                                                                                     PD-0123-15
                                                                   COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                                    AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                                   Transmitted 6/8/2015 12:24:07 PM
June 8, 2015                                                          Accepted 6/8/2015 1:35:35 PM
                                                                                     ABEL ACOSTA

                                  !                                                          CLERK

                           No. PD-0123-15
                                  !
         IN THE TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                           AT AUSTIN, TEXAS

                                    !
                        JAMES FERNANDEZ,
                              Appellant
                                    !
                                   v.
                                    !
                       THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                               Appellee
                                !
                                    !
          From the Fourth Court of Appeals in San Antonio, Texas
                         Cause 04-14-00039-CR
                                   and
                     the 83rd Judicial District Court
                        of Val Verde County, Texas
                           Cause No. 12716CR

                                    !
                      BRIEF ON THE MERITS
                             !
                                   James Gerard McDermott, II
                                   8140 N. Mopac
                                   Westpark 4, Suite 250
                                   Austin TX 78759
                                   512.201.4083
                                   512.298.1129 (facsimile)
                                   james@centraltexaslawyers.com
                                   Attorney for Appellant
                                    !
                                    !
                                LIST OF PARTIES
                                       !
TRIAL COURT JUDGE
Hon. Stephen Ables
Kerr County Courthouse
700 Main Street, Second Floor
Kerrville, Texas 78028
!
APPELLANT
James Fernandez
!
      APPELLANT’S ATTORNEYS AT TRIAL
      Daniel A. Sanchez                Robert Garza
      State Bar No. 24004064           State Bar No. 07742800
      Law Offices of Daniel A. Sanchez Law Offices of Robert Garza
      501 E. Tyler Avenue              2116 Avenue F, Suite 5
      Harlingen TX 78550               Del Rio TX 78840
!
      APPELLANT’S ATTORNEY ON APPEAL
      James Gerard McDermott, II
      State Bar No. 24041438
      Thompson Salinas Rickers & McDermott, LLP
      8140 N. Mopac
      Westpark 4, Suite 250
      Austin TX 78759
!
APPELLEE
The State of Texas

APPELLEE’S ATTORNEY AT TRIAL                     APPELLEE’S ATTORNEY AT THE
& AT THE COURT OF APPEALS                        COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
Lance Kutnick                                      Melissa Hargis
State Bar No. 00791058                             State Bar No. 24055766
Assistant Attorney General                         Assistant Attorney General
District Attorney Pro Tem                          District Attorney Pro Tem
Office of the Attorney General                     Office of the Attorney General
PO Box 12548                                       PO Box 12548
Austin TX 78711                                    Austin TX 78711
!
                                       !
                                           !ii
                         TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                  !
LIST OF PARTIES                              ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS                            iii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES                         iv
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT             1
STATEMENT OF THE CASE                         1
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY               1
QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW                 2
STATEMENT OF FACTS                            2
ARGUMENT                                      5
PRAYER                                        9
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE                    10
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE                       10




                                  !iii
                                   !
                         TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
                                   !
CASES
Daugherty v. State, 387 S.W.3d 654 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013)                                          6, 8
Ehrhardt v. State, 334 S.W.3d 849 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d)                            5
Fernandez v. State, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS
13868 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 31, 2014)          6-7
Geick v. State, 349 S.W.3d 542 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011)                                                  5
In re Fernandez, 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS
581 (Tex. Crim. App. May 13, 2015)                  1, 2
Merryman v. State, 391 S.W.3d 261(Tex. App.—
San Antonio 2012, no pet.)                             6


CODES AND RULES
TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.21                                 1
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.01(1)                           1, 7
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.01(1)(B)                           7
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.01(3)(A)                      1, 6, 8
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.03(a)                           1, 6
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.03(b)(1)                        1, 6
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.03(e)(2)                           1
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.03(f)(1)                           1
!
!
!
!
!
                                      !iv
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS: 

      COMES NOW Appellant, James Fernandez, and submits this brief on the

granted petition for discretionary review from an opinion and judgment from the

Fourth Court of Appeals that affirmed a judgment of conviction in the 83rd Judicial

District Court of Val Verde County, Stephen B. Ables, presiding.

                  STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      The Court has denied Appellant’s request for oral argument.

                            STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      At the conclusion of a jury trial, Appellant was convicted of the offense of

theft by deception by a public servant. CR 6-7, 156, 166; RR5: 72; see TEX. PEN.

CODE §§ 31.01(1), (3)(A); 31.03(a), (b)(1), (f)(1). The trial court sentenced

Appellant to 90 days’ confinement in the county jail, suspended the sentence,

placed him on community supervision for 90 days, and ordered payment of

restitution. CR 166; RR5: 112. See TEX. PEN. CODE §§ 12.21, 31.03(e)(2), (f)(1).

On appeal, the Fourth Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction. Appellant filed a

petition for discretionary review, raising two issues. This Court granted review on

one issue. In re Fernandez, 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 581 (Tex. Crim. App.

May 13, 2015).
                    STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      This case arises from Cause 04-14-00039-CR from the Fourth Court of Ap-

peals in San Antonio, Texas. The Court of Appeals issued its opinion on December

31, 2014, and affirmed the conviction. Appellant filed no motion for rehearing.

Appellant filed the petition for discretion on March 2, 2015, which this Court

granted on his first question only. In re Fernandez, 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS

581 (Tex. Crim. App. May 13, 2015).

                      QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW

      In affirming a conviction for theft by deception, did the Court of
      Appeals err in finding evidence of deception when the record
      shows only lack of actual consent? In other words, and consistent
      with the language of the statute, may deception only be proven
      when the record shows actual consent that was induced by
      deception but not when the record shows lack of actual consent?
      !
                             STATEMENT OF FACTS

      The Statement of Facts contained in the opinion of the Court of Appeals

omitted some important details. Thus, Appellant presents a more complete

recitation here.

      Appellant was Justice of the Peace for Precinct 4 in Val Verde County. RR4:

25, 65. Appellant and another Val Verde justice of the peace, Joey Gonzalez,

planned to attend a conference in Orlando, Florida from June 20 to June 24, 2012.

RR4: 26; SX 1, 2. On February 6, 2012, Veronica Mojica, Appellant’s chief deputy

clerk, bought tickets on Southwest Airlines for Appellant to travel to the


                                       !2
conference. RR4: 24-27, 159; SX 2. She used a county credit card issued to

Appellant to pay the $381.60 cost. RR4: 29-30, 49; SX 2.

      In June, Appellant and Judge Gonzalez both fell ill. RR4: 30-31, 42-43, 161.

Appellant instructed Mojica to cancel the trip. RR4: 30-31. She cancelled the flight

on June 11 and the conference registration on June 12. RR4: 31, 46, 159. The

conference registration fee was refunded. RR4: 31. The Southwest Airlines ticket

and the funds used to purchase it were nonrefundable and nontransferable,

purchased in accordance with County procedure to purchase such lower-cost

tickets to save County money. RR4: 42-43, 61, 62, 107, 159, 309; SX 2. Southwest

Airlines did not refund the ticket but issued a credit to Appellant for use in a future

purchase, which could not be redeemed by anyone except Appellant. RR4: 42-43,

160, 311-19; SX 2. That credit was set to expire on February 4, 2013, if left unused

by Appellant. RR4: 62, 160; SX 2. Mojica informed the County Auditor’s office of

the cancellation and credit. RR4: 161.

      About two months later, in August 2012, Appellant asked Mojica for the

reservation number for the Southwest Airlines flight. RR4: 32. He requested that

she call his son to give him the number, which she did. RR4: 33. On August 8,

Appellant booked a ticket to Phoenix on Southwest Airlines using the previous

reservation number. RR4: 91; SX 2. He also traveled on that ticket on the same

day. RR4: 47, 91; SX 2. The new itinerary cost $129.00 more than the Orlando

ticket, and Appellant paid the difference from his own credit card. RR4: 47-48; SX

                                          !3
2. No county business was scheduled in Phoenix for August 2012, and Appellant

did not claim he was conducting any County business in Phoenix through a new

purchase order to the County. RR4: 47-48, 51. He did not request or receive

approval from any other County official to use the voucher. RR4: 148.

      Frank Lowe, the county auditor, knew in June 2012 that (1) Appellant and

Judge Gonzalez bought airplane tickets to go to Orlando, (2) both cancelled the trip

when Judge Gonzalez had gotten ill, and (3) the tickets were nontransferable and

nonrefundable. RR4: 42-43, 87, 95-96, 161, 309; SX 2. Two months later, in

August, Lowe was reviewing each county office’s past fiscal-year expenses in

preparation for the County budget process. RR4: 35, 41. He noticed that travel

expenses were reaching the budget limit, and so he reviewed expenditures more

closely. RR4: 42. He directed a member of his staff to contact Southwest Airlines

to ask that, because Val Verde County is a local government entity, they make an

exception to the nonrefundable-ticket policy. RR4: 44, 92, 95, 96. He then found

out that the credit had been used. RR4: 96.

      Lowe then spoke to the Val Verde County Attorney, who then contacted the

Office of the Attorney General. RR4: 51-52, 54, 91, 98, 103-04, 151, 184, 202,

280, 321, 322-23. On August 27, he informed the Val Verde County

Commissioners Court of his investigation. RR4: 54, 99, 176, 324-26. Appellant

attempted to make restitution through both the Auditor and the County Attorney,

which was refused. RR4: 51-52, 64-65, 74-76, 89, 276-77, 280-88; DX1, 4.

                                         !4
                                            ARGUMENT

                                     QUESTION PRESENTED

          In affirming a conviction for theft by deception, did the Court of
          Appeals err in finding evidence of deception when the record
          shows only lack of actual consent? In other words, and consistent
          with the language of the statute, may deception only be proven
          when the record shows actual consent that was induced by
          deception but not when the record shows lack of actual consent?
                                                  !
          Here, the indictment alleged theft by deception.1 CR 6. Thus, the State’s

burden in this case was to prove that Appellant used the Southwest Airlines credit

without effective consent and that the lack of “effective consent” was due to

Appellant’s deception.2 However, the record in this case establishes that Appellant

did not obtain consent to use the credit.3 He could not have used any deception to

induce a consent that was never given.

          Theft is an unlawful appropriation. TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.03(a). An

appropriation is unlawful if it is without the owner’s effective consent. Id.

§31.03(b)(1). Consent is not effective if it induced by deception. Id. §31.03(3)(A).

          To “induce” means “to bring about, produce, or cause.” Ehrhardt v. State,

334 S.W.3d 849, 853 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d). That consent is


1Because the State alleged deception in the indictment, deception is an essential element of the
offense. See Geick v. State, 349 S.W.3d 542, 548 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

2   Appellant’s Brief to Court of Appeals, 19.

3Appellant’s issue at the Court of Appeals was the sufficiency of the evidence for the element of
deception. Appellant’s Brief to Court of Appeals, 2, 15-20.

                                                 !5
induced by deception means “that the victim relied on the defendant’s deceptive

act when giving his consent.” Daugherty v. State, 387 S.W.3d 654, 659 n.18 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2013) (internal citations omitted). The reliance “must be a substantial

or material factor in the decision-making process.” Id. n.18 (internal citations

omitted). “The distinguishing feature between lawful acquisitive conduct from

theft is the intent to acquire without effective consent at the time of the

deprivation.” Merryman v. State, 391 S.W.3d 261, 271 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2012, no pet.). Thus, the timing is of vital importance. For deception to be relevant

for a conviction of theft, the deception must be committed before or in conjunction

with the consent. Otherwise, the deception cannot be “a substantial or material

factor” in the decision to give consent.

      In this case, Appellant received consent to appropriate the County funds on

Feb. 6, 2012. RR4: 24-30, 159; SX 2. The Court of Appeals found that Appellant

“created an impression of fact that the tickets would be used to go to Orlando on

approved county business.” Fernandez v. State, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 13868 at

*13 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 31, 2014). That was true at the time; Appellant

received consent to buy the tickets to attend the conference. There is no evidence

that Appellant deceived the County when the County consented to the purchase of

the ticket. The Court of Appeals noted that Appellant “later caused those tickets to

be cancelled, resulting in a credit.” Id. at *13-14. This is also correct. There is no

evidence that Appellant deceived the County at that time. Appellant informed the

                                           !6
County of the cancellation, and there is no issue in this case about the need to

obtain any consent to cancel. See RR4: 42-43, 87, 95-96, 161, 309; SX 2.

       According to the Court of Appeals, Appellant committed deception in

August. Fernandez, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 13868, at *13. The Court reasoned that

Appellant made a (correct, non-deceptive) impression of fact in February that the

ticket would be used for County business, which induced consent; that in August

Appellant used the ticket for a personal trip; and that the failure to inform the

County beforehand was a failure “to correct the false impression that he previously

created that the tickets would be used for county business.”4 Id.

       Notably, the Court of Appeals never used the word “induce” in its opinion.

The Court found what it considered to be deception but failed to connect the

deception it found to any inducement to consent. Appellant’s failure to

communicate with the County in August, if it was indeed deception,5 was

irrelevant. Appellant only sought consent in February, at which point there was no



4In drawing this conclusion, the Court of Appeals failed to utilize a significant factor in the defi-
nition of deception: “that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction.” See TEX.
PEN. CODE § 31.01(1)(B). This factor is present in each of the definitions of deception. See id. §
31.01(1). In August, there was no transaction with the County when Appellant used the credit,
and so the judgment of the County was not implicated at all. This is just another way of stating
the argument of this brief: there was no transaction; there was no deception against the County;
there was no consent; thus, there was no inducement of consent by deception.
5Again, it does not matter if Appellant’s actions in August were deceptive according to a com-
mon meaning of the term. As noted in footnote 4, the Legislature has defined deception for pur-
poses of theft and decided that an action is deceptive only when it “is likely to affect the judg-
ment of another in the transaction.” See TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.01(1)(B).

                                                 !7
deception. In August, Appellant did not seek or receive consent. His court

coordinator gave the reservation number to his son. RR4: 32-33. Appellant booked

the ticket himself. RR4: 91; SX 2. He did not inform anyone that he would be

conducting any County business in Phoenix. RR4: 47-48, 51. He did not request or

receive approval or consent from any other County official to use the voucher.

RR4: 148. He did not inform the County upon his return that he had used the

voucher. RR4: 92-96. The Court of Appeals emphasized this point as well:

“Fernandez did not inform the county auditor’s office that he used the credit to

obtain these tickets for his personal use, nor did he reimburse the County for the

credit when he returned.” Id. At no point did the County rely in a substantial or

material way on a deception when giving Appellant consent. See Daugherty, 387

S.W.3d at 659 n.18. In February, there was no deception; in August, there was no

consent.

      Deception only occurs in a theft-by-deception case when consent has been

induced. See TEX. PEN. CODE §31.03(3)(A); Daugherty, 387 S.W.3d at 659 n.18.

Alternatively, when there is no consent there can be no deception. A theft

conviction may still be found, but not on an indictment charging theft by

deception. The Court of Appeals erred in finding otherwise. This Court should

reverse Court of Appeals, reverse the judgment of conviction, and order an

acquittal.

                                         !
                                        !8
                                     PRAYER

      WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Appellant prays that the Court

reverse the judgment and opinion of the Court of Appeals and render a judgment of

acquittal.

      Appellant prays for any such further relief to which he may be entitled.

      !
                                Respectfully submitted,

                                /s/ James Gerard McDermott, II
                                !
                                James Gerard McDermott, II
                                Thompson Salinas Rickers & McDermott, LLP
                                8140 N. Mopac
                                Westpark 4, Suite 250
                                Austin TX 78759
                                512.201.4099
                                512.298.1129 (facsimile)
                                james@centraltexaslawyers.com
                                Attorney for Appellant
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!


                                         !9
                        CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
!
      I hereby certify that this brief complies with Texas Rule of Appellate
Procedure 9.4. The computer-generated word count for this document is 1936
words, including headers and footnotes.

                                             /s/ James Gerard McDermott, II
                                             James Gerard McDermott
!
                           CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
!
       I hereby certify that a true copy of the foregoing document was served by
electronic service on June 8, 2015 to:

      Melissa Hargis                         Lisa C. McMinn
      Assistant Attorney General             State Prosecuting Attorney
      District Attorney Pro Tem              209 W. 14th Street
      Office of the Attorney General         Austin, Texas 78701
      PO Box 12548                           information@spa.texas.gov
      Austin TX 78711
!
!
                                             /s/ James Gerard McDermott, II
                                             James Gerard McDermott




                                       !10
