                                    IN T H E C O U R T O F A P P E A L S O F T E N N E S S E E
                                                       A T J A C K S O N



B R O W N IN G C O N S T R U C T I O N                          )                                                     F LED
                                                                                                                         I
C O M P A N Y ,                                                 )
                                                                )                                                         M a rc h 2 , 1 9 9 9
           P la in tiff/A p p e lla n t,                        )           H a rd e m a n C h a n c e ry N o . 8 7 0 4
                                                                )                                                     C e c il C r o w s o n , J r .
v .                                                             )                                                     A p p e lla te C o u r t C le r k
                                                                )
L A W R E N C E E . S T E IN B E R G a n d                      )           A p p e al N o . 0 2 A 0 1 -9 7 1 1 -C H -0 0 2 9 0
J O H N W . B R O W N I N G , S R .,                            )
                                                                )
           D e f e n d a n t s /A p p e l le e s .              )


           A P P E A L F R O M             T H E C H A N C E R Y C O U R T O F H A R D E M A N C O U N T Y
                                                   A T B O L IV A R , T E N N E S S E E


                           T H E H O N O R A B L E J O H N H IL L C H IS O L M , C H A N C E L L O R



F o r th e P la in tiff/A p p e lla n t:                        F o r th e D e f e n d a n t /A p p e lle e
                                                                L a w re n c e E . S te in b e rg :

W illi a m C . B a te m a n , J r.                              S t e p h e n C r a ig K e n n e d y
M e m p h is , T e n n e s se e                                 S e lm e r, T e n n e s se e




                                                                A F F IR M E D


                                                                H O L L Y K IR B Y L IL L A R D , J .



C O N C U R S :

W . F R A N K C R A W F O R D , P .J ., W .S .

A L A N E . H IG H E R S , J.
                                                                       OPINION

             T h is is a s u i t to e n f o r c e a m e c h a n ic s ’ a n d m a te ri a lm e n ’s lie n . T h e p la in tiff a s s e rte d it m a d e

i m p r o v e m e n ts t o r e a l p r o p e r ty b a s e d o n a n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e o w n e r o f t h e p r o p e r t y . T h e p r o p e r t y

o w n e r m o v e d f o r s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t, a rg u in g th a t th e r e w a s n o e v id e n c e o f a n a g r ee m e n t b e tw e e n

th e p a rtie s . T h e tr ia l c o u r t g r a n te d s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t to th e d e f e n d a n t p r o p e rty o w n e r, a n d th e

p l a i n t if f a p p e a l s . W e a f f i r m .

             D e f e n d a n t /A p p e lle e L a w r e n c e E . S t e in b e rg ( “ S te in b e rg ” ) o w n e d a tr a c t o f la n d in H a r d e m a n

C o u n t y , T e n n e s s e e ( “ th e p r o p e r ty ” ) . S t e in b e rg a n d D e fe n d a n t J o h n W . B r o w n in g , S r . ( “ B r o w n in g ,

S r . ” ) e n t e r e d i n t o a v a l i d , w r i t t e n o p t i o n c o n t r a c t f o r t h e p u r c h a s e o f t h e p r o p e r t y . John Browning,

Sr. asked his son, John Browning, Jr. (“Browning, Jr.”) the president of Plaintiff/Appellant

Browning Construction Company (“the Company”), to perform construction work on the property.

The property was allegedly to be divided into lots for individual sale, and the Company would be

paid as the individual lots sold. Pursuant to the alleged oral agreement, from October 10, 1987 until

March 25, 1990, the Company furnished materials and made improvements on the property,

including landscaping, pouring concrete roads, and clearing land.                                                  No written agreement was

executed for the improvements to the property made by the Company.

             The option contract between John Browning, Sr. and Steinberg expired in February 1990

and Steinberg refused to pay the Company for the improvements to his property. O n A u g u s t 2 4 ,

1 9 9 0 , the Company sued Steinberg and John Browning, Sr. to enforce a mechanics’ and

materialmen’s lien on the property in the amount of $39,657.50 as payment for the work performed,

plus costs and interest. The lawsuit sought to enforce the alleged contract with both defendants.

Steinberg filed an answer and a crossclaim against Browning, Sr. The crossclaim asserted that

Steinberg never authorized Browning, Sr. to act as his agent and sought idemnification from

Browning, Sr. should the Company obtain a judgment against Steinberg.

             After some discovery, Steinberg moved for summary judgment, submitting an affidavit in

which he asserted that he never had an agreement with the Company to make improvements to the

property. Steinberg acknowledged being aware that the Company had made some improvements,

but indicated that he told Browning, Sr. that he had not authorized such work and would not be

responsible for it. Steinberg also filed the deposition of Browning, Jr.
            In response, the Company filed the affidavits of Browning, Sr. and Browning, Jr., and relied

on excerpts from the deposition of Browning, Jr. In his affidavit, Browning, Sr. described having

“a continuous ongoing business relationship” with Steinberg in which Browning, Sr. “was authorized

to accomplish certain tasks” for Steinberg. Browning, Sr. indicated that Steinberg was made aware

of the improvements to the property made by the Company and that Steinberg made inquiries about

the improvements. Browning, Sr. did not state that Steinberg had authorized him to enter into an

agreement with the Company to make the improvements.

            In his deposition, Browning, Jr. alleged that the Company furnished labor and materials to

improve the property “pursuant to a special contract on behalf of Larry Steinberg.” Browning, Jr.

asserted in his deposition that he had a contract with his father and Steinberg:

            Q: And this contract that you had or agreement was between you and your father?

            A: Yes, sir, and Mr. Steinberg.

However, in his deposition, Browning, Jr. could describe no conversation with Steinberg in which

the parties reached an agreement regarding the improvements. At most, the conversations described

by Browning, Jr. show that Steinberg was aware of the work that had been done on the property and

was aware of Browning, Jr.’s belief that the improvements enhanced the value of the property.

            Based on this record, the trial court granted Steinberg’s motion for summary judgment. From

this order, the Company now appeals.

            On appeal, the Company asserts that the trial court erred in basing its order of summary

judgment on Steinberg’s affidavit because the affidavit does not state that it is based on Steinberg’s

personal knowledge, as required by Rule 56.06 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, but rather

states that it is to the best of Steinberg’s “knowledge, information and belief.” The Company argues

further that the record establishes a disputed issue of fact as to whether a contract existed between

Steinberg and the Company, and that summary judgment was therefore improper. Finally, the

Company contends that it should be permitted to recover from Steinberg for the value of the work

performed under the theory of implied contract.

            S u m m a r y ju d g m e n t is p r o p e r w h e n th e r e a re n o g e n u i n e i s s u e s o f m a te r ia l f a c t a n d th e

m o v in g p a r ty i s e n title d t o j u d g m e n t a s a m a tte r o f la w . S e e T e n n . R . C iv . P . 5 6 .0 3 . O n a m o tio n

f o r s u m m a r y j u d g m e n t, c o u rt s m u s t t a k e t h e s t r o n g e s t l e g it i m a te v ie w o f t h e e v i d e n c e in f a v o r o f t h e

n o n m o v in g p a r ty , a llo w a l l r e a s o n a b le i n f e r e n c e s i n f a v o r o f th a t p a rty , a n d d is c a r d a ll c o u n te rv a ilin g

                                                                                2
e v i d e n c e . S e e B y r d v . H a l l, 8 4 7 S .W .2 d 2 0 8 , 2 1 0 - 1 1 ( T e n n . 1 9 9 3 ) . S u m m a ry ju d g m e n t is o n ly

a p p r o p r ia te w h e n th e c a s e c a n b e d e c id e d o n th e l e g a l is s u e s a lo n e . S e e id . a t 2 1 0 .                  B e c a u s e o n ly

q u e s tio n s o f la w a r e i n v o lv e d , th e r e i s n o p r e s u m p tio n o f c o r r e c t n e s s . S e e J o h n s o n v . E M P E , I n c .,

8 3 7 S . W . 2 d 6 2 , 6 8 ( T e n n . A p p . 1 9 9 2 ) . T h e r e f o r e , o u r r e v ie w o f t h e t r i a l c o u r t 's o r d e r o f d i s m i s s a l

in th i s c a s e is d e n o v o o n th e re c o r d b e fo r e th is C o u rt . S e e C a r v e ll v . B o tto m s , 9 0 0 S . W .2 d 2 3 , 2 6

(T e n n . 1 9 9 5 ).

            On appeal, the Company first asserts that the trial court erred in relying on Steinberg’s

affidavit because it indicates that Steinberg’s assertions in his affidavit were to the best of his

“knowledge, information and belief,” rather than being based on his personal knowledge as required

by Rule 56 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. However, the Company points to no place

in the record indicating that this objection was raised to the trial court in this case. The issue cannot

be raised for the first time on appeal. See Simpson v. Frontier Community Credit Union, 810

S.W.2d 147, 153 (Tenn. 1991).

            T h e C o m p a n y n e x t c o n te n d s th a t th e r e c o r d c o n ta in e d s u f f ic ie n t e v i d e n c e o f a c o n t r a c t to

s u r v iv e s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t. T h e C o m p a n y re lie s o n th e d e p o s itio n te s tim o n y o f its P re s id e n t,

B r o w n in g , J r., in w h ic h h e d e s c r ib e s h i s c o n v e r s a tio n s w ith S te in b e r g c o n c e r n in g th e w o r k th a t w a s

b e in g d o n e o n t h e p r o p e r ty . T h e C o m p a n y c l a im s th a t th e t r ia l c o u r t e r r e d in g r a n t in g s u m m a r y

ju d g m e n t b e c a u s e a g e n u i n e is s u e o f f a c t e x i s ts c o n c e r n in g w h e t h e r a c o n t r a c t e x i s te d b e tw e e n t h e

C o m p a n y a n d S t e in b e rg .

            T e n n e s s e e l a w p r o v i d e s f o r a m a t e r ia l m e n ’ s o r m e c h a n i c s ’ l i e n u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s :

             ( a ) T h e r e s h a l l b e a l ie n u p o n a n y l o t o f g r o u n d o r tr a c t o f la n d u p o n w h ic h a h o u s e
             o r s tr u c t u r e h a s b e e n e r e c te d , d e m o l i s h e d , a l te r e d , o r r e p a i r e d , o r f o r f i x t u r e s o r
             m a c h i n e r y f u r n is h e d o r e r e c te d , o r im p r o v e m e n t s m a d e , b y s p e c i a l c o n tr a c t w ith th e
             o w n e r o r th e o w n e r 's a g e n t, in f a v o r o f th e c o n t r a c to r , m e c h a n ic , la b o r e r , f o u n d e r
             o r m a c h in is t, w h o d o e s th e w o r k o r a n y p a rt o f th e w o r k , o r f u r n is h e s th e m a te r ia ls
            o r a n y p a r t o f th e m a t e r i a l s , o r p u t s th e r e o n a n y f ix t u r e s , m a c h i n e r y , o r m a t e r i a l , a n d
            in f a v o r o f a ll p e rs o n s w h o d o a n y p o rtio n o f th e w o r k o r f u r n is h a n y p o rtio n o f th e
            m a te ria ls fo r su c h b u ild in g ; p r o v id e d , th a t th e s u b c o n tra c to r , la b o re r o r m a te ria lm a n
            s a tis fie s a ll o f th e re q u ire m e n ts s e t fo rth in § 6 6 -1 1 -1 4 5 , if a p p lic a b le .


T e n n . C o d e A n n . § 6 6 -1 1 -1 0 2 (1 9 9 3 ) (e m p h a sis a d d e d ).

            In his deposition testimony, Browning, Jr. makes the conclusory allegation that the

improvements to the property were made pursuant to a contract the Company had entered into with

Steinberg and Browning, Sr. However, to fend off a motion for summary judgment, a party must


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submit admissible evidence of facts to support his claim, and cannot simply rely on conclusory

allegations. See Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 211 (Tenn. 1993) (“[T]he nonmoving party cannot

simply rely upon his pleadings but must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue

of material fact for trial.”); Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.05. Steinberg, of course, denies the existence of any

agreement with Browning, Sr., Browning, Jr. or the Company regarding the improvements to the

property. Neither Browning, Sr. nor Browning, Jr. testified as to facts from which a reasonable fact-

finder could conclude that an agreement existed between Steinberg and the Company regarding the

improvements. At most, the conversations described indicate that Steinberg was aware of the work

being performed and allowed it to continue. While this might be sufficient to support a claim under

the theory of implied contract or quantum meruit, it does not establish an agreement under which

the Company may recover under the theory of breach of contract. The decision of the trial court on

this issue is affirmed.

        Finally, the Company asserts that it should be permitted to recover from Steinberg the value

of the work performed on the property under the theory of implied contract. Tennessee “recognizes

two distinct types of implied contracts; namely, contracts implied in fact and contracts implied in

law, commonly referred to as quasi contracts.” Paschall’s, Inc. v. Dozier, 219 Tenn. 45, 53-54, 407

S.W.2d 150, 154 (1966). Contracts implied in fact arise under circumstances which show mutual

intent or assent to contract. See Weatherly v. American Agric. Chem. Co., 16 Tenn. App. 613, 65

S.W.2d 592, 598 (1933). Mutual assent and a meeting of the minds cannot be accomplished by the

unilateral action of one party. See Batson v. Pleasant View Util. Dist., 592 S.W.2d 578, 582 (Tenn.

App. 1979). Contracts implied in law are created by law without the assent of the party bound, on

the basis that they are dictated by reason and justice. See Weatherly, 16 Tenn. App. 613, 65 S.W.2d

at 598. “Actions brought upon theories of unjust enrichment, quasi contract, contracts implied in

law, and quantum meruit are essentially the same.” Paschall's, 219 Tenn. 45, 407 S.W.2d at 154.

Recovery on the basis of an implied in law contract is limited to the actual value of goods and

services. See Castelli v. Lien, 910 S.W.2d 420, 427-28 (Tenn. App. 1995).

        The Company’s brief asserts the theory of implied contract, but does not indicate whether

it is seeking recovery under the theory of a contract implied in fact or a contract implied at law.

However, the complaint in this case does not allege either theory of implied contract; it asserts only

breach of contract. The Company points to no place in the record in which these theories of recovery


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were raised to the trial court. “ I t i s w e l l s e t t l e d t h a t i s s u e s n o t p r e s e n t e d a t t r i a l c a n n o t b e r a i s e d f o r

th e firs t tim e o n a p p e a l.” L a n d r y v . D o o d , 9 3 6 S .W .2 d 6 3 5 , 6 3 7 ( T e n n . A p p . 1 9 9 6 ) ; s e e a ls o

W iltc h e r v . B r a d l e y , 7 0 8 S . W .2 d 4 0 7 , 4 0 9 ( T e n n . A p p . 1 9 8 5 ) . C o n s e q u e n tly , th e is s u e o f im p lie d

c o n tra c t s h a ll n o t b e c o n s id e r e d o n a p p e a l.

            T h e d e c i s io n o f th e t r ia l c o u r t is a ff ir m e d . C o s ts a re a s s e s s e d a g a i n s t th e A p p e lla n t , f o r

w h ic h e x e c u tio n m a y is su e , if n e c e s s a r y .




                                                            H O L L Y K IR B Y L IL L A R D , J .

C O N C U R :



W . F R A N K C R A W F O R D , P . J ., W .S .



A L A N E . H I G H E R S , J .




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