In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                 No. 11-558C
                             (Filed: June 9, 2016)

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PRECISION STANDARD, INC.,
                                                Contract Disputes Act, 41
                                                U.S.C. § 609(a) (2012);
                     Plaintiff,
                                                Defense Priorities and
                                                Allocations Systems;
       v.
                                                waiver of delivery dates;
                                                e q u i t abl e adj ust m ent ;
                                                conditional approval
THE UNITED STATES,


                     Defendant.

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                         _____________

                                 OPINION
                              _______________

BRUGGINK, Judge.

       Plaintiff, Precision Standard, Inc. (“PSI”), brings this case pursuant to
the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 609(a) (2012) and the Tucker Act, 28
U.S.C. § 1491(a) (2012) against the United States seeking equitable adjustment
and damages arising under various contracts between it and the Defense
Logistics Agency (“DLA” or “the Agency”), formerly known as the Defense
Supply Center Richmond (“DSCR”). Pending is defendant’s motion for partial
summary judgment on Counts 2 through 9 of the complaint.1 The motion is
fully briefed, and oral argument was held on April 6, 2016. For the reasons
stated below, we grant in part and deny in part defendant’s motion for
summary judgment.



1
 The complaint contains nine counts. Count 1, however, is not included in this
motion.
                                BACKGROUND2

       There are 28 contracts at issue in Counts 2 through 9 of the complaint.
These contracts, each of which was for a particular aircraft part, were entered
into between April 2006 and January 2009. The majority of the contracts
required first article testing to be performed at Warner Robins Air Force Base
(“Warner Robins”). The remainder required first article testing at Hill Air
Force Base (“Hill”). They are listed as follows:

    Count              Contract No.         Contract Date    Part
    2                  SPM4A7-07-           March 23, 2007   Upper Thrust
                       0105                                  Reverser Fan
                                                             Cowlers
    3                  SP0407-06-M-         April 18, 2006   Structural
                       9684                                  Aircraft Panels
    4                  SPM4A7-08-M-         March 31, 2008   Access Covers
                       5689
    5                  SP0407-05-C-         March 28, 2005   Trailing Edge
                       2028                                  Panels
    6                  SPM4A7-09-D-         July 2009        Bundle Covers
                       5547
    7                  SPM4A7-08-D-         July 30, 2008    Coupling
                       0316                                  Adapter Sleeves
    8(A)               SPM4A7-07-D-         March 6, 2007    Lower Left
                       3180                                  Panel Aircraft
                                                             Assemblies
    8(B)               SPM4A5-08-M-         February 22,     Access Covers
                       2072                 2008
    8(C)               SPM4A7-07-M-         April 12, 2007   Fairing
                       6269                                  Assemblies




2
    The facts are drawn from the appendices filed with the parties’ briefing.

                                        2
8(D)   SPM4A7-08-C-       June 6, 2008     Aircraft Fairings
       0387
8(E)   SPM4A7-08-D-       June 23, 2008    Fuselage Fairing
       0274                                Panels
8(F)   SPM4A7-07-M-       August 6, 2007   Aircraft Fairings
       A678
8(G)   SPM4A7-07-M-       September 14,    Aileron Trailing
       C357               2007             Edge
                                           Assemblies
8(H)   SPM4A7-08-C-       August 16, 2008 Aircraft Access
       0481                               Doors
9(A)   SPM4A7-08-M-       November 29,     Trailing Edge
       2238               2007             Wing
                                           Assemblies
9(B)   SPM4A7-08-M-       January 17,      Insulation
       4809               2008             Panels
9(C)   SPM4A7-08-M-       February 25,     Lower Bunk
       6942               2008             Panels
9(D)   SPM4A7-08-M-       March 14, 2008   Aircraft Floor
       7318                                Panels
9(E)   SPM4A7-08-M-       April 1, 2008    Aircraft Fairings
       8566
9(F)   SPM4A7-08-M-       May 16, 2008     Wheel Panel
       A725                                Assemblies
9(G)   SPM4A7-08-M-       May 31, 2008     Aircraft
       A912                                Retainer
                                           Assemblies
9(H)   SPM4A7-08-M-       June 10, 2008    Aircraft Floor
       B771                                Panels
9(I)   SPM4A7-08-M-       July 23, 2008    Aircraft Panel
       D715                                Assembly


                      3
 9(J)                SPM4A7-08-M-           August 25, 2008 Helicopter
                     F252                                   Access Covers
 9(K)                SPM4A7-09-M-           January 30,       Aircraft Access
                     3933                   2009              Doors
 9(L)                SPM4A7-07-M-           October 26,       Cowlings
                     0637                   2006
 9(M)                SPM4A7-08-M-           March 5, 2008     Panel
                     7193                                     Assemblies
 9(N)                SPM4A7-08-M-           March 21, 2008    Bulkhead Clips
                     7646

        The parties set forth arguments which pertain to every contract,
arguments which pertain to a specific group of contracts, and arguments that
pertain to individual contracts. Before discussing these arguments, we will
detail the facts that led to the dispute for each contract individually.

Count 2

         DLA awarded contract number SPM4A7-07-0105 to PSI on March 23,
2007. The contract was for 33 upper thrust reverser fan cowling covers for a
total price of $154, 300. The first article was due for testing 120 days later, on
July 21, 2007. Defendant claims that the Agency received the first article in
September 2007. After receiving and testing the first article, DLA rejected it
on January 11, 2008. In its correspondence with PSI, the Agency stated that the
first article did not conform to the procurement specifications and pointed out
nine specific defects. The letter also stated that PSI had the opportunity to
correct the nonconformance and resubmit two first articles for testing, at a cost
to PSI of $5,880.20. PSI challenged the rejection on February 14, 2008, and
requested conditional approval. In its May 7, 2008 response, DLA denied the
request for conditional approval and informed PSI the first article was not
manufactured in accordance with the drawings.

        PSI submitted a second first article to Warner Robins for testing in
September 2008. Contracting Officer (“CO”) Carl Hudson sent PSI a letter on
April 15, 2009 informing PSI that the second first article failed inspection. The
letter identified 10 different defects, and offered PSI the option of submitting
another first article for testing or cancelling the contract. According to the

                                        4
letter, the third re-test would cost PSI $6,062.47. In August 2009, DLA
returned the second first article to PSI. In November 2009, DLA send PSI an
email requesting that PSI inform the Agency whether it would submit another
first article and requesting a revised delivery schedule or cancellation request
by December 3, 2009. PSI did not respond to this email.

       On January 4, 2010, the contracting officer issued a unilateral
modification P00002 cancelling the contract “at no cost or obligation to either
party.” Def.’s App. 19A. On April 30, 2010, PSI responded with an inventory
schedule and advised DLA that it would be submitting is termination
settlement proposal. Id. at 19C. DLA responded on May 4, 2010 with a show
cause notice, which stated that modification P00002 should not have been
issued as a unilateral no-cost modification and was therefore rescinded.
However, the letter informed PSI that it was delinquent on the contract and
that DLA was considering cancelling for default.

       PSI responded to the show cause notice on May 11, 2010, asserting that
the Agency illegally imposed a requirement that the parts conform exactly to
the product-part specifications and arguing that the government had no valid
basis for a termination for default. It also stated that, on June 1, 2007, PSI had
written the government asking for assistance and cooperation in checking
PSI’s drill bit template, but that the government never responded.

        PSI sent a supplemental letter on June 30, 2010, asserting that the part
it sent as its second first article was actually the same part as the initial first
article, with the identified defects corrected, yet Warner Robins had found
completely new defects in the second first article. The letter went on to state
that the fact that Warner Robins is a manufacturing competitor of PSI created
a conflict of interest that should disqualify Warner Robins as a first article
tester.

        On August 17, 2010, the contracting officer issued a termination for
default for “failure to comply with the essential requirements of the contract.”
Id. at 26. Notice of the termination was sent to PSI on September 3, 2010.

Count 3

        DLA awarded contract number SP0407-06-M-9684 for the manufacture
of 10 structural aircraft panels to PSI on April 18, 2006. The contract required
that PSI send its first article to Hill within 90 days (by July 17, 2006). The

                                        5
parties disagree about when the first article was shipped to Hill–PSI claims
May 2008, while the Agency claims June 2008. In any event, it was after the
90 day period required by the contract.

        On October 7, 2008, Hill reported to the agency that the first article
failed testing, identifying 9 discrepancies. PSI was informed by letter on
October 21, 2008. DLA offered PSI the opportunity to resubmit a first article
and requested that PSI submit a revised delivery schedule by November 4,
2008. PSI responded, contesting the rejection of the first article, requesting its
return, and requesting conditional approval. The parties disagree as to whether
the first article was returned to PSI. The parties executed a bilateral contract
modification on March 31, 2010, setting the deadline for first article
resubmission as May 7, 2010.

         As of November 2010, PSI had not delivered a second first article. The
contracting officer sent PSI a show cause notice requesting a response by
November 18, 2010. PSI responded, through counsel, on November 26, 2010.
In the response letter, PSI claimed that the Agency was precluded from
terminating the contract for default because it had not returned the initial first
article to PSI and because it never gave PSI a decision on its request for
conditional approval. PSI indicated to the Agency that it believed DLA used
the first article but refused to pay for it. PSI also made a claim for equitable
adjustment for its rejected first article, consisting of $3,000 for the unreturned
first article, $254.32 for time spend researching and analyzing the show cause
notice, $806.89 in delay costs, and proposal preparation fees of $800. PSI
informed DLA that it would work with the Government to establish a new
discovery schedule after the Government returned the first article and ruled on
the request for conditional approval.

       In response to PSI’s request for equitable adjustment, DLA issued a
termination for default on December 6, 2010. DLA stated that it would pay
$3,000 for the unreturned first article, but it denied the other components of
PSI’s request for equitable adjustment.

Count 4

        Contract number SPM4A7-08-M-5689 was awarded to PSI on March
31, 2008, for the production of 38 access covers for $44,800. It required a first
article to be delivered at Hill within 180 days (by November 3, 2008). DLA
inquired about the status of the first article on January 22, 2009. PSI responded

                                        6
that the delinquency was due to DX-rated contracts.3 PSI shipped the first
article in May 2009.

        On November 23, 2009, DLA sent a letter disapproving of the first
article. Attached to the letter was a list of 14 discrepancies. The letter went on
to state that a no-cost termination for convenience would be issued and that
“[n]o further submission is requested or authorized.” Def.’s App. 99. On
December 2, 2009, DLA sent PSI a proposed bilateral modification to
terminate the contract at no cost to either party. PSI refused to agree to the
modification. DLA then informed PSI that the contract would be terminated
for default.

        PSI responded on November 19, 2010 with a claim for equitable
adjustment in the amount of $16,144.62. Contracting Officer Sally Gorby sent
DLA a response letter on December 14, 2010, stating that PSI’s request for
equitable adjustment was based on the mistaken belief that the contract had
been terminated for convenience. It further asked PSI to show cause why the
contract should not be terminated for default. In the alternative, the letter
offered a no cost termination in lieu of termination for default. PSI responded
through counsel on December 23, 2010, asserting that the government had
constructively terminated the contract. PSI therefore purported to convert its
request for equitable adjustment into a claim for equitable adjustment pursuant
to the termination clause of the contract. PSI further requested a termination
for convenience. DLA thereafter issued a termination for default.

Count 5

       Contract number SP0407-05-C-2028 was awarded on March 28, 2005.
The first article was due by July 26, 2005. DLA received the first article on
June 22, 2006. It was rejected on February 27, 2007. PSI subsequently
submitted a second first article on July 20, 2007, and DLA conditionally
approved it on December 18, 2007. PSI was notified of the conditional
approval on January 10, 2008. Thus, pursuant to the contract, the parts were



3
 Under the Defense Priorities and Allocations Systems (“DPAS”), which is
used to prioritize performance, defense contracts are identified by rating the
symbols “DO” and “DX.” Contractors are required to prioritize DX-rated
orders over DO-rated orders and unrated orders.

                                        7
due 293 days later, by October 30, 2008. PSI did not deliver any parts by this
date.

       By email dated November 25, 2008, Milan Reeder, Vice President of
PSI, advised DLA that PSI would be shipping a minimum of five or more units
the following week. He also indicated that PSI “ha[d] DX rated contracts
which took priority.” Def.’s App. 162. A modification was then issued by DLA
to ship the first five parts by December 5, 2008 and the remaining 50 by the
end of December in exchange for $350 consideration. PSI objected to this
modification by letter on December 6, 2008, asserting that delivery of 50
panels by the end of December was “arbitrary, unrealistic, and nonfeasible.”
Pl.’s App. 493. The letter also accused DLA of causing delays of
approximately 17 months, and requested modification to reflect the
government delays. PSI shipped the first five panels that month, but did not
submit the remainder.

        On January 22, 2009, DLA sent PSI an email informing it that the
contract had become delinquent and requesting a status update. DLA again
contacted PSI on March 23, 2010m offering a no-cost termination for
convenience. PSI responded, refusing the termination for convenience, stating
that it had to interrupt production due to DX-rated contracts and that it
expected to resume production within six weeks. DLA wrote back, stating that
it would issue a modification changing the delivery date to May 14, 2010. PSI
responded by email on April 2, 2010, advising that it expected to complete
delivery of the remaining parts by July 30, 2010.

       DLA sent a show cause notice on November 14, 2010. PSI responded
by requesting equitable adjustment in the amount of $6,252.64 for the
government’s delay of its testing decision for both first articles and delay in
returning the first article to PSI upon PSI’s request.

       On December 2, 2010, DLA issued a contract modification requiring
the remaining units to be delivered by January 31, 2011. It subsequently denied
PSI’s request for equitable adjustment on December 8, 2010. PSI responded
with a letter expressing concern over DLA’s and the contracting officer’s
course of conduct. It subsequently shipped the remaining parts between
December 2010 and March 2011.




                                      8
Count 6

       DLA awarded contract number SPM4A7-09-D-5547 to PSI in July
2009 for an indefinite quantity purchase order for bundle covers. On July 24,
2009, DLA issued Delivery Order 0001 for 24 covers to be delivered by
November 30, 2009. On October 3, 2009, DLA issued Delivery Order 0002 for
29 covers for delivery by February 5, 2010. On January 29, 2010, DLA issued
Delivery Order 0003 for 48 covers to be delivered by June 30, 2010. PSI
delivered a portion of the covers for Delivery Order 0001 on June 12, 2010,
and the remainder on July 11, 2010. On July 14, 2010, PSI delivered the covers
for Delivery Order 0002.

        DLA issued a show cause notice on January 25, 2011, regarding PSI’s
failure to deliver under Delivery Order 0003. PSI responded that it had never
received Delivery Order 0003, but that it was prepared to complete all orders
under the contract, including Delivery Order 0003, within the five year period
of the contract with the date of Delivery Order 0003 running from the date of
the letter announcing its existence. On February 10, 2011, the contracting
officer issued a termination for default as to Delivery Order 0003.

Count 7

        Count 7 concerns contract number SPM4A7-08-D-0316. This indefinite
delivery, indefinite quantity contract for coupling adapter sleeves was awarded
to PSI on July 30, 2008. It provided that delivery of orders was due 111 days
after receipt of each order. DLA issued the following delivery orders:

1.     Delivery Order 0001: 111 units due November 18, 2008
2.     Delivery Order 0002: 74 units due February 22, 2010
3.     Delivery Order 0003: 81 units due April 27, 2010
4.     Delivery Order 0004: 80 units due June 28, 2010
5.     Delivery Order 0005: 79 units due July 28, 2010
6.     Delivery Order 0006: 283 units due January 5, 2011

On February 12, 2010, PSI delivered two of the units owed under Delivery
Order 0002. Between June 2010 and August 2010, it delivered all but 14 of the
units owed under Delivery Order 0001.

       On November 16, 2010, DLA sent PSI a letter notifying PSI that all of
the orders except Delivery Order 006 were delinquent and informing PSI that

                                      9
it was considering terminating for default. The letter also provided that PSI
would need to provide monetary consideration before the agency would accept
any more shipments. It requested a response by November 19, 2010. PSI
responded, claiming that the agency had overwhelmed it with orders. It also
stated that it had 97 parts ready to ship but would stop delivery because it
viewed DLA’s demand for consideration as a stop work order.

        PSI subsequently shipped the 97 parts. It then submitted a claim for
equitable adjustment on November 26, 2010, demanding $23,012. PSI also
objected to DLA’s assertion that PSI had repudiated the contract, and
countered that there was no longer a delivery schedule in place. On December
8, 2010, DLA sent a letter denying PSI’s request for equitable adjustment. In
this letter, DLA also stated that it had not waived delivery or the delivery
schedule and that it expected PSI to deliver Delivery Order 0006 by the
January 5, 2011 due date. The letter further invited PSI to provide reasonable
revised delivery dates for Delivery Orders 0003, 0004 and 0005. Otherwise,
the letter provided, the agency would terminate for default. PSI did not
respond. The agency thereafter terminated the contract for default on February
4, 2011.

Count 8

        Count 8 pertains to eight contracts which are further divided into
Counts 8(A) through 8(H). The specific facts of each contract are detailed
below. As of February 22, 2011, PSI had not shipped the required parts for any
of the eight contracts. DLA therefore wrote PSI offering a no cost, no liability
termination for all of the contracts and providing that it would terminate them
for default if PSI did not respond by March 15, 2011. PSI sent a letter to DLA
on February 28, 2011, challenging the authority of the contracting officer to
“continually issue demands and threats with arbitrarily and capriciously set
response-date demands.” Def.’s App. 357.

        PSI responded to DLA’s letter again, through counsel, on April 7, 2011.
It contended that the government had waived its right to terminate for default,
and that the only action that DLA could take was to issue formal terminations
for convenience. The letter also noted that the government had, in the past,
typically allowed PSI to prioritize its DX-rated contracts over DLA’s DO-rated
contracts and that the government never set new dates for these contracts
because it no longer had a need for the products. Thereafter, DLA terminated
the contracts for default.

                                      10
Count 8(A)

       Count 8(A) pertains to contract number SPM4A7-07-D-3180. This
indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract for lower left panel aircraft
assemblies was awarded to PSI on March 6, 2007. The first article was due at
Warner Robins 250 days after award on November 5, 2007. On March 20,
2007, DLA issued Delivery Order 001 for six panels. On March 21, 2007,
DLA issued Delivery Order 0002 for another six panels. Both orders were
placed before DLA received the first article for testing.

       On February 5, 2008, in response to a request for clarification, DLA’s
contract administrator sent an email to PSI, informing it that the first article
should be shipped against Delivery Order 0001. If approved, the first article
requirement for Delivery Order 0002 would be deemed satisfied. The email
also provided that delivery would be due 242 days after first article approval.

        PSI responded, informing DLA that it would have the first article
complete by March 7, 2008. It followed up via email on March 6, 2008,
informing PSI that the first article would be ready by March 21, 2008 or
earlier. On March 14, 2008, DLA issued modifications to Delivery Orders
0001 and 0002 to revise first article shipment to March 31, 2008. However,
PSI did not ship the first article by March 31, 2008. DLA inquired into the
status of the first article on February 26, 2009. PSI did not respond.

        On June 1, 2009, DLA issued Delivery Order 0003 for another six
panels. It again inquired into the status of the first article on November 30,
2009. PSI advised the agency that it was planning on submitting its first article
by December 18, 2009. As of March 29, 2010, PSI still had not delivered the
first article. In communications with DLA through the Defense Contract
Management Agency (“DCMA”), PSI indicated that it would ship the first
article by the middle of April 2010. Nevertheless, the first article was never
shipped, and on April 27, 2011, DLA terminated the contract for default.

Count 8(B)

       Contract number SPM4A5-08-M-2072 for 162 aircraft access covers
was awarded on February 22, 2008. The first article was due at Hill 240 days
after award. On May 15, 2008, PSI shipped the first article, and on September
26, 2008, the agency informed PSI that the first article had failed testing. The

                                       11
rejection letter invited PSI to submit another first article, submit a rebuttal
letter, or request cancellation of the contract. The letter requested a response
within 15 days, and warned that the contracts might be cancelled or terminated
if PSI did not respond.

       PSI did not respond. On May 4, 2009, DLA again contacted PSI
requesting a status update within 15 days. DLA contacted PSI again on May
21, 2009, informing PSI that the contracts might be cancelled if a response was
not received by May 22, 2009.

        As of February 22, 2011, PSI still had not submitted another first
article, and DLA issued a show cause notice. The only response was the April
7, 2011 letter, mentioned above, which expressed discontentment with DLA’s
course of action regarding the contracts in general but did not provide
responses as to each specific contract. DLA terminated the contract for default
on April 29, 2011.

Count 8(C)

        Contract number SPM4A7-07-M-6269 for 34 fairing assemblies was
awarded on April 12, 2007. The contract required the first article in 90 days,
but it also provided that a first article which PSI had previously submitted for
a contract not at issue in this case would suffice if it was approved. On
February 14, 2008, and again on October 10, 2009, however, PSI’s first article
submissions were rejected.

       On March 30, 2010, DLA sent PSI an email offering a no cost
termination and requesting a response by April 1, 2010. On May 5, 2010, DLA
sent an email attaching a proposed modification to the contract to terminate it
at no cost. PSI refused to agree to the no-cost termination.

        As of February 22, 2011, PSI still had not submitted another first
article, and a show cause notice was issued. PSI responded only via the April
7, 2011 letter. DLA terminated the contract for default on April 29, 2011.

Count 8(D)

       Contract number SPM4A7-08-C-0387 for 30 aircraft fairings was
awarded on June 6, 2008. The first article was due on December 13, 2008. On
April 21, 2010, a representative of DCMA sent a message to DLA, indicating

                                      12
that PSI had made no progress toward the completion of the order. On June 8,
2010, DLA contacted PSI warning that no progress was being made and
therefore the contract would be cancelled at no cost to the government.

       PSI responded on June 10, 2010, stating that progress had been made
and that it did not assent to a termination for convenience. DLA emailed back
that day, asking “where do we stand on this contract?” Def.’s App. 434. PSI
did not respond.

        As of February 22, 2011, PSI still had not submitted a first article, and
DLA issued a show cause notice. PSI only responded via the April 7, 2011
letter. DLA terminated the contract for default on May 6, 2011.

Count 8(E)

        On June 23, 2008, DLA awarded PSI contract number SPM4A7-08-D-
0274, an indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract for wing to fuselage
fairing panels. The first article was due by November 5, 2008. DLA issued the
following delivery orders: Delivery Order 0001 on September 19, 2008 for 15
panels, and Delivery Order 0002 on December 5, 2008 for 17 panels.

         On March 13, 2009, PSI told the agency that it had not yet shipped a
first article or begun production. DLA then issued a modification to Delivery
Order 0001, adding a requirement of a first article to be delivered by July 6,
2009. As of February 3, 2010, PSI still had not delivered the first article. DLA
informed PSI that the item was over-procured and offered a partial
cancellation, to which PSI agreed. Thus, DLA issued a modification to
Delivery Order 0002 decreasing it to 6 panels.

        As of February 22, 2011, PSI still had not submitted a first article, and
DLA issued a show cause notice. PSI responded only via the April 7, 2011
letter. DLA terminated the contract for default on May 10, 2011.

Count 8(F)

       DLA awarded contract number SPM4A7-07-M-A678 for 19 aircraft
fairings to PSI on August 6, 2007. The first article was due February 2, 2008.
On March 3, 2008, PSI requested a mylar that it needed for the part from DLA.
It requested the mylar again on June 17, 2009. A 2010 letter from PSI to DLA
indicated that the mylar was provided to PSI on July 2, 2010.

                                       13
         On August 8, 2010, DLA issued a modification revising the delivery
date to January 30, 2011. As of February 22, 2011, PSI still had not submitted
a first article, and thus a show cause notice was issued. PSI responded only via
the April 7, 2011 letter. DLA terminated the contract for default on April 29,
2011.

Count 8(G)

        This contract, number SPM4A7-07-M-C357, for 50 aileron trailing
edge assemblies was awarded to PSI on September 14, 2007. The first article
was due in 180 days, by March 12, 2008. DLA contacted PSI on June 11,
2009, to report that the government had a critical need for the parts and to ask
if the first article had shipped. PSI responded on June 16, 2009, advising that
the first article was complete and ready for spot welding, and would ship by
August 19, 2009.

        The first article did not ship by August 19, 2009. On July 12, 2010, PSI
informed DLA that the reason for the delay was spot welding issues and that
the first article was expected to ship by July 31, 2010. The first article was not
shipped by this date. In February 2011, PSI indicated that it would ship the
first article by the end of March 2011.

        As of February 22, 2011, PSI still had not submitted a first article, and
a show cause notice was issued. PSI responded only via the April 7, 2011
letter. DLA terminated the contract for default on April 29, 2011.

Count 8(H)

        On August 16, 2008, this contract, number SPM4A7-08-C-048, for 38
aircraft access doors was awarded to PSI. The first article was due by February
12, 2009. As of July 1, 2009, PSI had not shipped the first article, and DLA
requested a status update. In response, PSI indicated that it expected to ship
the first article by September 15, 2009.

       As of June 3, 2010, PSI had still not shipped the part, and DLA
requested a status update. PSI responded that it intended to ship the part. On
October 7, 2010, DLA contacted PSI to request a reduction of the quantity by
four. PSI did not respond, and DLA contacted PSI again on November 8, 2010
to request a response.


                                       14
        On December 15, 2010, DLA was notified by DCMA that PSI had not
yet begun production because it was awaiting approval from DLA on a similar
part. On January 21, 2011, DLA contacted PSI again asking for the status of
the part. On January 31, 2011, DLA repeated its request for a status update
and its request to reduce the total contract amount by four parts. DLA renewed
this request for the last time on February 7, 2011.

     As of February 22, 2011, PSI still had not submitted a first article, and
DLA issued a show cause notice. PSI responded via the April 7, 2011 letter.
DLA terminated the contract for default on May 6, 2011.

Count 9

        Count 9 pertains to 14 additional contracts, which are divided into
Count 9(A) through 9(N). Defendant has made a prima facie case that it is
entitled to summary judgment as to Counts 9(A) through 9(N) because PSI
either failed to deliver the products or failed to submit second first articles
after its initial submissions were rejected. As discussed more fully below,
plaintiff has failed to set forth any meaningful response to defendant’s motion
as to Counts 9(A) through 9(K). Therefore, for the purpose of brevity, we will
only provide the facts for Counts 9(L) through 9(M).

Count 9(L)

       Contract number SPM4A7-07-M-0637 for 12 cowlings was awarded
on October 25, 2006. The first article was due in 120 days, by February 22,
2007. On February 9, 2007, PSI submitted a request for copies of three
drawings that it needed to complete the part. DLA responded, recommending
that PSI contact Lockheed Martin for the drawings. PSI again requested the
drawings on April 25, 2007, and they were provided to PSI by DLA on May
30, 2007.

      On July 26, 2007, the contracting officer issued a modification,
changing the deadline for first article submission to September 15, 2007. This
modification also changed the product delivery date to May 13, 2008. On
October 22, 2007, PSI shipped the first article.

        The first article was rejected on May 20, 2008 because it failed a form,
fit, and function test and because the spot welds did not conform to the
drawings. PSI was given the opportunity to submit another first article, with

                                      15
PSI to bear the costs. PSI subsequently requested that DLA return the rejected
first article and asked that DLA send a full copy of the test report. In
November 2008, PSI submitted five samples to an independent company to
test the spot welds. The testing company determined that all five samples had
spot weld failures.

        On January 6, 2009, PSI reported to DLA that it would ship a new first
article by the end of the month. On January 30, 2009, DLA contacted PSI to
inform it that the contract was delinquent and demanded monetary
consideration and an explanation for the delay. PSI responded that the first
article had not shipped because it was still waiting for the rejected first article
to be returned.

        On February 11, 2009, PSI received the initial first article back from
DLA. On March 16, 2009, PSI stated that it would submit a new first article
by April 15, 2009. As of May 29, 2009, PSI had yet to ship the second first
article, and DLA contacted PSI to request an updated delivery date.

       On June 10, 2009, PSI shipped the second first article. On December
17, 2009, PSI was notified that its second first article was rejected, again due
to spot weld failures and improper fit.

       DLA issued a show cause notice for this contract and two others on July
8, 2011, offering PSI a no-cost termination or the opportunity to provide
another first article for testing. PSI responded that the government’s charges
of delinquency were themselves untimely and argued that there was no
effective schedule in place.

      DLA terminated the contract for default on September 1, 2011. Four
months later, PSI submitted a claim for equitable adjustment seeking
$84,421.55 attributable to government-caused delay. This claim was rejected
on February 13, 2012.

Counts 9(M) and 9(N)

       Count 9(M) pertains to contract number SPM4A7-08-M-7193 for 20
panel assemblies awarded to PSI on March 5, 2008. The first article was due
by August 22, 2008. PSI submitted a first article, which was rejected by
Warner Robins on April 30, 2010. The memorandum explaining the rejection
provided that the panel had the wrong contour and several disbonds were

                                        16
found along the edge of the panel. On May 24, 2010, DLA informed PSI of the
rejection, and invited PSI to submit a new first article. PSI did not respond to
this letter and did not submit a new first article.

        Count 9(N) pertains to contract number SPM4A7-08-M-7646 for 300
bulkhead clips which was awarded to PSI on March 21, 2008. The first article
was due on October 22, 2008. PSI submitted a first article, which was rejected
by Hill on January 20, 2009 due to dimensional discrepancies and an improper
bend. On February 4, 2009, DLA informed PSI that it could submit a new first
article or request a no-cost cancellation. PSI did not respond. DLA contacted
PSI two more times requesting a response. On April 2, 2010, PSI responded,
providing that it would submit its first article within 30 days. However, PSI
never submitted a new first article.

       Both contracts were included in the July 8, 2011 show cause notice
mentioned above, to which PSI responded by claiming that the government’s
charges of delinquency were themselves untimely, and that there was no
effective schedule in place. The contracts were terminated for default on
September 1, 2011.

                                 DISCUSSION

        The government argues that it is entitled to summary judgment with
respect to Counts 6, 7, 8(A), 8(C) through 8(H), and 9(A) through 9(K)
because PSI failed to deliver the required products. Each of the 19 contracts
associated with Counts 8 and 9 incorporates either FAR 52.209-3(d) or FAR
52.209-4(d), which both state that if “the Contractor fails to deliver any first
article on time, or the Contracting Officer disapproves of any first article, the
Contractor shall be deemed to have failed to make delivery within the meaning
of the Default clause of this contract.” 48 C.F.R. §§ 52.209-3(d), 52.209-4(d)
(2015). Although the contracts underlying Counts 6 and 7 did not have first
article requirements, PSI failed to deliver all of the parts ordered. The default
clause in these contracts states that the government may terminate a contract
for default “if the Contractor fails to - (i) Deliver the supplies or to perform the
services within the time specified in this contract or any extension.” Id. §
52.249-8(a)(1). Defendant therefore argues that the agency was entitled to
terminate these contracts for default pursuant to their respective default
clauses.



                                        17
        For Counts 2-4, 8(B), and 9(L) through 9(N), the government contends
that it is entitled to summary judgment because PSI’s first articles failed
inspection and PSI never submitted second first articles. Defendant claims that,
because successful first article submissions were required under these
contracts, DLA was entitled to terminate for default upon PSI’s failure to
submit acceptable first articles. In response to PSI’s allegation that Warner
Robins improperly rejected PSI’s first articles in order to purchase the same
parts from its own internal manufacturing facility, defendant points out that
this argument fails because the first articles for Counts 3, 4, 8(B) and 9(N)
were submitted to Hill, not Warner Robins, and PSI has offered no evidence
that Warner Robins even manufactured the same parts required by the
contracts in Counts 2, 9(L), and 9(M). Rather, defendant argues, PSI is
engaging in mere speculation.

       For Count 5, PSI’s appeal of the denial of its request for equitable
adjustment, defendant argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because
PSI did not make a timely request for equitable adjustment. Rather, it raised
the issue nearly four years after receiving notice that its first article was
rejected and nearly three years after receiving notice that its second first article
was conditionally approved. In addition, PSI was provided additional time
within which to deliver the remaining parts, but PSI failed to meet those
deadlines and therefore is entitled to no more from the government.

       In response, plaintiff argues that, for all of the contracts, DLA waived
delivery dates through its course of dealing with PSI over the years. According
to plaintiff, PSI and DLA had an informal working relationship whereby
delivery schedules were not strictly enforced and DLA regularly allowed
deadlines to pass. Plaintiff contends that it relied on this waiver by accepting
contracts based on the understanding that DLA would continue to be flexible
with delivery schedules.

        Plaintiff also argues that for all of the contracts at issue in this motion,
DLA abused its discretion by failing to consider the impact of DX-rated orders
when terminating PSI’s contracts for default. Plaintiff contends that under the
Defense Priorities and Allocations Systems (“DPAS”), which is used to
prioritize the performance of defense contracts, contractors are required to
prioritize DX-rated orders over DO-rated orders and unrated orders. All of the
contracts listed in the complaint were DO-rated or unrated. However, during
the relevant time period, PSI had a number of DX-rated orders with Sikorsky
Aircraft Corporation. Plaintiff argues that the law required it to reschedule and

                                        18
delay its lower-rated orders with DLA in order to accomodate the DX-rated
orders. Further, plaintiff contends that the government was aware of PSI’s DX-
rated contracts and therefore should have considered them when determining
whether to terminate for default.

        Regarding Counts 2, 3, 4, 8(B), 9(L), 9(M), and 9(M), the contracts for
which PSI’s initial first article was rejected and it did not submit second first
articles, PSI argues that DLA abused its discretion because it failed to grant
conditional approval for first articles with easily correctable defects. Plaintiff
provides the affidavit of Jeremy Wilczewski, the Chief Operating Officer of
PSI, explaining how PSI could have easily corrected the defects that DLA
identified in its first article rejections.

        PSI concludes by arguing that DLA was obligated by law to equitably
adjust the contract associated with Count 5. PSI contends that FAR 52.209-4(f)
requires the government to pay the contractor for delays in first article
approval if timely written request is made and that, here, a timely request was
made–four days after the agency issued a modification extending the delivery
date.

       Defendant replies that, having met its burden of establishing that PSI
did not meet the performance deadlines, the burden shifts to PSI to excuse the
failure to deliver. Defendant claims that plaintiff’s argument that the
government waived delivery deadlines is without support because it fails to
establish the elements necessary to prove a waiver: (1) failure to terminate
within a reasonable time after default under circumstances indicating
forbearance and (2) reliance by the contractor on the failure to terminate.
DeVito v. United States, 413 F.2d 1147, 1154 (Ct. Cl. 1969). According to
defendant, PSI offers no evidence that it performed on the contracts, or that it
continued to perform after the expiration of the delivery dates. Defendant also
contends that plaintiff has failed to sufficiently explain why its obligations to
complete DX-rated contracts precluded it from fulfilling its obligations under
the contracts with DLA and argues that plaintiff’s conditional approval
argument is unsupported by the evidence.

        We begin by addressing plaintiff’s general arguments that DLA waived
the delivery deadlines through its course of dealing and that DLA abused its
discretion in failing to consider the impact of PSI’s DX-rated contracts when
it terminated several of the contracts for default. As we discuss in detail below,
we agree with defendant. Plaintiff has failed to establish waiver as to any of

                                       19
the contracts or that DLA was required to consider PSI’s DX-rated contracts
when terminating for default.4

        Plaintiff argues that, for all of the contracts at issue and for past
contracts, DLA routinely allowed delivery dates to pass and generally made it
clear to PSI that time was not of the essence. Thus, according to plaintiff, it
accepted the contracts with the expectation that DLA would continue not to
strictly enforce delivery dates. Plaintiff points out that, in 2009, DLA went
through a reorganization that involved a restructuring of its post-award branch.
According to plaintiff, the agency thereafter abruptly changed its course of
dealing, resulting in DLA suddenly demanding performance for all contracts
at once. This argument, however, does not explain why DLA’s decision to
terminate any specific contract was unreasonable. What we would need from
plaintiff to accept its waiver argument are contract-specific facts showing
“failure to terminate within a reasonable time after default under circumstances
indicating forbearance.” DeVito, 413 F.2d at 1154. The broad approach which
plaintiff takes in arguing waiver by DLA is not sufficient. Only the
circumstances surrounding each individual contract determine whether the
agency was within its rights in terminating that contract for default.

        Counts 2, 3, and 4 all had first article submissions which were rejected.
In Count 2, a second first article was submitted and also rejected. The agency
therefore informed PSI that it could either submit another first article or cancel
the contract. PSI, however, failed to inform the agency whether it would
submit a new first article or agree to a cancellation. As to Count 3, after the
first article was rejected, the parties bilaterally set a new date for first article
resubmission. However, that date passed without PSI submitting a new first
article. In Count 4, after the first article was rejected, the agency sent a
proposed bilateral termination for convenience. PSI refused to sign it, but did
not indicate that it planned to submit another first article. The agency
ultimately issued show cause notices for each of these contracts. These facts
cannot be construed as showing waiver by DLA. PSI was given the option to
either resubmit a first article or cancel the contract–neither option is indicative
of forebearance by DLA.




4
 Plaintiff makes these arguments as to all of the contracts, but Counts 7, 8(A),
8(C) through 8(H), and 9(A) through 9(K) rest entirely on these arguments.

                                        20
        Count 7 pertains to an indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract
consisting of six separate orders. The first five had delivery dates spanning
from November 2008 through July 2010. Nevertheless, as of November 2010,
PSI had only shipped a portion of the first two orders. DLA thus notified PSI
that the contract was delinquent and that consideration was required before it
would accept any more shipments. PSI, however, did not take any steps
towards providing consideration and establishing new delivery dates. Instead,
it submitted a claim for equitable adjustment, which DLA subsequently denied.
In its denial letter, DLA reiterated that it expected delivery for the final order
and that if PSI did not provide revised delivery dates for the earlier orders,
DLA would terminate for default. These facts do not indicate forbearance by
DLA. Moreover, PSI has not shown “reliance by the contractor on the failure
to terminate and continued performance by him under the contract, with the
Government’s knowledge and implied or express consent.” DeVito, 188 Ct. Cl.
at 1154. While PSI shipped some parts after it was notified of its
delinquencies, this was not done with the government’s consent, as DLA had
informed PSI that it would require consideration before accepting late
shipments. Def.’s App. 248-49. Thereafter, PSI never informed the agency
whether it was working on the remaining parts. Nor did it ship them.

        The contracts in Counts 8(A), 8(C) through 8(H), and 9(A) through
9(K) had first article requirements, but PSI failed to provide a first article.
Count 8(C)’s first article requirement was tied to another contract. If the other
first article was accepted, PSI would receive a first article waiver for this
contract. However, the first article submission for the other contract was
rejected twice, and PSI did not indicate whether it would submit another first
article. DLA therefore offered PSI a no-cost termination, which PSI refused
to sign. PSI did not, however, indicate that it would submit another first article
and never delivered one. This course of conduct again fails to show reliance
by PSI on the failure to terminate or continued performance under the contract
and thus fails to meet the requirements for waiver.

        Counts 8(D), 8(F), and 9(A) through 9(K) transpired similarly–PSI
failed to deliver the first article on time and, for several of the counts, declined
to agree to the government’s proposed no-cost cancellation. However, PSI
never indicated to DLA that it was working on a first article and planned to




                                        21
complete performance.5 Thus, DLA terminated the contracts for default. As
stated above, this course of conduct does not establish reliance by PSI on the
failure to terminate or continued performance under the contract, and therefore
it fails to meet the requirements for waiver.

         For Counts 8(A), 8(E), 8(G), and 8(H), the agency requested several
status updates after the first article deadlines passed. Each time, PSI advised
that it was working on the first article or otherwise gave a new shipment date.
However, PSI never delivered the first articles and therefore DLA issued show
cause notices. These contracts can be differentiated from those discussed
above, however, because there is evidence that PSI told the agency that it was
working on the first articles and would ship them soon, which is indicative of
reliance. DLA’s failure to terminate when PSI indicated that it would ship the
first article late therefore could be construed as a waiver of the delivery date.
Thus, we are unable to grant summary judgment as to these contracts.

        Next, we find no abuse of discretion in DLA’s failure to consider the
impact of PSI’s DX-rated contracts when it terminated several of PSI’s
contracts for default. Plaintiff is correct that it was required to give DX-rated
orders preference over DO-rated and unrated orders. 15 C.F.R. § 700.14(b)
(2015). However, PSI has not alleged that it was forced into accepting DO-
rated and unrated orders from DLA. In fact, the regulations provide that a
contractor shall not accept a rated order for delivery if it cannot fill the order
by the required date, or if it will interfere with previously accepted DO or DX-
rated orders. Id. § 700.13(b). PSI, however, never declined any contracts
because of performance issues stemming from other rated contracts. See Def.’s
App. 1065 (deposition of Jeremy Wilczewski). Thus, PSI was not acting under
duress and the blame cannot be shifted to the agency for failing to consider


5
 For Counts 8(D) and 9(K), PSI was asked where it stood on the contract but
did not respond. Plaintiff contends that it was customary for PSI to
communicate with DLA through DCMA and thus DLA was given status
updates through DCMA, but does not provide any evidence that PSI gave DLA
specific updates as to the progress of these contracts. For Count 9(A), the
government warned PSI that, if it did not propose a new delivery date, the
contract would be terminated for default. PSI responded, but did not propose
a new delivery date. For Counts 9(D), 9(G), and 9(J), PSI provided a new ship
date but did not ship by this date and did not otherwise indicate that it was
working on the first article.

                                       22
PSI’s higher-rated orders. PSI simply should not have accepted orders which
it was unable to fill or which interfered with earlier higher-rated orders.

       PSI attempts to argue that the burden to rearrange the delivery schedule
can be shifted to the agency because it was on notice of PSI’s DX-rated
contracts. There is no merit to this argument, however, because the agency was
not given proper notice. The regulation dealing with the notice requirement
provides that

       [i]f a person has accepted a rated order and subsequently finds
       that shipment or performance will be delayed, the person must
       notify the customer immediately, give the reasons for the delay,
       and advise of a new shipment or performance date. If
       notification is given verbally, written (hard copy) or electronic
       confirmation must be provided within one working day of the
       verbal notice.

Id. § 700.13(d)(3). There is no indication in the record that PSI provided notice
to the agency. As to all of the contracts pertaining to Count 8, PSI first
mentioned its DX-rated contracts in its response to DLA’s show cause notice,
well after it had failed to meet delivery deadlines. This reference by PSI to its
DX-rated contracts simply refers to an “understanding” that PSI would
prioritize DX-rated contracts. Def.’s App. 297, 316. This is unspecific and
does not suffice to provide the notice required by the regulations. In fact, the
only contracts for which PSI explicitly informed the agency that delivery
would be delayed due to DX-rated contracts were those underlying Counts 4
and 5. However, rather than notifying the agency immediately and providing
reasons for the delay, as required by the regulations, PSI waited until the
agency inquired about the late shipment before it mentioned that it had
interrupted production due to DX-rated contracts. See Pl.’s App. 398; Def.’s
App 162-64. DLA therefore had no obligation to allow PSI to extend delivery
dates due to conflicts with higher-rated contracts. Accordingly, we reject the
argument, as to all contracts, that DLA abused its discretion in failing to
consider the impact of PSI’s DX-rated contracts when it terminated several of
PSI’s contracts for default.

         Thus, we are left with plaintiff’s remaining arguments as to Counts 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 8(B), 9(L), 9(N), and 9(M). Regarding Count 5, plaintiff’s remaining
argument is that it was entitled to equitable adjustment because the
government delayed first article approval. We reject this argument because the

                                       23
government did equitably adjust the contract. The relevant FAR provision
provides that if the government delays completion of first article disapproval
or conditional approval, it “shall, upon timely written request from the
Contractor, equitably adjust under the Changes clause of this contract the
delivery or performance dates and/or the contract price, and any other
contractual term affected by the delay.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.209–4(f) (2015). The
parts were originally due in October 2008. DLA issued several modifications
extending the due date, which ultimately resulted in a January 2011 due date.
Thus, if DLA delayed performance, it remedied its delay by equitably
adjusting the performance dates of the contract. We therefore grant summary
judgment as to Count 5.

        As to Count 6, plaintiff argues that DLA’s decision to terminate the
contract for default based on PSI’s failure to deliver Delivery Order 0003 was
arbitrary and capricious because PSI never received the third order. Defendant
contends that the order was sent to the email address provided by PSI. Plaintiff
responds that DLA has not verified whether the order actually went through.
The contracting officer stated in her deposition that Delivery Order 0003 was
sent by the same means as Delivery Orders 0001 and 0002, and that it was
posted to DLA’s computerized ordering system. However, she could not recall
if she checked her electronic contract file to see if the notice had actually been
sent to PSI. We find that this information presents fact issues which we cannot
resolve on summary judgment, and therefore deny summary judgment as to
Count 6.

        The remaining issue is whether the first articles for the contracts
associated with Counts 2, 3, 4, 8(B), 9(L), 9(N), and 9(M) should have been
granted conditional approval because their defects were easily correctable.
Plaintiff points to a number of Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals
(“ASBCA”) decisions in which termination for default of a contract which
provides for conditional approval was reversed where the first article with
easily correctable defects was rejected. See, e.g., Marvin Engineering
Company, Inc., ASBCA No. 27016, 84-2 BCA ¶ 17,401; Harco Manufacturing
Company, ASBCA No. 27567, 85-1 DCA ¶ 17,926. Forfeiture is inappropriate
where the only basis for rejection of the first article is defects that could be
easily corrected during production.

        To support its argument that the defects were easily correctable,
plaintiff provides the affidavit of its Chief Operating Officer. In this affidavit,
Mr. Wilczewski notes the discrepancies identified in the notices of first article

                                        24
rejections as to the relevant contracts and explains how each defect could have
been corrected during production. The contract underlying Count 3, for
example, was rejected due to dimensional discrepancies, because a strap was
off-center, because the part was the wrong shade of gray, and because two
certifications were missing. Wilczewski explains in his affidavit that the
dimensional variations could have been easily corrected by adjusting the trim
fixture, and the strap could have been easily corrected by adjusting its location.
Wilczewski Affidavit ¶ 39. Moreover, he states that the color could have been
easily changed, and the missing certifications could have been easily remedied
by giving the government the correct paperwork. Id.

       We find that the Wilczewski affidavit is sufficient to defeat the
government’s motion for summary judgment as to these counts. See
TechSearch, LLC v. Intel Corp., 286 F.3d 1360, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[T]the
party opposing the motion for summary judgment . . . must point to an
evidentiary conflict created on the record, at least by a counter-statement of a
fact set forth in detail in an affidavit by a knowledgeable affiant.”). The
affidavit has set forth facts which create a genuine issue as to whether these
defects were easily correctable and thus whether PSI was entitled to
conditional approval of its initial first articles. Therefore, we deny summary
judgment as to Counts 2, 3, 4, 8(B), 9(L), 9(N), and 9(M).6

                                CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated herein, we grant in part and deny in part
defendant’s motion for summary judgment. The clerk is directed to enter
judgment for defendant as to Counts 5, 7, 8(C), 8(D), 8(F), and 9(A) through
9(K). The parties are directed to consult and jointly propose a trial schedule by
June 30, 2016.


                                            s/ Eric G. Bruggink
                                            ERIC G. BRUGGINK
                                            Senior Judge


6
 Plaintiff also makes additional count-specific arguments as to Count 2, 3, 4, and
9(L). However, because plaintiff has already defeated summary judgment as to
these counts with its conditional approval argument, there is no need to address
these arguments.

                                       25
