                                                                                FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                        PUBLISH                             Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         April 11, 2017

                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                             Clerk of Court
                       _________________________________

BOSC, INC.; THOMAS WAYNE
HAYES,

      Plaintiffs Counter Defendants -
      Appellants,

v.                                                         No. 16-2031

BOARD OF COUNTY
COMMISSIONERS OF THE COUNTY
OF BERNALILLO,

      Defendant Counterclaimant -
      Appellee.
                     _________________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the District of New Mexico
                        (D.C. No. 1:15-CV-01042-KG-LF)
                      _________________________________

Jared M. Burden (Frederic Dorwart, with him on the brief) Frederic Dorwart, Lawyers,
Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Plaintiffs Counter Defendants-Appellants.

Clinton W. Marrs, Marrs Griebel Law, LTD., Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Defendant
Counterclaimant-Appellee.
                      _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BALDOCK, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

BALDOCK, Circuit Judge.
                    _________________________________
      A New Mexico county board filed a lawsuit in state court against its securities

broker and registered agent. The board refrained, however, from serving process

while it determined whether arbitration was available. The securities broker and

agent nonetheless removed the case to federal court and moved to dismiss the suit.

Four days after briefing was complete and about three months after the board had

filed suit, the board voluntarily dismissed the case and filed for arbitration. The

securities broker and agent then filed this action to enjoin arbitration, arguing the

board waived its right to demand arbitration when it filed the state court action. The

district court disagreed and instead granted the board’s counterclaim to compel

arbitration. The broker and registered agent appealed the waiver issue. Exercising

jurisdiction under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(3), we affirm.

                                           I.

      In 2012 and 2013, BOSC, Inc., a registered securities broker and member of the

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), and Thomas Hayes, one of BOSC’s

registered representatives, recommended and sold certain investments to the Board of

County Commissioners of the County of Bernalillo, New Mexico (“the Board”). In July

2015, the Board filed a lawsuit in New Mexico state court against BOSC, Hayes, and

others for allegedly selling it unsuitable investments and recommending investments that

conflicted with Bernalillo County’s liquidity needs, in violation of FINRA Rule 2111.

The Board did not, however, serve the petition on any of the defendants. According to

the Declaration of Clinton Marrs, the Board’s attorney, he refrained from serving the



                                           2
complaint because he had not yet “completed [his] inquiry into whether the Board was

required or permitted by contract to arbitrate its claims.” R. at 31.

       In September 2015, BOSC and Hayes removed the case to federal court and

moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The Board opposed

the motion. In October, four days after briefing on the motion was complete and before

the district court ruled on the motion, the Board voluntarily dismissed the case without

prejudice because the Board’s attorney was “satisfied that the Board could pursue its

claims in arbitration.”    R. at 32.    Four days after that, the Board initiated FINRA

arbitration. Less than three months had lapsed from the time the Board filed the state

court action to when it voluntarily dismissed it.

       In November 2015, BOSC and Hayes filed this federal lawsuit against the Board

for preliminary and permanent injunctive relief in an attempt to enjoin the Board from

pursuing FINRA arbitration. BOSC and Hayes asserted that the Board waived its right to

arbitration when it filed the state court action. The Board answered the complaint and

filed a counterclaim for judgment compelling arbitration. In response, BOSC and Hayes

asked the district court for the opportunity to conduct discovery regarding the Board’s

motivation for filing the state court action.

       The district court denied BOSC and Hayes’ requests for injunctive relief and

instead granted the Board’s counterclaim to compel arbitration. The district court applied

the factors from Peterson v. Shearson/American Express, Inc., 849 F.2d 464, 467–68

(10th Cir. 1988), to conclude the Board did not waive its option to arbitrate. The district



                                                3
court also denied the discovery request, explaining that the Board’s motivation for filing

the state court action was irrelevant to the Peterson factors. BOSC and Hayes appealed.

                                            II.

      The parties do not dispute that the FINRA rules apply to them and would

ordinarily permit the Board, as BOSC and Hayes’ customer, the option to request

arbitration. They also agree that the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) applies here. The

primary issue is whether the Board waived its right to arbitrate. We review the district

court’s decision rejecting the waiver argument de novo but review the factual findings

underlying that decision for clear error.    In re Cox Enterprises, Inc. Set-top Cable

Television Box Antitrust Litig., 835 F.3d 1195, 1205 (10th Cir. 2016).

      The FAA’s primary substantive provision declares that a written agreement to

arbitrate “a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce . . . shall be valid,

irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the

revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. This provision reflects “a liberal federal

policy favoring arbitration agreements,” and creates “a body of federal substantive law of

arbitrability, applicable to any arbitration agreement within the coverage of the Act.”

Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983). “The

Arbitration Act establishes that, as a matter of federal law, any doubts concerning the

scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem

at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver,

delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Id. at 24–25. Section 3 of the FAA obliges

courts to stay litigation on matters the parties have agreed to arbitrate so long as the

                                            4
applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with arbitration, while § 4 authorizes

a court that otherwise has subject matter jurisdiction to compel arbitration. See 9 U.S.C.

§§ 3 & 4.

       We have recognized two forms of waiver, although we have only ever applied

the second form: (1) when a party intentionally relinquishes or abandons its right to

arbitration; (2) when a party’s conduct in litigation forecloses its right to arbitrate.

See In re Cox, 835 F.3d at 1205. The second form of waiver—based on a party’s

conduct—came first in this Circuit. In Reid Burton Construction, Inc. v. Carpenters

District Council of Southern Colorado, 614 F.2d 698 (10th Cir. 1980), this Circuit’s

“leading opinion” on waiver of the right to arbitrate, Hill v. Ricoh Americas Corp., 603

F.3d 766, 772 (10th Cir. 2010), we explained there is “no set rule as to what

constitutes a waiver or abandonment of the arbitration agreement; the question

depends upon the facts of each case.” 614 F.2d at 702. We noted several factors

useful in analyzing waiver, which we later summarized in Peterson:

       (1) whether the party’s actions are inconsistent with the right to arbitrate;
       (2) whether “the litigation machinery has been substantially invoked” and
       the parties “were well into preparation of a lawsuit” before the party
       notified the opposing party of an intent to arbitrate; (3) whether a party
       either requested arbitration enforcement close to the trial date or delayed for
       a long period before seeking a stay; (4) whether a defendant seeking
       arbitration filed a counterclaim without asking for a stay of the
       proceedings; (5) “whether important intervening steps [e.g., taking
       advantage of judicial discovery procedures not available in arbitration] had
       taken place”; and (6) whether the delay “affected, misled, or prejudiced”
       the opposing party.

Peterson, 849 F.2d at 467–68 (alterations in original) (quoting Reid Burton, 614 F.2d at

702). We do not apply the Peterson factors mechanically so that “each factor is assessed

                                             5
and the side with the greater number of favorable factors prevails,” nor do we consider

this list exhaustive or exclusive. Hill, 603 F.3d at 773. Instead, “these factors reflect

principles that should guide courts in determining whether it is appropriate to deem that a

party has waived its right to demand arbitration,” even when the party did not

subjectively intend to do so. Id.

       We then acknowledged the first form of waiver—based on a party’s intent—in

Hill v. Ricoh in 2010, but we have yet to apply it in any case as the basis for our holding.

We explained that “a party should not be permitted to demand arbitration when it has

previously waived its right to arbitrate in the narrow sense of waiver typically used in the

criminal-law context, where a waiver is an ‘intentional relinquishment or abandonment of

a known right.’” Hill, 603 F.3d at 773 (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725,

733 (1993)); see also In re Cox, 835 F.3d at 1205 (“A party can ‘subjectively’ waive its

right to arbitration if it intentionally relinquishes or abandons that right; once it has done

so, it has no right to demand arbitration later.”). We commented that “[a] party’s conduct

may evince such an intentional relinquishment,” such as when an employer refuses an

employee’s repeated requests to arbitrate but then demands arbitration when she files

suit. Hill, 603 F.3d at 773 (analyzing Brown v. Dillard’s, Inc., 430 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir.

2005)). Such external conduct may reveal a party’s intentions.

       BOSC and Hayes first argue that the Board intentionally waived its right to

demand arbitration when it filed the state court lawsuit. They urge us to adopt a bright-

line rule that plaintiffs who later seek arbitration on the same issues have necessarily

waived their right to arbitrate. Alternatively, they argue the Peterson factors support a

                                              6
finding that the Board waived its right to arbitrate by its conduct. While BOSC and

Hayes primarily argue we may rule in their favor as a matter of law, they argue in the

alternative that the district court erred in denying their request for discovery regarding

why the Board filed the original state court action in the first place. We address each of

these arguments in turn.

                                             A.

       BOSC and Hayes argue that the Board’s conduct in filing the original state action

evinces its intent to waive its right to arbitrate. They urge the Court to apply a bright-line

rule, rather than the Peterson factors, and hold that a party who files litigation

intentionally abandons its right to arbitrate. They assert other circuits have so held.

       The cases BOSC and Hayes cite in support of their bright-line rule do not

convince us and, in fact, do not support such a strict rule under federal law at all. Take

for example their reliance on the Second Circuit’s 1933 case Kraus Brothers Lumber Co.

v. Louis Bossert & Sons, 62 F.2d 1004 (2d Cir. 1933). There, the plaintiff corporation

sued the defendant corporation in state court for the purchase price of some “small

timbers.” 62 F.2d at 1005. The defendant answered, alleged several defenses and

counterclaims, and offered to submit the controversy to arbitration per the parties’

agreement. The plaintiff noticed the case for trial, later moved unsuccessfully for a

voluntary dismissal, and then attempted to accept the offer to arbitrate. The plaintiff then

filed a suit in federal court to enforce the contract’s arbitration clause. The defendant

argued the plaintiff waived its right to arbitrate, but the district court nonetheless issued

an order compelling arbitration. The Second Circuit affirmed. It first noted that “[t]he

                                              7
state action was indeed a repudiation of the plaintiff’s own promise to arbitrate; it gave

the defendant an election, taking the plaintiff at its word, to put an end to the arbitration

clause, or to insist upon performance.” Id. at 1006. But because the defendant never

expressly withdrew its offer to arbitrate, the plaintiff accepted the offer when it tried to

discontinue the state court case and pursue arbitration. Id. The case turned on the

defendants’ offer to arbitrate, a situation admittedly not present here, but it shows that the

Second Circuit considers the circumstances presented rather than applying a bright-line

rule against plaintiffs who later request arbitration.

       Subsequent Second Circuit decisions bear this out, with each case turning on the

amount of litigation conducted after filing the case and the length of delay. See Chatham

Shipping Co. v. Fertex S.S. Corp., 352 F.2d 291, 293 (2d Cir. 1965) (“The cases are

altogether clear that the mere filing of an action for damages on a contract does not

preclude a subsequent change of mind in favor of arbitration therein provided; the earliest

point at which preclusion may be found is when the other party files an answer on the

merits.” (internal citations omitted)); Farr & Co. v. Cia. Intercontinental de Navegacion

de Cuba, S.A., 243 F.2d 342, 348 (2d Cir. 1957) (holding that the plaintiff did not waive

its right to arbitration when it filed suit because “the libel never got beyond the initial

stage of filing; no party was served or entered appearance; no property was attached, no

answer filed”); cf. Kulukundis Shipping Co., S/A, v. Amtorg Trading Corp., 126 F.2d 978,

989 (2d Cir. 1942) (“A plaintiff who brought suit on a contract, without seeking to avail

himself of its arbitration clause, has been held to have waived his rights thereunder, so

that he could not subsequently, after a long delay, ask the court . . . to stay the action

                                               8
pending arbitration. Within limits, much might perhaps be said for such a holding, on the

ground that a party should not thus first set in motion judicial proceedings and then arrest

them.” (emphasis added)).

       Likewise, the Seventh Circuit case that BOSC and Hayes cite does not create a

bright-line rule but rather a presumption that may be overcome.           In Cabinetree of

Wisconsin, Inc. v. Kraftmaid Cabinetry, Inc., 50 F.3d 388 (7th Cir. 1995), the Seventh

Circuit held that “an election to proceed before a nonarbitral tribunal for the resolution of

a contractual dispute is a presumptive waiver of the right to arbitrate.” Id. at 390

(emphasis added). In that case, the Seventh Circuit was faced with a defendant who

removed to federal court, demanded and received almost two thousand documents in

discovery but “dragged its heels in responding” to the plaintiff’s discovery demands, and

waited about five months after a trial date was set before demanding arbitration. Id. at

389. This conduct “manifested an intention to resolve the dispute through the processes

of the federal court,” and the defendant did not rebut the presumption that it had waived

its right to arbitrate by electing to proceed judicially. Id. at 390, 391. But the Seventh

Circuit mentioned several situations in which a party that invokes judicial process might

nonetheless retain its right to arbitrate:

       We have said that invoking judicial process is presumptive waiver. For it is
       easy to imagine situations—they have arisen in previous cases—in which
       such invocation does not signify an intention to proceed in a court to the
       exclusion of arbitration. There might be doubts about arbitrability, and fear
       that should the doubts be resolved adversely the statute of limitations might
       have run. Some issues might be arbitrable, and others not. The shape of
       the case might so alter as a result of unexpected developments during
       discovery or otherwise that it might become obvious that the party should
       be relieved from its waiver and arbitration allowed to proceed. We need

                                             9
       not try to be exhaustive. It is enough to hold that while normally the
       decision to proceed in a judicial forum is a waiver of arbitration, a variety
       of circumstances may make the case abnormal, and then the district court
       should find no waiver or should permit a previous waiver to be rescinded.
       In such a case prejudice to the other party, the party resisting arbitration,
       should weigh heavily in the decision whether to send the case to arbitration,
       as should the diligence or lack thereof of the party seeking arbitration—did
       that party do all it could reasonably have been expected to do to make the
       earliest feasible determination of whether to proceed judicially or by
       arbitration?

Id. at 390–91 (citations omitted) (second emphasis added).

       The Seventh Circuit revisited its presumptive waiver rule in Grumhaus v.

Comerica Securities, Inc., 223 F.3d 648 (7th Cir. 2000). There, the plaintiffs filed suit in

state court and litigated their claims for several months. Id. at 651. The state court

dismissed the complaint, but the plaintiffs waited several more months before filing a suit

in federal court to formally demand arbitration. Id. The plaintiffs argued that they

“never submitted their state court action for judgment,” but the Seventh Circuit pointed

out that, by filing suit (and, we assume, by serving process), the plaintiffs would be

entitled to a default judgment if the defendants failed to respond to the suit. Id. at 651–

52. The Seventh Circuit thus presumed the plaintiffs waived their right to arbitrate by

filing the state court action and, because no special circumstances existed to rebut that

presumption, held that their lack of diligence in seeking arbitration counseled against

absolving them of their waiver. Id. at 653.

       BOSC and Hayes’ remaining cases, which rely on state rather than federal law, do

not offer persuasive reasoning, if any reasoning at all, for adopting a bright-line rule. In

Quality Improvement Consultants, Inc. v. Williams, 129 F. App’x 719 (3d Cir. 2005)


                                              10
(unpublished), the Third Circuit applied Minnesota law and concluded the plaintiff

“substantially invoked litigation by filing a complaint in federal court and thus waived its

right to arbitrate at least those claims contained in the complaint,” without offering any

further analysis.   Id. at 722.    And in WorldSource Coil Coating, Inc. v. McGraw

Construction Co., 946 F.2d 473 (6th Cir. 1991), the Sixth Circuit applied Illinois law to

hold that, “[u]nless authorized by contract, submission of arbitrable issues in a judicial

proceeding constitutes a waiver of the right to compel arbitration regardless of the

prejudice to the other party.”         Id. at 479.   While the majority addressed conduct

inconsistent with the right to arbitrate, we find the dissent’s reasoning more compelling

as to why simply filing a lawsuit should not constitute automatic waiver:

       Under the rule announced by the majority, a party would be deemed to have
       waived arbitration if it filed a complaint containing arbitrable issues and
       then the following day, upon reconsideration, dismissed the matter pursuant
       to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1). Such a result is clearly anomalous. The
       opposing party might not even have been served with the complaint. . . .
       Obviously, no Illinois courts [sic] has, or would, find that such actions
       constitute a waiver. If the mere filing of a complaint followed by
       immediate dismissal does not constitute submission of issues, some line
       drawing must be done. I conclude that in the context of waiver of
       arbitration, “submission of issues” under Illinois law means that the court is
       called on to decide the issue. Accordingly, the mere filing of a complaint
       would not constitute submission of an issue. A trial or dispositive motion
       would, on the other hand, constitute submission of an issue because the
       court (or jury) would be called on to decide an issue.

Id. at 483 (Gadola, J., dissenting).

       We decline to adopt a bright-line rule of waiver just because a party has filed a

lawsuit, primarily because the circumstances of this case demonstrate how such a rule

would not be wise. Although the Board took a step towards choosing litigation over


                                               11
arbitration when it filed the original state-court action, it stopped short of voluntarily

submitting the issues to a court for decision by refraining from serving process on BOSC

and Hayes. If the Board had done nothing else after filing, it would not have been

entitled to default judgment but would have instead risked dismissal for failure to

prosecute. See NMRA Rule 1-004 (requiring plaintiffs to serve process “with reasonable

diligence”); NMRA Rule 1-041(E)(2) (providing that a court may, on its own motion,

dismiss without prejudice an action if the party filing the action “has failed to take any

significant action in connection with the action or claim within the previous one hundred

and eighty (180 days)”). And the Board dismissed the action before a court could rule on

the motion to dismiss, a motion that BOSC and Hayes took it upon themselves to file

even when they had not yet been served. The Board did not voluntarily submit its claims

to a court for decision; instead the Board attempted to prevent a court from deciding

those claims while it determined if arbitration was available. We decline the invitation to

create a bright-line rule simply because of the Board’s prior status as a plaintiff.1

                                              B.

       We now turn to the Peterson factors to determine whether the Board waived its

right to arbitrate through its conduct. Those factors include (1) whether the Board took

actions inconsistent with its right to arbitrate; (2) the extent to which the Board

substantially invoked the litigation machinery; (3) the length of the Board’s delay before

requesting arbitration and nearness to trial; (4) the claims the Board filed before


       1
        This is not to say that serving process is the magic moment of waiver. As we do
here, we will consider the facts of each case.
                                              12
requesting arbitration2; (5) whether important intervening steps had taken place, such as

the Board taking advantage of judicial procedures unavailable in arbitration; and

(6) whether the delay affected, misled, or prejudiced BOSC and Hayes.3                   Our

overarching consideration is “whether the party now seeking arbitration is improperly

manipulating the judicial process.” Hill, 603 F.3d at 773.

       We hold the Board did not waive its right to arbitrate. First, the Board took some

actions inconsistent with its right to demand arbitration: it filed the state court action

involving the claims it now seeks to arbitrate and further filed a response to the motion to

dismiss. But it did not go so far as to voluntarily submit its claims to a court for relief as


       2
           This factor originally asks “whether a defendant seeking arbitration filed a
counterclaim without asking for a stay of the proceedings.” Peterson, 849 F.2d at
467. Although we have yet to actually apply the Peterson factors to a plaintiff (as the
Board was when it filed the original state court action), the test is theoretically not
restricted to defendants. Cf. Reid Burton, 614 F.2d at 702 (“In determining whether a
party to an arbitration agreement, usually a defendant, has waived its arbitration
right . . . .” (emphasis added)). As the factors are not exhaustive or exclusive, see Hill,
603 F.3d at 773, we will adjust them as needed to analyze this case and the Board’s
prior status as a plaintiff.
       3
          The parties suggest that this Circuit has not been entirely consistent in
analyzing prejudice and its importance, at times describing it as just one factor courts
may consider but at other times requiring a showing of substantial prejudice.
Compare Peterson, 849 F.2d at 468 (listing, as one of six factors, “whether the delay
‘affected, misled, or prejudiced’ the opposing party,” (quoting Reid Burton, 614 F.2d
at 702)), with Adams v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 888 F.2d 696, 701 (10th
Cir. 1989) (stating “[p]arties seeking to prove waiver of arbitration obligations bear a
heavy burden; they must show substantial prejudice,” and holding defendants had not
waived their right to arbitrate when the plaintiffs “failed to meet their burden” to
show they had suffered substantial prejudice), and Hart v. Orion Ins. Co., 453 F.2d
1358, 1361 (10th Cir. 1971) (stating the “question of waiver turns on the presence or
absence of prejudice”). We need not address the parties’ suggestion today. Even
assuming there is a difference between Adams’ sole reliance on prejudice and Peterson’s
listing of prejudice as just one of many factors, the outcome here is the same.
                                             13
it refrained from serving BOSC and Hayes and further dismissed the case entirely before

the district court could rule on the motion to dismiss. See Farr & Co., 243 F.2d at 348

(holding a plaintiff did not waive its right to arbitrate because the suit “never got beyond

the initial stage of filing; no party was served or entered appearance; no property was

attached, no answer filed”). As to the second factor, the Board’s conduct in filing the

state court action may have invoked the litigation machinery as the Board took at least

the first step to litigate rather than arbitrate, but we cannot say it “substantially invoked”

that machinery here. On the contrary, what got the ball rolling was BOSC and Hayes’

removal to federal court and their filing of a motion to dismiss even though they had not

been served. Third, no trial date was nearing (or had even been set), and a mere three

months passed from the day the Board filed the case to the day it dismissed it voluntarily.

See Hill, 603 F.3d at 775 (stating a delay of four months was insufficient to establish

waiver).   In the fourth factor, we again acknowledge that the Board filed claims

addressing the same issues it now seeks to arbitrate, but we reiterate that it did not

voluntarily submit those claims for decision because it refrained from serving BOSC and

Hayes. As to the fifth factor, not much had happened in the case before the Board

dismissed it and sought arbitration. The district court had not held any hearings nor set

any pretrial or trial deadlines. The parties did not participate in any “judicial discovery

procedures not available in arbitration,” as they did not participate in any discovery at all.

During the three months the case was pending, the parties completed briefing on the

motion to dismiss, but the Board dismissed the case shortly after briefing was completed,

thereby avoiding significant inefficiencies that would have resulted had it submitted its

                                             14
claims for decision before both the court and an arbitrator. See id. (stating “very little”

had happened in litigation before the arbitration demand).

       As to the final factor, the Board’s delay in filing for arbitration minimally affected,

misled, or prejudiced BOSC and Hayes, and that prejudice was predominately self-

inflicted. BOSC and Hayes assert they incurred significant expense in analyzing the

original state court action, preparing and filing the motion to dismiss, analyzing the

Board’s response to that motion, and preparing and filing its reply. But the time and

expense BOSC and Hayes expended were primarily self-induced.                 Had they done

nothing, the Board would have had to eventually decide whether to serve process and

kick off the litigation or risk dismissal for failure to prosecute. We do not mean to

discourage defendants from pursuing all their options in a timely manner, but we will not

fault the Board for BOSC and Hayes’s decision to move forward despite having not been

served. Next, BOSC and Hayes complain that FINRA arbitration does not allow them to

obtain summary relief for frivolous claims or to obtain relief from the improper joinder of

parties, whereas civil litigation allows those procedures. But these concerns do not stem

from the Board’s delay in requesting arbitration; BOSC and Hayes would face these same

challenges had the Board filed for arbitration in the first place. BOSC and Hayes next

assert the Board delayed effecting service of process or giving notice of the filing of the

state court action, and at the same time, presented witnesses for depositions and engaged

in document discovery in a New Mexico Securities Division enforcement proceeding

against BOSC, Hayes, and others. We do not see how BOSC and Hayes believe this

prejudiced them, particularly because the Board did not initiate the enforcement

                                             15
proceeding. Finally, BOSC and Hayes assert that FINRA Rule 4530 required them to

report the litigation to FINRA, but they fail to mention that the same rule would have

required them to likewise report arbitration. See FINRA Rule 4530(a)(1)(G) (requiring a

FINRA member to report to FINRA when it is involved in civil litigation or arbitration).

       Taking all this into consideration, we conclude the Board was not improperly

manipulating the judicial process. Had it attempted to submit its claims to a court for

decision and only sought arbitration after being unhappy with the result, we might feel

differently. But as things stand, we do not find that litigation had proceeded too far, that

significant inefficiencies would result, or that BOSC and Hayes were prejudiced by the

delay. See In re Cox, 835 F.3d at 1205. That said, we stress that parties who find

themselves in the Board’s position should promptly consider whether arbitration is

available before filing suit:

       In general, we do not look kindly upon parties who use federal courts to
       advance their causes and then seek to finish their suits in the alternative fora
       that they could have proceeded to immediately. Such actions waste the
       time of both the courts and the opposing parties. The decision whether to
       arbitrate is one best made at the onset of the case, and not part way
       through . . . . The attempt of [a party’s] attorneys to switch judicial horses
       in midstream either shows poor judgment, if planned, or poor foresight, if
       not.

Walker v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 938 F.2d 575, 577 (5th Cir. 1991) (staying the litigation

pending arbitration notwithstanding its admonition to the party). Parties can avoid the

risk of waiver if they refrain from filing suit unless extraordinary circumstances require

them to do so.




                                             16
                                         III.

      Because we have not ruled as a matter of law in BOSC and Hayes’ favor, we

turn to their alternative argument that the district court erred in refusing to allow

them to conduct discovery “on several key topics necessary to a Peterson analysis.”

Brief for Appellant at 30; see also id. at 9 (arguing the “District Court erred in

refusing to grant BOSC and Hayes the opportunity to conduct discovery on the

factual matters which are relevant to a Peterson analysis”).

      Before reviewing the district court’s discovery denial, we address the proper

procedure under the FAA. The Board filed a Counterclaim for Judgment Compelling

FINRA Arbitration under 9 U.S.C. § 4.           BOSC and Hayes have treated this

counterclaim as a motion for summary judgment and support their request for

discovery with a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) affidavit, but they

misunderstand the correct procedure.4 While certain procedures under § 4 of the

FAA “can look a lot like summary judgment,” a motion to compel arbitration sets in

motion a summary trial procedure rather than the usual discovery procedures.

Howard v. Ferrellgas Partners, 748 F.3d 975, 978 (10th Cir. 2014).

      Under § 4, “[a] party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of

another to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration may petition any United


      4
        The Board may have also misunderstood the proper procedure. During oral
argument before the district court, the Board stated: “BOSC correctly understood the
counter-motion as a Rule 56 motion. It’s governed by Rule 56 standards.” R. at 98.
But on appeal, the Board corrected its error and explained that § 4 of the FAA
governs here, not Rule 56, although the FAA’s summary trial “resembles summary
judgment practice.” Brief for Appellee at 45.
                                          17
States district court which, save for such agreement, would have jurisdiction under

Title 28, in a civil action . . ., for an order directing that such arbitration proceed in

the manner provided for in such agreement.” When “the making of the agreement for

arbitration or the failure to comply therewith is not in issue, the court shall make an

order directing the parties to proceed to arbitration in accordance with the terms of

the agreement,” but when “the making of the arbitration agreement or the failure,

neglect, or refusal to perform the same be in issue, the court shall proceed summarily

to the trial thereof.” Id. This “framework is similar to summary judgment practice”:

the party moving to compel arbitration bears the initial burden of presenting evidence

sufficient to demonstrate the existence of an enforceable agreement and the opposing

party’s failure, neglect, or refusal to arbitrate; if it does so, the burden shifts to the

nonmoving party to raise a genuine dispute of material fact regarding the existence of

an agreement or the failure to comply therewith. See Hancock v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co.,

701 F.3d 1248, 1261 (10th Cir. 2012) (addressing the FAA procedure when the

existence of an agreement to arbitrate is at issue); 9 U.S.C. § 4 (providing the same

procedure when the “failure, neglect, or refusal to perform” the arbitration agreement

is at issue). When “a quick look at the case” reveals that “no material disputes of fact

exist,” a district court may “decide the arbitration question as a matter of law through

motions practice and viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the party

opposing arbitration.” Howard, 748 F.3d at 978. But if “material disputes of fact do

exist,” the FAA “calls for a summary trial—not death by discovery.” Id. (emphasis

in original). Unless “the party alleged to be in default” demands a jury, the district

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court “shall hear and determine” the questions at issue. 9 U.S.C. § 4. The object of

§ 4 is “to decide quickly—summarily—the proper venue for the case, whether it be

the courtroom or the conference room, so the parties can get on with the merits of

their dispute.” Howard, 748 F.3d at 977.

      We review de novo a district court’s decision to deny a summary trial on

factual questions at issue under 9 U.S.C. § 4. See Avedon Eng’g, Inc. v. Seatex, 126

F.3d 1279, 1283 (10th Cir. 1997) (providing for de novo review of a district court’s

decision to “deny a jury trial on the factual question of whether the parties agreed to

arbitrate”). Applying the same standard as the district court, we give the party opposing

arbitration “the benefit of all reasonable doubts and inferences that may arise.” Hancock,

701 F.3d at 1261 (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Here, the Board as the “aggrieved party” petitioned the district court for an

order compelling arbitration after BOSC and Hayes allegedly “fail[ed], neglect[ed],

or refus[ed]” to arbitrate. Put into the correct context of the FAA, we understand

BOSC and Hayes to be arguing that their “failure to comply” with the arbitration

agreement is at issue. That is, if the Board waived its right to demand arbitration,

then BOSC and Hayes are not at fault in failing, neglecting, or refusing to arbitrate.

“[R]ound after round of discovery and motions practice isn’t the answer,” Howard,

748 F.3d at 978, but the district court may have erred by not proceeding to a

summary trial if BOSC and Hayes can actually establish a genuine dispute as to

whether the Board waived its right to demand arbitration. They attempt to raise a

material factual dispute by asking the Board questions such as whether the Board (as

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compared to its attorney) authorized filing the state court action, was aware of its

right to arbitrate and used the state court action as a litigation tactic, and dismissed

the state court action only after considering the merits of the motion to dismiss. The

district court denied discovery (and in effect, a summary trial), concluding that

BOSC and Hayes’ requests were aimed at the Board’s motivations, and thus, were

irrelevant to the Peterson factors.

      The district court was correct.       The Peterson factors analyze a party’s

conduct—that is, that party’s external actions showing that it waived its right to

demand arbitration even if it did not subjectively intend to do so. Whether it was in

the form of discovery or a summary trial, the questions BOSC and Hayes wanted to

ask would not change the Peterson analysis. We need not delve into whether a

summary trial may be available to demonstrate that a party intentionally waived its

right to arbitrate, because BOSC and Hayes have not asked us for that relief.5

                                          IV.

      We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. The Board did not waive its

right to demand arbitration, and thus, the district court properly entered judgment in

the Board’s favor on its counterclaim to compel arbitration.



      5
         For a district court to grant a summary trial, the party opposing arbitration
must show that a material factual dispute exists. We are not saying, one way or the
other, whether BOSC and Hayes met that threshold showing here as to whether the
Board intentionally waived its right to arbitrate. We likewise do not comment on
what questions regarding motivation a party opposing arbitration may ask at a
summary trial to determine whether the opposing party has intentionally waived its
right to demand arbitration.
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