                                   In The
                             Court of Appeals
               Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                                      No. 06-14-00156-CR



                                  SHAWN SMITH, Appellant

                                               V.

                              THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



                            On Appeal from the 102nd District Court
                                    Bowie County, Texas
                                Trial Court No. 13F0106-102




                         Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Carter,* JJ.
                                  Opinion by Justice Carter



__________________
*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
                                                 OPINION
            A jury convicted Shawn Smith of two counts of indecency with a child by sexual contact

and one count each of aggravated sexual assault of a child, injury to a child, and assault causing

bodily injury. Pursuant to findings of true to the State’s enhancement allegations, Smith was

sentenced to ninety-nine years’ imprisonment each for the indecency with a child by sexual contact

and aggravated sexual assault offenses, twenty-five years’ imprisonment for injury to a child, and

one year in county jail for assault causing bodily injury. Smith appeals these convictions.1

            On appeal, Smith argues (1) that due to a fundamental error, the State’s indictment failed

to charge him with commission of the offense of injury to a child, (2) that the trial court erred in

failing to grant his motion to quash the aggravated sexual assault count of the State’s indictment,

(3) that he was improperly tried in absentia during the punishment phase of his trial, and (4) that

the trial court erred in admitting a DNA laboratory report without affording Smith the right to

confront the serologist who conducted the DNA testing.

            We overrule Smith’s first two points of error because we find that the State’s indictment is

not fundamentally defective and that it provided Smith with constitutional notice of the charges

against him. We further find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Smith

voluntarily absented himself from the punishment phase of his trial and that Smith failed to

preserve a Confrontation Clause objection to the laboratory report. Accordingly, we affirm the

trial court’s judgment.




1
    The jury acquitted Smith on two other counts of indecency with a child by sexual contact.

                                                            2
I.      The Indictment Is Not Fundamentally Defective

        Smith’s first point of error on appeal questions whether the State properly indicted him for

the offense of injury to a child. “An indictment is a written instrument presented to a court by a

grand jury charging a person with the commission of an offense.” TEX. CONST. amend. V, § 12(b).

“[A]n instrument which is not an indictment or information under Article V, Section 12 of the

Texas Constitution fails to vest the trial court with jurisdiction.” Mantooth v. State, 269 S.W.3d

68, 72 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.).

        Count 4 of the State’s indictment alleged,

        Injury to a Child

        And it is further presented . . . that [] on or about January 19, 2013, the said Shawn
        Lewis Smith, did then and there intentionally or knowingly [sic] bodily injury to
        Shelby Jones (a pseudonym), a child who was then and there 14 years of age or
        younger, by beating Shelby Jones (a pseudonym) with a belt.

A person commits the offense of injury to a child if he intentionally or knowingly causes bodily

injury to a child. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.04(a)(3) (West Supp. 2014). Due to the State’s

omission of the term “caused” following the alleged mens rea, Smith argues that count 4 of the

State’s indictment is fundamentally defective and failed to confer jurisdiction upon the trial court

because it “omitted the required causation element.”

        Smith concedes that “[a]lthough [he] objected to the indictment, [he] did not object to the

indictment on th[e] basis” now raised on appeal,2 but correctly argues that a complaint that an




2
 In order to preserve error when preservation is required, a point on appeal must comport with the objection made at
trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; Swain v. State, 181 S.W.3d 359, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Wilson v. State, 71
S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
                                                         3
indictment is so defective that it deprives the trial court of jurisdiction can be raised for the first

time on appeal. Mantooth, 269 S.W.3d at 72 (citing Duron v. State, 956 S.W.2d 547, 555 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1997) (Womack, J., concurring); Cook v. State, 902 S.W.2d 471, 479–80 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1995); Teal v. State, 230 S.W.3d 172, 180 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). However, as we explain

below, the indictment is not fundamentally defective.

       “The sufficiency of an indictment is a question of law.” State v. Moff, 154 S.W.3d 599,

601 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). “‘[T]o comprise an [information] within the definition provided by

the constitution, an instrument must charge: (1) a person; (2) with the commission of an offense.’”

Mantooth, 269 S.W.3d at 72 (quoting Cook, 902 S.W.2d at 477). “‘[A] written instrument is an

indictment or information under the Constitution if it accuses someone of a crime with enough

clarity and specificity to identify the penal statute under which the State intends to prosecute, even

if the instrument is otherwise defective.’” Id. (quoting Duron, 956 S.W.2d at 550–51).

       The State’s indictment unquestionably omitted the word “caused.”                However, the

indictment clearly states that the offense alleged is injury to a child. Further, it is clear from the

indictment as a whole that the State is alleging the injuries resulted from Smith intentionally or

knowingly beating Jones with a belt. We have previously held that an “omission of an element of

the offense [] does not prevent the instrument from being an information.” Id. (citing Studer v.

State, 799 S.W.2d 263, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). Likewise, “[b]ecause the information is

sufficient to identify the penal statute under which the State intends to prosecute, the error is not a

‘fundamental’ error.” Id.



                                                  4
       “[I]ndictments charging a person with committing an offense, once presented, invoke the

jurisdiction of the trial court, and jurisdiction is no longer contingent on whether the indictment

contains defects of form or substance.” Teal v. State, 230 S.W.3d 172, 177 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007). Because defects in indictments are subject to waiver, the existence of such defects does

not render the indictment void. See id. at 178; Piland v. State, 453 S.W.3d 473, 479–80 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. filed) (concluding that by failing to raise the issue with the trial court,

defendant waived complaint that indictment was defective because it failed to specify any level of

mens rea). Specifically, Article 1.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides, in part,

       If the defendant does not object to a defect, error, or irregularity of form or
       substance in an indictment or information before the date on which the trial on the
       merits commences, he waives and forfeits the right to object to the defect, error, or
       irregularity[,] and he may not raise the objection on appeal or in any other
       postconviction proceeding.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.14(b) (West 2005). The omission of the term “caused” was a

defect that Smith was required to raise with the trial court. See id.

       We overrule Smith’s first point of error because (1) the indictment was not fundamentally

defective and (2) Smith failed to raise a complaint of form or substance in the trial court with

respect to count 4 of the State’s indictment.

II.    The Trial Court Did Not Err in Overruling Smith’s Motion to Quash the Aggravated
       Sexual Assault Count

       We conduct a de novo review of a trial court’s denial of a motion to quash. Smith v. State,

297 S.W.3d 260, 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Lawrence v. State, 240 S.W.3d 912, 915 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007). “A defendant has a constitutional right to sufficient notice so as to enable him or her

to prepare a defense.” Hughen v. State, 265 S.W.3d 473, 481 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008), aff’d,
                                                  5
297 S.W.3d 330 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Thus, to ensure proper notice, “the indictment must be

specific enough to inform the defendant of the nature of the accusations against him.” Smith, 297

S.W.3d at 267; see State v. Mays, 967 S.W.2d 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (en banc).

      Count 1 of the State’s indictment contained a notation specifying that it alleged the offense

of “Aggravated Sexual Assault-Child Victim (22.021PC).” Section 22.021 of the Texas Penal

Code states,

               (a)    A person commits an offense:

                      (1)     if the person:

                              ....

                              (B)     intentionally or knowingly:

                                     (i)     causes the penetration of the anus or sexual
                              organ of a child by any means; and

                              ....

                      (2)     if:

                              (A)     the person:

                              ....

                                      (ii)   by acts or words places the victim in fear that
                              . . . death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping will be
                              imminently inflicted on any person.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a) (West Supp. 2014). In the body of the indictment, the State

alleged that Smith,

       [o]n or about January 24, 2013, did then and there intentionally or knowingly cause
       the penetration of the sexual organ of Shelby Jones (a pseudonym), a child who was
       then and there younger than 17 years of age, by defendant’s sexual organ, and the
                                                6
       defendant did then and there by acts or words threaten to cause, or place, [Jones] in
       fear that death would be imminently inflicted on [Jones] and said acts or words
       occurred in the presence of [Jones].

       Smith concedes that the indictment alleged all necessary elements of aggravated sexual

assault of a child. Yet, on August 12, 2014, Smith moved to quash count 1 of the indictment on

the ground that he had insufficient notice of the allegation because the State “failed to allege what

type act or words the Defendant is alleged to have done or said.” On appeal, Smith argues that the

trial court erroneously overruled his motion to quash count 1 because the indictment alleged nine

possible aggravating factors. Specifically, Smith argues that according to the State’s indictment,

the sexual assault could have been aggravated in the following nine ways:

       (1)     by “voluntary bodily movement” [that] places the victim in fear that death
               would be imminently inflicted on her,

       (2)     by “involuntary bodily movement” [that] places the victim in fear that death
               would be imminently inflicted on her,

       (3)     by “speech” [that] places the victim in fear that death would be imminently
               inflicted on her,

       (4)     by “word” [that] places the victim in fear that death would be imminently
               inflicted on her,

       (5)     by “voluntary bodily movement” occurring in the presence of the victim
               [that] threatens to cause the victim’s death,

       (6)     by “involuntary bodily movement” occurring in the presence of the victim
               [that] threatens to cause the victim’s death,

       (7)     by “speech” occurring in the presence of the victim [that] threatens to cause
               the victim’s death,




                                                 7
       (8)     by “word” occurring in the presence of the victim [that] threatens to cause
               the victim’s death, or

       (9)     [because] the victim is younger than 14 years of age.

       We remain unpersuaded by Smith’s argument. Under Section 22.021 of the Texas Penal

Code, the crime is aggravated if:

       (A)     the person:

                       (i)    causes serious bodily injury or attempts to cause the death of
               the victim or another person in the course of the same criminal episode;

                       (ii)   by acts or words places the victim in fear that any person will
               become the victim of an offense under Section 20A.02(a)(3), (4), (7), or (8)
               or that death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping will be imminently
               inflicted on any person;

                       (iii)   by acts or words occurring in the presence of the victim
               threatens to cause any person to become the victim of an offense under
               Section 20A.02(a)(3), (4), (7), or (8) or to cause the death, serious bodily
               injury, or kidnapping of any person;

                      (iv)    uses or exhibits a deadly weapon in the course of the same
               criminal episode;

                       (v)    acts in concert with another who engages in conduct
               described by Subdivision (1) directed toward the same victim and occurring
               during the course of the same criminal episode; or

                      (vi)     administers or provides flunitrazepam, otherwise known as
               rohypnol, gamma hydroxybutyrate, or ketamine to the victim of the offense
               with the intent of facilitating the commission of the offense;

       (B)     the victim is younger than 14 years of age; or

       (C)     the victim is an elderly individual or a disabled individual.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(2).


                                                 8
       Here, The State’s indictment clearly tracked the language of Section 22.021(a)(2)(A)(ii).

The State did not allege (1) that Smith caused serious bodily injury or attempted to cause Jones’

death, (2) that Smith used or exhibited a deadly weapon, acted in consert with another, or

administered any drugs to Jones, or (2) that Jones was a child younger than fourteen years of age

or was an elderly or disabled individual. Because the State alleged that the acts or words

threatening Jones amounted to a threat that death would be imminently inflicted upon her, the State

alleged a violation of subsection (a)(2)(A)(ii), not (iii). Also, since the State alleged that Smith’s

acts were intentional or knowing, the words or acts used to threaten Jones’ death were alleged to

be voluntary.

       “Subject to rare exceptions, an indictment tracking the language of the statute will satisfy

constitutional and statutory requirements; the State need not allege facts that are merely evidentiary

in nature.” Mays, 967 S.W.2d at 406. However, “[a] statute which uses an undefined term of

indeterminate or variable meaning requires more specific pleading in order to notify the defendant

of the nature of the charges against him.” Id. at 407. The term “Act” is defined as “a bodily

movement, whether voluntary or involuntary, and includes speech.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 1.07(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014).

       Presumably, the term “act” on its own could have indeterminate or variable meanings.

Neither Smith’s research nor ours uncovers a case addressing whether the term “act” is so

indefinite as to require further notice. However, Texas courts considering the term “force” within

the context of our predecessor sexual assault of an adult statute have rejected the argument that

further pleading is required, even though the act is only prohibited when it is non-consensual and

                                                  9
three out of ten instances in which the prohibited act is non-consensual involve the use of force.

See Tullous v. State, 23 S.W.3d 195, 197 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d) (citing Johnson v.

State, 623 S.W.2d 654, 655 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981); Brem v. State, 571 S.W.2d 314, 317 (Tex.

Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978); Watson v. State, 548 S.W.2d 676, 678–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977));

see also Act of May 29, 1983, 68th Leg., R.S., ch. 977, § 3, 1983 Tex. Gen. Laws 5311, 5312

(amended, most recently, 2009) (current version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.011(b) (West

2011)).

          In reasoning that the term “force” was not so indefinite, in the context of the sexual assault

statute, as to require further pleading, the court in Watson observed:

          The only type of “force” which will support a rape conviction is that which
          “overcomes such earnest resistance as might reasonably be expected under the
          circumstances.” The only type of “threat” which will support a rape conviction is
          that which “would prevent resistance by a woman of ordinary resolution.” The
          indictment in effect alleged what had to be proved. When the terms “force” and
          “threats” were used in the indictment, the appellant was given adequate notice of
          the offense with which he was charged . . . .

                  While generally it is better practice to describe the offense in the indictment
          in the words of the statute, the instant indictment was not fundamentally defective.
          It is not necessary that an indictment for rape allege the character of the force or
          specify the threats. The use of the general terms as in the instant indictment is
          sufficient.

Watson v. State, 548 S.W.2d 676, 678–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (footnotes omitted) (citations

omitted).

          Similarly, here, the acts or words, as alleged in the State’s indictment, must have been acts

or words occurring in Jones’ presence either threatening to cause Jones’ death or placing her in

fear of death. The indictment tracked the language of the statute and provided notice of the exact

                                                    10
subsection under which the indictment was brought. Thus, we conclude that the State, in the

indictment, was required to neither allege the character of the acts or words used by Smith nor

further specify the manner in which the death threats were made. See id. Accordingly, the trial

court did not err in failing to quash the State’s indictment.

       Moreover, “When a motion to quash is overruled, a defendant suffers no harm unless he

did not, in fact, receive notice of the State’s theory against which he would have to defend.” Kellar

v. State, 108 S.W.3d 311, 313 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Here, during an interrogation, an

investigator informed Smith that Jones claimed Smith raped her after waking her up by choking

her, holding a gun close to her, and telling her that either she had to kill him or he would rape her

and would “beat [her] ass to death.” Thus, Smith had notice of the theory against which he would

have to defend.

       We overrule Smith’s second point of error.

III.   In this Case, the Trial Court’s Decision to Proceed with the Punishment Phase in
       Smith’s Absence Was Not an Abuse of Discretion

       “One of the most basic of the rights guaranteed by the Confrontation Clause is the

accused’s right to be present in the courtroom at every stage of his trial.” Illinois v. Allen, 397

U.S. 337, 338 (1970). Article 33.03 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides that a

defendant must be personally present at the trial of a felony unless he “voluntarily absents himself

after pleading to the indictment or information, or after the jury has been selected when trial is

before a jury, [in which case] the trial may proceed to its conclusion.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 33.03 (West 2006). Thus, “[a]fter commencement of trial proceedings, a defendant may

voluntarily absent himself from the trial without a violation of his Sixth Amendment right to be
                                                 11
present during all phases of the trial.” Ashley v. State, 404 S.W.3d 672, 680 (Tex. App.—El Paso

2013, no pet.) (citing Taylor v. United States, 414 U.S. 17, 18–19 (1973) (per curiam); Miller v.

State, 692 S.W.2d 88, 90 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Tracy v. State, 14 S.W.3d 820, 826 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2000, pet. ref’d)). “This is because the Supreme Court has recognized that a defendant’s

conduct in voluntarily absenting himself after his trial has commenced with him in attendance

amounts to a forfeiture of his Sixth Amendment right to be present during the time he is absent.”

Id. (citing Taylor, 414 U.S. at 18–19; Miller, 692 S.W.2d at 90–91). In his third point of error,

Smith argues that the trial court incorrectly concluded that he absented himself from the

punishment phase of his trial.

        Smith testified at length during the guilt/innocence phase of his own trial. After his cross-

examination, the record indicates that Smith attempted suicide. Prior to the trial court’s reading

of the jury’s guilt/innocence verdict, the trial court informed counsel for both sides that according

to the bailiff, Smith had tried to hang himself while in jail. After being sworn in, the bailiff

testified,

        This morning I received a phone call from Ed Miller advising me that Shawn Smith
        had gotten out of the cell and had gotten up in the pipe chase, and they were unable
        to find him. Several minutes later, I got another phone call that said they had
        located him. He had hung himself, and he was stuck in the pipe chase. And they
        were trying to get him out. I went down to the annex and met with Captain Walker
        and some other correctional officers, and by the time I got down to the end of alpha
        deck where they were housing him, he was on the top of the cell on a stretcher.
        And they had ropes and stuff tied to it, lowering it down with him strapped to it.
        They loaded him in the back of an ambulance and took him to Wadley [Regional
        Medical Center] and admitted him into the hospital. And I received a text message
        from the officer there that was with Shawn just moments ago saying that all they
        knew at that time was that he had a broke bone in his knee.


                                                 12
            After hearing the bailiff’s testimony, Smith’s counsel stated,

                    [BY THE DEFENSE]: Your Honor, if the Court finds that this is a
            voluntary absentia from trial . . . . I’m aware that the Court can continue the trial.
            With that, assuming the facts that [the bailiff] has been told are true, I can see the
            Court’s decision to find that it is a voluntary absentia and with the alleged attempted
            suicide. But now that the attempted suicide has failed, I don’t know if it would still
            be a voluntary absentia.

Counsel also told the trial court that at that point, he was unsure whether Smith wished to testify

during punishment. The court assured counsel that he would provide Smith with an opportunity

to testify. Specifically, the court made the following pledge:3

            [A]s we typically do, we visited about these matters before I took the bench, and I
            think I explained to you off the record that I would allow Mr. Smith, or Shawn, all
            the opportunity to testify that I can, if he wishes to testify. But I thought perhaps
            what we’d do this morning, receive the verdicts. If, in fact, they’re guilty, let the
            State put on their case. If you have a witness here, let that witness testify, and then
            if Mr. Smith at that point in time is unable to be at the courthouse or in the
            courtroom, I’ll continue the trial till we can find out whether or not, one, he wants
            to testify, and, two, whether or not he can be back in the courtroom.

            After the jury verdicts were read, a brief recess was taken, and the trial court held an off-

the-record discussion. Based on the trial court’s assurances, the punishment phase of the trial

began without an objection or a request for continuance.4 The State argues that Smith failed to

preserve this point on appeal because his counsel did not timely object to the trial court’s decision

to proceed with punishment. Since the record establishes that counsel’s failure to object stemmed

from the trial court’s promises, we disagree with the State’s preservation argument. We also note



3
    As we explain below, the trial court’s assurances were for naught.
4
 The jury heard the following instruction: “The defendant’s decision to not be present cannot be held against him, or
you must not speculate, guess, or even talk about the defendant’s absence from the courtroom during this phase of the
trial.”
                                                            13
that after the jury heard several of the State’s witnesses testify on the issue of punishment, the trial

court (1) informed counsel that according to the deputy present at the hospital, Smith was still

“waiting on a doctor to read the CAT scan and waiting on the orthopedic to come check the x-rays

on what they think may be a broken bone in his knee” and (2) gave Smith’s counsel the opportunity

to make any objection he had previously made in an effort to clarify off-the-record discussions

about this subject. At that point, counsel reiterated his argument that Smith was not voluntarily

absent, adding that although Smith was in the hospital, he, “[was] not free to leave[,] [was] being

guarded in the hospital[,] [and could not] just check himself out and come to trial.” In response,

the trial court stated that it had received a text from law enforcement advising that Smith had been

admitted to the hospital for further treatment. Counsel further argued that the bailiff’s testimony

as to whether Smith’s injuries resulted from a suicide attempt were based on statements made by

non-testifying jailors and that no one with first-hand knowledge had testified that Smith’s injury

was caused by a failed suicide attempt. Again, the trial court found that Smith had voluntarily

absented himself.

         Proceeding with the punishment phase, Smith’s counsel called Smith’s aunt, who testified

about the brutal beatings that Smith had suffered at the hands of his father and the effect of drugs

on his life. Smith’s counsel then informed the trial court that he had spoken to Smith, that Smith

wished to testify, but that he was being held in the hospital. The trial court informed counsel that

it was not denying Smith the right to testify, but counsel did not seek a continuance. 5 Instead,


5
 Because the point of error on appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion in finding that Smith voluntarily
absented himself—not whether a request for continuance was improperly denied—counsel’s failure to request a
continuance does not waive his appellate point.
                                                          14
counsel moved the court to order the sheriff’s office to bring Smith to court, which the court

refused to do because Smith was still in the hospital’s care. At that point, Smith’s counsel simply

asked the court to delay the sentencing so that Smith could be present. The trial court agreed, held

a sentencing hearing that Smith attended, and pronounced the sentences in Smith’s presence.

        We review the trial court’s decision that a defendant voluntarily absented himself from trial

for an abuse of discretion. Papakostas v. State, 145 S.W.3d 723, 725 n.2 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi 2004, no pet.) (citing Moore v. State, 670 S.W.2d 259, 261 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)). “In

most instances, the appellate court must determine, from hindsight, the validity of the trial court’s

determination that the defendant’s absence was voluntary.” Hudson v. State, 128 S.W.3d 367, 375

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.) (citing Moore, 670 S.W.2d at 261). “The defendant must

provide evidence to refute the trial court’s determination, or we will not disturb the trial court’s

finding.” Id. at 375–76.

        “[A] defendant cannot avoid trial by intentionally disabling himself.” Mains v. State, 170

S.W.3d 149, 150 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, no pet). Smith concedes that the record contains

evidence demonstrating that he voluntarily absented himself from the guilt/innocence phase of the

trial, but argues that he was unable to attend the punishment phase “not because he had to receive

medical treatment, but because the guards would not allow him to leave the hospital and go to the

trial.” While we (1) take note of the fundamental nature of a defendant’s constitutional right to be

present at his trial, (2) disapprove of the trial court’s decision to abandon its initial assurances that

Smith would be allowed to testify, (3) are concerned about the lack of effort to determine whether

Smith, who was able to communicate and wanted to testify, would soon be able to personally

                                                   15
appear in court, (4) believe that nothing would have prevented the trial court from aiding Smith, if

he wanted to testify, by either allowing him to testify telephonically or by ordering law

enforcement to escort him to the courtroom, and (5) point out that the trial court could have

exercised its discretion in such a manner that would have provided Smith the opportunity to testify

during the punishment phase of his trial, we must disagree with Smith’s conclusion that these

circumstances constitute an abuse of discretion.

            In this case, the bailiff testified that Smith broke his knee and that as a result of a suicide

attempt, he was taken to the emergency room where he was receiving medical treatment. The trial

court informed the parties that due to his injuries, Smith was admitted into the hospital and was

under doctors’ care. Guards were likely placed in his room only to prevent escape until he was

discharged by the hospital, not to keep him from coming to court and testifying. Although Smith

was receiving medical treatment as a result of his suicide attempt, nothing suggests that Smith

wanted to forego medical treatment in order to testify at the punishment phase of his trial, or that

he was otherwise unable to decline medical treatment and leave the hospital.

            A defendant has “no right to interrupt the trial by his voluntary absence.”6 Taylor, 414

U.S. at 20. “The busy trial courts of our state cannot stop the wheels of an already burdened



6
    The policies underlying this rule have been summarized as follows:

            [T]he policy which underlies the rule, permitting the presiding justice to continue a trial in his or
            her discretion when a defendant voluntarily absents himself or herself, is obviously sound. If a
            mistrial were to be declared whenever a defendant is voluntarily absent from trial[,] . . . the defendant
            could, after evaluating the course of the proceedings, simply leave the courtroom whenever an
            adverse verdict was anticipated. Voluntary absence would then entitle the defendant to a fresh trial
            and a second chance at acquittal. . . . [A] defendant’s right to a day in court does not permit the
            defendant to unilaterally select whatever date his or her pleasure dictates.

                                                              16
criminal justice system because a defendant chooses to be absent from his own trial.” Sanchez v.

State, 842 S.W.2d 732, 733 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1992, pet. ref’d). Thus, Texas courts have

held that a defendant voluntarily absents himself from trial when he attempts to commit suicide,

is placed in a hospital, and, as a result, is not present in the courtroom. See id.; Bottom v. State,

860 S.W.2d 266, 267 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1993, no pet.); see also Heard v. State, 887 S.W.2d

94, 98–99 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1994, pet. ref’d) (holding absence voluntary when caused by

self-induced intoxication). In the absence of any evidence that a defendant’s absence was

involuntary, we “engage in the presumption that the trial court finding regarding the voluntariness

of appellant’s absence is correct.” Aguirre v. State, 695 S.W.2d 793, 794 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1985, no pet.) (citing Gonzales v. State, 515 S.W.2d 920, 921 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974)).

        In light of these cases and in the absence of evidence to refute the trial court’s determination

that Smith voluntarily absented himself from trial—evidence that could have been presented at the

sentencing hearing, in a motion for new trial, or otherwise—we cannot conclude that the trial court

abused its discretion. Accordingly, we overrule Smith’s third point of error.

IV.     Smith Did Not Preserve a Confrontation Clause Objection to the DNA Laboratory
        Report

        In his last point of error on appeal, Smith, asserting a violation of the Confrontation Clause,

argues that the trial court erred in admitting a DNA laboratory (lab) report. We find that Smith

failed to preserve this point of error for our review.




Kurtis A. Kemper, Annotation, Sufficiency of Showing Defendant’s “Voluntary Absence” from Trial for Purposes of
State Criminal Procedure Rules or Statutes Authorizing Continuation of Trial Notwithstanding Such Absence, 19
A.L.R.6th 697 (2006).
                                                      17
            Odia Russette, a sexual assault nurse examiner, conducted a medical examination of Jones

after Jones divulged graphic details of Smith’s violent sexual assault against her. Russette

collected specimens that were sent to the Texas Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory

(the Crime Lab) for DNA testing. The State called Kristi Link, the Crime Lab’s DNA section

supervisor and technical leader, to testify. Link testified that she “did DNA testing on the swab”

collected from Jones. Later, Link explained that although she did not personally conduct the

serology, she did supervise the actual serologists, Kimberlee Mack7 and Gloria Ruiz.

            Because Ruiz was the forensic scientist who prepared and signed the lab report, Smith

objected to Link’s “testimony about any findings of this lab” on the ground that such testimony

would violate the Confrontation Clause since Link was not the serologist who conducted the DNA

tests. Link did not testify about the results of the DNA tests or the contents of the lab report. After

Link’s testimony, Smith reiterated the objection, stating, “[W]e’d object to any of the DNA

evidence coming in because the serologist who did all of the serology, we weren’t able to cross-

exam[ine her] and see if the serology was done correctly.” Because Link did not testify about the

findings of the DNA lab report and because the State had not yet offered the lab report, the trial

court overruled Smith’s objection.

            Thereafter, the State called Ruiz, who testified that she personally performed the DNA

analysis and personally prepared the report.8 After Ruiz explained that she was serologist who


7
    Mack did not testify. Although she also prepared a serology report, the State did not offer Mack’s report as evidence.
8
 When asked, “Now, did you personally perform a DNA analysis of known samples of both the defendant, Shawn
Smith, and the victim . . . along with evidentiary samples provided in a rape kit? Did you make the comparison?”
Ruiz replied, “Yes. I made the interpretation of the profiles to determine if the suspect or the victim contributed to
the evidentiary profile that I obtained.”
                                                             18
examined and compared DNA from Jones’ specimens to DNA found on Smith’s buccal swab, the

State offered Ruiz’ lab report, which revealed that sperm cell fractions and epithelial cell fractions

collected from Jones’ specimens were “consistent with a mixture from the victim and Shawn

Smith.” When the report was offered as evidence, Smith only lodged a hearsay objection,

abandoning any Confrontation Clause objection he had previously raised.9

        The State argues that Smith failed to preserve his appellate complaint that the

Confrontation Clause prohibited the admission of the DNA report because Smith “was denied the

opportunity to cross examine the serologist who actually conducted the testing.” We agree.

        “To preserve error, it has been consistently held that one must object each and every time

[allegedly] inadmissible evidence is offered.” Long v. State, 10 S.W.3d 389, 399 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2000, pet. ref’d) (citing Ethington v. State, 819 S.W.2d 854, 858 (Tex. Crim. App.

1991)). Smith lodged a Confrontation Clause objection to “any of the DNA evidence coming in”

prior to either Ruiz’ testimony or the State’s offer of the lab report. Smith did not obtain a running

objection on the Confrontation Clause issue and, when the State actually offered the report, failed

to object to its admission on Confrontation Clause grounds. Instead, Smith only objected to the

report on hearsay grounds; however, a hearsay objection does not preserve error on Confrontation

Clause grounds. See Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d 173, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Paredes v.

State, 129 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).




9
 Smith’s appellate brief makes no mention of Ruiz. Both Link and Ruiz testified that they conducted the DNA testing,
and Ruiz testified that she personally prepared the report. Smith took advantage of his opportunity to cross-examine
both Link and Ruiz.
                                                        19
       We find that Smith failed to preserve his Confrontation Clause objection to the lab report.

Accordingly, we overrule Smith’s last point of error.

IV.    Conclusion

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                               Jack Carter
                                               Justice

Date Submitted:       May 6, 2015
Date Decided:         June 16, 2015

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