                                                                                       FILED
                                                                             U.S. Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                                                                                   of the Tenth Circuit
                               NOT FOR PUBLICATION *
                                                                                   May 8, 2017
             UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                                                                                 Blaine F. Bates
                              OF THE TENTH CIRCUIT                                   Clerk
                        _________________________________

IN RE VIRGINIA ANTOINETTE                                 BAP No. CO-16-022
WERTH,

          Debtor.
__________________________________
                                                          Bankr. No. 13-30926
HARVEY SENDER, Chapter 7 Trustee,                          Adv. No. 14-01528
                                                               Chapter 7
             Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.
                                                                OPINION
VIRGINIA ANTOINETTE WERTH,

             Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                    Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                              for the District of Colorado
                       _________________________________

Before KARLIN, Chief Judge, JACOBVITZ, and MOSIER, Bankruptcy Judges.
                    _________________________________

JACOBVITZ, Bankruptcy Judge.
                   ________________________________




*
       This unpublished opinion may be cited for its persuasive value, but is not
precedential, except under the doctrines of law of the case, claim preclusion, and issue
preclusion. 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8026-6.
         When Appellant Virginia Werth filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case she did not

disclose an interest in beachfront property in Mexico, claiming she was not required to

disclose it because it was not estate property. Upon learning of this property and its post

petition sale, the Chapter 7 Trustee (the “Trustee”) filed an adversary proceeding, seeking

a determination that it was property of the bankruptcy estate, and for turnover of the sale

proceeds pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 542. 1 The bankruptcy court entered judgment in favor

of the Trustee. Appellant appeals the judgment and order for turnover. For the reasons set

forth below, we affirm the bankruptcy court’s order.

    I.    FACTUAL BACKGROUND

             a. Creation of the property interest at issue

         Debtor’s now-deceased husband, Ronald Werth, purchased a one-third share (with

his brother Alvin and his father also each purchasing a one-third share) in beachfront

property in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (the “Property”) in the 1980s. Because Mexican

law prohibits foreign nationals from owning beachfront properties as individuals, 2 each

of them purchased the Property through a trust (the “Mexican Trust”). A Mexican

financial institution served as the trustee of the Mexican Trust, and each held his one-

third interest as a beneficiary of the Mexican Trust. The interests of the beneficiaries in

1
       All future references to “Code,” “Section,” and “§” are to the Bankruptcy Code,
Title 11 of the United States Code, unless otherwise indicated. All references to “Rule” or
“Rules” are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, unless otherwise indicated.
2
        The Mexican Constitution prohibits ownership of real property by foreign
nationals within a zone of fifty kilometers of the country’s borders or shores. Mex. Const.
art. 27, § I.
the Mexican Trust are hereinafter referred to the “Mexican Trust Interest” and the one-

third interest initially held by Ronald is hereinafter referred to as “Ronald’s Mexican

Trust Interest.” Ronald and Alvin’s father passed away in 1998, leaving his one-third

Mexican Trust Interest to a third son. Alvin passed away in 2002, and Ronald passed

away two years later, in 2004.

       Prior to his death, Ronald created the Ronald Werth Trust (the “Werth Trust”).

Ronald and his wife, Virginia (the “Debtor”), served as co-trustees of the Werth Trust.

Upon Ronald’s death, the Debtor became the sole trustee of the Werth Trust. In

conjunction with the creation of the Werth Trust, Ronald also executed his last will and

testament (the “Will”), which devised all of his assets not specifically mentioned in the

Will to the Werth Trust. Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest was not mentioned in the Will

and was to be held by the Werth Trust. Upon Ronald’s death, the assets of the Werth

Trust were to be distributed between two different trusts established by the Werth Trust:

one solely for the benefit of the Debtor (the “Marital Trust”) and the other for the benefit

of the Debtor and Ronald’s children (the “Family Trust”). Ronald’s Mexican Trust

Interest was to be distributed to the Family Trust.

       The Debtor served as the sole trustee of the Marital Trust and the Family Trust and

served as the personal representative of Ronald’s probate estate. Upon Ronald’s death,

the Debtor, now also the sole Trustee of the Werth Trust, divided the Werth Trust’s assets

between the Marital and Family Trusts. Although the Debtor claims to have allocated




                                                 3
Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest to the Family Trust in August 2005, 3 the Debtor never

documented the transfer of that asset to the Family Trust in the Mexican public record, in

the probate case, or anywhere else until after she filed bankruptcy.

       Approximately two years after the Debtor claims she allocated Ronald’s Mexican

Trust Interest to the Family Trust, the Debtor and Alvin’s surviving spouse initiated a

legal proceeding in Mexico to have their Mexican Trust Interests transferred into their

names (the “Intestacy Proceeding”). They hired Maria Isabel Lizarrage Zatarain (the

“Representative”) under a power of attorney 4 to represent them, and the Debtor did not

appear in person at the Intestacy Proceeding in Mexico. The Intestacy Proceeding

resulted in entry of a judgment distributing Ronald and Alvin’s Mexican Trust Interests

to the Debtor and Alvin’s spouse individually on October 15, 2007 (the “Intestacy

Proceeding Judgment”). At trial, the Debtor testified she never intended to have any of




3
       Order at 2, in Appellant’s App. at 17; Asset Division at 1, in Appellant’s App. at
59.
4
      The Debtor testified that the Representative handled all affairs concerning the
Property since its purchase in the 1980s. The Debtor believed the Intestacy Proceeding
was necessary to renew what she understood to be a fifteen or thirty year lease of the
Property. It does not appear that the Representative was an attorney. Tr. at 89-90, in
Appellant’s App. at 158-59.


                                                 4
the Mexican Trust Interest transferred to her individually, 5 and that she believed Ronald’s

Mexican Trust Interest belonged to the Family Trust on the petition date. 6

       The Debtor’s daughter, Rhonda Hathaway, replaced the Debtor as trustee of the

Family Trust in August 2013. 7 On December 26, 2013, the Debtor filed a Chapter 7

bankruptcy petition in the District of Colorado. The Debtor did not list either Ronald’s

Mexican Trust Interest or the Property in her statements and schedules. The Property was

sold in May 2014, generating net sale proceeds of $156,840.49. A one-third share of the

net sale proceeds was deposited into the Debtor’s bankruptcy attorney’s trust account by

two transfers: (1) $20,060 on May 27, 2014; and (2) $30,000 on October 28, 2014, after

closing of the sale and dissolution of the Mexican Trust. 8 The Debtor did not amend her

statements and schedules at any point during the bankruptcy case to list Ronald’s

Mexican Trust Interest or the proceeds from the sale of the Property as an asset of the

bankruptcy estate.

            b. Adversary Proceeding for Turnover
5
       The Debtor testified the Representative told her the Mexican Trust Interest could
only be transferred to a person, not to a trust, and that the Representative never gave her
the opportunity to designate the Family Trust as the holder of Ronald’s Mexican Trust
Interest. Tr. at 61, 91 in Appellant’s App. at 130, 160.
6
       Tr. at 52, in Appellant’s App. at 121.
7
       Tr. at 21, 28-29, in Appellant’s App. at 90, 97-98. At oral argument, counsel for
the Debtor stated the two orally agreed Rhonda Hathaway would serve as the trustee
going forward, though no document memorialized the substitution.
8
        The two deposits total $50,060 even though one-third of the net proceeds is equal
to $52,280. The parties did not offer evidence to explain the disparity in amounts. Order
at 3, n.9, in Appellant’s App. at 18.


                                                 5
       Upon learning of the sale of the Property, the Trustee filed a Complaint for

Turnover of Property of the Estate Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 542, and for Entry of

Judgment, seeking turnover of the $52,280 proceeds to the Trustee. 9 The Trustee alleged

the Debtor held Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest on the petition date and failed to

disclose that interest in her statements and schedules. The Trustee alleged Ronald’s

Mexican Trust Interest became property of the bankruptcy estate when the Debtor filed

the petition, and requested turnover of the proceeds of the sale of the Property allocated

to the bankruptcy estate’s interest in the Mexico Trust. The Debtor’s answer asserted that

she did not hold Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest individually and instead contended that

any interest she held “was held in constructive and/or implied trust for the benefit of the

[Family Trust],” 10 and that any proceeds from the sale of the Property remained property

of the Family Trust.

       At trial, the Trustee called Hector Calatayud Izquierdo, an expert in “Mexican

trust law and in foreign real estate ownership in coastal areas” 11 (the “Expert”), as a

witness. The Expert testified that Mexican law prohibited foreigners from individually

owning title to real property within fifty kilometers from the Mexican shoreline, and

9
       Appellant’s App. at 4. Prior to filing this adversary proceeding, the Trustee filed
Adversary Proceeding No. 14-01364, seeking to sell the Debtor’s Mexican Trust Interest.
However, once the Trustee learned the Property had already been sold, he voluntarily
dismissed his complaint and filed another complaint, seeking turnover of the proceeds
from the sale.
10
       Answer at 4, in Appellant’s App. at 11.
11
       Tr. at 77, in Appellant’s App at 146.


                                                  6
required that title must be held in a trust naming a Mexican financial institution as trustee

and the foreign national as the beneficiary. The Expert reviewed the documents filed in

the Intestacy Proceeding and testified that there was no mention of Ronald’s Mexican

Trust Interest being transferred to another trust or that the Debtor would hold the interest

as trustee or in a fiduciary capacity. 12 The Expert explained that under the Intestacy

Proceeding Judgment, each of Ronald and Alvin’s one-third Mexican Trust Interests were

distributed to the Debtor and Alvin’s widow, in their individual capacities, on October

15, 2007. 13 The Expert also testified that under Mexican law it would have been possible

for a United States trust to be the beneficiary of the Mexican Trust. 14

       The bankruptcy court issued an order (the “Order”) finding that the Intestacy

Proceeding Judgment resulted in the transfer of Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest from the

Family Trust to the Debtor individually. 15 Because the Debtor never took any subsequent

action to transfer the Mexican Trust Interest into the Marital Trust or Family Trust, the

bankruptcy court concluded that she thus still owned Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest

individually on the bankruptcy petition date. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court

determined that Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest and any proceeds from the sale of the

Property attributable to Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest became property of the

12
       Tr. at 79, in Appellant’s App. at 148.
13
       Tr. at 81-82, in Appellant’s App. at 150-51.
14
       Tr. at 82, in Appellant’s App. at 151.
15
        Appellant’s App. at 16. We note the Order contains a contradiction addressed later
in this opinion.


                                                 7
bankruptcy estate pursuant to § 541(a). Based on this determination, the bankruptcy court

ordered turnover of $52,280 to the Trustee for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate

pursuant to § 542(a) and entered a judgment in favor of the Trustee in that amount.

     II.    APPELLATE JURISDICTION

           This Court has jurisdiction to hear timely filed appeals from “final judgments,

orders, and decrees” of bankruptcy courts within the Tenth Circuit, unless one of the

parties elects to have the district court hear the appeal. 16 The Debtor appeals the Order

and corresponding judgment, which finally disposed of an adversary proceeding on the

merits. 17 This Court thus has jurisdiction over this appeal. None of the parties elected to

have this appeal heard by the United States District Court for the District of Colorado

following the Debtor’s timely appeal. Therefore, the parties have consented to appellate

review by this Court.

 III.       STANDARD OF REVIEW

           We review the bankruptcy court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal

conclusions de novo. 18 The Debtor argues that because Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest

is not property of the bankruptcy estate under § 541, the bankruptcy court erred in

ordering its turnover pursuant to § 542. Whether a property interest is included in the

16
           28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (b)(1), & (c)(1); Rule 8005; 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8005-1.
17
       Miller v. Bill & Carolyn L.P. (In re Baldwin), 593 F.3d 1155, 1159-60 (10th Cir.
2010) (concluding order in an adversary proceeding fully resolving whether property
became property of estate was a final order for purposes of appeal).
18
           In re Miller, 666 F.3d 1255, 1260 (10th Cir. 2012).


                                                    8
bankruptcy estate under § 541(a) and subject to turnover pursuant to § 542 is a legal

conclusion reviewed de novo. 19 Mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed under the

de novo or clearly erroneous standards, depending on whether the mixed question

involves primarily the consideration of legal principles or a factual inquiry. 20 Whether the

Debtor owned Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest upon commencement of the bankruptcy

case is a mixed question of law and fact. For reasons discussed below, that issue involves

primarily the consideration of legal principles because the underlying facts are largely

undisputed. Accordingly, we will review the bankruptcy court’s determination whether

the Debtor owned Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest on the petition date de novo.

 IV.    DISCUSSION

       The bankruptcy court concluded that the Intestacy Proceeding resulted in a

distribution of two one-third interests in the Mexican Trust “individually to the Debtor

and [Alvin’s surviving spouse]” making the Debtor “the owner, individually, of a one-

third interest in the beneficiary rights of the Mexican Trust.” 21 Before discussing the


19
       LTF Real Estate Co. v. Expert S. Tulsa, LLC (In re Expert S. Tulsa, LLC), 522
B.R. 634, 643 (10th Cir. BAP 2014) (“We review a bankruptcy court’s determination
whether property is property of the estate de novo.”), aff’d, 619 F. App’x 779 (10th Cir.
2015); In re Graves, 396 B.R. 70, 72 (10th Cir. BAP 2008) (stating whether bankruptcy
court’s turnover order is proper is an issue of law reviewed de novo).
20
       Wyoming v. United States Envtl. Prot. Agency, 849 F.3d 861, 869 (10th Cir. 2017).
21
        Order at 2, in Appellant’s App. at 17. The Order provides that “[t]he result of the
Mexican Proceeding was to take two one-third interests in the Mexican Trust out of the
Family Trust and place them in the individual ownership of the Debtor and Joan Werth.”
Order at 3, in Appellant’s App. at 18. After reviewing the record on appeal, it is clear that
this statement was incorrect because only Ronald’s one-third interest in the Mexican

                                                 9
Debtor’s arguments that the bankruptcy court erred in so concluding, we first address a

collateral issue that was neither raised nor properly preserved on appeal—the bankruptcy

court’s implicit recognition of the validity of the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment.

            a. The Debtor did not preserve any objection to the bankruptcy court’s
               recognition of the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment for appeal

       The Intestacy Proceeding Judgment is a judgment of a foreign nation. The

bankruptcy court treated the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment as having preclusive effect in

the adversary proceeding without examining whether it in fact had preclusive effect. 22

However, this does not invalidate the bankruptcy court’s treatment of the Intestacy

Proceeding Judgment as having preclusive effect.

       “An appellant can fail to preserve an appeal point through either forfeiture or

waiver. Forfeiture is the failure to timely assert a right; waiver is the intentional


Trust was held by the Family Trust. This misstatement by the bankruptcy court is
immaterial because only Ronald’s one-third interest was at issue in the bankruptcy case
and on appeal, and the record supports the bankruptcy court’s statement to the extent it
relates to the title chain for Ronald’s one-third interest in the Mexican Trust.
22
       Under federal law, courts generally consider whether to recognize judgments of
foreign nations under the doctrine of comity, explained by the Supreme Court in Hilton v.
Guyot, 159 U.S. 113, (1895). Comity, the Supreme Court held, “is the recognition which
one nation allows within its territory to the . . . judicial acts of another nation . . . .”
Guyot, 159 U.S. at 143. The general “[p]rinciples of comity require [the court] to
examine the fairness of a foreign country’s judicial procedures,” including notice given to
parties, before recognizing a judgment of a foreign country. Leser v. Berridge, 668 F.3d
1201, 1211 n.2 (10th Cir. 2011) (citing Navani v. Shahani, 496 F.3d 1121, 1131 (10th
Cir. 2007)). Colorado has adopted the Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition
Act of 1962, as revised in 2005, which governs recognition of foreign money judgments.
The criteria under Colorado law for recognizing foreign non-money judgments, such as
the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment, is less clear. But because the issue has been forfeited,
we need not decide which law applies. See pp. 11-13, infra.


                                                  10
relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” 23 “Waiver is accomplished by intent,

forfeiture comes about through neglect.” 24 We forgo consideration of issues that have not

been raised before the bankruptcy court. 25 Similarly, we will not consider issues

presented on appeal that are inadequately pleaded, not pursued, or the subject of other

dilatory conduct. 26 Indeed, “vague, arguable references to [a] point in the [trial court]

proceedings do not . . . preserve the issue on appeal.” 27

       The Debtor forfeited the issue of whether the Intestacy Court Judgment had

preclusive effect in the proceeding before the bankruptcy court by not raising it below.

The Debtor did not raise any issue regarding the binding effect of the Intestacy




23
        Sprint Nextel Corp. v. Middle Man, Inc., 822 F.3d 524, 531 (10th Cir. 2016)
(citing Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1127-28 (10th Cir. 2011)).
24
      Richison, 634 F.3d at 1228 (citing United States v. Zubia-Torres, 550 F.3d 1202,
1205 (10th Cir. 2008)).
25
       Tele-Commc’ns, Inc. v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 104 F.3d 1229, 1233 (10th
Cir. 1997) (“issue must be ‘presented to, considered [and] decided by the trial court’
before it can be raised on appeal.” (quoting Lyons v. Jefferson Bank & Tr., 994 F.2d 716,
721 (10th Cir. 1993))).
26
       Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Grant, 505 F.3d 1013, 1032 (10th Cir. 2007)
(declining to review an issue on appeal where the appellant “failed to provide arguments
or authorities in support of th[e] issue.”); Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th
Cir. 2007) (declining “to consider arguments that are not raised, or are inadequately
presented, in an appellant’s opening brief.”).
27
      Lyons, 994 F.2d at 721 (quoting Monarch Life Ins. Co. v. Elam, 918 F.2d 201, 203
(D.C. Cir 1990)).


                                                 11
Proceeding Judgment until the oral argument stage of this appeal. 28 There, counsel—for

the first time—argued that the Family Trust was not bound by the Intestacy Proceeding

Judgment because it did not receive proper notice of, or due process in relation to, the

Intestacy Proceeding. Debtor’s counsel did not raise the issue of recognition of foreign

judgments generally. The bankruptcy court record reflects that the Debtor stipulated at

trial to the admission of the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment as well as the Expert’s report

and did not object to the Expert’s testimony relating to the effect of that judgment. 29 In

short, the Debtor did not dispute the validity of the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment or its

preclusive effect at trial.

       Instead, the Debtor argued to the bankruptcy court and on appeal that the Intestacy

Proceeding Judgment transferred “bare legal title” of the Mexican Trust Interest to her. 30

The Debtor characterized this issue before the bankruptcy court as “[w]hether any titular

interest in the Mexican Trust vested in [the] Debtor as a result of the intestacy proceeding

in Mexico in [2007] was subject to Debtor’s fiduciary capacity” as trustee of the Family




28
       In closing argument at trial, Debtor’s counsel merely asserted that the Intestacy
Proceeding Judgment was “irrelevant” because it had nothing to do with what the Family
Trust required. Tr. at 100, in Appellant’s App. at 169.
29
       Tr. at 5, in Appellant’s App. at 73. We note that “[s]tipulations as to facts freely
and voluntarily entered into during trial are the equivalent of proof and on appeal neither
party will be heard to suggest that the facts were other than as stipulated.” United States
v. Campbell, 453 F.2d 447, 451 (10th Cir. 1972) (citing Pryor v. Briggs Mfg. Co., 20
N.W.2d 279 (Mich. 1945)).
30
       Appellant’s Reply Br. 11.


                                                 12
Trust and “therefore not property of the bankruptcy estate.” 31 The Debtor admitted she

took title to Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest as a result of the Intestacy Proceeding but

contended she only held record title as trustee of the Family Trust. By arguing to the

bankruptcy court only the import of the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment, not whether the

bankruptcy court should give it preclusive effect, the Debtor implicitly accepted the

validity and binding nature of the judgment.

       The Order does not discuss the preclusive effect issue at all. As a result, we

conclude that it did not regard the issue as properly before it. 32 The Debtor’s failure to

raise in the bankruptcy court the issue of whether the Family Trust was bound by the

Intestacy Proceeding Judgment because it did not receive proper notice of the Intestacy

Proceeding, and, ultimately, due process, results in the forfeiture of this issue on appeal. 33

Therefore, we will not consider it. 34 Absent extraordinary circumstances, we do not


31
       Joint Pretrial Statement at 3, in Appellant’s App. at 14.
32
       Evans v. McDonald’s Corp., 936 F.2d 1087, 1091 (10th Cir. 1991).
33
        Richison, 634 F.3d at 1228 (holding that an issue not raised before the trial court is
forfeited). The Debtor may also have waived or forfeited this issue on appeal by
stipulating to the admission of the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment at trial and by failing to
raise it in her appellate brief. See Franklin v. Douglas Cty. Dist. Court, 638 F. App’x 691,
693 (10th Cir. 2015) (“defendants waived the possible forfeiture . . . [where] they had an
opportunity to argue forfeiture, but did not.”); Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104
(10th Cir. 2007) (“arguments that are not raised, or are inadequately presented, in an
appellant’s opening brief” are forfeited).
34
        Bishop v. Smith, 760 F.3d 1070, 1095 (10th Cir. 2014) (citing Richison, 634 F.3d
at 1228) (holding where a party attempts to rely upon a forfeited issue, the failure to
argue for plain error on appeal “marks the end of the road for an argument for reversal
not first presented to the [trial] court”). The Debtor has made no plain error argument on

                                                 13
consider issues raised for the first time at oral argument on appeal. 35 None exist here. In

any event, even if the Debtor had preserved the issue for appeal, it would not have made

a difference. The Debtor, who was the sole trustee of the Family Trust when the Intestacy

Proceeding was commenced, had notice of the Intestacy Proceeding—she and Alvin’s

surviving spouse commenced it.

            b. The bankruptcy court’s contradictory findings do not undermine
               judgment for the Trustee

       Next, we address an issue raised in Appellant’s reply brief but not specifically

identified as an assignment of error on appeal. The Order includes, on its face,

contradictory statements in the findings of fact section concerning ownership of Ronald’s

Mexican Trust Interest at the time of the Debtor’s bankruptcy filing. The Order provides

in one paragraph that “at the time of the Debtor’s December 26, 2013 bankruptcy

petition, the Family Trust still owned [Ronald’s] interest in the Mexican Trust which

owned the Property.” 36 However, in the next paragraph, the Order states, “as of the

Debtors’ [sic] December 26, 2013 bankruptcy proceeding, she [the Debtor] owned,

individually, [Ronald’s] one-third interest in the Mexican Trust which owned the


appeal, accordingly, it is appropriate to decline to exercise our discretion to hear this
forfeited issue; see generally Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 119 (1976) (holding that
consideration of issues raised for the first time on appeal “is left to the discretion of the
appellate court”).
35
       United States v. Gruber, 192 F. App’x 773, 776 n.1 (10th Cir. 2006) (“Absent
extraordinary circumstances, we will not consider arguments raised for the first time at
oral argument.”) (citing United States v. Lande, 40 F.3d 329, 331 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994)).
36
       Order at 2, in Appellant’s App. at 17.


                                                  14
Property.” 37 While these findings are contradictory, a review of the record leads us to

hold the bankruptcy court nevertheless did not err in entering judgment in favor of the

Trustee. 38

       Whether Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest remained property of the Family Trust

following the Intestacy Proceeding, or became property of the estate pursuant to § 541, is

a mixed question of law and fact. Mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed under the

de novo or clearly erroneous standards, depending on whether the mixed question

involves primarily the consideration of legal principles or a factual inquiry. 39 Based on

the stipulations of the parties before the trial court, the uncontroverted Expert’s

testimony, and the nature of the other evidence at trial, the underlying facts relating to the

Intestacy Proceeding Judgment are largely uncontroverted. Inquiry as to the Debtor’s

rights in the Mexican Trust following the death of her husband primarily involves legal

analysis. Consequently, we will conduct a de novo review of the bankruptcy court’s

conclusion that Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest is property of the Debtor’s bankruptcy

estate. 40 “When conducting a de novo review, the appellate court is not constrained by the


37
       Id. at 2-3, in Appellant’s App. at 17-18.
38
        The contradictory findings appear to be an inadvertent mistake as the bankruptcy
court stated that Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest became property of the bankruptcy
estate on multiple occasions and entered judgment in accordance with this conclusion.
39
       See note 21, supra.
40
       Armstrong v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 15 F.3d 970, 973 (10th Cir. 1994)
(quoting Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S. 273, 289 n.19 (1982)); See also LTF Real
Estate Co. v. Expert S. Tulsa, LLC (In re Expert S. Tulsa, LLC), 522 B.R. 634, 643 (10th

                                                   15
trial court’s conclusions, and may affirm the trial court on any legal ground supported by

the record.” 41

       The Mexican Trust is a creature of Mexican law. Any interest in the Mexican

Trust is solely a construct of Mexican law. Mexican law creates and governs who

possesses rights in the Mexican Trust, the extent of those rights, and transfer of those

rights upon the owner’s death. We believe the Debtor’s testimony, the Expert’s

testimony, and the translation of the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment all support the

bankruptcy court’s conclusion that the Intestacy Proceeding resulted in transferring

Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest to the Debtor in her individual capacity under Mexican

law. The preclusive effect of that judgment in the proceeding before the bankruptcy court

is not an issue preserved for appeal. There is no evidence that the Debtor subsequently

transferred Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest to the Family Trust in the 6 years after the

Intestacy Proceeding placed title in her, individually. Despite initially stating that

Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest belonged to the Family Trust on the petition date, the

bankruptcy court subsequently found it belonged to the Debtor on the petition date and

entered judgment in favor of the Trustee in accordance with that finding. Therefore, the


Cir. BAP 2014) (“We review a bankruptcy court’s determination whether property is
property of the estate de novo.”), aff’d, 619 F. App’x 779 (10th Cir. 2015); Bank of
Cushing v. Vaughan (In re Vaughan), 311 B.R. 573, 577-78 (10th Cir. BAP 2004)
(“Where . . . the salient facts are undisputed, we conduct de novo review of the lower
court’s conclusions of law.”) (citing Andersen v. UNIPAC-NEBHELP (In re Andersen),
179 F.3d 1253, 1255 (10th Cir. 1999)).
41
      In re Vaughan, 311 B.R. at 578 (citing Wolfgang v. Mid-Am. Motorsports, Inc.,
111 F.3d 1515, 1524 (10th Cir. 1997)).


                                                 16
record and the bankruptcy court’s decision support the conclusion that the Debtor,

individually, owned Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest at the time of her bankruptcy filing.

And as a result, that interest became property of the bankruptcy estate pursuant to

§ 541(a). Accordingly, the bankruptcy court’s contradictory findings constitute harmless

error. 42

            c. The Debtor’s arguments do not alter the effect of the Intestacy
               Proceeding Judgment

        Having addressed the bankruptcy court’s implicit recognition of the Intestacy

Proceeding Judgment and its contradictory fact findings, we now address the Debtor’s

contention that the bankruptcy court erred in concluding that Ronald’s Mexican Trust

Interest was property of the bankruptcy estate. The Debtor assigns error through three

different arguments. First, the Debtor claims that she never made a qualified distribution

out of the Family Trust to divest the Family Trust’s rights to Ronald’s Mexican Trust

Interest. Therefore, the Debtor asserts that because she had no right to Ronald’s Mexican

Trust Interest, it could not and did not become property of her bankruptcy estate when

she filed her bankruptcy case. Second, the Debtor argues the Intestacy Proceeding

Judgment’s transfer of Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest to her individually resulted in her

holding bare legal title for the benefit of the Family Trust. Finally, the Debtor argues that

the Family Trust is a spendthrift trust within the meaning of § 541(c)(2), excepting it

from the bankruptcy estate. We are not persuaded by any of these arguments.

42
       See 28 U.S.C. § 2111 (“On the hearing of any appeal . . . the court shall give
judgment after an examination of the record without regard to errors or defects which do
not affect the substantial rights of the parties.”).

                                                 17
       The Debtor’s first argument—that the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment did not

result in a qualified distribution allowed by the Family Trust—is not relevant to whether

Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest became property of the bankruptcy estate. Regardless of

whether the Debtor as trustee of the Family Trust had authority to make such a

distribution from the trust, 43 the fact of the matter is that the Debtor voluntarily initiated

the Intestacy Proceeding through a representative of her choosing in Mexico. Regardless

of whether this violated the terms of the Family Trust or the Debtor’s duties as trustee,

the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment nonetheless vested ownership of Ronald’s Mexican

Trust Interest in the Debtor individually.

       The Debtor’s second argument, that she only held bare legal title to Ronald’s

Mexican Trust Interest for the benefit of the Family Trust, is undermined by her failure to

take actions to remediate the effect of the Intestacy Proceeding Judgment she specifically

sought, and which vested the interest in her individually. It is uncontroverted that the

Debtor took no action to transfer title to Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest back to the

Family Trust between October of 2007 and the date of her bankruptcy petition in 2013.

Colorado law presumes a transfer benefits a grantee individually if the description of the

grantee does not state the transfer is accepted in a representative capacity. 44 Where this

presumption results in mistake, a representative may take corrective action by recording

43
       Colo. R. Stat. § 15-16-302 (“[T]he trustee shall observe the standards in dealing
with the trust assets that would be observed by a prudent man dealing with the property
of another . . . .”).
44
       Colo. R. Stat. § 38-30-108(c)(2).


                                                   18
an affidavit providing notice that the transfer was to the representative and not the

individual. 45 Based on the evidence before it, the bankruptcy court found the Debtor took

no action to clarify either the Mexico or the Colorado public records. 46 These findings are

not clearly erroneous.

       Finally, the Debtor argues the Family Trust constituted a valid spendthrift trust

under Colorado law that is excluded from her bankruptcy estate pursuant to § 541(c)(2).

Section 541(c)(2) provides that a trust containing a “restriction on the transfer of a

beneficial interest of the debtor in a trust that is enforceable under applicable

nonbankruptcy law is enforceable” under the Code. 47 For the exception to apply, property

must be held by a valid spendthrift trust as of the commencement of the bankruptcy

case. 48 But Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest was not held in the Family Trust upon

commencement of the bankruptcy case; it was held by the Debtor, individually. Because

Ronald’s Mexican Trust Interest did not belong to the Family Trust upon commencement



45
       Colo. R. Stat. § 38-30-108(c)(3).
46
       Order at 3, in Appellant’s App. at 18 (“There was no evidence any action was ever
taken to transfer the Debtor’s now-individual interest in the Mexican Trust back to the . .
. Family Trust. . . .”).
47
       § 541(c)(2); see In re Amerson, 839 F.3d 1290, 1299 (10th Cir. 2016) (“[a]
beneficial interest in an ordinary spendthrift trust would clearly qualify for the
[§ 541(c)(2)] exemption” if enforceable under state law) (quoting Gladwell v. Harline (In
re Harline), 950 F.2d 669, 670 (10th Cir. 1991)).
48
        See In re Amerson, 839 F.3d at 1299 (“Except as provided in subsections (b) and
(c)(2)[,]” the estate includes “all . . . interests of the debtor in property as of the
commencement of the case.”) (quoting § 541(a)(1)).


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of the bankruptcy case, § 541(c)(2) does not apply to except such interest from the

bankruptcy estate.

  V.    CONCLUSION

       Because the bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that Ronald’s Mexican

Trust Interest vested individually in the Debtor prior to the commencement of the

bankruptcy case, and the Debtor took no action to return that interest to the Family Trust,

we affirm the Order and judgment determining that the proceeds of the sale of Ronald’s

Mexican Trust Interest became property of the bankruptcy estate and were subject to

turnover.




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