                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



JAMES HOLLAND,                                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   March 17, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 324312
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
CITY OF HIGHLAND PARK,                                             LC No. 2013-004749-NI

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: SAAD, P.J., and SAWYER and HOEKSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right from an order denying defendant’s motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (8). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

        This action arose from damages allegedly suffered by plaintiff James Holland after debris
from a building owned by defendant fell onto a garage and rear wall of plaintiff’s property,
damaging the garage, rear wall, and three vehicles on the property. Plaintiff filed a complaint,
alleging that the damage was caused by the deteriorated state of the city-owned building and by
the negligent operation of equipment by defendant’s employees. Plaintiff then amended the
complaint by deleting the allegations that the damage was caused by negligent operation of
equipment and adding allegations that defendant failed to properly train its employees to inspect,
repair, and care for its buildings. The amended complaint also added claims for inverse
condemnation and declaratory relief. Thereafter, defendant moved for summary disposition of
plaintiff’s claims on the ground that the claims were barred by governmental immunity. The trial
court denied defendant’s motion, noting that plaintiff had pleaded theories of gross negligence,
because defendant had maintained its properties so poorly that bricks were falling off causing
damage to property owned by plaintiff, and the defective building exception to governmental
immunity. Defendant now appeals.

        Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary
disposition of the negligence and gross negligence claims on the basis of governmental
immunity. We agree.

       This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition
under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). MCR
2.116(C)(7) permits summary disposition where a claim is barred by immunity granted by law.


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A party may support a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7) with affidavits, depositions, admissions,
or other documentary evidence. MCR 2.116(G)(2); Maiden, 461 Mich at 119. If a party submits
such materials, the court must consider them to the extent that the materials would be admissible
as evidence. MCR 2.116(G)(5) and (6). When reviewing a motion brought under MCR
2.116(C)(7), the court must accept the contents of the complaint as true unless contradicted by
documentation submitted by the movant. Maiden, 461 Mich at 119. If there is no factual
dispute, then whether a plaintiff’s claim is barred by governmental immunity is a question of law
for the court. RDM Holdings, Ltd v Continental Plastics Co, 281 Mich App 678, 687; 762
NW2d 529 (2008). Summary disposition is not appropriate under MCR 2.116(C)(7) if a factual
dispute exists. Id.

       A governmental agency1 generally is immune from tort liability arising out of the
exercise or discharge of its governmental functions unless one of the five recognized exceptions
to immunity exists. MCL 691.1407(1); Mack v City of Detroit, 467 Mich 186, 195; 649 NW2d
47 (2002). A “governmental function” is defined as “an activity that is expressly or impliedly
mandated or authorized by constitution, statute, local charter or ordinance, or other law.” MCL
691.1401(b). Because the maintenance of city buildings is authorized by defendant’s city
ordinance, defendant’s maintenance of such buildings is a governmental function. Therefore,
defendant is entitled to governmental immunity for liability arising out of its maintenance of city
buildings unless an exception to immunity applies.

       In response to defendant’s motion for summary disposition, plaintiff argued that the
public building exception to governmental immunity applied to the facts of this case. The public
building exception to governmental immunity, set forth in MCL 691.1406, provides, in part, as
follows:

       Governmental agencies have the obligation to repair and maintain public
       buildings under their control when open for use by members of the public.
       Governmental agencies are liable for bodily injury and property damage resulting
       from a dangerous or defective condition of a public building if the governmental
       agency had actual or constructive knowledge of the defect and, for a reasonable
       time after acquiring knowledge, failed to remedy the condition or to take action
       reasonably necessary to protect the public against the condition. . . .

        Mere public ownership of a building is insufficient to meet the requirements of the
public-building exception. Maskery v Bd of Regents of Univ of Mich, 468 Mich 609, 617; 664
NW2d 165 (2003). Rather, to fall within the public building exception, a plaintiff must prove
that (1) a governmental agency is involved, (2) the public building in question was open for use
by members of the public, (3) a dangerous or defective condition of the public building itself
exists, (4) the governmental agency had actual or constructive knowledge of the alleged defect,




1
  As a political subdivision, the City of Highland Park is a “government agency.”            MCL
691.1401(a), (d), and (e).



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and (5) the governmental agency failed to remedy the alleged defective condition after a
reasonable period or failed to take action reasonably necessary to protect the public against the
condition after a reasonable period. Id. at 614-615.

        Plaintiff failed to state a claim under the public building exception where he failed to
allege in the amended complaint that the city-owned buildings at issue were “open for use by
members of the public.” By failing to state a claim under the public building exception, plaintiff
has failed to plead in avoidance of governmental immunity. Mack, 467 Mich at 203-204.
Because plaintiff’s negligence and gross negligence claims arose out of defendant’s performance
of a governmental function and plaintiff failed to state a claim under the public building
exception, defendant was entitled to governmental immunity for the negligence and gross
negligence claims. Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion for
summary disposition of plaintiff’s negligence and gross negligence claims.

       Defendant next argues that plaintiff’s request for further discovery was without merit.
We conclude that this issue was not preserved for review where our review of the record does
not support defendant’s argument that plaintiff requested additional discovery.

      Finally, defendant argues that plaintiff failed to plead or state a claim for inverse
condemnation or declaratory judgment. We disagree.

        To establish an inverse condemnation claim, a plaintiff must prove (1) that the
government’s actions were a substantial cause of the decline of his property’s value, and (2) that
the government abused its legitimate powers in affirmative actions directly aimed at the
plaintiff’s property. Hinjosa v Dep’t of Natural Resources, 263 Mich App 537, 548-549; 688
NW2d 550 (2004). Because plaintiff properly alleged these elements in his amended complaint,
we find no merit in defendant’s argument that plaintiff failed to state a claim for inverse
condemnation. We further conclude that defendant abandoned its argument that plaintiff failed
to state a claim for declaratory relief by neglecting to provide any analysis of the argument on
appeal. VanderWerp v Plainfield Charter Twp, 278 Mich App 624, 633; 752 NW2d 479 (2008)
(“[A]ppellants may not merely announce their position and leave it to this Court to discover and
rationalize the basis for their claims; nor may they give issues cursory treatment with little or no
citation of supporting authority.”).

        We therefore reverse in part the trial court’s order denying defendant’s motion for
summary disposition, with regard to plaintiff’s negligence and gross negligence claims, on the
basis of governmental immunity.

        Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs, neither party having prevailed in full.



                                                             /s/ Henry William Saad
                                                             /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                             /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra




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