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                                        CHARLES SARGENT IRR. v. POHLMEIER
                                              Cite as 27 Neb. App. 229




                        Charles Sargent Irrigation, Inc., doing business              as
                              Sargent Drilling, appellee, v. M ary
                                 M artha Pohlmeier, appellant.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                          Filed May 14, 2019.     No. A-17-1231.

                 1. Motions to Vacate: Time. The decision to vacate an order at any time
                    during the term in which the judgment is rendered is within the discre-
                    tion of the court; such a decision will be reversed only if it is shown that
                    the district court abused its discretion.
                 2. Judgments: Words and Phrases. An abuse of discretion occurs when
                    the trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or
                    unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience,
                    reason, and evidence.
                 3. Rules of the Supreme Court: Pretrial Procedure: Appeal and Error.
                    The determination of an appropriate discovery sanction rests within the
                    discretion of the trial court, and an appellate court will not disturb it
                    absent an abuse of discretion.
                 4. Motions to Vacate: Time. In a civil case, a court has inherent power
                    to vacate or modify its own judgments at any time during the term at
                    which those judgments are pronounced, and such power exists entirely
                    independent of any statute.
                 5. Courts: Time. Unless otherwise provided by order of the district
                    court, a term of court begins on January 1 of a given year and ends on
                    December 31 of that same year.
                 6. Judgments: Judicial Sales: Appeal and Error. An order overruling a
                    motion to deny confirmation of a judicial sale and to set the sale aside is
                    not a final or reviewable order.
                 7. Courts. Nebraska’s courts, through their inherent judicial power, have
                    the authority to do all things necessary for the proper administration
                    of justice.
                 8. Pretrial Procedure. The main purpose of the discovery process is to
                    narrow the factual issues in controversy so that the trial is efficient
                    and economical.
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                 CHARLES SARGENT IRR. v. POHLMEIER
                       Cite as 27 Neb. App. 229

 9. ____. The discovery process helps the litigants conduct an informed
    cross-examination and avoid tactical surprise, a circumstance which
    might lead to a result based more on legal maneuvering than on the
    merits of the case.
10. Rules of the Supreme Court: Pretrial Procedure. The court may sanc-
    tion a party under Neb. Ct. R. Disc. § 6-337, despite the absence of a
    prior discovery order.
11. Courts: Evidence. A trial court’s exclusion of evidence may be sus-
    tained as an exercise of a trial court’s inherent powers.
12. Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not consider an issue that
    was not presented to or passed upon by the trial court, because a trial
    court cannot commit error in resolving an issue never presented and
    submitted to it for disposition.

   Appeal from the District Court for Fillmore County: Vicky
L. Johnson, Judge. Affirmed.
   Travis Penn, of Penn Law Firm, L.L.C., for appellant.
  Charles W. Campbell, of Angle, Murphy & Campbell, P.C.,
L.L.O., for appellee.
   Moore, Chief Judge, and Riedmann and Bishop, Judges.
   Riedmann, Judge.
                       INTRODUCTION
   As a discovery sanction, the district court for Fillmore
County entered a default judgment against Mary Martha
Pohlmeier and in favor of Charles Sargent Irrigation, Inc.,
doing business as Sargent Drilling (Charles Sargent). The
court included prejudgment interest in the damages awarded,
and after Pohlmeier’s land was sold to satisfy the judgment,
the court denied Pohlmeier’s objection to the confirmation of
the sale. We affirm the decisions related to the default judg-
ment but lack jurisdiction to address issues related to the con-
firmation of the sale.
                      BACKGROUND
  In 2014, Pohlmeier entered into a written contract with
Charles Sargent for the drilling of wells and associated work
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              CHARLES SARGENT IRR. v. POHLMEIER
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on Pohlmeier’s property. Certain work was completed, but
Pohlmeier failed to pay as agreed; thus, Charles Sargent com-
menced this action seeking to recover payment from Pohlmeier.
In response to Charles Sargent’s amended complaint, Pohlmeier
filed an answer and counterclaim.
   In February 2016, Charles Sargent filed a motion for
sanctions. The motion and attached affidavit alleged that on
December 4, 2015, Charles Sargent had served interrogatories
and requests for production of documents on Pohlmeier by
sending them to her counsel and that Pohlmeier had requested
additional time within which to respond. Pohlmeier’s counsel
then moved to withdraw, and on January 11, 2016, the dis-
trict court granted counsel’s motion to withdraw and allowed
Pohlmeier until February 4 to serve her discovery responses.
Pohlmeier never responded to the discovery requests.
   The court held a hearing on the motion for sanctions, and
neither Pohlmeier nor her counsel appeared. The court entered
a written order on March 10, 2016, stating that notice of the
hearing had been provided to Pohlmeier at her last known
address. Based on Pohlmeier’s failure to respond to discovery,
the court found that Charles Sargent was entitled to sanctions.
The court therefore entered a default judgment in favor of
Charles Sargent against Pohlmeier on the amended complaint
and awarded judgment in the amount of $27,498.38 plus inter-
est in the amount of $8,013.25.
   As a result of the default judgment, a writ of execution
was issued for Pohlmeier’s property, and the record shows
that Pohlmeier was personally served with the writ on August
10, 2016. A sale of the property was held on October 3, and
the property was sold. On October 6, Charles Sargent filed a
motion to confirm the sale in the district court. On November
1, Pohlmeier, represented by new counsel, filed an objection
to the confirmation of sale and a motion to vacate the default
judgment. At a hearing on the motions, Pohlmeier’s counsel
argued that the default judgment was not a final judgment
because it failed to dispose of Pohlmeier’s counterclaim.
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               CHARLES SARGENT IRR. v. POHLMEIER
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 229

   In an order entered January 5, 2017, the district court rec-
ognized that the March 10, 2016, order was not final because
of the outstanding counterclaim. The court therefore modified
the March 10 order, striking the counterclaim and reiterating
that default judgment was entered in favor of Charles Sargent.
The court did not rule on the objection to the confirmation of
sale or the motion to vacate at that time.
   Thereafter, Pohlmeier filed a motion to alter or amend
the January 5, 2017, order. At a hearing on that motion,
Charles Sargent recognized that the sale could not be con-
firmed because the execution was issued upon a nonfinal judg-
ment; thus, a new sale would have to take place. The court
issued a written order on October 26 overruling the motion
to vacate and the objection to the confirmation of sale. No
order was entered on the motion to confirm the sale, nor did
Charles Sargent withdraw the motion. Pohlmeier appeals from
that order.

                  ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Pohlmeier assigns, restated, that the district court (1) lacked
authority to modify the March 10, 2016, judgment on January
5, 2017; (2) erred in overruling her objection to the confir-
mation of sale; (3) erred in issuing sanctions improperly and
failing to set aside those sanctions; and (4) erred in awarding
prejudgment interest, because the claim was not liquidated.

                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1,2] The decision to vacate an order at any time during
the term in which the judgment is rendered is within the dis-
cretion of the court; such a decision will be reversed only if
it is shown that the district court abused its discretion. In re
Change of Name of Whilde, 298 Neb. 510, 904 N.W.2d 707
(2017). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s
decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or unreason-
able or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience,
reason, and evidence. Id.
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               CHARLES SARGENT IRR. v. POHLMEIER
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 229

   [3] The determination of an appropriate discovery sanction
rests within the discretion of the trial court, and an appellate
court will not disturb it absent an abuse of discretion. Hill v.
Tevogt, 293 Neb. 429, 879 N.W.2d 369 (2016).
                           ANALYSIS
Modification of Judgment.
   In her first assignment of error, Pohlmeier argues that the
district court lacked the authority to modify the March 10,
2016, judgment on January 5, 2017, because the modification
was made out of term and without a motion filed by either
party within 6 months of the original judgment. We disagree.
   At the outset, we note Charles Sargent asserts that the
January 5, 2017, order was a final judgment disposing of
all of the claims of the case and that because Pohlmeier
does not assign any errors related to that order, she has
waived any challenge to that order on appeal. The January
5 order struck Pohlmeier’s counterclaim but did not rule on
her motion to vacate the default judgment, as evidenced by
Pohlmeier’s allegations contained in her motion to alter or
amend. Thus, because the motion to vacate remained out-
standing, the January 5 order was not a final order from
which Pohlmeier could appeal. The district court did not rule
on the motion to vacate until October, that ruling being the
order from which this appeal was taken. The present appeal
is therefore Pohlmeier’s first opportunity to raise issues
related to the January 5 order. We now turn to the merits of
Pohlmeier’s argument.
   [4,5] In a civil case, a court has inherent power to vacate
or modify its own judgments at any time during the term
at which those judgments are pronounced, and such power
exists entirely independent of any statute. In re Change of
Name of Whilde, supra. The inherent power of a district court
to vacate or modify its judgments or orders during term may
also be exercised after the end of the term, upon the same
grounds, upon a motion filed within 6 months after the entry
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               CHARLES SARGENT IRR. v. POHLMEIER
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 229

of the judgment or order. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-2001 (Reissue
2016). Unless otherwise provided by order of the district
court, a term of court begins on January 1 of a given year
and ends on December 31 of that same year. Andersen v.
American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 249 Neb. 169, 542 N.W.2d
703 (1996).
   Rules of Dist. Ct. of First Jud. Dist. 1-1 (rev. 2005) allows
the judge in each county to set the terms of court, and we have
found nothing in the record to reflect that the district court
fixed a term of court other than the calendar year. Therefore,
the district court in this case had the inherent power to modify
a judgment or order during the same calendar year in which
it was filed.
   Pohlmeier argues that because the original order was
entered in March 2016 and the modification order was filed
in January 2017, the modification was made out of term. The
Nebraska Supreme Court addressed this issue in Moackler
v. Finley, 207 Neb. 353, 299 N.W.2d 166 (1980). There, the
trial court entered a default judgment against the defendant
in February 1979. On June 26, the defendant moved to set
aside and vacate the default judgment. The trial court’s term
ended on June 29. Thus, the order setting aside and vacating
the default judgment filed on July 12 was entered in the new
term of court.
   On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the trial court abused
its discretion when it vacated the default judgment in a term
of court beyond that in which the judgment was entered.
The Supreme Court noted that a court has inherent power to
vacate or modify its own judgments at any time during the
term in which those judgments are pronounced, and such
power exists entirely independent of any statute. Id. The court
also observed that it is equally clear that § 25-2001 specifies
in which instances the district court has the power to vacate
or modify its own judgments or orders after the term has been
adjourned. Moackler v. Finley, supra. Thus, the issue before
the court was whether the district court loses its jurisdiction
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               CHARLES SARGENT IRR. v. POHLMEIER
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 229

to vacate an order when the term ends, if the motion to vacate
was made during the term in which the judgment was ren-
dered and none of the grounds for vacation exist pursuant to
§ 25-2001. Moackler v. Finley, supra. In resolving that ques-
tion, the Supreme Court held that the district court retains
the authority to rule upon a motion to vacate if the motion
was made within the original term. Id. In reaching this deci-
sion, the Supreme Court relied upon Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-310
(Reissue 2016), which provided then, as it does now, that upon
any final adjournment of the court, all business not otherwise
disposed of shall stand continued generally. The Supreme
Court determined that once a motion is made and has not yet
been ruled upon, the motion is pending, and when the term is
adjourned, that pending motion cannot be other than a matter
“‘not otherwise disposed of.’” Moackler v. Finley, 207 Neb.
at 357, 299 N.W.2d at 168. Therefore, the court retains juris-
diction by law to modify its previous order. Id.
   In the present case, the term of court ran from January 1
through December 31, 2016. Default judgment was entered
in March, and the motion to vacate was filed in November.
Although the district court did not rule on the motion until
January 2017, the motion remained pending at the end of the
court’s term, and thus, the court retained jurisdiction to rule
on the motion in the following term. It therefore permissibly
entered the order in January 2017 modifying the March 2016
order pursuant to its inherent authority. Accordingly, we find
no merit to Pohlmeier’s argument to the contrary.
   Finally, as to this issue, Pohlmeier argues that § 25-2001
does not apply because the March 2016 order was not a judg-
ment and no motion to vacate was filed within 6 months of
entry of the order as required by § 25-2001. We agree with
Pohlmeier that § 25-2001 does not control the outcome here,
except to the extent that it recognizes a district court’s inher-
ent power to vacate or modify its judgments or orders during
the term in which they are entered. Section 25-2001 provides
the circumstances under which a district court may vacate or
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                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 229

modify a judgment or order after the end of the term in which
the judgment or order was entered. But because a court retains
jurisdiction to rule on a pending motion to vacate after the
term has ended, reliance upon § 25-2001 is not necessary.
For the sake of completeness, we also note that § 25-2001
recognizes a court’s inherent power to vacate or modify its
judgments or orders. Therefore, even though the March 2016
order was not a final judgment because it did not dispose
of Pohlmeier’s counterclaim, it was an order of the court,
and thus, the district court had the authority to modify it in
January 2017.

Objection to Confirmation of Sale.
   Pohlmeier argues that the district court erred in overruling
her objection to the confirmation of the sale. We conclude that
we lack jurisdiction over this issue.
   The district court entered a default judgment in favor of
Charles Sargent, and a writ of execution was issued in May
2016. A sale of the property was completed on October 3,
and on October 6, Charles Sargent filed a motion asking the
district court to confirm the sale. On November 1, Pohlmeier
filed an objection to the confirmation of the sale. The district
court overruled the objection in the October 26, 2017, order.
The court never ruled on Charles Sargent’s motion to confirm
the sale, but we note that Charles Sargent agreed that because
the writ of execution was issued upon a nonfinal judgment,
the sale could not be confirmed and a new sale would have to
be held.
   [6] The writ of execution and sale are postjudgment pro-
ceedings over which we do not have jurisdiction because,
although a motion to confirm the sale was filed, it was never
ruled upon. The only ruling related to the confirmation of sale
is the overruling of Pohlmeier’s objection to the confirmation
of sale. An order overruling a motion to deny confirmation
of a judicial sale and to set the sale aside is not a final or
reviewable order. See County of Lancaster v. Schwarz, 152
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Neb. 15, 39 N.W.2d 921 (1949). Therefore, the district court’s
decision overruling the objection to the confirmation of sale
is not final and appealable, and as a result, we do not have
jurisdiction over this issue.

Motion for Sanctions.
   Pohlmeier asserts that the district court erred in issuing
sanctions improperly and failing to set aside those sanctions.
Her argument is twofold: (1) Neb. Ct. R. Disc. § 6-337 (rule
37) does not allow the imposition of sanctions without a prior
motion to compel, and (2) she did not receive procedural due
process because she was not given notice of the motion for
sanctions. She does not argue that in the hierarchy of avail-
able sanctions, the imposition of a default judgment was too
severe. See Hill v Tevogt, 293 Neb. 429, 879 N.W.2d 369
(2016). To the extent Pohlmeier is arguing that the court erred
in denying her motion to vacate on the two bases asserted, we
reject her arguments as set forth below.
   [7-10] Nebraska’s courts, through their inherent judicial
power, have the authority to do all things necessary for the
proper administration of justice. In re Interest of Zachary
D. & Alexander D., 289 Neb. 763, 857 N.W.2d 323 (2015).
Here, the district court entered a default judgment against
Pohlmeier as a sanction for failing to respond to discovery.
The main purpose of the discovery process is to narrow the
factual issues in controversy so that the trial is efficient and
economical. Hill v. Tevogt, supra. The discovery process
helps the litigants conduct an informed cross-examination and
avoid tactical surprise, a circumstance which might lead to
a result based more on legal maneuvering than on the mer-
its of the case. Id. If the parties fall short of their discovery
obligations, rule 37 allows the court to sanction them. Hill v.
Tevogt, supra.
   Sanctions under rule 37 serve several purposes. See In re
Estate of Graham, 301 Neb. 594, 919 N.W.2d 714 (2018).
First, they punish a litigant or counsel who might be inclined
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to frustrate the discovery process. Id. Second, they deter those
who are tempted to break the rules. Id. Finally, they prevent
parties who have failed to meet their discovery obligations
from profiting from their misconduct. Id.
   In relevant part, rule 37 provides:
         (b) Failure to Comply with Order.
         ....
         (2) Sanctions by Court in Which Action is Pending. If
      a party . . . fails to obey an order to provide or permit dis-
      covery . . . the court in which the action is pending may
      make such orders in regard to the failure as are just, and
      among others the following:
         (A) An order that the matters regarding which the order
      was made or any other designated facts shall be taken to
      be established for the purposes of the action in accord­
      ance with the claim of the party obtaining the order;
         (B) An order refusing to allow the disobedient party to
      support or oppose designated claims or defenses, or pro-
      hibiting him or her from introducing designated matters
      in evidence;
         (C) An order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or
      staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed, or
      dismissing the action or proceeding or any part thereof,
      or rendering a judgment by default against the disobedi-
      ent party;
         ....
         (d) Failure of Party to Attend at Own Deposition or
      Serve Answers to Interrogatories or Respond to Request
      for Inspection. If a party . . . fails
         ....
         (2) To serve answers or objections to interrogatories
      submitted under Rule 33, after proper service of the
      interrogatories[,]
         (3) . . . the court in which the action is pending on
      motion may make such orders in regard to the failure
      as are just, and among others it may take any action
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      authorized under paragraphs (A), (B), and (C) of subdivi-
      sion (b)(2) of this rule.
   Pohlmeier relies upon rule 37(b) to argue that the sanction
“clearly exceeded [the] Court’s jurisdiction” because Charles
Sargent never moved to compel the discovery responses, and
therefore, there was no court order with which she failed to
comply. Brief for appellant at 15. However, aside from rule
37(b), the court may sanction a party under rule 37(d), despite
the absence of a prior discovery order. Hill v. Tevogt, 293 Neb.
429, 879 N.W.2d 369 (2016). If a party fails to serve answers
to interrogatories, the court may issue a sanction that is “just,”
see rule 37(d)(3), including “rendering a judgment by default
against the disobedient party,” see rule 37(b)(2)(C). Thus, no
prior court order is required before the court may sanction a
party for its failure to answer interrogatories.
   [11] In addition, a court has inherent power to sanction.
This court has previously held that where there is no court
order regarding discovery under rule 37, the exclusion of
evidence “may be sustained as an exercise of a trial court’s
inherent powers.” Schindler v. Walker, 7 Neb. App. 300, 310,
582 N.W.2d 369, 377 (1998). In Schindler v. Walker, we
recognized that a district court’s inherent powers include the
broad discretion to make discovery and evidentiary rulings
conducive to the conduct of a fair and orderly trial. Therefore,
contrary to Pohlmeier’s assertions, the court did not exceed
its jurisdiction by imposing a sanction without a prior order
to compel discovery, and the court did not err in denying her
motion to vacate on this ground.
   Pohlmeier also asserts that she was never served with the
motion for sanctions and that therefore, the March 10, 2016,
order violated her constitutional right to procedural due proc­
ess because she was not given notice and the opportunity to
be heard.
   At the hearing on Pohlmeier’s motion to vacate, she offered
no evidence in support of her motion or evidence establish-
ing that she never received the motion for sanctions. And the
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evidence presented at the hearing established that the clerk
of the district court sent to Pohlmeier personally copies of
the January 11, 2016, orders allowing Pohlmeier’s counsel
to withdraw and granting her additional time to respond to
discovery. The certificate of service for the order dated March
10, 2016, entering default judgment against Pohlmeier, also
reveals that it was sent to Pohlmeier personally.
   Even if Pohlmeier received none of these filings in the mail
as she claims, it is clear that she was personally served on
August 10, 2016, with the writ of execution, and thus, she was
aware at that time that a judgment had been entered in this
matter against her and that the property was to be sold. Yet,
she did nothing to attempt to vacate the judgment at that time
or postpone the sale or participate in any way in the proceed-
ings. It was not until November 1 that Pohlmeier filed any-
thing in the district court. As a result, we reject Pohlmeier’s
argument that she was denied procedural due process, and
the court did not err in denying her motion to vacate for
this reason.

Prejudgment Interest.
   When the district court entered default judgment against
Pohlmeier, it awarded Charles Sargent judgment in the
amount of $27,498.38 plus interest as pled in the amended
complaint. The January 5, 2017, order reentered judgment
in the same amount, including the interest. Pohlmeier argues
that the court should not have awarded prejudgment interest,
because the claim was not liquidated. We decline to address
this argument.
   [12] After the default judgment was entered, Pohlmeier
filed a motion to vacate the default judgment. She never filed
a motion related to the amount of the judgment; rather, her
subsequent motion to alter or amend asked the court to set
aside the January 5, 2017, order because it was entered out
of term. And while she argued at the hearing on the motion
to alter or amend that prejudgment interest should not have
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been included, it was not a basis upon which she filed her
initial motion to vacate. An appellate court will not consider
an issue that was not presented to or passed upon by the trial
court, because a trial court cannot commit error in resolving
an issue never presented and submitted to it for disposition.
Upper Republican NRD v. Dundy Cty. Bd. of Equal., 300 Neb.
256, 912 N.W.2d 796 (2018). Because Pohlmeier failed to
properly raise the issue of prejudgment interest to the district
court, we decline to address the issue now.
                       CONCLUSION
   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the dis-
trict court.
                                                  A ffirmed.
