               Case: 17-15016       Date Filed: 02/11/2019       Page: 1 of 40


                                                                              [PUBLISH]



                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                    No. 17-15016
                              ________________________

                         D.C. Docket No. 5:14-mc-00002-MTT



ANTHONY S. PITCH,

                                                         Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                         Defendant - Appellant.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Georgia
                            ________________________

                                    (February 11, 2019)

Before WILSON and JORDAN, Circuit Judges, and GRAHAM, * District Judge.

WILSON, Circuit Judge:


*
  Honorable James L. Graham, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.
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       In 1946, a crowd of people in Walton County, Georgia gathered as two

African American couples were dragged from a car and shot multiple times. 1

Many consider this event, known as the Moore’s Ford Lynching, to be the last

mass lynching in American history. Racial tensions in Georgia were high. African

American citizens were allowed to vote in a Georgia Democratic Party primary for

the first time that year. 2 The murders occurred shortly after the primary and

immediately garnered national media attention. National outrage, including

condemnation from then Special Counsel to the NAACP Thurgood Marshall,

ultimately led President Harry Truman to order an FBI investigation. In late 1946,

a district court judge in Georgia convened a grand jury. But after sixteen days of

witness testimony, no one was ever charged. The case remains unsolved.

       Over seven decades later, Anthony Pitch, an author and historian, petitioned

the Middle District of Georgia for an order unsealing the grand jury transcripts.

The district court granted his request. The government now appeals, arguing the

district court abused its discretion in unsealing the transcripts. After careful review

and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm.




1
 There are differing accounts on the number of shots and the number of people present.
Estimates suggest that between thirty and one hundred people were present.
2
 The Fifth Circuit had recently held that the Georgia Democratic Party’s all-white primary
system was unconstitutional. Chapman v. King, 154 F.2d 460 (5th Cir. 1946), cert. denied, 327
U.S. 800, 66 S. Ct. 905 (1946).
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                     I. Factual and Procedural Background

      Anthony Pitch wrote a book about the Moore’s Ford Lynching. In 2014,

while researching the event for the book, Pitch petitioned the Middle District of

Georgia to unseal the federal grand jury records related to the incident. Initially,

the district court denied the petition without prejudice because Pitch did not

present evidence that the records even existed. Three years later, Pitch renewed his

petition, arguing that his investigation revealed that the records were at the

National Archives in Washington, D.C. The district court ordered the government

to produce the records for in camera inspection. The government filed the

transcripts under seal. And against the objections of the government, the district

court ordered the transcripts be unsealed. To do so, the district court relied on its

inherent authority under In re Petition to Inspect & Copy Grand Jury Materials

(Hastings), 735 F.2d 1261 (11th Cir. 1984).

      On appeal, the government argues first, that the district court lacked inherent

authority to disclose the transcripts, and second, even assuming the district court

had inherent authority, the court exceeded that authority by permitting disclosure

based solely on the historical significance of the Moore’s Ford Lynching. Because

we are bound by our decision in Hastings, we affirm. See Kondrat’yev v. City of

Pensacola, Fla., 903 F.3d 1169, 1174 (11th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (“[O]ur

precedent—in particular, our precedent about precedent—is clear: ‘[W]e are not at


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liberty to disregard binding case law that is . . . closely on point and has been only

weakened, rather than directly overruled, by the Supreme Court.’” (quoting Fla.

League of Prof’l Lobbyists, Inc. v. Meggs, 87 F.3d 457, 462 (11th Cir. 1996))).

         II. Power of District Courts to Disclose Grand Jury Records

      The government argues that the district court erred in invoking its inherent

authority to disclose the grand jury records. We review a district court’s disclosure

of grand jury transcripts for abuse of discretion. United States v. Aisenberg, 358

F.3d 1327, 1338 (11th Cir. 2004). A court abuses its discretion when it commits

an error of law. United States v. Brown, 332 F.3d 1341, 1343 (11th Cir. 2003).

             A. Statutory Authority to Disclose Grand Jury Records

      Grand jury secrecy is “an integral part of our criminal justice system.”

Blalock v. United States, 844 F.2d 1546, 1555 (11th Cir. 1988) (per curiam). Even

after an investigation has ended, grand jury proceedings generally remain secret.

“The grand jury as a public institution serving the community might suffer if those

testifying today knew that the secrecy of their testimony would be lifted

tomorrow.” United States v. Procter & Gamble Co., 356 U.S. 677, 682, 78 S. Ct.

983, 986 (1958). Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) codifies the general rule

prohibiting the disclosure of grand jury records. Rule 6(e) requires that “[r]ecords,

orders, and subpoenas relating to grand-jury proceedings . . . be kept under seal . . .




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to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of a matter occurring before a grand jury.”

FED. R. CRIM. P. 6(e)(6).

       Rule 6(e) also codifies a list of exceptions to its general rule of secrecy. The

only enumerated exception available to a party other than the government or a

party in the grand jury proceeding is Rule 6(e)(3)(E)(i), which allows a court to

authorize disclosure of grand jury records “preliminarily to or in connection with a

judicial proceeding.” A party invoking this exception must prove that “the

material they seek is needed to avoid a possible injustice in another court

proceeding, that the need for disclosure is greater than the need for continued

secrecy, and that their request is structured to cover only material so needed.”

Douglas Oil Co. of Ca. v. Petrol Stops NW, 441 U.S. 211, 222, 99 S. Ct. 1667,

1674 (1979). Pitch agrees that he cannot benefit from this exception because the

grand jury records he sought were not necessary in “another court proceeding.”

                 B. Inherent Authority to Disclose Grand Jury Records

       We have recognized that district courts retain “inherent power beyond the

literal wording of Rule 6(e)” to disclose grand jury material not otherwise covered

by the exceptions. Hastings, 735 F.2d at 1268.3 “[T]he exceptions permitting


3
  The government argues that we are no longer bound by Hastings because the Supreme Court
has rejected its reasoning. In Carlisle v. United States, the Supreme Court held that “[w]hatever
the scope of [a court’s] ‘inherent power,’ . . . it does not include the power to develop rules that
circumvent or conflict with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” 517 U.S. 416, 426, 116 S. Ct.
1460, 1466 (1996) (emphasis added). This passage must be read in context. Carlisle held that a
district court cannot directly contradict an applicable and unambiguous Federal Rule of Criminal
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disclosure were not intended to ossify the law, but rather are subject to

development by the courts in conformance with the Rule’s general rule of

secrecy.” Id. at 1269; accord United States v. Aisenberg, 358 F.3d 1327, 1347

(11th Cir. 2004) (“Although Rule 6(e)(3) enumerates the exceptions to the

traditional rule of grand jury secrecy, the Supreme Court and this Court have

recognized that the district courts have inherent power beyond the literal wording

of Rule 6(e)(3) to disclose grand jury material and that Rule 6(e)(3) is but

declaratory of that authority.”); In re Craig, 131 F.3d 99, 103 (2d Cir. 1997)

(“[P]ermitting departures from Rule 6(e) is fully consonant with the role of the

supervising court and will not unravel the foundations of secrecy upon which the

grand jury is premised.”); Carlson v. United States, 837 F.3d 753, 763 (7th Cir.

2016) (“Rule 6(e) is but declaratory of the long-standing principle that disclosure

of grand jury materials is committed to the discretion of the trial court.”) (internal

quotation marks omitted).



Procedure by invoking its inherent authority. In Carlisle, the Supreme Court held that a district
court could not rely on inherent authority to enter a judgment of acquittal after the seven-day
time limit prescribed by Rule 29(c) had expired. Id. at 426. The district court there
“contradicted the plain language” of the Rule by “effectively annul[ing]” the seven-day time
limit prescribed by Congress. Id. We do not read Carlisle to prohibit the exercise of that
authority in “exceptional circumstances consonant with the rule’s policy and spirit.” Hastings,
735 F.2d at 1269; cf. United States v. Aisenberg, 358 F.3d 1327 (11th Cir. 2004) (holding that a
petitioner cannot circumvent the plain text of an applicable rule or the Douglas Oil test by
asserting inherent authority). “[W]e are not at liberty to disregard binding case law that is . . .
closely on point and has been only weakened, rather than directly overruled, by the Supreme
Court.” Kondrat’yev, 903 F.3d at 1174 (internal quotation marks omitted). We are thus bound
by Hastings.
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       “This is not to say [Rule 6(e)] is not normally controlling. It is.” Hastings,

735 F.2d at 1268. Petitioners and district courts cannot rely on inherent authority

to circumvent a plainly applicable and unambiguous enumerated Rule 6(e)

exception. See Aisenberg, 358 F.3d 1327 (declining to allow petitioners to rely on

inherent authority because petitioners’ request was “preliminarily to or in

connection with a judicial proceeding” under the Rule 6(e)(3)(E)(i) exception); cf.

Carlisle v. United States, 517 U.S. 416, 426 (1996) (holding that a district court

could not use inherent authority to extend a plain and unambiguous Rule of

Criminal Procedure that limited district court’s authority to enter a judgment of

acquittal to seven days). The upshot, then, is a district court may only invoke its

inherent authority to disclose grand jury records when an enumerated Rule 6(e)

exception does not directly govern the requested disclosure. 4 Both the government

and Pitch agree that none of the exceptions in Rule 6(e) apply, which allows Pitch

to survive this threshold inquiry.

       III. The District Court’s Exercise of Discretion in the Present Case

       We must now decide whether the facts presented here constitute

“exceptional circumstances” that allow a district court to employ its inherent

authority to disclose grand jury records outside the confines of Rule 6(e). The

4
  This is merely derivative of the “cautionary principle” that courts will not “lightly assume that
Congress has intended to depart from established principles such as the scope of a court’s
inherent power.” Carlisle, 517 U.S. at 426, 116 S. Ct. at 1466 (quoting Chambers v. NASCO,
Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 47, 111 S. Ct. 2123, 2134 (1991)).
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petitioner has the burden of proving that “exceptional circumstances” exist. See

Hastings, 735 F.2d at 1272–73.

                     A. The “Exceptional Circumstances” Test

      “[W]hile district courts have inherent authority to act outside Rule 6(e)(3),

any inherent disclosure authority is exceedingly narrow . . . .” Aisenberg, 358 F.3d

at 1347. “[C]ourts are not empowered to act outside Rule 6(e) in other than

exceptional circumstances consonant with the rule’s policy and spirit.” Hastings,

735 F.2d at 1269. Exceptional circumstances exist when the need for disclosure

outweighs the public interest in continued secrecy. Id. at 1272, 1275; see also

Douglas Oil, 441 U.S. at 223, 99 S. Ct. at 1275 (“[T]he court’s duty in a case of

this kind is to weigh carefully the competing interests in light of the relevant

circumstances and standards announced by this Court.”).

      On one side of the scale is the well-established public interest in secrecy of

grand jury records. Nondisclosure of grand jury records “prevent[s] the escape of

those whose indictment may be contemplated,” ensures “the utmost freedom to the

grand jury in its deliberations,” prevents “tampering with the witnesses who may

testify before the grand jury,” encourages “free and untrammeled disclosures by

persons who have information” about the commission of crimes, and protects the

“innocent accused who is exonerated” from public disclosure that he had been

under investigation. United States v. Procter & Gamble Co., 356 U.S. 677, 682


                                           8
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n.6, 78 S. Ct. 983, 986 n.6 (1958). Given the importance of grand jury secrecy, the

burden on the petitioner is high.

      The weight on the other side of the scale—the need for disclosure—requires

a fact intensive analysis that depends on the competing interests in a particular

case. In Hastings, for example, we held that “the petition of a judicial

investigating committee is the kind of request which, in proper circumstances, can

trigger a district court’s inherent power to release grand jury minutes.” Hastings,

735 F.2d at 1269. In Hastings, we stated that “courts must adhere to Rule 6(e) in

‘garden variety’ petitions for grand jury disclosure,” recognizing that the Rule

“would be rendered meaningless if departures were freely sanctioned.” Id. We

emphasized there, as we do here, that “courts are not empowered to act outside

Rule 6(e) in other than exceptional circumstances.” Id. (emphasis added). In

Hastings, it was “highly significant that the grand jury materials in question were

sought . . . pursuant to express statutory authority” of the judicial investigating

committee. Id. at 1269–70. The court also considered that “a matter of great

societal importance”—namely, “the important public interest in the integrity and

independence of the judiciary”—was implicated. Id. Finally, while no enumerated

Rule 6(e) exception governed the disclosure, the requested disclosure was

analogous to those permitted by the Rule. Id. at 1271–72.




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        B. The Exception for Matters of Exceptional Historical Significance

       Under the proper circumstances, grand jury records on a matter of

exceptional historical significance may trigger a district court’s inherent authority

to disclose them. Our sister circuits have developed a multi-factor inquiry for

applying the balancing test set forth in Hastings to the disclosure of historically

significant grand jury records.5 In In re Petition of Craig, the Second Circuit

outlined a “non-exhaustive list of factors that a trial court might want to consider

when confronted with these highly discretionary and fact-sensitive” petitions:

               (i) the identity of the party seeking disclosure; (ii)
               whether the defendant to the grand jury proceeding or the
               government opposes the disclosure; (iii) why disclosure
               is being sought in the particular case; (iv) what specific
               information is being sought for disclosure; (v) how long
               ago the grand jury proceedings took place; (vi) the
               current status of the principals of the grand jury
               proceedings and that of their families; (vii) the extent to
               which the desired material—either permissibly or
               impermissibly—has been previously made public; (viii)
               whether witnesses to the grand jury proceedings who
               might be affected by disclosure are still alive; and (ix) the


5
  At the time of this opinion, two circuits have addressed the issue. Both held that district courts
have inherent authority to disclose historically significant grand jury records. See In re Petition
of Craig, 131 F.3d 99, 106 (2d Cir. 1997); Carlson v. United States, 837 F.3d 753 (7th Cir.
2016). While not specifically addressing disclosure for historical significance, the Eighth Circuit
has expressed doubt that district courts have any inherent authority to act outside the enumerated
Rule 6(e) exceptions. See United States v. McDougal, 559 F.3d 837, 841 (8th Cir. 2009).
Finally, the D.C. Circuit has acknowledged the “general agreement” that district courts have
inherent authority to disclose grand jury material. See Haldeman v. Sirica, 501 F.2d 714, 715
(D.C. Cir. 1974). Whether that inherent authority extends to disclosure for historical
significance is pending in the D.C. Circuit. See McKeever v. Sessions, No. 17-5149 (D.C. Cir.
filed June 14, 2017).
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             additional need for maintaining secrecy in the particular
             case in question.

131 F.3d 99, 106 (2d Cir. 1997). But “there is no talismanic formula or rigid set of

prerequisites,” and the specific circumstances of a case may lead to additional

relevant factors. Id.

      The first two Craig factors ask us to consider the interests of the parties: the

petitioner, the government, and the defendant in the grand jury proceeding. First,

the petitioner, Pitch, is an accomplished author and historian. He has published

many historical works, including a book about the Moore’s Ford Lynching. As we

discussed, while not dispositive, the government has a significant and well-

established interest in grand jury secrecy that will always weigh against disclosure.

See Procter & Gamble, 356 U.S. at 682 n.6, 78 S. Ct. at 986 n.6. Finally, no

defendant in the Moore’s Ford grand jury proceeding has objected to disclosure.

See Craig, 131 F.3d at 106 (“And if a third-party stranger wishes to obtain release

of data about secret meetings over the objection of the defendant, who, perhaps,

was never indicted by the grand jury, then the trial judge should be extremely

hesitant to grant release of the grand jury material.”).

      The third, fourth, and seventh Craig factors concern the historical

importance of the information being sought. Pitch seeks disclosure for a

legitimate, scholarly purpose: to research, write, and educate the public about a

significant event in the civil rights movement. Cf. Globe Newspaper Co. v. Sup.
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Ct. for Norfolk Cty., 457 U.S. 596, 604, 102 S. Ct. 2613, 2619 (1982) (discussing

the constitutional right of the public to access records from criminal trials and

reasoning that this right “serves to ensure that the individual citizen can effectively

participate in and contribute to our republican system of self-government” by

protecting “the free discussion of governmental affairs”); In re Petition of Kutler,

800 F. Supp. 2d 42, 48 (D.D.C. 2011) (reasoning that “[t]he disclosure of President

Nixon’s grand jury testimony would likely enhance the existing historical record,

foster further scholarly discussion, and improve the public’s understanding of a

significant historical event.”).

      Historical importance is objective. It must be distinguished from

“journalistic intrigue, public curiosity, or even a subjective importance to family

and friends.” Craig, 131 F.3d at 105 n.8. The Moore’s Ford Lynching is clearly

an event of exceptional historical significance. Compared to the journalist or the

family member of a victim that seeks access to the details of a salacious unsolved

crime, the Moore’s Ford Lynching is historically significant because it is closely

tied to the national civil rights movement. Many consider it to be the last mass

lynching in American history. There has been, and continues to be, national media

attention and widespread public interest in the murders. According to Pitch, the

Moore’s Ford Lynching is credited as a catalyst to the President’s Committee on

Civil Rights, which President Harry Truman created by executive order the same


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week the Moore’s Ford grand jury was convened. See Exec. Order No. 9808, 11

Fed. Reg. 14153 (Dec. 5, 1946). It would be difficult to deny—and the

government does not attempt to do so on appeal—that the Moore’s Ford Lynching

is, objectively, an exceptionally significant event in American history.

       Despite considerable public interest, the details are sparse. Even with a

crowd of witnesses, no one was prosecuted and no public proceedings were held.6

For this reason, Pitch sought disclosure of the entire transcript from the grand jury

proceedings. As the district court did here, courts should give any party opposing

disclosure the opportunity to object to specific portions of the records. The district

court should engage in the same balancing test to determine whether, and how

much, those portions should be redacted or omitted. See Douglas Oil, 441 U.S. at

223, 99 S. Ct. at 1675 (“And if disclosure is ordered, the court may include

protective limitations on the use of the disclosed material . . . .”); Hastings, 735

F.2d at 1274–75 (approving the district court’s “protective conditions”).

       The interest in continued secrecy is also undercut if details in the records

have been publicized. See Craig, 131 F.3d at 107; cf. In re North, 16 F.3d 1234,

1244–45 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (noting that widespread media release might undercut

interest in secrecy to point where Rule 6(e) would not prohibit disclosure). Here,



6
  According to Pitch, the FBI interviewed over 2,700 people and subpoenaed over 100 witnesses
to testify in front of the grand jury.
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this factor weighs against disclosure. There is no indication that any portion of the

grand jury records has been made public, permissibly or not.

       Finally, the passage of time will often be the touchstone of our inquiry.

Even if other factors weigh strongly in favor of disclosure, an insufficient passage

of time since the grand jury proceedings took place is fatal to the petitioner’s

request for disclosure. “[T]he passage of time erodes many of the justifications for

continued secrecy.” Craig, 131 F.3d at 107. The sufficiency of the passage of

time must be viewed in light of the policy underlying grand jury secrecy: to protect

the important truth-seeking function of grand juries.7 As a result, the passage of

time generally must be long enough that the principal parties to the investigation—

the suspects and witnesses—and their immediate family members have likely died,

and that there is no reasonable probability that the government would make arrests

based on the disclosed information. See id.

       Pitch requested the Moore’s Ford grand jury transcripts seventy-one years

after the grand jury proceeding took place.8 No one has been charged, no one is

currently under active investigation, and the principal parties to the investigation

were adults at the time of the grand jury proceeding. Under these circumstances,


7
  See generally United States v. Procter & Gamble Co., 356 U.S. 677, 682 n.6, 78 S. Ct. 983,
986 n.6 (1958).
8
  Pitch first requested the records three years earlier, in 2014, which the district court denied.
The government appeals from the district court’s grant of Pitch’s second petition, which he filed
in 2017.
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seventy years is at or near the bounds of sufficient passage of time. There is no

indication that any witnesses, suspects, or their immediate family members are

alive to be intimidated, persecuted, or arrested. Like the court in Craig, we also

find it significant that the historical interest in the Moore’s Ford Lynching has

persisted over time. See Craig, 131 F.3d at 107. Although it now seems nearly

impossible that anyone will ever be charged, the investigation has been reopened

many times, and the event has inspired annual reenactments and several books and

articles spanning seven decades.

      Balancing these competing interests, the district court did not err in holding

that the interest in disclosure outweighed the interest in continued secrecy.

                                       IV. Conclusion

      “We consistently have recognized that the proper functioning of our grand

jury system depends upon the secrecy of grand jury proceedings,” but “a court

called upon to determine whether grand jury transcripts should be released

necessarily is infused with substantial discretion.” Douglas Oil, 441 U.S. at 218,

99 S. Ct. at 1672. Given our binding decision in Hastings, and the truly

“exceptional circumstances” presented by the Moore’s Ford Lynching, we cannot

say that the district court abused its substantial discretion in ordering the release of

the grand jury transcripts. The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

      AFFIRMED.


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JORDAN, Circuit Judge, concurring:

      Three decades ago, we held that a federal court has inherent authority to

order the disclosure of grand jury materials in situations not covered by the

exceptions to secrecy set forth in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e). See In

re Petition to Inspect & Copy Grand Jury Materials (Hastings), 735 F.2d 1261,

1268 (11th Cir. 1984) (setting out an “exceptional circumstances” standard). I

would have decided Hastings differently because allowing the use of inherent

authority to go beyond the exceptions to grand jury secrecy set forth in Rule 6(e)

seems too open-ended to me. See Carlson v. United States, 837 F.3d 753, 767-71

(7th Cir. 2016) (Sykes, J., dissenting).

      Nevertheless, I join the court’s opinion. Given our decision in Hastings, I

do not see how we can say that the district court abused its discretion in relying on

its inherent authority. In addition, I do not believe there is a persuasive basis to

distinguish between the disclosure of grand jury materials for use by a judicial

investigating committee (what was at issue in Hastings) and the disclosure of

grand jury materials to discover the facts surrounding an event of exceptional

historical significance (what is at issue here).

                                           *****

      If we are going to deny disclosure here, we need to overrule Hastings, rather

than attempt to distinguish it. My initial view, following oral argument, was that


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we should consider convening en banc to revisit Hastings. Upon further reflection,

however, I have come to a different conclusion, and I’d like to explain why.

      First, Hastings does not stand alone. Other federal courts have likewise

invoked inherent authority to permit disclosure of grand jury materials in

circumstances not covered by Rule 6(e). See Carlson v. United States, 837 F.3d

753, 763-66 (7th Cir. 2016); In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 417 F.3d 18, 26 (1st

Cir. 2006); In re Craig, 131 F.3d 99, 103 (2d Cir. 1997); In re Petition of Kutler,

800 F. Supp. 2d 42, 48 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Cf. Haldeman v. Sirica, 501 F.2d 714,

715 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (en banc) (denying mandamus relief sought by the

government to prevent the district court from disclosing to the House Judiciary

Committee, post-indictment, a sealed grand jury report and accompanying

evidence, while indicating “general agreement” with the district court’s handling of

the matter). And at least one court has left the door open to the use of inherent

authority for disclosure in dicta. See In re Special Grand Jury 89-2, 450 F.3d

1159, 1178 (10th Cir. 2006).

      No federal court, as far as I can tell, has come to a contrary conclusion in a

published opinion.    The Eighth Circuit has said that “courts will not order

disclosure [of grand jury materials] absent a recognized exception to Rule 6(e) or a

valid challenge to the original sealing order or its implementation,” United States

v. McDougal, 559 F.3d 837, 840 (8th Cir. 2009), but it was not faced in that case


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with an argument for disclosure under inherent authority for matters of exceptional

historical significance. Given the current array of authority, we would likely be

creating a circuit split by overruling Hastings, and that should not be done lightly.

      Second, whatever the initial reasons for keeping grand jury matters secret,

compare George Edwards, Jr., The Grand Jury 116 (1906) [Legal Classics Library

ed. 2003] (suggesting that the “original purpose [of grand jury secrecy] was that no

offender should escape”), with Mark Kadish, Behind the Locked Doors of an

American Grand Jury: Its History, its Secrecy, and its Process, 24 Fl. St. U. L.

Rev. 1, 14 (1996) (explaining that the reasons for grand jury secrecy were varied,

and included preventing the flight of suspected criminals, finding out whether

witnesses were biased, and ensuring freedom from judicial oversight), in the

United States grand jury secrecy was not always seen as an absolute. In cases

decided before the enactment of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, some

federal courts—including the Supreme Court—held (or at least said) that secrecy is

not required after an indictment is returned and the accused is in custody. “[A]fter

the grand jury’s functions are ended, disclosure is wholly proper where the ends of

justice require it.” United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150, 234

(1940). Accord Metzler v. United States, 64 F.2d 203, 206 (9th Cir. 1933); Atwell

v. United States, 162 F. 97, 99-100 (4th Cir. 1908); In re Grand Jury Proceedings,

4 F. Supp. 283, 284-85 (E.D. Pa. 1933).


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      If Rule 6(e) was meant to “continue[ ] the traditional practice of secrecy on

the part of members of the grand jury except when the court permits a disclosure,”

Rule 6(e), 1944 Advisory Committee Notes to Subdivision (e), there is a

reasonable argument that Hastings and its progeny are at least consistent with

historical practice. As we have said: “Although Rule 6(e)(3) enumerates the

exceptions to the traditional rule of grand jury secrecy, the Supreme Court and this

Court have recognized that the district courts have inherent power beyond the

literal wording of Rule 6(e)(3) to disclose grand jury material and that Rule 6(e)(3)

is but declaratory of that authority.” United States v. Aisenberg, 358 F.3d 1327,

1347 (11th Cir. 2004). See also In re Request for Access to Grand Jury Materials,

833 F.2d 1438, 1442 (11th Cir. 1987) (“As the considerations justifying secrecy

become less relevant, the burden of showing the need for disclosure is lessened.”).

      Third, a survey of the relevant cases indicates that federal courts have been

able to apply the test set forth in In re Craig, 131 F.3d at 106, without too much

difficulty in determining which matters of exceptional historical significance

warrant the disclosure of grand jury materials. See, e.g., In re Application to

Unseal Dockets, 308 F. Supp. 3d 314, 326-35 (D.D.C. 2018); In re Nichter, 949 F.

Supp. 2d 205, 212–14 (D.D.C. 2013).            These courts have explained that

exceptional historical significance, though a necessary element for disclosure, is

itself not enough. Even if a matter or proceeding is historically significant to an


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exceptional degree, a court retains discretion to deny disclosure after balancing the

requisite factors. See, e.g., In re Nichter, 949 F.Supp.2d at 212-14.

      Fourth, and perhaps most importantly, a recent attempt to amend Rule 6(e)

to permit the disclosure of grand jury records in cases of exceptional historical

significance proved unsuccessful. The reason why this proposed amendment failed

is insightful, and in my view counsels against revisiting Hastings at this time.

      In 2011, Attorney General Eric Holder recommended that Rule 6(e) be

amended to establish procedures for disclosing historically significant grand jury

materials. See Letter from Attorney General Eric Holder to Judge Reena Raggi,

Chair of the Judicial Conference’s Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules, Oct.

18, 2011 (attached). The Department of Justice questioned whether federal courts

had inherent authority to allow such disclosures given what it believed was Rule

6(e)’s clear prohibition of disclosure of grand jury materials absent an express

exception. See id. at 2-5. Attorney General Holder proposed that disclosure of

historically significant grand jury materials be permitted, but only under new

procedures set forth in Rule 6(e) itself. The procedures suggested by the DOJ

would have required anyone seeking disclosure to show, among other things, that

the grand jury records in question have “exceptional” historical significance, that at

least 30 years have passed since the relevant case files associated with the grand

jury records were closed, that no living person would be materially prejudiced by


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disclosure, and that disclosure would not impede any pending government

investigation or prosecution. See id. at 8-9.

      The Judicial Conference’s Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules, then

chaired by Second Circuit Judge Reena Raggi, reported in 2012 to the Committee

on Rules of Practice and Procedure that it believed that the DOJ’s proposed

amendment to Rule 6(e) was unnecessary. See Minutes of Meeting of June 11-12,

2012, Judicial Conference Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, at 44

(relevant pages attached).      According to Judge Raggi, all members of a

subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules—with the exception

of the DOJ representative—recommended that the DOJ’s proposed amendment

“not be pursued” because “in the rare cases where disclosure of historic materials

had been sought, the district [courts] acted reasonably in referring to their inherent

authority,” and as a result “there [wa]s no need for a rule on the subject.” Id.

      What happened (or, more accurately, did not happen) in 2012 is not, of

course, dispositive.   But it is instructive.    If those charged with considering

amendments to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure believed in 2012 that

federal courts had properly relied on inherent authority to order the disclosure of

historically significant grand jury materials, the case for overruling Hastings is

lessened.




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                                 *****

With these thoughts, I join the court’s opinion.




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GRAHAM, District Judge, dissenting:
      The court creates an exception to the rule of grand jury secrecy, doing so on

the assertion that the rationale for secrecy erodes over time. The exception appears

to be limited to matters fitting two main criteria: enough time has elapsed for the

parties to the event to have died and enough present-day authority considers the

event to be of exceptional historical significance. The court states that the test for

historical significance is objective but leaves the test open-ended.       The court

provides little guidance for the analysis except to say that historical significance

requires more than an interested journalist, curious public or concerned friend or

family member.

      I disagree with the majority on several fronts. I believe that judges should

not be so bold as to grant themselves the authority to decide that the historical

significance exception should exist and what the criteria should be. I agree with

the dissent of Judge Sykes in Carlson v. United States, 837 F.3d 753, 767 (7th Cir.

2016) (Sykes, J., dissenting), and would hold that Rule 6(e) of the Federal Rules of

Criminal Procedure limits a district court’s authority to order the disclosure of

grand jury records. Rule 6(e)(3) codifies the policy choices made about which

exceptions should be recognized. Nothing analogous to a historical significance

exception can be found there.




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      The court relies on Hastings to sanction a broader exercise of judicial power

than the decision’s narrow holding supports. Hastings permitted an exception to

grand jury secrecy for a judicial investigating committee. It found the situation to

be “closely akin” to the Rule 6(e)(3)(E)(i) exception for judicial proceedings. In re

Petition to Inspect & Copy Grand Jury Materials (Hastings), 735 F.2d 1261, 1272

(11th Cir. 1984). An exception for matters of historical significance bears no

resemblance to an exception which applies “to assist in preparation or conduct of a

judicial proceeding.” United States v. Baggot, 463 U.S. 476, 480, 103 S. Ct. 3164,

3167 (1983).

      But even if a district court has inherent authority to order disclosure outside

of Rule 6(e), I do not believe it should be exercised in this case. The rule of grand

jury secrecy serves many interests, including “assur[ing] that persons who are

accused but exonerated by the grand jury will not be held up to public ridicule.”

Douglas Oil Co. of Cal. v. Petrol Stops Nw., 441 U.S. 211, 219, 99 S. Ct. 1667,

1673 (1979). This case presses the matter further, both in time and scope. Do

subsequent generations—the children, grandchildren and beyond—of not only the

suspects but also the grand jury witnesses and grand jurors themselves have

reputational interests that warrant protection?

      Because “secrecy of the grand jury is sacrosanct,” United States v. Phillips,

843 F.2d 438, 441 (11th Cir. 1988), and because disclosure of grand jury material


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is prohibited “except in the limited circumstances provided for in Rule 6(e)(3),”

United States v. Aisenberg, 358 F.3d 1327, 1347 (11th Cir. 2004), the rule of

secrecy, as codified in Rule 6(e)(3), has always applied to protect the interests of

subsequent generations.

      Disclosure of grand jury records should not be permitted without an exacting

review which gives due weight to the privacy and reputational interests at stake. It

is troubling that the court has authorized disclosure of the records without

examining their contents.1 It is troubling too that the government has elected not

to contest the proposition that there is no interest to be served in continued secrecy.

      That an event has exceptional historical significance cuts both ways. With

the principal parties having passed away and the investigation gone cold, one

might conclude the matter is stale and the need for secrecy over. Yet, exceptional

significance suggests a continued interest in, and impact from, the event. The

Moore’s Ford Lynching played a part in the civil rights movement and interest

remains very much alive, particularly among members of the community affected

by the event.       The depth of their interest is illustrated by the Moore’s Ford

Memorial Committee, which has advocated for racial justice and held events

memorializing the victims over the past two decades. The Committee has placed

grave markers for the victims and a historical marker near the site of the lynching.


      1
          The grand jury records were not made a part of the record before the court.
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A member of the Committee and a granddaughter of one the victims attended oral

argument in this appeal. Community members organize an annual reenactment in

honor of the victims. They still search for justice.

      The vitality of the community’s continued interest raises possible

repercussions for the living descendants and relatives of those individuals whom

the grand jury records will identify as being suspects, witnesses and grand jurors.

The modern public rightly views the lynching and failure to indict as a horrific

injustice, and many perceive it to have been the work of the Ku Klux Klan. Would

knowing that grand jury records could someday be disclosed and affect the

standing of a child or grandchild in the community deter a grand jury witness from

fully telling the truth? Could the conduct of a witness or grand juror involved in an

event that is viewed at the time as momentous or sensational be influenced by a

concern for their own legacy among future generations?

      I would hold that the reputational interests protected by Rule 6(e) include

those of subsequent generations. I am unable to dismiss the reputational harm that

could occur to a living person if the grand jury transcripts reveal that their parent or

grandparent was a suspect, a witness who equivocated or was uncooperative, a

member of the grand jury which refused to indict, or a person whose name was

identified as a Klan member.




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      Accordingly, I dissent and would reverse the district court’s order. At a

minimum this court should provide protections to limit the harm its newly-created

exception to grand jury secrecy could cause. The court should, for example,

instruct the district court on remand to examine the grand jury records, with the

assistance of the government, and to protect discernible reputational interests by

taking measures such as redacting names and other identifying information.




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