                                                                   [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                             FILED
                       ------------------------------------------- U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                    No. 06-14520                          June 15, 2007
                              Non-Argument Calendar                   THOMAS K. KAHN
                      --------------------------------------------          CLERK

                 D.C. Docket No. 03-00436-CV-OC-10-GRJ

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                       Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                        versus

EDDIE RAY KAHN, et al.,

                                                       Defendants,

MILTON HARGRAVES BAXLEY, II,

                                                       Defendant-Appellant.

            ----------------------------------------------------------------
                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Florida
            ----------------------------------------------------------------

                                  (June 15, 2007)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, BIRCH and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
          Defendant-Appellant Milton Hargraves Baxley II appeals pro se the district

court’s order permanently enjoining him from, among other things, representing

others before the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and engaging in activities that

interfere with the administration and enforcement of the internal revenue laws.

The district court issued the permanent injunction pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §§

7402(a) and 7408(a).1 No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.

          The government filed a complaint alleging that Baxley and his co-

defendants promoted and sold abusive tax schemes through American Rights

Litigators (“ARL”) and its successor entity, Guiding Light of God Ministries.2

The complaint also alleged that, for a fee, persons joining ARL could complete a

power-of-attorney form that authorized Baxley to represent them before the IRS.

          According to the government, the IRS received over 1,500 power-of-

attorney forms listing Baxley as the authorized representative; and on behalf of

ARL members, Baxley (1) drafted letters to the IRS that made frivolous arguments

about the internal revenue laws, (2) drafted complaints to the Treasury Inspector


   1
     In issuing the permanent injunction, the district court concluded that Baxley had violated 26
U.S.C. § 6701, which penalizes a person who, among other things, assists in the preparation of a
document that the person knows, or has reason to believe, will be used in a material matter under the
internal revenue laws and would result in an understatement of tax liability. To the extent that
Baxley argues that the record does not demonstrate that he violated the separate provision of 26
U.S.C. § 6700, we do not consider these claims.
   2
       We will refer to these entities as “ARL” throughout our opinion.

                                                  2
General for Tax Administration (“TIGTA”), which falsely accused IRS employees

of misconduct, (3) drafted frivolous requests pursuant to the Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”) and the Privacy Act demanding nonexistent

documents,3 (4) interfered with IRS administrative summonses by demanding that

the summoned party not comply with the IRS, (5) wrote letters for customers to

mail to the IRS indicating that they would not cooperate with the IRS, and (6)

represented customers in hearings and meetings with the IRS during which Baxley

made frivolous arguments and refused his customers’ cooperation.

       The district court entered a preliminary injunction against Baxley and his

co-defendants, barring them from acts including (1) preparing, or assisting in the

preparation of, TIGTA complaints, FOIA/Privacy Act requests, and

correspondence to the IRS on behalf of another person or entity, (2) representing

another person or entity before the IRS, (3) falsely advising anyone that they are

not required to file federal tax returns or to pay federal income taxes, and (4)

engaging in conduct that substantially interferes with the administration and

enforcement of the internal revenue laws. The preliminary injunction also barred

Baxley and his co-defendants from engaging in other wrongdoing committed by


   3
    The government explained that, although Baxley did not personally write each letter, TIGTA
complaint, and FOIA/Privacy Act request referenced in the complaint, he gave ARL permission to
use his drafts of these documents in exchange for a fee.

                                              3
ARL, including assisting in the preparation of documents claiming to “decode”

IRS files and the preparation of Uniform Commercial Code forms purporting to

give the customer a security interest in himself, his name, birth certificate, or

property.

       After a bench trial, the district court entered a permanent injunction against

Baxley.4 The district court explained that Baxley violated the preliminary

injunction by continuing to assist in sending to the IRS false and frivolous letters,

which advocated that the IRS lacked authority either to collect federal income

taxes or to request tax-related information and which disputed that Baxley’s

personal clients had to pay federal income taxes. The district court rejected

Baxley’s argument that the preliminary injunction only barred Baxley’s acts done

through ARL and did not apply to Baxley’s acts with personal clients.5

       On appeal, Baxley contends that the district court’s injunction is not

supported by substantial evidence in the record. Baxley acknowledges that he

authorized ARL to place his name on power-of-attorney documents and to use his


   4
    Because Baxley’s co-defendants did not respond to the government’s complaint, the district
court already had entered a default judgment and a permanent injunction against them.
   5
    And in issuing the permanent injunction, the district court explained that (1) the United States
and the public would suffer irreparable harm without the permanent injunction; (2) Baxley would
suffer little harm from the injunction; (3) Baxley’s arguments about why he violated the preliminary
injunction were frivolous; and (4) without the permanent injunction, Baxley would continue to
violate 26 U.S.C. § 6701 and to interfere with the administration of the internal revenue laws.

                                                 4
signature on pre-approved letters to the IRS; but he argues that ARL used his

name and signature on additional documents. Baxley also contends that

arguments made in his letters to the IRS were based on the United States

Constitution or federal law; and he argues that he terminated his relationship with

his co-defendants before the government sought an injunction against him.

      “We review the district court’s order granting an injunction for abuse of

discretion.” KH Outdoor, LLC v. City of Trussville, 458 F.3d 1261, 1266 (11th

Cir. 2006). “A district court abuses its discretion if it applies an incorrect legal

standard, follows improper procedures in making the determination, or makes

findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” Klay v. United Healthgroup, Inc., 376

F.3d 1092, 1096 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation omitted). Also, “an abuse of

discretion occurs if the district court imposes some harm, disadvantage, or

restriction upon someone that is unnecessarily broad or does not result in any

offsetting gain to anyone else or society at large.” Id.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in entering the injunction

against Baxley. Before the district court issued the preliminary injunction,

Baxley--in exchange for fees--authorized ARL to place his name and signature on

power-of-attorney forms for ARL customers. In addition, Baxley drafted a letter

to the IRS asserting that a client was not required to pay federal income taxes and

                                           5
demanding--within 20 days of the IRS’s receipt of the letter--that the IRS provide

information about the legal authority that requires Baxley’s client to file a federal

income tax return. Baxley also filed many frivolous TIGTA complaints, which

TIGTA spent over 2,000 hours investigating; and he sent letters to the IRS stating

that the name of his client should not be listed in capital letters and that a person

identifying himself as an IRS revenue agent actually was a “Commonwealth

Internal Revenue Agent of the Department of the Treasury of Puerto Rico.” He

also sent letters to the IRS demanding that the IRS provide information about its

authority to investigate the tax liability of Baxley’s clients.

      Even after the preliminary injunction was entered against Baxley--when he

claimed he no longer had a relationship with ARL and his co-defendants--Baxley

drafted many letters for his clients to send to the IRS. These letters asked the IRS

to provide Baxley’s clients with several items, including a copy of the IRS revenue

agent’s identification, the authority permitting the IRS to investigate his client’s

tax obligations, and a sworn statement by the IRS informing Baxley’s client about

what tax he is obligated to pay. The letters also stated that, if the IRS did not

provide the requested information within five days, Baxley’s client would not

meet with the IRS and that it “shall be conclusively presumed” that Baxley’s client

is not required to file a federal tax return. Baxley also admitted preparing letters

                                           6
that asserted that the IRS was violating his clients’ right to privacy and that his

clients were not required to provide requested information to the IRS.

      By continuing to write false and frivolous letters to the IRS, Baxley violated

the terms of the preliminary injunction and continued to interfere with the

administration of the internal revenue laws. The permanent injunction issued by

the district court was supported by the record and was not an abuse of discretion.

      Baxley also argues that the permanent injunction is a prior restraint on his

speech and violates his First Amendment rights. We review questions of

constitutional law de novo. Loyd v. Alabama Dep’t of Corr., 176 F.3d 1336, 1339

(11th Cir. 1999). The Supreme Court has explained that, when reviewing whether

an injunction is consistent with the First Amendment, we must ask “whether the

challenged provisions of the injunction burden no more speech than necessary to

serve a significant government interest.” Madsen v. Women’s Health Ctr., Inc.,

114 S.Ct. 2516, 2525 (1994).

      Here, the district court’s permanent injunction was tailored to prohibit the

activities of Baxley and ARL that had frustrated federal tax administration. The

injunction does not burden more speech than necessary to achieve the government

interest of preventing Baxley’s interference with the enforcement of the internal

revenue laws.

      AFFIRMED.

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