                            In the
 United States Court of Appeals
              For the Seventh Circuit
                        ____________

No. 06-3930
LEE ANN SCHMIDT,
                                              Plaintiff-Appellant,
                               v.

MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, COMMISSIONER
OF SOCIAL SECURITY,

                                             Defendant-Appellee.
                        ____________
           Appeal from the United States District Court
             for the Western District of Wisconsin.
             No. 05 C 741—John C. Shabaz, Judge.
                        ____________
       ARGUED MAY 4, 2007—DECIDED AUGUST 8, 2007
                        ____________


  Before POSNER, MANION, and KANNE, Circuit Judges.
  MANION, Circuit Judge. Lee Ann Schmidt appeals the
district court’s order upholding the denial of her applica-
tions for disability insurance benefits and supplemental
security income by the Social Security Administration.
Schmidt contends that the administrative law judge
(“ALJ”) erred by not giving controlling weight to her
treating physicians’ opinions, by finding that her testimony
lacked credibility, and by failing to take into account
additional limitations when questioning the vocational
expert. We affirm.
2                                              No. 06-3930

                            I.
  Lee Ann Schmidt suffers from a series of health prob-
lems, beginning with a back injury that she sustained at
work in November 1996. She sought treatment from
T. Sunil Thomas, M.D., from January 1997 through March
1998. Dr. Thomas performed two surgeries on Schmidt’s
back, a left-side laminectomy and disketomy at L5-S1, and
an anterior disketomy and fusion at L5-S1.
  In May 1998, Schmidt moved to Oklahoma and continued
her treatment with Jeffery Nees, M.D. On December 14,
1998, Dr. Nees stated that Schmidt had a normal gait, good
bilateral heel and toe walking, and she showed “no gross
deficits to my exam today.” He concluded that Schmidt
“ha[d] reached fairly maximum medical benefit,” and
released her from his care with the understanding that
she would undertake vocational rehabilitation. Approxi-
mately one month later, Dr. Nees stated that, in his opin-
ion, Schmidt’s existing ailments resulted in a 45% perma-
nent disability. He further opined that Schmidt could
return to limited employment on February 1, 1999, with the
restriction that she not lift more than fifteen pounds at a
time, avoid repetitive bending, stooping, or twisting, and
that she be allowed to change position freely.
  Schmidt returned to Wisconsin and to Dr. Thomas for
evaluation and follow-up care. In November 1999, Dr.
Thomas completed a Wisconsin Department of Workforce
Development form indicating that Schmidt was able to
work part-time, with limitations. Approximately two
months later, Dr. Thomas opined that he agreed with Dr.
Nees’ assessment of Schmidt, including Dr. Nees’ conclu-
sion that Schmidt had been capable of working half-days
(four hours per day) since February 1, 1999.
No. 06-3930                                                 3

  Two years later, in February 2002, Nathaniel S. Jalil,
M.D., an internist/nephrologist, evaluated Schmidt. Dr.
Jalil opined that Schmidt had “no significant past medical
history except for depression[,]” for which “she is on
Zoloft.” Schmidt reported to Dr. Jalil that she had a
“history of pain in both knee joints off and on for many
years.” She also stated that she had been working at a
new job that required her to stand continuously for four
hours, which caused her to experience pain in both of her
knee joints and her back. Dr. Jalil concluded that “[overall],
the patient is doing pretty good.” He prescribed an anti-
inflammatory for Schmidt’s sore knees, encouraged her to
continue walking, and referred her to Scott E. Cameron,
M.D., an orthopaedic surgeon. Dr. Cameron evaluated
Schmidt’s knees and diagnosed her with bilateral
hypermobile patellae with positive apprehension signs
bilaterally. He also noted that Schmidt had no effusion,
crepitance, tenderness, or arthritic changes, and her X-rays
were unremarkable. Finally, Dr. Cameron recommended
that Schmidt adjust her lifestyle to accommodate her knees.
  In March 2002, Somsak Tanawattanacharoen, M.D.,
evaluated Schmidt for chronic low back pain. Schmidt told
Dr. Tanawattanacharoen that she was working part-time
with a work restriction due to her low back pain. In his
examination of Schmidt, Dr. Tanawattanacharoen found no
evidence of lumbar disc syndrome, no tenderness or
muscle spasms, normal bilateral straight-leg raising,
normal neurological functions, 5/5 muscle strength in the
lower extremities, no weakness of the big toe muscles, and
intact sensation along the lateral aspects of both feet. Dr.
Tanawattanacharoen then prescribed anti-inflammatory
medication and physical therapy. Later that month,
Schmidt failed to show up for her first physical therapy
4                                                No. 06-3930

session because she forgot about it, but she stated that
she would reschedule after she returned from a two-
week vacation if she was still having problems. Schmidt
never rescheduled.
  In July 2002, Schmidt called Dr. Jalil’s office to request
medication to alleviate her back pain, and Dr. Jalil pre-
scribed Ultracet. Later that month, Dr. Jalil reevaluated
Schmidt, who was requesting a doctor’s note stating that
she needed to live on a first-floor apartment in addition to
pain medication samples. Dr. Jalil noted that Schmidt
complained that she still was experiencing back pain that
radiated down her legs stemming from her back surgery,
and that she was taking medication that he prescribed to
her to alleviate her pain. Other than her back pain, Dr. Jalil
opined that Schmidt was “doing very good.” Following
his examination, he provided Schmidt with the note that
she requested and some medication samples.
  In July 2002 and January 2003, two physicians working
on behalf of a state agency reviewed Schmidt’s medical
records.1 They concluded that Schmidt could perform
work consistent with medium exertion. The state physi-
cians noted, however, that Schmidt had postural limita-
tions on some activities, such as stooping, kneeling,
crouching, and crawling.
  In February 2003, Schmidt returned to Dr. Jalil complain-
ing about a recent flare-up of her back and joint pain. Dr.
Jalil referred Schmidt to a rheumatologist, Marlon J.
Navarro, M.D. When Dr. Navarro examined Schmidt a


1
  In March 2002, Schmidt applied for disability insurance
benefits and supplemental security income, which triggered the
state agency’s review of her medical records.
No. 06-3930                                               5

few days later, she complained of constant dull back pain,
constant numbness and tingling in her left leg, increased
stiffness in her lower back, intermittent ankle, wrist,
hand, and hip pain, hypermobile patellae, and swollen
knee and ankle joints. She also told Dr. Navarro that she
was performing all of her activities of daily living, but
she was no longer employed, and she was applying for
Social Security disability. Dr. Navarro opined that Schmidt
had a normal neurological examination with intact sensa-
tion and systematic normal deep tendon reflexes in both
her upper and lower extremities. While Schmidt stated
that it was too painful for her to flex her lumbar spine,
Dr. Navaro found that her right and left rotation and
flexion were normal. He further opined that Schmidt’s
sacroiliac maneuvers were negative, she had no spinal
tenderness, and her total body examination did not reveal
any swelling, restricted motion, tenderness, or instability.
Ultimately, Dr. Navarro diagnosed Schmidt as suffering
from joint and back pain, and, with the exception of her
knee condition, Schmidt’s pain likely was the result of
early degenerative joint disease. He then recommended
that Schmidt use different pain medications and referred
her to a pain clinic for her joint pain.
  Approximately one week later, Schmidt had another
follow-up appointment with Dr. Jalil. Dr. Jalil noted that
Schmidt complained of back pain and pain radiating
into her lower extremities, especially on the left side.
Schmidt further complained of difficulty bending over,
sitting up from a supine position, and prolonged standing.
When Dr. Jalil examined Schmidt, he found no focal
neurological deficits and normal superficial and deep
tendon reflexes, but her gait was slightly unstable, her leg
raising was positive on the left, she had some spinal
6                                              No. 06-3930

tenderness, and she had a slight sensory deficit over her
big and second toes. Dr. Jalil reassured Schmidt that the
pain in her back was due to osteoarthritis and her previous
back surgeries, and noted that Schmidt had a generally
benign physical examination. He noted that “[a]t this
stage, not much can be done for her back pain[,]” and
he did not recommend any treatment beyond Schmidt’s
previously prescribed medications.
  The next month, April 2003, Schmidt returned to Dr. Jalil
complaining of numbness in her left leg. When Dr. Jalil
examined Schmidt, he again did not detect any additional
physical problems. He then referred Schmidt to a neurolo-
gist, Sarat Ahluwalia, M.D. Two weeks later, Dr. Ahluwalia
examined Schmidt. Schmidt complained of chronic back
and leg pain and new symptoms of right leg pain with
radiation. Following her examination, Dr. Ahluwalia
concluded that Schmidt was in no apparent distress and
had only mild neck tenderness. Schmidt’s motor examina-
tion showed normal strength in both of her upper ex-
tremities, but her lower extremity examination revealed
mild muscle weakness, some decreased sensation, and
brisk reflexes on her left side. Dr. Ahluwalia diagnosed
Schmidt as suffering from low back pain with some
radicular features and recommended that she undergo
another magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) scan of her
spine. Schmidt’s MRI of her lumbar spine showed satis-
factory post-operative changes, no defined recurrent or
residual disc protrusion or bulging, and only mild facet
degenerative changes and a possible cyst. The MRI of
Schmidt’s cervical spine showed a small broad-based
right disc protrusion with very mild stenosis. Dr.
Ahluwalia prescribed physical therapy, a Transcutaneous
Electrical Nerve Stimulation (“TENS”) unit, and med-
ication.
No. 06-3930                                               7

  In June 2003, Schmidt had an electromyograph (“EMG”)
and nerve conduction studies of her left leg, which showed
normal results with no evidence of radiculopathy or
neuropathy. That same month, Schmidt returned to Dr.
Ahluwalia for a follow-up examination. She reported that
her symptoms were unchanged. When Dr. Ahluwalia
examined Schmidt, she noted that Schmidt had normal
motor examination with full strength in all muscle groups,
with the exception of mild weakness in her left toe. She
also reviewed Schmidt’s diagnostic tests. Dr. Ahluwalia
concluded that Schmidt’s back and neck pain were
myofascial, so she recommended additional testing and
an MRI scan of Schmidt’s brain. She further recommended
that Schmidt continue taking her medication and under-
going physical therapy.
  The next week, Schmidt saw Dr. Jalil for a follow-up
examination. Schmidt again complained of numbness and
tingling in her upper and lower extremities, as well as neck
pain. Following his examination, Dr. Jalil noted that he
“did not find anything significant.” He slightly ad-
justed Schmidt’s pain medication and scheduled her for
a follow-up visit in three months.
  Contrary to Dr. Ahluwalia’s treatment plan, Schmidt
began skipping her physical therapy sessions. While
Schmidt attended two sessions in April 2003, she missed
her appointment on May 1, 2003. In notes dated July 23,
2003, Schmidt’s physical therapist stated that it was
unknown whether Schmidt met the goals of the treatment,
and if Schmidt continued to miss her appointments
without notification, then she “will be considered dis-
charged from treatment.” Schmidt never returned to
physical therapy.
8                                             No. 06-3930

  In October 2003, Schmidt returned to Dr. Jalil for a
follow-up examination. Schmidt complained of numerous
maladies, including short-term memory loss, numbness
and tingling in her lower extremities, dizziness, and a dry
cough. Following his examination, Dr. Jalil noted that
Schmidt had a normal ear examination, except for a little
fluid behind the right ear, an enlarged and swollen lymph
node on the right side of her neck, and bilateral rhonchi
and wheezing. He diagnosed Schmidt as suffering from
dizziness and vertigo, otitis media, and bronchitis, as
well as being a “chronic smoker.” Dr. Jalil adjusted
Schmidt’s medications and recommended that she aban-
don her smoking habit. He also ordered chest X-rays and
laboratory studies, all of which returned normal results.
  Two months later, in December 2003, Schmidt returned
to Dr. Jalil and asked him to sign a “Functional Capacity
Questionnaire” prepared by her attorney. On that question-
naire, Dr. Jalil noted that Schmidt suffered from arthritis
of the lumbar spine, status post-fusion, arthritis of the
cervical sine, and depression. He further stated that he
prescribed for Schmidt both pain medication and medica-
tion for her depression. Dr. Jalil also checked “yes” to
indicate that Schmidt had “chronic and disabling pain”;
that her emotional condition contributed to her pain; and
that she could not be expected to concentrate and pay
attention to details after performing sedentary work for
even a few hours. He further opined that Schmidt could
perform only very low-stress jobs with the limitation that
she be able to sit or stand at her option, and that she
was incapable of even sedentary work on a sustained
basis. Finally, Dr. Jalil opined that Schmidt either
would have to leave work early or miss work more than
four times per month.
No. 06-3930                                                    9

  In addition to her medical treatment for her physical
ailments, Schmidt also sought treatment for her mental
impairments from Marcus P. Desmonde, Psy.D/L.P.,
beginning in July 2002. Schmidt complained of depression
related to her physical problems and stated that she had
been taking Zoloft. Following his examination, Dr.
Desmonde noted that Schmidt’s concentration was above
average, and that she was outgoing, friendly, cooperative,
spontaneous, and uninhibited. Schmidt told Dr. Desmonde
that she did not have any thought disorders, suicidal or
homicidal ideation, or symptoms of anxiety or panic. She
also stated that the symptoms of her depression were “well
regulated on her Zoloft.” Dr. Desmonde diagnosed
Schmidt as suffering from an adjustment disorder with
depressed mode and assessed her Global Assessment of
Functioning (“GAF”) in the prior six months between fifty-
five and sixty, which indicated mild to moderate symp-
toms. He opined that Schmidt appeared capable of under-
standing simple to moderately complex instructions, as
well as interacting appropriately with supervisors, co-
workers, and the general public. Dr. Desmonde did note,
however, that Schmidt “may have difficulty tolerating
the stress and pressure of full time, competitive employ-
ment at this time.”
  In July 2002 and January 2003, two psychologists work-
ing on behalf of a state agency reviewed Schmidt’s medical
records.2 They concluded that Schmidt did not have any
significant work-related limitations caused by a mental
impairment.


2
  Like the state physicians’ review of Schmidt’s medical records,
this review was triggered by Schmidt’s March 2002 application
for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security
income.
10                                               No. 06-3930

  In January 2003, Schmidt began individual therapy
with a social worker, Mary T. Sirek, MSW. After missing
her first appointment, Schmidt met with Sirek, and her
chief complaints were pain and sadness. Schmidt endorsed
all of the symptoms of a major depressive disorder and
reported a previous suicide attempt that did not require
hospitalization. She also reported suffering from panic
attacks, but stated that taking Zoloft “helped significantly.”
Sirek diagnosed Schmidt as suffering from a major depres-
sive disorder, single episode, and panic disorder with
agoraphobia in remission. She also assessed Schmidt a
current GAF score of fifty-five, which indicated a moder-
ate impairment. Sirek recommended that Schmidt attend
bi-weekly therapy sessions.
  Schmidt returned two weeks later, and Sirek described
her as “very positive” and stated that she “looks very
good today.” Sirek also noted that noted that Schmidt “did
not complain of her pain,” nor did she “seem to be in as
much pain as she has been in the past.” Schmidt then
missed several therapy sessions and was not seen again
for more than two months. When Schmidt returned to
therapy in April 2003, Schmidt told Sirek that “for the most
part . . . things have been going quite well,” with the
exception of feeling increased pain in her back, hips, and
knee. Schmidt then missed another series of therapy
sessions. On June 13, 2003, Sirek noted that Schmidt “was
a no show four times and seen only three times,” and
“[s]he never responded to my letters regarding her no
shows.” Sirek concluded that Schmidt’s “appointments
were so scattered she never really invested in her goals.”
She then discharged Schmidt from her care, citing “patient
withdraw.”
 In October 2003, at the request of the state agency, Dr.
Desmonde re-evaluated Schmidt. Dr. Desmonde reviewed
No. 06-3930                                             11

his notes from his prior examinations of Schmidt, as well
as Sirek’s notes. He found no evidence of a personality
disorder. Ultimately, Dr. Desmonde concluded that his
current assessment was consistent with his July 2002
evaluation, namely that Schmidt suffered from an adjust-
ment disorder with depressed mood with mild to moderate
symptoms. He reiterated that she appeared “capable of
understanding simple to complex instructions and carry-
ing out tasks with reasonable persistence and pace for 2
to 3 hours. She interacts appropriately with co-workers,
supervisors and has little contact with the general public
in her current bookkeeping job.” Finally, he opined that
Schmidt “currently tolerates the stress and pressure of
part time employment, but may have difficulty tolerat-
ing the stress and pressure of full time, competitive
employment.”
  In March 2002, during the time that she was being treated
for the physical and mental conditions discussed above,
Schmidt applied for disability insurance benefits (“DIB”)
and supplemental security income (“SSI”), alleging a
disability onset date of January 24, 2002. Specifically,
Schmidt’s applications stated that her ability to work is
limited because of her “[l]ower back fusion, with nerve
damage. Both knees dislocate very easy.” The Social
Security Administration (“Agency”) denied Schmidt’s
applications at the initial stage and on reconsideration.
Schmidt then requested a hearing on her claim before
an ALJ.
  During the hearing before the ALJ, Schmidt was repre-
sented by counsel and testified on her own behalf. In
addition to testifying about her back and knee pain,
Schmidt testified that she could no longer perform her
former, part-time job as a bookkeeper in a typical office
12                                               No. 06-3930

setting because she needed to get up and move around, she
could not sit for long periods of time, and she made errors
due to her pain. She also testified that she was able to
drive, perform household chores, cook, wash dishes, and
launder her clothes. Schmidt stated, however, that she had
difficulty with grocery shopping and had problems using
stairs. Finally, Schmidt testified that she was taking both
pain and anti-inflammatory medicine, in addition to over-
the-counter Tylenol.
  A vocational expert also testified during Schmidt’s
hearing before the ALJ. The ALJ asked the vocational
expert a hypothetical question regarding an individual of
Schmidt’s age, education, and previous work experience
who had similar impairments, including back and leg pain,
pain and numbness in her hand and arm, knee pain,
bilateral hyper-mobile knees, and who suffers from
depression and adjustment disorder with depressed mood.
Additionally, the ALJ asked the vocational expert to
assume that the hypothetical individual was able to
perform light work with a sit/stand option and no more
than occasional bending, twisting, stooping, kneeling,
crawling, and climbing. Finally, the ALJ told the vocational
expert to accommodate the need for reduced stress by
considering work that would not involve high production
goals or more than simple to moderately complex instruc-
tions. The vocational expert responded that such an
individual could not perform Schmidt’s past relevant work,
but could perform various other jobs with light duty
limitations, such as cashier (6,000 jobs in Wisconsin) or
assembly-type manufacturing (7,000 jobs in Wisconsin).
The vocational expert further testified that if the hypotheti-
cal individual was limited to sedentary work, the individ-
No. 06-3930                                                    13

ual could perform both cashier (11,000)3 and assembly-type
manufacturing (6,000) jobs. The vocational expert also
stated that his testimony would not change if the hy-
pothetical individual was limited to unskilled work and
was precluded from power gripping. Noting that the
vocational expert’s testimony was based on the hypotheti-
cal individual working eight-hour days, five days per
week, Schmidt’s attorney asked if those same jobs
would be available if the hypothetical individual was
restricted to working no more than half-days or four
hours at a time. The vocational expert responded that all
of the jobs he previously identified would be eliminated.
  The ALJ denied Schmidt’s applications for DIB and SSI
benefits, holding that Schmidt failed to carry her burden of
proving that she was disabled within the meaning of the
Social Security Act. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1512(a). Specifically,
the ALJ concluded that Schmidt failed to show that she
suffered from a medically determinable physical or mental
impairment expected to last at least twelve months or
result in death and that rendered her unable to engage in
substantial gainful activity. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A),
(2)(A). The ALJ reasoned that Drs. Jalil’s and Desmonde’s
conclusions regarding Schmidt’s work restrictions should
not be given controlling or substantial weight based on
the totality of the medical evidence. The ALJ also con-
cluded that “the objective findings do not support the
level of chronic pain asserted by the claimant.” Finally,
the ALJ relied heavily on the vocational expert’s testimony


3
  The ALJ asked the vocational expert if it was correct that there
were 5,000 additional cashier jobs available with a sedentary
restriction versus a light-duty restriction, and the vocational
expert testified that the numbers were correct.
14                                                No. 06-3930

to conclude that the Commissioner had demonstrated
that Schmidt could perform numerous jobs despite her
limitations. The ALJ thus denied Schmidt’s applications
at step five of the five-step sequential analysis. See 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(I)-(iv); see also Young v. Barnhart,
362 F.3d 995, 1000 (7th Cir. 2004) (“If the claimant makes
it past step four, the burden shifts to the Commissioner
to demonstrate that the claimant can successfully perform
a significant number of jobs that exist in the national
economy.”).
   Schmidt appealed to the Appeals Council, which denied
her request for review. The Appeals Council’s denial of
review made the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the
Commissioner subject to judicial review. Schmidt then
filed suit in the district court, which affirmed the ALJ’s
decision and subsequently denied her motion to alter or
amend its judgment. Schmidt now appeals to this court.


                              II.
   Where, as here, the Appeals Council has declined to
review the ALJ’s decision, the ALJ’s decision constitutes
the final decision of the Commissioner. Haynes v. Barnhart,
416 F.3d 621, 626 (7th Cir. 2005). Thus, like the district
court, we review the ALJ’s decision. White v. Sullivan, 965
F.2d 133, 136 (7th Cir. 1992). When assessing the ALJ’s
decision, we review the ALJ’s legal conclusions de novo.
Haynes, 416 F.3d at 626. We deferentially review the ALJ’s
factual determinations, Dixon v. Massanari, 270 F.3d 1171,
1176 (7th Cir. 2001), and we will affirm the ALJ’s decision
if it is supported by substantial evidence in the record,
Boiles v. Barnhart, 395 F.3d 421, 425 (7th Cir. 2005); see also
42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Substantial evidence is “such relevant
No. 06-3930                                                   15

evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to
support a conclusion.” Barnett v. Barnhart, 381 F.3d 664, 668
(7th Cir. 2004) (quotation and citation omitted). “Substan-
tial evidence must be more than a scintilla but may be less
than a preponderance.” Skinner v. Astrue, 478 F.3d 836, 841
(7th Cir. 2007). “When reviewing for substantial evidence,
we do not displace the ALJ’s judgment by reconsidering
facts or evidence or making credibility determinations.” Id.
(citing Jens v. Barnhart, 347 F.3d 209, 212 (7th Cir. 2003)). “In
other words, so long as, in light of all the evidence, rea-
sonable minds could differ concerning whether [the
claimant] is disabled, we must affirm the ALJ’s decision
denying benefits.” Books v. Chater, 91 F.3d 972, 978 (7th Cir.
1996).
  On appeal, Schmidt first argues that the ALJ should have
given controlling weight to the opinions of Drs. Jalil and
Desmonde and that the ALJ failed to explain adequately
his refusal to credit their assessments. Normally, “[a]
treating physician’s opinion regarding the nature and
severity of a medical condition is entitled to controlling
weight if supported by the medical findings and consistent
with substantial evidence in the record.” Skarbek v.
Barnhart, 390 F.3d 500, 503 (7th Cir. 2004) (citing 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1527(d)(2)). “However, ‘while the treating physician’s
opinion is important, it is not the final word on a claimant’s
disability.’ ” Books, 91 F.3d at 979 (quoting Reynolds v.
Bowen, 844 F.2d 451, 455 (7th Cir. 1988)). As we previously
have noted, “ ‘[t]he patient’s regular physician may want
to do a favor for a friend and client, and so the treating
physician may too quickly find disability.’ ” Id. (quoting
Stephens v. Heckler, 766 F.2d 284 (7th Cir. 1985)). See also
Hofslien v. Barnhart, 439 F.3d 375, 377 (7th Cir. 2006)
(discussing the treating physician rule and stating that
16                                               No. 06-3930

while a treating physician has the advantage over other
physicians whose reports might figure in a disability case
because the treating physician has spent more time with
the claimant, “the fact that the claimant is the treating
physician’s patient also detracts from the weight of that
physician’s testimony, since, as is well known, many
physicians (including those most likely to attract patients
who are thinking of seeking disability benefits) will often
bend over backwards to assist a patient in obtaining
benefits,” and therefore “the weight properly to be given to
testimony or other evidence of a treating physician de-
pends on circumstances” (internal citations omitted)). An
ALJ thus may discount a treating physician’s medical
opinion if it the opinion “is inconsistent with the opinion of
a consulting physician or when the treating physician’s
opinion is internally inconsistent, as long as he minimally
articulates his reasons for crediting or rejecting evidence
of disability.” Skarbek, 390 F.3d at 503 (internal quota-
tions and citations omitted).
  In this case, the ALJ provided an adequate explanation of
his decision not to give controlling weight to Dr. Jalil’s and
Dr. Desmonde’s opinions. Regarding Dr. Jalil’s December
2003 statement that Schmidt was incapable of performing
even sedentary work, the ALJ found that diagnosis was
not supported by the medical evidence in the record. For
example, Dr. Jalil’s February 2003 treatment notes indicate
that Schmidt’s physical examination was benign, and his
June 2003 treatment notes indicate that he did not find
anything significant despite Schmidt’s complaints regard-
ing numbness and tingling in her extremities. Further,
despite Schmidt’s complaints about pain, Dr. Jalil re-
marked on multiple occasions that her condition was
“pretty good” and “very good.” We agree with the ALJ that
No. 06-3930                                               17

these statements and others in Dr. Jalil’s treatment notes
are inconsistent with Dr. Jalil’s December 2003 conclusion
that Schmidt could not perform sedentary work. Further,
as the ALJ notes, Schmidt has failed to establish that
she suffers from her claimed level of chronic pain be-
cause her medical records indicate that she was able to
keep her pain in check using various medicines, and that
she did not follow through with her physical therapy or
pursue pain management. Finally, the “Functional Capac-
ity Questionnaire” on which Dr. Jalil stated that Schmidt
could not perform sedentary work is suspect because
Schmidt’s attorney apparently drafted it and it did not
include any new medical evidence or any other basis to
justify these more extreme limitations. See, e.g., Dixon, 270
F.3d at 1177 (finding that the ALJ properly discounted
the opinion of treating physician who opined that his
patient was disabled merely “by writing ‘yes’ next to a
question that [the patient’s] attorney had pre-typed [but]
did not elaborate on the basis of this opinion”).
  The evidence in Schmidt’s medical records leads us to the
same conclusion regarding Dr. Desmonde’s statement that
Schmidt “may have difficulty” tolerating the stress and
pressure of performing full-time work based on her mental
condition. The ALJ declined to give that statement con-
trolling weight because it appeared to be out of sync
with both Dr. Desmonde’s other observations in his
treatment records, as well as those of Schmidt’s therapist,
Sirek. Dr. Desmonde evaluated Schmidt on two occasions,
and concluded that she was capable of doing daily activi-
ties, that she was outgoing, friendly, and cooperative, as
well as free from hallucinations, delusions, obsessive
thoughts, paranoid, suicidal or homicidal ideation, or
symptoms of anxiety or panic. He also noted that Schmidt
18                                              No. 06-3930

had intact memory and above-average concentration, her
judgment and insight were not impaired, and she demon-
strated no evidence of a personality disorder. Dr.
Desmonde consistently diagnosed Schmidt’s function-
ing range as mild to moderate, and remarked that the
symptoms of Schmidt’s depression were “well regulated
on her Zoloft.” Additionally, before Schmidt voluntarily
withdrew from therapy, Sirek observed in January 2003
that Schmidt was “very positive” and that she “looks very
good today,” and in April 2003 Schmidt told her that “for
the most part . . . things have been going quite well.”
Finally, the ALJ noted that two state agency psychologists
reviewed Schmidt’s medical records in July 2002 and
January 2003, and concluded that Schmidt did not have
any significant work-related limitations cause by a
mental impairment. We thus find that the ALJ’s decision
not to accord controlling weight to Dr. Jalil’s and Dr.
Desmonde’s opinions was reasonable and that the ALJ
sufficiently articulated the reasons for his decision.
  Schmidt next argues the ALJ failed to provide specific
reasons for his finding that Schmidt’s allegations regarding
her limitations were not fully credible and that the ALJ
failed to follow Social Security Ruling 96-7p, which gov-
erns the assessment of an applicant’s credibility. “Because
the ALJ is in the best position to observe witnesses, we
will not disturb [his] credibility determinations as long as
they find some support in the record.” Dixon, 270 F.3d at
1178-79. Accordingly, “ ‘[w]e will reverse an ALJ’s credibil-
ity determination only if the claimant can show it was
patently wrong.’ ” Jens, 347 F.3d at 213 (quoting Powers v.
Apfel, 207 F.3d 431, 435 (7th Cir. 2000) (internal quotations
and citations omitted)).
  Here, contrary to Schmidt’s assertions, the ALJ specifi-
cally stated in his opinion that he considered Schmidt’s
No. 06-3930                                              19

testimony and the entire records under Social Security
Ruling 96-7p and 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529. The ALJ then
summarized Schmidt’s testimony, in particular her asser-
tions of pain and the limitations she claimed as a result of
her impairments. After discussing Schmidt’s testimony and
the medical evidence in the record, the ALJ stated that
Schmidt’s “allegations of disabling pain and incapacitat-
ing limitations [were] not consistent with or supported by
the objective medical record of treating and examining
physicians,” in addition to reiterating that “the objective
findings do not support the level of chronic pain asserted
by [Schmidt].” These conclusions were supported by
evidence in the medical record indicating that Schmidt
regularly exhibited normal neurological findings,
strength, reflexes, and sensation. In short, the diagnostic
evidence in Schmidt’s medical records conflicts with
testimony and claims of disabling pain. Further,
Schmidt’s medical history indicates that she voluntarily
discontinued physical therapy and declined to pursue
pain management, both of which cast doubt on the
severity of Schmidt’s pain and her need to alleviate it. The
ALJ also noted that while Schmidt claimed in her brief that
her daily activities were “minimal,” the record indicated
that she engaged in significant daily activities, including
working part-time as a bookkeeper, attending college
classes, spending time with her granddaughter,
babysitting, performing household chores, preparing
meals, taking vacations, socializing with family and
friends, driving, and reading. Finally, the ALJ did not
totally discount Schmidt’s testimony regarding how her
pain affected her ability to perform certain activities, as
evinced by the ALJ’s decision to limit Schmidt’s range of
work to sedentary when assessing her residual functional
capacity. Accordingly, we find that the ALJ provided
20                                                     No. 06-3930

sufficient reasons for his finding that Schmidt’s allega-
tions regarding her limitations were not fully credible,
and we will not disturb those findings.
  Schmidt further argues that the ALJ erred in assessing
her physical and mental impairments in calculating her
residual functional capacity, and thus the ALJ’s questions
to the vocational expert based on those determinations, as
well and the vocational expert’s responses, were flawed.
Schmidt first argues that the ALJ inadequately determined
her mental impairments because he skipped from the
“special technique” used to rate the degree of limitation
caused by her mental impairments, see 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520a,4 to a mental residual functional capacity
without any explanation of how he reached his conclu-
sions. Contrary to Schmidt’s assertions, the ALJ did
evaluate Schmidt’s mental limitations under the “para-
graph B” criteria in his opinion, and he incorporated those
assessments into his determination of Schmidt’s mental
residual functional capacity. Finding that Schmidt had
only mild limitations in daily activities and social func-
tioning, and no episodes of decompensation, the ALJ
concluded that Schmidt did not have any further work-


4
  The “special technique” assists an adjudicator in evaluating
the severity of a claimant’s mental impairments. 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520a. The adjudicator evaluates the level of severity of a
claimant’s mental impairment at steps two and three of the
sequential evaluation by rating the claimant’s limitations and
restrictions in four areas: (1) activities of daily living; (2) social
functioning; (3) concentration, persistence or pace; and (4)
episodes of decompensation. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(c)(3). These
four functional areas correspond to the requirements of
“paragraph B” of the Agency’s mental impairment listings. 20
C.F.R. part 404, subpart P, appendix 1, § 12.00 et seq.
No. 06-3930                                             21

related limitations due to her mental impairments. With
the exception of the above discussed statement by Dr.
Desmonde that Schmidt “may have difficulty tolerating
the stress and pressure of full time, competitive employ-
ment” based on her mental condition, the ALJ’s mental
findings nearly mirror Dr. Desmonde’s findings in his
treatment notes. The ALJ also limited Schmidt’s work to
jobs not involving high production goals, thus giving
some credibility to Schmidt’s stress claims. We therefore
find substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s deter-
mination of Schmidt’s mental residual functional capacity.
  Schmidt next attacks the ALJ’s assessment of her physical
impairments and subsequent determination of her physical
residual functional capacity. First, Schmidt argues that
the ALJ’s analysis was deficient because he did not
specify the frequency with which she would need to
alternate between sitting and standing. We find Schmidt’s
contention unavailing, however, because the ALJ did
restrict Schmidt to work that allowed her an opportunity
to sit or stand at her “own option.” Further, the limita-
tion that the ALJ imposed was consistent with Schmidt’s
testimony that she could not sit or stand for long periods,
and Dr. Jalil’s opinion that Schmidt needed to change
positions at her “own option.” Second, Schmidt contends
that she suffered from greater manipulative limitations
than those that the ALJ imposed. We also find this argu-
ment unpersuasive because there was no basis in Schmidt’s
medical records, including those of Dr. Jalil and the state
agency reviewers, indicating that she needed greater
manipulative restrictions. The ALJ also sufficiently at-
tempted to accommodate Schmidt’s complaints of numb-
ness and pain in her upper extremities by including a
limitation of no power gripping. Third, Schmidt asserts
22                                               No. 06-3930

that the ALJ failed to credit Dr. Nees’ and Dr. Thomas’
statements that she should be limited to part-time work.
Unfortunately for Schmidt, she had already proffered
Dr. Nees’ and Dr. Thomas’ opinions to support an earlier
disability claim, and the ALJ in that case explicitly rejected
them to the extent that they indicated that Schmidt was
capable of performing only part-time work after February
1, 1999. Schmidt elected not to appeal that decision, thus
that opinion stands as the final decision on her disability
through the date of the decision, May 8, 2000. See 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.988. Earlier evidence, such as previous physicians’
opinions, can be considered relevant when adjudicating
subsequent applications for benefits, see Groves v. Apfel, 148
F.3d 809, 810-11 (7th Cir. 1998), and the ALJ acknowledged
as much when he mentioned his consideration of Dr. Nees’
opinion. However, as he did with Dr. Jalil’s opinion, the
ALJ found that Dr. Nees’ opinion and Dr. Thomas’ opinion
did not deserve controlling weight, and the record as a
whole did not support a finding that Schmidt was limited
to part-time work. Likewise, based on our review of the
record, we find the ALJ’s determination supported by
substantial evidence. Fourth, Schmidt argues that the ALJ
erred by failing to adopt her residual functional capacity
as determined by any of her physicians. As we have
stated previously, an ALJ must consider the entire record,
but the ALJ is not required to rely entirely on a particular
physician’s opinion or choose between the opinions any
of the claimant’s physicians. See Diaz v. Chater, 55 F.3d
300, 306 n.2 (7th Cir. 1995). Here, that is exactly what the
ALJ did in weighing all of Schmidt’s physicians’ opinions
along with her testimony and the other record evidence. In
sum, we find that the ALJ’s determination of Schmidt’s
physical limitations and conclusion that she was capable
No. 06-3930                                                23

of full-time, sedentary work was supported by substan-
tial evidence.
  Finally, having determined that substantial evidence
supports the ALJ’s determination of Schmidt’s mental and
physical limitations and resulting residual functional
capacity, we examine the ALJ’s conclusion that Schmidt
was not disabled because she could perform a significant
number of jobs. We reject Schmidt’s contention that the
ALJ should have included additional mental and physical
limitations in his questioning of the vocational expert,
because the ALJ is required only to incorporate into his
hypotheticals those impairments and limitations that he
accepts as credible. See Ehrhart v. Sec’y Health & Human
Servs., 969 F.2d 534, 540 (7th Cir. 1992). Here, the ALJ posed
appropriate hypothetical questions to the vocational
expert based on his determination of Schmidt’s residual
functional capacity, and the vocational expert testified that
Schmidt could perform a significant number of jobs.
Accordingly, we find that substantial evidence supports
the ALJ’s conclusion that Schmidt’s applications failed
at step five of the five-step sequential analysis.


                             III.
  We find that the ALJ’s denial of Schmidt’s applications
for DIB and SSI benefits is supported by substantial
evidence, and therefore we AFFIRM the Commissioner’s
decision.
24                                         No. 06-3930

A true Copy:
      Teste:

                 ________________________________
                     Clerk of the United States Court of
                       Appeals for the Seventh Circuit




               USCA-02-C-0072—8-8-07
