
109 U.S. 371 (1883)
FLASH and Others
v.
CONN.
Supreme Court of United States.
Argued November 13th, 1883.
Decided November 20th, 1883.
IN ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA.
*373 Mr. E.A. Perry for the plaintiffs in error.
Mr. Michael L. Woods for the defendant in error.
*375 MR. JUSTICE WOODS delivered the opinion of the court.
The only question arising upon the record is whether the declaration presents a cause which entitles the plaintiffs to recover in this action. This was the question considered by the court below, and upon what it deemed the insufficiency of that declaration its judgment was based. The sufficiency of the pleas and rejoinder were not considered, for, if the declaration was bad, the question whether the pleadings of the defendant were good was an immaterial one. If the pleas and rejoinder of the defendant had been adjudged good, that would not have been a final judgment to which a writ of error would lie, but the plaintiffs would have had leave to reply and surrejoin. We are, therefore, limited to the consideration of the sufficiency of the declaration.
The liability which this suit was brought to enforce arises, as the plaintiffs contend, on the tenth section of the act mentioned in the declaration, namely the act of the legislature of New York passed February 17th, 1848, entitled "An Act to authorize the formation of corporations for manufacturing, &c., purposes." The tenth section of the act and the eleventh and twenty-fourth, which also have reference to the liability of stockholders of the company, were as follows:
"SEC. 10. All the stockholders of every company incorporated under this act shall be severally individually liable to the creditors of the company in which they are stockholders, to an amount equal to the amount of stock held by them respectively, for all debts and contracts made by such company, until the whole amount of capital stock fixed and limited by such company shall have been paid in, and a certificate thereof shall have been made and recorded as prescribed in the following section.
"SEC. 11. The president and a majority of the trustees, within thirty days after the payment of the last instalment of the capital *376 stock so fixed and limited by the company, shall make a certificate stating the amount of the capital so fixed and paid in, which certificate shall be signed and sworn to by the president and a majority of the trustees; and they shall within the said thirty days record the same in the office of the county clerk of the county wherein the business of said company is carried on.
"SEC. 24. No stockholder shall be personally liable for the payment of any debt contracted by any company formed under this act, which is not to be paid within one year from the time the debt is contracted, nor unless a suit for the collection of such debt shall be brought against such company within one year after the debt shall become due; and no suit shall be brought against any stockholder ... until an execution against the company shall have been returned unsatisfied in whole or in part."
Section 12 of the act will also throw some light on the present controversy. It provided that within twenty days from January 1st in every year every company organized under the act should make a report, which should be published, which should state the amount of the capital of the company, the proportion paid in, and its existing debts, and which should be signed by the president and a majority of the trustees and verified by the oath of the president and filed in the office of the clerk of the county where the business of the company was carried on; and if any of said companies should fail to do so all the trustees of the company so failing should be jointly and severally liable for its debts then existing.
The defendant contended on several grounds that the declaration set out no cause of action on which the suit could be maintained against him. The first ground was that the liability of the stockholders under section 10 of the act under which the company was organized, and which the suit was brought to enforce, was in the nature of a penalty, and could not be enforced in any court sitting beyond the limits of the State by which the law was passed.
It is well settled, and is not denied by plaintiffs' counsel, that the penal laws of one State can have no operation in another. They are strictly local and affect nothing more than they can *377 reach. The Antelope, 10 Wheat. 66; Scoville v. Canfield, 14 Johns. 338; Western Transp. Co. v. Kilderhouse, 87 N.Y. 430; Lemmon v. People, 20 N.Y. 562; Henry v. Sargeant, 13 N.H. 321; Story, Conflict of Laws, § 621, 8th ed.
Upon this branch of the case the question for solution is, therefore, whether the individual liability of stockholders provided for by section 10, above quoted, is in the nature of a penalty, or whether it is, as plaintiffs contend, based on a contract between the stockholders and the creditors of the company.
We think the liability imposed by section 10 is a liability arising upon contract. The stockholders of the company are by that section made severally and individually liable, within certain limits, to the creditors of the company for its debts and contracts. Every one who becomes a member of the company by subscribing to its stock assumes this liability, which continues until the capital stock is all paid up and a certificate of that fact is made, published and recorded. The fact that the liability ceases when these events take place does not change its nature and make that a penalty which would, without such limitation, be a liability founded on contract.
Such has been the construction given to section 10 by the Court of Appeals of New York. In the case of Wyles v. Suydam, 64 N.Y. 173, that court had under consideration sections 10 and 12 of the act under which the Pensacola Lumber Company was organized. The complaint alleged the liability of the defendant, both as a stockholder under section 10 and as a trustee under section 12. The complaint was demurred to, on the ground that two causes of action were improperly joined. The court sustained the demurrer. In giving the reasons for its judgment it said:
"The cause of action against the defendant as a stockholder consists of the debt and the liability created by statute against stockholders where the stock has not been paid in and a certificate of that fact recorded. In effect the statute in such a case withdraws the protection of the corporation from the stockholders, and regards them liable to the extent of the amount of their stock as copartners. Corning v. McCullough, 1 N.Y. 47. The allegations in the complaint are sufficient to establish a perfect cause *378 of action against the defendant as a stockholder, primarily liable for the debts to the amount of his stock.
"The allegations against the defendant as trustee also constitute a distinct and perfect cause of action, but of an entirely different character. Here the liability is created by statute, and is in the nature of a penalty imposed for neglect of duty in not filing a report showing the situation of the company. The object of the action is the same, viz.: the collection of a debt, but the liability and the grounds of it are entirely distinct and unlike. That there are two causes of action in this complaint seems too clear to require much argument. The first cause of action against the defendant as a stockholder is an action on contract. The six years' statute of limitation applies. 1 N.Y. supra. The defendant is entitled to contribution. But in respect to the action against defendant as trustee, this court held, in Merchants' Bank v. Bliss, 35 N.Y. 412, that the three years' statute of limitations applied under the following provision of the code: `An action upon a statute for a penalty or forfeiture when the action is given to the party aggrieved.'"
This decision is upon the precise point of the controversy in this case. It declares that the liability such as that which the plaintiffs in this action seek to enforce is one arising upon contract, and is not in the nature of a penalty. This decision has never been modified or overruled by the Court of Appeals of New York.
We think this is a case where the construction of the State court is entitled to great if not conclusive weight with us. It is the settled construction of a law of the State upon which the rights and liabilities of a large number of its citizens must depend. If the liability of a stockholder under section 10 arises upon contract, the six years' limitation applies to it; if the liability is in the nature of a penalty the three years' limitation applies. It is clear that confusion and uncertainty would result should the State and Federal courts place different constructions on the section. Such a result ought, if possible, to be avoided.
It is true that this decision was made after the defendant had become a stockholder in the Pensacola Lumber Company, *379 but there had been no previous contrary decision. As said by this court in Burgess v. Seligman, 107 U.S. 20, "even in such cases, for the sake of harmony and to avoid confusion, the federal courts will lean towards an agreement of views with the State courts if the question seems to them balanced with doubt."
If this were a case arising in the State of New York we should therefore follow the construction put upon the statute by the courts of that State. The circumstance that the case comes here from the State of Florida should not leave the statute open to a different construction. It would be an anomaly for this court to put one interpretation on the statute in a case arising in New York, and a different interpretation in a case arising in Florida. Our conclusion, therefore, is that this action was not brought to enforce a liability in the nature of a penalty.
The right of the plaintiffs to sue upon this liability in any court having jurisdiction of the subject-matter and the parties is, therefore, clear. Dennick v. Railroad Co., 103 U.S. 11.
The next contention of the defendant is that the recovery of a judgment against the company in the State of New York on the debt due the plaintiffs, and the issue of an execution thereon, returned unsatisfied, is a necessary condition to the liability of the defendant; and as the declaration only avers the recovery of a judgment in the State of Florida, it is insufficient.
It appears from the declaration that before the year allowed by section 24 of the statute, for bringing suits against the company on the debts due the plaintiffs had expired, the company had been adjudicated a bankrupt by the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York; that all its property had been sold, and the proceeds thereof were insufficient to pay the costs and expenses of the bankruptcy proceedings.
Although it has been held by the court of appeals, in the case of the Rocky Mountain Bank v. Bliss, 89 N.Y. 338, that a judgment in a court of the State of New York was necessary to fix the liability of a stockholder under section 10 of the act *380 under consideration, yet the same court, in the case of Shillington v. Howland, 53 N.Y. 371, held that in an action brought to charge a defendant as stockholder in a company organized under the same law, an adjudication in bankruptcy of the company excused a compliance with the condition which required a suit to be brought against the company within a year after the maturity of the debt, and a judgment to be recovered and an execution to be issued thereon and returned unsatisfied. We see no reason why we should not follow this decision, and it is conclusive of the question under consideration.
The object of section 24 was to compel the creditor to exhaust the assets of the company before seeking to enforce the liability of the stockholder. When the declaration shows that this was done, and that a literal performance of the condition would have been vain and fruitless, the performance of the condition may well be held to have been excused.
Lastly, it is objected that the declaration sets out a case which should have been prosecuted in equity, and not at law. There is no ground for this objection to rest on. In the cases of Pollard v. Bailey, 20 Wall. 520, Terry v. Tubman, 92 U.S. 156, to which we are referred in its support, the liability of the stockholders was in proportion to the stock held by them. Each stockholder was, therefore, only liable for his proportion of his debts. This proportion could only be ascertained upon an account of the debts and stock, and a pro rata distribution of the indebtedness among the several stockholders. This, the court held, could only be done by a suit in equity.
But in this case the statute makes every stockholder individually liable for the debts of the company for an amount equal to the amount of his stock. This liability is fixed, and does not depend on the liability of other stockholders. There is no necessity for bringing in other stockholders or creditors. Any creditor who has recovered judgment against the company and sued out an execution thereon, which has been returned unsatisfied, may sue any stockholder, and no other creditor can. Such actions are maintained without objection in the courts of New York, under section 10 of the statute relied on in this case. Shillington v. Howland, 53 N.Y. 371; Weeks v. Suydam, *381 64 N.Y. 173; Handy v. Draper, 89 N.Y. 334; Rocky Mountain Nat. Bank v. Bliss, Id. 338.
We have considered all the objections made to the declaration. In our opinion-none of them are well founded.
Our conclusion is, therefore, that the declaration was sufficient, and it follows that
The judgment of the circuit court must be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
Case No. 122, John I. Adams & Co. v. Adna C. Conn, is in all respects similar to the case just decided, and was submitted on the same arguments and briefs. The judgment in that case must, therefore, be reversed, and the cause remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings, in conformity with the opinion announced in the case No. 121.
