                                                                               SIXTH DIVISION
                                                                               March 28, 2008

No. 1-06-3309


DANIEL RYAN,                                           )               Appeal from the
                                                       )               Circuit Court of
                       Plaintiff-Appellant,            )               Cook County, Illinois.
                                                       )
                                                       )
                                                       )               No. 01 L 004073
v.                                                     )
                                                       )
COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY,                           )               Honorable
                                                       )               Bill Taylor
                       Defendant-Appellee.             )               Judge Presiding.
                                                       )



       JUSTICE JOSEPH GORDON delivered the opinion of the court:

       Electrician Daniel Ryan was injured in an on-the-job circuit breaker explosion. He

brought suit against Commonwealth Edison Company (Com Ed), alleging that Com Ed was

responsible for the electrical current that flowed into the building and that the severity of the

accident was increased by Com Ed’s negligent failure to adequately perform its ongoing

maintenance duties. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Com Ed on grounds

that Ryan’s claim was time-barred by the construction statute of repose, since it occurred more

than ten years after the electrical system was first installed. For the reasons that follow, we

reverse and remand.

I. BACKGROUND

       Viewing the evidence liberally in favor of the nonmoving party, as is appropriate under a

summary judgment motion (Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229, 240, 489 N.E.2d 867, 871 (1986)),
No. 1-06-3309

we are presented with the following description of events as alleged by Ryan:

        Ryan was an electrician employed by the City of Chicago. On April 2, 2001, the day of

the accident, Ryan was working in the Heating and Refrigeration (H&R) building at O’Hare

International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, performing maintenance work on a circuit breaker. He

was working with Byron Glista, an employee of High Voltage Maintenance Corporation (High

Voltage). Com Ed installed and owned the transformer (known as transformer number 6) which

provided electricity to the circuit breaker.

        The procedure for the maintenance operation was that Ryan would first remove the circuit

breaker from the cubicle in which it was housed; Glista would then perform the necessary repairs

on it, and Ryan would reinstall the circuit breaker in its cubicle. However, when Ryan reinstalled

this circuit breaker, it exploded, causing serious injury to Ryan.

        Ryan filed a complaint in two counts. The first count was against Glista’s employer, High

Voltage. In that count, which is not currently at issue, Ryan contended that High Voltage

committed negligence through the actions of its employee and was therefore responsible for

Ryan’s injuries.

        It is Ryan’s second count, which was against Com Ed, that is at issue in the instant appeal.

Ryan alleged that, at the time of the accident, Com Ed had a duty to exercise ordinary care in the

repair and maintenance of transformer number 6, which it had breached. Specifically, he alleged

that Com Ed:

        “(a) Carelessly and negligently repaired and maintained transformer number 6 which

        caused the [circuit breaker] to explode;


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          (b) Carelessly and negligently failed to maintain and repair transformer number 6 in a safe

          and reasonable manner given the activities then and there taking place; and

          (c) Otherwise, carelessly and negligently maintained transformer number 6.”

Ryan further alleged that this negligent maintenance by Com Ed was the proximate cause of the

explosion, and thus, of the injuries he sustained.

          On July 14, 2006, Com Ed moved for summary judgment. It argued that Ryan’s claims

against it were time-barred under the Illinois construction statute of repose (735 ILCS

5/13-214(b) (West 2006)), which forecloses all claims for negligent design that are brought more

than ten years after a fixture to real property has been installed. Because the parties agreed that

the power system at issue was over 20 years old, Com Ed contended that it was entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.

          In support of its motion, Com Ed referred to a report prepared by John Nelson, the

electrical engineer retained as an expert by Ryan, as well as Nelson’s subsequent deposition

testimony. Com Ed contended that the only fault that Nelson found in Com Ed’s system was in

its original design and installation, as Nelson never alleged failure to repair as a cause of Ryan’s

injury.

          Nelson based his report, dated June 7, 2004, upon a site inspection that he conducted on

April 10, 2001, eight days after the accident occurred, as well as various documents that he had

reviewed. In that report, Nelson stated that the transformers supplying power to the circuit

breaker involved in the accident were owned by Com Ed, and they were set up in such a way that

a resistor linked to the circuit breaker, which was supposed to reduce the electrical current to 300


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amps, was shorted out. Hence, in his professional opinion, one of the reasons that Ryan was

injured was that “ComEd was careless in the design, construction, commissioning, and follow-up

testing of the incoming power system.”

        In his deposition, dated March 11, 2005, Nelson explained that electrical voltage is similar

to water pressure in a hose: the greater the voltage, the greater the flow of power. The purpose

of a resistor is to limit the flow of power. In this case, if the resistor at issue had been working

correctly, it would have restricted the electric current to 300 amps. However, Nelson stated that

the resistor had shorted out and become ineffective. As a result, the current flowing through the

circuit breaker at the time of the accident was unrestricted and could have been as high as 28,000

amps. Nelson gave his opinion that if the resistor had not been shorted out and the electrical

current had been limited to 300 amps, Ryan’s injuries from the accident would have been less

severe or possibly nonexistent.

        In elaborating on the reasons for the resistor failure, Nelson stated that the transformer

installed by Com Ed included a component known as “neutral Xo bushing” that had shorted out,

thus causing the resistor to short out. Nelson opined that this bushing was probably placed when

the system was first installed.

        Nelson further stated that in his report, he had said that Com Ed needed to change its

system setup to prevent the resistor from being shorted; nevertheless, when he went to inspect the

site again the day before he gave his deposition, he discovered that nothing had been done to

correct the problem. That is, he said that the configuration of the neutral Xo bushing had not

been changed and that the same dangerous condition still existed. He repeated his opinion that


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Com Ed’s flaws in its system exacerbated the injuries Ryan received in the accident as a result of

the negligence of his co-worker.

       In his response to Com Ed’s motion for summary judgment, Ryan argued that the

construction statute of repose did not apply to his claims, because he was not alleging negligence

in the way the system was designed, but rather in Com Ed’s ongoing maintenance duties. “[T]he

Court should not allow Com Ed to convert Plaintiff’s negligence Count II of the Complaint

against Com Ed into a *** construction design case,” he urged. He further argued that there was

a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Com Ed’s failure to properly maintain the electrical

system was a proximate cause of Ryan’s injuries. In support of this contention, Ryan referred to

the deposition testimony of Martin LeWand, a Com Ed foreman and supervisor who described

Com Ed’s extensive maintenance duties at O’Hare at the time of the accident.

       In his deposition, LeWand testified that he had been a foreman for Com Ed since 1987,

and he worked at O’Hare from around 1998 to 2002. He stated that Com Ed had around 18

employees reporting to its O’Hare office, including eight under LeWand’s direct supervision, as

well as at least one station operator on duty 24 hours a day, seven days a week. He also said

there were three separate stations containing Com Ed transformers which supplied power to the

airport. Com Ed employees performed both corrective and preventative maintenance on the

equipment in those stations. Although the cables linking the transformers to the airport were not

owned by Com Ed, LeWand stated that the transformers themselves were Com Ed property

(along with associated equipment, such as bushing).

       On April 2, 2001, LeWand was in his office at the airport when he received a telephone


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call notifying him that an accident had occurred. He went to the H&R building, where he and one

of his employees inspected the circuit breaker that was involved in the accident. He then

proceeded to the station that housed the transformer supplying power to that circuit breaker,

which was about half a block away. Since it was obvious the transformer had exploded and was

no longer functional, LeWand made calls to have the damaged parts removed and to replace them

with new parts. He said that he didn’t know why the transformer exploded, nor did he know

whether anyone from Com Ed conducted an inquiry into the reasons for the explosion.

       The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Com Ed and, in a later order, found

that there was no just reason to delay enforcement or appeal of the grant of summary judgment

under Supreme Court Rule 304. 134 Ill. 2d. R. 304. Ryan therefore appealed.

II. ANALYSIS

       Com Ed contends that it is protected against all liability for the accident under section 13-

214 of the Code of Civil Procedure, also referred to as the construction statute of repose. This is

the sole issue invoked by the parties in this appeal.1

       Section 13-214 provides, in relevant part:

       “No action based upon tort, contract or otherwise may be brought against any person for

       an act or omission of such person in the design, planning, supervision, observation or

       management of construction, or construction of an improvement to real property after 10


       1
           In their briefs, the parties also raise contentions regarding the products liability statute of

repose (753 ILCS 5/13-213 (West 2006)); however, the parties agreed at oral argument that this

statute was no longer at issue.

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No. 1-06-3309

       years have elapsed from the time of such act or omission.” 735 ILCS 5/13-214(b) (West

       2006).

This statute applies whenever (1) the product at issue is an improvement to real property and (2)

the defendant’s activities fall within those listed in the statute. Adcock v. Montgomery Elevator

Co., 274 Ill. App. 3d 519, 522, 654 N.E.2d 631, 633 (1995). Ryan does not dispute the fact that

the electrical system set up by Com Ed is an improvement to real property, nor does he dispute

the fact that it was designed and installed well over ten years ago. Rather, he argues that the

second prong of the Adcock standard is not satisfied: i.e., he argues that the allegations in his

complaint do not concern Com Ed’s “design, planning, supervision, observation, or management”

of the electrical system, but rather the ongoing maintenance duties undertaken by Com Ed as a

supplier of power. Therefore, he contends that the construction statute of repose does not apply.

       In examining these contentions, we are mindful that summary judgment is only proper

where, “when viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the pleadings,

depositions, admissions, and affidavits on file reveal that there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” General

Casualty Insurance Co. v. Lacey, 199 Ill. 2d 281, 284, 769 N.E.2d 18, 19 (2002), citing 735

ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2006). All evidence before the court is to be construed strictly against

the moving party, and the motion should only be granted if the movant’s right to judgment is clear

and free from doubt. Reed v. Bascon, 124 Ill. 2d 386, 393, 530 N.E.2d 417, 420 (1988). Our

standard of review of the trial court’s entry of summary judgment is de novo. General Casualty

Insurance, 199 Ill. 2d at 284, 769 N.E.2d at 19.


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        Statutes of repose “stem from a basic equity concept that a time should arrive, at some

point, that a party is no longer responsible for a past act.” W. Prosser et al., Torts ch. 12, at 607

(8th ed. 1988); see Citgo Petroleum Co. v. McDermott International, Inc., 368 Ill. App. 3d 603,

607, 858 N.E.2d 563, 567 (2006); MBA Enterprises, Inc. v. Northern Illinois Gas Co., 307 Ill.

App. 3d 285, 288, 717 N.E.2d 849, 852 (3d Dist. 1999) (construction statute of repose

“insulat[es] all parties in the construction process from the onerous task of defending against stale

claims”). The construction statute of repose thus represents a legislative balancing act between

the rights of persons harmed by allegedly faulty construction and the rights of those responsible

for such construction; after the statutory period has passed, “ ‘the right to be free of stale claims

comes to prevail over the right to prosecute them.’ ” Ocasek v. City of Chicago, 275 Ill. App. 3d

628, 633, 656 N.E.2d 44, 48 (1985), quoting Cargill Ferrous International v. M/V Elikon, 857

F.Supp. 45, 46 (N.D. Ill., 1994). When interpreting a statute of repose, courts must construe it

liberally to fulfill the objectives it was designed for, yet they must not enlarge it beyond the

legitimate intent of the legislature. Ocasek, 275 Ill. App. 3d at 633, 656 N.E.2d at 48.

1. Protective Scope of the Statute of Repose

        Whether Com Ed can invoke the protection of the statute of repose to shield itself from

Ryan’s claims of negligent maintenance is currently in dispute among the appellate districts of this

state. In MBA Enterprises, 307 Ill. App. 3d 285, 717 N.E.2d 849, the Third District found that

an installer of a power system could be held liable for negligent maintenance of that system,

notwithstanding the fact that the alleged defects originated during the installation of the system.

In that case, plaintiff’s property was damaged in a fire, and plaintiff sued the gas utility company


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which had installed and maintained the gas piping system. Plaintiff’s complaint alleged negligence

in both installation and maintenance. The court held that the installation claims were barred by

the construction statute of repose, but that the maintenance claims survived, because plaintiff had

alleged that the gas utility company had violated an ongoing duty to operate the gas system in a

safe manner. The court reasoned that, in applying the statute of repose, one must look at the

activity being conducted rather than the status of the party involved. MBA Enterprises, 307 Ill.

App. 3d at 287, 717 N.E.2d at 851, citing People ex rel. Skinner v. Hellmuth, Obata &

Kassabaum, Inc., 114 Ill. 2d 252, 500 N.E.2d 34, (1986); Krueger v. A.P. Green Refractories

Co., 283 Ill. App. 3d 300, 669 N.E.2d 947 (1996). Hence, the fact that a defendant is an installer

will not shield him in his capacity as inspector and maintainer. MBA Enterprises, 307 Ill. App. 3d

at 287, 717 N.E.2d at 851.

       By contrast, cases in the First District have taken the position that the statute of repose

protects an installer regardless of the fact that the installer has an independent duty to inspect and

maintain the property at issue, if its breach of duty consists of the failure to discover and correct a

design defect. See O’Brien v. City of Chicago, 285 Ill. App. 3d 864, 674 N.E.2d 927 (1996) and

Citgo, 386 Ill. App. 3d 603, 858 N.E.2d 563. Both cases are factually similar to the case before

us today.

       In O’Brien, the plaintiff’s decedent died in an automobile accident. Plaintiff sued the city,

alleging that it negligently “operated, maintained, repaired, and altered” the road by failing to

maintain a barrier across the median. O’Brien, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 870, 674 N.E.2d at 932. The

court found that the plaintiff’s claim was barred under the statute of repose, despite the fact that


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her allegations were framed in terms of an independent duty by the city to inspect and maintain

the roadway. The court reasoned that “[t]he crux of O’Brien’s complaint is the dangerousness of

the existing median *** and is a claim for defective design in a different form.” O’Brien, 285 Ill.

App. 3d at 870, 674 N.E.2d at 933.

       Citgo, 368 Ill. App. 3d 603, 858 N.E.2d 563, involved a fire that broke out at a refinery.

The third-party plaintiff in Citgo attempted to impose liability upon defendant Unocal under a

negligence theory arising from Unocal’s duty to inspect and maintain the refinery’s piping

equipment, which Unocal had installed. In its complaint, the third-party plaintiff alleged that

Unocal’s negligence in “inspection, maintenance, and operation of the refinery’s piping

equipment” was a contributing cause of the accident. Citgo, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 604, 858 N.E.2d

at 564. The pipes at issue were alleged to have been installed when the refinery was constructed,

over ten years before the filing of the complaint. Because of this fact, the court refused to give

effect to the theory upon which the third-party complaint was framed, namely, breach of Unocal’s

duty to inspect and maintain, instead finding that the claims against Unocal were time-barred

under the construction statute of repose. Although the court did not clearly delineate the scope

of its holding, its broad language would seem to encompass any case where defendant designed

the system at issue and the harm to plaintiff was in some way traceable to a flaw in that design,

even when plaintiff did not allege fault in the design but rather in some other aspect of the

defendant’s activities that is not included in the language of section 13-214(b). The courts in

O’Brien and Citgo are claiming, in effect, that they will not permit the other capacities in which

the installer served to become the vehicle to eliminate the protection offered by the statute of


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repose.

          For the reasons that follow, we must give deference to the decision in MBA Enterprises,

notwithstanding the policy arguments raised in the First District cases.

2. Activity-Status Distinction

          As noted in MBA Enterprises, the statute of repose has clearly been held to protect

activity rather than status. MBA Enterprises, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 287, 717 N.E.2d 849.

Consequently, one must look to the specific activity in question rather than the fact that the

negligence in inspection was perpetrated by the same party that installed the system in question.

Not only is this interpretation in line with the language of the statute, but it is supported by ample

case law.

          In the seminal case of Skinner, our supreme court made clear that the statute of repose,

for constitutional purposes, must consider the activity involved rather than the status of the

defendant. Skinner v. Anderson, 38 Ill. 2d 455, 459, 231 N.E.2d 588, 590-91 (1967). The

version of the statute of repose that existed at the time, unlike our current version, protected

parties based on their status as design professionals: it applied to “any person performing or

furnishing the design, planning, supervision of construction or construction of such improvement

to real property.” Ill. Rev. Stat., ch. 83, par. 24f (1965) (emphasis added). The Skinner court

found this status-based distinction to be arbitrary and thus unconstitutional, because it protected

entities rather than the specific activities performed by those entities. Skinner, 38 Ill. 2d at 459,

231 N.E.2d at 590-91. The court explained:

          “[T]he statute singles out the architect and the contractor, and grants them immunity. ***


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       The arbitrary quality of the statute clearly appears when we consider that architects and

       contractors are not the only persons whose negligence in the construction of a building or

       other improvement may cause damage to property or injury to persons.” Skinner, 38 Ill.

       2d at 460, 231 N.E.2d at 591.

The Skinner court then went on to state that the statute would only reasonably fulfill the

legislative purpose behind its enactment if “the benefits conferred upon [architects and

contractors] are not denied to others similarly situated.” Skinner, 38 Ill. 2d at 461, 231 N.E.2d at

591. It explained that it was irrational for an architect or a contractor to receive immunity under

the statute of repose for performing an action while another party performing the exact same

action would not be protected under the statute. Skinner, 38 Ill. 2d at 460, 231 N.E.2d at 591.

       It was in response to the Skinner decision that the legislature re-drafted the construction

statute of repose to create the version that exists today. See State Farm Mutual Automobile

Insurance Co. v. W.R. Grace & Co., 834 F.Supp 1052, 1058 (C.D. Ill. 1993). Consequently, in

Hellmuth, our supreme court validated the current version of the statute of repose, which looked

to specific activity rather than the status of the actor in defining the scope of protection under the

statute. Hellmuth, 114 Ill. 2d 252, 500 N.E.2d 34. The court first reiterated the Skinner court’s

conclusion that the old version of the statute was irrational because it treated defendants

differently based on their status, even if the suits against them were otherwise identical. It then

went on to state: “The current statute, however, does not exclude persons based upon their

status. It protects, on its face, anyone who engages in the enumerated activities. This court has

given particular deference to legislative classifications when those classifications are based upon


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activities rather than status.” Hellmuth, 114 Ill. 2d at 261, 500 N.E.2d at 37. Based upon this

interpretation, the court found the statute to be neither unreasonable nor arbitrary and thus upheld

its constitutionality. Hellmuth, 114 Ill. 2d at 263, 500 N.E.2d at 38.

       This activity-status distinction was applied by the Third District in Krueger. Krueger, 283

Ill. App. 3d 300, 669 N.E.2d 947. In Krueger, plaintiff sued an asbestos manufacturer, alleging

that her deceased husband suffered injury as a result of being exposed to asbestos emanating from

products sold and installed by the manufacturer. The manufacturer argued that it was protected

from all liability by the construction statute of repose, since the products at issue had been

installed over ten years ago. The court rejected this claim, stating:

                “Although section 13-214(b) clearly applies to a party who installs an

       improvement, sales and distribution are not among the activities protected by the statute.

       *** [It] only applies to claims arising out of the construction related activities undertaken

       by the manufacturer or seller.” Krueger, 283 Ill. App. 3d at 304, 669 N.E.2d at 950.

Accordingly, the court held that plaintiff’s sales-related claims were not affected by the

construction statute of repose, and it reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment for the

manufacturer. Krueger, 283 Ill. App. 3d at 304, 669 N.E.2d at 950. In concurring, Justice Slater

explained that “[s]uch a holding is consistent with the idea that application of the statute does not

depend on a person’s status as a seller, manufacturer or distributor, but instead applies to the

activities of design, planning, supervision, observation, management or construction.” Krueger,

283 Ill. App. 3d at 306-07, 669 N.E.2d at 952 (Slater, J., concurring), citing Hellmuth, 114 Ill. 2d

252, 500 N.E.2d 34.


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        The distinction between activity and status articulated in Hellmuth and applied in Krueger

was further recognized by the First District in Risch, which restated the fact that it is the

defendant’s activity which controls. Risch v. Paul J. Krez Co., 287 Ill. App. 3d 194, 678 N.E.2d

44 (1997). In Risch, plaintiff sought to sue a contractor who was hired to install insulation;

however, plaintiff sued the contractor not in his capacity as the installer, but in his capacity as its

seller. The court acknowledged the validity of this distinction, citing Krueger for the proposition

that “the construction statute of repose does not bar a plaintiff’s suit against a defendant for that

discrete portion of the defendant’s activities not enumerated in the statute.” Risch, 287 Ill. App.

3d at 198, 678 N.E.2d at 46, citing Krueger, 283 Ill. App. 3d 300, 669 N.E.2d 947. However,

the court went on to find in that case that the defendant did not engage in sales activities that

were independent from its performance as the insulation installer when it charged for materials

and labor; rather, the charges for materials and labor were merely the means by which it charged

for its installations. Nevertheless, Risch emphasized that under Hellmuth, the focus of analysis

was on defendant’s activities, and that separate sales activities could therefore be a source of

liability even for an installer. Risch, 287 Ill. App. 3d at 198, 678 N.E.2d at 46. See also Adcock,

274 Ill. App. 3d at 523, 654 N.E.2d at 634 (finding that “[m]ere labels are not dispositive” in

determining whether activity falls within statute of repose and therefore rejecting argument based

on defendant’s status).

        The United States District Court likewise applied the activity-status distinction under

Illinois law in W.R. Grace, 834 F.Supp at 1060. The court in W.R. Grace found that under the

language of the statute of repose, as well as under the decision in Hellmuth, “manufacturers


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receive protection from the statute of repose only if they are sued for on-site construction

activities.” W.R. Grace, 834 F.Supp at 1060. Thus, the court held that plaintiff’s claims

regarding defendant’s manufacturing activities were not barred by the statute of repose, even

though defendant also conducted construction activities that would presumably be protected

under the statute. W.R. Grace, 834 F.Supp at 1060.

        The reasoning of the foregoing decisions, in applying the analysis of our supreme court in

Skinner and Hellmuth, compels the conclusion that, even though a design professional receives

the protection of the statute of repose for design and installation-related activities, it does not

receive protection for other activities that are not within the purview of the statute. Such other

activities include manufacturing and sales, as well as breach of duty by one who undertakes

inspection and maintenance duties, such as those involved in MBA Enterprises as well as in the

case at bar. That is, if an installer of an improvement to real property violates a duty arising from

its activity as an inspector, rather than its activity as an installer, then it can be held liable for

breach of that duty regardless of the statute of repose. See Hellmuth, 114 Ill. 2d at 261, 500

N.E.2d at 37; Risch, 287 Ill. App. 3d at 198, 678 N.E.2d at 46. To hold otherwise would

essentially dilute and abandon the analysis in Skinner and Hellmuth which applies the statute of

repose to the specific acts of the defendant rather than his status. See Skinner, 38 Ill. 2d at 460,

231 N.E.2d at 591; Hellmuth, 114 Ill. 2d at 261, 500 N.E.2d at 37.

        In the case at hand, there can be no question that Com Ed, just like the defendant in MBA

Enterprises, had a specific duty to maintain its equipment. In point of fact, we note that this duty




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derived from its capacity as the power supplier and not from its status as installer of the system. 2

        It is well established that power suppliers have an ongoing duty to inspect and maintain

the equipment through which that power is transmitted. Merlo v. Public Service Co., 381 Ill.

300, 312, 45 N.E.2d 665, 673 (1942) (speaking of the “required care in the transmission and

distribution of electric current”); see also O’Hara v. Central Illinois Light Co., 319 Ill. App. 336,

341, 49 N.E.2d 274, 275 (1943); Le Maitre v. Union Electric Power Co., 331 Ill. App. 270, 273,

73 N.E.2d 125, 127 (1947) (defendant public utility “required to exercise reasonable care” in its

provision of electricity).

        In O’Hara, the court found that the defendant power company, by virtue of its duty to

maintain and inspect its equipment, would be liable for negligence for improperly maintaining a

resistor which would properly limit the high voltage entering a house. O’Hara, 319 Ill. App. at

341-42, 49 N.E.2d at 275. Likewise, if Ryan is correct in his allegation that Com Ed negligently

failed to maintain the resistor leading to the circuit breaker that Ryan was fixing, thus transmitting

a power flow hundreds of times in excess of the proper amount – breaching a duty which is

independent from its status as the original installer of the equipment in question – then it could

not look to the construction statute of repose for protection. Indeed, the parties at oral argument

did not dispute the fact that if a third-party power supplier who was not involved in the

installation of the power system committed negligence in the delivery of that power, it could be


        2
            During oral argument, in answer to inquiry from the bench, neither of the parties

submitted that Com Ed’s duties to inspect and maintain the equipment derived from any

contractual agreement.

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held liable for breach of that independent duty and would receive no protection from the

construction statute of repose.

       We note that the First District cases cited by Com Ed cursorily acknowledge that the

statute of repose protects ability, not status, yet none of them pursue the inquiry as to whether a

defendant’s activities involving independent duties to inspect and maintain may be precluded by

the statute of repose. Instead, they look only to the fact that a suit for negligent inspection or

maintenance may be used as an expedient to overcome the protection of the statute of repose for

defects in design and installation. These First District decisions reflect a concern that by

supplying power and thus engendering a duty to inspect and maintain their equipment, power

companies may strip themselves of the protection they would otherwise enjoy as installers and

designers under the statute of repose. However, we are unable to surrender to such policy

concerns in the face of the explicit language of the statute as well as the analysis and

interpretation given under Skinner, Hellmuth, and Risch – which the First District cannot and

does not purport to repudiate. See Skinner, 38 Ill. 2d 455, 231 N.E.2d 588; Hellmuth, 114 Ill. 2d

252, 500 N.E.2d 34; Risch, 287 Ill. App. 3d 194, 678 N.E.2d 44. The theory of recovery

predicated upon Com Ed’s alleged failure to discover and repair defects in its power system setup

must be given its due as an activity that is not protected by the statute of repose, notwithstanding

Com Ed’s status as an installer of equipment. Extending that protection to such negligence would

require legislative initiative consonant with the decisions of our supreme court in Skinner and

Hellmuth.

       Thus, we concur with the holding of the Third District in MBA Enterprises in finding that


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Ryan’s maintenance-related claims do not fall within the scope of the construction statute of

repose as defined by the legislature, and thus we reverse the circuit court’s grant of summary

judgment to Com Ed.

       Reversed and remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

       McNULTY and O’MALLEY, JJ., concur.




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         No. 1-06-3309

                                            REPORTER OF DECISIONS - ILLINOIS APPELLATE COURT
                                                     (Front Sheet to be Attached to Each Case)

Please use the
following form
                        Daniel Ryan,

                                              Plaintiff-Appellant,

                        v.

                        Commonwealth Edison Company,

                                              Defendant-Appellee,

                        High Voltage Maintenance Corp.,

                                              Defendant.



Docket No.                                                      No. 1-06-3309

COURT                                                    Appellate Court of Illinois
                                                       First District, SIXTH Division

Opinion Filed                                                 March 28, 2008
                                                         (Give month, day and year)
                               JUSTICE JOSEPH GORDON DELIVERED THE OPINION OF THE COURT:

JUSTICES                                             McNulty and O’Malley, JJ. , concur.
APPEAL from the                          Lower Court and Trial Judge(s) in form indicated in margin:
Circuit Court of Cook
County; the Hon___                             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County.
Judge Presiding.
                                                  The Hon.     Bill Taylor Judge Presiding.
                             Indicate if attorney represents APPELLANTS or APPELLEES and include attorneys of
                                               counsel. Indicate the word NONE if not represented.

APPELLANTS:          APPELLANT: Daniel B. Malone, The Healy Law Firm, 111 West Washington Street, Suite
John Doe, of Chicago 1425, Chicago, Illinois 60602
For APPELLEES,          APPELLEES: David E. Neumeister, Jennifer L. Medenwald, Querrey & Harrow, Ltd., 175
Smith and Smith of      West Jackson Blvd., Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60604
Chicago




                                                        -19-
          No. 1-06-3309

Add attorneys for 3rd
party appellants and/or
appellees.




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