Note: Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal.

                                           ENTRY ORDER

                           SUPREME COURT DOCKET NO. 2010-364

                                         APRIL TERM, 2011

 State of Vermont                                      }    APPEALED FROM:
                                                       }
    v.                                                 }    Superior Court, Chittenden Unit,
                                                       }    Criminal Division
                                                       }
 Terry Doe                                             }    DOCKET NO. 13-1-10 Cncr

                                                            Trial Judge: Linda Levitt

                          In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

        Defendant was convicted of simple assault following a bench trial. On appeal he argues
that the evidence was insufficient to establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We affirm.

        Defendant was charged with simple assault following an altercation involving his
supervisor at the U.S. Postal Service. The dispute arose after the supervisor denied defendant’s
request to wear nonuniform shoes for an hour while sorting mail due to a painful foot condition.
Following the trial, the court found defendant guilty. As noted above, defendant challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence on appeal. Thus, on review, we must consider “whether the
evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the State and excluding any modifying
evidence, fairly and reasonably tends to convince a reasonable trier of fact that the defendant is
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Ellis, 2009 VT 74, ¶ 21, 186 Vt. 232, (quotation
omitted). Applying this standard, we find no error.

         A person is guilty of simple assault if he “attempts to cause or purposely, knowingly or
recklessly causes bodily injury to another.” 13 V.S.A. § 1023. The complainant in this case
testified that defendant punched him in the face, which caused him pain. The court found this
testimony credible, and it was plainly sufficient to establish the elements of the crime.
Defendant points to evidence that supported his theory of the case, but the trial court was not
persuaded by this evidence. It is not the role of this Court to reweigh the evidence on appeal.
State v. Hinchliffe, 2009 VT 111, ¶ 22, 186 Vt. 487 (noting it is factfinder’s role to determine
credibility of witness and weight of evidence). The evidence here was sufficient to establish
defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

         Defendant next raises two claims of evidentiary error, neither of which was properly
preserved. With respect to the first claim, the record shows that defense counsel asked defendant
about a hobby he had engaged in during his time in the Navy, approximately twenty-four years
earlier. The State objected on relevancy grounds. Defense counsel responded that the testimony
“has to do with his boxing, and that had something to do with absence of visible signs of injury
at the time of this incident.” The court sustained the objection.

       On appeal defendant argues the evidence is relevant because, as a former boxer, it is
highly unlikely that he could have hit his supervisor in the manner alleged without leaving a
mark. Under V.R.E. 103(a)(2), an error may not be predicated on a ruling excluding evidence
unless a substantial right of the party is affected and the “substance of the evidence was made
known to the court by offer or was apparent from the context within which questions were
asked.” Even assuming that defense counsel’s statement above could be construed as an offer of
proof, the court did not err in excluding the evidence as irrelevant. “ ‘Relevant evidence’ means
evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” V.R.E. 401. The trial judge reasonably concluded that evidence that defendant had
boxed as a hobby many years earlier was not pertinent to the question of whether defendant
struck the complainant on this particular occasion. See State v. Foy, 144 Vt. 109, 115 (1984)
(noting trial court has broad discretion in deciding questions of relevancy, and Supreme Court
“will not interfere with discretionary rulings that have a reasonable basis”).

        Defendant’s final claim relates to his testimony that there had been many grievances filed
with the union since the complainant assumed his supervisory position several years earlier.
Counsel showed defendant a document to refresh his recollection as to the exact number of
grievances that had been filed. The State objected on relevancy grounds, and the court sustained
the objection. Defendant did not make any offer of proof. See State v. Ringler, 153 Vt. 375, 378
(holding party claiming error must do more than merely make known evidence he wishes to be
admitted, he must also demonstrate grounds for admissibility unless obvious from context).
Defendant does not argue plain error, and we find none. Even if this claim of error had been
preserved, however, we would find it without merit. The court reasonably concluded that the
number of grievances filed was irrelevant to the issues at hand. We note that, in any event, the
trial court was aware—through testimony by the complainant—that numerous grievances had
been filed during his tenure as supervisor.

       Affirmed.

                                            BY THE COURT:

                                            _______________________________________
                                            Paul L. Reiber, Chief Justice

                                            _______________________________________
                                            Marilyn S. Skoglund, Associate Justice

                                            _______________________________________
                                            Brian L. Burgess, Associate Justice




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