                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


6-1-2005

USA v. Quinceno-Montoya
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-1299




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                                                                     NOT PRECEDENTIAL


                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                        No.: 04-1299

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


                                              v.

                        VICTOR HUGO QUICENO MONTOYA,
                                             Appellant


                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of New Jersey
                            (D.C. Criminal No. 98-cr-701)
                          District Judge: Mary Little Cooper

                                 Submitted: March 8, 2005

              Before: NYGAARD, McKEE and RENDELL, Circuit Judges

                                    (Filed June 1, 2005)

                                         OPINION

McKEE, Circuit Judge.

       Victor Hugo Quiceno Montoya appeals from a final judgment of sentence. He

raises several claims of trial error and a claim of sentencing error. For the reasons set

forth below, we reject each of his challenges to the court’s trial rulings. However, in the

wake of the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. —, 125 S.Ct.
738 (2005), we will remand for resentencing.




                                               I.

       Inasmuch as we write only for the parties, we need not reiterate the factual

background of this case except insofar as may be helpful to our brief discussion.

                                               A.

       The trial judge excluded evidence relating to a plea agreement that co-defendant

Helmer Andres Saavedra (“Saavedra”) had entered into.1 Montoya argues it was

important for the jury to know that Saavedra’s agreement was conditioned upon his

truthful testimony. We review the trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of

discretion. United States v. Universal Rehabilitation Services (PA), Inc., 205 F.3d 657,

664-665 (3d Cir. 2000) (holding that plea agreements are governed by Federal Rule of

Evidence 403, and a district court’s determination whether to admit evidence under the

balancing test of R. 403 is reviewed for abuse of discretion.)

       Pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 403, relevant evidence should be admitted unless

precluded by another rule of evidence. However, Rule 403 is only a consideration if the

evidence in question is relevant. Fed. R. Evid. 401 defines “relevant” evidence as



       1
          Saavedra entered into a plea agreement whereby he pled guilty and agreed to testify
truthfully on behalf of the Government. The government did not call him as a witness in its case
in chief against Montoya.

                                               2
“evidence having a tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to

the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without

the evidence.” Evidence of a plea agreement is relevant where it allows the jury to assess

the credibility of the witness, eliminates jury concerns regarding selective prosecution of

a defendant, or where it explains a witness’s first hand knowledge of the events. Id. at

665. Here, the government argues, without citation to controlling authority, that these

factors only apply when the government calls a cooperating co-defendant as a prosecution

witness. See Appellee’s Br. at 17-18. Although we do not agree with the government’s

attempt to establish a different set of rules when a defendant calls a witness, we need not

decide that issue now because the prejudice that Montoya claims is speculative at best.

       Here, the trial judge (the Hon. Mary Cooper), went to the extraordinary and

commendable length of granting Saavedra immunity so that Montoya could produce him

at trial without fear of being denied Saavedra’s testimony by his invocation of his Fifth

Amendment privilege. The jury therefore had an opportunity to hear him testify for

Montoya and the jury was free to accept or reject that his testimony. It is clear that the

jury rejected it. Montoya now claims that the jury would have had a more favorable view

of his testimony, despite all the evidence against him, if the jury could only have learned

that his plea agreement was conditioned upon truthful testimony. The jury knew, of

course, that he was under oath when he testified, and we can not agree with Montoya’s




                                             3
rather specious argument that knowing more details about the letter of his plea agreement

would have altered the jury’s assessment of his credibility.2

                                             C.

       We also reject Montoya’s claim that the trial court erred in excluding Saavedra’s

undated, “Dear Prosecutor letter.” Saavedra purportedly wrote that letter from prison with

the help of two inmates. The letter declare’s Montoya’s innocense and confirms that he

thought he was only involved in smuggling liquor. However, despite Montoya’s claims

to the contrary, the letter does not satisfy any rule of evidence and is clearly inadmissible.

Montoya points to evidence that the government established that he and Saavedra rode

together days prior to trial as proof of an inference of a recent fabrication. He then argues

that the letter should have been admitted to rebut that inference pursuant to Fed. R. Evid.

801(d)(1)(B).

       However, the government never argued recent fabrication, and any motive that

Saavedra may have had to lie existed long before they rode together on the eve of trial.

Thus, Judge Cooper did not abuse her discretion in refusing to admit Saavedra’s plea

agreement letter.

                                              C.




       2
           Although we do not suggest that it is always appropriate for a trial judge to grant
immunity to a defense witness in order to afford a defendant the benefit of that testimony,
it is clear that Judge Cooper appropriately did so here, and we commend Judge Cooper
for her exemplary stewardship of this trial.

                                              4
       Judge Cooper allowed evidence of Montoya’s prior conviction for a drug offense

into evidence under Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). Although such evidence is not admissible to

prove the defendant’s bad character, it is admissible for other purposes such as

establishing knowledge or absence of mistake. Id. In order for evidence of other crimes

to be admissible, it must have a proper purpose, be relevant to something other than the

defendant’s character, its probative value must outweigh its prejudicial impact, and the

trial court must give an appropriate limiting instruction. Huddleston v. United States, 485

U.S. 681, 691-92 (1988). This case is a classic example of the proper use of evidence of

other crimes despite its prejudicial impact. Montoya admitted that he was involved in an

illegal conspiracy, but claimed that he thought it involved a conspiracy to smuggle liquor

into the country, not cocaine. Pursuant to a stipulation between counsel, the jury learned

only that Montoya had a prior conviction for drug possession, jurors did not learn of the

details of the offense, and the government did not improperly exploit the prior conviction

in argument. Moreover, the trial court immediately gave a carefully worded limiting

instruction which we must assume that the jury followed. United States v. Givan, 320

F.3d 452, 462 (3d Cir. 2003).

       Montoya’s knowledge of illegal drug trafficking was so clearly relevant to whether

he knew he was involved in smuggling cocaine or liquor that we need no further

explanation of why the district court’s decision to allow this testimony into evidence was

not an abuse of discretion.



                                             5
                                             D.

       The district court allowed evidence that Saavedra told undercover agents that his

“money man,” Montoya, was “recommended to us by an office . . . Some guys that move

800 to 1000 things in Los Angeles. That guy made deliveries like a son of a bitch.”

Montoya argues that this evidence was also unduly prejudicial and that it should have

been excluded as improper evidence of other bad acts. However, we have already

explained that such evidence is relevant to Montoya’s claim that he thought he was only

involved in smuggling liquor, and the court did not abuse its discretion in admitting that

evidence.

                                             E.

       We also review the trial court’s decision to deny Montoya’s Motion for a New

Trial based on newly discovered evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v.

Chorin, 322 F.3d 274, 277 (3d Cir. 2003). Fed. R. Crim. P. 33 provides that newly

discovered evidence must “not be merely cumulative or impeaching.” Montoya claims

that the secret recording of Montes-Lenya establishes she lied when she testified she saw

him outside of her home in November of 1998 when his niece, Catalina, asked her to

participate in a drug conspiracy. However, that evidence would “if anything . . . a

possible discrepancy.” A109. The district court reasonably concluded that the evidence

“would not be likely to produce an acquittal in light of all the other evidence that

defendant was guilty as charged.” Id. We agree.



                                              6
                                               II.

         Although Montoya’s challenge to the trial court’s evidentiary rulings clearly lack

merit, we agree that he is entitled to be resentenced. After the District Court sentenced

Montoya, the Supreme Court decided United States v. Booker. Briefly stated, “[t]he

Court held that 18 U.S. C. § 3553(b)(1), the provision of the Sentencing Reform Act that

makes the Guidelines mandatory, was [unconstitutional] and that it must be severed and

excised [from the Guidelines].” United States v. Ordaz, 398 F.3d 236, 239 (3d. Cir.

2005).

         Here, the court found by a preponderance of the evidence that Montoya was

responsible for 116 kilograms of cocaine and sentenced him based upon an assumption

that she was required to impose a sentence within the corresponding guideline range.

However, it is now clear that the court could not rely upon that drug quantity to increase

Montoya’s sentence unless he admitted it, or the quantity was proven beyond a reasonable

doubt to the jury.

         Accordingly, we will remand for resentencing to allow the district court to exercise

its discretion and fashion an appropriate sentence pursuant to the Court’s holding in

Booker.

                                               III.

         For the reasons set forth herein, the order of the District Court is affirmed in part

and reversed in part. The matter will be remanded for resentencing.



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