                         Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE                                         NEWS RELEASE #012


FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 13th day of March, 2018, are as follows:

BY WEIMER, J.:


2016-KP-0234      STATE OF LOUISIANA v. ROGERS LACAZE (Parish of Orleans)

                  This matter is currently before the court in light of the remand
                  by the United States Supreme Court in LaCaze v. Louisiana, 138
                  S.Ct. 60 (2017), which vacated the decision in State v. LaCaze,
                  16-0234 (La. 12/16/16), 208 So.3d 856, in which the defendant’s
                  writ application related to his petition for post-conviction
                  relief was denied, and the defendant’s conviction was upheld. On
                  remand, this court was instructed to consider whether the trial
                  judge’s recusal should have been required because “objectively
                  speaking, ‘the probability of actual bias on the part of the
                  judge or decisionmaker is too high to be constitutionally
                  tolerable’” under the circumstances. After carefully considering
                  all the facts, we find the defendant has not shown that the
                  circumstances created an unconstitutionally high risk of bias,
                  and the original denial of the defendant’s recusal claim in
                  LaCaze, 16-0234, 208 So.3d 856, is correct.

                  For the foregoing reasons, we find that the court of appeal
                  correctly reversed the trial court’s order for a new trial and
                  properly reinstated Defendant’s conviction. Defendant’s request
                  for substantive relief is denied.

                  WRIT DENIED.
03/13/18

                      SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA


                                     NO. 2016-KP-0234

                                 STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                           VERSUS

                                    ROGERS LACAZE


                ON REMAND FROM THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT



WEIMER, Justice.

         This matter is currently before the court in light of the remand by the United

States Supreme Court in LaCaze v. Louisiana, 138 S.Ct. 60 (2017), which vacated

the decision in State v. LaCaze, 16-0234 (La. 12/16/16), 208 So.3d 856, in which the

defendant’s writ application related to his petition for post-conviction relief was

denied, and the defendant’s conviction was upheld. On remand, this court was

instructed to consider whether the trial judge’s recusal should have been required

because “objectively speaking, ‘the probability of actual bias on the part of the judge

or decisionmaker is too high to be constitutionally tolerable’” under the

circumstances.1 After carefully considering all the facts, we find the defendant has

not shown that the circumstances created an unconstitutionally high risk of bias, and




1
    See Rippo v. Baker, 137 S.Ct. 905, 907 (2017).
the original denial of the defendant’s recusal claim in LaCaze, 16-0234, 208 So.3d

856, is correct.




                                        2
                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On March 4, 1995, Rogers LaCaze (Defendant) and Antoinette Frank (Frank),

then an officer of the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD), dined together at Kim

Anh Vietnamese restaurant in New Orleans East just before closing time.2 They

returned shortly after closing in Frank’s police unit, apparently to commit armed

robbery despite the presence of off-duty NOPD Officer Ronnie Williams. Officer

Williams and two restaurant employees (siblings Ha and Cuong Vu) were fatally shot

during the ensuing encounter.3

         Defendant and Frank were indicted for the triple murders and were separately

tried–both before Judge Frank Marullo. Defendant’s trial was held first. In closing

argument at Defendant’s trial, the state conceded that no survivors had witnessed the

shootings and that “we will never know [precisely] what happened” to the Vu siblings

in the kitchen, but nevertheless maintained the evidence showed that Defendant shot

Officer Williams as Frank gathered the others in the kitchen area. State v. LaCaze,

99-0584, p. 10 (La. 1/25/02), 824 So.2d 1063, 1071. The state also conceded that it

appeared that just one gun, a 9 mm pistol, was used to kill all three victims, but

asserted it was immaterial which perpetrator had pulled the trigger because the

evidence showed that both were present and exhibited specific intent to kill. Id.,

99-0584 at 10, 824 So.2d at 1071-72.

         A jury found Defendant guilty of three counts of first degree murder and

unanimously sentenced him to death. His conviction and sentence were affirmed by




2
  Frank knew the owners of the restaurant as she had previously worked security for them at the
restaurant.
3
    State v. LaCaze, 16-0234, pp. 1-3 (La. 12/16/16), 208 So.3d 856, 858-59.

                                                3
this court in LaCaze, 99-0584, 824 So.2d 1063, and Defendant’s writ of certiorari

was denied in LaCaze v. Louisiana, 537 U.S. 865 (2002).

         Post conviction, Defendant learned that, in the course of investigating the

murders, NOPD discovered that Frank obtained two guns from the NOPD property

and evidence room, one of which (a 9 mm pistol) was the same type used in the triple

murders for which Defendant was convicted. Both guns were released to Frank by

Officer David Talley.4 Before Defendant’s trial, the NOPD Public Integrity Bureau

(Bureau) commenced an investigation into whether Talley had violated departmental

rules and regulations in releasing the guns. The non-9 mm gun was released to Frank

pursuant to an order purportedly signed by Judge Morris Reed; however, when shown

the order by Bureau investigators, Judge Reed denied that the signature on the order

was his, observing that his name was misspelled (“Reid”).

         Bureau investigators also inquired into whether the 9 mm gun was released

pursuant to a legitimate order signed by Judge Frank Marullo, i.e., whether Judge

Marullo’s signature on the release was genuine. Notably, Frank falsely reported the

9 mm gun stolen 10 days before the murders. In late 1998, roughly three years after

Defendant and Frank’s trials, a 9 mm gun with partial serial numbers, suggesting that

it may have been the murder weapon, was found in possession of Frank’s brother,

Adam Frank.

         Judge Marullo cooperated with the Bureau’s internal investigation of Officer

Talley before Defendant’s case was assigned to his docket.                    When initially

interviewing Judge Marullo, Bureau investigator Sergeant Robert Harrison presented

the release order purportedly bearing Judge Marullo’s signature, at which point Judge

Marullo “viewed the document, and compared it to several other documents with his

4
    Officer Talley was then in charge of the NOPD property and evidence room gun vault.

                                                4
signature,” before stating that “he did not believe the court order in question was his

signature.” Judge Marullo explained to Sgt. Harrison that “[s]ince the court order did

not have a description of the weapon to be released, he would not have signed [it].”

 From this exchange, Sgt. Harrison opined that the signature had been forged. To

support his opinion, Sgt. Harrison again contacted Judge Marullo to secure a recorded

statement. Because Defendant’s case had been assigned to Judge Marullo, the judge

“would not make a statement ... until the case ha[d] reached its final disposition.” As

a result, the Bureau investigation of Officer Talley remained open through the

duration of Defendant’s trial and Frank’s trial for the purpose of obtaining a statement

from Judge Marullo.

      Judge Marullo did not disclose to the parties in Defendant’s case his awareness

of the Bureau’s internal investigation of Officer Talley or the fact that he had been

questioned by Bureau investigators about the release of the guns, even after

Defendant filed (early during the course of his trial) a motion to recuse Judge Marullo

on other grounds. The information that there was an investigation surfaced during

co-defendant Frank’s subsequent trial in connection with Officer Talley’s testimony

about the release of guns from the property room to Frank. When Frank’s counsel

raised the possibility that Judge Marullo’s signature on the order authorizing the

gun’s release was a forgery, Judge Marullo recessed and held a recorded conference,

during which Judge Marullo disclosed that there was a Bureau investigation into the

circumstances of the gun’s release, including as to the genuineness of his signature.

 Specifically, Judge Marullo stated that he did not recall signing the order, but that

it would have been “perfectly logical and correct that [he] would [have done]

something like that.” Judge Marullo stated that he had provided samples of his

signature to a handwriting expert for comparison and “they came back and told me

                                           5
that it wasn’t my signature.”5 Judge Marullo also opined that it appeared there had

been “some kind of system in that property room where they were forging names to

get guns out of there.”6

       After the trials of both Defendant and Frank, Sgt. Harrison contacted Judge

Marullo again, at which time the judge declined to comment because the cases

“would be with him for a long time because of appeals.”

       In response to the Bureau inquiry, Officer Talley acknowledged that he helped

Frank obtain a 9 mm gun from the NOPD property room months before the murders;

that he had spoken with Frank inside the NOPD gun vault days before the murders

about the release of additional weapons, which would have afforded Frank the

opportunity to remove another weapon from the vault without his knowledge when

he left her alone in the property room; and that he had once before helped Frank

obtain another gun from the property room. As to the 9 mm gun at issue, Officer

Talley explained to Bureau investigators that he “brought a court order to Judge

Marullo” to facilitate its release, and “Judge Marullo’s clerk took ... it to the Judge’s

chambers” and “returned with the order signed by [the] Judge.”

       When Defendant learned that Judge Marullo had been questioned during the

Bureau’s investigation of Officer Talley, Defendant filed a pro-se application for

post-conviction relief, followed by a counseled supplement in May 2010. Defendant

alleged that he was denied the right to a fair and impartial tribunal in the trial of his

capital case in violation of his federal constitutional rights.


5
   Sgt. Harrison’s report and subsequent testimony at the hearing before the Civil Service
Commission convened to evaluate Officer Talley’s role in the release of the guns indicated that other
witnesses, but not Judge Marullo, had supplied handwriting samples.
6
  As to the admissibility of related testimony at Frank’s trial, Judge Marullo ruled that the prosecutor
in Frank’s case could only elicit testimony to show that Officer Talley provided a 9 mm gun to Frank
before the murders, but not as to how Officer Talley had obtained the gun.

                                                   6
         Because this issue was raised by Defendant, Judge Marullo was recused from

presiding over the post-conviction proceedings. Thereafter, a judge from a different

jurisdiction was appointed to preside over Defendant’s request for post-conviction

relief. In June 2013, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing at which over 20

witnesses, including Officer Talley and Judge Marullo, testified. Officer Talley again

conceded having helped Frank get the 9 mm gun, but maintained he did not forge

Judge Marullo’s signature. Judge Marullo testified that he recalled being questioned

by Bureau investigators, but denied ever signing an order to release the gun, calling

it a “phony” signature. Judge Marullo testified that he did not recall his statement at

the in-chambers conference during Frank’s trial in which he indicated he had

provided someone with handwriting samples. Finally, Judge Marullo denied that

these events caused him to harbor any bias.

         On July 23, 2015, the trial court issued a 128-page judgment with reasons in

connection with Defendant’s petition for post-conviction relief. The trial court

rejected Defendant’s claim regarding Judge Marullo, observing that this case involves

“a classic example of circumstances and appearances creating an inference

unsupported by facts,” however, it vacated Defendant’s conviction and sentence on

the basis of a structural defect–a juror was seated after failing to disclose his law

enforcement experience. Accordingly, Defendant’s request for a new trial was

granted. The state filed a writ application with the appellate court, asserting that the

trial court abused its discretion in making findings related to the qualifications of a

juror, errors the state urged were compounded when the trial court incorrectly applied

the law.7 In an opposition, Defendant urged that the trial court correctly found a

structural defect in the seating of the juror in question. He further argued that the

7
    In seeking review, the state did not ask to have the death sentences reinstated.

                                                   7
other claims before the trial court also had merit. Those claims included one that

Defendant “was tried before a biased tribunal.”

       In a one-page action, Defendant’s conviction was reinstated, see State v.

LaCaze, 15-0891 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1/6/16) (unpub’d), on a finding the juror’s seating

was not a structural defect. Additionally, no error was found in the trial court’s

rejection of Defendant’s remaining claims, including his due process claim based on

the appearance of bias resulting from Judge Marullo presiding over the trial. This

court subsequently denied writs, issuing an opinion finding that the court of appeal

correctly reversed the trial court’s order for a new trial and reinstated the conviction.

State v. LaCaze, 16-0234 at 1, 208 So.3d at 858. Pertinent here is this court’s review

of Defendant’s due process claim concerning Judge Marullo, which was based on: (1)

the allegation that “NOPD Investigated Judge Marullo as the Source of the 9mm

Beretta Murder Weapon During the Pendency of these Proceedings” and (2) “Judge

Marullo’s Involvement in the [Bureau] Investigation Mandated His Recusal.” In

analyzing Defendant’s claim, this court noted the presumption of impartiality in favor

of a trial judge. LaCaze, 16-0234 at 10, 208 So.3d at 864. After recognizing that a

judge in a criminal case shall be recused under La. C.Cr.P. art. 671(A)(1) if he is

“biased, prejudiced, or personally interested in the cause to such an extent that he

would be unable to conduct a fair and impartial trial” and under La. C.Cr.P. art.

671(A)(6) if he “[w]ould be unable, for any other reason, to conduct a fair and

impartial trial,” this court observed that Article 671 “underscores a judge’s duty to

avoid even the appearance of impropriety.” LaCaze, 16-0234 at 10, 208 So.3d at

864.

       This court further found that Judge Marullo’s possible connection to the release

of a gun to Frank is insufficient to show that Judge Marullo “harbored any bias,

                                           8
prejudice, or personal interest in the case, let alone to such an extent that it rendered

him unable to conduct a fair trial.” Id. After finding lack of proof of actual bias, this

court further found that evidence related to Judge Marullo being questioned in the

Bureau’s internal investigation of Officer Talley was insufficient to show that Judge

Marullo would be unable to conduct a fair trial for some other reason. See LaCaze,

16-0234 at 10-11, 208 So.3d at 864 (citing La. C.Cr.P. art. 671(A)(6), quoted infra).

Defendant’s argument that Judge Marullo’s initial participation in the internal

investigation of Officer Talley caused him to become entangled in the facts at issue

in Defendant’s case was rejected by this court. The means by which the murder

weapon was procured, i.e., whether Frank had obtained it pursuant to a genuine or

“bogus” court order, did not pertain to any of the issues at Defendant’s trial. See

LaCaze, 16-0234 at 11, 208 So.3d at 864. Furthermore, this court held that Judge

Marullo’s possible involvement in the administrative release of a gun did not “have

a tendency to make the existence of any fact of consequence [ ] more or less

probable,” and was thus insufficient to rebut the presumption of impartiality afforded

to judges. See id.

      Subsequently, the United States Supreme Court in Rippo v. Baker, 137 S.Ct.

905 (2017), clarified the standard for judicial disqualification in criminal cases under

the federal due process clause. Based on this clarification, the Supreme Court granted

Defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari, vacated this court’s decision in LaCaze

(208 So.3d 856), and remanded the matter to this court for further consideration of

this issue. LaCaze v. Louisiana, 138 S.Ct. 60 (2017).

                                    DISCUSSION

      The Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution requires “a fair trial

in a fair tribunal,” before a judge with no bias or interest in the outcome. Bracy v.

                                           9
Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904-05 (1997) (quoting Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35,

46 (1975)). Louisiana courts have generally required criminal defendants to present

evidence of actual bias to obtain relief based on a judge’s failure to recuse.8 The

Supreme Court’s intervention in Rippo, and again in this case, however, directs that

recusal may be required even where proof of actual bias is lacking.

       In remanding for reconsideration here, the Supreme Court referenced its recent

decision in Rippo, in which it clarified the judicial disqualification standard in the

context of the federal constitutional right to due process. See Rippo, 137 S.Ct. at

907. During his trial, the defendant in Rippo received information indicating that the

presiding judge was a target of a federal bribery probe. Id. at 906. From this, the

defendant surmised that the same district attorney’s office that was prosecuting him

was also investigating the judge. The defendant unsuccessfully moved for the trial

judge’s recusal under the theory that the judge could not remain impartial in a matter

in which one of the parties before him was actively investigating him for criminal

wrongdoing. Id.

       Having failed to make his case on direct review, the defendant in Rippo

revisited the issue post-conviction, this time offering records from the trial judge’s

subsequent criminal prosecution that established the same district attorney’s office

that prosecuted the defendant had, as he suspected, been concurrently investigating

the trial judge. Id. The state courts in Rippo again rejected the defendant’s claim,

denying the defendant the opportunity for “discovery or an evidentiary hearing [on


8
  See, e.g., State In Interest of M.J., 14-0622, p. 26 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/4/15), 160 So.3d 1040, 1055,
writ denied, 15-0487 (La. 1/15/16), 184 So.3d 704 (rejecting recusal argument because juvenile
defendant pointed to nothing “that would support a finding of actual bias or prejudice”); State v.
Doleman, 02-0957, p. 10 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/4/02), 835 So.2d 850, 858, writ denied, 02-3101 (La.
9/19/03), 853 So.2d 633 (finding no evidence of actual bias); State v. Taylor, 07-93, p. 11 (La.App.
5 Cir. 11/27/07), 973 So.2d 83, 92, writ denied, 07-2454 (La. 5/9/08), 980 So.2d 688 (finding no
evidence of actual bias).

                                                 10
the recusal issue] because his allegations ‘[d]id not support the assertion that the trial

judge was actually biased in [the defendant’s] case.’” Id., at 906-07 (quoting Rippo

v. State, 368 P.3d 729, 744 (Nev. 2016)).

      From the denial of his request for post-conviction relief by the state courts, the

defendant filed a petition for writ of certiorari. In evaluating the state court judgment

in Rippo, the Supreme Court held that evidence of actual bias is not necessary to

require recusal. See id., 137 S.Ct. at 907 (citing Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Lavoie, 475

U.S. 813, 825 (1986)).         The Court clarified that the inquiry for judicial

disqualification is instead whether, “objectively speaking, ‘the probability of actual

bias on the part of the judge or decisionmaker is too high to be constitutionally

tolerable’” under the circumstances. Id. (quoting Withrow, 421 U.S. at 47); see

Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., Inc., 556 U.S. 868, 889-90 (2009). In applying

this standard, the court must determine “whether, as an objective matter, the average

judge in his position is likely to be neutral, or whether there is an unconstitutional

potential for bias.” Rippo, 137 S.Ct. 907 (quoting Williams v. Pennsylvania, 136

S.Ct. 1899, 1905 (2016)). Accordingly, the state supreme court’s decision in Rippo,

which affirmed the trial court’s rejection of the defendant’s recusal claim based on

lack of proof of actual bias, was vacated, and the case was remanded to the state

supreme court for further consideration of Defendant’s federal due process claim

under the clarified standard. Id. Notably, the Supreme Court in Rippo did not find

that the defendant was entitled to substantive relief, but instead simply clarified the

federal standard to be applied by the state supreme court on remand. On remand, the

state supreme “court is free to determine whether its original decision is still correct

in light of the [clarified standard] or whether a different result is more appropriate.”



                                           11
See Kenemore v. Roy, 690 F.3d 639, 642 (5th Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S.Ct. 889

(2013).9

       In light of the Supreme Court’s remand, this court, like the state supreme court

in Rippo, is now called on to decide whether the original decision in LaCaze,

16-0234, 208 So.3d 856, is correct in light of the clarified standard. As a basis for his

federal due process claim, Defendant relies on the following facts:

       •       NOPD conducted an internal investigation into Officer Talley’s release
               to Frank, then an NOPD officer, of two guns from the property room,
               one of which, a 9 mm released in August 1994, could have been used in
               the March 1995 murders.
       •       Bureau investigators found that Officer Talley’s release of the 9 mm gun
               had involved the use of a release order purportedly signed by Judge
               Marullo, which Officer Talley maintained was authentic.
       •       When asked to review the order, Judge Marullo told the Bureau
               investigator that he did not believe the signature was authentic.
       •       Defendant’s case was allotted to Judge Marullo’s courtroom, after which
               he declined, when asked, to make further statements to the investigator
               while the case remained open.
       •       Judge Marullo did not disclose to the parties his statement to the Bureau
               investigator or his knowledge of the investigation itself.

Defendant maintains these circumstances are precisely the sort of extreme

circumstances that give rise to a federal due process violation, creating an

unconstitutional appearance of impropriety or bias. In support of his argument,

Defendant relies substantially on Liljeberg v. Health Services Acquisition Corp.,

486 U.S. 847 (1988), which involved a trial judge’s failure to provide a full disclosure

of relevant facts in violation of a federal statute requiring disqualification of a federal

judge if “he, individually or as a fiduciary, or his spouse or minor child residing in his

household, has a financial interest in the subject matter in controversy or in a party

to the proceeding, or any other interest that could be substantially affected by the

outcome of the proceeding.” Id. at 858-59 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)).

9
 See also Flowers v. Mississippi, 136 S.Ct. 2157, 2157-58 (2016) (Alito, Thomas, JJ., dissenting);
Diaz v. Stephens, 731 F.3d 370, 378 (5th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S.Ct. 48 (2013).

                                               12
         Citing Liljeberg, Defendant states that nondisclosure is a “fact[] that might

reasonably cause an objective observer to question [a judge’s] impartiality.” See id.

at 865. For this reason, Defendant urges that, under Liljeberg, federal due process

requires that the judge make full disclosure of known facts that might be relevant to

an appearance of bias to completely remove any basis for questioning the judge’s

impartiality. See id. at 866. According to Defendant, the absence of full disclosure

gives rise to an unconstitutional potential for bias.

         Notably, La. Code of Judicial Conduct, Canon 2 requires that: “A Judge …

Avoid Impropriety and the Appearance of Impropriety in All Activities,” and La.

C.Cr.P. art. 671, which lists the grounds for recusal,10 requires recusal if a judge is a

witness in the cause and underscores the duty to avoid even the appearance of

impropriety. See State v. LeBlanc, 367 So. 2d 335, 341 (La. 1979) (“[T]he

appearance of impartiality, as well as impartiality itself, outweighs the inconvenience

caused by the recusal of the trial judge.”

         Even if Defendant has identified a potential violation of state law or the judicial

canons in Judge Marullo’s failure to disclose, such a violation is alone insufficient



10
     Louisiana C.Cr.P. art. 671 (A) provides:

                 In a criminal case a judge of any court, trial or appellate, shall be recused
         when he:
                 (1)     Is biased, prejudiced, or personally interested in the cause to such an
         extent that he would be unable to conduct a fair and impartial trial;
                 (2)     Is the spouse of the accused, of the party injured, of an attorney
         employed in the cause, or of the district attorney; or is related to the accused or the
         party injured, or to the spouse of the accused or party injured, within the fourth
         degree; or is related to an attorney employed in the cause or to the district attorney,
         or to the spouse of either, within the second degree;
                 (3)     Has been employed or consulted as an attorney in the cause, or has
         been associated with an attorney during the latter’s employment in the cause;
                 (4)     Is a witness in the cause;
                 (5)     Has performed a judicial act in the case in another court; or
                 (6)     Would be unable, for any other reason, to conduct a fair and impartial
         trial.


                                                   13
to warrant a new trial in this case. Similarly, as indicated in Caperton, circumstances

that run afoul of state law or judicial canons do not necessarily violate federal due

process, which is the issue currently before this court.11 Nonetheless, state law or

judicial canon considerations may be relevant to the determination of whether Judge

Marullo is subject to disqualification under the Rippo standard.

       A judicial disqualification under the Due Process Clause first requires that an

objective “probability of actual bias” be established. Thus, the state correctly notes

that proof of an appearance of bias alone is insufficient to show a violation of federal

due process.12 The Rippo standard clearly requires proof that an appearance of bias

gives rise to a “probability of actual bias,” also referred to as a “risk of bias” or

“potential for bias.”13 See Rippo, 137 S.Ct. at 907. Secondly, the defendant must

prove that the probability of actual bias rises to a level that “is too high to be

constitutionally tolerable” under the circumstances. See id.




11
    See Caperton, 556 U.S. at 889-90 (states may “adopt recusal standards more rigorous than due
process requires;” federal “Due Process Clause demarks only the outer boundaries of judicial
disqualifications,” and leaves it to the legislature and the states to “impose more rigorous standards”
for judicial disqualification); Bracy, 520 U.S. at 904 (distinguishing the “constitutional floor” from
the ceiling set “by common law, statute, or the professional standards of the bench and bar”). See,
e.g., People v. Freeman, 222 P.3d 177, 178 (applying Caperton and finding an appearance of
impropriety, as proscribed under California law, is not enough to warrant judicial disqualification
under the federal standard: “while a showing of actual bias is not required for judicial
disqualification under the due process clause, neither is the mere appearance of bias sufficient.
Instead, based on an objective assessment of the circumstances in the particular case, there must exist
... ‘the probability of actual bias on the part of the judge or decisionmaker [that] is too high to be
constitutionally tolerable.’”).
12
   “The Supreme Court has never rested the vaunted principle of due process on something as
subjective and transitory as appearance.” Del Vecchio v. Illinois Dept. of Corrections, 31 F.3d
1363, 1371-72 (7th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1037 (1994). Liljeberg, which involved the
application of a federal statute in the disqualification determination, neither holds nor suggests that
“an appearance of bias on the part of a federal judge, without more, violates the Due Process
Clause.” Johnson v. Carroll, 369 F.3d 253, 262 (3rd Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 924 (2005).
13
   “[I]n the absence of any possibility of actual bias–that is, based solely on how the situation might
have ‘appeared’ to an outside observer ... [t]he Supreme Court has never held, or even intimated, that
the due process clause requires recusal.” Suh v. Pierce, 630 F.3d 685, 692 (7th Cir. 2011).

                                                  14
         Defendant suggests (relying on Tumey v. State of Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, 535

(1927), in which the judge had a direct, substantial pecuniary interest in the outcome

of the defendant’s case) that even a small probability of bias on the part of the person

who is supposed to be the neutral adjudicator, here Judge Marullo, offends due

process. Such a test is inconsistent with the wording of the Rippo standard and

would render the “too high to be constitutionally tolerable” portion of the standard

extraneous. Under the standard, proof of any probability of bias alone is insufficient.

Notably, the jurisprudence does not indicate that proof of nondisclosure of

information giving rise to any probability of bias automatically renders the probability

of bias “too high to be constitutionally tolerable.”

         The jurisprudence reveals that an unconstitutional probability of bias exists

when:

         •      The judge has a direct, substantial pecuniary interest in the outcome of
                the defendant’s case,14
         •      the judge’s election campaign received exceptionally large financial
                donations from one of the parties,15
         •      the sentencing judge formerly worked as a prosecutor in another case
                against the defendant and the judge had earlier “communication,
                correspondence, and cooperation as a prosecutor” with the prosecutor
                in the other case against the defendant,16
         •      the judge “presiding at the contempt hearing had also served as the ‘one-
                man grand jury’ out of which the contempt charges arose,”17
         •      the judge has made a critical decision (approved of seeking the death
                penalty) while a former prosecutor in the pending prosecution,18
         •      the appellate judge presided over the trial of the matter,19

14
  See Tumey, 273 U.S. at 523, 535; Aetna Life Insurance Co., 475 U.S. at 822, 824 (the judge
was involved as a party in a separate, but similar, lawsuit).
15
     See Caperton, 556 U.S. at 884.
16
     See Smith v. State, 357 S.W.3d 322, 345 (Tenn. 2011), cert. denied, 568 U.S. 828 (2012).
17
     See In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 134, 138-39 (1955).
18
  See Williams, 136 S.Ct. at 1905 (applied the Caperton standard for judicial disqualification and
found that no person can serve “as both accuser and adjudicator in a case.”).
19
     See People v. Novak, 88 N.E.3d 305, 307 (N.Y. 2017).

                                                15
         •      the judge has taken bribes from other criminal defendants,20
         •      the judge has both executive and judicial responsibility in the matter,21
                and
         •      the judge was a defendant in prior litigation involving one of the
                parties.22

None of these risks is present in the instant case. Judge Marullo did not have a

pecuniary interest in Defendant’s case. He had no prosecutorial involvement with the

Defendant or in this matter. He did not have an unacceptable relationship with

Defendant or the prosecutors. He had no reason to fear criminal prosecution in

connection with the release of the gun to Frank.

         Judge Marullo’s communication and initial cooperation in the Bureau

investigation into how the 9 mm gun was released was not adversarial or accusatory

toward Defendant. Significantly, and most importantly, it was Officer Talley, not

Judge Marullo, who was the subject of the Bureau’s investigation. Contrary to any

prior representations to the courts, there is absolutely no evidence in the record that

Judge Marullo was under investigation himself for any of these events. Even if Judge

Marullo, in fact, signed the order that authorized release of the 9 mm gun to Frank,

Judge Marullo did nothing wrong; he was merely performing a ministerial act that he

was fully authorized to perform.

         The defense’s theory at trial was that Defendant did not participate in the

homicide, but believed that Frank had planned and committed the murders with her



20
  See Bracy, 520 U.S. at 900-01, 909 (the judge’s subsequent conviction for accepting bribes from
defendants in criminal cases was sufficient proof to afford discovery on his claim of actual judicial
bias in his case–judge had an interest in the defendant’s conviction).
21
   See Ward v. Village of Monroeville, Ohio, 409 U.S. 57, 61-62 (1972) (where the mayor before
whom petitioner was compelled to stand trial for traffic offenses was responsible for village finances,
and mayor’s court through fines, forfeitures, costs and fees, provided a substantial portion of the
village funds, petitioner was denied a trial before a disinterested and impartial judicial officer as
guaranteed by the due process clause).
22
     See Johnson v Mississippi, 403 U.S. 212, 215-16 (1971).

                                                  16
brother, Adam Frank, after obtaining a 9 mm gun from the police property room. In

support of this theory, Defendant testified that Frank told Defendant that she expected

to get a weapon from the property room. According to Defendant, state law requires

Judge Marullo’s recusal since he could have been called as a witness at Defendant’s

trial to corroborate the Defendant’s testimony that Frank procured a 9 mm gun from

a friend in the NOPD property room to commit the crime. However, Judge Marullo

did not have personal knowledge or direct evidence of the actions of Officer Talley

or Frank. Judge Marullo is not alleged to have had any direct contact with Officer

Talley or Frank in connection with the release of the 9 mm gun. Judge Marullo only

knows what he was told by the Bureau investigator and what was visible from the

face of the order, which he believes was forged. There is no indication that Judge

Marullo heard of Officer Talley’s account of the gun release until Officer Talley later

appeared and testified at Frank’s trial. If, in fact, Judge Marullo did not sign the

order, he has no direct knowledge of the release of the 9 mm gun and would not be

in a position to corroborate Defendant’s testimony. Even if Judge Marullo had

personal knowledge of information that might be corroborative, such information is

neutral in the sense that it does not aid either party. If at all helpful, it would be more

corroborative of the state’s “evidence that his accomplice obtained the same type of

gun that was used to kill the victims, in a case in which the state presented evidence

that he and Frank had been acting in concert under the guise of her authority and,

together, premeditated the murders and were equally culpable.” LaCaze, 16-0234

at 12, 208 So.3d at 865 (footnote omitted).

       Although it is possible that the 9 mm gun released from the property room to

Frank pursuant to the order purportedly signed by Judge Marullo was used in the



                                            17
murders at the Kim Anh restaurant, that fact has never been definitively established.23

The fact that Frank got a 9 mm gun from the property room does not exculpate

Defendant, especially in light of the abundant evidence of his guilt.24 That Frank

might have once possessed the 9 mm gun that was used to kill Officer Williams and

the Vu siblings does not overcome the evidence that showed Defendant was the one

who possessed the murder weapon when Officer Williams was shot. See LaCaze,

99-0584 at 2-4, 824 So.2d at 1066-67.25 Furthermore, contrary to Defendant’s

suggestion, the facts do not indicate that Judge Marullo was trying to conceal the

information in question from Defendant during Defendant’s trial or that Judge

Marullo thought this information would harm or help Defendant’s defense.




23
   As indicated, a 9 mm gun with a partial serial number that matched the one released from the
property and evidence room to Frank was found in the possession of Frank’s brother (Adam) three
years after Defendant and Frank were convicted. That gun could have been used in the murders of
Officer Williams and the Vu siblings and thereafter been handed off to Frank’s brother Adam.
24
   The trial judge, who was sitting ad hoc to preside over the post-conviction hearing, weighed the
evidence and rejected Defendant’s theory of innocence, noting the weakness of his evidence: “the
state presented evidence that [Defendant] accompanied Frank to Walmart to shop for 9 mm
ammunition within hours of the murders; that survivors (who saw [Defendant] with Frank twice
earlier that same evening) positively identified [Defendant] as the male perpetrator who rummaged
through their property after the gunfire ceased; that [Defendant’s] initial statements contained details
only the perpetrators could have known; that [Defendant’s] trial testimony admitted his presence in
the restaurant earlier that night, contradicting his alibi in which he claimed he was at the pool hall;
and that [Defendant] was observed within an hour of the murders using Ofc. Williams’s stolen credit
card to purchase gas at a Chevron station near his brother’s apartment.” LaCaze, 16-0234 at 17, 208
So.3d at 868. The differences in their appearance made it nearly impossible, even under the
circumstances, for the survivors to have confused Defendant, who “was 18 years old, 5'3" in height,
and had gold teeth,” and Adam Frank, who “was 24 years of age and 6'5" in height.” Id. “The
survivors identified Frank’s accomplice as a black male with gold teeth across the top, less than 20
years of age, and just over five feet tall.” Id.
25
   After the Vus had locked up, Frank and Defendant, a man she previously introduced as her
nephew, returned to the restaurant for their third time. See LaCaze, 99-0584 at 3, 824 So. 2d at
1066. There were six workers still in the restaurant–four Vu siblings, a waitress, and Officer
Williams. Id. 99-0584 at 2, 824 So. 2d at 1066. The two surviving Vu siblings testified that they
were with Frank near the kitchen area when they heard gunshots in the bar area in the front of the
restaurant where Officer Williams was located, after which “Frank spun around and ran towards the
bar and the front of the restaurant.” See id. 99-054 at 3, 824 So.2d at 1067. Defendant and Frank
were then seen in the kitchen area “running around, rummaging, ‘digging in this little area where [the
Vus hid their] money.’” Id. 99-0584 at 4, 824 So. 2d at 1067. Shortly after, gunshots were heard
from the stove area where the other two Vu siblings were shot. Id.

                                                  18
Moreover, nothing in the record shows that these unusual circumstances caused Judge

Marullo to favor one party.

       Defendant places significance on the Supreme Court’s decision in Rippo,

suggesting that the Court found that the trial judge’s involvement in an investigation

conducted by the prosecuting entity gives rise to an unconstitutional potential for

bias. However, the Supreme Court in Rippo did not address the merits of the

defendant’s due process claim, nor by its ruling did it insinuate that the state court’s

ultimate ruling on the merits of the defendant’s due process claim was incorrect.26

Furthermore, there is nothing in the Supreme Court’s remand in LaCaze that

indicates the Court’s belief that the circumstances in Rippo and LaCaze are

sufficiently analogous such that the resolution of the judicial disqualification issue

would be the same.

       We reject Defendant’s claims that “the probability of actual bias” is higher in

this case than in Rippo. Since Defendant’s case does not involve an investigation of

the presiding judge by the district attorney’s office, the investigation in this case does

not involve a possible self-interest that could be considered pecuniary for the judge.

The fact that the presiding trial judge in Rippo disclosed his impermissible conflict

during the course of trial does not lessen the probability of bias created by the

underlying investigation and related charges in Rippo.

       While at first blush the fact that Judge Marullo had information about what was

potentially the murder weapon might cause an average observer to question him




26
   Rippo’s remand was premised not on the lower court having reached an incorrect result, but
simply on its having failed to “ask the question our precedents require.” See Rippo, 137 S.Ct. at
907.

                                               19
sitting in a capital trial, the circumstances of this case, when carefully examined, do

not meet the standard set by the United States Supreme Court in Rippo.27

       Before the allotment of Defendant’s case, Judge Marullo was questioned

during an internal investigation by the NOPD of one of its officers about the

authenticity of the signature that appeared on the court order that authorized the

release of a 9 mm gun that may have been used in the murders of Officer Williams

and the Vu siblings.28 Once Defendant’s case was assigned to Judge Marullo, he

appropriately declined any further comment until the case was resolved. Considering

the psychological tendencies of the average judge, as we are required to do,29 we do

not find that the pre-allotment questioning of Judge Marullo and his failure to

disclose knowledge of such investigation are the sort of rare and extreme

circumstances30 that would cause the average judge to favor one party so as to be

objectively suggestive of bias or a “probability of actual bias.” Perhaps the average

judge in Judge Marullo’s position would have harbored some sensitivity about

whether his signature was forged. Realistically, the average judge would be vigilant

to avoid being unjustly associated with any wrongdoing surrounding the release of

the possible murder weapon to Frank. Although the average judge in this position



27
   As previously stated, the appointed judged noted (after extensive proceedings during the post-
conviction hearing, in which he heard testimony from Judge Marullo) “[t]his is a classic example
of circumstances and appearances creating an inference unsupported by facts.”
28
   The fact that NOPD investigated the triple murders and also questioned Judge Marullo in its
internal investigation of Officer Talley is not significant in the determination of the probability of
actual bias.
29
   The Rippo-Caperton standard involves consideration of whether “under a realistic appraisal of
psychological tendencies and human weakness,” the circumstances “pose [ ] such a risk of actual
bias or prejudgment that the practice must be forbidden if the guarantee of due process is to be
adequately implemented.” Caperton, 556 U.S. at 883-84 (2009) (quoting Withrow, 421 U.S. at
47).
30
    The federal constitutional standard for judicial disqualification is implicated only in “rare
instances.” See Caperton, 556 U.S. at 890; see also Bracy, 520 U.S. at 904.

                                                 20
may harbor these sensitivities, it does not follow that the average judge would

reasonably harbor any bias for or against Defendant because of these sensitivities.

      While we do not find proof of a probability of actual bias has been made by

Defendant, we also do not find under the circumstances of this case that the

defendant’s claims have been proven to be “too high to be constitutionally tolerable.

See Federal Trade Commission v. Cement Institute, 333 U.S. 683, 702 (1948)

(“[M]ost matters relating to judicial disqualification [do] not rise to a constitutional

level.”). The association between the potential source of bias in this case and what

might reasonably be expected to be a judge’s anticipated psychological reaction are

far too remote and attenuated to show a “probability of actual bias on the part of

[Judge Marullo] …[that] is too high to be constitutionally tolerable.” Even granting

that the inquiry into the authenticity of Judge Marullo’s signature was technically

related to Defendant’s case and may, therefore, have prompted an average judge to

disclose this information, Defendant fails to show that Judge Marullo’s disputed role

in the administrative release of a 9 mm gun was objectively (and realistically) likely

to cause bias for or against either party in this case. The controversy at issue in this

case markedly differs from the circumstances in those cases which the Supreme Court

has found offered “a possible temptation to the average ... judge to ... lead him not to

hold the balance nice, clear and true.” See Caperton, 556 U.S. at 885 (quoting

Tumey, 273 U.S. at 532). In contrast, it is unclear under the circumstances how the

Bureau’s internal investigation into the means by which Officer Talley had a 9 mm

gun released to Frank or the controversy as to whether Judge Marullo’s signature was

genuine could significantly and irrevocably color Judge Marullo’s perspective such

that he would not be in a position “to hold the balance [between Defendant and the

prosecution] nice, clear, and true.” See id.

                                          21
                                      DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, we find that the court of appeal correctly reversed the trial

court’s order for a new trial and properly reinstated Defendant’s conviction.

Defendant’s request for substantive relief is denied.

      WRIT DENIED.




                                          22
