                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                             File Name: 07a0344p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


                                                         X
                                                          -
 WILLIAM LANEY, individually; VICTORIA LANEY, a
                                                          -
 minor child by father, and as next friend, William
                                                          -
 Laney,
                                 Plaintiffs - Appellees, -
                                                              No. 06-6000

                                                          ,
                                                           >
       v.                                                 -
                                                          -
                                                          -
                                                          -
 JIM FARLEY, individually and in his capacity as

                                                          -
 Principal of West Wilson Middle School; LAURA
                                                          -
 HONEYMAN, individually and in her capacity as
                                                          -
 Assistant Principal of West Wilson Middle School,
                                            Defendants, -
                                                          -
                                                          -
                                Defendant - Appellant. -
 WILSON COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION,
                                                          -
                                                         N
                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                      No. 05-00762—Aleta Arthur Trauger, District Judge.
                                            Argued: April 18, 2007
                                   Decided and Filed: August 28, 2007
 Before: SUHRHEINRICH and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; HEYBURN, Chief District Judge.*
                                             _________________
                                                   COUNSEL
ARGUED: Winston N. Harless, LEWIS, KING, KRIEG, WALDROP & CATRON, Nashville,
Tennessee, for Appellant. Stephen E. Grauberger, JOHN H. LOWE & ASSOCIATES,
Goodlettsville, Tennessee, for Appellees ON BRIEF: Winston N. Harless, LEWIS, KING,
KRIEG, WALDROP & CATRON, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Stephen E. Grauberger,
JOHN H. LOWE & ASSOCIATES, Goodlettsville, Tennessee, for Appellees.
     HEYBURN, D. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SUHRHEINRICH, J., joined.
GIBBONS, J. (p. 8), delivered a separate concurring opinion.
                                             _________________

         *
           The Honorable John G. Heyburn II, Chief United States District Judge for the Western District of Kentucky,
sitting by designation.


                                                         1
No. 06-6000               Laney, et al. v. Farley, et al.                                       Page 2


                                            OPINION
                                        _________________
         JOHN G. HEYBURN II, Chief District Judge. Plaintiff William Laney brought suit
individually and on behalf of his minor daughter, Victoria Laney, after school officials confiscated
her cell phone when it began ringing during a class session and then imposed a one-day, in-school
suspension upon her. The only remaining claim, brought pursuant 42 U.S.C. § 1983, seeks recovery
for failure to provide notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to Victoria’s suspension. The sole
remaining defendant, Wilson County Board of Education (“WCBE”), brings this interlocutory
appeal of the district court’s finding that a one-day, in-school suspension implicates procedural due
process protection of the Due Process Clause. For the reasons stated below, we respectfully disagree
with the district court and reverse.
                                                   I.
        Victoria Laney was in the eighth grade at West Wilson Middle School in Mt. Juliet, Wilson
County, Tennessee. On September 16, 2005, her cellular telephone began to ring during a class.
Victoria’s instructor seized the telephone and delivered it to the school’s principal, Jim Farley, along
with a partially completed Disciplinary Office Referral form.
        The WCBE’s code of conduct prohibits students’ personal communications devices such as
cellular telephones on school property during school hours. It further requires that violations be
reported to the principal; that the device be confiscated; and returned only to the parent/guardian of
the student. The Code of Conduct states that for a first offense, such a violation will result in
“Confiscation of device and return to parent ONLY after 30 days and 1 day of In-school
suspension.” The Code of Conduct further provides:
               DUE PROCESS- before imposing consequences, the teacher or
               principal shall be guided by the principle of fundamental fairness and
               make at least rudimentary inquiry into the incident to assure that the
               offense is accurately identified, that the student understands the
               nature of the offense, and that the student is given an opportunity to
               present his/her views. Before a student is removed from the school
               setting, he/she shall be given a complete due process hearing by the
               principal of said school and/or the Wilson County Schools Discipline
               Hearing Authority.
       On the morning of Monday, September 19, 2005, Bill Laney went to Wilson Middle School
and spoke with Jim Farley, seeking the return of the cellular telephone. Farley refused to return the
phone until the expiration of thirty days. That same day, the vice-principal, Laura Honeyman,
completed the Disciplinary Office Referral form stating that Victoria was to serve one day of in-
school suspension on September 20, 2005, and that the phone was “to be held in the vault for 30
days. Parent may pick up on October 17, 2005, in the main office.” Honeyman further checked
boxes on the form that stated a conference had been held with the student and a letter had been sent
home.
        On September 19, Victoria was home sick from school. When she reported to school for
class on the next day, she served her one day of in-school suspension in the school office. She did
not confer with anyone at school regarding the cellular telephone incident, its seizure, or notice of
No. 06-6000                    Laney, et al. v. Farley, et al.                                                   Page 3


the in-school suspension.1 Further, Victoria did not receive the suspension note to take to her
parents until after she had served the suspension. They did not learn of it until informed by their
daughter.
                                                           II.
       On September 28 William Laney brought suit individually and on behalf of Victoria seeking
$500,000 in compensatory damages and $300,000 in punitive damages, alleging violations of due
process rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 related to the thirty-day retention of the phone and the
imposition of the in-school suspension; civil conspiracy under 42 U.S.C. § 1985; and individual
claims against defendants Jim Farley and Laura Honeyman.
        Defendants WCBE, Farley, and Honeyman moved to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). The
District Court referred the motion to the Magistrate Judge who issued a Report and
Recommendation (“R & R”) recommending that the Motion be granted and the Complaint
dismissed. After considering all the objections, the District Court made a de novo determination of
the R & R accepting its recommendation to dismiss the due process claim as to the retention of the
phone, but found that the sole remaining claim under § 1983–concerning the procedural due process
rights of the daughter in connection with the in-school suspension–should go forward. The only
remaining defendant, WCBE, filed a Motion to Alter Or Amend Judgment, or in the Alternative,
Application for Certification for Interlocutory Appeal related to the sole remaining due process
claim. The District Court denied the Motion to Alter Or Amend Judgment but certified WCBE’s
application for an interlocutory appeal of its due process claim. The WCBE petitioned this Court,
which granted permission for the instant interlocutory appeal.
                                                           III.
        We review the District Court’s consideration of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for dismissal under
a de novo standard. Arrow, 358 F.3d at 393. In doing so, we “must construe the complaint in a light
most favorable to the plaintiff, accept all of the factual allegations as true and determine whether the
plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claims that would entitle him to relief.” Id.
(citations omitted).
                                                          IV.
        Claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 can only be brought for “deprivation of rights secured by the
constitution and laws of the United States.”2 Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 924
(1982). The Fourteenth Amendment forbids the State from depriving any person of life, liberty, or
property without due process of law. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. Plaintiffs argue that because


         1
           In his Report and Recommendation, the Magistrate Judge states without support that the student “had an
opportunity to explain any mitigating circumstances to the teacher that confiscated it.” In contrast, the Complaint states
that “Victoria Laney never had a conference with Defendant Laura Honeyman, Defendant Jim Farley, or anyone at the
West Wilson Middle School regarding the incident involving the cellular telephone in her possession ringing, the seizer
of the cellular telephone in her possession or notice of the ISS....” In reviewing a motion to dismiss, we must accept all
factual allegations of the Complaint as true and determine whether the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of
his claims that would entitle him to relief. Arrow v. Federal Reserve Bank, 358 F.3d 392, 393 (6th Cir. 2004).
         2
           Allegations of state law or state constitutional violations will not support a § 1983 claim. Neinast v. Board
of Trustees, 346 F.3d 585, 597 (6th Cir. 2003); Radvansky v. City of Olmstead Falls, 395 F.3d 291, 314 (6th Cir. 2005).
Similarly, a § 1983 claim may not be based upon a violation of state procedure that does not violate federal law. Brody
v. City of Mason, 250 F.3d 432, 437 (6th Cir. 2001). In its Memorandum and Order, the District Court noted that
Tennessee state law and WCBE’s policy require notice and a limited hearing for suspensions. However, a finding that
such policies were violated would not support a claim under § 1983.
No. 06-6000                    Laney, et al. v. Farley, et al.                                                    Page 4


they were given no formal hearing or notification concerning Victoria’s one-day in-school
suspension, they were denied a constitutional right in violation of the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment.3
        The starting point for analyzing a school suspension case is Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565
(1975). In Goss, the Supreme Court held that students facing ten-day suspensions from public
school were entitled to protection under the Due Process Clause. Id. at 576. The Court held further
that such protection requires schools to provide notice of the charges against the students, an
explanation of the evidence the authorities have, and an opportunity to present his or her side of the
story. Id. at 581. The Court held that the Due Process Clause applied because suspensions from
school deprived students of two rights: a property interest in educational benefits and a liberty
interest in their reputations. Id. at 573-74. Thus, we must determine whether the one-day in-school
suspension infringed Victoria’s property or liberty interest.
                                                           A.
         Regarding the property interest, the Goss Court said that state laws creating free education
to all residents between five and twenty-one years of age coupled with a compulsory-attendance law
create a claim of entitlement to public education. 419 U.S. at 573. “Having chosen to extend the
right to an education to people of appellees’ class generally, Ohio may not withdraw that right on
grounds of misconduct absent, [sic] fundamentally fair procedures to determine whether the
misconduct has occurred.” Id. at 574 (citing Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 164 (1974) (Powell,
J., concurring). Like Ohio, Tennessee has created a free education system and requires attendance
in school. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-6-3001. Thus Tennessee students have a legitimate property
interest in educational benefits and, therefore, in actually attending school.
        Whether an in-school suspension deprives a student of that interest in educational benefits
depends on the extent of her exclusion from the educational process. In Goss, the Court viewed a
ten-day suspension from school as a deprivation of a property right to education because it was a
“total exclusion from the educational process.” Id. at 576. An in-school suspension could, but does
not necessarily, deprive a student of educational opportunities in the same way an out-of-school
suspension would:
                  Under certain circumstances, in-school isolation could well constitute
                  as much deprivation of education as at-home suspension. In other
                  words, a student could be excluded from the educational process as
                  much by being placed in isolation as by being barred from the school
                  grounds. The primary thrust of the educational process is classroom
                  instruction; in both situations the student is excluded from the
                  classroom. This is not to say that any in-school detention would
                  necessarily be equivalent to a suspension; it would depend on the
                  extent to which the student was deprived of instruction or the
                  opportunity to learn.




         3
           Plaintiffs’ § 1983 claim arises from an alleged violation of procedural due process. Some courts have analyzed
in-school suspensions as a potential violation of substantive due process as well. See, e.g., Wise v. Pea Ridge Sch. Dist.,
855 F.2d 560, 565 (8th Cir. 1988). “The substantive component of the Due Process Clause protects students against
abusive government power as exercised by a school.” Doe v. Claiborne County, Tenn., 103 F.3d 495, 506 (6th
Cir.1996). However, if any conceivable legitimate state interest is rationally furthered by the faulted state action, it is
not “arbitrary and capricious” or “abusive.” See Curto v. Harper Woods, 954 F.2d 1237, 1243 (6th Cir.1992). There
has been no allegation of a violation of Victoria’s substantive due process rights.
No. 06-6000                    Laney, et al. v. Farley, et al.                                                 Page 5


Cole v. Newton Special Mun. Separate Sch. Dist., 676 F.Supp. 749, 751-52 (S.D. Miss. 1987), aff’d,
853 F.2d 924 (5th Cir. 1988) (concluding that there were insufficient facts to determine as a matter
of law that the isolation at issue involved sufficient educational deprivation to warrant due process
protections).
        Here, Victoria’s in-school suspension was unlike the out-of-school suspensions discussed
in Goss. Tennessee students assigned to in-school suspension remain in the school setting and are
expressly “required to complete academic requirements.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-6-3401 (b)(2). A
student under in-school suspension is “recorded as constituting a part of the public school attendance
in the same manner as students who attend regular classes.” Tenn. Code. Ann. § 49-6-3401(e).
Unlike students in out-of-school suspensions, students under in-school suspensions 4are not denied
all educational opportunities, even though they are removed from their classrooms.
        Other courts encountering the issue under similar circumstances have reached the sensible
conclusion that in-school suspensions do not implicate a student’s property interest in a public
education. The Eighth Circuit stated as much when a special education student received a three-day
in-school suspension due to tardiness and was isolated in a special classroom. See Wise, 855 F.2d
at 563 n.3. The student completed all his assigned work during the suspension and did not fall
behind in his school work as a result of being placed in the special classroom. Id. at 566. The Wise
court said, “we do not believe...that the Goss decision requires adherence to the strictures of
procedural due process in the context of a temporary in-school suspension. . . . In-school suspension
does not exclude the student from school and consequently a student’s property interest in a public
education is not implicated.” Id. at 563 n.3. See also Fenton v. Stear, 423 F.Supp. 767, 772 (W.D.
Pa. 1976) (holding that a student who received a three-day in-school suspension and an eleven-day
in-school restriction, including exclusion from the senior class outing and extra-curricular activities,
did not receive punishment sufficient to constitute a deprivation of a property interest); Dickens v.
Johnson County Bd. of Educ., 661 F.Supp. 155 (E.D. Tenn. 1987) (holding that interference with
a sixth-grade student’s educational opportunity was trivial and his property interest was not
implicated when he was placed in “timeout” in a three-sided cardboard carton for as long as four and
one-half hours on six consecutive days). We agree with these views.
         Furthermore, WCBE analogizes the in-school suspension with an imposition of attendance
at an alternative school. This Court has suggested that an imposition of a ten-day attendance at an
alternative school may not give rise to procedural due process, “absent some showing that the
education received at the alternative school is significantly different from or inferior to that received
at his regular public school.” Buchanan v. City of Bolivar, 99 F.3d 1352, 1359 (6th Cir. 1996). No
such argument could be made on our facts. We conclude, therefore, that Victoria’s one-day in-
school suspension does not implicate a property interest in public education.
                                                          B.
        Regarding the liberty interest, the Goss Court emphasized that charges of misconduct
resulting in a ten-day suspension could be detrimental to a student’s liberty, namely his or her “good
name, reputation, honor, or integrity.” 419 U.S. at 574. Such charges “could seriously damage the
students’ standing with their fellow pupils and their teachers as well as interfere with later
opportunities for higher education and employment.” Id. at 575. Suspension from classes could be
as detrimental to a child’s reputation as suspension from school, as classmates and teachers will


         4
           Tennessee statutes recognize the distinction between in-school and out-of-school suspensions. “Any principal,
principal-teacher or assistant principal may suspend any pupil from attendance at a specific class, classes or school
activity without suspending such pupil from attendance at school pursuant to an in-school suspension policy adopted
by the local board of education.” Tenn. Code. Ann. § 49-6-3401(b)(1).
No. 06-6000                    Laney, et al. v. Farley, et al.                                                  Page 6


know of the disciplinary action. If the suspension is placed on the student’s permanent record,
others may learn of it as well.5
         Courts have been hesitant, however, to hold that in-school suspensions are detrimental to a
student’s liberty interest in his reputation. See, e.g., Fenton, 423 F.Supp. at 773 (summarily
dismissing the student’s argument that his liberty interest had been infringed, concluding that the
student’s reputation could not have been seriously damaged when he was kept in school with the
restrictions imposed). Moreover, at least one journal article has questioned whether injury to
reputation absent some deprivation of a property interest could be sufficient to implicate the
requirements of due process. See Lee E. Teitelbaum, School Discipline Procedures: Some
Empirical Findings and Some Theoretical Questions, 58 Ind. L.J. 547, 586 (1983).
       We can find no court that has held an in-school suspension to trigger the protections of the
Due Process Clause arising from a student’s liberty interest in their reputation. We decline to extend
those protections to such circumstances and the facts here certainly do not give rise to such a right.
                                                           C.
         After finding that the Due Process Clause applied to temporary suspensions, the Goss Court
rejected an argument that a ten-day school suspension does not subject a student to a “severe
detriment and grievous loss” and may thus be considered de minimis. Id. at 574-76. The Court
noted that “length and consequent severity of a deprivation, while another factor to weigh in
determining the appropriate form of hearing, ‘is not decisive of the basic right’ to a hearing of some
kind.” Goss, 419 U.S. at 576 (citing Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 86 (1972)). In other words,
after finding that the Due Process Clause did apply to the deprivation of property and liberty, the
Court also held that a 10-day suspension from school was not de minimis.
        Several courts have held, however, that shorter temporary in-school suspensions do
constitute de minimis deprivations of property or liberty. See, e.g., Wise, 855 F.2d at 563 n.3 (noting
that the interference with the student’s liberty or property interests resulting from a three-day in-
school suspension was de minimis); Fenton, 423 F.Supp. at 772 (stating that the three-day in-class
suspension and eleven-day restriction preventing the student from attending a class trip was de
minimis); Rice v. Lautzenhizer, No. 1:95CV297-D-D, 1996 WL 671618 at *4 (N.D. Miss. Aug. 5,
1996) (holding that a one-hour confinement of a third grade student in a school storage room
constituted a de minimis deprivation of her liberty and thus impinged no procedural due process).
We agree with this reasoning and find a one day in-school suspension to be a de minimis
deprivation. On this ground also, we would respectfully disagree with the district court.
                                                          V.
        A suspension of sufficient length or consequence can implicate the Due Process Clause. An
in-school suspension that so isolates a student from educational opportunities that it infringes her
property interest in an education, or one so long in duration that it damages one’s reputation, could
raise issues simply not present on our facts. We conclude, however, that a one-day in-school
suspension, during which the student was required to complete school work and was recorded as
having attended school, does not deprive her of a property interest in educational benefits or a liberty
interest in reputation. In any event, because such a suspension is a de minimis deprivation, it would
not implicate due process requirements.


         5
           Although in the instant case Victoria’s in-school suspension was recorded as constituting a part of the public
school attendance in the same manner as students who attend regular classes, it is not clear from the record before the
Court whether the suspension will be included in her record in some other way.
No. 06-6000            Laney, et al. v. Farley, et al.                             Page 7


        We REVERSE the district court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to dismiss and REMAND
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
No. 06-6000               Laney, et al. v. Farley, et al.                                      Page 8


                                    ______________________
                                       CONCURRENCE
                                    ______________________
        JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, concurring. I agree with the majority opinion’s
thorough analysis and agree that the district court should have granted defendant WCBE’s motion
to dismiss but write separately to emphasize that imposing an in-school suspension, even of short
duration, without procedural safeguards could conceivably violate due process under different facts.
The Tennessee statutes apparently contemplate that students receiving in-school suspensions
complete academic requirements. The complaint fails to allege any educational detriment suffered
by Victoria Laney that could amount to deprivation of a property interest or any reputational harm
that might amount to deprivation of a liberty interest. There is no allegation of any sort of loss that
could be categorized as more than de minimis. Here, the assertions of a constitutional violation are
insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss.
