                                  NO. 12-15-00183-CR

                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

              TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                    TYLER, TEXAS

FREDERICK DESHUN LEE,                           §      APPEAL FROM THE 3RD
APPELLANT

V.                                              §      JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE                                        §      ANDERSON COUNTY, TEXAS

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
       Frederick Deshun Lee appeals his convictions for two counts of aggravated assault on a
public servant, for which he was sentenced to imprisonment for seventeen years for each offense.
In one issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by refusing to set aside the indictment.
We affirm.


                                         BACKGROUND
       Appellant was charged by indictment with two counts of aggravated assault on a public
servant. Appellant moved to set aside the indictment, arguing that the two year statute of
limitations had run. Following a hearing on Appellant’s motion, the trial court overruled it.
Thereafter, Appellant pleaded “guilty” as charged, and the trial court sentenced him to
imprisonment for seventeen years for each offense. This appeal followed.


                                   STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
       In his sole issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by refusing to set aside the
indictment because the two year statute of limitations had run. His argument focuses on the
construction of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 12.03.
Standard of Review and Governing Law
       Statutory construction is a question of law subject to de novo review. See Krause v.
State, 405 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). When interpreting the meaning of a statute,
we seek to effectuate the collective intent of the legislators who enacted the legislation. See id.;
Clinton v. State, 354 S.W.3d 795, 800 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Boykin v. State, 818
S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). To determine collective intent, we first look to the
literal text, which provides the best means to determine the fair, objective meaning of that text at
the time of its enactment. See Clinton, 354 S.W.3d at 800.
       Unless the statutory language is ambiguous or application of the statute’s plain meaning
would cause an absurd result, we do not consider extratextual factors. See id. We determine a
statute’s plain meaning by applying the canons of construction, which include a list of
presumptions regarding legislative intent. Id. (citations omitted); see also TEX. GOV’T CODE
ANN. § 311.021 (West 2013). It is presumed that (1) compliance with the constitutions of this
state and the United States is intended; (2) the entire statute is intended to be effective; (3) a just
and reasonable result is intended; (4) a result feasible of execution is intended; and (5) public
interest is favored over any private interest. Id. § 311.021; Clinton, 354 S.W.3d at 800.
       Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 12.01 is the primary statute for determining
the limitation period for felony indictments. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01 (West
Supp. 2014). Article 12.01 categorizes the limitation period for felony offenses, which ranges
from “no limitation” to three years. See id. It also expressly subjects itself to any limitations that
may be provided for in Article 12.03. See id. Subsections (1) through (6) set the limitation
period for specific felony offenses. See id. art. 12.01(1)–(6). Subsection (7) provides that the
limitation period for “all other felonies” is “three years from the date of the commission of the
offense.” See id. art. 12.01(7). Aggravated assault is not enumerated in subsections (1) through
(6), but this does not automatically trigger application of subsection (7) because of the statute’s
prior reference to Article 12.03. See id.
       Article 12.03 provides the framework for determining the limitation period for attempt,
conspiracy, solicitation, organized criminal activity, and aggravated offenses not enumerated in
Article 12.01. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.03 (West 2005). Article 12.03(d) provides
that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by this chapter, any offense that bears the title ‘aggravated’
shall carry the same limitation period as the primary crime.”           Id. art. 12.03(d).    Because



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aggravated assault is not enumerated in Article 12.01, we apply the language in Article 12.03(d)
to determine the limitation period for the offense alleged in this case. See id. arts. 12.01,
12.03(d).
Fantich v. State
       We recently addressed the question of the applicable statute of limitations in an
aggravated assault case in Fantich v. State, 420 S.W.3d 287 (Tex. App.–Tyler 2013, no pet.). In
that case, we concluded that Articles 12.01 and 12.03 are not ambiguous and applied their plain
meaning to determine the limitation period for criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated assault.
See id. at 290. In construing the language of the indictment, we explained that it alleged
aggravated assault because it alleged “bodily injury requiring hospitalization and the use of a
deadly weapon.”      Id. (citing TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a) (West 2011)).                    We also
concluded that either misdemeanor or felony assault can be the “primary crime” for aggravated
assaults. See Fantich, 420 S.W.3d at 290. And since the indictment in that case did not allege
any other facts that would render the primary crime a felony assault under Section 22.01, the
primary crime was a misdemeanor assault with a limitations period of two years. See id. at 291.
However, in a footnote, we noted that an assault under Section 22.01 is a felony if committed
against certain types of victims. Id. at 291 n.3 (citing TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(b)(1)
(West Supp. 2014) (assault is third degree felony if committed against public servant lawfully
discharging official duty or in retaliation or on account of exercise of official power or duty)).
       Appellant acknowledges our holding in Fantich, but he urges us to reconsider the
decision. He suggests that the common meaning of the term “primary” is “most important[,]
most basic or essential, [or] happening or coming first[.]” Thus, Appellant contends that we
should conclude that the primary crime in this case is misdemeanor assault. Having considered
Appellant’s argument and our analysis in Fantich, we conclude that the analysis set forth in
Fantich is sound and should be applied in this case.
Limitations Period for Aggravated Assault on a Public Servant
       In the instant case, Appellant was charged with aggravated assault on a public servant.
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(b). Specifically, the indictment alleged that Appellant
committed the offense as follows:


               COUNT ONE: intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly cause bodily injury to Thomas
       Lobasso by stabbing him in the hand and/or wrist, and the defendant did then and there use or



                                                    3
         exhibit a deadly weapon, to-wit: a sharp metal object, during the commission of said assault, and
         the defendant did then and there know that the said Thomas Lobasso was then and there a public
         servant, to-wit: an employee of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, and that the said
         Thomas Lobasso was then and there lawfully discharging an official duty, to-wit: supervising
         individuals in the custody of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.

                  COUNT TWO: intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly cause bodily injury to Derek
         Woldridge by stabbing him in the arm, and the defendant did then and there use or exhibit a
         deadly weapon, to-wit: a sharp metal object, during the commission of said assault, and the
         defendant did then and there know that the said Derek Woldridge was then and there a public
         servant, to-wit: an employee of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, and that the said
         Thomas Lobasso was then and there lawfully discharging an official duty, to-wit: supervising
         individuals in the custody of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.


Here, much like in Fantich, the indictment alleges aggravated assault because it alleges that
Appellant caused bodily injury requiring hospitalization and that he used or exhibited a deadly
weapon. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. 22.02(a). But unlike in Fantich, the indictment in the
instant case alleges that Appellant committed these crimes against public servants who were each
lawfully discharging an official duty. These additional allegations render the primary crime in
this case a felony assault. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. 22.01(b)(1). Because the primary crime
of the aggravated assaults in this case is a felony, the limitation period for the aggravated assaults
alleged in the indictment is three years.              See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts. 12.01(7),
12.03(d). For the reasons set forth in Fantich, we conclude that our construction of the pertinent
statutes in this case does not lead to an absurd result. See Fantich, 420 S.W.3d at 291–93.
Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err in refusing to set aside the indictment.
Appellant’s sole issue is overruled.


                                                   DISPOSITION
         Having overruled Appellant’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                           BRIAN HOYLE
                                                                              Justice

Opinion delivered November 12, 2015.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.




                                             (DO NOT PUBLISH)



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                                   COURT OF APPEALS

      TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                           JUDGMENT

                                        NOVEMBER 12, 2015


                                         NO. 12-15-00183-CR


                                   FREDERICK DESHUN LEE,
                                          Appellant
                                             V.
                                    THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                          Appellee


                                  Appeal from the 3rd District Court
                           of Anderson County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 31727)

                        THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the
judgment.
                        It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court
below for observance.
                    Brian Hoyle, Justice.
                    Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.
