[Cite as State v. Lomax, 2012-Ohio-4167.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 98125



                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                              PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                               vs.


                                    RODNEY LOMAX
                                              DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED


                                  Criminal Appeal from the
                          Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                      Case Nos. CR-543073, CR-549126, and CR-549974

        BEFORE: Kilbane, J., Rocco, P.J., and Keough, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                    September 13, 2012
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Paul Mancino, Jr.
75 Public Square
Suite 1016
Cleveland, Ohio 44113-2098

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
Mahmoud Awadallah
Assistant County Prosecutor
The Justice Center - 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Rodney Lomax (“Lomax”), appeals from his guilty

plea in three separate cases. Finding no merit to the appeal, we affirm.

       {¶2} In November 2010, Lomax was charged in Case No. CR-543073 with four

counts of aggravated burglary, five counts of kidnapping, four counts of aggravated

robbery, one count of attempted murder, one count of felonious assault, two counts of

rape, one count of having a weapon while under disability, and one count of theft. Each

of these counts, except the having a weapon while under disability charge, carried one-

and three-year firearm specifications, and one of the kidnapping charges additionally

carried a sexual motivation specification. In April 2011, Lomax was charged in Case

No. CR-549126 with drug possession, drug trafficking, and possessing criminal tools,

with each count carrying various forfeiture specifications. In May 2011, Lomax was

charged in Case No. CR-549974 with two counts of aggravated burglary, one count of

kidnapping, two counts of aggravated robbery, one count of felonious assault, two counts

of theft, and one count of having a weapon while under disability. Each of these counts,

except the having a weapon while under disability charge, carried a one- and three-year

firearm specifications.
      {¶3} Pursuant to a plea agreement, Lomax pled guilty to amended charges in

each case. In Case No. CR-543073, Lomax pled guilty to one count of aggravated

robbery with a one-year firearm specification and the remaining 18 counts were nolled.

In Case No. CR-549126, Lomax pled guilty to drug trafficking with agreed upon

forfeiture specifications and the remaining two counts were nolled.       In Case No.

CR-549974, Lomax pled guilty to one count of aggravated robbery with a one-year

firearm specification and the remaining 8 counts were nolled. The trial court sentenced

Lomax to an aggregate of 17 years in prison on all three cases. In Case No. CR-543073,

the trial court sentenced Lomax to ten years in prison on the aggravated robbery charge

and one year in prison on the firearm specification to be served consecutive to Case No.

CR-549974. In Case No. CR-549126, Lomax was sentenced to five years in prison on

the drug trafficking charge, to be served concurrent to Case Nos. CR-543073 and

CR-549974. In Case No. CR-549974, the trial court sentenced Lomax to five years in

prison on the aggravated robbery charge and one year in prison on the firearm

specification, to be served consecutive to Case No. CR-543073.

      {¶4} Lomax now appeals, raising the following three assignments of error for

review.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE

      [Lomax] was denied due process of law when the court accepted pleas of
      guilty without informing [him] of the effect of pleas of guilty.
                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO

       [Lomax] was denied due process of law when the court failed to inform
       [him] as to the nature of the amended charges to which he was entering
       pleas of guilty.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR THREE

       [Lomax] was denied due process of law and his Sixth Amendment rights
       when [he] was sentenced based on judicial factfinding.

                                         Guilty Plea

       {¶5} In the first and second assignments of error, Lomax challenges the validity

of his guilty pleas.

       {¶6} Before accepting a guilty plea in a felony case, Crim.R. 11(C)(2) requires

that a trial court must personally address the defendant and (1) determine that the

defendant is making the plea voluntarily with an understanding of the nature of the

charges and the maximum penalty; (2) ensure the defendant understands the effect of the

plea and that the court may proceed with judgment after accepting the plea; and (3)

inform the defendant and ensure that the defendant understands that he is waiving his

constitutional rights to a jury trial, to confront witnesses against him, to call witnesses in

his favor, and to require the state to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial

where the defendant cannot be forced to testify against himself.

       {¶7} A trial court must strictly comply with the Crim.R. 11(C)(2) requirements

regarding the waiver of constitutional rights, which means that the court must actually

inform the defendant of the constitutional rights he is waiving and make sure the

defendant understands them. State v. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-5200, 897
N.E.2d 621, ¶ 18, 27.         For nonconstitutional rights, “substantial compliance” is

sufficient. Id. at ¶ 14, citing State v. Stewart, 51 Ohio St.2d 86, 364 N.E.2d 1163 (1977).

 “Substantial compliance means that under the totality of the circumstances the defendant

subjectively understands the implications of his plea and the rights he is waiving.” State

v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564 N.E.2d 474 (1990), citing Stewart.

         {¶8} “[A] defendant must show prejudice before a plea will be vacated for a trial

court’s error involving Crim.R. 11(C) procedure when nonconstitutional aspects of the

colloquy are at issue.” Veney at ¶ 17. The test for prejudice is “whether the plea would

have otherwise been made.” Nero at 108.

         {¶9} In the instant case, the trial court’s compliance with Crim.R. 11’s strict

requirements for constitutional rights are not at issue. Rather, Lomax claims that the trial

court failed to comply with his nonconstitutional rights to be informed of the effect of

pleading guilty and the nature of the amended charges. Specifically, Lomax first argues

that the trial court failed to advise him that his plea of guilty would constitute a complete

admission of guilt. Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(b) states that prior to accepting a plea, the trial

court must inform the defendant of and determine that he understands “the effect of the

plea.”    Crim.R. 11(B) states that a plea of guilty “is a complete admission of the

defendant’s guilt.”

         {¶10} A review of the plea colloquy reveals that the trial court did not inform

Lomax that his guilty plea was a complete admission of guilt. Because the right to be

informed that a guilty plea is a complete admission of guilt is a nonconstitutional right,
we review the totality of circumstances surrounding Lomax’s plea and determine whether

he subjectively understood that a guilty plea is a complete admission of guilt. State v.

Griggs, 103 Ohio St.3d 85, 2004-Ohio-4415, 814 N.E.2d 51, ¶ 12, citing Nero.

       {¶11} We note that the Ohio Supreme Court considered the same argument now

made by Lomax, in Griggs, and held that “a defendant who has entered a guilty plea

without asserting actual innocence is presumed to understand that he has completely

admitted his guilt. In such circumstances, a court’s failure to inform the defendant of the

effect of his guilty plea as required by Crim.R. 11 is presumed not to be prejudicial.” Id.

at ¶ 19. See also State v. Steele, 8th Dist. No. 85901, 2005-Ohio-5541 (where this court

found under the totality of the circumstances the defendant understood that he admitted

his guilt by pleading guilty, even though the trial court did not inform him that his guilty

plea was a complete admission of guilt).

       {¶12} Here, the totality of the circumstances indicate that Lomax understood he

was admitting his guilt by pleading guilty. The trial court informed Lomax of his

constitutional rights and Lomax indicated that he understood those rights. Lomax also

understood that he would be waiving his constitutional rights by entering pleas of guilty

in each case, and he did not assert that he was innocent of the crimes. Thus, the record

sufficiently demonstrates that Lomax understood that by entering pleas of guilty, he

admitted to committing aggravated robbery and drug trafficking.

       {¶13} Lomax next argues that his guilty pleas are invalid because the trial court

failed to inform him of the nature of the charges against him. The right to be informed
of the nature of the charges is also subject to review of the totality of circumstances to

determine whether Lomax understood the implication of his plea and the rights he was

waiving. Nero at 108.

      {¶14} This court has consistently held that “‘courts are not required to explain the

elements of each offense, or to specifically ask the defendant whether he understands the

charges, unless the totality of the circumstances shows that the defendant does not

understand the charges.’” State v. Whitfield, 8th Dist. No. 81247, 2003-Ohio-1504, ¶ 14,

quoting State v. Cobb, 8th Dist. No. 76950, 2001-Ohio-4132; State v. Carpenter, 8th Dist.

No. 81571, 2003-Ohio-3019; State v. Parker, 8th Dist. No. 82687, 2004-Ohio-2976; State

v. Clay, 8th Dist. No. 89763, 2008-Ohio-1415; State v. Martin, 8th Dist. Nos. 92600 and

92601, 2010-Ohio-244.      Here, nothing in the record indicates that Lomax did not

understand the charges to which he pled guilty. The plea colloquy demonstrates the trial

court identified each charge to which Lomax was pleading guilty and explained the

maximum penalty involved.      The state also explained to the court the plea bargain

reached by the parties, outlining each individual count and specifying the degree of the

offense for each count.    In addition, Lomax has failed to demonstrate that he was

prejudiced in any way by his pleas. He does not claim that he would not have pleaded

guilty if the trial court had defined each element of the offenses. Without a showing of

prejudice, Lomax’s argument fails. Clay at ¶ 15.

      {¶15} Accordingly, we find that Lomax’s guilty pleas were taken in compliance

with Crim.R. 11.
       {¶16} Therefore, the first and second assignments of error are overruled.

                                         Sentence

       {¶17} In the third assignment of error, Lomax argues he was denied his Sixth

Amendment rights when the trial court imposed a maximum, consecutive sentence in

Case No. CR-543073 when the trial court based the sentence on facts not alleged in the

indictment nor admitted by Lomax at the time of his plea. Specifically, he refers to the

trial court’s comments that “[d]ue to the egregious facts and issues in this case, I believe

it is appropriate to provide the maximum sentence of ten years.”

       {¶18} This court has applied a two-step approach when reviewing a felony

sentence in accordance with State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896

N.E.2d 124, ¶ 4.

       In applying [State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d
       470,] to the existing statutes, appellate courts must apply a two-step
       approach. First, they must examine the sentencing court's compliance with
       all applicable rules and statutes in imposing the sentence to determine
       whether the sentence is clearly and convincingly contrary to law. If this
       first prong is satisfied, the trial court’s decision shall be reviewed under an
       abuse-of-discretion standard.

       {¶19} In Foster, the Ohio Supreme Court held that trial courts “have full discretion

to impose a prison sentence within the statutory range and are no longer required to make

findings or give their reasons for imposing maximum, consecutive, or more than the

minimum sentences.” Id. at ¶ 100. The Kalish court declared that although Foster

eliminated mandatory judicial fact-finding, it left R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 intact. Id. at
¶ 13. As a result, the trial court must still consider these statutes when imposing a

sentence. Id., citing State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio St.3d 54, 2006-Ohio-855, 846 N.E.2d 1.

       {¶20} R.C. 2929.11(A) provides that when a trial court sentences an offender for a

felony conviction it must be guided by the “overriding purposes of felony sentencing.”

Those purposes are “to protect the public from future crime by the offender and others

and to punish the offender.” R.C. 2929.11(B) states that a felony sentence “must be

reasonably calculated to achieve the purposes set forth under R.C. 2929.11(A),

commensurate with and not demeaning to the seriousness of the crime and its impact on

the victim, and consistent with sentences imposed for similar crimes committed by similar

offenders.” R.C. 2929.12 provides a nonexhaustive list of factors a trial court must

consider when determining the seriousness of the offense and the likelihood that the

offender will commit future offenses.

       {¶21} The record in this case demonstrates that the trial court considered the

applicable factors and principles contained in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, including

recidivism factors and the need to punish the offender. When sentencing Lomax, the

trial court stated that:

       [a]fter consideration of [the PSI, the file, the sentencing memorandum that
       was provided by the State of Ohio] and the statements that are made,
       seriousness of the offense, the recidivism factors, and the need for
       deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restitution, I think there’s no
       question in my mind that a prison sentence is appropriate.
Furthermore, the court properly applied postrelease control, and Lomax’s sentence is

within the permissible statutory range. Therefore, Lomax’s sentence was not contrary to

law or an abuse of discretion.

       Accordingly the third assignment of error is overruled.

       Judgment is affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




MARY EILEEN KILBANE, JUDGE

KENNETH A. ROCCO, P.J., and
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR
