               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                        444444444444
                                           NO. 12-0163
                                        444444444444

              IN RE MARK FISHER AND REECE BOUDREAUX, RELATORS
            4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
                             ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS
            4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

                                   Argued October 10, 2013


       JUSTICE JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court.


       After Nighthawk Oilfield Services, Ltd. acquired Richey Oilfield Construction, Inc. from

Mike Richey, the business did not go as well as the parties had hoped and Richey filed suit in Wise

County against two Nighthawk executives. In this mandamus proceeding we consider whether the

trial court abused its discretion by failing to enforce forum selection clauses in the acquisition

documents. Concluding that it did, we conditionally grant relief.

                                         I. Background

       On May 3, 2007, Mike Richey sold his interest in Richey Oilfield Construction, Inc. (Richey

Oil), an oilfield services company that he founded and operated, to Nighthawk Oilfield Services,

Ltd. (Nighthawk) for $33 million. NOSGP, L.L.C. was Nighthawk’s general partner and Mark

Fisher and Reece Boudreaux were limited partners. The transaction resulted in Richey Oil becoming

a wholly-owned Nighthawk subsidiary, with Richey remaining employed as president of Richey Oil

and becoming a limited partner in Nighthawk.
        The primary agreements regarding the transaction were a Stock Purchase Agreement, an

agreement for the purchase of Richey Oil’s goodwill (the Goodwill Agreement), and a Promissory

Note. Each contained a forum selection clause naming Tarrant County as the venue for state court

actions.

        In the Stock Purchase Agreement, NOSROC, Inc.1 agreed to pay Richey $13 million in cash

for Richey Oil’s issued and outstanding stock. That agreement contained the following provision:

        Jurisdiction; Service of Process. Any proceeding arising out of or relating to this
        Agreement may be brought in the courts of the State of Texas, Tarrant County, or if
        it has or can acquire jurisdiction, in the United States District Court for the Northern
        District of Texas, and each of the parties irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive
        jurisdiction of each such court in any such proceeding, waives any objection it may
        now or hereafter have to venue or to convenience of forum, agrees that all claims in
        respect of the proceeding may be heard and determined in any such court and agrees
        not to bring any proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement in any other
        court. (Emphasis added)

        In the Goodwill Agreement, Richey sold his goodwill interest to Nighthawk. That interest

was defined as his “right, title and interest in and to all of [Richey’s] knowledge, experience and

rights relating to the Business, and [Richey’s] personal relationships and experience with the

customers of the Business and further including the trade name ‘Richey’ to the extent and as used

in conjunction with the Business.” The Goodwill Agreement provided that Richey would receive

$7 million in cash, a $6.5 million promissory note, and $6.5 million in Nighthawk limited

partnership interest units. The Goodwill Agreement contained the same venue selection clause as

the Stock Purchase Agreement.


        1
          The Stock Purchase Agreement was executed between Richey, as the seller, and NOSROC, INC., as the
purchaser. An affidavit executed by Fisher explains that NOSROC, INC. was “a corporation formed for tax reasons,
which then immediately conveyed the stock to Nighthawk pursuant to an agreement between the transaction parties.”

                                                       2
       The $6.5 million promissory note (the Note) was signed by Fisher as president of Nighthawk.

It provided that “[Nighthawk]. . . irrevocably agrees that any legal proceedings in respect of this note

. . . or other writing relating hereto shall be brought in the district courts of Tarrant County, Texas,

or the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.”

       A month after Nighthawk purchased Richey Oil, Nighthawk made a $20 million “special

distribution” to its partners. The distribution was contemplated in the Goodwill Agreement, which

provided: “[I]t has been represented to [Richey] that a distribution to the owners or holders of all

units of [Nighthawk] is anticipated to be made contemporaneously with or subsequent to the Closing

and [Richey] shall participate in such distribution on a pro rata basis.”

       Six months later, Richey paid $1 million to Nighthawk at Fisher’s request. According to

Richey, Fisher related that he was seeking similar amounts from all the limited partners, Nighthawk

would treat the money as loans, and in six months the loans plus ten percent would be paid back.

Fisher claims that the other limited partners made similar contributions totaling $3.9 million, but

they agreed that those contributions would be treated as equity, not loans.

       Richey asserts that when he asked Fisher to repay the $1 million as agreed, Fisher denied his

request and claimed the money was a capital contribution for which Richey would receive preferred

equity units. Richey has never been repaid the $1 million.

       In connection with the acquisition, Nighthawk opened a controlled-disbursement account

so Richey Oil could access Nighthawk’s revolving line of credit. As part of that process, Richey

and Fisher executed a Deposit Account Signature Card at Bank of America that gave Richey check

signing authority. In May and June 2009, Fisher authorized Richey to pay Richey Oil vendors from


                                                   3
the account. However, when Richey did so, Bank of America rejected several of the checks for

insufficient funds in the account. According to Richey, Fisher told some payees of the rejected

checks that Richey created the problem. Several payees referred their returned checks to collection

agencies, attorneys, and authorities, who sent demand letters threatening civil and criminal

prosecution. Shortly thereafter, Nighthawk and Richey Oil filed for bankruptcy.

       Richey soon sued Fisher and Boudreaux in Wise County where Richey resided. He sued

both of them for breach of fiduciary duty, common law fraud, statutory fraud, and violations of the

Texas Securities Act. He sued Fisher separately for defamation, common law fraud, negligent

misrepresentation, and interference with prospective business relations related to the statements

Fisher allegedly made to him about availability of money in the Richey Oil account and

communications made to third parties regarding the returned checks. He sued Boudreaux separately

for aiding and abetting Fisher’s breaches of fiduciary duty, acts of fraud, and violations of the Texas

Securities Act.

       Fisher and Boudreaux responded by moving the trial court to transfer venue to Tarrant

County or dismiss the suit pursuant to the mandatory venue selection clauses in the Stock Purchase

Agreement and the Goodwill Agreement. They also argued that Richey lacked standing to recover

damages to his reputation or goodwill because he had conveyed those rights to Nighthawk in the

Goodwill Agreement and many of his other claims belonged to Nighthawk and could only be

brought by the Nighthawk bankruptcy trustee.

       The trial court denied Fisher’s and Boudreaux’s motions and pleas to the jurisdiction. They

then sought, but were denied, mandamus relief from the court of appeals. ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex.


                                                  4
App.—Fort Worth 2012, orig. proceeding). In this Court Fisher and Boudreaux (collectively,

Relators) argue that Richey lacks standing because his claims actually belong to Richey Oil or

Nighthawk and must be brought by the bankruptcy trustee; some of Richey’s claims seek recovery

of debts owed to him by Nighthawk and must be filed as claims against Nighthawk in bankruptcy

court; and the trial court abused its discretion by failing to enforce the mandatory venue agreement

under the major transaction statute, Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 15.020. We will

address the contentions in turn, beginning with any challenging jurisdiction. See Rusk State Hosp.

v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 95 (Tex. 2012) (noting that if a court does not have jurisdiction, its opinion

addressing any issues other than jurisdiction is advisory).

                                    II. The Standing Challenge

        Relators argue that Richey’s claims regarding mismanagement of Nighthawk’s financial

affairs belong to Nighthawk and Richey does not have standing to assert them because the

bankruptcy trustee must bring the claims on Nighthawk’s behalf so as to preserve assets for the

benefit of all partners. Richey counters that mandamus review is not available on the issue of

standing because Relators cannot show they lack an adequate remedy by appeal, but even if

mandamus review is available, he has standing because he suffered personal damages unique to him.

        Relators rely on Hall v. Douglas, 380 S.W.3d 860, 873 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.),

in which the court of appeals noted that “[a] limited partner does not have standing to sue for injuries

to the partnership that merely diminish the value of that partner’s interest.” But as that court

recognized, a partner who is “personally aggrieved” may bring claims for those injuries he suffered

directly. Id. at 872.


                                                   5
       Richey’s pleadings asserted that he made a $1 million payment to Nighthawk, the other

limited partners failed to make similar payments, and he suffered damages including “loss of earning

capacity, lost profits, loss of income, damage to credit reputation, lost investments,” and “other

losses.” He also alleged that he sustained injury to his character and suffered mental anguish.

       When a plea to the jurisdiction is based on the pleadings, the pleadings are to be construed

liberally in favor of the plaintiff. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226

(Tex. 2004). Richey’s allegations do not affirmatively negate his having been “personally

aggrieved.” Thus, given his allegations, we need not decide whether mandamus review is available

to Relators as to Richey’s standing to assert claims based on his $1 million payment because even

if it is, the record before us does not demonstrate that Relators are entitled to mandamus relief.

       Relators also claim that Richey does not have standing to bring defamation claims based on

the bank’s refusal to honor Richey Oil checks. They posit that only Richey Oil has standing to bring

those claims, and since Richey is not the owner of Richey Oil, he cannot bring the claims on the

company’s behalf. See Neely v. Wilson, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (Tex. 2013) (noting that a corporate

entity may maintain a suit for libel). But Richey’s defamation claims are that Fisher made

defamatory statements about Richey personally by telling payees of the returned checks that Richey

caused the insufficient funds problems. Richey claimed those false statements subjected him to

criminal and civil prosecution, financial loss, and injury to his personal reputation. Thus, he alleged

injury personal to himself and has standing to bring the claims.




                                                  6
                                  III. Claims Against Nighthawk

       Relators next assert that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to dismiss for lack

of subject matter jurisdiction because Richey’s claims for deferred consideration and the unpaid $1

million loan are claims for a debt owed by Nighthawk, they must be filed against Nighthawk in

bankruptcy court. But the trial court does not lack jurisdiction over Richey’s claims against

Relators. Whether those claims should have been brought against another party (Nighthawk) is not

a question of jurisdiction requiring dismissal, but is a question of liability. Relators did not argue

in the trial court that they were the incorrect parties for Richey to bring the claims against. Relators

have not shown themselves entitled to mandamus relief on this ground.

       Relators also argue that “proceeding with the debt claims against Nighthawk in the Wise

County suit violates the automatic stay in bankruptcy.” But Nighthawk is not a defendant in the

Wise County suit and the automatic bankruptcy stay does not extend to non-debtors. Reliant Energy

Servs., Inc. v. Enron Canada Corp., 349 F.3d 816, 825 (5th Cir. 2003) (noting that by its terms, the

automatic stay applies only to the debtor); Texas-Ohio Gas, Inc. v. Mecom, 28 S.W.3d 129, 144

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.) (holding that the bankruptcy stay does not extend “to separate

legal entities such as corporate affiliates, partners in debtor partnerships or to codefendants in

pending litigation.” (quoting Patton v. Bearden, 8 F.3d 343, 349 (6th Cir. 1993)); see also In re

Pegasus Funds, 345 S.W.3d 175, 176 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, orig. proceeding). Relators argue

that the bankruptcy stay should extend to them because the stay applies to a non-debtor “when there

is such identity between the debtor and the third-party defendant that the debtor may be said to be

the real party defendant and that a judgment against the third-party defendant will in effect be a


                                                   7
judgment or finding against the debtor.” See A.H. Robins Co. v. Piccinin, 788 F.2d 994, 999 (4th

Cir. 1986). Relators have not shown that this is the situation here.

                                IV. The Forum Selection Clauses

       We next consider whether the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to transfer Richey’s

claims pursuant to forum selection clauses in the agreements.

       Forum selection clauses are presumptively valid. In re Laibe Corp., 307 S.W.3d 314, 316

(Tex. 2010) (per curiam). Allowing a lawsuit to proceed in a forum other than that for which the

parties contracted promotes forum shopping with its attendant judicial inefficiency, waste of judicial

resources, delays of adjudication of the merits, and skewing of settlement dynamics. In re Lisa

Laser USA, Inc., 310 S.W.3d 880, 883 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam). Accordingly, mandamus is

available if a trial court improperly refuses to enforce a forum selection clause. See Laibe Corp.,

307 S.W.3d at 316; In re ADM Investor Servs., 304 S.W.3d 371, 374 (Tex. 2010). Further,

mandamus relief is specifically authorized to enforce a statutory mandatory venue provision. TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 15.0642.

                             A. Section 15.020–Major Transactions

       Relators assert that by its plain language —“Notwithstanding any other provisions of this

title”—Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 15.020 overrides other venue provisions and

required the trial court to enforce the forum agreements. Section 15.020 applies to a “major

transaction,” which is defined as a transaction evidenced by a written agreement and which involves

$1 million or more:




                                                  8
       (c) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, an action arising from a major
       transaction may not be brought in a county if:

               (1) the party bringing the action has agreed in writing that an action
               arising from the transaction may not be brought in that county, and
               the action may be brought in another county of this state or in another
               jurisdiction; or

               (2) the party bringing the action has agreed in writing that an action
               arising from the transaction must be brought in another county of this
               state or in another jurisdiction, and the action may be brought in that
               other county, under this section or otherwise, or in that other
               jurisdiction.

Id. § 15.020(c). Richey argues that section 15.020 and the forum selection clause in the Goodwill

Agreement do not apply for the following reasons: (1) his tort claims do not “arise from” the

purchase of Richey Oil; (2) the only agreement that relates to Richey’s claims is the Partnership

Agreement which has no forum or venue selection clause; (3) the contractual forum selection clause

is permissive, not mandatory; and (4) venue is mandatory in Wise County under the statutory

provision requiring a suit for libel or slander to be brought in the county where the plaintiff resided

at the time of the accrual of the cause of action. See id. § 15.017. We address the arguments in turn.

                                  B. Does Section 15.020 Apply?

       The parties do not dispute that the Richey Oil acquisition, which included the sale of

Richey’s goodwill, constitutes a “major transaction” as defined by section 15.020. Richey urges,

however, that section 15.020 does not apply because his claims against Relators are not claims

“arising from” the purchase of Richey Oil; rather, he asserts, his claims arise from the operation or

management of Nighthawk. We have not previously addressed when an action “arises from” a




                                                  9
major transaction under section 15.020, but we have previously addressed similar issues as to forum

selection agreements.

       In In re International Profit Assocs., 274 S.W.3d 672 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam), we analyzed

whether a forum selection clause in a contract applied to tort claims between the contracting parties.

In determining whether the claims were within the scope of the clauses, we called for a “common-

sense” examination of the substance of the claims made to determine if they “arise” from the

contract. Id. at 677. We explained that a court should consider whether a claimant seeks a direct

benefit from a contract and whether the contract or some other general legal obligation establishes

the duty at issue. Id. We concluded that no matter how the claimant characterized or pleaded the

claims, the tort claims in that case—including fraud and negligent misrepresentation—“arise from

the contractual relationship between the parties, not from obligations imposed by law.” Id. at 678.

       In Lisa Laser, 310 S.W.3d 880, we applied the same type of analysis to determine the scope

of a forum selection clause and whether it applied to the plaintiffs’ contract claims. In that case,

HealthTronics had a contract with Lisa Laser for exclusive distribution rights of certain medical

devices. Id. at 882. The agreement also provided HealthTronics with rights of first refusal to

distribute new products if certain requirements were met. Id. An exhibit to the agreement provided

that the terms and conditions that followed, including a California forum selection clause that

applied to “any dispute arising out of this agreement,” applied to sales by Lisa Laser to

HealthTronics. Id. HealthTronics sued Lisa Laser in Travis County for breach of contract, alleging

that Lisa Laser breached its obligation to afford HealthTronics the first right to distribute new

products, and for tortious interference with a contract. Id. Lisa Laser sought mandamus relief after


                                                 10
the trial court denied its motion to dismiss based on the forum selection clause. Id. at 882-83.

HealthTronics argued that the forum selection clause only applied to part of the contract, that is,

sales transactions between it and Lisa Laser. Id. at 884. Applying the reasoning from International

Profit Associates, we concluded that Lisa Laser’s obligation, if any, to inform HealthTronics of new

products and to offer it a right of first refusal to distribute those products “only arises from the

Distribution Agreement.” Id. at 884-86. The obligations were not imposed under general law, they

would not exist but for the agreement, and therefore they arose out of the agreement. Id. at 886. We

concluded that the forum selection clause itself applied more broadly than to mere sales transactions

because it applied to “any dispute arising out of” the agreement and the trial court erred in refusing

to enforce the forum selection clause. Id. at 887.

       Turning to the case at hand, we see no reason to deviate from the type of analysis we used

in International Profit Associates and Lisa Laser. Similarly to our method of analysis in those cases,

we will use a common-sense examination of the substance of the claims to determine whether the

statute applies. See Int’l Profit Assocs., 274 S.W.3d at 677.

       Richey alleged in his live pleadings that “[a] substantial part of the acquisition was deferred

consideration in the form of a $6,500,000 Promissory Note.” He further alleged that he suffered

substantial damages caused by Relators’ authorization of the $20 million special distribution and

that “[t]he effect of the distribution was to severely impair [Nighthawk’s] ongoing operations and

ultimately to render [Nighthawk] insolvent and incapable of continuing its business and affairs.”

Richey brought a claim for breach of fiduciary duty related to that $20 million distribution of

Nighthawk assets. He alleged that his damages included “benefit of the bargain losses.” And in a


                                                 11
response to Relators’ supplemental motion to dismiss in the trial court, he explained that he sought

damages for “the loss of the promissory note issued [to] him individually.”

       Applying a common-sense analysis, we conclude that Richey in substance is seeking to

recover the $6.5 million owed to him under the Note and for actions flowing directly from the

acquisition and actions anticipated to flow from it.

       First, the Note was consideration for his transfer of goodwill and was specifically provided

for under the Goodwill Agreement. His claim for Nighthawk’s failure to pay the Note, regardless

of whether it is labeled as a breach of fiduciary duty claim or otherwise, arises from that major

transaction. See id. (considering the substance of claims such as breach of the duty of good faith and

fair dealing to determine whether a forum selection clause applied). Richey’s complaint that he lost

the benefit of his bargain depends on the Goodwill Agreement and Nighthawk’s agreement in it to

pay part of the purchase price by means of the $6.5 million note. See Lisa Laser, 310 S.W.3d at 886

(holding that a forum selection clause applied to a claim that would have no basis but for the

agreement containing the clause). Because Richey’s claims substantively arise from commitments

in the Goodwill Agreement, we disagree with his claim that the only agreement that relates to his

claims is the Partnership Agreement.

       Richey asserts that his claims actually arise from Relators’ post-acquisition conduct and,

therefore, do not “arise from or relate to the Note.” Rather, he argues that the Note is merely a

source of reference for measuring his damages. He also argues that because he did not sign the

Note, he is not bound by the forum selection clause in it. We disagree that these assertions mean

section 15.020 is inapplicable. First, section 15.020 does not require that an action arise out of a


                                                 12
specific agreement. Rather, it applies to an action “arising from a major transaction” if the party

bringing the action has agreed in writing that the action will be brought in a certain jurisdiction.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 15.020(a) (emphasis added). And as set out above, Richey signed

the Goodwill Agreement specifying that claims arising out of or relating to it would be brought in

Tarrant County. Richey’s claim based on the unpaid note arises out of that major transaction

regardless of whether Richey signed the Note or whether his claim “arises” specifically out of the

Note.

        Second, we disagree with Richey’s claim that he merely references the Note to measure his

damages. Richey cites Carr v. Main Carr Development, LLC, 337 S.W.3d 489, 498 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied), in which the court held that a non-signatory cannot be compelled

to arbitrate when his claims merely “touch matters” covered by a contract containing an arbitration

clause, yet the claims do not actually rely on the contractual terms. Id. In that case the court of

appeals explained that claims must be brought on a contract if liability must be determined by

reference to the contract, and the determination of whether a party seeks the benefit of a contract

turns on the substance of the claim. Id. (citing In re Weekley Homes, L.P., 180 S.W.3d 127, 131-32

(Tex. 2005)).

        Here, Richey’s claims do more than “touch matters” included in the Goodwill Agreement

and the Note. Liability for failure to pay him on the Note must be determined by reference to those

agreements. See id. And when an injury is to the subject matter of a contract, the action is

ordinarily “on the contract.” Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d 493, 494 (Tex. 1991)

(emphasis added).


                                                 13
                         C. Is the Forum Selection Clause Mandatory?

       Richey next argues that even assuming his claims arise from Nighthawk’s purchase of

Richey Oil, section 15.020 is inapplicable because he did not agree in writing that an action arising

from the transaction “must” be brought in Tarrant County or “may not be brought” in Wise County.

He claims that the acquisition documents and the Note include permissive, not mandatory forum

selection clauses. He references the Goodwill Agreement’s provisions that “any proceeding arising

out of or relating to this Agreement may be brought in the courts of the State of Texas, Tarrant

County, or if it has or can acquire jurisdiction, in the United States District Court for the Northern

District of Texas” and that the parties “submit[] to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of each such court,”

and “the proceeding may be heard and determined in any such court.” (Emphasis added). Richey

argues that this permissive language controls over the mandatory language providing that each of

the parties “agrees not to bring any proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement in any

other court.” He asserts that finding the clause mandatory would render all of the permissive

language meaningless. Relators counter that the permissive language applies to consent to

jurisdiction, but the mandatory language applies to require venue. We agree with Relators.

       The beginning of the jurisdiction clause at issue here provides that “[a]ny proceeding arising

out of or relating to this Agreement may be brought in the courts of the State of Texas, Tarrant

County . . . and each of the parties irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of each such

court in any such proceeding.” Objections to personal jurisdiction may be waived, so a litigant may

consent to the personal jurisdiction of a court through a variety of legal arrangements. Burger King

Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 n.14 (1985). For example, a contractual “consent-to-


                                                  14
jurisdiction clause” subjects a party to personal jurisdiction, making an analysis of that party’s

contacts with the forum for personal jurisdiction purposes unnecessary. RSR Corp. v. Siegmund, 309

S.W.3d 686, 704 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (concluding a contract provision that claims

“may be heard” in Dallas courts was a “consent-to-jurisdiction” clause and the trial court erred by

granting the defendant’s special appearance); see Ramsay v. Tex. Trading Co., 254 S.W.3d 620, 629

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, pet. denied) (explaining that a permissive forum selection clause is

one under which the parties consent to the jurisdiction of a particular forum but do not require suit

to be filed there); see also Granados Quinones v. Swiss Bank Corp. (Overseas), S.A., 509 So. 2d

273, 274 (Fla. 1987) (“Permissive clauses constitute nothing more than a consent to jurisdiction and

venue in the named forum.”).

       The provision here providing that the parties irrevocably submit to the non-exclusive

jurisdiction of the courts in Tarrant County is a consent-to-jurisdiction clause. But the parties not

only submitted themselves to jurisdiction of the Tarrant County courts, each party also “irrevocably

. . . agree[d] not to bring any proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement in any other

court.” Our primary goal in construing this contractual language is to determine the parties’ intent

as reflected by the language they used. El Paso Field Servs., L.P. v. Mastec N. Am., Inc., 389

S.W.3d 802, 805 (Tex. 2012). The contract reflects intent that the parties submit to the jurisdiction

of the state or federal courts in Tarrant County and that they will not file suit “arising out of or

relating to this Agreement” anywhere else. The requirement that if the parties file suit it will be in

Tarrant County is not diluted by their agreement to submit to jurisdiction there, and we disagree with

Richey’s position that construing the forum selection clause as mandatory would render his


                                                 15
agreement to submit to personal jurisdiction in Tarrant County meaningless. Simply put, Richey

clearly agreed in the Goodwill Agreement that an action arising from that transaction must be

brought in Tarrant County. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 15.020(c).

          Richey also asserts that when a venue provision such as the one involved here includes the

term “non-exclusive,” it is not mandatory, even if the provision includes other language reflecting

that it is mandatory. Richey cites two cases in support of his assertion that use of the phrase “non-

exclusive jurisdiction” makes a forum selection clause only permissive. See Sauder v. Rayman, 800

So. 2d 355, 359 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2001); W. Ref. Yorktown, Inc. v. BP Corp. N. Am. Inc., 618 F.

Supp. 2d 513, 520-21 (E.D. Va. 2009). But in neither of those cases did the courts’ holdings rely

exclusively on the phrase “non-exclusive.” In Sauder, the court held that the phrase “non-exclusive

jurisdiction” in a forum selection clause was permissive while the phrase “all actions . . . shall be

litigated” in the same clause was mandatory. 800 So. 2d at 359. Because the entire clause did not

foreclose multiple interpretations, under a de novo review, the court affirmed the trial court’s order

finding the provision permissive. Id. And in Western Refining Yorktown, the forum selection clause

did not contain the phrase non-exclusive jurisdiction. Rather, the clause provided that an action to

enforce the contract “shall” be brought in “the federal or state courts located in Cook County in the

State of Illinois on a non-exclusive basis.” 618 F. Supp. 2d at 519. The phrase “non-exclusive

basis,” the court held, meant that filing suit in the courts in Cook County was not mandatory. Id.

at 523.

          We do not consider these cases determinative. Rather, we conclude that where the phrase

“non-exclusive jurisdiction” is in a forum selection clause that also includes language reflecting


                                                  16
intent that the venue choice is mandatory, the non-exclusive language does not necessarily control

over the mandatory language. We agree with the court’s decision in Muzumdar v. Wellness

International Network, Ltd., 438 F.3d 759, 762 (7th Cir. 2006) where the court rejected a party’s

contention that the phrase “non-exclusive jurisdiction”—which the court noted required the parties

to submit to personal jurisdiction—rendered a forum selection clause permissive. There the court

concluded that it could not “find that a provision which requires appellants to submit to the

‘non-exclusive’ jurisdiction of Texas courts somehow undermines a very strongly worded forum

selection clause containing mandatory language: ‘SHALL BE PROPER ONLY’ or ‘SHALL BE

PROPER’ in Dallas County, Texas.” Id. Similarly, the phrase “non-exclusive jurisdiction” in the

Goodwill Agreement does not control over the plainly worded mandatory language.

                                    D. Venue in Wise County

       Finally, Richey argues that venue in Wise County is proper even if it is not mandatory, so

the trial court did not err by denying Relators’ motion to dismiss. First, Richey points to Texas Civil

Practice and Remedies Code § 15.017 which provides that:

       A suit for damages for libel, slander, or invasion of privacy shall be brought and can
       only be maintained in the county in which the plaintiff resided at the time of the
       accrual of the cause of action, or in the county in which the defendant resided at the
       time of filing suit, or in the county of the residence of defendants, or any of them, or
       the domicile of any corporate defendant, at the election of the plaintiff.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 15.017. He asserts that because he resided in Wise County at the

time his cause of action for defamation accrued, this mandatory provision applies.

       We have already concluded that section 15.020 applies, mandating that Richey’s actions

must be brought in Tarrant County. Venue may be proper in multiple counties under mandatory


                                                  17
venue rules, and the plaintiff is generally afforded the right to choose venue when suit is filed.

Wilson v. Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t, 886 S.W.2d 259, 260 (Tex. 1994). But in this case, the

language of section 15.020 applies to an action arising from a major transaction “[n]otwithstanding

any other provision of this title.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 15.020(c). This indicates that

the Legislature intended for it to control over other mandatory venue provisions. See Molinet v.

Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 413-14 (Tex. 2011) (holding that the phrase “notwithstanding any other

law” indicates a legislative intent that the provision prevail over conflicting law).

        Next, Richey alternatively argues that if section 15.017 does not apply, venue is proper in

Wise County under the general venue statute because a substantial part of the events giving rise to

his claim occurred there. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 15.002(a)(1) (providing that a lawsuit

shall be brought in various enumerated places including “in the county in which all or a substantial

part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred”). He cites Acker v. Denton

Publishing, 937 S.W.2d 111, 115 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, no writ) for the proposition that

if a plaintiff’s choice of venue is proper, it is reversible error for a trial court to transfer venue even

if the county of transfer would also have been proper if chosen by the plaintiff. But Acker did not

address whether a case should be transferred when a mandatory venue provision for a different

county was applicable. And we long ago explained that “[i]f the plaintiff’s chosen venue rests on

a permissive venue statute and the defendant files a meritorious motion to transfer based on a

mandatory venue provision, the trial court must grant the motion.” Wichita Cnty. v. Hart, 917

S.W.2d 779, 781 (Tex. 1996) (emphasis added). The permissive venue statute does not control over

the mandatory venue provision applicable in this case.


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                             V. The Remainder of Richey’s Claims

       Having determined that Richey’s claims seeking his benefit of the bargain losses arose out

of a major transaction, we conclude that all of Richey’s claims against Relators must be transferred

to Tarrant County because Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 15.004 provides that:

       In a suit in which a plaintiff properly joins two or more claims or causes of action
       arising from the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or
       occurrences, and one of the claims or causes of action is governed by the mandatory
       venue provisions . . ., the suit shall be brought in the county required by the
       mandatory venue provision.

It is not necessary for us to analyze Richey’s claims to determine whether they arise from the same

transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions: the parties affirmatively assert that they do.

                             VI. Inconsistency Among Agreements

       Finally, Richey asserts that because Relators argue that this case is also governed by venue

selection clauses providing for venue in Chicago, New York, and Illinois, the inconsistency among

all the agreements creates an ambiguity so suit should proceed in Richey’s choice of venue. We

disagree.

       In order to finance the acquisition of Richey Oil, Nighthawk entered into credit agreements

with LaSalle Business Credit, L.L.C. and D.B. Zwirn Special Opportunities Fund, L.P., which

contained clauses requiring suit be brought in Chicago and New York, respectively. Richey

acknowledges he was not a party to either of those agreements. Richey also signed a Subordination

Agreement in which he agreed that the $6.5 million note was subordinate to the security interests

of LaSalle Business Credit and D.B. Zwirn. The Subordination Agreement provided that any




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litigation in connection with that agreement shall be venued in New York. But Relators were not

parties to that agreement.

       Relators also argue that a deposit agreement with Bank of America, requiring suits regarding

the Richey Oilfield account be brought in Illinois, applies to Richey’s claims against them. But

Richey did not bring claims against Relators regarding the Richey Oil bank account. He claimed

that Fisher made defamatory statements to check payees about Richey’s being responsible for the

checks not being able to be cashed. Relators do not explain how these claims arise out of the deposit

agreement with Bank of America.

       We disagree that there is any ambiguity as to which venue selection clause should apply to

Richey’s claims against Relators. Richey’s claims arise out of and would not exist but for the

acquisition agreements. The venue selection clauses in those agreements apply.

                                         VII. Conclusion

       The trial court abused its discretion by failing to enforce the mandatory forum selection

clauses in the Stock Purchase Agreement and Goodwill Agreement. We conditionally grant relief.

We direct the trial court to vacate its order denying Relators’ motion to transfer venue and to grant

the motion. The writ will only issue if the trial court fails to comply with our directive.



                                              ________________________________________
                                              Phil Johnson
                                              Justice

OPINION DELIVERED: February 28, 2014




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