                  United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-3460
                        ___________________________

                                Dereck Teke Njong

                             lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

                                           v.

          Matthew G. Whitaker, Acting Attorney General of United States1

                            lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                    ____________

                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: October 15, 2018
                            Filed: December 28, 2018
                                  ____________

Before SHEPHERD, KELLY, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

      Dereck Teke Njong petitions for review of a final order of removal from the
Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). The BIA affirmed an order of the immigration

      1
       Matthew G. Whitaker has been appointed to serve as Acting Attorney General
of the United States and is substituted as respondent pursuant to Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 43(c).
judge (IJ) denying Njong’s application for asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1158,
withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and relief under Article III of
the Convention Against Torture (CAT) pursuant to 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16–1208.18.

                                           I

      Njong is a native and citizen of Cameroon who was placed in removal
proceedings after entering the United States without proper documentation in
September 2016. He requested asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under
the CAT, claiming persecution on account of the political opinion he exercised in
Cameroon as an active member of the Southern Cameroon National Council (SCNC).
Njong describes the SCNC as “a group that advocates for the rights of . . . the
English-speaking Cameroonians to separate from the French.” Njong is from the
English-speaking Northwestern region of Cameroon.

      At his hearing before the IJ on April 19, 2017, Njong testified about his
involvement with the SCNC and the harm he claims to have suffered as a result.
Njong testified that after joining the group, he offered his services as a professional
driver to transport documents between villages. Njong stated that he offered to
transport these documents because some of the SCNC meetings are held in secret.

       Njong testified that as a result of his SCNC affiliation, the Cameroonian
gendarmerie2 detained him twice and beat him during one of those detentions. First,
on September 25, 2015, the gendarmerie stopped him at a military checkpoint, found
SCNC documents, arrested him, and detained him for four days. Njong testified that
during this detention, where he was not physically harmed, he was interrogated as to
whether he was “one of those people who want to separate Cameroon to [sic] two
parts.” Njong claims that he did not respond, but that he was asked to sign a written


      2
          The gendarmerie is the Cameroonian National Police.

                                         -2-
statement acknowledging that he would be sent to the Kondengui maximum security
prison if he was later found to support the SCNC or participate in its activities.
According to Njong, he was released after signing the statement.

       Njong testified that he was detained for a second time on May 1, 2016, after he
was found transporting SCNC documents again. According to Njong, on the first and
second days of his three-day detention, members of the gendarmerie beat him with
sticks, stepped on him, and smashed him with their military boots. He testified that
he suffered injuries to his right ankle, left elbow, and both knees. Njong also claims
he was told he would be sent to the Kondengui prison, where he was afraid of going
because “people that go there never come out” and some of them are killed.

       Njong explained that he was eventually released with the help of a mayor
whose mother is Njong’s cousin. He testified that he purchased pain medication to
treat his injuries after release. Thereafter, he sought ways to leave the country, as he
was, and remains, afraid of being killed there because of his involvement with the
SCNC. Njong claims that after he crossed the Nigerian border on May 28, he finally
went to a hospital to seek medical attention for his injuries.

       Finally, Njong testified about his family. He stated that he is married to
Henrita Njong—who has been in the United States for years and now lives in
Maryland—and that they have four children together. Henrita was at some point also
a member of the SCNC in Cameroon but was granted asylum in the United States.
Njong testified that Henrita filed a derivative asylee petition on his behalf, and that
individuals from the United States Consulate interviewed him in Cameroon in 2014
in connection with the application. Njong claimed that, as far as he knew, his
application was still pending. When asked why he did not wait for the application to
be approved before coming to the United States, Njong responded that it was because
of the harm he suffered at the hands of the gendarmerie in 2015 and 2016.



                                          -3-
       In a written decision, the IJ denied Njong’s claims for relief on two grounds.
First, the IJ found that Njong’s allegations of persecution by the Cameroonian
government were not credible. The IJ also found that Njong had made false
statements “relating to his children.” It further found “compelling” the documents
submitted by the government stating that Njong had previously told U.S. consular
officers that Henrita was his cousin and he had married her for immigration benefits.
The IJ found, however, that there was no evidence that the marriage itself was illegal.

       Second, and in the alternative, the IJ determined that even if he found Njong
to be credible, Njong had failed to establish eligibility for relief. As to asylum, the
IJ found that Njong had not suffered past persecution and had not shown a well-
founded fear of future persecution. And consequently, the IJ found, Njong
necessarily failed to meet the higher “clear probability” threshold required for
withholding of removal. Finally, because Njong’s claim for relief under the CAT
rested on the same factual basis as his asylum and withholding claims, the IJ
concluded that it necessarily failed as well. The IJ ordered Njong removed to
Cameroon.

       The BIA affirmed on the IJ’s second ground, expressly declining to reach the
issue of credibility. It affirmed the IJ’s findings that the harm that Njong suffered
when he was arrested and beaten in May 2016, even when considered with his prior
detention, did not rise to the level of persecution, and that Njong had failed to
establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. The BIA also affirmed the IJ’s
conclusion that Njong had failed to meet the more stringent “clear probability”
standard for withholding of removal. Finally, the BIA found that Njong had failed
to show that it was more likely than not that he would be tortured if returned to
Cameroon, foreclosing relief under the CAT.




                                         -4-
                                           II

        On appeal, Njong argues that the IJ erred in his credibility determination and
also erred in denying all relief on the merits. At the outset, we note that because the
BIA did not consider the IJ’s credibility findings, that issue is not properly before us.
See Fofanah v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 1037, 1040 (8th Cir. 2006). “Only the BIA order
is subject to our review, including the IJ’s findings and reasoning to the extent they
were expressly adopted by the BIA.” Id. Accordingly, we review only the BIA and
IJ’s findings that Njong’s claims of past harm and fear of future harm fail to meet the
threshold required for relief.

       “We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo, giving due deference to
the administrative agency’s interpretations of the statute.” Eusebio v. Ashcroft, 361
F.3d 1088, 1091 (8th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). When reviewing the BIA’s
factual determinations, we employ the deferential “substantial evidence” standard.
Id. “[W]e must affirm the BIA’s factual decisions unless, after having reviewed the
record as a whole, we determine that it would not be possible for a reasonable fact-
finder to adopt the BIA’s position.” Id.

       We find no basis for granting Njong’s petition for review. With respect to
asylum, Njong first argues that the agency erred in concluding that he did not suffer
past persecution. We review de novo whether undisputed facts meet the legal
definition of persecution, as that is a question of law. See id. (reviewing de novo and
affirming the “BIA’s legal holding” that “minor beatings and detentions . . . did not
rise to the level of political persecution” (emphasis added)); see also Alavez-
Hernandez v. Holder, 714 F.3d 1063, 1066 (8th Cir. 2013) (explaining that the BIA’s
conclusion that “conditions in Mexico had not been severe enough to constitute past
persecution . . . is a question of law we review de novo”).




                                          -5-
       On this record, we agree with the agency that the undisputed harm Njong
claims to have suffered does not rise to the level of persecution. “Persecution is an
‘extreme concept that does not encompass low-level intimidation and harassment.’”
Ladyha v. Holder, 588 F.3d 574, 578 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Gutierrez-Olivares v.
Mukasey, 533 F.3d 946, 949 (8th Cir. 2008)). Under our case law, “minor beatings
and brief detentions, even detentions lasting two or three days, do not amount to
political persecution, even if government officials are motivated by political animus.”
Eusebio, 361 F.3d at 1091. Njong’s longest detention—four days—was not
accompanied by physical harm. His second detention, which occurred more than
seven months later, was accompanied by physical injuries that he initially treated only
with pain medication, seeking medical attention almost a month later. We do not
suggest that the harm Njong claims to have suffered is insignificant, but we cannot
say that it was more severe than harm that we have held did not rise to the level of
persecution. See, e.g., Nanic v. Lynch, 793 F.3d 945, 948 (8th Cir. 2015) (upholding
agency’s finding that being stopped and beaten by the police on two occasions did not
rise to the level of persecution); La v. Holder, 701 F.3d 566, 571 (8th Cir. 2012)
(concluding that beating and a three-day detention motivated by political animus did
not amount to persecution); Samedov v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 704, 707 (8th Cir. 2005)
(concluding that neither a four-day detention nor a police beating leading to broken
thumb and injuries to left arm constituted persecution).

       Njong next contends that the agency erred in finding that he lacked a well-
founded fear of future persecution. We review this determination for substantial
evidence. See Lemus-Arita v. Sessions, 854 F.3d 476, 482 (8th Cir. 2017) (reviewing
for substantial evidence “the conclusion that [petitioner] failed to demonstrate a well-
founded fear of future persecution”). Njong would have a well-founded fear of
persecution if, among other things, (1) there is a reasonable possibility he would be
singled out individually for persecution, or (2) he is a member of a group that is
subject to “a pattern or practice of persecution.” Tegegn v. Holder, 702 F.3d 1142,
1145 (8th Cir. 2013); see 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(i), (iii)(A)–(B). A well-founded

                                          -6-
fear of persecution has subjective and objective components. Eta-Ndu v. Gonzales,
411 F.3d 977, 983 (8th Cir. 2005). “The objective element requires ‘credible, direct,
and specific evidence that a reasonable person in the applicant’s position would fear
persecution if returned to [his] country of origin.’” Id. (alteration in original)
(quoting Shoaira v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 837, 844 (8th Cir. 2004)).

       On this record, regardless of whether Njong satisfies the subjective element,
we cannot say that any reasonable fact-finder would be compelled to find that he has
satisfied the objective element. We note that the IJ and the BIA gave conclusive
weight to an almost-ten-year-old report by the Australian Refugee Review Tribunal
concluding that ordinary members of the SCNC did not suffer harm that “amounts to
persecution.” We need not address whether conclusive reliance on this report was
error, because record documents do not compel a contrary conclusion. See Al Yatim
v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 584, 587 (8th Cir. 2008) (noting that under the substantial
evidence standard, we will not disturb agency’s findings of fact unless petitioner
meets burden of “demonstrat[ing] that the evidence he presented not only supports
a contrary conclusion but compels it” (quoting Sultani v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 878, 881
(8th Cir. 2006))). The reports and affidavits that Njong points to contain only
generalized statements that the Cameroonian government represses, monitors, and
even detains political dissidents and activists. The reports, however, do not reference
the SCNC specifically or compel the conclusion that its members suffer harm rising
to the level of persecution. Similarly, the affidavits contain only conclusory
statements that “[a]ny person opposed to the oppressive and repressive” regime of
Cameroon “is a target of persecution.” Accordingly, we will not disturb the agency’s
determination that Njong failed to establish eligibility for asylum. See Lemus-Arita,
854 F.3d at 482.3

      3
        We also reject Njong’s alternative contention, based on Matter of Chen, 20
I. & N. Dec. 16 (B.I.A. 1989), that he is entitled to asylum because his “family has
suffered under atrocious forms of persecution” and he should thus not be expected to
repatriate. As we have explained, Matter of Chen “describe[s] the standard for so-
                                         -7-
      We similarly reject Njong’s contentions that we must reverse the agency’s
denial of his claims for withholding of removal and protection under the CAT.
“Because [Njong] failed to establish eligibility for asylum, [he] necessarily cannot
meet the more rigorous standard of proof for withholding of removal.”
Khrystotodorov v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 775, 784 (8th Cir. 2008). And, contrary to
Njong’s contentions, the IJ did not err in declining to conduct a separate analysis
under the CAT. A separate analysis is required only where the applicant presents
evidence that he “may be tortured for reasons unrelated to his claims for asylum and
withholding of removal.” Guled v. Mukasey, 515 F.3d 872, 882 (8th Cir. 2008).
Njong grounds his claim under the CAT on the same facts underlying his claims for
asylum and withholding of removal, so no separate analysis was required.

                                        III

      Accordingly, we deny Njong’s petition for review.
                     ______________________________




called ‘humanitarian’ asylum,” which is “more difficult to establish than ordinary
asylum (or withholding of removal).” Malonga v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 546, 552 (8th
Cir. 2008).
                                        -8-
