                                                                           FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                           APR 25 2019
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

THOMAS ATENCIO, an adult individual              No. 16-56625
and GIAN CATERINE, an adult
individual, also known as John Cate,             D.C. No.
                                                 2:16-cv-01925-DMG-MRW
              Plaintiffs-Appellees,

 v.                                              MEMORANDUM*

TUNECORE, INC.,

              Defendant-Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                      Dolly M. Gee, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted November 15, 2018
                              Pasadena, California

Before: PAEZ and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges, and GLEASON,** District Judge.

      TuneCore, Inc. appeals the district court’s order partially denying its motion

to compel arbitration. We affirm.



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
              The Honorable Sharon L. Gleason, United States District Judge for
the District of Alaska, sitting by designation.
      The 2012 Agreement contains an arbitration clause that encompasses “[a]ny

controversy arising out of or relating to this Option Agreement.” We construe

such a clause broadly. Simula, Inc. v. Autoliv, Inc., 175 F.3d 716, 721 (9th Cir.

1999). The district court granted TuneCore’s motion with regard to Plaintiffs’

claims under the 2012 Agreement and the 2009 Agreement, which contains an

identical arbitration clause. The question is whether the language in the arbitration

clause constituted an agreement by the parties to commit to arbitration disputes

under the earlier pre-2009 Agreements.

      Although the arbitration clause is materially broad and certain language in

the 2012 Agreement could possibly be construed to extinguish earlier options,

there is otherwise little indication the parties intended it to apply retrospectively.

TuneCore expressly consented to resolve disputes over the pre-2009 Agreements

in court. Had the parties intended for the arbitration clause to modify the prior

agreements and revoke that consent they could have clearly stated so. The

examples TuneCore provides of courts retroactively applying arbitration clauses

illustrate this point. The sweeping clauses in those cases contrast sharply with the

2012 Agreement’s clause, which is limited to those controversies “relating to this

Option Agreement.” See, e.g., Al-Thani v. Wells Fargo & Co., No. C 08-1745-

CW, 2009 WL 55442, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 2009) (covering disputes “arising


                                            2
out of or relat[ing] to the brokerage account . . . or any other agreement between

you and me” (alteration in original)); In re Verisign, Inc., Derivative Litig., 531 F.

Supp. 2d 1173, 1224 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (“The arbitration provision is extremely

broad, and covers not just services provided under the agreement, but also ‘any

other services provided by [defendant].’”); In re Currency Conversion Fee

Antitrust Litig., 265 F. Supp. 2d 385, 398 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (encompassing “[a]ny

claim, . . . arising from or relating in any way to this Agreement or your

Account . . .” (emphasis added)).

      The extrinsic evidence TuneCore sought to introduce in order to prove that

the 2012 Agreement replaced, and therefore relates to, earlier option agreements

appears precluded by the Agreement’s integration clause. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code

§ 1856(a). The presumption in favor of arbitration does not create an agreement to

arbitrate where parties have not so consented. Tracer Research Corp. v. Nat’l

Envtl. Servs. Co., 42 F.3d 1292, 1294 (9th Cir. 1994). We thus conclude the

district court did not err in severing the claims.

      TuneCore contends the district court ruled on a matter reserved for

arbitration by deciding the 2012 Agreement did not replace earlier options. We

disagree. Absent “clear and unmistakable evidence” that the parties agreed to

submit arbitrability to arbitration, courts will decide whether the parties agreed to


                                            3
submit a certain dispute to arbitration. Kramer v. Toyota Motor Corp., 705 F.3d

1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2013). As the clause is silent on arbitrability, the district court

was authorized to decide “whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at

issue.” Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir.

2000). This inquiry entailed a determination of whether the 2012 Agreement

replaced or otherwise related to the pre-2009 agreements. While we do not read

the district court’s order to preclude TuneCore from making any argument on the

merits, we do not have jurisdiction to entertain a merits ruling by the district court

at this point, as we are limited to consideration of the motion to compel arbitration.

See 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(B).

      We are not persuaded by TuneCore’s contention that the district court issued

a sua sponte order and failed to provide the parties with an opportunity to respond.

TuneCore had ample opportunity to argue for its preferred reading of the

arbitration clause in its motion and at the hearing on the motion in response to the

district court’s tentative ruling. At the hearing, TuneCore’s counsel made

essentially the same arguments against severing the claims that were raised on

appeal.

      AFFIRMED.




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