                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


                                  )
LARRY D. RICE, JR.,               )
                                  )
          Plaintiff,              )
                                  )
     v.                           )                  Civil Action No. 09-310 (RMC)
                                  )
THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., )
                                  )
          Defendants.             )
                                  )



   MEMORANDUM OPINION REGARDING MEDICAL BILLS AND NEGLIGENCE
                           CLAIMS

               This case concerns the arrest and shooting of Larry D. Rice, Jr., by Officers John

Stathers and Derek Starliper of the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department. Trial

begins next Monday, February 28, 2011. As a result of arguments at the pretrial conference on

February 10, 2011, the Court allowed the parties to file additional motions in limine — regarding

the admission into evidence of Mr. Rice’s medical bills and regarding Mr. Rice’s claims of

negligence and negligent infliction of emotional distress. The Court’s reasoning on the outstanding

motions are addressed here; to assist the parties’ trial preparation, the Court has already issued a

Minute Entry Order notifying them of its holdings. See Minute Order filed Feb. 24, 2011. For

background facts, the reader is directed to the Court’s earlier Memorandum Opinion regarding

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on claims relating to false arrest. See Mem. Op. [Dkt.

# 67].
                I. Plaintiff’s Motion to Introduce Medical Bills At Trial

                Mr. Rice was seriously injured when he was shot in the stomach. He underwent

surgery, and he spent two episodes in Washington area hospitals. The costs for his medical care

were paid or will be paid by D.C. Medicaid; those in excess of what Medicaid pays were (or will be)

written off by the providers.1 Mr. Rice moves to introduce “any and all bills . . . to assist the jury in

determining not only the amount of damages to award Plaintiff, if any, but also to assist them in

assessing the severity of the injuries sustained by Plaintiff,” in his case in chief against the District

of Columbia and the Officers. Pl.’s Mot. to Introduce Medical Bills [Dkt. # 60] at 1. He argues that

“the jury would . . . be precluded from rendering a fair award if they did not have the benefit of

considering all expenses incurred as a result of this incident.” Id. at 5. The Court will deny the

motion.

                A. Introduction of Medical Bills Against the District of Columbia

                Plaintiff may not introduce the medical bills as part of his case against the District

of Columbia. The medical bills do not represent “expenses incurred” by Plaintiff as a result of this

incident. See McAmis v. Wallace, 980 F. Supp. 181, 185 (W.D. Va. 1997) (cited with approval in

Hardi v. Mezzanotte, 818 A.2d 974, 983 (D.C. 2003)). Presenting these bills to the jury as if Plaintiff

were responsible himself for their payment invites confusion and a potentially erroneous verdict.

                Further, “the injured party must establish personal liability, at some time, for th[e]

amount’” he seeks to recover for medical expenses. Hardi, 818 A.2d at 983 (quoting McAmis, 980

F. Supp. at 185). “[I]f all medical expenses have been (or will be) paid by Medicaid, plaintiff . . .


        1
         The District of Columbia was able to obtain information from its agency that administers
the Medicaid program, indicating that Medicaid paid for the treatment provided to Plaintiff. See
Defs.’ Opp’n [Dkt. # 65] at 2.

                                                  -2-
shall not seek recovery of such expenses” against the District of Columbia. District of Columbia

v. Jackson, 451 A.2d 867, 874 (D.C. 1982) (emphasis added).2 Only if a plaintiff shares liability

for his medical bills beyond what Medicaid pays does the court “require special findings by the jury

as to the amount of medical expenses awarded as part of each verdict [and] . . . then . . . allocate to

each special finding the amount, if any, paid (or to be paid) by Medicaid,” entering a judgment that

deducts the Medicaid amount(s) so allocated. Id. at 874. Plaintiff invokes the “collateral source

doctrine,” which provides that an injured party may recover in full from a wrongdoer regardless of

anything the injured party may obtain from a collateral source wholly unconnected with the

wrongdoer, such as from an insurer. Hudson v. Lazarus, 217 F.2d 344, 346 (D.C. Cir. 1954).

Medicaid, however, is not a collateral source vis-a-vis the District of Columbia, as Medicaid is not

“wholly independent” of the District. Jackson, 451 A.2d at 874. The District established and

administers its Medicaid program with some matching funds from the federal government. Id.

Thus, Plaintiff may not introduce his medical bills against the District of Columbia.

                B.   Introduction of Medical Bills Against the Officers

                A different analysis applies when considering whether Plaintiff may introduce his

medical bills as part of his case in chief against the Officers, who are sued individually. The District

argues that it has conceded that the Officers were acting within the scope of their authority and that

they, therefore, should be treated as the District of Columbia under the collateral source rule. The

Court is not persuaded that the alleged torts and constitutional violations3 for which Plaintiff seeks


       2
        Notably, the District of Columbia was the only defendant in Jackson, even though the
claims were based on an alleged false arrest and assault by police officers.
       3
         The Court recognizes that the District of Columbia cannot be held liable for the alleged
constitutional torts of police officers on the basis of respondeat superior. Monell v. Dep’t of Social

                                                  -3-
to hold the Officers personally responsible can be squeezed into that tent.

               A “[d]efendant is not permitted to avoid compensating his victim merely because [he]

was able to qualify for Medicaid benefits.” McAmis, 980 F. Supp. at 185. When a defendant is not

the government entity funding Medicaid, a Medicaid beneficiary/plaintiff can recover what Medicaid

paid for his treatment as if Medicaid were private insurance. Id. However, a plaintiff may not

recover amounts in excess of what Medicaid paid; a plaintiff cannot recover for charges written off

by medical providers. The collateral source rule does not apply to write off amounts because the

plaintiff is not personally liable for such amounts and “did not incur the Medicaid discount.” Id. at

184-85.

               Thus, Mr. Rice might recover from the Officers “the actual costs of medical care

borne by Medicaid. These are the amounts that [a plaintiff] has incurred for the purposes of the

collateral source rule.” Id. at 185 (citing Rayfield v. Lawrence, 253 F.2d 209, 213 (4th Cir. 1958)

and Manko v. United States, 830 F.2d 831, 836 (8th Cir. 1987)). Plaintiff, however, indicates that

he does not know what actual costs were paid by Medicaid; all he has are the gross bills from

medical care providers. These gross bills are not admissible at trial.4


Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978); Morgan v. District of Columbia, 550 F. Supp. 465, 468 (D.D.C.
1982), aff’d without op., 725 F.2d 125 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (Table).
       4
          At the pretrial conference, the Court specifically directed Plaintiff to provide a release for
medical records to Defendants so that they could obtain his full Medicaid record to find out exactly
how his medical bills were handled. See Tr. of Feb. 10, 2011 Pretrial Conference (informal copy)
at 31 (“[H]ave him sign a release so that D.C. can obtain information. Then we’ll know before trial
whether his bills have already been paid.”); at 31-32 (“Let’s not argue about whether there was [a
release] two years ago. We need to know whether or not the plaintiff’s bills for these
hospitalizations have already been covered one way or another.”); at 31 (“[P]roduce an up-to-date
release from Mr. Rice so that the government can find out [if his medical bills have been paid]”);
at 35 (“Would you get a release from your client so that D.C. can find out what’s been paid and what
has not.”). Plaintiff never provided the release ordered by the Court. Trial starts in one more

                                                  -4-
                Plaintiff seeks to present “any and all” medical bills to the jury and asks the Court to

determine, after trial, what amounts should be deducted from a jury award because it was already,

or will be, paid by Medicaid. See Pl.’s Mot. [Dkt. #60] at 2 (citing Reid v. District of Columbia, 391

A.2d 776, 778 (D.C. 1978) (whether a setoff is proper is a matter of law for the court’s determination

and the court should adjust the jury’s verdict accordingly), vacated in part on other grounds, 399

A.2d 1293 (D.C. 1978). But that is not the question vis-a-vis a non-governmental defendant. Under

the analysis of McAmis, Plaintiff may recover from the Officers (and not from the District) what

Medicaid paid and no more. To allow a more generous recovery would be an impermissible

windfall to Plaintiff.

                Reid v. District of Columbia is not to the contrary. In Reid, evidence that the plaintiff

had failed to apply for Medicaid benefits, and thus, arguably, failed to mitigate his damages, was

admitted before the jury in error. Even if the plaintiff’s bills were fully paid by Medicaid, the court

found that this fact still should not have been presented to the jury because it was “an invitation for

the jury to speculate that if they find no liability, plaintiff will still be reimbursed for his losses

through Medicaid. There was no evidence that Medicaid would actually pay the bills . . . .” 391

A.2d at 781.

                In accordance with Reid, the Court also will preclude the parties from mentioning

Medicaid to the jury. Reid, 391 A.2d at 781. There is no need. The jury can be told that there is no



business day. Plaintiff’s failure to provide a signed release is baffling. Counsel breathes not a
murmur of explanation or excuse — or any information on the subject at all, even though they
assured the Court they would obtain specifics. Plaintiff’s failure to supply a release for his medical
records, could be the subject of sanctions. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A) (if a party fails to obey
an order to provide or permit discovery, the court may issue further just orders). The Court declines
to sanction Plaintiff at this juncture as it is time to concentrate on trial.

                                                  -5-
dispute about (or the parties have stipulated to) Plaintiff’s medical expenses. Without specifying the

amount at issue, the jury can be asked to decide whether Plaintiff should be awarded compensatory

damages for his medical expenses as against the Officers. His gross medical bills will be excluded

from evidence against all Defendants and no mention will be made to the jury by either party of

medical costs, payments, reimbursements, Medicaid, or insurance.

               II. Plaintiff’s Motion for Appropriate Relief on Negligence Claims

               A little history of this case is necessary to present this issue. The initial Complaint

in this matter was filed on February 18, 2009. See Compl. [Dkt. #1]. Count IV alleged negligence

against the District of Columbia; Count V alleged gross negligence against Officer Stathers; Counts

IX to XI alleged malicious prosecution against each Officer and the District of Columbia; Counts

XII to XIV alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress against each Officer and the District

of Columbia; and Counts XV to XVI alleged negligent infliction of emotional distress against each

Officer and the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia responded with a pre-discovery

motion to dismiss certain counts on May 5, 2009. The Court entered its Opinion and Order on June

17, 2009, dismissing, inter alia, Counts IV (negligence), V (gross negligence), and IX to XI

(malicious prosecution). See Mem. Op. & Order [Dkt. ## 14 & 15]. The District of Columbia

answered the Complaint on June 30, 2009, and discovery began in August 2009, and, after numerous

extensions, was completed in June or July 2010.

               However, an Amended Complaint was filed on December 22, 2009. The Amended

Complaint set forth twenty-one counts, including Counts IV and V alleging negligence against

Officer Stathers and the District of Columbia; Counts IX and X, alleging malicious prosecution; and

Counts XIV and XV alleging negligent infliction of emotional distress against Officer Stathers and


                                                 -6-
the District of Columbia. See Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 29]. By Opinion and Order dated June 7, 2010,

the Court again dismissed the negligence counts and again dismissed the malicious prosecution

counts. See Mem. Op. & Order [Dkt. ## 39 & 40].

                Before the pretrial conference, Defendants submitted a motion to dismiss the

negligent infliction of emotional distress claims, see Defs.’ Supplemental Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt.

# 54], which the Court denied. See Order [Dkt. # 58].

                After the pretrial conference, Plaintiff filed a “Motion for Appropriate Relief” on

February 15, 2011, asking the Court to reconsider its June 2010 dismissal of Counts IV and V of the

Amended Complaint. Plaintiff asks the Court to permit him to proceed to trial on a theory that

Officer Stathers negligently used his gun and that the District of Columbia is liable for such

negligence under the doctrine of respondeat superior. Plaintiff sought this relief in light of the

Court’s denial of Defendants’ motion to dismiss the negligent infliction of emotional distress claims.

See Pl.’s Mot for Appropriate Relief [Dkt. # 62]; see also Pl.’s Reply [Dkt. # 66]. Defendants

oppose the reinstatement of the negligence claims and also, on the basis of “clear error,” ask the

Court to reconsider its denial of Defendants’ motion to dismiss the negligent infliction of emotional

distress claims. See Defs.’ Opp’n [Dkt. # 64] at 2.

                Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) governs reconsideration of orders that do not

constitute final judgments in a case. Singh v. George Wash. Univ., 383 F. Supp. 2d 99, 101 (D.D.C.

2005). Rule 54(b) provides that “any order or other decision, however designated, that adjudicates

fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties . . . may be revised

at any time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’ rights and

liabilities.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). Revision may be permitted when the Court has “‘patently


                                                   -7-
misunderstood a party, has made a decision outside the adversarial issues presented to the Court by

the parties, has made an error not of reasoning but of apprehension, or where a controlling or

significant change in the law or facts [has occurred] since the submission of the issue to the Court.’”

Singh, 383 F. Supp. 2d at 101 (quoting Cobell v. Norton, 224 F.R.D. 266, 272 (D.D.C. 2004)).

               Plaintiff never filed motions for reconsideration of the Court’s earlier dismissals of

the negligence claims. He only raised the issue, woefully late, at the pretrial conference, when he

finally clarified his various theories of liability. However, the Court finds that Defendants are not

prejudiced because the current claims were all outstanding during the last six months of discovery

and the relevant evidence was available for summary judgment motions. Questions regarding the

intent and conduct of Officer Stathers and the use of his gun during the arrest of Mr. Rice have

always been at issue in this case, as those matters are critical to all of Plaintiff’s claims. Moreover,

Defendants do not oppose Plaintiff’s motion on grounds of prejudice.

               Therefore, despite the late hour and in the interests of justice, the Court will grant the

motion for reconsideration of the dismissals of Counts IV and V of the Amended Complaint,

conditioned on Plaintiff having a qualified and appropriate expert witness on the applicable

standard(s) of care.

               Having further studied the Amended Complaint, in light of its own research, the

Court concludes that it erred. Counts IV and V allege sufficient negligent action by Officer Stathers,

separate and apart from the alleged excessive force and battery allegations:

               64. Upon approaching Plaintiff attempting to flee out the back
               window, Officer Stathers shot Plaintiff, negligently discharging his
               firearm, to stop Plaintiff on mere suspicion of a crime simply because
               Plaintiff attempted to run away.



                                                  -8-
               65. As a direct and proximate result of Officer Stathers’ negligent
               handling of his firearm, Plaintiff suffered severe physical and
               substantial economic damages . . . .

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 64 & 65 (emphasis added). This alternative theory of liability must be allowed to

proceed so long as (1) Plaintiff presents a qualified and appropriate expert witness on the applicable

standard(s) of care, of whom Defendants have had notice, an expert report, and an opportunity to

depose5 and (2) Plaintiff presents sufficient evidence of negligence independent of his excessive

force claim. See Scales, 973 A.2d at 731; see also Reed v. District of Columbia, 474 F. Supp. 2d

163, 173-74 (D.D.C. 2007) (a plaintiff has advanced a distinct claim of negligence where he alleges

that a misperception of fact may have played a part in the decision to fire a weapon.)

               This analysis does not save the negligent infliction of emotional distress claims.

While Count XIV in the Amended Complaint is so titled, it alleges that Officer Stathers’ conduct

was “negligent and in deliberate disregard of a high degree of probability that emotional distress

would result to Plaintiff” and was “extreme and outrageous.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 122, 123. Further,

“[a]s a direct and proximate result of Officer Stathers’ extreme and outrageous conduct, Plaintiff has

suffered . . . .” Id. ¶ 124. “Deliberate disregard” and “extreme and outrageous” conduct are

intentional, not negligent, acts. While Plaintiff includes the word “negligent” to describe the basis

for Count XIV, his terminology throughout alleges only intentional acts. “[U]se of the terms

‘careless and negligently,’ without more, are conclusory and do not raise a cognizable claim of

negligence.” District of Columbia v. Chinn, 839 A.2d 701, 708 (D.C. 2003).



       5
         Without an expert witness on the relevant standard(s) of care, Plaintiff cannot proceed on
these negligence claims. See Scales v. District of Columbia, 973 A.2d 722, 730 (D.C. 2009) (expert
testimony is required to prove the standard of care in case regarding excessive force and negligence
by police).

                                                 -9-
                Under D.C. law, the elements of a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress

are: (1) the plaintiff was in the zone of physical danger, which was (2) created by the defendant’s

negligence, (3) the plaintiff feared for his own safety, and (4) the emotional distress so caused was

serious and verifiable. Estate of Manook v. Research Triangle Inst., Int’l & Unity Resources Grp.,

693 F. Supp. 2d 4, 21 (D.D.C. 2010). “Serious and verifiable” means that the distress must have

manifested in an external condition or physical symptoms. Jones v. Howard Univ., Inc., 589 A.2d

419, 424 (D.C. 1991).

                It is not enough, as Plaintiff argues, that each Count “begins by incorporating the

allegations raised in all prior paragraphs of the complaint.” Pl.’s Reply [Dkt. # 66] at 2. An

individual count must contain a plausible recitation of enough facts to support it. See Bell Atl. Corp.

v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (to survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim for relief that is “plausible on its face”).

The earlier allegation that Officer Stathers negligently used his weapon does not save a later count

that alleges “deliberate disregard” and “extreme and outrageous” conduct and that does not allege

negligence. Further, the Amended Complaint fails to allege the other elements of a negligent

infliction of emotional distress claim. There are no allegations that Plaintiff feared for his own safety

and suffered serious and verifiable distress as a result. This is another example of counsel’s failure

to distinguish the bases for Plaintiff’s claims. The eve of trial is too late to amend the Complaint.

Because Count XIV of the Amended Complaint does not distinguish between negligent and

intentional acts, does not identify any specific act that was allegedly negligent, and fails to make out

a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress, the Count will be dismissed.

                The Court also has reconsidered its ruling that Count XV, alleging negligent infliction


                                                   -10-
of emotional distress against the District of Columbia, can proceed. Count XV alleges:

               126. Officer Stathers shot Plaintiff in the abdomen.

               127. While Plaintiff was shot and injured, Metropolitan Police
               officers continuously yelled profanities at Plaintiff, demanding that
               he shut his mouth, despite the fact that Plaintiff was only indicating
               that he had been shot.

               128. At no time did any of the Metropolitan Police officers on the
               scene attempt to administer first aid to Plaintiff.

               129. This negligent conduct was perpetrated by the agents and
               employees of the District of Columbia and within the scope of their
               employment.

               130. As a result of negligent conduct of Metropolitan Police officers,
               Plaintiff experienced severe emotional distress.

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 126-130.6 The District convincingly argues that police officers owe no “duty of

care” to avoid yelling profanities at an arrested suspect.      See Chinn, 839 A.2d at 708 (“it is

impossible to negligently commit assault”). Further, police officers owe no duty to administer

medical aid to persons they have shot, given the risks of encountering blood-borne pathogens. See

Toy v. District of Columbia, 549 A.2d 1, 5 n.7 (D.C. 1988) (trial court found that police have no duty

to administer CPR and thereby risk exposure to infectious diseases). Because Count XV fails to

allege an actionable claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress against the District of

Columbia, it will be dismissed.




       6
         Immediately after the shooting, Officer Stathers called for an ambulance, and emergency
medical technicians soon arrived. See Defs.’ Opp’n [Dkt. # 64], Ex. A1 (Stathers Dep.) at 43. Count
XV, alleging negligent infliction of emotional distress against the District of Columbia, does not rely
on any action by Officer Stathers. It merely mentions unidentified officers who yelled at Plaintiff
and failed to administer first aid.

                                                 -11-
               III. CONCLUSION

               As explained above, Plaintiff’s motion to introduce medical bills [Dkt. # 60] will be

denied. Plaintiff’s motion for appropriate relief [Dkt. #62] will be granted in part and denied in part

as follows: Counts IV and V alleging negligence against Officer Stathers and the District of

Columbia will be reinstated, and Counts XIV and XV alleging negligent infliction of emotional

distress against Officer Stathers and the District of Columbia will be dismissed. A memorializing

Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.



Date: February 25, 2011                                                /s/
                                                        ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                                        United States District Judge




                                                 -12-
