                                  In The
                             Court of Appeals
                    Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                  No. 07-13-00130-CV


    JACKSON WALKER, LLP AND M. KEITH BRANYON AND JANE O. LINDSEY,
  INDIVIDUALLY AND AS THE FORMER CO-TRUSTEE OF THE LESEY B. KINSEL
              TRUST, AND ROBERT N. OLIVER, APPELLANTS

                                           V.

VIRGINIA O. KINSEL, AS ATTORNEY-IN-FACT FOR J. FRANK KINSEL, SR., J. FRANK
   KINSEL, JR., INDIVIDUALLY, CAROLE K. EDWARDS, INDIVIDUALLY, AND
             CATHERINE K. COLLINS, INDIVIDUALLY, APPELLEES

                         On Appeal from the 153rd District Court
                                 Tarrant County, Texas
                   Trial Court No. 153-232668-08, Ken Curry, Presiding

                                     April 10, 2015

                             DISSENTING OPINION
                  Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

      On April 10, 2015, this Court withdrew its original opinion dated February 13,

2015, issuing in its place a new majority opinion. Remaining convinced that the majority

has misapplied Rule 41.3 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure concerning the

viability of a cause of action based on tortious interference with inheritance rights, I

would grant the Kinsels’ Motion for Rehearing and affirm the damages awarded by the
judgment of the trial court on the basis of that theory. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent

from the new majority opinion and re-issue the original dissenting opinion as follows:


       In deference to absence of precedent from the Second Court of Appeals, from

which this appeal was transferred, the majority chooses to find tortious interference with

inheritance rights to be an unrecognizable cause of action under the law of the State of

Texas. Because I believe the majority misapplies Rule 41.3 of the Texas Rules of

Appellate Procedure by failing to recognize and follow the weight and authority of

numerous other intermediate appellate courts of this State (including this Court) that

have recognized that cause of action, I respectfully dissent.


       At least six intermediate appellate courts of this State have specifically

recognized tortious interference with inheritance rights as a viable cause of action:


      1st Court of Appeals—Houston

       King v. Acker, 725 S.W.2d 750, 754 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no
       writ) (citing Tippett v. Hart, 497 S.W.2d 606 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1973, writ
       ref’d n.r.e.)) (stating “a cause of action for tortious interference with inheritance
       rights exists in Texas”).

       Clark v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 01-08-00887-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS
       4376, at *14 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 10, 2010, no pet.) (citing King
       v. Acker, supra).

      4th Court of Appeals—San Antonio

       In re Estate of Valdez, 406 S.W.3d 228, 233 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet.
       denied) (stating “[a]lthough an uncommon claim, Texas law recognizes a cause
       of action for tortious interference with inheritance rights”).

      7th Court of Appeals—Amarillo

       Nordyke v. Nordyke, No. 07-96-00406-CV, 1998 Tex. App. LEXIS 55, at *10-11
       (Tex. App.—Amarillo Jan. 7, 1998, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing King v. Acker
       as “recognizing such a cause of action”).

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       In re Estate of Crawford, 795 S.W.2d 835, 841 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1990, no
       writ) (referring to tortious interference with inheritance rights as a “theory of
       recovery”).

       Urbanczyk v. Urbanczyk, 278 S.W.3d 829, 835 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2009, no
       pet.) (holding that a claim of tortious interference with inheritance rights was
       properly resolved against a will contestant because there was no evidence of
       damages).

      8th Court of Appeals—El Paso

       In re Estate of Russell, 311 S.W.3d 528, 535 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, no pet.)
       (stating “Texas recognizes a cause of action for tortious interference with
       inheritance rights”).
      10th Court of Appeals—Waco

       Haisler v. Coburn, No. 10-09-00275-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 6050, at *9 (Tex.
       App.—Waco July 28, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“The tortious interference
       [with inheritance rights] claim was not a suit to cancel the will; it was a suit for
       damages.”).

      14th Court of Appeals—Houston

       Brandes v. Rice Trust, 966 S.W.2d 144, 146-47 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th]
       1998, pet. denied) (quoting King v. Acker as stating “a cause of action for tortious
       interference with inheritance rights exists in Texas”).

       Magana v. Citibank, N.A., No. 14-13-00530-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 13841, at
       *40 n.13 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 30, 2014, no pet. h.) (discussing
       the elements of a claim for tortious interference with inheritance rights).


       In addition, six other intermediate appellate courts have discussed the cause of

action without expressly rejecting it:


      2nd Court of Appeals—Fort Worth

       Swearingin v. Estate of Swearingin, No. 02-05-00132-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS
       5187, at *20 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 15, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.)
       (affirming the trial court’s summary judgment on appellants’ claim for tortious
       interference with inheritance rights).




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    In re Bledsoe, 41 S.W.3d 807, 815 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, orig.
    proceeding) (finding that probate court abused its discretion in striking relator’s
    pleadings in a claim being brought by the real parties in interest for tortious
    interference with inheritance rights).

    Allen v. Havens, No. 02-05-00318-CV, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 2088, at *27 (Tex.
    App.—Fort Worth March 15, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (affirming trial court’s
    granting of special appearance in suit that included claims for tortious
    interference with inheritance rights).

   3rd Court of Appeals—Austin

    Neill v. Yett, 746 S.W.2d 32, 36 (Tex. App.—Austin 1988, writ denied)
    (recognizing “tortious interference with relations” in a will contest case).

   6th Court of Appeals—Texarkana

    In re Estate of Kuykendall, 206 S.W.3d 766, 771-72 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
    2006, no pet.) (citing King v. Acker and discussing the RESTATEMENTS (SECOND)
    OF TORTS concerning the elements of tortious interference with inheritance rights
    before finding the facts in that case did not support a recovery based on that
    cause of action).

   9th Court of Appeals—Beaumont

    In re Estate of Arndt, 187 S.W.3d 84, 86 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2005, no pet.)
    (noting that the jury failed to find tortious interference with inheritance rights in a
    will contest case).

   12th Court of Appeals—Tyler

    In re Estate of Isaacs, No. 12-10-00048-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 1173, at *4
    (Tex. App.—Tyler Feb. 12, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding tortious
    interference with inheritance rights claim barred by limitations).

   13th Court of Appeals—Corpus Christi

    Correa v. S. Tex. Wildhorse Desert Invs., Inc., Nos. 13-01-00823-CV, 13-03-
    00460-CV, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 9107, at *4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Oct.
    27, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.) (J. Castillo concurring, explaining the underlying
    trial court proceedings)




                                           4
       In recognizing tortious interference with inheritance rights as a viable cause of

action, the First Court of Appeals in King v. Acker relied on the RESTATEMENT (SECOND)

OF   TORTS which provides, “[o]ne who by fraud, duress or other tortious means

intentionally prevents another from receiving from a third person an inheritance or gift

that he would otherwise have received is subject to liability to the other for loss of the

inheritance or gift.” See King, 725 S.W.2d at 754 (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND)        OF

TORTS § 774B (1979)). The court also relied on the fact that other jurisdictions have

recognized the tort. Id. (citing McGregor v. McGregor, 101 F. Supp. 848 (D. Colo.

1951), aff’d, 201 F.2d 528 (Cir. 1953); Allen v. Leybourne, 190 So.2d 825 (Fla. 1966)).

As noted above, twelve of the fourteen courts of appeal have either expressly

recognized or discussed the cause of action, while, until now, no court of appeals has

expressly rejected it.


       The majority is correct in stating that this case was originally appealed to the

Second Court of Appeals and then transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme

Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001

(West 2013). As such, this Court has jurisdiction to decide the merits of the case

without regard to the district in which the case was originally tried and to which it is

returnable on appeal. Id. at § 73.002(a). In exercising that jurisdiction, however, Rule

41.3 requires us to “decide the case in accordance with the precedent of the transferor

court under principles of stare decisis if the transferee’s decision would otherwise have

been inconsistent with the precedent of the transferor court.” See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.

When not faced with controlling precedent from either the transferring court or a higher

court, the transferee court should either apply its own precedent or be guided by the


                                            5
general principle of stare decisis as it would apply to any court interpreting the

jurisprudence of this State. See Padilla v. State, 278 S.W.3d 98, 102 n.2 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2009, pet. ref’d).


       Appellants argue that tortious interference with inheritance rights is not a

recognized cause of action under Texas law, while Appellees contend that it is. Noting

that the Texas Legislature, the Second Court of Appeals, and the Texas Supreme Court

have not formally recognized the cause of action, the majority agrees with Appellants.

In doing so, the majority fails to recognize two important points: (1) there is a difference

between recognizing a “new cause of action” and refining the application of an existing

cause of action and (2) there is a difference between silence and rejection.           Just

because the cause of action has not been analyzed, discussed and formally recognized

by these entities does not mean it has been rejected by them. The fact that the Second

Court of Appeals has not heretofore formally recognized tortious interference with

inheritance rights as a viable cause of action is not a sufficient reason to reverse a

judgment based upon a jury verdict grounded upon that cause of action. Simply put,

there is no precedent from the Second Court of Appeals expressly or impliedly rejecting

tortious interference with inheritance rights. Because that court has simply been silent

on the subject, there is no precedent for this Court to be inconsistent with.


       The majority reasons that this Court is obligated to not recognize the cause of

action of tortious interference with inheritance rights because the Second Court of

Appeals has not expressly recognized it and because no court, save the Texas

Supreme Court, can legitimately “create new causes of action.” However, both the



                                             6
Supreme Court and the Second Court of Appeals have discussed tortious interference

with inheritance rights in the past without disavowing the cause of action.


      In 2001, the Second Court of Appeals held a probate court was not justified in

imposing death penalty sanctions for the alleged breach of a pretrial scheduling order in

a suit that included claims for tortious interference with inheritance rights. See In re

Bledsoe, 41 S.W.3d 807, 815 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, orig. proceeding). Again, in

2006, the Second Court of Appeals upheld the decision of a trial court when it rendered

a summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the plaintiffs’ claims of “breach of

contract, constructive trust, action to set aside transfers, tortious interference with

inheritance rights, and conversion and misappropriation of property claims.”          See

Swearingin v. Estate of Swearingin, No. 02-05-00132-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 5187,

at *20 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.). In that case, although the

court did not formally recognize tortious interference with inheritance rights as a viable

cause of action, it based its ruling on the doctrine of res judicata, not the absence of a

cause of action. Finally, in 2007, the Second Court of Appeals concluded that a party

being sued for tortious interference with inheritance rights was not, under the facts of

that case, subject to personal jurisdiction in Texas. See Allen v. Havens, No. 02-05-

00318-CV, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 2088, at *27 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.)

(mem. op.).


      Similarly, the Supreme Court had the opportunity to disavow the cause of action,

but chose not to, in an appeal from an opinion of the San Antonio Court of Appeals

expressly recognizing a cause of action for tortious interference with inheritance rights.



                                            7
See In re Estate of Valdez, 406 S.W.3d 228, 233 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet.

denied).


       Contrary to the position being taken by the majority, Texas law has long

recognized a cause of action for tortious interference with inheritance rights. Appellants

have failed to cite to this Court a single decision expressly rejecting the cause of action

and I see no reason why this Court should not recognize it in this case.


                                       CONCLUSION


       Because a decision of this Court concerning the viability of a cause of action

based on tortious interference with inheritance rights would not be inconsistent with any

precedent from the Secord Court of Appeals and would, in fact, be consistent with the

precedent of this Court and that of every other court of appeals that has ruled on the

issue, I believe the majority has misapplied Rule 41.3. For that reason, I respectfully

dissent.




                                                        Patrick A. Pirtle
                                                            Justice




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