          FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                 STATE OF FLORIDA
                  _____________________________

                          No. 1D18-2087
                  _____________________________

FREDERICK CLARKE,

    Appellant,

    v.

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF
FINANCIAL SERVICES/ THE
DIVISION OF RISK MANAGEMENT,

    Appellees.
                  _____________________________


On appeal from an order of the Judge of Compensation Claims.
E. Douglas Spangler, Judge.

Date of Accident: October 10, 2003.

                           July 23, 2019


PER CURIAM.

     In this workers’ compensation appeal, Claimant raises three
issues. Because competent substantial evidence supports the
denial of permanent total disability (PTD) benefits, we affirm the
that issue without further comment. We find merit in Claimant’s
remaining two issues — whether the JCC erred in denying his
claim for temporary partial disability (TPD) benefits and whether
the JCC erred in denying his related claim for the payment of
penalties and interest, as well as attorney’s fees and costs from the
Employer/Carrier (E/C).
                           Background

     In 2003, Claimant injured his neck when a service elevator at
Raymond James Stadium came down and hit him on the head
when he was assisting the Tampa Police Department in a pre-
game sweep of the stadium for bombs. Claimant subsequently
underwent a cervical discectomy and fusion in March 2004 under
the care of Dr. Amann. Claimant was thereafter referred by Dr.
Amann for pain management treatment that began in 2005 under
the direction of Drs. Khan and Vargas and continued through at
least the time of the February 2018 hearing. Claimant also
developed psychiatric symptoms, diagnosed as depression, that
required a course of treatment that began in March 2014 with Dr.
Pandya.

     As found by the JCC, Dr. Amann opined that Claimant
reached neurosurgical maximum medical improvement (MMI) in
June 2010, assigned an 8% permanent impairment rating, and
assigned permanent work restrictions. Dr. Vargas testified that
Claimant reached MMI from a pain management perspective in
September 2017, assigned a 10% permanent impairment rating,
and also assigned permanent work restrictions. Dr. Pandya
opined that Claimant would reach MMI on February 13, 2018, five
days post-hearing, and did not assign any permanent psychiatric
restrictions. Thus, Claimant reached overall MMI on February 13,
2018.

     After Claimant’s release to return to work following his
cervical surgery, he worked for several employers. The TPD claim
at issue arose following the end of Claimant’s employment with his
last employer, Mike’s Golf Carts, on June 30, 2014. While
employed there, Claimant was paid an average of $100 per week.
Claimant took off work at the end of June 2014 to attend to matters
relating to his father’s death, and there was no job available at
Mike’s Golf Carts on his return. Claimant received temporary
benefits at various times since his injury, with the last payment
concluding on June 30, 2014. Claimant has not worked since that
date.

     The JCC denied the claim for payment of TPD benefits in their
entirety from July 1, 2014, and thereafter, on grounds Claimant
voluntarily limited his income by not working. Accordingly, the
                                2
JCC also denied the claims for payment of penalties and interest
as well as E/C-paid costs and attorney’s fees.

                               Analysis

     A JCC’s findings in regard to a claim for TPD benefits are
reviewed for competent substantial evidence. See Wyeth/Pharma
Field Sales v. Toscano, 40 So. 3d 795 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010). Whether
the JCC used the correct legal standard is reviewed de novo. See
Banks v. Allegiant Sec., 122 So. 3d 983, 985 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013)
(“Our review of an erroneous application of the law is de novo.
Application of an incorrect rule of law is reversible error.”) (citation
omitted).

    In Toscano we addressed an employer/carrier’s affirmative
defenses to claims for payment of TPD benefits. Noting that

    [a]lthough the express “voluntary limitation of income”
    defense has been removed from the statute, section
    440.15(4)(a) “pins remuneration on what the employee ‘is
    able to earn’ post-injury.” Fardella v. Genesis Health,
    Inc., 917 So. 2d 276, 277 (2005). Additionally, this court
    has analogized the statutory defense of “refusal of
    suitable employment” found in section 440.15(6) to a
    voluntary limitation of income defense. See Moore [v.
    Servicemaster Commercial Servs.], 19 So. 3d [1147,] 1152
    [(Fla. 1st DCA 2009)] (holding, although an employer is
    not required to continually reoffer a job to avail itself of
    statutory defenses based on an unjustified voluntary
    limitation of income, the employer must establish the
    continued availability of the job for each applicable period
    to obtain the continued benefit of the defense).

40 So. 3d at 801.

     Here, the JCC made no findings as to whether a job was
available to Claimant when he returned to Florida. The JCC’s
order recited Claimant’s work history since the date of the
accident. But without more, this does not rise to the level of a
finding that Claimant refused suitable employment. The E/C
argued in their brief and at oral argument that there was a break
in the causal connection between Claimant’s workplace injury and

                                   3
any loss of earnings. While there is support for this argument in
the record, the JCC did not make any findings on the break in
causal connection, and we cannot do so on appeal. See Featured
Props., LLC v. BLKY, LLC, 65 So. 3d 135, 137 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011)
(holding that an appellate court cannot make factual findings).

      As explained in Bueno v. Workman, 20 So. 3d 993, 998 (Fla.
4th DCA 2009), we “cannot employ the tipsy coachman rule where
a lower court has not made factual findings on an issue and it
would be inappropriate for an appellate court to do so.” Because
the JCC failed to use the correct legal standard in evaluating
Claimant’s claim for TPD benefits, we reverse and remand for
further findings. If the Claimant is found to have refused
“employment suitable to” his capacity, section 440.15(6), Florida
Statutes (2003), applies. However, if Claimant is found to have
left his employment at Mike’s Golf Carts “without just cause” then
TPD benefits “shall be payable based on the deemed earnings” of
Claimant just as if “he had remained employed.” § 440.15(7), Fla.
Stat. (2003).

     Accordingly, we AFFIRM the denial of PTD benefits, REVERSE
the denial of TPD benefits, penalties, interest, costs, and attorney’s
fees, and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

WOLF, LEWIS, * and BILBREY, JJ., concur.


                  _____________________________

    Not final until disposition of any timely and
    authorized motion under Fla. R. App. P. 9.330 or
    9.331.
               _____________________________

Pat T. DiCesare, II, Lakeland, and Bill McCabe, Longwood, for
Appellant.


    *  Judge Lewis was substituted for an original panel member
in this proceeding after oral argument. He has viewed the digital
recording of oral argument.

                                  4
Allyson A. McInvale of Brady Law Group, PLC, Tampa, for
Appellees.




                           5
