              U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                          ________________________

                               No. ACM 39158
                          ________________________

                            UNITED STATES
                                Appellee
                                      v.
                            Carl M. SHEA
           Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                          ________________________

        Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                          Decided 26 March 2018
                          ________________________

Military Judge: Charles E. Wiedie, Jr.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 18 months,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. Sentence ad-
judged 10 June 2016 by GCM convened at Davis-Monthan Air Force
Base, Arizona.
For Appellant: Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas W. McCue, USAF; Major
Mark C. Bruegger, USAF; Brian L. Mizer, Esquire.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Major
Amanda L.K. Linares, USAF; Major Mary Ellen Payne, USAF.
Before JOHNSON, MINK, and DENNIS, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge MINK and Judge DENNIS joined.
                          ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
                          ________________________

JOHNSON, Senior Judge:
  Appellant was found guilty by a general court-martial composed of officer
members, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of wrongful use of cocaine
                      United States v. Shea, No. ACM 39158


on divers occasions, two specifications of committing a lewd act on a child, and
two specifications of wrongful possession of child pornography, in violation of
Articles 112a, 120b, and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ),
10 U.S.C. §§ 912a, 920b, 934. The court-martial sentenced Appellant to a dis-
honorable discharge, confinement for 18 months, forfeiture of all pay and al-
lowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening authority approved
the adjudged sentence.
    Appellant raises three issues on appeal: (1) Whether his conduct underly-
ing his convictions for possessing child pornography was protected by his con-
stitutional right to due process; (2) Whether the evidence that his possession
of child pornography was service-discrediting was legally and factually suffi-
cient; and (3) Whether his conduct underlying his convictions for possessing
child pornography was protected by the First Amendment 1 such that the Gov-
ernment was required to establish a direct and palpable connection between
that conduct and the military mission or environment under United States v.
Wilcox, 66 M.J. 442 (C.A.A.F. 2008). We find no error and we affirm the find-
ings and sentence.

                                I. BACKGROUND
    Appellant was stationed at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base (AFB), Arizona,
and was 20 or 21 years old during the time frames alleged in the specifications.
His name came up during a security forces investigation into illicit drug use by
other Airmen at Davis-Monthan AFB. Security forces investigators inter-
viewed Appellant after advising him of his Article 31, UCMJ, rights. Appellant
admitted to using cocaine on five occasions at off-base parties in Tucson with
civilians and other Airmen, several of whom subsequently testified at his court-
martial.
   Appellant consented to have his cell phone searched. The security forces
investigators enlisted the assistance of the local Air Force Office of Special In-
vestigations (AFOSI) detachment, which had a greater capacity to extract data
from cell phones. While searching Appellant’s phone for evidence of drug
abuse, AFOSI agents identified multiple sexually explicit images of females
potentially under the age of 18 years. The AFOSI agents sent Appellant’s
phone to the Defense Criminal Forensics Laboratory for further analysis. Sub-
sequent investigation enabled AFOSI to identify two females depicted in sex-
ually explicit photographs, CC and KN, who were both under the age of 18
years when the pictures were taken. In addition, AFOSI identified a third girl,




1   U.S. CONST. amend. I.


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HM, to whom Appellant sent images of his penis and with whom Appellant
exchanged sexually explicit messages; HM was under 16 years old at the time.

                                II. DISCUSSION
A. Constitutionally Protected Conduct
   1. Law
    We review for plain error a claim raised for the first time on appeal that a
statute is unconstitutional as applied to an appellant’s case. United States v.
Goings, 72 M.J. 202, 205 (C.A.A.F. 2013). Under this standard, to demonstrate
that a facially constitutional statute is unconstitutional as applied to him, the
appellant “must point to particular facts in the record that plainly demonstrate
why his interests should overcome Congress’ and the President’s determina-
tions that his conduct be proscribed.” Id.
     In Lawrence v. Texas, the United States Supreme Court held that a consti-
tutional liberty interest protects the right of competent adults to engage in
private, consensual sexual activity. 539 U.S. 558, 578 (2003). “Constitutional
rights identified by the Supreme Court generally apply to members of the mil-
itary unless by text or scope they are plainly inapplicable.” United States v.
Marcum, 60 M.J. 198, 206 (C.A.A.F. 2004). Whether the liberty interest iden-
tified in Lawrence renders a servicemember’s conviction unconstitutional in a
particular case involves a three-part inquiry:
       First, was the conduct that the accused was found guilty of com-
       mitting of a nature to bring it within the liberty interest identi-
       fied by the Supreme Court? Second, did the conduct encompass
       any behavior or factors identified by the Supreme Court as out-
       side the analysis in Lawrence? 539 U.S. at 578. Third, are there
       additional factors relevant solely in the military environment
       that affect the nature and reach of the Lawrence liberty interest?
Id. at 206–07.
   2. Analysis
    Although not raised at trial, Appellant now contends the application of the
three-part inquiry the CAAF articulated in Marcum demonstrates his convic-
tions for possession of child pornography are unconstitutional. We disagree.
   Appellant’s conduct was outside the liberty interest identified in Lawrence
because it did not involve “private, consensual sexual activity between adults.”
Marcum, 60 M.J. at 207 (emphasis added). The right of competent, consenting
adults to engage in private sexual activity recognized in Lawrence does not
extend to protect Appellant’s possession of images of 16- or 17-year-old minors
engaged in sexually explicit conduct. Similarly, Appellant’s behavior is outside

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the analysis in Lawrence because “the conduct involve[d] minors.” Id.; see Law-
rence, 539 U.S. at 578 (“The present case does not involve minors.”); United
States v. Hill, No. ACM 38848, 2016 CCA LEXIS 291, at *11 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 9 May 2016) (unpub. op.) (noting that although a 16- or 17-year-old girl
does not meet the definition of “child” under Article 120b, “that does not nec-
essarily make her an adult as that word is used in Lawrence”). 2
    Appellant’s reliance on Carey v. Population Servs. Int’l, 431 U.S. 678, 694
(1977), where the Court invalidated a state statute prohibiting the sale of con-
traceptives to minors, is misplaced. Even the portion of that opinion that Ap-
pellant cites—not joined by a majority of the Court—“assum[es] that the Con-
stitution does not bar state regulation of the sexual behavior of minors.” Id. at
694 n.17. Moreover, we are not persuaded that the liberty interests of CC and
KN with regard to their decisions affecting procreation give Appellant a con-
stitutionally-protected right to possess sexually explicit images of 16- or 17-
year-old minors.
    Despite Appellant’s claims to the contrary, there is no “conflict” between
the prohibitions in the UCMJ under Article 120b, on committing sexual or lewd
acts with a child under the age of 16 years, and Article 134, on possessing im-
ages of minors under the age of 18 years engaging in sexually explicit conduct.
These provisions are aimed at distinct behaviors, and the Government has an
interest in proscribing the creation and possession of child pornography that is
distinct from its interest prohibiting sexual abuse of children under the age of
16. This court has previously upheld convictions of Airmen involving the crea-
tion or possession of child pornography depicting 16- or 17-year-old minors in
the face of constitutional challenges. See, e.g., United States v. Harrower, No.
ACM 39127, 2018 CCA LEXIS 46, at *13–17 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 26 Jan. 2018)
(unpub. op.) (conviction for enticing a child in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251);
Hill, 2016 CCA LEXIS 291, at *8–13 (conviction for enticing a minor in viola-
tion of Article 134, UCMJ, Clause 2). We do so again, and find Appellant has
failed to “plainly demonstrate why his interests should overcome Congress’ and
the President’s determinations that his conduct be proscribed.” Goings, 72 M.J.
at 205.




2 Given that Appellant’s conduct is outside the liberty interest recognized in Lawrence
and Marcum, we need not decide whether the Government’s interest in prohibiting
service-discrediting conduct or other factors relevant to the military environment af-
fect the nature and reach of that individual liberty interest in this case. See Marcum,
60 M.J. at 206–07.


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                    United States v. Shea, No. ACM 39158


B. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
   1. Law
    We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c); United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399
(C.A.A.F. 2002). Our assessment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to
the evidence produced at trial. United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A.
1993).
    The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324 (C.M.A. 1987); see also United States v. Hum-
pherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2002). “[I]n resolving questions of legal suffi-
ciency, we are bound to draw every reasonable inference from the evidence of
record in favor of the prosecution.” United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134
(C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
    The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Turner, 25 M.J. at 325; see also United States v. Reed, 54 M.J. 37, 41
(C.A.A.F. 2000). In conducting this unique appellate role, we take “a fresh, im-
partial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of innocence nor
a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own independent determination as to
whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a rea-
sonable doubt.” Washington, 57 M.J. at 399.
   2. Analysis
    As the military judge instructed the court members, the elements of the
offense of wrongful possession of child pornography in violation of Article 134,
UCMJ, alleged in Specification 1 of Charge III are:
       (1) That between on or about 4 February 2015 and on or about 3
       June 2015, at or near Tucson, Arizona, [Appellant] knowingly
       and wrongfully possessed child pornography, to wit: a digital im-
       age of [CC], a minor under the age of 18, engaging in sexually
       explicit conduct; and
       (2) That, under the circumstances, the conduct of [Appellant]
       was of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.
Similarly, the elements of Specification 2 of Charge III are:
       (1) That between on or about 1 July 2014 and on or about 3 June
       2015, at or near Tucson, Arizona, [Appellant] knowingly and


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                    United States v. Shea, No. ACM 39158


       wrongfully possessed child pornography, to wit: digital images
       of [KN], a minor under the age of 18, engaging in sexually ex-
       plicit conduct; and
       (2) That, under the circumstances, the conduct of [Appellant]
       was of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.
See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.), pt. IV, ¶ 68b(b). The
Government is not required to prove public awareness of a servicemember’s
possession of child pornography in order to establish its service-discrediting
nature. United States v. Mead, 63 M.J. 724, 729 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2006).
    Appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sus-
tain his convictions for wrongful possession of child pornography because there
is “little evidence” his conduct was service-discrediting. Trial defense counsel
made a similar argument to the court members at trial. The court members
were not persuaded. Neither are we.
    On appeal, Appellant refers to commentaries on the prevalence of “sexting”
among teenagers; however, Appellant was not a fellow teenager or high school
student. We are similarly unswayed by Appellant’s reference to trial court de-
cisions in other, nonmilitary jurisdictions interpreting other criminal statutes,
or to the existence of “Romeo and Juliet” provisions in certain state jurisdic-
tions. Mindful that our review of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to the
evidence adduced at trial, Dykes, 38 M.J. at 272, we find these references of
limited persuasive value. 3
    Appellant was a 20- and 21-year-old adult Airman at the time these of-
fenses were committed. He knowingly and wrongfully possessed sexually ex-
plicit images displaying the genitals of minors that he retained for his sexual
gratification. The service-discrediting nature of the conduct is a fact-specific
inquiry dependent upon the circumstances of the particular case. Appellant is
free to argue, as he did at trial, that under the facts of the case his conduct was
not of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces. However, like the
court members, we conclude that in this case it was.
    Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” we conclude the evidence was legally sufficient to support
Appellant’s convictions of wrongful possession of child pornography beyond a
reasonable doubt. Barner, 56 M.J. at 134. Moreover, having weighed the evi-
dence in the record of trial and having made allowances for not having person-
ally observed the witnesses, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a

3For example, as the Government notes, Appellant’s conduct would have been a crime
under Arizona law and not shielded by the state’s “Romeo and Juliet” statute. See
A.R.S. §§ 13-3551(6), 13-3553(A)(2), 13-1407(F).


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                    United States v. Shea, No. ACM 39158


reasonable doubt. See Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. Appellant’s conviction of Charge
III and its specifications is therefore both legally and factually sufficient.
C. Constitutionally Protected Speech
   1. Law
  We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c); Washington, 57 M.J. at 399.
    If an accused’s conduct is otherwise protected by the First Amendment, in
order for the Government to prove an offense charged under Clauses 1 or 2 of
Article 134, UCMJ, the prosecution must show a reasonably direct and palpa-
ble connection between the accused’s conduct and the military mission or mil-
itary environment to demonstrate the conduct was prejudicial to good order
and discipline or of a nature to discredit the armed forces. Wilcox, 66 M.J. at
448–49 (citations omitted).
   2. Analysis
    Appellant’s final assignment of error asserts his convictions for wrongful
possession of child pornography are legally and factually insufficient because
there is no direct and palpable connection between the “speech” he engaged in
and the military mission or environment. Appellant relies on Wilcox, where the
CAAF explained that in order to convict a servicemember of service-discredit-
ing conduct in violation of Article 134, UCMJ, Clause 2, for conduct that would
otherwise be protected by the First Amendment, the prosecution must estab-
lish “a direct and palpable connection between [the] speech and the military
mission or military environment.” Id. Where such a connection is not estab-
lished, evidence of the charged offense is legally insufficient. Id. at 449. How-
ever, if the conduct is not protected by the First Amendment, proof of such a
connection is not required. Id.
    Appellant contends his conduct is not outside First Amendment protection.
He cites Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234 (2002), for the propo-
sition that not all child pornography is excluded from First Amendment pro-
tection. There the Court noted that its prior decisions upholding laws banning
the production, distribution, and possession of child pornography were justified
by the state’s interest in “stamping out” the child sexual abuse depicted in the
material. Id. at 249–50; see Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 110 (1990); New
York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 761 (1982). In contrast, “virtual” child pornogra-
phy that does not depict the actual sexual abuse of children does not implicate
the same state interests. Id. at 250. Appellant also relies on United States v.
Stevens, 559 U.S. 460 (2010), where the Court sustained a facial constitutional
challenge to a federal statute criminalizing the creation, sale, or possession of
certain depictions of animal cruelty. In doing so, it contrasted the Govern-
ment’s effort to cast such depictions as outside First Amendment protection

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                      United States v. Shea, No. ACM 39158


with the criminalization of child pornography, which was “historically unpro-
tected” and justified by the state’s “compelling interest” in protecting children
from abuse. Id. at 471–72.
    Based on Ashcroft and Stevens, Appellant contends that images of child
pornography that do not depict a crime are protected by the First Amendment.
The images Appellant possessed of CC and KN, he continues, did not depict
crimes because CC and KN were over the age of 16 and therefore old enough
to engage in consensual sexual activity. Therefore, he reasons, Appellant’s pos-
session of these images was covered by the First Amendment. Because the
Government could not establish a “direct and palpable connection” between his
conduct and the military mission or environment, under Wilcox his conduct
was not service-discrediting and his convictions for possession of child pornog-
raphy are legally and factually insufficient. See 66 M.J. at 448–49.
    We are not persuaded. Appellant reads Ashcroft too broadly. The essential
distinction in Ashcroft is not between images of actual 15-year-olds and actual
16-year-olds; it is the distinction between images of actual minors and “virtual”
child pornography created without the involvement of any minor. In Ashcroft
the Court explained,
       The [statute] extends the federal prohibition against child por-
       nography to sexually explicit images that appear to depict mi-
       nors but were produced without using any real children. The
       statute prohibits, in specific circumstances, possessing or dis-
       tributing these images, which may be created by using adults
       who look like minors or by using computer imaging. The new
       technology, according to Congress, makes it possible to create
       realistic images of children who do not exist. . . .
       By prohibiting child pornography that does not depict an actual
       child, the statute goes beyond New York v. Ferber[ ] which dis-
       tinguished child pornography from other sexually explicit
       speech because of the State’s interest in protecting the children
       exploited by the production process. . . . As a general rule, por-
       nography can be banned only if obscene, but under Ferber, por-
       nography showing minors can be proscribed whether or not the
       images are obscene under the definition set forth in Miller v.
       California, 413 U.S. 15 [ ] (1973).
535 U.S. at 239–40.
    The Government has a compelling interest in preventing the creation, dis-
tribution, and possession of sexually explicit images of actual minors, including
minors who are 16 or 17 years old. See Osborne, 495 U.S. at 106–07, 110. That



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                    United States v. Shea, No. ACM 39158


interest is not negated by the fact that Article 120b, UCMJ, permits a service-
member to engage in consensual sexual activity with a 16- or 17-year-old. Ap-
pellant identifies no decision by this or any other court that holds the age limit
for prosecutable child pornography is capped by the age of consent in that ju-
risdiction. We find no reason to establish such a limit now.
    Accordingly, Appellant’s possession of sexually explicit images of CC and
KN was outside the protection of the First Amendment, and thus Wilcox’s re-
quirement for a “direct and palpable connection” between the conduct and the
military mission or environment is inapposite. 66 M.J. at 448–49. Appellant’s
convictions for wrongful possession of child pornography are legally and factu-
ally sufficient.

                               III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Ar-
ticles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.


                 FOR THE COURT



                 CAROL K. JOYCE
                 Clerk of the Court




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