                                Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 167

                 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                       DIVISION I
                                      No. CR-14-823


STEVEN ANDREW CURTIS                             Opinion Delivered   March 11, 2015
                  APPELLANT
                                                 APPEAL FROM THE GRANT
V.                                               COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
                                                 [NO. 27CR-2013-71-1]

STATE OF ARKANSAS                                HONORABLE CHRIS E WILLIAMS,
                                 APPELLEE        JUDGE

                                                 AFFIRMED



                               BART F. VIRDEN, Judge

       A Grant County jury found appellant Steven Curtis guilty of delivery of

methamphetamine and maintaining a drug premises, and he was sentenced as a habitual

offender to serve consecutive terms of twenty and ten years, respectively, and fined a total

of $10,000. Curtis argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his directed-verdict

motions and that the trial court erred in admitting the methamphetamine and test results into

evidence because the State failed to sufficiently establish the chain of custody. We affirm.

                                     I. Trial Testimony

       Nathan Thomas, a confidential informant, testified that he approached police officers

about doing a controlled drug buy involving Curtis. On August 7, 2013, Thomas met with

a Drug Task Force agent, Eddie Keathley, at the Grant County fairgrounds. Keathley

searched Thomas and gave him money to purchase methamphetamine and a video recorder,

resembling a key fob, to record the transaction. Thomas testified he went to the trailer park
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 167

where Curtis lived, he gave Curtis the money in the living room, and Curtis then led him

to a bedroom. Thomas stated that Curtis took the methamphetamine from “a pretty good

size little bag” and put it into a smaller 1-inch x 1-inch plastic bag. Thomas said Curtis then

weighed the drug and gave it to him. Thomas left Curtis’s place, returned to the fairgrounds,

and gave the bag to Keathley. A video of the transaction was played for the jury. When

Thomas’s testimony resumed, he explained that the video had stopped working at some

point inside the trailer.

       Eddie Keathley, an employee of the Sheridan Police Department and supervisor over

the Group Six Drug Task Force, testified that he searched Thomas before giving him $100

to purchase one gram of methamphetamine from Curtis. Keathley followed Thomas and

watched him go inside a trailer. When Thomas left the trailer, Keathley followed him back

to the fairgrounds. Keathley explained it was not unusual for the video recorders to stop

working, and the device either ran out of space or the battery died. Keathley testified that

Thomas gave him a yellow plastic bag that contained a crystal-like substance. The substance

field tested positive for methamphetamine. Keathley photographed the drug, weighed it, and

placed it inside an envelope that he put in the evidence locker at the police department.

Keathley said that a log sheet was stored with the evidence. Keathley wrote “storage to

Crime Lab” on the log sheet and, after picking the evidence up from the crime lab, he

wrote, “Crime Lab to storage.” Keathley stated that no one else at the police department had

handled the evidence. Keathley submitted the evidence to the crime lab on September 16,

2013. When Keathley retrieved it from the lab, the evidence was in the same envelope he


                                              2
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 167

had submitted but had writing on it from people at the crime lab.

       Christy Williford, a forensic chemist at the Arkansas State Crime Laboratory, testified

that she retrieved an envelope from the lab’s secure storage in the evidence-receiving section

on September 26, 2013. She inventoried its contents, weighed the substance, and tested it.

She performed two tests that determined the crystalline substance was methamphetamine.

Williford then sealed the envelope, placed her initials on it, and returned it to the evidence-

receiving section where she checked it back in with an evidence technician on October 7,

2013. Defense counsel, on voir dire of the witness, asked Williford who put the evidence

into secure storage when it was received from Keathley, and Williford testified that the

electronic chain-of-custody report indicated that it was Mandy Fowler, although she did not

see the exchange personally. On re-direct examination, Williford testified without objection

that, when evidence comes into the lab, an evidence technician, in this case, Fowler, enters

the data into their computer system, Justice Tracks, and it is assigned a case number and a bar

code, which tracks the evidence’s movement within the crime lab.

                                  II. Arguments on Appeal

                              A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Curtis argues that the trial court erred in denying his directed-verdict motion on

delivery of a controlled substance. We treat a directed-verdict motion as a challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction. Tatum v. State, 2011 Ark. App. 83, 380

S.W.3d 519. In reviewing the denial of a directed-verdict motion, we determine whether

substantial evidence, either direct or circumstantial, supports the verdict. Id. We view the


                                              3
                                Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 167

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and consider only evidence that supports

the verdict. Id. Substantial evidence is evidence that is forceful enough to compel a

conclusion one way or the other beyond suspicion or conjecture. Id. Weighing the evidence

and making credibility determinations are for the fact-finder, not the appellate court. Id.

       The only aspect of Curtis’s argument that goes to sufficiency of the evidence is his

contention that the video did not show the actual drug transaction and that Thomas’s

testimony was insufficient without the video. We disagree.

       Curtis raised no objection to the video when it was played at trial. The video shows

Curtis counting money in the living room and later shows Curtis in a bedroom putting

something into a tiny plastic bag. Thomas’s testimony filled in any gaps as to what occurred

during the transaction. Weighing the evidence and making credibility determinations are for

the fact-finder. Tatum, supra. Moreover, Keathley testified that Thomas did not have drugs

on him before the transaction, that he observed Thomas going into and coming out of

Curtis’s trailer, and that Thomas then handed him a small plastic bag, which Williford

confirmed contained approximately one gram of methamphetamine. A jury could reasonably

conclude that Curtis delivered a controlled substance based on this evidence. We hold that

there was substantial evidence to support Curtis’s conviction for delivery of a controlled

substance.

       Next, Curtis argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for

maintaining a drug premises. It is unlawful for any person knowingly to keep or maintain any

store, shop, warehouse, dwelling, building or other structure or place or premise that is


                                              4
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 167

resorted to by a person for the purpose of using or obtaining a controlled substance or that

is used for keeping a controlled substance. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-402(a)(2) (Supp. 2011).

       Curtis argues that there was no evidence that he owned or rented the trailer.

Ownership of the dwelling is not an element of the crime. In any event, Thomas testified

that Curtis lived in the trailer. The evidence established that, after he was given money in the

living room of the trailer, Curtis went to a bedroom where he removed one gram of

methamphetamine from a larger bag and placed it into a smaller bag. We hold that there was

substantial evidence that Curtis knew the dwelling was used to keep and sell controlled

substances, and we affirm his conviction for maintaining a drug premises.

                            B. Hearsay & Confrontation Clause

       Curtis argues that because the actual person who received the evidence at the crime

lab was not present and available for cross-examination, “the hearsay rules” and the

Confrontation Clause were violated. Curtis first raised these arguments in his motion for a

directed verdict. A contemporaneous objection is generally required to preserve an issue for

appeal, even a constitutional issue. Mathis v. State, 2012 Ark. App. 285, 423 S.W.3d 91.

Thus, we will not address these arguments; however, Curtis’s invocation of the

Confrontation Clause appears to be a challenge to the evidence’s chain of custody, which

will be discussed below. Freeman v. State, 2010 Ark. App. 8 (noting that, although appellant

argued that State’s failure to call individual who transported fingerprint evidence to crime lab

was violation of Confrontation Clause, appellant was actually challenging the chain of

custody).


                                               5
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 167

                                   C. Chain of Custody

       Curtis argues that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence the

methamphetamine and its test results because the chain of custody had been broken. We do

not reverse a circuit court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence under the chain-of-

custody rules absent a showing that the court abused its discretion. Tatum, supra. The purpose

of establishing a chain of custody is to prevent the introduction of evidence that has been

tampered with or is not authentic. Jones v. State, 82 Ark. App. 229, 105 S.W.3d 835 (2003).

To prove authenticity of evidence, the State must demonstrate a reasonable probability that

the evidence has not been altered in any significant manner. Tatum, supra. For the trial court

to allow admission of physical evidence, it is not necessary for every person who could have

conceivably come into contact with the evidence to account for every moment from the

time the evidence comes into the possession of a law-enforcement agency until it is

introduced at trial. Id. It is also not necessary to eliminate every possibility of tampering.

Duggar v. State, 2013 Ark. App. 135, 427 S.W.3d 77. It is necessary only that the trial court,

in its discretion, be satisfied that the evidence presented is genuine and, in reasonable

probability, has not been altered. Id.

       Specifically, Curtis argues that the evidence technician at the crime lab did not testify

that she received the evidence from Keathley, entered data into the computer system, put

the handwritten case number on the crime lab’s submission sheet, or placed a bar-code

sticker on the envelope containing the evidence. Curtis also refers to alleged discovery

violations involving a bar-code sheet from the crime lab and a log sheet from the Drug Task


                                               6
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 167

Force locker. Finally, Curtis contends there was no evidence as to the sample’s location for

nine days between the time Keathley dropped it off at the crime lab and when Williford

tested it.

        According to Keathley, he was the only person at the police department who handled

the methamphetamine, he personally dropped it off at the crime lab for testing, and he

picked it up from the crime lab. Williford testified that, when evidence arrives at the crime

lab, it is bar coded so that its every movement within the lab is tracked. She testified the

evidence remained in secure storage at the crime lab until she was ready to test it. Williford

did not indicate anything was amiss when she retrieved the envelope from secure storage for

testing. The evidence shows, when Williford had finished testing the sample, she took it back

to the secure-storage area where it remained until Keathley returned for it. The trial court

was satisfied the evidence had not been tampered with or altered. Also, considering that

Curtis does not contend the evidence was contaminated, we cannot say the trial court abused

its discretion in admitting the methamphetamine and the test results.

        Affirmed.

        GRUBER and GLOVER , JJ., agree.

        Gregory Crain, for appellant.

        Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: LeaAnn J. Adams, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.




                                              7
