                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



XHEZMI KODRA,                                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    November 16, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                   No. 333392
                                                                    Macomb Circuit Court
STONEY CREEK VILLAGE APARTMENTS,                                    LC No. 2015-001421-NO
LLC,

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: BECKERING, P.J., and O’BRIEN and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

     In this slip-and-fall action, plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting
summary disposition in favor of defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). We affirm.

        On February 11, 2015, around 6:20 p.m., plaintiff left his apartment building, which was
owned by defendant, to go to work. When plaintiff stepped on a concrete sidewalk outside of his
apartment, he slipped and fell on ice and broke his arm. Plaintiff brought an action against
defendant alleging premises liability and violation of defendant’s statutory duties under MCL
554.139(1). Defendant moved for summary disposition, contending that (1) the ice on the
sidewalk was open and obvious with no special aspects and (2) the sidewalk was fit for its
intended use. In a written opinion and order, the trial court found that the ice on defendant’s
premises “was open and obvious with no special aspects,” and that, although the sidewalk was
not fit for its intended use under MCL 554.139(1)(a) because of the ice, there was no genuine
question of material fact that defendant did not have actual or constructive notice of the
condition. Based on these findings, the trial court held that defendant was entitled to summary
disposition as a matter of law. 1

        On appeal, plaintiff does not contest the trial court’s ruling that the allegedly dangerous
condition was open and obvious with no special aspects. Rather, plaintiff only argues that the
trial court erred by granting summary disposition because there was a question of fact as to


1
 The trial court also noted that, because the area that plaintiff slipped on was a sidewalk, MCL
554.139(1)(b) was inapplicable as it did not apply to common areas.


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whether defendant had notice of the ice that plaintiff slipped on. We disagree. “We review de
novo a trial court’s grant of summary disposition.” Innovation Ventures v Liquid Mfg, 499 Mich
491, 506; 885 NW2d 861 (2016). “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual
sufficiency of the complaint.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).
Summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is proper if “the affidavits or other documentary
evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is . . . entitled to judgment as a matter
of law.” Lowrey v LMPS & LMPJ, Inc, 500 Mich 1, 5; 890 NW2d 344 (2016). “A genuine issue
of material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing
party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” Gorman v American
Honda Motor Co, Inc, 302 Mich App 113, 116; 839 NW2d 223 (2013).2

        Initially, we note that defendant does not challenge whether the trial court correctly held
that the sidewalk was not fit for his intended use. Instead, both parties limit argument to whether
there is a question of fact regarding defendant’s notice of the ice on the sidewalk. Neither party
contests that there is a notice requirement for liability to arise under MCL 554.139(1)(a).
Therefore, we limit our discussion to the issue raised by the parties, see Boman v Wolverine
Power Co, 268 Mich 59, 62; 255 NW 613 (1934) (“We limit our discussion to the questions
raised on appeal.”), and only address whether defendant had notice of the allegedly dangerous
condition.3

       We begin by addressing plaintiff’s argument that the trial court should have focused on
the unevenness of the concrete slabs on the sidewalk that plaintiff slipped on when determining
whether defendant had notice of the hazard. Plaintiff’s argument lacks merit because the slabs,
standing alone, were not the allegedly dangerous condition. During his deposition, plaintiff


2
  Although the trial court granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10),
the portion of the trial court’s ruling that plaintiff challenges was granted pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10).
3
  We acknowledge the dissent’s criticism of our opinion, but we reiterate that this issue was not
raised or briefed by the parties. See Candelaria v BC Gen Contractors, Inc, 236 Mich App 67,
83; 600 NW2d 348 (1999) (declining to address an issue “without the benefit of briefing from
both sides” because doing so would force the panel to “construct and then evaluate [its] own
‘arguments.’ ”). And while we agree with the dissent that there is no published caselaw
requiring a notice requirement for MCL 554.139(1)(a) to apply, there is unpublished caselaw to
that effect. See Anderson v Saddle Creek Apartments, LLC, unpublished opinion per curiam of
the Court of Appeals, issued March 23, 2010 (Docket No. 289952), p 7; Dover v Westchester Ltd
Dividend Housing Ass’n, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April
25, 2006 (Docket No. 258654), pp 3-4. The Dover panel explicitly stated, “We note that the lack
of notice in this case renders inapplicable this Court’s recent decision in Benton v Dart
Properties, Inc, [270 Mich App 437; 715 NW2d 335] (2006) . . . .” Dover, unpub op at 4 n 1.
“Although unpublished opinions of this Court are not binding precedent, they may be considered
instructive or persuasive.” Sau-Tuk Indus, Inc v Allegan Co, 316 Mich App 122, 137; 892
NW2d 33 (2016).


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testified that he slipped as soon as he stepped on the concrete sidewalk and indicated that the
concrete had a slight slant. When asked again whether the uneven concrete contributed to his
fall, plaintiff responded, “I don’t know that. Just ice.” Plaintiff admitted that he did not trip or
stub his toe on any surface, explaining that he “slipped on ice.” Plaintiff presented no evidence
to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the uneven concrete slabs alone
would have constituted a dangerous condition. The trial court thus did not err by considering the
ice as the dangerous condition.

       Turning to the crux of plaintiff’s challenge on appeal, notice of a dangerous condition
may be shown by actual knowledge of the condition, showing that the condition “is of such a
character or has existed a sufficient length of time that he should have had knowledge of it,”
Lowrey, 500 Mich at 10 (quotation marks and citation omitted), or showing that the condition
“was caused by defendant’s active negligence,” Derbabian v S & C Snowplowing, Inc, 249 Mich
App 695, 706; 644 NW2d 779 (2002).

        Plaintiff did not allege at trial or on appeal that the condition was caused by defendant’s
active negligence. See id. Concerning actual knowledge, plaintiff testified that, although he was
looking at the sidewalk as he walked, he did not see the ice until he was lying on top of it.
Further, there is no testimony that anyone had complained to defendant about ice existing on the
sidewalk on the date of plaintiff’s fall, or that anyone had complained that the particular area of
the sidewalk where plaintiff fell had a tendency to accumulate ice. Accordingly, plaintiff
presented no evidence that defendant had actual knowledge of the defective nature of the
sidewalk before plaintiff’s fall.

        Plaintiff also failed to establish that the condition was of a character or existed for a
sufficient length of time that defendant had constructive notice. Evidence of general wintry
conditions, such as “an affidavit from a meteorologist who claims that weather conditions in the
area before the accident were such that snow melted and then froze again,” is insufficient to
establish that a defendant had constructive notice of a specific condition. Altairi v Alhaj, 235
Mich App 626, 640; 599 NW2d 537 (1999).

        In this case, plaintiff claims that the ice would have formed either the day before or hours
before his fall on the basis of a meteorologist’s affidavit, in which the meteorologist claimed that
that weather conditions before the accident were such that snow melted the day before the
accident and then froze again on the day of the accident. The meteorologist concluded that the
meteorological facts indicated that defendant had ample time to discover and remove the ice
before plaintiff encountered it. The meteorologist’s conclusions are the type of conjecture
regarding constructive notice that this Court has previously rejected as sufficient to withstand a
motion for summary disposition. See id.; see also Karbel v Comerica Bank, 247 Mich App 90,
97-98; 635 NW2d 69 (2001) (“A conjecture is simply an explanation consistent with known facts
or conditions, but not deducible from them as a reasonable inference.”) (Citation and quotation
marks omitted). Accordingly, plaintiff is not entitled to relief because he failed to offer evidence
sufficient to demonstrate a question of fact regarding defendant’s actual or constructive notice of
the condition.




                                                -3-
Affirmed.

                  /s/ Colleen A. O'Brien
                  /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




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