                                                                FILED BY CLERK
                        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                            STATE OF ARIZONA                        FEB 16 2012
                              DIVISION TWO                           COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                       DIVISION TWO



RICHARD ANDERSON,                    )
                                     )
                Plaintiff/Appellant, )            2 CA-CV 2011-0027
                                     )            DEPARTMENT A
           v.                        )
                                     )            OPINION
VALLEY UNION HIGH SCHOOL,            )
DISTRICT #22,                        )
                                     )
               Defendant/Appellee. )
                                     )


         APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF COCHISE COUNTY

                              Cause No. CV200701030

                        Honorable Stephen M. Desens, Judge

                               APPEAL DISMISSED


Law Offices of William R. Hobson, P.C.
 By William R. Hobson                                                       Chandler

  and

Law Offices of Kevin Koelbel, P.C.
 By Kevin Koelbel                                                           Chandler
                                                    Attorneys for Plaintiff/Appellant

Hufford, Horstman, Mongini,
Parnell & Tucker, P.C.
 By C. Benson Hufford and Eve A. Parnell                                    Flagstaff

  and
Edward G. Rheinheimer, Cochise County Attorney
 By David C. Fifer                                                               Bisbee
                                                        Attorneys for Defendant/Appellee


E C K E R S T R O M, Presiding Judge.


¶1            This appeal concerns a disciplinary decision made by appellee Valley

Union High School District Number 22 (―the district‖) to temporarily suspend one of its

teachers, appellant Richard Anderson, without pay. After Anderson sought review in the

superior court, the court affirmed the decision of the district‘s governing board. His

appeal to this court followed. Because we conclude teachers‘ appeals from disciplinary

decisions of a governing board may not be appealed beyond the superior court, we

dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

                                        Jurisdiction

¶2            ―In the civil context, the right to appeal is not absolute but exists only by

statute.‖ S. Cal. Edison Co. v. Peabody W. Coal Co., 194 Ariz. 47, ¶ 16, 977 P.2d 769,

774 (1999). ―If there is no statute which provides that a judgment or order is appealable,

the appellate courts of this state do not have jurisdiction to consider the merits of the

question raised on appeal.‖ Musa v. Adrian, 130 Ariz. 311, 312, 636 P.2d 89, 90 (1981).

With our jurisdiction thus expressly provided and limited by law, Ariz. Const. art. VI,

§ 9; A.R.S. § 12-120.21, an appellant has a duty to identify the jurisdictional basis of an

appeal under Rule 13(a)(3), Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. We, in turn, have an independent duty

to confirm our jurisdiction over the appeal before us. Robinson v. Kay, 225 Ariz. 191,

¶ 4, 236 P.3d 418, 419 (App. 2010).
                                               2
¶3            In his opening brief, Anderson asserted this court has jurisdiction pursuant

to what is now A.R.S. § 12-2101(A)(1).1 That provision authorizes appeals to this court

―[f]rom a final judgment entered in an action or special proceeding commenced in a

superior court, or brought into a superior court from any other court,‖ except certain

forcible entry and detainer actions. Id. Anderson‘s appeal to the superior court was

neither ―commenced‖ in that court nor ―brought into [the] superior court from . . .

[an]other court‖ under the terms of § 12-2101(A)(1). Indeed, appeals to the superior

court ordinarily are not appealable to this court under that provision. See Sanders v.

Moore, 117 Ariz. 527, 528, 573 P.2d 927, 928 (App. 1977) (language authorizing appeals

from cases ―‗brought into a superior court from any other court‘ . . . refers to cases

transferred or brought into superior court by some process other than appeal‖). We

therefore lack jurisdiction on the ground asserted.

¶4            Anderson contends his appeal to the superior court was ―commenced‖ in

that court within the meaning of § 12-2101(A)(1) because the proceedings there began

with the filing of a ―Complaint.‖ He acknowledges, however, that such a filing only

―invoke[s] the superior court‘s appellate jurisdiction.‖ That being so, substance controls

over form. Courts are not bound by labels. State v. Brown, 9 Ariz. App. 323, 326, 451

P.2d 901, 904 (1969). Even when the superior court conducts a ―trial de novo,‖ the court




       1
        This portion of the statute, formerly § 12-2101(B), was renumbered on July 20,
2011, days after Anderson submitted his brief. See 2011 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 304, § 1;
see also Ariz. Const. art. IV, pt. 1, § 1(3) (absent express provision, laws not operative
until ninety days after close of legislative session).
                                             3
is still functioning in an appellate capacity for jurisdictional purposes. See, e.g., Sanders,

117 Ariz. at 527, 528, 573 P.2d at 927, 928.

¶5            This court‘s jurisdiction, therefore, depends upon a statutory right to review

the superior court‘s decision in this court. The question we must address is whether the

governing board‘s decision (or the superior court‘s ruling with respect to that decision) is

―permitted by law to be appealed from the superior court.‖ § 12-120.21(A)(1). This is a

question of law and statutory interpretation we review de novo. See State v. Bejarano,

219 Ariz. 518, ¶ 2, 200 P.3d 1015, 1016-17 (App. 2008).

¶6            In supplemental briefing permitted by this court, Anderson asserted we may

hear his appeal pursuant to A.R.S. § 15-543 and several other laws supposedly

incorporated in it by reference. The district, which previously had presumed we had

jurisdiction under § 12-2101, reversed its position in light of its legal research, stated it

could find ―no clear statutory basis‖ for an appeal to this court, and moved to dismiss for

lack of jurisdiction. Although Anderson cited a score of cases in his supplemental brief

where appellate courts have entertained appeals concerning employment decisions

affecting teachers, he acknowledges the long-recognized principle that unless a case

expressly raises and discusses the issue of jurisdiction, it does not stand as authority for

the existence of jurisdiction. Sarwark v. Thorneycroft, 123 Ariz. 1, 2, 596 P.2d 1173,

1174 (App.), approved, 123 Ariz. 23, 597 P.2d 9 (1979); accord State v. Mohajerin, 226

Ariz. 103, ¶ 6, 244 P.3d 107, 110 (App. 2010). Despite Anderson‘s inability to identify

authority for the existence of appellate jurisdiction here, he maintains it is unlikely ―all

the judges in these cases neglected their duty to determine jurisdiction.‖ We find to the

                                               4
contrary. Given the long history and relative complexity of our public education laws, it

is understandable how an absence of jurisdiction could be overlooked by courts as well as

experienced practitioners in the field. Cf. Bejarano, 219 Ariz. 518, ¶ 5, 200 P.3d at 1017

(noting inappropriate exercise of appellate jurisdiction spanning decades). We turn, then,

to the principal statute at issue, § 15-543.

¶7            The parties agree that a teacher such as Anderson has a right to seek review

of a disciplinary decision of the district‘s governing board in the superior court pursuant

to § 15-543. The statute provides as follows:

                     A. The decision of the governing board is final unless
              the certificated teacher files, within thirty days after the date
              of the decision, an appeal with the superior court in the
              county within which he was employed.

                     B. The decision of the governing board may be
              reviewed by the court in the same manner as the decision
              made in accordance with the provisions of [A.R.S.] § 41-785.
              The proceeding shall be set for hearing at the earliest possible
              date and shall take precedence over all other cases, except
              older matters of the same character and matters to which
              special precedence is otherwise given by law.

Under Anderson‘s view, § 15-543(B) is the starting point of a statutory ―road map‖ that

leads to a right of appeal in this court. We disagree.

¶8            When construing a statute, our goal is to discern and give effect to the

intent of the legislature that enacted it. People’s Choice TV Corp. v. City of Tucson, 202

Ariz. 401, ¶ 7, 46 P.3d 412, 414 (2002); State v. Williams, 175 Ariz. 98, 100, 854 P.2d

131, 133 (1993). Because the language of a statute is the best and most reliable indicator

of the legislature‘s intent, we apply that language whenever it is clear and unambiguous,


                                               5
without resorting to any other means of interpretation. Janson v. Christensen, 167 Ariz.

470, 471, 808 P.2d 1222, 1223 (1991). ―A statute is clear and unambiguous when it

admits of only one meaning.‖ Parrot v. DiamlerChrysler Corp., 212 Ariz. 255, ¶ 7, 130

P.3d 530, 532 (2006). To determine whether a statute is ambiguous, we consider the

various provisions making up the entire statute. See State v. Sweet, 143 Ariz. 266, 269-

70, 693 P.2d 921, 924-25 (1985); In re 1996 Nissan Sentra, 201 Ariz. 114, ¶ 8, 32 P.3d

39, 42 (App. 2001).

¶9            We find the plain language of § 15-543 unambiguously does not allow an

appeal to this court. Section 15-543(B) directs ―the court‖—that is, ―the superior court‖

considering the appeal under § 15-543(A)—to review the board‘s decision ―in the same

manner as the decision made in accordance with the provisions of § 41-785.‖ This

language specifying ―the . . . manner‖ in which ―the court‖ is to conduct the appeal

concerns the superior court and the way in which it will consider the appeal. § 15-

543(B). It does not give a ―party‖ a ―right‖ to appeal to the court of appeals. To hold

otherwise would be to disregard the natural, obvious, and ordinary meanings of the terms

used in the statute, see Simpson v. Owens, 207 Ariz. 261, ¶ 33, 85 P.3d 478, 489 (App.

2004), or to impermissibly read subsection (B) in isolation from subsection (A) so as to

create an ambiguity where none exists.

¶10           Even were we to find the precise meaning of the reference to § 41-785

unclear from the text of these statutes, our resolution of that ambiguity would not lead us

to the conclusion Anderson desires. ―When a statute is ambiguous or unclear, . . . ‗we

attempt to determine legislative intent by interpreting the statutory scheme as a whole and

                                            6
consider ―the statute‘s context, subject matter, historical background, effects and

consequences, and spirit and purpose.‖‘‖ Hughes v. Jorgenson, 203 Ariz. 71, ¶ 11, 50

P.3d 821, 823 (2002), quoting UNUM Life Ins. Co. v. Craig, 200 Ariz. 327, ¶ 12, 26 P.3d

510, 513 (2001). In context, the statutory cross-reference in § 15-543(B) means that the

grounds for relief and standards of review set forth in the subsections of § 41-785(F)

apply to appeals in the superior court. In other words, to obtain relief on appeal to the

superior court, teachers are required to show the board‘s decision was either:

                     1. Founded on or contained error of law which shall
              specifically include error of construction or application of any
              pertinent rules[;]

                      2. Unsupported by any evidence as disclosed by the
              entire record[;]

                     3. Materially affected by unlawful procedure[;]

                     4. Based on a violation of any constitutional
              provision[; or]

                     5. Arbitrary or capricious.

§ 41-785(F)(1)–(5). The superior court thus has a limited appellate role; it does not

conduct a review ―de novo‖ as it once did in such matters. See 1949 Ariz. Sess. Laws,

ch. 52, § 5 (codified at Ariz. Code Ann., § 54-1013 (Supp. 1952)); see also Fulton v.

Dysart Unified Sch. Dist. No. 89, 133 Ariz. 314, 318, 651 P.2d 369, 373 (App. 1982)

(―The adoption, in A.R.S. § 15-543 of the limited scope of review prescribed by A.R.S.

§ 41-785, represents a departure from the prior law which had permitted the superior

court to hear and determine matters de novo.‖).



                                             7
¶11              Under the broader interpretation of § 15-543(B) urged by Anderson, the

reference to § 41-785 means considerably more than this. It incorporates not only

subsection (F) but also subsection (G) of this statute,2 effectively making the appeal

governed by ―title 12, chapter 7, article 6‖ of our code—that is, the Judicial Review of

Administrative Decisions Act (JRADA), A.R.S. §§ 12-901 through 12-914—and

granting a teacher the right to appeal to this court ―the order of the superior court . . . as in

other civil cases.‖ § 41-785(G). This construction is problematic for a number of

reasons.

¶12              First, the construction finds little support in the language of the statute. As

noted above, § 15-543(B) directs ―the court‖ to undertake its review in ―the . . . manner‖

that it would a board‘s decision under § 41-785. Construing this language to incorporate

§ 41-785(G) thus makes little textual sense. That provision reads: ―An appeal shall be

available to the court of appeals from the order of the superior court pursuant to title 12,

chapter 7, article 6 as in other civil cases.‖ Were we to so read the provisions of § 15-

543(B) and § 41-785(G) together, we would require the superior court to review the

governing board‘s decision ―in the same manner‖ as ―[a]n appeal shall be available to the


       2
           Section 41-785 provides, in relevant part:

                        F. Any party may appeal the decision of the [state
                 personnel] board pursuant to title 12, chapter 7, article 6 to
                 the superior court in the employee‘s county of residence on
                 one or more of the following grounds . . . .

                       G. An appeal shall be available to the court of appeals
                 from the order of the superior court pursuant to title 12,
                 chapter 7, article 6 as in other civil cases.
                                                8
court of appeals from the order of the superior court,‖ which is nonsense. At most, the

manner clause of § 15-543(B) may be construed to incorporate provisions within JRADA

affecting court procedures. But even so, this is an argument merely for the incorporation

of a portion of § 41-785(F), specifically the portion directing the superior court to review

the appeal ―pursuant to title 12, chapter 7, article 6‖; incorporation of the right to appeal

under § 41-785(G) does not follow.

¶13             The second and no less significant problem with Anderson‘s interpretation

is that a school district is a political subdivision of the state. A.R.S. § 15-101(21);

Amphitheater Unified Sch. Dist. No. 10 v. Harte, 128 Ariz. 233, 234, 624 P.2d 1281,

1282 (1981). It is not an administrative agency. See § 12-901(1). As such, it generally is

excluded from JRADA. See § 12-902(A)(1). Furthermore, JRADA, which also is known

as the Administrative Review Act,3 is ―not complementary to other statutory review

proceedings.‖ Sarwark, 123 Ariz. at 4, 596 P.2d at 1176; accord Knape v. Brown, 86

Ariz. 158, 160-61, 342 P.2d 195, 197 (1959). ―[I]f any independent statutory review is

provided, the Administrative Review Act is not applicable.‖ Sarwark, 123 Ariz. at 4, 596

P.2d at 1176.

¶14             Evidence of incompatibility is readily apparent from the conflicting

provisions in §§ 15-543, 41-785, and JRADA. Section 15-543(A), for example, specifies

the deadline by which a teacher must appeal (thirty days from the date of the board‘s


       3
       See Smith v. Ariz. Citizens Clean Elections Comm’n, 212 Ariz. 407, n.3, 132 P.3d
1187, 1193 n.3 (2006); Pima Cnty. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Revenue, 114 Ariz. 275, 278, 560
P.2d 793, 796 (1977).

                                             9
decision) and a particular venue for the appeal (the county of employment). JRADA, in

contrast, allows thirty-five days to file an appeal from an administrative decision, which

is measured from the date of service of the decision. § 12-904(A). Section 41-785(F)

also allows an appeal in a different venue, namely ―the employee‘s county of residence.‖

Further, § 15-543(A) specifies a particular party who may appeal—a ―certificated

teacher‖—whereas § 41-785(F) allows ―[a]ny party‖ to appeal. The obvious conflicts in

these statutes strongly suggest the legislature did not intend § 15-543 to fully incorporate

any of the provisions of § 41-785, much less JRADA as a whole. And the history of our

teachers‘ appeal statutes lends further support to this view.

¶15              When our teachers‘ appeal statute originally was codified in the Arizona

Revised Statutes,4 it shared the two-part form of the current § 15-543. Subsection (A)

specified the time for the appeal and the superior court that would hear it, while

subsection (B) specified the manner in which the court‘s review would occur, namely by

an expedited ―de novo‖ hearing. Former A.R.S. § 15-255 (1956); see also 1965 Ariz.

Sess. Laws, ch. 74, § 2. In 1974, our legislature did away with this de novo review and

overhauled the teacher-appeal process, making reference to § 41-785 for the first time.

See 1974 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 60, §§ 2-3.

¶16              Under the prior statutory regime, ―hearings were held by the board, which

then acted as the authority for hiring, accusing, fact finding, and adjudicating.‖

Knollmiller v. Welch, 128 Ariz. 34, 35, 623 P.2d 823, 824 (App. 1980); see 1965 Ariz.

Sess. Laws, ch. 74, § 1.         Under the subsequent 1974 regime, a ―neutral hearing

       4
           See 1956 Ariz. Sess. Laws, 3d Spec. Sess., ch. 3, § 1.
                                               10
commission‖ would first ―conduct[] a hearing and make[] a summary of findings in

accordance with the provisions of A.R.S. [§] 41-785,‖ and then make recommendations

to the governing board, which could either accept or reject them. Knollmiller, 128 Ariz.

at 35, 623 P.2d at 824; accord Fulton, 133 Ariz. at 317-18, 651 P.2d at 372-73; Bd. of

Educ. of Tempe Union High Sch. Dist. v. Lammle, 122 Ariz. 522, 525-26, 596 P.2d 48,

51-52 (App. 1979); see 1974 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 60, § 3 (former A.R.S. § 15-262). A

teacher‘s appeal thus largely mirrored a state employee‘s appeal from a personnel

decision under § 41-785. None of the incompatibilities noted above then existed with

respect to this statute.

¶17            In the 1974 laws, judicial review was authorized under the former A.R.S.

§ 15-264, which stated:

               The decision of the governing board may, on appeal of a
               continuing teacher, be reviewed by a court of competent
               jurisdiction in the same manner as the decision made in
               accordance with the provisions of section 41-785. The
               proceeding shall be set for hearing at the earliest possible date
               and shall take precedence over all other cases, except older
               matters of the same character and matters to which special
               precedence is otherwise given by law.

1974 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 60, § 3 (emphasis added). At the time, § 41-785(D) provided

the time for filing an appeal with the superior court and the grounds on which relief could

be sought; § 41-785(E) provided the rules for filing and serving a notice of appeal, as

well as the procedure for preparing and transmitting the record to the superior court; and

§ 41-785(F) specified how courts were to address and dispose of the appeal. 1972 Ariz.

Sess. Laws, ch. 141, § 4. Section 41-785(F) provided, in full:


                                              11
              The [superior] court shall review the hearing on the basis of
              the transcript and exhibits, except that in case of alleged
              irregularity in procedure by the personnel board not shown by
              the transcript, the court may order further testimony. The
              court shall upon request by either party hear oral arguments
              and receive written briefs. The court may affirm the order of
              the personnel board, remand the matter for further
              proceedings before the board, or reverse or modify the order.
              Appeal shall be available to the courts of appeal from the
              order of the superior court as in other civil cases.

1972 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 141, § 4 (emphasis added). When title 15 was repealed and

overhauled in 1981, § 15-264 was renumbered as § 15-543 but otherwise was left

unaltered. 1981 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 1, §§ 1-2; see Siglin v. Kayenta Unified Sch. Dist.

No. 27, 134 Ariz. 233, 234-35 & 235 n.2, 655 P.2d 353, 354-55 & 355 n.2 (App. 1982)

(noting renumbering and identical appeal provisions under § 41-785(F)). Were this still

the language of our present code, we unquestionably would have jurisdiction over the

current appeal. But it is not so today.

¶18           In 1983, the legislature made a number of educational reforms and again

overhauled the laws relating to teacher discipline and appeals. See 1983 Ariz. Sess.

Laws, ch. 281, §§ 1-17.        Most notably, the legislature did away with the 1974

commission process and returned both hearing and dismissal powers to a school district‘s

governing board.     See 1983 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 281, §§ 11-14. In so doing, the

legislature repealed and replaced the former § 15-543 with the current version of the

statute,5 omitting the prior language that had allowed an appeal to ―a court of competent


       5
      Minor amendments made to § 15-543 in 1986 are irrelevant to our analysis. See
1986 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 399, § 15.

                                           12
jurisdiction.‖ See 1983 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 281, §§ 16-17. The modern version of the

law thus expressly provided a right of appeal to ―the superior court,‖ just like the mid-

century statute that preceded it, under which no further appeal was expressly available.

See former A.R.S. § 15-255 (1956).

¶19          In 1983, the legislature also made substantial changes to § 41-785, referring

to JRADA therein for the first time. 1983 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 98, § 166.            The

legislature did not, however, address the meaning of the continued reference to § 41-785

in § 15-543 in any of the legislative materials examined by this court.6 It neither noted

nor attempted to harmonize any conflicts.       We have discovered nothing in these

legislative materials manifesting an intention to give a teacher a right of appeal to the

court of appeals. In any event, ―legislative history need not confirm the details of

changes in the law effected by statutory language before we will interpret that language

according to its natural meaning.‖ Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374,

385 n.2 (1992).

¶20          We note that review by a superior court fully serves the legislature‘s

purpose in seeing that disciplinary decisions by a governing board are legally rendered,

procedurally regular, and founded upon adequate evidence. This court possesses no

special skills or knowledge making it a more competent body to review school districts‘

disciplinary decisions. If an appeal were allowed to this court after one already had been


      6
        See generally Minutes of H. Comm. on Educ., 36th Leg., 1st Reg. Sess. (Ariz.
Mar. 9 & 11, 1983); H.B. Summary for HB 2354, 36th Leg., 1st Reg. Sess., at 73-74
(Ariz. 1983); Minutes of S. Comm. on Educ., 36th Leg., 1st Reg. Sess., at 2-4 (Ariz.
Apr. 7, 1983); S. Fact Sheet for HB 2354, 36th Leg., 1st Reg. Sess. (Ariz. Apr. 8, 1983).
                                           13
provided in the superior court, it would be a redundant proceeding. And we will not

presume the legislature intended such redundancy in the absence of a clear statutory

directive.

¶21           The foregoing demonstrates, if nothing else, that ―[t]he legislature is

capable of saying what it means.‖ In re Estate of Newman, 219 Ariz. 260, ¶ 47, 196 P.3d

863, 875 (App. 2008). If the legislature had wished to create a right of appeal to the court

of appeals, it was capable of saying so expressly in § 15-543, just as it did in § 41-

785(G). Or the legislature could have used the phrase ―a court‖ or ―a court of competent

jurisdiction‖ in § 15-543(B), just as it had in the predecessor statute. That the legislature

instead deliberately avoided such language tells us that this was not its intention. In sum,

we find the language in § 15-543(B) specifying ―the . . . manner‖ in which ―the court‖ is

to review an appeal—whatever it means with respect to the procedural provisions in

JRADA or the Rules of Procedure for Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions—

does not give a right of appeal to this court. We therefore hold that a teacher may not

appeal beyond the superior court a disciplinary decision of a governing board pursuant to

§ 15-543.

¶22           We note, however, that our supreme court may wish to resolve any

ambiguity and dispel any lingering doubts about our appellate jurisdiction in these

matters. Historically, the court has alternated from the view that teachers‘ appeals from

disciplinary actions will be granted only a limited form of judicial review in the superior

court, not including a jury trial, see Anthony v. Phx. Union High Sch. Dist., 55 Ariz. 265,

271, 273, 100 P.2d 988, 991-92 (1940), overruled in part by Johnson v. Bd. of Educ., 101

                                             14
Ariz. 268, 274, 419 P.2d 52, 58 (1966), to the view that teachers are permitted jury trials

when they cast their disciplinary grievances as contract disputes and invoke the superior

court‘s jurisdiction over such matters. See Johnson, 101 Ariz. at 270, 274, 419 P.2d at

54, 58. That the legislature has signaled its intention to prescribe a limited right of appeal

from disciplinary decisions is, we believe, beyond dispute given the evolution of our

laws. Johnson, in other words, has been superseded by statutory changes. A teacher

simply may not bypass a statutory appeal procedure—be it that provided by § 15-543 or,

more broadly, by § 41-785 and JRADA—by initiating a contract action. But the topic is

one that is especially appropriate for consideration by our high court.

                                        Disposition

¶23             For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss Anderson‘s appeal for lack of

jurisdiction.

                                               /s/ Peter J. Eckerstrom
                                               PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Presiding Judge

CONCURRING:


/s/ J. William Brammer, Jr.
J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge


/s/ Philip G. Espinosa
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge




                                             15
