[Cite as State v. Moody, 2016-Ohio-8366.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                  :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   C.A. CASE NO. 26926
                                                  :
 v.                                               :   T.C. NO. 14CR3237
                                                  :
 CURTIS A. MOODY                                  :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                  :    Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                  :

                                             ...........

                                            OPINION

             Rendered on the ___23rd___ day of _____December_____, 2016.

                                             ...........

ANDREW T. FRENCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0069384, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W.
Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

JENNIFER S. DELAPLANE, Atty. Reg. No. 0089521, 127 W. Market Street, Troy, Ohio
45373
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                            .............

FROELICH, J.

        {¶ 1} Curtis A. Moody was convicted after a jury trial of two counts of murder

(proximate result of felonious assault), two counts of felonious assault, and one count of

having weapons while under disability. Moody was sentenced to an aggregate term of

21 years to life in prison.
                                                                                         -2-


       {¶ 2} Moody appeals from his convictions, raising six assignments of error. For

the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                             I. Facts and Procedural History

       {¶ 3} According to the State’s witnesses at trial, at approximately 7:00 p.m. on July

17, 2014, Jeffrey Farr, Stanley Wilson, Garry Cosby, 1 Raymond Nicholson, Charles

Dozier, and Dozier’s sister, Cynthia, were socializing and drinking beer in a dirt lot next

to a convenience store on Germantown Street in Dayton. Farr and Nicholson were

sitting together on a make-shift bench, Cosby was sitting on the front of Wilson’s truck,

Charles Dozier was seated in his own truck, and his sister was leaning against the truck

and talking with Wilson. 2   Moody, who was known as “Merk”, crossed Germantown

Street and approached the group; Farr, Wilson, and Nicholson were acquainted with

Moody. Cosby noticed that Moody had a gun. Farr told Moody that Moody “better have

[his] money,” and an argument ensued. Moody pushed or punched Farr, and Farr picked

up a board that was part of the make-shift bench and swung it at Moody. Cosby tried to

guide Moody away, and Farr sat back down. However, Moody turned around and shot

Farr six times from behind. Farr died from his injuries.

       {¶ 4} When the shooting started, Charles Dozier yelled to his sister to get into his

truck, and the two drove into one of the parking lots of the apartment complex across the



1
  Although the transcript identifies Cosby as “Gary Cosby,” the record indicates that his
first name is more accurately spelled “Garry.”
2
 There are some discrepancies about where certain people were standing when Moody
arrived. For example, Wilson testified that he was inside the store when the argument
occurred and that, when he came out, Cosby was talking with Moody and Farr was
standing with a board in his hand. These discrepancies are not pertinent to the issues
before us.
                                                                                       -3-


street. When Dozier got out of his truck to go to a family member’s residence, he heard

the shooter calling to him to take him (Moody) to the liquor store. Dozier was afraid to

deny the request, and he and his sister returned to the truck with Moody. Moody directed

Dozier to the rear of an apartment complex several miles way.

       {¶ 5} Walter Jackson, who lived in the apartment complex across the street from

the scene of the shooting, called 911 immediately after the shooting. During the police

investigation that followed, several witnesses to the shooting ultimately identified Moody

as the shooter. In addition, other individuals, including Moody’s mother, indicated that

they saw Moody near the site of the shooting, although they did not witness the shooting

itself. Moody was arrested in August 2014 in Nashville, Tennessee.

       {¶ 6} In November 2014, Moody was indicted on two counts of felony murder, two

counts of felonious assault (serious physical harm and deadly weapon, respectively), and

two counts of having weapons while under disability. The murder and felonious assault

charges included firearm specifications. Moody subsequently filed a motion to suppress,

challenging, in part, the photo identifications made by several of the witnesses. After a

hearing, the trial court overruled the motion in February 2015. On July 28, 2015, Moody

filed a motion to suppress a photo identification by Cosby, who had identified Moody as

the shooter two days before (July 26, 2015). In September 2015, after a hearing, the

trial court also overruled this motion to suppress.

       {¶ 7} The matter proceeded to a jury trial on the murder and felonious assault

charges in November 2015. The charges of having weapons while under disability were

tried to the court. The jury found Moody guilty of both counts of murder and of felonious

assault. The trial court found Moody guilty of one count of having weapons while under
                                                                                              -4-


disability; it acquitted Moody of the second count.

       {¶ 8} The trial court merged the murder and felonious assault charges and

sentenced Moody to 15 years to life for murder. The court imposed 36 months for having

weapons while under disability, to be served consecutively to the murder charge and to

the sentence in another case (Case No. 2013 CR 2574). The court also imposed three

years for the firearm specification, to be served prior to and consecutively to the definite

term of imprisonment.

                              II. Pretrial Photo Identifications

       {¶ 9} In his first assignment of error, Moody claims that the trial court “erred in

failing to suppress the photo identification[s] of Moody,” which violated his right to due

process.

       {¶ 10} “Due process requires suppression of pre-trial identification of a suspect

only if the identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a

very substantial likelihood of misidentification.” Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 196-97,

93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972).

       {¶ 11} The defendant must first show that the identification procedure was unduly

suggestive.    “A lineup is unduly suggestive if it steers the witness to one suspect,

independent of the witness’s honest recollection.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Adams,

144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127, ¶ 208. If the pretrial identification

procedure was not unfairly suggestive, any remaining questions as to the identification’s

reliability go to the weight of the identification, not its admissibility, and no further inquiry

into the reliability of the identification is required. Id. at ¶ 209; State v. Williams, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 26357, 2015-Ohio-1403, ¶ 13.
                                                                                           -5-


        {¶ 12} If, on the other hand, the defendant shows that the pretrial identification

procedure was unduly suggestive, the court must then consider whether the identification,

viewed under the totality of the circumstances, is reliable despite the suggestive

procedure.       Id.   In reviewing the likelihood that the circumstances resulted in a

misidentification, courts have considered the opportunity of the witness to view the

perpetrator at the time of the offense, the witness’s degree of attention, the accuracy of

the witness’s prior description of the perpetrator, the level of certainty demonstrated by

the witness at the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the

confrontation.3 Neil at 199-200; Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53

L.Ed.2d 140 (1977); State v. Chaffin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25220, 2014-Ohio-2671,

¶ 16.

        {¶ 13} Reliability of the pretrial identification is the linchpin in determining its

admissibility.     Manson at 114.    “So long as the identification possesses sufficient

aspects of reliability, there is no violation of due process.” State v. Sherls, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 18599, 2002 WL 254144, *3 (Feb. 22, 2002).

        {¶ 14} We review a trial court’s refusal to suppress a pretrial identification for an

abuse of discretion. State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22624, 2009-Ohio-1038,



3
  We have previously noted that several factors identified in Neil may bear reconsideration
in light of the significant advancement of scientific understanding of memory. See State
v. Frazier, 2016-Ohio-727, 60 N.E.3d 633, ¶ 18, fn. 1 (2d Dist.). For example, Neil and
Manson direct courts to consider the witness’s degree of certainty in the identification, yet
studies have repeatedly shown little relationship between certainty and accuracy.
Nonetheless, as an intermediate court of appeals, this court must continue to follow the
factors articulated in Neil and Manson, as required by Ohio Supreme Court precedent.
See, e.g., State v. Gross, 97 Ohio St.3d 121, 2002-Ohio-5524, 776 N.E.2d 1061, ¶ 25
(considering the Manson factors in determining reliability of identification); State v. Keith,
79 Ohio St.3d 514, 684 N.E.2d 47 (1997).
                                                                                         -6-


¶ 19.

        {¶ 15} According to the evidence at the suppression hearings, Detective Thomas

Cope, a homicide detective with the Dayton Police Department, was in charge of the

investigation of the shooting death of Jeffrey Farr on July 17, 2014. Soon after the

investigation began, Moody became a suspect in the shooting.

        {¶ 16} On July 21, 2014, Cope created a photo spread with six photographs using

an application called JusticeWeb.     Cope used the latest jail book-in photograph for

Moody that was on JusticeWeb – a photo from October 2013 -- and used default

parameters for the program to find comparable photographs.              Under the default

parameters, the program identified individuals that were within five years of Moody’s age,

within four inches of his height, and within 25 pounds of his weight. Cope provided

Moody’s race, hair color, eye color, and gender as additional parameters. The computer

identified several hundred comparable individuals for the “filler” photographs for the photo

line-up.

        {¶ 17} Detective Cope manually reviewed the computer-identified comparable

photographs and looked for people with similar hairstyles, facial features, photo

backgrounds, and skin complexion in an effort to make the photographs “as

homogeneous as possible so there’s not one that stands out over the others.” Cope

selected five photographs, and the program created a photo spread, positioning the

photographs within the spread at random (Supp. State’s Ex. 1/Tr. State’s Ex. 37 4 ).



4
 The original photo spreads were presented at both the suppression hearing and at trial.
At trial, the exhibits were renumbered. However, the court indicated at trial that it had
kept copies of the photo spreads with the original exhibit numbers from the suppression
hearing.
                                                                                         -7-


Detective Cope testified that he failed to “save” the photo spread, so that he could reprint

it at a later date. When Cope printed the photo spread, one of the pages listed each

individual’s name and birthdate underneath his respective photo; Cope testified that this

page is kept separately from the rest of the photo spread packet.

       {¶ 18} The July 21 photo spread was shown to Charles Dozier. Dozier identified

the individual in photo #1 as the person who “may have shot Jeff,” and he initialed next

to the photograph he selected. Dozier indicated to the officer who presented the photo

spread that “this guy resembles him.” Moody’s photo was photo #6 in the July 21 photo

spread.

       {¶ 19} On July 28, 2014, Detective Cope used JusticeWeb to create a new photo

spread. He used Moody’s October 2013 photograph and selected five filler photographs

from the hundreds of photographs that were generated using the same criteria as before.

Two of the five filler photos were the same as those in the July 21 photo spread, and three

of the filler photos were of new people. The individual that Dozier had selected was not

included in the five filler photos. Detective Cope saved the photo spread as a file on his

computer so that he could access it again at a later date.

       {¶ 20} Cope had JusticeWeb generate two photo spread packets with these six

individuals (Moody plus the five filler photos). (State’s Ex. 2/31 and 3/35.) Although the

six photographs were the same in both Exhibits 2 and 3, the computer randomly

positioned the photographs in different positions.

       {¶ 21} Detective Rod Roberts, an officer who did not have any involvement in the

investigation into Farr’s shooting, showed State’s Exhibit 2 to Stanley Wilson and State’s

Exhibit 3 to Raymond Nicholson in different rooms at the police station. Cope did not
                                                                                     -8-


provide Roberts any information about the suspect or the investigation.

      {¶ 22} Roberts testified that he first administered the photo spread to Wilson.

Prior to showing the photo spread to Wilson, Roberts read the photo spread instructions

to Wilson verbatim. The instructions read:

      I am going to show you a group of photographs. This group of photographs

      may or may not contain a picture of the person who committed the crime

      now being investigated. I do not know who the suspect is. Keep in mind

      that hair styles, beards, and moustaches may be easily changed. Also,

      photographs may not always depict the true complexion of a person. Pay

      no attention to any markings or numbers that may appear on the photos or

      any differences in the type or style of the photographs. When you have

      looked at all of the photos, tell me whether or not you see the person who

      committed the crime or any other person you recognize. Do not tell other

      witnesses that you have or have not identified anyone.

Roberts indicated on the form that he was a blind administrator.

      {¶ 23} Wilson identified Moody’s photo, which was photo #2. Detective Roberts

asked Wilson to circle the photograph, initial it, and sign at the bottom of the page.

Roberts also asked Wilson to write the number of the photograph he had selected on

page 2 of the packet, write what the identified person did, indicate his percentage of

certainty, and sign at the bottom of the page. On page 4 of the packet, Wilson put a

checkmark next to “YES” for photo #2 and wrote, “He shot Jeff Farr.” Detective Roberts

then returned the packet to Detective Cope.

      {¶ 24} Within minutes, Detective Roberts went into a separate interview room to
                                                                                        -9-


show a photo spread to Nicholson. Roberts employed the same procedure when he

presented the photo spread to Nicholson. Nicholson selected photo #3, which was

Moody’s photo. After Nicholson made his identification and completed the requested

portions of the photo spread packet, Nicholson returned the packet to Detective Cope.

      {¶ 25} On October 22, 2014, Detective Cope generated another photo spread

using the same six photographs that he had selected on July 28 (State’s Ex. 4/32).

JusticeWeb scrambled the photographs so that they were in a different order than either

of the photo spreads printed on July 28; Moody’s photograph was photo #6.

      {¶ 26} Detective Cope asked Officer Matt Heiser, an officer who was not involved

in the investigation, to present the photo spread to Walter Jackson. The two officers

drove to Jackson’s residence, and Cope explained to Jackson that Heiser would be

conducting a lineup with him (Jackson). Detective Cope then went outside the residence

while Officer Heiser presented Jackson with the photo spread.

      {¶ 27} As with Detective Roberts, Officer Heiser read the instructions to Jackson

verbatim and then gave Jackson the photo spread. Jackson identified Moody’s photo.

Heiser asked Jackson to circle it, initial it, date it, and sign at the bottom. Jackson

complied. Officer Heiser wrote on page 2, “As soon as I handed him the photo he pointed

at number 6 and said that’s him.” Heiser checked “YES” next to “photo #6” on page 2,

indicating that he had selected that photo. At this point, Heiser put the photo spread

packet back in a folder and walked out of the house to get Detective Cope.

      {¶ 28} On July 26, 2015, Detective Cope created another photo spread to show to

Cosby, again using the six-photo photo spread that he had created on July 28 (State’s

Ex. 6/36).   When he printed the photo spread, the order of the photos was again
                                                                                      -10-


reshuffled.

       {¶ 29} Detective Cope asked Detective Cayce Cantrell, a detective with the

Special Victim’s Unit, to administer a photo spread. Cantrell was unfamiliar with Cope’s

homicide investigation.   Cope introduced Cantrell to Garry Cosby, the witness, and

Cantrell took Cosby into the homicide department’s conference room and read him the

instructions on page one of the photo spread packet. Detective Cantrell initialed the

instructions and marked that she was a blind administrator.

       {¶ 30} Cantrell placed the photo spread in front of Cosby, and he pointed to photo

#2, which was Moody’s photo, within 15 seconds. Cantrell had Cosby circle and initial

the photo that he had selected and sign the page. On page 2 of the packet, Cantrell

marked that Cosby had selected photo #2 and had not selected photos #1 and #3-6. On

page 3, Cosby filled in the statement that he recognized the person in photo #2 as the

person who “shot Jeff.” Cosby wrote that he was “sure that’s him.” Cosby signed the

bottom of page 3.    Cantrell signed as a witness, and returned the photo spread to

Detective Cope.

       {¶ 31} Moody moved to suppress the pretrial identifications of him as

impermissibly suggestive.5 The trial court overruled the motion, reasoning:

       Defendant did not contest that the witnesses who identified him through the

       photo line-up had the opportunity to observe him on the night in question.

       The Court has reviewed the line-ups generated by Cope and finds them to

       be appropriate. Defendant does not stand out in any way and the other



5
  Moody also moved to suppress evidence obtained pursuant to a search warrant. This
issue is not relevant to this appeal.
                                                                                       -11-


      persons in the line-ups have similar physical characteristics. Further, the

      testimony of Cope, Roberts and Hieser [sic] establishes that the line-ups

      were appropriately administered by blind administrators. Accordingly, the

      photo line-up identifications will not be suppressed.

      {¶ 32} On appeal, Moody focuses on the fact that Charles Dozier identified a

person from the July 21 photo spread who was not included in any of the subsequent

photo spreads that were shown to witnesses. Where witnesses were shown versions of

the photo spread prepared on July 28 (which did not contain the individual that Dozier

had identified), witnesses identified Moody.

      {¶ 33} Upon review of the evidence from the suppression hearing, including the

photo spread packets presented to the witnesses, the identification procedure employed

by the Dayton police was not unduly suggestive. The photo spreads were presented by

blind administrators, and there was nothing in the manner in which the officers

administered the photo spreads that would make the presentations unduly suggestive.

      {¶ 34} As to the photo arrays generated by the photographs selected by Detective

Cope on July 28, the arrays were computer-generated, using characteristics that were

similar to Moody. The photographs had similar backgrounds, and the individuals had

similar facial features and hairstyles.    We find nothing unduly suggestive in the

photographs that were selected. The fact that the photographs selected on July 28 did

not include the individual identified by Charles Dozier on July 21 did not render the July

28 photo spread (and the additional photo spreads later created from the same group of

photographs) unduly suggestive. The fact that the subsequent photo spreads did not

contain the picture identified by Dozier in the first was thoroughly explored by defense
                                                                                          -12-


counsel. In addition, each of the witnesses was told prior to being shown the photo

spread that the perpetrator’s photograph might not be present and that some physical

features might have changed.

         {¶ 35} The trial court did not err in overruling Moody’s motion to suppress. The

first assignment of error is overruled.

                       III. Motion for a Continuance/ Brady Material

         {¶ 36} In his second assignment of error, Moody claims that the trial court erred in

failing to grant him a continuance, which was based on the State’s late disclosure of

alleged Brady material. Although not specifically stated as part of the assignment of

error, Moody further claims that his due process rights were violated as a result of the

State’s alleged Brady violation and the State’s failure to authenticate cruiser videos at

trial.

         {¶ 37} “The trial court has discretion to regulate discovery in a manner consistent

with Crim.R. 16. If it comes to the court’s attention that a party has not complied with

Crim.R. 16, the trial court may ‘order such party to permit the discovery or inspection,

grant a continuance, or prohibit the party from introducing in evidence the material not

disclosed, or it may make such other order as it deems just under the circumstances.’

Crim.R. 16(L)(1).” State v. Mobley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26858, 2016-Ohio-4579, ¶

23.

         {¶ 38} The trial court has broad discretion to grant or deny a motion for a

continuance. State v. Bones, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26017, 2015-Ohio-784, ¶ 61. In

exercising its discretion, a trial court should consider “the length of the delay requested;

whether other continuances have been requested and received; the inconvenience to
                                                                                       -13-


litigants, witnesses, opposing counsel and the court; whether the requested delay is for

legitimate reasons or whether it is dilatory, purposeful, or contrived; whether the

defendant contributed to the circumstance which give [sic] rise to the request for a

continuance; and other relevant factors, depending on the unique facts of each case.”

(Citation omitted.) State v. Bocock, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22481, 2008-Ohio-5641, ¶

23.

       {¶ 39} In a sidebar discussion during Wilson’s testimony (the State’s second

witness on Tuesday, November 10, 2015), the prosecutor informed the Court and defense

counsel that it was going to display a still photograph taken from a police cruiser video.

The still photograph portrayed Farr’s body on the ground and several people standing

around, including Wilson. During this discussion, defense counsel stated:

       I’m just going to renew my objection on the whole issue that these are

       pictures that came from the cruiser cam that I just received on Saturday.

       So, I just want to put that on the record that that’s where these come from.

       These pictures are stills taken from those, so the objection, just to make

       sure the record reflects the objection based on the request for a

       continuance, because I just saw these on Saturday.

The trial court overruled the objection.

       {¶ 40} Based on defense counsel’s objection on November 10, it appears that the

State provided certain exhibits to defense counsel during the afternoon of Saturday,

November 7, 2015; the case proceeded to trial on Monday, November 9. No written

motion for a continuance was filed on or after November 7, 2015, and the transcript does

not contain any discussion of a request for a continuance between November 7, 2015
                                                                                          -14-


and the November 10 sidebar discussion. There was a “renewed objection,” but no

suggestion as to any prejudice.

       {¶ 41} During the trial, defense counsel stated that the following exhibits were

disclosed on November 7: a CD of the 911 calls (Exhibit 86/Court’s Exhibit IV), a DVD of

seven cruiser videos (Exhibit 83), three still photographs from a cruiser video (Exhibits

27-29), and a transcript of Rhonda Alves’s statement recorded on a cruiser video (Court’s

Exhibit V).    The seven cruiser videos were the following approximate lengths,

respectively: (1) 21 minutes, (2) 10 minutes, (3) 28 minutes, (4) 6 minutes, (5) 1.5 minutes,

(6) 25 minutes, and (7) 20 seconds. The CD of 911 calls contained seven 911 calls,

totaling 6 minutes and 54 seconds. Based on the number of photographs and the length

of the videos and 911 calls, the trial court could have reasonably determined that defense

counsel had an adequate opportunity to review the exhibits in advance of trial. Given

the limited record before us on this issue and the lack of any apparent prejudice, we

cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to continue the

scheduled November 9 trial date.

       {¶ 42} Moody further claims that the State failed to timely disclose certain exhibits,

which violated his due process rights pursuant to Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83

S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).

       In Brady, the Supreme Court held that “suppression by the prosecution of

       evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where

       the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the

       good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.”      Favorable evidence under

       Brady encompasses both exculpatory and impeachment evidence, and
                                                                                         -15-


       evidence must be both favorable and material before disclosure is required.

       Evidence is material within the meaning of Brady only if there exists a

       “ ‘reasonable probability’ ” that the result of the trial would have been

       different had the evidence been disclosed to the defense. “A ‘reasonable

       probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the

       outcome.”

(Citations omitted.) State v. Davis, 116 Ohio St.3d 404, 2008-Ohio-2, 880 N.E.2d 31,

¶ 338. The defense bears the burden of proving a Brady violation that rises to the level

of a denial of due process. State v. Iacona, 93 Ohio St.3d 83, 92, 752 N.E.2d 937 (2001).

       {¶ 43} Moody argues that a Brady violation occurred, because the State

“suppressed” a cruiser video and still photographs taken from that video. He further

states that he was prejudiced by the suppression of this evidence, because the trial court

denied him a continuance after this evidence was untimely disclosed.

       {¶ 44} “The rule in Brady only applies to evidence unknown to the defendant at the

time of the trial.” State v. Royster, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26378, 2015-Ohio-625, ¶

17. And, “[e]ven where information may be exculpatory, ‘[n]o due process violation

occurs as long as Brady material is disclosed to a defendant in time for its effective use

at trial.’ ” (Citation omitted.) Iacona at 100.

       {¶ 45} Here, even assuming that the cruiser video and still photographs were

exculpatory or impeachment evidence, the State disclosed the cruiser video and the still

photographs prior to trial, albeit belatedly, and there is no indication that the disclosure

was so late that Moody was unable to adequately prepare for trial or was otherwise

prejudiced. Moody has not demonstrated that his due process rights, as interpreted by
                                                                                         -16-

Brady, were violated.

       {¶ 46} Finally, Moody states that the cruiser videos were never authenticated.

However, Moody did not raise an authentication argument at trial.         Accordingly, we

review the issue for plain error.

       {¶ 47} In order to constitute plain error, the error must be an obvious defect in the

trial proceedings, and the error must have affected substantial rights. State v. Norris, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 26147, 2015-Ohio-624, ¶ 22; Crim.R. 52(B). Plain error should be

noticed “with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a

manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978),

paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 48} Officer Alexander Magill, who responded to the scene of the shooting,

testified that his cruiser had an in-car camera that digitally recorded out the front

windshield and another camera that recorded the rear passenger seat; the cameras were

activated when the overhead lights were used. Magill stated that the monitors in the

cruisers provide options for saving the cruiser videos, based on how the video is “flagged,”

such as for an arrest, evidence, traffic stop, and so on. Magill testified that he flagged

the video to be saved, and that the case detective would be responsible for creating a

compact disk (CD) and delivering that to the prosecutor’s office. Magill stated that the

cruiser video CDs “always have a certain look to them.” Magill identified State’s Exhibit

83, the CD containing cruiser videos, as looking like a CD that would contain cruiser

videos.

       {¶ 49} The State did not offer the cruiser videos as substantive evidence of

Moody’s guilt. Rather, portions of one of the cruiser videos were played for the jury
                                                                                       -17-


during Detective Cope’s testimony for purposes of impeaching Alves’s testimony (i.e., on

the questions of whether Farr was swinging a branch or stick at her son and whether she

saw her son walking away from the scene of the shooting). During the discussion of the

admission of evidence, Exhibit 83 was not admitted into evidence, because it was used

solely for impeachment.

       {¶ 50} With the record before us, we find no plain error in the State’s use of the

cruiser video at trial.

       {¶ 51} Moody’s second assignment of error is overruled.

              IV. Court’s Witnesses, Misconduct, and Hearsay Evidence

       {¶ 52} Moody’s third assignment of error raises three issues. First, he claims that

the trial court erred in treating two witnesses – Zaneta White and Rhonda Alves – as

court’s witnesses. Second, he claims that the prosecutor committed misconduct “during

exam and through introduction of substantive hearsay testimony and evidence through

the guise of impeachment which otherwise procedurally would not have been permitted.”

Third, he claims, alternatively, that certain relevant evidence should have been excluded

as unfairly prejudicial.

       A. Court’s Witnesses

       {¶ 53} Under Evid.R. 614(A), “[t]he court may, on its own motion or at the

suggestion of a party, call witnesses, and all parties are entitled to cross-examine

witnesses thus called.” The purpose of calling a witness as a court’s witness is to allow

for a proper determination in a case where a witness is reluctant or unwilling to testify.

State v. Renner, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25514, 2013-Ohio-5463, ¶ 18. “A witness

whose appearance is important to the proper determination of the case, but who appears
                                                                                         -18-


to be favorable to the other party, is a principal candidate for application of Evid.R.

614(A).” State v. Croom, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25094, 2013-Ohio-3377, ¶ 73, citing

State v. Curry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89075, 2007-Ohio-5721, ¶ 18.

       {¶ 54} Pursuant to Evid.R. 607, the State normally would not be allowed to

impeach its own witness through a prior inconsistent statement unless it could show

surprise and affirmative damage. However, “[w]hen the court calls a witness on its own

motion, a party need not satisfy the surprise and affirmative-damage requirements of

Evid.R. 607(A) in order to impeach the witness.”            State v. Slaughter, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 25215, 2014-Ohio-862, ¶ 4. The purpose of the rule is to prevent such

a witness from testifying in a manner that is substantially at variance with the witness’s

prior statements, thereby causing the State to be “stuck” with having elicited testimony

harmful to the State out of the mouth of its own witness.         State v. Jones, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 14731, 1996 WL 38940, *4 (Jan. 31, 1996).

       {¶ 55} “ ‘As a practical matter courts will approach the exercise of the right to call

witnesses with some degree of circumspection since merely presenting a person as the

court’s witness may clothe that witness with an enhanced measure of dignity and prestige’

in the eyes of a jury and may be an ‘unwarranted invasion of the adversarial system.’ ”

State v. Hazel, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2011 CA 16, 2012-Ohio-835, ¶ 34, quoting State v.

Combs, 9th Dist. Summit No. 15025, 1991 WL 259530, *2 (Dec. 4, 1991). However, the

decision whether to call a court’s witness pursuant to Evid.R. 614(A) is within the

discretion of the trial court and will be reversed only for an abuse of discretion. Id. at ¶

34; Croom at ¶ 74.

       {¶ 56} On November 6, 2015, the Friday before trial, the State filed two motions
                                                                                          -19-


asking the court to designate Zanetta White, the mother of two of Moody’s children, and

Rhonda Alves, Moody’s mother, as court’s witnesses, pursuant to Evid.R. 614(A). In its

motion regarding White, the State stated, “Due to her loyalties to the father of her children

the State is unaware to what extent Ms. White will actually testify.” With respect to Alves,

the State stated, “Due to her loyalties to her son, and her current hesitation to be

forthcoming about what she witnessed, the State is unaware to what extent Rhonda Alves

will actually testify.” The court declined to rule on the motions prior to trial.

       {¶ 57} White was the State’s last witness on Tuesday, November 9. Before White

was called to the stand, the court mentioned in a sidebar discussion that “[w]e haven’t

had a chance to discuss” the motion to call White as a court’s witness. The court stated,

“I think I’ll have you start just regularly. But it if appears that she’s not cooperating, she

goes right into court witness mode.” The prosecutor responded, “And we’ll come to

sidebar if that happens.”

       {¶ 58} During the trial, the prosecutor did not renew the request for the court to

designate White a court’s witness or “come to side bar,” and the trial court did not

designate her a court’s witness. During White’s testimony, she stated that she lived in

the rear of an apartment complex off Shiloh Springs Road on July 17, 2014, that she

became aware of a shooting that had occurred, that Moody came to her apartment that

evening, and he left after she told him to leave. White further testified that, since Moody’s

arrest, she has received letters (State’s Ex. 39A & 39B) and telephone calls (State’s Ex.

38) from Moody, in which Moody expressed that White should not have talked to the

police and that she should not talk to the police or appear in court in the future. The

prosecutor used several leading questions, without objection from defense counsel.
                                                                                          -20-


       {¶ 59} We find no plain error in the prosecutor’s questioning of White. Evid.R.

611(C) provides that “[l]eading questions should not be used on the direct examination of

a witness except as may be necessary to develop the witness’ testimony.” Nevertheless,

a trial court may permit the use of leading questions during direct examination in its sound

discretion. Wolf v. Rothstein, 2016-Ohio-5441, 61 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 85 (2d Dist.). Evid.R.

611(C) further permits the use of leading questions “[w]hen a party calls a hostile witness,

an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party.”

       {¶ 60} Having reviewed the entire transcript, we cannot conclude that the

prosecutor’s use of leading questions was plain error. The prosecutor’s questioning

guided White’s testimony, but we find nothing to suggest that the manner of questioning

was prejudicial. Moreover, White testified that Moody fathered two children with her, that

Moody had lived with her on and off, and that Moody had been to her apartment in the

days before the shooting and on the night of the shooting. The trial court could have

reasonably concluded that White was a witness “identified with an adverse party.”

       {¶ 61} Rhonda Alves, Moody’s mother, testified on November 12, 2015. She

testified that she resided at the apartment complex across from the site of the shooting

on July 17, 2014, and that Moody and Farr knew each other.              When asked if she

remembered seeing her son at the lot and if Farr was there with a “stick” on the day of

the shooting, Alves initially testified that she did not. However, she then testified that she

had seen Farr with a board and agreed that she did see Farr at the lot. At that juncture,

the State asked for Alves to be designated a court’s witness. Over defense counsel’s

objection, the court agreed.

       {¶ 62} We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to designate Alves
                                                                                          -21-


as a court’s witness. Alves initially testified that she did not remember if she saw Farr or

her son in the dirt lot on the day of the shooting. Immediately after that testimony, she

provided contradictory testimony that she did see Farr and others in the dirt lot that day.

Given Alves’s relationship to the defendant and her initial evasive testimony, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in declaring Alves a court’s witness.

       B. Misuse of Hearsay Evidence

       {¶ 63} Second, Moody claims that the State improperly introduced, as

impeachment evidence, the content of jail telephone calls, jail letters, and a cruiser video

of Alves’s statement to the police. He argues that the content of these items constituted

inadmissible hearsay.

       {¶ 64} Evid.R. 801(C) defines hearsay as a “statement, other than one made by

the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth

of the matter asserted.” A “statement,” as included in the definition of hearsay, is an oral

or written assertion or nonverbal conduct of a person if that conduct is intended by him

as an assertion. Evid.R. 801(A). “An ‘assertion’ for hearsay purposes ‘simply means to

say that something is so, e.g., that an event happened or that a condition existed.”

(Emphasis and citations omitted.) State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235,

818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 97. Assertions can generally be proven true or false. Id. In general,

hearsay is not admissible. Evid.R. 802.

       {¶ 65} Certain statements are excluded from the definition of hearsay, including

statements of a party-opponent where the statement is offered against that party.

Evid.R. 801(D)(2)(a); State v. Cole, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2013 CA 18, 2014-Ohio-233, ¶ 36.

In addition, there are several exceptions to the hearsay rule.
                                                                                          -22-


      {¶ 66} Moody argues, citing Evid.R. 803(8), that statements found in certain police

records or reports cannot be used in the State’s case-in-chief. That Rule excludes from

the hearsay rule:

      Records, reports, statements, or data compilations, in any form, of public

      offices or agencies, setting forth (a) the activities of the office or agency, or

      (b) matters observed pursuant to duty imposed by law as to which matters

      there was a duty to report, excluding, however, in criminal cases matters

      observed by police officers and other law enforcement personnel, unless

      offered by defendant, unless the sources of information or other

      circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.

(Emphasis added.) However, Evid.R. 803(8) does not apply to recordings of telephone

calls by jail inmates, cruiser video recordings, or letters sent by inmates from the

Montgomery County Jail; none of these items is a record or report setting forth the

activities of a public office or agency or a matter observed pursuant to a duty imposed by

law and that must be reported.

      {¶ 67} During White’s testimony, the State introduced two letters written by Moody

to White and the recording of telephone calls from Moody to White while Moody was

incarcerated at the Montgomery County Jail. The letters were heavily redacted before

they were admitted into evidence. In Exhibit 39A, Moody wrote that White should “stick

to the demo” and say that he was out of town. Exhibit 39B consisted of statements by

Moody instructing White not to talk to the police and not to come to court.               The

statements in the letters were admissions by Moody, which are excluded from the hearsay

rules. See Evid.R. 801(D)(2). And, the State was entitled to offer this evidence as
                                                                                         -23-


substantive evidence of Moody’s guilt.

       {¶ 68} Similarly, the recording of Moody’s telephone calls from the jail to White

were offered for the statements by Moody. In the first telephone call, Moody asked White

to read his letters because they are important. In the second call, Moody suggested to

White that she not come to court. Moody’s statements constituted admissions of a party

opponent, which are not hearsay (Evid.R. 801(D)(2)), and they were admissible against

him as substantive evidence of his guilt.       While the recorded telephone calls also

included White’s responses to Moody, we find no suggestion that White’s responses were

offered for the truth of the matter asserted.

       {¶ 69} During Detective Cope’s testimony, the State presented a portion of a

cruiser video, which recorded an interview of Alves by Dayton police detectives during

the evening of the shooting. The State agreed at trial that the video was offered solely

for the purpose of impeaching Alves.

       {¶ 70} Following the court’s ruling that Alves could be considered a court’s witness,

Alves testified that she saw Farr swinging a “stick”, but “I don’t know who he was swinging

it at.” She acknowledged that she had spoken with a police officer after the shooting had

occurred and told a police officer that she had seen Farr swinging a stick at Moody, that

she heard the gunshots, and that she saw Farr on the ground.

       {¶ 71} Alves further testified that she later spoke to a detective while sitting in a

cruiser. Alves stated that she told the detective that she saw Farr swinging a stick or

branch at her son, that she thought the arguing was “horseplay”, that she closed her door,

and that not long afterward she heard gunshots. Alves testified that she opened her door

and saw someone on the ground and a person that looked like her son walking away.
                                                                                        -24-


She emphasized, “I said I thought I saw my son. I didn’t say I saw him.” Alves testified

that she called Moody’s name, but the person did not turn around. Alves testified that

she did not recall telling the detective that she saw Moody walking down Germantown

Street. Alves testified that the police searched her apartment for Moody and that she

gave the police the names of two former girlfriends of Moody.

      {¶ 72} During cross-examination, Alves testified that she did not get a good look

at the person who was arguing with Farr and that when she called to him thinking he

might be Moody, the man did not turn around. Alves further testified that when the police

asked her where Moody might be, she mentioned a girlfriend in West Carrolton, but did

not recall mentioning White. Alves indicated that she was under the influence of alcohol,

marijuana, and cocaine on the night of the shooting, which altered her perception.

      {¶ 73} On redirect examination, the State questioned Alves about her being under

the influence of alcohol and drugs and whether Moody had instructed her to testify to that

in court. The State played a recording of a jail conversation between Alves and Moody

(State’s Ex. 38), in which Moody attempted to influence Alves’s testimony.

      {¶ 74} On recross examination, Alves reiterated that she did not see the shooting,

that she was actually under the influence of drugs and alcohol on the day of the shooting,

that she did not talk to Moody between the shooting and when she spoke to the police,

and that her testimony was not influenced by Moody.

      {¶ 75} The State did not play any of the recording of Alves’s statement to the police

detectives during Alves’s testimony. Instead, it later played two small portions of the

recording during Detective Cope’s testimony. In those portions, Alves told the detectives

that she saw Moody and Farr arguing and Farr swinging a branch at her son, and that
                                                                                       -25-


she saw her son walking away from the scene after the shooting.

       {¶ 76} Evid.R. 613(B) contemplates the use of extrinsic evidence of a prior

inconsistent statement, provided that certain circumstances exist.          See State v.

McKelton, Ohio Sup.Ct. Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-5735, ¶ 125.           Under that Rule,

extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement is admissible:

       (1) If the statement is offered solely for the purpose of impeaching the

       witness, the witness is afforded a prior opportunity to explain or deny the

       statement and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate

       the witness on the statement or the interests of justice otherwise require;

       (2) The subject matter of the statement is one of the following: (a) A fact

       that is of consequence to the determination of the action other than the

       credibility of a witness; (b) A fact that may be shown by extrinsic evidence

       under Evid.R. 608(A), 609, 616(A), or 616(B); (c) A fact that may be shown

       by extrinsic evidence under the common law of impeachment if not in

       conflict with the Rules of Evidence.

       {¶ 77} “As a general rule, ‘prior inconsistent statements constitute hearsay

evidence and thus are admissible only for the purpose of impeachment.’ Accordingly,

unless another hearsay exception applies, a party may not interrogate his own witness

about a prior inconsistent statement ‘ “for the purpose of offering substantive evidence

against the accused.” ’ ” (Citations omitted.) McKelton at ¶ 128.

       {¶ 78} Because Alves had been designated a court’s witness, both the State and

the defense were permitted to impeach her with any prior inconsistent statements. At

trial, Alves testified that she had seen someone who looked like her son arguing with Farr
                                                                                          -26-


prior to the shooting and walking down Germantown Street following the shooting. In

her prior recorded statement, Alves identified the person as her son.

         {¶ 79} The prosecutor did not play, during Alves’s testimony, the portion of the

cruiser video in which she had made statements that differed from her trial testimony.

However, she was repeatedly asked if she remembered speaking with detectives in a

cruiser following the shooting (she answered that she did), and if she recalled telling

detectives that she saw her son arguing with Farr and walking away down Germantown

Street; Alves testified that she could not identify the person in the confrontation with Farr

as her son, and she expressly denied telling detectives that she had seen her son walking

away after the shooting. Thus, Alves was presented with the substance of her prior

inconsistent statement and was afforded an opportunity to explain or deny it. Although

the better course may have been to play the excerpts of the cruiser video during the

impeachment of Alves, rather than during Detective Cope’s testimony, the State was

permitted to present extrinsic evidence of this prior inconsistent statement for purposes

of impeaching Alves’s testimony that the person who was with Farr and walked away from

the scene only looked like her son. And, under the facts of this case, the use of the

cruiser video during Cope’s testimony was, at most, harmless error.

         C. Undue Prejudice

         {¶ 80} Alternatively, Moody claims that, even if the content of the jail telephone

calls, jail letters, and the cruiser video were admissible, they should have been excluded

because the prejudice that resulted from their admission outweighed their probative

value.

         {¶ 81} Relevant evidence is generally admissible whereas irrelevant evidence is
                                                                                          -27-


not. Evid.R. 402. “Relevant evidence” is defined as “evidence having any tendency to

make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action

more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401.

Relevant evidence is not admissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.

Evid.R. 402; Evid.R. 403(A). Decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence at trial

are within the broad discretion of the trial court and will be upheld absent an abuse of

discretion and material prejudice. State v. Lang, 129 Ohio St.3d 512, 2011-Ohio-4215,

954 N.E.2d 596, ¶ 86; State v. Haines, 112 Ohio St.3d 393, 2006-Ohio-6711, 860 N.E.2d

91, ¶ 50.

       {¶ 82} The jail telephone calls, letters, and the cruiser video of Alves’s statement

were relevant to establish the identity of the perpetrator, i.e., that Moody was the shooter.

The evidence was prejudicial to Moody in that it tended to demonstrate that Moody was,

in fact, the shooter. The evidence was not unfairly prejudicial, and it did not create a risk

of confusing the issues or misleading the jury. The trial court did not abuse its discretion

in allowing the exhibits to be presented at trial.

       {¶ 83} Moody’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                                   V. Hearsay Evidence

       {¶ 84} In his fourth assignment of error, Moody claims that the testimony of multiple

witnesses included inadmissible hearsay statements and that the cumulative effect of

these hearsay statements deprived him of a fair trial.       Moody cites to testimony by

Wilson, Cosby, Nicholson, Charles Dozier, Cynthia Dozier, White, Alves, and Cope.

Moody also notes that several statements by Farr were admitted, although he made no
                                                                                          -28-


dying declaration.

       A. Stanley Wilson

       {¶ 85} First, Moody cites testimony about a conversation that Wilson had with his

(Wilson’s) nephew prior to the confrontation between Farr and Moody. Wilson’s nephew

was at the lot on July 17, 2014, but left prior to the confrontation between Farr and Moody.

In response to the prosecutor’s question about who was at the lot and whether they were

drinking alcohol or beer, Wilson testified:

       We were drinking beers, me – well, my nephew bought the beer, he pulled

       up and said, Uncle, what’s up? I said, nothing. He said, I just got work,

       he said, you want a beer? I said, yeah. So, he went in the store, bought

       a 12-pack of beer. So, it was us four, five sitting out there drinking beer.

       {¶ 86} Wilson’s testimony about his conversation with his nephew was background

information that was not offered for the truth of the matter.           And, because that

conversation had no bearing on the murder itself, the admission of those statements was

not prejudicial to Moody.

       {¶ 87} Moody next objects to Wilson’s testimony as to what Cynthia Dozier said to

him. Wilson testified that, after he came out of the store, he went over to Charles

Dozier’s truck to talk with Cynthia. Cynthia reportedly stated, “Hey, Stan.” Cynthia’s

greeting to Wilson was not an “assertion.”        Accordingly, it does not fall within the

definition of hearsay. See Evid.R. 801. And, again, the trial court’s admission of that

statement was not prejudicial to Moody.

       {¶ 88} Third, Wilson testified without objection that, immediately after the shooting,

he asked Moody, “Man, what’s wrong with you?” When the prosecutor asked a second
                                                                                          -29-


time what Wilson had said to Moody after the shots were fired, Wilson again testified, “I

said, ‘Man, what the f**k wrong with you?” These statements were not assertions, and

they were not offered for the truth of the matter asserted.      Even if they constituted

hearsay, given the circumstances, they would likely have been admissible under the

excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule. See Evid.R. 803(2).

       {¶ 89} Wilson also testified that, prior to entering the store, his nephew noticed

Moody across the street at the bus stop. The nephew asked Wilson, “What’s wrong with

him?” Again, this question is not an assertion, and the nephew’s question was not

offered for the truth of the matter asserted and was not unfairly prejudicial to Moody.

       {¶ 90} Finally, Moody challenges the following exchange:

       [PROSECUTOR]: Why did you tell the police, the next day, who did it? If

       you didn’t want to be involved?

       [WILSON]: I didn’t want to be involved, but as they brought me down here,

       and started talking to me and whatnot and whatever, like I said, he was

       messed up, people – like I said, again, he was my friend. I said, “He’s my

       friend and this what happened, and this is what I saw.”

(Emphasis added.) This also is not a hearsay statement; Wilson was explaining his

actions, and his explanation was not unfairly prejudicial to Moody.

       B. Garry Cosby

       {¶ 91} Moody challenges portions of Cosby’s testimony, where he relates part of

a conversation between himself and Farr. Cosby testified that, when Farr picked up a

board and started swinging it at Moody, Cosby asked Farr “what the hell are you doing”

and told Farr “that man’s got a gun.” Cosby testified that Farr responded, “F**k that
                                                                                          -30-


ni**er’s gun,” and then sat down.

       {¶ 92} Neither Cosby’s question to Farr (“what the hell are you doing”) nor Farr’s

response (“F**k that ni**er’s gun”) was an assertion, and those statements did not fall

within the definition of hearsay. In contrast, Cosby’s statement to Farr that Moody had a

gun qualifies as hearsay. However, Cosby later testified that Moody “made it obvious”

when he walked up to the group that he was armed, and that Cosby could see a pistol in

the front of Moody’s waistband. Any error in admitting Cosby’s statement to Farr that

Moody had a gun was harmless.

       {¶ 93} Cosby also testified about statements he made to Moody. Cosby testified

that he tried to diffuse the situation after the altercation. He led Moody away and said to

Moody, “Let me see your weed, man.” Cosby also told Moody, “Look, man, let that shit

go. * * * It ain’t worth hurting Jeff and it ain’t worth you going to the penitentiary.” None

of these statements was offered for the truth of the matter, and they had no bearing on

Moody’s guilt.

       {¶ 94} Finally, after the shooting, Cosby told a stranger at the store, “Jeff just got

killed on the corner.”   Even if this statement were hearsay (and assuming that the

statement did not fall within the exceptions for excited utterances and present sense

impressions), the evidence at trial established that Farr was fatally shot, and this fact was

not in dispute. Any error in the admission of this statement was harmless.

       C. Raymond Nicholson

       {¶ 95} Moody also challenges the admission of several statements by Nicholson

during Nicholson’s testimony about the shooting. Nicholson testified that he was seated

next to Farr when Farr was shot, and that immediately after the shooting, Wilson told him,
                                                                                        -31-


“Move, Raymond, move, move, get up. * * * Jeff is laying right next to you.” Moody

objected to the testimony as to what Wilson had said to Nicholson, and the court overruled

the objection.   We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling, as these

statements reasonably could fall under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay

rule. Evid.R. 803(2).

       {¶ 96} Nicholson also testified, without objection, that he told a responding police

officer, “A guy walked right past us, he had on all black and pow, that’s when heard [sic]

the shots.” Given that Nicholson’s statement to the officer was made shortly after the

shooting, Nicholson’s statement could have qualified as an excited utterance, Evid.R.

803(2), or a present sense impression, Evid.R. 803(1). When asked why Nicholson did

not identify Moody as the shooter at that time, Nicholson testified, “I’m telling you I was

so scared. I was traumatized. I couldn’t sleep for two days.” These statements do not

appear to be hearsay since he was not repeating a person’s statements, but was merely

explaining his actions. Regardless, even if Nicholson’s testimony were inadmissible

hearsay, the statements were not prejudicial to Moody. No one testified that Moody had

been wearing all black on the day of the shooting; to the contrary, Alves testified that

Moody had been wearing a blue shirt, dark blue capris jeans, and a two-tone blue hat.

       {¶ 97} Finally, Nicholson testified that he heard Moody say to Farr, “I’m going to

pay you your money” and “As soon as I sell the weed I’m going to pay you your money

right then and there.” Each of these statements was admissible as an admission of a

party-opponent. Evid.R. 801(D)(2).

       D. Charles Dozier

       {¶ 98} During Dozier’s testimony, Dozier stated without objection that he observed
                                                                                           -32-


the argument between Moody and Farr and that Cosby told Farr to “sit down, he got a

gun.” Dozier’s testimony that he heard Cosby say that Moody had a gun may qualify as

hearsay.   However, given that numerous witnesses testified that they observed the

altercation between Moody and Farr and that Moody subsequently shot Farr, Dozier’s

testimony as to Cosby’s statement is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

       {¶ 99} Moody takes issue with several additional statements that Dozier made to

his sister following the shooting. Dozier testified that, immediately after the shooting, he

told his sister “to get in the truck, let’s go.” Dozier’s command to his sister was not an

assertion, and it was not admitted for its truth (but merely that he said it). Even if Dozier’s

statement to his sister were an “assertion,” it would reasonably have been admissible as

an excited utterance.

       {¶ 100} Dozier testified that he spoke to the police on several occasions, and that

his initial statement to the police did not include information about driving Moody to an

apartment several miles away. When asked by the prosecutor what made him come

forward and tell the police the full story, Dozier responded that he told his sister, “I got to

do the right thing. Jeff was a friend of mine, you know, we was drinking buddies.”

Dozier’s statement was not offered for the truth of matter asserted; it was offered simply

to explain why he decided to provide a fuller statement to the police.

       E. Cynthia Dozier

       {¶ 101} Cynthia Dozier also testified about statements that she and others made

on the day of the shooting. During the altercation prior to the shooting, she heard Farr

say to the young man (Moody) who had come into the lot, “If you don’t have my m’f’ money

or my gun, don’t come over here.” Cynthia further testified that after Farr dropped the
                                                                                          -33-


stick, another man (who others identified as Cosby) grabbed Moody and said, “No, man.”

After the shooting, Charles Dozier told Cynthia, “Cindy, get in the truck. Get in the truck.”

Soon after, when Charles and Moody were getting into Charles’s truck, Cynthia said,

“Hold up. Wait for me.”

       {¶ 102} None of this testimony is inadmissible hearsay. None of the statements

was offered for the truth of the matter, but rather that they were said.

       F. Zaneta White, Rhonda Alves, Detective Thomas Cope

       {¶ 103} Moody claims that the trial court permitted impermissible hearsay by

White, Alves, and Cope.      For the reasons stated above, White’s and Alves’s prior

statements and Cope’s testimony regarding prior inconsistent statements were

admissible.   We find no prejudicial error in White’s, Alves’s, and Detective Cope’s

testimony.

       G. Jeff Farr

       {¶ 104} Finally, Moody reiterates that several of Farr’s statements, made prior to

the shooting, were admitted.      He claims that these statements should have been

excluded, because they did not qualify as dying declarations. Each of Farr’s statements

has been addressed above, and we find no error in their admission.

       {¶ 105} Moody’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                              VI. Prosecutorial Misconduct

       {¶ 106} Moody’s fifth assignment raises prosecutorial misconduct. He states that

the prosecutor engaged in misconduct in seven respects:

             Without declaring the witnesses hostile, the State continuously and with

              multiple witness used leading questions on direct examination
                                                                                         -34-


             By introducing substantive and prejudicial evidence which otherwise would

              not have been made available through the guise of impeachment of Rhonda

              Alves and Zaneta White (and impeachment of Rhonda Alves by Detective

              Cope)

             By failing to disclose to defense counsel cruiser cam videos intended for

              trial until two days prior to the trial which were later improperly used as

              substantive and prejudicial evidence

             By instructing the jury as to whose testimony was credible and whose

              testimony was not credible in closing statements

             By instructing the jury * * * that all elements were met

             By using improper and inflammatory remarks in the rebuttal closing

              [argument] insinuating Defendant was lying and that defense counsel was

              taking them on detours in regards to evidence which was not favorable to

              the state

             By using a summation which asked that justice be extended even to [the

              apartment complex].

For the reasons set forth in other assignments of error, above, we reject the first, second,

and third claims of prosecutorial misconduct.

       {¶ 107} The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the prosecutor’s remarks

or questions were improper and, if so, whether they prejudicially affected substantial

rights of the accused. State v. Exon, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2014-CA-106, 2016-Ohio-600, ¶

40, citing State v. Jones, 90 Ohio St.3d 403, 420, 739 N.E.2d 300 (2000). A prosecutor’s

conduct during trial cannot be grounds for error unless the conduct deprives the
                                                                                           -35-

defendant of a fair trial. State v. Williams, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24548, 2012-Ohio-

4179, ¶ 51, citing State v. Apanovitch, 33 Ohio St.3d 19, 24, 514 N.E.2d 394 (1987). The

focus of the inquiry is on the fairness of the trial, not on the culpability of the prosecutor.

State v. Bey, 85 Ohio St.3d 487, 496, 709 N.E.2d 484 (1999).

       {¶ 108} Where it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have found

the defendant guilty, even absent the alleged misconduct, the defendant has not been

prejudiced, and his conviction will not be reversed. See State v. Underwood, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24186, 2011-Ohio-5418, ¶ 21. We review allegations of prosecutorial

misconduct in the context of the entire trial. State v. Stevenson, 2d Dist. Greene No.

2007-CA-51, 2008-Ohio-2900, ¶ 42, citing Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 106 S.Ct.

2464, 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986).

       {¶ 109} In general, prosecutors enjoy a wide degree of latitude during closing

arguments. State v. Whitfield, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22432, 2009-Ohio-293, ¶ 12.

They may freely address what the evidence has shown and what reasonable inferences

may be drawn from that evidence. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 165, 555 N.E.2d 293

(1990); State v. Black, 181 Ohio App.3d 821, 2009-Ohio-1629, 911 N.E.2d 309, ¶ 33 (2d

Dist.). “However, prosecutors must refrain from making misleading insinuations and

assertions as well as expressing personal beliefs or opinions regarding the defendant’s

guilt. Prosecutors must also refrain from alluding to matters unsupported by admissible

evidence. ‘It is a prosecutor's duty in closing arguments to avoid efforts to obtain a

conviction by going beyond the evidence which is before the jury.’ ” (Citations omitted.)

State v. Richmond, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2005 CA 105, 2006-Ohio-4518, ¶ 15, quoting

State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14, 470 N.E.2d 883 (1984).
                                                                                        -36-


       {¶ 110} In addition, prosecutors may not make statements that are “so

inflammatory as to render the jury’s decision a product solely of passion and prejudice

against the appellant.” State v. Williams, 23 Ohio St.3d 16, 20, 490 N.E.2d 906 (1986).

“Where it appears that prosecutorial comments constituted an invitation to the jury to go

beyond the evidence or were so flagrant as to incite the passions or prejudice of the jury,

and thereby deny the accused a fair trial, prejudicial error may inhere.” State v. Slagle,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 55759, 1990 WL 82138, * 9 (June 14, 1990), citing State v. Price,

60 Ohio St.2d 136, 140, 398 N.E.2d 772 (1979).

       {¶ 111} Moody did not object to the prosecutor’s closing or rebuttal argument.

Accordingly, he has waived all but plain error.

       {¶ 112} First, Moody claims that the prosecutor inappropriately vouched for the

credibility of the State’s witnesses.

       {¶ 113} An attorney may not express a personal belief or opinion as to the

credibility of a witness. State v. Jackson, 107 Ohio St.3d 53, 2005-Ohio-5981, 836

N.E.2d 1173, ¶ 117, citing State v. Williams, 79 Ohio St.3d 1, 12, 679 N.E.2d 646 (1997).

“In order to vouch for the witness, the prosecutor must imply knowledge of facts outside

the record or place the prosecutor’s personal credibility in issue.” Id., citing State v.

Keene, 81 Ohio St.3d 646, 666, 693 N.E.2d 246 (1998).

       {¶ 114} In contrast, “[a] prosecutor may comment upon the circumstances of

witnesses in their testimony, including their interest in the case, their demeanor, their

peculiar opportunity to review the facts, their general intelligence, and their level of

awareness as to what is going on. The prosecutor may conclude by arguing that these

circumstances make the witnesses more or less believable and deserving of more or less
                                                                                        -37-

weight.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Clay, 181 Ohio App.3d 563, 2009-Ohio-1235, 910

N.E.2d 14, ¶ 47 (8th Dist.), quoted by State v. Jeffery, 2013-Ohio-504, 986 N.E.2d 1093,

¶ 21 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 115} Moody cites the following statement by the prosecutor:

       * * * I told you how Jeffrey Farr was not alone at that lot. I told you how he

       was there with friends, acquaintances, people standing in close proximity to

       Jeffrey Farr. I told you how each of those witnesses would walk through

       those doors, how they’d take that stand and how they would tell you,

       credibly tell you, about the events that unfolded on July 17th, 2014 at [the

       lot]. The State delivered on that promise.

(Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 116} The prosecutor then proceeded to discuss the testimonies of the State’s

witnesses. The prosecutor discussed what facts may be gleaned from the coroner’s

testimony regarding the wounds to Farr’s body and summarized the testimonies of the

eyewitnesses.      The prosecutor repeatedly reminded the jurors that they were “the

credibility judges of the witnesses” and that they would need to judge whether it was

reasonable for various witnesses to have left the scene and for witnesses not to have

come forward immediately after the shooting.

       {¶ 117} Although the prosecutor stated that several witnesses testified “credibly,”

this part of his argument was immediately supported with references to the witnesses’

testimony and the generally consistent story that the eyewitnesses and physical evidence

provided. In short, the prosecutor’s statements regarding the witnesses’ credibility were

supported by reference to the evidence presented, and not based on knowledge of facts
                                                                                        -38-


outside the record or the prosecutor’s personal belief in the witnesses. We find no

improper vouching by the prosecutor.

      {¶ 118} Second, Moody claims that the prosecutor improperly made derogatory

comments about defense counsel during rebuttal closing argument by referring to

defense counsel’s arguments as “detours.” The prosecutor stated:

             You know, [the other prosecutor] has given you an excellent road

      map to follow in arriving at your verdict, and please, if you remember

      anything that we say here this morning, remember this.             Follow the

      evidence.    Follow the testimony because it’s only when you follow the

      evidence that you will be able to arrive at a true and just verdict.

             Don’t be caught going down detours. What do I mean by that?

      Don’t let yourselves be talked into going down a detour that the Defense

      suggests to you that is of no consequence to the case, that is nonsensical

      in nature. Stay true to the path and follow the evidence.

             What do I mean by detours that are of no real consequence?

      Things like no DNA found at the scene that matches back to the Defendant;

      things like no fingerprints were found, things like there was not a description

      of the gun that was given specifically by the witnesses; things like different

      dates of statements. Those are just some examples of what I mean by

      detours, and we’ll talk about it.

             Let me just say this. These detours will lead you to a dead end and

      it’s only upon following the evidence and staying on the path that you will

      be able to reach a just true word. [sic.]
                                                                                        -39-


             What are some examples of other types of detours? Well, you all

      as the jurors are the arbiters of the fact. You decide the facts of the case.

      You will have to use your collective recollection when it comes to what the

      testimony was from each of the individual witnesses.            And Defense

      Counsel made some statements up here as to what he said the witnesses

      testified to, and I made some notes because I just don’t recall that being the

      fact or the case as to what these people testified to, and I will give you some

      examples. But you all will be the ones that have to decide based on your

      recollections.

The prosecutor next discussed portions of different witnesses’ testimony that the

prosecutor said defense counsel had misreported. The prosecutor then argued that the

factual circumstances of this case did not lend themselves to having DNA evidence or

fingermark evidence.

      {¶ 119} We find nothing in the prosecutor’s remarks that rendered Moody’s trial

unfair. Although the prosecutor was critical of defense counsel’s argument (as opposed

to defense counsel personally), the prosecutor merely argued to the jury why defense

counsel’s argument should not be persuasive, why the absence of certain evidence was

irrelevant to the case before them, and why the testimony of the witnesses, which

implicated Moody, should be credited and given primary consideration. The prosecutor’s

characterization of defense counsel’s arguments as “detours” was not unfairly prejudicial.

      {¶ 120} Moody further cites as misconduct the prosecutor’s statements that Moody

“should not be rewarded” for the absence of DNA and fingermark evidence and the

absence of the murder weapon itself.       Viewed in the context of all of the closing
                                                                                        -40-


arguments, we do not agree that this is misconduct.

      {¶ 121} Defense counsel’s closing argument focused on the lack of an

investigation and the lack of physical evidence. Defense counsel noted that only Farr’s

DNA was found at the scene, there were no cell phone records, there were no fingerprints,

and there was no video recording of the incident. In asking the jury not to “reward”

Moody for the lack of physical evidence, the prosecutor was emphasizing that the jury

should consider the evidence before it, and that absence of certain evidence did not

warrant an acquittal. This was within the scope of reasonable argument.

      {¶ 122} Moody further contends that the prosecutor played to the emotions of the

jury by commenting that Farr “is no longer with us and we can’t hear from him.” The

prosecutor told the jury that Farr nevertheless spoke to them through his lack of defensive

wounds (no physical altercation when shot), the location of his entrance wounds (shot

from behind), the angle of the bullets (sitting down when shot), and the injuries caused

by the bullets (couldn’t move after his spine was severed and died quickly). The fact that

Farr was deceased and could not testify was proven and not disputed. The prosecutor’s

statements were reasonable comments on the evidence presented by the coroner, and

they asserted that the evidence from Farr’s body substantiated the eyewitness testimony

about what had occurred in the lot.

      {¶ 123} Moody next points to statements by the prosecutor in rebuttal that “I guess

they want you to think this is a conspiracy.” The prosecutor continued:

      Everybody is lying except for the Defendant and they are somehow getting

      their stories together. In order to believe that, you would have to believe

      that Raymond Nicholson and Stanley Wilson and Gary Cosby and Charles
                                                                                         -41-


       Dozier somehow collaborated with [the coroner] with regard to the medical

       science. You have to ask yourself do you believe that? It’s ridiculous.

              You know, we heard a lot of criticism about the witnesses in this case

       and something needs to be said about that because this defendant is the

       one that picked the witnesses.       He chose those witnesses when he

       decided to gun down Jeffrey Farr in broad daylight in that dirt parking lot.

       Everyone that was there at that point became a witness in his case. He

       chose them. And now he wants to criticize them? To make fun of them

       because they were afraid to go to the police right away?

              To make you think they’re liars because they didn’t want to become

       involved in a murder case? Witness after witness told you the reasons why

       they delayed telling the police what they saw. If they had their preference,

       they wouldn’t have been sitting up here.       They didn’t want to become

       involved. Whether it was because of the neighborhood, whether it was

       because of fear, being labeled as a snitch – all of those. They told you.

       {¶ 124} Again, these statements were in response to defense counsel’s argument

regarding the eyewitness evidence. Defense counsel had argued that six witnesses

claimed to be at the scene, but none had “ever described what the shooter was wearing

or given any description of the gun they now claim to have seen.” Defense counsel

emphasized that none of the witnesses had come forward and identified Moody as the

shooter on the day of the shooting. Counsel noted that Nicholson, who later identified

Moody in a photo spread, had originally told officers that the shooter was wearing all black

and a mask. Defense counsel asked the jury, “Why the lies?” Viewing the transcript as
                                                                                          -42-


a whole, we find the prosecutor’s statements to be proper rebuttal argument.

       {¶ 125} Finally, Moody claims that the prosecutor improperly appealed to the jury’s

emotions when he argued: “But thank goodness for Walter Jackson, and thank goodness

for Raymond Nicholson, and Stanley Wilson because they did do the right thing. And

because of that, we know the truth about what happened. And because they’re brave

enough to come in here, justice can extend out to [the apartment complex].” (Emphasis

added.) Defense counsel did not object.

       {¶ 126} “A prosecutor may legitimately call for justice or ask jurors to do their duty.

However, a prosecutor may not ask a jury to punish a particular defendant for all of the

crimes committed in the community.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Jefferson, 2d Dist.

Greene No. 2002 CA 26, 2002-Ohio-6377, ¶ 18. To the extent that the prosecutor

suggested that a guilty verdict would provide justice for the larger community (the

apartment complex), we do not find this isolated remark was prejudicial, let alone rises to

the level of plain error, when viewed in the context of the entire trial.

       {¶ 127} Moody’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                                   VII. Cumulative Error

       {¶ 128} In his sixth assignment of error, Moody claims that all of the alleged errors

at trial cumulatively resulted in prejudicial error, warranting a reversal of his conviction

and a new trial.

       {¶ 129} The cumulative error doctrine provides that a conviction may be reversed

“where the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of the constitutional

right to a fair trial[,] even though each of numerous instances of trial court error does not

individually constitute cause for reversal.” State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 656
                                                                                    -43-


N.E.2d 623 (1995). The doctrine of cumulative error does not apply in this case because

Moody has not established multiple instances of harmless error. See id.

      {¶ 130} Moody’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

                                    VIII. Conclusion

      {¶ 131} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                                        .............

FAIN, J. and HALL, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Andrew T. French
Jennifer S. Delaplane
Hon. Barbara P. Gorman
