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                 THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

                           ___________________________


Belknap
No. 2014-0264


                        THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

                                         v.

                            CHRISTOPHER BOISVERT

                            Argued: May 13, 2015
                      Opinion Issued: September 22, 2015

      Joseph A. Foster, attorney general (Elizabeth C. Woodcock, assistant
attorney general, on the brief and orally), for the State.


      Christopher M. Johnson, chief appellate defender, of Concord, on the
brief and orally, for the defendant.

      CONBOY, J. The defendant, Christopher Boisvert, appeals his conviction
for welfare fraud. See RSA 167:17-b, I(a) (2014); RSA 167:17-c, I(a) (2014). He
argues that the Superior Court (O’Neill, J.) erred by denying: (1) the defendant’s
motion to dismiss that challenged the sufficiency of the evidence; and (2) his
request to give an accomplice liability jury instruction. We affirm.

       The record before us contains the following evidence. The defendant is
the father of Carrie Gray’s two children. He and Gray moved into Apartment 1
at 40 High Street in Bristol in 2009 or 2010. The defendant’s name was
removed from the lease at some point prior to late 2010. On December 31,
2010, the defendant filed an application for public assistance. On January 14,
2011, he met with a department of health and human services representative
and stated that he was homeless and had no resources; he was certified to
receive benefits. The defendant was recertified for benefits at six-month
intervals, and again reported in June 2011 and December 2011 that he was
homeless. Between December 2010 and March 2012, Gray received medical,
food stamp, and cash public assistance. The total amount of assistance that
she received was calculated based upon a household consisting only of Gray
and her children. She would not have been eligible for the same level of
benefits if the defendant had disclosed that he was living in the apartment.

       At some point, the special investigations unit of the department of health
and human services received an allegation of welfare fraud concerning Gray.
After interviewing witnesses and reviewing records provided by Gray and the
defendant, the investigator concluded that the case should be referred to the
county attorney’s office. The defendant was subsequently indicted on one
count of welfare fraud. Because it was alleged that the value of the
fraudulently obtained payments exceeded $1,000, the offense was classified as
a class A felony. See RSA 167:17-c, I(a). The case went to trial, and at the
close of the State’s case, the defendant moved to dismiss the charge, arguing
that the State had failed to present sufficient evidence that he was living with
Gray during the relevant time period. The trial court denied the motion, and
the jury found the defendant guilty. This appeal followed.

       RSA 167:17-b, I(a) provides that no person shall “[b]y means of an
intentionally false statement or misrepresentation or by impersonation or other
fraudulent act or device, obtain or attempt to obtain, or aid or abet any person
in obtaining any assistance or benefit or payment under RSA 161 or RSA 167
to which he is not entitled.” The indictment in this case alleged that the
defendant “by means of a false statement or misrepresentation, reported that
he was homeless to N.H. Department of Health and Human Services, aiding or
abetting [Gray] in obtaining payment assistance to which [Gray] was not
entitled, for N.H. Department of Health and Human Services medical, food
stamp, and cash assistance.”

      The defendant first argues that the State failed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that he made a misrepresentation when he reported that he
was homeless. To prevail on his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence,
the defendant must establish that no rational trier of fact, viewing all of the
evidence and all reasonable inferences from it in the light most favorable to the
State, could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Costella,
166 N.H. 705, 709 (2014).

       Because the defendant was charged with welfare fraud based upon his
“false statement or misrepresentation” that he was “homeless,” we must


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determine the meaning of the word “homeless” to assess the sufficiency of the
evidence. During deliberations, the jury requested that the trial court provide a
definition of “homeless.” The parties agreed to the trial court’s proposed
response that the jury “utilize the evidence submitted at trial in response to
this question in rendering [its] verdict.” We note at the outset that the welfare
fraud statute does not address the issue of homelessness. Thus, regardless of
how the legislature has defined “homeless” for the purposes of other statutes,
those definitions are not controlling in our analysis here. In addressing the
defendant’s argument, we apply the commonly understood meaning of
“homeless.” Cf. Magoon v. Thoroughgood, 148 N.H. 139, 142 (2002) (holding
that in absence of statutory definition or relevant case law, court would utilize
dictionary definition to determine plain and ordinary meaning of “explicitly”).
Accordingly, we decline the defendant’s suggestion that we consider statutory
definitions of “homeless” that may differ from its commonly understood
definition.

      Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defines “homeless” as
“having no home or permanent place of residence.” Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary 1083 (unabridged ed. 2002). “Residence” is defined, in
pertinent part, as “the act or fact of abiding or dwelling in a place for some
time: an act of making one’s home in a place.” Id. at 1931. “Home” is defined,
in pertinent part, as “the house and grounds with their appurtenances
habitually occupied by a family: one’s principal place of residence.” Id. at
1082. We consider these definitions in our assessment of the defendant’s
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.

       In support of his argument, the defendant asserts that, because the
State presented no direct evidence that he resided in Gray’s apartment during
the relevant period, the circumstantial evidence must exclude all reasonable
conclusions except guilt. See State v. Germain, 165 N.H. 350, 361 (2013)
(holding that to prevail on challenge to sufficiency of evidence when evidence as
to one or more elements of charged offense is solely circumstantial, defendant
must establish that evidence does not exclude all reasonable conclusions
except guilt). The State asserts that the evidence at trial included both direct
and circumstantial evidence. We will assume, without deciding, that the
evidence that the defendant resided in Apartment 1 was solely circumstantial.

       The evidence included the testimony of the property manager for the
High Street apartment complex, who testified that during the period covered by
the indictment, he saw the defendant at the apartment “pretty much daily.” He
also testified that the defendant reported to him maintenance problems in the
apartment. Another witness, who lived in the apartment complex, testified that
she saw the defendant outside playing with his children “four or five times a
week.” The individual who administered the leases for the complex testified
that although the defendant moved out of the apartment prior to 2011, he
subsequently asked to have his name placed back on the lease. Bristol Police


                                       3
Chief Lewis testified that on the evening of December 16, 2011, while he was
conducting surveillance of Gray’s apartment for unrelated reasons, he saw the
defendant in the apartment. He further testified that when the defendant was
arrested on the evening of February 17, 2012, he was arrested in Apartment 1.
The deputy clerk for the second circuit court in Plymouth identified court
documents in other cases in which the defendant was a party that were
pending during the period covered by the indictment; the documents listed the
defendant’s address as Apartment 1, 40 High Street, Bristol. Although the
defendant noted on one document that the High Street address was his mailing
address, the jury was free to assess the veracity of this statement in the
context of all the evidence. See id. at 361-62.

       The testimony of the various witnesses supports the conclusion, beyond
a reasonable doubt, that the defendant was living in Apartment 1 and that he
lied when he reported to the department of health and human services that he
was homeless. Given the record before us, we conclude that the defendant has
failed to establish that the evidence did not exclude all reasonable conclusions
except guilt. See id. at 361. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by denying
the defendant’s motion to dismiss.

       The defendant also argues that the trial court erred by denying his
request to give an accomplice liability jury instruction. At trial, the defendant
asked the court to instruct on the principles of accomplice liability. He argued
that he was entitled to the instruction because the State had charged him with
the aid/abet variant of welfare fraud. He contended that because the statute
contains this variant, accomplice liability is “directly a part of the statute.” The
trial court denied his request, and gave the following instruction:

      The definition of the crime of welfare fraud has four parts or
      elements. The State must prove each part or element beyond a
      reasonable doubt. Thus, the State must prove:

            1. The Defendant acted purposely; and

            2. The Defendant, by means of a false statement or
            misrepresentation, aided or abetted another person in
            obtaining welfare payment assistance; and

            3. That the other person was not entitled to said
            welfare payment assistance; and

            4. That the value of said payment assistance exceeded
            $1,000.

On appeal, the defendant argues that, under his proposed instruction, the
State would have had to prove “that Gray had the purpose to commit the crime


                                         4
of welfare fraud”; in contrast, under the court’s instruction, the State had to
prove only that he “intended that Gray receive benefits to which she was not
entitled.”

       As the defendant correctly observes, this issue presents a question of
statutory interpretation. Our review is therefore de novo. State v. Balch, 167
N.H. 329, 332 (2015). When we interpret a statute, we look first to the
language of the statute itself, and, if possible, construe that language according
to its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. Our goal is to apply statutes in light of
the legislature’s intent in enacting them, and in light of the policy sought to be
advanced by the entire statutory scheme. Id. We interpret legislative intent
from the statute as written and will not consider what the legislature might
have said or add language that it did not see fit to include. Id.

      The welfare fraud statute, RSA 167:17-b (2014), is not included in the
Criminal Code. Nor does it contain a requirement that the State prove the
mental state of the third party who will benefit from the defendant’s fraudulent
acts. See State v. Moscone, 161 N.H. 355, 359-60 (2011) (declining to
incorporate the “attempt” statute into separate statute criminalizing certain
uses of computer).

       The defendant cites State v. Hermsdorf, 135 N.H. 360 (1992) to support
his contention that when “the State charges a defendant with committing the
‘aiding/abetting’ variant of RSA 167:17-b, I(a), the jury must find that the
principal also committed the elements of the charged crime.” Hermsdorf
provides little guidance here.

      In Hermsdorf, Gary Hermsdorf and the Queen City Pharmacy were
indicted and convicted of Medicaid fraud. Hermsdorf, 135 N.H. at 362. On
appeal, Hermsdorf argued that the trial court had impermissibly amended the
indictment when it included the word “solicited” in its instructions. Id. at 367.
Viewing the instructions in their entirety, we concluded that the trial court had
not improperly amended the indictment. Id. at 368.

       In reaching this conclusion, the Hermsdorf court cited the language of
RSA 167:17-b, I(a) as “aid and abet” as opposed to the actual language of the
statute ― “aid or abet.” The defendant cites our insertion of the conjunction
“and” in Hermsdorf to argue that we should not rely upon “the statute’s linking
of ‘aid’ and ‘abet’ with a disjunctive ‘or’” to support the conclusion that the
State need not prove abetting if it can prove aiding. We disagree that
Hermsdorf requires such a conclusion. The conjunction used between the
words “aid” and “abet” in RSA 167:17-b, I(a), was not the focus of our analysis
in Hermsdorf, and our holding in Hermsdorf did not address the issue
currently before us. Moreover, to ignore the legislature’s use of the disjunctive
“or” would violate our established principles of statutory construction. See



                                        5
Balch, 167 N.H. at 332 (legislative intent is determined from statute as
written).

        Construing the plain language of RSA 167:17-b, I(a), we conclude that, to
obtain a conviction of the defendant for welfare fraud, the State was not
required to prove that Gray also committed welfare fraud and that the
defendant was aware of her culpable mental state. There is no indication that
the legislature intended to import into the statute the law of accomplice
liability. See RSA 626:8 (2007). Absent explicit statutory language, we decline
to hold that a defendant charged with welfare fraud resulting in a third party
improperly receiving benefits is absolved of criminal liability for his or her own
misrepresentation or other fraudulent act when the third party does not have
the same culpable mental state.

                                                  Affirmed.

      DALIANIS, C.J., and HICKS and BASSETT, JJ., concurred.




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