[Cite as State v. Williams, 2018-Ohio-1647.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                       :
                                                     :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                          :   Appellate Case No. 27663
                                                     :
 v.                                                  :   Trial Court Case No. 16-CR-4051
                                                     :
 BRYSON WILLIAMS                                     :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                     :    Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                         :
                                                     :

                                                ...........

                                               OPINION

                          Rendered on the day of 27th day of April, 2018.

                                                ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by MICHAEL J. SCARPELLI, Atty. Reg. No. 0093662,
Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts
Building, 301 West Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45402
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

TRAVIS KANE, Atty. Reg. No. 0088191, 1015 E. Centerville Station Road, Centerville,
Ohio 45459
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                               .............

HALL, J.

        {¶ 1} Bryson Williams appeals from his conviction and sentence on one count of
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murder (proximate result of felonious assault) with a firearm specification and one count

of discharging a firearm on or near prohibited premises.1

       {¶ 2} Williams advances three assignments of error. First, he challenges the

weight of the evidence to sustain his convictions. Second, he alleges ineffective

assistance of trial counsel. Third, he claims the trial court erred in failing to merge the

murder and discharging-a-firearm offenses as allied offenses of similar import.

       {¶ 3} The charges against Williams stemmed from the shooting death Terion Dixon

on the afternoon of November 11, 2016. At trial, the State presented evidence that

Williams had fired shots across a road toward a store where numerous people were

standing outside. One of the shots struck and killed Dixon. The State’s evidence included

eyewitness testimony, statements Williams made in telephone calls after the shooting,

and other corroborating information obtained during a police investigation. In his defense,

Williams called a witness who had been outside the store during the shooting and who

had identified someone else as the shooter when reviewing a photospread. Williams also

called a witness who had been in the vicinity of the shooting but had not seen who fired

the shots. Based on the evidence presented, a jury found Williams guilty of the charges

against him. After merging several counts as allied offenses, the trial court imposed prison

terms of fifteen years to life for murder, three years for the firearm specification, and eight

years for discharging a firearm on or near prohibited premises. The trial court ordered

these sentences to be served consecutively, resulting in an aggregate prison sentence of

twenty-six years to life.



1Williams also was found guilty of several other offenses that merged into those set forth
above for purposes of sentencing.
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       {¶ 4} In his first assignment of error, Williams contends his convictions are against

the manifest weight of the evidence. In support, he challenges eyewitness Samuel

Barker’s identification of him as the shooter. He notes Barker’s admission to drinking

alcohol, smoking marijuana, and not eating prior to the incident. Under these

circumstances, Williams claims Barker’s identification was not reliable. He also notes that

eyewitness Colleen Fallas identified someone other than him as the shooter when viewing

a photospread. Given that Barker was under the influence and that Fallas picked

someone else out of a photospread, Williams asserts that the evidence does not support

his convictions.

       {¶ 5} When a conviction is challenged on appeal as being against the weight of the

evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving

conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State

v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). A judgment should be

reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence “only in the exceptional

case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” State v. Martin, 20

Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

       {¶ 6} With the foregoing standards in mind, we conclude that Williams’ convictions

are not against the weight of the evidence. Although Barker had consumed alcohol,

smoked marijuana, and not eaten in the hours before the shooting, the jury reasonably

could have found his eyewitness identification of Williams to be reliable. Barker testified

that Williams was a friend of his whom he had known for about ten years. (Tr. at 146-
                                                                                         -4-


147). On the day in question, Barker was walking to meet his girlfriend when he

encountered Williams. (Id. at 152-155). Barker approached Williams, and the two men

engaged in face-to-face conversation. (Id. at 156-158). Barker and Williams shook hands

as the conversation ended. Barker turned to leave, took two or three steps away, and

heard gunshots. (Id. at 158-160). He then saw Williams firing a black-handled handgun

toward a store across the street. (Id. at 161-162). There were “a lot of people” outside the

store, and Williams was the only person firing a gun. (Id. at 162-163). Barker had “[n]o

doubt” that Williams was the shooter. (Id. at 166, 202).

       {¶ 7} For her part, Fallas testified that she was outside the store when the shooting

occurred. (Tr. at 402). She “hit the ground” and saw two people across the street, one of

whom was doing the shooting. (Id. at 402-405, 408). Fallas described the shooter as

being “slender” whereas the person with him was “heavyset.” (Id. at 403-404, 408). The

record reflects that Williams weighed about 150 pounds, whereas Barker weighed around

315 pounds. (Id. at 163, 372). Approximately one month after the shooting, Fallas

reviewed a photospread and identified someone other than Williams as the person she

had seen shooting. (Id. at 414-415). The record reflects, however, that Williams and the

person Fallas identified in the photospread were nearly the same weight and height. (Id.

at 416-417). Fallas acknowledged that the two men looked so much alike that they could

be brothers. (Id. at 416). Even when seeing Williams in person at trial, she had trouble

determining which picture in the photospread was his. (Id. at 415-416). In addition, Fallas

was approximately eighty-eight feet away from the shooter, and she was wearing her

reading glasses at the time of the incident, not her “regular glasses.” (Id. at 375, 417).

Fallas conceded at trial that she may have been mistaken in her photo identification. (Id.
                                                                                        -5-


at 417). A police investigation found no evidence that the person Fallas identified in the

photospread had been involved in the shooting. (Id. at 373).

      {¶ 8} The record also contains evidence that Williams made telephone calls after

the shooting in which he essentially admitted his guilt. Marcquietta Hunter testified that

she was the girlfriend of Terion Dixon, the victim. (Id. at 204). Hunter knew Williams, had

gone to school with him, and was able to recognize his voice. (Id. at 207-208). The day

after the shooting, she was with a friend of hers, Isaiah Tucker, when Tucker received a

telephone call from Williams. Tucker put the call on speakerphone, and Hunter overheard

the conversation. Specifically, she heard Williams apologize and say that “[i]t wasn’t

meant for Terion,” but was “meant for Dae-Dae.” (Id. at 208). The next day, Williams

called Hunter’s phone. After identifying himself, he again apologized and said “[t]hat it

wasn’t meant for Terion,” but was “meant for Dae-Dae.” (Id.). Tucker also testified about

the telephone call he received from Williams. According to Tucker, Williams said that he

was sorry, that he had hesitated “to squeeze,” and that he had seen Terion Dixon but that

did not stop him from “shooting at Dae-Dae.” (Id. at 248, 253). During their investigation,

police obtained Williams’ cell phone and confirmed the existence of outgoing calls from

his phone to Tucker’s phone at the time claimed. (Id. at 338-344). Police also investigated

Williams’ claim that he was out of the area at a particular residence in Trotwood at the

time of the shooting. (Id. at 357-358). A detective spoke with the individuals Williams

claimed to have been with and refuted his claim. (Id. at 360). Finally, police discovered

during a post-arrest interview of Williams that Davion Clark, who went by the nickname

“Dae-Dae,” had beaten and robbed Williams several weeks before the shooting. (Id. at

360-363).
                                                                                            -6-


       {¶ 9} Having reviewed the record, we do not find that the jury clearly lost its way

and created a manifest miscarriage of justice when it convicted Williams of murder and

discharging a firearm on or near prohibited premises. This is not an exceptional case in

which the evidence weighs heavily against his convictions. To the contrary, the evidence

strongly points to his guilt. Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 10} In his second assignment of error, Williams asserts that he received

ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. Specifically, he contends his attorney provided

ineffective assistance by failing to object when the State asked the trial court to certify two

witnesses as experts in the presence of the jury. Williams does not suggest the

witnesses—forensic pathologist Susan Allen and forensic firearm examiner Christopher

Monturo—are not experts. We note that the record unquestionably supports that they are

both eminently qualified in their respective fields. Rather, he contends they should not

have been certified as experts in front of the jury because doing so enhanced their stature

and gave the appearance of judicial approval of their testimony.

       {¶ 11} Upon review, we find Williams’ argument to be unpersuasive. A defendant

is deprived of effective assistance of counsel when counsel’s performance is deficient

and the deficiency prejudices the defendant. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104

S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). The prejudice prong of ineffective assistance of

counsel has been equated by the Ohio Supreme Court to the same deferential standard

that is required for finding plain error wherein the proponent must demonstrate “that the

trial court's error must have affected the outcome of the trial.” State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio

St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22, quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d

21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002).
                                                                                          -7-

       {¶ 12} Williams primarily relies on United States v. Johnson, 488 F.3d 690 (6th

Cir.2007) and cases cited therein for the argument that it was error for the trial court to

recognize Dr. Allen and Chris Montouro to be experts in front of the jury. Therefore, he

contends, the failure to object constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. In Johnson,

based on his training and experience Cincinnati police officer Richard Dews was

permitted to testify as an expert that activity that he had observed constituted drug

trafficking. The following transpired:

               [Prosecutor] [AUSA]: And, Your Honor, we would ask that the

       witness be identified as an expert in the identification and behavior of street-

       level narcotics trafficking.

               THE COURT: [Defense counsel]?

               [Defense counsel]: No objection, Your Honor.

               THE COURT: All right. Officer Dews will be accepted as an expert in

       the area of street-level narcotics transactions and behaviors that

       accompany that activity

Id., at 694.

       {¶ 13} The custom of tendering a witness as an expert, which by some has been

taught as accepted practice, is not without reason. Since 2001 the Ohio Supreme Court

has no less than eight times held that the proponent of an expert does not have to formally

tender an otherwise-qualified expert witness. But those rulings exist for the very reason

that appellants have raised the specter of error precisely because the prosecution did not

formally tender a witness as an expert. We also recently considered an argument that ten

expert witnesses were not qualified as experts, in part, because they were not formally
                                                                                          -8-

tendered as experts. State v. Hayes, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26379, 2016-Ohio-7241,

¶¶ 113-124. In addition, once prospective qualifications to render opinions are presented,

it makes sense to signal that the qualification portion of the testimony is complete to give

the opponent the opportunity to request voir dire of the witness on those qualifications

before proceeding with their opinions,2 and to allow the trial court, and the witnesses’

proponent, to determine whether the witnesses’ opinions will be admissible. The issue,

as we perceive it, is more directly related to how a trial court responds to a tender of a

witness as an expert.

       {¶ 14} Indeed, the Johnson decision expressed a preference that the trial court

should not designate or certify an expert in the jury’s presence. The Johnson rationale is

that “when a court certifies that a witness is an expert, it lends a note of approval to the

witness that inordinately enhances the witness’s stature and detracts from the court’s

neutrality and detachment.” Johnson at 697. The preferred Johnson approach would be

“the proponent of the witness should pose qualifying and foundational questions and

proceed to elicit opinion testimony. If the opponent objects, the court should rule on the

objection, allowing the objector to pose voir dire questions to the witness’s qualifications

if necessary and requested.” Id. at 698. However, this portion of the Johnson decision

begins: “We pause here to comment on the procedure used by the trial judge in declaring

before the jury that Officer Dews was to be considered an expert.” Id. at 697. As such,

the preferred-procedure discussion in Johnson is dicta. The actual holding of Johnson is


2 When challenging the qualifications of a witness during trial “the preferred procedure is
for a trial court to permit a party challenging an expert witness’s qualifications to conduct
a voir dire solely on that witness’s training and experience.” State v. Hall, 6th Dist. Erie
No. E-98-088, 2000 WL 1061875, *3 (Aug. 4, 2000).
                                                                                         -9-


that “[d]espite the procedure used in this case—to which no objection was made—we do

not find that plain error occurred.”

       {¶ 15} Appellant also cites six cases from other Ohio districts and suggests that

“[n]umerous Ohio courts have adopted this [the Johnson] rule.” We disagree. In Parma

Heights v. Owca, 2017-Ohio-179, 77 N.E.3d 505 (8th Dist.), the court recognized the

preference expressed in Johnson but did not adopt it and, like Johnson, found no plain

error. In State v. Gaona, 5th Dist. Licking No. 11-CA-61, 2012-Ohio- 3622, the issue was

whether a jury instruction on expert testimony should be given when no specific witness

was designated as an expert. The court referred to Johnson, but it was not directly

applicable to the instruction issue and the decision’s preference was not adopted. In State

v. Horton, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26030, 2012-Ohio-3340, the appellant argued that expert

testimony against him should have been excluded because the witness was not declared

an expert by the trial court. The court cited Johnson only to indicate that if the court had

declared the witness an expert, it likely would have bolstered the witness’ credibility and

the failure to so designate did not prejudice the appellant. That court did not adopt the

preference of Johnson. In State v. Bolton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96385, 2012-Ohio-169,

a forensic scientist was declared to be an expert in the presence of the jury, and the

appellant raised this as part of an assignment of cumulative error. The decision does not

indicate what the court said to “declare” the witness an expert. The appellate court agreed

that the witness should have been qualified3 outside the presence of the jury, but the


3 We believe the court meant that the witness should have been declared or determined
or approved by the trial court to be an expert witness outside the presence of the jury. An
expert’s raw “qualifications”, as opposed to a declaration, determination or approval,
should obviously be presented before the jury because that is how the jury evaluates the
worth or credibility of the witness’ opinions. For example, the opinion of a witness who
                                                                                       -10-


case holding was that error was harmless because the court was correct in finding the

witness qualified to testify. State v. Monroe, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94768, 2011-Ohio-

3045 preceded, and was quoted in, Parma Heights, to which it is nearly identical. The

defense had not objected to the expert’s qualifications, the expert was qualified and the

appellate court found no plain error. Although reference was made to the Johnson

preference, the Johnson dicta was not adopted. Finally, in State v. Foster, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 90870, 2008-Ohio-31, the appellant claimed the trial court erred by

declaring a witness an expert in the jury’s presence. But when the witness was offered as

an expert the trial court only said “yes” and overruled the defense objection. The Foster

appellate decision reads: “The court did not expressly declare Britton to be an expert,

thereby creating the appearance that the court approved the witness. Cf. United States

v. Johnson (6th Cir.2007), 488 F.3d 690, 697–98.” Id. at ¶ 34-35. The “Cf.” signal was

only to compare the Foster result with Johnson. It was not an adoption of the case. Of all

the cited cases, only Bolton arguably could be said to have adopted the preference

suggested in Johnson, and even then the decision rested on harmless error, not the

Johnson preference.

      {¶ 16} In the present case, with respect to the two experts, the following occurred:

      [Prosecutor]: Judge, at this point, I would tender Dr. Allen as an expert in

      the field of forensic pathology.

      [Defense counsel]: No objection.

      THE COURT: So noted.


has a degree, licensure and has been working in their profession for 20 years would likely
have more value than that of one who has only 20 weeks experience in the profession to
offer.
                                                                                           -11-


(Trial Transcript at 124).

       [Prosecutor]: Judge, at this time we’d tender Mr. Monturo as an expert in

       the field of firearms examination and tool marks.

       [Defense counsel]: No objection.

       THE COURT: He'll be so designated.

(Trial Transcript at 290).

Only in regard to the second witness could it be said that the trial court “designated” the

witness as an expert contrary to the preferred method in the Johnson dicta. The court’s

response for the first witness was similar to that in Foster, where the court concluded:

“The court did not expressly declare [the witness] to be an expert.” Foster at ¶ 34. That

being so, it could not be ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to object to the

qualification procedure for that witness.

       {¶ 17} With regard to the above second witness, we reach the same conclusion as

the holding in Johnson. There is no plain error because no difference in result, or

prejudice, is demonstrated. Because we find an absence of prejudice, the failure to object

to the designation procedure is not ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland.

       {¶ 18} The purpose of Allen’s testimony was to establish Dixon’s cause of death,

a gunshot to the chest, which was undisputed. The only real issue at trial was the identity

of the shooter, and Allen did not opine about that. As for Monturo, he testified about his

examination of shell casings found at the scene. Once again, this testimony had nothing

to do with the identity of the shooter. Given that the expert testimony at issue was largely

perfunctory and uncontroversial, we fail to see how Williams was prejudiced even if

qualifying of either expert in front of the jury did enhance their stature and credibility. The
                                                                                             -12-


second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 19} In his third assignment of error, Williams contends the trial court erred in

failing to merge his convictions for murder and discharging a firearm on or near prohibited

premises as allied offenses of similar import.

       {¶ 20} In support of his argument, Williams reasons:

              Appellant’s conviction for Discharge of Firearm On or Near

       Prohibited Premises was based upon the shooting that is the basis for the

       Murder conviction. Appellant discharged the firearm on prohibited premises

       that caused murder. The two crimes committed caused the same,

       identifiable harm: the taking of the life of the victim. They were committed

       at the same time and place and constituted one action. The two crimes also

       were committed with the same animus due to the fact they were committed

       together and there was only one person who was shot.

              As such, Count 5 should have merged with Count 1 and the

       additional 8 year sentence should be voided.

(Appellant’s brief at 8-9).

       {¶ 21} Upon review, we note that Williams did not raise an allied-offense argument

below. “An accused’s failure to raise the issue of allied offenses of similar import in the

trial court forfeits all but plain error, and a forfeited error is not reversible error unless it

affected the outcome of the proceeding and reversal is necessary to correct a manifest

miscarriage of justice.” State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St. 3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d

860, ¶ 3. “Accordingly, an accused has the burden to demonstrate a reasonable

probability that the convictions are for allied offenses of similar import committed with the
                                                                                            -13-


same conduct and without a separate animus; absent that showing, the accused cannot

demonstrate that the trial court’s failure to inquire whether the convictions merge for

purposes of sentencing was plain error.” Id.

       {¶ 22} “ ‘As a practical matter, when determining whether offenses are allied

offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts must ask three

questions when defendant’s conduct supports multiple offenses: (1) Were the offenses

dissimilar in import or significance? (2) Were they committed separately? and (3) Were

they committed with separate animus or motivation? An affirmative answer to any of the

above will permit separate convictions. The conduct, the animus, and the import must all

be considered.’ ”State v. Earley, 145 Ohio St.3d 281, 2015-Ohio-4615, 49 N.E.3d 266, ¶

12, quoting State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 31.

       {¶ 23} Williams has failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability that merger is

required here. We agree that he committed the offenses of murder and discharging a

firearm on or near prohibited premises with the same conduct and the same animus. The

record reflects that he fired multiple shots in rapid succession with the singular motivation

of killing Davion Clark, who had beaten and robbed him previously. We see no plain error

in failing to merge the two offenses, however, because we find no reasonable probability

that they were of similar import or significance. The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized

that merger is not required if offenses “are not alike in their significance and their resulting

harm.” Ruff at ¶ 21. In addition, where a defendant’s conduct places more than one

person at risk, that conduct can support multiple convictions because the offenses are of

dissimilar import. Id. at ¶ 23

       {¶ 24} Williams was convicted and sentenced on one count of murder for causing
                                                                                        -14-


Terion Dixon’s death as a proximate result of committing felonious assault. He also was

convicted and sentenced on one count of discharging a firearm on or near prohibited

premises in violation of R.C. 2923.162(A)(3), which provides: “No person shall do any of

the following: * * * Discharge a firearm upon or over a public road or highway.” Notably,

“[t]he victim of the offense of discharging a firearm upon or over a public road or highway

is the public. This is because it is the act itself that is prohibited. The offense can be

completed with no one remotely near the location where the firearm is discharged upon

or over the public road or highway. R.C. 2923.162(A)(3) is a statute intended to benefit

the public good[.]” State v. James, 2015-Ohio-4987, 53 N.E.3d 770 (8th Dist.), ¶ 33; see

also State v. Carzelle, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105425, 2018-Ohio-92 (applying James).

Although Williams actually shot and killed Dixon, his act of firing a handgun across the

roadway itself violated the statute, placed numerous people at risk, and harmed the public

at large. 4 Conversely, his murder conviction required harm to a particular victim and

differed in the significance and the nature of the harm it addressed. At a minimum, we

believe the offenses at issue are dissimilar enough to preclude a finding of plain error.

Accordingly, the third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 25} The judgment of the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.

                                     .............



WELBAUM, P.J. and DONOVAN, J., concur.



4  Williams’ act of shooting Dixon elevated the degree of the offense of discharging a
firearm on or near prohibited premises to a first-degree felony. See R.C. 2923.162(C)(4).
The fact remains, however, that the act of discharging a firearm over a public road or
highway itself constituted a violation of the statute. See R.C. 2923.162(A)(3).
                       -15-


Copies mailed to:

Mathias H. Heck
Michael J. Scarpelli
Travis Kane
Hon. Richard Skelton
