                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A13-1935

                                  State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                            Cynthia Jayne Holmes-Buscher,
                                      Appellant.

                                  Filed July 21, 2014
                                       Affirmed
                                    Hudson, Judge

                            Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-CR-09-8882

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Corrine Heine, Minnetonka City Attorney, Rolf A. Sponheim, Assistant City Attorney,
Minnetonka, Minnesota (for respondent)

John L. Lucas, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Hudson, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and

Smith, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HUDSON, Judge

      Appellant challenges the district court’s denial of her motion to suppress evidence

relating to her convictions of second-degree driving-while-impaired (DWI) and

possession of an open bottle, arguing that police lacked reasonable suspicion to stop her
vehicle based on the uncorroborated tip of an unidentified informant. Because, under the

totality of the circumstances, police had reasonable suspicion to conduct the stop, we

affirm.

                                           FACTS

          The state charged appellant Cynthia Jayne Holmes-Buscher with two counts of

gross-misdemeanor second-degree driving-while-impaired (DWI) and an open-bottle

violation after police stopped her vehicle following a report from a 911 caller that

appellant had been driving erratically during rush hour in Minnetonka. The defense

moved to suppress evidence, arguing that police lacked reasonable articulable suspicion

to conduct the stop because it was based on an uncorroborated report from an

unidentified caller.

          At an evidentiary hearing, a Minnetonka police officer testified that he received

information from dispatch that a person following a driver reported that the driver was

behaving erratically, stopping in the middle of the road and weaving from side-to-side.

Dispatch referred to the vehicle as a dark-colored Hummer, which the officer described

as a “large four-wheel drive truck” that was “fairly uncommon.” The caller stated that

the driver was “driving really weird,” driving over the center line and then towards the

ditch, and that she had also exited the vehicle in the middle of the road with a line of cars

behind her. The caller identified the license plate of the vehicle and gave a physical

description of the driver.

          According to the tape of the 911 call, when the dispatcher asked for the caller’s

name, she stated, “I would like to remain anonymous if I can.” When told that the police


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would then have to locate the vehicle, she asked, “Will she know that it was me that

called?” The dispatcher told the caller that if she did not want to get involved, there was

no sense in continuing to follow the driver or give her name, and that if she still followed

it, investigating police would stop her own vehicle. The caller replied, “Oh that’s fine,”

identified her own vehicle by make and model and continued to follow the Hummer until

police stopped it.

       The arresting officer testified that after receiving the report from dispatch, he

located the dark-colored Hummer and stopped it two to three miles from its first reported

location. He testified that he did not personally observe illegal driving behavior, but that

he believed the Hummer was heading toward the freeway, where it could be more

dangerous at high speeds. The officer asked appellant, the driver, why she had stopped in

the middle of the road, and she replied that turkeys were crossing the road. After

observing that appellant showed signs of intoxication and attempting to administer a

preliminary breath test (PBT), which appellant declined to finish, the officer arrested her

for DWI.

       The officer testified that about ten minutes later, while he was interviewing

appellant, he directed another responding officer to interview the caller, who had parked

about 100 yards behind the Hummer. The second officer testified that he spoke to the

caller, who declined to give any personal information and stated that she “didn’t want to

be involved.” He later obtained the driver’s license photo of K.G., the person who later

picked up appellant’s dogs and children at the police station, and he testified that it

appeared to be the same person he interviewed. Through phone and driver and vehicle-


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services records, police identified the person who had made the driving complaint as a

person with the same first and middle names as K.G., but a different last name. An

investigator testified that this change was consistent with a person marrying and changing

names.

       The district court denied the motion to suppress evidence, finding that the 911

caller provided sufficient information to the dispatcher to render her identifiable because

she called 911 using an unblocked telephone number, continued to provide the dispatcher

with the location of her vehicle and the Hummer, described her own vehicle with

specificity, and agreed to pull her vehicle over so that police could speak with her.

Therefore, the district court concluded that, based on appellant’s driving conduct as

observed by an identifiable 911 caller, police acted reasonably in conducting the stop.

After considering the matter on stipulated facts, the district court found appellant guilty

of all counts. This appeal follows.

                                      DECISION

       “When reviewing pretrial orders on motions to suppress evidence, [appellate

courts] may independently review the facts and determine, as a matter of law, whether the

district court erred in suppressing—or not suppressing—the evidence.” State v. Harris,

590 N.W.2d 90, 98 (Minn. 1999). We review the district court’s findings of fact under a

clearly erroneous standard, but review its legal determinations de novo. State v. Bourke,

718 N.W.2d 922, 927 (Minn. 2006).

       Both the United States and Minnesota Constitutions guarantee a person’s right to

be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const.


                                            4
art. I, § 10. With a few exceptions, warrantless searches are unreasonable. Katz v.

United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S. Ct. 507, 514 (1967). Officers conducting a

warrantless investigatory seizure “must be able to point to specific and articulable facts

which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that

intrusion.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880 (1968). “Evidence

obtained as a result of a seizure without reasonable suspicion must be suppressed.” State

v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 842 (Minn. 2011). We review de novo the legal issue of

whether reasonable articulable suspicion exists. Wilkes v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 777

N.W.2d 239, 242-43 (Minn. App. 2010).

      Appellant argues that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to stop her vehicle

based solely on the uncorroborated report of an anonymous tipster. “[T]he factual basis

for stopping a vehicle need not arise from [an] officer’s personal observation.” Marben

v. State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 294 N.W.2d 697, 699 (Minn. 1980). An informant’s tip

may be adequate to support an investigative seizure if the tip has sufficient indicia of

reliability. In re Welfare of G.M., 560 N.W.2d 687, 691 (Minn. 1997). When examining

the sufficiency of a tip to provide reasonable articulable suspicion for a stop, courts

examine two factors: identification of the informant and facts supporting the informant’s

basis of knowledge. Rose v. Comm'r of Pub. Safety, 637 N.W.2d 326, 328 (Minn. App.

2001), review denied (Minn. Mar. 19, 2002). Neither factor is independently dispositive,

and the overall determination of reasonable suspicion is based on the totality of the

circumstances. Jobe v. Comm'r of Pub. Safety, 609 N.W.2d 919, 921 (Minn. App. 2000)

(citing Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S. Ct. 2412, 2416 (1990)). “[U]ltimate


                                            5
reliability depends not only on the identification of the informant but also on the nature of

the information he or she gives.” Yoraway v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 669 N.W.2d 622,

626 (Minn. App. 2003).

       We agree with the district court that, based on the circumstances surrounding the

stop, the caller was identifiable. “When an informant provides sufficient information so

that he may be located and held accountable for providing false information, the officer is

justified in assuming the caller is being truthful in so identifying himself.” Playle v.

Comm'r of Pub. Safety, 439 N.W.2d 747, 748 (Minn. App. 1989). Here, although the

caller did not give her name and stated that she did not wish to be involved, she continued

to follow the Hummer even after dispatch told her that her own vehicle would be stopped

as well. And she provided sufficient additional information, such as the make and model

of her own vehicle, so that police could later locate her. See id. (concluding that when an

unnamed employee of a particular restaurant provided a tip, and police subsequently

identified the employee, information as to the caller’s identity was adequate, and the case

did not involve an anonymous caller); see also Minnetonka v. Shepherd, 420 N.W.2d

887, 890 (Minn. 1988) (concluding that when a person identified himself as an unnamed

employee of a certain gas station, he had placed himself in a position from which he

might be located and held accountable for providing false information, so that his report

of an intoxicated driver had indicia of reliability).

       Further, additional specific facts supported the caller’s basis of knowledge. She

identified appellant’s vehicle as a dark-colored Hummer, an uncommon vehicle, with a

certain license plate number. And her use of the 911 call system, while not dispositive,


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also lends reliability to her tip. See Navarette v. California, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1690 (2014)

(holding that an informant’s “use of the 911 system is . . . one of the relevant

circumstances that, taken together, [may] justif[y] . . . reliance on the information

reported in [a] 911 call”). The caller’s tip was corroborated when the officer located the

Hummer within a few minutes of the 911 call and observed it turn at a certain

intersection, as dispatch was simultaneously describing that turn to him. Based on the

totality of the circumstances, the officer had reasonable articulable suspicion to stop

appellant’s vehicle, and the district court did not err by declining to suppress the

evidence.

       Affirmed.




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