           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 15-348C
                                      (Filed: April 26, 2017)

*************************************
KANSAS CITY POWER & LIGHT CO., *
                                    *                Motion to Compel; RCFC 26; RCFC 34;
                  Plaintiff,        *                RCFC 36; RCFC 37; Motion to Quash and
                                    *                for a Protective Order; RCFC 45; Motion for
v.                                  *                Leave to Use Depositions; RCFC 32
                                    *
THE UNITED STATES,                  *
                                    *
                  Defendant.        *
*************************************

Daniel J. Donohue, Washington, DC, for plaintiff.

Amanda L. Tantum, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

SWEENEY, Judge

        Plaintiff, Kansas City Power & Light Co. (“KCP&L”), seeks indemnification by the
United States (“defendant” or “the government”) under the Contract Disputes Act of 1978
(“CDA”), 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109 (2012), for the cost of settling a wrongful death suit
stemming from an electrical accident that occurred on property owned by defendant. Before the
court are three motions: (1) defendant’s motion to compel the production of documents and
answers to requests for admission; (2) plaintiff’s motion to quash defendant’s subpoena to
AEGIS Insurance Services, Inc. (“AEGIS”), and for a protective order; and (3) plaintiff’s motion
for leave to use depositions taken in the underlying wrongful death suit. The court deems oral
argument unnecessary and further notes that, for purposes of this Opinion and Order, it
incorporates the factual and procedural histories, as well as the overview of the CDA, set forth in
its March 27, 2017 decision denying plaintiff’s motion to strike defendant’s seventh affirmative
defense. See Kan. City Power & Light Co. v. United States, No. 15-348C, 2017 WL 1149587, at
*1-3 (Fed. Cl. Mar. 27, 2017).

                                  I. MOTION TO COMPEL

       In its motion to compel, defendant seeks, pursuant to Rule 37(a)(3)(b)(iv) of the Rules of
the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”), to compel the production of requested
documents and answers to its requests for admission.
                                       A. Legal Standards

        It is “axiomatic that a trial court has broad discretion to fashion discovery orders[.]”
White Mountain Apache Tribe of Ariz. v. United States, 4 Cl. Ct. 575, 583 (1984); see also
Schism v. United States, 316 F.3d 1259, 1300 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“A trial court ‘has wide
discretion in setting the limits of discovery.’” (quoting Moore v. Armour Pharm. Co., 927 F.2d
1194, 1197 (11th Cir. 1991))); Florsheim Shoe Co., Div. of Interco, Inc. v. United States, 744
F.2d 787, 797 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (“Questions of the scope and conduct of discovery are, of course,
committed to the discretion of the trial court.”). Although discovery rules “are to be accorded a
broad and liberal treatment,” Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 507 (1947), the court must, “[i]n
deciding either to compel or quash discovery, . . . balance potentially conflicting goals,”
Evergreen Trading, LLC ex rel. Nussdorf v. United States, 80 Fed. Cl. 122, 126 (2007). Thus,
“discovery, like all matters of procedure, has ultimate and necessary boundaries.” Hickman, 329
U.S. at 507.

                                           1. RCFC 26

       RCFC 26(b)(1) is “the general provision governing the scope of discovery.” Sparton
Corp. v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 10, 21 n.14 (2007). It provides:

               Unless otherwise limited by court order, the scope of discovery is
               as follows: Parties may obtain discovery regarding any
               nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or
               defense and proportional to the needs of the case, considering the
               importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in
               controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the
               parties’ resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the
               issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed
               discovery outweighs its likely benefit. Information within this
               scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be
               discoverable.

RCFC 26(b)(1). RCFC 26(b) mirrors Rule 26(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
(“FRCP”). 1 Sys. Fuels, Inc. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 206, 215 (2006). The 1946 amendment
to FRCP 26(b) “ma[de] clear the broad scope of examination,” which included

               not only evidence for use at the trial but also inquiry into matters in
               themselves inadmissible as evidence but which will lead to the
               discovery of such evidence. The purpose of discovery is to allow a
               broad search for facts, . . . or any other matters which may aid a
               party in the preparation or presentation of his case.



       1
        “[I]nterpretation of the court’s rules will be guided by case law and the Advisory
Committee Notes that accompany the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” RCFC rules
committee’s note to 2002 amendment.
                                                 -2-
FRCP 26(b) advisory committee’s note to 1946 amendment; see also Int’l Paper Co. v. United
States, 36 Fed. Cl. 313, 317 (1996) (citing RCFC 26 and stating that “we are similarly mindful of
the generally broad scope of discovery in this court”).

          FRCP 26(b)(1) was amended in 2000, at which time the advisory committee “introduced
a . . . note of caution about the provision . . . .” 8 Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice
and Procedure § 2007 (3d ed. 2012). The amendments were “intend[ed for] the parties and the
court [to] focus on the actual claims and defenses involved in the action,” FRCP 26(b)(1)
advisory committee’s note to 2000 amendment, whereas previously parties “were entitled to
discovery of any information that was not privileged so long as it was relevant to the ‘subject
matter involved in the pending action,’” 6 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice ¶
26.41[2][a] (3d ed. 2008) (quoting the 1983 version of FRCP 26(b)(1)). Accordingly, the 2000
amendments “narrowed the scope of party-controlled discovery to matters ‘relevant to any
party’s claim or defense.’” Id. (quoting FRCP 26(b)(1)). While courts would “retain[ ] authority
to order discovery of any matter relevant to the subject matter involved in the action for good
cause,” the amended rule was “designed to involve the court more actively in regulating the
breadth of sweeping or contentious discovery.” FRCP 26(b)(1) advisory committee’s note to
2000 amendment. Under the current standard, courts are advised to focus upon the specific
claims or defenses when determining the scope of discovery. See id. Of course, “[t]his does not
mean that a fact must be alleged in a pleading for a party to be entitled to discovery of
information concerning that fact.” 6 Moore et al., supra, ¶ 26.41[2][a]. Rather, “the fact must be
germane to a specific claim or defense asserted in the pleadings for information concerning it to
be a proper subject of discovery.” Id.

        A party’s ability to obtain pretrial discovery is not unrestrained. RCFC 26(b)(2)(C)
authorizes a court to, “[o]n motion or on its own,” limit “[t]he frequency or extent of use of the
discovery methods otherwise permitted under these rules” if: (1) the discovery sought is
“unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or can be obtained from some other source that is more
convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive”; (2) the party seeking discovery “has had ample
opportunity to obtain the information by discovery in the action”; or (3) the “burden or expense
of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit, considering the needs of the case, the
amount in controversy, the parties’ resources, the importance of the issues at stake in the action,
and the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues.” RCFC 26(b)(2)(C)(i)-(iii).

        In addition, parties may themselves limit the scope of discovery by “withhold[ing]
information otherwise discoverable by claiming that the information is privileged or subject to
protection as trial-preparation material . . . .” RCFC 26(b)(5)(A). Pursuant to the rule, however,
the party seeking to do so must “(i) expressly make the claim; and (ii) describe the nature of the
documents, communications, or tangible things not produced or disclosed—and do so in a
manner that, without revealing information itself privileged or protected, will enable other parties
to assess the claim.” RCFC 26(b)(5)(A)(i)-(ii). In other words, “the description of each
document and its contents must be sufficiently detailed to allow the court to determine whether
the elements” of the claimed privilege “have been established.” Deseret Mgmt. Corp. v. United
States, 76 Fed. Cl. 88, 91 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord FRCP 26(b) advisory
committee’s note to 1993 amendment (“The party must . . . provide sufficient information to
enable other parties to evaluate the applicability of the claimed privilege or protection.”). While

                                                -3-
there are no specific requirements, it may be appropriate to include “[d]etails concerning time,
persons, [and] general subject matter” in the log containing the descriptions of the material
claimed to be privileged. FRCP 26(b) advisory committee’s note to 1993 amendment; see also
Yankee Atomic Elec. Co. v. United States, 54 Fed. Cl. 306, 309 (2002) (indicating that “the
customary contents of a privilege log” are “a description of the type of document . . ., its topic,
date, the writer and recipient, and an explanation as to why the matter is deemed to be
privileged”). However, the party claiming privilege “need not reveal so much about the contents
of a communication as to compromise the privilege.” Yankee Atomic Elec. Co., 54 Fed.Cl. at
309.

                                           2. RCFC 34

        RCFC 34 governs the production of documents. “A party may serve on any other party a
request, within the scope of RCFC 26(b),” to “produce and permit the requesting party . . . to
inspect, copy, test, or sample,” among other things, “any designated documents or electronically
stored information,” or “any designated tangible things,” RCFC 34(a)(1). The request “(A) must
describe with reasonable particularity each item or category of items to be inspected;” and “(B)
must specify a reasonable time, place, and manner for the inspection and for performing the
related acts.” RCFC 34(b)(1)(A)-(B). Additionally, the request “may specify the form or forms
in which electronically stored information is to be produced.” RCFC 34(b)(1)(C).

        The party to whom the request is directed “must respond in writing within 30 days after
being served,” though “[a] shorter or longer time may be stipulated to under RCFC 29 or be
ordered by the court.” RCFC 34(b)(2)(A); accord 8B Wright et al., supra, § 2213 (indicating that
responses should “ordinarily be served within 30 days after service of the request”). Each
response “must either state that inspection and related activities will be permitted as requested or
state an objection to the rest, including the reasons.” RCFC 34(b)(2)(B). The failure to make a
proper objection to a document production request may result in the waiver of that objection.
See Marx v. Kelly, Hart & Hallman, P.C., 929 F.2d 8, 12 (1st Cir. 1991) (“If the responding
party fails to make a timely objection, or fails to state the reason for an objection, he may be held
to have waived any or all of his objections.”).

                                           3. RCFC 36

        RCFC 36 “allows litigants to request admissions as to a broad range of matters, including
ultimate facts, as well as applications of law to fact.” In re Carney, 258 F.3d 415, 419 (5th Cir.
2001). “Requests for admission are not games of ‘Battleship’ in which the propounding party
must guess the precise language coordinates that the responding party deems answerable.”
House v. Giant of Md., LLC, 232 F.R.D. 257, 262 (E.D. Va. 2005). Rather, requests for
admission are “intended to expedite the trial and to relieve the parties of the cost of proving facts
that will not be disputed at trial, the truth of which is known to the parties or can be ascertained
by reasonable inquiry.” 8B Wright et al., supra, § 2252. Thus, RCFC 36, like its counterpart
under the FRCP, “serves two vital purposes, both of which are designed to reduce trial time.
Admissions are sought, first to facilitate proof with respect to issues that cannot be eliminated
from the case, and secondly to narrow the issues by eliminating those that can be.” FRCP 36
advisory committee’s note to 1970 amendment. “For Rule 36 to be effective in this regard,

                                                 -4-
litigants must be able to rely on the fact that matters admitted will not later be subject to
challenge.” Carney, 258 F.3d at 419. Thus, admissions “can serve as the factual predicate for
summary judgment.” United States v. Kasuboski, 834 F.2d 1345, 1350 (7th Cir. 1987). Finally,
a request for admission is “not objectionable even if [it] require[s] opinions or conclusions of
law, as long as the legal conclusions relate to the facts of the case. [Conversely, r]equests to
admit pure conclusions of law unrelated to facts in the case are objectionable.” Ransom v.
United States, 8 Cl. Ct. 646, 648 (1985) (interpreting Rule 36(a) of the Rules of the United States
Court of Claims, which was identical to FRCP 36(a)).

        Pursuant to subsection (a) of the rule, “[a] party may serve on any other party a written
request to admit, for purposes of the pending action only, the truth of any matters within the
scope of RCFC 26(b)(1) relating to: (A) facts, the application of law to fact, or opinions about
either; and (B) the genuineness of any described documents.” RCFC 36(a)(1). In addition,
“[e]ach matter must be separately stated.” RCFC 36(a)(2). Furthermore, denials must be
detailed:

               If a matter is not admitted, the answer must specifically deny it or
               state in detail why the answering party cannot truthfully admit or
               deny it. A denial must fairly respond to the substance of the
               matter; and when good faith requires that a party qualify an answer
               or deny only a part of a matter, the answer must specify the part
               admitted and qualify or deny the rest. The answering party may
               assert lack of knowledge or information as a reason for failing to
               admit or deny only if the party states that it has made reasonable
               inquiry and that the information it knows or can readily obtain is
               insufficient to enable it to admit or deny.

RCFC 36(a)(4). Similarly, objections must be stated and “[a] party must not object solely on the
ground that the request presents a genuine issue for trial.” RCFC 36(a)(5). Finally, if the
requesting party moves the court to determine the sufficiency of an answer or objection, the rule
provides:

               Unless the court finds an objection justified, it must order that an
               answer be served. On finding that an answer does not comply with
               this rule, the court may order either that the matter is admitted or
               that an amended answer be served. The court may defer its final
               decision until a pretrial conference or a specified time before trial.

RCFC 36(a)(6).

                                           4. RCFC 37

       RCFC 37 addresses a party’s failure to make disclosures or cooperate in discovery and
permits the court to award sanctions:




                                                -5-
               On notice to other parties and all affected persons, a party may
               move for an order compelling disclosure or discovery. The motion
               must include a certification that the movant has in good faith
               conferred or attempted to confer with the person or party failing to
               make disclosure or discovery in an effort to obtain it without court
               action.

RCFC 37(a)(1). The rule further provides: “A party seeking discovery may move for an order
compelling an answer, designation, production, or inspection. This motion may be made if . . . a
party fails to respond that inspection will be permitted—or fails to permit inspection—as
requested under RCFC 34.” RCFC 37(a)(3)(B). In addition, RCFC 37 addresses a party’s
failure to provide sufficient answers to requests for admission promulgated pursuant to RCFC
36:

               If a party fails to admit what is requested under RCFC 36 and if the
               requesting party later proves a document to be genuine or the
               matter true, the requesting party may move that the party who
               failed to admit pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s
               fees, incurred in making that proof. The court must so order
               unless:

                 (A) the request was held objectionable under RCFC 36(a);

                 (B) the admission sought was of no substantial importance;

                 (C) the party failing to admit had a reasonable ground to believe
                 that it might prevail on the matter; or

                 (D) there was other good reason for the failure to admit.

RCFC 37(c)(2).

         “In order to succeed on a motion to compel discovery, a party must first prove that it
sought discovery from its opponent.” Petrucelli v. Bohringer & Ratzinger, 46 F.3d 1298, 1310
(3d Cir. 1995). Additionally, an RCFC 37 motion “must include a certification that the movant
has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer . . . .” RCFC 37(a)(1). Like its FRCP
counterpart, RCFC 37 “does not set forth what must be included in the moving party’s
certification except to indicate that the document must declare that the movant has ‘in good faith
conferred or attempted to confer’ . . . .” Shuffle Master, Inc. v. Progressive Games, Inc., 170
F.R.D. 166, 171 (D. Nev. 1996). “[G]ood faith cannot be shown merely through the perfunctory
parroting of statutory language on the certificate to secure court intervention; rather it mandates a
genuine attempt to resolve the discovery dispute through non judicial means.” Id. Conferment,
in turn, requires that the “moving party must personally engage in two-way communication with
the nonresponding party to meaningfully discuss each contested discovery dispute in a genuine
effort to avoid judicial intervention.” Id.



                                                 -6-
         If the court grants a motion to compel, it “must, after giving an opportunity to be heard,
require the party . . . whose conduct necessitated the motion, the party or attorney advising the
conduct, or both to pay the movant’s reasonable expenses incurred in making the motion,
including attorney’s fees.” RCFC 37(a)(5)(A). Payment must not be ordered if “(i) the movant
filed the motion before attempting in good faith to obtain the disclosure or discovery without
court action; (ii) the opposing party’s nondisclosure, response, or objection was substantially
justified; or (iii) other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” RCFC 37(a)(5)(A)(i)–
(iii). Furthermore, if the court denies the motion, then it may issue a protective order pursuant to
RCFC 26(c) “and must, after giving an opportunity to be heard, require the movant, the attorney
filing the motion, or both to pay the party . . . who opposed the motion its reasonable expenses
incurred in opposing the motion, including attorney’s fees.” RCFC 37(a)(5)(B).

                                           B. Discussion

                               1. The Parties’ Respective Positions

         As noted above, in its motion to compel, defendant seeks the production of documents
responsive to its requests for production and answers responsive to its requests for admission. 2
Generally, defendant complains that plaintiff cannot simply refuse to provide discovery related
to defendant’s seventh affirmative defense—the defense of offset—in the hope that the court
will, at some point, grant its motion to strike the defense. Def.’s Mot. Compel 2. Specifically,
defendant makes the following arguments.

         With regard to its requests for production, defendant claims that plaintiff’s objections are
unsupported. Id. at 9-15. Noting that it does not know whether plaintiff is in fact withholding
responsive documents because no privilege log was filed, defendant argues first that plaintiff’s
belief that the offset defense should be stricken does not relieve plaintiff of its discovery
obligations. Id. at 10-12. Second, defendant argues that plaintiff’s objections are not sufficiently
detailed and therefore should be deemed to have been waived. Id. at 12-14. Specifically,
defendant points to plaintiff’s objections that (1) each request for production is “vague and
ambiguous and overly broad and unduly burdensome and also seeks the production of documents
that are neither relevant nor likely to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence,” id. at 13
(internal quotation marks omitted); (2) defendant’s use of the term “related to” in its requests for
production is “vague and ambiguous,” id.; (3) defendant’s imposition of a thirty-day timeframe
for responses is inappropriate, id. at 13-14; and (4) each request for production is inappropriate
to the extent it seeks information subject to a protective order, id. at 14. Third, defendant argues
that, to the extent plaintiff continues to refuse to produce responsive documents, an adverse
inference is warranted. Id. at 14-15.

        With regard to its requests for admission, defendant claims that plaintiff’s answers are
insufficient in that they are conditional and contain unsupported objections. Id. at 15-18. In
support of its allegations, defendant points to the fact that while plaintiff denies Request for
Admission Nos. 1, 2, 5, and 6, and admits Nos. 3 and 4, it then qualifies those answers by stating
that they are given “[s]ubject to and not waiving any of the foregoing objections” discussed in


       2
           The court notes that defendant did not file a reply in support of its motion to compel.
                                                 -7-
the “General Objections” and plaintiff’s response to Request for Admission No. 1. Id. at 15. In
addition, defendant claims that plaintiff’s responses demonstrate that plaintiff “misunderstands
the purpose of requests for admission, which [defendant posits] are used to narrow the scope of
issues for litigation—and not for the purpose of discovery of admissible evidence.” Id. at 16.
Specifically, defendant refers to (1) plaintiff’s objection that defendant’s requests for admission
are overly broad and unduly burdensome and seek irrelevant evidence; (2) plaintiff’s failure to
state with specificity why defendant’s (a) instructions to its requests for admission and
corresponding definitions, (b) thirty-day time frame for providing responses, and (c) requests—
to the extent that they seek to impose requirements or obligations greater than those imposed by
the RCFC and the discovery order—are objectionable; (3) plaintiff’s objection to defendant’s
requests for admission, to the extent they seek the production of documents; (4) plaintiff’s
objection to both defendant’s requests for admission and its requests for production on the
grounds that the information defendant seeks is protected from disclosure by a protective order;
and (5) plaintiff’s assertion of the attorney-client privilege, work product doctrine, and
consulting expert privilege in response to defendant’s requests for admission. Id. at 16-18.

        The essence of plaintiff’s response to defendant’s motion to compel is that defendant has
no right to the information it seeks “because the basis for the requested discovery—the proposed
insurance offset defense—is barred as a matter of law.” Pl.’s Resp. Mot. Compel 1. Plaintiff
argues:

               As emphasized in KCP&L’s Motion to Strike and Reply in
               Support of its Motion to Strike, the Government should not be
               entitled to . . . benefit from KCP&L’s foresight in obtaining
               insurance to protect against damages related to accidents such as
               those underlying the Eubank case. KCP&L’s AEGIS policy was
               not a condition precedent to the Government’s contract with
               KCP&L and should not reduce the Government’s contractual
               liability to KCP&L. KCP&L’s own business arrangement with an
               insurer has no bearing on the government’s damages in this case.

Id. at 4.

        Plaintiff adds, however, that its responses to defendant’s requests—both for the
production of documents and for admission—were made in good faith. Id. at 4-5. With respect
to Request for Production Nos. 2, 3, 6, and 7, and Request for Admission Nos. 1, 2, 5, and 6,
plaintiff claims not to have any responsive documents. Id. at 4. Thus, according to plaintiff, the
only discovery requests at issue are those “involving documents reflecting KCP&L’s
reimbursement by AEGIS under its insurance contract.” Id. As to these requests, plaintiff
claims to have produced: (1) the AEGIS insurance policy limits; (2) “other information
unrelated to KCP&L’s correspondence with its insurer, which KCP&L maintains contains
privileged information”; (3) the Eubank settlement agreement; (4) copies of the settlement
checks issued to the Eubank plaintiffs; and (5) “the structured settlement information which
evidenced KCP&L’s full payment of the settlement amounts due to plaintiffs.” Id. at 4-5.




                                                -8-
                                             2. Analysis

        First, irrespective of plaintiff’s belief regarding the merits of its motion to strike
defendant’s offset defense, which the court denied on March 27, 2017, see Kan. City Power &
Light Co., 2017 WL 1149587, at *8, plaintiff has—at all times—an obligation to respond to
valid discovery requests. See RCFC 26(b). At the time defendant propounded its discovery
requests, the court had not yet ruled on plaintiff’s motion to strike. Thus, plaintiff was obligated
to provide defendant with complete responses to its discovery requests or seek a protective order.
See Chubb Integrated Sys., Ltd. v. Nat’l Bank, 103 F.R.D. 52, 59 (D.D.C. 1984) (“In ruling on
questions of discovery, typically, courts do not determine the legal sufficiency of claims and
defenses.”); accord Humphreys Exterminating Co., v. Poulter, 62 F.R.D. 392, 394-95 (D. Md.
1974) (noting that it is not ordinarily the function of the court in passing upon objections to
interrogatories to decide ultimate questions); Riordan v. Ferguson, 2 F.R.D. 349, 350 (S.D.N.Y.
1942) (noting that until a defense is stricken, it remains valid). Plaintiff may not, as it did in this
case, simply refuse to respond to defendant’s requests for production of documents and requests
for admission on the grounds, inter alia, that defendant’s offset defense is irrelevant as a matter
of law. In other words, although plaintiff appropriately moved to strike a defense it believed to
be invalid, it nevertheless failed to simultaneously comply with its mandatory discovery
obligations. Alternatively, plaintiff could have moved for a protective order staying its
obligation to respond to discovery pending this court’s ruling on its motion to strike. See RCFC
26(c)(1) (“The court may, for good cause, issue an order to protect a party or person from
annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, . . . .”).

        Second, with respect to plaintiff’s general objections, the court finds as follows. In
Objection A, which plaintiff asserts as to both defendant’s requests for documents and requests
for admission, plaintiff objects to the thirty-day time frame given for answers. Def.’s Mot.
Compel, App. 1, 7-8. This objection is wholly without merit, since thirty days is the time
allotted by the court’s rules for responding to discovery requests. See RCFC 34(b)(2)(A) (“The
party to whom the request is directed must respond in writing within 30 days after being served
or—if the request was delivered under RCFC 26(d)(2)—within 30 days after the Early Meeting
of Counsel (see Appendix A ¶ 3).”); RCFC 36(a)(3) (“A matter is admitted unless, within 30
days after being served, the party to whom the request is directed serves on the requesting party a
written answer or objection addressed to the matter and signed by the party or its attorney.”).
Thus, plaintiff’s Objection A lacks merit and is overruled.

        In Objection B, plaintiff objects to each request “to the extent it seeks any information or
documents that [are] protected from discovery or disclosure by the attorney-client privilege, the
attorney work product doctrine, consulting expert privilege, or any other applicable privilege.”
Def.’s Mot. Compel, App. 2, 8. Defendant argues that the attorney-client privilege does not
apply because its requests “are wholly unrelated to any communication between KCP&L and its
counsel and merely seek factual answers related to transactions involving KCP&L and third
parties—the Eubanks and KCP&L’s insurer.” Def.’s Mot. Compel 18. Defendant also claims
that the work product doctrine does not apply “because RCFC 26(b)(3)(A) protects only
‘documents and tangible things,’ and does not bar the discovery of the facts that the adverse
party has learned, or the existence or nonexistence of documents.” Id. Alternatively, defendant



                                                  -9-
contends that where such an objection has been upheld as to a request for admission, it was “only
in limited situations, not presented here.” Id.

        At this stage, the court will not preclude plaintiff from asserting any privileges in
response to defendant’s discovery requests. That is to say, the court cannot and will not rule in
the abstract. Rather, to the extent that defendant’s requests seek privileged documents or other
information, plaintiff must, as required by the rules of the court, prepare a detailed privilege log
that meets the requirements of RCFC 26(b)(5)(A)(i)-(ii). Thus, plaintiff must make an express
claim of privilege and provide defendant with a description of the document, communication, or
item such that defendant can meaningfully assess the propriety of the claimed privilege.
Similarly, if plaintiff objects to defendant’s requests for admission, plaintiff must provide
responses that explain its objections pursuant to RCFC 36(a)(4)-(5). The court can only rule on
plaintiff’s objections—if defendant renews its motion to compel—if those objections are tied to
specific requests.

         The same is true with respect to Objections C through G, which plaintiff asserts as to
both defendant’s requests for production and requests for admission. In Objection C, plaintiff
objects to each request to the extent that it seeks information subject to “any prior stipulation
order, protective order or other order applicable to this discovery.” Def.’s Mot. Compel, App. 2,
8. In Objections D and F, plaintiff objects to each request as “overbroad and unduly
burdensome” to the extent that it seeks irrelevant information and to the extent that it seeks the
identification or production of all documents. Id. In Objection E, plaintiff objects to each
request to the extent that it seeks information not in plaintiff’s “possession, custody, or control.”
Id. In Objection G, plaintiff objects to each request to the extent that it seeks irrelevant evidence.
Id. As with Objection B, the court cannot rule on Objections C through G because they are not
tied to specific discovery requests. Thus, plaintiff’s Objections C through G lack merit and are
overruled.

        In plaintiff’s last general objection, Objection H, which plaintiff only asserts in response
to defendant’s request for production, plaintiff objects to defendant’s definition of the terms
“insurer” and “policy,” claiming that each “includes subject matters that are not relevant to the
present case and are thus overbroad and not likely to lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence.” Id. at App. 9. As with Objection A, this objection is wholly without merit because
the court has ruled that plaintiff’s AEGIS insurance policy is relevant to defendant’s offset
defense. See Kan. City Power & Light Co., 2017 WL 1149587, at *6-7. Thus, plaintiff’s
Objection H lacks merit and is overruled.

        Third, with respect to plaintiff’s specific objections to defendant’s requests for production
of documents, the court finds as follows. In Interrogatory No. 1, which precedes Request for
Production Nos. 1 through 7, defendant asks: “If you have or had any policy or policies of
insurance against which you have made or may make a claim for a defense or coverage as a
result of the Eubank litigation, please specify the document of insurance; include the name and
address of the insurance company which issued the policy to you, the date of the policy, the
limits of the policy, and its effective dates of coverage.” Def.’s Mot. Compel, App. 9. In its
response, although plaintiff notes its objection to the interrogatory on the grounds that it is
“overly broad and unduly burdensome and seeks information that is neither relevant nor likely to

                                                -10-
lead to the discovery of admissible evidence,” it simultaneously provides details about its AEGIS
excess liability insurance policy. Id. Then, in its subsequent responses to Request for
Production Nos. 1 through 7, plaintiff reasserts its general objections and indicates either that
responsive documents have been produced or that it does not possess any responsive documents.
For example, in response to Request for Production No. 1, which seeks “[a]ll documents relied
upon to answer Interrogatory No. 1,” plaintiff produces document nos. KCPL1-55. Id. Next, in
response to Request for Production No. 2, which seeks “[a]ll documents related to
indemnification KCP&L received from an insurer for payments KCP&L made to the Eubank
plaintiffs after KCP&L entered into a settlement agreement related to the Eubank litigation,”
plaintiff indicates that it does not possess any responsive documents:

               See, Response to Request for Production No. 1, which is
               incorporated herein by reference. KCP&L also objects to this
               Request for Documents on the grounds that it is overly broad and
               unduly burdensome, and vague and ambiguous as to the term
               “related to”. Without waiving the foregoing objections, KCP&L
               states that it possesses no documents responsive to this Request.

Id. In other words, although plaintiff admits to having an insurance policy against which a claim
was made as a result of the Eubank litigation and provides defendant with supporting
documentation, plaintiff simultaneously states that it does not possess documents related to any
indemnification it received from that insurer following the Eubank litigation. If, in providing the
answer it did, plaintiff is attempting to draw a distinction between its receipt of monies from
AEGIS pursuant to an excess liability insurance policy versus its receipt of monies from AEGIS
pursuant to an indemnification agreement, plaintiff must provide a clear, succinct response. See
Pl.’s Resp. Mot. Compel 4 (“As KCP&L communicated to the Government, KCP&L was not
indemnified by an insurer with regard to the Eubank litigation, and no insurer paid amounts to
the Eubank plaintiffs or KCP&L’s counsel on KCP&L’s behalf. All other document requests
from the Government seek information related to the reimbursement of KCP&L by an insurer for
post-settlement payments to the Eubank plaintiffs after settlement. . . . Even though KCP&L
continues to object to production of information related to an affirmative defense that is
insufficient as a matter of law, KCP&L has produced information in its possession related to the
reimbursement.”). In light of this court’s determination that defendant’s offset defense is
relevant, plaintiff’s objection to Interrogatory No. 1 is therefore overruled. In addition,
plaintiff’s objections to defendant’s requests for production of documents are also overruled.
Plaintiff will provide defendant with amended responses to Request for Production Nos. 1
through 7. If, in so doing, plaintiff identifies responsive documents that are privileged, it will
prepare a detailed privilege log for defendant’s consideration. Only if defendant subsequently
moves to compel production of these documents will the court rule on the adequacy of plaintiff’s
privilege claims.

        Fourth, with respect to plaintiff’s responses to defendant’s requests for admission, the
court again notes generally that to the extent that plaintiff objects on the ground that the
information is irrelevant because defendant’s offset defense is not legally viable, the objection is
overruled and plaintiff will amend its responses. To the extent, however, that plaintiff is
attempting to draw a distinction between the types of payments made—indemnification versus

                                                -11-
reimbursement—plaintiff must do so clearly. For example, in Request for Admission No. 1,
defendant states: “KCP&L received indemnification from an insurer for payments KCP&L
made to the Eubank plaintiffs after KCP&L entered into a settlement agreement related to the
Eubank litigation.” Def.’s Mot. Compel, App. 2. In its response, plaintiff states:

                      KCP&L objects to this Request for Admission seeking an
               insurance-related admission, as beyond the scope of permissible
               discovery under RCFC 26(b)(1).

                       RCFC 26(b)(1) establishes the scope of permissible
               discovery and specifically provides that “[p]arties may obtain
               discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to
               any party’s claim or defense.” Here, the government requests
               insurance-related information from the Eubank matter, Case No.
               0716-CV07429 filed in the Circuit Court of Jackson County,
               Missouri, which is not relevant to any claims or defenses in this
               matter. Any insurance-related requests are irrelevant as a result of
               the collateral source rule, which states, in relevant part, that a
               plaintiff’s damages cannot be reduced by the amount of any
               recoveries from a third party, such as an insurer. In addition, any
               recoveries KCP&L received from a pre-existing insurance
               transaction, have no bearing on [the] Government’s breach of the
               indemnity provision at issue in this case.

                     Subject to and not waiving any of the foregoing objections,
               KCP&L denies Request for Admission No. 1. See, Response to
               Request for Admission No. 3.

Id. at App. 3. In this request for admission, defendant seeks confirmation that plaintiff received
indemnification payments from its insurer, AEGIS, following plaintiff’s settlement of the
Eubank case. Since this request is relevant to defendant’s offset defense, plaintiff’s objection to
Request for Admission No. 1 is overruled. Plaintiff will amend its response.

         In Request for Admission No. 2, defendant states: “KCP&L received indemnification
from an insurer for payments KCP&L made to KCP&L’s counsel related to the Eubank
litigation, settlement activities, and/or the settlement agreement.” Id. at App. 4. In its response,
plaintiff states: “See Response to Request for Admission No. 1, which is incorporated by
reference into this response. Subject to and not waiving any of the foregoing objections,
KCP&L denies Request for Admission No. 2. See, Response to Request for Admission No. 4.”
Id. In this request for admission, defendant seeks confirmation that plaintiff received
indemnification payments from its insurer, AEGIS, for payments plaintiff made to its counsel
related to plaintiff’s settlement of the Eubank case. Since this request is relevant to defendant’s
offset defense, plaintiff’s objection to Request for Admission No. 2 is overruled. Plaintiff will
amend its response.




                                                -12-
        In Request for Admission No. 3, defendant states: “KCP&L was reimbursed by an
insurer for payments KCP&L made to the Eubank plaintiffs after KCP&L entered into a
settlement agreement related to the Eubank litigation.” Id. In its response, plaintiff states: “See
Response to Request for Admission No. 1, which is incorporated by reference into this response.
Subject to and not waiving any of the foregoing objections, KCP&L admits that it was
reimbursed, in part, for costs incurred in defending and settling the Eubank matter, Case No.
0716-CV07429 filed in the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri.” Id. In this request for
admission, defendant seeks confirmation that plaintiff received indemnification payments from
its insurer, AEGIS, for payments plaintiff made to the Eubank plaintiffs related to its settlement
of the Eubank case. Since this request is relevant to defendant’s offset defense, plaintiff’s
objection to Request for Admission No. 3 is overruled. Plaintiff will amend its response.

        In Request for Admission No. 4, defendant states: “KCP&L was reimbursed by an
insurer for payments KCP&L made to KCP&L’s counsel related to the Eubank litigation,
settlement activities, and/or the settlement agreement.” Id. In its response, plaintiff states: “See
Response to Request for Admission No. 1, which is incorporated by reference into this response.
Subject to and not waiving any of the foregoing objections, KCP&L admits that it was
reimbursed, in part, for costs incurred in defending and settling the Eubank matter, Case No.
0716-CV07429 filed in the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri.” Id. at App. 4-5. In this
request for admission, as it did in Request for Admission No. 2, defendant seeks confirmation
that plaintiff received money from its insurer, AEGIS, for payments plaintiff made to its counsel
related to its settlement of the Eubank case. Since this request is relevant to defendant’s offset
defense, plaintiff’s objection to Request for Admission No. 4 is overruled. Plaintiff will amend
its response.

        In Request for Admission No. 5, defendant states: “An insurer paid the Eubank plaintiffs
amounts due the Eubank plaintiffs under the settlement agreement.” Id. at App. 5. In its
response, plaintiff states: “See Response to Request for Admission No. 1, which is incorporated
by reference into this response. KCP&L denies that an insurer paid the Eubank plaintiffs any
amounts due under the settlement agreement. See, Response to Request for Admission No. 3.”
Id. In this request for admission, defendant again seeks confirmation that the Eubank plaintiffs
received payments from plaintiff’s insurer, AEGIS, in settlement of its claims against plaintiff.
Since this request is relevant to defendant’s offset defense, plaintiff’s objection to Request for
Admission No. 5 is overruled. Plaintiff will amend its response.

        Lastly, in Request for Admission No. 6, defendant states: “An insurer paid KCP&L’s
counsel amounts due KCP&L’s counsel related to the Eubank litigation, settlement activities,
and/or the settlement agreement.” Id. In its response, plaintiff states: “See Response to Request
for Admission No. 1, which is incorporated by reference into this response. KCP&L denies that
an insurer paid the KCP&L’s counsel any amounts due related to the Eubank litigation. See,
Response to Request for Admission No. 4.” Id. In this request for admission, defendant seeks
confirmation that plaintiff’s counsel received payments from plaintiff’s insurer, AEGIS, for work
related to plaintiff’s settlement of the Eubank case. Since this request is relevant to defendant’s
offset defense, plaintiff’s objection to Request for Admission No. 6 is overruled. Plaintiff will
amend its response.



                                                -13-
              II. MOTION TO QUASH AND FOR A PROTECTIVE ORDER

        The second motion before the court is plaintiff’s motion to quash defendant’s subpoena
to AEGIS. In that subpoena, issued on November 22, 2016, defendant seeks the production of
certain documents by December 13, 2016. Pl.’s Mot. Quash 1. The subpoena contained four
document requests:

               REQUEST NO. 1: All documents and/or communications related
               to payments made by AEGIS Insurance Services, Inc. or
               Associated Electric & Gas Insurance Services Limited related to
               the Eubank litigation, including, but not limited to, payments to the
               Eubank plaintiffs and payments to KCP&L, and/or its counsel,
               consultants, or representatives.

               REQUEST NO. 2: All documents and/or communications related
               to the settlement in the Eubank litigation.

               REQUEST NO. 3: All documents and/or communications related
               to KCP&L’s claims and/or rights to proceeds from the claims
               brought in KCP&L’s “Claim for Reimbursement of Costs in
               Defense of Wrongful Death Action Contract No.
               GS06P05TEC0040” and before the United States Court of Federal
               Claims in Case No. 13-86C and/or Case No. 15-348C.

               REQUEST NO. 4: All documents and/or communications related
               to assignments of: (1) KCP&L’s claims and/or rights to proceeds
               from the claims brought in KCP&L’s “Claim for Reimbursement
               of Costs in Defense of Wrongful Death Action Contract No.
               GS06P05TEC0040” and before the United States Court of Federal
               Claims in Case No. 13-86C and/or Case No. 15-348C; (2)
               KCP&L’s right to proceeds from the aforementioned claim or
               claims; and/or (3) the obligation or obligations of KCP&L, AEGIS
               Insurance Services, Inc., and/or Associated Electric & Gas
               Insurance Services Limited to make payments to the Eubank
               plaintiffs resulting from the settlement.

Id. at 2. On December 6, 2016, AEGIS responded to defendant by letter, claiming that the
subpoena seeks documents in possession of one of the parties to the litigation and that the
subpoena is unduly burdensome pursuant to RCFC 45(d)(1). Id. at 2-3. On December 8, 2016,
plaintiff and defendant participated in a conference call in an attempt to determine which
documents were responsive to defendant’s subpoena. Id. at 3. Following the telephone call,
plaintiff produced over 1,000 documents to defendant. Id. Plaintiff thus claims that, as a result
of this production, defendant has the documents it originally sought from AEGIS. Id. In its




                                               -14-
motion, therefore, plaintiff seeks to quash defendant’s third-party subpoena to AEGIS pursuant
to RCFC 45(d)(3)(A), and the entry of a protective order pursuant to RCFC 26(c). 3

                                       A. Legal Standard

       RCFC 45 provides:

               On timely motion, the court must quash or modify a subpoena that:

                (i) fails to allow a reasonable time to comply;

                (ii) requires a person who is neither a party nor a party’s officer
                to comply beyond the limitations specified in RCFC 45(c);

                (iii) requires disclosure of privileged or other protected matter, if
                no exception of waiver applies; or

                (iv) subjects a person to undue burden.

RCFC 45(d)(3)(A). If a party seeks—pursuant to RCFC 45—to quash a subpoena issued to a
third party, it must first establish that it has standing to do so. Estate of Ungar v. Palestinian
Auth., 332 F. App’x 643, 645 (2d Cir. 2009); accord Langford v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 513
F.2d 1121, 1126 (2d Cir. 1975) (“In the absence of a claim of privilege a party usually does not
have standing to object to a subpoena directed to a non-party witness.” (citing 5A James Wm.
Moore, Federal Practice ¶ 45.05(2) (2d ed. 1974))). “Ordinarily a party has no standing to seek
to quash a subpoena issued to someone who is not a party to the action, unless the objecting
party claims some personal right or privilege with regard to the documents sought.” 9A Charles
Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 2459 (3d ed. 2008); accord Brown v.
Braddick, 595 F.2d 961, 967 (5th Cir. 1979) (concluding that movants who failed to assert a
valid privilege claim lacked standing to move to quash a subpoena duces tecum directed to a
third party).

                                          B. Discussion

                              1. The Parties’ Respective Positions

       Plaintiff asserts three arguments in support of its motion to quash defendant’s third-party
subpoena. Pl.’s Mot. Quash 6-9. First, plaintiff claims that defendant’s subpoena is unduly
burdensome to nonparty AEGIS because defendant already sought the same information directly
from plaintiff. Id. at 6. Second, plaintiff claims that the subpoena seeks information protected
from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege, the work product doctrine, and the insurer-
insured privilege. Id. at 6-8. According to plaintiff, under the common-interest doctrine,
communications made by plaintiff or its attorneys to AEGIS related to the Eubank litigation and


       3
          Plaintiff also refers to RCFC 45(c)(3)(A) in support of its motion to quash and for a
protective order, but there is no such subsection within RCFC 45.
                                                -15-
the instant action are protected by the attorney-client privilege or work product doctrine. Id. at 7-
8. Third, plaintiff contends that the discovery defendant seeks from AEGIS in the subpoena is
irrelevant as a matter of law because defendant’s offset defense is irrelevant. Id. at 8-9. Lastly,
although not raised as a substantive argument in support of its motion, plaintiff claims that it has
standing to move to quash defendant’s subpoena to AEGIS because it has a legitimate interest in
quashing the subpoena—a claim of privilege as to the subpoenaed materials. Id. at 5-6.

        In its response to plaintiff’s motion to quash, defendant notes that in addition to issuing a
third-party subpoena to AEGIS, it also propounded numerous discovery requests directly on
plaintiff. Def.’s Resp. Mot. Quash 2-4. Next, defendant advances two substantive arguments in
opposition to plaintiff’s motion. First, defendant attacks plaintiff’s standing to move to quash the
AEGIS subpoena. Id. at 5-11. Defendant argues that (1) plaintiff does not contend that it has
standing to raise undue burden or relevance in response to a third-party subpoena, (2) plaintiff’s
claim that it has a legitimate interest in quashing the subpoena does not relate to undue burden on
AEGIS or relevance, and (3) the decisions plaintiff relies on in support of its contention that it
has standing to move to quash a third-party subpoena can be distinguished on various grounds—
most significantly that several of the cases involve the interests at issue in criminal prosecutions,
not civil matters. Id. at 6-9.

        Alternatively, defendant argues that even if plaintiff does have standing, AEGIS is not
unduly burdened by the subpoena and the material identified in the subpoena is relevant. Id. at
9-14. With respect to the issue of undue burden, defendant contends that but for plaintiff’s
refusal to provide complete responses to defendant’s discovery requests, defendant would not
have needed to subpoena AEGIS. Id. at 9-10. In the same vein, defendant further contends that
there is no support for plaintiff’s suggestion that defendant was obliged to wait for the court’s
resolution of plaintiff’s motion to strike defendant’s seventh affirmative defense prior to seeking
the desired discovery from an alternative source. Id. at 10-11. Next, defendant challenges
plaintiff’s assertion that the subpoenaed information “is all equally recoverable from KCP&L,”
claiming instead that “it is likely that AEGIS Insurance Services, Inc. has additional documents
related to these issues that it may not have shared with KCP&L.” Id. at 11. Finally, defendant
suggests that if the court concludes that the third-party subpoena is unduly burdensome, rather
than quashing it, the court should simply “modify it to ameliorate the purported burden.” Id.

        With respect to the issue of relevance, defendant contends that documents related to “set
off amounts paid by AEGIS to KCP&L” are clearly relevant to defendant’s offset defense and
damages generally. Id. at 12-13. Defendant also notes that AEGIS never timely objected to the
third-party subpoena on relevance grounds and therefore the relevance objection was waived. Id.
at 13-14.

        Defendant’s second substantive argument in opposition to plaintiff’s motion to quash is
that plaintiff cannot demonstrate that it has an interest—based on the attorney-client privilege,
work product protection, or insurer-insured privilege—in the documents at issue. Id. at 14-28.
First, defendant addresses the insurer-insured privilege, arguing that no such privilege is
recognized under federal law. Id. at 14-15. Second, defendant addresses the attorney-client
privilege and work product protection. Id. at 15-28. According to defendant, plaintiff’s
contention that by virtue of the common-interest doctrine, the documents sought are protected

                                                -16-
from disclosure lacks merit. Id. Specifically, defendant argues that plaintiff can only seek to
protect its own documents and that AEGIS never claimed that the material sought was
privileged. Id. at 15. In addition, defendant argues that even if the common-interest doctrine did
apply, the court would have no way of assessing such a claim because neither AEGIS nor
plaintiff identified which documents were withheld as either privileged or protected. Id.
Alternatively, defendant avers that even if the court were to consider whether the common-
interest doctrine applies, plaintiff has not shown that it does. Id. at 16. According to defendant,
plaintiff fails to demonstrate that (1) all of the disclosures it made to AEGIS were “due to actual
or anticipated litigation,” (2) the communications between AEGIS and KCP&L regarding the
“payment of settlement and litigation costs were anything other than business-related,” and (3)
AEGIS and KCP&L share an identical legal interest such that communications protected by the
attorney-client privilege may be shared between them without waiving the privilege. Id. at 16-18
(internal quotation marks omitted).

        To the extent that the common-interest doctrine does apply, defendant argues that the
documents sought are not covered by either the attorney-client privilege or work product
doctrine. Id. at 21-28. Regarding the attorney-client privilege, defendant notes that although the
documents sought in Request for Production No. 1 of the third-party subpoena are similar to
those sought in defendant’s first set of requests for production from plaintiff—both seek
information about payments made by AEGIS related to the Eubank litigation—plaintiff only
asserted a relevancy objection in response to defendant’s first set of requests for production. Id.
at 22-23. In other words, defendant notes that plaintiff did not object to the first set of requests
for production on either attorney-client privilege or work product doctrine grounds, as it now
claims with respect to defendant’s third-party subpoena. Id. Thus, defendant argues that
plaintiff has waived the right to now assert that these materials are privileged or protected. Id. at
23.

        Defendant also notes a similar discrepancy between plaintiff’s objections to defendant’s
second set of interrogatories and requests for production and plaintiff’s objection to the third-
party subpoena. Id. Thus, defendant contends that plaintiff cannot assert the attorney-client
privilege and work product doctrine in response to defendant’s similar Request for Production
Nos. 3 and 4 in the AEGIS subpoena. Id. Furthermore, defendant notes that although plaintiff
claims that the documents defendant seeks in Request for Production No. 18 in its second set of
requests for production from plaintiff are protected by both the attorney-client and work product
doctrine, plaintiff neglected to produce a log of such documents, as required by RCFC 26(b)(5).
Id. at 24. Lastly, defendant complains that plaintiff erroneously assumes that every document
sought by the third-party subpoena “will be a communication between KCP&L and an attorney
to which the attorney-client privilege applies.” Id.

       Regarding the work product doctrine, defendant contends that plaintiff fails to identify,
through a log, those documents it claims are protected. Id. at 24-25. Defendant also notes:

               [T]he fact specific determination as to whether materials were
               created to assist in pending or impending litigation is less likely to
               result in a finding of work product protection when the documents
               sought were created by or for an insurance company in the course

                                                -17-
               of its investigation and consideration of the claims brought against
               the insured.

Id. at 26. In addition, although defendant argues that plaintiff claims that a great deal of the
information sought in the third-party subpoena “relates to KCP&L’s counsel’s legal strategy and
evaluation of the underlying Eubank litigation and/or evaluation of the current case,” plaintiff
waived the work product protection “by bringing this indemnification lawsuit seeking
reimbursement of attorney’s fees.” Id. at 27 (internal quotation marks omitted). Defendant also
claims that plaintiff waived its right to assert the work product doctrine with respect to
information sought by the third-party subpoena since it failed to do so in response to defendant’s
Interrogatory No. 7, which seeks information about “the circumstances surrounding the
preparation of plaintiff’s ‘claim for Reimbursement of Costs in Defense of Wrongful Death
Action . . . .’” Id. Finally, defendant urges the court to find—even if it does not find that
plaintiff waived the work product protection—that plaintiff’s counsel’s legal strategy and
evaluation of the Eubank case is key to evaluating plaintiff’s reasonableness in settling the
underlying matter. Id. at 28. According to defendant, the court should, therefore—pursuant to
RCFC 26(b)(3)(A)(ii), which permits a party to obtain work product in discovery when it is
crucial to its case—deny plaintiff’s motion to quash and allow defendant access to the
information it seeks. Id.

         In its reply, plaintiff claims that its motion to quash is now moot because AEGIS objected
to and did not comply with the subpoena. Pl.’s Reply Mot. Quash 1. However, plaintiff
simultaneously contends that the issues raised in its motion remain unresolved. Id. Plaintiff
argues that although its motion was untimely, the court may still consider whether the subpoena
is overbroad and whether the materials sought are privileged. Id. at 2. Plaintiff also argues that
it has standing to challenge a third-party subpoena because plaintiff and AEGIS shared a
common interest at the time the privileged communications occurred. Id. at 3-4. According to
plaintiff, “[t]he fact that AEGIS waived subrogation or reimbursement from the proceeds of this
subsequent action does not mean that it did not have a common interest in the underlying Eubank
litigation, such as would protect communications between KCP&L and AEGIS related to the
resolution of the case.” Id. at 4. Lastly, plaintiff contends that its communications with AEGIS
are protected by an insured-insurer privilege where those communications were made with the
purpose of assisting the insurer’s attorney in the defense of a claim or possible claim against the
insured. Id. at 5.

                                           2. Analysis

  a. Insofar as Plaintiff Claims That Information Responsive to the AEGIS Subpoena Is
                   Privileged, Plaintiff’s Motion to Quash Is Premature

       Plaintiff claims that it has standing to move to quash the AEGIS subpoena because the
information plaintiff seeks, “communications and documents related to the settlement of the
underlying Eubank matter[, is] . . . protected from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege, the
work-product doctrine, and/or the insurer-insured privilege.” Pl.’s Mot. Quash 6-7. However, as
with plaintiff’s response to defendant’s motion to compel discovery, plaintiff’s motion to quash
simply does not provide the court with a sufficiently fleshed-out dispute for resolution. Thus,

                                                -18-
plaintiff will obtain from AEGIS copies of the documents and communications that are
responsive to defendant’s subpoena. If, based on its review of the information, plaintiff
concludes that some or all of it is privileged, it will prepare a detailed privilege log for
defendant’s consideration. Of course, this approach presumes that AEGIS has not yet provided
defendant with responsive information. If AEGIS has already complied with defendant’s
subpoena, and if defendant is already in receipt of information the court later deems privileged,
an appropriate protective order, with retroactive effect, will be jointly crafted by the parties
pursuant to RCFC 26(c), and then and entered by the court.

  b. Insofar as Plaintiff Claims That Information Responsive to the AEGIS Subpoena Is
                    Irrelevant, Plaintiff’s Motion to Quash Lacks Merit

        In addition to claiming that the information defendant seeks in the AEGIS subpoena is
protected by various privileges, plaintiff also claims that the subpoena seeks irrelevant
information to the extent that it seeks documents and communications related to defendant’s
offset defense. However, in denying plaintiff’s motion to strike that defense, the court concluded
that—at this point in the proceedings—the defense was an appropriate area for discovery. See
Kan. City Power & Light Co., 2017 WL 1149587, at *6-8.

  c. Plaintiff Lacks Standing to Claim That the AEGIS Subpoena Is Overly Burdensome

        Lastly, insofar as plaintiff objects to the AEGIS subpoena on the grounds that it is overly
burdensome, plaintiff lacks standing to assert such a claim. See Winter v. Bisso Marine Co.,
Civil Action No. 13-5191, 2014 WL 3778833, at *1 (E.D. La. July 29, 2014) (“Plaintiff has no
standing to object to the subpoena on the basis that it is unduly burdensome to the third party, . . .
.”); Malibu Media, LLC v. John Does No. 1-30, Civil Action No. 12-3896-MAS, 2012 WL
6203697, at *3 (D.N.J. Dec. 12, 2012) (“[A] party generally does not have standing to challenge
a third[-]party subpoena based on a theory of undue burden.”); Pub. Serv. Co. of Okla. v. A Plus,
Inc., No. CIV-10-651-D, 2011 WL 691204, at *5 (W.D. Okla. Feb. 16, 2011) (“Even if a party
has standing to challenge a subpoena directed to a third party on privacy or privilege grounds, he
may not challenge that subpoena on the grounds that the information imposes an undue burden
on the subpoenaed party.”); Robertson v. Cartinhour, Civil Action No. AW-09-3436, 2010 WL
716221, at *1 (D. Md. Feb. 23, 2010) (“Generally, to have standing to challenge a subpoena, a
person must assert his own legal interests. A party does not have standing to challenge a
subpoena issued to a non-party ‘unless the party claims some personal right or privilege in the
information sought by the subpoena.’” (quoting United States v. Idema, 118 F. App’x 740, 744
(4th Cir. 2005))). But see Wahoo Int’l, Inc. v. Phix Doctor, Inc., No. 13cv1395-GPC (BLM),
2014 WL 3573400, at *6 (S.D. Cal. July 18, 2014) (denying motion to quash third-party
subpoena on the grounds of burdensomeness because movant failed to provide any evidence
regarding the burden that would be imposed on the third party and because the third party did not
move to quash on those grounds).




                                                -19-
                    III. MOTION FOR LEAVE TO USE DEPOSITIONS

                                       A. Legal Standard

        The final motion before the court is plaintiff’s motion, pursuant to RCFC 32, for leave to
use depositions taken in the underlying wrongful death suit. RCFC 32 generally governs the use
of depositions “[a]t a hearing or trial,” and states that “all or part of a deposition may be used
against a party” if

               (A) the party was present or represented at the taking of the
               deposition or had reasonable notice of it;

               (B) it is used to the extent it would be admissible under the
               Federal Rules of Evidence [(“FRE”)] if the deponent were present
               and testifying; and

               (C) the use is allowed by RCFC 32(a)(2) through (8).

RCFC 32(a)(1)(A)-(C). With respect to depositions taken in an earlier action, the rule
specifically provides:

               A deposition lawfully taken and, if required, filed in any federal-
               or state-court action may be used in a later action involving the
               same subject matter between the same parties, or their
               representatives or successors in interest, to the same extent as if
               taken in the later action. A deposition previously taken may also
               be used as allowed by the [FRE].

RCFC 32(a)(8). In other words, “admission of deposition testimony as evidence under [RCFC
32(a)] is dependent upon meeting the requirements of the rules of evidence.” Long Island Sav.
Bank, FSB v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. 157, 163 (2004); accord Anchor Sav. Bank, FSB v.
United States, No. 95-39C, 2005 WL 6112617, at *3 (Fed. Cl. May 17, 2005). Thus, although
“[d]eposition testimony is generally inadmissible at trial because, in many (if not most)
circumstances it is hearsay, under FRE 801(d)” certain statements “made by a declarant outside
of trial testimony, are not hearsay,” and therefore are admissible. Anchor Sav. Bank, FSB, 2005
WL 6112617, at *1. Such nonhearsay statements include (1) “a declarant-witness’s prior
statement,” and (2) “an opposing party’s statement,” as defined by FRE 801(d). Alternatively,
the FRE provide that even if the statements are hearsay, they may nevertheless be admissible
under FRE 804. In order for deposition testimony to be admissible under FRE 804, “the party
seeking to admit the prior statement must first demonstrate that the declarant is ‘unavailable’ as a
witness.” Id.; accord FRE 804(a) (describing the criteria for demonstrating unavailability).
Next, the prior statement must qualify as one of the rule’s enumerated exceptions. For example,
if the prior statement is offered under the “former testimony” exception, it must be “[t]estimony
that: (A) was given as a witness at a trial, hearing, or lawful deposition, whether given during the
current proceeding or a different one; and (B) is now offered against a party who had—or, in a
civil case, whose predecessor in interest had—an opportunity and similar motive to develop it by

                                                -20-
direct, cross-, or redirect examination.” FRE 804(b)(1). Finally, pursuant to Appendix A to the
RCFC, if a party seeks to introduce hearsay statements at trial, it must file a motion:

               Any party intending to present substantive evidence by way of
               deposition testimony, other than as provided by [FRE] 801(d),
               shall serve and file a separate motion for leave to file the transcript
               of such testimony. The motion shall show cause why
               the deposition testimony should be admitted and identify
               specifically the portions of the transcript(s) the party intends to use
               at trial. See RCFC 32(a). If the motion is granted, only those
               identified portions of the transcript may be filed.

RCFC App. A, ¶ 15.

                                           B. Discussion

                              1. The Parties’ Respective Positions

        In its motion, plaintiff seeks, pursuant to RCFC 32, an order from the court allowing it to
use fifteen fact-witness depositions that were taken in Eubank v. Kansas City Power & Light,
No. 4:07-cv-00861-GAF (W.D. Mo.), as substantive evidence in the case currently before the
court. Pl.’s Mot. Deps. 1-2. According to plaintiff, such use should be permitted because both
cases involve the same subject matter and the same parties. Id. at 3-7. With respect to the rule’s
same party requirement, plaintiff argues that it is of no moment that the plaintiff in Eubank is not
a party to the instant action. Id. at 4-5. Rather, plaintiff contends, the key is that defendant had
the same motivation to examine the deponents in the underlying action as it does now:

               In the federal Eubank case, the Government had the motive, the
               opportunity, and the inclination—as shown by the questions and
               testimony below—to depose witnesses on the same subject matter
               at issue in this case. Although the Eubank case involved issues of
               liability as well as the Government’s duty to indemnify KCP&L, . .
               . the case involved the same accident or chain of events.

Id. at 6.

         In its response, defendant claims that plaintiff has failed to meet its burden under RCFC
32 to demonstrate that the introduction of the deposition transcripts at trial is permissible. Def.’s
Resp. Deps. 2-11. Arguing that plaintiff “vastly oversimplifies the applicability” of RCFC 32,
id. at 1, defendant contends first that the rule only permits the introduction of deposition
testimony if used against a party at a hearing or trial, id. at 2-3. Therefore, defendant asserts,
plaintiff cannot “attempt to use deposition testimony for any possible reason and in any posture.”
Id. at 3.

        Second, defendant contends that the rule only permits the introduction of such testimony
to the extent that it would otherwise be admissible—pursuant to the FRE—if offered live. Id. at

                                                -21-
4-11. According to defendant, plaintiff has failed to make such a showing and should not be
allowed to do so retroactively. Id. at 5. In addition, defendant argues that plaintiff has failed to
demonstrate that its proposed use of the deposition testimony is both permitted by RCFC 32(a)’s
allowances and not prohibited by RCFC 32(a)’s limitations. Id. at 5-11. Specifically, defendant
challenges plaintiff’s reliance on RCFC 32(a)(8) for the admission of the deposition testimony.
Id. at 7-8. According to defendant, subsection (a)(8) of the rule merely states that a lawfully
taken deposition may be used in a later proceeding involving the same subject matter between
the same parties to the same extent as if taken in the later action. Id. at 7. The section does not,
defendant adds, “create an independent avenue for KCP&L to introduce” the deposition
testimony at issue. Id. at 8. In the alternative, defendant claims that even if plaintiff satisfied the
rule’s threshold requirements, plaintiff failed to demonstrate that the Eubank litigation involved
the same subject matter and parties. Id. at 8-11. According to defendant, the Eubank case dealt
with “a wrongful death action alleging negligence and a loss of consortium” against KCP&L,
whereas the instant action deals with “KCP&L’s claims that the government breached its
contract for electrical service with KCP&L by failing to defend it during the Eubank litigation
and indemnify it for costs of the litigation, and that such costs and defense were required under
the contracts’ [sic] indemnification clause.” Id. at 9. Defendant further maintains that, even
under what it describes as a less exacting “substantial identity of the issues” standard, plaintiff
cannot meet its burden. Id. at 9-11.

        Third, defendant avers that the case law relied upon by plaintiff in support of its motion is
dated, vague, and nonbinding. Id. at 11-12.

        Fourth, defendant contends that even if RCFC 32(a)(8) were found to support plaintiff’s
use of Eubank deposition testimony at trial, and independent of the rule’s other requirements and
the FRE, live testimony is always preferred. Id. at 14-15. Defendant further notes that “RCFC
32(a)(4)(E) requires that a party demonstrate ‘that exceptional circumstances make it desirable—
in the interest of justice and with due regard to the importance of live testimony in open court—
to permit the deposition to be used,’” and that plaintiff has never claimed that any of the
witnesses were unavailable to testify in person. Id. at 15 (quoting RCFC 32(a)(4)(E)).

         Fifth, defendant argues that if the court does grant plaintiff’s motion, the court should (1)
require plaintiff to designate discrete portions of the deposition testimony it wishes to have
admitted; (2) permit defendant to submit counter designations; and (3) permit defendant to
include, on its witness list for trial, “any witnesses whose testimony KCP&L attempts to use
through designations in lieu of live testimony and subpoena those witnesses to testify in person
at trial.” Id.

         In addition to claiming that plaintiff has, for the reasons enumerated above, failed to meet
its burden under RCFC 32(a) to demonstrate that the introduction of the deposition transcripts at
trial is permissible, defendant claims that plaintiff has not demonstrated that it may use the
deposition testimony to support a future motion for summary judgment. Id. at 16-18. According
to defendant, if plaintiff seeks to use portions of the deposition transcripts in support of a motion
for summary judgment, plaintiff must—under RCFC 56—“support the admissibility of the
deposition testimony . . . [and] demonstrate that such testimony was provided under oath.” Id. at
17.

                                                 -22-
        In its reply, plaintiff advances three arguments. First, plaintiff contends that defendant
confuses plaintiff’s desire to use the Eubank deposition transcripts at trial in the instant case with
their admissibility generally. Pl.’s Reply Deps. 1-4. Plaintiff claims:

               KCP&L solely requests that the deposition testimony taken in the
               underlying Eubank litigation be permitted to be used in the same
               manner as any other depositions taken in this case before trial.
               Those include impeachment at trial, unavailability of a witness at
               trial, summary judgment, or any other purpose within the court’s
               discretion. KCP&L’s motion seeks to use the deposition
               transcriptions taken in the underlying Eubank case, to which the
               Government and KCP&L were both parties, in the instant case.
               KCP&L’s motion does not petition the Court, any more than
               KCP&L petitioned the Court in the underlying proceeding, to
               admit any specific portion of those depositions at trial. The
               specific depositions have not been assessed as to their relevance.
               The issue was not adequately developed in the parties[’]
               memoranda. Some of the deposition testimony may be admissible,
               and some portions of the depositions properly objected to may be
               excludable.

Id. at 4.

        Second, plaintiff argues that the issues in the instant case are substantially similar to those
in the Eubank case such that “[t]he opportunity to cross examine the witnesses on the relevant
issues was present, and the witnesses were fairly examined on the subject matter for which their
testimony may be relevant in this case.” Id. at 5.

        Third, plaintiff avers that its motion was “only meant to serve the goals of fairness and
efficiency.” Id. (alterations omitted). In other words, plaintiff suggests that it only made the
motion “so that the witnesses’ depositions taken in the underlying case do not have to be
duplicated.” Id. at 6.

                                             2. Analysis

         The court will deny plaintiff’s motion without prejudice since it is not sufficiently
detailed. In its motion, plaintiff seeks permission to use fifteen depositions taken in the Eubank
litigation as evidence in the instant case. In support of its motion, plaintiff argues that (1) both
cases involve the same subject matter, (2) both cases involve the same insurance policies, and (3)
defendant’s motivation when it cross-examined the witnesses in the Eubank litigation was the
same then as it would be today if it were to cross-examine the witnesses. However, at no point
in its motion does plaintiff specify which portions of the depositions it wishes to use in the
current action, nor does it indicate the purpose for which it seeks to use the depositions.
Curiously, in its reply, although plaintiff appears to acknowledge the flaws in its motion, it
nevertheless maintains its position. Specifically, while plaintiff chastises defendant for

                                                 -23-
conflating plaintiff’s desire to use the Eubank depositions from the underlying action with their
admissibility generally, plaintiff concedes the vagueness of its motion by acknowledging that no
specific portions of the depositions have been (1) identified for admission, or (2) assessed for
relevance, or (3) assessed for admissibility. Thus, while it may be true that the two cases involve
the same subject matter and the same parties, that defendant’s approach to the witnesses would
be the same today as it was when defendant developed their testimonies in defense of the Eubank
case, and that plaintiff’s stated reason for filing the instant motion—to more efficiently prosecute
its case—is laudable, the court cannot, as it stressed above with respect to defendant’s motion to
compel, rule in the abstract. Rather, the court must have before it those specific portions of the
fifteen deposition transcripts plaintiff seeks to use in this case and the reasons why plaintiff
believes such use is permitted by the FRE, as “incorporated by reference into Rule 32 of the
Rules of the Court of Federal Claims.” Anchor Sav. Bank, FSB, 2005 WL 6112617, at *1.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       In sum, the court:

               1.      GRANTS in part and DENIES in part, without prejudice, defendant’s
                       motion to compel the production of documents and answers to requests for
                       admission. With respect to defendant’s requests for production of
                       documents, plaintiff will provide defendant with amended responses on or
                       by Monday, May 22, 2017. If plaintiff withholds documents on the basis
                       of privilege, it will provide defendant with a detailed privilege log on or
                       by Monday, May 22, 2017. With respect to defendant’s request for
                       admission Nos. 1 through 6, plaintiff will provide defendant with amended
                       responses on or by Monday, May 22, 2017.

               2.      GRANTS in part and DENIES in part, without prejudice, plaintiff’s
                       motion to quash the AEGIS subpoena. Plaintiff will obtain from AEGIS
                       copies of the documents and communications that are responsive to
                       defendant’s subpoena on or by Monday, May 22, 2017. If, based on its
                       review of the information, plaintiff concludes that some or all of it is
                       privileged, it will prepare a detailed privilege log for defendant’s
                       consideration on or by Monday, June 5, 2017.

               3.      DENIES, without prejudice, plaintiff’s motion for leave to use the fifteen
                       fact-witness depositions taken in the underlying wrongful death suit. If
                       plaintiff desires to renew its motion for leave to use the depositions, it will
                       file its motion on or by Monday, May 22, 2017.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.


                                                       s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
                                                       MARGARET M. SWEENEY
                                                       Judge

                                                -24-
