                                       No. 119,151

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                    MORRIS JOHNSON,
                                      Appellant,

                                               v.

                           KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,
                                     Appellee.


                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
       In determining whether substantial competent evidence supports the district court's
findings, appellate courts must accept as true the evidence and all the reasonable
inferences drawn from the evidence which support the district court's findings and they
must disregard any conflicting evidence or other inferences that might be drawn from it.


2.
       In determining whether substantial competent evidence supports the district court's
findings, appellate courts will not reweigh evidence, resolve evidentiary conflicts, or
make witness credibility determinations.


3.
       The exclusionary rule—which prohibits the admission of evidence at trial that
officers or other governmental officials obtained through an unlawful search under the
Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution—does not apply in civil
administrative driver's license proceedings.




                                               1
4.
       A driver may raise Fourth Amendment claims in the administrative driver's license
hearing, but such claims do not trigger the exclusion of resultant evidence.


5.
       Constitutionally protected procedural due process requires that a person be
afforded a right to be heard in a meaningful way before being deprived of life, liberty, or
property.


6.
       Suspension of a person's driver's license involves state action that adjudicates
important interests of the licensees. In such cases the State cannot take the license away
without the procedural due process required by the Fourteenth Amendment.


7.
       The statutory provisions that allow an administrative hearing and further appeal to
the district court for a trial de novo on a driver's license suspension satisfy procedural due
process concerns. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 8-1020; K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 8-259.


8.
       If a constitutional claim is governed by a specific constitutional provision, such as
the Fourth or Eighth Amendment, the court must analyze the claim under the standard
appropriate to that specific provision, not under the rubric of substantive due process.


9.
       Generally, the Fourth Amendment applies to all governmental action, not just
actions in criminal investigation; and its protections apply to all people, not just criminal
defendants.


                                              2
10.
       A breath test is considered a search for Fourth Amendment purposes.


11.
       Whether a warrantless search is in a manner consistent with an exception to the
warrant requirement necessarily depends on a Fourth Amendment analysis. Accordingly,
we do not analyze it under the substantive due process rubric.


12.
       Substantive due process has been described as protection from arbitrary
government action.


13.
       Substantive due process protection limits what the government may do in both its
legislative and executive capacities. Criteria to identify what is fatally arbitrary differ
depending on whether it is legislation or the specific act of a government officer at issue.


14.
       In cases involving abusive executive action, only the most egregious official
conduct can be said to be arbitrary in the constitutional substantive due process sense.


15.
       If a statute is necessary for the effectuation of a legitimate and substantial state
interest, and not applied in an arbitrary or capricious manner, it does not violate the Due
Process Clause.


       Appeal from Cowley District Court; LADONNA L. LANNING, judge. Opinion filed July 17, 2020.
Affirmed.



                                                3
       Kevin J. Zolotor, of O'Hara & O'Hara LLC, of Wichita, for appellant.


       Adam D. King, of Legal Services Bureau, Kansas Department of Revenue, for appellee.


Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., WARNER, J., and LAHEY, S.J.


       ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J.: Morris Johnson appeals the district court's decision
affirming the administrative suspension of his driver's license after he was involved in a
single-vehicle, noninjury accident in January 2016. He raises two primary challenges:
First, he challenges the court's finding that the officer had statutory authority to request
blood-alcohol testing; and second, he asserts that the officer or the agency violated his
due process rights after the officer read an unconstitutional implied consent advisory.
Because we find that the district court relied on substantial competent evidence to find
that the officer had reasonable grounds to believe that Johnson operated his vehicle while
under the influence of alcohol before requesting a chemical test, the district court did not
err. And because we find that Johnson has established no constitutional due process
violation after the officer read implied consent advisories later found unconstitutional, his
claim fails.


                            FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY


       On an evening in January 2016, dispatchers sent Master Trooper Robert LaVelle
to a car accident with possible injuries in Cowley County, Kansas. While the officer was
still en route, another report came in that it was a noninjury accident, so he slowed down.


       When LaVelle arrived, he began to investigate the accident while the driver—later
identified as Johnson—was with EMS workers in an ambulance. Because there were no
skid marks and the vehicle was upside down in the opposite ditch, LaVelle ultimately
determined Johnson had failed to navigate a curve, gone off the road, then overcorrected

                                                  4
and rolled the vehicle off into the opposite ditch. After his investigation, LaVelle told the
EMS workers to bring Johnson back to his patrol car when they were finished evaluating
and treating him.


       Eventually, they began to escort Johnson from the ambulance to the trooper's
patrol car. LaVelle testified he noticed Johnson sway from one side to the other as he
walked to the car and the firefighters had to weave around Johnson to keep up with him.
The lights from the patrol car reflected in such a way to make a straight line from the
ambulance, so LaVelle could see Johnson go from one side of the line to the other as he
was walking.


       Once Johnson was placed in the car, an EMS worker told LaVelle that Johnson
had given the wrong birth date while in the ambulance and that he had smelled a very
strong odor of alcohol while in the ambulance with Johnson. LaVelle also noticed the
odor of alcohol and that Johnson had bloodshot eyes. Johnson failed some
nonstandardized field sobriety tests but LaVelle chose not to perform the walk-and-turn
test or the one-legged-stand test because of the accident. As a result, LaVelle read
Johnson his Miranda rights and placed him under arrest for driving under the influence of
alcohol (DUI). LaVelle then provided Johnson with a copy of the implied consent
advisories form (DC-70) and asked Johnson to submit to an evidentiary breath test.


       The DC-70 advisory form provided to Johnson stated, in part:


       "1.     Kansas law (K.S.A. 8-1001) requires you to submit to and complete one or more
               tests of breath, blood or urine to determine if you are under the influence of
               alcohol or drugs or both.


       "2.     The opportunity to consent to or refuse a test is not a constitutional right.


       ....

                                                     5
       "4.    If you refuse to submit to and complete any test of breath, blood or urine
              hereafter requested by a law enforcement officer, you may be charged with a
              separate crime of refusing to submit to a test to determine the presence of alcohol
              or drugs, which carries criminal penalties that are greater than or equal to the
              criminal penalties for the crime of driving under the influence if you have a prior
              refusal for an evidentiary test for alcohol or drugs or a prior conviction or
              diversion for DUI or driving a commercial motor vehicle with an alcohol content
              of .04 or more, and such prior refusal or conviction occurred on or after July 1,
              2001, and when you were 18 years of age or older."


       Johnson agreed to take a breath test, which revealed he had a blood-alcohol
concentration of 0.163. LaVelle then completed and provided Johnson with a certification
and notice of suspension form (DC-27).


       Johnson formally requested an administrative hearing. The administrative hearing
officer affirmed the suspension of Johnson's driving privileges, finding LaVelle had
reasonable grounds to believe Johnson was DUI and reflecting Johnson was involved in a
motor vehicle accident. The hearing officer also rejected Johnson's challenge to the
advisories.


       Johnson timely petitioned for judicial review, arguing the officer lacked
reasonable grounds to request testing, that probable cause to arrest him was lacking, and
that the advisories in the DC-70 coerced his consent in violation of his due process rights.
After a hearing, at which LaVelle and Johnson testified, the district court denied
Johnson's petition, affirming the suspension of his driving privileges. First, the court
noted the facts were sufficiently similar to Wright v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, No.
116,777, 2017 WL 6062260 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 310
Kan. 1071 (2019), to warrant the same outcome. When discussing whether LaVelle had
probable cause to arrest Johnson for a DUI, the court explained:



                                                   6
       "Trooper LaVelle completed a 20- to 30-minute investigation of the accident scene
       before even speaking to [Johnson]. He noted no skid marks in the accident and that it was
       of sufficient severity to roll the vehicle. Under the Poteet [v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 43
       Kan. App. 2d 412, 233 P.3d 286 (2010)] case, the officer's belief and reasonable basis for
       finding under the influence of alcohol was only based on his observations of the accident
       scene and a statement from EMS. There was no meeting of that officer with or testing of
       the driver. Here, in addition to the scene of the accident and the statement of EMS,
       Trooper LaVelle noted on the DC-27 report admitted into evidence several observations
       of [Johnson] listed in paragraph no. 7, without even any testing required. As to Trooper
       LaVelle doing no walking test, [Johnson's] argument that the accident could have caused
       him to weave when walking towards the vehicles is unpersuasive. [Johnson] refused
       treatment from EMS, so no injury was sufficient to prevent his walking. And his walking
       to the officer or trooper's vehicle was at least 45 minutes to an hour after the accident and
       after the observations by the EMS, as far as injuries were concerned to petitioner."


       Johnson timely appealed.


                                               ANALYSIS


The officer had statutory authority to request a breath test.


       Johnson argues the district court erred in concluding the officer had reasonable
grounds to request a breath test or probable cause to arrest him for DUI. First, he asserts
the court committed legal error by applying an incorrect legal standard when evaluating
probable cause, warranting a remand so the district court can apply the correct standard.
Alternatively, Johnson points to the lack of any field sobriety testing before his arrest as
support to overturn the suspension.




                                                     7
       Our standard of review is substantial competent evidence.


       When reviewing a district court's decision in a driver's license suspension case,
appellate courts generally will determine whether substantial competent evidence in the
record supported the district court's factual findings and whether the conclusion derived
from those findings is legally correct. Casper v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 309 Kan.
1211, 1213, 442 P.3d 1038 (2019). Substantial competent evidence is evidence that has
both relevance and substance and provides a substantial basis of fact from which the
court can reasonably resolve the issues. Wiles v. American Family Life Assurance Co.,
302 Kan. 66, 73, 350 P.3d 1071 (2015).


       In Casper, the Kansas Supreme Court clarified that "'[i]n determining whether
substantial competent evidence supports the district court's findings, appellate courts must
accept as true the evidence and all the reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence
which support the district court's findings and must disregard any conflicting evidence or
other inferences that might be drawn from it.'" (Emphasis added.) 309 Kan. at 1220; see
also Poteet v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 43 Kan. App. 2d 412, 414, 233 P.3d 286 (2010)
("[W]e do not consider other evidence that might support a different result as long as
sufficient evidence supports the district court's decision."). Nor will this court reweigh
evidence, resolve evidentiary conflicts, or make witness credibility determinations. State
v. Chandler, 307 Kan. 657, 668, 414 P.3d 713 (2018).


       Before the KDOR may suspend a person's driver's license for a breath test failure,
a law enforcement officer must certify that the officer had reasonable grounds to believe
that the person had operated a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. K.S.A. 2015
Supp. 8-1002(a)(2). Whether an officer had "reasonable grounds" is a mixed question of
law and fact, so this court will independently review the district court's ultimate legal
conclusion—whether reasonable grounds existed—but will defer to the district court's
factual findings. Casper, 309 Kan. at 1213 (citing Poteet, 43 Kan. App. 2d at 415).

                                              8
       We review legal standards applicable in an administrative driver's license
       suspension case.


       As a starting point, we briefly review some of the legal standards applicable in an
administrative driver's license suspension case.


       The implied consent statute requires an officer to request a person submit to
testing under certain conditions. The statute in effect when the State suspended Johnson's
driver's license provided:


               "A law enforcement officer shall request a person to submit to a test or tests
       deemed consented to under subsection (a): (1) If, at the time of the request, the officer
       has reasonable grounds to believe the person was operating or attempting to operate a
       vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or both . . . and one of the
       following conditions exists: (A) The person has been arrested or otherwise taken into
       custody for any violation of any state statute, county resolution or city ordinance; or (B)
       the person has been involved in a vehicle accident or collision resulting in property
       damage or personal injury other than serious injury." K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1001(b).


       Based on this provision, two predicates need to be established before an officer is
authorized to request an evidentiary breath test: (1) reasonable grounds to believe a
person is DUI; and (2) the person has been placed under arrest, taken into custody, or
been involved in a car accident. See also K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1002(a) (requiring officer
to certify these facts after a test failure or refusal).


       Johnson was involved in a vehicle accident that damaged property.


       The parties agree that Johnson was involved in a car accident and the record
supports that fact. Based on the plain language of the statute, LaVelle did not need to



                                                     9
arrest Johnson prior to requesting the test because the car accident supplied the necessary
basis to support the second prong. Even so, the first prong was also established.


       The officer had probable cause to believe Johnson was operating a vehicle under
       the influence of alcohol.


       Kansas courts have long held that "reasonable grounds" under the implied consent
statute resembles probable cause and "[p]robable cause exists where the officer's
knowledge of the surrounding facts and circumstances creates a reasonable belief that the
defendant committed a specific crime. Probable cause does not require an officer have
evidence of every element of the crime." Smith v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 291 Kan.
510, 515, 242 P.3d 1179 (2010). Courts determine the existence of probable cause by
evaluating the totality of the circumstances. Swank v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 294 Kan.
871, 881, 281 P.3d 135 (2012) (citing Allen v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 292 Kan. 653,
656-57, 256 P.3d 845 [2011]).


       Although these concepts are basically synonymous, the Kansas Supreme Court has
also said that "an officer may have reasonable grounds to believe a person is operating a
vehicle under the influence sufficient to request a test under the statute—but not have the
probable cause required to make an arrest under K.S.A. 8-1001." Smith, 291 Kan. at 514.


       Here Johnson argues that LaVelle had no authority to request a breath test because
he did not have the requisite reasonable grounds. Johnson asserts that (1) the district court
improperly relied on a disapproved definition of probable cause; and (2) reasonable
grounds did not exist based on the lack of sufficient information that Johnson was driving
while under the influence.




                                             10
       The district court applied the correct probable cause standard.


       Johnson first contends the district court applied the wrong legal standard when
evaluating probable cause, asserting the KDOR improperly referenced a definition later
disapproved of by the Kansas Supreme Court. The panel decision in Poteet relied on
previous language providing that "[p]robable cause to arrest is reached when a reasonably
prudent police officer would believe that guilt is 'more than a mere possibility.'" 43 Kan.
App. 2d at 416. As Johnson points out and the KDOR acknowledges, the Kansas
Supreme Court explicitly disapproved of this language in Sloop v. Kansas Dept. of
Revenue, 296 Kan. 13, 21, 290 P.3d 555 (2012). Sloop clarified that probable cause exists
when


       "'"the facts and circumstances within their [the arresting officers'] knowledge and of
       which they had reasonably trustworthy information [are] sufficient in themselves to
       warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that" an offense has been or is being
       committed.'" 296 Kan. at 21.


       That said, we agree with the KDOR that merely referencing Poteet in its ruling
does not mean the district court applied the disapproved definition of probable cause. The
district court's use of Poteet was simply to compare the facts supporting a probable cause
finding. The court specifically noted that the probable cause finding in Poteet was "only
based on [the officer's] observations of the accident scene and a statement from EMS"
and "[t]here was no meeting of that officer with or testing of the driver." In contrast, the
court here found that the facts showed: (1) LaVelle had completed a 20- to 30-minute
investigation of the scene before speaking with Johnson; and (2) LaVelle observed
several signs of impairment—including an odor of alcohol, failed sobriety tests, slurred
speech, bloodshot eyes, difficulty communicating, poor balance/coordination, and
Johnson admitting he consumed alcohol. Although the court never explicitly stated as
much, the record establishes that the court correctly considered the totality of the


                                                   11
circumstances when evaluating probable cause. Nor did the district court err in its
conclusion that these facts supported a finding of probable cause to arrest Johnson.


       Substantial competent evidence supports the district court's findings.


       As Johnson succinctly explains in his brief, his "chief argument is that the trooper
did not do any sort of testing or analysis" before placing him under arrest for DUI and
requesting a blood-alcohol test, thus the officer lacked sufficient information to establish
the required probable cause. Johnson also contends that he could easily explain the
available evidence by the fact he was just in a car accident. These arguments are not
persuasive.


       First, the record refutes Johnson's "chief argument." While LaVelle agreed that he
chose not to ask Johnson to perform the walk-and-turn test or the one-legged-stand test
because of the accident, his testimony suggests he performed at least some field sobriety
testing. During redirect examination at the trial, the following exchange occurred:


       "[Counsel for KDOR]: . . . [I]sn't it true that on some of your testing, you didn't do the walk and
       turn and one-legged stand test because he'd been in an accident?
       [LaVelle]: That's correct, sir." (Emphasis added.)


The administrative hearing officer's notes also reflect Johnson failed two nonstandardized
tests, specifically the alphabet test and the "Finger test."


       Second, in reviewing the evidence we "must accept as true the evidence and all the
reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence which support the district court's findings
and must disregard any conflicting evidence or other inferences that might be drawn from
it." Casper, 309 Kan. at 1220. Substantial competent evidence supported the district court
findings. More specifically:

                                                    12
    Johnson was in an accident while it was still light outside, in which he missed a
       curve, overcorrected, and rolled into a ditch.
    There were no skid marks.
    Johnson totaled his vehicle.
    Attending EMS and the arresting officer both noted a "very strong odor" of
       alcoholic beverage coming from Johnson.
    Trooper LaVelle observed Johnson weaving while he walked.
    Lavelle noticed Johnson had bloodshot eyes.
    Johnson had no apparent injuries from the accident.
    Johnson declined medical treatment.
    LaVelle also noted that Johnson provided an incorrect date of birth to the EMS
       attendants.


       Finally, Johnson asks this court to reweigh the evidence to support an alternate
conclusion: that the officer misinterpreted his observations as signs of impairment, when
they could have easily been explained as consequences of the car accident. This analysis
would deviate from the standard of review. See Casper, 309 Kan. at 1220. As mentioned,
the district court found multiple facts that supported the reasonable grounds ruling:
(1) LaVelle's investigation of the accident—specifically the lack of any skid marks on the
road—suggested Johnson had missed the curve, overcorrected, and rolled the vehicle into
the ditch; (2) EMS workers made statements suggesting Johnson was impaired;
(3) LaVelle observed signs of impairment in Johnson; and (4) Johnson's refusal of
treatment and delay after the accident—which both undercut his argument that injuries
from the accident explained his weaving. Each of these factual findings are supported by
LaVelle's testimony recounting his observations that evening.


       In sum, the facts here present a substantial factual basis to support the officer's
belief that the car accident occurred because Johnson was driving while under the


                                             13
influence of alcohol. Those facts supported the district court's ultimate conclusion that
probable cause existed to support a lawful arrest. And the accident established the
necessary predicate without the arrest, so the officer had to request a breath test because
he had reasonable grounds to believe Johnson was DUI. That test suggested Johnson was
driving with a blood-alcohol concentration above the limit permitted by Kansas law. We
find that substantial competent evidence supports the district court's conclusions and its
legal analysis was correct.


The State did not violate Johnson's due process rights.


       Johnson next argues the officer violated his due process rights because the officer
incorrectly advised him that the opportunity to consent or refuse a blood-alcohol test is
not a constitutional right and that he could be charged with a crime for refusing the test.
As the KDOR points out, Johnson's claim is somewhat difficult to discern because he
appears to make three separate but related arguments: (1) The breath test results were
obtained unlawfully because his consent was coerced in violation of the Fourth
Amendment; (2) his procedural due process rights were violated based on Kempke v.
Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 281 Kan. 770, 133 P.3d 104 (2006); and (3) his substantive due
process rights were violated based on State v. Ryce, 303 Kan. 899, 368 P.3d 342 (2016)
(Ryce I), aff'd on reh'g 306 Kan. 682, 396 P.3d 711 (2017) (Ryce II).


       We examine our standard of review.


       Because appeals from the administrative suspension of driver's licenses are subject
to review under the Kansas Judicial Review Act (KJRA), this court's scope of review is
limited by K.S.A. 77-601 et seq. On appeal, the burden of proving the invalidity of an
agency action rests on the asserting party—in this case Johnson. See K.S.A. 77-621(a)(1).
Under K.S.A. 77-621(c), this court can only grant relief if one or more of the eight listed


                                             14
circumstances are present. In his petition for review of administrative hearing order,
Johnson delineates these four statutory bases for his petition:


       "[The agency has] acted beyond the jurisdiction conferred by law; [the agency] has
       erroneously interpreted or applied the law; [the agency] has engaged in an unlawful
       procedure or has failed to follow prescribed procedure; and [the agency] action is based
       upon a determination of fact that is not supported by substantial evidence when viewed
       in light of the record as a whole."


       In addition, matters of statutory and constitutional interpretation "raise pure
questions of law subject to unlimited appellate review." Martin v. Kansas Dept. of
Revenue, 285 Kan. 625, Syl. ¶ 1, 176 P.3d 938 (2008), overruled on other grounds by
City of Atwood v. Pianalto, 301 Kan. 1008, 350 P.3d 1048 (2015). As a result, when
resolving Johnson's claims involves either statutory or constitutional interpretation, this
court exercises unlimited review.


       To begin, the parties agree that some of the information in the implied consent
advisories Johnson received were later declared unconstitutional. Just a month after
Johnson's failed breath test, the Kansas Supreme Court held that the statute imposing
criminal penalties on a driver for withdrawing his or her implied consent or refusing to
submit to a breath test was facially unconstitutional. Ryce I, 303 Kan. 899, Syl. ¶ 12.
Similarly, in State v. Nece, 303 Kan. 888, 897, 367 P.3d 1260 (2016) (Nece I), aff'd on
reh'g 306 Kan. 679, 396 P.3d 709 (2017) (Nece II), our Supreme Court held that giving
unconstitutional implied consent advisories before a defendant's consent leads to
coercion.


       To date, the Kansas Supreme Court has not invalidated the entire Kansas implied
consent statutory scheme and has not expressed willingness to do so.




                                                  15
       The exclusionary rule does not apply in administrative driver's license suspension
       cases.


       That said, the Ryce and Nece decisions—which both involved criminal DUI
trials—have little bearing on Johnson's administrative driver's license suspension case. As
the Kansas Supreme Court has recognized, an administrative suspension is a civil matter
and "civil and criminal proceedings are wholly separate from one another and are
intended to serve two different purposes." Martin, 285 Kan. at 642. The court found that
the exclusionary rule—which prohibits the government from submitting evidence at trial
that was obtained through an unlawful search under the Fourth Amendment—does not
apply in civil administrative driver's license proceedings. Martin, 285 Kan. at 646; see
also Kingsley v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 288 Kan. 390, 396, 204 P.3d 562 (2009) ("[A]
petitioner may raise Fourth Amendment claims, but such claims have no practical effect
[meaning such claims do not trigger the exclusion of resultant evidence] in the
administrative context.").


       Johnson makes clear in his brief that he does not believe cases discussing the
exclusionary rule and suppression of evidence are relevant, yet he mainly cites criminal
cases analyzing those issues. See Ryce I, 303 Kan. at 944 ("Fourth Amendment principles
recognize that a consent implied through 8-1001 can be withdrawn."); State v. Edgar, 296
Kan. 513, 527, 294 P.3d 251 (2013) ("[I]t is well established that consent to search may
be withdrawn in other contexts when warrantless Fourth Amendment searches are
premised on that consent.").


       Johnson does cite Sloop, 296 Kan. 13, asserting that it is directly analogous to the
facts here. But Sloop's driver's license suspension was overturned because the Kansas
Supreme Court determined the arresting officer lacked probable cause, precluding
statutory authority to even request the test. 296 Kan. at 23. Johnson seeks to characterize
this as suppressing "the results of the request for testing (in that case a refusal)," but that

                                               16
is not a fair description. The Sloop court essentially determined the suspension would be
invalid even if the driver had consented since the officer lacked statutory authority to
request the test. In contrast, as discussed, the officer here had statutory authority to
request Johnson submit to testing, so any reliance on Sloop is misguided.


       And finally, even if we were to recognize the application of the exclusionary rule
in the context of an administrative driver's license suspension, we would find the good-
faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies under these circumstances. The good-faith
exception to the exclusionary rule initially applied when a law enforcement officer
reasonably relied on a search warrant later found to be invalid, but the exception has
since been extended to law enforcement officers who reasonably rely on a statute
authorizing a warrantless search later found to be unconstitutional. See Illinois v. Krull,
480 U.S. 340, 349-50, 107 S. Ct. 1160, 94 L. Ed. 2d 364 (1987); State v. Daniel, 291
Kan. 490, 498-500, 242 P.3d 1186 (2010) (adopting Krull), cert. denied 563 U.S. 945
(2011). To determine whether a law enforcement officer reasonably relied on a statute,
courts are to consider whether the Legislature "'wholly abandoned its responsibility to
enact constitutional laws'" and whether the statute was so clearly unconstitutional that a
reasonable officer should have known that it was unconstitutional. Daniel, 291 Kan. at
500 (quoting Krull, 480 U.S. at 355); State v. Kraemer, 52 Kan. App. 2d 686, Syl. ¶¶ 6-7,
371 P.3d 954 (2016).


       Here, it is undisputed that Johnson was arrested before the release of the Ryce I
and Nece I decisions by the Kansas Supreme Court. As this court found in Kraemer, 52
Kan. App. at 699, there is "nothing here to suggest either that the Kansas Legislature
wholly abandoned its responsibility to enact constitutional laws or that [K.S.A. 2015
Supp. 8-1025] was so clearly unconstitutional . . . that a reasonably well-trained officer
would have known that it was unconstitutional." When LaVelle arrested Johnson, K.S.A.
2015 Supp. 8-1001 required that he advise Johnson of the potential criminal
consequences of refusal before asking him to submit to testing. We would not expect a

                                              17
reasonable law enforcement officer to predict the answer to this difficult constitutional
question. See State v. Perkins, 310 Kan. 764, 771, 449 P.3d 756 (2019) (good-faith
exception applied in criminal DUI case when officer gave unconstitutional implied
consent advisory). The good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule would allow
admission of the breath test result under Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.


        In short, Johnson has not provided a persuasive argument that he is entitled to
relief based on Fourth Amendment principles.


        So the analysis must turn to whether Johnson's due process rights were violated
under K.S.A. 8-1001 et seq. Yet whether Johnson is alleging a procedural or substantive
due process violation is difficult to discern from his brief. As a result, we will discuss
both.


        Johnson fails to establish a procedural due process violation.


        Constitutionally protected procedural due process requires that a person be
afforded a right to be heard in a meaningful way before being deprived of life, liberty, or
property. U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Kan. Const. Bill of Rights, § 18; Creecy v. Kansas
Dept. of Revenue, 310 Kan. 454, 462, 447 P.3d 959 (2019). Johnson correctly cites
Kempke in support of a right to procedural due process in a driver's license suspension
case.


        "A person's entitlement to due process in drivers' license suspension cases is well-settled.
        '"Suspension of issued licenses . . . involves state action that adjudicates important
        interests of the licensees. In such cases the licenses are not to be taken away without that
        procedural due process required by the Fourteenth Amendment." [Citations omitted.]'"
        281 Kan. at 776.




                                                     18
       In Kempke, the Kansas Supreme Court determined that the provisions allowing an
administrative hearing and further appeal to the district court for a trial de novo on a
driver's license suspension satisfy procedural due process concerns. 281 Kan. at 794-95
("Due process requires notice and a meaningful hearing before formal action is taken to
deprive a person of his or her license; both of these are provided under current Kansas
law."); see K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 8-1020. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 8-259; see also Creecy, 310
Kan. at 465 (holding a mandatory $50 administrative fee before a driver can exercise the
right to a hearing on the suspension of driving privileges is facially unconstitutional as a
deprivation of procedural due process); Barnhart v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 243 Kan.
209, 215, 755 P.2d 1337 (1988) ("'The Kansas statute, which allows for a full evidentiary
hearing before driving privileges are suspended, does not violate due process merely
because the plastic driver's license is taken and a paper license substituted in its place.'").
This court is duty-bound to follow Kansas Supreme Court precedent absent some
indication that the court is departing from its earlier position. See State v. Hall, 298 Kan.
978, 983, 319 P.3d 506 (2014).


       As the KDOR points out, Johnson never alleges that he was deprived a chance for
an administrative review or trial de novo on his claims. Thus, his procedural due process
claim fails because the record shows both administrative and judicial review of his
driver's license suspension.


       Because Johnson's claim is covered by the Fourth Amendment, he cannot pursue a
       substantive due process claim.


       The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects both
procedural and substantive due process rights against state government interference. See
State v. Robinson, 303 Kan. 11, 175, 363 P.3d 875 (2015). Because Johnson contends
very broadly that his due process rights were violated, we next look to his claim of a
violation of substantive due process under these facts.

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       We begin with the rule established by the United States Supreme Court that "if a
constitutional claim is covered by a specific constitutional provision, such as the Fourth
or Eighth Amendment, the claim must be analyzed under the standard appropriate to that
specific provision, not under the rubric of substantive due process." United States v.
Lanier, 520 U.S. 259, 272 n.7, 117 S. Ct. 1219, 137 L. Ed. 2d 432 (1997). In Martin, 285
Kan. at 635, the Supreme Court found the "[g]enerally the Fourth Amendment applies to
all governmental action, not just actions in criminal investigation; and its protections
apply to all people, not just criminal defendants." A breath test is considered a search for
Fourth Amendment purposes. Nece I, 303 Kan. at 890. Whether a warrantless search in a
manner consistent with an exception to the warrant requirement—consent being the one
relied on here—the foundational issue necessarily depends on a Fourth Amendment
analysis. We conclude that under Lanier, we cannot analyze this case under a substantive
due process rubric. The case must rise or fall on a Fourth Amendment analysis. We have
already examined why Johnson's claim fails under a Fourth Amendment analysis.


       Johnson fails to establish a substantive due process violation.


       But even examining Johnson's substantive due process claim, we find it fails.


       Substantive due process has been described as protection from arbitrary
government action. Darling v. Kansas Water Office, 245 Kan. 45, 51, 774 P.2d 941
(1989). It protects fundamental liberty interests against government encroachment. See
Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720-21, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 138 L. Ed. 2d 772
(1997). "Among recognized substantive due process liberty interests are the right to bear
and raise children, the right to marry, and various other rights closely allied with those
explicitly guaranteed in the Bill of Rights." Taylor v. Kansas Dept. of Health and
Environment, 49 Kan. App. 2d 233, 244, 305 P.3d 729 (2013). "While due process
protection in the substantive sense limits what the government may do in both its
legislative, and its executive capacities, criteria to identify what is fatally arbitrary differ

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depending on whether it is legislation or a specific act of a governmental officer that is at
issue. [Citations omitted.]" County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 846, 118 S. Ct.
1708, 140 L. Ed. 2d 1043 (1998).


       It appears Johnson is claiming the driver's license suspension statute itself violates
his substantive due process rights. We draw this conclusion because he makes no claim
against any individual government actor, except perhaps LaVelle who read the now
unconstitutional advisory to him. But cases involving abusive executive action
"emphasize[] that only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be 'arbitrary in
the constitutional sense.'" 523 U.S. at 846. The parties agree that LaVelle merely read the
statutorily mandated implied consent advisory to him—an advisory that our Supreme
Court had not yet declared unconstitutional in the criminal context. Such conduct could
not reasonably be described as egregious official conduct.


       Nor does he make a specific claim against the government agency—Kansas
Department of Revenue—as the "bad actor" here. Although in his petition for review of
administrative hearing order he claims the agency has erroneously interpreted or applied
the law and the agency has engaged in an unlawful procedure or has failed to follow
prescribed procedure, he does little on appeal to pursue that argument except for a
conclusory statement: "Allowing the government to suspend driving privileges based
upon testing results obtained through involuntary consent violates Due Process." We
should not be forced to speculate about his argument and the support for it or lack
thereof. Failure to support a point with pertinent authority or show why it is sound despite
a lack of supporting authority or in the face of contrary authority is like failing to brief
the issue. In re Adoption of T.M.M.H., 307 Kan. 902, 912, 416 P.3d 999 (2018). So we
decline to examine Johnson's substantive due process claim as it relates to egregious
action on the part of a governmental agency—here the Kansas Department of Revenue.




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       Because Johnson makes no cognizable claim regarding substantive due process
related to any individual or agency government actor, the only alternative is a legislative
claim. In reviewing legislation as a violation of substantive due process, the Kansas
Supreme Court has held that "statutes, if reasonably necessary for the effectuation of a
legitimate and substantial state interest, and not an arbitrary or capricious in application,
are not invalid under the Due Process Clause. Kansas Commission on Civil Rights v.
Sears, Roebuck & Co., 216 Kan. 306, 318, 532 P.2d 1263 (1975); see also Brown v.
Wichita State University, 219 Kan. 2, 21, 547 P.2d 1015 (1976) (noting that when
legislation is challenged as violative of due process, the challenger must demonstrate that
the legislation bears no reasonable relation to a permissible legislative objective).


       Johnson's substantive due process claim appears to rely on language in Ryce I. He
points to the court's quote from United States v. Goodwin, 457 U.S. 368, 372, 102 S. Ct.
2485, 73 L. Ed. 2d 74 (1982), that "[t]o punish a person because he has done what the
law plainly allows him to do is a due process violation 'of the most basic sort.'" Ryce I,
303 Kan. at 956. But we must put this quote in context. The Ryce I court's substantive
due process analysis centered on the fact that the driver in that case had refused a test. So
K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 8-1025 (criminalizing refusal to take a breath test) was punishing
Ryce for doing something he had a right to do—refuse the breath test. It was K.S.A. 2014
Supp. 8-1025 that violated substantive due process, not K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 8-1001. That
was not the case here. Johnson took the test. And clearly, based on the court's decision in
Nece II, an implied consent advisory that unconstitutionally threatens criminal
prosecution for refusing a test is not voluntary and, based on the exclusionary rule, cannot
be used against a defendant in a criminal trial. 306 Kan. at 681.


       But this is not a criminal proceeding and Johnson provides no other argument for a
substantive due process claim in his civil driver's license suspension case. Our Supreme
Court has been clear that a person does not have a fundamental right to have a driver's
license. "But once a person does possess a driver's license, that person has an interest in

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the license which the State cannot take away without providing procedural due process."
Creecy, 310 Kan. at 466. We have already determined that Johnson was not denied
procedural due process. Johnson does not claim that the statutory scheme for suspension
of driver's licenses does not amount to a legitimate and substantial state interest, nor does
he argue that it was applied here in an arbitrary or capricious manner. See Kansas
Commission on Civil Rights, 216 Kan. at 318. Our Supreme Court has held that
"compulsory testing for alcohol or drugs through driver's implied . . . consent does not
violate the Constitution; it is reasonable in light of the State's compelling interest in
safety on the public roads." Martin, 285 Kan. at 635. For these reasons, Johnson has not
made a cognizable claim for a violation of his substantive due process rights in this case.


       Affirmed.




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