[Cite as State v. Reed, 2016-Ohio-5123.]


STATE OF OHIO                     )                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  )ss:               NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                  )

STATE OF OHIO                                        C.A. No.      27755

        Appellee

        v.                                           APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                     ENTERED IN THE
PAUL A. REED                                         COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                     COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
        Appellant                                    CASE No.   CR 2014 04 1179 (B)

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: July 27, 2016



        SCHAFER, Judge.

        {¶1}     Defendant-Appellant, Paul Reed, appeals the judgment of the Summit County

Court of Common Pleas convicting him of murder. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the

trial court’s judgment.

                                                I.

        {¶2}     The Summit County Grand Jury indicted Reed on one count of aggravated murder

in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), an unspecified felony, and one count of complicity to commit

aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), 2923.03. The indictment arose from the

murder of James Harris on April 26, 2014 after Reed plotted with his girlfriend, Tiffany Powell,

to lure Mr. Harris to a residence on Minota Avenue where he was beaten to death. The matter

proceeded to a jury trial at which the following evidence was offered.

        {¶3}     Powell has five minor children with Mr. Harris but, at the time of Mr. Harris’s

death, they were no longer in a relationship and Mr. Harris had custody of the children. Powell
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contacted Ro’ceeda Kelly, one of her friends, and offered to pay her $100 if she helped in a plot

to lure Mr. Harris to the Minota Avenue residence. Powell said that the purpose of the plot was

to entrap Mr. Harris into violating a civil protection order, which Powell said would help her

regain custody of the children. Ms. Kelly agreed because she wanted Powell to have custody of

the children.

       {¶4}     The plot called for Ms. Kelly to contact Mr. Harris and tell him that she wanted to

sell a vehicle to him. Mr. Harris, a retired Marine who still worked on vehicles for resale, would

then be instructed to meet Ms. Kelly at the Minota Avenue residence. Once he arrived, Ms.

Kelly was supposed to lead Mr. Harris to the back entrance of the house and down to the

basement. According to Ms. Kelly, neither Powell nor Reed mentioned to her what would occur

once she went inside the house with Mr. Harris and she did not expect any violence. Instead,

Reed simply told her that he would “take care of it.”

       {¶5}     Reed drove his vehicle to pick up Ms. Kelly. Powell was seated in the front

passenger seat with Reed. The three then drove to Mr. Harris’s house so that Ms. Kelly could

make her initial contact with him. Reed parked his vehicle around the corner from Mr. Harris’s

house so that it could not be seen. Ms. Kelly walked to the house, but Mr. Harris was not home.

Rather, she spoke with one of his acquaintances who was at Mr. Harris’s house to work on one

of his other vehicles. She told the acquaintance about the vehicle she wanted to sell to Mr.

Harris and then returned to Reed’s vehicle. The acquaintance told Mr. Harris about the offer

upon his return to the house.

       {¶6}     Reed, Powell, and Ms. Kelly drove around and made a couple of stops before

Reed and Powell gave a Tracphone to Ms. Kelly and instructed her to call Mr. Harris and discuss

the vehicle. Mr. Harris did not answer but he eventually called the Tracphone back and he
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arranged to meet Ms. Kelly later that evening at the Minota Avenue residence, which she said

was her residence, pursuant to Powell’s instructions. Ms. Kelly, Reed, and Powell then went to

the Minota Avenue residence, parked around the corner so it could not be seen near the house,

and they sat in the garage waiting for Mr. Harris to come. When Mr. Harris called Ms. Kelly,

Powell told her what to say.

        {¶7}   Mr. Harris attended a charity fundraiser before driving to pick his adult son up so

that they could look at the vehicle together. Mr. Harris’s son testified that he was unable to see

any gun on Mr. Harris during their trip to the Minota Avenue residence and he indicated that he

never knew Mr. Harris to have a firearm. Once they arrived at the residence around 10:15 p.m.,

Ms. Kelly was standing at the end of the driveway in front of the house and she told Mr. Harris

to go to the back entrance since the carpets in the front room were wet from cleaning. Mr.

Harris’s son stayed in the vehicle, which was parked in the driveway.

        {¶8}   Ms. Kelly testified that Mr. Harris was “nice” when he arrived and that she was

unable to see a gun on him. Nevertheless, she led him to the back entrance of the house and then

down the stairs to the residence’s basement. After taking one step from the stairwell into the

basement, Reed swung a pole and hit Mr. Harris in the face. This action scared Ms. Kelly, who

was almost hit by the pole herself, and she immediately ran out of the house to the neighbor’s

yard.

        {¶9}   Police were dispatched to the scene on a “fight call” and they were informed that

a gun was possibly present. This dispatch was received shortly after Mr. Harris entered the

residence. Upon their arrival on the scene, they discovered Mr. Harris’s body as well as a gun

that had one bullet in the chamber and a detached magazine close to it. The gun was discovered

within arm distance of Mr. Harris’s body and Mr. Harris’s DNA was found on the magazine.
                                                 4


Reed was present in the basement when police arrived and an analysis of his hands showed the

presence of Mr. Harris’s DNA. Powell was on the main level of the residence when police

arrived.   Both Reed and Powell were transported to the police station, where they gave

“conflicting” accounts of the night’s events. Moreover, both of them denied that Ms. Kelly was

even present during the night’s events, which police later disproved.

       {¶10} The Summit County Medical Examiner performed an autopsy on Mr. Harris. She

identified the cause of death to be blunt force trauma and the manner of death to be homicide.

From the nature of Mr. Harris’s various injuries to his face, neck, and back, the Medical

Examiner concluded that it was likely that someone kneeled on Mr. Harris’s back while

“repeatedly” beating his head into the ground. Also, the Medical Examiner noted that there were

no defensive wounds present on Mr. Harris’s body and she opined that Mr. Harris’s injuries were

inconsistent with a scenario of mutual combat.

       {¶11} Reed requested that the jury receive a self-defense instruction, but the trial court

denied that request. The trial court did instruct the jurors on the lesser-included offenses of

murder and involuntary manslaughter. The jury found Reed not guilty of aggravated murder and

complicity to commit aggravated murder, but it found him guilty of the lesser included offense of

murder and complicity to commit murder. After merging the convictions for sentencing, the trial

court subsequently imposed an indefinite prison term of 15 years to life for Reed’s murder

conviction.

       {¶12} Reed filed this timely appeal, which presents four assignments of error for our

review. Because the first and second assignments of error implicate similar issues, we elect to

address them together. And, since the resolution of the third assignment of error impacts the
                                                 5


resolution of the first and second assignments of error, we elect to address the third assignment

of error first.

                                                II.

                                    Assignment of Error III

        The trial court erred in failing to grant Mr. Reed’s motion for self-defense
        instruction in the jury instructions.

        {¶13} In his third assignment of error, Reed argues that the trial court abused its

discretion by failing to give a self-defense jury instruction. We disagree.

        {¶14} “A trial court has broad discretion to decide how to fashion jury instructions, but

it must ‘fully and completely give the jury all instructions which are relevant and necessary for

the jury to weigh the evidence and discharge its duty as the fact finder.’” State v. White, 142

Ohio St.3d 277, 2015-Ohio-492, ¶ 46, quoting State v. Comen, 50 Ohio St.3d 206 (1990),

paragraph two of the syllabus. In line with this requirement, jury instructions must “present a

correct, pertinent statement of the law that is appropriate to the facts.” Id. When determining

whether the challenged jury instructions comply with this requirement, we review for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Norris, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010699, 2015-Ohio-5180, ¶ 25. An abuse

of discretion is more than an error of judgment; it implies that the trial court’s decision was

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219

(1983). When applying the abuse of discretion standard, we may not simply substitute our own

judgment for that of the trial court. Pons v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 619, 621 (1993).

        {¶15} When reviewing the trial court’s decision to not issue a self-defense instruction in

this matter, we are mindful that self-defense is an affirmative defense and that the defendant has

the burden of proving it by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Cornwell, 9th Dist. Wayne
                                                  6


No. 14AP0017, 2015-Ohio-4617, ¶ 19, citing R.C. 2901.05(A). In order to avoid criminal

liability on the basis of self-defense, the defendant must prove the following:

       “(1) the defendant was not at fault in creating the violent situation, (2) the
       defendant had a bona fide belief that [he] was in imminent danger of death or
       great bodily harm and that [his] only means of escape was the use of force, and
       (3) that the defendant did not violate any duty to retreat or avoid the danger.”

State v. Goff, 128 Ohio St.3d 169, 2010-Ohio-6317, ¶ 36, quoting State v. Thomas, 77 Ohio St.3d

323, 326 (1997). “The trial court is not required to instruct the jury on self-defense in every

situation in which the presentation is attempted; rather, a trial court need only instruct the jury on

self-defense if the defendant has introduced sufficient evidence, which, if believed, would raise a

question in the minds of reasonable [jurors] concerning the existence of such issue.” (Internal

quotation and citation omitted.) State v. Hatfield, 9th Dist. Summit No. 23716, 2008-Ohio-2431,

¶ 8. With these principles in mind, we turn to Reed’s argument.

       {¶16} Reed first contends that he offered sufficient proof to establish that he was not at

fault in creating the violent situation that led to Mr. Harris’s death. Specifically, he argues that

the evidence shows that only Powell was involved in developing the plot to lure Mr. Harris to

the Minota Avenue residence. But, a thorough review of the record, and particularly Ms. Kelly’s

testimony, directly belies this argument. Ms. Kelly testified that Reed was involved in the plot

throughout the day as he drove the vehicle to transport Ms. Kelly and he told her that he would

“take care of” the situation once Mr. Harris was led inside. Moreover, Ms. Kelly indicated that

immediately after taking one step away from the stairwell into the basement, she saw Reed strike

Mr. Harris’s face with a pole. Indeed, Ms. Kelly testified that Mr. Harris had no opportunity to

react or take any aggressive action toward Reed before Reed hit him. See State v. Melchior, 56

Ohio St.2d 15, 21-22 (1978) (determining that there was insufficient evidence for self-defense

instruction where the defendant went to the murder victim’s apartment to steal the victim’s
                                                  7


money and stereo); State v. Warner, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 96CA006534, 2001 WL 1155698, *2

(Sept. 21, 2001) (determining that trial court did not err by failing to give self-defense instruction

since the defendant was at fault in creating the violent situation where he disobeyed the order of

a corrections officer). Consequently, we conclude Reed failed to offer sufficient evidence that he

was not at fault for creating the violent situation. See State v. Nichols, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

01CA2775, 2002 WL 126973, *3 (Jan. 22, 2002) (“Ohio courts have long recognized that a

person cannot provoke assault or voluntarily enter an encounter and then claim a right of self-

defense.”).

       {¶17} Reed’s second argument for the issuance of a self-defense instruction is that

police recovered a gun with a bullet in the chamber from the basement that was within Mr.

Harris’s arm distance. Although the jurors could infer from this evidence that Mr. Harris had a

gun on his person at the time of the incident, there is insufficient evidence to raise the possibility

that Mr. Harris brandished the gun during a mutual combat scenario. Rather, both Mr. Harris’s

son and Ms. Kelly testified that they never saw Mr. Harris with a gun before he went into the

basement, where he was immediately hit before he could react. And, the Medical Examiner

indicated that Mr. Harris did not sustain any defensive wounds that suggested the occurrence of

mutual combat. In light of this whole quantum of evidence, we cannot latch onto the mere

recovery of a gun at the scene to determine that the trial court abused its discretion by denying

the self-defense instruction. Compare State v. Gillespie, 172 Ohio App.3d 304, 2007-Ohio-3439,

¶ 19 (2d Dist.) (determining that trial court should have issued a self-defense jury instruction

where the defendant testified that he saw the victim with a knife, did not hit the victim first, and

fired his gun at the victim only after the victim came at him).
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        {¶18} In sum, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Reed’s

request for a self-defense jury instruction. Accordingly, we overrule his third assignment

of error.

                                      Assignment of Error I

        Mr. Reed’s convictions were contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.

                                     Assignment of Error II

        The jury verdict finding Mr. Reed guilty of murder was against the
        sufficiency of the evidence.

        {¶19} In his first and second assignments of error, Reed challenges his conviction as

unsupported by sufficient evidence and against the manifest weight of the evidence.              We

disagree.

                                       A. Standard of Review

        {¶20} A sufficiency challenge of a criminal conviction presents a question of law, which

we review de novo. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). In carrying out this

review, our “function * * * is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether

such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

After such an examination and taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

we must decide whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. Although we conduct de novo review when

considering a sufficiency of the evidence challenge, “we neither resolve evidentiary conflicts nor

assess the credibility of witnesses, as both are functions reserved for the trier of fact.” (Internal

quotation and citation omitted.) State v. Jarvis, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010667, 2015-Ohio-

4219, ¶ 10.
                                                         9


          {¶21} A sufficiency challenge       is     legally      distinct   from   a   manifest    weight

challenge. Thompkins at 387. Accordingly, when applying the manifest weight standard, we are

required to consider the whole record, “weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

consider the credibility of the witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the

evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice

that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d

339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). Courts are cautioned to only reverse a conviction on manifest weight

grounds “in exceptional cases,” State v. Carson, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26900, 2013–Ohio–5785,

¶   32,     citing Otten at   340,    where        the       evidence   “weighs     heavily   against   the

conviction,” Thompkins at 387.

          {¶22} When applying these standards in this matter, we must consider the statutory

elements necessary to sustain a murder conviction. R.C. 2903.02(A) relevantly provides that

“[n]o person shall purposely cause the death of another[.]” “A person acts purposely when it is

the person’s specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a

prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to

accomplish thereby, it is the offender’s specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature.”

R.C. 2901.22(A).

                                        B. Sufficiency Challenge

          {¶23} Reed’s first basis for his sufficiency challenge is that the jury initially returned a

guilty verdict on murder and a not guilty verdict on involuntary manslaughter, which is a lesser-

included offense of murder. Based on these initial verdict forms, Reed argues that “[i]f the jury

found th[at ] Reed did not cause the death [of] the victim as was indicated in the [involuntary

manslaughter] verdict form, it is unfathomable how he could have then purposely caused the
                                                10


death of the victim.” This argument relies on a faulty premise as to what the jury actually

determined. When the trial court noticed that the jury initially returned verdicts on both the

murder and involuntary manslaughter offenses, it instructed the jurors to go back to the

deliberation room and to decide whether Reed was guilty of murder. If they unanimously found

Reed guilty of murder, then they were to leave the verdict form for involuntary manslaughter

blank. The jury did exactly that and returned to the courtroom with a verdict form stating that

they found Reed guilty of murder and leaving blank the verdict form for involuntary

manslaughter.      As a result, the jury did not issue a verdict regarding the involuntary

manslaughter offense and Reed has failed to carry his burden to demonstrate error. See App.R.

16(A)(7).

       {¶24} Reed also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for his conviction on the

basis that there is “conflicting evidence and testimony.” However, we are precluded from

considering conflicting evidence or issues of credibility when engaging in a sufficiency analysis.

See Jarvis, 2015-Ohio-4219, at ¶ 10. As a result, we likewise reject this basis for Reed’s

sufficiency challenge.

                                   C. Manifest Weight Challenge

       {¶25} Reed’s manifest weight challenge appears to rest on two grounds: (1) that the

weight of the evidence cuts against a finding that he was involved in the plot to lure Mr. Harris to

the Minota Avenue residence, which indicates that he did not plan to kill Mr. Harris; and (2) that

the weight of the evidence supports a finding that Reed acted in self-defense. We reject both of

these arguments.

       {¶26} Ms. Kelly testified extensively to Reed’s involvement in the plot to lure Mr.

Harris to the Minota Avenue residence. Although Powell, Ms. Kelly’s friend, was the person
                                               11


who contacted her regarding the plot, Reed was involved throughout the day as the plan

progressed. He drove the vehicle to pick Ms. Kelly up and he took her to Mr. Harris’s house to

first set up the meeting regarding the car sale. Reed told Ms. Kelly that he would handle the

situation once Mr. Harris was lured inside of the residence. Reed drove Powell and Ms. Kelly to

the Minota Avenue residence and stayed in the garage with them as they waited for Mr. Harris to

arrive. The evidence overwhelmingly supports a finding that Reed was involved in the plot to

lure Mr. Harris to the Minota Avenue residence and that he was even in charge of how to handle

Mr. Harris once he reached the inside of the house.

       {¶27} As to Reed’s self-defense argument for his manifest weight claim, we note that in

our resolution of the third assignment of error, we concluded that there was insufficient evidence

to even support the issuance of a jury instruction on this point. While there was evidence that

allowed an inference that Mr. Harris had a gun on his person, there was no evidence offered to

indicate that he brandished the gun or that he engaged in mutual combat with Reed.

Consequently, we conclude that Reed’s conviction is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

       {¶28} Accordingly, we overrule Reed’s first and second assignments of error.

                                    Assignment of Error IV

       The trial court’s errors, when taken in their entirety, deprived Mr. Reed of a
       fair trial as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States
       Constitution and Article I, Section Sixteen of the Ohio Constitution.

       {¶29} In his fourth assignment of error, Reed argues that the cumulative effects of the

errors in his trial deprived him of a fair trial. However, as indicated in our resolution of the

previous three assignments of error, Reed has not identified a single instance of error. Thus, the

cumulative error doctrine does not apply here and does not support the reversal of Reed’s
                                                12


conviction. See State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, ¶ 132 (“[T]he doctrine of

cumulative error is not applicable to the present case, because there were no multiple errors.”).

Accordingly, we overrule Reed’s fourth assignment of error.

                                                III.

       {¶30} Having overruled all of Reed’s assignments of error, we affirm the judgment of

the Summit County Court of Common Pleas.

                                                                              Judgment affirmed.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellant.




                                                       JULIE A. SCHAFER
                                                       FOR THE COURT
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CARR, P. J.
MOORE, J.
CONCUR.


APPEARANCES:

JASON D. WALLACE, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN DIMARTINO, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.
