BLD-177                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                      No. 19-3428
                                      ___________

                                    MARILYN KENT,
                                              Appellant

                                             v.

              PHILADELPHIA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES
                    ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 2-19-cv-02710)
                       District Judge: Honorable Juan R. Sánchez
                      ____________________________________

       Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or
         Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
                                    April 30, 2020
          Before: AMBRO, GREENAWAY, JR. and BIBAS, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: May 14, 2020)
                                       _________

                                        OPINION *
                                        _________

PER CURIAM




*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       Marilyn Kent appeals pro se from an order of the United States District Court for

the Eastern District of Pennsylvania that imposed a filing injunction. 1 For the reasons

discussed below, we will affirm.

       Under the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), district courts can impose filing

injunctions on litigants who have engaged in abusive, groundless, and vexatious

litigation. See Chipps v. U.S. Dist. Court for Middle Dist. of Pa., 882 F.2d 72, 73 (3d

Cir. 1989). Such an injunction is an exception to the general rule of free access to the

courts and its use against a pro se plaintiff must be approached with caution. In re Oliver,

682 F.2d 443, 445 (3d Cir. 1982). We have recognized that a filing injunction is an


1
  In the District Court’s underlying order dismissing Kent’s complaint as barred by the
statute of limitations, the District Court ordered Kent to show cause why a filing
injunction based on her allegations should not be imposed. Kent had 30 days to file a
notice of appeal directed at the original dismissal of her complaint. See Fed. R. App. P.
4(a)(1)(A). The time limit for filing a notice of appeal is “mandatory and jurisdictional.”
Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 209 (2007) (citation omitted). Fifty-three days after the
District Court’s order, she filed a response to the order to show cause, which stated, in
part, that she wished to appeal the dismissal of her complaint. Kent’s response was not
docketed in the District Court as a notice of appeal, and we do not construe it as a timely
filed notice of appeal. We note that nothing in Kent’s response can be construed as a
request for an extension of time to file a notice of appeal under Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 4(a)(5). The dismissal order was a final judgment on the merits, despite the
outstanding collateral issue of the filing injunction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (vesting
jurisdiction in courts of appeals over “final decisions” of the district courts); Budinich v.
Becton Dickinson & Co., 486 U.S. 196, 199-200 (1988) (holding that a final decision is
one that ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but
execute the judgment, and that a question remaining to be decided after entry of such a
decision does not affect its finality). Therefore, because Kent did not file a notice of
appeal within 30 days of the dismissal order, we lack jurisdiction to review the dismissal
of her complaint.


                                              2
extreme measure that must “be narrowly tailored and sparingly used.” In re Packer Ave.

Assoc., 884 F.2d 745, 747 (3d Cir. 1989). Indeed, “[t]he broad scope of the District

Court’s power . . . is limited by two fundamental tenets of our legal system – the litigant’s

rights to due process and access to the courts.” Brow v. Farrelly, 994 F.2d 1027, 1038

(3d Cir. 1993). Consequently, a district court must comply with certain requirements

when imposing a filing injunction: (1) the order should be entered only in exigent

circumstances, such as when a litigant continually abuses the judicial process by filing

meritless and repetitive actions; (2) the district court must give notice to the litigant to

show cause why the proposed injunction should not issue; and (3) the scope of the

injunctive order must be narrowly tailored to fit the particular circumstances of the case.

Id. We review the imposition of such a filing injunction for abuse of discretion. See

Gagliardi v. McWilliams, 834 F.2d 81, 83 (3d Cir. 1987).

       The District Court was justified in holding that exigent circumstances existed, as

Kent has repeatedly asserted claims against the Philadelphia Department of Human

Services (“Philadelphia DHS”) related to the same disturbing allegations, including the

alleged rape of herself and her daughter in the 1980s, which resulted in Kent becoming

pregnant; the rapist’s alleged abduction of her baby daughter, also in the 1980s, after he

was granted visitation rights by Philadelphia DHS; and the rapist’s alleged attack against

either Kent or her daughter with a tire iron. See Kent v. Philadelphia D.H.S., 2019 WL

2137436 (E.D. Pa. May 15, 2019); Kent v. Philadelphia D.H.S., Civ. A. No. 11-2558

(E.D. Pa. Jan. 19, 2012), affirmed on appeal, 503 F. App’x 128 (3d Cir. Nov. 8, 2012).
                                               3
Despite the disturbing nature of these allegations, Kent’s claims against Philadelphia

DHS have been dismissed at least three times as barred by the statute of limitations

because the alleged events occurred in the 1980s. The District Court reasonably

concluded that these repeated, meritless lawsuits predicated on the same allegations

warranted restrictions on Kent’s litigating opportunities.

       The District Court also gave Kent ample notice. In the order dismissing the case

that gave rise to this injunction, the Court ordered her to show cause why the injunction

should not issue, laying out with specificity the injunction being considered by the Court.

Kent’s response was untimely. However, the District Court considered it before entering

the injunction, and reasonably addressed issues raised therein. Thus, the notice

requirement was followed.

       We further conclude that the injunction was properly narrow in scope, enjoining

Kent only from “filing any more civil actions concerning the identical, untimely

allegations she has raised in Civil Actions 19-2710, 19-1598, and 11-2558, namely

claims based on: her being raped, impregnated by a rapist, stalked, and assaulted with a

tire iron; her daughter being raped, assaulted, kidnapped, and having to undergo

visitations with a ‘registered child abuser.’” (Dkt. No. 7 at 1). Under the injunction,

Kent retained the right to file lawsuits based on other allegations against Philadelphia

DHS or any other defendant. For example, the District Court quoted from Kent’s

response to the order to show cause an assertion that “in 2018, Marilyn Kent, mother of

baby daughter of rape, found via internet her baby daughter and contacted the Special
                                             4
Victims Unit.” The Court noted that this allegation did not appear in the complaint in

this action; that, although perhaps timely, the allegation did not establish cause to permit

the continued filing of claims substantively identical to claims previously dismissed; and

that, to the extent Kent believed events occurring in 2018 gave rise to claims distinct

from those already dismissed, “nothing in [the injunction order] should be construed to

bar Kent from accessing the Court to file such claim.” 2 This is an appropriately narrow

injunction. See Farguson v. MBank Houston, N.A., 808 F.2d 358, 360 (5th Cir. 1986)

(upholding injunction that related “only to the same claims against the same defendants”

and did not prohibit “[o]ther claims or claims against other parties.”).

       In sum, we conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in issuing

the injunction. Accordingly, we will summarily affirm. See 3d Cir. L.A.R. 27.4 and

I.O.P. 10.6.




2
  We note that Kent did allude to the 2018 event twice in her complaint, albeit somewhat
incoherently. She alleged: “September 2018 mother finds daughter DA (Phila) states by
Michael Roche conditioned” and “Abducted by registered child abuser for 16 years –
found 2018 – and now conditioned, scared to death to talk to police and my mothers
rights are negated!” However, we have not considered the import, if any, of these
allegations because, as noted, we do not have jurisdiction to review the dismissal of the
complaint. In any event, the District Court specifically exempted these allegations from
the injunction, and Kent is free to raise them in a future action if she so chooses.

                                              5
