               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA 17-457

                                 Filed: 15 May 2018

Iredell County, No. 09 CVD 1357

CRISTAL A. MARSH (now Kurfees), Plaintiff,

              v.

TIMOTHY B. MARSH, Defendant.


        Appeal by plaintiff from order entered 15 December 2016 by Judge Mark L.

Killian in Iredell County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19 October

2017.


        Homesley, Gaines & Dudley, LLP, by Christina Clodfelter, for plaintiff-
        appellant.

        Bowling Law Firm, PLLC, by Kirk L. Bowling, for defendant-appellee.


        BERGER, Judge.


        Cristal A. Marsh (“Plaintiff”) appeals from a child custody order entered on

December 15, 2016 granting Timothy B. Marsh’s (“Defendant”) motion to modify child

custody and denying Defendant’s motion for attorney’s fees. Plaintiff argues the trial

court erred by entering the order without making sufficient findings of fact showing

a substantial change in circumstances regarding the child’s welfare since the entry of

a child custody order on September 16, 2014. We disagree.


                         Factual and Procedural Background
                                  MARSH V. MARSH

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Plaintiff and Defendant were married on August 5, 2000, and one minor child

was born of the marriage. The parties separated on June 27, 2007, and executed a

Separation and Property Settlement Agreement (“the Agreement”) on March 3, 2009.

On May 11, 2009, the trial court entered a divorce decree which incorporated the

Agreement. The trial court’s order set a visitation schedule between the parties that

entitled Defendant to a “substantial and loving relationship with the child,” with

visitation to be mutually agreed upon by the parties. Defendant’s initial visitation

arrangement was every other weekend from Friday to Sunday.

      On July 25, 2014, Defendant filed a motion to modify child custody, for

psychological assessments, and attorney’s fees alleging a substantial change in

circumstances concerning the visitation schedule and lack of consistent application

of the Agreement in the May 2009 Order. Defendant’s motion specifically alleged

that Plaintiff had deprived Defendant of visitation with the minor child for extended

periods of time in 2010 through mid-2011, and cut short pre-planned visits based on

Plaintiff’s schedule. In 2012, Defendant was only able to see the minor child on

average once a month, and eventually not at all due to Plaintiff’s refusal to respond

to Defendant’s emails, letters, and phone calls. In March 2014, Defendant attempted

to visit the minor child, but Plaintiff refused to communicate with Defendant or honor

the May 2009 Order and Agreement. In April 2014, Defendant contacted the minor

child’s doctor’s office to review her medical records, and Plaintiff delayed giving



                                         -2-
                                  MARSH V. MARSH

                                  Opinion of the Court



medical information to Defendant. Defendant attempted to specifically contact the

minor child on her birthday and holidays, including Christmas 2012 and 2013, but

was never able to reach her. Defendant further requested psychological assistance

with the minor child to help her develop a loving relationship with him after such a

prolonged separation from her father.

      On August 19, 2014, the trial court denied Defendant’s motion for a

psychological assessment of both Plaintiff and the minor child for lack of evidence of

a mental health disorder requiring an assessment. In the same order, the trial court

mandated that both Plaintiff and Defendant attend mediation and a parenting class.

      On September 16, 2014, the trial court entered a “Temporary Child Custody

Order” that granted primary custody to Plaintiff and visitation to Defendant. The

September 2014 Order found that Defendant had been deprived of seeing the minor

child for extended periods of time, and that the minor child was excited about seeing

Defendant again regularly. Further, the trial court found that both parents were fit

and proper to exercise temporary custody of the minor child. The September 2014

Order further set out a temporary visitation schedule for Defendant to exercise until

further notice, and found that it was in the best interests of the minor child to have

a relationship with both parents. The parties performed under the schedules outlined

in the September 2014 Order until 2016.




                                         -3-
                                  MARSH V. MARSH

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Defendant filed a second notice of hearing on his motion for modification of

child custody and attorney’s fees on August 31, 2015. The trial court conducted a

hearing on Defendant’s motions for modification of child custody and attorney’s fees

in September 2016. A permanent child custody order was entered on December 15,

2016 granting Defendant primary custody of the minor child and visitation to

Plaintiff. Plaintiff timely appeals from the December 2016 Order.

                                 Standard of Review

      “[W]hether an order is temporary or permanent in nature is a question of law,

reviewed on appeal de novo.” Smith v. Barbour, 195 N.C. App. 244, 249, 671 S.E.2d

578, 582, disc. review denied, 363 N.C. 375, 678 S.E.2d 670 (2009) (citation omitted);

see also File v. File, 195 N.C. App. 562, 567, 673 S.E.2d 405, 409 (2009).

                                       Analysis

      Plaintiff argues that, although the September 2014 Order was labeled a

temporary order, it was a permanent order because more than a “reasonably brief”

amount of time had passed since the temporary order was entered, the order failed

to set forth a specific reconvening date, and the order determined all issues relating

to custody of the minor child. Plaintiff further contends the trial court erred by

modifying the September 2014 Order without finding a substantial change in

circumstances. We disagree.




                                         -4-
                                  MARSH V. MARSH

                                  Opinion of the Court



      “An order is temporary if either (1) it is entered without prejudice to either

party; (2) it states a clear and specific reconvening time in the order and the time

interval between the two hearings was reasonably brief; or (3) the order does not

determine all the issues.” Peters v. Pennington, 210 N.C. App. 1, 13-14, 707 S.E.2d

724, 734 (2011) (citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted). “In its elementary

sense the word ‘or’ . . . is a disjunctive particle indicating that the various members

of the sentence are to be taken separately.” Grassy Creek Neighborhood Alliance, Inc.

v. City of Winston-Salem, 142 N.C. App. 290, 297, 542 S.E.2d 296, 301 (2001) (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted).         For the reasons discussed below, the

September 2014 Order was entered without prejudice to either party, and was a

temporary custody order. Accordingly, we do not need to address the remaining

disjunctive elements of the permanency test.

      An order is “without prejudice” if it is entered “[w]ithout loss of any rights; in

a way that does not harm or cancel the legal rights or privileges of a party.” Without

Prejudice, Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004); see also Senner v. Senner, 161 N.C.

App. 78, 81, 587 S.E.2d 675, 677 (2003) (holding the custody order was entered

“without prejudice” because it contained express language stating as such); File, 195

N.C. App. at 568, 673 S.E.2d at 410. A temporary custody order is not determinative

of all material issues, and leaves open the possibility of a hearing on the merits for

permanency. See Senner, 161 N.C. App. at 81, 587 S.E.2d at 677; Brewer v. Brewer,



                                         -5-
                                  MARSH V. MARSH

                                  Opinion of the Court



139 N.C. App. 222, 228, 533 S.E.2d 541, 546 (2000); Lamond v. Mahoney, 159 N.C.

App. 400, 404, 583 S.E.2d 656, 659 (2003). “If a child custody order is temporary in

nature and the matter is again set for hearing, the trial court is to determine custody

using the best interests of the child test without requiring either party to show a

substantial change of circumstances.” LaValley v. LaValley, 151 N.C. App. 290, 292,

564 S.E.2d 913, 915 (2002).

      Here, the trial court stated at the outset of the September 2014 Order, “[s]ince

the [c]ourt placed time limits on the parties, the Findings of Fact will not be binding

on the parties in future hearings.” (Emphasis added). In addition, Finding of Fact #9

indicates the court and the parties contemplated the September 2014 Order to be

temporary:

             After the hearing last week, the parties were able to agree
             on some visitation. It was not as much as the Defendant
             would have desired. It was consistent with the Plaintiff’s
             desire to have a gradual process. It began with 4 hours one
             Saturday, 24 hours the next weekend.

The trial court made conclusions of law consistent with a temporary order:

             1. The mother is a fit and proper person to have temporary
             primary custody of the minor child . . . pending further
             orders of the Court.

             2. The father is a fit and proper person to have temporary
             reasonable visitation with the minor child.

             3. It is in the best interest of the minor child that
             temporary primary custody remains with the mother[,]
             with the father having joint custody in the form of


                                         -6-
                                   MARSH V. MARSH

                                   Opinion of the Court



             reasonable visitation.

(Emphasis added).

      The September 2014 Order also recognized that “Defendant is still driving

more, but in case the Plaintiff has trouble getting off work, the exchange is closer to

her house and this is a temporary order.” (Emphasis added). Litigation continued

between the parties after the entry of the temporary order regarding child custody,

indicating the intent of the parties and trial court regarding the status of the case as

ongoing. See Miller v. Miller, 201 N.C. App. 577, 580, 686 S.E.2d 909, 912 (2009).

Even though the trial court did not include express language in the order stating it

was entered “without prejudice,” it is clear from the plain language of the order that

it was entered without the loss of rights, or otherwise prejudicial to the legal rights

of either party. Consequently, we hold the September 2014 Order was a temporary

custody order.

      The trial court was not required to find a substantial change in circumstances

between the temporary September 2014 Order and the permanent December 2016

Order. See LaValley, 151 N.C. App. at 292, 564 S.E.2d at 915. The plain language of

the September 2014 Order shows that it was both entered without prejudice to either

party and did not fully adjudicate the facts concerning the best interests of the child.

The custody arrangements were tailored to be an intermediate solution, not a

permanent determination of custody and visitation, until the facts of the case could



                                          -7-
                                   MARSH V. MARSH

                                   Opinion of the Court



be fully adjudicated. Accordingly, the trial court did not err when entering the

December 2016 Order and made the necessary findings of fact and conclusions of law

considering the child’s best interests.

                                      Conclusion

      The September 2014 Order was a temporary custody order as it was entered

without prejudice to the parties in a way that does not harm or cancel their legal

rights or privileges.   Accordingly, the trial court did not err when entering the

December 2016 Order.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges DAVIS and ZACHARY concur.




                                          -8-
