                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 14-1404
                            Filed November 12, 2015


MINGER CONSTRUCTION, INC.,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

CLARK FARMS, LTD., and KEVIN
W. CLARK, aka K.W. “CASEY” CLARK,
     Defendants-Appellants.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dickinson County, David A. Lester,

Judge.



       A subcontractor on a city’s sewer upgrade project and the sole

shareholder of the subcontracting company appeal a jury verdict in favor of the

contractor. AFFIRMED.



       Andrea M. Smook of Cornwall, Avery, Bjornstad, Scott & Davis, Spencer,

for appellants.

       Wade S. Davis of Stinson, Lenard & Street, L.L.P., Mankato, Minnesota,

for appellee.



       Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and McDonald, JJ.
                                        2



VAITHESWARAN, Presiding Judge.

      A subcontractor on a city’s sewer upgrade project and the sole

shareholder of the subcontracting company appeal a jury verdict in favor of the

contractor. They assert the evidence was insufficient to support (1) a finding that

the subcontractor breached its contract and (2) a finding that the shareholder

was personally liable for damages.

I.    BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

      Minger Construction, Inc. contracted with the City of Terril to upgrade its

sewer system.     Minger subcontracted with Clarks Farms, Ltd. to remove

processed human and food grade waste, known as sludge. The subcontract

agreement required Clark Farms “to furnish all labor, material, skill and

equipment necessary or required and to perform all the work . . . necessary to

complete” the project.

      Kevin Clark was “the sole owner, the shareholder, the sole board member

and the president” of Clark Farms. Clark Farms failed to comply with certain

prerequisites to working on the public project. The company was incorporated in

2001 but was administratively dissolved in 2012, the year Clark Farms entered

into the contract with Minger. The company did not have its corporate status

reinstated until 2013. The company also failed to maintain a certified payroll and

observe specified safety practices. Minger notified Clark of these omissions and,

on multiple occasions, attempted to obtain compliance.       Clark Farms did not

respond.

      Clark Farms began removing sludge, but ran into problems, including

equipment failure. On September 25, 2012, Minger transmitted a notice to Kevin
                                         3



Clark stating, “If you are not on the above-referenced project by tomorrow

morning 09-26-12 @ 7:00 AM—we will proceed to hire someone else and your

equipment will be held in escrow for reimbursement of added costs because you

are in breach of your contract.” Clark Farm employees went to the job site but,

according to Minger, did not perform their job duties.

      Ten days after the September 25 notification, Minger terminated the

contract for failure to “satisfactorily meet[] the terms of the Default Notice.”

Minger hired a new company to complete the sludge removal and sued Clark

Farms and Clark for breach of the subcontract.

      The case proceeded to a jury trial. The jury found Minger did what it was

required to do under the contract, Clark Farms breached its contract with Minger,

and Kevin Clark was personally liable for the breach. The jury awarded Minger

damages of $78,272.36. Clark Farms and Clark appealed.

II. Analysis

      A.       Breach of Contract

      The jury was instructed Minger would have to prove the following

elements of its breach-of-contract claim:

             (1) the existence of a contract, (2) the terms of the contract,
      (3) [Minger] had done what the contract requires, (4) [Clark Farms
      and Clark] breached the contract, and (5) the amount of any
      damage [Clark Farms’ and Clark’s] breach caused [Minger].

The defendants take issue with the jury’s findings on the third and fifth elements.

Our review of the fact findings is for substantial evidence. See Iowa Mortg. Ctr.,

L.L.C. v. Baccam, 841 N.W.2d 107, 110 (Iowa 2013).
                                          4



              1.     Element 3

       Clark Farms and Clark contend Minger did not do what the contract

required, as specified in the third element of the instruction and, specifically failed

to follow the default provision of the contract. The provision states:

              17. (Default) That in case the Subcontractor shall fail when
       and if required by the Contractor, to correct, replace and/or re-
       execute faulty or defective work done and/or materials furnished
       under this Subcontract, or repeatedly and persistently to complete
       or proceed with this Subcontract within the schedule agreed to by
       the parties or the time herein provided for, . . . or to comply with any
       substantial term of this Subcontract, then the Contractor may give
       the Subcontractor a written notice to cure the Subcontractor’s
       default. If the Subcontractor fails within three (3) working days after
       receipt of the notice of default to commence and continue
       satisfactory correction of such default with diligence and
       promptness, then the Subcontractor shall be in default of this
       Subcontract and the Contractor, upon an additional three
       (3) calendar days notice in writing to the Subcontractor, shall have
       the right to terminate this Subcontract and finish the
       Subcontractor’s Work, replace and/or re-execute such faulty or
       defective Work or materials, either through its own employees or
       through a contractor or subcontractor of its choice, and to charge
       the cost thereof to the Subcontractor, together with any liquidated
       or actual damages caused by a delay in the performance of this
       Subcontract.

The defendants concede Minger’s September 25 notice “would be seen as the

notice of default required under Paragraph 17.”           They argue Clark Farms

“show[ed] up on site and started working” as required by the default notice, “thus

curing their default within three working days.”      In light of their actions, they

assert Minger “was required to give [them] an additional three day[] notice before

termination of the contract.”

       A reasonable juror could have found otherwise. Patrick Minger testified

simply being at the job site was not enough; “[c]ommon sense” would dictate the

employees also had to be “producing.” Minger said “they weren’t producing.”
                                         5



The jurors could have credited his testimony over Clark’s, who said he “had guys

over there working on the transfer of the material.” See Brokaw v. Winfield-Mt.

Union Cmty. Sch. Dist., 788 N.W.2d 386, 394 (Iowa 2010) (stating the fact finder

determines witness credibility and the weight of the evidence). The jury could

have surmised Clark Farms’s failure to perform productive work was essentially

the straw that broke the camel’s back.

       Patrick Minger stated the engineering company on the project was giving

him “heat” to get the sludge cleared. Clark Farms did not accomplish this goal

and, in addition, failed to obtain the proper contractor certification, failed to pay

for the repair of its equipment, failed to pay its employees statutorily required

wages, failed to train its employees, failed to take proper safety precautions,

failed to perform the work in an “orderly and efficient manner,” and failed to use

the “means and methods necessary to accomplish the job.” In light of these

numerous omissions, the jury could have found the defendants did not cure the

default on the day after the default notice was issued and, under the contract,

Minger could terminate the agreement in another three days. Minger waited nine

days before terminating the contract.

       Clark Farms and Clark also contend Minger failed to timely notify them of

claims Minger had against Clark Farms, as required by another provision of the

contract.   Again, the jury reasonably could have found from Patrick Minger’s

testimony that Minger provided this notification as soon as it was able to

determine the amount of its claims.

       We conclude there was substantial evidence to support the third element

of the breach-of-contract claim.
                                          6



              2.     Element 5

   Clark Farms next contends Minger failed to prove the amount, if any, of

damages. The jury was instructed:

             The measure of damages for breach of a contract is an
       amount that would place [Minger] in as good a position as it would
       have enjoyed if the contract had been performed by [Clark Farms
       and Clark.] The damages you award must be foreseeable or have
       been reasonably foreseen at the time the parties entered into the
       contract.

The instruction went on to specify certain types of damages the jury could

consider.

       As noted, the jury awarded $78,272.36. The award was supported by

substantial evidence in the form of Patrick Minger’s testimony that he was forced

to hire a replacement company to complete the sludge removal and the company

incurred costs for equipment rental. The amount the jury awarded was less than

Minger requested.

       B.     Clark’s Personal Liability

       Kevin Clark contends there was insufficient evidence to support the

imposition of personal liability on him. The pertinent jury instruction stated:

             Under Iowa law, a shareholder can be personally liable for
       the obligations of his or her corporation in certain circumstances.
       [Minger] claims that . . . Kevin W. Clark must be held legally
       responsible for the acts of Defendant Clark Farms, Ltd.

          To establish this claim, Plaintiff must prove all of the following
       propositions:

       1.      Defendant Kevin W. Clark is a shareholder of Clark Farms,
              Ltd.
       2.     Defendant Clark Farms, Ltd., is liable to Plaintiff.
       3.     Defendant Kevin W. Clark has abused the corporate
              privilege.
                                          7



       4.     The amount owed by Defendant Clark Farms, Ltd. to
              Plaintiff.

The instructions went on to define “corporate privilege” as “the right of a

shareholder of a corporation to avoid personal liability for the financial obligations

of the corporation.” The instructions set forth factors the jury could consider in

deciding whether an abuse of the corporate privilege was established, including

undercapitalization, the failure to maintain separate books, and failure to follow

corporate formalities. See Boyd v. Boyd & Boyd, Inc., 386 N.W.2d 540, 544

(Iowa Ct. App. 1986). Our review of the jury’s finding of personal liability is for

substantial evidence. C. Mac Chambers Co., Inc. v. Iowa Tae Kwon Do Acad.,

Inc., 412 N.W.2d 593, 596 (Iowa 1987).

       A reasonable juror could have found the existence of these factors. As

noted, Kevin Clark allowed the corporate registration to lapse. Clark admitted he

made $530,000 in loans to the company to “keep the company funded.” Clark

also agreed he lost $837,264 over the life of the company. Substantial evidence

supported the jury’s imposition of personal liability on Kevin Clark.

       We affirm the jury’s findings and the judgment in favor of Minger.

       AFFIRMED.

       Tabor, J., concurs; McDonald, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
                                         8



MCDONALD, Judge. (concurring in part and dissenting in part)

        This is a simple breach of contract case, and the jury’s verdict is

supported by substantial evidence on that claim. This case is not one of the

exceptional circumstances in which liability should be imposed on a shareholder

for what is otherwise a corporate obligation. I thus concur in part and dissent in

part.

        It has been long accepted a corporation is a legal entity with jural

existence separate and distinct from its shareholders. See Iowa Code § 4.1(20)

(defining a person to include a corporation); Wyatt v. Crimmins, 277 N.W.2d 615,

616 (Iowa 1979).. It has been long accepted a corporation’s shareholders are

not personally liable for the obligations of the corporation solely because of their

status as shareholders.      See Iowa Code § 490.622(2) (“Unless otherwise

provided in the articles of incorporation, a shareholder of a corporation is not

personally liable for the acts or debts of the corporation.”); 5 Matthew Doré, Iowa

Practice Series: Business Organizations § 15.3(1), at 454 (2014-2015) (stating

limited liability is the presumptive rule.). It also has been long accepted courts

will disregard the presumptive rule of limited liability under exceptional

circumstances and impose liability on an individual or individuals for what would

otherwise be a corporate obligation. See Wade & Wade v. Cent. Broad. Co., 288

N.W. 441, 443 (Iowa 1939).

        While the rule allowing for the imposition of personal liability on a

shareholder for a corporate obligation is long accepted, the rationale underlying

the rule is not well developed. See 5 Doré, Iowa Practice § 15:3, at 458 (“In

Iowa, as elsewhere, it is difficult to make sense of the case law governing
                                         9



disregard of the corporate entity.”); Mark A. Olthoff, Beyond the Form—Should

the Corporate Veil be Pierced?, 64 UMKC L. Rev. 311, 312 (1995) (“Courts and

commentators have struggled for many years to develop principles that, when

applied, would reveal whether a separately existing corporate organization

should be disregarded.”); Robert B. Thompson, Piercing the Corporate Veil: An

Empirical Study, 76 Cornell L. Rev. 1036, 1036 (1991) (“Piercing the corporate

veil is the most litigated issue in corporate law and yet it remains among the least

understood.”). Our cases speak only in metaphor and generalities, holding the

“corporate veil can be pierced” when the corporation is a “mere shell,” “sham,”

“intermediary,” “instrumentality,” or “alter ego” of the shareholders.         “This

language is inherently unsatisfactory since it merely states the conclusion and

gives no guide to the considerations that lead a court to decide that a particular

case should be considered an exception to the general principle of nonliability.”

Robert W. Hamilton, The Corporate Entity, 49 Tex. L. Rev. 979, 979 (1971).

Ultimately, the issue “is one that is still enveloped in the mists of metaphor.”

Berkey v. Third Ave. Ry. Co., 155 N.E. 58, 61 (N.Y. 1926).

       The metaphor of piercing the corporate veil has incorrectly framed the

relevant question. See id. (“Metaphors in law are to be narrowly watched, for

starting as devices to liberate thought, they end often by enslaving it.”). Our

cases treat the question of “veil piercing” as if it were a cause of action proved by

evidence of one or more of the following:

       1) the corporation is undercapitalized, (2) the corporation lacks
       separate books, (3) its finances are not kept separate from
       individual finances, or individual obligations are paid by the
       corporation, (4) the corporation is used to promote fraud or
                                         10



       illegality, (5) corporate formalities are not followed, or (6) the
       corporation is a mere sham.

See C. Mac Chambers Co., Inc. v. Iowa Tae Kwon Do Acad., Inc., 412 N.W.2d

593, 598 (Iowa 1987). The metaphor does not capture the truth or spirit of the

matter. In a veil piercing case, the “corporate veil” is not actually pierced and the

corporate entity is not disregarded; instead, judgment is entered against the

corporation, as the judgment entry in this case reflects, and the district court

takes the additional step of imposing judgment against a shareholder for the

corporation’s liability where liability otherwise would not exist.    See Int’l Fin.

Servs. Corp. v. Chromas Techs. Canada, Inc., 356 F.3d 731, 736 (7th Cir. 2004)

(“Piercing the corporate veil, after all, is not itself an action; it is merely a

procedural means of allowing liability on a substantive claim.”).           As one

commentator noted:

       In no area is the misleading character of the entity metaphor more
       evident than in that of shareholder liability for corporate debts.
       Much of the language of the cases dealing with shareholder liability
       starts with the proposition that the existence of the corporate entity
       requires the denial of such liability, and therefore any case which
       imposes such liability can only do so by disregarding the corporate
       entity. Instead of dealing with the proper question of when, if ever,
       shareholders will be liable for corporate obligations, decisions are
       made in terms of the question of whether the corporate entity exists
       or is to be disregarded.

William P. Hackney & Tracy G. Benson, Shareholder Liability for Inadequate

Capital, 43 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 837, 843 (1982). Framing the question around the

existence of the entity rather than the imposition of liability as an equitable

remedy has hindered development of the law in this area in several respects, one

of which deserves further consideration here. Specifically, framing the question

around the existence of the entity rather than the equitable and remedial nature
                                            11



of the rule has precluded discussion of whether the issue should be decided by

the jury at law or the district court in equity.

       There is no doubt the district court was required to submit the veil-piercing

inquiry to the jury in this case; our cases hold veil piercing is a question of fact for

the jury. See Team Cent., Inc. v. Teamco, Inc., 271 N.W.2d 914, 923 (Iowa

1978) (“We mention briefly Team Central’s additional argument that whether or

not the corporate veil should be pierced is a question of law to be decided by the

court, not the jury. We do not believe that this is a correct statement and several

of our cases hold otherwise.”); Spectrum Prosthetics & Orthotics, Inc. v. Baca

Corp., No. 08-0811, 2009 WL 3337600, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 7, 2009)

(holding jury instruction was required where there was sufficient evidence to

support at least one Briggs Factor). Our cases, however, have not addressed

the rationale for submitting the question to the jury.        Upon examination, the

rationale for the rule and practical considerations support the conclusion that the

question should be one reserved for the court subject to de novo review and not

a question of fact for the jury subject to correction for legal error.

       The decision to impose liability on a shareholder for corporate obligations

where there is no basis for liability at law, see Iowa Code § 490.622(2), is

necessarily an equitable remedy within the province of the district court and not

the jury. See Benson v. Richardson, 537 N.W.2d 748, 762 (Iowa 1995) (stating

“[w]here equity requires us to examine the purposes of a corporation, we are not

bound by forms, fiction, or technical rules”); Wescott & Winks Hatcheries v. F. M.

Stamper Co., 85 N.W.2d 603, 607 (Iowa 1957) (stating disregard of the corporate

entity is “an equitable prerogative to circumvent its improper use”); Boyd v. Boyd
                                           12



& Boyd, Inc., 386 N.W.2d 540, 543-44 (Iowa Ct. App. 1986) (noting the equitable

nature of the remedy); 5 Doré, Iowa Practice § 15:4, at 467 (“[P]iercing analysis

is equitable in nature.”).

       Reserving this question for the district court does not infringe the right to

trial by jury. “[T]he right to a jury trial preserved by the Iowa Constitution, article I,

section 9, is the right that existed at common law.” Iowa Nat’l Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Mitchell, 305 N.W.2d 724, 728 (Iowa 1981).            The common law distinguished

between actions arising at law tried to a jury and actions arising in equity tried to

the court and without a jury. See id. at 727; see also Katchen v. Landy, 382 U.S.

323, 337 (1966) (stating that “the right of trial by jury, considered as an absolute

right, does not extend to cases of equity jurisdiction”). This distinction between

actions arising at law and actions arising in equity survived the procedural

unification of courts of law and courts of equity.         The imposition of personal

liability for a corporate obligation is not a common law claim requiring trial by jury.

See Int’l Fin. Servs. Corp., 356 F.3d at 737 (discussing Illinois Law and stating

veil piercing is an equitable remedy to be decided by the court); Nelson v.

Brunswick Corp., 503 F.2d 376, 381 n.10 (9th Cir. 1974) (“The question of

whether to disregard a corporate entity under Washington law is one for the court

to decide.”); Dow Jones Co. v. Avenel, 198 Cal. Rptr. 457, 460 (Cal. Ct. App.

1984) (stating the question “is essentially an equitable one and for that reason is

particularly within the province of the trial court” and the “constitutional guaranty

of the right to a jury trial does not apply to actions involving the application of

equitable doctrines and the granting of relief that is obtainable only in courts of

equity”); Chin v. Roussel, 456 So. 2d 673, 678 (La. Ct. App. 1984) (“Whether the
                                            13



corporate veil should be pierced is primarily a finding of fact best made by the

trial judge.”); Atlas Constr. Co. v. Slater, 746 P.2d 352, 359 (Wyo. 1987)

(“Whether a corporate structure should be disregarded is peculiarly a question for

courts to determine from evidence. We conclude that there exists no right to a

jury trial on the issue of piercing the corporate veil.”)

          There are sound practical reasons for having the district court resolve the

issue rather than a jury. The issue of corporate governance is complicated. See,

e.g., Weltzin v. Nail, 618 N.W.2d 293, 301 (Iowa 2000) (concluding in a corporate

derivative suit a “judge is simply better equipped to hear the complicated

corporation and duty claims” than a jury). For example, in this case, the jury was

asked to decide if corporate formalities were followed.              However, Minger

Construction offered no testimony and the district court gave no instruction on the

corporate formalities required for a closely held corporation electing S-

corporation tax treatment. Judges are familiar with the legal requirements based

on training and experience and can better address the issue. Our supreme court

has thus concluded that some equitable questions regarding corporate

governance should be presented to the district court in equity rather than to a jury

at law:

          Much has been written about the necessity of having equitable
          cases heard by a judge. Disregarding the traditions which underlie
          the jury as an institution, the use of twelve individuals drawn at
          random with diverse education, intellectual ability, and occupations,
          but lacking the specialized knowledge and ability to evaluate
          testimony, is clearly not an ideal system for determining facts in
          litigation. No matter how kindly one views the jury there is no
          question that at times its verdict represents fiction and not fact. Our
          jurisprudence has never provided an absolute right to a jury trial in
          every case.
                                         14



Id. at 302.

       It is also exceedingly difficult to craft instructions that provide meaningful

guidance to the jury.     See id. (identifying “juror competence as one of the

considerations to be used when determining if a jury is warranted”). Here, the

district court submitted the “veil piercing” question to the jury.         The jury

instructions set forth relevant factors but provided little guidance on how the

factors were to be reconciled. Is the evidence sufficient to pierce the corporate

veil if the plaintiff proves only one of the six factors? It is unclear. Compare HOK

Sport, Inc. v. FC Des Moines, L.C., 495 F.3d 927, 936 (8th Cir. 2007) (“A party

seeking to pierce the corporate veil need not prove all six factors, but it must

prove at least one of the factors.”); and Fazio v. Brotman, 371 N.W.2d 842, 846

(Iowa Ct. App. 1985) (“The instruction tells the jury they can pierce the corporate

veil only when there are exceptional circumstances and when any one of the six

items is established. This accurately sets out Iowa law in this area.”); with Ross

v. Playle, 505 N.W.2d 515, 517-18 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (holding the failure to

follow corporate formalities, standing alone, was not sufficient ground to pierce

the corporate veil). What about other factors not addressed by the six factor

test? For example, one court considers at least nineteen factors, plus any other

evidence that might be relevant in a totality of the circumstances test. See Laya

v. Erin Homes, Inc., 352 S.E.2d 93, 98-99 (W. Va. 1986). In Boyd, the court

recognized the six factors usually identified as being relevant are not exclusive

and that the test is simply ad hoc:

       Where Gene’s argument fails is in his characterization of these
       factors as the only factors which warrant “piercing the corporate
       veil.” Nowhere in Lakota is its listing claimed to be an exclusive or
                                         15



       even an exhaustive one. Rather, no precise formula is available to
       predict when a court should disregard the corporate entity as
       Fletcher explains after a more extensive listing of factors than
       Lakota’s: The conclusion to disregard the corporate entity may not,
       however, rest on a single factor but often involves a consideration
       of the mentioned factors; in addition, the particular situation must
       generally present an element of injustice or fundamental unfairness
       . . . . It seems clear that no hard and fast rule as to the conditions
       under which the entity may be disregarded can be stated as they
       vary according to the circumstances of each case and that factors
       adopted as significant in a decision to disregard the corporate entity
       should be treated as guidelines and not as a conclusive test.
       Fletcher, § 41.30 at 430-31. Additionally, at least two other noted
       treatises on corporate law state that one of the circumstances
       which may move a court to disregard corporate entity is where
       limited liability would be inequitable. 6 Hayes, Iowa Practice
       Business Organizations § 882 at 298 (1985); Hornstein,
       Corporation Law and Practice § 752 at 265 (1959). Hayes further
       specifies that “[t]he corporate veil may be disregarded when
       recognition would work inequitably against one or more groups of
       creditors of the enterprise . . . .” Hayes, § 886 at 308.

386 N.W.2d at 543-44. The jury cannot be given meaningful instruction when the

case law provides there is no “hard and fast rule” to resolve the issue.

       In sum, the gestalt inquiry makes the question particularly ill-suited for jury

determination:

               The substantive law of veil-piercing, therefore, necessitates
       the analysis of a variety of factors and the weighing or balancing of
       a combination of those factors that are present. However, when a
       jury is to be instructed on the basis of ultimate facts, rather than
       evidentiary facts, a proper jury instruction becomes very difficult to
       draft. If a jury is to consider the evidence in light of various factors
       indicating “control,” all or some of which may be determinative, the
       final decision is left to the wandering vicissitudes and suppositions
       of the jury. Thus, an instruction on the issue of piercing the
       corporate veil can create a “roving commission.” Such a “roving
       commission” instruction is inherently prejudicial and may be
       presumptively erroneous. Because it may be difficult to submit a
       proper instruction on veil-piercing to the jury, the trial judge should
       review and examine the evidence, and, ultimately, reach a
       conclusion on whether to disregard the corporate veil. The trial
       judge is also uniquely situated to make the veil-piercing
       determination. The judge is trained in the law and is more apt to
                                            16



       consider all of the evidence presented by all of the parties. The
       court is less likely to be swayed by emotion or adept argument,
       particularly in highly publicized or devastating tort cases. Further, a
       separate hearing of the piercing issue, away from the jury, may
       prevent potentially prejudicial (and otherwise irrelevant) financial
       information from being revealed to the jury. Finally, the trial judge
       is more likely to be familiar with the facts of the case and, more
       generally, the body of law involving disregard of corporations,
       particularly the concepts of “control” and “improper use.” Each of
       these reasons weighs in favor of the trial judge deciding the veil-
       piercing question.

Olthoff, 64 UMKC L. Rev. at 335-36.

       For the above-stated reasons, I would be in favor of reserving the liability

question for the court in equity subject to de novo review. Controlling case law,

however, dictates our review is for the correction of legal error on substantial

evidence review. The standard of review is not dispositive of the claim in this

case, however. Substantial evidence review “does not preclude inquiry into the

question whether, conceding the truth of the facts found, a conclusion of law

drawn therefrom is correct, nor are we bound by the trial court’s determination of

the law.” Briggs Transp. Co., Inc. v. Starr Sales Co., 262 N.W.2d 805, 811 (Iowa

1978). Even when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the

plaintiff, there is not substantial evidence in support of the verdict. Indeed, there

is no evidence in support of the verdict.

       I begin with the proposition that a court will impose personal liability on a

shareholder for the corporation’s obligations only in the most exceptional of

circumstances. See C. Mac Chambers Co., Inc., 412 N.W.2d at 597. “Plaintiffs

bear the burden of proving that exceptional circumstances exist which warrant

piercing the corporate veil.” Id. at 598. And the burden is significant. See HOK

Sport, Inc., 495 F.3d at 935 (“Disregarding the entity’s corporate form under
                                          17



either the alter ego doctrine or the remedy of piercing the corporate veil is an

extraordinary measure that should be reserved for exceptional circumstances,

. . . and the party seeking to do so bears the burden of proof.”); Morgan v. O’Neil,

652 S.W.2d 83, 85 (Ky. 1983) (“Holding a shareholder in a corporation

individually liable for a corporate debt is an extraordinary procedure and should

be done only when the strict requirements for imposing individual liability are

met.”); White v. Winchester Land Dev. Corp., 584 S.W.2d 56, 62 (Ky. Ct. App.

1979) (“Generally speaking, the corporate veil should only be pierced reluctantly

and cautiously. . . .”); see also Wallace ex rel. Cencom Cable Income Partners II,

Inc., L.P. v. Wood, 752 A.2d 1175, 1183 (Del. Ch. 1999) (“Persuading a

Delaware court to disregard the corporate entity is a difficult task.”); TNS

Holdings, Inc. v. MKI Sec. Corp., 703 N.E.2d 749, 751 (N.Y. 1998) (stating that

“[t]hose seeking to pierce a corporate veil . . . bear a heavy burden”). This is a

heavy burden. The majority makes no effort to explain why the burden has been

met in this case. Instead, the majority summarily dismisses Clark’s argument by

rattling off three facts immaterial to the question.

       There    is   no   evidence    supporting       a   finding   Clark   Farms   was

undercapitalized. See Briggs Transp. Co., Inc., 262 N.W.2d at 810 (identifying

undercapitalization as a relevant factor).      The relevant inquiry is the capital

structure of the entity at or near the time of incorporation. See Gilleard v. Nelson,

No. 03-1496, 2005 WL 2756042, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 26, 2005) (affirming

imposition of liability on individual where entity “was undercapitalized at its

moment of incorporation”); Midwest Fuels, Inc. v. JP & K, Inc., No. 03-0218, 2004

WL 358291, at *2 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2004) (recognizing the relevant
                                         18



inquiry is “initial capitalization of the corporation); see also Pierson v. Jones, 625

P.2d 1085, 1087 (Idaho 1981) (“However, financial inadequacy is measured by

the nature and magnitude of the corporate undertaking or the reasonableness of

the cushion for creditors at the time of its inception of the corporation.”); Global

Credit Servs., Inc. v. AMISUB (Saint Joseph Hosp.), Inc., 508 N.W.2d 836, 839

(Neb. 1993) (“Inadequate capitalization means capitalization very small in

relation to the nature of the business of the corporation and the risks the

business entails measured at the time of formation.”). “Clearly, a corporation

adequately capitalized at its inception can become undercapitalized at a later

time for any of a variety of legitimate reasons.” Pierson, 625 P.2d at 1087.

       The majority does not identify a single piece of evidence regarding the

capital structure of Clark Farms at or near the time of incorporation. Clark Farms

was incorporated in 2001.        The only evidence regarding the corporation’s

finances is a 2012 federal tax return, which reflects the company’s tax

information eleven years after the relevant date. The exhibit does not provide

any evidence regarding Clark Farms’ capital structure at or near the time of

incorporation. At best, the tax return shows only the company reported negative

retained earnings. That fact does not allow for any inference regarding Clark

Farms’ capital structure at or near the time of incorporation. The jury was never

provided information regarding when the loss was sustained and why. Likewise,

the majority’s reliance on the fact Clark loaned his company money is misplaced.

There is no evidence of when the loan was made.             Further, preferring debt

capital over equity capital is not improper. In short, Minger Construction failed to
                                        19



introduce any evidence regarding the capital structure of the corporation at or

near the time of incorporation.

       The   majority’s   analysis   regarding   undercapitalization   is   woefully

inadequate for another reason. Undercapitalization is a relational concept. The

relevant question is not whether the corporation had a specific amount of capital

at or near the time of incorporation but whether the capital structure was

adequate as measured by the nature and magnitude of the corporate

undertaking. See J-R Grain Co. v. FAC, Inc., 627 F.2d 129, 135 (8th Cir. 1980)

(“Adequate initial financing should not be confused with formal minimum paid-in

capital requirements applicable in several jurisdictions.”); Briggs Transp. Co.,

Inc., 262 N.W.2d at 810 (“If capital is illusory or trifling compared with the

business to be done and the risks of loss, this is a ground for denying the

separate entity privilege.” (emphasis added)).      Minger Construction failed to

introduce evidence of the amount of capital needed given the nature and

magnitude of the business undertaking. See J-R Grain Co., 627 F.2d at 135

(“Inadequate capitalization . . . means capitalization very small in relation to the

nature of the business of the corporation and the risks the business necessarily

entails. Inadequate capitalization is measured at the time of formation of the

corporation. A corporation that was adequately capitalized when formed but has

suffered losses is not undercapitalized.”); Frank H. Easterbrook & Daniel R.

Fischel, Limited Liability and the Corporation, 52 U. Chi. L. Rev. 89, 113 (1985)

(“By ‘adequately’ capitalized we mean an amount of equity that is within the

ordinary range for the business in question. Both the absolute level of equity

investment and the debt-equity ratio will depend on the kind of business on which
                                          20



the firm is embarked.”).      No expert witness or any other witness testified

regarding the capital requirements necessary to engage in this kind of business.

       For example, comparison with the capitalization of other
       corporations in the same or a similar line of business may be made.
       The capitalization of the corporation in question could be compared
       with the average industry-wide ratios (current ratio, acid-test ratio,
       debt/equity ratio, etc.) obtained from published sources . . . . These
       average ratios could be buttressed by expert testimony from
       certified public accountants, securities analysts, investment
       counselors or other qualified financial analysts.

Laya, 352 S.E.2d at 101. On the record before us, there is simply no evidence

from which it could be inferred Clark Farms did not have capital to engage in the

business of dredging and the land application of biosolids.

       The only reasonable inference to be drawn from this record is Clark Farms

was adequately capitalized given the nature of the business. At the time of trial,

Clark Farms had been in business for over twelve years. See Cass v. Sands,

No. 05-1008, 2006 WL 229033, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 1, 2006) (holding the

plaintiff failed to create a disputed issue of fact regarding capitalization where

evidence showed the business had sufficient capital to operate for one year). By

all indications, it was a going concern with assets, including an office and

equipment, employees, and business.            At best, the evidence showed Clark

Farms may have had negative earnings for one or more years, but that fact is

largely immaterial. See Midwest Fuels, Inc., 2004 WL 358291, at *2 (holding the

plaintiff failed to create a triable issue of fact where the corporation had capital at

inception and was in business for a “period of time [but] the business was not

successful”).   In sum, Clark Farms was a legitimate business in continuous

operation for more than a decade.
                                          21



       The majority concludes the jury’s verdict is supported by substantial

evidence because Clark Farms failed to maintain separate financial records. See

Briggs Transp. Co., Inc., 262 N.W.2d at 810 (identifying the maintenance of

separate books as a relevant factor).       I do not find any evidence, let alone

substantial evidence in support of this factor. It is not disputed Clark and Clark

Farms maintained separate financial records. Clark testified the corporation kept

separate books and finances.        Halverson, the officer manager, testified the

corporation kept separate books and finances. The 2012 tax return shows Clark

Farms filed a tax return separate from Clark. The payroll records admitted into

evidence show Clark Farms and not Clark paid the company’s employees.

When Clark loaned the corporation funds, the funds were documented in the

relevant financial records.

       The majority also concludes Clark Farms failed to follow corporate

formalities because it let its “corporate registration” lapse. See id. (identifying the

failure to follow corporate formalities as a relevant factor). It is unclear what that

means. In any event, there is no evidence, let alone substantial evidence in

support of this factor. First, there was no evidence or instruction provided to the

jury regarding the corporate formalities required. The jury thus had no guidance

on whether corporate formalities were actually followed. Beyond this, there was

no evidence establishing Clark Farms failed to adopt and adhere to its articles of

incorporation.    See Iowa Code § 490.202.           There was no evidence the

corporation failed to adopt and adhere to corporate bylaws. See Iowa Code

§ 490.206. There was no evidence showing the company failed to maintain a

registered office and agent. See Iowa Code § 490.501. There was no evidence
                                         22



establishing the company failed to hold an annual meeting or take other

appropriate action. See Iowa Code § 490.701. There was no evidence the

corporation did not have a board of directors and officers.         See Iowa Code

§§ 490.801, 490.840. There was no evidence establishing the corporation failed

to issue shares. While there was no evidence Clark Farms actually followed any

these formalities, it was the plaintiff’s burden to prove Clark Farms failed to follow

corporate formalities and not Clark Farms’ burden to prove it did follow corporate

formalities. The absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence. See Cass,

2006 WL 229033, at *4-5 (holding the plaintiff failed to generate a disputed issue

of fact where the record was silent as to most formalities and noting the failure to

follow formalities generally is insufficient to impose personal liability on a

shareholder).

       The only relevant evidence regarding corporate formalities showed Clark

Farms did in fact follow corporate formalities. Clark Farms filed its articles of

incorporation with the Secretary of State. “The secretary of state’s filing of the

articles of incorporation is conclusive proof that the incorporators satisfied all

conditions precedent to incorporation.” Iowa Code § 490.203(2). Clark Farms

regularly filed its biennial reports. While Clark Farms did miss one filing resulting

in the administrative dissolution of the corporation, Clark Farms successfully

applied for reinstatement. The mere fact that Clark Farms was administratively

dissolved is not material to the question. This is because the entity continued as

a separate legal entity following administrative dissolution and the reinstatement

related back to the date of dissolution as if it had never occurred. See Iowa

Code § 490.1421(3) (“A corporation administratively dissolved continues its
                                           23



corporate existence . . .”); Iowa Code § 490.1422(3) (“When the reinstatement is

effective, it relates back to and takes effect as of the effective date of the

administrative dissolution as if the administrative dissolution had never

occurred.”). The evidence also showed Clark Farms maintained separate books

and separate finances from Clark. Clark Farms and Clark filed separate tax

returns. In sum, there is just no evidence in support of the majority’s conclusion.

       Finally, the jury was also asked to consider whether the corporation is

merely a sham or used to promote fraud or illegality. There is no evidence of

either. Clark Farms had been in business for twelve years at the time of this

transaction. It had over $1 million in assets. It had an office. It had equipment to

conduct its business. In this case, the company brought a dredge and other

equipment to the job site.         Clark Farms had employees, and it paid its

employees. Clark Farms filed tax returns with the assistance of a professional

accountant. It was experienced enough in the industry to obtain a contract with

Minger Construction.       The majority does not bother discussing this factor

because the only thing that can be inferred from this record is that Clark Farms

did not perform its contractual obligations in this case.      The mere failure to

perform a contract is an insufficient reason to impose personal liability on a

shareholder for the corporation’s obligations. See Campisano v. Nardi, 562 A.2d

1, 7 (Conn. 1989) (holding the mere breach of a corporate contract cannot of

itself establish the basis for imposing personal liability).

       There is simply no basis to impose liability on Clark for the corporation’s

obligations under the record in this case. The majority’s opinion is at odds with

the evidence, the equitable and remedial principles underlying the rule, and a
                                         24



legion of cases declining to impose personal liability on similar facts. See, e.g.,

Nw. Nat’l. Bank of Sioux City v. Metro Ctr., Inc., 303 N.W.2d 395, 398-99 (Iowa

1981) (reversing judgment where there was no evidence of undercapitalization

and companies maintained separate financial records); King v. Wilson, No. 13-

2018, 2014 WL 6681609, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2014) (holding there was

no basis to impose personal liability where corporation was in business for fifteen

years and the plaintiff failed to show the corporation was undercapitalized, did

not follow corporate formalities, and did not maintain separate financial records);

CCS, Inc. v. K & M Enterprises, L.L.C., No. 12-1213, 2013 WL 751284, at *3

(Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2013) (affirming grant of summary judgment where the

plaintiff “presented no evidence to support assertions that K & M was

undercapitalized; lacked separate books; failed to keep separate finances, or

paid individual member obligations; or failed to follow corporate formalities”).

       For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.
