[Cite as State v. Brown, 2020-Ohio-529.]


STATE OF OHIO                     )                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  )ss:                 NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF WAYNE                   )

STATE OF OHIO                                          C.A. No.       19AP0004

        Appellee

        v.                                             APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                       ENTERED IN THE
EDWARD BROWN                                           COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                       COUNTY OF WAYNE, OHIO
        Appellant                                      CASE No.   2018 CRC-I 000049

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: February 18, 2020



        TEODOSIO, Presiding Judge.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Edward Brown, appeals from his felonious assault conviction in the

Wayne County Court of Common Pleas. We affirm.

                                                  I.

        {¶2}     Mr. Brown and his long-time girlfriend (“H.H.”) live at a house in West Salem,

Ohio. The couple also have a grown daughter (“A.B.”) who had not been living with them.

About one or two months before Christmas of 2017, however, Mr. Brown invited A.B. and her

boyfriend (“M.M.”) to live at the West Salem home, instead of continuing to live out of their cars

and in motels during the cold winter.

        {¶3}     Although two sharply conflicting stories were presented at trial as to the series of

unfortunate events that unfolded at the home during Christmas that year, the parties agree that

heated arguments between Mr. Brown and M.M. on the night of Christmas Eve led to both A.B.

and M.M. being asked to pack up their belongings and leave the home the next morning. While
                                                    2


A.B. and M.M. were in the process of packing and loading up their car, Mr. Brown and M.M.

engaged each other in more arguing and yelling. Mr. Brown had a knife on his person and M.M.

soon picked up a large furniture clamp during their verbal altercation. A.B. and H.H. both

intervened at different times, but Mr. Brown ultimately stabbed M.M. in the back shoulder with

his knife. A.B. and M.M. left the house and called 9-1-1.

          {¶4}   Mr. Brown was arrested and charged with felonious assault, a felony of the

second degree. He was convicted after a jury trial, and trial court sentenced him to three years in

prison.

          {¶5}   Mr. Brown now appeals from his conviction and raises one assignment of error

for this Court’s review.

                                                    II.

                                     ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

          MR. BROWN’S CONVICTION IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF
          THE EVIDENCE.

          {¶6}   In his sole assignment of error, Mr. Brown argues that his felonious assault

conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, as the jury lost its way when it rejected

his affirmative defenses that he acted in self-defense and/or in defense of others. We disagree.

          {¶7}   This Court has stated:

          In determining whether a criminal conviction is against the manifest weight of the
          evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence
          and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine
          whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way
          and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
          reversed and a new trial ordered.

State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). “[W]hen reversing a conviction on the

basis that it was against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court sits as a
                                                 3


‘thirteenth juror,’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.”

State v. Tucker, 9th Dist. Medina No. 06CA0035-M, 2006-Ohio-6914, ¶ 5. This discretionary

power “should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against the conviction.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997), quoting State v.

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). See also Otten at 340.

       {¶8}    Mr. Brown was convicted of felonious assault, under R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), which

states: “No person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause or attempt to cause physical harm to another * *

* by means of a deadly weapon * * *.” “A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when

the person is aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably

be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(B). Physical harm to a person is “any injury, illness, or

other physiological impairment, regardless of its gravity or duration.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(3). A

“deadly weapon” is “any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or

specially adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon.” R.C.

2923.11(A). A knife, for example, constitutes a “deadly weapon” if it is possessed, carried, or

used as a weapon. State v. Horne, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24348, 2009-Ohio-841, ¶ 10.

                               M.M. and A.B.’s Version of Events

       {¶9}    M.M. and A.B. testified similarly as to their recollection of the events in this case.

M.M. testified that the couple moved in with A.B.’s parents about a month before Christmas in

2017. He testified that he was drinking scotch and playing video games for several hours on

Christmas Eve while A.B. was away at work. A little after midnight, he heard incessant, vulgar

screaming and yelling coming from the other bedroom. He heard Mr. Brown yelling, “F you”

repeatedly at the top of his lungs. M.M. then heard a loud bang, like something hitting a wall,
                                                4


followed by “an eerie dead silence.” He called A.B. and asked if he should do anything, but she

told him to stay out of it.

        {¶10} M.M. testified that, around thirty minutes later, he went downstairs to the kitchen

and heard more screaming from Mr. Brown along with more banging sounds. M.M. yelled

upstairs, asking what was going on and if everything was okay. Mr. Brown yelled down,

“[M]ind your own frickin, F-ing, business,” which upset M.M. When M.M. said he was talking

to H.H., and not Mr. Brown, it became a shouting match between all three individuals. M.M.

testified that he was just trying to figure out if everyone was okay, but it escalated into Mr.

Brown calling him a “f*****g pun[k]” and a “little b***h.” He testified that, at some point, a

vacuum cleaner or Shop-Vac was “hurled down the steps” at him and crashed into the wall on

the staircase landing. M.M. testified that he then became “verbally combative” at this point and

started calling Mr. Brown names. According to M.M., each man began challenging the other to

either come upstairs or come downstairs to fight the other. M.M. testified that Mr. Brown

descended partway down the stairs with a six-inch, serrated knife in his hand, so M.M. went up

another staircase to his own bedroom and spoke to A.B. again on the phone.

        {¶11} While on the phone with A.B., M.M. could hear Mr. Brown in the other room

yelling, “I’m going to kill this M-Fer, * * * taking advantage of me * * *.” A.B. also testified

and confirmed multiple phone calls from M.M. that night. During the third call, she could hear

“a lot of yelling” from both of her parents in the background. A.B. could hear H.H. attempting

to be a “mediator,” but by yelling at both men in a very crazy, loud, and boisterous manner. She

could also hear who she believed was Mr. Brown, although she could not make out what he was

saying. M.M. testified that he was concerned about falling asleep that night. The couple spoke

on the phone for one-to-two hours, and M.M. eventually fell asleep.
                                                5


       {¶12} A.B. testified that she arrived home from work the next morning, and H.H. told

her they had to leave. M.M. testified that A.B. woke him up and informed him that they had to

leave, and that the sheriff’s department would respond if they refused. The couple began

packing up, with A.B. bringing items downstairs from their bedroom and M.M. loading them

into their car. A.B. testified that she could hear Mr. Brown in the other room “getting upset” and

starting to speak louder. M.M. also spoke to his own mother on the phone and secured a place

for the couple to stay.

       {¶13} According to M.M., when he came back inside after that phone call, Mr. Brown

was standing five-to-six feet from the front door with his hand on his knife, although it was still

in its leather sheath on his belt. More words were exchanged between the two men, and M.M.

told Mr. Brown to back away with the knife because they were leaving. A.B. testified that M.M.

said he was not comfortable carrying things outside if Mr. Brown was going to stand there trying

to intimidate him. She testified that M.M. was asking Mr. Brown to move, but Mr. Brown was

instead making “childish” comments like, “[T]his is my house” and “I can stand here.” M.M.

testified that Mr. Brown was shaking and smiling, his eyes looked “a bit wild,” and he appeared

“[u]nhinged.” He testified that Mr. Brown was mumbling, but soon became more coherent and

he was basically saying, “[Y]eah, M-Fer you’re going to leave.” According to M.M., Mr. Brown

then moved closer to the door and kept making threats to goad him, such as, “You better leave or

I’m going to hurt you * * * F-ing piece of s**t.”

       {¶14} M.M. testified that he felt in danger at that point, so he began verbally responding

back to Mr. Brown in a combative way, attacking him personally as a father, as a man, and as a

drug addict. However, he testified that he never made a move or advanced toward Mr. Brown,

nor did he ever make any physical contact with, or put his hands on, Mr. Brown. M.M. testified
                                                  6


that A.B. was present for the argument and H.H. came downstairs shouting at them to leave

while telling M.M. to calm down. M.M. offered to fight Mr. Brown if he would drop the knife.

Mr. Brown instead approached M.M. and became more combative with the knife in his hand.

Both M.M. and A.B. testified that Mr. Brown said, “I’m going to end you.” M.M. testified that

he picked up a big, heavy furniture clamp off the ground and took a combative stance to defend

himself. H.H. stepped in between the two men, grabbed the clamp from M.M., and told him he

was not going to break her stuff. A.B. also testified that H.H. grabbed the clamp, and M.M. let

go of it. M.M. testified that he said, “screw it” at this point, and decided to leave.

       {¶15} According to M.M., he turned around and took “maybe two steps” toward his

suitcase when Mr. Brown ran up behind him and stabbed him in the back shoulder with the

knife. He testified that it was “basically instantaneous.” A.B. testified that M.M. turned around

to leave and she saw Mr. Brown “go around [H.H.] and raise his arm back[,] and that’s as quick

as it happened.” She saw Mr. Brown then move back a few paces, and M.M. said he had been

stabbed. M.M. testified that he was going to attack Mr. Brown at this point, but A.B. jumped in

between the two men and said if Mr. Brown was going to go after M.M. he would have to go

through his own daughter. A.B. also testified that she got in between the two men and admitted

to “screaming like a lunatic” because the situation was insane. A.B. testified that at no point did

she ever advance toward anyone in an aggressive manner.

       {¶16} M.M. testified that he called 9-1-1 and went outside with A.B. According to

M.M., Mr. Brown came outside when he heard the sirens and continued taunting M.M., calling

him a “snitching a** little b***h” for calling the police. A.B. testified that Mr. Brown emerged

from the house with the knife before the “squad” arrived and was very loud, taunting M.M. with

statements such as: “[L]et’s finish this. I’m going to finish this * * *.”
                                               7


                           Mr. Brown and H.H.’s Version of Events

       {¶17} Mr. Brown and H.H. both testified at trial somewhat similarly to each other, but

presented a very different version of events than that offered by M.M. and A.B. The couple

testified that they were both in their upstairs bedroom on Christmas Eve “joking around” by

loudly saying “F you” to each other following a television commercial for an expensive car,

which H.H. teased Mr. Brown he could buy for her for Christmas. H.H. testified that there was

no loud bang, as M.M. claimed during his testimony. However, she was shown her handwritten

statement to police on cross-examination, and admitted that she wrote “some stuff fell in the

closet and made a hell of a bang.” H.H. testified that she only wrote about the loud bang because

she was upset she would likely be losing her daughter over this incident. The couple testified

that M.M. soon yelled from downstairs and asked if everything was alright, and H.H. replied that

everything was alright. According to Mr. Brown, M.M. then demanded an apology from him

“for hurting his feelings” and said Mr. Brown was going to apologize either before or after M.M.

“whooped [his] a**.” H.H. testified that M.M. said he was owed an apology because Mr. Brown

had disturbed his evening, but then said he was going to “kick [Mr. Brown’s] a**” instead of

accepting any apology.    H.H. testified that she went downstairs to calm M.M. down, and

“[s]omehow the vacuum sweeper got knocked down [the stairs].” She went downstairs three or

four times to try to calm M.M. down, but he instead physically knocked her down twice. H.H.

admitted on cross-examination, however, that she did not include anything in her written

statement to police that M.M. had shoved her down. Mr. Brown testified that he shut the door to

the landing at the bottom of the steps, but M.M. “flung it back open against the wall” and

demanded a confrontation with him. Mr. Brown testified that he responded by asking M.M. to

“please stop.”
                                               8


       {¶18} M.M. then ascended the other set of stairs in the house and, according to Mr.

Brown, began hitting and trying to shove open another door to a bathroom which separated the

two upstairs bedrooms. H.H. unlocked the door and tried to talk to M.M., but Mr. Brown

testified that M.M. shoved her down multiple times. He further testified that, at H.H.’s behest,

he did nothing in response to these assaults. According to him, M.M. continued to shove H.H.

around and threaten the couple for the next three hours. Mr. Brown testified that M.M. said,

“[T]wo pieces of s**t like [you] disappear ain’t nobody going to care” and then further claimed

he would kill Mr. Brown if he either kicked M.M. out of the house or called the police. M.M.

also said he “wouldn’t be happy unless he killed [Mr. Brown] or forced [Mr. Brown] to kill him”

because “[M.M.’s] life was shit and he didn’t care.” Mr. Brown and H.H. both testified that this

continued for a few hours until M.M. finally passed out and they heard him snoring. Mr. Brown

admitted on cross-examination that, when he provided a written statement to the police, he failed

to mention M.M. ever shoving H.H. down. He testified that he left certain things out of his

written statement because he ran out of paper and the officer was “pissed off” he had already

used three pages instead of one.

       {¶19} Mr. Brown testified that he sat on a bench and guarded the stairs to his bedroom

all night with his military knife while H.H. slept, as they were both scared for their lives. The

next morning, the couple asked A.B. to get M.M. out of the house or they would call the sheriff’s

department. After a couple of hours, when the house seemed quiet, the couple believed A.B. and

M.M. were finally gone. Mr. Brown went downstairs to check if they were gone and to get a

drink. He testified that, through the kitchen window, he saw M.M. outside looking directly at

him while talking on his phone. Mr. Brown attempted to go back upstairs, but M.M. “busted

through the front door and was coming straight at [him].” H.H. testified that she looked out of
                                                9


the upstairs bedroom window and could see M.M. outside, near the kitchen window, looking

down at his phone. According to her, M.M. looked up and she saw “his eyes get real big” and he

“all [of a] sudden [took] off to come running back into the house.” Mr. Brown testified that he

pulled out his knife, and M.M. “skidded to a halt,” backed up about six feet, and kept taunting

Mr. Brown. M.M. called Mr. Brown a coward and said, “Drop that weapon and I’m going to kill

you with my bare hands like I promised you.”

       {¶20} The couple testified that H.H. soon came downstairs, and M.M. picked up a large

furniture clamp. According to Mr. Brown, M.M. then said he was “going to finish killing [Mr.

Brown’s] b***h a** like he promised” and came toward him. H.H. jumped in between the two

men and started wrestling or struggling with M.M. for possession of the clamp. H.H. testified

that it was her clamp and she did not want “this kind of [b.s.] in [her] house.” According to Mr.

Brown, M.M. was crazy and psychotic, and he began “driving the clamp into [H.H.’s] eye in her

temple area” and “tried to smash her in the face.” H.H. also testified that “[she] knew it was

going to get planted either in [her] eyeball or in [her] temple.” According to H.H., M.M. had a

violent look in his eyes and was smiling with a “sick grin like yeah, you’re going to pay for this

now[,]” as if he wanted to hurt her and “liked the idea.” Mr. Brown testified that his only choice

was to react quickly and stab M.M. in the shoulder with his knife to stop him. The couple

testified that M.M. then used A.B. as a shield while continuing to taunt Mr. Brown. H.H.

admitted on cross-examination, however, that she did not include this fact in her written

statement because “it got forgotten” and the officer was “in a hurry” for her to finish her

statement. Mr. Brown testified that while M.M. was holding A.B., he was urging Mr. Brown to

stab A.B. as well.
                                                  10


       {¶21} A.B. and M.M. soon left the house and called 9-1-1. Mr. Brown initially testified

that he did not say anything else to M.M. after stabbing him, but he admitted on cross-

examination⸺after being shown a deputy’s body cam video⸺that he can be heard yelling

something to M.M. as the deputy arrives at the scene.

                                Self-Defense and Defense of Others

       {¶22} Mr. Brown claimed self-defense and defense of others at trial, and now argues

that the jury lost its way in rejecting these affirmative defenses.

       {¶23} Self-defense is an affirmative defense that, if proved, relieves a defendant of

criminal liability for the force that he used. State v. Cornwell, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 14AP0017,

2015-Ohio-4617, ¶ 19. Similarly, “[p]ursuant to the defense of others doctrine, a person has a

privilege to defend family members to the same extent he is entitled to protect himself.” State v.

Skinner, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 06CA009023, 2007-Ohio-5601, ¶ 20. We first note that because

the offense in this matter occurred prior to March 28, 2019, former R.C. 2901.05(A) applied at

the time of Mr. Brown’s trial, and it was therefore his burden to prove, by a preponderance of the

evidence, that he acted either in self-defense or in defense of others. See State v. Tyler, 9th Dist.

Summit No. 29225, 2019-Ohio-4661, ¶ 46.

       {¶24} To establish self-defense or defense of others, Mr. Brown had to prove the

following elements:

       (1) that [he] was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the affray; (2)
       that [he] had a bona fide belief that he was in imminent danger of death or great
       bodily harm and that his only means of escape from such danger was in the use of
       such force; and (3) that [he] did not violate any duty to retreat or avoid the danger.

State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24 (2002). The proper standard for determining whether a

defendant has successfully raised an affirmative defense under R.C. 2901.05 is to inquire

whether the defendant has introduced sufficient evidence, which, if believed, would raise a
                                               11


question in the minds of reasonable jurors concerning the existence of such issue. Skinner at ¶

18; State v. Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d 15 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus. The elements of

self-defense are cumulative, and if the defendant fails to prove any one of these elements by a

preponderance of the evidence he has failed to demonstrate that he acted in self-defense or in

defense of others. Cornwell at ¶ 19.

       {¶25} As to the first element, Mr. Brown argues that neither he nor H.H. were at fault in

creating the situation that gave rise to the affray. He argues that M.M.’s behavior built tension

between the two men and, consequently, Mr. Brown feared for both his safety and for the safety

of H.H. He further claims he was “not acting aggressively” on Christmas Day, but was instead

“simply watching” A.B. and M.M. pack up their belongings. M.M., on the other hand, became

responsible for the affray when he “[s]uddenly * * * burst inside the home, grabbed the furniture

clamp, and charged straight toward Mr. Brown.” M.M. also attempted to strike H.H. with the

clamp when she tried to intervene.

       {¶26} As to the second element, Mr. Brown argues that he had both an objective,

reasonable belief of imminent danger as well as a subjective, honest belief that both he and H.H.

were in danger of imminent harm. He contends that M.M. verbally harassed and threatened him

and showed signs of physical aggression toward Mr. Brown and H.H. Mr. Brown relies on

police officer testimony that M.M. “had a penchant for violent behavior” as well as M.M.’s own

testimony that he had a “checkered past” to assert that it was objectively reasonable for Mr.

Brown to believe both he and H.H. were in imminent danger when the man charging toward

them with a furniture clamp had a “violent history” and had been recently aggressive and

threatening. He argues that stabbing M.M. was the only way to stop the attack.
                                                 12


       {¶27} As to the third element, Mr. Brown argues, and the State concedes, that he had no

duty to retreat while lawfully in his own home. See R.C. 2901.09(B) (codifying the castle

doctrine and stating “a person who lawfully is in that person’s residence has no duty to retreat

before using force in self-defense [or] defense of another * * *.”).

       {¶28} With respect to the first two elements of his affirmative defenses, however,

conflicting testimony was presented as to whether Mr. Brown was the initial aggressor and

whether he had a bona fide belief that either he or H.H. were in such imminent danger as to

necessitate the stabbing of M.M. with a knife. “‘[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the

credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of the facts.’” State v. Haydon, 9th Dist.

Summit No. 27737, 2016-Ohio-4683, ¶ 28, quoting State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230 (1967),

paragraph one of the syllabus. Thus, when faced with two substantially different stories from

four different people as to how the stabbing incident actually occurred, the jury was not required

to believe Mr. Brown and H.H.’s version of events. See State v. Andrews, 9th Dist. Summit No.

25114, 2010-Ohio-6126, ¶ 23.

       {¶29} The jury’s role was, in part, to determine and assess Mr. Brown and H.H.’s

credibility. The State presented evidence at trial calling the couple’s credibility into question.

Mr. Brown and H.H. were both questioned on cross-examination as to why several facts they

testified to at trial were never included in their written statements to police. For example, H.H.

wrote in her statement that some stuff fell in the closet and made a “hell of a bang,” yet she

testified at trial that there was no loud bang. The couple also testified that M.M. had knocked

H.H. down on multiple occasions on Christmas Eve, yet they both neglected to mention these

physical assaults in their written statements to police. H.H. also testified that M.M. used A.B. as

a shield while continuing to taunt Mr. Brown, yet this fact was left out of her written statement as
                                                13


well. The jury was best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures, and

voice inflections, and use those observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered

testimony. See State v. Cook, 9th Dist. Summit No. 21185, 2003-Ohio-727, ¶ 30. The jury

chose to believe M.M. and A.B.’s version of events in this matter, and this Court has consistently

held that “[w]e will not overturn a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the

evidence simply because the trier of fact chose to believe the State’s version of events over

another version.” State v. Fry, 9th Dist. Medina No. 16CA0057-M, 2017-Ohio-9077, ¶ 13.

       {¶30} Having reviewed the entire record, this Court cannot conclude that the jury lost its

way when it rejected Mr. Brown’s claims of self-defense and defense of others. In light of the

evidence presented at trial, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Mr. Brown was either

the initial aggressor or was at least not without fault in creating the confrontation when he

rapidly approached M.M. and stabbed him in the back. See Andrews at ¶ 28. The jury could

have also reasonably concluded that M.M. did not attempt to physically attack either Mr. Brown

or H.H. and, therefore, Mr. Brown did not have a bona fide belief that either he or H.H. was in

“imminent danger of death or great bodily harm.” See id.

       {¶31} Accordingly, after reviewing the entire record, weighing the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, and considering the credibility of witnesses, we cannot say that the jury,

in resolving any conflicts in the evidence, clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage

of justice. See Otten at 340. Mr. Brown has also not demonstrated how this is an exceptional

case where the evidence presented weighs heavily in his favor and against conviction. See

Thompkins at 387.

       {¶32} Mr. Brown’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
                                                14


                                                III.

       {¶33} Mr. Brown’s sole assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Wayne

County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

                                                                              Judgment affirmed.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Wayne, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellant.




                                                       THOMAS A. TEODOSIO
                                                       FOR THE COURT



CARR, J.
SCHAFER, J.
CONCUR.
                                        15


APPEARANCES:

CHRISTOPHER S. COLERIDGE, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

DANIEL R. LUTZ, Prosecuting Attorney, and ANDREA D. UHLER, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for Appellee.
