[Cite as State v. Fugate, 2014-Ohio-415.]




          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO                                        :

        Plaintiff-Appellee                           :            C.A. CASE NO.    25782

v.                                                   :            T.C. NO.   2012 CR 2375

GLEN E. FUGATE                                       :            (Criminal appeal from
                                                                   Common Pleas Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                          :

                                                     :

                                            ..........

                                            OPINION

                         Rendered on the       7th       day of         February     , 2014.

                                            ..........

APRIL F. CAMPBELL, Atty. Reg. No. 0089541, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W.
Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

JOHN S. PINARD, Atty. Reg. No. 0085567, 120 W. Second Street, Suite 603, Dayton, Ohio
45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                            ..........

DONOVAN, J.

        {¶ 1}     Defendant-appellant Glen E. Fugate appeals his conviction and sentence for
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one count of forgery (uttering), R.C. 2913.31(A)(3), a felony of the fifth degree. Fugate

filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on June 4, 2013.

       {¶ 2}    The instant appeal revolves around a parcel of property located at 30 S. Iona

Street in the Drexel neighborhood of Jefferson Township, Ohio. Shortly before July of

2011, Kevin Ney, a zoning administrator for Jefferson Twp., received a call regarding the

dilapidated condition of the house at 30 S. Iona Street. Ney testified that his duties as a

zoning administrator included being responsible for nuisance abatement.         Ney further

testified that he had received prior complaints about the condition of the house. Moreover,

from his position as a volunteer fire fighter, Ney was aware that numerous fires had occurred

at the house.

       {¶ 3}    After beginning the nuisance abatement process for the house located at 30

S. Iona Street, Ney determined that the current owner of the property was a man named Billy

Ray Combs. Ney testified that he never came into contact with Combs, and it was clear that

he no longer resided at the house. Ney posted nuisance abatement notices on the house in

July, 2011, and August, 2011. Ney’s goal was to demolish the house.

       {¶ 4}    After posting the second demolition notice, Fugate contacted Ney and

expressed his desire to take possession of the property and repair the house. Ney testified

that he informed Fugate that he had no legal right to the property. Fugate testified that he

was trying to contact Combs in order to purchase the property. Ney informed Fugate that he

would need to speak with Combs before stopping the abatement process. Ney also told

Fugate that the abatement process would be stopped if he was provided a document which

transferred ownership of the property from Combs to Fugate. In a later conversation,
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Fugate informed Ney that he had spoken to Combs, and that he was going to assume

ownership and control over the property. Ney informed Fugate that he would still need to

see a document executed by Combs which transferred title to Fugate before the abatement

process would cease.

       {¶ 5}    Ney eventually learned that Combs had moved to Kentucky, but still had no

contact with him. Ney continued the abatement process, and in December of 2011, a legal

notice of intent to demolish was posted on the property. Shortly after the notice to demolish

was posted, Ney received a handwritten quitclaim deed purporting to transfer ownership of

the property at 30 S. Iona Street from Combs to Fugate. The deed contained the signatures

of both Combs and Fugate and was filed at the recorder’s office on December 29, 2011. As

a result, all planned demolition of the property was halted.

       {¶ 6}    Ney contacted Detective Brian Conley from the Montgomery County

Sheriff’s Office regarding the deed. Det. Conley then contacted Fugate about the deed.

Fugate agreed to come to the Sheriff’s Office and speak with Det. Conley. Det. Conley

attempted to contact Combs, but discovered that he had passed away in February of 2012.

Ultimately, Fugate admitted to signing Combs’ name to the quitclaim deed and filing the

document at the recorder’s office. Fugate explained that he simply wanted to own the

property and did not want the house to be demolished.

       {¶ 7}    Fugate was subsequently indicted on September 26, 2012, for one count of

forgery (uttering). At his arraignment on October 11, 2012, Fugate stood mute, and the trial

court entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf. After a one-day bench trial held on April 5,

2013, the trial court found Fugate guilty of the charged offense and sentenced him to five
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years of community control.

       {¶ 8}    It is from this judgment that Fugate now appeals.

       {¶ 9}    Fugate’s first assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 10} “APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL AS HE

RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.”

       {¶ 11} In his first assignment, Fugate contends that his trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to call any witnesses to testify on his behalf regarding the authenticity of the

quitclaim deed. Specifically, Fugate argues that he was authorized by Combs to draw up

and sign the deed on his behalf, and his counsel was deficient for failing to call any

witnesses who would purportedly testify regarding the legality of their agreement.

       {¶ 12} “We review the alleged instances of ineffective assistance of trial counsel

under the two prong analysis set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct.

2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Bradley

(1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, * * * . Pursuant to those cases, trial counsel is entitled to a

strong presumption that his or her conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable

assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. To reverse a conviction based on ineffective

assistance of counsel, it must be demonstrated that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness and that his errors were serious enough to create a

reasonable probability that, but for the errors, the result of the trial would have been

different. Id. Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment of what was reasonable

in light of counsel’s perspective at the time, and a debatable decision concerning trial

strategy cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.” (Internal
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citation omitted). State v. Mitchell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21957, 2008-Ohio-493, ¶ 31.

       {¶ 13} An appellant is not deprived of effective assistance of counsel when counsel

chooses, for strategic reasons, not to pursue every possible trial tactic. State v. Brown, 38

Ohio St.3d 305, 319, 528 N.E.2d 523 (1988). The test for a claim of ineffective assistance

of counsel is not whether counsel pursued every possible defense; the test is whether the

defense chosen was objectively reasonable. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104

S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). A reviewing court may not second-guess decisions of

counsel which can be considered matters of trial strategy. State v. Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98,

477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). Debatable strategic and tactical decisions may not form the basis

of a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, even if, in hindsight, it looks as if a better

strategy had been available. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992).

       {¶ 14} At trial, Fugate’s defense to the forgery charge was that he was authorized

by Combs to draft and sign the deed to the 30 S. Iona Street property on his behalf. Fugate

asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call witnesses who could offer

testimony that the quitclaim deed was authorized by Combs and, therefore, a legal contract.

Fugate, however, fails to identify any witnesses that his trial counsel should have called.

We note Fugate named three people on the witness list he filed prior to trial. Of the three,

trial counsel called only Fugate to testify on his own behalf. In his brief, Fugate offers no

explanation regarding what the testimony of the other two witnesses would have been, nor

does he demonstrate that any other witnesses were available whose testimony would have

established that Combs had agreed to transfer the property to Fugate. The only other party

to the purported land transfer agreement was Combs, who died prior to the trial and was
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obviously unavailable to testify. Furthermore, Fugate had confessed to the offense, and his

trial testimony was inconsistent with his admission.

       {¶ 15} “Generally, counsel’s decision whether to call a witness falls within the

rubric of trial strategy and will not be second-guessed by a reviewing court.” State v. Were,

118 Ohio St.3d 448, 484, 2008-Ohio-7762, 890 N.E.2d 263, quoting State v. Treesh, 90

Ohio St.3d 460, 490, 739 N.E.2d 749 (2001). Moreover, “‘attorneys need not pursue every

conceivable avenue; they are entitled to be selective.’” State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516,

542, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001), quoting U.S. v. Davenport, 986 F.2d 1047, 1049 (C.A.7, 1983).

 Based on the present record and his inability to identify any additional witnesses who could

offer exculpatory testimony, Fugate’s argument is merely speculative at best. Accordingly,

trial counsel’s decision to not call any witnesses other than Fugate himself was a tactical

decision and therefore, did not constitute ineffective assistance.

       {¶ 16} Fugate’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 17} Fugate’s second and final assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 18} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING APPELLANT GUILTY AS

THE COURT LACKED SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT SUCH A FINDING.”

       {¶ 19} In his final assignment, Fugate argues that the evidence adduced during trial

was insufficient to convict him of forgery.       Specifically, Fugate asserts that the State

presented no evidence that he acted knowingly with the purpose to defraud the County when

he signed Combs’ name to the quitclaim deed.

       {¶ 20} Initially, we note that the State argues that Fugate has waived all but plain

error regarding his sufficiency argument because he failed to make a Crim. R. 29 motion for
                                                                                             7

acquittal after the State rested its case and/or after the defense rested its case. In State v.

Hibbler, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2001-CA-43, 2002-Ohio-4464, 23, we cited State v. Roe, 41

Ohio St.3d 18, 535 N.E.2d 1351 (1989) and State v. Knapp, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

18457, 2001 WL 62519 (Jan. 26, 2001) for the general rule that when a criminal defendant

fails to make a Crim.R. 29 motion, the ability to challenge the sufficiency on appeal is

waived. However, we did recognize that an appellate court may conduct a plain error

review even absent a Rule 29 motion at trial. Id. Plain error does not exist unless, but for

the error, the outcome of the trial would have been different. State v. Moreland, 50 Ohio

St.3d 58, 552 N.E.2d 894 (1990). Thus, we review the instant assignment for plain error.

       {¶ 21} When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, he is arguing

that the State presented inadequate evidence on an element of the offense to sustain the

verdict as a matter of law. State v. Hawn, 138 Ohio App.3d 449, 471, 741 N.E.2d 594 (2d

Dist.2000). “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to

support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine

whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence

in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio

St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 22} With the foregoing standards in mind, we find legally sufficient evidence to

convict Fugate under R.C. 2913.31(A)(3), which states:

               (A) No person, with purpose to defraud, or knowing that the person is
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       facilitating a fraud, shall do any of the following:

               ***

               (3) Utter, or possess with purpose to utter, any writing that the person

       knows to have been forged.



       {¶ 23} The element of forgery which Fugate claims the prosecution failed to

establish was that he acted with purpose or knowledge to defraud. “ ‘Defraud’ means to

knowingly obtain, by deception, some benefit for oneself or another, or to knowingly cause,

by deception, some detriment to another.” R.C. 2913.01(B). The benefit must be one to

which the person receiving the benefit is not otherwise entitled. See State v. Hughley, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82051, 2004-Ohio-132, ¶ 13-14.

       {¶ 24} “A person acts purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain

result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature,

regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific intention to

engage in conduct of that nature.” R.C. 2901.22(A).

       {¶ 25} “ ‘It is a fundamental principle that a person is presumed to intend the

natural, reasonable and probable consequences of his voluntary acts.’ ” State v. Lott, 51

Ohio St.3d 160, 168, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990), quoting State v. Johnson, 56 Ohio St.2d 35,

39, 381 N.E.2d 637 (1978). (Other citation omitted.) “ ‘The intent of an accused person

dwells in his mind. Not being ascertainable by the exercise of any or all of the senses, it can

never be proved by the direct testimony of a third person, and it need not be. It must be

gathered from the surrounding facts and circumstances under proper instructions from the
                                                                                           9

court.’ ” Johnson at 38, quoting State v. Huffman, 131 Ohio St. 27, 1 N.E.2d 313 (1936),

paragraph four of the syllabus.

       {¶ 26} In the instant case, the evidence adduced during trial established that Fugate

was aware that he had no legal right to the property located at 30 S. Iona Street because Ney

informed him of that fact. Fugate was aware that Combs was the owner of the property

because he continually told Ney that he was trying to contact Combs about purchasing it.

Fugate also knew that he would be unable to halt the demolition of the house unless he had a

document from Combs evincing a transfer of ownership. Fugate admitted at trial that in

order to halt the demolition and take ownership of the property, he signed Combs’ name to a

handwritten quitclaim deed which he then filed at the recorder’s office.

       {¶ 27} At trial, Fugate asserted that the only reason he signed Combs’ name to the

fake deed was because of a verbal agreement that had been reached between he and Combs

in conversations prior to 2009 when Fugate began a prison term for aggravated robbery.

Other than Fugate’s testimony regarding the verbal agreement between he and Combs, no

additional evidence was adduced to support the existence of such an agreement. Also, as

we noted earlier, the State introduced Fugate’s confession to Det. Conley. The evidence

adduced during trial was sufficient to establish that by signing Combs’ name to a fake deed

and having it recorded, Fugate knowingly intended to defraud Combs and Montgomery

County.

       {¶ 28}     Based on the preceding discussion, we conclude that “‘after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements’” of forgery proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks,
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61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

        {¶ 29} Fugate’s second and final assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶ 30} All of Fugate’s assignments of error having been overruled, the judgment of

the trial court is affirmed.

                                        ..........

HALL, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

April F. Campbell
John S. Pinard
Hon. Dennis J. Adkins
