        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                                  April 12, 2011 Session

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. GARY BOHANNON

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                         No. 08-03684    Chris Craft, Judge


                 No. W2010-00398-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 27, 2011


A Shelby County Criminal Court jury convicted the defendant, Gary Bohannon, of one count
of premeditated first degree murder, see T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2006), for which he
received a life sentence. In addition to challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support
his conviction, the defendant also contends that the trial court erroneously admitted as
evidence at trial (1) a witness’s statement to law enforcement, (2) a crime scene photograph
of the deceased victim, and (3) a tape recording of the 9-1-1 telephone call reporting the
shooting. Discerning no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

            Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J OSEPH M.
T IPTON, P.J., and R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J., joined.

Joseph McCluskey (on appeal); William D. Massey and Norma McCluskey (at trial),
Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gary Bohannon.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Assistant Attorney
General; William B. Gibbons, District Attorney General; Marianne Bell and Abby Wallace,
Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

              On October 17, 2007, Ronald Moore was shot to death at Allstar Auto Repair,
a Memphis auto-body shop. He suffered seven gunshots wounds and died on the floor of the
shop before the paramedics arrived. Tashe Disroe, who had met the victim for the first time
that day and knew him by his nickname, Twin, recalled that the victim was helping her
friend, Larry Ambrose, transport some new tires and wheel rims to the shop to see if they
matched Ambrose’s car that was being painted. She and Mr. Ambrose arrived at the shop
at 8:00 in the evening, and she sat in a chair while everyone else spent time “talking [and]
mingling.” After spending about an hour and a half at the shop, the victim “finally showed
up” with two sets of the tires and wheel rims. The men rolled the tires and rims to the car to
see how they matched. About 10 minutes after the victim’s arrival at the shop, “this guy
walked in” and “grabbed” another man’s sunglasses or hat like he was “just . . . playing
around, and then it turned into a different scene after that.”

              Ms. Disroe described the “guy” as tall and slim with a dark complexion. She
said he was “not stocky at all.” The man called to the victim from across the shop and said,
“Twin, you need to come holler at me,” and motioned for the victim to come outside with
him. The victim refused to go talk to the man. The man then said to the victim, “[I]f [you]
don’t come holler at [me, I’m] going to kill everybody in [the shop] . . . shoot everybody in
[the shop].” At that point, Ms. Disroe knew that “something [wa]sn’t right” and that
“something was fixing to go wrong.” She soon realized that “everybody was getting out of
there and running because [the man] had a gun.”

              Ms. Disroe, Mr. Ambrose, and the victim were standing near the roll-up door
of the shop when the man entered the shop. When the victim saw the man, he began to move
around the car to get away from the man. For some time, both men circled the car. The man
asked the victim to come outside with him several times, but the victim continued to try to
get away from him. Ms. Disroe said that the victim “charged” the man in an attempt to
disarm him. Within two to three seconds, Ms. Disroe heard gunshots that sounded like they
“were going inside someone.” Ms. Disroe was in shock, and Mr. Ambrose told her to “come
on.” They both fled through the roll-up door. As they ran away, Ms. Disroe heard up to
eight gunshots. She saw the man run from the shop and saw the victim lean against a door
frame before falling to the floor.

               Ms. Disroe telephoned 9-1-1, but she was shaking so badly that Mr. Ambrose
took the telephone from her and spoke to the 9-1-1 dispatcher. She recalled Mr. Ambrose’s
walking to the front of the shop to tell the dispatcher the address of the shop. Mr. Ambrose
told Ms. Disroe not to go inside the shop because he did not want her to see the victim’s
condition. She heard someone say that the victim was still breathing. Because no one was
helping him, she entered the store and followed a trail of “blood dots” to find the victim
fallen in a corner trying to breathe. She tried to move him but was unable. The victim took
one deep breath. Ms. Disroe “just ran out [and] left.”

              When Ms. Disroe ran outside, the police had just arrived. She and other
witnesses were placed in separate patrol cars and questioned. She told a male officer that she
thought she could identify the shooter. Memphis Police Department (MPD) officers took
Ms. Disroe to the police station, where she gave a statement and drew a diagram of the scene.

                                             -2-
Ms. Disroe identified the defendant as the shooter from a photographic array although the
defendant’s hair was different on the night of the offense than in the photograph. She said
that she “looked at [his] face and [she] knew exactly who it was” and that the defendant was
the man she “saw in the shop that night with a gun.”

              On cross-examination, Ms. Disroe acknowledged that she said the defendant
and the victim “walk[ed]” around the car in her initial statement to the police. She explained
that “[w]alking, running fast, [the victim] was trying to get away from [the defendant]. Same
thing.” She reiterated that the victim tried to disarm the defendant, that the two men
“tussled,” and that the gun went off “[a] couple seconds after” the struggle began. She said
that she was “shaky” and “discombobulated” after the incident. Regarding the defendant’s
insistence on talking to the victim, she recalled that “something was going to happen that
night whether it was going to inside that shop or on the outside.”

               Marcus Moore was working at Allstar Automotive on the night of the shooting.
He was busy painting Mr. Ambrose’s car when Mr. Ambrose and a female friend who he had
never met came by the shop to deliver some new tires and wheel rims for the car. Some time
later, the victim showed up with the other two sets of tires and wheel rims. Within five
minutes, the defendant arrived. Mr. Moore had never met either the defendant or the victim.
Mr. Moore said that there seemed to be a dispute between the two men, and when he turned
from his painting tasks, he saw that the defendant had a gun that looked like a black nine
millimeter. Mr. Moore never saw the victim with a weapon. The defendant tried to get the
victim to come outside, but the victim resisted. As Mr. Moore ran from the store, he heard
seven rapid shots. He then waited outside for the police to arrive. He told the police that he
did not think he could identify the defendant because he “didn’t even look at [the defendant],
once [he] saw the gun [he] just tried to get out of there.”

               During a jury-out hearing, the trial court determined Mr. Ambrose to be an
unavailable witness because of unsuccessful efforts to locate him for trial. The court further
ruled admissible the recorded preliminary hearing testimony of Mr. Ambrose. See Tenn. R.
Evid. 804(b)(1) (allowing former testimony of an unavailable declarant under specific
circumstances). Although the record reveals that the preliminary hearing testimony was
played for the jury, the preliminary hearing recording was not included in the record on
appeal, and the defendant does not allege any error by its admission. Through Eddie
Heaston, the Shelby County 9-1-1 Dispatch Supervisor, the jury heard a tape recording of Mr.
Ambrose’s 9-1-1 telephone call. In the brief recording, the excited caller reports that
“somebody just got shot” and directs the ambulance service to the address of the body shop.
At one point during the recording, Mr. Ambrose is overheard speaking with someone else
at the scene, but the content of that conversation is inaudible. Mr. Ambrose tells the 9-1-1
operator, “Please hurry up, send an ambulance . . . somebody shot Twin.”

                                             -3-
               Wardell Seals, Jr., a paramedic with the Memphis Fire Department, arrived at
the shop at 9:47 p.m. in response to the report of a “gunshot wound.” He arrived to find that
the MPD had secured the scene and cleared it for the paramedics’ safe entrance into the
building to treat the victim. Mr. Seals entered the shop to find the victim “lying on his
knees” and “obviously deceased because of the nature of the bullet wounds” to the victim’s
neck and abdomen. Mr. Seals recalled that one of the wounds penetrated the main artery in
the victim’s neck and that, therefore, there was a lot of blood surrounding the victim’s body.
Instead of moving the victim, Mr. Seals placed the heart monitor on the victim’s back and
observed “no sign of life.” The paramedics informed the MPD that the victim was dead and
turned the scene back over to the MPD for further investigation. He said that when a victim
is found dead at a scene, the usual protocol was for the body to be removed by MPD or the
medical examiner.

               MPD Officer Veronica Carson arrived at the shop at 9:30 p.m. in response to
the report of a shooting. She found the victim “on the ground against a wall . . . deceased.”
Officer Carson assisted in securing the scene. She placed several witnesses in separate squad
cars to prevent their memories from being tainted by conversations with one another. Officer
Carson remained at the scene until detectives arrived.

               MPD Sergeant Kirby Brewer of the felony response team arrived at the scene
at 10:10 p.m. to find that the uniformed officers had already secured the scene. He recalled
that no weapons were found near the victim. Upon learning that the homicide bureau
detectives were on their way, he began interviewing witnesses. He interviewed Ms. Disroe
who he described as “upset” yet “able to speak with [him] and tell [him] what she had
observed.” Sergeant Brewer recounted the details of Ms. Disroe’s statement. She told him
that the victim began to back away from the defendant immediately when he saw the
defendant enter the shop. She said the victim kept telling the defendant to “go on” and that
the defendant told the victim that he did not want to have to shoot the victim inside the shop.
Ms. Disroe told Sergeant Kirby that as she and Mr. Ambrose “stepped out” of the pull-down
door, she heard seven or eight gunshots. Ms. Disroe told Sergeant Brewer that she “thought
she could” identify the defendant. Sergeant Brewer left the scene at 11:30 p.m. when the
homicide detectives arrived to take over the investigation.

              MPD Crime Scene Investigator Jeffrey Alan Garey labeled evidence and
completed a sketch at the crime scene. When he entered the shop, he found the victim in a
“semi[-]crouched position” surrounded by a “large amount of red liquid substance we
believed to be blood.” Blood was found “on the door jam” leading into the room where the
victim lay, on the floor “underneath the victim in all directions,” and on the wall above the
victim. In the doorway leading into the room, Investigator Garey collected six spent
Winchester .357 shell casings, one spent bullet, and three bullet fragments that were sent to

                                              -4-
the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) Crime Lab for analysis. Investigator Garey
found no weapons on or around the victim. He did, however, discover over $1200 and two
bags containing marijuana-like and cocaine-like substances in the victim’s pants pockets
which he also sent to the TBI Crime Lab for analysis.

               MPD Crime Scene Investigator David Payment assisted Investigator Garey in
collecting evidence at the scene. He also sketched a crime scene diagram depicting the
locations of all recovered evidence.

               MPD Homicide Bureau Sergeant Mundy Quinn arrived at the scene at 11:05
p.m.. During the course of the initial investigation, the defendant became a suspect.
Sergeant Quinn included the defendant’s photograph in an array, and Mr. Ambrose identified
the defendant as the shooter. After a crime apprehension team was unable to locate the
defendant in the Memphis area, the defendant’s name was placed on a national website on
February 6, 2008. Shelby County Sheriff’s Office Detective Anthony Townsend, working
with the Mid-South Fugitive Task Force of the United States Marshal Service, assisted in
locating the defendant in Indianapolis. On February 27, 2008, the defendant was arrested by
the United States Marshal Service in Indianapolis and extradited to Tennessee for
prosecution.

                Doctor Miguel Laboy, Assistant Medical Examiner for Shelby County,
conducted the autopsy on the victim. He determined that the victim suffered seven gunshot
wounds to different areas of his upper legs, groin, torso, and head. One wound that entered
the right side of the victim’s face and exited his neck proved fatal when it severed the carotid
artery. Based upon the presence of soot and stippling near the wound, Doctor Laboy
determined that two of the seven wounds (one to the head and one to the wrist) occurred at
intermediate range. Although the victim’s clothing was “soaked in blood,” Doctor Laboy
determined that the five other wounds occurred from an undetermined distance between the
defendant and the victim based upon the absence of any soot on the clothing. Doctor Laboy
testified that the cause of death was “multiple gunshot wounds” and opined that an arterial
injury such as that suffered by the defendant was “rarely survivable.”

               TBI Special Agent Cervinia Braswell examined the bullets, casings, and bullet
fragments submitted for analysis to determine the “mechanical fingerprint” of the weapon
fired by the defendant. Through her examination, she determined that all the casings and the
bullet were fired from the same gun which had “characteristics most common to a Glock”
handgun. She further described a Glock as a semi-automatic weapon with a safety
mechanism built into the trigger. As such, the safety would need to be “defeated” each time
the gun was fired. She opined, however, that this type of safety mechanism did not prevent
the gun from being fired “rapidly.”

                                              -5-
               With the conclusion of Special Agent Braswell’s testimony, the State rested
its case. Following an extensive Momon colloquy, the defendant elected not to testify. See
Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152 (Tenn. 1999). The defendant presented no evidence. Based
upon this evidence, the jury convicted the defendant of premeditated first degree murder, and
the trial court imposed a life sentence by operation of law. See T.C.A. § 39-13-208(c).
Timely post-trial motions followed. This case is properly before the court.

                                 Sufficiency of the Evidence

              The defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his
conviction of premeditated first degree murder.

              We review the defendant’s claim attacking the sufficiency of the evidence to
support his convictions mindful that our standard of review is whether, after considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e);
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324 (1979); State v. Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 654 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2003). This standard applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. Winters,
137 S.W.3d at 654.

                When examining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court should neither re-
weigh the evidence nor substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact. Winters,
137 S.W.3d at 655. Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and
value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the
trier of fact. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Significantly, this court
must afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the evidence contained in the record
as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn from the evidence.
Id.

                Tennessee Code Annotated defines first degree murder, as is applicable in this
case, as “[a] premeditated and intentional killing of another.” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(1). The
Code further provides that “‘premeditation’ is an act done after the exercise of reflection and
judgment . . . . [T]he intent to kill must have been formed prior to the act itself. It is not
necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the mind of the accused for any definite period
of time.” Id. at § 39-13-202(d).

             The evidence in the case shows that the defendant arrived at the shop armed
with a handgun and asked the victim to come outside with him. The victim immediately felt
threatened by the defendant and resisted the defendant’s entreaties to go outside both

                                              -6-
verbally, by telling the defendant to “go on,” and physically, by attempting to hide behind
Mr. Ambrose’s car. The defendant threatened that if the victim would not go outside he
would shoot everyone in the shop. A struggle ensued when the victim attempted to disarm
the defendant, and the defendant fired a rapid succession of shots at the victim. The victim
tried to evade the defendant by moving toward another room in the shop and left smeared
blood on the door jam. In a corner of the room, the victim bled to death from his wounds.
Crime scene investigators documented blood on the wall above where the victim was found.
The defendant fled the scene that night and was not apprehended until months later in
Indianapolis. We conclude that the evidence supports the defendant’s conviction of
premeditated first degree murder in this case.

                          Admissibility of Witness’s Prior Statement

               The defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing Sergeant Brewer
to testify concerning the substance of Ms. Disroe’s statement made to him on the night of the
incident. The State argues that evidence of the statement was properly admitted to
rehabilitate Ms. Disroe’s credibility following her impeachment on cross-examination with
inconsistencies between her testimony at trial and her statement made to Sergeant Brewer at
the scene on the night of the shooting.

                Initially, we observe that questions concerning the admissibility of
impeachment or rehabilitation evidence rest within the sound discretion of the trial court, and
this court will not interfere with the exercise of this discretion in the absence of a clear abuse
appearing on the face of the record. See State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 1997);
State v. Van Tran, 864 S.W.2d 465, 477 (Tenn. 1993); State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 73
(Tenn. 1992). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court applies an incorrect legal
standard or reaches a conclusion that is “illogical or unreasonable and causes an injustice to
the party complaining.” State v. Ruiz, 204 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Howell v.
State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 337 (Tenn. 2006)); see State v. Shirley, 6 S.W.3d 243, 247 (Tenn.
1999).

               “A witness’s prior inconsistent statement may be used to impeach the witness.”
State v. Philpott, 882 S.W.2d 394, 406 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 613(b) further provides that “[e]xtrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement
by a witness is not admissible unless and until the witness is afforded an opportunity to
explain or deny the same.” Our supreme court has held that extrinsic evidence of a prior
inconsistent statement is not admissible unless the witness “either denies or equivocates to
having made the prior inconsistent statement.” State v. Martin, 964 S.W.2d 564, 567 (Tenn.
1998).



                                               -7-
                In the present case, the defendant cross-examined Ms. Disroe concerning
certain inconsistencies between her testimony at trial and her statement made to Sergeant
Brewer on the night of the shooting. In each instance, Ms. Disroe acknowledged the
inconsistency between her statement and her testimony at trial. She, however, attempted to
mitigate the purported inconsistencies by explaining that, regardless of the wording she had
utilized at the time of her statement to Sergeant Brewer, the victim was trying to evade the
defendant due to an apparent fear of the defendant. For example, when confronted with her
initial statement that the victim was “walking” from the defendant rather than “running” from
the defendant as testified to at trial, Ms. Disroe said, “Walking, running fast, he was trying
to get away from him. Same thing.” In our view, Ms. Disroe acknowledged and explained
her prior statement when confronted with the inconsistencies during her cross-examination.
Therefore, any extrinsic proof of the prior statement was inadmissible under Rule 613(b).
See Martin, 964 S.W.2d at 567. In that vein, the trial court’s ruling that Ms. Disroe’s prior
statement offered through Sergeant Brewer was admissible via Rule 613(b) was erroneous.

               That being said, the State argues that the extrinsic evidence of her prior
statement was still admissible to rehabilitate Ms. Disroe’s credibility. This court has
observed that “[g]enerally, prior consistent statements are not admissible to rehabilitate a
witness who has been impeached.” State v. Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 664 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2003) (citing State v. Boyd, 797 S.W.2d 589, 593 (Tenn. 1990)). However, “[w]here specific
questions and answers taken out of context do not convey the true picture of the prior
statement alleged to be inconsistent, it is unfair to permit reference to isolated, unexplained
responses by the witness and there is no error in allowing the statements to be placed in
context.” Boyd, 797 S.W.2d at 594.

                In our view, Ms. Disroe adequately explained the variances between her
statement to Sergeant Brewer and her testimony at trial. As such, little or no need existed for
Sergeant Brewer ’s testimony concerning the prior statement for the purpose of rehabilitating
Ms. Disroe’s credibility. See State v. Benton, 759 S.W.2d 427, 433-34 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1988) (stating that before a prior statement is admissible, the witness’s testimony must have
been attacked to the extent that it requires rehabilitation). Furthermore, in his cross-
examination of Ms. Disroe, the defendant made no insinuation of fabrication that would give
rise to admitting the prior statement in order to place the overall statement in context. See
Winters, 137 S.W.3d at 664. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court committed an abuse
of discretion by admitting the prior statement at trial. We further conclude, however, that the
trial court’s error was harmless in this case because the details of the prior statement did not
contribute any additional evidence apart from that which was already elicited during Ms.
Disroe’s cross-examination.




                                              -8-
                     Admissibility of Photograph of Deceased Victim

              The defendant next argues that the trial court erred by admitting a photograph
of the deceased victim taken at the scene because, he contends, the photograph was
cumulative to witness testimony and the bloody nature of the photograph was gruesome and
prejudicial. See Tenn. R. Evid. 403. The State contends that the probative value of the
photograph, to depict the position of the victim’s body as he died, was not substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice posed by the graphic nature of the photograph.

               The admissibility of photographs is governed by Tennessee Rules of Evidence
401 and 403. See State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 951 (Tenn. 1978). Under these rules, the
trial court must determine, first, whether the photograph is relevant. Tenn. R. Evid. 401;
Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949. Next, the trial court must determine whether the probative value
of the photograph is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Tenn. R.
Evid. 403; Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 950-51. The term “unfair prejudice” has been defined as
“[a]n undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not
necessarily, an emotional one.” Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951. Photographs offered by the State
must be relevant to prove some part of its case and must not be admitted solely to inflame the
jury and prejudice it against the defendant. Id. Whether to admit the photographs rests
within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed absent a clear showing
of an abuse of that discretion. Id. 564 S.W.2d at 949; see also State v. Dickerson, 885
S.W.2d 90, 92 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993); State v. Allen, 692 S.W.2d 651, 654 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1985).


               The trial court determined that the photograph was relevant to show that the
victim died from his wounds as he was attempting to escape from the defendant. The trial
court also determined that the photograph was not particularly gruesome because, although
it showed a substantial amount of blood soaking the victim’s clothing, the victim’s face and
any wounds were not shown in the photograph. In our view, the photograph does depict the
victim in a slumped over, almost fetal position, in the corner of a room where he attempted
to flee the defendant’s assault. Although the photograph does depict the victim’s bloody
clothing and a rather bloody area surrounding the victim, no close-up views of wounds are
shown, and the victim’s face and neck are not visible in the photograph. Accordingly, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the photograph.

                           Admissibility of 9-1-1 Tape Recording


              In his final issue, the defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting


                                              -9-
the 9-1-1 tape recording of Mr. Ambrose’s telephone call to report the shooting. At trial and
on appeal, the defendant argues that the tape contained hearsay and had no probative value.
The State concedes that the tape recording was “not particularly relevant” to its case-in-chief
but argues that the admission of the recording was not unfairly prejudicial and that any error
in its admission was harmless.


                During a hearing outside the presence of the jury, the trial court determined that
Mr. Ambrose was an unavailable witness and ruled admissible his prior testimony from the
preliminary hearing. Although a transcript of the preliminary hearing is not included in the
record on appeal, we discern from this record that Mr. Ambrose placed the 9-1-1 telephone
call to report the shooting and seek emergency medical assistance for the victim. Through
the testimony of Mr. Heaston, the State presented the 9-1-1 tape recording of Mr. Ambrose’s
call. The defendant objected on the basis of irrelevance and hearsay. In allowing its
admission, the trial court ruled that the tape recording was not testimonial and, therefore, its
admission did not implicate the defendant’s confrontation rights, and that the recording was
admissible as an excited utterance. See Tenn. R. Evid. 803(2).


             The recording reveals that the caller, purportedly Mr. Ambrose, was in an
obviously excited state. He urged the operator to send medical assistance quickly. Although
Mr. Ambrose did not identify the shooter, he did say that “somebody shot Twin.”


               To be sure, Tenn. R. Evid. 401 defines relevant evidence as “evidence having
any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination
of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn.
R. Evid. 401. Furthermore, “[a]ll relevant is admissible” and “[e]vidence which is not
relevant is not admissible.” Tenn. R. Evid. 402. We conclude that the evidence contained
in the 9-1-1 tape recording was marginally relevant to establish the time frame of the
shooting in relation to its reporting and was, therefore, admissible.


               Turning to the defendant’s allegation that the 9-1-1 tape recording was hearsay,
“‘[h]earsay’ is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial
or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Tenn. R. Evid.
801(c). “Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules or otherwise by law.”
Id. 802. The Tennessee Rules of Evidence 803 and 804 provide exceptions to the general
rule of inadmissibility of hearsay. Because “[n]o factual issue attends” the trial court’s
determination whether a statement is hearsay, “it necessarily is a question of law.” State v.
Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739, 760 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (citing State v. Schiefelbein, 230


                                              -10-
S.W.3d 88, 128 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2007); Keisling v. Keisling, 196 S.W.3d 703, 721 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2005)). Although the application of the various exceptions to the hearsay rule “may
initially depend upon factual determinations” to which a reviewing court must defer, the trial
court “has no discretion to exclude hearsay exception evidence that is otherwise admissible
under the rules of evidence.” Gilley, 297 S.W.3d at 760-61. Thus, the appropriate standard
of review to be applied to the trial court’s decision admitting or excluding hearsay evidence
is de novo. Id.


               In this case, the State sought admission of Mr. Ambrose’s statements contained
on the 9-1-1 tape recording via the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, embodied
at Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(2), which provides that “[a] statement relating to a
startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement
caused by the event or condition” is “not excluded by the hearsay rule.” Tenn. R. Evid.
803(2). Three requirements must be met before a statement qualifies for admission pursuant
to this hearsay exception:


              The first requirement is “a startling event or condition” that
              “‘suspend[s] the normal, reflective thought processes of the
              declarant.’” Second, the statement must “relate to” the startling
              event or condition. This broad requirement offers “considerable
              leeway” such that “the statement may describe all or part of the
              event or condition, or deal with the effect or impact of that event
              or condition.” The third and final requirement dictates that the
              declarant make the statement while “under the stress or
              excitement from the event or condition.” This requirement
              considers a variety of factors, including the interval of time
              between the startling event and the statement.


State v. Franklin, 308 S.W.3d 799, 823 (Tenn. 2010) (citations omitted). Our supreme court
has stated that the “‘ultimate test’” of admissibility via the excited utterance exception is
“‘spontaneity and logical relation to the main event and where an act or declaration springs
out of the transaction while the parties are still laboring under the excitement or strain of the
circumstances and at a time so near it as to preclude the idea of deliberation and
fabrication.’” Id. (quoting State v. Smith, 857 S.W.2d 1, 9 (Tenn. 1993)).


              In this case, Mr. Ambrose telephoned 9-1-1 within minutes of the shooting in
an urgent effort to seek medical assistance for the victim. The tape recording reveals obvious


                                              -11-
and apparent stress in the tone of his voice. Furthermore, the tape recording does not contain
any identification of the defendant as the shooter and only relates information that the victim
had been shot and was in need of immediate medical attention. Thus, we disagree with the
defendant that the evidence served only to inflame the jury. Accordingly, based upon a de
novo application of the law to the factual findings of the trial court, we conclude that the trial
court did not err by admitting Mr. Ambrose’s hearsay statements contained on the 9-1-1 tape
recording.


                                          Conclusion


             The evidence is sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction of
premeditated first degree murder. Discerning no other reversible error, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.


                                                     _________________________________
                                                     JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE




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