                                NO. 07-10-00243-CR

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                    AT AMARILLO

                                      PANEL B

                                   JUNE 22, 2012


                      DEWAYNE PAUL HINDMAN, APPELLANT

                                          v.

                         THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE


            FROM THE 251ST DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY;

                NO. 55,551-C; HONORABLE ANA ESTEVEZ, JUDGE


Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.


                              MEMORANDUM OPINION


      A jury convicted appellant Dwayne Paul Hindman of capital murder and the trial

court assessed the mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of

parole.1 On appeal, appellant argues insufficient evidence supported his conviction and

because of his continuing indigence the trial court erred by taxing as court costs his

court-appointed attorney‟s fees, investigator fees, and witness fees. The State agrees



      1
        Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.03(a)(2) (West Supp. 2011) (capital murder); §
12.31(a)(2) (West 2011) (punishment of life without parole when State does not seek
death penalty).
the judgment should be modified to delete these fees as costs assessed against

appellant. We will modify the judgment accordingly and affirm it as modified.


                            Factual and Procedural Background


         Appellant was indicted for the April 1, 2007, capital murder of Huong Thi Rowlett.

The indictment alleged he killed Rowlett in the course of committing or attempting to

commit robbery. At trial in June 2010, the court‟s charge gave the jury the options of

finding appellant not guilty, guilty of capital murder or guilty of the lesser offense of

murder. As noted, the jury found him guilty of the more serious offense. On appeal,

appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence he intentionally killed

Rowlett. He confessed to killing her. He challenges only the evidence supporting the

finding he did so in the course of committing robbery.


         Rowlett, who immigrated from Vietnam in 1975, sometimes worked at an

Amarillo convenience store owned by one of her daughters. During the late afternoon

of April 1, 2007, Rowlett was the clerk at the convenience store. Witness McCray, a

regular customer, and his friend Sain testified they stopped at the convenience store

that afternoon. Outside the store, McCray heard a noise he described as “like a help

scream. Trouble. Getting hurt.” Opening the door, he noted the scream grew louder.

Behind the store‟s counter McCray saw someone “maybe robbing the place.” Both saw

the man standing over a woman.          McCray made eye contact with the man before

McCray and Sain fled the store.


         Once outside, McCray called police. McCray and Sain then drove around the

block.    According to appellant, “possibly 30 to 40 seconds” after leaving the store,
                                              2
McCray saw a man running between streets about a block from the store. Appellant

concedes he was the man.


       McCray and Sain stopped again at the store, and McCray briefly entered. He

checked on the woman, and found her “completely quiet.”          A police officer shortly

arrived, and McCray told the officer the woman in the store was dead. Inside the store,

in the area around the cash register, the officer found Rowlett on the floor, bleeding.

She was not breathing and had no pulse. The officer began applying CPR, and noted

Rowlett had several puncture wounds.


       The officer found the cash register drawer open and empty of currency. He

described the counter area of the store as a “mess,” with items knocked over and

cigarettes on the floor.


       A second officer also noted Rowlett suffered several wounds to the chest,

abdomen and arms. She lay in a large pool of blood. Blood was splattered on the

counter and a wall. On the store‟s counter police found a styrofoam cup. Subsequent

analysis showed thirteen of eighteen latent fingerprints on the cup matched appellant‟s.


       Rowlett was pronounced dead at the hospital. The forensic pathologist testified

to his opinion the cause of her death was a stab wound to the chest by a knife or knife-

like implement.


       Trial testimony indicated two to three hundred dollars was missing from the cash

register. The store owner explained it was store procedure when the cash register was

full to place extra cash in paper bags under the counter. Sometimes Rowlett placed

                                           3
extra cash in her pockets. According to the owner, her mother usually used a key to

open the cash register.      The register could also be opened by pushing a button.

Although the register was empty of currency after Rowlett‟s murder, a sack containing

cash remained under the counter. Police eventually found over $1,600 hidden about

the store, some $350 of it in Rowlett‟s pockets.


       Other testimony showed that late in the afternoon of April 1, when an

acquaintance of appellant‟s gave him a ride, appellant gave the acquaintance two packs

of cigarettes for his assistance.


       Tanya Ballin, with whom appellant lived during several months before Rowlett‟s

murder, testified appellant held two jobs during those months, a position with a

restaurant that lasted “for a while,” and a carpet-laying job that “wasn‟t very long.”


       Although appellant had moved out of Ballin‟s residence on March 27, 2007, he

spent the night of March 31 with Ballin. She testified they stayed up late, talking, to see

if they could “work things out.” The next day, April 1, around noon she drove appellant

to a pizza restaurant where he had a job interview.


       Appellant contacted Ballin about 7:00 p.m. with a borrowed cell phone, asking

her to do his laundry. The following day, April 2, Ballin and appellant went to a Wal-

Mart store where he gave her $30 to buy a paint-ball gun for him. He spent the majority

of that week with Ballin.


       After identifying appellant‟s fingerprints on the styrofoam cup found on the store

counter, police began looking for appellant. On April 9, Ballin and appellant were in her

                                              4
car when it was stopped for a traffic violation. Ballin and appellant were separated and

both went to the police station for questioning.


       During the questioning, Ballin was allowed to speak with appellant.            Ballin

recalled asking him if he committed the crime. She testified his response was “he didn‟t

go in there for that,” but to buy a Coke. She continued, “he remembers [Rowlett] yelling

or something. He just snapped and then he didn‟t remember.”2 According to Ballin,

appellant apologized saying “he just wanted to make me happy.”


       After refreshing her memory with a summary of her conversation with appellant,

Ballin added, “I had asked him what had happened and he said she was yelling--the

lady was yelling at him. I asked him why. He said he didn't know. He had got a soda

and drank half of it and filled it up again. And that he just lost it. And he said he should

have been on his meds. And he said he was crazy. If he was on his meds, he would

never have left me. I had asked him about the money that he had put in my purse, if

this was from there and he said yes.” Ballin noticed the money in her purse, about $50,

and believed it was from appellant but said nothing to him about it. When Ballin asked

appellant why he did not tell her of committing the crime he responded, “He didn‟t have

a choice.” In later conversations with Ballin, appellant denied committing the crime.


       Appellant‟s recorded statement to police was played before the jury.              He

confessed to killing Rowlett, with the explanation, “I lost it.” He admitted taking three

packs of cigarettes and some money to help his girlfriend.
       2
        Rowlett had a hearing impairment for which she wore a hearing aid. Testimony
indicated that as a result of this condition, she spoke loudly, in a tone others sometimes
considered angry.
                                             5
       Based on indigence, counsel for appellant was appointed. The court‟s written

judgment signed June 24, 2010, taxed appellant with attorney‟s fees, the fee of an

investigator, and witness fees. Appellant timely noticed this appeal. On July 12, 2010,

the trial court signed an order, pursuant to Government Code § 501.014, to withdraw

“court costs, fees and/or fines and/or restitution” from appellant‟s inmate account.


                                           Analysis

       In his first issue appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he

formed the intent to obtain or maintain control of Rowlett‟s property prior to or during her

murder.


       In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we view all of

the evidence in the light most favorable to the court‟s judgment to determine whether

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.      Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010) (citing

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979));

Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). This standard “gives full

play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to

weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate

facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at 2789; Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. The

trier of fact is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence. See Tex.

Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04 (West 1979); Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 568

(Tex.Crim.App. 2008). Thus, we may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the

evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder. Dewberry v. State, 4


                                               6
S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). Instead, we “determine whether the necessary

inferences are reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the

evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Hooper v. State, 214

S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). We must presume that the fact finder resolved

any conflicting inferences in favor of the prosecution and defer to that resolution.

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778.


         A person commits the offense of capital murder if he “commits murder as defined

under Section 19.02(b)(1) and the person intentionally commits the murder in the

course of committing . . . robbery[.]” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.03(a)(2) (West Supp.

2011).     A person commits murder under section 19.02(b)(1) when the person

“intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. §

19.02(b)(1) (West 2011). A person commits robbery if, in the course of committing theft,

and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he intentionally, knowingly,

or recklessly causes bodily injury to another. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.02(a)(1) (West

2011). A person commits theft if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to

deprive the owner of property. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(a) (West Supp. 2011).


         For the State to prove murder committed in the course of robbery under §

19.03(a)(2) it must “prove a nexus between the murder and the theft, i.e. that the

murder occurred in order to facilitate the taking of the property.” Moody v. State, 827

S.W.2d 875, 892 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992 (citing Ibanez v. State, 749 S.W.2d 804, 807

(Tex.Crim.App. 1986)). Hence, the intent to rob must be formed before or at the time of

the murder. Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 207 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995); Hall v.

                                            7
State, 970 S.W.2d 137, 140-41 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1998, pet. refused). Evidence of a

robbery committed as an afterthought and unrelated to the murder is insufficient

evidence of capital murder. Alvarado, 912 S.W.2d at 207. The jury is permitted to infer

the necessary intent from the conduct of the defendant. Id.


      Borrowing the definition of a similar phrase contained in the robbery statute, 3 the

Court of Criminal Appeals has held that a murder is committed “in the course of

committing” an offense listed in § 19.03(a)(2) when it is committed in an attempt to

commit, during the commission, or in the immediate flight after the attempt or

commission of the offense.     McGee v. State, 774 S.W.2d 229, 234 (Tex.Crim.App.

1989) (citing Riles v. State, 595 S.W.2d 858, 862 (Tex.Crim.App. 1980)). The Court of

Criminal Appeals further noted in McGee that the Court “has held numerous times that

this aggravating element is sufficiently proven if the State proves the robbery occurred

immediately after the commission of the murder.” McGee, 774 S.W.2d at 234 (citations

omitted).    Thus, a robbery occurring immediately after a murder will support an

inference that the murder was committed in the course of committing the robbery. See

Cooper v. State, 67 S.W.3d 221, 224 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002) (robbery case following

McGee, 774 S.W.2d at 234). See Ibanez, 749 S.W.2d at 807 (nexus requirement for

capital murder involving murder in course of robbery same as nexus requirement in

robbery offense between assault and theft). Even in the absence of any other evidence

of a nexus between murder and robbery, the “natural inference allowed by McGee” will

support a conviction. See Cooper, 67 S.W.3d at 224. The inference is not overcome by

the accused‟s evidence of an alternative motive if such evidence could rationally be

      3
          See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.01(1) (West 2011).
                                           8
disregarded by the jury. Id. See also Cutsinger v. State, 2007 Tex. App. Lexis 9854, at

*6 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 20, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (not designated

for publication) (explaining, “The general rule is that a theft immediately following an

assault supports an inference that the assault was intended to facilitate the theft, and

evidence showing an alternative motive that the jury could rationally disregard will not

negate this inference” (citing Cooper, 67 S.W.3d at 224)).


       Even in Nelson v. State, 848 S.W.2d 126 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992), the opinion

clarified in Cooper, 67 S.W.3d at 224, the court found the evidence sufficient to

establish the required nexus between the murder and the taking of the victim‟s property.

It did so by pointing in part to the defendant‟s financial need as motivation for the crime.

848 S.W.2d at 132. The defendant asserted another motivation for his killing of the

victim, rage because the victim looked at him “in a lustful way,” but the court said the

jury was not required to find the defendant‟s theory reasonable, nor was it required to

believe he was motivated to kill only for that reason. Id; see Cooper, 67 S.W.3d at 223-

24 (discussing Nelson).


       The same is true here. Appellant confessed to stabbing Rowlett to death. He

killed her behind the counter of a convenience store. He was seen running a block

away very shortly, “possibly 30 to 40 seconds,” after witnesses saw him over Rowlett

behind the counter. Appellant took with him packages of cigarettes and cash from the

store‟s register.   On these facts, the jury could apply the “natural inference” that

appellant killed the convenience store clerk to facilitate the taking of the cash and

cigarettes. Cooper, 67 S.W.3d at 224. Even beyond the permitted inference, the jury

                                             9
was free to consider the evidence of appellant‟s financial straits and desire to mend his

relationship with Ballin as providing a motive for the robbery and murder. See Clayton

v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 781 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007); Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45,

50 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004) (both noting motive as a circumstance indicating guilt).

Appellant depended on others for his basic needs. He had a minimal employment

history and his April 1 interview apparently did not result in employment. The night

before Rowlett‟s murder appellant and Ballin stayed up late trying to “work things out.”

The day after Rowlett‟s murder, appellant had money to buy a paint-ball gun and he put

money taken from the convenience store in Ballin‟s purse. After confessing Rowlett‟s

murder to police, appellant told Ballin he “just wanted to make [her] happy.”


       As judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence, the jury was equally free to

disbelieve appellant‟s explanation that he killed Rowlett only because he “snapped”

when she yelled at him. Nelson, 848 S.W.2d at 132; see Hughes v. State, 897 S.W.2d

285, 289 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994) (jury is free to accept or reject any or all of a witness‟s

testimony).    Finding the evidence sufficient to support appellant‟s conviction, we

overrule his first issue.


       By his second, third, and fourth issues, appellant respectively challenges the trial

court‟s assessment of court-appointed attorney‟s fees, investigator fees, and witness

fees as court costs. The State concedes that the record does not contain sufficient

evidence of appellant‟s ability to pay court-appointed attorney‟s fees and investigator

fees. It adds that under case law the witness fees should not have been taxed against

appellant.    Appellant also asks that we modify the withdrawal order to delete the

                                            10
challenged fees. While the State agrees the judgment should be modified to delete

taxation of the noted fees, it argues modification of the withdrawal order is not a matter

for appellant‟s direct appeal of the criminal case.


       The judgment, among other things, orders that appellant pay “all fines, court

costs, and restitution.” Elsewhere it recites, “Court Costs: $ see attached.” Immediately

following the judgment in the clerk‟s record is a bill of costs issued June 25, 2010.

Pertinent to this discussion, it lists “Attorney Fees (court appointed) 3322.10”;

“Investigator fee 1290.15”; and Witness Fee 255.00.” A supplemental clerk‟s record

contains a bill of costs issued June 2, 2011, certifying costs as of June 24, 2010. This

bill of costs in part provides “Attorney Fees (court appointed) 23013.95”; “Investigator

Fee 5690.15”; and Witness Fee 255.00.” The record also contains a July 12, 2010,

order to withdraw funds. In part, the order states appellant was “assessed court costs,

fees and/or fines and/or restitution . . . in the amount of $5,258.83[.] The Court finds

that [appellant] is unable to pay the court costs, fees and/or fines and/or restitution on

this date and that the funds should be withdrawn from the offender‟s Inmate Trust

Account.”


       Appellant received court-appointed trial counsel because of indigence.         On

appellant‟s motion, additional counsel was appointed. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.

art. 26.052(e) (West Supp. 2011). The trial court also authorized appellant to hire an

investigator and ordered payment of the investigator. After trial, appellate counsel was

appointed based on appellant‟s indigence. The record indicates the State intended to

call as a trial witness a former area medical examiner now residing in California. A

                                             11
county check in the amount of $105 was issued to the prospective witness but he did

not testify at appellant‟s trial. Otherwise, the record gives no indication of the source of

the witness fee included in the bill of costs.


       A trial court has authority to order reimbursement of the fees of court-appointed

counsel and investigative costs if the court determines that a defendant has financial

resources enabling him to offset, in part or in whole, the costs of the legal services

provided. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.05(g) (West Supp. 2011); Mayer v. State,

274 S.W.3d 898, 901 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2008), aff'd, 309 S.W.3d 552 (Tex.Crim.App.

2010); Perez v. State, No. 07-10-0147-CR, 2011 Tex. App. Lexis 5724, at *18

(Tex.App.--Amarillo July 26, 2011, pet. dismissed) (mem. op.) (not designated for

publication) (investigative costs). But “[a] defendant who is determined by the court to

be indigent is presumed to remain indigent for the remainder of the proceedings in the

case unless a material change in the defendant‟s financial circumstances occurs.” Tex.

Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.04(p) (West Supp. 2011). “[T]he defendant‟s financial

resources and ability to pay are explicit critical elements in the trial court‟s determination

of the propriety of ordering reimbursement of costs and fees.” Mayer, 309 S.W.3d at

556. Accordingly, the record must supply a factual basis supporting a determination the

defendant is capable of repaying the attorney‟s fees and investigative costs levied.

Barrera v. State, 291 S.W.3d 515, 518 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2009, no pet.) (per curiam);

Perez, 2011 Tex. App. Lexis 5724, at *20-21.


       Here, the record does not show the trial court reconsidered its determination of

indigency, the occurrence of a material change in appellant‟s financial circumstances, or

                                                 12
his ability to offset the cost of legal services provided. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.

26.04(p) and art. 26.05(g) (West Supp. 2011). Indeed, after imposition of sentence the

trial court appointed appellate counsel for appellant and ordered a free record based on

appellant‟s indigence. We agree with appellant, and the State concedes, there is no

evidence appellant is able to repay attorney‟s fees and investigative fees expended on

his behalf in the underlying case.


       In Sikalasinh v. State, we held no statutory authorization exists for assessing

non-resident witness fees as costs of court in criminal cases. See Sikalasinh v. State,

321 S.W.3d 792, 798 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2010, no pet.) (holding Code of Criminal

Procedure article 102.002 does not authorize assessment of witness fees paid pursuant

to article 35.27 as costs of court). It was therefore error to tax witness fees against

appellant. See Watson v. State, No. 07-10-0044-CR, 2011 Tex App. Lexis 3811, at *10-

11 (Tex.App.--Amarillo May 19, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (not designated for

publication) (following Sikalasinh and so holding). We sustain appellant‟s second, third,

and fourth issues to the extent we modify the judgment to delete taxation of the

challenged fees as costs of court.


       Because we will modify the judgment to specify that the term “court costs” does

not include court-appointed attorney‟s fees, investigator fees, and witness fees we must

also modify the withdrawal order. See Reyes v. State, 325 S.W.3d 865, 868 (Tex.App.--

Amarillo 2010, no pet.) (modifying judgment to delete certain attorney‟s fees and

correspondingly modifying withdrawal order). The July 12, 2010 withdrawal order states

that appellant was assessed “court costs, fees and/or fines and/or restitution” in the

                                           13
amount of $5,258.83. This sum, according to the June 25, 2012 bill of costs, is the “fine

and costs” due from appellant.       It consists of court-appointed attorney‟s fees of

$3,322.10, investigator‟s fees of $1,290.15, and witness fees of $255. These three fee

categories collectively total $4867.25. We modify the withdrawal order by deducting

$4,867.25, from the total of $5,258.83, leaving a balance due of $391.58.


                                       Conclusion


      We modify the judgment of the trial court as follows. At page 2, beneath the

heading “Furthermore, the following special findings or orders apply:” there is added,

“As used in this judgment, the term „court costs‟ does not include court-appointed

attorney‟s fees, investigator fees, and witness fees.” We modify the July 12, 2010

withdrawal order so it provides that the amount of “court costs, fees and/or fines and/or

restitution” assessed against appellant is $391.58.


      As so modified, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b).




                                                      James T. Campbell
                                                           Justice



Do not publish.




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