                                      RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-2267-18T2

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

T.D.W.1,

          Defendant-Appellant,

and

A.G., JR.,

     Defendant.
_____________________________

IN THE MATTER OF THE
GUARDIANSHIP OF A.C.W.,

     a Minor.
_____________________________



1
   We utilize the parties' initials to assure confidentiality pursuant to Rule
1:38(d).
            Submitted January 7, 2020 – Decided February 11, 2020

            Before Judges Hoffman and Firko.

            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Mercer County,
            Docket No. FG-11-0042-18.

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
            appellant (Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy Public Defender,
            of counsel; Gilbert G. Miller, Designated Counsel, on
            the brief).

            Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
            respondent (Donna Sue Arons, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; Joshua Paul Bohn, Deputy
            Attorney General, on the brief).

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
            attorney for minor (Danielle Ruiz, Designated Counsel,
            on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      T.D.W. appeals from a January 11, 2019 Family Part order terminating

her parental rights to A.C.W. born in February 2017. We affirm.

                                      I.

      T.D.W. is the biological mother of A.C.W. 2 T.D.W. has a long history

with the Division of Child Protection and Permanency (Division). Prior to


2
  A.C.W.'s father, A.G., surrendered his parental rights on October 22, 2018 to
A.C.W.'s resource parent, A.C., and has not appealed.


                                                                       A-2267-18T2
                                      2
A.C.W.'s birth, T.D.W. lost custody of another child. She has substance abuse

and mental health issues, and she has been unable to maintain safe and stable

housing. The Division conducted a Dodd3 removal of A.C.W. at birth because

A.C.W. tested positive for cannabis.

      T.D.W. was living with Martin 4 when A.C.W. was born. Martin was on

probation, after serving several years in prison, and claimed to be drug free. His

criminal record was significant for a criminal sexual assault conviction of a

female, burglary, aggravated assault, domestic violence, and drug offenses. The

Division made efforts towards reunification but ultimately filed a complaint

seeking termination of T.D.W.'s parental rights, with A.C.W.'s adoption by

A.C., her non-relative resource parent with whom she had been placed since

May 2017.

      The guardianship trial commenced in November 2018. We discern the

following facts from evidence adduced at trial.




3
  A "Dodd removal" refers to the emergency removal of a child without a court
order, as authorized by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.29 of the Dodd Act, N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to
-8.82.
4
  We use a pseudonym for Martin to protect the privacy of the parties and for
ease of reference.
                                                                          A-2267-18T2
                                        3
      T.D.W. was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and depression. In May

2017, she expressed suicidal ideation, suffered a severe panic attack, and was

non-compliant with taking her medications. On May 8, 2017, T.D.W. was taken

to the Helene Fuld Clinic for evaluation and treatment and on May 28, 2017, she

was referred to a program at the Children's Home Society to address substance

abuse, mental health, and parental fitness.

      T.D.W. inconsistently attended individual and group counseling, and she

was denied entry into a substance abuse treatment program, referred to her by

the Division, for failing to attend her intake appointment. In June 2017, Dr.

Jeffrey B. Allen, T.D.W.'s therapist, advised the Division that T.D.W.'s

motivation decreased, she was increasingly disorganized, and returned to self -

medicating with marijuana. She was referred for individual counseling with a

different therapist, therapeutic visits and parenting classes. In August 2017,

T.D.W. was admitted to Rescue Mission of Trenton for substance abuse

treatment and counseling.

      In January 2018, T.D.W. was terminated from Oaks Integrated because of

her noncompliance. The record shows T.D.W. never received substance abuse

treatment at Oaks Integrated even though she claimed she had. On January 24,




                                                                       A-2267-18T2
                                        4
2018, the court determined that the Division's change in goal from reunification

to adoption for A.C.W. was appropriate.

      On February 23, 2018, T.D.W. was evaluated by Dr. David R. Brandwein

to determine whether any mental condition would impact or impair her ability

to parent A.C.W. Dr. Brandwein noted that T.D.W. was "exposed to a number

of aversive childhood experiences . . . [which] have clearly led to negative

outcomes in adulthood for [T.D.W.], including housing problems, substance-

related problems, mental health difficulties, and difficulties with romantic

relationships." In conclusion, Dr. Brandwein opined that T.D.W. could not meet

the child's needs, and T.D.W. was cohabiting with an individual with a

significant criminal history who could not participate in a reunification plan.

Dr. Brandwein did not endorse T.D.W. as a caregiver for A.C.W. presently or

in the foreseeable future.

      On March 15, 2018, the Division filed a verified complaint for

guardianship of A.C.W. Thereafter, T.D.W.'s visits with A.C.W. were sparse,

and T.D.W. ceased making herself available to the Division. In August 2018,

T.D.W. was terminated from a court mandated program for not attending and

complying with services. She continued to resist meeting with her caseworker




                                                                        A-2267-18T2
                                       5
and chose to live with Martin despite having the financial ability to live

independently.

      On October 22, 2018, Dr. Brandwein conducted a bonding evaluation

between T.D.W. and A.C.W. and noted the child had no reaction to seeing her

mother during the session. Dr. Brandwein reported that A.C.W. does not depend

on T.D.W. to fulfill parental functions and "much of [T.D.W.'s] life has been

characterized by levels of psychological and personal instability that are

anathema to raising children."       Ultimately, Dr. Brandwein recommended

permanent placement of A.C.W. with her resource mother, A.C.

      The guardianship trial was conducted over five days.          Two Division

caseworkers, Dr. Brandwein, and T.D.W. testified. Following the conclusion of

the trial, the judge issued a sixty-eight-page written opinion finding that the

caseworkers and Dr. Brandwein were credible witnesses. The court also found

T.D.W. "is simply unwilling or unable to eliminate the harm facing [A.C.W.]

and is unable or unwilling to provide a safe and stable home for the child." The

court rejected T.D.W.'s testimony as not credible as it pertained to her personal

relationship with Martin.

      The court determined that "the Division has satisfied each prong of the

best interests of the child standard . . . by clear and convincing evidence," under


                                                                           A-2267-18T2
                                        6
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1, and entered an order terminating T.D.W.'s parental rights

and awarding guardianship to the Division. This appeal followed.

                                       II.

      The scope of our review on an appeal from an order terminating parental

rights is limited. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.L., 191 N.J. 596, 605

(2007) (citing In re Guardianship of J.N.H., 172 N.J. 440, 472 (2002)). We will

uphold a trial judge's factfindings if they are "supported by adequate,

substantial, and credible evidence." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. R.G.,

217 N.J. 527, 552 (2014) (citing N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196

N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). No deference is given to the court's "interpretation of the

law," which is reviewed de novo. D.W. v. R.W., 212 N.J. 232, 245-46 (2012)

(citing N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v I.S., 202 N.J. 145, 183 (2010);

Balsamides v. Protameen Chems., 160 N.J. 352, 372 (1999)).

      We "accord deference to factfindings of the family court because it has

the superior ability to gauge the credibility of the witnesses who testify before

it and because it possesses special expertise in matters related to the family."

N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 448 (2012) (citing

Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998)). "Only when the trial court's

conclusions are so 'clearly mistaken' or 'wide of the mark' should an appellate


                                                                         A-2267-18T2
                                       7
court intervene and make its own findings to ensure that there is not a denial of

justice." E.P., 196 N.J. at 104 (quoting G.L., 191 N.J. at 605.) We also accord

deference to the judge's credibility determinations "based upon his or her

opportunity to see and hear the witnesses." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.

v. R.L., 388 N.J. Super. 81, 88 (App. Div. 2006) (citing Cesare, 154 N.J. at 411-

13).

       When considering a petition for the termination of parental rights, the

court focuses on the "best interests of the child standard" and may grant the

petition when the four prongs set forth in N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) are established

by clear and convincing evidence. In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337,

347 (1999). "The four criteria enumerated in the best interests standard are not

discrete and separate; they relate to and overlap with one another to provide a

comprehensive standard that identifies a child's best interests." Id. at 348.

       T.D.W. contends there was insufficient evidence supporting the court's

findings on each of the four prongs and the court incorrectly applied the

principles governing the termination of parental rights.        After reviewing

T.D.W.'s arguments in light of the record and applicable legal principles, we are

convinced that there is substantial credible evidence supporting the court's

findings of fact and determination that the Division established by clear and


                                                                          A-2267-18T2
                                        8
convincing evidence under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) that it was in A.C.W.'s best

interests to terminate T.D.W.'s parental rights. We note, however, the following.

      A.    Prong One

      The first prong of the best interests of the child standard requires the

Division to establish that "[t]he child's safety, health or development has been

or will continue to be endangered by the parental relationship. . . ." N.J.S.A.

30:4C-15.1(a)(1). "[T]he Division must prove harm that 'threatens the child's

health and will likely have continuing deleterious effects on the child.'" N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.L., 213 N.J. 1, 25 (2013) (quoting K.H.O.,

161 N.J. at 352).

      We are not persuaded by T.D.W.'s argument that she never impaired

A.C.W.'s health and development, and there was no evidence that Martin did not

currently pose a risk to A.C.W. Further, we reject T.D.W.'s argument that she

improved her parenting skills and complied with services.

      The focus under the first prong is not on any "single or isolated harm," but

rather on "the effect of harms arising from the parent-child relationship over

time on the child's health and development." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348 (citing

N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.W., 103 N.J. 591, 604-10 (1986)). The

harm may be established by "a delay in establishing a stable and permanent


                                                                          A-2267-18T2
                                        9
home." In re Guardianship of DMH, 161 N.J. 365, 383 (1999). "A parent's

withdrawal of . . . solicitude, nurture, and care for an extended period of time is

in itself a harm that endangers the health and development of the child." Id. at

379 (citing K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 352-54). Additionally, a parent's "persistent

failure to perform any parenting functions and to provide . . . support for [the

child] . . . constitutes a parental harm to that child arising out of the parental

relationship [that is] cognizable under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(1) and (2)." Id.

at 380-81 (citing K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 352-54).

      We are satisfied there is substantial credible evidence supporting the

court's finding under the first prong of the best interests of the child standard,

N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(1), that T.D.W. caused harm to A.C.W. because the

child tested positive for marijuana at birth, and T.D.W.'s inconsistent visits,

inability to secure stable housing, failure to comply with court-ordered services,

continued relationship and cohabitation with Martin, and unwillingness to make

herself available to the Division, endangered A.C.W.'s safety, health and

development.

      Contrary to T.D.W.'s assertion, the court's finding of harm was not based

upon a "jumbled and cryptic" recitation of Martin's criminal offenses. T.D.W.

contended Martin was a "positive support" for her. The credible evidence


                                                                           A-2267-18T2
                                       10
established that T.D.W. did not comprehend the danger Martin posed to

A.C.W.'s safety based upon his extensive criminal history. The court aptly noted

that T.D.W. delayed finding her own housing appropriate for reunification with

A.C.W.

      Moreover, the credible evidence in the record shows that T.D.W. believed

A.C.W. tested positive for marijuana because T.D.W. "did not drink enough

water to get the drugs out of her system."         T.D.W. has never accepted

responsibility for her actions and was non-compliant with taking her

medications. She failed to undergo random urine drug screen testing and a hair

follicle test as directed by the Division. In June 2018, T.D.W. missed over a

month of visits with A.C.W. because "her boyfriend was in the hospital" and she

was "very busy."

      We are therefore convinced that the court had substantial credible

evidence supporting its finding of harm. The evidence supports the court's

conclusion that T.D.W. will never achieve sufficient personal or psychological

stability necessary to parent A.C.W. The court correctly found that the Division

established harm under the first prong of the best interests standard.




                                                                         A-2267-18T2
                                       11
      B.       Prong Two

      The second prong relates to parental unfitness and requires the Division

to prove that the "parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the harm facing the

child or is unable or unwilling to provide a safe and stable home for the child

. . . [and] [s]uch harm may include evidence that separating the child from his

[or her] resource family parents would cause serious and enduring emotional or

psychological harm to the child. . . ." N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(2). In analyzing

the second prong as it relates to harm, courts are permitted to consider evidence

presented pertaining to the first prong, which also deals with harm. DMH, 161

N.J. at 379. The focus is "whether it is reasonably foreseeable that the parents

can cease to inflict harm upon the children entrusted to their care." A.W., 103

N.J. at 607.

      T.D.W. argues that the second prong of the best interests standard is not

relevant because A.C.W. did not suffer harm under prong one, and therefore,

there could be no finding of harm under prong two. We disagree. As noted, the

court's finding of harm under the first prong of the standard was supported by

substantial credible evidence and was otherwise proper.

      T.D.W. also argues that she manifestly improved her stability by obtaining

stable housing and full-time employment for more than a year prior to trial. And,


                                                                         A-2267-18T2
                                      12
she showered A.C.W. with affection, attended the twelve-week parenting

course, and was proficient during the program. The Court in K.H.O. held that

the second prong may be satisfied "by indications of parental dereliction and

irresponsibility, such as . . . the inability to provide a stable and protective home

[and] the withholding of parental attention and care. . . ." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at

353. Harm considerations may also include the harm caused by "separating the

child from his [or her] resource family parents. . . ." N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(2).

      Here, the evidence supports the court's finding that T.D.W. was unable

and unwilling to eliminate the risk of harm to A.C.W. Based upon his evaluation

of T.D.W., Dr. Brandwein concluded that she was not capable of parenting

A.C.W. at the present time, and T.D.W. consistently surrounded herself with

paramours who pose a serious harm to A.C.W. and her other children.

Additionally, T.D.W. refused to take responsibility for her role in the removal

of her two older children. 5

      T.D.W.'s decision to forego numerous opportunities to visit with A.C.W.,

and her failure to accept responsibility for her conduct provided ample support



5
  T.D.W.'s two other children were removed from her care, in part, because she
continued to reside with a different paramour who also "pose[d] risks to the
children's safety and well-being . . . ." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency
v. T.D.W., No. A-2620-17 (App. Div. Feb. 28, 2019) (Slip op. at 19).
                                                                             A-2267-18T2
                                        13
for the court's determination that T.D.W. was unwilling "to find safe housing for

[A.C.W.] that is free of [Martin]." Furthermore, the court added, "delaying

permanent placement will add to the harm that the child has already suffered, as

[A.C.W.] has been in placement since February 8, 2017 . . . ."

      Moreover, the evidence supports the court's finding that separating

A.C.W. from her resource mother would cause harm. Deferring to the court's

fact findings, see F.M., 211 N.J. at 448, we are convinced the record contains

clear and convincing evidence that T.D.W. is unwilling to eliminate the harm

facing A.C.W., including the harm that would result if A.C.W.'s placement with

her resource parent was delayed or not made permanent. N.J.S.A. 30:4C-

15.1(a)(2).

      C.      Prong Three

      The third prong of the best interests of the child standard requires the

Division to establish that it made reasonable efforts to help the parent correct

the circumstances that led to the child's removal from the parent's care, and

"considered alternatives to termination of parental rights. . . ." N.J.S.A. 30:4C-

15.1(a)(3). "The diligence of [the Division's] efforts on behalf of a parent is not

measured by their success. . . . These efforts must be assessed against the




                                                                           A-2267-18T2
                                       14
standard of adequacy in light of all the circumstances in a given case." DMH,

161 N.J. at 393.

      We are not persuaded by defendant's argument that the Division failed to

make reasonable efforts to provide services.        "Reasonable efforts" means

"attempts by an agency authorized by the [D]ivision to assist the parents in

remedying the circumstances and conditions that led to the placement of the

child and in reinforcing the family structure, including, but not limited to: "

developing a plan for reunification; providing agreed upon services; informing

the parent of the child's progress; and "facilitating appropriate visitation."

N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(c). "Whether particular services are necessary in order to

comply with the [reasonable] efforts requirement must . . . be decided with

reference to the circumstances of the individual case before the court . . . ."

DMH, 161 N.J. at 390. The Division's efforts need not be successful to be

reasonable. F.M., 211 N.J. at 452.

      The record reflects that T.D.W. received multiple referrals to substance

abuse treatment centers, counseling, therapy, parenting classes, therapeutic

visitation, three psychological evaluations and two bonding evaluations. In

addition, the Division provided A.C.W. with Medicaid, two non-relative

resource placements, therapeutic visitation, the assistance of a Division nurse to


                                                                          A-2267-18T2
                                       15
provide updates on the child's healthcare needs, and transportation for parenting

time with T.D.W. and her siblings.

      T.D.W. contends that the Division failed to communicate, cooperate, and

consult her about reunification with A.C.W. with Martin as a co-parent, or about

her stepmother, Emma, becoming a custodial parent. After the guardianship

complaint was filed, T.D.W. argues that a Division attorney new to the case

urged the court to order T.D.W. to cease residing with Martin because of his

criminal history.

      As the trial court correctly noted, T.D.W. has failed to sufficiently take

advantage of the Division's services and benefit therefrom, despite the Division's

reasonable efforts to provide them. Moreover, Dr. Brandwein testified that

T.D.W. continues to remain romantically involved with Martin and therefore,

should not be reunified with A.C.W. Martin's criminal history was extensive

and violent, and Dr. Brandwein opined that A.C.W. should not be allowed near

him. Further, T.D.W. presented no evidence or expert testimony to opine that

Martin could co-parent A.C.W.

      The same holds true for T.D.W.'s stepmother, Emma, who actually is "a

previous girlfriend of the dad," according to a caseworker. Similar to Martin,




                                                                          A-2267-18T2
                                       16
Emma is not a relative of A.C.W. requiring the Division's investigation, and

T.D.W. did not suggest Emma as a placement option until August 2018.

      We are therefore satisfied that the court correctly determined that the

Division established by clear and convincing evidence the third prong of the best

interests standard. N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(3).

      D.    Prong Four

      The fourth prong of the best interests of the child standard requires the

Division to show that termination of defendant's "parental rights will not do

more harm than good." N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(4). Termination of parental

rights poses a risk to children due to the severing of the relationship with their

natural parents, but it is based "on the paramount need the children have for

permanent and defined parent-child relationships." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 355

(quoting In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1, 26 (1992)).

      Thus, "the fourth prong of the best interests standard [does not] require a

showing that no harm will befall the child as a result of the severing of biological

ties." Ibid. The court must consider and balance whether "the child will suffer

a greater harm from the termination of ties with [his or] her natural parents than

from the permanent disruption of [his or] her relationship with [his or] her foster

parents." Ibid.


                                                                            A-2267-18T2
                                        17
      Here, there is sufficient credible evidence in the record supporting the trial

judge's finding that the Division established prong four of the best interests of

the child standard. The judge appropriately concluded that T.D.W. will not be

able to safely and appropriately care for A.C.W. now or in the future. T.D.W.

still exhibits the same behaviors, such as inconsistent attendance at services, and

a relationship with a dangerous paramour. Moreover, A.C.W. has resided with

her resource parent for most of her life, who meets the child's needs and is

becoming her psychological parent.

      T.D.W.'s argument that her fourteenth amendment right to family

autonomy and association lacks sufficient merit to warrant any discussion in a

written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.




                                                                            A-2267-18T2
                                       18
