                               T.C. Memo. 2012-205



                         UNITED STATES TAX COURT



                 ROSANNA DITARANTO, Petitioner v.
           COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



      Docket No. 2392-11.                           Filed July 19, 2012.



      Rosanna Ditaranto, pro se.

      Robert Francis Saal and Carroll De Groff Lansdell, for respondent.



                           MEMORANDUM OPINION


      LARO, Judge: This case was submitted to the Court fully stipulated for

decision without trial. See Rule 122.1 Respondent determined a $114,312


      1
       Unless otherwise indicated, Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of
Practice and Procedure, and section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in
                                                                       (continued...)
                                          -2-

deficiency in petitioner’s 2008 Federal income tax, as well as additions to tax of

$24,820 for failure to file a return timely under section 6651(a)(1), $8,825 for failure

to pay tax timely under section 6651(a)(2), and $3,531 for failure to pay estimated

tax under section 6654. Following the parties’ stipulation that the tax required to be

shown on petitioner’s 2008 Federal income tax return (2008 return) was $44,862

and respondent’s concession of the section 6654 addition to tax, we decide whether

petitioner’s failures to file timely and to pay timely were due to reasonable cause

and not to willful neglect. We hold they were not.

                                     Background

      Our background statement of this case is derived primarily from the parties’

stipulation of facts, the accompanying exhibits, and the pleadings. The stipulated

facts are incorporated herein by this reference and are so found. Petitioner resided

in New Jersey when she filed her petition.

      Petitioner has at all relevant times been an owner and executive of a textile

design company. She timely requested and was granted a six-month extension of

time to file the 2008 return. Included with that extension request was a $4,000

payment in partial satisfaction of her 2008 Federal income tax liability.


      1
        (...continued)
effect for the year at issue. Some dollar amounts are rounded.
                                           -3-

      As of August 9, 2010, petitioner had not filed the 2008 Federal return, and

respondent prepared a substitute for return on her behalf under section 6020(b).

The substitute for return reflected the Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) findings

that, on the basis of third-party information returns, petitioner received $354,029

during 2008. Specifically, the IRS determined that petitioner received information

returns reporting income as follows: (1) $210,984 as reported on Forms 1099-B,

Proceeds From Broker and Barter Exchange Transactions; (2) $45 as reported on

Form 1099-INT, Interest Income; and (3) $143,000 as reported on Form 1099-R,

Distributions From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs,

Insurance Contracts, etc. The substitute for return allowed petitioner to offset her

income with one personal exemption and the standard deduction. The substitute for

return did not, however, credit petitioner with basis for securities reported as sold on

the Forms 1099-B, though it was subsequently established that she had basis in

excess of value; i.e., the securities were in a net loss position.

      By letter dated July 26, 2010, a compliance services field director with the

IRS notified petitioner that the agency had no record of receiving the 2008 return

and that the IRS had computed her 2008 tax, penalties, and interest on a gross basis

(i.e., net of allowable exemptions, deductions and credits). Attached to the letter

was a tax calculation summary reflecting the IRS’ computation. The letter
                                           -4-

cautioned that respondent would assess the tax, penalties, and interest shown on the

summary unless petitioner filed within 30 days a complete and signed 2008 Federal

income tax return or other specified information. Petitioner did not file the

requested return or the alternative information within the 30-day period.

      On November 1, 2010, respondent issued to petitioner a notice of deficiency

on the basis of the substitute for return. Attached to the notice of deficiency were

copies of the letter dated July 26, 2010, as well as the summary. In response to the

notice of deficiency, on January 31, 2011, petitioner petitioned the Court.

      Subsequently, on May 11, 2011, petitioner filed with respondent the 2008

return, reporting a total tax liability of $44,862, an extension request payment of

$4,000, and total tax owing of $40,862. Attached to the 2008 return was Schedule

D, Capital Gains and Losses, claiming a total cost or other basis in securities sold of

$737,088 and a short term capital loss of $17,773. Petitioner limited her loss from

the sale of securities for 2008 to $3,000 as required under section 1211(b).

Petitioner also reported owing a 10% additional tax for early distributions from a

qualified plan or similar account as required under section 72(t)(1).

      The Court set this case for trial, and the parties submitted this case fully

stipulated under Rule 122. The parties stipulated that the Federal income tax due

from petitioner for 2008 is $44,862 before credits, that she is entitled to a credit of
                                          -5-

$4,000 for the payment remitted with her extension request, and that she did not

timely file the 2008 return. The record does not indicate that petitioner is entitled to

any credit beyond the $4,000 credit for income tax remitted with her extension

request.

                                      Discussion

      The sole issue for decision is whether petitioner’s failures to file timely and

pay timely were justified by reasonable cause and not a result of willful neglect.

Petitioner, relying on United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241 (1985), asserts that she

should be held harmless for the additions to tax because her failures to file and pay

timely were not the result of a deliberate disregard for her filing and payment

obligations. As petitioner sees it, she exercised ordinary business care in respect of

her Federal income tax responsibilities but was unable to comply on account of

circumstances beyond her control. Respondent maintains that petitioner filed the

2008 return late without paying the related tax and that the record does not support

a finding that the failures to file and pay timely were due to reasonable cause. We

agree with respondent.

      Section 6651(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax for failing to file a required

return by its properly extended due date. The amount of the addition to tax for

failure to file equals 5% of the tax required to be shown on the return for each
                                           -6-

complete or partial month the return is late, not to exceed 25% in the aggregate.

Sec. 6651(a)(1). Section 6651(a)(2) imposes a corresponding addition to tax for

failing to pay timely the tax shown to be due on a Federal income tax return. The

amount of the addition to tax for failure to pay equals 0.5% for each complete or

partial month a taxpayer fails to pay the tax, not to exceed 25% in the aggregate.

Sec. 6651(a)(2).

      The additions to tax under section 6651(a)(1) and (2) are imposed on the net

amount due, meaning that the amount of tax required to be shown on the return is

reduced by the amount of tax paid on or before its due date and allowed as a credit

on the return. Sec. 6651(b)(1) and (2); see also sec. 301.6651-1(d)(1), Proced. &

Admin. Regs. For any complete or partial month to which the additions to tax for

failure to file and pay timely apply, the amount of the failure to file addition to tax is

reduced by the amount of the failure to pay addition to tax. Sec. 6651(c)(1). In

effect, the 5% addition to tax for failure to file is reduced to 4.5% for any month in

which additions to tax under section 6651(a)(1) and (2) apply equally. Florance v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-154, 97 T.C.M. (CCH) 1854, 1856 (2009). The

additions to tax for failures to file timely and to pay timely do not apply where the

failures were due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect. Sec. 6651(a)(1)

and (2).
                                           -7-

      Pursuant to section 7491(c), the Commissioner bears the initial burden of

producing sufficient evidence that it is appropriate to impose the additions to tax

under section 6651(a)(1) and (2). See also Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438,

446-447 (2001). Where the Commissioner meets this evidentiary burden, the

burden of persuasion is on the taxpayer to show the additions to tax do not apply

because the failures to file or to pay timely were due to reasonable cause and not to

willful neglect. See id. at 447. Respondent carries his burden of production here by

virtue of the parties’ stipulations that petitioner did not file the 2008 return timely

and that she remitted only $4,000 toward her $44,862 tax liability for that year.2

Consequently, petitioner bears the burden of proving that such failures were due to

reasonable cause and not willful neglect. See Rules 122(b), 142(a); Higbee v.

Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 447.

      Petitioner, if she is to prevail, must prove that the failures to file and to pay

(1) did not result from willful neglect, and (2) were due to reasonable cause. See

Boyle, 469 U.S. at 246; Crocker v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 899, 912-913 (1989);


      2
       The record does not disclose the date on which petitioner made the $4,000
payment. The parties stipulated that the extension request was timely, and we
conclude on the basis of that stipulation that the $4,000 payment was also timely.
Therefore, the parties’ Rule 155 computation shall compute the additions to tax
determined to be due from petitioner on the net amount due or $40,862. See sec.
6651(b)(1) and (2).
                                          -8-

sec. 301.6651-1(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Willful neglect is present when the

taxpayer has handled his or her Federal tax obligations with conscious, intentional

failure, or reckless indifference. Boyle, 469 U.S. at 245-246. Reasonable cause, on

the other hand, may be found where the taxpayer has exercised ordinary business

care and prudence but was nevertheless unable to file the return or pay the tax

within the dates prescribed by law. Id. at 246. The existence of willful neglect or

reasonable cause is a factual determination to be made in the light of well-

established legal principles. Id. at 249 n.8. We synthesize our discussion of

reasonable cause under section 6651(a)(1) and (2) because the standard has been

interpreted to be synonymous. See E. Wind Indus., Inc. v. United States, 196 F.3d

499, 504 n.5 (3d Cir. 1999); Russell v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-81, 101

T.C.M. (CCH) 1363, 1367-1368 (2011).

      Court cases and administrative regulations are replete with examples of

circumstances considered to constitute reasonable cause sufficient to avoid the

additions to tax for failures to file and to pay. See, e.g., Boyle, 469 U.S. at 243 n.1

(listing examples then cited in the Internal Revenue Manual); McMahan v.

Commissioner, 114 F.3d 366, 369 (2d Cir. 1997), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1995-547;

Ruggeri v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2008-300, 96 T.C.M. (CCH) 511, 512-513

(2008); see also sec. 301.6551-1(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Commonly cited
                                           -9-

examples of reasonable cause for failures to file or to pay include unavoidable postal

delays, the death or serious illness of the taxpayer or a member of his or her

immediate family, destruction by casualty of the taxpayer’s records or place of

business, the taxpayer’s reliance on the erroneous information of an IRS officer or

employee, and the inability of an IRS representative to meet with the taxpayer when

the taxpayer makes a timely visit to an IRS office for assistance. See, e.g., Boyle,

469 U.S. at 243 n.1; E. Wind Indus., Inc., 196 F.3d at 511-513. Reasonable cause

has been found to not exist where a taxpayer continues his or her business activities

but nevertheless fails to satisfy his or her tax responsibilities. Jordan v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2005-266, 90 T.C.M. (CCH) 506, 508 (2005). Courts

will consider all of the facts and circumstances of the taxpayer’s financial condition

purportedly giving rise to the failures to file or to pay. Estate of Hartsell v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-211, 88 T.C.M. (CCH) 267, 269 (2004).

      Petitioner claims that her failures to file timely and to pay timely were due

to a confluence of personal, professional, and financial difficulties that she faced

between late 2000 and late 2011. Among the circumstances petitioner cites on

brief are that her checkbook was stolen in 2001, that her former business partner

denied her access to records during a protracted lawsuit that spanned 2001
                                         -10-

to 2004,3 flood in 2004 or 2005, her mother’s illness and unfortunate death during

2010 and 2011, and her current financial difficulties. Petitioner contends that the

cumulative effect of these circumstances constitutes reasonable cause sufficient to

negate the additions to tax. We are not persuaded.

      While we are sympathetic to petitioner’s difficulties, we decline to conclude

that her failures to file and to pay were justified by reasonable cause and were not

due to willful neglect. The additions to tax with which we are concerned relate to

the 2008 return which, because the due date for that return was properly extended,

was due to be filed no later than October 15, 2009. See secs. 6072, 6081(a).

Notwithstanding her extension request, petitioner was required to pay the tax

relating to the 2008 return no later than April 15, 2009. See secs. 6151(a),

6651(a)(2). Therefore, we are primarily concerned with events that might have

occurred or existed around April 15, 2009 (i.e., the payment date), and October 15,

2009 (i.e., the filing date). The chronology offered by petitioner conspicuously fails




      3
        Petitioner contends that she was generally denied access to these records
from 2001 through 2011, but she goes on to state that in 2004 she received a copy
of her financial information after she and her business partner settled the litigation
that resulted from their dispute. Accordingly, we understand petitioner to admit on
brief that she had access to financial information relating to her business during the
2008 filing season.
                                          -11-

to cite any events during that time which we construe as reasonable cause to avoid

the additions to tax.

      Petitioner’s chronology of events, however, affirms that during the 2008 filing

season she engaged in ordinary business activities with apparent disregard for her

Federal income tax obligations. Petitioner, an executive who has balanced the

rigors of running her own business for years, demonstrated capacity to file the 2008

return and pay the resulting tax by filing an extension request and remitting $4,000

therewith. Throughout 2008 and 2009, she continued to manage her textile design

company, and she relocated her business to avoid bankruptcy. Even though

petitioner was strained financially during 2008 and 2009 the record establishes she

had adequate financial means to satisfy her 2008 Federal income tax liability. As

petitioner reported on the 2008 return, she owned securities worth $721,178 and she

received a distribution from her retirement account of $143,000. These financial

assets were, as far as the record suggests, available to satisfy petitioner’s unpaid tax

liability for 2008. When taken as a whole, these events suggest that petitioner acted

with conscious disregard of her Federal income tax obligations and not with

ordinary business care and prudence. Because petitioner has not persuaded us that

her failures to file and to pay were due to reasonable cause and not due to
                                         -12-

willful neglect, we hold she is liable for additions to tax under section 6651(a)(1)

and (2).

       We have considered all of petitioner’s arguments for a contrary holding, and

to the extent not discussed herein we conclude they are irrelevant, moot, or lacking

in merit.

       To reflect the foregoing and the parties’ concessions,


                                                    Decision will be entered

                                             under Rule 155.
