                            NUMBER 13-06-00653-CR

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                  THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                    CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

COLIN KAUFMAN,                                                                 Appellant,

                                            v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                             Appellee.


                   On appeal from the 214th District Court
                         of Nueces County, Texas.


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Benavides
               Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza
      This is an appeal from a conviction for misapplication of fiduciary property of a value

greater than $200,000. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 32.45(b), (c)(7) (Vernon Supp. 2007).

A jury found appellant, Colin Kaufman, guilty and assessed punishment at 45 years’

imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. Kaufman now challenges his conviction, contending that

(1) there was no evidence adduced at trial that Kaufman himself held property as a

fiduciary, and (2) the trial court erred by permitting the introduction of evidence of

extraneous bad acts previously committed by Kaufman. We affirm.
                                              I. BACKGROUND

      This case centered upon the administration of trust and estate assets of Arthur

Wilson Carothers, a former Army colonel and World War II veteran residing in Corpus

Christi. Throughout the 1990s, Carothers executed various legal documents providing that

accountant Andrew Huffmeyer would exercise control over his estate in the event of his

incapacitation or death. On January 12, 2002, Carothers was struck by a vehicle and fell

into a coma. He died on May 16, 2002.

      Shortly after Carothers became incapacitated, Huffmeyer hired Kaufman, a Harvard-

educated former attorney and law professor, and other attorneys to assist him in his role

as Carothers’ attorney-in-fact and as trustee of Carothers’ inter vivos trust. Between

January 2002 and April 2003, while in the care of Huffmeyer and his attorneys, the corpus

of Carothers’ estate was depleted by over $500,000 due to the charging of legal and other

professional fees. In April 2003, a successor trustee, Eric Anthony, was appointed to

administer Carothers’ estate.

      On November 10, 2005, a Nueces County grand jury indicted Kaufman and

Huffmeyer on charges of felony theft and misapplication of fiduciary property of a value

greater than $200,000, both first-degree felony offenses. See id. § 31.03 (Vernon Supp.

2007), § 32.45.1 Prior to trial, Huffmeyer entered into a plea agreement with the State


      1
          Specifically, the second count of the indictm ent alleged that:

      COLIN KAUFMAN and ANDREW HUFFMEYER, defendants, in Nueces County, Texas, on
      or about and between FEBRUARY 15, 2002 and APRIL 25, 2003, did then and there
      intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly m isapply property, to wit: UNITED STATES
      CURRENCY, checks and m oney, of the value of m ore than $200,000, that the said
      defendants held as a fiduciary in a m anner that involved substantial risk of loss to ARTHUR
      W ILSON CAROTHERS, individually and in his capacity as beneficiary of the ARTHUR
      W ILSON CAROTHERS TRUST, ERIC ANTHONY, in his capacity as Executor of the Estate
      of Arthur W ilson Carothers, and the ARTHUR W ILSON CAROTHERS TRUST, and the
      successor beneficiaries of that trust, in their capacity as the heirs of the Estate of Arthur
      W ilson Carothers, the owner of said property, and the persons for whose benefit the property
      was held, by dealing with said property contrary to the agreem ent under which they held said
      property, to wit: by withdrawing various am ounts of m oney on num erous occasions during
      said period of tim e from the said trust and from other financial accounts belonging to said
      owners for professional and fiduciary services that were not rendered or were of little or no
      benefit to the said owners and at a rate of com pensation that exceeded the am ount clearly
      stated in the trust agreem ent and that was clearly unreasonable for the services rendered,
      against the peace and dignity of the State.
                                                       2
under which he pledged to plead guilty to the second count of the indictment and to testify

against Kaufman. In exchange, the State agreed to recommend a sentence of five years’

imprisonment for Huffmeyer. The trial proceeded against Kaufman. Testimony at the trial,

which was held before a jury from November 13 to 20, 2006, revealed the details of how

the value of Carothers’ estate was depleted by over half a million dollars by Huffmeyer and

his attorneys over the course of approximately sixteen months.

A.      Testimony of Cheryl Whited

        Carothers’ will and trust documents were first drafted in 1992 by attorney Cheryl

Whited, who is board certified in estate planning and probate law. Whited testified that,

at the behest of Carothers, changes were made to the trust document later in 1992 and

again in 1993 and 1994. On May 17, 1995, Carothers directed Whited to completely

rewrite the will and trust documents, and to prepare a durable power of attorney.2

        The will named Huffmeyer as executor of the estate and Whited as alternate

executor. Under the will, Carothers bequeathed his vehicle to his friend Mary Helen

Kugler, and his furniture and other personal effects to the Salvation Army of Corpus Christi.

The will also stated that:

               I may leave a written statement or list disposing of certain items of my
        tangible personal property. Any such statement or list in existence at the
        time of my death shall be determinative with respect to all items devised
        therein. If no written statement or list is found and property identified by my
        Executor within thirty (30) days after my Executor’s qualification, it shall be
        presumed that there is no such statement or list and any subsequently
        discovered statement or list shall be ignored. While I understand that such
        written statement or list may not be binding upon my executor, it is my wish
        that such written statement or list be given effect.

        The will further provided that the remainder of the estate would pour over into

Carothers’ inter vivos trust, entitled simply the “Arthur Wilson Carothers Trust.” The trust

instrument provided that Carothers himself would be the initial trustee and that Huffmeyer

would be the successor trustee if Carothers became incapacitated or died. The trust was

        2
          The will, trust docum ent, and durable power of attorney executed by Carothers on May 17, 1995
rem ained operative at the tim e of his incapacity and death. These are the docum ents which we will refer to
herein as the “will,” “trust,” and “durable power of attorney.”
                                                     3
established with specific details as to how Carothers’ assets were to be distributed, and

how the trust was to be terminated, upon Carothers’ death.

       The trust instrument commanded the trustee to distribute Carothers’ assets upon

his death. First, his vehicle, furnishings, and personal effects were to be distributed

according to the terms of his will. The remainder of his estate was to be divided among

various family members and acquaintances of Carothers. The first $100,000 in assets was

to go to Kugler if she survived Carothers; that gift would lapse if she did not survive him.

The second $50,000 in assets was to go to Carothers’ step-granddaughter, Mary Kathleen

Kridler, if she survived Carothers, and if she did not, to her son Austin Kridler. The next

$25,000 in assets was to go to Carothers’ step-daughter, Judith Margaret Vance, or to

Mary Kathleen Kridler if Vance did not survive Carothers; and the next $25,000 would go

to Carothers’ step-daughter-in-law, Sandra Turner, if she survived him. Finally, $100,000

was to be distributed to the Indiana University Foundation to support a group of

scholarships. After these specific bequests, the residue and remainder of the trust corpus

was to be distributed to the United Methodist Church in Mulberry, Indiana, for the Music,

Building and Maintenance Fund, in the name and memory of Carothers’ late wife, Lois Ann

Carothers.

       Additionally, the trust document provided that:

       [t]he Trustee shall be entitled to receive reasonable compensation for the
       services of the Trustee hereunder. The hourly rate of $65.00 to $75.00 per
       hour shall be deemed to be reasonable compensation of A. F. Huffmeyer for
       purposes of this Agreement. The hourly rate of $140.00 pre [sic] hour shall
       be deemed to be reasonable compensation of Cheryl A. Whited for purposes
       of this Agreement.

       The durable power of attorney, also signed on May 17, 1995, named Huffmeyer as

Carothers’ attorney-in-fact, and named Whited as his successor upon Huffmeyer’s death,

disability, resignation, or refusal to act. The durable power of attorney was effective

immediately upon its execution and it granted Huffmeyer all the powers available to an

attorney-in-fact under the Durable Power of Attorney Act. See TEX . PROB. CODE ANN . §§

                                             4
481–506 (Vernon 2003).3

         Whited testified that, upon being informed by Huffmeyer of Carothers’ injury and

incapacitation, she faxed to Huffmeyer a letter composed by Carothers on May 17, 1995

and addressed to Huffmeyer. The letter contained a comprehensive seventeen-point list

of various items of information and instructions to be carried out by Huffmeyer upon

Carothers’ death. The letter, remarkable in its scope and detail, included the following:

•        A list of addresses and phone numbers of military agencies to notify upon
         Carothers’ death, including the Adjutant General’s Office in Washington, D.C. and
         the Defense Finance Accounting Service in Cleveland, Ohio;

•        Details of Carothers’ burial insurance policy with Guardian Plans, Inc., including
         policy number and contact information;

•        The name and contact information of the funeral home in Corpus Christi that
         Carothers designated to be in charge of his burial arrangements, along with a
         statement that the funeral home director also had been provided with written
         instructions;

•        Details of the specific plot in which Carothers planned to be interred at Fort Sam
         Houston National Cemetery and the procedure to follow under which he would be
         interred next to his first wife;

•        A statement that Carothers wished to have a closed casket immediately upon his
         death, and that he did not desire any funeral service or pall bearers;

•        Carothers’ Medicare account number and details of Carothers’ supplemental health
         insurance policy with the Retired Officers Association, including policy number and
         contact information;



         3
          Specifically, the statutory durable power of attorney gave Huffm eyer the power to act on Carothers’
behalf in the following contexts:

         (A) real property transactions;
         (B) tangible personal property transactions;
         (C) stock and bond transactions;
         (D) com m odity and option transactions;
         (E) banking and other financial institution transactions;
         (F) business operating transactions;
         (G) insurance and annuity transactions;
         (H) estate, trust, and other beneficiary transactions;
         (I) claim s and litigation;
         (J) personal and fam ily m aintenance;
         (K) benefits from social security, M edicare, Medicaid, or other governm ental program s or
         civil or m ilitary service;
         (L) retirem ent plan transactions; [and]
         (M) tax m atters[.]

T EX . P R O B . C OD E A N N . § 490 (Vernon 2003) (form for statutory durable power of attorney).
                                                         5
•        A statement that Carothers, as a retired Army officer, was entitled to hospitalization
         and medical care at any Army, Navy, or Air Force Hospital, if space is available,
         along with Carothers’ Army Identification Card number;

•        A statement that Carothers, as a World War II veteran, was entitled to
         hospitalization and medical care at any VA Hospital;

•        A statement that, in the event of an incapacitating injury, Carothers “[did] not want
         any heroic medical efforts or experiments used to prolong or sustain my life by
         artificial or mechanical means” and that he “wish[ed] to be permitted to die a natural
         death”;

•        An inventory of items in Carothers’ safety deposit box at Nations Bank in Corpus
         Christi, which included his insurance policies, several certificates of deposit, and
         copies of his birth certificate and will;

•        Details of Carothers’ Merrill Lynch brokerage account and Nations Bank checking
         account;

•        A comprehensive inventory of documents contained in Carothers’ filing cabinet at
         his apartment in Corpus Christi, organized by drawer; and

•        A statement that Carothers had no debts.

In short, Carothers’ letter provided Huffmeyer with virtually everything he needed to know

in order to fully and efficiently administer his estate.

         Whited testified that when she drafted the various estate documents, Carothers’

assets were primarily in money market funds which are “very easy to distribute” because

they “can be converted to cash instantly.” Carothers also had established several payable-

on-death certificate of deposit accounts for the benefit of several different beneficiaries.

Whited explained to the jury that money held in such an account would go directly to the

beneficiary upon the account holder’s death, without going into probate. However, when

Carothers became incapacitated, Huffmeyer liquidated those payable-on-death accounts

using his power of attorney and transferred the funds to an account in the name of the

trust.

         Overall, Whited stated that “it was very clear where [Carothers] wanted things to go”

and that she “wouldn’t consider it an unusually difficult estate or trust to administer by any

means.” She also testified that, in her professional opinion, based on the specific

circumstances regarding Carothers’ estate, the fees charged by the trustee in this case
                                               6
should have been no more than $16,800, including any fees charged by the trustee’s

attorney.

B.     Testimony of Beneficiaries

       Also testifying for the State was Steve Nordin, Carothers’ nephew. Nordin is the son

of Alma Williams, Carothers’ sister and a beneficiary under a $25,000 payable-on-death

account set up by Carothers. On July 17, 2002, Nordin wrote to Huffmeyer on behalf of

his mother, inquiring as to the status of the account. Huffmeyer replied on October 29,

2002, over five months after Carothers’ death, stating that “the preparation for filing letters

testamentary for the estate of Mr. Arthur W. Carothers is continuing and is almost

complete” and “it is necessary to complete the probate procedure prior to and [sic]

distributions to any Trust beneficiaries.”

       Nordin testified that Carothers continued to receive his monthly pension checks from

the Army after his death, and that Nordin contacted the Army and discovered that they had

not been notified of his uncle’s death. Upon learning that his uncle had left substantial

amounts of money to Indiana University and the Mulberry Methodist Church, Nordin

contacted the university and the church on September 20, 2002. Nordin testified that

neither the university nor the church were aware of Carothers’ death as of the time he

contacted them. Nordin later learned that, not only did Carothers open a payable-on-death

account for the benefit of his mother, but a separate $51,000 had been deposited by

Carothers in payable-on-death accounts for his direct benefit. Neither Nordin nor Williams

ever received the funds designated for them in the payable-on-death accounts.

       The State also presented testimony by Allen Kugler, son of Carothers’ friend Mary

Kugler. Allen testified that his mother received the car and money left to her by Carothers

several months after he died, and that the car and money were delivered to his mother not

by Huffmeyer but by Anthony, the successor trustee.

C.     Testimony of Andrew Huffmeyer

       Huffmeyer’s testimony confirmed the events recounted by Whited and the trust
                                              7
beneficiaries. Huffmeyer first met Carothers in 1993; he was asked by Carothers in 1995

to serve as the executor of his estate because Carothers had no family in the area.

Huffmeyer acknowledged that the will, trust, and power of attorney gave him the power to

act in a fiduciary capacity on behalf of Carothers, and that after Carothers died, he was to

handle the trust corpus for the benefit of the beneficiaries of the trust and the will.

        Because Huffmeyer had not previously served as a trustee or estate executor, he

believed he needed to hire an attorney to advise him. Huffmeyer explained to the jury that,

when Carothers became incapacitated, he hired Colin Kaufman and his wife, Sharon

Kaufman, whom he also believed to be an attorney. Huffmeyer also hired attorney Gene

Garcia to advise him on how to proceed. When Huffmeyer, Kaufman, and Garcia first met

together, they decided that Garcia would represent the trust and that Kaufman would

represent Carothers individually while he was in the hospital. When Carothers died,

another attorney, Vivian Cavada, was hired to represent the estate, and Kaufman came

to represent Huffmeyer as trustee. Another attorney, Stonewall Van Wie, was also hired

to do work for the estate.4

        According to Huffmeyer, Kaufman was substantially involved in the administration

of Carothers’ estate. Huffmeyer claimed that Kaufman advised, encouraged, and directed

him on how to carry out his duties as Carothers’ executor, trustee, and attorney-in-fact.

Kaufman would periodically bill Huffmeyer for services provided by him and his wife;

Huffmeyer would then pay Kaufman by check drawn on the trust accounts. Huffmeyer

acknowledged that he was aware that the trust instrument limited the amount he could

charge for his services to $75 per hour; nevertheless, he charged $200 per hour and

Kaufman charged $400 per hour. Kaufman’s wife charged $115 per hour for paralegal

work.


        4
          After Carothers died, Huffm eyer waited nearly six m onths before seeking letters testam entary, which
Kaufm an told him was norm al. W hen Huffm eyer was asked whether he “blindly rel[ied]” on Kaufm an’s advice
on “issues regarding the adm inistering [of] the estate and seeking letters [testam entary],” Huffm eyer
responded in the affirm ative.
                                                       8
        Among the first acts undertaken by Huffmeyer upon learning of Carothers’

incapacity was to close the payable-on-death accounts using his power of attorney and

transfer the approximately $180,000 of funds held in those accounts to an account in the

name of the trust. Huffmeyer testified that he knew this would defeat the interests of the

beneficiaries of the accounts, yet he stated that either Kaufman or Garcia told him that

closing those accounts was “perfectly legal.” On March 19, 2002, Huffmeyer wrote

Kaufman a check for $25,000 and himself a check for $20,000 out of the new trust

account. As of May 31, 2002, Huffmeyer paid Kaufman $105,000 in attorney’s fees out

of the account. By September of 2002, $140,000 out of the original $180,000 taken from

the payable-on-death accounts had been paid out as professional service fees to Kaufman

and Huffmeyer.5 Huffmeyer testified that he believed some of the money paid to Kaufman

were advances to cover legal work to be performed in the future.

        In all, Kaufman charged approximately $161,000 for various conferences with

Huffmeyer and the other attorneys, held mostly at Corpus Christi restaurants; over $7,393

to attend Carothers’ funeral, which Carothers specifically stated in his letter of May 17,

1995 that he did not desire; over $88,000 for a detailed inventory of Carothers’ apartment,

ostensibly to search for a “written statement or list” disposing of assets which Carothers’

will indicated might exist; over $29,000 for drafting a new trust agreement for Carothers,

even though Carothers, at the time, was incompetent to approve it; and over $94,000 for

litigation fees. Further, Huffmeyer, Kaufman, and Kaufman’s wife together billed $49,702

to travel to Delaware and San Antonio to change signature cards on the payable-on-death

accounts and other bank accounts owned by Carothers.

D.      Testimony of Jim Clancy and Eric Anthony

        Jim Clancy, attorney for trust beneficiary Indiana University, became aware that



        5
          W hen the probate was pending, Huffm eyer filed an application requesting that the probate court
authorize the estate to pay m oney to the payable-on-death account beneficiaries. One of the trust
beneficiaries objected to that request, and the court eventually denied that request.
                                                    9
Carothers bequeathed money to his client after being contacted by Nordin.6 At trial, Clancy

testified that after repeatedly trying and failing to communicate with Huffmeyer, he filed suit

for an accounting of the estate and trust assets in district court. See TEX . PROP. CODE ANN .

§ 113.151 (Vernon 2007).7

         Moreover, Clancy was qualified by the trial court as an expert on attorney’s fees,

and he reviewed itemized bills prepared by Huffmeyer and Kaufman for their services to

the trust. Clancy testified that Kaufman and Huffmeyer’s travel expenses, in particular,

were “ridiculous,” as he believed it was not necessary for a trustee to appear in person at

a bank to change a signature card; and in any event, it certainly was not reasonable or

necessary for the trustee to take an attorney and paralegal with him. He also opined that

the number of conferences held by Huffmeyer and his attorneys, as well as the length and

location of those conferences, were unusual in his experience. Finally, Clancy testified that

the amounts charged for litigation with beneficiaries seeking an accounting was

unnecessary because beneficiaries were entitled to an accounting upon a simple request.

See id.

         Huffmeyer was eventually removed as trustee by the district court in April 2003, and

attorney Eric Anthony was appointed as his successor. See id. §§ 113.082–.083 (Vernon

2007) (providing for the removal of trustee and appointment of successor trustee by the

court). A subsequent accounting revealed that between February 1, 2002, and February

28, 2003, the value of the trust assets decreased from $961,798.41 to $448,773.59, a

difference of $513,024.82. A substantial part of the decrease was due to fees charged


         6
             Clancy was later also retained by the Mulberry Methodist Church, another trust beneficiary.
         7
             Section 113.151(a) of the Texas Property Code provides in relevant part the following:

         A beneficiary by written dem and m ay request the trustee to deliver to each beneficiary of the
         trust a written statem ent of accounts covering all transactions since the last accounting or
         since the creation of the trust, whichever is later. If the trustee fails or refuses to deliver the
         statem ent on or before the 90th day after the date the trustee receives the dem and or after
         a longer period ordered by a court, any beneficiary of the trust m ay file suit to com pel the
         trustee to deliver the statem ent to all beneficiaries of the trust.

T EX . P R O P . C OD E A N N . § 113.151(a) (Vernon 2007).
                                                              10
against the trust for professional services—Kaufman was paid a total of $285,000 out of

the trust; Huffmeyer was paid $144,321.44; Garcia was paid $30,000; and Cavada and

Van Wie were each paid $5,000.8

        Still, Clancy testified that the trust beneficiaries Kugler, Vance, Kridler, and the

university were paid their full distributions in December of 2003. However, the church did

not receive its full distribution. According to Clancy, had there been no wrongdoing, the

church should have received just under $500,000. Additionally, Clancy testified that had

Huffmeyer and his associates not closed the payable-on-death accounts, Kugler would

have received an additional $130,000. Anthony testified that when he took over as trustee,

eleven months after Carothers’ death, most of the instructions provided by Carothers in his

May 17, 1995 letter had not been carried out. Anthony further testified that he could have

taken care of all of Carothers’ estate and trust business for roughly $5,000 in fees.

E.      Testimony of Colin Kaufman

        Kaufman testified in his defense, claiming first, with respect to the payable-on-death

accounts, that he advised Huffmeyer that he had the power to close those accounts but

did not advise him to actually close them. He explained that the travels to Delaware and

San Antonio were necessary because they were required by the banks; but he stated that

he could not recall why it was necessary to take a paralegal—his wife—along with them.

He testified that he was not aware of Clancy’s attempts to contact Huffmeyer until the suit

for accounting was brought. Kaufman denied padding his bills to the trust or billing the

trust for work he did not do. He denied doing work for the trust that was unreasonable or

unnecessary.

        Prior to Kaufman’s testimony, the State filed a motion under Texas Rule of Evidence

404(b) to admit evidence of extraneous bad acts committed by Kaufman. See TEX . R.


        8
         The State introduced a “Sum m ary of Fee Bills” into evidence which sum m arized the charges m ade
by Huffm eyer and his associates to the estate and trust. In all, $597,687.50 in professional service fees were
deducted from trust accounts; this included $104,634 for “Cataloguing and reviewing every docum ent in Mr.
Carothers’ [a]partm ent,” $261,704.50 for “Conferences between Huffm eyer and his lawyers usually at
restaurants,” and $94,107 for “Litigation with the beneficiaries resisting accounting.”
                                                     11
EVID . 404(b). Specifically, the State sought to introduce court-certified documents showing

that Kaufman, between 1992 and 2002, had breached ethical and legal responsibilities in

his role as trustee in a bankruptcy case styled as In re Charles Feldman d/b/a Charles

Feldman Investments. In that case, Kaufman was appointed as trustee of the Feldman

bankruptcy estate in 1992 but was removed in 2001 upon a finding by the United States

Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas that he had filed insufficient

accountings, had failed to make required semi-annual disbursements required by the

bankruptcy plan, and had paid himself fees before they were earned. Kaufman was

ordered by the bankruptcy court, in a decision affirmed by the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas, to disgorge some $214,871.89 in attorney’s fees that he

had paid himself from estate assets. Kaufman objected to the introduction of these

documents, claiming that they were inadmissible: (1) as irrelevant; (2) as character

evidence shown to prove conduct; and (3) because the case was on appeal and not final.

The State argued that the extraneous act evidence was admissible because it was offered

not to show Kaufman’s character but was probative with regard to Kaufman’s intent,

knowledge, and absence of mistake. See id. The Court overruled Kaufman’s objections

and admitted the documents.

       The State also offered court-certified documents showing that Kaufman had been

disbarred in the states of Texas and Kansas. The reason for the disbarments was

Kaufman’s wrongdoing in the Feldman bankruptcy case.                Kaufman objected to the

admission of the disbarment orders, noting that they were on appeal and not final;

however, the trial court admitted the documents.

       The trial court, applying the law of parties, instructed the jury in Section VI of the jury

charge as follows:

             Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that
       Andrew Huffmeyer, in Nueces County, Texas, on or about and between
       February 15, 2002 and April 25, 2003, did then and there intentionally,
       knowingly or recklessly misapply property, to wit: United States Currency,
       checks or money, of the value of more than $200,000, that Andrew
                                               12
         Huffmeyer held as a fiduciary, in a manner that involved substantial risk of
         loss to . . . the owners of said property, and the persons for whose benefit
         the property was held, by dealing with said property contrary to the
         agreement under which the defendant held the property, to wit: by
         withdrawing various amounts of money on numerous occasions during said
         period of time from the said trust and from other financial accounts belonging
         to said owners, for professional and fiduciary services that were not rendered
         or were of little or no benefit to the said owners, and at a rate of
         compensation that exceeded the amount clearly stated in the trust
         agreement, and that was clearly unreasonable for the services rendered;

                 And you further find that the defendant, Colin Kaufman, in Nueces
         County, Texas, on or about and between February 15, 2002 and April 25,
         2003, with the intent to promote, aid or assist the commission of the
         misapplication of fiduciary property by Andrew Huffmeyer, did then and there
         promote, aid or assist the said Andrew Huffmeyer in the commission of
         misapplication of fiduciary property, then you will find the defendant “Guilty”
         as a party to the offense of Misapplication of Fiduciary Property as alleged
         in the indictment.

                But if you do not so believe, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof,
         you will acquit the defendant and say by your verdict “Not Guilty.”

         The jury returned a verdict of guilty. After the punishment phase, the jury assessed

Kaufman’s punishment at 45 years’ imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. This appeal

ensued.9

                                                  II. DISCUSSION

A.       Sufficiency of the Evidence that Kaufman Held Property as a Fiduciary

         By his first issue, Kaufman claims that the evidence adduced at trial was legally

insufficient to prove that he held property as a fiduciary and, therefore, that he cannot be

found guilty as a principal under section 32.45 of the penal code. See TEX . PENAL CODE

ANN . § 32.45.10 Kaufman’s entire argument on this issue consists of the following:


          9
            W e note that, although he had previously filed a brief prepared by counsel, Kaufm an subsequently
filed a pro se supplem ental brief on October 26, 2007. He did this despite this Court’s denial of his “Original
Motion to File a Pro Se Brief” on October 1, 2007. W e will consider only the points raised in his original brief.
See T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(e) (stating that the appellate brief “m ust state concisely all issues or points presented
for review.”); see also Marshall v. State, 210 S.W .3d 618, 620 n.1 (Tex. Crim . App. 2006) (stating that a
crim inal defendant does not have a right to hybrid representation), cert. denied, 2007 U.S. LEXIS 9543 (U.S.
Oct. 1, 2007).
         10
              Texas Penal Code section 32.45 states that:

         A person com m its an offense if he intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly m isapplies property
         he holds as a fiduciary or property of a financial institution in a m anner that involves
         substantial risk of loss to the owner of the property or to a person for whose benefit the
                                                         13
        Before one can be found guilty as a principal under Penal Code Section
        32.45, the person must “hold property” as a fiduciary. There is no evidence
        in the record of any legal document or event which caused defendant
        Kaufman to hold property of another. See Section 111.004, Texas Property
        Code. A trust must be in writing to be enforceable. Section 112.004, Texas
        Property Code. That statute requires a trust in either real or personal
        property to be created with a written document.

        Generally, in examining the legal sufficiency of evidence, we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson

v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-17 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2006). Here, however, it is unnecessary to undertake such an examination,

because Kaufman was not actually convicted as a principal under penal code section 32.45;

rather, he was convicted as a party to the offense committed by Huffmeyer. This is

permitted under the law of parties, which is codified in chapter 7 of the penal code. See

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . §§ 7.01–.24 (Vernon 2003).

        Specifically, section 7.01 provides that “[a] person is criminally responsible as a party

to an offense if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another for

which he is criminally responsible, or by both.” Id. § 7.01(a). Section 7.02 states that “[a]

person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if: . .

. acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits,

encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense . . . .”

Id. § 7.02(a)(2). Under this theory, the State is able to enlarge a defendant’s criminal

responsibility to acts in which he may not be the principle actor. Goff v. State, 931 S.W.2d

537, 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Romo v. State, 568 S.W.2d 298, 300 (Tex. Crim. App.

1977); see Amaya v. State, 733 S.W.2d 168, 174 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (applying the law

of parties to a misapplication of fiduciary property charge). Moreover, a trial court may

charge on the law of parties even where there is no such allegation in the indictment. Goff,


        property is held.

T EX . P EN AL C OD E A N N . § 32.45(b) (Vernon Supp. 2007).
                                                         14
931 S.W.2d at 544 n.5; Crank v. State, 761 S.W.2d 328, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); see

also TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.01(c) (stating that “[a]ll traditional distinctions between

accomplices and principals are abolished by this section, and each party to an offense may

be charged and convicted without alleging that he acted as a principal or accomplice.”).

       It is undisputed that Huffmeyer held property as a fiduciary for Carothers and the

beneficiaries of his estate and trust. The jury charge specifically tracked the statute in

stating that, in order to return a guilty verdict, the jury must find that Kaufman “with the intent

to promote, aid or assist the commission of the misapplication of fiduciary property by

Andrew Huffmeyer, did then and there promote, aid or assist the said Andrew Huffmeyer

in the commission of misapplication of fiduciary property.”

       Kaufman does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence adduced at trial showing

that Huffmeyer “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly misapplie[d] property he [held] as a

fiduciary . . . in a manner that involve[d] substantial risk of loss to the owner of the property

or to a person for whose benefit the property is held.” See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 32.45.

Nor does he challenge the sufficiency of the evidence showing that Kaufman, acting with

intent to promote or assist the commission of misapplication of fiduciary property, solicited,

encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted to aid Huffmeyer in committing that offense. See

id. § 7.02(a)(2). Therefore, even if we were to agree with Kaufman that the evidence was

legally insufficient to show that he personally held property as a fiduciary, we must still

uphold his conviction as a party to the offense committed by Huffmeyer. Kaufman’s first

issue is overruled.

B.     Evidence of Extraneous Bad Acts

       By his second issue, Kaufman claims that the trial court erred in admitting evidence

regarding Kaufman’s wrongdoing in the Feldman bankruptcy case. We review a trial court’s

ruling on the admission of evidence for abuse of discretion. Montgomery v. State, 810

S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). A trial court abuses its discretion

when its decision lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Green v. State, 934
                                                15
S.W.2d 92, 101-02 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

        Kaufman claims first that the evidence was inadmissible because the orders issued

by the Bankruptcy Court and by the United States District Court were “not final.” Kaufman

asserts that the orders were, at the time, on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit. Kaufman also asserts that, even if the orders were final, the bad acts

revealed in the court orders were too remote to have probative value. See TEX . R. EVID .

403 (“Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the

jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.”).11

        The State contends, however, that Kaufman waived these arguments by failing to

object to the admission of the disbarment orders that specifically referenced the acts of

misconduct in the Feldman bankruptcy.                   We agree.         To preserve error in admitting

evidence, a party must make a proper objection and get a ruling on that objection. Lane v.

State, 151 S.W.3d 188, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (citing Valle v. State, 109 S.W.3d 500,

509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). In addition, a party must object each time the inadmissible

evidence is offered or obtain a running objection.                     Id.   Moreover, the admission of

inadmissible evidence can be rendered harmless if the same or similar evidence is

introduced without objection elsewhere during trial. Elder v. State, 132 S.W.3d 20, 27 (Tex.

App.–Fort Worth 2004, pet ref’d).

        Here, the State introduced as its Exhibit Number 50 a Judgment of Disbarment dated

October 4, 2004, rendered by the Honorable Robert C. Cheshire, Specially Assigned

Presiding Judge of the 214th Judicial District of Nueces County. The judgment incorporated

a jury verdict finding the following with respect to Kaufman’s actions in the Feldman


        11
           Generally, evidence of extraneous bad acts is inadm issible if it does not have relevance apart from
character conform ity. T EX . R. E VID . 404(b); see Casey v. State, 215 S.W .3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim . App. 2007).
However, such evidence m ay be adm issible for other purposes, such as proof of m otive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absense of m istake or accident. T EX . R. E VID . 404(b); see Johnston
v. State, 145 S.W .3d 215, 219 (Tex. Crim . App. 2004).
                                                       16
bankruptcy:

        Respondent Colin K. Kaufman failed to hold funds belonging in whole or in
        part to clients or third parties that were in his possession in connection with
        a representation, separate from his own funds.

        Respondent, Colin K. Kaufman, after receiving funds in which a client or third
        person had an interest, upon request by the client or third person, failed
        promptly to render a full accounting regard [sic] such funds.

        Respondent, Colin K. Kaufman, after receiving funds in which a client or third
        person had an interest, failed promptly to deliver to the client or third person
        any funds that the client or third person was entitled to receive.

        Respondent, Colin K. Kaufman, charged or collected an unconscionable fee.

        Respondent, Colin K. Kaufman, engaged in conduct involving dishonesty,
        deceit or misrepresentation in connection with the Feldman bankruptcy
        estate.

        The Judgment of Disbarment also stated that Kaufman:

        shall pay restitution to the State Bar of Texas for the benefit of the bankruptcy
        estate of Charles B. Feldman d/b/a Charles Feldman Investments, pending
        in the United States Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of Texas, Case
        Number 90-01254-B-11 in the amount of two hundred fourteen thousand
        eight hundred seventy-one and 89/100 dollars ($214,871.89), pursuant to
        United States Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of Texas, Corpus Christi
        Division Final Judgment in said case dated March 12, 2002.

        The State also introduced as its Exhibit 51 an Order of Disbarment dated August 30,

2006, issued by the Supreme Court of Kansas. The Kansas order references the Texas

order and states that “it was found that the respondent failed to properly safeguard client

funds, failed to promptly disburse client funds, charged an unconscionable fee, and

engaged in conduct involving dishonesty, deceit, or misrepresentation in connection with

a bankruptcy client.”12

        Although Kaufman did object to the admission of the disbarment orders at trial, he

did so solely on the basis that the orders were not final because they were on appeal at the

time. However, the record contains nothing, such as a Notice of Appeal, indicating that the

disbarment orders were on appeal. Moreover, Kaufman did not object to the admission of

       12
            At trial, Kaufm an was asked by the State’s attorney whether the basis for the judgm ents of
disbarm ent was “the proceedings that happened in the Feldm an bankruptcy.” Feldm an responded, “that’s
the form al basis for the actions taken.”
                                                   17
the disbarment orders on the basis that they included references to extraneous offenses,

nor did he ask for a limiting instruction or that the references to the extraneous offenses be

redacted from the disbarment orders. See TEX . R. EVID . 105(a).13 We conclude that any

error by the trial court in admitting the Feldman bankruptcy orders was cured by the later

admission, without an extraneous offense objection, of the disbarment orders which directly

referenced the misconduct committed by Kaufman in connection with the Feldman

bankruptcy. See Elder, 132 S.W.3d at 27.

         Kaufman’s second issue is overruled.

                                               III. CONCLUSION

         Having overruled Kaufman’s two issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.



                                                             DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
                                                             Justice

Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 29th day of May, 2008.




         13
              Texas Rule of Evidence 105(a) provides:

         W hen evidence which is adm issible as to one party or for one purpose but not adm issible as
         to another party or for another purpose is adm itted, the court, upon request, shall restrict the
         evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly; but, in the absence of such
         request the court's action in adm itting such evidence without lim itation shall not be a ground
         for com plaint on appeal.

T EX . R. E VID . 105(a).
                                                        18
