                                                                                           August 19 2014


                                          DA 13-0332

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                          2014 MT 226



STATE OF MONTANA,

              Plaintiff and Appellee,

         v.

CHELSEA MAE CHAFEE,

              Defendant and Appellant.



APPEAL FROM:            District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,
                        In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DC 11-488
                        Honorable Robert L. Deschamps, III, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                For Appellant:

                        Jacquelyn M. Hughes, Hughes Law, P.L.L.C., Billings, Montana

                For Appellee:

                        Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Jonathan M. Krauss, Assistant
                        Attorney General, Helena, Montana

                        Fred Van Valkenburg, Missoula County Attorney, Shaun Donovan, Deputy
                        County Attorney, Missoula, Montana



                                                    Submitted on Briefs: July 23, 2014
                                                               Decided: August 19, 2014


Filed:

                        __________________________________________
                                          Clerk
Justice Patricia Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1     Chelsea Mae Chafee appeals her conviction by a jury in the Fourth Judicial District

Court, Missoula County, of accountability for arson, a felony, and accountability for theft, a

felony. We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

¶2     We restate the issues on appeal as follows:

¶3     Was Chafee’s counsel ineffective when he failed to offer a “mere presence” jury

instruction and failed to object to evidence of other bad acts?

¶4     Is Chafee entitled to a new trial on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct?

¶5     Is Chafee entitled to a new trial based upon the cumulative error doctrine?

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶6     On the morning of October 7, 2011, Missoula County law enforcement officers

responded to a report of a burning vehicle on Pattee Canyon Drive. The owners of the

vehicle called 9-1-1 after approaching their unattended vehicle, noticing it was on fire, and

observing a green SUV quickly drive away. Approximately an hour later, officers stopped a

vehicle occupied by Chafee and Antonio Robinson. Chafee sat in the driver’s seat.

Robinson and Chafee were questioned by the officers and were eventually arrested. On

October 25, 2011, the State charged Chafee by information with accountability for arson, a

felony, in violation of §§ 45-6-103, and -2-302, MCA, and accountability for theft, a felony,

in violation of §§ 45-6-301(8) and -2-302, MCA. Robinson was charged with arson and

theft. He subsequently pleaded guilty and was sentenced for those charges.

¶7     Prior to trial, the State submitted proposed jury instructions. Defense counsel offered

no jury instructions. Trial commenced on January 2, 2013, and went into the next day.


                                              2
Robinson testified that Chafee pulled over, at his request, near the victims’ vehicle.

According to Robinson, he then exited Chafee’s vehicle and tried to gain entry to the other

vehicle. Because the doors were locked, Robinson smashed a window with a rock. He spent

10-15 minutes unloading the car’s contents and loading them into Chafee’s vehicle. He then

lit the car on fire and told Chafee to drive. Robinson testified that his actions were

impulsive, and that Chafee did not participate in the crimes.

¶8     Jeffrey Russell, a witness for the State, testified that Chafee had described the crimes

to him. According to Russell, Chafee stated that she and Robinson had been drinking and

broke into the vehicle because “it was just something to do.” Russell testified that Chafee lit

the vehicle on fire with Coleman fuel or lighter fluid. Chafee’s counsel suggested during

cross-examination that Russell was mad at Chafee for turning him in at work for stealing

food and for unauthorized use of a computer, which resulted in Russell being fired, and that

he was “willing to lie here to get her thrown in jail.” During the State’s redirect, Russell

testified that Chafee was also involved in the workplace theft. The prosecutor later

referenced Chafee’s alleged role in the “workplace theft” during his closing argument.

¶9     In his closing, the prosecutor asked jurors “to get in touch with yourself, with your

own center, your own soul, your own heart, and ask yourself what is the truth?” After telling

jurors they couldn’t “get in touch with . . . the essence of what you know is right and what is

true” and then acquit Chafee, defense counsel objected. The District Court overruled the

objection, calling the comments “argument.” The prosecutor ended by stating: “I’m asking

you to look at everything and to use those attributes that the defense doesn’t want you to




                                              3
consider, like common sense, like what you believe is most true. And you will not be able to

do that and conclude that this defendant was not involved in this case.”

¶10    On January 3, 2013, the jury found Chafee guilty of both counts. The District Court

sentenced Chafee to two concurrent ten-year commitments with the Department of

Corrections, each with eight years suspended. Chafee timely appealed her conviction.

                              STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶11    “Only record-based ineffective assistance of counsel claims are considered on direct

appeal.” State v. Ugalde, 2013 MT 308, ¶ 28, 372 Mont. 234, 311 P.3d 772 (citations

omitted). “To the extent such claims are reviewable, they present mixed questions of law

and fact that we review de novo.” Ugalde, ¶ 28 (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted).

¶12    We consider closing argument statements in the context of the entire argument and

review a district court’s rulings on objections to closing argument content for abuse of

discretion. State v. Cooksey, 2012 MT 226, ¶ 40, 366 Mont. 346, 286 P.3d 1174 (citations

omitted). A defendant must make a timely objection to closing argument statements or the

objection is deemed to be waived. Cooksey, ¶ 40 (citation omitted). We may, however,

review such an issue under the plain error doctrine “in those situations that implicate a

defendant’s fundamental constitutional rights when failing to review the alleged error may

result in a manifest miscarriage of justice, leave unsettled the question of the fundamental

fairness of the proceedings, or compromise the integrity of the judicial process.” State v.

Walton, 2014 MT 41, ¶ 10, 374 Mont. 38, 318 P.3d 1024 (citation and internal quotation




                                             4
marks omitted). Plain error review is discretionary, and we apply it on a case-by-case basis.

Walton, ¶ 10 (citation omitted).

                                       DISCUSSION

¶13    1.      Was Chafee’s counsel ineffective when he failed to offer a “mere presence”

jury instruction and failed to object to evidence of other bad acts?

¶14    The defense theory offered by Chafee at trial was that, though she had been present

when Robinson committed the crimes, she had remained in the vehicle and had not

participated in any way. In other words, she was “merely present,” and did not commit any

crime. Defense counsel argued in his closing argument that

       there is absolutely no evidence that Chelsea did anything while Antonio
       Robinson was rifling through the car and putting the stuff into her car. You
       will not find in the instructions anything that says that a person who’s sitting
       there, has any duty to run away, has any duty to drive away, has any duty to do
       anything.

He stressed that “[the law] requires that she plan or agree with Mr. Robinson to commit this

offense, and that she’s actually aiding him. She didn’t do anything to aid him. She sat there.

There’s no requirement under the law that she affirmatively do anything.”

¶15    Though defense counsel argued that mere presence was insufficient to establish that

Chafee was involved in the crimes, he failed to offer the following standard jury instruction,

approved by this Court as one of the instructions that correctly and adequately instructs the

jury on the law of accountability, State v. Kills on Top, 243 Mont. 56, 92, 793 P.2d 1273,

1298 (1990):

       Mere presence at the scene of the crime and knowledge that a crime is being
       committed are not sufficient to establish that the defendant was involved in the
       crime. To be responsible, you must find beyond reasonable doubt that the
       defendant was a participant and not merely a knowing spectator.

                                              5
¶16    On appeal, Chafee argues that her counsel’s failure to offer a “mere presence” jury

instruction was not based on reasonable or sound professional judgment, and that it

prejudiced her right to a fair trial. The State counters that defense counsel’s failure to request

the instruction “was not deficient performance, because the evidence demonstrated Chafee’s

direct involvement and positive actions to aid, abet, promote, and facilitate Robinson’s

criminal acts.”

¶17    A defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel is guaranteed by the Sixth and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and by Article II, Section 24 of

the Montana Constitution.

       Before reaching the merits of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a
       direct appeal, we must first determine whether the allegations are properly
       before the Court on appeal or whether the claim should be raised in a petition
       for post-conviction relief pursuant to § 46-21-101, MCA.

Ugalde, ¶ 65 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We will not address a claim on

appeal if it relates to matters outside of the record, Ugalde, ¶ 65 (citation omitted), unless it

is unnecessary in the first instance to ask “why” counsel did or did not perform as alleged

and seek an answer by reference to the record. State v. Kougl, 2004 MT 243, ¶¶ 14-15, 323

Mont. 6, 97 P.3d 1095 (citation omitted). For example, it is unnecessary to ask “why”

counsel performed as he did when there is “no plausible justification” for defense counsel’s

action or inaction. Kougl, ¶ 15.

¶18    As noted, defense counsel argued to the jury that Chafee’s mere presence at the scene

was insufficient to support a conviction; however, he failed to offer the jury instruction that

would have informed the jury that his argument was legally correct. The prosecutor was able


                                                6
to capitalize on this omission by arguing in closing for a guilty verdict because “[e]ven if she

never got out of the vehicle, she wasn’t just sitting there. She sat there while she let Antonio

Robinson use her vehicle to load up this stolen stuff.” He also told the jury that when people

get into a mess, the law “imposes an obligation on them to do something to undo what they

had done.” These arguments could have been directly refuted had defense counsel offered

the omitted instruction. Under these circumstances, there was no plausible justification for

the failure of defense counsel to offer the “mere presence” jury instruction.

¶19    We analyze Chafee’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under the two-part test

set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct.

2052 (1984). Ugalde, ¶ 66. A defendant must prove both: “(1) that counsel’s performance

was deficient; and (2) that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Ugalde,

¶ 66 (citation omitted). Performance falling below an objective standard of reasonableness

measured under prevailing professional norms and in light of the surrounding circumstances

is deficient performance.     Ugalde, ¶ 75 (citation omitted).       We “indulg[e] a strong

presumption that counsel’s performance falls within the wide range of reasonable

professional assistance.” Ugalde, ¶ 75 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

However, “the failure to offer [a] potentially beneficial instruction, when that failure is not

part of counsel’s trial strategy, is an error so serious that it falls outside the range of

competence required of attorneys in criminal cases.” Garrett v. State, 2005 MT 197, ¶ 24,

328 Mont. 165, 119 P.3d 55 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

¶20    The law is well established that “mere presence at the scene of a crime is not enough

to establish accountability, [although] the accused need not take an active part in any overt


                                               7
criminal acts to be adjudged criminally liable for the acts.” State v. Miller, 231 Mont. 497,

511, 757 P.2d 1275, 1284 (1988) (quoting State v. Bradford, 210 Mont. 130, 142, 683 P.2d

924, 930 (1984)).

       Additionally, while mere presence and the failure to disapprove or oppose
       another’s commission of an offense are insufficient to sustain an
       accountability charge, these factors may be considered by a jury, along with
       other circumstances, which may indicate whether the accused in some way
       aided or abetted the principal in the commission of the crime.

State v. Spang, 2002 MT 120, ¶ 43, 310 Mont. 52, 48 P.3d 727 (overruled in part on other

grounds) (citation omitted). We are not in this case reviewing the sufficiency of evidence

to sustain Chafee’s conviction, but the failure of counsel to offer an instruction that

would allow the jury to consider “these factors.”

¶21    We conclude that defense counsel’s failure to offer this “potentially beneficial

instruction” constituted deficient performance under the first prong of Strickland because

there was no tactical reason for his failure to submit a “mere presence” instruction when his

theory of the case was that mere presence at the scene was insufficient to support a

conviction. We likewise conclude that counsel’s conduct fell below an “objective standard

of reasonableness.” But see Garrett, ¶¶ 24, 26 (citations omitted); see Kougl, ¶ 26 (citation

omitted) (“[W]hat the judge tells the jury necessarily carries the force of law, while what the

adversarial counsel tells the jury does not,” and closing arguments do not substitute for

proper jury instructions.).

¶22    The Dissent argues that there was sufficient evidence presented to call into question

whether or not a “mere presence” instruction would have been appropriate. Dissent, ¶ 36.

This argument presumes that counsel may have considered the appropriateness of the


                                              8
instruction and decided against offering it in light of the evidence presented. The problem

with this argument is that it is belied by the manner in which defense counsel presented

Chafee’s defense. As indicated in ¶ 14, counsel argued that his client was simply sitting

there while Robinson committed his offense, and that she did not do anything to aid in the

commission of the crime. Counsel further told the jury: “There’s no requirement under the

law that she affirmatively do anything.” Chafee’s attorney urged the jury to acquit her on

this basis. Because the mainstay of the defense was that Chafee’s presence at the scene was

not sufficient to convict, there can be no plausible reason for failing to submit the very jury

instruction that would have lent the force of law to counsel’s argument.

¶23    We now address whether Chafee has established sufficient prejudice under the second

prong of Strickland. “Sufficient prejudice . . . requires that the defendant demonstrate that a

reasonable possibility exists that, but for counsel’s unprofessional error, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Ugalde, ¶ 70 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). A defendant must undermine confidence in the outcome but is not required to

demonstrate that she would have been acquitted. Kougl, ¶ 25 (citation omitted).

¶24    In its presentation of evidence and closing arguments, the State emphasized that

Chafee was present at the scene and did not take any action to prevent the crime or to report

it to law enforcement. By reason of her counsel’s inadequate performance, Chafee was

deprived of the chance to have the jury conclude under well-settled law that she was not

guilty of the crimes charged simply because she was present at the crime scene. Had trial

counsel offered and argued the “mere presence” jury instruction, the result of this case may

have been favorable to Chafee. Hence, prejudice is apparent here.


                                              9
¶25    Because we conclude that defense counsel’s failure to offer the jury instruction

warrants a new trial, we need not reach Chafee’s arguments that her counsel was ineffective

when he failed to object to evidence of other bad acts and failed to object to the State’s

comments about Russell’s credibility.

¶26    2.     Is Chafee entitled to a new trial on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct?

¶27    Though we are reversing this case on alternate grounds, we feel constrained to briefly

address Chafee’s argument that the prosecutor improperly told the jurors to base their

decision on factors other than the law and evidence. The State argues that the comments did

not constitute error because they were made in the context of discussing the evidence

presented and its evaluation. We disagree. The prosecutor urged the jurors to rely upon their

hearts, souls, centers, and essences in making their decision. However, the instructions

direct the jury to decide the case on the basis of the evidence and the law. We measure

prosecutorial misconduct by reference to established norms of professional conduct, Ugalde,

¶ 43 (citation omitted), and “[a]rgument urging the jury to decide the matter based upon

factors other than those it is instructed to consider [by the court] is improper.” Sandoval v.

Calderon, 241 F.3d 765, 776 (9th Cir. 2000). We conclude that the cited statements by the

prosecutor were improper.

¶28    3.     Is Chafee entitled to a new trial based upon cumulative error?

¶29    We decline to address the question of whether Chafee is entitled to a new trial

pursuant to the cumulative error doctrine given our resolution of Issue One.




                                             10
                                      CONCLUSION

¶30    Based on the foregoing, we vacate the judgment of the District Court and remand this

case for a new trial on the charges of accountability for theft and accountability for arson.


                                                    /S/ PATRICIA COTTER

We Concur:

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ BETH BAKER


Justice Rice, dissenting.

¶31    I dissent from the Court’s conclusion in Issue 1 that the allegations of IAC are

properly before this Court on direct appeal.

¶32    “There is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of

reasonable professional conduct. . . . ‘The defendant must overcome the presumption that,

under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.’”

State v. Jefferson, 2003 MT 90, ¶ 48, 315 Mont. 146, 69 P.3d 641 (quoting Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2065 (1984) (internal quotation omitted)).

Ordinarily, the record on appeal must adequately document why counsel acted, or failed to

act, in a particular manner in order for this Court to determine whether counsel’s action falls

below the reasonable standard for professional conduct. Jefferson, ¶ 49. However, in rare

cases it is unnecessary to ask “why” in the first instance. In such cases, “[w]hat matters is

that there could not be any legitimate reason for what counsel did.” State v. Kougl, 2004 MT

243, ¶ 15, 323 Mont. 6, 97 P.3d 1095 (emphasis added). When there is a plausible, but not


                                               11
necessarily actual, justification for counsel’s action, the proper action for this Court is to

dismiss the appeal without prejudice and allow the defendant to seek relief through a

postconviction relief hearing. Kougl, ¶ 19.

¶33    I am not convinced that this case satisfies the no “legitimate reason” exception for

counsel’s failure to request the “mere presence” instruction. Unlike our prior cases where we

utilized this exception to review direct appeal claims of IAC for failure to offer a proposed

jury instruction, Chafee cannot establish that she was entitled to a “mere presence”

instruction. See Kougl, ¶ 20 (failure to request an instruction to view accomplices’ testimony

with suspicion was clearly IAC because the witnesses were undisputedly accomplices and,

pursuant to § 26-1-303(4), MCA, “if the trial court had been asked to give a ‘viewed with

distrust’ instruction to the jury, it would have had to honor the request”); State v. Rose, 1998

MT 342, ¶ 18, 292 Mont. 350, 972 P.2d 321 (State conceded on appeal that a “viewed with

distrust” jury instruction would have been appropriate). We have denied direct appeal claims

of IAC where we could not conclude that there was no “legitimate reason” for the failure of

counsel to request a jury instruction. See State v. Hubbel, 2001 MT 31, ¶ 21, 304 Mont. 184,

20 P.3d 111, overruled in part on other grounds, State v. Hendricks, 2003 MT 223, 317

Mont. 177, 75 P.3d 1268; State v. Green, 2009 MT 114, ¶ 22, 350 Mont. 141, 205 P.3d 798.

¶34    The case cited by the Court, Opinion ¶ 19, for the proposition that failure to offer a

potentially beneficial jury instruction is objectively unreasonable conduct for an attorney,

Garrett v. State, 2005 MT 197, 328 Mont. 165, 119 P.3d 55, and the case therein cited for

the rule, State v. Rogers, 2001 MT 165, 306 Mont. 130, 32 P.3d 724, overruled in part on

other grounds, Whitlow v. State, 2008 MT 140, ¶¶ 13, 20, 343 Mont. 90, 183 P.3d 861, are


                                              12
postconviction relief proceedings that did not analyze the propriety of IAC claims made on

direct appeal.

¶35    As the State argues, “‘the accused need not take an active part in any overt criminal

acts to be adjudged criminally liable for the acts,’” quoting State v. Lantis, 1998 MT 172, ¶

39, 289 Mont. 480, 962 P.2d 1169. An “accused[’]s act of aiding or abetting under the

accountability statute need not be criminal in nature; it need only promote or facilitate

commission of the crime.” Lantis, ¶ 39; see § 45-2-302(3), MCA. While “mere presence” at

the scene of the crime is not enough to impute liability, see State v. Johnston, 267 Mont. 474,

885 P.2d 402 (1994) (defendant merely present when discovered in passenger seat of a

vehicle, with no key, outside building that had been burglarized by another), “[o]ne may

become an accomplice by being present and joining in the criminal act, by aiding and

abetting another in its commission . . . but knowledge and voluntary actions are essential in

order to impute guilt.” State v. Nordahl, 208 Mont. 513, 517, 679 P.2d 241, 243 (1984)

(quotation omitted).

¶36    I believe there was sufficient evidence presented to call into question whether or not a

“mere presence” instruction would have been appropriate. The State argued and presented

evidence that Chafee knowingly allowed Robinson to load stolen goods into her car

repeatedly over the course of approximately 10 to 15 minutes. Once Robinson had finished

retrieving items from the vehicle and setting it on fire, Chafee drove Robinson and the stolen

goods away from the scene of the crime. Upon being questioned by police, Chafee lied to

protect both herself and Robinson. Such evidence shows more than “mere presence” while a

crime was committed. In response to this dissent, the Court relies on Chaffee’s closing


                                              13
argument, but regardless of what Chaffee argued in closing, she was not entitled to a jury

instruction that was not supported by the evidence, and her counsel could not be ineffective

for failing to request an instruction to which Chaffee was not entitled. If anything, the Court

should conclude that Chaffee was not prejudiced by the lack of an instruction, as counsel

argued the point anyway.

¶37    There is ample reason here not to second guess counsel. I would dismiss the appeal,

essentially affirming the judgment, without prejudice to Chaffee’s right to seek

postconviction relief on her IAC claims. As to Chafee’s other claims of error on appeal, I

would decline to exercise plain error review and affirm.


                                                   /S/ JIM RICE


Justice Laurie McKinnon joins in the dissenting Opinion of Justice Rice.


                                                   /S/ LAURIE McKINNON




                                              14
