Filed 1/15/14 Chiang v. County of Los Angeles CA2/1
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


MING C. CHIANG,                                                      B238948

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC442067)
         v.

COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.




         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Kenneth R. Freeman, Judge. Affirmed.
         Law Offices of Tony M. Lu and Tony M. Lu for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Martin & Martin, Areva D. Martin, Eileen Spadoni and Jacqueline S. Treu for
Defendants and Appellants.
                                             ——————————
       Plaintiff Ming Chiang, appeals summary judgment on his complaint for
discrimination and retaliation under the Fair Employment and Housing Act (Gov. Code,
§ 12900 et seq.) (FEHA). Plaintiff is a pharmacist with defendant County of Los
Angeles (County) who worked the night shift at one of the County’s pharmacies, and
contended that he made numerous requests to transfer to the day shift but was rebuffed
because of his age, race, national origin, and gender. Defendants asserted that plaintiff’s
claims were (1) barred by the statute of limitations, (2) failed on the merits because the
County had a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for keeping plaintiff on the night shift,
and (3) defendant Sandra Hudson, plaintiff’s supervisor, had statutory immunity. The
County appeals the trial court’s refusal to award it attorney fees under FEHA. We affirm.
           FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       Plaintiff’s complaint alleged six causes of action: (1) discrimination based on sex,
(2) discrimination based on national origin and ancestry, (3) discrimination based on age;
(4) harassment based on sex, national origin, ancestry and age, (5) retaliation, and
(6) failure to prevent discrimination, harassment and retaliation. Plaintiff named the
County and his immediate supervisor Sandra Hudson as defendants.
A.     Factual Background
       The parties’ evidence set forth the following:
       Plaintiff is a 60-year-old Taiwanese male.
       Kenneth Mar, the pharmacy chief of the County’s H. Claude Hudson Pharmacy,
supervised the pharmacy’s employees from January 1988 to 2004. Mar hired plaintiff in
June 1999 to work the night shift from 3:30 p.m. to midnight.1 At the time, plaintiff told
Mar he was happy to have the night shift for family reasons. After his hiring, plaintiff
was placed on the day shift for four months to be trained in the County’s pharmacy
procedures. After completing this orientation, plaintiff worked the night shift from


       1The pharmacy has three shifts: the day shift, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.; the
afternoon shift, from 12:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.; and the night shift, from 3:30 p.m. to
12:00 a.m.

                                             2
approximately 3:30 p.m. to midnight. Although plaintiff spent four to six weeks on the
day shift for orientation, Mar specifically told plaintiff his permanent assignment was to
the night shift.
       Plaintiff disputes that he was told he would be permanently assigned to the night
shift. Plaintiff asserted the night shift was physically taxing because after 5:00 p.m., the
evening pharmacist was responsible for all of the telephone requests and prescription
checking, but could share some of those duties with the day shift; the day shift had at
least 12 pharmacists and 11 technicians. After May 2002, plaintiff was the only
pharmacist working the night shift. As a result, plaintiff asserted he developed severe
health problems, suffered from hypertension, and his doctor had told him to reduce stress
at work.
       1.      Incidents with Donna Doan
       In early 2000, Donna Doan worked a day shift that ended during the evening shift.
In 2000, Doan told Ernest Dominguez, her supervisor, about several negative
confrontations she had with plaintiff. Things went smoothly for Doan before plaintiff
started working at the pharmacy but after plaintiff started, in October 1999 she had a
confrontation with plaintiff. Doan was checking a technician’s work and had to take a
phone call. When she returned, all of the medication that she had not checked was gone.
The technician told her plaintiff gave all of the medication to the patient. Doan asked
plaintiff if he checked the medication, and plaintiff responded that he had not done so.
Plaintiff told Doan that he saw her signature on one vial, and so did not look at the other
vials. When Doan asked plaintiff not to give out the medication without checking it
again because she was responsible, plaintiff got very angry. He said, “I told you I saw
your signature and gave it out for you,” and “what do you want? [W]hat do you want? I
did you a favor.” Doan admonished plaintiff that if he wanted to give out the medication
to the patient, he had to check it first. Defendant responded in a very harsh voice, “This
is America OK! [A]nd when I said that’s it, I mean that’s it.” Plaintiff told Doan to “get
out of here” and “go back to your country.” Plaintiff approached Doan and continued to


                                              3
yell and scream in her face. The technician came between them and broke up the
confrontation. Doan reported the incident to her supervisor the next day.
        After the incident, plaintiff often would swing his arm with a dirty look at Doan
and make gestures while mumbling. In April 2000, there was leftover food from the day
shift. Doan gathered up the food and asked a technician to help her. Plaintiff instructed
the technician to ignore Doan, telling him, “You don’t have to do that” and “[y]ou don’t
have to listen to her.”
        A week later, a patient came in during the night shift to ask about discrepancies in
his prescription. Plaintiff got angry and told the technician to call security to escort the
patient out because plaintiff did not want to waste time with the patient. After the
technician hesitated, plaintiff called security himself and said, “Treat idiot as idiot, and
idiot has to be treated as idiot.”
        On May 23, 2000, the supervisor assigned Doan to a five-week schedule on the
night shift to take place during June; Doan was told plaintiff would be assigned to a five-
week night schedule during July. After plaintiff spoke to the supervisor about this new
schedule, Doan observed plaintiff come out of the supervisor’s office “way out of
control.” Plaintiff started pounding on the counter and said in an angry voice, “Find
another job. Find another job.” Plaintiff swung his arm and walked back and forth by
Doan. Plaintiff said to Doan, “You are too slow. Find another job,” and “[y]ou can’t
handle this job. It’s too hard for you. Go find a husband to feed you.” Doan reported
the incident to her supervisor.
        In June 2000, Mar became aware that Doan and plaintiff did not get along, and
Doan felt threatened and harassed by plaintiff. As a result of Doan’s complaints, Mar
moved Doan to the day shift so she would have no further contact with plaintiff. Mar
denied telling plaintiff he would be considered for a day shift position, and Mar told
plaintiff he would not be moved to the day shift. Mar’s motivation in keeping plaintiff
on the night shift was to prevent plaintiff from further verbal or physical harassment of
Doan.


                                              4
       In November 2002 at a staff meeting, plaintiff demanded that the County institute
a rotating shift for pharmacists at the H. Claude Hudson facility. George Hu, a senior
male pharmacist of Taiwanese origin, spoke for other pharmacists and stated they were
opposed to rotating shifts. Plaintiff lost his temper and started screaming at George Hu,
“Do you want to risk you[r] life?” and “[y]ou don’t know me!” Mar had to hold plaintiff
back from physically attacking Hu. As a result of his threats against Hu, plaintiff
received a 15-day suspension. Plaintiff asserts that after an investigation, the Civil
Service Commission determined that he did not make threats of violence to George Hu,
but that Hu was discourteous towards plaintiff. Further, plaintiff contends that many
witnesses to the altercation did not hear plaintiff say, “[D]o you want to risk your life,”
and that Mar did not intervene.
       In December 2002, Mar transferred to the day shift a pharmacist, Joseph Vu, who
was junior to plaintiff. Mar did not consider plaintiff for this day shift position because
Mar considered plaintiff the permanent night-shift pharmacist and also because plaintiff
had problems interacting with Hu and Doan.
       2.     Sandra Hudson Becomes Plaintiff’s Supervisor
       In June 2004, Mar left his position as chief of the H. Claude Hudson pharmacy,
and Sandra Hudson was his replacement. Mar told Hudson to keep plaintiff separated
from Hu and Doan. When Hudson took over, she took Mar’s advice and kept plaintiff
permanently on the night shift.
       Plaintiff wrote comparatively fewer prescriptions than his day shift coworkers, and
Hudson denied that plaintiff was denied overtime work.
       During her tenure, Hudson hired two outpatient pharmacists to work the day shift.
One, Dawn Nguyen, a female over the age of 40, was hired in 2005. The second position
was initially offered to a white male, who declined the offer. Ultimately, Hudson hired
Khanh Duong, a female under the age of 40, in October 2006. Generally, Hudson does
not have any knowledge of the age or national origin of applicants, and hires employees
based upon their credentials and perceived ability to do the job.


                                              5
       Plaintiff complained to Hudson that the female day shift pharmacists were cherry-
picking the easier prescriptions to fill and were leaving early. In December 2008,
plaintiff met with Hudson to address his concerns, but Hudson told him that if no one
worked the night shift, the pharmacy would be closed, and told him he would not be
transferred to the day shift because he was “male and . . . complain[ed] too much.”
       Hudson denied telling plaintiff she would not transfer him to the day shift because
he was male, and never told plaintiff he complained too much. During plaintiff’s
employment at the pharmacy, he always received a “competent” rating. When plaintiff
asked Hudson why he was not rated higher, she told him that it was the result of his
issues with other employees and patient complaints. After Hudson hired Nguyen,
plaintiff requested a transfer to the day shift, but Hudson denied his request. Similarly,
when Duong was hired, plaintiff again requested a transfer to the day shift, but Hudson
denied his request. In 2008 and 2009, Hudson placed two new pharmacists in the day
shift (Thy Phan, a Vietnamese woman in her 30’s, and Gladdys Brown, a woman in her
40’s) without giving the opportunity to plaintiff. In 2008, when Phan left, plaintiff
requested to take her position, but Hudson denied plaintiff’s request.
       On May 14, 2009, an attorney writing on plaintiff’s behalf sent a letter to Hudson
to demand that plaintiff be placed on the day shift with a 10 hour, four day a week
schedule. Plaintiff did not receive a response to his attorney’s letter. According to
Hudson, only two pharmacists had that schedule, George Hu and Dawn Ngyuen; part of
Ngugyen’s schedule involved working with Doan. For that reason, Hudson would not
have considered plaintiff for the day shift. Under the memorandum of understanding
(MOU) with the County, pharmacists do not have the right to demand a change in shift.
Plaintiff believes that the MOU gives him that right.
       On March 18, 2010, plaintiff refused to fill a prescription because there was an
ambiguity in the medication dosage and the quantity. In that situation, a pharmacist is
required to contact the issuing physician to request a clarification, but plaintiff refused to
do so. Hudson advised plaintiff his refusal would be considered insubordination.


                                              6
Plaintiff asserted that it was a violation of his professional duties to file a prescription that
was riddled with mistakes, and told Hudson he was uncomfortable doing so.
       From October 2009 to January 2010, plaintiff asserted Hudson offered the
younger female employees more overtime, permitting Nguyen to work through her lunch
hour and come in early and work overtime. Hudson told plaintiff that Nguyen was
“young” and she “work[ed] fast.”
       Plaintiff is not trained as a clinical pharmacist. Plaintiff understood from Mar he
was permanently assigned to the night shift. Plaintiff admitted that the decision to put
him on the night shift did not have anything to do with his sex, national origin, or race,
and denied that George Hu bullied him based on his race, sex, or national origin. He
claimed that he was the only Taiwanese in the pharmacy and Hudson put him on the
night shift because she did not like him.
       On September 5, 2009, plaintiff filed his first complaint with Department of Fair
Employment and Housing (DFEH) alleging discrimination based on age, sex, national
origin, and retaliation. DFEH sent plaintiff a right to sue letter on October 20, 2009.
       At a May 2010 staff meeting, plaintiff expressed his concerns to Hudson that some
pharmacists came in late and were paid overtime even though they were not technically
working overtime because they had come in later. According to plaintiff, Hudson stated
that there was a policy to pay employees in such situations, but that it was not
enforceable.
       In January 2011, on reporting to work, plaintiff found that his workstation had
been stripped and reappointed for the arrival of the accreditation commission. He
asserted that boxes of patient information were thrown away without his knowledge or
permission. Plaintiff complained to Hudson, and she informed him that this workstation
was a public area that all pharmacists were entitled to use. According to the County, in
January 2011, all pharmacists were required to clean out their workstations for an
accreditation; if they were not able to be present, their station would be cleaned by
someone else.


                                               7
         In June 2011, plaintiff was released from work on disability leave. He attempted
to find assignments in other County-operated pharmacies when he returned to work in
August 2011, but could not do so.
         2.     Procedural Background
         After filing a complaint with DFEH on July 12, 2010, on July 12, 2010, plaintiff
received a right to sue letter from DFEH.
         On July 22, 2010, plaintiff filed his complaint against the County and Hudson,
alleging six causes of action based on violations of FEHA. Plaintiff sought
compensatory and punitive damages and attorney fees.
         On May 12, 2011, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. Defendants
argued that (1) plaintiff’s claims and request for punitive damages lacked substantive
merit because he could not establish the County’s alleged acts were undertaken based on
improper motives related to his age, national origin, or sex; (2) plaintiff’s claims were
barred by the one-year statute of limitations, and (3) plaintiff’s claims against Hudson
were barred by immunity. First, the County asserted plaintiff’s claims failed on the
merits because the undisputed evidence established that plaintiff was kept on the night
shift for nondiscriminatory reasons, namely, his inability to get along with his coworkers
and his claims of retaliation were not based on adverse employment actions. Second,
plaintiff filed his complaint more than five years after the harassment by Hudson began
in 2004. Third, Hudson enjoyed statutory immunity under Government Code section
820.2 because she was exercising her discretion when the alleged wrongful acts took
place.
         In opposition, plaintiff argued under the continuing violation doctrine, the statute
of limitations did not run because some of the unlawful conduct occurred during the
limitations period; and his claims had merit because the undisputed facts established he
was denied his right to work the day shift by defendants’ conduct in giving the day shift
positions and more overtime to younger, female workers; Hudson was not entitled to




                                               8
statutory immunity because under Government Code section 12940, subdivision (j)(3),
she personally harassed plaintiff.
       In reply, defendants asserted that plaintiff did not file a complaint with DFEH
until September 2009, a full 10 years after the discrimination began; the evidence
established defendants had legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the employment
actions taken; and Hudson had immunity as a matter of law because there was no
evidence she harassed plaintiff.
       Defendants filed 146 objections to plaintiff’s evidence on the grounds of hearsay,
lack of foundation, secondary evidence rule, improper opinion on ultimate issue,
assumption of facts not in evidence, and speculativeness.
       The trial court found “[m]uch, if not most” of plaintiff’s evidence to be
inadmissible because it consisted of the hearsay statements of third parties, speculation,
and evidence that lacked foundation. The court found that the entire action was barred by
the statute of limitations because plaintiff’s DFEH complaint was filed in 2009, eight
years after he was first assigned to the night shift in 2001 and four years after he was
permanently assigned to the night shift in 2004, and the continuing violation doctrine did
not apply because there was no evidence to support it. On the merits, the court found that
there were no triable issues of fact on plaintiff’s six causes of action because the
undisputed facts established that Hudson hired based on credentials, and did not have
knowledge of the national origin or race of applicants; the actions that plaintiff claimed
were retaliatory did not constitute adverse action because those actions were Hudson’s
threat to write plaintiff up for refusing to write a prescription and telling plaintiff he
complained to much. The court found because there was no wrongful conduct, there
could be no claim for failure to prevent discrimination, and the court concluded that
Hudson had immunity because she was acting on the instructions of her predecessor to
keep plaintiff on the night shift because of conflicts with coworkers. Finally, there was
no merit to plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages because there was no evidence Hudson
acted with malice, oppression, or fraud.


                                               9
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     Plaintiff’s Appeal
       Plaintiff contends there are triable issues that he was passed over for a transfer to
the day shift based upon his age, gender, national origin and ancestry; plaintiff
established triable issues of harassment based on Hudson’s statement that he was not
being given the day shift because he was male; and plaintiff established triable issues on
his retaliation claim based on Hudson’s threat to write him up for refusing to fill a
prescription, cleaning out his workstation in his absence, and refusing to provide him the
day shift; and he established triable issues of failure to prevent discrimination based on
his complaints over the years concerning Hudson’s conduct and the unequal employment
opportunities. Plaintiff further argues the trial court erred in excluding his evidence, and
in finding that Hudson had statutory immunity.
       We conclude that plaintiff’s claims fail on the merits because the County
articulated a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions, and plaintiff failed to
rebut the County’s showing by putting forth facts demonstrating the County’s proferred
reasons were false or pretextual. Even considering plaintiff’s excluded evidence, we
conclude that he has not rebutted the County’s showing that it had a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. As a result, because we resolve the issue on the
merits adversely to plaintiff, we need not consider whether plaintiff’s claims are barred
by the statute of limitations, whether the trial court improperly excluded plaintiff’s
declarations, and whether Hudson enjoys statutory immunity.2
       A.     Standard of Review
       “[T]he party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of persuasion that
there is no triable issue of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of

       2 Under the continuing violation doctrine, there can be “liability for unlawful
employer conduct occurring outside the statute of limitations if it is sufficiently
connected to unlawful conduct within the limitations period.” (Richards v. CH2M Hill,
Inc. (2001) 26 Cal.4th 798, 802.) If there has been no discriminatory conduct, there can
be no “continuing violation” sufficient to extend the statute of limitations.

                                              10
law.” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850 (Aguilar).) “Once
the [movant] has met that burden, the burden shifts to the [other party] to show that a
triable issue of one or more material facts exists as to that cause of action.” (Code Civ.
Proc., § 437c, subd. (p)(1); Aguilar, at p. 849.) A triable issue of material fact exists
where “the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in
favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of
proof.” (Aguilar, at p. 850.) Where summary judgment has been granted, we review the
trial court’s decision de novo, “considering all of the evidence the parties offered in
connection with the motion (except that which the trial court properly excluded) and the
uncontradicted inferences the evidence reasonably supports.” (Merrill v. Navegar, Inc.
(2001) 26 Cal.4th 465, 476.)
       B.     Claims for Discrimination Based on Age, Sex and Race and National
Origin (First, Second and Third Causes of Action) and Failure to Prevent
Discrimination (Fourth Cause of Action)
       FEHA prohibits discrimination based on race, national origin, age, and gender,
and proscribes discriminating in compensation or the terms, conditions or privileges of
employment. (Gov. Code, § 12940, subd. (a).) Such adverse employment action must be
substantial and detrimental and “‘reasonably likely to impair a reasonable employee’s job
performance or prospects for advancement.’” (Horsford v. Board of Trustees of
California State University (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 359, 373.)
       Where a case involves allegations of intentional discrimination, retaliation or a
claim of wrongful termination in violation of public policy, this court utilizes a three-step
analysis known as the McDonnell Douglas test.3 (Guz v. Bechtel National, Inc. (2000)
24 Cal.4th 317, 354.) Under that test, the plaintiff first must establish a prima facie case

       3 McDonnell Douglas v. Green (1973) 411 U.S. 792 [93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d
668]. The similarity between state and federal employment discrimination laws permits
California courts to look to pertinent federal precedent when applying California statutes.
(See, e.g., Mixon v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 1306,
1316.)

                                              11
of discrimination. (Id. at p. 354.) Once the plaintiff meets the prima facie burden, a
presumption of discrimination arises. (Id. at p. 355.) The burden then shifts to the
defendant to produce admissible evidence that its action was taken for a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason. (Id. at pp. 355–356.) Finally, once the employer has done so,
the plaintiff must offer evidence that the employer’s stated reason is either false or
pretextual, or evidence that the employer acted with discriminatory animus, or evidence
which would permit a reasonable trier of fact to conclude the employer intentionally
discriminated. (Id. at p. 356.) “This so-called McDonnell Douglas test reflects the
principle that direct evidence of intentional discrimination is rare, and that such claims
must usually be proved circumstantially. Thus, by successive steps of increasingly
narrow focus, the test allows discrimination to be inferred from facts that create a
reasonable likelihood of bias and are not satisfactorily explained.” (Id. at p. 354.)
       However, the McDonnell Douglas test was originally developed for use at trial,
not in summary judgment proceedings. (Sada v. Robert F. Kennedy Medical Center
(1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 138, 150.) Although the burden of proof in a discrimination
action claiming an unjustifiable termination ultimately rests with the plaintiff, in the case
of a motion for summary judgment or summary issue adjudication, the burden rests with
the moving party to negate the plaintiff’s right to prevail on a particular issue. (Arteaga
v. Brink’s, Inc. (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 327, 343–344.) In applying McDonnell
Douglas’s shifting burdens of production in the context of a motion for summary
judgment, the trial judge determines whether the parties have created an issue of fact to
be decided by the jury. (Sada, at p. 150.) The plaintiff’s subjective beliefs in an
employment discrimination case do not create a genuine issue of triable fact, nor do self-
serving and uncorroborated declarations. (King v. United Parcel Service, Inc. (2007) 152
Cal.App.4th 426, 433.)
       The specific elements of a prima facie case may vary depending on the particular
facts. Generally, the plaintiff must provide evidence that “(1) he [or she] was a member
of a protected class, (2) he [or she] was qualified for the position he sought or was


                                             12
performing competently in the position he held, (3) he [or she] suffered an adverse
employment action, such as termination, demotion, or denial of an available job, and
(4) some other circumstance suggests discriminatory motive.” (Guz v. Bechtel National,
Inc., supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 355.) With respect to claims for age discrimination,
Government Code section 12941, subdivision (a) makes it unlawful to take adverse
employment action against a person over the age of 40 on the grounds of age. A prima
facie case of age discrimination arises when the employee shows “(1) at the time of the
adverse action he or she was 40 years of age or older, (2) an adverse employment action
was taken against the employee, (3) at the time of the adverse action the employee was
satisfactorily performing his or her job and (4) the employee was replaced in his position
by a significantly younger person.” (Hersant v. Department of Social Services (1997) 57
Cal.App.4th 997, 1003.) A claim for discrimination based on the plaintiff’s gender
requires a similar showing, with the prohibited action being taken based on the plaintiff’s
gender. (Vincent v. Brewer Co. (6th Cir. 2007) 514 F.3d 489, 494.)
       A case for racial discrimination requires a showing that the plaintiff (1) belongs to
a racial minority; (2) “applied and was qualified for a job for which the employer was
seeking applicants”; (3) “despite his [or her] qualifications, he [or she] was rejected”; and
(iv) “after his [or her] rejection, the position remained open and the employer continued
to seek applicants from persons of complainant’s qualifications.” (Heard v. Lockheed
Missiles & Space Co. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1735, 1750.) Discrimination is also
prohibited based on national origin or ancestry, which is defined as the country where a
person was born or from which his or her ancestors came. (Espinoza v. Farah Mfg. Co.
(1973) 414 U.S. 86, 88 [94 S.Ct. 334, 38 L.Ed.2d 287].) The same elements must be
established as with other discrimination claims. (See, e.g., Mixon v. Fair Employment &
Housing Com., supra, 192 Cal.App.3d at p. 1318.)
       If plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer to
establish there was a legitimate, nondiscriminatory motive. Legitimate reasons are those
that are factually unrelated to prohibited bias. (Guz v. Bechtel National, supra, 24


                                             13
Cal.4th at p. 356.) If nondiscriminatory, the defendant’s true reasons need not
necessarily have been wise or correct. (Id. at p. 358.) “If the employer articulates such
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the adverse employment action, the burden
shifts to the employee to establish such reasons are merely a pretext for the adverse
employment action.” (Id. at p. 356.)
       Here, plaintiff argues that four hires, 40 years of age or younger, were given the
day shift instead of plaintiff and offered overtime on a regular basis; plaintiff was the
only Taiwanese employee at the pharmacy and had a thick Taiwanese accent, and the day
shift was offered to non-Taiwanese; and all of the new pharmacists hired from 2005 to
2009 were female, and Hudson told him he was not being moved to the day shift because
he was male. However, the County presented copious evidence that the pharmacy’s
refusal to move plaintiff to the day shift was solely based on his inability to get along
with most of his coworkers. The County submitted evidence that other candidates were
given the day shift because they were qualified and did not have a record of disputes with
coworkers. Other than his assertions of Hudson’s and Hu’s discriminatory motive,
plaintiff put forth no other evidence establishing the County’s non-discriminatory
explanation for its decision to keep plaintiff on the night shift was false or a pretext.
Plaintiff’s subjective beliefs are not sufficient to create a triable issue of fact.
       As we have found plaintiff has failed to create a triable issue of fact on his
discrimination claims, he likewise cannot establish a claim for failure to prevent
discrimination under Government Code section 19640, subdivision (k). (Trujillo v. North
County Transit Dist. (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 280, 289 [where no discrimination has been
shown, illogical to find claim for failure to prevent discrimination].)
       C.      Harassment Claim (Fifth Cause of Action)
       Supervisors are not individually liable for discrimination other than harassment.
(Reno v. Baird (1998) 18 Cal.4th 640, 645–646.) Harassment can consist of non-sexual
conduct that creates a hostile work environment, and such conduct may be based on
gender, racial background, national origin, and age. (Gov. Code, § 12940, subd. (j).)


                                               14
The victim must show the conduct was severe and pervasive and that the conduct was
“unreasonably abusive or offensive” and “adversely affected the reasonable employee’s
ability to do his or her job.” (Davis v. Monsanto Chemical Co. (6th Cir. 1988) 858 F.2d
345, 349.) Again, refusal to transfer plaintiff to the day shift cannot constitute
harassment where, as we have found, the County had legitimate reasons for keeping
plaintiff on the night shift.
       D.      Retaliation Claim (Sixth Cause of Action)
       FEHA prohibits actions taken in retaliation for protected activity. (Gov. Code,
§ 12940, subd. (h).) It is unlawful for an employer to retaliate against an employee
because the employee has opposed a discriminatory practice prohibited under the FEHA
(the “opposition” clause) or has filed a complaint, testified, or assisted in proceeding
under the FEHA (the “participation” clause). (George v. California Unemployment Ins.
Appeals Bd. (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 1475, 1489.) “To establish a prima facie case of
retaliation under FEHA, a plaintiff must show (1) he or she engaged in a ‘protected
activity,’ (2) the employer subjected the employee to an adverse employment action, and
(3) a causal link existed between the protected activity and the employer’s action.
[Citations.] Once an employee establishes a prima facie case, the employer is required to
offer a legitimate, nonretaliatory reason for the adverse employment action. [Citation.]
If the employer produces a legitimate reason for the adverse employment action, the
presumption of retaliation ‘“‘drops out of the picture,’”’ and the burden shifts back to the
employee to prove intentional retaliation.” (Yankowitz v. L’Oreal USA, Inc. (2005) 36
Cal.4th 1028, 1042.)
       Here, plaintiff’s retaliation claims were based on his refusal to fill a prescription,
the cleaning of his desk in his absence, and the refusal to transfer him to the day shift.
However, the County provided legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for these actions: if
plaintiff had questions about the prescription, he was to contact the doctor, not refuse to
fill it; plaintiff’s desk was cleaned in his absence due to a pending inspection, and




                                              15
everyone’s desks were cleaned; and plaintiff was not given the day shift because of his
inability to get along with his coworkers.
II.       County’s Appeal
          The County appeals from the trial court’s denial of its request for attorney fees,
contending it is entitled to such fees because plaintiff’s claims were overbroad, were
untimely, and improperly named Hudson as an individual defendant.
          A.     Factual Background
          After the trial court granted its summary judgment motion, the County moved
pursuant to Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b) for attorney fees in the sum
of $324,098.80. The County argued that plaintiff’s complaint alleged conduct spanning a
10-year period, requiring it to review thousands of pages of documents and interview
numerous witnesses; further, plaintiff’s complaint was frivolous, groundless, and lacked
any factual or legal merit. The County’s factual material in support of its fees disclosed
that its law firm, Martin & Martin, billed at the rate of $155 per hour; and incurred
2121.76 hours of time defending the County.
          In opposition, plaintiff asserted that his action was not unreasonable, frivolous or
meritless, the standard applied to award attorney fees to a defendant in a FEHA action,
claiming such fees were awarded only where the plaintiff lied about discrimination or
there was absolutely no evidence to support the plaintiff’s claim. Further, plaintiff cited
policy reasons for not awarding fees to such a defendant because the purpose of attorney
fees in FEHA actions was to permit plaintiffs to bring FEHA actions to vindicate
important policies; that purpose was not present where the defendant prevailed in the
action.
          At the hearing, the court stated that lack of merit to the plaintiff’s case is not the
proper standard to apply in determining whether to award attorney fees, and further that
the court did not find plaintiff’s case to be unreasonable, frivolous or meritless. The
court noted that the types of cases in which fees were ordinarily awarded were those
cases in which the plaintiff lied or had no evidence to support his or her claims. Here, the


                                                 16
court observed that plaintiff’s inability to marshal evidence to support his continuing
violation doctrine did not warrant a finding the action was meritless or frivolous. The
court denied the County’s request for fees.
       B.     Discussion
       Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b) permits the trial court to award
attorney fees and costs to the prevailing party in a suit for violations of FEHA. Section
12965 provides that awards of attorney fees are in the court’s discretion; the trial court is
in the best position to evaluate the legal services provided by attorneys, based on its own
expertise, and expert testimony is not required. The court’s determination of a proper
award of fees will not be disturbed on appeal unless it clearly constitutes an abuse of
discretion. (PLCM Group, Inc. v. Drexler (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1096.) However, the
correct application to a case of the statutory and case authority regarding awards of
attorney fees is not a matter for the trial court’s discretion but presents a question of law
which we decide de novo. (Akins v. Enterprise Rent-A-Car Co. (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th
1127, 1132–1133.)
       Fundamental to a determination of an attorney fee award, both in FEHA cases and
other cases where awards of attorney fees are permitted, is a computation whereby the
number of hours reasonably expended for legal services on behalf of the prevailing party
is multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate. (Flannery v. Prentice (2001) 26 Cal.4th 572,
584.) The product of that computation is the “lodestar.” (PLCM Group, Inc. v. Drexler,
supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1095.) The reasonable hourly rate is the rate prevailing in the
community for similar work. (PLCM Group, at p. 1095.) In determining the lodestar,
the trial court need not “‘“become enmeshed in a meticulous analysis of every detailed
facet of the professional representation.”’” (Id. at p. 1098.) Moreover, “California case
law permits fee awards in the absence of detailed time sheets. [Citations.]” (Wershba v.
Apple Computer, Inc. (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 224, 255.)
       After the lodestar amount is arrived at, the trial court then determines whether that
amount, considering the circumstances of the case, should be adjusted upwards or


                                              17
downwards so as to “fix the fee at the fair market value for the legal services provided.”
(PLCM Group, Inc. v. Drexler, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1095.) In general, the court looks
at “‘the nature of the litigation, its difficulty, the amount involved, the skill required in its
handling, the skill employed, the attention given, the success or failure, and other
circumstances in the case.’” (Id. at p. 1096.)
       Whereas litigants are generally expected to pay their own attorney fees, section
12965 shifts that requirement. “[T]he aim of fee-shifting statutes is ‘to enable private
parties to obtain legal help in seeking redress for injuries resulting from the actual or
threatened violation of specific . . . laws. Hence, if plaintiffs . . . find it possible to
engage a lawyer based on the statutory assurance that he will be paid a “reasonable fee,”
the purpose behind the fee shifting statute has been satisfied.’ [Citation.]” (Flannery v.
Prentice, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 583.) “There is no doubt that ‘“privately initiated
lawsuits are often essential to the effectuation of the fundamental public policies
embodied in constitutional or statutory provisions’” [citation] and ‘“[w]ithout some
mechanism authorizing the award of attorney fees, private actions to enforce such
important public policies will as a practical matter frequently be infeasible.”’ [Citation.]”
(Id. at p. 583, fn. omitted.) Regarding such fundamental public policies, “[t]he basic,
underlying purpose of FEHA is to safeguard the right of Californians to seek, obtain, and
hold employment without experiencing discrimination on account of race, religious
creed, color, national origin, ancestry, physical disability, medical disability, medical
condition, marital status, sex, age, or sexual orientation. (Gov. Code, § 12920;
[citation].)” (Id. at pp. 582–583.) Moreover, this fundamental policy that people be able
to seek and hold employment free from prejudice recognizes that “‘[j]ob discrimination
“foments domestic strife and unrest, deprives the state of the fullest utilization of its
capacities for development and advance, and substantially and adversely affects the
interest of employees, employers, and the public in general.”’” (Id. at p. 584.) “It has
long been recognized . . . that the contingent and deferred nature of the fee award in a
civil rights or other case with statutory attorney fees requires that the fee be adjusted in


                                                18
some manner to reflect the fact that the fair market value of legal services provided on
that basis is greater than the equivalent noncontingent hourly rate. [Citation.]” (Horsford
v. Board of Trustees of California State University, supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at pp. 394–
395.)
        In Cummings v. Benco Building Services (1992) 11 Cal.App.4th 1383, the court
held that “a prevailing plaintiff ‘“should ordinarily recover an attorney’s fee unless
special circumstances would render such an award unjust.”’” (Id. at p 1387, quoting
Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC (1978) 434 U.S. 412, 416–417 [98 S.Ct. 694, 54
L.Ed.2d 648].) However, Cummings observed that the Christiansburg court had found
that these equitable considerations were entirely absent in the case of a prevailing
defendant. In that case, attorney fee awards should not be permitted routinely, but only
where the action brought is “‘“unreasonable, frivolous, meritless or vexatious.”’”
(Cummings, at p. 1387.) Cummings explained, “‘[T]he term “meritless” is to be
understood as meaning groundless or without foundation, rather than simply that the
plaintiff has ultimately lost his case, and that the term “vexatious” in no way implies that
the plaintiff’s subjective bad faith is a necessary prerequisite to a fee award against him.
In sum, a district court may in its discretion award attorney fees to a prevailing defendant
in a Title VII case upon a finding that the plaintiff’s action was frivolous, unreasonable,
or without foundation, even though not brought in subjective bad faith.’” (Ibid.)
Moreover, “‘[i]n applying these criteria, it is important that a district court resist the
understandable temptation to engage in post hoc reasoning by concluding that, because a
plaintiff did not ultimately prevail, his action must have been unreasonable or without
foundation. This kind of hindsight logic could discourage all but the most airtight claims,
for seldom can a prospective plaintiff be sure of ultimate success. No matter how honest
one’s belief that he has been the victim of discrimination, no matter how meritorious
one’s claim may appear at the outset, the course of litigation is rarely predictable.
Decisive facts may not emerge until discovery or trial. The law may change or clarify in
the midst of litigation. Even when the law or the facts appear questionable or


                                              19
unfavorable at the outset, a party may have an entirely reasonable ground for bringing
suit. . . .’” (Id. at p. 1388, quoting Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC, supra, 434
U.S. at pp. 421–422.)
       Here, we find no error. Although the trial court based its ruling on statute of
limitations grounds and plaintiff’s difficulty in marshalling evidence to rebut defendant’s
showing, the record discloses that plaintiff was routinely denied a transfer to the day
shift, and observed that persons younger, of the opposite sex, and of a different race were
awarded those positions. Further, although Hudson could not be liable for discrimination
or retaliation, an individual defendant can be liable for harassment. Plaintiff had a thick
accent, was older and male, and could have believed that the pharmacy’s decision to keep
him on the night shift was not the product of a few disputes with coworkers, but of a
pattern of discrimination against him. Thus, although the record reflects defendants’
actions were not undertaken with improper motives, the record contain no evidence
plaintiff’s action was meritless, unreasonable, or frivolous.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.


                                           JOHNSON, J.


We concur:


       ROTHSCHILD, Acting P. J.


       CHANEY, J.




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