MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                         May 07 2015, 10:26 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.



ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
William Gooden                                            Gregory F. Zoeller
Mt. Vernon, Indiana                                       Attorney General of Indiana
                                                          Robert J. Henke
                                                          Abigail R. Miller
                                                          Deputies Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana



                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination                         May 7, 2015
of the Parent-Child Relationship                         Court of Appeals Case No.
of E.M. (minor child) and                                65A01-1408-JT-343
                                                         Appeal from the Posey Circuit Court
L.M.
                                                         The Honorable James M. Redwine,
Appellant-Respondent,                                    Judge
                                                         Cause No. 65C01-1309-JT-156
        v.

Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.




Mathias, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015                Page 1 of 12
[1]   L.M.’s (“Mother”) parental rights to minor child E.M. were terminated.

      Mother appeals and argues that the Posey Circuit Court’s order terminating her

      parental rights is not supported by sufficient evidence.


[2]   We affirm.

                                    Facts and Procedural History

[3]   L.M. gave birth to E.M. on May 14, 2012. Mother failed to obtain proper pre-

      natal care, and she used illegal substances during her pregnancy. Mother

      admitted that she used methamphetamine and synthetic marijuana within a

      week of E.M.’s birth. E.M. was removed from Mother’s care within days of her

      birth.

[4]   On June 1, 2012, E.M. was adjudicated a child in need of services (“CHINS”),

      and the trial court found:

               On or about May 16, 2012, [Mother] admitted to using
               methamphetamine and K2 (synthetic marijuana) within a week
               of the child’s birth. The mother did not obtain proper prenatal
               care for the child during her pregnancy and also admitted to
               using drugs during her pregnancy including: methamphetamine. .
               . . The mother’s substance abuse evidences an inability to
               properly care for the child. The mother . . . [has] failed to protect
               and supervise said child or to provide appropriate shelter or a
               safe environment for said child placing said child in danger of
               physical or mental harm. The child needs care, treatment and/or
               rehabilitation that [she] would not receive but for the Court’s
               intervention.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 2 of 12
      Ex. Vol., DCS Ex. 2. Mother was ordered to participate in services including

      that she must refrain from use of illegal drugs, submit to random drug screens

      and attend all scheduled visitations.


[5]   Throughout the proceedings, Mother continued to use marijuana and

      methamphetamine. She also missed or refused numerous drug screens. Mother

      was assessed by Southwestern Behavioral Healthcare on January 9, 2013. She

      was diagnosed with polysubstance dependency, borderline personality disorder,

      and post-traumatic stress disorder. To help Mother learn skills and tools

      necessary to maintain sobriety, the evaluator recommended that Mother

      complete twenty-five therapy sessions and substance abuse group therapy.

      Mother was unsuccessfully discharged for failure to attend the recommended

      sessions.


[6]   However, in September 2013, Mother returned to Southwestern after DCS

      made another referral, and she agreed to participate in group therapy. Mother’s

      attendance in group therapy was inconsistent, and she missed six sessions in

      October 2013. Therefore, Mother was unsuccessfully discharged for a second

      time. Mother’s therapist does not believe that Mother has a current ability to

      remain sober.


[7]   From January 2013 to January 2014, Mother missed thirty scheduled visitations

      with E.M. After Mother tested positive for methamphetamine and

      amphetamine in September 2013, her visits with E.M. went from “monitored”

      to fully supervised. During visitation, Mother’s behavior was not always



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 3 of 12
       appropriate. Mother occasionally exhibited anger and used inappropriate

       language in E.M.’s presence.

[8]    On September 23, 2013, the DCS filed its petition to terminate Mother’s

       parental rights. E.M. has not been in Mother’s care since birth but has been

       placed with a foster family who would like to adopt her.


[9]    In early January 2014, Mother missed two drug screens. On January 14, 2014,

       Mother refused to take a drug screen. Therefore, on January 21, 2014, Mother’s

       family case manager met with Mother to discuss the importance of participating

       in court-ordered services. Mother submitted to a drug screen and signed an

       agreement stating that if she failed to participate in services, the services would

       be terminated. On January 27, 2014, DCS suspended Mother’s participation in

       services because she missed another drug screen.


[10]   The trial court held hearings on the DCS’s petition to terminate Mother’s

       parental rights on March 31, 2014, April 11, 2014, and April 15, 2014. Mother

       has not had a positive drug screen since September 2013, but she also missed or

       refused several drug screens between October 2013 and January 2014. Mother

       failed to complete substance abuse treatment and indicated that she was not

       willing to participate in treatment. Mother’s family case manager testified that

       termination of Mother’s parental rights was in E.M.’s best interests. However,

       the guardian ad litem believed that Mother’s parental rights should not be

       terminated because Mother had not had an opportunity to develop a significant

       relationship with E.M.



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 4 of 12
[11]   The trial court took the matter under advisement after the April 15, 2014,

       hearing. On June 9, 2014, the court granted DCS’s motion to reopen the

       evidence. Therefore, an additional fact-finding hearing was held on July 25,

       2014.

[12]   The court heard evidence that on June 5, 2014, Mother was arrested and

       charged with Class D felony possession of chemical reagents or precursors with

       intent to manufacture a controlled substance and Class D felony neglect of a

       dependent.1 Mother was incarcerated on these charges on the date of the

       hearing. The DCS also submitted evidence from the guardian ad litem who

       changed his recommendation and concluded that continuation of Mother’s

       relationship with E.M. poses a threat to her well-being.


[13]   The trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights to E.M. at the July 25, 2014,

       hearing2 and later issued the following order:

                  4. The child was removed from the mother’s care more than two
                  years ago.
                  5. The child has never been in the mother’s custody since birth.
                  6. The Department has offered services to the mother which she
                  has not taken advantage of. During the pending CHINS matter,
                  mother has had positive screens for methamphetamine. Mother
                  has missed random drug screens. Mother has also refused to
                  screen on occasion.




       1
           Mother was living with her fiancée and his three children.
       2
           E.M.’s biological father voluntarily relinquished his parental rights.



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 5 of 12
        7. Mother has not shown any ability to remedy the situation
        which brought about the intervention of the Department, which
        was her frequent use of impairing substances. This use of
        substances resulted in her inability to care for her child.
        8. Despite not having her own child in her care, [Mother] did []
        reside with the children of her boyfriend James Johnson until
        recently. Those children reported to the Guardian Ad Litem that
        drug use was taking place in the home, that [Mother] was not
        appropriately caring for them, and that they would go without
        food.
        9. The substance use and inability to care for a child
        demonstrated by mother at the outset of the CHINS matter
        continues, and there is reasonably probability that the drug use
        and inability to care for the child will continue in the future.
        10. The situation which brought about intervention of the
        Department more than two (2) years ago, even after a great
        amount of services and effort by the Department, has not been
        alleviated.
        11. The child has been out of the care of both parents for more
        than six (6) months following a dispositional decree, and for
        more than fifteen (15) months of the most recent twenty-two (22)
        months.
        12. There is a reasonable probably that the conditions that
        resulted in the child’s removal and continued placement outside
        of mother’s care will not be remedied.
        13. The child should have an opportunity to have a life on its
        own, and adoption is a reasonable and satisfactory plan for the
        child.
        14. For these reasons, and based on the Mother’s history as
        outlined throughout the findings above, termination of mother’s
        parental rights is the permanency plan which is in the best
        interests of the child.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 6 of 12
       Appellee’s App. pp. 1-2. Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be provided

       as necessary.

                                            Standard of Review

[14]   We have long had a highly deferential standard of review in cases involving the

       termination of parental rights. In re D.B., 942 N.E.2d 867, 871 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2011). We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility. Id. We

       consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences favorable to the trial

       court’s judgment. Id. Where the trial court enters findings of fact and

       conclusions thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review: we first

       determine whether the evidence supports the findings and then determine

       whether the findings support the judgment. Id. In deference to the trial court’s

       unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside a judgment terminating

       a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Clear error is that

       which “leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been

       made.” J.M. v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 802 N.E.2d 40, 44 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.


                                         Discussion and Decision

[15]   “The purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish parents but to

       protect their children. Although parental rights have a constitutional dimension,

       the law allows for their termination when parties are unable or unwilling to

       meet their responsibility as parents.” In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 880 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2004) (citation omitted). Indeed, parental interests “must be subordinated



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 7 of 12
       to the child’s interests” in determining the proper disposition of a petition to

       terminate parental rights. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260 (Ind. 2009).


[16]   Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b) provides that a petition to terminate parental

       rights must meet the following relevant requirements:

               (2) The petition must allege:
               (B) that one (1) of the following is true:
               (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
               resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
               outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
               (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
               parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
               child.
               (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
               adjudicated a child in need of services;
               (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
               (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
               the child.

[17]   DCS must prove “each and every element” by clear and convincing evidence.

       G.Y., 904 N.E.2d at 1261; Ind. Code § 31-37-14-2. Clear and convincing

       evidence need not establish that the continued custody of the parents is wholly

       inadequate for the child’s very survival. Bester v. Lake County Office of Family &

       Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). Rather, it is sufficient to show by

       clear and convincing evidence that the child’s emotional development and

       physical development are put at risk by the parent’s custody. Id. If the court

       finds that the allegations in a petition are true, the court shall terminate the

       parent-child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 8 of 12
[18]   Mother argues that the evidence presented at the termination hearing

       established that she was “making progress on her drug usage problem.”

       Appellant’s Br. at 9. Therefore, from Mother's perspective, the DCS failed to

       prove by clear and convincing evidence a reasonable probability exists that the

       conditions that led to E.M.’s removal from Mother’s care will not be remedied.3


[19]   Mother has a long history of illegal drug use and admitted to using

       methamphetamine while she was pregnant with E.M. In the months after E.M.

       was removed from Mother’s care, Mother tested positive for methamphetamine

       three times and also for oxycodone. Mother’s most recent positive screen for

       methamphetamine occurred on September 17, 2013. Between E.M.’s removal

       in May 2012 and September 2013, Mother also tested positive for marijuana

       five times.


[20]   Although Mother has not tested positive for illegal substances since September

       2013, and has passed several drug screens, Mother has also missed or refused to

       take numerous drug screens. DCS refused to continue to provide services to

       Mother after she failed to show for three drug screens in January 2014 and

       refused to submit to a drug screen on January 14, 2014. On January 23, 2014,

       Mother signed an agreement that stated that services, including visitation with



       3
         Mother does not separately address the factors in Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)2(B)(i) and (ii) and the
       trial court concluded that the DCS met its burden of proving both subsections. Because the statute is written
       in the disjunctive, the DCS needed to prove only one of the requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B). In re L.S.,
       717 N.E.2d 204, 209 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). Also, Mother does not challenge the trial court’s conclusion that
       termination of her parental rights was in E.M.’s best interests. Mother therefore waived that issue on appeal.
       See Ind. App. R. 46(A)(8)(a). Given the constitutional rights at issue in termination proceedings, we will
       consider whether the DCS established that termination was in E.M.’s best interests.



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015                         Page 9 of 12
       E.M., would be terminated if she failed to submit to drug screens. Yet, just four

       days later, she failed to appear for a drug screen.

[21]   Throughout these proceedings, Mother did not make a sincere attempt to

       address her long-standing substance abuse problems. DCS gave Mother two

       referrals for treatment through Southwestern Behavioral Healthcare. After the

       intake appointment for the first referral, Mother refused to participate in

       recommended treatment and was unsuccessfully discharged. In September

       2013, after the second referral, Mother agreed to participate in group therapy.

       However, her attendance was inconsistent, and she missed six sessions in

       October 2013. Therefore, Mother was unsuccessfully discharged for a second

       time. Importantly, Mother’s therapist does not believe that Mother has a

       current ability to remain sober.


[22]   Finally, in June 2014, Mother was charged with Class D felony possession of

       chemical reagents or precursors with intent to manufacture a controlled

       substance and Class D felony neglect of a dependent. She was incarcerated on

       these charges on the date of the final fact-finding hearing.


[23]   As a result of the charges, the guardian ad litem interviewed Mother’s fiancée’s

       children, who lived with Mother. The children reported that drug use was

       occurring in the home, and Mother and her fiancée often locked themselves in

       their room away from the children.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 10 of 12
[24]   This evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s conclusion that a

       reasonable probability exists that the conditions that led to E.M.’s removal from

       Mother’s care will not be remedied.


[25]   Finally, we consider whether termination of Mother’s parental rights is in

       E.M.’s best interests. In assessing what is in the best interests of a child, courts

       should look beyond the factors identified by the DCS and consider the totality

       of the evidence. In re J.C., 994 N.E.2d 278, 290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). The court

       need not wait until a child is irreversibly harmed before terminating the parent-

       child relationship. Id. Courts also must consider a parent’s fitness to care for a

       child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration any

       evidence of changed conditions. Id. at 287.


[26]   Also, parent’s habitual patterns of conduct must be evaluated, including

       consideration of a parent’s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse,

       history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of adequate housing and

       employment. Id. “A parent’s historical inability to provide a suitable

       environment, along with the parent’s current inability to do the same, supports

       finding termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the children.” Id.

       at 290. Finally, “a child’s need for permanency is an important consideration in

       determining the best interests of a child, and the testimony of the service

       providers may support a finding that termination is in the child's best interests.”

       In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 11 of 12
[27]   E.M. was removed from Mother within days of her birth and had never been

       placed in Mother’s care. Mother has struggled with substance abuse for many

       years and has not demonstrated that she is willing to address that issue. In

       addition to missing or refusing numerous drug screens, Mother missed

       approximately thirty scheduled visitations with E.M. On the date of the final

       fact-finding hearing, Mother was incarcerated. Importantly, Mother’s family

       case manager believes that termination of Mother’s parental rights to E.M. is in

       E.M.’s best interests. Also, after criminal charges were filed against Mother and

       after interviewing Mother’s fiancée’s children, the guardian ad litem agreed that

       a reasonable probability exists that the conditions that led to E.M.’s removal

       from Mother’s home will not be remedied.


[28]   For all of these reasons, we conclude that the DCS proved by clear and

       convincing evidence the required statutory factors enumerated in Indiana Code

       section 31-35-2-4(b). We therefore affirm the trial court’s order terminating

       Mother’s parental rights to E.M.

[29]   Affirmed.


       May, J., and Robb, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1408-JT-343 | May 7, 2015   Page 12 of 12
