                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 07a0736n.06
                           Filed: October 16, 2007

                                             No. 06-3952

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


MOHAMMED SALL,                                             )
                                                           )
       Petitioner-Appellant,                               )         ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
                                                           )         FROM THE BOARD OF
v.                                                         )         IMMIGRATION APPEALS
                                                           )
ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney General,                     )
                                                           )
       Respondent-Appellee.



BEFORE:        COLE and COOK, Circuit Judges; MILLS, District Judge*

       R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge. Petitioner-Appellant Mohamed Sall seeks review of

a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) order affirming an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of

his claims for asylum and withholding of removal. The IJ concluded that Sall was not credible and

therefore denied his claims. Alternatively, for the denial of asylum, the IJ found that Sall failed to

show that he applied for asylum within one year of his entry into the United States and denied his

application on timeliness grounds. Because there is sufficient evidence to support the IJ’s adverse

credibility finding, we DENY the petition for review.




       *
         The Honorable Richard Mills, United States District Judge for the Central District of Illinois,
sitting by designation.
No. 06-3952
Sall v. Gonzales

                                             I. Background

A. Facts

        Sall claims to be a native citizen of Mauritania, a large country in Northwest Africa bordering

the Atlantic Ocean, and a member of the country’s minority Wolof tribe. According to Sall, his

family owned a farm in Mauritania and he belonged to a farmer’s association as well as the United

Democratic Forces - New Era (“U.F.D.”), a political party. Sall testified that in April 2003 his father

received a letter from the Mauritanian government stating that the government was confiscating the

family’s farm, and that he and his father were later arrested while participating in a protest of the

confiscation. He claims that during the protest he was shot in the eye by the National guard, arrested,

and jailed for three weeks. Sall claims that upon his release he was placed on probation and ordered

to pay a fine. Sall states that he fled to Senegal on July 13, 2003, and then to the United States on

the following day. He states that his father was released but rearrested and subsequently beaten to

death by the guards in prison on April 22, 2004.

B. Procedural History

        Sall filed his asylum application on December 5, 2003. The IJ denied Sall’s applications for

asylum, withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), and

withholding of removal under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) on May 2,

2005. He concluded that Sall was not credible and therefore not entitled to relief. In addition, the

IJ found that Sall failed to show he filed his petition for relief within one year of arrival in the United

States and that he failed to show that he faced torture in Mauritania. The BIA adopted and affirmed

the IJ’s decision on June 5, 2006.

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       On appeal, Sall contends that the BIA and IJ erred in their credibility determination. Sall also

claims that the IJ erred as a matter of law in finding that he failed to make the requisite showing of

timeliness. The Government contends that the IJ’s credibility finding was supported by the evidence,

and that this Court lacks jurisdiction to review the timeliness decision.

                                           II. Discussion

A. Jurisdiction to Review the Asylum Application

       Because the BIA adopted the IJ’s decision, we review the IJ’s decision directly. Yu v.

Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 702 (6th Cir. 2004). In denying Sall’s application for asylum, the IJ stated

two independent reasons for denying the petition. The first was that he found Sall to be not credible,

which will be addressed below. In addition, the IJ found that Sall had not shown that his petition

was timely, meaning that Sall failed to provide clear and convincing evidence that his asylum

application was filed within one year of his arrival in the United States, as required by 8 U.S.C. §

1158(a)(2)(B).

       In this case, the IJ noted that there was no entry in the Non-Immigrant Information System

(“NIIS”) for a person entering the United States in the month of July 2003 with the name, or a name

similar to, the one that Sall provided. Sall produced a document purportedly from the Mauritanian

government certifying that Sall was released from a jail sentence on May 2, 2003, which if credited

would establish that he was still in Mauritania at that time and had not yet entered the United States.

The IJ found Sall’s documents “to be questionable,” noting that “documents from Mauritania are

readily counterfeited and [that he] see[s] counterfeit Mauritania documents all the time.” He stated

that Sall’s Mauritanian identification was clearly a counterfeit document, but that he would not make

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Sall v. Gonzales

a finding that it was false without forensic testing, which he declined to do because it would have

taken at least eighteen months.

        The Government cites Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533, 542-44 (6th Cir. 2003) as

support for its proposition that this Court lacks jurisdiction to review a denial of asylum based on

a finding that a petition was untimely. However, this Court in Almuhtaseb v. Gonzalez, 453 F.3d 743

(6th Cir. 2006), modified “the holding of Castellano-Chacon to bar our review of asylum

applications denied for untimeliness only when the appeal seeks review of discretionary or factual

questions, but not when the appeal seeks review of constitutional claims or matters of statutory

construction.” Id. at 748.

        8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B) requires an asylum applicant to demonstrate by clear and

convincing evidence that his application was filed within a year of arrival in the United States. Due

process requires that an alien in a deportation proceeding be afforded a full and fair hearing, although

the IJ is entitled to broad discretion in conducting that hearing. Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 552-

53. Sall argues that the IJ violated his due process rights when the IJ declined to submit Sall’s

documents to forensic testing, thus depriving Sall of that method of proving his arrival date.

However, Sall could have provided other corroborating evidence supporting his arrival date,

including plane tickets, receipts, a record of entry into the United States, or other evidence that he

was still in Mauritania or Senegal during the time period he claimed. As the IJ noted in his order,

the only evidence that Sall provided to support the Mauritanian government documents was his

testimony, which proved to include false information about the name provided upon entry, and the

testimony of his roommate which did not provide corroboration of his date of arrival.

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       Because Sall was not deprived of an opportunity to provide evidence that his application was

timely, it was not a due process violation for the IJ to decline to submit the documents to forensic

testing for authentication. To the extent that Sall complains of the factual findings of the IJ, those

claims are not reviewable by this court. Almuhtaseb, 453 F.3d at 748.

B. Witholding of Removal and Relief under CAT

       This Court has jurisdiction over Sall’s appeal of the BIA’s denial of his requests for

withholding of removal and relief under CAT. Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 544-52 (reviewing

withholding of removal and CAT requests despite lack of jurisdiction to review timeliness of asylum

application). As above, because the BIA adopted the IJ’s decision, we review the IJ’s decision

directly. Yu, 364 F.3d at 702. An alien seeking withholding of removal must demonstrate “that there

is a clear probability that he will be subject to persecution if forced to return to the country of

removal.” Singh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d

941, 951 (6th Cir. 2004)). To be eligible for CAT relief, an alien must show that it is “more likely

than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.16(c)(2).

       The IJ’s determination must be upheld unless “manifestly contrary to the law,” and any

“administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled

to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4). In order to reverse a factual determination, this

Court “must find that the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed compels it.”

Klawitter v. INS, 970 F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir. 1992).



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       Here, the IJ denied the withholding of removal and relief under CAT for the same reason he

found that Sall would not be entitled to asylum even if his application had been timely. He found

that Sall was not credible, and that he therefore had not established a well-founded fear of

persecution. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) (listing factors that can be considered in reaching

credibility determinations for asylum applications). Credibility determinations are considered

findings of fact and are thus subject to the deferential standard of review set forth in § 1252(b)(4).

Yu, 364 F.3d at 702. Although an adverse credibility finding is afforded substantial deference, the

finding must be supported by specific reasons and an “adverse credibility finding must be based on

issues that go to the heart of the applicant’s claim.” Amir v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 921, 925 (6th Cir.

2006) (quoting Sylla v. INS, 388 F.3d 924, 926 (6th Cir. 2004)).1

       The IJ has stated specific reasons to support his finding that Sall’s testimony is not credible.

He notes that while Sall claimed to be a farmer in Mauritania, Sall did not know the Mauritanian

words for the different types of land, or which type of land his farm was. The IJ stated that it was

“not possible that a farmer in Mauritania would not be aware of that unless [Sall] either . . . was not

a farmer, or possibly that he was not from Mauritania.” The IJ reported that while Sall claims to

have been a local leader of the U.F.D. party, Sall initially did not know the name of the party leader,


       1
         The REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231, changed the standard governing
credibility determinations, stating that those determinations may be made “without regard to whether
an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim.” Amir, 467 F.3d
 at 925 n.4 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). This provision, however, applies only to those
aliens who applied for asylum, withholding of removal, or other relief on or after May 11, 2005, the
effective date of this provision of the Act. Id. (citing Pub. L. 109-13, div. B., § 101(h)(2), 119 Stat.
231 at 305). Because Sall applied for relief in September 2003, this provision of the REAL ID Act
does not apply to this Court’s review of his claims.

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No. 06-3952
Sall v. Gonzales

one of the most important political figures in Mauritania, or that the party had been banned by the

government three years prior to Sall’s alleged departure from Mauritania. The IJ explained that “[i]t

would be pretty hard for a Party member to not know that the Party was banned, since what was legal

had suddenly become illegal, and he became subject to being arrested if he engaged in U.F.D.

activities.” In addition, the IJ detailed skepticism regarding Sall’s omission of important events

during early conversations with asylum officers, including information about the death of his sister,

grandparents, and two uncles. The IJ pointed out a discrepancy regarding Sall’s testimony that he

was shot in the eye with a rubber or plastic bullet, noting that the medical report stated that Sall had

two pieces of metal in or near his eye, rather than plastic. He also recorded that Sal failed to mention

that he had been shot or blinded on his asylum application or to the asylum officer, all of which led

the IJ “to believe that [Sall] may have been blinded in an entirely different time.”

        The IJ listed reasons for finding Sall’s support documents to be false. He explained that the

two letters from Sall’s mother appeared to be intended for Court use; that the first did “not read like

one from a mother to her son telling him that his father was killed” and that the second letter simply

“restates his asylum claim by listing all the family members that had problems.” The IJ reiterated

his belief that the documents purportedly from the Mauritanian government were of questionable

authenticity.

        On appeal, Sall asks this court to reverse the credibility determination. He argues that the

inconsistencies do not go to the heart of the application and that the omission of details could be

explained by cultural differences and translation difficulties. Sall argues that although the U.F.D.

was banned in 2000, he only learned of the banning in 2003. He states that whether the bullet was

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No. 06-3952
Sall v. Gonzales

metal or rubber is immaterial, but that he was shot and injured due to his political activities. Finally,

Sall explains that there is no inconsistency between his asylum application, his interview with the

asylum officer, and his testimony.

        Under the substantial evidence standard, findings of fact, including credibility

determinations, are “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude

to the contrary.” Patel v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 216, 219 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting 8 U.S.C. §

1252(b)(4)(B)). The IJ’s determination meets this standard, as he has detailed his reasons and at

least some of them go to the heart of Sall’s application, including his lack of knowledge of farming

terms and details of the U.F.D. party. There is not sufficient evidence to compel a finding of

credibility, which is the standard for reversal by this Court. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see also INS

v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992).

        Because the IJ’s findings were sufficient to reject Sall’s petition under the less stringent

standards for petition of asylum, the IJ’s findings were also sufficient to reject Sall’s petition based

on the more exacting standards used for withholding of removal and CAT. Hamida v. Gonzales, 478

F.3d 734, 741-42 (6th Cir. 2007) (stating that “an applicant who fails to meet the statutory eligibility

requirements for asylum must necessarily fail to meet the requirements for withholding of removal,”

and reaching the same conclusion with respect to relief under CAT); Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d

384, 391 (6th Cir. 1998).




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                                      IV. CONCLUSION

       Because there is substantial evidence to support the IJ’s adverse credibility finding, we

DENY Mohammed Sall’s petition for review.




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