                   NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 08a0223n.06
                                Filed: April 24, 2008

                                             No. 07-3873

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


NOVRUS LAMAJ, LILJANA LAMAJ, and )
NALTON LAMAJ,                    )
                                 )                   ON APPEAL FROM THE BOARD OF
     Petitioners-Appellants,     )                   IMMIGRATION APPEALS
                                 )
v.                               )
                                 )                   OPINION
MICHAEL B. MUKASEY,              )
                                 )
     Respondent-Appellee.        )
                                 )


        Before: DAUGHTREY, GILMAN, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

        RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. Novrus Lamaj is an Albanian national seeking

asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT) for himself,

his wife, and their son. (JA 141-42) He claims that he was persecuted in Albania because of his

membership in the Albanian Democratic Party. The immigration judge (IJ) denied Lamaj’s claims,

finding that his testimony was not credible due to inconsistencies between Lamaj’s asylum

applications and the testimony that he gave at his asylum hearing, that the incidents alleged by Lamaj

do not meet the test for past persecution, either generally or on account of his political opinions, and

that changed country conditions in Albania preclude a well-founded fear of future persecution.

Lamaj appealed that determination to the Board of Immigration Appeals (the BIA), but the BIA
affirmed the IJ’s decision. Because we find that the evidence does not compel a contrary conclusion,

we AFFIRM the judgment of the BIA.


                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Lamaj, a native and citizen of Albania, entered the United States in July of 1999 on a B-2

visa as a nonimmigrant visitor for pleasure. He was authorized to remain in the United States until

January of 2000, but he stayed past that date. (JA 141, 258) Within one year of his entry into the

United States, he filed an application for asylum that listed his wife Liljana and son Nalton as

derivative beneficiaries. (JA 258, 265) They are also natives and citizens of Albania. Liljana and

Nalton entered the United States in July of 2002 without being admitted or inspected. (JA 142, 260)

       Lamaj claims that he was persecuted in Albania because of his membership in the Albanian

Democratic Party and because of his political opinions. He asserts that his father and uncle were

imprisoned in the 1940s for their anticommunist activities, and that he was active in politics,

including his role as a founding member of the Democratic Party’s local organization in his

hometown. (JA 284) He cites the following purported instances of persecution in support of his

asylum application and his present appeal: (1) he was “mistreated” during his two years of

mandatory military service by being given a pick and a shovel to dig trenches instead of being

“trusted” with a weapon, (2) he was detained by the police, once in 1991 and twice in 1998,

following his participation in political demonstrations, and (3) he was stabbed and seriously injured

by three unknown assailants when returning home from the funeral of the deceased Democratic Party

leader. (JA 269-71) The relevant details of each incident are set forth in the Analysis in Part II.B.




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below. Lamaj further claims to be afraid that, if he were to return to Albania, his life would be in

danger and he would be arrested, imprisoned, and perhaps killed. (JA 285)

       In November of 1999, an asylum officer interviewed Lamaj regarding his application.

(JA 286-88) The officer found Lamaj’s testimony to be consistent and credible, but ultimately

determined that Lamaj was ineligible for asylum because his fear of future persecution was not well-

founded. Specifically, the officer concluded that the threat that Lamaj feared no longer existed

because conditions in Albania had improved following the resignation in late 1998 of Prime Minister

Fatos Nano, a member of the Socialist Party (formerly the Communist Party), and because of other

changes in Albanian political leadership that occurred in 1999. (JA 287) The Immigration and

Naturalization Service (INS), now the Department of Homeland Security’s Immigration and

Customers Enforcement (ICE), thereafter commenced removal proceedings against Lamaj in March

of 2002 and against Liljana and Nalton in September of 2002. (JA 420, 422) Lamaj filed a

supplemental asylum application in 2003, repeating the claims that are set forth in his initial

application. (JA 141)

       An asylum hearing before an IJ took place in October of 2005. (JA 51) At the hearing, the

Lamajs conceded their removability and Novrus Lamaj testified to the events that form the basis of

his asylum applications. (JA 51, 53-55) The IJ, however, denied Lamaj’s application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and relief under CAT because she found that Lamaj’s testimony was not

credible, that the claimed incidents of persecution were not based on Lamaj’s political opinions and

were not sufficient deprivations of liberty to constitute past persecution, and that country conditions

in Albania had changed for the better. (JA 44-49)




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        Lamaj’s claims were found to be not credible because of material inconsistencies between

the facts asserted in his asylum applications and the testimony that he gave at his hearing. (JA 39-

42) The IJ noted in particular that Lamaj’s asylum applications stated that he had been beaten during

the three alleged detentions by the secret police, but that he insisted at the hearing that he had in fact

not been beaten. (JA 40-42) Lamaj also failed to submit any corroborative evidence of the

detentions. (JA 42)

        Next, the IJ determined that Lamaj had failed to show that any of the alleged incidents

amounted to persecution or occurred on account of his political opinions. The IJ explained that

Lamaj had “established, at best, brief encounters with the authorities prior to the fall of communism”

and “an attack during the time when Albania itself was undergoing significant anarchy.” (JA 44-45)

Furthermore, the IJ observed, Lamaj admitted that the attack in which he was stabbed was

perpetrated by unknown individuals, and that Lamaj had therefore “failed to show a reasonable

probability or even a clear probability that the attack directed against him that he is most fearful [of]

derives in part from a protected ground.” (JA 45)

        Finally, the IJ determined that Lamaj was not eligible for asylum because, even if his claims

were credible and the incidents amounted to persecution, the government established that country

conditions in Albania had changed following the election of democratic political leadership to such

an extent that Lamaj’s alleged fear of future persecution in Albania was no longer well-founded.

Lamaj testified, for example, that he had not experienced any problems from 1992 to 1997, when

the Democratic Party was in power. (JA 84) He could also avoid any potential persecution,

according to the IJ, by relocating within Albania as his brothers have done. (JA 47-48)




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       Lamaj appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA, but without success. (JA 4-5)             The BIA

affirmed the IJ’s findings, commenting that “[t]he concerns raised by the Immigration Judge have

not been persuasively explained before the Immigration Judge or on appeal before us.” (JA 4) It

also briefly addressed a claim that Lamaj had raised regarding alleged deficiencies in the

interpretation of his hearing testimony. (JA 5) That issue, however, has not been raised in the

appeal before us. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the BIA.


                                          II. ANALYSIS

A.     Asylum claim

       The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision by adopting the IJ’s reasoning and providing its own

commentary. Accordingly, we will directly review the IJ’s decision and also consider the additional

comments of the BIA. Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 283 (6th Cir. 2005).

       The IJ’s factual findings, and her conclusion that the petitioner failed to establish eligibility

for asylum, will be affirmed if substantial evidence supports such determinations.              INS v.

Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992) (upholding the IJ’s rulings where “supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole”) (citation

omitted). Under this standard, we will not reverse a factual determination of the IJ unless we find

“that the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Marku v. Ashcroft,

380 F.3d 982, 986 (6th Cir. 2004) (emphasis in original). Questions of law involving immigration

proceedings, on the other hand, are reviewed de novo. Ali v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 407, 409

(6th Cir. 2004).




                                                  5
       Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b), the U.S. Attorney

General has discretion to grant asylum to a refugee. The disposition of an application for asylum

involves a two-step inquiry: (1) whether the applicant qualifies as a “refugee” as defined in 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A), and (2) whether the applicant “merits a favorable exercise of discretion by the

Attorney General.”      Perkovic v. INS, 33 F.3d 615, 620 (6th Cir. 1994) (citing INS v.

Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 428 n.5 (1987)).

       Section § 1101(a)(42)(A) of the INA defines a “refugee” as an alien who is unable or

unwilling to return to his or her home country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.” An applicant may therefore establish eligibility for asylum by showing that he

or she (1) has suffered past persecution, or (2) has a well-founded fear of future persecution.

8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b). The burden is on the applicant to establish that he or she qualifies as a refugee.

8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a). If credible, the applicant’s testimony “may be sufficient to sustain the burden

of proof without corroboration.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a).

       Once the applicant shows that he or she has suffered from past persecution, the applicant is

presumed to have a well-founded fear of future persecution. Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 389

(6th Cir. 1998). This presumption can be rebutted by the government “only through establishing by

a preponderance of the evidence that since the persecution occurred, conditions in the applicant’s

country have changed to such an extent that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of being

persecuted if he were to return.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

       1.      The IJ’s adverse credibility determination




                                                   6
       Credibility determinations are findings of fact and are therefore reviewed under the

“substantial evidence” standard. Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 703 (6th Cir. 2004). “Even so, the

immigration judge’s conclusion must be supported by specific reasons and must be based upon

issues that go to the heart of the applicant’s claim.” Chen v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 468, 472 (6th

Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[C]redibility encompasses not just consistency, but

also plausibility and sufficient detail.” Dorosh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 379, 382 (6th Cir. 2004). A

credibility finding, like other factual findings, will be reversed “only if any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Yu, 364 F.3d at 703 (quoting 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(B)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       In this case, the IJ’s adverse credibility determination was based largely on the fact that

Lamaj asserted in his asylum applications and later stated in his asylum interview that he had been

beaten during his three alleged detentions. But Lamaj repeatedly stated in his testimony before the

IJ that he had in fact not been beaten during any of his detentions, and instead that the “worst thing”

that happened was that he was pushed, humiliated, cursed, offended, and insulted. (JA 40, 86, 89,

102-04) When asked about the inconsistency, Lamaj suggested that the person who had translated

his initial application had added the allegations that Lamaj had been beaten. (JA 102-03) The same

allegations, however, reappeared in his supplemental asylum application, which was filed four years

after the initial one. Moreover, the asylum officer noted in his January 2000 letter recommending

the denial of asylum, following Lamaj’s asylum interview, that Lamaj had stated that he was beaten

during the alleged detentions. (JA 145, 286) In the present appeal, Lamaj again confirms that he

was not in fact beaten when he was detained. (Lamaj Br. 12-13)




                                                  7
       Lamaj also points to the stabbing that he allegedly suffered at the hands of unknown

assailants following his attendance at the funeral of a former Democratic Party leader.

(Lamaj Br. 14, 16) He claims that his attackers asked if he was returning from the funeral, called

him a “dog of celebration,” and then stabbed him in the stomach. (JA 87) The IJ, however, was

troubled by Lamaj’s inconsistent descriptions of the attack—specifically, that he initially testified

that the encounter lasted a long time, but later said that it lasted “for a moment, you know, two

minutes.” (JA 44) Lamaj also alleged that, as a result of the attack, he lost two liters of blood and

that a portion of his intestine was removed. (JA 87-88) But the IJ noted that the medical records

that Lamaj submitted to corroborate this claim stated only that parts of his small intestine and colon

were damaged, and did not indicate the cause of the injury. (JA 44)

       Other proof submitted by Lamaj consisted of documentary evidence of his affiliation with

the Albanian Democratic Party. But none of the documents—procured for the specific purpose of

supporting his asylum application—mentions the arrests, detentions, beatings, or the stabbing that

Lamaj claims to have experienced. (JA 154-92)

       Although the discrepancies in Lamaj’s descriptions of the details of the stabbing are less

problematic than the inconsistencies regarding his detentions, we nevertheless conclude that, in light

of all the evidence of record, the IJ’s adverse credibility determination was based on “specific

reasons” that “go to the heart” of Lamaj’s claims of political persecution and fear of returning to

Albania. See Chen, 447 F.3d at 472. And because Lamaj’s testimony “plausibly could be viewed

as incredible, and certainly could be viewed as inconsistent . . . , a fact finder reasonably could find

that [his] testimony, absent corroboration, was insufficient to meet his burden of proof.” Pilica v.

Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 954 (6th Cir. 2004). We therefore conclude that substantial evidence


                                                   8
supports the IJ’s adverse credibility determination and does not compel a conclusion to the contrary.

See Yu, 364 F.3d at 703.

       2.      Lamaj’s claims of past persecution based on his political opinions

       In addition to finding that Lamaj’s claims of past persecution were not credible, the IJ

concluded that Lamaj had failed to establish that the alleged acts of persecution occurred because

of his political opinions or that the incidents rose to the level of “persecution” for purposes of

establishing his eligibility for asylum. (JA 44) We agree. The IJ’s decision denying Lamaj asylum

may therefore be affirmed on the alternative ground that Lamaj, even assuming the credibility of his

testimony, failed to meet his burden of proving that he suffered actual past persecution. See Pilica,

388 F.3d at 954.

       The INA provides no definition of “persecution.” This court, however, has determined that

“‘persecution’ within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) requires more than a few isolated

incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, unaccompanied by any physical punishment,

infliction of harm, or significant deprivation of liberty.” Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 390

(6th Cir. 1998); see also Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 285 (6th Cir. 2005) (“It is not sufficient

that the applicant has been subjected to indiscriminate abuse, such as physical force or violence

employed against a crowd of demonstrators, or has been the victim of a random crime.”). Physical

abuse “that does not require medical treatment does not compel a finding of persecution.” See Kacaj

v. Gonzales, 132 F. App’x 584, 588 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing cases) (emphasis in original).

Furthermore, an applicant “must establish that he or she was specifically targeted by the government

for abuse based on one of the statutorily protected grounds.” Gilaj, 408 F.3d at 285.




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       With regard to the purported “mistreatment” that Lamaj experienced during his mandatory

service in the army, he was unable to articulate any factual basis supporting his assertion that he was

not given a weapon on account of either his family ties or his political opinions. (JA 71-73) Lamaj

conceded at his hearing before the IJ that he had concluded “on his own” that he was not given a

weapon because of his family’s political activities, and provided no other grounds for that

conclusion. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (requiring that the motive for persecution be “on account

of” one of five statutorily protected categories). Lamaj’s claim that he was stabbed at the hands of

unknown assailants also fails to show that he was politically persecuted because he provided no

evidence that he was “targeted by the government for abuse.”               Gilaj, 408 F.3d at 285

(emphasis added).

       This leaves only Lamaj’s claims that he was arrested and detained because he participated

in political demonstrations. Lamaj alleged that the first arrest and detention occurred in February

of 1991. His asylum applications assert that he was beaten on that occasion, but during his hearing

he denied that any beating took place. (Lamaj Br. 12; JA 102-08) The next detention allegedly

occurred in September of 1998 and lasted for 24 hours. Lamaj testified that civilians were permitted

to enter the jail and address the detainees. (JA 85-86) He claimed that the civilians were

“questioning” the detainees, “saying bad words to us,” and “offending us” by saying: “You want to

take the weapons and take the government again, but you’ll never . . . see that day . . . .” (JA 85-86)

They also allegedly told the detainees, “[w]e’re going to kill you, we’re going to do this, we’re going

to do that.” (JA 85-86) But Lamaj confirmed at his hearing that “the worst thing that happened” to

him during this detention was being “offended, pressured, and cursed.” (JA 103)




                                                  10
       Lamaj claims to have been detained for the last time in December of 1998 for three days, also

following a protest. He complained that he was given only tea and bread to eat, and that the jail was

dark and cold. (JA 89) Although he said that he contracted a cold as a result of that detention, he

conceded that he did not need medical treatment for anything else. (JA 89, 102)

       In sum, Lamaj alleges that he experienced only short periods of detention and has confirmed

that he was not beaten or physically abused during any of them. (Lamaj Br. 12) His uncorroborated

claims of brief detentions—involving verbal harassment but unaccompanied by allegations of

physical abuse or the need for medical treatment (other than treatment for a cold)—do not, however,

compel a finding of actual persecution. See, e.g., Matic v. Mukasey, 2008 U.S. App. LEXIS 4470,

at *14 (6th Cir. Feb. 29, 2008) (finding that beatings by an acquaintance and unknown assailants

“did not amount to persecution” sufficient to justify the withholding of removal); Gilaj, 408 F.3d

at 284 (citing cases where asylum applicants had failed to establish persecution despite having been

detained for up to three days, interrogated, and beaten (though not requiring medical attention));

Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 954 (6th Cir. 2004) (finding no persecution where the petitioner,

following two demonstrations, was arrested, detained for a week, and allegedly mistreated by being

sworn at, and where he was beaten about the head by policemen after a third demonstration); Gjokic

v. Ashcroft, 104 F. App’x 501, 502, 505 (6th Cir. 2004) (upholding an IJ’s finding of no persecution

regarding an alien who had been detained for several days after attending a demonstration, and who

was beaten with rubber sticks that caused bruising but no permanent injuries, because the petitioner

had not distinguished himself from the thousands of other demonstrators).

       3.      Lamaj’s claim of a well-founded fear of future persecution




                                                 11
       Because Lamaj did not sustain his burden of establishing that he suffered past persecution,

he is not entitled to the presumption of a well-founded fear of suffering future persecution.

See Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 390. His arguments on this point do not require a lengthy discussion

because the government established in the present case that conditions in Albania have

fundamentally changed for the better since the leader of the Albanian Democratic Party, Sali Berisha,

was elected Prime Minister in 2005. (JA 117-37) The IJ also pointed to Lamaj’s concession that

he experienced no persecution when the Democratic Party was previously in power from 1992 to

1997. (JA 97)

       This court, moreover, has repeatedly held that country conditions in Albania have changed

to such a degree that Albanian asylum-seekers no longer have a reason to fear persecution if they

return to Albania. See, e.g., Lumaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574, 578 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he Country

Conditions Report for Albania indicates that while there is a danger of violence in Albania, it is due

mostly to individual acts or organized crime, and there is virtually no evidence that individuals are

targeted for mistreatment on political grounds.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Macotaj v.

Gonzales, 424 F.3d 464, 465 (6th Cir. 2005) (“As with many similar cases that we have reviewed

since the overthrow of the Communist regime in Albania, we find that . . . , despite whatever

political repression [the petitioner] and his family may have suffered in the past, conditions in

Albania have changed to such an extent that [the petitioner] no longer has reason to fear persecution

upon return to his homeland.”). We likewise conclude that the evidence in the present case does not

compel a conclusion to the contrary.

B.     Withholding of removal and relief under the CAT




                                                 12
       Because Lamaj has not satisfied the requirements for establishing his eligibility for asylum,

he “cannot meet the more stringent standards required to qualify for the protections of withholding

of removal or under CAT.” Bah v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 637, 643 (6th Cir. 2006).


                                      III. CONCLUSION

       For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the BIA.




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