              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA17-488

                                Filed: 17 April 2018

Mecklenburg County, Nos. 13 CRS 239335–36; 239339; 239612–16; 239618,
239620–23; 239625–31; 240427–30

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

RAMAR DION BENJAMIN CRUMP


      Appeal by defendant from judgments entered 7 June 2016 by Judge Gregory

R. Hayes in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 28

November 2017.


      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Peter A.
      Regulski, for the State.

      Glover & Petersen, P.A., by Ann B. Petersen, for defendant-appellant.


      BRYANT, Judge.


      Where the plain language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-51.4(1) does not require a

causal nexus between the disqualifying felony and the circumstances giving rise to

the perceived need for the use of force, we find no error. Where defendant stipulated

to a disqualifying felony before the charge conference, the trial court did not commit

prejudicial error in giving a self-defense jury instruction. Where the facts of this

specific case do not show that defendant was prejudiced by the trial court’s limiting

of the scope of defendant’s questioning of prospective jurors during voir dire, we find
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no prejudicial erorr but express our concern that the trial court flatly prohibited

questioning as to issues of race and implicit bias during voir dire. Where defendant

opened the door to certain evidence, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s

motion in limine and allowing the State to introduce rebuttal evidence. We find no

prejudicial error in the judgments of the trial court.

      Around 3:00 a.m. on 24 September 2013, defendant Ramar Crump and Jamel

Lewis gained entrance to an illegal gambling house on Old Pineville Road in

Mecklenburg County, North Carolina and held about a dozen patrons at gunpoint.

Both defendant and Lewis had firearms. One by one, defendant and Lewis had the

patrons hand over their valuables, including wallets, cell phones, identification cards,

credit cards, debit cards, and cash. They also had each patron, except for a woman

and a man with a bad leg, strip down to his underwear, and then marched them all

into the men’s restroom and barricaded them in while defendant and Lewis escaped.

      When smoke began to seep under the bathroom door, two people, including

Matios (“Mat”) Tegegne, went up through the false ceiling into the kitchen and let

everyone out. The “smoke” had come from a fire extinguisher that had been sprayed

around the room. Everyone’s clothes and belongings were gone. With a cell phone

provided by a passerby, calls were made requesting clothes and spare car keys or

rides home. No one reported the robbery to the police.




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         Gary Smith, whose daughter had attended the poker game on Old Pineville

Road on the night of the robbery, also knew Mat. Mat had his phone stolen during

the robbery, but had purposefully not deactivated his phone in order to track it.

Smith told Mat he had been receiving text messages from Mat’s phone from people

he believed to be the robbers who were looking for another poker game to rob. Smith

told Mat he intended to invite them to a “fake poker game and report them, call the

cops.”

         In the early morning hours of 29 September 2013, Smith received a response

from Mat’s phone to a group text he sent earlier about the location of a new, but

nonexistent, poker game on North Tryon Road (the “bait game”). When Smith arrived

at the bait game located at a mixed-use office and commercial building on North

Tryon Street, he looked for a Silver Mustang, intending to confront the passenger

whom he believed to be in possession of Mat’s phone. However, as he approached the

Mustang, he saw through the open window that the driver had a handgun.

         Smith parked across the street in the Amtrak station lot, called 911, and told

the emergency operator “there were two gentlemen in a car with loaded guns, and I

thought they were intending to rob someone.” From the Amtrak lot, Smith watched

police cars arrive. Then, he heard gunshots. First, he heard what sounded like

handgun fire, then he heard what sounded like shotgun and large-caliber handgun




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fire. He then watched the Mustang “screech” out of the lot. Smith walked across the

street and told police officers he made the 911 call.

      A police car with lights and sirens activated pursued the Mustang down Tryon

Street. The owner and driver of the car was defendant. Lewis was in the back seat

and another passenger was in the front seat.          After a low-speed pursuit which

continued for some distance, the Mustang ran over stop sticks that had been placed

by police and came to a stop. All three men got out of the car and were taken into

custody.

      After the occupants of the car were placed under arrest, officers searched the

Mustang.    Both right side tires were missing, the passenger side window was

shattered, and there was a series of bullet holes along the passenger side of the car.

Officers found a six-shot .38-caliber revolver in the driver’s seat with six spent shells

in the chambers. Officers also found credit cards and the identification cards of

several poker players who had been robbed. In the trunk of the car, officers found

three firearms. They also found four cell phones and mail addressed to defendant.

Victims of the 24 September robbery on Old Pineville road identified wallets, credit

cards, and debit cards found in the Mustang as their own.

      On 7 October 2013, the Mecklenburg County Grand Jury indicted defendant

on five offenses committed on 29 September 2013: two counts of assault with a deadly

weapon with the intent to kill (“AWDWIK”), two counts of assault on a government



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official with a firearm, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. On 28 October

2013, the grand jury indicted defendant on twenty-four offenses committed during

the poker game robbery on 24 September 2013: eleven counts of armed robbery and

eleven counts of second-degree kidnapping, conspiring with Lewis to commit armed

robbery, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. All charges were joined for

trial.

         The case came on for trial at the 16 May 2016 Criminal Term of the

Mecklenburg County Superior Court, the Honorable Gregory Hayes, Judge presiding.

At the close of the State’s evidence, the trial court dismissed the charges of armed

robbery and second-degree kidnapping as to one victim as well as the charge of armed

robbery as to another victim.

         On 7 June 2016, the jury found defendant not guilty of two counts of assaulting

a law enforcement officer with a firearm and guilty of all the remaining charges.

             _________________________________________________________

         On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred (I) in overruling his

objections to the instruction on self-defense which barred defendant from claiming

self-defense in circumstances where it was legally available; (II) by misapprehending

the nature of the “stake-out” questions, thereby depriving defendant of his right to

elicit information during voir dire relevant to the exercise of cause and peremptory

challenges; and (III) by permitting the State to present evidence that the



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investigation of certain officers by homicide detectives and internal affairs agents

resulted in no disciplinary actions or demotions for those officers.

                                             I

      Defendant first argues the trial court erred in overruling his objections to the

self-defense   instructions   and   in   rejecting    defendant’s   proposed   language.

Specifically, defendant argues the language of the instruction, as a whole, had the

legal effect of negating the defense of self-defense entirely, and the error was so

prejudicial that he is entitled to a new trial. We disagree.

      “Whether a jury instruction correctly explains the law is a question of law,

reviewable by this Court de novo.” State v. Barron, 202 N.C. App. 686, 694, 690 S.E.2d

22, 29 (2010) (citing State v. Brame, 136 N.C. App. 170, 174, 523 S.E.2d 424, 427

(1999)). “However, an error in jury instructions is prejudicial and requires a new trial

only if ‘there is a reasonable possibility that, had the error in question not been

committed, a different result would have been reached at the trial out of which the

appeal arises.’ ” State v. Castaneda, 196 N.C. App. 109, 116, 674 S.E.2d 707, 712

(2009) (citation omitted) (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a) (2007)).

      In the instant case, defendant raised the statutory justifications of protection

of his motor vehicle and self-defense pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-51.2, -51.3 as

to the AWDWIK charge. The trial court found that defendant’s evidence, on the other

hand, did not show his belief that entry to his motor vehicle was imminent, and gave



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N.C.P.I.-Crim. 308.45 (“All assaults involving deadly force”) and not N.C.P.I.-Crim.

308.80 (“defense of motor vehicle”), as requested by defendant.        The trial court

instructed the jury pursuant to N.C.P.I.-Crim. 308.45 by incorporating the language

of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-51.4(1), which indicates self-defense based on .1 and .2 is not

available “to a person . . . who was attempting to commit, was committing, or was

escaping after the commission of a felony.” See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-51.4(1) (2017).

      The State requested that the trial court also define for the jury those felonies

which would disqualify defendant’s claim of self-defense, arguing there was ample

evidence of defendant’s uncharged felonious conduct, including, inter alia, the fact

that defendant and his accomplices used a stolen cell phone to ascertain the location

of a poker game to rob. The trial court agreed and instructed the jury in the words of

N.C.G.S. § 14-51.4(1) that self-defense was not available to one engaged in felonious

conduct:

             Self-defense is also not available to a person who used
             offensive force and who was attempting to commit, was
             committing, or was escaping after the commission of a
             felony. Robbery with a dangerous weapon, attempted
             robbery with a dangerous weapon, conspiracy to commit
             robbery with a dangerous weapon, possession of stolen
             goods, assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill, and
             assault with a firearm on a law enforcement officer are
             felonies.

Per defendant’s request, the trial court also instructed the jury according to N.C.P.I.-

Crim. 38.10 and instructed that if defendant was not the aggressor and was in his



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motor vehicle at a place where he had the lawful right to be, he was under no

obligation to retreat and could stand his ground and repel force with force, regardless

of the character of the assault being made upon him.

        Defendant makes two challenges relevant to the instruction the trial court

gave. First, (1) defendant argues that N.C.G.S. § 14-51.4(1) requires both a temporal

and causal nexus between the disqualifying felony and the circumstances which gave

rise to the perceived need to use defensive force. He contends that the jury should

have been instructed that commission of a felony only disqualifies self-defense when

a defendant’s “felonious acts directly and immediately caused the confrontation that

resulted in the deadly threat to him.”1 Thus, defendant argues, the trial court erred

by omitting the purported “causal nexus requirement” from the instruction. Second,

(2) defendant contends the inclusion of AWDWIK as a qualifying felony was circular

in nature and, therefore, erroneous.

            1. “Causal Nexus Requirement”

        Section 14-51.4 (“Justification for defensive force not available”) states as

follows: “The justification described in G.S. 14-51.2 and G.S. 14-51.3 [(self-defense)]

is not available to a person who used defensive force and who: (1) Was attempting to



        1 Indeed, before trial, defendant requested in writing that the self-defense instruction include
the language from N.C.G.S. § 14-51.4(1) and that the jury be instructed on the felonies of possession
of a firearm by a felon and possession of stolen goods. At trial, defendant argued that the felony of
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon was the sole disqualifying felony on which the jury should
be instructed. At that point at trial, defendant had admitted to his possession and discharge of a
firearm, and had stipulated that he had a prior felony conviction.

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commit, committing, or escaping after the commission of a felony.” N.C.G.S. § 14-

51.4(1). Furthermore, the presumption of objective reasonableness of the need to use

defensive force established in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-51.2(b) does not apply when the

person using force in defense of their home, workplace, or motor vehicle was “engaged

in, attempting to escape from, or using the . . . motor vehicle . . . to further any

criminal offense that involves the use or threat of physical force or violence against

any individual.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-51.2(c)(3) (2017). In other words, self-defense

is not available to one who uses defensive force when contemporaneously engaged in

felonious conduct. See id.

      Defendant argues that N.C.G.S. § 14-51.4(1) requires both a temporal and a

causal nexus between the use of defensive force and felonious activity in order for

that defensive force to be “disqualified” as self-defense. In other words, defendant

argues the disqualifying felony must have “directly and immediately produced the

confrontation where the force was used.” We agree with defendant that N.C.G.S. §

14-51.4(1) contains a temporal requirement but disagree that it contains a causal

nexus one.

      “It is well established that this Court’s principal aim when interpreting

statutes is to effectuate the purpose of the legislature in enacting the statute, and

that statutory interpretation properly begins with an examination of the plain words

of the statute.” State v. Mylett, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 799 S.E.2d 419, 425 (2017)



                                         -9-
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(quoting State v. Williams, 232 N.C. App. 152, 158, 754 S.E.2d 418, 423 (2014)). “If

the language of a statute is free from ambiguity and expresses a single, definite, and

sensible meaning, judicial interpretation is unnecessary and the plain meaning of the

statute controls.” State v. Holloman, 369 N.C. 615, 628, 799 S.E.2d 824, 832–33

(2017) (quoting Mazda Motors of Am., Inc. v. Sw. Motors, Inc., 296 N.C. 357, 361, 250

S.E.2d 250, 253 (1979)).

      Section 14-51.4 plainly states that the defense of self-defense “is not available

to a person who used defensive force and who:            (1) Was attempting to commit,

committing, or escaping after the commission of a felony.” N.C.G.S. § 14-51.4(1). The

plain language of this statutory provision makes clear that the disqualifying felony

need not precipitate the circumstances giving rise to the perceived need to use force;

there is no qualifying or limiting language in this provision modifying the word

“felony.”   For example, section 14-51.2(c)(3), which denies the presumption of

reasonableness of the perceived need to use defensive force to safeguard one’s home,

workplace, or vehicle to one using that place “to further any criminal offense that

involves the use of threat of physical force or violence against any individual.”

N.C.G.S. § 14-51.2(c)(3) (emphasis added). Notably, section 14-51.4(1) does not state

that self-defense is unavailable to a person who “[w]as attempting to commit,

committing, or escaping after the commission of a felony” that involves the use of

threat of physical force or violence. Thus, the plain language of section 14-51.2(c)(3)



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makes clear that the General Assembly knew how to explicitly articulate a causal

nexus between the commission of a felony and circumstances attendant to the

perceived need of the use of force and deliberately chose not to articulate a similar

causal nexus in section 14-51.4(1). See also, e.g., N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(a) (2017)

(defining felony murder as any murder “committed in the perpetration or attempted

perpetration” of certain defined felonies).

      Accordingly, the absence of a plain and explicit causal nexus enunciated in

section 14-51.4(1) makes manifest that the General Assembly omitted it purposefully

and intended to limit the invocation of self-defense in this instance solely to the law-

abiding. We decline to impose a causal nexus requirement and frustrate legislative

intent. Defendant’s argument is overruled.

          2. AWDWIK as Qualifying Felony

      Defendant argues the inclusion and identification of AWDWIK as a

disqualifying felony is circular, triggering both the consideration and disqualification

of his self-defense claim and thereby negating it.          The State concedes—and we

agree—that including the AWDWIK felony was a “circularity error,” but we conclude

that it was not prejudicial error.

      Here, the State charged that on 29 September 2013, defendant was a convicted

felon who possessed a firearm in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-415.1. Defendant

testified that on 29 September 2013, he possessed and discharged a firearm, and he



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stipulated that he was a convicted felon at the time. Thus, defendant admitted to a

disqualifying felony in advance of the charge conference, and therefore, he was not

entitled to a self-defense instruction pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-51.4(1) in any

event. See supra § I.1.

      It has long been recognized that

             [w]hen a trial court undertakes to instruct the jury on self-
             defense in a case in which no instruction in this regard is
             required, the gratuitous instructions on self-defense are
             error favorable to [the] defendant. As [the] defendant was
             not entitled to any jury instructions on self-defense, any
             mistakes by the trial court in its instructions on self-
             defense were, at worst, harmless error not necessitating a
             new trial.

State v. Reid, 335 N.C. 647, 672, 440 S.E.2d 776, 790 (1994) (citing State v. Bush, 307

N.C. 152, 161, 221 S.E.2d 563, 569 (1982)). In the instant case, at best, the contested

instruction benefited defendant by permitting the jury to consider whether he had no

duty to retreat and was entitled to stand his ground.        At worst, the contested

instruction was harmless error and was not prejudicial to defendant.

      First, the instructions plainly identified disqualifying felonies of which there

was sufficient evidence—i.e., possession of a firearm by a felon (to which defendant

stipulated before the charge conference) and assault with a deadly weapon on a law

enforcement officer.      Second, the State did not argue that AWDWIK was a

disqualifying felony, focusing on defendant’s felony possession of a firearm and stolen

goods and assault on a law enforcement officer. Accordingly, any error by the trial


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                                  Opinion of the Court



court in including the AWDWIK charge as a disqualifying felony was not prejudicial

to defendant where there is no reasonable possibility that, had the error not been

committed, a different result would have been reached at trial.          Defendant’s

argument is overruled.

                                          II

      Defendant next argues that the trial court’s misapprehension of the nature of

“stake-out” questions deprived him of his right to elicit information during voir dire

relevant to the exercise of cause and peremptory challenges. Specifically, defendant

challenges the trial court’s decision disallowing any inquiry into the opinions of

potential jurors regarding an unrelated and high-profile case involving a shooting by

a police officer that resulted in a man’s death wherein the officer was not ultimately

convicted.   Defendant contends these were not “stake-out” questions—questions

which essentially ask jurors how they would vote in this case—and were properly a

subject of inquiry during voir dire. We disagree based on the specific facts of this

case, but nevertheless caution trial courts to consider “the importance of

acknowledging issues of race and bias in voir dire.” Patrick C. Brayer, Hidden Racial

Bias: Why We Need to Talk with Jurors About Ferguson, 109 Nw. U. L. Rev. 163, 169

(2015).

      The State contends that we need not consider this issue at all because

defendant failed to exhaust his peremptory challenges, which failure forestalls his



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ability to demonstrate prejudice from the trial court’s ruling.      For the following

reasons, we also disagree with the State’s argument that a defendant must exhaust

all of his peremptory challenges as a threshold for review of this issue on appeal.

      A. Failure to Exhuast Peremptory Challenges

      “The purpose of voir dire is to ensure an impartial jury to hear defendant’s

trial.” State v. Gregory, 340 N.C. 365, 388, 459 S.E.2d 638, 651 (1995) (citing State v.

Bracey, 303 N.C. 112, 119, 277 S.E.2d 390, 394 (1981)). In other words, “[t]he purpose

of jury voir dire is to ‘eliminate extremes of partiality and ensure that the jury’s

decision is based solely on the evidence presented at trial.’ ” Haarhuis v. Cheek, ___

N.C. App. ___, ___, 805 S.E.2d 720, 725 (2017) (quoting State v. White, 340 N.C. 264,

280, 457 S.E.2d 841, 850 (1995)). “The voir dire of prospective jurors serves a two-

fold purpose: (i) to determine whether a basis for challenge for cause exists, and (ii)

to enable counsel to intelligently exercise peremptory challenges.” Gregory, 340 N.C.

at 388, 459 S.E.2d at 651 (emphasis added) (citing State v. Soyars, 332 N.C. 47, 56,

418 S.E.2d 480, 486 (1992)).

      Nevertheless, “[t]he trial court has broad discretion to ensure that a competent,

fair, and impartial jury is impaneled.” Id. (citation omitted). As such, “[r]egulation

of the form of voir dire questions is vested within the sound discretion of the trial

court . . . .” State v. Chapman, 359 N.C. 328, 346, 611 S.E.2d 794, 810 (2005).




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      The State argues that “[d]efendant did not exhaust his peremptory challenges

and left one of his original six challenges unused[,] . . . he did not show his

dissatisfaction with the jury, [and] he can never demonstrate prejudice, such that this

Court need not consider this issue and ought to deny [d]efendant relief.” However,

by arguing that exhausting peremptory challenges is the threshold a defendant must

cross in order to establish prejudice during voir dire and thus be entitled to review of

this issue on appeal, the State’s argument ignores the crucial difference between

challenges for cause and peremptory challenges in impaneling a jury: the former is

a challenge based on the views a juror has expressed in open court in response to

lawyers’ questions and which would “substantially impair the performance of his

duties” as a juror and is ruled on by the trial court, see State v. Cummings, 361 N.C.

438, 447, 648 S.E.2d 788, 794 (2007) (quoting Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424,

83 L. Ed. 2d 841, 851 (1985)); the latter is often a seemingly arbitrary exercise, it may

be made for almost any reason at all (but see Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89, 90

L. Ed. 2d 69, 83 (1986) (determining that the use of peremptory challenges for a

racially discriminatory purpose is unconstitutional)) and is not (usually, see id. at 96–

98, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 88–89) inquired into by the trial court.

      In other words, the requirement that a defendant exhaust his peremptory

challenges is a meaningless exercise where, as here, a defendant has been precluded

from inquiring into jurors’ potential biases on a relevant subject, leaving the



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defendant to assume or guess about those biases without being permitted to probe

deeper; this requirement elevates form over function in that the exhaustion of

peremptory challenges in a case like this does nothing to ameliorate defendant’s

dissatisfaction with the venire. As a result, any peremptory challenge made by a

defendant (or any party) is an empty gesture once a trial court has ruled that an

entire line of (relevant) questioning will be categorically prohibited.

      For the foregoing reasons, we disagree with the State’s argument that a failure

to exercise all peremptory challenges categorically bars a defendant from showing

prejudice on appeal. Instead, we are guided by the broader principle that the purpose

of voir dire is “(i) to determine whether a basis for challenge for cause exists, and (ii)

to enable counsel to intelligently exercise peremptory challenges.” Gregory, 340 N.C.

at 388, 459 S.E.2d at 651 (emphasis added) (citing Soyars, 332 N.C. at 56, 418 S.E.2d

at 486). Accordingly, we review defendant’s argument on appeal.

      B. “Stake-Out” Questions

      Defendant challenges the trial court’s ruling prohibiting any inquiry into the

opinions of potential jurors regarding an unrelated and high-profile case involving a

police officer shooting that resulted in a man’s death and wherein the officer was not

ultimately convicted. Defendant also challenges the trial court’s prohibition on his

line of questioning regarding the specific police officer shooting mentioned above and

on police officer shootings in general as based on a misapprehension of his questions



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as “stake-out” questions. On the very specific facts of this case, we disagree and

conclude that defendant was not prejudiced by the rulings of the trial court.

      “On appeal, we review the entire record of voir dire to determine ‘whether the

trial court abused its discretion and whether that abuse resulted in harmful prejudice

to the defendant.” Haarhuis, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 805 S.E.2d at 725 (quoting State

v. Cheek, 351 N.C. 48, 66, 520 S.E.2d 545, 556 (1999)).

      “Hypothetical questions that seek to indoctrinate jurors regarding potential

issues before the evidence has been introduced and before jurors have been instructed

on applicable principles of law are . . . impermissible.” State v. Jones, 347 N.C. 193,

203, 491 S.E.2d 641, 647 (1997) (citing State v. Parks, 324 N.C. 420, 423, 378 S.E.2d

785, 787 (1989)).

             On the voir dire . . . of prospective jurors, hypothetical
             questions so phrased as to be ambiguous and confusing or
             containing incorrect or inadequate statements of the law
             are improper and should not be allowed. Counsel may not
             pose hypothetical questions designed to elicit in advance
             what the juror’s decision will be under a certain state of the
             evidence or upon a given state of facts. In the first place,
             such questions are confusing to the average juror who at
             that stage of the trial has heard no evidence and has not
             been instructed on the applicable law. More importantly,
             such questions tend to “stake out” the juror and cause him
             to pledge himself to a future course of action. This the law
             neither contemplates nor permits. The court should not
             permit counsel to question prospective jurors as to the kind
             of verdict they would render, or how they would be inclined
             to vote, under a given state of facts.




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Id. (citations omitted) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Vinson, 287 N.C. 326,

336, 215 S.E.2d 60, 68 (1975), death sentence vacated, 428 U.S. 902, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1206

(1976)).

      In Haarhuis, a wrongful death case involving a car accident where the

defendant was intoxicated, the defendant challenged on appeal the “[p]laintiff’s

questioning of potential jurors during voir dire regarding their general attitudes

about alcohol and drunk driving.” ___ N.C. App. at ___, 805 S.E.2d at 724. This Court

concluded that the plaintiff “had the right to question potential jurors regarding their

general attitudes about alcohol and drunk driving in order to determine ‘whether a

basis for challenge for cause exist[ed]’ and to allow both parties to ‘intelligently

exercise [their] peremptory challenges.’ ” Id. at ___, 805 S.E.2d at 725 (alterations in

original) (quoting Gregory, 340 N.C. at 388, 459 S.E.2d at 651). Notably, this line of

questioning was permitted (and affirmed on appeal) even though the parties had

decided prior to trial “that no questions would be asked which tended to tie [the]

[d]efendant to alcohol, but that [the] [p]laintiff could ask about alcohol-related issues

so long as it was not too suggestive.” Id. at ___, 805 S.E.2d at 726.

      In the instant case, defendant was categorically denied the opportunity to

question prospective jurors not only about a specific police officer shooting, but also

even generally about their opinions and/or biases regarding police officer shootings of

(specifically) black men in a case where defendant was a black male and police officers



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were involved in the shooting at issue. First, the trial court sustained the State’s

objection to a line of questioning by defendant regarding a specific incident of police

violence (the police officer shooting death of Jonathan Ferrell):

                       [Defense counsel]: Now, something else I want to
                talk about. This one is a difficult one. It’s called implicit
                bias.[2] It’s the concept that race is so ingrained in our
                culture that there’s an implicit bias against people of a
                particular race, specifically African Americans, that people
                experience. What I’m going to do is I’m going to ask a couple
                of pointed questions of you all about that. So I’ll start with
                you, [Ms. Harris3]. When you hear the statement the only
                black man charged with robbery, what’s the first thing that
                pops into your head?

                        [The State]: Objection.

                        THE COURT: Sustained.

                        ....

                       [Defense counsel]: There have been some cases in
                the recent history of this country dealing with this issue,
                specifically as to some African-American men and police
                officers is the first thing that comes to mind. Additionally I
                expect there to be testimony regarding the Jonathan
                Ferrell case and what effect that impact -- that case had on
                [defendant’s] mindset. Is anyone familiar with the
                Jonathan Ferrell case that happened here in Charlotte
                approximately September of 2013?




        2 See Cynthia Lee, A New Approach to Voir Dire on Racial Bias, 5 U.C. IRVINE L. REV. 843, 846
(2015) (“Calling attention to implicit racial bias can encourage jurors to view the evidence without the
usual preconceptions and automatic associations involving race that most of us make.”).
        3 A pseudonym has been used for this prospective juror.



                                                - 19 -
                                     STATE V. CRUMP

                                     Opinion of the Court



In sustaining the State’s objection to this line of questioning, the trial court said it

was “not going to get into an extraneous case that happened in Charlotte during jury

selection . . . .” Then, when when defense counsel asked if he could “generally as to

incidents . . . inquire of the jury if they have opinions related to incidents of cops firing

on civilians that happened in the past couple years,” the trial court responded that it

thought that was “another stake-out question.”

       On the specific facts of the instant case, we believe the trial court’s rulings were

not ultimately prejudicial to defendant. This is because the evidence presented at

trial showed the following.

       Per defendant’s own testimony, it was not until the car chase ensued that he

was even aware the individuals he fired on were police officers. Defendant, who was

driving the Mustang on the night in question, testified that he saw “a figure” in “black

clothing” with “a gun aimed at [him].” Then he felt an “impact on [the] door, on the

passenger door,” which he took to be a gunshot, and he fired shots from his .38

towards the “figure” in order to have time to turn the car on and drive away. It was

not until defendant drove the car onto North Tryon Street that he saw police lights

flashing and realized he had been shooting at police officers. It was at this point that

defendant testified he began to think he “might not make it out of this one[,]” as a

result of being involved in a shootout with the police.




                                            - 20 -
                                    STATE V. CRUMP

                                   Opinion of the Court



      In another case—not this one—but in another case involving a black male

defendant involved in a shooting with police officers, a line of questioning akin to the

one proposed by this defendant at trial regarding police officer shootings could very

well be a proper—even necessary—subject of inquiry as part of the jury voir dire, and

the trial court should seriously consider allowing counsel to puruse this type of

questioning in order to allow both parties—the State and defendant—“to

‘intelligently exercise [their] peremptory challenges.’ ” See Haarhuis, ___ N.C. App.

at ___, 805 S.E.2d at 725 (alteration in original) (quoting Gregory, 340 N.C. at 388,

459 S.E.2d at 651); see also Peter A. Joy, Race Matters in Jury Selection, 109 Nw. U.

L. Rev. Online 180, 186 (2015) (“Especially in times when issues of race are on the

minds of potential jurors, such as currently in the St. Louis area due to the shooting

of Michael Brown and continuing protests in Ferguson and several other cities over

racial injustices, failing to question about bias in some cases may result in stacking

the jury against the accused.”); Cynthia Lee, A New Approach to Voir Dire on Racial

Bias, 5 U.C. Irvine L. Rev. 843, 846 (2015). Indeed, we believe that “[a]s long as [a]

defense attorney can tie these [types of] questions to an issue in the case, the court

should permit the questioning.” See Joy, Race Matteres in Jury Selection, 109 Nw. U.

L. Rev. at 185. However, on the precise facts of this case, we find no prejudicial error.

                                           III




                                          - 21 -
                                  STATE V. CRUMP

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Lastly, defendant contends the trial court erred by permitting the State to

present evidence that the internal CMPD investigation of officers involved in the case

resulted in no disciplinary actions or demotions. Specifically, defendant contends

that the results of this kind of investigation constitute hearsay, and no hearsay

exception permits these results to have been admitted when offered by the State at

trial in a criminal case. We disagree.

      “The trial court’s determination as to whether an out-of-court statement

constitutes hearsay is reviewed de novo on appeal.” Castaneda, 215 N.C. App. at 147,

715 S.E.2d at 293 (citation omitted). “When preserved by an objection, a trial court’s

decision with regard to the admission of evidence alleged to be hearsay is reviewed

de novo.” State v. Johnson, 209 N.C. App. 682, 692, 706 S.E.2d 790, 797 (2011)

(citation omitted).

      However, “[t]he basis for the rule commonly referred to as ‘opening the door’ is

that when a defendant in a criminal case offers evidence which raises an inference

favorable to his case, the State has the right to explore, explain or rebut that

evidence.” State v. Brown, 310 N.C. 563, 571, 313 S.E.2d 585, 590 (1984) (citation

omitted).

      In the instant case, defendant filed a pretrial motion in limine to preclude the

State from introducing evidence that an internal CMPD investigation of two

officers—Holzhauer and Sussman, who responded to Gary Smith’s 911 call and



                                         - 22 -
                                   STATE V. CRUMP

                                  Opinion of the Court



engaged in a shootout with defendant at North Tryon Street on 29 September 2013—

did not result in disciplinary action. During the hearings on defendant’s motion, the

State explained it sought to introduce evidence only of the fact that an investigation

had been conducted and no disciplinary action had been taken. Defendant, however,

noted his intent to open the door during cross-examination and question the officers

about their knowledge of the inner workings of such investigations, and whether they

had conferred with an attorney prior to making their official statements. The trial

court noted that defendant’s proposed line of questioning was opening the door to the

State’s introduction of the results of the investigation and even afforded defendant

the opportunity to close it. However, defendant maintained his intent to proceed with

his proposed line of questioning, and the trial court denied his motion in limine.

      During the State’s direct examination of the officers, it elicited testimony only

to the extent that a post-shooting internal investigation had taken place and no

disciplinary action had resulted. The State did not call any internal investigators to

testify about the propriety of the officers’ conduct, and the State also addressed some

of the issues defendant proposed to raise during the pretrial conferences. The State

explained it did not want to appear to the jury as if it had suppressed the internal

investigation. Defendant then cross-examined both officers about their knowledge of

the inner workings of internal investigations, their pre-statment attorney




                                         - 23 -
                                   STATE V. CRUMP

                                  Opinion of the Court



communications, and Officer Holzhauer’s pre-statement trip to the hospital for his

panic attack sustained after the shooting.

      Here, defendant indicated his intent to explore the circumstances under which

the officers might have altered their official statements and testimony as to who fired

the first shot in an attempt to avoid CMPD disciplinary action. Fundamental fairness

dictates that the State be allowed to establish that no discipline was imposed so as

not to appear as if it were suppressing the investigation or its results. Accordingly,

where defendant established his intent to open the door to the State’s evidence that

no disciplinary action resulted against Officers Holzhauer and Sussman, the trial

court did not err in denying defendant’s motion in limine and in ruling that the State

would be allowed to present such evidence, given defendant’s stalwart intention to

open the door thereto. See Brown, 310 N.C. at 571, 313 S.E.2d at 590 (citation

omitted). Defendant’s argument is overruled.

      NO PREJUDICIAL ERROR.

      Judges DILLON and DIETZ concur.




                                         - 24 -
