J-S75031-14


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

DANIEL LITES,

                            Appellant                No. 1151 EDA 2014


        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered March 31, 2014,
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County,
             Criminal Division, at No(s): CP-23-CR-0003235-2013


BEFORE: ALLEN, LAZARUS, and MUNDY, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY ALLEN, J.:                         FILED DECEMBER 08, 2014

        Daniel Lites (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed after the trial court convicted him of two counts of robbery (serious

bodily injury threatened), one count of theft by unlawful taking, and two

counts of conspiracy to commit robbery.1       Appellant committed the crimes

when he was fifteen (15) years old, and he was tried as an adult.

        The trial court summarized the pertinent factual and procedural history

as follows:

              On November 9, 2012, at about 7:05 p.m., a pizza
        delivery man in East Lansdowne, Pennsylvania was getting into
        his delivery vehicle when [Appellant] pointed a gun at him and
        demanded money. When the delivery man was slow to respond,
        [Appellant] struck him in the face, pointed his gun and again
        demanded money. After this victim gave him over $400.00,
____________________________________________


1
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(a)(ii), 3921(a), and 903.
J-S75031-14


     [Appellant] and an accomplice fled on foot. See Exhibit C-1 pp.
     5-10.

           The next day, November 10, 2012, at about 7:00 p.m.,
     [Appellant] entered a Chinese restaurant while an accomplice
     acted as a lookout. [Appellant] pointed a gun at the cook’s head
     and demanded money. When he did not respond to the demand
     for money, [Appellant] moved on to the cashier. He grabbed her
     by the neck, pointed his gun at her and demanded money. She
     opened the cash register drawer and he took over $200.00 in
     cash and fled. Id. at 16-22.

           On the following day, November 11, 2012, at about 2:50
     p.m., [Appellant] approached a pedestrian and asked to use his
     iPhone.     The victim allowed him to use the phone and
     [Appellant] ran away with it. A chase ensued but [Appellant]
     escaped with the iPhone. Later the same day, [Appellant] made
     several calls from the stolen phone, including one to his mother.
     See id. at 37-38; N.T., 1/15/14 pp. 5-8.

           A search warrant for [Appellant’s] residence seeking
     among other things, the iPhone and a photo of [Appellant], was
     issued and executed on November 15, 2012. [Appellant] was
     not at the residence when the warrant was [executed] and
     neither the iPhone nor a current photograph of [Appellant] were
     located. He did however appear at the Lansdowne Borough
     Police Department later on the same day to be photographed.
     At the police station, [Appellant] made admissions which
     implicated him in all three of the foregoing incidents. See
     Exhibit C-1, pp. 41-42.

            [Appellant’s] preliminary hearing was conducted on May
     17, 2013 and at its conclusion he was held on all charges
     relating to these matters. [Appellant] filed a motion to suppress
     statements he gave on November 15, 2012. On September 19,
     2013, an evidentiary hearing addressing [Appellant’s] motion to
     suppress was held. The Court entered an Order denying the
     motion on October 3, 2013.

            The matter then proceeded by way of a stipulated bench
     trial at which [Appellant] was found guilty of the charges set
     forth above. An aggregate sentence of eight to sixteen years of
     incarceration to be followed by four years of probation was
     imposed. [Appellant] filed a timely Notice of Appeal on April 7,
     2014. [Both the trial court and Appellant have complied with
     Pa.R.A.P. 1925.]

                                   -2-
J-S75031-14



Trial Court Opinion, 5/22/14, at 1-3 (footnote omitted).

        Appellant presents two suppression issues on appeal:

              Whether the actions of the Police Officers in conducting a
        detailed interview with the Appellant who was a minor, without
        giving him Miranda Warnings and without a parent or guardian
        present, was in violation of Appellant’s Constitutional rights?

               Whether the totality of the circumstances, including the
        fact that the Police failed to properly notify Appellant’s mother of
        his Constitutional rights, including his right to remain silent,
        invalidates the waiver of his Miranda Rights?

Appellant’s Brief at 4.      Within the argument section of his brief, Appellant

conflates the above issues in one argument section. See Appellant’s Brief at

8-12. In response, the Commonwealth counters that Appellant was not in

custody when he voluntarily appeared at the police station, and then

voluntarily waived his Miranda2 rights when he gave his statement to

police. Commonwealth Brief at 7.

        Our standard of review of the trial court’s denial of a suppression

motion is as follows:

              An appellate court's standard of review in addressing a
        challenge to a trial court's denial of a suppression motion is
        limited to determining whether the factual findings are
        supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions
        drawn from those facts are correct. [Because] the prosecution
        prevailed in the suppression court, we may consider only the
        evidence of the prosecution and so much of the evidence for the
        defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of
        the record as a whole. Where the record supports the factual
        findings of the trial court, we are bound by those facts and may
____________________________________________


2
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).



                                           -3-
J-S75031-14


       reverse only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in
       error.

Commonwealth v. Reese, 31 A.3d 708, 721 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations

omitted). Moreover, “[i]t is within the suppression court's sole province as

factfinder to pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given

to their testimony.    The suppression court is free to believe all, some or

none    of   the    evidence     presented   at   the   suppression   hearing.”

Commonwealth v. Elmobdy, 823 A.2d 180, 183 (Pa. Super. 2003)

(citations omitted).

       Here, the particular facts and circumstances are critical to our review.

As the finder of fact and arbiter of credibility, the trial court has offered

reasoning which is both accurate and persuasive.        We therefore adopt the

opinion of the Honorable James P. Bradley, sitting as the trial court, in

disposing of this appeal.      In addition to citing prevailing case law, Judge

Bradley observed:

       [] [Appellant] was not “in custody” when he arrived at the
       Lansdowne Police Department []. Sergeant Cadden executed
       the search warrant at [Appellant’s] home earlier in the day and
       left word that [Appellant] should contact him. [Appellant] knew
       that there was an ongoing investigation and that Sergeant
       Cadden wanted his photograph. [Appellant] was not arrested.
       He was not transported to the police station; he arrived on his
       own. Sergeant Cadden retrieved a camera and then he too,
       went to the Lansdowne police station. [Appellant] spent no
       more than a few minutes with Sergeant Cadden before he began
       to implicate himself in the theft and robberies and at that point
       Sergeant Cadden immediately interrupted [Appellant]. At no
       point was [Appellant] handcuffed, searched or threatened in any
       way. While [Appellant’s] age is a relevant factor that
       must be considered, it alone does not dictate a finding


                                       -4-
J-S75031-14


     that he was in custody. Additionally, while the fact that
     [Appellant] was the focus of an investigation has been
     considered, given the totality of the circumstances in this case
     the conclusion that by appearing at the police station he was
     yielding to the functional equivalent of an arrest does not follow.
     [Appellant] was asked to contact Sergeant Cadden.                He
     appeared at the police station of his own volition and not subject
     to a prolonged period of detention or interrogation. He was
     never threatened, handcuffed, searched or physically restrained.
     If [Appellant] believed that he was not free to leave the police
     station immediately after his arrival, that belief was not
     objectively reasonable. In fact, as Sergeant Cadden was taking
     [Appellant’s] photograph, he suggested that they meet later
     along with his mother or father to take a statement. While
     Sergeant Cadden did not say explicitly, “you are free to leave,”
     he repeatedly suggested that all of the interested parties should
     meet later and that he sought only a photograph.

           Assuming arguendo that after admitting involvement in the
     “iPhone    robbery,”   [Appellant]   was   “in   custody,”   the
     circumstances demonstrate that the waiver that followed was
     knowing and voluntary.      As soon as [Appellant] implicated
     himself in the iPhone incident and began to make statements
     that inculpated him in two other robberies, Sergeant Cadden
     ended the conversation. He told [Appellant] he would not take a
     statement without his mother or a guardian present and, over
     the [Appellant’s] objection, insisted that he call his mother.
     [Appellant] spoke with his mother privately, and then Sergeant
     Cadden spoke with her. Sergeant Cadden told her that he was
     investigating a series of robberies and that [Appellant] had
     information that might implicate him. He told her that he
     wanted her to be present when her son was interviewed, and
     that “these were very, very serious charges and that I would be
     happy to wait.” She was not interested in attending an interview
     at any time and told Sergeant Cadden to go ahead with the
     interview. [Appellant] spoke with his mother again and, after
     obtaining an advice of rights form, Sergeant Cadden read
     [Appellant] his rights. [Appellant] stated that he understood
     each one of his rights as they were read, he initialed his
     responses to each question read and he executed his waiver by
     signing the form.

                                    ***


                                    -5-
J-S75031-14


            [I]n Commonwealth v. Knox, 50 A.3d 732 (Pa. Super.
      2012) a seventeen year old defendant’s waiver was voluntary,
      knowing and intelligent although his statement was given
      outside his father’s presence. In Knox, the defendant’s father
      was contacted but declined to go to the police station for the
      interrogation when his son was arrested following a shooting.
      The court explained that the remaining circumstances including
      the defendant’s age and experience, the brevity of his detention
      and the fact that he demonstrated no difficulty in understanding
      the questions on the Miranda form supported a valid waiver.

             In this case, the fifteen year old [Appellant] voluntarily
      appeared at the police station.       He was not transported,
      searched or handcuffed. As Sergeant Cadden photographed
      [Appellant] he began to make statements implicating him and
      Sergeant Cadden immediately stopped the conversation. He
      advised [Appellant] that his mother’s presence would be
      required before a statement would be taken. Over [Appellant’s]
      “adamant” objection, Sergeant Cadden told [Appellant] to call
      his mother. [Appellant] spoke to his mother privately and then
      Sergeant Cadden spoke with her and advised her that the
      charges were very serious and that she should be present. He
      made the same suggestion to her that he had made to
      [Appellant]; he offered to schedule a meeting for a statement
      later, when she could be present. She declined and then she
      spoke to [Appellant] again. When [Appellant] and his mother
      both told him that she would not be coming to the station and
      that [Appellant] wanted to give a statement, Sergeant Cadden
      retrieved an advice of rights form, reviewed the form with
      [Appellant] and he executed the waiver. There is no evidence
      that [Appellant] is of less than normal intelligence or that he
      suffers from a condition that would preclude a knowing and
      intelligent waiver.   Under these circumstances, as in Knox,
      supra, [Appellant’s] waiver was knowing and intelligent.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/22/14, at 8-9, 12-13 (emphasis supplied, citations to

some case law and notes of testimony omitted).

      The trial court’s reasoning is supported by our review of the record.

Sergeant Cadden was the sole witness at the suppression hearing.           He

testified that Appellant “started talking in great detail. Realizing his age I

                                    -6-
J-S75031-14



said that I’m going to need to speak to your guardian, your mother …” N.T.,

9/19/13, at 16.      Sergeant Cadden testified that Appellant “Was very

adamant about not having her present.” Id. at 17. He stated:

      I told [Appellant] that no, that’s not how it works. It’s not going
      to happen. I must speak with his mother and he said over and
      over again, well, she’s at work right now. And then I instructed
      him to call her at work. It’s a very serious matter. And at that
      point he did ultimately. And I left him unattended to call his
      mother and then he handed me the phone and I spoke to a
      person whose voice I knew to be his mother.

Id. at 18. Sergeant Cadden stated that Appellant’s mother told him she was

at work and “can’t make it” and said, “no, go ahead, some – expressing

frustration with [Appellant] and his problems.” Id. at 19. Sergeant Cadden

specifically testified that Appellant’s mother gave permission for the

interview, and “rejected” Sergeant Cadden’s offer to wait.     Id. at 20, 34.

Sergeant Cadden said that he “was only expecting to take a photograph”,

but subsequently “went through each of the Miranda warnings in great

detail” before talking further with Appellant. Id. at 22.

      Given the foregoing, we discern no trial court error, and adopt the

entire trial court opinion as our own.     The parties shall attach copies of

Judge Bradley’s May 22, 2014 opinion in the event of future proceedings in

this case.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.




                                     -7-
J-S75031-14




Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 12/8/2014




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          IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                  -             CRIMINAL DIVISION




      COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                          CP-23-CR-3235-2013

                                vs.

                        DANIEL UTES


     Eileen Courtney, Esquire, on behalf of the Commonwealth •••• -.---------•• - .... --
     Michael J. Malloy, on behalf of the Defendant


                                             OPINION
     Bradley, J.                                         FILED:
;;
,,

              Defendant Daniel Lites was found guilty of two counts of robbery, serious bodily

     injured threatened, l one count of theft by unlawful taking' and two counts of climinal

     conspiracy to commit robbery'. These convictions arose from three different inCidents, all of

     which were committed when the Defendant was fifteen years old. He was tried as an adult

     See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6302. See ~ Commonwealth v. Ramos. 920 A.2d 1253 (Pa. Super.

     2007).

              On November 9, 2012 at about 7:05 p.m. a pizza delivery man in East Lansdowne,

     Pennsylvania was getting into his delivery vehicle when Defendant pointed a gun at him and

     demanded money. When the delivery man was slow to respond the Defendant struck him In



     , 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(Ii)
     ,
     218 Pa.C.S.A. §. 3921(a)
       18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903.

                                                     1
                                                                                 Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




         the face, pointed his gun and again demanded money. After this victim gave him over

         $400.00 the Defendant and an accomplice fled on foot.   ~   Exhibit C-1 pp. 5-10.

                 The next day, November 10, 2012, at about 7:00 p.m . the Defendant entered a

         Chinese restaurant while an accomplice acted as a lookout. Defendant pointed a gun at the

         cook's head and demanded money. When he did not respond to the demand for money

         Defendant moved on to the cashier. He grabbed her by the neck, pointed his gun at her and

         demanded money. She opened the cash register drawer and he took over $200.00 In cash

         and fied . .!Q. at 16-22.

                On the following day, November 11, 2012at about 2:50 p.m. Defendant approached a

         pedestrian and asked to use his iPhone. The victim allowed him to use the phone and

         Defendant ran away with it. A chase ensued but the Defendant escaped with the IPhone.

         Later the same day Defendant made several calls from the stolen IPhone, Including one to his

         mother. See ill. at 37-38; NT 1/15/14 pp. 5-8.

                A search warrant for Defendant's residence seeking among other things, the iPhone

         and a photo of the Defendant, was issued and executed on November 15, 2012. The

         Defendant was not at the residence when the warrant was issued and neither the IPhone nor

         a current photograph of the Defendant were located. He did however appear at the

         Lansdowne Borough Police Department later on the same day to be photographed. At the

         police station Defendant made admissions which implicated him In all three of the foregoing

         Incidents. ~ Exhibit C-1, pp. 41-42.

                Defendant's preliminary hearing was conducted on May 17, 2013 and at its conclusion

         he was held on all charges relating to these matters. Defendant filed a motion to suppress


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             statements that he gave on November 15, 2012.' On September 19, 2013 an evidentiary

             hearing addressing Defendant's motion to suppress was held. The Court entered an Order

             denying the motion on October 3, 2013.

       ·.
                     The matter then proceeded by way of
                                                  ..
                                                                  astipulated bench trial at which Defendant was
             found guilty of the charges set forth above. An aggregate sentence of eight to sixteen years

             of incarceration to be followed by four years of proba~on was Imposed. Defendant filed a
                                           '..,        .


             ~mely   Notice of Appeal on April 7, 2014. In his "Statement of Matters Complained of on

            Appeal," Defendant claims that the trial court erred when it failed to suppress his statements.

            Specifically, Defendant claims that Defendant was not advised of his Miranda rights before a

            . custodial statement was taken, and that any subsequent waiver of Miranda rights was not
,.,.
!
'.
            voluntary, knowing and intelligent because he did not consult with a parent or other adult

            before waiving his rights. In connection with these daims Defendant contends that although

.'          an officer spoke to Defendant's mother by telephone and sought permission to speak to

            Defendant, "at no time was Defendant's mother asked if she would like to be present for the

            interview." Finally, Defendant ciaims that law enforcement's failure to advise his mother of

            his Miranda rights and failure to offer him the opportunily to consult with his mother or an

            interested adult rendered his statements inadmissible at trial.

                     Statements made during custodial interrogation are presumptiVely involuntary, unless

            the accused is first advised of his or her Miranda rights. Custodial interrogation is



            4 A motion to quash charges related to the "iPhone" Incident was also filed. The v!ctim !n that Incfdent did not
            testify at the preliminary hearing and Defendant moved to quash on that basis. On January 15, 2014 the Court
            heard the testimony of the lIict;im, James Cox, and of Sergeant James cadden, the InvestIgating officer.
            Following that hearing the Commonwealth moved to amend the Informations without obje::tJon and In Count
            21,- theft by unlawful taking, was added. At trial, regarding the "iPhone" Inddent/ the CommonWealth proceeded
            on this charge alone. ~ N.T. 3/31/14 pp. 10-11.
                                                                   3
                                                                                       Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




              "questioning Initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken Into custody

              or otherwise deprived of [her) freedom of action in any significant way." "[T)he Miranda

              safeguards come Into play whenever a person In custody Is subjected to either express

              questioning or its functional equivalent." lQ. A person Is deemed to be In custody for

              Miranda purposes when "[he) is physically denied of his freedom of action in any significant

              way or is placed in a situation In which he reasonably believes that his freedom of action or

              movement is restricted by the Interrogation:' In re C.O., 84 A.3d 726, 732 (Pa. Super. 2014)

              quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 650 A.2d 420, 427 (Pa. 1994). "The subjective intent of

              the Interrogating officer Is not relevant to a determination of whether an interrogation was

              custodial. Rather, the paramount focus is on whether the individual being interrogated

              reasonably believes that his freedom of action is being restricted. Commonwealth v. Ellis,

              700 A.2d 948, 955 (Pa. Super. 1997). See also In re D,H., 863 A.2d 562 (Pa. Super. 2004).

                    To avoid suppression based on a violation of Miranda, "it is the Commonwealth's

              burden to establish by preponderance that a defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his

              Miranda rights. To meet its burden the Commonwealtn must demonstrate "that the proper

              warnings were given, and that the accused manifested an understanding of tnese warnings,"

              Commonwealth y. Kunkle, 79 A.3d 1173, 1179 -1180 (Pa. Super. 2013). Sge ~

              Commoowealth v, 8aez, 21 A.3d 1280 (Pa. Super. 2011).

                    Sergeant James Cadden of the East Lansdowne Police Department Investigated the

              November 11th "iPhone" Incident and in the course of his InVestigation he obtained a search

              warrant for 109 Atlantic Avenue which is located in the Borough of Lansdowne. N,T. 9/19/13

              pp. 8-11. The warrant authorized a search and seizure of inter alia, an IPhone and a


                                                            4
....
'

    ;,
    ~.'
          '
    ' K",,,,".~_ . . . .
    ~~~=~ - ~~                  .....---.." ..- .
                                                                                       Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




        photograph of the Defendant.          rg. at 14, 28. Defendant's mother resided at this address with
        several family members. Sergeant Cadden knew both the Defendant and his mother from

        previous interactions. rg. at 8-11. The warrant was executed at about 4:00 p.m. The

        Defendant was not at the residence at the time and Sergeant Cadden was unable to obtain a

        current photo. Sergeant Cadden "left word with family members to have the Defendant

        contact [him.]" M. at 15, 29.

               Later in the day Sergeant Cadden received a call from the Lansdowne Police

        Department Defendant had appeared at the Lansdowne Police Department to be

        photographed. Id. at 15. Sergeant Cadden went to his home station in East Lansdowne,

        picked up his camera and continued on to the Lansdowne station where he met the

        Defendant. IQ. Sergeant Cadden told the Defendant that he wanted to take the photograph

        because he was investigating the IPhone robbery. Id. at 16. Sergeant Cadden tes~fied:

               A. Okay. I notified him as far as the cell phone robbery, what it had been about and
        why the photograph was being taken. And at that point he began speaking about the aime
        itself, the cell phone robbery.
               Q. All right. And what did you do then when he started saying something?
              A. Well, he started talking in great detail. Realizing his age I said that I'm going to
        need to speak with your guardian, your mother, and ...
               Q. All right. So in other words did you stop him?
               Q. Oh; yes, ma'am.
       rg. at 16. ~ aw id. at 34.
              Sergeant Cadden took Defendant's photo, telling Defendant that they could meet later

       for a statement with his mother or father in attendance. Id. at 37. Sergeant Cadden

       instructed Defendant to contact his mother, advising him further that he "needed" her to be


I
I                                                           5
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                                                                                       Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




           present when Defendant gave a statement. Id. at 17. Defendant was "adamant." ,lQ. at 18.

      ,.   He stated tIlat his motller was at work and he did not want her present ,lQ. Ultimately

           Sergeant cadden prevailed. He left Defendant unattended to call his motller. Defendant

           made tile call, spoke to his mother alone and then gave Sergeant Cadden tile telephone. Ili.

                   Sergeant Cadden spoke witll tile Defendant's motller. He told her tIlat he was

           investigating a series of robberies and tIlat Daniel had Information that might implicate him.

           Id. at 19. Although he did not read her tile Miranda rights, he told her that he wanted her to

           be present when her son was interviewed, and tIlat "these were very, very serious charges

           and tIlat I would be happy to wait." jQ. at 19, 34-35. When she replied tIlat she was     wo~~ing


           late and couldn't "make It," Sergeant Cadden said tIlat tile interview cO'uld wait unlil she
.,'

           could come in . lQ. She refused Sergeant Cadden's offer, Instructed him to "go ahead: with

           tile Interview and expressed her frustration with her son and wltll his problems. IQ. at 19-20.

           Sergeant Cadden handed the phone back to tile Defendant and he spoke to his mother

           again. ,lQ.

                  Sergeant Cadden obtained a tape recorder and an East Lansdowne Police Department

           advice of rights form. Sergeant cadden administered the Miranda warnings, adding

           Defendant's responses to each question asked, including the last question which states that

           he understood his rights and was willing to give them up and answer questions. Id. at 22.

           Defendant Initialed each response and added his initials and signed the waiver portion. IQ.

           ~   Exhibit C5-2; Sergeant Cadden requested a warrant for Defendant's arrest the following

           day and the warrant was issued on November 17, 2013. See Criminal Complaint; Arrest

           Warrant.


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           A person questioned by law enforcement officers after being" 'taken.into custody or

    otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way' must first 'be warned that

    he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence

    against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or

    appointed."ln re V,H" 788 A.2d 976 (Pa. Super. 2001) quoting Stansbury v, California, 511

    u.S. 318, 322-323,114 S.Ct. 1526, 1528-1529, 128 L.Ed.2d 293 (1994). Whether an

    individual is in "custOdy" is an initial determination that depends on the objective

    circumstances of the Interrogation, rather than on "the subjective views harbored by either

    the interrogating officers or the person being questioned." The "ultimate inquiry" is whether

    there is a formal arrest or a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with
                                   .
    a formal arrest. IQ. The fact that a defendant is the focus of an investigation does not,

    without more circumstances demonstrating that his freedom was restricted, necessarily lead

    to the conclusion that a defendant is in "custody." IQ. citing Beckwith v. United States, 425
,
.   u.S. 341, 96 S.Ct. 1612,48 L.Ed.2d 1 (1976). In In re V,H" g[Q@, when considering whether

    a Juvenile who was Interviewed at his home was "In custody," the COurt explained:

          The test for determining whether a suspect is being subjected to custodial
          Interrogation so as to necessitate Miranda warnings is whether he is physically
          deprived of his freedom in any Significant way or Is placed In a situation In which
          he reasonably believes that his freedom of action or movement is restricted by
          such interrogation ..... 337, 549 A.2d 'Indeed, police detenUons only become
          'custodial' when under the totality of circumstances the conditions and/or
          duration of the detention become so coercive    as to constitute the functional
          equivalent of formal arrest.' Among the factors the court utilizes in determining,
          under the totality of the drcumstances, whether the detention became so
          coercive as to constitute the functional equivalent of a formal arrest are: the

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                   basis for the detention; the duration; the location; whether the suspect was
                   transferred against his will, how far, and why; whether restraints were used; the
                   show, threat or use of force; and the methods of investigation used to confirm or
                   dispel suspicions.   MJ. at 980 . .
                   When tile foregoing prindples are applied to the facts of this case, the

            conclusion tl1at Defendant was not "in custody" when he arrived at the Lansdowne

            Police Department follows. Sergeant cadden executed the search warrant at tile

            Defendant's home earlier in the day and left word tilat Defendant should contact him.

            Defendant knew.that there was an ongoing investigation and that Sergeant cadden

            wanted his photograph. Defendant was not arrested. He was not transported ro the

            police station; he arrived on his own. Sergeant Cadden retrieved a camera and then he

            roo, went to the Lansdowne police station. Defendant spent no more than a matter of a

            few minutes with Sergeant cadden before he began to implicate himself in the theft

            and robberies and at that point Sergeant cadden immediately interrupted Defendant. At

            no point was the Defendant handcuffed, searched or tilreatened in any way. While

            Defendant's age Is a relevant factor that must be conSidered, it alone does not dictate a

            finding that Defendant he was In custody. Additionally,
                                                        . ' .
                                                                    while the fact that Defendant

            was the fcicus of an investigation has been considered, given the totality of the
       ij   circumstances in this case the conclusion that by appearing at the police he was

            yielding to the functional equivalent of an arrest does not follow. See Commo!ll'lealth v,

            Busch, 713 A.2d 97 (Pa. Super. 1998) citfng Commonwealth v, Peters, 642 A.2d 1126,

            1130 (1994). Defendant was asked to contact Sergeant cadden. He appeared at the

 ;i.,
            police station of his own volition and not subject ro a prolonged period of detention or

:;
                                                           8
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                                                                                                    Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




                           interrogation, He was never threatened, handcuffed, searched or physically restrained.

                           If Defendant believed that he was not free to leave the police station immediately after

                           his arrival that belief was not objectively reasonable. Compare In re K.Q.M., 873 A,2d

                           752 (Pa .Super. 2005) (belief that he was not free to leave was objectively reasonable

                           where Sixteen year-old questioned at 3:00 a.m. by uniformed officers in co-defendant's

                           home with no parental notification). In fact, as Sergeant Cadden was taking

                           Defendant's photograph he suggested that they meet later along with his mother or

                           father to take a statement While Sergeant Cadden did not say expliCitly, "you are free

                           to leave," he repeatedly suggested that all of the interested parties should meet later

                          and that he sought only a photograph. Id, at 37 .
.,
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o                                 Assuming arguendo that after admitting Involvement in the "iPhone robbery,"

                          Defendant was "In custody," the circumstances demonstrate that the waiver that

                          followed was knowing and voluntary. As soon as the Defendant implicated himself In

                          the iPhone incident and began to make statements that inculpated him In two other

                          robberies Sergeant Cadden ended the conversation. He told the Defendant ):hat he

                          would not take a statement without his mother or a guardian present and, bver the
                j         Defendant's objection insisted that he call his mother. Defendant spoke with his mother
            l.)i
                          privately, and then SergeantCadden spoke with her. Sergeant Cadden told her that he
            ~
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           ;,01           was investigating a series of robberies and that Daniel had information that might
           :~

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           (.             implicate him. He told her that he wanted her to be present when her son was
           ;;~
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           ,~l            interviewed, and that "these were very, very serious charges and that I would be happy
       ,
       "~I
       h
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       >><!               to wait." She was not interested in attending an interview at any time and told Sergeant
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                                                                                 Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




     Cadden to go ahead with the Interview. Defendant spoke with his mother again and,

     after obtaining an advice of rights form Sergeant Cadden read the Defendant his rights.

     Defendant stated that he understood each one of his rights as they were read, he

     Initialed his responses to each question read and he executed his waiver by signing the

     form.

             Juveniles are protected by the rights that Miranda v, Adzona, 384   U.s. 436, 86
     S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), affords. S§g M. In re K,Q,M., 873 A.2d 752, 755

     (Pa. Super. 2005). However, there is no per se requirement that an informed       adu~

     must be present before a juvenile can waive his Miranda rights. In Commoowealth v.

     Williams, 475 A,2d12B3 (Pa. 1984) the.Supreme Court rejected the application of the

     existing rebuttable presumption that a juvenile is incompetent to waNe his

     constitutional rights without first having an opportunity to consult with an Interested
                                                      ,
     and Informed adult. Reaffirming the principle that a juvenile may not be subject to

     custodial interrogation before voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently waiving his

     Miranda rights, the Court held that a "totality of the circumstances" analysis is

     applicable and that all of the attending facts and circumstances, Including whether an

     interested adult was available for consultation, must be considered when determining

     whether a "juvenile's confession was knowingly and freely given," In Williams, the court.

     answered that question affirmatively, The defendant was seventeen and a half years

     old, he had considerable experience in the juvenile justice system, he was arrested and

     detained but was not subject to any physical or psychological abuse, he was not

     threatened, no promises were made, he was responsive to questions asked of him, he


                                                    10
                                                                                     Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




        was in custody for less than two hours, and he was questioned for little more than an
              .                    '
        hour before he made a confession and he had an opportunity to talk with his father

        before he was advised of his rights, In his father's presence.

                  Defendant daims that his waiver was not knowing and intelligent because he

        was fifteen and was not afforded an opportunity to consult with or have an informed

        adult present. In support he relies on In re TB., 11 A.3d 500 (Pa. Super. 2010) where

        the Superior Court found that the juveQile defendant's voluntary waiver was not

        knowing and·intelligent. T.B. was arrested while driving a stolen vehicle. He was in a

        "Juvenile holding fadllty.« Three days before his arrest his mother had been contacted

        by a detective who was investigating a series of burglaries and wanted her permission

        to speak with T.B. She said she would arrange for her son to speak to the police. After

        his arrest another officer obtained the mother's permission to speak with TB. about the

        burglaries and the stolen car Incident. There was no Indication that the officer discussed

        T.B:s Miranda rights with his mother. T.B. was kept In a holding cell for two hours

        before he was advised of his Miranda rights. He waived those rights and was

    !   interviewed. He admitted that he had participated in four burglaries and had stolen

    I   the vehicle in question. The parties stipulated that T. B:s I.Q. was sixty-seven, he read

I       at a third grade level, and that he was never arrested before.

I1                The Superior Court found that T.B.'s waiver was .not knowing and intelligent. Its

I       examination of the "totality of the circumstances: included the following: the appellant

I
\
        was arrested and placed in a juvenile holding cell for two hours; officer's contacted his

$       mother before speaking to him and asked if they could discuss several burglaries with


                                                         11
                                                               -................   __._   ....

                                                                                                 Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




               T.B.; she was not advised of his rights and she was not asked to be present; T.B. was

               not offered an opportunity to speak with his mother or an Interested adult and he did

               not consult with an Interested adult; T.B. was fifteen years-old, had no prior

               expenence with law enforcement, had an IQ of 67 and read at a third grade level. Id. at

               508.
                                                                                                     ,
                      In contrast, In   CQmmQnwea~h   v. Knox, 50 A.3d 732 (Pa. Super. 2012) a seventeen

               year old defendant's waiver was voluntary, knowing and intelligent although his statement

               was given outside his father's presence. In Knox, the defendant's father was contacted but

               declined to go to the police station for the Interrogation when his son was arrested following

               a shooting. The court explained that the remaining circumstances including the defendant's

               age and experience, the brevity of his detention and the fact that he demonstrated no
:1
               difficulty in understanding the questions on the Miranda form supported a valid waiver.

                      In this case the fifteen year-old Defendant voluntarily appeared at th"e police
,
)              station. He was not transported, searched or handcuffed. As Sergeant Cadden

               photographed Defendant he began to make statements implicating him and Sergeant

               Cadden immediately stopped the conversation. He advised Defendant that his mother's

               presence would be required before a statement would be taken. Over the Defendant's

     II
              "adamant" objection Sergeant Cadden told the Defendant to call his mother. Defendant

              spoke to his mother privately and then Sergeant Cadden spoke with her and advised

     j - -_ heHhat-tRE>-d:large,,-w.ere very serious and that she should be present. He made the

     1        "same suggestion to her that he had made to the Defendant: he offered to schedule a
     ~
     "~
     ,I       meeting for a statement later, when she could be present. She declined and then she
     ;:1
     .~


                                                             12
                                                                             Circulated 11/13/2014 11:27 AM




spoke to the Defendant again. When Defendant and his mother both told him that she

would not be coming to the station and that Defendant wanted to give a statement

Sergeant retrieved an advice of rights form, reviewed the form with the Defendant and

he executed the' waiver. There is no evidence that Defendant is of less than normal

intelligence or that he suffers from a condition that would preclude a knowing and

inlElligent waiver. Under these Circumstances, as in Knox, g[Q@, Defendant's waiver

was knowing and Intelligent.
       In summary, all of the foregoing circumstances compel the conclusion the waiver

was voluntary, that is, "it was the product of a free and deliberalE choice rather than

intimidation, coercion or deception." In re T.B., 11 A.3d at 505. Compare, In Interest

of C.L., 714 A.2d 1074 (Pa . Super. 199B) (fourteen year-old's statement given outside

parents' presence after he was subjected to physical and verbal threats and placed in

jail cell was not freely given). In light of the foregoing, It is respectfully submitted that

judgment of sentence should be affirmed.


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