Opinion issued June 26, 2014




                                     In The

                             Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                         First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                             NO. 01-13-00916-CR
                           ———————————
                HANCE ANTHONY ROGERS, JR., Appellant
                                       V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 75th District Court
                          Liberty County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. CR29974


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury convicted appellant, Hance Anthony Rogers, Jr., of possession of

more than five but less than fifty pounds of marijuana 1 and assessed his

punishment at two years’ confinement, probated for ten years, and a $10,000 fine.


1
      See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.121 (Vernon 2010).
In his sole issue on appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress.

      We affirm.

                                    Background

      Appellant was charged with possession of between five and fifty pounds of

marijuana.    Appellant moved to suppress approximately twenty pounds of

marijuana recovered by Trooper D. Schmidt with the Texas Department of Public

Safety during a traffic stop. At the suppression hearing, Trooper Schmidt testified

regarding his encounter with appellant.

      Trooper Schmidt testified that he was “running stationary radar observing

for [traffic] violations” in Liberty County 2 when he observed a silver Cadillac

traveling eastbound in the left inside lane on U.S. Highway 90. The Cadillac was

moving more slowly than other vehicles, and Trooper Schmidt observed another

vehicle passing the Cadillac on the right in the outside lane. He stated that it is a

violation of traffic laws to drive in the left lane without passing another vehicle and

for a slower vehicle to fail to keep to the right. Trooper Schmidt followed the

Cadillac to conduct a traffic stop for these violations. While he was following it,

the Cadillac swerved into the right lane and then returned to the left lane without


2
      The Texas Supreme Court transferred this appeal from the Court of Appeals for
      the Ninth District of Texas to this Court pursuant to its docket equalization
      powers. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (Vernon 2013).

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using a turn signal. As Trooper Schmidt approached the vehicle, he observed

appellant in the driver’s seat and a second man, identified as Yousef Jefferson, in

the front passenger seat.

        Trooper Schmidt testified that he asked appellant to step to the back of the

vehicle. He further testified that appellant was “very nervous, very jittery. His

palms were sweating profusely.” He stated that appellant had candy in his hand

that he was trying to toss into his mouth, but “actually none of them were going

into his mouth.” However, appellant assumed that they “were and he would be,

like, chewing on them like there was something in his mouth but there was not. He

was very nervous, moving around a lot.” When Trooper Schmidt asked appellant

for his driver’s license, appellant was not able to find it. He “fumbl[ed] through

his wallet” and Trooper Schmidt could see appellant’s state-issued identification

card, but appellant kept “flapping through” the wallet until Trooper Schmidt

pointed out where the card was located in the wallet. Appellant told Trooper

Schmidt that he was going to Louisiana to visit his uncle, but he was not sure

where in Louisiana his uncle lived, and appellant gave inconsistent answers

regarding whether his uncle was related to his mother or father.

        When Trooper Schmidt approached the vehicle to question the passenger,

Jefferson, he observed a black duffle bag on the floorboard behind the driver’s

seat.   He also observed “loose marijuana residue in the center console area



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where . . . the gear shifter is.” He also detected the smell of marijuana coming

from the vehicle. Jefferson was “very cold, almost nonresponsive” and “did not

want to make eye contact.” Jefferson’s answers to basic questions regarding where

he and appellant were going and their relationship to each other were inconsistent

with appellant’s answers.

      Trooper Schmidt testified, “Based off [appellant’s] demeanor, Mr.

Jefferson’s demeanor, and observing the loose marijuana, the conflicting stories

that I was getting from the two of them, I did believe criminal activity was afoot

and that they could be possibly trafficking narcotics.” He detained appellant and

Jefferson and searched the vehicle. In the duffle bag he discovered two packages

of a green, leafy substance that he believed was marijuana. He subsequently

placed appellant under arrest.

      On cross-examination, appellant questioned Trooper Schmidt about the

marijuana residue he observed in the console area. Trooper Schmidt stated that it

was in plain view, but he did not take any pictures of it. Trooper Schmidt agreed

that he did not have any proof of the existence of the loose marijuana in the

console of the car or of the odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle other than

his testimony. Trooper Schmidt was the only witness at the suppression hearing.

      The trial court made findings of fact and conclusions of law on the record.

The trial court found that Trooper Schmidt pulled appellant over after observing



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him violate one or more traffic laws, that he observed appellant exhibiting “an

extreme degree of nervous behavior,” and that appellant and Jefferson gave

inconsistent answers to various questions. The trial court further found

      that the trooper while on the exterior of the vehicle and speaking with
      Mr. Jefferson observed what he believed to be based upon his
      knowledge, training, and experience a green leafy substance which he
      believed based on his knowledge, training, and experience to be
      marijuana within the interior of the vehicle as testified to on the
      console and in that general area.
             Furthermore, the trooper noticed a strong smell of marijuana
      emanating from the vehicle, a strong smell which he believed based
      on his knowledge, his training, and experience to be the odor of
      marijuana.

      The trial court concluded that Trooper Schmidt had reasonable suspicion to

believe appellant violated one or more traffic laws and was justified in conducting

a traffic stop. The trial court further concluded “that based upon the demeanor of

the defendant, the passenger, the inconsistent statements, the view of marijuana in

the vehicle that was in plain view, and the odor of marijuana, that Trooper Schmidt

had probable cause to believe that criminal activity was afoot.” The trial court

concluded that “the resulting search of the vehicle was lawful, and the evidence

seized is admissible as evidence in the trial of this case.”

      The jury convicted appellant of possession of marijuana and assessed his

punishment at two years’ confinement, probated for ten years, and a $10,000 fine.

This appeal followed.




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                                 Motion to Suppress

      In his sole issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress the marijuana recovered from his vehicle.

A.    Standard of Review

      “In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, appellate courts

must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.”

Johnson v. State, 414 S.W.3d 184, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). When, as here, a

trial court makes explicit fact findings, the appellate court determines whether the

evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling supports the

fact findings. See id.; see also State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696, 699 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006) (holding that trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law are

sufficient if they are “recorded in some way, whether written out and filed by the

trial court, or stated on the record at the hearing”).

      We review motions to suppress pursuant to a bifurcated standard under

which the trial court’s determinations of historical facts and mixed questions of

law and fact that rely on credibility are granted almost total deference when

supported by the record. Johnson, 414 S.W.3d at 192. However, for questions of

law or mixed questions of law and fact that do not depend on the evaluation of

credibility and demeanor, we review the trial court’s ruling de novo. Id. At a

suppression hearing, the trial court “is the sole trier of fact and judge of the



                                            6
credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.” Wiede v.

State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The trial court may choose

to believe or to disbelieve all or any part of a witness’s testimony. State v. Ross,

32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

      “The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution permits a

warrantless detention of a person, short of a full-blown custodial arrest, if the

detention is justified by reasonable suspicion.” Johnson, 414 S.W.3d at 191; State

v. Kerwick, 393 S.W.3d 270, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing Terry v. Ohio,

392 U.S. 1, 28, 88 S. Ct. 1868 (1968)). An officer conducts a lawful temporary

detention when he has reasonable suspicion to believe that an individual is

violating the law. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)

(citing Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)).

“Reasonable suspicion exists if the officer has specific, articulable facts that, when

combined with rational inferences from those facts, would lead him to reasonably

conclude that a particular person actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in

criminal activity.” Id. (citing Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2001)). “This is an objective standard that disregards any subjective intent of

the officer making the stop and looks solely to whether an objective basis for the

stop exists.” Id. “A reasonable-suspicion determination is made by considering

the totality of the circumstances.” Id. at 492–93.



                                          7
       Furthermore, the law has recognized an exception to the Fourth

Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures for the search of

an automobile upon probable cause to believe it contains evidence of a crime.

Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264, 282 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Barnes v. State, 424

S.W.3d 218, 224 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2014, no pet.). Probable cause to search

exists when there is a “fair probability” of finding inculpatory evidence at the

location being searched. Neal, 256 S.W.3d at 282. If this exception applies, then

the police may search “every part of the vehicle and its contents that may conceal

the object of the search.”     Id.   “[A]n officer’s observation of contraband or

evidence of a crime in plain view inside an automobile can establish probable

cause to conduct a warrantless search of the vehicle.” Barnes, 424 S.W.3d at 225;

see also Dickey v. State, 96 S.W.3d 610, 613 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2002, no pet.) (holding that odor of marijuana coming from car alone constitutes

probable cause).

B.     Analysis

       Here, Trooper Schmidt testified that he initiated a traffic stop after observing

appellant violate several traffic laws, including failing to maintain a single lane of

traffic.   During the traffic stop, Trooper Schmidt observed appellant act in a

nervous, suspicious manner. Trooper Schmidt testified that appellant and Jefferson

gave inconsistent answers to his questions regarding their destination and



                                           8
relationship. Furthermore, Trooper Schmidt testified that he observed “marijuana

residue” in the center console area of the vehicle and detected the odor of

marijuana coming from the vehicle.

      Appellant argues that the State did not adequately establish probable cause

to search the vehicle because Trooper Schmidt “took no photographs of the

[m]arijuana residue, nor did he collect any of the [m]arijuana residue as evidence.”

However, appellant does not cite, nor could we discover, any authority requiring a

particular form of evidence to establish probable cause.       Rather, an officer’s

observation of contraband in plain view may support a finding of probable cause.

See Barnes, 424 S.W.3d at 225 (holding that officer’s testimony that he saw

marijuana on back seat of vehicle in plain view supported finding of probable

cause to search vehicle); see also Dickey, 96 S.W.3d at 613 (holding that odor of

marijuana coming from car alone constitutes probable cause).

      Appellant cross-examined Trooper Schmidt during the suppression hearing

regarding the existence of any other evidence, such as photographs or a sample of

the residue, to support his testimony that he saw and smelled marijuana while

questioning appellant and Jefferson.     Trooper Schmidt agreed that the only

evidence of the existence of the loose marijuana residue on the console and the

odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle was his own testimony. The trial court

found that Trooper Schmidt observed marijuana in plain sight in the vehicle and



                                         9
detected the odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle, implicitly finding that

Trooper Schmidt’s testimony was credible and believable. The trial court, as the

fact finder, was the sole trier of fact and judge of Trooper Schmidt’s credibility and

the weight to be given to his testimony, and we afford almost total deference to the

trial court’s determinations of historical facts that rely on credibility when

supported by the record, as they are here. See Johnson, 414 S.W.3d at 192; Wiede,

214 S.W.3d at 24–25. Trooper Schmidt’s testimony, viewed in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports the trial court’s fact findings. See

Johnson, 414 S.W.3d at 192.

      Thus, Trooper Schmidt provided specific, articulable facts that, when

combined with rational inferences from those facts, would lead him to reasonably

conclude that appellant was or had been engaged in criminal activity, and,

therefore, he had a reasonable suspicion sufficient to justify his detention of

appellant. See Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. Furthermore, the presence of marijuana

in plain sight and the smell of marijuana coming from the vehicle were sufficient

to provide probable cause to search the vehicle appellant was driving at the time he

was detained. See Neal, 256 S.W.3d at 282; Barnes, 424 S.W.3d at 225; Dickey,

96 S.W.3d at 613.

      We conclude that the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to

suppress the evidence of the marijuana recovered from his vehicle.



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                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                Evelyn V. Keyes
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Sharp, and Huddle.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).




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