AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 5, 2018.




                                                          In The
                                           Court of Appeals
                                    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                    No. 05-17-00728-CV

                                              BRIAN E. VODICKA, Appellant

                                                            V.

                                    A.H. BELO CORPORATION AND
                             ERIC VAUGHN MOYÉ, INDIVIDUALLY, Appellees

                                 On Appeal from the 116th Judicial District Court
                                              Dallas County, Texas
                                      Trial Court Cause No. DC-16-12693

                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                   Before Justices Lang-Miers, Myers, and Boatright
                                            Opinion by Justice Lang-Miers
          This appeal arises from a lawsuit claiming defamation filed by appellant Brian E. Vodicka

and Steven B. Aubrey.1 In four issues appellant Vodicka argues that the trial court erred in granting

appellee A.H. Belo Corporation’s motion to dismiss with prejudice under the Texas Citizen

Participation Act, granting appellee Judge Eric V. Moyé’s motion to dismiss with prejudice under

rule of civil procedure 91a, denying Vodicka’s motion to recuse the trial court judge, and declaring

that Aubrey was a vexatious litigant. We affirm.




   1
       Aubrey is not before this Court on appeal.
                                                              BACKGROUND

           Appellant Vodicka and Aubrey filed a lawsuit seeking damages for claimed defamation

against Belo and Judge Moyé and other defendants. Vodicka and Aubrey based their claims on

articles published in the Dallas Morning News and statements made during a court hearing by

appellee Judge Moyé relating to the alleged arson murder of Dallas attorney Ira Tobolowsky.

           Judge Moyé filed a motion to dismiss under rule of civil procedure 91a. See TEX. R. CIV.

P. 91a. Belo filed a motion to dismiss under the Texas Citizen Participation Act (TCPA) codified

at chapter 27 of the civil practice and remedies code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 27.003 (West 2015). Aubrey—but not Vodicka—filed a response to Belo’s motion to dismiss

under the TCPA. Judge Moyé also filed a motion asking the court to declare Aubrey a vexatious

litigant under section 11.054 of the civil practice and remedies code, in which Belo also joined.

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 11.054 (West 2002). Vodicka and Aubrey subsequently

filed a notice of nonsuit “of their entire case against” Belo, Judge Moyé, and other defendants that

was “effective immediately” and “without prejudice to refiling.” The trial court then issued an

order declaring that Aubrey was a vexatious litigant. Vodicka filed a motion to recuse the trial

court judge, which was denied.2

           After a hearing, the court granted Judge Moyé’s motion to dismiss with prejudice under

rule 91a. The court found “that the allegations in [the] Petition, as to Judge Moyé do not set forth

sufficient facts to defeat a judge’s judicial immunity” and “that all claims made against Judge

Moy[é] allege conduct taken within his jurisdiction and judicial capacity and [are] barred [by]

judicial immunity.” The court also concluded that “the Petition filed in this case was brought in

bad faith, is groundless and brought for the purpose of harassment in violation of” rule of civil

procedure 13 and awarded sanctions of $1,000 against Vodicka and Aubrey jointly and severally.


   2
       Aubrey also filed a separate motion to disqualify or recuse the trial court judge, which was also denied.

                                                                       –2–
The court also granted Belo’s motion to dismiss with prejudice under the TCPA and awarded Belo

attorney’s fees, expenses, and a sanction against Vodicka and Aubrey jointly and severally.

            The court subsequently issued a final judgment in favor of Belo and Judge Moyé that stated

that the trial court “recognized” that Vodicka and Aubrey filed a notice of nonsuit “pursuant to

which they notified the Court and the Parties that ‘they are taking a nonsuit of their entire case’

against Belo, Judge Moy[é],” and other defendants. In the final judgment, the court found that

Judge Moyé’s motion to dismiss under rule 91a and motion for sanctions under rule 13 and Belo’s

motion to dismiss under the TCPA should be granted and that “all causes of action asserted by”

Vodicka and Aubrey against Belo and Judge Moyé were dismissed with prejudice so that Vodicka

and Aubrey “shall take nothing from Belo and [Judge] Moyé in this action.”3

            The final judgment awarded Belo attorney’s fees, expenses, and a $25,000 sanction against

Vodicka and Aubrey, jointly and severally. The final judgment also awarded Judge Moyé $1,000

in sanctions against Vodicka and Aubrey, jointly and severally, pursuant to rule of civil procedure

13. In addition, the final judgment ordered that the trial court’s “Order Declaring Steven B. Aubrey

a Vexatious Litigant” “in its entirety, is included herein by reference and shall be considered a part

of this Final Judgment, remaining in full force and effect indefinitely.” Vodicka—but not

Aubrey—filed a notice of appeal.

                                                    BELO’S MOTION TO DISMISS

            In his first issue, Vodicka argues that the trial court erred in granting Belo’s motion to

dismiss with prejudice under the Texas Citizen Participation Act. A TCPA motion to dismiss

seeks dismissal of a “legal action” that is “based on, relates to, or is in response to a party’s exercise

of the right of free speech[.]” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.003(a). If the trial court




    3
        The final judgment also ordered that all causes of action asserted against other defendants were also dismissed.

                                                                       –3–
dismisses an action under the TCPA, the statute states that the court shall award to the movant

reasonable attorney’s fees, court costs, other expenses, and sanctions. Id. § 27.009(a).

       Vodicka filed a nonsuit of his “entire case” against Belo. Generally, a plaintiff may dismiss

a case or take a nonsuit at any time before it introduces all of its evidence, excluding rebuttal

evidence. TEX. R. CIV. P. 162. But dismissal by nonsuit “shall not prejudice the right of an adverse

party to be heard on a pending claim for affirmative relief[.]” Id. “And a defendant’s TCPA

motion to dismiss is a claim for affirmative relief.” Duchouquette v. Prestigious Pets, LLC, No.

05-16-01163, 2017 WL 5109341, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 6, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.); see

Rauhauser v. McGibney, 508 S.W.3d 377, 382 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, no pet.) (per

curiam), overruled on other grounds by Hersh v. Tatum, 526 S.W.3d 462, 467 (Tex. 2017) (noting

that motion to dismiss under the TCPA may afford more relief than a nonsuit, including dismissal

with prejudice, sanctions, and attorney’s fees).

       In his third amended brief, Vodicka argues (1) that the trial court erred in granting Belo’s

motion to dismiss under the TCPA because Belo relied on “unlawfully and illegally obtained

sealed records to support its publications defaming” Vodicka and Aubrey and (2) that the

evidence that Vodicka presented constituted a prima facie case for the elements of his claim. See

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(c) (providing a “court may not dismiss a legal action

under” the TCPA “if the party bringing the legal action establishes by clear and specific evidence

a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim in question”).

                                        Sealed Documents

       In his third amended brief, Vodicka argues that Belo relied upon unlawfully and illegally

obtained sealed court documents to “support its defamatory publications” and “Belo’s right to free

speech does not extend to use of illegally obtained information.” Belo denies the allegations.

Importantly, however, only Aubrey—and not Vodicka—filed a response to Belo’s TCPA motion

                                                   –4–
to dismiss. And although Vodicka states that “Belo has the audacity to tell this Court that Vodicka

never responded to its motion to dismiss[,]” Vodicka then cites to the record of Aubrey’s response

to Belo’s motion to dismiss.                      The “Sealing Orders” and arguments concerning the sealed

documents do not appear in the record before this Court except as submitted by Aubrey, a non-

party to this appeal, in his response and attachments to his response. As a result, Vodicka did not

present to the trial court this complaint regarding Belo unlawfully using sealed records as evidence

supporting its motion to dismiss and this complaint is not before us on appeal.4 See Norris v. Tenet

Houston Health Sys., No. 14-04-01029-CV, 2006 WL 1459958, at *8 n.14 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] May 30, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (party waived argument on appeal that trial court

erred in disregarding her response to motion to dismiss where she did not identify the location of

her response in the record or provide argument or evidence of the contents of her response and

record did not include response to motion to dismiss).

                                                           Prima Facie Case

           We review de novo the trial court’s determination concerning whether Vodicka met his

burden to present clear and specific evidence to establish a prima facie case for each element of

his claim. See Watson v. Hardman, 497 S.W.3d 601, 605 (Tex. App—Dallas 2016, no pet.). To

recover for defamation, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant (1) published a false statement of

fact to a third party, (2) that was defamatory concerning the plaintiff, (3) while acting with

negligence, if the plaintiff was a private individual, and (4) which caused damages, unless the

defamatory statements were defamatory per se. In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 593 (Tex. 2015);

Campbell v. Clark, 471 S.W.3d 615, 624 (Tex. App—Dallas 2015, no pet.).




     4
       Likewise, Vodicka’s discussion of other arguments that Aubrey stated in his response to Belo’s motion to dismiss in his brief are not before
us on appeal.

                                                                      –5–
           Among other arguments, Belo contends that Vodicka did not establish the element that

Belo published a false statement of fact. “Truth is a defense to all defamation suits” for “there is

no defamation liability if the gist” of the publication “is substantially true.” Neely v. Wilson, 418

S.W.3d 52, 56 (Tex. 2013). “[T]he substantial truth doctrine precludes liability for a publication

that correctly conveys a story’s ‘gist’ or ‘sting’ although erring in the details.” Turner v. KTRK

Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 115 (Tex. 2000). “We determine a” publication’s “gist or

meaning by examining how a person of ordinary intelligence would view it.” Neely, 418 S.W.3d

at 64; see McIlvain v. Jacobs, 794 S.W.2d 14, 16 (Tex. 1990) (“The test used in deciding whether

the broadcast is substantially true involves consideration of whether the alleged defamatory

statement was more damaging to [the plaintiff’s] reputation, in the mind of the average listener,

than a truthful statement would have been.”). In addition, a publication “can convey a false and

defamatory meaning by omitting or juxtaposing facts, even though all of the story’s individual

statements considered in isolation were literally true or non-defamatory.” Neely, 418 S.W.3d at

64 (quoting Turner, 38 S.W.3d at 114). “[S]tatements that are not verifiable as false cannot form

the basis of a defamation claim.” Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 62.

           Vodicka argues both that Belo “ma[de] false statements” and that Belo “juxtaposed

statements that implicated” Vodicka and Aubrey in “Tobolowsky’s death.”5 Vodicka states that

“[n]either Vodicka nor Aubrey have ever been convicted, indicted, arrested, charged with, or even

named as suspects in, the ongoing homicide investigation of Tobolowsky.” He argues that the gist

“of Belo’s publications without question gave a ‘person of reasonable intelligence’ the impression

that” Vodicka and Aubrey “were connected to the murder of Tobolowsky” and states that “Belo



     5
       Vodicka interweaves his arguments that the statements published by Belo were false with his argument that the statements were defamatory.
Because our disposition concerns whether Vodicka presented prima facie proof of the defamation element that the statements were false, it is not
necessary for us to discuss Vodicka’s arguments that the statements were defamatory. See Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561, 587 (Tex. 2002)
(“That a statement is defamatory—that is, injurious to reputation—does not mean that it is false, and vice versa.”).



                                                                     –6–
convinced its readers that” Vodicka and Aubrey “were criminals guilty of capital murder.”

            In his brief, Vodicka quotes excerpts from five Dallas Morning News articles from May

13, May 15, May 18, and May 27, 2016. 6 Two of these articles are not in the record and, as a

result, are not before us on appeal.7 Of the statements that he identifies from the articles that are


     6
         Vodicka quotes three statements from a May 15, 2016 article, Dallas judge given extra security after attorney’s death in suspicious fire:

                 Sheriff’s officers were patrolling at Eric V. Moyé’s home because he was presiding over a high-profile civil case that
                  prompted concerns for his safety, sheriff’s spokeswoman Melinda Urbina said. [Judge] Moyé does not preside over
                  criminal cases.

                 Investigators are looking into whether any of his clients may have wanted revenge.

                 Members of [Judge] Moyé’s re-election campaign said the judge warned officials of a possible connection between
                  Tobolowsky’s death and litigation being handled by [Judge] Moyé’s court.

           Vodicka also identifies statements from an article published May 18, 2016, Judge steps down from civil case after Dallas lawyer’s
suspicious death:

                 A district judge on Wednesday removed himself from overseeing a civil suit involving a Dallas lawyer found dead last
                  week in a suspicious house fire.

                 Aubrey and his partner, Brian Vodicka, were both named in the lawsuit filed by Tobolowsky. Vodicka, a lawyer, and
                  Aubrey were representing themselves in the case.

                 Judge Eric V. Moyé had presided over a lawsuit between attorney Ira Tobolowsky and Steven Aubrey, an Austin
                  resident. Tobolowsky was found dead[.]

                 [Judge] Moyé said in court Wednesday that he was voluntarily removing himself from the case because of Aubrey and
                  “his implications in the death of Mr. Tobolowsky.”

                 During this time, he “pursued a hostile course of action to harass, intimidate and embarrass them,” according to a
                  defamation lawsuit Tobolowsky filed against Aubrey and Vodicka. Both men could not be reached for comment this
                  week.

                 The lawsuit claims Aubrey openly called his fight with his brother and mother “jihad.”

                 . . . the family has not decided whether to go forward with the lawsuit against Aubrey and Vodicka.

            Vodicka quotes statements from a May 27, 2016 article, Prominent Dallas lawyer’s nasty lawsuit gets attention in his death:

                 Last year, Tobolowsky filed a defamation suit in Dallas County against Steven Aubrey and his partner, Brian Vodicka.
                  The men could not be reached for comment by phone or at their home.

                 Dallas police detectives and a marked crime scene vehicle were at the apartment where Vodicka lives on Glen America
                  Drive on Wednesday morning.

                 Vodicka and his brother, Gary, made headlines during a four-year legal battle with Southern Methodist University.
                  Gary Vodicka sued SMU when the school bought condo units to make way for the George W. Bush Presidential Center.

                 The brothers were involved in their own legal fight then over who owned the condos in question. Gary Vodicka and
                  the school eventually reached a settlement.

            Vodicka also argues that this “one article” published on May 27 referenced Aubrey twenty-six times and Vodicka fifteen
times, totaling forty-one times “in one article about the arson murder of Tobolowsky.”
      7
        Vodicka points to statements in two articles published on May 13, 2016 and May 27, 2016 that are not in the record. Vodicka attaches these
articles to his brief. “Documents attached to a brief that are not formally included in the record are not properly before the court of appeals and
may not be considered by this Court.” Petterson v. JGMS Invs. LLC, No. 05-15-01286-CV, 2016 WL 6124134, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 20,
2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).



                                                                        –7–
in the record, he does not indicate which of these statements he contends are false or that he

presented a prima facie case concerning their falsity.

             In addition, Vodicka argues that the statement in one article that the defamation lawsuit

was “an extraordinarily ‘nasty lawsuit’” and the statement in another article that it was “high-

profile” were not accurate. He notes that Tobolowsky’s brother-in-law stated that “we might have

known there was a big case going on, but I didn’t know much of the details[.]” But whether a

lawsuit was “nasty” or “high-profile” is “not verifiable as false” and, as a result, cannot form the

basis of a defamation claim. See Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 62; see also Dallas Morning News, Inc. v.

Tatum, No. 16-0098, 2018 WL 2182625, at *16 (Tex. May 11, 2018) (“[S]tatements that cannot

be verified, as well as statements that cannot be understood to convey a verifiable fact, are

opinions.”).8

             In his reply brief, Vodicka identifies fourteen statements that “are false.” Nine of these are

statements from articles in the record.9

            Judge “Moyé said in court Wednesday that he was voluntarily removing himself from the
             case because of Aubrey and “his implications in the death of Mr. Tobolowsky.” The record
             reflects that Judge Moyé made this statement.

            “Tobolowsky’s lawyer in the case, Steve Schoettmer, said Wednesday that [Judge] Moyé
             was appropriately concerned for his safety.” Vodicka does not argue that Schoettmer did
             not make this statement, but rather that Schoettmer “had absolutely no basis to make that
             statement.”

            “The lawsuit claims Aubrey openly called his fight with his brother and mother ‘jihad’.”
             The record reflects that this statement accurately reflects what the lawsuit claimed.

            “Dallas police detectives and a marked crime scene vehicle were at the apartment where
             Vodicka lives on Glen America Drive on Wednesday morning. But it was not clear
             whether investigators spoke with Aubrey or Vodicka.” Vodicka states “[t]his was a true
             statement.”

      8
        Vodicka also states that one year after Tobolowsky’s death, D Magazine revealed that the authorities had a list of “persons of interest” that
included “many names” but that “Belo exclusively and selectively chose” Vodicka and Aubrey “in prosecuting their ‘trial by media.’” But the D
Magazine article that Vodicka cites is not in the record before us on appeal. See Patterson, 2016 WL 6124134, at *2 (stating documents attached
to a brief that are not formally included in the record are not properly before the court of appeals and cannot be considered by the court).
     9
         Three of the statements are comments posted by readers to the articles, discussed below, and one is from an article not in the record.

                                                                        –8–
      “Police officials would not comment on whether detectives have interviewed either man in
       connection with Tobolowsky’s death.” Vodicka argues conclusively that “[p]olice never
       once said the names of Plaintiffs or anybody else, in connection with the murder of Mr.
       Tobolowsky.” He does not provide any evidence supporting his argument.

      “He said that Tobolowsky ‘was universally loved, and this was the only individual that I’m
       aware of that had any excessive ill will towards him,’ Schoettmer said this week, referring
       to Aubrey.” Vodicka argues in his brief—without further argument or evidence—that
       “Tobolowsky was NOT universally loved.”

      “In Tobolowsky’s lawsuit against Aubrey and Vodicka, he alleges that Aubrey referred to
       his fight with his family as ‘jihad’ and later used the same term to describe his battle with
       Tobolowsky.” On appeal, Vodicka argues that “Aubrey never referred to his fight as
       anything” and that Schoettmer “made up this ridiculous assertion.” The record reflects that
       this statement accurately states allegations in Tobolowsky’s lawsuit.

      “Tobolowsky’s lawsuit argues that Aubrey used ‘intentional lies, fraud, defamatory
       statements, and ‘dirty tricks’” to get the lawyer to stop representing Aubrey’s mother.
       Vodicka argues that Tobolowsky never represented his mother, but instead represented his
       brother. The record reflects that this statement accurately states arguments in
       Tobolowsky’s lawsuit.

      “In court filings in the defamation case, Aubrey and Vodicka fired back at Tobolowsky,
       comparing him to ‘ISIS radicals.’” “Like an ISIS butcher, Tobolowsky butchers the truth
       causing mayhem amongst the halls of justice[.]” These court filings are not in the record,
       and Vodicka does not present any argument that this statement does not accurately reflect
       the contents of court documents.

We conclude that Vodicka has not established by clear and specific evidence that any of these

statements are false.

       Vodicka also argues that the “gist” of the articles was false because the “publications

without question gave a ‘person of reasonable intelligence’ the impression that” Vodicka and

Aubrey “were connected to the murder of Tobolowsky” and “The ‘Gist’ is Plaintiffs are

murderers[.]” See Dallas Morning News, Inc., 2018 WL 2182625, at *14 (“In a gist case, the

court must ‘construe the publication “as a whole in light of the surrounding circumstances based

upon how a person of ordinary intelligence would perceive it.’”” (quoting D Magazine Partners,

L.P. v. Rosenthal, 529 S.W.3d 429, 434 (Tex. 2017))). Vodicka contends that “Belo cannot

continually publish articles that feature Plaintiffs and the Tobolowsky murder and claim the article
                                                  –9–
is not defamatory because there is not an untrue statement.” He contends that “Belo falsely

convinced it [sic] general public readers that” Vodicka and Aubrey “were the only persons of

interest, exhibiting Belo’s malice.”

       We disagree. Construing the articles “as a whole in light of the surrounding circumstances”

and “based upon how a person of ordinary intelligence would perceive it,” id., the gist of the

articles was that Ira Tobolowsky died under suspicious circumstances, law enforcement were

investigating his death, Vodicka and Aubrey were being investigated but that they had not been

charged with a crime and the investigation was broad-ranging, and Tobolowsky, Aubrey, and

Vodicka had made various allegations against each other in filings in court cases during the years

leading up to Tobolowsky’s death. Of the articles that Vodicka relies upon and that are in the

record, only the May 18, 2016 and May 27, 2016 articles mention Vodicka and Aubrey.

       In the May 18, 2016 article, Judge steps down from civil case after Dallas lawyer’s

suspicious death, the article discussed Judge Moyé recusing himself from the case between

Tobolowsky and Aubrey and his statement that he did so because of “Aubrey and ‘his implications

in the death of Mr. Tobolowsky.’” It also discussed Tobolowsky’s death and a Dallas Fire-Rescue

official’s comments that the fire involved in Tobolowsky’s death was ‘“suspicious in nature’ but”

they had “not determined arson was the cause[,]” that the Dallas County medical examiner’s office

had “not ruled on Tobolowsky’s cause of death[,]” and that police officials had “not said whether

it is being investigated as a homicide.” The article discussed the lawsuit filed by Tobolowsky

against Aubrey and Vodicka, the previous lawsuit that Tobolowsky filed as attorney for Aubrey’s

brother and mother against Aubrey, and related statements in court filings. It also stated that a

sheriff’s department spokeswoman “did not say which case prompted” security concerns and extra

security measures that Judge Moyé received and stated that Tobolowky’s attorney Schoettmer

“would not comment on whether he believed Aubrey was a threat and did not say whether he

                                              –10–
thought the man was involved in Tobolowsky’s death.” The article also stated that “Aubrey has

not been accused of a crime” and that “[b]oth men could not be reached for comment this week.”

       The May 27, 2016 article that is in the record, Prominent Dallas lawyer’s nasty lawsuit

gets attention in his death, discussed the “grief and unanswered questions” surrounding

Tobolowsky’s death and stated:

               Authorities have yet to rule on either the cause of Tobolowsky’s death or
       the fire, other than to label it as “suspicious.” Despite the lack of a medical
       examiner’s ruling, Dallas police have assigned a homicide detective to the case,
       though no suspects have been named.

               “Our investigation is wide-ranging in regards to whether or not anybody’s
       a suspect,” said Dallas [P]olice Assistant Chief Randy Blankenbaker, who oversees
       investigations. Tobolowsky has “been a pillar in the legal community for a long
       time, so there’s a broad spectrum of investigative follow-up.”

               Many of those close to Tobolowsky can’t help but wonder if the diminutive
       lawyer’s legal cases had anything to do with his gruesome demise, and some of his
       friends have publicly said they believe he was killed. But the Tobolowsky family
       hasn’t gone that far yet. They just want answers.

The article discussed Tobolowsky as an accomplished attorney, and then discussed the defamation

suit that he filed against Aubrey and Vodicka and stated “[t]he men could not be reached for

comment by phone or at their home.” The article also stated, “Neither Aubrey nor Vodicka, a

lawyer, has been accused of a crime.” It then stated that police detectives and a crime scene vehicle

were at Vodicka’s apartment and that it was unclear if investigators spoke with Aubrey or Vodicka

or whether police had interviewed them. The article then discussed the court cases and statements

in filings in the cases involving Aubrey, Vodicka, and Tobolowsky, and prior legal fights involving

Vodicka and his relatives.     The article also stated that Tobolowsky’s friend and attorney

Schoettmer said “that Tobolowsky ‘was universally loved, and this was the only individual that

I’m aware of that had any excessive ill will towards him,’ . . . referring to Aubrey.” It also stated

that Judge Moyé had recused himself and had referred to “Aubrey’s implication in the death of

Mr. Tobolowsky.”
                                               –11–
           In addition, Vodicka quotes numerous comments that readers posted to the five articles that

he relies upon “as an ideal sampling of persons with reasonable intelligence as proof Belo achieved

its desired purpose, convincing its readers” that Vodicka and Aubrey “were guilty of capital

murder.” Vodicka does not state any basis for his claim that the readers who posted comments

represented “an ideal sampling of persons with reasonable intelligence[.]” In addition, the

comments often did not concern the contents of the articles but instead provided additional and

separate information. As a result, we conclude that Vodicka has not established that the comments

indicate how “a person of ordinary intelligence would view” the alleged defamatory statements in

the articles. See Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 64.10

           We conclude that the “gist” of the articles—which concern Tobolowsky’s death,

investigations that were proceeding concerning his death, court cases involving Tobolowsky,

Aubrey, and Vodicka and the tenor of those cases, and Judge Moyé’s recusal and statements at a

hearing—is not false. Although the articles discussed Aubrey and Vodicka’s contentious legal

history with Tobolowsky and indicate that police had investigated them after (but not necessarily

in connection with) Tobolowsky’s death, the articles stated that neither had been accused of a

crime, and included the police statement that the “investigation is wide-ranging in regards to

whether or not anybody’s a suspect” and stated that “[a]uthorities have yet to rule on either the

cause of Tobolowsky’s death or the fire, other than to label it as ‘suspicious.’” Construing the

articles as a whole, we disagree with Vodicka’s argument that the gist of the articles is that Vodicka

and Aubrey are murderers and disagree that Belo “falsely convinced it[s] general public readers

that” Aubrey and Vodicka “were the only persons of interest[.]”11


     10
        In his reply brief, Vodicka also argues that three of the comments are “false.” He does not cite to any authority for the proposition that
Belo should be held liable for the comments that third parties posted to its online articles.
     11
        Vodicka alleges that “Belo spoliated all of the blog comments associated with the articles.” Because he includes no argument or citations
to authority, Vodicka has presented nothing for us to review concerning his spoliation contention. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). In addition, in his
reply brief, Vodicka first raises constitutional arguments and arguments regarding “public concern” under the TCPA. “[W]e do not consider
arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.” Hunter v. PriceKubecka, PLLC, 339 S.W.3d 795, 803 n.5 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).

                                                                     –12–
       We conclude that Vodicka did not establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie

case for the essential element of his defamation claim that Belo published a false statement of fact.

As a result, we conclude that the trial court did not err in granting Belo’s motion to dismiss under

the TCPA. We overrule Vodicka’s first issue.

                              JUDGE MOYÉ’S MOTION TO DISMISS

       In his second issue, Vodicka argues that the trial court erred in dismissing with prejudice

claims against Judge Moyé under rule 91a of the rules of civil procedure. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.

Vodicka and Aubrey’s first amended petition states a claim of defamation against Judge Moyé:

             [Judge] Moy[é] publically stated Plaintiff Aubrey’s name and
       unambiguously charged Plaintiff Aubrey with the murder. Dallas Morning News,
       and many television stations, published [Judge] Moy[é]’s shocking accusation:

               “[Judge] Moyé stated in court Wednesday that he was
               voluntarily removing himself from the case because of Aubrey
               and “his implications in the death of Mr. Tobolowsky.”
               (Emphasis added.)

       These are the words the media held onto and published and republished for months
       to destroy Plaintiffs’ reputations. As of the date this amended petition is filed, no
       legal authority, news organization or even another person, has made such a
       statement or claim, as did [Judge] Moy[é].

Judge Moyé made the statements at issue during a hearing in this case on May 18, 2016. Judge

Moyé stated:

             The record will reflect that I’ve conferred with Mary Murphy, who is the
       Regional Presiding Judge in this matter.

               There have been three Motions for Recusal which have been filed in this
       case. I think in two of them this Court has declined to recuse itself and has had that
       declination affirmed by the Presiding Judge.

               I think at this point with the allegations which have been made related to
       Mr. Aubrey and his implication in the death of Mr. Tobolowsky and related issues,
       I don’t think that it is unreasonable for a judge other than myself to hear this case.
       And so I’ve conferred with Judge Murphy, and we have agreed that a voluntary
       recusal is appropriate at this time.



                                               –13–
       The first amended petition recognizes that the allegedly defamatory statements concerned

Aubrey: Judge “Moy[é] publically stated Plaintiff Aubrey’s name and unambiguously charged

Plaintiff Aubrey with the murder.” Vodicka, who filed this appeal, does not argue that Judge Moyé

defamed him personally but he maintains that he had standing to contest the motion to dismiss the

defamation claim. Standing is a component of subject-matter jurisdiction. Flagstar Bank, FSB v.

Walker, 451 S.W.3d 490, 497 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.). “A court has no jurisdiction

over a claim made by a plaintiff who lacks standing to assert it.” Id. “A plaintiff must affirmatively

show, through pleadings and other evidence pertinent to the jurisdictional inquiry, a distinct

interest in the asserted conflict, such that the defendant’s actions have caused the plaintiff some

particular injury.” Id.

       Vodicka argues that he has standing to bring this claim because he was not a third party,

but a co-party and Aubrey’s spouse. As authority, he cites Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S.Ct. 2584,

2604 (2015). Obergefell held that “couples of the same-sex may not be deprived” of the

fundamental constitutional right to marry, id., but Obergefell did not concern standing of a spouse

in claims for injuries suffered by their spouse. And Vodicka does not provide any authority for

his contention that a “punitive court designation of a party aligned in the same interest prejudices

the other parties.” Rather, a “defamatory statement must be directed at the plaintiff as an

ascertainable person to be actionable.” Vice v. Kasprzak, 318 S.W.3d 1, 13 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (citing Newspapers Inc. v. Matthews, 339 S.W.2d 890, 893 (Tex.

1960)). “A family member does not have a cause of action based on the defamation of another

family member.” Id. (citing Renfro Drug Co. v. Lawson, 160 S.W.2d 246, 250 (Tex. 1942)); see

id. at 14 (holding that wife and daughter of one plaintiff did not have standing to bring defamation

claims when defamatory statements concerned the plaintiff).




                                                –14–
       Vodicka also argues that “the Trial Court’s Judgment held Vodicka ‘jointly’ liable for

$1,000 Sanctions, based, in part, on Plaintiffs’ challenge of the ‘vexatious’ claim” and Judge

“Moyé cannot now argue that Vodicka was not adversely prejudiced.” The trial court’s order

granting Judge Moyé’s motion to dismiss under rule 91a and awarding sanctions under rule 13

stated, “The Court further concludes that sanctions should be awarded against Plaintiffs in the

amount of $1,000. The Court finds that the Petition filed in this case was brought in bad faith, is

groundless and brought for the purpose of harassment in violation of” rule of civil procedure 13.

The court assessed the $1,000 sanction jointly and severally against Aubrey and Vodicka. But a

sanction under rule 13 does not implicate standing, but rather results when a court concludes that

an attorney or party violated rule 13 by signing a document that was “groundless and brought in

bad faith or groundless and brought for the purpose of harassment.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. The court

can sanction “the person who signed it, a represented party, or both.” Id. Both Aubrey and

Vodicka signed their petition. We conclude that the $1,000 sanction resulted from their signing a

petition that the court concluded was “brought in bad faith, is groundless and brought for the

purpose of harassment” and did not implicate standing.

       Vodicka also argues that he “brought his own claims for his own injuries[,]” and he refers

to Belo’s publication of his name, apartment, and personal history in an article. But Vodicka does

not describe or provide legal authority for his contention that his own claims for separate injuries

give him standing in a claim that statements defamed Aubrey. He also references the release of

statements by Judge Moyé’s office to NBC’s The Today Show and by Judge Moyé’s re-election

campaign, some of which he claims Belo reported. He argues that “[t]hese statements directly

involved Vodicka, who is not some random person seeking to piggy-back off of a tort claim for

personal injury for loss of consortium, derived from somebody else.” Vodicka contends that he

“has suffered as a direct result from statements [Judge] Moy[é] surreptitiously released to the

                                               –15–
media.” But Vodicka does not explain how his claim that these “statements directly involved”

him establishes a basis for his standing in the claim that Judge Moyé defamed Aubrey.

            Vodicka also states the additional arguments that “loss of consortium concerns the

intangible elements of the union[,]” “[i]f someone publically accused [Judge] Moy[é] of murder,

certainly his wife would suffer” and he “sought general damages, independent from Aubrey,

specifically for mental anguish.” But he does not provide authority or argument to establish how

these arguments provide a basis for his standing in the defamation claim against Judge Moyé.

            We conclude that Vodicka lacks standing to appeal the grant of Judge Moyé’s motion to

dismiss under rule 91a of the rules of civil procedure.12 We resolve Vodicka’s second issue against

him.

                                                          MOTION TO RECUSE

            In his third issue, Vodicka argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to recuse

the trial court judge. Vodicka filed a motion to recuse “complaining of Judge Donald Cosby

pursuant to Rule 18 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure[.]” Judge Stephen B. Ables13 issued an

order denying Vodicka’s motion to recuse, finding “that the Motion does not comply with Rule

18a.” The order stated:

                   The undersigned finds that each matter of noncompliance set out below is
            independently sufficient for Summary Denial for Noncompliance. The nature of
            the noncompliance is as follows:

                        1. The Motion does not state with detail and particularity facts that if
                           proven would be sufficient to justify recusal. See Rule 18a (a) (4); and
                        2. The Motion is based solely on the Judge’s rulings in the case. See Rule
                           18a (a) (3).
                        3. The Motion is not verified as required by Rule 18(a).




     12
        Because of our conclusion that Vodicka lacks standing, it is not necessary for us to address the arguments of Vodicka and Judge Moyé
concerning judicial immunity.
     13
          Judge Ables was assigned to hear the motion by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(f), (g), (i).

                                                                      –16–
       We review a denial of a motion to recuse for abuse of discretion. TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(j)

(an order denying a motion to recuse is reviewable for abuse of discretion on appeal from final

judgment); Rammah v. Abdeljaber, 235 S.W.3d 269, 274 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.). A

court abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner without reference to

any guiding rules or principles. Rammah, 235 S.W.3d at 274.

       In order to recuse a judge, a party must comply with the procedural requirements of rule of

civil procedure 18a. Id. That rule requires that the motion to recuse be verified, must not be based

solely on the judge’s rulings in the case, and must state with detail and particularity facts that, if

proven, would be sufficient to justify recusal. TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(a); see Rammah, 235 S.W.3d at

274. “Texas courts have consistently held that the procedural requirements of rule 18a are

mandatory.” Rammah, 235 S.W.3d at 274; see Carson v. Serrano, 96 S.W.3d 697, 698 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied) (stating party “may not complain about the judge’s failure to

recuse himself because” the party “did not follow the procedure prescribed by Rule 18a”); Gill v.

Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 3 S.W.3d 576, 579 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.)

(“If a party does not comply with the mandatory requirements of Rule 18a, he waives his right to

complain of a judge’s refusal to recuse himself.”).

       With respect to the third “matter of noncompliance” listed in the order, Vodicka argues on

appeal that he “filed a verified Motion for Recusal” but does not provide further argument

concerning the verification of his motion. He attached a declaration to his motion for recusal that

stated his name, date of birth, and address and described events in 2017 that he described as

“harassment caused by the Tobolowsky family” and their agents. In the declaration, after stating

his personal information and before describing the events in 2017, he stated, “I declare under

penalty of perjury that the foregoing and the following statements are true and correct.” He signed

the declaration and the motion to recuse. But the record reflects that Vodicka did not verify the

                                                –17–
statements about Judge Cosby that are the basis for the motion to recuse. See In re K.M.L., 443

S.W.3d 101, 109 (Tex. 2014) (applying Black’s Law Dictionary’s definition of “verification” as

“(1) [a] formal declaration made in the presence of an authorized officer, such as a notary public .

. .; whereby one swears to the truth of the statements in the document [or]; (2) [a]n oath or

affirmation that an authorized officer administers to an affiant or deponent” and definition of

“verify” as “(1) [t]o prove to be true; to confirm or establish the truth or truthfulness of; to

authenticate; [or] (2) [t]o confirm or substantiate by oath or affidavit; to swear to the truth of”

(quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1793 (10th ed. 2009)).

           Because we conclude that Vodicka’s motion to recuse did not comply with the requirement

under rule 18a that a motion to recuse be verified, it is not necessary for us to address the other

two “matters of noncompliance” described in the order denying Vodicka’s motion to recuse.14 We

resolve Vodicka’s third issue against him.

                                DECLARATION OF AUBREY AS VEXATIOUS LITIGANT

           In his fourth issue, Vodicka argues that the trial court erred in declaring Aubrey to be a

vexatious litigant. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 11.054. In its order declaring Aubrey

a vexatious litigant, the trial court concluded that Aubrey met “the criteria for finding that a

plaintiff is a vexatious litigant” as set forth in section 11.054 of the civil practice and remedies

code. Id. The trial court ordered Aubrey to “furnish $25,000 in order to proceed” with this case

by paying that security to the district clerk, ordered that Aubrey was “prohibited from filing, pro

se, any new litigation in a district or statutory county court without permission of the appropriate

local administrative judge of such district or statutory county court,” and ordered that “a clerk of

court may not file a litigation, original proceeding, appeal, or other claim presented, pro se,” by


     14
         In the section of his third amended brief concerning the motion to recuse, Vodicka contends (1) that he had a right to a telephonic hearing
and (2) that phone calls between attorneys for the Tobolowskys and the trial court reflects Judge Cosby’s “bias and prejudice.” Because Vodicka’s
motion did not comply with the requirements of rule 18a, it is not necessary for us to address these arguments. See Rammah, 235 S.W.3d at 274;
Gill, 3 S.W.3d at 579.

                                                                      –18–
Aubrey “in a district or statutory county court unless he first obtains an order from the appropriate

local administrative judge[.]”

           Belo and Judge Moyé argue that Vodicka does not have standing to appeal the order

declaring Aubrey to be a vexatious litigant. Vodicka argues that he has standing because he “had

a stake in the case as a party with similar interests.” He states many of the same arguments that

he made regarding his standing to appeal the trial court’s grant of Judge Moyé’s motion to dismiss

under rule 91a. Citing Obergefell, 135 S.Ct. at 2604, Vodicka argues that he has standing to bring

this claim because he was not a third party as Judge Moyé contends, but a co-party and Aubrey’s

spouse. As discussed above, Obergefell held that “couples of the same-sex may not be deprived”

of the fundamental constitutional right to marry; id., it did not concern standing of a spouse in

claims for injuries suffered by their spouse. And Vodicka does not provide any authority for his

contention that a “punitive court designation of a party aligned in the same interest prejudices the

other parties.”

           Vodicka argues that Belo incorrectly argues that he lacks standing because he cannot show

that “his interest has been prejudiced by the adverse ruling[.]” He contends that “Belo forgets the

Trial Court’s Judgment held Vodicka ‘jointly’ liable for [Judge] Moyé’s sanctions of $1,000.00,

based in part, on Plaintiffs’ challenge of the ‘Vexatious’ issue when Vodicka demonstrated for the

Trial Court that this exact issue was being litigated for the third time.” 15 The trial court assessed

sanctions of $1,000 jointly and severally against Vodicka and Aubrey under rule 13. As discussed

above, the order stated, “The Court further concludes that sanctions should be awarded against

Plaintiffs in the amount of $1,000. The Court finds that the Petition filed in this case was brought

in bad faith, is groundless and brought for the purpose of harassment in violation of” rule of civil


     15
        Vodicka also states that the trial court “was aware that [Judge] Moy[é] actually issued the second Order (when Aubrey could not be present
to defend the action)” and contends “Belo forgets the Trial Court held Vodicka jointly liable for $25,000.00 Sanctions, in part due to this adverse
issue.” But Vodicka does not further argue or provide citations to the record or authority to establish how these statements provide a basis for his
standing to challenge on appeal the order declaring Aubrey to be a vexatious litigant.

                                                                      –19–
procedure 13. The final judgment likewise ordered Vodicka and Aubrey, jointly and severally, to

pay Judge Moyé $1,000 pursuant to rule 13 of the rules of civil procedure. Neither the order nor

the final judgment relate the $1,000 sanction to the ‘“Vexatious’ issue[.]” In addition, as stated

above, a sanction under rule 13 does not concern standing, but rather results when a court

concludes that an attorney or party violated rule 13 by signing a document that was “groundless

and brought in bad faith or groundless and brought for the purpose of harassment.” TEX. R. CIV.

P. 13.16

           “Only the party whose primary legal right has been breached may seek redress for the

injury.” Sherman v. Boston, 486 S.W.3d 88, 94 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet.

denied). Vodicka has not shown that his “primary legal right has been breached” by the declaration

of Aubrey as a vexatious litigant. See Guardianship of L.S., No. 14-15-00494-CV, 2017 WL

1416190, at *5 n.11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 18, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(concluding party who was “the person the probate court declared a vexatious litigant” had

standing to appeal that declaration). We conclude that Vodicka does not have standing to appeal

the order declaring Aubrey to be a vexatious litigant. We resolve Vodicka’s fourth issue against

him.

                                   BELO’S REQUEST FOR DAMAGES UNDER RULE 45

           Belo requests “just damages” under rule 45 of the rules of civil procedure arguing that

Vodicka’s appeal is “objectively frivolous and has caused Belo to incur damages in the form of

fees and costs associated with filing this brief.” After considering the record, briefs, and other

papers filed in this Court, we may award just damages to each prevailing party if we determine

that an appeal is frivolous. TEX. R. APP. P. 45; Archer v. Tunnell, No. 05-15-00459-CV, 2016 WL

519632, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 9, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). Recovery is authorized if an


    16
         As noted above, both Aubrey and Vodicka signed their petition.

                                                                    –20–
appeal is objectively frivolous and injures an appellee. Solares v. Solares, 232 S.W.3d 873, 883

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.). An appeal is frivolous when the record, viewed from the

perspective of the advocate, does not provide reasonable grounds for the advocate to believe that

the case could be reversed. Archer, 2016 WL 519632, at *4. The decision to grant appellate

sanctions is a matter of discretion that an appellate court exercises with caution and prudence and

only after careful deliberation. Id. Although imposing sanctions is within our discretion, we will

do so only in circumstances that are truly egregious. Id. After considering the record, briefs, and

other papers filed, we decline to impose appellate sanctions against Vodicka. We deny Belo’s

request for damages for a frivolous appeal.

                                          CONCLUSION

       We resolve Vodicka’s four issues against him. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. We

deny Belo’s motion for damages for a frivolous appeal.




                                                  /Elizabeth Lang-Miers/
                                                  ELIZABETH LANG-MIERS
                                                  JUSTICE



170728F.P05




                                              –21–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       JUDGMENT

 BRIAN E. VODICKA, Appellant                          On Appeal from the 116th Judicial District
                                                      Court, Dallas County, Texas
 No. 05-17-00728-CV          V.                       Trial Court Cause No. DC-16-12693.
                                                      Opinion delivered by Justice Lang-Miers,
 A.H. BELO CORPORATION AND ERIC                       Justices Myers and Boatright participating.
 VAUGHN MOYÉ, INDIVIDUALLY,
 Appellees

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

     It is ORDERED that appellee A.H. BELO CORPORATION AND ERIC VAUGHN
MOYÉ, INDIVIDUALLY recover their costs of this appeal from appellant BRIAN E.
VODICKA.


Judgment entered this 5th day of July, 2018.




                                               –22–
