                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 19a0475n.06

                                          No. 18-3499

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                   FILED
                                                                                Sep 11, 2019
                                                        )                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                              )
                                                        )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )
                                                               ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                        )
                                                               UNITED STATES DISTRICT
 v.                                                     )
                                                               COURT FOR THE
                                                        )
                                                               NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                        )
                                                               OHIO
 ANGELA BOWSER,                                         )
                                                        )
        Defendant-Appellant.                            )


BEFORE:        BOGGS, BATCHELDER, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

       BOGGS, Circuit Judge. Angela Bowser was a social worker and a program manager for

a company called BRIDGES. BRIDGES had a series of contracts to give job training to welfare

recipients. The company’s general manager, Daniel Morris, overbilled for its services, thereby

defrauding the federal government of more than $3.5 million. He used some of the proceeds to

help Bowser buy a house and a car, and he also wrote her numerous non-payroll checks from a

company account. A jury convicted Bowser of conspiracy, federal-program fraud, and money

laundering. She now challenges the sufficiency of the evidence and the district court’s Sentencing

Guidelines calculation. We are unpersuaded by these arguments, and we affirm her conviction and

sentence.
No. 18-3499, United States v. Bowser


                                         I. Background

       BRIDGES opened for business in Toledo, Ohio in 2001. Daniel Morris was the company’s

general manager, and his job “was to run everything.” Bowser worked at the company from

September 2008 to November 2014, first as a social worker and later as a program manager.

       From 2004 to 2015, BRIDGES had 17 contracts with the Lucas County, Ohio Department

of Job and Family Services, worth more than $15.7 million. These contracts related to Temporary

Assistance to Needy Families, a cash assistance program for certain low-income households. The

federal Department of Health and Human Services funds TANF by giving block grants to the

states. In Ohio, the state passes the money to county agencies, which administer the program.

Lucas County hired BRIDGES to help TANF recipients train for and find jobs. To this end,

BRIDGES and the county entered into a series of “cost reimbursement contracts.” BRIDGES

provided its services, incurred the resulting costs, and periodically requested reimbursement from

the county.

       This is where the fraud happened. BRIDGES did the work. But Morris inflated his

reimbursement requests and falsified supporting documents. He invented “ghost employees,”

overstating the company’s payroll expenses. He also exaggerated his real employees’

transportation expenses. To survive annual audits by the county, he had his accountant keep “a

separate set of books.” Morris and the accountant also forged bank records, audit reports, board-

meeting minutes, time sheets, and mileage reports.

       The IRS discovered the overbilling scheme while investigating unrelated tax fraud by

Morris, and BRIDGES went out of business. Ohio’s State Auditor later reviewed BRIDGES’s

bank records and discovered $3,552,740 in impermissible expenditures and non-payroll payments



                                               -2-
No. 18-3499, United States v. Bowser


to employees and associates. (The audit only went as far back as 2011, so the actual loss was

presumably higher.)

       $265,486.75 of this money went to Angela Bowser. She had recently declared bankruptcy

and had trouble obtaining a traditional bank mortgage, so Morris loaned her $117,500 to buy a

house. He loaned her another $19,428.57 to buy a car. And “from time to time,” Bowser

approached Morris for help paying for personal expenses. For example, he gave her about $3,000

in company money when she could not afford a vacation in Mexico that she had already booked.

Bowser continued to receive non-payroll checks from BRIDGES after leaving her job. Morris

testified that he never wrote Bowser a personal check; all of the money he gave her came out of

company accounts.

       Bowser went to trial (along with co-defendants James Moody and Victoria Hawkins, fellow

recipients of Morris’s largesse whose appeals we address in separate opinions), and the jury

convicted her on all counts:

 Count        Offense                                      Statute
 1            Conspiracy to commit program fraud and       18 U.S.C. § 371
              mail fraud
 5            Program fraud                                18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(A)
 13           Money-laundering conspiracy                  18 U.S.C. § 1956(h)
 15, 19       Money laundering                             18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(B)(i), 1957

The district court sentenced her to three years in prison, and she timely appealed.




                                                -3-
No. 18-3499, United States v. Bowser


                                 II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        Each of the charges had a knowledge element: The government needed to prove not just

that Bowser accepted money that Morris had fraudulently obtained, but also that she knew the

money was ill-gotten. See R. 161 at 2359, 2363–64, 2368, 2374, 2376 (so instructing the jury).

She argues that the evidence of her knowledge is insufficient. We disagree.

        Admittedly, the case against Bowser was far from overwhelming. For one thing, there was

no direct evidence that she knew about the overbilling scheme. Neither Morris nor his bookkeeper

implicated her in the submission of inflated reimbursement requests and forged records. She was

not involved with BRIDGES’s budgeting, billing, or payroll. Nor was she an authorized signer on

any of the company’s bank accounts. This cuts against an inference that she knew about Morris’s

scheme. See United States v. Washington, 715 F.3d 975, 980 (6th Cir. 2013) (“Considering the

evidence of Washington’s role in generating the invoices, getting the invoices paid, and in making

payments . . . it was reasonable for a jury to infer her knowledge and intent.”). Moreover, unlike

her co-defendants Moody and Hawkins, Bowser did not lie to the IRS investigators or the grand

jury.

        Bowser also made a plausible case that she believed the money that she received from

Morris was legitimate. She told the IRS and the grand jury that she thought Morris was giving her

personal loans for the house and car. Her boyfriend testified at trial that Morris approached him

and Bowser to offer “a personal loan . . . he would allow us to borrow personal money from him

to get the house.” And after Morris loaned her the money for the house, Bowser had an attorney

draw up a promissory note. As for the car, she “took out a title loan to repay” Morris. Bowser also

has explanations for the other nonpayroll checks she received. After she left BRIDGES, she was

hired as a consultant to, as Morris put it, “develop[ ] some programs for us, especially looking at
                                                -4-
No. 18-3499, United States v. Bowser


child care.” Some of the checks may have been payments for this work, and others may have been

for back pay or written for Bowser to cash and give the money back to Morris.

       For these reasons, a reasonable juror certainly could have voted to acquit Bowser. But that

is not the standard here. In sufficiency-of-the-evidence appeals, “the relevant question is whether,

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). It is the jury’s job, not ours, “to resolve conflicts in the

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate

facts.” Ibid. “Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction and such evidence

need not remove every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” United States v. Vannerson, 786

F.2d 221, 225 (6th Cir. 1986). And, crucially, the jury instructions stated that the knowledge

element would be satisfied if Bowser “deliberately ignored a high probability” that the money she

received “was procured by fraud.” R. 161 at 2356; see United States v. Williams, 612 F.3d 500,

506–08 (6th Cir. 2010).

       The circumstantial evidence is sufficient to sustain Bowser’s conviction under this

deliberate-ignorance standard. First, Bowser had a supervisory role at BRIDGES, and according

to one colleague, she was “in charge of the everyday . . . operations” of the company. In this

capacity, she wrote portions of proposals and grants and met with Lucas County officials about

them. A reasonable juror could have inferred that Bowser’s seniority and duties gave her enough

insight into BRIDGES’s finances to be aware of a high probability of fraud. (She notes testimony

showing that, on the county’s end, programming and finances were handled separately, but this

does not rebut the inference from her role in BRIDGES.)



                                                -5-
No. 18-3499, United States v. Bowser


        Second, Morris used BRIDGES checks to pay for Bowser’s house and car. Yet she never

questioned why Morris was using company money—more than $100,000 of it—to give her a

personal loan. Moreover, Morris testified that he sometimes used BRIDGES money to cover

Bowser’s rent and vacation expenses. These were obviously not legitimate business expenses.

A reasonable juror could have concluded that in accepting so much BRIDGES money for personal

use, Bowser, in the language of the jury instructions, “deliberately closed . . . her eyes to what was

obvious.”

        Third, the jury did not have to treat the promissory note for the home loan as exculpatory.

The note was dated April 2014—about a year after Bowser bought the house. The interest rate was

just 0.28 percent. As the lawyer who drafted the note explained, “[w]e use that rate where . . . the

parties don’t want to . . . charg[e] interest. It’s the minimal applicable federal rate . . . [f]or short-

term loans.” The lawyer inserted that interest rate so the loan would not “be viewed as a gift” for

tax purposes. Morris had no input into the terms of the note, even though he was supposedly

loaning Bowser his own money. And Bowser only made one payment on the note. A reasonable

juror could have inferred that the promissory note was a fig leaf, something Bowser had drawn up

to “conceal [her] own wrongful acts.” United States v. Davis, 490 F.3d 541, 550 (6th Cir. 2007).

        Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence of knowledge (or at

least deliberate ignorance) is sufficient to sustain Bowser’s conviction.

                                      III. Guidelines Calculation

        At sentencing, the district court held Bowser accountable for “roughly $265,000” in losses,

yielding a Guidelines range of 33 to 41 months in prison. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1). She contends

that she is only accountable for a loss of $153,178.57. “We review a district court’s determination



                                                   -6-
No. 18-3499, United States v. Bowser


of the amount of loss attributable to a defendant for clear error.” United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d

266, 328 (6th Cir. 2010). We see no clear error here.

       Bowser first argues that the district court incorrectly defined “the scope of the jointly

undertaken criminal activity,” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B)(i), and that she is not liable at sentencing

for “the general financial misdeeds of BRIDGES or Dan Morris.” But the district court agreed

with her on this; she was held accountable only for the money that she personally received. The

$265,000 estimate came from the State Auditor’s report, which documented $265,486.75 in non-

payroll checks from BRIDGES to Bowser.

       Her second argument, that “the actions of [her] co-defendants were not reasonably

foreseeable to her,” fails for the same reason. The district court did not hold her liable for any

payments to co-defendants.

       Bowser provides her own loss calculation: $153,178.57, based on the cost of the house, the

car, and $22,450 in non-payroll checks. The difference between this figure and the district court’s

is that she only counts non-payroll checks she received after leaving her job at BRIDGES. There

appear to be two reasons that she excludes non-payroll checks she received while she still worked

at BRIDGES. First, Morris sometimes wrote checks to employees (including Bowser) and had

them cash the checks and return the money to him. But Bowser does not explain why these

transactions should be deducted from her loss amount. Even if she did not pocket the proceeds,

this appears to be “jointly undertaken criminal activity” involving her and Morris. U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(B)(i). Second, BRIDGES sometimes struggled to meet payroll and, when that

happened, Morris would later write his employees checks for back pay. The district court

acknowledged this but concluded that deducting these payments would not change the Guidelines



                                                 -7-
No. 18-3499, United States v. Bowser


range. Bowser does not dispute this finding, and we see no clear error in the district court’s

computations.

       Finally, Bowser argues that the district court failed to back up its loss calculation with

particularized findings. But there is no doubt about how it arrived at the $265,000 figure (the State

Auditor’s report) or what activity it relied on (only transactions that involved her personally). That

makes this case unlike United States v. Mehmood, in which the district court failed to explain why

it was holding the defendant liable for a co-conspirator’s conduct without making any findings

about the defendant’s own role. 742 F. App’x 928, 945–46 (6th Cir. 2018). See also United States

v. Orlando, 281 F.3d 586, 600—01 (6th Cir. 2002) (remanding where the district court held the

defendant liable for all of the money laundered “during [his] involvement in the conspiracy,” but

“did not make a specific determination of when Orlando entered the conspiracy” or whether he

agreed to jointly undertake all of his co-conspirators’ activities). Because Bowser was only held

liable for her own part in the fraud, these cases are inapposite.

                                          IV. Conclusion

       For these reasons, we AFFIRM Bowser’s conviction and sentence.




                                                 -8-
