question of law for the court to decide.” Id.

¶ 15                                       Duty of Care
¶ 16       Defendant argues that plaintiff failed to state a cause of action against it because it did
       not owe her a duty of care. “Employers do not owe any duty to a third-party, nonemployee,
       who comes into contact with its employee’s asbestos-tainted work clothing at locations away
       from the workplace,” defendant argues, because a duty of care requires the existence of a

                                                  -4-
       specific relationship between the parties. Here, defendant and plaintiff had no “direct
       relationship,” as plaintiff was never defendant’s employee and never set foot on defendant’s
       premises. The mere fact that plaintiff’s husband had been employed by defendant does not,
       defendant contends, create a duty to plaintiff.
¶ 17        The concept of duty in negligence cases is involved, complex, and nebulous. Marshall,
       222 Ill. 2d at 435. This ambiguity in the law has provided fodder for much scholarly debate
       and confusion. Id. at 435-36. As we have noted, this confusion can stem from the fact that
       “ ‘the existence of a duty is not a discoverable fact of nature’ ” but, rather, involves
       considerations of public policy. Id. at 436 (quoting 1 Dan B. Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 229,
       at 582 (2001)).
¶ 18        The arguments in this case reflect a further point of confusion in the duty analysis: the
       discussion of a “relationship” between defendant and plaintiff. As we have held in the past,
       “[t]he touchstone of this court’s duty analysis is to ask whether a plaintiff and a defendant
       stood in such a relationship to one another that the law imposed upon the defendant an
       obligation of reasonable conduct for the benefit of the plaintiff.” (Emphasis added.)
       Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 436; see also Krywin v. Chicago Transit Authority, 238 Ill. 2d 215,
       226 (2010); Forsythe v. Clark USA, Inc., 224 Ill. 2d 274, 280-81 (2007). The “relationship”
       referred to in this context acts as a shorthand description for the sum of four factors: (1) the
       reasonable foreseeability of the injury, (2) the likelihood of the injury, (3) the magnitude of
       the burden of guarding against the injury, and (4) the consequences of placing that burden
       on the defendant. Krywin, 238 Ill. 2d at 226; Forsythe, 224 Ill. 2d at 281; Marshall, 222 Ill.
       2d at 436-37. The determination of such a “relationship,” as sufficient to establish a duty of
       care, requires considerations of policy inherent in the consideration of these four factors and
       the weight accorded each of these factors in any given analysis depends on the circumstances
       of the case at hand. Widlowski v. Durkee Foods, 138 Ill. 2d 369, 374-75 (1990). Defendant,
       however, contends that Illinois law requires that we find that a “direct relationship” existed
       between the parties, separate and apart from these four factors.
¶ 19        Generally, individuals (and businesses) do not owe an affirmative duty to protect or
       rescue a stranger. Rhodes v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R., 172 Ill. 2d 213, 232 (1996). However,
       this court has long recognized that “every person owes a duty of ordinary care to all others
       to guard against injuries which naturally flow as a reasonably probable and foreseeable
       consequence of an act, and such a duty does not depend upon contract, privity of interest or
       the proximity of relationship, but extends to remote and unknown persons.” Widlowski, 138
       Ill. 2d at 373 (collecting cases); see also Forsythe, 224 Ill. 2d at 291-92 (collecting cases);
       Kahn v. James Burton Co., 5 Ill. 2d 614, 622 (1955). Thus, if a course of action creates a
       foreseeable risk of injury, the individual engaged in that course of action has a duty to protect
       others from such injury. This does not establish a “duty to the world at large,” but rather this
       duty is limited by the considerations discussed above. An independent “direct relationship”
       between parties may help to establish the foreseeability of the injury to that plaintiff (as either
       an individual or as a member of a class of individuals) but is not an additional requirement
       to establishing a duty in this context.
¶ 20        Even when one has not created the risk of harm, a duty to take affirmative action to aid
       another may arise where a legally recognized “special relationship” exists between the

                                                  -5-
       parties. Rhodes, 172 Ill. 2d at 232. Such duties are, indeed, premised upon a relationship
       between the parties that is independent of the specific situation which gave rise to the harm.
       We have recognized four relationships that give rise to an affirmative duty to aid or protect
       another against an unreasonable risk of physical harm: “common carrier and passenger,
       innkeeper and guest, custodian and ward, and possessor of land who holds it open to the
       public and member of the public who enters in response to the possessor’s invitation.”
       Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 438. We have also recognized a duty to a third party to control the
       individual who is the source of the harm when a defendant has a special relationship with
       that person, such as a parent-child relationship (see Norskog v. Pfiel, 197 Ill. 2d 60, 84
       (2001); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 316 (1965)) and a master-servant or employer-
       employee relationship (see Hills v. Bridgeview Little League Ass’n, 195 Ill. 2d 210, 231
       (2000); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 317 (1965)).
¶ 21        Thus, the duty analysis must begin with the threshold question of whether the defendant,
       by his act or omission, contributed to a risk of harm to this particular plaintiff. If so, we
       weigh the four factors to determine whether a duty ran from the defendant to the plaintiff:
       (1) the reasonable foreseeability of the injury, (2) the likelihood of the injury, (3) the
       magnitude of the burden of guarding against the injury, and (4) the consequences of placing
       that burden on the defendant. If the answer to this threshold question is “no,” however, we
       address whether there were any recognized “special relationships” that establish a duty
       running from the defendant to the plaintiff.
¶ 22        In the case before us, plaintiff alleges that defendant “actively created the relevant risk
       of harm by using materials containing a known toxic substance in a way that caused that
       substance to escape and directly expose decedent to harm from inhaling the railroad’s
       asbestos.” Thus, plaintiff contends that there is a duty of care that is established under the
       first model of duty—a duty to guard against reasonably probable and foreseeable injuries that
       naturally flow from defendant’s use of asbestos. Thus, we must turn to the four factors laid
       out above. The controlling question then becomes whether plaintiff sufficiently alleged facts
       that, if proven, would establish a duty of care owed by defendant to Annette Simpkins.

¶ 23                                        Foreseeability
¶ 24       The first factor we look to in determining whether a duty of care existed in this situation
       is whether the risk of harm to the plaintiff was reasonably foreseeable. Widlowski, 138 Ill.
       2d at 373. Though foreseeability is not the only factor we consider, it is a necessary factor
       to finding a duty. If the injury was not reasonably foreseeable, no duty can exist.
¶ 25        It can be said, with the benefit of hindsight, that everything is foreseeable. Widlowski,
       138 Ill. 2d at 374; Lance v. Senior, 36 Ill. 2d 516, 518 (1967). We must focus, therefore, on
       the question of whether the injury was reasonably foreseeable at the time defendant engaged
       in the allegedly negligent action. See, e.g., Cullotta v. Cullotta, 287 Ill. App. 3d 967, 974
       (1997). Plaintiff alleges that her exposure to and inhalation, ingestion and/or absorption of
       the asbestos fibers on her husband’s work clothing was foreseeable and could or should have
       been anticipated by defendant. She further alleges that defendant knew or should have known
       that such exposure to asbestos fibers posed an unreasonable risk of harm to her and others


                                                 -6-
       similarly situated. In a situation such as this, what is considered reasonably foreseeable
       depends on what information about the nature of asbestos was known at the time of
       plaintiff’s alleged exposure and, therefore, what information defendant could reasonably be
       held accountable for knowing. Thus, though duty is always a question of law, in this case the
       attendant foreseeability question turns on specific facts regarding what defendant actually
       knew about the nature and potential harms from asbestos from 1958 to 1964 or what
       defendant should have known at that time.
¶ 26        In reviewing dismissal on a section 2-615 motion, we review de novo the sufficiency of
       the complaint. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 429. We accept as true all well-pled facts and all
       reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those facts and construe the allegations in the
       complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id. However, Illinois is a fact-pleading
       jurisdiction. Id.; see also, e.g., Weiss v. Waterhouse Securities, Inc., 208 Ill. 2d 439, 451
       (2004). While this does not require the plaintiff to set forth evidence in the complaint, it does
       demand that the plaintiff allege facts sufficient to bring a claim within a legally recognized
       cause of action. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 429-30. A plaintiff may not rely on conclusions of
       law or fact unsupported by specific factual allegations. Pooh-Bah Enterprises, Inc. v. County
       of Cook, 232 Ill. 2d 463, 473 (2009). Defendant has argued that plaintiff’s complaint is
       insufficient because it relies on the “conclusory allegation” that defendant “knew or should
       have known” of the dangers of secondhand asbestos exposure.
¶ 27        Defendant is correct. Plaintiff has failed to allege facts specific enough to analyze
       whether, if those facts were proven true, defendant would have been able to reasonably
       foresee plaintiff’s injury. However, defendant has made this argument for the first time in its
       briefs to this court. In the circuit court, defendant relied on its argument that, as a matter of
       law, there is no duty owed by an employer to a third-party nonemployee who comes into
       contact with its employee’s asbestos-tainted work clothing at locations away from the
       workplace. While defendant, as appellee in the appellate court, “may raise a ground in this
       court which was not presented to the appellate court in order to sustain the judgment of the
       trial court, as long as there is a factual basis for it” (Dillon v. Evanston Hospital, 199 Ill. 2d
       438, 491 (2002)), plaintiff correctly notes that, had defendant questioned the sufficiency of
       the allegations in a timely manner at the circuit court level, plaintiff could have requested an
       opportunity to replead in greater detail.
¶ 28        Because foreseeability is such an integral factor to the existence of duty and because the
       weight to be accorded to that foreseeability (as well as to the other factors) depends on the
       particular circumstances of the case, without more detailed pleadings we cannot determine
       whether, if all well-pled facts are taken as true, a duty of care ran from defendant to plaintiff
       in this case. We agree with defendant that the complaint is insufficient in that it alleges a
       conclusion as a basic element of duty. However, because defendant failed to raise this issue
       in the circuit court and raised it for the first time before this court, plaintiff did not have a
       chance to address the problem. Accordingly, the proper remedy is to remand the cause to the
       circuit court to allow leave to amend the complaint.




                                                  -7-
¶ 29                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 30       For the reasons expressed above, we hold that the allegations in plaintiff's complaint are,
       in part, conclusory and therefore insufficient to establish that defendant owed a duty of care
       to Annette Simpkins. Because, in this case, the duty analysis rests on the finding of specific
       facts relating to defendant’s knowledge of the potential harms of asbestos, the court cannot
       assess the existence of a duty without further facts in the complaint. We note that the
       appellate court reversed the circuit court’s judgment and remanded for further proceedings
       based on its view that the facts alleged in plaintiff's complaint were sufficient to establish a
       duty of care owed by defendant. Although we disagree with this holding, we do agree with
       the appellate court’s reversal of the circuit court’s judgment, which dismissed the complaint
       with prejudice. Thus, although we affirm the appellate court’s judgment, we do so on
       different grounds. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court but remand the
       cause to the circuit court with directions that plaintiff be allowed to file an amended
       complaint as discussed herein.

¶ 31       Appellate court judgment affirmed.
¶ 32       Cause remanded with directions.

¶ 33       JUSTICE FREEMAN, dissenting:
¶ 34       In remanding this cause to allow for amending the complaint, the court does not answer
       the substantive question of whether a legal duty exists at all for secondhand asbestos
       exposure, ostensibly the reason we granted leave to appeal.3 It is, of course, appropriate to
       order such a remand when a plaintiff can, but has not yet, stated a cause of action for which
       relief may be granted. See Simmons v. Homatas, 236 Ill. 2d 459, 488 (2010) (Freeman, J.,
       concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by Burke, J.). Remand, however, is
       inappropriate here. The facts as already alleged put the issue of liability for secondhand
       asbestos exposure squarely before the court for determination. For that reason, I respectfully
       dissent.
¶ 35       Whether a duty exists in Illinois depends on whether the parties stood “in such a
       relationship to one another that the law imposed upon the defendant an obligation of
       reasonable conduct for the benefit of the plaintiff.” Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill.
       2d 422, 436 (2006). As the court correctly notes, whether a relationship exists justifying the
       imposition of a duty depends on four factors: (1) the reasonable foreseeability of the injury;
       (2) the likelihood of the injury; (3) the magnitude of the burden guarding against the injury;
       and (4) the consequences of placing that burden on the defendant. Id. at 436-37.
¶ 36       With respect to the reasonable foreseeability of the injury, plaintiff alleges that defendant


               3
                 Not to mention that there is currently a split in the appellate court on this issue. Contrary
       to the Fifth District’s holding in this case, the Fourth District has held that defendants owe a plaintiff
       no duty in household or “take-home” asbestos exposure case. In re Estate of Holmes, 2011 IL App
       (4th) 100462.

                                                     -8-
       knew or should have known that asbestos fibers had a toxic effect upon the health of persons
       inhaling, ingesting, or otherwise absorbing them. Her complaint further states that both her
       father and her former husband worked in places at which they were exposed to asbestos:
       “Plaintiff’s family members would carry this asbestos dust on his person and clothing home
       with him where it would become airborne again. The Plaintiff would be repeatedly exposed
       to this asbestos from her family member’s person and clothing.” Plaintiff further alleges that
       her exposure was “completely foreseeable and could or should have been anticipated by the
       Defendants.” The complaint states that plaintiff’s father worked at Commonwealth Steel
       from 1931 to 1954 and that plaintiff’s former spouse worked at various locations throughout
       the state from 1951 until 1965.4 It is difficult to understand what more facts need be alleged
       here, particularly because it is generally accepted that the first medical studies of bystander
       exposure were not published until 1965. Based on this, courts have concluded that
       foreseeability could not be established as a matter of law. See, e.g., Martin v. Cincinnati Gas
       & Electric Co., 561 F.3d 439, 445 (6th Cir. 2009); In re Certified Question From the
       Fourteenth District Court of Appeals of Texas, 740 N.W.2d 206, 218 (Mich. 2007).5 I agree.
       In light of this, there is nothing that plaintiff could allege with respect to her father’s
       employment (from 1931 until 1954) or even her former husband’s employment from 1951
       until 1964 or 1965 that would assist the court further in assessing the “foreseeability of the
       harm” prong to the duty question. In short, remanding this case for further opportunity to
       amend would accomplish little to aid in answering the question whether defendant owed
       plaintiff any duty at all.
¶ 37        In addition, we have repeatedly stressed that the existence of a duty turns, not only on
       foreseeability alone, but in large part on public policy considerations. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d
       at 436; Jones v. Chicago HMO Ltd. of Illinois, 191 Ill. 2d 278, 303 (2000). This court is not
       alone in balancing considerations of public policy when considering whether to impose a
       duty. As one court has aptly noted,
                    “The threshold question in any negligence action is: does defendant owe a legally
                recognized duty of care to plaintiff? Courts traditionally fix the duty point by
                balancing factors, including the reasonable expectations of parties and society
                generally, the proliferation of claims, the likelihood of unlimited or insurer-like
                liability, disproportionate risk and reparation allocation, and public policies affecting
                the expansion or limitation of new channels of liability. [Citations.] Thus, in
                determining whether a duty exists, courts must be mindful of the precedential, and
                consequential, future effects of their rulings, and limit the legal consequences of
                wrongs to a controllable degree.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hamilton v.


               4
               In plaintiff’s brief, the dates are more specific. Plaintiff’s husband worked at the railroad
       from “1958 to 1964.” The brief also states that the marriage ended in 1965.
               5
                I acknowledge that I am considering, as a matter of judicial notice, court opinions on the
       general recognition of when secondhand asbestos reports were published. However, this court has
       approved of this practice. See In re Commitment of Simons, 213 Ill. 2d 523, 530-31 (2004) (citing
       People v. Miller, 173 Ill. 2d 167, 206-07 (1996) (McMorrow, J., specially concurring)).

                                                   -9-
               Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 750 N.E.2d 1055, 1060 (N.Y. 2001).
       The issue of whether a duty is owed under these circumstances has been addressed by a
       number of courts throughout the United States, with a majority of jurisdictions holding that
       no duty exists. Riedel v. ICI Americas Inc., 968 A.2d 17 (Del. 2009); CSX Transportation,
       Inc. v. Williams, 608 S.E.2d 208 (Ga. 2005); Adams v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 705 A.2d 58
       (Md. 1998); In re Certified Question From the Fourteenth District Court of Appeals of
       Texas, 740 N.W.2d 206 (Mich. 2007); In re New York City Asbestos Litigation, 840 N.E.2d
       115 (N.Y. 2005); Alcoa, Inc. v. Behringer, 235 S.W.3d 456 (Tex. App. 2007). I find the
       decisions from the high courts of both New York and Michigan to be especially persuasive.
¶ 38       In declining to find a duty in a “take-home asbestos” case, the Supreme Court of
       Michigan focused on the competing matters of policy. The court noted the United States
       Supreme Court’s recognition that the country has experienced an “ ‘asbestos-litigation crisis”
       which resulted from what the Court characterized as an “ ‘elephantine mass of asbestos
       cases’ lodged in state and federal courts.’ ” In re Certified Question, 740 N.W.2d at 219
       (quoting Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. v. Ayers, 538 U.S. 135, 166 (2003)). Not only did the
       Michigan court find that the burden of imposing liability would be “extraordinarily onerous
       and unworkable,” it also noted that the consequences, which it perceived was one of
       “limitless liability,” were not only “unclear,” but “may well be disastrous.” Id. at 219. The
       court in particular noted the difficulty in limiting the potential pool of people at risk from
       secondhand exposure, noting that liability can reach to “extended family members, renters,
       house guests, carpool members, bus drivers, and workers at commercial enterprises visited
       by the worker when he or she was wearing dirty work clothes.” Id. at 219.
¶ 39       The Michigan Supreme Court’s fear of limitless liability echoes similar concerns raised
       by the Court of Appeals of New York:
                   “In sum, plaintiffs are, in effect, asking us to upset our long-settled common-law
               notions of an employer’s and landowner’s duties. Plaintiffs assure us that this will not
               lead to ‘limitless liability’ because the new duty may be confined to members of the
               household of the employer’s employee ***. This line is not so easy to draw, however.
               For example, an employer would certainly owe the new duty to an employee’s spouse
               (assuming the spouse lives with the employee), but probably would not owe the duty
               to a babysitter who takes care of children in the employee’s home five days a week.
               But the spouse may not have more exposure than the babysitter to whatever
               hazardous substances the employee may have introduced into the home from the
               workplace. Perhaps, for example, the babysitter (or maybe an employee of a
               neighborhood laundry) launders the family members’ clothes. ***
                   *** While logic might suggest (and plaintiffs maintain) that the incidence of
               asbestos-related disease allegedly caused by the kind of secondhand exposure at issue
               in this case is rather low, experience counsels that the number of new plaintiffs’
               claims would not necessarily reflect that reality.” In re New York City Asbestos
               Litigation, 840 N.E.2d 115, 122 (N.Y. 2005).
¶ 40       I believe these cases are well reasoned. I therefore would hold that no duty exists in this
       case as a matter of law and that the circuit court correctly granted defendant’s motion to


                                                -10-
       dismiss.

¶ 41      JUSTICE BURKE joins in this dissent.




                                          -11-
