                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



FLOYD KEMP,                                                        UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   June 6, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 330968
                                                                   Osceola Circuit Court
TRACY ALLEN, doing business as QUALITY                             LC No. 15-014208-CK
PAINTING & POWER WASHING,

               Defendant,

and

PIONEER STATE MUTUAL INSURANCE
COMPANY,

               Defendant-Appellant.



Before: BECKERING, P.J., and MARKEY and SHAPIRO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company (Pioneer), appeals from the order of
the trial court granting plaintiff summary disposition under MCR 2.116(I)(2) on plaintiff’s
complaint for a declaratory judgment against Pioneer. We affirm.

       On June 17, 2013, plaintiff, Floyd Kemp, was assisting defendant Tracy Allen (Allen)
with a power washing job when a ladder he was using to descend from a rooftop slipped and
gave out beneath him. As a result of the fall, plaintiff sustained injuries. At the time, Allen
maintained a general commercial liability insurance contract with Pioneer.1 Plaintiff brought this



1
 Allen did not maintain worker’s disability compensation insurance. As Allen did not regularly
employ three or more employees at any one time or regularly employ any one employee 35 hours
or more for 13 weeks or longer during the preceding 52 weeks, he was not required to maintain
such insurance. MCL 418.115.



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action for a declaratory judgment after Pioneer denied that it was required to indemnify and
defend Allen in an underlying negligence action that plaintiff had brought against Allen.

        The dispute concerns whether plaintiff meets the definition of a “temporary worker”
under the insurance policy Allen maintained with Pioneer. If plaintiff meets the definition, then
Pioneer is required to provide coverage for plaintiff’s injuries, but if plaintiff does not meet the
definition, then Pioneer is not required to provide such coverage. The policy defines a
“temporary worker” as “a person who is furnished to [Allen] to substitute for a permanent
‘employee’ on leave or to meet seasonal or short term workload conditions.” Because it is
undisputed that Allen does not have permanent employees plaintiff can only qualify as a
“temporary worker” if he was “furnished to [Allen] . . . to meet seasonal or short term
workloads.”

        The deposition testimony of both plaintiff and Allen shows that there is no genuine
factual dispute that the work plaintiff performed for Allen was both “seasonal” and “short term.”
At his deposition, Allen testified that he does business as Quality Painting & Power Washing and
that he performs commercial and residential painting as well as power washing. Allen
acknowledged that the jobs he performed were “short term,” “seasonal,” and mostly occurred
during the summer. Allen explained that power washing jobs typically last only a few days
while painting jobs typically last for about a week. According to Allen, he keeps no employees
on a payroll but instead calls different people to help him with various projects on a “job by job
basis.” Plaintiff is one of the individuals Allen would from time to time call to assist on various
projects. Plaintiff began working for Allen after the two were introduced by a mutual friend. At
his deposition, plaintiff testified that he worked for Allen for “[a[bout ten years off and on.”
Plaintiff also acknowledged that his work for Allen was “outdoor,” “[s]easonal,” “infrequent,”
and “[s]poradic.” Plaintiff agreed with Allen’s description of jobs lasting from one to two days.

        Therefore, the dispute concerns whether plaintiff was “furnished to” Allen. Pioneer
argues that the words “furnished to” require that some form of third party, such as a staffing
agency, have been the cause of plaintiff meeting the seasonal or short term workloads for Allen.
Plaintiff argues that because there is no express language requiring a third party to have been the
one to furnish him to Allen that he could be the one who furnished himself to Allen. The trial
court determined that the term “temporary worker” was ambiguous because the phrase
“furnished to” did not state whether or not a third party was required to do the furnishing. The
trial court then concluded that the ambiguity needed to be construed against the drafter, Pioneer,
and so granted summary disposition to plaintiff under MCR 2.116(I)(2).

       We affirm the grant of summary disposition to plaintiff but on different grounds than
those relied on by the trial court.2 Plaintiff is entitled to summary disposition under MCR



2
  The trial court improperly relied on the rule that an ambiguous contract should be construed
against the drafter, also called the rule of contra proferentem, as a means to interpret an
ambiguous contract at the summary disposition stage. The rule of contra proferentem is a tool to
be used by a finder of fact in resolving an ambiguous contract not a tool to be used by the court



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2.116(I)(2) because the term “temporary worker” is unambiguous and there is no genuine issue
of material fact that plaintiff meets that definition. “The meaning of clear and unambiguous
language is a question of law.” Harbor Park Mkt Inc v Gronda, 277 Mich App 126, 131; 743
NW2d 585 (2007). “If the contractual language is unambiguous, courts must interpret and
enforce the contract as written.” Hastings Mut Ins Co v Safety King, Inc, 286 Mich App 287,
292; 778 NW2d 275 (2009). “A contract is said to be ambiguous when its words may reasonably
be understood in different ways.” Farm Bureau Mut Ins Co v Nikkel, 460 Mich 558, 566; 596
NW2d 915 (1999).

       Insurance policies must be construed “in the same manner as any other species of
contract, giving [their] terms their ‘ordinary and plain meaning if such would be apparent to the
reader of the instrument.’ ” DeFrain v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 491 Mich 359, 367; 817
NW2d 504 (2012) quoting Wilkie v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 469 Mich 41, 47; 664 NW2d 776
(2003). It is appropriate to consult a dictionary in order to determine the plain and ordinary
meaning of terms in an insurance policy. Citizens Ins Co v Pro-Seal Serv Group Inc, 477 Mich
75, 84-85; 730 NW2d 682 (2007). Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed) defines
“furnish” as follows: “to provide with what is needed.” Random House Webster’s College
Dictionary (2001) defines “furnish” as, significantly, “to provide or supply.” Accordingly, for
present purposes, a “temporary worker” is a person provided or supplied to Allen to perform
seasonal or short-term work.

        Notably, the term “is furnished to you” is written in the passive voice and there is no
language that restricts who is to do the furnishing. Therefore, the definition does not preclude
one from furnishing only persons or things external to him or herself and explicitly allows for the
possibility that an individual could furnish him or herself to the insured to provide the seasonal
or short-term work. We are bound by the plain language of the insurance policy, and nowhere in
the plain language of the policy is there any requirement that the provision or the supplication of
seasonal or short term labor be fulfilled by someone external to the one doing the providing or
supplying. Absent any express limitations, when a verb is written in the passive voice it does not
require that any particular person or thing do the action. Fields v Suburban Mobility Authority,
311 Mich App 231, 243-244; 874 NW2d 715 (2015) (Shapiro, J., concurring); Cf Perkovic v
Zurich American Ins Co, ___ Mich ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2017) (Docket No. 152484), slip
op at 8-10 (interpreting a notice requirement in MCL 500.3145(1), which is written in the
passive voice, as focusing on the content of the notice rather than who provided the notice stating
that “it would be strange if the language were to create a distinction between the notice
requirements based on the notice provider”).3 Rather, when the passive voice is used, the focus
is on the fact that the action was done, not on the person or thing who caused it to happen.

at the summary disposition stage. Klapp v United Ins Group Agency Inc, 468 Mich 459, 470-
472; 663 NW2d 447 (2003). When a contract is ambiguous, its interpretation is a question of
fact for the jury and not a question of law for a court to decide on a motion for summary
disposition. Meagher v Wayne State Univ, 222 Mich App 700, 722; 565 NW2d 401 (1997).
3
  The specific language that the Supreme Court interpreted in Perkovic, MCL 500.3145(1), states
“An action for recovery . . . may not be commenced later than 1 year . . . unless written notice of
injury . . . has been given to the insurer within 1 year after the accident . . . .” Perkovic, ___



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        In the present case, there is no factual dispute regarding the scope of plaintiff’s work for
Allen and that work, like all of Allen’s work, was seasonal, and on a temporary “job by job
basis.” To conclude as Pioneer suggests, that a third party is required to have been the one to
have furnished plaintiff to Allen would require us to add language to the definition not present in
the policy, which is not something within our province to do. Lincoln Mut Cas Co v American
Arbitration Assoc’n, 49 Mich App 676, 681; 212 NW2d 765 (1973).

       The insurance policy between Pioneer and Allen is unambiguous, and there is no genuine
issue of material fact that plaintiff falls within the definition of a “temporary worker.”
Therefore, Pioneer is obligated to provide coverage for plaintiff’s injuries in accordance with the
terms of the policy.

       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                             /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro




Mich at ___; slip op at 4-5. The language is in the passive voice, therefore, as the Supreme
Court noted, the plan language focusses on whether the action, providing the notice with all the
required contents, was done, not on who performed the action. Id. at ___, slip op at 8-10.



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