
(2008)
Jose TREVINO and Lorry S. Trevino, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated, Plaintiffs,
v.
MERSCORP, INC. and Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., Citigroup, Inc., Countrywide Financial Corporation, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, GMAC-RFC Holding Company, LLC d/b/a GMAC Residential Funding Corporation, HSBC Finance Corporation, JPMorgan Chase & Co, Washington Mutual Bank, and Wells Fargo & Company, Defendants.
Civil Action No. 07-568-JJF.
United States District Court, D. Delaware.
September 30, 2008.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
JOSEPH J. FARNAN, District Judge.
Pending before the Court are the following motions: (1) Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' Amended Class Action Complaint, filed by Defendants MERSCORP, Inc. and Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (D.I.40); (2) Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant GMAC-RFC Holding Company, LLC ("GMAC") (D.I.42); (3) Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint, filed by Defendant Freddie Mac (D.I.45); (4) Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint With Respect to Shareholder Defendants, filed by the Shareholder Defendants (D.I.47); and (5) Plaintiffs' Motion for Leave to File Surreply (D.I.70). For the reasons discussed, the Court will grant the Shareholder Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint (D.I.47), but will allow Plaintiffs' direct liability claim against Washington Mutual to proceed. The Court will grant the Motions to Dismiss filed by Defendants GMAC-RFC Holding Company, LLC (D.I.42)and Freddie Mac (D.I.45). The Court will grant Plaintiffs' Request for Leave to File Surreply (D.I.70), and the Court will deny MERSCORP, Inc. and Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' Amended Class Action Complaint (D.I.40).

BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs, Jose Trevino and Lorry Trevino (collectively "the Trevinos"), filed this class action on September 20, 2007 (D.I.1), against Defendant Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. ("MERS"), and its parent corporation, Merscorp, Inc. ("Merscorp") alleging that MERS overcharged Plaintiffs and a class of similarly situated individuals (the "Class") for costs and expenses, including attorneys fees, in connection with enforcement of certain mortgage instruments. Based on this alleged conduct, Plaintiffs asserted claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. (D.I.1.) On November 8, 2007, Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint, expanding the named defendants to include the "controlling shareholders" of MERS: Citigroup, Inc., Countrywide Financial Corporation, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, GMACRFC Holding Company, LLC d/b/a GMAC Residential Funding Corporation, HSBC Finance Corporation, JPMorgan Chase & Co., Washington Mutual Bank, and Wells Fargo & Company (collectively, the "Shareholder Defendants" or, as referred to by Plaintiffs in their Amended Complaint, the "Control Defendants")[1], alleging that MERS was under "the complete dominion and control" of the Shareholder Defendants with regard to the alleged conduct. (D.I.10.)
The factual background relevant to this action is derived from the allegations of Plaintiffs' Complaint. According to Plaintiffs, MERS was "created in 1996 by the mortgage banking industry to create a secondary mortgage market, internally administer the buying and selling of mortgages, and to simplify the administration of home mortgages, including foreclosure proceedings." (D.I. 10 at ¶ (e).) Plaintiffs allege that MERS was created and established by the Shareholder Defendants for the purpose of facilitating their business interests and limiting their liability (Id. at ¶ 9(j)), and that, based on its "diminutive size and meager asset base, MERS is grossly undercapitalized to cover the potential liability stemming directly from its role as primary mortgagee on tens of millions of Mortgage Notes" (Id. at ¶ 9(l)). Accordingly, Plaintiffs allege that sufficient basis exists to pierce the corporate veil of MERS and hold the Shareholder Defendants jointly and severally liable to Plaintiffs since adhering to the "fiction that MERS is an entity wholly independent" from the Shareholder Defendants promotes "a grave injustice" to those injured by the conduct alleged in Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint. (Id. at ¶ 9(m).)
The Trevinos executed a mortgage note (the "Mortgage Note") on May 16, 2003, which was automatically assigned to MERS, registered on the MERS system, and title held in the name of MERS. (Id. at ¶ 19, ¶ 21.) In addition to the Mortgage Note, the Trevinos executed a deed of trust on May 16, 2003 (the "Deed of Trust"), which provides "MERS is the beneficiary under this Security Instrument." (Id. at ¶ 24.) Because MERS is the record mortgage holder and the holder of the Mortgage Note, a mortgage loan can be foreclosed in the name of MERS if the borrower defaults on the mortgage note. (Id. at ¶ 25.)
According to Plaintiffs, in the event of the borrower's default upon his obligations under the note, the note holder has the right "to be paid back by [the borrower] for all of its costs and expenses in enforcing this Note to the extent not prohibited by applicable law. Those expenses include, for example, reasonable attorney fees." (Id. at ¶ 34.) Plaintiffs allege that MERS has arrangements with attorneys for flat-fee, per-case rates, which typically run between $400 to $500, per case. Accordingly, Plaintiffs allege, a borrower subject to an enforcement action should be obligated to reimburse MERS for no more than $400-$500, depending on the fee arrangement. (Id. at ¶ 36.) MERS allows its attorneys and/or loan servicers to collect fees directly from the borrower, pursuant to the terms of the Mortgage Note. According to Plaintiffs, payment demanded from the borrowers is "in an amount substantially in excess (i.e. three to four times) MERS's flat-fee obligation." (Id. at ¶ 37.) Plaintiffs allege that Defendants breached their agreement with Plaintiffs by "causing, directing and/or allowing their loan servicers and retained attorneys to overcharge for costs, fees and expenses in connection with enforcement or foreclosure proceedings, in an amount in excess of the amounts actually incurred or obligated to be paid," (Id. at ¶ 72) damaging Plaintiffs by the amount of costs, fees and expenses that were overcharged in connection with these proceedings (Id. at ¶ 73). Plaintiffs further allege that, as a result of these actions, Defendants have been unjustly enriched at the expense of Plaintiffs. Finally, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants' actions constituted a breach of their duty of good faith and fair dealing implied in Plaintiffs' Mortgage Note.
All defendants have moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Defendant Merscorp and MERS filed a Motion to Dismiss on January 29, 2008. Defendant GMAC-RFC Holding Company, LLC ("GMAC-RFC") filed their Motion to Dismiss on February 15, 2008, as did the Shareholder Defendants. On February 15, 2008, Freddie Mac also filed their Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint, on the grounds set forth in GMAC-RFC's opening brief, and in the Shareholder Defendants' opening brief. Contemporaneously with their Answering Brief in Opposition to Defendants' Motions to Dismiss (D.I.58), Plaintiffs requested that the Court take Judicial Notice of Certain Public Records and Written Company Materials (D.I.57), which request was opposed by Defendants (D.I.61).
Briefing was completed on Defendants' Motions to Dismiss by June 11, 2008, and on June 28, 2008, Plaintiffs filed their Motion for Leave to File a Surreply, on which briefing was completed on July 18, 2008.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
In considering a motion to dismiss filed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the Court must accept all factual allegations in a complaint as true and take them in the light most favorable to plaintiff. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 2200, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007). A complaint must contain "`a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,' in order to `give the defendant fair notice of what the... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.'" Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (interpreting Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)). A complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations; however, "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the `grounds' of his `entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.'" Id. at 1965 (citations omitted). The "[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all of the complaint's allegations are true." Id. at 1959.

PLAINTIFFS' REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE
As a threshold matter, Plaintiffs have requested that the Court take judicial notice, pursuant to Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, of the following: (1) St. Louis County "Deed Search Results" for Plaintiffs' property; (2) relevant portions of the "Record on Appeal" in the matter Merscorp, Inc. and Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. v. Romaine, Case No.XXXX-XXXXX (Court of Appeals, State of New York), including the deposition testimony of R.K. Arnold, deposition testimony of Mark Fleming, and the transcript of proceedings held before the Honorable James M. Catterson, Supreme Court, State of New York, on May 15, 2001; (3) the MERS "Rules of Membership," available from the MERS website; and (4) a MERS Press Release dated May 24, 2007, available from the MERS website.
These materials were the subject of Plaintiffs' Request for Leave to File Surreply (D.I.70), in response to Defendants' Opposition to Plaintiffs' Request for Judicial Notice (D.I.61.) The Court will grant Plaintiffs' Request for Leave to File Surreply, and has considered Plaintiff's arguments stated therein. However, the Court finds the materials set forth by Plaintiffs are not appropriate for judicial notice at this juncture.
The Court may properly take notice of facts not reasonably subject to dispute, but evidence must be authenticated before it can be admitted, and is only allowed from sources not reasonably subject to dispute. Victaulic Co. v. Tieman, 499 F.3d 227, 236 (3d Cir.2007) (citing Fed.R.Evid. 201(b)). "While the [Federal Rules of Evidence] allow a court to take judicial notice at any stage of the proceeding, Fed.R.Evid. 201(f), ... it should be done sparingly at the pleadings stage. Only in the clearest of cases should a district court reach outside the pleadings for facts necessary to resolve a case at that point." Id. "For all practical purposes, judicially noticing a fact is tantamount to directing a verdict against a party as to the noticed fact." LaSalle Nat. Bank v. First Connecticut Holding Group, LLC, 287 F.3d 279, 290 (3d. Cir.2002) (citing Werner v. Werner, 267 F.3d 288, 295 (3d Cir.2001)).
Taking into consideration this legal standard in light of the material proposed by Plaintiffs, the Court concludes the following.
The Court declines to take judicial notice of the Deed Search Results, as the material in question has not been authenticated. The Court further finds that judicial notice of these results is unnecessary at this stage of the litigation, as the Court accepts as true, for purposes of this Motion, the Plaintiffs' allegation that MERS is the mortgagee of record. (See, e.g., D.I. 10 at ¶ 25.)
The Court will take judicial notice of the existence and contents of the "Record on Appeal" submitted by Plaintiffs, but declines to make any finding regarding the truth of the facts represented therein because the facts contained within this record are subject to dispute. "[R]ecords of other generally courts generally may be noticed only to establish the fact of the litigation and actions of that court. In general, documents may not be judicially noticed for the truth of the matters stated in them." 1 Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein's Federal Evidence § 201.12[3] (2d ed.2008).
Finally, the Court declines to take judicial notice of the press release from the MERS website or of MERS's Rules of Membership, since these materials have not been authenticated by MERS.

SHAREHOLDER DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS

I. Parties' Contentions
The Shareholder Defendants contend that Plaintiffs fail to establish that the corporate form should be disregarded to hold the Shareholder Defendants directly liable for the acts of MERS, a wholly owned subsidiary of Merscorp, whose shares they own. In order to hold the Shareholder Defendants liable, they contend, Plaintiffs must first pierce the corporate veil between MERS and Merscorp, and the Amended Complaint does not contain sufficient factual allegations from which the Court could conclude that Merscorp and MERS acted as a single economic entity. The Shareholder Defendants further contend that, even if the Court were to ignore the corporate distinction between MERS and Merscorp, Plaintiffs fail to allege facts that would justify piercing the corporate veil. Specifically, they contend: (1) the Amended Complaint fails to allege that MERS was established or operated for the purposes of committing fraud or visiting some other injustice upon the Plaintiffs; (2) the Amended Complaint invokes only one of the seven factors identified by the Third Circuit to determine the propriety of veil piercing, undercapitalization, which is insufficient on its own to pierce the corporate veil, and Plaintiffs allegations regarding this factor are insufficient to support undercapitalization; and (3) the relationship between MERS and the Shareholder Defendants is simply not conducive to allegations in support of veil piercing because MERS was formed for a legitimate business purpose, and its shareholders consist of several competitors in the mortgage industry, "hardly a group that could be characterized as a single functioning entity." (D.I. 47 at 18.) Finally, the Shareholder Defendants adopt the arguments included in the Motion to Dismiss filed by MERS, that the allegations in the Amended Complaint fail to state a claim for relief as to MERS itself.[2]
In response, Plaintiffs argue that the Shareholder Defendants' contentions regarding the corporate veil between MERS and Merscorp are a "red herring," since MERS and Merscorp are, for all intents and purposes, the identical entity, and Plaintiffs have named both MERS and Merscorp as primary defendants, seeking to impose primary liability on both, thus making it unnecessary to pierce the corporate veil between the two. Plaintiffs next contend that the relationship between a corporation and its shareholders, and the amount of control the shareholders have over the corporation, are highly fact intensive and case-specific determinations, and accordingly, the determination of whether a corporate veil may be pierced is a factintensive inquiry ill-suited for a motion to dismiss.
However, Plaintiffs further contend that they have sufficiently alleged facts to establish both alter ego liability and agency liability necessary to pierce the corporate veil of MERS, and impose liability on the Shareholder Defendants. According to Plaintiffs, an examination of the seven factors leads to the conclusion that MERS has been nothing more than a facially legitimized front for the Shareholder Defendants, established and operated to serve the cost saving and streamlining interests of the Shareholder Defendants. Accordingly, Plaintiffs contend, MERS has been purposefully undercapitalized since its inception, which Plaintiffs argue they have sufficiently alleged, having alleged that MERS "(a) is, and has been undercapitalized from its inception; (b) earns very little revenue and is, in fact, operated intentionally to avoid profits; and (c) due to its lack of profits and revenue, MERS cannot possible cover the potential liability stemming directly from its role as primary mortgagee on tens of millions of Mortgage Notes." (Id. at 33.)
Plaintiffs also contend that the Shareholder Defendants are liable through their agency relationship with MERS, and the Amended Complaint is "replete" with allegations supporting such liability. (D.I. 58 at 40.) Plaintiffs contend that they have alleged that the Shareholder Defendants acted interchangeably with MERS, so that both parties were mutual agents of each other. Finally, Plaintiffs contend that Washington Mutual may be held directly liable to Plaintiffs, as the loan servicer on Plaintiff's mortgage loan.

II. Discussion
In their briefing, Plaintiffs contend that the Shareholder Defendants should be held liable for the acts of MERS and Merscorp based on two separate theories, an alter ego theory of liability, and an agency theory of liability.

A. Plaintiffs Have Not Sufficiently Alleged Alter Ego Liability.

Plaintiffs acknowledge that, in order to state a claim for piercing the corporate veil under an alter ego theory, they must show (1) that the corporation and its shareholders operated as a single economic entity, and (2) that an overall element of injustice or unfairness is present. (D.I. 58 at 28, quoting Laifail, Inc. v. Learning 2000, Inc., No. 01-599-GMS, 2002 WL 31667861, at *11 (D.Del. Nov.25, 2002).) Both parties cite to the Third Circuit's multi-factor test for determining whether a "single economic entity" exists between entities, which is set forth in United States v. Pisani, 646 F.2d 83, 88 (3d. Cir.1981). Pisani lists the following factors: (1) undercapitalization; (2) failure to observe corporate formalities; (3) nonpayment of dividends; (4) the insolvency of the debtor corporation at the time; (5) siphoning of the corporation's funds by the dominant stockholder; (6) absence of corporate records; and (7) the fact that the corporation is merely a facade for the operations of the dominant stockholder or stockholders. Id.; see also Harco Nat. Ins. Co. v. Green Farms. Inc., Civ. A. No. 1131, 1989 WL 110537, at *4 (Del.Ch.Ct. Sept. 19, 1989). "While no single factor justifies a decision to disregard the corporate entity", some combination of the above is required, and "an overall element of injustice or unfairness must always be present, as well." U.S. v. Golden Acres, Inc., 702 F.Supp. 1097, 1104 (D.Del.1988).
The Court agrees with the Shareholder Defendants that Plaintiffs have not adequately pled facts sufficient to support an inference that the Shareholder Defendants are using "an independent corporation" to "defeat the ends of justice, to perpetuate fraud, to accomplish a crime, or otherwise evade the law." Bd. Of Trustees of Teamsters Local 863 Pension Fund v. Foodtown, Inc., 296 F.3d 164, 171 (3d Cir. 2002). In support of their contention that MERS and the Shareholder Defendants operated as a single economic unit, Plaintiffs have pled the following:
 MERS was created in 1996 by the mortgage banking industry to create a secondary mortgage market, internally administer the buying and selling of mortgages, and to simplify the administration of home mortgages, including foreclosure proceedings. (D.I. 10 at ¶ 8(e).)
 MERS was under the utter and complete domination and control of the Control Defendants who own, operate, control, manage and direct the activities of MERS. MERS was created and established by the Control Defendants for the purpose of facilitating their own business interests and limiting their liability in that effort. (Id. at ¶ 9(j).)
 With a mere $11 million in annual income and 40 employees, MERS is hardly the financial titan it would need to be to stand as mortgagee on the tens of millions of Mortgage Notes that it does. In contrast, the Control Defendants annual profits run to the hundreds of billions of dollars for the mortgages where MERS stands at the primary mortgagee. (Id. at ¶ 9(k).)
 It is uncontrovertible that the Control Defendants' profits are greater and come with far more efficiency and less exposure to liability through the existence of MERS. One must conclude, therefore, that based on its diminutive size and meager asset base, MERS is grossly undercapitalized to cover the potential liability stemming directly from its role as primary mortgagee on tens of millions of Mortgage Notes. (Id. at ¶ 9(l).)
 Adherence to the fiction that MERS is an entity wholly independent from the Control Defendants would promote a grave injustice to those injured by the conduct alleged therein. (Id. at ¶ 9(m).)
Essentially, in support of their contention that MERS should be considered the "alter ego" of the Shareholder Defendants. Plaintiffs plead that MERS is undercapitalized.[3] Assuming arguendo that Plaintiffs have adequately pled undercapitalization, and accepting Plaintiffs' allegations regarding MERS' undercapitalized status as true, "[a] shortage of capital, as with all the factors of the alter ego doctrine, is not per se a reason to pierce the corporate veil.... Rather, the inquiry into corporate capitalization is most relevant for the inference it provides into whether the corporation was established to defraud its creditors or other improper purpose such as avoiding the risks known to be attendant to a type of business." Trustees of Nat. Elevator Industry Pension, Health Benefit and Educational Funds v. Lutyk, 332 F.3d 188, 197 (3d Cir.2003). Plaintiffs concede that MERS was established for a legitimate purpose: "to create a secondary mortgage market, internally administer the buying and selling of mortgages, and to simplify the administration of home mortgages, including foreclosure proceedings." (D.I. 10 at ¶ 8(e).) In light of Plaintiffs' concession that MERS was created for a legitimate purpose, and Plaintiffs' failure to allege in their Amended Complaint any other factors, besides undercapitalization, that would support their contention that the Shareholder Defendants and MERS operated as a single economic entity, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient to support a finding that the Shareholder Defendants and MERS operated as a single economic entity.
The Court further concludes that Plaintiffs have not sufficiently alleged "injustice" or unfairness. Plaintiffs allege that, if the Court does not disregard MERS's independent corporate status, "grave injustice" will result to those injured by MERS's alleged conduct. (D.I. 10 at ¶ 9(m).) While Plaintiffs allege that MERS was created to facilitate the business interests of the Shareholder Defendants, and to limit their liability in that effort, "[l]imiting one's personal liability is a traditional reason for a corporation. Unless done deliberately, with specific intent to escape liability for a specific tort or class or torts, the cause of justice does not require disregarding the corporate entity." Mobil Oil, 718 F.Supp. at 269.
Further, under Delaware law, the fraud or injustice that must be demonstrated in order to pierce a corporate veil law must "`be found in the defendants' use of the corporate form.'" In re Foxmeyer Corp., 290 B.R. 229, 236 (D.Del.Bankr. 2003) (quoting Mobil Oil Corp. v. Linear Films, Inc., 718 F.Supp. 260, 267 (D.Del. 1989), and compiling cases); see also Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Sears, 744 F.Supp. 1297, 1304 (D.Del.1990) ("In order to reach a parent corporation under the alter-ego theory, the plaintiff must show fraud, injustice, or inequity in the use of the corporate form."). Based on the Court's review of Plaintiffs' pleadings and brief, the only "injustice" that Plaintiffs allege is that, because MERS is illequipped to handle potential liability arising from this action, "a judgment against MERS would be no more than a pyrrhic victory for the Plaintiffs and hundreds of thousands of Class members who were unjustly taken advantage of in time of severe financial distress." (D.I. 58 at 39.) However, Delaware courts have held that the possibility that a plaintiff may have difficulty enforcing a judgment is not an injustice warranting piercing the corporate veil. See, e.g., Mason v. Network of Wilmington, Inc., No. Civ.A. 19434-NC, 2005 WL 1653954, at *3 (Del. Ch. Ct. July 1, 2005) ("If creditors could enter judgments against shareholders everytime a corporation becomes unable to pay its debts as they become due, the limited liability characteristic of the corporate form would be meaningless.").
In support of their contention that they have properly alleged injustice, Plaintiffs contend that MERS, through its agents, including the Shareholder Defendants, overcharged Plaintiffs for costs not actually incurred, and that hundreds of thousands of mortgage loans have been subject to the imposition of these costs. (D.I. 58 at 38.) Plaintiffs point to paragraph 12 of their Amended Complaint, which states that "hundreds of thousands" of mortgages have fallen into foreclosure, and were subject to the imposition and collection of improper attorneys' fees and expenses, in support of their contention that they have properly alleged injustice. However, "the underlying cause of action, at least by itself, does not supply the necessary fraud and injustice," Foxmeyer, 290 B.R. at 236, and Plaintiffs do not otherwise allege abuse or injustice in the use of the corporate form. See also, Medi-Tec of Egypt Corp. v. Bausch & Lomb Surgical, No. Civ.A. 19760-NC, 2004 WL 415251, at *4 (Del.Ch. Mar.4, 2004) (holding that plaintiff's alter ego argument fails because plaintiff has not alleged that the corporate form in and of itself operates to serve some fraud or injustice, distinct from the alleged wrongs of the underlying corporation). Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have failed to state a "veilpiercing claim," having failed to plead facts that would give rise to an inference that the Shareholder Defendants, through their alter ego, have created "a sham entity designed to defraud investors and creditors." Crosse v. BCBSD, Inc., 836 A.2d 492, 497 (Del.2003).

B. Plaintiffs Have Not Sufficiently Alleged Agency Liability.

In order to hold the Shareholder Defendants liable under an agency theory, Plaintiffs must first allege "an arrangement between the two corporations so that one acts on behalf of the other and within usual agency principles," and second, "the arrangement must be relevant to the plaintiff's claim of wrongdoing." Phoenix Canada Oil Co. Ltd. v. Texaco, Inc., 842 F.2d 1466, 1477 (3d Cir.1988). "Under Delaware law, proof of agency within the context of a parent-subsidiary relationship requires that the plaintiff `demonstrate that the agent was acting on behalf of the principal and that the cause of action arises out of that relationship.'" Jurimex Kommerz Transit G.m.b.H. v. Case Corp., 65 Fed.Appx. 803, 2003 WL 1919361, at *4 (3d Cir.2003) (quoting E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. v. Rhone Poulenc Fiber and Resin Intermediates, 269 F.3d 187, 198 (3d Cir.2001)).
Plaintiffs have alleged that the Control Defendants were the principle shareholders of MERS, and that MERS was under the "utter and complete dominion and control of the Control Defendants who own, operate, manage and direct the activities of MERS." Plaintiffs then point to their allegations that "MERS operated through its agents, including loan servicers (many of which are the Control Defendants)." (D.I. 58 at 42.) Plaintiffs must allege, however, that MERS acted as agent for the Shareholder Defendants in a series of transactions, and therefore has the power to bind the Shareholder Defendants. Pearson v. Component Tech. Corp., 247 F.3d 471, 488 n. 5 (3d Cir.2001). Plaintiffs have instead alleged that the Shareholder Defendants were acting as MERS's agent. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have not sufficiently alleged that an arrangement existed under which MERS acted as an agent of the Shareholder Defendants when MERS engaged in the wrongdoing alleged in the Amended Complaint. The Court also concludes that Plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently allege that Plaintiffs' cause of action arises out of the relationship between the Shareholder Defendants and MERS.

C. Plaintiffs Have Sufficiently. Pled a Direct Liability Claim against Washington Mutual

The Court concludes that Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled a direct liability claim against Washington Mutual, the original lender and loan servicer on Plaintiffs' Mortgage Note. In support of this contention, Plaintiffs point out that Washington Mutual was the original lender and loan servicer on the Trevino's Mortgage Note (D.I. 10 at ¶ 9(h)), and that the Amended Complaint contains multiple allegations regarding the conduct of loan servicers.[4] Having reviewed the Amended Complaint, the Court finds these allegations are sufficient to support a claim for direct liability against Washington Mutual.

III. Conclusions
The Court will grant the Shareholder Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint, but will allow Plaintiffs' direct liability claim against Washington Mutual to proceed.[5]

DEFENDANTS MERSCORP AND MERS'S MOTION TO DISMISS

I. Parties' Contentions
Defendants MERS and Mercorp (collectively, "MERS") contend that the Court should dismiss Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint for the following reasons. First, MERS contends that the Promissory Note cannot form the basis for a breach of contract action by Plaintiffs against MERS since nothing in the Promissory Note obligates MERS to perform under its terms. Accordingly, MERS contends that Plaintiffs cannot state a claim for breach of contract against MERS where the provision alleged to have been breached is an obligation imposed on Plaintiffs. Second, MERS contends that, even if Plaintiffs could state a claim for breach of contract, the Amended Complaint fails to allege any facts showing that Plaintiffs have been damaged, and thus are entitled to relief. Third, MERS contends that Plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim is legally deficient because Plaintiffs have not, and cannot, allege facts that Plaintiffs conferred any benefit on MERS, or that MERS accepted any such benefits. MERS further contends that Plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim fails as a matter of law because such a claim would not lie where, as here, Plaintiffs have alleged the existence of an express contract. Finally, MERS contends that Plaintiffs' breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing claim fails to state a claim because (1) a duty of good faith and fair dealing must arise from a contract imposing mutual obligations on the parties, and here MERS is not obligated under the contract, and (2) Plaintiffs have not alleged any facts which would support such a claim.
In response, Plaintiffs argue that the Mortgage Note is an enforceable contract against MERS, since the Deed of Trust specifically nominates MERS to stand in the shoes of the lender, and grants MERS express authority to enforce the provisions of the Mortgage Note. Plaintiffs contend that the loan agreement and promissory note operate in tandem and represent the entirety of the agreement between the parties, and that MERS cannot take the position that it has all the rights under the mortgage agreement and Mortgage Note, but none of the obligations. Second, Plaintiffs contend that they have expressly and/or implicitly alleged that MERS demanded, collected, and retained improper costs, fees and expenses from Plaintiffs and members of the class, and point to these allegations in their Amended Complaint. Third, Plaintiffs contend that they have adequately stated a claim for unjust enrichment, and that actions for unjust enrichment are permitted contemporaneously with breach of contract claims when the validity of a contract is challenged. Finally, Plaintiffs contend that it has adequately stated a claim for breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing by MERS by alleging MERS demand, collection and retention of excessive sums without regard to the terms of the Mortgage Note.

II. Discussion
The Court concludes that Plaintiffs have adequately stated a claim for breach of contract sufficient to survive MERS's Motion to Dismiss. By their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege (1) the Mortgage Note was an enforceable contract between MERS, as mortgagee of record, and the Plaintiffs, as mortgagers (D.I. 10 at ¶¶ 19-33); (2) MERS breached the Mortgage Note by charging and collecting costs, fees and expenses from Plaintiffs which were not incurred, and to which it was not entitled (Id. at ¶¶ 34-40, 47-54, 56, 57-59); and (3) Plaintiffs suffered damages as a result (Id. at 5151 69, 73), which is sufficient to state a claim for breach of contract at this stage of the litigation under both Missouri and Delaware law.[6]See, e.g., Jackson v. Williams, Robinson, White & Rigler, P.C., 230 S.W.3d 345, 348 (Mo.Ct. App.2007); VLIW Technology, LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 611 (Del.2003).
The Court is not persuaded by MERS's argument that the Mortgage Note cannot form the basis for a breach of contract claim against MERS. While MERS may not have been contractually obligated to collect costs, attorneys' fees and expenses, once MERS invoked its reimbursement authority, by the terms of the Note, MERS was obligated to collect only those costs and expenses incurred in enforcing the Note.[7]
The Court further concludes that MERS has sufficiently stated a claim for unjust enrichment. "The elements of unjust enrichment are: (1) an enrichment, (2) an impoverishment, (3) a relation between the enrichment and impoverishment, (4) the absence of justification and (5) the absence of a remedy provided by law." Jackson Nat. Life Ins. Co. v. Kennedy, 741 A.2d 377, 393 (Del.Ch.1999). Although Plaintiffs have alleged the existence of express contracts, it appears to the Court that there is at least some dispute concerning these contracts, particularly with regard to MERS's obligations under these contracts. In light of this disagreement and given the early stage of the proceedings, the Court will allow Plaintiff to proceed on its claim of unjust enrichment as an alternative theory of recovery to Plaintiffs breach of contract claim.
Delaware courts recognize an implied covenant in contracts requiring the parties to act with good faith toward the other party with respect to their contract. Katz v. Oak Indus. Inc., 508 A.2d 873, 880 (Del.Ch.1986) (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 205 (1981)). A party must "act reasonably to fulfill the intent of the parties to the agreement." Gloucester Holding Corp. v. U.S. Tape & Sticky Prod., LLC, 832 A.2d 116, 128 (Del.Ch. 2003) (citations omitted). Applying these principles to the allegations in Plaintiffs's Complaint, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have sufficiently stated a claim for breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing: Plaintiffs have identified MERS's contractual obligations, as depicted above, have alleged a breach of those obligations by defendants, and have alleged damages. Accordingly, the Court will deny MERS's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs good faith and fair dealing claim.

III. Conclusions
For the reasons discussed, the Court will deny MERS's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' Amended Class Action Complaint (D.I.40).

CONCLUSIONS
The Court will grant the Shareholder Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint (D.I.47), but will allow Plaintiffs' direct liability claim against Washington Mutual to proceed. The Court will also grant the Motions to Dismiss filed by Defendants GMAC-RFC Holding Company, LLC (D.I.42)and Freddie Mac (D.I.45). The Court will grant Plaintiffs' Request for Leave to File Surreply (D.I.70), and the Surreply is filed instanter. Finally, the Court will deny MERS's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' Amended Class Action Complaint (D.I.40).
An appropriate Order will be entered.

ORDER
At Wilmington, the 30th day of September 2008, for the reasons set forth in the Memorandum Opinion issued this date;
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss With Respect to Shareholder Defendants (D.I.47) is GRANTED, but Plaintiffs direct liability claims against Washington Mutual Bank are allowed to proceed;
2. Defendant Freddie Mac's Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint (D.I.45) is GRANTED;
3. Defendant GMAC-RFC Holding Company, LLC's Motion to Dismiss (D.I. 42) is GRANTED;
4. Defendants Merscorp Inc.'s and Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc.'s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' Amended Class Action Complaint (D.I.40) is DENIED;
5. Plaintiffs' Motion for Leave to File Surreply (D.I.70) is GRANTED, and the Surreply is filed instanter.
NOTES
[1]  By their brief, the Shareholder Defendants contend that, in several instances, the shareholders are not properly identified in the Amended Complaint. However, Defendants state that Plaintiffs intend to file a Second Amended Class Action Complaint naming the proper entities as defendants. The Shareholder Defendants thus reserved their right to challenge the naming of the proper corporate entities until the Second Amended Class Action Complaint is filed with this Court. (D.I. 47 at 1.)
[2]  The Court will address MERS's arguments in its consideration of MERS's Motion to Dismiss, infra.
[3]  By their briefing, Plaintiffs contend that MERS does not issue dividends (D.I. 58 at 33), and that if liability from the present action is realized, MERS would be forced into bankruptcy "if not indemnified or otherwise salvaged by the Control Defendants." However, Plaintiffs failed to assert either of these allegations in their Amended Complaint, and the Court will not "consider after-the-fact allegations in determining the sufficiency of [Plaintiffs'] complaint under ... [Rule] 12(b)(6)." Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 201-202 (3d Cir.2007) (citing Commw. of Pa. ex. rel Zimmerman v. PepsiCo, Inc., 836 F.2d 173, 181 (3d Cir.1988)) ("It is axiomatic that the complaint may not be amended by the briefs in opposition to a motion to dismiss.").
[4]  Plaintiffs further contend that the MERS's Rules of Membership indicate that, as the loan servicer on Plaintiffs' mortgage loan, Washington Mutual had the right to foreclose with respect to Plaintiffs' mortgage at the time enforcement proceedings were commenced against them. (D.I. 58 at 46.) However, as discussed supra, the Court has determined that MERS's Rules of Membership are not properly before the Court at this time.
[5]  The Court concludes that, in support of their motions, GMAC-RFC and Freddie Mac have relied heavily on contentions substantially similar to those articulated by the Shareholder Defendants in support of their own Motion to Dismiss (D.I.47). Accordingly, the Court's analysis and determinations regarding the Shareholder Defendants' Motion to Dismiss are applicable to the Motions to Dismiss filed by GMAC-RFC and Freddie Mac, and the Court will also grant the Motions to Dismiss filed by Shareholder Defendants GMACRFC (D.I.42) and Freddie Mac (D.I.45).
[6]  Plaintiffs submit there is no material difference in the contract laws of the various states as applied to MERS's Motion to Dismiss. While MERS contends that Missouri substantive law applies to their 12(b)(6) motion, since Missouri has the most significant relationship to the Plaintiffs' claims, in their reply brief, they indicate their agreement that the principles relating to contract law, applied to their Motion, are fundamentally the same in the various states.
[7]  In the Court's view, MERS's remaining arguments regarding Plaintiffs' breach of contract claim are complex and intensely factual, and a more fully developed factual record is necessary to address them.
