                                                                          F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        February 2, 2006
                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                          Clerk of Court


    ISSA DIAKHITE,

                Petitioner,

    v.                                                   No. 04-9534
                                                      (No. A95-542-852)
    ALBERTO R. GONZALES, * Attorney                  (Petition for Review)
    General of the United States,

                Respondent.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT         **




Before BRISCOE , ANDERSON , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.


         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal.   See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

*
      On February 4, 2005, Alberto R. Gonzales became the United States
Attorney General. In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure, Mr. Gonzales is substituted for John Ashcroft as the
Respondent in this action.
**
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Petitioner Issa Diakhite is a native and citizen of Mauritania facing removal

from this country. He petitions for review of a decision of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his requests for asylum, withholding of

removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture, though his petition

focuses solely on the asylum decision. The BIA acknowledged that petitioner had

been persecuted on account of his ethnic identity for several years before he left

Mauritania in 1995, but found that (1) this past persecution did not reach the level

required under In re Chen , 20 I. & N. Dec. 16 (BIA 1989), to excuse him from

demonstrating a well-founded fear of future persecution, and (2) conditions had

changed in Mauritania to an extent that rendered such a fear unfounded. We have

jurisdiction to review the denial of asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). Because the

BIA’s decision adheres to applicable legal standards and is supported by

substantial evidence, we affirm.

                                          I

      The basic facts are not in dispute. Petitioner belongs to an African ethnic

group settled along the Senegal River in southern Mauritania. In the late 1980s,

his family lived outside the city of Kaedi, near the border with Senegal. He and

his brother worked for their father, who was a cattle herder and farmer.

      In 1989, tensions among Mauritania’s various ethnic groups, the politically

dominant “White Maurs” of Arab and Berber ancestry, the indigenous African


                                         -2-
“Black Maurs” whom they had historically enslaved, and the Sub-Saharan African

groups (such as petitioner’s) generally located in the Senegal River region,

erupted in a violent crisis associated with deteriorated Mauritania - Senegal

relations. In ensuing years, Mauritania expelled some 75,000 people of African

ancestry, many forced across the river into Senegal; others were killed, assaulted,

stripped of their property, and/or imprisoned. The violence extended to petitioner

and his family: he testified that in December 1989 his brother was killed, his

parents fled across the river to a refugee camp in Senegal, and he was taken to a

jail in Kaedi run by the government. He spent the next six years in confinement,

working (farming, washing clothes, carting water) without pay, sleeping on the

floor, and suffering disciplinary beatings, until he finally escaped into Senegal.

He found his parents at a refugee camp, where he stayed for three months. He

then went to the capital, Dakar, and worked as a type of porter for six years. He

was not paid, but received room and board. The man who gave petitioner that job

ultimately arranged for his transportation to the United States. He entered the

country in July 2001 and, after being served a notice to appear for removal

proceedings in June 2002, applied for asylum.

                                          II

      To obtain asylum, an alien must prove, first, that he is a refugee as defined

in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A), and then persuade the Attorney General to exercise


                                         -3-
his discretion and grant relief under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b).      See Yuk v. Ashcroft ,

355 F.3d 1222, 1232-33 (10th Cir. 2004). The statute defines a “refugee” as “any

person . . . outside [his] country of . . . nationality . . . who is unable or unwilling

to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself . . . of the protection of,

that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

       Past persecution, as found by the BIA here, may support an asylum request

in two distinct ways: (1) by raising a presumption of a well-founded fear of

future persecution sufficient to warrant relief, provided the government does not

rebut the presumption by showing “a fundamental change in circumstances such

that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution,” 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A);   1
                             or (2) by directly warranting relief, in the absence of any

fear of future persecution, provided the applicant demonstrates “compelling

reasons for being unwilling or unable to return to the country arising out of the

severity of the past persecution,” or “a reasonable possibility that he or she may



1
       Another means of rebutting the presumption, by showing that an “applicant
could avoid future persecution by relocating to another part of [his] country of
nationality,” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), was not relied upon (in fact, was
rejected) by the BIA and, thus, cannot support its decision here.      See Mickeviciute
v. INS , 327 F.3d 1159, 1164-65 (10th Cir. 2003) (following       INS v. Ventura ,
537 U.S. 12 (2002), and SEC v. Chenery Corp. , 332 U.S. 194 (1947)).

                                             -4-
suffer other serious harm upon removal to that country,”        id. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii).

See Niang v. Gonzales , 422 F.3d 1187, 1195 (10th Cir. 2005). Petitioner argues

that he should have been granted asylum on both of these grounds.

       Whether the materials of record rebutted the presumptive inference from

past to future persecution is a question of fact reviewed for substantial evidence.

Marcu v. INS , 147 F.3d 1078, 1080-81 (9th Cir. 1998). That means we cannot

reverse the determination of the BIA unless the record        compels us to conclude

that it was wrong.   Id. ; see also Nazaraghaie v. INS , 102 F.3d 460, 463 n.2

(10th Cir. 1996) (noting deferential standard applies even if court is reviewing

application of statutory standard to established subsidiary facts).

       Information on current conditions in country reports for Mauritania formed

the basis of the BIA’s determination.    2
                                             Country reports can certainly constitute

substantial evidence to support such a determination,        see Yuk , 355 F.3d at 1236,

though it is important to keep in mind that their inherently broad statements may

not always address the specific concerns that are salient in a particular case,       see

Krastev v. INS , 292 F.3d 1268, 1276-77 (10th Cir. 2002). In commonsense terms,

“to be effective, [such] evidence of changed country conditions must negate a



2
       The actual discussion of this information was set out in the oral decision of
the Immigration Judge (IJ), but the BIA expressly agreed with this part of the IJ’s
analysis in summarily concluding that changed conditions negated a well-founded
fear of future persecution upon petitioner’s return to Mauritania.

                                              -5-
petitioner’s particular fear.” Palma-Mazariegos v. Gonzales , 428 F.3d 30, 35

(1st Cir. 2005). A comparison of the report deemed inadequate in      Krastev with

the report found sufficient in   Palma-Mazariegos is instructive: the former report

was discounted because it addressed improvement in central government conduct

whereas the petitioner’s fear arose, rather, from mistreatment by local officials

whom the government could not control,      see Krastev , 292 F.3d at 1276; the latter

report was properly relied upon because it indicated that the guerillas whom the

petitioner had feared had discontinued their militant activities pursuant to an

intervening peace accord,    Palma-Mazariegos , at 428 F.3d at 35-36. In sum,

“[w]hen [a country] report convincingly demonstrates material changes in country

conditions that affect the specific circumstances of an asylum seeker’s claim, the

report may be sufficient, in and of itself, to rebut the presumption of future

persecution.”   Id. at 36 (citing examples from case law).

       The crisis that prompted the exile and detention of African Mauritanians

like petitioner and his family is long since over. The government has welcomed

the return of the exiles, with the assistance and oversight of the United Nations

High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and a majority have come back.

While some have not chosen to return, the UNHCR has concluded that there is no

impediment to their doing so. To be sure, Mauritania still has broad social and

political shortcomings in need of improvement. But these do not suggest a


                                           -6-
likelihood of persecution – i.e., “infliction of suffering or harm . . . in a way

regarded as offensive and [involving] more than just restrictions or threats to life

and liberty,” Yuk , 355 F.3d at 1233 (quotations omitted) – being continued or

resumed should petitioner return to the country. The case law contains many

examples consistently reaching similar conclusions on the basis of the same

country changes considered here.   3



      There is, however, a more specific assertion that figures prominently in

petitioner’s argument that must be addressed here. He likens his confinement in


3
       While these non-precedential decisions do not constrain our review, we
reference them for the consistency of assessment they reflect and the additional
discussion of the relevant materials they provide, with which we agree:       See, e.g. ,
Haidara v. Gonzales , No. 04-0999, 2005 WL 3310012 (2d Cir. Dec. 7, 2005)
(unpub.); Diallo v. Gonzales , 140 F.App’x 612 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpub.);       Sarr v.
Gonzales , 127 F.App’x. 815 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpub.);       Diamengie v. Ashcroft ,
111 F.App’x. 508 (9th Cir. 2004) (unpub.). Petitioner has cited two supplemental
authorities involving Mauritanian exiles that he contends support his asylum
claim. One, Diallo v. Ashcroft , 381 F.3d 687, 700-01 (7th Cir. 2004), involved a
man arrested and expelled in 1993 on account of his membership in a political
opposition group, and is of little relevance. The other,     In re Dia , A95-542-942
(BIA April 27, 2004), is an oddity; in it the BIA granted asylum to a Mauritanian
exile, summarily rejecting a government changed-conditions argument essentially
identical to the one it accepted here and in many other cases (reflected, for
example, in the unpublished circuit cases cited above). We are at a loss as to how
to harmonize that decision with those in which the BIA denied relief. But given
the deferential nature of our review, which allows for a gray area where we would
not be compelled to reject a BIA determination for either side of a particular
dispute, the fact that the BIA decided an apparently similar case in favor of an
applicant does not mean we may conclude that it erroneously denied relief here.
We trust that, even within this gray area of deferential leeway, the BIA endeavors
to maintain a consistency in result worthy of the responsibility with which it is
vested by administrative review principles.

                                           -7-
the government-run jail to slavery, and points to materials indicating that

enslavement of African “Black Maurs” by upper-class Arab-Berber “White

Maurs” has deep roots in Mauritanian history and may still be practiced in some

isolated areas. Any facial appeal this line of argument may have rests upon its

superficial equation of two very different politico-cultural circumstances. There

is no evidence of any relevant connection between the government’s confinement

of some southern Mauritanians like petitioner during the crisis surrounding and

following their expulsion to Senegal in 1989 - 1991 and the cultural practice of

Black Maur slavery whose isolated historical remnants are noted in the materials.

Further, such reports indicate that the practice, if it continues at all, is limited to

remote areas of the country, while petitioner’s home city of Kaedi is one of the

largest urban centers in the country. There is simply no reasonable basis on

which to conclude that petitioner has a well-founded fear of being subjected to

slavery upon his return to Mauritania.

      In light of the above, we cannot say we are compelled to conclude that the

BIA erred in finding that the government had rebutted the presumption of future

persecution raised by petitioner’s adverse experiences during the Mauritanian

crisis of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Under our standard of review, we must

affirm that finding.




                                           -8-
       Finally, petitioner contends that he should have been granted humanitarian

asylum regardless of the possibility of any future persecution. As noted earlier,

one way for petitioner to justify such relief is to demonstrate compelling reasons

“arising out of the severity of [his] past persecution” for being unwilling or

unable to return to his native country. 8 C.F.R.    § 1208.13.(b)(1)(iii). Our cases

make it clear that this basis for relief is limited to those whose past persecution

was “so severe that it would so sear a person with distressing associations with

his native country that it would be inhumane to force him to return there, even

though he is in no danger of future persecution.”    Krastev , 292 F.3d at 1280

(quotations omitted);   accord Ngarurih v. Ashcroft , 371 F.3d 182, 190 (4th Cir.

2004). As the examples discussed in the cited cases reflect, this relief is strictly

reserved only to those who suffered the most rare and abhorrent persecution, such

as survivors of the holocaust or the Cambodian genocide. Petitioner has not

shown persecution of the requisite nature and severity to warrant humanitarian

asylum on this basis. A second, recently added, means to justify humanitarian

asylum is for the petitioner to establish “a reasonable possibility that he . . . may

suffer other serious harm upon removal.” 8 C.F.R.      § 1208.13(b)(iii). The record

does not establish, much less compel, a finding that such a possibility exists.




                                            -9-
The petition for review is DENIED.



                                      Entered for the Court



                                      Stephen H. Anderson
                                      Circuit Judge




                               -10-
