          Supreme Court of Florida
                                   ____________

                                  No. SC14-2499
                                  ____________

                              THE FLORIDA BAR,
                                 Complainant,

                                         vs.

                              PHILLIP J. BRUTUS,
                                  Respondent.

                                   [May 4, 2017]

PER CURIAM.

      We have for review a referee’s report recommending that Respondent,

Phillip J. Brutus, be found guilty of professional misconduct in violation of the

Rules Regulating the Florida Bar (Bar Rules) and suspended from the practice of

law for ninety days, followed by one year on probation. We have jurisdiction. See

art. V, § 15, Fla. Const. We approve the referee’s findings of fact and

recommendations as to guilt. As discussed in this opinion, we disapprove the

referee’s finding, as an aggravating factor, that Brutus’s misconduct in this case

was the result of a dishonest or selfish motive. Nonetheless, we conclude that his

failure to maintain funds entrusted to him, together with other acts demonstrating
negligence in managing his trust account, constitutes serious misconduct

warranting a suspension longer than ninety days. We disapprove the referee’s

recommended sanction, and instead suspend Brutus from the practice of law for

one year followed by two years on probation.

                                       FACTS

      In December 2014, The Florida Bar filed a complaint against Brutus,

alleging that he engaged in misconduct in violation of the Bar Rules. A referee

was appointed to consider the matter. In the proceedings before the referee, Brutus

and the Bar jointly submitted a stipulation as to the facts. The referee then held a

final hearing to address the alleged rule violations, and a separate hearing to

address sanctions. Following these hearings, the referee submitted her report for

the Court’s review, in which she made the following findings and

recommendations.

      As stipulated by the parties, Brutus represented a client, the wife, in a

dissolution of marriage proceeding. The couple’s marital residence was the only

asset at issue in the case. Brutus learned that the former husband had taken out a

$100,000 home equity loan against the property, and spent $40,000 of the funds.

Brutus filed a motion in the trial court to preserve marital assets. As a result, the

presiding judge issued an order directing that the remaining funds, approximately

$60,000, be deposited into Brutus’s trust account.


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      The former husband provided the $60,000 for deposit on March 3, 2008. At

that time, there was no court order or settlement agreement indicating how the

money would be distributed. Nonetheless, beginning on March 13, 2008, Brutus

began disbursing the funds—he disbursed $46,128.55 to the client, $12,475 to

himself in attorney fees, and the remainder to pay costs. Brutus asserts that he

made these dispersals based on his genuine understanding of Florida’s equitable

distribution principles, believing that his client held a fifty percent equitable

interest in the marital home or any proceeds derived from the home, including

prior refinances and equity loans.

      On September 15, 2009, the parties entered into a marital settlement

agreement. Pursuant to this agreement, the client agreed to return $12,000 of the

money disbursed to her; the refund would be applied as a credit toward the former

husband’s child support obligations. The trial court did not require Brutus to re-

deposit any funds into the trust account because the court concluded that the

dispute had been resolved in the marital settlement agreement. However, the court

did refer the matter to the Bar for investigation.

      Additionally, during the course of the Bar’s investigation, the Bar’s staff

auditor found several examples indicating that Brutus did not properly maintain his

trust account in accordance with the trust accounting rules. In one instance,

records indicated that as of June 2010, Brutus was holding $32,583.62 in the trust


                                          -3-
account on behalf of a client, and that he should have maintained this amount

through April 2011. However, the Bar’s investigation revealed eight different

occasions during this period when the balance in the trust account was less than the

amount that should have been held just for this client. In a second example, in

September 2008, Brutus deposited earned fees in the trust account, commingling

his own funds with those of his clients. And finally, the Bar discovered at least

three overdrafts from the trust account during the period from July 30, 2010,

through September 14, 2010.1 However, no bank reported to the Bar any check

returned for insufficient funds, and no client or other person has filed any

complaint against Brutus. Brutus has acknowledged the shortages in the trust

account, and he concedes that he did not properly maintain the account.

      Based on these facts, the referee recommends that Brutus be found guilty of

violating the following Bar Rules: 4-3.4(c) (a lawyer must not knowingly disobey

an obligation under the rules of a tribunal except for an open refusal based on an

assertion that no valid obligation exists); 5-1.1(a) (a lawyer must hold in trust,

separate from the lawyer’s own property, funds and property of clients or third

persons that are in a lawyer’s possession in connection with a representation); and



       1. It appears that, in the case of at least one overdraft, when Brutus learned
of the shortage, he immediately deposited the funds back into the trust account.
Brutus also asserts that one overdraft occurred when he mistakenly wrote a check
from the wrong account.


                                         -4-
5-1.1(b) (money or other property entrusted to an attorney for a specific purpose is

held in trust and must be applied only to that purpose).

      The referee found six aggravating factors in this case: (1) dishonest or

selfish motive; (2) pattern of misconduct; (3) multiple offenses; (4) refusal to

acknowledge the wrongful nature of the misconduct; (5) vulnerable victim; and (6)

substantial experience in the practice of law. The referee also found three

mitigating factors: (1) no prior disciplinary record; (2) good character and

reputation in the community; and (3) interim rehabilitation.

      Ultimately, based on her findings of fact, recommendations as to guilt, the

aggravating and mitigating factors found, and the Florida Standards for Imposing

Lawyer Sanctions and case law, the referee recommends that Brutus be suspended

from the practice of law for ninety days, followed by one year on probation.

During his probation, the referee recommends that Brutus be required to: (1) retain

the services of a certified public accountant to review his trust account records on a

monthly basis; (2) submit quarterly statements to the Bar, prepared by the certified

public accountant, specifying whether Brutus is in compliance with the trust

accounting rules, with attached monthly reconciliations, copies of the bank

statements, and a list of clients with their individual trust account balances; (3) pay

a $100 quarterly monitoring fee to the Bar; and (4) attend and successfully

complete the Florida Bar’s Ethics School and Trust Accounting Workshop.


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      The Bar has filed a Notice of Intent to Seek Review of Report of Referee,

challenging the referee’s recommended sanction; it argues a one-year suspension is

the appropriate discipline. Brutus has filed a cross-notice of review, challenging

the referee’s findings in aggravation and mitigation, as well as the recommended

sanction. Brutus urges the Court to order a public reprimand.

                                     ANALYSIS

      Because the parties stipulated as to the facts, we approve the referee’s

findings of fact without further discussion. We also approve the referee’s

recommendations as to guilt. On cross-review, Brutus asks the Court to

disapprove several of the referee’s findings as to aggravating factors and to find

additional mitigating factors. This Court has stated, “[l]ike other factual findings, a

referee’s findings of mitigation and aggravation carry a presumption of correctness

and will be upheld unless clearly erroneous or without support in the record. A

referee’s failure to find that an aggravating factor or mitigating factor applies is

due the same deference.” Fla. Bar v. Germain, 957 So. 2d 613, 621 (Fla. 2007)

(internal citation omitted).

      Brutus first contends there is not competent, substantial evidence to support

the referee’s finding that he acted with a dishonest or selfish motive. We agree.

The referee’s report, based upon the joint stipulation as to the facts, indicates that

Brutus disbursed marital asset funds from his trust account to his client based on


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his “genuine understanding” of Florida law, believing that his client was entitled to

a fifty percent equitable interest in the marital home. Brutus now acknowledges

that the disbursements were improper, and that he had an obligation to hold the

marital assets in trust pending a settlement agreement and court order in the

dissolution case. He also testified before the referee that he did not intentionally

seek to violate the trial court’s order, and that his actions were “reckless” and

“irresponsible” rather than intentionally dishonest. The Bar argues in support of

the referee’s finding that, because Brutus disbursed money from the trust account

to pay his own attorney fees, his motives were inherently selfish. However, there

is no evidence to indicate that Brutus was not entitled to fees in his representation

of the client, and the Bar did not allege that the fee was prohibited or excessive in

violation of Bar Rule 4-1.5. Collecting a legally proper attorney’s fee, without

more, is not itself a selfish or dishonest act. The Bar also points out that Brutus has

admitted to violations of the trust accounting rules for his negligent bookkeeping

practices, resulting in shortages in the account. However, the Bar is not alleging

that Brutus misappropriated client funds, only that he was negligent in maintaining

his trust account. Brutus testified before the referee that the shortages likely

occurred because his office would write checks to cover court costs and filing fees

before depositing the checks from clients written to cover those disbursements.

While we find these careless trust accounting practices concerning, they do not


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evidence a dishonest or selfish motive. Accordingly, we disapprove the referee’s

finding that Brutus acted with a dishonest or selfish motive.

      Brutus next contends there is no evidence to support the referee’s finding

that he has refused to acknowledge the wrongful nature of his actions. He alleges

that his testimony does demonstrate his understanding and acceptance that he made

a serious mistake. The referee necessarily weighed Brutus’s testimony, evaluated

his credibility, and ultimately concluded that he had not fully acknowledged the

wrongful nature of his actions. This Court has long held, “[t]he referee is in a

unique position to assess the credibility of witnesses, and his judgment regarding

credibility should not be overturned absent clear and convincing evidence that his

judgment is incorrect.” Fla. Bar v. Tobkin, 944 So. 2d 219, 224 (Fla. 2006)

(quoting Fla. Bar v. Thomas, 582 So. 2d 1177, 1178 (Fla. 1991)). We do not find

clear and convincing evidence that the referee improperly considered this

aggravating factor, and we approve the finding.

      Finally, Brutus contends there is no evidence to support the finding that the

victim of his misconduct, the client, was vulnerable. However, Brutus himself

testified before the referee that his client needed help, that she could not afford to

pay much money to secure a divorce, and that she was homeless. He has also

acknowledged that, as a part of the marital settlement agreement with her former

husband, the client was required to return $12,000 to the former husband, credited


                                          -8-
toward his child support obligations. Brutus’s client relied on him to make

decisions in her best interest, and his improper disbursements could have caused

her serious harm. Accordingly, we approve the referee’s remaining findings in

aggravation and the findings in mitigation in full.

      We next address the referee’s recommended sanction, a ninety-day

suspension. In reviewing a referee’s recommended discipline, this Court’s scope

of review is broader than that afforded to the referee’s findings of fact because,

ultimately, it is the Court’s responsibility to order the appropriate sanction. See

Fla. Bar v. Anderson, 538 So. 2d 852, 854 (Fla. 1989); see also art. V, § 15, Fla.

Const. However, generally speaking, this Court will not second-guess the referee’s

recommended discipline as long as it has a reasonable basis in existing case law

and the Florida Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions. See Fla. Bar v.

Temmer, 753 So. 2d 555, 558 (Fla. 1999).

      The Court has long held that the misuse of client funds “is one of the most

serious offenses a lawyer can commit. . . . However, in imposing discipline for

trust account violations, this Court’s case law suggests a clear distinction between

cases where the lawyer’s conduct is deliberate or intentional and cases where the

lawyer acts in a negligent or grossly negligent manner.” Fla. Bar v. Weiss, 586 So.

2d 1051, 1053 (Fla. 1991). Here, the stipulated facts indicate that Brutus did not

intentionally misappropriate client money for his own personal use. Still, we find


                                         -9-
his negligent conduct troubling. Brutus has repeatedly failed to ensure that his

own conduct, and his law firm’s trust accounting practices, are in strict compliance

with the ethical and trust accounting rules. In the dissolution of marriage

proceeding, Brutus clearly was aware of the court’s order directing that marital

funds be held in his trust account; nonetheless, he deliberately disbursed the funds

to his client, without an order resolving the matter and without the court’s

knowledge or authorization. Additionally, Brutus has admitted to negligence in

maintaining his trust account—his poor record keeping was such that Brutus could

not determine when funds held on behalf of a client dropped below the balance that

should have been maintained in the account; he commingled trust account funds

with earned fees; and there is evidence of three overdrafts from the trust account

during a two-month period in 2010.

      Given Brutus’s serious misconduct, we conclude that the referee’s

recommendation of a ninety-day suspension is not supported. Our prior decisions

make clear that even negligence in maintaining a trust account warrants a lengthier

suspension requiring proof of rehabilitation. See Fla. Bar v. Mason, 826 So. 2d

985, 986-87 (Fla. 2002) (suspending attorney for two years for errors in her trust

accounting, rather than intentional misappropriations, resulting in shortages in the

account); Fla. Bar v. Neu, 597 So. 2d 266, 266-67, 270 (Fla. 1992) (suspending

attorney for six months who was appointed guardian of an incapacitated person


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and withdrew funds from the guardianship account without the court’s

authorization, and who comingled personal and client funds, where the Court

found no evidence that attorney intended to convert client funds or that conduct

was dishonest or deceitful).

      Considering Brutus’s conduct in violation of his obligation to the trial court

and his repeated negligence in maintaining his trust account, together with the

aggravating and mitigating factors discussed above, we conclude that a one-year

suspension is appropriate. Additionally, upon his reinstatement, Brutus is ordered

to serve two years on probation, during which time he must comply with the terms

and conditions of probation set forth in the referee’s report.

                                   CONCLUSION

      Accordingly, Phillip J. Brutus is hereby suspended for one year; upon

reinstatement, Brutus shall serve two years on probation under the terms and

conditions set forth in the referee’s report. The suspension will be effective thirty

days from the date of this opinion so that Brutus can close out his practice and

protect the interests of existing clients. If Brutus notifies this Court in writing that

he is no longer practicing and does not need the thirty days to protect existing

clients, this Court will enter an order making the suspension effective immediately.

Brutus shall fully comply with Rule Regulating the Florida Bar 3-5.1(h). Further,




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Brutus shall accept no new business from the date this opinion is filed until he is

reinstated.

      Judgment is entered for The Florida Bar, 651 East Jefferson Street,

Tallahassee, Florida 32399-2300, for recovery of costs from Phillip J. Brutus in the

amount of $11,787.50, for which sum let execution issue.

      It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, CANADY, POLSTON,
and LAWSON, JJ., concur.

THE FILING OF A MOTION FOR REHEARING SHALL NOT ALTER THE
EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS SUSPENSION.

Original Proceeding – The Florida Bar

John F. Harkness, Jr., Executive Director, The Florida Bar, Tallahassee, Florida;
Jennifer R. Falcone, Bar Counsel, The Florida Bar, Miami, Florida; and Adria E.
Quintela, Staff Counsel, The Florida Bar, Sunrise, Florida,

      for Complainant

Keven Leveille of The Law Office of Keven Leveille, P.L., Sunrise, Florida,

      for Respondent




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