         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                             Assigned on Briefs May 18, 2004

            DAN BILL JOHNSON v. HOWARD CARLTON, Warden

                 Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Johnson County
                            No. 4174    Robert E. Cupp, Judge



                     No. E2003-03010-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 22, 2004


The petitioner, Dan Bill Johnson, sought habeas corpus relief, asserting that his five-year robbery
sentence had expired. Although not granting the relief sought by the petitioner, the trial court
determined that his life sentence had expired and identified the date at which he began serving his
robbery sentence, with the Department of Correction then to determine his release date. Both the
petitioner and the State appealed. Following our review, we reverse the order of the trial court and
dismiss the petition for writ of habeas corpus. The petitioner is to be returned to custody.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Reversed

ALAN E. GLENN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. TIPTON and JOE G.
RILEY , JJ., joined.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, and David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney
General, for the appellant, State of Tennessee.

Dan Bill Johnson, Lucedale, Mississippi, Pro Se.

                                            OPINION

                                             FACTS

        The petitioner, Dan Bill Johnson, was convicted of third degree burglary and sentenced to
life imprisonment as an habitual criminal, which this court affirmed on direct appeal. See State v.
Dan Bill Johnson, No. 61, 1989 WL 86573, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 2, 1989), perm. to appeal
denied (Tenn. Dec. 4, 1989). He was subsequently paroled on August 5, 1994, but his parole was
revoked in 1998 because of a new felony arrest, resulting in his conviction for robbery in the
Hamilton County Criminal Court on February 16, 1999, with an additional five years to be served
consecutively to his parole violation.
        The petitioner filed a pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus on April 30, 2003, alleging
that, at the July 30, 1999, hearing, the Tennessee Board of Probation and Parole (“the Board”)
determined that he would serve time on his parole violation of the life sentence until July 30, 2000,
at which time he would begin serving his new five-year sentence, and, by virtue of his various
credits, his robbery sentence had expired on April 26, 2003.

        On May 16, 2003, in response to the original petition, the State filed a motion to dismiss,
arguing that the petitioner was not entitled to habeas corpus relief because, according to his TOMIS
report, he was serving a life sentence as an habitual criminal, as was reflected in the opinion of this
court affirming his conviction, see Dan Bill Johnson, 1989 WL 86573, at *1, and his first “RED
date” was October 24, 2013. Agreeing with the State’s arguments, the trial court entered an order
on May 19, 2003, dismissing the petition. On May 20, 2003, according to the certificate of service,
the petitioner mailed a pleading styled “Notice of Amendment to Petition for Writ of Habeas
Corpus,” which was filed by the clerk on May 22, 2003, arguing that he had a right to amend his
petition since the State had filed a motion to dismiss rather than an answer to his petition. In the
notice of amendment, the petitioner alleged that the Tennessee Department of Correction (“TDOC”)
had determined, in a “time setting hearing” on July 30, 1999, that he would “continue to serve parole
violation time on the life sentence . . . until July 30, 2000, then begin serving the consecutive five
year sentence . . . and return for review when eligible on the five year sentence.” Additionally, he
argued that, following a hearing, he was denied parole on April 30, 2002, even though, by virtue of
“accumulation of behavior and program credit days, the five year [robbery] sentence expired on April
26, 2003. Thus, by the petitioner’s argument, he had been illegally incarcerated since April 26, 2003,
four days after he had filed his original petition. Although the notice of amendment recites that
certain documents were attached as exhibits, none of these are included in the technical record.
Apparently, after receiving a copy of the order of May 19, 2003, dismissing his claim, the petitioner
filed, on May 28, 2003, a “Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment,” asking that the trial court consider
his amendment because he had not had enough time to respond to the State’s motion to dismiss.

        On June 30, 2003, the State filed a response to the petitioner’s notice of amendment and
motion to alter or amend judgment, asserting that the petitioner’s life sentence had not expired and,
at the July 30, 1999, time-setting hearing, the parole board “determined that [the petitioner] would
not begin getting credit” for his five-year robbery sentence until July 30, 2000. The next action in
this matter occurred on July 16, 2003, when the petitioner filed a pleading styled “Notice of Filing
of Transcript and Audio Cassette Recording of Parole Time Setting Hearing Held July 30, 1999,”
to which was attached what purported to be the transcript of this hearing. The record on appeal does
not include the audiocassette which, according to the pleading, was filed with it. The only
certification of the transcript was the affidavit of the petitioner that it was “a true and accurate
account of the proceeding taken directly from the Tennessee Board of Probation and Parole’s audio
recording of said proceeding, to the best of [his] knowledge and belief.” As we will explain, it
appears that this transcript was prepared by the petitioner himself. The index on the first page of the
transcript lists pages 11 and 12 respectively as being the “Certificate of Relator-Petitioner” and
“Letter from the Tennessee Board of Probation and Parole verifying authenticity of tape,” which,
according to the index, is attached to page 13. However, the copy of the transcript in the record on


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appeal does not include either page 12, the letter from the Board, or page 13 to which, according to
the index, the audiotape was attached. Page 11, referred to in the index, which is in the record, is
the petitioner’s certificate of service for the transcript, bearing his name as the affiant and the phrase
“[s]worn to and subscribed before me on this the 14th day of July, 2003.” Further, the certificate of
service states that a copy of it was mailed to counsel representing the State in the petitioner’s habeas
corpus claim “on this the 14th day of July, 2003.” Thus, while this transcript purports to be of a July
30, 1999, “parole time setting hearing,” it obviously was prepared after his habeas corpus petition
had been filed in 2003 and for use in that action, rather than by the TDOC or the Board as a record
of the hearing. The petitioner, himself, “certified” the transcript, and it is in the record on appeal
only because it was an attachment to a pleading.

      On July 23, 2003, the State filed the affidavit of Donna Blackburn, Executive Director of the
Tennessee Board of Probation and Parole, which stated as follows:

                       I, Donna Blackburn, Executive Director for the Tennessee
                Board of Probation and Parole, do hereby swear and affirm the
                following:

                       1. Dan Bill Johnson, Tennessee Department of Correction
                inmate number 122614, is currently classified as a Habitual Criminal
                as he was sentenced as such in 1988. (See Affidavit Exhibit 1)

                        2. As listed on the Parole Summary Report, there is no
                expiration date on a life sentence, the sentence Mr. Johnson received
                for being a habitual criminal. (See Affidavit Exhibit 1)

                        3. Mr. Johnson was heard for parole in April of 2002, but
                was declined based upon High Risk to reoffend. His next parole date
                is April of 2004. (See Affidavit Exhibit 2)

                       4. I certify that the attached exhibits are true and correct
                copies of the documents kept in the parole file of Dan Bill Johnson,
                which is located in the Central Office of the Tennessee Board of
                Probation and Parole.

                        Further the affiant saith not.

         Among the documents attached to this affidavit was the TDOC form “Notice of Board
Action” which set out that, in April 2002, the petitioner had been denied parole and was to be
considered again in April 2004. The TOMIS report, which also was an attachment to the affidavit,
set out that the “RED” date for the petitioner’s life sentence was April 27, 2014. On July 29, 2003,
the petitioner filed an unsworn response to the Blackburn affidavit, asserting that it showed the State
had “illegally reinstated [his] previous 2014 Release Eligibility Date that was amended to August


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5, 1994, by the Parole Eligibility Review Board.” The petitioner further explained his earlier claims,
saying he was “not arguing that his life sentence has expired or that the parole board does not have
the authority to continue to confine him” but that he had a “liberty interest” and right to due process
in not serving a sentence beyond that which “the parole board decided on July 30, 1999, . . . [he]
would serve on the revoked life sentence.”

        Although the record on appeal includes no interim rulings or orders of the trial court as to
the various pleadings filed after its May 19, 2003, order dismissing the petition, on December 3,
2003, the trial court filed a supplemental order, finding, inter alia, that the petitioner’s life sentence
had expired on July 30, 2000. The court’s order did not explain its basis for making this
determination. Additionally, based upon the following colloquy, set out in the transcript attached
to the petitioner’s pleading, between John Greer, a Board hearing officer, and the petitioner at the
July 30, 1999, parole board hearing, the trial court found that the petitioner began serving his five-
year robbery sentence on July 30, 2000:

                Mr. Greer: I’ll tell you what I’m going to do[,] Mr. Johnson[.] [Y]ou
                got this charge February 16, 1999, that’s when you were convicted?

                Petitioner: Yes sir.

                Mr. Greer: I’m gonna say start your new five year sentence July 30
                of 2000, alright? Serve that until July 30, 2000, that’s a year from
                today on the revoked sentence, that is the life. Serve up until then.
                You’ll be doing old time. Then on July 30 of 2000, let your five year
                kick in. Start calculating that. When you become eligible or if you
                are already eligible to be heard again on that five, or then hear you on
                the life and the five, let the five start running together with the five
                [sic] at that point and when you become eligible for parole or to be
                reviewed, then, . . . place you back on the docket and will review you
                at that point. Now, that’s just what I’m gonna recommend. The
                Board may not concur. They could accept, reject or modify my
                recommendation, but that’s what I’m gonna recommend. Again, your
                new five years on July 30, 2000, and then review you again when
                you’re eligible. Got to include the life sentence plus the five. They
                go over me, then they’ll put you on the first available docket after you
                become eligible.

        In its December 3, 2003, order, the trial court interpreted this language from the transcript
of the hearing before the Board as establishing that the petitioner’s life sentence had expired on July
30, 2000, and he had begun serving his five-year robbery sentence that same day:

                       It is quite obvious from reading the dialog between Mr. Greer
                and Petitioner that Mr. Greer recommended to the Parole Board that


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the new five year sentence would begin on July 30, 2000. He
furthermore says “serve that, (meaning the life sentence) until July 30,
2000, that’s a year from today on the revoked sentence that is the
life.” However, he also says that “they go over me, then they’ll put
you on the first available docket after you become eligible.”
Therefore, it is apparent that this is what has happened in this case as
the Parole Board gave the Petitioner a hearing on April 30, 2002 and
declined him for parole, not on the life sentence, but on the simple
robbery conviction. [emphasis in original].

        Therefore, the only charge that can be considered against this
Petitioner as far as his release eligibility is [the] simple robbery
charge, as the life sentence expired on July 30, 2000. Moreover, the
Petitioner cites T.C.A. Sect. 40-28-123 which states: “any prisoner
who is convicted in this state of a felony committed while on parole
from a state prison, jail or workhouse, shall serve the remainder of
this sentence under which the prisoner was paroled, or such part of
that sentence, as the Board may determine before the prisoner
commences serving the sentence received for the felony committed
while on parole. . . . (emphasis added). This is exactly what the
Board did in the Petitioner’s case. At the Parole time setting hearing
on July 30, 1999, Mr. Greer stated[,] “I’m going to start your new five
year sentence July 30, 2000, alright, serve that until July 30, 2000,
that’s a year from today on the revoked sentence, that is the life.”
Nothing could be more plain than what the parole board told this
petitioner. [emphasis in original].

         However, this brings the Court to another inquiry and that is
the board’s refusal to release him after denying parole on April 30,
2002. Petitioner claims that an accumulation of behavioral and
program credit days on his five year sentence should have expired
him on April 26, 2003. This issue is not a matter for this court for
two reasons. First, the Parole Board makes the determination on
parole. See T.C.A. Sect. 40-28-115. Furthermore, according to this
section the release shall be discretionary with the board. Secondly,
if this Petitioner is trying to get credits that he claims he is entitled
and the Tennessee Department of Corrections is not recognizing these
credits, then these disputes over sentence reduction credits are
properly brought under the Uniform Administrative Procedures Act.
See Carol v. Ramey, 868 S.W.2d 721, 723 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).




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                            It is therefore the Order of this Court that the Petitioner’s life
                     sentence expired on July 30, 2000. However, his release relative to
                     the simple robbery charge is a matter for the Parole Board.

        The State then filed a motion to stay the trial court’s order, reciting that the State had
contacted Debra Inglis, a staff attorney for the Department of Correction, who verified that the
petitioner was “not granted parole from his life sentence at the time-setting hearing on July 30, 1999,
but that the only determination made at that time was when the petitioner would begin getting credit
for service of his five year[] sentence on the robbery charge, pursuant to the time-setting provisions
of Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-28-123(a).”1

         On December 5, 2003, two days after entry of the court’s order, the Hawkins County Circuit
Court Clerk filed a pleading of the petitioner, which he had dated December 3, 2003, styled “Notice
of Filing of Additional Exhibits in Support of Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment.” According to
the pleading, the documents had “only recently become available” and were for consideration by the
trial court “in support of [the petitioner’s] Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment.” On December 16,
2003, the trial court entered an order granting the State’s motion to stay. Both the petitioner and the
State filed notices of appeal on December 22, 2003.2

                                                         ANALYSIS

       The State appeals the trial court’s order finding that the petitioner’s sentence had expired,
arguing that “the only purpose of the time-setting hearing was to determine when [the petitioner]
would begin getting credit for service of the five-year sentence.” The petitioner also appealed the
order of the trial court, arguing, as we understand his claims, that he had been confined illegally



         1
             That statute provides, in pertinent part:

                               Any prisoner who is convicted in this state of a felony, committed while
                     on parole from a state prison, jail or workhouse, shall serve the remainder of the
                     sentence under which the prisoner was paroled, or such part of that sentence, as the
                     board may determine before the prisoner commences serving the sentence received
                     for the felony committed while on parole. . . . The board shall require that the
                     prisoner serve the portion remaining of the maximum term of sentence or such part
                     as the board may determine. The board, at its discretion, may recommend to the
                     commissioner of correction the removal of all or any part thereof of the good and
                     honor time and incentive time accrued on the sentence under which the prisoner was
                     paroled.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-28-123(a).

         2
           In its brief, the State says that the petitioner filed his notice of appeal on December 8, 2003, before the stay
order was entered on December 16, 2003, thereby depriving the trial court of jurisdiction and rendering the stay order
a nullity. However, the petitioner’s notice of appeal bears the stamped file date of December 22, 2003, not December
8, 2003.

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before being released, and he had “a liberty interest to parole that is protected under the Due Process
Clauses of the Tennessee and United States Constitutions.”

        It is well-established in Tennessee that the remedy provided by a writ of habeas corpus is
limited in scope and may only be invoked where the judgment is void or the petitioner’s term of
imprisonment has expired. State v. Ritchie, 20 S.W.3d 624, 629 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Davenport,
980 S.W.2d 407, 409 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998). A void, as opposed to a voidable, judgment has
been defined by our supreme court as “one in which the judgment is facially invalid because the
court did not have the statutory authority to render such judgment.” Dykes v. Compton, 978 S.W.2d
528, 529 (Tenn. 1998); see also Taylor v. State, 995 S.W.2d 78, 83 (Tenn. 1999). The judgment of
a court of general jurisdiction is conclusive and presumed to be valid, and such a judgment can only
be impeached if the record affirmatively shows that the rendering court was without personal or
subject matter jurisdiction. Archer v. State, 851 S.W.2d 157, 162 (Tenn. 1993). Thus, habeas
corpus relief is available only when “‘it appears upon the face of the judgment or the record of the
proceedings upon which the judgment is rendered’ that a convicting court was without jurisdiction
or authority to sentence a defendant, or that a defendant’s sentence of imprisonment . . . has expired.”
Archer, 851 S.W.2d at 164 (citation omitted). To obtain habeas corpus relief, the petitioner must
show by a preponderance of the evidence that his sentence is void and not merely voidable. See
Davenport, 980 S.W.2d at 409.

        As explained by Pierce v. Corrections Corp. of America, No. W2001-00595-COA-R3-CV,
2001 WL 1683792, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 20, 2001), “[h]abeas corpus proceedings are
essentially civil in nature and the rules of civil procedure are applicable where consistent with Tenn.
Code Ann. § 29-21-101 et. seq.”

        We now will review the trial court’s finding, according to its December 3, 2003, order, “that
the Petitioner’s life sentence expired on July 30, 2000. However, his release relative to the simple
robbery charge is a matter for the Parole Board.” Apparently, as the result of the trial court’s
determinations that the petitioner’s life sentence expired on July 30, 2000, and he began serving his
five-year robbery sentence that day, the Department of Correction recalculated his robbery sentence
and released him before the trial court entered the stay order.

        This court stated in Brigham v. Lack, 755 S.W.2d 469, 471 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988), that
“the Department of Corrections is an agency of state government subject to the provisions of the
Administrative Procedures Act, and judicial review of its application of a statute to an affected
person is available only in the Chancery Court of Davidson County. T.C.A. §§ 4-5-223, -224.” In
making determinations as to the ending date of the petitioner’s life sentence and the beginning date
of his robbery sentence, the trial court, in effect, granted declaratory relief, which might have been
available in an action brought pursuant to the Tennessee Administrative Procedures Act but could
not be made in one seeking habeas corpus relief.

        Further, the trial court erred, as both the State and the petitioner, himself, agree on appeal,
in finding that the petitioner’s life sentence expired on July 30, 2000. See Carroll v. Raney, 953


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S.W.2d 657, 661 (Tenn. 1997) (“[A] life sentence does not expire until a defendant's death.”); Daniel
B. Taylor v. Donal Campbell, No. M2001-00479-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 22248231, at *4 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Oct. 1, 2003) (“By definition, a life sentence expires on the same day the prisoner does.”).
Accordingly, since the petitioner’s sentence neither has expired nor is void, he is not entitled to
habeas corpus relief.

        Since the erroneous finding that the petitioner’s life sentence had expired apparently resulted
in his being released from custody in December 2003, prior to his next parole hearing in April 2004,
we direct that the petitioner be taken back into custody and returned to the Tennessee Department
of Correction, where he is to remain until his release, as determined by the Department. Although
he may apply to the Tennessee Supreme Court for permission to appeal our determination, he is not
entitled to bond while that matter is being considered.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Based upon the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we reverse the judgment of the trial court
and dismiss the petition for writ of habeas corpus.


                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




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