
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN




NO. 03-01-00027-CV


Debra Marie Ramirez & Victor Bocanegra, Both Individually and as Next
Friends of Colby Alan Ramirez, a Minor, Appellants

v.


Douglas K. McIntyre, M.D., Appellee





FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 99-12665-A, HONORABLE F. SCOTT MCCOWN, JUDGE PRESIDING






	Appellants, Debra Marie Ramirez and Victor Bocanegra (collectively "appellants"),
appeal the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of appellee, Dr. Douglas McIntyre, in
a medical malpractice action for damages resulting from the labor and delivery of their son, Colby
Alan Ramirez.  We will reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the cause.


BACKGROUND

	On April 23, 1998, Debra Marie Ramirez ("Ramirez") presented to St. David's
Medical Center to have labor induced, as scheduled by her obstetrician and attending physician, Dr.
Patricia Gunter.  Dr. Gunter visited Ramirez twice during the early stages of delivery, but
subsequently left the labor and delivery area.  As Ramirez's labor rapidly progressed and the baby's
head began to crown, Dr. Gunter still had not returned.  Dr. Douglas McIntyre was on the labor and
delivery floor when a nurse paged for a "Dr. Stork" to Ramirez's delivery room.  A "Dr. Stork" page
means that a delivery is in progress without a doctor and a doctor is needed immediately.  Dr.
McIntyre was not on-call for Dr. Gunter and had never treated or seen Ramirez but voluntarily
responded to the page.
	When Dr. McIntyre arrived at Ramirez's delivery room, a nurse was supporting the
baby's head and told Dr. McIntyre that Ramirez was about to deliver.  The indications of shoulder
dystocia, a condition in which an infant's shoulder becomes lodged against the mother's pelvic bone, 
were present.  Following several unsuccessful attempts of standard maneuvers to deliver the baby,
Dr. McIntyre felt for the posterior arm of the baby and swept it across the baby's chest and delivered
the baby's arm.  Ramirez then delivered the anterior shoulder and the rest of the baby.  Dr. McIntyre
was in Ramirez's delivery room for approximately six minutes.  Dr. Gunter arrived at the end of the
delivery and assumed care of Ramirez and Ramirez's baby, Colby.  As a result of the labor and
delivery process, the soft tissues and nerves of Colby's right upper extremity, neck, and shoulder
were injured, leaving Colby with permanent neurological impairment and paralysis of his right upper
extremity and shoulder girdle.
	Appellants filed suit against Dr. Gunter, Dr. McIntyre, and Columbia/St. David's
Health Care System, L.P. d/b/a St. David's Medical Center.  Dr. McIntyre filed a motion for
summary judgment raising an affirmative defense under the Good Samaritan statute found in section
74.001 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.
§ 74.001 (West Supp. 2001).  In a final judgment, the trial court granted Dr. McIntyre's motion for
summary judgment.  By two issues, appellants now appeal that judgment.


DISCUSSION

	Because the propriety of a summary judgment is a question of law, we review the trial
court's decision de novo.  Natividad v. Alexsis, Inc., 875 S.W.2d 695, 699 (Tex. 1994); Texas Dep't
of Ins. v. American Home Assurance Co., 998 S.W.2d 344, 347 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, no pet.). 
The standards for reviewing a motion for summary judgment are well established: (1) the movant
for summary judgment has the burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and
that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; (2) in deciding whether there is a disputed material
fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be taken as true;
and (3) every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the nonmovant and any doubts
resolved in its favor.  Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985).
	A defendant's motion for summary judgment should be granted if the defendant either
disproves at least one essential element of each of the plaintiffs' causes of action or establishes all
the elements of an affirmative defense.  American Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420, 425
(Tex. 1997).  When a defendant moves for summary judgment on an affirmative defense, he must
prove each essential element of his defense as a matter of law, leaving no issues of material fact. 
Ryland Group, Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 121 (Tex. 1996).  The function of the summary
judgment is not to deprive a litigant of his right to trial by jury, but to eliminate patently
unmeritorious claims and untenable defenses.  City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589
S.W.2d 671, 678 n.5 (Tex. 1995). 
	Dr. McIntyre based his motion for summary judgment on the affirmative defense
found in the Good Samaritan statute at section 74.001 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
Code.  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001.  The relevant portions of that statute are as
follows:

(b)	This section does not apply to care administered:

	(1)	for or in expectation of remuneration; . . . 

(c)	If the scene of an emergency is in a hospital or other health care facility or
means of medical transport, a person who in good faith administers emergency
care is not liable in civil damages for an act performed during the emergency
unless the act is willfully or wantonly negligent, provided that this subsection
does not apply to care administered:

	(1)	by a person who regularly administers care in a hospital emergency room
unless such person is at the scene of the emergency for reasons wholly
unrelated to the person's work in administering health care; or

	(2)	by an admitting or attending physician of the patient or a treating physician
associated by the admitting or attending physician of the patient in
question.  

(d)	For purposes of Subsections (b)(1) and (c)(1), a person who would ordinarily
receive or be entitled to receive a salary, fee, or other remuneration for
administering care under such circumstances to the patient in question shall be
deemed to be acting for or in expectation of remuneration even if the person
waives or elects not to charge or receive remuneration on the occasion in
question.  


Id. § 74.001(b)-(d).
	It is undisputed that Dr. McIntyre administered emergency care in good faith and did
not act wilfully or wantonly.  The question on appeal is whether Dr. McIntyre proved himself
protected by the defense as a matter of law.  Appellants contend that Dr. McIntyre falls within two
exceptions found in the statute.  By their first issue, appellants argue that Dr. McIntyre comes within
section 74.001(b)(1), which excludes from protection individuals who administer emergency care
"for or in expectation of remuneration."  Id. § 74.001(b)(1).
	Under section 74.001(d), two distinct possibilities exist for when a person is deemed
to be acting for or in expectation of remuneration: when the individual would ordinarily (1) receive
remuneration for administering care, or (2) be entitled to receive remuneration for such services.  Id.
§ 74.001(d).  While the first possibility speaks towards what is customary, the second possibility
addresses legal entitlement.  Dr. McIntyre falls within the protection of the Good Samaritan statute
only if he conclusively proves, as a matter of law, that he would not customarily receive
remuneration for the services he performed and he would not legally be entitled to remuneration. 
Under the statute, it is of no consequence that the person claiming protection waives or elects not
to charge for the medical assistance.
	In support of his motion for summary judgment, Dr. McIntyre tendered only his own
affidavit to prove he did not come within this statutory exclusion.  His relevant proof consisted of
the following two statements:

I did not charge the plaintiff for my services nor did I tender my services in
expectation of compensation.  This was not a situation for which I would ever charge.


	Appellants argue that the trial court erred in relying on Dr. McIntyre's testimony to
establish that he would not ordinarily receive or be entitled to receive remuneration for administering
care under the circumstances of this case.  Summary judgment may be based on the affidavit of an
interested party so long as such affidavit evidence is clear, positive, direct, credible, free from
contradiction, and susceptible of being readily controverted.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Republic Nat'l
Leasing Corp. v. Schindler, 717 S.W.2d 606, 607 (Tex. 1986).  Like the standard for the exclusion
of evidence, the admission of summary judgment evidence also rests within the sound discretion of
the trial court.  Sanders v. Shelton, 970 S.W.2d 721, 727 (Tex. App.--Austin 1998, pet. denied). 
The trial court could thus rely on Dr. McIntyre's affidavit testimony to establish his eligibility for
qualifying for protection under the Good Samaritan statute.  
	Dr. McIntyre provided competent evidence that he did not receive or expect
remuneration from Ms. Ramirez.  In his affidavit, Dr. McIntyre stated, "I did not charge the plaintiff
for my services nor did I render my services in expectation of compensation.  This was not a
situation for which I would ever charge."  However, these assertions in no way address whether Dr.
McIntyre was entitled to receive remuneration for these services.  
	The record on appeal also contains Dr. McIntyre's deposition testimony concerning
his affirmative defense.  The relevant portions of his deposition testimony are as follows: 

Q:	Okay.  Now you didn't bill Ms. Ramirez, did you?

A:	No.

Q:	Okay.  You could have billed Ms. Ramirez had you wanted to.  Is that true?

A:	I don't think I -- I don't think I am ethically allowed to bill Ms. Ramirez.  I
suppose when you say "could," is it physically possible to send a bill to
someone?  Certainly I could have.  

	. . . . 

Q:	Did you send a bill to Ms. Ramirez for what you did in those few minutes in the
delivery Room 2?

A:	Certainly not.

Q:	And why not?

A:	Because it would be unethical, in my opinion, to do so.

Q:	Are you familiar with anyone in Travis County who would send a bill when they
provided emergency care under these circumstances?

A:	I'm not familiar with anyone who has ever done that.

Q:	What has your experience been in which there have been emergency situations
where a physician has stepped in because of ethical responsibilities, and sent
bills?

A:	I have no experience of that ever happening.  

Q:	Do you think -- what are the ethical constraints that you see in billing a patient
for performing the emergency services that you provided here?

A:	Well, there are -- there is no -- there is nothing about the provision -- in my
opinion, the provision of emergency services such as I rendered in this case that
would allow me to render a bill for my services.  

Q:	And has that also been your experience with other physicians in Travis County
performing emergency services?

A:	In every instance I've ever known of, that was the standard.  


	Like Dr. McIntyre's affidavit testimony, the above deposition testimony establishes
that Dr. McIntyre did not charge Ms. Ramirez for his services.  Dr. McIntyre's deposition testimony
also establishes that neither Dr. McIntyre nor, so far as he knows, any other physician in Travis
County who might provide emergency services such as those Dr. McIntyre furnished would
customarily charge for such services.  However, Dr. McIntyre also has the burden to establish that
he would not be entitled to remuneration.  We do not believe the summary judgment evidence
produced on this point is sufficient. 
	The only evidence in the record relating to whether Dr. McIntyre was entitled to
charge for the services he administered to Ms. Ramirez was Dr. McIntyre's deposition testimony that
"there is nothing about the provision-in my opinion, the provision of emergency services such as I
rendered in this case that would allow me to render a bill for my services" (emphasis added).  He
further stated, "I don't think I am ethically allowed to bill Ms. Ramirez" (emphasis added).  
	We believe that Dr. McIntyre's testimony merely raises a fact issue and does not
conclusively prove he was not entitled to remuneration.  For testimony of an interested witness to
establish a fact as a matter of law, it must be clear, direct, and positive, with no circumstances in
evidence tending to discredit or impeach such testimony.  Swilley v. Hughes, 488 S.W.2d 64, 67
(Tex. 1972).  The uncontradicted testimony of an interested witness that is clear, direct, positive, and
otherwise credible may be treated as conclusive evidence when the opposite party has the means and
opportunity of disproving the testimony, if it is not true, and fails to do so.  Great American Reserve
Ins. Co. v. San Antonio Plumbing Supply Co., 391 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1965).  
	Dr. McIntyre's testimony that, in his opinion, he did not believe he could receive
remuneration is not the positive, incontestible evidence necessary to establish that fact as a matter
of law.  Furthermore, we cannot say there are no circumstances in the evidence tending to discredit
Dr. McIntyre's testimony.   See Swilley, 488 S.W.2d at 67.  We bear in mind that evidence favorable
to the nonmovant will be taken as true in deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue that
precludes summary judgment.  Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548.  Most importantly, every reasonable
inference must be indulged in favor of nonmovants and any doubts resolved in their favor. 
Montgomery v. Kennedy, 669 S.W.2d 309, 310-11 (Tex. 1984).  We conclude that based on a review
of the record in its entirety, Dr. McIntyre has not produced conclusive evidence that he was not
entitled, as a matter of law, to receive remuneration.  We do not hold that Dr. McIntyre is excluded
from the protection of the statute.  We hold merely that he has failed to carry his summary judgment
burden to prove he is not excluded.
	Although Dr. McIntyre's testimony was properly considered as summary judgment
proof, it did not establish every essential element of his affirmative defense.  An issue of material
fact thus remains as to whether Dr. McIntyre was legally entitled to receive remuneration for the
services he rendered for Ramirez in the delivery room.  We conclude, therefore, that the summary
judgment was erroneously granted.  See Swilley, 488 S.W.2d at 67.  

CONCLUSION

	Because Dr. McIntyre's proof is insufficient to prove, as a matter of law, that he
would not be entitled to remuneration and fails to establish that element of his affirmative defense,
it cannot support the judgment.  We thus reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the cause for
further consideration.


  
					Marilyn Aboussie, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices Yeakel and Patterson
Reversed and Remanded 
Filed:   October 25, 2001
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