[Cite as State v. Skirvin, 2019-Ohio-2040.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      CHAMPAIGN COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
          Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   Appellate Case No. 2017-CA-26
                                                   :
 v.                                                :   Trial Court Case No. 2016-CR-193
                                                   :
 DAKOTA SKIRVIN                                    :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                   :   Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                   :

                                              ...........

                                              OPINION

                              Rendered on the 24th day of May, 2019.

                                              ...........

SAMUEL ADAM USMANI, Atty. Reg. No. 0097223, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney,
Champaign County Prosecutor’s Office, 200 North Main Street, Urbana, Ohio 43078
     Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

ALEX KOCHANOWSKI, Atty. Reg. No. 0090940, 6302 Kincaid Road, Cincinnati, Ohio
45213
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                              .............




WELBAUM, P.J.
                                                                                           -2-


       {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Dakota Skirvin, appeals from a judgment of the

Champaign County Court of Common Pleas, which revoked his community control

sanctions, imposed a 30-month prison sentence, ordered him to pay court costs and a

fine consistent with the court’s prior judgment placing him on community control

sanctions, and ordered him to pay court-appointed counsel fees as previously imposed

and related to the community control violation. For the reasons outlined below, the

portion of the trial court’s sentence ordering Skirvin to pay court-appointed counsel fees

will be reversed and remanded for resentencing. In all other respects, the judgment of

the trial court will be affirmed.



                             Facts and Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 2} On October 5, 2016, Skirvin pled guilty to one count of burglary in violation

of R.C. 2911.12(A)(3), a felony of the third degree. Following Skirvin’s guilty plea, the

trial court sentenced Skirvin to a two-year period of community control sanctions that

included both standard and special conditions. The trial court notified Skirvin of the

consequences for violating the conditions of community control and noted that if his

community control sanctions were revoked, Skirvin would be sentenced to 30 months in

prison followed by a mandatory, three-year term of post-release control. In addition to

community control sanctions, the trial court ordered Skirvin to pay a $250 fine, court costs,

and court-appointed counsel fees.        When ordering the payment of those financial

obligations at the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated that it had considered Skirvin’s

presentence investigation report and his present and future ability to pay. The trial court

made a similar statement in the corresponding sentencing entry, noting that it found
                                                                                           -3-


Skirvin was not indigent, but employable and in good health.

       {¶ 3} On August 9, 2017, approximately nine months after the trial court sentenced

Skirvin to community control sanctions, Skirvin’s probation officer filed a “Notice of

Supervision Violation” indicating that Skirvin had committed ten community control

violations.   On August 14, 2017, the trial court held an arraignment on the alleged

violations, during which Skirvin did not contest the existence of probable cause to believe

that he had violated the terms of his community control. Because the allegations were

uncontested by Skirvin, the trial court found that probable cause existed to hold a

community control violation hearing.

       {¶ 4} On August 21, 2017, the trial court held the community control violation

hearing. At this hearing, the State presented testimony from Skirvin’s probation officer,

Patrick Powell. Powell testified regarding the details of each community control violation

alleged in the “Notice of Supervision Violation.” Following Powell’s testimony, the trial

court found Skirvin guilty of each alleged violation.

       {¶ 5} After finding Skirvin guilty of the violations, the trial court revoked community

control and sentenced Skirvin to 30 months in prison with a mandatory, three-year term

of post-release control. The trial court also ordered Skirvin to pay a $250 fine, court

costs, and court-appointed counsel fees. When imposing those financial obligations, the

trial court stated the following at Skirvin’s sentencing hearing:

               Court has reviewed your present and future ability to pay financial

       obligations before imposing a financial sanction on you. Court finds that

       you are employable and in good health. You remain liable for the court

       costs, fines, and court-appointed legal fees and expenses that were
                                                                                      -4-


      previously imposed in your earlier case. * * * You are also ordered to pay

      back the cost of the community control violation case. The legal fees of the

      community control violation case rather.       And the legal fees will be

      separately collected by the Clerk. They are not to be taxed as part of court

      costs.

Sentencing Trans. (Aug. 21, 2017), p. 31-32.

      {¶ 6} The trial court made similar findings in its corresponding sentencing entry,

which stated the following:

               In imposing the following financial obligations upon the Defendant,

      the court has reviewed and considered the information contained in the

      presentence investigation report (relating to the Defendant’s age, health,

      education and employment history) and the statements of the Prosecutor,

      Defense Counsel and Defendant in considering the Defendant’s present

      and future ability to pay the amount of the financial obligation before

      imposing such a financial sanction. R.C. 2929.19(B)(5).

               ***

               Defendant remains liable for the amount of court-appointed legal

      fees and expenses originally imposed in the initial Journal Entry of

      Judgment, Conviction and Sentence. Defendant is ordered to pay back

      the cost of the legal fees and expenses in the community control violation

      case and those fees and expenses shall be separately collected by the

      Clerk. R.C. 2941.51(D).

Journal Entry, Docket No. 51, p. 7-8.
                                                                                          -5-


       {¶ 7} Skirvin appeals from the trial court’s order revoking community control and

imposing sentence following the revocation. In the appeal, Skirvin’s appellate counsel

filed a brief under the authority of Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18

L.Ed.2d 493 (1967), asserting the absence of any non-frivolous issues for appeal. After

conducting an Anders review, this court found two issues with arguable merit for appeal

concerning the trial court’s order for Skirvin to pay court-appointed counsel fees.

Therefore, we rejected Skirvin’s Anders brief and appointed new appellate counsel to file

an appellate brief on Skirvin’s behalf. Skirvin’s new appellate counsel thereafter filed a

brief raising two assignments of error for review.



                               First Assignment of Error

       {¶ 8} Under his first assignment of error, Skirvin contends that the trial court erred

in ordering him to pay court-appointed counsel fees without making an explicit finding on

the record regarding his present and future ability to pay. Skirvin also argues that the

trial court erred by failing to specify the amount of court-appointed counsel fees he could

reasonably be expected to pay.

       {¶ 9} R.C. 2941.51(D) provides that court-appointed counsel fees “shall not be

taxed as part of the costs and shall be paid by the county.” However, R.C. 2941.51(D)

also provides that “if the person represented has, or reasonably may be expected to have,

the means to meet some part of the cost of the services rendered to the person, the

person shall pay the county an amount that the person reasonably can be expected to

pay.” Therefore, “a defendant may be required to repay court-appointed counsel fees,

but only to the extent deemed reasonable if the defendant has a present or future ability
                                                                                          -6-

to pay.” State v. Shirk, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2015-CA-49, 2016-Ohio-7692, ¶ 8.

       {¶ 10} To properly impose court-appointed counsel fees, the trial court must (1)

consider the defendant’s ability-to-pay and the amount thereof, and (2) notify the

defendant of the imposition of court-appointed counsel fees at sentencing. Id. at ¶ 9,

citing State v. Springs, 2015-Ohio-5016, 53 N.E.3d 804, ¶ 10 (2d Dist.). (Other citations

omitted.) “[A] trial court errs when it orders a defendant to pay court-appointed counsel

fees without notifying the defendant of that requirement at sentencing and determining

the defendant’s ability to pay those fees.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Mitchell, 2d Dist.

Clark No. 2014-CA-108, 2016-Ohio-1422, ¶ 24.

       {¶ 11} This court has recently held that the ability-to-pay determination for court-

appointed counsel fees cannot be inferred from a trial court’s statement that it has

reviewed a presentence investigation report that contains information relevant to that

determination.   State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-2858, 117 N.E.3d 887, ¶ 20 (2d Dist.).

Rather, this court concluded that, “prior to imposing court-appointed counsel fees, the trial

court must make an explicit finding that a defendant has or reasonably may be expected

to have the means to pay some or all of the cost of his or her legal representation.” Id.

at ¶ 21. This court also held that “the trial court is required to specify the amount of

appointed-counsel fees that a defendant can or reasonably may be expected to pay.” Id.

       {¶ 12} Since there is nothing in the language of R.C. 2941.51(D) requiring the trial

court to make an explicit finding regarding the defendant’s ability to pay court-appointed

counsel fees, or to specify the amount the defendant can reasonably be expected to pay,

the dissent in Taylor argued that the majority’s holding improperly added requirements to

R.C. 2941.51 that do not exist within the statute.         Taylor at ¶ 36 (Welbaum, J.,
                                                                                           -7-


dissenting). The dissent also argued that the trial court’s duty to make an ability-to-pay

determination under R.C. 2941.51(D) is similar to the trial court’s duty under R.C.

2929.19(B)(5) to consider the offenders present and future ability to pay before imposing

financial sanctions, a duty which this court has consistently held does not require an

explicit finding as to the defendant’s ability to pay. Id. at ¶ 37, citing State v. Conley,

2015-Ohio-2553, 43 N.E.3d 775, ¶ 49 (2d Dist.), quoting State v. Parker, 2d Dist.

Champaign No. 03CA0017, 2004-Ohio-1313, ¶ 42 (“a court imposing financial sanctions

need not expressly state on the record that it considered an offender’s ability to pay. * * *

Where the trial court fails to make an explicit finding on a defendant’s relative ability to

pay, this court has observed that a trial court’s consideration of this issue may be ‘inferred

from the record under appropriate circumstances.’ ”)

       {¶ 13} The dissent in Taylor further noted that this court has specifically held that

a trial court may comply with its duty under R.C. 2929.19(B)(5) “ ‘by considering a

presentence investigation report (“PSI”), which includes information about the defendant's

age, health, education, and work history.’ ” Id., citing State v. Hull, 2d Dist. Clark No.

2016-CA-5, 2017-Ohio-7934, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Willis, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

24477, 2012-Ohio-294, ¶ 4. Given the similarities between R.C. 2941.51(D) and R.C.

2929.19(B)(5), the dissent in Taylor agreed with various decisions from the Twelfth

District Court of Appeals holding that the ability-to-pay determination under R.C.

2941.51(D) could be inferred from a trial court’s statement that it reviewed a PSI, when

the PSI contained information relevant to that determination. Id. at ¶ 38, citing State v.

Christman, 12th Dist. Preble Nos. CA2009-03-007 and CA2009-03-008, 2009-Ohio-6555,

¶ 39; State v. Lane, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2002-03-069, 2003-Ohio-1246, ¶ 23; State
                                                                                            -8-

v. Dunaway, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2001-12-280, 2003-Ohio-1062, ¶ 40; State v.

Flanagan, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2002-05-120, 2003-Ohio-1444, ¶ 26; State v. Lunsford,

12th Dist. Butler No. CA2001-12-284, 2003-Ohio-1442, ¶ 18.

       {¶ 14} After the decision in Taylor was released, this court certified a conflict

between Taylor and one of the Twelfth District cases cited in the Taylor dissent, namely,

Christman. The Supreme Court of Ohio subsequently accepted the certified conflict for

review. See State v. Taylor, 154 Ohio St.3d 1421, 2018-Ohio-4495, 111 N.E.3d 19.

Therefore, given the Supreme Court’s decision to accept the certified conflict for review,

the issue of whether a trial court must make an explicit finding that the defendant has or

reasonably may be expected to have the means to pay some or all of the costs of his

legal representation is currently pending before the Supreme Court.

        {¶ 15} Although this writer authored the dissent in Taylor and believes that Taylor

was wrongly decided, the doctrine of stare decisis requires this court to adhere to Taylor

as the law of this district. “ ‘The doctrine of stare decisis is designed to provide continuity

and predictability in our legal system.      We adhere to stare decisis as a means of

thwarting the arbitrary administration of justice as well as providing a clear rule of law by

which the citizenry can organize their affairs.’ ” State v. Lindsey, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 24943, 2012-Ohio-3105, ¶ 20, quoting Rocky River v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 43

Ohio St.3d 1, 4-5, 539 N.E.2d 103 (1989).

       {¶ 16} In this case, the trial court specifically indicated that it had considered

Skirvin’s present and future ability to pay his financial obligations by reviewing the

presentence investigation report and the parties’ statements. However, the trial court

made no explicit finding regarding Skirvin’s ability to pay his court-appointed counsel fees.
                                                                                            -9-


While one could infer such a finding from the trial court’s statement that it had found

Skirvin employable and in good health, pursuant to Taylor, such an inference does not

constitute an explicit finding. See Taylor at ¶ 22.

       {¶ 17} As a further matter, we note that the trial court consistently stated that it had

reviewed Skirvin’s present and future ability to pay before imposing a “financial sanction”

on him. But, contrary to the trial court’s statements, an order for the payment of court-

appointed counsel fees is not a financial sanction. Springs, 2015-Ohio-5016, 53 N.E.3d

804, at ¶ 9. The trial court also never indicated on the record what amount of court-

appointed counsel fees Skirvin could reasonably be expected to pay. This too was

contrary to this court’s holding in Taylor.

       {¶ 18} Skirvin’s first assignment of error is sustained.



                              Second Assignment of Error

       {¶ 19} Under his second assignment of error, Skirvin contends that when he was

resentenced following his community control violation, the trial court improperly blended

his obligation to pay court-appointed-counsel fees with his other financial obligations

when instructing the Clerk of Court as follows:

                Pursuant to OAC 5120-5-03(B), the Champaign County Clerk of

       Courts is ORDERED to provide the Department of Rehabilitation and

       Correction with a certified copy of judgment of the Defendant’s total amount

       of financial obligations due and owing (i.e. restitution, court costs, fines, and

       court-appointed legal fees and expenses) as set forth within this journal

       entry.
                                                                                            -10-


Journal Entry, Docket No. 51, p. 9.

       {¶ 20} As demonstrated within the trial court’s August 21, 2017 sentencing entry,

the trial court specifically ordered all of Skirvin’s financial obligations to be paid by having

the Department of Rehabilitation and Correction withhold funds from his inmate account

as permitted by Ohio Adm.Code 5120-5-03. Ohio Adm.Code 5120-5-03 establishes

“guidelines and procedures for withdrawing money that belongs to an inmate and that is

in an account kept for the inmate by the department of rehabilitation and correction (DRC),

upon receipt of a certified copy of a judgment of a court of record in an action in which an

inmate was a party that orders an inmate to pay a stated obligation.” Likewise, R.C.

5120.133(A) “permits the Department of Rehabilitation and Correction to deduct

payments toward a certified judgment from a prisoner’s account without any other

required proceeding in aid of execution[.]” State v. Threatt, 108 Ohio St.3d 277, 2006-

Ohio-905, 843 N.E.2d 164, ¶ 13.

       {¶ 21} It is well established that a county’s right of action under R.C. 2941.51(D)

for reimbursement of court-appointed counsel fees and expenses “must be prosecuted in

a civil action.” State v. Hill, 2d Dist. Clark No. 04CA0047, 2005-Ohio-3877, ¶ 6, citing

State v. Crenshaw, 145 Ohio App.3d 86, 761 N.E.2d 1121 (8th Dist.2001). Accord State

v. Miller, 2d Dist. Clark No. 08CA0090, 2010-Ohio-4760, ¶ 61. “The Court may enter a

civil judgment regarding appointed counsel fees if it determines that the offender has the

ability to pay. However, the collection must be pursued by civil process, not enforced in

the criminal proceeding.” State v. Lambert, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2015-CA-5, 2015-Ohio-

5168, ¶ 19, citing State v. Springs, 2015-Ohio-5016, 53 N.E.3d 804 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 22} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “[w]hen collecting court costs from
                                                                                          -11-


an indigent criminal defendant, the state may use any collection method that is available

to collect a civil money judgment or may use R.C. 5120.133 to collect from a prisoner’s

account.” (Emphasis added.) Threatt at paragraph one of the syllabus. We have held

that court costs, like appointed-counsel fees, are civil obligations that must be collected

through civil enforcement mechanisms. State v. Johnson, 2016-Ohio-5160, 69 N.E.3d

176, ¶ 38 (2d Dist.); State v. Kloeker, 2016-Ohio-7801, 73 N.E.3d 1167, ¶ 13 (2d Dist.),

citing Galluzzo v. Galluzzo, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2012 CA 43, 2013-Ohio-3647, ¶ 6-

7. But, unlike court costs, the trial court must make an ability-to-pay finding before

imposing appointed-counsel fees. R.C. 2941.51(D); Lambert at ¶ 19; State v. Haynes,

2d Dist. Clark No. 2013 CA 90, 2014-Ohio-2675, ¶ 10, citing State v. Lux, 2d Dist. Miami

No. 2010-CA-30, 2012-Ohio-112, ¶ 45. However, even then, we have held that “it is

proper to consider ability-to-pay and the amount thereof in the criminal case pursuant to

R.C. 2941.51(D) * * * and for the trial court to enter judgment against the defendant for

the determined ability-to-pay amount.” Springs at ¶ 10. “It is the enforcement of that

judgment that can only be compelled by civil collection proceedings.” Id.

       {¶ 23} Given that appointed-counsel fees and court costs are both civil obligations

that must be collected through civil enforcement mechanisms, and given that the

Supreme Court of Ohio explicitly held that court costs may be collected using the

collection procedure under R.C. 5120.133, we see no reason why that procedure would

not be appropriate for collecting appointed-counsel fees as well. Accordingly, this court

finds that it is lawful to collect appointed-counsel fees from a prisoner’s account using the

statutory procedures set forth in R.C. 5120.133 and Ohio Adm.Code 5120-5-03.

       {¶ 24} As previously noted, the trial court ordered the Clerk of Court to “provide the
                                                                                           -12-


Department of Rehabilitation and Correction with a certified copy of judgment of the

Defendant’s total amount of financial obligations due and owing (i.e. restitution, court

costs, fines, and court-appointed legal fees and expenses).” This order was for purposes

of garnishing the financial obligations from Skirvin’s prison account under the procedure

set forth in Ohio Adm.Code 5120-5-03 and R.C. 5120.133. In the sentencing entry, the

trial court properly ordered the court-appointed counsel fees not to be taxed as court

costs.     See Springs, 2015-Ohio-5016, 53 N.E.3d 804, at ¶ 9.                  Under these

circumstances, we find that the financial obligations listed in the sentencing entry may be

properly collected via the procedures set forth in Ohio Adm.Code 5120-5-03 and R.C.

5120.133. We also find that the trial court’s order for the Clerk of Court to provide the

Department of Rehabilitation and Correction with a copy of the judgment to facilitate that

collection was not in error.

         {¶ 25} Skirvin’s second assignment of error is overruled.



                                         Conclusion

         {¶ 26} Having sustained Skirvin’s first assignment of error, the portion of the trial

court’s sentence ordering Skirvin to pay court-appointed counsel fees is reversed and the

matter is remanded to the trial court for resentencing in accordance with this opinion. In

all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                       .............

DONOVAN, J., concurs in judgment only.

HALL, J., concurs.
                         -13-




Copies sent to:

Samuel Adam Usmani
Alex Kochanowski
Dakota Skirvin
Hon. Nick A. Selvaggio
