                              STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                            SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


Elizabeth P.,                                                                      FILED
Petitioner Below, Petitioner                                                   October 18, 2019
                                                                                EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                                SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
vs) No. 18-1048 (Wayne County 09-D-374)                                             OF WEST VIRGINIA


Gid M.,
Respondent Below, Respondent



                               MEMORANDUM DECISION


       Petitioner Elizabeth P.,1 pro se, appeals the September 26, 2018, order of the Circuit Court
of Wayne County denying petitioner’s appeal from the July 27, 2018, order entered by the Family
Court of Wayne County. The family court designated Respondent Gid M. as the residential parent
and ordered overnight visitation between petitioner and the parties’ child every Friday and
Saturday. The child’s guardian ad litem (“GAL”), Attorney D. Scott Bellomy, filed a response in
support of the circuit court’s order.2

       The Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.



       1
        Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); In re Jeffrey R.L., 190 W. Va. 24, 435 S.E.2d 162 (1993); State v.
Edward Charles L., 183 W. Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).
       2
           There was no response filed by respondent.

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        The record is sparse,3 but we glean the following: The parties have an eleven-year-old
child together. Petitioner currently resides in Ohio, while respondent and the child live in Wayne
County, West Virginia. According to the GAL, the child previously resided in Ohio with petitioner.
The child subsequently reported to the GAL that, while in petitioner’s care, the child missed school
to such an extent that the child was in danger of being held back in the fifth grade. Accordingly,
after a June 22, 2018, evidentiary hearing, the Family Court of Wayne County designated
respondent as the residential parent, with parenting time during the week, and allowed petitioner
overnight visitation with the child every Friday and Saturday. The GAL states that the family
court’s ruling was in accordance with his recommendation, which he made following an
investigation.

        Petitioner did not appeal the family court’s July 27, 2018, order until August 30, 2018. By
order entered on September 26, 2018, the Circuit Court of Wayne County found that petitioner
filed her appeal outside the thirty-day time frame for appeals from family court. Accordingly, the
circuit court denied petitioner’s appeal on the ground that it was untimely filed. Petitioner now
appeals the circuit court’s September 26, 2018, order.

       In the Syllabus of Carr v. Hancock, 216 W. Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004), we held:

              In reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court judge upon a review of,
       or upon a refusal to review, a final order of a family court judge, we review the
       findings of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous
       standard, and the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion
       standard. We review questions of law de novo.

Rule 28(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Practice and Procedure for Family Court (“family court
rules”) provides:

       A party aggrieved by a final order of a family court may file a petition for appeal
       to the circuit court no later than thirty days after the family court final order was
       entered in the circuit clerk’s office. If a motion for reconsideration has been filed
       within the time period to file an appeal, the time period for filing an appeal is
       suspended during the pendency of the motion for reconsideration.

        On appeal, petitioner fails to address the circuit court’s ruling that her appeal was untimely
filed but argues that the family court’s July 27, 2018, order was erroneous. The GAL counters that
the family’s decision was correct and further notes the circuit court’s decision to deny petitioner’s
appeal due to untimeliness.

       3
        On November 29, 2018, petitioner informed this Court that transcripts were not necessary
for our consideration of her appeal. Petitioner’s appendix consists only of the most recent court
orders (with attached holiday schedule and visitation rules), notices, and certificates of service. On
March 13, 2019, petitioner filed a motion to supplement her appendix with additional documents.
By order entered on March 19, 2019, we denied that motion for noncompliance with the West
Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure.
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        We find that we cannot review petitioner’s challenge to the family court’s order under the
facts and circumstances of this case. In Syllabus Point 3 of Crea v. Crea, 222 W. Va. 388, 664
S.E.2d 729 (2008), we held: “Rule 28(a) of the [family court rules] is not jurisdictional and may
be extended for good cause. To the extent that Washington v. Washington, 221 W. Va. 224, 654
S.E.2d 110 (2007), is inconsistent with this holding, it is overruled.” We found in Crea that there
was no good cause for allowing a late appeal given the lack of “any explanation whatsoever as to
why Mr. Crea failed to draft a timely appeal to the circuit court” and the failure to present any
argument “as to any impediment that impacted his ability to timely file his appeal to the circuit
court.” Id. at 393, 654 S.E.2d at 734.

       Here, as indicated above, petitioner failed to address the circuit court’s ruling that her
appeal was untimely. Based on our review of the limited record, we find no impediment that
impacted petitioner’s ability to file a timely appeal to the circuit court. In addition, petitioner filed
no motion for reconsideration, which would have suspended the time in which she had to appeal,
and no motion for an extension of time to appeal as permitted by Rule 32 of the family court rules.4
Accordingly, we conclude that the circuit court did not err in denying petitioner’s appeal due to its
untimeliness.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s September 26, 2018, order denying
petitioner’s appeal from the family court’s July 27, 2018, order designating respondent as the
residential parent with overnight visitation between petitioner and the parties’ child every Friday
and Saturday.
                                                                                         Affirmed.
ISSUED: October 18, 2019

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison

DISSENTING:

Justice Margaret L. Workman


        4
            Rule 32 of the family court rules provides:

                  The circuit court may, for good cause shown in a written motion,
                  extend the time prescribed by these rules for doing any act related
                  to the appeal before it, or may permit an act to be done after the
                  expiration of such time. Provided, however, that any extension of
                  time granted by the circuit court may not exceed a period of ten days.
                                                     3
WORKMAN, J., dissenting:

         The majority’s memorandum decision focuses on the unrepresented Petitioner-mother’s
failure to adhere to time deadlines and the Rules of Appellate Procedure in this case involving
custody of a small child. Petitioner was three days late filing her appeal to the circuit court and
she did not comply with our appellate rules by providing the Court with an appendix record that
comports with Rules 6(c) and Rule 7 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure in her appeal to this
Court.

         However, this Court should focus at least as much attention on compliance with the rule
of law by the lower courts (and certainly by this Court) as on a litigant without a lawyer. Neither
the family court order nor the circuit court order set forth any legal context whatsoever for their
decisions. Nor does the opinion of the majority of this Court. The reader of the majority opinion
is left to wonder: was this the appeal of an initial custody order; or was it the appeal of the grant
of a modification of custody; or was it some other kind of appeal? Standards of review govern
the context in which legal decisions are made by courts. Neither this opinion nor the orders
below give the slightest clue as to the legal context of the ruling being made.1

        As numerous commentators have noted: “When used properly, standards of review
require appellate judges to exercise self-restraint and in so doing, act to create a more respected
and consistent body of appellate law and a more efficient judicial system.” Amanda Peters, The
Meaning, Measure, and Misuse of Standards of Review, 13 Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 233, 235-36
(2009) (quoting Kelly Kunsch, Standard of Review (State and Federal): A Primer, 18 Seattle U.
L. Rev. 11, 12 (1994)). Moreover,

               Standards of review balance the power among the courts, enhance
               judicial economy, standardize the appellate process, and give the
               parties in a lawsuit an idea of their chance of success on appeal.
               All of these policies are interconnected. And, when appellate court
               judges use standards of review faithfully and consistently, these
               principles are upheld.

Id. at 238 (2009). As the Fourth Circuit has noted:

               The purpose of standards of review is to focus reviewing courts
               upon their proper role when passing on the conduct of other
               decision-makers. Standards of review are thus an elemental
               expression of judicial restraint, which, in their deferential varieties,
               safeguard the superior vantage points of those entrusted with

1
 The guardian ad litem at least attempts to argue standards of review, making passing references
to “not clearly erroneous” and/or “abuse of discretion,” but once again we are not provided context
as to the substantive manner in which the issues are before the lower court.

                                                  4
              primary decisional responsibility. . . .[S]tandards of review do
              matter, for in every context they keep judges within the limits of
              their role and preserve other decision-makers' functions against
              judicial intrusion.
Evans v. Eaton Corp. Long Term Disability Plan, 514 F.3d 315, 320–21, 326 (4th Cir. 2008).
Moreover,

               The appellate court can properly decide an issue on appeal only
               after establishing the proper standard of review. Whether stated or
               not, when an appellate court decides a case, it is necessarily
               applying some standard of review. By failing to state the standard
               that it is applying, the reviewing court contributes to the ‘black
               box’ nature of appellate decision-making. Moreover, the failure to
               state the standard adds credence to the suspicion that the “rules
               governing judicial review have no more substance at the core than
               a seedless grape.”

Timothy J. Storm, The Standard of Review Does Matter: Evidence of Judicial Self-Restraint in
the Illinois Appellate Court, 34 S. Ill. U. L.J. 73, 107 (2009) (quoting Ernest Gellhorn & Glen O.
Robinson, Perspectives on Administrative Law, 75 Colum. L. Rev. 771, 780 (1975)).

        During his immensely productive two years on this Court, Justice Cleckley re-focused us
on the importance of standards of review:

               One legacy left by Justice Cleckley was the attention to and the
               application of the appropriate standard of review. In preparing the
               petition and the briefs, appellate attorneys must address the
               standard of review applicable to the issues being raised. The
               appropriate standard of review governs the analysis of the issues.
               Setting forth the standard of review provides the justice a
               framework within which to consider questions presented.

Robin Jean Davis, Effective Appellate Petition and Brief Writing, West Virginia Lawyer, March
1998, 11-MARWVLAW 7. Yet this Court in this memo decision goes blithely along with the
two lower courts in failing to do so.

        The standard of review for an initial allocation of child custody decision is vastly
different from the standard of review for a modification of child custody. See Syl. Pt. 2, Cloud
v. Cloud, 161 W.Va. 45, 239 S.E.2d 669 (1977) (“To justify a change of child custody, in
addition to a change in circumstances of the parties, it must be shown that such change would
materially promote the welfare of the child.”) (emphasis added).

       In adopting substantial changes to the Rules of Appellate Procedure in 2010, this Court
modified our procedures to include memorandum decisions. See RAP 21 Specifically, the
Clerk’s Comments to Rule 21 provided for memorandum decisions as “providing a procedure
                                                5
whereby parties can request a non-precedential disposition early in the development of the
case[]” by means of an “abbreviated decision on the merits that will not contain a syllabus and
will not be published in the West Virginia Reports.” However, this Court has also held in State v.
McKinley, 234 W. Va. 143, 764 S.E.2d 303 (2014) and more recently in In re. T.O., 238 W. Va.
455, 796 S.E.2d 564 (2017), that memorandum decisions do have precedential value. Although
memorandum decisions are much shorter statements of the issues involving no new points of
law, they should not short-shift the basic ingredients of a legal opinion, which must at minimum
provide the legal context in which a decision is made and a discussion of the standard of review.

       The result in the instant case may be no different if this case was remanded. This is not
about what is a correct result. This is about courts following the law and holding themselves to
a standard at least as great as the one to which it holds unrepresented litigants in child custody
cases.

       This case should have been remanded to require the lower courts to enter orders which
comport with the law; and this Court should have enunciated our standard of review and
reviewed an appeal of the lower court order within that standard.




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