                        RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                   File Name: 18a0010p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 KEITH SAUNDERS,                                       ┐
                                Plaintiff-Appellant,   │
                                                       │
                                                       >      No. 17-5277
       v.                                              │
                                                       │
                                                       │
 FORD MOTOR COMPANY; JEFF MARZIAN; KAREN               │
 MORRISON,                                             │
                        Defendants-Appellees.          │
                                                       ┘

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville.
             No. 3:14-cv-00594—Joseph H. McKinley Jr., Chief District Judge.

                               Argued: November 29, 2017

                          Decided and Filed: January 11, 2018

              Before: GILMAN, SUTTON, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

                                   _________________

                                       COUNSEL

ARGUED: Brian G. Abell, ADAMS HAWYARD & WELSH, Louisville, Kentucky, for
Appellant. Jessica V. Currie, BUSH, SEYFERTH & PAIGE, PLLC, Troy, Michigan, for
Appellees. ON BRIEF: Brian G. Abell, ADAMS HAWYARD & WELSH, Louisville,
Kentucky, for Appellant. Jessica V. Currie, Stephanie A. Douglas, BUSH, SEYFERTH &
PAIGE, PLLC, Troy, Michigan, for Appellees.
                                   _________________

                                        OPINION
                                   _________________

      RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. This case involves claims by Keith Saunders
against his employer, Ford Motor Company, under both § 301 of the Labor Management
 No. 17-5277                    Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                         Page 2


Relations Act (LMRA), 29 U.S.C. § 185, and Kentucky law. Saunders contends that Ford
breached the applicable collective bargaining agreement (CBA) by twice placing him on
temporary leave—known as no-work-available (NWA) status—and that his local union breached
its duty of fair representation by failing to fully pursue his grievances. He also alleges that Ford
retaliated against him by placing him on NWA status not long after he reopened a workers’
compensation claim against the company.

       The district court granted Ford’s motion for summary judgment on all of Saunders’s
claims. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                          I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual background

       1. Saunders’s employment at Ford

       Ford’s entire workforce is governed by a CBA negotiated between the United
Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW) and the
company. Agreements and Letters of Understanding negotiated by local UAW bargaining units
and Ford provide additional contractual requirements at the plant level.

       Shortly after beginning work at Ford’s Twin Cities Plant in 2001, Saunders injured his
right arm when it got caught in a machine called an electric nutrunner that he inadvertently
switched on while being trained to install coolant lines in car radiators. The injury has caused
him to lose almost all use of that arm.

       Saunders received workers’ compensation benefits while he recovered from the injury.
When he returned to work, his doctors imposed temporary work restrictions that prohibited him
from lifting heavy loads, engaging in repetitive motions, or using his right arm.            Those
restrictions eventually became permanent.

       The UAW often struggles to secure permanent job placements for medically restricted
Ford workers like Saunders. And Saunders’s post-injury employment history reflects those
difficulties. In the initial aftermath of Saunders’s injury, Ford assigned him to a series of
temporary jobs. The company next assigned him to an airbag-installation job, but placed him on
 No. 17-5277                    Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                     Page 3


NWA status when he developed carpal-tunnel syndrome from the work.            Ford eventually
assigned Saunders to a torque-inspector job, a position that involves using a handheld computer
to check nuts and bolts on vehicles for tightness. Saunders worked in that position for nearly
eight years.

       Ford transferred Saunders to the company’s Louisville Assembly Plant in January 2012,
following the closure of the Twin Cities Plant. The Louisville Plant was in flux at the time
because of a massive transfer of workers to the plant as dozens of other Ford plants shuttered
across the country. The Louisville Plant was also beginning production of a new vehicle at that
time. The plant’s 1,200-person workforce ballooned to 4,000 workers virtually overnight. As
the Louisville Plant contended with the flood of new workers and the demands of bringing a new
vehicle online, it desperately needed trained and experienced torque inspectors.         These
circumstances allowed Saunders to continue working as a torque inspector for another year, even
though he lacked the seniority for the position at the new plant.

       But once the Louisville Plant integrated the new workers, it reopened the
torque-inspector jobs to the normal bid process. A more senior worker displaced Saunders in
January 2013. The record lacks clarity on Saunders’s precise employment history over the
subsequent two years, but there is no dispute that he was placed in several short-term jobs
punctuated by periods of medical leave and being on NWA status. And Saunders’s medical
records reflect repeated efforts by Ford’s Medical Placement Committee to assign him to
positions that accommodated his medical restrictions.

       One such assignment occurred in August 2013 when a physician in Ford’s medical
department determined that a job in the paint department met Saunders’s medical restrictions.
Ford mailed Saunders a letter directing him to report to work two days later, which he did. The
following day, however, Saunders went to the plant’s medical department with the complaint
that he had developed diarrhea, an upset stomach, and sinus congestion from the paint fumes.
But the medical department informed him that he had no restrictions that would prevent him
from working in the paint department, so he was not excused from work.
 No. 17-5277                   Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                         Page 4


       Saunders returned to the medical department the following day with similar complaints.
He was then advised to consult his personal physician. Two days later, Saunders reported back
to the medical department with a note from his personal physician concluding that the
paint-department job was unsuitable for Saunders. The medical department then added new
restrictions to Saunders’s file that prohibited him from working in the paint department. As a
result, Saunders returned to NWA status. Saunders eventually got a permanent assignment in
August 2014 when Ford placed him in a final-line-inspector job, a position that he retains to this
day.

       2. Grievances

       In the 16 months prior to his 2014 permanent medical placement, Saunders filed at least
two grievances with his union. (Saunders’s appellate counsel stated at oral argument that
Saunders has filed as many as ten grievances during his tenure with Ford, but the record refers to
only two such grievances.) He first filed an April 2013 grievance on behalf of himself and other
NWA-status workers, complaining that Ford failed to fill temporary driving jobs with medically
restricted workers. Although Ford eventually did assign medically restricted workers to the
temporary driving positions, the grievance sought backpay for 80 workhours during which at
least some of the NWA-status workers were not placed in jobs that they could have performed.
Ford responded to the grievance by arguing that it is contractually obligated to place medically
restricted workers in permanent positions only. The union withdrew the grievance in July 2015
after Saunders had already commenced this lawsuit.

       Saunders initiated a second grievance in December 2013. At oral argument, counsel for
Ford explained that there was a December 2013 meeting attended by Saunders, a nurse, a union
bargainer, and a member of the Medical Placement Committee. The union declined to take
further action on this grievance after that meeting. In May 2014, the union filed a second-stage
grievance form related to this complaint. It alleged that Ford had wrongly placed Saunders on
NWA status in December of an unspecified year (presumably 2013) without first “walk[ing]
[Saunders] thru the final area and go[ing] by a list from the company that has the lowest
assembler to the [h]ighest assembler to see if he could do one [of] those jobs.”
 No. 17-5277                   Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                         Page 5


       3. EEOC charges

       Saunders filed two charges with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC). His first EEOC charge related to a position he held in Minneapolis, before he became a
torque inspector. The EEOC concluded that no discrimination had occurred, and Saunders did
not pursue a lawsuit against Ford related to that charge. Saunders filed his second EEOC charge
in August 2013, arguing that he should have been allowed to stay in his temporary torque-route
inspector job in January 2013. Ford found Saunders a temporary job in the trim department in
September 2013, which resolved his second EEOC charge.

       4. Workers’ compensation claim

       Saunders also sought to reopen his original workers’ compensation claim (from his 2001
injury) in July 2013. Even though he had already exhausted his workers’ compensation benefits,
Saunders hoped that reopening his claim would force Ford to find him a permanent assignment
and end his repeated bouts of being placed on NWA status. The workers’ compensation claim
prompted Ford to make a settlement offer of $100,000 in exchange for, among other things,
Saunders’s resignation from Ford. Saunders declined the settlement offer.

B. Procedural background

       Saunders filed suit in a Kentucky state court, alleging that Ford and its supervisory
employees Jeff Marzian and Karen Morrison (collectively, “Ford”) discriminated against him on
the basis of disability and retaliated against him for filing (1) a discrimination charge with the
EEOC, (2) a workers’ compensation claim, and (3) grievances with his union. Ford removed the
case to the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky, arguing that
Saunders’s state-law claims were completely preempted by § 301 of the LMRA because they
depended on or required interpretation of the CBA that governs Saunders’s employment.

       After the close of discovery and Saunders’s filing of an amended complaint, Ford moved
for summary judgment. The district court granted the motion, holding that all of Saunders’s
state-law claims, other than his workers’ compensation retaliation claim, were completely
preempted by § 301 of the LMRA. Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., No. 3:14-CV-00594-JHM,
 No. 17-5277                   Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                          Page 6


2016 WL 6868155, at *3–*8 (W.D. Ky. Nov. 18, 2016). Rather than dismiss the state-law
claims, however, the court recharacterized them as § 301 claims. Id. at *8. Saunders does not
challenge this recharacterization on appeal.

       The district court subsequently concluded that Saunders failed to produce sufficient
evidence from which a jury could find in his favor on either his § 301 claims or his workers’
compensation retaliation claim.     Id. at *8–10.    Accordingly, it granted Ford’s motion for
summary judgment.      Id. at *8, *10.    Saunders then filed a motion to vacate the entry of
judgment, which the court denied. This timely appeal followed.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of review

       We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Watson v. Cartee,
817 F.3d 299, 302 (6th Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is appropriate when no genuine dispute
of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists “if the evidence is such that a reasonable
jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 248 (1986). The moving party bears the burden to “demonstrate the absence of a genuine
[dispute] of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Finally, “[i]n
making this assessment, [the court] must view all evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.” Tennial v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 840 F.3d 292, 301 (6th Cir. 2016).

B. The CBA

       1. Medical-placement procedures

       Seniority governs much of Ford’s employment policies. As stated in Article IV, § 2, of
the CBA, “Promotions shall be based primarily upon merit and ability, but where these are equal,
the employee having the greatest seniority shall receive preference.”        The CBA, however,
provides an exception to the seniority rules when it comes to medically restricted workers: “Any
employee who has been incapacitated at his regular work by injury . . . while employed by the
Company may be employed in other work, in the plant or in any Unit of a multi-unit plant, which
 No. 17-5277                   Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                          Page 7


he can do at the discretion of the Company after consultation with the Union without regard to
any seniority provisions.”    CBA art. VIII, § 27.      Under this provision, in other words, a
medically restricted worker can displace a more senior worker who is not medically restricted.
But this exception to the seniority rules does not apply “when a disparity in seniority of more
than two years exists.” Id.

       A 2013 Letter of Understanding negotiated between Ford and UAW Local 862 provides a
detailed procedure for medical placement at the Louisville Plant. Under the procedures set forth
in the Letter, plant management must “attempt to place restricted personnel on appropriate
operations consistent with their capabilities, limitations and seniority prior to placing them on No
Work Available.”

       To facilitate this process, a Plant Placement Committee (also known as the Medical
Placement Committee) meets periodically to make medical placements. The Committee consists
of the relevant department’s team manager, the relevant bargaining unit’s union representative,
and the unit’s health and safety representative. A plant physician, staff nurse, human resource
associate, safety engineer, plant ergonomist, physical therapist, and worker compensation
representative also participate in the Committee meetings. The Committee “review[s] [plant]
operations starting with the lowest seniority employee within the department of the restricted
employee for placement” with the assistance of the plant’s medical staff. This means that lower
seniority workers are the most exposed to displacement by medically restricted workers.

       If the initial review identifies no placement opportunity, then the Committee is authorized
to exercise the seniority exception set forth in Article VIII, § 27 of the CBA and place medically
restricted workers in positions occupied by workers up to two years ahead of them in seniority.
The Letter further provides that the Committee’s review must include efforts to place workers in
“nontraditional capacities such as sorting, inspecting, driving[,] etc.” prior to placing them on
NWA status.

       2. Grievance procedures

       Article VII of the CBA sets forth grievance procedures by which workers can challenge
actions taken by Ford that they believe violate the agreement. The CBA expressly provides that
 No. 17-5277                   Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                          Page 8


any grievance “that either (a) is not processed or (b) is disposed of in accordance with this
Grievance Procedure shall be considered settled, and such settlement shall be final and binding
upon the Company, the employee or employees involved, and the Union and its members.”
CBA, art. VII, § 1.

        Ford workers must first attempt to resolve grievances against the company through
informal oral conversations with either their supervisor or their union representative. Id. § 2(a).
If an oral conversation between the employee or the employee’s union representative and the
employee’s supervisor does not resolve the issue, then the union representative “shall meet with
the Superintendent” who oversees the worker’s supervisor “and another representative
designated by the local plant Management to discuss the grievance within two working days.”
Id. § 2(b).

        The failure of this first-stage process to resolve grievances triggers the second stage of
the process for those grievances that the union “believes . . . to be well founded.” Id. § 2(d). At
the second stage, a union representative must reduce the grievance to writing within two working
days after the conclusion of the oral discussions. Id. §§ 2(d), 3(a). The union must then present
the grievance to Ford management within one week. Id. § 3(b). A Unit Committee comprised of
union and Ford representatives meets weekly to discuss pending written grievances, id. § 3(c),
and the company must issue a written decision responding to each grievance within one week
after the meeting at which the grievance is discussed, id. § 3(f). Under the CBA, the union
“ha[s] power to withdraw a Second Stage Grievance.” Id. § 3(e).

        But the union may, if it “considers the grievance to be well founded,” appeal an
unfavorable decision to the Plant Review Board (a panel comprised of three union and three Ford
representatives) within one week of the issuance of a written second-stage decision. Id. § 4, 4(a),
(d). Ford must then issue a written decision within one week of the Review Board’s meeting to
discuss a third-stage grievance. Id. § 4(g). Under the CBA, the union “ha[s] power to withdraw
a Third Stage Grievance.” Id. § 4(h).

        The union may, however, appeal an unfavorable third-stage decision to an impartial
“Umpire” within four weeks of the issuance of the Review Board’s written decision. Id. § 8. An
 No. 17-5277                   Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                          Page 9


Umpire’s ruling is “final and binding on the Union, its members, the employee or employees
involved and the Company,” and “[n]either the Union nor its members will attempt to bring
about the settlement of any claim or issue on which the Umpire is empowered to rule by any
other means.” Id. § 19. In other words, the CBA prohibits employees from litigating contractual
disputes. See id.

C. Claims under § 301 of the LMRA

       Although Article VII, § 19 of the CBA prohibits workers from litigating contractual
disputes with the company, the Supreme Court has recognized that such contractual provisions
“work[] an unacceptable injustice when the union representing the employee in the
grievance/arbitration procedure acts in such a discriminatory, dishonest, arbitrary, or perfunctory
fashion as to breach its duty of fair representation.” DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters,
462 U.S. 151, 164 (1983). Under such circumstances, an employee may bring a suit pursuant to
§ 301 of the LMRA. Section 301 provides a cause of action for litigants bringing suits in federal
court to challenge “violation of contracts between an employer and a labor organization
representing employees in an industry affecting commerce.” 29 U.S.C. § 185(a). Such suits can
be brought against “the employer and[/or] the union, notwithstanding the outcome or finality of
the grievance or arbitration proceeding.” DelCostello, 462 U.S. at 164–65. And employees as
well as unions may initiate § 301 suits. Smith v. Evening News Ass’n, 371 U.S. 195, 200 (1962).

       The Supreme Court has characterized employee actions under § 301 as “hybrid” suits
containing “two causes of action,” one against the employer for breach of the CBA and another
against the union for “breach of the union’s duty of fair representation, which is implied under
the scheme of the National Labor Relations Act.” DelCostello, 462 U.S. at 164–65. “A breach
of the statutory duty of fair representation occurs only when a union’s conduct toward a member
of the collective bargaining unit is arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.” Vaca v. Sipes, 386
U.S. 171, 190 (1967). Whether or not the employee elects to sue the employer, the union, or
both, the employee must prove (1) a breach of the CBA, and (2) a breach of the union’s duty of
fair representation. DelCostello, 462 U.S. at 165.
 No. 17-5277                   Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                        Page 10


       Saunders’s amended complaint, the operative one in this action, alleges several violations
of Kentucky law that the district court recharacterized as claims brought pursuant to § 301 of the
LMRA. Saunders, 2016 WL 6868155, at *8. Although § 301 provides a narrow exception to
the grievance procedures outlined in the Ford-UAW CBA, “[a]n employee seeking a remedy for
an alleged breach” of a CBA “must attempt to exhaust any exclusive grievance and arbitration
procedures established by that agreement before he may maintain a suit against his union or
employer under § 301(a) of the Labor Management Relations Act.” Clayton v. UAW, 451 U.S.
679, 681 (1981). The district court therefore correctly confined its review of Saunders’s § 301
claims to the issues raised in Saunders’s April 2013 and December 2013 grievances.

       1. The April 2013 grievance

       Saunders has provided no evidence that the UAW breached its duty of fair representation
in connection with his April 2013 grievance. He argues that UAW official Herb Hibbs’s
deposition testimony that the union filed one of Saunders’s grievances only to “appease” him
supports his claim. But Hibbs’s deposition testimony refers to the December 2013 grievance, not
the April 2013 grievance. And even if Hibbs had been discussing the earlier grievance, the
primary thrust of the remark is that the union surpassed its duty of fair representation by filing
the grievance on Saunders’s behalf even though it felt that the claim lacked merit.

       More generally, Saunders argues that the union “fail[ed] to fully pursue” his grievances
and instead “merely put forth a token effort to address the problem.” The union, however,
pursued Saunders’s April 2013 grievance to the second stage of the process by pressing his
concern that he and other NWA-status workers were not given priority in 2013 when temporary
driving jobs became available. Ford issued a decision in response that justified its actions on the
basis that the positions “are not considered permanent available positions, where NWA
employees would be called in to fill.” Even though the union had no obligation to do so if it did
not believe the grievance was “well founded,” see CBA art. VII, § 4, the UAW appealed that
determination to the Plant Review Board (an appeal that it withdrew at a later date).

       Based on the record, the April 2013 grievance does not appear to be entirely meritless.
The Louisville Plant’s medical-placement procedures make clear that “nontraditional capacities
 No. 17-5277                    Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                         Page 11


such as sorting, inspecting, driving[,] etc.” must be exhausted “prior to placing . . . [an] employee
on NWA.” Nothing in the record limits the prioritization of medically restricted workers to only
permanent available positions. But Ford’s appellate counsel explained at oral argument that, as a
practical matter, the company could not have placed Saunders or other medically restricted
workers in the temporary driving positions at issue in the grievance due to the very brief duration
of the job (at most two weeks) when the Medical Placement Committee meets only once per
week.

        Saunders, of course, is not bound by Ford’s explanation for why it did not place him or
other NWA workers in the temporary driving positions. His insurmountable legal problem,
however, is that “a breach of the duty of fair representation is not established merely by proof
that the underlying grievance was meritorious.” Vaca, 386 U.S. at 195. Section 301 does not
permit the court to second-guess the union’s apparent determination that the April 2013
grievance lacked merit after it diligently filed the grievance, gathered evidence and argued
Saunders’s case during second-stage proceedings, and appealed the negative determination to the
Review Board. See id. at 194. The district court therefore did not err in granting summary
judgment in favor of Ford on the claim arising out of Saunders’s April 2013 grievance.

        2. The December 2013 grievance

        Turning now to Saunders’s claim arising out of his December 2013 grievance, Ford
argues that the claim is time-barred. A six-month statute of limitations applies to hybrid § 301
suits. Garrish v. UAW, 417 F.3d 590, 594 (6th Cir. 2005). “Such a claim accrues when an
employee discovers, or should have discovered with [the] exercise of due diligence, acts giving
rise to the cause of action.” Wilson v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffers, Warehousemen &
Helpers of Am., AFL-CIO, 83 F.3d 747, 757 (6th Cir. 1996). Accordingly, “a party is not
required to sue on a hybrid claim until . . . the party reasonably should know that the union has
abandoned the party’s claim.” Id.

        Saunders filed this suit in a Kentucky state court on July 30, 2014. Any § 301 claim that
accrued prior to January 30, 2014, is therefore time-barred.          Saunders’s December 2013
grievance was the subject of a December 16, 2013, meeting among UAW official Fred Willard, a
 No. 17-5277                    Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                     Page 12


nurse, and a member of the Medical Placement Committee. If the union believed the grievance
to be well founded, it had two working days after that meeting to reduce it to writing as part of
the second stage of the grievance process. See CBA, art. VII, §§ 2(d), 3(a). The union declined
to do so, ending the Grievance Procedure and disposing of the grievance. See id. § 1. Any claim
arising from the union’s decision not to pursue this grievance therefore began to accrue on
December 19, 2013, and had expired by the time Saunders filed this action in Kentucky state
court on July 30, 2014.

       The union’s belated filing of a second stage grievance in May 2014 does not change this
analysis. Only the union’s decision not to pursue the December 2013 grievance within the
two-day window provided under the CBA could be construed as a breach.               The union’s
subsequent acquiescence to Saunders’s complaints of nonaction in May 2014 does not change
the fact that the contractual Grievance Procedure began in December 2013 and that the union
elected not to pursue his grievance within the contractual window, which closed on December
18, 2013. Because Saunders’s § 301 claim arising out of the December 2013 grievance expired
over a month before he initiated suit, it is time-barred.

D. Workers’ compensation claim

       This brings us to Saunders’s final claim, which alleges that Ford violated Kentucky law
by retaliating against him for reopening his workers’ compensation claim in July 2013.
Kentucky law prohibits employees from being “harassed, coerced, discharged, or discriminated
against in any manner whatsoever for filing and pursuing a lawful” workers’ compensation
claim. Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 342.197(1).

       Claims under this statute are analyzed under a burden-shifting framework that requires
the employee to establish a prima facie case of workers’ compensation retaliation. Colorama,
Inc. v. Johnson, 295 S.W.3d 148, 152 (Ky. Ct. App. 2009). Saunders argues that the district
court erred in analyzing his claim using the burden-shifting framework. But his sole authority
for this argument is a Harvard Law Review article that catalogues concurrences by Justice Scalia
criticizing such legal tests. Needless to say, neither a law-review article nor Justice Scalia’s
concurrences bind us in analyzing Saunders’s workers’ compensation claim under Kentucky law.
 No. 17-5277                     Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                        Page 13


          If an employee is able to establish a prima facie case of workers’ compensation
retaliation under Kentucky law, then the burden shifts to the employer to provide a legitimate,
non-retaliatory reason for its conduct, which the employee then has the opportunity to expose as
pretextual by a preponderance of the evidence.              Dollar Gen. Partners v. Upchurch,
214 S.W.3d 910, 915–16 (Ky. Ct. App. 2006). A prima facie case of workers’ compensation
retaliation under Kentucky law requires evidence that “(1) [the plaintiff] engaged in a protected
activity; (2) the defendant knew that the plaintiff had done so; (3) adverse employment action
was taken; and (4) that there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the
adverse employment action.” Colorama, 295 S.W.3d at 152 (quoting Dollar Gen. Partners,
214 S.W.3d at 915).

          Saunders asserts that Ford’s efforts to, in his view, force him to resign his position as a
condition for settling his workers’ compensation claim constitutes an adverse employment
action. But Saunders did not accept the settlement offer and continues to work for Ford to this
day. An adverse employment action is one that materially alters the terms and conditions of an
individual’s employment. See Brooks v. Lexington-Fayette Urban Hous. Auth., 132 S.W.3d 790,
803–04 (Ky. 2004) (defining an adverse employment action in the context of an employer’s
alleged retaliation for the employee’s filing of an employment-discrimination complaint). The
district court properly concluded that the rejected settlement offer did not constitute an adverse
employment action because it did not change the terms and conditions of Saunders’s
employment. See Saunders, 2016 WL 6868155, at *9.

          As an alternative basis for his workers’ compensation retaliation claim, Saunders asserts
that his placement on NWA status on August 27, 2013, amounted to an adverse employment
action.     But the district court held that Saunders provided insufficient proof of a causal
connection between the reopening of his workers’ compensation claim on July 9, 2013, and his
placement on NWA status a month and a half later because he provided no evidence connecting
the two events beyond the attenuated temporal proximity. Saunders, 2016 WL 6868155, at *9.
The court also held that, even if Saunders had established a prima facie case based on his
placement on NWA status, “Ford . . . presented ample evidence that Saunders’ placement on
NWA status was done for a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason. Specifically, Ford has offered
 No. 17-5277                   Saunders v. Ford Motor Co., et al.                       Page 14


proof that it placed Saunders on NWA [status] because Saunders had complained about paint
fumes bothering him in his [then-]current job in the paint department.” Id. at *10.

       Ford’s medical department added restrictions to Saunders’s file that required his removal
from the paint department only after Saunders visited the medical department following his first
and second days on that job and after he obtained a note from his personal physician, Dr. Jeff
Anderson, requesting that Saunders be removed from the assignment.             And even though
Saunders initiated the process that resulted in his removal from the medical placement, Ford took
additional steps to try to avoid his return to NWA status. Dr. Lawrence Simpson from Ford’s
medical department visited the paint department following Saunders’s complaints to assess the
ventilation, temperature, odor, lighting, and safety equipment in the department. He identified
“no definite work causation for Mr. Saunders[’s] symptoms.”

       When Saunders returned to the medical department with a note requesting his removal
from the paint department, another Ford doctor called Dr. Anderson and pressed him on whether
a “direct correlation” existed between Saunders’s symptoms and the conditions in the paint
department. Only after attempting to mitigate any potential causes of Saunders’s symptoms and
consulting with Saunders’s personal physician did Ford place Saunders back on NWA status in
response to the new restrictions. Accordingly, the record demonstrates that Ford had a legitimate,
nonretaliatory reason for placing Saunders on NWA status that no reasonable juror could
conclude was pretextual. We therefore need not examine whether Saunders presented sufficient
proof of a causal connection between the reopening of his workers’ compensation claim and his
placement on NWA status a month and a half later.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

     For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgement of the district court.
