
341 S.E.2d 342 (1986)
Jennifer J. APPERT
v.
Robert A. APPERT.
No. 857DC1115.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
April 1, 1986.
*345 Rose, Jones, Rand & Orcutt, P.A. by Naomi E. Morris, Bobby F. Jones and William R. Rand, Wilson, for plaintiff-appellant.
Connor, Bunn, Rogerson & Woodard, P.A., by James F. Rogerson and Allen G. Thomas, Wilson, for defendant-appellee.
WELLS, Judge.
We must first determine whether plaintiff's appeal is premature. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1-277 (1983) and 7A-27 (1981), taken together, provide that no appeal lies to an appellate court from an interlocutory order or ruling of the trial judge unless the ruling or order affects a substantial right claimed in the proceeding. See Bailey v. Gooding, 301 N.C. 205, 270 S.E.2d 431 (1980); Waters v. Personnel, Inc., 294 N.C. 200, 240 S.E.2d 338 (1978). It is not disputed that the order in question is interlocutory; therefore, we need only determine whether it affects a substantial right so as to be immediately appealable. As our Supreme Court has recognized on more than one occasion, "the `substantial right' test for appealability of interlocutory orders is more easily stated than applied." Waters v. Personnel, Inc., supra; see also Bernick v. Jurden, 306 N.C. 435, 293 S.E.2d 405 (1982). "It is usually necessary to resolve the question in each case by considering the particular facts of that case and the procedural context in which the order from which appeal is sought was entered." Bernick, supra.
The order from which plaintiff has appealed clearly affects the right of the plaintiff to receive support on behalf of the minor children from the defendant on a monthly basis as needed and in the amount which has been found reasonably necessary for the support and maintenance of the children. We conclude that such right is a substantial one and that therefore the order in question is immediately appealable.
The primary issue presented by this appeal is whether a trial judge has authority to condition a minor child's receipt of support paid by the noncustodial parent on compliance with court-ordered visitation allowed the noncustodial parent. By ordering that child support paid by defendant be placed in escrow if either of the minor children fail or refuse to abide by the visitation privileges allowed defendant, the court made the children's receipt of the support conditional upon compliance with the visitation ordered. Under the 20 June 1985 order, if the children do not comply with the orders granting defendant visitation privileges by visiting with defendant at the times and places directed by the court, defendant's child support payments will be placed in escrow and thereby withheld from plaintiff and the children until such time as the court might decide to distribute it. The obvious purpose of this arrangement is to force the children and the plaintiff to comply with the orders granting defendant visitation rights. We conclude that trial judges in this State do not have authority to condition the receipt or payment of child support upon compliance with court-ordered visitation as done by the trial *346 judge here and that therefore the order appealed from must be vacated to the extent the trial judge purported to exercise such authority.
It is well established that trial judges are vested with wide discretion in determining matters concerning child custody and support. See, e.g., Griffin v. Griffin, 237 N.C. 404, 75 S.E.2d 133 (1953); Warner v. Latimer, 68 N.C.App. 170, 314 S.E.2d 789 (1984); Evans v. Craddock, 61 N.C.App. 438, 300 S.E.2d 908 (1983). The trial judge's discretion, however, can extend no further than the bounds of the authority vested in the trial judge. In proceedings involving the custody and support of a minor child, the trial judge is authorized to determine the party or parties to whom custody of the child shall be awarded, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 50-13.2 (1984), whether and to what extent a noncustodial person shall be allowed visitation privileges, G.S. § 50-13.2 and N.C.Gen.Stat. § 50-13.5 (1984), the amount of support necessary to meet the reasonable needs of the child, N.C.Gen. Stat. § 50-13.4 (1984), the extent to which the father and mother of the child shall be liable for such support, id., whether attorney's fees shall be awarded to a party, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 50-13.6 (1984), whether an order for child custody or support shall be modified or vacated based on a change in circumstances, N.C.Gen.Stat. § 50-13.7 (1984), and certain other related matters. See generally N.C.Gen.Stat. §§ 50-13.1 through 50-13.9 (1984). In addition, trial judges have authority to enforce orders concerning child custody and support by the methods set forth in G.S. § 50-13.3 (custody orders) and G.S. § 50-13.4 (support orders).
By the order entered 20 June 1985, the trial judge here did not purport to modify or vacate the prior orders concerning the support or custody of the minor children based on a change in circumstances; rather, the judge sought to enforce the prior orders as they related to defendant's visitation rights by conditioning the children's receipt of the support paid by defendant on compliance with the visitation orders. The precise issue presented by this appeal has not previously been decided by the courts of this State. In Laughridge v. Lovejoy, 234 N.C. 663, 68 S.E.2d 403 (1951), however, our Supreme Court stated that the general rule at that time seemed to be that:
[W]here the wife is awarded the custody of the child and the father is given the right to visit it, and the order requires him to make periodic payments for the support of the child, the order for such support will not be construed as being conditioned on the father's right of visitation which he may claim has been denied him.
In so stating, the Court recognized with apparent approval that it was the general rule that the right to receive child support was independent of the noncustodial parent's right to visitation. For this reason, we find the Court's statement significant even though it was not essential to determination of the case.
Defendant cites Mather v. Mather, 70 N.C.App. 106, 318 S.E.2d 548 (1984), as clear authority for the enforcement of visitation rights by the escrow arrangement utilized by the trial judge here. In Mather, the plaintiff mother, who had custody of the parties' minor children, allegedly removed the children surreptitiously from this State and concealed their location thereby willfully disobeying a court order which granted the defendant father visitation rights. Pursuant to a motion made by the defendant, an order was issued directing the plaintiff to appear and show cause why she should not be held in contempt of court. When the plaintiff failed to appear at the show cause hearing, the court issued an order for her arrest and relieved the defendant of his duty to make child support payments until a hearing could be held on the show cause order. The plaintiff appealed. This Court held that the plaintiff's surreptitious removal of the children from North Carolina and the effective proscription of the defendant's right to see his children constituted a sufficient change in circumstances to allow the court to temporarily *347 relieve the defendant of his child support obligation as it did.
Mather is clearly distinguishable from the present case and is not controlling. The present case does not involve a temporary reduction of a parent's child support obligation based on a change in circumstances, nor does it involve the surreptitious removal of minor children from this State in alleged violation of a court order. We believe the holding in Mather is a limited one and find no basis for expanding that holding beyond the narrow circumstances presented in that case.
Currently, other jurisdictions are split on whether child support and visitation rights are interdependent and may be conditioned upon each other. See Annot., 95 A.L.R.2d 118 (1964 and Later Case Service 1983 and Supp. 1985); Note, Making Parents Behave: The Conditioning of Child Support and Visitation Rights, 84 Colum. L.Rev. 1059 (1984). In some jurisdictions it has been held that these rights are interdependent and that courts may reduce, suspend or terminate the noncustodial parent's obligation to pay child support if or while the visitation rights of that parent are being wrongfully denied. See, e.g., Richardson v. Richardson, 122 Mich.App. 531, 332 N.W.2d 524 (1983); Giacopelli v. Giacopelli, 82 A.D.2d 806, 439 N.Y.S.2d 211 (1981). See also Cooper v. Cooper, 59 Ill.App.3d 457, 16 Ill.Dec. 818, 375 N.E.2d 925 (1978); Annot., 95 A.L.R.2d 118, supra; 24 Am. Jur.2d, Divorce and Separation § 1080 (1983). Many of these jurisdictions only allow this if it appears that the welfare of the minor children will not be adversely or seriously affected by the reduction, suspension or termination of the support. See, e.g., Richardson, supra. See also Annot., 95 A.L.R.2d 118, supra at § 7. At least two jurisdictions have enacted statutory provisions authorizing the termination or modification of the noncustodial parent's obligation to pay child support in the event visitation rights are denied. See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3109.05 (Page Supp. 1984); Or.Rev.Stat. § 107.431 (1985).
In the vast majority of cases addressing whether a noncustodial parent is entitled to any relief from the obligation to pay child support because of the denial of the parent's visitation rights, the visitation rights were being denied or frustrated by the actions of the custodial parent. See Annot., 95 A.L.R.2d 118, supra. Those jurisdictions which have allowed trial courts to alter the noncustodial parent's obligation to pay child support because of the denial of the parent's visitation rights or allowed trial courts to otherwise condition the receipt of child support upon compliance with an order granting visitation rights have generally done so on a ground which reflects the fact that it is the custodial parent that is preventing visitation from taking place. See, e.g., Giacopelli v. Giacopelli, supra. Grounds frequently asserted by these courts as a basis for allowing such relief include the following: (1) that the custodial parent should not be allowed to enjoy the benefits of the support order while denying the visitation rights of the other parent, (2) that the obligation to pay child support and the obligation to permit visitation are dependent obligations and (3) that such measure is necessary to coerce the custodial parent's compliance with the visitation order. Id. See also Note, 84 Colum.L.Rev. 1059 (1984), supra, and the cases cited therein.
In other jurisdictions it has been held improper to suspend, reduce or terminate the obligation to pay child support based on the custodial parent's denial of the visitation rights of the noncustodial parent. See, e.g., Siegel v. Siegel, 80 Ill.App.3d 583, 35 Ill.Dec. 869, 400 N.E.2d 6 (1979). See also Annot., 95 A.L.R.2d 118, supra. Courts so holding have reasoned that the welfare of the children is paramount and the children should not be deprived of support simply because of the misconduct of the custodial parent. See, e.g., Siegel v. Siegel, supra. Similar holdings have been based on the ground that the duty to pay child support is independent of the duty to permit visitation. See, e.g., People ex rel. Winger v. Young, 78 Ill.App.3d 512, 33 Ill.Dec. 920, 397 N.E.2d 253 (1979). Courts have noted *348 that the appropriate means for enforcing visitation rights is by contempt proceedings. See, e.g., Winger v. Young, supra.
Our research has disclosed only a few cases in which the denial of the visitation rights was due to the refusal of the minor child or children to visit with the noncustodial parent. Courts addressing this situation have also reached contrary results. See Annot., 32 A.L.R.3d 1055 (1970 and Supp. 1985). Some courts have held that a noncustodial parent's obligation to pay child support may be suspended so long as the minor child or children refuse, without justification, to visit the supporting parent. See, e.g., Snellings v. Snellings, 272 Ala. 254, 130 So.2d 363 (1961); Putnam v. Putnam, 136 Fla. 220, 186 So. 517 (1939). The suspension of the child support payments was viewed by these courts as a permissible device to compel the children to obey the decree providing for visitation. See Snellings, supra; Putnam, supra. In one case it was held that where the child unjustifiably refused to visit, call, write or even see the noncustodial parent, the child forfeited his right to support from that parent. Barbara M. v. Harry M., 117 Misc.2d 142, 458 N.Y.S.2d 136 (1982). In other cases it was held that under the particular facts presented the minor child's refusal to visit or live with the divorced parent did not relieve the parent of his obligation to support the child. Straver v. Straver, 26 N.J. Misc. 218, 59 A.2d 39 (1948); Yarborough v. Yarborough, 168 S.C. 46, 166 S.E. 877 (1932), reversed on other grounds, 290 U.S. 202, 54 S.Ct. 181, 78 L.Ed. 269 (1933).
In at least two jurisdictions, however, it has been held that a noncustodial parent's obligation to pay child support may not be modified or terminated based on the denial of the parent's visitation rights regardless of whether the denial resulted from the actions of the custodial parent or the minor child. See Hester v. Hester, 663 P.2d 727 (Okla.1983); Dooley v. Dooley, 30 Or.App. 989, 569 P.2d 627 (1977). In both Hester and Dooley, the appellate court asserted as grounds for its holding that the welfare of the children is paramount and that the duty of a noncustodial parent to support his or her children is not dependent upon the opportunity of the parent to exercise visitation privileges. As further support for its holding, the court in Hester stated:
Whether the children refuse to see the non-custodial parent, either on their own volition or as a result of the explicit or implicit urging of the custodial parent, there is no justification in subjecting the children to possible hardship because of the interference of the custodial parent.... The duties of support and visitation are not interdependent and should be separately enforced.
... The custodial parent's misconduct cannot destroy the child's right to support, nor may child support payments be used as a weapon to force a child's visitation with a non-custodial parent. The duty to support one's minor child is a continuing obligation. Entitlement to child support is not contingent upon visitation rights.
We find Hester and Dooley particularly on point with the present case. In those cases, the denial of the noncustodial parent's visitation rights resulted from the refusal of the children to visit the noncustodial parent; however, it appeared the children's refusal may have been due to the influence or conduct of the custodial parent. Similarly, in the present case, the denial of defendant's visitation rights resulted directly from the refusal of the minor children to visit defendant; however, it is clear the trial judge believed the children's refusal resulted at least in part from the influence and conduct of their mother.
Those jurisdictions which have chosen to view child support and visitation rights as interdependent and sanctioned the termination or suspension of child support payments based on the denial of the noncustodial parent's visitation rights have been criticized. See Note, 84 Colum.L.Rev. 1059 (1984), supra. It has been argued that conditioning the receipt of child support upon compliance with an order providing for visitation fails to take into account adequately *349 the relevant interests at stake, particularly the interest of the child involved; that it may be injurious to the interests of the child and the State; that it may be ineffectual in bringing about compliance; and that there are alternative sanctions available to courts which are more desirable and appropriate to remedy the problem of wrongful denial of visitation rights. Id.
In determining which view is most consonant with the law of this State, we find the following well-established law particularly instructive: It has long been the law of this State that the welfare or best interest of the child is the paramount consideration which guides our courts in determining matters concerning the custody of a minor child. See 3 Lee, N.C. Family Law § 224 (1981). All other factors, including visitation rights of a parent, will be deferred or subordinated to this consideration. Griffith v. Griffith, 240 N.C. 271, 81 S.E.2d 918 (1954); see also In re Custody of Stancil, 10 N.C.App. 545, 179 S.E.2d 844 (1971). Visitation rights should not be permitted to jeopardize the best interest and welfare of the child. Swicegood v. Swicegood, 270 N.C. 278, 154 S.E.2d 324 (1967); In re Custody of Stancil, supra. As this Court stated in Stancil, supra, quoting 2 Nelson, Divorce and Annulment § 15.26 (2d ed. 1961): "The right of visitation is an important, natural and legal right, although it is not an absolute right, but is one which must yield to the good of the child."
After considering the arguments on both sides of this issue, the case law in this State and in other jurisdictions, we conclude that conditioning the payment or receipt of child support upon compliance with an order granting the noncustodial parent visitation privileges as a means of enforcing the visitation order is inherently detrimental to the best interest of the minor child and is therefore contrary to the law of this State. It must be remembered that the primary reason for visitation is the benefit to be derived by the child from associating with the noncustodial parent. See Porter v. Porter, 25 Ohio St.2d 123, 267 N.E.2d 299 (1971); Block v. Block, 15 Wis.2d 291, 112 N.W.2d 923 (1961). When visitation does not occur, it is the child that suffers the injury, as well, of course, as the noncustodial parent. Withholding support payments from the child because visitation has not taken place as ordered can only exacerbate the child's confusion, uncertainty and tension. Since it has been determined that the support payments are necessary to provide for the child's needs, the withholding of the payments is necessarily harmful to the child. Note, Visitation Rights: Providing Adequate Protection for the Noncustodial Parent, 3 Cardozo L.Rev. 431 (1982). Withholding support payments for this reason may not only threaten the child's financial security, it may also damage the child's relationship with the custodial parent and may have significant psychological repercussions for the child. Note, 84 Colum.L.Rev. 1059 (1984), supra. As one example of the latter, conditioning the receipt of child support upon compliance with court-ordered visitation, referred to by one court as a "money-for-visits solution," may lead to an unfortunate mental association. Id. That is, the child will realize that visitation with the noncustodial parent is merely a way to ensure that the support payments keep coming and may come to believe that his or her relationship with that parent is financially rather than emotionally based. Id.
We believe the child has suffered injury enough by the fact of the parents' divorce and by the failure of visitation to take place. We find no justification for further compounding the child's injury by withholding support payments from the child.
Withholding support payments results in injury to the minor child regardless of whether visitation does not take place because of the refusal of the child to visit with the noncustodial parent or because of the interference of the custodial parent. It is because of this unjustifiable injury to the child that we find the escrow arrangement ordered by the trial judge objectionable. This type of arrangement is even more objectionable, however, when visitation does not take place because of the misconduct *350 of the custodial parent. In that situation, the child is penalized even though he or she is not the wrongdoing party. As one court stated in addressing this situation: "[T]here is no moral justification in subjecting innocent children to hardships because of the misdeeds of their parents." Dooley v. Dooley, supra. We agree. Child support payments are for the maintenance of the children's welfare and are not a lever upon which divorced adults can be made to resolve their differences over visitation. Rathmell v. Gardner, 105 Ill. App.3d 986, 61 Ill.Dec. 559, 434 N.E.2d 1156 (1982). In this State, the duty of a parent to support his or her children is not dependent upon the granting of visitation rights, nor is it dependent upon the parent's opportunity to exercise visitation rights. We conclude that visitation and child support rights are independent rights accruing primarily to the benefit of the minor child and that one is not, and may not be made, contingent upon the other.
Not only do we find the escrow arrangement ordered by the trial judge to be inherently detrimental to the best interest of the children, but also that the effectiveness of this remedy in coercing compliance with visitation orders is questionable. We do not believe the threat of economic deprivation will achieve the result ultimately desired by the noncustodial parentto obtain the love and respect of the children. As one court stated in criticism of the use of support payments as a means of forcing a child's visitation: "Affection is bestowed, not bought.... Obviously, any coerced companionship the defendant might compel by a cutoff of child support would be utterly devoid of the sentiments of filial love and respect whose encouragement furnished the only admissible ground for visitation in the first place." Henshaw v. Henshaw, 83 Mich.App. 68, 268 N.W.2d 289 (1978).
Lastly, we note that there are other means available to trial judges to enforce visitation rights which have been sanctioned by our Legislature and which provide an appropriate remedy for the problem presented. Trial judges in this State have authority to enforce orders providing for visitation by the methods set forth in G.S. § 50-13.3, that is, by contempt proceedings and by injunction. See Clark v. Clark, 294 N.C. 554, 243 S.E.2d 129 (1978) ("Visitation privileges are but a lesser degree of custody."). Of these two methods, contempt proceedings are the means most likely to be useful in enforcing visitation rights. Although contempt proceedings may not provide an adequate remedy in every case, they are an appropriate remedy and one which our trial judges are statutorily authorized to use, unlike the escrow arrangement utilized by the trial judge in the present case.
We conclude that the trial judge here acted beyond the bounds of his authority and contrary to the law of this State when he ordered that child support paid by defendant be placed in escrow in the event the minor children fail or refuse to abide by the visitation privileges allowed defendant. Accordingly, we vacate the 20 June 1985 order to the extent it allows defendant's motion to hold the child support payments in escrow. The remainder of the 20 June 1985 order is affirmed.
Vacated in part; affirmed in part.
WHICHARD and COZORT, JJ., concur.
