                                                                                       06/09/2020
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                              February 25, 2020 Session

                  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ODELL GLASS

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                         No. 109941   Bob McGee, Judge


                            No. E2019-00965-CCA-R3-CD


The defendant, Odell Glass, appeals his Knox County Criminal Court jury convictions of
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, felony murder, and reckless homicide,
challenging the admission of testimony from the medical examiner regarding muzzle
distance, the admission of surveillance video, and the sufficiency of the convicting
evidence. Discerning no error, we affirm.

           Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. KELLY
THOMAS, JR., and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

Joshua Hedrick, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Odell Glass.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Cody N. Brandon, Assistant
Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Phillip Morton and
TaKisha Fitzgerald, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.


                                       OPINION

             The Knox County Grand Jury charged the defendant via presentment with
one count of possession of a firearm after having been previously convicted of a felony
involving the use of violence, one count of possession of a firearm after having
previously been convicted of a felony involving the use of force, one count of the
possession of a firearm after having been previously convicted of a felony involving the
use of a deadly weapon, first degree felony murder in the perpetration of burglary, first
degree felony murder in the perpetration of attempted burglary, first degree felony
murder in the perpetration of theft, first degree felony murder in the perpetration of
robbery, and first degree premeditated murder for the death of the victim, Michael Nolan.

               James Walker testified that he and Avis Mills went to the Holiday Market
in East Knoxville on January 3, 2017. Mr. Walker recalled that Mr. Mills went into the
store, and when he returned to the car, Mr. Walker “heard numerous gunshots” and
ducked down in his seat. As Mr. Walker began to back out of the parking lot, he saw
“this red car come out, turn to the right. He hit the curve and it went up the street.” At
that point, a man named Juney Burdine asked Mr. Walker for “a ride up the street,
because it was his friend, he said, that got shot.” Mr. Walker drove Mr. Burdine to
Hobby Car Repair Center (“Hobby’s”). Once there, “Juney looked in the car and got
back in the car with me and said, yeah, he been shot, so just take me back.” Mr. Walker
took Mr. Burdine back to Holiday Market, where Mr. Walker overheard Mr. Burdine tell
Mark Nolan that his brother had been shot. Mr. Walker then left Holiday Market to go
home but found his way “blocked off with police cars.” He then drove “back down
Martin Luther King and numerous police cars had got behind me.” Thinking that the
police cars wanted to get by him, he pulled into a parking lot. The police cars followed
him, and several officers “pulled their guns on me and told me not to get out of the car.”
After sitting in the car for some time, he was taken to the police station, where he gave a
recorded statement.

              Mr. Mills testified that as he “was getting out of the car, about to go in the
store,” he “heard a gunshot, so I ducked down in front of the car.” After the shooting
stopped, Mr. Mills got up and saw a red car pull out of the parking lot across the street
and drive toward Hobby’s. Mr. Mills got back into Mr. Walker’s car “and rode up the
street. And then that’s when I seen that car that was parked over there in the parking lot
right there.” He recalled that the driver was “just bent over the car like that in the front
seat.” At that point, Mr. Mills saw “the white guy. He was standing right there next to
him trying to get his attention. My thing was, why he didn’t just call the ambulance or
the police or something like that to . . . try to help the man out.” Mr. Mills said that he
and Mr. Walker went to the police department to be questioned and then to Mr. Walker’s
house.

              During cross-examination, Mr. Mills estimated that Mr. Burdine was out of
Mr. Walker’s car for five to 10 minutes but maintained that Mr. Burdine did not touch the
victim’s car and instead only “looked in the window to see if he was all right.”

              Charles Nichols, who “was buying some CDs in the parking lot where Myrl
set up shop in his white car” “right across the street” from “Chipper Grimes place” and
“probably 50 feet from” Hobby’s, testified that he heard “gunshots, pop, pop, pop, pop.
And once I hear that, I turn to where it was. I see a maroon car which a gentleman in it --
                                            -2-
now, who I know was Nolan -- and then I see a grayish Audi pull from the car.” The man
in the maroon car “drove away,” making a right out of the parking lot at “Chipper Grimes
place.”

               Tim Hobby, the owner of Hobby’s, was sitting in his van in the parking lot
adjacent to Hobby’s when he heard gunshots. He said that he “didn’t pay no attention to
them. You hear them over there all the time.” Shortly thereafter, the victim, whom Mr.
Hobby had known for several years, “pulled up beside me and actually put the car up in
park, looked over at me and never said a word, just fell back. A few seconds went by and
he raised back up.” Mr. Hobby “thought [the victim] was having a seizure” because he
could not see any blood. Mr. Hobby telephoned the victim’s brother, Gary, and told him
that “his brother was up there and something was wrong with him,” but before Gary
arrived, “someone pulled up and told me he had been shot . . . . And that was when I
called Gary back and told Gary that.” By that time, Mr. Hobby “could see the blood and
see bullet casings in the car at that time. And then [the victim] died.”

               Athena Dalton, a nurse who participated in the victim’s treatment, testified
that the victim arrived at the University of Tennessee Medical Center at 3:58 p.m. with a
single gunshot wound to the left thigh. He was immediately designated a “full alert”
trauma, meaning that he was “very unstable.” The victim had no pulse, and an ultrasound
examination showed that “he had no cardiac motion at that time.” The victim’s pupils
were not reactive. He was declared dead at 3:59 p.m. Ms. Dalton said that, based upon
the location of the injury and the amount of blood loss, she “assumed that it was the
femoral artery” and noted that “[a]ny kind of arterial injury normally is potentially fatal.”

              Timothy Schade, who worked for the Knoxville Police Department
(“KPD”) in the forensic unit at the time of the shooting, testified that he collected
evidence and took photographs during the search of a house at 2315 Chester Drive. He
also collected evidence from and took photographs of a silver Audi A4 in the KPD
impound lot. From the Chester Drive residence, Mr. Schade collected an LG cell phone;
a black wallet containing an ID, insurance card, a pawn ticket, and half of a white pill; a
.45-caliber ACP pistol and two magazines; and a “Fresenius medical care bag, with
earbuds, blanket, gray shirt, a white/aqua-striped shirt and paper.”

               Investigator Brandon Wardlaw, who conducted the investigation with his
partner, Investigator Jeff Day, testified that when the investigation led them to a Pilot
store near the intersection of Northshore and Papermill, he contacted the legal department
to obtain the video surveillance from that store.

             Investigator Day testified that he responded to the scene and drove directly
“to where the victim’s car was at Hobby’s.” By the time he arrived, the victim had
                                             -3-
already been transported to the hospital. Investigator Day then drove to the parking lot
across from the Holiday Market where other officers and witnesses had congregated. He
instructed a patrol officer to take the witnesses to the police department for questioning.
He also arranged for the securing of video surveillance from the nearby buildings.

               When he returned to the police station, Investigator Day interviewed Mr.
Walker and Mr. Mills. Between the two interviews, he learned that the surveillance
footage showed “the victim’s vehicle sitting in the parking lot and then the silver Audi
pulling up and stopping, suspect getting out, the incident taking place, him leaving.”
Based upon this information, the KPD issued a “BOLO” for the silver Audi. A short time
later, Investigator Day learned that officers had stopped that vehicle. The driver of the
vehicle, Casey Woodley, was transported to the police station. Before Investigator Day
had the opportunity to interview Ms. Woodley, Akeva Dixon, Ms. Woodley’s sister and
the owner of the silver Audi, arrived at the police station. Apparently, Ms. Dixon had
been to the scene, had learned that a silver Audi had been involved, and had gone to the
police station to “ask us what was going on, in terms of what we knew, and she also
wanted to apprise us with information about that vehicle.”

              Investigator Day testified that the date stamp on the surveillance video
showed that the video recording was taken on January 3, 2017, but that “[t]he time
appears to be off,” which he said was “somewhat normal” for surveillance videos. He
said that the video showed the defendant approach the victim’s car with his gun drawn
and open the door. He testified that, based upon the other information he gleaned during
his investigation, the video recording appeared to accurately capture the events of
January 3, 2017.

               After speaking to Ms. Woodley, Investigator Day attempted to locate the
defendant by tracking his location via his cellular telephone. Later that evening, tracking
information indicated that the cellular telephone linked to the defendant was located
inside a duplex on Chester Drive. Because the tracking data did not provide sufficient
information for the officers to discern which half of the duplex the defendant was in, they
set up surveillance to “watch the street, watch the houses there to see if . . . any person
matching that description for [the defendant] would show up.” In the meantime, officers
obtained video surveillance footage from the Pilot station where Ms. Woodley worked.
That footage showed the defendant driving the Audi while wearing the same clothing
worn by the shooter in the surveillance video. Officers arrested the defendant on the
following day at 2315 Chester Drive. After the defendant was transported to the police
station, officers asked the defendant’s girlfriend, Latara Moore, if they could search the
residence, and she agreed. In addition to the items collected by Mr. Schade, Officers
discovered a piece of mail bearing the defendant’s sister’s name along with a credit card
bearing the defendant’s name inside the residence. Investigator Day examined the gray
                                            -4-
shirt collected from 2315 Chester Drive and said that the shirt “appears to be exactly the
same as the one in the video of the shooting.”

             Investigator Day interviewed the defendant, and an audio recording of that
interview was played for the jury.

               In the interview, the defendant initially claimed that he did not know why
he had been arrested and claimed to have been home until 4:00 p.m. on the day of the
shooting. He also initially claimed that he “knew of” the victim but “didn’t know him
personally.” After being confronted with the surveillance footage, witness statements,
and cellular telephone location information, the defendant acknowledged having shot the
victim. He said that the victim was armed with “a 380 or a nine” millimeter handgun and
“either he threw it or got rid of it or something.” The defendant explained that he had
paid the victim “like $2,500” for “like 50 Opanas” that he later learned were “fake.” The
defendant used another person’s telephone to call the victim to complain, and the two got
into an argument over the telephone. The victim “aggressively” told the defendant “to
pull up on MLK.” “As soon as I pull up, I seen him like reaching, so I run up to the car.
I’m not trying to kill this man at all. Period.” The defendant said that he believed the
victim was going to give him his money back, but he said that the victim “was talking
s***.” The defendant said that he “hit him in the leg” specifically because he was not
trying to kill the victim. The victim then threw some money out the window, “but it
wasn’t nothing but like some $70.” The defendant demanded the remainder of his
money. The defendant said that he fired two shots, aiming both at the victim’s legs. He
said that he did not initially believe reports that the victim had died.

              Investigator Day testified that he “could find no correlation, no connection
between the defendant’s phone and the victim’s. There w[ere] no calls to or from the
victim and [the defendant] on that day.” The results of the forensic examination
established that the defendant “had used his phone several, several times before the
shooting and after,” but Investigator Day was unable to corroborate the defendant’s claim
about a phone call of some kind from the victim.

               During cross-examination, Investigator Day acknowledged that it was
possible that the defendant used more than one telephone. Investigator Day admitted that
although only one cellular telephone was found in the victim’s car, it was possible that he
had a second cellular telephone.

              Investigator Day said that the evidence established that two shots were
fired; one bullet was recovered from underneath the driver’s seat and was likely the shot
that went through the victim’s leg, and the other bullet was found lodged in the door seal.
He said that the trajectory of the bullet indicated that “the gun had to be elevated” but
                                            -5-
clarified that “[t]he angle of that bullet was not vertical, but probably close.” The first
bullet either “goes through the window or his hand is through the window,” but “[y]ou
can’t see it on the video.” He said that “the second shot -- or the shot into the door had to
be with the door open, obviously.” He admitted that it would be difficult to glean much
regarding the position of the gun from the location of the spent casing inside the car
because it could have struck something inside the car before landing. Investigator Day
acknowledged that a number of people, including the friends and family of the victim,
arrived on the scene before the police and emergency personnel.

               Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) Special Agent and Forensic
Scientist Laura Hodge testified as an expert in firearms identification. In this case, she
received a firearm and magazines, two fired cartridge cases, and 21 unfired cartridge
cases from the KPD. “Both magazines are what I call an aftermarket magazine. This is
not the magazine that the manufacturer intended to have with this gun.” One magazine
was designed to hold eight cartridges, and the other was designed to hold 15 cartridges.
Agent Hodge “was able to determine that the two cartridge cases . . . had been fired
from” the handgun collected from 2315 Chester Drive. She testified that “[t]he cartridge
cases will eject on the right side of the pistol” and that “this particular pistol, when I test-
fired it, the cartridge cases went from 4 to 12 feet at three o’clock. That means I’m
holding the firearm at a twelve o’clock position firing it. The cartridge cases go out at
three o’clock.”

               During cross-examination, Agent Hodge said that she did not recall if the
cartridge case traveled in “an arch or if it was straight out” when expelled. Agent Hodge
said that the TBI had conducted “muzzle-to-garment distance testing” in other cases but
had not been asked to do so in this case. She said that by examining a garment
“microscopically, visually and chemically, if there’s powder present, then I can take the
firearm that was identified as being used and the same type of ammunition and conduct
test patterns, and I could give a range.” She said that, “[t]ypically, for reporting, a range
could be greater than contact, less than 36 inches.” She said that it would be necessary to
have the same garment, firearm, and ammunition to arrive at an accurate estimate
“[b]ecause manufacturers use different powders . . . and bullets, even. So you . . . must
have all three components to do it as accurately as possible.” She said that she could not
have conducted muzzle-to-garment testing in this case because she did not have the
clothing that the victim was wearing.

              During redirect examination, Agent Hodge reiterated that              muzzle-to-
garment testing could not provide an exact distance but would give a range          of “greater
than contact, less than 36 inches.” She said that “[t]he typical maximum            distance at
which gunshot residue will deposit on clothing is typically four to five feet.”     She agreed
that “[w]ith minor action, with medical examiners, yes, they are able to            make [the
                                              -6-
muzzle-to-garment] determination when they do the autopsy.”

                Knox County Chief Medical Examiner Doctor Darinka Mileusnic-Polchan,
who testified as an expert in forensic pathology, conducted the autopsy of the victim and
determined that the “cause of death . . . was gunshot wound of left thigh, which severed
the femoral vessels and caused exsanguination.” She said that the bullet traveled “from
left to right, slightly front to back and it’s just about . . . an inch and a quarter downward,
very, very minimal downward, almost straight.” The bullet “completely dissected” “the
femoral artery and the femoral vein,” which would have resulted in a wound “that would
bleed in a kind of gushing manner” and that would result in the presence of “a lot of
arterial blood at the scene.” She observed that, given the location of the wound, “it
would be hard to stop the bleeding, even if one had a tourniquet available at the time.”
She said that the victim would have died within a matter of minutes, “ten minutes max.”

              Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan testified that the regular shape of the wound
indicated that “there’s really no barrier between the gun and . . . the thigh, except for the
clothing.” She said that she could “basically categorize wounds in three major
categories” based upon the position of the wound and the “deposit of soot or gunpowder
on the body or on the clothes.” In this case, because the victim wore several layers of
clothing at the time of the shooting, she “concentrate[d] on the clothing item” to look for
the presence of soot or gunpowder. She identified a “two-inch span, where this spread of
burned and unburned gunpowder happened” on the victim’s jeans. She also observed an
area on “the inner part of the pocket” that appeared as “kind of almost like a burn and
gunpowder deposit on the” hole caused by the bullet. Based upon these findings, Doctor
Mileusnic-Polchan classified the victim’s wound as a “close-range gunshot wound.” She
opined that “based on the density, not knowing much about the gun, is that it’s very
dense; it’s coming all the way to the jeans; it burns the pocket underneath, so it has to be
less than one foot.” She clarified that she could not narrow the distance any further
without ballistics testing.

               During cross-examination, Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan agreed that the type
of gun and ammunition would affect the amount of gunpowder and soot produced. She
said that ballistics testing could have been performed in this case because “you have the
actual gun and you have the actual ammunition that is identical to the one used at the
scene” and that, had such testing been done, she “could tell you this is between five to six
or nine inches.” Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan did not calculate the angle of entry of the
bullet in degrees, did not measure the door of the car or the distance between the top of
the victim’s leg and the bottom of the window, and did not know the exact position of the
victim’s feet inside the car.

              Based on this evidence, the jury convicted the defendant as charged of
                                              -7-
possessing a firearm after having been convicted of a felony and felony murder. As to
count eight, which charged premeditated first degree murder, the jury convicted the
defendant of the lesser included offense of reckless homicide. The trial court merged the
convictions as required by double jeopardy principles,1 and, following a sentencing
hearing, imposed a sentence of life plus eight years’ incarceration.

              In this appeal, the defendant challenges the admission of Doctor Mileusnic-
Polchan’s testimony regarding muzzle distance and the surveillance video depicting the
shooting. He also challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence. We consider

1
         Despite that the three firearm counts rely on the same two predicate offenses and allege a
violation of the same exact statue, Code section 39-17-1307(b)(1)(A) (“A person commits an offense who
unlawfully possesses a firearm, as defined in § 39-11-106, and . . . [h]as been convicted of a felony
involving the use or attempted use of force, violence, or a deadly weapon . . . .”), the State chose to break
up what was, in reality, a single offense in violation of a solitary statutory provision into three distinct
counts of the presentment. Additionally, the State broke the single charge of felony murder into five
counts, including separate counts charging murder in the perpetration of “any burglary,” one in the
perpetration of burglary and one in the perpetration of attempted burglary. The improper charging of the
same offense in more than one count of an indictment results in multiplicity, the evils of which “are two-
fold.” “[M]ultiplicity may carry the potential of unfair prejudice, such as suggesting to the jury that a
defendant is a multiple offender or falsely bolstering the state’s proof on such issues as the defendant’s
motive or knowledge of wrongdoing” and “can lead to multiple convictions and punishment for only one
offense.” State v. Whitmore, No. 03C01-9404-CR-00141, 1997 WL 334904, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
Jackson, June 19, 1997) (citing State v. Desirey, 909 S.W.2d 20, 27 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (citations
omitted)). The second problem, the potential for multiple punishments, can be cured by a merger of
offenses. As to the first problem, however, even though “multiplicitousness never places a defendant in
jeopardy of multiple sentences, the prolix pleading may have some psychological effect upon a jury by
suggesting to it that defendant has committed not one but several crimes.” United States v. Mamber, 127
F. Supp. 925, 927 (D. Mass. 1955); see also, e.g., United States v. Sue, 586 F.2d 70, 71-72 (8th Cir.
1978). We can fathom no legal reason that compels the decision to break apart the offenses in this way.
Indeed, Code section 40-13-202 requires that an indictment “state the facts constituting the offense in
ordinary and concise language, without prolixity or repetition, in a manner so as to enable a person of
common understanding to know what is intended and with that degree of certainty which will enable the
court . . . to pronounce the proper judgment.” T.C.A. § 40-13-202 (emphasis added). We also observe
that excessive multiplicity, even when it does not violate double jeopardy principles or unfairly prejudice
the defendant, increases the potential for error and juror confusion and unnecessarily consumes valuable
judicial time and resources. For example, had the State elected to simply charge the defendant with
felony murder in the perpetration of burglary, sufficient evidence of either a completed or attempted
burglary would have been sufficient to support the conviction. See generally State v. Swett, No. M2011-
00439-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 53993, at *16 (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Jan. 4, 2013). Given that the
evidence easily supports a conclusion that the defendant murdered the victim during the perpetration of at
least an attempted burglary, significant judicial resources could have been saved both at trial and on
appeal. Instead, the State’s charging decision resulted in the devotion of a significant amount of time and
resources to the issue whether the defendant actually entered the victim’s car as that term is used in Code
section 39-14-402, a determination that is, in the grand scheme of things, entirely unnecessary to a
conviction of first degree felony murder in the perpetration of “any burglary.”

                                                    -8-
each claim in turn.

                 I. Admission of Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan’s Testimony

             The defendant first asserts that the trial court erred by permitting Doctor
Mileusnic-Polchan “to offer an opinion regarding muzzle distance without fulfilling its
gatekeeping role.”

              On appeal, the defendant argues that, when he objected to Doctor
Mileusnic-Polchan’s testimony regarding muzzle distance, the trial court should have
evaluated the methodology employed by Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan to determine
“whether those methods were sufficiently reliable” to support the admission of her
opinion. The defendant contends that the trial court’s ruling that the challenge to the
methodology “goes to the weight of the evidence and not its admissibility turns McDaniel
and its progeny on its head.”

              The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Tennessee Rules of
Evidence 702 and 703 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence. See generally McDaniel v.
CSX Transp., Inc., 955 S.W.2d 257 (Tenn. 1997). Rule 702 addresses the need for expert
testimony and the qualifications of the expert: “If scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge will substantially assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence
or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”
Tenn. R. Evid. 702. Rule 703, which focuses on the reliability of expert opinion
testimony, states:

              The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert
              bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or
              made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a
              type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field
              in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts
              or data need not be admissible in evidence. Facts or data that
              are otherwise inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury
              by the proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court
              determines that their probative value in assisting the jury to
              evaluate the expert’s opinion substantially outweighs their
              prejudicial effect. The court shall disallow testimony in the
              form of an opinion or inference if the underlying facts or data
              indicate lack of trustworthiness.

Tenn. R. Evid. R. 703.
                                            -9-
              Generally, the admissibility of expert testimony is a matter entrusted to the
sound discretion of the trial court, and there can be no reversal on appeal absent clear
abuse of that discretion. See State v. Scott, 275 S.W.3d 395, 404 (Tenn. 2010); State v.
Copeland, 226 S.W.3d 287, 301 (Tenn. 2007). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it
applies incorrect legal standards, reaches an illogical conclusion, bases its decision on a
clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or employs reasoning that causes an
injustice to the complaining party.” Scott, 275 S.W.3d at 404 (citing Konvalinka v.
Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hosp. Auth., 249 S.W.3d 346, 358 (Tenn. 2008)).

              As indicated, the defendant attacked the methodology behind Doctor
Mileusnic-Polchan’s testimony about the muzzle-to-garment distance in this case. Our
supreme court, in McDaniel, identified a list of factors “[t]o assess methodological and
foundational reliability”:

             (1) whether scientific evidence has been tested and the
             methodology with which it has been tested; (2) whether the
             evidence has been subjected to peer review or publication; (3)
             whether a potential rate of error is known; (4) whether the
             evidence is generally accepted in the scientific community;
             and (5) whether the expert’s research in the field has been
             conducted independent of litigation.

Scott, 275 S.W.3d at 403-04 (citing McDaniel, 955 S.W.2d at 265). The court cautioned,
however, that “[r]igid application of these factors is unnecessary” and that “[n]ot all
expert testimony will ‘fit’ with these factors.” Scott, 275 S.W.3d at 404 (citing
Copeland, 226 S.W.3d at 302; Brown v. Crown Equip. Corp., 181 S.W.3d 268, 277
(Tenn. 2005)). Importantly, however, the trial court “must assure itself that the opinions
are based on relevant scientific methods, processes, and data, and not upon an expert’s
mere speculation,” keeping “in mind that the preliminary question . . . is one of
admissibility of the evidence” as determined “within the framework of rules 702 and
703.” McDaniel, 955 S.W.2d at 265 (citation omitted).

             During the State’s direct examination of Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan, the
defendant objected

             to the muzzle distance as being outside the scope of the
             qualifications we’ve discussed previously and for what she’s
             been admitted. If we’re going to talk about the distance of
             muzzle to wound, I would suggest that the methodology she

                                           -10-
              used, unless she used test patterns, is not an acceptable
              methodology.

He argued that Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan had previously testified in an unrelated case
that “you have to have test patterns in order to make that determination.” The State
argued that she was qualified to offer the testimony “as a forensic pathologist and an
anatomic pathologist.” The defendant argued that “at a minimum, if you’re going to
accept it, I’m entitled to engage in voir dire about the validity of the methods used.” The
court overruled the objection, concluding “that this objection goes to the weight of the
evidence rather than the admissibility. I’ll allow it to be presented. Certainly, it will be
subject to your cross-examination on the very issue you’ve raised.”

              Although the trial court did not make an explicit ruling on the validity of
the methodology employed by Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan, its ruling that the nature of the
defendant’s objection impacted the weight of the evidence rather than its admissibility
necessarily included an implicit conclusion that her opinion was based upon a valid
methodology. Importantly, that Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan did not employ the same
methodology as that described by Agent Hodge does not, ipso facto, lead to a conclusion
that the methodology employed by Doctor Mileusnic-Polchan was invalid. Doctor
Mileusnic-Polchan testified that she had been trained to assess the muzzle-to-target
distance when conducting autopsies and that she included her conclusions in each of the
autopsies she performed on gunshot wound victims. She explained the method she used
generally and explained how she used that methodology to arrive at her conclusion in this
case. Under these circumstances, we agree with the trial court that the fact that Doctor
Mileusnic-Polchan did not employ the same methodology as Agent Hodge and did not
engage in any test firing would impact the weight of her conclusions regarding the
muzzle-to-target distance in this case and not the admissibility of her opinion on the
subject. Moreover, given the overwhelming proof of the defendant’s guilt in this case,
the admission of this evidence, even if erroneous, was harmless.

                           II. Admission of Surveillance Video

             The defendant next contends that the trial court erred by admitting into
evidence surveillance video that “purported to show the incident in question” via a
witness who lacked the firsthand knowledge necessary to authenticate the video.

             During Investigator Day’s direct examination testimony, he began
describing what he saw when he viewed video surveillance footage from the scene of the
shooting. The defendant objected on best evidence and authentication grounds. He
argued that “we don’t have any authentication that this is, in fact, a recording of this
incident. Right? ‘Cause we’ve got nobody to come in and say that this video is a video
                                            -11-
of this incident.” He also argued that “it’s a best evidence problem” because “[t]he
contents of the recording are proved by the recording.” He asserted that the officer’s
“saying it appears that he’s entering the car, it appears this, it appears that. Those are, to
some extent, his judgments of what he sees based on watching the video.” The court
agreed that “the best way to proceed is to introduce that video through this witness and
allow him to describe it, narrate it for the jury as he goes.” The court also indicated an
intent to “instruct the jury that it is the video and not the officer’s interpretation that is
evidence.” At that point, the defendant reiterated his authentication objection to the
video’s admission via Investigator Day, arguing that Investigator Day did not have
“sufficient knowledge to say that this is a fair and accurate depiction of those events.”
He noted that the officer was not present at the location when the events occurred and had
no knowledge of the recording system. The State argued,

              [A]ll we’ve got to establish, we believe, is for the officer to
              testify that looking at this video, he can identify this
              defendant pulling out a gun -- or having a gun and shooting
              the victim. He can do that. We don’t have to have the owner
              of the video. It’s just that this . . . officer can identify the
              location and the defendant committed a crime.

The trial court sustained the objection as to best evidence but overruled the objection
“based on capacity to the authentication.” Before the video recording was played for the
jury, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

              Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, the State is now going to
              introduce into evidence a video that’s already begun. The
              witness is going to describe what he believes is happening in
              the video. The evidence is the video. In this particular
              situation, . . . the witness’s statements about his interpretation
              of the video are not actually evidence. They are intended to
              help you understand the evidence . . . if you want to use it for
              that purpose, but that’s not the evidence. The evidence is the
              video. And you’ll make up your own mind about what you
              see or don’t see.

              Tennessee Rule of Evidence 901 provides that “[t]he requirement of
authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by
evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the trier of fact that the matter in
question is what its proponent claims.” Tenn. R. Evid. 901(a). “Authentication can be
properly established by the testimony of a witness with knowledge that the ‘matter is
what it is claimed to be.’” State v. Mickens, 123 S.W.3d 355, 376 (Tenn. Crim. App.
                                            -12-
2003) (citing Tenn. R. Evid. 901(b)(1)). Both Rule 901 and the common law designate
the trial court as the “arbiter of authentication issues,” and, accordingly, that court’s
ruling will not be disturbed absent a showing that the court clearly abused its discretion.
See Tenn. R. Evid. 901, Advisory Comm’n Comments; Mickens, 123 S.W.3d at 376. An
abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court applies an incorrect legal standard or
reaches a conclusion that is “illogical or unreasonable and causes an injustice to the party
complaining.” State v. Ruiz, 204 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn. 2006), overruled on other
grounds by State v. Patterson, 564 S.W.3d 423, 433 (Tenn. 2018); see State v. Shirley, 6
S.W.3d 243, 247 (Tenn. 1999).

               The defendant argues that because Investigator Day was not present at the
scene and had no knowledge about the origin of the allegedly erroneous time stamp, he
could not properly say that the video recording was actually a video recording of the
offense. That is not what the rule requires. To be sure, Rule 901 provides that
authentication may be made by the testimony of a witness with knowledge that “a matter
is what it is claimed to be.” Tenn. R. Evid. 901(b)(1). In this case, Investigator Day,
importantly testified that he reviewed the video surveillance footage and that the video
recording being offered into evidence was the same recording. That he could not say
with certainty that the video recording actually captured the offense in progress or vouch
for the accuracy of the time stamp was irrelevant to the determination whether the
recording was properly authenticated under Rule 901; it was enough that Investigator
Day testified that the recording was what it purported to be, the surveillance video
collected on the day of the offense.

               Moreover, Rule 901 provides that the testimony of a witness with
knowledge is but one in a list provided “[b]y way of illustration only, and not by way of
limitation.” Id. Also included in the illustrative list is the ability to authenticate a matter
using “[a]ppearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive
characteristics, taken in conjunction with circumstances.” Id. at (b)(4). Here,
Investigator Day was familiar with the location of the offenses, the vehicles involved, the
description of the perpetrator and his clothing, and the basic facts of the case. In
consequence, he could ascertain whether the actions depicted in the video aligned with
the information he had gleaned about the offense from his investigation and could, as a
result, authenticate the video recording.

                                       III. Sufficiency

              Finally, the defendant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support
his convictions of felony murder.



                                             -13-
               Sufficient evidence exists to support a conviction if, after considering the
evidence—both direct and circumstantial—in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979);
State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011). This court will neither re-weigh
the evidence nor substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact. Dorantes,
331 S.W.3d at 379. The verdict of the jury resolves any questions concerning the
credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and the factual issues
raised by the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Significantly, this court must afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence contained in the record as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which
may be drawn from the evidence. Id.

                      Felony Murder in the Perpetration of Burglary

               The defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction of felony murder in the perpetration of a burglary because no evidence
conclusively established that the defendant actually entered the victim’s car. The State
asserts that the jury could have inferred from the position of the defendant’s body on the
surveillance video, the presence of the cartridge casing in the passenger’s side floor
board, and the angle of the gunshot wound that the defendant’s hand was inside the
victim’s car when he fired at least one of the two shots in this case.

                 Felony murder, as charged in this case, is “[a] killing of another committed
in the . . . attempt to perpetrate any . . . burglary.” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(2). Burglary, as
is applicable here, occurs when a person, “without the effective consent of the property
owner . . . [e]nters any . . . automobile . . . with intent to commit a felony, theft or assault
or commits or attempts to commit a felony, theft or assault.” Id. § 39-14-402(a)(4). As
used in Code section 39-14-402, “‘enter means . . . (1) Intrusion of any part of the body;
or (2) Intrusion of any object in physical contact with the body or any object controlled
by remote control, electronic or otherwise.” Id. 39-14-402(b)(1)-(2). “Clearly, under this
statutory definition, the crime of burglary is complete when entry has been made into an
automobile without the owner’s consent and with an intent to commit a felony, theft, or
assault.” State v. Ralph, 6 S.W.3d 251, 255 (Tenn. 1999) (citing State v. Lindsay, 637
S.W.2d 886, 889 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982)).

              In his statement, the defendant acknowledged that he went looking for the
victim on the day of the shooting, allegedly to recoup $2,500 that the victim owed him,
and that he intentionally shot the victim, albeit because he thought the victim was
reaching for a gun. The surveillance footage showed the defendant approach the victim’s
car with his gun drawn and, at one point, open the door of the victim’s car. One cartridge
                                             -14-
casing was found inside the victim’s car. Agent Hodge testified that casings ejected at a
right angle to the right side of the gun used to shoot the victim. From this evidence, a
rational trier of fact could have concluded that the defendant’s hand or the gun entered
into the passenger compartment of the victim’s car and that it was accompanied by the
intent to commit a felony, theft, or assault.


                   Felony Murder in the Perpetration of Theft/Robbery

              The defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction of felony murder in the perpetration of a theft or robbery because the State
failed to establish that the defendant intended to take anything from the victim before
deciding to shoot him.

              Before a killing will “fall within the definition of felony murder, [it] must
have been ‘done in pursuance of the unlawful act, and not collateral to it.’” State v.
Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 140 (Tenn. 2008) (citing State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 663
(Tenn. 2006) (quoting Farmer v. State, 296 S.W.2d 879, 883 (1956))). “In other words,
‘The killing must have had an intimate relation and close connection with the felony . . . ,
and not be separate, distinct, and independent from it [.]’” Farmer, 296 S.W.2d at 883
(quoting Wharton on Homicide, § 126 (3rd ed.)); see also, e.g., Banks, 271 S.W.3d at
140; State v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208, 223 (Tenn. 2005). To satisfy the requirement of
“an intimate relation and close connection,” “the killing ‘may precede, coincide with, or
follow the felony and still be considered as occurring “in the perpetration of” the felony
offense, so long as there is a connection in time, place, and continuity of action’”
Thacker, 164 S.W.3d at 223 (quoting State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 106 (Tenn. 1999)).

              The res gestae embraces not only the actual facts of the
              transaction and the circumstances surrounding it, but also the
              matters immediately antecedent to the transaction and having
              a direct causal connection with it, as well as acts immediately
              following it and so closely connected as to form in reality a
              part of the occurrence.

State v. Patrick Wingate, No. M1999-00624-CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 9 (Tenn. Crim.
App., Nashville, May 25, 2000) (citing Payne v. State, 406 P.2d 922, 925 (Nev. 1965)).
Although “the ‘intent to commit the underlying felony must exist prior to or concurrent
with the commission of the act causing the death of the victim,’” the trier of fact “may
reasonably infer from a defendant’s actions immediately after a killing that the defendant
had the intent to commit the felony prior to, or concurrent with, the killing.’” Thacker,
164 S.W.3d at 223 (quoting Buggs, 955 S.W.2d at 107-08). “Proof that such intent to
                                            -15-
commit the underlying felony existed before, or concurrent with, the act of killing is a
question of fact to be decided by the jury after consideration of all the facts and
circumstances.” Buggs, 995 S.W.2d at 107-08 (citing Hall v. State, 490 S.W.2d 495, 496
(Tenn. 1973); State v. Holland, 860 S.W.2d 53, 59 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)).

               As indicated, the defendant admitted that he intended to confront the victim
about the money the victim owed him. The surveillance footage showed that the
defendant was armed when he encountered the victim, corroborating the defendant’s
statement that he armed himself and went to confront the victim. The defendant also
admitted that the victim thrust $70 at him. The surveillance video captured the defendant
picking something up from the ground, and no money was discovered in or near the
victim’s vehicle. The jury, as the trier of fact, was free to reject the defendant’s claim
that the victim owed him money and that the victim reached for a gun. In our view, this
evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s convictions of felony murder in the
perpetration of either robbery or theft.

                                       Conclusion

              Accordingly, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                                   _________________________________
                                                  JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE




                                           -16-
