                                                                                    ACCEPTED
                                                                                06-14-00157-CR
                                                                     SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                                                                           5/11/2015 2:01:46 PM
                                                                               DEBBIE AUTREY
                                                                                         CLERK

                      NO. 06 – 14 – 00157 – CR

                                                           FILED IN
                                                    6th COURT OF APPEALS
           IN THE SIXTH DISTRICT COURT OF         APPEALS
                                                      TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                      TEXARKANA, TEXAS              5/11/2015 2:01:46 PM
                                                        DEBBIE AUTREY
                                                            Clerk

                           CINQUE ROSS
                                 Appellant,

                                  V.

                       THE STATE OF TEXAS
                                 Appellee


      On appeal from the 188TH District Court, Gregg County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 43,104-A


                 BRIEF OF THE STATE OF TEXAS


– ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED ONLY IF GRANTED TO APPELLANT –

                             GREGG COUNTY CRIMINAL
                             DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE

                             Zan Colson Brown
                             Texas Bar No. 03205900
                             Assistant District Attorney
                             Gregg County, Texas
                             101 East Methvin St., Suite 333
                             Longview, Texas 75601
                             Telephone: (903) 236–8440
                             Facsimile: (903) 236–3701
                             Email: zan.brown@co.gregg.tx.us
                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS


TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................1

STATEMENT OF FACTS ......................................................................................4

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT .....................................................................6

ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................7
   I. (Issue One) The trial court properly prohibited Cinque Ross from
           withdrawing his jury waiver as he failed to meet his burden
           of proving no adverse consequences. .........................................................7
           Standard of Review .......................................................................................7
   II. (Issue Two) The custodial interrogation was not illegally
           induced, and was not involuntary.............................................................13
           Standard of Review .....................................................................................13
   III. (Issue Three) Error has not been preserved. Even if preserved,
            the search warrant was valid, and the judge properly allowed
            its admission, along with the evidence taken during the
            search. .......................................................................................................18
   IV. (Issue Four) Penal Code section 46.04 (a) (1) is constitutional. ...................23

CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................27

PRAYER .................................................................................................................28
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ............................................................................28

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ..................................................................29




                                                                  1
                                  INDEX OF AUTHORITIES




        Federal Cases

396 U.S. 968, 24 L. Ed. 2d 434, 90 S. Ct. 450 (1969) .............................................23

D.C. v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 128 S. Ct. 2783, 171 L. Ed. 2d 637 (2008) ..............25

McDonald v. City of Chicago, Ill., 561 U.S. 742, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 177 L. Ed. 2d

  894 (2010) .............................................................................................................25

United States v. Anderson, 559 F.3d 348 (5th Cir. 2009) ........................................25

United States v. Darrington, 351 F.3d 632 (5th Cir. 2003) .....................................25

United States v. Powell, 574 Fed. Appx. 390 (5th Cir. 2014) .................................25

        State Cases

Bonds v. State, 403 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)........................................20

Boyd v. State, 899 S.W.2d 371 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no pet.) .24

Burton v. State, 505 S.W.2d 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) ......................................13

Espinosa v. State, 899 S.W.2d 359 899 S.W.2d 359, 363 (Tex. App.—Houston

  [14th Dist.] 1995, pet. ref'd) ..................................................................................13

Fisher v. State, 379 S.W.2d 900 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964) .......................................14

Lincoln v. State, 508 S.W.2d 635 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) .......................................8

Long v. State, 823 S.W.2d 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) .........................................13

Lucas v. State, 791 S.W.2d 35 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) ................................... 23, 24
                                                                 2
Marquez v. State, 921 S.W.2d 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) .................................7, 8

McGuire v. State, 537 S.W.2d 26 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976) .....................................23

Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372(Tex. Crim. App. 1990), ...............................7

Short v. State, 511 S.W.2d 288 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) ...........................................8

Smith v. State, 779 S.W.2d 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) ........................................14

Sterling v. State, 800 S.W.2d 513 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) .....................................13

Taylor v. State, 255 S.W.3d 399 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, pet. ref'd) ..............7

Washington v. State, 582 S.W.2d 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) ..............................14

Webb v. State, 439 S.W.2d 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 1969) ........................................23

Wilson v. State, 44 S.W.3d 602 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref'd)……24

         State Statutes

Tex. Const. Art. I .....................................................................................................24

Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 38.22 (Vernon) ....................................................13




                                                                3
                             STATEMENT OF FACTS



       Cinque Ross was indicted for being a felon in possession of a weapon. CR 4.

He had been previously convicted of assault on a public servant in cause number 33,698-

A. SX 1; 5 RR 13, 39-40. (He also had a number of other convictions, which were not

introduced until punishment. SX 34-43, 5 RR 69). Detective Joe Chitwood, working with

information from a confidential informant, obtained a search warrant for Ross’ house at

405 Harris, Kilgore, Texas. SX 2; 5 RR 21. A SWAT team entered and secured the

house, locating Cinque Ross in a blue bedroom. 5 RR 24. Detective Chitwood entered,

and as he expected, he found four guns in the closet of that bedroom, and located mail

addressed to Cinque Ross at that address and a prescription bottle with Ross’ name and

that address on it. SX 20-24; 5 RR 26, 29-30. The guns he found in the closet were

introduced as State’s Exhibits 25-28, and the ammo as State’s exhibits 29-31. 5 RR 30-

36. Detective Chitwood interviewed Ross after Mirandizing him. SX 32. The purpose of

that interview was to talk, at Ross’ request, about his working as an informant to get help

with his cases. SX 33. In the interview, however, he admitted having the guns and the

other drugs. SX 33.

       Ross waived a jury on February 14, 2014 and his attorney told the Court that Ross

understood the ramifications of waiving a jury trial. 2 RR 10-11, CR 21. On March 7,

2014, he attempted to retract the jury waiver, saying he had not understood, and that he

had been under “emotional distress.” 4 RR 5, 8. The judge then ruled that the jury waiver

would stand. 4 RR 9. Ross pleaded “not guilty” to the Court and the bench trial began on
                                                4
July 9, 2014. The judge found him guilty and sentenced him to eight years in the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice—Institutional Division. See Judgment, CR 6. He filed a

motion for new trial, which was denied after a hearing on October 8, 2014. Supp. CR 2.

This appeal followed.




                                             5
                       SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT



      The trial court did not abuse discretion by refusing to allow Cinque Ross

withdraw his jury waiver, because Ross failed to meet his burden of proving “no

adverse consequences.”

      The trial court did not abuse discretion by declining to suppress the video of

the voluntary custodial interrogation or the evidence that interrogation produced.

      The alleged error regarding problems with the search warrant has not been

preserved. Even if it had been preserved, the trial court committed no error in

finding the search warrant valid and admitting evidence taken during the search.

      The second amendment right to bear arms does not prevent a State from

legislating that a felon convicted of a violent crime cannot possess a firearm for

five years after he is released from parole.




                                               6
                                     ARGUMENT


I. (Issue One) The trial court properly prohibited Cinque Ross from
       withdrawing his jury waiver as he failed to meet his burden of
       proving no adverse consequences.


      Appellant’s issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying

the withdrawal of a jury waiver which was executed after proper admonishments.

      Standard of Review

      A trial court's overruling of a motion to withdraw a jury trial waiver is

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Marquez v. State, 921 S.W.2d 217, 219 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without reference

to guiding rules and principles, or in other words, when it acts arbitrarily or

capriciously. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990),

on reh'g (June 19, 1991), on reh'g (June 19, 1991). “A defendant may withdraw his

waiver of jury trial if he produces evidence the motion to withdraw is made

sufficiently in advance of trial that the granting of the motion will not produce

adverse consequences.” Taylor v. State, 255 S.W.3d 399, 401 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2008, pet. ref'd). However, if the State, the record itself, or the trial

court rebuts the defendant's claim of no adverse consequences, the trial court does

not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to withdraw the waiver of jury trial.

(citing Marquez v. State, at 223).

                                            7
      Once a jury waiver is executed and approved, the defendant must get the

court and the prosecutor to agree to a withdrawal of a waiver. Tex. Code Crim.

Proc., Art. 1.13(a) (Vernon, 2013). The Court of Criminal Appeals considered a

constitutional challenge to the statutory procedure for waiving trial by jury in 1974

and upheld its constitutionality. Short v. State, 511 S.W.2d 288 (Tex. Crim. App.

1974). The defendant has no right to unilaterally withdraw his waiver. Lincoln v.

State, 508 S.W.2d 635, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). However, even after all

parties agree to waiver, the Court of Criminal Appeals has approved a trend to

permit waiver withdrawal—even after all parties agree--if it causes no adverse

consequences and if it is made in good faith. Marquez, 921 S.W.2d at 221.

      a.     Defendant has the burden to raise the issue and the ultimate
             burden of persuasion.

      The defendant has the burden to show that a waiver withdrawal “will not (1)

interfere with the orderly administration of the business of the court; (2) result in

unnecessary delay or inconvenience to witnesses; or (3) prejudice the state.”

Marquez v. State, 217 at 221. If he shows that, the State must produce evidence of

“no adverse consequences,” and then the defendant has the burden of persuasion.

      b.     Appellant was properly admonished before he waived a jury, and
             when he wanted to withdraw it, he put on no evidence of “no
             consequences” of his waiver withdrawal.

      On February 14, 2014, a plea agreement was available to resolve several

cases against Ross including this one for unlawful possession of a firearm by a
                                             8
felon. 2 RR 4-5. At first he rejected it, but after a conference with his attorney, he

returned and waived a jury in this case and in a case for possession of controlled

substance. 2 RR 10.

      THE COURT: Okay. . . . Now, in both of your cases, in the indicted
      case the unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon and your drug
      case, you have the absolute right to have a jury trial in each of those
      cases; do you understand that?
      THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
      THE COURT: All right. Do you wish to have a jury trial in either of
      those two cases?
      THE DEFENDANT: No, sir, I don't. 2 RR 10.

      THE COURT: So as I understand it, today you want to give up your
      right to a jury trial, you've waived indictment, you want to now give
      up your right to a jury trial in the possession of a controlled substance
      case; is that correct?
      THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, Your Honor. 2 RR 11.


      The plea agreement actually called for the State to dismiss or file a plea in

bar on the firearm-possession-by-felon indictment (this case) and refuse to

prosecute    an unindicted state jail possession charge, and a failure to ID

misdemeanor, in return for a guilty plea and six-year sentence in an unindicted

possession-of-controlled-substance case (alleging over 1 gram but less than 4). 2

RR 11-12.

      The Court then admonished the defendant regarding his jury waiver:

      THE COURT: Do you understand if I approve the jury waiver today
      in both of these cases you can never come back and ask for a jury
      trial; do you understand that?
      THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, Your Honor.
                                             9
      THE COURT: If you change your mind about the plea agreement, if
      you change your mind about pleading guilty, change your mind about
      anything these two cases will then be tried to the Court or we'll have
      open pleas or some non-jury disposition; do you understand?
      THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, Your Honor.
      THE COURT: Mr. Hagan, do you feel like Mr. Ross fully understands
      the implications of the jury waivers today?
      MR. HAGAN: Yes, Your Honor, I do.
      THE COURT: Have you had adequate time to go over that with him?
      MR. HAGAN: Yes, Your Honor.
      THE COURT: And the State joins in the waivers of jury trial in each
      case?
      MS. REED: Yes, Your Honor. 2 RR 11-12.

      Then the court set the matter for February 20 and recessed the proceedings.

2 RR 13. When the court reconvened Mr. Hagan announced that Mr. Ross and his

family wanted to hire a lawyer and proceed to trial. 3 RR 4. The case was reset.

When the court reconvened on March 7, Hagan had not been replaced, but the lab

report had come in, stating that the amount of the controlled substance was less

than one gram, and the amount listed in the information was more than a gram, less

than four grams. 4 RR 4. Since the previous agreement had been six years for the

possession when everybody thought the amount was more than a gram, Ross

rejected the offer. On March 7, the State made a new offer of 5 years for the

firearm charge (this case). 4 RR 5. Ross also rejected that offer. 4 RR 5. Then the

following discussion occurred.




                                           10
         MR. HAGAN: He also is here to say that he believes he was confused
         when he waived the jury, that he did not understand what he was
         doing when he waived the jury.
         THE COURT: On the weapons case?
         MR. HAGAN: On the weapons case. And the record I think speaks
         for itself, and we leave that up to the Court as to exactly what's
         required of the defendant, Mr. Ross; we leave that up to you. We're
         either ready to go forward on the weapons case without a plea
         agreement to the Court or the Court rescinds the jury waiver, then I
         guess it would be set and we'll be ready for a jury trial. 4 RR 5.


         The prosecutor refused to agree to the waiver withdrawal, and argued that

since Ross was represented by competent counsel when he waived the jury, a

bench trial would be appropriate. 4 RR 5. Then the Court ruled that the jury waiver

remained in place on the weapons case only1, and ordered it set for a bench trial. 4

RR 5-6.

         Mr. Ross then spoke up, saying he didn’t understand. Hagan reminded him

he had waived a jury, to which Ross responded, “I know. I was unaware of that

though. . .” 4 RR 8. Then he added, “I didn’t know what I was signing. I was in

emotional distress at the time. And I was trying to see if you’d be willing to give

me a bond reduction on my bond, and at the time I was unaware of what I was

signing, sir. . .” 4 RR 8. Finally, he stated or asked, “I was incompetent at the

time?”


         1
             The prosecutor stated she would seek to have the drug possession case indicted as a state jail felony with

two counts, understanding that Ross could have a jury trial on that case.


                                                               11
      The Court then stated, “No. That you knew what you were doing, that you

waived the jury, and the record will speak for itself. And that may be an appellate

point down the [9] road, but I’m going to find that the jury waiver stays in place on

the weapons case and we’ll proceed that way.” 4 RR 8-9.

      Applying the law to the facts, one can see that the defendant proved only

that he wanted a “do-over.” As one can see from the above discussions, neither

Ross nor his counsel said anything about adverse consequences—he claimed only

a lack of his own understanding.

      The defendant may withdraw a jury waiver if he does so early enough and

he proves it doesn’t create any adverse consequences. In this case there is nothing

in the record to show that the defendant even raised the issues of how a delay

would not “[1] interfere with the orderly administration of the business of the

court; (2) result in unnecessary delay or inconvenience to witnesses; or (3)

prejudice the state.”

      Having failed to prove that the withdrawal would have no adverse

consequences, Appellant’s first issue should be decided in favor of the State.




                                            12
II.   (Issue Two) The custodial interrogation was not illegally
      induced, and was not involuntary.


      Defense Counsel announced at the beginning of the trial that the statement

Ross gave was not voluntary, being induced by promises of leniency and that he

would not be prosecuted. 5 RR 12.

          Standard of Review

      To review a finding on the voluntariness of a confession, the standard is

whether the trial court abused its discretion. The trial judge is the sole judge of the

credibility of the witnesses in a pretrial hearing and absent a showing of an abuse

of discretion the trial court's findings will not be disturbed. Long v. State, 823

S.W.2d 259, 277 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

      Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 38.22 (Vernon)(3) establishes when a

defendant’s statements may be used: only if it is properly recorded and after a

Miranda warning has been given, the accused has voluntarily waived those rights,

the defense attorney has been given proper notice and a copy of such recorded

statements, and the recording is preserved.Tex. Code Crim. Pro. Ann. art. 38.22.

      Some cases suggest that any evidence of an inducement is reversible error,

regardless of its impact on the voluntariness of the confession. Sterling v. State,

800 S.W.2d 513, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Burton v. State, 505 S.W.2D 811,

813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). Other opinions say that a promise does not prohibit

                                             13
admission of a defendant’s statement. Espinosa v. State, 899 S.W.2d 359, 363

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, pet. ref'd). One can resolve the

incompatible lines of cases by adhering to the following cases which require proof

that the promise will likely induce an untruthful statement. Pursuant to that tenet,

the court must determine the impact of the promise and the likelihood that it had a

negative effect on the voluntariness of the statement. To do that, the Court must

determining if the promise is (1) of some benefit to the accused; (2) positive; (3)

made or sanctioned by a person in authority; and (4) of such a character as would

likely influence the accused to speak untruthfully. Smith v. State, 779 S.W.2d 417,

427 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); Washington v. State, 582 S.W.2d 122, 124 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1979); Fisher v. State, 379 S.W.2d 900, 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964).




      Application


      The testimony of Detective Chitwood regarding the interview containing the

confession begins on page 37 of Volume 5. He recognized State’s exhibit 32, and

explained that that was the form, signed by both Chitwood and Ross before taking

the statement. 5 RR 37. Mr. Hagan did not object. 5 RR 38. The video of the

interview was introduced, and Hagan asked the judge to rule on them after the

Smith, 779 S.W.2d, 427 On direct examination, Chitwood repeated the various

                                            14
admissions Ross made on the video. 5 RR 41-45. These admissions were as

follows:

            He admitted that he had been on parole, but was off at the time of the
             offense. 5 RR 41.
            He admitted trying to sell firearms. 5 RR 41
            He admitted possessing firearms. 5 RR 41.
            He stated someone else put them in the closet, but he was aware of
             their presence. 5 RR 41.
            He admitted that his fingerprints would be found on the firearms if the
             police fingerprinted the guns. 5 RR 41.
            He admitted that the bedroom where the guns were found is his
             room.5 RR 41.
            He was able to tell Chitwood where the guns had been located.
            He was in the room where the guns were found.
            He admitted taking the guns out of the house at one point, after
             bagging them up in a plastic bag and putting them in a backpack, and
             would walk to sell them. 5 RR 42.

      On cross examination, Detective Chitwood said the following:

            He and Ross may have talked between the time he was arrested and
             when he went to jail. He may have spoken with him briefly at the
             scene and later on at the interview, but he did not transport him to jail,
             and Ross did not tell Chitwood he wanted to talk at that time. 5 RR
             43-44.
            The video was made two days after his arrest, at Ross’ request, to talk
             about his desire to inform on others to help himself out of these
             charges. 5 RR 44.
            Since the video, he had other conversations with him after learning
             from his attorney or the DA that Ross wanted to work. 5 RR 45.
            The reason for not “working him” was that Chitwood, his unit, and his
             supervisor all felt that the people Ross talked about already had
             informants working them, and “the one person he could do was so
             small it wasn’t going to be worth our time to get his bonds lowered
             and to help him on his charges.” 5 RR 45.
            Eventually, after he got out, “we tried to work him, and that didn’t
             work out either,” meaning that when he was told to call the police at a
                                              15
                certain time for a certain task, he never called until days later, and this
                happened repeatedly. 5 RR 45-48.

             On redirect the State emphasized that the interview was the idea of the
             defendant, by eliciting the following testimony:

              The initial interview on the 20th was the result of request from Ross
               to talk to Chitwood about working for him. 5 RR 48.

       The interview contained the following discourse:

       Chitwood told Ross that if Ross was not honest with him, Chitwood could

not go to the DA’s office and persuade the prosecutor to help Ross with the

charges. SX 33, at 10:41:20. Chitwood read the Miranda warnings to Ross and

both men signed the record of those warnings. 10:41:51. Chitwood reminded Ross

that if Ross is not honest, Chitwood would not talk to the DA and say he’s giving

us good information and he’s willing to work so he won’t go to the pen, and maybe

he will get his bond reduced.

       Ross stated that if he does “sell,” the reason he sells is to support his habit.

10:55:55. When they eventually began to talk about the crimes of which he was

accused no promises were repeated. 11:55:00. Ross acknowledged to Chitwood

that the guns had been in his son’s shoes in the closet, and he specified the “blue”

room was his. 11:02:55 to 11:03:50. Then he said that someone else2 had placed


       2
           The name was unintelligible from both speakers. It could have been “they” or “Ray” or

something else.

                                                   16
the firearms in his closet about three days before, but he knew the guns were there

and 11:03:50. When told that the police would be “fingerprinting” the guns, Ross

readily admitted that his fingerprints would be on them. 11:04:10. He said he had

touched the guns to see if they were still there. 11:04:50. Ross admitted he had

removed the guns once to take them out to sell them. 11:05:15.

      After they had fully discussed his current offenses, Ross redirected the

conversation to just how Ross could help himself by working off the charges.

Chitwood made it clear that the DA would make the final decision, and will

decide how many people Ross had to identify or buy drugs from.             11:09:00-

11:00:29. Chitwood indicated Ross may be able to work off all the cases, where

you will get probation. 11:10:15. The first step was to get the bond lowered.

11:20:00.

      Applying the law to the facts of this case, the issue is whether the trial judge

abused his discretion as he determined whether the admissions in the interview

were illegally induced. The questions to consider are these:

      Was the promise of some benefit to the accused? Yes, tentatively. It could

have been if the information had been useful.

      Was the promise positive? No, it was contingent on the DA’s approval and

on the quality of the information and on Ross’ honesty. He consistently said we




                                            17
“may be able” to get these worked off, but it all depends on the work you do.

11:10:00.

      Was the promise made or sanctioned by a person in authority? Not exactly,

he still would go through the rest of his unit and the DA. He specified that the DA

would make the final decision. SX 33 at 11:00:00 to 11:00:10.

      Most obviously, was the promise of such a character as would likely

influence the accused to speak untruthfully? No, it was specifically contingent on

Ross’ being honest and the “promise” was discussed only in respect to Ross’

intention to “work off” his cases. The “promise” was not made with respect to the

discussion of his current offenses. The interview and the “promise” were instigated

by the defendant, because he wanted to make a deal to work off his cases by

informing on other dealers. His information, however, was not helpful, because

other informers were working the very same people Ross named.

      Ros’ second issue is without support in the record and should be rejected.


   III. (Issue Three) Error has not been preserved. Even if
   preserved, the search warrant was valid, and the judge properly
   allowed its admission, along with the evidence taken during the
   search.


       The appellant’s brief alleges that the search warrant is insufficient to

support a search warrant because the informant was not reliable.


                                           18
       At trial, defense counsel said in his opening statement that the warrant was

without probable cause, did not particularly describe the property, and the four

corners of the affidavits did not set forth probable cause. 5 RR 13. When the search

warrant and affidavit were offered as State’s Exhibit 2, Mr. Hagan objected that “It

does not particularly describe the property of the person to be searched. It is stale--

it also does not set forth probable cause in the four corners of the document.” 5 RR

21.

      Mr. Hagan objected to each item of evidence that was recovered with “same

objections,” reiterating later that he was objecting “to the warrant, the search, and

any evidence that was recovered from it.” 5 RR 21, 34.


      The Court at first received the warrant, subject to ruling on the overall

objection, so that he could “review it as the trial goes along.” 5 RR 19, 21, 25, 29,

32, 33, and 36. Then, after receiving a number of exhibits subject to the ruling on

the warrant, the Court stated he had reviewed the search warrant and overruled Mr.

Hagan’s objections. 5 RR 35.

      At the motion for new trial (before the record had been transcribed),

Appellate Counsel had only this to say about the warrant: “[A]s I understand at

trial, perhaps even the pretrial hearing, not really sure, but I believe at trial the

Defense challenged the warrant as defective. And so whatever those arguments are

I'm putting those in my Motion for New Trial, urging that again today.
                                             19
      The appellate attorney has chosen not to raise the issue of staleness of the

affidavit, or the faulty description of the property, or “probable cause in the four

corners of the document.” These issues should be considered abandoned, and the

only issue raised on appeal is the reliability of the informant. The reliability of the

informant was not raised at trial or at the motion for new trial, and was therefore

not preserved.


      Standard of Review


       Should this court consider and rule on this issue, the Bonds opinion is

instructive as to the standard of review.

      While an appellate court typically reviews a trial judge's motion-to-
      suppress ruling under a bifurcated standard, a trial court's
      determination whether probable cause exists to support a search
      warrant's issuance is constrained solely to the affidavit's four corners.
      when we review a magistrate's decision to issue a warrant, we apply a
      highly deferential standard of review because of the constitutional
      preference for searches conducted pursuant to a warrant over
      warrantless searches.
       Provided the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that
      probable cause existed, we will uphold the magistrate's probable-
      cause determination. The magistrate may interpret the affidavit in a
      non-technical, common-sense manner and may draw reasonable
      inferences solely from the facts and circumstances contained within
      the affidavit's four corners. Appellate courts should not invalidate a
      warrant by interpreting the affidavit in a hypertechnical, rather than a
      common-sense, manner. When in doubt, the appellate court should
      defer to all reasonable inferences that the magistrate could have made.



                                             20
      Bonds v. State, 403 S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (Tex. Crim.

App. 2013) (internal citations omitted).

      If informant reliability is considered, the following excerpts from the

affidavit are instructive. Appellant alleges that the affidavit states that he has “a

reputation for illegal narcotics trafficking.” Appellant’s Brief, at 25. However, in

context, one can read that that information came not from the informant, but from

other law enforcement officers, and they were talking about his arrests, not

convictions.

      Affiant knows or has learned from other law enforcement officers that the

suspected party in paragraph II has a reputation for illegal narcotics trafficking.

Suspected party has a criminal history record and upon reviewing same, Affiant

has learned of two previous arrests wherein suspected party was charged with drug

offenses. SX 2 (emphasis added to show that informant was not the source and that

the affidavit did not assert he had two convictions).

      Appellant further claims, “the record shows otherwise: the only evidence of

a prior conviction for contraband was the Class B Misdemeanor conviction for

possession found in State’s Exhibit 38.”

      The affidavit for the search warrant made no reference to convictions for

contraband. Chitwood wrote about two convictions, and neither is a drug offense.

“Affiant affirmed through NCIC/TCIC that the suspected party has been arrested

                                             21
and convicted for, ASSAULT ON A PUBLIC SERVANT and UNLAWFUL

CARRYING OF A WEAPON.” SX 2 (emphasis in the original). The affidavit did

not claim information from an informant about drug offenses, nor did it claim that

he had been convicted of a drug offense. These statements do nothing to support a

claim that the informant was unreliable.

      Regarding prior convictions for contraband, in addition to State’s Exhibit 38,

cited by Appellant, there is also State’s Exhibit 41. In the Second Motion to

Adjudicate or Revoke in that case, (Angelina County case number 28,402), he was

charged with violating a probation term by possessing cocaine and marijuana on

several different dates.


      Failing to avoid injurious and vicious habits by using and possessing
      COCAINE on or about APRIL 4, 2010 AND AUGUST 19, 2010
      AND NOVEMBER 8, 2010. by using and possessing MARlJUANA
      on or about AUGUST 19, 2010. SEPTEMBER 9, 2010 AND
      NOVEMBER 8, 2010.


      Chitwood’s affidavit did assert, based on informant’s disclosures and his

own    experience, he expected      to     find   paraphernalia and   evidence of

methamphetamine trafficking, scales, containers, records of sales, unpackaged

contraband, money and devices for using the drugs. Scales and a small amount of

money were found along with guns and quantities of methamphetamine, and

marijuana, but none of the other items he expected. The fact that the expected

                                             22
items were not found does not invalidate the entire warrant. He did find guns in

Ross’ bedroom closet, whereas the informant said he had seen them on the bed.

Appellant also asserts that there were problems about the affidavit’s not foretelling

where the drugs would found. (They were seized within the house, and that is all

that is necessary.) The possession of drugs was not even material to this case. This

case was limited to proving the possession of guns by a felon.

      Appellant has not preserved error about the validity of the search warrant.

He has not met his burden of proving the informant unreliable. His third issue is

meritless and should be rejected.



IV. (Issue Four) Penal Code section 46.04 (a) (1) is constitutional.
      The judge overruled Mr. Hagan’ Second Amendment argument:

      [S]pecifically that Penal Code Section 46.04 (a) is an unreasonable
      restraint on the defendant’s right to keep and bear arms . . . [is] a
      personal right. And we submit that . . . barring weapons inside the
      defendant’s home is an unreasonable restraint on the Second
      Amendment right. 5 RR 35.

      A number of Texas cases have dealt with the constitutionality of the various

earlier versions of this statute, and one 2001 case summarizes this body of law:

      The court of criminal appeals upheld earlier versions of the statute.
      See Lucas v. State, 791 S.W.2d 35, 64 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989)
      (upholding statute because it protected general public from violent
      offenders); McGuire v. State, 537 S.W.2d 26, 28 (Tex. Crim. App.
      1976) (upholding statute when legislature broadened restrictions by
      substituting "pistol, revolver or any other firearm capable of being
                                            23
      concealed upon the person" with "firearm"); Webb v. State, 439
      S.W.2d 342, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 1969)(Tex. Crim. App.) (holding
      that restriction against felons possessing "any pistol, revolver or
      firearm capable of being concealed" away from their homes did not
      infringe right of self-defense because felon could arm himself with
      any weapon not listed), (cert. denied, 396 U.S. 968, 24 L. Ed. 2d 434,
      90 S. Ct. 450 (1969)).

      The court in Lucas reasoned that the State had a rational basis for
      restricting the possession of firearms "because [violent offenders]
      have demonstrated a propensity toward violence." Lucas, 791 S.W.2d
      at 64. The statute was intended to keep violent offenders from arming
      themselves and moving about the community. Id. ; Boyd v. State, 899
      S.W.2d 371, 373 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no pet.).

      Like the version of the statute examined in Lucas, the legislature had a
      rational basis to restrict the possession of firearms inside the home
      "with a view to prevent crime" under the current version. TEX.
      CONST. art. I, § 23. Wilson's contention that this restriction "serves
      no purpose in preventing crime" overlooks the fact that convicted
      felons are not necessarily outside their homes when they commit
      crimes. Felons are just as capable of committing crimes with firearms
      in or around their residences. Furthermore, the legislature could have
      rationally restricted convicted felons from possessing firearms
      anywhere for a five-year period to reduce the rate of recidivism.
      Wilson, therefore, has failed to demonstrate that section 46.04
      unreasonably contravenes the right to bear arms guaranteed by the
      Texas Constitution.


Wilson v. State, 44 S.W.3d 602 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref'd)

      Appellant’s argument centers, however, on the U.S. Constitution as opposed

to the State Constitution, which provides as follows: “Every citizen shall have the

right to keep and bear arms in the lawful defense of himself or the State; but the




                                            24
Legislature shall have power, by law, to regulate the wearing of arms, with a view

to prevent crime.” Tex. Const. Art. I, § 23.

      But the reasoning in the above Texas cases can be used to rebut a U.S.

Constitutional challenge, also. Like Wilson and the other gun-toters above, Ross

has failed to demonstrate that section 46.04 unreasonably contravenes the

Constitutional right to bear arms.

       The United States Supreme Court has approved a “longstanding

prohibitions on the possession [] of firearms by felons. . . . D.C. v. Heller, 554

U.S. 570, 626, 128 S. Ct. 2783, 171 L. Ed. 2d 637 (2008). The Heller case has

been applied to Texas law in an unpublished case out of the Fifth District Court of

Appeals on appeal from the Western District of Texas. United States v. Powell,

574 Fed. Appx. 390, 397 (5th Cir. 2014). Powell’s argument was precisely the

same as Ross’. The Powell Court opined that his argument was “precluded by our

precedent.” This finding was followed by a long string of citations, including

Heller:

       See United States v. Anderson, 559 F.3d 348, 352 (5th Cir. 2009);
      United States v. Darrington, 351 F.3d 632, 633-34 (5th Cir. 2003); see
      also D.C.v. Heller, 554 U.S., 626-27("[N]othing in our opinion should
      be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession
      of firearms by felons [.]").




                                               25
The Powell Court went on to conclude: “The Second Amendment does not

preclude Powell's conviction of being a felon in possession of a firearm nor the

sentence imposed pursuant to that conviction.”

      Dismissing the Heller decision, Appellant wants to rely on the case of

McDonald v. City of Chicago, Ill., 561 U.S. 742, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 177 L. Ed. 2d

894 (2010), which struck down the City of Chicago’s prohibition against

possession of any firearm by any citizen. McDonald does not conflict with Heller,

as Penal Code section 46.04, which prohibits possession of firearms by felons who

have been convicted of a violent act. None of the citizens who brought suit against

the City of Chicago was described as a felon who had been convicted a violent act.

When Mr. Ross committed the act of assaulting a public servant, he surrendered

his right to arm himself until five years after he was released on parole. He

couldn’t arm himself while he resided in prison, nor could he arm himself, even in

his own home, while he was on parole, nor for five years after he was released

from parole. He had been released from parole fewer than five years before he was

caught with firearms. 5 RR 16.

      Appellant’s argument, that Penal Code section 46.04 is unconstitutional, is

without support and should be rejected.




                                           26
                                  CONCLUSION



      Appellant has not proved abuse of discretion in the trial court’s refusing to

allow Cinque Ross to withdraw his jury waiver, because Ross failed to meet his

burden of proving “no adverse consequences.”

      Nor has he proved abuse of discretion the refusal to suppress the video of the

voluntary custodial interrogation or the evidence that interrogation produced.

      Appellant did not preserve error on the validity of the search warrant. Even

if it had been preserved, the trial court committed no error in finding it valid and

admitting evidence taken during the search.

      The second amendment right to bear arms does not prevent a State from

legislating that a felon convicted of a violent crime cannot possess a firearm for

five years after he is released from parole.




                                               27
                                      PRAYER

      For the foregoing reasons, the State prays that the ruling be affirmed.

                                        Respectfully Submitted,


                                        /s/ Zan Colson Brown
                                        Zan Colson Brown
                                        Texas Bar No. 03205900
                                        Assistant District Attorney
                                        101 East Methvin St., Suite 333
                                        Longview, TX 75601
                                        Telephone: (903) 236–8440
                                        Facsimile: (903) 236–3701

                          CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE


      I certify that a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing has been

forwarded to all counsel of record by certified mail, return receipt requested and/or

facsimile to:


      Lew Dunn
      P.O. Box 2226
      Longview, Texas 75606

      this 11th day of May, 2015.

                                               /s/ Zan Colson Brown
                                               Zan Colson Brown
                                               Assistant Criminal District Attorney




                                              28
                       CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE


      I certify that the foregoing document complies with Texas Rules of

Appellate Procedure regarding length of documents, in that exclusive of caption,

statement regarding oral argument, table of contents, table of authorities, signature,

certificate of service, certificate of compliance, it consists of 5,664 words.


                                                      /s/ Zan Colson Brown
                                                      Zan Colson Brown
                                                      Assistant Criminal District Attorney




                                              29
