                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


RITA KANOUNA,                                                         UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      July 24, 2018
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                     No. 337897
                                                                      Macomb Circuit Court
SLM WINDMILL LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,                                     LC No. 2016-002174-NO

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: CAMERON, P.J., and JANSEN and O’CONNELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

     In this premises liability action, plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting
summary disposition to defendant under MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm.

                                  I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        On March 24, 2016, during daylight hours, plaintiff fell while walking to her car which
was parked in the parking lot of defendant’s shopping plaza. According to plaintiff, who often
visited the shopping plaza, it had been raining that day, and there were numerous puddles
throughout the parking lot. While walking across the parking lot, plaintiff observed a puddle in
her path. Plaintiff believed this to be a shallow puddle with solid, smooth blacktop beneath it.
However, when plaintiff stepped into the puddle, she tripped on a crack or indentation in the
pavement beneath the puddle, causing her to fall and injure her right hand. In plaintiff’s ensuing
premises liability action, the trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary disposition,
concluding that there was no genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether the puddle
constituted an open and obvious danger. This appeal followed.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        On appeal, plaintiff challenges the trial court’s grant of summary disposition in favor of
defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). This Court reviews the trial’s decision on a motion
for summary disposition de novo. Lowrey v LMPS & LMPJ, Inc, 500 Mich 1, 5; 890 NW2d 344
(2016). The moving party is entitled to summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) if “there
is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 469 (2003). The trial
court may consider “the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other documentary

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evidence submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.”
Liparoto Const, Inc. v Gen Shale Brick, Inc, 284 Mich App 25, 29; 772 NW2d 801 (2009). “A
genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to
the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” West, 469
Mich at 183.

                                            III. ANALYSIS

       Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition to defendant
because the danger posed by the cracks and indentations in the puddle were not open and
obvious. We disagree.

        Michigan jurisprudence distinguishes “between claims arising from ordinary negligence
and claims premised on a condition of the land.” Lymon v Freedland, 314 Mich App 746, 756;
887 NW2d 456 (2016) (citations omitted). In this case, plaintiff qualified as an invitee, and as
such, defendant, as the possessor of the land in question, had a duty to use reasonable care to
protect plaintiff from an unreasonable risk of harm posed by a dangerous condition on the
premises. Hoffner v Lanctoe, 492 Mich 450, 460; 821 NW2d 88 (2012). Defendant breaches
that duty when it knows or should know of a dangerous condition on the premises of which the
invitee, i.e., plaintiff, is unaware, and fails to fix, guard against, or warn the invitee of that defect.
Id.

        However, the duty to warn and protect invitees is not absolute. Bertrand v Alan Ford,
Inc, 449 Mich 606, 612; 537 NW2d 185 (1995) (citation omitted). A premises owner will not be
held liable for dangerous conditions that are “open and obvious.” Id. at 611. The possessor of
land is not an absolute insurer of the safety of an invitee, Kennedy v Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea
Co, 274 Mich App 710-712-713; 737 NW2d 179 (2007) (citation omitted), and therefore, a
premises owner does not owe a duty to an invitee to protect or warn of dangers that are open and
obvious because “such dangers, by their nature, apprise an invitee of the potential hazard, which
the invitee may then take reasonable measures to avoid.” Hoffner, 492 Mich at 460-461.

       Whether a danger is open and obvious depends on whether the average person with
ordinary intelligence could be expected to discover the danger upon casual inspection. Id. at
461. In making this determination, trial courts must consider the “objective nature of the
condition of the premises at issue.” Id. Because this is an objective test, this Court cannot
consider whether a particular plaintiff should have realized the condition was dangerous; rather,
this Court considers whether a reasonable person in the plaintiff’s position would have foreseen
the danger. Kennedy, 274 Mich App at 713.

        In this case, plaintiff argues that the danger posed by the puddle was not open and
obvious because reasonable jurors could disagree with respect to whether the cracks and
indentations underneath the water were visible upon casual inspection. Plaintiff draws a
distinction between the puddle, which was indisputably visible to plaintiff when she walked from
the store to her car, and any cracks and indentations in the pavement, which were hidden and not
visible to plaintiff. There existed, plaintiff argues, a genuine issue of material fact as to whether
a reasonable person would have been able to discover these cracks and indentations. We
disagree because, considering all of the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, an

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average person with ordinary intelligence would have known that a plainly visible rain puddle in
a parking lot could conceal such dangers as cracks and indentations in the underlying concrete.

         Plaintiff testified that it was still daylight when she arrived at the store, that it had been
raining all day, and that she stepped into and through puddles in the parking lot when she walked
from her car to the store. There were no obstructions to her vision. Plaintiff returned to her car,
taking essentially the same path, and encountered the puddle that caused her fall. Plaintiff
testified that she saw the puddle yet stepped into it anyway.

       Viewing plaintiff’s testimony in the light most favorable to her as the non-moving party,
an average person of ordinary intelligence would have discovered the potential danger posed by
the puddle upon casual inspection. Nothing in plaintiff’s testimony indicates that the puddle was
hidden or difficult to see. While it may be true that cracks or indentations beneath the puddle
were not visible, the presence of the puddle itself provided a warning to any pedestrian of
average intelligence that the pavement beneath was very likely not flat and smooth. As the trial
court aptly stated, the puddle “made it obvious that there was clearly something that caused the
water to come together[;] . . . there was clearly not a completely flat surface underneath the water
or the water wouldn’t have been puddled there to begin with.” The trial court further noted that
“puddles of water are there specifically not because water just randomly conceals together, but
because there are uneven surfaces that cause the water to puddle.” The existence of the puddle
would put an average pedestrian on notice that it could be concealing uneven cement, because, in
accordance with basic laws of physics, puddles do not ordinarily form without such uneven or
depressed surfaces beneath to contain the water.

       Plaintiff emphasizes that she could not see the cracks or indentations beneath the puddle
water and that she took great care before stepping into the puddle. However, this Court must not
focus “on the subjective degree of care used by the plaintiff.” Lugo v Ameritech Corp, Inc, 464
Mich 512, 523-524; 629 NW2d 384 (2001). The test requires application of an objective
standard based on an average user with ordinary intelligence, not a particular plaintiff’s personal
observations. Hoffner, 492 Mich at 461. Therefore, the fact that plaintiff may have believed the
puddle was safe is not dispositive.

       In sum, the trial court did not err in granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition
because reasonable minds could not differ with respect to whether the presence of the puddle in
defendant’s parking lot concealed potentially dangerous defects, i.e., cracks or indentations,
beneath.

       Affirmed.



                                                               /s/ Thomas C. Cameron
                                                               /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                               /s/ Peter D. O’Connell




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