                                        In the
                         Missouri Court of Appeals
                                 Western District
 KDW STAFFING, LLC,                          )
                                             )
                  Appellant,                 )   WD82496
                                             )
 v.                                          )   OPINION FILED: October 8, 2019
                                             )
 GROVE CONSTRUCTION, LLC,                    )
                                             )
                 Respondent.                 )

               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Boone County, Missouri
                          The Honorable Jeffrey Harris, Judge

      Before Division One: Cynthia L. Martin, Presiding Judge, Alok Ahuja, Judge and
                              Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judge


        KDW Staffing, LLC ("KDW") appeals the trial court's entry of judgment

("Judgment") that found in favor of Grove Construction ("Grove") on a claim for action on

account. KDW asserts the trial court erred in finding that KDW failed to meet its

evidentiary burden that invoices and time cards were timely submitted to Grove for

payment. KDW further asserts that the trial court erred in finding that Grove had a

meritorious laches defense; that KDW materially breached terms of a contract between

KDW and Grove; and that KDW failed to prove that it was entitled to interest payments on
overdue accounts. Because KDW has failed to challenge all bases supporting the trial

court's Judgment, we affirm.

                               Factual and Procedural Background1

        KDW is a staffing company in Columbia that contracts with construction companies

to provide general laborers and other skilled workers for commercial construction projects.

On May 27, 2014, KDW entered into a one-year General Staffing Agreement

("Agreement") to provide general laborers ("Assigned Employees") to Grove on an hourly

basis. The Assigned Employees performed work on a commercial construction project that

involved improvements to an apartment complex. Grove's underlying contract with the

owners of the apartment complex was a "time and materials" contract. The time and

materials contract required Grove to provide on a monthly basis to the apartment owner

the actual cost of labor and materials as the costs were incurred, including the cost of

Assigned Employees.

        The Agreement between KDW and Grove required KDW to send invoices "via the

United States Postal Service or a nationally recognized courier" to Grove for services

provided by the Assigned Employees on a weekly basis. The Agreement also required that

KDW invoices "be supported by the pertinent time sheets or other agreed system for

documenting time worked by Assigned Employees."

        KDW billed Grove weekly invoices for Assigned Employees labor costs through

September 2014. Erin Lent ("Lent") was an accountant with KDW who oversaw invoicing


        1
          "We view the evidence and its reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the trial court's
judgment and we disregard contrary evidence and inferences." Federal Nat. Mortg. Ass'n v. Bostwick, 414 S.W.3d
521, 524 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013).

                                                       2
for the Grove account. However, on September 19, 2014, Lent left KDW's employment.

Beginning September 19, 2014, KDW repeatedly failed to provide weekly invoices and

supporting time sheets to Grove. Grove paid all invoices received through December 17,

2014 that were supported by time sheets, and even some invoices that were not supported

by time sheets. Additional invoices were provided to Grove after December 17, 2014, but

were not paid by Grove because upon Grove's request, KDW failed to support the invoices

with time cards. The Agreement expired on May 27, 2015. By July 15, 2015, Grove had

completed the construction project at the apartment complex and closed out all accounts

on the underlying time and materials contract, having provided the apartment complex

owners with a final statement. On July 15, 2015, KDW provided Grove time sheets

supporting $50,282.14 for allegedly unpaid services provided by Assigned Employees.

      In April 2016, KDW filed an action on account to recover payment on invoices

totaling $65,818.58. A trial to the court was held. KDW's sole witness testified that Grove

paid in excess of $80,000 on invoiced services. Evidence adduced by Grove corroborated

KDW's sole witness's claim, demonstrating that $88,808.75 had been paid to KDW by

Grove. KDW failed to adduce evidence demonstrating the entire value of services

provided by KDW to Grove.

      The trial court awarded Judgment in favor of Grove. Because KDW failed to

demonstrate the total value of services provided on account, the Judgment found that the

total amount invoiced on account was $65,818.58. The Judgment found that Grove had

met its burden to prove the affirmative defense of payment because "the total of the proven

payments on the account exceeds the amount that KDW undertook to prove was owed on

                                            3
the account." The Judgment also found that Grove met its burden to prove the affirmative

defense of laches on any amount in excess of the $50,282.14, which was invoiced with

supporting time sheets on July 15, 2015. The Judgment found that KDW had materially

breached the terms of the Agreement by not sending weekly invoices supported by time

sheets "via the United States Postal Service or a nationally recognized courier" as required

by the Agreement. The Judgment found that KDW failed to prove the essential elements

to support an action on account because KDW failed to prove the reasonableness and

correctness of each invoice. Finally, the Judgment rejected KDW's claims for interest and

attorney's fees.

       KDW timely appeals.2

                                              Standard of Review

       "When reviewing a trial court's judgment in a court-tried case, the judgment will be

affirmed unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the

evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law." Agriservices of Brunswick, LLC

v. Jacoby, 548 S.W.3d 430, 434-35 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018) (citing Holm v. Wells Fargo

Home Mortgage, 514 S.W.3d 590, 596 (Mo. banc 2017)). Under this standard, we "view

the evidence in a light most favorable to the judgment and disregard all contrary evidence

and permissible inferences." Med. Plaza One, LLC v. Davis, 552 S.W.3d 143, 153 (Mo.

App. W.D. 2018).




       2
           Additional facts will be discussed as necessary.

                                                              4
                                                     Analysis

       KDW raises five points on appeal. KDW's first point asserts that the trial court erred

by finding that KDW did not timely submit invoices supported by time cards because the

finding lacked "substantial evidence." KDW’s second point argues that the trial court erred

by finding that Grove established the affirmative defense of laches because the finding was

not supported by substantial evidence. KDW's third point asserts that the trial court erred

in finding that KDW breached the Agreement when KDW did not send invoices by United

States Post or another recognized courier. KDW's fourth point claims the trial court erred

in finding that KDW breached the Agreement by not supporting invoices with time cards.

KDW's fifth point asserts the trial court erred in rejecting KDW's request for interest on

the alleged amount owed by Grove. Before considering the merit of KDW's points on

appeal, we must consider whether KDW's appeal is fatally defective because it fails to

challenge all of the multiple, sufficient bases supporting the trial court's Judgment.

       Rule 84.04(d)(1)3 requires points relied on to "(A) identify the trial court ruling or

action that the appellant challenges; (B) State concisely the legal reasons for the appellant's

claim of reversible error; and (C) Explain in summary fashion why, in the context of the

case, those legal reasons support the claim of reversible error." Our courts "adhere[] to the

well-entrenched doctrine that the questions for decision on appeal are those stated in the

points relied on, and a question not there presented will be considered abandoned." Gaar

v. Gaar's Inc., 994 S.W.2d 612, 616 (Mo. App. S.D. 1999) (Emphasis added); see also



       3
           All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules, Volume I—State, 2019, unless otherwise indicated.

                                                          5
Spencer v. Lombardi, 500 S.W.3d 885, 889 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016) ("[A]n appellant's

argument is limited to only those errors asserted in the points relied on.") (internal

quotations omitted). None of KDW's points on appeal challenge the trial court findings

that Grove established the affirmative defense of payment, or that KDW failed to meet its

burden of proof as to the correctness or reasonableness of its statement of account.4 KDW's

failure to challenge these bases is fatal to its appeal because these independent bases for

the Judgment are sufficient to affirm the trial court’s denial of KDW's action on account.

         "An action on account is based in contract." Building Erection Services Co. v.

Plastic Sales & Mfg. Co., Inc., 163 S.W.3d 472, 477 n. 1 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005). "An

action on account 'is appropriate where the parties have conducted a series of transactions

for which a balance remains to be paid.'" Berlin v. Pickett, 221 S.W.3d 406, 410 (citing 1

AM.JUR.2d Accounts & Accounting section 8 (2005)) (Mo. App. W.D. 2006). "The

plaintiff has the burden of making a submissible case by establishing proof of an offer, an

acceptance, consideration, correctness of the account, and the reasonableness of the

charges." Id. "The plaintiff must prove that the defendant requested him to furnish

services, that he accepted defendant's offer by furnishing such services, and that the charges

for those services were reasonable." Id. at 410-11. "Ordinarily an account is proved by



         4
           KDW argues in its reply brief that it has preserved these claims of error. KDW directs the court to the
argument portion of its first and second points on appeal. KDW's first point challenges the trial court's finding that
KDW failed to timely submit invoices and time cards, while its second point challenges the trial court's finding that
Grove established a laches defense. Rule 84.04(e) requires that the argument under a point relied on "shall be
limited to those errors included in the 'Point Relied On.'" Thus, any claims in the argument portion of KDW's Points
One and Two that may be construed as challenging the trial court's finding that Grove established a payment
defense, or that KDW failed to establish the essential elements of its action on account, exceed the scope of each
point relied on. Arguments that exceed the scope of the point relied on preserve nothing for our review. See The
Schumacher Group, Ltd v. Schumacher, 474 S.W.3d 615, 624 n. 11 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015).

                                                          6
proving each item thereof including date, correctness of each item contained in the account,

the charge made and the reasonableness thereof." J.D. Street & Co. v. Bone, 334 S.W.2d

5, 8 (Mo. 1960).

       KDW failed to prove each item of the account. KDW never introduced evidence

showing the total value of services rendered to Grove. In its petition, KDW attached a

Statement of Account dated May 31, 2016, that itemized 20 alleged invoices sent to Grove.

The Statement of Account did not detail any payments from Grove. KDW elected to

proceed on only 14 of the itemized invoices detailed in the Statement of Account,

abandoning recovery on the other invoices because they were concededly not timely sent.

The 14 invoices totaled $65,818.58. KDW's sole witness, Anne Williams ("Williams"),

testified that Grove paid in excess of $80,000 to KDW pursuant to the Agreement.5

Williams acknowledged that other invoices were sent to Grove during the term of the

Agreement, in addition to those sought in the action on account. Neither testimony nor

other evidence established the value of these other invoices. Without this necessary

information, the trial court was unable to determine if there was a remaining balance due

to KDW. Because KDW only offered evidence that Grove owed $65,818.58 and both

parties agreed that more than $80,000 had been paid on the account, the trial court could

not determine the reasonableness or correctness of the account, which requires some kind

of proof of "each item" contained within the account. Additionally, there was substantial

evidence to support the trial court's finding that the affirmative defense of payment had



       5
           Evidence offered by Grove corroborated this testimony and established that KDW was paid $88,808.75.

                                                        7
been established when both parties agreed that a sum had been paid by Grove that was

greater than what was sought on the whole action. These unchallenged determinations are

sufficient to support affirming the trial court's Judgment.

       "Failure to challenge on appeal all articulated grounds for the court's ruling is fatal

to the success of the appeal." Eckel v. Eckel, 540 S.W.3d 476, 489 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018)

(citing Spencer v. Lombardi, 500 S.W.3d 885, 889 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016)); see also Knight

v. Con-Agra Foods, Inc., 476 S.W.3d 355, 358-59 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015) ("[I]f a trial court

. . . relies on multiple, independently sufficient grounds in issuing an adverse ruling, the

appellant must challenge each of those independent grounds of decision."). A failure to

challenge all bases for a judgment is fatal because "even if we agreed with [KDW] that the

[trial court] erred" in parts of its Judgment "we would have no choice but to presume, in

the absence of arguments to the contrary, that the [trial court's] other [unchallenged bases

for Judgment] were correct." Knight, 476 S.W.3d at 358-59 (quoting City of Peculiar v.

Hunt Martin Materials, LLC, 274 S.W.3d 588, 590-91 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009)). "Alleged

errors by the trial court must be prejudicial and affect the merits of the action." Id. at 359

(citing Rule 84.13(b)). "Thus, by failing to assert that all of the [trial court's] grounds were

incorrect, [KDW] ha[s] failed to carry [its] burden on appeal of establishing that the [trial

court] erred[.]" Id. at 359.

       Because the findings that Grove established the defense of payment and that KDW

failed to meet its burden as to the correctness and reasonableness of its statement of account

are sufficient bases for the court's Judgment, and KDW has failed to challenge these bases



                                               8
for Judgment, KDW's appeal is fatally defective. Presuming the unchallenged findings

correct, we have to affirm the trial court's Judgment.

                                        Conclusion

       The trial court's Judgment is affirmed.



                                          __________________________________
                                          Cynthia L. Martin, Judge


All concur




                                             9
