                            STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
       In re R.G.-1 and R.G.-2                                                    FILED
                                                                               June 24, 2020
No. 19-0857 (Cabell County 18-JA-223 and 18-JA-224)                          EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                 OF WEST VIRGINIA

                              MEMORANDUM DECISION

        Petitioner Father C.G., by counsel Steven T. Cook, appeals the Circuit Court of Cabell
County’s August 23, 2019, order terminating his parental rights to R.G.-1 and R.G.-2. 1 The West
Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel James Wegman,
filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem (“guardian”),
Shawn Bartram, filed a response on behalf of the children also in support of the circuit court’s
order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in terminating his improvement
period, in terminating his parental rights, and in refusing to grant him unsupervised post-
termination visitation with the children.

        This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       In November of 2018, the DHHR filed a child abuse and neglect petition against the
parents, alleging that their drug abuse impaired their parenting abilities. Specifically, the DHHR
alleged that the parents abused methamphetamine and that petitioner sexually abused R.G.-2.
During a walk-through of the home, a DHHR worker reported observing needles in the kitchen
and burnt spoons in the bedroom the parents shared with R.G.-2.

       According to the guardian, petitioner stipulated to the allegations of drug abuse and was
adjudicated as an abusing parent. The circuit court granted petitioner a post-adjudicatory
improvement period in December of 2018, which required that he regularly submit to drug

       1
          Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W.
Va. 254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419
(2013); State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles
L., 183 W. Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990). Additionally, because the children share the same
initials, we will refer to them as R.G.-1 and R.G.-2, respectively, throughout this memorandum
decision.



                                                1
screens and address his substance abuse. At a status hearing held in March of 2019, petitioner
tested positive for methamphetamine. In June of 2019, the circuit court terminated petitioner’s
post-adjudicatory improvement period due to his failure to comply with services.

         The circuit court held a dispositional hearing in July of 2019. Petitioner testified that he
smoked marijuana the day prior to the dispositional hearing and abused methamphetamine
during the prior week. Petitioner admitted that he missed several drug screens, but claimed that
his drug abuse had significantly dissipated in recent years. A DHHR worker testified that
petitioner regularly missed services and only minimally participated in parenting and adult life
skills classes. Indeed, petitioner had not submitted to a drug screen since March of 2019. Further,
petitioner failed to maintain contact with the DHHR except to request a new bus pass. Based on
the foregoing, the circuit court found that there was no reasonable likelihood that petitioner could
correct the conditions of abuse and neglect in the near future and that termination was necessary
for the children’s welfare. It is from the August 23, 2019, dispositional order terminating his
parental rights that petitioner appeals. 2

        The Court has previously established the following standard of review in cases such as
this:

                “Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
        novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
        facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
        evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether
        such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a
        reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when,
        although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire
        evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
        committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply
        because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if
        the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record
        viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223,
        470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011).

       On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in terminating, rather than
extending, his post-adjudicatory improvement period. 3 According to petitioner, he was


        2
          The mother’s parental rights were also terminated below. The permanency plan for
R.G.-1 is guardianship by her great-grandmother and the permanency plan for R.G.-2 is adoption
by her great-aunt.
        3
          As part of his argument, petitioner states that he was eligible for a post-dispositional
improvement period. However, petitioner fails to cite to any portion of the record establishing
that he moved the circuit court for a post-dispositional improvement period. “‘Our general rule is

                                                                                    (continued . . .)
                                                 2
participating in a treatment program and, therefore, was eligible for an extension. Petitioner also
contends that there was no reason to terminate his improvement period when he was later
granted post-termination visitation with the children. We disagree.

        Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(6), “[a] court may extend any improvement
period . . . when the court finds that the respondent has substantially complied with the terms of
the improvement period.” In this case, the DHHR presented evidence that petitioner’s
participation in rehabilitative services was inadequate. Petitioner failed to consistently attend
parenting and adult life skills classes and failed to participate in drug screening after March of
2019. While petitioner contends that he was participating in a drug treatment program, the record
reveals that petitioner was actually participating in a Suboxone clinic and, as the circuit court
found, “Suboxone is not a treatment plan for methamphetamine.” Indeed, petitioner admitted to
smoking marijuana on the day prior to the dispositional hearing and abusing methamphetamine
during the preceding week. As such, petitioner did not meet the statutory requirements necessary
for the circuit court to grant him an extension of his post-adjudicatory improvement period.
Because circuit courts “shall terminate any improvement period” when the parent “has failed to
fully participate in the terms of the improvement period,” the circuit court did not err in
terminating petitioner’s improvement period, rather than extending it, given the evidence of his
noncompliance throughout the proceedings. See W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(7). Accordingly,
petitioner is entitled to no relief in this regard.

        Petitioner next argues that the circuit court erred in terminating petitioner’s parental
rights. Specifically, petitioner contends that the circuit court erroneously terminated his parental
rights in violation of West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(e) (2019), 4 which provides that a circuit
court

       may not terminate the parental right of a parent on the sole basis that the parent is
       participating in a medication-assisted treatment program, as regulated in § 16-5Y-
       1 et seq., for substance use disorder, as long as the parent is successfully fulfilling
       his or her treatment obligations in the medication-assisted treatment program.

Petitioner contends that he was receiving medication-assisted treatment for his substance abuse
at the time his rights were terminated. Petitioner also argues that the circuit court erred in
terminating his parental rights on the basis of abandonment when no evidence of the same was
presented below. Having reviewed the record, we find that petitioner is entitled to no relief.



that nonjurisdictional questions . . . raised for the first time on appeal, will not be considered.’
Shaffer v. Acme Limestone Co., Inc., 206 W.Va. 333, 349 n.20, 524 S.E.2d 688, 704 n.20
(1999).” Noble v. W. Va. Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, 223 W. Va. 818, 821, 679 S.E.2d 650, 653
(2009). As such, we decline to address this aspect of petitioner’s argument on appeal.
       4
        Although the Legislature amended West Virginia Code § 49-4-604 effective June 5,
2020, including renumbering the provisions, the amendments do not impact this case.



                                                 3
        West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6) (2019) provides that circuit courts are to terminate
parental rights upon findings that there is “no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect
or abuse can be substantially corrected in the near future” and that termination is necessary for
the children’s welfare. West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)(3) (2019) provides that a situation in
which there is “[n]o reasonable likelihood that [the] conditions of neglect or abuse can be
substantially corrected” includes when

       [t]he abusing parent . . . ha[s] not responded to or followed through with a
       reasonable family case plan or other rehabilitative efforts of social, medical,
       mental health, or other rehabilitative agencies designed to reduce or prevent the
       abuse or neglect of the child, as evidenced by the continuation or insubstantial
       diminution of conditions which threatened the health, welfare, or life of the child.

         At the outset, we note that the circuit court did not violate West Virginia Code § 49-4-
604(e) (2019) which, as noted above, provides that a circuit court may not terminate a parent’s
parental rights “on the sole basis that the parent is participating in a medication-assisted
treatment program.” Here, the circuit court did not terminate petitioner’s parental rights on the
sole basis that he was participating in a Suboxone program. Rather, the court also found that
petitioner failed to respond to or follow through with the rehabilitative efforts provided to him by
the DHHR. As shown above, petitioner failed to consistently attend parenting and adult life skills
classes and failed to participate in drug screening after March of 2019. Further, despite
stipulating that he had a substance abuse problem and agreeing to seek treatment for the same,
petitioner testified that he smoked marijuana and abused methamphetamine within a week of the
dispositional hearing. To the extent petitioner claims that his participation in the Suboxone
program should have precluded the circuit court from terminating his parental rights, we note
that the circuit court determined that Suboxone was not a suitable treatment program for
petitioner’s addiction to methamphetamine. Further, petitioner failed to participate in a myriad of
other services despite his attendance in the Suboxone clinic. Additionally, although the circuit
court made the ambiguous finding that petitioner “abandoned his parental rights,” such a finding
is harmless here, as there was clear evidence to support the findings that there was no reasonable
likelihood that petitioner could correct the conditions of abuse and neglect in the near future and
that termination was necessary for the children’s welfare given that he failed to follow through
with rehabilitative services. Again, while petitioner argues that he should have been granted an
extension to his post-adjudicatory improvement period prior to the termination of his parental
rights, this Court has previously held that

                “[t]ermination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the
       statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, [West Virginia
       Code § 49-4-604 (2019)] may be employed without the use of intervening less
       restrictive alternatives when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood
       under [West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c) (2019)] that conditions of neglect or
       abuse can be substantially corrected.” Syllabus point 2, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va.
       496, 266 S.E.2d 114 (1980).

Syl. Pt. 5, In re Kristin Y., 227 W. Va. 558, 712 S.E.2d 55 (2011). Given petitioner’s failure to
follow through with services designed to correct the conditions of abuse and neglect, we find no
error in the circuit court’s decision to terminate his parental rights.
                                                 4
        Lastly, petitioner argues that the circuit court should have granted him unsupervised,
rather than supervised, post-termination visitation with the children. According to petitioner,
unsupervised visitation would have been warranted given that the children are placed with
relatives and that it was consistent with the children’s wishes. We find that petitioner is entitled
to no relief in this regard.

                “When parental rights are terminated due to neglect or abuse, the circuit
       court may nevertheless in appropriate cases consider whether continued visitation
       or other contact with the abusing parent is in the best interest of the child. Among
       other things, the circuit court should consider whether a close emotional bond has
       been established between parent and child and the child’s wishes, if he or she is of
       appropriate maturity to make such request. The evidence must indicate that such
       visitation or continued contact would not be detrimental to the child’s well being
       and would be in the child’s best interest.” Syl. Pt. 5, In re Christina L., 194 W.Va.
       446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995).

Syl. Pt. 11, In re Daniel D., 211 W. Va. 79, 562 S.E.2d 147 (2002). Here, the DHHR worker
testified that supervised visitation was consistent with the children’s best interests given their
placements with relatives. Based on the worker’s recommendation, the circuit court granted
petitioner supervised post-termination visitation. Petitioner’s claims that the children desired
visitation with him are irrelevant given that he was, in fact, granted visits. To the extent
petitioner argues that because the children were placed with relatives, he should have been
granted unsupervised visits, we note that he ignores the fact that he admitted to abusing
methamphetamine at the time of the dispositional hearing. As such, it is clear that any visitation
with the children would need to be supervised in order to protect their health and safety.
Therefore, we find no error in the circuit court’s decision to grant supervised, rather than
unsupervised, visitation.

      For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its
August 23, 2019, order is hereby affirmed.

                                                                                         Affirmed.

ISSUED: June 24, 2020

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison




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