                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A15-1900

                 In re the Marriage of: Dawn Angela Swenson, petitioner,
                                        Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                 Shawn Anthony Pedri,
                                       Appellant,
                              County of Dakota, intervenor,
                                      Respondent.

                                Filed September 6, 2016
                                        Affirmed
                                     Stauber, Judge

                              Dakota County District Court
                               File No. 19AV-FA-10-644

Dawn A. Swenson, Mendota Heights, Minnesota (pro se respondent)

Paul P. Sarratori, Mesenbourg & Sarratori Law Offices, P.A., Coon Rapids, Minnesota (for
appellant)

James Backstrom, Dakota County Attorney, James W. Donehower, Assistant County
Attorney, Hastings, Minnesota (for respondent Dakota County)

         Considered and decided by Stauber, Presiding Judge; Reyes, Judge; and Jesson,

Judge.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

STAUBER, Judge

       In this parenting-time and child-support dispute, appellant-father challenges the

district court’s orders denying his motions for contempt, to compel discovery, for

adjustment of respondent-mother’s imputed income, and for conduct-based attorney fees,

and the district court’s orders appointing a guardian ad litem and reapportioning fees for a

parenting-time expeditor. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Appellant-father Shawn Anthony Pedri and respondent-mother Dawn Angela

Swenson were married in 2004. The parties’ marriage was dissolved in 2011. The

parties have two children. Under the terms of the dissolution judgment and decree, the

parties were awarded joint legal and physical custody, but appellant’s home is designated

as the children’s primary residence.

       The parties’ dissolution was contentious, particularly as to custody issues, and this

relationship has continued since the dissolution. The parties have returned to court

several times, filing motions for contempt and seeking changes in parenting and holiday

time, and requesting orders requiring respondent to take the children to scheduled

activities and to refrain from smoking, increasing child support, compelling discovery

about finances, providing for income withholding, and mandating health-insurance

coverage. In January 2013, the district court ordered the parties to engage in nonbinding

arbitration before returning to the court. The district court has also appointed a series of

parenting consultants or parenting-time expeditors (PTE) to deal with parenting-time


                                              2
disputes. The January 2013 district court order addressed issues similar to those now

before this court.

       On August 28, 2015, appellant moved the district court for an order to hold

respondent in contempt, modify parenting time, appoint a PTE, require respondent to

submit to hair follicle testing for drugs, increase respondent’s imputed income, modify

child support, compel respondent to disclose financial information, and require

respondent to pay his attorney fees. Respondent filed a responsive motion, asking that

appellant be held in contempt and that the district court deny all of appellant’s motions.

       In its order addressing appellant’s motion, the district court commented that

              both parties raised issues previously brought before this Court,
              including but not limited to the following: enrollment in
              activities; use of the Our Family Wizard; [respondent’s]
              employment; derogatory statements; communication regarding
              the children’s attendance at school, social, and sporting events;
              parenting time pick-ups and drop-offs; communication with
              the children on non-parenting time days; access to information
              regarding travel and activities; the children’s performance in
              school; medical appointments; vacation and parenting time;
              and medical insurance coverage.

The district court reviewed the history of disagreements between the parties, which

covered five pages of the order. During the hearing, the district court was able to prompt

the parties to agree on certain issues; the district court denied the motions for contempt

and ordered respondent to continue to be responsible for 23% of the children’s activity

fees and medical costs, but reduced respondent’s responsibility for PTE costs from 50%




                                             3
to 23%, her PICS percentage.1 Because respondent owed appellant for unreimbursed

activity fees and medical costs, the district court ordered her to pay $200 per month on

the $7,600 balance. The district court ordered the parties to (1) use Our Family Wizard, a

communications system, check it every day, and respond within 24 hours; (2) provide

each other with contact, travel, and teacher/coach/instructor information; and (3) sign up

for a parenting course. Respondent was ordered to produce her 2014 W2 forms and

paystubs for a 12-month period. The district court denied motions to modify child

support, medical coverage, and parenting time, and refused to order conduct-based

attorney fees. The district court appointed a new PTE and also granted respondent’s

request for appointment of a guardian ad litem (GAL). The district court subsequently

denied appellant’s motion to modify or amend the findings. Appellant appeals from both

of these orders.

                                     DECISION

                                             I.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to hold

respondent in contempt. We review the district court’s decision on whether to invoke its

contempt power for an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Crockarell, 631 N.W.2d

829, 833 (Minn. App. 2001), review denied (Minn. Oct. 16, 2001). “In exercising civil



1
 The PICS percentage is determined by calculating “[p]arental income for determining
child support” (PICS) of each parent, combining the two PICS, and dividing each
parent’s PICS by the combined total to calculate a percentage. Minn. Stat. §§ 518A.26,
subd. 15, .34 (2014). This percentage is used to calculate the child support each parent is
obligated to pay, as well as other financial obligations.

                                             4
contempt powers in divorce cases, the only objective is to secure compliance with an

order presumed to be reasonable.” Hopp v. Hopp, 279 Minn. 170, 173, 156 N.W.2d 212,

216 (1968). Because civil contempt is intended “to make the rights of one individual as

against another meaningful,” the court must be “free to compel performance by methods

which are speedy, efficient, and sufficiently flexible.” Id. at 174; 156 N.W.2d at 216.

The supreme court recognized that in civil contempt, the district court “has a measure of

authority and discretion . . . far in excess of that which exists in criminal cases.” Id.

       Our review of the district court’s order and the appellate record supports our

conclusion that the district court exercised its discretion in an appropriate manner by

issuing orders calculated to resolve the continuing disputes between these two parties,

which ultimately may be more effective than finding either party in contempt.

                                              II.

       Appellant asserts that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to compel

discovery of respondent’s new husband’s financial information and credit-card

statements. “The district court has broad discretion in granting or denying discovery

requests. Absent a clear abuse of discretion, the district court’s decision regarding

discovery will not be disturbed.” Dunham v. Roer, 708 N.W.2d 552, 572 (Minn. App.

2006) (citation and quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. Mar. 28, 2006).

       Appellant’s request to know respondent’s husband’s financial circumstances or

whether he is supporting her is irrelevant; gross income for purposes of calculating child

support “does not include the income of the obligor’s spouse and the obligee’s spouse.”




                                               5
Minn. Stat. § 518A.29(f) (2014). The district court properly limited appellant’s discovery

request to respondent’s 2014 W2 forms and a year’s worth of paystubs.

                                            III.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by appointing a GAL

instead of re-appointing Dr. Gilbertson, who performed the original parenting evaluation.

We review the district court’s decision to appoint a guardian ad litem for an abuse of

discretion when there are no allegations of domestic child abuse or neglect. Reed v.

Albaaj, 723 N.W.2d 50, 59 (Minn. App. 2006); see Minn. Stat. § 518.165, subds. 1, 2

(2014) (stating that appointment of a GAL is permissive unless domestic child abuse or

neglect is alleged). Appellant states that respondent refused to agree to another parenting

evaluation with Dr. Gilbertson because he was too “expensive,” and labelled

respondent’s statement as “disingenuous” because appellant paid the fee. But respondent

also stated at the hearing that she spoke with Dr. Gilbertson, “he does not take on cases

that he’s already evaluated and closed,” is not a PTE, and does not provide parenting

consultant services. Appellant has cited no basis or authority for asking the district court

to dismiss the GAL. In light of the continuing disputes between the parties, the district

court’s decision to appoint a GAL was not an abuse of discretion.

                                            IV.

       Appellant argues that the district court erred by not increasing the amount of

income imputed to respondent for purposes of determining child support. In the 2011

judgment and decree, the district court found that respondent was employed part-time but




                                             6
imputed full-time income of $32,000 per year to respondent based on “her highest yearly

wage when she was employed full-time during the marriage.”

       Child-support obligations are based on the parents’ gross income as computed

under Minn. Stat. § 518A.34 (2014). “Gross income” includes “potential income under

section 518A.32.” Minn. Stat. § 518A.29(a) (2014). Section 518A.32 creates a

rebuttable presumption that “a parent can be gainfully employed on a full-time basis.”

Minn. Stat. § 518A.32, subd. 1 (2014). If a parent is voluntarily unemployed,

underemployed, or employed on a less than full-time basis, the district court may impute

income based on one of three methods: (1) probable earnings based on experience,

potential, and occupational qualifications; (2) the amount of unemployment or workers’

compensation a parent is receiving; or (3) an amount of income equal to 150% of the

current federal or state minimum wage. Minn. Stat. § 518A.32, subd. 2 (2014); see

Newstrand v. Arend, 869 N.W.2d 681, 685 (Minn. App. 2015), review denied (Minn.

Dec. 15, 2015). A district court’s findings on imputed income must be based in fact and

not clearly erroneous. Id.

       The district court used the first method, relying on respondent’s earnings at her

last full-time job. This method is appropriate and supported by record evidence. In

Newstrand, the father-obligor had previously earned $850 per week as a drywall taper;

despite this and his avowed intention to limit his income to avoid paying child support,

this court affirmed the district court’s imputation of income based on the federal

minimum wage, even though it was far less than his previous earnings. Id. at 685-86.




                                             7
       Appellant asks that the district court be ordered to “allow an evidentiary hearing

once the requested discovery is provided to determine the accurate amount of

[r]espondent’s imputed income.” The essence of imputed income is that there is not an

accurate amount of actual income and, therefore, the district court must use one of the

three methods to impute income to an obligor, which the district court did.

                                             V.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by changing

respondent’s responsibility for PTE fees from a 50/50 split of fees to a split based on her

PICS percentage or 23%. The district court may appoint a PTE to resolve parenting time

disputes. Minn. Stat. § 518.1751, subd. 1 (2014). When a court does so, it “shall

apportion the fees of the expeditor among the parties, with each party bearing the portion

of fees that the court determines is just and equitable under the circumstances.” Id., subd.

2a (2014). “After fees are incurred, a party may by motion request that the fees be

reapportioned on equitable grounds. The court may consider the resources of the parties,

the nature of the dispute, and whether a party acted in bad faith.” Id.

       Although appellant argues that the court acted sua sponte, respondent, in a pro se

motion and memorandum, described the parties’ experience with nonbinding arbitration

and PTEs as “financially exhausting and burdensome.” This provided a basis for the

district court to consider how fees should be “reapportioned on equitable grounds.” The

district court’s findings reflect the fact that the parties had employed four PTEs and

engaged in fruitless nonbinding arbitration. The district court’s division of fees based on

the PICS percentages is supported by record and is not an abuse of discretion.


                                             8
       Appellant also argues that the district court abused its discretion by implementing

a reimbursement payment plan. The district court’s order does not disclose why it chose

to implement a payment plan, but appellant asked for reimbursement for past expenses

and the district court exercised its discretion in setting up a method to encourage payment

of past-due reimbursement. We discern no abuse of discretion.

                                             VI.

       Finally, appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by denying his

motion for conduct-related attorney fees for this proceeding. The district court may

require a party who “unreasonably contributes to the length or expense of [a] proceeding”

to pay attorney fees to the other party. Minn. Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1 (2014). The party

requesting an award of conduct-based attorney fees has the burden of establishing that the

other party’s conduct contributed to the length or expense of the proceedings. Geske v.

Marcolina, 624 N.W.2d 813, 818 (Minn. App. 2001).

       We review the district court’s decision on whether to award conduct-based

attorney fees for an abuse of discretion. Brodsky v. Brodsky, 733 N.W.2d 471, 476

(Minn. App. 2007). A review of the record suggests that both parties, but particularly

appellant, have engaged in tactics that contributed to the expense of the proceeding. The

district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to award attorney fees.

       Affirmed.




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