                                                                                      06/26/2018
       IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                        AT NASHVILLE
                               March 20, 2018 Session

                JAMES M. MEESE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

              Appeal from the Criminal Court for Wilson County
 No. 12-CR-844, 14-CR-1000, 14-CR-999, 14-CR-906, 14-CR-935 Brody N. Kane,
                                   Judge
                    ___________________________________

                          No. M2017-00909-CCA-R3-PC
                      ___________________________________


The Petitioner, James M. Meese, entered guilty pleas to aggravated statutory rape,
aggravated assault, simple possession of marijuana, and contributing to the delinquency
of a minor, with a negotiated Range I seven-year sentence to be served on probation. The
Petitioner filed a post-conviction petition, asserting that his trial counsel failed to
properly investigate his charges and inaccurately advised him regarding his cumulative
exposure. We conclude that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to accurately advise
the Petitioner of his range of punishment and that as a result, the Petitioner did not
knowingly enter into the plea agreement. Accordingly, we reverse the post-conviction
court’s judgment, and we remand for a new trial on all charges.

  Tenn. R. App. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Reversed;
                                 Case Remanded

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA
MCGEE OGLE and CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JJ., joined.

Donnavon Vasek, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the appellant, James M. Meese.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Caitlin Smith, Assistant Attorney
General; Tom P. Thompson, Jr., District Attorney General; and Tom Swink, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                       OPINION

                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The Petitioner’s guilty pleas were the result of different offenses committed
between June 2012 and November 2014. According to the prosecutor’s recitation of facts
at the plea colloquy, on July 18, 2012, the sister of fifteen-year-old Victim 1 discovered
Victim 1 and the twenty-six-year-old Petitioner, both shirtless, in a bed together. Victim
1 disclosed that she and the Petitioner had sexual intercourse on two prior occasions,
once in June and once in July 2012. The Petitioner made incriminating statements during
a video recorded interview with law enforcement. Accordingly, on August 15, 2012, the
Petitioner was charged with two counts of aggravated statutory rape committed in June
and July 2012 against Victim 1.

       On August 3, 2014, the Petitioner and two other men were discovered in a hotel
room with a runaway juvenile, marijuana, pills, and drug paraphernalia. The men all
denied knowledge of the drugs, but the juvenile told police that all present had smoked
marijuana. The Petitioner was charged in two indictments with four misdemeanor
offenses: contributing to the delinquency of a minor, possession of a legend drug,
possession of drug paraphernalia, and possession of marijuana.

      On December 10, 2014, the Petitioner was charged with an auto burglary
committed against a third victim in November 2014. The record does not contain further
information regarding this charge.

       The Petitioner was also charged on December 10, 2014, with four felonies
committed on November 13, 2014 against Victim 2: aggravated burglary, aggravated
assault, kidnapping, and attempted rape. At the plea hearing, the prosecutor told the trial
court that Victim 2’s testimony would support a conviction for aggravated assault but
“would not really back up the other charges.” The prosecutor summarized that the
Petitioner was at Victim 2’s home, that there was a physical altercation, and that the
Petitioner’s assault on Victim 2 resulted in a cervical fracture in her neck.

       The Petitioner entered into a plea agreement in which he was to plead guilty to one
count each of aggravated statutory rape, aggravated assault, simple possession of
marijuana, and contributing to the delinquency of a minor. The Petitioner was to be
sentenced to a probationary sentence of two years for aggravated statutory rape, five
years for aggravated assault, and eleven months and twenty-nine days for each
misdemeanor. The felony convictions were to be served consecutively to one another
and concurrently with the misdemeanor convictions for an effective sentence of seven
years of probation.
                                           -2-
       At the plea hearing, the trial court reviewed the Petitioner’s plea forms and
potential exposure. The court noted that the Petitioner was facing a sentence of two to
twelve years for each Class D felony committed against Victim 1, three to fifteen years
for each of the four Class C felonies committed against Victim 2, and one to six years on
the auto burglary charge. The plea forms reflected the same range of punishments for the
felony offenses. The trial court reviewed the terms of the agreement, and the Petitioner
agreed that the facts as recited by the prosecution reflected the evidence that the State
would have presented at trial. The Petitioner told the court that no one had promised him
anything or pressured or coerced him into entering into the plea agreement, and the pleas
were entered on March 13, 2015.

       After the Petitioner was charged with violating his probation, he filed a petition for
post-conviction relief, alleging various errors committed by trial counsel. The
Petitioner’s probation was revoked, and he was ordered to serve ninety days in
confinement and the remainder of the sentence on probation. Following his release, he
was again charged with violating the terms of his probation. His probation was revoked,
and he was ordered to serve his sentence in confinement.

       The post-conviction court found that the Petitioner had presented a timely and
colorable claim, and the court appointed counsel, who filed an amended petition. Among
the Petitioner’s claims were that his trial counsel failed to interview certain witnesses and
that his trial counsel grossly overestimated the maximum prison sentences which could
apply to him. He also argued that his pleas were not knowing and voluntary.

        Victim 2 testified at the hearing that she was in a relationship with the Petitioner in
2014 but that the Petitioner did not live at her house. On November 12, 2014, Victim 2
was working when the Petitioner sent her a text message to see where she was. She
acknowledged having sent him two text messages asking where he was, but she explained
that he had contacted her earlier and that she was trying to ascertain his whereabouts to
see if she could go to her home or if she would have to seek shelter at her father’s home.
After Victim 2 went home, the Petitioner came to her house and began throwing rocks at
the window, asking her through text message if he could come in. She did not allow him
to enter, and she went to sleep. Victim 2 testified that when she woke up, the Petitioner
was in the home. She stated that her bathroom window had been cracked and boarded up
but that the Petitioner broke the window completely. She and the Petitioner argued, and
the Petitioner twisted her neck and broke it during the three-hour altercation. She was
unable to escape because he was with her the entire time and because he took her
telephone and keys. She acknowledged biting the Petitioner numerous times.



                                             -3-
       Victim 2 testified that the Petitioner took her to her car and threatened to put her in
the trunk and drive off a cliff. He opened the trunk but did not follow through with the
plan because the trunk was full. While they were at the car, Victim 2 managed to secure
an extra cellular telephone from the vehicle. She was ultimately able to call 911 from a
locked room before the Petitioner broke down the door and sat on her, “trying to
smother” her. Victim 2 acknowledged having filed a complaint against the Petitioner and
her father for taking a car belonging to her in October 2014. She stated that the facts
recited in that complaint were true but that she got her vehicle back and the matter was
ultimately dismissed.

      Victim 2 was contacted so often by trial counsel that she asked him to stop calling
her. She met with trial counsel and the prosecutor and gave them her medical records.

        Victim 2 testified about the Petitioner’s continued harassment of her. She stated
the Petitioner had attempted to contact her on social media through fake accounts and had
sent her hundreds of letters, asking her to lie in court in about five or six of them. Several
communications from the Petitioner, which were delivered to Victim 2 by means of his
relatives, were introduced into evidence, including a hand-drawn portrait of Victim 2.
Victim 2 testified that her father temporarily removed his mailbox to avoid receiving
further communications from the Petitioner. Video cameras set up at Victim 2’s father’s
home showed the Petitioner lurking on the premises. Victim 2 acknowledged having
written to the Petitioner when he was first arrested that she was “sorry he was locked up,”
would help out, and would tell trial counsel “what went on that night.”

       Victim 2’s father testified that he tried to “stay out of all this” and could not recall
if he spoke to trial counsel. After the Petitioner’s assault, Victim 2 had a fractured neck,
was in pain, and had to wear a neck brace. The Petitioner told Victim 2’s father that he
was sorry. Victim 2’s father confirmed that the Petitioner continued to harass Victim 2
and stated that Victim 2 and her children had to move to his house for safety. He testified
that Victim 2’s complaint regarding the stolen vehicle was true and that he took her
vehicle because she owed him money.

        The Petitioner testified that he was initially represented by the public defender’s
office but that all of his claims relate to alleged deficiencies on the part of the appointed
attorney who subsequently represented him (“trial counsel”). The Petitioner testified that
while the public defender represented him on his 2012 charges, he rejected two plea
offers involving a suspended sentence because he was adamant that he wanted to proceed
to trial. After trial counsel was appointed, the Petitioner repeatedly asked trial counsel to
set the cases for trial.



                                             -4-
       The Petitioner testified regarding various witnesses who he felt were not
adequately investigated by trial counsel. According to the Petitioner, trial counsel did not
investigate the fact that Victim 2 had a violent past and that she had initiated the physical
confrontation. The Petitioner also faulted trial counsel for not investigating Victim 2’s
attempted rape allegation, which the Petitioner stated was premised on the fact that he
accidentally stepped on her pajama pants.

        The Petitioner asserted that trial counsel failed to interview his bondsman, Ms.
Janice Frizell, who could have corroborated the fact that he sustained several injuries in
the altercation with Victim 2. He acknowledged that his mug shot taken on November
14, 2014, showed no wounds. He faulted trial counsel for not interviewing Victim 2’s
father, Victim 1, or Mr. Michael Bagley. Mr. Michael Bagley could have testified to the
fact that the Petitioner could not have had intercourse with Victim 1 on a particular day in
June 2012. Trial counsel told the Petitioner that the Petitioner would be found guilty and
that the jury would believe the victims.

       The Petitioner testified that he had an eighth-grade education and that he had
several traffic offenses and had been charged with simple possession of a drug many
years ago. At the time of the pleas, the Petitioner had no felony convictions. The
Petitioner shared this information with trial counsel.

        The Petitioner was provided with papers detailing his exposure, and these were
entered as exhibits at the hearing. He was given a chart detailing the authorized
sentences for each felony classification and each offender range. The form included a
chart to guide range calculation, reflecting that a Range II offender would have “2-4
priors in class, higher, or 2 down….” The Petitioner was also given a paper detailing his
exposure for the offenses at issue. The paper reflected that the Petitioner could receive a
Range I sentence of 2-4 years for the Class D aggravated statutory rape charges. For the
Class E auto burglary charge, the document reflected that he could receive a Range I or
Range II sentence of 1-4 years. For the Class C felony offenses committed against
Victim 2, the document noted that the Petitioner could be sentenced from 3-15 years,
which would be a sentence spanning from Range I to Range III. The document
summarized that the punishment was “[p]otentially, up to a total of – 20.50 – 75.50
years.” The Petitioner testified that he was a Range I offender at the time of the plea
hearing and that he thought the numbers reflected the minimums and maximums for a
Range I offender.

        The Petitioner testified that trial counsel told him he would receive the maximum
punishment for the aggravated statutory rape charges, and the Petitioner believed that
both the minimum and maximum for the offense was an aggregate eight years. He later
testified he thought he could serve twelve years for each conviction. Trial counsel also
                                            -5-
told him he would receive the maximum sentences for his other felony convictions, and
trial counsel told him that the maximum sentence was fifteen years. The Petitioner
testified trial counsel told him he could be a Range II or Range III offender on the auto
burglary charge, depending on when it would be tried. According to the Petitioner, trial
counsel also told him that the misdemeanors were mandatorily consecutive to the
aggravated statutory rape offenses because they had been committed while he was on
bond. The Petitioner testified that trial counsel repeatedly told him he was facing life in
prison, with a possible aggregate sentence of 75.5 years. The Petitioner averred that he
would not have entered the guilty pleas if he had known his actual maximum exposure as
a Range I offender. He did not want to enter guilty pleas, was “seething mad,” and felt
forced to enter into the agreement. He testified that trial counsel told him that the judge
would not delay trial in order to permit him time to seek a new attorney. He
acknowledged that he told the court at the plea hearing that he was not being pressured or
coerced to enter into the plea agreement.

       The Petitioner also testified that trial counsel did not review all of the community
supervision provisions of his plea and that trial counsel told him he would be permitted to
be around Victim 2’s children and his nephews and would be able to get off the sexual
offender registry in twelve years. The Petitioner acknowledged he was given a written
copy of the registry requirements and that trial counsel noted at the top of the form that
he had reviewed it with the Petitioner.

         Trial counsel testified that his practice at the time he represented the Petitioner
was focused primarily on real estate and business law but that he also represented clients
on criminal matters. He first represented the Petitioner only on the aggravated statutory
rape charges but was later appointed to represent him on all the offenses. He was aware
of the Petitioner’s educational level but testified that the Petitioner was “a very intelligent
person.” He agreed that the Petitioner mentioned several times that he wanted to proceed
to trial and that the Petitioner had hesitation about entering a plea.

        Trial counsel interviewed Mr. Michael Bagley when the Petitioner told him that
Mr. Bagley would have helpful information. Jail records documenting the visit were
entered into evidence. Mr. Michael Bagley had six theft convictions, described himself
as not credible, and ultimately told trial counsel that he had not been with the Petitioner
every time the Petitioner was with Victim 1 but that he would “say whatever Mr. Meese
wants me to say.” Trial counsel also drove by the Bagley home in order to ascertain the
location of a shed the Petitioner had mentioned. Mr. Michael Bagley mentioned another
witness who was a minor, but trial counsel did not interview that witness. Trial counsel
testified that the witness appeared to be “secondary” and that he felt the witness “may or
may not know” anything about the case.

                                             -6-
       The Petitioner did not tell trial counsel about Ms. Frizzell as a potential witness.
Trial counsel agreed that the Petitioner’s mug shot reflected that he did not have scratches
on his neck.

       Trial counsel also investigated Victim 2, contacting her numerous times until she
agreed to meet with him and the prosecutor. While the prosecutor had stated at the plea
hearing that the charges other than aggravated assault would not be supported by her
testimony, trial counsel disagreed with that analysis of her anticipated testimony. He
stated that “the only case that she really came off was the attempted rape,” and that he
believed “in the bottom of my heart she was pressured to do that.” Victim 2 brought
medical records documenting her broken neck to the meeting with trial counsel. Trial
counsel testified that Victim 2’s father’s testimony would not have been helpful to the
defense. Trial counsel recalled that the Petitioner made a statement to police indicating
that Victim 2 had told him to leave her home and that he had returned without her
permission due to the cold.

       Trial counsel recalled that plea negotiations resulted from the trial court granting
in part a motion to suppress. In particular, the trial court suppressed evidence that the
Petitioner and Victim 1 were discovered shirtless in bed. Trial counsel stated that the
Petitioner made incriminating statements on his video statement to police regarding
Victim 1, and he also made incriminating statements to trial counsel, including that sex
with underage girls “was better” and that he and Victim 1 “didn’t have sex that particular
night because she was on her period,” implying that they had had intercourse on another
occasion.

       Trial counsel testified that he did not obtain the Petitioner’s criminal history and
did not know for certain if the Petitioner had prior convictions. The Petitioner told trial
counsel that he had a “felony escape conviction or something like that,” and trial counsel
recalled some uncertainty regarding whether the Petitioner was adjudicated as a juvenile
or an adult in that case. The Petitioner had “numerous” other arrests, including for
aggravated assault, and trial counsel worried he might have had other felony convictions.

        Trial counsel testified that he and the Petitioner discussed the offender
classification applicable to the Petitioner and where the offenses fell on the chart. He
acknowledged telling the Petitioner that the Petitioner could spend the rest of his life in
prison, noting that even if the Petitioner were sentenced as a Range I offender and
received a sentence of “thirty something years,” the revocation or denial of parole could
mean that the sentence would constitute the rest of his life. He acknowledged that the
plea agreements listed the entirety of the range of sentences authorized by statute without
reference to the Petitioner’s particular range. He did not recall if he incorrectly told the
Petitioner that his misdemeanors would mandatorily be run consecutively to his other
                                           -7-
crimes. He denied telling the Petitioner that he would be found guilty on all charges or
that he would receive the maximum sentences.

       Trial counsel advised the Petitioner regarding the consequences of his sexual
offenses and told him he would not be able to see Victim 2’s children. Trial counsel
offered to research the date that the Petitioner would be eligible to be removed from the
sexual offender registry, but the Petitioner indicated that the issue was not important to
him.

        With the State’s acquiescence, the post-conviction court allowed the Petitioner to
present the testimony of Mr. Ryan Bagley, which would purportedly have been similar to
that of Mr. Michael Bagley. Mr. Ryan Bagley testified that on November 13, 2012,1 the
Petitioner and another family member went to pick up Victim 1 at 7:00 p.m. When the
Petitioner and Victim 1 arrived at Mr. Ryan Bagley’s home, they remained in the living
room with Mr. Ryan Bagley’s father. Mr. Ryan Bagley’s uncle got hit by a car and was
taken to the hospital at 11:00 p.m., and all present went to the hospital. They stayed
together at the hospital until 3:00 a.m. The Petitioner, Victim 1, and Mr. Ryan Bagley
returned home, and Mr. Ryan Bagley went to bed at around 4:00 a.m., leaving the
Petitioner and Victim 1 in the living room.

       Ms. Janice Frizzell, the Petitioner’s bonding agent, testified that she saw the
Petitioner on November 13, 2014, that he had severe bite marks, and that he had several
scratches on his neck. At the time, the Petitioner denied committing a crime against
Victim 2. Ms. Frizzell testified that the Petitioner stayed with Victim 2 and with Victim
2’s father. She acknowledged seeing Victim 2 in a cervical collar after the incident, and
she acknowledged that the Petitioner’s mug shot showed no scratches on his neck.

       The public defender who represented the Petitioner testified that she represented
him only with regard to the aggravated statutory rape charges. The Petitioner asserted
that Mr. Michael Bagley would give favorable testimony, but when the public defender
interviewed Mr. Bagley, she discovered that her office had a conflict of interest. The
public defender testified that, during her representation, she advised the Petitioner
regarding his potential sentencing exposure. She confirmed that the Petitioner asserted
his innocence and wanted to proceed to trial during the entirety of her representation. On
cross-examination, she testified that Mr. Michael Bagley did not want to be a witness for
the Petitioner.


       1
           While it is evident that Mr. Ryan Bagley’s testimony was meant to show that the Petitioner
could not have had intercourse with Victim 1 in June 2012, he agreed numerous times that his testimony
related to events on November 13, 2012. The crimes against Victim 2 took place on November 13, 2014.
                                                -8-
        The Petitioner introduced the expert testimony of Attorney Thomas Maynard, who
testified that he had researched the Petitioner’s criminal history and that the Petitioner
had no prior felony convictions at the time of the pleas. He testified that an attorney
should advise a client regarding the correct range of punishment. In his opinion, the
Petitioner would not have been a Range III offender for any of his offenses, and the
Petitioner’s exposure was less than reflected in the document provided by trial counsel.
He acknowledged that the standard in the judicial district was to include the full possible
range of punishment, without reference to offender classification, in the plea agreement.

       The post-conviction court denied relief. The post-conviction court found that,
despite his abbreviated education, the Petitioner was able to grasp the legal issues at play,
had “an extended vocabulary,” and was “well equipped to express himself.” The post-
conviction court noted that the Petitioner had previously given testimony which the court
had deemed not credible, and the post-conviction court made a blanket finding that the
Petitioner was not “credible or believable.” The post-conviction court credited trial
counsel’s testimony when it was in conflict with the Petitioner’s.

        Regarding a failure to interview witnesses, the post-conviction court found that
trial counsel was never made aware that Ms. Frizzell had information pertinent to the
cases, that trial counsel attempted to interview Victim 1, that Victim 2’s father’s
testimony was not favorable to the Petitioner, and that trial counsel adequately
investigated Victim 2 and Mr. Michael Bagley. The post-conviction court also found that
Mr. Ryan Bagley’s testimony would not have exculpated the Petitioner of the charged
offenses.

       Regarding sentencing, the post-conviction court found that trial counsel
erroneously advised the Petitioner that the sentences for his misdemeanor offenses would
have to be served consecutively by law. The post-conviction court, however, concluded
that given the relative importance of these crimes in the charges, the error was “de
minimis and was not deficient from the range of competence expected of a criminal
defense attorney.” The post-conviction court found that the highest sentence the
Petitioner could have received would have been thirty-six years of incarceration for his
felony offenses. The post-conviction court found that trial counsel incorrectly advised
him regarding his maximum exposure but concluded that it “c[ould not] find that this
error standing alone was so significant as to deviate from the range of reasonableness
provided by criminal defense attorneys.” It noted that the public defender correctly
advised the Petitioner of his potential range of punishment. The post-conviction court
found that the pleas were not involuntary, that trial counsel did not perform deficiently,
and that the Petitioner had failed to show that but for any error, he would have gone to
trial.

                                            -9-
                                       ANALYSIS

       Under the Post-Conviction Procedure Act, a petitioner is entitled to relief when
“the conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgement of any right
guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.”
T.C.A. § 40-30-103. The burden of proving allegations of fact by clear and convincing
evidence falls to the petitioner seeking relief. T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f). The post-
conviction court’s findings of fact are binding on the appellate court unless the evidence
preponderates against them. Kendrick v. State, 454 S.W.3d 450, 457 (Tenn. 2015).
Accordingly, the reviewing court defers to the post-conviction court’s findings regarding
the credibility of witness, the weight and value of witness testimony, and the resolution of
factual issues. Id. Questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed de
novo. Id. Each element of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed
question of fact and law reviewed de novo. Id. Whether a guilty plea was entered
knowingly and voluntarily is also a mixed question of fact and law reviewed de novo,
with a presumption of correctness afforded to the factual findings of the post-conviction
court. Jaco v. State, 120 S.W.3d 828, 830 (Tenn. 2003).

                          I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Both the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section
9 of the Tennessee Constitution guarantee the accused the right to counsel. This right has
been defined as the right to reasonably effective assistance of counsel, or assistance
“‘within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.’” Vaughn v.
State, 202 S.W.3d 106, 116 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461
(Tenn. 1999)). The overall standard of effectiveness is “‘whether counsel’s conduct so
undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be
relied on as having produced a just result.’” Id. (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 686 (1984)).

       In order to establish that he received the ineffective assistance of counsel, a
petitioner must show both that his lawyer’s performance was deficient and that the
deficiency resulted in prejudice. Pylant v. State, 263 S.W.3d 854, 868 (Tenn. 2008).
Deficiency can be shown if the petitioner demonstrates that his attorney’s services fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Id.
A petitioner must demonstrate deficiency by “‘showing that counsel made errors so
serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the
Sixth Amendment.’” Felts v. State, 354 S.W.3d 266, 276 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). A reviewing court indulges “a strong presumption that
counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.”
Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 462. The court presumes that counsel’s acts might be sound trial
                                           - 10 -
strategy, and strategic decisions, when made after a thorough investigation, are “virtually
unchallengeable.” Felts, 354 S.W.3d at 277 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690).

       To prevail on the prejudice prong, the petitioner “‘must establish a reasonable
probability that but for counsel’s errors the result of the proceeding would have been
different.’” Finch v. State, 226 S.W.3d 307, 316 (Tenn. 2007) (quoting Vaughn, 202
S.W.3d at 116). A reasonable probability is “‘a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.’” Id. (quoting Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at 116). The Strickland
standard for determining whether a petitioner received the ineffective assistance of
counsel applies in plea negotiations as well as during trial. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52,
58 (1985); see also Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. 134, 147-48 (2012). In order to show
prejudice in the context of a guilty plea, the petitioner must demonstrate “‘a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pled guilty and would have
insisted on going to trial.’” Grindstaff v. State, 297 S.W.3d 208, 217 (quoting Hill, 474
U.S. at 59). The inquiry should focus on whether any alleged deficiency affected the
outcome of the plea process. Id. Accordingly, a petitioner is under no requirement to
prove that the result at trial would have been more favorable than the result of the plea
agreement. Id. A claim may be denied for failure to prove either prong, and a court need
not address both prongs if the petitioner has failed to establish either deficiency or
prejudice. Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996).

                                A. Failure to Investigate

       On appeal, the Petitioner asserts that trial counsel was deficient in failing to
interview Ms. Frizzell or Mr. Ryan Bagley. The Petitioner testified that trial counsel
should have interviewed Ms. Frizzell, who would have corroborated his story that Victim
2 assaulted him. Trial counsel, however, testified that the Petitioner never informed him
that Ms. Frizzell was a potential witness who could give favorable testimony, and the
post-conviction court credited trial counsel’s testimony. “The reasonableness of
counsel’s actions may be determined or substantially influenced by the defendant’s own
statements or actions.” Felts, 354 S.W.3d at 277 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691).
Accordingly, trial counsel, unaware of the existence of Ms. Frizzell, was not deficient in
failing to interview her. Neither has the Petitioner established a reasonable probability
that, but for trial counsel’s failure to interview Ms. Frizzell, he would not have pleaded
guilty. Ms. Frizzell’s testimony only corroborated that there was a physical altercation
between Victim 2 and the Petitioner, a fact not in controversy, and her statements
regarding the Petitioner’s injuries were called into question by a contemporaneous
photograph and her own acknowledgement that Victim 2 had a fractured neck.

      Mr. Ryan Bagley testified that he was with the Petitioner and Victim 1 on a date in
2012 and that they did not have sexual intercourse prior to 4:00 a.m. on that particular
                                           - 11 -
date. Trial counsel testified that he was aware that there was a minor witness who had
some knowledge of the circumstances of the aggravated statutory rape but that he deemed
the witness to be “secondary” and did not interview him. The Petitioner represented that
Mr. Ryan Bagley’s testimony was similar to the anticipated testimony of Mr. Michael
Bagley, and trial counsel met with Mr. Michael Bagley and determined his testimony
would not be helpful or credible. Although trial counsel did not interview Mr. Ryan
Bagley, “‘strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable
precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on
investigation.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91). The post-conviction court’s
finding on the matter, that Mr. Ryan Bagley’s testimony “left open the opportunity for
[the Petitioner] and the underage victim to engage in sexual relations,” is a finding that
the Petitioner suffered no prejudice. Mr. Ryan Bagley’s testimony related to one
particular date, and even if his testimony had related to a date in June 2012, as charged in
count 1, or July 2012, as charged in count 2, the testimony would not have excluded the
possibility that the Petitioner was with Victim 1 on other dates during those months. The
Petitioner was aware of the testimony that Mr. Ryan Bagley could offer, and he has made
no showing that, but for trial counsel’s failure to investigate potential testimony from
both Bagleys, he would not have accepted the plea offer. Accordingly, he is not entitled
to relief.

                             B. Incorrect Sentencing Advice

        The Petitioner also asserts that trial counsel inflated his actual sentencing exposure
by advising him that he could be sentenced as a Range III offender. The Petitioner
argues that trial counsel informed him he could go to prison for 75.5 years when his
actual felony exposure was thirty-four years, plus three years for his misdemeanor
crimes. The State responds that trial counsel’s testimony established that he informed the
Petitioner that his offender classification would hinge on any prior convictions and that
trial counsel’s advice was “broad” but “not inaccurate.” The State likewise points to the
strength of the evidence and the Petitioner’s comparatively light sentence to argue that
the Petitioner has failed to establish prejudice. The post-conviction court concluded that
although trial counsel’s advice may have been erroneous, it “c[ould not] find that this
error standing alone was so significant as to deviate from the range of reasonableness
provided by criminal defense attorneys.”

       A petitioner has a right to the effective assistance of counsel in the plea-bargaining
process. Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 162 (2012). During plea bargaining, trial
counsel has the duty to promptly communicate and explain any plea offers extended by
the prosecution. Nesbit v. State, 452 S.W.3d 779, 800 (Tenn. 2014). Trial counsel must
provide the accused “‘with competent and fully informed advice, including an analysis of
the risks that the client would face in proceeding to trial.’” Id. (quoting Burt v. Titlow,
                                            - 12 -
571 U.S. 12, 25 (2013) (Sotomayor, J., concurring)). An attorney should “explain a
matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions
regarding the representation.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.4(b). Counsel should advise
the accused “of the choices that are available to him as well as the probable outcome of
these choices.” Parham v. State, 885 S.W.2d 375, 384 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).

       A failure to provide advice regarding sentencing exposure may constitute
deficiency. Moss v. United States, 323 F.3d 445, 474 (6th Cir. 2003). Counsel must
“ensure that the client’s decision [to waive his constitutional right to trial] is as informed
as possible.” Miller v. Straub, 299 F.3d 570, 580 (6th Cir. 2002). To that end, counsel
should explain the sentencing exposure attached to each option available to the
defendant. Smith v. United States, 348 F.3d 545, 553 (6th Cir. 2003). “Knowledge of the
comparative sentence exposure between standing trial and accepting a plea offer will
often be crucial to the decision whether to plead guilty.” United States v. Day, 969 F.2d
39, 43 (3d Cir. 1992).

       The Tennessee Supreme Court has cited the American Bar Association (“ABA”)
Standards for Criminal Justice in evaluating deficiency. Grindstaff, 297 S.W.3d at 220.
According to the ABA Standards, defense counsel should “investigate the facts relevant
to sentencing” and seek discovery regarding the relevant information. ABA Standard 4-
8.3(d). Counsel also is under a duty to investigate “potential dispositions and penalties.”
Id. 4-4.1(b). “Before accepting or advising a disposition, defense counsel should request
that the prosecution disclose any information that tends to negate guilt, mitigates the
offense or is likely to reduce punishment.” Id. 4-6.2(d). Defense counsel also “should
become familiar with the client’s background, applicable sentencing laws and rules, and
what options might be available as well as what consequences might arise if the client is
convicted.” Id. 4-8.3(a).

        Erroneous advice regarding sentencing also may establish deficiency. Calvert v.
State, 342 S.W.3d 477, 488, 490 (Tenn. 2011) (citing cases in which incorrect sentencing
advice was found to be deficient and concluding that failure to advise regarding lifetime
community supervision constituted deficient performance); Grindstaff, 297 S.W.3d at
221-22 (granting relief where the petitioner pled guilty in reliance on trial counsel’s
mistaken advice that he was eligible for an alternative sentence); Walton v. State, 966
S.W.2d 54, 55 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (remanding for evidentiary hearing on the
petitioner’s claim that trial counsel gave him erroneous advice regarding parole
eligibility, causing him to plead guilty); see Gordon Wayne Davis v. State, No. E2015-
00772-CCA-R3-PC, 2016 WL 4737010, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 9, 2016) (noting
that this court has granted relief when a “guilty plea is entered after having been
significantly misinformed” and granting post-conviction relief to petitioner who was

                                            - 13 -
erroneously informed he would be eligible for sentencing reduction credits and had
rejected previous, comparable plea agreement) no perm. app. filed.

        A defendant convicted of a felony offense may be subject to a sentence as a Range
I, standard offender; a Range II, multiple offender; a Range III, persistent offender; or a
Range III, career offender based upon the defendant’s prior felony convictions. See
T.C.A. § 40-35-105(a); -106(a); -107(a); -108(a). There are multiple sources upon which
defense counsel may reasonable rely in determining a defendant’s criminal history for the
purposes of ascertaining the defendant’s applicable sentencing range. Defense counsel
may rely upon the defendant’s prior criminal history provided by the State in discovery.
See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(E) (“Upon a defendant’s request, the state shall furnish
the defendant with a copy of the defendant’s prior criminal record, if any, that is within
the state’s possession, custody, or control if the district attorney general knows — or
through due diligence could know — that the record exists.”). Defense counsel also may
reasonably rely upon the defendant’s own recollection of his or her criminal history. In
the present case, trial counsel did none of these things and made no effort to determine
the Petitioner’s applicable sentencing range.

        Rather, trial counsel testified that he did not know if the Petitioner had any prior
convictions and that he accordingly advised the Petitioner of the potential maximums for
Ranges I to III, providing him with a chart reflecting the increase in sentencing and its
relationship to prior convictions. Trial counsel and the Petitioner discussed how “[y]ou
would move up the chart as you were sentenced on any crimes you were convicted of
based [on] prior convictions if you had any.” When asked if he had advised the
Petitioner that his range could increase if the cases were tried sequentially, trial counsel
stated that the range would depend on “priors to all of these, like the felony escape or the
aggravated assault or whatever.” Trial counsel discussed release eligibility with the
Petitioner, using the chart. Trial counsel acknowledged that the written form he provided
the Petitioner reflected that he could be sentenced as a Range I offender for the
aggravated statutory rape offenses, a Range I or II offender for the auto burglary, and a
Range I to III offender for the Class C felonies committed against Victim 2. According
to the paperwork trial counsel provided to the Petitioner, he faced a sentence of 20.5 to
75.5 years.

       However, because none of the Petitioner’s felony offenses had resulted in
convictions at the time he committed the other offenses, he did not qualify to be a Range
II or Range III offender on any of the felony offenses. See State v. Bobby Lee Allen
Robinette, No. E2014-01688-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 4745065, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Aug. 11, 2015) (citing State v. Blouvett, 904 S.W.2d 111, 113 (Tenn. 1995) for the
proposition that a prior conviction is one which has been adjudicated prior to the
commission of the offense at issue); see also T.C.A. §§ 40-35-106(b)(1); -107(b)(1); -
                                           - 14 -
108(b)(1) (defining a “prior conviction” as “a conviction for an offense occurring prior to
the commission of the offense for which the defendant is being sentenced”). Moreover,
the sentences for the Petitioner’s misdemeanor offenses committed while out on bail are
not required to run consecutively to his other convictions. See Tenn. R. Crim. P.
32(c)(3)(C) (providing for mandatory consecutive service of felonies committed while
the defendant is released on bail).

       Although trial counsel advised the Petitioner that he faced a maximum sentence of
75.5 years, the parties agree on appeal that the Petitioner faced an aggregate maximum
sentence thirty-four years as a Range I offender for his felony offenses and an additional
three years for his Class A misdemeanor offenses. The State asserts that the advice given
to the Petitioner — that his sentences would depend on the number of his prior
convictions — was generally accurate. To adopt the State’s position virtually would
allow defense counsel to provide a defendant with Volume 7B of the Tennessee Code and
instruct the defendant to figure it out himself. Rather, trial counsel must conduct
adequate research of the sentencing provision and a reasonable investigation into the
defendant’s criminal history and must provide advice regarding the defendant’s potential
sentence that is tailored to the defendant’s specific circumstances.

        In this case, the document that trial counsel gave to the Petitioner informed him
that he could be sentenced as a Range III offender for some of his crimes and that his
maximum potential sentence was 75.5 years. Trial counsel never determined the
Petitioner’s actual range or informed him that his actual maximum punishment. We
conclude that trial counsel was deficient in not advising the Petitioner of his actual
potential range of punishment prior to the Petitioner’s entering the guilty plea. The
Petitioner was, and pled guilty as, a Range I offender, but trial counsel advised him that
he could be sentenced as a Range III offender for his crimes. See Dedrick Patton v. State,
No. M2003-00126-CCA-R3-PC, 2003 WL 22999443, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 23,
2003) (holding that trial counsel was deficient in his investigation of the petitioner’s
criminal record and in failing to determine the petitioner’s proper offender classification
when trial counsel advised the petitioner that he qualified as a Range II offender when, in
reality, the petitioner was a Range I offender).

       Even though the public defender may have correctly advised the Petitioner
regarding his sentencing exposure of eight years on the two charges of aggravated
statutory rape then pending, this advice did not cure any later error committed by trial
counsel in advising the Petitioner that he could go to prison for 75.5 years, especially in
light of the fact that the Petitioner’s plea agreement showed the full range of sentencing
exposure. We are concerned that the record contains numerous references to the fact that
it is standard practice within the judicial district to include the maximum statutory
sentencing exposure in a written plea agreement without reference to the offender’s
                                          - 15 -
particular range. For instance, the post-conviction court noted that most plea agreements
showed the full range of sentencing exposure and concluded, “I think in this district that’s
the standard. It probably would be preferable that everybody put the particular range for
each particular defendant on the plea sheet, but that is not at all what is followed here in
the five counties that I cover.” The prosecutor also noted that it was “common practice
… to go ahead and put on the plea form the maximum number of years exposure.” The
Petitioner’s expert witness, confronted by plea agreements he had drafted which also
reflected sentencing exposure without reference to offender classification, noted that he
had previously had a plea agreement rejected by a pro tempore judge in the district
because the agreement included only the punishments available in Range I to a Range I
offender. However, he explained that he always informed his clients regarding their
actual sentencing exposure, taking into consideration their offender classification. We
observe that a defendant who enters a guilty plea should be advised regarding the
maximum sentence he could receive were he to insist on going to trial with reference to
his offender classification and not advised of the hypothetical sentence that some other
offender with a more extensive criminal history could receive.

       Having concluded that the Petitioner received deficient advice, we turn to the
prejudice inquiry. In its brief, the State focuses upon the strength of the evidence against
the Petitioner in arguing that trial court’s deficiency did not result in prejudice. In order
to establish prejudice, however, the Petitioner must show a reasonable probability that,
but for any error, the Petitioner would have insisted on going to trial. See Hill, 474 U.S.
at 59.

       In Dedrick Patton, this court concluded that the erroneous advice that the
Petitioner was a Range II rather than a Range I offender was prejudicial. 2003 WL
22999443, at *6. This court noted that the plea agreement was advantageous because the
petitioner received a four-year sentence for a lesser-included offense when his minimum
exposure was eight years for the charged offense. Id. Nevertheless, this court found that
prejudice was established because both trial counsel and the petitioner had testified that
the petitioner’s exposure was a significant factor in his decision to plead guilty. Id. This
court has also previously observed that, even if the decision to reject a guilty plea would
have been unwise, “a defendant has the right to make a knowing, unwise decision.”
Walton, 966 S.W.2d at 55; see Calvert, 342 S.W.3d at 491 (concluding that failure to
inform the petitioner of lifetime supervision requirement resulted in prejudice when the
petitioner testified that it would have made a difference in his plea); Grindstaff, 297
S.W.3d at 222 (finding prejudice where the evidence showed that the petitioner had
placed particular emphasis on the hope of alternative sentencing which was not available
for his offense); David Patrick Pearson v. State, No. E2000-00438-CCA-R3-CD, 2001
WL 487684, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 9, 2001) (concluding that trial counsel’s
erroneous advice that the petitioner could be sentenced to over three hundred years in
                                           - 16 -
prison was prejudicial when the petitioner did not enter a guilty plea until after the trial
had commenced, demonstrating his desire to go to trial).

        On the other hand, in Allen P. Blye v. State, the petitioner rejected a plea offer
after he was advised that he would be a Range I offender with a maximum exposure of
twenty-five years, when he was actually sentenced after trial as a Range II offender with
a maximum exposure of sixty years. Id. at *8. The State conceded deficiency. Id. at *9.
The petitioner testified both that he would have pled guilty had he received correct
information regarding his exposure and, more equivocally, that he might have pled guilty.
Id. at *9. Trial counsel testified that when the petitioner discovered he was a Range II
offender, he told trial counsel that he wished he had known his actual exposure when
presented with the plea offer but never indicated he definitely would have taken it. Id. at
*9. Accordingly, this court found no prejudice. Id. This court also found no prejudice
where the petitioner asserted that trial counsel advised him to accept a plea offer based on
an erroneously calculated range, but the petitioner had acknowledged that “he did not
really want to proceed to trial.” James Richard Blue, Jr. v. State, No. M2013-02251-
CCA-R3-PC, 2014 WL 2592802, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 10, 2014); see also
Moore v. United States, 676 Fed. App’x 383, 386 (6th Cir. 2017) (concluding there was
no prejudice from incorrect advice that maximum exposure was life in prison rather than
forty years because no rational defendant would have rejected the plea offer).

        Here, the Petitioner testified that he would not have entered his guilty pleas had he
known his actual exposure. He also testified that trial counsel repeatedly told him that he
was facing life in prison. Trial counsel acknowledged telling the Petitioner he could
spend his life in prison, explaining that even if the Petitioner were sentenced as a Range I
offender, the maximum thirty-seven-year sentence would essentially be for life if the
Petitioner were denied parole or violated his parole. Trial counsel did not testify
regarding the relative importance of the Petitioner’s maximum exposure in his acceptance
of the plea. However, the evidence at the hearing established that the Petitioner had
initially insisted to both the public defender and trial counsel that he wanted to go to trial
and that the Petitioner was reluctant to enter a guilty plea. The Petitioner was adamant at
the post-conviction hearing that only the threat of spending his life in prison induced him
to enter the guilty pleas. While the prejudice analysis here is less clear than in Dedrick
Patton, where trial counsel testified that sentencing exposure was an important
consideration in the petitioner’s decision, or in David Patrick Pearson, where the
petitioner had demonstrated his desire to go to trial, we conclude that the Petitioner has
established a reasonable probability that, but for the inflated sentencing exposure, the
Petitioner would not have pled guilty. While this may appear to be a bad decision, it is
his decision to make. Accordingly, his convictions must be reversed and the case
remanded for a new trial.

                                            - 17 -
                                   II. Involuntary Plea

       The Petitioner also challenges the voluntariness of his pleas, asserting that his
mistaken belief that the alternative to a guilty plea was possibly a 75.5-year sentence
rendered the pleas unknowing and involuntary. The State argues that the Petitioner was
aware of the terms of his plea agreement and that any inaccuracy in estimating his
maximum exposure did not render the pleas involuntary.

       A guilty plea which is not entered knowingly or voluntarily amounts to a denial of
due process. State v. Mellon, 118 S.W.3d 340, 345 (Tenn. 2003). Such a claim may
properly be addressed through post-conviction proceedings. State v. Wilson, 31 S.W.3d
189, 194 (Tenn. 2000). The standard for determining the voluntariness of a plea is
“‘whether the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative
courses of action open to the defendant.’” Jaco, 120 S.W.3d at 831 (quoting North
Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970). The court reviewing the voluntariness of a
guilty plea must look to the totality of the circumstances, including:

       (1) the defendant’s relative intelligence; (2) the defendant’s familiarity with
       criminal proceedings; (3) the competency of counsel and the defendant’s
       opportunity to confer with counsel about alternatives; (4) the advice of
       counsel and the trial court about the charges and the penalty to be imposed;
       and (5) the defendant’s reasons for pleading guilty, including the desire to
       avoid a greater penalty in a jury trial.

Howell v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 330-31 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Blankenship v. State, 858
S.W.2d 897, 904 (Tenn. 1993)). “‘[A] plea is not “voluntary” if it results from ignorance,
misunderstanding, coercion, inducements, or threats.’” Ward v. State, 315 S.W.3d 461,
465 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting Mellon, 118 S.W.3d at 345). More specifically, “[i]f a
defendant receives incorrect legal advice, his or her guilty plea is potentially a product of
‘misunderstanding.’ If a defendant receives no advice regarding a direct consequence of
his or her guilty plea, the plea is potentially a product of ‘ignorance.’” Id. at 476
(concluding that a failure to advise the defendant of lifetime supervision requirements
rendered the pleas involuntary); but see Jaco, 120 S.W.3d at 831-32 (concluding that the
plea was voluntary even though petitioner was not informed of criteria that would
determine his release upon reaching the release eligibility date).

       The record supports trial counsel’s testimony and the post-conviction court’s
finding that the Petitioner is an intelligent person. He had some prior experience with the
criminal justice system, including misdemeanor offenses, an arrest for aggravated assault,
and a juvenile felony escape conviction. The Petitioner testified at the plea hearing that
he understood the terms of his plea agreement and that he had not been pressured or
                                           - 18 -
coerced into entering the agreement. Generally, “[a] petitioner’s solemn declaration in
open court that his plea is knowing and voluntary creates a formidable barrier in any
subsequent collateral proceeding because these declarations ‘carry a strong presumption
of verity.’” Dale Wayne Wilbanks v. State, No. E2014-00229-CCA-R3-PC, 2015 WL
354773, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 28, 2015) (quoting Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S.
63, 74 (1977)).

        Trial counsel stated that he discussed the range of punishments available with the
Petitioner and that he told the Petitioner that his range of punishment would depend on
any convictions on his record prior to the commission of the crimes. However, trial
counsel also told the Petitioner that he could potentially be sentenced to 75.5 years in
prison and that he could receive a life sentence. The trial court, in accepting the guilty
pleas, listed the potential punishments spanning from Range I to Range III and never
informed the Petitioner that he could not actually receive a Range III sentence for his
crimes. In Dedrick Patton, this court also addressed the voluntariness of a plea entered
when the petitioner had been advised he could receive a Range II sentence despite the
fact that he was a Range I offender, and concluded that because “neither the state, the
defense, nor the trial court was aware of whether the petitioner qualified as Range I or II
at the time of his plea, it cannot be said that … the plea was knowingly and intelligently
entered, with a full and accurate appreciation of the potential penalties.” 2003 WL
22999443, at *7.         We conclude that in this case, likewise, the Petitioner’s
misunderstanding of his sentencing exposure renders the pleas involuntary.

                                    CONCLUSION

      Based on the foregoing, we reverse the post-conviction court’s denial of relief and
remand for a new trial.




                                                   _________________________________
                                                    JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE




                                          - 19 -
