                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       OCT 19 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DONEYDA PEREZ, as an individual and on No. 17-55764
behalf of all others similarly situated,
                                         D.C. No.
                 Plaintiff-Appellee,     8:16-cv-01440-JLS-DFM

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
DIRECTV, LLC, a Delaware Corporation,

                Defendant-Appellant,

and

LONSTEIN LAW OFFICES, P.C., a New
York Professional Corporation; et al.,

                Defendants.


DONEYDA PEREZ, as an individual and on No. 17-55775
behalf of all others similarly situated,
                                         D.C. No.
                 Plaintiff-Appellee,     8:16-cv-01440-JLS-DFM

 v.

DIRECTV, LLC, a Delaware Corporation,

                Defendant,


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
and

LONSTEIN LAW OFFICES, P.C., a New
York Professional Corporation and JULIE
COHEN LONSTEIN,

                Defendants-Appellants.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                   Josephine L. Staton, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted October 11, 2018
                              Pasadena, California

Before: WATFORD and OWENS, Circuit Judges, and PRESNELL,** District
Judge.

      DirecTV appeals from the district court’s order denying DirecTV’s motion

to compel arbitration. We review de novo the district court’s determinations about

the arbitrability of claims. Tompkins v. 23andMe, Inc., 840 F.3d 1016, 1021 (9th

Cir. 2016). We review the underlying factual findings for clear error and the

interpretation of contract provisions de novo. Id. As the parties are familiar with

the facts, we do not recount them here. We affirm.

      Assuming without deciding that the parties entered into a valid contract, the

district court did not err in holding that Appellee Doneyda Perez’s claims are

outside the scope of the arbitration agreement. Section 9(d)(ii) of DirecTV’s


      **
            The Honorable Gregory A. Presnell, United States District Judge for
the Middle District of Florida, sitting by designation.

                                         2
Customer Agreement exempts from the arbitration agreement “any dispute

involving a violation of the Communications Act of 1934 . . . or any statement or

law governing theft of service.” Both of these exemptions unambiguously cover

Perez’s claims. First, Perez’s claims involve a violation of the Communications

Act because her complaint expressly alleges that part of DirecTV’s scheme against

small minority-owned businesses involved threatening customers with lawsuits for

violating the Communications Act. Second, Perez’s claims involve statements or

law governing theft of service because her complaint alleges that DirecTV accused

her of theft of satellite cable television services and pressured her into a settlement.

      Because we conclude that Perez’s claims are outside the scope of the

arbitration agreement, we do not reach the issues of whether sections 1(h) and 9(d)

of the Customer Agreement are unconscionable, or whether the Lonstein

Appellants may enforce DirecTV’s arbitration agreement against Perez.

      AFFIRMED.




                                           3
                                                                         FILED
Perez v. DirecTV, LLC, Nos. 17-55764, 17-55775                            OCT 19 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
WATFORD, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                    U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



      I dissent, but I do so with great reluctance. The conduct DirecTV is accused

of engaging in here is deplorable. According to the allegations in Ms. Perez’s

complaint, a DirecTV salesman walked into her beauty salon and offered her a

great promotional deal if she signed up for DirecTV service for her business. The

salesman persuaded her to have the service hooked up that same day, and he could

see that the programming would be shown in Ms. Perez’s beauty salon, viewable

by her customers. But unbeknownst to Ms. Perez, DirecTV classified her account

as a residential account. Under the terms of service for a residential account,

DirecTV programming may not be shown in commercial establishments, such as

Ms. Perez’s beauty salon.

      For nearly two years, Ms. Perez remained a customer of DirecTV. During

that time, DirecTV never indicated that she might be misusing its services. The

first time Ms. Perez learned that there might be a problem was when she received a

call from DirecTV’s lawyer. The lawyer accused her of violating DirecTV’s terms

of service and the federal Communications Act by displaying DirecTV

programming in her beauty salon without authorization. The lawyer declared that

Ms. Perez owed DirecTV $75,000 in penalties and threatened to sue her in federal

court if she refused to pay. After a month of increasingly harassing calls, the
                                                                          Page 2 of 3

lawyer offered to settle the matter with Ms. Perez if she agreed to pay $5,000.

Fearing the prospect of a federal lawsuit, and without the benefit of legal counsel

of her own, Ms. Perez accepted the settlement offer.

      When Ms. Perez decided to file this class-action lawsuit to seek redress for

this extortionate behavior, DirecTV invoked the arbitration provision in its

customer agreement to keep the dispute out of court. Conveniently, DirecTV’s

arbitration provision includes an exception that leaves the company free to sue Ms.

Perez in court for any “theft of service” claims it might have against her. But it

requires Ms. Perez to arbitrate on an individual basis virtually any claim she might

have against DirecTV. As DirecTV well knows, precluding customers like Ms.

Perez from pursuing relief on a class-wide basis means that few will seek redress

for the kind of wrongdoing alleged here. It’s simply too expensive for an

individual consumer to hire a lawyer in such a dispute, even when the dispute will

be resolved through the streamlined process of arbitration.

      This heads-I-win, tails-you-lose arbitration regime strikes me as the height

of unfairness. I nonetheless feel compelled to dissent because, in my view, current

law allows DirecTV to enforce its arbitration provision against Ms. Perez. First, a

valid arbitration agreement exists in this case. Ms. Perez signed a document

stating in plain terms that she agreed to arbitrate all disputes with DirecTV in

accordance with the terms of the separate customer agreement available on
                                                                          Page 3 of 3

DirecTV’s website. See Shaw v. Regents of University of California, 67 Cal. Rptr.

2d 850, 855–56 (Ct. App. 1997). Second, Ms. Perez’s claims are covered by the

arbitration agreement. Although the scope of the exception for any dispute

“involving” a violation of the Communications Act or theft-of-service prohibitions

is ambiguous, and admittedly allows for the broad reading my colleagues have

adopted, ambiguities of this sort must be resolved in favor of arbitration. See

Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp., 460 U.S. 1,

24–25 (1983); Erickson v. Aetna Health Plans of California, Inc., 84 Cal. Rptr. 2d

76, 81–84 (Ct. App. 1999). Finally, even though the arbitration provision is

unfairly one-sided—it allows the claims DirecTV is likely to bring against its

customers to be resolved in court, while requiring the claims DirecTV’s customers

are likely to bring against the company to be resolved through arbitration—that

feature does not render the provision invalid. California law dictates that the one-

sided aspect of the provision may be severed, leaving the underlying agreement to

arbitrate enforceable. See Poublon v. C.H. Robinson Co., 846 F.3d 1251, 1272–74

(9th Cir. 2017).

      I take no pleasure in voting to reverse the denial of DirecTV’s motion to

compel arbitration. But in my view the confluence of California contract law and

Federal Arbitration Act jurisprudence compels that unfortunate result.
