                          T.C. Summary Opinion 2014-65


                         UNITED STATES TAX COURT



                 VERNON M. LESLIE, JR., Petitioner v.
           COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



      Docket No. 9534-12S.                          Filed July 10, 2014.



      Vernon M. Leslie, Jr., pro se.

      Leonard T. Provenzale, for respondent.



                              SUMMARY OPINION


      CARLUZZO, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the

provisions of section 74631 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the

petition was filed. Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not



      1
       Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986, as amended, in effect for the relevant period. Rule references are to
the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
                                         -2-

reviewable by any other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent

for any other case.

      In a notice of deficiency dated January 25, 2012 (notice), respondent

determined a $973 deficiency in petitioner’s 2008 Federal income tax.

      The issue for decision is whether petitioner is entitled to a section 36 first-

time homebuyer credit (credit) as claimed on his 2008 Federal income tax return

(return), or whether the credit is limited to the amount respondent allowed. The

resolution of the issue depends upon whether for purposes of calculating the credit

the cost of various repairs2 are includable in the “purchase price” of the “principal

residence” to which the credit relates.3 See sec. 36.

                                     Background

      Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. At the time the

petition was filed, petitioner resided in Florida.




      2
       Petitioner used the term “repair” (including its various derivatives)
repeatedly during his trial testimony. We use the term for convenience and not to
suggest whether an expenditure should or should not be taken into account in the
computation of the basis in the relevant property. See sec. 1012; see also sec.
1016(a)(1); sec. 1.1016-2(a), Income Tax Regs.
      3
       The parties disagree over how the “purchase price”, as defined in sec.
36(c)(4), of petitioner’s “principal residence” should be computed. Otherwise,
they agree that petitioner is entitled to a sec. 36 credit.
                                           -3-

      On January 23, 2009, petitioner purchased a house in Port St. Lucie, Florida

(sometimes property or house), from GMAC Mortgage, LLC (GMAC). GMAC

had obtained title to the property as a result of foreclosure proceedings. Petitioner

paid GMAC $31,000 for the property, and he incurred and paid settlement

expenses of $300 (rounded) in connection with the transaction. Apparently, the

house was not well maintained or secured while GMAC held title to the property.

The house was vandalized and might have been occupied by one or more squatters

before the date petitioner purchased it.

      After acquiring the property petitioner: (1) repaired a leaking/defective

water main and the resultant damage to carpets, flooring, and drywall caused by

leaking water; (2) removed or remediated extensive mold and mildew damage; (3)

replaced or repaired broken drywall; (4) repaired a broken garage door; (5)

repaired/restored the barrier fence surrounding the swimming pool; and (6)

purchased and installed replacements for missing or broken kitchen appliances.

Some or all of the above were required in order to make the house habitable and to

cause the release of a lien then encumbering the property in favor of the local

housing authority. Petitioner, who is a building contractor, occupied the house as
                                         -4-

his principal residence starting in May 2009.4 By that time he had spent at least

$10,270 for the repairs and the appliances.

      Petitioner’s return, which he prepared, includes a Form 5405, First-Time

Homebuyer Credit and Repayment of the Credit, that shows a $4,157 credit,

calculated by taking on 10% of $41,570, which is the sum of the property’s

purchase price, $31,000, plus settlement charges, $300, plus at least a portion of

the costs of repairs and appliances, $10,270.

      In the notice respondent disallowed $1,027 of the credit,5 which is the

portion of the credit as petitioner computed attributable to the costs of the repairs

and appliances. According to respondent, those costs are not taken into account in

the computation of petitioner’s allowable section 36 credit.

                                      Discussion

      Like deductions, credits are a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer

bears the burden of proving that he or she is entitled to any credit claimed. See

Rule 142(a); Deputy v. du Pont, 308 U.S. 488, 493 (1940); New Colonial Ice Co.




      4
          The exact date is neither known nor important.
      5
       Other adjustments made in the notice of deficiency are computational and
will not be discussed.
                                        -5-

v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934); Segel v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 816, 842

(1987).6

      Section 36(a) allows a credit for a first-time homebuyer of a principal

residence. As noted, the parties agree that petitioner is a first-time homebuyer

within the meaning of section 36.

      As relevant here, the amount of the credit is equal to 10% of the purchase

price of the residence, not to exceed $8,000, effective for purchases made on or

after April 9, 2008, and before December 1, 2009.7 Sec. 36(a), (b)(1)(A), (h). The

term “purchase price” is defined in section 36(c)(4) as the “adjusted basis of the

principal residence on the date such residence is purchased.” Normally, the date

that a “residence is purchased” is the date on which the taxpayer takes legal or

equitable title to the residence. Woods v. Commissioner, 137 T.C. 159, 163

(2011). If the taxpayer constructs a residence, however, then the date of purchase

of the residence is “the date the taxpayer first occupies such residence”. Sec.

36(c)(3)(B).



      6
      Petitioner does not claim that the provisions of sec. 7491(a) are applicable,
and we proceed as though they are not.
      7
        Sec. 36(g) provides that a taxpayer who qualified as a first-time homebuyer
for a residence purchased between December 31, 2008, and December 31, 2009,
may claim the credit on the taxpayer’s 2008 tax return.
                                         -6-

      According to petitioner, the “date of purchase” is a day during May 2009

when he first occupied the house as his principal residence. Petitioner supports his

position and his computation of the credit upon the ground that he constructed the

property. Respondent, on the other hand, argues that petitioner did not construct

the property. Therefore, according to respondent, the “date of purchase” is the

date petitioner took title to the property, that is, on or about January 23, 2009. For

the following reasons, we agree with respondent.8

      Our research has revealed no definitions for the terms “construct” or

“constructed” for purposes of section 36. The terms are not defined in section 36

itself, or its corresponding regulations, or relevant caselaw, or the statute’s

legislative history. That being so, we construe the terms as ordinarily and

commonly used. See Commissioner v. Brown, 380 U.S. 563, 570-571 (1965);

Crane v. Commissioner, 331 U.S. 1, 6-7 (1947); Texaco Inc. & Subs. v.

Commissioner, 101 T.C. 571, 575 (1993), aff’d, 98 F.3d 825 (5th Cir. 1996);

Rome I, Ltd. v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 697, 704 (1991); Union Pac. Corp. v.




      8
        Under the circumstances, we need not address whether the costs of the
repairs and/or appliances, or some part of those costs, are properly included in the
computation of the adjusted basis of the property. See sec. 1016(a)(1); sec.
1.1016-2(a), Income Tax Regs.
                                          -7-

Commissioner, 91 T.C. 32, 38-40 (1988); First Sav. & Loan Ass’n v.

Commissioner, 40 T.C. 474, 482 (1963).

      Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary 303 (1984) defines the

term “construct” as “[t]o put together by assembling parts” or to “build”.

Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary 207 defines the term “build” as

“[t]o form by combining materials or parts”. When used in the context of a house

or other building, the terms “construct” and/or “build” normally and commonly

connote a series of activities that include, at the least, the creation of a foundation,

walls, and a roof, as well as the initial installation of the various support systems

that make the house or other building functional. Petitioner did none of these

things so as to make the house habitable, either physically or legally, as his

principal residence, and he has otherwise failed to establish that he “constructed”

the house within the meaning of section 36(c)(3)(B).

      It follows that petitioner’s allowable credit is computed with reference to

the “purchase price” of the property as of the date he took title to it, not on the date

that he first occupied the house as his principal residence. Consequently, the

adjusted basis in the property is determined as of January 23, 2009. As agreed to

between the parties, that amount equals $31,303.
                                      -8-

      That being so, respondent’s disallowance of $1,027 of the credit claimed on

petitioner’s return is sustained.

      To reflect the foregoing,


                                                  Decision will be entered

                                            for respondent.
