
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



NO. 03-10-00474-CV


C. Michael Lucas, Appellant

v.

James Jolly Clark & Eonic Creations, Inc., Appellees




FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 200TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-10-001068, HONORABLE LORA J. LIVINGSTON, JUDGE PRESIDING


O P I N I O N

		Eonic Creations, Inc. and its founder, James Jolly Clark, (collectively, the
"Appellees") sued investor C. Michael Lucas for breach of contract and various claims of tortious
conduct.  When Lucas failed to respond to the Appellees' petition, the trial court issued a default
judgment in favor of the Appellees and awarded unliquidated damages of $75,000 to James Jolly
Clark and $9,925,000 to Eonic Creations.  Lucas appeals, claiming that the absence of a reporter's
record from the default judgment hearing deprived Lucas of the ability to review the trial court's
awards, that the trial court's unliquidated damages awards are not supported by sufficient evidence,
and that the use of requests for admissions embedded within a petition to support the no-answer
default judgment awards of unliquidated damages was "inappropriate" and undermined Texas Rule
of Civil Procedure 243.  We affirm the issuance of the default judgment, reverse that portion of the
default judgment awarding unliquidated damages, and remand the case to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. (1)

BACKGROUND
		On April 2, 2010, the Appellees sued Lucas for breach of contract, misappropriation
of trade secrets, unjust enrichment, conversion, and aiding and abetting Eonic Creations' officers and
employees in violating their fiduciary duties to the company.  In their petition, the Appellees claimed
that Lucas entered into a contract with Clark and promised to pay $60,000 to Clark for personal debts
and $15,000 to Eonic Creations for certain patent rights to Eonic Creations' products.  According
to the Appellees' petition, Lucas also contracted to make a good faith effort to obtain a $600,000
small-business loan to further the business interests of Eonic Creations.  The Appellees allege that
Lucas failed to pay either sum of money and did not make a good faith effort to obtain the promised
loan.  In addition, the Appellees contend that Lucas enticed Robert Clark, CEO and acting president
of Eonic Creations, and Paul Morganstern, engineer for Eonic Creations, to leave Eonic Creations
and form a new company with Lucas using Eonic Creations' products and trade secrets.  In their
petition, the Appellees sought injunctive relief and damages, including specific performance of
Lucas's contractual obligations, compensatory damages, consequential damages of over $10 million
in lost profits and loss of reputation, punitive damages, and attorney's fees and expenses. 
		The Appellees incorporated two requests for admissions into their original petition. 
The requests for admissions were as follows:
	Request for Admission 1:  The contract attached to this petition as Exhibit A is a true
and accurate copy of the contract that you signed and entered into on or about May
22, 2009.[ (2)]
 
	Request for Admission 2:  As a proximate result of your breaching the contract made
the basis of this suit, the Plaintiffs have suffered consequential damages in an amount
not less than ten million dollars.


Lucas did not file an answer to the petition nor did he respond to the requests for admissions. (3)
		On June 23, 2010, the Appellees filed a motion for default judgment, claiming that
Lucas's failure to respond to Request for Admission 2 constituted a deemed admission that Lucas's
contractual breach caused the Appellees damages in the amount of $10 million.  Appellees also
attached an affidavit by their trial counsel averring that Lucas never served an answer on the
Appellees and identifying reasonable and necessary attorney's fees.  After "reviewing the Officers
Return filed May 25, 2010 and considering the pleadings and official records on file including
Plaintiff's Motion for Default Judgment as well as any evidence and arguments," the trial court
issued a default judgment granting a permanent injunction and ordering Lucas to pay $75,000 in
"actual damages" plus court costs, attorney's fees, and pre- and post-judgment interest to Clark and
$9,925,000 in "actual damages" plus pre- and post-judgment interest to Eonic Creations.  Lucas did
not file a motion for new trial, but filed a notice of appeal.  
		Lucas does not appeal the trial court's finding of liability, nor does he appeal the
injunction against him or the attorney's fees and court costs awarded. (4)  Lucas's only arguments on
appeal involve the trial court's awards of unliquidated "actual damages," totaling $75,000 to Clark
and $9,925,000 to Eonic Creations.
		In three issues on appeal, Lucas argues that (1) the absence of a reporter's record from
the default judgment hearing deprived Lucas and this Court of the ability to adequately review the
trial court's damages awards, (2) the trial court's damages awards are not supported by legally and
factually sufficient evidence, and (3) supporting a no-answer default judgment's unliquidated
damages award with requests for admissions embedded in a petition is "inappropriate" and
undermines Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 243. 

DISCUSSION
		 When a no-answer default judgment is rendered, the defendant's liability for all
causes of action pleaded is conclusively established and all allegations of fact set forth in the
petition are deemed admitted, except the amount of unliquidated damages.  Dolgencorp of Tex.,
Inc. v. Lerma, 288 S.W.3d 922, 930 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam); Texas Commerce Bank, N.A. v. New,
3 S.W.3d 515, 516 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam).  After a default judgment occurs, unliquidated
damages, i.e., damages not expressly provided for within a written instrument, must be proven to the
trial court.  See Tex. R. Civ. P. 243. (5)  Recovery for unliquidated damages in the form of lost profits,
as the Appellees have requested here, requires that the injured party do more than show that it
suffered some lost profits.  The amount of the loss must be shown by competent evidence with
reasonable certainty.  Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 84 (Tex. 1992).  To meet
this reasonably-certain-evidence standard, opinions or estimates of lost profits must, at a
minimum, be based on objective facts, figures, or data from which the amount of lost profits can be
ascertained.  Id.
		The Appellees rely solely on Request for Admission 2, which was embedded in their
petition, to prove that they suffered $10 million dollars of unliquidated damages in the form of lost
profits.  Request for Admission 2 stated: "As a proximate result of your breaching the contract made
the basis of this suit, the Plaintiffs have suffered consequential damages in an amount not less than
ten million dollars."  Generally, when a party fails to respond to a request for admission, either by
timely answer, written objection, or motion to file late answers, the facts contained in the request are
deemed admitted.  Oliphant Fin., LLC v. Galaviz, 299 S.W.3d 829, 838 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2009,
no pet.); Sherman Acquisition II LP v. Garcia, 229 S.W.3d 802, 812 (Tex. App.--Waco 2007, no
pet.).  Admissions, once deemed admitted, are judicial admissions and may not be contradicted. 
Oliphant Fin., 299 S.W.3d at 837; Sherman Acquisition, 229 S.W.3d at 812-13.  As all of Lucas's
points on appeal are impacted by whether or not Request for Admission 2, standing alone, can
support the trial court's $10 million default judgment, we will begin by addressing the purpose
behind requests for admissions. 

Purpose of Requests for Admissions
		The primary purpose of requests for admissions is to "simplify trials by eliminating
matters about which there is no real controversy."  Stelly v. Papania, 927 S.W.2d 620, 622
(Tex. 1996) (citing Sanders v. Harder, 227 S.W.2d 206, 208 (Tex. 1950)).  They were never
intended to be used as a demand upon a plaintiff or defendant to admit that he had no cause of action
or ground of defense.  Id.  Courts have cautioned that litigants should not be allowed to use requests
for admissions as a tool to trap their opposition.  See Birdo v. Hammers, 842 S.W.2d 700, 701
(Tex. App.--Tyler 1992, no writ).  
		The rule regarding requests for admissions "was designed, not as a trap to prevent the
presentation of the truth in a full hearing but as a tool for the fair disposition of litigation with a
minimum of delay."  Taylor v. Lewis, 553 S.W.2d 153, 160 (Tex. Civ. App.--Amarillo 1977, writ
ref'd n.r.e.).  When a party uses deemed admissions to try to preclude presentation of the merits of
a case, however, due process concerns may arise.  Wheeler v. Green, 157 S.W.3d 439, 443
(Tex. 2005); In re Rozelle, 229 S.W.3d 757, 764 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2007) ("[Due process]
is the guiding rule and principle that applies when requests for admissions are not used as intended,
and when a party uses deemed admissions to try to preclude presentation of the merits of a case."
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).  Therefore, overly broad, merits-preclusive requests
for admissions are improper and may not result in deemed admissions.  See In re Estate of Herring,
970 S.W.2d 583, 589 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.) (holding that admissions requesting
party to "admit [wife] did not transfer community property . . . without your knowledge and consent"
and "admit you have not been injured in any manner as a direct result of the alleged acts" were
sweepingly broad and not deemed admitted); Birdo, 842 S.W.2d at 701 (holding that request is
improper and will not be deemed admitted where party requests that opposing party admit or deny
every allegation made in petition); Powell v. City of McKinney, 711 S.W.2d 69, 71 (Tex.
App.--Dallas 1986, no writ) (holding that request asking plaintiffs to "admit [they] no longer wish
to pursue their cause of action in the above styled and numbered cause" was sweepingly broad and
should not be deemed admitted); see also LRT Record Servs., Inc. v. Archer, No. 05-00-00324-CV,
2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 1447, at *2-3 (Tex. App.--Dallas Mar. 7, 2001, no pet.) (mem. op.)
("[S]weepingly broad requests for admission may not result in deemed admissions.").

Effect of Request for Admission 2
		The Appellees argue that the conclusory statement contained in Request for
Admission 2 may, as the sole evidence on the matter, properly support a $10 million default
judgment for lost profits, a damages component typically requiring an extensive and fact-intensive
inquiry.  This request for admission, however, is the type of overly broad, merits-preclusive request
that other courts have cautioned against.  Request for Admission 2, asking Lucas to admit that the
Appellees have suffered $10 million in damages, aimed to eliminate Lucas's ability to present a
defense to the only element at issue, proof of unliquidated damages.  This request is akin to a request
that Lucas admit all allegations made in the Appellees' petition, including those regarding damages,
as true.  Such sweeping requests for admissions cannot be deemed judicial admissions, see Birdo,
842 S.W.2d at 701, nor can they provide any evidence to support a trial court's damages award.  
		In making this determination, we must also consider Texas Rule of Civil
Procedure 243, requiring that, in unliquidated causes of action, the court "shall hear evidence as to
damages and shall render judgment therefor."  Tex. R. Civ. P. 243.  Relying on an embedded request
for admission that precludes any presentation of evidence on unliquidated damages undermines the
spirit of Rule 243 and is not consistent with its purpose.  Requests for admission were simply not
meant to be used in the way that the Appellees have used them here, i.e., to wholly preclude a
defendant from presenting his defense. This is particularly true in the context of the heightened
evidentiary standard required to prove lost profits.  The reasonably-certain-evidence standard
requires that estimates of lost profits be based on facts, figures, or data.  Such estimates must be
founded in objective facts and cannot be generic or conclusory in nature.  See Holt Atherton Indus.,
Inc., 835 S.W.2d at 84.  Considering this increased evidentiary standard, coupled with Rule 243's
requirement that the court hear evidence on unliquidated damages, this sweepingly broad request for
admission is not sufficient to constitute conclusive evidence of the statement that it contains.

Preservation of Issue on Appeal
		The Appellees argue that Lucas waived any objection to the request for admission
when he failed to file a timely written objection to the response, as required by Rule 193.1.  See Tex.
R. Civ. P. 193.1 ("A party must make an objection to written discovery in writing--either in the
response or in a separate document--within the time for response.").  While it is true that typically
any challenge to a request for admission must be in compliance with Rule 193.1, the facts at issue
here present a unique situation.  The question of a deemed admission's overbreadth only arises when
a request for admission has been deemed admitted, which, by definition, occurs after a party has
failed to timely respond or object to the request.  No request for admission would be deemed
admitted if the responding party had objected in writing within the parameters of Rule 193.1. 
Therefore, were we to require a party to object in writing to a request for admission's overbreadth
in order to preserve the issue on appeal, no appellate court would ever face the issue.  Several other
courts of appeals have, however, squarely addressed whether a "sweepingly broad" request for
admission may become a deemed admission when a party fails to respond.  See In re Estate of
Herring, 970 S.W.2d at 589 (addressing "sweepingly broad" request for admission despite lack of
Rule 193.1 objection); Birdo, 842 S.W.2d at 701 (same); Powell, 711 S.W.2d at 71 (same); see also
LRT Record Servs., Inc., 2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 1447, at *2-3 (same).  In addressing this issue, none
of these courts concluded that a Rule 193.1 objection was required.
		We agree with our sister courts that no objection was necessary to reach the merits
of the issue in this Court.  This is true because the question before us is one of evidentiary
sufficiency rather than procedural error.  In viewing the effect of an overly broad request for
admission, our analysis centers on whether a trial court is permitted to find that the request for
admission irrefutably established the facts therein such that no additional evidence is required.  In
other words, the issue before us concerns whether an overly broad request for admission, deemed
true by the trial court, would be legally sufficient evidence to support a trial court's judgment for
unliquidated damages.  A sufficiency of the evidence question does not require an objection at the
trial court to be heard on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(d) (insufficiency of evidence complaint
may be made for first time on appeal).
		As no evidence other than this request for admission exists supporting the Appellees'
claims for unliquidated damages or proving the foreseeability of such damages, see Mood v. Kronos,
245 S.W.3d 8, 12 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2007, pet. denied) ("[C]onsequential damages may not be
recovered unless they are foreseeable and traceable to the wrongful act and result from it.") (citing
Stuart v. Bayless, 964 S.W.2d 920, 921 (Tex. 1998)), the evidence is neither legally nor factually
sufficient to support the default judgment's unliquidated damages award.  See City of
Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810 (Tex. 2005); Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). 
We sustain Lucas's second point on appeal.
		Because we agree with Lucas that the evidence is insufficient to support the trial
court's unliquidated damages award, we need not consider Lucas's first and third issues.  See Tex.
R. App. P. 47.1 (stating that court of appeals must only address issues necessary to final
disposition of appeal).
CONCLUSION
		Because we hold that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the
trial court's damages award, we affirm the issuance of the default judgment, reverse that portion of
the default judgment awarding the Appellees unliquidated damages, and remand the case for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.


						___________________________________________
						Diane M. Henson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Henson and Goodwin
Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part
Filed:   June 15, 2011

1.   We also grant Lucas's pending motion to withdraw and substitute counsel.
2.   Though the request for admission indicates that a copy of the contract was attached to the
original petition, no copy of the contract exists in the appellate record. 
3.   The Appellees also included requests for disclosure, interrogatories, and requests for
production in their petition.  Lucas did not respond to any of these discovery requests.
4.   Lucas represented in his brief that a bill of review is pending in the district court alleging
that Lucas was never served with citation.
5.   "If the cause of action is unliquidated or be not proved by an instrument in writing, the
court shall hear evidence as to damages and shall render judgment therefor . . . ."  Tex. R. Civ. P.
243.
