             OPINION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF NEBRASKA


NOTICE: DUE TO UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES, THIS OPINION IS BEING POSTED
  TEMPORARILY IN “SLIP” OPINION FORM. IT WILL BE REPLACED AT A LATER
   DATE WITH AN “ADVANCE” OPINION, WHICH WILL INCLUDE A CITATION.




                                     Case Title

               STATE OF NEBRASKA ON BEHALF OF JA’QUEZZ G.,
                          A MINOR CHILD, APPELLANT,
                                      V.
          TEABLO P., DEFENDANT AND THIRD-PARTY PLAINTIFF, APPELLEE,
              AND SASHA G., THIRD-PARTY DEFENDANT, APPELLEE.




                                    Case Caption

                  STATE ON BEHALF OF JA’QUEZZ G. V. TEABLO P.




                       Filed April 15, 2016.   No. S-15-291.




     Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: KIMBERLY MILLER
PANKONIN, Judge. Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

     Sarah E. Preisinger, of Child Support Services, for appellant.
       Marian G. Heaney and Katherine H. Owen, of Legal Aid of Nebraska, for
appellee Teablo P.




                                    -2-
STATE ON BEHALF OF JA’QUEZZ G. v. TEABLO P.

Filed April 15, 2016.   No. S-15-291.


1. Appeal and Error. An appellate court resolves questions of law and issues of statutory
interpretation independently of the lower court’s conclusion.
2. Summary Judgment. A motion for summary judgment shall be granted where there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.
3. Statutes: Appeal and Error. In the absence of anything to the contrary, statutory language is
to be given its plain and ordinary meaning. An appellate court will not resort to interpretation to
ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous.




                                               -3-
       HEAVICAN, C.J., WRIGHT, CONNOLLY, MILLER-LERMAN, CASSEL, STACY, and KELCH, JJ.
       WRIGHT, J.
                                      NATURE OF CASE
        This case presents the question of what method of service of process upon the putative
father is required in a paternity proceeding brought under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1411 (Reissue
2008). The district court determined that personal service of process was required in an action for
paternity, and because Teablo P. had not been personally served, it granted Teablo’s motion for
summary judgment and vacated the default judgment of paternity and support. The State appeals.
                                        BACKGROUND
        Ja’Quezz G. is a minor child born out of wedlock and residing in the State of Nebraska. It
is not disputed that Teablo is not Ja’Quezz’ biological father, and there are no other material
facts in dispute.
        On September 28, 2008, Ja’Quezz’ mother, Sasha G., completed a paternity questionnaire
for the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services. She affirmatively represented that
she had not had sexual intercourse with any man other than Teablo either 2 months before or
after the probable date of Ja’Quezz’ conception. Based on that representation, the State of
Nebraska sued Teablo on behalf of Ja’Quezz to establish paternity and an award for child
support. The complaint was filed on December 12, 2008.
                                             NOTICE
        The State attempted twice to have Teablo personally served with notice of the paternity
proceeding at two different street addresses in Omaha, Nebraska, and on two separate dates:
December 12, 2008, and January 29, 2009. Both attempts were unsuccessful. The service returns
indicated that Teablo did not reside at either location.
        Having been unsuccessful in its attempts to personally serve Teablo, the State elected to
serve Teablo with notice of the paternity proceeding by certified mail. It did not request the
court’s permission to change the manner of service upon Teablo. On April 13, 2009, notice was
mailed to a third address in Omaha. This was the address that Teablo had provided to his
probation officer. At this address, Teablo’s grandmother signed a return receipt indicating that
she accepted delivery of the summons and complaint. In a subsequent proceeding to set aside the
paternity and order for child support, Teablo filed a sworn statement stating that he was homeless
and did not have an address of his own when the original complaint for paternity was filed.
                                            DEFAULT
        On or about May 20, 2009, notice of a default hearing to be held on May 27 was sent to
Teablo at the same address provided to his probation officer. The hearing was held, but Teablo
did not appear. On May 29, the court entered a default order finding Teablo to be Ja’Quezz’
father and requiring him to pay $91 per month in child support.




                                               -4-
                                        AFTER DEFAULT
        On January 7, 2010, Teablo, acting pro se, moved to vacate the “Order of Support.” The
motion did not contain a certificate of service and was never set for hearing. The motion
identified Teablo’s current address in Omaha. At an October 2012 contempt proceeding, Teablo
requested genetic testing. The testing conclusively determined that Teablo was not Ja’Quezz’
father.
        On January 3, 2014, with the aid of counsel, Teablo filed a complaint to set aside the
order of paternity and the award of child support. Teablo moved to vacate the order for lack of
service. Teablo subsequently filed an amended motion to vacate the order, because the order was
obtained as a result of the fraudulent misrepresentation to the State by Ja’Quezz’ mother, Sasha.
        On July 17, 2014, Teablo moved for summary judgment, alleging that no material facts
were in dispute that Teablo was not properly served with notice of the paternity action. He
claimed the order should be vacated as a matter a law on the ground that the district court lacked
jurisdiction when the order was entered.
        In support of that motion, Teablo argued that the applicable service statute, § 43-1411,
required that defendants in paternity actions be provided with actual notice through personal
service, and not by constructive notice by using another method of service. Teablo asserted that
before service by another method other than personal service can be used in a paternity action,
the party seeking alternative service must comply with Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-517.02 (Reissue
2008), which states:
                Upon motion and showing by affidavit that service cannot be made with
        reasonable diligence by any other method provided by statute, the court may permit
        service to be made (1) by leaving the process at the defendant’s usual place of residence
        and mailing a copy by first-class mail to the defendant’s last-known address, (2) by
        publication, or (3) by any manner reasonably calculated under the circumstances to
        provide the party with actual notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard.
        Teablo asserted that the court never acquired jurisdiction over him, because he was not
provided notice by personal service and because the State failed to obtain the court’s permission
before proceeding with service by another method of providing notice. As a result, Teablo
claimed that the order establishing paternity and support was void. Teablo did not argue that
summary judgment was appropriate on the issue whether the order should be vacated because it
was obtained by fraud.
        Teablo’s motion for summary judgment was denied by the referee of the Douglas County
District Court. Teablo timely filed his exception to the referee’s report. After a hearing on
Teablo’s motion for summary judgment, the district court determined as a matter of law that
§ 43-1411 requires that the State either personally serve a putative father with notice of a
paternity proceeding or receive approval from the court before attempting another method of
service. Therefore, it concluded that the district court did not have jurisdiction when it entered
the order establishing paternity and support, and it vacated that order. The State appeals.




                                              -5-
                                    ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       The State assigns, combined and restated, that the district court erred (1) in finding that
service of process was not proper under § 43-1411 and Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-508.01 (Reissue
2008) and (2) by granting equitable relief to Teablo when he has an adequate remedy under the
law at Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1412.01 (Reissue 2008).
                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW
       [1] An appellate court resolves questions of law and issues of statutory interpretation
independently of the lower court’s conclusion.1
                                             ANALYSIS
          [2] The issue presented is whether the district court properly granted Teablo’s motion for
summary judgment. A motion for summary judgment shall be granted where there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 2 As
noted, the parties agree on the material facts, but disagree whether Teablo was entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Specifically, the parties disagree whether Teablo was properly
served with notice of the proceeding, such that the district court had personal jurisdiction over
Teablo when it entered the order establishing paternity and support.
          The Legislature has provided the method of service of process in paternity proceedings.
Section 43-1411 provides, “Summons shall issue and be served as in other civil proceedings
. . . .” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-505.01 (Reissue 2008) governs service in civil proceedings and, at the
time relevant to this appeal, provided in part:
                 (1) Unless otherwise limited by statute or by the court, a plaintiff may elect to
         have service made by any of the following methods:
                 (a) Personal service which shall be made by leaving the summons with the
         individual to be served;
                 (b) Residence service which shall be made by leaving the summons at the usual
         place of residence of the individual to be served, with some person of suitable age and
         discretion residing therein; or
                 (c) Certified mail service which shall be made by (i) within ten days of issuance,
         sending the summons to the defendant by certified mail with a return receipt requested
         showing to whom and where delivered and the date of delivery, and (ii) filing with the
         court proof of service with the signed receipt attached.
      [3] In the absence of anything to the contrary, statutory language is to be given its plain
and ordinary meaning.3 An appellate court will not resort to interpretation to ascertain the


1
    Fox v. Whitbeck, 280 Neb. 75, 783 N.W.2d 774 (2010).
2
    Roskop Dairy v. GEA Farm Tech., 292 Neb. 148, 871 N.W.2d 776 (2015).
3
    Shipler v. General Motors Corp., 271 Neb. 194, 710 N.W.2d 807 (2006); Kimminau v. Uribe Refuse
    Serv., 270 Neb. 682, 707 N.W.2d 229 (2005); Mason v. City of Lincoln, 266 Neb. 399, 665 N.W.2d 600
    (2003); Morello v. Land Reutil. Comm. of Cty. of Douglas, 265 Neb. 735, 659 N.W.2d 310 (2003).


                                                 -6-
meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous.4 The plain language of
§§ 43-1411 and 25-505.01 shows the Legislature’s intent that a putative father may be served by
any one of the three methods listed in § 25-505.01.
        The district court erred in concluding the language in § 25-505.01, “[u]nless otherwise
limited by . . . the court,” meant that the court must approve the method of service of process in
cases involving a parent-child relationship. But although we have recognized that the
parent-child relationship is afforded due process protection,5 we have never held that due process
requires that a party to a proceeding involving a parent-child relationship must be personally
served with actual notice of those proceedings, as opposed to other methods of issuance of
service of summons in civil proceedings.6
        In determining whether due process requires that a putative father receive actual notice
by personal service, the district court considered the factors outlined in the U.S. Supreme Court
case Mathews v. Eldridge.7 Those factors were generally to be considered in deciding what
process was due a defendant, for example, in deciding whether a party was entitled to notice, a
hearing, or appointed counsel.8 But in determining whether the method used to give notice was
constitutionally adequate, the U.S. Supreme Court has regularly turned to the test set forth in
Mullane v. Central Hanover Tr. Co.9
        In Mullane, the U.S. Supreme Court held that due process requires that notice be
“reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency
of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.”10
        Under the circumstances herein presented, we conclude that the notice was reasonably
calculated to apprise Teablo of the pendency of the paternity action. The notice was sent by
certified mail to the address Teablo provided to his probation officer and was signed for by
Teablo’s grandmother at that address. Although Teablo claims he “was homeless and did not
have an address of [his] own” at that time, due process does not require heroic efforts by the
State in locating the defendant.11
        Instead, “[t]he means employed must be such as one desirous of actually informing the
absentee might reasonably adopt to accomplish it.”12 It is undisputed that the State attempted

4
     24th & Dodge Ltd. Part. v. Acceptance Ins. Co., 269 Neb. 31, 690 N.W.2d 769 (2005); Mitchell v.
     French, 267 Neb. 656, 676 N.W.2d 361 (2004); Mathews v. Mathews, 267 Neb. 604, 676 N.W.2d 42
     (2004); Unisys Corp. v. Nebraska Life & Health Ins. Guar. Assn., 267 Neb. 158, 673 N.W.2d
     15 (2004); Salazar v. Scotts Bluff Cty., 266 Neb. 444, 665 N.W.2d 659 (2003).
5
     See In re Interest of L.V., 240 Neb. 404, 482 N.W.2d 250 (1992).
6
     See § 25-505.01.
7
     Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 96 S. Ct 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976).
8
     State v. Norman, 282 Neb. 990, 808 N.W.2d 48 (2012); Carroll v. Moore, 228 Neb. 561, 423 N.W.2d
     757 (1988).
9
     Mullane v. Central Hanover Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 70 S. Ct. 652, 94 L. Ed. 865 (1950).
10
     Id., 339 U.S. at 314.
11
     See Dusenbery v. United States, 534 U.S. 161, 122 S. Ct. 694, 151 L. Ed. 2d 597 (2002).
12
     Mullane v. Central Hanover & Tr. Co., supra note 9, 339 U.S. at 315.


                                                    -7-
twice to personally serve Teablo at two different addresses. After those attempts failed, the State
sent notice by certified mail to the address Teablo provided to his probation officer, and Teablo’s
grandmother signed for the notice. We find that the means employed by the State were permitted
by statute and that the notice sent by certified mail was reasonably calculated to apprise Teablo
of the pendency of the paternity action.
                                         CONCLUSION
        Because the State complied with both § 43-1411 and due process, we find that service
was proper and that the district court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Teablo. We
therefore reverse the judgment and remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
        Because we reverse, and remand for further proceedings, we do not reach the State’s
assignment that the district court erred in granting equitable relief when Teablo has an adequate
remedy under the law.
                                                                   REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR
                                                                   FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.




                                               -8-
