                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 03-1603
                                  ___________

Mary A. Robert,                         *
                                        *
            Plaintiff - Appellant,      *
                                        *
Siegel-Robert,                          *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
            Intervenor,                 * District Court for the Eastern
                                        * District of Missouri.
      v.                                *
                                        *
United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Defendant - Appellee.       *
                                   ___________

                         Submitted: December 15, 2003
                             Filed: April 29, 2004
                                 ___________

Before MELLOY, McMILLIAN, and BOWMAN, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

     Mary A. Robert appeals the district court’s1 adverse grant of summary
judgment in her action to quash four separate third-party IRS summonses. We agree
with Ms. Robert that the summonses issued as a result of improper ex parte


      1
       The Honorable Charles A. Shaw, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
communications between the IRS Appeals Office and Examination Division. See
Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act (Restructuring Act) of 1998,
Pub. L. No. 105-206, 112 Stat. 68 (charging the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
with the duty to provide an independent Appeals Office and prohibit ex parte
communications that appear to compromise the independence of the Appeals Office);
Rev. Proc. 2000-43, 2000-2 C.B. 404 (setting forth guidelines for implementation of
the restriction on ex parte communications). We find, however, that in this case, the
ex parte communications do not prevent enforcement of the summonses. The
judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                                       I. Facts

       Ms. Robert, in her capacity as the trustee and income beneficiary of a marital
trust established by her late husband, owned approximately seven million shares out
of a total of twelve million outstanding shares of Siegel-Robert, Inc.2 In 1998, she


      2
        The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, in a
minority shareholders’ appraisal proceeding, discussed the history, operations, and
“fair value” of Siegel-Robert. See Swope v. Siegel-Robert, Inc., 74 F. Supp. 2d 876,
879-910 (E.D. Mo. 1999), aff’d in part and rev’d in part by 243 F.3d 486 (8th Cir.
2001). In our review of that opinion, we held it was not appropriate under Missouri
law, in the context of unwilling minority sellers’ appraisals, to discount the value of
shares due to a lack of marketability or due to minority shareholder status. Swope,
243 F.3d at 496-97. The issue before the court was the “fair value” of the minority
shares rather than the “fair market value,” which would have included market
considerations such as minority status and the lack of willing buyers. See id. at 493
(“Because ‘fair market value’ is irrelevant to the determination of fair value, market
forces, such as the availability of buyers for the stock, do not affect the ultimate
assessment of fair value in an appraisal proceeding.”). Because of this difference, we
determined that an IRS appraisal prepared for estate tax purposes was not relevant in
the context of that appraisal proceeding. See id. at 498 (“Regardless, appraisals for
estate tax purposes are not relevant to the determination of fair value pursuant to a
dissenters’ appraisal proceeding.”). We nevertheless refer the reader to the Swope
opinions because we do not set out the same detailed review of the corporation’s
history in this opinion.

                                         -2-
transferred 1,800,000 shares from the trust to her children in exchange for promissory
notes structured as non-recourse debt. She secured the notes with Siegel-Robert stock
and established a mechanism to execute on the stock through a stock redemption
agreement between herself, Siegel-Robert, and her children. Ms. Robert claimed that
the promissory notes were worth as much as the transferred stock and characterized
the transfers as related party sales under I.R.C. § 267. Also, during 1998 and 1999,
she transferred 29,750 shares to her children and other relatives. She characterized
these additional transfers as gifts.

       Ms. Robert listed minority share values of $21.73 and $23.67 for the Siegel-
Robert stock on her 1998 and 1999 gift tax returns, respectively. Ms. Robert used a
private appraiser to arrive at these values. Although she maintains that her valuation
was accurate, she concedes that, if inaccurate, any resultant increase in valuation of
the transferred stock must be treated as a gift.

       In 2000, the IRS began an audit of Ms. Robert’s 1998 and 1999 gift tax returns.
Ms. Robert cooperated and provided financial information. The IRS Estate Tax
Examiner assigned to Ms. Robert’s case, Paul Latt, disagreed with Ms. Robert’s
valuation and determined that an IRS appraisal was needed. IRS Financial Analyst
Ernest Gruenfeld conducted an appraisal and determined that the appropriate minority
share prices for the 1998 and 1999 transfers were $55.52 and $44.17, respectively.
Based on Mr. Gruenfeld’s appraisal and the number of shares that Ms. Robert
transferred, Mr. Latt determined that Ms. Robert owed the IRS a deficiency payment
of approximately $34 million regarding the 1998 transfers and $233,000 regarding
the 1999 transfers. Mr. Latt was aware of a one million share decrease in the number
of outstanding shares during 1998 but did not know what happened to those shares.
Mr. Latt did not incorporate this share decrease into his valuation and deficiency
determination as set out in his examination report.




                                         -3-
       On March 2, 2001, Mr. Latt sent Ms. Robert a “thirty-day letter” to propose
these deficiencies. The letter was accompanied by Mr. Latt’s examination report and
Mr. Gruenfeld’s appraisal. The March 2, 2001 letter was not a statutory deficiency
notice.

       On April 2, 2001, Ms. Robert replied with a letter of protest in which she set
forth arguments contesting the IRS findings and requested an appeals conference. On
May 18, 2001, the Appeals Office assigned IRS Appeals Officer Daniel Mannion to
handle Ms. Robert’s appeal. Mr. Mannion previously had worked on a gift tax case
that involved Ms. Robert’s deceased husband and a dispute over the value of Siegel-
Robert stock. In addition, Mr. Mannion was familiar with the opinions from this
court and the Eastern District of Missouri in which we approved a method for
determining the “fair value” of Siegel-Robert stock. See Swope v. Siegel-Robert,
Inc., 74 F. Supp. 2d 876, 879-910 (E.D. Mo. 1999), aff’d in part and rev’d in part by
243 F.3d 486 (8th Cir. 2001).

       Mr. Mannion claims that, on August 12, 2001, he conducted an initial review
of Ms. Robert’s file and determined that Mr. Gruenfeld’s appraisal was inadequate
because it did not follow the methodology set forth in the Swope case. “Shortly after”
this review, Mr. Mannion contacted Mr. Latt on an ex parte basis to tell Mr. Latt that
Mr. Gruenfeld’s appraisal was inadequate. In addition, Mr. Mannion sent Mr. Latt
a copy of Ms. Robert’s protest with instructions to forward the protest to Mr.
Gruenfeld for review so that Mr. Gruenfeld could revise the IRS appraisal.

      On September 10, 2001, Ms. Robert’s attorney called Mr. Mannion to request
a meeting. Mr. Mannion did not tell Ms. Robert’s attorney about the August ex parte
communications with Mr. Latt. Ms. Robert’s attorney stated that Mr. Mannion set a
meeting date for October 3, 2001, because Mr. Mannion claimed it would take
approximately three weeks to review Ms. Robert’s file.



                                         -4-
       At the October 3 meeting, two of Ms. Robert’s attorneys discussed the case
with Mr. Mannion and provided a written critique of Mr. Gruenfeld’s appraisal. Mr.
Mannion asked about the unaccounted-for one million share decrease in outstanding
Siegel-Robert stock during 1998. Ms. Robert’s attorneys stated that the marital trust
redeemed the one million shares of Siegel-Robert stock for cash so that the trust could
diversify its holdings. Mr. Mannion believed this redemption potentially raised a new
gift tax issue. In addition, he suggested that the IRS obtain an outside appraisal to
value the stock. Again, Mr. Mannion did not tell Ms. Robert’s attorneys about the
August ex parte communications with Mr. Latt, nor did he tell them of his intention
to conduct future ex parte communications with Mr. Latt. Mr. Mannion concluded
the meeting by telling Ms. Robert’s attorneys that he would contact them in January
of 2002 to discuss resolution of the protest.

       On October 3, 2001, after meeting with Ms. Robert’s attorneys, Mr. Mannion
called Mr. Latt to tell him about the new information concerning the 1998 one million
share decrease and to let him know that Ms. Robert’s attorneys had submitted a
written critique of Mr. Gruenfeld’s appraisal. On October 4, 2001, Mr. Latt met with
Mr. Mannion and received a copy of the written critique. On October 15, 2001, Mr.
Mannion referred the new information regarding the one million share decrease to
Mr. Latt’s IRS Examination Supervisor, Chris Mezines, and suggested that this
decrease might involve the same bargain sale/gift issues already under examination.

       On October 29, 2001, Mr. Latt sent a letter to Ms. Robert’s attorneys to ask for
information about the one million share decrease. Mr. Latt’s letter referred to the fact
that the Appeals Office requested that he gather information about the one million
share transfer. In December 2001, Mr. Latt sent Ms. Robert’s attorneys another letter
to explain that the IRS had retained a private appraiser and to request additional
financial information. In a follow-up call, Mr. Latt told Ms. Robert’s attorneys that
Mr. Mannion believed Mr. Gruenfeld’s initial appraisal was inadequate. Ms. Robert’s
attorneys challenged Mr. Latt’s authority because the Appeals Office had jurisdiction

                                          -5-
over the case and Mr. Mannion had last told them that he would contact them in
January to resolve the case.

       On January 11, 2002, Mr. Latt called Ms. Robert’s attorneys and left a
telephone message. Ms. Robert’s attorneys saved the recorded message and prepared
a transcript of the message. In the message, Mr. Latt made clear that Mr. Mannion
was still in charge of the case; the examination division was going to be “doing the
leg work” for Mr. Mannion to collect financial data and obtain a private party
appraisal; and Mr. Mannion had stated the “in house appraisal was not going to do
the job as far as the IRS was concerned.”

       Ms. Robert’s attorneys then arranged a January 23, 2002 meeting with Mr.
Mannion and his supervisor, Chris Roth, to discuss the ex parte communications
between Mr. Mannion, Mr. Latt, and Mr. Mezines. At the January 23 meeting, Mr.
Mannion stated that, during the October 3, 2001 meeting, Ms. Robert successfully
refuted the valuation that Mr. Gruenfeld prepared for the IRS. On January 29, 2002,
Ms. Robert’s attorneys met again with Mr. Mannion and Mr. Roth. Mr. Latt, Mr.
Mezines, and IRS counsel were present for this meeting. Ms. Robert’s attorneys
suggested that, as a remedy for the ex parte communications, the IRS should either
assign a different appeals officer to review the record independently or issue a
statutory notice of deficiency. Mr. Roth stated that he would coordinate the IRS
response to these proposals. Several days later, Mr. Roth called Ms. Robert’s
attorneys and stated that instead of assigning a new appeals officer, the IRS would
assign a new examiner and start a new audit.

      The IRS assigned a new examiner, John Crowe, to conduct the new audit. Mr.
Crowe requested the financial records necessary for a third-party appraisal of the
Siegel-Robert stock. He then issued the four summonses that are the subject of the
current action. Mr. Crowe directed these summonses to Siegel-Robert and its
president, vice-president, and treasurer.

                                        -6-
       On March 14, 2002, Ms. Robert petitioned the district court to quash the
summonses. Ms. Robert argued that the summonses were issued as a direct result of
the ex parte communications, to prepare the case for litigation, and as a direct result
of Mr. Mannion’s failure to review the case independently and impartially. She
specifically argued that the summonses were issued in bad faith and that court
enforcement of the summonses would be an abuse of the court’s process. Ms. Robert
requested discovery and an evidentiary hearing.

      On June 10, 2002, the government responded and simultaneously filed a
motion for summary judgment to seek enforcement of the summonses. The
government provided affidavits from Messrs. Mannion, Latt, Mezines, and Crowe.
Ms. Robert claims that, through these affidavits, the IRS disclosed numerous
previously undisclosed ex parte communications. In particular, Ms. Robert and her
attorneys claim that prior to receipt of the government’s motion and the
accompanying affidavits, they knew only of the October 3, 2001 discussion between
Messrs. Mannion and Latt. Ms. Robert claims she learned of the following allegedly
improper ex parte communications only through the government’s affidavits: the
August 13, 2001 discussion between Messrs. Mannion and Latt; an August 13, 2001
discussion between Messrs. Latt and Gruenfeld; the October 4 meeting between
Messrs. Latt and Mannion; an October 4, 2001 discussion between Messrs. Latt and
Mezines; the October 15, 2001 discussion between Messrs. Mannion and Mezines;
and discussions on an unknown date between an examiner and personnel at the
private appraisal firm that the IRS hired in late 2001.

       On July 2, 2002, Ms. Robert filed a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) to strike
the government’s motion for summary judgment or, in the alternative, for an
extension of time that would allow for a period of discovery. On November 14, 2002,
the district court denied Ms. Robert’s motion, denied her request for discovery and
an evidentiary hearing, and ordered her to respond to the government’s outstanding
motion for summary judgment. On January 9, 2003, the district court granted the

                                         -7-
government’s motion, finding that “petitioner has cited no cases for the proposition
that violation of the IRS’s internal regulation against ex parte communications by an
appeals officer invalidates any subsequently-issued summons for information.”
Finally, the district court found that the facts suggested neither that enforcement of
the summonses would be an abuse of the court’s process nor that the ex parte
communications suggested bad faith by the IRS.

                               II. Standard of Review

       We review under a de novo standard the district court’s summary enforcement
of, and refusal to quash, an IRS summons. E.g., United States v. Scherping, 187 F.3d
796, 800 (8th Cir. 1999) (summary judgment standard); Crystal v. United States, 172
F.3d 1141, 1145 (9th Cir. 1999) (summary summons enforcement standard). We
review the district court’s denial or limitation of discovery in an action to enforce or
quash an IRS summons for abuse of discretion. United States v. Lask, 703 F.2d 293,
300 (8th Cir. 1983); Mazurek v. United States, 271 F.3d 226, 234 (5th Cir. 2001).

           III. Violation of the Restriction on Ex Parte Communications

      As an initial matter, we may dispense with the IRS argument that the ex parte
communications were permissible and not in violation of the Restructuring Act and
Rev. Proc. 2000-43. Congress passed the Restructuring Act to ensure that “taxpayers
would have adequate protections when the agency exercised its powers in an
improper fashion.” National Commission on Restructuring the Internal Revenue
Service, Report of the National Commission on Restructuring the Internal Revenue
Service, A Vision for a New IRS, at 8 (June 25, 1997). One method Congress chose
to provide these protections was to direct the Commissioner of Internal Revenue to
enhance the independence of the IRS Appeals Office by restricting certain types of
ex parte communication between the Appeals Office and other areas of the IRS.
Congress mandated, among other things, that:

                                          -8-
      The Commissioner of the Internal Revenue shall develop and implement
      a plan to reorganize the Internal Revenue Service. The plan shall . . . (4)
      ensure an independent appeals function within the Internal Revenue
      Service, including the prohibition in the plan of ex parte
      communications between appeals officers and other Internal Revenue
      Service employees to the extent that such communications appear to
      compromise the independence of the appeals officers.

Restructuring Act § 1001(a).

       In Revenue Procedure 2000-43, promulgated under the Restructuring Act, the
IRS set forth its own position regarding which communications appear to compromise
the independence of the appeals officer. The IRS distinguished between “ministerial,
administrative, and procedural matters,” on the one hand, and substantive matters, on
the other. Id. § 3. As to the former, the IRS does not consider ex parte
communications to be prohibited under the Restructuring Act. The IRS provided
examples of communications considered to be permissible: questions regarding
whether certain information was requested and received; questions regarding whether
a document referred to in the work papers but not found in the file is available;
questions to clarify illegible documents; questions about case controls on the IRS’s
management information systems; and questions regarding tax calculations that are
purely mathematical in nature. Id. § 3, at Q&A 5. As clearly demonstrated through
this list, the IRS itself set forth a limited view of communications that would be
considered ministerial and that could occur on an ex parte basis between the Appeals
Office and other Divisions.

      At least some of the communications in the present case did not involve merely
ministerial, administrative, and procedural matters, but rather, involved the substance
of Ms. Robert’s appeal. Accordingly, under the Restructuring Act and the IRS’s own
procedures, at least some of the communications in the present case should not have
taken place on an ex parte basis. Mr. Mannion should not have expressed his


                                         -9-
opinions regarding the sufficiency of Mr. Gruenfeld’s appraisal to Messrs. Latt and
Mezines on an ex parte basis. In addition, he should not have shared with the
Examination Division the written critique and additional information that Ms.
Robert’s attorneys provided without including Ms. Robert’s attorneys in the
communications. Finally, he should not have recommended to Mr. Mezines that the
Examination Division hire an outside appraiser to value the Siegel-Robert stock. At
a minimum, these communications appeared to compromise Mr. Mannion’s
independence.

       The ex parte communications are made more troubling by the fact that the IRS
delayed disclosure of at least some of these communications until this matter reached
the stage of litigation. Further, even on appeal to this court, the IRS did not willingly
concede the improper nature of its ex parte communications. If anything, this denial
by the IRS suggests an institutional failure to embrace the ex parte restrictions and
militates against our enforcement of the summonses.

      Nevertheless, as explained below, we will enforce the summonses in this case
because Congress did not specifically legislate a limitation on the IRS summons
power as a remedy for violation of the ex parte restrictions; the IRS did proscribe an
administrative remedy to address violations of the ex parte restrictions; the Supreme
Court has cautioned that we should be slow to erect barriers to enforcement of IRS
summonses; and, we discern no improper purpose or bad faith behind issuance of the
IRS summonses nor nexus between the improper communications and any improper
purpose for the investigation.



                           IV. Validity of the Summonses

       The Supreme Court made clear in United States v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48 (1964),
that a court should not enforce an IRS summons if enforcement will result in abuse
of the court’s process. The Court stated:

                                          -10-
      It is the court’s process which is invoked to enforce the administrative
      summons and a court may not permit its process to be abused. Such an
      abuse would take place if the summons had been issued for an improper
      purpose, such as to harass the taxpayer or to put pressure on him to settle
      a collateral dispute, or for any other purpose reflecting on the good faith
      of the particular investigation.

Id. at 58 (footnote omitted). The above listing is not an exhaustive inventory of the
potential “improper purposes” that might reflect on the good faith of an investigation
and prevent enforcement of a summons. See id. (stating that taxpayer “‘may
challenge the summons on any appropriate ground’” (quoting Reisman v. Caplin, 375
U.S. 440, 449 (1964))). Rather, courts may consider new situations as they arise to
determine whether the enforcement of a summons would further an improper purpose,
reflect on the good faith of the IRS, or result in an abuse of the court’s process. See
United States v. LaSalle Nat’l Bank, 437 U.S. 298, 318 n.20 (1978) (“These
requirements are not intended to be exclusive. Future cases may well reveal the need
to prevent other forms of agency abuse of congressional authority and judicial
process.”).

       In Powell, the Court also set forth a mode of analysis to determine the good
faith of the IRS for the purpose of enforcing an IRS summons. “[The IRS] must show
[1] that the investigation will be conducted pursuant to a legitimate purpose, [2] that
the inquiry may be relevant to that purpose, [3] that the information sought is not
already within the [IRS]’s possession, and [4] that the administrative steps required
by the Code have been followed . . . .” 379 U.S. at 57-58. If the IRS makes this
showing, the challenger is afforded the opportunity to rebut the IRS showing as to
one or more of the requirements “or to demonstrate that judicial enforcement of the
summons would otherwise constitute an abuse of the court’s process.” United States
v. Claes, 747 F.2d 491, 494 (8th Cir. 1984); see also Lask, 703 F.2d at 297. The
Supreme Court has stated that courts should be slow to erect barriers to enforcement
of IRS summonses where the summonses are being used to further the IRS mission
of effectively investigating taxpayer liabilities. United States v. Euge, 444 U.S. 707,

                                         -11-
711 (1980) (“[T]his Court has consistently construed congressional intent to require
that if the summons authority claimed is necessary for the effective performance of
congressionally imposed responsibilities to enforce the tax Code, that authority
should be upheld absent express statutory prohibition or substantial countervailing
policies.”). Accordingly, the burden on the IRS to make a prima facie showing as to
the Powell good faith requirements is slight, and the burden on the challenger to rebut
the IRS showing as to one or more of these requirements “or to demonstrate that
judicial enforcement of the summons would otherwise constitute an abuse of the
court’s process” is great. Claes, 747 F.2d at 494 (“That burden is a heavy one. The
party must show either that the IRS is acting in bad faith or that the IRS has
abandoned any civil purpose in the investigation.”).

       Ms. Robert’s challenge focuses generally on the good faith and abuse of
process concerns expressed in Powell. She argues that the general prohibition on
abuse of the court’s process is sufficiently broad to permit the court to quash a
summons based on an underlying violation of a law or rule by the IRS. See In re
Spencer, 123 B.R. 858, 862 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1991) (stating that if issuance of a
summons is in violation of a bankruptcy stay, the court “should quash the Summons
unless good cause exists for declining to do so”). But see Mimick v. United States,
952 F.2d 230, 232 (8th Cir. 1991); United States v. Gilbert C. Swanson Found., Inc.,
772 F.2d 440, 441 (8th Cir. 1985) (refusing to hold that a rule violation mandated the
quashing of a summons and instead adopting an approach that “‘requires the court to
evaluate the seriousness of the violation under all the circumstances including the
government’s good faith and the degree of harm imposed by the unlawful conduct’”
(quoting United States v. Payne, 648 F.2d 361, 363 (5th Cir. 1981))). To the extent
that Ms. Robert’s challenge fits into the framework set forth in Powell, she focuses
on the “proper purpose” requirement. In particular, she argues that the IRS “violated
the rule [against certain ex parte communications] for the improper purpose of trying
to improve its litigating position.”




                                         -12-
       In Gilbert C. Swanson Foundation, we stated, “We take very seriously the
statutory and administrative regulations that govern the issuance of IRS summonses.
They are an essential check on the discretion of an agency with broad investigatory
powers over all American citizens.” 772 F.2d at 441. Our approach, however, was
not to adopt a per se rule and hold unenforceable all summonses that involve a
violation of a rule or law. Id. Rather, we adopted the position of the Fifth Circuit to
hold that the enforceability of a summons that the IRS issued through a violation of
a law or rule depends upon all of the circumstances surrounding the summons,
including the seriousness of the violation, the government’s good faith, and the harm,
if any, caused by the violation. See id. (adopting the Fifth Circuit’s method as set
forth in Payne, 648 F.2d at 363).

      Applying this test, we find that the violation in the present case was serious.
The ex parte communications violated the spirit of the Restructuring Act and its
congressional mandate to the Commissioner, not just the letter of Revenue Procedure
2000-43. Accordingly, the violation was not merely a violation of a non-binding,
internal IRS guideline.

       Congress, however, delegated to the Commissioner the responsibility for
reorganizing the IRS and ensuring compliance with the restriction on ex parte
communications. Congress did not legislate a specific remedy for violation of the
restriction, and we generally will not fashion a remedy where Congress creates a right
but fails to create an accompanying remedy. See United States v. James Daniel Good
Real Property, 510 U.S. 43, 63 (1993). In James Daniel Good Real Property, the
Court said:

      We have long recognized that “many statutory requisitions intended for
      the guide of officers in the conduct of business devolved upon them
      . . . do not limit their power or render its exercise in disregard of the
      requisitions ineffectual.” French v. Edwards, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 506,
      511(1872). We have held that if a statute does not specify a
      consequence for noncompliance with statutory timing provisions, the

                                         -13-
      federal courts will not in the ordinary course impose their own coercive
      sanction.

Id. (alteration in original).

        Exercising its delegated authority under the Restructuring Act, the IRS
provided that violations of the ex parte restriction would be addressed “in accordance
with existing administrative and personnel processes.” Rev. Proc. 2000-43, § 3, at
Q&A 28. Accordingly, an alternate remedy exists for the IRS to address the present
violations. The presence of this alternate means to address the violations suggests
that it is not necessary to quash the current summonses.

       Looking at the broader question of good faith, we find nothing to suggest that
the communications and the resultant summonses were motivated by any goal other
than the accurate determination of Ms. Robert’s tax liability. While the fact of the ex
parte communications and the failure to timely disclose these communications is
improper and troublesome, there are no parallel criminal proceedings for which the
summonses might serve as improper discovery tools, there is no allegation of an
ulterior motive on the part of Mr. Mannion or any of the Examination Division
personnel, and there are no allegations that the IRS is attempting to coerce Ms. Robert
to settle some other, collateral matter. In short, there is nothing to suggest any
purpose to issuance of the summonses other than a desire to accurately appraise the
Siegel-Robert stock and accurately determine Ms. Robert’s tax liability.

       Ms. Robert’s entire argument regarding good faith and improper purpose
hinges on her interpretation of the Appeals Office’s role subsequent to passage of the
Restructuring Act. While it is undisputed that the Appeals Office served a role as a
dispute resolution body prior to the Restructuring Act, Ms. Robert characterizes the
Appeals Office today as a limited appellate review body that may only affirm or
reverse the IRS position that is presented for review. Ms. Robert, therefore, argues
that any action by the Appeals Office that might change the IRS position from that


                                         -14-
expressed in the thirty-day letter is a wrongful attempt by the Appeals Office to
engage in partisanship and enhance the IRS position in future litigation.
Consequently, to accept Ms. Robert’s bad faith argument, we would be required to
view the Appeals Office as limited in its authority to either (1) adopt the IRS position
as set forth in the thirty day letter or (2) adopt the taxpayer’s position for the tax years
under investigation, even if an Appeals Officer comes to believe that neither position
accurately reflects the taxpayer’s liability.

       We disagree with this characterization of the role of the Appeals Office. The
Restructuring Act is concerned with the independence of the Appeals Office and ex
parte communications. See Restructuring Act § 1000(a)(4). The Restructuring Act
contains no prohibition on the referral of a matter from the Appeals Office back to the
Examination Division if the matter appears to have reached the Appeals Office
prematurely or if new, material evidence is disclosed to the Appeals Office. See Rev.
Proc. 2000-43 § 3:

       Q-7    Does the prohibition on ex parte communications change the
              criteria for premature referrals?

       A-7    As a general rule, there is no change to current criteria or
              procedures. In essence, [the Restructuring Act] reinforces the
              instructions in Section 8.2.1.2 of the Internal Revenue Manual
              (IRM) and reaffirms Appeals’ role as the settlement arm of the
              Service. If a case is not ready for Appeals consideration, Appeals
              may return it for further development or for other reasons
              described in IRM 8.2.1.2.

The Restructuring Act simply instructs that such referrals should not occur on an ex
parte basis.

       The history of the Restructuring Act, as set forth by the IRS in Rev. Proc.
2000-43, demonstrates that the Appeals Office maintains its role as the settlement arm
of the IRS and is not as limited in its power as Ms. Robert suggests. In particular, the

                                           -15-
legislative history reveals that Congress rejected a more far-reaching overhaul of the
Appeals Office when it passed the Restructuring Act.

      S. Rep. No. 1669, 105th Cong., 2nd Sess., § 304(a) (Feb. 24, 1998),
      would have established an independent Office of Appeals in the Internal
      Revenue Service, the head of which was to be appointed by and report
      directly to the Oversight Board. Further, this proposal would have
      barred Appeals from considering issues not “raised” by the originating
      function and prohibited “any communication” with the originating
      function unless the taxpayer or taxpayer’s representative had an
      opportunity to be present.

Rev. Proc. 2000-43 § 2. As enacted, the Restructuring Act only prohibits those ex
parte communications that “appear to compromise the independence of the appeals
officers.” Restructuring Act § 1000(a)(4). It does not prohibit the Appeals Office
from examining new issues or returning a case for further examination. Further, it
does not bar all ex parte communications. The IRS, in its regulation, concluded:

      When the evolution of § 1000(a)(4) . . . is considered in light of
      Appeals['] longstanding methods of operation, it can be fairly concluded
      that Appeals must be accorded a significant degree of independence
      from other IRS components, and should be mindful to avoid ex parte
      communications with other IRS functions that might appear to
      compromise that independence. The statutory provision cannot,
      however, be interpreted as mandating a major redesign of the
      fundamental processes Appeals has traditionally followed to carry out
      its dispute resolution mission.

Rev. Proc. 2000-43 § 2. The IRS, then, concluded that even after Congress passed
the Restructuring Act, the Appeals Office was to remain “a flexible administrative
settlement authority” rather than a rigidly constrained appellate review organization
limited to affirming or rejecting proposed deficiencies. Id. Rev. Proc. 2000-43
proceeds to make clear the IRS position that the Appeals Office retains the ability to
“(a) return[] cases that are not ready for Appeals consideration, (b) rais[e] certain new

                                          -16-
issues, and (c) seek[] review and comments from the originating IRS function with
respect to new information or evidence furnished by the taxpayer or representative.”
Id. We agree.

      Because we find nothing improper in the fact of the referral of Ms. Robert’s
case for further development–only in the ex parte nature of this referral–we find no
evidence to suggest an improper purpose behind the summonses or bad faith in
issuance of the summonses. Because referral of the case for further development was
not improper, we cannot find that the present violations of the ex parte restriction
caused any harm to Ms. Robert. Accordingly, under Gilbert C. Swanson Foundation,
we do not find it necessary to quash the summonses.

                                    V. Discovery

       We next address Ms. Robert’s arguments concerning the district court’s denial
of discovery. Discovery is not necessary in every summons action, and, in fact, the
summary nature of proceedings on an IRS summons militate against expansive
discovery. See United States v. Stuart, 489 U.S. 353, 369 (1989) (“‘[S]ummons
enforcement proceedings should be summary in nature and discovery should be
limited.’” (quoting S. Rep. No. 97-494, Vol. 1, p. 285 (1982))). However, in many
cases, some discovery is appropriate and should be allowed. See United States v. Kis,
658 F.2d 526, 540 (7th Cir. 1981) (“[W]e do not want to put the taxpayer in the
anomalous position of having to allege specific facts when he has no means to gather
that information through discovery . . . .”); United States v. Cortese, 614 F.2d 914,
921 n.12 (3d Cir. 1980) (“[I]n almost every case, the information needed to
demonstrate an improper motive on the part of the Service is in the hands of the
government. Normally, the taxpayer’s only access to such information is through
limited basic discovery carefully tailored to the purposes of the inquiry. Accordingly,
such discovery should be provided.”). To strike a balance between the summary
nature of summons proceedings and the relative disadvantage taxpayers face
regarding access to information, we have held that discovery in a summary summons

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proceeding is appropriate where a taxpayer makes a substantial preliminary showing
that enforcement of a summons would result in an abuse of the court’s process. Tax
Liabs. v. United States, 866 F.2d 1015, 1019 (8th Cir. 1989).

       Ms. Robert made a substantial, in fact conclusive, showing that the IRS
conducted improper ex parte communications. She made no showing, however, that
the resultant summonses were issued for an illegitimate purpose that would reflect on
the good faith of the IRS or cause our enforcement to be an abuse of process. Ms.
Robert argued that discovery was necessary because she did not know the contents
of the ex parte communications and did not even know of many of the
communications until the government filed its motion for summary judgment. In the
affidavits, however, the government disclosed both known and unknown
communications, none of which suggests a motive other than a desire to accurately
value Siegel-Robert stock. Because Ms. Robert failed to make the requisite showing
and demonstrate that discovery would likely lead to useful, relevant evidence, the
district court did not abuse its discretion.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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