An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute
controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with
the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedu re.




               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                      No. COA15-34

                                  Filed: 6 October 2015

Mecklenburg County, No. 13 CVS 10624

JHONNY A. DELGADO, Plaintiff,

              v.

LESLIE PETRUK, STEPPING STONES COUNSELING AND CONSULTING OF
CHARLOTTE, PLLC, and THE STONE CENTER FOR COUNSELING AND
LEADERSHIP, PLLC, Defendants.


       Appeal by defendants from Order entered 25 September 2014 by Judge Eric L.

Levinson in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 12

August 2015.


       HORACK, TALLEY, PHARR & LOWNDES, P.A., by Kimberly Sullivan, for
       plaintiff.

       DAVIS AND HAMRICK, L.L.P., by Jason L. Walters, for defendants.


       ELMORE, Judge.


       Jhonny A. Delgado (plaintiff) filed a complaint against Leslie Petruk (Petruk),

Stepping Stones Counseling and Consulting of Charlotte, PLLC, and The Stone

Center for Counseling and Leadership, PLLC (together defendants) on 13 June 2013
                                 DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                  Opinion of the Court



alleging three causes of action: (1) negligent infliction of emotional distress; (2)

intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (3) punitive damages.

      Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on 11 July 2014 arguing,

“The North Carolina General Statutes require that suspicion of child abuse be

reported to the county department of social services. The statutes further provide for

immunity from any civil liability provided that the person was acting in good faith.

By statute, good faith is presumed.” The trial court denied defendants’ motion for

summary judgment by the Order entered on 25 September 2014, stating, “[I]t

appear[s] that there are genuine issues of material fact[.]” Defendants filed a notice

of appeal on 3 October 2014. Plaintiff filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, stating

that defendants are appealing from an interlocutory order that does not affect a

substantial right. After careful consideration and consistent with plaintiff’s motion,

we conclude that defendants’ appeal has been taken from an unappealable

interlocutory order and is not properly before us.

                                  I. Background

      Plaintiff and Jessica Wright’s (Wright) five-year-old daughter, S.D.W., began

attending play therapy sessions at Stepping Stones in March 2010 to treat a sensory

processing disorder. On two occasions, in April and May 2010, Andrea Miller (Miller),

a licensed counselor and registered play therapist, observed S.D.W. “insert objects in

the anal opening of a doll.” Miller interpreted these actions as “sexualized play” and



                                         -2-
                                 DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                  Opinion of the Court



scheduled a meeting for further evaluation on 15 June 2010 with S.D.W.’s mother,

Wright. Miller did not request that plaintiff attend the meeting. Miller e-mailed

plaintiff that same day “to set up a time to talk on the phone regarding [S.D.W.’s]

progress[.]”

      After speaking with Wright, Miller determined that S.D.W. should meet with

Miller’s co-worker, Petruk, for further evaluation regarding concerns of sexual abuse

because Petruk has experience doing “forensic interviews with abused children.” The

next day, Miller asked S.D.W. to draw a picture of a person, and S.D.W. drew the

picture but “left the midriff showing with her belly button exposed.” Miller noted that

this is not “age-appropriate” and “indicate[s] more concern.”

      On 17 June 2010, Petruk conducted a forensic interview with S.D.W. where

S.D.W. “eventually stated that her dad had touched her.” Petruk asked S.D.W. to

repeat the disclosure to Wright. Later, S.D.W. inserted a wand in a doll’s vaginal

opening and held it up and said, “Look, she’s a scarecrow.” After the interview,

Wright called the Mecklenburg County Department of Social Services (DSS) to report

what S.D.W. revealed. A DSS case worker instructed Wright that S.D.W. should have

no contact with plaintiff pending the investigation. S.D.W. “was seen by [a] social

worker but not interviewed due to complications that arose from [the] child already

being interviewed by a forensic interviewer that works with the child’s therapist.”




                                         -3-
                                 DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                      Opinion of the Court



      On 22 June 2010, Wright filed a motion for temporary emergency custody and

sole custody of S.D.W. DSS opened an investigation and referred S.D.W. to Pat’s

Place Child Advocacy Center for evaluation and to Levine Children’s Hospital for a

physical evaluation. On 4 August 2010, Levine Children’s Hospital found a normal

genital and rectal exam, and Pat’s Place and DSS determined that the report of abuse

was unsubstantiated. DSS closed the case on 5 August 2010 and its report disposed

of the case as “service no longer needed” with the following rationale:

             The techniques utilized by the therapist to conduct a
             forensic interview are questionable. Her notes were
             examined by Pats Place and many concern[s] were noted
             about the techniques, question sets, and use of anatomical
             dolls. The child did have a forensic interview at Pats Place
             and denies any inappropriate touching. There is no
             evidence at this time to support a finding for sexual abuse.
             The case will be unsubstantiated and closed.

Wright requested that DSS review the case again, but DSS decided that the case

would remain closed. As part of plaintiff and Wright’s custody battle, the Honorable

Judge Jena Culler ordered an evaluation of S.D.W. on 8 March 2012 to address

whether she had ever been sexually abused. As a result, the director and assistant

director of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine Program on Childhood

Trauma issued a twenty-four page report on 30 July 2012, stating, “Taken as a whole,

we do not believe the evidence supports a conclusion that [S.D.W.] was sexually

abused by her father.” In their conclusions, they noted several reasons why assessing

the allegations had been difficult:


                                             -4-
                                 DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                   Opinion of the Court



             The interview conducted by Leslie Petruk during which
             [S.D.W.] initially reported sexual abuse failed to meet
             minimal forensic standards. Specifically, highly suggestive
             questioning was used, anatomical dolls were misused, and
             the interview setting and structure encouraged play and
             fantasy.

They also stated, “[W]e recommend a gradual and deliberate process to restore

[S.D.W.]’s and her father’s relationship that keeps both the child and parent safe.”

      Plaintiff filed a complaint on 13 June 2013 alleging three causes of action: (1)

negligent infliction of emotional distress; (2) intentional infliction of emotional

distress; and (3) punitive damages. Defendants answered the complaint on 12 August

2013 asserting as a defense that they had an affirmative duty to report abuse under

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-301 (2013). Defendants further stated that under N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 7B-309 (2013), they are immune from liability because anyone who makes a

report pursuant to that Article is immune from liability provided that the person was

acting in good faith and good faith is presumed. Thus, defendants claim that the

statutes cited above bar any recovery by plaintiff, and the trial court erred in denying

their motion for summary judgment.

                                     II. Analysis

      Defendants admit that the question of whether this particular statutory

immunity is a substantial right, and the denial of the motion for summary judgment

affects a substantial right, appears to be one of first impression for this Court.

Defendants state, however, that the statutory immunity here is analogous to


                                          -5-
                                  DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                   Opinion of the Court



governmental or sovereign immunity and, thus, an order regarding the immunity is

immediately appealable. They claim that the immunity is more than an affirmative

defense; rather it completely bars any type of recovery. For the reasons discussed

below, we disagree.

A. Interlocutory Order

      “Denial of summary judgment is interlocutory because it is not a judgment that

‘disposes of the cause as to all the parties, leaving nothing to be judicially determined

between them in the trial court.’ ” Snyder v. Learning Servs. Corp., 187 N.C. App.

480, 482, 653 S.E.2d 548, 550 (2007) (quoting Veazey v. City of Durham, 231 N.C. 357,

361–62, 57 S.E.2d 377, 381 (1950)). “Generally, there is no right of immediate appeal

from interlocutory orders and judgments.” Goldston v. American Motors Corp., 326

N.C. 723, 725, 392 S.E.2d 735, 736 (1990). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b)(3) (2013) and

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-277(a) (2013) provide exceptions to the general rule for orders or

judgments that affect a substantial right. A substantial right is “one which will

clearly be lost or irremediably adversely affected if the order is not reviewable before

final judgment.” Blackwelder v. Dept. of Human Resources, 60 N.C. App. 331, 335,

299 S.E.2d 777, 780 (1983).

      “[F]or an interlocutory order to be immediately appealable, it must: (1) affect

a substantial right and (2) work injury if not corrected before final judgment.”

Goldston, 326 N.C. at 728, 392 S.E.2d at 737 (citing Investments v. Housing, Inc., 292



                                          -6-
                                 DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                   Opinion of the Court



N.C. 93, 100, 232 S.E.2d 667, 672 (1977)). “Whether an interlocutory appeal affects

a substantial right is determined on a case by case basis.” McConnell v. McConnell,

151 N.C. App. 622, 625, 566 S.E.2d 801, 803–04 (2002) (citing McCallum v. N.C. Coop.

Extensive Serv., 142 N.C. App. 48, 50, 542 S.E.2d 227, 231 (2001)). “The burden to

establish that a substantial right will be affected unless he is allowed immediate

appeal from an interlocutory order is on the appellant.” Id. at 625, 566 S.E.2d at 804

(citing Jeffreys v. Raleigh Oaks Joint Venture, 115 N.C. App. 377, 379, 444 S.E.2d

252, 253 (1994)). “Our courts have generally taken a restrictive view of the

substantial right exception.” Turner v. Norfolk S. Corp., 137 N.C. App. 138, 142, 526

S.E.2d 666, 670 (2000) (citing Blackwelder, 60 N.C. App. at 334, 299 S.E.2d at 780).

      “[I]f the defense of governmental immunity is asserted as grounds for the

summary judgment motion, the denial of the motion has been held to affect a

substantial right, and the order is immediately appealable[.]” Hallman v. Charlotte-

Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 124 N.C. App. 435, 437, 477 S.E.2d 179, 180 (1996) (citing

Hickman v. Fuqua, 108 N.C. App. 80, 82, 422 S.E.2d 449, 450 (1992)). “As a general

rule, the doctrine of governmental, or sovereign immunity bars actions against, inter

alia, the state, its counties, and its public officials sued in their official capacity.”

Lucas v. Swain Cty. Bd. of Educ., 154 N.C. App. 357, 361, 573 S.E.2d 538, 540 (2002)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).          “According to well-established

North Carolina law, governmental immunity is an immunity from suit rather than a



                                          -7-
                                   DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                    Opinion of the Court



mere defense to liability[.]” Doe v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 222 N.C. App.

359, 363, 731 S.E.2d 245, 248 (2012) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

B. Statutory Immunity v. Sovereign or Governmental Immunity

      Plaintiff contends that defendants “must prove as a matter of law that they

meet all of the statutory requirements of N.C.G.S. § 7B-309 in order to receive

statutory immunity.” Plaintiff maintains that because defendants have failed to meet

this burden, they have not proven that a substantial right is affected. Therefore,

plaintiff argues that the order denying defendant’s motion for summary judgment is

not immediately appealable.

      Defendants maintain that the statutory immunity claimed here affects a

substantial right because it is more than an affirmative defense. Instead, defendants

claim it completely bars any type of recovery.

      The statutes in question include: N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-301, titled, “Duty to

report abuse, neglect, dependency, or death due to maltreatment,” and N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 7B-309, titled, “Immunity of persons reporting and cooperating in an

assessment.”

      Section 7B-301(a) provides,

               Any person or institution who has cause to suspect that any
               juvenile is abused, neglected, or dependent, as defined by
               G.S. 7B-101, or has died as the result of maltreatment,
               shall report the case of that juvenile to the director of the
               department of social services in the county where the
               juvenile resides or is found.


                                           -8-
                                   DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                    Opinion of the Court




N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-301(a) (2013). Section 7B-309 states,

            Anyone who makes a report pursuant to this Article,
            cooperates with the county department of social services in
            a protective services assessment, testifies in any judicial
            proceeding resulting from a protective services report or
            assessment, or otherwise participates in the program
            authorized by this Article, is immune from any civil or
            criminal liability that might otherwise be incurred or
            imposed for that action provided that the person was acting
            in good faith. In any proceeding involving liability, good
            faith is presumed.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-309 (2013).

      At the heart of defendants’ appeal is their argument that for appealability

purposes statutory immunity is the equivalent of governmental immunity, and

without an immediate appeal they lose the benefit of immunity.            Defendants’

argument, however, is not supported by case law. Defendants cite to Craig v. New

Hanover Cty. Bd. of Educ., 363 N.C. 334, 678 S.E.2d 351 (2009), where the defendant-

Board of Education raised “the complete defense of government immunity,” which our

Supreme Court reiterated “is more than a mere affirmative defense, as it shields a

defendant entirely from having to answer for its conduct at all in a civil suit for

damages.” Id. at 337, 678 S.E.2d at 354. Neither Craig nor any case cited by

defendants state that statutory immunity is afforded the same shield as governmental

immunity.

      Plaintiff cites to Wallace v. Jarvis, 119 N.C. App. 582, 585, 459 S.E.2d 44, 47



                                           -9-
                                 DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                  Opinion of the Court



(1995), to show that defendants have failed to meet the statutory requirements for

immunity as a matter of law. In Wallace, the defendant, an attorney, contacted the

North Carolina State Bar to report possible problems with the plaintiff, an associate

attorney at the defendant’s law firm. Id. at 583, 459 S.E.2d at 45. The plaintiff filed

suit alleging, among other things, slander and malicious prosecution. Id. The

defendant moved for summary judgment, and the trial court denied his motion. Id.

at 583, 459 S.E.2d at 45–46. The defendant appealed, arguing that “his

communication to the State Bar was absolutely privileged and he is therefore immune

from suit” based on statutory immunity. Id. at 584, 459 S.E.2d at 46. The defendant

relied on Slade v. Vernon, 110 N.C. App. 422, 429 S.E.2d 744 (1993), where this Court

held that the defendants were entitled to an immediate appeal from a denial of

summary judgment because “[a] valid claim of immunity is more than a defense in a

lawsuit; it is in essence immunity from suit.” Wallace, 119 N.C. App. at 584, 459

S.E.2d at 46 (quoting Slade, 110 N.C. App. at 425, 429 S.E.2d at 746) (quotation

marks omitted).

      The Wallace Court distinguished Slade, however, stating, “Slade involved

sovereign immunity, which is a common law theory or defense established by [the]

Court to protect the sovereign or the State and its agents from suit.” Id. at 585, 459

S.E.2d at 46 (quoting Slade, 110 N.C. App. at 426, 429 S.E.2d at 746) (quotation

marks omitted).    But in Wallace, the immunity claimed by the defendant was



                                         - 10 -
                                 DELGADO V. PETRUK

                                  Opinion of the Court



“statutory in nature and is available to him if he satisfies all of the requirements of

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 84-28.2. Thus, defendant would be immune from suit only if his

communications to the State Bar were made without malice.” Id. at 585, 459 S.E.2d

at 46–47. This Court dismissed the defendant’s appeal as not affecting a substantial

right, stating, “[W]e cannot conclude that defendant is entitled as a matter of law to

immunity from suit under [the statute].” Id. at 585, 459 S.E.2d at 47.

      Here, like in Wallace, we must dismiss the appeal as not affecting a substantial

right because we cannot conclude that defendants are entitled to immunity as a

matter of law under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-309. Although in defendants’ motion for

summary judgment they assert that they are entitled to statutory immunity based

on the presumption of good faith, they have failed to satisfy the statutory

requirements as a matter of law that must first be met before reaching the good faith

analysis.

                                  III. Conclusion

      Defendants are not entitled to statutory immunity as a matter of law because

there are genuine issues of material fact surrounding whether they are shielded from

liability. Therefore, the denial of defendants’ summary judgment motion did not

affect a substantial right entitling them to an immediate right of appeal. We dismiss

defendants’ appeal as it has been taken from an unappealable interlocutory order.

      DISMISSED.



                                         - 11 -
                         DELGADO V. PETRUK

                          Opinion of the Court



Judge CALABRIA concurs.

Judge DILLON concurs in the result.

Report per Rule 30(e).




                                 - 12 -
