                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 17-1544
                             Filed March 20, 2019


CEI EQUIPMENT COMPANY,
     Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

vs.

DONALD GADDIS and KAREN GADDIS,
     Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Sean W. McPartland,

Judge.



      A manufacturer appeals a grant of summary judgment to former

shareholders in an indemnity action. The former shareholders cross-appeal the

denial of attorney fees. REVERSED AND REMANDED ON APPEAL; AFFIRMED

ON CROSS-APPEAL.




      J. Scott Bardole of Andersen & Associates, West Des Moines, for appellant.

      David M. Caves and William T. McCartan of Bradley & Riley PC, Cedar

Rapids, for appellees.



      Heard by Potterfield, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ.
                                            2


TABOR, Judge.

       CEI Equipment Company wants Donald and Karen Gaddis, one-time

shareholders, to pay for its defense of products liability claims brought by an

injured truck driver.    More than three years before the driver sued CEI, the

Gaddises sold their shares. In their stock purchase agreement (SPA), they agreed

to several indemnification clauses with varying time limitations. The Gaddises now

say CEI’s request for indemnification is untimely under the SPA. Finding the SPA’s

unambiguous language did not include a time limit for this indemnification action,

we reverse the grant of summary judgment in favor of the Gaddises, reverse the

denial of CEI’s motion for summary judgment, and remand to the district court for

further proceedings. And, because the Gaddises are not the prevailing party in the

summary judgment proceeding, we affirm the denial of attorney fees.

I.     Facts and Prior Proceedings

       The material facts are not in dispute. The Gaddises previously owned

shares in CEI, a truck trailer design and manufacturing company.                       On

December 17, 2012, they sold their shares to Normandie Holdings, LLC, under a

detailed SPA. The SPA included terms indicating the Gaddises would indemnify

CEI in the event of certain claims against them.

       On December 26, 2014, truck driver Barry Willets was injured when an

auger manufactured by CEI broke away from its trailer and fell on top of him. In

May 2016, he sued CEI, alleging defects in the auger’s design and manufacturing.1



1
  Willets also filed negligence claims against Quam Contracting, L.L.C., which had
purchased the truck and trailer from CEI in April 2012. Willets settled his claims in their
entirety in September 2017. The Gaddises also initiated a third-party claim against
Travelers Indemnity Company and Travelers Property Casualty Company of America.
                                          3


       In July 2016, CEI answered Willets’s claims and filed a third-party petition

against the Gaddises seeking to enforce the indemnity provisions of the SPA and

for breach of contract. CEI insisted because the auger at issue was manufactured

before the Gaddises sold their shares, they have a contractual obligation to

indemnify CEI.

       Contending CEI’s claims were time-barred under the SPA’s indemnification

provisions, the Gaddises sought summary judgment. CEI filed its own motion for

summary judgment seeking an order that the Gaddises indemnify it against the

claim. The district court granted the Gaddises’ motion, denied CEI’s motion, and

dismissed the Gaddises from the action. The Gaddises filed an application for

attorney fees against CEI, asserting the indemnity and breach-of-contract claims

were frivolous. The district court denied their application.

       CEI appeals the district court’s rulings on the cross motions for summary

judgment; the Gaddises cross-appeal the denial of attorney fees.

II.    Scope and Standards of Review

       We review rulings on motions for summary judgment for correction of legal

error. Deeds v. City of Marion, 914 N.W.2d 330, 339 (Iowa 2018). Summary

judgment is proper if Gaddises established no genuine issue of material fact

existed and they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See id. Summary

judgment is also proper where the only issue to be decided is what legal

consequences follow from otherwise undisputed facts. Emmet Cty. State Bank v.

Reutter, 439 N.W.2d 651, 653 (Iowa 1989).
                                            4


III.   Analysis

       A. Summary Judgment Ruling

       CEI’s third-party claim against the Gaddises arises from the SPA’s

indemnification clause, which states:

                 6.1    Indemnification by the Sellers.        The respective
       representations, warranties and covenants contained herein or in
       any Transaction Document shall survive the Closing . . . . [T]he
       Sellers, jointly and severally, covenant and agree with Buyer to pay
       and perform, and to indemnify Buyer, . . . and hold them harmless
       from, against and in respect of any and all costs, losses, claims,
       liabilities, fines, penalties, damages and expenses . . . (collectively,
       “Sellers’ Indemnified Liabilities”) incurred by any of them, resulting
       from, arising out of, or in connection with any or all of:
                 (a) Any breach of any of the representations or warranties
       made in Article III hereof . . . ; or
                 (b) Any Liability of the Company arising during or attributable
       to the time period prior to the Closing Date . . .

On appeal, the Gaddises do not dispute that CEI’s liability in the Willets’s

underlying lawsuit falls within the sellers’ indemnified liabilities in section 6.1 of the

SPA. Instead, they contest their obligation to indemnify because they allegedly

received CEI’s claim outside the applicable timeframe set out in section 6.2.

Section 6.2 outlines four different claims periods, depending on the type of liability.2

                6.2 Time Limitations. . . . [T]he Sellers shall have no
       obligation to indemnify any Buyer Indemnified Party hereunder
       based upon, or alleged to be based upon, any of Sellers’ Indemnified
       Liabilities for [1] (i) Tier III Matters as to which the Seller
       Representative has not received a claim to indemnification prior to
       the end of the sixteenth (16th) month following the Closing Date,
       [2] (ii) Tier II Matters as to which the Seller Representative has not
       received a claim to indemnification prior to the end of the sixtieth
       (60th) month following the Closing Date and [3] (iii) Tier I Matters as
       to which the Seller Representative has not received a claim for
       indemnification prior to the expiration of the applicable statute of
       limitations period. [4] The claims period for any covenants,

2
  At oral argument, neither party could explain the policy underlying the different time
limitations.
                                            5


       agreements or undertakings made by the Parties in this Agreement
       other than those specifically limited above shall survive the Closing
       for the applicable statute of limitations.

       Those time limitations are the crux of this appeal. The parties agree the

product liability claims for which CEI seeks indemnity do not implicate Tier I or

Tier II matters, as those are defined in the SPA.3 The Gaddises contend Willets’s

claims involved Tier III matters,4 governed by the sixteen-month limitation,

because they arose under a section of the SPA, not listed as a Tier I or Tier II

matter, entitled “Product and Service Warranties; Product Liabilities.”5 Because

the Gaddises did not receive CEI’s claim for indemnification by April 17, 2014 (the

closing date of December 17, 2012, plus 16 months), they no longer had an

obligation to indemnify the buyer based on any of the sellers’ indemnified liabilities.

       The district court rejected the Gaddises’ interpretation, finding:

       [D]espite what the section title may suggest, section 3.24 plainly did
       not involve the Gaddises representing to their buyers that they would
       remain liable for third-party customers’ product liability claims.

3
  Tier I matters include claims for indemnification for breaches of the representation and
warranties in sections of the SPA addressing corporate matters, bank accounts,
transaction documents, and marketable title. Tier II Matters encompass claims for
indemnification for breaches of the representation and warranties in sections of the SPA
addressing taxes and environmental matters.
4
  Tier III matters are those “relating to or arising in connection with actual or alleged
breaches of representations or warranties other than Tier I Matters and Tier II Matters.”
5
  Section 3.24 provides:
         Except as set forth in Section 3.24(a) of the Sellers Disclosure Schedule,
         the Company does not make any express warranty or guaranty as to goods
         sold, or services provided by, the Company, and there is no pending or, to
         the Knowledge of the Sellers, threatened claim alleging any breach of any
         such warranty or guaranty other than as reserved for on the Balance Sheet
         or for immaterial claims made in the ordinary course since the Balance
         Sheet date. Except as set forth in Section 3.24(b) of the Sellers Disclosure
         Schedule, the Company does not have any material liability under such
         warranty. The Company does not have any Liability (and there is no basis
         for any present or future action or claim giving rise to any Liability) not
         covered in full by applicable insurance arising out of any injury to individuals
         or property as a result of the ownership, possession, or use of any product
         manufactured, sold, leased or delivered by the Company.
                                           6


       Rather, the Gaddises represented to their buyer that the Company
       made no warranties as to goods sold or services provided and that
       they were aware of no such pending claims pending.

       We agree with the district court that the indemnification claim at issue did

not fall into the Tier III category. Instead, the last sentence of section 6.2 governs

the indemnity CEI seeks for Willets’s claims. Under that catch-all category, the

claims period for indemnification “shall survive the Closing for the applicable

statute of limitations.”

       That language is the sticking point.          Both sides insist the wording

unambiguously supports their position. We start with the applicable statute of

limitations. Here, Willetts had two years to bring his products-liability action against

CEI from the time of his injury. See Iowa Code § 614.1(2) (2016) (requiring actions

for injuries to a person, whether based on contract or tort, to be brought within two

years “after their causes accrue”); see Franzen v. Deere & Co., 334 N.W.2d 730,

732 (Iowa 1983) (discussing discovery rule and two-year statute of limitations in

products liability case). The next question is when did the period for CEI to seek

indemnification from the Gaddises for Willets’ products liability claim expire.

       The Gaddises argued the two-year limitations period commenced at the

closing date for their stock sale, December 17, 2012, and ended on December 17,

2014. Therefore, the claim period expired before the date of Willets’s injury on

December 26, 2014, along with the Gaddises’ obligation to indemnify.

       But CEI urged a different reading of the SPA. The company emphasized

the difference between Tier II and Tier III matters—which referenced the “Closing

Date” as a starting point for a fixed claim period of sixth and sixteenth months

respectively—and the catch-all language providing that claims period survived the
                                           7


“Closing” for the applicable statute of limitations.6 CEI asserted: “Since Closing

Date was used twice in paragraph 6.2 it certainly could have been used again in

paragraph 6.2 and the fact that it was not used in the catch-all section shows that

there was no intent to use the Closing Date as a time reference for catch-all

claims.” CEI noted the statute of limitations at section 614.1(2) provides its own

starting date: the accrual of the cause of action. In CEI’s view, the period for its

indemnity claim ran from the date of Willets’ injury on December 26, 2014, for the

applicable two-year statute of limitations, until December 26, 2016.

       Finding the contract language unambiguous, the district court sided with the

Gaddises.     The court reasoned that CEI’s position that it could “seek

indemnification as long as the third-party claim has not been barred by the relevant

statute of limitation following the injury” would mean “the Closing Date language”

was “simply irrelevant” and the phrase “survive the Closing” would be

“superfluous.” The court also believed CEI’s interpretation violated “principles of

fairness” by creating an indefinite indemnification trigger. CEI’s interpretation, the

court concluded, was contrary to the intent of the parties in imposing time

limitations for indemnity.

       On appeal, CEI counters the district court’s reasoning, renewing its previous

argument. In response to the court’s concern that contract language would be

rendered superfluous, CEI points out the term “Closing Date” does not appear in

the catch-all paragraph. Rather, the phrase “survive the Closing for the applicable




6
 The SPA defines “Closing” to mean “the consummation of the actions described in
Section 1.4 and 1.5 of this Agreement”—i.e., the delivery of the shares and payment. The
SPA further defines “Closing Date” as “the date on which the ‘Closing’ occurs.”
                                           8


statute of limitations” provides an indefinite period of indemnity, in contrast to the

defined limitations set out in the SPA for Tier II and Tier III matters.7 In response

to the district court’s fairness concern, CEI notes the SPA was an arms-length

transaction with both parties represented by counsel. CEI insists: “The SPA says

what it says and it does not anchor the beginning of the applicable statute of

limitations to the closing date.”

         “Generally, when we interpret contracts, we look to the language contained

within the four corners of the document.” DuTrac Cmty. Credit Union v. Radiology

Grp. Real Estate, L.C., 891 N.W.2d 210, 216 (Iowa 2017). “In the construction of

written contracts, the cardinal principle is that the intent of the parties must control,

and except in cases of ambiguity, this is determined by what the contract itself

says.” Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(n). “If the intent of the parties is clear and

unambiguous from the words of the contract itself, we will enforce the contract as

written.” DuTrac, Cmty. Credit Union, 891 N.W.2d at 216. “[W]e give effect to

language of the entire contract in accordance with its commonly accepted and

ordinary meaning.” Dickson v. Hubbell Realty Co., 567 N.W.2d 427, 430 (Iowa

1997).     “[I]t is assumed that no part of [the contract] is superfluous and an

interpretation that gives a reasonable meaning to all terms is preferred to one that

leaves a term superfluous or of no effect.” Id.




7
  CEI also renewed its argument from the district court that the Gaddises’ obligation to
indemnify would not be infinite because Iowa Code section 614.1(2A) creates a fifteen-
year statute of repose—commencing on the date that the aggrieved party first purchased
the product or installed it for use. See Albrecht v. Gen. Motors Corp., 648 N.W.2d 87, 91
(Iowa 2002).
                                          9


       In this case, despite two strong, competing views on how to read the same

passage, neither party believes the language of the SPA is ambiguous. We agree

we can decipher the parties’ intent from the “four corners of the document.” See

Walsh v. Nelson, 622 N.W.2d 499, 503 (Iowa 2001) (explaining language is not

ambiguous “merely because the parties disagree about its meaning”).

       Reading the plain language used in the catch-all category, we find the

parties intended to extend the indemnity-claims period for product-liability actions

from the date of their accrual through the end of the two-year limitations period. In

other words, the Gaddises’ duty to indemnify lasts until the statute of limitations

applicable to Willets’s underlying claim runs. To interpret the language otherwise

would be to apply a new meaning to the phrase “applicable statute of limitations.”

A statute of limitations is not a free-floating length of time; it is a period with a

defined beginning and end. The defined beginning is when the cause accrues.

Iowa Code § 614.1. If the parties had intended the SPA’s closing date to serve as

the starting point for a two-year limitation, the drafters could have constructed the

catch-all sentence to match the Tier II and Tier III limits. To give full effect to all

terms of the contract, we must recognize a difference in the catch-all provision’s

reference to survival of the “Closing” instead of identifying a set time period

following the “Closing Date.”

       Unlike the district court, we do not find CEI’s reading of the SPA to unfairly

allocate future liability between the parties. We are persuaded by the following

commentary to the ABA Model Stock Purchase Agreement:

       It is customary for an acquisition agreement to specify the time period
       within which a claim for indemnification must be made. The Sellers
       want to have uncertainty eliminated after a period of time, and the
                                          10


       Buyer wants to have a reasonable opportunity to discover any basis
       for indemnification. The time period will vary depending on factors
       such as the type of business, the adequacy of financial statements,
       the Buyer’s plans for retaining existing management, the Buyer’s
       ability to perform a thorough investigation prior to the acquisition, the
       method of determination of the purchase price, and the relative
       bargaining strength of the parties. A two-year period may be
       sufficient for most liabilities because it will permit at least one post-
       closing audit and because, as a practical matter, many hidden
       liabilities will be uncovered within two years. However, an extended
       or unlimited time period for stock ownership, capitalization, products
       liability, taxes, ERISA issues, and environmental issues is not
       unusual.

Leigh Walton, Selected Provisions of the ABA Model Stock Purchase Agreement,

SL054 ALI-ABA 897, 970 (1995), § 10.5 cmt. (emphasis added.). We have no

evidence of the relative bargaining strength of the Gaddises in reaching the terms

of the SPA. But we are not prepared to say that their acceptance of an extended

or indefinite time period for indemnifying products liability claims would violate

“principles of fairness” or “defeat the reasonable intent of the contract.”

       Parties bargain and provide consideration as they deem fit. Courts cannot

“rescue” a party from a “bad bargain.” Walker v. Gribble, 689 N.W.2d 104, 110

(Iowa 2004). Rather,

       [c]ourts should support agreements which have for their object the
       amicable settlement of doubtful rights by parties. Such agreements
       are binding without regard to which party gets the best of the bargain
       or whether all the gain is in fact on one side and all the sacrifice is on
       the other.

Id. (edited for readability). Here, we cannot be sure of the calculus involved in the

exchange of consideration for the SPA, but the intent of the parties is reflected in

its plain language. We conclude, as a matter of law, CEI’s indemnity claim against

the Gaddises was not limited to the two years following the date of closing. Rather

the indemnity claim period extended beyond the closing—ending when the statute
                                          11


of limitations ran for the underlying claim, subject to the statute of repose. Willets’s

injury occurred on December 26, 2014, and he filed his claim against CEI in May

2016, within the applicable statute of limitations. CEI timely invoked the Gaddises’

duty to indemnify in July 2016. There are no remaining issues of material fact, but

the Gaddises were not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We reverse the

order for summary judgment in favor of the Gaddises and remand to the district

court for entry of orders denying the Gaddises’ motion and granting CEI’s motion.

       B. Attorney Fees

       We also affirm the district court’s denial of the Gaddises’ request for

attorney fees. The Gaddises are no longer the prevailing party. And even if they

were, their reliance on Iowa Code section 625.22 was misplaced. The statute’s

first paragraph allows recovery on a written contract that contains an agreement

to pay attorney fees. The SPA contained no provision for recovery of attorney

fees. The statute’s second paragraph is limited to actions to recover payment on

a dishonored check or draft as defined in Iowa Code section 554.3014. See Iowa

Code § 652.22 (allowing successful defendant in dishonored-check case to

recover reasonable fees if court determines action was frivolous). This litigation

did not involve collection on a dishonored check, so the Gaddises could not have

recovered under that statute in any scenario.

   IV. CONCLUSION

       For the preceding reasons, we reverse the grant of summary judgment in

favor of the Gaddises and remand for entry of an order denying their motion for

summary judgment. We also reverse the denial of CEI’s motion and remand for

entry of an order granting its motion for summary judgment, as well as any further
                                     12


proceedings that may be necessary.    We affirm denial of the application for

attorney fees.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED ON APPEAL; AFFIRMED ON CROSS-

APPEAL.
