                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Benton and Petty
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


KATE ROSE TRENT
                                                               MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v.      Record No. 1777-06-2                                    JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                     APRIL 24, 2007
PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY
 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES


                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY
                              Richard S. Blanton, Judge

                Andrea C. Long (Boone, Beale, Cosby & Long, on brief), for
                appellant.

                Jody Holyst Fariss; Calvin S. Spencer, Jr., Guardian ad litem for the
                minor child1 (Jody Holyst Fariss, P.C.; Harris, Matthews & Crowder,
                P.C., on brief), for appellee.


        Kate Trent appeals the trial court’s decision terminating her parental rights to

her daughter pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(B). On appeal, Trent contends the trial court erred in

terminating her parental rights (1) based upon a finding that the child was abused or neglected when

she was burned by a cigarette; and (2) after the Prince Edward County Department of Social

Services (“PDSS”) failed to provide Trent with additional rehabilitative services once it determined

that the child was injured by a cigarette burn. Because we find no error in the trial court’s rulings,

we affirm.




        *
         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Moreover,
as this opinion has no precedential value, we recite only those facts necessary to our holding.
        1
         Calvin S. Spencer, Jr., as Guardian ad litem for the minor child, filed a joint responsive
brief with appellee.
                                        I. BACKGROUND

       We view the evidence in the “‘light most favorable’ to the prevailing party in the circuit

court and grant to that party the benefit of ‘all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’”

Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 262, 616 S.E.2d 765, 767 (2005)

(quoting Logan v. Fairfax County Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460,

463 (1991)).

       Kate Trent gave birth to the child on August 23, 2002. Cumberland County DSS

(“CDSS”) originally removed the child from Trent’s care on December 25, 2002, after the child

suffered from Shaken Baby Syndrome while Trent’s boyfriend James Clinton was babysitting

her. Following an investigation, Trent agreed to have no contact with James Clinton. CDSS

returned custody of the child to Trent on August 1, 2003, and rehabilitative services were

provided to Trent, including counseling and assistance in obtaining Medicaid and other benefits.

       On September 4, 2003, CDSS officials located Trent and the child with James Clinton in

violation of the court order. The PDSS took the child into foster care where she has remained to

date. Following the child’s removal, Trent continued her involvement with Clinton. On one

occasion, agency workers discovered Trent had taken the child to the jail to see Clinton.

       While the child was in foster care, Trent continued to receive a number of rehabilitative

services to address a broad range of issues. Through the Family Strides Program Trent received

assistance with employment, housing, childcare, child development, and financial resources.

Individual sessions were provided for Trent through the Northwest Center for Family Services to

assist with improved decision-making skills and to address future planning and parenting

matters.

       Following a weekend visitation in August 2005, Trent returned her daughter to daycare with

an injury to the back of her right wrist. A daycare worker immediately noticed the injury and

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notified social services. Trent telephoned social services later that morning and acknowledged that

the child had been under her exclusive care throughout the weekend. Trent explained that the child

injured her wrist when she fell at a family outing and suffered a rug burn.

        Dr. Hussien Al-Shammaa, the child’s pediatrician, examined her later that morning and

determined that a lit cigarette caused her injury. In reaching this conclusion he first relied upon the

characteristics of the wound, which he described as a “small, round lesion, raised and crusted

around the perimeter and deep in the center.” Further, he stressed that no additional abrasions were

apparent outside of the injury site and that the location of the child’s injury is “consistent with

abuse” and inconsistent with a rug burn. He explained that a rug burn is a superficial injury and

would not have the characteristics shown here with a “round, raised crusted perimeter with a deeper

center.” He opined, that to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, the child’s injury was a

third-degree burn resulting from a lit cigarette and was not a rug burn.

        Angie Redford, a nurse employed by Dr. Al-Shammaa, initially examined the child when

she arrived at the physician’s office for her appointment. Nurse Redford described the injury as the

“size and shape of the tip of a cigarette.” She detailed how the injury had a “raised crusted portion

along the outer perimeter and a deeper central portion” that was “raw, red, you almost could see

muscle tone.” The child told Nurse Redford that her mother had burned her with a “cigga” and then

the child took an unlit cigarette and placed it against her wrist to show how her mother had harmed

her.

        Dr. Laurie Shinn, an independent medical examiner and Board Certified Pediatric

Dermatologist, examined the child at Trent’s request, several months after the incident, on

December 22, 2005. During the examination, the child told Dr. Shinn that “her mommy” burned

her and caused the injury. Because of the passage of time, Dr. Shinn could not render an opinion

concerning the cause of the injury; however, she agreed that the location of the injury was

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inconsistent with a rug burn and agreed that it would be “a stretch” to conclude that the injury could

have resulted from a rug burn. Moreover, she testified that the injury described by Dr. Al-Shammaa

was consistent with a cigarette burn.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

          Trent argues that the trial court erred in finding that the child was abused or neglected.

Moreover, she contends that because PDSS failed to provide her with additional services after

the child sustained the injury to her wrist, the trial court erred by terminating her parental rights

to the child under Code § 16.1-283(B).

          “‘The termination of parental rights is a grave, drastic and irreversible action.’” Helen

W. v. Fairfax County Dep’t of Human Dev., 12 Va. App. 877, 883, 407 S.E.2d 25, 28-29 (1991)

(quoting Lowe v. Dep’t of Public Welfare of the City of Richmond, 231 Va. 277, 280, 343

S.E.2d 70, 72 (1986)). However, “[i]t is clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a

lengthy period of time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming

his [or her] responsibilities.” Kaywood v. Halifax County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535,

540, 394 S.E.2d 492, 495 (1990). In deciding what is in the best interests of a child, we have

stated:

                 a court must evaluate and consider many factors, including the age
                 and physical and mental condition of the child or children; the age
                 and physical and mental condition of the parents; the relationship
                 existing between each parent and each child; the needs of the child
                 or children; the role which each parent has played, and will play in
                 the future, in the upbringing and care of the child or children; and
                 such other factors as are necessary in determining the best interests
                 of the child or children.

Barkey v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 662, 668, 347 S.E.2d 188, 191 (1986).

          In determining whether sufficient facts support the trial court’s decision to terminate

Trent’s parental rights under subsection (B), we presume the trial court “‘thoroughly weighed all

the evidence, considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the
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child’s best interests.’” Fields v. Dinwiddie County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 1, 7, 614

S.E.2d 656, 659 (2005) (quoting Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 329, 387 S.E.2d 794, 796

(1990)). “The trial court’s judgment, ‘when based on evidence heard ore tenus, will not be

disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Id. at 8, 614 S.E.2d

at 659 (quoting Logan, 13 Va. App. at 128, 409 S.E.2d at 463).

        Under Code § 16.1-283(B), the parent of an abused or neglected child may have his or her

parental rights terminated if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in

the best interests of the child and that:

                1. The neglect or abuse suffered by such child presented a serious
                and substantial threat to his life, health or development; and

                2. It is not reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted in
                such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or eliminated
                so as to allow the child’s safe return to his parent or parents within
                a reasonable period of time. In making this determination, the
                court shall take into consideration the efforts made to rehabilitate
                the parent or parents by any public or private social, medical,
                mental health or other rehabilitative agencies prior to the child’s
                initial placement in foster care.

        In the case before us, the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that termination

of Trent’s parental rights is in the child’s best interests. At the time of the termination hearing,

the child was forty-six months old and had spent forty-one of those forty-six months in foster

care. At four months of age, the child suffered from Shaken Baby Syndrome and was first

removed from Trent’s care. She was returned to Trent on the condition that Trent would have no

contact with Clinton. Seven months later in September 2003, social workers discovered Trent

and the child with Clinton. Trent’s actions resulted in yet another foster care placement for the

child. Despite the child’s removal, Trent maintained contact with Clinton and even took her to

the jail to visit Clinton while he was incarcerated. Later, Trent misled social workers about her

visit to the jail to see Clinton.

                                                 -5-
       Following a weekend visitation in 2005, Trent returned her daughter with a third-degree

burn, inflicted during the visitation period. Despite the provision of rehabilitative services over

an extended period of months and ample time for Trent to demonstrate that she is capable of

resuming responsibility in caring for the child, she has failed to do so. As we have observed,

“‘past actions and relationships over a meaningful period serve as good indicators of what the

future may be expected to hold.’” Winfield v. Urquhart, 25 Va. App. 688, 695-96, 492 S.E.2d

464, 467 (1997) (quoting Linkous v. Kingery, 10 Va. App. 45, 46, 390 S.E.2d 188, 194 (1990)).

       Trent’s actions provided the trial court with clear and convincing evidence that the

“neglect or abuse” suffered by the child “presented a serious and substantial threat” to her life,

health or development and made it “not reasonably likely” that the conditions which resulted in

such neglect or abuse could be substantially corrected or eliminated so as to allow the child’s

safe return to Trent within “a reasonable period of time.” Code § 16.1-283(B). With the

evidence presented, the trial court reasonably concluded that the child’s best interests would be

served by the entry of the parental termination order.

       Lastly, we address Trent’s claim that the trial court erred in terminating her parental

rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) because PDSS failed to provide her with additional

rehabilitative services. The record demonstrates that over an extended period of time, Trent

received numerous rehabilitative services tailored to remedy apparent deficiencies in Trent’s

parenting skills and decision-making abilities. These services included individual counseling

sessions. Additionally, practical resources were made available to Trent to assist with housing,

employment and future planning issues.

       Moreover, “[n]othing in Code § 16.1-283 or the larger statutory scheme,” requires that

rehabilitative services “be provided in all cases as a prerequisite to termination under subsection

B.” Toms, 46 Va. App. at 268, 616 S.E.2d at 771. Further, subsection (B)(2) “does not create

                                                -6-
specific timeframes” within which rehabilitative services must be provided to a parent, “nor does

it mandate that a public or private agency provide any services to a parent after the child enters

foster care.” Id. at 269, 616 S.E.2d at 771 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Therefore, Trent was not entitled to receive additional services, and the trial court was only

required to consider “whether rehabilitation services, if any, have been provided to a parent.” Id.

at 268, 616 S.E.2d at 771. In the case before us, the record supports the trial court’s compliance

with the statutory obligation.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       Because sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact and no error of law

undermines its judgment, we affirm the trial court’s order terminating Trent’s parental rights

under Code § 16.1-283(B).


                                                                       Affirmed.




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