MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                      FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any                               Nov 27 2019, 9:12 am

court except for the purpose of establishing                                CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Valerie K. Boots                                        Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Christopher Taylor-Price                                Attorney General of Indiana
Marion County Public Defender Agency
                                                        Benjamin J. Shoptaw
Appellate Division                                      Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana                                   Indianapolis, Indiana



                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Gregory A. Lowery,                                      November 27, 2019
Appellant-Defendant,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                        19A-CR-965
        v.                                              Appeal from the
                                                        Marion Superior Court
State of Indiana,                                       The Honorable
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                     Linda E. Brown, Judge
                                                        Trial Court Cause No.
                                                        49G10-1801-CM-1860



Kirsch, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019                Page 1 of 13
[1]   Gregory A. Lowery (“Lowery”) appeals his conviction for operating a vehicle

      while intoxicated (“OWI”)1 as a Class C misdemeanor, contending that there

      was insufficient evidence to support his OWI conviction because the State

      failed to prove that Lowery took the medication that caused his driving

      impairment before the police stopped his vehicle.


[2]   We affirm.


                                         Facts and Procedural History
[3]   On January 17, 2018, the State charged Lowery with Count I, OWI

      endangering a person, a Class A misdemeanor; Count II, driving left of center,

      a Class C infraction; and Count III, failure to signal for turn or lane change, a

      Class C infraction. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 15-16. On September 11, 2018, the

      matter proceeded to day one of a two-day bifurcated bench trial. Id. at 7. The

      evidence presented showed that in the early morning hours of April 23, 2017,

      Officer Elizabeth Saxon (“Officer Saxon”)2 of the Indianapolis Metropolitan

      Police Department (“IMPD”) was driving southbound on College Avenue in

      Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana and found herself “a couple of cars

      back” from a car driven by a man later identified as Lowery. Tr. Vol. II at 51.

      As she followed the car, Officer Saxon saw Lowery twice cross the center line




      1
          See Ind. Code § 9-30-5-2(a).
      2
        In April 23, 2017, Officer Saxon’s last name was Wilson; her name was changed to Saxon following her
      marriage. Tr. Vol. II at 49. While testifying, the parties referred to her as Officer Saxon, and we will do the
      same.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019                    Page 2 of 13
      and swerve into the northbound lane. Id. After Lowery had stopped at a red

      light, Officer Saxon saw him switch lanes going “from the left lane jerking into

      the right lane”; Lowery drove in a very “immediate” manner without signaling.

      Id. As the light turned green, Officer Saxon activated her emergency lights. Id.

      at 52. Lowery pulled over into a vacant lot at the intersection of College

      Avenue and 46th Street. Id.


[4]   Officer Saxon turned on her spotlight and directed it toward Lowery’s rear-view

      mirror so Lowery could not see her actions. Id. Lowery started to adjust his

      mirror. Id. Officer Saxon noted that Lowery was moving around in his vehicle

      and making “furtive” movements. Id. Officer Saxon exited her vehicle, stood

      by the trunk of her cruiser, and called for back-up. Id. While waiting for back-

      up to arrive, Officer Saxon saw Lowery pick up a piece of paper from “the

      passenger side.” Id. Lowery held the piece of paper over his rear-view mirror

      to block the light; Lowery then started “hollering” out his driver’s side window

      asking for someone to talk to him. Id. at 52-53. IMPD Officer Shem Ragsdale

      (“Officer Ragsdale”) and a second officer arrived at the scene less than ninety

      seconds after being called.3 Officer Saxon informed the officers that Lowery

      had been pulled over because of his driving. Id. at 53. She explained that she

      did not immediately approach Lowery because she was concerned about his

      movements. Furthermore, when he pulled into the lot, Officer Saxon saw




      3
       The second officer assisted Officer Ragsdale but did not testify at Lowery’s trial. Therefore, we focus only
      on Officer Ragsdale’s actions.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019                  Page 3 of 13
      Lowery “flip[] [on] his windshield wipers” instead of putting his car into park.

      Id. at 53-54.


[5]   Officer Ragsdale testified that he approached the driver’s side of Lowery’s car,

      while Officer Saxon approached the passenger side. Id. at 54. Reaching the

      window, Officer Saxon looked into the car to make sure that Lowery did not

      have a weapon. Id. As Officer Ragsdale spoke with Lowery, Officer Saxon

      saw prescription bottles on the passenger seat. Id. at 55-56. Officer Ragsdale

      asked Lowery to step out of his car. When Lowery refused, Officer Ragsdale

      removed Lowery from the car. Id. at 56. Officer Ragsdale testified that Lowery

      “appeared to be disoriented, somewhat confused. Uh, he had a, kind of, uh,

      you know babbling speech, not making much sense in the things that he was

      saying.” Id. at 69. Officer Ragsdale tried to talk with Lowery, who “couldn’t

      keep a steady conversation.” Id. The conversation “just continued to jog.” Id.

      Lowery was talking about “time travel and visiting different dimensions.” Id.

      Standing at the front of Lowery’s car, Officer Ragsdale asked him to lean

      against the car; however, Lowery “wouldn’t stand still.” Id. at 70. While

      Officer Ragsdale waited for IMPD Officer Matthew Pankonie (“Officer

      Pankonie”), who “was working DUI that night,” Officer Saxon retrieved the

      prescription bottles from Lowery’s front seat. Id. at 60, 70.


[6]   After Officer Pankonie arrived at the scene, Officer Saxon told him about

      Lowery’s unusual behavior. Id. at 77. Officer Saxon believed that Lowery was

      impaired. Id. Officer Pankonie introduced himself to Lowery and explained

      why he was there. Id. Lowery began speaking; first, he spoke on one topic
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019   Page 4 of 13
      “and then without any kind of nexus [he went] to a next topic, and then a third

      topic.” Id. Officer Pankonie asked if he could run through some tests, and

      Lowery agreed. Id. Officer Pankonie testified that Lowery was animated,

      constantly moving, and speaking rapidly. Id. at 78. Lowery told Officer

      Pankonie that he had no physical impairments but said he was on medication.

      Id. at 81.


[7]   Officer Pankonie, who had encountered more than one thousand intoxicated

      individuals during his training and career, administered three tests. Id. at 78,

      81. Lowery showed no impairment on the first test, the horizontal gaze

      nystagmus test. Id. at 84-85. As for the second test, Officer Pankonie testified

      that impairment in the walk and turn test is reflected in eight “clues.” Id. at 88.

      Officer Pankonie stated that Lowery exhibited seven of those eight clues while

      completing the test. Id. at 87. In the third test, the one-leg stand, impairment is

      found when the person taking the test exhibits two of the four possible clues.

      Id. at 90-92. Lowery exhibited four of those clues. Id. at 91. Officer Pankonie

      testified that, based on what he had been told and had seen during the latter two

      tests, he had probable cause to conclude that Lowery had operated his vehicle

      while intoxicated. Id. at 73. Officer Pankonie read Lowery his Miranda rights

      and obtained Lowery’s consent for a blood draw. Id. at 93. Lowery was

      transported to Eskenazi Hospital and remained in police custody. Id.


[8]   Dr. Sheila Arnold (“Dr. Arnold”), a forensic toxicologist, testified that

      Lowery’s blood draw was taken two hours after he was pulled over. Id. at 31.

      Dr. Arnold testified that she found five different drugs in Lowery’s system, all
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019   Page 5 of 13
      of which were related to prescription drugs that Lowery was taking at the time.

      Id. at 22, 25, 107. Four of those drugs were found in one drug family (“Drug

      One”)4 and the fifth drug was found in another drug family (“Drug Two”). 5 Id.

      at 10, 29. Dr. Arnold testified that Lowery’s medications are often prescribed

      together in order to balance any negative side-effects. Id. at 30. While Dr.

      Arnold testified that the drugs were within a therapeutic range, she noted that

      Drug Two had been prescribed in a “very high dose.” Id. at 32, 33. Dr. Arnold

      recognized the possibility that “an individual can be impaired even though the

      [drugs] may be within the therapeutic ranges.” Id. at 28, 33.


[9]   Dr. Arnold testified that she found one of Officer Pankonie’s observations

      inconsistent with her drug results. Id. at 30-31. She stated that the absence of

      gaze nystagmus suggested that Lowery took Drug One “shortly” before the

      officers talked with him. Id. at 31. She stated that when Drug One is in your

      system, it causes horizontal gaze nystagmus much like alcohol does; therefore,

      if that substance had been in Lowery’s system, he would have been unlikely to

      pass that test. Id. Nevertheless, Dr. Arnold did not rule out that Drug Two was

      already in Lowery’s system when he operated his vehicle, saying, “[Drug Two]

      can actually cause an irregularity in the sleeping patterns themselves that could




      4
        On July 19, 2019, Lowery filed a motion with this court to exclude from the record confidential medical
      information, including the names of the drugs he was prescribed. On August 2, 2019, that order was held in
      abeyance for the writing panel. Because we can decide this case without reference to the specific names of
      the drugs, we will refer to them as Drug One and Drug Two.
      5
       Dr. Arnold testified that some of the four substances in Drug One were not separate drugs but metabolites
      of another drug. Tr. Vol. II at 24-25.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019                Page 6 of 13
       also, uh, weigh into the impairment here.” Id. at 33. Based on her research, it

       was Dr. Arnold’s opinion that Lowery had been driving impaired. Id.


[10]   Following the State’s case, Lowery made an oral motion for involuntary

       dismissal of Count I pursuant to Indiana Rule of Trial Procedure 41(B), which

       the trial court denied. Id. at 101-06. Lowery then testified in his own defense.

       Id. at 107-09. He explained that, on the night in question, he was driving down

       College Avenue in an erratic manner because he was trying to avoid hitting

       potholes. Id. at 107. Lowery also stated that he was taking certain prescribed

       medications in April 2017, the month that Officer Saxon stopped him. Id. at

       107-09. Responding to defense counsel’s question whether taking his

       medications had resulted in any trouble in the past, Lowery said, “Yes. . . .

       traffic stops.” Id. at 108. In a follow up question, the State confirmed that

       Lowery had, on a previous occasion, taken medication prior to driving. Id. at

       108-09.


[11]   The trial court found Lowery guilty of Class C misdemeanor OWI, which was

       the lesser included offense of the charged Count I, OWI endangering a person,

       a Class A misdemeanor. The trial court also found Lowery had committed the

       infractions of driving left of center and failing to signal before a lane change.

       The trial court sentenced Lowery to sixty days, with credit for eight days served

       and the balance suspended to non-reporting probation. Appellant’s App. Vol. II

       at 9. The trial court also suspended Lowery’s driver’s license for thirty days and




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019   Page 7 of 13
       ordered him to attend Advocates Against Impaired Driving Destructive

       Decision Panel.6 Id. at 9, 117. Lowery now appeals.


                                       Discussion and Decision
[12]   Lowery contends that the State presented insufficient evidence to support his

       conviction for OWI as a Class C misdemeanor. “When reviewing a challenge

       to the sufficiency of evidence, ‘[w]e neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness

       credibility.’” Artigas v. State, 122 N.E.3d 1003, 1005 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019)

       (quoting Gibson v. State, 51 N.E.3d 204, 210 (Ind. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct

       54 (2016)). “We view the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom

       in a light most favorable to the conviction and will affirm if there is substantial

       evidence of probative value supporting each element of the crime from which a

       reasonable trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a

       reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).


[13]   To convict Lowery of the offense of OWI, the State was required to prove that

       Lowery operated his car while intoxicated. See Ind. Code § 9-30-5-2(a).

       Intoxication is defined in relevant part as being under the influence of a

       controlled substance “so that there is an impaired condition of thought and

       action and loss of normal control of a person’s faculties.” Ind. Code § 9-13-2-

       86. Lowery does not dispute that he was operating his car when Officer Saxon




       6
        We note that the sentencing order reflects that Lowery was ordered to participate in “Victim Impact Panel”
       but makes no reference to “Advocates Against Impaired Driving Destructive Decision Panel.” Appellant’s
       App. Vol. II at 9; Tr. Vol. II at 117.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019               Page 8 of 13
       stopped him. Likewise, he does not dispute the evidence presented by Dr.

       Arnold that his blood draw revealed that he had controlled substances in his

       system. Instead, Lowery argues that the evidence was insufficient because the

       State failed to prove that he had those controlled substances in his system while

       he was driving. Appellant’s Br. at 10.


[14]   In support of his argument, Lowery cites to our court’s reasoning in Flanagan v.

       State, 832 N.E.2d 1139, 1139 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). In Flanagan, a deputy

       observed a disabled vehicle on the side of the road around 4:00 p.m. and saw

       Flanagan and his passenger standing near the rear of the vehicle. Flanagan, 832

       N.E.2d at 1140. The deputy did not know how long the vehicle had been there

       yet could not stop to help because he was transporting a prisoner. Id. Once

       back on patrol, the deputy drove back toward the disabled vehicle and saw the

       men, who had started walking toward a convenience store. Id. The deputy

       offered the men a ride, which they accepted. Id. The deputy immediately

       noticed the odor of alcohol. Id. During his conversation with the men, the

       deputy observed that Flanagan had red, watery eyes and his speech was slurred.

       Id. Flanagan submitted to a portable breath test, which he failed. Id.


[15]   Before driving Flanagan to the police station, the deputy took Flanagan to his

       vehicle so he could retrieve some of his personal belongings. Id. The key to the

       car was in Flanagan’s pocket. Id. At the police station, a certified breath test

       was administered at 6:00 p.m. and showed that Flanagan’s blood alcohol

       content was .22, well over the legal limit. Id. When the police went to

       Flanagan’s car to secure it, they found empty beer cans in paper bags on the
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019   Page 9 of 13
       floorboards behind the driver’s seat. Id. Flanagan was charged, and a jury

       found him guilty of OWI and public intoxication but acquitted Flanagan of

       operating a vehicle with .15 or more blood alcohol content. Id. at 1140-41.


[16]   On appeal, Flanagan argued that while there was evidence that he operated a

       vehicle and was intoxicated, there was insufficient evidence that he drove while

       intoxicated. Id. at 1140. Our court agreed, finding that the critical piece of

       information—the timing of Flanagan’s alcohol consumption—could not be

       discerned. Id. at 1141. When the deputy first came upon Flanagan’s already

       disabled vehicle, the deputy did not know how long the car had been by the side

       of the road. Id. at 1140. Being unable to stop, it was only later that the deputy

       returned to help Flanagan and his passenger. Id. Once inside the cruiser, the

       deputy noted Flanagan had red, watery eyes, slurred his words, and smelled of

       alcohol. Id. Our court found:


               [T]here was no evidence presented in this case as to when
               Flanagan consumed alcohol. This is a critical piece of evidence
               without which the State cannot sustain its burden. This is so
               because it could be that Flanagan consumed beer after the vehicle
               broke down, and when the beers were all gone, the men decided
               to venture to a nearby store to call for assistance.


       Id. at 1141. The Flanagan court concluded that “the State failed to meet its

       burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that Flanagan operated a vehicle

       while intoxicated,” and reversed his conviction. Id. at 1141-42.


[17]   Lowery argues that evidence for reversal of his OWI conviction is stronger here

       than in Flanagan. Lowery first points to Officer Saxon’s testimony that Lowery
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019   Page 10 of 13
       made furtive movements and reached into the passenger seat, the place where

       the prescription bottles were found. Appellant’s Br. at 14-15. Lowery suggests

       that, “because he was anxious as he waited for officers to approach,” it was

       “entirely possible if not probable that [he] took his medication while being

       pulled over and waiting for the officers.” Id. at 11, 15. Second, Lowery

       contends that the scientific evidence supports this interpretation. Id. at 15. Dr.

       Arnold testified that she believed Lowery ingested Drug One “shortly before the

       interaction with the officer.” Tr. Vol. II at 31. Dr. Arnold came to this

       conclusion because Lowery would have failed the horizontal gaze nystagmus

       test if he had already taken Drug One, yet Lowery passed the test. Id. Third,

       Lowery argues that his apparent impairment was, in fact, the result of his efforts

       to avoid potholes. Id.


[18]   We, however, find Flanagan to be distinguishable from the present case. Here,

       Lowery was in the sight of one of the officers when he was driving erratically,

       when he was stopped, and when he had his blood drawn at the hospital. Being

       under that observation, Lowery could have consumed his pills no later than the

       time the officers appeared at his car door. However, as soon as Lowery was

       removed from his vehicle he already appeared disoriented, somewhat confused,

       and he was talking about time travel and visiting different dimensions. Id. at

       69. Lowery was babbling and did not make much sense in the things he was

       saying. Id. While talking with Officer Pankonie, Lowery continued to jump

       from topic to topic. Id.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019   Page 11 of 13
[19]   Officer Pankonie, having observed Lowery’s rapid speech, his confused state,

       and the clues of impairment in the latter two sobriety tests, the walk and run

       test and the one-leg test, opined that Lowery was impaired. Id. at 92. Stated

       differently, he said he believed that Lowery “had ingested some substance that

       caused him to not be able to safely operate a motor vehicle.” Id. Dr. Arnold

       also believed that Lowery was impaired. Id. at 33. Discounting the presence of

       Drug One, it was Dr. Arnold’s belief that the presence of “[Drug Two] can

       actually cause an irregularity in the sleeping patterns themselves that could also,

       uh, weigh into the impairment here.” Id. Based on her research and the results

       of the drug screen, it was Dr. Arnold’s opinion that Lowery had been driving

       impaired. Id.


[20]   The trial court heard Lowery’s theory that he was driving erratically when

       Officer Saxon stopped him because he was trying to avoid potholes on College

       Avenue. Lowery stated he had been prescribed medications and, on the night

       in question, he had taken his usual dosage; an amount that Dr. Arnold testified

       was a “very high dose.” Id. at 32, 33. 108. The trial court also heard the State’s

       witnesses say that Lowery had controlled substances in his system, he had on

       prior occasions taken his medication prior to operating a vehicle, he was driving

       in an impaired manner, and his speech and behavior were those of an

       intoxicated person. The trial court believed the evidence of and witnesses for

       the State. “When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence, ‘[w]e

       neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility.’” Artigas, 122 N.E.3d at

       1005. Based on the evidence and our standard of review, we find the State


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019   Page 12 of 13
       presented sufficient evidence to support Lowery’s conviction for OWI as a

       Class C misdemeanor.7


[21]   Affirmed.


       Baker, J., and Crone, J., concur.




       7
         The trial court also found that Lowery committed the Class C infractions of driving left of center and failing
       to signal his intention to turn or change lanes. See Ind. Code §§ 9-21-8-2(a), 9-21-8-25, 9-21-8-49. On appeal,
       Lowery argues: “The State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Lowery crossed the center line
       twice and failed to signal when turning due to impairment rather than road conditions.” Appellant’s Br. at 15-
       16. Here, Lowery has waived this argument because he did not offer reasoning or cite to any authority in his
       brief to support his position that there was insufficient evidence to find he committed these two infractions.
       See Davis v. State, 835 N.E.2d 1102, 1113 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“A party waives an issue where the party fails
       to develop a cogent argument or provide adequate citation to authority and portions of the record.”), trans.
       denied. Likewise, even if the issue was not waived, the State only had to prove “by a preponderance of the
       evidence” that Lowery committed the infractions. Ind. Code § 34-28-5-1(d). Officer Saxon testified that she
       saw Lowery cross the center line twice and change lanes without signaling. Tr. Vol. II at 51. Lowery offered
       the explanation that he was just trying to avoid the potholes on College Avenue. As factfinder, it was within
       the trial court’s purview to believe the State and find that Lowery committed these infractions; on appeal, we
       do not reweigh the evidence or assess the credibility of witnesses. Preston v. State, 735 N.E.2d 330, 332 (Ind.
       Ct. App. 2000). There was sufficient evidence to support the finding that Lowery committed these two
       infractions.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-965 | November 27, 2019                  Page 13 of 13
