                                       2016 IL App (1st) 160873
                                   Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)
                                                                        Fifth Division
                                                                   September 30, 2016
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                         IN THE
                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                     FIRST DISTRICT
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                    )
     JOE FOUST, as Administrator of the Estate of Molly
                                                    )   Appeal from the Circuit Court
     Anne Glynn, Deceased,                          )   of Cook County.
                                                    )
           Plaintiff-Appellee and Cross-Appellant,  )   No. 2014 L 011513
                                                    )
     v.                                             )   The Honorable
                                                    )   William E. Gomolinski,
     THE FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT OF COOK           )   Judge Presiding.
     COUNTY,                                        )
                                                    )
           Defendant-Appellant and Cross-Appellee.  )
                                                    )
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                Justices Hall and Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1          The instant consolidated interlocutory appeals arise from plaintiff’s lawsuit against

        defendant, the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, after the death of Molly Anne Glynn,

        a woman who was killed when she was struck by a tree limb while riding her bicycle on one

        of defendant’s paved bicycle paths. After defendant filed a motion to dismiss based on

        immunity under four sections of the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort

        Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/1-101 et seq. (West 2012)), the trial court found that defendant

        was immune from liability for its negligent conduct under one section, but that it was not
     Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


        immune under the other three sections. The trial court certified two questions concerning

        immunity for review pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015), and

        each party filed a petition for leave to appeal concerning one of the two questions. We

        allowed both petitions for leave to appeal and consolidated the two appeals. For the reasons

        that follow, we now answer the trial court’s first certified question in the affirmative and the

        second certified question in the negative.

¶2                                          BACKGROUND

¶3                                            I. Complaint

¶4          On February 17, 2015, plaintiff filed a four-count amended complaint against defendant,

        alleging that on September 5, 2014, decedent Molly Anne Glynn was riding her bicycle

        through Erickson Woods 1 on a bicycle path owned and maintained by defendant. According

        to the complaint, “[o]n September 5, 2014, and for a long time prior thereto, there existed

        trees, shrubs and other vegetation in close proximity to the edges of the bike path.” While

        decedent was operating her bicycle, “a large section of diseased, defective and weakened tree

        broke off[,] crashing towards the ground and striking” decedent, who died the next day from

        her injuries.

¶5          Count I of the complaint was a survival action for negligence and alleged that defendant

        was negligent in (1) failing to adequately inspect the trees, shrubs, and vegetation along the

        bicycle path “when it knew or should have known that some of the trees, shrubs or vegetation

        presented a risk to persons using the bike path”; (2) failing to inspect the trees, shrubs, and

        vegetation for signs of disease or other weakened conditions “that could result in trees or


            1
             The complaint describes Erickson Woods as “a forest preserve grove which was located in Cook
     County between Tower Road on the north, Willow Road on the south and on the east side of the Edens
     Expressway.”
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     Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


        portions of trees, shrubs or vegetations falling onto the bike path”; (3) failing to prune, trim,

        or remove diseased or otherwise weakened trees, shrubs, or vegetation or parts thereof “that

        were located adjacent to and in close proximity to the bike path”; (4) failing to maintain the

        property free from unreasonable risks to persons using the bicycle path; (5) disregarding

        notice of deceased or otherwise weakened trees, shrubs, or vegetation or parts thereof “that

        were located adjacent to and in close proximity to the bike path”; (6) failing to properly

        inspect or maintain trees, shrubs, or vegetation after receiving notice of the dangerous

        conditions of the trees, shrubs, or vegetation “near the bike path”; (7) failing to provide a safe

        means of ingress and egress from the bicycle path; (8) failing to give adequate warning to

        users of the bicycle path despite having notice of the presence of trees, shrubs, and vegetation

        that were diseased or weakened; and (9) failing to barricade or otherwise prevent the use of

        the bicycle path in the area where trees, shrubs, and vegetation were diseased or weakened

        despite having notice of the presence of such trees, shrubs, or vegetation. Count I alleged that

        as a result of such negligent acts, decedent “was struck by a tree, shrub or vegetation or a

        limb or part thereof that was located adjacent to and in close proximity to the bike path

        causing her to suffer injuries and damages including conscious pain and suffering prior to her

        death on September 6, 2014.”

¶6          Count II was a wrongful death action for negligence and contained similar allegations as

        count I, except that it alleged that decedent left her husband (the administrator of her estate

        and the plaintiff in the instant case) and her two children as her survivors.

¶7          Count III was a survival action alleging willful and wanton conduct on the part of

        defendant. Count III included similar allegations to counts I and II, except it added

        allegations that defendant had inspected the trees, shrubs, and vegetation along the bicycle


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          path in Erickson Woods, including the tree that struck decedent, and knew that there were

          trees, shrubs, or other vegetation that were diseased or otherwise weakened and presented a

          risk of harm to persons using the bicycle path and placed “X’s” on those trees. Count III

          alleged that defendant’s inspection included all of the trees, shrubs, and other vegetation in

          the area within 50 feet of the place where decedent was injured. Count III enumerated the

          same problems with defendant’s conduct as in counts I and II, except that count III alleged

          that defendant engaged in its conduct “[w]ith an utter indifference and a conscious disregard

          for the safety of the public and Molly Anne Glynn.”

¶8            Finally, count IV was a wrongful death action alleging willful and wanton conduct on the

          part of defendant. Count IV was similar to count III, except it alleged that decedent left her

          husband and her two children as her survivors.

¶9                                         II. Motion to Dismiss

¶ 10          On March 10, 2015, defendant filed a motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to section

          2-619(a)(9) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2014)), arguing

          that defendant was immune from liability pursuant to sections 3-107(b), 2-201, 3-104, and 3-

          106 of the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort

          Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 10/3-107(b), 2-201, 3-104, 3-106 (West 2012)). Only immunity

          pursuant to sections 3-107(b) and 3-106 are at issue on the instant appeal, so we relate the

          parties’ arguments concerning only those sections.

¶ 11          With respect to section 3-107(b), which provides immunity for an injury caused by a

          condition of “[a]ny hiking, riding, fishing or hunting trail” (745 ILCS 10/3-107(b) (West

          2012)), defendant argued that “plaintiff’s Amended Complaint is solely and unambiguously

          based upon the condition of the Trail, namely the presence of weakened trees along the


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          Trail.” Defendant further argued that the character of the trail established it as a “riding trail”

          under section 3-107(b). Accordingly, defendant argued that the section 3-107(b) immunity

          applied.

¶ 12          With respect to section 3-106, which provides immunity for ordinary negligence claims 2

          “where the liability is based on the existence of a condition of any public property intended

          or permitted to be used for recreational purposes, including but not limited to parks,

          playgrounds, open areas, buildings or other enclosed recreational facilities” (745 ILCS 10/3-

          106 (West 2012)), defendant argued that counts I and II should be dismissed because the trail

          was intended and permitted to be used for recreational purposes.

¶ 13          Attached to defendant’s motion to dismiss was the affidavit of John McCabe, the director

          of defendant’s department of resource management and a certified arborist. McCabe

          identified the bicycle path in question as defendant’s North Branch Paved Trail, which was

          open to the public daily from dawn until dusk for hiking, jogging, dog walking, cross country

          skiing, inline skating, and bicycling, as well as providing access to natural areas for fishing,

          canoeing, and bird watching. McCabe stated that the trail extended from Dundee Road on the

          north to Devon Avenue on the south, a total distance of approximately 20 miles, and wound

          through forested areas, the Skokie Lagoons, and along the north branch of the Chicago River.

          McCabe indicated that defendant’s statutory mission was to acquire and hold lands “ ‘for the

          purpose of protecting and preserving the flora, fauna, and scenic beauties within such district

          *** as nearly as may be, in their natural state and condition, for the purpose of the education,

          pleasure, and recreation of the public’ ” (quoting 70 ILCS 810/7 (West 2012)), and that in

          managing the “flora, fauna, and scenic beauties of the District,” defendant exercised its

              2
                The section 3-106 immunity does not extend to claims of injury based on willful and wanton
       conduct. 745 ILCS 10/3-106 (West 2012).
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       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          discretion in deciding how to best manage those resources “consistent with its statutory

          mission and in a fiscally responsible manner.” McCabe stated that “[t]here is no regulation or

          legal authority which mandates or prescribes the manner of tree inspection, pruning or

          removal for property like the District.”

¶ 14          In his response to defendant’s motion to dismiss, plaintiff argued that section 3-107(b)

          immunity was not applicable because the tree at issue was adjacent to the trail and was

          therefore not a “condition of the trail” itself, as required for immunity under the section.

          Plaintiff further argued that section 3-106 immunity did not apply because the tree in

          question was located 7½ feet from the trail in a thickly forested area where recreation was

          not intended or permitted.

¶ 15          Attached to plaintiff’s response was the affidavit of D. Logan Nelson, a registered

          consulting arborist, who stated that the black locust tree that struck the decedent was growing

          in a “naturalized, non-recreational, woodland setting” and that the crown of the tree forked

          into two large limbs, one growing straight up and one that was overhanging the trail. Nelson

          opined that, based on her assessment of the tree, “there were obvious structural defects that,

          when assessed for tree failure probability, the conclusions would be that branch failure would

          be imminent.” Nelson opined that the “structural defects” of the tree “include[d] a

          combination of compounding stresses that made tree failure imminent: the black locust

          species is prone to breakage, the architecture of the heavy and over-reaching branch

          overhanging the trail was poor, and the branch union of the subject tree trunk and the branch

          that hit Molly Glynn was seriously compromised and weakened by included bark and decay.”

          Nelson further opined that “the consequences of the impact to target should have been

          assessed as great and valuable. The compounding combination of the location of the subject


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       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


           locust, the architecture of the long and heavy branch extending across the width of a paved

           and inviting path to frequent users (i.e. walkers, joggers, roller bladers, bicyclists, etc.)

           establishes that if branch failure occurred, the target below would be the paved path and

           perhaps pedestrians who frequently use the subject trail.” Nelson opined that “[b]ased upon

           the standards criteria and accepted practices, the subject black locust presented an immediate

           hazard and should have been removed within twenty-four hours; as it constituted a hazard,

           the tree was already marked as such, hence there was no option for discretion with regards to

           eliminating the hazard.”

¶ 16              Defendant filed a reply, again arguing that defendant was immune from liability.

           Attached to its reply was a transcript from the discovery deposition 3 of McCabe, the director

           of defendant’s department of resource management. In his deposition, McCabe testified that

           a tree that was seven and a half feet from a paved trail would have an effect on the trail in a

           few ways: by providing shade to the trail, by “look[ing] nice” from an aesthetic perspective,

           and by serving as a habitat for animals and birds. McCabe acknowledged that these aspects

           might not affect whether someone was physically able to use the trail, but testified that they

           would “probably [affect] why they are going up or down the trail.” McCabe further testified

           that shade could affect someone’s physical use of the trail in that “they could be riding along,

           and all of a sudden it’s shady and then all of a sudden it’s very bright, and they may not be

           able to see very clearly and might go off the trail and hit a tree”; McCabe gave an additional

           example of the sun or shade affecting how quickly the trail dried after it rained, making some

           areas of the trail more slippery than others. McCabe further testified that other effects that




                  3
                      The parties engaged in limited discovery solely concerning the issues raised in the motion to
       dismiss.
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           trees could have on trails would be leaves blowing off trees, branches or limbs falling, or

           berries, nuts, or seeds falling from the trees.

¶ 17           McCabe testified that the tree that struck the decedent was marked by defendant for

           removal for two reasons. The main reason was the tree’s “architecture, or what we call

           growth form of the tree,” and the secondary reason was the fact that it was a black locust tree,

           a species of tree that was a “lower value tree” that would have been “just easier to remove the

           whole tree, rather than have the tree pruned.” As to the tree’s architecture, McCabe explained

           that “from the way that the tree was growing, the vast majority of the crown[4] of the tree was

           growing out over the trail[.] *** [T]he tree is not going to *** straighten itself out. The

           crown continues to grow. Over the years, that crown is only going to get heavier, and it could

           create issues with bikers being able to get under the tree, or ultimately causing the tree to

           potentially fail.” The tree was marked in approximately mid-August 2014.

¶ 18                                           III. Trial Court Order

¶ 19           On December 16, 2015, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss as to sections

           3-107(b), 2-201, and 3-104 of the Tort Immunity Act. However, the trial court granted the

           motion to dismiss as to section 3-106 of the Tort Immunity Act, which applied to only counts

           I and II of the complaint, which concerned negligence, and did not affect counts III and IV,

           which concerned willful and wanton conduct. With respect to section 3-106, the court found

           that “[t]his is definitely recreational use. It’s in such close proximity to that path that people

           can look at it; they can see it; they can appreciate it. They can do what they want to do with it




               4
                 McCabe explained that “[t]he crown of the tree entails the top part of the tree, the branching
       structure[.] *** [F]rom an arborist’s perspective, when you refer to the crown of the tree, you’re generally
       talking about the bowl of the tree, you know, the majority of the limbs and leaders of the particular tree.”
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          and enjoy the beauty and the nature part of it. If that’s not recreational, I don’t know what

          would be.”

¶ 20          On January 15, 2016, plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider the court’s dismissal of counts

          I and II of the complaint, which was denied on March 8, 2016. During the hearing on the

          motion to reconsider, the trial court noted that, with respect to section 3-106, “the path was

          used for recreational purposes, and this tree abutted the path and hung over the path and it

          became part of the path.” On the same day, the trial court entered an order certifying the

          following two questions of law:

                       “1) Does a tree whose base is located about seven feet from the edge of a forest

                 preserve bicycle path, and that has a limb overhanging the approximate width of the

                 path which breaks off and falls onto a cyclist on the path, constitute a condition of

                 property intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes pursuant to

                 Section 3-106 of the Tort Immunity Act?

                       2) Does a tree whose base is located about seven feet from the edge of a forest

                 preserve bicycle path, and that has a limb overhanging the approximate width of the

                 path which breaks off and falls onto a cyclist on the path, constitute a condition of a

                 trail pursuant to Section 3-107(b) of the Tort Immunity Act?”

¶ 21          Defendant filed a petition for leave to appeal the second certified question pursuant to

          Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015), and plaintiff filed a separate petition for

          leave to appeal the first certified question. We allowed both appeals and consolidated them

          on June 20, 2016.




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¶ 22                                             ANALYSIS

¶ 23          Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015) provides a remedy of permissive

          appeal from interlocutory orders where the trial court has deemed that they involve a

          question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and where an

          immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the

          litigation. We apply a de novo standard of review to legal questions presented in an

          interlocutory appeal brought pursuant to Rule 308. Simmons v. Homatas, 236 Ill. 2d 459, 466

          (2010). De novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial judge would

          perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011). On appeal, we are

          asked to consider two questions, both concerning whether defendant is immune from liability

          for the decedent’s death.

¶ 24          “[L]ocal public entities, in general, have a duty to exercise ordinary care to maintain

          public property in a reasonably safe condition.” Bubb v. Springfield School District 186, 167

          Ill. 2d 372, 377 (1995). This duty has been codified in section 3-102 of the Tort Immunity

          Act, which provides that “a local public entity has the duty to exercise ordinary care to

          maintain its property in a reasonably safe condition for the use in the exercise of ordinary

          care of people whom the entity intended and permitted to use the property in a manner in

          which and at such times as it was reasonably foreseeable that it would be used, and shall not

          be liable for injury unless it is proven that it has actual or constructive notice of the existence

          of such a condition that is not reasonably safe in reasonably adequate time prior to an injury

          to have taken measures to remedy or protect against such condition.” 745 ILCS 10/3-102(a)

          (West 2012). Section 3-102 did not create a new duty but codified a duty that existed at

          common law; “[t]he legislature created no new duties when it enacted the Tort Immunity


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          Act.” Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 378. Instead, in enacting the Tort Immunity Act, the legislature

          “created only immunities and defenses.” Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 378. In providing such

          immunities and defenses, “the legislature sought to prevent the diversion of public funds

          from their intended purpose to the payment of damage claims.” Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 378. It is

          two of those immunities that we consider on appeal.

¶ 25                                         I. Section 3-106

¶ 26          The first question certified by the trial court asks whether “a tree whose base is located

          about seven feet from the edge of a forest preserve bicycle path, and that has a limb

          overhanging the approximate width of the path which breaks off and falls onto a cyclist on

          the path, constitute a condition of property intended or permitted to be used for recreational

          purposes pursuant to Section 3-106 of the Tort Immunity Act?”

¶ 27          Under section 3-106 of the Tort Immunity Act, “[n]either a local public entity nor a

          public employee is liable for an injury where the liability is based on the existence of a

          condition of any public property intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes,

          including but not limited to parks, playgrounds, open areas, buildings or other enclosed

          recreational facilities, unless such local entity or public employee is guilty of willful and

          wanton conduct proximately causing such injury.” 745 ILCS 10/3-106 (West 2012).

¶ 28          The parties do not dispute that the path itself, which the decedent was using at the time

          the tree limb struck her, constitutes recreational property. However, plaintiff argues that the

          tree from which the limb fell was located on property that was not intended or permitted to

          be used for recreational purposes, making the section 3-106 immunity inapplicable. By

          contrast, defendant argues both (1) that defendant’s property as a whole was intended or

          permitted for recreational use, including the area in which the tree was located and (2) that


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           the tree was a condition of the path, which was undisputedly recreational property. We note

           that the question of whether the tree was a condition of the path itself is the primary focus of

           the second certified question on appeal, and we will, accordingly, analyze that issue in depth

           below. 5 We therefore focus our analysis on the question of whether defendant is entitled to

           section 3-106 immunity if the tree is not considered to be a condition of the path.

¶ 29                                       A. Supreme Court Case Law

¶ 30           Our supreme court has spoken several times on the issue of immunity under section 3-

           106 of the Tort Immunity Act. In Bubb v. Springfield School District 186, 167 Ill. 2d 372,

           377 (1995), the supreme court for the first time analyzed the meaning of “ ‘public property

           intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes’ ” (quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch.

           85, ¶ 3-106) under section 3-106 when it considered whether a school district was immune

           from liability when a child was injured on a sidewalk surrounding a school building that was

           adjacent to an area that the schoolchildren used as a playground. The court discussed

           appellate court opinions that had construed this language and agreed with those courts that

           had concluded that it was “the character of the property in question, not the activity

           performed at any given time” that determined whether immunity applied. Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at

           379. Such a determination “should be based on a case-by-case examination of the nature of

           the property and its past use.” Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 384.

¶ 31           In reversing the appellate court, the supreme court determined that the appellate court’s

           concerns about expansive interpretation of section 3-106 were unfounded, noting that it

           “[did] not believe that section 3-106 applies to any public area where recreation might occur.

           The statute contains a specific list of recreational property to which the statute applies. This

               5
                 As defendant points out, if we determine that the tree was, in fact, a condition of the path,
       section 3-106 immunity would apply, as the path is undisputedly recreational property.
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          list suggests that the statute applies to recreational property that is similar in nature to that

          contained in the statute.” Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 381. The court further noted that “at some

          point, the use of public property for recreation may be so incidental that section 3-106 does

          not apply.” Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 382. Nevertheless, the supreme court found that the property

          at issue in the case before it was recreational, as the facts demonstrated that the school

          intended for children to use the property as part of the school playground. Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at

          382. The court acknowledged that the primary purpose of the property may not have been

          recreational but noted that “[p]ublic property may have more than one intended use” (Bubb,

          167 Ill. 2d at 383) and later again stated that “[t]he statute applies if public property is

          intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes, regardless of the primary purpose

          of the property” (Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 384).

¶ 32          Two years later, the supreme court expanded the interpretation of section 3-106 in

          Sylvester v. Chicago Park District, 179 Ill. 2d 500 (1997), when it found that the defendant

          park district was immune from liability when the plaintiff was injured after tripping on a “car

          stop” located on a walkway adjacent to a Soldier Field parking lot on her way to attend a

          Chicago Bears football game. In its analysis, the supreme court reiterated the Bubb court’s

          holding that section 3-106 applied if public property was intended or permitted to be used for

          recreational purposes, regardless of the primary purpose of the property. Sylvester, 179 Ill. 2d

          at 508 (citing Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 384). However, the Sylvester court then stated that, “[i]n

          addition, section 3-106 may apply to facilities or structures that increase the usefulness of

          public property intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes. These facilities or

          structures need not be recreational in character for section 3-106 to apply.” Sylvester, 179 Ill.

          2d at 508. The court found that “[a]lthough the walkways and parking lots adjacent to Soldier


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           Field may not be primarily recreational, Soldier Field itself is certainly recreational and these

           facilities increase its usefulness. Taken as a whole, we find that Soldier Field and its adjacent

           walkways and parking lots are intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes.”

           Sylvester, 179 Ill. 2d at 508. The court noted that section 3-106 had been amended in 1986 to

           expand the scope of immunity, and “[t]hus, under section 3-106 as amended, it is the

           character of the property as a whole that determines whether immunity applies.” Sylvester,

           179 Ill. 2d at 509. The court found that “an examination of the property as a whole indicates

           that the parking lot in which plaintiff fell was an integral part of the Soldier Field recreational

           facility. We therefore believe that the trial judge erred in narrowly focusing on only whether

           the parking lot by itself was being used for recreational purposes.” Sylvester, 179 Ill. 2d at

           509-10.

¶ 33           Most recently, 6 in Rexroad v. City of Springfield, 207 Ill. 2d 33 (2003), the supreme court

           distinguished Sylvester from the situation present in Rexroad, where a student was injured in

           a parking lot that served the entire school, as well as the school’s football field, which was

           being used during summer practice sessions. The Rexroad court found Sylvester

           distinguishable because “Soldier Field’s adjacent parking lots and walkways served to

           benefit Soldier Field only and thus increased the usefulness of the stadium. Here, in contrast,

           the high school parking lot provided access to several different areas of the school not used

           for recreational purposes. The parking lot in question is different from the parking lot in

           Sylvester and a different analysis applies.” Rexroad, 207 Ill. 2d at 41-42. The Rexroad court

           determined that the situation present was more analogous to Bubb, where the court had


               6
                We note that the supreme court discussed section 3-106 again in 2012, in Moore v. Chicago
       Park District, 2012 IL 112788. However, that case involved the interpretation of the section 3-106
       immunity for “ ‘a condition of any public property’ ” (Moore, 2012 IL 112788, ¶ 1), and not the question
       of whether property is recreational.
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          recognized that the use of public property for recreation may be so incidental that section 3-

          106 did not apply. Rexroad, 207 Ill. 2d at 43. The court found that “any recreational use of

          the parking lot in question was so incidental that section 3-106 does not apply. The parking

          lot served the entire school and only incidentally the football practice field. Moreover, the

          record does not indicate that the lot had been used for recreation prior to the date of the

          incident or that recreation had ever been encouraged there.” Rexroad, 207 Ill. 2d at 43. Thus,

          the court concluded that the section 3-106 immunity did not apply, noting that “[i]f we were

          to accept defendants’ argument, we would be effectively immunizing large amounts of

          otherwise nonrecreational school property simply because it is located near recreational

          school property” and the school would, accordingly, owe no duty of reasonable care to

          students parking their vehicles and walking to their classes, which the court found the

          General Assembly could not have intended. Rexroad, 207 Ill. 2d at 43.

¶ 34                                  B. Application of Section 3-106

¶ 35          In considering whether section 3-106 immunized defendant in the case at bar, plaintiff

          argues that the area in which the tree that struck the decedent was located was not intended or

          permitted to be used for recreational purposes. As an initial matter, plaintiff repeatedly

          claims that we have previously held that only 10% of defendant’s property was used for

          recreational purposes, citing Belton v. Forest Preserve District of Cook County, 407 Ill. App.

          3d 409 (2011). While plaintiff does not provide a precise citation for his claim, our review of

          Belton indicates that the only reference to the 10% figure cited by plaintiff was the Belton

          court’s statement in its recitation of the facts that two of defendant’s employees had testified

          in discovery depositions that “[o]nly about 10% of the District’s property holdings were for

          recreational use, such as picnicking, and in the other areas the District normally adhered to its


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           statutory mission to preserve, protect, and restore natural areas by allowing vegetation to

           remain undisturbed as a habitat for fungi, birds, and insects.” Belton, 407 Ill. App. 3d at 411.

           This figure is not repeated or alluded to anywhere in the court’s analysis. Thus, plaintiff’s

           claim that we “must take judicial notice of that finding” is not persuasive. 7

¶ 36           We also are not persuaded by plaintiff’s extremely narrow view of the “area” involved in

           the case at bar. Plaintiff argues that the tree was “in a thick wooded, forested area” that was

           not intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes, pointing to photographs that

           he attached as exhibits to his brief in opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss. However,

           the parties, the record—and the certified question itself—indicate that the tree was located

           approximately seven and a half feet from the path, and the photographs clearly show the

           tree’s proximity to the path and that the grass along the path was mown up to a few feet from

           the tree. Plaintiff’s complaint also emphasizes the close proximity of the tree to the path,

           referring to its location a number of times as being “adjacent to” the path and in “close

           proximity” to the path. While the tree is certainly located amongst other trees, it can hardly

           be characterized as being in “its natural, undisturbed vegetative state,” as plaintiff claims,

           especially since it is undisputed that defendant engaged in tree trimming in the area and had,

           in fact, marked that very tree for future removal. Furthermore, our supreme court has

           instructed that “it is the character of the property as a whole that determines whether


               7
                 We also agree with defendant that Belton is distinguishable on the merits, despite plaintiff’s
       contention that the case was “remarkably similar” to the case at bar, because the plaintiff in that case was
       not on the defendant’s property at the time he was struck by a tree and the court found his status as a
       nonuser of the defendant’s property to be dispositive. Belton, 407 Ill. App. 3d at 424-25 (“Because this
       statute concerns property ‘used for recreational purposes’ and the fact that the District cites only cases
       involving users of public property rather than nonusers like Belton, we conclude section 3-106 is
       inapplicable. [Citation.] People who are injured within the boundaries of public property due to a
       condition of the property are not like Belton who was merely driving by the District’s Green Lake site on
       a non-District roadway when the District’s tree collapsed onto that adjacent land.” (quoting 745 ILCS
       10/3-106 (West 2004))).
                                                            16
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


           immunity applies.” Sylvester, 179 Ill. 2d at 509. Thus, plaintiff’s focus on the tree itself and

           the few feet surrounding it is extremely narrow and does not take into consideration the

           property as a whole. Indeed, plaintiff’s interpretation of the “area” at issue is so narrow in

           scope that it does not even encompass the perimeter of the tree itself—the basis of the entire

           case is the fact that the tree itself extended over the path, which resulted in the decedent’s

           injury and, ultimately, her death.

¶ 37           On the other hand, we are also not persuaded by defendant’s argument that “the District’s

           property when considered as a whole” had a recreational character and, therefore, it was

           immune. A blanket characterization of all of defendant’s holdings 8 as recreational would

           have the effect of swallowing the duty of ordinary care set forth in section 3-102 of the Tort

           Immunity Act. See Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 382 (“Section 3-106 provides immunity for

           recreational property. Providing immunity to any public property where recreation might

           occur would eviscerate the duty codified in section 3-102.”). Thus, while we agree with

           defendant that we must consider the character of the property as a whole, the “property” we

           are considering is something more than the single tree at issue but less than the entire forest

           preserve.

¶ 38           In plaintiff’s complaint, he identifies the tree at issue as being located in Erickson Woods,

           “a forest preserve grove which was located in Cook County between Tower Road on the

           north, Willow Road on the south and on the east side of the Edens Expressway.” Thus, it is

           reasonable to consider Erikson Woods as the “property” that must be analyzed to determine


               8
                 According to defendant’s website, defendant’s holdings consist of over 69,000 acres and
       constitute the largest forest preserve district in the United States. Forest Preserves of Cook County,
       http://www.fpdcc.com/about/mission-vision/ (last visited Aug. 9, 2016). Additionally, a brochure
       submitted by defendant as an exhibit to McCabe’s affidavit provides that defendant “manages a dynamic
       number of approximately 68,000 acres of land, 80 percent of which remain in a wild or semi-wild natural
       state.”
                                                         17
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          its character. According to the brochure attached to McCabe’s affidavit, Erickson Woods was

          suitable for the following activities: picnicking, hiking, cycling, inline skating, cross-country

          skiing, and fishing, and the area was a “birding hotspot.” These are quintessentially

          recreational activities and, accordingly, we agree with defendant that Erickson Woods was

          intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes. Consequently, since the character

          of the property as a whole was recreational, the section 3-106 immunity would apply.

¶ 39          Plaintiff argues that the only recreational property near the tree was the paved trail and

          that “[a]nything and any property outside of the Paved Trail[ ] is outside of the purview of

          this immunity.” (Emphasis omitted.) Plaintiff further claims that all of the activities described

          by defendant occur in areas designated for such activities and that defendant’s rules require

          persons engaged in those activities to stay in such designated areas. However, this does not

          appear to be entirely accurate. An examination of defendant’s rules and regulations, included

          as an exhibit to plaintiff’s brief in opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss and available

          on defendant’s website, indicates that the rules state that, for instance, “[b]icyclists and

          equestrians must stay on designated trails.” See also Forest Preserves of Cook County,

          http://www.fpdcc.com/conservation/conservation-rules-and-policies/ (last visited Aug. 11,

          2016) (“Bicycle and equestrian riders are restricted to designated trails, and motorized

          vehicles are prohibited.”). However, the rules say nothing about requiring hikers or

          birdwatchers to stay on such trails, in contrast to the rules for areas designated as nature

          centers. See Forest Preserves of Cook County, http://www.fpdcc.com/preserves-and-

          trails/rules-and-regulations/ (last visited Aug. 11, 2016) (“For your safety and for the

          protection of natural areas, please stay on marked trails. Trails are for hiking only; no

          running, jogging, horses or other sporting activities.”). Similarly, there is no restriction on


                                                       18
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          picnicking, other than a prohibition on picnicking “in certain areas, such as Nature Centers”

          and       restrictions   on   fire   and   alcohol.   Forest    Preserves    of   Cook     County,

          http://www.fpdcc.com/preserves-and-trails/rules-and-regulations/ (last visited Aug. 11,

          2016). Indeed, McCabe testified at his deposition that “if you’ve ever been out in a forest

          preserve on a weekend, you’ll see that they picnic everywhere.” 9 Again, plaintiff’s view of

          the recreational property at issue is overly restrictive and does not comport with our supreme

          court’s interpretation of the language. In the case at bar, Erickson Woods was property that

          was intended or permitted to be used for recreational purposes. Accordingly, we answer the

          first certified question in the affirmative.

¶ 40                                           II. Section 3-107(b)

¶ 41            The second question certified by the trial court asks whether “a tree whose base is located

          about seven feet from the edge of a forest preserve bicycle path, and that has a limb

          overhanging the approximate width of the path which breaks off and falls onto a cyclist on

          the path, constitute a condition of a trail pursuant to Section 3-107(b) of the Tort Immunity

          Act?”

¶ 42            Under section 3-107 of the Tort Immunity Act, “[n]either a local public entity nor a

          public employee is liable for an injury caused by a condition of: (a) Any road which provides

          access to fishing, hunting, or primitive camping, recreational, or scenic areas and which is

          not a (1) city, town or village street, (2) county, state or federal highway or (3) a township or


                9
                 Plaintiff points to language in defendant’s municipal code that provides: “No person shall
       engage in any sport, game, amusement or exercise within the property of the Forest Preserve District
       except at such places as may be provided and designated for such purposes by the General Superintendent
       or his designee and in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by said General
       Superintendent or his designee.” Forest Preserve District of Cook County Municipal Code § 2-4-3
       (adopted July 13, 2011). However, as noted, Erickson Woods was designated in defendant’s brochure and
       website for a wide variety of recreational purposes, and the examples we set forth were not prohibited
       under defendant’s rules and regulations.
                                                         19
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          other road district highway. (b) Any hiking, riding, fishing or hunting trail.” 745 ILCS 10/3-

          107 (West 2012). While section 3-106, discussed above, provides immunity only for

          negligence, “section 3-107(b) extends absolute immunity for both ordinary negligence and

          willful and wanton negligence for injuries sustained on certain specified types of recreational

          property.” Goodwin v. Carbondale Park District, 268 Ill. App. 3d 489, 492-93 (1994). In the

          case at bar, we must determine whether the tree from which the limb that struck the decedent

          fell was considered a condition of a riding trail such that defendant would be immune from

          liability under section 3-107(b).

¶ 43          As an initial matter, it is not entirely clear whether plaintiff is challenging the

          characterization of the path as a “riding trail” for purposes of section 3-107(b). However, we

          agree with defendant that the path is such a trail. Our courts have looked to the plain and

          ordinary meaning of a “trail” as a “ ‘marked path through a forest or mountainous region.’ ”

          Mull v. Kane County Forest Preserve District, 337 Ill. App. 3d 589, 591-92 (2003) (quoting

          Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2423 (1993)); see also McElroy v. Forest

          Preserve District of Lake County, 384 Ill. App. 3d 662, 669 (2008) (using same definition);

          Brown v. Cook County Forest Preserve, 284 Ill. App. 3d 1098, 1101 (1996) (same). In

          applying that definition, courts have found that “trails” for the purposes of section 3-107(b)

          immunity include a gravel and asphalt path (Mull, 337 Ill. App. 3d at 592), a manmade

          wooden bridge connecting gravel portions of a path (McElroy, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 669) and,

          most relevantly, a paved bicycle path running through forested areas of a forest preserve

          (Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1101). But see Goodwin, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 494 (finding that a

          “paved bike path in a developed city park” was not a “riding trail”). In the case at bar,

          plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the path ran through Erickson Woods and that “there existed


                                                      20
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          trees, shrubs and other vegetation in close proximity to the edges of the bike path.”

          Furthermore, McCabe’s affidavit stated that the path “runs through forested areas, the Skokie

          Lagoons, and along the North Branch of the Chicago River.” Accordingly, we agree with

          defendant that the path is property characterized as a “riding trail” for purposes of section 3-

          107(b).

¶ 44          We must next consider whether the tree was considered a “condition of” the path such

          that defendant is immune from liability for the decedent’s death. Our supreme court

          discussed the meaning of a “condition” of property with respect to section 3-106 in Moore v.

          Chicago Park District, 2012 IL 112788, and we find its analysis instructive here, as both

          sections of the Tort Immunity Act use the same “condition” language. In Moore, the supreme

          court explained that “the relevant inquiry in determining whether something is a ‘condition’

          within the meaning of section 3-106 is whether a plaintiff’s injury was caused by the

          property itself or by an activity conducted on the property. [Citation.] Put another way,

          activities conducted on public property ‘intended or permitted to be used for recreational

          purposes’ are not considered ‘conditions of’ the property. [Citation.]” Moore, 2012 IL

          112788, ¶ 15. Thus, the court stated that it agreed with the courts that had determined that

          “section 3-106 immunizes a defendant from liability in negligence where the property itself

          is unsafe, but that section does not immunize the defendant from unsafe activities conducted

          upon otherwise safe property.” Moore, 2012 IL 112788, ¶ 15.

¶ 45          Defendant attempts to characterize the instant case as falling within the Moore court’s

          analysis, claiming that “[a]pplying the Moore Court’s ‘relevant inquiry’ to the instant case,

          poses the question of whether plaintiff’s decedent was injured by the District’s property

          itself, or by the District’s activity on the property.” This analysis simply assumes that


                                                      21
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


           because the decedent was injured by a tree limb striking her, instead of the decedent being

           injured by defendant’s activities, section 3-107 immunity applies. However, the Moore court

           was discussing something that was on the recreational property itself, namely, an unnatural

           accumulation of snow and ice, and determining whether that constituted a “condition” of the

           property for purposes of section 3-106 immunity. See Moore, 2012 IL 112788, ¶ 1 (the

           certified question to be considered asked whether “ ‘an unnatural accumulation of snow and

           ice’ ” constituted a condition of public property under section 3-106). Here, by contrast, we

           are asked to consider whether something that is not on the actual path can still be considered

           a condition of the path for purposes of section 3-107 immunity. Thus, while the Moore

           court’s analysis is instructive, it does not provide an exact template that we can simply apply

           to the situation at hand.

¶ 46           There is no doubt that, had the tree limb in question fallen across the path and the

           decedent had collided with it at that point, the tree limb would be considered to be a

           condition of the path and defendant would be immune from liability. This scenario was

           present in Goodwin, where the appellate court found that section 3-106 immunity applied

           when the plaintiff was injured after the bicycle he was riding collided with a tree that had

           fallen across a paved bike path. 10 Goodwin, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 491. See also A.D. v. Forest

           Preserve District of Kane County, 313 Ill. App. 3d 919 (2000) (section 3-106 immunity

           applied with respect to a tree located in a recreational area). Moreover, it comports with the

           Moore court’s focus on whether it is the property itself that is unsafe, as opposed to activities

           conducted upon the property. However, the factual situation in the instant case is slightly

               10
                  We note that the Goodwin court also found that the bike path was not a “riding trail” for
       purposes of section 3-107(b) immunity as it was a paved bike path within a developed city park.
       Goodwin, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 493. While this holding has been questioned by other courts (see, e.g.,
       McElroy, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 667), its section 3-106 analysis has not and we find it instructive to the
       instant case.
                                                            22
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


           different, because the tree limb was above the path until the time that the decedent rode by, at

           which point it fell to the ground. Thus, we must consider whether the fact that it was not

           physically on the path affects the analysis of whether it was a condition of the path. 11

¶ 47           In determining whether the tree from which the tree limb fell was a condition of the path,

           we must bear in mind that the Tort Immunity Act “ ‘is in derogation of the common law’ and

           must be strictly construed against the local government entity.” Vaughn v. City of West

           Frankfort, 166 Ill. 2d 155, 158 (1995) (quoting Curatola v. Village of Niles, 154 Ill. 2d 201,

           208 (1993)). Furthermore, “[i]n interpreting a provision of the Tort Immunity Act, as with

           any statute, our primary goal is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature.

           [Citation.] We seek that intent first from the plain language used in the statute, and if that

           language is clear and unambiguous, we are not at liberty to depart from its plain meaning.

           [Citation.]” Moore, 2012 IL 112788, ¶ 9.

¶ 48           In the case at bar, we agree with plaintiff that the trees alongside the path cannot be

           considered a condition of the path for purposes of section 3-107 immunity. The language is

           clear that section 3-107(b) immunizes defendant from liability “for an injury caused by a

           condition of: *** (b) Any hiking, riding, fishing or hunting trail.” 745 ILCS 10/3-107(b)

           (West 2012). The plain language of the statute thus requires the injury to be caused by a

           condition of a trail, and the only reasonable interpretation of that language is that for there to

           be immunity, there must be something on the trail itself that caused the injury. Any other

           result would lead to arbitrary line-drawing as to whether a nearby structure or natural feature


               11
                  Defendant cites several cases finding that trees can be considered conditions of property. We
       have no quarrel with such a statement; however, this misses the point because the cases cited by
       defendant are cases where the tree at issue was already on the property at the time of the injury. See
       Goodwin, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 491 (the plaintiff was injured after the bicycle he was riding collided with a
       tree that had fallen across a paved bike path); A.D., 313 Ill. App. 3d at 920 (the plaintiff was injured when
       he ran into a tree while playing “tag” in a recreational part of a forest preserve).
                                                            23
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          sufficiently affects the trail so as to be considered a condition of that trail. While defendant

          attempts to broaden the scope of the path to include trees alongside and overhanging the path,

          we see nothing in the language of the statute to support such an extension.

¶ 49          Defendant relies on Brown to argue that “a condition need not be on a trail in order to be

          deemed a condition of the trail.” In Brown, the plaintiff was injured when his bicycle slid out

          from under him when he descended an incline on a bicycle path and he hit his head on a

          guardrail that was alongside the path. Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1099. He filed suit against

          the defendant forest preserve, alleging “that his injuries were caused, in part, by the curvature

          and slope of the path which the Forest Preserve wilfully and wantonly designed and

          maintained.” Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1099. He also alleged willful and wanton conduct “in

          the Forest Preserve’s placement of the path alongside a steel guardrail which served as a

          barrier to vehicular traffic using 26th Street.” Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1099.

¶ 50          In finding that section 3-107(b) immunity applied, the Brown court rejected the plaintiff’s

          argument that “because his injuries were *** caused by the placement of an artificial barrier,

          in this case a steel guardrail, his claims must *** be permitted to proceed to trial.” Brown,

          284 Ill. App. 3d at 1102. The court found that creating a general exception to tort immunity

          for all cases involving manmade structures would discourage public entities from

          undertaking improvements to trails and there was nothing in the Tort Immunity Act that

          would warrant creating such a broad exception. Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1102. The Brown

          court further noted that the complaint indicated that the guardrail was not on or across the

          trail itself, distinguishing the facts from the case relied on by the plaintiff, and that the

          complaint did not allege that the guardrail caused his fall. Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1102.




                                                       24
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


¶ 51           While defendant places a great deal of reliance on Brown, we find it of limited usefulness

           to the facts present in the instant case. The majority of the Brown court’s analysis is spent

           considering the question of whether the path at issue was a “riding trail” under section 3-107.

           See Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1101. The court’s only discussion of whether the guardrail

           was a “condition” of the trail was its distinguishing the plaintiff’s citation of Sites v. Cook

           County Forest Preserve District, 257 Ill. App. 3d 807 (1994), and its rejection of the

           plaintiff’s related argument that, because the guardrail was an artificial barrier, like in Sites,

           his claims should proceed to trial. Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1102. Furthermore, the main

           reason for rejecting the plaintiff’s argument in that case was his focus on the artificiality of

           the guardrail and the public policy consequences of adopting the plaintiff’s argument

           concerning manmade structures, an issue which is not present in the instant case. See Brown,

           284 Ill. App. 3d at 1102. There is no discussion in the case concerning whether the fact that

           the guardrail was next to the path affected the analysis of whether it was a condition of the

           path. 12 In light of the lack of analysis of the issue present in the instant case, namely, whether

           an object must be on the property itself to be considered a condition of the property, we do

           not find Brown to provide any insight into our analysis here. We also find it significant that

           the Brown court specifically noted that the guardrail was not alleged to have caused the

           plaintiff’s fall, whereas in the instant case, the complaint does allege that the falling tree limb

           caused the decedent’s injuries. 13


               12
                   In distinguishing Sites, the Brown court noted that “Brown’s complaint indicates that the steel
       guardrail which he struck was not on or across the trail itself, as was the cable gate at issue in Sites.”
       Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1102. However, the Brown court does not explain the significance it attaches to
       this fact, other than as a basis for factually distinguishing Sites.
                13
                   While the Brown court states that the plaintiff did not allege that the guardrail caused the
       plaintiff’s fall, the case is not entirely clear as to whether that also means that the complaint did not allege
       that the guardrail caused the plaintiff’s injury. Since section 3-107 requires the injury to have been caused
       by a condition of the trail, this is an important distinction.
                                                             25
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


¶ 52          We are also unpersuaded by defendant’s attempt to argue that a nearby tree can be a

          condition of a riding trail by taking a “definitional” approach to the issue. Defendant points

          to the fact that, as we noted above, our courts have often used the dictionary definition of

          “trail” as a “ ‘marked path through a forest or mountainous region.’ ” See, e.g., Mull, 337 Ill.

          App. 3d at 591 (quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2423 (1993)).

          Defendant continues that “[n]aturally, a ‘forest’ is comprised of trees. Therefore, on a strictly

          definitional basis, trees are *** a ‘part of’ a trail.” We do not agree with defendant’s

          expansive interpretation of this language. Under this theory, all of the trees in a forest would

          be “part of” a trail, as would any mountains through which a trail wound. This is certainly

          not what the legislature intended. Defendant also argues that the word “condition” is defined

          as “ ‘[t]he state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality or working

          order,’ ” and includes as synonyms “ ‘circumstances, surroundings, environment, situation,

          setup, [and] habitat’ ” (quoting Oxford Dictionaries, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/

          definition/american_english/condition); defendant claims that trailside trees that hang over

          and have an effect on the trail’s use must be part of “ ‘the state of’ ” the trail. We do not find

          this argument persuasive. To the extent that the trees dropped debris onto the trail, that debris

          would undoubtedly be considered conditions of the trail. However, we cannot find that

          merely shading the path means that the tree providing the shade becomes part of “the state

          of” the path.

¶ 53          Finally, defendant cites two out-of-state cases concerning trees falling and injuring

          people. We are not bound by cases from other jurisdictions (U.S. Residential Management &

          Development, LLC v. Head, 397 Ill. App. 3d 156, 164 (2009)), and we also do not find these

          cases to support defendant’s argument. In Burnett v. State Department of Natural Resources,


                                                       26
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          346 P.3d 1005, 1006 (Colo. 2015), the Supreme Court of Colorado considered whether the

          state had waived its immunity for injuries sustained by the plaintiff after she was struck by a

          tree limb while she was camping in a designated campsite in a state park. The court

          explained that, under Colorado law, governmental entities were generally immunized from

          tort liability but such immunity was waived under limited circumstances, including in actions

          “for an injury arising from a ‘dangerous condition of any … public facility located in any

          park’ it maintains.” Burnett, 346 P.3d at 1008 (quoting Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-10-106(1)(e)

          (West 2008)). However, it retained immunity for “injuries ‘caused by the natural condition of

          any unimproved property, whether or not such property is located in a park.’ ” Burnett, 346

          P.3d at 1008 (quoting Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-10-106(1)(e) (West 2008)). Thus, the court was

          asked to consider whether the government was immune where the plaintiff was on a public

          facility located in a park but was injured by a tree that originated on unimproved property.

          After examining the legislative history of the statutes, the court found that “the legislature

          intended to retain immunity for injuries caused by native trees originating on unimproved

          property regardless of their proximity to a public facility, such as the improved area of the

          campsite here.” Burnett, 346 P.3d at 1010.

¶ 54          Similarly, in Meddock v. County of Yolo, 162 Cal. Rptr. 3d 796, 797 (Cal. Ct. App. 2013),

          the California Court of Appeal considered whether the county was immune when a tree fell

          on the plaintiff while he was in a paved parking lot located in a park owned by the county.

          Under California law, the county was liable for a “dangerous condition of the parking lot,

          provided it had notice and time to correct it” (Meddock, 162 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 800); however,

          the county was immune by statute for injuries “ ‘caused by a natural condition of any

          unimproved public property.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Meddock, 162 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 800


                                                       27
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          (quoting Cal. Gov’t Code § 831.2 (West 2012)). The court found that “although the injury

          occurred on improved property, that is, the paved parking lot, it was caused by the trees,

          native flora located near—and perhaps superjacent to—the improved parking lot, but

          themselves on unimproved property.” (Emphasis in original.) Meddock, 162 Cal. Rptr. 3d at

          800-01. The court accordingly concluded that “[b]ecause Meddock’s injuries were caused by

          decaying natural trees located on unimproved property, the County is immune from liability

          therefor.” (Emphasis in original.) Meddock, 162 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 805.

¶ 55          Defendant cites Burnett and Meddock “solely to illustrate that reviewing courts in other

          jurisdictions have recognized the public policy considerations in favor of immunizing public

          entities that provide land for recreational use from liability for tree fall accidents occurring on

          that land” and to argue that the same policy considerations should apply here. We do not find

          this argument persuasive, because of the differences in the immunity statutes at issue. Both

          the Colorado and California courts stated that the statutes they were interpreting provided

          that immunity was the general rule and liability was the exception to that rule. See Burnett,

          346 P.3d at 1008 (“The [Colorado Governmental Immunity Act (CIGA)] generally

          immunizes governmental entities and employees from tort liability but waives this immunity

          under limited circumstances.”); Burnett, 346 P.3d at 1009 (“[T]he General Assembly enacted

          the CGIA to reestablish governmental immunity, excepting a finite number of specific

          circumstances in which public entities waive immunity.”); Meddock, 162 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 800

          (“ ‘The [Government] Claims Act provides that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by statute,”

          “[a] public entity is not liable for an injury.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]”). By contrast, our

          Illinois Supreme Court has stated that under the Tort Immunity Act, liability is the general

          rule and immunity is the exception to the rule. See Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 377 (“local public


                                                        28
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          entities, in general, have a duty to exercise ordinary care to maintain public property in a

          reasonably safe condition”); Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207 Ill. 2d 359, 368-69

          (2003) (“Unless an immunity provision applies, municipalities are liable in tort to the same

          extent as private parties.”). Thus, the public policy reasons underlying the other courts’

          holdings do not necessarily apply equally to the instant case. Our legislature has amended the

          Tort Immunity Act to expand the scope of immunity when it has determined that it is in the

          public’s best interest to do so. See Sylvester, 179 Ill. 2d at 509 (explaining that section 3-106

          was amended in 1986 to expand the scope of immunity in order to decrease the costs of

          liability insurance for local public entities). We leave such a determination to the legislature

          and will not expand the scope of immunity through judicial action.

¶ 56          Furthermore, both the Burnett and Murdock courts concluded that a tree that fell onto

          improved property nevertheless retained its characterization as “natural” property because it

          originated on the unimproved property. These holdings are directly contrary to defendant’s

          position here, where it is attempting to use these cases to argue that the tree that injured the

          decedent should be considered part of the path, instead of retaining its natural

          characterization as something separate from the path. Accordingly, we find these cases offer

          no support for defendant’s position.

¶ 57                                          CONCLUSION

¶ 58          For the reasons set forth above, we answer the certified questions as follows: (1) the tree

          from which the limb that struck the decedent fell was located on property intended or

          permitted to be used for recreational purposes and defendant is therefore immune from

          liability for negligence pursuant to section 3-106 of the Tort Immunity Act and (2) the tree

          from which the limb that struck the decedent fell was not a condition of a riding trail for


                                                       29
       Nos. 1-16-0873, 1-16-0874 (cons.)


          purposes of section 3-107(b) of the Tort Immunity Act and defendant is therefore not

          immune from liability for the decedent’s death under that section.

¶ 59          Certified questions answered.




                                                     30
