                                                                  PUBLISH

                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                   FILED
                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                  No. 94-7158            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              12/31/98
                        D. C. Docket Nos. CV 92-A-865-N THOMAS K. KAHN
                                 CV-92-A-869-N                 CLERK




DONALD WILSON,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,


                                      versus


BLANKENSHIP, Warden of Montgomery City Jail,
MISS HALL, Assistant Warden, employee of
Montgomery City Jail,
MR. PARKS, Employee of Montgomery City Jail,
MRS. HAWKENS, Employee of Montgomery City Jail,
JANICE HOPKINS,
PAM HARDING, U.S. Marshal,

                                                             Defendants-Appellees.



                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Alabama

                               (December 31, 1998)


Before ANDERSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and COHILL*, Senior District
Judge.

* Honorable Maurice B. Cohill, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge for the Western
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

     In this appeal from consolidated actions under 42 U.S.C. §

1983 and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau

of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999 (1971), we determine

whether a federal pretrial detainee was subjected to

unconstitutional conditions of imprisonment in a city jail. The

district court granted summary judgment to the federal marshal, the

wardens, and the correctional officers. We affirm because we

conclude that all of the defendants-appellees are entitled to

qualified immunity.

                          I. BACKGROUND

     On September 12, 1991, plaintiff-appellant, Donald Wilson,

was arrested by drug enforcement agents in Fort Lauderdale,

Florida, for a narcotics violation on a warrant issued by the federal

district court in the Middle District of Alabama. A magistrate judge

in Fort Lauderdale ordered Wilson removed from the Southern

District of Florida to the Middle District of Alabama. Because there

is no federal detention facility in the Middle District of Alabama,


                                   2
individuals awaiting trial or sentencing on federal charges are

housed in municipal and county jails in the district pursuant to

intergovernmental agreements, or contracts, with the United States

Marshals Service ("Marshals Service"). One such jail used by the

Marshals Service to house federal detainees is the Montgomery

City Jail ("MCJ") in Montgomery, Alabama.

       Defendant-appellee Pam Harding, a criminal investigator for

the Marshals Service stationed in Montgomery, transported Wilson

from the Northern District of Georgia to MCJ pending his trial and

moved him on other occasions for court proceedings. Wilson was

housed at MCJ from October 1, 1991, until December 17, 1991,

when he was moved to Dothan City Jail to await sentencing.1

Wilson presently is incarcerated in at the Federal Correctional

Institution in Raybrook, New York.




       1
        Wilson returned briefly to MCJ in February, 1992, prior to transportation to his
designated federal correctional institution to serve his sentence.

                                               3
       In his consolidated actions under § 1983 and Bivens, Wilson

sought compensatory and punitive damages2 for alleged

constitutional violations during his stay at MCJ. He contended that

the absence of a law library at MCJ allegedly caused him to plead

guilty to his then-pending federal charge and prevented him from

litigating pro se a related forfeiture case as well as this civil rights

case. He also alleged that he suffered unconstitutional

confinement conditions at MCJ, including overcrowding, disciplinary

confinement, and lack of exercise, which allegedly caused him

stress, weight gain, and high blood pressure. Defendants-

appellees are L.M. Blankenship, MCJ warden at the relevant time;

Sharon Hall, assistant MCJ warden at the relevant time; Janice

Hopkins3 and Rafael Parks,4 correctional officers; and Harding. All

of these defendants-appellees pled qualified immunity as an


       2
       Wilson sued defendants-appellants jointly and severally for $500,000 compensatory
damages and $900,000 punitive damages.
       3
         Although Wilson appears to have sued both "Mrs. Hawkens" and "Janice Hopkins," the
record clarifies that this is one correctional officer and that her correct name is Janice H.
Hopkins. See R1-14, Hopkins Affidavit at 1.
       4
         The record shows that defendant-appellee "Mr. Park" is correctional officer Rafael
Parks, Sr. See R1-14, Parks Affidavit at 1.

                                               4
affirmative defense.5 The district court treated the ordered special

reports by Harding, Blankenship, Hall, Hopkins, and Parks as

motions for summary judgment. Wilson moved for summary

judgment and requested a jury trial.

       Following an evidentiary hearing, the magistrate judge

recommended that summary judgment be entered for all

defendants. The district judge adopted the recommendation of the

magistrate judge, denied Wilson's motion for summary judgment

and request for a jury trial, and granted summary judgment in favor

of all the defendants. On appeal, Wilson pursues his contentions of

unconstitutional confinement conditions at MCJ.




       5
          Although Wilson's original complaint states that he sued the state defendants in both
their individual and official capacities, the record and course of proceedings indicate that he sued
these defendants only in their individual capacities. See Colvin v. McDougall, 62 F.3d 1316,
1317 (11th Cir. 1995) (stating that the complaint and course of proceedings determines whether
civil rights defendants are sued in individual or official capacities). In suing for monetary
damages solely, Wilson named the individual defendants and described their involvement in his
alleged constitutional deprivations. Moreover, none of the defendants pled Eleventh
Amendment, sovereign immunity, which would relate to suit in their official capacities, and all
pled the affirmative defense of qualified immunity from suit in their individual capacities.

                                                 5
                             II. ANALYSIS

     We review de novo a district judge's grant of summary

judgment. See Hale v. Tallapoosa County, 50 F.3d 1579, 1581

(11th Cir. 1995). When "there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law," summary judgment is appropriate. Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c). Because of the similarity in the causes of action, a Bivens

case challenges the constitutionality of federal officials' conduct,

while § 1983 challenges the constitutionality of state officials'

conduct, we "generally apply § 1983 law to Bivens cases." Abella

v. Rubino, 63 F.3d 1063, 1065 (11th Cir. 1995) (per curiam).

     Qualified immunity protects government officials from civil

trials and liability when their conduct in performing discretionary

functions "violates no 'clearly established statutory or constitutional

rights of which a reasonable person would have known.'" Lassiter

v. Alabama A & M Univ., Bd. of Trustees, 28 F.3d 1146, 1149 (11th

Cir. 1994) (en banc) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800,

818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738 (1982)). The district judge did not grant


                                   6
summary judgment to the government defendants based on

qualified immunity; the magistrate judge did not mention this

entitlement in his recommendation. Nevertheless, qualified

immunity, pled by all of the government defendants as an

affirmative defense, should have been the analysis used to grant

them summary judgment on the facts in this case.

     Our circuit applies a two-part test to determine if the qualified

immunity defense protects a defendant government official. See

Evans v. Hightower, 117 F.3d 1318, 1320 (11th Cir. 1997). First,

the "defendant government official must prove that he was acting

within the scope of his discretionary authority when the alleged

wrongful act occurred." Id. Second, if the defendant official meets

his burden, then the plaintiff must "demonstrate that the defendant

violated clearly established law based upon objective standards."

Id. General propositions and abstractions do not qualify for bright

line, clearly established law. See Lassiter, 28 F.3d at 1150. "For

qualified immunity to be surrendered, pre-existing law must dictate,

that is, truly compel (not just suggest or allow or raise a question


                                   7
about), the conclusion for every like-situated, reasonable

government agent that what defendant is doing violates federal law

in the circumstances." Id. By applying these principles, we

determine the entitlement of the marshal, the wardens, and the

correctional officers to qualified immunity.

A. Marshal

       The only evidence in the record that connects Harding to

Wilson is her transportation of him to MCJ and to court proceedings

when he was a federal pretrial detainee.6 Our court has determined

that marshals' transporting of federal pretrial detainees is within the

scope of their discretionary authority. See Jordan v. Doe, 38 F.3d

1559, 1566 (11th Cir. 1994). At the time that Harding transported

Wilson,

however, no clearly established law would have informed a

reasonable government official that transporting a federal pretrial



       6
         To the extent Wilson suggests that knowledge of the United States Marshals annual
inspection report on MCJ should be imputed to Harding, we find this speculation to be supported
by neither the facts nor the law. Even if she were aware of the inspection report, there is no
evidence whatsoever that Harding had any control over the operation of MCJ and the
confinement conditions there.

                                               8
detainee to a local jail with which the Marshals Service had an

intergovernmental agreement was unconstitutional. See id. at

1566-67. Accordingly, Harding was entitled to summary judgment

based on qualified immunity.

B. Wardens

     Blankenship and Hall respectively were warden and assistant

warden at MCJ while Wilson was there. Although the scope of their

responsibilities encompassed the daily administration of MCJ,

Wilson does not complain about the order, cleanliness, or food at

MCJ, aspects of the daily functioning of a jail. Instead, his

contentions involve space: the lack of a law library and space for

exercise. There is no evidence in the record that Blankenship and

Hall had control over these aspects of MCJ.

     Federal pretrial detainees were housed at MCJ pursuant to an

intergovernmental agreement between the City of Montgomery and

the Marshals Service, which paid a daily fee for federal detainees

housed there. A contracting officer for the Marshals Service and

the local police chief executed the intergovernmental agreement


                                   9
effective at the time that Wilson was housed at MCJ. That

agreement provided that MCJ would house thirty-two federal

detainees a day at the request of the Marshals Service.7 No

mention is made of space or square footage per federal inmate or

of outdoor or indoor exercise. Neither Blankenship nor Hall was a

party to this intergovernmental agreement; they implemented its

terms for the local government. Furthermore, the special report

filed at the request of the magistrate judge on behalf of the wardens

and correctional officers at MCJ states: "The United States

Marshals Service is fully aware that [MCJ] has no area for outdoor

exercise and has no law library. The United States Marshals

Service and the Federal Board of Corrections inspect [MCJ] once

every three (3) months." R1-14-2.


       7
          Concerning housing federal detainees at MCJ, the intergovernmental agreement in
effect at the time that Wilson was housed there provided:

       The LOCAL GOVERNMENT agrees to accept and provide detention space and
       services for thirty-two (32) Federal prisoners, (which includes 16 male and 12
       female Federal prisoners . . .) in USMS custody, each day upon the request of the
       U.S. Marshal at the Montgomery City Jail for a period of fifteen (15) years . . . .

R1-17, Exh. A, Intergovernmental Agreement (Oct. 1, 1991) at 4. During the time that Wilson
was confined at MCJ, the two MCJ cellblocks used for federal prisoners were filled to capacity
and housed 16 inmates in four, four-person cells.

                                               10
       Providing a law library and stocking it as well as building a

larger space to house federal detainees necessarily would involve

the appropriation of funds. There is no evidence in the record that

Blankenship or Hall had any responsibility for or ability to cause

such appropriation.8 See Hill v. Dekalb Reg'l Youth Detention Ctr.,

40 F.3d 1176, 1194 (11th Cir. 1994) (stating that "[t]he critical

determination for imposing liability under section 1983 is

ascertaining

the particular official with 'final policymaking authority'" (quoting Jett

v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 491 U.S. 701, 737, 109 S.Ct. 2702,

2723 (1989)). Additionally, creating a law library out of the existing

space would exacerbate the other problem about which Wilson

complains: insufficient space for exercise.




       8
          The funds for building or improving local jails come from the local government and
usually involve taxing the citizens. See Moore v. Morgan, 922 F.2d 1553, 1556-57 (11th Cir.
1991) (local sheriff approached county commission to propose a referendum to decide if citizens
would incur a tax for a new jail to remedy the overcrowding problem at the existing jail); Hamm
v. DeKalb County, 774 F.2d 1567, 1569 (11th Cir. 1985) (county provides the funding for the
local jail and participates in establishing the general operational procedures, while the jail is
supervised by the sheriff and county commissioners who set the general operational policies and
are responsible for jail conditions).

                                               11
     Therefore, the record shows that the discretionary

responsibilities of Blankenship and Hall with respect to federal

detainees consisted of daily administering MCJ pursuant to the

intergovernmental agreement between the Marshals Service and

the local government and the local regulations of that facility.

There is no evidence that they did not do this or that they had any

ability to operate MCJ outside this circumscribed zone of

discretionary authority regarding federal detainees housed at MCJ.

Even if these space concerns were within the scope of their

discretionary duties, we still conclude that Blankenship and Hall

are protected by qualified immunity because failure to provide a

law library for the federal detainees housed there or specific square

footage for inmates to exercise violates no clearly established law

for qualified immunity purposes, as we clarify.



     1. Denial of Access to Courts




                                  12
       It is undisputed that there was no law library in MCJ and no

access to a law library when Wilson was detained there.9 He

contends that this deprivation prevented him from filing his civil

rights case while he was at MCJ as well as defending his civil rights

case. Wilson's sworn testimony at the evidentiary hearing,

however, failed to establish that he was concerned with any legal

matter other than his criminal case, for which he was represented

by counsel. Therefore, the magistrate judge concluded that Wilson

suffered no prejudice from his lack of access to the courts while at

MCJ.

       "[T]he fundamental constitutional right of access to the courts

requires prison authorities to . . . provid[e] prisoners with adequate

law libraries or adequate assistance from persons trained in the

law." Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 828, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 1498

(1977). The Supreme Court, however, has clarified that prisoners'

contentions of deprivations of access to courts must show actual


       9
         Inmates could keep legal materials in their cells and receive attorney calls and visits.
Each unit had a dayroom with a telephone that inmates could use to contact attorneys for legal
assistance or materials.

                                                13
injury as a "constitutional prerequisite." Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S.

343, 351, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 2180 (1996); see Weaver v. Brenner, 40

F.3d 527, 533 (2d Cir. 1994) (recognizing that, when judicial

decisions subsequently delineate that a right that generally

appeared to exist at the time of the government official's conduct

did not actually exist, then "the conduct will not subject the official

to liability"). While Bounds guarantees the right of access to the

courts under the Fourteenth Amendment, prisoners have no

inherent or independent right of access to a law library or to legal

assistance. See Lewis, 518 U.S. at 349-51, 116 S.Ct. at 2179-80.

Instead, they must show actual injury in the pursuit of specific types

of nonfrivolous cases: direct or collateral attacks on sentences and

challenges to conditions of confinement.10 Id. at 355-57, 116 S.Ct.

at 2182. "Impairment of any other litigating capacity is simply one

of the incidental (and perfectly constitutional) consequences of

conviction and incarceration." Id. at 355, 116 S.Ct. at 2182.


       10
          In Lewis, examples of actual injury regarding prospective or existing litigation were
missing filing deadlines or being prevented from presenting claims. See Lewis, 518 U.S. at 348,
116 S.Ct. at 2178.

                                              14
     With respect to access-to-court claims, Lewis clarifies that a

plaintiff first must show actual injury before seeking relief under

Bounds. See Bass v. Singletary, 143 F.3d 1442, 1444 (11th Cir.

1998). This essential standing requirement means that actions by

prison officials that allegedly violated an inmate's right of access to

the courts must have impeded the inmate's pursuit of a

nonfrivolous, post-conviction claim or civil rights action. See id. at

1445. To prevail, a plaintiff must provide evidence of such

deterrence, such as a denial or dismissal of a direct appeal, habeas

petition, or civil rights case that results from actions of prison

officials. See id. at 1446. Therefore, in an access-to-courts claim,

"a plaintiff cannot merely allege a denial of access to a law library

or adequate attorney, even if the denial is systemic." Sabers v.

Delano, 100 F.3d 82, 84 (8th Cir. 1996) (per curiam). Rather, a

plaintiff must demonstrate that the lack of a law library or

inadequate access to counsel hindered his "efforts to proceed with

a legal claim in a criminal appeal, postconviction matter, or civil

rights action seeking to vindicate basic constitutional rights." Id.


                                    15
     In this case, Wilson asserts that the lack of a law library at

MCJ prevented him from pursuing these civil rights claims and his

civil forfeiture case. Aside from the magistrate judge's

determination that Wilson was involved solely with his criminal case

while at MCJ, we find Wilson's contentions to be meritless.

Because Wilson did litigate his § 1983 and Bivens cases in district

court and on appeal, he cannot demonstrate that the prison officials

prevented him from pursuing these causes of action. See Bass,

143 F.3d at 1446. Additionally, Wilson's forfeiture case is not a

type of case that is included under the right of inmates' access to

courts under Lewis, which limits that right to direct or collateral

appeals and civil rights cases. See Lewis, 518 U.S. at 355, 116

S.Ct. at 2182. The Supreme Court has reiterated that an in rem

forfeiture action constitutes a civil remedial sanction, which is not a

classification of case recognized as included in the access-to-

courts right under Lewis.    See United States v. Ursery, 518 U.S.

267, 277-78, 116 S.Ct. 2135, 2142 (1996). Therefore, Wilson has

failed to show actual legal injury regarding either his criminal


                                   16
conviction, because he was represented by counsel in that matter,

or his civil rights litigation, evidenced by this appeal, and Lewis and

Ursery mandate that he has no standing for a denial of an access-

to-courts claim based on any injury regarding his civil forfeiture

case. Thus, even if they had discretionary authority to provide a

law library at MCJ, Blankenship and Hall did not violate Wilson's

constitutional right of access to courts.11

       2. Exercise

       Wilson complains that both outdoor and indoor exercise were

unavailable to him while he was housed at MCJ. It is undisputed

that MCJ has no space or provision for outdoor exercise for its

inmates. Additionally, Wilson contends that he was unable to

exercise inside MCJ because of the lack of space resulting from the

number of inmates there.

       In contrast to a sentenced prisoner, whose conditions of

confinement are analyzed under the Cruel and Unusual


       11
          We further note that MCJ "has built a new law library for prisoners since this appeal
was filed," which Wilson's appellate counsel acknowledges could render this issue "moot."
Appellant's Supplemental Brief at 9.

                                               17
Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment, "the proper inquiry

[for a pretrial detainee] is whether [confinement] conditions amount

to punishment of the [unadjudicated] detainee" under the Due

Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Bell v. Wolfish, 441

U.S. 520, 535 & n.16, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 1872 & n.16 (1979); see

Villarreal v. Woodham, 113 F.3d 202, 207 (11th Cir. 1997)

(recognizing that confinement of pretrial detainees is a "necessary

restriction" to ensure their presence in court).

           Not every disability imposed during pretrial
     detention amounts to "punishment" in the constitutional
     sense, however. . . . And the fact that such detention
     interferes with the detainee's understandable desire to
     live as comfortably as possible and with as little restraint
     as possible during confinement does not convert the
     conditions or restrictions of detention into "punishment."

Bell, 441 U.S. at 537, 99 S.Ct. at 1873. In analyzing confinement

conditions about which a pretrial detainee complains, a court must

decide whether the detention officials intentionally imposed the

restriction for a punitive purpose or whether it is reasonably

incidental to a legitimate government objective. See id. at 538-39,

99 S.Ct. at 1873-74; see Villarreal, 113 F.3d at 207. "If a


                                   18
restriction is not reasonably related to a legitimate goal--if it is

arbitrary or purposeless--a court may infer that the purpose of the

government action is punishment." Lynch v. Baxley, 744 F.2d

1452, 1463 (11th Cir. 1984). Additionally, our court evaluates

particular pretrial detainee complaints against the totality of

confinement conditions to determine if there is constitutional

deficiency. See Hamm v. DeKalb County, 774 F.2d 1567, 1575-76

(11th Cir. 1985).

     As we have explained, there is no evidence in this record to

show that Blankenship or Hall had any authority or ability to create

a secure space at MCJ for outdoor exercise for inmates.

Principally, this is because the local government is responsible for

appropriating the funds for building such jail outdoor exercise

space. Under the analysis prescribed by Bell, there is no evidence

whatsoever in the record that Wilson or any other inmate at MCJ

was denied outdoor exercise by Blankenship or Hall as

punishment. Instead, these wardens were implementing the

legitimate government purpose of housing federal detainees


                                    19
pursuant the terms of the intergovernmental agreement between

the Marshals Service and the local government. The Court's

decision in Bell considered the relatively short stay of federal

pretrial detainees at a facility such as MCJ. See Bell, 441 U.S. at

543, 99 S.Ct. at 1876. Following Bell, the former Fifth Circuit

accorded no relief at a similar institution housing federal pretrial

detainees where "[t]here was no outdoor exercise."12 Jones v.

Diamond, 636 F.2d 1364, 1374 (5th Cir. Jan. 1981) (en banc). We

conclude that not only does the record fail to show that Blankenship

and Hall, as wardens at MCJ, had discretionary authority to provide

outdoor exercise for Wilson or that the lack of such exercise was to


       12
           In a case that predated Bell, we are cognizant that the former Fifth Circuit found that
pretrial detainees should not be incarcerated continuously "in an institution designed to punish,
where outdoor recreation is reasonably possible." Miller v. Carson, 563 F.2d 741, 750 (5th Cir.
1977). Rather than mandating immediate outdoor recreation, however, the Miller court
recognized that such outdoor exercise "may not be immediately attainable because of lack of
resources" and stated that this was "a goal toward which the jail authorities should strive." Id.
Thus, Miller did not require that every pretrial detainee have an automatic constitutional right to
outdoor exercise, and continuous incarceration is distinct from brief detention periods. We
further note that the defendants in Miller were the county sheriff as well as city and state
officials charged with oversight of the prison system and appropriation of local and state funds
for building prisons and improvements to existing prisons and not the warden, who is charged
with the daily administration of the prison. See id. at 744 & nn. 2 & 3. Furthermore, because it
predated Bell, which instructs that courts must analyze confinement conditions of pretrial
detainees to determine if the intent is to punish or if the condition is incidental to a legitimate
government purpose, Miller was not considered under Bell, which directs our review in this case.


                                                20
punish him, but also that no clearly established constitutional law

required that Wilson have immediate access to outdoor exercise

during the time that he was at MCJ, where no such facilities

existed, and his confinement at MCJ was brief.

       Wilson also complains that he was unable to exercise inside

MCJ in the limited space available to him. Hall's affidavit explains

that Wilson and other inmates were released from their cells into a

larger, open area, or dayroom, containing a telephone and

television for inmates' use, at 5:00 A.M. and that they remained

there until 10:00 P.M., when they returned to their cells for the

night. See R1-14, Hall Affidavit at 1-2. This open area "provides

space where the inmates may participate in exercises such as

push-ups, sit-ups and limited jogging, etc."13 Id. at 2; see Jones,

636 F.2d at 1373 (noting that there was limited room for indoor

exercise and that inmates did push-ups "as their only form of

       13
           A Marshals Service inspection report states "there is ample room in the day room areas
for inmates to do exercises." Government Exh. 1-7. Additionally, federal detainees, like other
inmates housed at MCJ, also engage in indoor work detail, which involves sweeping, mopping,
and scrubbing their cells, the common areas, and hallways that they occupy on a daily basis.
See R1-14, Exh. B at 10 (MCJ Standard Minimum Rules and Regulations). We note that these
activities provide some exercise.


                                               21
exercise in the jammed cells and day rooms"). Wilson states that

the dayroom consisted of approximately 240 square feet of floor

space, which he shared with fifteen inmates, affording

approximately fifteen square feet of floor space per man. See R1-

35-1; id. App. B, Wilson Affidavit at 1. He further represents that

"even if it would be feas[i]ble to ex[er]cise in this area, it would only

annoy the individuals using the phone, and obstruct the others[']

v[ie]w of T.V. and could easily escalate into violent physical

confrontations," R1-35-1, and that "[t]his area was sever[e]ly over

cro[w]ded under the Federal Regulations," id. App. B, Wilson

Affidavit at 1.

     Despite Wilson's contentions of overcrowding, we note that he

does not represent that there were more than sixteen inmates in

the dayroom, which was the maximum number specified in the

intergovernmental agreement between the Marshals Service and

the local government. Furthermore, we have not granted relief for

more crowded conditions than Wilson experienced at MCJ in a

facility that housed both pretrial detainees and convicted prisoners.


                                    22
See, e.g., Hamm, 774 F.2d at 1569 ("During Hamm's incarceration

there, the jail's population at times exceeded the facility's design

capacity."). In Bell, the Supreme Court clarified that the relative

brevity of pretrial detainees' confinement allows spacial

confinement that involves "genuine privations and hardship," which

might be questionable under the Due Process Clause if they

continued "over an extended period of time." Bell, 441 U.S. at 542,

99 S.Ct. at 1876. The Court also stated that federal court

decisions concerning minimum inmate space requirements as well

as purported standards recommended by various groups with

expertise in correctional institutions may set goals, but that "they

simply do not establish the constitutional minima."14 Id. at 543 n.27,

99 S.Ct. at 1876 n.27. Recognizing the Bell mandate, "we set no

space standards," Jones, 636 F.2d at 1376, in a similar institution

where the dayroom sometimes afforded "little more than six square

       14
          Even "recommendations of the Federal Corrections Policy Task Force of the
Department of Justice regarding conditions of confinement for pretrial detainees are not
determininative of the requirements of the Constitution." Bell, 441 U.S. at 543 n.27, 99 S.Ct. at
1876 n.27 (emphasis added). Consequently, the Marshals Service MCJ inspection report,
relevant to the time that Wilson was at MCJ, does not show a constitutional violation when it
notes that the dayroom was not in compliance with 35 square feet per inmate recommended by
the Marshals Service. See Government Exh. 2 at 2.

                                               23
feet per inmate." Id. at 1374. Our court further has concluded that

"[i]t is equally clear that the due process clause does not purport to

regulate the general conditions and quality of life in the country's

jails, and that the courts should not attempt to make 'judgment

calls' to determine which of various marginally different conditions

might be more appropriate." Hamm, 774 F.2d at 1573.

     Rather than complaining that fifteen square feet per inmate is

insufficient space to do exercises such as push-ups, sit-ups, or

jogging in place, Wilson speculates that such exercises may annoy

the other inmates with the potential for physical confrontations.

There is no evidence in this record that any altercation occurred as

a result of Wilson's attempted indoor exercising during his stay at

MCJ. Thus, Wilson has presented no documented reason that he

could not have engaged in indoor exercises while he was at MCJ,

and he has not shown that Blankenship or Hall prevented him from

doing so for a punitive purpose. To the extent that Wilson

represents that he developed high blood pressure because of the

lack of an ability to exercise at MCJ, his medical history, attached to


                                  24
the special report filed on behalf of the wardens and correctional

officers, shows that he was suffering from high blood pressure

when he entered MCJ. His medical records while at MCJ further

evidence that he received medication and was treated for his

ailments while there. Thus, Wilson's high blood pressure was not

caused by his detention at MCJ and his alleged inability to exercise

there.

     In addition to having no discretionary authority to fund and to

build an secure outdoor exercise facility at MCJ or to deviate from

the specifications of the intergovernmental agreement between the

Marshals Service and the local government as to the number of

federal detainees housed at MCJ with the resulting implications for

inmate space there, Blankenship and Hall violated no clearly

established law in not providing Wilson outdoor exercise while he

was at MCJ or affording him more space for indoor exercise.

Applying the Bell standard to confinement conditions, such as

space, is "exceedingly difficult and does not provide clear results,"

which makes qualified immunity appropriate. Hamm, 774 F.2d at


                                  25
1573. Moreover, states, not wardens, "can improve the quality and

quantity"of such conditions by "increasing and properly

administering the amount of money they spend on a detention

facility"; "courts in most instances may not interfere with a state's

decision to provide detainees with a reasonable level and quality of

food, living space, and medical care." Id.                    Additionally, under a

totality of confinement conditions analysis, Wilson's complaints are

few in comparison to other cases where we have not given relief

because we determined that the confinement conditions were not

constitutional violations. See, e.g., id. at 1569-70 (noting that

objectionable confinement conditions at county jail included

overcrowding, sleeping on tables or the floor, unsanitary floor and

linens, occasional foreign objects in the food). On the facts of this

case, Blankenship and Hall are entitled to qualified immunity.15

       15
          We note that our decision would be the same under an Eighth Amendment analysis
applicable to the brief time that Wilson returned to MCJ after his conviction and before he was
moved to his designated federal penitentiary to serve his sentence. Our court has held that the
minimum standard of the Due Process Clause relative to basic necessities, such as living space,
"is the same as that allowed by the eighth amendment for convicted persons." Hamm, 774 F.2d
at 1574. "The Supreme Court . . . has not set forth a standard for determining what level of
necessities the due process clause absolutely requires." Id. Consequently, in addition to having
no ability to create exercise space at MCJ as part of their discretionary responsibilities,
Blakenship and Hall violated no clearly established law under the Eighth Amendment with

                                               26
C. Correctional Officers

       Wilson contends that correctional officers Parks and Hopkins

also denied him access to a law library and exercise as well as

placed him in disciplinary isolation without proper bedding. There

is no evidence in the record that Parks or Hopkins had any

discretionary authority regarding implementing policies or

procedures at MCJ; consequently, they were not responsible for

the lack of a law library or exercise space at MCJ. As we

additionally have discussed, the lack of a law library, outdoor

exercise, or more space for indoor exercise did not violate clearly

established law as to Wilson's constitutional rights while he was at

MCJ. Accordingly, Parks and Hopkins are entitled to qualified

immunity concerning these issues. We limit our analysis to

Wilson's complaints concerning his disciplinary isolation.

       Wilson represents that, on two separate occasions, Parks and

Hopkins each placed him in disciplinary isolation as sanctions for




respect to Wilson during the time that he was at MCJ, which also would entitle them to qualified
immunity.

                                               27
his misconduct.16 See R1-35, App. B, Wilson Affidavit at 1. He

further states that he "was forced to sleep on a bare floor, which

was both degrading and inhumane." Id. at 1. The magistrate judge

ordered Hopkins to respond to Wilson's allegations. Hopkins

explained that she placed Wilson in an isolation cell because he

was inciting other inmates to disobey an order to lower the noise in

their cellblock and that it was her professional opinion that he had

to be removed to maintain security in the cellblock. See R1-39,

Hopkins Affidavit at 1-2. She further avers that MCJ inmates who

remain in isolation are given bedding and that Wilson was not

required to sleep on the floor. Id. In a report describing the

incident to Warden Hall, Hopkins states that Wilson was not calm

when her shift terminated and that it was the responsibility of the

next shift to provide bedding for inmates who remained in isolation

after lock down and lights out. See R1-38, Exh. A. Even accepting

       16
          Wilson has not placed in the record the specifics of his alleged disciplinary isolation by
Parks. Because Wilson "bear[s] the responsibility of ensuring that the record is complete," and
he "has given us no reason to believe he was unable to do so," we are unable to address his
allegations relating to Parks. United States v. Walker, 839 F.2d 1483, 1485 n.2 (11th Cir. 1988)
(per curiam). Therefore, Parks is entitled to qualified immunity because we will not hold a
government official personally liable for compensatory and punitive damages based on mere
allegations. See Lassiter, 28 F.3d at 1149-50.

                                                28
Wilson's account that he was not provided bedding in the isolation

cell, the correctional officer on duty at lock down and lights out

would be the individual who allegedly deprived Wilson of bedding

and not Hopkins. Additionally, it is unclear from the record whether

Wilson actually spent the night or several hours in the isolation cell.

We also are mindful that our court has not found an inmate's

sleeping on a table while in confinement, but not isolation, not to be

violative of any constitutional rights. See Hamm, 774 F.2d at 1569.

     Significantly, Wilson was placed in disciplinary isolation to

quell a disturbance that he was causing on the cellblock at night.

"[P]reserving internal order and discipline are essential goals that

may require limitation or retraction of the retained constitutional

rights of both convicted prisoners and pretrial detainees." Bell, 441

U.S. at 546, 99 S.Ct. at 1878; see Hamm, 774 F.2d at 1573

("Legitimate restraints may stem from the state's need to manage

the detention facility and maintain security."). Prison officials have

"wide-ranging deference in the adoption and execution of policies

and practices that in their judgment are needed to preserve internal


                                   29
order and discipline and to maintain institutional security." Bell, 441

U.S. at 547, 99 S.Ct. at 1878. Because courts are not in a position

to evaluate urgent problems that occur in prison administration, we

do not second-guess prison officials on matters that they are better

equipped to handle under the exigencies of an internal disturbance.

See id. at 531, 99 S.Ct. at 1870. Wilson's temporary placement in

disciplinary isolation for the legitimate purpose of quieting him on

the facts of this record was not unconstitutional even without

bedding and did not violate any clearly established law at the

relevant time. Accordingly, we conclude that Parks and Hopkins

are entitled to qualified immunity concerning Wilson's placement in

disciplinary isolation.17

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       In this Bivens and § 1983 case, Wilson has alleged that a

federal marshal, MCJ wardens and correctional officers violated his

       17
           To the extent that Wilson suggests that he was deprived of due process because he was
confined in disciplinary isolation without a hearing, "the Due Process Clause does not directly
protect an inmate from changes in the conditions of his confinement." Chandler v. Baird, 926
F.2d 1057, 1060 (11th Cir. 1991). Specifically, the Due Process Clause does not establish "'an
interest in being confined to a general population cell, rather than the more austere and
restrictive administrative segregation quarters.'" Id. (quoting Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460,
466, 103 S.Ct. 864, 869 (1983)).

                                              30
constitutional rights as to access to courts, exercise, and

disciplinary isolation. As we have explained, all of these

defendants-appellants are entitled to qualified immunity. On this

basis, the grant of summary judgment to defendants-appellants is

AFFIRMED.




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