            IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                        OF TEXAS
                                         NO. AP-75,541


                             CLIFTON WILLIAMS, Appellant

                                                v.

                                  THE STATE OF TEXAS

                            ON DIRECT APPEAL
           CAUSE NO. 114-1505-06 FROM THE 114 TH DISTRICT COURT
                               SMITH COUNTY

       HERVEY , J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which KELLER , P.J., MEYERS,
WOMACK , KEASLER , HOLCOMB and COCHRAN , JJ., joined. WOMACK , J., filed a concurring
opinion. PRICE and JOHNSON , JJ., concurred.

                                         OPINION

       A jury convicted appellant of murdering a 93-year-old woman in her home during the course

of committing or attempting to commit several felonies (including burglary, robbery and arson).

Pursuant to the jury’s answers to the special issues, including a special issue on whether appellant

is mentally retarded, the trial court sentenced appellant to death. Appellant raises seven points of

error on direct appeal. Deciding that these points have no merit, we affirm.
                                                                                            Williams–2

        In point of error one, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s

finding that he is not mentally retarded. In Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 321 (2002), the United

States Supreme Court decided that it violates the United States Constitution for a state to execute

a mentally retarded murderer. We have adopted the American Association on Mental Retardation

(AAMR) definition of mental retardation for Atkins claims presented in Texas death-penalty cases.

See Ex parte Briseno, 135 S.W.3d 1, 7-8 (Tex.Cr.App. 2004). The AAMR defines mental

retardation as a disability characterized by: (1) “significantly subaverage” general intellectual

functioning, which is usually evidenced by an IQ “of about 70" or below,1 (2) accompanied by

“related” limitations in adaptive functioning,2 (3) the onset of which occurs prior to the age of 18.

See id.;3 see also Ex parte Tennard, 960 S.W.2d 57, 61 (Tex.Cr.App. 1997) (third part of AAMR

definition requires a person to exhibit parts one and two of the AAMR definition during the

developmental period). Some “other evidentiary factors which factfinders in the criminal trial

context might also focus upon in weighing evidence as indicative of mental retardation” include:

        Did those who knew the person best during the developmental stage—his family,


        1

        See Briseno, 135 S.W.3d at 7 n.24.
        2

        See Briseno, 135 S.W.3d at 7 n.25 (“Impairments in adaptive behavior are defined as
significant limitations in an individual’s effectiveness in meeting the standards of maturation,
learning, personal independence, and/or social responsibility that are expected for his or her age level
and cultural group, as determined by clinical assessment and, usually, standardized scales.”) (internal
quotes omitted).
        3

        In Briseno, 135 S.W.3d at 7-8, we also adopted the definition of mental retardation contained
in the Texas Health and Safety Code, which, similar to the AAMR definition, defines mental
retardation as “significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning that is concurrent with
deficits in adaptive behavior and originates during the developmental period.” See TEX . HEALTH
& SAFETY CODE § 591.003(13).
                                                                                         Williams–3

       friends, teachers, employers, authorities—think he was mentally retarded at that time,
       and, if so, act in accordance with that determination?

       Has the person formulated plans and carried them through or is his conduct
       impulsive?

       Does his conduct show leadership or does it show that he is led around by others?

       Is his conduct in response to external stimuli rational and appropriate, regardless of
       whether it is socially acceptable?

       Does he respond coherently, rationally, and on point to oral or written questions or
       do his responses wander from subject to subject?

       Can the person hide facts or lie effectively in his own or others' interests?

       Putting aside any heinousness or gruesomeness surrounding the capital offense, did
       the commission of that offense require forethought, planning, and complex execution
       of purpose?

See Briseno, 135 S.W.3d at 8.

       We have also decided that a defendant, presenting an Atkins mental retardation claim at trial,

has the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he is mentally retarded. See Gallo

v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 769-70 (Tex.Cr.App. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S.Ct. 2872 (2008). In

reviewing a jury’s finding that a defendant is not mentally retarded, we consider all of the evidence

relevant to the mental retardation issue and determine, with “great deference” to the jury’s finding,

whether this finding is “so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence so as to be

manifestly unjust.” See Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264, 273 (Tex.Cr.App. 2008) (appellate court

affords “great deference” to jury’s finding that defendant is not mentally retarded because jury is in

the best position to assess witness credibility and to resolve conflicts in the evidence); Gallo, 239

S.W.3d at 769-70.

       Appellant claimed at trial that he is “mildly” mentally retarded. This issue was thoroughly
                                                                                           Williams–4

and exhaustively litigated before the jury during appellant’s trial with each party presenting expert

and nonexpert testimony on the issue of whether appellant is mentally retarded under the three-part

AAMR definition of mental retardation. This issue was submitted to the jury at the punishment

phase, and the jury found that appellant is not mentally retarded.

        Appellant claims on appeal that the evidence “clearly shows that [he] is mentally retarded.”

Most of the testimony relevant to appellant’s mental retardation claim is set out in volumes 52

through 57 and 59 of the reporter’s record, comprising approximately 1,900 pages (not including the

voluminous exhibits). Citing to “R.R. Vol. 56, Pg. 6, et. seq.,” appellant’s brief asserts that “defense

expert [Tom Allen] testified at length regarding Appellant’s mental retardation.” This is the only

citation to the voluminous record that appellant’s brief provides in support of the assertions set out

in approximately five pages of his brief purportedly describing all of the evidence relevant to the

issue of appellant’s mental retardation. See TEX . R. APP . PROC. 38.1(f) (requiring that statement of

facts in brief “must be supported by record references”).

        The State claims that appellant’s “lack of record citation results in a five page narrative

fiction in the stead of a record-referenced ‘Statement of Facts’ as required by” Rule 38.1(f) and that

this “Court is not required to shift (sic) through the very voluminous record of this case in order to

find the information that Appellant has not provided.” The State also suggests that the record does

not support several factual assertions in appellant’s brief.

        Although we are inclined to agree with the State that we can dispose of this point of error as

inadequately briefed, we have decided to sift “through the very voluminous record” and dispose of

this point of error on its merits. We believe that the following discussion of the record fairly and

accurately describes the evidence relevant to appellant’s mental retardation claim.
                                                                                          Williams–5

       The evidence in this case shows that on July 9, 2005, the then 21-year-old appellant broke

into the home of a 93-year-old woman and beat and stabbed her to death. The medical examiner

testified that there was also evidence of strangulation. Appellant placed the victim’s body on a bed

and set the victim’s body and the bed on fire. One of the police detectives involved in the case

testified that this destroyed incriminating evidence. Appellant stole the victim’s car and other

property belonging to her. Appellant also threw away the clothes that he was wearing, disposed of

the murder weapon, and lied to his family and to the police about his involvement in the offense.

Appellant initially denied any involvement in the offense, but eventually told the police that Jamarist

“Monterral” Paxton, an acquaintance, forced him to participate in the offense and that appellant’s

involvement in it was minimal. The police were unable to find any other evidence to substantiate

this claim, and Monterral testified at appellant’s trial that he was not involved in the offense. The

overwhelming weight of the evidence supports the State’s factual theory that appellant acted alone

in murdering the victim.4

       The evidence also shows that appellant was born on August 21, 1983. He was raised by his

mother until she died when appellant was in the sixth or seventh grade, at which time appellant went

to live with his father and step-mother. Evidence was presented that appellant’s mother practiced

voodoo and may have been mentally ill. She was not abusive, and appellant was close to her. For

example:

       Q. [STATE]: Now, if we had–able to take kind of a snapshot of your life at that


       4

        The State also presented evidence at the punishment phase that appellant sexually assaulted
the victim (in the form of appellant’s statement to the police that Monterral sexually assaulted her).
The State’s theory was that references in appellant’s statement to Monterral actually referred to
appellant’s actions.
                                                                                             Williams–6

        point, then, your mom is either–has your–you’re born five years–[appellant] is born
        five years later than [appellant’s sister] is born. She’s taking care of all these kids
        and at no time was she physically abusive–at some point around age 10, she
        becomes–begins to use profanity. Her conduct is embarrassing to you kind of in the
        neighborhood. And there was one to four times that she would have put red pepper
        on you,5 but never a situation where she was beating or abusive?
                                                  ***
        A. [APPELLANT’S OLDER BROTHER]: You could say that.

        Q. [Appellant’s] relationship with his mom, how would you characterize his
        relationship? He loved his mom?

        A. Very much.

        Q. And you, too?

        A. Right.

        Appellant made many passing and above-average grades in school until he dropped out in

the twelfth grade.6 Several of appellant’s family members and several of his school teachers testified

at trial, none of whom testified that, at the time of this developmental stage of appellant’s life, they

thought that appellant was mentally retarded. At about the age of 15, appellant began to associate

with the “wrong crowd” and to take drugs. Appellant also became sexually active at this time.

Appellant also learned how to drive a car (even though we understand the record to reflect that he

        5

        This was part of the mother’s voodoo rituals to ward off evil spirits.
        6

         Evidence was presented that appellant repeated the first grade. His first-grade teacher
(Dobroski) testified that appellant’s first-grade, year-end averages for “language arts was 68; reading
63; spelling, 69; writing 75; English 77; mathematics, 85; science 78; social studies 84; health, fine
arts, and music satisfactory; and physical education excellent.” Dobroski testified that the “scores
in reading, spelling, and language arts” were below the passing level of 70. She testified that this
could have been because appellant, with what Dobroski described as a “late birthday” in August, was
too young and really not ready for the first grade. Dobroski testified that she did not have any
indication that appellant “was a mentally retarded child or needed to be tested for that.” Dobroski
testified that appellant successfully repeated the first grade “with a 25-point difference in his scores.”
Appellant’s “lowest grade [was] 85, 85 with a range to 96, with an 88 in reading and language arts.”
                                                                                          Williams–7

never obtained a driver’s license). It was also around this period of time that appellant became a

disciplinary problem in school.7 Appellant’s I.Q. was never tested prior to the age of 18. The State

suggested, through its cross-examination of one of the defense experts (McClure), that this was

“because no one thought [that appellant] needed” to have his I.Q. tested. Appellant also had jobs

in fast food restaurants such as a Kentucky Fried Chicken for short periods around this time. He was

capable of taking customer orders inside and at the drive-through windows, handling money, and

getting the meals ready to be served to the customers.

       The defense attempted to diminish appellant’s passing grades in school with evidence that

appellant may have been “socially promoted”8 and that he was unable to pass all portions of various

standardized tests that he took during his school years. The defense also presented testimony that

appellant was at times a “504 student” with “special needs” before he entered high school.

       Evidence was presented that a “504” program is not the same as a “special education”

program where mentally retarded students might be placed. Evidence was also presented that

appellant was never a “special education” student and that a “special education” student would

probably have been exempted from taking the standardized tests that appellant took. For example:

       Q. [DEFENSE]: Okay. Did you find any evidence in the record to indicate that
       [appellant] had been in special ed. classes?

       7

        One of appellant’s high school teachers (Riley) testified that appellant performed poorly in
his class and was a disciplinary problem with one incident involving appellant sticking another
student with a safety pin. Riley testified that he believed that appellant was able to perform properly
but that appellant “was disinterested, unwilling to do the work.”
       8

       Several of appellant’s school teachers denied this. For example, appellant’s first-grade
teacher (Dobroski) testified that appellant earned his good grades that ranged from 85 to 96.
Appellant’s seventh-grade teacher testified that appellant earned his passing grades and that appellant
“was fully capable on a seventh grade reading level.”
                                                                                       Williams–8

       A. [DEFENSE EXPERT TOM ALLEN]: No, none that I could find.
                                              ***
       Q. [STATE]: Okay. If a person is in the special education program, would they ever
       take a TAAS or TAKS [standardized] test?

       A. [DEFENSE EXPERT TOM ALLEN]: No. They’re exempted from that.

       Q. Okay. So the fact that [appellant] took a TAAS or TAKS test tells you that he was
       not in special education. Would you agree with that?

       A. Pretty much, yeah.
                                           ***
       Q. [STATE]: Can you have highly intelligent people in 504?

       A. [DEFENSE EXPERT PATTON]:Yes, you can.

       Q. Can you have highly intelligent people in the special ed. That deals with the
       IDEA, whatever that one is? Would you likely see highly intelligent people in that
       special ed. program?

       A. Not typically, no.

       Q. Okay. So–because 504 accommodates people that have a special–that need a
       special–an accommodation to learn in an environment?

       A. Most of the time, 504 is related to accommodations, that’s correct.
                                               ***
       Q. [STATE]: 504. I’m thinking 501-K savings program.

       A. [STATE’S EXPERT GRIPON]: 504 programs are not special education. That’s
       not a retarded group, that’s not special education. That’s special needs, and special
       education are not the same thing.

       Appellant was homeless “off and on” from the time that he dropped out of school in the

twelfth grade until he committed this offense in July 2005. Appellant’s drug use also continued

during this period of time. At the time of the offense, appellant was unemployed and living alone

in an apartment. He was capable of understanding his Miranda9 rights and of coherently and


       9

                                                                                     (continued...)
                                                                                         Williams–9

voluntarily making statements to the police (and lying in his own interests).10

       Appellant presented the testimony of a psychologist (McClure) who does diagnostic disability

testing for the Social Security Administration. McClure evaluated the then 19-year-old appellant in

August 2003 for social security disability benefits and diagnosed appellant as “mildly” mentally

retarded and as suffering from some form of schizophrenia.11 McClure’s “mild” mental retardation

diagnosis was based on appellant’s full-scale score of 63 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Version III I.Q. test (the WAIS III) that McClure administered. It was also based on the results of

the Wide Range Achievement Test (the WRAT), which indicated that appellant’s reading, writing

and arithmetic skills were at a fourth-grade level.12 McClure’s diagnosis was also based on

statements that appellant and his father made to McClure, including appellant’s statement to

McClure that he did not use drugs and appellant’s father’s statement to McClure that appellant was

a “special education” student in school.

       Q. [DEFENSE]: Okay. Why was [appellant] at your office?

       A. [MCCLURE]: He was tested, because his family had applied for Social Security
       disability for him, and so I had–Social Security requested that I test him to determine
       his functioning level.

       9
        (...continued)
       See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 467-69 (1966).
       10

       We note that a defense expert (Kate Allen) testified that appellant was not a very good liar.
       11

         Appellant also presented the testimony of a clinical psychiatrist (Davis), who diagnosed
appellant in March 2004 as suffering from paranoid schizophrenia for which Davis prescribed an
anti-psychotic medication called Abilify. Davis testified that he would be surprised if appellant’s
schizophrenia caused him to commit this crime even though another defense expert (Kate Allen)
testified that appellant’s schizophrenia was a factor in the commission of this offense.
       12

       Appellant’s step-mother (Nell) testified, however, that appellant “read fairly well.”
                                                                                       Williams–10

                                            ***
       Q. Okay. Dr. McClure, what’s involved in evaluating a person to determine whether
       or not they are mentally retarded?

       A. Okay. What Social Security wants me to do is–get his history, and usually in his
       own words. Then you do some specific types of testing, like psychiatrists do, that are
       mental status exam and general functioning of the client. And then you do some
       specific tests. In this case, I–for intelligence, I–I used the Wechsler Adult
       Intelligence Scale Version III to measure his intelligence, and then I used something
       called the Wide Range Achievement Test to measure his academic ability, his
       reading, writing, arithmetic.
                                               ***
       A. When you’re looking for mental retardation, you have to have three criterion to
       be met.

       First is a tested I.Q. below 70. And on the WAIS, he tested at 63, so he met that
       criteria.

       Second, you have to have–this problem occurred before the age of 18. And from the
       history that his father gave me, his problems were many years before that. He had
       a history of–of problems. He was in special education. This is what his father told
       me, and he was only reading and writing at a fourth grade level.
                                                 ***
       The adaptive functioning is the third criteria, which means he was not functioning too
       well, and he was having trouble keeping a job. He had trouble with his relations with
       his family. He was–he was confused. He himself couldn’t give me really good
       history information. He was very confused. For example, he’d spent six months in
       jail in Rusk, and he couldn’t tell me why.
                                                 ***
       So, anyway, his functioning level wasn’t very good. You put those three things
       together, the low I.Q., and he tested 63, it was before 18, and his functioning level
       to reach a conclusion of mental retardation.13

       Q. Okay. So now, with respect to the–to the adaptive deficits, the information that
       you received was the information that you received from his father, Willie Williams?

       A. Yes, that’s correct.
                                               ***


       13

        With respect to the adaptive behavior deficits of the AAMR definition of mental retardation,
McClure testified that “you only have to find significant limitations in adaptive behavior in two of
the eleven” categories of adaptive behavior “in order to find that a person is mentally retarded.”
                                                                                      Williams–11

       Q. Okay. You made a diagnosis of–of schizophrenia?

       A. I did, yes.
                                                ***
       A. He was hallucinating and he talked to the walls and had a lot of confusion
       problems. He couldn’t really give me much in the way of history. I had to get most
       of the history from his father, so he had some major problems.

       McClure was surprised to learn on cross-examination that appellant’s father’s statement to

him that appellant was in special education was not accurate.

       Q. [STATE]: Let me show you, you know, he was never in special ed. classes in
       school?

       A. [MCCLURE]: That’s what his father told me. That’s all I know.

       Q. No. He was not in special ed. Tyler Independent School District, there are no
       records that indicate [appellant] was in special education in the Tyler Independent
       School District. Does that surprise you?

       A. Yeah.

       McClure also testified on cross-examination that appellant’s above-average school grades

were “contradictory” with a 63 I.Q.

       Q. [STATE]: Look at the grades he’s making.

       They’re–let me start with–would you expect [appellant], growing up, his grades
       would have been pretty bad?

       A. [MCCLURE]: From what I saw I would have expected that, yeah.

       Q. Let me show you some records from Jacksonville where he went to elementary
       school. “Hard worker, good student.” A student being promoted, yes,; special ed.,
       no. As it goes through these are a lot of records you will have to look through them.
       Let me get you to the gist of it–hang on one second, Doctor, turn to the right page.

       Here’s his grades. Now, he’s not in special classes. Reading, 88, 78, 79. You see
       how it goes on through here? His grades are 90, 96. Mathematics, science, social
       studies, is that kind of surprising?

       A. Yeah, but a lot of school districts are very easy graders. I’ve discovered from
                                                                                 Williams–12
testing, Social Security, you can’t–grades in school don’t mean anything. You have
to give them tests to see what they’re (sic) actual functioning is, because a lot of
schools grade too easily and don’t expect much.

Q. Well, do you find that with four school districts?

A. No, I wouldn’t find that in all school districts.

Q. Let me show you–here’s one with Moore Middle School. This is 8th grade math.
He’s making a 91, and 83, a 79. Would–that’s stuff you would like to know,
wouldn’t it?

A. Yes. Sure.

Q. Look in social studies. He’s making an 82, and this is not–remember he’s not in
special ed. Reading, 75, 88, 67. I mean, you could go through here and pick them,
but that’s 8th grade. Let me see. I have a hard time–I think we get to more report
cards over here. Here’s 10th grade. I’ll go back and find those.

A. Do you have an I.Q. from back then?

Q. There was no I.Q. test administered to him prior to the age of 18.

Look in here. Well, here’s auto tech, 87, 93, 91 and 100. 10th grade geometry, 81,
he’s making English II, here he makes a 50, a 50 and a 30. But you go over to 11th
grade English, 71, 76, 79. Reading, 83. And this is John Tyler High School. He’s
making in geometry, 71, 80, 85. I mean, how is he making grades that are some of
them A’s and B’s in mainstream, nonspecial ed. classes and be retarded?

A. That’s a good question. I wish I had that information before I had my–I done my
report. You’ve got other factors here to.
                                         ***
Q. I guess the thing is, Doctor, that I’m getting at–let me show you State’s Exhibit
328. He is–you’ve seen Jacksonville, his grades. Then you move over to Boulter
school. He’s got in social studies 72, 77, 75. Math he’s making an 84. Reading an
80. That’s the seventh grade.

If you look at some of the final grades here, math he’s got an 84, 74, 79. That’s 8th
grade–or 7th grade.

The–here’s some–this is better, an easier way to read it, 7th grade. But you’re looking
at a guy who is making pretty–science, in one part, he makes a 94.

Then you can go over to Moore Middle School. And I’ll have to find those grades.
                                                                                          Williams–13
       But all through here at different school systems, he’s making–or different schools,
       he’s making good grades, would be very inconsistent with a I.Q. of 63, would it not?

       A. I would think so, yes.
                                                  ***
       Q. So, I mean, I guess the point of it is, Doctor, is (sic) he’s going–he’s going to high
       school, John Tyler, he’s making average grades, sometimes A’s. He’s not in 504.
       He’s not in special ed. He hasn’t been identified or showing the need to either one
       of those. How does that correlate to your I.Q. test? That’s the bottom line.

       A. It doesn’t. It’s contradictory.

       McClure also testified on cross-examination that “one time of [I.Q.] testing” could be “more

accurate than grades over nearly a 12-year period of time” but that he could not be sure if that was

true in appellant’s case. He also testified that the Social Security Administration did not pay him

enough to do a more thorough evaluation of appellant that he would have done in a “private clinical

setting.” McClure also testified on cross-examination that misrepresentations that appellant and his

father made to him were significant and could have compromised his “determinations in the adaptive

functioning.”

       Q. [STATE]: Right. And in this case, they have misrepresented the special
       education, misrepresented he did poorly in school, misrepresented problems with
       drugs and alcohol.

       Are those three significant areas?

       A. [MCCLURE]: Yes.

       Q. Okay. Do you believe that could have compromised your determinations in the
       adaptive functioning? Not it’s [sic] your fault, but based on the information you had?

       A. It could have, yes.14


       14

        The State argues on appeal, as it did at trial, that appellant “was completely motivated to try
to score as poorly as possible during his IQ testing with Dr. McClure” and that he deliberately misled
                                                                                        (continued...)
                                                                                         Williams–14
       Appellant was awarded social security disability benefits, apparently based on McClure’s

report.15 Appellant’s step-mother (Nell) testified for the defense that she was the payee of

appellant’s social security disability benefits, which she used to take care of appellant including

paying the rent for the apartment where he lived alone when he committed this offense.

       Q. [DEFENSE]: Okay. So after you got benefits started for him . . . what, if
       anything, did you do relative to living arrangements for [appellant]?

       A. [NELL]: Well, I took care of his bills, bought his groceries, you know. I took care
       of him.

       Q. Okay. And that was when he was living in the apartment--

       A. Yes.

       Q. –that he was living in when all of this took place?

       A. Yes.

       Q. Now, after he–he moved into the apartment, was anybody really living with him
       at that time?

       A. No.

       Nell testified on cross-examination that appellant had the ability to go into a grocery store

and “to pick out what he wanted, go to the check-out and pay for it.” She also testified that she saw

appellant work the cash register and the kitchen when he worked at Kentucky Fried Chicken.

       Q. [STATE]: Did you testify that–that he would go in to buy groceries, and he would


       14
       (...continued)
McClure “regarding crucial background information” in order to obtain disability benefits.
       15

        McClure testified that he just does the testing and sends in his reports to the Social Security
Administration and does not know whether benefits are awarded (McClure testified, “I don’t make
that decision. It’s up to Social Security to make the decision. I just do the testing and send in my
report.”).
                                                                                   Williams–15
buy snack foods, potato chips and snake (sic) cakes?

A. [NELL]: That’s correct.

Q. All right. Stuff that y’all felt was–was not what he should be buying, not
nutritious?

A. Wasn’t food he could make a meal on.

Q. Okay. So it wasn’t that he did not have the ability to go and buy the food; it was
that you did not feel that the food was what you could make a meal on?

A. He didn’t have the knowledge of what he needed to go in the store and buy
groceries for the month.

Q. Okay. Now, let me start with this. Could he go pick out what he wanted and walk
to a cash register and pay for it?

A. He put that snack stuff in the buggy and go to the check-out.
                                       ***
Q. Did he have the ability to walk up to a cash register and pay for it?

A. He had the ability to walk up there and pay for it.
                                        ***
Q. Okay. And one of the things that you testified to is that he could not cook; is that
right?

A. That’s correct.

Q. Okay. What did he do at KFC?

A. I mean, I seen him fixing food. I’ve seen him drip fries–I haven’t seen him just
cook cook. I don’t think I ever seen him frying chicken. I could have, but I’m not
going to say. But I know I’ve seen him drop fries.
                                         ***
Q. Well, I mean, because the testimony kind of is that he didn’t know how to buy for
himself; he might be limited only to a microwave. But, in fact, he’s working at KFC
back in the kitchen putting stuff together–I mean, looking up at an order and putting
the order together, handing it out to someone, and as you put it, very possibly
cooking the chicken. Does that seem inconsistent to you?

A. I didn’t say “very possibly.” I said he could have. I don’t recall seeing it.

Q. Okay. Well, okay. Does that seem inconsistent to you?
                                                                                           Williams–16
        A. Considering cooking the–cooking a home meal, a meal at home, yes.

        The defense also presented the testimony of another expert (Patton), who is a “consultant in

the area of special education” specifically “related to individuals with disabilities.” Patton offered

an opinion that appellant “showed adaptive deficits” in “functional academics,16 home living,17 and

community use.”18

        Q. [DEFENSE]: Now, after you had an opportunity to conduct all these interviews
        and review the information and the written data and information that you had at your
        disposal, were you able to formulate an opinion as to whether or not [appellant] had
        significant limitations in adaptive behavior which had an onset prior to the age of 18?

        A. [PATTON]: Yeah. In my opinion, based on the interviews that I did, I felt
        comfortable with the idea that in the three areas that I mentioned before, that there
        was certainly some adaptive behavior deficits.
                                                ***
        Q. What three areas were those?

        A. The three areas that I feel that there was certainly a lot of information that showed
        adaptive deficits was in functional academics, home living, and community use.

        I think there were adaptive issues in some other areas, but those were the ones–in my
        opinion, those stood out.

        Patton testified on cross-examination that he cannot legally diagnose mental retardation in

this State, that he is not a psychologist or a sociologist, and that he has never had a clinical practice

where he saw patients for the purpose of making mental retardation diagnoses. Patton also testified


        16

        The “three major areas” of “functional academics” are “reading, writing, mathematics.”
        17

       This would involve “things like cleaning and cooking and using tools, things of that nature,
organizing the house, vacuuming, laundry, things of that nature.”
        18

       This would involve “the ability for the individual to be able to use whatever resources,
whatever services and resources are available in a community” such as being able to use the public
transportation system (i.e., riding the bus).
                                                                                          Williams–17
on cross-examination that a letter appellant wrote in jail to Nell and his sister asking for money was

“meaningful in the sense that individuals sometimes need money, and they ask for it.” He also

testified that his notes indicated that appellant was not spending all of his money at the jail

commissary on candy.

       Q. [STATE]: Now, when you went up and talked to [Nell], she gave you this. You
       asked her if [appellant] had written any letters to you?
                                               ***
       A. [PATTON]: Yes.

       Q. And she gave you this exact letter I’m holding right here, 339, did she not?

       A. Yes.
                                            ***
       Q. And how did the punctuation look on it?

       A. You know, I looked at it closely at one point. It’s a pretty simple–that first
       paragraph is a pretty simple narrative.19

       Q. It says, “Dear [Nell] and Marsha, how are you doing, question mark. I hope
       you’re doing good in good spirits. Sorry it took so long to write. Marsha, Daddy told
       me that you were working. That’s good. Keep working. Also, I hope you’re doing
       good in school. [Nell], just won’t know how you doing, how you kids doing. Also,
       I’m 23 now. I’ve just turned 23 on 8-21-83. Also, if you could send me more
       money.”

       Let me stop right there.

       What significance does it have to you, his ability to solicit funds?

       A. I think it’s meaningful in the sense that individuals sometimes need money, and
       they ask for it.

       Q. He has the ability to select–they say he can’t handle money. He has the ability to
       write, solicit money for commissary to purchase–what kind of things does he
       purchase in commissary you took down in your notes?


       19

        Nell had described appellant’s letters as looking “like, probably a 5th or 6th grader” with “all
the sentences running together.”
                                                                                            Williams–18
                                           ***
       Q. Okay. Did he not purchase toothpaste?

       A. I believe that’s on there, yeah.
                                              ***
       Q. So he has the ability to get soups, heat them on his hotpot, buy toothpaste
       and–would that indicate to you that he does have the ability to, number one,
       appreciate the value of what money is, to solicit it, and purchase things with it?

       A. He can–I think there’s a certain general sense of value that money can acquire
       things for you. In terms of the actual value of money, that’s where it gets to be a
       problem.

       Q. Well, he buys toothpaste and not Snickers bars, doesn’t he?

       A. Yeah.

       Q. Well, I mean, I thought everything he bought was just gum and candy and all of
       these things that weren’t good for him? He could certainly go down and take that
       money he gets from [Nell] and go buy a tootie-fruitie, couldn’t he?

       A. I think the point is in the commissary, there’s a restricted list of things you can get.

       Q. Well, he could spend every cent he had on candy, couldn’t he?

       A. I suppose he could.

       The defense presented the testimony of another psychological expert (Tom Allen), who

examined appellant after he committed this offense and diagnosed appellant as being “mildly”

mentally retarded. Allen testified that appellant’s full scale I.Q. score was 65, which is “within the

mild range of mental retardation.” Allen testified that appellant’s school grades were not a good

measure of his academic functioning, because these grades “often are really soft in terms of their

accuracy.” Allen did not interview any of appellant’s school teachers, because he expected them “to

defend their finding as far as their grades.” Allen testified that appellant’s inability to pass all

portions of various standardized tests that he took over the years in school was a more accurate

measure of his academic functioning. For example:
                                                                                Williams–19
Q. [DEFENSE]: Did you find evidence from your examination of the records that he
had passed any TAAS tests?

A. [TOM ALLEN]: Not in full.

Q. Okay.

A. From grade–the TAAS is required grades 3 to 8, and has components, at least the
reading and the math component. But other sections at different grades. He never
passed a complete TAAS test.

Q. Okay. So now in order to–in order to–strike that.

To be able to say that he quote, unquote, passed the TAAS test, would he have had
to have passed all of the sections?

A. That’s my understanding of the TAAS test. That’s what it’s for.

Q. Okay.

A. Is it to make sure kids learn, and they’ve got to pass it, both–if it’s reading and
math, you need to pass both.

Q. Okay. So if you pass the reading and math section and you–and you fail the
science section, you haven’t passed the TAAS test?

A. Right.

Q. You pass sections of the test?

A. Correct.
                                     ***
Q. Okay. What does that tell you about his–his intelligence function, the results of
these kind of [standardized] tests?

A. This kind of stuff is telling me he–despite the grades in class, he’s already
showing signs on objective testing that he is not learning.
                                       ***
Q. Okay. He was not taking special education, and he was making all of these high
grades in school. Isn’t that inconsistent with your diagnosis [of “mild” mental
retardation]?

A. No. His grades and his achievement testing are inconsistent, but that
inconsistency actually helps my diagnosis.
                                                                                        Williams–20
       I mean, this kid wasn’t performing as measured by objective [standardized] tests of
       academic achievement, and yet he was getting grades, which, unfortunately, more so
       in the past than in the present, I hope, is more consistent with people who are mildly
       retarded. They often get socially promoted.

       Allen also testified that assessing adaptive behaviors “can become more difficult when you’re

dealing with a mildly retarded person.” Allen testified that such an assessment is based on “any

number of things” such as interviews with the person, family members and teachers with “records

becom[ing] important.”20 Allen testified that appellant had “a bunch” of adaptive deficits in areas

such as academic functioning, daily living skills, and socialization. Allen ultimately offered his

diagnosis that appellant is “mildly” mentally retarded under the AAMR definition of mental

retardation.

       Allen testified on cross-examination that Nell’s testimony that appellant was capable of

making A’s in school was not probative, because “as a lay person, she really doesn’t know what it

takes to make A’s.” He also testified that he was “going completely on the reports of [Nell] or the

father” with respect to his determination on adaptive functioning.

       Q. [STATE]: So you are going completely on the reports of [Nell] or the father as to
       your determinations on–as far as interviews, on adaptive functioning?

       A. [ALLEN]: Right. I tried to get a lot of my information from them as caretakers
       during that time period, from the time that he lived with Nell and his dad, up to age
       17 or beyond.

       Allen also testified on cross-examination that the facts of appellant’s crime were not relevant

to his diagnosis that appellant is mentally retarded. Allen testified that a 10-year-old would have

been capable of committing this crime.


       20

       Allen also agreed that significant limitations in just two out of eleven categories of adaptive
functioning are required for a mental retardation diagnosis.
                                                                                             Williams–21
       Q. [STATE]: Okay. Then did you ask him about it to find out–I mean, he is–he’s
       breaking into a house, there is a–a breaking in of a residence; there’s an arson where
       he successfully sets a bed and a person on fire; there’s the disposing of the knife and
       the purse, eventually his clothing; the driving of the vehicle; the lying to his relatives;
       the lying to police officers; and then the–I guess different lies that are told to different
       individuals over that next week.

       Would none of that be relevant from–would it not be important for you to ask him
       the specifics of that offense in making your determinations in any way as to whether
       or not he’s a mentally retarded individual?

       A. [ALLEN]: No. First of all, I can’t go in there and take his confession if my job
       is to find out if he’s [mentally retarded]. It’s just inappropriate. I’m not sure it’s
       legal or even ethical to put confession evidence in my report.

       Secondly, the complexity you’re describing is not a complex, violent crime. I mean,
       a 10-year-old can do all of those things. Literally, they can break into houses. They
       can kill people. They can try to drive cars and wreck them. That I had to interview
       him in terms of the specifics of the murder to determine if he was [mentally retarded]
       is just false. You just don’t have to do that.

       The State presented a psychological expert (Proctor), who also examined appellant after the

commission of the offense. Proctor offered an opinion that appellant is not mentally retarded.21

Proctor defined mental retardation consistently with the AAMR definition.

       Q. [STATE]: What is the–first of all, what is the definition of mental retardation?

       A. [PROCTOR]: Well, there are different definitions of mental retardation, but
       there’s basically one thing that all the definitions agree on, and there are three prongs.

       You have to have significantly subaverage intelligence. Now, what does significantly
       means (sic)? That means that you’re in the bottom 2 percent or 3 percent. So 97 to
       98 percent of people are above you. That’s the first thing.

       The second thing is you have to have significant deficits in adaptive behavior. Again,
       what does significant mean? It means that 97 to 98 percent of the people can engage
       in that behavior at a level higher than you or typically–routinely do.


       21

       Proctor also suggested (without making a diagnosis) that appellant may have been
exaggerating or faking his mental-illness (i.e., schizophrenia) symptoms.
                                                                                          Williams–22
       And then last thing is this has to be prior to the age of 18. It has to be present during
       what we call the developmental period.

       Those are really the parts of the definition no matter who’s providing it to you,
       whether it’s the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual you’ve heard us talk about, DSM-
       IV, or if it’s the AAMR, which is the mental retardation organization, or if it’s the
       Texas Health and Safety Code. Regardless of where the definition is coming from,
       it has those facets.

       Proctor testified that he did not believe that appellant is mentally retarded or that his history

is consistent with mental retardation. Essentially, Proctor testified that he believed that appellant

may be “below average” but not in the mental retardation range.

       Q. [STATE]: Let me talk a little bit about–I guess let’s start with this: Do you believe
       that [appellant] is a mentally retarded individual?

       A. [PROCTOR]: No, I do not.

       Q. In total, is his history consistent with a (sic) mental retardation?

       A. No. My opinion is that his history is not at all consistent with a mentally retarded
       individual.

       Q. And why not?

       A. Well, there are really a lot of reasons. I mean, one, just looking at his educational
       record, you’ve heard a lot about the fact that the grade card is indicative of a mentally
       retarded person (sic). That’s certainly true.

       You’ve heard the teachers say they didn’t view him as mentally retarded, someone
       who needs special education. That’s certainly true. He was not in special education.
       He was in this Section 504, which is not special education, for one year in the sixth
       grade,22 but he was not in special education services.

       And we’re not talking about somebody who’s now 40 or 50 years old. This is
       somebody who is now 23, who was going through the school system when using


       22

        The record does not clearly indicate that appellant was a 504 student “for [only] one year in
the sixth grade.” The record appears to support a finding that appellant may have been a 504 student
at different times prior to entering high school.
                                                                                            Williams–23
       things like special education are prevalent.

       The last thing with regard to education, there’s been a lot of talk about these TAAS
       tests, the Iowa test. His performance on those tests was below average. It wasn’t
       average. He didn’t meet minimum standards. That’s true. At least some of the
       times, he would pass math and not pass reading, not pass spelling.

       But, again, we’re talking about mental retardation. We’re not talking about below
       average. We’re saying is this person in the bottom 2 to 3 percent. Well, if you look
       at those scores, there’s a lot of those that are in the 50th percentile. That’s right there
       at average. That’s not in the second percentile or third percentile.

       That’s not consistent, and you don’t–you know, mental retardation is something
       that’s consistent over time. You don’t see somebody who’s mentally retarded getting
       lots of scores in the 50th percentile. That’s just not consistent with mental retardation.
       So that’s one part of it.

       The people who knew him didn’t think of him as mentally retarded. He wasn’t
       labeled as mentally retarded during the developmental period. The type of work he
       did, yes, it was fast-food work, but he was hired like by KFC, worked for a while,
       was doing work as a cook, cashier, drive-through, leaves and then gets rehired.

       Most people, if you have a mentally retarded individual and you hire them, you
       would think it doesn’t go well, and you’re not going to hire them again. They hire
       him again. He gets a merit raise for pay, and all these types of things.

       When you look at it, it just doesn’t look like a mentally retarded individual.

       Proctor also testified that he gave appellant five different I.Q. tests. Appellant’s scores on

these I.Q. tests were 71,23 78, 70, 83 and 73-74. Proctor also described appellant’s adaptive behavior

as “being well above the mentally retarded range.” He testified that appellant had deficits in adaptive

behavior, but not significant deficits in the “bottom 2 to 3 percent.”

       Q. [STATE]: What is adaptive behavior?



       23

       Appellant scored this 71 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS III). Appellant
scored a 63 on this same I.Q. test when McClure administered it to appellant in 2003 when appellant
was applying for social security disability benefits.
                                                                                  Williams–24
A. [PROCTOR]: Well, adaptive behavior, and it’s a little difficult sometimes to
define it without using the word adaptive, because it’s the way you conform and, you
know, make do and adapt to the world in specific areas, the way you adapt in terms
of functional academics, the way you adapt in terms of your home living, the way you
adapt in terms of your self-care, your hygiene, the way you adapt in terms of
communication.

It’s the abilities that you have and how those abilities allow you to adapt to the world
around you.

Q. In looking at the–let’s talk about your review of the records, your interview of
[appellant], your interview of the 23 teachers,24 and ten additionally, six or seven
family members.

A. Seven.

Q. Seven family members. Let’s talk about that assessment alone.

Did you believe [appellant] had significant limitations in adaptive behavior?

A. No, I didn’t, and I don’t.

Q. In fact, how would you characterize his adaptive behavior based on the review of
the 3,000 pages of discovery, the interview of the 23 teachers, the 7 family members,
and of the defendant?

A. I would describe it as being well above the mentally retarded range.

Q. As you talk about that–and we’ll talk about this a little bit more–are there
examples you can draw from to better explain that or things that stuck out to you
specifically when you looked at those areas of adaptive functioning and whether he
had significant limitations in adaptive functioning?

A. There definitely are. There are a lot of examples, and a lot of them are the things
that I started to go into in the beginning when I talked about his educational
background, and the fact that, you know, his teachers didn’t see him as mentally
retarded or special education, the grades that he made, that his performance on
standardized tests, even though he often was below average, didn’t pass, that it
wasn’t in the bottom 2 percent, 3 percent, his work history, how he lived on his own,
the things that he did when he lived on his own, and things like having your own


24

The record reflects that none of the defense experts interviewed any of appellant’s teachers.
                                                                                       Williams–25
       apartment, riding a bike, cooking meals for yourself, working as a cook, working as
       a cashier, going to the gym, being able to walk around town, using the bus system,
       you know, driving a car.

       There were lots of things that weren’t consistent with the adaptive deficit.
                                               ***
       Q. I mean, when you’re looking at adaptive deficits and functioning, significant
       limitations in adaptive functioning, then you mentioned earlier that your are saying
       that 97 to 98 percent of the people alive do these adaptive functioning skills better
       than you?

       A. That’s what it should be. I mean, like Dr. Tom Allen said, we’re talking about
       two standard deviations below the mean. That’s just a statistical term.

       What that means is the bottom 2 percent, or at most, you can say 3 percent. So 97,
       98 percent of the people perform these behaviors better than that. If it’s significant
       deficit in adaptive behavior, it’s significant because you’re below the top 97 or 98
       percent.
                                                 ***
       Q. [DEFENSE]: Did you find any deficits with respect to [appellant] as far as
       adaptive functioning is concerned? Just one?

       A. [PROCTOR]: Deficits or significant deficits?

       Q. Deficits?

       A. Yeah. I mean, sure. Everyone has deficits. I found deficits. I didn’t find
       significant deficits.

       Q. You didn’t find a single significant deficit?

       A. Well, if you have two significant deficits, you would be mentally retarded. I
       didn’t find any significant deficits consistent with the lowest 2 to 3 percent.

       Proctor “disagree[d] with several of the areas that [defense expert Patton] said he saw

adaptive deficits in.” In addition to questioning some of the methodology used by defense expert

Tom Allen, Proctor also suggested that the information relied upon by Allen (particularly

information provided by appellant and his family members) could have potentially been “very

biased” because of the “legal situation” that appellant was in.
                                                                                            Williams–26
          Proctor also addressed defense expert McClure’s mental retardation diagnosis of appellant

when appellant applied for social security disability benefits before he committed this offense.

Proctor suggested that McClure’s diagnosis was based on incomplete and possibly biased

information.

          Q. [STATE]: Tell the jury–when you’re talking about like Dr. McClure, for instance,
          is as nice a gentleman as he is and very qualified, and I’m certainly not trying to shed
          any light on that, in the clinical setting of that type of diagnosis that he’s doing,
          explain kind of about that to the jury.

          A. [PROCTOR]: Well, Dr. McClure is doing what he was asked to do for Social
          Security Administration, for these–they’re called consultative examinations. That’s
          what he did. It was requested by Social Security.

          They send the person over to him. He has no records or very little. In this case,
          none. They ask him to give an I.Q. test, which he did, to just talk to the people who
          are there, his father and him.

          And, you know, there’s not an assessment of adaptive functioning. They have certain
          areas for Social Security they wanted him to ask about, but not a matter of going
          through adaptive functioning.

          And basically, he has to rely upon what he’s told in the tests. As was the case with
          his evaluation, they don’t typically give measures of malingering or effort. That’s not
          part of the typical Social Security evaluation, so it’s different.

          Q. Not to be critical of it, it’s just a different setting?

          A. Right. It’s not done to be applied in this setting. It’s done for another setting.

          Proctor also testified that Social Security Administration records indicated that appellant was

awarded social security disability benefits “on more of a mental illness issue, not a mental retardation

issue.”

          Q. [STATE]: Okay. There was records in the Social Security–excuse me–there was
          specifically in the Social Security records, he was given Social Security disability
          benefits?

          A. [PROCTOR]: Yes, he was.
                                                                                        Williams–27
       Q. Was that done on the basis of mental retardation?

       A. No, it wasn’t.

       Q. What was he given Social Security disability for, if that’s a proper question?

       A. Right. Well, there’s a classification system for rating if someone is disabled. The
       first thing would be if they meet criteria for any of the mental disorders; one of them
       being mental retardation.

       It was determined that [appellant] did not meet criteria for that or for schizophrenia,
       but it was the case, based on the record they had, and in particular Dr. McClure’s
       report, that they decided that he was unable to complete a normal work week,
       workday or work week without being interrupted by psychologically based
       interruptions, which is basically in line with someone who’s not having a problem
       with intelligence, but with someone who’s having some kind of mental illness issue,
       like some type of psychotic disorder.

       Q. So he was given the disability then on more of a mental illness issue, not a mental
       retardation issue?

       A. He was given on the mental issue; that’s right.25

       Proctor testified on cross-examination that appellant’s standardized test scores were not

indicative of mental retardation, because “they weren’t in the bottom 2 to 3 percent consistently.”26

       Q. [DEFENSE]: The–you heard testimony about–and I believe from Dr. Patton as
       well–about deficits in education. Do you believe [appellant] has significant
       deficits–significant limitations in adaptive functioning, which is a standard in
       education?

       25

        Proctor testified that he is also a “psychologist for the Social Security Administration” and
that he testifies “when people are applying for disability.” Appellant’s social security records (part
of defense exhibit 8) do not clearly reflect the basis upon which appellant was awarded social
security disability benefits. For example, parts of these records seem to indicate that this award was
based on the diagnoses of schizophrenia and mental retardation while other parts of the records seem
to indicate that the mental retardation diagnosis did “not precisely satisfy the [required] diagnostic
criteria” with a handwritten notation of “Possible MR, denied Special Ed.”
       26

       Appellant’s expert (Tom Allen) had also testified that 2 to 3 percent of the population is
mentally retarded.
                                                                                    Williams–28
A. [PROCTOR]: It’s technically called functional academics. And, no, you know,
as I said, I mean, I went through, at the beginning, his education record, you know,
not just his grade, not just his teachers, but even these standardized tests, they weren’t
in the bottom 2 to 3 percent consistently.

A lot of the scores were above that. He did pass them at times. That’s not consistent
with a mentally retarded individual.
                                        ***
Q. Okay. What did the school records--

A. The school records showed that [appellant] attended school beginning in the first
grade, that he repeated the first grade, that his grades improved, that his grades
tended to be pretty good during the early time before his mom passed away, that he
wasn’t a discipline problem during that time, that he was described as a good student;
that during that time he did start taking standardized tests such as the Iowa
Achievement Test as well as the TAAS, that his scores on those tests were above the
2nd or 3rd percentile but were below average.

He did fail some of the subtests of the TAAS and never passed all of the subtests at
the same time, and that as he got older and he was in Tyler school district, he started
having behavioral problems and was written up and in trouble for behavior.

It doesn’t indicate that he was in special education, that he had problems
communicating with teachers, that he couldn’t handle kinds of basic instructions and
communicate with others, handle practical–socializing and interacting with others,
that type of thing.
                                       ***
Q. And did you take a look at the standardized tests that [appellant] took at the end
of each school year?

A. Yes.

Q. And did you happen to notice that the standardized tests indicated that he had
generally scored low–not in every area, but he had generally scored low throughout
his academic career and also that he had never passed a TAAS test from grades 3
through 8?

A. I would agree with part of that.

Q. Okay. Did the tests tell you anything about [appellant] or reveal to you anything
about [appellant’s] cognitive ability?

A. Well, sure.
                                                                                        Williams–29
       Q. What?

       A. I mean, it’s not a direct measure of a cognitive test, so it’s not what I would
       strongly rely on in that way, but what it showed me was that he was performing
       below average on those tests.

       Q. And what does that tell you about [appellant’s] cognitive ability?

       A. Well, that would be consistent with someone who has below average or borderline
       intellectual functioning.

       Q. Or if you were looking at it prior to administering the test, it could be an
       indication of mental retardation?

       A. No.

       Q. Never could be that?

       A. It’s not in the 2nd or 3rd percentile, and there are scores well above that
       consistently. I mean, that’s just not consistent.

       Q. So you’re saying that for school records–is it your testimony that for the school
       records to lend some value to whether or not a–whether or not you should consider
       the issue of mental retardation the person has to score 2?

       A. You mean the 2nd percentile?

       Q. Yes.

       A. It should be somewhere near that. I mean, not having scores in the 50th percentile
       and passing, that’s just not the flat pattern of performance that you see in a mentally
       retarded person. And it’s not the percentage that you see as defined by the criteria.

       The State presented the testimony of another expert (Gripon), who testified that appellant

“falls in the below average, above mentally retarded, borderline range of intellectual function.”

       Q. [STATE]: Let me ask you this: Do you believe [appellant] is a mentally retarded
       individual?

       A. [GRIPON]: I do not. Now, I base that on my examination of him, reviewing the
       collateral information that I have looked at.

       As we do any forensic–as I do any forensic examination, you make a determination
                                                                                           Williams–30
       as to what you think the best estimate of that person’s intellectual potential is. I think
       he falls in the below average, above mentally retarded, borderline range of
       intellectual function. He is certainly not bright.27

       During closing jury arguments, the State argued that the mental retardation question came

down to which expert the jury believed. The defense agreed and also emphasized that it was

significant that McClure diagnosed appellant as being mentally retarded before appellant committed

this offense.

       [DEFENSE]: Now, you know, they can ridicule Dr. McClure all they want to. They
       can talk about the fact that he didn’t take enough time. He did what he needed to do
       to make the diagnosis. He made a dual diagnosis that [appellant] suffered from
       paranoid schizophrenia and that he was mentally retarded.

       He had a general intelligence score–intellectual functioning, a general intelligence
       score of 63. That’s before you had the plus or minus 5.

       That finding was relied on by our government, the Social Security Administration,
       signed off by other professionals in that agency, which awarded benefits to
       [appellant] based on Dr. McClure’s findings. It’s a diagnosis. It’s historical. It
       exists.

       The State wants you to ignore that. It wants you to go back retrospectively and say,
       well, Dr. McClure didn’t do this, and Dr. McClure didn’t do that. If he didn’t do it,
       nobody prior to this time has ever questioned it.

       Nobody but the State of Texas questions the amount of time that he spent examining
       [appellant]. Nobody but the State of Texas questions Dr. McClure’s findings. The
       United State’s Government certainly did not question it because they awarded
       [appellant] benefits based on his conclusions.

       Dr. Proctor also had for examination the findings of Dr. Allen. Now, Dr. Tom Allen
       administered an I.Q. test, a full-scale–a full-scale I.Q. test to [appellant] at a time


       27

        Gripon also testified that “people that are mentally retarded are in the lower 2 or 3 percent
of the population.” Gripon also testified that appellant “presented as an individual with an I.Q. that
is below normal and above retarded” and that “his functional capabilities are consistent with that
level of intellectual potential.” Gripon also testified that he had “serious question” about the
diagnosis that appellant is schizophrenic.
                                                                                           Williams–31
       when he was incarcerated awaiting trial in this case.

       Perhaps his findings might be a little suspect, okay, if it were not for the fact that his
       findings were wholly consistent with the findings of Dr. McClure, who had no dog
       in this hunt. His test results were wholly consistent with the findings of Dr. McClure.

       The State responded that McClure was “making a diagnosis for benefits, not a diagnosis in

the context of a capital murder case” and that appellant did not receive social security disability

benefits based on a “diagnosis of mental retardation.”

       [STATE]: When McClure examined him, McClure is examining him for Social
       Security benefits. He is a busy man, and he’s a nice man. I have no problems with
       Dr. McClure whatsoever. And I’ve certainly never ridiculed him.

       Dr. McClure is operating, as he said consistently, they gave him a job to do. He is
       making a diagnosis for benefits, not a diagnosis in the context of a capital murder
       case as to whether or not a defendant is mentally retarded.

       And understand this, too: He was never given Social Security benefits on the
       diagnosis of mental retardation. Dr. Lankford came in, looked at him and reviewed
       that, and he was granted benefits under another provision or whatever.

       That’s important to say for you to understand the context in which an exam or
       diagnosis is made.

       A defendant, asserting a mental retardation claim in a death-penalty case, is entitled to the

process of a “full and fair hearing” to establish this claim. See Hall v. Quarterman, 534 F.3d 365,

371 (5th Cir. 2008). We note that the process afforded appellant in this case, particularly of having

the jury decide the issue of his mental retardation, was more process than that described in the Fifth

Circuit’s decision in Hall. See id.; see also Gallo, 239 S.W.3d at 770 (jury determination of mental

retardation not constitutionally required). We further note that the jury made its determination that

appellant is not mentally retarded after hearing the testimony of psychological experts from both

sides in the field of mental retardation and others such as teachers, counselors and mental health

providers who had contact with appellant before and after his incarceration. The jury did not have
                                                                                         Williams–32
to accept the defense claim that appellant’s average and above-average grades over the course of

eleven years in school, during which it occurred to no one that appellant might be mentally retarded,

were inflated. We further note that appellant’s scores on the portions of the standardized tests that

he was unable to pass still were consistently above the range for mental retardation. The jury could

have reasonably found that appellant’s 70 and below I.Q. scores (out of other 70 and above I.Q.

scores) do not truly reflect his academic functioning. The jury could also have reasonably found that

any deficits appellant had in adaptive behavior were not within the range of mental retardation. The

jury could also have reasonably determined that McClure’s pre-offense diagnosis of appellant as

being “mildly” mentally retarded was based on incomplete and inaccurate information as was the

diagnosis made by Allen, who did not, for example, interview any of appellant’s teachers. On this

record, a finding that appellant is not mentally retarded is not so against the great weight and

preponderance of the evidence so as to be manifestly unjust. See Briseno, 135 S.W.3d at 18. Point

of error one is overruled.

       In point of error three, appellant asserts that the “trial court erred by rejecting appellant’s

proposed instructions regarding mental retardation, especially in light of Ex parte Briseno.” The

record, however, reflects that the defense did not request any mental retardation jury instructions and

expressly stated that it had no objection to the punishment charge submitted to the jury.28 The trial


       28

       The record reflects:

       [THE COURT]: Now, the charge, as I gave counsel, there was [sic] typos on page 6
       and 9 that Ms. Lacy pointed out. I made those changes and called up to the State so
       that they would be aware that we fixed those. Also, Mr. Thompson noted that verdict
       form on Special Issue Number 3, I had put “unanimously yes,” and it should be “We,
       the jury, find because at least ten jurors so find and determine, by a preponderance
                                                                                      (continued...)
                                                                                           Williams–33
court, therefore, could not have erred “by rejecting appellant’s proposed instructions,” since the

record reflects that appellant proposed no instructions.

        Not having timely objected to the instructions actually submitted to the jury, appellant must

establish that these instructions were erroneous and that they “egregiously harmed” him. See

generally Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 160 (Tex.Cr.App. 1984) (op. on reh’g). Appellant

claims that these instructions deprived him of a “fair determination” of the issue of whether he is

mentally retarded. He claims that the “instruction given is arcane and almost incomprehensible” and

that “[t]here was no way for the jury to adequately give meaning to the testimony of Dr. [Tom] Allen

or the State’s experts, and fundamental error is presented by the trial court failing to provide detailed

jury issues, as presented in the motion for new trial, submitted in Appendix A, attached hereto.”29

        The issue of appellant’s mental retardation was submitted to the jury during the punishment




        28
          (...continued)
        of the evidence that the answer of Special Issue Number 3 is yes.” I’ve cleaned it up.
        I’ve made new copies. Ya’ll have the new copies now.
                                                ***
        Okay. On behalf of the defense then, any other typos or objections to the charge?

        [DEFENSE]: None, Your Honor.
        29

        Appellant has attached, as Appendix A to his brief, seventeen pages of jury instructions that
he claims the trial court should have submitted to the jury. Appellant further claims that these
instructions were brought to the trial court’s attention as exhibits to his motion for new trial. The
record, however, reflects that appellant’s motion for new trial contained no such exhibits.
Appellant’s motion for new trial claimed only that the mental-retardation special issue “was not
adequate and presented inappropriate instruction to the jury, as well as being submitted during a
phase of the prosecution that tainted the fair consideration of such an issue by its presentation during
the punishment phase of trial.”
        The State has filed an objection to Appendix A to appellant’s brief and to “the false assertion
that such [exhibits] were in fact presented via a motion for new trial because they are not attached
to his Motion for New trial.” The State claims that Appendix A should be stricken.
                                                                                          Williams–34
phase in special issue three, which asked:

       Is the defendant, CLIFTON WILLIAMS, a person with mental retardation?

       Before being required to answer special issue three, the jury was provided with further

instructions on the issue of appellant’s mental retardation. These instructions stated:

       In deliberating on Special Issue No. 3 submitted in this charge, the jury shall consider
       all evidence admitted at the guilt or innocence stage and the punishment stage of this
       trial.

       With respect to Special Issue No. 3, you are instructed that mental retardation is a
       disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and
       in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
       This disability originates before age 18.

       “Disability” is the expression of limitations in individual functioning within a social
       context and represents a substantial disadvantage to the individual.

       “Intelligence” is a general mental ability. It includes reasoning, planning, solving
       problems, thinking abstractly, comprehending complex ideas, learning quickly, and
       learning from experience.

       You are instructed that in reference to the “assessment of intelligence,” the criterion
       for diagnosis is approximately two standard deviations below the mean, considering
       the standard error of measurement for the specific assessment instruments used and
       the instruments’ strengths and limitations. In regard to standardized psychometric
       instruments you are instructed that the recognized standard of error of measurement
       is a range of five points higher or lower.

       “Adaptive behavior” is the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that
       have been learned by people in order to function in their everyday lives.

       You are instructed that in reference to the “assessment of adaptive behavior,” for the
       diagnosis of mental retardation, significant limitations in adaptive behavior should
       be established through the use of standardized measures normed on the general
       population, including people with disabilities and people without disabilities. On
       these standardized measures, “significant limitations in adaptive behavior” are
       operationally defined as performance that is at least two standard deviations below
       the mean of either (a) one of the following three types of adaptive behavior:
       conceptual, social, or practical, or (b) an overall score on a standardized measure of
       conceptual, social, and practical skills.
                                                                                             Williams–35
        You are instructed that in reference to “context,” the assessment of context, although
        not typically accomplished with standardized measures, is a necessary component of
        clinical judgment and integral to understanding the individual’s functioning.30

        We do not agree with appellant that the “instruction given is arcane and almost

incomprehensible” and that “[t]here was no way for the jury to adequately give meaning to the

testimony of Dr. [Tom] Allen or the State’s experts.” The jury instructions are not glaringly

inconsistent, if they are inconsistent at all, with our decision in Briseno and the AAMR mental

retardation definition. Moreover, the extensive testimony presented on the issue of appellant’s

mental retardation and the parties’ closing jury arguments make clear that this issue was litigated

before the jury under the guidelines set out in Briseno and the AAMR mental retardation definition.

On this record, we cannot conclude that appellant was deprived of a “fair determination” of the issue

of his mental retardation or that he was “egregiously harmed” by the jury instructions so as to excuse

his failure to timely alert the trial court to the objections to these instructions that he now raises for

the first time on appeal. Point of error three is overruled.

        In point of error two, appellant asserts that the “trial court erred in permitting the introduction

of unsworn custodial comments by the appellant during the punishment phase of trial.” Appellant

claims that the trial court erroneously permitted the State to present to the jury “a virtual admission

on the part of the Appellant, pursuant to interrogation by the presiding judge, submitted through the



        30

         The jury was further instructed that if at least ten jurors determined that if appellant proved
by a preponderance of the evidence that he was mentally retarded, then the jury should provide a
“yes” answer to the special issue. The jury was further instructed to answer the special issue “no”
if all twelve jurors determined that appellant was not mentally retarded. The jury was also instructed
not to answer the special issue if “the vote of the jurors is not unanimously ‘No’ or not at least ten
(10) in favor of an answer of ‘Yes.’” In this case, the jury unanimously determined that appellant is
not mentally retarded by providing a “no” answer to special issue three.
                                                                                          Williams–36
official court reporter for the court, regarding [appellant’s] possession of a razor while incarcerated

in the Smith County Jail” awaiting trial for this offense. Appellant further claims that this

“statement” submitted by the State “through the product of the trial court’s own interrogation,

produced confirming evidence of the possession of a razor, where other State’s witnesses,

particularly being jail personnel, only had passing reference to the potential of the possession, rather

than confirming evidence such as actual seizure and possession of contraband.”

       The genesis of this claim is found in the State’s examination of a jailer (Miles) who testified

about an occasion during which he saw appellant with a razor threatening “to kill his goddamn self”

if appellant was not allowed to talk to a sergeant. Miles testified about how the jailers recovered the

razor. He testified that he was sure that he saw appellant with a razor but that he had no idea what

happened to the razor. When appellant muttered the word “shit” during Miles’ testimony, the trial

court excused the jury and explained to appellant the decorum that was required in the courtroom.

During this exchange, appellant informed the trial court that he had “something to say” and made

an admission that he had the razor.

       [THE COURT]: Mr. Williams, the reason I was looking at you is because you said
       the word “shit” in this court. You said it loud enough so that I could–just one
       second. I didn’t ask you for a response.

       Have a seat, sir.

       I didn’t–and I–you should know that this Court makes sure there is quiet and
       decorum in this courtroom

       [APPELLANT]: Yes, ma’am.
                                       ***
       [APPELLANT]: Ma’am, I have something to say.

       [THE COURT]: I’m going to let you say something in a minute. But, you’re going
       to listen to me first.
                                                                                       Williams–37
       [APPELLANT]: Yes, ma’am.

       [THE COURT]: You cannot say things out loud in front of this jury.

       [APPELLANT]: Yes, ma’am.
                                         ***
       [THE COURT]: Now, what is that you want to say to the Court?

       [APPELLANT]: Ma’am, I would like to say that this officer or wherever–wherever
       he work now, that he–he telling a lie, because I said, “This ain’t gonna look cute,”
       and I had a razor. I’m telling the truth. You know what I’m saying? I said, “This
       ain’t gonna look cute.” “This ain’t gonna look cute.”

(Emphasis supplied).

       Through its cross-examination of Miles and another jailer (Brown), the defense suggested

that appellant may not have had a razor since no one knew what happened to the razor and no report

apparently was made about the incident involving the razor. The trial court later permitted the State

to call the court reporter before the jury and read back the portion of the court reporter’s record

where appellant admitted outside the jury’s presence that he had the razor. Appellant objected that

this evidence was inadmissible because appellant had not been Mirandized before making this

admission.

       [DEFENSE]: We would like to renew our objection to the Court’s ruling allowing
       counsel to introduce evidence of the outbursts of the defendant in the courtroom
       yesterday. And the basis of our objection is simply this.

       The defendant was authorized by the Court to speak to the Court. At that point, I
       believe that the Court was obligated to warn–to Mirandize him prior to allowing him
       to make any statement, because the Court’s authorization, in our opinion, amounts
       to State action.

       The Court authorized him to speak freely without telling him what he said could be
       used against him in this proceeding, and without that–without that warning, the
       statement should be inadmissible into evidence.

       [THE COURT]: Yes.
                                                                                       Williams–38
       [STATE]: The record will reflect the defendant told the Court he had something to
       say. He was not being called as a witness by either side. Whereby it would have to
       be determined that he was making a freely, intelligently, knowingly, and voluntarily
       waiver of his rights. This was his statement to the Court. “I have something to say.”

       The Court, even in fact, said, “Wait a minute. Sit down.” He persisted in wanting
       to make that statement. This was not someone–he was not being called by the Court
       or called by the defense or called by the State. This was his own statement,
       voluntarily.

       [THE COURT]: The Court overrules the objection.

       [DEFENSE]: If I may, Judge, I would just like to note the record reflects that the
       Court clearly states to the defendant, “Now, what is it you want to say to the Court?”

       [THE COURT]: I understand. The Court overrules your objection.

       The Supreme Court’s decision in Miranda requires the exclusion of a defendant’s statements

made during “custodial interrogation” unless, prior to giving these statements, the defendant is

“warned” that he has certain rights and he validly waives those rights. See Miranda, 384 U.S. at

478-79. Assuming that appellant was in “custody” for purposes of Miranda,31 we do not believe that

appellant’s admission of possessing the razor made in the noncoercive atmosphere of open court

with his lawyers present in an exchange with the trial court initiated by appellant can be considered

the result of “interrogation” in any sense of how that term is described in Miranda. See Miranda,

384 U.S. at 444 (interrogation means “questioning initiated by law enforcement officers”) and at 445

(salient features of “interrogation” are “incommunicado interrogation of individuals in a police-

dominated atmosphere”) and at 467 (expressing concern with inherently compelling pressures, which

undermine a defendant’s Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination, when the

defendant is “thrust into an unfamiliar atmosphere and run through menacing police interrogation


       31

       See generally Herrera v. State, 241 S.W.3d 520 (Tex.Cr.App. 2007).
                                                                                        Williams–39
procedures”); see also Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301 (1980) (“interrogation” is any words

or actions on the part of the police that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response). Point of error two is overruled.

       In point of error five, appellant asserts that, during its punishment-phase jury arguments, the

“State purposefully attacked appellant over the shoulders of Defense Counsel and subjected appellant

to epitaphs unworthy of courtroom decorum and in violation of the United States Constitution.” See,

e.g., Wilson v. State, 938 S.W.2d 57, 59 (Tex.Cr.App. 1996) (“prosecutors’ arguments which attack

defense counsel are manifestly improper because they serve to inflame the minds of the jury to the

accused’s prejudice”); Cockrell v. State, 933 S.W.2d 73, 88 (Tex.Cr.App. 1996) (prosecutors cannot

make improper personal attacks on defense lawyers during closing jury arguments). In his brief,

appellant asserts:

       During closing arguments, the both (sic) trial prosecutors expanded their commentary
       to matters outside of the evidence and invoked images of horror and community
       concern far beyond the appropriate role of permissible final argument. (R.R. Vol.
       61)72). (Sic). The defense objected and although the jury received an instruction to
       disregard, the defense motion for mistrial was denied.

       The portion of the record apparently cited by appellant (V. 61, p. 72 of the reporter’s record)

is, however, a reference to closing jury arguments by the defense, not the State.32 The only

prosecutorial punishment-phase jury arguments that we have found for which the trial court denied

a defense mistrial motion after sustaining a defense objection and instructing the jury to disregard

were prosecutorial arguments referring to one of appellant’s mitigation experts (Kate Allen).


       32

       The State argues that point of error five should be overruled “because neither this Court, nor
the State, are charged with the duty to locate where in the voluminous record of this case the
prosecutors made multiple improperly expanded comments to which Appellant properly objected
and received rulings from the trial court.”
                                                                                    Williams–40
[STATE]: Don’t you fall for that. Who is [Kate Allen] to come in here and tell you
what lessens his blameworthiness for what he did and that he deserves a life
sentence? My God.

I sure hope our justice system has not reached the point where a child grows up in a
poor household with a mom who’s not perfect and chooses to start drugs and chooses
to drop out because he said what? He had better things to do.

I hope that we haven’t reached the point that all of those things combined lessen a
person’s blameworthiness for the crime he chose to commit.

I’ll tell you this: I grew up in a really poor household, and not one time have I wanted
to take the life of a 93-year-old woman.

And I’ll tell you this: [the other prosecutor] lost a parent at an early age. I can assure
you he’s never wanted to take the life of a 93-year-old woman.

The other part of our team, [a named person], sits right out there. That’s our legal
assistant. She didn’t have a perfect family situation. She’s in the car when her mom
runs over her dad.

[DEFENSE]: Judge, we’re going to object to this. All of this is improper argument.

[THE COURT]: The Court sustains the objection as to the last portion of the
argument.

[DEFENSE]: We’d ask the jury be instructed to disregard.

[THE COURT]: The jury will be instructed to disregard any closing arguments
outside the record.

[DEFENSE]: Because of the prejudicial nature of the statements made, we’d
respectfully move the Court for a mistrial.

[THE COURT]: Motion’s denied.

You may proceed with closing arguments.

[STATE]: Thank you, Judge.

You think those things lessen a person’s blameworthiness for what he did? When
the defense talks to you about mitigation, and they will, you question it in your mind.
You deserve to know. You ask yourself, how is that connected to killing [the
victim]?
                                                                                       Williams–41
       You ask yourself, how does that lessen his blameworthiness? That’s his
       responsibility. He killed her. And you ask yourself, how does coming from a poor
       family matter? You ask yourself that. And you ask yourself, what in the world does
       that have to do with anything? And the answer is nothing.

       We decide that these arguments did not strike at appellant over defense counsel’s shoulders

or “invoke[] images of horror and community concern far beyond the appropriate role of permissible

final argument.”    Most of these arguments conveyed to the jury that appellant’s “troubled

upbringing” did not lessen his moral blameworthiness for the crime that he committed. See Hawkins

v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 85-87 (Tex.Cr.App. 2004) (Womack, J., concurring) (discussing

permissible areas of jury argument). Any preserved error in these arguments, such as the outside-the-

record references to the life circumstances and upbringing of the members of the prosecutorial team,

was cured by the trial court’s instruction to disregard. See Cruz v. State, 225 S.W.3d 546, 548

(Tex.Cr.App. 2007) (mistrial motion should be granted when harm caused by objectionable

argument cannot be cured by instruction to disregard); Young v. State, 137 S.W.3d 65, 69

(Tex.Cr.App. 2004) (grant of mistrial motion should be reserved for those cases in which an

objection could not have prevented, and an instruction to disregard could not have cured, the

prejudice stemming from an event at trial). Point of error five is overruled.

       In point of error four, appellant claims that the “jury finding in regard to the [future-

dangerousness] special issue, during the punishment phase of trial, was not supported by legally or

factually sufficient evidence.” We do not apply a factual-sufficiency review to the jury’s answer to

the future-dangerousness special issue. See McGinn v. State, 961 S.W.2d 161, 169 (Tex.Cr.App.

1998). In applying a legal-sufficiency review to the jury’s answer to this special issue, we view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact

could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that there is a probability that the defendant would
                                                                                       Williams–42
constitute a continuing threat to prison or free society. See Druery v. State, 225 S.W.3d 491, 506-07

(Tex.Cr.App.), cert. denied, 128 S.Ct. 627 (2007); Russeau v. State, 171 S.W.3d 871, 878

(Tex.Cr.App. 2005), cert. denied, 548 U.S. 926 (2006). Appellant argues that the jury’s answer to

the future-dangerousness special issue is irrational because the evidence shows that this capital

murder offense was an “aberrant act” from his history of “benign property crimes such as auto theft,

or personal use of marijuana.”

       We disagree. The evidence shows that appellant broke into the home of and viciously

attacked and murdered a 93-year-old woman, whom he beat, strangled, and stabbed before setting

her body on fire and stealing her car. The State presented evidence from which a jury could

reasonably find that the motive for this crime was appellant’s desire to obtain money to buy crack

cocaine. Before committing this crime, appellant had a criminal history for what he characterizes

as “benign property crimes.” Appellant attempted to put the blame for this death-penalty offense on

an innocent acquaintance. Appellant misbehaved in the county jail during his incarceration there for

this offense. This included altercations with jail staff and other inmates and possession of a razor

and a jail trustee’s jacket.33 Appellant misbehaved in court during the trial of this offense, as

discussed in point of error two. The State presented the testimony of two psychological experts, both

of whom testified that appellant is dangerous. We decide that the evidence is legally sufficient to

support the jury’s answer to the future-dangerousness special issue. See Holberg v. State, 38 S.W.3d

137, 139 (Tex.Cr.App. 2000) (jury’s answer to future-dangerousness special issue supported by

legally sufficient evidence showing that drug-addict defendant brutally murdered the elderly victim


       33

       The State suggested that appellant may have wanted a trustee’s jacket to use in an escape
attempt.
                                                                                           Williams–43
in order to obtain money to support a drug habit that defendant had attacked an elderly person before

to obtain money to support a drug habit, that defendant misbehaved in jail by trying to have a witness

killed, that defendant had a prior theft conviction, and that a State psychiatrist considered the

defendant to be dangerous). A jury could reasonably reject the claim that appellant’s commission

of this capital offense was merely a temporary departure from appellant’s usual “benign” crimes and

find “that appellant exhibited a dangerous aberration of character and was essentially incorrigible.”

See id. Point of error four is overruled.

        In point of error six, appellant claims that the “trial court erred in refusing to allow the

defense to present testimony from appellant’s family about the impact his execution would have on

the family, in violation of appellant’s Eighth Amendment and due process rights.” In point of error

seven, appellant claims that the “trial court erred in failing to include instruction allowing the jurors

to consider any residual doubt as a mitigating circumstance when answering the mitigation special

issue and the continuing threat special issue, depriving appellant of his right to lace (sic) all

mitigating evidence, including the ‘circumstances of the offense’ within the jury’s effective reach

in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.” We have

previously rejected these claims. See Gallo, 239 S.W.3d at 779 (there is no constitutional right to

residual-doubt jury instruction); Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 532 (Tex.Cr.App.), cert. denied,

128 S.Ct. 282 (2007) (trial court does not abuse its discretion to exclude execution-impact

testimony). Points of error six and seven are overruled.

        The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.



                                                                Hervey, J.
                               Williams–44
Delivered: November 26, 2008
Publish
