                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT JACKSON
                       ASSIGNED ON BRIEFS JANUARY 6, 2006

SHANNON WILSON v. TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION,
                         ET AL.

                   Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Lake County
                          No. 5196 J. Steven Stafford, Chancellor



                   No. W2005-00910-COA-R3-CV - Filed February 13, 2006


Following his convictions for two disciplinary infractions, the prisoner filed a pro se petition for a
common law writ of certiorari in the chancery court. While he attempted to verify the petition by
stating that it constituted his first application for such writ and that its contents were true and correct
to the best of his knowledge, the prisoner failed to swear to the contents of the petition under oath
by having the petition notarized. The Tennessee Department of Correction moved to dismiss the
petition for its lack of a proper verification and for being filed beyond the applicable statute of
limitations. The trial court granted the state’s motion on both grounds. The prisoner filed a pro se
appeal to this Court. We affirm.


     Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

ALAN E. HIGHERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID R. FARMER , J., and HOLLY
M. KIRBY , J., joined.

Shannon Wilson, Henning, TN, pro se

Paul G.Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General, Michael B.
Schwegler, Assistant Attorney General, Nashville, TN
                                             OPINION

                                                  I.
                      FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY


        On August 24, 2004, a disturbance between rival gangs erupted in the yard of the Northwest
Correctional Complex located in Tiptonville, Tennessee. Shannon Wilson (“Wilson” or
“Appellant”) was an inmate at the prison on the date of the incident. After conducting an
investigation, prison officials charged Wilson with the disciplinary offenses of “Participation in
Security Threat Group Activities” and “Creating a Disturbance.” At a disciplinary hearing held on
August 23, 2004, the prison’s disciplinary board apparently received confidential and non-
confidential evidence of Wilson’s involvement in the incident. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
disciplinary board found Wilson guilty of both offenses. Wilson appealed his convictions to the
warden of the prison who affirmed the decision of the disciplinary board. Thereafter, Wilson
appealed the warden’s decision to the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Correction.
On November 1, 2004, the Commissioner affirmed the decisions of the warden and the disciplinary
board.

        On January 11, 2005, Wilson filed a pro se “Petition for Common Law Writ of Certiorari”
against the Commissioner, the warden, and the prison’s disciplinary board (collectively “TDOC” or
“Appellees”) in the Chancery Court of Lake County. Therein, Wilson sought review of his
disciplinary convictions and alleged that the disciplinary board acted arbitrarily, capriciously, and
illegally. Further, Wilson indicated that his petition was his first application for a writ of common
law certiorari. The last page of the petition, entitled “Petitioner’s Verification Under Oath Subject
to Penalty of Perjury,” indicated that Wilson signed the page on December 2, 2004 verifying the
contents of the petition were true and correct to the best of his knowledge. Wilson failed, however,
to have the petition notarized. In addition to his petition, Wilson submitted an “Inmate Trust Fund
Certificate Balance” form indicating that he signed the form and had it notarized on December 2,
2004. Wilson also submitted an affidavit of indigency indicating that he signed it and had it
notarized on December 14, 2004.

         TDOC subsequently filed a motion pursuant to Rule 12.02(1) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil
Procedure seeking to dismiss Wilson’s petition. Therein, TDOC alleged that the trial court lacked
subject matter jurisdiction over the case because Wilson failed to file his petition in a timely manner
and failed to properly verify the petition. In response, Wilson filed a motion to strike TDOC’s
motion and a motion for summary judgment. In his motion to strike, Wilson alleged that he mailed
his petition on December 2, 2004. On March 15, 2005, the chancery court entered an order granting
TDOC’s motion to dismiss, ruling as follows: (1) pursuant to Rule 5.06 of the Tennessee Rules of
Civil Procedure, Wilson was required to establish the timeliness of his petition, which he failed to
do, and (2) Wilson failed to verify his petition as required by section 27-8-106 of the Tennessee
Code. In turn, Wilson timely filed a pro se appeal to this Court raising issues related to the actions
of the disciplinary board and prison officials. We are, however, only faced with the following issue


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on appeal: Whether the chancery court erred in dismissing the Appellant’s petition. After reviewing
the limited record, we affirm the chancery court’s ruling in this case.

                                                   II.
                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Instead of submitting the record of the proceedings before the prison disciplinary board to
the chancery court for review, TDOC filed a motion to dismiss Wilson’s petition for common law
writ of certiorari. “Upon a motion to dismiss a petition for certiorari, the facts stated in the petition
are taken to be true, except as to matters contradicted by the record.” R.J. Wilson v. Moss, 54 Tenn.
(7 Heisk.) 417, 419 (Tenn. 1872) (emphasis in original); see also Royal Clothing Co. v. Holloway,
347 S.W.2d 491, 492 (Tenn. 1961); Bowling v. Tenn. Bd. of Paroles, No. M2001-00138-COA-R3-
CV, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 291, at *8–9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2002) (no perm. app. filed).
When reviewing a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, we employ the following
standard of review:

                        A motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
                falls under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(1). The concept
                of subject matter jurisdiction involves a court’s lawful authority to
                adjudicate a controversy brought before it. See Meighan v. U.S.
                Sprint Communications Co., 924 S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tenn. 1996);
                Standard Sur. & Casualty Co. v. Sloan, 180 Tenn. 220, 230, 173
                S.W.2d 436, 440 (1943). Subject matter jurisdiction involves the
                nature of the cause of action and the relief sought, see Landers v.
                Jones, 872 S.W.2d 674, 675 (Tenn. 1994), and can only be conferred
                on a court by constitutional or legislative act. See Kane v. Kane, 547
                S.W.2d 559, 560 (Tenn. 1977); Computer Shoppe, Inc. v. State, 780
                S.W.2d 729, 734 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). Since a determination of
                whether subject matter jurisdiction exists is a question of law, our
                standard of review is de novo, without a presumption of correctness.
                See Nelson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 8 S.W.3d 625, 628 (Tenn. 1999).

Northland Ins. Co. v. State, 33 S.W.3d 727, 729 (Tenn. 2000).

                                                III.
                                              ANALYSIS

        We are cognizant of the fact that Wilson initially filed his petition as a pro se litigant, and
he also pursues the present appeal in the same manner. As such, we are mindful of the following:

                       Parties who decide to represent themselves are entitled to fair
                and equal treatment by the courts. Whitaker v. Whirlpool Corp., 32
                S.W.3d 222, 227 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000); Paehler v. Union Planters


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                Nat’l Bank, Inc., 971 S.W.2d 393, 396 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The
                courts should take into account that many pro se litigants have no
                legal training and little familiarity with the judicial system. Irvin v.
                City of Clarksville, 767 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988).
                However, the courts must also be mindful of the boundary between
                fairness to a pro se litigant and unfairness to the pro se litigant’s
                adversary. Thus, the courts must not excuse pro se litigants from
                complying with the same substantive and procedural rules that
                represented parties are expected to observe. Edmundson v. Pratt,
                945 S.W.2d 754, 755 (Tenn. Ct. App.1996); Kaylor v. Bradley, 912
                S.W.2d 728, 733 n.4 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).
                        The courts give pro se litigants who are untrained in the law
                a certain amount of leeway in drafting their pleadings and briefs.
                Whitaker v. Whirlpool Corp., 32 S.W.3d at 227; Paehler v. Union
                Planters Nat'l Bank, Inc., 971 S.W.2d at 397. Accordingly, we
                measure the papers prepared by pro se litigants using standards that
                are less stringent than those applied to papers prepared by lawyers.
                Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9-10, 101 S. Ct. 173, 176, 66 L. Ed. 2d
                163 (1980); Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 939 (Tenn. 1975);
                Winchester v. Little, 996 S.W.2d 818, 824 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

Young v. Barrow, 130 S.W.3d 59, 62–63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (emphasis added).

        The Tennessee Constitution provides as follows:

                The judges or justices of the Inferior Courts of Law and Equity, shall
                have the power in all civil cases, to issue writs of certiorari to remove
                any cause or the transcript of the record thereof, from any inferior
                jurisdiction, into such court of law, on sufficient cause, supported by
                oath or affirmation.

TENN . CONST . art. 6, § 10 (emphasis added). In accordance with this constitutional provision, the
legislature provides that “[t]he judges of the inferior courts of law have the power, in all civil cases,
to issue writs of certiorari to remove any cause or transcript thereof from any inferior jurisdiction,
on sufficient cause, supported by oath or affirmation.” TENN . CODE ANN . § 27-8-104(a) (2000)
(emphasis added). “The petition for certiorari may be sworn to before the clerk of the circuit court,
the judge, any judge of the court of general sessions, or a notary public, and shall state that it is the
first application for the writ.” TENN . CODE ANN . § 27-8-106 (2000) (emphasis added). Wilson’s
petition states that it is his first application for a writ of certiorari. The last page of the petition
entitled “Petitioner’s Verification Under Oath Subject to Penalty of Perjury” states that the contents
of the petition are true and correct, however, it is not notarized. On appeal, TDOC argues that the
trial court acted correctly in dismissing the petition since the verification page is not notarized,



                                                  -4-
therefore, it does not comply with the Tennessee Constitution or sections 27-8-104 and 27-8-106 of
the Tennessee Code.

        A requirement that a petitioner swear to the contents of his petition under oath necessarily
connotes that the petitioner is first administered an oath and then states in accordance with that oath
that the contents of the petition are true. See D.T. McCall & Sons v. Seagraves, 796 S.W.2d 457,
462–63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). Notarization and verification are distinct concepts. Underwood v.
Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., No. W2004-01630-COA-R3-CV, 2005 Tenn. App. LEXIS 23, at *5 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Jan. 20, 2005), appeal denied, 2005 Tenn. LEXIS 723 (Tenn. Aug. 22, 2005). “[A]
verification establishes the truth of the document’s contents,” D.T. McCall & Sons, 796 S.W.2d at
463, “whereas notarization acknowledges the proper execution of a document,” Underwood, 2005
Tenn. App. LEXIS 23, at *5. When discussing these unique concepts, the Tennessee Court of
Criminal Appeals has noted the following:

               In Tennessee, acknowledged documents are ones which have been
               notarized by a notary public or acknowledged in the presence of an
               official. See generally Cohen, Tennessee Law on Evidence §
               9.02[10] (4th ed. 2000). As defined in Black’s Law Dictionary,
               “verify” means “to prove to be true; to confirm or establish the truth
               or truthfulness of.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1561 (6th ed. 1990).
               Black’s further explains, as an example of verification, that “a
               verified complaint typically has an attached affidavit of plaintiff to
               the effect that the complaint is true.” Id. There is no doubt that the
               essence of a verification is truthfulness of the document’s contents.
               As Judge Koch explained in an opinion from the Court of Appeals,
               “an acknowledgment establishes the proper execution of the
               document while a verification establishes the truth of the document’s
               contents." D. T. McCall & Sons v. Seagraves, 796 S.W.2d 457, 463
               (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990)(recognizing a distinction in Tennessee
               between an acknowledgment and a verification); see also Varner v.
               Moore, 1994 Tenn. App. LEXIS 685, No. 03 A01-9405-CV-00171,
               1994 WL 666902, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994)(discussing the
               difference between an acknowledged document and a verified
               document for purposes of self-authentication pursuant to Rule 902(8)
               of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence).

Montague v. State, No. E2000-01330-CCA-R3-PC, 2001 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 692, at *3–4
(Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 4, 2001) (no perm. app. filed).

        In order for a petition for a common law writ of certiorari to be valid, the petitioner must
verify the contents of the petition and swear to the contents of the petition under oath, typically by
utilizing a notary public. See TENN . CODE ANN . §§ 27-8-104(a), -106 (2000); Underwood, 2005
Tenn. App. LEXIS 23, at *7–8; Bowling v. Tenn. Bd. of Paroles, No. M2001-00138-COA-R3-CV,


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2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 291, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2002). As the Tennessee Court of
Criminal Appeals noted, “merely swearing to having knowledge of the allegations contained in the
petition is insufficient to qualify as a verification under oath. To conclude otherwise would allow
a petitioner to file a petition which knowingly contained frivolous, false, and even perjured
allegations or statements of facts.” Montague, 2001 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 692, at *5. Subject
matter jurisdiction “can only be conferred on a court by constitutional or legislative act.” Northland
Ins. Co. v. State, 33 S.W.3d 727, 729 (Tenn. 2000) (citing Kane v. Kane, 547 S.W.2d 559, 560
(Tenn. 1977); Computer Shoppe, Inc. v. State, 780 S.W.2d 729, 734 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989)). The
Tennessee Constitution and the statutes promulgated by the legislature require that a petition for a
writ of common law certiorari be made under oath. See TENN . CONST . art. 6, § 10; TENN . CODE
ANN . §§ 27-8-104(a), -106 (2000). While Wilson’s petition contained his verification that its
contents were true and correct to the best of his knowledge, he failed to have the petition notarized
by a notary public.1 Accordingly, the trial court did not err in dismissing his petition for a lack of
subject matter jurisdiction. Cf. Underwood, 2005 Tenn. App. LEXIS 23, at 7–8 (holding that a trial
court correctly dismissed a prisoner’s petition for a writ of common law certiorari when the prisoner
failed to verify his petition, therefore, the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction); Bowling,
2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 291, at *9 (ruling that a prisoner’s petition for a writ of common law
certiorari was properly dismissed when the prisoner failed to verify the contents of his petition).

        The trial court properly dismissed Wilson’s petition for an additional reason. The procedural
framework for reviewing a case pursuant to a common law writ of certiorari is found in Chapter 9,
Title 27 of the Tennessee Code. Fairhaven Corp. v. Tenn. Health Facilities Comm’n, 566 S.W.2d
885, 886 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1976). As a result, Wilson was required to file his petition for a writ of
common law certiorari “within sixty (60) days from the entry of the order or judgment.” TENN .
CODE ANN . § 27-9-102 (2000). For purposes of ascertaining the date on which papers are filed with
a court, the Tennessee Rules of Civl Procedure provide as follows:

                          If papers required or permitted to be filed pursuant to the rules
                  of civil procedure are prepared by or on behalf of a pro se litigant
                  incarcerated in a correctional facility and are not received by the clerk
                  of the court until after the time fixed for filing, filing shall be timely
                  if the papers were delivered to the appropriate individual at the
                  correctional facility within the time fixed for filing. . . . Should
                  timeliness of filing or service become an issue, the burden is on the
                  pro se litigant to establish compliance with this provision.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 5.06 (2005) (emphasis added).

         1
            W e are mindful of the fact that, in addition to his petition, W ilson submitted an affidavit of indigency
indicating that it was notarized on December 14, 2004. This document cannot, however, save the deficient petition. The
notarization of the affidavit of indigency only indicates that W ilson swore to the facts alleged in that document.
Moreover, the record establishes that W ilson signed the verification in his petition on December 2, 2004, and he stated
in his motion to strike that he mailed the petition on that same day. Thus, he necessarily would be unable to rely on the
notarization of his affidavit of indigency to show that he swore to the contents of his petition.

                                                          -6-
        In his motion to strike, Wilson stated that he “put his Petition in the Mail on or about
December 2nd, 2004.” Giving Wilson the benefit of the latest possible date on which the statute of
limitations began to run (i.e. the date the Commissioner denied his appeal, or November 1, 2004),
Wilson has failed to carry his burden of proving that he filed his petition in a timely manner. While
he did state in his motion to strike that he mailed the petition on December 2, 2004, the record itself
proves otherwise. The affidavit of indigency, which accompanied his petition and was filed by the
clerk of the chancery court on the same day as the petition, indicates that Wilson did not sign the
document and have it notarized until December 14, 2004. Wilson offered no proof to explain this
discrepancy. Thus, Wilson failed to prove that he complied with Rule 5.06 of the Tennessee Rules
of Civil Procedure.

        We are left with the fact that Wilson filed his petition for a writ of common law certiorari
on January 11, 2005, which is beyond the sixty (60) day period allowed by the applicable statute.
The sixty (60) day statute of limitations set forth in section 27-9-102 of the Tennessee Code is
mandatory and jurisdictional, and the failure to file a petition within that period of time deprives the
court of subject matter jurisdiction. See Gore v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., 132 S.W.3d 369, 379 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2003); Turner v. Tenn. Bd. of Paroles, 993 S.W.2d 78, 80 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999);
Thandiwe v. Traughber, 909 S.W.2d 802, 804 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). Accordingly, the trial court
did not err in dismissing Wilson’s petition for this reason as well.

                                                  IV.
                                            CONCLUSION

        While we give a significant amount of deference to pro se litigants, Young v. Barrow, 130
S.W.3d 59, 62–63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003), we are not permitted to excuse such litigants from
adhering to the procedural and substantive law applicable to all parties, Irvin v. City of Clarksville,
767 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the trial
court’s decision to dismiss the Appellant’s petition. Costs of this Appeal are to be taxed to the
Appellant, Shannon Wilson, for which execution may issue if necessary.



                                                        ___________________________________
                                                        ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE




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