Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
Attorney for R.S.
JOHN T. WILSON                                     REBECCA L. MOSES
Anderson, Indiana                                  DCS, Henry County Office
                                                   New Castle, Indiana
Attorney for Ja. S.:
ANTHONY C. LAWRENCE                                ROBERT J. HENKE
Anderson, Indiana                                  DCS Central Administration
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana

                               IN THE
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                                Jan 27 2012, 9:20 am
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
                                                                                        CLERK
                                                                                      of the supreme court,

IN THE MATTER OF THE TERMINATION OF                )                                  court of appeals and
                                                                                             tax court


THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF                   )
J.S. and A.S., Minor Children,                     )
                                                   )
R.S., Mother, and Ja.S., Father,                   )
                                                   )
       Appellants-Respondents,                     )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )       No. 33A01-1106-JT-246
                                                   )
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD                        )
SERVICES,                                          )
                                                   )
       Appellee-Petitioner,                        )

                       APPEAL FROM THE HENRY CIRCUIT COURT
                             The Honorable Mary G. Willis, Judge
                        Cause Nos. 33C01-1101-JT-1, 33C01-1101-JT-2

                                        January 27, 2012

                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

MAY, Judge
       R.S. (“Mother”) and Ja.S. (“Father”) (“Parents”) appeal the termination of their

parental rights to J.S. and A.S. (“the Children”).      Parents assert the State provided

insufficient evidence to sustain the terminations. We affirm.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Mother and Father have two children, J.S., born on September 19, 2002, and A.S.,

born on December 3, 2004. The family was the subject of investigation by the Department of

Child Services (DCS) in November 2005, when DCS initiated a safety plan due to unstable

housing and Parents’ drug use. On February 22, 2006, DCS removed the Children from the

home due to Parents’ drug use and unstable housing, and on April 10, 2006, the Children

were adjudicated Children in Need of Services (CHINS). The case was closed on May 2,

2007, after Parents completed the required services, including parenting skills classes and

substance abuse treatment.

       On July 7, 2008, the Children again were adjudicated CHINS due to Parents’ drug use.

DCS provided services to address Parents’ substance abuse issues and parenting skills. DCS

also provided family and individual counseling for Parents and anger management skills

classes for Father. The Children were returned to Mother on September 4, 2009, after she

completed all the required services and agreed she would not allow any person who was

using drugs, including Father, in the presence of the Children.

       On December 3, 2009, Children were again removed from Mother’s care due to the

Parents’ drug use. Children were adjudicated as CHINS on December 18, and Mother and

Father were ordered to complete services. On July 24, 2010, DCS sought to discontinue

                                             2
reunification efforts between Parents and Children because Parents missed appointments,

continued to use drugs, and had not completed services offered by DCS. The juvenile court

denied DCS’s modification request, but authorized placing the Children in a pre-adoptive

home.

        On January 6, 2011, DCS filed a petition to involuntarily terminate Parents’ rights to

the Children. On April 18, the juvenile court heard evidence, and on May 11, the court

terminated Parents’ rights.

                              DISCUSSION AND DECISION

        We review termination of parental rights with great deference. In re K.S., D.S., and

B.G., 750 N.E.2d 832, 836 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). We will not reweigh evidence or judge

credibility of witnesses. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.

Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences most favorable to the

judgment. Id. In deference to the trial court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will

set aside a judgment terminating a parent’s rights only if it is clearly erroneous. In re L.S.,

717 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), reh’g denied, trans. denied, cert. denied 534 U.S.

1161 (2002).

        When, as here, a judgment contains specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon,

we apply a two-tiered standard of review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children,

839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). We determine first whether the evidence supports the

findings and second whether the findings support the judgment. Id. “Findings are clearly

erroneous only when the record contains no facts to support them either directly or by

                                              3
inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and

inferences support the trial court’s decision, we must affirm. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208.

       “The traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is

protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” In re M.B., 666

N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. A trial court must subordinate the interests

of the parents to those of the child, however, when evaluating the circumstances surrounding

a termination. In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d at 837. The right to raise one’s own child should not

be terminated solely because there is a better home available for the child, id., but parental

rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his or her parental

responsibilities. Id. at 836.

       To terminate a parent-child relationship in Indiana, the State must allege and prove:

       (A)    that one (1) of the following is true:
              (i)    The child has been removed from the parent for at least six (6)
                     months under a dispositional decree.
              (ii)   A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6 that
                     reasonable efforts for family preservation or reunification are
                     not required, including a description of the court’s finding, the
                     date of the finding, and the manner in which the finding was
                     made.
              (iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been under
                     the supervision of a county office of family and children or
                     probation department for at least fifteen (15) months of the most
                     recent twenty-two (22) months, beginning with the date the child
                     is removed from the home as a result of the child being alleged
                     to be a child in need of services or a delinquent child;
       (B)    that one (1) of the following is true:
              (i)    There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
                     resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
                     outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
              (ii)   There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
                     parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of
                                               4
                         the child.
                 (iii)   The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a
                         child in need of services; [and]
        (C)      that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
        (D)      that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). The State must provide clear and convincing proof of these

allegations. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009), reh’g denied. If the court

finds the allegations in the petition are true, it must terminate the parent-child relationship.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8.

        Mother and Father each challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial

court’s findings under subsections (B) and (C) of Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2). Father also

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s findings under

subsection (D) of Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2). 1

        1.       Reasonable Probability Conditions Would Not Be Remedied

        Because our legislature wrote subsection (B) in the disjunctive, a trial court needs to

find only one of the three requirements established by clear and convincing evidence before

terminating parental rights. See L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 209. Here, it found a reasonable

probability the conditions resulting in the children’s removal and continued placement

outside of Parents’ care will not be remedied.



1
  Mother also seems to argue her due process rights were violated when DCS “unilaterally” terminated DCS
services and visitation with the children. Mother did not argue this before the juvenile court, and on appeal she
cites no case law to support her contention due process was denied by these proceedings. Thus, the issue is
waived. See Dennerline v. Atterholt, 886 N.E.2d 582, 594 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (issue not presented before
trial court is waived for appellate review), reh’g denied, trans. dismissed; see also Ind. Appellate Rule
46(A)(8)(a) (failure to present cogent argument supported by legal authority waives issue for appellate review).

                                                       5
       In making such a determination, a trial court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for

his or her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence of

changed conditions. In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. It

must evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there is a

substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation. Id. Pursuant to this rule, courts have

properly considered evidence of a parent’s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse,

history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of adequate housing and employment.

A.F. v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 762 N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App.

2002), trans. denied. The trial court also may consider, as evidence whether conditions will

be remedied, the services offered to the parent by DCS, and the parent’s response to those

services. Id. A trial court need not wait until a child is irreversibly influenced by a deficient

lifestyle such that his or her physical, mental, and social growth are permanently impaired

before terminating the parent-child relationship. In re E.S., 762 N.E.2d 1287, 1290 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2002).

       In concluding there was a reasonable probability the conditions resulting in the

children’s removal and continued placement outside of Parents’ care will not be remedied,

the trial court found:

       9.     The underlying CHINS action is the third separate Child in Need of
              Services adjudication in less than four years.
                                           *****
       13.    After the third removal of [J.S.] on December 3, 2009 [J.S.] was never
              returned to the care and custody of [Parents] and the removal became
              the basis for the petition to terminate parental rights.
       14.    On July 14, 2010, DCS sought to modify the dispositional decree to
              cease reunification efforts which petition alleged that parents had
                                               6
                missed appointments, had continued to use illegal or non-prescribed
                drugs, had failed to complete ordered substance abuse treatment and
                failed to make adequate progress in counseling.
                                            *****
        16.     Father did not complete substance abuse treatment or individual
                counseling as referred by DCS.
        19.     Mother completed substance abuse treatment and individual counseling
                for a third time in 2010. Mother has a long history of substance abuse
                which constitute[s] a pattern of conduct despite a period of sobriety
                immediately prior to the TPR trial. However compelling this period of
                sobriety may be, it is outweighed by her history of substance abuse and
                co-dependency of Father who has demonstrated a lesser commitment to
                sobriety.
                                            *****
        26.     Each parent identified the other as a trigger for their [sic] substance
                abuse. However, despite evidence of domestic violence and
                representations [sic] of separation the parents remain married and co-
                dependent.

(Mother’s App. at 154-56) 2 (emphasis in original). Mother asserts these findings are contrary

to the evidence presented during the termination hearings.

        Mother cites testimony from Emily McCall, Mother’s counselor. McCall testified

Mother had been making progress on her substance and co-dependency issues, Mother had

maintained employment, and “the children would be safe” in Mother’s care. (Tr. at 223.) To

the contrary, DCS provided evidence the Children were removed three previous times from

the Parents’ care and adjudicated as CHINS due to substance abuse issues. The juvenile

court found: “Mother’s self-referred therapist recommended the Child be returned to Mother

after seeing Mother for only three sessions and without seeing the child.” (Mother’s App. at


2
  The language of the trial court’s order is from the order terminating Mother and Father’s rights to J.S. The
findings in the order regarding A.S. are identical. (See Mother’s App. at 142-151) (Court’s order terminating
Parents’ rights to A.S.).

                                                      7
159.)

        In its brief, the State analogizes Mother’s current cooperation and completion of

services to her behavior during the second CHINS adjudication. In that instance, the trial

court returned the Children to Mother because she had completed the necessary steps for

reunification and agreed the Children would have no contact with Father or anyone abusing

drugs. However, three months after regaining custody of their Children, DCS had to remove

the Children again due to Parents’ drug use. Further, DCS presented evidence Mother had a

history of substance abuse, multiple unsuccessful attempts at rehabilitation, and an unhealthy

co-dependency on Father, who did not complete multiple DCS services.

        In his argument, Father also points to the testimony of McCall, who is also his

counselor. McCall testified Father was improving his understanding of his drug addiction

and was working hard to overcome it. Father reported he has not used drugs since May 2010.

The State presented evidence Father was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, but had not sought

treatment; Father’s continued drug use was a reason for the three CHINS adjudications; and

Father had not completed services required by DCS for reunification with his children.

        The juvenile court found a pattern of non-compliance with DCS services by both

parents, and the multiple CHINS adjudications further support the court’s decision to

terminate Parents’ rights to their children. See, e.g., In re A.D.W. and A.N.W., 907 N.E.2d

533, 539 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (affirming trial court’s finding, based on four prior CHINS

adjudications, that conditions leading to petition for termination of mother’s rights would not

be remedied); see also Bergman v. Knox County OFC, 750 N.E.2d 809, 812 (Ind. Ct. App.

                                              8
2001) (court was permitted to give more weight to abundant evidence of mother’s pattern of

conduct than mother’s testimony she had changed her life and could better accommodate her

children’s needs). Parents’ arguments are invitations to reweigh the evidence, which we may

not do. 3 See In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 265.

        2.      Best Interests of the Children

        DCS also proved termination of parental rights is in the Children’s best interests. In

determining what is in the best interests of a child, the trial court is required to look beyond

the factors identified by DCS and look to the totality of the evidence. McBride v. Monroe

Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In so doing,

the trial court must subordinate the interests of the parent to those of the child. Id.

Recommendations from the case manager and child advocate that it would be in the child’s

best interest to terminate the parent-child relationship, in addition to evidence that the

conditions resulting in removal will not be remedied, are sufficient to show by clear and

convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interests. In re M.M., 733 N.E.2d

6, 13 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).

        Regarding the best interests of the Children, the juvenile court entered separate orders

that contained identical findings:

        34.     The Child demonstrates regressive behaviors when visiting with Mother
                and Father which includes the use of “baby talk[,]” whining and crying.
3
 Parents also argue DCS did not meet its burden to prove continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a
threat to the child. However, DCS is required to prove only one of the elements in Ind. Code § 31-35-2-
4(b)(2)(B). As that burden was met when DCS proved the conditions that led to the Children’s removal would
not be remedied, we need not address whether Parents’ continued relationship with the Children posed a threat
to the Children.

                                                      9
              The regressive behavior ceases when outside the presence of parents.
              These behaviors formed the basis for Dr. Robert’s opinion that it is not
              in the best interest of the children to return to their parents.
       35.    Mother and Father did not parent as a team during visitation, with each
              parent responding to the needs of one child and Mother interceding on
              Father’s efforts to parent or discipline the Child.
       36.    Mother demonstrates co-dependent parenting skills during discipline by
              trying to “make the Child feel better” rather than instructive parenting.
       37.    Visitation supervisor Jennifer Landis felt additional parenting skills
              education was needed despite the fact that it had been provided on three
              prior occasions.
       38.    The Child’s therapist, Dr. Creta Roberts, described the Child as
              exhibiting compulsive behaviors caused from being in a chaotic
              parental environment where he did not feel safe. Further that the Child
              has made real improvement while in foster care including improved
              academic achievement and social skills and opined that it is not in the
              child’s best interest to be returned to the parents.
       39.    No DCS provider ever recommended that Mother or Father be reunified
              with the Child.
                                           *****
       41.    The child is older and has a relationship with his parents which makes
              these proceedings even more poignant and difficult. During the in
              camera interview with the Court, the child requested a visit with his
              parents but did not ask to go home or to live with his parents again[;] in
              fact the child appears most bonded with a prior foster mother.

(Mother’s App. at 159-160.)

       Mother attempts to argue the termination of her rights is not within the Children’s best

interests by reiterating her argument regarding the conditions that prompted their removal.

She presents no cogent argument to counter the trial court’s findings, nor points to evidence

the trial court disregarded to indicate error. Thus, her argument that termination of her

parental rights is not in the best interest of the Children is waived. See Ind. Appellate Rule

46(A)(8)(a) (failure to present cogent argument supported by legal authority waives issue for

appellate review).

                                             10
       Father’s only argument regarding best interests of the children is “[t]he children were

comfortable and well adjusted to their foster home in the Fall of 2010 before DCS asked that

they be removed to a pre-adoptive home.” (Br. of Father at 23.) Father’s argument is an

invitation to reweigh the evidence, which we may not do. See In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 265.

       3.     Satisfactory Plan for Care and Treatment of Children

       Pursuant to Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(D), for the juvenile court to terminate

parental rights it must first find there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the

child. This plan need not be detailed, as long as it “offers a general sense of the direction in

which the child will be going after the parent-child relationship is terminated.” In re L.B.,

889 N.E.2d 326, 341 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). Adoption is generally a satisfactory plan for care

and treatment of a child following the termination of parental rights. Id.

       The trial court found the family case manager, the Children’s therapist, and the CASA

all agreed “adoption by current foster parents is a satisfactory plan for care and treatment of

the child.” (Mother’s App. at 159.) Father does not argue the plan for care and treatment is

inadequate, but instead claims the plan is “unacceptable.” (Br. of Father at 23.) He requests

the CHINS wardship be extended “until [Father] has a chance to provide (sic) fitness[.]”

(Id.) He offers no argument why his request to extend the CHINS wardship is better than the

plan set forth by the court for the adoption of the Children, or how the trial court erred in

deciding the best plan for the Children was adoption. We accordingly decline to address that

allegation of error. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (failure to present cogent argument

supported by legal authority waives issue for appellate review). As there was evidence to

                                               11
support the court’s plan for care and treatment of the Children following the termination of

parental rights, we cannot find it unsatisfactory. See In re L.B., 889 N.E.2d at 341 (pre-

adoptive placement a satisfactory plan for children’s care and treatment following

termination of parental rights).

                                      CONCLUSION

       DCS presented clear and convincing evidence the Children had been removed from

the Parents’ home for at least six months; the conditions under which the Children were

removed from Parents would not be remedied; termination of parental rights was in the best

interests of the Children; and there was a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the

Children follow termination of parental rights. Accordingly, we affirm.

       Affirmed.

CRONE, J., and BROWN, J., concur.




                                             12
