                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 09a0004n.06
                            Filed: January 6, 2009

                                           No. 07-5669

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


JAMES R. DURHAM,                       )
                                       )
      Petitioner-Appellant,            )                 ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                       )                 UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                     )                 COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                       )                 DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
UNITED STATES PAROLE                   )
COMMISSION,                            )
                                       )                        OPINION
      Defendant-Appellee.              )
_______________________________________)


Before: MOORE and SUTTON, Circuit Judges, and ALDRICH,* District Judge.

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Petitioner-Appellant James R. Durham

(“Durham”) appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. The crux of Durham’s claim is that the United States Parole

Commission (“the Commission”) erred in calculating the amount of time remaining on his 1983

bank-robbery conviction in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky. We

disagree, and we therefore AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




       *
         The Honorable Ann Aldrich, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.
                                        I. BACKGROUND

        The tale of Durham’s criminal history and his involvement in the federal criminal-justice

system, both before and after the enactment of the Sentencing Reform Act, is a lengthy one.

Fortunately, the parties essentially do not dispute the facts, and the events of only a short period of

time are relevant to Durham’s appeal.

        In 1983, in the Eastern District of Kentucky, Durham was charged with and convicted of

committing an armed bank robbery. Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 82, 94.1 On December 2, 1983,

Durham was sentenced to twenty years of imprisonment, but his term was later reduced to nineteen

years after an appeal. J.A. at 94, 96. Durham spent the remainder of the 1980s bouncing back and

forth between federal custody and parole.

        On January 22, 1992, Durham was released on parole supervision until the expiration of his

bank-robbery sentence on September 22, 2002. J.A. at 101; Resp’t Br. at 3. Durham again violated

his parole, and on August 23, 1994, the Commission revoked his parole, credited him with time

spent on parole, and set a presumptive parole date of November 25, 1996. J.A. at 102; Resp’t Br.

at 4.

        On November 22, 1996, just three days before his presumptive date of parole, Durham

escaped from a halfway house. J.A. at 104; Resp’t Br. at 4. Durham spent 107 days out of federal

custody, returning to federal custody on March 9, 1997. Durham’s escape led, eventually, to two

new federal convictions, both of which were to run consecutive to his old, 1983 bank-robbery


        1
        In fact, Durham’s first encounter with the federal criminal-justice system came even earlier,
in 1977, when he was convicted of interstate transportation of motor vehicles and making a false
statement in obtaining a firearm. J.A. at 39-40. Durham received an eight-year sentence, and the
nineteen-year sentence he received for his 1983 bank robbery conviction was to run concurrently
with the sentence for his 1977 offense. J.A. at 40.

                                                  2
conviction. First, on the charge of escape, he received a thirty-three-month sentence in the Eastern

District of Kentucky on October 30, 1997. J.A. at 89. Second, on February 24, 1999, Durham

received an eight-month sentence in the Southern District of Indiana on a charge of resisting,

opposing, impeding, intimidating/interfering with a law enforcement officer. J.A. at 89-90. Durham

committed this offense on February 26, 1997, in the period after he had escaped from the halfway

house and before he returned to federal custody on March 9, 1997. Durham then spent the entire

period of March 9, 1997, to March 2, 2000, in federal custody. That nearly thirty-six-month period

was credited toward, and fully served, his sentences of imprisonment for two new federal

convictions.

       In its filing in the district court in response to Durham’s habeas petition, the Commission

acknowledged losing track of Durham around the time of his escape, apparently not learning until

January 1998 that Durham had returned to federal custody. J.A. at 64. As a result, the Commission

held a rescission hearing in June 1998. J.A. at 105. The hearing examiner noted that Durham had

escaped three days prior to his presumptive date of parole and that he was currently then serving a

thirty-three-month sentence for his escape. J.A. at 106. The examiner recommended “[r]escind[ing]

the effective date of [parole of] 11/25/96 to reparole effective 3/12/97, Nunc Pro Tunc, to the federal

detainer only [Durham’s new escape sentence].”2 J.A. at 107. The reasoning essentially seemed to

be that because Durham escaped before serving the final three days before his presumptive parole

date, the first three days of his return to federal custody would count toward that obligation and he


       2
         As the district court noted, “Black’s Law Dictionary defines nunc pro tunc as ‘[a] phrase
applied to acts allowed to be done after the time when they should be done, with a retroactive effect,
i.e., with the same effect as if regularly done. Nunc pro tunc entry is an entry made now of
something actually previously done to have effect of former date.” J.A. at 47 (Mem. Op. at 11)
(quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 964 (5th ed. 1981)).

                                                  3
would not start receiving credit toward his new federal sentence until his third day back in federal

custody, March 12, 1997.

       The Commission agreed with the examiner’s recommendation and, on June 29, 1998, issued

a Notice of Action rescinding Durham’s “parole effective date of 11-25-1996” and reparoling him

“effective on 03-12-1997 nunc pro tunc to the federal detainer only.” J.A. at 108. The 107 days that

Durham spent on escape status would not be credited toward any sentence, id., and based on the

Commission’s decision, the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) thus extended the expiration of the sentence

for Durham’s bank-robbery conviction from September 2002 to a new expiration date of January 7,

2003, J.A. at 93; Resp’t Br. at 5.

       On July 20, 1998, the Commission issued a parole certificate granting Durham parole, nunc

pro tunc, to March 12, 1997; the certificate stated that his bank-robbery sentence would expire on

January 7, 2003. J.A. at 110; Resp’t Br. at 5-6. Durham did not sign the certificate until September

4, 1998.3

       On March 2, 2000, Durham was released from federal custody, having fully served his new

federal sentences of imprisonment thanks to the nunc pro tunc parole device that permitted him to

begin service of his new federal sentences on March 12, 1997. It appears that Durham was arrested

again on October 30, 2000, and returned to custody. J.A. 133. On June 26, 2002, the Commission

conducted a revocation hearing concerning Durham’s parole violations that occurred between March

2000 and October 2000. J.A. at 130-34. The hearing examiner determined that Durham “was


       3
         At one point in an administrative appeal, Durham denied ever signing the certificate, J.A.
at 139, 139-41 (“Appellant refused to sign as per the record indic[at]es and waived the 1997 Parole
date”) (Aug. 2002 Pro Se Appeal of Notice of Action). On November 8, 2002, the National Appeals
Board affirmed the Commission and determined that Durham had in fact signed the Parole
Certificate. J.A. at 146.

                                                 4
arrested on 10/30/2000 and has been in custody since that time.” J.A. at 133. During a portion of

that period in custody—from August 22, 2001, to November 29, 2001—Durham was in custody

specifically on a Commission warrant for a parole violation. J.A. at 113, 116; Resp’t Br. at 6-7. The

hearing examiner recommended revoking Durham’s parole and also recommended that “[n]one of

the time spent on parole shall be credited.” J.A. at 133. Although Durham had only been released

from federal custody on March 2, 2000, because of the Commission’s nunc pro tunc Parole

Certificate, Durham had technically been “on parole” since March 12, 1997. J.A. at 126 (April 1,

2002, Warrant Application) (stating Durham was “Released” on “March 12, 1997”). Therefore, on

July 2, 2002, when the Commission concurred with the examiner’s recommendation and issued a

decision revoking Durham’s parole and finding that “[n]one of the time spent on parole shall be

credited,” J.A. at 135, the period of uncredited, or forfeited, time extended all the way back to March

12, 1997. See also Resp’t Br. at 8 (stating that the Commission’s decision meant that Durham

“forfeit[ed] all of the time spent on parole”). The Commission did credit Durham with the “[t]ime

spent in confinement from 09-04-2001 to 11-29-2001 . . . toward service of the maximum sentence.”

Id.

       Durham appealed the Commission’s action to the National Appeals Board (“NAB”), J.A. at

138-45 (Appeal), which affirmed the Commission’s decision. J.A. at 146. It rejected Durham’s

contention that “you were not paroled on March 12, 1997 because you refused to sign your parole

certificate,” noting that “[y]ou signed the certificate on September 4, 1998 stating that you fully

understood your conditions of parole.” Id. The NAB also clarified that Durham should receive

custody credit for the period between August 22, 2001, and November 29, 2001, when his custody

was due to a Commission warrant (the Commission had credited Durham only with the time between


                                                  5
September 4, 2001, and November 29, 2001). Id.; see also J.A. at 135. As a result of the

Commission and the NAB’s actions, “the BOP calculated the expiration of Durham’s [1983 bank

robbery] sentence as November 17, 2007.” Resp’t Br. at 9 (citing J.A. at 85). The new calculation

thus extended the expiration date of Durham’s 1983 sentence by nearly five years—from January

7, 2003, to November 17, 2007. That period corresponds to the amount of time “on parole” that the

Commission declared “not credited,” or forfeited, which in Durham’s case became, on account of

the “nunc pro tunc” parole certificate that he signed in September 1998, the more than five-year

period between March 12, 1997, and May 1, 2002, when he was arrested on the warrant for his

parole violation (minus the roughly three-month period in late 2001 that the Commission did credit).

       On December 30, 2002, Durham was released on parole and signed a parole certificate. The

certificate stated an expiration date of November 17, 2007, for the nineteen-year sentence for bank

robbery that he received in 1983, and below his signature, Durham wrote that he “[s]igned in protest

of date.” J.A. at 147.

       Durham has continued to circulate in and out of custody, and according to the Respondent’s

Brief he is next eligible for parole on February 27, 2009, and as of November 26, 2007, the

expiration date for Durham’s 1983 sentence is January 15, 2012. Resp’t Br. at 10; J.A. at 177.

       On July 26, 2006, Durham filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 2241. J.A. at 8-15. Durham essentially contested the manner in which the Commission extended

his sentence based on the forfeited parole time, arguing that “the Parole Commission acted

improperly on July 20, 1998, in entering an order ‘nunc pro tunc’ restoring Durham to parole during

the time when he was serving his federal sentence in federal custody.” J.A. at 14 (Pet. at 7). Durham

argued the effect was to “improperly extend[] his sentence past his expiration full term date.” Id.


                                                 6
Durham noted that, pursuant to regulation, “[a] grant of parole shall not be deemed to be operative

until a certificate of parole has been delivered to the prisoner.” 28 C.F.R. § 2.29(a); J.A. at 14 (Pet.

at 7) (citing regulation). Durham therefore argued that “[c]ontrary to the claim of the Parole

Commission, [parole] did not become effective until September 4, 1998. At the bottom of the ‘nunc

pro tunc’ order is the following sentence: ‘The above-named person was released on the 12th day

of March 1997 with a total of 2,127 days remaining to be served.’ This computation theory was

without foundation.” J.A. at 14 (Pet. at 7). Durham therefore requested “a hearing to take evidence

to establish when Durham completed his sentence as the records of the Parole Commission are

fraught with error.” Id.

       On November 3, 2006, the Commission filed an answer to his petition. J.A. at 62-77. The

Commission argued that “[b]ecause [Durham’s] parole was revoked [in 2002], in part for conviction

of a crime that he committed while on parole which was punishable by a term of imprisonment, he

must forfeit all of the time spent on parole following his parole grant on March 12, 1997 until his

return to federal custody.” J.A. at 70 (Answer at 9). The Commission also noted that Durham’s

conviction in Indiana state court, for conduct that occurred between March 2000 and October 2000,

“was the basis for forfeiture of all of the time [Durham] spent on parole, which extended the

expiration date of his sentence from January 7, 2003 to November 17, 2007. Therefore, the

Commission properly forfeited [Durham’s] street time when it revoked his parole in 2002.” J.A. at

73.

       On March 28, 2007, the district court denied Durham’s petition. J.A. at 37-53. The district

court held that Durham waived his challenge to the September 1998 parole certificate because he

signed it, J.A. at 48, and continued to consider his petition on the merits but denied relief because


                                                   7
it found the use of the nunc pro tunc certificate acceptable, citing an unpublished order in a Sixth

Circuit case, Milton-Vales v. LaManna, 2 F. App’x 480 (6th Cir. 2001); J.A. at 49. The district court

held that it “agree[d] with the USPC that its nunc pro tunc order should have the same retroactive

effect of making [Durham’s] parole effective as if entered on the earlier date.” J.A. at 53.

        Durham’s counsel filed a notice of appeal, and Durham, acting pro se, filed a separate letter

to the district court. J.A. at 57. After oral argument, Durham and the Commission both filed

additional letter briefs at the request of the panel.

        We now consider Durham’s appeal, as the district court correctly noted that a certificate of

appealability is unnecessary to appeal the denial of a petition for habeas corpus filed under § 2241.

28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1); Massey v. Chandler, No. 97-5389, 1998 WL 69109 (6th Cir. 1998)

(unpublished); J.A. at 156-57.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

        Durham’s appeal involves essentially a single issue: whether the Commission acted

improperly in 1998 in issuing Durham a nunc pro tunc certificate of parole that purported to grant

him parole as of March 12, 1997. As a preliminary matter, the Commission contends that Durham

waived any challenge to the nunc pro tunc certificate of parole by signing the certificate, and we

address that issue first. We hold that Durham has not waived his challenge to the Commission’s

actions.

A. Preservation of the Issue

        The district court “determine[d] that [Durham’s] signatures [on the September 1998 and

December 2002 certificates] constituted knowing and voluntary agreement with the terms of the

Certificates.” J.A. at 48. In support of this determination, the district court cited our unpublished


                                                    8
order in Phillips v. United States, No. 95-3823, 1996 WL 185791 (6th Cir. 1996). In Phillips, an

appeal contesting the denial of a motion filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, we held that a

defendant’s signature on a plea agreement, coupled with the advice of her attorney and the trial

judge’s careful explanation of the plea agreement and the rights to be waived, sufficed to waive

certain rights. Id. at *1. The circumstances in which the defendant signed the plea agreement in

Phillips were manifestly dissimilar to those in which Durham signed the parole certificates, and

Phillips does not support the district court’s holding. The district court further cited two opinions

in civil cases issued by district courts in our circuit; those cases held that a party waived various

rights due to signing a contract. Those cases also obviously do not support the district court’s

determination.

       The Commission dedicates slightly more than a page of its brief to defending the district

court’s determination and cites only Phillips and one additional case, Nagi v. United States, 90 F.3d

130 (6th Cir. 1996). Resp’t Br. at 11 (citing Nagi). In Nagi, another appeal of the denial of a § 2255

motion, we held that a defendant waived an objection to being sentenced according to the 1988

Manual of the United States Sentencing Guidelines, instead of the 1987 version. Id. at 136. Unlike

Durham, the defendant in Nagi had the service of counsel and also appeared before a U.S. District

Judge for both a plea and a sentencing hearing. Again, we find Nagi easily distinguishable from

Durham’s case.

       Based on the record, which consists only of copies of the signed documents, we cannot

conclude that Durham waived any challenge to the Commission’s actions and calculation of his

sentence. The Supreme Court has long held that “waiver is ordinarily an intentional relinquishment

or abandonment of a known right or privilege,”Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938), and that


                                                  9
“[p]resuming waiver from a silent record is impermissible,” Carnley v. Cochran, 369 U.S. 506, 516

(1962). The Commission has not advanced sufficient evidence to support the conclusion that

Durham’s signature on the parole certificates amounted to voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently

relinquishing his right to challenge the effect those certificates would have on calculating his

sentence.

B. Whether The Commission’s Nunc Pro Tunc Parole Certificate Was Improper

       1. Legal Standards

       “We review de novo a district court’s denial of a petition for the writ of habeas corpus filed

under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.” Rosales-Garcia v. Holland, 322 F.3d 386, 400-01 (6th Cir. 2003) (en

banc); see also Dietz v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 260 F. App’x 763, 766 (6th Cir. 2008).

       The proper standard of review for evaluating the Commission’s actions in this case is a

murkier question, but we conclude that we should review Durham’s claim de novo. In Hackett v.

U.S. Parole Comm’n, 851 F.2d 127, 129-30 (6th Cir. 1987), we stated that our “scope of review over

a decision by the Parole Commission is extremely limited” and quoted approvingly from a Seventh

Circuit decision that “applied a limited ‘abuse of discretion’ standard when reviewing decisions of

the Parole Commission.” In Hackett, however, the petitioner’s claim was “that the Commission

improperly set the release date outside the range established under the recommended parole

guidelines and that the Commission erred by relying on evidence which was not produced at trial and

was specifically rejected by the sentencing judge.” Id. at 128. Durham’s claim is clearly very

different. His claim is that the Commission acted improperly and in violation of a federal regulation

by issuing a nunc pro tunc parole certificate and accordingly treating Durham’s date of parole as

March 12, 1997, and that doing so increased the amount of time forfeited and extended the


                                                 10
expiration date of Durham’s sentence. Durham’s claim essentially raises a question of law—whether

the Commission’s actions complied with relevant federal regulations—and in similar circumstances

our sister circuits have applied a de novo standard of review. See Hutchings v. U.S. Parole Comm’n,

201 F.3d 1006, 1008-09 (8th Cir. 2000) (“Whether the Commission had jurisdiction to revoke

Hutchings’ parole and whether the Commission’s proceedings violated Hutchings’ due process rights

are questions of law, and we therefore review de novo.”); Wallace v. Christensen, 802 F.2d 1539,

1551, 1552 n.8 (9th Cir. 1986) (en banc) (stating that “[a] claim that the Commission has acted

outside its statutory limits typically involves an issue of statutory construction which we review de

novo” and that “[t]he Commission, like other agencies, is thus bound by its own regulations so long

as they remain in force”). In addition, our unpublished order in Milton-Vales supports reviewing

Durham’s claim de novo. In Milton-Vales, the petitioner “alleged that the Parole Commission had

miscalculated the length of his federal parole-violator sentence and the amount of time that he had

served before being paroled.” Milton-Vales, 2 F. App’x at 480. We began our analysis by referring

to “[a] de novo review of the record.” Id. In light of all these decisions, we conclude that a de novo

standard of review applies to Durham’s claim.

       2. Analysis

       Although Durham’s briefing is not a model of clarity and seems to espouse a number of

theories for relief, we understand the crux of Durham’s complaint to be as follows. Federal

regulations provide that parole is not operative until the delivery to the prisoner of a certificate of

parole. 28 C.F.R. § 2.29(a). In Durham’s case, that delivery occurred on September 4, 1998. The

certificate, however, purported to grant parole nunc pro tunc with an effective date of March 12,

1997, approximately eighteen months earlier. The Commission thus treated Durham as being “on


                                                  11
parole” from March 12, 1997, even though Durham was in fact in federal custody serving new

federal sentences for escape and resisting a law enforcement officer, with his period in custody

beginning on March 9, 1997, and extending to March 2, 2000.

       In its letter brief, the Commission states that employing the nunc pro tunc parole certificate

was necessary for Durham to finish the service of his new federal sentences as soon as possible. The

Commission explains that, had the Commission not used the nunc pro tunc parole certificate,

Durham “would have spent additional time in prison” because “[i]f [Durham] had not been paroled

until September 4, 1998, [the date of delivery of the parole certificate,] he could not have begun

serving his escape sentence until this date.” Comm’n Letter Br. at 2. The Commission states that

“[a]s a result, Durham would not have been paroled until August 24, 2001, eighteen months later

than his actual release date” of March 2, 2000.

       Durham accepts this point that the nunc pro tunc parole certificate permitted him to expedite

service of his new federal sentences and enjoy an earlier release date, stating in his letter brief that

“he would have been in prison an additional 17 months” but for the use of the nunc pro tunc

certificate. Pet’r Letter Br. at 2. But Durham’s letter brief then asserts that we should essentially

view the seventeen-month period following his actual release from prison in March 2000 as time

spent fulfilling what he claims was the remainder of his new federal sentences. Id. at 2-3. On the

basis of that legal fiction, Durham then offers an alternative accounting for the following various

periods of time that he spent in and out of custody.

       In consideration of the fact that both the Commission and Durham understand that the

Commission’s use of the nunc pro tunc parole certificate afforded Durham the substantial benefit

of expediting the service of his new federal sentences—as well as essentially providing him the


                                                  12
opportunity simultaneously to serve time on parole toward his 1983 bank-robbery conviction—we

decline to find error in the Commission’s actions in this case. Furthermore, we are unable to accept

Durham’s argument that we must view the seventeen months following his release in March 2000

as time spent fulfilling his new federal convictions “because of the mistake of the Parole

Commission” and his further alternative accounting of his time in and out of custody. Pet’r Letter

Br. at 3. Although Durham did not waive any challenge to the Commission’s calculation of his

sentence by agreeing to and signing the nunc pro tunc parole certificate, this challenge is meritless.

       Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment denying Durham’s petition for a writ

of habeas corpus.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment denying Durham’s

petition for a writ of habeas corpus.




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