                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



MANDY LYNN MAITLAND,                                                 UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     August 23, 2018
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 342811
                                                                     Jackson Circuit Court
ALEXANDER STEVEN OSTROVICH,                                          Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 14-003336-DS
               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: MURPHY, P.J., and GLEICHER and LETICA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In earlier proceedings, the trial court awarded sole physical custody of the parties’ minor
child to plaintiff-mother, Mandy Maitland, granted the parties joint legal custody of the child,
and awarded limited parenting time to defendant-father, Alexander Ostrovich. Subsequently,
defendant filed a motion requesting that the court award sole physical custody of the child to
defendant. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court changed physical custody of the
child to a joint custody arrangement between the parties. Plaintiff appeals as of right that ruling,
arguing that the court’s findings on certain statutory best-interest factors, MCL 722.23, were
against the great weight of the evidence and that clear and convincing evidence did not exist as
necessary to change the child’s established custodial environment. We disagree and thus affirm.

        The parties were not married and only lived together for about six weeks after their
daughter was born. On July 1, 2015, the trial court entered an order effectively awarding
plaintiff sole physical custody of the child and granting the parties joint legal custody.
Defendant was awarded limited parenting time. Following a hearing on April 21, 2016, the trial
court modified its order by slightly adjusting defendant’s parenting time. Defendant later moved
for another change in his parenting time. After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court modified
defendant’s parenting time on the conditions that he take certain action with respect to the child’s
medical treatment and that he purchase medical equipment for the child’s sleep apnea condition,
so as to enable him to care for the child during overnight visits.

       The parties later filed various motions, including a motion by defendant to change
custody, and the trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing to decide the child custody and
parenting-time issues raised by the parties. At the hearing, defendant modified his request,
asking for joint physical custody instead of sole or primary physical custody of the child.
Relevant here, the trial court stated that because of the “very contentious . . . relationship

                                                -1-
between the parties,” “there’s been a demonstration of proper cause,” thereby satisfying the
threshold for changing custody. See MCL 722.27(1)(c) (change of circumstances or proper
cause). The trial court also determined that the established custodial environment was with
plaintiff; therefore, defendant had the burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence that a
change in the established custodial environment was in the best interests of the child. Id. Next,
examining and weighing the statutory best-interest factors, the trial court found that the parties
were even or equal on all of the factors, except that defendant was heavily favored with respect
to MCL 722.23(j) (“The willingness and ability of each of the parties to facilitate and encourage
a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent or the
child and the parents.”). The trial court concluded that there was clear and convincing evidence
justifying a change of custody. The trial court ordered that plaintiff and defendant would have
joint physical custody of their child, leaving in place the existing award of joint legal custody.
Plaintiff now appeals.

        Plaintiff contends that the trial court’s decision awarding joint physical custody to the
parties constituted an abuse of discretion and that the court’s evaluation of the best-interest
factors was against the great weight of the evidence. She contends that three of the best-interest
factors upon which the court found the parties to be equal, MCL 722.23(c), (d), and (e), actually
favored plaintiff, that factor (j) did not weigh in favor of defendant, and that a party being
favored on just one factor, with all others being equal, simply cannot surmount the elevated
evidentiary standard of clear and convincing evidence.

       In Sinicropi v Mazurek, 273 Mich App 149, 155; 729 NW2d 256 (2006), this Court,
relying primarily on MCL 722.28, addressed the standards of review in child custody cases,
observing:

               There are three different standards of review applicable to child custody
       cases. The trial court's factual findings on matters such as the established
       custodial environment and the best-interests factors are reviewed under the great
       weight of the evidence standard and will be affirmed unless the evidence clearly
       preponderates in the opposite direction. In reviewing the findings, this Court
       defers to the trial court's determination of credibility. A trial court's discretionary
       rulings, such as the court's determination on the issue of custody, are reviewed for
       an abuse of discretion. Further, pursuant to MCL 722.28, questions of law in
       custody cases are reviewed for clear legal error. [Citations and quotation marks
       omitted.]1




1
 In the context of a child custody case, an abuse of discretion occurs if the result is so grossly
and palpably violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of
will, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias, and not the exercise of judgment but
defiance thereof. Maier v Maier, 311 Mich App 218, 221; 874 NW2d 725 (2015).




                                                -2-
        MCL 722.27(1)(c) provides that in a custody dispute, the trial court, for the best interests
of the child at the center of the dispute, may “modify or amend its previous judgments or orders
for proper cause shown or because of change of circumstances.” However, the court is not
permitted to “modify or amend its previous judgments or orders or issue a new order so as to
change the established custodial environment of a child unless there is presented clear and
convincing evidence that it is in the best interest of the child.” Id. “These initial steps to
changing custody—finding a change of circumstance or proper cause and not changing an
established custodial environment without clear and convincing evidence—are intended to erect
a barrier against removal of a child from an established custodial environment and to minimize
unwarranted and disruptive changes of custody orders.” Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259 Mich App
499, 509; 675 NW2d 847 (2003) (quotation marks omitted).

        Accordingly, the first step in addressing whether to modify a previous child custody order
is to determine whether the movant has established proper cause or a change of circumstances,
applying a preponderance of the evidence standard. Id. at 508-509. Here, the trial court found
that proper cause had been demonstrated, allowing the court to revisit the issue concerning
custody, and plaintiff does not challenge that ruling on appeal, so we move on with the analysis.
Next, as reflected in MCL 722.27(1)(c) and for purposes of setting the proper evidentiary
burden, it must be determined whether defendant sought to change the child’s established
custodial environment. The trial court determined that the established custodial environment
was with plaintiff; therefore, defendant had the burden to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that a modification of the existing custodial environment was in the best interests of the
child. There is no dispute on appeal with respect to the trial court’s finding on the established
custodial environment and its determination regarding the governing burden of proof.

       In Pierron v Pierron, 486 Mich 81, 92-93; 782 NW2d 480 (2010), our Supreme Court
touched on the next step of the analysis applicable to this case, explaining:

               If the proposed change would modify the established custodial
       environment of the child, then the burden is on the parent proposing the change to
       establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that the change is in the child's best
       interests. Under such circumstances, the trial court must consider all the best-
       interest factors because a case in which the proposed change would modify the
       custodial environment is essentially a change-of-custody case. [Emphasis added.]

       The statutory best-interest factors are set forth in MCL 722.23, which provides as
follows:

              As used in this act, “best interests of the child” means the sum total of the
       following factors to be considered, evaluated, and determined by the court:

               (a) The love, affection, and other emotional ties existing between the
       parties involved and the child.

               (b) The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to give the child
       love, affection, and guidance and to continue the education and raising of the
       child in his or her religion or creed, if any.

                                                -3-
               (c) The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to provide the
        child with food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care recognized and
        permitted under the laws of this state in place of medical care, and other material
        needs.

               (d) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory
        environment, and the desirability of maintaining continuity.

              (e) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial
        home or homes.

                (f) The moral fitness of the parties involved.

                (g) The mental and physical health of the parties involved.

                (h) The home, school, and community record of the child.

                (i) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court considers the child
        to be of sufficient age to express preference.

                (j) The willingness and ability of each of the parties to facilitate and
        encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and
        the other parent or the child and the parents. . . . .

                (k) Domestic violence, regardless of whether the violence was directed
        against or witnessed by the child.

                (l) Any other factor considered by the court to be relevant to a particular
        child custody dispute.

        A trial court must examine all of the best-interest factors, stating its findings and
conclusions as to each factor. Foskett v Foskett, 247 Mich App 1, 9; 634 NW2d 363 (2001). A
trial court does not have to make its custody determination on the basis of a mathematical
calculation of the factors; rather, it can properly assign differing weights to the factors when
making its determination. Berger v Berger, 277 Mich App 700, 712; 747 NW2d 336 (2008); see
also Heid v AAASulewski (After Remand), 209 Mich App 587, 594; 532 NW2d 205 (1995) (“we
are unwilling to conclude that mathematical equality on the statutory factors necessarily amounts
to an evidentiary standoff that precludes a party from satisfying the clear and convincing
standard of proof”). “[I]f a particular best-interest factor is irrelevant to the question at hand, i.e.,
whether the proposed change is in the best interests of the child, the trial court need not say
anything other than that the factor is irrelevant.” Pierron, 486 Mich at 93.

         In the instant case, the only factors in dispute on appeal are MCL 722.23(c), (d), (e), and
(j), the first three upon which the trial court found the parties to be equal, not weighing in either
party’s favor, with the court finding that factor (j) favored defendant.

        We begin with factor (c) (“The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to provide
the child with food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care recognized and permitted under

                                                  -4-
the laws of this state in place of medical care, and other material needs.”). The record reflected
that both parents appropriately provided for the child’s food, clothing, and other material needs.
Plaintiff, a nurse,2 argues that she has the greater capacity and disposition to provide for the
child’s medical care, which was made evident when looking at the history of this case. Plaintiff
provided for the child’s medical care for her first two years of life and made and attended the
child’s medical appointments without defendant present. The record, however, revealed that the
parties’ personal contentiousness resulted in defendant’s absences to avoid problems. Further,
the record indicated that plaintiff did not want defendant’s involvement and to some degree
impeded his participation so that she could have total control. Nevertheless, during the last year
before the evidentiary hearing, defendant had rectified the situation by working to attend the
child’s medical appointments and to educate himself in order to better enable him to perform the
necessary tasks and care associated with the child’s particular medical needs. The trial court
properly focused its attention on the period since its last order.

        Plaintiff complains about defendant’s level of knowledge, skills, and focus necessary to
properly attend to the child’s medical needs. However, the lawyer-guardian ad litem (GAL)
reported that defendant showed her all of the medical equipment that he had for the child and
that he demonstrated a solid understanding of how it all operated. The GAL also spoke with the
child’s sleep apnea doctor, who allayed some of the concerns regarding the use of oxygen. The
doctor indicated that the child’s sleep apnea was not life-threatening. And GAL reported that
defendant’s less strict approach than plaintiff’s approach to the child’s medical care was in
compliance with the doctor’s orders.

        In sum, we cannot conclude that the court’s determination that the parties were equal in
regard to factor (c) was against the great weight of the evidence, as the evidence did not clearly
preponderate in the opposite direction.

        We next address factor (d) (“The length of time the child has lived in a stable,
satisfactory environment, and the desirability of maintaining continuity.”). “Factor (d) is
properly addressed by considering the environments in which the child has lived in the past and
the desirability of maintaining the continuity of those environments.” Demski v Petlick, 309
Mich App 404, 448-449; 873 NW2d 596 (2015).

        Plaintiff argues that defendant had not maintained a continuous residence, thereby
creating a lack of stability for the child. Plaintiff also contends that the trial court failed to
address the desirability of maintaining continuity with plaintiff, with whom the child had
primarily lived since her birth. The trial court observed that defendant had moved around a little
more than plaintiff, but that there was no testimony suggesting that defendant’s residences were
unstable or inappropriate. The court believed that both parties could provide a stable and
satisfactory environment.

      We first note that the child was born in 2014, that defendant had resided in his
grandmother’s home since 2012, that defendant was still living there at the time of the


2
    We note that defendant was employed by a hospice facility as a care coordinator.


                                                 -5-
evidentiary hearing, that the GAL had found the grandmother’s home to be appropriate, that
defendant planned to move into his mother’s home, given that his grandmother would soon be
moving into an assisted living facility, that defendant’s mother was a veteran pediatric nurse, that
defendant typically exercised his parenting time at his mother’s house, and that defendant
intended to find his own place to live. Accordingly, defendant’s residence during the relevant
time period never changed, although he did spend a fair amount of time at his mother’s home,
which may explain the court’s comment about defendant moving around a little. However, the
trial court felt that either environment, defendant’s mother’s or grandmother’s home, was stable
and satisfactory, and this factual finding was supported by the record.

         Plaintiff is correct that the trial court, when directly addressing factor (d), did not discuss
the desirability of maintaining continuity with plaintiff. However, the court clearly indicated
later in its ruling from the bench that it had many concerns about plaintiff’s behavior, which the
court viewed as having caused contentiousness between the parties and undermined the father-
child relationship. This perspective on the case reflected that the trial court did not believe it to
be desirable to maintain the existing custodial environment with plaintiff. Moreover, the
modification of custody was from sole physical custody to joint physical custody, not to sole
physical custody with the other parent. Therefore, the extent of the change in the child’s
environment was not as great.

        In sum, we cannot conclude that the court’s determination that the parties were equal in
regard to factor (d) was against the great weight of the evidence, as the evidence did not clearly
preponderate in the opposite direction.

        We next address factor (e) (“The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or
proposed custodial home or homes.”). The trial court found that both parties had familial
support by way of a sibling and stepfather in plaintiff’s home and the involvement of the child’s
grandmother and great-grandmother when in defendant’s care. Plaintiff argues that the trial
court erred in weighing factor (e) by focusing on the acceptability of the competing homes, as
opposed to the permanence of the homes. Indeed, acceptability of a home is not pertinent to
factor (e); rather, a court must examine the permanence of a home. Fletcher v Fletcher, 447
Mich 871, 884-885; 526 NW2d 889 (1994). Factor (e) focuses on “the child’s prospects for a
stable family environment.” Ireland v Smith, 451 Mich 457, 465; 547 NW2d 686 (1996). While
the trial court may not have employed the most precise nomenclature, the gist of the court’s
finding, when considering it in conjunction with its comments on factor (d),3 was that both home
environments had provided and would provide stable, permanent family environments for the
child. And this finding was not against the great weight of the evidence.

        We next turn to factor (j) (“The willingness and ability of each of the parties to facilitate
and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other
parent or the child and the parents.”). There was considerable evidence establishing that plaintiff
attempted to prevent defendant from having a close, continuing relationship with the child.


3
  Factors (d) and (e) “are phrased somewhat awkwardly, and there is a degree of overlap between
them.” Ireland, 451 Mich at 465.


                                                  -6-
There was evidence showing that plaintiff sought to exclude defendant from the parental
decision-making process. She would make decisions regarding the child’s medical care and give
defendant notice after the fact. The record indicated that plaintiff did not seek defendant’s input
or engage in discussions regarding the child’s treatment or medical consultations. The record
also established that plaintiff improperly denied defendant parenting time and interfered with it
on several occasions without providing him make-up parenting time. She also sought to dictate
who could accompany defendant when he exercised his parenting time. When he confronted her,
plaintiff refused to provide him his parenting time even though she knew that her conduct
violated the trial court’s order.

        The record also indicated that plaintiff generally lacked willingness to facilitate and
encourage the child’s relationship with defendant. The GAL reported that plaintiff videotaped
the child in what appears to have been an effort to collect evidence that she could use against
defendant. Further, the record revealed that plaintiff sought an ex parte order to terminate
defendant’s parenting time because he had a female friend accompany him to pick up the child.
The trial court concluded that, during the pendency of this case, plaintiff worked against the
father-child relationship every step of the way. The trial court’s finding that factor (j) weighed
heavily in defendant’s favor was not against the great weight of the evidence, as the evidence did
not clearly preponderate in the opposite direction.

         Finally, plaintiff contends that clear and convincing evidence to modify the child’s
established custodial environment did not exist, where defendant was favored over plaintiff on
only one statutory factor, all others being equal. We disagree. As stated earlier, a court does not
have to make its custody determination on the basis of a mathematical calculation of the factors,
and it is permitted to assign differing weights to the factors. Berger, 277 Mich App at 712. And
this Court has specifically ruled that it is “unwilling to conclude that mathematical equality on
the statutory factors necessarily amounts to an evidentiary standoff that precludes a party from
satisfying the clear and convincing standard of proof.” Heid, 209 Mich App at 594. Here, the
parties were equal on all factors, except for one that favored defendant, but the trial court found
it to be a very important factor in the context of this case and that joint physical custody was
necessary in order to protect defendant’s relationship with his daughter, which relationship was
not being fostered or facilitated by plaintiff and was in fact being undermined by her. There was
also no evidence showing that defendant was attempting to sabotage plaintiff’s relationship with
the child. We conclude that the trial court did not err in ruling that there was clear and
convincing evidence supporting a modification of custody.

        The Legislature has expressed that “[i]t is presumed to be in the best interests of a child
for the child to have a strong relationship with both of his or her parents.” MCL 722.27a(1). In
McRoberts v Ferguson, 322 Mich App 125, 140-141; 910 NW2d 721 (2017), this Court recently
stated and ruled:

               Additionally, the court plainly placed great weight on Factor (j), which
       was within its discretion. . . . It can be inferred from the court’s analysis that it
       doubted whether the child would be able to have a strong relationship with
       defendant if plaintiff retained sole physical custody. Indeed, plaintiff’s repeated
       acts of contempt relative to parenting time were troubling and reflected an
       inability by plaintiff to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-

                                                -7-
       child relationship between defendant and his daughter. Conversely, there was no
       evidence suggesting that defendant had interfered with the relationship between
       plaintiff and the child. The trial court’s custody decision did not constitute an
       abuse of discretion. [Citation omitted.]

         Under somewhat similar circumstances, we likewise hold that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in ordering joint physical custody of the parties’ minor child.

     Affirmed. Having fully prevailed on appeal, defendant is awarded taxable costs under
MCR 7.219.


                                                            /s/ William B. Murphy
                                                            /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                            /s/ Anica Letica




                                               -8-
