         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT NASHVILLE
                                 November 14, 2000 Session

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RANDAL L. CHEEK

                Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County
                         No. II-399-70   Timothy L. Easter, Judge



                  No. M2000-00203-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 14, 2000


This appeal presents review of a certified question of law following the Appellant’s guilty pleas to
possession of marijuana with intent to sell and possession of drug paraphernalia. Pursuant to his
negotiated plea agreement, the court imposed an effective sentence of one and one-half years,
suspended after five days confinement followed by two years probation. Also, as part of the plea
agreement, the Appellant explicitly reserved, with the consent of the trial court and the State, a
certified question of law challenging the court’s denial of the Appellant’s motion to suppress. On
appeal, the State contends that (1) the certified question of law is not contained in the final
judgments nor is it incorporated by reference and (2) the question is not clearly stated so as to
identify the scope and limits of the legal issue. After review, we find that the question of law
presented fails to identify with sufficient clarity the scope and boundaries of the issue reserved.
Accordingly, the appeal is hereby dismissed and this case is remanded to the trial court.

                             Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal Dismissed

DAVID G. HAYES, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JERRY L. SMITH and NORMA
MCGEE OGLE , JJ., joined.

Brent Owen Horst, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Randal L. Cheek.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, Michael Moore, Solicitor General, David H.
Findley, Assistant Attorney General, Ronald L. Davis, District Attorney General, and Jeff Burkes,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                            OPINION


        The Appellant, Randal L. Cheek, appeals from judgments of conviction entered by the
Williamson County Circuit Court. The appellant pled guilty to one count of possession of marijuana
with intent to sell, a class E felony, and one count of misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia.
Pursuant to the negotiated plea agreement, the Appellant received an effective sentence of one and
one-half years, suspended after five days service in the county workhouse and followed by two years
probation. As a condition of the plea agreement, the Appellant reserved the right to appeal, as a
certified question of law, the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress. See Tenn. R. App. P. 3(b);
Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37(b). Specifically, the certified question, reserved in the “Addendum to the
Judgment,” is “whether there was a lawful or unlawful search of his residence by police officers.”

        After review of the record, we find the question not properly certified because it fails to
clearly identify the scope and the limits of the legal issue reserved. Accordingly, the appeal is
dismissed, the guilty pleas are vacated, and the case remanded to the trial court for further
proceedings.

                                                  Background

        On October 29, 1998, Franklin Police Officers Wright and Treanor were advised by radio
dispatch that illegal drug activity was observed at 725 Cooks Court in Williamson County. The
information was received from a Domino's Pizza delivery person who had just delivered a pizza to
the Cooks Court residence and had detected the odor of marijuana. Armed solely with this
information, the officers arrived at the apartment and knocked at the door. One of the occupants,
Charles Peer, opened the door for the officers. The officers, standing in the doorway, immediately
noticed a strong odor of marijuana in the apartment, which was consistent with the report received
from the pizza delivery person. The officers advised Peer to step back and they entered the
residence. In plain view on the coffee table, the officers observed a green leafy substance, a set of
electronic scales, cans of alcohol, and drug paraphernalia, which included rolling papers and a
homemade bong. Besides Peer, three other individuals, two of them juveniles, were present in the
residence. The female juvenile advised the officers that the Appellant, who was at work, was the
lessee of the apartment. Officer Wright directed this juvenile to telephone the Appellant at his place
of employment and have him return to his residence.

        Upon the Appellant’s arrival, Officer Wright asked for the Appellant's permission to search
the rest of the apartment. The Appellant consented. In the closet of one of the bedrooms, the
officers discovered a small safe with plastic baggies on top. Upon closer inspection of the safe, the
officers could detect a strong odor of marijuana emanating from the small safe.1 When questioned
by the officers as to the safe, the Appellant immediately denied ownership and explained that the safe
belonged to an ex-roommate who had since moved. The Appellant likewise denied any knowledge
of the contents of the safe. Officer Wright then seized the safe, the drug paraphernalia, and the green
leafy material.

        Although the Appellant was not placed under arrest at this time, he was asked to accompany
the officers to the Franklin Police Department. He rode, unrestrained, in Officer Wright's patrol car.


        1
         Had the case proceeded to trial, the State would have presented testimony revealing that the safe contained
21.65 grams of marijuana.

                                                        -2-
Upon his arrival at the police department, the Appellant was advised of his Fifth Amendment rights.
Officer Don Zelaya, a member of the Drug Unit, arrived to question the Appellant regarding reported
drug activity at the Cooks Court address. During this questioning, the Appellant made reference to
legal representation. Officer Zelaya ceased questioning, informed the Appellant that his rights were
"intact," and that the Appellant could knock on the glass window if he wished to continue the
interview. Officer Zelaya then left the room. Within fifteen minutes, the Appellant knocked on the
window and Officer Zelaya reentered the room to continue the interview.

        Before resuming questioning, Officer Zelaya presented the Appellant with an advice of rights
form and an attached waiver form. Both forms were discussed with the Appellant. The Appellant
initialed the various components of each form, signed the forms, and stated that he understood the
forms completely. The Appellant subsequently admitted to Officer Zelaya that the safe was his and
he supplied Officer Zelaya with the combination to the safe. The Appellant later recanted this
admission and stated that the safe belonged to another person whom he refused to identify.

       Prior to trial, the Appellant filed a motion to suppress both the physical evidence obtained
pursuant to the search of his apartment and his statements made to Officer Zelaya. In his motion,
the Appellant specifically asserted "his house was searched without a warrant, probable cause, or
consent. . . . It was during this unlawful entry and search that police officers claim to have found
marijuana and drug paraphernalia." Additionally, he alleged that:

        any statements, admissions or confessions purportedly made by the Defendant were
        made as a result of promises or other inducements that raised a hope of leniency and
        reward and should be declared void. . . . [A]ny statements or admissions he made
        were the result of trickery and deception practiced upon him by the officers, and
        therefore, any statement or admission made by him is inadmissible as a matter of law.
        . . . [T]he statements were made at a time when he had not been advised of the
        charges against him or advised of his Miranda rights as required by law.
The trial court subsequently denied the motion.2


       2
        The follo wing findings we re entered b y the trial court:
       1. That the warrantless entry into the Defendant's apartment was justified by Officers Wright and
       Treanor, as there was probable cause to believe illegal drug use/activity was taking place in the
       apartment and exigent circumstances (i.e., destruction of evidence) existed.

       2. That the consent to search the Defendant's apartment was not invalid . A threat to obtain a search
       warrant can invalidate a subsequent consent if there were not then grounds upon which a warrant cou ld
       issue. [Citation omitted]. Based upon the smell of Marihuana and the illegal contraband already
       spotted in the Defendant's apartment by Officer Treanor and Officer Wright, there were sufficient
       grounds for a search warrant to be issued.

       3. That the Defendant was advised of his Miranda rights and the consequence of waiver of such rights
       by at least two Franklin police officers. This waiver was valid in that it was made voluntarily,
       knowingly, and intelligently. The conduct of the law enforc ement officer s was not such as would
                                                                                                       (continued ...)

                                                        -3-
                                                       Analysis

       The Appellant, in this appeal, seeks review of the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress
under the provisions of Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37(b)(2)(i). The State asserts that this appeal should be
dismissed because (1) the certified question of law is not contained in the final judgments nor is it
incorporated by reference and (2) the question is not presented with sufficient clarity to identify the
scope and the limits of the legal issued reserved.

       Under Rule 37(b)(2)(i), an appeal lies from a guilty plea if the final order of judgment
contains a statement of the dispositive certified question of law reserved by the defendant, wherein
the question is so clearly stated as to identify the scope and the limits of the legal issues reserved.
See State v. Preston, 759 S.W.2d 647, 650 (Tenn. 1988); see also State v. Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d
834, 837 (Tenn. 1996). No issue beyond the scope of the certified question will be considered. State
v. Irwin, 962 S.W.2d 477, 479 (Tenn. 1998)(citing Preston, 759 S.W.2d at 650; see also
Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d at 834). Before a court may accept an appeal pursuant to Tenn. R. Crim.
P. 37(b)(2)(i), the following prerequisites must be satisfied:

         1. The final order or judgment must contain a statement of the dispositive question
         of law reserved by defendant for appellate review.

         2. The order must state that the certified question was expressly reserved as part of
         a plea agreement.

         3. The order must state that both the State and the trial judge have consented to the
         reservation and are of the opinion that the question is dispositive of the case. 3

         4. The question of law must be stated so as to clearly identify the scope and the
         limits of the legal issue reserved.

         2
          (...continued)
         "undermine the Defendant's free will and critically impair his capacity for self-determination so as to
         bring about an involuntary confession." [Citation omitted]. The promise made by a police officer at
         the Defendant's apartment that he would not be charged if the safe and its co ntents were no t his is
         unrefuted. Therefore, any promise made by the police officers was conditioned upon ownership of
         the safe being in someon e other than the Defenda nt.

         4. That the proof introduced . . . does not support a conclusion that the Defendant's placement in a
         room at the Franklin Police Department for ten to fifteen minutes was so frightening or intimidating
         as to "under mine his free will an d critically impa ir his capacity for self-determination." [Citation
         omitted].



         3
         An issue is dispositive when this court must either affirm the judgment or reverse a nd dismiss. State v. Wilkes,
684 S.W.2 d 663 (T enn. Crim. A pp. 198 4). That is to say that, if we should find the Appellant's position correct, there
would be no case to p rosecute as there would be no pro of to convic t.

                                                           -4-
 Preston, 759 S.W.2d at 650. The burden is on the defendant to see that the prerequisites are in the
final order and that the record brought to the appellate court contains all of the proceedings below
that bear upon whether the certified question of law is dispositive and the merits of the question
certified. Id.

        We first address the State’s argument that the legal question was not contained in the final
judgment nor was it sufficiently incorporated by reference to satisfy the Preston requirements. The
record in the present case reflects that the Appellant’s motion to suppress was heard on July 12,
1999. The court denied the motion on August 16, 1999. At the subsequent guilty plea hearing on
December 14, 1999, the parties and the court discussed and consented to the negotiated plea
agreement and to the reservation of a certified question of law regarding the court’s denial of the
motion to suppress. Defense counsel offered to prepare an addendum to the judgments reserving the
certified question. The trial court assented, stating that this practice has been approved by the
appellate courts. The “Addendum to Judgment,” signed by the trial judge, was filed on January 4,
2000. The final judgments were filed January 18, 2000. The judgment forms do not contain a
statement of the dispositive certified question of law reserved by the Appellant for appellate review
nor do the judgments refer to the previously filed addendum. The State now contends that the
certified question of law is not contained in the final judgments nor is it incorporated by reference
and therefore, the appeal must be dismissed. Based upon previous decisions of this court, we
disagree with the State’s position.

         It is sufficient for the judgment order to refer to or incorporate another independent document
to satisfy the requirement that the judgment contain a statement of the dispositive certified question
of law. See Irving, 962 S.W.2d at 479; see generally State v. Robert Bassett Brown, No. M1999-
00867-CCA-R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Apr. 28. 2000); State v. Hasson Waller, No.
03C01-9710-CR-00438 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Oct. 6, 1998); Kenneth J. Hall v. State, No.
03C01-9609-CR-00342 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Apr. 15, 1998). In State v. Hasson Waller,
a case similar to that presently before us, a panel of this court held that a judgment order contains
a proper statement of the certified question where an “addendum to the judgment” is filed before the
judgment becomes final. State v. Hasson Waller, No. 03C01-9609-CR-00342. Cf. Kenneth J. Hall
v. State, No. 03C01-9609-CR-00342 (question not properly certified where addendum filed after
judgment became final). Accordingly, we conclude that the judgments in the present case properly
contain a statement of the certified question.

        Notwithstanding, we conclude that the certified question is not so clearly stated as to identify
the scope and the limits of the legal issues reserved. Again, a defendant bears the burden of
"reserving, articulating, and identifying the issue." Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d at 838.

       [W]here questions of law involve the validity of searches and the admissibility of
       statements and confessions, etc., the reasons relied upon by defendant in the trial
       court at the suppression hearing must be identified in the statement of the certified


                                                  -5-
         question of law and review by the appellate courts will be limited to those passed
         upon by the trial judge and stated in the certified question, absent a constitutional
         statement otherwise. Without an explicit statement of the certified question, neither
         the defendant, the State nor the trial judge can make a meaningful determination of
         whether the issue sought to be reviewed is dispositive of the case.

 Preston, 759 S.W.2d at 650. (emphasis added). In the present case, the issue reserved is “whether
there was a lawful or unlawful search of his residence by police officers.” This overly broad
question violates the mandates announced in Preston. The question is not only patently non-specific
but also does not clearly identify the scope and limits of the legal issue raised and does not identify
the reasons relied upon by the Appellant at the suppression hearing. Compare Leeson v. Chernou,
734 S.W.2d 634, 637 (Tenn. App. 1987) (Tenn. R. App. P. 27 does not contemplate that an appellant
may submit one blanket issue as to the correctness of a judgment and thereby open the door to
argument upon various issues which might affect the correctness of the judgment). The evidence
developed at the suppression hearing raises numerous issues involving both Fourth and Fifth
Amendment concerns which may or may not be dispositive. These areas include, but are not limited
to, the reliability of a citizen informant, exigent circumstances exception to warrant requirement,
plain view, consensual searches, seizure of evidence, advice of rights, invocation of right to counsel,
voluntariness of waiver of rights and confessions, and fruit of the poisonous tree. It is not the duty
of this court to predict, speculate, or otherwise outline those issues on which the Appellant seeks our
review. Additionally, review of the question as presently framed would require a complete
dissertation of the law of search and seizure of which this court is not willing to engage absent
specific boundaries circumscribed by the Appellant. The holding in Preston created a bright-line
rule regarding the prerequisites for a Rule 37(b)(2)(i) appeal from which this court will not depart.4
See generally Preston, 759 S.W.2d at 650. But see State v. Harris, 919 S.W.2d 619, 621 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1995) (White, J.) (issue need not be framed in standard “law school” format; statement
satisfies Preston if appellate court can ascertain from the record the scope of the issue presented).5
Because of the Appellant’s failure to properly frame his certified question of law, this court is unable
to reach the merits of the Appellant’s claim as this court has no jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.
See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37(b)(2).

        Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed. Because the Appellant’s guilty pleas were conditioned
upon his right to seek appeal of a certified question of law, which we are without jurisdiction to
review, the guilty pleas and the plea agreement are vacated and this case is remanded to the trial
court for trial or other appropriate proceedings.



         4
          W e acknowledge that the one circumstance in which some variance in the Preston requireme nts is allowed is
when the final order incorpor ates by referen ce some o ther docum ent or doc uments which conta in the elemen ts required
by Preston. See Pendergrass , 937 S.W.2d at 837.

         5
           The author of this opinion respectfully dissented from this court’s opinion in State v. Har ris, finding the
certified question too broad to comport with the requirements of Preston. See Harris , 919 S.W .2d at 625 (Hayes, J.,
dissenting).

                                                           -6-
      ___________________________________
      DAVID G. HAYES, JUDGE




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