[Cite as In re T.T., 2014-Ohio-5447.]




               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR CLARK COUNTY, OHIO

IN THE MATTER OF: T.T., E.H. and Q.B.               :

                                                        :   C.A. CASE NO.      2014 CA 48

                                                        :   T.C. NO. 2012-575, 2012-576
                                                                       2012-577
                                                        :
                                                             (Civil appeal from Common
                                                        :   Pleas Court, Juvenile Division)

                                                        :

                                                       :
                                               ..........

                                          OPINION

               Rendered on the          12th       day of   December         , 2014.

                                               ..........

KATE BOWLING, Atty. Reg. No. 0084442, 111 W. First Street, Suite 518, Dayton, Ohio 45402
     Attorney for Appellant

LESLIE S. BUCHANAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0023151, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 1345
Lagonda Avenue, Springfield, Ohio 45503
      Attorney for Appellee

                                               ..........
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FROELICH, P.J.

          {¶ 1}       Mother appeals from a judgment of the Clark County Court of Common

   Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, Juvenile Section, which granted permanent custody of

   three of her sons, T.T., Q.B. and E.H., to Clark County Department of Job and Family

   Services (“CCDJFS”)

          {¶ 2}        The children were removed from Mother’s home in April 2012, after

   employees of T.T.’s school became aware of extensive bruising on his body, and he reported

   that his mother had hit him with a belt. (Mother was convicted of domestic violence in

   August 2012, related to this incident.) The children were placed in the custody of a relative

   for about six months; when the relative decided that she could no longer care for them, the

   children were placed in two different foster homes under the temporacry custody of CCDJFS.

   T.T. and Q.B. were placed together in one foster home, and E.H. was placed in another foster

   home, where his significant medical needs could be addressed.

          {¶ 3}         At the time of the final hearing and judgment in this case, T.T. was 15

   years old, Q.B. was 11, and E.H. was 7. The three older children are boys. The fourth and

   youngest child, a daughter, age 3, had also been removed from Mother’s home, but was not a

   party to this case; it appears that placement with her father was considered to be a possibility.

   The three boys have different fathers, none of whom is a presence in the family or provides

   support; T.T.’s father is deceased.

          {¶ 4}        The requirements of Mother’s case plan included having mental,

   psychological, and psychiatric assessments and following through with any recommendations

   resulting from those assessments, visiting with the children, completing a parenting class and
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increasing parenting knowledge, and family therapy with the children to help address the

family’s “turbulent history.” The plan specified that the family therapy would occur if and

when the children’s therapist felt it would be beneficial to the children.     Mother had a long

histroy of involvement with children services agencies, including mental health issues, abuse,

and neglect.

       {¶ 5}         In October 2013, CCDJFS filed a complaint for permanent custody of the

three boys. A hearing was held over four days in February 2014. On March 14, 2014, the

trial court granted CSSS’s request for permanent custody of the three boys.

       {¶ 6}        Mother appeals, raising one assignment of error, which states:

   The trial court erred in granting permanent custody to Clark County

   Children Services because that agency failed to prove by clear and convincing

   evidence that permanent custody was in the best interest of the minor children

   and reunification was not possible.

       {¶ 7}        Mother contends that she complied with all the elements of her case plan,

except for family counseling, and that the failure to start such counseling was caused by

CCDJFS “mismanagement.” She asserts that granting permanent custody in this case “cut off

a real possibility of reunification,” and that the trial court’s judgment should be reversed.

       {¶ 8}         R.C. 2151.414 establishes a two-part test for courts to apply when

determining a motion for permanent custody to a public services agency. The statute requires

the court to find, by clear and convincing evidence, that: (1) granting permanent custody of the

child to the agency is in the best interest of the child; and (2) either the child (a) cannot be

placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not be placed with
                                                                                           4

either parent if any one of the factors in R.C. 2151.414(E) are present; (b) is abandoned; (c) is

orphaned and no relatives are able to take permanent custody of the child; or (d) has been in

the temporary custody of one or more public or private children services agencies for twelve

or more months of a consecutive twenty-two month period. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1); In re S.J.,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25550, 2013-Ohio-2935, ¶ 14, citing In re K.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 98545, 2012-Ohio-6010, ¶ 8.

       {¶ 9}         R.C. 2151.414(D) directs the trial court to consider all relevant factors

when determining the best interest of the child, including but not limited to: (1) the interaction

and interrelationship of the child with the child’s parents, relatives, foster parents and any

other person who may significantly affect the child; (2) the wishes of the child; (3) the

custodial history of the child, including whether the child has been in the temporary custody of

one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or

more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period; (4) the child’s need for a legally

secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a

grant of permanent custody to the agency; and (5) whether any of the factors in R.C.

2151.414(E)(7) through (11) are applicable. R.C. 2151.414(D); In re S.J. at ¶ 15. R.C.

2151.414(E)(7) through (11) include whether the parent has been convicted of any of a

number of listed offenses; whether the parent has repeatedly withheld medical treatment or

food; whether the parent has placed the child at substantial risk of harm two or more times due

to substance abuse and has rejected treatment two or more times or refused to participate in

treatment; whether the parent has abandoned the child; and whether the parent has had

parental rights previously terminated.
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       {¶ 10}        A trial court’s decision on termination “will not be overturned as against

the manifest weight of the evidence if the record contains competent, credible evidence by

which the court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the essential statutory

elements for a termination of parental rights have been established.” (Citations omitted.) In

re A.U., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22264, 2008-Ohio-186, ¶ 15. Furthermore, “issues relating

to the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given the evidence are primarily for the

trier of fact.” In re A.J.S., 2d Dist. Miami No. 2007 CA 2, 2007-Ohio-3433, ¶ 22. The

“rationale of giving deference to the findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that

the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and

voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered

testimony.” Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273

(1984); In re J.Y., 2d Dist. Miami No. 07-CA-35, 2008-Ohio-3485, ¶ 33.

       {¶ 11}        The State’s witnesses at the hearing on permanent custody included two

caseworkers from CCDJFS, a forensic chemist, two counselors for mental health and chemical

dependency, a psychologist, a visitation supervisor, the children’s foster mothers, and the

guardian ad litem.

       {¶ 12}        The caseworkers testified that Mother had been involved with children

services agencies in Clark and Montgomery counties since 1998 and that mental health

counseling had been a component of all her case plans. Mother was a minor and in foster

care herself when her first child, T.T., was born. T.T. was born with a heart condition and

was raised primarily by his maternal grandmother for several years. In 2002, Q.B. was born

and tested positive for marijuana, which led to referral to children services. E.H. was born in
                                                                                           6

2007. There were numerous other incidents of physical abuse and neglect between 2002 and

2010.    In 2009, E.H. suffered serious injuries when he was hit by a car, which led to physical

and mental disabilities and the need for intensive rehabilitation. Mother was also in more

than one abusive relationship herself during this period, and she spent time in a nursing home

in 2010 recuperating from serious injuries. There had been several case plans between 1998

and 2012 involving Montgomery and Clark County children services agencies.

        {¶ 13}          In the current case, Mother was referred to CCDJFS in 2012 when T.T.,

who was badly bruised, reported to school officials that his mother had hit him with a belt.

When officials went to Mother’s house, she was loud, argumentative, and uncooperative. She

initially refused to provide the names of any relatives who might be able to care temporarily

for the children. The children were eventually placed with a relative, G.A. Approximately six

months later, G.A. asked that the children be removed from her care, and they were placed in

foster care. E.H. was placed in a foster home for “medically fragile” children, where the

foster parents had specialized training and experience to deal with his medical needs. T.T.

and Q.B. were placed together in a different foster home.

        {¶ 14}          At the time of the children’s removal from Mother’s home in April 2012,

E.H. was 5 years old, Q.B. was 9, and T.T. was 13. The children exhibited a number of

physical, emotional, and mental health challenges at that time, which will be discussed in

greater detail below.

        {¶ 15}          Dr. Daniel Hrinko, a psychologist who evaluated Mother in May 2012,

testified that her history “includes relatively high levels of trauma and emotional instability,” a

chaotic childhood, and an alcoholic father who was absent and/or abusive. As a child,
                                                                                         7

Mother was put in a position of caretaker for her own mother, who had many medical issues

and who died when Mother was 11 years old. Mother had very few relatives and ended up in

foster care. She “had very few opportunities to witness a healthy relationship, to experience

reasonable and appropriate parenting skills and that sort of thing, which is an important source

of information about how we tend to raise our children.”

       {¶ 16}        According to Dr. Hrinko, Mother had a long history of “brief, unstable,

generally negative relationships” with men who were abusive and/or abused drugs; her

relationships contributed to the unstable living situation for her and her children. Hrinko

testified that Mother had “no significant involvement with mental health treatment,”

notwithstanding case plans going back many years which included such treatment as a

component. Mother had four children fathered by four different men, none of whom was

involved with the children “in a positive way.”

       {¶ 17}        According to Dr. Hrinko, Mother’s work history was limited to being a

dancer at clubs. In recent years, she had suffered serious injuries from an assault and had

surgery on her hand related to incidents of domestic violence; she had recently applied for

Social Security Disability. Mother also had an extensive history with the juvenile court

system herself; as a teenager, she had attempted to kill her grandfather, had run away, and had

committed other crimes.

       {¶ 18}        Mother acknowledged problems with communication and a “history of

impulsive behaviors and mood swings.” According to Dr. Hrinko, Mother had past suicide

attempts, had exercised poor judgment and impulse control, and kept finding her way into

negative situations, even though she recognized them as such. Hrinko testified that, in their
                                                                                         8

interviews, Mother exhibited “consistent patterns of her either minimizing, blaming other

people, or avoiding her responsibility for these negative situations that developed, painting

herself either as the victim of someone else’s bad judgment, someone else’s decision,

someone else’s desire to control, but at no time did she indicate that she was able to recognize

that she had made choices that contributed to bad situations that needed to change.”

       {¶ 19}       Dr. Hrinko’s recommendations for Mother included parenting classes to

improve her parenting skills and to teach methods of discipline other than those which had

brought her to CCDJFS’s attention, individual therapy focused on her own role in contributing

to the family’s problems and the need for positive relationships, and seeing a psychiatrist for

medications for her mood disorder and depression.      Hrinko observed that, at the time of his

evaluation, Mother “had significant problems that would interfere with her ability to function

as a safe and effective parent”; she became “overwhelmed by her moods and act[ed] in a less

than mature way.” He also testified that Mother had spoken to him in a manner that “caused

[him] to believe that [she saw] the solution of the problem between her and her older son

[T.T.] was exclusively with [T.T.] learning how to behave himself,” and that she was “unable

to see how she was failing to exercise reasonable judgment and appropriate parenting

techniques to participate in this process of helping him become a better kid.” Mother also

minimized the severity of her abuse of T.T., stating that she had “only hit him four times with

a belt.”   However, Hrinko believed that if Mother embraced the opportunities for help

available to her and followed his recommendations, “there was a probability that she would be

able to make the changes necessary to allow her to then again function as a safe and

appropriate parent.”
                                                                                      9

       {¶ 20}      Mother underwent a drug and alcohol assessment at McKinley Hall with

Sarah Collinsworth in October 2013, after which she began therapy; the assessment was done

approximately 18 months after the children were removed from Mother’s care. Collinsworth

testified that Mother was diagnosed with “cannabis disorder,” nicotine dependence, and

depressive disorder; the therapist recommended individual therapy and group sessions

multiple times per week. Collinsworth testified that Mother behaved somewhat disruptively

and inappropriately during group sessions. For example, Mother would comment on whether

other participants were taking their treatment seriously, she read books aloud, left to smoke

cigarettes, did not follow directions, and behaved as if she were the therapist for other

participants. Because of her disruptive behavior, her involvement in these sessions was

terminated until such time as her medications made her behavior more appropriate.

Collinsworth testified that Mother expressed more anger than remorsefulness about her

children during therapy sessions and that she resisted medication and additional services.

Mother tested positive for opiate pain medication and marijuana a couple of weeks after her

assessment with Collinsworth. (The positive test for opiates was apparently related to a

recent surgery on her hand, which was necessitated by physical abuse.) Collinsworth reported

that, when Mother took her medication, her mood and conversation skills improved.

Although Mother recognized that the medications made her “feel better,” she continued to

question whether she needed them.

       {¶ 21}       The current caseworker, Nikki Berry, and the foster mothers testified

about the circumstances and needs specific to each child.

       {¶ 22}      T.T. had the most difficult relationship with Mother, because he perceived
                                                                                       10

that she blamed him for the children’s removal from the home and for an incident in which

E.H. was struck by a car in the street in front of the family’s home in 2009. The therapists

involved in the case concluded that these beliefs on T.T.’s part were not unfounded, although

Mother denied that she placed such blame on T.T.

       {¶ 23}       Mother initially visited with T.T. two times per week, but by the end of

2012, she was expressing doubt or unwillingness about continuing these visits; she wanted to

exclude T.T. from her visits with the other children. Because the caseworker and therapist

believed that there would be adverse effects on T.T. if he were excluded from the visits, all

visitation was suspended for a few months. When the visitation resumed in April 2012, the

foster mothers and visitation supervisors noticed that T.T.’s and Q.B.’s behaviors worsened

during and around the time of the visits with Mother. The older boys also experienced hurt

feelings when Mother would bring gifts for the younger children at visits but not for them.

       {¶ 24}       T.T. was very small, frail, and withdrawn when he was placed in the

foster home, but he had since gained weight. T.T.’s emotions and behaviors had also become

more “steady,” he was developing well, and he was more logical and calm. During periods

when he was not visiting with his Mother, T.T. became a “role model” in the home (which

included numerous other children), and the foster mother believed that she could depend on

him “to do the right thing.” At the hearing, T.T.’s foster mother testified that his mood

swings were almost gone, he was getting good grades, and he had joined the wrestling team at

his school. T.T. did need occasional discipline, such as grounding, loss of computer time, or

extra chores, but he responded well to these methods.

       {¶ 25}       Q.B. was also very reserved and thin when he was placed in foster care,
                                                                                       11

and he would also be “hyper,” aggressive with the younger children in the home, defiant, and

disrespectful of authorities such as the foster parents and teachers.       The foster mother

reported that Q.B. had a “sense of entitlement,” that he would steal things, and that there were

a couple of incidents where he caused physical harm to younger kids but would not take

responsibility for it, claiming that he had been picked on. Q.B. had become more outspoken

over time, was developing well, and was taking medication to improve his behavior; Q.B.

continued to have occasional outbursts. According to their foster mother, Q.B. and T.T. did

not interact much in the home, in part because of their different schedules, and often fought

when they did see one another.

       {¶ 26}       E.H. had significant developmental and medical challenges, which the

caseworker and his foster mother traced to his having suffered a traumatic brain injury when

he was hit by a car in 2009. When he came to foster care, E.H. was “stiff and rigid,”

“completely non-verbal,” and had leg braces that did not fit. His speech was very difficult to

understand, he “seemingly had no concept of communication at all,” cried, screamed, and had

significant tantrums.   Prior to his removal from Mother’s home, the only therapies or

interventions he had received were those available at school.        During foster care, E.H.

received intensive therapy at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, including

occupational, physical, and speech therapies; he was also in special education classes at

school. E.H. had gradually learned to communicate through head shakes and some sign

language, and had learned about 18 words by the time of the hearing. E.H.’s ability to use

sign language was limited or modified due to his ability to use only one of his hands. The

foster mother suspected that E.H. was suffering from seizures, and he was in the process of
                                                                                       12

undergoing neurological testing at the time of the hearing. E.H. also needed a lot of dental

care, for which he needed to be sedated because of his other impairments, and he had, for a

time, received therapeutic Botox injections to assist with his use of his legs. E.H.’s foster

mother testified that E.H. uses a lot of energy trying to move, which can cause dehydration,

but he cannot easily or safely get a drink of water on his own due to his physical limitations.

E.H.’s foster family was interested in adopting him.

       {¶ 27}       Berry also testified about the development of the case plan objectives and her

work with Mother to fulfill those objectives.       Mother did not get the psychiatric evaluation

required by the case plan for approximately 10 months after the plan’s implementation; this

evaluation was intended to address her depressed mood and impulsive behaviors.                    The

stabilization of Mother’s moods and behavior was viewed by the caseworker and the children’s

therapists as a prerequisite to family therapy.   When Mother eventually did see Dr. Yakhmi, she

was prescribed Zoloft and Risperdal, which led to more constructive team meetings and progress

on her case plan. Once Mother’s behavior stabilized, her visitation with the children resumed.

       {¶ 28}       After the first few visits, however, the older boys’ behaviors deteriorated,

especially Q.B., who would have tantrums and outbursts.          T.T. and Q.B. were resistant to

Mother’s attempts to discipline them during visitation, and Mother soon concluded that T.T. and

Q.B. were “too much for her to handle.” She was “emotionally overwhelmed” by the older boys

and wanted another break from visiting with them. Berry encouraged Mother to talk with her

counselor about these feelings.

       {¶ 29}        Concerns also started to arise again about Mother’s mental health,

stability, and compliance with taking her medications. In the summer of 2013, a drug screen
                                                                                       13

confirmed that Mother was not taking all of her medication as prescribed. One of the drugs,

Zoloft, was found in her system at appropriate levels; another prescribed drug, Risperdal, was

not found in her system, which was interpreted by a forensic chemist to mean that she had not

taken the drug in the 24 hours prior to the test. Mother also tested positive for marijuana

usage at the “higher end of what we [the clinicians] normally see.”

       {¶ 30}       With respect to housing and Mother’s ability to support herself, Berry

testified that Mother had no income or public assistance, although she had applied for Social

Security. Mother relied on her married boyfriend, with whom she lived. Mother had been

terminated from Section 8 housing when she was convicted of felony domestic violence

against T.T.

       {¶ 31}       Berry testified that, when she would attempt to discuss with Mother her

limited progress on the case plan, Mother claimed she was doing everything on the case plan.

Mother also asserted that there were relatives willing to take the children, but she never

provided the names of such relatives to CCDJFS, nor were the relatives in contact with the

agency. Berry stated that CCDJFS had provided all of the services it could offer to Mother to

assist with reunification, but that she (Berry) did not believe the children could be safely

reunified with Mother. Berry had continuing concerns about Mother’s mental health and

stability, and noted that, over an extended period of time, Mother’s periods of stability had

lasted only for short time periods. Berry observed that the children were capable of bonding

and had bonded with their foster families, and that the children had shown substantial progress

in the stable environments of their foster homes.

       {¶ 32}       The guardian ad litem, Michael Edwards, testified that E.H. was very
                                                                                        14

happy, comfortable, and engaged in his foster home and was getting good care for his needs.

He also stated that T.T. and Q.B. were behaving very appropriately in their foster home.

According to Edwards, T.T. preferred to stay in the foster home than to be reunified with his

Mother due to past abuse and negative feelings; the guardian ad litem had “no doubt that

[T.T.] has the intellectual capabilities and the maturity to make that decision.” Q.B., on the

other hand, was “on the fence” about his placement; he was more concerned with being with

his siblings than with his mother, and was reluctant to give an answer about his placement.

Although Edwards recognized that “a fairly strong bond as a family” existed, he recommended

at the hearing that permanent custody be given to CCDJFS; he cited Mother’s longstanding

and/or recurrent belief that she does not need medication, her past mental health issues, and

the past severe abuse of T.T.

       {¶ 33}       Edwards acknowledged that, in an earlier report to the court, he had

recommended an extension of temporary custody due to concern that family counseling had

not yet occurred. After obtaining additional information about the case and Mother’s history,

he changed his recommendation at the hearing and supported the award of permanent custody

to CCDJFS. On cross-examination, Edwards acknowledged that he had relied on the reports

of Dr. Yakhmi and care providers at McKinley Hall, rather than talking with them personally.

He also acknowledged that he had not talked with Mother’s boyfriend, but he described the

boyfriend as “evasive” and “uncooperative,” which caused Edwards concern.

       {¶ 34}       Mother called several witnesses at the hearing, including the coordinator

of her parenting class, a visitation supervisor at Gibault, her boyfriend, her probation officer,

and her therapist at Well Springs; she also testified on her own behalf.
                                                                                         15

       {¶ 35}        The parenting class coordinator testified that Mother had completed that

class and had seemed to be engaged in the program. The probation officer reported that

Mother checked in with him consistently.

       {¶ 36}        The visitation supervisor, who observed visits with all four children

between May 2013 and July 2013, and with only the two younger children from July 2013

until the time of the hearing, testified about some of the emotional difficulties that occurred

during visits with the older children. She stated, however, that Mother’s discipline was

“proper” and that she did not behave erratically. She testified that Mother visits with E.H.

very consistently and that E.H. “lights up like a Christmas tree” when he sees Mother.

       {¶ 37}        Mother’s boyfriend testified that he had been living with Mother for two

years “this most recent time.” He was still married to another woman, but he was trying to

locate his wife in order to get a divorce, and planned to marry Mother. He stated that

Mother takes her medication twice a day and that she does not intend to use corporal

punishment in the future. He also testified that Mother does not blame T.T. for E.H.’s

accident or for the boys’ removal from her home. The boyfriend acknowledged that he was

present when T.T. got a “whippin’” with a belt from Mother and that he had not complied

with a request that he be fingerprinted for the case plan.

       {¶ 38}       A therapist from WellSprings testified that Mother vacillates between

taking responsibility for T.T.’s abuse and blaming T.T., but said that Mother accepted

responsibility for E.H.’s accident and did not blame T.T. for that incident. He also testified

that Mother wanted family counseling and did not understand why it was not happening; the

therapist recognized, however, that family counseling could be detrimental to the children if
                                                                                       16

they were not ready for it.

       {¶ 39}        Mother testified that she felt she had done everything the case plan

required, and that several of the objectives, as she understood them, had been satisfied,

including learning alternate forms of discipline to corporal punishment. She testified that she

had been “whooped with belts, extension cords, and switches” as a child. As for why she had

“whipped” her children, she stated that she had hit T.T. and Q.B. with a belt in the past when

they had played on the roof of a church, and that she had whipped T.T. another time for

getting more than 30 detentions and being disruptive at school.         She admitted to past

marijuana use, starting at a young age, which had intensified when her children were first

taken from her in this case, due to stress and anger. She expressed her view that one-on-one

counseling with T.T. and the attendance of the children at some of her parenting classes would

have helped them, but these things had not been allowed. She also stated that her new

medication (Depakote) was working better than the previous combination of Zoloft and

Risperdal to stabilize her moods.

       {¶ 40}       Mother testified that injuries to her hand prevented her from working, that

she was applying for disability, and that, in the meantime, her boyfriend supported her

financially and was willing to support her children. With respect to her history of abusive

relationships, Mother testified that most of the past abuse had occurred outside the home,

while she was at work as a stripper, dancer, or entertainer, or when her children had not been

living with her, suggesting that the children’s exposure to the abuse had been limited. She

asked that temporary custody be continued or that the children be placed with relatives and

friends; she acknowledged that, although these relatives and friends had expressed to her their
                                                                                        17

willingness to help, they had not communicated that willingness to CCDJFS.

         {¶ 41}     In September 2013, Mother’s chemical screen tested positive for Zoloft,

but not for Risperdal; both drugs had been prescribed for her mood disorder and depression.

She also tested positive for marijuana at that time. In December 2013, Mother tested negative

for marijuana, but she was not screened for the presence of the prescribed medications.

         {¶ 42}     The trial court found that the children continued to be dependent, that

Mother     had failed to substantially complete the case plan, that she had provided no

meaningful support for the children, and that CCDJFS had made reasonable efforts toward

reunification. The court further concluded that the children could not be placed with either

parent within a reasonable period of time; “[t]he parents have offered no evidence to indicate

they are ready, willing, or able to provide for the needs of the children.         It would be

inappropriate and unsafe to place the children in the home of the parents.” In regard to the

ability to reunify the family in a reasonable period of time, the court specifically found that

Mother’s conviction for an offense against one of the children and her “chronic mental illness”

which, when untreated, makes her unable to provide an adequate home for the children,

precluded reunification within a reasonable time.

         {¶ 43}      With respect to the children’s best interest, the court found that it was in

the children’s best interest to grant permanent custody to CCDJFS. The court concluded that

the children would benefit from permanent, secure homes, the older children had not had

meaningful contact with Mother for several months, the conditions that led to the removal of

the children had not been substantially remedied, there were no relatives with a genuine

interest in the children (notwithstanding Mother’s claims to the contrary), the custodial history
                                                                                            18

   indicates that the children’s needs cannot be met by Mother, the guardian ad litem

   recommended permanent custody for the three boys, and there was “no safe, appropriate,

   harmonious and loving relationship” between the children and their parents or other relatives.

          {¶ 44}      Having thoroughly reviewed the record of this case and the evidence

   presented at the hearing, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in

   awarding permanent custody to CCDJFS.          There was clear and convincing evidence to

   support the conclusion that such an award was in the best interest of the children and that the

   children could not safely be reunified with Mother within a reasonable period of time.

          {¶ 45}      The assignment of error is overruled.

          {¶ 46}      The judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.



                                          ..........

DONOVAN, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Kate Bowling
Leslie S. Buchanan
Hon. Joseph N. Monnin
