                                                  @
                               ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
                                            GREG       ABBOTT



                                                 June 10, 2013



Ms. Mari Robinson                                Opinion No. GA-1008
Executive Director
Texas Medical Board                              Re: Whether the Texas Medical Board may allow its
Post Office Box 2018                             investigators who hold a concealed handgun license
Austin, Texas 78768-2018                         to carry a concealed handgun while on duty without
                                                 subjecting the Board to liability (RQ-11 04-GA)

Dear Ms. Robinson:

        You ask whether the Texas Medical Board (the "Board") may allow its investigators who
hold a concealed handgun license ("CHL") to carry a concealed handgun while on duty without
subjecting the board to liability.1

       You state that the Board has investigators whose duties may take them into potentially
dangerous situations. Request Letter at 1. You further inform us that the Board wishes to
recognize the right of an investigator who has a CHL to carry a concealed handgun for protection
and is considering adopting a resolution that would "allow its investigators to carry concealed
handguns [while on duty] but at the same time indicate that such action is not required by the
Board or the employees' job descriptions[.]" !d. at 2. In your first two questions, you ask if the
Board may legally adopt such a resolution. !d.

        You specifically ask about section 154.057 of the Occupations Code, which authorizes
the Board to employ investigators to investigate complaints. !d. at 1-2. Subsection (c) provides:
"The board may commission investigators as peace officers to enforce this subtitle. An
investigator commissioned as a peace officer under this subsection may not carry a firearm or
exercise the powers of arrest." TEX. Occ. CODE ANN. § 154.057(c) (West 2012) (emphasis
added). You inform us that the Board does not intend to commission its investigators as peace
officers. Request Letter at 1. Nevertheless, the Board is concerned that section 154.057(c)
might be construed to prohibit the Board from allowing non-peace officer investigators to carry a
concealed handgun pursuant to CHL laws. !d. at 1- 3.



          1
           Letter from Ms. Mari Robinson, Exec. Dir., Tex. Med. Bd., to Honorable Greg Abbott, Tex. Att' y Gen. at
1 (Jan. 7, 2013), http://www.texasattomeygeneral.gov/opin (" Request Letter").
Ms. Mari Robinson - Page 2                          (GA-1008)



        Courts construing an unambiguous statute "adopt the interpretation supported by its plain
language unless such an interpretation would lead to absurd results." TGS-NOPEC Geophysical
Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex. 2011). Moreover, when construing seemingly
incongruous statutes, courts attempt to harmonize them to "give effect to both by assigning each
a meaning that will permit each to stand." Valero Transmission Co. v. Hays Consol. Indep. Sch.
Dist., 704 S.W.2d 857, 864 (Tex. App.-Austin 1985, writ refd n.r.e.). The prohibition against
carrying a firearm in section 154.057(c) of the Occupations Code does not apply to anyone other
than an investigator who the Board has commissioned as a peace officer. See TEx. Occ. CoDE
ANN. § 154.057(c) (West 2012). Further, section 154.057 was enacted in 1983, more than a
decade before the CBL statutes were first enacted. 2 Section 154.057 does not address CHL
holders, and therefore does not prohibit a non-peace officer investigator from carrying a
concealed handgun pursuant to the CHL law. In sum, we are not aware of any law that prohibits
the Board from allowing its non-peace officer investigators to carry a concealed handgun
according to the CHL law while the investigators are on duty.

         You also ask whether the Board would be protected by sovereign immunity from suit and
liability if it adopts the resolution. Request Letter at 2-3. You ask specifically about section
101.021(2) of the Tort Claims Act ("TCA"). !d. at 3; see also TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. § 101.021(2) (West 2005). Section 101.021(2) provides a limited waiver of a
governmental unit's immunity for the "condition or use of tangible personal or real property."
TEX. Clv. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2) (West 2005). The TCA does not waive
immunity for "a claim based on ... the legislative functions of a governmental unit." Id. §
101.052 (emphasis added). The Board's adoption of a resolution would constitute a legislative
function and would not constitute a waiver of immunity under the TCA. See Lopez v. Trevino, 2
S.W.3d 472, 474 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1999,                     pet.
                                                              dism'd w.o.j.) (holding that the
establishment of general policy is a legislative function).

        Whether the Board would be immune from suit or damages for injury caused by an
investigator carrying a concealed handgun pursuant to a CHL poses a different question. The
TCA does not waive immunity for damages caused by an employee's intentional torts, including
damages from an intentional use of a handgun. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §
101.057 (West 2005). See also Tex. Dept. of Pub. Safety v. Petta, 44 S.W.3d 575, 580 (Tex.
2001) (holding that the claim that an officer shot at complainant's tires alleges intentional
conduct that "fit[s] squarely within section 101.057's exclusion"). However, a court has held
that negligent use of a weapon could constitute the use of property under the TCA and therefore
give rise to a waiver of immunity under the TCA. City of Houston v. Vargas, 193 S.W.3d 143,


        2
           See Act of May 16, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 229, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 1998, 1998-2015 (enacting CHL
statutes); Act of May 30, 1983, 68th Leg., R.S., ch. 974, § 12, 1983 Tex. Gen. Laws 5291, 5304 (enacting
predecessor to section 154.057(c) of the Occupations Code).
        3
         If the resolution constitutes an agency rule, however, its validity or applicability might be subject to
challenge in a declaratory judgment action under the Administrative Procedure Act. See TEX. Gov'T CODE ANN. §
2001.038 (West 2008).
Ms. Mari Robinson - Page 3                    (GA-1008)



147 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). Consequently, depending on the facts, a
court could conclude that the TCA waives the Board's immunity from suit or liability for an
investigator's negligent use of a handgun.

       Finally, you ask about the immunity provided by section 411.208 of the Government
Code, which provides:

               (a) A court may not hold the state, an agency or subdivision of
               the state, an officer or employee of the state, a peace officer, or a
               qualified handgun instructor liable for damages caused by:

                    (1) an action authorized under this subchapter or a failure to
               perform a duty imposed by this subchapter; or

                    (2) the actions of an applicant or license holder that occur
               after the applicant has received a license or been denied a license
               under this subchapter.

               (b) A cause of action in damages may not be brought against the
               state, an agency or subdivision of the state, an officer or employee
               of the state, a peace officer, or a qualified handgun instructor for
               any damage caused by the actions of an applicant or license holder
               under this subchapter.

TEX. Gov'T CODE ANN. § 411.208(a)-(b) (West 2012) (emphasis added). No court decision has
addressed this statute. Reading the statute as a whole, the apparent purpose of section 411.208 is
to immunize government actors who implement the CHL licensing process against claims based
on the later actions of licensees and applicants. See id. The statute's plain language, however, is
not limited to agencies involved in the CHL licensing process and extends immunity to all state
agencies for the actions of a CHL holder. Thus, a court could conclude that section
411.208(a)(2) provides immunity to a state employer for the actions of an employee who holds a
CHL and uses a handgun negligently while on the job. Given the lack of legal authority
interpreting section 411.208, however, we are unable to provide you with definitive guidance.
Ms. Mari Robinson - Page 4                  (GA-1008)



                                    SUMMARY

                      Texas Law does not prohibit the Texas Medical Board from
              allowing its investigators who are not commissioned as peace
              officers to carry a concealed handgun pursuant to the concealed
              handgun law while the investigators are on duty.

                      Adopting a concealed handgun policy that is consistent
              with state law would not waive the Texas Medical Board's
              immunity for its own actions of a legislative character. However,
              we cannot predict whether a court would construe section 411.208
              of the Government Code as granting a state employer immunity for
              the negligent use of a handgun by an employee who holds a
              concealed handgun license.




DANIEL T. HODGE
First Assistant Attorney General

JAMES D. BLACKLOCK
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

VIRGINIA K. HOELSCHER
Chair, Opinion Committee

William A. Hill
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
