            SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                                         en banc
DWIGHT LAUGHLIN,                                )      Opinion issued June 30, 2020
                                                )
                           Respondent,          )
                                                )
v.                                              )      No. SC98012
                                                )
DEWAYNE PERRY AND                               )
ELLEN FLOTTMAN,                                 )
                                                )
                           Appellants.          )

        APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF NEWTON COUNTY
                  The Honorable James V. Nichols, Judge

      Public defenders Dewayne Perry (hereinafter,        “Perry”) and Ellen Flottma n

(hereinafter “Flottman”) appeal the circuit court’s judgment affirming a jury’s verdict in

favor of Dwight Laughlin (hereinafter, “Laughlin”) on his legal malpractice claim. Perry

and Flottman argue the circuit court erred in overruling their motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) because they had official immunity from being sued

for legal malpractice and because Laughlin failed to make a submissible case. This Court

holds public defenders are entitled to official immunity from suit. Because this point is
dispositive, this Court does not reach Perry and Flottman’s other claim of error. The circuit

court’s judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded. 1

                             Factual and Procedural History 2

       In 1933, the United States acquired land in Neosho, Missouri, on which to build a

United States post office, and the State of Missouri ceded jurisdiction over the land to the

federal government. 3 The United States Constitution provides, if a state cedes jurisdictio n

over federal property within the state, the United States has exclusive jurisdiction to hear

cases involving offenses committed on that federal property, depriving that state’s courts

of the authority to enforce state law on federal property. U.S. Const. art. I, sec. 8, cl. 17.

       In 1993, Laughlin burglarized the Neosho post office and caused property damage.

The federal government declined to prosecute Laughlin, but state charges were filed. Perry

and another public defender, Mark White (hereinafter, “White”), were assigned to

represent Laughlin at his trial. Neither public defender challenged jurisdiction although

Laughlin thought the state “did not have the right to prosecute” him. Perry spoke with the

prosecuting attorney about the issue.      Perry, White, and the prosecuting attorney all

believed concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute Laughlin existed, and none of them could

recall an instance in which the federal government had exclusive jurisdiction in a similar

criminal case. After a jury trial, Laughlin was found guilty and sentenced to thirty years’



1 This Court has jurisdiction. Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 10.
2 This recitation incorporates portions of State ex rel. Laughlin v. Bowersox, 318 S.W.3d
695 (Mo. banc 2010), and State v. Laughlin, 900 S.W.2d 662 (Mo. App. S.D. 1995),
without further attribution or citation.
3 Section 12.010. All statutory references are to RSMo 2000 unless otherwise indicated.

                                               2
imprisonment on the burglary count and ten years’ imprisonment on the property damage

count, to be served consecutively.

       Laughlin appealed.    While his direct appeal was pending, Laughlin’s appointed

appellate public defender, James Martin (hereinafter, “Martin”), filed a Rule 29.15 post-

conviction motion, alleging “the trial court did not have jurisdiction to try [his] case since

it was a federal offense thereby preempting state court jurisdiction.” The motion court

denied his claim because “[n]o evidence was adduced showing the offense was not a state

offense or that the federal government had pre-empted jurisdiction.”

       The court of appeals consolidated Laughlin’s direct appeal and his post-convictio n

appeal. Flottman represented Laughlin in this proceeding. Laughlin sent Flottman a letter

stating, “My charges were originally federal because the building was a post office” and

cited cases he alleged demonstrated “due process flaws.” However, Flottman could not

glean that Laughlin was conveying his desire to assert a jurisdictional challenge.        She

believed there was concurrent jurisdiction and did not believe jurisdiction was a “good

issue.” Neither appeal challenged the circuit court’s jurisdiction to try his case. Both

judgments were affirmed. State v. Laughlin, 900 S.W.2d 662 (Mo. App. S.D. 1995).

       While incarcerated and after the appeals were final, Laughlin discovered the deed

to the post office and the federal and state provisions conferring exclusive federal

jurisdiction in his criminal case. Laughlin began filing pro se motions to secure his release

that were denied routinely until 2009. In November 2009, Laughlin petitioned for a writ

of habeas corpus to determine whether his criminal convictions were void because the

circuit court lacked jurisdiction over the subject matter.       The state argued whether
                                              3
jurisdiction was proper was litigated years ago, Laughlin was bound by the circuit court’s

judgment, and relief was barred due to his failure to raise the matter on appeal. After the

circuit court and court of appeals denied Laughlin relief, this Court issued a writ of habeas

corpus, holding Missouri did not have jurisdiction over offenses occurring in the Neosho

post office; therefore, the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to prosecute Laughlin for

burglary or property damage. State ex rel. Laughlin v. Bowersox, 318 S.W.3d 695, 703

(Mo. banc 2010). Laughlin was discharged from custody.

       In August 2011, Laughlin sued Perry, White, Martin, and Flottman, alleging legal

malpractice and breach of fiduciary obligation for their failure to assert the jurisdictio na l

challenge during their representation of him at trial, on appeal, and in his post-convictio n

proceedings. 4   All defendants raised official immunity as an affirmative defense,

contending official immunity applied to them because they were being sued for the

performance of their official duties as state agents, officers, or employees while performing

functions requiring a broad degree of discretion.

       Laughlin submitted the legal malpractice claims at trial.          Laughlin presented

testimony from an expert who opined the defendants breached the standard of care by

failing to pursue the jurisdictional challenge, which the expert characterized as “obvious. ”

The jury returned its verdict in Laughlin’s favor against Perry and Flottman and in Martin’s

favor against Laughlin.    Perry and Flottman filed a JNOV motion alleging they were



4 Laughlin also sued another attorney who represented him in an appeal before the
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in 1997. Laughlin volunta r ily
dismissed that attorney and White prior to trial.
                                              4
shielded from liability due to official immunity. The circuit court overruled their motion,

and they now appeal.

                                   Standard of Review

       “The standard of review for the denial of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict

(JNOV) is essentially the same as review of the denial of a motion for directed verdict.”

Spalding v. Stewart Title Guar. Co., 463 S.W.3d 770, 778 (Mo. banc 2015) (quoting

All Am. Painting, LLC v. Fin. Sols. & Assocs., Inc., 315 S.W.3d 719, 723 (Mo. banc 2010)).

When reviewing the overruling of a JNOV motion, “[t]his Court must determine whether

the plaintiff presented a submissible case by offering evidence to support every element

necessary for liability.” Barron v. Abbott Labs., Inc., 529 S.W.3d 795, 799 (Mo. banc

2017) (quoting Fleshner v. Pepose Vision Inst., P.C., 304 S.W.3d 81, 95 (Mo. banc 2010)).

This Court reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict. W. Blue

Print Co., LLC v. Roberts, 367 S.W.3d 7, 12 (Mo. banc 2012).

                                       Official Immunity

       Perry and Flottman argue the circuit court erred in overruling their motion for JNOV

because they have official immunity from Laughlin’s legal malpractice claim. Perry and

Flottman maintain that, as public defenders, they are public employees employed by the

state of Missouri and were acting within the scope of their authority as public defenders

when choosing which strategies and defenses to pursue in Laughlin’s case. Perry and

Flottman contend foregoing the jurisdictional challenge was a discretionary decision

entitling them to official immunity.



                                              5
       This Court thoroughly explained the official immunity doctrine in State ex rel. Alsup

v. Kanatzar, 588 S.W.3d 187 (Mo. banc 2019). Alsup noted this Court has long held

official immunity “protects a public official from liability if that official acts within the

course of his [or her] official duties and without malice.” Id. at 190; see also Southers v.

City of Farmington, 263 S.W.3d 603, 610 (Mo. banc 2008) (stating official immunity

protected “public employees” in the same manner). “Courts and legal commentators have

long agreed that society’s compelling interest in vigorous and effective administration of

public affairs requires that the law protect those individuals who, in the face of imperfec t

information and limited resources, must daily exercise their best judgment in conducting

the public’s business.”    Kanagawa v. State ex rel. Freeman, 685 S.W.2d 831, 836

(Mo. banc 1985). “Courts applying the doctrine of official immunity must be cautious not

to construe it ‘too narrowly lest they frustrate the need for relieving public servants of the

threat of burdensome litigation.’”    Alsup, 588 S.W.3d at 191 (quoting Kanagawa, 685

S.W.2d at 836).

Public Defenders Are Public Employees

       The question of whether official immunity applies to public defenders is an issue of

first impression for this Court. 5 A public defender’s duty to represent indigent individua ls



5 Although three appellate decisions have broached the topic, none of them resolved the
issue. See Johnson v. Schmidt, 719 S.W.2d 825, 826 (Mo. App. W.D. 1986) (finding the
client’s malpractice claim was premature and did not reach or rule on whether a public
defender was protected by official immunity); Costa v. Allen, No. WD67378, 2008 WL
34735, at *5 (Mo. App. W.D. Jan. 2, 2008) (finding official immunity did not apply to
public defenders, but after this Court accepted transfer of the case, this holding no longer
held any precedential value); Kuehn v. Hogan, 321 S.W.3d 337, 344 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010)
                                              6
is mandated by both the United States and Missouri constitutions, caselaw, and prescribed

by Missouri statute. The Sixth Amendment provides, “In all criminal prosecutions, the

accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”

“Because this right is ‘fundamental and essential to a fair trial,’ the constitutional guarantee

of counsel is ‘protected against state invasion by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment.’”          State ex rel. Mo. Pub. Def. Comm’n v. Waters, 370 S.W.3d 592, 605

(Mo. banc 2012) (quoting Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 341, 83 S. Ct. 792,

9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963)). The Missouri Constitution provides, “in criminal prosecutions the

accused shall have the right to appear and defend, in person and by counsel.” Mo. Const.

art. I, sec. 18(a).

         “To fulfill Gideon’s promise that ‘every defendant stands equal before the law,’ the

Missouri General Assembly has enacted an elaborate public defender system to provide

legal services to indigent defendants.” Mo. Pub. Def. Comm’n, 370 S.W.3d at 606 (interna l

citations omitted). Section 600.019.1 provides that the Office of State Public Defender

(hereinafter, “OSPD”) is “an independent department of the judicial branch of state

government.” See also State ex rel. Francis v. McElwain, 140 S.W.3d 36, 38 (Mo. banc

2004).     The OSPD’s “complete budget” must be provided for “through an annual

appropriation     subject to approval by the governor          and the general assembly. ”

Section 600.040.2, RSMo Supp. 2013. The OSPD is headed by the Public Defender

Commission, comprised of members “appointed by the governor with the advice and


(Ellis, J., concurring) (positing public defenders should be shielded from liability by
official immunity).
                                               7
consent of the senate.” Section 600.015.1. The Public Defender Commission determines

compensation for public defenders. Section 600.021.3. Public defenders are prohibited

from limiting the availability of their services “based on a determination that the office has

exceeded a caseload standard” and “may not refuse to provide representation required

under [chapter 600] without prior approval from a court of competent jurisdictio n. ”

Section 600.062, RSMo Supp. 2013.

       When construing the Missouri rules of professional conduct concerning conflicts of

interest requiring disqualification, this Court characterized a public defender as a “public

officer or employee” and a “governmental attorney.” State v. Lemasters, 456 S.W.3d 416,

420 (Mo. banc 2015). Moreover, section 600.040.3, RSMo Supp. 2013, provides, “Any

person who is a public defender or employee of a public defender shall be entitled to all

benefits of the Missouri state employees’ retirement system” as defined by statute.

       There is no dispute state employee public defenders Perry and Flottman were acting

pursuant to their constitutionally and statutorily mandated duties by representing Laughlin

during his trial, appeal, and post-conviction proceedings. Laughlin did not allege or prove

Perry or Flottman acted with malice toward him during the representation.

       While Laughlin concedes public defenders are state employees for purposes of

coverage under the State Legal Expense Fund (hereinafter, “SLEF”) as discussed below,

Laughlin argues public defenders are not “public officers” entitled to official immunity

based on the holding in State ex rel. Eli Lilly & Co. v. Gaertner, 619 S.W.2d 761 (Mo. App.

E.D. 1981). In Eli Lilly, the Eastern District declined to extend official immunity to a

physician employed by a state mental health hospital who was sued for medical
                                              8
malpractice.   Id. at 766. The court determined that, even if the physician were a state

employee compensated by the state, “the performance of [his] duties does not require the

exercise of ‘discretion’ in the legal sense of that term” because “[s]hielding officials for

decisions other than those made in the exercise of the sovereign’s power which go to the

essence of governing, extends the doctrine of official immunity beyond its original intent

to promote smooth and effective government.” Id. at 764-65. Hence, the court concluded

only the discretionary decisions “which are a manifest exercise of the sovereign’s power

[are] those decisions which ‘go to the essence of governing.’” Id. at 765 (quoting Jones v.

State Highway Comm’n, 557 S.W.2d 225, 230 (Mo. banc 1977)).

       Laughlin argues Eli Lilly remains valid law because it was not analyzed or overruled

in Southers when this Court explained the official immunity doctrine. Laughlin argues

Southers stated the goal of official immunity is “to permit public employees to make

judgments affecting public safety and welfare without concerns about possible personal

liability.” Southers, 263 S.W.3d at 611. While Southers did not overrule Eli Lilly, this

Court did not restrict official immunity only to those public officials’ actions that “go to

the essence of governing.” Id. at 610-11. When carefully examining Jones, which was the

quoted source of the “essence of governing” language relied on in Eli Lilly, it is clear Jones

was discussing sovereign immunity, not official immunity.        Further, this Court has not

adopted Eli Lilly’s interpretation of official immunity in any case. Notably, this Court did

not make such a distinction in Alsup when extending official immunity to a teacher after

his implementation of restrictive behavioral intervention techniques resulting in a student

being injured. It is evident the teacher was not a “public official” engaged in the “essence
                                              9
of governing” when interacting with the student.        Alsup, 588 S.W.3d at 193. Hence,

Laughlin’s reliance on the “essence of governing” language from Eli Lilly to restrict offic ia l

immunity to public officials and not public employees is misplaced and has no applicability

here.

Public Defenders’ Duties Constitute Discretionary Acts

        Perry and Flottman are not entitled to official immunity merely because they are

state or public employees conducting official duties.      Official immunity only “protects

public employees from liability for alleged acts of negligence committed during the course

of their official duties for the performance of discretionary acts.” Southers, 263 S.W.3d at

610; Alsup, 588 S.W.3d at 190. The official immunity doctrine does not protect public

employees for alleged acts of negligence for the performance of ministerial duties.

Southers, 263 S.W.3d at 610. Hence, this Court must determine whether Perry and

Flottman’s decisions to forego challenging state jurisdiction were discretionary or

ministerial acts.

        “Whether an act can be characterized as discretionary depends on the degree of

reason and judgment required.” Id. “A discretionary act requires the exercise of reason in

the adaption of means to an end and discretion in determining how or whether an act should

be done or course pursued.” Id. By contrast, Alsup defined a ministerial act as follows:

        Generally, a ministerial act has long been defined as merely clerical. And
        this Court has noted that a ministerial duty compels a task of such a routine
        and mundane nature that it is likely to be delegated to subordinate officia ls.
        For more than a century, this Court has held that a ministerial or clerical duty
        is one in which a certain act is to be performed upon a given state of facts in
        a prescribed manner in obedience to the mandate of legal authority, and
        without regard to … judgment or opinion concerning the propriety or

                                              10
       impropriety of the act to be performed. Thus, the central question is whether
       there is any room whatsoever for variation in when and how a particular task
       can be done. If so, that task–by definition–is not ministerial.

Alsup, 588 S.W.3d at 191 (internal citations and quotations omitted).

       Perry and Flottman contend practically any decision or action taken by an attorney

in representing his or her client is discretionary in nature, including which defenses to assert

at trial and which legal arguments to present on appeal. Laughlin, however, characterizes

the jurisdictional challenge as a ministerial task because, once he advised Perry and

Flottman of his desire to challenge the circuit court’s jurisdiction, they had no discretion to

refuse to explore that defense. Laughlin discounts Perry’s testimony acknowledging there

was a jurisdictional issue in this case and he discussed the issue with the prosecuting

attorney and White, who all reached the same conclusion that concurrent jurisdictio n

existed.   Laughlin also discounts Flottman’s testimony that, in her opinion,               the

jurisdictional challenge was not a “good issue” to raise on appeal.

       “As a practical matter, virtually any decision or action taken by an attorney during

trial involves the exercise of professional judgment and is clearly discretionary in nature.”

Kuehne, 321 S.W.3d at 347 n.8 (Ellis, J., concurring). It is undisputed attorneys exercise

discretion and judgment in formulating which strategies and defenses to present on their

clients’ behalf. State v. Basile, 942 S.W.2d 342, 355 (Mo. banc 1997) (holding “[d]efense

lawyers are given a broad range of leeway in determining what strategy to follo w”) ;

Hawkins v. State, 512 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017) (holding “[c]ounsel is

allowed wide latitude in conducting a defense and may use his [or her] best judgment”).

Further, “appellate counsel does not have a duty to raise every appealable issue; counsel
                                              11
may strategically decide to forgo certain arguments in favor of others.” Meiners v. State,

540 S.W.3d 832, 838 (Mo. banc 2018). Hence, a public defender’s decision concerning

which defenses to raise or which issues to present on appeal “requires the exercise of reason

in the adaption of means to an end and discretion in determining how or whether an act

should be done or course pursued.” Southers, 263 S.W.3d at 610. These decisions are not

clerical in nature with no regard to the public defender’s judgment or opinion concerning

the propriety of raising the defenses or issues on appeal. Perry and Flottman had no clear

and unequivocal duty to assert the jurisdictional challenge. These decisions, therefore, are

not ministerial. Alsup, 588 S.W.3d at 191.

       Laughlin claims Perry’s and Flottman’s assumptions concurrent jurisdiction existed

without further researching the issue was negligent because any competent attorney would

have done so, especially after he brought this claim to their attention.     This argument

conflates whether Perry’s and Flottman’s actions were discretionary in nature for offic ia l

immunity purposes with whether they violated the standard of care in performing those

discretionary acts to be found negligent. Whether a party is immune from suit precedes

whether a party has violated the standard of care.         Nevertheless, Laughlin equates

researching the jurisdictional issue with a doctor’s function when he or she is diagnosing a

medical condition and determining a treatment plan, which he argues could be considered

ministerial acts. To support this argument, Laughlin relies on a concurring opinion in

Canon v. Thumudo, 422 N.W.2d 688, 705 (Mich. 1988), which relied on Eli Lilly, and

opined:



                                             12
       A government doctor should not be deemed immune from tort liability
       merely because he is employed by the government. His actions and decisions
       should be deemed immune only when he is acting as a unique ly
       governmental doctor, such as when he is determining the scope of the
       government’s involvement with a particular patient. While decisions to
       admit or release patients from government facilities may thus be deserving
       of immunity, routine medical decisions—diagnoses, prescriptions, and
       structuring of treatment plans—should not be so shielded by this Court in the
       declaration of the common law of this state from accountability for
       malpractice.

The majority in Canon stated otherwise: “To adopt such a definition for ‘ministerial’ would

come close to eliminating all immunity for professionals by confusing the issues of

immunity and negligence. The distinction is significant. If every act which deviates from

a professional norm were to be categorized as ‘ministerial,’ immunity would seldom shield

professional discretion.” Id. at 691. Hence, this case does not aid Laughlin or persuade

this Court to find Perry’s and Flottman’s decisions concerning whether to raise the

jurisdictional challenge were ministerial. Public defenders are the epitome of “individ ua ls

who, in the face of imperfect information and limited resources, must daily exercise their

best judgment in conducting the public’s business.”         Kanagawa, 685 S.W.2d at 836.

Choosing which defenses to raise and arguments to pursue on appeal on behalf of indige nt

clients constitute discretionary acts entitled to official immunity.

Other Jurisdictions Support Public Defender Immunity

       While the application of Missouri’s official immunity jurisprudence affords Perry

and Flottman protection, this Court’s decision also is in line with decisions from other

jurisdictions.   Initially, this Court recognizes the United States Supreme Court has held

federal public defenders are not entitled to absolute immunity under federal law for state


                                              13
malpractice actions. Ferri v. Ackerman, 444 U.S. 193, 205, 100 S. Ct. 402, 410, 62 L.Ed.2d

355 (1979). Ferri did not extend this holding to the states, however, explaining:

       We are not concerned with the elements of a state cause of action for
       malpractice and need not speculate about whether a state court would
       consider [a] petitioner’s allegations sufficient to establish a breach of duty or
       a right to recover damages. Nor are we concerned with the question whether
       [a state] may conclude as a matter of state law that [a] respondent is
       absolutely immune. For when state law creates a cause of action, the State
       is free to define the defenses to that claim, including the defense of immunity,
       unless, of course, the state rule is in conflict with federal law.

Id. at 197-98 (footnotes omitted). In Tower v. Glover, 467 U.S. 914, 923, 104 S. Ct. 2820,

2826, 81 L.Ed.2d 758 (1984), the United States Supreme Court held state public defenders

are not immune from federal suit brought pursuant to section 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for

intentional misconduct. Yet Tower recognized:

       Immunities in this country have regularly been borrowed from the Englis h
       precedents, and the public defender has a reasonably close ‘cousin’ in the
       English barrister. Like public defenders, barristers are not free to pick and
       choose their clients. They are thought to have no formal contractua l
       relationship with their clients, and they are incapable of suing their clients
       for a fee.

Id. at 921. Hence, while no jurisdiction—including Missouri—extends immunity to public

defenders for intentional misconduct, several jurisdictions have extended immunity in

some manner to public defenders for alleged negligent acts, whether through judicia l

immunity, official immunity, statutory immunity or some other variation thereof.

       The seminal case extending judicial immunity to public defenders is Dziubak v.

Mott, 503 N.W.2d 771 (Minn. 1993). The Minnesota Supreme Court relied on several

public policy reasons to support its decision:



                                              14
       Immunity from suit for public defenders best serves the indigent populatio n
       in preserving the resources of the defender’s office for the defense of the
       criminally accused. Immunity also aids in the recruitment of qualified
       attorneys to represent indigent clients in criminal proceedings. Immunity
       preserves the criminal justice system which relies upon the judge, prosecutor
       and public defender as essential participants. This serves the best interests
       of indigent defendants and of society as a whole ....

       Since justice demands that a defense be provided to criminal defendants who
       are not able to afford privately retained counsel, it is essential that a suffic ie nt
       number of qualified attorneys be willing and able to provide this defense.
       Immunity will aid in the continued recruitment of attorneys to perform this
       service in our criminal justice system; such service is eagerly sought by most
       attorneys. The accused defendant is not the sole beneficiary. Society as a
       whole depends on the role of defense counsel to secure an ordered system of
       liberty and justice, as ordained by our Constitution.

       The extension of immunity to public defenders will ensure that the resources
       available to the public defender will be used for the defense of the accused,
       rather than diminished through the defense of public defenders against civil
       suits for malpractice. Immunity will conserve these resources to provide an
       effective defense to the greatest number of indigent defendants.

Id. at 777-78; see also Scott v. City of Niagara Falls, 407 N.Y.S.2d 103, 106 (N.Y. Sup.

Ct. 1978) (granting public defenders judicial immunity but not extending immunity to

negligent performance of ministerial tasks requiring no judgment or discretion). 6

       Kentucky extended qualified immunity to public defenders, engaging in a very

similar analysis as this Court concerning public defenders engaging in discretio na r y

functions.   See Jacobi v. Holbert, 553 S.W.3d 246, 256 (Ky. 2018) (holding public


6 Two states declined to extend judicial immunity to public defenders. See Schreiber v.
Rowe, 814 So.2d 396, 398-99 (Fla. 2002) (rejecting extension of judicial immunity to
public defenders but noting the legislature extended the waiver of sovereign immunity to
public defenders, which exempted them from personal liability); Shubert v. Ada Cty.,
461 P.3d 740, 749 (Idaho 2020) (declining to extend common law quasi-judicial immunity
to public defenders because they do not act as an arm of the court).

                                                15
defenders have qualified immunity when acting in good faith and within the scope of their

employment).    Pennsylvania, however, rejected qualified immunity.      Reese v. Danforth,

406 A.2d 735, 737 (Pa. 1979). Reese is distinguishable from Missouri’s approach because

Reese holds qualified immunity applies only to policymaking officials and does not extend

to mere public employees. Id.

       Several states have extended immunity to public defenders through statutory

enactment.   In some instances, jurisdictions enacted statutes expressly protecting public

defenders or include public defenders explicitly within the definition of state or public

employee. See Gross v. Rell, 40 A.3d 240, 251 n.7 (Conn. 2012) (noting public defenders

were added to the definition of state officers and employees entitled to qualified statutory

sovereign immunity under Connecticut General Statute § 4-141(5)(B)); Johnson v.

Halloran, 742 N.E.2d 741, 744 (Ill. 2000) (recognizing public defenders do not have

sovereign immunity but enjoy qualified immunity under chapter 745 ILCS 19/1, Illino is’

public and appellate defender immunity act, except for willful and wanton misconduct) ;

Wright v. Elston, 701 N.E.2d 1227, 1233 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (holding public defenders

were entitled to statutory immunity pursuant to the Indiana Tort Claim Act, Indiana Code

§ 34-6-2-38(b), defining them as state and public employees); Ramirez v. Harris, 773 P.2d

343, 344-45 (holding Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41.0307.4(b) defined public defenders as public

officers and precluded them from being sued for malpractice); Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-14-

109 (providing absolute immunity for “any act of negligence arising from the execution of

the [public defender’s] official duties as an employee of the district public defenders ….”);

Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-14-108 (defining public defenders as state employees); and Mooney
                                             16
v. Frazier, 693 S.E.2d 333, 337 (W. Va. 2010) (citing Public Defender Services Act, W.

Va. Code § 29-21-20, providing court-appointed counsel immunity from legal malpractice

claims).

       In other instances, courts construed statutory language defining public employees

to include public defenders. See Wallin v. McCabe, 293 P.3d 81, 83 (Colo. App. 2011)

(characterizing public defenders as public employees who have immunity derived from

Colorado statute); Vick v. Haller, 512 A.2d 249, 252 (Del. Super. Ct. 1986) (holding public

defenders have qualified immunity under Delaware’s state tort claims act and reaffir med

by Browne v. Robb, 583 A.2d 949, 951 (Del. 1990), and Hanson v. Morton, 67 A.3d 437,

441 (Del. 2013)); Nieves v. Office of the Pub. Def., No. 082262, 2020 WL 1870253, at *7-

8 (N.J. Apr. 15, 2020) (holding legal malpractice claims against public defenders are

subject to the New Jersey Torts Claim Act, N.J. Stat. § 59:2-1(a)—which places conditio ns

and limits on the ability to recover damages—because the office of the public defender is

a public entity and its public defenders are public employees); Coyazo v. State, 897 P.2d

234, 238 (N.M. Ct. App. 1995) (finding public defenders are public employees for purposes

of the New Mexico Tort Claims Act, N.M. Stat. § 41-4-3F, and have immunity from legal

malpractice claims); Wooten v. Vogele, 769 N.E.2d 889, 893-94 (Ohio 2001) (defining

public defenders as employees of a political subdivision who perform a governme nta l

function under Ohio Tort Liability Act, Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.03(A)(6), holding public

employees liable only for conduct that is manifestly outside the scope of employment or

for conduct that is malicious, reckless, or done in bad faith); Bradshaw v. Joseph, 666 A.2d



                                            17
1175, 1176-77 (Vt. 1995) (determining public defenders are state employees under statute

governing tort claims against the state and had immunity from being sued for negligenc e). 7

SLEF Coverage Does Not Preclude Official Immunity Application

       The final question this Court must address is whether SLEF coverage for public

defenders is a valid basis to deny them official immunity. The General Assembly created

the SLEF in 1983. State ex rel. Hawley v. City of St. Louis, 531 S.W.3d 602, 604 (Mo. App.

E.D. 2017). The fundamental purpose of the SLEF is

       to protect the covered employees from the burden and expense of civil
       litigation relating to the performance of their duties. The purposes are
       apparent. A competent employee, who is in demand elsewhere, may be
       unwilling to work for the state without protection. Those who do serve may
       be unwilling to take necessary risks for fear of litigation.

Cates v. Webster, 727 S.W.2d 901, 907 (Mo. banc 1987) (Blackmar, J., concurring in part

and dissenting in part). “[Section] 105.711 applies to lawsuits brought against any officer

or employee ‘arising out of and performed in connection with his or her official duties on




7 Three states declined to extend statutory immunity to public defenders based on the nature
of their duties. See Barner v. Leeds, 13 P.3d 704, 714 (Cal. 2000) (holding public defenders
are not entitled to statutory immunity from malpractice claims because the nature of their
representation did not involve policy decisions and discretionary acts as contempla ted
under California’s immunity statute); Shubert, 461 P.3d at 750-51 (holding public
defenders are not entitled to statutory immunity under the discretionary function exemptio n
of the Idaho immunity statute); Trobaugh v. Sondag, 668 N.W.2d 577, 585 (Iowa 2003)
(declining to extend statutory immunity to public defenders because a legal malpractice
claim was not the functional equivalent of other causes of action specifically exempted
under the Iowa Tort Claims Act, Iowa Code § 669.14). Further, Michigan declined to
extend immunity for appointed criminal attorneys, finding no rationale to distinguis h
between appointed and private counsel. Donigan v. Finn, 290 N.W.2d 80, 82 (Mich. App.
1980).

                                            18
behalf of the state, or any agency of the state’ ….” Smith v. State, 152 S.W.3d 275, 280

(Mo. banc 2005). This section further provides:

       The [SLEF] shall be the exclusive remedy and shall preclude any other civil
       actions or proceedings for money damages arising out of or relating to the
       same subject matter against the state officer or employee, or the officer’s or
       employee’s estate. No officer or employee of the state or any agency of the
       state shall be individually liable in his or her personal capacity for conduct
       of such officer or employee arising out of and performed in connection with
       his or her official duties on behalf of the state or any agency of the state.

Section 105.711.5, RSMo Supp. 2014. This section reinforces the SLEF’s purpose to

protect state employees by limiting the circumstances in which they may be sued and held

liable for conduct arising out of and in connection with their official duties.

       The parties do not dispute Laughlin’s damages award against Perry and Flottma n

would have been paid from the SLEF because they are state employees whose alleged

malpractice arose out of their official duties on the state’s behalf. See Johnson, 719 S.W.2d

at 828 (stating payment of any award against a public defender for a client’s successful

malpractice claim would have been made from the SLEF). However, Perry and Flottma n

argue SLEF coverage does not preclude their assertion of official immunity pursuant to

section 105.726.1. Laughlin disagrees, arguing the SLEF creates blanket immunity for all

state employees, regardless of whether they are acting in a discretionary or ministe r ia l

capacity, but waives sovereign immunity for those actions by creating a legal defense fund

that compensates individuals injured by state employees.

       Section 105.726.1 provides in pertinent part, “Nothing in sections 105.711 to

105.726 shall be construed to broaden the liability of the State of Missouri … nor to abolish

or waive any defense at law which might otherwise be available to any agency, officer, or
                                              19
employee of the State of Missouri.” Although a state employee may be afforded protection

from personal liability for damages under the SLEF, section 105.726.1’s plain langua ge

expressly provides this protection does not preclude a state employee from asserting any

and all available defenses, including official immunity that could relieve a state employee

of liability or prevent the suit from proceeding.

       “‘Immunity’ connotes not only immunity from judgment but also immunity from

suit.” Alsup, 588 S.W.3d at 190 (quoting State ex rel. Mo. Dep’t of Agric. v. McHenry,

687 S.W.2d 178, 181 (Mo. banc 1985)). Laughlin fails to cite any case holding SLEF

coverage precludes a party from asserting official immunity as a defense to suit or any case

in which exposure to personal liability was a factor in determining whether a party may

assert official immunity. If this Court construed section 105.726.1 as Laughlin contends

and declined to extend official immunity to public defenders solely because they have

SLEF coverage, this would effectively end SLEF coverage for other state employees who

are entitled to assert official immunity. Laughlin’s assertions that SLEF coverage affords

injured parties a means to recover monetary damages and that he will be left without a

remedy if this Court applies official immunity to public defenders are also unpersuas ive.

Having no remedy or recourse occurs in every case in which official immunity applies and

serves as no reason to carve out an exception for malpractice claims against public

defenders solely on that basis.

       To adopt Laughlin’s argument is to fail to acknowledge protection from personal

liability for a judgment differs significantly from a suit being initiated. Protection from

personal liability still subjects a public defender to all of the burdens of litigation— fro m
                                              20
discovery to trial—which can be complex, time-consuming, and serve as a distraction from

an overwhelming caseload. Consequently, if these cases were permitted to go to trial, the

benefits of immunity from suit would be lost even if, ultimately, the public defenders were

not liable personally for any costs or judgments that resulted. Finally, this Court is mindful

that the SLEF is a statutory creation, subject to appropriation by the legislature, which may

choose to amend, defund, or eliminate this coverage at any time.

                                         Conclusion

       Public defenders are entitled to official immunity because they are public employees

whose official statutory duties concern the performance of discretionary acts. The circuit

court’s judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded.



                                           _________________________________
                                           GEORGE W. DRAPER III, CHIEF JUSTICE



All concur.




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