[Cite as Glenn v. Columbus, 2016-Ohio-7011.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                 TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


William R. Glenn, Individually                   :
and as Executor of the Estate
of Elvyra T. Glenn (Deceased),                   :
                                                                 No. 16AP-15
                Plaintiff-Appellee,              :           (C.P.C. No. 14CV-12177)

v.                                               :          (REGULAR CALENDAR)

City of Columbus et al.,                         :

                Defendants-Appellants.           :



                                          D E C I S I O N

                                 Rendered on September 27, 2016


                On brief: Curry, Roby & Mulvey Co., LLC, Robert S. Roby,
                Lisa C. Haase, and Bruce A. Curry, for appellee. Argued:
                Lisa C. Haase.

                On brief: Richard C. Pfeiffer, Jr., City Attorney, Michael R.
                Halloran, and Janet Hill Arbogast, for appellants. Argued:
                Michael R. Halloran.

                 APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

LUPER SCHUSTER, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendants-appellants, City of Columbus ("city") and Paul Sheridan, appeal
from a judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas denying their joint
motion for summary judgment in a lawsuit filed by plaintiff-appellee, William R. Glenn
("executor"), individually and as executor of the estate of Elvyra T. Glenn. For the
following reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
No. 16AP-15                                                                                                2


I. Facts and Procedural History
        {¶ 2} This matter arises from a collision between an automobile driven by Elvyra
Glenn ("Glenn") and a city fire truck ("Engine 32") driven by firefighter Sheridan. At
approximately 3:09 p.m., on November 12, 2013, Engine 32 was dispatched to respond to
a fire alarm at an elementary school. In addition to Sheridan, firefighters Tyler
Heisterkamp and Dave Stone were on Engine 32. Sheridan drove Engine 32 through a
curve and approached the Refugee Road and Brice Road intersection intending to go
straight through the intersection to reach the elementary school.                       The fire truck's
emergency lights were on, and Sheridan activated the air horn in short bursts. Because
vehicles were stopped in the lane where cars were going straight, Sheridan maneuvered
Engine 32 into the left turn lane. The light was red for Sheridan but all incoming traffic
was either stopped or, at most, one vehicle (driven by Glenn) was travelling at a slow
speed. Sheridan did not stop Engine 32 and proceeded into the intersection. On entering
the intersection, Engine 32 struck Glenn's small sedan. Glenn died from injuries she
sustained in the collision.
        {¶ 3} In November 2014, the executor sued the city and the fire truck driver,
identified in the complaint as "John Doe." In August 2015, the city moved for summary
judgment, claiming immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744. In September 2015, the trial
court granted the executor leave to file an amended complaint naming Sheridan as the fire
truck driver. In view of the amended complaint, the city withdrew its August 2015 motion
for summary judgment and, on September 17, 2015, joined Sheridan in moving for
summary judgment, with both claiming immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744.                                    In
December 2015, the trial court denied the city and Sheridan's joint motion for summary
judgment. The court found that because reasonable minds could disagree as to whether
Sheridan operated Engine 32 in a wanton or reckless manner, the city and Sheridan failed
to demonstrate their entitlement to judgment as a matter of law on immunity grounds.
        {¶ 4} The city and Sheridan timely appeal.1


1 Generally, the denial of a motion for summary judgment is not a final, appealable order. Stevens v.

Maxson, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-672, 2013-Ohio-5792, ¶ 8. However, R.C. 2744.02(C) provides that "[a]n
order that denies a political subdivision or an employee of a political subdivision the benefit of an alleged
immunity from liability as provided in this chapter or any other provision of the law is a final order."
No. 16AP-15                                                                               3


II. Assignments of Error
       {¶ 5} The city and Sheridan assign the following errors for our review:
              1. The trial court erred when it denied the motion for
              summary judgment filed by Defendant-Appellant City of
              Columbus.

              2. The trial court erred when it denied the motion for
              summary judgment filed by Defendant-Appellant Paul
              Sheridan.

III. Standard of Review
       {¶ 6} This court's review of a trial court's decision on summary judgment is de
novo. Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 314, 2002-Ohio-2220,
¶ 24. Summary judgment is appropriate only when the moving party demonstrates (1) no
genuine issue of material fact exists, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion and that
conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is
made, that party being entitled to have the evidence most strongly construed in its favor.
Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Grady v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183
(1997).
       {¶ 7} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the
record demonstrating the absence of a material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
293 (1996). However, the moving party cannot discharge its initial burden under this rule
with a conclusory assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case;
the moving party must specifically point to evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C)
affirmatively demonstrating that the nonmoving party has no evidence to support the
nonmoving party's claims. Id.; Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St.3d 421, 429 (1997). Once the
moving party discharges its initial burden, summary judgment is appropriate if the
nonmoving party does not respond, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56,
with specific facts showing that a genuine issue exists for trial. Dresher at 293; Vahila at
430; Civ.R. 56(E).
No. 16AP-15                                                                                   4


IV. Discussion
       A. First Assignment of Error – the City's Immunity
       {¶ 8} The city and Sheridan's first assignment of error alleges the trial court erred
in denying the city's motion for summary judgment. The city and Sheridan argue the city
is immune from liability as a matter of law because Sheridan did not operate Engine 32 in
a manner constituting willful or wanton misconduct. We agree.
       {¶ 9} Pursuant to the Political Subdivision Tort Liability Act, codified in R.C.
Chapter 2744, we apply a three-tiered analysis to determine the immunity of a political
subdivision. Colbert v. Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-3319, ¶ 7; Yonkings v.
Piwinski, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-07, 2011-Ohio-6232, ¶ 18. First, the general rule is political
subdivisions are not liable generally for injury or death to persons in connection with a
political subdivision's performance of a governmental or proprietary function. Howard v.
Miami Twp. Fire Div., 119 Ohio St.3d 1, 2008-Ohio-2792, ¶ 18; see R.C. 2744.02(A)(1)
("[e]xcept as provided in division (B) of this section, a political subdivision is not liable in
damages in a civil action for injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused
by any act or omission of the political subdivision or an employee of the political
subdivision in connection with a governmental or proprietary function.").             Next, we
consider whether any of R.C. 2744.02(B)'s enumerated exceptions to the general rule of
immunity applies. Howard at ¶ 18. As relevant here, R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) states, "[e]xcept
as otherwise provided in this division, political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or
loss to person or property caused by the negligent operation of any motor vehicle by their
employees when the employees are engaged within the scope of their employment and
authority." R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(b) sets forth a full defense to that liability when a fire
department employee operates a motor vehicle in response to an emergency and the
"operation of the vehicle did not constitute willful or wanton misconduct." Finally, if
there is an applicable exception, we then determine whether any of the statutory defenses
of R.C. 2744.03 apply. Howard at ¶ 18.
       {¶ 10} The executor argues the city is liable because Sheridan operated Engine 32
in a manner constituting willful and wanton misconduct and because the city failed to
properly train its employees, supervise its employees, and enforce its own policies. We
are unpersuaded by these arguments.
No. 16AP-15                                                                                    5


       {¶ 11} It is undisputed that the city, as a political subdivision performing a
government function, qualifies for immunity under R.C. 2744.02(A)(1).                 It is also
undisputed that Sheridan was operating Engine 32, a motor vehicle, while responding to
an emergency call. The executor's argument, that the city is liable because the vehicle
collision resulted from the city's failure to properly train, supervise, and enforce its rules,
lacks merit. R.C. 2744.02(B) does not contain an independent exception to a political
subdivision's immunity under R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) for the failure to train, supervise, or
enforce its own policies. See Digiorgio v. Cleveland, 8th Dist. No. 95945, 2011-Ohio-
5878, ¶ 33 ("there is no exception to [a city's] immunity for the training, supervision, or
discipline of police officers"). Therefore, the dispute regarding the city's liability centers
on the applicability of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(b). As to that issue, the city and Sheridan argue
that R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(b) applies because Sheridan did not operate Engine 32 in a
manner that constituted willful or wanton misconduct. The executor argues the trial
court properly determined that genuine issues of material fact remain as to Sheridan's
conduct.
       {¶ 12} The Supreme Court of Ohio has explained the different degrees of care
relevant to the liability of a political subdivision or an employee of a political subdivision.
In Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, the Supreme Court noted
that "a political subdivision has a full defense to liability when the conduct involved is not
willful or wanton, and therefore, if the conduct is only reckless, the political subdivision
has a full defense to liability." Id. at ¶ 23. Additionally, the Supreme Court clarified that
"[t]he terms 'willful,' 'wanton,' and 'reckless' as used in [the political subdivision liability]
statutes are not interchangeable." Id. at ¶ 40.
       {¶ 13} Willful misconduct, as the Supreme Court defines it, "implies an intentional
deviation from a clear duty or from a definite rule of conduct, a deliberate purpose not to
discharge some duty necessary to safety, or purposefully doing wrongful acts with
knowledge or appreciation of the likelihood of resulting injury." Id. at ¶ 32, citing Tighe v.
Diamond, 149 Ohio St. 520, 527 (1948). Willful misconduct involves the intent to injure.
Id. at ¶ 26, citing Tighe. Wanton misconduct, however, "is the failure to exercise any care
toward those to whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great
probability that harm will result." Anderson at ¶ 33, citing Hawkins v. Ivy, 50 Ohio St.2d
No. 16AP-15                                                                                    6


114, 117-18 (1977). Lastly, reckless conduct is "the conscious disregard of or indifference
to a known or obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under the
circumstances and is substantially greater than negligent conduct." Anderson at ¶ 34,
citing Thompson v. McNeill, 53 Ohio St.3d 102, 104-05 (1990).
       {¶ 14} Therefore, as it relates to the city's liability, at issue is whether, based on the
evidence submitted, reasonable minds could disagree as to whether Sheridan operated
Engine 32 in a manner constituting willful or wanton misconduct. The evidence before
the trial court included the affidavit and deposition testimony of firefighters Sheridan,
Heisterkamp, Donald Sulsburey, and nongovernment accident witnesses Leslie
Allmendinger, Keith Castle, and Brian Bendik. As pertinent to the issues presented in this
appeal, the evidence demonstrated the following.
       {¶ 15} Sheridan and Heisterkamp testified that, when they exited the fire station to
respond to the elementary school's fire alarm, Sheridan had already activated the fire
truck's emergency lights and electronic siren. Approximately 200 feet from the Refugee
Road and Brice Road intersection, where the accident occurred, there is a curve in the
road, and Sheridan slowed the fire truck through the curve.
       {¶ 16} After the curve, Sheridan could observe the Refugee Road and Brice Road
intersection. At that time, Engine 32's speed was approximately 35 m.p.h., which is the
speed limit on Refugee Road. Sheridan observed "fairly heavy" traffic at the intersection.
(Sheridan Aff. at ¶ 16.) The light was red for the fire truck and other vehicles traveling
westbound on Refugee Road. Sheridan testified that he scanned the oncoming lanes of
traffic to look for moving vehicles, and he pulled the air horn on Engine 32 in "short
bursts to warn vehicles" of the approaching fire truck at approximately 40 feet from the
intersection. (Sheridan Aff. at ¶ 17.) Sheridan further testified that nothing obstructed his
view of the north and southbound lanes of Brice Road and, seeing no movement from
vehicles in the oncoming lanes, he proceeded into the intersection without stopping.
According to Sheridan's testimony, he believed it was safe to enter the intersection against
a red light because "every lane [was] full" and "every vehicle [was] stopped." (Sheridan
Dep. at 64.)
       {¶ 17} Sheridan testified that before he entered the intersection, he observed
Glenn "sitting in the left turn lane [on southbound Brice Road] waiting on oncoming
No. 16AP-15                                                                                  7


traffic so she could make her left turn." (Sheridan Dep. at 67.) Sheridan further testified
that when he started to accelerate Engine 32 through the intersection, Glenn's vehicle
began to move to make the left hand turn, from southbound on Brice Road to eastbound
on Refugee Road, resulting in the collision. Sheridan estimated that when Engine 32
struck Glenn's vehicle, it was travelling approximately 35 m.p.h. Thus, according to
Sheridan's testimony, Glenn's vehicle was stationary as Engine 32 approached the
intersection, but she then moved, causing the collision.
       {¶ 18} Firefighter Heisterkamp, who was a passenger in Engine 32, also testified
that he did not see any moving vehicles as the fire truck approached the intersection.
However, other witnesses testified that Glenn's vehicle did not completely stop at or near
the intersection prior to the collision. Firefighter Sulsburey, who followed Engine 32 as a
passenger in "Ladder 32," a ladder fire truck, testified that "all vehicles at the intersection
of Brice Road and Refugee Road [were] stopped * * * when Engine 32 approached the
intersection." (Sulsburey Aff. at ¶ 9.) But Sulsburey also testified that he "did not witness
the small sedan traveling southbound on Brice Road come to a complete stop at the
intersection." (Sulsburey Aff. at ¶ 9.)
       {¶ 19} Allmendinger, who was traveling westbound on Refugee Road, was stopped
in her vehicle at the red light at Brice Road. Allmendinger testified that she could see the
approaching fire truck in her rearview mirror, and when she looked forward at the
intersection, "[a]ll the cars at the intersection were stopped except for one."
(Allmendinger Aff. at ¶ 7.) Allmendinger further testified, "The fire engine and a car that
was in the turn lane on Brice Road collided in the intersection. I did not see the car on
Brice Road come to a complete stop." (Allmendinger Aff. at ¶ 10.) Thus, there is a
genuine dispute as to whether Glenn's vehicle ever completely stopped as the fire truck
approached the intersection.
       {¶ 20} There is also a genuine dispute as to whether Engine 32's electronic siren
was on as it approached and entered the intersection. As noted above, Sheridan and
Heisterkamp testified that Engine 32's electronic siren was on when they exited the fire
station. Allmendinger testified that in addition to seeing the emergency lights, she heard
the siren and air horn. But other witnesses testified they did not hear a siren. Castle
testified that he drove south through the Refugee Road and Brice Road intersection
No. 16AP-15                                                                               8


shortly before the accident. Castle heard the air horn of the fire truck soon after he
crossed the intersection, and he looked in his rearview mirror to try to locate the fire
truck. Two or three seconds after Castle heard the air horn, he saw the collision in the
intersection as he looked in the rearview mirror. Castle testified that he did not hear a
siren before or after the collision, specifically noting he was "100-percent sure that the
sirens were not on." (Castle Dep. at 17.) Bendik, the manager of a business adjacent to
the Refugee Road and Brice Road intersection, testified that he was taking trash to a
dumpster when he heard the fire truck's air horn and, two or three seconds later, the
collision. Bendik testified that he did not hear a siren. Thus, while there is no dispute
that Sheridan activated Engine 32's air horn two or three seconds before the collision, the
testimony was conflicting as to whether Sheridan also activated the fire truck's electronic
siren.
         {¶ 21} As to the issue of whether Sheridan engaged in willful misconduct, the
executor argues that Sheridan acted willfully by intentionally violating the city's Standard
Operating Procedure 01-01-01. This rule provides that during "emergency response,"
drivers of "all Fire Division vehicles shall bring the vehicle to a complete stop" for red
traffic lights. (Standard Operating Procedures 01-01-01, XII.) The executor's argument is
unpersuasive. In Anderson, the Supreme Court noted that, "it is well established that the
violation of a statute, ordinance, or departmental policy enacted for the safety of the
public is not per se willful, wanton, or reckless conduct, but may be relevant to
determining the culpability of a course of conduct." Anderson at ¶ 37. Additionally, it is
undisputed that, prior to the accident, Sheridan was aware of city protocol requiring
firefighters to stop at red lights, even in emergencies. Sheridan testified that he does not
always abide by that protocol, and he did not follow it in this case. However, Sheridan's
violation of city protocol in this case does not reasonably demonstrate that he drove
Engine 32 into the intersection with the purpose of causing harm to another. Considering
the absence of any other evidence demonstrating such intent, there is no genuine dispute
on this issue. Thus, the executor cannot demonstrate willful misconduct under R.C.
2744.02(B)(1)(b).
         {¶ 22} Nor can the executor demonstrate Sheridan's conduct constituted wanton
misconduct under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(b). As noted above, there are genuine disputes as
No. 16AP-15                                                                                9


to whether the electronic siren was on and whether Glenn's vehicle came to a complete
stop as Engine 32 approached. However, construing the evidence most favorably toward
the executor, no reasonable jury could conclude that Sheridan engaged in wanton
misconduct, that is, that Sheridan failed to exercise "any care" toward other motorists.
       {¶ 23} The trial court determined that this case is factually similar to Hunter v.
Columbus, 139 Ohio App.3d 962 (10th Dist.2000). In Hunter, the city of Columbus and a
Columbus firefighter were sued by the estate of a deceased driver who was struck by a
Columbus emergency vehicle.        The trial court granted the defendants' motion for
summary judgment, finding that the firefighter's conduct was not willful, wanton, or
reckless. On appeal, this court reversed and cautioned against using too "simplistic" of an
analysis when considering whether an actor used "any care." The "simplistic analysis"
rejected by this court in Hunter was the proposition that operating an emergency vehicle
with lights and sirens running was necessarily sufficient to satisfy the "any care"
requirement. Id. at 970. In Hunter, the emergency vehicle had lights and sirens running
but the operator otherwise engaged in "extreme" conduct, namely, going left of center
while traveling 26 m.p.h. above the road's 35 m.p.h. speed limit. Id. at 971. Because the
probability of harm created by the operator of the emergency vehicle was much greater in
those circumstances, the finding of "any care" reasonably required more than just lights
and sirens. Id.
       {¶ 24} We disagree with the trial court's application of Hunter to this case. The
evidence here does not demonstrate facts "extreme enough" to send to a jury the issue of
whether Sheridan failed to exhibit "any care." Although there are genuine factual disputes
as to whether Engine 32's electronic siren was on prior to the collision, and as to whether
Glenn's vehicle came to a complete stop prior to entering the intersection, certain other
undisputed facts demonstrated the exercise of care by Sheridan. It is undisputed that the
lights of Engine 32 were on as it approached the intersection, that it was traveling at a
moderate speed of 35 m.p.h. (the speed limit for the road) at that time, and that Sheridan
activated the fire truck's air horn in short, repeated bursts prior to entering the
intersection. Although one could reasonably argue that two or three seconds of notice
from Engine 32's air horn was insufficient notice of the approaching fire truck, it did
provide at least some notice. Evidence that Sheridan provided audible and visual notice
No. 16AP-15                                                                               10


of the fire truck prior to entering the intersection at a moderate speed, combined with
evidence of Sheridan's observation that all incoming traffic was stopped, with the possible
exception of one slowly moving vehicle, conclusively demonstrate that Sheridan's conduct
did not constitute wanton misconduct. He exercised at least some care in trying to
prevent a vehicle collision as he proceeded to the reported emergency, and he did not
otherwise engage in extreme conduct that would effectively negate or eliminate the
significance of the care he did exhibit. Therefore, we disagree with the trial court's
application of Hunter to the facts of this case.
       {¶ 25} Upon reviewing the record, we find that the executor cannot demonstrate
the existence of any genuine issue of material fact as to the executor's claims against the
city. Construing the evidence most favorably toward the executor, no reasonable jury
could conclude that Sheridan's conduct constituted willful or wanton misconduct. Thus,
the city is entitled to immunity as a matter of law. We, therefore, find that the trial court
erred in denying the city's request for summary judgment. Accordingly, we sustain the
city and Sheridan's first assignment of error.
       B. Second Assignment of Error – Sheridan's Immunity
       {¶ 26} The city and Sheridan's second assignment of error asserts the trial court
erred in denying Sheridan's motion for summary judgment. The city and Sheridan cite
this court's decision in Byrd v. Kirby, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-451, 2005-Ohio-1261 in
support of their argument that Sheridan is immune from liability as a matter of law
because his conduct was not wanton or reckless. We disagree.
       {¶ 27} "The three-tiered analysis regarding the potential liability of a political
subdivision 'does not apply when determining whether an employee of the political
subdivision will be liable for harm caused to an individual.' " Stevens v. Maxson, 10th
Dist. No. 12AP-672, 2013-Ohio-5792, ¶ 12, quoting Mashburn v. Dutcher, 5th Dist. No. 12
CAE 010003, 2012-Ohio-6283, ¶ 20, citing Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 113 Ohio St.3d 266,
2007-Ohio-1946, ¶ 17. Rather, R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) sets forth the immunity of employees
of political subdivisions and the exceptions thereto. Stevens at ¶ 12. As relevant here,
R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b) provides immunity for a political subdivision employee who acts
within the scope of his or her duties unless "[t]he employee's acts or omissions were with
malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner."
No. 16AP-15                                                                               11


       {¶ 28} The executor does not allege that Sheridan acted with malicious purpose or
in bad faith, and we have determined, in regard to the claims against the city, that
Sheridan did not engage in wanton misconduct. Thus, the issue of Sheridan's liability
centers on whether his conduct reasonably could be construed as reckless.
       {¶ 29} The city and Sheridan argue this court should apply the reasoning of Byrd,
wherein this court found no genuine dispute as to whether a police officer's conduct was
reckless. Although the Byrd case also involved an emergency vehicle colliding with
another vehicle at an intersection, it is distinguishable.     In Byrd, the police officer
activated his cruiser's lights and siren for an emergency call, and, after confirming all
incoming traffic was stopped at an intersection, the officer proceeded against a red light
into the intersection. The driver of another vehicle, which was initially stopped at the
intersection, proceeded into the intersection when his light turned green.         The two
vehicles then collided. The driver and a passenger (the plaintiffs) of the vehicle testified
that they saw no emergency vehicle and heard no siren before the collision. This court
determined that, for the purpose of summary judgment, the testimony of the plaintiffs
that they did not hear a siren or see emergency lights prior to colliding with a police
cruiser was insufficient to counter the testimony of independent witnesses who
affirmatively stated that the lights and siren were activated.      Byrd at ¶ 24.     Here,
independent witnesses disagreed as to whether Sheridan activated the electronic siren.
Additionally, in Byrd, there was no dispute that all oncoming traffic was stopped as the
emergency vehicle approached the intersection, but here there is a question of fact as to
whether Glenn was stopped or had merely slowed down. Id. at ¶ 11-12. Thus, Byrd is
distinguishable.
       {¶ 30} Construing the evidence most favorably toward the executor, the jury could
find Engine 32's electronic siren was not activated on the emergency run, and not all
vehicles were stopped as Sheridan decided to enter the intersection. A reasonable jury
could conclude that Sheridan's conduct of not activating Engine 32's electronic siren
during the emergency run, and entering the intersection at 35 m.p.h. against a red light,
despite an observable vehicle continuing to move toward the intersection, constituted
reckless conduct. Therefore, we agree with the trial court's finding that a genuine dispute
exists as to whether Sheridan operated Engine 32 in a reckless manner.
No. 16AP-15                                                                              12


       {¶ 31} Because we find no error in the trial court denying Sheridan's request for
summary judgment, we overrule the city and Sheridan's second assignment of error.
V. Disposition
       {¶ 32} Having sustained the city and Sheridan's first assignment of error and
overruled their second assignment of error, we affirm in part and reverse in part the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. Accordingly, this matter is
remanded to that court for further proceedings in accordance with law and consistent
with this decision.
                                          Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part;
                                                                        cause remanded.

                                   TYACK, J., concurs.
                      SADLER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

SADLER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
       {¶ 33} I concur with the majority's holding that the trial court erred in denying the
city's request for summary judgment and that firefighter Sheridan did not engage in
willful or wanton misconduct. However, I disagree with the majority's holding that there
remains issues of material fact on the question of whether Sheridan's conduct could
reasonably be construed as reckless. Accordingly, I respectfully concur in part and dissent
in part.
       {¶ 34} Summary judgment in favor of an employee of a political subdivision
asserting immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) is proper where circumstances leading to a
vehicle collision do not demonstrate reckless conduct. Byrd v. Kirby, 10th Dist. No.
04AP-451, 2005-Ohio-1261, ¶ 28; Hewitt v. Columbus, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-1087, 2009-
Ohio-4486, ¶ 33-34. Such determination is made on a case-by-case basis.
       {¶ 35} "Reckless conduct is characterized by the conscious disregard of or
indifference to a known or obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under the
circumstances and is substantially greater than negligent conduct." (Emphasis added.)
Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, paragraph four of syllabus.
For example, this court has stated that "[f]or purposes of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b),
recklessness has also been defined as a ' "perverse disregard of a known risk." ' " Hewitt
No. 16AP-15                                                                             13


at ¶ 32, quoting Byrd at ¶ 27, quoting Lipscomb v. Lewis, 85 Ohio App.3d 97, 102 (12th
Dist.1993).
       {¶ 36} Unlike the majority, I find Byrd to be instructive and not sufficiently
distinguishable from the facts herein. The Byrd court determined that, despite entering
an intersection against a red light at a speed of approximately ten miles over the speed
limit, police officer Kirby was entitled to immunity as a matter of law.         The court
additionally noted that Kirby slowed his patrol car "to make sure that conflicting traffic
had stopped." Id. at ¶ 11. In Byrd, we stated:
                Police runs in response to emergencies inevitably entail some
                degree of risk both to the responding officer and affected
                traffic. Nonetheless, Ohio law provides that vehicles on such
                emergency runs may, with lights activated and with due
                regard for the safety of others, exceed the posted speed limit
                (R.C. 4511.24) and proceed through red lights or stop signals
                (R.C. 4511.03). Because the law and current police and
                emergency practice clearly contemplate the necessity in
                some circumstances of such emergency runs, a responding
                officer does not create an "unreasonable" risk of harm by
                engaging in an emergency run merely because such a
                response creates a greater risk than would be incurred by
                traveling at normal speed and in compliance with opposing
                traffic signals. The question of unreasonable risks must be
                weighed in terms of what is acceptable in the context of an
                emergency run, not ordinary driving conditions; an officer
                responding at ten miles over the posted speed limit with
                lights flashing, siren on, and slowing as he approaches an
                intersection does not create the same risk as one traveling
                100 miles per hour at night on unfamiliar roads while
                pursuing in violation of departmental policy, as was the case
                in Wagner v. Heavlin (2000), 136 Ohio App.3d 719, 737
                N.E.2d 989, a case cited by appellants.

Id. at ¶ 28.
       {¶ 37} Here, the facts are undisputed that, while on an emergency run, Sheridan
slowed the fire truck prior to entering the intersection, operated the fire truck at a
moderate and lawful speed with lights activated and audible warnings, and assessed the
intersection for moving vehicles. There is no record evidence to show that Sheridan either
consciously disregarded or was indifferent to the risk of harm to cars moving into the
intersection.
No. 16AP-15                                                                               14


       {¶ 38} In fact, Sheridan's conscious regard for this risk is demonstrated by his
observation of the intersection set forth in his testimony that: "Every vehicle is stopped,
which is what I'm looking for. * * * [E]very lane is full. * * * [Glenn] was never moving
from the time I could see the intersection. * * * She didn't start to make her turn until I
was already at the edge of the intersection." (Sheridan Dep. at 64, 67, 86.) In his sworn
affidavit, Sheridan further testified that:
              16. As we approached the intersection, I slowed Engine 32.
              Traffic was fairly heavy at this time, so I was looking at each
              oncoming lane for vehicles that were moving.

              17. Approximately forty feet from the intersection, I began to
              pull the air horn in short bursts to warn vehicles at the
              intersection of the approaching engine.

              ***

              24. As I was pulling the air horn in short bursts and slowed
              Engine 32, I was looking at each oncoming lane. In
              particular, I was looking for vehicle movement.

              ***

              27. I did not see any vehicle movement. Each oncoming
              lane had a car stopped in the lane.

              28. The fact that each lane had a stopped vehicle was
              significant to me. With a stopped vehicle in each oncoming
              lane, I felt there would be less of a chance for a vehicle to
              appear suddenly in my path of travel.

              ***

              30. Even though the light was red for my lane of travel, I did
              not bring Engine 32 to a complete stop. I did not stop
              because I perceived all oncoming vehicles were stopped.

(Sheridan Aff. at 3-4.)
       {¶ 39} While I agree with the majority that "there is a question of fact as to whether
Glenn was stopped or had merely slowed down," I do not find the question to be material.
(Majority decision at ¶ 29.) The fact that Sheridan did not see Glenn's car in time to stop
or that he may have misperceived a slowing vehicle for a stopped vehicle, while tragic, is
No. 16AP-15                                                                            15


not the equivalent of a conscious disregard or indifference for that risk when paired with
the undisputed facts of Sheridan's exercise of care. Alternatively, on this record, no
reasonable juror could view Sheridan's conduct as "substantially greater than negligent
conduct." Anderson at paragraph four of the syllabus. As a result, in my view, Sheridan's
conduct does not meet the definition of "reckless" as a matter of law.
       {¶ 40} Even construing the evidence in a light most favorable to the executor, the
circumstances leading to this tragic collision do not demonstrate that Sheridan engaged in
reckless conduct. Therefore, I would find the trial court erred in finding that Sheridan
failed to demonstrate his entitlement to immunity.
       {¶ 41} Accordingly, I would reverse the trial court's decision in its entirety and
remand for summary judgment to be granted in favor of both the city and Sheridan.
Because the majority does not, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.
