 In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 15-1033C
                                  Filed: December 17, 20151

****************************************             Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”),
                                       *                 5 U.S.C. § 706;
OCTO CONSULTING GROUP, INC.,           *             Bid Protest Jurisdiction,
                                       *                 28 U.S.C. § 1491;
      Plaintiff,                       *             Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. §
                                       *             2412(d)(2)(B)(ii);
v.                                     *             Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”),
                                       *                 48 C.F.R. §8.4, Federal Supply
THE UNITED STATES,                     *                 Schedules,
                                       *                 48 C.F.R. §8.405-3, Blanket Purchase
      Defendant,                       *                 Agreements;
                                       *             Federal Agency Procurement,
and                                    *                 41 U.S.C. § 152(3);
                                       *             Interested Party,
BOOZ ALLEN HAMILTON INC.               *                 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1);
                                       *             Rules of the United States Court of
      Defendant-Intervenor.            *                 Federal Claims (“RCFC”),
                                       *                 RCFC 52.1, Administrative Record.
****************************************

Cyrus Eastman Phillips, IV, Albo & Oblon, L.L.P., Arlington, Virginia, Counsel for Plaintiff.

Zachary John Sullivan, Unites States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, D.C.,
Counsel for the Government.

Jonathan D. Shaffer, Smith Pachter McWhorter PLC, Tysons Corner, Virginia, Counsel for
Defendant-Intervenor.

                    MEMORANDUM OPINION AND FINAL ORDER

BRADEN, Judge.




       1
         On December 16, 2015, the court forwarded a sealed copy of this Memorandum Opinion
And Final Order to the parties to delete any confidential and/or privileged information from the
public version, and note any citation or editorial errors requiring correction.
I.     RELEVANT FACTUAL BACKGROUND.2

       A.        Request For Quotation No. 4QTFHS150004.

        On June 17, 2015, the United States General Services Administration (“GSA”) issued
Request For Quotation No. 4QTFHS150004 (“RFQ”), pursuant to Federal Acquisition Regulation
(“FAR”) 8.405-3 ordering procedures,3 to establish Multiple-Award Blanket Purchase Agreements
(“BPAs”), under which information technology services would be provided for a new GSA
organization, 18F. AR Tab 8B at 907–24; see also AR Tab 13A at 954–55. Specifically, the RFQ
established “a government-wide contract vehicle through which agencies can have access to a pool
of vendors with agile delivery capabilities such as user-centered design, agile software
development, and Development and Operations.” AR Tab 13A at 954–55.

       The RFQ provided for three multiple award pools: Pool One (Design Pool); Pool Two
(Development Pool); and Pool Three (Design and Development Full Stack Pool). AR Tab 8B at
909–10; see also AR Tab 13A at 950–51. This protest concerns Pool Three, the pool for which
Octo Consulting Group, Inc. (“Octo Consulting”), sought to qualify.

        As reflected in the RFQ, GSA intended to award 10 BPAs for Pool Three. AR Tab 13A at
950. Therein, GSA also reserved the right, in its discretion, to award more, less, or no BPAs. AR
Tab 13A at 950–51, 963. The BPAs were to be awarded on a “best value basis” determined by:
(1) a pass/fail Compliance Review; and (2) two evaluation factors: technical approach and price.
AR Tab 7 at 891.

       B.        Evaluation Of Quotations.

       On July 7, 2015 when the RFQ closed, GSA performed and completed a compliance review
for Pool Three,4 including a review of Octo Consulting’s quote. AR Tab 13 at 947; AR Tabs 17–

       2
         The facts described herein are derived from the October 6, 2015 sealed Administrative
Record (“AR Tabs 1–128,” comprised of pages 1–5628) and the November 4, 2015 Corrected And
Supplemented Administrative Record (“AR Tabs 129–131,” comprised of pages 5629–5642).
       3
           FAR 8.405-3, in relevant part, provides:

       Request for Quotation procedures. The ordering activity must provide a RFQ,
       which includes the statement of work and evaluation criteria (e.g., experience and
       past performance), to schedule contractors that offer services that will meet the
       agency’s needs. The RFQ may be posted to GSA’s electronic RFQ system, e–Buy
       (see 8.402(d)).

FAR 8.405-3(b)(2)(iii).
       4
          Although a total of 89 quotes were received, GSA reviewed 88, because one failed to
submit a RFQ Compliance Review Checklist Google form. See Complaint at 1, Guident Techs.,
Inc. v. United States, No. 15-1221C (Fed. Cl. filed Oct. 20, 2015) (objecting to GSA’s decision to
reject Guident Technologies, Inc.’s quote).



                                                  2
34F at 1018–4330; AR Tab 35 at 4331; AR Tab 75 at 5274–76. During this review, GSA verified
that offerors completed and submitted the RFQ Compliance Review Checklist Google form and
other compliance components, including an attachment that mapped each offeror’s quoted labor
categories from their existing GSA Schedule 70 contract to the BPA labor categories. AR Tab 75
at 5276–77. GSA did not, however, verify whether an offeror’s submission satisfied all technical
criteria, because it planned to do so during the technical approach evaluation. AR Tab 13A at 952;
AR Tab 13D at 981. After completing the compliance review, GSA determined that three of the
quotes failed and 85 quotes, including Octo Consulting’s, passed. AR Tab 75 at 5276.

       Between July 7, 2015 and August 2015, GSA evaluated the 85 compliant quotes, based on
the two evaluation factors. AR Tab 75 at 5276–79; AR Tab 35 at 4331; AR Tab 55 at 4384.

        As to the first evaluation factor, i.e., technical approach, offerors received a rating of:
Exceptional, Acceptable, or Unacceptable. AR Tab 13A at 962; see also AR Tab 75 at 5278
(defining each rating). These ratings were assigned based on 18 criteria. AR Tab 13A at 963–65.
For example, GSA assigned an Exceptional rating for the following types of submissions:




AR Tab 54 at 4382.

       The evaluation of the technical approach factor for Pool Three offerors yielded the
following ratings:

            Exceptional:      40 Quotes
            Acceptable:       23 Quotes
            Unacceptable:     22 Quotes

AR Tab 55 at 4384; AR Tab 75 at 5278. Octo Consulting’s quote was one of 40 that received an
Exceptional rating. AR Tab 74 at 5271.

        As to the second evaluation factor, i.e., price, the RFQ indicated this factor was less
significant than the technical approach factor. AR Tab 7 at 891; see also AR Tab13A at 966. As
such, this factor would be determinative for quotes that received the same technical approach
rating. AR Tab 7 at 891; see also AR Tab 13A at 966. Of the 40 Exceptional-rated quotes, GSA
performed labor category mapping analysis on the 20 lowest priced. AR Tab 73 at 5269; see also
AR Tab at 5279. Octo Consulting’s price—                 —ranked 23rd amongst the Exceptional-
rated quotes, and therefore, was not further considered. AR Tab 73 at 5269; AR Tab 75 at 5279.

       C.      Selection Of Awardees.

       GSA determined that 16 of the 20 lowest priced, Exceptional-rated quotes were adequate
and deemed eligible for best value awards. AR Tab 75 at 5280. Although the initial RFQ indicated


                                                3
that GSA intended to make 10 awards, in its Best Value Award Determination document, GSA
explained the basis for increasing the number of awards for Pool Three from 10 to 16:

       The RFQ provided that “GSA intends to establish approximately 10 BPAs for Pool
       Three” and “The approximate number of BPAs is an approximation and GSA
       reserves the right in its sole discretion to establish a fewer or greater number of
       BPAs.” After solicitation and receipt of quotes, GSA contemplated increasing the
       awards to potentially 20 BPAs for Pool Three in order to maintain BPA coverage
       over the life of the BPA given that some vendors’ Multiple Award Schedule
       contracts are set to be expiring between March 6, 2017 through July 14, 202.

                                             ***
       [As such,] [t]he award size was increased from the estimate of Ten awards to
       Sixteen[.]

AR Tab AR Tab 75 at 5279.

       Accordingly, on August 27, 2015 and August 28, 2015, the GSA contracting officer
processed award notifications for the following awardees:

              1.  TrueTandem, LLC (“TrueTandem”)                $16,536.81
              2.  NCI Information Systems, Inc. (“NCI”)         $23,761.02
              3.  DSoft Technology Company                      $24,692.95
              4.  World Wide Technology                         $24,742.81
              5.  Flexion, Inc.                                 $25,426.44
              6.  TeraLogics, LLC                               $27,014.18
              7.  Three Wire Systems, LLC                       $27,832.29
              8.  Pricewaterhouse Coopers Public Sector         $30,249.95
                  (“PwC”)
              9. Environmental Systems Research                 $31,026.17
                  Institute, Inc. (“Esri”)
              10. TechFlow, Inc.                                $31,530.21
              11. SemanticsBits                                 $33,118.02
              12. Applied Information Sciences, Inc. (“AIS”)    $33,435.06
              13. Ventera Corporation                           $36,451.41
              14. Acumen Solutions, Inc. (“Acumen”)             $39,132.89
              15. Vencore Services and Solutions, Inc.          $46,435.90
              16. Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc.                     $49,616.18

AR Tab 75 at 5280–82; see also AR Tabs 93A–93Q at 5382–400.

       On August 28, 2015, GSA sent notifications to all unsuccessful offerors, including Octo
Consulting, and announced the number and identity of all Pool Three BPA awardees. AR Tab 93
at 5382–83.




                                               4
II.    RELEVANT PROCEDURAL HISTORY.

       On September 17, 2015, Octo Consulting filed a Complaint (“Compl.”) in the United States
Court of Federal Claims. On September 18, 2015, the court held a telephone status conference
with the parties.

        On September 21, 2015, the parties submitted a Joint Proposed Scheduling Order, wherein
the Government agreed that it “will not issue orders on the [BPAs] at issue in this action . . .
through and including December 17, 2015, unless and until the earlier of one of the following
events occurs: (1) this protest before the court is dismissed; or (2) the court issues a decision upon
plaintiff’s protest that does not enjoin the agency from doing so.” Scheduling Order at 2, Dkt. No.
6. That same day, the court entered the Scheduling Order and a Protective Order.

       On October 5, 2015, Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. (“Booz Allen”) filed an Unopposed Motion
To Intervene. That same day, the Government filed the Administrative Record under seal. On
October 13, 2015, the court issued an Order granting Booz Allen’s October 5, 2015 Unopposed
Motion To Intervene.

      On October 15, 2015, under seal, Octo Consulting filed: a Motion For Judgment On The
Administrative Record (“Pl. Mot.”); and a Brief In Support Of Motion For Judgment On The
Administrative Record (“Pl. Br.”).

       On October 23, 2015, the Government filed a Notice Of Directly Related Case, Guident
Technologies, Inc. v. United States, No. 15-1221C (Fed. Cl. filed October 20, 2015), which the
court determined did not warrant consolidation with this protest.

      On November 2, 2015, the Government filed an Unopposed Motion For Leave To Correct
And Supplement The Administrative Record that the court granted on November 3, 2015.

        On November 4, 2015, under seal, the Government filed: a Motion To Dismiss For Lack
of Jurisdiction Or, In The Alternative, Cross-Motion For Judgment On The Administrative Record
And Opposition To Plaintiff’s Motion For Judgment On The Administrative Record (“Gov’t
Mot.”); and a Corrected And Supplemented Administrative Record. That same day, Booz Allen
filed a Cross Motion For Judgment On The Administrative Record And Memorandum In Support
And Response To Plaintiff’s Motion (“Int. Mot.”).

      On November 12, 2015, under seal, Octo Consulting filed a Brief In Support Of Response
To Cross-Motions For Judgment On The Administrative Record And Reply To Response To
Motion For Judgment On The Administrative Record (“Pl. Resp.”).

        On November 20, 2015, under seal, the Government filed a Reply To Plaintiff’s Opposition
To Defendant’s Motion To Dismiss For Lack Of Jurisdiction Or, In The Alternative, Cross-Motion
For Judgment On The Administrative Record (“Gov’t Reply”). That same day, under seal, Booz
Allen filed a Reply To Plaintiff’s Response To Booz Allen’s Cross-Motion For Judgment On The
Administrative Record (“Int. Reply”).




                                                  5
III.   DISCUSSION.

       A.       Jurisdiction.

       As a matter of law, the court must consider jurisdiction before reaching the substantive
merits of a case. See Gonzalez v. Thaler, 132 S. Ct. 641, 648 (2012) (“When a requirement goes
to subject-matter jurisdiction, courts are obligated to consider sua sponte issues that the parties
have disclaimed or have not presented.”). When deciding a subject-matter jurisdiction challenge,
the court “must accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true and draw all reasonable
inferences in [the non-moving party’s] favor.” Boyle v. United States, 200 F.3d 1369, 1372 (Fed.
Cir. 2000).
        Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), the United States Court of Federal Claims has
jurisdiction:
             to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to a solicitation
             by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract or to a
             proposed award or the award of a contract or any alleged violation of statute or
             regulation in connection with a procurement or proposed procurement.
28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1).
        The September 17, 2015 Complaint in this case alleges: (1) “the Agency’s Multiple-
Awards were irrationally based, arbitrary, or capricious”; (2) “the Agency’s Multiple-Awards were
not ‘made in accordance with the basis for selection in the RFQ’ and in violation of FAR 8.405-
3(b)(2)(vi)”;5 and (3) “the Agency failed to conduct the Competition to ‘enable the Government
to assess the price of performance as between competing quotes,’” or in the alternative, “there was
no Price assessment . . . or the Price assessment conducted . . . was irrational, arbitrary, or
capricious.” Compl. ¶ 2. Since the September 17, 2015 Complaint alleges sufficient facts of a
claim to satisfy 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), and places in issue potential violations of law or federal
regulation “in connection with” the procurement and award of the BPAs, the United States Court
of Federal Claims would have jurisdiction to adjudicate this claim.

       B.       Standing.

        Under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), “[t]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden
of establishing the[] elements [of standing].” Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992);


       5
           FAR 8.405-3(b)(2)(vi) provides:

       The ordering activity contracting officer shall ensure all quotes received are fairly
       considered and award is made in accordance with the basis for selection in the RFQ.
       The ordering activity is responsible for considering the level of effort and the mix
       of labor proposed to perform, and for determining that the proposed price is
       reasonable.

FAR 8.405-3(b)(2)(vi).



                                                   6
see also Myers Investigative & Sec. Servs. v. United States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
(same).
        As a threshold matter, to have standing under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), a plaintiff contesting
the award of a federal contract must establish that it is an “interested party.” See Myers, 275 F.3d
at 1369 (“[S]tanding is a threshold jurisdictional issue.”); see also Orion Tech., Inc. v. United
States, 704 F.3d 1344, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“In a bid protest, only an ‘interested party’ has
standing to challenge a contract award.”).
         The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has construed the term
“interested party,” under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), as synonymous with “interested party” as it is
used in 31 U.S.C. § 3551(2)(A). See Rex Serv. Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d 1305, 1307 (Fed.
Cir. 2006) (citing decisions that adopt the Competition in Contracting Act (“CICA”) definition of
“interested party” for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)). As such, to prove that it is an
“interested party,” a plaintiff must establish that: “(1) it was an actual or prospective bidder and
(2) it had a direct economic interest in the procurement or proposed procurement.” Distrib. Sols.,
Inc. v. United States, 539 F.3d 1340, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2008).
        In addition to establishing “interested party” status, a protestor must show that the alleged
errors in the procurement were prejudicial. See Myers, 275 F.3d at 1370 (“[P]rejudice (or injury)
is a necessary element of standing.”); see also Labatt Food Serv. Inc. v. United States, 577 F.3d
1375, 1378–79 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“It is basic that ‘because the question of prejudice goes directly
to the question of standing, the prejudice issue must be reached before addressing the merits.’”
(quoting Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2003))).
        A proper standing inquiry must not conflate the requirement of “direct economic interest”
with prejudicial error. See Labatt, 577 F.3d at 1380 (explaining that failure to separate the direct
economic interest inquiry from the prejudicial inquiry “would create a rule that, to an unsuccessful
but economically interested offeror in a bid protest, any error is harmful”). To establish a “direct
economic interest, a [plaintiff] must show that it had a ‘substantial chance’ of winning the
contract.” Digitals Educ. Sols., Inc. v. United States, 664 F.3d 1380, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2012). In
contrast, to establish prejudice, a plaintiff must “show that but for the error, it would have had a
substantial chance of securing the contract.” Labatt, 577 F.3d at 1378, 1380 (emphasis added)
(holding that the plaintiff must establish that “the [G]overnment’s error caused [it] to suffer
disparate treatment or a particularized harm”). Therefore, the “direct economic interest” inquiry
focuses on the plaintiff’s general likelihood of winning the contract without the Government’s
error, whereas the prejudice inquiry focuses on the effect of the Government’s error on the
plaintiff’s chances of being awarded the contract.

       C.      Whether Octo Consulting Has Standing.

               1.      The Government’s And Defendant-Intervenor’s Argument.

        The Government and Booz Allen argue that Octo Consulting does not have standing to
contest the GSA’s decision, because Octo Consulting cannot show that it was prejudiced by the
alleged procurement errors. Gov’t Mot. at 28; Int. Mot. at 12.




                                                 7
          Specifically, the Government and Booz Allen contend that Octo Consulting “cannot
demonstrate that it had a substantial chance of winning an award but for the alleged errors in the
procurement process.” Gov’t Mot. at 28; see also Int. Mot. at 12. “GSA did not indicate the exact
number of BPAs that would be established and did not even approximate the number to be 17.6
Instead, GSA indicated the approximate number of awardees would be 10 and that GSA reserved
the right in its sole discretion to establish a fewer or greater number and to not issue a BPA.” Gov’t
Mot. at 28 (emphasis added) (citing AR Tab 13A at 950–51); see also Int. Mot. at 11. Moreover,
Octo Consulting “was not next in line for an award and was not even in line to be in the potential
awardee pool of 20.” Gov’t Mot. at 28 (emphasis added); see also Int. Mot. at 11. As such, “if
one or more of the BPA awards is set aside, there [is] no requirement for [GSA] to award Octo
[Consulting] a BPA.” Int. Mot. at 11.

               2.      Octo Consulting’s Response.

        Octo Consulting responds that the Government’s “post hoc rationalizations . . . must be
abjured[.]” Pl. Resp. at 22. Specifically, Octo Consulting quotes sections of the Government’s
standing argument to demonstrate that the Government “unabashedly asserts that [GSA], which
clearly and prejudicially violated FAR 8.405-3(b)(2)(vi), is entitled to benefit from the uncertainty
rectifying these unlawful acts will create.” Pl. Resp. at 21.

               3.      The Court’s Resolution.

        Octo Consulting timely submitted a quote in response to RFQ No. 4QTFHS150004. AR
Tab 24 at 2784–849. As an actual bidder, Octo Consulting satisfied the first element of the
“interested party” test. See Distrib. Sols., 539 F.3d at 1344 (‘To qualify as an ‘interested party,’ a
protestor must establish that . . . it was an actual or prospective bidder or offeror[.]”).

        But, Octo Consulting has not satisfied the second element, i.e., that a plaintiff must have a
“direct economic interest” in the procurement. Octo Consulting’s quote was substantially higher
than the other Exceptional-rated quotes, ranking 23rd, and placing it outside of the 20
contemplated awards. Compare AR Tab 74 at 5271 (listing Octo Consulting’s July 7, 2015 quote
as             ,                            ’ quote as             , and                           ’s
quote as              ), with AR Tab 75 at 5280 (listing Pool Three awardees’ prices as ranging
from $16,536.81 to $49,616.18). Therefore, Octo Consulting has not shown a “direct economic
interest” in the procurement, because it cannot “show that it had a ‘substantial chance’ of winning
the contract.” Digitals, 664 F.3d at 1384.

        Octo Consulting also has not established prejudice. Octo Consulting argues that GSA’s
decision to award BPAs to Acumen, NCI, PwC, and TrueTandem was a violation of FAR 8.405-
3(b)(2)(vi), because these quotes were “materially noncompliant with the terms of [the] RFQ[.]”
Pl. Mot. at 17–18. Even if the court accepted Octo Consulting’s argument as true, the RFQ did

       6
        On September 23, 2015, GSA awarded a BPA to InQbation—one of the 20 offerors in
the potential award group that was eliminated, based upon the labor category mapping
requirement. GSA’s award was based on a subsequent determination that InQbation met the
requirement. AR Tabs 97–100 at 5411–18.



                                                  8
not require GSA to choose a specific number of awardees. AR Tab 13A at 951 (“The approximate
number of BPAs is an approximation and GSA reserves the right in its sole discretion to establish
a fewer or greater number of BPAs.”). As such, even if GSA erred in awarding BPAs to Acumen,
NCI, PwC, and TrueTandem, there was no requirement for GSA to make an award to another
offeror, much less Octo Consulting. Moreover, there were two offerors that had a higher rank than
Octo Consulting and would be next in line for consideration over Octo Consulting. AR Tab 74 at
5271 (ranking                              ’ quote and                        ’s quote as 21 and
22, i.e., ahead of Octo Consulting). As such, Octo Consulting cannot demonstrate that “but for the
[Government’s] error, it would have had a substantial chance of winning the contract.” Labatt,
577 F.3d at 1378.

        For these reasons, the court has determined that Octo Consulting does not have standing,
so the court need not consider the merits of the September 17, 2015 bid protest Complaint. See
Info Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2003)
(“[B]ecause the question of prejudice goes directly to the question of standing, the prejudice issue
must be reached before addressing the merits.”); see also Myers, 275 F.3d at 1369 (“[S]tanding is
a threshold jurisdictional issue.”).

IV.    CONCLUSION.

      For the reasons discussed herein, Octo Consulting’s October 15, 2015 Motion For
Judgment On The Administrative Record is denied. The Government’s November 4, 2015 Motion
To Dismiss For Lack Of Jurisdiction Or, In The Alternative, Cross-Motion For Judgment On The
Administrative Record And Opposition To Plaintiff’s Motion For Judgment On The
Administrative Record is granted. Likewise, Booz Allen’s November 4, 2015 Cross Motion For
Judgment On The Administrative Record is granted.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                     s/ Susan G. Braden
                                                     SUSAN G. BRADEN
                                                     Judge




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