PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE
 SECTION 7463(b),THIS OPINION MAY NOT
  BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY
            OTHER CASE.
                          T.C. Summary Opinion 2014-42



                         UNITED STATES TAX COURT



                MARIA CORBISIERO, Petitioner, AND
                 JOHN A. SNIDER, JR., Intervenor v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



      Docket No. 3356-13S.                       Filed April 28, 2014.



      Jack E. Thornton, Jr., for petitioner.

      John A. Snider, Jr., pro se.

      James Roland Rich, for respondent.



                              SUMMARY OPINION


      ARMEN, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the

provisions of section 7463(f)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the
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petition was filed.1 Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not

reviewable by any other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent

for any other case.

       By Final Appeals Determination dated December 31, 2012, respondent

granted partial relief under section 6015(f) to petitioner regarding her claim for

relief from joint and several liability for Federal income tax for 2007. Petitioner

timely filed a petition with this Court under section 6015(e) seeking review of

respondent’s determination and requesting full relief. Thereafter, petitioner’s

former spouse filed a notice to intervene pursuant to Rule 325(b) opposing any

relief to petitioner.

       The sole issue for decision is whether petitioner is entitled to relief from

joint and several liability under section 6015(f) for 2007.2

                                     Background

       Some of the facts have been stipulated, and they are so found. The

stipulation of facts and the accompanying exhibits are incorporated herein by this


       1
        Unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent section references are to the
Internal Revenue Code in effect at all relevant times, and all Rule references are to
the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
       2
        At trial respondent conceded that petitioner is entitled to full relief under
sec. 6015(f). Intervenor continues to contend that petitioner should not be granted
any relief whatsoever.
                                          -3-

reference. Petitioner resided in the State of North Carolina when the petition was

filed.

         Petitioner and intervenor were married for approximately 20 years. After

petitioner and intervenor’s children were born, petitioner worked as a homemaker.

Petitioner was not employed outside of the home in 2007, and she had not been so

employed for approximately 15 years prior thereto.

         During petitioner’s marriage, intervenor owned and managed a corporation,

Preferred Rent-A-Jon, Inc. (business). Petitioner assisted intervenor

approximately one day a week in his business by performing office work, such as

preparing invoices or depositing checks. Petitioner was not an employee of the

business, nor did she receive any income from it in 2007.

         Although petitioner and intervenor had a joint personal bank account, they

maintained a low balance and generally did not use such account for their personal

expenses. Rather, the couple’s personal expenses, for items such as groceries,

clothing, and recreation, were paid from funds in intervenor’s business bank

account.

         During their marriage petitioner and intervenor filed joint Federal income

tax returns. Petitioner was not involved in the preparation of such returns.
                                          -4-

      In mid-January 2010 petitioner and intervenor filed a joint income tax return

for the 2007 tax year. Petitioner did not provide any information to the preparer in

the preparation of that return, nor was she otherwise involved in its preparation.

      Petitioner did not sign the 2007 return. However, she did not object to its

filing, nor did she seek to disavow it.

      At the time that the 2007 return was filed, petitioner was aware that it

reported a liability. However, at the time that the return was filed, petitioner

reasonably thought, on the basis of the couple’s past taxpaying history, that the

amount owing would be paid by intervenor within a reasonable period of time

from his business income.

      Petitioner and intervenor separated in July 2010, and their divorce was

finalized in November 2012.

      On June 14, 2011, after the couple had separated but before their divorce

become final, petitioner filed Form 8857, Request For Innocent Spouse Relief, for

the 2007 tax year. On December 31, 2012, after the couple’s divorce had become

final, respondent issued the Final Appeals Determination partially granting

petitioner’s request for relief under section 6015(f). Petitioner then filed a timely

petition with this Court in February 2013. Thereafter, in May 2013, intervenor
                                           -5-

filed a notice of intervention arguing that petitioner should not be granted any

innocent spouse relief whatsoever.

      Petitioner is currently employed and earns approximately $29,000 per year,

which represents the sole source of her support. Petitioner’s income barely

exceeds her basic, everyday expenses. Petitioner’s financial circumstances on the

date of trial were essentially the same as at the time that she filed her request for

relief with respondent.

      As previously noted, respondent conceded at trial that petitioner is entitled

to full innocent spouse relief under section 6015(f). In contrast, intervenor

continues to argue that petitioner is not entitled to any relief whatsoever.

                                        Discussion

      Married taxpayers may elect to file a joint Federal income tax return. Sec.

6013(a). Generally, each spouse filing the return is jointly and severally liable for

the entire tax due. Sec. 6013(d)(3). Pursuant to section 6015, however, a taxpayer

may seek relief from joint liability.

      Petitioner contends that she should be granted relief from joint and several

liability pursuant to section 6015(f). Generally, the spouse requesting relief bears

the burden of proof. See Rule 142(a); Alt v. Commissioner, 119 T.C. 306, 311

(2002), aff’d, 101 Fed. Appx. 34 (6th Cir. 2004). However, to the extent that the
                                         -6-

Commissioner is no longer an adverse party to the taxpayer (here because

respondent agrees that petitioner is entitled to full relief) and the intervenor

opposes any relief, the burden of proof would presumably shift to the intervenor.

See Stergios v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-15, 2009 WL 151485, at *4

(citing King v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 118 (2000), and Corson v. Commissioner,

114 T.C. 354, 363 (2000)). However, we need not decide whether the burden of

proof shifts to intervenor in the instant case because we decide the issue by a

preponderance of the evidence. See Stergios v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-

15; see also Porter v. Commissioner, 132 T.C. 203, 210 (2009) (holding that in

reviewing the Commissioner’s determination under section 6015(f), the Court

applies a de novo standard of review as well as a de novo scope of review).

I. Joint Federal Income Tax Return for 2009

      Section 6013(a) provides that a husband and wife may file a joint income

tax return.3 Generally, a joint income tax return must be signed by both spouses.

Sec. 1.6013-1(a)(2), Income Tax Regs.

      Petitioner argues that because she did not sign the 2007 tax return, she did

not file a return for that year. We disagree.

      3
        Because their divorce was not finalized until 2012, petitioner and
intervenor were eligible to file a joint return for 2007. See sec. 1.6013-4(a),
Income Tax Regs.
                                         -7-

      Whether an income tax return is a joint return or a separate return of the

other spouse is a question of fact. Harrington v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2012-285, at *8 (citing Heim v. Commissioner, 27 T.C. 270 (1956), aff’d, 251

F.2d 44 (8th Cir. 1958)). The determinative factor in deciding whether a filed

return qualifies as a joint return is whether a husband and wife intended to file a

joint return. Ziegler v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-282, 2003 WL

22255664, at *3 n.4 (citing Stone v. Commissioner, 22 T.C. 893 (1954)). In

evaluating intent, this Court has considered whether the nonsigning spouse filed a

separate return, whether the nonsigning spouse objected to the joint filing, and

whether the prior filing history indicates an intent to file jointly. Harrington v.

Commissioner, at *8.

      Although the Commissioner’s determination of “jointness” generally has a

presumption of correctness, and the taxpayer has the burden of proving it wrong,

Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933), in the case of a spouse who does

not sign a purported joint return the presumption is removed and the burden of

producing additional evidence that a joint return was filed shifts to the

Commissioner, O’Connor v. Commissioner, 412 F.2d 304, 309 (2d Cir. 1969),

aff’g in part, rev’g in part T.C. Memo. 1967-174; Carrick v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1991-502.
                                         -8-

      There is an exception to the general rule that, to constitute a valid joint

return, the return must be signed by both taxpayers. This exception holds that if

an “income tax return is intended by both spouses as a joint return, the absence of

the signature of one spouse does not prevent their intention from being realized.”

Estate of Campbell v. Commissioner, 56 T.C. 1, 12 (1971). The rule is generally

applied when one spouse signs a joint return (usually for both spouses) and it is

shown that the other spouse has tacitly consented to the joint return filing. This is

commonly referred to as the tacit consent rule. See, e.g., Hennen v.

Commissioner, 35 T.C. 747, 748 (1961); Reifler v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2013-258, at *15; Harris v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1961-324. Accordingly,

although the ultimate burden of proof remains with the taxpayer, the

Commissioner bears the burden of going forward with evidence from which the

Court could conclude that the nonsigning spouse intended to file the purported

joint return. Esposito v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1991-262 (citing Douglass v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1984-369).

      Respondent has satisfied his burden of production. First, petitioner and

intervenor had previously filed their Federal income tax returns as “married filing

jointly”. Second, petitioner was aware that the return had been filed, but she made

no effort to disavow it. In view of these facts, petitioner has not satisfied her
                                         -9-

burden of establishing that she did not intend to file a joint return with intervenor;

rather, the tacit consent rule applies. Consequently, the return filed for 2007 is a

valid joint return.

II. Relief Under Section 6015

      As previously stated, when a husband and wife elect to file a joint Federal

income tax return pursuant to section 6013(a), each spouse becomes jointly and

severally liable for the tax due on the spouses’ aggregate income. See sec.

6013(d)(3). Nevertheless, an individual who has made a joint return may elect to

seek relief from joint and several liability under subsections (b), (c), and (f) of

section 6015. Sec. 6015(a), (f). Such relief may, or may not, be available

depending on the particular facts and circumstances of the individual’s situation.

      A. Relief Under Section 6015(b) and (c)

      Relief may be available under section 6015 depending on if the proceedings

arise from an understatement of tax or an underpayment of tax. Under section

6015(b) and (c), relief is available only from an understatement or a deficiency

and not from an underpayment of income tax reported on a joint return. Wilson v.

Commissioner, 705 F.3d 980, 983-984 (9th Cir. 2013), aff’g T.C. Memo. 2010-
                                         - 10 -

134; Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 2.04, 2013-43 I.R.B. 397, 397.4 In the instant case,

petitioner’s liability did not arise from an understatement of tax or a deficiency but

rather from an underpayment of tax that was reported on the 2007 return.

Accordingly, relief under section 6015(b) or (c) is not available to petitioner, and

we therefore turn to section 6015(f) to decide whether relief is available under that

provision.

      B. Equitable Relief Under Section 6015(f)

      As relevant herein, a requesting spouse who is unable to qualify for relief

pursuant to section 6015(b) or (c) may nonetheless avoid joint and several liability

if, taking into account all of the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold

that individual liable for any unpaid tax. Sec. 6015(f)(1) and (2). Where the

Commissioner initially denies a requesting spouse full equitable relief under

section 6015(f), such individual may petition the Court to determine the

appropriate relief available. Sec. 6015(e)(1)(A). Our charge under section 6015(f)

is to decide whether a taxpayer is entitled to equitable relief on the basis of all the

facts and circumstances. Sriram v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-91. We

      4
        Rev. Proc. 2013-34, 2013-43 I.R.B. 397, modifies and supersedes Rev.
Proc. 2003-61, 2003-2 C.B. 296, and is effective for requests for relief filed on or
after September 16, 2013, or for requests for equitable relief pending on
September 16, 2013, whether with the IRS, its Office of Appeals, or in a case
docketed in a Federal court. Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 7, 2013-43 I.R.B. at 403.
                                         - 11 -

decide de novo whether equitable relief is warranted under section 6015(f). Porter

v. Commissioner, 132 T.C. at 210.

      Pursuant to his grant of authority under section 6015(f), the Commissioner

has established guidelines for determining whether an individual qualifies for

equitable relief. Rev. Proc. 2013-34, supra, modifying and superseding Rev. Proc.

2003-61, 2003-2 C.B. 296. The Court considers these guidelines in light of the

attendant facts and circumstances to decide whether equitable relief is appropriate,

but the Court is not bound by them. Pullins v. Commissioner, 136 T.C. 432, 438-

439 (2011); Sriram v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-91.

             1. Threshold Requirements

      The Commissioner’s guidelines begin by establishing threshold

requirements that must be satisfied before an equitable relief request may be

considered. Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.01, 2013-43 I.R.B. at 399-400. The

threshold requirements are: (1) The spouse filed a joint return for the taxable year

for which the spouse seeks relief; (2) relief is not available to the spouse under

section 6015(b) or (c); (3) the claim for relief is timely filed; (4) no assets were

transferred between the spouses as part of a fraudulent scheme; (5) the

nonrequesting spouse did not transfer disqualified assets to the requesting spouse;

(6) the requesting spouse did not knowingly participate in the filing of a fraudulent
                                         - 12 -

the tax return; and (7) with several exceptions,5 the tax liability from which the

spouse seeks relief is attributable to an item of the nonrequesting spouse. Id. If

the liability is partially attributable to the requesting spouse, then relief can be

considered only for the portion of the liability attributable to the nonrequesting

spouse. Id.

      A requesting spouse that satisfies the threshold conditions listed above must

then demonstrate that equitable relief is appropriate under certain factors. Id. sec.

4.02 and 4.03, 2013-43 I.R.B. at 400. Thus, if the requesting spouse satisfies the

so-called streamlined conditions under Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.02, relief will be

granted. If, however, streamlined relief is not available, then the Commissioner

will look to the facts and circumstances, as set forth in Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec.

4.03, to determine whether innocent spouse relief is available to the requesting

spouse under that provision of the revenue procedure.




      5
        These exceptions are: (1) Attribution solely due to the operation of
community property law; (2) nominal ownership; (3) misappropriation of funds
intended for the payment of tax; (4) abuse; and (5) fraud committed by the
nonrequesting spouse as the reason for the erroneous item. Rev. Proc. 2013-34,
sec. 4.01(7), 2013-43 I.R.B. at 399-400.
                                        - 13 -

      Respondent concedes that petitioner meets all of the threshold conditions in

respect of the entire tax liability.6 Intervenor has given us no reason to think that

petitioner has not satisfied any of the threshold requirements. In any event, on the

basis of the record before us, we conclude that petitioner has satisfied all of the

threshold requirements. Accordingly, we consider next whether petitioner is

entitled to streamlined relief pursuant to Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.02.

             2. Streamlined Requirements

      When the threshold conditions have been satisfied, the Commissioner will

ordinarily grant relief with respect to an underpayment of tax if the requesting

spouse meets each of the so-called streamlined requirements set forth in Rev. Proc.

2013-34, sec. 4.02. That section permits relief if all of the following requirements

are satisfied: (1) On the date that the Service makes a determination, the

requesting spouse is no longer married to the nonrequesting spouse; (2) on the

date that the requesting spouse reasonably believed that the joint return was filed,

the requesting spouse did not know or have reason to know that the nonrequesting

spouse would not or could not pay the underpayment of the tax reported on the


      6
         Rev. Proc. 2013-34, supra, relaxed the timely filing requirements of Rev.
Proc. 2003-61, supra. As respondent concedes that petitioner satisfied the more
restrictive timely filing requirements of the earlier revenue procedure, she has
necessarily satisfied the more liberal one of the current revenue procedure.
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return at that time or within a reasonable period of time after the filing of the

return; and (3) the requesting spouse would suffer economic hardship if relief

were not granted.

      At the time that respondent made the determination regarding the request

for relief, petitioner was no longer married to intervenor. Thus, the first

requirement is satisfied.

      Petitioner convincingly testified that she thought that the couple’s tax

liability would be paid from the income from intervenor’s business, as this was the

standard practice for their other personal expenses. Petitioner did not know or

have reason to know that the full tax liability would not be paid. Thus, the second

requirement is satisfied.

      Finally, petitioner earns approximately $29,000 per year. Her income barely

matches her basic living expenses. Respondent determined, and we agree based

on the record before us, that petitioner would suffer economic hardship if relief

were not granted. Thus, the third requirement is satisfied.

      In sum, petitioner satisfies all of the streamlined requirements. Intervenor

has given us no reason to think that disposition on this basis is inappropriate, and

there is nothing in the record that would negate such approach. Therefore,
                                        - 15 -

pursuant to Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.02, and as conceded by respondent,

petitioner is entitled to full innocent spouse relief for 2007 under section 6015(f).

      To reflect the foregoing,


                                                       Decision will be entered

                                                 for petitioner.
