                                                                                          12/03/2018
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                                August 23, 2018 Session

      HAMILTON COUNTY ET AL. v. TAX YEAR 2011 DELINQUENT
                     TAXPAYERS ET AL.

               Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
                 No. 11223-47588 Pamela A. Fleenor, Chancellor
                      ___________________________________

                           No. E2017-02505-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________

This case involves the right of redemption after a tax sale. REO Holdings, LLC (REO),
purchased a parcel of real property at a delinquent tax sale. After the sale, the original
property owners quitclaimed their remaining interest in the property to Basswood
Revocable Land Trust (the Trust). The Trust filed a motion to redeem the property,
which the trial court granted. REO appeals. We reverse.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                            Reversed; Case Remanded

CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN W.
MCCLARTY and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JJ., joined.

Charles Walker, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, REO Holdings, LLC.

James C. Davey, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Hamilton County.

Phillip A. Noblett, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, City of Chattanooga.

No appearance by appellee Basswood Revocable Land Trust or brief filed on behalf of
said appellee.

                                        OPINION

                                             I.

        Both Hamilton County and the City of Chattanooga separately filed a complaint in
the trial court seeking to sell certain parcels of real estate for the payment of delinquent
property taxes. The trial court consolidated those cases. During the course of the

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proceedings, the clerk and master for Hamilton County determined that Darryl L. Patton
and Kermetta J. Patton owed a total of $12,559.28 in property taxes to Hamilton County
and the City of Chattanooga. Accordingly, the trial court entered an order directing the
sale of the Pattons’ property in satisfaction of their unpaid taxes.

       In June 2015, the clerk and master’s office for Hamilton County sold the Pattons’
property at a public auction. The highest bidder, REO, purchased the property for
$20,000. On June 24, 2015, the trial court entered an order confirming the sale. Pursuant
to Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-2701, the order provided that “the redemption period with
respect to the Property is one (1) year, beginning on the date of the entry of this Order
Confirming Sale.”

        On June 21, 2016, the Pattons quitclaimed their remaining interest in the property
to the Trust in exchange for $500. On June 24, 2016, the Trust filed a motion to redeem
the property and tendered $15,184.41 for the payment of the delinquent taxes plus
interest and court costs. REO filed a motion to protest the redemption, setting forth two
reasons that the redemption should be denied. First, REO argued that the Trust was not
entitled to redeem the property because the Trust did not have an interest in the property
“as of the date of the sale,” as required by Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-2701(a)(3)(C).
Second, REO argued that the motion to redeem was untimely because the property was
abandoned and the redemption period should have been shortened to thirty days pursuant
to Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-2701(a)(1)(C).

        On December 4, 2017, there was a hearing on REO’s motion to protest the
redemption.1 In addition to raising the arguments discussed above, REO also argued that
the redemption should be denied on the basis of the recently enacted anti-profiteering
statute codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-2701(b)(2). The trial court rejected all three
of REO’s arguments. First, relying on this Court’s decision in City of Chattanooga v.
Tax Year 2011 City Delinquent Real Estate Taxpayers, No. E2016–00025–COA–R3–
CV, 2017 WL 541535 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Feb. 10, 2017), the court determined that the
Trust was not required to have an interest in the property on the date of the tax sale in
order to redeem the property. Second, the court determined that the motion to redeem
was timely filed. The court concluded that the redemption period should not be
shortened to thirty days because REO did not raise the issue of abandonment prior to the
filing of the motion to redeem. Finally, the court decided that the recently enacted anti-
profiteering statute was not applicable. Upon the denial of REO’s motion, the court
entered an order of redemption in favor of the Trust.

        REO filed a notice of appeal. On January 2, 2018, REO filed a motion to alter or

       1
          The hearing was significantly delayed because REO had filed for bankruptcy in February 2016.
An automatic stay prevented the commencement of any actions against REO’s estate. The automatic stay
was not lifted until September 29, 2017.
                                                -2-
amend the order of redemption. REO argued that the trial court should have required the
Trust to pay additional interest accruing from the date the motion to redeem was filed up
to and including the day the order of redemption was entered. The trial court denied
REO’s motion, prompting REO to file an amended notice of appeal.

       On appeal, counsel for the Trust filed a motion to withdraw, which this Court
granted. Evette Savage, trustee of the Trust, wished to proceed pro se. She filed a
motion with this Court requesting additional time to file her principal brief. We granted
her motion. This Court then entered an order directing the other parties in the case

                to file a responsive brief or briefs no later than fourteen (14)
                days from the date of entry of this order, or else show cause
                why this appeal should not be submitted for decision on the
                record, briefs filed by the appellant and the other appellee,
                and the oral argument of the briefing parties . . . .

In response to this order, Hamilton County filed its brief. The City of Chattanooga filed a
brief that “adopt[ed] all of the arguments set forth in the Brief of Appellee, Hamilton
County, Tennessee, which is fully incorporated herein by reference.” Both Hamilton
County and the City of Chattanooga waived oral argument. Finally, Ms. Savage filed her
brief, which is identical to the brief filed by Hamilton County.2

       REO filed motions to strike the briefs filed by appellees. REO argued that Ms.
Savage, who is not an attorney, is engaging in the unauthorized practice of law by
attempting to represent the Trust in this appeal. REO also argued that neither Hamilton
County nor the City of Chattanooga have standing to participate in this appeal. This
Court entered an order that denied REO’s motions to strike; however, our order directed
REO to raise in a reply brief its arguments relating to standing and the unauthorized
practice of law. REO did so.

                                                  II.

       REO raises the following issues, some of which we have consolidated and slightly
restated:

                Whether this Court should disregard the briefs filed by the
                appellees.

                Whether the trial court erred in concluding that the Trust was
                a “[p]erson entitled to redeem” the property, as defined by

        2
          It appears that Ms. Savage simply copied and pasted the text of Hamilton County’s brief into a
separate document.
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              Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-2701(a)(3)(C).

              Whether the Trust’s motion to redeem was untimely filed,
              thus depriving the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction.

              Whether the trial court erred in concluding that Tenn. Code
              Ann. § 67-5-2701(b)(2) was not applicable.

              Whether the trial court erred in failing to void the Trust’s
              redemption filed in violation of the automatic stay established
              by REO’s bankruptcy filing.

              Whether the trial court erred by not awarding REO its
              statutory interest until the redemption was completed.

              Whether the trial court erred by denying REO’s motion to
              alter or amend the judgment.

                                            III.

       We agree with REO that the briefs filed by the appellees should be disregarded.
With respect to the brief filed by Ms. Savage, it should be disregarded because she is
engaging in the unauthorized practice of law. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 23-3-101(3), -103
(prohibiting non-attorneys from engaging in the “practice of law,” which includes “the
appearance as an advocate in a representative capacity or the drawing of papers,
pleadings or documents or the performance of any act in such capacity in connection with
proceedings pending or prospective before any court . . . .”); ELM Children’s Educ.
Trust v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 468 S.W.3d 529, 533 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014) (holding
that “a non-attorney trustee may not represent a trust in our Tennessee courts.”), perm.
app. denied (Tenn. 2015).

       In addition, the briefs of Hamilton County and the City of Chattanooga should be
disregarded because both parties lack standing to participate in this appeal. Generally, “a
party must be ‘aggrieved’ by the [trial court’s] order” in order to participate in an appeal.
Holt v. Trustee of the Willoughby Cumberland Presbyterian Church Cemet[e]ry, No.
E2014–01502–COA–R3–CV, 2015 WL 3827704, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Jun. 22,
2015) (quoting In re: Montana R.T., No. E2011–00755–COA–R3–PT, 2012 WL
2499498, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Jun. 29, 2012)). “A party is ‘aggrieved’ when he
has an interest recognized by law which is injuriously affected by the order, or when his
property rights or personal interests are directly affected by operation of the order.” Id.
(quoting Clark v. Perry, No. 02A01–9704–CH–00080, 1998 WL 34190562, at *7 (Tenn.
Ct. App., filed Mar. 19, 1998)).

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        Both Hamilton County and the City of Chattanooga properly appeared before the
trial court to obtain a judgment against delinquent taxpayers. In addition, trial courts may
“direct[ ] the delinquent tax attorney . . . to participate in the redemption portion of the
proceedings as an assistance to the court[.]”3 Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-2701(l).
However, neither Hamilton County nor the City of Chattanooga has standing to support
or oppose REO in its appeal of the trial court’s order granting the redemption. Hamilton
County and the City of Chattanooga will receive payment for the delinquent taxes
regardless of whether the redemption is approved; therefore, neither party has “property
rights or personal interests [that] are directly affected by operation of the order.” See
Holt, 2015 WL 3827704, at *2 (quoting Clark, 1998 WL 34190562, at *7). But cf.
Delinquent Taxpayers as Shown on the 2011 Real Property Tax Records of the Metro.
Gov’t of Nashville and Davidson Co. v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville and Davidson Co.,
No. M2015-02450-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 3530842, *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed July 23,
2018) (holding that lienholders who have filed a motion for excess sale proceeds remain
parties to the appeal).

       Accordingly, we disregard the briefs filed by the appellees. Pursuant to Tenn. R.
App. P. 29(c), we deem this case to be “submitted for decision on the record and
appellant’s brief.”

                                                  IV.

        We begin our analysis by considering whether the trial court erred in concluding
that the Trust was a “[p]erson entitled to redeem,” as defined by Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-
2701(a)(3)(C) (2015) (amended 2018).4           This presents a question of statutory
interpretation.

       “Statutory interpretation involves questions of law, ‘which the appellate courts
review de novo without a presumption of correctness.” Madison Co. v. Delinquent
Taxpayers for 2012, No. W2016-02526-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 1976042, at *2 (Tenn.
Ct. App., filed Apr. 26, 2018) (quoting Pickard v. Tenn. Water Quality Control Bd., 424
S.W.3d 511, 518 (Tenn. 2013)). “The overriding purpose of a court in construing a
statute is to ascertain and effectuate the legislative intent, without either expanding or

        3
          The record reflects that Hamilton County’s delinquent tax attorney did not participate in the
December 4, 2017 hearing on REO’s motion to protest the redemption. However, the delinquent tax
attorney did file a brief in opposition to REO’s motion to alter or amend the order of redemption. He also
participated in the hearing on that motion.
        4
          Although the statute was amended in 2018, we must apply “the law in effect at the time of the
tax sale,” unless otherwise directed by statute. Delinquent Taxpayers as Shown on the 2011 Real
Property Tax Records of the Metro. Gov’t of Nashville and Davidson Co. v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville
and Davidson Co., No. M2015-02450-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 3530842, *3 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed July
11, 2018).
                                                  -5-
contracting the statute’s intended scope.” Wallace v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville, 546
S.W.3d 47, 52 (Tenn. 2018) (citations omitted). Because “[l]egislative intent is first and
foremost reflected in the language of the statute,” we begin our analysis by consulting the
text. Id. (citing Lee Medical, Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 526 (Tenn. 2010)).
“When a statute’s text is clear and unambiguous, we need look no further than the
language of the statute itself.” Id. at 53 (citing Lee Medical, Inc., 312 S.W.3d at 527).
We only resort to rules of statutory construction and/or external sources when the
language of the statute is ambiguous. Id. (citations omitted). “The language of a statute
is ambiguous when it is subject to differing interpretations which yield contrary results.”
Id. (citing In re Hogue, 286 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tenn. 2009)). However, an ambiguity
does not exist “merely because the parties proffer different interpretations of the statute.
A party cannot create an ambiguity by presenting a nonsensical or clearly erroneous
interpretation of a statute.” Id. (quoting Powers v. State, 343 S.W.3d 36, 50 n.20 (Tenn.
2011)).

       The redemption statute presently under consideration states that a

              “[p]erson entitled to redeem” means, with respect to a parcel,
              any interested person, as defined in this chapter, as of the date
              of the sale and the date the motion to redeem is filed

Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-2701(a)(3)(C). An “interested person” is defined in pertinent
part as a person “that owns an interest in a parcel . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-
2502(c)(1)(B).

        REO argues that the Trust was not a “[p]erson entitled to redeem” because the
Trust did not have an interest in the property (and therefore was not an interested person)
“as of the date of the sale.” The trial court disagreed. Relying on this Court’s decision in
City of Chattanooga v. Tax Year 2011 City Delinquent Real Estate Taxpayers, No.
E2016–00025–COA–R3–CV, 2017 WL 541535 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Feb. 10, 2017),
the court determined that

              the Redeeming Party does NOT have to have an interest in
              the Property both on the date of sale and on the date the
              motion to redeem is filed. . . . Rather[,] the Court concludes
              the Redeeming Party can acquire the right to redeem after the
              tax sale.

(Capitalization in original).

       In City of Chattanooga, a panel of this Court concluded that a married couple who
acquired an interest in property after a tax sale were “[p]erson[s] entitled to redeem” even
though they did not have an interest in the property “as of the date of the sale.” 2017 WL
                                             -6-
541535, at *3-4. Earlier this year, however, a separate panel of this Court expressly
repudiated the holding of City of Chattanooga because “the Court relied on caselaw [sic]
that predated the current statutory definition of a person entitled to redeem property.”
Madison Co. v. Delinquent Taxpayers for 2012, No. W2016–02526–COA–R3–CV,
2018 WL 1976042, *4 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Apr. 26, 2018). In Madison County, the
Court explained that the language of the statute now under consideration is “clear and
unambiguous”:

               The statute simply does not say that a person entitled to
               redeem means any interested person as of the date of the sale
               or the date the motion to redeem is filed. It says, “ ‘Person
               entitled to redeem’ means, with respect to a parcel, any
               interested person, as defined in this chapter, as of the date of
               the sale and the date the motion to redeem is filed.” Tenn.
               Code Ann. § 67–5–2701(a)(3)(C). This language can only
               reasonably be interpreted in one way. To replace “and” with
               “or” would require that we ignore the ordinary and natural
               meaning of these terms. See Wal–Mart Stores E., L.P. v. N.
               Edgefield Organized Neighbors, Inc., No. M2013-01351-
               COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 6706769, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec.
               17, 2013) (declining to find “or” and “and” interchangeable
               where the context did not suggest such an intention).

               We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the plain
               language within the four corners of the redemption statute is
               clear. A person entitled to redeem must be an interested
               person as of the date of the sale and the date the motion to
               redeem is filed.

Id.

       We take this opportunity to reaffirm the holding of Madison County v.
Delinquent Taxpayers for 2012. The redemption statute as it existed from July 1, 2014,
until April 18, 2018, clearly and unambiguously provided that a “[p]erson entitled to
redeem” must have an interest in the property both at the time of the tax sale and at the
time the motion to redeem is filed.5 See Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-5-2701(a)(3)(C).

       5
           An amendment to this statute, effective April 19, 2018, replaced the word “and” with the word
“or.” It would be inappropriate, however, to allow subsequent legislative acts to influence our
interpretation of the statute as it existed in 2015 when the earlier statute is clear and unambiguous.
Madison County, 2018 WL 1976042, at *3.


                                                 -7-
Because the Trust in this case did not acquire an interest in the property until after the tax
sale, the Trust was not a “[p]erson entitled to redeem,” as defined by the statute in effect
at the time of the sale. The trial court’s ruling to the contrary is therefore overruled.

       Because the Trust was not a “[p]erson entitled to redeem” the property, the trial
court erred by entering an order of redemption in favor of the Trust. The other issues
raised by REO in this appeal are pretermitted.

                                             V.

       The judgment of the trial court granting redemption is hereby reversed. Costs on
appeal are taxed against the appellee, Basswood Revocable Land Trust. The case is
remanded to the trial court, pursuant to applicable law, for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.




                                                     _______________________________
                                                     CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE




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