                         Docket No. 107016.


                        IN THE
                   SUPREME COURT
                          OF
                 THE STATE OF ILLINOIS



THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
            CRAVEN F. PHIPPS, Appellee.

                    Opinion filed July 15, 2010.



   JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
   Chief Justice Fitzgerald and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Karmeier,
and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.
   Justice Garman specially concurred, with opinion.



                              OPINION

    Defendant Craven F. Phipps pled guilty to aggravated driving
under the influence of alcohol (625 ILCS 5/11–501(d)(1)(F) (West
2004)). The circuit court of Winnebago County sentenced him to 12
years’ imprisonment. The appellate court reversed defendant’s
conviction, holding his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to seek
dismissal of the charge on speedy-trial grounds. 382 Ill. App. 3d
1047. We allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal (210 Ill. 2d
R. 315(a)) and hold that defendant has failed to establish his claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel. We, therefore, reverse the judgment
of the appellate court and affirm the circuit court’s judgment.
                           I. BACKGROUND
     Defendant was originally charged by indictment with one count
of reckless homicide. The indictment alleged that on April 5, 2004,
defendant:
             “while under the influence of alcohol, while acting in a
         reckless manner, and without lawful justification, performed
         acts likely to cause death or great bodily harm to another in
         that he drove a motor vehicle upon a public highway *** in
         a manner that was not proper with regard to the safety of
         others on the roadway, in that he drove at a high rate of speed
         ***, failed to stop for the red light at [an] intersection, and hit
         a car being driven by Malocka Gille, who was proceeding
         lawfully through the intersection, thereby causing the death of
         Malocka Gille, in violation of 720 ILCS 5/9–3(a). (Class
         2–Special Sentencing).” (Emphasis in original.)
     On August 20, 2004, defendant’s attorney informed the trial court
that the parties had reached a plea agreement calling for defendant to
plead guilty to reckless homicide in exchange for the State’s
agreement to a 12-year sentencing cap. Defense counsel and the
prosecutor confirmed that the sentencing range was 3 to 14 years’
imprisonment based on the special sentencing provision. The trial
court admonished defendant in accordance with Supreme Court Rule
402 (177 Ill. 2d R. 402). Defendant acknowledged he understood the
sentencing range and that he could be sentenced to 12 years’
imprisonment based on the plea agreement. The trial court then
accepted defendant’s guilty plea and ordered a presentence
investigation report.
     On November 19, 2004, the State filed a motion to vacate
defendant’s guilty plea to reckless homicide. The State asserted “the
Illinois legislature found [the reckless homicide statute] as void,” and
the appropriate charge was aggravated driving under the influence.
During a hearing that day, defense counsel stated the parties had
discovered “some difficulty” with the reckless homicide statute.
Counsel asserted “the same course of conduct is most likely covered
under the aggravated DUI statute.” The matter was then continued for
the parties to discuss a procedural issue. At the following hearing,
defense counsel explained:


                                    -2-
            “I believe it’s our intention at this time to vacate the
        previous plea entered on the reckless homicide, the same
        exact behavior encompassed in the aggravated driving under
        the influence of alcohol statute. We believe it eliminates any
        question regarding the validity of the statute if we vacate the
        plea on the reckless homicide, enter a plea instead to the
        charge of aggravated DUI.”
    Defense counsel noted defendant’s guilty plea to aggravated
driving under the influence would be subject to the “previously
agreed-upon cap of 12 years.” The State agreed with defense
counsel’s statement. The trial court granted the motion to vacate
defendant’s guilty plea to reckless homicide.
    The State then filed an information charging defendant with
aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol. The information
alleged that on April 5, 2004, defendant:
            “drove a motor vehicle within this state while under the
        influence of alcohol, in violation of 625 ILCS 5/11–501(a)(2),
        was involved in a motor vehicle accident upon a public
        highway *** with a motor vehicle being driven by Malocka
        Gille, said motor vehicle accident causing the death of
        Malocka Gille, and said violation was the proximate cause of
        the death of Malocka Gille, in violation of 625 ILCS
        5/11–501(d)(1)(F). (Class 2 Felony–Special Sentencing
        Range of 3 to 14 years of imprisonment–Max. Fine
        $25,000).”
    The trial court accepted defendant’s guilty plea to that offense.
Following a hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant to 12 years’
imprisonment.
    Defense counsel subsequently filed motions to withdraw
defendant’s guilty plea and for reconsideration of his sentence. In the
motion to withdraw his guilty plea, defendant alleged only that he did
not knowingly and voluntarily waive his right to a jury trial and he
did not fully understand the trial court’s admonitions before entering
his plea.
    After the matter was continued several times to obtain transcripts
of the proceedings, defense counsel informed the trial court that
defendant had raised some issues indicating he may want to pursue an

                                 -3-
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Defense counsel asserted, “it
seemed from our conversation that there were some things that he
would have liked addressed by the court *** either by bringing in
another witness or filing a separate motion.” Defense counsel asked
the trial court to appoint an attorney to represent defendant on his
posttrial motions because counsel could not allege his own ineffective
assistance. The trial court did not question defense counsel or
defendant about the specific concerns. Instead, the trial court
appointed the public defender to represent defendant, review his
allegations, and determine whether he intended to assert a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel.
     At the following hearing, defense counsel was present and stated
defendant had brought up a mechanical problem with his car that he
thought could have been explored at sentencing. The trial court
explained the public defender had been appointed to determine
whether there was going to be an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim. Defendant’s appointed attorney then informed the trial court
that she had consulted with defendant, “went over the issues in this
case with him,” and also spoke with defendant’s trial counsel.
Appointed counsel stated defendant did not wish to raise an
ineffective assistance claim, but wanted to proceed with his posttrial
motions with his trial counsel. The trial court, therefore, vacated the
appointment of the public defender.
     At a subsequent hearing, defense counsel presented the previously
filed motions to withdraw defendant’s guilty plea and for
reconsideration of his sentence. The trial court denied defendant’s
motions. In denying the motion to withdraw defendant’s guilty plea,
the trial court found the plea was knowing and voluntary.
     On appeal, defendant contended his trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to object to the State’s motion to vacate his guilty plea to
reckless homicide and substitute a charge of aggravated driving under
the influence. Defendant also argued his attorney was ineffective for
failing to object to the filing of the aggravated driving under the
influence charge on speedy-trial grounds because it was not filed
within 120 days of his arrest.
     The State responded that defendant waived any ineffective
assistance of counsel claim by failing to raise it in his motion to
withdraw his guilty plea. The State noted that the trial court appointed

                                  -4-
another attorney to consult with defendant about pursuing an
ineffective assistance claim, and defendant informed the conflict
attorney he did not wish to raise that claim.
    The appellate court acknowledged defendant declined to raise an
ineffective assistance claim in the trial court after receiving an
opportunity to pursue that claim. The appellate court, nevertheless,
asserted waiver limits the parties, but does not affect the court’s
ability to consider an issue. The appellate court held the waiver rule
should be relaxed in this case because “both the parties and the trial
court demonstrated some confusion as to the effects of the
legislature’s amendment of the reckless homicide statute.”
    On the merits, the appellate court determined that under the
compulsory joinder statute (720 ILCS 5/3–3 (West 2004)), the State
was required to prosecute the reckless homicide charge and the
aggravated driving under the influence charge in the same proceeding.
Given that the charges were subject to compulsory joinder, the
speedy-trial period for the original reckless homicide charge also
applied to the aggravated driving under the influence charge. Any
delays on the reckless homicide charge could not be attributed to
defendant on the subsequent information because the aggravated DUI
charge was new and additional. The appellate court found defendant’s
right to a speedy trial was violated because the aggravated DUI
charge was not filed until almost eight months after defendant was
placed in custody. The appellate court further held defense counsel
was ineffective for failing to seek dismissal of the aggravated DUI
charge on speedy-trial grounds and the appropriate remedy was
reversal of his conviction. 382 Ill. App. 3d 1047.
    Justice O’Malley dissented, asserting the subsequent information
only corrected a formal defect in the original indictment and did not
add any new charges. The original reckless homicide charge and the
subsequent aggravated DUI charge described precisely the same
conduct and contained the same elements. According to Justice
O’Malley, the subsequent information was, in effect, only an
amended charging instrument to comply with the legislature’s
relabeling of defendant’s conduct as aggravated DUI instead of
reckless homicide. The aggravated DUI charge was not new and
additional as required to support a speedy-trial claim. Justice
O’Malley, therefore, concluded defense counsel did not provide

                                 -5-
ineffective assistance in failing to object on speedy-trial grounds. 382
Ill. App. 3d at 1058 (O’Malley, J., dissenting).

                             II. ANALYSIS
    On appeal to this court, the State renews its argument that
defendant waived his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The
State notes that the trial court appointed an attorney for the specific
purpose of determining whether defendant wished to assert an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. After consulting with the
appointed attorney, defendant explicitly declined to raise a claim.
Thus, the State argues, defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived
any claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. According to the State,
the appellate court’s decision to excuse defendant’s waiver was an
unauthorized exercise of supervisory authority.
    The common law doctrine of waiver bars a claim that could have
been presented previously. See People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 443
(2005). Waiver is distinct from forfeiture, however. While forfeiture
applies to issues that could have been raised but were not, waiver is
the voluntary relinquishment of a known right. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d at
443-44 & n.2. In Blair, this court noted, “ ‘[w]hereas forfeiture is the
failure to make the timely assertion of the right, waiver is the
“intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” ’ ”
Blair, 215 Ill. 2d at 444 n.2, quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S.
725, 733, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508, 519, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 1777 (1993).
     In determining whether a legal claim has been waived, courts
examine the particular facts and circumstances of the case. See
Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 482, 68 L. Ed. 2d 378, 385, 101
S. Ct. 1880, 1884 (1981). Waiver principles are construed liberally in
favor of the defendant. United States v. Jaimes-Jaimes, 406 F.3d 845,
848-49 (7th Cir. 2005).
    Generally, we note that appointment of new counsel is not
required every time a defendant presents a pro se allegation of
ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v. Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d 82,
134 (1991). Appointment of counsel is only necessary if the trial
court determines, after examining the factual basis of the claim, that
the pro se allegations show possible neglect. Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d at 134.
In examining the factual basis, the trial court must usually question

                                  -6-
trial counsel and the defendant on the alleged claims. People v.
Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 78 (2003). Thus, the basis for a possible
ineffective assistance claim will ordinarily appear in the record. The
purpose of appointing counsel is to allow presentation of an
ineffective assistance claim in the trial court without the conflict of
interest resulting from trial counsel arguing his own incompetence.
Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78; Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d at 135.
     In this case, the trial court did not perform the usual examination
of the factual basis for the alleged pro se ineffective assistance claims
by questioning trial counsel or the defendant. The trial court simply
appointed counsel to determine whether any ineffective assistance
claim would be presented. Appointed counsel’s representation was
not limited to certain aspects of defense counsel’s performance. Thus,
the record of the initial hearing when the public defender was
appointed does not indicate the factual basis for any potential
ineffective assistance claim.
     At the hearing following the public defender’s appointment,
however, defendant’s trial counsel asserted that defendant had
brought up a mechanical issue with his car that he thought could have
been addressed at sentencing. Counsel said he got the impression that
defendant wished to preserve that issue. Defendant’s appointed
counsel then stated she “went over the issues in this case” with
defendant and spoke with trial counsel. Appointed counsel asserted,
“[a]t this time it is my understanding that the defendant’s not looking
to pursue an ineffective assistance” claim.
     In this case, appointed counsel’s statement declining to raise a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel was made after trial counsel
explained that defendant had expressed concern about mechanical
problems with his car and whether those issues could have been
explored at sentencing. When placed in context, appointed counsel’s
statement waiving an ineffective assistance claim must be construed
as referring to a possible claim based on the alleged mechanical
problems with defendant’s car. Accordingly, the record shows that
defendant intentionally waived any claim of ineffective assistance
based on trial counsel’s failure to raise mechanical problems with his
car at sentencing.
     The State argues that appointed counsel’s statement to the trial
court should be construed as a general waiver of all potential

                                  -7-
ineffective assistance claims against trial counsel. Appointed
counsel’s statement cannot be read as a general waiver because the
context of the statement indicates appointed counsel was referring to
defendant’s concerns about the failure to raise mechanical problems
with his car at sentencing. To the extent that appointed counsel’s
statement waiving ineffective assistance claims is ambiguous, it
should be interpreted narrowly because waiver principles are
construed liberally in favor of the defendant. See Jaimes-Jaimes, 406
F.3d at 848-49.
     Keeping this principle in mind, we reject the State’s contention
that appointed counsel’s waiver of defendant’s ineffective assistance
claims was not limited to those based on trial counsel’s failure to
raise a mechanical issue with defendant’s car at sentencing.
Accordingly, defendant has not waived his claim of ineffective
assistance based on trial counsel’s failure to assert a speedy-trial
objection.
     On the merits, the State contends that defendant’s ineffective
assistance claim fails because there was no statutory speedy-trial
violation, and counsel cannot be ineffective for failing to raise a
baseless argument. The State maintains the subsequent aggravated
driving under the influence charge was not new and additional, but
merely relabeled the conduct described in the original indictment. The
delays attributable to the defendant on the original reckless homicide
charge are, therefore, also attributable to him on the subsequent
charge and no speedy-trial violation occurred.
     Defendant responds that the State was required to join the
reckless homicide and aggravated driving under the influence charges
under the compulsory joinder statute. Those charges are substantively
different. Thus, any delays attributable to defendant on the initial
reckless homicide offense cannot be charged to him on the
subsequent indictment. Defendant contends his statutory right to a
speedy trial was, therefore, violated and his trial attorney provided
ineffective assistance by failing to raise that claim.
     To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the
defendant must show counsel’s performance was deficient and the
deficient performance resulted in prejudice. People v. Houston, 226
Ill. 2d 135, 143 (2007), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984). Counsel’s failure to

                                 -8-
assert a speedy-trial violation cannot establish either prong of an
ineffective assistance claim if there is no lawful basis for raising a
speedy-trial objection. People v. Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d 380, 385 (2006).
Accordingly, we must first determine whether defendant’s right to a
speedy trial was violated. See Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 385.
     Defendants possess both constitutional and statutory rights to a
speedy trial. U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §8;
725 ILCS 5/103–5(a) (West 2004). Although Illinois’ speedy-trial
statutes implement the constitutional right, the statutory and
constitutional rights are not coextensive. People v. Sandoval, 236 Ill.
2d 57, 67 (2010). Defendant does not raise a constitutional issue, but
only contends his statutory right to a speedy trial was violated.
     Section 103–5(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963
provides, in pertinent part:
             “Every person in custody in this State for an alleged
         offense shall be tried by the court having jurisdiction within
         120 days from the date he was taken into custody unless delay
         is occasioned by the defendant ***. Delay shall be considered
         to be agreed to by the defendant unless he or she objects to
         the delay by making a written demand for trial or an oral
         demand for trial on the record.” 725 ILCS 5/103–5(a) (West
         2004).
     The 120-day speedy-trial period begins to run automatically if a
defendant remains in custody pending trial. People v. Woodell, 219
Ill. 2d 166, 174 (2006). To prevent the speedy-trial clock from tolling,
section 103–5(a) requires defendants to object to any attempt to place
the trial date outside the 120-day period. Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 390-
91. The statute does not mandate any “magic words” constituting a
demand for trial, but it requires some affirmative statement in the
record requesting a speedy trial. Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 391, quoting
People v. Peco, 345 Ill. App. 3d 724, 734 (2004).
     Even if a delay is attributable to a defendant on the original
charges, however, that delay is not always attributable to the
defendant on subsequently filed charges. People v. Woodrum, 223 Ill.
2d 286, 299 (2006). The following rule has developed in these
circumstances:
             “Where new and additional charges arise from the same

                                  -9-
         facts as did the original charges and the State had knowledge
         of these facts at the commencement of the prosecution, the
         time within which trial is to begin on the new and additional
         charges is subject to the same statutory limitation that is
         applied to the original charges. Continuances obtained in
         connection with the trial of the original charges cannot be
         attributed to defendants with respect to the new and additional
         charges because these new and additional charges were not
         before the court when those continuances were obtained.”
         People v. Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d 241, 248-49 (1981).
We have clarified that this rule is applicable only when the initial and
subsequent charges are subject to compulsory joinder. People v.
Williams, 204 Ill. 2d 191, 207 (2003); People v. Gooden, 189 Ill. 2d
209, 218 (2000).
    In this case, the parties dispute whether the aggravated driving
under the influence charge is “new and additional.” The resolution of
that issue controls whether delays attributable to defendant on the
original indictment are also attributable to him on the subsequent
aggravated driving under the influence charge.
    We review de novo the legal question of whether the aggravated
driving under the influence charge is new and additional. Woodrum,
223 Ill. 2d at 300. The analysis involves a comparison of the original
and subsequent charges. Woodrum, 223 Ill. 2d at 300. The purpose of
the rule set forth in Williams is to prevent “trial by ambush.”
Williams, 204 Ill. 2d at 207. Without this rule:
         “[t]he State could lull the defendant into acquiescing to
         pretrial delays on pending charges, while it prepared for a trial
         on more serious, not-yet-pending charges. We cannot presume
         that a defendant would have agreed to a continuance if he had
         faced both charges. *** When the State filed the more serious
         charges, the defendant would face a Hobson’s choice between
         a trial without adequate preparation and further pretrial
         detention to prepare for trial.” Williams, 204 Ill. 2d at 207.
    The rationale for the rule, therefore, centers on whether the
defendant had adequate notice of the subsequent charges to allow
preparation of a defense. The focus is on whether the original
charging instrument gave the defendant sufficient notice of the


                                  -10-
subsequent charges to prepare adequately for trial on those charges.
If the original charging instrument gives a defendant adequate notice
of the subsequent charges, the ability to prepare for trial on those
charges is not hindered in any way. Thus, when the State files the
subsequent charge, the defendant will not face “a Hobson’s choice
between a trial without adequate preparation and further pretrial
detention to prepare for trial.” Williams, 204 Ill. 2d at 207. Rather, the
defendant may proceed to trial on the subsequent charges with
adequate preparation instead of being forced to agree to further delay.
In those circumstances, the rationale for declining to attribute to the
defendant delays in connection with the original charges does not
apply.
     A review of the charging instruments in this case reveals that the
original indictment and subsequent information alleged the same
conduct. The original indictment charged, in pertinent part, that
defendant drove a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol
and collided with a car driven by Malocka Gille, causing her death.
Similarly, the subsequent information alleged defendant drove a
motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and was involved
in a collision with a car driven by Malocka Gille, causing her death.
The original indictment provided defendant notice of the material
allegations in the subsequent information.
     Additionally, the reckless homicide and aggravated driving under
the influence offenses, as charged by the State, had essentially the
same elements and provided the same penalty. The State charged the
reckless homicide offense under the statute as it existed prior to
July 18, 2003. Under that version, a person committed reckless
homicide if he or she caused the death of another by driving a motor
vehicle recklessly in a manner likely to cause death or great bodily
harm. 720 ILCS 5/9–3(a) (West 2002). If the defendant committed
the offense while under the influence of alcohol, the statute provided
the offense was a Class 2 felony punishable by 3 to 14 years’
imprisonment. 720 ILCS 5/9–3(e) (West 2002). The subsequent
charge of aggravated driving under the influence also prohibits
causing the death of another person as a result of driving under the
influence of alcohol (625 ILCS 5/11–501(a), (d)(1)(F) (West 2004)),
and is a Class 2 felony punishable by a prison term of 3 to 14 years’
imprisonment (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2) (West 2004)).

                                  -11-
    On this point, we note that the State did not charge defendant
under the version of the reckless homicide statute in effect at the time
of his offense on April 5, 2004. In Public Act 93–213, effective
July 18, 2003, the General Assembly amended both the reckless
homicide and aggravated driving under the influence statutes. As we
explained in People v. Gancarz, 228 Ill. 2d 312, 315-16 (2008),
Public Act 93–213 removed section 9–3(e) from the reckless
homicide statute and added similar language to the aggravated driving
under the influence statute. Section 9–3(e) provided a penalty of 3 to
14 years’ imprisonment for reckless homicide if the offense was
committed while under the influence of alcohol. Gancarz, 228 Ill. 2d
at 316. Following the removal of section 9–3(e), reckless homicide
remained a Class 3 felony with a sentencing range of two to five
years’ imprisonment. 720 ILCS 5/9–3(d)(2) (West 2004); Gancarz,
228 Ill. 2d at 316.
    The critical point for our speedy-trial analysis in this case,
however, is not whether the State charged defendant under the correct
version of the reckless homicide statute, but whether the original
indictment gave defendant adequate notice to prepare his defense to
the subsequent charge. This court has stated that Public Act 93–213
“recharacterized the conduct that had been reckless homicide while
under the influence of drugs or alcohol as aggravated driving while
under the influence, and retained the sentencing structure of 3 to 14
years’ imprisonment.” Gancarz, 228 Ill. 2d at 322. Thus, we conclude
that reckless homicide, as charged under the preamended statute,
provided defendant adequate notice of the subsequent aggravated
driving under the influence charge to allow him to prepare his
defense.
    The rationale for the Williams rule does not apply here because
the original indictment gave defendant notice of the subsequent
charge from the outset of the prosecution. In this case, there was no
danger of “trial by ambush.” In Woodrum, we stated that the
“defendant could not have been surprised by the subsequent charges
because they were essentially the same as the original ones.”
Woodrum, 223 Ill. 2d at 301. That statement applies equally here.
    We conclude that the aggravated driving under the influence
charge was not “new and additional” for speedy-trial purposes. Thus,
while the speedy-trial period for the aggravated driving under the

                                 -12-
influence charge relates back to the filing of the original reckless
homicide indictment, any delays attributable to defendant on the
reckless homicide indictment are also attributable to him on the
subsequent charge. The record shows defendant did not object to any
delays as required to prevent the speedy-trial period from tolling.
Under section 103–5(a), defendant, therefore, “agreed to” all delays
and a speedy-trial claim would have been futile. Defendant’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim cannot succeed because trial
counsel’s failure to raise a speedy-trial violation was neither deficient
nor prejudicial under these circumstances.
     Finally, defendant contends his trial counsel provided ineffective
assistance by agreeing to vacate his guilty plea to the reckless
homicide charge and substitute the Class 2 felony of aggravated
driving under the influence. At the time of his offense, reckless
homicide was a Class 3 felony with a maximum sentence of five
years’ imprisonment and the plea agreement calling for a sentencing
cap of 12 years was void to the extent that his actual sentence
exceeded the statutory maximum. Defendant contends that he was
prejudiced by the substitution because prosecution of the aggravated
driving under the influence offense was barred under the speedy-trial
statute. According to defendant, his attorney should have moved to
vacate the guilty plea to reckless homicide because it potentially
authorized an illegal sentence of 12 years’ imprisonment and also
moved to bar the State from filing the aggravated driving under the
influence charge because it violated his statutory right to a speedy
trial.
     Defendant’s contention that he was prejudiced by counsel’s
agreement to substitute the aggravated driving under the influence
charge hinges on his assertion that the charge was barred under the
speedy-trial statute. We have already held that the subsequent
aggravated driving under the influence charge was not barred under
speedy-trial principles. Defendant could not have avoided the
aggravated driving under the influence charge on that basis.
Accordingly, defendant’s claim of prejudice fails. Without a showing
of prejudice, defendant cannot establish his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel. See Houston, 226 Ill. 2d at 143 (defendant must
show both deficient performance and prejudice to establish
ineffective assistance of counsel claim).

                                  -13-
                       III. CONCLUSION
   For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the appellate court’s
judgment and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                 Appellate court judgment reversed;
                                   circuit court judgment affirmed.



    JUSTICE GARMAN, specially concurring:
    Unlike the majority, I would conclude this court is unable to reach
defendant’s substantive arguments because defendant has waived
them. Therefore, I write separately on this procedural issue.
    In this case, the record is largely silent as to defendant’s
discussions with his appointed counsel. As the majority notes,
defendant’s trial counsel briefly mentioned a claim based on a
mechanical problem with defendant’s car that defendant believed
should have been explored at sentencing. Slip op. at 4. Beyond this,
appointed counsel explained only that she “went over the issues in
this case with him.” It is undisputed that defendant did not object to
appointed counsel’s statement and the record lacks any other
indication that the statement did not reflect defendant’s position.
    The majority concludes that the context of appointed counsel’s
statement indicates that defendant intended to waive only the
ineffective assistance claim related to his car’s mechanical problem.
However, the record reflects that appointed counsel went over “the
issues” in this case, which suggests that defendant discussed multiple
possible grounds for pursuing ineffective assistance claims. The
mechanical problem with defendant’s car may or may not have been
one of the issues discussed. We cannot say based on the record before
us. We also cannot say which other issues were or were not raised.
    What we can say, first, is that counsel was specifically appointed
in this case to investigate whether defendant would bring any
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. As the majority notes, the
circuit court did not limit counsel’s representation to any particular
aspect of defense counsel’s performance. We can also say that under
these circumstances we presume that appointed counsel’s decision

                                 -14-
not to raise an ineffective assistance claim was the result of
competent advice. We strongly presume that “counsel’s conduct falls
within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” People
v. Richardson, 189 Ill. 2d 401, 413 (2000). Richardson addressed an
ineffective assistance claim raise against trial counsel, yet the
principle applies equally in this case to presume that appointed
counsel discussed potential ineffective assistance claims in
accordance with her instructions by the circuit court. Under this
presumption, defendant would have to provide some basis for
rejecting the presumption.
    In this case, defendant has not provided a sufficient reason for
rejecting this presumption. Indeed, defendant has not even
affirmatively suggested that appointed counsel failed to discuss any
speedy-trial issue with defendant. Rather, defendant merely asserts
that the record is silent, and that there is no indication the issue was
discussed. An affirmative declaration that the speedy-trial issue was
not raised in his conversation with appointed counsel would, at the
very least, serve as an argument in favor of excusing any waiver by
defendant. Nonetheless, defendant makes no argument that appointed
counsel was deficient for failing to raise the issue.
    The majority notes that waiver principles are to be construed
liberally in favor of the defendant. Slip op. at 6. However, it is
incumbent on the defendant to affirmatively assert that appointed
counsel failed to discuss this issue with him. Failing to require
defendant to make this showing would be to allow an ineffective
assistance claim to proceed, regardless of the length of the discussion
between defendant and counsel, so long as counsel declines to
mention the claim on the record. Thus, counsel will have incentives
to be as vague as possible in declining to pursue ineffective assistance
claims when appointed by the circuit court.
    Based on the facts of this case, I disagree with the majority on this
procedural question and, therefore, would grant the State relief on that
ground. However, if presented with the substantive issue raised in this
case I would conclude that no speedy-trial violation occurred and
counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise the claim, for the
reasons presented in the majority opinion. Therefore, I concur in the
judgment.


                                  -15-
