19-216-cr
United States v. DeCapua


                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                      FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                  SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
"SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.


              At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 6th day of August, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT:             DENNIS JACOBS,
                     DENNY CHIN,
                     JOSEPH F. BIANCO,
                                         Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                    Appellee,

                                        -v-                                                19-216-cr

BRANDON A. DECAPUA, AKA BRANDON
DE CAPUA,
                   Defendant-Appellant.

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FOR APPELLEE:                                                          TIFFANY H. LEE, Assistant United
                                                                       States Attorney, for James P. Kennedy,
                                                                       Jr., United States Attorney for the
                                                 Western District of New York,
                                                 Rochester, New York.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT:                         JAY S. OVSIOVITCH, Assistant Federal
                                                 Defender, for Marianne Mariano,
                                                 Federal Public Defender for the Western
                                                 District of New York, Rochester, New
                                                 York.



             Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of

New York (Larimer, J.).

             UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

             Defendant-appellant Brandon A. DeCapua appeals from a judgment of

the district court entered January 18, 2019 sentencing him to eleven months'

imprisonment and eight years' supervised release for violating the terms of his

supervised release. On appeal, DeCapua challenges two conditions of his supervised

release: (1) the requirement that he pay the cost of computer monitoring and (2) the

standing notification-of-risk order promulgated by the United States District Court for

the Western District of New York (the "WDNY"). We assume the parties' familiarity

with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

             DeCapua was convicted on November 6, 2009 of knowingly possessing

child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B) and sentenced to ten years'

imprisonment to be followed by ten years' supervised release. One special condition of


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DeCapua's supervised release required him to disclose to the United States Probation

Office ("Probation") any computer device he used during the term of his supervision.

Under that condition, Probation was authorized -- but not required -- to monitor any

computer or connected device he owns or operates, and it noted that DeCapua "may be

required to pay the cost of the monitoring services." J. App'x at 16.

              After being released from prison, DeCapua violated the computer

monitoring condition by possessing an unmonitored device. His supervised release

was revoked, and he was sentenced to six months' imprisonment followed by a new

ten-year term of supervised release. On September 10, 2018, after DeCapua's second

stint in prison and while he was on supervised release and subject to the same special

conditions, Probation once again caught DeCapua with a computer device that he had

not disclosed.

              At a hearing on December 20, 2018, DeCapua admitted to this violation.

At sentencing on January 14, 2019, DeCapua asked the district court to remove the

portion of the computer monitoring condition whereby he might be required to pay for

the monitoring. In support of this argument, DeCapua's counsel stated she "believe[s]"

the payment requirement "may have been part of the issue in this case" and "think[s]"

keeping the condition would prevent DeCapua from owning a phone. J. App'x at 36.

Probation weighed in, noting that DeCapua's phone is provided for free by "Social

Services" and that the monitoring costs $1 per day. J. App'x at 37. DeCapua's counsel


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did not present any evidence of DeCapua's indigency, much less that he could not

afford the $1 per day in monitoring costs.

              The district court kept the payment portion of the monitoring condition

"in light of [DeCapua's] history with repeat violations and the fact that the payment

does not seem to be terrifically onerous." J. App'x at 37. DeCapua was sentenced to

eleven months' imprisonment and eight years' supervised release. According to the

Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator tool, DeCapua was released on August 30,

2019.

1.      Computer-Monitoring Payment Condition

              We have never determined whether a condition of supervised release that

requires an indigent defendant to pay for computer monitoring and thereby prevents

that defendant from accessing the internet is constitutional. We need not, however,

make that determination here. First, DeCapua did not argue to the district court that

computer monitoring would cost more than $1 per day or that being required to pay $1

per day would prevent him from accessing the internet. Accordingly, those arguments

are waived. In re Nortel Networks Corp. Sec. Litig., 539 F.3d 129, 133 (2d Cir. 2008)

(declining to consider a waived argument when party provided "no reason for their

failure to raise the arguments below"). Second, because DeCapua is free to apply to the




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district court to modify his conditions of supervised release at any time, our decision

does not leave him without a remedy. 1

2.     Notification-of-Risk Condition

               DeCapua argues that the standing notification-of-risk condition -- which is

the operative notification-of-risk condition for his supervised release -- improperly

delegates authority to his probation officer. In United States v. Peterson, we vacated a

supervised release condition that gave Probation the discretion to decide whether to

alert a defendant's employer of an offense or conviction. 248 F.3d 79, 86 (2d Cir. 2001).

More recently, we struck down a notification-of-risk condition that was "vague and

afford[ed] too much discretion to the probation officer." United States v. Boles, 914 F.3d

95, 111 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 2659 (2019). In particular, we found that the

condition at issue in Boles gave Probation "unfettered discretion with respect to the

notification requirement," and we instructed the district court to "clarify the scope" of

the condition. Id. at 112. In response, the WDNY issued an amended standing order on

March 22, 2019 that replaced all notification-of-risk conditions for defendants in the

district with the following language:


1       We note, however, that on the record before us today, there is insufficient evidence to
determine that DeCapua's First Amendment right has been violated. The condition at issue
does not require DeCapua to pay the cost of monitoring, as the condition merely states that
Probation is authorized to monitor his computer and that he "may be required to pay." J. App'x
at 16 (emphasis added). Second, DeCapua, who was released from prison in August 2019 and
who filed his reply brief in this action in September 2019, has not indicated that he has, in fact,
been required to pay the cost of monitoring or that such an imposition has, in fact, prevented
him from exercising his First Amendment rights.

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              If the court determines in consultation with your probation
              officer that, based on your criminal record, personal history
              and characteristics, and the nature and circumstances of
              your offense, you pose a risk of committing further crimes
              against another person (including an organization), the
              probation officer may require you to notify the person about
              the risk and you must comply with that instruction. The
              probation officer may contact the person and confirm that
              you have notified the person about the risk.

In Re: United States v. Boles, Amended Standing Order, (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 22, 2019),

https://www.nywd.uscourts.gov/sites/nywd/files/PTPR-2019-

AmendedBolesStandOrd.pdf.

              Because the applicable notification-of-risk condition of supervised release

only contemplates that DeCapua "may" be required to notify a third party about the risk

he poses and he has not yet been required to do so, his challenge is unripe. See United

States v. Traficante, No. 18-1962, 2020 WL 4032220, at *5 (2d Cir. July 17, 2020) ("And

while it could be argued that the standing order contemplates vesting the probation

officer with a degree of discretion that is inconsistent with our holding in Boles, such a

challenge would . . . be unripe, since the ostensibly improper delegation may never

actually occur."). Accordingly, we decline to reach DeCapua's delegation challenge.

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             We have considered DeCapua's remaining arguments and conclude they

are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district

court.

                                       FOR THE COURT:
                                       Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




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