233 F.3d 341 (6th Cir. 2000)
GTE Midwest, Inc.(98-3167); BellSouth Corporation (98-3203), Petitioners,U.S. West, Inc.; Bell Atlantic; MCI  Telecommunications Corporation; Airtouch  Communications, Inc. (98-3167/3203);United States Telephone  Association; Alltel Communications, Inc.; SBC  Communications, Inc., et al. (98-3167), Intervenors,v.Federal Communications Commission; United  States of America, Respondents.
Nos. 98-3167, 98-3203
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
Argued: November 2, 1999Decided and Filed: November 15, 2000

On Petitions for Review of an Order from the Federal Communications Commission.  No. 97-352.
L. Andrew Tollin, Craig E. Gilmore, Robert G. Kirk, Michael D. Sulllivan, WILKINSON,  BARKER, KNAUER & QUINN, Washington, D.C., John P. Frantz, Steven G. Bradbury, KIRKLAND & ELLIS,  Washington, D.C., William P. Barr, Ward W. Wueste, Jr., Washington, D.C., M. Edward Whelan III, GTE SERVICE  CORPORATION, Washington, D.C., William B. Barfield, Jim O. Llewellyn, BELLSOUTH CORPORATION, Atlanta,  Georgia, M. Robert Sutherland, BELLSOUTH TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC., Atlanta, Georgia, for Petitioners.
Joel Marcus, Carl  D. Lawson, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL, Washington, D.C.,  Robert J. Wiggers, Cathrine G. O'Sullivan, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, ANTITRUST DIVISION, Washington,  D.C., for Respondents.
Before: MARTIN, Chief Judge; DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge; HILLMAN, District Judge*.
OPINION
BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Chief Judge.


1
These cases come before us on petitions for review of a final order of the  Federal Communications Commission issued in response to our decision in Cincinnati Bell Tel. Co. v. Federal  Communications Commission, 69 F.3d 752 (6th Cir. 1995). For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM.


2
The Commission had jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 47 U.S.C. §§ 154(i) and 303(r), and 5 U.S.C. § 553. We  have jurisdiction to review the Commission's final order under 47 U.S.C. § 402(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 2342(l). In a prior order,  the Commission concluded that all local telephone companies, including the Bell operating companies, could provide  personal communications service, or "PCS," without establishing a structurally separate corporate affiliate. See New  Personal Communications Services, GN Docket 90-314, Second Report and Order, 8 F.C.C.R. 7700 (1993), recon.,  Memorandum Opinion and Order, 9 F.C.C.R. 4957, further recon., Third Memorandum Opinion and Order, 9 F.C.C.R.  6908 (1994). At the same time, the Commission decided to maintain a pre-existing structural separation requirement for the  provision of cellular service by the Bell operating companies, even though the Commission recognized that cellular service  is functionally equivalent to PCS. See id. at 7751 n.98.


3
In Cincinnati Bell, we granted a petition for review of the order and held that the Commission's decision to retain the  narrow structural separation requirement for Bell company cellular service was arbitrary and capricious in light of the  Commission's conclusion that PCS could be provided directly by all local telephone companies without raising significant  competitive concerns. 69 F.3d at 765-68. We remanded the order for the Commission to "determine as soon as possible  whether the structural separation requirement placed upon the Bells is necessary and in the public interest." Id. at 768.


4
The Commission issued the order at issue in this case on October 3, 1997. See Competitive Service Safeguards for Local  Exchange Carrier Provision of Commercial Mobile Radio Services, WT Docket 96-162, Report and Order, 12 F.C.C.R.  15,668, clarified, Order, 12 F.C.C.R. 17,983 (1997) ("Report and Order"). The order imposes separate affiliate  requirements on all local telephone companies providing commercial mobile radio services. See id. It applies to both Bell  companies and non-Bell companies and encompasses all kinds of commercial mobile radio services, not just cellular  services. See id. Furthermore, the order adopts regulations governing joint marketing of commercial mobile radio services  and local telephone services. See id.


5
BellSouth Corporation and GTE Midwest Corporation filed these petitions for review along with several intervenors  alleging that the Commission's rulemaking was arbitrary and capricious and that the Telecommunications Act of 1996  precludes the Commission from imposing regulations on joint marketing of wireless and local telephone service.

I.

6
Cellular service and personal communications service are the two categories of commercial mobile radio services at  issue in this case. Cellular has been commercially available since the early 1980s. Personal communications service first  became available in 1993. Because every call between a wireless subscriber and a landline customer originates or  terminates on the local telephone company's network, providers of cellular and PCS rely on interconnection with the  facilities of local telephone companies. The Commission refers to these local telephone companies as "local exchange  carriers," or "LECs."


7
From the onset of cellular communications, the Commission required Bell operatingcompanies to offer their cellular  service through structurally separate affiliates. Because the Bell companies held exclusive franchises for local telephone  service in certain markets, this structural separation requirement was intended to prevent the Bell companies from using  their power in the local telephone market to engage in anti-competitive practices in the cellular market. The Commission  was concerned specifically with cross-subsidization and discriminatory interconnection1.  By requiring the Bell companies  to offer cellular service through separate affiliates, the Commission had a means to monitor their operations and thereby  ensure that they were not engaging in anti-competitive practices. Unlike the Bell companies, the independent local  telephone companies were not subject to the structural separation requirements in their provision of cellular services. The  Commission instead relied on non-structural safeguards to protect against anti-competitive practices for these companies.


8
With the advent of PCS, the Commission revisited the issue of what safeguards were necessary to prevent  anti-competitive practices by local telephone companies providing PCS services. The Commission concluded that  non-structural safeguards were sufficient to ensure competition and that separate subsidiary requirements for any local  exchange carrier providing PCS were not in the public interest. Although the Commission concluded that PCS and cellular  services were structurally similar, the Commission declined to decide whether the structural separation requirements for the  Bell companies' provision of cellular service should be repealed. In Cincinnati Bell, we held that the record was sufficient  to require the Commission to decide whether to repeal the cellular separation requirement and remanded the matter to the  Commission.


9
After the Cincinnati Bell decision, Congress enacted the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Congress's stated intent was  to reduce regulation and encourage competition in the industry. Among other things, the Act prescribed an extensive  regulatory structure for interconnection, including requiring state commissions to ensure reasonable and nondiscriminatory  prices for interconnection. The Act also abolished the system of local exchange franchises and imposed numerous  obligations on the local telephone companies to encourage greater competition in the local exchange markets. Furthermore,  the Act allowed Bell companies to engage in joint marketing of commercial mobile radio services and landline telephone  services.


10
In August 1996, the Commission issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking proposing two options: keeping the separate  affiliate requirement for Bell company cellular service for a period of time and then "sunsetting" the rule once a Bell  company met the requirements of the Telecommunications Act for entry into the long-distance market; or replacing the rule  with a new rule requiring all large local telephone companies to provide all commercial mobile radio services through  separate affiliates. In October 1997, the Commission released the Report and Order at issue in this case. The Order adopts  the second option.

II.

11
Under the Administrative Procedure Act, this Court must "hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings and  conclusions found to be . . . arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law." 5  U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (1988). Under this standard, our inquiry is "'searching and careful,' yet in the last analysis, diffident and  deferential." Natural Resources DefenseCouncil v. Securities Exch. Comm'n, 606 F.2d 1031, 1041 (D.C. Cir. 1979)  (quoting Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971)). Nonetheless, the agency must articulate a  "rational connection between the facts found and the choice made," City of Brookings Mun. Tel. Co. v. Federal  Communications Comm'n, 822 F.2d 1153, 1165 (D.C. Cir. 1987), and must "provide something in the way of documentary  support" for its action. Cincinnati Bell, 69 F.3d at 764. BellSouth and GTE both argue that the Commission fails to present  adequate justification for the expansion of the separate affiliate requirement to all local telephone companies. Specifically,  BellSouth and GTE argue that the rule is arbitrary and capricious because the FCC failed to explain why existing  non-structural safeguards are insufficient, failed to consider simply eliminating the cellular separation requirement  altogether, and issued a rule that was contrary to Congressional intent underlying the 1996 Act.


12
In the Report and Order, the Commission points to three justifications for its new rule. First, local telephone companies  that own wireless subsidiaries have both the incentive and the opportunity to engage in anti-competitive practices. See 12  F.C.C.R. at 15,689. Second, increased competition in the wireless market may increase the incentive for local telephone  companies to discriminate against wireless competitors requesting interconnection. See id. at 15,701. Third, the costs of  subjecting non-Bell companies to the separate affiliate requirement do not outweigh the benefits. See id. at 15,699.  Furthermore, the Commission argues that there is nothing novel about the separate subsidiary requirements imposed under  the order. The Commission notes that it has imposed similar requirements on a number of occasions and those  requirements have been upheld by several courts of appeals. See Illinois Bell Tel. Co. v. Federal Communications Comm'n,  740 F.2d 465 (7th Cir. 1984) (affirming a rule that forbade Bell companies after July 1, 1984, to sell or lease  telecommunications equipment to their customers except through separate subsidiary corporations created for that  purpose); Computer and Communications Industry Ass'n v. Federal Communications Comm'n, 693 F.2d 198 (D.C. Cir.  1982) (upholding regulations requiring common carriers to keep separate accounts for their regulated basic service and  their "competitive" services, and ordering that "customer premises equipment" be sold separately from basic  communications service); GTE Serv. Corp. v. Federal Communications Comm'n, 474 F.2d 724 (2d Cir. 1973) (affirming  regulations providing that no common carrier subject to the Communications Act of 1934 shall furnish data processing  services to others except through a separate corporate entity which must maintain its own accounting books, operating  officers, and computing equipment).


13
After reviewing the proceedings before the Commission, we are convinced that the Commission reasonably concluded  that it could not rely exclusively on non-structural safeguards given the monopoly power of the LECs that stems from their  bottleneck control over local landline infrastructure. Although the Commission noted no specific instances of  anti-competitive behavior, it did cite problems with interconnection seen in other areas. Furthermore, the Commission  determined that although non-LEC providers have begun competing in wireless markets, such competition is not yet  sufficient to survive without close supervision from the Commission.


14
In the Report and Order, the Commission determined that all LECs have both the incentive and the opportunity to use  their exclusive control of local exchange facilities to engage in anticompetitive behavior. 12 F.C.C.R. at 15,692. The  Commission found that non-structural safeguards were insufficient, standing alone, to combat the possibility of  interconnection discrimination. Still, the Commission determinedthat the strict structural separation requirements imposed  on the Bell companies under 47 C.F.R. § 22.903 were more burdensome than necessary to control anticompetitive  behavior. See id. Thus, the Commission sought to "strike a new balance" by replacing the strict separation requirement of  section 22.903 with a less restrictive requirement and expanding it to cover all LECs, not just Bell companies, and all types  of broadband commercial mobile radio services, not just cellular. See id.


15
In reaching this decision, the Commission determined that where there was a sufficient overlap between an LEC's  landline service area and its wireless service area, the LEC had the opportunity to discriminate against unaffiliated  broadband commercial mobile radio service providers. Furthermore, the Commission determined that the LECs had the  incentive to discriminate against non-affiliated wireless providers, especially given increased competition in the wireless  industry and the likelihood that, as customers increasingly use wireless phones for the majority of their calling, wireless  services could undermine the LEC's core business, namely local landline services. See id. at 15701.


16
Furthermore, the Commission recognized that increased competition and convergence required regulatory symmetry. See id. at 15697. The Commission determined that the costs of expanding the requirements to all LEC wireless providers  did not outweigh the benefits that improved monitoring could provide. To support this conclusion, the Commission cited  the strong performance of the Bell companies under the strict structural separation requirement for cellular services. The  Commission reasonably concluded that it would not be prudent to rely exclusively upon non-structural safeguards to  prevent anti-competitive behavior. We will not second-guess this expert choice, nor require the FCC to point to specific  instances of past abuse to justify its decision.


17
The Commission chose a permissible regulatory tool and set out plans for its implementation.  We need not discuss the  mechanical specifics of the scheme, only the factors on which the Commission relied and whether those factors are  reasonably related to the rule adopted. See Computer and Communications Industry Ass'n, 693 F.2d at 219. The  Commission considered the comments of various parties, business practices in the industry, the costs and benefits of  separate affiliate requirements, and the efficacy of various structural and non-structural safeguards. Specifically, the FCC  cited the LECs' exclusive bottleneck control over interconnection with local wireline service, the relative inexperience of  AT&T and AirTouch in the wireless industry, and the continued success of the Bell companies despite the cellular  structural separation requirements. These factors were rationally related to the FCC's decision. As a result, the  Commission's decision was a proper exercise of discretion and we will not disturb it. We defer to the Commission's  expertise, especially given the complex nature of the telecommunications industry and the agency's past regulatory actions.


18
BellSouth argues that the Commission failed to consider simply eliminating the requirement that Bell companies  provide cellular service through separate subsidiaries. In support of this allegation, BellSouth notes that the Commission  sought comment on two options in its Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: continuing the separation requirement for Bell  companies providing cellular services until a given Bell company satisfied criteria for offering long distance services, and  immediately replacing the rule with the new separate affiliate requirement for all large local telephone companies providing  wireless services. However, the Commission argues that the proposed options were tentative and the Notice included only  the two most likely options. Furthermore, many of the companies submitted comments arguing that the structural  separation requirements should be eliminated. Thecommentators themselves did not believe that they were restricted to  commenting only on the two alternatives proposed in the Notice. As a result, the Commission had ample evidence to  consider eliminating the structural separation requirements in favor of non-structural safeguards to ensure competition in  the industry. The Commission chose not to pursue that alternative and we will not substitute our judgment for that of the Commission.


19
Finally, BellSouth argues that the Commission's separate affiliate requirement was contrary to Congressional intent  underlying the Telecommunications Act of 1996. First, BellSouth argues that Congress had the opportunity to impose a  structural separation requirement and declined by classifying wireless services as "incidental interLATA" services, which  are exempt from the separate affiliate requirement otherwise imposed on Bell company interLATA services. See 47 U.S.C.  § 272(a)(2)(B)(i). Second, section 601(a)(3) of the Act released AT&T from the requirement that it provide its cellular  service through a separate affiliate. See 47 U.S.C. § 152 note. BellSouth argues that Congress sought to promote parity  between AT&T and the Bell companies in the wake of the Cincinnati Bell decision and that Congress did not intend for the  Commission to have the power to declare a new separate affiliate requirement and upset the balance that Congress had  struck. See H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 104-458 at 198-99.


20
Although the Act specifies separate subsidiary requirements for certain Bell company activities and precludes joint  marketing restrictions in section 601(d) (discussed in Part III, below), the Act does not otherwise limit the Commission's  authority to adopt separate affiliate requirements. Section 601(c)(1) of the 1996 Act specifically states:


21
NO IMPLIED EFFECT. - This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall not be construed to modify, impair,  or supersede Federal, State or local law unless expressly so provided in such Act or Amendments.


22
47 U.S.C. § 152 note. There is no explicit indication that the Act sought to promote parity between AT&T and the Bell  companies. AT&T is not a local exchange carrier and does not have bottleneck control over any local landline facilities.  Exempting AT&T from the separate affiliate requirement is not contrary to the FCC's requirement that all LECs provide  commercial mobile radio services through separate affiliates. If Congress had sought to preclude the Commission's ability  to impose separate subsidiary requirements, it could have done so explicitly.

III.

23
The Commission concedes that section 601(d) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 negates the portion of the Bell  company cellular affiliate rule that barred joint marketing of wireless and other services. See Report and Order, 12  F.C.C.R. at 15,713. Section 601(d) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 permits joint marketing of wireless and other  services "[n]otwithstanding section 22.903 of the Commissions regulations (47 C.F.R. 22.903) [the strict cellular separation  requirement] or any other Commission regulation." 47 U.S.C. § 152 note.


24
We review challenges to an agency's construction of its organic statute under Chevron USA, Inc. v. Natural Resources  Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 842 (1984). The first step in the analysis is to determine whether Congress has directly  spoken to the matter at issue. See id. If the Congressional intent is clear then the reviewing court must give effect to the  express intent of Congress. See id. at 842-43. Second, "[i]f Congress has not directly addressed the issue, a reviewing court  must determine whether the agency's position is 'based on a permissible construction of the statute.'" Id.


25
There are two possible interpretations of section 601(d): that Congress intended to allow joint marketing of wireless and  other services notwithstanding any Commission regulation in existence when the Act became effective; or that Congress  intended to allow joint marketing notwithstanding any present or future Commission regulation. Because the language is  not conclusive and it is unclear what Congress meant when it used the phrase "any other Commission regulation" the  agency's position that the phrase does not preclude further agency regulation is permissible.

IV.

26
Because the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking was sufficient and the Commission's decision is supported by facts in the  record, we will AFFIRM the Commission's imposition of structural separation requirements for all local exchange carriers.  Furthermore, regarding the joint marketing provisions in section 601(d) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, we defer  to the Commission's interpretation of the statute.



Note:


*
  The Honorable Douglas W. Hillman, United States District Judge for the Western District of Michigan, sitting by  designation.


1
  Cross-subsidization is the misattribution of costs incurred in providing unregulated services to the provision of regulated  services. Discriminatory interconnection occurs when an LEC prefers the calls of its affiliated wireless provider to  interconnection with a competitor's wireless service.


