              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                           No. 150 / 06-1239

                          Filed March 7, 2008


BERNARD BUECHEL, Individually and as
Coexecutor of the ESTATE OF JUANITA BUECHEL,
ANGELA PAULY, Individually and as Coexecutor
of the ESTATE OF JUANITA BUECHEL, DANIEL
BUECHEL, MONICA HAGEN, MARY ROSE,
TERESA SMITH, and JOANNE MALLICOAT,

      Appellants,

vs.

FIVE STAR QUALITY CARE, INC. d/b/a PRAIRIE
RIDGE CARE & REHABILITATION; FSQ, INC.;
SHOPCO-IA, LLC; FIVE STAR QUALITY CARE-IA, LLC;
SNH-IOWA, INC.; FIVE STAR QUALITY CARE-IA, INC.;
SENIOR HOUSING PROPERTIES TRUST; SPTIHS PROPERTIES
TRUST; JANE DOES - ADMR'R; DIR. OF NURSING; NURSING
ASSISTANTS; JOHNSTON ENTERS., INC. d/b/a JOHNSTON
MED. STAFFING; and MARI BETH JOHNSTON a/k/a BETH
JOHNSTON a/k/a MARI B. HEFTA, Individually and d/b/a
JOHNSTON MED. STAFFING; DEF CORP.; GHI CORP.;
JOERNS FURNITURE CO., INC.; JOERNS HEALTHCARE, INC.;
SUNRISE HABITAT, INC. n/k/a SUNRISE MED. CCG, INC.,

      Defendants,

SUNRISE HABITAT, INC.
n/k/a SUNRISE MED. HHG, INC.,

      Appellee.


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Des Moines County, Robert

D. Fahey, Jr., Judge.



      Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment on

statute-of-limitation and statute-of-repose grounds. AFFIRMED.
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      Christopher D. Stombaugh and Sheila Stuart Kelley of Kopp,

McKichan, Geyer, Skemp & Stombaugh, LLP, Platteville, Wisconsin,

David W. Terry of Johnson, Fellows, Lake & Terry, St. Louis, Missouri,

and R. Craig Oppel of Allbee, Barclay, Allison & Denning, P.C.,

Muscatine, for appellants.



      Robert D. Houghton and Diane Kutzko of Shuttleworth & Ingersoll,

PLC, Cedar Rapids, for appellee.
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APPEL, Justice.

      In this case, we are presented with an appeal of a district court

order granting summary judgment to one defendant in a wrongful death

action on the grounds that the claim was barred by the relevant statutes

of limitations and repose. For the reasons presented below, we affirm the

order of the district court.

      I. Factual Background and Prior Proceedings.

      Juanita    Buechel       died   during   the   early   morning    hours   of

January 20, 2001 at Prairie Ridge Care & Rehabilitation (Prairie Ridge), a

nursing home facility located in Mediapolis, Iowa. On the following day,

the family met with the nursing home administrator. The administrator

informed the family that Juanita was found asphyxiated, lodged in the

wide space between the mattress and the bed rails. The family was told

that when staff members discovered Juanita, she was found sitting on

the floor with her back against the bed and her head and throat caught

between the bed rail and the mattress.

      The circumstances of her death suggested that Juanita had

accidentally strangled herself.         An autopsy by Dr. Eugenio Torres

concluded that death was the result of accidental asphyxiation due to

compression of the neck.

      Both the Des Moines County Sheriff and the Iowa Department of

Inspections and Appeals (DIA) conducted investigations.                The sheriff

concluded that Juanita’s death was accidental, noting that Dr. Torres

indicated that the beds in the facility may have to be changed so that no

one else would die as a result of the same conditions. The DIA report,

dated February 22, 2001, also found that the death was accidental,

noting that the mattress used was not the standard-in-size for the bed.
                                      4

Both reports were made available to Juanita’s family shortly after they

were prepared.

      On January 15, 2003, the plaintiffs filed an action against the

nursing home alleging negligence in connection with Juanita’s death.

The petition also included a products liability claim against the unnamed

manufacturer of the bed. The petition certified pursuant to Iowa Code

section 613.18(3) (2003) that the manufacturer of the bed had not yet

been identified.

      Plaintiffs commenced formal discovery upon the filing of the suit.

On September 15, 2003, the plaintiffs learned that the Joerns Furniture

Company and Sunrise Medical, Joerns’s successor, manufactured the

bed in question. Plaintiffs, however, did not move to amend their petition

to include Joerns and Sunrise until October 28, 2003, more than a

month after these entities were first identified in discovery.

      After the motion to amend was granted, Sunrise asserted defenses

arising out of both the applicable statute of limitations and the statute of

repose. Sunrise argued that the cause of action accrued on January 21,

2001, when the family learned that Juanita’s death was caused by

accidental asphyxiation when her head was caught between the mattress

and the bed frame. Armed with this information, Sunrise asserts that

the plaintiffs were on inquiry notice regarding all potential causes of

action arising from Juanita’s death, including those against the bed

manufacturer. According to Sunrise, the two-year statute of limitations

began running on January 21, 2001.

      Sunrise concedes that by filing the action on January 15, 2003

and making the appropriate certification under Iowa Code section

613.18(3), the running of the statute of limitations was thereafter tolled.

Iowa Code section 613.18(3) provides that the two-year statute of
                                       5

limitations is tolled “against the manufacturer upon certification that the

manufacturer is unknown until it is identified in discovery.”          Sunrise

argues that the statute of limitations ran from the date the cause of

action accrued until the Iowa Code section 613.18(3) certification was

filed, it was then tolled, and began to run again when the plaintiffs

discovered the information necessary to name Sunrise as a party.

According to Sunrise, while the statute of limitations was tolled by the

filing of the petition with the Iowa Code section 613.18(3) certification,

there were only five days remaining in which to file a claim once the

plaintiffs learned the identity of the manufacturer. Thus, the statute of

limitations   for   plaintiffs’   claims   against     Sunrise    expired   on

September 20, 2003.

      The plaintiffs countered that the cause of action did not, in fact,

accrue on January 21, 2001. Plaintiffs claim that the reports available at

the time listed the cause of death to be an improperly-sized mattress.

The plaintiffs claim to have been “thrown off the scent” of a possible

products liability claim by these reports. According to the plaintiffs, an

issue of fact was raised regarding their diligence in discovering this cause

of action.

      Sunrise also argued that plaintiffs’ claim was barred by the statute

of repose.    Under Iowa Code section 614.1(2A)(a), actions alleging

products liability claims “shall not be commenced more than fifteen years

after the product was first purchased . . . or installed for use. . . .”

      The district court granted Sunrise’s motion for summary judgment.

According to the district court, where death occurs under plainly

suspicious or unusual circumstances, a reasonably diligent person is

charged with the duty to investigate. The district court emphasized that

the plaintiffs had knowledge supporting some sort of actionable claim,
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and that knowledge included information that the mattress and bed

frame were involved.      As a result, the district court reasoned that

plaintiffs had a duty from January 21, 2001 onward to discover all

theories that they might wish to pursue in support of their wrongful

death action.

      In the alternative, the district court also found that the claim

against Sunrise was barred by the statute of repose.

      II. Standard of Review.

      We review a district court’s ruling on a motion for summary

judgment for correction of errors at law. Schlote v. Dawson, 676 N.W.2d

187, 188 (Iowa 2004). Summary judgment is available only when there

is no genuine issue of material fact. Drainage Dist. No. 119, Clay County

v. Inc. City of Spencer, 268 N.W.2d 493, 499 (Iowa 1978). “A ‘genuine

issue’ of material fact exists if the evidence is such that a reasonable fact

finder could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Baratta v. Polk

Co. Health Serv., 588 N.W.2d 107, 109 (Iowa 1999) (citing Fees v. Mut.

Fire & Auto. Ins. Co., 490 N.W.2d 55, 57 (Iowa 1992)). The burden of

showing the nonexistence of a material fact is on the moving party, and

every legitimate inference that reasonably can be deduced from the

evidence should be afforded the nonmoving party. Randol v. Roe Enters.,

Inc., 524 N.W.2d 414, 415–16 (Iowa 1994) (quoting Martinko v. H-N-W

Assocs., 393 N.W.2d 320, 321 (Iowa 1986)).

      III. Discussion.

      A. Preliminary Issue of Jurisdiction. After submission of this

appeal, this court requested supplemental briefing on the question of

whether this was an appeal as a matter of right or whether the appeal

was interlocutory in nature. Specifically, we asked the parties to address

the issue of severability in light of Iowa’s Comparative Fault Statute.
                                    7

      Whether a complete dismissal of one defendant in a multi-

defendant action is final for purposes of appeal turns on the question of

whether the interest of the dismissed defendant is severable from the

claims against other defendants. McGuire v. City of Cedar Rapids, 189

N.W.2d 592, 595 (Iowa 1971).      Where the interests of the dismissed

defendant are severable, a judgment or decree dismissing one defendant

is a final judgment as to them. Id. at 597. In this case, the only claim

against Sunrise is based on products liability, while the claim against

Prairie Ridge and the other defendants is based upon negligence.

      The parties each argue that because the wrongful death claims are

based upon different theories, they are wholly severable. We disagree.

Iowa’s Comparative Fault Statute is codified in Iowa Code chapter 668.

That chapter defines fault to include claims based upon theories of

negligence as well as those rooted in strict liability, such as products

liability claims. Iowa Code § 668.1. Although comparative fault analysis

does not in and of itself determine if a defendant is liable, it does

determine the relative liability as between the named defendants.         In

addition, our comparative fault statute precludes fault-sharing with a

defendant not party to the suit.     Spaur v. Owens-Corning Fiberglass

Corp., 510 N.W.2d 854, 863 (Iowa 1994). Sunrise’s dismissal, therefore,

potentially affects the percentage of fault awarded to Prairie Ridge and

the remaining defendants. McGuire, 189 N.W.2d at 597. As such these

claims are not wholly severable, and we deem this appeal interlocutory.

      Because it is often difficult to determine whether an order is final,

this court has routinely held that appeals improvidently filed as a matter

of right may be treated as applications for interlocutory appeal. Iowa R.

App. P. 6.1(c); Rowen v. LeMars Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 357 N.W.2d 579,

581 (Iowa 1984).     As a general rule, however, we sparingly grant
                                       8

interlocutory appeals on this basis.         River Excursions, Inc. v. City of

Davenport, 359 N.W.2d 475, 477 (Iowa 1984).               The main factor in

determining whether such an interlocutory appeal should be granted is

whether consideration of the issues would serve the “interest of sound

and efficient judicial administration. . . .”       Hammer v. Branstad, 463

N.W.2d 86, 89 (Iowa 1990).

      Having reviewed the matter, we find that the substantial rights of

the parties and the interests of judicial efficiency support granting this

interlocutory appeal. We now turn to the issues raised by the parties.

      B.     Statute of Limitations.       The statute of limitations for strict

liability claims resulting in personal injuries is set forth in Iowa Code

section 614.1(2). The statute provides that such claims must be brought

within two years of the accrual of the cause of action.           The two-year

statute of limitations, however, is tolled in product liability cases against

a manufacturer upon certification that the manufacturer is unknown.

Iowa Code § 613.18(3).

      In this case, the statute of limitations against Sunrise was tolled

temporarily by the filing of plaintiffs’ petition on January 15, 2003. On

September 15, Sunrise’s identity was disclosed in discovery. During the

period of time between January 15 and September 15, the parties agree

that the statute of limitations was tolled pursuant to Iowa Code section

613.18(3).     The parties dispute, however, when the cause of action

accrued in this case.

      Sunrise’s argument is based on the concept of inquiry notice.

Under Iowa law, the statute of limitations for personal injury actions

accrues at the time a plaintiff discovers or in the exercise of reasonable

care should have discovered “all the elements of the action.” Franzen v.

Deere & Co., 377 N.W.2d 660, 662 (Iowa 1985). This latter concept—
                                     9

“should have discovered”—is commonly referred to as inquiry notice.

Sparks v. Metalcraft, Inc., 408 N.W.2d 347, 352 (Iowa 1987).

      A party is placed on inquiry notice when a person gains sufficient

knowledge of facts that would put that person on notice of the existence

of a problem or potential problem. Id. On that date, a person is charged

with knowledge of facts that would have been disclosed by a reasonably

diligent investigation.   Id. at 351–52.   Once a person is aware that a

problem exists, the person has a duty to investigate “even though the

person may not have knowledge of the nature of the problem that caused

the injury.” Id.

      Sunrise argues that the plaintiffs in this case were placed on

inquiry notice of the potential claim on January 20, 2001. On that date,

plaintiffs were informed that Juanita had been found asphyxiated with

her head caught in the bed frame. According to Sunrise, these facts put

the plaintiffs on sufficient notice that a problem existed and that a

reasonably diligent investigation would have revealed design defects in

the bed.

      Operating on the premise that the statute of limitations for

plaintiffs’ claims against Sunrise began to run on January 20, 2001,

Sunrise notes that the plaintiff filed its original action on January 15,

2003, five days prior to the expiration of the two-year statute of

limitations. Conceding that the statute of limitations was tolled during

the period between January 15, 2003 and September 15, 2003, Sunrise

contends that only five days remained after September 15 to file a claim

against Sunrise. As a result, Sunrise argues that plaintiffs’ filing of an

amendment to name Sunrise on October 28, 2003 was untimely under

the two-year statute as a matter of law.
                                     10

        The plaintiffs, however, contend that there is at least a genuine

question of material fact as to when the cause of action against Sunrise

accrued. Plaintiffs claim that they were not placed on inquiry notice that

there was something defective or otherwise wrong with the actual bed or

that the bed frame itself was a cause of Juanita’s death until they were

advised by newly retained counsel, who was experienced in products

liability matters, that the bed design may have contributed to Juanita’s

death. Plaintiffs assert that their knowledge of facts prior to that date

indicated that the cause of Juanita’s death was the incorrectly-sized

mattress.

        In support of its position, plaintiffs rely on Bressler v. Graco

Children’s Products, Inc., 43 F.3d 379 (8th Cir. 1994), a case applying

Iowa law. In Bressler, the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit allowed

a products liability case to go forward even though it was filed more than

two years after the death of the plaintiffs’ child. Id. at 382. In that case,

a mother put her one-month-old daughter to bed in a cradle swing. Id.

at 380.     At one o’clock in the morning, the mother checked on her

daughter only to find the baby motionless and blue in the corner of the

cradle, which was not making its full motion. Id. The baby ultimately

died.   An autopsy determined the cause of death to be Sudden Infant

Death Syndrome (SIDS). Id. The parents, however, later found out that

the swing manufacturer had recalled the swing based on reports of infant

suffocation.   Id. The parents filed a products liability suit against the

manufacturer approximately ten months after the recall, but more than

two years after the baby died. Id.

        In Bressler, the Eighth Circuit noted that the plaintiffs were

“thrown off the scent” by the autopsy report which stated that the cause

of death was SIDS and did not suggest that the cradle swing played any
                                    11

role in the death. Id. at 381. In addition, the court in Bressler stated

that summary judgment based on inquiry notice with respect to a

statute-of-limitations defense was inappropriate where the plaintiffs

should not have known that “the cradle swing was defective and

unreasonably dangerous.” Id. at 380–81.

      We agree with Sunrise and find Bressler distinguishable. In this

case, the plaintiffs were told by the nursing home staff on January 21,

2001 that Juanita had died by asphyxiation and that her head was

caught in the rails of the bed. On this date, they knew that the rails of

the bed had played a causative role in her death. At this point, plaintiffs

also knew that an unusual event had occurred, namely, an accidental

death by positional asphyxiation involving compression of Juanita’s

throat between the mattress and the bed rail. In the words of Franzen,

they not only were aware of the causal role of the rail, but they knew

there was a problem. Franzen, 377 N.W.2d at 662. Bed rails are not

ordinarily a contributing cause of accidental death.      As in Franzen,

although the plaintiffs did not know the nature of the defect, they were

aware of sufficient facts to put a reasonable person on inquiry notice of a

potential problem, requiring further investigation.   Id. at 663; Sparks,

408 N.W.2d at 351.

      The factual context in Bressler, however, is materially different. In

Bressler, the autopsy indicated that death of the infant was the result of

natural causes.    The plaintiffs had no reason to suspect that the

accidental death was caused in whole or in part by the cradle. The facts

in Bressler are in sharp contrast with this case. Here, the undisputed

facts show that plaintiffs knew on January 21, 2001 that the cause of

death was accidental and that the bed frame played a role in causing the

asphyxiation.   The plaintiffs were never “thrown off the scent” by an
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autopsy or investigation that suggested a natural death.        Indeed, the

sheriff’s report dated a day after the accident indicated that Dr. Torres,

who conducted an autopsy, was concerned that the beds in the facility

would need to be changed to avoid future incidents. While the plaintiffs

were certainly aware of the potential role of the undersized mattress in

Juanita’s death, they also knew that the bed rail itself played a role in

her unfortunate positional asphyxiation.

      Further, we do not read Bressler as requiring that plaintiffs have

some degree of knowledge about the specific defect in the bed. All that is

required is that a person has reason to believe that “a problem” with the

bed may be present that requires diligent investigation and that such

diligent investigation would have revealed the existence of the defect.

      Under the teaching of Franzen, we conclude that the plaintiffs’

claim against Sunrise is barred by the two-year statute of limitations.

The plaintiffs were on inquiry notice on January 21, 2001. On that date,

the plaintiffs’ action accrued and the statute of limitations began to run.

      C.    Other Issues.   The district court also found that plaintiffs’

claim against Sunrise was barred by the fifteen-year statute of repose

found in Iowa Code section 614.1(2A)(a).      Plaintiffs raise a number of

arguments suggesting that the district court erred on this issue. In light

of the dispositive nature of our ruling on the statute-of-limitations issue,

it is not necessary to address any questions related to the statute of

repose.

      IV. Conclusion.

      The ruling of the district court dismissing the plaintiffs’ wrongful

death action against Sunrise on statute-of-limitations grounds is

affirmed.

   AFFIRMED.
