                     COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Benton, Elder and Annunziata
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


DAVID GLENN GRABER
                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.           Record No. 0688-94-2            JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
                                                OCTOBER 3, 1995
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY
                        George F. Tidey, Judge

             E. Blay Bryan for appellant.
             Richard B. Smith, Assistant Attorney General
             (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on
             brief), for appellee.



     David Glenn Graber (appellant) appeals his conviction for

attempted malicious wounding in violation of Code § 18.2-51.

Appellant contends the evidence was insufficient to establish (1)

he specifically intended to wound his wife and (2) he acted with

malice when he attacked his wife.      Because the evidence was

sufficient to support malicious intent, we affirm the conviction

for attempted malicious wounding.

     On the night of November 3, 1993, appellant visited his

wife, from whom he was separated, at his sister-in-law's house.

After an emotional conversation between appellant and his wife

turned into an argument, appellant grabbed his wife by the throat

and lifted her up against the wall.      Although she resisted,

appellant held her against the wall with his hands until she lost
         *
          Pursuant to Code     §    17-116.010   this   opinion   is   not
designated for publication.
consciousness.   Appellant told police he was surprised at how

quickly his wife lost consciousness and that he immediately laid

her on the floor so that she did not injure herself.

     When his wife regained consciousness, appellant sat on top

of her and threatened her with further harm if she did not

"straighten up."   Appellant then brought his wife into the

bedroom, where he forced her to undress and beat her five or six

times on her buttocks with a belt, causing multiple bruises.

     Appellant was tried at a bench trial and convicted of

attempted malicious wounding and abduction.   The abduction

conviction is not before us on appeal.
     When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

conviction, we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences

fairly deducible from the evidence in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth, and we will not disturb the verdict unless

plainly wrong or without support in the evidence.   Maynard v.

Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 437, 439, 399 S.E.2d 635, 637 (1990)

(en banc).   This standard "gives full play to the responsibility

of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to

weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic

facts to ultimate facts."   Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319

(1979).

     First, we hold the trial court was not plainly wrong in

finding appellant acted with the requisite intent to maim or kill

his wife when he pinned her to the wall and choked her into




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unconsciousness.    The trial court is entitled to infer

appellant's intent from the facts and circumstances, and it

appropriately concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that these were

acts from which appellant reasonably should have anticipated that

disabling injury or death might result to his wife.

        "Intent is the purpose formed in a person's mind which
        may, and often must, be inferred from the facts and
        circumstances in a particular case." Ridley v.
        Commonwealth, 219 Va. 834, 836, 252 S.E.2d 313, 314
        (1979). Intent may be shown by a person's conduct and
        by his statements. Hargrave v. Commonwealth, 214 Va.
        436, 437, 201 S.E.2d 597, 598 (1974).

Long v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 194, 198, 379 S.E.2d 473, 476

(1989).    Importantly, the fact finder may infer that the

defendant intended the "natural and probable consequences" of his

actions, and that the means by which the act was accomplished

reflected the defendant's intent.      See Campbell v. Commonwealth,

12 Va. App. 476, 483-84, 405 S.E.2d 1, 4 (1991) (en banc).

        As we have said before, there need not be a breaking of the

skin to constitute malicious wounding.     Id. at 483, 405 S.E.2d

at 4.    Furthermore, while a simple assault with a bare fist (or

hand) may not give rise to an intent to maim, an assault with

one's fist or hand may be attended with such circumstances of

violence that an intent to maim or kill may be presumed.     See

Fletcher v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 636, 640, 166 S.E.2d 269, 273

(1969).    In this case, the trial court was not plainly wrong in

inferring from all the facts and circumstances that appellant

intended to maim or kill his wife by choking her, and it did not



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err in deciding that appellant intended the natural and probable

consequences of these actions.

     Second, we hold the trial court was not plainly wrong in

finding sufficient evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that

appellant acted with malice when he pinned his wife against the

wall and choked her into unconsciousness.
     "Malice inheres in the doing of a wrongful act
     intentionally, or without just cause or excuse, or as a
     result of ill will. It may be directly evidenced by
     words, or inferred from acts and conduct which
     necesarily [sic] result in injury. Its existence is a
     question of fact [for the fact finder]."

Long v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 194, 198, 379 S.E.2d 473, 475-76

(1989) (emphasis added) (citation omitted).    Appellant's malice

was evidenced by the fact that he committed the purposeful and

cruel choking of his wife without great provocation.    See Branch

v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 836, 841, 419 S.E.2d 422, 426

(1992).   While the evidence shows appellant committed these

violent acts partially as a result of an emotional discussion, we

hold sufficient evidence existed from which the trial court could

have concluded that appellant acted with deliberation and

purpose, rather than in the heat of passion.

     As the Supreme Court has stated, "[a]n attempt is composed

of two elements: the intention to commit the crime, and the doing
of some direct act toward its consummation which is more than

mere preparation but falls short of execution of the ultimate

purpose."   Sizemore v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 980, 983, 243 S.E.2d

212, 213 (1978) (emphasis added).    For the foregoing reasons we



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hold that appellant intended to commit the crime and the facts

clearly demonstrate a "direct act toward its consummation."




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Accordingly, we affirm the conviction.

                                         Affirmed.




                           6
Benton, J., concurring.



     To support a conviction in a criminal case, the evidence

must prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable

doubt.   In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970).   The pertinent

elements applicable to the malicious wounding offense are

"maliciously . . . cause . . . bodily injury, with the intent to

maim, disfigure, disable, or kill."   Code § 18.2-51.   Thus, proof

of an attempt to commit the offense requires proof beyond a

reasonable doubt of (a) malice, (b) a direct, ineffectual act

done toward the commission of bodily injury, and (c) the intent

required by the statute.   Slusher v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 440,

443, 83 S.E.2d 719, 721 (1954).

     The evidence in this case proved that Graber was estranged

from his wife.   After midnight, he went to the residence where

his wife was living and began to argue with her.    In anger,

Graber threw his wife against the wall and held his hands around

her neck.   As she struggled to remove his hands from her throat,

he used such force that she lapsed into unconsciousness.    When

his wife regained consciousness, she was lying on the floor.

Graber was sitting on her with his hands still at her throat.

     From the proof of these acts, the jury could find beyond a

reasonable doubt, that Graber acted with malice and attempted to

cause bodily harm to his wife.    In addition, the evidence that

Graber used great force upon his wife's neck, a sensitive part of

a person's anatomy, was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable


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doubt that he intended to maim, disfigure, or disable her by

choking.   See Dawkins v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 55, 62, 41 S.E.2d

500, 505 (1947); Shackelford v. Commonwealth, 183 Va. 423,

426-27, 32 S.E.2d 682, 684 (1945).   For these reasons, I would

also affirm the conviction.




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