[Cite as State v. McIntosh, 2018-Ohio-5343.]
                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                      FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                            GALLIA COUNTY


STATE OF OHIO,                                           :

           Plaintiff-Appellee,                 :         Case No. 17CA14

           vs.                                           :

ANTONIO MCINTOSH,                                        :        DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY

           Defendant-Appellant. :



_________________________________________________________________

                                                   APPEARANCES:

Samuel H. Shamansky, Donald L. Regensburger, and Colin E. Peters, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellant.1

Jason Holdren, Gallia County Prosecuting Attorney, and Jeremy Fisher, Gallia County Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Gallipolis, Ohio, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

CRIMINAL CASE FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED: 12-17-18
ABELE, J.

           {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Gallia County Common Pleas Court judgment of

conviction and sentence.             A jury found Antonio McIntosh, defendant below and appellant

herein, guilty of nine drug-related offenses and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity. The

trial court sentenced appellant to serve thirty-three years in prison.            Appellant assigns the

following errors for review:


1
    Different counsel represented appellant during the trial court proceedings.
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                       2

                 FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “THE INTRODUCTION OF UNFAIRLY PREJUDICIAL
                 HEARSAY STATEMENTS DURING APPELLANT’S TRIAL
                 VIOLATED HIS RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION AND DUE
                 PROCESS AS GUARANTEED BY THE FOURTH, FIFTH, AND
                 FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES
                 CONSTITUTION, AND WAS CONTRARY TO THE OHIO
                 RULES OF EVIDENCE.”

                 SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “APPELLANT’S CONVICTIONS WERE AGAINST THE
                 MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE IN VIOLATION OF
                 HIS RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AS GUARANTEED BY THE
                 OHIO CONSTITUTION.”

                 THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “THE TRIAL COURT’S FAILURE TO PROPERLY INSTRUCT
                 THE JURY AS TO CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE AND THE
                 BURDEN OF PROOF CONSTITUTED PLAIN ERROR,
                 PREJUDICED APPELLANT, AND VIOLATED HIS RIGHT TO
                 DUE PROCESS AS GUARANTEED BY THE UNITED STATES
                 AND OHIO CONSTITUTIONS.”

                 FOURTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO MERGE APPELLANT’S
                 CONVICTIONS DESPITE THE FACT THAT THEY WERE
                 ALLIED OFFENSES OF SIMILAR IMPORT, IN VIOLATION
                 OF BOTH OHIO LAW AND HIS RIGHT AGAINST DOUBLE
                 JEOPARDY AS GUARANTEED BY THE UNITED STATES
                 CONSTITUTION.”

                 FIFTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “THE SENTENCE IMPOSED BY THE TRIAL COURT WAS
                 CRUEL AND UNUSUAL, IN VIOLATION OF APPELLANT’S
                 RIGHTS AS GUARANTEED BY THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT
                 TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, AND ARTICLE I,
                 SECTION 9 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.”
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                                  3


          {¶ 2} In the fall of 2015 through the spring of 2016, law enforcement officials conducted

an investigation into reported drug activity at a Gallia County pool hall. As a result of their

investigation, officers executed search warrants at multiple locations throughout Gallia County,

including the pool hall and an adjacent property. Shortly thereafter, a Gallia County grand jury

returned an indictment that charged appellant with multiple drug-related offenses and with

engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.2 Appellant entered not guilty pleas.

          {¶ 3} At trial, a confidential informant, Joshua Edwards, testified that on two dates in

September 2015, he made controlled buys at the pool hall. Edwards described the procedure he

followed during the controlled buys and stated that he learned the procedure during a prior

uncontrolled buy. Edwards explained that when he entered the pool hall, he placed $40 in a

“football bowl.” Edwards stated that an unknown person had “told [Edwards] that that’s where


2
    After subsequent amendments, appellant faced the following charges:

          Count one: trafficking in cocaine (less than 5 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a
          fifth-degree felony.
          Count two: complicity to trafficking in cocaine (.25 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a
          fifth-degree felony.
          Count three: possession of cocaine (.25 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a fifth-degree
          felony.
          Count four: possession of cocaine (35.26 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a first-degree
          felony.
          Count five: possession of heroin (25.24 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a second-degree
          felony.
          Count six: aggravated possession of drugs (10.44 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a
          third-degree felony.
          Count seven: trafficking in cocaine (35.26 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a
          first-degree felony.
          Count eight: trafficking in heroin (25.24 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a
          second-degree felony.
          Count nine: aggravated trafficking in drugs (10.44 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a
          third-degree felony.
          Count ten: engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, in violation of 2923.32(A)(1), a first-degree
          felony.
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                 4

[the money] needed to be placed the first time [Edwards] ever bought.” Edwards indicated that

after he placed the money in the bowl, someone removed the money, left the room to retrieve the

drugs, returned to the room, and then placed the drugs on a speaker located inside the pool hall.

Edwards explained: “I’d place the money in the bowl, the money would be taken out of it.

They [sic] would be an individual run to the backroom or outside and grab it, they’d come back

in, weigh it up and throw it on the speaker.” Edwards stated that he did not actually receive the

drugs from a person’s hand, but rather, someone would place the drugs on a speaker located in

the pool hall, and Edwards would then retrieve the drugs from the speaker. Edwards testified

that during both of the controlled buys, appellant (aka “TO”) and “Stan” were present. He

further related that a female always was present and that the female sometimes removed the

money from the bowl. Edwards stated that he decided to report the information to the drug task

force in the hopes of helping his mother avoid a felony drug offense.

        {¶ 4} Edwards further testified that on September 10, 2015, he engaged in a controlled

buy at the pool hall. Edwards explained that when he arrived, appellant offered to pay Edwards

“three fifty” to   “[c]lean[] out a house.” Edwards indicated that the payment would be in

“[c]rack, drugs.” Edwards returned to the pool hall the next day to “make a controlled buy,” and

explained the circumstances surrounding the controlled buy as follows: Edwards placed the

money in the bowl and “the woman working behind the desk at the counter had grabbed the

money out and reached it to [appellant].”      Edwards related that “Stan” then “went in the

backroom, weighed out the dope, whatever he done back there, had got it, whatever, brought it
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                   5

out to the speaker and dropped it off.” Edwards stated that after Stan placed the drugs on the

speaker, Edwards “went to the speaker and picked it up and left.”

        {¶ 5} Edwards indicated that the same series of events occurred during his previous buy

on September 10, 2015. Edwards testified that he made seven to eight controlled buys in total,

and never deviated from the procedure. He explained: “there’s wasn’t no way to [sic].” Edwards

stated that if he did not place the money in the bowl, he could not get drugs.

        {¶ 6} Edwards additionally stated that he had followed the same procedure to purchase

drugs outside of the controlled buys, and that appellant was present almost every time. The

prosecutor asked Edwards if appellant took the money on the other occasions that Edwards had

bought drugs at the pool hall, and Edwards responded: “No, that was just an accidental, them two

[sic] incidents. * * * * He just happened to take it[;], I don’t know why. I never seen [sic] him

do it before.” Edwards related that although he only purchased “crack,” “[t]hey” also sold

heroin and methamphetamine.

        {¶ 7} Edwards testified that shortly after the last controlled buy, he returned to the pool

hall to purchase drugs.     Appellant, however, told Edwards “it wasn’t that kind of party.”

Edwards explained that appellant appeared to have become suspicious of Edwards working as a

confidential informant. Edwards stated that during a prior visit, appellant had ordered Stan to

pat down Edwards and found a cell phone. Edwards stated that the next time he returned to the

pool hall, he placed $1000 in the bowl, but when he “looked over to say what [he] wanted or

motioned what [he] wanted, there was just a bunch of looks.” Edwards explained: “Stan

looking back at uh, or [appellant] looked at Stan, Stan looked at [an unidentified female] and she
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                    6

had told me to take my money back out the bowl.” Edwards stated at that point, appellant told

Edwards it was “not that kind of party.”

          {¶ 8} On cross-examination, Edwards stated that of the approximately seven controlled

buys he conducted, appellant twice received money either by removing it from the bowl or by

someone else handing appellant the money. Edwards explained that appellant never retrieved

the drugs, but instead, Stan “always went and got” the drugs.

          {¶ 9} Gallipolis Police Detective Sergeant Justin Rice testified that he debriefed Edwards

after the two controlled buys at the pool hall. Rice stated that after the September 10, 2015 buy,

Edwards stated that he had placed $100 “in the football bowl on the bar, which was a common,

the common way to do that and um, Stan Helms went outside to get the product, came back

inside placed the product on the speaker and [appellant] had placed the money in his pocket.”

Rice stated that the following day, Edwards made another controlled buy and the same events

occurred. Rice explained that Edwards indicated that appellant placed the money in appellant’s

pocket.

          {¶ 10} Sergeant Rice related that, after a lengthy investigation into drug activity, law

enforcement officers executed multiple search warrants, including against property that Stan

Helms and a female occupied. That search uncovered four guns, a small amount of marijuana,

two sets of digital scales, and a little over $200.

          {¶ 11} Sergeant Rice also assisted in a search of appellant’s residence. Rice stated that

officers had received information that Stan Helms was selling drugs out of the pool hall and that

appellant “was basically running the show.”           Rice testified that officers searched outside
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                    7

appellant’s residence, because “agents had received information that [appellant] was hiding his

drugs outside of the residence uh, somewhere between the residence and the pool hall.” Rice

explained that appellant’s residence is approximately 100 yards from the pool hall and that

officers located drugs four to five yards from appellant’s residence in a rolled up sock underneath

“some brush.”

        {¶ 12} Gallia-Meigs County Major Crimes Task Force Agent Seth Argabright testified

that after he searched the pool hall, he discovered paraphernalia and a ceramic bowl that looked

like a football. Argabright additionally indicated that officers searched appellant’s residence, as

well as the exterior because they had “been given intelligence by Heather Nicole Gibson who

was present upon execution of the search warrant at 249 State Route 7 North that [appellant] is

not known to keep any illegal narcotics or illegal drugs of any kind inside either of the

structures.”     At this juncture, appellant’s counsel objected on the basis of hearsay.         The

prosecutor argued, however, that the statement was being “[o]ffered in to further his

investigation, what places the officers in the field outside and searching all in between.” The

court stated that it would “allow it with that limited use,” but gave no limiting instruction.

        {¶ 13} Agent Argabright testified that the search of appellant’s residence uncovered a

little more than $2,000, prepaid debit cards, and cell phones. He further stated that outside

appellant’s residence, officers discovered “[t]hree tied off plastic bags containing a tan and white

substance” stuffed inside a sock. Subsequent testing showed the substances to be 35.26 grams

of cocaine, 25.24 grams of heroin, and 10.44 grams of methamphetamine.

        {¶ 14} Gallia-Meigs Major Crimes Task Force Agent Frank Stewart testified that the task

force “had received intel” that appellant “had taken over a business” at the pool hall and “the
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                    8

drug business that was being ran out of there.” Stewart related that, after Edwards approached

the task force and agreed to act as a confidential informant, Edwards made “multiple purchases

of one gram of cocaine from [appellant]” on September 10 and 11, 2015.

        {¶ 15} Agent Stewart also explained that when the officers executed the search warrants,

he passed by the SWAT officers who were walking appellant to the cruiser. Stewart related that

he heard appellant state, unsolicited, “you all will never find it.” Stewart could not explain the

basis for appellant’s comment and he did not notice whether any of the SWAT officers had been

talking to appellant.

        {¶ 16} Agent Stewart further testified that the officers searched outside appellant’s

residence after Heather Gibson informed the officers “that [appellant] uh, would be the one to

have the drugs if there was any drugs that we didn’t locate at 141 Hubbard Avenue and that we

would not locate the drugs inside of 141 Hubbard Avenue, that they would be somewhere hidden

outside, probably in a wood line between the pool hall and 141 Hubbard Avenue. She also

indicated that it would probably be somewhere close to the alleyway because when he walks

home that’s the route he typically takes would be the alleyway.” Appellant did not object to this

testimony.

        {¶ 17} In his defense, appellant presented testimony from Brittany Helms, Stan’s wife.

Brittany claimed that Stan sold drugs. She further testified that appellant did not use drugs, but

lived with his girlfriend, a drug addict. Brittany attested that two other drug addicts also had

access to appellant’s property and claimed that they hid the drugs that the officers located outside

appellant’s residence.
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                 9

        {¶ 18} After hearing the evidence, the jury found appellant guilty of the ten counts as

charged in the amended indictment: (1) R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) trafficking in cocaine in an amount

less than five grams (count one); (2) R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) and 2923.03(A)(2) complicity to

trafficking in cocaine in an amount less than five grams, (count two); (3) R.C. 2925.11(A)

possession of cocaine in an amount less than five grams, (count three); (4) R.C. 2925.11(A)

possession of cocaine in an amount equal to or exceeding twenty-seven grams but less than one

hundred grams, (count four); (5) R.C. 2925.11(A) possession of heroin in an amount equal to or

exceeding ten grams but less than fifty grams (count five); (6) R.C. 2925.11(A) aggravated

possession of drugs in an amount equal to or exceeding the bulk amount but less than five times

the bulk amount (count six); (7) R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) trafficking in cocaine in an amount equal to

or exceeding twenty-seven grams but less than one hundred grams (count seven); (8) R.C.

2925.03(A)(2) trafficking in heroin an amount equal to or exceeding ten grams but less than fifty

grams (count eight); (9) R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) aggravated trafficking in drugs in an amount equal

to or exceeding the bulk amount but less than five times the bulk amount (count nine); and (10)

R.C. 2923.32(A)(1) engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity (count ten).

        {¶ 19} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court merged the possession and trafficking

offenses that involved the same type and quantity of drug and sentenced appellant to serve the

following terms of imprisonment: (1) twelve months on count one; (2) twelve months on count

two; (3) eleven years on count seven; (4) eight years on count eight; (5) thirty-six months on

count nine; and (6) eleven years on count ten. The court further ordered (1) the sentences

imposed for counts seven, eight, nine, and ten to be served consecutively to one another, and (2)
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                         10

appellant serve the prison terms for counts one and two concurrently to the others, for a total

prison term of thirty-three years. This appeal followed.

                                                          I

          {¶ 20} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court improperly

allowed the state to introduce out-of-court testimonial statements in violation of his Sixth

Amendment right to confront witnesses. In particular, appellant contends that the trial court

allowed the state to present Heather Gibson’s statements that appellant did not keep any drugs

inside his residence, but instead kept drugs outside of the residence. Appellant asserts that

Gibson’s statements do not qualify as nonhearsay and that none of the hearsay exceptions apply.

Appellant additionally claims that Gibson’s statements are testimonial. Appellant points out

that at the time Gibson made the statements, officers were in the process of executing a search

warrant at Gibson’s residence and had provided her with Miranda3 warnings. Thus, appellant

asserts, the “statements bolstered the State’s circumstantial case against Appellant for drugs

found adjacent to his property line and for engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.”

          {¶ 21} The state responds that any error that the court may have committed concerning

Gibson’s statements constitutes harmless error.                 With alarmingly little analysis, the state

contends that the record contains “plenty of evidence pertaining to Appellant’s guilt in this case.”

    The state then points to the informant’s testimony that appellant committed the fifth-degree

felony trafficking offenses, and that four to five yards from appellant’s residence law

enforcement officers found a sock that contained appellant’s DNA and contained more than 50


3
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                     11

grams of various drugs.      Thus, the state claims that the foregoing evidence, even without

Gibson’s testimony, supports appellant’s convictions.

        {¶ 22} Appellant responds that the state, by failing to challenge appellant’s assertion that

Gibson’s testimony violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause, essentially concedes the

issue. Appellant also disputes the state’s claim that the error is harmless. Appellant asserts that

the state’s case rested largely upon circumstantial evidence, supposition, and innuendo, and that

without Gibson’s statements, the remaining evidence does not constitute overwhelming proof of

appellant’s guilt.

                                                  A

        {¶ 23} Appellate courts review alleged violations of a criminal defendant’s confrontation

rights under a de novo standard.           State v. Hedges, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 15CA21,

2016-Ohio-5038, 2016 WL 3919844, ¶¶ 12; State v. Thompson, 4th Dist. Washington No.

13CA41, 2014–Ohio–4665, ¶ 11, citing State v. Smith, 162 Ohio App.3d 208, 2005–Ohio–3579,

832 N.E.2d 1286 (8th Dist.), and United States v. Robinson, (C.A.6, 2004), 389 F.3d 582, 592.

In the case at bar, however, appellant did not raise a Confrontation Clause objection before the

trial court. Instead, appellant simply asserted that Gibson’s statements constituted inadmissible

hearsay. Appellant thus raises the Confrontation Clause issue for the first time on appeal.

        {¶ 24} Generally a defendant who fails to raise a Confrontation Clause issue during the

trial court proceedings forfeits the right to present it for the first time on appeal. State v. Arnold,

147 Ohio St.3d 138, 2016-Ohio-1595, 62 N.E.3d 153, ¶ 65; State v. Louis, 2016-Ohio-7596, 73

N.E.3d 917 (4th Dist.), ¶ 46; State v. Smith, 2016-Ohio-5062, 70 N.E.3d 150 (4th Dist.), ¶ 74; see

State v. Anderson, 151 Ohio St.3d 212, 2017-Ohio-5656, 87 N.E.3d 1203, ¶ 44. Additionally,
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                       12

an “‘[o]bjection on one ground does not preserve other, unmentioned grounds.’” State v.

Hairston, 2016-Ohio-8495, 79 N.E.3d 1193, ¶ 34 (10th Dist.), quoting State v. Wallace, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 08AP–2, 2008-Ohio-5260, 2008 WL 4518016, ¶ 25. Thus, objecting to

testimony on the basis of hearsay does not generally preserve a Confrontation Clause issue.

State v. Sibole, 2nd Dist. Clark No. 2017-CA-68, 2018-Ohio-3203, 2018 WL 3814969, ¶ 9;

Hairston at ¶ 34; State v. Harris, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130442, 2014-Ohio-4237, ¶ 14.

Consequently, because appellant did not specifically object at trial to the alleged hearsay

statements on the basis that they violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause, it can be

argued that we may review the claimed violation only for plain error.

        {¶ 25} Crim.R. 52(B) provides that “[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights

may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” Crim.R. 52(B)

thus permits a court to recognize plain error if the party claiming error establishes (1) that “‘an

error, i.e., a deviation from a legal rule’” occurred, (2) that the error is a plain or “‘an “obvious”

defect in the trial proceedings,’” and (3) that this obvious error affected substantial rights, i.e., the

error “‘must have affected the outcome of the trial.’” State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385,

2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22, quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d

1240 (2002); accord United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 76, 82, 124 S.Ct. 2333,

159 L.Ed.2d 157 (2004) (stating that under plain-error review, defendant typically must establish

“‘reasonable probability that, but for the error,’ the outcome of the proceeding would have been

different”). For an error to be “plain” or “obvious,” the error must be plain “under current law”

“at the time of appellate consideration.” Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 467, 468, 117
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                             13

S.Ct. 1544, 137 L.Ed.2d 718 (1997); accord Henderson v. United States, 568 U.S. 266, 279, 133

S.Ct. 1121, 185 L.Ed.2d 85 (2013); Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d at 27, citing United States v. Olano,

507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993) (noting that for error to be plain, it

must be obvious error under current law); State v. G.C., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 15AP-536,

2016-Ohio-717, 2016 WL 764409, ¶ 14. However, even when a defendant demonstrates that a

plain error or defect affected his substantial rights, the Ohio Supreme Court has “‘admonish[ed]

courts to notice plain error “with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to

prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.”’” Rogers at ¶ 23, quoting Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d at 27,

quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.

                                                      B

        {¶ 26} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[i]n all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the witnesses

against him.” 4 In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177

(2004), the United States Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause guarantees a

defendant’s right to confront those “who ‘bear testimony’” against him.                      Id. at 51.    A

testimonial out-of-court statement of a witness who does not appear at trial thus is inadmissible

unless the witness is unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity for

cross-examination. Melendez–Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 309, 129 S.Ct. 2527, 174

L.Ed.2d 314 (2009), citing Crawford, 541 U.S. at 54. However, “[t]he Clause * * * does not bar

the use of testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter


4
 The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923 (1965)
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                               14

asserted.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59, fn.9, citing Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409, 414, 105

S.Ct. 2078, 85 L.Ed.2d 425 (1985). Therefore, “[i]f testimony qualifies as nonhearsay, it does

not implicate the Confrontation Clause.”            State v. McKelton, 148 Ohio St.3d 261,

2016-Ohio-5735, 70 N.E.3d 508, ¶ 186. Consequently, a necessary question when evaluating an

alleged Confrontation Clause violation is whether the out-of-court statement constitutes hearsay

or nonhearsay.

        {¶ 27} In the case sub judice, we therefore must initially determine whether Gibson’s

out-of-court statements are hearsay, or nonhearsay. If nonhearsay, we need not consider whether

they are also testimonial and, thus, barred under the Confrontation Clause.

                                                C

        {¶ 28} Under Evid.R. 801(c), hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the

declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the

matter asserted.” Consequently, if a statement is offered for a purpose other than proving the

truth of the matter asserted, it is not hearsay and is admissible. State v. Osie, 140 Ohio St.3d

131, 2014-Ohio-2966, 16 N.E.3d 588, ¶ 118.

        {¶ 29} “Law-enforcement officers may testify to out-of-court statements for the

nonhearsay purpose of explaining the next investigatory step.” State v. Beasley, — Ohio St.3d

—, 2018-Ohio-493, — N.E.3d —, ¶ 172, citing McKelton at ¶ 186.                 Admissibility of

investigatory-step statements is limited, however, due to “‘the great potential for abuse and

potential confusion to the trial of fact.’” State v. Ricks, 136 Ohio St.3d 356, 2013-Ohio-3712,

995 N.E.2d 1181, ¶ 24, quoting State v. Humphrey, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 07AP-837,
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                    15

2008-Ohio-6302, ¶ 11. In order to prevent abuse and limit potential confusion, “[t]estimony

offered to explain police conduct is admissible as nonhearsay only if it satisfies three criteria: (1)

‘the conduct to be explained [is] relevant, equivocal, and contemporaneous with the statements,’

(2) the probative value of the statements is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, and (3) ‘the statements do not connect the accused with the crime charged.’” McKelton

at ¶ 186, quoting Ricks at ¶ 27. Consequently, an investigatory-step statement “is not permitted

if the statement in question ‘connect[s] the accused with the crime charged.’” State v. Clinton,

153 Ohio St.3d 422, 2017-Ohio-9423, 108 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 136, quoting Ricks at ¶ 27.

        {¶ 30} For example, in Ricks the court determined that out-of-court statements ostensibly

offered to show an officer’s next investigative step constituted inadmissible hearsay when the

statements implicated the defendant in the crime charged. In Ricks, a law enforcement officer

testified that one of the defendant’s acquaintances, and a suspected accomplice, gave the officer

statements that led the officer to identify the defendant as an individual suspected of murder.

The officer explained that he had learned from another law enforcement agency that the

acquaintance and an individual named “Peanut” had been involved in a murder.                     The

acquaintance gave the officer a description of Peanut and accompanied the officer to Peanut’s

house. When they arrived at the defendant’s house, the acquaintance stated, “That’s Peanut.”

The officer later showed the acquaintance a photograph of “Peanut,” and the acquaintance

positively identified him as “Peanut.” Other evidence indicated that “Peanut” was the nickname

of the defendant on trial for murder. The defendant objected to the officer’s testimony, and the

trial court gave the jury a limiting instruction that the state introduced the statements, not for the
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                 16

truth of the matters asserted, but instead, to explain the officer’s investigatory steps. After the

jury found the defendant guilty, he appealed.

        {¶ 31} On appeal, the defendant asserted a violation of his right to confront the witness

who provided the officer with out-of-court statements that identified the defendant as Peanut.

The appellate court disagreed, and the defendant appealed.

        {¶ 32} The Ohio Supreme Court determined, however, that the acquaintance’s

out-of-court statements had the effect of implicating the defendant in the murder. The court

noted that some of the officer’s testimony did show the reason why he pursued certain

investigatory steps, but found that “key parts” of the officer’s testimony regarding the

acquaintance’s statements were “a pretext” for connecting the defendant to the crime. Id. at ¶ 29

and ¶ 34.        The court further concluded that the statements (emanating from an alleged

accomplice in the murder) are “‘particularly deserving of cross-examination.’” Id. at ¶ 36,

quoting State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 60, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001). The court concluded that

the jury likely interpreted the acquaintance’s statement identifying Peanut “as a statement

identifying who had been [the acquaintance’s] accomplice in the murder rather than as evidence

to explain why the police had obtained a photograph of [the defendant] to show to other

witnesses.” Id. at ¶ 39. The court thus ruled that the acquaintance’s out-of-court statements

constituted inadmissible hearsay.

        {¶ 33} The Ohio Supreme Court likewise determined in another decision that admitting

out-of-court statements that implicated the defendant in the crime charged are not admissible as

nonhearsay investigatory-step statements. In Clinton, the officer testified that, based upon his
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                  17

interview with the victim, he identified the defendant as the suspect in the victim’s rape. The

court determined that because the officer’s testimony connected the defendant to the crime

charged, the officer’s testimony contained inadmissible hearsay. Clinton at ¶ 137.

        {¶ 34} In the case sub judice, it appears that the state attempted to justify admitting into

evidence Gibson’s out-of-court statements for the nonhearsay purpose of explaining the reasons

why law enforcement officers searched the exterior of appellant’s residence.              Gibson’s

statements, however, “went beyond the nonhearsay purpose of explaining how officers came to”

search the exterior of appellant’s residence.        State v. Montgomery, 148 Ohio St.3d 347,

2016-Ohio-5487, 71 N.E.3d 180, ¶ 90. Instead, Gibson’s statements, like the statements in

Ricks and Clinton, directly connected appellant with the crimes charged. Gibson’s statements

informed the officers where appellant hid drugs and directly implicated appellant in drug activity.

 Gibson’s statements, therefore, do not constitute nonhearsay.

        {¶ 35} Accordingly, we must next consider whether Gibson’s statements are testimonial.

                                                 D

        {¶ 36} “Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation

under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to

enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813,

822, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006).              Statements “are testimonial when the

circumstances objectively indicate that there is [not an] ongoing emergency, and that the primary

purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later

criminal prosecution.” Id. However, “the existence vel non of an ongoing emergency is not the

touchstone of the testimonial inquiry.” Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 374, 131 S.Ct. 1143,
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                 18

179 L.Ed.2d 93 (2011). Instead, the inquiry focuses on whether the primary purpose of the

statement was testimonial. Ohio v. Clark, — U.S. —, 135 S.Ct. 2174, 2180, 192 L.Ed.2d 306

(2015) (stating that “a statement cannot fall within the Confrontation Clause unless its primary

purpose was testimonial”). Thus, “whether an ongoing emergency exists is simply one factor *

* * that informs the ultimate inquiry regarding the ‘primary purpose’ of an interrogation.”

Bryant, 562 U.S. at 366.

        {¶ 37} When determining whether statements are testimonial or nontestimonial, courts

must consider “all of the relevant circumstances.” Id. at 369. A court that is examining

whether the primary purpose of a statement is testimonial or nontestimonial thus may consider

“the informality of the situation and the interrogation.” Id. at 377. A “‘formal station-house

interrogation,’” for instance, “is more likely to provoke testimonial statements, while less formal

questioning is less likely to reflect a primary purpose aimed at obtaining testimonial evidence

against the accused.” Clark, 135 S.Ct. at 2180, quoting Bryant, 562 U.S. at 377. “In the end,

the question is whether, in light of all the circumstances, viewed objectively, the ‘primary

purpose’ of the conversation was to ‘creat[e] an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.” Id.,

quoting Bryant, 562 U.S. at 358. If the primary purpose of the statement is not testimonial, then

“the admissibility of a statement is the concern of state and federal rules of evidence, not the

Confrontation Clause.” Bryant, 562 U.S. at 359. A court that is evaluating the primary purpose

of an out-of-court statement must apply an objective test. Id. at 359-360. “We look for the

primary purpose that a reasonable person would have ascribed to the statement, taking into
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                  19

account all of the surrounding circumstances.” Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. 50, 84, 132 S.Ct.

2221, 183 L.Ed.2d 89 (2012).

        {¶ 38} In the case at bar, our review of the record reveals that Gibson’s statements are, in

fact, testimonial statements. First, we observe that the state’s appellate brief does not challenge

appellant’s assertion that Gibson’s statements are testimonial. Additionally, Gibson made the

statements at the time law enforcement officers executed a search warrant against her property,

after the officers asked if she was willing to talk to them, and after the officers gave her Miranda

warnings. Gibson did not provide statements to the law enforcement officers in an effort to

quell an ongoing emergency. Rather, she made the statements while the officers investigated

various individuals’ involvement in a purported drug trafficking enterprise.          Under these

circumstances, a reasonable person would believe that officers were attempting to obtain

statements from Gibson that they could later use at trial.

        {¶ 39} Consequently, for the foregoing reasons, we believe that Gibson’s out-of-court

statements constitute hearsay testimonial statements that the trial court should have excluded,

unless Gibson was unavailable and unless appellant previously had an opportunity to

cross-examine her. Nothing in the record suggests that appellant had a prior opportunity to

cross-examine Gibson. Therefore, the admission of Gibson’s statements violated appellant’s

right to confront the witness against him.

        {¶ 40} Next, we must consider whether the Confrontation Clause violation requires us to

reverse the trial court’s judgment. First, as we stated above, an error occurred. Second, we

believe the error is obvious. A review of Agent Argabright’s testimony shows that when he

obtained Gibson’s statement, the officers had been searching her property for evidence of a
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                   20

crime, had asked Gibson if she would speak with them, and had given her Miranda warnings.

The agent’s testimony reveals that the officers hoped to obtain statements useful in an ongoing

investigation. Moreover, the circumstances under which Gibson made her statements would

have led a reasonable person to believe that the officers were seeking testimonial evidence.

        {¶ 41} Additionally, we believe that a reasonable probability exists that, but for the error,

the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. Gibson’s hearsay statement directly

connected appellant to the large quantity of drugs that the officers discovered outside appellant’s

residence.       Without Gibson’s statements, the state’s evidence that connects appellant to

possessing or trafficking in the large quantity of drugs found outside his residence consists of the

following: (1) appellant’s DNA matched the DNA found on the sock that contained the drugs; (2)

the drugs were located four to five yards from appellant’s house; (3) officers found slightly more

than $2,000 in cash inside appellant’s residence; and (4) appellant stated, to no one in particular,

“you will never find it.” Although we recognize that the jury could have arguably determined

that this evidence adduced at trial established that appellant is the person responsible for the

drugs found in the sock, we do not find the state’s evidence so overwhelming that Gibson’s

hearsay testimony unlikely influenced the jury’s decision. Rather, Gibson’s hearsay testimony

seems to provide a direct link among the state’s evidence that appellant is, in fact, the person

responsible for possessing the large quantity of drugs and that he trafficked in those drugs.

Consequently, without Gibson’s hearsay testimony, we believe that a reasonable probability

exists that the jury would have been unable to find appellant guilty, beyond a reasonable doubt,

of the possession and trafficking offenses involving the large quantity of drugs located near
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                  21

appellant’s residence. Once again, without Gibson’s incriminating statements, the evidence

indicates that the drugs were discovered close to appellant’s residence, about one block from the

pool hall where the alleged drug trafficking occurred. Moreover, the sock in which the drugs

had been stuffed contained appellant’s DNA. However, the confidential informant’s testimony

shows that Stan, not appellant, usually left the pool hall to retrieve the drugs. In view of the

proximity of the large quantity of drugs to the pool hall and the informant’s testimony that Stan

retrieved the drugs, if the jury had not heard Gibson’s statement, it might have inferred that the

drugs belonged to Stan, not to appellant. Although appellant’s DNA is present on the sock, the

DNA evidence, by itself, does not overwhelmingly establish that appellant is the individual that

stuffed the drugs inside the sock, had control over the drugs inside the sock, or that appellant had

trafficked in those drugs. Instead, the DNA evidence shows that appellant had been in contact

with the sock at some unknown time or point. We therefore do not believe that the DNA

evidence is so conclusive as to remove any doubt that Gibson’s testimony contributed to

appellant’s conviction. Instead, Gibson’s statements provided a direct link between appellant’s

DNA and appellant’s control over the drugs inside the sock.

        {¶ 42} Consequently, we believe that the error that occurred by allowing the officers to

testify concerning Gibson’s statements affected appellant’s substantial rights regarding (1) the

possession and trafficking offenses involving the drugs found in the sock, and (2) the engaging in

a pattern of corrupt activity. But for the error, a reasonable probability arguably exists that the

jury would have found appellant not guilty of those offenses. We do not, however, believe that

a reasonable probability exists that, but for Gibson’s statements, the outcome of the proceedings

regarding the fifth-degree felony trafficking and complicity to trafficking offenses would have
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                  22

been different. Gibson’s hearsay testimony directly implicated appellant in stashing a large

quantity of drugs in a sock – drugs that the state argued showed appellant’s participation in a

large drug trafficking ring. Gibson’s hearsay testimony did not, however, directly implicate

appellant in those particular trafficking offenses that related to the controlled purchases that

involved the confidential informant. Instead, those trafficking offenses are based upon the

confidential informant’s testimony that appellant appeared to be involved in the two controlled

purchases the informant made. Thus, admitting Gibson’s hearsay testimony does not constitute

plain error that affects appellant’s substantial rights as it relates to the fifth-degree felony

trafficking offenses arising out of the confidential informant’s controlled purchases (i.e., counts

one and two of the amended indictment).

        {¶ 43} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we sustain appellant’s first

assignment of error and reverse the trial court’s judgment as it pertains to counts four through

ten. On remand, appellant is entitled to a new trial, free of the Confrontation Clause violation

identified herein. Additionally, we (1) vacate the sentences imposed for counts seven, eight,

nine, and ten; and (2) overrule appellant’s first assignment of error regarding his convictions on

counts one and two.

                                                 II

        {¶ 44} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that his convictions are against

the manifest weight of the evidence. In particular, appellant argues that the weight of the

evidence fails to support his convictions for trafficking and complicity to trafficking in cocaine

arising out of the September 10 and 11, 2015 controlled buys at the pool hall (counts one and
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                 23

two). Appellant claims that the confidential informant provided the only testimony regarding

appellant’s purported involvement, and that the informant’s statements “are innuendo and

supposition.” Appellant additionally contends that (1) the record does not contain any evidence

to corroborate the informant’s statement that appellant received the money that the informant

placed into the bowl designated for drug-buys, (2) the informant, an admitted drug addict who

purchased drugs outside of the controlled buys, lacks credibility, (3) the informant agreed to

cooperate with law enforcement in an attempt to gain leniency for his mother, and (4) laboratory

testing of the product the informant purchased during the September 10, 2015 controlled buy did

not show the presence of any controlled substance. Appellant thus contends that the manifest

weight of the evidence fails to support his convictions that arose out of the September 10 and 11,

2015 transactions.

        {¶ 45} Appellant also argues that the weight of the evidence fails to support the jury’s

guilty verdicts regarding counts four through ten. In light of our disposition of appellant’s first

assignment of error, however, we find this portion of appellant’s second assignment of error

moot. App.R. 12(A)(1)(c). We therefore do not address his second assignment of error to the

extent it challenges the jury’s guilty verdicts on counts four through ten.

                                                 A

        {¶ 46} When an appellate court considers a claim that a conviction is against the manifest

weight of the evidence, the court must dutifully examine the entire record, weigh the evidence

and all reasonable inferences, and consider witness credibility. State v. Dean, 146 Ohio St.3d

106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54 N.E.3d 80, ¶ 151, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387,

678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).       A reviewing court must bear in mind, however, that credibility
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                   24

generally is an issue for the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752

N.E.2d 904 (2001); State v. Murphy, 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2953, 2008-Ohio-1744, ¶ 31.

“‘Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses and is particularly competent to decide

“whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular witnesses,” we must afford

substantial deference to its determinations of credibility.’” Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St.3d

5, 2010-Ohio-2420, 929 N.E.2d 1047, ¶ 20, quoting State v. Konya, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No.

21434, 2006-Ohio-6312, ¶ 6, quoting State v. Lawson, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 16288 (Aug.

22, 1997). As the court explained in Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179,

972 N.E.2d 517:

        “‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of
        the evidence, every reasonable intendment must be made in favor of the judgment
        and the finding of facts. * * *
                If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing
        court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and
        judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.’”

Id. at ¶ 21, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273

(1984), fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978).

 Thus, an appellate court will leave the issues of weight and credibility of the evidence to the

fact-finder, as long as a rational basis exists in the record for its decision. State v. Picklesimer,

4th Dist. Pickaway No. 11CA9, 2012-Ohio-1282, ¶ 24; accord State v. Howard, 4th Dist. Ross

No. 07CA2948, 2007-Ohio-6331, ¶ 6 (“We will not intercede as long as the trier of fact has some

factual and rational basis for its determination of credibility and weight.”).

        {¶ 47} Once the reviewing court finishes its examination, the court may reverse the

judgment of conviction only if it appears that the fact-finder, when resolving the conflicts in
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                 25

evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,

quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). If the

prosecution presented substantial credible evidence upon which the trier of fact reasonably could

conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the essential elements of the offense had been

established, the judgment of conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. E.g.,

State v. Eley, 56 Ohio St.2d 169, 383 N.E.2d 132 (1978), syllabus, superseded by state

constitutional amendment on other grounds in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 684 N.E.2d 668

(1997). Accord Eastley at ¶ 12, quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting Black’s Law

Dictionary 1594 (6th ed.1990) (explaining that a judgment is not against the manifest weight of

the evidence when “‘“the greater amount of credible evidence”’” supports it). A reviewing court

should find a conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the “‘exceptional

case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d

at 387, quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175; accord Myers at ¶ 142.

        {¶ 48} In the case sub judice, as we explain below, we believe that the state presented

substantial competent and credible evidence to support appellant’s convictions for trafficking and

complicity to trafficking in cocaine.

                                                B

        {¶ 49} R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) sets forth the elements of the offense of trafficking in drugs as

charged in the indictment and provides, in relevant part:

               (A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:
               (1) Sell or offer to sell a controlled substance or a controlled substance
        analog[.]
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                   26


        {¶ 50} As used in this statute, selling includes delivering, bartering, exchanging,

transferring, or gifting.   See R.C. 2925.01(A) (incorporating R.C. 3719.01 definitions) and

3719.01(AA) (defining “sale”).       This definition is broader than the common dictionary

definition of “sale.” State v. Adkins, 80 Ohio App.3d 211, 221, 608 N.E.2d 1152, 1159 (4th

Dist.1992); accord Drug trafficking—Elements, Baldwin’s Oh. Prac.Crim. L., Section 107:2 (3d

ed.). “Ohio has adopted a definition of ‘sale’ of controlled substances that is broad in scope,

calculated to include all transfers of controlled substances regardless of the presence or absence

of consideration therefor.”    State v. Albritton, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD–80–48, 1980 WL

351681, *6 (Dec. 26, 1980). Consequently, “[i]n a prosecution for offering to sell a controlled

substance, the state is not required to prove that there was a sale or even that the controlled

substance existed. A defendant may be convicted, even in the absence of a completed drug sale,

if the defendant committed any element of drug trafficking incident to an aborted sale. * * * The

term ‘offer to sell’ includes a person who offers to provide narcotics as a link in the chain of

supply, and whether the person intends to act as agent for the seller or buyer is immaterial.”

Drug trafficking—Elements, Baldwin’s Oh. Prac.Crim. L., Section 107:2 (3d ed.) (footnotes

omitted); accord State v. Harris, 89 Ohio App.3d 147, 148–49, 623 N.E.2d 1240, 1241 (8th

Dist.1993) (upholding defendant’s drug trafficking conviction when she retrieved sock from her

person and handed to third person who ultimately delivered to confidential informant sock that

contained a controlled substance. “This essentially means that a person who knowingly transfers

or offers to transfer narcotics is guilty of selling or offering to sell narcotics within the meaning
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                 27

of R.C. 2925.03.” State v. Latina, 13 Ohio App.3d 182, 187, 468 N.E.2d 1139, 1146 (8th

Dist.1984).

        {¶ 51} “Furthermore, the issue of whether a defendant has knowingly made an offer to

sell a controlled substance in any given case must be determined by examining the totality of the

circumstances, including ‘the dialogue and course of conduct of the accused.’” State v. Burton,

2d Dist. Greene No. 94–CA–13, *2 (Mar. 31, 1995), quoting State v. Patterson, 69 Ohio St.2d

445, 447, 432 N.E.2d 802 (1982).

        {¶ 52} After our review of the evidence in the case sub judice, we believe that substantial

competent and credible evidence supports the jury’s verdict for the September 10, 2015

trafficking offense. The informant testified that on September 10, 2015 appellant offered to pay

him $350 in drugs if the informant helped appellant “clean[] out a house.” The informant’s

testimony thus shows that appellant offered to give the informant drugs in exchange for the

informant’s help. The informant’s testimony if believed, shows that appellant offered to sell

drugs to the informant.

        {¶ 53} While we recognize appellant’s concern that the informant is not a credible

witness, we again emphasize that credibility determinations are within the fact finder’s province.

 See State v. Braun, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91131, 2009-Ohio-4875, 2009 WL 2963759, ¶¶

156-157 (disagreeing that defendant’s convictions against manifest weight of the evidence when

most of “state’s lay witnesses were drug users, felons, and jailhouse snitches”). In the case sub

judice, the jury heard and considered evidence regarding the informant’s past drug use, criminal

behavior, and potential motivation to lie in order to help his mother avoid a drug charge.

Obviously, the jury was in the best position to weigh the informant’s circumstances when it
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                28

evaluated the informant’s credibility, and we should not second-guess its decision. Even though

appellant may believe that the informant is not a credible witness, the jury was free to believe

otherwise.

        {¶ 54} Consequently, we reject appellant’s argument that his drug-trafficking conviction

on count one of the indictment is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

                                                C

        {¶ 55} R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) sets forth the elements of the offense of complicity as charged

in the amended indictment and states as follows:

                No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the commission
        of an offense, shall do any of the following:
                ****
                (2) Aid or abet another in committing the offense;
                * * * *.

        {¶ 56} In the case at bar, after our review of the evidence we do not believe that

appellant’s conviction for complicity to drug trafficking, arising out of the September 11, 2015

controlled purchase, is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Even though the informant

did not see appellant physically handle the drugs, the informant testified about the protocol that

the informant had to follow to purchase drugs. Moreover, the informant stated that during his

last attempted controlled purchase, appellant advised the informant that it was not “that kind of

party.” While this statement might appear to be innocuous in isolation, the informant explained

that appellant’s statement implied that the informant would no longer be welcome to purchase

drugs at the pool hall due to fear that he was just that - an informant. Given this context,

appellant’s statement advising the informant that it was not “that kind of party” illustrates
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                   29

appellant’s awareness of drugs sold out of the pool hall and that appellant had authority to direct

who could, and who could not, purchase drugs. The totality of the evidence allowed the jury to

infer that appellant had been complicit in trafficking in drugs.

        {¶ 57} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s second

assignment of error.

                                                 III

        {¶ 58} In his third assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court gave the jury

an incorrect circumstantial evidence instruction. Appellant claims that the trial court relied upon

an outdated jury instruction that misstates current law. In particular, appellant contends that the

circumstantial evidence instruction incorrectly relied upon State v. Kulig, 37 Ohio St.2d 157, 309

N.E.2d 897 (1974), which the Ohio Supreme Court overruled in State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d

259, 574 N.E.2d 492 1991.

        {¶ 59} We initially note that appellant did not object to the trial court’s

circumstantial-evidence jury instruction. Crim.R. 30(A) states:

                On appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the failure to give
        any instructions unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider its
        verdict, stating specifically the matter objected to and the grounds of the
        objection.

Thus, a defendant’s failure to object to the challenged instruction forfeits all but plain error.

State v. White, 142 Ohio St.3d 277, 2015–Ohio–492, 29 N.E.3d 939, ¶ 57, citing State v. Davis,

127 Ohio St.3d 268, 2010–Ohio–5706, 939 N.E.2d 147, ¶ 24; State v. Steele, 138 Ohio St.3d 1,

2013–Ohio–2470, 3 N.E.2d 135, ¶¶ 29–30; State v. Eafford, 132 Ohio St.3d 159,

2012–Ohio–2224, 970 N.E.2d 891, ¶ 11; State v. Bundy, 2012–Ohio–3934, 974 N.E.2d 139, ¶ 65
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                30

(4th Dist.). We also again note that plain error exists when the error is plain or obvious and

when the error “affect[s] substantial rights.” Crim.R. 52(B). The error affects substantial rights

when but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. White at ¶ 57.

Courts ordinarily should take notice of plain error “with utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Gardner, 118

Ohio St.3d 420, 2008–Ohio–2787, 889 N.E.2d 995, ¶ 78.

        {¶ 60} In the case sub judice, even though the jury received an outdated circumstantial

evidence instruction, we do not believe that the error requires a reversal of the trial court’s

judgment. Instead, because appellant did not timely object to the jury instruction, we in the

exercise of “the utmost caution,” conclude that appellant should not be permitted to take

advantage of the error on appeal. Moreover, as Jenks points out, if the jury is properly and

adequately instructed as to the standards for reasonable doubt, a special circumstantial evidence

instruction is not required. Jenks also informs us that no need exists for circumstantial evidence

to be irreconcilable with any theory of innocence. Additionally, because the jury instructions

mirrored the instructions used prior to Jenks, any prejudice resulting from the erroneous

instruction was, in fact, against the state. State v. Smith, 3rd District Union No. 14-01-28,

2002-Ohio-5051. Consequently, any error would constitute harmless error as it relates to the

appellant and, in view of our disposition of appellant’s first and second assignments of error, we

cannot state that failing to recognize the jury instruction error would result in a manifest

miscarriage of justice.
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                                  31

        {¶ 61} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s third

assignment of error.

                                                        IV

        {¶ 62} For ease of discussion, we combine our review of appellant’s fourth and fifth

assignments of error.

        {¶ 63} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred by

failing to merge his drug possession and drug trafficking offenses (counts four through nine) with

the engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity offense (count ten). In his fifth assignment of error,

appellant argues that the trial court’s thirty-three year prison sentence constitutes cruel and

unusual punishment. However, in view of our disposition of appellant’s first assignment of

error, appellant’s fourth and fifth assignments of error have been rendered moot. We, therefore,

do not address them, and overrule them as moot. App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

                                                        V

        {¶ 64} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we (1) reverse the trial court’s

judgment as it relates to counts four through ten and remand for a new trial, (2) vacate the

sentences the trial court imposed on counts seven, eight, nine, and ten, and (3) affirm the trial

court’s judgment of conviction and sentence as it relates to counts one and two.5


5
 We recognize that the jury found appellant guilty of counts four through ten and that the trial court merged counts
four, five, and six, with counts seven, eight, and nine. Thus, although the jury found appellant guilty of all seven
counts, the court correctly did not impose sentence on each count. Appellant therefore has not been “convicted”
(i.e., found guilty and sentenced) of each count. Appellate courts ordinarily treat any error relating to a merged
offense as harmless error so long as error did not occur with respect to the remaining offense. State v. Powell, 49
Ohio St.3d 255, 263, 552 N.E.2d 191 (1990) (noting that when defendant received only one sentence for merged
kidnapping offenses, “an erroneous verdict on [one of the kidnapping offenses] would be harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt” when sufficient evidence supports the other kidnapping offense); State v. Wickersham, 4th Dist.
Meigs No. 13CA10, 2015-Ohio-2756, 2015 WL 4113316, ¶ 21, citing State v. Wolff, 7th Dist. Mahoning No.
07MA166, 2009–Ohio–2897, ¶ 70 (“When a trial court dispatched with a count through merger, any error in the
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                                                     32




                                                       JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART,
                                                       REVERSED IN PART AND CAUSE
                                                       REMANDED FOR FURTHER
                                                       PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH
                                                       THIS OPINION.
                                             JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for
further proceedings. We further order that certain sentences be vacated in part, in accordance
with this opinion. Appellant shall recover of appellee the costs herein taxed.

         The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Gallia County
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

        If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted by the
trial court or this court, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the
bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow appellant to file with the
Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that
court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty day period, or the failure of the appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court
of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal
prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

         Hoover, P.J. & Harsha, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                                                For the Court


jury’s verdict on the merged count is rendered harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”). In the case at bar, however,
appellant’s convictions regarding the remaining offenses are not error-free. We therefore do not believe that the
Powell harmless-error statement applies in the case sub judice. See generally State v. Smith, 168 Ohio App.3d 141,
2006-Ohio-3720, 858 N.E.2d 1222 (1st Dist.), ¶ 75 (determining that when remanding for new trial due to violation
of defendant’s right to self-representation, double jeopardy principles do not prohibit retrying defendant for offenses
that had previously merged).
GALLIA, 17CA14                                                                               33




                                                   BY:
                        Peter B. Abele, Judge



                                   NOTICE TO COUNSEL
       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
