[Cite as Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St.3d 5, 2010-Ohio-2420.]




            CITY OF BARBERTON, APPELLEE, v. JENNEY, APPELLANT.
        [Cite as Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St.3d 5, 2010-Ohio-2420.]
A police officer’s unaided visual estimation of a vehicle’s speed is sufficient
        evidence to support a conviction for speeding in violation of R.C.
        4511.21(D) without independent verification of the vehicle’s speed if the
        officer is trained, certified, and experienced in visually estimating vehicle
        speed.
   (No. 2009-1069 — Submitted February 17, 2010 — Decided June 2, 2010.)
        APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Summit County, No. 24423,
                                    2009-Ohio-1985.
                                 __________________
                               SYLLABUS OF THE COURT
A police officer’s unaided visual estimation of a vehicle’s speed is sufficient
        evidence to support a conviction for speeding in violation of R.C.
        4511.21(D) without independent verification of the vehicle’s speed if the
        officer is trained, is certified by the Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy
        or a similar organization that develops and implements training programs
        to meet the needs of law-enforcement professionals and the communities
        they serve, and is experienced in visually estimating vehicle speed.
                                 __________________
        O’CONNOR, J.
        {¶ 1} In this appeal, we determine whether a police officer’s unaided
visual estimation of a vehicle’s speed, by itself, is sufficient evidence of the
vehicle’s speed to support a conviction for speeding in violation of R.C.
4511.21(D). Appellant, Mark Jenney, argues that it is impossible for a police
officer to visually estimate the exact speed of a moving object. He asks the court
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to establish a bright-line rule that an officer’s visual estimation of speed, without
other evidence to support it, is insufficient to sustain a conviction for speeding.
         {¶ 2} A rational trier of fact could find testimony by a police officer who
is trained, certified by the Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy (“OPOTA”) or a
similar organization, and experienced in visually estimating vehicle speed that he
estimated a vehicle’s speed to be in excess of the posted limit sufficient evidence
to establish a violation of R.C. 4511.21(D) beyond a reasonable doubt. We
therefore hold that a police officer’s unaided visual estimation of a vehicle’s
speed is sufficient evidence to support a conviction for speeding in violation of
R.C. 4511.21(D) without independent verification of the vehicle’s speed if the
officer is trained, is certified by the Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy or a
similar organization that develops and implements training programs to meet the
needs of law-enforcement professionals and the communities they serve, and is
experienced in visually estimating vehicle speed.
                                   Relevant Background
         {¶ 3} On July 3, 2008, Officer Christopher R. Santimarino was in a
marked patrol car running stationary radar at southbound traffic on State Route 21
in Copley Township, Ohio. The posted speed limit in that location is 60 miles per
hour. Santimarino observed Jenney driving a black SUV in the left lane of Route
21 in moderate to heavy traffic.              Santimarino determined that Jenney was
traveling faster than the posted speed limit, initiated a traffic stop, and issued
Jenney a citation for traveling 79 miles per hour in a 60-mile-per-hour zone in
violation of R.C. 4511.21.1


1. In issuing the citation, Santimarino inadvertently failed to check any of the boxes specifying
under which subsection Jenney was charged, but the trial court permitted the state to amend the
citation to allege that Jenney violated both R.C. 4511.21(A) (operating a motor vehicle at a greater
speed than is reasonable and proper under the circumstances) and 4511.21(D)(6) (operating a
motor vehicle at a speed exceeding the posted speed limit). On appeal, the Ninth District Court of
Appeals affirmed the trial court’s grant of the city’s motion to amend the citation. Barberton v.
Jenney, Summit App. No. 24423, 2009-Ohio-1985, 2009 WL 1139347, ¶ 4. We declined to




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        {¶ 4} The case proceeded to trial in the Barberton Municipal Court.
        {¶ 5} At trial, Santimarino testified that he had been employed as a
patrolman with the Copley Police Department for 13 years. He testified that he
was certified by OPOTA and had been working in traffic enforcement since 1995.
Santimarino testified that as part of his OPOTA training, he was trained to
visually estimate the speed of a vehicle. In order to be certified by OPOTA,
Santimarino was required to show that he could visually estimate a vehicle’s
speed to within three to four miles per hour of the vehicle’s actual speed, which
he did. Further, Santimarino testified that since becoming a police officer in
1995, he had performed hundreds of visual estimations. Santimarino testified that
based on his training and experience, he had estimated that Jenney’s vehicle was
traveling 70 miles per hour on July 3, 2008.
        {¶ 6} Santimarino also testified that in addition to his training and
experience in visually estimating vehicle speed, he was trained and certified to
use the Python brand Doppler radar unit that he was using on July 3, 2008.
Santimarino testified on direct examination that after he visually estimated the
speed of Jenney’s vehicle, he observed that the radar unit indicated that Jenney’s
vehicle was traveling at 82 miles per hour.2 Santimarino could not produce a
copy of his radar-training certification when defense counsel requested he do so
on the day of trial.
        {¶ 7} Santimarino also testified that Jenney was traveling at an
unreasonable speed for the conditions, given the other traffic in close proximity to
his vehicle.




review Jenney’s proposition relating to the amendment. Barberton v. Jenney, 123 Ohio St.3d
1406, 2009-Ohio-5031, 914 N.E.2d 204.

2. Santimarino testified on cross-examination that the radar unit indicated that Jenney’s vehicle
was traveling at 83 miles per hour. This difference is immaterial to our analysis.




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       {¶ 8} In light of both his visual estimation and the radar reading,
Santimarino initiated a traffic stop and issued Jenney a citation for traveling 79
miles per hour in a 60 mile per hour zone in violation of R.C. 4511.21.
Santimarino testified that he reduced the rate of speed to 79 miles per hour to
“give [Jenney] a break on the personal appearance in court,” which is required for
speeds 20 miles per hour or more over the speed limit.
       {¶ 9} At the conclusion of the city’s case, Jenney moved for an acquittal
pursuant to Crim.R. 29, arguing that the city had failed to meet its burden of
proof. The trial court overruled Jenney’s motion. Jenney then testified that
before he was pulled over, he had been traveling in the right lane of traffic, not the
left lane as Santimarino had testified, and that he had been traveling at the speed
limit, 60 miles per hour.
       {¶ 10} The trial judge found Jenney guilty of traveling over the posted
speed limit. Based on Santimarino’s visual estimation, which the trial court found
to be his “strongest” testimony, the court amended the citation to state that Jenney
had been traveling 70 miles per hour in a 60-mile-per-hour zone and imposed a
$50 fine plus court costs.
       {¶ 11} Jenney appealed his conviction to the Ninth District Court of
Appeals, arguing that the trial court had erroneously permitted the city to amend
the traffic citation and that his conviction was not supported by sufficient
evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Jenney argued that
the radar results were not admissible because the city had failed to establish a
proper foundation for admission.       Jenney maintained that without the radar
results, the city had failed to present sufficient evidence of his speed and his
conviction could not stand. The court of appeals held that because Santimarino
could not produce his certificate to operate the radar unit on the day of trial, the
state had not proved that he was qualified to operate the radar unit and the trial




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court had erred in permitting him to testify regarding the radar results.3 Id., ¶ 8.
However, the Ninth District held that the admission of Santimarino’s testimony
regarding the radar results was harmless error because his visual estimation of the
vehicle’s speed was sufficient to support Jenney’s conviction. Id., ¶ 9.
          {¶ 12} We accepted review of Jenney’s discretionary appeal to determine
whether a police officer’s unaided visual estimation of a vehicle’s speed, by itself,
is sufficient to support a conviction for violation of R.C. 4511.21(D). Barberton
v. Jenney, 123 Ohio St.3d 1406, 2009-Ohio-5031, 914 N.E.2d 204. We hold that
a police officer’s unaided visual estimation of a vehicle’s speed is sufficient
evidence to support a conviction for speeding in violation of R.C. 4511.21(D)
without independent verification of the vehicle’s speed if the officer is trained, is
certified by the Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy or a similar organization
that develops and implements training programs to meet the needs of law-
enforcement professionals and the communities they serve, and is experienced in
visually estimating vehicle speed.
                                            Analysis
          {¶ 13} The trial court found appellant guilty of “traveling over the speed
limit.”    Pursuant to R.C. 4511.21(D)(6), “[n]o person shall operate a motor
vehicle * * * upon a street or highway * * * [a]t a speed exceeding the posted
speed limit * * *.” Jenney does not dispute that he was operating a motor vehicle
on a street or highway and that the posted speed limit was 60 miles per hour. The
only element of the offense that Jenney challenges as not supported by sufficient
evidence is the speed at which he was driving.
          {¶ 14} “ ‘ “[S]ufficiency” is a term of art meaning that legal standard
which is applied to determine whether the case may go to the jury or whether the

3. The city did not appeal the Ninth District’s decision that the radar results were inadmissible.
Because the issue is not before us, we do not consider whether Santimarino’s testimony regarding
his training and certification in operating the radar unit was sufficient evidence to prove that he
was qualified to operate the unit.




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evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury verdict as a matter of law.’ ”
State v. Thompkins (1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting
Black’s Law Dictionary (6th Ed.1990) 1433. “In essence, sufficiency is a test of
adequacy. Whether the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a verdict is a
question of law.” Id. In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence,
“ ‘[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” State v.
Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266, 900 N.E.2d 565, ¶ 113, quoting State
v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492, paragraph two of the
syllabus.
       {¶ 15} “Visual observation has long been held a valid means of
determining the speed of a moving vehicle as long as the witness has a reliable
opportunity to view the vehicle.” State v. Harkins (Aug. 5, 1987), 4th Dist. No.
431, 1987 WL 15492, at *3. A majority of the appellate districts that have
considered the issue have held that an officer’s testimony that in his opinion, a
defendant was traveling in excess of the speed limit is sufficient to sustain a
conviction for speeding.   Kirtland Hills v. Logan (11th Dist.1984), 21 Ohio
App.3d 67, 69, 21 OBR 71, 486 N.E.2d 231; State v. Dawson, 5th Dist. No. 03-
COA-061, 2004-Ohio-2324, ¶ 21-23; Cincinnati v. Dowling (1st Dist.1987), 36
Ohio App.3d 198, 199-200, 521 N.E.2d 1140; State v. Gellenbeck, 12th Dist. No.
CA2008-08-030, 2009-Ohio-1731, 2009 WL 975746, ¶ 19-20; Columbus v. Bravi
(Mar. 5, 1991), 10th Dist. No. 90AP-1135, 1991 WL 33095; State v. Wilson (Nov.
20, 1996), 9th Dist. No. 95CA006285, 1996 WL 668993, at *1. In so holding,
many of these courts have considered the testifying officer’s training and
experience visually estimating vehicle speed. Dawson at ¶ 21-23 (noting that the
trooper had received training at the Ohio Highway Patrol Academy on how to
accurately estimate the speed of moving vehicles, had passed the test at the




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                                January Term, 2010




academy, and had been a trooper for four and a half years); Dowling at 199-200
(noting that the officer was trained in visually estimating vehicle speed and had
29 years of experience); Gellenbeck at ¶ 19-20 (noting that the trooper testified
regarding his training to accurately visually estimate vehicle speed); Kirtland
Hills at 69 (noting that the officer’s testimony regarding his visual estimation was
based on his knowledge and expertise).
         {¶ 16} Jenney relies on decisions by the Second, Third, and Eighth
Districts to support his argument that an officer’s visual estimation of a vehicle’s
speed, alone, is insufficient to support a conviction pursuant to R.C. 4511.21(D).
See Middleburg Hts. v. Campbell, 8th Dist. No. 87593, 2006-Ohio-6582, 2006
WL 3630780; State v. Saphire (Dec. 8, 2000), 2d Dist. No. 2000 CA 39, 2000 WL
1803852; State v. Meyers (Dec. 29, 2000), 2d Dist. No. 2000 CA 49, 2000 WL
1879104; State v. Westerbeck (June 19, 1987), 3d Dist. No. 17-86-18, 1987 WL
13063.
         {¶ 17} The Eighth District held that an officer’s visual estimation of a
vehicle’s speed, alone, is insufficient to support a conviction for speeding, stating
that “the mere educated guess of the arresting officer as to the speed of a vehicle
is insufficient to overcome the presumption of innocence and the burden of proof
beyond a reasonable doubt for conviction.” Campbell, 2006-Ohio-6582, ¶ 15.
         {¶ 18} Although Jenney’s reliance on the Eighth District’s decision in
Campbell is sound, his reliance on the Second District’s decisions in Saphire and
Meyers and the Third District’s decision in Westerbeck is misplaced. After its
decisions in Saphire and Meyers, the Second District held that testimony
regarding an officer’s visual estimation of speed, alone, may be sufficient to
support a conviction for speeding upon an adequate showing of the officer’s
training and ability to accurately visually estimate the speed of vehicles. State v.
Konya, 2d Dist. No. 21434, 2006-Ohio-6312, 2006 WL 3462119, ¶ 7-8, 14. In
Konya, the court held that based on the trooper’s 12 years of experience in law



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enforcement and extensive training in visually estimating the speed of vehicles,
along with the fact that he had had an unobstructed view of the vehicle in question
for more than a mile, his testimony was sufficient, in and of itself, to establish the
defendant’s speed. Id. Similarly, the Third District recently explained that its
decision in Westerbeck is limited to cases in which the officer’s testimony is “too
vague and indefinite for a finding of guilt,” stating that courts that have
interpreted Westerbeck as holding that visual-estimation testimony is insufficient
as a matter of law have misconstrued its holding. State v. Harris, 3d Dist. No. 9-
09-03, 2009-Ohio-2616, 2009 WL 1579250, ¶ 13, fn. 3.
       {¶ 19} The Eighth District stands alone in holding that an officer’s visual
estimation of the speed of a vehicle is insufficient to support a finding of guilt,
and we agree with the courts that have found the opposite. Rational triers of fact
could find a police officer’s testimony regarding his unaided visual estimation of
a vehicle’s speed, when supported by evidence that the officer is trained, certified
by OPOTA or a similar organization, and experienced in making such
estimations, sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant’s
speed. Independent verification of the vehicle’s speed is not necessary to support
a conviction for speeding.
       {¶ 20} The officer’s credibility remains an issue for the trier of the facts.
State v. Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266, 900 N.E.2d 565, ¶ 120,
quoting State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 39 O.O.2d 366, 227 N.E.2d
212, paragraph one of the syllabus. “Because the trier of fact sees and hears the
witnesses and is particularly competent to decide ‘whether, and to what extent, to
credit the testimony of particular witnesses,’ we must afford substantial deference
to its determinations of credibility.” Konya, 2006-Ohio-6312, ¶ 6, quoting State
v. Lawson (Aug. 22, 1997), 2d Dist. No. 16288, 1997 WL 476684, *4.
       {¶ 21} At the time of the traffic stop, Santimarino had been employed as a
patrolman with the Copley Police Department for 13 years. He is trained to




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visually estimate vehicle speed to within three to four miles per hour of the
vehicle’s actual speed, he is certified by OPOTA in visually estimating vehicle
speed, and he has performed hundreds of visual estimations since becoming a
police officer in 1995.    Santimarino testified that based on his training and
experience, he visually estimated that Jenney was traveling 70 miles per hour at
the time of the traffic stop. Santimarino’s testimony was sufficient to support
Jenney’s conviction for traveling at a speed above the posted limit in violation of
R.C. 4511.21(D). Further, the trial court found Santimarino’s testimony credible
and based its finding of guilt on the officer’s visual estimation, noting that his
testimony on the estimated speed was his “strongest” testimony.
       {¶ 22} Given     Santimarino’s    training,   OPOTA     certification,   and
experience in visually estimating vehicle speed, his estimation that Jenney was
traveling 70 miles per hour was sufficient to support Jenney’s conviction for
driving over the posted speed limit of 60 miles per hour in violation of R.C.
4511.21(D).
                                   Conclusion
       {¶ 23} A police officer’s unaided visual estimation of a vehicle’s speed is
sufficient evidence to support a conviction for speeding in violation of R.C.
4511.21(D) without independent verification of the vehicle’s speed if the officer
is trained, is certified by the Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy or a similar
organization that develops and implements training programs to meet the needs of
law-enforcement professionals and the communities they serve, and is
experienced in visually estimating vehicle speed. Given Santimarino’s training,
OPOTA certification, and experience in visually estimating vehicle speed, his
estimation that Jenney was traveling at 70 miles per hour was sufficient to support
a conviction for driving over the posted speed limit of 60 miles per hour in
violation of R.C. 4511.21(D). We therefore affirm the judgment of the court of
appeals and uphold Jenney’s conviction and fine.



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                                                                  Judgment affirmed.
       PFEIFER, LUNDBERG STRATTON, LANZINGER, and CUPP, JJ., concur.
       O’DONNELL, J., dissents.
       BROWN, C.J., not participating.
                               __________________
       O’DONNELL, J., dissenting.
       {¶ 24} I respectfully dissent.
       {¶ 25} While a police officer who is trained, certified by the Ohio Peace
Officer Training Academy, and experienced in estimating a vehicle’s speed may,
as any other expert witness, offer an opinion of the speed of a moving vehicle
during testimony in a court proceeding, I do not agree that such testimony per se
is sufficient evidence to support a conviction for speeding.          Like any other
witness, a police officer’s credibility is to be determined by the jury or other fact-
finder. State v. Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266, 900 N.E.2d 565, ¶
120, quoting State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 39 O.O.2d 366, 227
N.E.2d 212, paragraph one of the syllabus (“ ‘[T]he weight to be given the
evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of the facts’
”). In fact, jury instructions given regularly by trial judges advise that a jury is
privileged to believe all, part, or none of the testimony of any witness. See, e.g.,
State v. Group, 98 Ohio St.3d 248, 2002-Ohio-7247, 781 N.E.2d 980, ¶ 120
(citing jury instruction stating that jurors may believe or disbelieve all or any part
of the testimony of any witness).
       {¶ 26} Thus, I would assert that a broad standard as postulated by the
majority that a trained, certified, and experienced officer’s estimate of speed is
sufficient evidence to support a conviction for speeding eclipses the role of the
fact-finder to reject such testimony, and thus such testimony, if found not to be
credible, could, in some instances, be insufficient to support a conviction.
                               __________________




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       Michelle Banbury, City of Barberton Law Department Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
       John Kim, for appellant.
       Richard Cordray, Attorney General, Benjamin C. Mizer, Solicitor General,
and Emily S. Schlesinger, Deputy Solicitor, urging affirmance for amicus curiae,
Ohio Attorney General.
                             __________________




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