                                                                                [PUBLISH]

                   IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT          FILED
                              ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                      No. 98-4230                       07/14/99
                               ________________________              THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                         CLERK
                         D. C. Docket No. 97-3799-CIV-DAVIS

RALPH RICHARDSON,
                                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                           versus

JANET RENO, Attorney General of the United States;
DORIS MEISSNER, Commission, Immigration and Naturalization Service;
ROBERT WALLIS, Acting District Director, Immigration and Naturalization Service;
UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE; UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE; and
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF IMMIGRATION REVIEW,
                                                           Defendants-Appellants.
                        ________________________

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Southern District of Florida
                             _________________________
                                     (July 14, 1999)

           ON REMAND FROM THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT

Before CARNES and HULL, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.*

HULL, Circuit Judge:


       *
        This decision is rendered by a quorum, due to Judge Henderson’s death on May 11,
1999. 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).
      This case is before us on remand from the Supreme Court.1 On June 1, 1999, the

Court granted certiorari in this case, vacated our judgment, and remanded the case for

further consideration in light of Reno v. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee,

119 S. Ct. 936, pet. for reh’g denied, 119 S. Ct. 1498 (1999). Richardson v. Reno, 119 S.

Ct. 2016 (1999).

                              I. PROCEDURAL UPDATE

      After we issued Richardson v. Reno, 162 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. 1998) (“Richardson

I”), the Supreme Court decided American-Arab. Following American-Arab, Richardson

asked us to recall our mandate. On May 4, 1999, citing Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S.

538 (1998), we noted that the Supreme Court has restricted the circumstances under

which a court of appeals can recall its own mandate. However, recognizing the effect of

American-Arab on our opinion in Richardson, we noted in a published order dated May 4,

1999, that “we would welcome . . . an opportunity to revisit our decision in Richardson v.

Reno, 162 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. 1999), in light of the Supreme Court's decision in”

American-Arab. Richardson v. Reno, 175 F.3d 898 (11th Cir. 1999).

      On June 1, 1999, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in this case, vacated our

judgment, and remanded the case for further consideration in light of Arab-American.

Richardson v. Reno, 119 S. Ct. 2016 (1999). After review, we reaffirm the holding in

Richardson I that IIRIRA’s amendments to the INA preclude § 2241 habeas jurisdiction



      1
       We commend counsel for all parties for the excellent briefs filed promptly on remand.

                                             -2-
over Richardson’s petition challenging his removal proceedings, which commenced after

IIRIRA’s effective date and his denial of bond and parole by the INS District Director

without an individualized hearing before the immigration judge. In support of this

holding, we readopt and reaffirm the reasoning in Richardson I except to the extent it

relied on INA § 242(g) to support its holding. As discussed below, we find that IIRIRA’s

amendments to the INA, independently of § 242(g), channel judicial review of the INS’

detention of Richardson and other issues in his removal proceedings exclusively into the

judicial review provided under the INA. See Arab-American, 119 S. Ct. at 943.

                                     II. DISCUSSION

       In Richardson I, we held that IIRIRA repeals district-court jurisdiction to issue

writs of habeas corpus under § 2241 to aliens challenging their removal from



the United States or their detention while awaiting removal. 162 F.3d at 1378-79.2 In

reaching this conclusion, we emphasized INA § 242(g), which provides that,



       2
         At the outset, we note that Richardson remains one of the few circuit court decisions
where only post-IIRIRA law, as opposed to the transition rules, applies. This is so because
Richardson’s removal proceedings began in October 1997 after IIRIRA’s effective date. Most of
the circuit decisions addressing the issue whether IIRIRA’s amendments to the INA repeal §
2241 jurisdiction over deportation or exclusion proceedings involve immigration proceedings
initiated before IIRIRA, and thus only IIRIRA’s transitional provisions apply, and they do not
involve the full, and extensive, revisions to the INA’s judicial review scheme enacted by INA §
242. See, e.g. Mayers v. INS, 175 F.3d 1289 (11th Cir. 1999); Mustata v. United States Dept. of
Justice, No. 97-1977 (6th Cir. June 17, 1999); Sandoval v. Reno, 166 F.3d 225, 228 (3d Cir.
1999); Goncalves v. Reno, 144 F.3d 110, 122 (1st Cir. 1998) , cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 1140
(1999); Henderson v. INS, 157 F.3d 106, 109 (2d Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 1141
(1999); Jean-Baptiste v. Reno, 144 F.3d 212, 219-20 (2d Cir. 1998).

                                              -3-
        Except as provided in this section and notwithstanding any other provision
        of law, no court shall have jurisdiction to hear any cause or claim by or on
        behalf of any alien arising from the decision or action by the Attorney
        General to commence proceedings, adjudicate cases, or execute removal
        orders against any alien under this Act.

8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) (Supp. 1998). We reasoned in Richardson I that this “sweeping

language” illustrated congressional intent to consolidate the judicial review of removal

proceedings into the INA’s judicial-review scheme, and that INA § 242(g) “expressly

repeals any and all jurisdiction except that conferred by INA § 242” including § 2241

habeas jurisdiction. 162 F.2d 1358-59.

        The Supreme Court’s decision in American-Arab holds that INA § 242(g) does not

apply to the “universe of deportation [or removal] claims.” 119 S. Ct. 943. The Court in

American Arab narrowly construed INA § 242(g) as applying only to these three discrete

actions described in INA § 242(g): the “decision or action” to (1) “commence

proceedings,” (2) “adjudicate cases,” or (3) “execute removal orders.” 119 S. Ct. at 943.

Richardson’s § 2241 petition does not involve any of these three discrete actions.

Therefore, in light of American-Arab, we find that INA § 242(g) does not apply in this

case.

        Importantly, however, our holding in Richardson I did not rest exclusively on INA

§ 242(g). Instead, we concluded that the extensive revisions to the judicial review of

removal proceedings enacted by IIRIRA and the AEDPA, viewed together, repealed §

2241 jurisdiction over petitions challenging removal proceedings. In particular, we relied

on the overall judicial review scheme enacted in INA § 242(b). We did cite INA § 242(g)

                                             -4-
as an expression of congressional intent to streamline and consolidate the judicial review

of immigration matters. However, in addition to INA § 242(g), we relied on such

provisions as the AEDPA’s repeal of habeas under former INA § 106(a)(10) and the

express provision for limited habeas jurisdiction created by INA § 242(e)(2). Richardson,

162 F.3d at 1358 (“[T]he elimination of INA § 106(a)(10)’s habeas corpus review by the

AEDPA further evidences congressional intent to preclude statutory habeas corpus review

over immigration decisions.”); Id. at 1357 (noting that “INA § 242(e)(2) provides for

statutory habeas review under the INA in this narrowly limited situation. This evidences

Congress’ ability to create statutory habeas review under the INA when it so desires.”).

Furthermore, we noted that “INA § 242(b)(2) provides that the venue for judicial review

is only in the court of appeals.” Id. at 1354.

       More specifically, in Richardson, we also relied on INA § 242(b)(9) in support of

our conclusion. We noted that INA § 242(b)(9) consolidates the time and manner of

judicial review of “all questions of law and fact” in removal proceedings:

       Judicial review of all questions of law and fact, including interpretation and
       application of constitutional and statutory provisions, arising from any
       action taken or proceeding brought to remove an alien from the United
       States under this chapter shall be available only in judicial review of a final
       order under this section.

Richardson, 162 F.3d at 1354 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(9)(Supp. 1998)). INA §

242(b)(9) instructs that “all questions of law and fact” includes all “interpretations and

application of constitutional and statutory provisions.” Id. In Richardson I, we also

recognized that INA § 242(b)(9) provides clear evidence of Congress’ desire to

                                             -5-
“abbreviat[e] judicial review to one place and one time: only in the court of appeals and

only after a final removal order and exhaustion of all administrative remedies.” 162 F.3d

at 1354; see also 162 F.3d at 1373 (“In addition to retaining a mandatory exhaustion

provision, IIRIRA added INA § 242(b)(9) which now expressly provides that judicial

review is available of only ‘a final order.’”).3 In Richardson I, we also reasoned that INA

§ 242(b)(9), and not just INA § 242(g), clarified the restriction on the judicial review of

immigration decisions:

       INA § 242(g), along with INA § 242(b)(9), should be properly understood
       not as an attempt to divest the courts of jurisdiction they previously
       possessed, but as Congress’ effort to make absolutely clear what should
       have been apparent under the INA and AEDPA all along: that review of
       INS' conduct of deportation proceedings is available only after the entry of
       a final order of deportation, and only under the INA provisions specifically
       provided for that purpose.

152 F.3d at 1358.

       Similarly, the Supreme Court in American-Arab, albeit in dicta, described the text

of § 242(b)(9) as a “general jurisdictional limitation.”

       We are aware of no other instance in the United States Code in which
       language such as this [§ 242(g)] has been used to impose a general
       jurisdictional limitation; and that those who enacted IIRIRA were familiar
       with the normal manner of imposing such a limitation is demonstrated by

       3
        INA § 242(d)(1) mandates exhaustion and states:

       (d) REVIEW OF FINAL ORDERS. – A court may review a final order of
       removal only if–
               (1) the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available to the
       alien as of right, . . .

8 U.S.C. § 1252(d).

                                               -6-
       the text of § 1252(b)(9) [INA § 242(b)(9)], which stands in stark contrast to
       § 1252(g) [INA § 242(g)].

119 S. Ct. at 943. The Court then characterized INA § 242(b)(9) as an “unmistakable

‘zipper clause’” that “channels judicial review” of INS “decisions and actions”

exclusively into the judicial review provided under the INA. Id.

       The Supreme Court defined the effect of the “zipper clause:” “[I]t is a sort of

‘zipper’ clause that says ‘no judicial review in deportation cases unless this section

provides judicial review.’” Id. at 943. As the Supreme Court stated, INA § 242 was

intended to assure that issues of law and fact are not subject to “separate rounds of

litigation.” Id. at 944.

       Thus, after review of American-Arab and the parties’ supplemental briefs on

remand, we reaffirm our holding that IIRIRA precludes § 2241 habeas jurisdiction over

an alien’s petition challenging his removal proceedings and detention pending removal

proceedings. Judicial review of the issues raised in Richardson’s § 2241 petition must

await a final BIA removal order and can occur in the court of appeals through a petition

to review that final order. We reach this conclusion for reasons similar to those outlined

in Richardson I except that we rely on INA § 242(b)(9), rather than INA § 242(g), as the

expression of congressional intent to preclude § 2241 jurisdiction in this situation. Thus,

we find that the “unmistakable zipper clause” of INA § 242(b)(9), along with the overall

revisions to the judicial review scheme enacted by INA § 242 et seq., constitute a

sufficiently broad and general limitation on federal jurisdiction to preclude § 2241


                                             -7-
jurisdiction over challenges to removal orders, removal proceedings, and detention

pending removal. See American-Arab, 119 S. Ct. at 943; Richardson I, 162 F.3d at 1530

(reasoning that a broad jurisdictional limitation can satisfy the requirements of Felker v.

Turpin, 116 S. Ct. 2333 (1996)).

       Furthermore, for all the reasons discussed in Richardson I, we conclude that

IIRIRA’s limitation on § 2241 habeas jurisdiction is not unconstitutional on its face or as

applied to Richardson in this case. Richardson, 162 F.3d at 1378-79 (“This repeal also

does not violate the Suspension Clause. INA § 242(a)(2)(C) does not remove all judicial

review. At a minimum, judicial review remains available to Richardson under INA §

242(a)(2)(C) to determine if the specific conditions exist that bar jurisdiction in the court

of appeals. If the bar applies, jurisdiction remains to consider whether the level of

judicial review remaining in INA § 242(a)(2)(C) in a particular case satisfies the

Suspension Clause. If not, Richardson can pursue adequate and effective judicial review

of statutory and constitutional issues under INA §§ 242(b)(2) and 242(b)(9).”).4




       4
         Developments in Richardson’s ongoing removal proceedings that occurred after
Richardson I illustrate why Congress in IIRIRA precluded this collateral § 2241 proceeding and
channeled judicial review exclusively to the review provided under the INA and why courts
should not intervene until the administrative process is completed. Concurrent with this
proceeding, Richardson appealed the immigration judge’s removal order to the BIA and on May
5, 1999, the BIA sustained certain findings of the immigration judge but remanded Richardson’s
case for further proceedings regarding the nature of Richardson’s state criminal conviction,
whether it constituted an aggravated felony, and its effect on Richardson’s immigration status.
These developments also exemplify that the exhaustion of remedies requirement is an
appropriate method of conserving judicial resources and permitting the agency to correct any
mistakes along the way.

                                              -8-
       Our earlier conclusion in Richardson I – that IIRIRA’s limitation on § 2241

jurisdiction is constitutional – is fortified by this Court’s subsequent decision in Lettman

v. Reno, 168 F.3d 463, 465-66 (11th Cir. 1999). Citing with approval cases that we relied

on in our original opinion in Richardson I, this Court, in Lettman, held that when the

government invokes IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(G), which limits judicial-review very much like

INA § 242(a)(2)(C), this Court exercises jurisdiction to determine whether the alien is

actually deportable. Lettman, 168 F.3d at 465 (citing with approval Yang v. INS, 109

F.3d 1185 (7th Cir.1997), and Okoro v. INS, 125 F.3d 920 (5th Cir. 1997)). Thus,

Lettman establishes that, even when an alien faces a putative bar to judicial review like

IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(G), the alien still receives substantial judicial review. Lettman’s

holding is consistent with and buttresses our observation in Richardson I that if the

government invokes INA § 242(a)(2)(C), this Court will determine whether Richardson is

actually an alien, is deportable, and deportable for a reason covered by INA §

242(a)(2)(C). Richardson, 162 F.3d at 1376 (“Thus, we find that the INA still assures

Richardson a significant degree of judicial review in the court of appeals after a final

removal order, despite INA § 242(a)(2)(C) . . . . Any constitutional infirmities

Richardson perceives in that INA-proscribed judicial review must be raised in an attack

on the constitutionality of INA § 242(a)(2)(C) only in the court of appeals and only after a

final removal order.”)5 Indeed, the fact that in Lettman this Court extensively analyzed


       5
       Additionally, we note that INA § 242(a)(2)(C) deals with operational decisions by the
INS and does not foreclose constitutional challenges to the statute itself or other substantial

                                               -9-
the statute invoked by the INS in charging the alien with deportability, concluded that the

alien was not deportable, and vacated the alien’s deportation order, illustrates the extent,

and effectiveness, of the judicial review available even when the government invokes

INA § 242(a)(2)(C) or IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(G).

       The constitutional adequacy of the judicial review available when INA §

242(a)(2)(c) applies will not be decided unless or until Richardson attempts to pursue a

petition for judicial review under INA § 242(b). However, at this interim stage,

Richardson clearly has not shown that he is unable to secure full adequate and effective

judicial review, especially in light of the judicial review recognized by this Court in

Lettman.6


constitutional issues from being raised in the court of appeals. Such challenges might include
any potential constitutional issues regarding Richardson’s detention pending his removal
proceedings. See Webster v. Doe, 486 U.S. 592 (1988); LaGuerre v. Reno, 164 F.3d 1035, 1041
(7th Cir. 1998).
       6
         We recognize that this Court recently held that the AEDPA’s repeal of habeas under
former INA § 106(a)(10), as amended by IIRIRA § 309(c)(4)(G), did not repeal § 2241
jurisdiction over challenges to deportation proceedings. Mayers v. INS, 175 F.3d 1289, 1298
(11th Cir. 1999). However, Mayers was decided under IIRIRA’s transitional rules. Id. at 1293.
Therefore, most of IIRIRA’s revisions to the INA, particularly INA § 242(b)(9), did not apply in
Mayers. Indeed, this Court in Mayers emphatically noted several times that the holding in
Mayers did not conflict with Richardson I because IIRIRA’s permanent provisions applied in
Richardson I. Id. at 1297.
        This Court in Mayers further stressed that the aliens facing deportation in Mayers were
subject to a final deportation order, whereas Richardson is challenging his detention while his
removal proceedings remain pending. Before seeking habeas relief, the aliens in Mayers had
exhausted all available administrative remedies and had sought, but been denied, all judicial
review in the court of appeals in a two-sentence unpublished order issued prior to this Court’s
decision in Lettman v. Reno, 168 F.3d 463 (11th Cir. 1999). Thus, three elements were crucial
in Mayers: (1) the aliens were subject to a final deportation order after BIA review; (2) the aliens
first had filed a petition for judicial review under the INA in the court of appeals before filing a §
2241 petition; and (3) the aliens had been unable to obtain any judicial review whatsoever in the

                                                -10-
       Lastly, we address Richardson’s contention that § 2241 jurisdiction remains to

challenge his detention, even if post-IIRIRA he can seek judicial review of the other

issues in his removal proceedings only under the INA.7 Richardson’s § 2241 petition

raised several substantive challenges to his removal proceedings, such as whether the INS

properly considered him as an “arriving alien.” According to Richardson, even if INA §

242 precludes § 2241 jurisdiction over those issues, INA § 242 does not apply to the INS’

detention decisions in his case because detention always has been considered a separate

and distinct matter from a removal proceeding. Richardson concedes that his § 2241

petition does not seek review of the INS District Director’s discretionary decision

regarding bond or parole.8 Instead, the detention and parole issues in Richardson’s §


court of appeals. Additionally, while the criminal aliens in Mayers had been unable to obtain
any judicial review in the court of appeals, it is now clear in this Circuit that criminal aliens,
post-Lettman, will be able to obtain judicial review of whether they are aliens and deportable.
For these reasons, the holding in Mayers does not affect our holding in this case; indeed, Mayers
actually illustrates why the appropriate avenue for judicial review here lies not under § 2241 but
in the review provided under the INA.
       7
        Richardson stresses that his detention has lasted twenty months. However, the time that
Richardson was detained before his plenary removal hearing before the immigration judge was
only two and one-half months. Richardson was arrested on October 26, 1997; the INS initiated
removal proceedings against him on October 26, 1997, and the immigration judge conducted the
plenary removal hearing and issued a removal order on January 8, 1998. Moreover,
Richardson’s detention is not entirely beyond his control; he is detained only because of the
removal proceedings, and he may obtain his release any time he chooses by withdrawing his
application for admission and leaving the United States.
       8
        As outlined in detail in Richardson I, Richardson’s attorney initially requested bond and
parole for Richardson by filing affidavits and supporting information with the INS District
Director. After review, the District Director denied the bond request finding that Richardson
would have no incentive to appear for immigration hearings. The District Director also denied
parole on the basis that Richardson had not established a significant public benefit or urgent
humanitarian reasons. See Richardson I at 1349.

                                               -11-
2241 petition involve mainly whether the INS properly detained Richardson as an

“arriving alien” and whether the denial of bond and parole by the INS District Director,

without a subsequent individualized hearing before an immigration judge, violated

Richardson’s constitutional rights.9

       We find that Richardson’s statutory and constitutional claims regarding his

detention are clearly encompassed within INA § 242(b)(9).10 That provision is not

       9
          On appeal, Richardson also asserts that the mandatory detention rules in INA §
236(c)(1) are unconstitutional. Those rules did not become effective until October 1998 during
the pendency of this appeal, and thus Richardson necessarily has been unable to amend his §
2241 petition to include those claims. More importantly, there is no evidence in this record to
date that the INS has sought to apply those mandatory detention rules retroactively to
Richardson. A question arises whether the INS would need to apply those rules to Richardson
who already is being detained, has had an opportunity to seek bond and parole, and was denied
both bond and parole. Indeed, Richardson does not contend that the INS District Director
abused his discretion in denying him bond and parole, but only that Richardson should not be
considered an “arriving alien” and should have received a subsequent hearing before an
immigration judge.
         If the INS subsequently did seek to apply the mandatory detention rules to him,
Richardson argues strenuously that INA § 236(c)(1) does not apply to him because it applies
only to persons released to the INS before completion of their criminal sentence and not to
aliens, like Richardson, who completed their criminal sentence many years before. In short, at
this juncture, we find that the statutory issue of whether the mandatory detention rules apply to
Richardson and, if so, the issue of whether the mandatory detention rules are constitutional are
not properly before this Court. Thus, we need not decide whether jurisdiction exists over any
claims regarding the mandatory detention rules in § 236(c)(1). We do note that the only circuit
to address the issue has upheld the constitutionality of the mandatory detention rules in INA §
236(c)(1). Para v. Perryman, 172 F.3d 954 (7th Cir. 1999); see also Richardson I, 162 F.3d at
1538 n.100. The Seventh Circuit made this observation in the context of a § 2241 petition, but
the INS in Para did not raise INA § 242(b)(9) to support its position that the district court lacked
jurisdiction. 172 F.3d at 957. In addition, the Seventh Circuit in Para did not discuss the effect
of INA § 242(b)(9) on the district court’s § 2241 jurisdiction. Compare LaGuerre v. Reno, 164
F.3d 1035, 1040 (7th Cir. 1998) (holding that district-court jurisdiction “did not survive the
enactment” of the AEDPA).
       10
          Richardson argues that INA § 236(e) is the sole post-IIRIRA INA provision applicable
to judicial review of his detention and that INA § 242 does not apply at all in this case.
However, we find that both INA §§ 236(e) and 242 apply to INS detention decisions in

                                                -12-
limited to any particular form of proceeding; rather it applies to “any action taken or

proceeding brought to remove an alien.” 8 U.S.C. § 242(b)(9).11 “Any action taken” in

INA § 242(b)(9) encompasses detention as the first step in the removal process. 8 U.S.C.

1252(b)(9). Indeed, the Supreme Court previously has found that detention is “necessary

to give effect to the provisions for the exclusion or expulsion of aliens . . . .” Wong Wing

v. United States, 163 U.S. 228, 235 (1896); see Carlson v. Landon, 342 U.S. 524, 538

(1952). The relationship of detention to removal proceedings is underscored by

congressional findings that criminal aliens, with great regularity, fail to show for their

immigration proceedings. See e.g., S. Rep. No. 104-48 (Apr. 7, 1995). Thus, the plain



Richardson’s ongoing removal proceedings. The two sections are not inconsistent but
complement each other. Section 242 channels judicial review to the court of appeals under the
INA, and within that judicial review § 236(c) prescribes that discretionary bond decisions are not
reviewable.
        The INS argues that even though Richardson does not contend the INS District Director
abused his discretion in denying him bond, Richardson’s claim that the Attorney General
impermissibly delegated bond decisions for “arriving aliens” to the District Director and not an
immigration judge constitutes a challenge to a discretionary decision of the Attorney General not
subject to judicial review under § 236(e). Since we hold that there is no subject matter
jurisdiction over Richardson’s § 2241 petition as a result of INA § 242, et seq., and particularly §
242(b)(9), we do not address this § 236(e) issue but note that the scope of the judicial review bar
in § 236(e), similar to the judicial review limitations in § 242(a)(2)(C), are matters to be
addressed only in a petition for judicial review in the court of appeals and only after a final
removal order.
       11
          By contrast, former INA § 106(a) was limited to final orders based on proceedings
under former 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b) (1994). 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a) (1994). Under that scheme, “final
orders” included “all matters on which the validity of the final order is contingent, rather than
only those determinations actually made at the hearing.” INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 938
(1983). Detention determinations, on which deportation proceedings were not contingent, fell
outside of “final orders of deportation” and were held under INA § 242(a), not INA § 242(b).
Cheng Fan Kwok v. INS, 392 U.S. 206 (1968). New INA § 242, however, omits any limitation
to a particular form of proceeding. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a).

                                               -13-
language of INA § 242(b)(9) applies to detention proceedings insofar as they arise from

the removal proceedings. Accordingly, Richardson’s careful attempt to cast his § 2241

petition as a challenge to detention while alleging that he is not in fact removable on the

charged grounds does not take that challenge outside of the scope of INA § 242(b)(9).12

       Accordingly, we reaffirm and reinstate our opinion in Richardson I except for the

aspects of the opinion that relied on INA § 242(g). We REVERSE the decision of the

district court, VACATE the stay of Richardson’s removal order, and direct the district

court to dismiss Richardson’s § 2241 petition for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.




       12
          Richardson also stresses that § 2241 jurisdiction must exist over bond claims or
otherwise they will be always mooted. That is not so. If Richardson becomes subject to a final
BIA removal order and then files a petition for judicial review in this Court, he will remain
detained until he is actually removed from the United States. Thus, Richardson will be detained
during his petition for judicial review in this Court and any subsequent review by the Supreme
Court, and his bond claim will not be mooted. There is no reason why a bond claim cannot or
will not be decided before any other issues in the case. Although not required to do so, a court of
appeals could address any bond issue early in the appeal before the issues relating to the removal
order itself are decided or even briefed.

                                               -14-
