                                             IN THE
                                     TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                              No. 10-13-00020-CV

REX DEAN WILLIAMS, SOPHIA WILLIAMS,
ASHLEY WILLIAMS AND REX DEAN WILLIAMS, II,
                                    Appellants
v.

UNITED ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE SERVICES, INC.,
                                    Appellee



                                      From the 413th District Court
                                         Johnson County, Texas
                                      Trial Court No. C2010-00642


                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION


           Appellants Rex Dean Williams (Rex), Sophia Williams, Ashley Williams, and Rex

Dean Williams, II (collectively, the Williamses) sued Appellee United Electric

Cooperative Services, Inc., alleging that they suffered damages after electricity from a

United power line traveled through inadequately maintained trees and shocked Rex as

he was working on the cable line about ten feet below.1 United denied the allegations,


1
    Rex was working in the aerial lift of a bucket truck.
arguing, among other things, that Rex’s own negligent conduct caused him to come into

direct contact with the live power line. A jury found in favor of United.

        The Williamses filed a motion for new trial, quoting the following portion of

United’s closing argument and contending that “the closing argument of [United’s]

counsel in this case was reasonably calculate[d] to cause such prejudice to [them] that

no reasonable action in response to the argument could eliminate the probability that

there would be an improper verdict”:

              Now, when you’re looking at the different evidence, not just the
        number of witnesses, but let’s look at the credibility of the witnesses. Mr.
        Johnny Rogers is the one person that they hang their hat on. He’s the one
        person that they say the bucket was down below the cable line. He’s the
        one person that says there was [sic] trees up in that line. Nobody else.
        Johnny Rogers, as you heard, is a twice-convicted felon.

               But really more importantly than that, that doesn’t make him a liar,
        necessarily, but more important than that, when he first was - - gave a
        recorded statement in this case, he said the bucket was up near the power
        line. The day before his deposition that we took in this case, he met the
        Plaintiffs’ counsel. And at his deposition, he said something different. He
        said the bucket was down below the cable line. And he admitted in his
        testimony here and in his testimony in his deposition that he changed
        after meeting with them, and he had an explanation.

               Then he also said that United went to the accident scene that night
        and stole a branch. And he specifically saw a Ford F150 with a United
        logo on it that he could see all the way across the yard, from here to over
        here. And this is after the trees have been removed. At that time, the
        trees hadn’t been removed. But he could see all the way across the yard
        and see this F150.

              Well, the weekend before he testified, he met with Plaintiffs’
        counsel again. And he again changed his story. He said, well, maybe it
        wasn’t F150, maybe it was Chevrolets, they all look alike. But most
        importantly, ladies and gentlemen - -

                ….

Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                            Page 2
                We produced evidence that we didn’t have a Ford F150. This is our
        vehicle sheet. You can take a look through it. There was no Ford F150s in
        our fleet at the time or now or ever. So we know that that testimony
        wasn’t true. But they got to him before he got here to testify so he could change
        his story again.

[Emphasis added.] The motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law.

        In their sole issue, the Williamses contend that a new trial is warranted because

United used its jury argument to lodge improper and unfounded accusations that the

Williamses’ counsel “manufactured” a case and inappropriately influenced a material

witness, thereby calling into question the integrity of the judicial system.

                                              Preservation

        A complaint about improper jury argument must ordinarily be preserved by a

timely objection that is overruled. Living Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Penalver, 256 S.W.3d 678,

680 (Tex. 2008); see TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. A complaint of incurable argument, however,

does not require an objection. A party is nevertheless required to present any complaint

regarding incurable jury argument in a motion for new trial to preserve the complaint

for review. TEX. R. CIV. P. 324(b)(5); Phillips v. Bramlett, 288 S.W.3d 876, 883 (Tex. 2009).

        At the outset of their argument, the Williamses contend that United adopted a

strategy of attacking their counsel beginning in its opening statement when United told

the jury that the Williamses’ “very clever” lawyers and “very clever and sneaky

experts” had “manufactured a case.”                The Williamses assert that this theme of

encouraging the jury to question the integrity of their counsel continued in United’s

closing argument, including when United accused their counsel of “piecing together


Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                                 Page 3
half-truths.”     The only complaint that has been preserved for review, however, is

whether the portion of United’s closing argument quoted above constituted incurable

jury argument. To the extent the Williamses contend that any other statements by

United were improper or incurable argument, those complaints are not preserved for

review because they were not objected to during trial and/or were not presented in the

Williamses’ motion for new trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); TEX. R. CIV. P. 324(b)(5);

Phillips, 288 S.W.3d at 883.

                                        Improper Argument?

        The Williamses contend that United’s closing argument was improper because

United’s statement that the Williamses’ trial counsel “got to [Johnny Rogers] before he

got here to testify so he could change his story again” was an improper accusation that

opposing counsel manipulated a witness.            See Beavers ex rel. Beavers v. Northrup

Worldwide Aircraft Servs., Inc., 821 S.W.2d 669, 680 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1991, writ

denied) (“Attacks on the integrity of opposing counsel are improper.”).            United

responds that the argument was not improper because it was an argument related to

the credibility of Rogers, not an attack on opposing counsel, and because there was

support in the record for the statement.

        United first asserts that the argument was proper because it did not make a

direct attack on opposing counsel. United argues that the Williamses had to infer that

the statement meant that their trial counsel did something improper to elicit the change

in Rogers’s testimony and that the most logical inference that can be drawn from its

closing argument is instead that Rogers lacked credibility and was willing to do

Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                         Page 4
whatever was necessary to help the party he personally saw seriously injured. United

contends that this is revealed by reviewing the rest of its closing argument related to

Rogers, which was as follows:

              But more importantly than that, let’s go to 10.1 - - 10-1. This is
        where Johnny Rogers testified that the branch was that was taken. Y’all
        remember that testimony. Johnny Rogers said that’s where the branch
        was that was taken. He was asked, “Was this the branch?”

                “No, that ain’t the branch. It was right there where that circle is.”

                Now, the important thing to note here is that this photograph was
        taken by David Stone. It was taken when he got to the accident scene at
        about 3 or 3:30. The branch was not allegedly stolen until sometime that
        night. So the branch would still be there. The branch was stolen after this
        photograph was taken. Now, when Mr. Rogers was circling this
        photograph, he didn’t realize that. He just said that’s where it was. But
        this is taken immediately after the accident, before the time that this truck
        supposedly came up and stole it. So why isn’t there a branch there?
        Because there wasn’t ever a branch. Something that Johnny Rogers
        imagined, made up, I don’t know why. But if the branch would have
        been there, it would be in this photograph because that photograph was
        taken before the time that it was stolen.

        We believe, however, that although the overall purpose of United’s closing

argument regarding Rogers appears to be to convince the jury that Rogers lacked

credibility, the specific comment that the Williamses’ trial counsel “got to” Rogers does

imply that the Williamses’ trial counsel inappropriately influenced Rogers in some way.

        United next asserts that the argument was proper because there was support in

the record for the statement. United cites Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Reese, 584 S.W.2d 835

(Tex. 1979), in which the supreme court held that defense counsel’s comments that

plaintiff’s counsel, his client, and his client’s doctors had engaged in a scheme to

increase plaintiff’s medical expenses were not improper because there “was direct

Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                             Page 5
evidence, as well as inferences from the evidence, which supported the argument.” Id.

at 836-37.

        Rogers’s relevant testimony in this case was as follows:

              Q.     Mr. Rogers, my name is [Defendant’s Counsel], and we’ve
        only met at your deposition, correct?

                A.       Yes, sir.

                Q.       Do you recall that day when we met there in Graham at the
        hotel - -

                A.       Yes, sir.

              Q.      - - and took your deposition? The day prior to that
        deposition, did you meet with someone from [Plaintiffs’ Counsel’s] office?

              A.     Yes. There was a gentleman that worked for Mr. Williams
        had come to my door, knocked on my door. I went down, showed them
        where the accident had happened.

             Q.      Okay. And then you also met with [Plaintiffs’ Counsel] this
        Sunday, correct?

                A.       Sir?

             Q.          You met with [Plaintiffs’ Counsel] this Sunday, this last
        Sunday?

                A.       Yes, sir.

              Q.    Okay. You’ve never met with me outside of your deposition
        and courtroom today, correct?

                A.       No, sir, never seen you before.

                ….

              Q.     Prior, have you ever said before that the bucket was up by
        the power lines?


Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                          Page 6
               A.     The power line I was talking about, sir, yes, was the cable.
        That’s what I thought he was talking about.

               Q.     Isn’t it true, sir, that you gave a recorded statement prior to
        your time that you met with [Plaintiffs’ Counsel’s] associate, that you gave
        a recorded statement?

                A.       I give what now?

                Q.       A recorded statement to Mr. Denny.

                A.       Yes.

               Q.    And in that statement, you said that the bucket was up close
        to the power lines, correct?

                A.       The power line, yes.

               Q.      And then after you met with [Plaintiffs’ Counsel’s] associate,
        when you gave your deposition you then said that the bucket was down
        by the cable line, correct?

               A.     I said it was by the power line. That’s where I thought the
        power line was was the cable. That’s where I thought that he got
        electrocuted at. That’s where the bucket was at when he got electrocuted.

               Q.    Okay. So your testimony from the day that you gave your
        recorded statement to the day that you gave your deposition changed,
        didn’t it?

               A.    You trying to say that I’m saying the first time it was up in
        the very top wires? Is that what you’re saying?

                Q.       That’s what your recorded statement said, isn’t it, sir?

               A.     I never said that it was in the top wires. I said it was in the
        cables. It was in the wires in the cable. That’s where he was at working,
        where he got electrocuted at. You’re saying he got electrocuted in the top
        cable. He’s working at the bottom cable down there. It’s no way that he
        could get - - raise that bucket up and get electrocuted and bring it back
        down in the same position where it was at from the first buzz to the
        second buzz.


Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                             Page 7
              Q.     Sir, you’re specifically - - your - - in your recorded statement,
        you told Mr. Denny that the bucket was up near the power line and that
        you thought that Mr. Williams may have reached up and touched his
        hand on the power line or something; isn’t that correct?

                A.       Yes, I may have.

               Q.      And then in your deposition, you then said he was down at
        the cable line, correct?

                A.       He was at the cable line.

               Q.        That was after you met with [Plaintiffs’ Counsel’s] associate,
        correct?

                A.       Yes.

                ….

               Q.        Okay. And was the branch that you saw over on this side of
        the yard?

               A.    It was - - branch was laying right back here. He pulled in
        right back here, right up here, got and walked back there, picked the limb
        up, went and got in his truck, drove off.

              Q.      You testified in your deposition that the truck that went and
        picked it up was a Ford F150, correct?

                A.       Yes, sir, I believe that’s what it was, sir. It was a white truck.

                Q.       White F150?

               A.   I understand that y’all don’t have or United Co-op don’t
        have Ford. They got all Chevrolets. Between a different Chevrolet and a
        Ford and a Dodge or GMC, it’s not that much difference. Nighttime, it’s
        white.

                Q.       Okay. Who told you that United didn’t have any Fords?

                A.       Who told me that?

                Q.       Yeah.

Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                                   Page 8
                A.       [Plaintiffs’ Counsel] here. I asked him, you know.

                Q.       When you were meeting with him this Sunday?

                A.       Yes.

                Q.       But in your deposition - -

                A.       It was - - it was mentioned.

               Q.        So in your deposition you said it was a Ford F150 though,
        correct?

                A.       Right.

        Based on the foregoing testimony, we agree that much of United’s argument

regarding Rogers was supported by the record. Rogers testified on cross-examination

that he had said that Rex was near the “power line” when the incident in question

occurred but that after meeting with the Williamses’ trial counsel, his testimony

changed to reflect that Rex was by the “cable line.” He explained this change by stating

that he had initially thought that the cable line was the power line. This testimony

supported United’s argument that although he gave an explanation for it, Rogers did, in

fact, change his testimony about the location of the bucket when the incident occurred

after meeting with the Williamses’ trial counsel.

        Rogers further testified that he said in his deposition that the person who

removed a branch from the accident scene was in a white F-150 truck. He testified at

trial, however, that the truck was simply white. When asked if it was a white F-150 as

he had previously said, Rogers replied that he understood that United did not have

Fords, that the makes of various trucks are not that different, and that it was nighttime.

Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                          Page 9
Rogers explained that he knew United did not have Fords because the Williamses’

counsel told him so when he asked about it during a pretrial meeting. This testimony

supported United’s argument that Rogers changed his testimony again after meeting

with the Williamses’ counsel. But there was no direct testimony, and no inferences

could be made from the testimony, that the Williamses’ counsel did anything to

inappropriately influence Rogers. The testimony shows that Rogers actually asked the

Williamses’ counsel about the make of United’s trucks and that the Williamses’ counsel

merely replied that United did not have any Fords.            We therefore conclude that

United’s trial counsel’s statement that the Williamses’ trial counsel “got to” Rogers was

improper argument.

                                        Incurable Argument?

        The question then becomes whether the improper argument was incurable.

               To prevail on a claim that improper argument was incurable, the
        complaining party generally must show that the argument by its nature,
        degree, and extent constituted such error that an instruction from the
        court or retraction of the argument could not remove its effects. See [Tex.
        Employers’ Ins. Ass’n v.] Haywood, [153 Tex. 242,] 266 S.W.2d [856,] 858
        [(1954)]. The test is the amount of harm from the argument:

                whether the argument, considered in its proper setting, was
                reasonably calculated to cause such prejudice to the
                opposing litigant that a withdrawal by counsel or an
                instruction by the court, or both, could not eliminate the
                probability that it resulted in an improper verdict.

        Id. But jury argument that strikes at the appearance of and the actual
        impartiality, equality, and fairness of justice rendered by courts is
        incurably harmful not only because of its harm to the litigants involved,
        but also because of its capacity to damage the judicial system. Such
        argument is not subject to the general harmless error analysis.


Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                           Page 10
Living Ctrs. of Tex., 256 S.W.3d at 680-81.

        The Williamses first argue that the improper argument was incurable because

“the attack on [their] counsel involved a central issue in a closely divided case,” thus

causing substantial prejudice to them and increasing the risk of the rendition of an

improper verdict. The Williamses point out that Rogers was the first person on the

scene and that his testimony supported the Williamses’ argument on the crucial issue of

the location of the bucket when Rex was injured.

        But United’s comment was very short in duration and occurred at the end of

almost two weeks of trial after the jury had heard all of the evidence, including Rogers’s

explanation of why he changed his testimony, which indicated that the Williamses’ trial

counsel had not inappropriately influenced him. The Williamses’ trial counsel also

addressed the accusation during rebuttal as follows:

               You know, we’ve been accused of half-truths, and I kind of resent
        that. We were also, I guess, accused of talking to Johnny Rogers and
        saying one thing or another that wasn’t true. And I not only resent it, I
        deny it. We haven’t and wouldn’t do anything like that.

        The Williamses also assert that United’s argument that their trial counsel “got to”

Rogers was far from an isolated comment; rather, the Williamses state that United’s

accusations that the Williamses’ trial counsel “manufactured” a case out of “half-truths”

was a theme in the trial.           But, as stated above, the Williamses did not preserve

complaints about all of the alleged accusations by United throughout the trial.

Furthermore, assuming United did make similar improper allegations about the

Williamses’ counsel throughout the trial, United’s argument that the Williamses’ trial


Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                         Page 11
counsel “got to” Rogers was merely one of many similar allegations that the Williamses

have not preserved complaints about. We therefore conclude that the short statement

that the Williamses’ trial counsel “got to” Rogers, considered in its proper setting, was

not reasonably calculated to cause such prejudice to the Williamses that a withdrawal

by United’s trial counsel or an instruction by the court, or both, could not have

eliminated the probability that the argument resulted in an improper verdict. See Living

Ctrs. of Tex., 256 S.W.3d at 680-81 (quoting Haywood, 266 S.W.2d at 858).

        The Williamses also argue that the improper argument was incurable “because of

the damage it does to the integrity of the legal system.” We disagree.

        Accusing the opposing party of manipulating a witness, without evidence of

witness tampering, can be incurable, harmful argument. Id. at 681 (citing Howsley &

Jacobs v. Kendall, 376 S.W.2d 562, 565-66 (Tex. 1964)). For instance, in Howsley & Jacobs,

the supreme court held that counsel’s comments were incurable when, during closing

argument, counsel asked the jury who was more likely to be telling the truth—a man on

his deathbed “about to come face to face with his Master” or “a colored boy who had

been under the coaching of this battery of lawyers, when he got on there to give words

that were not his words.” Howsley & Jacobs, 376 S.W.2d at 566.

        In this case, however, the overall purpose of United’s closing argument

regarding Rogers, as stated above, appears to be to convince the jury that Rogers lacked

credibility, not to suggest that opposing counsel manipulated Rogers’s testimony.

Furthermore, the evidence did show that the Williamses’ trial counsel told Rogers that

United did not have any Fords, and the comment that the Williamses’ trial counsel “got

Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                        Page 12
to” Rogers is not a direct comment that the Williamses’ trial counsel inappropriately

influenced Rogers. Thus, although they could have, the jury did not have to infer from

the phrase “got to” that the Williamses’ trial counsel acted inappropriately. For these

reasons, we conclude that the statement that the Williamses’ trial counsel “got to”

Rogers did not strike at the appearance of and the actual impartiality, equality, and

fairness of justice rendered by courts such that it was incurably harmful. See Living Ctrs.

of Tex., 256 S.W.3d at 680-81.

        We overrule the Williamses’ sole issue and affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                                 REX D. DAVIS
                                                 Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed November 6, 2014
[CV06]




Williams v. United Elec. Coop. Servs., Inc.                                         Page 13
