
Colorado Supreme Court Opinions || June 1, 2015


Colorado Supreme Court -- June 1, 2015
2015 CO 36. No. 12SC236. People v. Davis.



The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado 
	2 East 14th Avenue â¢ Denver, Colorado 80203 
	



2015 CO 36


Supreme Court Case No. 12SC236 
Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals 
		Court of Appeals Case No. 07CA1955


Petitioner/Cross-Respondent: 
		The People of the State of Colorado,
		v.
Respondent/Cross-Petitioner: 
		Rashaim Malique Davis.


Judgment Reversed 
en banc

		June 1, 2015


Attorneys for Petitioner/Cross-Respondent: 
		Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General
		Matthew S. Holman, First Assistant Attorney General

Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent/Cross-Petitioner: D
		ouglas K. Wilson, Public Defender
		Lynn Noesner, Deputy Public Defender

Denver, Colorado


CHIEF JUSTICE RICE delivered the Opinion of the Court.
	Â 


		Â¶1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We consider whether to adopt, pursuant to the United States Supreme Courtâs decision in Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), a new competency standard for mentally ill defendants who wish to waive the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. We decline to create such a standard because our existing two-part framework for determining whether a defendant has validly waived the right to counsel affords trial courts sufficient discretion to consider a defendantâs mental illness. As such, we reverse the court of appealsâ decision to create a new standard in light of Edwards.

		Â¶2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We also consider whether the court of appeals violated double jeopardy principles when it failed to order the trial court to merge Respondent/Cross-Petitioner Rashaim Malique Davisâs possession and distribution convictions during sentencing. Relying on our decision in People v. Abiodun, 111 P.3d 462, 465 (Colo. 2005), we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals on this double jeopardy question.1

I. Facts and Procedural History

		Â¶3&Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The People charged Davis with possession and distribution of a schedule II controlled substance after Davis allegedly sold 0.372 grams of crack cocaine to an undercover detective.2 The state appointed a series of attorneys to represent Davis inÂ the matter. Davis refused to cooperate with any of his lawyers. He also threatened to harm at least one lawyer and warned an investigator from the public defenderâs office that he might harm her if she made him uncomfortable. Several of Davisâs lawyers questioned whether Davis was competent to proceed because Davis would not respond to his lawyersâ efforts to communicate with him and at times âexhibit[ed] [a] flat affect, bordering on catatonic.â



		Â¶4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The trial court ordered Davis to undergo a competency evaluation. One evaluation turned into three as Davis refused to cooperate with any of the evaluating doctors. The doctors reported Davisâs history of mental illness and noted his silence and lack of expression. One evaluator surmised that Davisâs behavior could be âsymptomatic of paranoid schizophrenia or some other mental disease or defect.â None of the doctors, however, deemed Davis incompetent. The trial court found Davis competent to stand trial based on these evaluations.

		Â¶5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Prior to trial, Davis told the trial court that he wanted to represent himself. The trial court advised Davis pursuant to People v. Arguello, 772 P.2d 87 (Colo. 1989). Davis told the trial court that he was taking Wellbutrin, an antidepressant, for his âbipolarismâ and âmental condition as far as . . . not trusting people.â Davis also told the trial court that his mistrust of his lawyers resulted from paranoia that the Wellbutrin did not completely control.Â 



		Â¶6Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  After this colloquy, and upon hearing arguments that Davis should not be allowed to represent himself from both the prosecutor and defense counsel, the trial court found that Davis was unable to voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waive his right to counsel. Davis then filed several pro-se motions to dismiss his lawyer. During a hearing on the motions, the trial court again advised Davis pursuant to Arguello, heard arguments from the prosecutor and the defense attorney, and denied Davisâs request to proceed pro se.

		Â¶7Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The trial court elaborated upon its oral denial of Davisâs motions in a detailed written order. The order discussed the three competency evaluations, Davisâs conduct in court, and Davisâs interactions with his lawyers. Based on the totality of the circumstances, the trial court concluded:

		[Davisâs] desire to represent himself is being driven, at least in part, by the same personality disorders that caused him to stare motionless at court appearances, to sit silently before examining psychiatrists, to refuse to cooperate with his own lawyers, and to refuse, until recently, to answer this Courtâs questions about his desire for self-representation. That is, I conclude that [Davis] has not voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently waived his right to counsel, but instead that his purported waiver is the product of his depression, antisocial personality features and perhaps other mental problems.

		Â¶8Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The case proceeded to trial with Davis represented by court-appointed counsel. The undercover officer who bought drugs from Davis testified that he âasked [Davis] for a 40. [Davis] then removed suspected crack cocaine from a baggie and then handed me an amount of crack cocaine.â The prosecution relied on this testimony to argue that Davis should be convicted of possession and distribution of different quanta of drugs. A jury found Davis guilty of both possession and distribution of crack cocaine. The trialÂ court sentenced Davis to the Department of Corrections for one year for the possession conviction and twelve years for the distribution conviction. Davis appealed both the trial courtâs denial of his request to represent himself and his subsequent convictions to the court of appeals.



		Â¶9Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The court of appeals reversed the trial courtâs order denying Davisâs request to represent himself. People v. Davis, 2012 COA 1, Â¶Â¶ 57â59, __ P.3d __. Citing the United States Supreme Courtâs decision in Edwards, 554 U.S. at 171, the court of appeals prescribed a new standard for evaluating a criminal defendantâs competency to waive the right to counsel. Davis, Â¶ 54. It then remanded the case to the trial court to analyze the pretrial record under the new standard. Id. at Â¶ 60.

		Â¶10Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The court of appeals additionally upheld both of Davisâs convictions. It reasoned that âthe evidence was sufficient to support a finding that the possession and distribution charges were each based on a different quantum of drugs,â and therefore, Davisâs âconviction on both counts does not violate double jeopardy principles.â Id. at Â¶ 84. Writing in dissent, Judge Russel opined that âthe evidence does not support a finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant possessed a share of drugs different from the one that he gave to the undercover officer.â Id. at Â¶ 104.

		Â¶11Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Both the People and Davis petitioned this court for certiorari review of the court of appealsâ opinion. We granted certiorari to address both the Edwards question and the double jeopardy issue. We first examine whether to adopt a new competency standard for mentally ill defendants pursuant to Edwards.Â 



II. Colorado Law Does Not Require an Edwards Standard

		Â¶12Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The existing two-part, totality-of-the-circumstances analysis to determine whether a defendant has validly waived the right to counsel affords trial courts sufficient discretion to consider a defendantâs mental illness. In doing so, this framework properly balances a defendantâs Sixth Amendment right to self-representation with the right to a fair trial as contemplated by the United States Supreme Court in Edwards. We therefore need not adopt an additional standard for determining whether a defendant is competent to waive the right to counsel.

		Â¶13Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  After providing the applicable standard of review, we describe how trial courts may consider a defendantâs mental illness when applying the existing two-part framework for determining whether a defendant has validly waived the right to counsel. Then, we discuss why Colorado law does not require an additional competency standard for mentally ill defendants in light of Edwards. 

A. Standard of Review

		Â¶14Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We review questions of law, such as whether to adopt a new standard under Edwards, de novo. See Lucero v. People, 2012 CO 7, Â¶ 19, 272 P.3d 1063, 1065.

B. Waiver of the Right to Counsel

		Â¶15Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to represent himself. U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV; Colo. Const. art. II, Â§ 16; Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 818â19 (1975) (holding that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments imply the right to self-representation). A defendant must validly waive his constitutional right to counsel to exercise the right to self-representation. See Arguello, 772 P.2d at 93. Under existing law, a defendant validly waives the right to counsel if he (1) is competent to waive the right, and (2) makes the waiver voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently. See id.; see also Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 400â01 (1993).



		Â¶16Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  A defendant is competent to waive the right to counsel if he meets the threshold standard for competence to stand trial articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960) (per curiam). Godinez, 509 U.S. at 398 (applying the Dusky standard to determine the defendantâs competence to waive the right to counsel). Specifically, a defendant is competent to waive the right to counsel if he has âsufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding[] and . . . has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him.â Dusky, 362 U.S. at 402.

		Â¶17Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  If a trial court finds that a defendant fails to meet this standard, then the defendant may not waive the right to counsel. See Godinez, 509 U.S. at 399. If the defendant satisfies the Dusky competency standard, however, he may waive the right to counsel if his waiver is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Arguello, 772 P.2d at 94; see also Faretta, 422 U.S. at 807 (holding that one must voluntarily and intelligently waive the right to counsel).

		Â¶18Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  A âvoluntaryâ waiver, like any voluntary statement, is one that âwas not extracted by threats or violence, promises, or undue influence.â People v. Smith, 716 P.2d 1115, 1118 (Colo. 1986) (defining âvoluntary statementâ in the context of admissibility). Trial courts evaluate whether a defendantâs waiver is voluntary âon the basis of the totality of the circumstances under which it is given.â People v. Raffaelli,Â 647 P.2d 230, 235 (Colo. 1982). A defendantâs mental illness âis one factor to be considered in determining whether the statement was voluntary,â Smith, 716 P.2d at 1118 (citing Raffaelli, 647 P.2d at 235), because mental illness could impact whether the defendantâs statement arose due to threats, promises, or undue influence.



		Â¶19Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  If the trial court finds that the defendant has made a voluntary waiver, it must also determine whether the waiver was knowing and intelligent. Arguello, 772 P.2d at 94. A waiver is knowing and intelligent when the totality of the circumstances demonstrates that the defendant âunderstands the nature of the charges, the statutory offenses included within them, the range of allowable punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and circumstances in mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the whole matter.â Id.

		Â¶20Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Even if the defendant is found competent, his mental illness can impact whether he makes a knowing and intelligent waiver because the illness might prevent him from broadly understanding the charges, punishments, defenses, and other essential facts of the case. As such, the trial court may consider the defendantâs mental illness during its totality-of-the-circumstances analysis to determine whether the waiver was knowing and intelligent. See id. at 96 (implying that trial courts may consider a competent defendantâs mental illness when assessing the validity of the waiver of the right to counsel); see also Maynard v. Boone, 468 F.3d 665, 677 (10th Cir. 2006) (considering defendantâs mental condition in determining whether waiver of counsel was knowing and intelligent in a federal habeas corpus case).



		Â¶21Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  If the trial court finds that a competent defendant has made a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of his right to counsel, then the waiver is valid and the trial court will allow the defendant to proceed pro se. If, on the other hand, the trial court finds that the totality of the circumstances shows the competent defendant has not voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived the right, then the trial court will âinsist upon representation by counsel.â Edwards, 554 U.S. at 178.

C. Colorado Law Does Not Require an Edwards Standard

		Â¶22Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  As described above, Coloradoâs totality-of-the-circumstances analysis for a valid waiver of the right to counsel affords trial courts sufficient discretion to consider a defendantâs mental illness. This framework protects defendantsâ Sixth Amendment right to self-representation and the right to a fair trial. Accordingly, Colorado law already provides what the Supreme Court sought in Edwards: an analytical scheme that appropriately considers whether mental illness should prevent the defendant from representing himself at trial. See id. at 177â78 (â[T]he Constitution permits judges to take realistic account of the particular defendantâs mental capacities . . . [and] insist upon representation by counsel for those competent enough to stand trial under Dusky but who still suffer from severe mental illnessâ such that they cannot represent themselves.).

		Â¶23Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  In Edwards, the Court considered the constitutional implications of requiring trial representation for a defendant who was competent under Dusky, but whose mental illness called into question whether the defendant could represent himself at trial. See id. at 174â78. The Court held that the Constitution âpermits a State to limitÂ [the] defendantâs self-representation right by insisting upon representation by counsel at trial[] on the ground that the defendant lacks the mental capacity to conduct his trial defense unless represented.â Id. at 174.



		Â¶24Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  In so holding, the Court recognized the complexities of addressing mental illness, reasoning that âthe trial judge . . . will often prove best able to make more fine-tuned mental capacity decisions, tailored to the individualized circumstances of a particular defendant.â Id. at 177. Although it âcaution[ed] against the use of a single mental competency standard for deciding both (1) whether a defendant who is represented by counsel can proceed to trial and (2) whether a defendant who goes to trial must be permitted to represent himself,â id. at 175, the Court did not prescribe an additional competency standard, nor did it require states to adopt their own. See id. at 178; see also United States v. DeShazer, 554 F.3d 1281, 1290 (10th Cir. 2009) (â[T]he Edwards Court held only that the Constitution permits States to insist upon representation by counsel for those competent enough to stand trial . . . but who still suffer from severe mental illness to the point where theyâ cannot navigate trial proceedings by themselves. (omission in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Edwards therefore stands for the proposition that a trial court may, based on the totality of the circumstances of a particular case, determine that mental illness prevents a defendant from validly waiving the right to counsel even if the defendant is competent under Dusky.

		Â¶25Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Coloradoâs existing analytical framework provides the standards necessary for trial courts to exercise the discretion described in Edwards. The frameworkâs two-part structure allows trial courts to first consider a defendantâs mental illness when assessingÂ the defendantâs competence to waive the right to counsel under Dusky. It then allows mental illness to factor into the trial courtâs calculus again when considering whether the defendantâs waiver of the right to counsel is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. As such, existing law accomplishes the Edwards Courtâs objective for trial courts to consider more than just Dusky when analyzing a mentally ill defendantâs waiver of the right to counsel. See Edwards, 554 U.S. at 175.



		Â¶26Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The two-part waiver analysis also adequately balances the need to protect the Sixth Amendment right to self-representation with the due process and fairness concerns that can arise when a mentally ill defendant chooses to proceed pro se. The first piece of the framework affords defendants ample opportunity to waive the right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment because the minimal Dusky standard requires only a low-level, rational understanding of the proceedings to show the defendantâs competence to waive. So long as a minimally competent defendant then provides a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel pursuant to Arguello, that defendant may proceed without counsel at trial per the Sixth Amendment.

		Â¶27Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  In addition, the second prong of the valid waiver analysis protects the defendantâs right to a fair trial by affording trial courts discretion to consider a competent defendantâs mental illness when analyzing whether the defendantâs waiver was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. In recognizing the right to self-representation, the Supreme Court also recognized that this right âis not absolute.â Id. at 171. Not only can allowing certain mentally ill defendants to represent themselves create a âspectacleâ that could prove âhumiliating,â but such a practice could âundercut[] the most basic ofÂ the Constitutionâs criminal law objectives, providing a fair trial.â Id. at 176â77. By giving trial courts discretion to consider the defendantâs mental illness when assessing whether the defendant offers a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver, Colorado law equips trial courts to protect the right to a fair trial when a competent defendantâs waiver does not satisfy Arguello. Thus, existing law strikes the appropriate balance between honoring the defendantâs Sixth Amendment rights and protecting the basic fairness due process requires. We see no need to add another layer of analysis to this framework.



		Â¶28Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We therefore reverse the court of appealsâ holding that trial courts should consider whether a defendant is âunable to carry out the basic tasks needed to present his defense in counselâs absenceâ before deciding whether the defendant may waive his right to counsel. Davis, Â¶ 54. We also reverse the court of appealsâ decision to remand this case to the trial court to apply that unnecessary standard because the trial court properly applied existing law. See id. at Â¶ 61.

		Â¶29Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We now turn to the unrelated issue of whether double jeopardy and merger principles require the trial court to vacate Davisâs possession conviction.

III. Possession Merges into Distribution When Both Convictions Arise from the Same Quantum of Drugs

		Â¶30Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We hold that double jeopardy and merger principles require the trial court to vacate Davisâs possession conviction because the evidence at trial did not support a finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Davis possessed a quantum of drugs different from the one he gave the undercover officer. Accordingly, we reverse the court ofÂ appealsâ holding that âthe evidence was sufficient to support a finding that the possession and distribution charges were each based on a different quantum of drugsâ and therefore did ânot violate double jeopardy principles.â Id. at Â¶ 84.



		Â¶31Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  After providing the standard of review, we summarize the double jeopardy, merger, and sufficiency-of-the-evidence tenets that control our holding. We then apply those principles to the record in this case.

A. Standard of Review

		Â¶32Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Appellate courts review errors that were not preserved by objection under a plain error standard. Hagos v. People, 2012 CO 63, Â¶ 14, 288 P.3d 116, 120. Plain error is âobvious and substantial,â id., and must have âso undermined the fundamental fairness of the [proceeding] so as to cast serious doubt on the reliability of the judgmentâ to merit reversal, People v. Miller, 113 P.3d 743, 750 (Colo. 2005).

		Â¶33Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We apply the plain error standard in this instance because defense counsel did not object to the trial courtâs failure to merge Davisâs possession and distribution convictions at sentencing.

B. Double Jeopardy and Merger

		Â¶34Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The double jeopardy clauses of the United States and Colorado Constitutions prohibit multiple punishments for the same offense. U.S. Const. amends. V, XIV; Colo. Const. art. II, Â§ 18; Patton v. People, 35 P.3d 124, 128â29 (Colo. 2001). Although the legislature may define multiple offenses and authorize multiple punishments based on the same behavior, People v. Leske, 957 P.2d 1030, 1035 (Colo. 1998), a defendant may not be punished multiple times for the same conduct if â[o]ne offense is included in theÂ other,â Â§ 18-1-408(1)(a), C.R.S. (2014). One offense is included in another if âproof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the [greater]â offense establishes the lesser offense. Abiodun, 111 P.3d at 465 (citing Â§ 18-1-408(5)(a)); see Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932).



		Â¶35Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Possession of a controlled substance under section 18-18-405, C.R.S. (2014), is a lesser included offense of distribution under that section when the possession and distribution charges arise out of actions involving a single âdiscrete quantum of drugs.â See Abiodun, 111 P.3d at 471.3 As such, convicting a defendant of possession and distribution of the same quantum of drugs violates the constitutional prohibition on double jeopardy. See id.; see also Â§ 18-1-408(1)(a). When a jury convicts a defendant for both possession and distribution of the same quantum of drugs, then, the trial court should merge the possession conviction into the distribution conviction for sentencing. See Abiodun, 111 P.3d at 471.

		Â¶36Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Therefore, whether Abiodun required Davisâs possession conviction to merge into his distribution conviction at sentencing hinges on whether the prosecution provided sufficient evidence to show the existence of more than one quantum of drugs. We turn now to the record to answer this sufficiency-of-the-evidence question.



C. Sufficiency of the Evidence

		Â¶37Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The evidence provided by the prosecution failed to sufficiently show that Davis possessed and distributed more than one quantum of drugs. To âassess the sufficiency of the evidence,â we consider âwhether any rational trier of fact might accept the evidence, taken as a whole and in the light most favorable to the prosecution, as sufficient to support a finding . . . beyond a reasonable doubt.â People v. Dunaway, 88 P.3d 619, 625 (Colo. 2004).

		Â¶38Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Here, the only evidence offered by the prosecution that could have supported the theory that Davisâs possession conviction related to a different quantum of drugs than that quantum underlying his distribution conviction was the following trial testimony from the undercover officer: âI asked [Davis] for a 40. He then removed suspected crack cocaine from a baggie and then handed me an amount of crack cocaine.â

		Â¶39Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  The court of appeals majority reasoned that â[t]he jury could reasonably have inferred from this testimony that defendant handed the officer only some of the drugs that were in the baggie and kept the rest in his possession.â Davis, Â¶ 83. The court of appeals then concluded that this evidence âwas sufficient to support a finding that the possession and distribution charges were each based on a different quantum of drugs.â Id. at Â¶ 84. Writing in dissent, Judge Russel disagreed with the majorityâs sufficiency determination. See id. at Â¶ 104. In his view, âthe evidence does not support a finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant possessed a share of drugs different from the one that he gave to the undercover officer.â Id. We agree with Judge Russel.Â 



		Â¶40Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Although a reasonable trier of fact might have inferred from the undercover officerâs testimony that Davis possessed and distributed different quanta of drugs, the minimal evidence provided by the prosecution on the âquantum of drugsâ question does not establish such an inference beyond a reasonable doubt. A reasonable jury could have just as easily inferred that Davis gave all of the drugs he had in the baggie to the officer. The paltry evidence supporting a âmultiple quanta of drugsâ theory is therefore insufficient to prove that Davis possessed and distributed different quantities of crack cocaine. Accordingly, the double jeopardy and merger principles delineated in Abiodun apply in this case.

		Â¶41Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Because Abiodun applies here, the trial court obviously and substantially violated Davisâs right to avoid double jeopardy in a way that so undermined the fundamental fairness of the sentencing proceeding as to cast serious doubt on the reliability of the trial courtâs decision to sentence Davis to one year in prison for possession. See Miller, 113 P.3d at 750. The trial court therefore plainly erred when it failed to merge the possession conviction into the distribution conviction. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appealsâ affirmation of the trial courtâs error and remand to the court of appeals with instructions to remand to the trial court to vacate Davisâs conviction and sentence for possession.

IV. Conclusion

		Â¶42Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We decline to adopt a new competency standard for mentally ill defendants pursuant to Edwards because our existing two-part framework for determining whether a defendant has validly waived the right to counsel affords trial courtsÂ sufficient discretion to consider a defendantâs mental illness. As such, we reverse the court of appealsâ decision to create a new standard in light of Edwards.


	Â¶43Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  We also reverse the judgment of the court of appeals on the double jeopardy question because the evidence did not show the existence of more than one quantum of drugs beyond a reasonable doubt.


1 We granted certiorari to review the following issues:

	1. Whether, pursuant to Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), this court should adopt a standard of competency for pro se representation different than that established in Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960).

	2. Where the prosecution relied on the same quantum of drugs to support two convictions for distribution and possession, do double jeopardy and merger principles require that the possession conviction be vacated?

2 This case initially concerned three drug-related cases filed in Denver: 05CR1486, 05CR3846, and 06CR10189. We denied as improvidently granted the issue that arose out of the two 2005 cases: whether the defendant has a fundamental and personal constitutional right to seek to withdraw his guilty plea. As such, this opinion addresses only the two issues that arose out of 06CR10189. It therefore recites only the relevant facts of that case.

3 At the time the People charged Davis with possession and distribution in 2005, each charge represented a âstage[] in the commission of one crimeâ delineated in section 18-18-405(1). Abiodun, 111 P.3d at 468; see Â§ 18-18-405(1), C.R.S. (2005). Although the legislature subsequently removed possession without intent to distribute from section 18-18-405(1), simple possession of a discrete quantum of drugs remains a lesser included offense of distribution of that same quantum of drugs because the same or less than all of the facts required to establish distribution under revised section 18-18-405(1) establish possession under section 18-18-403.5(1), C.R.S. (2014).
These opinions are not final. They may be modified, changed or withdrawn in accordance with Rules 40 and 49 of the Colorado Appellate Rules. Changes to or modifications of these opinions resulting from any action taken by the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court are not incorporated here. 

Colorado Supreme Court Opinions || June 1, 2015


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