
567 S.E.2d 4 (2002)
275 Ga. 364
NORTHSIDE EQUITIES, INC.
v.
HULSEY.
No. S01G1307.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
July 11, 2002.
Reconsideration Denied July 26, 2002.
Savage, Turner, Pinson & Karsman, Brent J. Savage, C. Dorian Britt, H. Lehman Franklin, Jr., Savannah, for appellant.
*5 Browning & Tanksley, Charles B. Tanksley, Marietta, for appellee.
BENHAM, Justice.
The issue in this Dram Shop Act case is whether the plaintiff produced sufficient evidence to avoid the award of summary judgment to the defendant. The trial court ruled that the plaintiff had not sufficiently countered the evidence offered by the defendant in support of its motion for summary judgment, but the Court of Appeals reversed. Hulsey v. Northside Equities, 249 Ga.App. 474(2), 548 S.E.2d 41 (2001). This Court granted certiorari to consider whether scientific evidence of a driver's blood alcohol level, adduced in opposition to direct eyewitness testimony that the driver was not noticeably intoxicated, can create a question of fact whether the driver was noticeably intoxicated.
The suit arose from the death of the plaintiff's daughter who was struck by a car driven by Rebecca Greene, an employee at an adult entertainment establishment owned by Northside Equities, Inc. Greene, who had consumed five or six drinks during her work day and was on her way home when her car struck the victim, had a blood alcohol content of .18 grams percent two hours after leaving work. In support of Northside's motion for summary judgment in the suit filed by the victim's mother, it submitted affidavits from several of its employees averring that Greene was not noticeably intoxicated while at work. The importance of that evidence is that a defendant will not be liable for serving alcohol unless the consumer of the alcohol is noticeably intoxicated when served. OCGA § 51-1-40(b). To counter Northside's evidence, the plaintiff submitted the affidavit of an expert concerning the absorption and metabolism of ethyl alcohol by persons who drink alcoholic beverages. The expert calculated Greene's probable blood alcohol level at the time of the collision with the victim as being as much as .21 grams percent and opined that various manifestations of intoxication would appear at that level and that those manifestations would vary with the person's history of drinking.
The Court of Appeals, in Division 2 of its opinion, analyzed the evidence in this case and properly concluded that the evidence of Greene's blood alcohol level and the expert testimony regarding the impact of that blood alcohol level were sufficient to distinguish this case from those cases which deny probative value to inferences from circumstantial evidence which are opposed to uncontradicted direct evidence. See Birnbrey, Minsk & Minsk, LLC v. Yirga, 244 Ga.App. 726, 535 S.E.2d 792 (2000); McElroy v. Cody, 210 Ga.App. 201, 435 S.E.2d 618 (1993). The evidence that Greene was not noticeably intoxicated was not uncontradicted because the expert testimony was that a woman with Greene's blood alcohol level would have exhibited manifestations of intoxication. Since the direct evidence was not uncontradicted, the inference to be drawn from the circumstantial evidence had probative value and, coupled with the conclusive presumption in OCGA § 40-6-391(a)(5) that a person with a blood alcohol level less than half of Greene's is impaired, was sufficient to create a question of fact whether Greene was noticeably intoxicated when she was served alcohol at work.
Contrary to the dissent's assertion, the conclusion reached in this opinion was not the result of ignoring either the legislatively-established standard in Dram Shop Act cases or the decisions of courts in other jurisdictions, but was the result of applying Georgia law regarding summary judgment. It is important to remember that this case is not at a stage of presenting evidence to a fact-finder in order to resolve issues of fact. This case involves summary judgment, and the non-movant is not required to produce evidence demanding judgment for that party, but only to present evidence which raises a material issue of fact. While the evidence adduced by the plaintiff in this case might not have been sufficient to persuade a jury that Greene was noticeably intoxicated when last served a drink at work, that is not the standard to be applied. "`Where the evidence *6 on motion for summary judgment is ambiguous or doubtful, the party opposing the motion must be given the benefit of all reasonable doubts and of all favorable inferences and such evidence construed most favorably to the party opposing the motion.' [Cit.]" Burnette Ford, Inc. v. Hayes, 227 Ga. 551, 552, 181 S.E.2d 866 (1971). Furthermore, while a movant's evidence is to be carefully scrutinized, a respondent's evidence is to be treated with indulgence. Whitehead v. Capital Auto. Co., 239 Ga. 460, 238 S.E.2d 104 (1977). Applying those standards to the present situation, Hulsey's evidence regarding Greene's level of intoxication, taken together with expert testimony that such a level of intoxication would produce manifestations of intoxication, was sufficient to create a question of fact and, thereby, to avoid summary judgment. We conclude, therefore, that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Northside and the Court of Appeals was correct in reversing that judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur, except FLETCHER, C.J., SEARS, P.J., and HINES, J., who dissent.
FLETCHER, Chief Justice, dissenting.
By its plain language, Georgia's Dram Shop Act, OCGA § 51-1-40, shields servers of alcohol from liability for harm caused by an intoxicated person unless the intoxicated person was noticeably intoxicated at the time she was served alcohol.[1] The majority ignores this legislatively-established standard and effectively replaces it with a new standard: whether the person who caused the harm was, in fact, intoxicated at the time she was served. Because the majority has changed the statutory duty from observing a person's appearance to determining a person's actual blood alcohol level, I respectfully dissent.
1. Although this Court has not previously considered whether expert testimony based on the tortfeasor's blood alcohol content hours after she was served alcohol can create a jury issue regarding the tortfeasor's appearance at the time she was served, we do not approach the matter without guidance. Courts in other states have considered this issue, but the majority fails to address these cases or the ways in which states with dram shop statutes similar to Georgia's have handled the use of expert testimony. Instead, the majority says that Georgia's law on summary judgment means a jury issue exists. Georgia law, however, requires entry of summary judgment when there is no genuine issue for the jury to resolve regarding a dispositive part of the case.[2] Here, Hulsey's evidence, at most, addresses the average person's reaction to alcohol, but as demonstrated by the weight of authority from other states, the average person's reaction to alcohol does not create a genuine issue regarding whether the tortfeasor was noticeably intoxicated, which is a dispositive issue in this case.
Courts from other states have reached varying results in deciding the role of expert testimony in dram shop cases. Several courts have rejected attempts to use expert testimony to link the tortfeasor's blood alcohol level later in the day to a point earlier in the day,[3] whereas other courts have permitted expert testimony provided it focused on the tortfeasor's reaction to alcohol,[4] as opposed *7 to the average person's reaction.[5] Only a few courts have not required expert testimony to explain the significance of a person's blood alcohol level,[6] and they have done so with little analysis.
Having considered the reasoning in the various cases, I would adopt a rule that permits plaintiffs to proceed to trial when the plaintiff's expert focuses on the tortfeasor's reaction to alcohol, but not allow a case to go forward based simply on generalized statements regarding the average person's reaction. This balanced approach is consistent with the rationale of the vast majority of courts that have considered the issue.
Under this proposed test, when the non-moving party relies solely on the tortfeasor's blood alcohol content to raise a genuine issue regarding whether the tortfeasor was noticeably intoxicated, an expert witness must explain what the tortfeasor's blood alcohol level later in the day shows about the tortfeasor's appearance earlier in the day. If an expert testifies that, given the tortfeasor's blood alcohol level, the tortfeasor, or someone with similar characteristics, would have exhibited noticeable signs of intoxication when the defendant served her alcohol, then the jury must decide whether the tortfeasor was, in fact, noticeably intoxicated when the defendant served her. If, however, an expert cannot testify that a person with characteristics similar to the tortfeasor's characteristics, including tolerance for alcohol, would have exhibited noticeable signs of intoxication when the defendant served her, then there is no way for a reasonable jury to find that the tortfeasor was noticeably intoxicated when served.
Requiring some connection between a subsequently obtained blood alcohol level and the tortfeasor's appearance when served alcohol protects the legislature's intent in passing the Dram Shop Act, while also ensuring plaintiffs will have their day in court if the evidence warrants it. Restricting the question of noticeable intoxication to eyewitness testimony would leave injured third parties without recourse when the eyewitnesses may potentially be biased in favor of the defendant, such as when all eyewitnesses are the defendant's employees or the tortfeasor's friends and co-workers. On the other hand, permitting a plaintiff to reach a jury based solely on a tortfeasor's blood alcohol level hours after she was last served by the defendant or general assertions regarding alcohol's effects on the average person would require servers to determine a person's actual blood alcohol content regardless of how the person appears.
2. Turning to the facts in this case, the evidence is undisputed that Northside served Greene her last alcoholic beverage at 6:30 p.m. on January 2, 1992, and she left work around 8:00 p.m. Therefore, the critical issue on summary judgment was whether Greene was noticeably intoxicated at 6:30 p.m.
Northside moved for summary judgment and submitted sworn affidavits from eyewitnesses stating that Greene was not noticeably intoxicated at any time on January 2, 1992. To oppose Northside's motion for summary judgment, Hulsey relied on Greene's blood alcohol content as of 10:00 p.m. on the evening of the accident, as well as expert testimony based upon Greene's blood alcohol level at 10:00 p.m. Greene's blood alcohol content hours after she was served, without more, tells the factfinder nothing about her appearance at 6:30 p.m.[7]
Hulsey's expert affidavit also does not create a genuine issue because the expert fails *8 to link Greene's blood alcohol level with how she would have appeared at 6:30 p.m. The affidavit certainly does not support the majority's statement that "the expert testimony was that a woman with Greene's blood alcohol level would have exhibited manifestations of intoxication."[8]
Although the expert never states what Greene's blood alcohol level would have been at 6:30 p.m., a factfinder could extrapolate from other measurements in the affidavit that Greene's blood alcohol content at 6:30 p.m. would have been between .15 and .18. The deficiency in the affidavit is that the expert does not connect this blood alcohol range to how Greene would have appeared, which is the exact point on which his testimony is needed to create a genuine issue.
In his affidavit, the expert states, "[a]t this level of intoxication [.18 to .21] there are a number of manifestations of intoxication. They will vary with the person's history of drinking." As the expert concedes, alcohol affects different people differently.[9] Yet, nowhere does the expert testify that he has factored Greene's drinking history into his analysis. Without having accounted for Greene's drinking history, neither the expert nor a factfinder can have any idea whether Greene exhibited noticeable signs of intoxication when she was served alcohol.
Hulsey's expert also fails to describe these "manifestations" or say that any of them would have been noticeable. For example, a manifestation such as blurred vision is not noticeable; on the other hand, sweating is observable, but not necessarily associated with intoxication. In contrast, bloodshot eyes, slurred words, or the inability to keep one's balance may be signs that are noticeable and indicative of intoxication. Without knowing what manifestations existed or whether they would have been observable, a jury cannot determine whether any signs that existed would have been noticeable indicators of intoxication.
Additionally, the expert discusses women as a "general matter," never stating whether a person with Greene's characteristics would have exhibited any noticeable signs of intoxication that evening. The question at issue here is Greene's appearance, not an average person's appearance. Knowing how alcohol affects the average person or the reasonable person tells the factfinder nothing about whether a specific person's intoxication was noticeable when the defendant served her alcohol.
For the same reasons, the statutory prohibition against driving with a blood alcohol level of .08 or greater sheds no light on whether a particular person appears intoxicated.[10] OCGA § 40-6-391 represents a uniform level set by the legislature at which nobody may drive legally, regardless of actual ability to operate a motor vehicle safely at that blood alcohol level. In contrast, the legislatively-determined standard of noticeable intoxication is person specific. What matters is whether the particular person requesting service is in a "state of noticeable intoxication."
Because none of the evidence in the record shows that Greene was noticeably intoxicated on January 2, 1992, the undisputed evidence in the record is that Greene was not noticeably intoxicated when Northside served her alcohol. Accordingly, the trial court correctly granted summary judgment to Northside, and the portion of the court of appeals' opinion to the contrary should be reversed. Instead, however, a jury will decide whether Greene was noticeably intoxicated because the majority has rewritten the Dram Shop Act so that a person's appearance is no longer the determinative fact.
Whether a person owns a bar or restaurant or merely is hosting a party at his or her home, they can no longer count on being protected by the Dram Shop Act when serving someone that appears sober because, under the majority's holding, evidence of nothing *9 more than the average person's reaction to alcohol is now sufficient to defeat a motion for summary judgment and send the case to trial. If, as I believe, the General Assembly did not intend servers of alcohol to determine a person's actual blood alcohol content before providing him or her with an alcoholic beverage, then the legislature should amend OCGA § 51-1-40(b) to correct the error in the majority's ruling.
I am authorized to state that Presiding Justice SEARS and Justice HINES join in this dissent.
NOTES
[1]  See also Birnbrey, Minsk & Minsk, LLC v. Yirga, 244 Ga.App. 726, 728, 535 S.E.2d 792 (2000); McElroy v. Cody, 210 Ga.App. 201, 202, 435 S.E.2d 618 (1993).
[2]  OCGA § 9-11-56(c); Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491, 491, 405 S.E.2d 474 (1991); Western Heritage Ins. Co. v. Newcastle Auto Sales, 249 Ga.App. 262, 264, 547 S.E.2d 792 (2001).
[3]  Beaulieu v. The Aube Corp., 796 A.2d 683, 691-693 (Me.2002); Hollermann v. River Roost, No. C7-99-414, 1999 WL 639278 (Minn.Ct.App. Aug. 24, 1999); Romano v. Stanley, 90 N.Y.2d 444, 661 N.Y.S.2d 589, 684 N.E.2d 19, 23 (1997); Chiesa v. Delta M.P., Inc., 1997 WL 33343296, *3 n. 2 (Mich.Ct.App. Oct. 7, 1997); Johnson v. Harris, 419 Pa.Super. 541, 615 A.2d 771, 776 (1992); Purchase v. Meyer, 108 Wash.2d 220, 737 P.2d 661, 663-665 (1987).
[4]  Bruce v. K.K.B., Inc., 52 S.W.3d 250, 255-256 (Tex.Ct.App.2001); Godfrey v. Boston Old Colony, 763 So.2d 12, 15 (La.Ct.App.2000); Morrison v. Fleck, 120 Ohio App.3d 307, 697 N.E.2d 1064, 1070 (1997); see also Douillard v. LMR, Inc., 433 Mass. 162, 740 N.E.2d 618, 622-623 (2001).
[5]  Beaulieu, 796 A.2d at 693; Hollermann, 1999 WL 639278; Johnson, 615 A.2d at 776.
[6]  Stewart v. Ryan, 520 N.W.2d 39, 49 (N.D.1994) (commonly understood appearance of person who consumed fifteen to twenty drinks creates jury question); Crocker v. Larson, 1990 WL 130087, at *2 (Tenn.Ct.App. Sept. 11, 1990) (blood alcohol of .23% an hour after accident, which occurred ten minutes after leaving bar created jury question); see also Vanderhoek v. Willy, 728 N.E.2d 213, 217 (Ind.Ct.App.2000) (blood alcohol level coupled with appearance at scene of accident short time after being served).
[7]  See, e.g., Beaulieu, 796 A.2d at 691; Douillard, 740 N.E.2d at 622-623; Finley v. Lake, 1998 WL 1988594, at *2 (Mich.Ct.App. Dec. 15, 1998); Rockwell v. Ullom, No. CV 313598, 1998 WL 563967, at *6 (Ohio Ct.App. Sept. 3, 1998); Romano, 661 N.Y.S.2d 589, 684 N.E.2d at 23; see also Hollermann, 1999 WL 639278; Purchase, 737 P.2d at 663-665.
[8]  Majority Op. at 364, 567 S.E.2d at 5.
[9]  E.g., Beaulieu, 796 A.2d at 693; Douillard, 740 N.E.2d at 622; Romano, 661 N.Y.S.2d 589, 684 N.E.2d at 22; Purchase, 737 P.2d at 664-665; see also Blackwell v. State, 259 Ga. 810, 811, 388 S.E.2d 515 (1990) (expert testified at trial that defendant had high tolerance for alcohol due to habitual drinking).
[10]  OCGA § 40-6-391(a)(5).
