Opinion filed January 31, 2013

 

(Eleventh Qlinurt of Qppealz

N0. 1 1-1 l-OOQZO-CR

SILAS BAILEY, Appellant
V.

STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
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On Appeal from the 82114;! District Court
Falls County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 8397-2

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MEMORANDUM OPINION

Silas Bailey appeals his conviction for aggravated sexual assault of an elderly person.
After a trial? the jury assessed punishment at conﬁnement for seventy years and a $105000 ﬁne,
and the trial court sentenced him accordingly. In two issues on appeal; appellant complains that
the evidence is legally insufﬁcient to prove the speciﬁcally alleged mower and means of the
commission of the offense and that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to quash the
indictment for pro—indictment delay. We afﬁrm the trial courts judgment.

Background
In, July 1999, ofﬁcers responded to a burglary in progress and found SS—E’eareold Laura

Contella standing in her front yards Costello told a police ofﬁcer that a short, black male

wearing shorts had approached her front door and asked for a glass of water. She told him that
her water had been turned off and that she had no water. Shortly thereafter, the man returned and
broke into her house. After pulling off his shorts and trying to force himself on her, she began
hitting the man with her cane and warned that she had already called police. The suspect fled.

A paramedic testiﬁed that, during the forty—minute ride to the hospital, Contella
repeatedly said, “Oh my God. He raped me. He attacked me.” Once at the hospital, Contella
complained of sexual assault as well as an injured wrist, bruised hip, and four broken ribs. A
nurse who conducted the sexual assault examination found tears and bruising inside the genitalia
and testiﬁed that this was consistent with penetration from sexual assault. The nurse submitted
Contella’s clothes, and the police submitted her cane, for testing at the state crime lab. During
the investigation, an informant told police that appellant had committed the offense. The local
ofﬁcers requested a photographic lineup from the Texas Rangers and attempted to contact
appellant’s sister. The ofﬁcer who requested the lineup subsequently left the police department,
and the lineup was never shown to Contella. Contella died in 2005 before trial.

In 2006, the state crime lab matched the DNA from Contella’s cane and skirt to appellant.
The chief of police interviewed appellant while he was in a prison psychiatric unit in Rusk,
Texas, and informed appellant that the police department was investigating him for aggravated
sexual assault because his DNA matched that left on Contella’s cane and skirt and that charges
would be forthcoming. The grand jury returned the indictment in February 2007.

While awaiting trial, the jail administrator called appellant into her ofﬁce to discuss
housing, and appellant told his version of the events. Appellant claimed that he was having sex
with a lady next door to Contella when the lady’s signiﬁcant other came home. He said that he
was wearing silk boxers when he went to Contellais house. He said that he wrapped his arms
around the woman because she was afraid and that maybe his penis came out of his boxers and
rubbed against her skirt. He claimed that, because he had been having sex next door, this
explains ﬁnding his DNA on Contellais skirt. On another occasion, he claimed that, instead of
boxers, he had the slip of the lady next door.

Legal Sufﬁciency

In, Issue No. One, appellant complains that the evidence is legally insufﬁcient to prove

the alleged manner and means of his aggravated sexual assault. In the indictment, the State

speciﬁcally alleged that appellant committed the offense by penetrating the sexual organ of the

victim with his sexual organ. Appellant argues that, although the State proved penetration, there
is no evidence of what caused the penetration or, more specifically, no evidence that appellant
penetrated the victim with his penis. The State responds by arguing that there was sufﬁcient
evidence that would permit the jury to infer penetration by his penis. We agree.

When we review for legal sufficiency, we view “all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences
therefrom, a rational juror could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reason—
able doubt.” Hooper v. State, 214 SW3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 US. 307, 319 (1979)). We defer to the jury’s credibility determinations to resolve
conflicting testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from facts to the
ultimate fact. Jackson, 443 US. at 31849. We resolve inconsistencies in testimony in favor of
the jury’s verdict. Johnson v. State, 815 S.W.2d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). “Also, direct
evidence of the elements of the offense is not required. Juries are permitted to make reasonable
inferences from the evidence presented at trial, and circumstantial evidence is as probative as
direct evidence . . . . Circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Hooper,
214 SW3d at lilwlS. “[I]t is not necessary that every fact point directly and independently to
the defendant’s guilt; it is enough if the conclusion is warranted by the combined and cumulative
force of all the incriminating circumstances.” Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1993).

A person commits the offense of aggravated sexual assault if the person knowingly or
intentionally “causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ” of an elderly individual “by
any means” and without consent. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(l)(A)(i), (a)(2)(C) (West
Supp. 2012). Although the State was not required to allege that appellant penetrated the victim’s
sexual organ with his own sexual organ, “Where the State alleges unnecessary matter which is
descriptive of the essential elements of the crime, the State must prove the descriptive matter as
alleged.” Gomez v. State, 685 S.W.2d 333, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. l985).

We believe the evidence is legally sufficient to prove that appellant penetrated the
victims sexual organ with his sexual organ. The following evidence, as argued by the State,
permitted the jury to infer that appellant used his penis to penetrate the sexual organ of the
victim: (I) Contella told law enforcement ofﬁcers that the suspect broke into her house. pulled

off his shorts, and tried to force himself on her; (2) Contelia repeatedly told the paramedic that

“he raped me” and “he attacked me"; (3) Contella told the doctor that the suspect “tried to enter
her from the back”; (ii) appellant explained to the jaii administrator that “maybe his penis came
out of the boxers” and brushed against Contella’s leg; (5) appellant told the jail administrator that
his “penis probably came out”; and (6) appellant’s semen was found on Contella’s skirt. "1‘ he
jury was free to disregard appellant’s version and instead believe what Contelia told police.
paramedics, and doctors. The juryis role as factiinder is to make credibility determinations and
resolve conﬂicting testimony. We conclude that the jury’s verdict was based on reasonable
inferences from the evidence. A. rational jury could have found the essential elements of the
offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s first issue.
Pro-Indictment Delay

ln Issue No. Two, appellant argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to
quash the indictment after a ten—year delay in procuring the indictment. In response, the State
argues that there is no evidence of the requisite intentional delay that “was purposefully
calculated by law enforcement to gain a tactical advantage.” We agree.

Statutes of limitation are citizens’ primary protection from prosecution for unduly stale
criminal charges. [harm v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189. 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citing United
States 1”. Marion, 404 US. 307, 322 (1971)). “Such a limitation is designed to protect
individuals from having to defend themselves against charges when the basic facts may have
become obscured by the passage of time and to minimize the danger of official punishment
because of acts in the far—distant past.” Toussie v. United States, 397 US. 112, 114—15 (1970).
There is no statute of limitations in Texas for the offense of aggravated sexual assault where
biological matter is collected and subjected to forensic DNA testing and does not match the
victim or a person whose identity is readily ascertainable. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 12.0l(l)(C) (West Supp. ZOlZ). The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides
additional. albeit limited. protection of an accused from “oppressive delay.” State v. Krfzam
Wilson. 354 S.W.3d 808. 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 20i 1) (citing United States v. Lovasco. 431 [5.8.
783, 789 (1977)). Although we assess pre~indictment deiay on a caseaby~case basis, the United
States Supreme Court has instructed that there must be proof of prejudice and that we must
consider the reasons for the delay. Id.

We review a trial court’s ruling on Whether to dismiss an indictment for pre~indictment

delay under a bifurcated standard of review. 151. at 815. We defer to the trial court’s credibility

determinations when reviewing factual findings and mixed questions of law and fact, but we
review de novo questions of law and mixed questions that do not turn on credibility. 1d. (citing
Guzman 19. Store, 955 S.W.2d SS, 87—»89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). Therefore} we review the trial
court’s denial of appellant’s motion to quash for abuse of discretion, and we will uphold the

ruling as long as it was supported by the record. 1d. at 816.

“A defendant is entitled to relief for tire-«indictment delay under the Due Process Clause
where he can show the delay: (l) caused substantial prejudice to his right to a fair trial, and
(2) was an intentional device used to gain a tactical advantage over the accused” or for other
“bad—faith purposes.” Iborra, ll S.W.3d at 193. There must be proof of each element; we do
not infer bad faith from delay. Krizasz'lsom 354 S.W.3d at 819. Further, the State is not
required to conduct a continuous investigation or file charges once it has probable cause “but
before they are satisﬁed that they will be able to establish the suspect’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Lovasco, 431 US. at 791; [horror 11 S.W.3d at 193—94.

Alter a review of the record, we conclude that there is no evidence in the record that the
pro—indictment delay was intended to gain a tactical advantage over appellant or for other bad-
faith purposes. Again we note that there is no statute of limitations in this case. See
Article l2.01(l)(C). The investigators, chief of police, and prosecutors all testified at the hearing
on appellant’s motion to dismiss that there was nothing to gain by delaying the investigation and
that the reason for the delay was lack of evidence to prosecute. During the hearing, appellant
had the burden to prove that the State intentionally delayed the indictment to gain a tactical
advantage. See Krizan-Wiison, 354 S.W.3d at 817. Appellant cites a 1975 case out of the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania for the proposition that he must show either substantial
prejudice or intentional delay to prevail on a due process claim. See United States u. Clark 398
F. Supp, 341, 350 (ED. Pa. 1975). In Clark. the trial court denied the defendant’s motion to
quash because it found no prejudice or intentional delay. 1d. at 352. Although the district court
stated that either ground would support granting the motion to quash} it did not find either
ground and this ruling was affirmed by the Third Circuit. United States it Clark 532 F.2d 748
(3d Cir. 1976).

The law is clear that, to warrant dismissal of the indictment for pre~indictrnent delay,

appellant must present positive proof of an improper purpose. Krizon~W'iZ.ron, 354 S.W.3d at

816. Appeliam failed to meet his burden of proof to establish the second prong of the due
process analysis. We overrule Issue No. Two,

The judgmani ofthe trial court is afﬁrmed.

MIKE WILLSON
JUSTICE

January 31, 2013
D0 110: publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.203).

Panel consists of: Wright (3.1.,
McCall, l? and Willson, J.

