[Cite as State v. Courtney, 2012-Ohio-989.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                SHELBY COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                CASE NO. 17-10-26

        v.

GREGORY M. COURTNEY,                                       OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                  Appeal from Shelby County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. 09CR000337

                                       Judgment Affirmed

                             Date of Decision: March 12, 2012




APPEARANCES:

        David M. Treadway for Appellant

        Jeffrey J. Beigel for Appellee
Case No. 17-10-26



ROGERS, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Gregory Courtney, appeals the judgment of the

Court of Common Pleas of Shelby County denying his motion to suppress. On

appeal, Courtney contends that the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress was

against the manifest weight of the evidence; that the trial court erred when it

misapplied the facts to the appropriate legal analysis; and, that the trial court’s

denial of his motion to suppress inappropriately decided the ultimate issued raised

in the motion to suppress. Based on the following, we affirm the judgment of the

trial court.

       {¶2} In November 2009, the Shelby County Grand Jury indicted Courtney

on ten counts of pandering sexually oriented material with a minor in violation of

R.C. 2907.322(A)(5), a felony of the fourth degree.          The indictment arose

following the execution of a search warrant, during which law enforcement

discovered child pornography on Courtney’s personal computer. In that same

month, Courtney entered pleas of not guilty to all counts in the indictment.

       {¶3} In April 2010, Courtney filed a motion to suppress all of the evidence

seized pursuant to the execution of the search warrant. Courtney argued that the

information within the affidavit was insufficient to establish probable cause. In the

alternative, Courtney argued that the search warrant affidavit was based on false

information provided by an informant whose reliability and veracity were not

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investigated or attested to by the affiant officer. As a result, Courtney argued that

those portions of the affidavit containing information supplied by the informant

should be redacted, resulting in an affidavit devoid of sufficient information to

establish probable cause.

       {¶4} In May 2010, the matter proceeded to a suppression hearing, during

which the following testimony was adduced.

       {¶5} Detective Warren Melerine testified that he has been employed with

the Sidney Police Department for eight (8) years.        On October 27, 2009, at

approximately 7:30 p.m., a woman, who identified herself as Tara Cox (hereinafter

“Cox”), contacted the Sidney Police Department concerning her discovery of child

pornography. Detective Melerine, who was a patrolman at the time, was directed

to investigate the call.    Detective Melerine contacted Cox via the telephone.

Detective Melerine testified that he had no knowledge of or contact with Cox prior

to their conversation on the phone.

       {¶6} During their conversation, Cox informed Detective Melerine that

earlier that day she went to visit Courtney at his mother’s residence, where

Courtney resides. Courtney, however, was not home so Cox decided to wait until

he returned. Cox explained that while she waited she accessed Courtney’s personal

computer, located in his bedroom, to check her e-mail and use the internet. Upon

accessing the computer she observed a folder labeled “trailer.” Hearing Tr., p. 25.

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Believing that the file contained photographs of Courtney’s band, Cox opened the

file and discovered that it contained child pornography. Cox explained that the

pictures depicted children, ranging in ages from three (3) to sixteen (16), posing

nude and engaging in sexual acts.

      {¶7} Upon concluding his conversation with Cox, Detective Melerine

contacted and conveyed the information to Detective Robert Jameson. Detective

Melerine testified that nothing about his conversation with Cox indicated that she

was providing false information.

      {¶8} Detective Jameson testified that he has been employed with the Sidney

Police Department for thirteen (13) years. On October 27, 2009, at approximately

8:00 p.m., Detective Melerine informed Detective Jameson about the conversation

he had with Cox. Detective Jameson proceeded to contact Cox via telephone to

confirm the information conveyed by Detective Mereline and further inquire about

the circumstances surrounding her discovery. Detective Jameson testified that he

had no knowledge of or contact with Cox prior to their conversation on the phone,

and that he was not aware of Cox having worked as an informant for the Sidney

Police Department.

      {¶9} Detective Jameson testified that “[Cox] was very specific and detailed

with me as to what she saw. Gave me very specific information about what kind of

computer it was and where the items were located within that computer.” Hearing

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Tr., p. 8.   Specifically, Cox informed Detective Jameson that the computer

containing the child pornography was located at Courtney’s mother’s residence,

located at 846 Fielding; that she accessed the computer in Courtney’s bedroom;

that the computer was a “black HP laptop” (Hearing Tr., p. 23); and, that the

pornographic photographs were located in a folder labeled “trailer.” Hearing Tr., p.

11.

      {¶10} After Detective Jameson spoke with Cox, he independently verified

that Courtney’s mother owned and resided at 846 Fielding. Detective Jameson

testified that he had no reason to question the reliability and veracity of the

information provided by Cox.

      {¶11} Detective Jameson testified that based on his conversation with Cox,

he drafted an affidavit in support of a search warrant, which the magistrate granted

at approximately 9:10 p.m. Shortly thereafter, the search warrant was executed on

Courtney’s mother’s residence. Courtney was at the residence during the warrant’s

execution and retrieved a computer from his bedroom matching the description

given by Cox. Investigation of the computer’s contents revealed a file labeled

“trailer,” which was found to contain child pornography.

      {¶12} Detective Jameson continued that six weeks after the search warrant

was executed he learned that Cox did not personally view the pornographic

photographs on Courtney’s computer. Instead, an individual by the name of Steve

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Helton (hereinafter “Helton”) had viewed the pornographic photographs.

Accordingly, Detective Jameson interviewed Helton who explained that he

remodeled a house with Courtney and during that time had occasion to use

Courtney’s computer which Courtney brought to the worksite.1 It was during this

time Helton discovered the pornographic photographs. Helton explained that he

was reluctant to contact law enforcement about the photographs because of an

outstanding warrant for his arrest. As a result, Helton relayed the information to

Cox, his girlfriend at the time, and asked her to notify law enforcement of the

photographs as though she had discovered them.

        {¶13} In June 2010, the trial court filed its judgment entry denying

Courtney’s motion to suppress.

        {¶14} In July 2010, the matter proceeded to a change of plea hearing.

Though the trial court’s sentencing judgment entry states that Courtney entered

pleas of guilty to all ten counts in the indictment, the record reveals that Courtney

entered pleas of no contest to all ten counts in the indictment. See Docket Entries

Nos. 74 & 75; see also Change of Plea Hearing Tr., p. 12. After Courtney entered

his pleas of no contest, the trial court proceeded to find him guilty on all ten counts

in the indictment.



1
 At the time Detective Jameson interviewed Helton, Helton was incarcerated on felonies unrelated to the
present case.

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       {¶15} In September 2010, the matter proceeded to sentencing. The trial

court sentenced Courtney to an eighteen-month prison term on each count. The

trial court further ordered that counts one through five be served concurrently and

counts six through ten be served concurrently, but consecutively to counts one

through five, for an aggregate prison term of three years.

       {¶16} It is from this judgment Courtney appeals, presenting the following

assignments of error for our review.

                             Assignment of Error No. I

       THE TRIAL COURT DECISION DENYING APPELLANT’S
       MOTION TO SUPPRESS IS IN ERROR BASED ON THE
       MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

                            Assignment of Error No. II

       THE TRIAL COURT DECISION IS IN ERROR BECAUSE
       THE COURT FAILED TO APPLY THE FACTS OF THIS
       CASE TO THE APPROPRIATE TEST.

                            Assignment of Error No. III

       THE TRIAL COURT DECISION DENYING APPELLANT’S
       MOTION TO SUPPRESS IS IN ERROR BECAUSE IT
       INCORRECTLY DECIDED THE ULTIMATE OR FINAL
       ISSUE RAISED IN THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS.

       {¶17} Due to the nature of Courtney’s assignments of error, we elect to

address them together.




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                      Assignments of Error Nos. I, II, & III

      {¶18} Upon consideration of Courtney’s first, second, and third assignments

of error, we have identified two contentions challenging the trial court’s denial of

his motion to suppress. First, Courtney contends that the affidavit, as it was

presented to the magistrate, was insufficient to establish probable cause. In the

alternative, Courtney contends that Detective Jameson’s reliance on the

information provided by Cox was in reckless disregard of the truth as the

information was false and she, contrary to the trial court’s finding, was not an

identified citizen but an anonymous informant, whose reliability and veracity were

not investigated or attested to in the affidavit filed in support of the motion to

suppress. As a result, Courtney contends that the information supplied by Cox and

reproduced in the affidavit should have been redacted, pursuant to Franks v.

Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S.Ct. 2674 (1978), resulting in an affidavit devoid of

sufficient information to establish probable cause.       We disagree with both

contentions.

                               Standard of Review

      {¶19} “Appellate review of a decision on a motion to suppress presents a

mixed question of law and fact.” State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-

Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. The trial court serves as the trier of fact and is the primary judge

of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to the evidence

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presented.      State v. Johnson, 137 Ohio App.3d 847, 850 (12th Dist. 2000).

Therefore, when an appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to

suppress, it must accept the trial court’s findings of facts when supported by

competent, credible evidence. State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-

3665, ¶ 100, citing State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20 (1982). The appellate

court must then review the application of the law to the facts de novo. Roberts,

citing Burnside at ¶ 8.

                         Sufficiency of the Search Warrant Affidavit2

        {¶20} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied

to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that “[t]he right of the

people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against

unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall

issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly

describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” Article

I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution contains a nearly identical provision.

        {¶21} Probable cause is a lesser standard of proof than that required for a

conviction, such as proof beyond a reasonable doubt or by a preponderance of the

evidence. State v. Young, 146 Ohio App.3d 245, 254 (11th Dist. 2001), citing State

v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 329 (1989); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 235, 103
2
 Note that we will address this contention without consideration of the fact that Cox lied about viewing the
pornographic photographs.

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S.Ct. 2317 (1983). Probable cause only requires the existence of circumstances

that warrant suspicion. Young at 254. Thus, “the standard for probable cause

requires only a showing that a probability of criminal activity exists, not a prima

facie showing of criminal activity.” Id., citing George at 329. “Hearsay may serve

as the basis for the issuance of a warrant as long as there is a substantial basis for

crediting the hearsay.” State v. Underwood, 4th Dist. No. 03CA2930, 2005-Ohio-

2309, ¶ 16, citing United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108, 85 S.Ct. 741

(1965).

       {¶22} When evaluating an affidavit for the sufficiency of probable cause,

the issuing magistrate must apply a “totality-of-the-circumstances” test. George at

paragraph one of the syllabus, following Gates at 238-239. The magistrate must

“make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set

forth in the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’

of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband

or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Id., quoting Gates at

238.

       {¶23} On review, neither the trial court nor an appellate court should

substitute its judgment for that of the magistrate. George at paragraph two of the

syllabus, following Gates. Rather, the reviewing court should simply “ensure that

the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.”

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Id.   The reviewing court “should accord great deference to the magistrate’s

determination of probable cause, and doubtful or marginal cases in this area should

be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.” Id.

       {¶24} In the present case, the only information supplied to the magistrate in

support of the search warrant was Detective Jameson’s affidavit. Consequently, we

must determine whether the information within Detective Jameson’s affidavit

provided the magistrate with a substantial basis to conclude that probable cause

existed. See State v. Graham, 3d Dist. No. 5-01-01, 2001-Ohio-2327 (magistrate

limited to the four corners of the affidavit when determining the existence of

probable cause). Accordingly, our review begins with the contents of Detective

Jameson’s affidavit, which, in its entirety, stated:

       I, Robert M. Jameson, am (sic) member of the City of Sidney
       Ohio Police Department. I have been an officer with the Sidney
       Police Dept. since June 1997 and am currently assigned to the
       Detective section of the department in the rank of Sergeant. I
       have attended numerous hours of training relating to
       investigations and hold an Associate Degree in Criminal Justice.
       I have been the affiant on a number of search warrants in the
       past and have been involved in countless felony investigations as
       an Officer with the Sidney Police Dept.

       On October 27, 2009 (sic) I was contacted by Officer Warren
       Melerine who informed me that he had just talked with Tara
       Cox who was reporting what she believed was child
       pornography on a computer belonging to Gregory Courtney. I
       personally contacted Tara by telephone and inquired about what
       she observed. Tara stated to me that around 12 PM today she
       stopped at Gregory’s residence on Fielding Rd. Tara said that

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      Gregory shares the home with his mother Linda Browning. She
      stated she was there to visit Gregory who was not home at the
      time. Tara stated that she decided to check her e-mail and surf
      the internet while waiting and got on Gregory’s laptop computer
      that was located in his bedroom. Tara said while on the
      computer she came across a folder titled “trailer” on the hard
      drive of the computer. Tara stated that since she knew Gregory
      was in a band she thought the folder might contain photos of the
      band. Tara said she opened the folder and observed a number
      of images that she described as nude children between the ages
      of 3 and 16 performing various sexual acts on each other. Tara
      went on to state that there were also images of adult men
      engaged in sexual acts with what she described as 5 year old
      girls. When asked how many images she saw she could not
      answer but stated there were quite a few.

      I am seeking this search warrant to search for and seize a laptop
      computer that I believe holds evidence of Pandering sexually
      oriented matter involving a minor.

      {¶25} Courtney contends that the affidavit, as it appears above, is

insufficient to establish probable cause. In particular, Courtney contends that the

trial court erred when it found that Cox was an identified citizen informant.

Instead, Courtney argues that Cox was an anonymous informant, because neither

Detective Jameson nor Detective Melerine conducted a background check of Cox

prior to applying for the search warrant. As a result, Courtney contends that

Detective Jameson’s affidavit should have contained information establishing

Cox’s reliability and truthfulness.   Because the affidavit contained no explicit

statements establishing Cox’s reliability and truthfulness, and testimony during the

suppression hearing revealed that neither Detective Jameson nor Detective

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Melerine conducted any independent investigation into Cox’s background,

Courtney contends that the affidavit did not provide the magistrate with a

substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.

       {¶26} An informant’s tip can establish probable cause, depending on the

totality of the circumstances. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 241-44, 103 S.Ct. 2317. Where

law enforcement seeks a search warrant based solely on an informant’s tip,

however, determination of the informant’s reliability and veracity is essential. In

Ohio, courts faced with the issue of determining an informant’s reliability and

veracity often consider whether the informant is a (known or unknown) criminal

informant, an anonymous informant, or an identified citizen informant. Maumee v.

Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295, 300 (1999). “While the United States Supreme Court

discourages conclusory analysis based solely upon these categories, insisting

instead upon a totality of the circumstances review, it has acknowledged their

relevance to an informant’s reliability.” Id.

       {¶27} Under the facts of the present case, we find that the trial court did not

err when it found that Cox was an identified citizen informant. In Weisner, the

Ohio Supreme Court concluded that an informant who provided law enforcement

with his name, cell phone number, and home phone number, but never had face-to-

face contact with law enforcement, was properly classified as an identified citizen



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informant.3 Id. at 302. Like the informant in Weisner, Cox provided her name and

phone number to law enforcement, but never had face-to-face contact with either

Detective Jameson or Detective Melerine.                 Due to the similarity between the

present case and Weisner, we find that the trial court did not err when it determined

that Cox was an identified citizen informant.

        {¶28} Having resolved this issue, we emphasize, as did the Weisner Court,

that categorization of Cox as an identified citizen informant is not itself

determinative of whether the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that

probable cause existed. Weisner at 302. Instead, the classification of an informant

as an identified citizen merely creates a presumption that the information he or she

provided is reliable and truthful. State v. Enyart, 10th Dist. Nos. 08AP-184, 08AP-

138, 2010-Ohio-5623, ¶ 34, citing State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 63 (1995).

        {¶29} Building on the presumption that the information Cox provided was

reliable and truthful is the fact that she willingly provided information to law

enforcement on two separate occasions. In Weisner, the Ohio Supreme Court

explained that “greater credibility may be due an informant such as this who

initiates and permits extended police contact rather than one who phones in a tip


3
  Though Weisner is factually distinguishable from the present case, the Weisner Court’s finding
concerning the classification of the informant is applicable in the present case. The Weisner Court’s
determination that the informant was an identified citizen informant, as opposed to an anonymous
informant, was not predicated on the particular facts of the case, but rather was predicated on the
information conveyed by the informant to law enforcement.

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and retreats from any further police interaction.” Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d at 302. It

is readily apparent from the affidavit that Cox initiated contact with law

enforcement, and willingly participated in extended police contact when she spoke

with Detective Jameson and Detective Melerine on separate occasions. Due to

Cox’s willing participation in extended police contact, the information provided by

Cox merits a higher degree of credibility.

       {¶30} In addition to Cox’s willingness to interact with law enforcement,

Cox’s apparent basis of knowledge bolsters the presumption that the information

she provided was reliable and truthful. An “explicit and detailed description of

alleged wrongdoing, along with a statement that the event was observed first-hand,

entitles [a] tip to greater weight than might otherwise be the case.” Gates at 234;

see also United States v. Likins, 84 Fed.Appx. 504, 509 (6th Cir. 2003) (“As with

the issues of reliability and veracity * * * the more detail an informant may

provide, the better the basis of knowledge upon which a judicial officer may

rely.”). Here, it is readily apparent from the affidavit that the information Cox

provided to law enforcement was a first-hand account, rather than mere rumor or

speculation. Furthermore, the information provided by Cox was very detailed. In

particular, the affidavit detailed when Cox discovered the pornographic

photographs, how and why she accessed Courtney’s computer, where the

photographs were located in the computer, and a description of the photographs,

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which unmistakably described child pornography. In light of Cox’s detailed, first-

hand account, the information provided by Cox merits further credibility.

       {¶31} In light of the foregoing, we find that the magistrate, based on the

information provided in the affidavit, had a substantial basis for concluding that

probable cause existed. Though Detective Jameson did not explicitly attest to

Cox’s reliability or truthfulness, the magistrate could have reasonably concluded

that the information provided by Cox was reliable and truthful, as it was readily

apparent from the affidavit that Cox was an identified citizen informant, who

willingly participated in the investigation, and provided a detailed, first-hand

account of child pornography on Courtney’s computer. See State v. Rader, 12th

Dist. No. CA2009-07-185, 2010-Ohio-1010 (determining that identified citizen

informant’s detailed, first-hand account of child pornography in defendant’s

residence provided magistrate a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause

existed). Even if there is doubt as to whether the magistrate had a substantial basis

for concluding that probable cause existed, “doubtful or marginal cases in this area

should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.” George, 45 Ohio St.3d at

paragraph two of the syllabus. Accordingly, we find that the affidavit provided the

magistrate with a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.




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                        Application of Franks v. Delaware

       {¶32} In the alternative, Courtney contends that Detective Jameson’s

reliance on the information provided by Cox was in reckless disregard of the truth

as the information was false and that Cox, contrary to the trial court’s finding, was

not an identified citizen informant but an anonymous informant, whose reliability

and veracity were not investigated or attested to in the search warrant affidavit. As

a result, Courtney contends that the information supplied by Cox and reproduced in

the affidavit should have been redacted, resulting in an affidavit devoid of

sufficient information to establish probable cause. We disagree.

       {¶33} An affidavit filed in support of a search warrant is presumed valid.

See State v. Roberts, 62 Ohio St.2d 170, 178 (1980); Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S.

154, 171, 98 S.Ct. 2674. To successfully attack the veracity of a facially sufficient

search warrant affidavit, a defendant must show by a preponderance of the

evidence that the affiant, not the informant, made a false statement, either

intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth. State v. McKnight, 107 Ohio

St.3d 101, 2005-Ohio-6046, ¶ 31, citing Franks at 155-156; see also McCray v.

Illinois, 386 U.S. 300, 307, 87 S.Ct. 1056 (1967) (“the magistrate is concerned, not

with whether the informant lied, but with whether the affiant is truthful in his

recitation of what he was told.”). “Reckless disregard” means that the affiant had



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serious doubts about the truth of an allegation. McKnight at ¶ 31, citing United

States v. Williams, 737 F.2d 594, 602 (7th Cir. 1984).

           {¶34} On appeal, Courtney contends that Detective Jameson acted in

reckless disregard of the truth when he incorporated Cox’s information in the

search warrant affidavit without investigating Cox’s background. We find this

argument to be unpersuasive.

           {¶35} In light of our previous discussion, we are not persuaded that

Detective Jameson’s failure to investigate Cox’s background caused him to act in

reckless disregard of the truth.4 Detective Jameson testified that he had no reason

to doubt the veracity of the information provided by Cox, and the record contains

no evidence to rebut this testimony. Indeed, based on the facts that would have

been apparent to Detective Jameson during the investigation (i.e., Cox was an

identified citizen informant, Cox willingly participated in the investigation, and

Cox provided a detailed, first-hand account of the child pornography) it was

reasonable for him to not doubt the veracity of the information provided by Cox.

Additionally, Courtney’s suggestion that investigation of Cox’s background would

have revealed that Cox was lying is mere conjecture. There is no guarantee that

further investigation of Cox’s background or the information she provided would

have revealed the fact that Helton, not she, discovered the pornographic

4
    We note that Courtney cites no authority in support of his argument. App.R. 16(A)(7).

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photographs, especially in light of the fact that Cox and Helton were in a

relationship at the time. Given the circumstances known to Detective Jameson at

the time of the investigation and Detective Jameson’s testimony during the

suppression hearing, there was no reason for Detective Jameson to doubt the

reliability and veracity of the information provided by Cox, and certainly no

evidence that suggests he actually harbored such doubts. Accordingly, we find that

Detective Jameson did not act with reckless disregard when he incorporated Cox’s

information in the search warrant affidavit.

       {¶36} In light of the foregoing, we overrule Courtney’s first, second, and

third assignments of error.

       {¶37} Having found no error prejudicial to Courtney herein, in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                               Judgment Affirmed

WILLAMOWSKI, J., concurs.

SHAW, P.J., concurs in Judgment Only.

/jlr




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