                             UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                      v.
                                     Denny GAY, Defendant-Appellant.

                                                No. 00-14729

                                          Non-Argument Calendar.

                                       United States Court of Appeals,
                                              Eleventh Circuit.

                                                May 18, 2001.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia. (No. 97-00011-CR-2-WLS-
6), W. Louis Sands, Chief Judge.

Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, and HULL and FAY, Circuit Judges.

        PER CURIAM:
        Denny Gay appeals his 162-month sentence resulting from his plea of guilty to possession with intent
to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). On appeal, Gay argues that the district

court erred in refusing to hold an evidentiary hearing regarding the factual circumstances of his prior escape
conviction. Gay also argues that the district court erred in treating him as a career offender using his prior
escape conviction as one of the qualifying criteria. We affirm.

         We review a district court's denial of an evidentiary hearing for abuse of discretion. United States

v. Dynalectric Co., 859 F.2d 1559, 1580 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1006, 109 S.Ct. 1641, 104

L.Ed.2d 157 (1989). We review a district court's factual findings for clear error and its application of the

guidelines to those facts de novo. United States v. Trujillo, 146 F.3d 838, 847 (11th Cir.1998).

        Upon review of the presentence investigation report and the sentencing transcript, and upon

consideration of the briefs of the parties, we find no reversible error.

        Denny Gay pled guilty to a superseding information that charged him with possession with intent to
distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).           According to the Presentence

Investigation, an investigation was conducted by several state and federal drug enforcement agencies,

targeting a methamphetamine trafficking organization responsible for the distribution of the drug from Florida
to Georgia. The investigation revealed that Denny Gay, among other individuals, served as a distributor of

the drug. In this position, Gay obtained quantities of the drug, used some of the drug personally, and sold

a portion of the drugs to other people. While no contraband was seized as a result of this investigation, Gay
and the government stipulated that Gay was accountable for at least 20 grams but less than 40 grams of a

mixture containing methamphetamine.
           Prior to Gay's sentencing hearing, the probation department prepared a PSI, recommending that he

be classified as a career offender with an elevated base offense level of 32, rather than his original base

offense level of 18. Gay objected to this classification and argued that, because the underlying facts of his

prior escape conviction involved walking away from a non-secure community corrections facility, the offense
did not constitute a violent crime. Gay also requested an evidentiary hearing to present evidence regarding

the nature and circumstances of the escape.
           After considering cases from other circuits as well as looking at the language of U.S.S.G. §

4B1.2(a)(2), the district court found that the escape was a "technical" one in that Gay had not "busted out in

the sense with blazed guns and fighting people ... or ... even threatened or did anything to anyone."
Nevertheless, the court determined that an escape conviction is an offense that "otherwise involves conduct
that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another," and, as such, overruled Gay's objection.

The court also concluded that, because the government was not contesting the fact that the escape charge was
based upon Gay leaving a community corrections center without authorization, and because the law does not

support a broad review of the circumstances of the escape, it would not grant Gay's motion for an evidentiary
hearing.
           Gay argues that the district court erred in refusing to hold an evidentiary hearing regarding the factual

circumstances of his prior escape conviction. Gay asserts that the court mistakenly believed that it was
precluded from holding such a hearing and believing that a hearing would be futile because all escapes

inherently possess the "serious potential risk of physical injury to another" as contemplated by U.S.S.G. §
4B1.2(a)(2). Gay states that the court should not have relied on the holdings of other circuit courts in

deciding whether escape constitutes a crime of violence because the courts did not have the same access to

the underlying facts. Citing to a footnote in Walker v. Mortham, 158 F.3d 1177 (11th Cir.1998), cert. denied,

528 U.S. 809, 120 S.Ct. 39, 145 L.Ed.2d 36 (1999), which examined the presumption existing in civil rights

cases, Gay also asserts that the court should have treated his case like an employment discrimination claim

and allowed him to rebut the presumption that escape constitutes a crime of violence.
           In response, the government argues that no factual dispute existed, as the government did not

challenge the PSI's description of the escape as a "walk-away" from a diversion center without authority, and,

as such, that Gay has not shown how he was harmed by the court's refusal to conduct an evidentiary hearing.
The government also asserts that, because this Court has held that courts should only look at the elements of

an offense in determining whether an underlying conviction qualifies as a crime of violence for purposes of
classifying a defendant as a career offender, the district court was prohibited from reviewing the underlying

facts of the escape conviction.

         As we have stated, a district court may only inquire into the conduct surrounding a conviction if

ambiguities in the judgment make the crime of violence determination impossible from the face of the
judgment, and then may only examine easily produced and evaluated court documents, including the

judgment of conviction, charging papers, plea agreement, presentence report, and findings of the sentencing

judge. United States v. Spell, 44 F.3d 936, 939 (11th Cir.1995). If no ambiguities exist, the guidelines

prohibit the district court from reviewing the underlying facts of a conviction to determine whether it is a

crime of violence for career offender purposes. United States v. Rucker, 171 F.3d 1359, 1362 (11th Cir.),

cert. denied, 528 U.S. 976, 120 S.Ct. 426, 145 L.Ed.2d 333 (1999).

         Gay was convicted of felony escape, in violation of O.C.G.A. § 16-10-52, which provides that a

person commits the offense of escape when he or she is confined for a variety of reasons and "intentionally
escapes from lawful custody or from any lawful place of lawful confinement," or "intentionally fails to return

as instructed to lawful custody." O.C.G.A. § 16-10-52(a) (1982-2000). As this statute is not ambiguous on
its face, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to hold an evidentiary hearing on the
underlying facts of the escape conviction. Regardless, the court and both parties agreed that the underlying

facts involved a situation where Gay walked away from a diversion facility in a non-violent manner, and Gay
failed to establish how any further review of "easily produced and evaluated court documents" would produce

a different ruling. As such, the court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to conduct an evidentiary

hearing on the prior escape conviction.
         Gay also argues that the district court erred in treating him as a career offender by using his escape

conviction as one of the qualifying criteria. Citing to no authority, Gay asserts that the district court unjustly
decided that the offense of escape creates the potential risk of injury when so many other offenses also may

possess an equal degree of danger, and that the court unfairly placed all escape situations into the same

category. Gay points to the separate treatment of different types of escapes in U.S.S.G. § 2P1.1(b), as

evidence that the guidelines acknowledge a difference between various types of escape. Gay admits that other
circuits have found that the offense of escape presents a potential risk of injury to others, but argues that these
opinions are distinguishable because the courts either looked at the offense of escape in the abstract or the

offenses involved escapes from secure federal facilities. Finally, Gay argues that his escape did not fit within
the "heartland" of the guidelines' intent.

        In response, the government agrees that this Court has not yet considered whether an escape is a

crime of violence as defined by U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(ii). The government also acknowledges that the crime

of escape for which Gay was convicted did not have the use of force or threatened use of force as an element
of the offense. It argues, however, that the reasoning of all of the other circuits, which have addressed this

issue and concluded that escape does present the risk of physical injury to others and falls within the
definition of a violent offense, is sound and should be followed by this Court.

         Pursuant to § 4B1.1, a defendant qualifies as a career offender if (1) he is at least 18 years old, (2)

the instant offense is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and (3) he
has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. This provision is interpreted strictly, and the government must demonstrate all three

elements by a preponderance of the evidence. Spell, 44 F.3d at 938.

        As both parties agree that Gay was over age 18 when convicted and that the instant offense and Gay's

prior burglary conviction are qualified felonies, the issue before this Court is whether Gay's prior escape
conviction constitutes a crime of violence justifying career offender status. A crime of violence, as used in
§ 4B1.1, is defined by the guidelines as an offense punishable by imprisonment exceeding one year that

involves the use or threatened use of physical force against another person or an offense that is "burglary of
a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a

serious potential risk of physical injury to another." U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a).
        While this Court has not decided whether escape is a crime of violence under § 4B1.2(a), every other
circuit that has applied this analysis has determined that escape does involve conduct that "presents a serious

potential risk of physical injury to another." The Fourth Circuit, in United States v. Dickerson, 77 F.3d 774,

776-77 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 843, 117 S.Ct. 126, 136 L.Ed.2d 76 (1996), in looking at whether

an attempted escape from a federal maximum security prison constituted a crime of violence under the career

offender provision, determined that it did not involve the use of physical force and did not constitute one of

the specifically named crimes of violence in § 4B1.2 or its accompanying commentary, but that, by its nature,

the offense presented a potential risk of violence. Id. Looking at escape in the "abstract," the court reasoned
that even an escape by stealth presented this risk because, "the escapee, intent on his goal of escaping, faces

the decision of whether to dispel the interference or yield to it." Id. at 777.

        Similarly, the Tenth Circuit in United States v. Mitchell, 113 F.3d 1528, 1532-33 (10th Cir.1997),

cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1063, 118 S.Ct. 726, 139 L.Ed.2d 665 (1998), in looking at prior escapes that were

"nonviolent walk-aways" from unsecured correctional facilities, reaffirmed its holding in United States v.

Gosling, 39 F.3d 1140, 1142 (10th Cir.1994), that regardless of the facts underlying a particular escape, a

defendant's escape conviction "by its nature present[s] a serious potential risk of physical injury to another."
In reaching its holding, the court clarified that it did not look to the underlying facts of the conviction, but

rather at the "expressly charged conduct." The court in Mitchell, citing to Gosling, 39 F.3d at 1142, reasoned

that:

        [E]very escape scenario is a powder keg, which may or may not explode into violence and result in
        physical injury to someone at any given time, but which always has the serious potential to do so ...
        Indeed, even in a case where a defendant escapes from a jail by stealth and injures no one in the
        process, there is still a serious potential risk that injury will result when officers find the defendant
        and attempt to place him in custody.

Mitchell, 113 F.3d at 1533.

        Following this line of cases, the Sixth Circuit, in United States v. Harris, 165 F.3d 1062, 1068 (6th

Cir.1999), and the Fifth Circuit, in United States v. Ruiz, 180 F.3d 675, 676-77 (5th Cir.1999), have held that

the crime of escape, by its nature, presents a serious potential risk of physical injury. In Ruiz, the Fifth Circuit

also looked at a defendant who walked away from a prison camp where no physical barriers prevented the

escape and no guards were armed, and who asked the court to look at the underlying facts. The court,
nevertheless, found the reasoning of the Fourth, Sixth, and Tenth Circuits to be persuasive and concluded that

the conduct constituted a crime of violence under § 4B1.2. Ruiz, 180 F.3d at 676-77.

        Most recently, the Eighth Circuit followed this reasoning and held in United States v. Nation, 243

F.3d 467 (8th Cir.2001), that every escape, even a so-called "walkaway" escape, involves a potential risk of

injury to others, and that escape categorically is a crime of violence as defined in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. While
the court acknowledged that the term "conduct" in § 4B1.2(a)(2) could suggest an examination of the

underlying facts of a particular offense, the court determined that the guidelines' first application note, which
directs the court to look at the "nature" of an offense, was controlling and reasoned that "[e]ven the most

peaceful escape cannot eliminate the potential for violent conflict when the authorities attempt to recapture

the escapee." Id.
        We agree with the reasoning of these courts and now hold that a prior escape conviction qualifies as

a "crime of violence" under the career offender guideline. While Gay is correct in stating that U.S.S.G. §
2P1.1(b), recognizes specific characteristics of escape, this distinction is not applicable to the separate and

distinct definition of "crime of violence" in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). In addition, while this Court has determined

that the commentary to the guidelines precludes a purely categorical approach to determining whether a prior

conviction is a crime of violence within the § 4B1.2 career criminal guideline, we have held that "a district
court only may inquire into the conduct surrounding a conviction if ambiguities in the judgment make the

crime of violence determination impossible from the face of the judgment itself." Spell, 44 F.3d at 939.

Because the offense of escape does not contain such ambiguities and does present the potential risk of
violence, even when it involves a "walk-away" from unsecured correctional facilities, the district court did

not err in holding that the escape conviction qualified as a "crime of violence" under the career offender

guideline.
        AFFIRMED.
