[Cite as Resco Holdings, L.C.C. v. AIU Insurance Co., 2018-Ohio-2844.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                  EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA



                                 JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                         No. 106234



                                     RESCO HOLDINGS, L.L.C.

                                                          PLAINTIFF

                                                    vs.

                                   AIU INSURANCE CO., ET AL.

                                                          DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES

                         [Appeal by National Union Fire Insurance Company
                              of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Appellant]



                                             JUDGMENT:
                                              AFFIRMED



                                       Civil Appeal from the
                              Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                     Case No. CV-07-637166


        BEFORE: E.T. Gallagher, J., E.A. Gallagher, A.J., and Keough, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 19, 2018
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Daniel J. Lynn
Donald C. Brown
Timothy R. Dingilian
Jackson & Campbell, P.C.
One Lafayette Centre, 300 South Tower
1120 20th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036

Stephen W. Funk
Ronald B. Lee
Roetzel & Andress, L.P.A.
One Cleveland Center, 10th Floor
1375 East Ninth Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44114

Arthur M. Kaufman
Kaufman, Drozdowski & Grendell, L.L.C.
29525 Chagrin Blvd.
Pepper Pike, Ohio 44122

Richard C.O. Rezie
Alton L. Stephens
Gallagher Sharp, L.L.C.
1501 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115

Kevin M. Young
Tucker Ellis, L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

For Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company

Michael C. Brink
Kevin M. Young
Tucker Ellis, L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

Michele L. Backus
1133 Connecticut Avenue
Washington, DC 20036

Edward B. Parks, II
James P. Ruggeri
Shipman & Goodwin, L.L.P.
1875 K. Street, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20006

Arthur M. Kaufman
Kaufman, Drozdowski & Grendell, L.L.C.
29525 Chagrin Blvd., Suite 250
Pepper Pike, Ohio 44122

Keven Drummond Eiber
5903 Grafton Road
Valley City, Ohio 44280

Richard C.O. Rezie
Gallagher Sharp, L.L.C.
1501 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES (Continued)

For AIU Insurance Company

Daniel J. Lynn
Donald C. Brown
Timothy R. Dingilian
Jackson & Campbell, P.C.
One Lafayette Centre, 300 South Tower
1120 20th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036

Ronald B. Lee
Roetzel & Andress, L.P.A.
222 South Main Street, Suite 400
Akron, Ohio 44308

For Employers Insurance Company of Wausau

Eric E. Caugh
Rolf E. Gilbertson
Patricia St. Peter
Zelle Hofmann Voelbel & Mason, L.L.P.
500 Washington Avenue South, Suite 4000
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415

Thomas S. Mazanec
Terry Williams
Mazanec, Raskin & Rider Co., L.P.A.
100 Franklin’s Row
34305 Solon Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44139

Kevin M. Young
Tucker Ellis, L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES (Continued)

For First State Insurance Company

Edward B. Parks, II
James P. Ruggeri
Shipman & Goodwin, L.L.P.
1875 K. Street, N.W., Suite 600
Washington, DC 20006

Michael C. Brink
Kevin M. Young
Tucker Ellis, L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

Michele L. Backus
1133 Connecticut Avenue
Washington, DC 20036

Keven Drummond Eiber
5903 Grafton Road
Valley City, Ohio 44280

For Nationwide Indemnity Company

Kaisa Adams
Christopher R. Paar
Rolf E. Gilbertson
Patricia St. Peter
Eric E. Caugh
Zelle Hofmann Voelbel & Mason, L.L.P.
500 Washington Avenue South, Suite 4000
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415

Thomas S. Mazanec
Mazanec, Raskin & Rider Co., L.P.A.
100 Franklin’s Row
34305 Solon Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44139

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES (Continued)

For St. Paul Surplus Lines Insurance Company

Arthur M. Kaufman
Kaufman, Drozdowski & Grendell, L.L.C.
29525 Chagrin Blvd., Suite 250
Pepper Pike, Ohio 44122

Kevin M. Young
Tucker Ellis, L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

Terry Williams
Mazanec, Raskin & Rider Co., L.P.A.
100 Franklin’s Row
34305 Solon Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44139

Stephen P. Brown
Charles W. Browning
Maryanne B. Foster
Patrick E. Winters
Plunkett & Cooney, P.C.
38505 Woodward Avenue, Suite 2000
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48304

For Travelers Casualty & Surety Company

Henry G. Grendell
Kaufman, Drozdowski & Grendell, L.L.C.
29525 Chagrin Blvd., Suite 250
Pepper Pike, Ohio 44122

Terry Williams
Mazanec, Raskin & Rider Co., L.P.A.
100 Franklin’s Row
34305 Solon Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44139
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES (Continued)

For Travelers Casualty & Surety Company (Continued)

Patrick E. Winters
Maryanne B. Foster
Charles W. Browning
Stephen P. Brown
Plunkett & Cooney, P.C.
38505 Woodward Avenue, Suite 2000
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48304

Arthur M. Kaufman
29525 Chagrin Blvd.
Pepper Pike, Ohio 44122

For Travelers Indemnity Company

Arthur M. Kaufman
29525 Chagrin Blvd.
Pepper Pike, Ohio 44122

Kevin M. Young
Tucker Ellis, L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

Terry Williams
Mazanec, Raskin & Rider Co., L.P.A.
100 Franklin’s Row
34305 Solon Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44139

Maryanne B. Foster
Charles W. Browning
Stephen P. Brown
Patrick E. Winters
Plunkett & Cooney, P.C.
38505 Woodward Avenue, Suite 2000
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48304
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES (Continued)

For Twin City Fire Insurance Company

James P. Ruggeri
Edward B. Parks, II
Shipman & Goodwin, L.L.P.
1875 K. Street, N.W., Suite 600
Washington, DC 20006

Keven Drummond Eiber
5903 Grafton Road
Valley City, Ohio 44280

Michele L. Backus
1133 Connecticut Avenue
Washington, DC 20036

Eric Weiss
Cavitch, Familo & Durkin Co., L.P.A.
1300 East Ninth Street, 20th Floor
Cleveland, Ohio 44114

Kevin M. Young
Michael C. Brink
Tucker Ellis, L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

For Lexington Insurance Company,
Granite State Insurance Company,
Landmark Insurance Company and
American Home Assurance Company

Ronald B. Lee
Roetzel & Andress, L.P.A.
222 South Main Street, Suite 400
Akron, Ohio 44308


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES (Continued)
For Lexington Insurance Company,
Granite State Insurance Company,
Landmark Insurance Company and
American Home Assurance Company (Continued)

Daniel J. Lynn
Donald C. Brown
Timothy R. Dingilian
Jackson & Campbell, P.C.
One Lafayette Centre, 300 South Tower
1120 20th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036




EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:

      {¶1} Defendant-appellant, National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh

(“National Union”), appeals a judgment that determined its equitable share of the costs of
defending and indemnifying its insured, Rust Engineering Company (“Rust”), against thousands

of asbestos-related bodily injury claims. National Union claims the following four assignments

of error:

        1. The trial court erred by not applying the pro rata methodology in determining
        the merits of the equitable contribution claims.

        2. The trial court erred in ruling that Hartford was entitled to equitable
        contribution, even though Hartford did not pay more than its fair share of the
        liability.

        3. The trial court erred in ruling that National Union owed equitable contribution
        to Wausau and Hartford jointly, instead of determining the amount of damages
        individually based upon the amount that each insurer paid in excess of its fair
        share.

        4. The trial court erred in awarding an undefined amount of “interest” for past
        defense and indemnity costs.

        {¶2} We find no merit to the appeal and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                               I. Facts and Procedural History

        {¶3} Rust was a large construction and engineering firm that designed and built industrial

facilities for a variety of clients including steel, tire, and chemical manufacturers, paper

producers, and power plants. Asbestos-containing products were used in the construction, repair,

and rebuilding of these industrial facilities over the course of several decades. Consequently,

over 71,000 claims for asbestos-related bodily injuries were filed against Rust since 1995. The

claimants alleged they were exposed to asbestos at various work sites while Rust was conducting

operations.

        {¶4} Rust obtained primary insurance from several insurance companies, including

Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company (“Hartford”), Employers Insurance Company of

Wausau (“Wausau”), Travelers Casualty and Surety Company (“Travelers”), Continental
Insurance Company (“Continental”), National Union, and a few other carriers that are now

insolvent.   With the exception of the Continental policy, which contained unique provisions

reducing its exposure, all of the primary policies issued to Rust or its corporate parents contained

substantially similar language and were functionally equivalent. Under the policies, the insurers

promised to pay all sums Rust is legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury

caused by an occurrence during the policy period.

       {¶5} Rust filed a complaint for declaratory judgment against Hartford, Wausau,

Travelers, Continental, National Union, and certain excess carriers in September 2007, seeking

coverage for the thousands of underlying asbestos-related bodily injury claims. The primary

insurance carriers filed cross-claims against each other for contribution. By stipulation of the

parties, the trial court stayed the cross-claims pending adjudication of Rust’s claims against the

insurers.

       {¶6} In 2010, Rust filed a motion for summary judgment against four of the five insurers,

seeking a declaration on the trigger of coverage to be applied in determining coverage under

successive insurance policies, the allocation methodology to be used, and that the insurers

breached their duty to defend Rust. Rust did not move for summary judgment against National

Union because the policies it issued to Rust were subject to certain indemnity agreements that

required Rust to repay any money that National Union either pays or “shall become liable to pay”

under its insurance policies.

       {¶7} The trial court ruled that the Hartford, Travelers, Continental, and Wausau policies

provided coverage for the asbestos-related bodily injury claims brought against Rust, and the

parties were left to determine the amounts each insurer was required to contribute to the

aggregate cost of those claims. Hartford, Wausau, Travelers, and Continental (“the Contribution
Plaintiffs”) ultimately entered into a settlement agreement with Rust (the “2012 settlement

agreement”).    The Contribution Plaintiffs agreed to pay over $35 million to cover Rust’s

unreimbursed costs that were incurred before January 1, 2012, and to pay a certain percentage of

Rust’s future costs for asbestos-bodily-injury claims up to a capped limit according to the

following percentages:

       Hartford               31.41 percent

       Wausau                 35.98 percent

       Travelers              15.98 percent

       Continental    6.63 percent

In exchange for compensation, Rust dismissed any and all claims against Hartford, Wausau,

Travelers, and Continental, including bad faith claims.

       {¶8} After reaching a settlement with Hartford, Wausau, Travelers, and Continental, Rust

dismissed its claims against National Union without prejudice. Nevertheless, Wausau, Hartford,

Travelers, and Continental continued to litigate their cross-claims for equitable contribution

against National Union, and the parties later filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the

issue. The trial court denied the motions and scheduled a bench trial.

       {¶9} In the meanwhile, Continental settled its equitable contribution claims against

National Union. Travelers also settled many of its claims against National Union, but remained

in the case with respect to costs incurred after January 1, 2017. Consequently, only the equitable

contribution claims of Hartford and Wausau (collectively “appellees”) against National Union

and the remaining claims of Travelers were subject to the bench trial. Ultimately, the trial court

determined National Union’s share of liability for the underlying asbestos claims brought against

Rust according to the percentages used in the Contribution Plaintiffs’ 2012 settlement agreement.
 Specifically, the trial court determined that National Union’s share of the liability was equal to

that of Travelers because they each provided two years of coverage during a similar period of

time in the 1980s. National Union now appeals this determination.

                                     II. Law and Analysis

       {¶10} In this appeal, we are asked to decide whether the trial court properly determined

National Union’s share of the liability for Rust’s underlying bodily injury claims. Thus, we are

reviewing the propriety of the trial court judgment against National Union on appellees’

equitable contribution claims.

       {¶11} Contribution is an insurer’s right to recover amounts paid in excess of its fair share

of an obligation shared by other insurers. Travelers Indem. Co. v. Trowbridge, 41 Ohio St.2d

11, 321 N.E.2d 787 (1975), paragraph two of the syllabus, overruled on other grounds, Motorists

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Huron Rd. Hosp., 73 Ohio St.3d 391, 653 N.E.2d 235 (1995). It is an equitable

doctrine that “‘rests upon the broad principle of justice, that where one has discharged a debt or

obligation which others were equally bound with him to discharge, and thus removed a common

burden, the others who have received a benefit ought in conscience to refund to him a ratable

portion.’” Pennsylvania Gen. Ins. Co. v. Park-Ohio Industries Inc., 179 Ohio App.3d 385,

2008-Ohio-5991, 902 N.E.2d 53 ¶ 21 (8th Dist.), quoting Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co. v. Walker,

45 Ohio St. 577, 588, 16 N.E. 475 (1988).

       {¶12} We apply the doctrine of contribution liberally since it is based on broad principles

of equity. Id. A trial court’s application of equitable principles is discretionary and dependent

upon the facts of the case. KeyBank, N.A. v. MRN L.P., 193 Ohio App.3d 42, 2011-Ohio-1934,

952 N.E.2d 532, ¶ 32 (8th Dist.). We therefore will not disturb a trial court’s exercise of its

equity discretion absent an abuse of discretion. Id. at ¶ 44.
       {¶13} An abuse of discretion implies a decision that is unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable. State ex rel. DiFranco v. S. Euclid, 144 Ohio St.3d 571, 2015-Ohio-4915, 45

N.E.3d 987, ¶ 13. An abuse of discretion may also be found when the trial court “applies the

wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous

findings of fact.” Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720, 892 N.E.2d

454, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.).

                     A. Standard for Determining Shares of Contribution

       {¶14} In the first assignment of error, National Union argues the trial court erred when it

based its amount of contribution on percentages outlined in the 2012 settlement agreement

between Rust and the Contribution Plaintiffs. National Union contends the court should have

applied a pro rata, time-on-risk standard for determining its share of the liability instead of the

contractual percentages in the 2012 settlement agreement.

       {¶15} There are two accepted methods for allocating coverage among multiple insurers.

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 512, 2002-Ohio-2842, 769

N.E.2d 835, ¶ 6. In Goodyear, the Ohio Supreme Court was asked to decide whether Ohio law

requires the use of the “all-sums” approach (joint and several liability) or the pro rata approach

(time-on-risk) when allocating insurance coverage for progressive injuries among multiple

insurers. The all-sums approach allows the insured “to seek full coverage for its claims from any

single policy, up to that policy’s coverage limits, out of the group of policies that has been

triggered.” Id. at ¶ 6. The insured selects one insurer (the “targeted insurer”) from which it

may obtain a defense and indemnification up to the insurer’s policy limits. Pennsylvania Gen.

Ins. Co. at ¶ 11. The targeted insurer then has the right to seek contribution from the other

insurers (the “nontargeted insurers”). Id.
       {¶16} In contrast to the “all-sums” approach, the pro rata approach to allocation requires

an insurer to pay “only a portion of a claim based on the duration of the occurrence during its

policy period in relation to the entire duration of the occurrence.” Id. Under this formula,

liability is proportionally allocated to each insurer according to the time each was on the risk.

See, e.g., Domtar, Inc. v. Niagara Fire Ins. Co., 563 N.W.2d 724, 732 (Minn.1997).

       {¶17} The Ohio Supreme Court adopted the “all-sums” approach rather than the pro rata

approach to the allocation of insurance coverage in Ohio. Goodyear at ¶ 11. In Goodyear, the

court reasoned that since the insured expected complete security from each policy it purchased,

“the insured is entitled to secure coverage from a single policy of its choice that covers ‘all sums’

incurred as damages ‘during the policy period,’ subject to that policy’s limits of coverage.” Id.

Consequently, the targeted insurer(s) rather than the insured bears the burden of obtaining

contribution from other applicable primary insurance carriers. Id. The court explained that the

“all-sums” approach “promotes economy for the insured while still permitting insurers to seek

contribution from other responsible parties when possible.” Id.

       {¶18} A court does not determine the extent of the targeted insurer’s right of contribution

from another insurer pursuant to any “fixed rule.” Pennsylvania Gen., 179 Ohio App.3d 385,

2008-Ohio-5991, 902 N.E.2d 53, at ¶ 21, citing Tiffin v. Shawhan, 43 Ohio St. 178, 1 N.E. 581

(1885), paragraph one of the syllabus.          While the amount of contribution is “usually

proportionate,” the actual award will depend on the particular facts and equitable considerations

of the case.    Id. Therefore, because Ohio applies the “all sums” approach for allocating

insurance coverage, the trial court was not required to apply a strict pro rata, time-on-risk

standard for apportioning National Union’s share of the coverage liability.
       {¶19} The trial court based National Union’s share of liability on the same share allocated

to Travelers in the 2012 settlement agreement. National Union argues the trial court abused its

discretion by arbitrarily imposing on it the amount Travelers agreed to pay in the settlement

agreement because National Union was not a party to the settlement agreement and therefore did

not have an opportunity to negotiate its share. National Union also contends that Travelers

agreed to pay more than its fair share in the 2012 settlement agreement in order to obtain a

release of Rust’s bad faith claims against it. Therefore, National Union asserts, the amount

Travelers agreed to pay bears no relationship to any known pro rata methodology and should not

have been imposed on National Union.

       {¶20} National Union further argues that even though Ohio utilizes the “all sums”

approach to allocating contribution, the trial court should have determined its share of the

liability according to a strict pro rata, time-on-risk standard or methodology. It claims its share

of liability should be based solely on the total amount of time its policies provided coverage in

relation to the total amount of time provided by all the primary policies.

       {¶21} Hartford and Wausau assumed a significantly larger period of time on the risk than

the other three carriers. Hartford issued 14 policies between 1941 and 1962 for a total of 15

years of coverage, and Wausau issued 7 policies between 1962 and 1972 for a total of nine years

coverage. Continental only issued one primary policy to Rust’s corporate parent between 1983

and 1986, for a total of three years of coverage. And, as previously stated, the Continental

policy contained some unique provisions that limited its exposure. Travelers issued two policies

between 1981 and 1983 for a total of two years of coverage. Like Travelers, National Union

only issued two policies that provided two years of coverage between 1986 and 1988.
Therefore, National Union argues, the trial court should have determined its share of the liability

according to a strict mathematical calculation based on its time on the risk.

         {¶22} However, such strict time-on-risk calculations do not take into consideration when

the coverage was “triggered” and thus are not the most equitable method for allocating liability

for asbestos-related bodily injury claims in all cases. The trial court adopted the “continuous

trigger” theory for determining when coverage is “triggered” under the relevant insurance

policies in its 2012 ruling on Rust’s motion to partial summary judgment. (Order and Opinion

Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Issues of Trigger and Scope of Coverage

dated Feb. 2, 2012.)

         {¶23} According to the “continuous trigger” theory, each and every policy in effect “(1) at

the time of initial exposure, (2) during any subsequent period of continuing exposure, or (3) at

the time of the physical manifestation of the harm or damage would be forced to respond” to the

claim for coverage. Gregory A. Goodman, Note: Insurance Triggers as Judicial Gatekeepers in

Toxic Mold Litigation, 57 Vand.L.Rev. 241, 267 (2004).            Thus, as the trial court found,

exposure to asbestos triggers every policy in effect from the date of first exposure until the end of

the “coverage block.” (Order and Opinion Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment

on Issues of Trigger and Scope of Coverage dated Feb. 2, 2012 at 18-21.)

         {¶24} Many of the over 71,000 asbestos claimants alleged no exposure until the 1960s or

1970s.    Therefore, these claims did not trigger the earlier policies issued by Hartford and

Wausau. A policy is triggered by a claimant’s date of first exposure (“DOFE”). Because

asbestos claims involve “continuous injury,” virtually all the claims trigger the later policies.

Consequently, not all policies have the same exposure; the earlier policies are less exposed than

later policies. Although Hartford issued the largest number of policies over the longest period of
years, it issued its policies between 1941 and 1962. Therefore, its exposure to claims relative to

its time-on-risk is less than the exposure of later policies that accumulated all the claims that

were triggered earlier.

           {¶25} The trial court recognized that the parties’ settlement agreement considered these

factors:

           The Defending Insurers and Rust did not agree to a straight pro rata allocation in
           the Settlement Agreement. Rather, the Defending Insurers and Rust agreed to
           percentages for the Defending Insurers that reflect: the Defending Insurers’
           policies, the time periods each insurer insured Rust, and the fact that the average
           DOFE continues to move later in time (commonly called the “march forward”
           effect) because the population of claimants with first exposure in earlier years is
           diminishing over time. Day 1 [4/25/17] Tr. at 64:9-65:23. To account for these
           factors, the Defending Insurers and Rust agreed that the Defending Insurers with
           policies in the earlier years would pay a smaller share and that the Defending
           Insurers with policies in later years would pay a larger share. * * * The Court
           finds that the settlement agreement is more representative of real-world
           circumstances than a pure pro-rata-by-time-on-risk allocation.

(Aug. 23, 2017 Judgment Entry at ¶ 126.)

           {¶26} As previously stated, National Union argues the trial court erred in determining that

National Union’s fair share is the same as the share Travelers agreed to pay under the 2012

settlement agreement. National Union also argues the trial court “effectively forced National

Union to become a party to a settlement agreement without National Union’s consent.”

However, National Union has not been made a party to the settlement agreement since it has no

rights or liabilities under the agreement, which it can neither breach nor enforce. Rather, the

trial court adopted the reasoning applied by the parties to the settlement agreement in reaching

the percentages of contribution owed by each insurer.

           {¶27} Indeed, National Union’s exposure was comparable to Travelers’ exposure. As

previously stated, their policies contained substantially similar language and were functionally
the same. Travelers and National Union were similarly situated because they each issued two

years of coverage in the 1980s. The only difference between the policies is that Travelers

provided coverage from 1981 to 1983, and National Union provided coverage from 1986 to

1988. And since asbestos-related claims trigger later policies more than earlier policies, the

National Union policies had at least equal, if not greater, exposure than the Travelers policies.

Therefore, the trial court’s decision to equate the Travelers policies with the National Union

policies was reasonable under the circumstances.

       {¶28} National Union nevertheless argues that Travelers paid more than its fair share in

order to obtain certain benefits, including a release of Rust’s bad faith claims against it. Thus,

National Union disputes the trial court’s factual finding that National Union’s exposure was

substantially similar to Travelers’ exposure.      However, as previously stated, Travelers and

National Union each issued two policies providing coverage for two years during the 1980s.

Therefore, their positions are similar, except for the fact that National Union’s policies were

issued after the Travelers’ policies.

       {¶29} Furthermore, National Union’s claim that Travelers agreed to pay more than its fair

share in order to obtain certain benefits is purely speculative.      There is no evidence that

Travelers paid more than it owed under its policies. And as the trial court observed, the purpose

of the settlement agreement was not to change how much any insurer was obligated to pay, “but

to streamline the claims-paying process so that the Defending Insurers could pay a fixed amount

of total costs rather than calculate the share it would owe on a claim-by-claim basis for each of

the more than 70,000 Asbestos suits individually.” (Aug. 23, 2017 Judgment Entry at ¶ 50.)

       {¶30} Because determining the actual shares of liability on a claim-by-claim basis would

be time consuming and expensive, the 2012 settlement agreement was a cost-effective solution
for everyone. Based on the evidence adduced at trial, the trial court found that the 2012

settlement agreement was negotiated in good faith and at arm’s-length. And since National

Union’s position was substantially similar to Travelers, it was reasonable for the trial court to

conclude that National Union’s share of liability was the same as Travelers.

       {¶31} Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.

                                         B. Joint Claims

       {¶32} In the second assignment of error, National Union argues the trial court erred in

concluding that Hartford was entitled to equitable contribution even though Hartford failed to

prove that it paid more than its fair share. It claims that Hartford’s equitable contribution claim

against National Union is barred because Hartford only paid 31.41 percent of the liability, and its

pro rata time-on-risk share is 49 percent.

       {¶33} In the third assignment of error, National Union argues the trial court erred in

ruling that it owed equitable contribution to Hartford and Wausau jointly, instead of determining

the amount of damages individually based on the amount that each insurer paid in excess of its

fair share.    National Union further asserts that although Wausau overpaid its share of the

liability, National Union should not be responsible for the full amount of Wausau’s overpayment

because National Union only owes a small percentage under an individualized pro rata

calculation.

       {¶34} In both the second and third assigned errors, National Union argues the trial court’s

judgment should be reversed because it failed to determine Hartford and Wausau’s shares of

liability individually based upon the amount each insurer paid in excess of its fair share. By the

same token, National Union asserts the trial court’s judgment should be reversed because it
erroneously allowed Hartford and Wausau to seek contribution from National Union jointly,

rather than individually.

       {¶35} The trial court found that Hartford and Wausau, together, paid more than their

collective fair share. This conclusion is reasonable since National Union contributed nothing

toward its share of the liability and has therefore paid less than its fair share. And since Hartford

and Wausau collectively paid more than their fair share, the court concluded they could jointly

seek contribution from National Union to pay its fair share.

       {¶36} Whether two or more insurers may jointly seek contribution from another insurer is

not established in case law. Just as there are no cases expressly authorizing joint prosecution of

equitable contribution claims, there are no cases prohibiting them. Virtually all cases involving

equitable contribution among insurers concern a single insurer that paid a claim and sought

contribution from one or more nonpaying insurers. See, e.g., Pennsylvania Gen., 179 Ohio

App.3d 385, 2008-Ohio-5991, 902 N.E.2d 53.

       {¶37} Nevertheless, Ohio law allows plaintiffs to pursue claims jointly, and joint awards

have been granted. For example, in Sivit v. Village Green of Beechwood, L.P., 2016-Ohio-2940,

65 N.E.3d 163 (8th Dist.), insurers and tenants of an apartment complex damaged in a fire sued a

property management company alleging its negligence caused the fire. The ten plaintiffs sought

compensatory and punitive damages. After awarding compensatory damages in a bifurcated

trial, the jury awarded the plaintiffs a lump sum of $2,000,000 in punitive damages. Id. at ¶ 7.

Although the award gave rise to complications under the punitive damages statute that are not

relevant here, the case illustrates that plaintiffs as a group may seek and obtain damages in a

lump sum. Moreover, the court in Sivit observed:
        The [plaintiffs] do not dispute that the individual plaintiffs could have entered into
        an agreement specifying how any punitive damages award they received was to be
        allocated among them, and that, if such an agreement had been made, the trial
        court could have enforced that agreement and ordered the allocation and
        distribution of the punitive damages award consistent with that agreement.

Id. at ¶ 43.

        {¶38} The trial court in this case made a similar observation:

        The Contribution Insurers are seeking contribution together — that is, they are
        jointly seeking to compel National Union to pay its fair share. They are not
        asking the Court to allocate National Union’s contribution between them, and the
        Court sees no reason to intrude unasked into their relations.

(Aug. 23, 2017 Judgment Entry at ¶ 115.) Since there is no law prohibiting the court from

allowing multiple insurers from jointly prosecuting a combined equitable contribution claim, we

find no error in the court’s decision to allow Hartford and Wausau to jointly seek contribution

from National Union.

        {¶39} National Union nevertheless argues the trial court’s judgment should be reversed

because Hartford failed to prove that it paid more than its fair share and is therefore not entitled

to any contribution. However, National Union does not dispute that Hartford and Wausau

collectively overpaid their share of the liability. Indeed, National Union suggests that Wausau

likely overpaid its share. Yet National Union has not contributed anything toward its share of

the liability. Therefore, National Union cannot deny that it has not paid its fair share. And

since Hartford and Wausau may prosecute contribution from National Union jointly, their

collective share is relevant, and Hartford’s individual share is not.

        {¶40} Moreover, allowing Hartford and Wausau to assert their claim jointly did not

prejudice National Union.      As previously stated, the trial court reasonably determined the

amount of National Union’s share of the collective liability according to the amount Travelers
agreed to pay under the 2012 settlement agreement because the two carriers were similarly

situated.

        {¶41} National Union would like us to remand the case to the trial court for a strict pro

rata calculation of each insurer’s share of liability. However, as previously stated, equity does

not require the strict application of any fixed rule. Pennsylvania Gen., 179 Ohio App.3d 385,

2008-Ohio-5991, 902 N.E.2d 53, at ¶ 21, citing Shawhan, 43 Ohio St. 178, 1 N.E. 581, paragraph

one of the syllabus. Rather, equity gives the court flexibility to reach a just result depending

upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Id. Furthermore, we will not disturb a trial

court’s exercise of its equity discretion absent an abuse of discretion. KeyBank, 193 Ohio

App.3d 42, 2011-Ohio-1934, 952 N.E.2d 532, ¶ 44. We find no abuse of discretion in the trial

court’s decision to allow Hartford and Wausau to jointly prosecute their equitable contribution

claims against National Union.

        {¶42} The second and third assignments of error are overruled.

                                    C. Prejudgment Interest

        {¶43} In the fourth assignment of error, National Union argues the trial court erred in

awarding an undefined amount of “interest” for past defense and indemnity costs. National

Union concedes that if the order to pay interest refers to postjudgment interest, then the order is

not reversible because R.C. 1343.03 provides for the accrual of postjudgment interest on a final

judgment that has been awarded on any claim. If, however, the order to pay interest refers to

prejudgment interest, then the award of interest is reversible error because neither Hartford nor

Wausau are entitled to prejudgment interest since the trial court never made a determination as to

when any amount of National Union’s contribution became due and payable.

        {¶44} The trial court’s judgment states, in relevant part:
       Accordingly, for past costs incurred in the defense and indemnity of Asbestos
       Suits through November 2016, National Union is ordered to pay Hartford and
       Wausau 13.57 percent of $25,957,713.80 or $3,522,461.76 plus interest.

Notably, the trial court’s judgment does not mention the word “prejudgment interest”; it simply

orders “interest.” We also note that neither Hartford nor Wausau filed a motion asking for

prejudgment interest.

       {¶45} Prejudgment interest is a creature of statute and is only awarded in certain cases.

For example, R.C. 2743.18 authorizes an award of prejudgment interest in cases involving state

liability. R.C. 1343.03 authorizes an award of prejudgment interest for breach of contract and in

tort cases where a defendant fails to negotiate in good faith. Since it is undisputed that National

Union was not a party to any contract with either Hartford or Wausau, R.C. 1343.03(A), which

authorizes prejudgment interest for breach of contract, is inapplicable. And even if there were

contractual liability, the court could not legally award prejudgment interest without determining

the date on which the interest was to run, which is based on when National Union’s share of the

contribution became due and payable. R.C. 1343.03(A); Gates v. Praul, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

10AP-784, 2011-Ohio-6230, ¶ 61.

       {¶46} An argument could be made that National Union should pay prejudgment interest

under R.C. 1343.03(C) because it failed to negotiate a settlement in good faith. It could also be

argued that R.C. 1343.03(C), which applies to judgments awarded for damages caused by

tortious conduct, is inapplicable because Hartford and Wausau’s claims are based in equity rather

than tort.   But even if Hartford and Wausau could seek prejudgment interest under R.C.

1343.03(C), the trial court would have had to make certain factual findings before it could award

prejudgment interest, such as the applicable interest rate and the date on which the prejudgment
interest was to be calculated. Moreover, the court would have had to find that National Union

failed to negotiate in good faith. R.C. 1343.03(C)(1).

       {¶47} As previously stated, the trial court’s judgment simply awards a specified amount

of damages “plus interest.” The judgment entry does not provide any indication that the trial

court intended to award prejudgment interest and the court made none of the required findings to

sustain an award of prejudgment interest.         The judgment entry therefore provides for

postjudgment interest rather than prejudgment interest.

       {¶48} Accordingly, the fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶49} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court to carry this

judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.



EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, A.J., and
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR
