                                 STATE OF VERMONT

                              ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

                                  }
Town of Barnard                   }
                                  }
      v.                          }             Docket No: 228-12-98 Vtec
                                  }
Carroll Rhoades and               }
Cynthia Rhoades                   }
                                  }

                                   Decision and Order

      The Town of Barnard brought an enforcement action against Defendants Carroll and
Cynthia Rhoades, citing two violations: increasing the living space of the building by
enclosing an existing porch, and converting a building from seasonal camp use to year-
round dwelling use without a permit. The Town is represented by Joseph S. McLean, Esq.;
Defendants are represented by James A. Martino, Esq.          The Court determined on
summary judgment that Defendants were precluded by 24 V.S.A. '4472 from contesting
the violations, as they had not appealed the notices of violation, but that the nature and
circumstances1 of the violations would be considered by the Court in determining a penalty

      1
        The summary judgment decision noted specifically that the Court may take
these arguments into account in determining the appropriate remedy in this matter,
even though both Defendants and the Court are bound by the unappealed notices of
violation as to the existence of the violations. Town of Hinesburg v. Dunkling, 9 Vt. L.
Week 101(1998); In re Cumberland Farms, Inc., 151 Vt. 59, 64 (1989), and advised the
parties that, in the hearing on the remedy phase of this matter, we will consider the
analysis in Town of Sherburne v. Carpenter, 155 Vt 126, 131-32 (1990) in fashioning an
appropriate remedy.




                                            1
in this matter.
       After a period during which the parties discussed the possible resolution of this
matter, an evidentiary hearing was held on the remaining issues of penalties in this matter
before Merideth Wright, Environmental Judge. The parties were given the opportunity to
submit written requests for findings and memoranda of law. The Town does not seek any
injunctive relief in this matter; it is seeking a penalty sufficient to reimburse it for its legal
fees and costs of enforcement. Upon consideration of the evidence, and the written
memoranda and proposed findings, the Court finds and concludes as follows.
       Defendants own property at the corner of Town Highway 3 and Town Highway 11,
containing a two-bedroom dwelling used as a vacation home by their predecessors, who
lived in Connecticut. Defendants= predecessors used the dwelling on weekends and
whenever they could get up to Vermont throughout the year, including on weekends and
vacation weeks in the winter. The structure is capable of being occupied in the winter and
has sufficient water and sewage facilities for year-round use.            The Barnard Zoning
Regulations define AVacation Dwelling/Seasonal Camps/Tents/Travel Trailers/Hunting
Camps@ all together as dwellings Anot designed for primary residence use,@ and specifically,
those Athat do not have sufficient water and/or sewage facilities for year-round use.@
       Defendants purchased the property in 1995, and at some time before December 1,
1996 began to use the dwelling year-round. They allowed their son to live in the dwelling
for a period of time, then rented it for approximately four months. For approximately the
three years prior to trial, and continuing as of the date of trial, their daughter and her family
have lived in the dwelling on a year-round basis. At some time before July 17, 1996,
Defendants enclosed a former porch or carport (already having two sides and a roof) for
use as living space. However, they also made other changes to the interior of the dwelling
so that the dwelling was still a two-bedroom dwelling, with the same septic demand, after
the enclosure was completed.
       The Barnard Zoning Regulations require that a zoning permit be obtained before
construction of a new structure, or the moving, rebuilding, expansion or extension of an
existing structure. 'II(K)(3). However, the Regulations specifically provide that Arepairs,
remodeling and renovation of any structure, provided that no dimension or use specified in

                                                2
zoning is changed, may be carried out without a permit.@ 'II(K)(2). The enclosure of the
porch did not change any dimension or use specified in the zoning regulations.
       The Barnard Zoning Regulations define Ahabitable space@ as Aspace in a structure
for living, sleeping, eating or cooking.@ However, the Regulations do not require a zoning
permit for the conversion of space within an existing structure to Ahabitable space.@
       On or about July 17, 1996, the Zoning Administrative Officer issued a Notice of
Violation to defendants for enclosing a porch Athereby increasing the habitable square
footage of that structure without the required permit.@ The corrective measure required by
the notice was to apply Afor a Zone Permit and any other permits (possibly septic) that
should have been acquired prior to the renovation/addition work.@ Defendant Carroll
Rhoades visited the Zoning Administrative Officer within a few days of receipt of the July
1996 Notice of Violation, to state that he did not need a permit for the enclosure of the
porch. He did not thereafter contact the Zoning Administrative Officer, and did not appeal
the July 1996 Notice of Violation. The following day, he met with the Chair of the
Selectboard, who informed him that he needed a permit for the enclosure of the porch.
Over the course of several subsequent conversations, Defendant stated his intention to
apply for the permit, but did not file the application until December 5, 1996.
       The Zoning Administrative Office denied the 1996 permit application in early 1997
because Defendant had not applied for a septic permit. Defendants did not appeal the
denial or appeal the ruling that a septic permit was required. Only after this Court ruled in
May of 1999 that Defendants were therefore precluded from challenging the permit
requirement, did Defendants apply for and obtain the septic permit.
       On June 10, 1998, the Zoning Administrative Officer issued new notices of violation
for both claimed violations. Because the 1998 Notices of Violation both stated that the
date of the violation Ashall be registered as June 10, 1998,@ we find that the 1998 notices
superseded the 1996 notices for the purposes of calculating the duration of the violation.
They gave Defendants an additional time for compliance under 24 V.S.A. '4444(a).
Accordingly, for the purposes of calculating a penalty, we must measure from seven days
after the 1998 Notices of Violation to the time that Defendants complied with the 1998
notices. Those notices required 1) that Defendants meet with the Selectboard that

                                             3
evening, June 10, 1998; 2) that during that meeting the parties should Aset a near future
time frame@ to acquire Aall permits required@ in conjunction with the Aexpansion@ of the
structure and its conversion Afrom a >seasonal dwelling= to a >year-round dwelling=;@ and 3)
that Defendants apply for those permits within 7 days of the June 10, 1998 Selectboard
meeting. Defendant attended the June 10, 1998 Selectboard meeting. Defendants did not
apply for either the septic permit or the zoning permit within seven days of the meeting.
The present enforcement case, seeking injunctive relief and penalties, was served in late
November, 1998.
       At some time in the Aspring@ of 1999, perhaps as a result of this Court=s May 3, 1999
ruling, Defendants contacted the Town sewage officer responsible for issuing the septic
permit. The sewage officer did not have time to supervise the soils testing until the fall of
1999, when the work was performed. At trial, the zoning administrative officer agreed that
the delay from the spring to November of 1999 should not be attributed to Defendants.
Defendants applied for the sewage permit on November 30, 1999 at which time it was
recommended for approval by the septic officer. The plans were stamped as approved by
the Selectmen on January 5, 2000.
       Defendants promptly resubmitted the formerly-denied zoning permit application for
approval on December 14, 1999, on the advice of the Town Clerk, based on the sewage
officer=s approval of the septic permit. The zoning administrative officer=s policy has been
to allow permit applicants to resubmit an application within the same calendar year as the
original application, but this policy is not written or otherwise available to applicants. The
zoning administrator took no action on Defendants= resubmitted application, because he
had already denied it in 1996, but did not inform Defendants that they had to submit a new
application. After Defendants inquired of the status of their application, he told them to
submit a new application, which they did on March 29, 2000 and which he granted on April
11, 2000.     Over the course of the four to five years during which the zoning
administrative officer was involved with Defendant=s property, he estimated that he worked
approximately one full week on it. His rate of pay is $8 an hour. The Selectboard spent
approximately four hours on this matter over the four-year period.
       In In re McDonald's Corp.,146 Vt. 380, 385(1985), quoting Mr. Justice Holmes with

                                              4
approval, the Vermont Supreme Court noted that citizens Amust turn square corners when
they deal with the Government. Rock Island, Arkansas & Louisiana R.R. v. United States,
254 U.S. 141, 143 (1920),@ and stated that A[l]ikewise, government should be held to a
similar standard when dealing with its citizens.@ Both parties have departed from that
standard in this case, perhaps out of deep frustration with one another. However, that
frustration is no excuse for Defendants to disregard notices of violation without contesting
them on their merits. Similarly, that frustration is no excuse for the Zoning Administrative
Officer to treat any citizens with arrogance of manner, nor to fail to notify them if attempted
applications are incorrectly made or have to be refiled.
       First, although we have ruled that Defendants in the present case may not contest
the violations, their position on the merits of the violations was a reasonable one. Towns
are free to regulate the conversion of seasonal to year-round residential uses, and to
require a permit for that conversion, but because zoning regulations are construed strictly
in favor of the landowner, towns must write their definitions and regulations so that it is
clear that a permit is required for such conversion of use without any construction or
physical additions to the structure, and so that a landowner can determine whether a
particular use falls within the definition of seasonal or year-round.
       The Barnard regulations define a seasonal residence as one which is Anot designed
for primary residence use,@ and specifically with reference to the adequacy of its water and
sewage disposal systems. Because Defendants= dwelling was adequately heated and
insulated to be used in the winter, even though it was in fact used as a vacation home, and
because it had adequate sewage disposal and water systems, if the merits of this violation
were before this Court, on the evidence presented we could not conclude that the dwelling
was Anot designed for primary residence use.@
       Further, the Barnard Zoning Regulations do not specifically require a permit for a
change from vacation to primary use of a residence, without any change in the structure,
especially when the former vacation use occurred year-round. The regulations require a
permit for Aland development@ which is defined to include Aany change in the use of any
building.@ Defendants= building arguably remained in year-round residential use from
before to after Defendants= purchase, and merely went from part-time year-round use to

                                              5
full-time year round use.
       Essentially, Defendants= violations must receive a penalty due to the fact that they
neither contested the notices of violation nor complied with them, during the period from
June 17, 1998 to the Aspring 19992@ date when they first attempted to apply for the septic
permit.
We conclude that that ASpring 1999" date was May 3, 1999, the date of this Court=s ruling.
       The systems for administering and enforcing a town=s zoning regulations for the
benefit of the public will not function if landowners can opt out of the system without either
complying with the zoning system or contesting what they believe to be erroneous rulings.
However, the amount of penalty in the present case should be mitigated due to the fact
that Defendants ultimately qualified for the permits for which they applied, due to the fact
that on the merits they arguably did not need the permits at all, and due to the fact that at
least the following two segments of the delay were attributable to the Town: from Aspring@
to the late November 1999 date when the sewage officer was able to do the site
inspection; and from December 14, 1999 to the March 2000 date when Defendants had to
reapply on a new form for the zoning permit.
       Accordingly, we conclude that the period of violation extended from June 17, 1998
to May 3, 1999, a period of 320 days. In recognition of the ambiguities in the regulations
that may have made a permit unnecessary, and the monies expended by defendants on
obtaining the septic permit, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that Defendants
should pay a penalty of one dollar per day of violation, for a total of $320.



       Done at Barre, Vermont, this 29th day of December, 2000.




       2
         In the absence of the specific date, we will use March 20, 1999, the first day of
Aspring,@ for this purpose.




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_________________________________________________
     Merideth Wright
     Environmental Judge




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