 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
                                        06-1181


                        TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.,

                                                      Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                           v.

                 NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION,
                            NOVARTIS PHARMA AG
             and NOVARTIS INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.,

                                                      Defendants-Appellees.



        Henry C. Dinger, Goodwin Procter LLP, of Boston, Massachusetts, argued for
plaintiff-appellant. With him on the brief were Shepard M. Remis and Roland H.
Schwillinski. Of counsel on the brief were Allyn Z. Lite and Michael E. Patunas, of Lite
Depalma Greenberg & Rivas, LLC, of Newark, New Jersey.

      Hugh C. Barrett, Fitzpatrick, Cella, Harper & Scinto, of New York, New York,
argued for defendants-appellees. With him on the brief were Robert L. Baechtold,
Nicholas N. Kallas, and Simon D. Roberts.


Appealed from: United States District Court for the District of New Jersey

Judge Jose L. Linares
 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
                                       06-1181

                       TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.,

                                                     Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                          v.

                NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION,
                           NOVARTIS PHARMA AG
            and NOVARTIS INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.,

                                                     Defendants-Appellees.

                           __________________________

                            DECIDED: March 30, 2007
                           __________________________



Before MAYER, Circuit Judge, FRIEDMAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and GAJARSA,
Circuit Judge.

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge GAJARSA. Concurring opinion filed by
Senior Circuit Judge FRIEDMAN.

GAJARSA, Circuit Judge.

      Teva Pharmaceuticals (“Teva”) appeals from the dismissal of its declaratory

judgment action by the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The

district court, relying on our two-part declaratory judgment test for patent non-

infringement as modified by our recent decision in Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., v.

Pfizer, Inc., 395 F.3d 1324 (2005) (“Pfizer”), found that Teva failed to establish a

reasonable apprehension of imminent suit and that it therefore lacked jurisdiction over

the declaratory judgment action. In light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in

MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 127 S. Ct. 764 (2007), which finds that our
declaratory judgment test for non-infringement or invalidity “conflicts” with its precedent,

we reverse.

                                   I.     BACKGROUND

       Novartis holds a New Drug Application (“NDA”) for three strengths of the drug

Famvir®. Upon filing its Famvir® NDA, Novartis listed five patents in the Food and Drug

Administration’s (“FDA”) Orange Book, each of which covers and is directed to various

aspects of Famvir®, including U.S Patent Nos: 5,246,937 (“’937 patent”); 5,840,763

(“’763 patent”); 5,866,581 (“’581 patent”); 5,916,893 (“’893 patent”); and 6,124,304

(“’304 patent”).       The ’937 patent is directed to the active ingredient in Famvir®,

famciclovir, while the remaining Orange Book patents are directed to methods of

therapeutic use (“method patents”) of Famvir®. The ’937 patent expires in 2010, but the

related therapeutic use patents do not expire until 2014-15.

       In 2004, Teva filed an Abbreviated New Drug Application (“ANDA”) with the FDA

for generic famciclovir tablets in which Teva certified under paragraph IV of 21 U.S.C.

§ 355(j)(2)(A)(vii) that its drug did not infringe any of the five Novartis Famvir® Orange

Book patents or that the patents were invalid.        Teva’s paragraph IV certifications

constitute technical infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1). Accordingly, Novartis

had 45 days to sue on these patents in order to invoke a statutorily mandated 30-month

stay to delay immediate FDA approval of Teva’s famciclovir ANDA. See 21 U.S.C.

§ 355(j)(5)(B)(iii).

       Novartis brought an infringement suit against Teva on the ’937 patent alone and

did not include in the action the related therapeutic use patents. The infringement suit is

pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Novartis

Pharm. Corp., v. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc., No. 05-1887 (D.N.J. 2005).


06-1181                                       2
       After Novartis filed suit, Teva brought this declaratory judgment action on the four

remaining method patents under 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(C) and 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(5) to

establish “patent certainty.” Title 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(C) is a 2003 amendment to the

ANDA statute entitled “civil action to obtain patent certainty.” Under this provision, if the

patentee or NDA holder does not bring an infringement suit within 45 days after

receiving notice of a paragraph IV certification, the ANDA applicant may bring a civil

action for a declaratory judgment that the patent at issue is invalid or will not be

infringed by the drug for which the ANDA was submitted.               Id.   Title 35 U.S.C.

§ 271(e)(5) is a 2003 amendment to the patent statute that works in conjunction with the

2003 amendment to the ANDA statute to provide that in a civil action to obtain patent

certainty, federal courts “shall, to the extent consistent with the Constitution, have

subject matter jurisdiction in any action brought . . . under § 2201 of title 28 for a

declaratory judgment that such patent is invalid or not infringed.” Teva argues that by

bringing suit on the ’937 patent alone in the first instance, “Novartis has sought to put

Teva to the hard choice of either launching at risk of massive liability for patent

infringement when the ’937 patent expires or Teva prevails in the pending infringement

action, or foregoing that opportunity and thereby effectively extending the term of the

’937 patent.” Appellant Br. 9 (footnotes omitted).

       Novartis moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, arguing that

Teva had no reasonable apprehension that it would be sued by Novartis for infringing

the four method patents. In response, Teva argued that: (1) Novartis had already sued

Teva on the underlying composition patent; (2) listing patents in the Orange Book

established infringement as a matter of law; (3) Novartis had a history of aggressively




06-1181                                      3
suing generic drug companies; and (4) Novartis had declined to give Teva a covenant

not to sue.

       The district court dismissed Teva’s declaratory judgment action requesting

“patent certainty” on the four method patents. Teva Pharm., USA, Inc., v. Novartis

Pharm. Corp., No. 05-2881, slip op. at 10 (D.N.J. Dec. 12, 2005). In so doing, the

district court applied our two prong “reasonable-apprehension-of-imminent-suit” test

from Pfizer. 1 395 F.3d at 1332. After comparing the facts of this case to those in Pfizer,

the district court found that Teva had failed to establish a reasonable apprehension of

imminent suit and that the district court therefore lacked jurisdiction over the declaratory

judgment action.    Teva, slip op. at 10. Teva timely appealed to this court. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).

       The district court’s dismissal of Teva’s declaratory judgment action for lack of

jurisdiction presents a question of law that we review without deference. See Pfizer,

395 F.3d at 1332 (citing Gen-Probe Inc. v. Vysis, Inc., 359 F.3d 1376, 1379 (Fed. Cir.

2004)).    The determination of whether an actual controversy exists under the

Declaratory Judgment Act in a patent case is a question of law that we review de novo.

BP Chems. Ltd. v. Union Carbide Corp., 4 F.3d 975, 978 (Fed. Cir. 1993). The district

court’s factual findings supporting its determination are reviewed for clear error. Id.




       1
               Under this two prong test, the ANDA declaratory judgment plaintiff must
show both: (1) a “reasonable apprehension” of “imminent” suit by the patentee; and (2)
activity constituting infringement or the intent to infringe. See Pfizer, 395 F.3d at 1332.


06-1181                                      4
                                    II.    ANALYSIS

                                            A.

       Our starting point in analyzing Teva’s appeal is the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28

U.S.C. § 2201(a) under which Teva filed this suit. The relevant text of the Act reads:

       In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction . . . any court of the
       United States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the
       rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such
       declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought.

28 U.S.C. § 2201(a).

       In the ANDA context, Congress explicitly extended federal court declaratory

judgment jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2201 to ANDA paragraph IV disputes such as

Teva’s and did so “to the extent consistent with the Constitution.” 35 U.S.C.

§ 271(e)(5). 2

       The Supreme Court recently re-affirmed that the Act’s “actual controversy”

requirement “refers to the type of ‘Cases’ and ‘Controversies’ that are justiciable under

Article III.” MedImmune, 127 S. Ct. at 771 (“[T]he phrase ‘case of actual controversy’ in




       2
                The Declaratory Judgment Act and 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(5) “serve[] the
policies underlying the patent laws by enabling a test of the validity and infringement of
patents that are . . . being used only as . . . ‘scarecrows.’” Arrowhead Indus. Water, Inc.
v. Ecolochem, 845 F.2d 731, 735 (1988) (quoting Judge Learned Hand in Bresnick v.
U.S. Vitamin Corp., 139 F.2d 239 (2d Cir. 1943)). Before the declaratory judgment
provisions, competitors were “victimized” by patent owners who engaged in “extra-
judicial patent enforcement with scare-the-customer-and-run tactics that infect[ed] the
competitive environment of the business community with uncertainty and insecurity” and
that rendered competitors “helpless and immobile so long as the patent owner refused
to . . . sue.” Id. at 735 (quoting Japan Gas Lighter Ass’n v. Ronson Corp., 257 F. Supp.
219, 237 (D.N.J. 1966)). After enactment of these provisions, competitors “were no
longer restricted to [the hard] choice between incurrence of a growing potential liability
for patent infringement and abandonment of their enterprises; they could clear the air by
suing for a [declaratory] judgment.” Id.


06-1181                                      5
the Act refers to the type of ‘Cases’ and ‘Controversies’ that are justiciable under Article

III.”) (citing Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 240 (1937)).

       In MedImmune, the Court found that its precedent “did not draw the brightest of

lines between those declaratory-judgment actions that satisfy the case-or-controversy

requirement and those that do not.” Id. Instead of applying a bright line, the Court

stated that its decisions required:

       that the dispute be “definite and concrete, touching the legal relations of
       the parties having adverse legal interests”; and that it be “real and
       substantial” and “admi[t] of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive
       character, as distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would
       be upon a hypothetical state of facts.”

Id. (citing Aetna Life Ins. Co., 300 U.S. at 240-41).

       Previously, the Court held that “the difference between an abstract question and

a ‘controversy’ contemplated by the Declaratory Judgment Act is necessarily one of

degree, and it would be difficult, if it would be possible, to fashion a precise test for

determining in every case whether there is such a controversy.” Md. Cas. Co. v. Pac.

Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273 (1941). In MedImmune, the Court re-affirmed the

correct standard for determining a justiciable declaratory judgment action: “Basically,

the question in each case is whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances,

show that there is a substantial controversy, between the parties having adverse legal

interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory

judgment.” Id. (citing Md. Cas. Co., 312 U.S. at 273).

       Thus, MedImmune teaches that in a declaratory judgment action, “all the

circumstances” must demonstrate that a justiciable Article III “controversy” exists. A

justiciable Article III controversy requires the party instituting the action to have standing




06-1181                                       6
and the issue presented to the court to be ripe. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S.

555, 560 (1992).

       Article III standing requires “[a] plaintiff [to] allege personal injury fairly traceable

to the defendant’s allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the

requested relief.” Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751 (1984). Of the three standing

requirements, injury-in-fact is the most determinative: “[W]hatever else the ‘case or

controversy’ requirement embodie[s], its essence is a requirement of ‘injury in fact.’”

Schlesinger v. Reservists Comm. to Stop the War, 418 U.S. 208, 218 (1974) (citing

Ass’n of Data Processing Serv. Org., Inc. v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150, 152 (1970)). An

injury-in-fact must be “personal,” “concrete and particularized,” and “actual or imminent.”

Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560; Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 501 (1975).

       Under the declaratory judgment standard, “all the circumstances” must

demonstrate the Article III justiciability requirement that the case be ripe for judicial

review.   Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136 (1967).            The doctrine of ripeness

focuses on the conduct of the defendant to determine whether the defendants actions

have harmed, are harming, or are about to harm the plaintiff. Ripeness can be an issue

in obtaining anticipatory relief like declaratory judgments. Id. at 149. A “controversy” is

“ripe” if the question presented is “fit for judicial review,” meaning it is entirely or

substantially a question of law and postponing a decision would work a substantial

hardship on the challenging party. Id. at 149-50 (applying the test and holding that a

regulation requiring drug manufacturers to change labeling was ripe for review before it

was enforced because the regulation had an immediate and expensive impact on the

plaintiffs’ operations and plaintiffs risked a substantial sanction for non-compliance).




06-1181                                        7
       Similar to the ripeness doctrine and based on the same constitutional

“controversy” requirement is the Court’s prohibition against advisory opinions.       Under

this doctrine, federal courts are to decide only “actual controversies by judgment which

can be carried into effect, and not to give opinions upon moot questions or abstract

propositions, or to declare principles or rules of law which cannot affect the matter in the

case before it.” Local No. 8-6, Oil, Chem. & Atomic Workers Int’l Union v. Missouri, 361

U.S. 363, 367 (1960). Although there can be a fine line between declaratory judgments

and advisory opinions, the Supreme Court maintains the necessity of avoiding issuing

advisory opinions based upon hypothetical facts. Elec. Bond & Share Co. v. Sec. &

Exch. Comm’n, 303 U.S. 419 (1938).

       Notwithstanding the Court’s justiciability precedent, it is well established that

Congress by legislation “may expand standing to the full extent permitted by [A]rticle [III]

of [the] Constitution, thus permitting litigation by one who otherwise would be barred.”

Gladstone Realtors v. Vill. of Bellwood, 441 U.S. 91, 100 (1979). Congress, however,

cannot expand standing beyond the Article III jurisdiction of federal courts. Id. Thus, as

long as Congress remains within constitutional limits, it may “enact statutes creating

legal rights, the invasion of which creates standing, even though no injury would exist

without the statute.” Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 617 n.4 (1973) (citing

Trafficante v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 409 U.S. 205, 212 (1972) (White, J., concurring)).

       The Declaratory Judgment Act and 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(5) are examples of

legislation that expand standing to constitutional limits and provide a way for plaintiffs to

bring actions in federal court when they might otherwise be barred.               The sole

requirement for federal court jurisdiction under both provisions is an “actual

controversy,” 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a), which is the same as an Article III case or


06-1181                                      8
controversy. See Aetna Life Ins., 300 U.S. at 239-41. This means that under both

provisions, a declaratory judgment plaintiff is only required to satisfy Article III, which

includes standing and ripeness, by showing under “all the circumstances” an actual or

imminent injury caused by the defendant that can be redressed by judicial relief and that

is of “sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory

judgment.” MedImmune, 127 S. Ct. at 771 (internal citations omitted). 3

       In the instant case, we follow the Court’s analysis in MedImmune in determining

whether Teva has a justiciable controversy within the meaning of Article III. Id. By

following MedImmune, we recognize that we are not relying on our two-part reasonable-

apprehension-of-suit test. See, e.g., Pfizer, 395 F.3d at 1332-33. This court respects

the principle of stare decisis and follows its own precedential decisions unless the

decisions are “overruled by the court en banc, or by other controlling authority such as

an intervening . . . Supreme Court decision.” Tex. Am. Oil Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy,

44 F.3d 1557, 1561 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc).

       Under our patent jurisprudence, we developed a two-part test to determine if an

“actual controversy” exists in a general declaratory judgment action for patent non-

infringement or invalidity. See, e.g., Pfizer, 395 F.3d 1332-33. This test requires both

(1) an explicit threat or other action by the patentee, which creates a reasonable

apprehension on the part of the declaratory plaintiff that it will face an infringement suit

       3
                However, unlike non-declaratory judgment actions, even if there is an
actual controversy, the district court is not required to exercise jurisdiction to address
the merits of the action, as it retains discretion under the Act to decline declaratory
judgment jurisdiction. Public Serv. Comm’n v. Wycoff Co., 344 U.S. 237, 241 (1952);
Spectronics Corp. v. H.B. Fuller Co., 940 F.2d 631, 634 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (“When there is
no actual controversy, the court has no [jurisdiction and no] discretion to decide the
case. When there is an actual controversy and thus jurisdiction, the exercise of that
jurisdiction is discretionary.”).


06-1181                                      9
and (2) present activity which could constitute infringement or concrete steps taken with

the intent to conduct such an activity. See, e.g., id.

       In MedImmune, the Supreme Court in a detailed footnote stated that our two-

prong “reasonable apprehension of suit” test “conflicts” and would “contradict” several

cases in which the Supreme Court found that a declaratory judgment plaintiff had a

justiciable controversy. 4 127 S. Ct. at 774 n.11. In MedImmune, the Court disagreed

with our “reasonable apprehension of imminent suit” test and re-affirmed that the “actual

controversy” requirement in the Declaratory Judgment Act is the same as the “Cases”

and “Controversies” requirement in Article III. Id. at 771. The Court further re-affirmed

that an “actual controversy” requires only that a dispute be “‘definite and concrete,

touching the legal relations of parties having adverse legal interests’; and that it be ‘real

and substantial’ and ‘admi[t] of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive

character, as distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would be upon a

hypothetical set of facts.’” Id. (quoting Aetna Life Ins. Co., 300 U.S. at 240-41). The

Court summarized the declaratory judgment “actual controversy” requirement by

quoting the “all the circumstances” test from Maryland Casualty. Id. Thus, because the

Supreme Court in MedImmune cautioned that our declaratory judgment “reasonable-

apprehension-of-suit” test “contradict[s]” and “conflicts” with its precedent, these Federal



       4
              See, e.g., Md. Cas. Co., 312 U.S. at 273 (finding a justiciable controversy
even though the collision-victim defendant could not have sued the declaratory-
judgment plaintiff-insurer without first obtaining a judgment against the insured); Aetna
Life Ins. Co., 300 U.S. at 239 (finding a justiciable controversy even though the very
reason the insurer sought declaratory relief was that the insured had given no indication
that he would file suit); Cardinal Chem. Co. v. Morton Int’l, Inc., 508 U.S. 83, 98 (1993)
(holding that appellate affirmance of a judgment of non-infringement, eliminating any
apprehension of suit, does not moot a declaratory judgment counterclaim of patent
invalidity).


06-1181                                      10
Circuit tests have been “overruled by . . . an intervening . . . Supreme Court decision.”

Tex. Am. Oil Co., 44 F.3d at 1561; see also, SanDisk v. STMicroelectronics, --- F.3d ----

, 2007 WL 881008 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 26, 2007).            Therefore, we follow MedImmune’s

teaching to look at “all the circumstances” under Maryland Casualty to determine

whether Teva has a justiciable Article III controversy.

                                              B.

       The district court was bound by our precedent in Pfizer to apply the “reasonable-

apprehension-of-imminent-suit” test to Teva’s declaratory judgment action. Teva, slip

op. at 9.    In applying this test, the district court considered Teva’s standing and

concluded that Teva had failed to establish the type of injury-in-fact that we required in

Pfizer because Teva could not show a reasonable apprehension of imminent suit.

Teva, slip op. at 9; see Pfizer, 395 F.3d at 1333 (requiring a showing of “imminent suit”).

The district court found that because Teva could not establish an Article III controversy

under our precedent, it did not have jurisdiction and dismissed Teva’s declaratory

judgment action.

       We hold that MedImmune applies to Teva’s declaratory judgment action and

takes precedence over the district court’s application of Pfizer, which required Teva to

show a single type of Article III injury-in-fact, “a reasonable apprehension of imminent

suit.” 395 F.3d at 1333. The question in this case is whether Teva has a justiciable

controversy within Article III, which is the only limitation on our jurisdiction under the

Declaratory Judgment Act. See 28 U.S.C § 2201. An Article III controversy is found

where a plaintiff has demonstrated an injury-in-fact caused by the defendant that can be

redressed by the court. See Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 83. In the present case, only the

concrete injury-in-fact requirement under Article III is in dispute.


06-1181                                      11
      We hold that under “all the circumstances” as found in this case, Teva has an

injury-in-fact and therefore has a justiciable Article III controversy.   Here, Novartis

argues that there is no actual controversy between it and Teva on the four method

patents in spite of Teva’s paragraph IV certifications of the four method patents because

Novartis has not filed suit nor threatened to sue Teva on the method patents.

Moreover, Novartis contends that the suit on the ’937 patent is an entirely different

controversy. Novartis is incorrect. There is no question that Novartis has already filed

suit based on Teva’s act of infringement in submitting the ANDA. Under 35 U.S.C.

§ 271(e)(2)(A), submitting an ANDA, regardless of how many paragraph IV certifications

it may contain, is a single act of infringement: “It shall be an act of infringement to

submit—an [ANDA] application . . . for a drug claimed in a patent or for the use of which

is claimed in a patent.” (Emphasis added). While it is true that the suit on the ’937

patent is a different “case” than Teva’s declaratory judgment action, Novartis created a

present and actual “controversy” by choosing to sue under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(A) on

Teva’s single act of infringement, thereby placing into actual dispute the soundness of

Teva’s ANDA and Teva’s ability to secure approval of the ANDA. Thus, while Teva’s

declaratory judgment action and the pending ’937 suit are different “cases,” they arise

from the same controversy created when Novartis listed its Famvir® patents in the

Orange Book, Teva submitted its ANDA certifying all five Famvir® patents under

paragraph IV, and Novartis sued Teva challenging the submission of Teva’s ANDA. 5

      5
              In analyzing Novartis’ election not to sue on the four method patents, it
appears from the greater part of the district court’s analysis that the district court may
have erred in explaining the purpose of the 45-day statutory “window” in 21 U.S.C.
§ 355(j)(5)(B)(iii). The provision provides an automatic 30-month stay of approval of an
ANDA if an infringement action is brought by a patent holder within 45 days against the
ANDA filer on a patent it has certified under paragraph IV; if no suit is brought the ANDA


06-1181                                    12
       Novartis’ conduct raises the questions of if and how 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)

applies to multiple suits between the same parties on the submission of a single ANDA

with more than one paragraph IV certification. It is clear from the statutory language

that recovering damages for a 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(A) infringement action is only time

barred by the statutory six-year statute of limitations.     See 35 U.S.C. § 286 (“[N]o

recovery shall be had for any infringement committed more than six years prior to the

filing of the complaint or counterclaim for infringement in the action.”); see also, A.C.

Aukerman Co. v. R.L. Chaides Const. Co., 960 F.2d 1020, 1030 (Fed. Cir. 1992)

(explaining that § 286 is “not a statute of limitations in the sense of barring a suit for

infringement” . . . but rather a “limit to recovery to damages for infringing acts committed

within six years of the date of the filing of the infringement action.”). Thus, Novartis has

the right of an immediate action against Teva under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(A) on any or

all of the remaining Famvir® Orange Book patents. 6 These actions could be brought at

any time until the patents expire and damages would be limited only by the six-year

limitations period. While it is unclear whether Novartis would be prohibited from suing


is immediately approved. Id. The district court seemed to incorrectly interpret this
provision as a waiver, finding that Novartis had only a 45-day window in which to sue
Teva on all the paragraph IV patents in Teva’s ANDA, and because Novartis had
allowed this window to expire, it could not bring suit on the four remaining method
patents. Teva, slip op. at 7, 9-10. This is not what the statute provides. Novartis’
selective action against Teva is an attempt by Novartis to limit the impact of Teva’s
ANDA under the Hatch-Waxman Act, while at the same time using it to forestall a
challenge on all the remaining four method patents. By suing solely on the ’937 patent,
Novartis has not only invoked the 30-month stay, preventing Teva’s entire ANDA from
immediate approval, but Novartis is also selectively suing on the patent with the earliest
expiration date leaving the remaining four method patents overhanging Teva for future
litigation. This conduct prevents Teva’s generic from entering the market until the
expiration of the last patent and is directly contrary to the purpose of the 30-month stay.
The stay is explicitly offered to patent holders who “reasonably cooperate in expediting
[] action[s]” challenging their patents. 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii).



06-1181                                     13
under the doctrine of claim preclusion, Teva remains under the threat of an infringement

suit because the 45-day statutory window does not preclude Novartis from pursuing

additional infringement suits under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(A). In light of Novartis’

pending suit on the same ANDA, this threat of litigation is a present injury creating a

justiciable controversy.   Moreover, Novartis retains the right to sue Teva under the

Famvir® patents pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). Therefore, Novartis has numerous

opportunities to bring an action at any time for patent infringement and is not precluded

by the 45-day window.

      The district court erred in finding that Teva did not demonstrate an Article III

controversy. Teva, slip op. at 6-10. A justiciable controversy can arise from either an

actual or an imminent injury. While it is true that several of Teva’s grounds alleging an

“actual controversy” when standing alone might not be sufficient, if taken as a whole

these circumstances establish a justiciable controversy with Novartis that can be

resolved by allowing Teva to bring a declaratory judgment.

      First, Novartis listed its Famvir® patents in the Orange Book.       By so doing,

Novartis represents that “a claim of patent infringement could reasonably be asserted if

a person not licensed by the owner engaged in the manufacture, use or sale” of generic

famciclovir covered by the claims of its listed Famvir® patents. 21 U.S.C. § 355(b)(1);

see Pfizer, 395 F.3d at 1341 (Mayer, J., dissenting). While this conduct on its own may

not be sufficient to establish an Article III controversy, it is a circumstance to be

considered in determining whether a justiciable controversy exists under the totality of

the circumstances.

      6
             Teva filed its ANDA with the five paragraph IV certifications on December
28, 2004, resulting in the single act of infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(A).


06-1181                                    14
       A second circumstance that supports Teva’s claim of a justiciable controversy is

Teva’s submission of its ANDA certifying that it did not infringe Novartis’ Famvir®

Orange Book patents or that the patents were invalid. The very act of submitting an

ANDA is an act of infringement. 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2); see Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic,

Inc., 496 U.S. 661, 678 (1990) (holding that the statute creates an “act of infringement

that consists of submitting an ANDA . . . containing the fourth type of certification”).

There is no question that under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2), Novartis would have an

immediate justiciable controversy against Teva as soon as Teva submitted the ANDA;

indeed, that is exactly what occurred in this case. It logically follows that if such an

action creates a justiciable controversy for one party, the same action should create a

justiciable declaratory judgment controversy for the opposing party.           In fact, the

Supreme Court has stated: “It is immaterial that frequently, in the declaratory judgment

suit, the positions of the parties in the conventional suit are reversed; the inquiry is the

same in either case.” Md. Cas. Co., 312 U.S. at 273. This conclusion is supported in

the legislative history of the 2003 “civil action to obtain patent certainty” amendment to

the Hatch-Waxman Act:

       [T]he Hatch-Waxman Act has always provided that patent owners and
       brand drug companies can bring patent infringement suits against a
       generic applicant immediately upon receiving notice that the generic
       applicant is challenging a patent [by filing an ANDA]. The [ANDA]
       declaratory judgment provisions . . . simply level the playing field by
       making it clear that the generic applicant can also seek a prompt
       resolution of these patent issues by bringing a declaratory judgment action
       if [it is not sued] . . . within 45 days.

149 Cong. Rec. S15885 (Nov. 25, 2003) (remarks of Sen. Kennedy, ranking member of

the Senate HELP committee).

       A third circumstance we find relevant in determining whether Teva has

established an actual controversy is the combination of three statutory provisions: 1) the

06-1181                                     15
“civil action to obtain patent certainty” under 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(C); 2) the ANDA

declaratory judgment provision under 35 U.S.C § 271(e)(5); and 3) the purpose of the

Hatch-Waxman Act. The “civil action to obtain patent certainty,” which was enacted in

2003 is designed to prevent patentees from “gaming” the Hatch-Waxman Act. 7 See 21

U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(C). This amendment specifically permits an ANDA applicant to file a

declaratory judgment action under 28 U.S.C. § 2201 against the patent owner or the

brand-name drug company “for a declaratory judgment that the patent [listed in the

Orange Book] is invalid or will not be infringed by the drug” covered by the ANDA if the

patentee has not brought an infringement action within 45 days. Id. By virtue of 35

U.S.C § 271(e)(5), Congress extended federal court jurisdiction over these ANDA

declaratory judgment actions “to the extent consistent with the Constitution.” 35 U.S.C.

§ 271(e)(5).

       By filing a lawsuit on only one its five patents certified under paragraph IV in

Teva’s ANDA, Novartis has tried to simultaneously leverage the benefits provided to a

patentee under the Hatch-Waxman Act and avoid the patentee’s accompanying

responsibilities.   Novartis’ ’937 patent suit against Teva has invoked the statutory

automatic 30-month stay and is concurrently insulating the four method patents from a

validity challenge. In the statute, Congress explicitly required that in exchange for the

30-month stay, patentees were to “reasonably cooperate in expediting the action” of




       7
              “[I]n recent years both brand-name and generic drug companies have
exploited certain aspects of the Hatch-Waxman Act to delay generic competition. The
changes to the [] Act . . . will stop these abuses.” 149 Cong. Rec. S15882-03, S15885
(Nov. 25, 2003) (remarks of Sen. Kennedy, ranking member of the Senate HELP
committee).


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whether the paragraph IV patents were invalid or not infringed. 8 21 U.S.C.

§ 355(j)(5)(B)(iii).   Novartis’ action insulates it from any judicial determination of the

metes and bounds of the scope of the claims of its four Famvir® method patents in

relation to design-around, a determination that is central to the proper function of our

patent system and is a central purpose of the Hatch-Waxman Act. Teva Pharm. USA,

Inc. v. Pfizer Inc., 405 F.3d 990, 992 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (rehearing en banc denied)

(Gajarsa, J., dissenting).

       It is clear from the legislative history that Congress intended this “civil action” to

adjudicate the very controversy that Novartis has created here:

       The provision [a “civil action to obtain patent certainty”] . . . is intended to
       clarify that Federal district courts are to entertain such suits for declaratory
       judgments so long as there is a “case or controversy” under Article III of
       the Constitution. We fully expect that, in almost all situations where a
       generic applicant has challenged a patent [by filing an ANDA with a
       paragraph IV certification] and not been sued for patent infringement, a
       claim by the generic applicant seeking declaratory judgment on the patent
       will give rise to a justiciable “case or controversy” under the Constitution.
       We believe that the only circumstance in which a case or controversy
       might not exist would arise in the rare circumstance in which the patent
       owner and brand drug company have given the generic applicant a
       covenant not to sue, or otherwise formally acknowledge that the generic
       applicant's drug does not infringe.

       The mere fact that neither the patent owner nor the brand drug company
       has brought a patent infringement suit within 45 days against a generic
       applicant does not mean there is no “case or controversy.” The sole
       purpose of requiring the passage of 45 days is to provide the patent owner
       and brand-name drug company the first opportunity to begin patent
       litigation. Inaction within the 45-day period proves nothing, as there are

       8
              A patent owner who brings an infringement claim against an ANDA filer
within the 45-day period invokes an automatic 30-month stay preventing the otherwise
immediate approval of the ANDA. 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii). The stay provides a
safety net and an incentive to patentees who would otherwise not be inclined to bring a
suit against the generic because at the time the ANDA is filed, the patentee has not
suffered any economic loss. Where no commercial activity has yet taken place, a
patentee becomes susceptible to having its patent found invalid or not infringed.


06-1181                                       17
       tactical reasons why a patent owner or brand drug company might refrain
       from bringing suit on a patent within 45 days.

       For example, the brand drug company might have several patents listed in
       the Food and Drug Administration's Orange Book with respect to a
       particular drug. It could be in the company's interest to bring suit within 45
       days on one patent and to hold the others in reserve. The suit on one
       patent would automatically stay approval of the generic application until
       the lawsuit is resolved or the 30 months elapses. Holding the other
       patents in reserve would introduce uncertainty that could discourage
       generic companies from devoting resources to bring the generic drug to
       market and that would give the brand drug company a second opportunity
       to delay generic competition by suing the generic company for
       infringement of the reserved patents after the resolution of the initial
       infringement suit.

       In each of these and in other circumstances, generic applicants must be
       able to seek a resolution of disputes involving all patents listed in the
       Orange Book with respect to the drug immediately upon the expiration of
       the 45-day period. We believe there can be a case or controversy
       sufficient for courts to hear these cases merely because the patents at
       issue have been listed in the FDA Orange Book, and because the
       statutory scheme of the Hatch-Waxman Act relies on early resolution of
       patent disputes. The declaratory judgment provisions in this bill are
       intended to encourage such early resolution of patent disputes.

149 Cong. Rec. S15885 (Nov. 25, 2003) (remarks of Sen. Kennedy, ranking member of

Senate HELP committee) (emphasis added). A central purpose of the Hatch-Waxman

Act and the subsequent ANDA declaratory judgment amendment to that Act is “to

enable competitors to bring cheaper, generic . . . drugs to market as quickly as

possible.” Id. Novartis’ actions frustrate this purpose and create a basis for finding a

justiciable controversy.

       A fourth circumstance contributing to Teva’s justiciable controversy is Novartis’

pending infringement litigation. See Novartis Pharm. Corp., No. 05-1887. As stated

previously, Novartis’ suit against Teva on Teva’s submitted ANDA is an Article III

controversy. A justiciable declaratory judgment controversy arises for an ANDA filer

when a patentee lists patents in the Orange Book, the ANDA applicant files its ANDA


06-1181                                     18
certifying the listed patents under paragraph IV, and the patentee brings an action

against the submitted ANDA on one or more of the patents. The combination of these

three circumstances is dispositive in establishing an actual declaratory judgment

controversy as to all the paragraph IV certified patents, whether the patentee has sued

on all or only some of the paragraph IV certified patents. Our conclusion supports what

we have already established in non-ANDA cases—that related litigation involving the

same technology and the same parties is relevant in determining whether a justiciable

declaratory judgment controversy exists on other related patents.           See Vanguard

Research, Inc. v. Peat, Inc., 304 F.3d 1249, 1255 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (following Goodyear

and finding a justiciable declaratory judgment controversy where the defendant had

sued the declaratory judgment plaintiff for misappropriation of trade secrets thereby

demonstrating “a willingness to protect [its] technology.”); Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

v. Releasomers, Inc., 824 F.2d 953, 955 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (finding a justiciable

declaratory judgment controversy in a patent non-infringement and invalidity action

where the defendant had sued the declaratory judgment plaintiff in state court for

misappropriation of trade secrets involving the same technology, thereby engaging in “a

course of conduct that shows a willingness to protect that technology.”).

      Novartis’ selective ’937 suit creates uncertainty as to Teva’s legal rights under its

ANDA. Ordinarily, a potential competitor in other fields is legally free to market its

product in the face of an adversely-held patent. In contrast, under the Hatch-Waxman

Act an ANDA filer in Teva’s situation is not legally free to enter the market because

federal statutes prohibit it. See 21 U.S.C § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii). Hence, Teva suffers a

direct legal injury from the actions that Novartis has already taken—Novartis’ listing of

the five Famvir® patents in the Orange Book and Novartis’ suit against Teva


06-1181                                    19
challenging the validity of Teva’s ANDA—which requires judicial relief. It is this exact

type of uncertainty of legal rights that the ANDA declaratory judgment action was

enacted to prevent. See id. § 355(j)(5)(C). Congress clearly has authority to give

standing and create justiciable injuries through legislation for parties that might

otherwise have no recourse as long as Congress does not exceed the limitations of

Article III. Gladstone, 441 U.S. at 100 (“Congress may, by legislation, expand standing

to the full extent permitted by Art. III, thus permitting litigation by one ‘who otherwise

would be barred . . . .’” (internal citations omitted)).   Congress created the ANDA

declaratory judgment action for generic drug companies specifically to avoid the type of

legal uncertainty that Novartis has created.      The legislative history of the ANDA

declaratory judgment amendment explicitly states that the “uncertainty” caused by a

brand-name company when it chooses to sue on only selective patents submitted in a

single ANDA is an injury sufficient to support a justiciable controversy. See 149 Cong.

Rec. S15885 (Nov. 25, 2003). The type of legal uncertainty as to the legal status of

Teva’s ANDA that Novartis has created by suing on only one of the five paragraph IV

certified Famvir® patents listed in the Orange Book is a present injury sufficient for a

justiciable controversy.

       Finally, the possibility of future litigation that Novartis created by electing to

challenge Teva’s ANDA on only one of the five Orange Book listed Famvir® patents is a

fifth circumstance contributing to finding that Teva has a justiciable declaratory

judgment controversy.      Novartis’ suit on the ’937 patent alone leaves open the

possibility of future litigation regardless of whether Teva wins or loses the ’937

infringement suit.    The possibility that an ANDA filer will be subject to multiple

infringement suits from the same patentee based on the submission of a single ANDA


06-1181                                    20
containing several paragraph IV certifications is an injury relevant to finding a justiciable

controversy. If Teva is successful in defending the pending ’937 infringement suit, it

remains subject to four additional infringement actions by Novartis under 35 U.S.C.

§ 271(e)(2) on the remaining Famvir® Orange Book patents certified in Teva’s ANDA

under paragraph IV.     By its action, Novartis is insulating its Famvir® Orange Book

patents from any challenge of invalidity or non-infringement until all the patents expire.

This threat of protracted litigation creates a present and real harm that is a relevant

circumstance in finding whether a justiciable controversy exists.

                                  III.    CONCLUSION

       The Court re-affirmed in MedImmune the “all circumstances” analysis as the

correct standard to use in determining whether a justiciable Article III controversy exists

in a declaratory judgment action. Under this standard, we find that Teva has an injury-

in-fact and a justiciable controversy that can be fully resolved by a declaratory

judgment.     Allowing Teva’s declaratory judgment action is consistent with the

“controversy” requirement in Article III and the Declaratory Judgment Act because the

suit will achieve a final determination that resolves the entire dispute between Teva and

Novartis. Teva has experienced real and actual injury. Consequently, Teva’s injuries

are traceable to Novartis’ conduct and those injuries can be redressed by a favorable

judicial decision. Therefore, Teva has established standing and an actual controversy

sufficient to confer jurisdiction under the Declaratory Judgment Act.

       For these reasons we reverse the district court’s decision dismissing Teva’s

declaratory judgment action.

                                           REVERSED




06-1181                                      21
      United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit


                                          06-1181

                         TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.,

                                                         Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                             v.

                 NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION
                            NOVARTIS PHARMA AG
             and NOVARTIS INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.,

                                                         Defendants-Appellees.


FRIEDMAN, Senior Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment.

       I agree with the court that the appellant Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (“Teva”)

has shown an “actual controversy” under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C.

§ 2201(a), and that the district court’s judgment dismissing Teva’s declaratory judgment

action for lack of jurisdiction should be reversed. I write separately because I take a

somewhat different, and shorter, path than the court does in reaching that conclusion.

       In MedImmune, Inc., v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. ___ (2007), the Supreme

Court rejected this court’s settled view that a patent licensee must “terminate or be in

breach of its license agreement before it can seek a declaratory judgment that the

underlying patent is invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed.” Id., slip op. at 1; see Gen-

Probe Inc. v. Vysis, 359 F.3d 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The Supreme Court ruled that the

jurisdiction of the district court did not turn on whether the declaratory judgment plaintiff

had stopped paying royalties under or otherwise terminated the license, but on the

general broader principles governing declaratory judgment jurisdiction, namely, whether
the dispute between the parties is “‘definite and concrete, touching the legal relations of

parties having adverse legal interests’; and that it be ‘real and substantial’ and ‘admi[t]

of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive character, as distinguished from an

opinion advising what the law would be upon a hypothetical state of facts. . . . Basically,

the question in each case is whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances,

show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal

interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory

judgment.’” MedImmune, slip op. at 7-8 (citation and footnote omitted).

       In a somewhat detailed footnote, the Supreme Court stated that this court’s

“‘reasonable apprehension of imminent suit’ test” for determining declaratory judgment

jurisdiction in patent cases (see Teva Pharms., USA, Inc. v. Pfizer, 395 F.3d 1324, 1333

(2005)) “would still contradict” a prior Supreme Court case and also “conflict[ ]” with

another Supreme Court case, both of which that Court had relied on in its license

breach ruling. Id., slip op. at 13 n.11. Although these footnote statements were dicta,

the Court apparently was telling us that it rejected our “reasonable apprehension of

imminent suit” test for determining declaratory judgment jurisdiction in patent cases,

and that the broader general rules governing declaratory judgment jurisdiction also

govern patent cases.

       In these unusual circumstances, where the Supreme Court went out of its way to

state its disagreement with our “reasonable apprehension of imminent suit” test, which

was not an issue in the case before it, it appears incumbent on us to stop using that test

and hereafter to apply the general declaratory judgment standards that the Supreme

Court applied in Medimmune.



06-1181                                     2
       I agree with the court that under these general standards there was an “actual

controversy” between Teva and Novartis about the infringement and validity of the four

patents relating to the Famvir® technology. All five of Novartis’ Famvir® patents are

closely related.   As this court here recognizes, by listing those five patents in the

Orange Book, “Novartis represent[ed] that a ‘claim of patent infringement could

reasonably be asserted if a person not licensed by the owner engaged in the

manufacture, use or sale’ of generic famciclovir covered by the claims of its listed

Famvir® patents.” Maj. Op. at 15. In its Abbreviated New Drug Application filed with

the Food and Drug Administration, Teva certified under paragraph IV of 21 U.S.C.

§ 355(j)(2(A)(vii) that “its drug did not infringe” any of the five Novartis Famvir® Orange

Book patents or that the patents were invalid. There thus is an existing controversy

between the parties over whether Teva’s generic version of Famvir® would infringe the

four other Famvir® patents listed in the Orange Book, and whether these patents are

valid. Novartis’ filing of the suit charging that Teva has infringed one of those five

patents and Teva’s filing a declaratory judgment suit relating to the other four patents

confirms that the controversy between the parties is continuing.




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