           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 13-158
                            (Filed Under Seal: November 13, 2019)
                                 Reissued: December 20, 20191


                                              )
    SIERRA FRANTZ,                            )
                                              )
                    Petitioner,               )
                                              )      Vaccine Case; Motion for Review;
    v.                                        )      Attorneys’ Fees; National Vaccine Injury
                                              )      Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §§
    SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND                   )      300aa-10–34 (2018); Reasonable Basis
    HUMAN SERVICES,                           )
                                              )
                   Respondent.                )
                                              )


Ronald C. Homer & Christina Ciampolillo, Conway Homer, P.C., Boston, MA, for petitioner.

Daniel Principato & Debra A. Filteau Begley, Vaccine/Torts Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.


                                   OPINION AND ORDER


SMITH, Senior Judge

        Petitioner, Sierra Frantz, seeks review of a partial award of attorneys’ fees and costs
issued by Special Master Christian J. Moran. Petitioner brought this action pursuant to the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-10–34 (2018) (hereinafter
“Vaccine Act”), alleging that petitioner’s multiple sclerosis (hereinafter “MS”) was caused by
the scheduled tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (hereinafter “Tdap”) and hepatitis A
(hereinafter “hep A”) vaccinations she received on August 6, 2010. The Special Master denied
compensation, finding that petitioner failed to establish that her condition did not pre-date the
vaccination, especially given the poor analysis performed by petitioner’s expert. Frantz v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., 2017 WL 4899415 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 3, 2017) (Frantz I).
Petitioner subsequently sought attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to the Vaccine Act and was
awarded partial fees and costs. Frantz v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 2019 WL 3713942

1
        An unredacted version of this opinion was issued under seal on November 13, 2019. The
parties were given an opportunity to propose redactions, but no such proposals were made.
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jun. 24, 2019) (Frantz II). This case is now before the Court on
petitioner’s Motion for Review of that decision. For the reasons that follow, the Court denies
petitioner’s Motion.

    I.      Factual Background and Procedural History

         A brief recitation of the facts provides necessary context.2

        Ms. Frantz, a healthy and active twelve-year-old, received her scheduled Tdap3 and hep
A4 vaccinations on August 6, 2010. Frantz II at *2. The next day, Ms. Frantz reported feeling
off-balance, dizzy, and sluggish. On August 9, 2010, Ms. Frantz’s mother called the doctor to
report her symptoms, and later went with petitioner to the emergency room. Id. After her
neurological symptoms worsened, Ms. Frantz received her first magnetic resonance imaging test5
(“MRI”) on August 12, 2010, which revealed one enhancing lesion6 on her brain stem as well as
two non-enhancing lesions on her upper medulla7 and left periventricular8 region. Id. Following
further MRIs, petitioner was diagnosed with MS.9 Id.




2
        As the basic facts in this case have not changed significantly, the Court’s recitation of the
background facts herein draws from the Special Master’s decision in Frantz II.
3
        The Tdap vaccination “is administered intramuscularly to adolescents and adults, for
simultaneous immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.” Dorland’s Illustrated
Medical Dictionary 2017 (32nd ed. 2012) (hereinafter “Dorland’s”).
4
        The hep A vaccination is “administered intramuscularly as an immunizing agent for pre-
exposure prophylaxis in susceptible persons at least two years of age.” Dorland’s 2016.
5
        A magnetic resonance imaging test is defined as “a method of visualizing soft tissues of
the body by applying an external magnetic field that makes it possible to distinguish between
hydrogen atoms in different environments.” Dorland’s 916.
6
        A lesion is defined as “any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of tissue or loss of
function of a part.” Dorland’s 1025.
7
         The medulla, or medulla oblongata, is defined as “the truncated cone of nerve tissue
continuous above with the pons and below the spinal cord” that “contains ascending and
descending tracts and important collections of nerve cells that deal with vital functions such as
respiration, circulation, and special senses.” Dorland’s 1121.
8
        Periventricular is defined as “around a ventricle.” Dorland’s 1419. The periventricular
system is defined as the “collective name for the efferent pathways of the hypothalamus that
arise mainly in the supraoptic, posterior, and tuberal nuclei and descend in the periventricular
grey matter.” Dorland’s 1862.
9
        Multiple sclerosis is defined as “a disease in which there are foci of demyelination
throughout the white matter of the central nervous system, sometimes extending into the grey
matter.” Dorland’s 1680.
                                                   2
       A. Entitlement Litigation

        On March 3, 2013, petitioner filed a petition under the Vaccine Act, alleging that the
Tdap and hep A vaccinations she received caused her to develop a demyelinating10 disorder of
the central nervous system that ultimately led to MS. Id. at *3. The Secretary of Health and
Human Services recommended against compensation, arguing that compensation was
inappropriate because Ms. Frantz had not offered a medical theory connecting her symptoms to
the vaccinations and that the temporal connection between the vaccines and onset of the
symptoms was insufficient to establish causation. Id.

         On November 25, 2014, petitioner’s expert, Dr. Carlo Tornatore,11 filed his first expert
report, in which he opined that Ms. Frantz likely suffered from acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis12 (hereinafter “ADEM”), that could have begun exhibiting symptoms as early
as two days post-vaccination, and that ultimately developed into MS. Frantz II at *3. The
temporal development of the lesions continued to be a point of contention throughout the
litigation preparation and entitlement hearing. See id. at *3–*6.

        Following an entitlement hearing on September 27-29, 2017, Special Master Moran
issued a bench ruling that the evidence supported the respondent’s position that Ms. Frantz’s pre-
clinical MS predated her vaccinations. Id. at *7. Citing a 2003 Francois Cotton article13
(“Cotton article”) and a highly similar case recently decided by the Office of Special Masters,
W.C. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 07-456V, 2011 WL 4537877 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Feb. 22, 2011), mot. for rev. denied on relevant grounds, 100 Fed. Cl. 440 (2011), aff’d, 704
F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2013),14 he found that Ms. Frantz had at least one lesion in her brain that

10
        Demyelination is defined as the “destruction, removal, or loss of the myelin sheath of a
nerve or nerves.” Dorland’s 486.
11
        Dr. Tornatore received an undergraduate degree in neurobiology from Cornell University.
Expert Report, ECF No. 50-9 at 2. He earned a master’s degree in physiology from Georgetown
University and earned his medical degree from Georgetown University School of Medicine. Id.
At the time of Frantz II, Dr. Tornatore was working as the Vice Chairman of the Department of
Neurology at the Medstar Georgetown University Hospital and as an Associate Professor of
Neurology at the Georgetown University Medical Center. Id. He has published over 50
academic articles on neurology and has been an invited lecturer at chapter meetings of the
National Multiple Sclerosis Society around the country. Id. at 15–18.
12
        Encephalomyelitis is defined as an “inflammation involving both the brain and the spinal
cord.” Dorland’s 613. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is defined as “an acute or
subacute encephalomyelitis or myelitis characterized by perivascular lymphocyte and
mononuclear cell infiltration and demyelination.” Id.
13
        In a study examining the developmental time of enhancing and non-enhancing lesions
using weekly MRI scans, Cotton and fellow researchers found that half of the studied lesions
were enhancing after 14 days. Francois Cotton et al., MRI Contrast Uptake in New Lesions in
Relapsing-remitting MS Followed at Weekly Intervals, 60 Neurology 640 (2003).
14
        W.C. presents a very similar allegation that the flu vaccination caused a minor to develop
MS. 2011 WL 4537877 at *1. Using the Cotton article to evaluate W.C.’s lesions, the Special
                                                3
likely existed before the vaccinations, so the vaccines could not have caused her condition. Id.
Therefore, Ms. Frantz was not awarded compensation. Special Master Moran issued a written
memorialization of his bench ruling on October 3, 2017. Id.; see also generally Frantz I.
Petitioner did not file a motion for review of that decision, and judgment was entered on
November 6, 2017. Frantz II at *7.

       B. Fee Litigation

        After the denial of compensation, Ms. Frantz requested $326,914.44 (later amended to
$352,451.91) in attorneys’ fees and costs. Id. Relying heavily on the Cotton article and the
ruling in W.C., the Special Master awarded Ms. Frantz $135,187.59. Id. at *1. The Special
Master based this decision on the following two grounds: (1) the time period during which Ms.
Frantz had a reasonable basis for her claim and (2) the actual value of the work for which she
was requesting compensation. Id. at *11, *20–*21.

       In determining the time frame during which petitioner’s claim was reasonable, the
Special Master performed an in-depth evaluation of each of petitioner’s expert reports. Id.at *13.
The Special Master determined that the findings of emergency room doctors established that a
reasonable basis existed for petitioner’s claim through the first two expert reports, despite the
subpar nature of Dr. Tornatore’s submissions. Id. However, the third report’s failure to address
questions regarding the rate of petitioner’s lesion enhancement or include a proposed timeline of
enhancement brought the claim’s reasonable basis into doubt. Frantz II at *14 –*15.

       The Special Master determined that petitioner’s fourth expert report cemented the lack of
a reasonable basis for petitioner’s claim, as that report was highly speculative and failed to
address fundamental issues raised by respondent’s expert. Id. at *15. As a result, the Special
Master awarded petitioner attorneys’ fees only for the duration of the case that occurred prior to
the point in which petitioner’s claim no longer had a reasonable basis. Id. at *20.

        The Special Master determined the awarded costs based on the period during which
petitioner’s claim appeared to have a viable reasonable basis—through March 16, 2016—but
reduced the attorneys’ fees award where the requested compensation was unreasonable. Id. at
*19–*20. Special Master Moran determined that the reasonable amount of attorneys’ fees for the
portion of the entitlement phase in which a reasonable basis was supported was $87,505.50,
which includes a onetime reduction of $750 to account for discrepancies in the attorneys’
reasonable hours. Id. at *19. Additionally, the Special Master found that, even during the period
in which Ms. Frantz’s case had a reasonable basis, the quality of the reports Dr. Tornatore
produced was “not commensurate with the work of an expert charging $400 per hour,” and, as a


Master found that, because lesions had entered the non-enhancing phase 17 days after
vaccination, they could not have been caused by the vaccination. Id. at *8. On review, the
Court, and subsequently Federal Circuit, upheld the Special Master’s finding as neither arbitrary
nor capricious. W.C., 100 Fed. Cl. at 443; W.C., 704 F.3d at 1354.
                                                4
result, reduced Dr. Tornatore’s rate from $400 per hour to $250 per hour. Id. at *20. The final
costs award, which included the payments made to petitioner’s expert, totaled $22,144.62.
Frantz II at *21. The Special Master ultimately awarded petitioner a lump sum of $135,187.59
in attorneys’ fees and costs. Id.

        On July 24, 2019, petitioner filed her Motion for Review of the Special Master’s
compensation decision. See generally Petitioner’s Memorandum in Support of the Motion for
Review of the Special Master’s June 24, 2019 Decision (hereinafter “Pet’r Mem.”). Petitioner
alleged that the Special Master’s decision to only award partial fees was “arbitrary, capricious,
an abuse of his discretion, and not in accordance with law.” Id. at 2–3. On August 22, 2019,
respondent filed its Response, arguing that petitioner failed to identify reversible error and that
the Special Master was acting within his discretion. See generally Respondent’s Response to
Petitioner’s Motion for Review (hereinafter “Resp’t Mot.”). Petitioner’s Motion is fully briefed
and ripe for review.

   II.       Standard of Review

        Under the Vaccine Act, this Court may review a special master’s decision upon the
timely request of either party. See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(1)–(2). Upon receiving a timely
request, the Court may “(A) uphold the findings of fact and conclusions of law . . . , (B) set aside
any findings of fact or conclusion of law . . . found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law . . . , or, (C) remand the petition to the
Special Master for further action in accordance with the court’s direction.” Id. §
300aa-12(e)(2)(A)–(C). Findings of fact and discretionary rulings are reviewed under an
“arbitrary and capricious” standard, while legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Munn v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 970 F.2d 863, 870 n.10 (Fed. Cir. 1992).

        The arbitrary and capricious standard that the Court applies to factual findings is a
“uniquely deferential” standard. Veryzer v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. 344,
350 (2011) (citing Doe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 601 F.3d 1349, 1355 (Fed. Cir.
2010)); see also Munn, 970 F.2d at 869–870 (emphasizing that the arbitrary and capricious
standard is “well understood to be the most deferential possible.”). The Federal Circuit has held
that in cases where the special master “has considered the relevant evidence in the record, drawn
plausible inferences and articulated a rational basis for the decision, reversible error will be
extremely difficult to demonstrate.” Hines v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 940 F.2d 1518,
1528 (Fed. Cir. 1991).

   III.      Discussion

          A. Reasonable Basis Review

        Under the Vaccine Act, a special master may award reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs
even if the petitioner does not prevail on their vaccine claim. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1) (2018).

                                                 5
Awarding fees and costs to a failed claim brought under the Vaccine Act is not mandatory and
occurs only after determining that the petition was “brought in good faith and there was a
reasonable basis for the claim.” Id. At issue here is the life of the reasonable basis of the claim,
as petitioner alleges that the Special Master arbitrarily determined that the reasonable basis
ended after petitioner filed her fourth expert report.

         In the context of the Vaccine Act, “good faith” is a subjective standard that “focuses upon
whether the petitioner honestly believed he had a legitimate claim for compensation.” Turner v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 2007 WL 4410030, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 30, 2007)
(citing Di Roma v. Sec’y of Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 1993 WL 496981, at *1 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Nov. 18, 1993)). If the special master determines that “petitioner held an honest
belief that he has sustained a vaccine-related injury,” and that petitioner had not acted in bad
faith, the special master may then “make a presumptive factual finding of good faith.” Id. at *5
(citing Grice v. Sec’y of Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 36 Fed. Cl. 114, 121 (1996)).

       Petitioner clearly held an “honest belief” that she had sustained a vaccine injury
throughout the early stages of her claim. Petitioner underwent an extensive litigation process,
including hiring an expert witness and spending upwards of $325,000. See generally Pet’r Mem.
Moreover, the Special Master found no evidence of bad faith on the part of Ms. Frantz. Frantz II
at *8.

         A determination regarding the “reasonable basis” requirement” is “objective, looking not
at the likelihood of success” of a claim but more to the viability of the claim. Woods v. Sec’y of
Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 2012 WL 4010485, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 23, 2012)
(Woods III) (quoting Turner, 2007 WL 4410030, at *6). Such a determination considers the
totality of circumstances of a petitioner’s claim, analyzing factors such as “‘the factual basis, the
medical support . . . [and] jurisdictional issues,’ including the statute of limitations. . . when
considering whether there was a reasonable basis for a claim.” Spahn v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 133 Fed. Cl. 588, 599 (2017) (quoting in relevant part Simmons v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 105 Fed. Cl. 579, 583 (2016) (citing Chuisano v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl.
276, 288 (2014))). While special masters often look to expert reports in analyzing whether there
is a reasonable basis for a petitioner’s claim, “expert testimony in and of itself does not
determine reasonableness.” Murphy v. Sec’y of Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 30 Fed. Cl. 60,
62 (1993).

        Additionally, a petition may have a reasonable basis when initially filed but lack a
reasonable basis at a later phase if, among other things, “an expert report is unsupported and
deficient.” Woods III, 2012 WL 4010485, at *5. In such a case, a partial award of attorneys’
fees and costs is permitted for the duration of the case up to and until a petitioner’s theory of
causation is discredited. See, e.g., Hooker v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 2017 WL
3033940, at *22 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 11, 2017) (declining to award attorneys’ fees and
costs incurred after petitioner’s causation theory was rejected).


                                                  6
        Petitioner contends that the Special Master improperly relied on the Cotton article in
determining whether there existed a reasonable basis for her claim, arguing that the small size of
the research survey and the averages it produced should not overshadow the totality of Ms.
Frantz’s circumstances. Pet’r Mem. at 22–23. However, the Court affords special masters wide
latitude in determining the weight of evidence, and, absent “extreme circumstances,” will not
substitute its judgment for that of the special master. Munn v. Sec’y of Health & Humans Servs.,
21 Cl. Ct. 345, 350 (1990), aff’d, 970 F.2d 863 (Fed. Cir. 1992); see Holmes v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 115 Fed. Cl. 469, 483 (2014) (citing Lampe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
219 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2000)) (“A special master’s ‘assessments of the credibility of the
witnesses’ and of ‘the relative persuasiveness of the competing medical theories of the case’ are
‘virtually unchallengeable on appeal.”). Given this deference, the Court will not overturn the
Special Master’s determination that the Cotton article called Dr. Tornatore’s findings into
question and discredited petitioner’s causation theory. Petitioner may disagree with Special
Master Moran’s evaluation of the relevant evidence and competing medical theories, but that
does not in itself satisfy the high bar set by the arbitrary or capricious standard.

        The Special Master determined that Ms. Frantz’s claim ceased to maintain the reasonable
basis created by the original documentation of her claim when Dr. Tornatore was unable to
counter respondent’s evidence regarding Ms. Frantz’s lesions. On several occasions, respondent
presented evidence that Ms. Frantz’s lesions may have predated her vaccinations. See Frantz II
at *3–*6. In an April 30, 2015 report, Dr. Subramaniam Sriram,15 respondent’s expert, asserted
that the lesions that resulted in Ms. Frantz’s muscular failure likely could not have developed in
the two days after the vaccination. Frantz II at *3. Moreover, it was unlikely that the lesions
developed in the six days between the vaccinations and Ms. Frantz’s first MRI on August 12,
2010. Id. In a December 4, 2015 report, Dr. Sriram reiterated her concerns regarding the low
likelihood that Ms. Frantz’s lesions would develop, present on an MRI as enhancing, and then
present on an MRI as non-enhancing within the post-vaccination window. Id. at *4. In response,
Dr. Tornatore neither challenged the validity of the timeline established by the Cotton article nor
responded to Dr. Sriram’s findings, but instead questioned the MRI techniques utilized. Id.

        The Special Master’s reasonable basis determination is not arbitrary as it directly and
temporally relates to the point in which Ms. Frantz’s theory of causation was clearly discredited.
Petitioner’s causation theory was discredited when petitioner’s expert failed to dispute evidence
that petitioner’s lesions and resulting neurological condition pre-dated the vaccination.

15
        Dr. Sriram received an M.B. and a B.S from the University of Madras, in Madras, India.
Literature and C.V of Dr. Sriram, ECF No. 59-4 at 1. He served as a Medicine Intern and
Internal Medicine Resident at Wayne State University before becoming a Neurology Resident,
the Chief Neurology Resident, and Post-Doctoral Fellow of Neuroimmunology at Stanford
University. Id. At the time of Frantz II, Dr. Sriram was working at Vanderbilt University as the
William Weaver Professor of Experimental Neurology and the Joint appointment Professor of
Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology. Id. at 2. Dr. Sriram has received multiple grants
from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and hosted MS work shops around the country. Id.
at 3–4, 6–7.
                                                7
Petitioner alleges that the Special Master inappropriately “treat[ed] his reasonable basis analysis
and his entitlement analysis exactly the same.” Pet’r Mem. at 26 (emphasis in original). The
Court disagrees with petitioner’s understanding. While petitioner had a reasonable basis for
filing her initial claim, once the foundation of Ms. Frantz’s causation theory was clearly
discredited, there was no longer a reasonable basis for the continued pursuit of that claim. See
Cottingham v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 134 Fed. Cl. 567, 573 (2017) (“The Special
Master ultimately held that . . . Petitioner had failed to prove that her claim had a reasonable
basis, finding the medical records collected at the time the petition was filed did not support
causation . . . .”).

         Reasonable-basis review requires objective evidence of the reasonable basis of claim.
See Simmons v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 875 F.3d 632, 636 (Fed. Cir. 2017)
(establishing a baseline of objective evidence for a reasonable basis review). Dr. Tornatore’s
failure to dispute evidence that the lesions pre-dated the vaccination triggered the point at which
continued pursuit of a claim with a discredited causation theory was without a reasonable basis.
Special Master Moran performed a thorough examination of litigation to pinpoint exactly when
the claim could no longer retain a reasonable basis, and awarded Ms. Frantz “the benefit of the
doubt,” even when “the reasonable basis for Ms. Frantz’s continued litigation [became]
doubtful.” Frantz II at *15. Moreover, the Special Master warned the petitioner that, due to the
strong parallels to W.C., the claim likely lacked a reasonable basis. Id. at *6. Therefore, it seems
clear to the Court that the Special Master’s evaluation centered not around the likelihood that the
claim would succeed, but, rather, on an objective evaluation of the relevant medical information
that served as the basis for petitioner’s claim.

        Petitioner asserts that Special Master Moran contradicted himself in determining the
onset of Ms. Frantz’s symptoms and establishing a timeline for enhancing versus non-enhancing
lesions. See Pet’r Mem. at 18–19, 23–24, 26. Petitioner specifically points to statements from
the bench that Ms. Frantz’s symptom’s likely developed within 36 hours of the vaccination,
which fell within the proposed timeline that the Special Master ultimately found inconsistent. Id.
at 19–20. Petitioner’s assertion fails for two reasons. First, much like W.C., where the Court
found the petitioner’s proposed timeline was possible but deferred to the Special Master’s
discretionary determination that the respondent’s timeline was more likely, here Special Master
Moran was appropriately exercising his discretion by determining that the respondent’s proposed
timeline, which claimed that Ms. Frantz’s condition pre-dated the vaccination, was more likely.
See Frantz II at *7; see also Munn, 21 Cl. Ct. at 350 (“In the [Vaccine Program], weight given
evidence in the record is a matter particularly within the responsibilities of the special master.”).
Second, petitioner fails to distinguish between the onset of Ms. Frantz’s symptoms and the onset
of her condition. The Court acknowledges a single onset of a condition. See Shalala v.
Whitecotton, 514 U.S. 268, 274 (1995) (“There cannot be two first symptoms or onsets of the
same injury.”). Therefore, given Special Master Moran’s determination that the condition
predated the vaccination, the onset of symptoms in relationship to the vaccine is irrelevant. See
Frantz II at *7.


                                                 8
       B. Hourly Rate Reduction

        A special master’s determination of attorneys’ fees is highly discretionary. See Saxton v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 3 F.3d 1517, 1520 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (“The determination of the
amount of reasonable attorneys’ fees is within the special master’s discretion.”); see also Caves
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 111 Fed. Cl. 774, 778 (2013) (“A special master’s
determination of reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs in a Vaccine Act case is a discretionary
ruling that is entitled to deference . . . .”). In calculating such an award, a special master must
determine whether “the hours spent [by an expert] on the case were reasonable.” Wilcox v. Sec’y
of Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 1997 WL 101572, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 14,
1997).

         The Court has held that “[f]ees for experts are subject to the same reasonableness
standards as fees for attorneys.” Crossett v. Sec’y of Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 1990 WL
293878, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 3, 1990). For attorneys, a reasonable hourly rate is the
rate “prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of a reasonably comparable
skill, experience, and reputation.” Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 896 n.11 (1984). “Hours that
are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary,” are not compensable. Saxton, 3 F.3d at
1521 (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)).

        In determining the appropriate compensation for experts, a special master may consider
the following factors:

       (1) [T]he witness’ area of expertise; (2) the education and training required to
       provide the expert insight that is sought; (3) the prevailing rates for other
       comparably respected available experts; (4) the nature, quality and complexity of
       the [information] provided; (5) the cost of living in the particular geographic area;
       and (6) any other factor likely to be of assistance to the [Special Master] in
       balancing the interests implicated by the [Vaccine Act].

Wilcox, 1997 WL 101572, at *4 (citing McClain v. Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp., 1966 WL
650524, *3 (N.D.Ill.)). Special masters “are also entitled to use their prior experience in
reviewing fee applications.” Saxton, 3 F.3d at 1521 (citing Farrar v. Sec’y of Dept. of Health &
Human Servs., 192 WL 336502, at *2–*3 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 2, 1992)).

        The Court applies the lodestar approach “to determine what constitutes ‘reasonable
attorneys’ fees’ under the Vaccine Act.” Avera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 515 F.3d
1343, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Saxton, 3 F.3d at 1521). Using that approach, the Court “first
determines an initial estimate of a reasonable attorneys’ fee by ‘multiplying the number of hours
reasonably expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate.’” Id. at 1347–48 (quoting
Blum, 465 U.S. at 888). Once the initial calculation has been made, the Court will then “make an
upward or downward departure to the fee award based on other specific findings.” Avera, 515
F.3d at 1348 (citing Blum, 465 U.S. at 888).

                                                 9
        Petitioner does not dispute the initial estimate of reasonably expended hours, but, rather,
she alleges that the Special Master’s decision to reduce the hourly rate was an abuse of
discretion. Pet’r Mem. at 35. During the compensable period of litigation, Dr. Tornatore spent
73.5 hours on the case, at $400 per hour, for a total of $29,400.00. Frantz II at *20. However,
Special Master Moran found that, of the fifty-nine pages in Dr. Tornatore’s report, fifty-six were
summarizations of medical records that “turned out not to be relevant to the outcome of the
case,” and only three pages contained substantive analyses. Id.

       Petitioner argues that the Special Master inappropriately relied on the Cotton article and
W.C. in reducing expert fees. See Pet’r Mem. at 39. Additionally, petitioner claims that the fee
reduction runs contrary to Congress’ intent in enacting the Vaccine Act—to encourage qualified
experts to support petitioners litigating under the Act. See id. at 40–41. For the reasons set forth
above, the Special Master exercised appropriate discretion in relying on the Cotton article and
W.C. in calculating expert fees. Dr. Tornatore’s failed to address either the Cotton article or
W.C., or to respond to evidence contradicting his medical theory. The Special Master may
exercise his discretion in considering such an omission when determining the value of Dr.
Tornatore’s work.

        Despite petitioner’s arguments related to Dr. Tornatore’s experience and past
participation in the program, the Special Master acted within the bounds of his discretion in
determining that the expert’s work was not worth the charged hourly rate. The Court has
acknowledged that prior participation in cases before the Office of the Special Masters does not
create an assumption of credibility or performance when the quality of testimony is substandard.
See, e.g., A.W. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 2019 WL 518512, at *7 (2019). Special
masters determine the value of an expert’s work on an individual case basis. As such, Special
Master Moran was well within the bounds of his discretion in reducing the compensation for Dr.
Tornatore’s work on this case, regardless of his qualifications and history with the Court.

        While the Court acknowledges the importance of petitioner access to quality expert
support, it also recognizes the danger of rewarding experts for mere participation—particularly
when such participation is substandard. Capable experts would not be encouraged to participate
in vaccine litigation if their work was rewarded, and subsequently compensated, at the same rate
as substandard experts. See A.W., 2019 WL 518512, at *8 (“A system in which experts would be
paid substantial amounts of money, regardless of the quality of their opinion, may harm future
petitioners whose cases would be delayed as special masters resolved other weak cases
buttressed by baseless expert opinions . . . .”). Therefore, the Court finds that the Special
Master’s decision to reduce the fee award was neither arbitrary, capricious, nor contrary to law.

   IV.     Conclusion

       This Court finds that the Special Master’s decision was neither an abuse of discretion nor
contrary to law, and that the Special Master’s findings were neither arbitrary nor capricious. For

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the foregoing reasons, petitioner’s Motion for Review of the Special Master’s June 24, 2019
Decision is hereby DENIED. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment, consistent with
this opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.


                                                    s/   Loren A. Smith
                                                   Loren A. Smith,
                                                   Senior Judge




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