                     United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                Nos. 01-1814/1922
                                  ___________

Paula A. Kipp,                        *
                                      *
            Appellee/Cross-Appellant, *
                                      *
      v.                              *   Appeal from the United States
                                      *   District Court for the Western
Missouri Highway and                  *   District of Missouri.
Transportation Commission,            *
                                      *
            Appellant/Cross-Appellee. *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: December 14, 2001

                                  Filed: February 20, 2002
                                   ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, BEAM, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       A little over two months after Paula Kipp filed a discrimination complaint with
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission against the Missouri Highway and
Transportation Commission (MHTC), the MHTC terminated her employment. She
sued the MHTC, alleging gender discrimination and retaliation under Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act, and a jury found for the MHTC on the discrimination claim but
against it on the retaliation claim. The MHTC then moved the trial court to enter
judgment for the MHTC as a matter of law on the retaliation claim, and Ms. Kipp
moved the trial court to order reinstatement or front pay as to that claim. After the
trial court denied both of these motions and entered judgment consistent with the
jury's verdict, both parties appealed raising the issues they had raised in their post-
trial motions. We hold that the MHTC is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

                                          I.
       Paula Kipp worked for thirteen years at the MHTC as a maintenance crew
worker and received satisfactory evaluations or better every year. Her duties included
working out on the highway as a flagger, mowing grass, plowing snow, and patching
potholes. She was the only female in her unit. After many years of service, Ms. Kipp
applied for and was denied a promotion. She then filed a complaint, first internally,
and later with the EEOC, alleging that she was not promoted because of her gender.

        After learning that Ms. Kipp had filed a discrimination complaint, Doulla
Towne, the girlfriend of a senior crew worker in Ms. Kipp's unit, sent the MHTC a
letter asserting that Ms. Kipp spent extended periods of time away from her job at
Ms. Towne's house. Ms. Kipp intimated at trial that Ms. Towne was moved to write
the letter because she was angry with Ms. Kipp over a personal dispute; Ms. Towne
testified that she did it to provide the state with evidence to refute Ms. Kipp's sex
discrimination charge. Ms. Towne's letter eventually made its way to Gary Shuett,
the human resources manager for the district in which Ms. Kipp was employed.
When Mr. Shuett shared the letter with Donald Hillis, the assistant engineer for the
district, the two decided to launch an investigation to determine whether the
allegation contained in Ms. Towne's letter could be substantiated.

      As part of the investigation, they spoke with Ms. Kipp's immediate supervisor.
Her supervisor told Mr. Shuett that Ms. Towne's boyfriend had previously told him
that Ms. Kipp had been to Ms. Towne's house, but at that time "he didn't think there
was much to it" and therefore had not confronted Ms. Kipp about the matter. Her
supervisor did not call into question the truth of any of Ms. Towne's allegations.
Mr. Hillis and Mr. Schuett also spoke with Ms. Towne and with Nadine Carr, a friend

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who had visited Ms. Towne at her home. According to Mr. Schuett, Ms. Towne
provided them with information consistent with what she had stated in her letter.
Ms. Carr told them about two instances when she saw Ms. Kipp visit Ms. Towne in
the morning during a work day.

       Mr. Hillis and Mr. Shuett then confronted Ms. Kipp with the allegations.
Ms. Kipp told them that she went to Ms. Towne's house only during her lunch break
or for very short periods of time, and that if she ever stayed for more than ten minutes,
she would take an hour's vacation, but they testified that they did not believe her.
They presented the findings of their investigation to the district engineer, who was
the final decision-maker regarding employee discipline and was aware of Ms. Kipp's
discrimination complaint. He decided to terminate Ms. Kipp.

                                           II.
       We review de novo a district court's decision on whether to grant a party's
motion for judgment as a matter of law. See Kennan v. Computer Assocs. Int'l, Inc.,
13 F.3d 1266, 1268 (8th Cir. 1994). When determining whether a motion for
judgment as a matter of law should be granted, "the court must draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may not make credibility
determinations or weigh the evidence." Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc.,
530 U.S. 133, 150 (2000). "Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate only when all
of the evidence points one way, and is susceptible of no reasonable inference
sustaining the jury's verdict." Scott Fetzer Co. v. Williamson, 101 F.3d 549, 553 (8th
Cir. 1996).

      In order to establish a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII, Ms. Kipp
must show that she filed a charge of discrimination or engaged in some other
protected activity, that the defendant took an adverse employment action against her,
and that there was a casual link between the filing of the discrimination charge and
the adverse employment action. See Kiel v. Select Artificials, Inc., 169 F.3d 1131,

                                          -3-
1136 (8th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 818 (1999). The MHTC contends that
even viewing all the evidence in favor of Ms. Kipp, as we must, she failed to establish
a prima facie case of retaliation because there is no evidence sufficient to give rise to
an inference of a causal link between her complaint of gender discrimination and her
termination.

      A reasonable jury could conclude from this record that there was, as a literal
matter, a causal connection between Ms. Kipp's complaint to the EEOC and her
termination, because there was evidence that absent the complaint Ms. Towne would
not have written her letter to the MHTC and Ms. Kipp would not have been fired.
But we believe, with the second circuit, that what is meant by "causal link" in the
present context is a showing that an employer's "retaliatory motive played a part in
the adverse employment action," Sumner v. United States Postal Service, 899 F.2d
203, 208-09 (2d Cir. 1990). We have held that evidence that gives rise to "an
inference of retaliatory motive" on the part of the employer is sufficient to establish
a causal link. See Rath v. Selection Research, Inc., 978 F.2d 1087, 1090 (8th Cir.
1992); Couty v. Dole, 886 F.2d 147, 148 (8th Cir. 1989). We now make explicit what
we think was already implicit, namely, that evidence that gives rise to an inference
of such a motive is not only sufficient to prove the required causal link but is also
necessary. We turn, then, to an examination of whether Ms. Kipp has established
such a link.

       We agree with the trial court that the timing of Ms. Kipp's termination does not,
as a matter of law, carry her burden. We have stated that "[g]enerally, more than a
temporal connection ... is required to present a genuine factual issue on retaliation."
Kiel, 169 F.3d at 1136. Our recent cases have, in our view, made clear that a "mere
coincidence of timing" can rarely be sufficient to establish a submissible case of
retaliatory discharge. See Nelson v. J.C. Penney Co., 75 F.3d 343, 346-47 (8th Cir.
1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 813 (1996); see also Feltmann v. Sieben, 108 F.3d 970,
977 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1075 (1998); Cram v. Lamson and

                                          -4-
Sessions Co., 49 F.3d 466, 474 (8th Cir. 1995). Here, the interval of two months
between the complaint and Ms. Kipp's termination so dilutes any inference of
causation that we are constrained to hold as a matter of law that the temporal
connection could not justify a finding in Ms. Kipp's favor on the matter of causal link.

       Ms. Kipp argues that the fact that her complaint to the EEOC caused
Ms. Towne to write her letter is evidence that she was angry at Ms. Kipp for filing the
complaint. Although the jury might have been justified in concluding that Ms. Towne
had such a motive for sending her letter, we believe that the evidence raises a much
stronger inference that she had a different motive. In any case, even if Ms. Towne
had such a motive for sending her letter, it would require a leap of faith to infer from
that that Ms. Kipp's employer terminated her in retaliation for her complaint to the
EEOC. We are aware that a person who files a discrimination complaint often places
herself in a position of vulnerability and may face hostility or retaliation from co-
workers, members of her community, and even friends. But the law shields
employees only from employers who retaliate against them for committing legally
protected acts. See Scusa v. Nestle U.S.A. Co., 181 F.3d 958, 970 (8th Cir. 1999).
Evidence of Ms. Towne's motives cannot under the circumstances supply evidence
of the relevant causal link.

       Ms. Kipp also points out that there was proof that many of her co-workers who
left their jobs during the workday without authorization did not face discipline and
maintains that this fact gives rise to an inference that the MHTC acted out of a
retaliatory motive. The difficulty with this argument is that Ms. Kipp herself testified
that she had no reason to believe that Mr. Schuett, Mr. Hillis, or the district engineer,
the executives who decided to terminate her, had any idea that other workers were
also away without authorization during the workday, if in fact they were. In short,
a reasonable jury could not draw an inference that Ms. Kipp was singled out for
discipline.



                                          -5-
       Finally, Ms. Kipp draws our attention to the fact that she was not given a
warning before being terminated, that the executives did not take into account her
solid track record at the MHTC, that she used her vacation time if she was away from
work without authorization, and that her immediate supervisor had not thought much
of her leaving work before he was made aware of Ms. Towne's letter. We discern no
supportable inference of retaliation in these facts, and we take the occasion to
reaffirm the principle that "federal courts do not sit as a super-personnel department
that re-examine's an entity's business decisions." Harvey v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. 38
F.3d 968, 973 (8th Cir. 1994) (internal quotations omitted); see also Greer v.
St. Louis Reg'l Med. Ctr., 258 F.3d 843, 847 (8th Cir. 2001). Although the jury may
have believed that the MHTC should have handled Ms. Kipp's situation differently,
that issue was not before it.

                                             III.
       In sum, we believe that because the proof in this case fails to raise an inference
that the MHTC acted out of a retaliatory motive in terminating her, Ms. Kipp failed
to establish the causal link necessary to make out a prima facie case of retaliation, and
thus the MHTC was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We therefore remand the
case to the trial court for the entry of a judgment consistent with this opinion.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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