                     United States Court of Appeals
                              FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 11-2138
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,              *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * District of South Dakota.
Frederick James One Feather,             *
                                         * [UNPUBLISHED]
      Defendant - Appellant.             *
                                    ___________

                               Submitted: December 16, 2011
                                  Filed: March 6, 2012
                                   ___________

Before LOKEN, BRIGHT and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

PER CURIAM.

      Frederick James One Feather was convicted by a jury of two counts of sexual
abuse by placing the victim in fear in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2242(1), and one count
of abusive sexual contact in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(2). On appeal, One
Feather argues the district court1 erred in denying a challenge under Batson v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986) and by failing to depart downward at sentencing, and
the evidence was not sufficient to support the verdict. We affirm.


      1
       The Honorable Charles B. Kornmann, United States District Court for the
District of South Dakota.
                                I. BACKGROUND

       Shirley White Buffalo started dating One Feather in February 2007, and he
moved into her home shortly thereafter. At the time, White Buffalo was the guardian
of SWS—her 16-year-old granddaughter who was also living in the house. Between
approximately September 2008 and October 2009, One Feather touched SWS five to
six times on her “private part” between her legs, four of those times over her clothes.
The first time the touching occurred, SWS was 15 years old, and watching television
in the living room when One Feather sat beside her, put his hand under her clothes,
and put his finger in her vagina. SWS testified that she did not cry out or scream
because “I was afraid.” The abuse happened four or five more times, and SWS also
provided details about the last incident of sexual touching that occurred in White
Buffalo’s car.

        In October 2009, SWS wrote a note to her aunt accusing One Feather of
inappropriately touching her. When the aunt received the note, she showed it to
White Buffalo. White Buffalo then confronted One Feather about the abuse, showing
him the note, and One Feather admitted to sexually touching SWS multiple times.
After confronting One Feather, White Buffalo destroyed SWS’s note and told SWS
not to tell her friends about the touching. White Buffalo was eventually charged with
perjury, destruction of evidence, and tampering with witnesses in connection with
One Feather’s abuse. She reached a plea agreement which included testifying against
One Feather.




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      One Feather was charged under the Major Crimes Act,2 18 U.S.C. § 1153, with
two counts of sexual abuse by placing the victim in fear, 18 U.S.C. § 2242(1), and
one count of sexual contact, 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(2).3

       During voir dire, the government used a preemptory challenge to strike the only
Native American member of the jury. One Feather raised a Batson challenge, and,
after hearing arguments from both sides, the district court denied the challenge. One
Feather was then convicted by a jury on all three counts. After his conviction, One
Feather moved for judgment of acquittal arguing there was insufficient evidence to
prove he placed SWS in fear. The district court denied his motion, and sentenced
One Feather to life imprisonment for each count of sexual abuse and 36 months’
imprisonment for the abusive sexual contact, with the sentences to be served
concurrently. This appeal follows.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

      A. Batson Challenge

        One Feather argues that the district court erred in denying his Batson challenge
after the government struck the only Native American member of the jury. This court
reviews the district court’s resolution of a Batson challenge for clear error. United
States v. Adams, 604 F.3d 596, 600 (8th Cir. 2010).


      2
      The sexual abuse occurred on the Standing Rock Sioux Indian Reservation
near McLaughlin, South Dakota.
      3
       One Feather was also charged with tampering with a witness, 18 U.S.C.
§ 1512, and failure to register as a sex offender, 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a). The tampering
with a witness charge was dropped by the government. The failure to register charge
was severed from the trial and dismissed after One Feather’s conviction on motion
by the government.

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The Batson inquiry involves a three step process:

      First, a defendant must make a prima facie showing that a peremptory
      challenge has been exercised on the basis of race. Second, if that
      showing has been made, the prosecution must offer a race-neutral basis
      for striking the juror in question. Third, in light of the parties'
      submissions, the trial court must determine whether the defendant has
      shown purposeful discrimination.

Id. (quotation omitted).

      During voir dire a prospective juror indicated that her father was Native
American. The prospective juror also completed a standard supplemental juror
questionnaire where she noted that she was a professor with a doctorate in
philosophy, and she had a brother who was convicted of misprision. The government
used a preemptory challenge to strike the prospective juror. One Feather then
challenged the strike under Batson.

       During a bench conference, the district court noted that the prospective juror
was Native American and asked the government for a race-neutral reason for the
strike. The government argued that the prospective juror had a brother convicted of
misprision, and stated “[i]f you think about this case a little bit, that [White
Buffalo]—her crime is very related to misprision. She failed to report, didn’t report
the crime involving this.” The government also expressed concern about the
prospective juror’s educational background. The district court then found that the
government’s reasoning was race neutral and rejected the Batson challenge.

       In United States v. Wiggins, the defendant was charged with conspiring to
distribute cocaine, and the government struck a prospective juror whose brother had
been convicted of cocaine possession. 104 F.3d 174, 176 (8th Cir. 1997). The
district court found no showing that the government’s reason was pretextual and

                                         -4-
denied the Batson claim. Id. We upheld the district court’s decision on the grounds
that “the incarceration of a close family member is a legitimate race-neutral reason
justifying the use of a peremptory strike.” Id. (quotation omitted).

       Misprision is the “[c]oncealement or nondisclosure of a serious crime by one
who did not participate in the crime.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1090–91 (9th ed.
2009). While White Buffalo was not charged with misprision, she was charged with
perjury, destruction of evidence, and tampering with witnesses to conceal One
Feather’s abuse. White Buffalo’s conduct was sufficiently similar to the brother of
the prospective juror’s conviction to be considered a legitimate race-neutral rationale
for the preemptory strike. While some judges might not permit such a reason to
sustain a preemptory strike, there is nothing in this record to overcome the “great
deference” we give the district court’s factual findings, see United States v. Payton,
636 F.3d 1027, 1039 (8th Cir. 2011). Therefore, we conclude the district court’s
ruling was not clearly erroneous.

      B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       One Feather also argues there was insufficient evidence to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that he threatened or placed SWS in fear. We review de novo the
sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the jury’s verdict and drawing all reasonable inferences in the
government’s favor. United States v. Hoffman, 626 F.3d 993, 995 (8th Cir. 2010).
A guilty verdict should not be lightly overturned and we will reverse “only if the jury
must have had a reasonable doubt concerning one of the essential elements of the
crime.” Id. (quotation omitted).

      Under 18 U.S.C. § 2242(1) the prosecution must prove that the defendant
“knowingly . . . causes another person to engage in a sexual act by threatening or
placing that other person in fear (other than by threatening or placing that other

                                         -5-
person in fear that any person will be subjected to death, serious bodily injury, or
kidnapping) . . . .”

      SWS testified that she was afraid on several occasions:

      Q:       You don't stop him or you don't yell or you don't scream? Why
               don't you do those things?

      A:       Because I was afraid then.

      ...

      Q.       Okay. Why didn’t you say something to somebody? Why didn’t
               you tell your grandma that Snow4 had put his finger inside you?

      A:       Because I was afraid.

       The definition of “fear” is very broad. United States v. Castillo, 140 F.3d 874,
885 (10th Cir. 1998); see also United States v. Johns, 15 F.3d 740, 742 (8th Cir.
1994). While SWS was not explicit in her response about who caused her to be
afraid, a reasonable inference from her statements is that One Feather was the source
of her fear. Because we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s
verdict and draw all reasonable inferences in the government’s favor, this evidence
alone is sufficient to support the verdict.

      C. Downward Departure

     Finally, One Feather argues that the district court erred by not granting a
downward departure for an “extraordinary physical impairment” under U.S.S.G.
§ 5H1.4. Under the advisory guidelines, we generally will not review the district


      4
          Snow is a nickname for One Feather.

                                            -6-
court’s refusal to grant a downward departure “unless the district court had an
unconstitutional motive or erroneously thought that it was without authority to grant
the departure.” United States v. Heath, 624 F.3d 884, 888 (8th Cir. 2010) (quotation
omitted).

       One Feather requested a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4 in his
objections to the Presentence Investigation Report (PSR). At sentencing, the district
court noted that he had reviewed the PSR, as well as the objections prepared by One
Feather’s attorney. Later in the hearing, the district court also acknowledged One
Feather’s physical and mental impairments, and then overruled his objection.

      The sentencing transcript demonstrates that the district court was aware of its
authority to grant a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4. There is also
nothing in the record to indicate that the district court had an unconstitutional motive,
and therefore the district court’s decision to decline to depart downward is not
reversible error.
                                 III. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm One Feather’s conviction and sentence.

                        ______________________________




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