[Cite as State v. Furnier, 2013-Ohio-5376.]


                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               SCIOTO COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                 :
                               :
     Plaintiff-Appellee,       :    Case No. 13CA3546
                               :
     vs.                       :
                               :    DECISION AND JUDGMENT
DANIEL R. FURNIER,             :    ENTRY
                               :
    Defendant-Appellant.       :    Released: 12/06/13
_____________________________________________________________
                         APPEARANCES:

Bryan Scott Hicks, Lebanon, Ohio, for Appellant.

Mark E. Kuhn, Scioto County Prosecutor, and Matthew A. Wisecup,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Portsmouth, Ohio, for Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

McFarland, P.J.

        {¶1} Daniel Furnier (Appellant) appeals from the judgment entry of

the Scioto County Court of Common Pleas sentencing him to a total term of

imprisonment of twelve years for one count of robbery of a bank, three

counts of theft, one count of theft by deception, one count of receiving stolen

property, and one count of breaking and entering. Appellant contends the

trial court erred by not imposing a lesser sentence of ten years. For the

following reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                    2


                                   FACTS

      {¶2} On June 7, 2011, Appellant Daniel Furnier was indicted by the

Scioto County Grand Jury for six multi-count indictments involving theft,

breaking and entering, burglary, robbery, vandalism, and receiving stolen

property, which occurred to local businesses and individuals between July

2010 and April 2011. On February 2, 2012, after approximately seven

months of trial court proceedings, Appellant concluded plea negotiations and

entered guilty pleas to the following cases:

      Case No. 11-CR-408, Count 1-F2 robbery, a violation of R.C.
      2911.02(A)(2)/(B);

      Case No. 11-CR-477, Count 1- F5 theft, a violation of R.C.
      2913.02(A)(3)/(B)(2); R.C. 2913.71(A);

      Case No. 11-CR-478, Count 4- F4 receiving stolen property, a
      violation of R.C. 2913.51(A)/(C);

      Case No. 11-CR-478, Count 5- F5 theft by deception, a violation
      of R.C. 2913.02(A)(3)/(B)(2);

      Case No. 11-CR-479, Count 2-F4 theft, a violation of R.C.
      2913.02(A)(1)/(B)(2);

      Case No. 11-CR-484, Count 2- F4 theft, a violation of R.C.
      2913.02(A)(1)/(B)(2);

      Case No. 11-CR-485, Count 1- F5 breaking and entering, a
      violation of R.C. 2911.13(A)/(C).
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                       3


      {¶3} Appellant was rescheduled for sentencing on March 7, 2012. A

plea agreement between Appellant and the State provided for a sentence of

twelve years total for the above charges. However, the State agreed to a

possible recommendation of an aggregate sentence of ten years, contingent

upon Appellant’s full cooperation in recovery of some of the property stolen

or providing information which would lead to the recovery of the property.

Among other items stolen or vandalized, and cash, a significant amount of

jewelry was taken from a local jewelry store. Between the date of the plea

hearing and the sentencing hearing, Appellant had approximately 30 days to

perform his part of the plea agreement.

      {¶4} When Appellant returned for sentencing, the State contended

Appellant had breached the plea agreement by failing to recover some of the

jewelry or other stolen items or by providing information that would lead to

the recovery of the stolen property. Appellant argued that he had been in

custody awaiting sentencing and no one from the Scioto County Sheriff’s

Office or the prosecutor’s office had contacted him to obtain any additional

information. The State recommended the aggregate twelve-year sentence

which the court imposed. Appellant was also ordered to make restitution to

all the victims in a total amount of $36, 570.69, and court costs. Furnier

previously appealed from the trial court’s judgment, but the appeal was
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                          4


dismissed for lack of a final appealable order. State v. Furnier, 4th Dist.

Scioto No. 12CA3474, 2013-Ohio-455. The appeal herein has been

perfected.

                        ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

I.    THE COURT ERRED BY NOT ENFORCING THE PLEA
      BARGAIN AGREEMENT FOR A LOWER SENTENCE.

                      ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE

      {¶5} With regard to his sole assignment of error, Appellant frames

the issue as follows: “In a plea bargain with a subjective satisfaction clause,

is it good faith basis for non-satisfaction where the State makes no effort to

determine the usefulness of the information provided, and no effort is made

to obtain additional information?” Appellee State of Ohio has countered that

it was Appellant’s burden to recover stolen property or provide information

leading to recovery, pursuant to the verbal agreement. Appellee argues the

failure to do so constituted a breach of the agreement and the State was

released from its obligation to recommend a lesser sentence.

                        A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶6} “When the facts presented are undisputed, whether they

constitute a performance or a breach of a written contract, is a question of

law for the court.” Luntz v. Stern, 135 Ohio St. 225, 20 N.E.2d 241 (1939),

at paragraph five of the syllabus; State v. Blair, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 11
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                        5


CA3429, 2012-Ohio-769, ¶16. Thus, we will apply a de novo standard of

review. Id. We recognize that other Ohio appellate courts have reviewed

whether a party has breached a plea agreement under an abuse of discretion

standard. Id. See State v. Payton, 6th Dist. Erie Nos. E-09-070 and E-09-

071, 2010-Ohio-5178, ¶ 11; State v. Flowers, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No.

22751, 2009-Ohio-1945, ¶ 6; State v. Willis, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-05-026,

2005-Ohio-7002, ¶ 9; State v. Mathews, 8 Ohio App.3d 145, 146, 456

N.E.2d 539 (10th Dist. 1982); Blair, ¶ 16. However, because the Supreme

Court of Ohio has held that whether there is a breach of an unambiguous

written contract is a question of law, we will apply a de novo standard of

review in this case. Blair, ¶ 16.

                            B. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      {¶7} It has been recognized that plea agreements are essential to the

prompt disposition of criminal proceedings. Santobello v. New York, 404

U.S. 257, 261, 92 S. Ct. 495 (1971); State v. Burks, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

04AP531, 2005-Ohio-531, at ¶ 18.

      {¶8} Following Santobello, Ohio courts adopted the rule that when a

valid plea agreement is breached by the state, the trial court, within its sound

discretion, may either allow the negotiated plea to be withdrawn, or may

require the state to fulfill its end of the bargain. Mathews, supra; State v.
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                        6


Ford, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 97CA32, 1998 WL 79885 (Feb. 18, 1998), *3.

See also, State v. Davenport, 116 Ohio App.3d 6, 10-11, 686 N.E.2d 531

(12th Dist. 1996); State v. Woyan, 4th Dist. Athens No. 96CA 1772, 1997

WL 426117, (July 21, 1997); State v. Hess, 4th Dist. Adams No. 515, 1991

WL 286052, (Dec. 24, 1991). The trial court is in the best position to decide

whether circumstances require specific performance of the agreement, or

whether the circumstances require granting the defendant the opportunity to

withdraw his plea. Mathews, supra at 146, 456 N.E.2d 539, citing

Santobello. However, while the trial court may choose among these two

remedies within its discretion, failure to grant either remedy constitutes an

error as a matter of law. Santobello at 263; Mathews at 146, 456 N.E.2d

539.

       {¶9} “Principles of contract law are generally applicable to the

interpretation and enforcement of plea agreements.” State v. Blair, supra,

quoting State v. Bethel, 110 Ohio St.3d 416, 2006-Ohio-4853, 854 N.E.2d

150, ¶ 50. The terms of a plea agreement must be ascertained before it can

be determined whether a party breached the agreement. Blair, supra, citing

State v. Fetty, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2010-P-0021, 2011-Ohio-3894, ¶ 21.

       {¶10} The relevant portions of the transcript of Appellant’s plea

hearing are set forth as follows:
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                       7


      THE COURT: Does the property have to be discovered and returned
      to the State within this 30 days period?

      The State:   That’s what the State is asking, Your Honor.

      ***

      Counsel:    Your Honor, Mr. Furnier has given me the location of
      where he knows the property was. I relayed that to the State.

      THE COURT: And you understand that that in and of itself is not
      enough to come down to the 10 year recommendation from the State?

      Counsel:      Yes, sir.

      ***

      Counsel:      Judge, I think from our point of view what’s most
      important from our perspective in recommending a lower sentence is
      the cooperation, full cooperation of Mr. Furnier. If Mr. Furnier does
      all in his power to either recover or lead to the recovery of the
      jewelry, then our recommendation would be a lower sentence. Now it
      may be that the person Mr. Furnier suspects or the person Mr. Furnier
      knows the jewelry went to, may not have it at this point.

      THE COURT:           And is that sufficient?

      The State: Well, the State may investigate the case. That’s
      obviously not going to be done in 30 days, but if the State believes
      that property is located with an individual that is unwilling to turn
      over the jewelry there may be an investigation by the police and
      possible indictment by the State. And obviously that’s not something
      that’s going to be resolved in 30 days. If that’s the case, then so be it.
      Simply, the State asks that Mr. Furnier cooperate in providing the
      name and doing the most he can do with his position at this point.

      THE COURT:        Well then he’s about 10 minutes away from
      supplying a name, right?

      Counsel:     He’s already supplied it.
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                         8


      THE COURT:           Already supplied. So has he done everything he’s
      supposed to do?

      Mr. Wisecup:         I have the same concern, Your Honor, I have the
      same concern. It’s uncertain what will occur between now and 30
      days from now as far as recovery of the jewelry. The State’s aware of
      that. The State simply asks for Mr. Furnier’s full cooperation in
      recovering the jewelry. It may be there’s more information Mr.
      Furnier can provide. There has been a name provided. We’re hopeful
      that that will lead to recovery of some jewelry. If Mr. Furnier knows
      additional information or can cooperate through the process between
      now and until 30 days from now, then the State will likely - - and the
      State would recommend 10 years. Simply we’re asking for
      cooperation, I think, Judge.

      THE COURT:           Rather than the physical return of property? You
      agree that you still may recommend 10 years 30 days from now
      without the return of any property?

      Mr. Wisecup:         That’s my understanding, Your Honor.

      ***

      Mr. Wisecup:       Your Honor, if the State is satisfied that Mr.
      Furnier has been cooperative and has tried to the best of his ability to
      secure the property within the next 30 days, then the State would
      recommend 10 years at sentencing…I think that represents the full
      agreement from the State’s prospective (sic), Your Honor.

      {¶11} The intent of the parties to a contract presumptively resides in

the ordinary meaning of the language employed in their agreement. Kelly v.

Med. Life Ins. Co., 31 Ohio St. 3d 130, 509 N.E.2d 411 (1987), paragraph

one of the syllabus, Ford at *3. Contractual language giving rise to doubt or

ambiguity must be interpreted against the party who used it. Graham v.

Drydock Coal Co., 76 Ohio St. 3d 311, 313, 667 N.E. 2d 949 (1996), citing
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                           9


Cent. Realty Co. v. Clutter, 62 Ohio St. 2d 411, 406 N.E.2d 515 (1980);

Bellish v. C.I.T. Corp., 142 Ohio St. 36, 50 N.E.2d 147 (1943), paragraph

one of the syllabus; Ford, at *3.

      {¶12} Contract clauses which make the duty of performance

conditional upon one party’s satisfaction are generally referred to as

“satisfaction clauses.” Blair, ¶ 17; State v. Brooks, 2nd Dist. Greene No.

2010 CA 48, 2011-Ohio-3722, ¶ 27. Courts have divided satisfaction

clauses into two categories, objective and subjective. Blair, ¶ 17; Knowles v.

Ohio State Univ., 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 05AP-727 and 05AP-739, 2006-

Ohio-6732, ¶ 18. Which standard applies is a matter of the actual or

constructive intent of the parties, which, in turn, is a function of the express

language of the contract, or the subject matter of the contract. “Where a

subjective standard is applied to determine whether a party is ‘satisfied,’ the

test is whether the party is actually satisfied. ‘Although application of a

subjective standard to a satisfaction clause would seem to give the obligor

virtually unlimited latitude to avoid his duty of performance, such is not the

case. In these situations, courts impose the limitation that the obligor acts in

good faith.’” (Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 21, quoting Hutton v. Monograms

Plus, Inc., 78 Ohio App.3d 176, 181, 604 N.E.2d 200 (2nd Dist. 1992);
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                    10


Blair, ¶ 17. Thus, under the subjective standard, the promisor can avoid the

contract as long as he is genuinely dissatisfied. Id.

      {¶13} Here, the terms of the verbal agreement make it clear the

State’s duty of performance was conditional upon its subjective satisfaction

that Appellant “had been cooperative” and had “tried to the best of his

ability” to secure the return of some jewelry in the 30-day time period. The

State’s summary to that effect, cited above, “represented the full agreement”

from the State’s perspective. Therefore, the subjective standard is applied to

the satisfaction clause.

      {¶14} We next turn to consideration of whether or not the State had a

good faith basis for being unsatisfied in this matter. Appellant argues there

is “zero evidence” in the record of good faith on the part of the State.

Appellant contends that the State failed to show good faith because it did not

send a representative from the prosecutor’s office or sheriff’s department to

interview Appellant, did not investigate the name provided at the plea

hearing, or otherwise follow up with Appellant while he was in custody.

Based on his arguments, it would appear Appellant’s entire understanding

of the agreement was that he provide a name and then repose in the jail

waiting for someone to contact him to elicit further information. We do not

agree with Appellant’s arguments. A review of the record demonstrates
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                                                  11


Appellant did not “do the most he could do with his position” at the time he

was awaiting sentencing. As such, we conclude the State had a good faith

basis for being unsatisfied with Appellant’s cooperation.

         {¶15} Appellant’s argument hinges primarily on the fact of his being

in custody during the thirty days between the plea hearing and sentencing.

We note there is no evidence in the record to show the State represented to

Appellant that he could expect to be contacted at the jail. Likewise, there is

no evidence the State promised to investigate the name given. Those

representations were not made to Appellant at the plea hearing, nor were

they provisions of the plea agreement.1

         {¶16} At the plea hearing, Appellant knew he would be lodged in the

jail at the time he represented he would and could cooperate in returning

some of the jewelry at issue. Appellant assured “he’s going to get some of it

back.” At the time of sentencing, Appellant had been in jail for 318 days.

The sentencing entry made specific findings based on his criminal history.

Appellant was familiar enough with the justice system enough to know that

investigators or other law enforcement personnel may or may not come to

jail to see an inmate. The law enforcement complex where Appellant was

1
  In his brief, Appellant argues the State improperly asserted representations that were not supported by the
record. We observe Appellant argued at sentencing as follows: “But whenever I made the plea, that was the
whole agreement, that they was going to come, you know what I’m saying, and try to - - I mean everything
was going to be done.” Appellant’s assertion that “they,” presumably the State, was “going to come” is
not supported by the transcript of the plea hearing.
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                       12


held houses both the jail and the investigative wing of the sheriff’s

department. The burden was on Appellant to let jail personnel know he

would like to speak to an investigator to discuss the matter. Appellant

presumably had friends or family who visited and could have relayed

messages to law enforcement.

      {¶17} Appellant also indicated at the plea hearing he was satisfied

with his attorney’s representation, an indicator of a decent attorney-client

relationship. Appellant had already supplied a name through his counsel to

the State at the plea hearing. Appellant could have contacted his attorney to

relay messages or information. The record is devoid of any attempts

Appellant made to cooperate in the return of the property or to provide

information leading to the return of property. If there was any evidence

tending to show Appellant made affirmative steps to make such connections,

even if the evidence showed his attempts were ignored or rejected, his

arguments based on the State’s lack of good faith might merit more

attention. Indeed, if the only barrier standing in the way of Appellant’s

performing his part of the plea agreement was law enforcement’s not coming

to see him at the jail, why, at the sentencing hearing, did he not then make a

proffer of information or other cooperation that he had previously been

“unable” to offer?
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                       13


      {¶18} The State promised only to recommend a lower sentence if

Appellant cooperated. The State made no other promises. Appellant

promised to cooperate, and then made no actions which could even be

construed as minimal attempts to cooperate. Perhaps, in the future, what

“cooperation” entails should be specifically defined, according to the

particular factual situation, if used in a plea agreement. Here, we conclude

the State had a good faith basis for being unsatisfied with Appellant’s lack of

cooperation with regard to returning the jewelry or providing information

which would lead to the return of the property. For the foregoing reasons,

we find the trial court did not err when it imposed the twelve-year sentence.

As such, we overrule Appellant’s assignment of error and affirm the

decision of the trial court.

                                                JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Scioto App. No. 13CA3546                                                                    14


                                   JUDGMENT ENTRY

       It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be assessed to
Appellant.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Scioto
County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

         IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL
HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it
is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously
posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme
Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court.
If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the
Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of
the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court
of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of
the date of such dismissal.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, J. & Hoover, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.


                                                       For the Court,

                                                       BY:     _______________________
                                                               Matthew W. McFarland
                                                               Presiding Judge




                                 NOTICE TO COUNSEL

        Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with
the clerk.
