                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2012-SA-00699-SCT

RIVERBEND UTILITIES, INC.

v.

MISSISSIPPI ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
PERMIT BOARD AND HARRISON COUNTY
UTILITY AUTHORITY


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         03/30/2012
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. JAMES B. PERSONS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                HARRISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                  HARRY R. ALLEN
                                          MARGARET P. McARTHUR
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                  LISA THOMPSON OUZTS
                                          ROY FURRH
                                          THEODORE D. LAMPTON, III
                                          JAMES C. SIMPSON, JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CIVIL - STATE BOARDS AND AGENCIES
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED - 01/30/2014
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


       BEFORE WALLER, C.J., LAMAR AND PIERCE, JJ.

       LAMAR, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Riverbend Utilities, Inc., challenges the Mississippi Department of Environmental

Quality Permit Board’s decision to grant two groundwater withdrawal permits to the

Harrison County Utility Authority. Finding no error, we affirm the Permit Board’s decision.
                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    Although the issues before this Court are limited, we find that a factual and historical

background is helpful in understanding the issues presented for resolution. Following

Hurricane Katrina, Governor Haley Barbour “directed that the Mississippi Department of

Environmental Quality (MDEQ) develop a regional utility plan to recommend short-and

long-term improvements for water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure development”

in the Counties of George, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Pearl River, and Stone (the Gulf

Region). As a result, MDEQ contracted with the Mississippi Engineering Group, Inc.

(MEG) in April 2006 to develop the Mississippi Gulf Region Water and Wastewater Plan

(the Plan). On April 18, 2006, the Mississippi Gulf Coast Region Utility Act (the Act) was

signed into law with the purpose of consolidating “water, wastewater and stormwater

services in order to reduce costs, promote resilience in the event of a disaster, improve the

quality of the natural environment, and improve the planning and delivery of quality water,

wastewater and stormwater services” within the Gulf Region. Miss. Code Ann. § 49-17-703

(Rev. 2012); see Miss Code Ann. §§ 49-17-701 to -775 (Rev. 2012). To facilitate its

purposes, the Act created the George, Hancock, Harrison,1 Jackson, Pearl River, and Stone

County Utility Authorities.2

¶3.    In developing the Plan, MDEQ and MEG worked with stakeholders in the local

communities including the “county utility authorities, public officials, . . . leadership from


       1
        The Harrison County Utility Authority consists of seven members: the mayors of
Biloxi, D’Iberville, Gulfport, Long Beach, and Pass Christian and two members from the
Board of Supervisors.
       2
           Miss. Code Ann. § 49-17-703 (Rev. 2012).

                                              2
the private sector, and state and regional agencies” in order to identify and prioritize the Gulf

Region’s “most critical water, wastewater, and stormwater infrastructure needs.” “[O]ver

300 projects were identified that addressed the perceived infrastructure needs throughout the

Gulf Region,” including projects W-13 and W-15 in Harrison County. W-13 was to create

a “water supply system to serve the area north of I-10, the DeLisle Community, and the cities

of Pass Christian and Long Beach.” W-15 was to create a “water supply system from

Lorraine-Cowan Road area in North Gulfport to Lyman Community.” The Harrison County

Utility Authority (HCUA) received local engineering input for W-13’s conceptual design

from Brown and Mitchell Engineering, Inc., and for W-15’s conceptual design from Knesal

Engineering Services (KES).

¶4.    After a draft of the Plan was published in November 2006, “a twenty-day public

comment period was provided, during which time three public meetings were conducted in

the Gulf Region [and i]nput from this public comment process subsequently was integrated

into the Plan.” The Plan ultimately was adopted by the United States Department of Housing

and Urban Development in 2007 and its adoption was not legally challenged.3

¶5.    The approved designs for W-13 and W-15 cover parts of Riverbend Utilities, Inc.’s

(Riverbend) certificated service area.4     Riverbend is a privately owned, public utility

company that has the exclusive right “to provide water services and wastewater treatment



       3
        The state agencies primarily involved in reviewing the Plan were the MDEQ Office
of Pollution Control and the Mississippi Department of Health. Neither agency reviews
applications for groundwater withdrawal permits.
       4
       Riverbend did not object to W-13’s or W-15’s design during the Plan’s public-
approval process.

                                               3
within an approximate twenty-three square mile area generally centered at the intersection

of County Farm Road and Highway 53 in Harrison County, Mississippi,” pursuant to a

certificate of public necessity and convenience from the Mississippi Public Service

Commission.5,6

¶6.    HCUA wanted to place two wells on land that it owned which was located in

Riverbend’s certificated area as a means of providing water to the infrastructure created by

projects W-13 and W-15. HCUA was required to get permits for the wells from the

Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources

(MDEQ-OLWR).7 HCUA submitted the required applications, which Riverbend then

protested.

¶7.    Groundwater withdrawal permits are issued by a Permit Board created by Section 49-

17-28 of the Mississippi Code.8,9 A hearing was held before the Permit Board on October


       5
       Riverbend Utilities, Inc. v. Miss. Envtl. Quality Permit Bd., No. C2401-10-01275,
(Harrison County Chancery Court, 1st Judicial District, January 19, 2012).
       6
         See Miss. Code Ann. § 77-3-12 (Rev. 2009) (stating “[a] certificate of public
convenience and necessity issued by the Public Service Commission authorizing public
utility services to or for the public for compensation in an area grants an exclusive right to
the public utility to provide that service in the certificated area”). According to the
Mississippi Secretary of State website, Riverbend Utilities, Inc., was created on November
1, 1995. It has had its certificate since at least 1996.
       7
           See Miss. Code Ann. § 51-3-5 (Rev. 2003).
       8
           The Permit Board was created:

       [F]or the purpose of issuing, reissuing, modifying, revoking or denying, under
       the conditions, limitations and exemptions prescribed in Section 49-17-29: (a)
       permits to control or prevent the discharge of contaminants and wastes into the
       air and waters of the state; (b) permits required under the Solid Wastes
       Disposal Law of 1974 (Title 17, Chapter 17); (c) permits required under

                                              4
13, 2009, following which the Permit Board granted HCUA’s permit applications. Permit

MS-GW-16614 (Permit 14) authorized a well that would provide water to W-13’s

infrastructure while Permit MS-GW-16631 (Permit 31) authorized a well that would provide

water to W-15’s infrastructure. Riverbend asked the Permit Board to reconsider its decision

and requested a full evidentiary hearing. On December 11, 2009, the Permit Board notified

the parties that a full evidentiary hearing was set for March 9, 2010.




       Sections 51-3-1 through 51-3-55; (d) water quality certifications required by
       section 401 of the federal Clean Water Act; and (e) all other permits within the
       jurisdiction of the Permit Board.

Miss. Code Ann. § 49-17-28(1) (Rev. 2012).
       9
           The Permit Board consists of

       [T]he Chief of the Bureau of Environmental Health of the State Board of
       Health, or his designee; the Executive Director of the Department of Wildlife,
       Fisheries and Parks, or his designee; the Head of the Office of Land and Water
       Resources of the Department of Environmental Quality, or his designee; the
       Supervisor of the State Oil and Gas Board, or his designee; the Executive
       Director of the Department of Marine Resources, or his designee; the Head of
       the Office of Geology and Energy Resources of the Department of
       Environmental Quality, or his designee; the Commissioner of Agriculture and
       Commerce, or his designee; a retired professional engineer knowledgeable in
       the engineering of water wells and water supply systems, to be appointed by
       the Governor for a term concurrent with that of the Governor and until his
       successor is appointed and qualified; and a retired water well contractor, to be
       appointed by the Governor for a term concurrent with that of the Governor and
       until his successor is appointed and qualified. The retired professional
       engineer and the retired water well contractor shall only vote on matters
       pertaining to the Office of Land and Water Resources.

Miss. Code Ann. § 49-17-28(1) (Rev. 2012).

                                              5
¶8.    MDEQ, HCUA, and Riverbend all submitted prefiled testimony through affidavits.

MDEQ submitted testimony from Jamie Crawford,10 the assistant director of MDEQ-OLWR.

HCUA presented testimony from William T. Oakley, a consulting hydrologist for HCUA,11

and Marlin Ladner, the vice president of HCUA. Riverbend presented testimony from

Steven Day, the president and co-owner of Riverbend, and James “Jim” Elliot, a consulting

civil engineer for Riverbend.12 William “Bill” Knesal, a consulting civil engineer for Knesal

Engineering Services, Inc.,13 and Trudy Fisher, MDEQ’s executive director, were also called

as witnesses by Riverbend.14

¶9.    Knesal testified that he proposed an alternative design for W-15 that would not have

placed wells in Riverbend’s certificated area. Knesal claimed the original conceptual design


       10
         Crawford has been a registered professional geologist in Mississippi since 1998.
He was employed with MDEQ for twenty-four years and was with MDEQ-OLWR for
fifteen of those years. He is the assistant director, and has previously been the director, of
MDEQ-OLWR. His primary responsibility is to review and issue groundwater withdrawal
permits. He also previously served as Chief of MDEQ’s Groundwater Planning Branch and
as a hydrogeologist and Chief of MDEQ-OLWR’s permitting branch.
       11
        Oakley is a registered professional geologist in the State of Mississippi. Prior to his
consultation with HCUA, Oakley was employed by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Water
Resources Division for thirty-six years. He is also a member of the Mississippi Water Well
Contractors Association, the Mississippi Geological Society, the National Ground Water
Association, and the Mississippi Water Resources Advisory Council.
       12
        Elliot is a registered professional engineer in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Kentucky
with more than forty-five years experience as a professional engineer and city planner. He
was an engineering officer with the U.S. Navy and has served as the CEO, principal
engineer, and chief planner of Diversified Consultants, Inc.
       13
        Knesal Engineering Services, Inc., was retained by MDEQ as a local engineer to
provide input into the Plan.
       14
       Knesal and Fisher provided their testimony live, as they were not subpoenaed by
Riverbend until March 3, 2010.

                                              6
was accepted instead of his alternative design so that a federal funding deadline could be met.

To the contrary, Fisher testified that the conceptual design was selected for engineering

reasons and that the federal funding deadline played no role in W-15’s design selection.

MDEQ and HCUA repeatedly objected to Knesal’s and Fisher’s testimony regarding the

selection of W-15’s design on the ground of relevance. The hearing officer allowed

Riverbend to pursue its theory but ultimately found that the approval of the Plan and the

selection of W-15’s design were irrelevant to the appropriateness of the issuance of the

groundwater withdrawal permits to HCUA.

¶10.   At the hearing’s conclusion, the Permit Board affirmed its decision to issue the

permits to HCUA and later detailed its reasoning in a ten-page Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law decision. Riverbend appealed the Permit Board’s decision to the

Harrison County Chancery Court. After hearing oral arguments, the chancery court affirmed

the Permit Board’s decision.      Following the denial of its motion for reconsideration,

Riverbend appealed to this Court and raised the following issues, which have been restated

for purposes of clarity:

       I.     Whether the Permit Board’s decision to grant the Harrison County
              Utility Authority two groundwater withdrawal permits is sustainable.

       II.    Whether the permits granted to the Harrison County Utility Authority
              violate Riverbend’s certificate of public necessity and convenience
              from the Mississippi Public Service Commission.

       III    Whether the Permit Board erroneously excluded documents and
              testimony from the March 9, 2010, evidentiary hearing.

¶11.   Finding no error, we affirm the decisions of the Harrison County Chancery Court and

the Permit Board.


                                              7
                                      LAW AND ANALYSIS

¶12.     Appeals from the Permit Board “shall be considered only upon the record as made

before the Permit Board.” 15 Generally, “trial courts and appellate courts will reverse the

decision of an administrative agency only if the decision (1) was unsupported by substantial

evidence; (2) was arbitrary and capricious; (3) was beyond the power of the administrative

agency to make; or (4) violated the complaining party’s statutory or constitutional right.” 16

However, an agency’s interpretation of a governing statute is subject to de novo review as

“[t]he ultimate authority and responsibility to interpret the law, including statutes, rests with

this Court.” 17

¶13.     Substantial evidence is “something less than a preponderance of the evidence but

more than a scintilla or glimmer. [This Court] is concerned only with the reasonableness of

the administrative order, not its correctness.” 18

         [A]n agency must clearly explain its fact finding and reasoning for a decision
         in order to facilitate review by the courts. Conclusory remarks alone do not
         equip a court to review the agency’s findings. Accordingly, findings on
         factual issues must be specific enough for the reviewing court to determine
         whether the decision is supported by substantial evidence.19




         15
              Miss. Code Ann. § 49-17-29(5)(b) (Rev. 2012).
         16
        W.C. Fore v. Miss. Dep’t of Revenue, 90 So. 3d 572, 577 (Miss. 2012) (internal
quotations and citations omitted).
         17
              Id.
         18
              Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality v. Weems, 653 So. 2d 266, 280-81 (Miss. 1995).
         19
              Sierra Club v. Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Permit Bd., 943 So. 2d 673, 681 (Miss.
2006).

                                                  8
¶14.   A decision “is arbitary or capricious if the agency entirely failed to consider an

important aspect of the problem, or offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter

to the evidence before the agency or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a

difference in view or the product of agency expertise.” 20 “[U]nreasoned preference of one

by definition is arbitrary . . . .We need to know something of the costs and risks associated

with each of these conflicting interests before we can on judicial review intelligently consider

whether the Board acted arbitrarily or capriciously or whether its decision was supported by

substantial evidence.” 21

I.     The Issuance of Harrison County Utility Authority’s Groundwater Permits

¶15.   The parties disagree about the requirements for a groundwater withdrawal permit.

Groundwater withdrawal permits are governed by Title 51, Chapter 3 of the Mississippi

Code, namely Sections 51-3-1 and 51-3-13. Section 51-3-1 of the Mississippi Code declares

the State’s policy on the conservation of water resources:

       It is hereby declared that the general welfare of the people of the State of
       Mississippi requires that the water resources of the state be put to beneficial
       use to the fullest extent of which they are capable, that the waste or
       unreasonable use, or unreasonable method of use, of water be prevented, that
       the conservation of such water be exercised with the view to the reasonable
       and beneficial use thereof in the interest of the people, and that the public and
       private funds for the promotion and expansion of the beneficial use of water



       20
            Sierra Club, 943 So. 2d at 681 (internal citations omitted).
       21
        McGowan v. Miss. State Oil & Gas Bd., 604 So. 2d 312 (Miss. 1992), cert denied ,
506 U.S. 1052, 113 S. Ct. 976, 122 L. Ed. 2d 130 (1993); see also Falco Lime, Inc. v. Mayor
and Aldermen of City of Vicksburg, 836 So. 2d 711, 721 (Miss. 2002) (noting that
“[w]hether a decision is arbitrary and capricious seems to have melted somewhat into the
substantial evidence standard . . . a holding which is supported by substantial evidence
cannot be arbitrary and capricious”) (internal citations omitted).

                                                9
       resources shall be invested to the end that the best interests and welfare of the
       people are served.22

And Section 51-3-13 states:

       Use of waters of the state shall not constitute absolute ownership or absolute
       rights of use of such waters, but such waters shall remain subject to the
       principle of beneficial use. It shall be the duty of the board to approve all
       applications made in such form as shall meet the requirements of this chapter
       and such rules and regulations as shall be promulgated by the board and which
       contemplate the utilization of water for beneficial purposes, within reasonable
       limitations, provided the proposed use does not prejudicially and unreasonably
       affect the public interest. If it is determined that the proposed use of the water
       sought to be permitted is not for beneficial purposes, is not consistent with
       standards established by the commission, or is detrimental to the public
       interest, it shall be the duty of the board to enter an order rejecting such
       application or requiring its modification.23

A list of factors for the Permit Board to consider when considering a groundwater withdrawal

permit is not provided by statute or regulation.24

¶16.   Riverbend focuses on Section 51-3-1’s mandate “that the waste or unreasonable use,

or unreasonable method of use, of water be prevented.” It argues that a permit should not

be issued unless the applicant shows (1) that there is a present need for the water and (2) that

the requested well is part of the most efficient plan to satisfy the need. The Permit Board and

HCUA focus on Section 51-3-1’s mandate “that the water resources of the state be put to




       22
            Miss. Code Ann. § 51-3-1 (Rev. 2003).
       23
            Miss. Code Ann. § 51-3-13 (Rev. 2003).
       24
         Effective August 26, 2013, Mississippi’s environmental regulations have been
renumbered and reformatted pursuant to the amended Administrative Procedures Act passed
by the state legislature. The regulations have not been substantively changed. In order to
correspond with the record and the parties’ briefs, this opinion references the regulations by
their former citations. The new citations will also be provided in the footnotes.

                                              10
beneficial use to the fullest extent of which they are capable.” 25 They argue that need and

efficiency are irrelevant and that the Permit Board has only to consider the proposed use of

the water and the withdrawal’s effect on the aquifer and existing wells.

¶17.   In light of “the practical understanding that an agency far better understands its daily

operations needs than the judiciary ever could,” 26 the Permit Board was given statutory

authority to establish requirements for water permits by regulation.27 The Permit Board has

propounded several groundwater regulations which outline, but do not definitively establish,

what the Permit Board must consider when reviewing groundwater withdrawal permit

applications.28 Regulation LW-2(II)(C) identifies the basic requirements for a groundwater

withdrawal permit application:


       25
         “Beneficial use” is defined by regulation as “the application of water, excluding
waste of water, to a purpose that produces economic or other tangible or intangible benefits
to the state and its citizens. Such uses include, but are not limited to, diversions or
withdrawals for public, industrial, or agricultural use.” Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Land
and Water Resources Reg. LW-2(I)(E), Surface Water and Groundwater Use and Protection
(              2               0               0              9              )              ,
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/legal_11Miss.Admin.CodePt.7Ch.1./$File/11%
20Miss.%20Admin.%20Code%20Pt.%207%20Ch.%201..pdf?OpenElement (last visited
Jan. 29, 2014); Miss. Admin. Code R. 11-7:1.1(E) (2013).
       26
        Wheeler v. Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Permit Bd., 856 So. 2d 700, 704 (Miss.
Ct. App. 2003).
       27
          Miss. Code Ann. § 51-3-13 (Rev. 2003) (authorizing the Permit Board to establish
requirements for water permits by regulation so long as the regulations “contemplate the
utilization of water for beneficial purposes, within reasonable limitations, provided the
proposed use does not prejudicially and unreasonably affect the public interest”).
       28
         See Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Land and Water Resources Reg. LW-2, Surface
Water        and     Groundwater             Use    and     Protection(2009),
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/legal_11Miss.Admin.CodePt.7Ch.1./$File/11%
20Miss.%20Admin.%20Code%20Pt.%207%20Ch.%201..pdf?OpenElement (last visited
Jan. 29, 2014); Miss. Admin. Code R. 11-7:1.1-1.7 (2013).

                                             11
       (1) The application must completely and accurately describe the purpose for
       the proposed use of water;
       (2) Such use must not be prohibited by state or federal statutes or regulations;
       and
       (3) The proposed source of water must be free of Commission-imposed
       restrictions that preclude processing of the application.29

Regulation LW-2(II)(C) goes on to state that “[a]pplications shall be completed using

maximum volume of water required, estimated dates for initial use of the water, and

estimated values for withdrawal or diversion rates.” 30 The population’s need and efficiency

are not mentioned. Section four of Regulation LW-2 specifically addresses groundwater

withdrawals:

       •          LW-2(IV)(B) prioritizes the uses of groundwater withdrawals as
                  follows: 1) public supply, 2) industrial/commercial, 3) livestock, 4)
                  enhancement of wildlife habitat and other recreational uses, and 5)
                  other uses.31

       •          LW-2(IV)(C) addresses well spacing and provides minimum acceptable
                  spacing distances and a means to request an exemption from the
                  spacing requirements.32


       29
         Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Land and Water Resources Reg. LW-2(II)(C), Surface
Water and Groundwater Use and Protection (2009),
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/legal_11Miss.Admin.CodePt.7Ch.1./$File/11%
20Miss.%20Admin.%20Code%20Pt.%207%20Ch.%201..pdf?OpenElement (last visited
Jan. 29, 2014); Miss. Admin. Code R. 11-7:1.2(C) (2013).
       30
            Id.
       31
         Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Land and Water Resources Reg. LW-2(IV)(B),
Surface Water and Groundwater Use and Protection (2009),
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/legal_11Miss.Admin.CodePt.7Ch.1./$File/11%
20Miss.%20Admin.%20Code%20Pt.%207%20Ch.%201..pdf?OpenElement (last visited
Jan. 29, 2014); Miss. Admin. Code R. 11-7:1.4(B) (2013).
       32
        Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Land and Water Resources Reg. LW-2(IV)©, Surface
Water and Groundwater Use and Protection (2009),
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/legal_11Miss.Admin.CodePt.7Ch.1./$File/11%

                                               12
       •         LW-2(IV)(D) identifies “once-through, non-contact cooling water” and
                 “uncontrolled free-flowing wells”as nonbeneficial uses of water. It also
                 states that “[t]he Permit Board may determine that other
                 discharges/withdrawals of groundwater are not beneficial uses,
                 constitute waste, and/or are prohibited to protect the public interest and
                 may deny permits based on such determinations.” Notably, LW-
                 2(IV)(D) does not state that a lack of need or efficiency constitutes
                 waste. “Waste” is not otherwise defined by statute or regulation.33

The structure of the Groundwater Withdrawals section is telling. It contains subsections on

beneficial use, well-spacing, and limitations on water uses but no sections on need or

efficiency. Also, LW-2 does not list a change in the population’s needs as a reason to modify

a permit.34 Moreover, MDEQ-OLWR did not have the authority to approve or reject the

engineering designs for W-13, W-15, or any other project under the Plan. Design decisions

were made by the Office of Pollution Control and the Mississippi Department of Health.

¶18.   In its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the Permit Board stated that it is

required to consider only the following factors when reviewing a groundwater withdrawal

permit:



20Miss.%20Admin.%20Code%20Pt.%207%20Ch.%201..pdf?OpenElement (last visited
Jan. 29, 2014); Miss. Admin. Code R. 11-7:1.4(C) (2013).
       33
         Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Land and Water Resources Reg. LW-2(IV)(D),
Surface Water and Groundwater Use and Protection (2009),
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/legal_11Miss.Admin.CodePt.7Ch.1./$File/11%
20Miss.%20Admin.%20Code%20Pt.%207%20Ch.%201..pdf?OpenElement (last visited
Jan. 29, 2014); Miss. Admin. Code R. 11-7:1.4(D) (2013).
       34
            See Miss. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Land and Water Resources Reg. LW-2(II)(G),
Surface Water and Groundwater Use and Protection (2009),
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/legal_11Miss.Admin.CodePt.7Ch.1./$File/11%
20Miss.%20Admin.%20Code%20Pt.%207%20Ch.%201..pdf?OpenElement (last visited
Jan. 29, 2014); Miss. Admin. Code R. 11-7:1.2(G) (2013).

                                                13
       [W]hether the applicant owns or controls the land upon which the groundwater
       withdrawal wells will be placed, . . . how the permit applicant plans to use the
       water, . . . the amount of water requested, . . . whether the wells will be spaced
       in a manner to avoid interference with existing wells, . . . and the projected
       drawdown of the aquifer.

In light of the applicable statutes and regulations, we find that the factors considered by the

Permit Board to analyze groundwater withdrawal permits are reasonable. The Permit Board

made specific findings with regard to each of the five factors, and each of its findings was

supported by substantial evidence.

       1.     Ownership of Land

¶19.   The Permit Board found that “HCUA and/or Harrison County own the land upon

which HCUA will install the two wells for the permitted groundwater withdrawal.” This

finding was undisputed and was supported by the prefiled testimony of Crawford.

       2.     Use of Water

¶20.   The Permit Board found that “HCUA plans to use the water for public water supply.”

This is the highest-ranked beneficial use of water. The Permit Board’s finding was supported

by the permits themselves and the prefiled testimony of Crawford.

       3.     Amount of Water

¶21.   The Permit Board found that “the permits issued to HCUA allow HCUA to pump

water at a maximum rate of 1,000 gallons per minute . . . [and] only allow withdrawal of up

to 350,000 gallons per day per well.” The Permit Board specifically found that “there is

sufficient water in the aquifer to supply Riverbend’s and HCUA’s customers’ needs.” This

finding was undisputed and was supported by the prefiled rebuttal testimony of Crawford.

       4.     Well Spacing


                                              14
 ¶22.   The Permit Board found that “the intended placement of the HCUA wells meets the

 regulatory recommendations for well placement . . . [and] that the placement of the HCUA

 wells at the permitted sites is appropriate and there is no need to require further spacing.”

 This finding was supported by the prefiled rebuttal testimony of Crawford and the prefiled

 testimony of Oakley.

        5.     Drawdown of Aquifer

 ¶23.   The Permit Board found that:

        Spacing of HCUA’s wells in the permitted location should be sufficient such
        that aquifer drawdown will be acceptable and there should be no interference
        with Riverbend’s existing wells. MDEQ did not specifically consider the
        drawdown caused by Riverbend’s wells in determining the additional impact
        of the two HCUA wells on the aquifer. However, the water withdrawal
        permits Riverbend holds for its wells are for a relatively small amount of
        water. This area of Harrison County should not experience any heavy aquifer
        drawdowns in the near future.

 ¶24.   The Permit Board went on to say “[t]here is no evidence that withdrawal of

 groundwater from the two HCUA wells within Riverbend’s certificated area would have a

 material adverse effect on the availability of water in the aquifer.” This finding was

 supported by Crawford’s and Oakley’s prefiled testimony.

¶25.     Riverbend relies on McGowan v. Mississippi State Oil & Gas Board, 604 So. 2d

312 (Miss. 1992), and Mississippi State Department of Health v. Mississippi Baptist Medical

Center, 663 So. 2d 563 (Miss. 1995), to argue that the Permit Board’s Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law are insufficient to support its decision. Both cases are distinguishable

from the one at hand.




                                              15
¶26.   In McGowan, McGowan applied to the Oil and Gas Board to renew his existing

permits and to seek issuance of new permits for several packerless saltwater disposal wells.35

After McGowan presented his case, the Board took the matter under advisement and received

evidence from its staff opposing the issuance of the permits.36 McGowan was not notified

that his applications were going to be opposed and was not given access to the opposing

evidence.37 The Board denied McGowan’s applications through a series of orders that failed

to explain the basis for its decisions.38 In contrast, Riverbend received a full evidentiary

hearing before the Permit Board and a ten-page explanation of the Permit Board’s decision.

¶27.   In Mississippi Baptist Medical Center, River Oaks Hospital and the Mississippi State

Department of Health appealed the chancery court’s reversal of the Department of Health’s

decision to issue River Oaks a certificate of need.39 In affirming the chancery court’s

decision, this Court noted that:

       [T]his is not a case where the Health Officer, faced with conflicting evidence,
       chose to credit that evidence favoring approval of the CON. Rather it appears
       to this Court a situation where the Health Officer simply chose to dismiss the
       overwhelming evidence indicating that criteria of need were not met and the
       CON as a result should have been denied.40




       35
            McGowan, 604 So. 2d at 314.
       36
            Id. at 320.
       37
            Id.
       38
            Id. at 314.
       39
            Mississippi Baptist Medical Center, 663 So. 2d at 564.
       40
            Id. at 579.

                                              16
The same cannot be said about the case at hand. Here, conflicting evidence was presented

about the effect and the intended use of the groundwater withdrawal permits, and the majority

of the evidence supported the Permit Board’s decision. Based on the foregoing, we find that

the Permit Board’s decision was supported by substantial evidence, was not arbitrary and

capricious, and should be affirmed.

II.    Riverbend's Certificate of Public Necessity and Convenience

       Riverbend argues that the Permit Board’s decision violates its right to be the
       exclusive provider of water services in its certificated area because the two
       [permitted] wells and associated water mains are an “origination point ” of
       water supply “to or for the public for compensation” and not an “extension”
       through its certificated area. Riverbend relies on Miss. Code Ann. [§] 77-3-
       12(2) which, in sum, provides that a utility system may extend “. . . its plant,
       lines, or other facilities in or through the certificated area of another utility for
       purposes other than providing services to or for the public for compensation in
       such certificated area . . . .” 41

Riverbend’s certificate of public convenience and necessity gives it only the exclusive right

to sell water in its certificated area. It does not give Riverbend the exclusive right to access

the groundwater underlying its certificated area. HCUA’s groundwater withdrawal permits

do not allow HCUA to sell water in Riverbend’s certificated area, and nothing in the record

suggests that HCUA intends to do so. In fact, HCUA repeatedly acknowledges in the record

and its briefs that it cannot sell water in Riverbend’s certificated area.

       Riverbend also argues that HCUA’s plan to install fire hydrants adjacent to
       Riverbend’s fire hydrants is a same or similar service provided by Riverbend
       and is a violation of its right to be an exclusive provider within its certificated




        41
         Riverbend Utils., Inc. v. Miss. Envtl. Quality Permit Bd., No. C2401-10-01275, ¶
 15 (Harrison County Chancery Court, 1st Judicial District, filed January 19, 2012) (quoting
 Miss. Code Ann. § 77-3-12(2) (Rev. 2009)).

                                                17
       area . . . . Any water taken from HCUA fire hydrants will be without charge to
       residents of Riverbend’s certificated area.42

Section 77-3-12 prohibits HCUA only from providing a similar service in Riverbend’s

certificated area for compensation.43 Again, nothing in the record suggests HCUA intends to

use its groundwater withdrawal permits to sell water in Riverbend’s certificated area for

compensation. Rather, the record suggests that HCUA intends to expand its regional water

system by building wells on land that it owns in Riverbend’s certificated area and selling

water to customers outside of Riverbend’s certificated area. HCUA’s plan is permissible.

¶28.   Riverbend’s contention with HCUA stems from failed negotiations between the parties

regarding the treatment of Riverbend’s wastewater. Riverbend blames HCUA for its inability

to get a wastewater permit for its certificated area. MDEQ denied Riverbend’s wastewater

permit request and told it to coordinate with HCUA. HCUA refuses to treat Riverbend’s

wastewater unless Riverbend agrees to buy “wholesale” water from it, which Riverbend could

then mark up and sell to the residents in its certificated area at “retail” prices.

¶29.   Riverbend argues that the parties’ wastewater negotiations illustrate HCUA’s intent

to take its property – the exclusive right to sell water in its certificated area – without just

compensation. HCUA and the Permit Board claim that the parties’ wastewater negotiations

are irrelevant to the sustainability of the Permit Board’s decision to issue HCUA two

groundwater withdrawal permits. We agree with HCUA and the Permit Board. The Permit

Board’s decision does not violate any right of Riverbend and is affirmed.



        42
             Id.
        43
             Miss. Code Ann. § 77-3-12(2) (Rev. 2009) (emphasis added).

                                               18
III.   The Hearing Officer’s Evidentiary Rulings

¶30.   Riverbend subpoenaed Mississippi Engineering Group (“MEG”) on February 24, 2010,

and MDEQ, HCUA, Knesal Engineering Services, Inc., and Brown and Mitchell Engineering,

Inc., on March 3, 2010.44 All five subpoenas sought evidence regarding the Plan and W-13

and W-15. Riverbend requested documents from all the subpoenaed parties but MDEQ and

commanded a witness be produced on behalf of all the subpoenaed parties but MEG.

¶31.   On March 9, 2010, at the outset of the evidentiary hearing, MDEQ moved to quash all

five subpoenas, arguing the requests were untimely, given that they were issued so close to

the hearing. MDEQ also claimed that the evidence sought by the subpoenas was irrelevant.

The hearing officer allowed the subpoenaed witnesses to testify but prohibited them from

testifying “to items of evidence that may be contained in those subpoenas that [we]re not


       44
          The MEG subpoena commanded it to produce “[a]ny correspondence, emails or
documents of any description relating to Projects W-13 and W-15 of the Mississippi Gulf
Regional Water and Wastewater Plan of MDEQ, including but not limited to plans,
specifications and design data sheets, including but not limited to conceptual and design data
. . . on or before March 8[, 2010] at 9:30 a.m.”

       The subpoenas to MDEQ, HCUA, Knesal Engineering Services, Inc., and Brown and
Mitchell Engineering, Inc., asked each party “to produce one or more knowledge persons on
its behalf” to give evidence regarding:

       The Gulf Regional Water and Wastewater Plan prepared by Mississippi
       Engineering Group; the Conceptual Design Booklet prepared by Mississippi
       Engineering Group on Project W-13 and W-15; Water Well Permit Nos. MS-
       GW-16614 and MS-GW-16631; all correspondence or emails exchanged
       between [the subpoenaed parties], HUD, and MDA, related to the foregoing
       subject matter.

The subpoenas to HCUA, Knesal Engineering Services, Inc., and Brown and Mitchell
Engineering, Inc., also ordered the parties to produce to Riverbend the aforementioned
correspondence and emails before March 8, 2010, at 9:30 a.m.

                                             19
already in the record” before the hearing. Riverbend claims that the hearing officer abused

his discretion in excluding evidence not produced prior to the hearing, while the Permit Board

argues that the hearing officer’s rulings were acceptable. We agree with the Permit Board.

¶32.   The parties were notified of the discovery deadlines for the March 9, 2010, evidentiary

hearing on December 11, 2009. Notably, the deadline for prefiled direct testimony was

February 5, 2010, the deadline for prefiled rebuttal testimony was February 22, 2010, and the

deadline for producing exhibits was March 2, 2010.45 Despite having three months’ notice

of the hearing, Riverbend waited to issue the disputed subpoenas until after the prefiled

rebuttal testimony and exhibit production deadlines and less than a week before the hearing.

The Permit Board’s prefiling procedures are intended to expedite evidentiary hearings, and

the hearing officer acted within his discretion when he prevented Riverbend from

undermining the procedures’ intent with a series of last-minute subpoenas. Additionally, the

subpoenaed evidence was irrelevant, as it pertained to the approval process for the Plan and

W-1’s design, neither of which had bearing on the Permit Board’s decision to issue HCUA

two groundwater withdrawal permits. Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the

Harrison County Chancery Court and the decision of the Mississippi Environmental Quality

Permit Board.




        45
        The procedures for the evidentiary hearing stated that “[a]t least seven (7) days prior
to the hearing, all parties involved shall exchange copies of all exhibits that will be
introduced during the hearing indicating the party offering and the witness who will sponsor
each.

                                             20
¶33.   AFFIRMED.

    WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, P.JJ., KITCHENS,
CHANDLER, PIERCE, KING AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR.




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