                             NUMBER 13-18-00451-CV

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                  THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                    CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

LUIS DE JESUS LARA MUNOZ AND
UNIMEX LOGISTICS, L.L.C.,                                                   Appellants,

                                            v.

RAY CASTILLO,                                                                 Appellee.


                    On appeal from the 370th District Court
                          of Hidalgo County, Texas.


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
 Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Hinojosa
         Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras

       In this personal injury case arising out of an auto accident, a jury awarded over

$2.8 million in actual damages to appellee Ray Castillo in his suit against appellants Luis

de Jesus Lara Munoz (Lara) and Unimex Logistics, L.L.C. (Unimex). In ten issues on

appeal, appellants contend: (1) the jury charge should have included a question about
Castillo’s negligence; (2) a mistrial should have been granted because evidence about

insurance came before the jury; (3–4) certain testimony from Castillo’s damages experts

should have been excluded; (5) the jury charge should have included an instruction

regarding mitigation of damages; (6–9) the evidence was insufficient to support the

damages awards; and (10) the damages awards were excessive.

       Because there was factually insufficient evidence to support the award of certain

future medical expenses, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for a new trial,

subject to remittitur.

                                          I. BACKGROUND

       The accident at issue occurred on December 17, 2015, on the Interstate 2/U.S.

Route 83 eastbound frontage road in Mission, Texas. Castillo, a City of Mission employee,

was driving in his city-owned Ford Ranger pickup truck; Lara was driving in a tractor-

trailer owned by Fassen Transport and leased by his employer, Unimex. Castillo alleged

in his live petition that Lara and Unimex were negligent and grossly negligent, and that

he suffered “severe physical and emotional injuries” as a result of the accident.

A.     The Accident

       Jose Cavazos, a traffic investigator with the Mission Police Department, testified

at trial that Lara’s tractor-trailer generated tire marks which “came to about the center of

the inside lane” (Lane 1) of the three-lane frontage road. When the tractor-trailer came to

rest after the accident, it was blocking the outside lane (Lane 3), the center lane (Lane 2),

and “probably a few inches” of Lane 1. Cavazos therefore determined that Lara turned

right from Lane 1, which is a violation of state law.1 See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN.


       1   According to photographs and a map of the area which were entered into evidence, the street



                                                   2
§ 545.101(a).

        Cavazos further stated that it was his responsibility to determine whether Castillo

committed any violations leading up to the crash, but he did not find any. He confirmed

that, though a witness reported that Castillo was traveling at “about 50 miles per hour,”

the speed limit was 55 miles per hour. Cavazos determined that, before impact, Castillo

was driving in Lane 3.

        Cavazos conceded that, although Lara violated the law, he did not cite Lara for a

traffic offense. He explained: “I think I just—[w]ith everything that was going on—just

missed it.” On cross-examination, he agreed that it would not have been necessary for

him to issue a citation immediately.

        Cavazos explained that, assuming Lara was driving at ten miles per hour when he

attempted the right turn, it would have taken him about 1.63 seconds to drive across the

12-foot-wide center and outside lanes. In Cavazos’s opinion, Castillo would not have had

sufficient time to perceive and react to the movement of the tractor-trailer. He opined that

this type of turn is extremely risky and presents a “probability and a potential” for harm.

He agreed on cross-examination that a tractor-trailer such as Lara’s “can’t just turn the

way a normal auto turns,” but when asked whether it is “common” for an 18-wheeler to

use more than just the right lane to make a right turn, Cavazos replied: “That’s correct,

but illegal.”

        Cavazos testified that, if a driver has the hazard lights on and then attempts to

activate the turn signal, there would be no change in the signal. In that situation, to



upon which Lara was attempting to turn—Nueces Street—extends out from the frontage road at an obtuse
angle to the direction of travel. That is, a vehicle attempting to make a right turn onto Nueces Street from
the eastbound frontage road would have to turn more than ninety degrees.


                                                     3
properly signal a right turn, the driver would have to turn the hazard lights off first so that

the turn signal functions properly. On cross-examination, he acknowledged he has never

driven or attempted to use a turn signal in an 18-wheeler.

       Cavazos identified the “Texas Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers Handbook” as a

book that drivers must study to pass their commercial driver’s license (CDL) test. A

section entitled “Space for Turns” provides:

       Here are some rules to help prevent right-turn crashes:

       Turn slowly to give yourself and others more time to avoid problems.

       If you are driving a truck or bus that cannot make the right turn without
       swinging into another lane, turn wide as you complete the turn. Keep the
       rear of your vehicle close to the curb. This will stop other drivers from
       passing you on the right.

       Don’t turn wide to the left as you start the turn. A following driver may think
       you are turning left and try to pass you on the right. You may crash into the
       other vehicle as you complete your turn.

       If you must cross into the oncoming lane to make a turn, watch out for
       vehicles coming toward you. Give them room to go by or to stop. However,
       don’t back up for them, because you might hit someone behind you.

Cavazos stated that, although truck drivers are “allowed” to go into oncoming traffic when

safe, in order to make a wide right turn, “you are not allowed to go to a lane to your left to

make that turn” because “there’s traffic behind you that doesn’t know what you’re doing”

or “a vehicle will attempt to pass you on the right.”

       Castillo testified that the warning light system on top of his vehicle was activated

at the time of the crash. He saw the tractor-trailer in front of him, in Lane 2. As Castillo

approached at about 45 miles per hour, the tractor-trailer veered to the left, toward Lane

1. The truck then “whipped” in front of him and collided with him. According to Castillo,

the impact was “severe” and part of his vehicle ended up underneath the trailer. He said



                                               4
his “whole left side slammed against” the side of his truck, and his head hit the glass. He

then realized “there was diesel everywhere” due to the tractor-trailer’s ruptured fuel tank.

Police pried open the passenger door and helped Castillo exit his vehicle. He was then

transported by ambulance to a hospital.

       Lara testified that he made the right turn from Lane 1; he said there would have

been no way to make the right turn from Lanes 2 or 3. He agreed that making the turn

from Lane 1 entails blocking all three lanes, and he agreed that such a maneuver was

“extremely dangerous” and reckless. He did not see Castillo’s vehicle prior to impact. He

agreed that he was fully responsible for the crash, and that Castillo was not responsible.

B.     Regulatory Violations

       David Stopper, a former law enforcement officer who conducts forensic analyses

of collisions involving heavy commercial vehicles, stated that regulations promulgated by

the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) require a driver of a tractor-

trailer or any other vehicle weighing over 13 tons to have a CDL, and the driver’s motor

carrier has a duty to train the drivers. Copies of the applicable regulations were entered

into evidence. Stopper explained that the regulations were not complied with in this case

because, according to Lara’s deposition testimony and October 2015 application for

employment with Unimex, Lara had not received “specific training in operating

commercial motor vehicles.” See 49 C.F.R. § 391.11(b)(3) (stating that a person is

qualified to drive a commercial motor vehicle only if, among other things, he or she “[c]an,

by reason of experience, training, or both, safely operate the type of commercial motor

vehicle he/she drives”). Stopper claimed Lara’s employment application was incomplete

because, though it stated that Lara had experience with “tanker, flat bed, wide load,” it



                                             5
did not state the dates or total miles of his experience with those types of vehicles. See

id. § 391.21 (providing that an application for employment with a motor carrier must

include, among other information, “[t]he nature and extent of the applicant’s experience

in the operation of motor vehicles, including the type of equipment (such as buses, trucks,

truck tractors, semitrailers, full trailers, and pole trailers) which he/she has operated”).

        In Stopper’s opinion, Lara was an “entry-level driver” as defined in the regulations,

and therefore Unimex was required to provide certain additional training to him. See id.

§ 380.502(b) (stating that an “entry-level driver” is “a driver with less than one year of

experience operating a [commercial motor vehicle] with a CDL in interstate commerce”)2;

id. § 380.509 (providing that “[e]ach employer must ensure each entry-level driver”

receives training on driver qualification requirements, hours of service, driver wellness,

and whistleblower protection).

        Stopper also opined that the regulations concerning continuous hours of service

were violated. At the time of the collision, Lara was delivering a load from Hamilton, Ohio,

to Mission. Based on Lara’s fuel log, Lara’s deposition testimony that his tractor-trailer

was limited to 67 miles per hour, and Stopper’s own calculations, Stopper figured that

Lara must not have taken a ten-hour break after being on duty for fourteen hours, as

required by the regulations.3 On cross-examination, Stopper conceded that his

calculations were based on an assumption that Lara departed Hamilton, Ohio at 1:00 p.m.


       2 According to Lara’s employment application, in the previous ten years, he was employed in only

one position involving driving, from December 2014 to October 2015.
         3 A “Driver Safety/Company Policy” form issued by Unimex stated that “[l]ate deliveries will not be

tolerated” and “[u]nexcused late deliveries will result in disciplinary action consisting of a monetary fine of
$100.00.” Yet, according to Stopper, given the time Lara departed Ohio and the time he was supposed to
arrive in Mission, Lara could not have made the 1,400-mile journey without violating the hours of service
regulations.



                                                      6
on December 15, 2015. That assumption, in turn, was based on a “Load Confirmation”

form prepared the day prior to the delivery by MLS Freight Logistics. 4 Stopper agreed

that, in theory, a truck driver could traverse 1,400 miles in a two-day period while

complying within the hours of service regulations.

        Joe Rodriguez, Unimex’s operations manager, testified via video-recorded

deposition that he was in charge of safety for the company in 2015. Rodriguez agreed

that Unimex did not have Lara’s entry-level training certificate in its file because Lara did

not receive that training. He therefore agreed that, on the day of the accident, Lara was

driving “[i]n violation of the entry level certificate” part of the federal regulations. And he

agreed that it would be “reckless” for a tractor-trailer operator to turn right from the inside

lane of the frontage road onto Nueces Street, as Lara did.

        Rodriguez acknowledged that Unimex hired Lara even though Lara had twice been

issued speeding tickets in the eighteen months prior to his hiring. He stated that it was

Unimex’s policy to hire drivers with at least two years’ experience, but he agreed that this

policy was “not followed” when Lara was hired. Rodriguez further agreed that Unimex had

a personnel file containing Lara’s original log books and satellite tracking data, but

although the file was requested in discovery, it was not provided to Castillo’s counsel.

        On cross-examination, Rodriguez stated that Unimex hired Lara with the

expectation that Lara’s father, a trucker with 25 years’ experience, would train him. He

could not explain why Lara did not watch the training videos that, according to Rodriguez,

are required for all Unimex drivers. He admitted that, though Lara was hired to drive “box-



        4   The “Load Confirmation” form contained, among other information, the address of the pickup
location. Next to the pickup location address, the form stated: “Date: 12/15/2015 0900 12/15/2015 1300.”
In a field entitled “Instructions,” the form stated: “Please pick up load before 1:30PM.”


                                                   7
type trucks” with sleeper berths, Lara’s employment application did not indicate he had

any experience with those types of vehicles, and Unimex did not train him on how to

operate those vehicles. Rodriguez also admitted that Unimex had destroyed or disposed

of Lara’s log books from the date of the accident—he explained that this was because the

regulations required retention of log books for six months, and it is the company’s practice

to “get rid” of the log books after that time because “they take up a lot of space.” Rodriguez

further explained that, even though the company knew of the accident, it did not retain

Lara’s log books beyond six months because the accident was not “DOT reportable” for

the reason that the driver had not been cited.5 He conceded that, although it is Unimex

policy to administer alcohol and drug tests to its drivers after any accident, regardless of

whether the driver receives a citation, Lara was not tested in this case.

        Andrew Sievers, a trucking safety consultant, testified as an expert for Unimex.

According to Sievers, Lara had a valid and appropriate CDL and met the driver

qualification requirements at the time he was hired. However, Unimex failed to give Lara

the “entry-level training” required by the regulations. On cross-examination, Sievers

stated that, though he has experience driving trucks and other commercial vehicles, he

has never had a CDL. He opined that Lara’s maneuver “wasn’t a great turn” and he

agreed that Lara could have avoided making the turn. However, he stated that Stopper’s

opinion about Lara’s hours of service was speculative because “we don’t know exactly

what time [Lara] left” Ohio, and there is “no evidence of driver fatigue.”

        Lara testified that he received his CDL in August of 2015. At the time he applied to



        5 Rodriguez also stated that Unimex requested Lara’s satellite tracking data from the separate
company that keeps that data, though he could not recall if that request was in writing. The data was never
provided.


                                                    8
work for Unimex, he had no experience driving interstate—but he did not tell Unimex this

because they never asked. At the time of his application, he also had no experience

driving a “box-type” trailer such as the one involved in this accident. He was not paired

with another driver and Unimex provided no training. Lara admitted that he signed a form

indicating that he had watched sixteen training videos covering various safety topics, but

in fact he never received that training. Lara stated that he submitted his original driver

logs to Unimex after the accident.

C.     Damages

       Omar Trujillo testified that he is Castillo’s friend and fellow youth football coach.

Before the accident, Castillo was a “go-to guy” who was “always there” when needed.

After the accident, Castillo “doesn’t really come out as much” and “can’t do as much.”

Trujillo can tell Castillo is in pain because he is “kind of stiff” and makes “little grimaces.”

Chris Von Wald, another youth football coach, stated that Castillo “is not the same person

he used to be” and is “not as active with the kids.”

       Rick Gutierrez testified that Castillo is a meter reader for the City of Mission and a

co-worker. He stated that, as part of the job, Castillo makes around 250 stops with his

pickup truck, reads 400 to 500 meters, and walks four to five miles every day. Most meters

are covered with dirt or debris and need to be cleaned before reading. Some metal meter

boxes are so heavy that two or three workers are needed to replace it after the meter

inside is read. Castillo’s responsibilities also include disconnecting water services for

delinquent customers and occasionally swapping out damaged meters with new ones.

According to Gutierrez, since the crash, Castillo needs help to pick up the equipment, and

he takes “like a day, a day and a half more than what he used to.”



                                               9
        Ruben Pechero, M.D., testified by video-recorded deposition that he is Castillo’s

treating physician. Castillo came to him after the accident complaining of pain in his left

ankle, left knee, left shoulder, both wrists, collarbone, neck, chest, and lower back.

Pechero prescribed naproxen and physical therapy, but Castillo’s back problems

persisted. An MRI revealed moderate herniation in the disc of the L5-S1 vertebrae,

causing compression of a nerve root; and an electromyogram (EMG) showed “electrical

evidence for a bilateral S1 radiculopathy,” meaning pain radiating to the lower extremities.

Pechero ordered an epidural steroid injection, which was given on March 16, 2016.

According to Pechero, the injection did not eliminate Castillo’s pain, so he recommended

surgery on the herniated lumbar disc, which he performed on March 20, 2017.6

        Pechero stated that, as a result of the surgery, Castillo’s pain decreased. However,

even with the surgery, Castillo’s L5-S1 disc was weak and susceptible to re-injury.

According to Pechero, “[a]bout 25 percent” of patients undergoing this type of surgery

“will have some type of problem” due to recurring disc herniation and will need additional

spinal fusion surgery.

        About a month following the surgery, Pechero signed a document stating that

Castillo “is able to return to work with the following limitations”: he should not lift over ten

pounds; should not do any repetitive bending, stooping, or lifting; and should not walk for

an extended period of time.7 His chances for re-injury would be “[m]uch less” if he

complied with these limitations. But Pechero conceded that, according to a job description




       6 Pechero stated that Castillo sought a second opinion from Jose G. Dones, a neurosurgeon, and

Dones agreed with the recommendation of surgery on the lumbar disc.
          7 The document also stated: “Patient asked to be released to return to work in [f]ear of loosing [sic]

his job.” According to Pechero, Castillo said he wanted to return to work “even if he has no full rehabilitation.”


                                                       10
provided by the City of Mission, Castillo’s job required him to do many of these things.

       Pechero testified that Castillo later asked him to sign a “release” allowing him to

return to work without stating any limitations. According to Pechero, Castillo wanted to

return to work because his family would have “serious economical problems” if he did not.

Pechero testified that he signed the document “[a]gainst [his] will.”8

       According to Pechero, another MRI also showed that Castillo had a herniated

cervical disc and possible radiculopathy in his upper extremities. A separate epidural

steroid injection was administered to treat this herniated disc. Again, the injection did not

stop the pain, and Pechero recommended surgery, which is still pending.9 Pechero stated

that, the day before his deposition testimony, Castillo underwent another MRI which

showed continuing herniation issues.

       On cross-examination, Pechero conceded that he relied on Castillo’s

representations to him that he did not have back or neck pain prior to the accident. He

agreed that, usually, patients who have lower back surgery are able to return to work and

regain their normal functions.

       Gilbert Meadows, an orthopedic surgeon, testified by video-recorded deposition

on behalf of Unimex. He reviewed Castillo’s records, which show that he had a “relatively

large disc herniation at L5-S1” and a “small disc herniation at C5-6 in the neck.” He agreed

that, within reasonable medical probability, the herniations were caused by the December

17, 2015 crash. He also agreed that physical therapy, an epidural steroid injection, and

surgery were appropriate treatments. Meadows stated Castillo’s lumbar decompression



       8   The “release” allowing Castillo to return to work without restrictions does not appear in the record.
       9   Pechero stated that Dones agreed with this recommendation as well.


                                                      11
discectomy surgery typically results in “5 to 8 percent impairment” and the expected

cervical fusion surgery would result in an additional “5 percent” impairment. He stated

that, for each surgery, it would take six weeks for the soft tissue to heal and another six

weeks for “scar and soft tissue maturation”; therefore, for each surgery, “three months out

of work is reasonable” for a manual laborer such as Castillo.

        Also appearing by video-recorded deposition, vocational rehabilitation counselor

Donna Johnson stated she interviewed Castillo in March of 2017 and reviewed his

medical records along with Pechero’s deposition testimony. Johnson said that Castillo is

still taking Tramadol, a prescription painkiller, for injuries he suffered in the accident. In

her opinion, given the diagnosis and work restrictions set by Pechero, Castillo should not

be working as a meter reader. Johnson stated that Castillo would only be able to work in

a “sedentary” job, which would require lifting of no more than ten pounds, and she testified

that “only 8 percent of all jobs” are classified as sedentary unskilled jobs.10 She did not

think that Castillo had any skills that were transferrable to a sedentary job. She further

stated that wages are higher nationally and statewide than they are locally in the Mission

area, so using national or state wages to determine Castillo’s earning ability was

“misleading.”

        Johnson testified that Castillo told her he went back to work as a meter reader

because he “was gonna lose [his] job if [he] didn’t go back” and he needed the money to

support his family. On cross-examination, she clarified that she was not serving as

Castilllo’s vocational counselor because ethical rules forbid serving both in that capacity




          10 Johnson later said that the “8 percent” figure refers to all sedentary jobs nationwide, including

skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled.


                                                     12
and as an expert witness. Johnson also conceded that she did not ask Castillo how often

he has to lift heavy objects in his job as meter reader; that Castillo had been a “supervisor”

or “foreman” for a cable company prior to working for the City; that he can type and is

well-spoken; and that he had attended some college.

       Another rehabilitation counselor, Emma Vasquez, testified by video-recorded

deposition for Unimex. Vasquez stated that she prepared a report regarding Castillo in

October 2017, and after receiving additional records, prepared a second report in

February 2018. She did not meet personally with Castillo, but she reviewed his deposition,

and she found that he is “very articulate” and educated. She stated that Castillo was still

working as a meter reader as of January 2018, and she saw no records indicating that

“he may not be performing his job as is requested or required,” so “[h]e can remain in that

job.” Vasquez further stated that there are other jobs in the Mission area that pay as much

or more which Castillo would be qualified for and physically able to do, such as “an

electronics production supervisor; an information clerk; a gate guard, for instance, in

a . . . gated community; an . . . electronics inspector; a gas dispatcher; a radio

intelligence operator; a production clerk; and an equipment repairer.” Vasquez reviewed

Johnson’s report and, when asked to comment on it, stated she would “recommend that

she have a transferability of skills analysis done, because she was able to speak to

[Castillo] and look at . . . that issue there.” She disagreed with Johnson’s conclusions that

Castillo’s work limitations “severely restrict” his access to the labor market. Vasquez

acknowledged on cross-examination that she assumed Castillo had certain skills based

on the job descriptions of his prior positions.

       Castillo testified that, while serving in United States Army, he qualified as an expert



                                             13
marksman and was trained in radio communications repair. He served tours of duty in

Iraq and Korea. When he returned, he worked as an installer for a Time Warner

contractor. Eventually, he was given the title “supervisor” but he still was responsible for

installations. As an employee of the City of Mission, he had to read 400 to 500 meters

every day—this required repetitive bending and stooping, and occasionally lifting 40-

pound metal meter boxes. Despite his doctor’s recommendations, Castillo returned to the

same job about thirty days after his surgery—as soon as his unpaid medical leave

ended—because he “was already close to losing [his] job,” had exhausted his sick days

and vacation days, and “didn’t want to lose that job.” He said: “I was begging the doctor

to let me go back to work.” Castillo said physical therapy did not help, the “pain continues

to grow,” and he now takes up to four doses of painkilling medicine daily. He is no longer

able to pick up his seven-year-old son due to the pain.

       Richard Cortez, an accountant, testified that he calculated Castillo’s past lost

wages at $10,505, representing eight hours of work for 137.5 days of missed time, at

Castillo’s hourly wage. He included sick leave and vacation days in his calculations

because Castillo was forced to use those days as a result of the accident. When asked

whether he was able to calculate Castillo’s future earning capacity, Cortez replied “yes

and no.” Because he did not know of Castillo’s “vocational alternatives” when he made

his report, Cortez assumed that Castillo “would not be able to work in any capacity. . . .”

Taking into account income taxes and growth rate, Cortez determined in his report that

Castillo would have earned $612,995 in future wages and benefits “up until [the time] he

would stop working.” He estimated Castillo’s future work-life expectancy at 27.7 years,

and he explained that some people work well beyond their work-life expectancy.



                                            14
        Cortez stated that Castillo earned $13.37 per hour when including retirement

benefits, which is forty percent more than his nominal wage of $9.55 per hour. Cortez

conceded that his initial report stated that Castillo earned only about twenty-five percent

above his nominal salary in fringe benefits. He explained that, at the time of his initial

report, he did not know about the retirement benefits. According to Cortez, including the

retirement benefits, Castillo would have earned $660,505 for the remainder of his working

life.

        Eduardo Yzaguirre, a private investigator, testified that he was hired by Unimex’s

counsel to surveil Castillo and obtain footage of him “doing strenuous work as it affects

his lower back.” An eight-minute video recording of Castillo taken by Yzaguirre was

entered into evidence and played for the jury. It shows Castillo coaching a youth baseball

team and engaging in ordinary activities, such as walking, without any apparent severe

pain. Yzaguirre did not know whether Castillo did anything on the video that would be

against his doctor’s instructions.

D.      Charge, Verdict, and Judgment

        Following the close of evidence, the trial court granted Castillo’s motion for a

directed verdict that he was not at fault for the accident, and that Lara was in the course

and scope of his employment with Unimex at the time of the crash. The trial court also

granted appellants’ motion for directed verdict on Castillo’s gross negligence claim. Thus,

the jury was not asked to assess exemplary damages.

        The jury found that Lara’s negligence proximately caused the crash and that

Castillo would be fairly and reasonably compensated by the following damages: (1)

$92,344.32 in past medical expenses; (2) $429,700 in future medical expenses; (3)



                                            15
$10,505 in past loss of earning capacity; (4) $650,000 in future loss of earning capacity;

(5) $100,000 for past physical impairment; (6) $700,000 in future physical impairment; (7)

$250,000 in past physical pain and mental anguish; and (8) $625,000 in future physical

pain and mental anguish. The trial court rendered judgment for the total amount of

$2,857,539.32, plus pre- and post-judgment interest, and it denied appellants’ motion for

new trial. This appeal followed.

                                          II. DISCUSSION

A.       Jury Charge

         After a jury trial, the trial court must submit a written charge including all “questions,

instructions and definitions . . . which are raised by the written pleadings and the

evidence.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 278. “A trial court may refuse to submit an issue only if no

evidence exists to warrant its submission.” Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex.

1992). We review alleged charge error for abuse of discretion. Shupe v. Lingafelter, 192

S.W.3d 577, 579 (Tex. 2006). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without

reference to any guiding rules and principles or, in other words, when the act is arbitrary

or unreasonable. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex.

1985).

         By their first issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred by refusing their

request for a charge question asking if Castillo was negligent with respect to the

December 17, 2015 accident. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.003 (providing

that the trier of fact “shall determine the percentage of responsibility” for “each claimant”

and “each defendant,” but not allowing “submission to the jury of a question regarding

conduct by any person without sufficient evidence to support the submission”). They



                                                16
direct us to Cavazos’s testimony that he saw no skid marks from Castillo’s vehicle, as

well as his general statements that drivers need to be aware of all conditions on the

roadway and should slow down if they see something up ahead. Appellants also argue

that Castillo said he was driving in the middle lane, and that this contradicts Cavazos’s

testimony that Castillo was in the outer lane.11 And, they point out that Castillo could not

recall whether he applied his brakes prior to impact.12

        We disagree that this constitutes evidence of Castillo’s negligence. The evidence

unanimously established that Lara was entirely at fault for the accident. Cavazos stated

that Castillo did not commit any traffic violations leading up to the crash, and Lara

conceded that Castillo was not responsible for it in any way. Although Lara was moving

relatively slowly at the time of impact, all witnesses agreed that Castillo did not act

improperly, even if he failed to apply the brakes, because the position of the tractor-trailer

moving toward the left-most lane indicated that it was entering the highway. Cavazos

calculated that Castillo would have had insufficient time—1.63 seconds—to react to

Lara’s sharp right turn. Further, given the fact that Lara’s hazard lights rendered his turn

signal imperceptible, there was no way for Castillo to anticipate that Lara would make the

turn. We conclude there was no evidence to support a finding that Castillo’s negligence,

if any, contributed to the crash. Thus, the trial court did not err in denying a charge

question in that regard. Appellants’ first issue is overruled.


        11 In his trial testimony, Castillo first stated clearly that the Unimex tractor-trailer was in the middle
lane. Later, in response to a question about whether he was driving “along the right side of that Unimex
truck,” Castillo stated: “That’s correct. On the middle lane.” Given his earlier unequivocal testimony, it is
unclear whether Castillo meant he was driving in the middle lane or Lara was. Even if we were to construe
this statement as appellants do, it would not tend to indicate Castillo was negligent.
        12 Castillo asks us to overrule the issue on grounds of inadequate briefing. See TEX. R. APP. P.
38.1(i). We will not do so because appellants’ argument, though meritless, is supported by relevant authority
and record references. See id.


                                                       17
       By their fifth issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in denying their

request for the following instruction to accompany the damages questions:

       Do not include any amount for any condition resulting from the failure, if any,
       of Ray Castillo to have acted as a person of ordinary prudence would have
       done under the same or similar circumstances in caring for and treating his
       injuries, if any, that resulted from the occurrence in question.

Generally, if a plaintiff fails to mitigate his damages by treating his injury “as a reasonable

prudent person would have done in the same or similar circumstances,” the plaintiff

cannot recover damages proximately resulting from that failure. Gunn Infiniti v. O’Byrne,

996 S.W.2d 854, 862 (Tex. 1999) (citing Moulton v. Alamo Ambulance Serv., Inc., 414

S.W.2d 444, 447, 449 (Tex. 1967)); Mondragon v. Austin, 954 S.W.2d 191, 195 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1997, writ denied) (noting a plaintiff may not recover damages that could

have been avoided or minimized “at a trifling expense or with reasonable exertions”).

Though mitigation is not an affirmative defense which must be pleaded in the defendant’s

answer, Moulton, 414 S.W.2d at 447, the burden of proof on the issue of failure to mitigate

is on the defendant. Kartsotis v. Bloch, 503 S.W.3d 506, 522 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2016,

pet. denied); see Am. W. Airlines, Inc. v. Tope, 935 S.W.2d 908, 915 (Tex. App.—El Paso

1996, no writ) (citing Gulf Consol. Int’l, Inc. v. Murphy, 658 S.W.2d 565, 566 (Tex. 1983)

(op. on reh’g)).

       In arguing that there was evidence to support the requested instruction, appellants

note that Castillo returned to his job as a meter reader following the accident. They

contend that, by doing so, Castillo violated the advice of Pechero, who initially

recommended that he do no heavy lifting, no walking for extended periods of time, and

no bending or stooping—all activities which Castillo’s job required. However, as

appellants recognize, Pechero later changed his advice and signed a “release” allowing


                                              18
Castillo to return to work without any limitations. Appellants emphasize that Pechero

signed the “release” only at the urging of Castillo, who wanted to return to work for

financial reasons. But regardless of whether the revised recommendation was medically

sound, and regardless of whether Pechero made the recommendation “[a]gainst [his]

will,” as he claims, the fact remains that Castillo’s treating physician explicitly stated in

writing that he could return to work without restrictions. It cannot be said that a reasonable

person, in the same or similar circumstances as Castillo, would have declined to return

to his job despite having his doctor’s explicit written approval to do so. Thus, we cannot

say that the trial court erred in denying appellants’ requested instruction on Castillo’s

failure to mitigate damages. Appellants’ fifth issue is overruled.

B.      Motion for Mistrial

        By their second issue, appellants contend that the trial court erred by denying their

motion for mistrial made after excerpts from Rodriguez’s video deposition were played for

the jury. The denial of a motion for mistrial is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Till v.

Thomas, 10 S.W.3d 730, 734 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

        The relevant excerpts, which were transcribed and admitted as an exhibit at trial,13

show the following:

        Q:      . . . [A]t the time [Lara] got hired, wouldn’t your job be to make a
                determination that he would be classified as an entry level driver or
                not or that thought never crossed your mind?

        A:      Sure.

        ....

        Q:      And that would have been in violation of the two year minimum


        13 The actual video recording of Rodriguez’s deposition does not appear in the record before this

Court. The parties do not dispute that the transcription is accurate.


                                                   19
                  requirement that Unimex had, right?

       A:         That’s what we have now. So if our third party qualified him, then he
                  was okay to drive.

       Q:         Well, who’s the third party?

       ....

       A.         —could be our insurance.

       ....

       Q:         —can we safely say that the Unimex policy of requiring a minimum
                  of two years was not followed when [Lara] was hired? Can we agree
                  to that?

       A:         Yes.

(Gaps in original.) After portions of Rodriguez’s deposition were played for the jury,

including the above colloquy, appellants’ counsel moved for mistrial on grounds that

insurance was mentioned. Castillo’s counsel stated that the reference to insurance was

mistakenly included in the video excerpts. The trial court denied the motion for mistrial.14

       “Evidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible

to prove whether the person acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully.” TEX. R. EVID. 411.

“[W]here the plaintiff by artful questions attempts to convey to the jury the information that

the defendant probably is protected by indemnity insurance, a mistrial should be

declared.” Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Acosta, 435 S.W.2d 539, 549 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1968, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see Barrington v. Duncan, 169 S.W.2d

462, 465 (Tex. 1943) (noting that “a jury is more apt to render a judgment against a

defendant, and for a larger amount, if it knows that the defendant is protected by

insurance”). But “[t]he mere mention of insurance is not necessarily grounds for reversal.”


       14   Appellants’ counsel did not ask the trial court for an instruction to disregard, and none was given.


                                                       20
Babcock v. Nw. Mem’l Hosp., 767 S.W.2d 705, 708 (Tex. 1989); Michaelski v. Wright,

444 S.W.3d 83, 91 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). In the absence of a

clear showing by the complaining party that any reference to insurance resulted in any

harm or prejudice, refusal to declare a mistrial is not error. Brownsville Pediatric Ass’n v.

Reyes, 68 S.W.3d 184, 193 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2002, no pet.); see

TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a) (standard for reversible error in civil cases).

       Appellants observe that, though the jury’s award for “past incurred economic

damages” was only $102,839.32, its total damages award was “almost 28 times” that,

and it contends that “the only logical explanation” for the discrepancy is that “insurance

was injected into the case.” We disagree. The reference to insurance in Rodriguez’s

deposition testimony was fleeting and unspecific, and its inclusion in the video excerpts

was accidental. Moreover, the reference was made during a discussion exclusively

concerning whether Unimex complied with regulations in its hiring process, which was

relevant only to Unimex’s liability, not to the amount of damages Castillo incurred. Under

these circumstances, we cannot say that appellants have shown they were harmed or

prejudiced by the isolated reference to insurance. Therefore, the trial court did not err in

denying appellants’ motion for mistrial. See Brownsville Pediatric Ass’n, 68 S.W.3d at

193. We overrule appellants’ second issue.

C.     Disclosure of Expert Testimony

       By their third and fourth issues, appellants argue it was error for the trial court to

“allow or refuse to limit” the expert testimony of Cortez and Pechero, respectively.

Appellants contend that Cortez “changed his report” and gave “new factual information

not previously disclosed” by including Castillo’s City of Mission retirement benefit in



                                             21
calculating his future earnings at trial. They note that, in his report prepared prior to trial,

Cortez did not include the retirement benefit in that calculation. As to Pechero, appellants

complain of the doctor’s testimony regarding (1) the likelihood that a patient undergoing

lumbar discectomy surgery would need additional spinal fusion surgery, and (2) the likely

cost of Castillo’s pending cervical fusion surgency. Appellants note that these particular

items of information were not disclosed in discovery, and they argue that they were

unfairly surprised and prejudiced by their admission at trial.

       In discovery, a party may request disclosure of a testifying expert’s identity, the

subject matter on which the expert will testify, a summary of the expert’s mental

impressions and opinions, and the data that the expert reviewed in anticipation of his

testimony. TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.2(f). The purpose of this rule is to give the opposing party

sufficient information about the expert’s opinions to prepare to cross-examine the expert

and to prepare expert rebuttal evidence. Miller v. Kennedy & Minshew, P.C., 142 S.W.3d

325, 348 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied).

             If a party learns that the party’s response to written discovery was
       incomplete or incorrect when made, or, although complete and correct when
       made, is no longer complete and correct, the party must amend or
       supplement the response:

       (1)    to the extent that the written discovery sought the identification of
              persons with knowledge of relevant facts, trial witnesses, or expert
              witnesses, and

       (2)    to the extent that the written discovery sought other information,
              unless the additional or corrective information has been made known
              to the other parties in writing, on the record at a deposition, or
              through other discovery responses.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5. A party’s duty to amend and supplement written discovery regarding

a testifying expert is governed by Rule 193.5. TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.6. That said, “[i]f an

expert witness is retained by, employed by, or otherwise under the control of a party, that

                                              22
party must also amend or supplement any deposition testimony or written report by the

expert, but only with regard to the expert’s mental impressions or opinions and the basis

for them.” Id.

               A party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery
       response in a timely manner may not introduce in evidence the material or
       information that was not timely disclosed, or offer the testimony of a witness
       (other than a named party) who was not timely identified, unless the court
       finds that:

       (1)       there was good cause for the failure to timely make, amend, or
                 supplement the discovery response; or

       (2)       the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery
                 response will not unfairly surprise or unfairly prejudice the other
                 parties.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(a). The burden of establishing good cause or lack of unfair prejudice

or surprise is on the party seeking to call the witness, and the trial court’s finding of good

cause or lack of prejudice or surprise must be supported by the record. TEX. R. CIV. P.

193.6(b). We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Brookshire

Bros., Ltd. v. Aldridge, 438 S.W.3d 9, 27 (Tex. 2014); Miller, 142 S.W.3d at 348.

       Appellants argue that the trial court erred in denying their objections to the above-

referenced testimony because Castillo “made no showing of good cause” and the trial

court “made no finding of good cause” for Castillo’s failure to supplement his discovery

responses. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(a). In response, Castillo contends that he had no

duty to supplement his responses because those responses were adequate.

       In order for evidence to be excluded under Rule 193.6(a), a party must have failed

to timely comply with a discovery obligation. See id. Castillo’s third supplemental

response to appellants’ requests for disclosure designated Cortez as a retained economic

expert and stated that he may testify as to, among other things, “future economic



                                             23
damages” Castillo sustained as a result of the accident. The discovery response also

stated that Cortez’s “factual observations, mental impressions, conclusions, and opinions

will be elaborated on at any deposition he gives in the case.” Appellants emphasize that

Cortez’s trial testimony with respect to future lost earnings differed from his written report,

but they do not suggest that Castillo ever “learn[ed]” that his discovery response “was

incomplete or incorrect when made” or “is no longer complete and correct” so as to trigger

an obligation to supplement under Rule 193.5. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5. Instead, the

discovery response accurately and adequately described the subject matter of Cortez’s

eventual trial testimony. See Exxon Corp. v. W. Tex. Gathering Co., 868 S.W.2d 299, 304

(Tex. 1993) (“Our rules do not prevent experts from refining calculations and perfecting

reports through the time of trial.”); Kingsley Props., LP v. San Jacinto Title Servs. of

Corpus Christi, LLC, 501 S.W.3d 344, 353 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2016,

no pet.). Moreover, although Cortez was a retained expert, Castillo also had no duty to

supplement Cortez’s deposition testimony under Rule 195.6 because Cortez’s revised

future economic damages estimate was based on newly-known facts (i.e., that Castillo

had been earning a City of Mission retirement benefit), not updated “mental impressions

or opinions” of the expert. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.6. Because Castillo was not required

to supplement his discovery responses with respect to Cortez’s expert testimony, the trial

court did not err in overruling appellants’ objection to it.

       The analysis differs slightly with respect to Pechero. Castillo’s discovery response

designated Pechero as a “non-retained” medical expert and stated that Pechero may

testify as to Castillo’s “medical treatment, diagnosis, prognosis,” as well as the cause of

Castillo’s injuries. The discovery response provided no reason for appellants to expect



                                              24
that Pechero would testify as to the likely cost of Castillo’s anticipated cervical disc

surgery.15 But Pechero did testify in that regard at his deposition. Thus, although Castillo’s

discovery response was inadequate, he was under no obligation to supplement it because

“the additional or corrective information has been made known to the other parties . . . on

the record at a deposition . . . .” TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5(2). For the same reason, even if

Castillo was required to supplement, the testimony would not be inadmissible because

appellants were not unfairly surprised or unfairly prejudiced by its admission. See TEX. R.

CIV. P. 193.6(a)(2). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling appellants’

objection to Pechero’s testimony.

        Appellants’ third and fourth issues are overruled.

D.      Damages

        Appellants’ remaining issues challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the

evidence at trial to support the various damages awards. Castillo argues that appellants

failed to preserve their legal sufficiency arguments because they did not raise the issue

below. We agree. Generally, to preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must

present to the trial court a timely and specific request, objection, or motion. TEX. R. APP.

P. 33.1(a). In particular, to preserve a legal sufficiency challenge after a jury trial, a party

must have specifically raised its complaint in: (1) a motion for instructed verdict; (2) an

objection to the submission of a jury question; (3) a motion for judgment notwithstanding

the verdict; (4) a motion to disregard the jury’s answer to a vital fact question; or (5) a

motion for new trial. Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509, 510–11 (Tex. 1991); Gerdes v.


        15  Castillo’s discovery response also stated: “Please see [Castillo]’s produced medical records for
the general substance of [Pechero’s] testimony.” But in his brief on appeal, Castillo does not point to any
particular part of the voluminous medical records suggesting that Pechero might testify as to the cost of
Castillo’s cervical disc surgery.


                                                    25
Kennamer, 155 S.W.3d 523, 531–32 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2004, pet.

denied). Appellants argue on appeal that their issue was preserved in their motion for

new trial.16 However, their motion for new trial challenged only the factual sufficiency of

the evidence supporting the damages awards, not the legal sufficiency.17 Accordingly, the

legal sufficiency points have not been preserved, and we will proceed to review the factual

sufficiency points.

        In reviewing factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a damages award, we

consider all the evidence in a neutral light and will set aside the judgment only if it is so

contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.

Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam). The jury has discretion to

award damages within the range of evidence presented at trial. Gulf States Utils. Co. v.

Low, 79 S.W.3d 561, 566 (Tex. 2002).

        1.         Future Medical Expenses

        Appellants’ sixth issue concerns the jury’s award of $429,700 in future medical

expenses. They contend that Pechero’s testimony—the only expert testimony offered on

the issue of future medical expenses—did not demonstrate that additional fusion surgery

on Castillo’s lumbar spine would be reasonably necessary in the future.18 They note that,


        16 At the close of Castillo’s case-in-chief, appellants moved for directed verdict on gross negligence,
future loss of earning capacity, past medical expenses, and future expenses. However, they did not renew
their motion after presenting their own case-in-chief. Accordingly, the motion for directed verdict does not
preserve their legal sufficiency complaints. See 1986 Dodge 150 Pickup VIN No. 1B7FD14T1GS006316 v.
State, 129 S.W.3d 180, 183 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.) (“If a party proceeds to present evidence
after that party has moved for a directed verdict, such party must reurge the motion for directed verdict at
the close of the case, or any error in its denial is waived.”).
         17 Specifically, with respect to each of the jury charge questions, appellants’ motion for new trial

stated: “Defendants complain of factual insufficiency of evidence to support the jury’s finding, that the jury
finding was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence, the excessiveness of the damages found by
the jury, and that incurable jury argument led to an erroneous jury finding.”
        18   Appellants do not dispute that the evidence was factually sufficient to establish the likely cost of



                                                       26
when Pechero was asked whether Castillo’s “chances of having a second

surgery . . . would be very low” if Castillo followed his advice regarding work restrictions,

Pechero stated: “Much less than if he continues doing the work that he [is] doing at this

time.” When asked whether it is likely that Castillo would need “additional surgery” “if he

continues to do this type of work for 5, 10, . . . 15 years,” Pechero replied: “It’s a probability

you may consider.”

        Pechero explained that “if [Castillo] has recurrent disc herniation, or he has

collapse of the space, or instability of the lower back,” then he might need spinal fusion

surgery. According to Pechero, one option for this type of surgery is “360-degree fusion,”

which actually comprises two surgeries—one made with an anterior incision to remove

the disc and another made with a posterior incision to fuse the vertebrae. Pechero opined

that spinal fusion is a “very expensive” operation—including tens of thousands of dollars

in fees to the hospital, the anesthesiologist, and multiple surgeons—and that the “360-

degree” technique would “duplicate the expense.”19 When asked whether it would be


each additional surgery.
        19   Pechero’s specific testimony as to the cost of anterior spinal fusion surgery was as follows:
        Q.         . . . Do you have experience in —in the cost of surgeries?
        A.         Yeah. The hospital probably charge—I don’t know how much charge in this case.
                   But with something very similar—I don’t have it—but, usually, it’s no surprise to
                   charge 70, $75,000—the hospital.
        Q.         Okay.
        A.         Anesthesia, with general—$3,000. The instrumentation is about—probably 8—8,
                   $9,000. Then you have the EMG, intraoperative. You have the—
        Q.         And how much is that?
        A.         I think they charge $9,000.
        Q.         Oh.
        A.         And then they have the surgeon, which are maybe 10, 15, $20,000—depend how
                   long the operation. They have the—also a vascular surgeon. They need to open
                   the abdomen for you. Because you go into the abdomen, and all—pushing all the



                                                       27
“reasonable to expect this type of surgery . . . if [Castillo] continues to lift this type of

equipment,” Pechero stated: “It’s a possibility.” In response, Castillo notes that “it is

undisputed that Castillo will need surgery on a disc in his neck, and [Pechero] provided

details into how that surgery is completed, as well as its likely reasonable costs.” Castillo

argues the evidence was sufficient because the jury “had specific information concerning

Castillo’s injuries, the medical care he received before trial, his condition at the time of

trial, his need for future medical treatment, and the specific reasonable costs for the

procedures.”

               [I]n order to recover future medical expenses, a plaintiff is required
       to show there is a reasonable probability that medical expenses resulting
       from the injury will be incurred in the future and then show the reasonable
       costs of such care. It is within the jury’s sound discretion to determine what
       amount, if any, to award in future medical expenses. Because no precise
       evidence is required, the jury may award such damages based on the
       nature of the injury, the medical care rendered before trial, and the condition
       of the injured party at the time of trial.

Pilgrim’s Pride Corp. v. Cernat, 205 S.W.3d 110, 121 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet.

denied) (internal citations omitted). Here, the total cost of one spinal fusion surgery,

according to Pechero, would be between $130,000 and $146,000.20 The jury’s award of

nearly triple the maximum amount for one surgery indicates that it believed Castillo would,


                 way out, and going through the spine. You will find—You will see the spine, like
                 this. Like this, you will see the spine. Through the abdomen, you will find disc, and
                 remove the disc complete. And then you have the assistant fee—need another
                 surgeon to assist him.
       Q.        And, more or less, how much would that be?
       A.        Would not surprise—40, $50,000.
       Q.        Okay. And your—And then, there would be your fees; correct?
       A.        That one is included in the fee, probably.
       Q.        Oh. Okay. So 40 or 50 would be included for you and for the assistant?
       A.        Probably. Yes.
       20   See supra note 19.


                                                     28
in reasonable probability, incur expenses for three such surgeries; i.e., the cervical fusion

and the two-part lumbar fusion.

        But although it was undisputed that Castillo will incur expenses for fusion surgery

on his cervical spine, Pechero’s testimony concerning the likelihood of additional lumbar

spine surgery was contingent on Castillo “continu[ing] to do this type of work for 5,

10, . . . 15 years . . . .” That is, Pechero’s testimony established that Castillo would need

“360-degree” fusion surgery on his lower back only if he continued to work as a meter

reader for the City of Mission for many years to come.

        The jury could not have reasonably concluded that there was a reasonable

probability of this happening. Evidence showed that Castillo wanted to return to work

prematurely, despite the physical restrictions placed upon him by his doctor, because his

family was in financial difficulty and he thought he would lose his job if he did not return.

But having already awarded Castillo compensation for his future lost earning capacity,

the jury could not have reasonably inferred that Castillo intended to return to his position

as meter reader.21 We conclude the jury’s award of future medical expenses for two

lumbar spine surgeries is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to

be clearly wrong and unjust. See Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176. Instead, the evidence

supported, at most, an award of $146,000 in future medical expenses, representing the

likely cost of Castillo’s anticipated cervical spine surgery. Appellants’ sixth issue is



         21 Appellants do not argue on appeal that the awards for future medical expenses and future loss

of earning capacity present a conflict or constitute an impermissible double recovery. See Waite Hill Servs.,
Inc. v. World Class Metal Works, Inc., 959 S.W.2d 182, 184 (Tex. 1998) (per curiam) (noting that a “double
recovery exists when a plaintiff obtains more than one recovery for the same injury”); see also Golden Eagle
Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 773 (Tex. 2003) (“[I]n reviewing a challenge that an award for a
[damages] category is excessive because there is factually insufficient evidence to support it, a court of
appeals should consider all the evidence that bears on that category of damages, even if the evidence also
relates to another category of damages.”).


                                                    29
sustained.

       2.     Future Loss of Earning Capacity

       Next, appellants’ seventh issue disputes the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

the award of $650,000 in damages for future loss of earning capacity.

       Loss of future earning capacity is the plaintiff’s diminished capacity to earn
       a living after the trial. Because the amount of money a plaintiff might earn
       in the future is always uncertain, the jury has considerable discretion in
       determining the amount.

       To support an award of damages for loss of future earning capacity, the
       plaintiff must introduce evidence sufficient to allow the jury to reasonably
       measure earning capacity in monetary terms. The plaintiff does not have to
       show actual earnings, life expectancy, or even the plaintiff’s employment at
       the time of the injury. An award of damages for loss of future earning
       capacity can be based on a composite of factors that may affect a person’s
       capacity to earn a living. To support an award of damages for loss of future
       earning capacity, the plaintiff can introduce evidence of past earnings; the
       plaintiff’s stamina, efficiency, and ability to work with pain; the weaknesses
       and degenerative changes that will naturally result from the plaintiff’s injury;
       and the plaintiff’s work-life expectancy. There must be some evidence that
       the plaintiff had the capacity to work prior to the injury, and that his capacity
       was impaired as a result of the injury.

Plainview Motels, Inc. v. Reynolds, 127 S.W.3d 21, 35–36 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2003, pet.

denied) (internal citations omitted). Appellants contend that the evidence was insufficient

because “no medical doctor testified [Castillo] was unable to work” and “the only medical

evidence at trial was that [Castillo] had a successful surgery and was still working.”

       Trial evidence established that, at the time of the accident, Castillo was earning

$13.37 per hour with the City of Mission, including his City retirement benefit. Cortez

testified that Castillo’s future work-life expectancy was 27.7 years, and therefore, the total

amount Castillo would have been able to earn during that time was $660,505. The jury’s

award approximated that amount, thereby suggesting it believed Castillo’s loss of earning

capacity was total and complete—i.e., it did not believe Castillo would be able to work at


                                              30
all for the rest of his work-life expectancy. This determination was not contrary to the

overwhelming weight of the evidence. Cortez stated he initially assumed Castillo would

“not be able to work in any capacity” because he was unaware of any “vocational

alternatives.” But Johnson’s testimony provided a factual basis for that underlying

assumption. She opined that Castillo would be employable only in a “sedentary” position,

and she stated that “only 8 percent of all jobs” nationwide are classified as “sedentary.”

Moreover, Johnson stated she did not believe Castillo’s skills were transferrable to any

sedentary job. Although Vasquez disagreed with that opinion, we must defer to the jury’s

resolution of conflicts in the evidence. See Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116

S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003) (noting that “in conducting a factual sufficiency review, a

court must not merely substitute its judgment for that of the jury” and that “the jury is the

sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony”).

       We find the evidence was factually sufficient to support the award of damages for

future loss of earning capacity. Appellants’ seventh issue is overruled.

       3.     Non-Economic Damages

       By their eighth issue, appellants argue the evidence was insufficient to support the

awards of $250,000 for past physical pain and mental anguish and $625,000 for future

physical pain and mental anguish. They argue by their ninth issue that the evidence was

insufficient to support the award of $100,000 in damages for past physical impairment

and $700,000 in damages for future physical impairment. And by their tenth issue,

appellants argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion for new trial because the

damages awards for pain and anguish and physical impairment were excessive.

       These issues each address the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the



                                             31
award of non-economic damages. See Thompson v. Stolar, 458 S.W.3d 46, 61 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2014, no pet.) (“Texas recognizes the following categories of non-

economic damages: pain, suffering, mental anguish, disfigurement, and physical

impairment.”) (citing Golden Eagle Archery, 116 S.W.3d at 769); Mar. Overseas Corp. v.

Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406 (Tex. 1998) (noting that a complaint regarding excessive

damages is equivalent to a challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting

the damages awards). These categories of non-economic damages may overlap.

Thompson, 458 S.W.3d at 61 (citing Golden Eagle Archery, 116 S.W.3d at 770). In

Golden Eagle Archery, the Texas Supreme Court explained how appellate courts should

evaluate factual sufficiency challenges in cases, like this one, where the jury is permitted

to award non-economic damages in several different categories, some of which may

overlap, and is also instructed not to award damages for the same element more than

once. See 116 S.W.3d at 771. The Court stated:

       [I]n reviewing a challenge that an award for a category is excessive because
       there is factually insufficient evidence to support it, a court of appeals should
       consider all the evidence that bears on that category of damages, even if
       the evidence also relates to another category of damages. To do otherwise
       would mean that evidence that reasonably could have supported the jury’s
       award would not be considered, which would be improper. If more than one
       award in overlapping categories is challenged as excessive, the court of
       appeals should consider all the evidence that relates to the total amount
       awarded in all overlapping categories to determine if the total amount
       awarded was excessive.

Golden Eagle Archery, Inc., 116 S.W.3d at 773–74 (emphasis added). We therefore

consider appellants’ eighth, ninth, and tenth issues together.

       Here, the jury was instructed that “Physical impairment, sometimes called loss of

enjoyment of life, encompasses the loss of the injured party’s former lifestyle.” However,

the other damages elements were not defined in the jury charge.


                                              32
       An award for mental anguish must be supported by either (1) a substantial
       disruption in the plaintiff’s daily routine, or (2) evidence of a high degree of
       mental pain and distress that is more than mere worry, anxiety, vexation,
       embarrassment, or anger. There must be evidence of the existence of
       compensable mental anguish damages and evidence to justify the amount
       awarded.

       Non-economic damages, such as mental anguish damages, cannot be
       determined by mathematical precision; by their nature, they can be
       determined only by the exercise of sound judgment. Given the impossibility
       of any exact evaluation of mental anguish, juries must be given a measure
       of discretion in finding damages, though that discretion is limited. Juries
       cannot simply pick a number and put it in the blank. They must find an
       amount that, in the standard language of the jury charge, “would fairly and
       reasonably compensate” for the loss. The amount awarded must be fair and
       reasonable compensation, given the evidence presented.

Bennett v. Grant, 525 S.W.3d 642, 648 (Tex. 2017) (internal citations and quotations

omitted).

       Physical impairment, which is sometimes called loss of enjoyment of life,
       encompasses the loss of the injured plaintiff’s former lifestyle. To receive
       damages for physical impairment, the injured party must prove that the
       effect of his physical impairment extends beyond any impediment to his
       earning capacity and beyond any pain and suffering to the extent that it
       produces a separate and distinct loss that is substantial and for which he
       should be compensated. A plaintiff must produce some evidence showing
       the tasks or activities she is unable to perform, unless the separate and
       distinct loss is obvious. However, a plaintiff need not prove an inability to
       perform an act that she was previously able to perform. Nor must a plaintiff
       prove egregious injuries to recover physical-impairment damages.

Telesis/Parkwood Retirement I, Ltd. v. Anderson, 462 S.W.3d 212, 242 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2015, no pet.) (internal citations and quotations omitted); see Golden Eagle Archery,

Inc., 116 S.W.3d at 772 (noting that “the effect of any physical impairment must be

substantial and extend beyond any pain, suffering, mental anguish, lost wages or

diminished earning capacity”).

       Appellants argue that, according to the medical testimony, Castillo’s lumbar

discectomy surgery was successful, and it resulted in at least a partial reduction in pain.



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They also note that, in his closing argument, Castillo’s counsel argued for the award of

mental anguish damages by suggesting that Castillo’s intimate relationship with his wife

was detrimentally affected by his injuries. Appellants argue that, to the extent the pain

and anguish awards were based on this suggestion, the evidence was lacking.

       The evidence unanimously established that Castillo was in a serious accident

which necessitated physical therapy, epidural steroid injections, and at least two

surgeries. At the time of trial, Castillo was still taking several doses of painkilling

medication daily. Castillo’s friends and co-workers testified that, since the accident,

Castillo appears to be in pain and is limited in his activities. Castillo himself testified that

his “pain continues to grow” and he is now unable to pick up his youngest son. He testified

that his son “runs over to me, but my wife has to stop him from, you know, trying to jump

on me. And I can’t lift him up to just congratulate him. So that’s—that’s hurtful.”

       Appellants are correct that Castillo’s trial testimony regarding his intimate

relationship with his wife was ambiguous, at best. His testimony in this regard was as

follows, in its entirety:

       Q. [Castillo’s counsel] I want to talk to you about one last thing. And I know
                               that you’ve had great reservations about talking
                               publicly about this, because it’s a very personal
                               matter. And, I’m sorry, I need to ask.

                                 As a result of your lower back injury and as a result
                                 of surgery as well, have you had any change in the
                                 relationship—intimate relationship—that you have
                                 had with your wife?

       A. [Castillo]             I mean, just—Yes. I can’t—We’re—Me and my wife
                                 are very affectionate people.

       Q.                        And when you compare your affection and your
                                 intimate relationship before this crash, and now, as
                                 it is—has been for these, you know—time period
                                 thereafter—Has it been a very significant change?

                                              34
      A.                       It has been changed.

Castillo did not explicitly state that his relationship with his wife has been negatively

affected by the injury. Even assuming that, by saying “[i]t has been changed,” Castillo

meant it has been changed for the worse, it is noteworthy that Castillo declined to simply

agree with his counsel that the change was “very significant.”

      However, contrary to appellants’ argument, this was not the only evidence

concerning the effect the injury had on Castillo’s marital relations. In particular, the

following colloquy occurred during Pechero’s testimony:

      Q. [Castillo’s counsel] Ray had testified under oath, through his
                              deposition, and he had stated that—that this crash
                              with Unimex has affected his intimacy with his wife.

                               And, in fact, it—mentions some issues with inability
                               to have sex with his wife. My question to you is this:
                               Is there anything about any of the injuries that Ray
                               Castillo had that would cause him to have a
                               problem having a sexual relationship with his wife?

      A. [Pechero]             Yeah. The nerves then going to the lower
                               extremities have branched, and go into the bladder,
                               and go into the rectum. This is the reason that one
                               of the complications—before you operate this
                               patient—wait too long. I don’t say specifically on
                               this patient. But could be loss of the sphincters,
                               which control the bladder and control the—the BM.
                               This is no surprise. This is not the first time a patient
                               told me he had difficulties on erections.

      Q.                       Okay. And so this is a problem that you have seen
                               before, as an injury to the L5-S1, that Ray Castillo
                               has?

      A.                       Not only L5-S1. I saw also L4-L5.

      Q.                       Him claiming to you that he has this problem would
                               be consistent with what you know about these types
                               of injuries?

      A.                       Yeah. That problem.


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       The jury could have found from all of this evidence that Castillo suffered pain,

anguish, and impairment in the past and that it is reasonably probable he would suffer

pain, anguish, and impairment in the future. That being so, the jury must be afforded “a

measure of discretion” in finding the exact amount of non-economic damages. See id.

We have reviewed the entire trial record and the cases cited by the parties, and we find

the jury did not abuse that discretion in this case. See PNS Stores, Inc. v. Munguia, 484

S.W.3d 503, 518 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (affirming awards of

$150,000 for past pain and anguish and $520,000 for future pain and anguish where

plaintiff had “terrible headaches and ringing in his ears for over two and one-half years,

severe pain in his right eye upon exposure to light, and soreness and stiffness in his neck

and shoulder”); Casas v. Paradez, 267 S.W.3d 170, 178 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008,

pet. denied) (affirming award of $3 million for pain and anguish where decedent suffered

a “terrible beating,” decedent’s daughter did not recognize him in the emergency room,

and medical records indicated decedent “received little pain medication because it was

medically necessary not to over-medicate him while the doctors and nurses monitored

his concussion”); Dawson v. Briggs, 107 S.W.3d 739, 751 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003,

no pet.) (affirming awards of $50,000 for past pain and anguish and $25,000 for future

pain and anguish where plaintiff testified to past and continuing neck and back pain, three

months of physical therapy, pain in her ear and jaw, and the pain in her chest); Pentes

Design, Inc. v. Perez, 840 S.W.2d 75, 81 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1992, writ

denied) (finding that award of $500,000 for pain, anguish, and disfigurement was not

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence where plaintiff suffered

“obvious pain and permanent disfigurement” from the loss of her two front teeth); see also



                                            36
Smith v. Carter, No. 13-11-00639-CV, 2012 WL 3252499, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi–Edinburg Aug. 9, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (affirming award of $18,500 for

past pain and anguish and $6,000 for future pain and anguish where plaintiff “continues

to suffer from neck and lower back pain, sudden headaches, depression, and anxiety”

and “testified that she will likely undergo surgery to remove the glass fragments from her

forehead”); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Ortiz, No. 13-98-518-CV, 2000 WL 35729388, at *2

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Aug. 3, 2000, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (affirming

awards of $10,000 for past pain and anguish and $3,750 for future pain and anguish

where plaintiff continues to have knee pain and “testified she is unable to do things which

she could before, such as bending her knee, walking a lot, and kneeling”). 22

        The mere fact of a large award does not show that the jury was influenced by

passion, prejudice, sympathy, or other circumstances not in evidence. Cresthaven

Nursing Residence v. Freeman, 134 S.W.3d 214, 228 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, no

pet.). Instead, the evidence will be held factually insufficient only when the award is

“flagrantly outrageous, extravagant, and so excessive that it shocks the judicial

conscience.” Id.; Transit Mgmt. Co. v. Sanchez, 886 S.W.2d 823, 826 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1994, no writ). Here, given the evidence, the award of $1,675,000 for non-

economic damages was not so against the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be

clearly wrong or unjust, nor does it shock the conscience of the Court. See Cain, 709

S.W.2d at 176. We overrule appellants’ eighth, ninth, and tenth issues.




        22 We note that the jury was instructed in the charge not to “compensate twice for the same loss, if

any,” and we presume the jury followed the court’s instructions unless the record shows otherwise.
Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, L.P. v. Hawley, 284 S.W.3d 851, 862 (Tex. 2009) (citing Golden Eagle
Archery, Inc., 116 S.W.3d at 771). Appellants direct us to nothing in the record suggesting that the jury
disobeyed this instruction.

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                                     III. CONCLUSION

       There is factually insufficient evidence to support the damages award of $283,700

for future lumbar surgery medical expenses. We therefore reverse the portion of the trial

court’s judgment awarding those damages, and we remand for a new trial as to both

liability and damages. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(b)(2) (providing that we “may not order a

separate trial solely on unliquidated damages if liability is contested”). Should Castillo,

within fifteen days of our judgment, voluntarily remit the $283,700 for which the evidence

was factually insufficient, then the error will be cured and we will supplement this opinion

to affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified, in accordance with the remittitur, thereby

rendering a new trial unnecessary. See TEX. R. APP. P. 46.5; Peshak v. Greer, 13 S.W.3d

421, 428 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2000, no pet.).

       The remainder of the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.


                                                                  DORI CONTRERAS
                                                                  Chief Justice

Delivered and filed the
9th day of April, 2020.




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