[Cite as Javorsky v. Javorsky, 2017-Ohio-285.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 103896


                                 THOMAS JAVORSKY
                                                        PLAINTIFF

                                                  vs.

                                  JOAN M. JAVORSKY
                                                        DEFENDANT/CROSS-CLAIM
                                                        PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT

                                                 and

                       TD AMERITRADE, INC., ET AL.
                                                        DEFENDANT/CROSS-CLAIM
                                                        DEFENDANT-APPELLEE


                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED

                                      Civil Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Case No. CV-14-830239
        BEFORE: Keough, A.J., E.A. Gallagher, J., and McCormack, J.
        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 26, 2017
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

For Joan M. Javorsky

Neil Bhagat
David L. Drechsler
Buckingham, Doolittle & Burroughs
1375 East Ninth Street, Suite 1700
Cleveland, Ohio 44114


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

For TD Ameritrade

Bryan Kostura
Barbara F. Yaksic
McGlinchey Stafford, P.L.L.C.
25550 Chagrin Blvd., Suite 406
Cleveland, Ohio 44122

ALSO LISTED

For Thomas Javorsky

Brian C. Lee
Adriann S. McGee
Reminger Co., L.P.A.
101 Prospect Avenue West, Suite 1400
Cleveland, Ohio 44115

For Alpha Planning and Financial Services, Inc. and Jeffrey P. Cirino

Scott M. Kuboff
Joseph J. Triscaro
Demarco & Triscaro, Ltd.
30505 Bainbridge Road, Suite 110
Solon, Ohio 44139
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, A.J.:

      {¶1} Appellant, Joan M. Javorsky (“Joan”), appeals the trial court’s decision

granting appellee, TD Ameritrade, Inc.’s (“TD Ameritrade”), motion to compel

arbitration and stay proceedings. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

      {¶2} In October 2004, Andrew Javorsky (“Andrew”) opened an IRA account with

TD Ameritrade (“Account”).       Andrew’s son and Joan’s stepson, Thomas Javorsky

(“Thomas”), was originally designated as the beneficiary of the account.          Joan, as

Andrew’s spouse, signed the requisite notice under the Agreement acknowledging that

she was not named as the primary beneficiary to the Account. In 2007, Andrew changed

his beneficiary designation naming Joan as the primary beneficiary. However, two years

later in 2009, Andrew changed his beneficiary back to his son, Thomas. Again, Joan

signed the requisite acknowledgment under the Agreement that she was not named as the

primary beneficiary of the Account.

      {¶3} Unfortunately, in March 2012, Andrew passed away.                As a result of

Andrew’s passing, Joan had her financial advisor, Jeffrey Cirino, president of Alpha

Planning and Financial Services, Inc. (“Alpha Planning”), request distribution of the

funds in the Account. As a result, approximately $700,000 was transferred from the

Account to Joan’s TD Ameritrade account, which she subsequently liquidated.

      {¶4} In July 2014, Thomas filed suit against Joan, alleging undue influence with

respect to the Account and other assets of his father; he also asserted a claim for
intentional interference with expectancy of inheritance, fraud, and conversion. After

discovering the 2009 change of beneficiary designation, Thomas amended his complaint

to add TD Ameritrade as a defendant, seeking a declaratory judgment that he, and not

Joan, was the proper beneficiary of the Account. He also asserted claims against TD

Ameritrade for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence.

      {¶5} In her answer, Joan did not admit that Thomas was the proper beneficiary, but

admitted that the Account assets were distributed to her in March 2012. Additionally,

she asserted cross-claims against TD Ameritrade for promissory estoppel, negligence,

declaratory judgment, and indemnification. She also asserted counter and third-party

claims against Alpha Planning and Cirino for negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, breach

of implied contract, unjust enrichment, promissory estoppel, and fraud.

      {¶6} TD Ameritrade filed motions to compel arbitration of both Thomas’s and

Joan’s claims, contending that the IRA Client Agreement (“Agreement”) governing the

Account provides that all claims relating to the Account must be arbitrated. The trial

court agreed and granted both motions; only Joan has appealed that decision, contending

in her sole assignment of error that the trial court erred by enforcing an arbitration

provision in the Agreement against a nonsignatory to that Agreement.

      {¶7}    The appropriate standard of review on judgments pertaining to the

enforceability of an arbitration agreement depends on the questions raised in challenging

the applicability of the arbitration provision. McCaskey v. Sanford-Brown College, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97261, 2012-Ohio-1543, ¶ 7. In this case, we apply a de novo
standard of review to questions of contract interpretation; specifically whether a party has

agreed to be subject to an arbitration provision. See JJ Connor Co. v. Reginella Constr.

Co., 7th Dist. Mahoning Nos. 13 MA 75 and 13 MA 77, 2014-Ohio-3873, ¶ 11 (whether

or not an arbitration provision applies to a nonsignatory or nonparty involves a question

of law).

       {¶8} In this case, no argument has been set forth challenging the validity of the

arbitration provision contained in the Agreement.       The Agreement requires that all

controversies “arising out of and relating” to the Account be submitted to arbitration.

See Section 10 of the Agreement. Additionally, the Agreement expressly states that the

arbitration provision is binding upon Andrew’s “heirs, executors, administrators,

successors, and assigns.” Id. Joan, as Andrew’s surviving spouse, is Andrew’s heir

under the law. Therefore, based on the Agreement, the arbitration provision applies to

Joan. Nevertheless, Joan contends that the provision does not apply to her because she is

a nonsignatory of the Agreement and, thus, cannot be bound to arbitrate her claims.

       {¶9} The enforceability of contractual arbitration provisions is governed by the

laws of contract interpretation. Generally, parties who have not agreed to arbitrate their

disputes cannot be forced to forego judicial remedies.            Cleveland-Akron-Canton

Advertising Coop. v. Physician’s Weight Loss Ctrs. of Am., 184 Ohio App.3d 805,

2009-Ohio-5699, 922 N.E.2d 1012, ¶ 14 (8th Dist.), citing Moore v. Houses on the Move,

Inc., 177 Ohio App.3d 585, 2008-Ohio-3552, 895 N.E.2d 579 (8th Dist.). There are

instances, however, “where equity demands that parties who have not agreed to arbitrate
their disputes may be forced to do so when ‘ordinary principles of contract and agency’

require.” Physician’s Weight Loss at id., quoting McAllister Bros., Inc. v. A & S Transp.

Co., 621 F.2d 519, 524 (2d Cir.1980).

      {¶10} One such instance where a nonsignatory will be bound to an arbitration

agreement is under an estoppel theory. See Thomson-CSF, S.A. v. Am. Arbitration Assn.,

64 F.3d 773 (2d Cir.1995). Estoppel applies where “a nonsignatory who knowingly

accepts the benefits of an agreement is estopped from denying a corresponding obligation

to arbitrate.” I Sports v. IMG Worldwide, Inc., 157 Ohio App.3d 593, 2004-Ohio-3631,

813 N.E.2d 4, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.), citing Thomson-CSF at 778 (estoppel analysis depends on

whether the nonsignatory derived a direct benefit from the contract containing the

arbitration clause such that acceptance of the benefit would also require acceptance of a

contractual obligation).   “This doctrine ‘precludes a party from enjoying rights and

benefits under a contract while at the same time avoiding its burdens and obligations.’”

Physician’s Weight Loss at ¶ 15, quoting InterGen N.V. v. Grina, 344 F.3d 134, 145 (1st

Dist.2003). In Gerig v. Kahn, 95 Ohio St.3d 478, 2002-Ohio-2581, 769 N.E.2d 381, the

Ohio Supreme Court held that a signatory to a contract could enforce an arbitration

provision against a nonsignatory who sought the benefit of rights under the contract.

      {¶11} Moreover, Ohio courts have also recognized that a third-party beneficiary,

although a nonsignatory to contract, may be bound to an arbitration agreement.

Physician’s Weight Loss at ¶ 18, citing Houses on the Move at ¶ 31, quoting Peters v.

Columbus Steel Castings Co., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-308, 2006-Ohio-382, ¶ 13;
Fawn v. Heritage Mut. Ins. Co., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 96APE12-1678, 1997 Ohio App.

LEXIS 2882 (June 30, 1997) (by accepting the benefits of the contract, the third-party

beneficiary also assumes the attendant burdens). Once the third-party beneficiary has

accepted the benefit of the contract, it can receive no greater rights from the contract than

those possessed by the signatories. Ohio Savs. Bank v. H.L. Vokes Co., 54 Ohio App.3d

68, 71, 560 N.E.2d 1328 (8th Dist.1989).

       {¶12} In this case, Joan knowingly accepted a direct benefit conferred by the

Agreement — she expressly sought and voluntarily received the funds in the Account. In

fact, Joan continues to benefit by retaining the Account funds and claiming she is the

proper Account beneficiary under the Agreement. As the claimed proper third-party

beneficiary to the Account, she is also bound by the Agreement’s burdens or obligations,

including the arbitration provision. Based upon Joan’s own actions and legal claims, she

has subjected herself to the arbitration provision in the Agreement. Therefore, under

either an estoppel or third-party beneficiary theory, the arbitration provision is

enforceable against Joan’s claims.

       {¶13} Finally, we reject Joan’s contention that she cannot be bound to the

arbitration agreement because her claims arise out of tort and not contract. A party

cannot avoid arbitration by casting contract claims as torts. Jankovsky v. Grana-Morris,

2d Dist. Miami No. 2000-CA-62, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 3938, 14 (Sept. 7, 2001).

Here, Joan’s claims against TD Ameritrade are essentially contingent on Thomas’s claims

against TD Ameritrade. Each of the claims in her cross-claim begin with “[i]f the 2009
Beneficiary Designation is found to control, then * * * .” Thus, Joan’s claims do not

arise unless Thomas is successful on his claims against TD Ameritrade, and it is

determined that Thomas is the proper beneficiary under the Account. Thomas’s claims

were submitted to arbitration pursuant to the Agreement. Therefore, because Thomas’s

and Joan’s claims are intertwined, and Joan’s claims against TD Ameritrade are

contingent on Thomas’s claims, it would defeat the strong public policy supporting

arbitration and its purpose as an expeditious and economical means of a resolving a

dispute to find that Joan’s claims are not subject to arbitration. See Schaefer v. Allstate

Ins. Co., 63 Ohio St.3d 708, 712, 590 N.E.2d 1242 (1992).

       {¶14} Based on the foregoing analysis, the trial court did not err in granting TD

Ameritrade’s motion to compel arbitration and stay proceedings pending arbitration.

Joan’s assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶15} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into

execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., and
TIM McCORMACK, J., CONCUR
