                         NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                 To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1



                United States Court of Appeals
                                 For the Seventh Circuit
                                 Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                   Argued July 10, 2019
                                   Decided July 22, 2019

                                           Before

                        FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

                        AMY C. BARRETT, Circuit Judge

                        MICHAEL B. BRENNAN, Circuit Judge

No. 18‐3215

FRANCIS T. FOSTER,                                  Appeal from the United States District
    Plaintiff‐Appellant,                            Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
                                                    Eastern Division.
       v.
                                                    No. 13 C 3066
PRINCIPAL LIFE INSURANCE
COMPANY,                                            Rebecca R. Pallmeyer,
     Defendant‐Appellee.                            Chief Judge.


                                         ORDER

       Francis Foster served as counsel for several retirement plans for the employees of
the Pace Suburban Bus Division, a mass transit system in Illinois. He sues Principal Life
Insurance Company, the plans’ paying agent, for intentional interference with a
prospective economic advantage. Specifically, Foster contends Principal implemented
an unauthorized stop‐payment order against him, forcing him to resign before his
intended retirement date. The district court denied the parties’ cross‐motions for
summary judgment. In its order, the court also limited Foster’s damages to unpaid fees
before his resignation, ruling that Foster could not possibly establish Principal’s liability
for damages incurred after that intervening event. Foster later clarified that, because of
No. 18‐3215                                                                        Page 2

a prior settlement with Pace, he seeks only lost wages incurred after his resignation. He
asked the district court to enter summary judgment for Principal and pursued this
appeal. We affirm the judgment in Principal’s favor.

                                     I. Background

      The undisputed facts and the summary‐judgment record tell the following story:
For decades, Foster was counsel for several retirement plans for Pace employees. The
terms of each plan (with one exception) establish administrative bodies known as “plan
committees,” composed of an equal number of members selected by Pace and by the
employees’ union. As part of their responsibilities, the plan committees—not Pace—
have sole authority to hire and fire attorneys for the plans.

        Meanwhile, five committees authorized Pace employee Joseph Ellyin, as “Plan
Representative,” to enter into “Service and Expense Agreements” with Principal. The
agreements designate Principal as the “paying agent” in charge of meeting plan
expenses—including Foster’s legal fees. To authorize payments, the plan committees or
their representative must give Principal written “Notice.” Per its agreements, Principal
may “rely conclusively on any Notice” and has no duty to inquire further.

        In 2005, Principal received an email from Ellyin directing payment of Foster’s
fees at a fixed rate “until direction from [Ellyin] to the contrary.” Foster then received
regular payments from Principal until March 2011. Then things changed. That month,
Ellyin sent another email to Principal, stating, “Effective immediately I need to approve
all non‐Principal invoices for the Pace’s union plans.” The parties agree this change was
caused by a developing feud between Foster and Pace representatives. In January 2011,
Foster had sent a letter to members of Pace’s Board of Directors, informing them that
one plan (which Principal did not service) was underfunded in violation of Illinois law.
The Pace directors, apparently dissatisfied with Foster’s scrutiny, then purported to fire
him three times. Each time, however, Foster explained to the directors that the
termination letters were invalid: only the plan committees, not Pace acting alone, could
vote to fire him.

       From March 2011 to July 2012, Ellyin and other Pace representatives instructed
Principal not to pay Foster’s invoices, though Foster continued to serve as counsel for
the plans. Principal says its representatives did not know that the order was intended to
deny Foster payment for his work, or that Pace and Foster were feuding. But, as Foster
notes, he met with Principal employee Darnell Washington in May 2011 to explain that
No. 18‐3215                                                                          Page 3

the stop‐payment order was invalid, and sent a follow‐up letter to Principal the next
month.

       Washington notified Ellyin about Foster’s letter and asked for instructions. He
also forwarded the letter to Principal’s compliance department, which—after reviewing
plan documents and contacting plan representatives—concluded it needed direction
from the plan committees. Principal mailed letters to all committee members but did
not receive a response until September 2012.

      By then, the conflict between Foster and Pace had resolved with a settlement: in
exchange for Foster’s resignation in September 2012, he would be paid his fees, in full,
for work performed until that date. Once notified, Principal promptly paid all invoices.

       Foster then sued Principal for tortious interference with a prospective economic
advantage. He alleges Principal’s payment delays compelled him to resign as attorney
for the plans in 2012, well before his planned retirement dates in 2019 (for some plans)
and 2022 (for others). The district court initially dismissed the suit on the pleadings,
concluding that it was “derivative” of Foster’s former lawsuit against Pace.

       In Fosterʹs first appeal, this court vacated that judgment and remanded the case,
holding that Foster had adequately pleaded a tortious‐interference claim. See Foster
v. Principal Life Ins. Co., 806 F.3d 967, 974 (7th Cir. 2015). This court relied in part on
Foster’s assertion that he suffered damages in the form of harm to his professional
reputation and a loss of income. Id.

       On remand, both parties engaged in discovery and eventually moved for
summary judgment. At first the district court denied the motions, concluding that
material disputes remained as to whether Foster could prevail on a claim that
Principal’s meddling led to reputational harm or lost profits for completed work. But
the court limited the available lost‐income damages “to amounts, if any, that Foster has
not yet been paid for work on behalf of the Plan Committees through July 2012.”
Principal, the court explained, could not be liable for Foster’s expected profits after that
date because it could not have been aware of Foster’s expectation of continued work
after his resignation, and it played no significant part in the skirmish that caused
Foster’s early resignation.

       Later, at a status hearing in October 2018, Foster conceded that his settlement
agreement with Pace had fully compensated him for damages incurred before his
resignation. He clarified that in this case he was not seeking compensation for injury to
No. 18‐3215                                                                             Page 4

his professional reputation, nor was he seeking interest payments or other money
associated with the delayed payments. Rather, he wanted compensation for the income
stream he would have received if he had not resigned as counsel for the plans and had
instead continued working until his anticipated retirement date. Because the district
court had said Foster could not get to a jury on that theory of damages, the district
court, at Foster’s request, entered a final judgment against him so he could pursue this
appeal.

                                        II. Discussion

       This court reviews summary judgment de novo and may affirm on any ground
that the record supports. See St. Joan Antida High Sch. Inc. v. Milwaukee Pub. Sch. Dist.,
919 F.3d 1003, 1008 (7th Cir. 2019). Diversity jurisdiction exists on Foster’s claim, for
which Illinois law controls.

        To establish a claim under Illinois law for intentional interference with a
prospective economic advantage, a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) a reasonable
expectation of continuing (or entering into) a valid business relationship; (2) the
defendant’s knowledge of the expectation; (3) purposeful “interference” by the
defendant that prevents the plaintiff’s legitimate expectation from ripening; and
(4) damages caused by the first three elements. Voyles v. Sandia Mortg. Co., 751 N.E.2d
1126, 1133–34 (Ill. 2001) (quoting Anderson v. Vanden Dorpel, 667 N.E.2d 1296, 1299
(Ill. 1996)). An at‐will employee may recover damages for tortious interference if the
employer would have been sufficiently certain to continue the relationship absent the
defendant’s misconduct. See Fellhauer v. City of Geneva, 568 N.E.2d 870, 878 (Ill. 1991);
Cashman v. Shinn, 441 N.E.2d 940, 944 (Ill. App. Ct. 1982).

       Foster’s claim falls apart at the first element. Illinois courts hold that an
expectation of continued employment cannot exist unless both parties convey a
willingness to continue the relationship. See Chapman v. Crown Glass Corp., 557 N.E.2d
256, 266 (Ill. App. Ct. 1990); see also Bus. Sys. Eng’g, Inc. v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 520 F.
Supp. 2d 1012, 1022 (N.D. Ill. 2007) (reasonable expectation requires “more than the
hope or opportunity of a future business relationship”). By the time Principal entered
the conflict with the stop‐payment order, Pace had already tried to fire Foster three
times. Foster knew that half of each plan committee (the Pace‐nominated half), and in
one instance the entire committee (composed solely of Pace representatives), were likely
arrayed against him long before Principal became involved. Thus, there was no
expectation of continued employment left for Principal to obstruct. See Cashman,
441 N.E.2d at 944 (no employment expectancy when plaintiff was informed that board
No. 18‐3215                                                                         Page 5

members had decided to fire him if he did not resign); see also Montes v. Cicero Pub. Sch.
Dist. No. 99, 141 F. Supp. 3d 885, 900 (N.D. Ill. 2015) (no business expectancy when
plaintiff informed that her contract might not be renewed, despite history of renewals).

       Foster presumes that because Principal wrongfully implemented Pace’s
unauthorized stop‐payment order against him, he must be entitled to relief for that
interference. He is mistaken. Foster must furnish evidence of all four elements to
succeed on his intentional‐interference claim. See Voyles, 751 N.E.2d at 1133–34. And, in
any event, the record does not show that Principal committed “some impropriety”
intending to interfere with Foster’s business dealings. See Romanek v. Connelly,
753 N.E.2d 1062, 1073 (Ill. App. Ct. 2001). When Principal implemented Pace’s stop‐
payment order, it was in a difficult situation: as the plans’ paying agent, it had to decide
whether to release Foster’s payment based on contradictory orders from feuding
parties. It ultimately made the reasonable decision to defer to its contractual obligations
and follow the directions of the committee representative, who happened to be a Pace
employee. See Atanus v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 932 N.E.2d 1044, 1051 (Ill. App. Ct. 2010).
Under those circumstances, no reasonable juror could find that Principal’s decision was
intended to sabotage Foster’s relationship with the plans.

       Nor did Principal’s decision have that effect. Foster’s business relationship (and
any possible expected future income) ended because Foster voluntarily resigned as
counsel for the plans. See Cashman, 441 N.E.2d at 944 (holding that voluntary
resignation exterminates expectation of continued employment “as a matter of law”).
Despite Foster’s assertions to the contrary, he resigned voluntarily; the express
provisions in the settlement agreement with Pace, Foster’s resignation letters, and his
own statements at a deposition and at oral argument of this appeal so demonstrate.
Because Principal—who played no role in the settlement negotiations between Foster
and Pace—could not have caused Foster’s loss of future income, Foster cannot recover
damages from Principal. Cf. The Film & Tape Works, Inc. v. Junetwenty Films, Inc.,
856 N.E.2d 612, 620 (Ill. App. Ct. 2006) (requiring interference to “actually induce” third
party to terminate relationship with plaintiff).

        Foster also observes that the settlement agreement with Pace did not operate as
release of his claims against Principal. This suggests to him—even if he resigned as part
of the settlement with Pace—that Principal cannot escape liability by invoking his
resignation. But the question is not whether Foster “released” Principal in the
settlement agreement, as Principal argued in the previous appeal. See Foster, 806 F.3d at
973. Rather, the question is whether Principal contributed to the resignation in a manner
No. 18‐3215                                                                            Page 6

that Illinois law would recognize as tortious interference. The answer to that question is
“no.”

        Finally, Foster offers several arguments that require only brief discussion. He
cites a case for the proposition that an entity that aids and abets a fraud is itself liable
for the fraud. See E. Trading Co. v. Refco, Inc., 229 F.3d 617, 623 (7th Cir. 2000). But his
tortious‐interference claim has not been litigated as a fraud claim, and no jury could
reasonably find that Principal tried to help defraud him. Foster also insists that
Principal had a fiduciary duty that bears on his claim, but the agreements between
Principal and the plans explicitly provide that Principal has no fiduciary
responsibilities, and there is no evidence that Principal had any duty to Foster. Foster
also presses a “conspiracy” claim, but his argument is woefully underdeveloped and
unsupported. See Anderson v. Hardman, 241 F.3d 544, 545 (7th Cir. 2001). And his
“conversion” theory, presented for the first time on appeal, was not preserved.
See Walker v. Groot, 867 F.3d 799, 802 (7th Cir. 2017). Lastly, Foster insists that the
Federal Rules of Evidence forbade the district court from considering his settlement
agreement with Pace, yet Foster himself placed the settlement and his stipulated
resignation at issue.

                                       III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.
