                                                             FILED
                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       October 10, 2012

                                                                     Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                         Clerk of Court
DAVE SHELDON;
DARREN K. KEARNS,

             Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.                                                         No. 10-3237
                                               (D.C. No. 2:10-CV-02412-CM-GLR)
TARA KHANAL; ABU B. ATHAR;                                  (D. Kan.)
DAVID J. MELO, Esq., individually and
as a firm; NETWORK MORTGAGE,
INC.; SHAMS UDDIN, a/k/a Mohammed
Shams Uddin, individually; WINZONE
REALTY, INC.; JULIE S.C. WONG,
individually; SWEENEY, GALLO,
REICH & BOLZ, LLP; ROSEMARIE A.
KLIE, Esq., individually; SAND
CANYON CORPORATION, f/k/a
Option One Mortgage Corporation;
OPTION ONE MORTGAGE
CORPORATION,

             Defendants-Appellees.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*




*
      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Before MURPHY, HARTZ, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.


      This is the third lawsuit spawned by the aborted sale of a house in New York

owned by plaintiffs Dave Sheldon and Darren Kearns1 (Sellers). Sellers sued Tara

Khanal, the potential buyer; her husband, Abu B. Athar; her attorney, David J. Melo,

Esq.;2 the real estate agents, Julie S.C. Wong and Winzone Realty, Inc. (Wong);

mortgage company Network Mortgage Inc. and its broker, Shams Uddin (Uddin);

mortgage lender Option One Mortgage Corp.;3 and the attorneys who represented

Khanal in subsequent New York state court proceedings, Rosemarie Klie, Esq. and

the firm of Sweeney, Gallo, Reich & Bolz, L.L.P. (Klie). The district court

dismissed on res judicata grounds all of Sellers’ claims, except their contract claim

against Melo, which the court dismissed without prejudice because the same claim

was then pending in another federal court. On appeal Sellers contend that the district

court erred in denying their motion to remand the case to Kansas state court, from

whence it was removed, and in dismissing their claims based on res judicata. We

affirm the district court’s judgment in all respects except the merits dismissal of

1
   Kearns, who is a licensed attorney, has filed the briefs on appeal both as counsel
for Sheldon and as a pro se party. “While we ordinarily construe pro se pleadings
liberally, the same courtesy need not be extended to licensed attorneys.” Mann v.
Boatright, 477 F.3d 1140, 1148 n. 4 (10th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).
2
  Sellers sued Melo both “personally and individually” and “as a firm.” Aplt. App.
at 110. Except where noted, our references to “Melo” include both capacities.
3
  Option One has since changed its name to Sand Canyon Corp., but we will
continue to refer to it by its previous name.


                                          -2-
Sellers’ contract claim against Khanal. That portion of the judgment is reversed and

remanded with instructions to the district court to modify the judgment to reflect that

this claim is dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

                                    I. Procedural History

      In February 2007, following her cancellation of the real estate contract with

Sellers, Khanal sued Sellers in New York state court (Sheldon I) to recover, among

other things, the return of her $50,000 down payment. Khanal was unable to secure

service on Kearns, but in September 2007 she obtained a judgment against Sheldon.

See Khanal v. Sheldon, No. 2958/07, 2007 WL 2850994, at *2 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Sept.

19, 2007). The court held that the contract provided that the down payment would be

returned to Khanal if she could not get a written mortgage commitment, and because

she had produced a written denial from a mortgage lender (Option One), she was

entitled to a return of the down payment. See id. Sheldon filed a motion to vacate

the decision, and when it was denied, he appealed.

      Meanwhile, in March 2007, Sellers filed a diversity complaint in federal court

in Kansas4 (Sheldon II) naming everyone who is a defendant in this case.5 Sellers

asserted 14 claims for relief, including breach of contract, fraud, and other tortious

conduct. In August 2008, while motions to dismiss Sellers’ complaint were pending,

4
 Sheldon is a resident of Kansas and Kearns, who is a resident of Missouri,
maintains an office in Kansas.
5
  Sellers also sued several other parties, not involved in the present action, on claims
arising out of Sellers’ purchase of the property at a sheriff’s sale.


                                          -3-
the court transferred the case to the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of New York (the Eastern District). Following a conference in the Eastern

District, all the pending motions to dismiss were withdrawn without prejudice,

discovery was stayed, and the court set a schedule for defendants’ responsive

pleadings. Melo, Uddin, Wong, Klie, and Option One filed new motions to dismiss,

and Khanal filed an answer. Thereafter the Eastern District entered an order

reiterating that discovery was stayed as to all parties until the motions to dismiss

were resolved.

      On September 30, 2009, the Eastern District entered a lengthy order

dismissing each of Sellers’ claims. See Sheldon v. Khanal, No. 08-cv-3676, 2009

WL 3233093 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2009). The court dismissed Sellers’ contract claim

against Melo under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction,

because there was not a sufficient amount in controversy. See id. at *6. It dismissed

the remaining claims against Melo and all the claims against the other defendants

under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim for relief. See id. at *8-16. Although

the court recognized that neither Athar nor Khanal had filed a motion to dismiss, it

concluded that Sellers’ claims against them should still be dismissed for failure to

state a claim. See id. at *8 (Athar), *19 (Khanal). Relying on the New York state

court’s judgment in favor of Khanal in Sheldon I, the court alternatively dismissed

Sellers’ claims against Melo, Uddin, and Klie because they were barred by collateral

estoppel and it alternatively dismissed Sellers’ claims against Khanal because they


                                          -4-
were barred by res judicata. See id. at *18-19. Sellers appealed the Eastern District’s

decision to the Second Circuit.

      On June 8, 2010, while Sellers’ appeal was pending before the Second Circuit,

a New York state appellate court reversed the judgment against Sheldon in Sheldon I

and remanded the matter for further proceedings. See Khanal v. Sheldon, 74 A.D.3d

894, 894-96 (N.Y. App. Div. 2010). The court held that Sheldon had provided a

reasonable excuse for his failure to respond to Khanal’s summary-judgment motion

and had advanced a “potentially meritorious defense” to her claims. Id. at 896.

      Rather than await the outcome of their appeal to the Second Circuit or of the

remanded proceedings in New York state court, Sellers filed the current action

(Sheldon III) on June 24, 2010, in Kansas state court. They alleged 14 claims for

relief similar to those alleged in Sheldon II. On July 22 Option One filed a notice of

removal to the United States District Court for the District of Kansas (the Kansas

District Court), and all the defendants except Athar either joined in or consented to

the removal. On July 27 Sellers filed a motion to remand, contending the removal

was improper, and Option One filed in the Kansas District Court a motion to dismiss,

arguing that Sellers’ claims were barred by both res judicata and the statute of

limitations. Several weeks later, Sellers filed in the Kansas District Court a motion

to amend their complaint.

      On September 3, 2010, the Kansas District Court (1) denied Sellers’ motion

for remand; (2) set aside the Clerk’s default entered against Khanal, Melo, and Klie;


                                         -5-
(3) granted Option One’s motion to dismiss on the basis of res judicata; (4) sua

sponte dismissed Sellers’ claims against all the other defendants; and (5) denied as

moot Sellers’ motion to amend the complaint. Sellers have appealed, challenging

both the denial of their motion to remand and the dismissal of their claims on res

judicata grounds.

                         III. Denial of the Motion to Remand

      “This court has jurisdiction over a denial of a motion to remand to state court

when coupled with the appeal of a final judgment.” Huffman v. Saul Holdings Ltd.

P’ship, 194 F.3d 1072, 1076 (10th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).

“[W]e review a district court’s determination of the propriety of removal de novo.”

Id. “[T]here are two types of improperly removed cases: those in which the federal

court has no subject matter jurisdiction and those with defects in the removal

procedure itself.” Id. “A defect in subject matter jurisdiction can never be waived[;]

. . . [a] procedural defect, however, does not involve the subject matter jurisdiction

of the court and may be waived.” Id. at 1076-77. In their motion to remand, Sellers

contended there were both jurisdictional and procedural defects in the removal.

                           A. Alleged Jurisdictional Defect

      Sellers argued that the Kansas District Court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction

over the removed action because the Eastern District had ruled in Sheldon II that

Sellers’ contract claim against Melo did not meet the required amount in controversy

and hence there was no federal diversity jurisdiction over the claim. Sellers argued


                                          -6-
that if the Kansas District Court lacked jurisdiction over the claim against Melo, the

case could not be removed to federal court. Sellers reurge this argument on appeal.

      To be sure, jurisdictional rulings can have preclusive effect, in that “dismissals

for lack of jurisdiction preclude relitigation of the issues determined in ruling on the

jurisdiction question.” Park Lane Res. L.L.C. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 378 F.3d 1132,

1136 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). But even if the Kansas

District Court lacked jurisdiction over the contract claim against Melo,6 the other

claims could still be removed. The removal statute authorizes the removal from state

court of “any civil action . . . of which the district courts of the United States have

original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). “[A] district court has original

jurisdiction of a civil action for purposes of § 1441(a) as long as it has original

jurisdiction over a subset of the claims constituting the action.” Exxon Mobile Corp.

v. Allapattah Services, Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 563 (2005). Thus, even if there are claims

in the action over which the Kansas District Court lacks original jurisdiction because

they fall short of the required amount in controversy, the entire action can be

removed to federal court under §1441(a) so long as the Kansas District Court has

6
  Perhaps the Eastern District’s ruling that Sellers’ contract claim against Melo did
not meet the required amount in controversy would have precluded relitigation of that
issue in Sheldon III at the time it was removed to federal court. But the preclusive
effect of the Eastern District’s jurisdictional ruling was lost when the Second Circuit
resolved the appeal from the Eastern District’s judgment without affirming that
ruling. See Sheldon v. Khanal, 396 F. App’x 737, 739-40 (2d Cir. 2010); 18A
Charles Alan Wright, et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 4432, at 63-64 & n.24
(2d ed.).


                                           -7-
original jurisdiction over one claim. That the court may not have original jurisdiction

over all the claims “is of no moment.” Id. at 559. There may be a question whether

the federal court can exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the other claims; but

Sellers do not raise such a challenge.

                            B. Alleged Procedural Defects

      Sellers also challenged the propriety of the removal on two procedural

grounds. First, they argued that removal was improper because Athar did not consent

to the removal. If a case is removed based solely on federal diversity jurisdiction,

“all defendants who have been properly joined and served must join in or consent to

the removal of the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A) (emphasis added). Option

One argued that Athar’s consent was not necessary because Athar was only a nominal

party, he had not been served at the time the case was removed, and, in any event,

Option One had been informed that he was dead. The Kansas District Court

concluded that Athar’s consent to removal was not necessary because he had not

been served at the time Option One filed its notice of removal. On appeal Sellers

argue that Athar was not simply a nominal party and that the Kansas District Court

should have remanded the case to state court because he did not join in the removal.

We reject the argument as contrary to the clear statutory language requiring only

served defendants to consent to removal.

      Sellers also challenged the removal on the ground that Option One failed to

include with its notice of removal the required copies of all the summonses served on


                                           -8-
defendants. A defendant who wishes to remove a case from state to federal court

must, within 30 days after receipt of the complaint, file a notice of removal in federal

court “together with a copy of all process, pleadings, and orders served upon such

defendant . . . in such action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a), (b). Option One was served

with the complaint on June 28 and filed its notice of removal on July 22. It failed to

include copies of the summonses with its notice of removal.7

      But immediately after Sellers raised the defect in their motion to remand on

July 27, Option One filed in the Kansas District Court copies of all the state-court

pleadings, including the summonses. In its response to Sellers’ motion to remand,

Option One argued that its July 27 filing cured the original defect. Sellers’ reply did

not address the sufficiency of Option One’s attempt to cure the defect; it simply

reiterated their argument that the failure to include the summonses with the notice of

removal necessitated a remand. The Kansas District Court concluded that no remand

was warranted because Option One had filed all the necessary state-court pleadings,

including the summonses that Sellers contended were missing.

      Sellers renew on appeal their argument that the omission of the summonses in

the notice of removal required a remand. We reject the argument. A removing

defendant’s failure to attach to its notice of removal the required state-court

documents--in particular, a summons--is a procedural defect that can be cured, either


7
  Although the parties failed to include a copy of the notice of removal in their
appendices, we may take judicial notice of it as well.


                                          -9-
before or after the 30-day removal period. See Countryman v. Farmers Ins. Exchg.,

639 F.3d 1270, 1273 (10th Cir. 2011) (per curiam).

      For the first time on appeal, Sellers argue that Option One’s cure was

insufficient to avoid a remand and that Melo did not properly join in the removal

petition. We need not address these belated arguments. Nonjurisdictional defects

must be raised within 30 days after the filing of the notice of removal or they are

waived. See 28 U.S.C § 1447(c); Huffman, 194 F.3d at 1077; 14C Charles Alan

Wright, et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 3739 (4th ed.) (“After the expiration

of the 30-day period following the filing of the removal notice, the right to object to

nonjurisdictional defects in the removal process is considered waived.”) (collecting

cases). Moreover, there are no unusual circumstances here that would lead us to

depart from our general rule that we will not consider an argument that was not

raised in the district court. See United States v. Jarvis, 499 F.3d 1196, 1202

(10th Cir. 2007) (this court will consider an argument not raised in district court only

in “the most unusual circumstances” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

                  III. Dismissal of Claims on Res Judicata Grounds

      We review de novo the district court’s conclusions of law on the applicability

of res judicata. Nwosun v. Gen. Mills Restaurants, Inc., 124 F.3d 1255, 1257

(10th Cir. 1997). “[F]ederal common law governs the claim-preclusive effect of a

dismissal by a federal court sitting in diversity.” Semtek Int’l Inc. v. Lockheed

Martin Corp., 531 U.S. 497, 508 (2001). Under federal law the preclusive effect of a


                                         - 10 -
federal diversity court’s judgment usually should be determined by applying “the law

that would be applied by the state courts in the State in which the federal diversity

court sits.” Id. In this case, that is the law of New York, where the Eastern District

sits.

        “In New York, res judicata, or claim preclusion, bars successive litigation

based upon the same transaction or series of connected transactions if: (i) there is a

judgment on the merits rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction, and (ii) the

party against whom the doctrine is invoked was a party to the previous action, or in

privity with a party who was.” People ex rel. Spitzer v. Applied Card Sys., Inc.,

894 N.E.2d 1, 12 (N.Y. 2008) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

        Sellers made several arguments in the Kansas District Court why res judicata

should not bar their claims, and they repeat those arguments on appeal. First, Sellers

argue that res judicata should not apply because, after the Eastern District issued its

decision in Sheldon II, the New York state appellate court set aside Khanal’s

judgment against Sheldon in Sheldon I. But in ruling that Sellers’ claims were barred

by res judicata, the Kansas District Court did not rely on either the New York state

trial court’s original ruling in Sheldon I or on the Eastern District’s alternate-ground

dismissal in Sheldon II. Rather, the Kansas District Court relied on the Eastern

District’s determination that Sellers failed to state any claims for relief, 8 which was


8
 As mentioned earlier, the Eastern District did not dismiss the contract claim against
Melo in Sheldon II on the ground that it failed to state a claim for relief, and the
                                                                               (continued)
                                         - 11 -
not affected by the New York state court’s subsequent reversal of the original

judgment in Sheldon I.

      We do note, however, that while the present appeal has been pending, the

Second Circuit reversed the Eastern District’s dismissal of Sellers’ contract claim

against Khanal and remanded that claim for further proceedings. Sheldon v. Khanal,

396 F. App’x 737, 740 (2d Cir. 2010). Consequently, the res judicata effect of the

Eastern District’s initial dismissal of that claim no longer exists. See, e.g., Sage

Realty Corp. v. Proskauer Rose LLP, 251 A.D.2d 35, 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998) (once

court’s decision is reversed, it has no preclusive effect).

      Ordinarily, this would lead us to reverse the Kansas District Court’s dismissal

of the contract claim against Khanal and remand the matter to the Kansas District

Court for further proceedings. But after the Second Circuit remanded the contract

claim against Khanal to the Eastern District, the Eastern District concluded that the

claim did not meet the required amount in controversy and dismissed it for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction. Sheldon v. Khanal, No. 08-cv-3676, 2011 WL 3876970,

at *9-10 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2011). Sellers did not appeal that decision.


Kansas District Court did not dismiss the like claim in Sheldon III on res judicata
grounds. Rather, the Kansas District Court dismissed the claim without prejudice on
the ground that the Eastern District’s decision was then pending before the Second
Circuit, which might conclude the Eastern District did have subject-matter
jurisdiction over the claim and remand it for further proceedings. Sellers do not
challenge the dismissal of their contract claim against Melo by the Kansas District
Court. Our discussion is therefore limited solely to the dismissal of Sellers’ other
claims on res judicata grounds.


                                          - 12 -
      Under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, a party may not relitigate a

jurisdictional issue that was decided against it in prior proceedings. See DirecTV

Latin Am., LLC v. Pratola, 94 A.D.3d 628, 628-29 (N.Y. App. Div.), leave to appeal

denied, ___ N.E.2d ___, No. 2012-599, 2012 WL 4017464 (N.Y. Sept. 13, 2012);

Keeler v. W. Mtn. Corp., 105 A.D.2d 953, 954-55 (N.Y. App. Div. 1984); see also

Park Lane Res. L.L.C. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 378 F.3d 1132, 1136 (10th Cir. 2004)

(“[D]ismissals for lack of jurisdiction preclude relitigation of the issues determined

in ruling on the jurisdictional question.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Accordingly, if we were to reverse the Kansas District Court’s dismissal of the

contract claim against Khanal and remand it to the Kansas District Court for further

proceedings, the Kansas District Court would have to dismiss the claim for lack of

jurisdiction. Rather than remand for further proceedings, we will simply remand

with directions to the Kansas District Court to modify its judgment to reflect that the

contract claim against Khanal is dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

      Sellers also argue that the claims should not be barred by res judicata because

the complaint they filed in Sheldon III “has substantive differences from the prior

Amended Complaint that was dismissed” by the Eastern District. Aplt. Opening Br.

at 21 22. Sellers do not, however, explain what the substantive differences are




                                         - 13 -
between the two complaints9 nor how those differences would avoid the bar of res

judicata. Res judicata “applies not only to claims actually litigated but also to claims

that could have been raised in the prior litigation.” In re Hunter, 827 N.E.2d 269,

274 (N.Y. 2005). Our review of the complaint filed in this action does not reveal any

new claims that Sellers could not have raised in Sheldon II.

      In addition, Sellers argued in the Kansas District Court and now argue on

appeal that res judicata should not apply because they were not given a full and fair

opportunity to litigate their claims in the Eastern District. “The rationale underlying

[the] principle [of res judicata] is that a party who has been given a full and fair

opportunity to litigate a claim should not be allowed to do so again.” Id.; see also

Kremer v. Chem. Constr. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 480-81 & n.22 (1982) (res judicata

does not apply if the party against whom it is asserted did not have a full and fair

opportunity to litigate its claims in the earlier proceeding; the “[r]edetermination of

issues is warranted if there is reason to doubt the quality, extensiveness, or fairness of

procedures followed in prior litigation” (internal quotation marks omitted)). “[T]he

question as to whether a party had a full and fair opportunity to litigate a prior

determination, involves a practical inquiry into the realities of litigation.” Gilberg v.

Barbieri, 423 N.E.2d 807, 809 (N.Y. 1981) (internal quotation marks omitted).



9
  In the Kansas District Court, Sellers argued that the two complaints were different
because the current complaint “has more specificity as to what actually transpired in
the case.” Aplt. App. at 179.


                                          - 14 -
       Sellers contend that they were denied a full and fair opportunity to litigate

their claims in the Eastern District because they were denied discovery before the

court ruled on the motions to dismiss. But discovery is not necessary to resolve a

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim for relief; “[t]he court’s function on a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion is not to weigh potential evidence that the parties might present

at trial, but to assess whether the plaintiff’s . . . complaint alone is legally sufficient

to state a claim for which relief may be granted,” Peterson v. Grisham, 594 F.3d 723,

727 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). One purpose of requiring

that a complaint state a plausible claim for relief is “to avoid ginning up the costly

machinery associated with our civil discovery regime on the basis of a largely

groundless claim.” Kan. Penn Gaming, LLC v. Collins, 656 F.3d 1210, 1215

(10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The Eastern District appropriately limited discovery to preserve judicial

resources while the motions to dismiss were pending, and the Sellers have not shown

that this limitation was unfair. If Sellers thought the Eastern District had abused its

discretion by limiting discovery, the appropriate forum for them to challenge that

limitation was in the Second Circuit. Sellers have not shown that they were denied

the opportunity to litigate their claims fully and fairly in the Eastern District.

                              IV. Other Requests for Relief

       Sellers also argue on appeal that the evidence they obtained through discovery

in Sheldon I following the remand from the New York state appellate court would


                                           - 15 -
justify relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). Sellers request that this court grant them

Rule 60(b) relief and “allow plaintiffs to have a trial on the merits against all parties

and all claims.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 25; see also id. at 26 (“[P]laintiffs request that

the Court of Appeals separately employ Rule 60 to vacate any portion of the ruling

that is based upon Res Judicata.”). The simple answer to this request is that the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure apply to the district courts, not to the courts of

appeals. See Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 406 (1990); Fed. R.

Civ. P. 1 (“These rules govern the procedure in all civil actions and proceedings in

the United States district courts . . . .” (emphasis added)).

       Finally, Sellers contend, in a single sentence of their opening brief, that

“[s]everal of the defendants are in default and therefore the Clerk’s default should be

reinstated against same.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 27. This statement, which does not

advance any reasoned argument as grounds for appeal, is insufficient to invoke

appellate review. See Reedy v. Werholtz, 660 F.3d 1270, 1274 (10th Cir. 2011).




                                          - 16 -
                                   V. Conclusion

      The judgment of the Kansas District Court is affirmed in part, reversed in part,

and remanded with instructions to the Kansas District Court to modify its judgment

to dismiss Sellers’ contract claim against defendant Tara Khanal for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction.


                                                 Entered for the Court


                                                 Harris L Hartz
                                                 Circuit Judge




                                        - 17 -
