                                 NO. 12-12-00107-CV

                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

               TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                    TYLER, TEXAS

JOHN FLOWERS,                                     §        APPEAL FROM THE 159TH
APPELLANT

V.                                             §           JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

CITY OF DIBOLL, TEXAS, STEVE
BAKER AND KENT HAVARD,
APPELLEES                                     §            ANGELINA COUNTY, TEXAS



                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
         John Flowers appeals from take nothing summary judgments in favor of the City of
Diboll, Steve Baker, and Kent Havard, alleging that the trial court improperly granted the
motions. We affirm.


                                         BACKGROUND
         John Flowers and Stephanie Cook have a child together. Stephanie Cook has a brother
named Steven Cook, and the relationship between Flowers and Steven is not a good one. In
2006, there was litigation regarding child custody arrangements. Flowers‘s allegations about
Steven were part of the litigation, and Flowers was ultimately awarded primary custody of the
child.
         On May 9, 2006, Flowers was leaving a baseball game with his wife and children when
Steven drove his truck alongside Flowers‘s truck. The two trucks collided and then separated.
The police were called, and City of Diboll police officer Steve Baker conducted an investigation.
Ultimately, Baker obtained an arrest warrant for Flowers for the misdemeanor offense of deadly
conduct. Flowers was arrested, but he was never charged with the offense. Flowers sued Baker,
the City of Diboll, and Kent Havard, the chief of police, for false arrest and other torts. The
defendants filed traditional and no evidence motions for summary judgment after discovery.
Flowers dismissed his state law claims and elected to proceed solely on his Section 1983 federal
civil rights violation cause of action.     The trial court granted the defendants‘ motions for
summary judgment, and this appeal followed.


                                       SUMMARY JUDGMENT
       In three issues, Flowers argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
because a fact issue existed as to whether the actions of the officer and of the police chief were
reasonable, because the issuance of a warrant did not break a causality chain, and because a fact
issue existed as to whether the City was liable for a lack of training.
Standard of Review
       We review the trial court‘s decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Tex. Mun.
Power Agency v. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 253 S.W.3d 184, 192 (Tex. 2007). A defendant who
moves for a traditional summary judgment has the burden of showing that there is no genuine
issue of material fact concerning one or more essential elements of the plaintiff‘s claims and that
it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt.
Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985). Once the movant has established a right to summary
judgment, the nonmovant has the burden to respond to the motion and present to the trial court
any issues that would preclude summary judgment. See City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin
Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678-79 (Tex. 1979).
       A no evidence summary judgment motion under Rule 166a(i) is essentially a motion for a
pretrial directed verdict, which may be supported by evidence. Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286
S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. 2009). A party may move for a no evidence summary judgment on the
ground that no evidence exists of one or more essential elements of a claim on which the adverse
party bears the burden of proof. Martinez v. Hays Constr., Inc., 355 S.W.3d 170, 177 (Tex.
App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). A trial court must grant a no evidence motion for
summary judgment unless the nonmovant produces more than a scintilla of probative evidence to
raise a genuine issue of material fact.      TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v.
Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d 502, 506 (Tex. 2002). More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the
evidence rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their
conclusions. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003). Less than a



                                                  2
scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence is so weak as to merely create a surmise or
suspicion of a fact. Id.
       Review of a summary judgment under either a traditional standard or no evidence
standard requires that the evidence presented by both the motion and the response be viewed in
the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion was rendered, crediting evidence
favorable to that party if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding all contrary evidence and
inferences unless reasonable jurors could not. Gish, 286 S.W.3d at 310; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
92 S.W.3d at 506. In reviewing a summary judgment, we consider all grounds ruled on by the
trial court and preserved for appellate review that are necessary for final disposition of the
appeal. Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 846 (Tex. 2005); Cincinnati
Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 626 (Tex. 1996).
Analysis
       Section 1983 provides a cause of action for the deprivation, under color of law, of a
citizen‘s ―‗rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws‘ of the United
States[.]‖ Livadas v. Bradshaw, 512 U.S. 107, 132, 114 S. Ct. 2068, 2082–83, 129 L. Ed. 2d 93
(1994); see also 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983 (West 2003). Therefore, to sustain a claim under Section
1983, a plaintiff must show a violation of a right secured by the United States Constitution by a
person acting under the color of state law. A Section 1983 claim cannot be premised on a
respondeat superior theory. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1948, 173
L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009). However, a municipality may be held to be liable if it is the execution of
the government‘s policy or custom that ―inflicts the injury.‖ City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S.
378, 385, 109 S. Ct. 1197, 1203, 103 L. Ed. 2d 412 (1989). A supervisor can be held to be liable
if he is (1) personally involved in the constitutional deprivation, or (2) there is a sufficient causal
connection between the supervisor‘s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.
Thompkins v. Belt, 828 F.2d 298, 303-04 (5th Cir. 1987). Additionally, a supervisory official
may be liable ―even without overt personal participation in the offensive act‖ if the official
―implement[s] a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights
and is the moving force of the constitutional violation.‖ Id.
       Governmental employees are entitled to qualified immunity from civil damages ―insofar
as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a
reasonable person would have known.‖ See Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct.



                                                  3
2727, 2738, 73 L. Ed. 2d 396 (1982). Qualified immunity shields a police officer if a reasonable
officer could have believed that the action taken was lawful in light of clearly established law
and the information the officer possessed. See Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 228, 112 S. Ct.
534, 537, 116 L. Ed. 2d 589 (1991); Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 641, 107 S. Ct. 3034,
3040, 97 L. Ed. 2d 523 (1987); Tex. Dep't of Pub. Safety v. Rodriguez, 344 S.W.3d 483, 488
(Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). ―To establish an entitlement to qualified
immunity, a government official must first show that the conduct occurred while he was acting in
his official capacity and within the scope of his discretionary authority.‖ Beltran v. City of El
Paso, 367 F.3d 299, 303 (5th Cir. 2004). ―Once a defendant has properly invoked qualified
immunity, the burden rests on the plaintiff to show that the defense does not apply.‖ Id.;
Thomas v. Collins, 860 S.W.2d 500, 503 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied).
Summary judgment is proper if a plaintiff fails to show that the conduct of the governmental
action violated any clearly-established statutory or constitutional right.     See Leachman v.
Dretke, 261 S.W.3d 297, 315 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).
       Describing it as settled law, the Supreme Court held that officers were entitled to
immunity for an arrest ―if a reasonable officer could have believed that probable cause existed.‖
Hunter, 502 U.S. at 229, 112 S. Ct. at 537. That settled law supports the ruling of the trial court
in this case. As the court noted, the ―qualified immunity standard ‗gives ample room for
mistaken judgments‘ by protecting ‗all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly
violate the law.‘‖ Id. Within that wide berth, Baker‘s investigation revealed sufficient cause for
him to make the arrest. Baker had conflicting information at the conclusion of his investigation.
Several eyewitnesses believed that Steven Cook had initiated the contact between the two trucks.
However, Baker discounted the witnesses‘ renditions because they were some distance from
where the contact between the two trucks began.           What was decisive to Baker was a
contemporaneous emergency telephone call from Flowers‘s wife made during the incident. In
that phone call, which began before the contact between the two trucks, she said that ―John just
rammed his truck.‖ This is a slightly ambiguous statement, but it was supplemented by the skid
marks left by Flowers‘s truck. The skid marks began well within Steven‘s lane of travel, and
Baker concluded that this meant Flowers initiated the contact between the two trucks. Taken
together with the remainder of his investigation, Baker had a reasonable basis on which to
conclude that Flowers had initiated contact and committed an offense. A witness associated with



                                                4
Flowers appeared to state that he had initiated the contact, and the physical evidence–the skid
mark beginning in Steven‘s lane of travel–appeared to corroborate that statement.
       Flowers identifies the harm alleged in this case to be a ―seizure without probable cause
resulting in an unlawful deprivation of liberty under the Fourth Amendment.‖               It is not
controversial to state that the Fourth Amendment protects persons from seizure without probable
cause. However, Flowers makes the further assertion that because the affidavit used to obtain
the warrant to arrest him was deficient, it follows that there was not probable cause for his arrest.
We disagree.
       The constitutional claim of false arrest requires a showing of no probable cause. See
Brown v. Lyford, 243 F.3d 185, 189 (5th Cir. 2001). Probable cause exists when the ―facts and
circumstances within the officer‘s knowledge that are sufficient to warrant a prudent person, or
one of reasonable caution, in believing, in the circumstances shown, that the suspect has
committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.‖ See Club Retro LLC v. Hilton,
568 F.3d 181, 204 (5th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). We apply an objective standard, which
means that we will conclude that probable cause existed if the officer was aware of facts
justifying a reasonable belief that an offense was being committed, whether or not the officer
charged the arrestee with that specific offense. See Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 153–54,
125 S. Ct. 588, 594, 160 L. Ed. 2d 537 (2004).
       The difficulty in this case begins and ends with the affidavit filed by the investigating
officer, Steve Baker.    As we explained, Baker had grounds to conclude that Flowers had
committed the offense and to make an arrest. However, he did not communicate those grounds
to the magistrate. The affidavit begins with the conclusory statement that Baker ―has reason to
believe and does believe that [Flowers] committed this offense based on the following facts:
Defendant intentionally and knowingly committed the offense of DEADLY CONDUCT – P.C.
22.05 MISD A.‖ In short, Baker swore that he had reason to believe that Flowers committed the
offense because Flowers committed the offense.
       We are mindful that these kinds of documents are created when an officer fills in blanks
on a form and that this may result in stilted language and assertions, like the one above, that are
mere tautologies. But the obligation remains to show that probable cause exists to make an
arrest, and Baker never does so. Instead, throughout the document he simply repeats that
Flowers committed the offense. Each sentence begins with the curious locution, ―Affiant will



                                                 5
show that. . . .‖ Six sentences begin with that promise, but Baker never gives the magistrate any
information to consider. For example, Baker writes that he will show that Flowers was operating
a vehicle on US Highway 59 and that he will show that Steven Cook was operating his vehicle at
the same location. He writes that he will show that Flowers crossed his vehicle over into
Steven‘s lane of travel causing Steven‘s vehicle to drive onto the median and that his actions
were reckless. But Baker never offers the magistrate the basis for his conclusion that the facts he
recites are true. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 15.05(2) (West 2005) (―[The complaint]
must show that the accused has committed some offense against the laws of the State, either
directly or that the affiant has good reason to believe, and does believe, that the accused has
committed such offense.‖).
        But it does not follow, necessarily, that Baker lacked probable cause simply because he
did not actually write out the basis for his belief that Flowers committed an offense. The
necessity of an arrest warrant, especially for a misdemeanor arrest that occurs in public, is a
requirement of Texas state law—an arrest warrant is not required by the U.S. Constitution for a
misdemeanor arrest. See Vasquez v. State, 739 S.W.2d 37, 44 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (―In the
context of an arrest, an officer acting with probable cause to arrest may do so without a warrant
and not violate the Fourth Amendment.‖) (citing United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 96 S.
Ct. 820, 46 L. Ed. 2d 598 (1976))1; Fields v. City of South Houston, 922 F.2d 1183, 1189 (5th
Cir. 1991) (despite violation of Texas state law regarding warrantless arrest, ―there is no cause of
action for ‗false arrest‘ under section 1983 unless the arresting officer lacked probable cause‖);
see also Virginia v. Moore, 553 U.S. 164, 173, 128 S. Ct. 1598, 1605, 1605, 170 L. Ed. 2d 559
(2008) (violations of state law are not necessarily violations of Fourth Amendment; warrantless
arrest ―satisfies the Constitution so long as the officer has probable cause to believe that the
suspect has committed or is committing an offense.‖) (citations and internal quotations omitted);
cf. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts. 14.01 (West 2005), 14.03, 14.031 (West Supp. 2012),
14.04 (West 2005) (limiting warrantless arrest to certain circumstances).
        At the hearing on the defendants‘ summary judgment motion, the issue arose of what
result should obtain if the officer had probable cause but did not communicate it in his


        1
           The U.S. Constitution does require, generally, a warrant for the police to enter a dwelling to make an
arrest. See Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586, 100 S. Ct. 1371, 1380, 63 L. Ed. 2d 639 (1980); but see
Cornealius v. State, 900 S.W.2d 731, 734 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (police may politely knock on a door asking for
the person to be arrested without a warrant and may make arrest if suspect surrenders).


                                                       6
application for an arrest warrant. Flowers submitted a brief on the issue asserting that Baker was
not entitled to qualified immunity because no officer could believe that the affidavit contained an
allegation of probable cause. Flowers cited Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 354, 106 S. Ct.
1093, 1098, 90 L. Ed. 2d 271 (1986), for the proposition that ―the shield of immunity [will] be
lost‖ when a ―warrant application is so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official
belief in its existence unreasonable.‖ However, the Malley decision can be readily distinguished
from this case. First, the decision specifically did not address the question of whether the
officer‘s ―conduct in [that] case was in fact objectively reasonable.‖ Id., 475 U.S. at 346 n.8,
106 S. Ct. at 1098 n.8. Second, the allegations contained in the warrant application in Malley
appear to be the sum total of the information available to the police. That is clearly not the case
here, where Baker actually had information that led him to believe, perhaps mistakenly, that
Flowers had committed an offense but did not communicate it to the magistrate.
       At oral argument, Flowers contended that the determination of probable cause should be
limited to the affidavit and cited Kohler v. Englade, 470 F.3d 1104 (5th Cir. 2006), in a
postsubmission brief, in support of that contention. In Kohler, the court held only the affidavit
should be examined to determine if probable cause existed for a search warrant. Id. at 1112.
Although it is called a seizure warrant, the court makes clear that the warrant was a ―search
warrant‖ for which the police must submit an affidavit ―containing facts sufficient to ‗provide the
magistrate with a substantial basis for determining the existence of probable cause.‘‖ Id. at 1109
(quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 239, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527 (1983)). This is
important because, while the Fourth Amendment does not require a warrant as a prerequisite to a
public arrest, a search without a warrant is presumptively unreasonable, and therefore
unconstitutional, without a warrant. See, e.g., Kentucky v. King, __ U.S. __, 131 S. Ct. 1849,
1856, 179 L. Ed. 2d 865 (2011).2 Indeed, the Kohler case cites Whiteley v. Warden, 401 U.S.
560, 564-65, n.8, 91 S. Ct. 1031, 1035 n.8, 28 L. Ed. 2d 306 (1971), for the conclusion that ―an
otherwise insufficient affidavit cannot be rehabilitated by testimony concerning information
possessed by the affiant when he sought the warrant but not disclosed to the issuing magistrate.‖
However, in analyzing whether the evidence must be suppressed in that case, the Court rejected
the State‘s argument that a lower standard should prevail. Id., 401 U.S. at 568, 91 S. Ct. at 1037.
Nevertheless, the court analyzed whether the arresting officer possessed probable cause to make

       2
           The Court also notes that an arrest in the home requires a warrant. Flowers was not arrested in his home.


                                                          7
a warrantless arrest independently of the information contained in the application for a warrant.
Id. The Court concluded that the evidence must be suppressed because the ―complaint on which
the warrant issued‖ could not support a finding of probable cause and also because the arresting
officer did not possess additional information to corroborate the otherwise inadequate
information that formed the basis for the arrest. Id. If the only question were whether the
warrant was supported by probable cause, the second area of analysis would have been
unnecessary and irrelevant.
       In this case, because Baker‘s assessment of probable cause was reasonable, Flowers has
not shown that Baker was not entitled to qualified immunity or that the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment as to Baker.
       With respect to the liability of Havard, the police chief, and the City of Diboll, the trial
court properly granted summary judgment. Havard played no part in the arrest of Flowers. The
only argument Flowers offered in his response to the motions for summary judgment with regard
to the City and to Havard is that there was a lack of training on the ―fundamental constitutional
issue of probable cause‖ and that the lack of training is ―so pervasive‖ that Havard recognized
that the affidavit was insufficient but had ―failed to train‖ his senior officers. As we discussed
in the previous section, an arrest warrant is not required, in most circumstances, by the U.S.
Constitution. See, e.g., Vasquez, 739 S.W.2d at 44. Therefore, even the assertion of a lack of
training fails because there was no civil rights violation on what Flowers describes as the
―fundamental constitutional issue of probable cause.‖
       To present a valid claim for a violation of Section 1983 by a municipality, a plaintiff
must plead facts showing that (1) a policy or custom existed, (2) the governmental policymakers
actually or constructively knew of the policy‘s existence, (3) a constitutional violation occurred,
and (4) the custom or policy served as the moving force behind the violation. Meadowbriar
Home for Children, Inc. v. Gunn, 81 F.3d 521, 532-33 (5th Cir. 1996). A plaintiff cannot
simply offer a conclusory description of the policy or custom and its relationship to the
constitutional violation but must, instead, offer specific facts. See Spiller v. City of Texas City,
Police Dep’t, 130 F.3d 162, 167 (5th Cir. 1997). Furthermore, proof of a single incident
generally will not support a finding of inadequate training as a matter of custom or policy.
Forgan v. Howard Cnty, 494 F.3d 518, 522 (5th Cir. 2007). The core of a lack of training
assertion is that the municipality is deliberately indifferent, and this is ordinarily established by a



                                                  8
―pattern of violations and [showing] that the inadequacy of the training and supervision is
obvious and obviously likely to result in a constitutional violation.‖ See Cousin v. Small, 325
F.3d 627, 637 (5th Cir. 2003) (citations and internal quotations omitted).
          Flowers concedes that he failed to produce ―evidence of flawed policies, customs, or
traditions.‖ He argues that he should be excused from such a requirement because the City and
Havard have no policies.            We disagree.        There is no showing that the City of Diboll is
deliberately indifferent to a constitutional violation committed by its employee. Because there is
no evidence that Havard or the City was deliberately indifferent to the possibility of a lawless
arrest or that there was a constitutional violation, the trial court properly granted the no evidence
summary judgment motion as to defendants Harvard and the City. We overrule Flowers‘s three
issues.

                                                    DISPOSITION
          Having overruled Flower‘s three issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.


                                                                SAM GRIFFITH
                                                                   Justice



Opinion delivered May 22, 2013.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.




                                                    (PUBLISH)



                                                           9
                                 COURT OF APPEALS
      TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                          JUDGMENT

                                             MAY 22, 2013


                                        NO. 12-12-00107-CV


                                   JOHN FLOWERS,
                                      Appellant
                                         V.
                               CITY OF DIBOLL, TEXAS,
                           STEVE BAKER AND KENT HAVARD,
                                      Appellees


                           Appeal from the 159th Judicial District Court
                       of Angelina County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No. 41,039-07-12


                      THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the oral arguments, appellate record
and briefs filed herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there
was no error in the judgment.
                      It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that all costs of this appeal are hereby adjudged
against the appellant, JOHN FLOWERS, for which execution may issue, and that this decision
be certified to the court below for observance.
                      Sam Griffith, Justice.
                      Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.



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