     Case: 11-20511     Document: 00511834778         Page: 1     Date Filed: 04/25/2012




            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                           April 25, 2012

                                     No. 11-20511                          Lyle W. Cayce
                                   Summary Calendar                             Clerk



STANWOOD BOOM WORKS, LLC,

                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant
v.

BP EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, INC.,

                                                  Defendant-Appellee



                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                              USDC No. H-11-CV-19


Before KING, JOLLY, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
        The issue presented in this appeal is whether there was an enforceable
contract between appellant and appellee. BP Exploration & Production, Inc.
(“BP”) drafted a purchase order and sent it to Stanwood Boom Works, LLC
(“Stanwood”). Stanwood informed BP that Stanwood required BP’s signature
prior to moving forward, and Stanwood added a signature block for BP. BP
never signed it. The district court ruled that there was no contract and no claim


        *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
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for promissory estoppel. The district court further ruled that Stanwood is not
entitled to additional discovery to discern the intent of the parties. We AFFIRM.
                        Facts and Procedural History
A.      Pre-Purchase Order Negotiations
        In June 2010, BP began negotiating with Stanwood for the potential
purchase of containment boom.          Before BP even considered purchasing
Stanwood’s      containment boom, BP inspected and assessed Stanwood’s
manufacturing processes. During this assessment, BP found that Stanwood’s
boom did not meet BP’s typical requirements. By July 1, 2010, Stanwood
requested that BP make an exception to its requirements. The next day – July
2, 2010 – Stanwood e-mailed BP its pricing per foot and its current capacity for
production of boom. However, on July 5, 2010, BP rejected Stanwood’s price.
Later that same day, Stanwood provided another quote to BP. Stanwood did not
lower its price. Over the next two days, Stanwood and BP continued to negotiate
a price. When the parties neared an agreement on price, Stanwood raised other
terms to be discussed further. On July 7, 2010, Stanwood insisted on a purchase
order before going forward, and BP reiterated that no deal had yet been
approved. On July 8, 2010, Stanwood requested a conference call to negotiate
the terms and conditions further, including terms regarding the warranty on
product clause, the cancellation provision, the penalty fees clause, the delivery
schedule and the renewal portion. Stanwood communicated these changes to
BP. BP replied that same day that the new terms needed to be approved by
management. Stanwood then required either BP’s signature or money down as
consideration for any future contract.
B.      Purchase Order Negotiations
        On July 8, 2010, BP first sent a purchase order – titled “BP-DIS-0022 Rev.
0" – to Stanwood. Upon review, Stanwood uncovered several objectionable terms
that warranted more negotiations. Thus, Stanwood refused to execute it.

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        On July 9, 2010, Stanwood and BP held another telephone conference. BP
specifically informed Stanwood that it could not seek authority to enter into the
purchase order until after Stanwood signed.
        On July 10, 2010, BP emailed another purchase order              – titled
“BP-DIS-0022 Rev. 1" – to Stanwood. Stanwood signed the purchase order and
wrote in a signature block for BP. Daniyal Siddiqui, a Purchasing Specialist at
BP, responded that he did not have approval for the appropriate signatures from
BP. BP never signed the purchase order.
        On July 12, 2010 (four days after BP’s initial draft purchase order), BP
emailed yet another purchase order – titled “BP-DIS-0022 Rev. 2" – to Stanwood.
Again, Stanwood wrote in a signature block for itself and for BP, signed the
document, and sent it back to BP. BP never signed the purchase order and
never purchased boom from Stanwood.
C.      Procedural History
        Stanwood brought suit against BP asserting claims of breach of contract
and promissory estoppel. The district court ordered the parties to agree on an
exhibit list to use in summary judgment briefing. The district court placed no
limitations or restrictions on this agreed exhibit list. Stanwood and BP chose
the documents to support their respective summary judgment arguments.
Stanwood and BP conferred and agreed on a list, which included email
communications between the parties during their negotiations. Stanwood never
raised any issues regarding the content of the record. After the parties filed
cross motions for summary judgment, the district court granted summary
judgment in favor of BP. Stanwood moved for reconsideration, requesting
open-ended discovery, document production, and depositions about BP’s internal
communications, policies, and handling of other purchase orders in its extensive
business. The district court denied Stanwood’s motion. Stanwood appealed.



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                                    Analysis
A.       Standard of Review
         This court reviews summary judgments de novo, and applies the same
standards as the district court. Greater Houston Small Taxicab Co. Owners
Ass’n v. City of Houston, Tex., 660 F.3d 235, 238 (5th Cir. 2011). Summary
judgment is proper if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.; see also Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a).
B.       Contract Formation
         “When reviewing written negotiations, the question of whether an offer
was accepted and a contract was formed is primarily a question of law for the
court to decide.” Scaife v. Associated Air Ctr. Inc., 100 F. 3d 406, 410 (5th Cir.
1996) (citing S & A Marinas, Inc. v. Leonard Marine Corp., 875 S.W.2d 766, 769
(1994)). “If an agreement has been reduced to writing, as it was in this case, an
assent to the writing must be manifested. Manifestation of assent ‘commonly
consists of signing and delivery.’” Scaife, 100 F.3d at 410-11. Scaife involved a
proposed agreement to repair and renovate an aircraft. Id. The agreement “was
revised at least three times and expressly contained signature blocks for the
parties.” Id. at 411. The agreement was never signed, but Scaife nonetheless
argued it was enforceable against the repair company. Id. The district court,
“treating the formation of a binding contract as a legal issue for the court to
decide,” granted summary judgment for the repair company. Id. at 409. This
court affirmed, holding “that the parties contemplated the formation of a binding
agreement to include the signatures of both parties.” Id. at 411. “No evidence”
showed that the defendant “began work on the aircraft or acted in any
affirmative manner to assent to the agreement notwithstanding the lack of
delivery and formal execution of the contract.” Id. Thus, “no contract was ever
formed and, as a result, summary judgment was appropriate in this case.” Id.

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The circumstances are fundamentally the same here, including the suspension
of performance by the parties.
      Contracts require mutual assent to be enforceable.          Baylor Univ. v.
Sonnichsen, 221 S.W.3d 632, 635 (Tex. 2007).           The parties’ assent must
comprehend the whole proposition, and the agreement must comprise all the
terms which they intend to introduce into it. Effel v. McGarry, 339 S.W.3d 789,
792 (2011). Here, the requirements were not met. BP’s purchase order was not
an offer because BP’s signature, after Stanwood’s assent, was a condition
precedent to contract formation. In order to be an offer, it must reasonably
appear that assent is all that is needed to ripen the offer into a contract. See
Crest Ridge Constr. Group, Inc. v. Newcourt Inc., 78 F.3d 146, 153 (5th Cir.
1996). “The mere submission of a proposal does not create any contractual
obligation on the part of either party.” See Baldwin v. New, 736 S.W.2d 148, 150
(1987) (holding that proposals are not offers). In the instant case, BP required
Stanwood’s signature before it sought management approval, and Stanwood
required BP’s signature before it would start delivery. See Axelson, Inc. v.
McEvoy-Willis, 7 F.3d 1230, 1233 (5th Cir. 1993) (applying Texas law and
holding that price quotation requiring seller to accept order could not be an offer,
but only an invitation for an offer); see also Peterson v. NCNB Tex. Nat’l Bank,
862 S.W.2d 182, 183 (1993) (“A bid is simply an offer and does not alone create
a contract.”). Because BP’s purchase order invited additional negotiating steps,
instead of inviting assent, we cannot construe it as an offer. Even assuming BP’s
purchase order was an offer, Stanwood’s response to that offer was not an
acceptance because it was not “a definite and seasonable expression of
acceptance.” Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 2-207. Although the modern statutory
standard for acceptance permits the accepting party to stray somewhat from the
offer’s terms, the purported acceptance must still be certain enough to evince



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mutual assent. Stanwood’s act of adding a signature block for BP, considered in
the full context of the parties’ negotiations, does not evince such assent.
C.      Promissory Estoppel
        Stanwood argues that it relied to its detriment on the belief that BP and
Stanwood had formed a contract.         Stanwood alleges that its reliance led
Stanwood      to   make    raw   material     procurement    preparations     and
equipment/production investments to ensure that it would be able to start
delivering product on day one. However, in an email that Stanwood sent on July
12, 2010 – 10 hours after Stanwood had emailed the purchase order to BP –
Stanwood asked BP “[t]o be clear, is our purchase order BP-DIS-0022 signed and
emailed 7/12 valid?” (Emphasis added.). On July 13, 2010, BP responded:
        As of right now This PO is on Hold. We were unable to get the appropriate
        signature from BP to continue forward.

        The elements of promissory estoppel, or detrimental reliance, are a
promise that the promisor can foresee will cause substantial, detrimental
reliance by the promisee. English v. Fischer, 660 S.W.2d 521, 524 (1983); see
Sandel v. ATP Oil & Gas Corp., 243 S.W.3d 749, 753 (2007).                “It is a
well-established principle in Texas that ‘contract rights cannot be created by
estoppel [but estoppel can] prevent a party’s conduct and actions from operating
as a denial of the right of enforcement of a contractual obligation already
created.’” Oliver Res. PLC v. Int’l Fin. Corp., 62 F.3d 128, 131 (5th Cir. 1995).
“[E]stoppel does not affirmatively create contract rights.” Id. at 131, n.5; First
Nat’l Bank of Coleman v. First Nat’l Bank of Brownwood, 278 S.W. 188, 193-94
(1925); see Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v. Wagner, 30 S.W. 959, 961 (1894) (“It
would be subversive of one of the fundamental principles governing the law of
agency to hold that, when notice of the authority conferred upon an agent is
given in writing, persons dealing with him could claim notice to the principal



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through the agent, in regard to matters about which it is expressly declared that
he shall not have power to act.”).
       Here, BP made no promise for which it should have foreseen reliance. At
best, BP indicated that it wanted to purchase boom:
!      July 5, 2010: Stanwood sends BP a quote “that will assist your team in
       presenting the business case to your leadership team for approval.”
!      July 8, 2010: BP informs Stanwood that it is “still trying to get approval
       from our Senior Management.”
!      July 9, 2010: BP informs Stanwood that the purchase order is “back in the
       approval tunnel” and that it is “in a holding pattern until it comes out.”
!      July 10, 2010: With more modifications ongoing, BP states, “I am going
       to get with Matt Pavlas to see about getting it signed before we send it out.
       I am not entirely sure that may happen.”
!      July 10, 2010: After another round of negotiations, BP informs Stanwood
       to sign the deviation request and “get it back to me for Delegation of
       Authority Approval which will happen Monday.”
!      July 12, 2010: BP sends Stanwood an amended purchase order, which
       Stanwood must sign before BP. Stanwood, knowing it does not have a
       deal, responds with a “signed PO . . . which rescinds our PO and
       commitments in BP DIS-0022,” and instructs that “[w]e will need this
       signed as you noted below by BP and returned to us to release shipment
       of the product today.”
!      July 13, 2010: BP informs Stanwood, “As of right now This PO is on Hold.
       We were unable to get the appropriate signatures from BP to continue
       forward.”
       Even in the most favorable light, these communications reflect continued
negotiations that required BP’s Purchasing Specialist to seek approval from his
management before BP could execute any agreement. The very nature of BP’s

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representations that it needed approval from BP management in order to sign
the purchase order meant that BP’s Purchasing Specialist had no authority to
make a binding promise that it would be signed.
D.      Additional Discovery Unnecessary
        Stanwood argued that further discovery would reveal whether BP
intended to be bound, and what BP thought of Stanwood’s requirement for
signatures. Procedurally, Stanwood was required to: (1) request the extended
discovery before the court’s ruling on summary judgment; (2) place the district
court on notice that further discovery pertaining to the summary judgment
motion was being sought; and (3) demonstrate to the district court with
reasonable specificity how the requested discovery pertains to the pending
motion. See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Traillour Oil Co., 987 F.2d 1138, 1155-56
(5th Cir. 1993). Stanwood did none of these things. Stanwood argued for
additional discovery for the first time after summary judgment was granted, and
therefore cannot complain that the opportunity for additional discovery was
inadequate. See Walls v. Gen. Motors, Inc., 906 F.2d 143, 146-47 (5th Cir. 1990).
Thus, the district court properly denied Stanwood’s motion.
                                 Conclusion
        There was no contract. There were only negotiations and proposals. BP
sent Stanwood a draft purchase order. Negotiations followed in which Stanwood
insisted that it would not move forward without a signed contract. Likewise,
there was no promissory estoppel, because the party, here Stanwood, which is
relying on the informal indication is the party that insisted that it had to be
documented with a signed contract. AFFIRMED.




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