                                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    BGC PARTNERS, INC., et al.,

                         Plaintiffs,

                         v.                         Case No. 15-cv-00426 (CRC)

    AVISON YOUNG (CANADA) INC., et al.,

                         Defendants.

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

         The pugilists in this case are competing heavyweights in the commercial real estate

brokerage industry. On one side of the ring are New York-based BGC Partners, Inc., and two of its

subsidiaries. On the other are Toronto-based Avison Young, two its U.S.-based subsidiaries, and its

Chief Operating Officer. BGC sued in the District of Columbia Superior Court alleging that Avison

Young poached brokers and customers from a third firm, Grubb & Ellis, whose assets BGC

purchased out of bankruptcy in 2012. Avison Young removed the case to this Court, asserting both

federal bankruptcy jurisdiction based on the case’s connection to the Grubb & Ellis bankruptcy and

diversity jurisdiction. BGC moves to remand. Finding that the case does not “arise in” the

bankruptcy proceeding, that abstention is required even if the case is “related to” the bankruptcy,

and that diversity is lacking, the Court will award this round of the bout to BGC and remand the

case to D.C. Superior Court.

                A.      Background 1

         In 2008, the president of Grubb & Ellis, Mark Rose, left his position to become Avison

Young’s Chief Executive Officer. Compl. ¶ 27. With Rose at the helm, Avison Young




1
    The Court assumes the truth of all non-jurisdictional facts alleged in BGC’s complaint.
aggressively expanded into the United States market, opening new offices in New York, Boston,

Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and other large cities across the country. Id. Avison Young’s

expansion, according to BGC, was fueled by a conspiracy to steal clients and brokers from Grubb &

Ellis. Id. ¶¶ 28, 30. BGC specifically alleges that Avison Young paid individual brokers around

the country to terminate their contracts with Grubb & Ellis and to supply Avison Young with

information on existing and potential clients. Id. ¶¶ 33–37.

       Grubb & Ellis struggled in the wake of Avison Young’s expansion, resulting in the firm’s

February 2012 bankruptcy. Id. ¶¶ 22, 28. BGC purchased Grubb & Ellis’s assets shortly thereafter,

id., and contends that Avison Young continued to steal Grubb & Ellis’s brokers and commissions

during the bankruptcy proceedings. Id. ¶ 29. Later in 2012, BGC sued Avison Young in New York

state court for tortious interference with contractual relationships, tortious interference with

prospective business relationships, unjust enrichment, and other claims. BGC Partners, Inc. v.

Avison Young (Can.), Inc., 919 F. Supp. 2d 310, 313 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). After Avison Young

removed that case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, BGC

sought remand, which the court granted. The court found that the parties as named were not

completely diverse; that the case was not significantly related to the prior bankruptcy proceeding;

and that the mandatory abstention doctrine prevented the court from exercising bankruptcy

jurisdiction. Id. at 317–19. On remand, the state court dismissed the case for lack of personal

jurisdiction. Pls.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Remand or Abstain at 5.

       BGC—along with its affiliates G&E Acquisition Company, LLC and G&E Real Estate,

Inc.—then brought suit in District of Columbia Superior Court against Avison Young, its affiliates

Avison Young–Washington, D.C., LLC, and Avison Young (USA) Inc., and Mark Rose, again

raising claims of tortious interference and unjust enrichment in addition to new claims for

conspiracy, theft of trade secrets, and conversion. Avison Young removed the case to this Court,

                                                    2
and BGC has again moved to remand. As in the New York case, Avison Young asserts two

grounds for federal jurisdiction. It argues that bankruptcy jurisdiction exists because the case is

connected to the Grubb & Ellis bankruptcy proceedings. Notice of Removal at 3. And it contends

the Court has diversity jurisdiction because the parties are citizens of different states. Id. at 5. BGC

disputes both grounds for jurisdiction.

       II.     Standard of Review

       When faced with a motion to remand, the removing party has the burden to prove that there

is federal jurisdiction. See Hood v. F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd., 639 F. Supp. 2d 25, 28 (D.D.C.

2009). Courts construe removal jurisdiction narrowly to avoid state court encroachment, Shamrock

Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 109 (1941), and any factual ambiguities are resolved in

favor of remand. National Consumers League v. Flowers Bakeries, LLC, 36 F. Supp. 3d 26, 30

(D.D.C. 2014).

       III.    Analysis

               A.      Bankruptcy Jurisdiction

       Federal courts exercise exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases. 28 U.S.C. § 1334. For

convenience and efficiency in administering the bankruptcy estate, federal courts may also decide

claims “arising in” or “related to” a bankruptcy proceedings. Id.; Celotex Corp. v. Edwards, 514

U.S. 300, 307 (1995). This broad grant of jurisdiction is tempered by rules of abstention. A federal

court may abstain from exercising jurisdiction over claims that either arise in or relate to a

bankruptcy, and it must abstain when a suit merely relating to a bankruptcy proceeding was

originally brought in state court if the state court can timely adjudicate the claims. 28 U.S.C. §

1334(c). Avison Young maintains that “arising in” jurisdiction exists here because BGC has

alleged violations of the automatic stay in the Grub & Ellis bankruptcy and that “related to”



                                                   3
jurisdiction exists because the bankruptcy estate may be able to recover if BGC prevails. 2 BGC

disputes the existence of bankruptcy jurisdiction and alternatively requests that the Court abstain

from hearing the case under either the mandatory or permissive abstention doctrines. Pls.’ Mot. to

Remand or Abstain at 9, 13.

                       1.      “Arising in” Jurisdiction

       Federal courts have jurisdiction over “administrative matters that arise only in bankruptcy

cases and have no existence outside of the bankruptcy proceedings.” In re Kaiser Grp. Int’l, Inc.,

421 B.R. 1, 8 (Bankr. D.D.C. 2009). Examples of administrative matters include regulating court-

appointed attorneys in bankruptcy cases and addressing misconduct by trustees. Id. “Arising in”

jurisdiction is therefore limited to claims that are necessary to administer a bankruptcy estate. In re

Akl, 397 B.R. 546, 554 (Bankr. D.D.C. 2008). “[P]roceedings or claims arising in Title 11 are those

that are not based on any right expressly created by Title 11, but nevertheless, would have no

existence outside of the bankruptcy.” Capitol Hill Grp. v. Pillsbury, Winthrop, Shaw, Pittman,

LLC, 569 F.3d 485, 489 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal quotation omitted).

       Avison Young argues that BGC’s allegations of interference with the Grubb & Ellis

bankruptcy are sufficient to create “arising in” jurisdiction. Notice of Removal at 5. During

bankruptcy proceedings, the bankruptcy estate is under an automatic stay, meaning that third parties

are not allowed to take or receive the debtor’s property. 18 U.S.C. § 152(5). According to BGC,

Avison Young continued to steal business from Grubb & Ellis after the latter filed for bankruptcy.

Notice of Removal Ex. 1 at 9. Avison Young contends that this alleged violation of Section 152(5)




2
 Under the agreement BGC entered into when it purchased Grubb & Ellis’s assets, if BGC obtains
more than $20 million from this lawsuit, the bankruptcy estate will recover a portion. Opp’n to
Mot. to Remand Ex. W at 53. Considering the scope of BGC’s allegations, a recovery of over $20
million appears within the realm of possibility.

                                                   4
creates “arising in “ jurisdiction because BGC’s claims rest on a violation of the automatic stay.

Notice of Removal at 4. The Court disagrees. “The bankruptcy code provides a cause of action [11

U.S.C. § 362(k)] for a debtor to recover damages—including attorney fees, costs, and even punitive

damages—for the violation of an automatic stay.” Miller v. District of Columbia, Case No. 06-

1935, 2007 WL 1748890, at *4 (D.D.C. June 18, 2007) (finding “arising under” jurisdiction

because a violation of Section 362(k) was “precisely the violation that plaintiff has alleged in his

Complaint”). BGC, however, has not brought a claim under this statute, or otherwise raised claims

that are centrally related to the bankruptcy proceeding. Rather, it alleges state law claims for

tortious interference with contractual relationships, tortious interference with prospective business

relationships, conspiracy, theft of trade secrets, conversion, and unjust enrichment based on Avison

Young’s activities before, during, and after the bankruptcy. Whether Avison Young violated the

stay is merely incidental to these claims. As the Southern District of New York also found, BGC’s

claims against Avison Young therefore do not arise under bankruptcy law. BGC Partners, Inc., 919

F. Supp. 2d at 318 (“at bottom [BGC’s] claims are for interference with contracts and certain duties

of loyalty”). Moreover, BGC’s tort claims are considerably removed from the “administrative

matters” that typically justify arising in jurisdiction. See, e.g., In re Kaiser Grp. Int’l, Inc., 421 B.R.

at 8 (noting that “administrative matters” typically “include a bankruptcy court’s appointment,

supervision, enforcement of appropriate standards of conduct, and approval of fees of professionals

conducting themselves in a bankruptcy case.”). Because BGC’s claims go beyond the scope of the

Grubb & Ellis bankruptcy proceeding and BGC has not brought a claim under Section 362(k), there

is no “arising in” jurisdiction.

                        2.         Mandatory Abstention

        Avison Young alternatively maintains that the Court may exercise jurisdiction because

BGC’s claims relate to Grubb & Ellis’s bankruptcy. BGC retorts that even if the Court has “related

                                                     5
to” bankruptcy jurisdiction over these claims, it must abstain. 3 Federal courts must abstain from

hearing bankruptcy cases if (1) the motion to abstain is timely; (2) the action is based on a state law

claim; (3) the action is “related to” but not “arising in” a bankruptcy case; (4) federal jurisdiction is

based solely on Section 1334 bankruptcy jurisdiction; (5) the action has already commenced in state

court; and (6) the action can be “timely adjudicated” in state court. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(2); In re

WorldCom, Inc., 293 B.R. 308, 331 (S.D.N.Y. 2003).

       BGC has satisfied all of the mandatory abstention factors. First, the motion to abstain was

timely. Second, all of BGC’s claims are based in state law. Notwithstanding Avison Young’s

assertion that some of BGC’s allegations involve violations of federal law, as discussed above, the

central allegations are interference with business relations and breaches of fiduciary duties, which

are essentially state law issues. Third, also as explained above, this case does not arise in a

bankruptcy proceeding. To the extent bankruptcy jurisdiction exists, it would be “related to”

jurisdiction conferred by the potential impact of an award greater than $20 million on the

bankruptcy estate. Fourth, because there is no diversity jurisdiction, as explained below, Section

1334 is the only possible avenue to federal jurisdiction. Fifth, the action was commenced in

District of Columbia Superior Court.

       Sixth and finally, the case can be timely adjudicated in state court. When evaluating timely

adjudication under Section 1334(c)(2), courts look at the backlog of the state court’s calendar




3
  The parties also disagree over whether there is “related to” bankruptcy jurisdiction and, in fact,
which standard to apply in determining “related to” jurisdiction. Avison Young urges the Court to
exercise jurisdiction because “the outcome of [the case] could conceivably have any effect on the
estate being administered in bankruptcy,” In re Ostroff, 433 B.R. 442, 447 (Bankr. D.D.C. 2010),
while BGC asserts that the Court should only exercise jurisdiction if there is a “close nexus to the
bankruptcy court or proceeding,” Advantage Healthplan, Inc. v. Potter, 391 B.R. 521, 545 (D.D.C.
2008). Because, as the Court explains below, the mandatory abstention doctrine bars federal review
of these claims even if “related to” jurisdiction existed, the Court need not decide either issue.

                                                    6
compared to the federal court’s calendar, the complexity of the issues presented, the status of the

bankruptcy proceeding, and whether the state court proceeding would “prolong the administration

or liquidation of the estate.” Parmalat Capital Fin. Ltd. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 639 F.3d 572, 580

(2d Cir. 2011). The focus is on whether adjudication in a state court will affect the bankruptcy

proceeding. Power Plant Entm’t Casino Resort Ind., LLC v. Mangano, 484 B.R. 290, 297 (Bankr.

D. Md. 2012). Regarding the comparative state of federal and state dockets, BGC points out that

District of Columbia courts are disposing of civil cases faster than they are filed. See District of

Columbia Courts’ Statistical Summary, CY 2014 at 8 (2014);4 see also Weaver v. Owens-Corning

Fiberglas Corp., 275 B.R. 119, 121 (Bankr. D.D.C. 2002) (concluding that remand to Superior

Court was necessary to prevent delays). Nor is there any evidence that BGC’s tort claims are

overly complex. See BGC Partners, Inc., 919 F. Supp. 2d at 319 (“This litigation is not particularly

complex and, to the extent that it is, the state court may be better equipped to resolve the issues.”).

Finally, remand to District of Columbia Superior Court would not delay efficient administration of

the bankruptcy estate because the bankruptcy proceeding is closed. See In re Akers, No. 07-00662,

2012 WL 3133924, at *2 (Bankr. D.D.C. Aug. 1, 2012) (holding that there was no possible effect

on the bankruptcy estate because “the plan has been completed and the estate has been

administered”). Therefore, the matter can be timely adjudicated in District of Columbia Superior

Court.

         Because the six elements of Section 1334(c)(2) are satisfied, the Court must abstain from

exercising any bankruptcy jurisdiction it may have. The Court need not determine whether it also

should abstain under the permissive abstention rule found at Section 1334(c)(1).




4
    Available at http://dccourts.gov/internet/documents/2014-statistical-summary-final-02-12-15.pdf.

                                                   7
               B.      Diversity Jurisdiction

       Federal courts may exercise jurisdiction over civil actions where the amount in controversy

is greater than $75,000 and the dispute is between citizens of different states. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).

Federal jurisdiction requires complete diversity, meaning all plaintiffs must be diverse from all

defendants in a given case. Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, 519 U.S. 61, 68 (1996). Limited liability

corporations are citizens of every state where their members are citizens. Shulman v. Voyou, LLC,

305 F. Supp. 2d 36, 40 (D.D.C. 2004). Citizenship is determined at the date of filing. Freeport-

McMoRan, Inc. v. K N Energy, Inc., 498 U.S. 426, 428 (1991).

       The Court may not exercise diversity jurisdiction unless BGC and its affiliates are citizens

of states other than Avison Young and its affiliates. 5 Avison Young represents that the defendants,

including the members of the LLC defendant, are citizens of Delaware, the District of Columbia,

Illinois, New York, Maryland, and Virginia. Opp’n to Mot. to Remand Ex. G, H, J. BGC has

submitted a declaration explaining that the members of the LLC plaintiff include individuals who

are also citizens of the District of Columbia, Maryland, Illinois, and Virginia. Reply Ex. 2. 6




5
  BGC asserts that Avison Young has insufficiently pled the citizenship of its affiliates and that
Avison Young should be denied leave to amend its declarations of citizenship. Pls. Reply at 4, 7.
But insufficient allegations of citizenship are technical defects that may be easily corrected. See
Breakman v. AOL LLC, 545 F. Supp. 2d 96, 102 (D.D.C. 2008) (permitting an LLC to correct its
statement of citizenship). Accordingly, the Court accepts Avison Young’s amended declarations of
citizenship.
6
  Avison Young argues that BGC’s declaration in support of the plaintiffs’ citizenship is
insufficient. BGC has provided the declaration of Mark Prasad, who has personal knowledge of the
partnership structure of BGC Holdings, L.P. BGC Holdings' members constitute parties for the
purposes of determining citizenship because BGC Holdings, L.P. is a member of another
partnership which, in turn, is a member of plaintiff G&E Acquisition Company, LLC. Prasad
declares that he has reviewed the business records of BGC Holdings, L.P., which are kept in the
ordinary course of business, and has determined that a number of its members have been citizens of
the district of Columbia, Illinois, Maryland, and Virginia at all relevant times. Pls.’s Reply Ex. 2 ¶¶
2–5. This declaration is sufficient to establish the citizenship of the plaintiffs.

                                                   8
Because limited liability corporations are citizens of states where their members are citizens,

Shulman, 305 F. Supp. 2d at 40, both AY-Washington, D.C. and BGC Holdings, L.P. are citizens of

District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. This overlapping citizenship defeats complete

diversity between the parties.

        Even if complete diversity were present, removal would be barred by the forum defendant

rule, which prevents defendants who are citizens of the forum state from removing a case solely on

the basis of diversity. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2). Avison Young acknowledges that several members

of AY-Washington, D.C. are citizens of District of Columbia. Opp’n to Mot. to Remand Ex. H.

And as explained above, this Court may not exercise bankruptcy jurisdiction, so there is no possible

basis for federal jurisdiction other than diversity. Therefore, Avison Young cannot invoke diversity

jurisdiction under the forum defendant rule.

        IV.    Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ motion to remand is granted. The Court will remand

the case to District of Columbia Superior Court.




                                                             CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER
                                                             United States District Judge

Date:    July 22, 2015




                                                   9
