                                                                       FIFTH DIVISION
                                                                       May 16, 2008




No. 1-05-1954
                                                 )        Appeal from the
JESSE ANTHONY, Special Administrator             )        Circuit Court of
of the Estate of Nita Anthony, Deceased, et al., )        Cook County
                                                 )
                Plaintiffs-Appellees,            )        No. 03 L 2348
                                                 )        Master Complaints
                                                 )
        v.                                       )        (cons. 03 L 1951, 03 L 2048, 03 L 2055,
                                                 )        03 L 2077, 03 L 2078, 03 L 2202, 03 L
                                                 )        2258, 03 L 2320, 03 L 2323, 03 L 2348,
THE CITY OF CHICAGO,                             )        03 L 2376, 03 L 2449, 03 L 2513, 03 L
                                                 )        2514, 03 L 2517, 03 L 2561, 03 L 2614,
                Defendant-Appellant              )        03 L 2741, 03 L 2770, 03 L 3036, 03 L
                                                 )        3267, 03 L 5982, 03 L 6310, 03 L 6608,
                                                 )        03 L 6715, 03 L 7126, 03 L 7171, 03 L
(LeMirage Studio, Ltd., d/b/a Club E2;           )        7734, 03 L 8025, 03 L 8026, 03 L 9095,
LeMirage All-Night Studio, Inc., d/b/a Club E2; )         03 L 11007, 03 L 11376, 03 L 11377, 03
The Clique, Ltd., d/b/a Club E2; Lesly Motors, )          L 11616, 03 L 14625, 04 L 459, 04 L 860,
Inc.; Lesley Benodin; Dwain Kyles; Calvin        )        04 L 1405, 04 L 1592, 04 L 1631, 04 L
Hollins; Team One Security; Envy Productions )            1633, 04 L 1641, 04 L 1657, 04 L 1798,
& Entertainment Company, Inc.; Marco Flores; )            04 L 1813, 04 L 1815, 04 L 1816, 04 L
Vaughn Woods; Clear Channel                      )        1818, 04 L 1865, 04 L 1887, 04 L 5170,
Communications, d/b/a WGCI; and Ira Navarro; )            04 L 11861, 05 L 1148, 05 L 1441, 05 L
                                                 )        1836, 05 L 1967, 04 M1 300659, 05 M1
                Defendants).                     )        300395, 05 M1 300675)
                                                 )
                                                 )        Honorable
                                                 )        Kathy M. Flanagan
                                                 )        Judge Presiding.

       JUSTICE O'MARA FROSSARD delivered the opinion of the court:

       This case appears before us on interlocutory appeal pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308

(155 Ill. 2d R. 308) to consider the questions certified by the circuit court.
1-05-1954

       As a result of a disturbance in February 2003 on the second floor of a nightclub and the

ensuing pileup in the stairwell as patrons attempted to flee the nightclub, plaintiffs Jesse

Anthony, as special administrator of the estate of Nita Anthony, deceased, et al., filed the

underlying consolidated wrongful death and personal injury actions against multiple defendants,

including the nightclub's owners, operators, security providers and personnel, and the City of

Chicago (City). The circuit court denied the City's subsequent motion to dismiss the complaint;

however, it certified the following three questions for review on interlocutory appeal:

               (1) Do allegations that the City, a municipality, engaged in conduct that

       was willful and wanton in failing to enforce laws or court orders or in failing to

       rescue, as set forth in plaintiffs' master complaints, create a duty to persons

       allegedly injured by the failure to enforce the laws or court orders and the failure

       to rescue?

               (2) Does section 2-202 of the Local Governmental and Governmental

       Employees Tort Immunity Act (Act) (745 ILCS 10/2-202 (West 2006)) constitute

       an exception to the absolute immunity for failure to enforce any law under section

       2-103 of the Act (745 ILCS 10/2-103 (West 2006)), or to the absolute immunity

       for failure to provide adequate police protection or police service under section 4-

       102 of the Act (745 ILCS 10/4-102 (West 2006))?

               (3) Do codefendants' violations of public safety laws and court orders

       constitute an intervening cause that breaks the causal chain between the City's

       failure to enforce laws or court orders and plaintiffs' injuries in this case?


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1-05-1954

       For the reasons that follow, we answer the second certified question in the negative. We

find it unnecessary to answer the first and third certified questions because our answer to the

second certified question is dispositive of the first and third questions.

                                          BACKGROUND

       In May 2002, the City filed a complaint against the building owners of the property

located at 2347 South Michigan Avenue in Chicago, where the Epitome Restaurant and

Nightclub, d/b/a E2 Nightclub (Club), was located. The City, through the commissioner of the

department of buildings and based upon reports from department inspectors, determined the

building was unsafe. The complaint cited the building owners for failure to provide adequate

exits for patrons on the ground level and failure to provide sufficient exits for patrons on the

second floor.

       On July 19, 2002, the circuit court entered an order prohibiting occupancy of the Club's

second floor. That order was reentered by the court on August 9, 2002, September 6, 2002, and

October 25, 2002.

       On February 17, 2003, hundreds of patrons were at the Club when a disturbance broke

out on the second floor. During the disturbance, security guards used mace or pepper spray,

which prompted many patrons to attempt to flee. A crowd of patrons packed into a stairwell, and

many of them were injured or killed during the ensuing pileup.

       Over 20 decedents' estates filed wrongful death actions and over 30 of the injured patrons

brought personal injury actions against the defendants. The trial court consolidated those actions

and directed plaintiffs to draft two master complaints, one for wrongful death and one for


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1-05-1954

personal injury.

       In relevant part, the plaintiffs claimed that the City's acts or omissions regarding the

continued operation of the Club and failure to extricate trapped patrons constituted willful and

wanton conduct, thereby violating the City's duty to them. Specifically, the plaintiffs alleged that

the City had actual notice and knowledge that the Club posed an immediate hazard to patrons,

was structurally unsafe, lacked adequate exits, and operated in violation of occupancy limits,

municipal ordinances and court orders. Plaintiffs alleged that, despite such knowledge, the City

allowed an excessive number of people to enter and gather in the building, allowed the Club to

openly operate, and undertook the police duty of crowd control but failed to timely and properly

extricate patrons trapped in the stairwell.

       In response, the City filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the

Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 2006)), arguing that, under the

public duty rule, it owed no duty of care to individual members of the public to provide

governmental services, including police and fire protection. In the alternative, the City argued it

was immune from liability pursuant to the Act (745 ILCS 10/1-101 et seq. (West 2006)).

Specifically and relevant to this appeal, the City relied upon: (1) section 2-103 of the Act, which

immunizes local public entities from liability for injuries caused by failing to enforce a law; and

(2) section 4-102 of the Act, which immunizes local public entities from liability for failing to

provide adequate police protection or service. The City also argued that the conduct of the Club's

owners and operators, not the conduct of the City, was the proximate cause of plaintiffs' injuries

and the decedents' deaths.


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1-05-1954

       The circuit court denied the City's motion to dismiss. Concerning the public duty rule,

the court ruled that a statutorily created exception to the public duty rule subjects municipalities

to a duty to persons injured by willful and wanton conduct in the enforcement and execution of

laws. The court found that plaintiffs' allegations could constitute a basis to find that the City

engaged in willful and wanton conduct in the execution and enforcement of laws and, thus,

subject the City to a duty. Specifically, the court reasoned that the alleged actions of the police

officers who responded to the scene and the City's action initiating housing court proceedings

could be construed as enforcing and executing laws.

       Concerning immunity under the Act, the court found that section 2-202 of the Act, which

immunizes acts or omissions in the enforcement of laws but contains an exception for willful and

wanton conduct, prevailed over sections 4-102 and 2-103 of the Act, which immunize both

negligent and willful and wanton conduct. Applying section 2-202, the court concluded that the

City was not immune from liability for plaintiffs' claims that the City engaged in willful and

wanton conduct in the execution and enforcement of laws and providing police protection.

       Concerning proximate cause, the court found that plaintiffs' injuries were foreseeable

under the circumstances alleged and, thus, concluded that there was a question of fact regarding

whether the City's conduct was a proximate cause of those injuries.

       Thereafter, the court entered an order certifying the previously noted questions for

interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 308 because the court's opinion involved questions of law

upon which substantial ground for differences of opinion existed.




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1-05-1954

        Following the trial court's denial of the City's motion to dismiss, the trial court allowed

plaintiffs to amend the master complaints to add the following allegation:

                "Upon information and belief, as patrons filed down the stairwell from the

        second floor and attempted to exit through the glass front doors of the premises,

        the doors were jammed, closed and locked by an unknown Chicago police officer

        which caused or contributed to a pile up of the patrons at the bottom of the

        staircase."

During oral argument before this appellate court, the parties confirmed that this amendment to

plaintiffs' allegations was not at issue as part of the questions certified for interlocutory appeal.

The City conceded that the amended allegation was not subject to the public duty rule, immunity

and proximate cause arguments raised by the City concerning the other allegations in the master

complaints. The City explained that it has moved for summary judgment on the amended

allegation in the circuit court, contending plaintiffs do not have the facts to support the allegation

that a police officer intentionally locked a door to prevent patrons from escaping the Club.

                                             ANALYSIS

        We review the legal questions presented on interlocutory appeal de novo. Bajalo v.

Northwestern University, 369 Ill. App. 3d 576, 580 (2006). When reviewing certified questions

under Rule 308, we only answer the certified questions posed. We do not render an opinion or

rule on the propriety of any underlying order of the trial court. Applebaum v. Rush University

Medical Center, 376 Ill. App. 3d 993, 995 (2007).




                                                   6
1-05-1954

       In 1965, the legislature, responding to the supreme court's prior abolishment of the

doctrine of sovereign immunity, enacted the Act to protect local public entities and public

employees from liability resulting from the operation of government. DeSmet v. County of Rock

Island, 219 Ill. 2d 497, 505 (2006). The purpose of the Act was to ensure that public funds were

not dissipated by private damage awards. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 505. Thereafter, the Illinois

Constitution of 1970 (Ill. Const. 1970, art. XIII, §4) reserved for the legislature the ultimate

authority to determine whether local government units were immune from liability in tort.

DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 506.

       The Act grants only immunities and defenses; it does not create new duties. Village of

Bloomingdale v. CDG Enterprises, Inc., 196 Ill. 2d 484, 490 (2001). The issue of whether a duty

exists is a separate determination from the issue of whether the governmental unit or employee is

immune from liability for a breach of the duty. Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 490. The

Act implicitly recognizes duties that already exist at common law, and therefore we may refer to

the common law when determining whether a public entity owes a duty. Village of

Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 490. However, if a duty is found, we are required to rely upon the

Act to determine whether the entity in question is liable for breach of that duty. Village of

Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 490.

       The first question certified by the trial court asked whether plaintiffs' allegations–that the

City engaged in willful and wanton conduct in failing to enforce laws or court orders or by failing

to rescue Club patrons–stated a legally sufficient claim that the City breached a duty owed to

plaintiffs. The second certified question asked whether section 2-202 of the Act constituted an


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1-05-1954

exception to the City's claim of absolute immunity under sections 2-103 (for failure to enforce

laws) and 4-102 (for failure to provide adequate police protection or police service). The third

certified question asked whether the codefendants' conduct constituted an intervening cause that

broke the causal chain between the City's alleged misconduct and the plaintiffs' injuries.

       We address the second certified question, as it is dispositive of the first and third

questions. See DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 509 (it is the court's prerogative to forgo the determination

of issues unnecessary to the outcome of a case).

                                             Immunity

       The City contends, assuming arguendo that plaintiffs sufficiently alleged the City owed

them a duty of care, that it is immune from liability under sections 2-103 and 4-102 of the Act.

       Section 2-103 of the Act provides:

               "A local public entity is not liable for an injury caused by adopting or

       failing to adopt an enactment or by failing to enforce any law." 745 ILCS 10/2-

       103 (West 2006).

       Section 4-102 of the Act states in relevant part:

               "Neither a local public entity nor a public employee is liable for failure to

       establish a police department or otherwise provide police protection service or, if

       police protection service is provided, for failure to provide adequate police

       protection or service, failure to prevent the commission of crimes, failure to detect

       or solve crimes, and failure to identify or apprehend criminals." 745 ILCS 10/4-

       102 (West 2006).


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1-05-1954

The plain language of an immunity demonstrates the legislature's intent, and where no express

exception for willful and wanton conduct appears in a provision, the legislature intended to

provide unqualified immunity. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 514. Consequently, sections 2-103 and 4-

102 provide unqualified immunity.

       In response, plaintiffs argue that another section of the Act limits unqualified immunity.

Plaintiffs contend section 2-202 of the Act excludes immunity for willful and wanton conduct.

Section 2-202 provides:

               "A public employee is not liable for his act or omission in the execution or

       enforcement of any law unless such act or omission constitutes willful and wanton

       conduct." 745 ILCS 10/2-202 (West 2006).

       The argument that section 2-202 creates a willful and wanton conduct exception to the

absolute immunity afforded by provisions of the Act like sections 2-103 and 4-102 relies

primarily on Doe v. Calumet City, 161 Ill. 2d 374 (1994) and its progeny. In Doe, police officer

Horka took control of a crime scene and repeatedly prevented rescuers from entering an

apartment wherein an intruder was raping a young girl and had choked and threatened her

brother. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 382-83. Officer Horka knew the children were in danger because

their mother had been attacked by the intruder but managed to escape the apartment and had

called the police to help rescue her children. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 382-83. Officer Horka, however,

delayed entering the apartment, questioning the mother in a rude manner, attempting to obtain a

key from the landlord, and ringing the front doorbell to gain entry to the apartment despite

directions from his supervisor to break down the door.


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1-05-1954

        The Doe court reversed the trial court's order granting the municipality's motion to

dismiss, recognizing a willful and wanton exception to the immunity otherwise provided by

section 4-102 of the Act. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 385-86, 390. Doe held that section 2-202 could be

read in conjunction with section 4-102 because Officer Horka was executing and enforcing the

law when he took control of the entire crime scene. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 390-91. The court held

that, where the complaint repeatedly alleged that Officer Horka was in control of the entire crime

scene, including the actions of the other officers, a rational trier of fact could find that his

conduct was willful and wanton, thereby excepting him from immunity. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 390-

91. However, the allegations were insufficient to create a jury question regarding willful and

wanton conduct by the other officers named in the complaint, who also had responded to the

scene and knew the facts surrounding the ongoing crime. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 391. The

distinguishing factor was the control Officer Horka exercised over the crime scene and over the

other officers who responded to the scene. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 390-91.

        In Fatigato, the plaintiffs sought recovery under the willful and wanton exception of

section 2-202, alleging that the officers responding to a domestic dispute call directed the drunk

husband to leave the home and allowed him to drive away, after which he caused a collision with

the plaintiffs' car. Fatigato v. Village of Olympia Fields, 281 Ill. App. 3d 347, 351-52 (1996).

The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the officers, who claimed immunity under

section 4-102 and another section of the Act. Fatigato, 281 Ill. App. 3d at 353. Citing Doe, the

Fatigato court reversed, finding that section 2-202's exception for willful and wanton conduct

prevailed over the immunity afforded by section 4-102. Fatigato, 281 Ill. App. 3d at 356. The


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1-05-1954

Fatigato court also ruled that the fact the injured plaintiffs were never under the officers' direct

and immediate control did not negate liability under section 2-202. Fatigato, 281 Ill. App. 3d at

357.

       Similarly, in Ozik, a jury awarded a verdict in plaintiff's favor where village police

officers stopped a drunk driver and issued citations but allowed him to drive away, after which he

had an accident that killed his passenger, plaintiff's son. Ozik v. Gramins, 345 Ill. App. 3d 502

(2003). The Ozik court held that Doe abrogated the cases relied upon by the officers to support

their propositions that they were not liable for willful and wanton conduct and that section 4-102

provided a blanket immunity that prevailed over the willful and wanton exception stated in

section 2-202. Ozik, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 515-16.

       However, the holdings in Doe and, by implication, Fatigato and Ozik recently were

limited by DeSmet, where a passing motorist witnessed a car run off the road and into a ditch and

reported the accident by telephone, but police and rescue personnel failed to respond to the scene

of the accident and the driver of the car died. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 500-02. On appeal to our

supreme court, the defendants which included several local governmental entities and their

employees contended they did not owe a duty to the plaintiff or, in the alternative, were immune

under section 4-102 of the Act. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 500. The plaintiff, citing Doe, responded

that the defendants engaged in willful and wanton conduct pursuant to section 2-202 of the Act

and, thus, were not afforded immunity under section 4-102 of the Act. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at

515.




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1-05-1954

       Our supreme court declined to address the issue concerning the existence of a duty and

instead disposed of the case by conducting an analysis of the immunity issue. DeSmet, 219 Ill.

2d at 509. The court distinguished the facts from Doe, noting that in DeSmet: (1) the police did

not respond to the scene; (2) if the police had responded to the scene, they would not have been

enforcing or executing a law; and (3) the police did not assert control over the situation and did

not alter the circumstances at the scene for better or worse. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 520-21.

Consequently, section 2-202 did not operate in DeSmet as an exception to section 4-102

immunity because the police were not executing or enforcing the law and they did not exercise

control over the injured driver. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 521.

       This court recently applied DeSmet in Ware v. City of Chicago, 375 Ill. App. 3d 574,

575-76 (2007), where the plaintiffs sued the City for damages resulting from a porch collapse

wherein 13 people died and numerous people were injured. The plaintiffs alleged willful and

wanton conduct on the part of the City, including its failure to adequately inspect the porch and

ensure that it complied with the building code. Ware, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 576. On interlocutory

appeal, this court considered, inter alia, whether section 2-202 created an exception to the

immunity afforded by section 2-103 of the Act. Ware, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 581-83. This court

held that several of the Act's immunity provisions, including section 2-103, immunized the City

against the plaintiffs' allegations, and section 2-202 did not operate to create a willful and wanton

exception to those immunities. Ware, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 583-84. Ware noted that our supreme

court in DeSmet limited the conjunctive applicability of the willful and wanton exception in

section 2-202 to section 4-102 of the Act and the unique facts present in Doe. Ware, 375 Ill.


                                                 12
1-05-1954

App. 3d at 583.

       In Bowler v. City of Chicago, 376 Ill. App. 3d 208 (2007), this court again addressed and

rejected the argument that the absolute immunity afforded by section 2-103 was limited by

section 2-202's exception for willful and wanton conduct. In Bowler, the plaintiff's son was

injured when he fell off the roof of a building, and plaintiff, as guardian, sued the City, alleging

willful and wanton conduct based on the City's failure to enforce the building code and issuance

of a permit for construction despite knowledge that the design violated the building code.

Bowler, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 210-11. This court affirmed the circuit court's order granting the

City's motion to dismiss, which asserted, among other immunities, immunity under section 2-103

of the Act. Bowler, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 211-12. Relying on Ware, this court held that section 2-

202 could not be read to limit the absolute immunity provided by section 2-103. Bowler, 376 Ill.

App. 3d at 216.

       We now address the parties' specific claims concerning immunity in the instant case. The

parties have separated plaintiffs' allegations of the City's willful and wanton conduct into two

categories–pre-incident conduct and conduct at the scene–because they implicate different

sections of Act. The first category concerns the allegations that the City failed to enforce the

building code and court orders that barred the use of the Club's second floor. The second

category concerns the allegations that the police failed or refused to protect or assist the victims

at the scene.

                                       Pre-Incident Conduct

       As to the pre-incident conduct, plaintiffs alleged that the City allowed patrons to enter


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1-05-1954

and gather on the premises of the Club and allowed the Club to operate despite knowledge that it

was dangerous to patrons, was structurally unsound, lacked adequate exits and fire protection,

was severely overcrowded, and operated in violation of occupancy limits, the building code, and

court orders.

       The City notes that when the Club opened in violation of the court orders, it was in

contempt of court and in violation of the building code. Consequently, the City argues that

section 2-103's immunity for the failure to enforce any law shields the City from liability based

on plaintiffs' allegations that it failed to enforce laws and court orders that would have prevented

the Club from operating. See O'Fallon Development Co. v. City of O'Fallon, 43 Ill. App. 3d 348,

359 (1976) (section 2-103's immunity extends to the failure to enforce all manner of statutes and

ordinances). Furthermore, the City argues section 4-102 immunity for the failure to prevent or

detect crimes also shields it from plaintiffs' allegation that it failed to prevent the Club's owners'

criminal contempt of the court order requiring closure of the building's second floor.

       Plaintiffs complain the City has mischaracterized their allegations as premised on the

City's failure to prevent the Club from operating illegally. Plaintiffs assert they have not alleged

a mere generic failure to take some general action. Plaintiffs contend their allegations focus on

specific City conduct that represented an ongoing series of actions whereby the City actively

inserted itself into the situation over a period of months in enforcing the law against the Club.

Plaintiffs specifically alleged that the City received complaints about the Club's unsafe operation

and condition and affirmatively responded by going to the premises and inspecting it. Then, the

City went to court and obtained orders shutting down the Club's second floor. Moreover, the


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1-05-1954

City was on notice of the Club's continued wrongful operation because the City monitored the

premises due to calls about criminal and other problems that seemed to plague the Club, and

because police and fire department employees also worked for the Club as security management

or personnel. Plaintiffs argue the alleged conduct constitutes the type of direct action or

affirmative involvement by a municipality that brings this case within the ambit of Doe and

section 2-202's exception for willful and wanton conduct rather than DeSmet and the unqualified

immunity afforded by sections 2-103 and 4-102.

       Plaintiffs' attempt to turn allegations concerning the City's failure to act into a course of

direct action is not persuasive. This court rejected a similar argument in Bowler, where the

plaintiff argued that she did not merely claim that the City failed to enforce the building code but,

rather, that the City acted willfully and wantonly by carving out an exception to the building code

that did not exist. Bowler, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 216-17. Specifically, the plaintiff noted that the

City and its employees approved blueprints and the construction permit, overlooked obvious

violations on reinspection, entered an order for the permit, and allowed the company to construct

the roof access. This court rejected the plaintiff's argument, stating that the essence of her claim

was that the City and its employees did nothing to enforce the building code. Bowler, 376 Ill.

App. 3d at 217. Here, the master complaints do not allege that the Club patrons' injuries and

deaths occurred while anyone was in the course of putting into effect any law. Instead, the

complaints allege that the City's course of action was over and the City was doing nothing–which

is the subject of section 2-103's immunity for failing to enforce any law.

       Plaintiffs argue that section 2-202, rather than 2-103, should apply in cases like this


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1-05-1954

where enforcement of the law stopped after some action was taken. We disagree. Section 2-

103's plain language applies to the pre-incident conduct at issue here. We must give effect to the

Act's plain language and may not read in exceptions, limitations or conditions that the legislature

did not express. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 509-10. Contrary to plaintiffs' assertions, the plain

language of section 2-103 does not limit its applicability only to situations involving a total

failure to take any steps to enforce the law. Sections 2-202 and 2-103 each have their own realm

of applicability. Section 2-202 would apply if a plaintiff sued a public employee alleging

negligent acts or omissions in the execution or enforcement of the law, but section 2-103 would

not apply because it affords immunity to a public entity. Moreover, if that plaintiff alleged

willful and wanton conduct, then section 2-202 would not immunize that public employee either.

Here, plaintiffs have not sued or alleged misconduct by any specific City employee.

Furthermore, this court has held that section 2-202's willful and wanton conduct exception

cannot be read to limit 2-103's absolute immunity for public entities. Bowler, 376 Ill. App 3d at

216.

       Plaintiffs also argue that section 2-103's applicability should be limited to legislation-

related acts like the adoption of laws because the initial clause in section 2-103 provides

immunity for adopting or failing to adopt an enactment. We reject plaintiffs' argument. Such an

interpretation would excise the "failing to enforce any law" clause from section 2-103, and courts

do not possess that authority. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 511.

       We find that the City was afforded immunity under section 2-103 of the Act for plaintiffs'

allegations concerning the pre-incident conduct. Because the broad language of section 2-103


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1-05-1954

covers all the pre-incident conduct allegations, we need not address the City's argument that

section 4-102 afforded an additional basis for immunity.

                                         Conduct at the Scene

        Plaintiffs alleged that once the police were at the Club at the time of the occurrence, the

City engaged in willful and wanton conduct when it undertook to execute and enforce the laws

and perform police duties, which included crowd control and crowd management, and "failed to

timely and properly remove and extricate patrons trapped in the stairwell from the top and

bottom of the pile." On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the Club was a crime scene and,

consequently, City employees were actively involved in taking control of the crime scene and

investigating and preserving evidence. See Fitzpatrick v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill. 2d 211, 221-

22 (1986) (a police officer was found to be enforcing the traffic laws for purposes of section 2-

202 of the Act when he was involved in investigating a multi-vehicle highway accident).

        The City contends section 4-102's absolute immunity (for the failure to provide adequate

police protection or service) shields it from liability for plaintiffs' allegations that it failed to

adequately assist trapped Club patrons. Crowd control and management are typical police

functions that fall within the meaning of police protection or service immunized by section 4-

102. Cadena v. Chicago Fireworks Manufacturing Co., 297 Ill. App. 3d 945, 954-55 (1998).

Moreover, providing rescue services or assistance is a function typically performed by the police

that is covered by section 4-102. Fender v. Town of Cicero, 347 Ill. App. 3d 46, 53 (2004)

(police responded to a residential fire where victims were trapped inside the building);

Kavanaugh v. Midwest Club, Inc., 164 Ill. App. 3d 213, 221 (1987) (police responded to a call


                                                    17
1-05-1954

that a vehicle drove off the road and into a retention pond).



       Plaintiffs argue that section 2-202's immunity exception for willful and wanton conduct

prevails over section 4-102's absolute immunity because–like Doe and unlike DeSmet–the police

here responded to the scene of the incident and were executing and enforcing the law. We

disagree.

       The applicability of Doe and section 2-202 versus section 4-102 depends upon the nature

of the governmental activity. "Section 4-102 immunity may apply in the context where police

officers are simply 'providing [or failing to provide] police services,' but section 2-202 immunity

requires more particular circumstances for its application, i.e., an act or a course of conduct 'in

the execution or enforcement' of law." Aikens v. Morris, 145 Ill. 2d 273, 282 (1991). Initially,

we note that plaintiffs' complaints do not allege what specific law the officers were attempting to

execute or enforce or what specific acts the officers took to manage or control the crowd. In any

event, even if the City's police officers engaged in a course of conduct that constituted the

execution and enforcement of laws, we find Doe and its application of section 2-202

distinguishable from the facts at issue here.

       Our supreme court in DeSmet limited the conjunctive applicability of the willful and

wanton exception in section 2-202 to section 4-102 of the Act and the unique facts present in

Doe. Ware, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 583. DeSmet, however, made clear that allegations that the

police responded to the scene and executed or enforced the law but failed to assist a plaintiff

were not sufficient to enable section 2-202's immunity exception to prevail over section 4-102's


                                                 18
1-05-1954

immunity. Specifically, DeSmet emphasized that, in Doe, the conduct of the officer who

controlled the scene and prevented others from rescuing the endangered children was a

distinguishing fact critical to Doe's holding. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 519. Notably, the plaintiff in

Doe failed to allege a willful and wanton conduct claim against the other police officers at the

scene enforcing the law, who did not exercise the requisite degree of control over the scene or

prevent others from assisting. DeSmet, 219 Ill. 2d at 519.

       Here, plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient to show that the City exercised the

requisite degree of control over the scene in a manner that altered the status quo to the Club

patrons' detriment. Unlike Doe, there are no allegations here that the police restrained or

prevented anyone from rendering assistance. Accordingly, like the court in DeSmet, we conclude

that section 2-202 of the Act does not apply in the instant case as an exception to section 4-102

immunity.

       In addition, we note another reason why section 2-202 of the Act does not apply in the

instant case as an exception to the immunity conferred by section 4-102. The plain language of

section 2-202 states that a "public employee is not liable for his act or omission in the execution

or enforcement of any law unless such act or omission constitutes willful and wanton conduct."

(Emphasis added.) 745 ILCS 10/2-202 (West 2006). The plain language of section 2-202 does

not purport to apply to public entities, such as the City. This court has held that section 2-202

did not apply as an exception to section 4-102 (which confers immunity on both public entities

and public employees) when the complaint did not name an individual public employee as a

defendant. Barnes v. Chicago Housing Authority, 326 Ill. App. 3d 710, 719 (2001). Although


                                                 19
1-05-1954

the plaintiffs in DeSmet and Doe named both local public entities and individual public

employees as defendants, here, in contrast, plaintiffs have not named any individual employee of

the City as a defendant.

        Given our determination that the City is immune from liability for its alleged failure to

enforce laws or court orders or provide police protection, we need not address whether the City

owed a duty to plaintiffs or whether there was a causal connection between the City's conduct

and the injuries sustained by plaintiffs.

                                            CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we answer the second certified question in the negative. We

do not address the first and third certified questions because our answer to the second certified

question is dispositive of the first and third certified questions. We remand the cause to the

circuit court.

        Certified question answered; cause remanded.

        O’BRIEN and GALLAGHER, JJ., concur.




                                                 20
             REPORTER OF DECISIONS - ILLINOIS APPELLATE COURT


JESSE ANT HO NY, Spe cial Ad m inistrator of the Esta te of N ita Anthon y, Dec eas ed, et al.,

                                     Plaintiffs-Appellees,

                                               v.

                                  THE CITY OF CHICAGO,

                                     Defendant-Appellant

  (LeM irage Stud io, Ltd., d/b /a Club E2; LeMira ge A ll-Night S tudio, Inc., d/b/a Club E2;
    Th e Clique, Ltd., d/b/a Club E2; L esly M otors , Inc.; Le sley Be nod in; Dw ain Kyles;
          Ca lvin Ho llins; Te am On e Se curity; Envy Pro duc tions & Ente rtainm ent
               Com pany, In c.; Marco Flores; V aughn W oods; Clear Channel
                        Com m unications, d/b/a W GC I; and Ira Navarro

                                         Defen dants).


                                        No. 1-05-1954

                                  Ap pellate Co urt of Illinois
                               First District, FIFTH DIVISION

                                        May 16, 2008


          Jus tice M arga ret O 'Ma ra Frossard authore d the opinion of the co urt:

                       Justice O’Brien and Justice Ga llagher co ncur.


                      Ap peal from the Circuit Court of Cook C ounty.
                      The Hon. Kathy M. Flanagan, Judge Presiding.


                        Counsel for Defendant-Appellant
   Mara S. Georges, Corporation Counsel of the City of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60602
   OF C OUNSE L: Benna Ru th S olom on, Myriam Zreczny a nd Kerrie Maloney Laytin


                             Counsel for Plaintiffs-Appellees
                          Michael W . Rathsack, Chicago, IL 60602

                                              and

        Cochran, Cherry, Givens, Smith & Montgomery, LLC, Chicago, IL 60602
             OF COUNSEL: James D. Montgomery and Melvin L. Brooks
