                                   STATE OF VERMONT

                                 ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

                                           }
In re: Appeal of Paul Valois -             }       Docket No. 7-1-06 Vtec
        Private Landing Strip              }
                                           }

                                    Decision and Order

       Appellant-Applicant Paul Valois appealed from a decision of the Zoning Board of

Adjustment of the Town of Addison, upholding the Zoning Administrator’s denial of his

application for a zoning permit for a private airplane landing strip on his residential

property as an accessory use. Appellant-Applicant is represented by Marsha Smith

Meekins, Esq.; Appellee Town is represented by Donald R. Powers, Esq.; Interested

persons Deborah Laframboise and Janice and Pierre Barre appeared and represent

themselves; Interested persons Phillip and Jane Grace entered their appearance but never

filed unrepresented party (“pro se”) forms and did not participate in telephone conferences

or the hearing on the merits.

       In the summary judgment order issued in an earlier appeal filed by Appellant-

Applicant, Docket No. 226-12-04 Vtec, the Court determined that the Planning Commission

only had authority to rule on the site plan criteria, but that the Court had ruled in another

Town of Addison case that a private landing strip does not fall within the use category of

‘private recreation facility’ in the Zoning Regulations. Appeal of Valois, Docket No. 226-12-

04 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct., Aug. 24, 2005).

       The decision in Docket No. 226-12-04 Vtec left open the possibility that the landing

strip may or may not qualify as an accessory use to Appellant-Applicant’s single-family

residence. It outlined that, in order to be considered an “accessory use,” a use must be

“customarily incidental and subordinate to” the principal use (citing, generally, In re:

Appeal of Stanak & Mulvaney, Docket No. 114-7-01, slip op. at 4–5 (Vt. Envtl. Ct., Feb. 28,

                                               1
2002)). The decision in Docket No. 226-10-04 Vtec noted that, in any appeal from the

Zoning Administrator’s action on a zoning permit in this use category, Appellant-

Applicant would have to show whether a private, 1,100-foot-long airstrip is “customarily

incidental to” a private residence and whether this use is “subordinate to” Appellant-

Applicant’s single-family residence use. The present appeal is from the denial of such an

application.

       An evidentiary hearing was held in this matter before Merideth Wright,

Environmental Judge. A site visit was taken on the day of the hearing before the

commencement of the hearing, with the parties and their representatives. The parties were

given the opportunity to submit written memoranda and requests for findings. Upon

consideration of the evidence as illustrated by the site visit, and of the written memoranda

and requests for findings filed by the parties, the Court finds and concludes as follows.

       Appellant-Applicant owns a twenty-three-acre residential property on Vermont

Route 22A in the Low-Density Residential and Agricultural (LDRA-5) zoning district of the

Town of Addison. The property is roughly rectangular, with the longer side running

parallel to Route 22A, except that a one-acre lot on Route 22A in the northwest corner of

the rectangle and a .9-acre lot on Route 22A near the southwest corner of the rectangle are

owned by other landowners. The southerly of those two smaller lots is owned by the

Campbells. Appellant-Applicant thus has 565 feet of frontage on Route 22A between the

two small lots, as well as an additional 103 feet of frontage to the south of the Campbell

lot. The north-south dimension of Appellant-Applicant’s property (as shown on the survey

measured along the easterly property line) is 1043.6 feet in length. Appellant-Applicant’s

house and a large accessory metal-sided storage building with large doors, capable of

storing his airplane, are located on his property between the road and the proposed

landing strip that is the subject of this appeal.

       Appellant-Applicant proposes to construct a private, restricted-access airplane

landing strip on his property, to be used solely by him for flying his private small airplane

                                               2
to the property, both for occasional alternative access to his residential property, and to

store the airplane in the winter in the metal-sided storage building already renovated for

that purpose on his property.

       Appellant-Applicant has a pilot’s license and engages in flying as a hobby or leisure

pursuit. He owns a single-engine, fixed-wing Cessna 177 airplane. Appellant-Applicant

proposes to continue to keep his airplane primarily at the Basin Harbor air field, and to use

the proposed landing strip only occasionally, including to bring the airplane to his property

for winter storage.

       Appellant-Applicant proposes a grass landing strip, to be maintained by mowing,

and not to be lit at night. The landing strip is 1,100 feet long, oriented roughly parallel1 to

the road in a north-south direction. The property slopes gradually towards the south, and

drops off more steeply to the east, so that the only portion of the property flat enough to

be used for the landing strip is that portion lying directly to the east of the two small

residential lots and Appellant-Applicant’s residence and hangar building. The landing

strip slopes down towards the south.

       Appellant-Applicant proposes the following scope of use as an accessory use:

       1.     Use of the landing strip only from on or after April 1 to on or before October
              30 of each calendar year; with landings only towards the north (along the
              uphill slope) and take-offs only towards the south (along the downhill slope).
       2.     Use only by Appellant-Applicant as pilot, with up to one passenger
              depending on conditions; no use by other pilots.
       3.     Use only by Appellant-Applicant’s current airplane (a Cessna 177) or same
              size (or smaller) single-engine, fixed-wing airplane; no use by other aircraft.
       4.     A maximum of ten landings and ten take-offs in each calendar year; no night
              landings or take-offs.
       5.     No aviation fuel to be stored on site other than in the airplane’s tanks.

The manual for Appellant-Applicant’s current Cessna airplane requires 665 feet for take-


       1
         It must be oriented at a slight angle to the easterly boundary of his property, as the
landing strip is proposed to be slightly longer than the surveyed north-south dimension
of his property along the easterly boundary line.

                                              3
off, depending on the wind or other conditions; the take-off length required on a warm day

with a maximum load of full fuel and four people would be approximately 750 feet.

       Under 5 V.S.A. §207, airports and restricted landing areas, including the subset of

such areas designed solely for the personal use of the landowner, must be approved by the

Vermont Transportation Board. The application for a certificate of approval must be

supported by documentation showing that the proposed facility has received municipal

approval. Because of this sequence, although a VTrans inspection was done in 2005 of the

proposed landing strip, the deficiencies noted in the VTrans restricted landing area

inspection report in evidence as Exhibit 3 have not resulted in any ruling by the Vermont

Transportation Board or its designee. As well as noting certain deficiencies with regard to

nearby trees, that report noted that the one-way runway proposed in the present appeal

(that is, landing only to the south and taking off only to the north) is considered as non-

standard in the FAA Advisory Circulars. It appears from the inspection report that

without the tree removal within a 15-to-1 slope north of the north end of the landing strip,

and without tree removal within a 4-to-1 slope in the transitional areas to the east and west

of both the north and the south ends of the landing strip, the proposed landing strip would

not be approvable2 under 5 V.S.A. §207.

       Not all of the restricted landing areas discussed in the evidence appear on the

federal aviation map (“sectional” map), although once the Vermont Transportation Board

approves a restricted landing area, the practice is for that information to be forwarded to

the FAA. It is not possible to determine from the evidence presented what the 5 V.S.A.

§207 approval status is with regard to the landing strips discussed in evidence but not


       2
         In addition, §240 of the Zoning Ordinance incorporates by reference 24 V.S.A.
§§4405 and 4409 in effect as of the time the Zoning Ordinance was last amended in 1999.
That former 24 V.S.A. §4409(b) provided that if a proposed land development is also
“subject to regulation under state statutes, the more stringent or restrictive regulation
applicable shall apply.” Section 240 of the Zoning Ordinance may apply if the proposed
landing strip fails to meet the standards for state approval under 5 V.S.A. §207.

                                             4
appearing on the federal sectional map.

       The Baker property adjoins the north and east sides of Appellant-Applicant’s

property. A band of tall trees is located on the northerly property line of Appellant-

Applicant’s property and the southerly property line of the Baker property, some or most

of which are located on the Baker property, immediately to the north of the proposed

landing strip, as well as within the so-called transitional area to the northeast and

northwest of the proposed landing strip. The trees on the Baker property are not proposed

to be cut and they are not within Appellant-Applicant’s control. With the trees as they

exist, the proposed landing strip is characterized in the VTrans inspection report by

deficiencies at least for landings towards the south or take-offs towards the north.

       In addition, the VTrans inspection report identifies deficiencies in the form of trees

on the Campbell property to the southwest of the landing strip in the transitional area. The

trees on the Campbell property are not proposed to be cut and they are not within

Appellant-Applicant’s control.

       The Laframboise property is located directly to the north of the Baker property, in

the flight path of a landing to the south or a take-off to the north using the proposed

landing strip. The Grace property is located directly to the north of the Laframboise

property, in the flight path of a landing to the south or a take-off to the north using the

proposed landing strip. The Barre property is located to the north of the Grace property,

in the flight path of a landing to the south or a take-off to the north using the proposed

landing strip.

       Appellant-Applicant provided evidence regarding various restricted landing areas

as well as small airports in the Addison County/lower Champlain Valley3 area of Vermont.

Appellant-Applicant sought to show that other restricted landing areas in use in the region



       3
       Although the Maule’s Roost area in Lincoln is in Addison County, it is in the
mountains, not in the lower Champlain Valley geographic area at issue in this case.

                                             5
are compromised to some extent by trees along the sides of the landing strip or by trees or

roadways or houses at the ends of the landing strip. However, we do not reach the

question of safety or compatibility with the area as the landing strip is not a conditional

use4 category.

       We note at the outset that even though the permitted use category of “accessory

use” is omitted from the listed uses for this zoning district, the Town agrees that the

omission should be deemed to be a typographical error. Accordingly, we proceed to

consider this application as if the permitted use category of “accessory use” appears in the

list of permitted uses in the district. Accessory use is defined in Article VIII of the Zoning

Ordinance as a “use customarily incidental and subordinate to the principal . . . use and

located on the same lot.”5

       Thus, in the present appeal the Court must first determine whether a private landing

strip that does not meet the standards for VTrans approval is a use that is “customarily

incidental” to an inland single-family residential property use, that is, one surrounded by

other landowners’ properties.      If it is, then the Court must determine whether this

particular landing strip is subordinate to this particular residential use of this property.

       The Town argues that the Court should only consider landing strips within the

Town of Addison; however, to determine whether the landing strip use category is

“customarily incidental” to principal single-family residential uses, the Court will examine



       4
         Of course the Town is free to amend its zoning ordinance to provide for landing
strips as a listed conditional use, or to provide for landing strips as a more specifically
restricted use that must meed additional regulatory criteria, in the same way that it has
done under §§517 or 518 for home light industry or cottage industry, or under §707 for
campgrounds.
       5
         The Town’s memorandum suggests that the house may not necessarily be resided
in by Appellant-Applicant. As the accessory nature of the use is in relation to the
residential use of the house, it could only even arguably be accessory to the residential use
of the house if the pilot is a resident of the house.

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at least the similar surrounding geographic area in Vermont, characterized as the lower

Champlain Valley, south of Burlington and north of Fair Haven. However, even without

regard to the question of whether the landing strips in evidence are approved or

approvable for use under the state and federal aeronautical regulatory authorities, very few

of the landing strips in the region appear6 to be comparable to this one.

       First, as this is an application for a use asserted to be “customarily incidental” to a

single-family residential use, any landing strips that are public or commercial or associated

with commercial as well as residential uses, cannot be considered as incidental to a

principal single-family residential use. Thus, the landing areas at Shelburne,7 at Basin

Harbor, at Ass-pirin Acres (used for a sky diving business), at Yankee Kingdom (used for

a crop-dusting business) and at Dave Farmer’s plant nursery business are not pertinent8 to

the decision of whether the landing strip use is customarily incidental to a single-family

residential property, even though single-family residences may also be located on those



       6
          We note that the evidence on the specific grass landing strips in the region was
made unnecessarily difficult to analyze, as the various witnesses and documents sometimes
referred to the same landing areas by different names, that is, the name or nickname of an
owner or the name or location of the air field. Even Appellant-Applicant’s own evidence
refers to his proposed landing strip as “Valois” in some instances and as “Moeport” in
others. Any errors as to the names in this decision are not material to the resolution of this
appeal.
       7
          This is now a public landing area; formerly it was private and served a circle of
five or six residences that surrounded it (see discussion of Spencer and Staton landing areas
below).
       8
          The limiting factors (length of runways, location of trees or roads) at these landing
areas might be relevant if the Court had the task of comparing the aeronautical safety of
the proposed landing strip with the other area landing strips; however, that is not the
Court’s task in this proceeding. Rather, the Court must determine whether such landings
strips are customarily incidental to single-family residences (and, if so, whether this landing
strip at this single-family residential property is “subordinate” to the principal residential
use).

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properties.

       Similarly, as this is an application for a use asserted to be “customarily incidental”

to a single-family residential use, any landing strips that are located on agricultural farm

properties cannot be considered as incidental to a principal single-family residential use.

Thus, to the extent that the landing areas at the following locations are on farms,9 they are

not pertinent to the decision of whether the landing strip use is customarily incidental to

a solely single-family residential property, even though single-family residences may also

be located on those properties: Yankee Kingdom, the Duke Dahm property in Ferrisburgh;

the Peet property in Cornwall; the Deeds property near Charlotte; and the Torrey property

near Shoreham.

       Further, as this is an application for a use asserted to be “customarily incidental” to

a single-family residential use, any landing strips that are developed so as to be shared by

pilots from multiple surrounding residences cannot be considered as incidental to a

principal single-family residential use. Thus, the landing areas at the Spencer property in

Addison (serving four residences), at the Staton property in Panton (serving 4 or 5

residences) and at Shelburne (which served 5 or 6 residences, including Richardson and

Tanzer, prior to its conversion to a public field), are not pertinent to the decision of whether

the landing strip use is customarily incidental to a solely single-family residential property,

even though single-family residences share the use of these landing strips.

       Similarly, as this is an application for a use asserted to be “customarily incidental”

to a single-family residential use surrounded by other landowners’ properties, any landing

strips that are located along the shore of Lake Champlain (so that the approach and take-off

can be accomplished over the water), cannot be considered as incidental to a principal

single-family residential use surrounded by other landowners’ properties. Including the



       9
         For each of these properties, there was either testimony that they were farm
properties or the photographs in evidence showed silos, barns, and crop or pasture land.

                                               8
landing strips already discussed, as well as the remaining landing strips in the region that

appear to be incidental to principal single-family uses, the following restricted landing

areas are located with approaches over the lake and therefore are not pertinent to the

decision of whether the landing strip use is customarily incidental to a single-family

residential use surrounded by other landowners’ properties: Bostwick, Deeds, Staton,

Yankee Kingdom, Manning, Torrey and Findiesen.

       At least two of the four10 remaining landing strips referred to in the evidence are

associated with a principal single-family residential use in an inland area in the lower

Champlain Valley. One is the Houghton landing strip on Greenbush Road in Ferrisburgh,

which is associated with a single-family residence and hangar building; the runway is 1500

to 1800 feet long and this landing strip is not found on the federal sectional map. The other

is the Axinn landing strip in Weybridge, also associated with a single-family residence and

hangar building, which is on the federal sectional map. Both of these properties are similar

to Appellant-Applicant’s property, although the evidence does not reflect whether the

landing strips for these properties begin and end at the property boundaries (so that the

approach must be accomplished relatively low over the neighbors’ properties).

       In any event, regardless of the characteristics of these two (or four) landing strips,

there are not enough similar inland landing strips in the lower Champlain Valley to find

that landing strips are “customarily incidental” to an inland single-family residential use;

therefore Appellant-Applicant’s proposed landing strip does not qualify as an accessory

use. The Court therefore does not reach the question of whether this particular landing

strip, running from the north to the south boundary lines of the property, would be


       10
           The other two are “Brisson” and “Whiting.” The Whiting landing strip only
appears in the list at the outset of Appellant-Applicant’s slide show; no evidence was
presented from which the Court could determine anything about it (unless it is one of the
others referred to by a different name by other witnesses (see footnote 6 above)). Evidence
was presented that the Brisson landing strip was associated with a dwelling, but not as to
its location.

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considered “subordinate” to this single-family residential use.



       Based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that Appellant-

Applicant’s landing strip does not qualify as an accessory use to his residence, either for

occasional alternative access to his residence or for annual storage11 of his airplane. This

decision does not preclude Appellant-Applicant from making a future municipal

application if the zoning ordinance is amended in the future. Any appeal from such

decision would be a new appeal and would receive a new docket number.

       Docket No. 226-12-04 Vtec, which was held open pending completion of this appeal,

also appears to have become final as of this decision in the above-captioned case;

accordingly, judgment orders will be issued in both cases effective on May 9, 2007. Please

advise the Court as soon as possible before that date if there is any dispute as to the finality

of Docket No. 226-12-04 Vtec.



       Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 3rd day of May, 2007.




                             _________________________________________________
                                   Merideth Wright
                                   Environmental Judge




       11
          No evidence was presented on, and we therefore do not reach the question of
whether the off-season storage of hobby conveyances (such as aircraft, boats, recreational
vehicles, and snow machines) is sufficiently common to make just the off-season storage
of the airplane an accessory use to the residential use of the property, if the landing strip
were capable of being approved for safety for that single annual trip by the necessary state
or federal aeronautical regulatory authorities.

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