                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________

                                                                   FILED
                               No. 04-15547
                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           Non-Argument Calendar            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________                May 31, 2005
                                                               THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Agency No. A79-512-977                  CLERK


ANDRES BORRERO,

                                                                       Petitioner,
     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.

                         ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________
                                 (May 31, 2005)

Before HULL, MARCUS, and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Andres Borrero, a native and citizen of Colombia, petitions for review of the

final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), which affirmed the

immigration judge’s (“IJ’s”) decision to deny him asylum and withholding of
removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”).1                         In denying his

asylum request,2 the IJ found that Barrero did not demonstrate past persecution or a

well-founded fear of future persecution by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of

Colombia (“FARC”) based on an imputed political opinion due to his refusal to

cooperate with their demands. Upon thorough review of the record, as well as

careful consideration of the parties’ briefs, we find no reversible error and affirm.

       When the BIA issues a decision, we review only that decision, “except to the

extent that it expressly adopts the IJ’s opinion.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d

1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). “Insofar as the Board adopts the IJ’s reasoning, [this

Court] review[s] the IJ’s decision as well.” Id. To the extent that the decisions of

the BIA or IJ were based on a legal determination, our review is de novo. D-

Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 817 (11th Cir. 2004). Their factual

determinations are reviewed under the substantial evidence test, and we “must


       1
             We review only the denial of INA relief. In his order, the IJ also denied asylum and
withholding of removal under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). To the extent that Borrero has not
already abandoned his arguments on the CAT claims -- he primarily challenges the denial of INA
relief in his brief -- we lack jurisdiction to review the IJ’s denial of CAT relief because Borrero did
not exhaust those claims by raising them before the BIA. See INA § 242(d)(1), 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(d)(1) (“[a] court may review a final order of removal only if . . . the alien has exhausted all
administrative remedies available to the alien as of right.”). This exhaustion requirement is
jurisdictional, and precludes review of a claim that has not been presented to the IJ or the BIA. See,
e.g., Fernandez-Bernal v. Att’y Gen., 257 F.3d 1304, 1317 n.13 (11th Cir. 2001).
       2
         Because we find that Borrero has not established a case for asylum, we do not consider
the higher standards for withholding of removal under the INA. See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257
F.3d 1262, 1292-93 (11th Cir. 2001).
                                                2
affirm the BIA’s [or IJ’s] decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at

1283-84 (quotation omitted). We “cannot engage in fact-finding on appeal, nor

may we weigh evidence that was not previously considered below.” Id. at 1278.

Therefore, a finding of fact will be reversed “only when the record compels a

reversal; the mere fact that the record may support a contrary conclusion is not

enough to justify a reversal . . . .” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th

Cir. 2004), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. Oct. 28, 2004) (No. 04-7944); see also 8

U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (“[T]he administrative findings of fact are conclusive

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary .

. . .”).

           Because Petitioners’ removal proceedings commenced after April 1, 1997,

the effective date of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility

Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996) (“IIRIRA”), this case is

governed by the permanent provisions of the INA, as amended by IIRIRA. See

Gonzalez-Oropeza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 321 F.3d 1331, 1332 (11th Cir. 2003);

Balogun v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 304 F.3d 1303, 1309 (11th Cir. 2002). An alien who

arrives in or is present in the United States may apply for asylum.         See INA

§ 208(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). The Attorney General has discretion to grant

asylum if the alien meets the INA’s definition of a “refugee.”           See INA §
                                           3
208(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A “refugee” is any person who is unwilling to

return to his home country or to avail himself of that country’s protection “because

of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion . . . .” 8

U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

      The asylum applicant carries the burden of proving statutory “refugee”

status. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284; 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a). The applicant

satisfies this burden by showing, with specific and credible evidence: (1) past

persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor, or (2) a “well-founded fear”

that his or her statutorily listed factor will cause future persecution. 8 C.F.R. §

208.13(a), (b); Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. A “well-founded fear” of persecution

may be established based on (1) past persecution that creates a presumption of a

“well-founded fear” and by overcoming any rebuttal by the INS; (2) a reasonable

possibility of personal persecution that cannot be avoided by relocating within the

subject country; or (3) a pattern or practice in the subject country of persecuting

members of a statutorily defined group of which the alien is a part. See 8 C.F.R

§ 208.13(b)(1), (2).

      The petitioner’s well-founded fear of persecution must be on account of, or

because of, one of the statutorily listed factors, such as his political opinion. See

INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483, 112 S. Ct. 812, 816, 117 L. Ed. 2d 38
                                         4
(1992).   The petitioner must establish this causal connection by “presenting

specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled

out for persecution on account of such an opinion.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

401 F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). We have approved of a

“country-wide requirement” in which a refugee must first pursue an “internal

resettlement alternative” in his own country, or establish that this is not possible,

before seeking asylum here. Mazariegos v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 241 F.3d 1320, 1326-

27 (11th Cir. 2001).

      Here, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s decision that Borrero was not

entitled to asylum, based on either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution, on account of his imputed political opinion. The only evidence in the

record of Borrero’s alleged past persecution attributable, with any degree of

specificity, to the FARC is a couple of telephone calls Borrero received while at

work and a break-in of his apartment. The IJ found the following: “The respondent

believes that his refusal or what would appear as a refusal to cooperate with the

[telephone] callers who demanded information regarding funds [overseen] by

respondent, could be interpreted as the expression of a political opinion.” The IJ

found the phone calls and break-in insufficient to demonstrate past persecution,

and nothing in the record compels us to reverse that finding. See Adefemi, 386

F.3d at 1027.    In fact, these alleged acts appear to be merely “a few isolated
                                         5
incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation,” which is insufficient to establish

past persecution. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (quotation omitted). Moreover,

because Borrero did not present “specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to

fear that he . . . will be singled out for persecution,” id. at 1231 (quotation omitted),

or that an internal resettlement alternative within Colombia is not possible,

Mazariegos, 241 F.3d at 1326-27, we are not compelled to conclude that Borrero

has a well-founded fear of future persecution. Accordingly, we deny his petition.

      PETITION DENIED.




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