                                   COURT OF CHANCERY
                                           OF THE
                                   STATE OF DELAWARE

DONALD F. PARSONS, JR.                                         New Castle County Courthouse
   VICE CHANCELLOR                                             500 N. King Street, Suite 11400
                                                              Wilmington, Delaware 19801-3734



                             Date Submitted: October 23, 2014
                             Date Decided: December 8, 2014




   Stephen B. Brauerman, Esq.                Kurt M. Heyman, Esq.
   Vanessa R. Tiradentes, Esq.               Melissa N. Donimirski, Esq.
   Sara E. Bussiere, Esq.                    Proctor Heyman LLP
   Bayard, P.A.                              300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 200
   222 Delaware Avenue, Suite 900            Wilmington, DE 19801
   Wilmington, DE 19801

   Ms. Leilani Zutrau
   229 McKinley Parkway
   Mineola, NY 11501

          Re:    Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
                 Civil Action No. 7457-VCP

   Dear Counsel and Ms. Zutrau:

          On August 27, 2014, Bayard, P.A. (“Bayard”) moved to withdraw as counsel

   for Plaintiff, Leilani Zutrau (“Plaintiff” or “Zutrau”).    Bayard also requested a

   charging lien in the amount of roughly $300,000. Briefing on Bayard‟s motion

   concluded on September 19, and the Court heard oral argument on pending motions

   in this case on October 23. While Plaintiff does not oppose Bayard‟s withdrawal, she

   does oppose the entry of a charging lien. On November 3, I granted Bayard‟s motion
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
Civil Action No. 7457-VCP
December 8, 2014
Page 2


to withdraw without prejudice to the parties‟ conflicting arguments on the motion for

a charging lien. This Letter Opinion constitutes my ruling on that motion. For the

reasons that follow, I find that a charging lien is appropriate, but not in the amount

Bayard requests.

      “An attorney‟s special or charging lien is an equitable right to have costs

advanced and attorney‟s fees secured by the judgment entered in the suit wherein the

costs were advanced and the fee earned.”1 The Delaware Supreme Court recently

held that the charging lien was well established at common law and that Delaware,

which has no relevant statute on the issue, recognizes the common law right of an

attorney to assert a charging lien.2 In that case, the Supreme Court stated that the

charging lien “rests on the „theory that one should not be permitted to profit by the

result of litigation without satisfying the demand of his attorney.‟” 3

      Bayard‟s motion for a charging lien presents three issues: (1) whether an

alleged agreement between the parties precludes the entry of a charging lien; (2)



1
      7A C.J.S. Attorney & Client § 446 (West 2014).
2
      Doroshow, Pasquale, Krawitz & Bhaya v. Nanticoke Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 36
      A.3d 336, 340-42 (Del. 2012).
3
      Id. at 340 (quoting 2 EDWARD MARK THORNTON, A TREATISE ON ATTORNEYS
      AT LAW § 580 (1914)).
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
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generally how the appropriate amount of a charging lien should be determined; and

(3) whether the costs of experts retained on behalf of Plaintiff can be included in the

calculation. I address these issues in turn.

                             (1) The Parties’ Agreement

      The relationship between Plaintiff and Bayard was governed by an engagement

letter dated December 27, 2012, which appears to have been signed by Zutrau on

January 5, 2013 (the “Engagement Letter”). That letter states: “The provisions of this

agreement may not be modified except in a subsequent writing executed by the

parties hereto.” The parties do not dispute that, at some time in mid-2013, Plaintiff

fell behind on her bills and was in breach of the Engagement Letter. An email chain

appended to Zutrau‟s opposition brief indicates that the parties attempted to reach an

agreement as to how to deal with the unpaid fees. In a September 17, 2013 email,

Bayard offered to take the first $100,000 of any judgment and then work out a

payment plan with Zutrau as to the remaining arrears (the “September 17 Email”).

Later emails from Zutrau stated that the September 17 Email did not reflect, from her

perspective, the parties‟ agreement.

      Notwithstanding the clause in the Engagement Letter requiring any

amendments to be in writing, Zutrau contends that the parties orally modified the
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
Civil Action No. 7457-VCP
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Engagement Letter.4       Bayard denies the existence of such a modification.

Furthermore, because any amendment had to be in writing, the purported oral

amendment would violate the terms of the Engagement Letter. The only writings in

the record relevant to this question are the Engagement Letter and the subsequent

email chains. By Zutrau‟s own admissions, as stated in her opposition brief and in

the emails attached to it, the September 17 Email did not reflect her understanding of

the parties‟ agreement on the unpaid fees.         Based on the evidence presented,

therefore, I find that the parties never reached a final, written agreement modifying

the Engagement Letter. Accordingly, the Engagement Letter alone governed the

relationship between Zutrau and Bayard.

      Relying on Faraone v. Ramunno,5 Plaintiff asserts that Bayard cannot seek a

charging lien, because such a lien is equitable in nature and is granted only in the

absence of an express agreement. The Faraone decision, however, did not involve

charging liens.6   In addition, although language from that case suggests that a



4
      Zutrau has not specified the terms of this alleged amendment.
5
      2005 WL 1654589, at *1 (Del. Super. June 22, 2005) (“A charging lien is an
      equitable lien which can be imposed in the absence of an expressed
      agreement.”).
6
      Id. (“This case is not about a charging lien.”).
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
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charging lien can be imposed when the parties lack an express agreement, the court

did not hold that a charging lien cannot be granted when the parties have an express

agreement. If it had, the Faraone case would be contrary to Doroshow, where the

lawyers who sought, and obtained, a charging lien represented the plaintiffs pursuant

to an express contingent fee agreement.7 Moreover, black-letter law on charging

liens suggests that a fee agreement between the attorney and the client is a

prerequisite—not a bar—to the granting of a charging lien.8 Zutrau‟s first argument,

therefore, runs contrary to settled law.

                           (2) Scope of the Charging Lien

      Zutrau next advances the argument that, even if Bayard can assert a charging

lien, it can do so only to the extent of the recovery created by Bayard‟s efforts. The

underlying litigation in this case involved, among other things, Zutrau suing her

former employer, ICE Systems, Inc. (“ICE”), and its CEO, John Jansing, alleging that


7
      Doroshow, 36 A.3d at 339, 342.
8
      7A C.J.S. Attorney & Client § 446 (“In order to give rise to a lien, a valid and
      enforceable contract for a fee must exist. Accordingly, when an attorney‟s fee
      agreement is unlawful, the attorney has no lien for services performed pursuant
      to that agreement.”) (footnote omitted); 7 AM. JUR. 2D Attorneys at Law § 317
      (West 2014) (“It is necessary to the existence of the lien that there be a valid
      contract for fees, either express or implied, entered into between the attorney
      and the client.”).
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
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her minority equity interest in ICE was undervalued when it was eliminated in a

reverse stock split.9 Zutrau initially was offered $495,779 for her shares, but objected

to that amount as inadequate. Zutrau sued to obtain more. Under Zutrau‟s theory,

Bayard has no claim on any judgment except to the extent it exceeds $495,779.

Based on the current revised damage calculations of $876,329, that would mean

Bayard could have a claim for a charging lien on a recovery of up to $380,550.

      Zutrau‟s position has some appeal and, if this were a contingent fee case,

Zutrau would have a compelling argument that the initial $495,779 should be

excluded from the fee calculation because there was no material risk that she would

recover less than that amount. The Engagement Letter, however, shows that Zutrau

agreed to pay Bayard‟s hourly rates.10 Bayard‟s fees were not contingent on the

recovery and it would be owed the same amount of money whether Zutrau won or

lost. It is no secret that litigation is expensive and that the costs of prosecution easily



9
      Zutrau v. Jansing, 2014 WL 3772859, at *2-14 (Del. Ch. July 31, 2014).
10
      Based on my review of the relevant cases, I find that the same principles apply
      to an unpaid hourly lawyer as apply to a lawyer whose recovery is contingent
      on the outcome: both are owed money at the conclusion of the case. See
      Doroshow, 36 A.3d at 342 (“Because Doroshow represented [the client] on a
      contingent fee basis, the law firm had not been compensated before its work
      produced the funds.”) (emphasis added).
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
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can exceed the recovery.11 Here, Zutrau was, and remains, obligated to pay Bayard‟s

fees. That the cost of prosecution conceivably could exceed the recovery does not

excuse Zutrau from paying those fees.

      Admittedly, there is language in the Delaware charging lien cases that suggests

that a charging lien may be limited to the amount recovered because of the attorney‟s

assistance.12 Here, that could mean starting with a “true” recovery of $380,550—i.e.,

the approximate benefit Zutrau is likely to receive as a result of her challenge to the

reverse stock split. Plaintiff argues, however, that this amount should be reduced

further by $116,678—the amount of fees she already paid—resulting in a net

recovery or net benefit of $263,872.



11
      See Robert G. Bone, Modeling Frivolous Suits, 145 U. PA. L. REV. 519, 529-33
      (1997) (distinguishing frivolous lawsuits, which lack merit, from negative
      expected value lawsuits, which are meritorious but cost more to prosecute than
      any possible recovery).
12
      See Doroshow, 36 A.3d at 343 (rejecting a proposed interpretation of a statute
      because it would “run counter to the rationale for an attorney‟s charging lien—
      that attorneys have a right to compensation for funds recovered by their
      efforts”) (emphasis added); Royal Ins. Co. v. Simon, 174 A. 444, 446 (Del. Ch.
      1934) (analogizing the charging lien to a mechanic‟s lien and describing one
      rationale for the charging lien as “the equity of an attorney to be paid his fees
      and expenses out of the judgment in the securing and therefore creation of
      which he had contributed of his services, skill and, in case of disbursements, of
      his money”) (emphasis added).
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
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      Bayard denies that the amount of the benefit recovered is relevant to the scope

of a charging lien. If it is, Bayard contends that: (1) the costs of this litigation, which

the Court ordered Defendant to pay, must be deducted from the amount of fees and

expenses Zutrau seeks to subtract out;13 and (2) the value Bayard achieved by

defeating Jansing‟s $60,307 counterclaim must be added to the recovery. 14 Thus,

from Bayard‟s point of view, this litigation created a benefit to Zutrau exceeding

$440,000.

      For the reasons stated in the next section regarding expert fees, I conclude that

the total amount of the charging lien that is appropriate in this case does not exceed

Zutrau‟s lowest-possible net recovery of $263,872. As such, I need not answer the

question, seemingly one of first impression in Delaware, of whether Bayard could


13
      On November 11, Bayard submitted a revised Bill of Costs totaling
      $40,750.10. Defendant disputes this amount, and seeks to limit the recoverable
      costs to $9,293.85. The ongoing controversy over the costs, however, is not
      material to the resolution of Bayard‟s motion for a charging lien.
14
      Although there is no Delaware precedent on the subject, several cases from
      other jurisdictions suggest that a charging lien does not arise for defense of a
      counterclaim. See 7A C.J.S. Attorney & Client § 454 (“The charging lien of an
      attorney may be restricted to services which the attorney performs on behalf of
      a client who asserts affirmatively a cause of action, claim, or counterclaim, as
      distinguished from services rendered for a negative purpose, such as to defeat
      or defend a cause of action, or claim, set up by a client‟s adversary.”)
      (footnotes omitted).
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
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assert a charging lien in excess of the partial amount of the judgment that resulted

from the law firm‟s efforts.

                                  (3) The Expert Fees

      Bayard seeks to include in its charging lien the costs of experts called on behalf

of Zutrau at trial. Neither Zutrau nor Bayard cited any Delaware authority pertinent

to this request and this issue also appears to be one of first impression in Delaware.

Bayard argues that the concept underlying the charging lien—paying the costs

necessary to prosecute the case—requires inclusion of the expert fees, because

Bayard used its name and reputation to help retain Zutrau‟s experts.              Bayard,

however, has not paid, and is not contractually obligated to pay, these experts‟ fees.

Only Zutrau is responsible for the fees incurred by her experts. Bayard apparently

fears that Zutrau will not pay the experts. If that proves to be true and the expert fees

are not included in the charging lien, Bayard alleges that its ability to retain experts in

the future will be materially impaired.

      I find Bayard‟s argument unpersuasive. The rationale underlying the Delaware

charging lien cases is compensating the attorney for her efforts. Thus, the premise

for imposing a charging lien is that an attorney is owed money. Here, if Zutrau fully

had paid Bayard‟s bills, it presumably would have no basis for seeking a charging

lien at all, let alone one for the additional roughly $100,000 it seeks for the experts.
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
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      There is no evidence in the record that Bayard is liable to the experts for their

fees. I see no basis, therefore, for including those fees in the charging lien.15

                                       Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, I grant Bayard‟s motion for entry of a charging lien,

but deny its request to include certain expert fees in the amount of that lien. Upon the

entry of any judgment in this action, Bayard will have a charging lien in the amount

of $200,000 against that judgment.16 Bayard shall submit, within ten days of this

Letter Opinion, appropriate documentation showing the fees and out-of-pocket

expenses it incurred in this matter that remain unpaid. At such time as all unpaid fees

and expenses of Bayard have been paid, the charging lien shall be extinguished.




15
      Cf. Bero-Wachs v. Law Office of Logar & Pulver, 157 P.3d 704, 708-09 (Nev.
      2007) (interpreting the Nevada charging lien statute and finding that attorneys‟
      lien did not apply to costs of forensic accountant when the law firm was not a
      principal to the contract with the accountant and, thus, bore no liability for the
      expert‟s fees).
16
      Bayard originally requested a charging lien in the amount of $300,000.
      Roughly $100,000 of that amount related to the experts‟ fees. Accordingly, it
      is unlikely that Bayard‟s unpaid fees and expenses will exceed $200,000. Arg.
      Tr. 11 (Stephen Brauerman: “I‟d say all-in we are just under $200,000.”).
Zutrau v. Jansing and ICE Systems, Inc.
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      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                     Sincerely,

                                     /s/ Donald F. Parsons, Jr.

                                     Donald F. Parsons, Jr.
                                     Vice Chancellor

DFP/ptp
