                                           COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Beales, Russell and AtLee
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia


            JOSÉ RAFAEL SALAZAR
                                                                                  OPINION BY
            v.      Record No. 0879-15-4                                   JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.
                                                                                 AUGUST 23, 2016
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LOUDOUN COUNTY
                                       J. Howe Brown, Jr., Judge Designate

                            Sean D. O’Malie (Law Offices of Sean D. O’Malie, PLC, on briefs),
                            for appellant.

                            Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                            Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                    José Rafael Salazar, appellant, was convicted in a bench trial of felony identity theft1 in

            violation of Code § 18.2-186.3. On appeal, appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to

            establish all of the elements of the offense and that, even if the offense had been proven, the trial

            court erred in finding that the evidence established a financial loss in excess of the felony threshold

            of $200. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

                                                       BACKGROUND

                    “Under well-settled principles of appellate review, we consider the evidence presented at

            trial in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below.” Smallwood v.


                    1
                      Appellant was indicted and prosecuted for a violation of Code § 18.2-186.3, which is
            entitled “identity theft.” The conviction and sentencing orders, however, indicate that appellant
            was convicted of “identity fraud” in violation of Code § 18.2-186.3. Given our resolution of the
            appeal, we remand to the trial court for the limited purpose of correcting the conviction and
            sentencing orders so that they provide that appellant was convicted of “identity theft” as opposed
            to “identity fraud.”
Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625, 629, 688 S.E.2d 154, 156 (2009) (quoting Bolden v. Commonwealth,

275 Va. 144, 148, 654 S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008)). This principle requires us to “discard the evidence

of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible

evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Parks v.

Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980) (emphasis and internal quotation

marks omitted).

       So viewed, the evidence establishes that, in 1999, Christian Childers purchased a home in

Loudoun County, Virginia. In 2007 or 2008, Childers refinanced his mortgage on the property

through Wells Fargo. In order to obtain that mortgage, Childers provided Wells Fargo with his

social security number. Beginning in 2009, Childers began receiving mail and telephone calls at

his home for the appellant, José Salazar, whom Childers did not know. In 2010, as a result of an

increase in the amount of correspondence addressed to Salazar he received at his home, Childers

subscribed to a credit monitoring service as a precaution. The cost of the credit monitoring

service was approximately $29 a month, and Childers maintained the service from January 2010

through the time of trial.

       In 2012, Childers received emails from Wells Fargo that were addressed to him, yet

referenced José Salazar, a loan number that Childers did not recognize, and an unfamiliar address

in Silver Spring, Maryland. Childers testified that he never used his social security number to

obtain a mortgage loan for a home in Silver Spring, Maryland and that he never gave anyone else

permission to do so.

       Detective Terry Sheffer with the Loudoun County Sheriff’s Office initiated an

investigation regarding the correspondence and the Silver Spring property and testified at trial

regarding what he discovered. In the course of the investigation, Detective Sheffer spoke with

appellant. Appellant identified a loan application that he filed to obtain a refinance on his

                                                -2-
mortgage loan for the Silver Spring residence. Appellant told Detective Sheffer that the social

security number on the document was not his own and that he “made up the number” in order to

obtain the loan. The social security number appellant used on the application was Childers’

social security number.

       Kimberly Moody, a financial crimes investigator for Wells Fargo also testified. Through

her testimony, it was established that, in the records of Wells Fargo, the entity that ultimately

held mortgages on both the home of appellant and the home of Childers, Childers’ social security

number was associated with two separate mortgage loans. The mortgage loan taken out by

Childers on his own home was tied to Childers’ social security number, and the mortgage loan

appellant had taken out on his Silver Spring home was also tied to Childers’ social security

number.

       At the conclusion of the evidence, appellant moved to strike the Commonwealth’s

evidence and argued that no evidence showed that the mortgagor had relied on Childers’ social

security number in approving the loan or that appellant knowingly had selected Childers’ social

security number as opposed to choosing the number randomly or by mistake. Appellant also

argued that the Commonwealth failed to prove that the mortgagor suffered a financial loss. The

trial court denied the motions and found appellant guilty.

       Upon imposition of sentence, the trial court referred to the theft of “the information of a

particular social security number” and indicated that it did not believe appellant’s statement that

he had made up the social security number without any knowledge that it was a real social

security number.

       This appeal followed. Specifically, appellant argues that the Commonwealth was

required to prove: (1) that he knowingly used Childers’ social security number, (2) that he had

the intent to defraud, and (3) that he obtained money, credit, loans, goods or services through the

                                                -3-
use of Childers’ social security number. He contends that the evidence did not establish these

elements.2 Alternatively, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish that anyone

suffered a financial loss in excess of $200 as a result of his use of the number, and therefore, the

trial court erred in convicting him of a felony as opposed to a misdemeanor.3

                                            ANALYSIS

                                       I. Standard of Review

       In reviewing appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we note that we

examine a factual finding “with the highest degree of appellate deference.” Thomas v.

Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 605, 608, 633 S.E.2d 229, 231 (2006). The only “relevant question

is, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Sullivan v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676, 701 S.E.2d 61, 63 (2010) (emphasis

added). This deferential appellate standard “applies not only to the historical facts themselves,

but the inferences from those facts as well.” Clanton v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 566,

673 S.E.2d 904, 907 (2009) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus, a factfinder

may ‘draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Tizon v. Commonwealth,

60 Va. App. 1, 10, 723 S.E.2d 260, 264 (2012) (quoting Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App.

1, 10, 602 S.E.2d 402, 406 (2004)).


       2
         On brief, appellant also argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he
obtained, recorded, or accessed the identifying information of another person that was not
available to the general public in violation of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(1). At oral argument,
appellant noted that the language of the indictment tracked the prohibition found in
Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2). Given the language of the indictment and our ultimate conclusion that
the evidence was sufficient to support a conviction under Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2), we do not
address appellant’s argument regarding the requirements of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(1).
       3
         Both parties consented at oral argument that, if we were to find that the evidence
supported a conviction only for the misdemeanor, the remedy would be resentencing rather than
a new trial. See Commonwealth v. South, 272 Va. 1, 630 S.E.2d 318 (2006).
                                              -4-
       However, the determination of what elements the Commonwealth was required to prove

to obtain a conviction under Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) requires us to construe the statute. We

conduct such a review de novo.

             II. Elements Required for a Conviction Under Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2)

       To ascertain the elements that the Commonwealth must prove to support a conviction

under Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2), we turn to the statute itself. “When construing a statute, our

primary objective is ‘to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent,’ as expressed by the

language used in the statute.” Cuccinelli v. Rector & Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 283 Va. 420,

425, 722 S.E.2d 626, 629 (2012) (quoting Commonwealth v. Amerson, 281 Va. 414, 418, 706

S.E.2d 879, 882 (2011)) (further citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Under basic

rules of statutory construction, we determine the General Assembly’s intent from the words

contained in the statute,” Williams v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 268, 271, 576 S.E.2d 468, 470

(2003), and we are prohibited from adding language to or deleting language from a statute,

Appalachian Power Co. v. State Corp. Comm’n, 284 Va. 695, 706, 733 S.E.2d 250, 256 (2012).

       Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) provides that

               It shall be unlawful for any person, without the authorization or
               permission of the person or persons who are the subjects of the
               identifying information, with the intent to defraud, for his own use
               or the use of a third person, to . . .

               [o]btain money, credit, loans, goods, or services through the use of
               identifying information of such other person . . . .

What constitutes “identifying information” for the purposes of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) is

defined in Code § 18.2-186.3(C), which provides:

               As used in this section, “identifying information” shall include but
               not be limited to: (i) name; (ii) date of birth; (iii) social security
               number; (iv) driver’s license number; (v) bank account numbers;
               (vi) credit or debit card numbers; (vii) personal identification
               numbers (PIN); (viii) electronic identification codes;
               (ix) automated or electronic signatures; (x) biometric data;

                                                -5-
               (xi) fingerprints; (xii) passwords; or (xiii) any other numbers or
               information that can be used to access a person’s financial
               resources, obtain identification, act as identification, or obtain
               money, credit, loans, goods, or services.

       Applying the plain meaning of the words contained in the statute, Davenport v.

Little-Bowser, 269 Va. 546, 555, 611 S.E.2d 366, 371 (2005), in the context of this case, the

Commonwealth had to establish that appellant, with “the intent to defraud,” used the social

security number of another “person,” without that person’s “authorization or permission,” in

order to “[o]btain money, credit, loans, goods, or services.” Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2). The

statute does not require the Commonwealth prove anything else to establish a violation.

       Appellant contends that there is an additional, implied element under the statute. Citing

the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Flores-Figueroa v. United States, 556 U.S. 646

(2009), appellant argues that Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) requires that the Commonwealth prove

that he knew that he was using the social security number of Childers as opposed to simply

having made up the number at random. Although appellant is correct that the United States

Supreme Court did hold in Flores-Figueroa that 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1), which imposes a

mandatory minimum sentence for certain identity theft crimes, requires a showing that a

defendant “knew” that the personal information “used, in fact, belonged to another person . . ,”

556 U.S. at 647, his reliance on the case is misplaced.

       The text of the federal statute at issue in Flores-Figueroa provides that “[w]hoever, during

and in relation to any felony violation enumerated in subsection (c), knowingly transfers,

possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another person shall, in

addition to the punishment provided for such felony, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of

2 years.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) (emphasis added). The inclusion of the word “knowingly” in

the statute led the United States Supreme Court to hold that it “requires the Government to show



                                                -6-
that the defendant knew that the means of identification at issue belonged to another person.”

Flores-Figueroa, 556 U.S. at 657.

       In contrast to 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1), Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) does not contain the

word “knowingly.” Thus, we must conclude that the General Assembly did not intend to impose

a requirement that an offender actually know that the false social security number (or other

identifying information) actually belongs to another person.4 To hold otherwise would amount to

this Court impermissibly “rewriting the statute under the guise of statutory construction.” Lahey

v. Johnson, 283 Va. 225, 230, 720 S.E.2d 534, 537 (2012). Thus, while the offense requires that

the identifying information belong to another person, there is no requirement that appellant know

who that person is or that the information actually does belong to another person.




       4
         That the General Assembly knows how to require that a fraudulent use of information to
obtain benefits be “knowing” before the act is criminal is readily apparent from the Code of
Virginia. Code § 18.2-186.2, the immediately preceding code section, provides that

               [a]ny person who (i) knowingly makes or causes to be made either
               directly or indirectly or through any agent or agency, any false
               statement in writing with the intent that it shall be relied upon, or
               fails to disclose any material fact concerning the financial means or
               ability to pay of himself or of any other person for whom he is
               acting, for the purpose of procuring aid and benefits available
               under any local, state or federally funded housing assistance
               program, or (ii) knowingly fails to disclose a change in
               circumstances in order to obtain or continue to receive under any
               such program aid or benefits to which he is not entitled or who
               knowingly aids and abets another person in the commission of any
               such act is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.

(Emphasis added). We must give effect to the General Assembly’s decision not to include
“knowingly” in Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2). See Brown v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 538, 545, 733
S.E.2d 638, 641 (2012) (“[W]hen the General Assembly includes specific language in one . . .
statute, but omits that language from another . . . statute, [courts] must presume that the
exclusion of the language was intentional because under these circumstances, it is evident that
the General Assembly knows how to include such language in a statute to achieve an intended
objective; thus the omission of [such] language [in another statute] represents an unambiguous
manifestation of a contrary intention.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).
                                                -7-
       With the required elements of the offense identified, we now turn to whether the

Commonwealth’s evidence was sufficient to establish those elements beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                 III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       There is no dispute that the evidence established that the social security number appellant

used on the loan application belonged to Childers and that Childers did not give appellant

permission or authorization to use his social security number. Appellant argues that the evidence

failed to establish the remaining elements—namely, that he used Childers’ social security number

with the intent to defraud and that he used the number to “[o]btain money, credit, loans, goods, or

services.”

       A. Intent to Defraud

       “Intent may be, and most often is, proven by circumstantial evidence and the reasonable

inferences to be drawn from proven facts.” Viney v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 296, 301, 609

S.E.2d 26, 29 (2005). Here, it is undisputed that appellant intentionally filled out and submitted

a loan application using a social security number that was not his. There is no innocent

explanation for such an action. Accordingly, this fact alone was sufficient to allow a reasonable

factfinder to conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant had the intent to defraud the

lender when he used Childers’ social security number on the loan application.

       Of course, the Commonwealth’s evidence of intent was not limited to the mere fact that

appellant used Childers’ social security number on the loan application. Through the testimony

of Detective Sheffer, the Commonwealth introduced appellant’s statement that he “made up the

[social security] number in order to obtain the mortgage loan.” Appellant’s statement is

sufficient, in and of itself, to allow a reasonable factfinder to conclude, beyond a reasonable

doubt, that appellant had the intent to defraud the lender when he used Childers’ social security




                                                -8-
number on the loan application. In short, the Commonwealth’s evidence was more than

sufficient to establish that appellant possessed the requisite intent to defraud.

       B. Obtain the Mortgage

       Appellant argues that it is not enough for the evidence to establish that he fraudulently

used another person’s social security number in an effort to obtain a mortgage loan, but rather,

the Commonwealth must establish that he actually obtained a loan through the use of the false

social security number. Assuming without deciding that appellant is correct, the evidence was

sufficient to allow a reasonable factfinder to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant

actually obtained a mortgage loan through the use of Childers’ social security number.5

       The completed loan application establishes both that the lender required a social security

number to process the application and that appellant used Childers’ social security number in an

effort to obtain the loan. The fact that the records of Wells Fargo, the mortgage loan servicer,

linked appellant’s mortgage on the Silver Spring property to Childers’ social security number is

sufficient to establish that the mortgage actually was obtained through an application listing that

social security number. Thus, a factfinder reasonably could conclude that appellant obtained the

mortgage through the use of Childers’ social security number.

       Appellant argues that there is no evidence that the lender actually relied on the social

security number. There is no explicit requirement in the statute that a lender rely on the false

information, whether by conducting a credit check using the false social security number or by

some other means, in making its loan determination. The statute requires only that the false

information be used to obtain the loan, and we cannot add a reliance requirement to the statute




       5
         Appellant’s statement that he made up the number to obtain the loan conclusively
establishes he used Childers’ social security number in an effort to do so.

                                                 -9-
crafted by the General Assembly.6 See Lahey, 283 Va. at 230, 720 S.E.2d at 537. Here, the

established facts that the lender requested the social security number on the application and that

appellant provided the false number for the avowed purpose of obtaining the loan are sufficient to

support a conclusion that appellant obtained the loan through the use of Childers’ social security

number.

                                  IV. Classification of the Offense

       In general, violations of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) are Class 1 misdemeanors; however, the

statute identifies various aggravating circumstances that will result in the offense being a felony.

Relevant here, Code § 18.2-186.3(D) provides, in pertinent part, that “[v]iolations of this section

shall be punishable as a Class 1 misdemeanor. Any violation resulting in financial loss of greater

than $200 shall be punishable as a Class 6 felony.”

       The statute does not provide a definition of financial loss. “When . . . a statute contains

no express definition of a term, the general rule of statutory construction is to infer the

legislature’s intent from the plain meaning of the language used.” Hubbard v. Henrico Ltd.

P’ship, 255 Va. 335, 340, 497 S.E.2d 335, 338 (1998) (citing City of Virginia Beach v. Flippen,

251 Va. 358, 362, 467 S.E.2d 471, 473-74 (1996); Marsh v. City of Richmond, 234 Va. 4, 11,

360 S.E.2d 163, 167 (1987)). “Financial,” of course, refers to the pecuniary, limiting the

statute’s reach to losses of money or things of monetary value as opposed to abstract injury to a

property right. Thus, in context, “financial loss” means some monetary injury or non-reimbursed




       6
          Once again, Code § 18.2-186.2 reveals that the General Assembly knows how to craft
such a requirement if that is its purpose. Code § 18.2-186.2, in pertinent part, prohibits the use
of a false statement in writing “with the intent that it shall be relied upon” for the purpose of
obtaining certain housing benefits. (Emphasis added). We must give effect to the General
Assembly’s decision not to include a reliance element in Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2). See Brown,
284 Va. at 545, 733 S.E.2d at 641.

                                                - 10 -
expenditure of funds that results from the use of another’s identifying information as defined in

Code § 18.2-186.3(C).

       The Commonwealth argued, and the trial court found, that the evidence established a

financial loss of greater than $200. Specifically, the Commonwealth argued that both the lender

and Childers independently suffered losses greater than $200—the bank from lending money it

would not have in a loan that, at one point, was noted to be in default and Childers from

expending money on credit monitoring services. Appellant argues that the evidence did not

support the conclusion that he caused a financial loss of at least $200. We address the two bases

advanced by the Commonwealth in turn.

       A. Purported financial loss of the lender

       The Commonwealth argues that the evidence establishes that the lender suffered a

financial loss of far greater than $200. After all, the initial loan amount was $344,000, and the

loan was reported to be in default. Alternatively, the Commonwealth argues that the mere fact

that more than $200 was loaned as a result of appellant’s fraudulent use of Childers’ social

security number is sufficient to prove a financial loss of greater than $200. We disagree.

       Although there was testimony that appellant received a loan far in excess of $200 and that

the loan was, at least at one point, in default, there was no evidence that the lender suffered a

financial loss. There was no evidence to establish whether, after the loan went into default,

appellant brought it current by paying any contractually required penalties and interest or the loan

remained in default. Even if the mortgage had proceeded to foreclosure, the lender could have

been made whole through a foreclosure sale if appellant’s equity in the home had exceeded the

loan amount and any costs associated with the foreclosure sale.7


       7
         See, e.g., Code § 55-59.4(A)(3) (providing the order or priority for the payment of costs
and lienholders in a foreclosure sale and that any amount in excess of the liens and costs that is
recovered is to be paid to the mortgage borrower); Simard v. White, 859 A.2d 168, 203
                                                - 11 -
       The Commonwealth argues that the mere fact that the lender was tricked into loaning

money through appellant’s fraudulent use of Childers’ social security number is sufficient to

establish a “financial loss.” In the context of a mortgage loan, whether a lender has suffered a

financial loss is dictated by the terms of the loan agreement and the circumstances surrounding

any events of default/foreclosure. If a person fraudulently obtains a mortgage through the use of

another person’s identifying information but makes all of the mortgage payments on time

consistent with his contractual obligations, a mortgage lender has not suffered a financial loss.8

       Although the lender in this case may have suffered a financial loss, the absences of

evidence regarding the terms of the loan agreement, the ultimate resolution of the loan after it

went into default, and the results of a foreclosure sale, if any, required the factfinder to engage in

speculation to conclude that the lender, in fact, suffered the requisite financial loss. Accordingly,

the purported financial loss of the lender cannot be used to enhance the crime from a Class 1

misdemeanor to a Class 6 felony.

       B. Financial loss of Childers

       Alternatively, the Commonwealth argues that the payments Childers made for credit

monitoring services after he became concerned that someone had stolen his identity establish that

Childers suffered a financial loss of greater than $200 as a result of appellant’s use of Childers’



(Md. App. 2004) (noting that “the practice of mortgage foreclosures was designed to (1) pay the
expenses of sale, (2) pay off the mortgage debt, (3) return to the mortgagor the surplus as
representing the true remaining value of the property sold”).
       8
          This is not to say that the person fraudulently obtaining the mortgage has not committed
a violation of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) or potentially other crimes when the loan application is
filed or the lender provides the funds. See, e,g., Code § 18.2-186 (criminalizing false statements
made to obtain a loan or credit and tying an enhanced penalty to the amount of the loan or credit
extended, but not requiring proof of a “financial loss”). Rather, it simply recognizes that neither
an application nor the providing of the funds is sufficient to establish that, when only those
events have occurred, a mortgage lender has suffered the “financial loss” required by the
General Assembly to enhance a violation of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) to a Class 6 felony.

                                                - 12 -
social security number. The record makes clear that Childers contracted for credit monitoring

services only after he began receiving communications addressed to Salazar related to

financial/credit issues tied to Salazar’s fraudulent use of Childers’ social security number.9

Accordingly, the record establishes that Childers’ payment of the funds resulted from Salazar’s

criminal use of Childers’ social security number.

       The record also amply demonstrates that Childers paid, without reimbursement, $29 a

month for the credit monitoring services and that the services were in place for more than seven

months. Accordingly, the record establishes that Childers spent more than $200 for the credit

monitoring services. Thus, the sole remaining question is whether such payments constitute a

“financial loss” within the meaning of Code § 18.2-186.3(D).

       In general, crime victims are not entitled to restitution for costs incurred to prevent further

criminal activity. For example, in Howell v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 737, 652 S.E.2d 107

(2007), the Supreme Court reversed a trial court’s restitution award that reimbursed the burglary

victim for the costs incurred to install a security system to help stop losses that might be

occasioned by future burglaries. Id. at 741, 652 S.E.2d at 109. The Supreme Court reasoned that

such expenses were not the direct result of the burglary, and therefore, could not be recovered in

restitution as having been “caused by the offense.” Id.

       Although the reasoning of Howell might suggest that Childers has not suffered the

requisite financial loss, Howell is distinguishable. First, on the record before us, it is clear that

Childers contracted for credit monitoring services as a direct result of appellant’s yet-to-be

discovered criminal use of Childers’ social security number and not merely to prevent or

ameliorate a second criminal event that was yet to occur.


       9
         We do not address a scenario in which a person’s identifying information is used in
violation of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2), but that person had contracted for credit monitoring
services prior to the misappropriation of his identifying information.
                                                - 13 -
       Second, and more importantly, the General Assembly has made clear that such costs

incurred by victims of violations of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2) are one of the very evils the statute

was enacted to combat. Specifically, Code § 18.2-186.3(E) provides that

               Upon conviction, in addition to any other punishment, a person
               found guilty of this offense shall be ordered by the court to make
               restitution as the court deems appropriate to any person whose
               identifying information was appropriated or to the estate of such
               person. Such restitution may include the person’s or his estate’s
               actual expenses associated with correcting inaccuracies or errors in
               his credit report or other identifying information.

Because the General Assembly made such payments subject to an award of restitution, we

conclude that, taking the statutory scheme as a whole, such payments can be used to establish a

financial loss resulting from the violation of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2). Accordingly, the evidence

was sufficient to support the factfinder’s determination that appellant’s illegal conduct “result[ed]

in [a] financial loss of greater than $200,” and therefore, we affirm appellant’s conviction for a

felony violation of Code § 18.2-186.3(A)(2). See Code § 18.2-186.3(D).10

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we find that the evidence was sufficient for the trial court to

conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant was guilty of violating Code

§ 18.2-186.3(A)(2) and that such violation resulted in a financial loss in excess of $200.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                                           Affirmed and remanded.




       10
           For the first time on appeal, appellant argues that the “financial loss” aspect of
Code § 18.2-186.3 is impermissibly vague because it is not reasonably defined in terms of who
must have sustained the loss in order for the court, or an accused, to ascertain what constitutes a
felony or misdemeanor offense. We will not consider on appeal an argument that appellant did
not raise in the trial court. Rule 5A:18.
                                                - 14 -
