
86 U.S. 138 (____)
19 Wall. 138
CARPENTER
v.
RANNELS.
Supreme Court of United States.

*140 Mr. B.A. Hill, for the plaintiff in error; Messrs. Glover and Shepley, contra.
Mr. Justice SWAYNE stated the case, and delivered the opinion of the court.
John Butler had an inchoate title derived from the Spanish government, acting through its authorized agents. Upon this subject there is no controversy between the parties. It is the common source of the derivative titles upon which they severally rely.
On the 23d of July, 1801, Butler entered into an agreement with James Bankston to the following effect:
Butler leased the land to Bankston for three years from the date of the contract. Bankston agreed, "during the three years, to erect on said tract all the improvements and establishments  to break up the ground, and to make the Royal road and other improvements required by law; to be enabled at the end of three years from the petition for said land to obtain the title of proprietorship from the government of the province." Butler acknowledged the payment of forty piasters by Bankston. On condition that Bankston, at the end of the three years, should have made the improvements stipulated for, the land was to "belong to him in full proprietorship," and Butler bound himself, his heirs and assigns, "to solicit the title from the government, and to make a regular transfer of said land to the said James *141 Bankston, without any further cost on his part, except the expenses of the necessary deed," and "Bankston ... promised to fulfil and execute all the said clauses and conditions, under penalty of the forfeiture of the advantages which might result in his favor."
This instrument shows that so far as Butler was concerned the entire consideration of the transaction had been paid. What remained for Bankston to do was wholly for his own benefit, and not for Butler's. If he fulfilled, a perfect title was to be acquired from the government; not for Butler, but for himself. It was implied that the title was to emanate in Butler's name. He stipulated to apply for it and to convey it to Bankston without expense to the latter except for the necessary conveyances.
The State of Missouri is a part of a larger territory which belonged to France, then to Spain, and again to France. France ceded it to the United States in 1803. The United States stipulated that the inhabitants of the ceded territory should be protected in the free enjoyment of their property. The law of nations would have given this guaranty if the treaty had been silent upon the subject, and the result would have been the same if the territory had been acquired by conquest and not by cession. The new government took the place of that which passed away, and was clothed with the same duties and obligations as to all rights of property subsisting when the dominion of the latter was withdrawn.[*]
Congress, by the act of March 2d, 1805,[] provided for the examination and adjustment of claims of title like the one here in question, and created a board of commissioners for that purpose. Other acts were passed relating to the subject, but it is not necessary particularly to advert to them. This title came before the commissioners in the year 1811, and the result of their action is the hinge of the controversy between these parties. The question to be determined is *142 whether it was confirmed to Butler or to Bankston. This renders it necessary to examine that part of the record which relates to the subject. It consists of a transcript of the proceedings of the commissioners and of the evidence before them. We shall itemize as we proceed.
(1.) "John Butler claims two hundred arpents of land in the district of New Madrid, under the second section of the act of Congress made and provided."
(2.) An order, dated April 16th, 1801, from Peyroux to Story, to survey two hundred arpents of land for Butler. This was before the date of the contract between Butler and Bankston.
(3.) A plat of the survey made by Story and a certificate by him that he made it at the request of Butler, who claimed the land by virtue of a grant from Peyroux while commandant of the district of New Madrid, and in virtue of the second section of the act of March 2d, 1805. This certificate is dated February 2d, 1806.
(4.) The contract between Butler and Bankston already adverted to.
(5.) "Friday, April 12th, 1811.  Board met: Present, John B.C. Lucas, Clement B. Penrose, and Frederick Bates, commissioners.
"James Bankston, assignee of John Butler, claiming two hundred arpents of land, situate in Cypress Swamp, district of New Madrid, produced to the board an order of survey dated 16th April, 1801, a certified copy of a conditional transfer from Butler to claimant, dated 23d July, 1801, and a plat of survey dated 2d February, 1806.
"The board grant to John Butler, or his legal representatives, two hundred arpents of land, and order that the same be surveyed as nearly in a square as may be, and so as to include his improvements.
"Board adjourned till Monday next, nine o'clock A.M." Signed by the commissioners. "See Board Minute-Book, No. 5, pages 145, 148, and 149."
(6.) "Thursday, June 20th, 1811.  Board met: Present, Clement B. Penrose, Frederick Bates, commissioners. John *143 B.C. Lucas, commissioner, appeared at the board and took his seat.
"Cert. No. 1103, John Butler's legal representatives, Book 5, page 148.
"Survey at expense of the United States. Board adjourned till to-morrow, eight o'clock A.M." Signed by the commissioners. "See Board Minute-Book, No. 5, page 187, 188, and 193."
(7.) "Louisiana Commissioners' Certificate No. 1103, June 20th, 1811.
"We, the undersigned, commissioners for ascertaining and adjusting the titles and claims to lands in the Territory of Louisiana, have decided that the legal representatives of John Butler, original claimant, are entitled to a patent under the provisions of the second section of an act of Congress of the United States, entitled `An act for ascertaining and adjusting the titles and claims to land within the Territory of Orleans, and the District of Louisiana, passed the 2d day of March, one thousand eight hundred and five,' for two hundred arpents of land, situate in the district of New Madrid, Cypress Swamp, and order that the same be surveyed as nearly in a square as may be, and so as to include his improvements, by virtue of a permission from the proper Spanish officer, and also of actual inhabitation and cultivation prior to, and on, the 20th day of December, one thousand eight hundred and three." Signed by the commissioners. "See certificate on file."
So far as the name of Butler appears in these documents, as the claimant, it is to be borne in mind that he was bound by his contract with Bankston to procure the emanation of the final title for the benefit of the latter. It is shown that Bankston produced to the commissioners a copy of his contract with Butler; that the board granted to Butler, or his legal representatives, the land claimed; that it was ordered to be surveyed in the name of "John Butler's legal representatives;" that there were improvements made by permission of the proper Spanish officer, and "actual inhabitation and *144 cultivation on and prior to the 20th of December, 1803;" and finally, that the board "decided that the legal representatives of John Butler, original claimant, are entitled to a patent under the second section of the act of March 2d, 1805." There is no evidence that Butler or any one else questioned the claim of Bankston before the commissioners.
The act of Congress of February 17th, 1815,[*] declared that any person owning lands in the county of New Madrid, in Missouri Territory, which land had been injured by earthquakes, might "locate the like quantity of land on any of the public lands of said Territory the sale of which is authorized by law." In the event of such location being made, the title of the owner to the lands injured was to revert to the United States. In the proceedings under this act the following testimony is found in the record:
(1.) A, a line in a tabulated statement, showing that Butler claimed that the land in question was injured, and had relinquished the title to the United States.
(2.) A, in line in a like statement that Butler was the claimant, and that a certificate of injury had been delivered to James Evans.
(3.) A, a line in a like statement that Butler, or his legal representatives, claimed, and that a patent certificate was prepared accordingly by the recorder of land titles under the act of 1815 and the supplementary acts, and that it was delivered to William Smith, of St. Louis.
The only other testimony in the record necessary to be adverted to is:
(1.) A power of attorney from Butler to James Evans, dated February 9th, 1819, authorizing him, as the attorney of Butler, to sell "a certificate of location for two hundred arpents obtained from the recorder of land titles for the Territory of Missouri, or to locate the same as he should think proper."
(2.) A deed from Evans, as such attorney, dated January 1st, 1819, whereby he assigned the certificate to Henry *145 Waddle. It is described as "a New Madrid certificate, issued by Frederick Bates, recorder of land titles for the Territory of Missouri, No. 511, dated December 31st, 1818, whereby it is certified, among other things, that John Butler, or his legal representatives, is entitled to locate two hundred arpents of land."
(3.) A patent from the United States to John Butler, or his legal representatives, dated March 30th, 1863. It recites that, in pursuance of the act of February 17th, 1815, there had been located "for John Butler, or his legal representatives, a certain tract of land, described," &c. A full description is then given. The habendum is, "to the said John Butler, or his legal representatives, and to his or their heirs and assigns forever."
This is the land in controversy in this case.
In the opinion of the court in Hogan v. Page,[*] it is said that at an early period there was difficulty as to the form of patent certificates and of patents, arising out of applications to have them issued in the name of the assignee or present claimant, thus imposing upon the office the burden of deciding as to the validity of the derivative title. The same difficulty, it is said, existed in respect to the boards of commissioners appointed to adjust French and Spanish claims. The result, after consulting the Attorney-General, was that the Commissioner of the Land Office recommended that in such cases the patent certificate or the patent should be issued to the original grantee, or his legal representatives, and that this suggestion was adopted by the several boards of commissioners. It is added: "This formula, `or his legal representatives,' embraces the representatives of the original grantee of the land by contract, such as assignees or grantees, as well as by operation of law, and leaves the question open to inquiry in a court of justice as to whom the certificate, patent, or confirmation should enure."
This is decisive of the case before us. There it was argued *146 that "the confirmation to the representatives of Auguste Condé" enured to his heirs. In the case before us, Butler was living at the time of the confirmation. He and Bankston were before the commissioners. Bankston produced his contract. It does not appear that Butler made any objection to his claim, and the commissioners adjudged in his favor. The omission of Butler's name in the patent certificate, under the circumstances, closed the door finally against any claim thereafter on his part touching the property by virtue of his original title. The commissioners must have found that Bankston had done all that he was bound to do by his contract. An act done by a public officer which presupposes another act is presumptive proof of the latter.[*]
The certificate issued by the recorder of land titles under the act of 1815, the location of that certificate and the patent, enured to Bankston and his legal representatives.[] No other representative of Butler, whether hereditary or by contract, has any right, legal or equitable, to the premises. The testimony in the record is conclusive upon the subject.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
NOTES
[*]  Soulard v. United States, 4 Peters, 512; Strother v. Lucas, 12 Id. 436.
[]  2 Stat. at Large, 324.
[*]  3 Stat. at Large, 211.
[*]  2 Wallace, 607.
[*]  Bank of the United States v. Dandridge, 12 Wheaton, 70; Lessee of Ward v. Barrows, 2 Ohio State, 242.
[]  Bissell v. Penrose, 8 Howard, 338; Hogan v. Page, 2 Wallace, 605; Papin v. Massey, 27 Missouri, 445; Boone v. Moore, 14 Id. 420; Carpenter v. Rannells, 45 Id. 591; Page v. Hill, 11 Id. 149.
