                                                                                            06/29/2017
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                February 27, 2017 Session

   NELSON E. BOWERS, II v. ESTATE OF KATHERINE N. MOUNGER

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Roane County
                    No. 13-CV-76    Michael S. Pemberton, Judge



                             No. E2016-01724-COA-R3-CV



The plaintiff initiated this action, claiming, inter alia, a breach of contract. The plaintiff
alleged that he was bringing the action as the assignee of a limited liability company,
which was an original party to the contract at issue. The trial court granted summary
judgment in favor of the defendant estate, also an original party to the contract at issue,
determining that the plaintiff lacked standing to file the action. The plaintiff timely
appealed. Determining that the plaintiff possessed standing, we reverse the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment. We affirm the trial court’s decision to allow the estate to
amend its responses to the requests for admission propounded by the plaintiff.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part; Case Remanded

THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CHARLES D.
SUSANO, JR., and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JJ., joined.

John P. Konvalinka and John R. Anderson, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Nelson E. Bowers, II.

Daryl R. Fansler, Margo J. Maxwell, and Archie R. Carpenter, Knoxville, Tennessee, for
the appellee, Estate of Katherine N. Mounger.

                                         OPINION

                          I. Factual and Procedural Background

       This dispute involves an agreement for the purchase and sale of real property.
The facts surrounding execution of the agreement are essentially undisputed. McKenzie
Loudon Properties, LLC (“MLP”), was formed as a Tennessee limited liability company
on April 27, 2007, by co-founders Steve A. McKenzie and Greg Steele. On May 9, 2007,
MLP entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement (“the Agreement”) to pay a total
purchase price of $15,200,000 for 1,240 acres located in Roane County, Tennessee (“the
Property”). The seller was the Estate of Katherine M. Mounger (“the Estate”). The
Agreement was executed by MLP’s Chief Member, Mr. McKenzie, and the Estate’s co-
executors, E. Jay Mounger and Katherine Mounger Lasater (collectively, “Co-
Executors”). The plaintiff in this action, Nelson E. Bowers, II, did not own an interest in
MLP until he obtained an assignment of interest from Mr. Steele on March 27, 2013. Mr.
Bowers’s original complaint, however, is based on a sequence of events related to the
Agreement that occurred before he obtained his interest in MLP.

      The Agreement provides in pertinent part:

              Buyer shall have all reasonable access necessary during the Due
      Diligence Period to conduct all reviews of the Property Buyer deems
      necessary. Buyer shall have the option prior to the expiration of the Due
      Diligence Period to terminate this Agreement and all obligations of Buyer
      hereunder. Whether Buyer exercises such right of termination or not,
      Buyer shall furnish Seller with copies of all Due Diligence materials
      without representation or warranty. Except as set forth below in this
      paragraph, the Earnest Money shall be non-refundable to Buyer. The
      Buyer shall proceed forthwith within thirty (30) days of the date hereof to
      cause the title to the Property to be examined by an attorney or title
      insurance company selected by Buyer and to obtain a title insurance
      commitment at Buyer’s sole expense. In the event that such examination
      shall disclose any exception to the title to the Property other than the
      Permitted Exceptions, Buyer shall notify the Seller thereof in writing within
      ten (10) days of receipt of a title report or title commitment. The Seller
      shall have thirty (30) days after written notice within which to (a) make
      said title marketable or to cure or correct any defects in title or to remove
      any encumbrance that cannot be removed by payment of money out of the
      purchase price to be paid on Closing of this Agreement; or (b) Seller may
      advise Buyer that Seller does not intend to cure said defect, in which later
      event Buyer may cancel this Agreement only within 5 days of receipt of
      Seller’s notice and receive an immediate return of the Earnest Money.
      Failure to terminate this Agreement as foresaid shall constitute acceptance
      by Buyer of such defect. Marketable title as used herein shall mean title
      which a title insurance company licensed in the State of Tennessee will
      insure at its regular rates, subject only to standard exceptions and matters
      specified herein. The failure of the Buyer to notify Seller of any title defect
                                            2
       within ten (10) days of Buyer’s receipt of a written title examination or title
       commitment showing such exception will constitute Buyer’s acceptance of
       any such exception. Buyer shall furnish Seller with a copy of Buyer’s title
       insurance commitment and any new survey promptly upon receipt of same.
       The Seller shall have the right to extend the date of Closing for a reasonable
       period of time not to exceed thirty (30) days to make the title marketable.

(Emphasis in original.)

        In furtherance of the contract, MLP paid $100,000 in earnest money to the Estate
upon the Agreement’s execution on May 9, 2007. MLP subsequently tendered a check
for $50,000 to the Estate on September 5, 2007, in order to extend the “Due Diligence
Period” provided by the Agreement for an additional thirty days. The Estate negotiated
both of these checks, which were deposited into the Estate’s account. Although it is
undisputed that a closing on the sale did not occur, the parties hereto disagree regarding
the reason for this failure. Charles Mounger, Co-Executors’ brother, recorded deeds to a
portion of the Property on November 8, 2007. According to an affidavit executed by
attorney Archie R. Carpenter, who had represented the Estate since 2007 (and is co-
counsel on appeal), MLP negotiated directly with Charles Mounger and, through counsel,
MLP “expressed a desire to close on the sale of the Property within ten (10) days after the
title dispute with Charles Mounger was resolved.” The dispute with Charles Mounger
ultimately was resolved via litigation filed by the Co-Executors, see Mounger v.
Mounger, No. E2010-02168-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 764913, at * 1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar.
12, 2012), and Mr. Carpenter asserted in his affidavit that he conveyed three offers to
close on the property to MLP in July and August 2008, following entry of a final
judgment in that litigation. Regardless, Mr. Bowers asserted via motion for summary
judgment that the Estate did not provide clear title to the property within the terms of the
Agreement.

       As to the procedure set forth in the Agreement for MLP to recover its earnest
money, the Estate claims that MLP did not notify the Estate of any claimed defect
regarding title to the Property until October 31, 2007. The Estate also maintains that
MLP did not provide the Estate with a copy of a title insurance commitment or a copy of
the survey required by the Agreement. For its part, MLP was administratively dissolved
and became inactive on August 22, 2008, as demonstrated by a copy of MLP’s Certificate
of Existence from the Tennessee Secretary of State, dated March 6, 2015. In the March
27, 2013 assignment of interest, however, Mr. Steele “transfer[red] and assign[ed] his
entire Membership Interest and any and all interest he [had] in [MLP], its assets, rights
and otherwise to [Mr.] Bowers.” In the assignment of interest, Mr. Steele noted that Mr.



                                             3
McKenzie had filed for bankruptcy on or about December 20, 2008.1 The record does
not reflect what ultimately became of Mr. McKenzie’s interest in MLP, but there is no
dispute that Mr. Bowers became the sole member of MLP.

        On May 3, 2013, Mr. Bowers filed a complaint, solely in his own name, against
the Estate and Co-Executors (collectively, “Defendants”), alleging breach of contract for
failure to perform under the Agreement while also asserting theories of unjust enrichment
and quantum meruit. Mr. Bowers sought actual damages of $150,000 for the earnest
money paid by MLP, as well as interest, costs, expenses, and attorney’s fees. Defendants
filed an answer on May 24, 2013, admitting the existence of the Agreement but denying
any liability to Mr. Bowers and disputing the trial court’s jurisdiction. Mr. Bowers
subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment, attaching, inter alia, his assignment
of interest in MLP from Mr. Steele.

       On December 28, 2014, Defendants filed a “Motion to Amend Defendants’
Responses to Plaintiff’s First Set of Admissions,” requesting that the trial court allow
Defendants to correct a “clerical error” in which they had admitted to statement number
ten in Mr. Bowers’s first set of admissions, namely that on October 8, 2007, the Estate
could not convey marketable title to the Property to MLP. Defendants requested to
change their response to reflect that “the first date the Estate could not have conveyed
marketable title to the property to MLP was after November 8, 2007,” the date that
Charles Mounger recorded deeds to the Property. Following a hearing conducted on
January 5, 2015, the trial court entered an order on January 30, 2015, allowing
Defendants to amend their response. The court stated in its order in relevant part:

              The proposed amendments to the requests for admission, although
       brief, are not minor. The change in the wording of the answers to the
       requests for admission is material and goes to the heart of the plaintiff’s
       summary judgment motion. The defendants assert that the amendment is
       necessary to correct a typographical or clerical error. The plaintiff argues,
       among other things that the defendants have had eight (8) months to seek to
       amend their answers but did not do so until shortly before the date
       scheduled for the summary judgment hearing. Although the time period
       before discovery of the typographical error was quite long regardless of
       which time period is used, the court does note that it had been four (4)
1
  Pursuant to the Tennessee Revised Limited Liability Company Act, a member’s membership interest
terminates when a member, such as Mr. McKenzie herein, files a petition as a debtor in bankruptcy. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-503(a)(7)(A) (2012). The LLC, however, may continue with the terminated
member having no governance rights while retaining pre-termination financial rights. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 48-249-505(a)(1) (2012).


                                                  4
      months since the summary judgment motion was filed and the answers to
      the request for admissions were raised as a basis for the motion.

      ***

             Tenn. R. Civ. P. 36.02 clearly provides the trial court discretion to
      allow amendment of previously filed, and admitted, requests to admit.
      Meyer Laminates (SE), Inc. v. Primavera Distributing, Inc., 293 S.W.3d
      162 (Tenn. [Ct. App.] 2008). In the exercise of that discretion, the court
      will permit the defendants to amend their answers.

        Mr. Bowers filed a supplement to his motion for summary judgment on February
23, 2015. Defendants subsequently filed a competing motion for summary judgment on
March 11, 2015, asserting that (1) Mr. Bowers was not a real party in interest and did not
have standing to pursue the action because only MLP was a party to the Agreement, (2)
Co-Executors were parties to the action only in their representative capacity and should
be dismissed in their respective individual capacities, (3) the gravamen of the complaint
sounded in conversion and should be barred pursuant to the three-year statute of
limitations provided in Tennessee Code Annotated § 28-3-105 (2000), and (4) MLP did
not validly terminate the Agreement so as to entitle it to recover the earnest money.

        On August 31, 2015, Mr. Bowers filed an amended complaint, naming only the
Estate as the defendant and not Co-Executors. Mr. Bowers did not seek to add MLP as a
plaintiff. Rather, Mr. Bowers stated: “MLP, by and through its member, has assigned all
of its corporate assets and interests to the Plaintiff.” On October 16, 2015, Mr. Bowers
filed a “Second Supplement to the Motion for Summary Judgment.” Mr. Bowers
attached to this supplement an assignment executed by him on April 27, 2015, stating in
full:

             The undersigned, as the owner of and successor to one hundred
      percent (100%) of all of the membership interest in McKenzie Loudon
      Properties, LLC (“MLP”), a Tennessee limited liability company, hereby
      transfers and assigns to Nelson E. Bowers, II any and all of MLP’s right
      and interest to receive any and all monies and assets recovered and/or
      collected on of MLP of any rights that MLP may have.

        The trial court conducted a hearing on the competing motions for summary
judgment on May 31, 2016. The court directed the parties to present arguments on the
threshold issues of standing and subject matter jurisdiction. Following the hearing, the
trial court found that Mr. Bowers did not have standing to maintain this action and that
the court therefore did not possess subject matter jurisdiction. The court entered a final
                                            5
judgment dismissing Mr. Bowers’s complaint with prejudice and incorporating its
memorandum opinion on July 8, 2016. Mr. Bowers timely appealed.

                                  II. Issues Presented

      Mr. Bowers presents five issues, the first four of which are all related to the
overarching issue of standing:

      1.     Whether the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor
             of the Estate upon finding that Mr. Bowers lacked standing.

             A.    Whether the trial court erred by considering the issue of
                   standing based upon Mr. Bowers’s status at the time of filing
                   his initial complaint rather than at the time of filing his
                   amended complaint.

             B.    Whether the trial court erred by finding that Mr. Bowers
                   lacked standing when he purported to be the real party in
                   interest.

             C.    Whether the trial court erred by finding that Mr. Bowers
                   lacked standing pursuant to the provisions of the Tennessee
                   Revised Limited Liability Company Act. See Tenn. Code
                   Ann. §§ 48-249-101, et seq.

             D.    Whether the trial court erred by finding that Mr. Bowers
                   lacked standing to maintain a claim for unjust enrichment.

      2.     Whether the trial court erred by granting the Estate’s motion seeking
             to amend its responses to Mr. Bowers’s requests for admission.

       In the event that this Court determines that the trial court’s ruling should be
reversed, the Estate raises the following additional issues:

      3.     Whether the trial court erred by declining to find that Mr. Bowers’s
             action was barred by the three-year statute of limitations concerning
             a claim of conversion pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 28-
             3-105.

      4.     Whether the trial court erred by declining to find that MLP’s failure
             to terminate the Agreement extinguished Mr. Bowers’s right to
                                           6
             recover the subject earnest money pursuant to Section 4(g) of the
             Agreement.

                                 III. Standard of Review

       The grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law;
therefore, our standard of review is de novo with no presumption of correctness. See Rye
v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 250 (Tenn. 2015); Dick
Broad. Co. of Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 671 (Tenn. 2013) (citing
Kinsler v. Berkline, LLC, 320 S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tenn. 2010)). As such, this Court must
“make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of Rule 56 of the Tennessee
Rules of Civil Procedure have been satisfied.” Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 250. As our Supreme
Court has explained concerning the requirements for a movant to prevail on a motion for
summary judgment pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56:

      [W]hen the moving party does not bear the burden of proof at trial, the
      moving party may satisfy its burden of production either (1) by
      affirmatively negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim
      or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party’s evidence at the
      summary judgment stage is insufficient to establish the nonmoving party’s
      claim or defense. We reiterate that a moving party seeking summary
      judgment by attacking the nonmoving party’s evidence must do more than
      make a conclusory assertion that summary judgment is appropriate on this
      basis. Rather, Tennessee Rule 56.03 requires the moving party to support
      its motion with “a separate concise statement of material facts as to which
      the moving party contends there is no genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R.
      Civ. P. 56.03. “Each fact is to be set forth in a separate, numbered
      paragraph and supported by a specific citation to the record.” Id. When
      such a motion is made, any party opposing summary judgment must file a
      response to each fact set forth by the movant in the manner provided in
      Tennessee Rule 56.03. “[W]hen a motion for summary judgment is made
      [and] . . . supported as provided in [Tennessee Rule 56],” to survive
      summary judgment, the nonmoving party “may not rest upon the mere
      allegations or denials of [its] pleading,” but must respond, and by affidavits
      or one of the other means provided in Tennessee Rule 56, “set forth specific
      facts” at the summary judgment stage “showing that there is a genuine issue
      for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06. The nonmoving party “must do more
      than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material
      facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. [574,] 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348
      [(1986)]. The nonmoving party must demonstrate the existence of specific
      facts in the record which could lead a rational trier of fact to find in favor of
                                             7
       the nonmoving party. If a summary judgment motion is filed before
       adequate time for discovery has been provided, the nonmoving party may
       seek a continuance to engage in additional discovery as provided in
       Tennessee Rule 56.07. However, after adequate time for discovery has
       been provided, summary judgment should be granted if the nonmoving
       party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is insufficient to establish
       the existence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Tenn. R. Civ. P.
       56.04, 56.06. The focus is on the evidence the nonmoving party comes
       forward with at the summary judgment stage, not on hypothetical evidence
       that theoretically could be adduced, despite the passage of discovery
       deadlines, at a future trial.

Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 264-65 (emphasis in original). Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 56.04, the trial court must “state the legal grounds upon which the court denies
or grants the motion” for summary judgment, and our Supreme Court has instructed that
the trial court must state these grounds “before it invites or requests the prevailing party
to draft a proposed order.” See Smith v. UHS of Lakeside, Inc., 439 S.W.3d 303, 316
(Tenn. 2014).
                                       IV. Standing

       The trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Estate was predicated
solely upon Mr. Bowers’s lack of standing and the court’s resultant determination that it
lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Mr. Bowers contends that this ruling was in error
because (1) the trial court improperly relied upon the facts as pled in Mr. Bowers’s initial
complaint rather than his amended complaint; (2) the court determined that MLP, rather
than Mr. Bowers, was the real party in interest; (3) the court erroneously construed
provisions of the Tennessee Revised Limited Liability Company Act; and (4) the court
failed to consider Mr. Bowers’s claim for unjust enrichment. We will address each of
these arguments in turn.

                    A. Initial Complaint Versus Amended Complaint

        Mr. Bowers argues that the trial court erred by relying solely on the facts as pled
in his initial complaint when making its determination regarding standing. Although the
court did not expressly state whether it had considered the allegations of the amended
complaint in analyzing the standing issue, the court’s final judgment recites: “The Court
first considered the issue of Plaintiff’s standing to file this action when it was commenced
. . . ” (emphasis added). Moreover, the court’s incorporated memorandum opinion
discusses the assignment from Mr. Steele to Mr. Bowers while omitting any analysis of
the subsequent assignment by MLP to Mr. Bowers, which was referenced in the amended
complaint. In addition, the court made further reference to the Agreement as it existed
                                             8
“[a]t the time the suit was filed . . . .” Therefore, the court’s judgment and memorandum
opinion imply that the court declined to consider the facts as pled in the amended
complaint when making its determination regarding standing. The Estate does not
dispute that the trial court only considered the initial complaint, asserting instead that the
trial court acted properly in doing so.

      The issue at hand necessarily involves an analysis of the doctrine of standing. As
our Supreme Court previously has recognized:

               Courts employ the doctrine of standing to determine whether a
       particular litigant is entitled to have a court decide the merits of a dispute or
       of particular issues. Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498, 95 S. Ct. 2197, 45
       L. Ed. 2d 343 (1975); Knierim v. Leatherwood, 542 S.W.2d 806, 808
       (Tenn. 1976) (holding that courts use the standing doctrine to decide
       whether a particular plaintiff is “properly situated to prosecute the action.”);
       City of Brentwood v. Metropolitan Bd. of Zoning Appeals, et al., 149
       S.W.3d 49, 55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 13,
       2004). Grounded upon “concern about the proper—and properly limited—
       role of the courts in a democratic society,” Warth, 422 U.S. at 498, the
       doctrine of standing precludes courts from adjudicating “an action at the
       instance of one whose rights have not been invaded or infringed.” Mayhew
       v. Wilder, 46 S.W.3d 760, 767 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001), perm. app. denied
       (Tenn. April 30, 2001). The doctrine of standing restricts “[t]he exercise of
       judicial power, which can so profoundly affect the lives, liberty, and
       property of those to whom it extends, . . . to litigants who can show ‘injury
       in fact’ resulting from the action which they seek to have the court
       adjudicate.” Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for
       Separation of Church & State, Inc. 454 U.S. 464, 473, 102 S. Ct. 752, 70 L.
       Ed. 2d 700 (1982). Without limitations such as standing and other closely
       related doctrines “the courts would be called upon to decide abstract
       questions of wide public significance even though other governmental
       institutions may be more competent to address the questions and even
       though judicial intervention may be unnecessary to protect individual
       rights.” Warth, 422 U.S. at 500; see also DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno,
       547 U.S. 332, [333], 126 S. Ct. 1854, 1856, 164 L. Ed. 2d 589 (2006)
       (explaining that standing enforces the constitutional case-or-controversy
       requirement that is “crucial in maintaining the ‘tripartite allocation of
       power’ set forth in the Constitution”).

             To establish standing, a plaintiff must show three “indispensable”
       elements “by the same degree of evidence” as other matters on which the
                                              9
plaintiff bears the burden of proof. Petty v. Daimler/Chrysler Corp., 91
S.W.3d 765, 767 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 9,
2002). First, a plaintiff must show a distinct and palpable injury:
conjectural or hypothetical injuries are not sufficient. City of Brentwood,
149 S.W.3d at 55-56; see also Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,
560, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 119 L. Ed. 2d 351 (1992). Standing also may not be
predicated upon an injury to an interest that the plaintiff shares in common
with all other citizens. Mayhew, 46 S.W.3d at 767. Were such injuries
sufficient to confer standing, the State would be required to defend against
“a profusion of lawsuits” from taxpayers, and a purpose of the standing
doctrine would be frustrated. See Parks v. Alexander, 608 S.W.2d 881, 885
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1980) (stating that one purpose of standing is to protect the
State from a “profusion of lawsuits”).

       The second essential element of standing is a causal connection
between the claimed injury and the challenged conduct. Mayhew, 46
S.W.3d at 767. A plaintiff may satisfy this element by establishing the
existence of a “fairly traceable” connection between the alleged injury in
fact and the defendant’s challenged conduct. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 547
U.S. at [333], 126 S. Ct. at 1861. The third and final element necessary to
establish standing is a showing that the alleged injury is capable of being
redressed by a favorable decision of the court. Petty, 91 S.W.3d at 767;
DaimlerChrysler Corp., 547 U.S. at [333], 126 S. Ct. at 1861.

        It is important to note that standing does not depend upon a
plaintiff’s likelihood of success on the merits; however, the standing
inquiry requires careful judicial examination of a complaint’s allegations to
ascertain whether the particular plaintiff is entitled to an adjudication of the
particular claims asserted. City of Brentwood, 149 S.W.3d at 56.
Specifically, courts should inquire:

       Is the injury too abstract, or otherwise not appropriate, to be
       considered judicially cognizable? Is the line of causation
       between the illegal conduct and injury too attenuated? Is the
       prospect of obtaining relief from the injury as a result of a
       favorable ruling too speculative?

Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 752, 104 S. Ct. 3315, 82 L. Ed. 2d 556
(1984).



                                      10
Am. Civil Liberties Union of Tenn. v. Darnell, 195 S.W.3d 612, 619-21 (Tenn. 2006)
(footnote omitted).

       The Estate argues that the trial court properly considered only the factual
allegations contained in the original complaint when determining whether Mr. Bowers
had standing. In so arguing, the Estate primarily relies upon federal court cases
establishing a “time-of-filing rule” concerning standing to bring an action in federal court
based on diversity jurisdiction. See, e.g., Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Glob. Grp., L.P., 541
U.S. 567, 571 (2004) (explaining that the time-of-filing rule “measures all challenges to
subject-matter jurisdiction premised upon diversity of citizenship against the state of facts
that existed at the time of filing . . . .”). As other federal courts have recognized,
however, this rule “operates exclusively in the realm of diversity jurisdiction.” ConnectU
LLC v. Zuckerberg, 522 F.3d 82, 92 (1st Cir. 2008) (explaining that the “letter and spirit
of the [time-of-filing] rule apply most obviously in diversity cases, where the rule
originated”).2 Moreover, the Estate conflates the concepts of standing and subject matter
jurisdiction despite our Supreme Court’s prior explanation that subject matter jurisdiction
is only implicated when “a statute creates a cause of action and designates who may bring
an action” such that “the issue of standing is interwoven with that of subject matter
jurisdiction and becomes a jurisdictional prerequisite.” See In re Estate of Smallman, 398
S.W.3d 134, 149 (Tenn. 2013) (quoting Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 740 (Tenn.
2004)). In this action, Mr. Bowers’s claims of breach of contract, quantum meruit, and
unjust enrichment were based on the common law rather than “a statute [that] creates a
cause of action and designates who may bring an action.” Id.; see generally Concrete
Spaces, Inc. v. Sender, 2 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. 1999) (breach of contract); Paschall’s,
Inc. v. Dozier, 407 S.W.2d 150, 153 (Tenn. 1966) (quantum meruit); Wells v.
Chattanooga Bakery, Inc., 448 S.W.3d 381, 386 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014) (unjust
enrichment).

       Even if a question of subject matter jurisdiction were implicated, however, when
the original complaint is subsequently amended, as was accomplished in the case at bar,
such amended complaint becomes the operative pleading, which the court must review
for jurisdictional purposes. Federal precedent elucidates that when an amended
complaint is filed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15, the federal courts look
to the factual allegations contained in the amended complaint in order to make a
determination regarding standing and have allowed jurisdictional defects to be cured by a
supplemental pleading. See, e.g., Rockwell Int’l Corp. v. United States, 549 U.S. 457,
2
  But see Utah Ass’n of Ctys. v. Bush, 455 F.3d 1094, 1101 (10th Cir. 2006) (applying the time-of-filing
rule in a non-diversity case when no injury occurred until after the filing of the complaint and amended
complaint).



                                                  11
473-74 (2007) (holding that “when a plaintiff files a complaint in federal court and then
voluntarily amends the complaint, courts look to the amended complaint to determine
jurisdiction.”); Northstar Fin. Advisors Inc. v. Schwab Invs., 779 F.3d 1036, 1047 (9th
Cir. 2015), as amended on denial of reh’g and reh’g en banc (Apr. 28, 2015), cert.
denied, 136 S. Ct. 240 (2015) (“[T]he present case involves the filing of a supplemental
pleading that became the operative pleading in the case on which subject-matter
jurisdiction must be based.”).

       In Northstar, the plaintiff was an investment firm, which instituted a class action
on behalf of investors against an investment trust and its trustees, alleging, inter alia,
breach of fiduciary duty and breach of contract. Northstar Fin. Advisors Inc., 779 F.3d at
1036. Northstar owned no shares of the fund at issue at the time of filing of the original
complaint. Id. at 1043. Following the release of an opinion by the Ninth Circuit Court of
Appeals in a similarly situated case, wherein the appellate court held that the plaintiff
needed to hold a proprietary interest in the claim in order to have standing, Northstar
obtained an assignment of claim from a client-shareholder. Id.

        The Northstar defendants filed a motion to dismiss, asserting that Northstar
maintained no standing at the time the original complaint was filed. Id. In dismissing the
complaint, the district court suggested that the lack of standing could be cured by the
filing of an amended complaint. Id. Northstar subsequently filed an amended complaint,
and the district court allowed the supplemental pleading pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15. Id. at 1044. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals agreed that the lack of
standing could be cured by the filing of a supplemental pleading following execution of
an assignment providing Northstar with a proprietary interest. Id. The Northstar Court
thus determined the time-of-filing rule to be inapplicable when a supplemental pleading
had been filed pursuant to Rule 15. Id. at 1048.

        Although the Northstar case is not binding precedent, “[f]ederal case law
interpreting rules similar to our own are persuasive authority for purposes of construing
the Tennessee rule.” Harris v. Chern, 33 S.W.3d 741, 745 n.2 (Tenn. 2000). In the case
at bar, it is undisputed that Mr. Bowers filed an amended complaint following his
execution of an assignment as the sole member of MLP, wherein he assigned to himself
MLP’s rights “to receive any and all monies and assets recovered and/or collected” on
MLP’s behalf. Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 15.04, similar to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15(d), governs such amendments to the pleadings, providing that a party may
supplement to “set[] forth transactions or occurrences or events which have happened
since the date of the pleading sought to be supplemented.” As such, in cases wherein the
initial complaint has been properly amended by the plaintiff(s), this Court has looked to
the factual allegations of the amended complaint when making a determination regarding
standing. See, e.g., In re Estate of Bostic, No. E2016-00553-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL
                                            12
7105213, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 6, 2016); Howe v. Haslam, No. M2013-01790-
COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 5698877, at *17 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 4, 2014). Based on the
above precedent, we conclude that the trial court erred in failing to consider the factual
allegations of the amended complaint, which was the operative pleading, when making its
determination regarding Mr. Bowers’s standing.

       We also determine the Estate’s reliance upon LaFollette Med. Ctr. v. City of
LaFollette, 115 S.W.3d 500, 504 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) and Whalum v. Shelby Cty.
Election Comm’n, No. W2013-02076-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 4919601, at *11 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Sept. 30, 2014), to be misplaced. In those cases, the plaintiffs had standing at
the time of filing the original complaint, but subsequent changes in circumstance raised
questions concerning whether such standing continued to exist. LaFollette Med. Ctr.,
115 S.W.3d at 504; Whalum, 2014 WL 4919601, at *11. In both cases, this Court looked
only to the facts as they existed at the time of the original complaint’s filing in order to
determine whether standing existed. LaFollette Med. Ctr., 115 S.W.3d at 504; Whalum,
2014 WL 4919601, at *11. However, no amended complaint was ever filed in either
case, such that the original complaint remained the operative pleading. In the case at bar,
the operative pleading was the amended complaint, through which Mr. Bowers alleged
that he personally maintained the right to collect any monies owed to MLP based on the
April 27, 2015 assignment. The trial court erred in failing to consider this amended
complaint when making a determination regarding Mr. Bowers’s standing.

                     B. Tennessee Revised Limited Liability Company Act

       The trial court also determined that Mr. Bowers lacked standing based on certain
provisions contained in the Tennessee Revised Limited Liability Company Act (“the
Act”), codified at Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 48-249-101, et seq. (2012). The court
specifically noted that, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 48-249-116 (2012), an
LLC is a legal entity distinct from its members and, pursuant to Tennessee Code
Annotated § 48-249-502 (2012), a member has no interest in specific LLC property. The
court also noted that pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 48-249-114(c) (2012), an
LLC member is not a proper party to a proceeding by or against an LLC, except in
limited circumstances not applicable here. The court thus concluded:

              But the complaint essentially seeks to recover the amount of the
       earnest money paid by the LLC to the Moungers in addition to attorneys’
       fees and interest and so on and so forth. The assignment between Mr.
       Steele and Mr. Bowers only assigned and could only assign his membership
       interest. It did not and could not assign the property of the LLC, at least the
       way I read the statute.


                                             13
              At the time the suit was filed, the asset, to me, was the agreement or
       the escrow money was the property of the LLC and not Mr. Bowers. A
       member of the LLC, as I said, the statute says it is not a proper party to
       bring this type of suit. 3

       Mr. Bowers contends that the Act nonetheless provides that assets of the LLC can
be distributed to its members upon dissolution and “winding up.” We agree. Our review
of the Act’s provisions reveals that when, as here, an LLC is administratively dissolved
by the Secretary of State, the LLC “shall be wound up, and its existence shall be
terminated as provided in this part.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-602(a)(6), (c)
(2012). The Act further provides that when an LLC is administratively dissolved, the
LLC “continues its existence, but may not carry on any business except that necessary to
wind up and liquidate its business and affairs . . . .” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-
605(c) (2012).

        The Act specifies that if the LLC is to be wound up other than by merger, the
members shall (1) collect “all known debts due or owing to the LLC”; (2) pay all known
obligations of the LLC; and (3) “sell, lease, transfer or otherwise dispose of all . . . of the
property and assets of a dissolved LLC.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-610(b)-(d)
(2012). Following the payment of any debts, all tangible and intangible property of the
LLC “shall be distributed to the members and holders of financial rights . . . .” See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 48-249-610(e). If the LLC wishes to terminate its existence, it must deliver
articles of termination to the Secretary of State for filing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-
608(a) (2012). Only upon the filing of such articles of termination does the LLC cease to
exist. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-608(a)(2).4

       Based upon the express language contained in these provisions, we conclude that
the trial court erred in determining that the Act prohibited assignment of the LLC’s
property. It was undisputed that Mr. Bowers was the sole member of MLP. Mr. Bowers,
acting as the sole member of MLP, assigned MLP’s rights “to receive any and all monies
and assets recovered and/or collected” on MLP’s behalf to himself. Such action is
expressly permitted by Tennessee Code Annotated § 48-249-610 (d)-(e) as part of the
winding-up process. Because the Act does not prohibit the sole member of an LLC from

3
 No allegation has been raised that the organizational documents of MLP would prohibit Mr. Bowers, as
sole member of MLP, from assigning MLP’s property to himself, and those documents are not in the
record before us.
4
  In addition to the above provisions regarding dissolution, the Act also provides that by approval of a
“majority vote of the members,” the LLC may transfer “its property and assets not in the usual and
regular course of business . . . .” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-705 (2012).


                                                  14
assigning LLC property to himself, we determine that the trial court erred in finding that
the Act did prohibit such a transaction.

       Having determined that the trial court erred in (1) failing to consider the factual
allegations of the amended complaint when ruling on the issue of standing and (2)
concluding that Mr. Bowers could not assign MLP’s property to himself as the sole
member of MLP, we reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the
Estate on the basis of lack of standing. Mr. Bowers, as assignee of MLP’s rights pursuant
to the Agreement, demonstrated both an alleged “distinct and palpable injury” and a
“causal connection between the claimed injury and the challenged conduct” of the Estate.
See Am. Civil Liberties Union of Tenn., 195 S.W.3d at 619-21. Furthermore, Mr.
Bowers’s alleged injury is capable of being rectified by a favorable decision from the
courts. Id. Therefore, we conclude that Mr. Bowers possessed the requisite standing to
bring his claims against the Estate. Mr. Bowers’s remaining issues raised regarding
standing are pretermitted as moot.

                    V. Amendment of Responses to Requests for Admission

        Mr. Bowers also argues that the trial court erred in granting the Estate’s motion to
amend its responses to the requests for admission propounded by Mr. Bowers. In their
original responses to Mr. Bowers’s first set of requests for admission, the Estate admitted
that it could not convey marketable title of the Property to MLP on October 8, 2007. Mr.
Bowers relied on this admission in his initial motion for summary judgment. On
December 28, 2014, the Estate moved to amend its responses, stating that a clerical error
had been made such that the above-described response inaccurately admitted a statement
that should have been denied. The Estate explained that there was no cloud on the title
until November 8, 2007, when Charles Mounger recorded his deeds. The Estate’s
attorney filed an affidavit, professing that an error in drafting the initial response had
occurred.

       The trial court granted the Estate’s motion to amend its responses, stating in
pertinent part:

              Tenn. R. Civ. P. 36.02 clearly provides the trial court discretion to
       allow amendment of previously filed, and admitted, requests to admit.
       Meyer Laminates (SE), Inc. v. Primavera Distributing, Inc., 293 S.W.3d
       162 (Tenn. [Ct. App.] 2008). In the exercise of that discretion, the court
       will permit the defendants to amend their answers.

Mr. Bowers contends that the trial court improperly granted the Estate’s motion to amend
because Mr. Bowers was prejudiced thereby.
                                             15
       As this Court has previously explained with respect to a motion seeking to amend
a party’s responses pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 36.02:

       Trial courts are granted broad discretion over procedural matters. Douglas
       v. Estate of Robinson, 876 S.W.2d 95, 97 (Tenn. 1994). Appellate courts
       review decisions regarding procedural matters using the deferential “abuse
       of discretion” standard of review. “An appellate court will not reverse a
       discretionary judgment of the trial court unless it affirmatively appears that
       such discretion has been explicitly abused to great injustice and injury of
       the party complaining.” Id. (citing Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); Bruce v. Bruce,
       801 S.W.2d 102, 107 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990)). For issues of law, the
       standard of review is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. Lavin v.
       Jordon, 16 S.W.3d 362, 364 (Tenn. 2000).

       ***

              Tenn. R. Civ. P. 36.02, in pertinent part, provides:

              Any matter admitted under this rule is conclusively
              established unless the court on motion permits withdrawal or
              amendment of the admission. . . . [T]he court may permit
              withdrawal or amendment when the presentation of the merits
              of the action will be subserved thereby and the party who
              obtained the admission fails to satisfy the court that
              withdrawal or amendment will prejudice that party in
              maintaining the action or defense on the merits.
              (emphasis added)

Hutcheson v. Irving Materials, Inc., No. M2002-03064-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 419722,
at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 8, 2004). See Meyer Laminates (SE), Inc. v. Primavera
Distrib., Inc., 293 S.W.3d 162, 167 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (“The discretion afforded the
trial court by Rule 36.02 to permit withdrawal or amendment of matters deemed admitted
provides a modicum of flexibility to avoid any potential injustice that might occur . . . .”);
see also Lee Med., Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524-25 (Tenn. 2010) (“A court
abuses its discretion when it causes an injustice to the party challenging the decision by
(1) applying an incorrect legal standard, (2) reaching an illogical or unreasonable
decision, or (3) basing its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.”).

        Mr. Bowers asserts that the trial court should not have allowed the Estate to amend
its responses because amendment of the responses resulted in the denial of Mr. Bowers’s
                                             16
summary judgment motion. Mr. Bowers thereby argues that his litigation costs were
increased by the trial court’s decision. As such, Mr. Bowers contends that the trial court
failed to consider the second prong of the test regarding prejudice to the party opposing
the motion to amend. We note, however, that the second prong actually requires a
showing that “withdrawal or amendment will prejudice [the opposing] party in
maintaining the action or defense on the merits.” See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 36.02 (emphasis
added). In this case, Mr. Bowers has not shown that he was prejudiced in maintaining his
action on the merits by the trial court’s decision to allow the amendment. We therefore
determine that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the Estate to amend
its responses.

                        VI. Breach of Contract versus Conversion

       Having determined that the trial court erred in ruling that Mr. Bowers did not
possess standing, we must now address the Estate’s issues presented. The Estate
contends that Mr. Bowers’s claim sounds in the tort of conversion rather than breach of
contract because Mr. Bowers is seeking return of earnest money that he alleges was
wrongfully withheld by the Estate. “Conversion is the appropriation of another’s
property to one’s own use and benefit, by the exercise of dominion over the property, in
defiance of the owner’s right to the property.” Ralston v. Hobbs, 306 S.W.3d 213, 221
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (“A cause of action for conversion occurs when the alleged
wrongdoer exercises dominion over the funds in ‘defiance of the owner’s rights.’”)
(quoting Hanna v. Sheflin, 275 S.W.3d 423, 427 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008)). The Estate
asserts that a conversion claim is barred by the three-year statute of limitations, as
provided by Tennessee Code Annotated § 28-3-105. The Estate bases its argument that
Mr. Bowers’s claim actually sounds in conversion on the predicate that he was not a party
to the Agreement and thus could not assert a claim to recover for a breach of the
Agreement. We disagree with the Estate on this issue.

        Although Mr. Bowers was not an original party to the Agreement, MLP was. Mr.
Bowers is therefore asserting MLP’s rights pursuant to the Agreement, which were
assigned to Mr. Bowers by the April 27, 2015 assignment. The Agreement expressly
provides that it is “binding upon and inure[s] to the benefit of the Parties hereto and their
respective heirs, devisees, personal representatives, successors in trust, successors, and
assigns.” As this Court has explained, “[o]ne of the general principles of the law of
assignments is that the assignee ‘steps into the shoes of the assignor’ with regard to the
matters covered by the assignment.” SunTrust Bank, Nashville v. Johnson, 46 S.W.3d
216, 226 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (“[A]n assignment does not extinguish the underlying
contract, but rather it transfers the assignor’s contract rights against the other contracting
party to the assignee who succeeds to the assignor’s rights under the underlying
contract.”).
                                             17
       We have previously determined that the Act reveals no prohibition against an
LLC’s assignment of its property to an individual. Likewise, the Agreement contains no
such prohibition. Because Mr. Bowers was assigned MLP’s rights pursuant to the
Agreement, he now stands “in the shoes” of MLP and can properly assert MLP’s claim
for breach of the Agreement. We therefore determine this issue to be without merit.

                            VII. Enforcement of Agreement

        Finally, the Estate argues that Mr. Bowers is prevented from recovering in this
action because MLP failed to take the required steps pursuant to the Agreement to
recover the earnest money paid. Inasmuch as the trial court did not address this issue,
however, we conclude that the issue of whether MLP complied with the requirements of
the Agreement is not properly before this Court on appeal of the grant of summary
judgment. See Dorrier v. Dark, 537 S.W.2d 888, 890 (Tenn. 1976) (“This is a court of
appeals and errors, and we are limited in authority to the adjudication of issues that are
presented and decided in the trial courts[.]”). This issue may be properly addressed by
the trial court upon remand.

                                    VIII. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
in favor of the Estate on the basis of Mr. Bowers’s lack of standing. We affirm the trial
court’s grant of the Estate’s motion to amend its responses to the requests for admission.
We remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this
Opinion. Costs on appeal are taxed to the appellee, Estate of Katherine N. Mounger.




                                                 _________________________________
                                                 THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE




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