                                   In The
                              Court of Appeals
                     Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                   No. 07-13-00303-CR


                        PIO HILARION JIMENEZ, APPELLANT

                                           V.

                          THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                          On Appeal from the 181st District Court
                                   Randall County, Texas
               Trial Court No. 23,164-B, Honorable David Gleason, Presiding

                                   October 26, 2015

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION
                Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.


      The Court this day has withdrawn its opinion dated September 29, 2015 and

issued the following opinion in its place. The motion for rehearing filed by appellant Pio

Hilarion Jimenez is overruled.


      Appellant appeals from his conviction by jury of the offense of continuous sexual

abuse of a child and the resulting sentence of fifty years of imprisonment. Appellant
challenges his conviction through four issues. We will affirm the judgment of the trial

court.


                                             Background


         Appellant was indicted for continuous sexual abuse of a child,1 A.F., occurring

between September 1, 2007 and January 1, 2010.                     Appellant is an uncle of A.F.’s

father, and their families were once close. A.F.’s father lived with appellant and his wife

in California for several years. During that time, A.F.’s mother and father met, married,

and had two children, Alex and A.F. Appellant and his wife later moved to Amarillo,

Texas and, in the summer of 2007, A.F.’s family also moved. They again lived with

appellant and his wife.         At some point, A.F.’s family moved to their own home in

Canyon, Texas. Even after moving to their own home, the children spent a lot of time

with appellant and his wife. A.F. and her brother testified they often went to appellant’s

home after school.


         A.F., thirteen years old at the time of trial, testified to several instances of sexual

abuse by appellant, beginning when they lived in California and continuing after the

         1
             The indictment here alleged that “defendant, during a period that was 30 or more days in
duration . . . from on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about January 1, 2010 . . . did then and
there . . . intentionally and knowingly commit two or more acts of sexual abuse against [A.F.], a child
younger than 14 years of age, namely, the following acts:”

         •   aggravated sexual assault by causing the penetration of A.F.’s anus by appellant’s sexual
             organ;
         •   aggravated sexual assault by causing the penetration of A.F.’s sexual organ by appellant’s
             sexual organ;
         •   aggravated sexual assault by causing the sexual organ of A.F. to touch appellant’s sexual
             organ;
         •   aggravated sexual assault by causing the anus of A.F. to contact appellant’s sexual organ
             and
         •   indecency with a child by causing A.F. to engage in sexual contact with appellant by causing
             A.F. to touch appellant’s genitals and that appellant engaged in this conduct to arouse and
             gratify his sexual desires.



                                                    2
family moved to Texas. She testified to instances of anal and vaginal penetration, as

well as genital touching. A.F. told her father about the abuse in December 2010, when

A.F. was ten. Police were notified and A.F. was interviewed and examined by a sexual

assault nurse examiner (SANE).


       Appellant did not testify at trial, but presented a defense asserting no acts of

sexual abuse had occurred. He relied on testimony from members of his family, and on

that of a medical doctor, who expressed disagreement with the opinion of the SANE

nurse. His defense emphasized the inconsistencies in A.F.’s accounts, the doubt such

acts of abuse could occur under the circumstances she described, and the absence of

clinical evidence of trauma to her genitalia or anus.


       The jury found appellant guilty as charged in the indictment and assessed

punishment as noted. Appellant filed a motion for new trial and the trial court held a

hearing, after which it denied the motion. This appeal followed.


                                         Analysis


Sufficiency of the Evidence


       By his first issue, appellant asserts the evidence supporting his conviction was

insufficient. His challenge to the evidence is limited. He does not contest the sufficiency

of the evidence he committed acts of sexual abuse against A.F., but argues only there

was no proof two acts of sexual abuse occurred within the time frame required under

Penal Code section 21.02.




                                             3
       In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction, our inquiry

is “whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Garcia v. State, 367 S.W.3d 683, 686-87 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)

(citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)).

It is the role of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in testimony, weigh evidence, and

draw reasonable inferences from that evidence. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19 (1979)). The trier of fact is

the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight, if any, to be given to their

testimony. Garcia, 367 S.W.3d at 686-87; Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.). The State may prove the elements of an offense by

either direct or circumstantial evidence. Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.


       In a legal sufficiency review “circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct

evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be

sufficient to establish guilt.” Id. If the record could support conflicting inferences, we

presume that the fact finder resolved the conflict in favor of the prosecution and defer to

that resolution. Garcia, 367 S.W.3d at 687. We measure the sufficiency of the evidence

against the elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge

for the case. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).


       To establish continuous sexual abuse of a child, the State must prove (1) the

defendant committed two or more acts of sexual abuse, (2) during a period that is 30 or

more days in duration, and (3) at the time of the commission of each of the acts of

sexual abuse, the defendant was 17 years of age or older and the victim was a child


                                             4
younger than 14 years of age. Williams v. State, 305 S.W.3d 886, 889 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2010, no pet.). The testimony of a child victim alone is sufficient to support a

conviction for continuous sexual abuse of a child. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

38.07(a); Lee v. State, 186 S.W.3d 649, 655 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. ref'd). A

child victim is not required to be specific about the dates the abuse occurred. Ruiz v.

State, Nos. 05-12-01703-CR, 05-12-01704-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 7083, at *27

(Tex. App.—Dallas June 30, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).


      Although the exact dates of the abuse need not be proven, the offense of

continuous sexual abuse of a child does require proof that there were two or more acts

of sexual abuse that occurred during a period that was thirty or more days in duration.

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(d); Williams, 305 S.W.3d at 890-91 (State must

prove two acts of sexual abuse “committed over a span of thirty or more days”). Under

the statute, “members of the jury are not required to agree unanimously on which

specific acts of sexual abuse were committed by the defendant or the exact date when

those acts were committed.          The jury must agree unanimously that the defendant,

during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed two or more acts of

sexual abuse.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(d).


      The indictment alleged appellant abused A.F. during a period beginning

September 1, 2007, the effective date of the continuous sexual abuse statute. Evidence

of acts of sexual abuse occurring before that date was admissible,2 but appellant’s

conviction for continuous sexual abuse cannot be based on his conduct before the


      2
          See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.37 (West 2013).



                                                  5
statute’s effective date. Martin v. State, 335 S.W.3d 867, 876 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011,

pet. ref’d).


       A.F. testified to an event of sexual abuse by appellant that occurred in California

before her family moved to Texas, an event that occurred in a rented Penske truck

during appellant’s move to Texas,3 and multiple events after her family moved to Texas.

With one exception, the dates of the events A.F. said occurred in Texas are unclear

from her testimony. The exception is an incident of sexual abuse that, the parties agree,

occurred around Christmas in 2008, according to A.F.’s testimony. She testified she

was helping put up Christmas lights at appellant’s house and her aunt sent her to the

garage for nails. While she was in the garage, appellant pulled down her pants and

assaulted her vaginally and anally. She said her brother came into the garage and saw

that her pants were down. A.F.’s brother testified to the same event, telling the jury he

approached the garage and saw A.F. with her pants down and appellant was sitting

down “facing her.”


       Appellant’s contention is that no evidence shows any other act of sexual abuse

occurred after September 1, 2007, and thirty or more days before the Christmas 2008

incident.


       With regard to proof of a second act of sexual abuse occurring after September

1, 2007, appellant’s brief makes specific reference to an incident of abuse A.F. said

occurred in appellant’s van after A.F.’s family moved to Texas.               There, she said,



       3
          Testimony showed she and her brother accompanied appellant’s family on the trip to Texas
before her own family moved.



                                                6
appellant “[p]ut his thing in [her] butt.”4 Appellant acknowledges that A.F.’s testimony

can be understood to state that this “van incident” occurred after her family moved from

appellant’s house. Because there was testimony from which the jury reasonably could

have determined A.F.’s family moved to their own home in Canyon after September 1,

2007, the testimony of the “van incident” alone provided evidence appellant committed

an act of abuse after that date other than the Christmas 2008 incident.


        The jury also rationally could have determined the “van incident” or another act of

sexual abuse occurred thirty or more days before the Christmas 2008 incident. A.F. told

the jury that, because both her parents worked, she and her brother went to appellant’s

house many days after school even after they moved to their own home. She was

asked, “What do you remember happening after you moved into your own house and

didn’t live at [appellant’s] house any more?” She responded, “A lot of things happened.

He pretty much would do it every day. When he would come home from work, he would

do it.” She later clarified that appellant engaged in the abusive conduct when he came

home early from work, and that it was not every day he did so.


        A.F. later also told the jury appellant put his “thing” in her “butt” more than he put

his “thing” in her “front.” She testified he put his “thing” in her “front” about “two or three”

times but could not recall how many times he had put it in her “butt.” She also testified

appellant would “make me touch his thing” and make her “move it up and down.” She




        4
         By use of anatomical drawings, A.F. identified appellant’s “thing” as his penis and her “thing” as
her female sexual organ.



                                                    7
testified she would see “[w]hite sticky stuff” come out and [appellant] would clean it up

with “brown hard paper” towels.5


        With the exception of the Christmas 2008 incident, A.F.’s testimony was unclear

whether the particular acts of abuse she described occurred while her family lived with

appellant or after their move to Canyon. The date of their move to Canyon also is

unclear from the record. But nothing about A.F.’s testimony suggests that the multiple

and varied acts of sexual abuse she described occurred in the compressed period of

time within thirty days of the Christmas incident. And the evidence appellant had

established a practice of sexually abusing A.F. even before the families moved to

Texas, coupled with the evidence suggesting he abused A.F. soon after her family

moved into his home,6 if believed, provided the jury strong evidence that the acts of

sexual abuse were not limited to the period of time around Christmas 2008.


         The testimony of A.F.’s counselor also told the jury appellant’s abuse of A.F.

was continuous over a period of time. She told the jury she began seeing A.F. in

February 2011 and stated A.F. “described acts of anal and vaginal penetration [by

appellant] from the time she was six years old up until about the time she was ten years

old, from California all the way through Texas, through her move to Texas.” The SANE

nurse testified that at her examination, A.F. described the history of the sexual abuse by

        5
        She also stated appellant would “lick my boobs” and would tell her “that they were going to
make them bigger.”
        6
            A.F. described an incident of abuse that occurred on an occasion in which she had been in
appellant’s bedroom looking at her aunt’s jewelry with her mom and aunt. Her brother and her dad were
in the living room. Appellant called for A.F. to go outside and “he did it again.” As described, this incident
could have occurred while both families were living in appellant’s home. Appellant’s brief also makes
reference to “the initial garage incident,” which, he asserts, “probably” occurred before September 1,
2007, if at all.



                                                      8
appellant. She told the jury A.F. described a number of events that included genital

touching and anal and vaginal penetration, occurring over a period of time. Among

others, she related instances of sexual abuse by appellant after her family moved to

their own house and through Christmas 2008.


       It was the jury’s responsibility to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the

evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. See

Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. After review of the entire record, and considering the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude without difficulty that it

permitted a rational jury to find beyond reasonable doubt that appellant committed two

or more acts of sexual abuse against A.F. after September 1, 2007 and over a period

thirty or more days in duration. See Smith v. State, 340 S.W.3d 41, 48 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.); Williams, 305 S.W.3d at 890; McGough v. State, No.

11-10-00073-CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 1669 (Tex. App.—Eastland March 1, 2012, no

pet.) (mem. op. not designated for publication). The evidence is sufficient to support

appellant's conviction, and his first issue is overruled.


Jury Charge Error


       By his second and third issues, appellant contends the court’s charge to the jury

contained errors, and the errors deprived him of a fair trial.


       Reviewing assertions of error in a jury charge, we first determine whether the

charge contains error, and if so, we then determine whether the error was sufficiently

harmful to require reversal. Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012); Hailey v. State, 413 S.W.3d 457, 495 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. ref'd).



                                              9
       The degree of harm required for reversal depends on whether the error was

preserved. Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Kirsch, 357

S.W.3d at 649. When error is preserved in the trial court, the record must show only

“some harm.” Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on

reh’g). When error is not preserved, reversal is required only if there was “egregious

harm,” i.e., the error was so egregious and created such harm that the defendant was

deprived of a fair and impartial trial. See Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433. Neither of the

errors appellant raises on appeal were brought to the trial court’s attention, so the

egregious harm standard will apply.


       We begin with appellant’s third issue.


       30-day Requirement Under Statute


       By his third issue, appellant contends the charge failed to require the jury to find

he committed two or more acts of sexual abuse over at least thirty days in order to find

him guilty.


       In support of his contention, appellant relies on Smith, 340 S.W.3d at 50, in which

the application paragraph contained the statement, “Now, if you find from the evidence

beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 1st day of December, 2007, through the

1st day of September, 2008, which said time period being a period that was 30 days or

more in duration, in Brazoria County, Texas, the defendant, Jesse James Smith,

committed two or more acts of sexual abuse against [the complainant] . . .”. Addressing

that language, the court said, “[t]he precise phrasing in the application paragraph does

not specifically require a finding that the last act of sexual abuse occurred on at least



                                            10
the 29th day after the day of the first act.” Instead, the language lacked clarity because,

read literally, it allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty so long as two or more acts

of sexual abuse occurred between December 2007 and September 2008, regardless

whether they occurred at least thirty days apart. Id.


       Appellant contends the application paragraph here contains the same error. It

provides, “Now, . . . if you unanimously believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable

doubt that [appellant], during a period that was 30 or more days in duration, to-wit: from

on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about January 1, 2010, in the County of

Randall, and State of Texas, did then and there, when the defendant was 17 years of

age or older, intentionally or knowingly commit two or more acts of sexual abuse against

[A.F.], a child younger than 14 years of age . . .”. The charge also instructed the jury

that the “phrase ‘on or about’ in an indictment means any time prior to the presentment

of the indictment that is within the applicable statute of limitations period. There is no

statute of limitations period for the offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Young

Child, the offense charged in this case.”


       We agree with appellant that the application paragraph, like that in Smith, 340

S.W.3d at 50, confused the statutory thirty-day-period requirement with the “on or

about” period alleged in the indictment. The paragraph’s language stating that

conviction required two or more acts of sexual abuse “during a period that was 30 or

more days in duration, to-wit: from on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about

January 1, 2010” told the jury it could find appellant guilty so long as two or more acts of

sexual abuse occurred between the dates mentioned, regardless whether they occurred

over a period of at least thirty days. See Smith, 340 S.W.3d at 50-51. The paragraph


                                            11
erroneously suggested to the jury that the thirty-day requirement was met if it found

appellant committed two or more such acts between September 1, 2007 and January 1,

2010. See Knowles v. State, No. 04-12-00180-CR, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 2873 at *14

(Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 20, 2013, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (concluding application paragraph, unlike that in Smith, reflected the

language and structure of the continuous abuse statute by expressly requiring finding

that defendant committed two or more acts during a period of thirty or more days).


       We turn, then to a determination whether the error was egregiously harmful to

appellant. Charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case,

deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Villarreal,

453 S.W.3d at 433; see Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

Egregious harm is a “high and difficult standard” to meet, and such a determination

must be “borne out by the trial record.” Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433 (citing Reeves v.

State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). We will not reverse a conviction

unless the defendant has suffered “actual rather than theoretical harm.” Id. (citing Cosio

v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 777 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). We consider (1) the entirety of

the jury charge, (2) the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight

of probative evidence, (3) the arguments of counsel, and (4) any other relevant

information revealed by the trial record as a whole. Villareal, 453 S.W.3d at 433.


       Considered in the context of the entirety of the charge, we find the erroneous

wording of the application paragraph did not cause appellant egregious harm. More

than once, the charge independently stated the requirement that the acts of sexual

abuse be committed during a period of thirty or more days, or stated that requirement in


                                             12
a way to distinguish it from the “on or about” dates.     As examples, the beginning

paragraph of the charge told the jury appellant “stands charged by indictment with the

offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Young Child, alleged to have been committed

in Randall County, Texas, from on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about January

1, 2010 and continuing during a period of 30 or more days in duration.” The next

paragraph defined the elements of the offense, including the requirement that

commission of the acts of sexual abuse occur “during a period that is 30 or more days in

duration,” without any mention of the “on or about” dates of September 1, 2007 to

January 1, 2010. The charge also contained a sentence like that cited in the harm

analysis in Smith, stating, “You are required to agree unanimously that the

defendant . . . during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed two or

more acts of sexual abuse.” See Smith, 340 S.W.3d at 51. As in Smith, the sentence

immediately precedes the application paragraph. Id. And the charge later contained a

sentence referring to the jury’s determination “whether two or more incidents occurred

30 or more days in duration during the time frame alleged in the indictment.” All these

references serve to mitigate the impact of the erroneous application paragraph

language.


        As to the state of the evidence, appellant’s defense contended no act of sexual

abuse occurred. With regard to the dates of the incidents A.F. described, and the

evidence that two such incidents occurred thirty days apart, A.F. and her brother

described one incident as occurring near Christmas 2008. A.F. also described incidents

that appeared to occur closer to the time A.F.’s family moved to Texas in the summer of

2007.    Appellant contends on appeal that one or more of those incidents occurred



                                           13
before September 1, 2007. Nothing in the evidence suggests that the several other

incidents of abuse A.F. described were clustered within thirty days of Christmas 2008.

The state of the evidence thus weighs against a finding of egregious harm.


       The arguments of counsel strongly indicate appellant was not egregiously

harmed by the error in the application paragraph. Both the prosecutor and appellant’s

counsel made abundantly clear in their arguments that the jury must find two acts of

sexual abuse occurred over a period of thirty days or more. Appellant’s counsel

emphasized the instruction that jurors need not agree which acts occurred, but must

agree that two acts occurred, as he put it, “more than thirty days apart.” The prosecutor

also argued that the testimony of a particular witness showed that appellant’s acts “were

at least 30 days apart.”


       Two other aspects of the record bear on the harm analysis. The State’s

indictment, read to the jury, contained language similar to that in the charge’s

application paragraph, alleging that appellant “during a period that was 30 or more days

in duration, to-wit: from on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about January 1, 2010,

and before the presentment of this indictment, in said County and State, did then and

there . . . intentionally and knowingly commit two or more acts of sexual abuse . . . .”

On the other hand, during voir dire, the prosecutor thoroughly discussed the

requirement of proof that acts of sexual abuse occurred thirty or more days apart. She

used a calendar as a demonstrative aid, and depicted for the venire examples of

evidence that would, or would not, satisfy the thirty-day requirement. As one example,

she asked a venire member if proof that a defendant committed sexual abuse every day

for the 28 days of February would satisfy the thirty-day requirement. He correctly


                                           14
responded that it would not. At least two other venire members raised questions about

the requirement, leading to further discussion.


        We find the application paragraph erroneously failed to make clear to the jury

that, for conviction, it must find appellant committed two or more acts of sexual abuse

over a period thirty days or more in duration, but, as did the court in Smith, 340 S.W.3d

at 53, we find also that appellant was not egregiously harmed by the erroneous

language. Appellant’s third issue is overruled.


        Jury Charge Error Regarding Allegations Before September 1, 2007


        In appellant’s second issue, he argues the jury charge did not contain an explicit

instruction prohibiting the jury from considering any acts of sexual abuse that occurred

before the statute’s effective date of September 1, 2007 and, by the definition of “on or

about,”7 allowed the jury to consider acts prior to that date as among the two or more

acts the State was required to prove.                 Everywhere in the charge that the date

September 1, 2007 appears, it reads “on or about September 1, 2007.” Appellant did

not object at trial to this aspect of the charge.


        The charge included a limiting instruction removing from the jury’s consideration

as acts available for conviction the abuse A.F. testified occurred in California and the




        7
          The charge stated, “You are instructed that the phrase ‘on or about’ in an indictment means any
time prior to the presentment of the indictment that is within the applicable statute of limitations period.
There is no statute of limitations period for the offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Young Child, the
offense charged in this case.”


                                                    15
act she testified occurred in the rented Penske truck on the way from California to

Texas.8 Both those events clearly would have occurred before September 1, 2007.


        The testimony, however, does not make clear when during the summer of 2007

A.F.’s family moved to Texas. Appellant contends that two of the incidents A.F.

described as occurring after the move could have occurred before September 1.


        Courts of appeals have held that “even when the application paragraph limits

conviction to a proper time period, the charge is erroneous unless the instruction on the

nonbinding nature of the dates alleged in the indictment is somehow specifically limited

to require jurors to convict based only on acts of sexual abuse that took place on or

after September 1, 2007.” Whitington v. State, No. 08-13-00102-CR, 2015 Tex. App.

LEXIS 4230 (Tex. App.—El Paso Apr. 24, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for

publication); see Gomez v. State, 459 S.W.3d 651, 660 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, pet.

ref'd); Flores v. State, No. 13-12-00606-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 4158 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi Apr. 17, 2014, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication);

Oliver v. State, No. 10-12-00389-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 2836 (Tex. App.—Waco

Mar. 13, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Kuhn v. State, 393

S.W.3d 519, 524 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet. ref'd); Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 875-76

(“given the evidence of appellant's sexually abusive acts prior to the effective date of



        8
          The limiting instruction, which the court placed with its instruction regarding evidence of other
crimes, wrongs or acts, if any, committed by the defendant against A.F., read: “However, neither ‘the
California incident’ nor ‘the Penske truck incident,’ even should you believe these events occurred beyond
a reasonable doubt, qualify as an act of sexual abuse which can be counted in determining whether two
or more incidents occurred 30 or more days in duration during the time frame alleged in the indictment.
You are further instructed that to be so considered, such an incident, if any, must have occurred in
Randall County, Texas.”




                                                    16
section 21.02, the trial court’s unqualified instruction that the dates alleged in the

indictment were not binding and that the State could prove that the offenses had been

committed at any time prior to the return of the indictment ‘present[ed] the jury with a

much broader chronological perimeter than is permitted by law’ with respect to count

one”).


         We agree with the State that the limiting instruction served the purpose of

overriding the charge’s definition of “on or about,” and instructing the jury not to consider

the California incident and the Penske truck incident as evidence authorizing conviction.

See Struckman v. State, No. 10-10-00427-CR, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 8042 (Tex.

App.—Waco Oct. 5, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

(distinguishing Martin because trial court included instruction advising jury that State

elected to proceed only on events occurring after September 1, 2007, thereby limiting

the chronological perimeter). But we agree with appellant that the charge did not

otherwise restrict the acts of abuse authorizing conviction to those occurring after

September 1, 2007, and was thus erroneous.


         Turning to the harm analysis, we find the most significant factor on this record is

the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative

evidence. Here, neither the entirety of the charge nor the arguments of counsel lend

significant weight, pro or con, on the question of egregious harm from this error.

Villareal, 453 S.W.3d at 433.


         The state of the evidence clearly weighs against finding egregious harm.

Appellant’s brief argues the initial incident of abuse in the garage of appellant’s home




                                             17
“probably” occurred before September 1. And he contends the evidence could support

a conclusion the van incident predated September 1. Assuming for this purpose

appellant’s contentions are correct, they address only two of the several incidents A.F.

specifically described. And, from her statements regarding the “things [that] happened”

when appellant came home early from work after her family’s move to their own house,

the jury properly could have inferred there were, during that time, more instances of

sexual abuse than those A.F. specifically described. Further, as courts have noted in

similar cases, appellant’s defense of the charge against him did not focus on the issue

whether incidents occurred before or after September 1. Appellant’s defense contested

the occurrence of all the incidents of abuse, and focused on challenges to A.F.’s

credibility. See, e.g., Kuhn, 393 S.W.3d at 528-29.


       On this record, any harm from the court’s failure to clarify the application of the

“on or about” definition to the September 1 date is theoretical, not actual. See Villarreal,

453 S.W.3d at 433. We do not see that the error affected the very basis of the case

against appellant, deprived him of a valuable right, or vitally affected a defensive theory.

Id. We overrule appellant’s second issue.


Motion for New Trial


       In appellant’s last issue, he argues the trial court erred by denying his motion for

new trial. Appellant presented expert trial testimony by a medical doctor, who testified

he reviewed pictures and the SANE nurse’s report and concluded the medical evidence

did not support a finding of sexual abuse. On cross-examination, asked if in his practice

he consulted with a SANE nurse, the doctor testified he had consulted with Ashley




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Huynh, a Houston SANE nurse.           The State called Huynh in rebuttal.        She denied

consulting with the doctor, and expressed a negative opinion of him. During closing

argument, the State reiterated Huynh’s testimony, saying, “And Ashley Huynh came in

here and told you [the doctor] lied to you.”


       Appellant’s motion for new trial was based on copies of emails Huynh and the

doctor had exchanged on occasions in the year before trial in appellant’s case.

Appellant contended the emails constituted newly discovered evidence, and showed

Huynh lied at appellant’s trial, detrimentally impacting his defense. After reviewing the

emails and hearing argument, the court denied his motion for new trial.


       We review a trial court's denial of a motion for new trial under an abuse of

discretion standard. Holden v. State, 201 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “We

do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court; rather, we decide whether the

trial court's decision was arbitrary or unreasonable. A trial court abuses its discretion in

denying a motion for new trial only when no reasonable view of the record could support

the trial court's ruling.” Id. In considering a motion for new trial, the trial court possesses

broad discretion in assessing the credibility of witnesses and in weighing the evidence

to determine whether a different result would occur upon retrial. Messer v. State, 757

S.W.2d 820, 827-28 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref'd).


       A motion for new trial must be granted where material evidence favorable to the

accused has been discovered since trial. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 40.001 (West

2014). To establish an abuse of discretion for failure to grant a motion for new trial

based on newly discovered evidence, the appellant must show: (1) the newly




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discovered evidence was unknown or unavailable to him at the time of his trial; (2) his

failure to discover or obtain the evidence was not due to a lack of diligence; (3) the new

evidence is admissible and not merely cumulative, corroborative, collateral, or

impeaching; and (4) the new evidence is probably true and will probably bring about a

different result in another trial. Lee, 186 S.W.3d at 659-60; see also Wallace v. State,

106 S.W.3d 103, 108 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If the appellant fails to establish any one

of these elements, the trial court does not abuse its discretion by denying the motion for

new trial. Shafer v. State, 82 S.W.3d 553, 556 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet.

ref'd).


          In the emails supporting appellant’s motion for new trial, Huynh thanked the

doctor for his interest in her forensic nursing program, referred to their discussions

about cases, told him to feel free to discuss cases with her in the future off the record,

and proclaimed her respect for him as a physician. As noted, they were dated in 2012

before appellant’s trial in 2013.     None related to appellant’s case; Huynh had no

involvement with A.F.


          The State argued the emails were not likely to bring about a different result on

retrial. We find the trial court’s acceptance of the State’s argument was not an abuse of

its discretion. Accordingly, we resolve appellant’s final issue against him.




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                                        Conclusion


         Having overruled each of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.


                                                       James T. Campbell
                                                          Justice


Do not publish.




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