            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



MICHAEL MCINTOSH,                                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   June 20, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  Nos. 343125; 344169
                                                                   Kent Circuit Court
CITY OF ROCKFORD,                                                  LC No. 17-005218-CZ

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: BECKERING, P.J., and SERVITTO and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In Docket No. 343125, plaintiff, Michael McIntosh, appeals as of right the trial court’s
order concluding that most of the claims in his complaint were moot, imposing a civil fine of
$2,500 on defendant, City of Rockford, and denying plaintiff’s request for an award of punitive
damages. In Docket No. 344169, plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order regarding
attorney fees and costs. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the trial court’s rulings.

                            I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

        This case arises out of plaintiff’s Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et
seq., claim against defendant. Plaintiff initially made eight separate requests for the production
of documents related to the controversy and legal proceedings surrounding a proposed
condominium development in Rockford, Michigan. In response, defendant provided thousands
of documents containing hundreds of redactions.1 Defendant did not provide a written notice




1
  Defendant redacted from the records the names and contact information of citizens who
corresponded with defendant.
describing the redacted material required by MCL 15.235(5)(c).2 As a result, plaintiff filed a
complaint against defendant in June 2017 alleging 204 violations of FOIA.

        In August 2017, plaintiff filed a request for an Evening News3 order, and on September 1,
2017, a first amended complaint. Plaintiff alleged in his first amended complaint that defendant
violated FOIA by producing documents with unexplained redactions (count one), by producing
the documents “in a non-sequential order” (count two), and by producing emails without their
attachments and not producing nine emails that plaintiff knew to exist (count three). Finally,
counts four through 204 each referred to an alleged wrongful individual redaction, for each of
which plaintiff sought $1,000 in punitive damages.

         On the same day plaintiff filed his first amended complaint, the trial court held a hearing
on plaintiff’s request for an Evening News order. During his remarks from the bench, the trial
judge agreed to enter an order directing defendant to “provide a complete particularized
justification per the six rules in the Evening News opinion for each of the redactions that are in
the document . . . within 21 days of the entry of an order to that effect . . . .” The trial court also
stated, “as an alternative, [defendant] can un-redact materials[.]”4 Defendant elected to provide
unredacted copies of the public records requested.

        Subsequently, the parties filed cross-motions for summary disposition pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact). In a written order issued after the hearing on
the cross-motions, the trial court found the need to issue an order that defendant comply with the
written notice provisions of MCL 15.235(5)(c) moot because defendant had produced unredacted
copies of the requested documents. However, the court found that defendant had violated the
statutory requirement to give prior notice of its redactions, deemed plaintiff’s November 6, 2016
demand for records as a single occurrence, and imposed a civil fine of $2,500 pursuant to MCL
15.240b.5 Because FOIA did not require respondents to produce the requested documents in any



2
  MCL 15.235(5)(c) requires a public body that denies a written request for a public record or
properly redacts information from a requested public record pursuant, MCL 15.243, to provide a
written notice describing the denied record or deleted information.
3
  Evening News Ass’n v Troy, 417 Mich 481; 339 NW2d 421 (1983). In Evening News, the
Michigan Supreme Court set forth specific procedures for trial courts to follow in analyzing
denials of disclosure in a FOIA case. The purpose of the procedures is to ensure that all
pertinent, non-exempt information is disclosed.
4
  In an order dated September 12, 2017, the trial court required defendant to file with the court
and serve on plaintiff’s counsel “a statement providing ‘complete particularized justification’ . . .
for each redaction made upon the records previously produced by the City[.]” The parties agree
that the court did not order defendant to produce unredacted copies of the requested public
records.
5
    MCL 15.240b provides in relevant part:



                                                 -2-
particular order, the court dismissed count two as failing to state a claim for which the court
could grant relief. As to count three, the court concluded that the need for an order of production
was moot because defendant had provided additional email records that it found when
responding to the court’s Evening News order, and an affidavit stating that no additional email
records existed. The court also found that defendant’s production of unredacted documents
rendered counts four through 204 moot, and denied plaintiff’s request for punitive damages.
Finally, the court found that the lawsuit was “reasonably necessary to compel the disclosure of
documents and the removal of redactions, and the action had a substantive causative effect on the
delivery” of the requested records. Accordingly, the court concluded that plaintiff was entitled to
an award of reasonable attorney fees, costs, and disbursements in an amount to be determined in
future proceedings.

       In a subsequent hearing regarding attorney fees and costs, plaintiff requested $16,125 in
fees, $633.96 in costs and $790.32 for the reimbursement of redacting fees. The trial court
awarded plaintiff his costs and reimbursement for the redacting fees, but only $8,750 in attorney
fees. This appeal followed.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

                                         A. MOOTNESS

        Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred in determining that most of his complaint
was rendered moot following defendant’s production of the unredacted documents. Specifically,
plaintiff argues that his claims are not moot because attorney fees and costs remained as
remedies after defendant’s production. We disagree.

        Whether an issue is moot is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Thomas M
Cooley Law Sch v Doe 1, 300 Mich App 245, 253-254; 833 NW2d 331 (2013). Generally, “[a]n
issue is moot if an event has occurred that renders it impossible for the court, if it should decide
in favor of the party, to grant relief.” City of Jackson v Thompson-McCully Co, LLC, 239 Mich
App 482, 493; 608 NW2d 531 (2000). A plaintiff’s substantive claim under FOIA is rendered
moot by disclosure of the records after commencement of the trial court action. See Herald Co,
Inc v Ann Arbor Pub Schs, 224 Mich App 266, 270-271; 568 NW2d 411 (1997) (“When the
disclosure that a suit seeks has already been made, the substance of the controversy disappears
and becomes moot.”). “However, the mere fact that plaintiff’s substantive claim under the FOIA
was rendered moot by disclosure of the records after plaintiff commenced the circuit court action
is not determinative of plaintiff’s entitlement to fees and costs under MCL 15.240(6).” Amberg v


       If the court determines, in an action commenced under this act, that a public body
       willfully and intentionally failed to comply with [FOIA] or otherwise acted in bad
       faith, the court shall order the public body to pay, in addition to any other award
       or sanction, a civil fine of not less than $2,500 or more than $7,500 for each
       occurrence.




                                                -3-
City of Dearborn, 497 Mich 28, 32; 859 NW2d 674 (2014), quoting Thomas v New Baltimore,
254 Mich App 196, 202; 657 NW2d 530 (2002).

        In the case at bar, the trial court properly determined that plaintiff’s substantive claims
were moot and that he was entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees, costs, and disbursements under
MCL 15.240(6). In count one of his first amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendant
violated FOIA by producing redacted documents without complying with MCL 15.235(5)(c) and
(d). Following the trial court’s Evening News order, defendant provided unredacted copies of the
requested documents. Defendant also provided two affidavits: one stating that the e-mail
attachments were included in the public records already produced, and the other avowing that a
subsequent search of defendant’s records produced only one additional document requested by
plaintiff. At the hearing on the parties’ cross-motions for summary disposition, plaintiff
acknowledged that defendant had produced all of the requested documents. On these facts, the
trial court did not err by finding that defendant’s production of unredacted copies of the
documents “after commencement of the trial court action mooted counts one, three, and four
through 204. See Herald Co, Inc, 224 Mich App at270-271.

        In addition, the trial court found that plaintiff was entitled to reasonable attorney fees,
costs, and disbursements because his lawsuit “was reasonably necessary to compel the disclosure
[of public records]” and “had a substantial causative effect on the delivery of the information to
the plaintiff.” Amberg, 497 Mich at 34. Thus, trial court properly determined that plaintiff’s
substantive claims were moot because defendant had produced unredacted copies of the
requested documents after commencement of plaintiff’s lawsuit, Herald Co, Inc, 224 Mich App
at 270-271, and that plaintiff was entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees, costs, and disbursements
under ML 15.240(6), Amberg, 497 Mich at 32. We find no error.

                                        B. ATTORNEY FEES

       Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by awarding him only a portion of the
attorney fees requested. Plaintiff takes issue specifically with the trial court’s decision to pay
attorney fees based on 35 hours rather than on the 53.75 hours that his attorney actually spent on
the matter. Again, we disagree.

        We review for clear error a trial court’s factual findings, Prins v Mich State Police, 299
Mich App 634, 641; 831 NW2d 867 (2013), and we review for an abuse of discretion a trial
court’s determination of what is a reasonable award of attorney fees under FOIA, Mich Tax
Mgmt Servs Co, v City of Warren, 437 Mich 506, 507; 473 NW2d 263.

       There is no dispute that plaintiff is entitled to attorney fees, costs, and disbursements
pursuant to MCL 15.240(6).6 At issue is whether the amount of fees awarded was reasonable.

6
    MCL 15.240(6) provides:
         If a person asserting the right to inspect, copy, or receive a copy of all or a portion
         of a public record prevails in an action commenced under this section, the court



                                                  -4-
Prins, 299 Mich App at 642 (“The touchstone in determining the amount of attorney fees to be
awarded to a prevailing party in a FOIA case is reasonableness.”).

       To determine reasonable attorney fees, courts should begin by determining the fee
customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services and multiply that number by the
reasonable number of hours expended in the case. Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519, 530-531; 751
NW2d 472 (2008). The product of this calculation is “the starting point for calculating a
reasonable attorney fee.” Id. at 531. The court should then consider and briefly discuss the
remaining factors found in Wood v Detroit Auto Inter-Ins Exch, 413 Mich 573; 321 NW2d 653
(1982) and MRPC 1.5(a) “to determine whether an up or down adjustment is appropriate.”
Smith, 481 Mich at 530-531. “[A]lthough Smith is not a FOIA case, it controls for purposes of
determining reasonable attorney fees in FOIA cases[.]” Prins, 299 Mich App at 645.

       The Wood Court provided the following six factors to consider in determining a
reasonable fee:

       (1) the professional standing and experience of the attorney; (2) the skill, time and
       labor involved; (3) the amount in question and the results achieved; (4) the
       difficulty of the case; (5) the expenses incurred; and (6) the nature and length of
       the professional relationship with the client. [Wood, 413 Mich at 588 (Quotation
       marks and citation omitted.)]

MRPC 1.5(a) lists the following factors:

              (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions
              involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly;

              (2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the
              particular employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer;

              (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;

              (4) the amount involved and the results obtained;

              (5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances;




       shall award reasonable attorneys’ fees, costs, and disbursements. If the person or
       public body prevails in part, the court may, in its discretion, award all or an
       appropriate portion of reasonable attorneys’ fees, costs, and disbursements. The
       award shall be assessed against the public body liable for damages under [MCL
       15.240(7)].




                                               -5-
               (6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;

               (7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers
               performing the services; and

               (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.

         Plaintiff requested attorney fees of $300 per hour for 53.75 hours, $633.96 in costs, and
$790.32 for disbursements, i.e., for monies charged by defendant to redact information in the
public records. In accordance with the Wood factors, the trial court noted that, during the eight
years that plaintiff’s attorney had been practicing, he had handled “a lot” of FOIA cases, even
doing work at the appellate level. The court further noted that FOIA cases were a somewhat
specialized area of law, but that the means of proceeding was “relatively straightforward and not
unduly complicated in the relative scale of things[.]” With regard to the results achieved, the
court observed that, while plaintiff’s counsel did obtain the unredacted public records plaintiff
had requested, he did not obtain everything plaintiff wanted; he did not obtain separate civil fines
and punitive damages for each of the redactions. The court referred to the Michigan State Bar’s
“Economics of Law Practice” report and the court’s own knowledge of awarding attorney fees to
local attorneys with more experience, and concluded that $250 per hour was a reasonable hourly
rate in this case.7 Finally, the court determined that 35 hours was a reasonable amount of time to
spend to achieve the results obtained.

       We conclude from our review of the record that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
with regard to the amount of attorney fees it awarded plaintiff. Prins, 299 Mich App at 641. The
court considered the Smith factors, determined a reasonable hourly rate, and multiplied that rate
by the number of hours it calculated as reasonable in light of the remedies plaintiff was seeking
and the results he obtained. The trial court did not question whether counsel worked the hours
claimed; however, it explained that it was required to factor the labor against the ultimate result
obtained. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court’s calculation of plaintiff’s
attorney-fee award was not an abuse of discretion. See Prins, 299 Mich App at 641.

        Plaintiff appears to assume that, having prevailed on count one of his complaint, he was
entitled to the full amount of attorney fees requested. Pursuant to MCL 15.240(7), the trial court
was required to award reasonable attorney fees to plaintiff. See also Prins, 299 Mich App at
642. “The function of the court is to make an original determination and award regarding
reasonable attorney fees[,]” not merely to perform “a review function limited to approval or
disapproval of others’ calculations regarding the amount of fees to be awarded.” Mich Tax Mgmt
Servs Co, 437 Mich at 511-512. This court did just that, and we cannot say that it abused its
discretion by reducing the number of hours for which it awarded attorney fees based on its
consideration of the results achieved. Additionally, because this appeal was not necessary to



7
  Plaintiff concedes on appeal that the trial court’s award of $250 per hour was not an abuse of
discretion.



                                                -6-
compel disclosure of the information requested under FOIA, plaintiff is not entitled to appellate
fees and costs. See Rataj v Romulus, 306 Mich App 735, 756; 858 NW2d 116 (2014) (indicating
that the plaintiff was entitled to reasonable appellate attorney fees and costs because his appeal
was necessary to compel disclosure of the documents requested under FOIA).

                                  C. FINES AND DAMAGES

        Plaintiff next contends that the trial court erred by requiring defendant to pay only one
statutorily mandated civil fine and no punitive damages. We disagree.

       We review “questions of statutory interpretation de novo.” Local Area Watch v Grand
Rapids, 262 Mich App 136, 142; 683 NW2d 745 (2004). With regard to civil fines, MCL
15.240b provides:

               If the court determines, in an action commenced under this act, that a
       public body willfully and intentionally failed to comply with this act or otherwise
       acted in bad faith, the court shall order the public body to pay, in addition to any
       other award or sanction, a civil fine of not less than $2,500.00 or more than
       $7,500.00 for each occurrence. In determining the amount of the civil fine, the
       court shall consider the budget of the public body and whether the public body
       has previously been assessed penalties for violations of this act. The civil fine
       shall be deposited in the general fund of the state treasury.

The trial court imposed a civil fine of $2,500 on defendant for producing redacted public records
without complying with MCL 15.235(5)(c). Plaintiff asserts that each individual redaction was
an “occurrence” for purposes of MCL 15.240b, and the trial court erred by not imposing fines for
each of the over 500 wrongful redactions in the public records defendant produced.

       The term “occurrence” is not defined in MCL 15.240b or elsewhere in FOIA. See MCL
15.232 (providing the definitions of terms used in FOIA). “An undefined statutory term must be
accorded its plain and ordinary meaning.” Brackett v Focus Hope, Inc, 482 Mich 269, 276; 753
NW2d 207 (2008). Accordingly, “[a] lay dictionary may be consulted to define a common word
or phrase that lacks a unique legal meaning.” Id. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
(11th ed), defines “occurrence” as “something that occurs” or “the action or instance of
occurring.”    Synonyms include “event, incident, episode, and circumstance,” meaning
“something that happens or takes place.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed).

       The trial court concluded that all of the redactions constituted a single occurrence. The
court reasoned that plaintiff made a FOIA request for several types of related documents. In
response to that request, defendant provided the requested documents with names and other
personal information redacted, but without providing plaintiff the written description of deleted
information required by MCL 15.235(5)(c). The production of the redacted documents without
this written notice was the result of one event or one occurrence. See Merriam-Webster’s
Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed). As a result, defendant was subject to a single civil fine pursuant
to MCL 15.240b.



                                                -7-
        Given the facts of this case, we conclude that the trial court properly found that defendant
was subject to a single civil fine under MCL 15.240b. The court’s interpretation is consistent
with the meaning of “occurrence” as well as with the rule of construction that deems statutes
providing penalties “to be noncumulative unless a contrary intent is clearly expressed therein.”
Tew v Hillsdale Tool & Mfg Co, 268 Mich App 399, 408; 706 NW2d 883 (2005). Plaintiff, on
the other hand, fails to support his position that each individual redaction constituted an
occurrence for purposes of MCL 15.235(5)(c) with any citations to authority. An appellant may
not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis
for his claims. Bronson Methodist Hosp v Mich Assigned Claims Facility, 298 Mich App 192,
199; 826 NW2d 197 (2012).

         Next, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred by not awarding him punitive damages
in accordance with MCL 15.240(7), as amended by 2014 PA 563, effective July 1, 2015. The
current version of MCL 15.240(7) is provided below, with those portions added by 2014 PA 563
in italics:

               If the court determines in an action commenced under this section that the
       public body has arbitrarily and capriciously violated this act by refusal or delay in
       disclosing or providing copies of a public record, the court shall order the public
       body to pay a civil fine of $1,000.00, which shall be deposited into the general
       fund of the state treasury. The court shall award, in addition to any actual or
       compensatory damages, punitive damages in the amount of $1,000.00 to the
       person seeking the right to inspect or receive a copy of a public record. The
       damages shall not be assessed against an individual, but shall be assessed against
       the next succeeding public body that is not an individual and that kept or
       maintained the public record as part of its public function.

         Prior to the effective date of 2014 PA 563, MCL 15.240(7) authorized the trial court to
award $500 in punitive damages on finding that the public body “arbitrarily and capriciously
violated [FOIA].” The amendment that took effect in 2015 allowed for a civil fine and raised the
award for punitive damages to $1,000. Plaintiff contends that the Legislature’s insertion of the
italicized language “decoupled” an award of punitive damages from the condition that the trial
court find that the public body violated FOIA arbitrarily and capriciously, and made an award of
punitive damages mandatory whenever there are actual or compensatory damages.

       Contrariwise, defendant argues that courts must read MCL 15.240(7) in conjunction with
MCL 15.235(4), which allows courts to assess damages under MCL 15.240(7) if the court has
done both of the following:

       (a) Determined that the public body has not complied with subsection (2) [this
       subsection defines when and how a public body must respond to a FOIA request].

       (b) Ordered the public body to disclose or provide copies of all or a portion of the
       public record.




                                                -8-
Thus, defendant argues that because the trial court never ordered it to disclose or provide copies
of all or a portion of the public records requested, the trial court did not err by denying plaintiff’s
request for punitive damages.

        Two subsections of FOIA address damages: MCL 15.235(4) and MCL 15.240(7). In
Local Area Watch, 262 Mich App at 152, this Court confirmed that courts must construe these
two FOIA subsections together.8 At issue in Local Area Watch was whether the plaintiff was
entitled to punitive damages under MCL 15.240(7) merely on a finding that the defendant had
“arbitrarily and capriciously violated [FOIA] by refusal or delay in disclosing or providing
copies of a public record.” The Court explained that binding precedent required courts to
construe the two subsections addressing damages together, and that then-recent amendments to
FOIA did not change that because the amendments did not affect the “operative substantive
provisions” of the two subsections9 Id. at 153. Accordingly, the prerequisite for an award of
punitive damages under MCL 15.240(7) is “a court-ordered disclosure and a finding that the
defendant acted arbitrarily and capriciously in refusing to provide the requested information.”
Bredemeier, 95 Mich App at 773; see Trout, 213 Mich App at 221-223; Local Area Watch, 262
Mich App at 153.10

        In the case at bar, defendant provided unredacted copies of the requested public records
without the trial court having to order it to do so. Moreover, although the court found that
defendant violated MCL 15.235(5)(c), the court did not find that defendant violated FOIA
“arbitrarily and capriciously.” Therefore, neither prerequisite for an award of punitive damages


8
 At the time that Local Area Watch was decided, what is now subsection (4) of § 235 was then
numbered as subsection (3). See 1996 PA 553.
9
  The Court was referring to amendments effectuated by1996 PA 553. Local Area Watch, 262
Mich App at 152. The Court held in Bredemeier v Kentwood Bd of Ed, 95 Mich App 767, 773;
291 NW2d 199 (1980), that the prerequisites to an award of punitive damages were those set
forth in MCL 15.235(3), current subdivision (4), and MCL 15.240(5), current subdivision (7).
The Court followed the Bredemeier holding in Mich Council of Trout Unlimited v Dep’t of
Military Affairs, 213 Mich App 203, 221-222; 539 NW2d 745 (1995). Trout was published after
November 1, 1990, and has not been reversed or modified by the Supreme Court or a special
panel of this Court; thus, it is binding precedent under MCR 7.215(J)(1).
10
   See, e.g., Ostaszewski v City of Lansing, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of
Appeals, issued November 15, 2018 (Docket No. 343537 (2018); Petersen v Charter Twp of
Shelby, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 1, 2018 (Docket
No. 336301); Whittaker v Oakland County Sheriff, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court
of Appeals, issued November 15, 2016 (Docket No. 329545); Katayama v City of Troy,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued December 10, 2015 (Docket No.
323459). Unpublished opinions are not precedentially binding under the rule of stare decisis,
MCR 7.215(C)(1). We cite these opinions merely to illustrate that Local Area Watch remains
binding after the 2015 amendment of MCL 15.240(7).



                                                 -9-
under MCL 15.240(7) was met; accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
denying plaintiff’s request for punitive damages.11

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                            /s/ Deborah A. Servitto
                                                            /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




11
    Plaintiff suggests that MLive v City of Grand Rapids, 321 Mich App 263; 909 NW2d 282
(2017), compels a different result. We disagree. After MLive appealed the trial court’s denial of
its motion for summary disposition, this Court remanded the case to the trial court for entry of an
order requiring the city to produce the requested records and to “determine whether [MLive] is
entitled to punitive damages under MCL 15.240(7).” MLive, 321 Mich App at 275 (quotation
marks and citation omitted). MLive is distinguished from the instant case by the fact that the
City of Grand Rapids had to be ordered to produce the public records requested. In addition, the
City of Grand Rapids had given an invalid excuse for refusing to turn over the requested records.
Thus, to determine whether MLive was entitled to punitive damages, the trial court had to
determine whether the city’s FOIA violation was “arbitrary and capricious.” If, as plaintiff
argues, punitive damages were mandatory, even in the absence of court-ordered disclosure and a
finding that the public body’s violation of FOIA was arbitrary and capricious, this Court would
simply have told the trial court to award punitive damages. MLive does not support plaintiff’s
position.



                                               -10-
