                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                    FILED
                        ________________________         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              December 9, 2005
                              No. 05-11973                  THOMAS K. KAHN
                          Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                        ________________________

                  D. C. Docket No. 04-00475-CR-T-30MSS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

EDINSON MAFLA LERMA,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.


                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Middle District of Florida
                      _________________________
                            (December 9, 2005)


Before TJOFLAT, BLACK and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Edinson Mafla Lerma, the appellant, was one of eight crew members aboard
a fishing vessel the U. S. Navy intercepted outside the Columbian, S.A., fishing

zone. The vessel was carrying 245 bales of cocaine, weighing approximately

5,512 kilograms. Lerma and his fellow crew members were brought to Tampa,

Florida and indicted. Count One of the indictment charged them with conspiracy

to possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine while aboard

a vessel, in violation of 46 App. U.S.C. § 1903(j) and 21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii);

Count Two charged them with possession of such quantity of cocaine with intent to

distribute, in violation of 46 App. U.S.C. § 1903(a) and 21 U.S.C. §

960(b)(1)(B)(ii). Lerma pled guilty to both counts, and the district court sentenced

him under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines to concurrent prison terms of 135

months.1 He now appeals his sentences.

       Lerma asks that we vacate his sentences and remand the case for

resentencing on the ground that the district court, in arriving at the appropriate

sentence range, erred in failing to reduce his offense level by two levels pursuant to

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 for playing only a minor role in the criminal activity. He

contends that his role was that of only a crew member or “mule,” there was no

evidence that he ever owned, sold, or distributed drugs in exchange for money, and

his role was clearly less than other participants in the drug conspiracy, such as the


       1
          The sentence range prescribed by the Sentencing Guidelines for Lerma’s offenses and
his criminal history category of I called for a prison term of 135 to 168 months.

                                               2
transporters and owners of the drugs.

       “This Court has long and repeatedly held that a district court’s determination

of a defendant’s role in the offense is a finding of fact to be reviewed only for clear

error.” 2 United States v. De Varon, 175 F.3d 930, 937 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc).

Section 3B1.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides for a four-level decrease to a

defendant’s offense level if the defendant was a minimal participant in any

criminal activity and a two-level decrease if the defendant was a minor participant

in any criminal activity. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2.

       A defendant who is a minimal participant is one who is plainly among the

least culpable of those involved in the conduct of a group. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2,

comment. (n.4). A defendant is a minor participant if he is less culpable than most

other participants, but whose role cannot be described as minimal. U.S.S.G.

§3B1.2, comment. (n. 3). In determining a defendant’s mitigating role in the

offense, the district court “must measure the defendant’s role against the relevant

conduct for which [he] was held accountable at sentencing ... [and] may also

measure the defendant’s role against the other participants ... in the relevant


       2
         In United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. __, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), the
Supreme Court excised 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e), which established the standards of review on
appeal. We have held, however, that pre-Booker standards for reviewing the district court’s
application of the Sentencing Guidelines, i.e., reviewing its findings of fact for clear error and
questions of law de novo, still apply. United States v. Crawford, 407 F.3d 1174, 1177-78 (11th
Cir. 2005).

                                                 3
conduct.” De Varon, 175 F.3d at 945. “The defendant bears the burden of proving

his minor role by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Boyd, 291

F.3d 1274, 1277 (11th Cir. 2002).

      The record in this case supports the district court’s finding that the relevant

conduct attributable to Lerma was not minor or minimal. With respect to the first

prong of the DeVaron analysis, the court held Lerma accountable only for the

possession of the 5,512 kilograms of cocaine. Therefore, his actual and relevant

conduct were one and the same. Where a drug courier’s relevant conduct is limited

to his own criminal act, a district court may legitimately conclude that the courier

played an important and essential role in that crime. See DeVaron, 175 F.3d at

942-43.

      With respect to the second prong of the DeVaron analysis, there is

insufficient evidence to show that Lerma was a minor or minimal participant in

comparison to others. In determining whether a defendant was less culpable than

others, “the district court should look to other participants only to the extent that

they are identifiable or discernible from the evidence.” Id. at 944. Here, the only

persons identifiable from the evidence are Lerma and the seven other crew

members of the vessel. Lerma argues that there were other individuals involved,

but proffered no evidence supporting this claim. We have made clear that, “where



                                            4
the relevant conduct attributed to a defendant is identical to [his] actual conduct,

[he] cannot prove that [he] is entitled to a [mitigating-role] adjustment simply by

pointing to some broader criminal scheme in which [he] was a minor participant

but for which [he] was not held accountable.” Id. at 941. Additionally, Lerma

provided no evidence that he was less culpable than the other crew members. He

claims that he was a only crew member, but he provided no evidence showing that

his responsibilities aboard the vessel were less vital to the enterprise than those of

the other crew members.

      To conclude, Lerma had the burden to prove he played a mitigating role, and

he did not meet his burden.

      AFFIRMED.




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