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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          298 Nebraska R eports
                                                   ROYAL v. McKEE
                                                  Cite as 298 Neb. 560




                            K evin Royal, appellant and cross-appellee, v.
                            Loma McK ee and Edmund R. McK ee, wife and
                               husband, now deceased, et al., appellees,
                                  and Omaha P ublic Power District,
                                    appellee and cross-appellant.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed December 29, 2017.   No. S-16-708.

                1.	 Equity: Quiet Title. A quiet title action sounds in equity.
                2.	 Equity: Appeal and Error. On appeal from an equity action, an appel-
                    late court tries factual questions de novo on the record and, as to ques-
                    tions of both fact and law, is obligated to reach a conclusion independent
                    of the conclusion reached by the trial court, provided that where credible
                    evidence is in conflict in a material issue of fact, the appellate court
                    considers and may give weight to the fact that the trial judge heard
                    and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the facts rather
                    than another.
                3.	 Adverse Possession: Proof: Time. A party claiming title through
                    adverse possession must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
                    the adverse possessor has been in (1) actual, (2) continuous, (3) exclu-
                    sive, (4) notorious, and (5) adverse possession under a claim of owner-
                    ship for the statutory period of 10 years.
                4.	 Actions: Default Judgments: Complaints: Damages: Proof. Where a
                    defendant is in default, the allegations of the complaint are to be taken
                    as true against him, except allegations of value and amount of damage.
                    Thus, if the complaint states a cause of action, the plaintiff is entitled to
                    judgment without further proof.
                5.	 Easements: Adverse Possession: Notice. Under Nebraska law, a per-
                    missive use is not adverse and cannot ripen into an easement. If a use
                    begins as a permissive use, it retains that character until notice that the
                    use is claimed as a matter of right is communicated to the owner of the
                    servient estate.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
                         ROYAL v. McKEE
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 560

  Appeal from the District Court for Otoe County: Jeffrey J.
Funke, Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part vacated.

  Donald J. Pepperl, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.

   Mark C. Laughlin and Jacqueline M. DeLuca, of Fraser
Stryker, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee Omaha Public Power
District.

   Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, and
K elch, JJ.

  Heavican, C.J.
                        INTRODUCTION
   Kevin Royal filed a quiet title action against his prede-
cessors in interest and against Omaha Public Power District
(OPPD) alleging fee title ownership of certain land along the
railroad right-of-way passing through his property as a result
of adverse possession. OPPD filed a counterclaim, alleging that
it had acquired fee simple title to that same land, also under a
theory of adverse possession.
   The district court granted Royal’s motion for entry of default
as to his predecessors in interest, but following a trial, denied
both Royal’s and OPPD’s claims of title under adverse posses-
sion. Royal appealed, and OPPD cross-appealed. We affirm in
part, and in part vacate.

                 FACTUAL BACKGROUND
                       Prior Litigation
   Royal filed a second amended complaint alleging that he
was the owner of certain real property located in Otoe County,
Nebraska. He further alleged that OPPD possessed a railroad
right-of-way easement which ran through his property. Finally,
Royal alleged that he obtained title of the railroad right-of-
way by adverse possession and that title should be quieted in
his name.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
                         ROYAL v. McKEE
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 560

    OPPD filed an answer and affirmative defenses, and a
counterclaim and cross-claim. OPPD alleged that it was the
owner of 100 feet on either side of the center of the rail line
running through Royal’s property, that OPPD acquired this
land by adverse possession, and that title should be quieted in
its name.
    Various orders from the Otoe County District Court in this
litigation predate the order at issue on appeal. In one such
order, Royal had filed an action against OPPD alleging dam-
ages incurred as a result of its construction of an electricity
transmission line within the railroad right-of-way. The dis-
trict court held that Midland Pacific Railway Company, later
Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company (BNSF),
had obtained a railroad right-of-way by eminent domain in
1869 and that the railroad right-of-way had been continuously
used since that time for the operation of a railroad. OPPD
obtained the railroad’s right-of-way from BNSF by quitclaim
deed in 1998. The district court held that OPPD did not own
fee title to the right-of-way, but acquired an easement in the
right-of-way that “traverses across” Royal’s property.
    In that case, the district court held that OPPD’s erection
of transmission lines from Lincoln, Nebraska, to Nebraska
City, Nebraska, along the railroad line was not an inciden-
tal use associated with the operation of a railroad line, but
instead was a separate and distinct activity which was not part
of the rights acquired through the original 1869 condemna-
tion action.
    Another order issued earlier in this litigation provided that
as a result of the deeds which ultimately transferred Royal’s
property to him, Royal was not the titled owner of the railroad
right-of-way. As such, Royal’s appeal seeking damages from a
board of appraisers as a result of the construction of the trans-
mission line was dismissed.
    Finally, early in the matter on appeal, an order was filed
entering default against all defendants except OPPD. The dis-
trict court then concluded that the “sole determination left to
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
                         ROYAL v. McKEE
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 560

be made . . . is whether either Royal or OPPD have proven by
a preponderance of the evidence” that they have acquired title
to the railroad right-of-way by adverse possession.

                      History of Ownership
   The ownership at issue dates back to the condemnation
action granting OPPD’s predecessor in interest a railroad right-
of-way easement in 1869. OPPD took possession of its prede-
cessor’s interest in 1998.
   On January 4, 1930, Loma McKee and Edmund R. McKee,
wife and husband, and Lois B. Nelson and Obel T. Nelson,
wife and husband, conveyed a portion of the land now belong-
ing to Royal to William E. Beecham. This conveyance spe-
cifically excluded the right-of-way. On March 11, 1944, Loma
McKee (now widowed) and Lois B. Bennefield, formerly
Lois B. Nelson, and her husband Benny Bennefield, conveyed
the remaining portion of Royal’s property to John McCarthy,
again specifically excluding the railroad right-of-way. Through
various deeds and conveyances from 1987 to 2012, Royal’s
property was conveyed to him. Those deeds and conveyances
always excluded the railroad right-of-way.
   As a result of the conveyances specifically excluding the
railroad right-of-way, Loma McKee and Lois Bennefield con-
tinued to hold fee simple title to that portion of the subject
property located within the railroad right-of-way. Any interest
that Loma McKee, Lois Bennefield, or their heirs, devisees,
legatees, or personal representatives may have had was extin-
guished by the order of default entered March 17, 2015.

                   Royal’s Use of Property
   The record shows that Royal lived in a farmhouse on the
property adjacent to the right-of-way on and off from 1989
to 2012. Royal testified that in 1989, he began to assist his
father and uncle in farming the property. In conjunction with
the farming operation, during that period of time, parts of
the right-of-way were utilized by Royal’s father and uncle
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
                         ROYAL v. McKEE
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 560

for uses such as driving farm equipment in the right-of-way,
planting and harvesting crops in the right-of-way, using the
right-of-way to pasture and chase livestock and to drive four-
wheelers, and using the right-of-way to store hay, hunt, and
hike, and to access the adjacent creek. Royal’s father and
uncle also removed trees and brush from the right-of-way,
mowed weeds in the right-of-way, and maintained the fence.
Most of this was done in the outer 50 feet of the right-of-way.
Royal also testified that much of this activity was done on a
sporadic basis.

                     OPPD’s Use of Property
   The evidence at trial shows the railroad right-of-way had
been used continuously for railroad purposes since its estab-
lishment and that OPPD had been in control of the right-
of-way since 1998. The record shows that OPPD had rou-
tinely used the right-of-way and expended significant funds
to maintain it. OPPD had authorized BNSF and Union Pacific
to use the line, referred to as the “Arbor Line,” to deliver
coal to OPPD’s Nebraska City powerplant and to carry other
goods to consumers located along the line. The Arbor Line
had also been used by OPPD to store railcars for other rail-
road entities.
   It is not entirely clear from the record whether OPPD ran
trains on the line at the time of trial. One witness, formerly
employed by OPPD, testified that trains were still operated on
the line at the time of his retirement in 2013. But Royal testi-
fied that he had not seen a train on the line in the 5 years prior
to trial (or from approximately 2011).
   An OPPD representative testified that when not using prop-
erty it owns, OPPD often leased property to others, and that
where leases were not in place, adjoining landowners were
often permitted to use the land for farming purposes, because
such use promotes goodwill and keeps the land maintained.
The representative testified that he had informed Royal that
OPPD owned the right-of-way (in accordance with OPPD’s
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       298 Nebraska R eports
                               ROYAL v. McKEE
                              Cite as 298 Neb. 560

erroneous belief that they had purchased the fee title and not
an easement over this right-of-way) and that OPPD was aware
Royal was using the right-of-way for farming purposes and had
observed Royal on the land.

                 District Court’s Decision
   Following a bench trial, the district court found that nei-
ther Royal nor OPPD had established the elements of adverse
possession and that thus, title could not be quieted as to
either party.

                  ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   On appeal, Royal alleges 22 assignments of error, which
can be restated and consolidated into 3 assignments of error:
that the district court erred in (1) “not finding that since the
ownership interest of the fee title holders of record [was]
extinguished by its Order of March 17, 20[15], that neither
. . . Royal nor . . . OPPD proved . . . that he/it was entitled
to judgment quieting title in that party by reason of adverse
possession,” (2) making or failing to make multiple factual
findings, and (3) not finding that Royal had proved his claim
of adverse possession.
   On cross-appeal, OPPD assigns that the district court erred
in finding that OPPD did not adversely possess the real
property.

                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1,2] A quiet title action sounds in equity.1 On appeal from
an equity action, an appellate court tries factual questions de
novo on the record and, as to questions of both fact and law,
is obligated to reach a conclusion independent of the conclu-
sion reached by the trial court, provided that where credible
evidence is in conflict in a material issue of fact, the appellate
court considers and may give weight to the fact that the trial

 1	
      Poullous v. Pine Crest Homes, 293 Neb. 115, 876 N.W.2d 356 (2016).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       298 Nebraska R eports
                               ROYAL v. McKEE
                              Cite as 298 Neb. 560

judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one ver-
sion of the facts rather than another.2
   In an appeal from the entry of a default judgment, an appel-
late court will affirm the action of the trial court in the absence
of an abuse of discretion.3

                           ANALYSIS
   Both Royal’s appeal and OPPD’s cross-appeal raise the issue
of whether either party had obtained title to the 200-foot right-
of-way as a result of adverse possession.
   [3] A party claiming title through adverse possession must
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the adverse pos-
sessor has been in (1) actual, (2) continuous, (3) exclusive, (4)
notorious, and (5) adverse possession under a claim of owner-
ship for the statutory period of 10 years.4

            Neb. R ev. Stat. § 39-1404 (R eissue 2016)
   Before we turn to Royal’s assignments of error, we address
OPPD’s contention that Royal cannot adversely possess the
railroad right-of-way, because § 39-1404 prohibits such owner-
ship. Section 39-1404 provides:
         No privilege, franchise, right, title, right of user, or
      other interest in or to any street, avenue, road, thorough-
      fare, alley or public grounds in any county, city, munici-
      pality, town, or village of this state, or in the space or
      region under, through or above any such street, avenue,
      road, thoroughfare, alley, or public grounds, shall ever
      arise or be created, secured, acquired, extended, enlarged
      or amplified by user, occupation, acquiescence, implica-
      tion, or estoppel.

 2	
      Klein v. Oakland/Red Oak Holdings, 294 Neb. 535, 883 N.W.2d 699
      (2016).
 3	
      State of Florida v. Countrywide Truck Ins. Agency, 258 Neb. 113, 602
      N.W.2d 432 (1999).
 4	
      Klein v. Oakland/Red Oak Holdings, supra note 2.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
                          ROYAL v. McKEE
                         Cite as 298 Neb. 560

   We generally agree with OPPD that this section prohib-
its land owned by a political subdivision from an ownership
change as a result of, among other means, adverse posses-
sion. But even assuming that OPPD is a political subdivision
for purposes of this section, we find OPPD’s contention to be
without merit.
   The district court has already concluded that OPPD does not
own the fee title to the right-of-way and owns only an ease-
ment; thus, quieting fee title in Royal would not affect OPPD’s
interest. And to the extent OPPD might argue that Royal seeks
to convert OPPD’s easement by adverse possession, we note
that Royal concedes that OPPD owns such easement and does
not seek to prevent OPPD’s ownership of the easement. On
these facts, § 39-1404 has no application.

                    Effect of Earlier Default
   We now address Royal’s first assignment of error, in which
he assigns that the district court erred in “not finding that
since the ownership interest of the fee title holders of record
[was] extinguished by its Order of March 17, 20[15], that
neither . . . Royal nor . . . OPPD proved . . . that he/it was
entitled to judgment quieting title in that party by reason of
adverse possession.”
   Royal sought to quiet title on the basis of adverse posses-
sion against both OPPD and all prior owners of the property
and their heirs and devisees. It appears this was done because
the district court had, in prior but related litigation, determined
that the right-of-way had remained with the original owners
and had not been conveyed from owner to owner when the
remainder of the property was transferred. Service on those
individuals was done by publication. OPPD was the only
defendant to file an appearance.
   As a result of the lack of appearance, Royal sought an entry
of default against all parties except OPPD. Royal and OPPD
stipulated that the motion should be granted. The district
court accordingly signed an order stating that “[b]y failing to
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        298 Nebraska R eports
                               ROYAL v. McKEE
                              Cite as 298 Neb. 560

answer both [Royal’s] Complaint and . . . OPPD’s Crossclaims,
all Defendants, except . . . OPPD, have relinquished any
rights they may have had to the land at issue in the above-­
captioned matter.”
   [4] The general rule is that “‘where a defendant is in
default, the allegations of the [complaint] are to be taken as
true against him, except allegations of value and amount of
damage.’”5 Thus, if the complaint states a cause of action, the
plaintiff is entitled to judgment without further proof.
   But we have also held that a trial court should defer from
entering a default judgment against one of multiple defend­
ants when doing so could result in inconsistent and illogical
judgments following a determination on the merits as to the
defend­ants not in default.6
   The facts presented by this appeal demonstrate how the
entry of default judgment may lead to an inconsistent and
illogical result. While the district court granted default judg-
ment, that default judgment was insufficient to quiet title in
Royal or OPPD, because it did not settle the dispute between
those parties. Rather, all the entry of default judgment did was
extinguish the rights of the prior landowners. And as we find
in further detail below, by extinguishing the rights of the prior
landowners, and then finding that neither Royal nor OPPD had
established the elements of adverse possession, the 200 feet of
this right-of-way are effectively owned by no one. This is an
illogical result that should be avoided.
   We observe that the district court did not err when it ulti-
mately held that the entry of default did not lead to the quiet­
ing of title in Royal. However, that portion of the district
court’s order granting default that extinguished the rights of
the prior landowners led to an illogical result and was an

 5	
      Turbines Ltd. v. Transupport, Inc., 285 Neb. 129, 137, 825 N.W.2d 767,
      774 (2013).
 6	
      State of Florida v. Countrywide Truck Ins. Agency, supra note 3.
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       298 Nebraska R eports
                               ROYAL v. McKEE
                              Cite as 298 Neb. 560

abuse of discretion. As such, we vacate that portion of the
entry of default.

                   A lleged Factual Errors
   In his second assignment of error, Royal alleges various
factual findings as erroneous. Our standard of review is de
novo on the record, and we reach a conclusion independent of
the decision of the district court. As such, we will not address
Royal’s claims as to the district court’s factual findings. There
is no merit to Royal’s second assignment of error.

                         OPPD’s Claim of
                        A dverse Possession
   We next turn to OPPD’s cross-appeal. In it, OPPD claims
the district court erred in concluding that it had not established
that it adversely possessed the right-of-way.
   Our starting point is the conclusion which is the law of the
case, that OPPD owns an easement over the right-of-way and
not a fee simple. That easement was obtained in 1869, and
a railroad was continuously operated on the land by various
entities. OPPD acquired the line, known as the Arbor Line, in
1998. Since that time, OPPD authorized BNSF, Union Pacific,
and other railroad companies to deliver goods along the line.
OPPD also used the line to store railcars for various entities.
These uses are permissive and a direct or incidental use asso-
ciated with the operation of a rail line.
   [5] Under Nebraska law, a permissive use is not adverse and
cannot ripen into an easement.7 If a use begins as a permis-
sive use, it retains that character until notice that the use is
claimed as a matter of right is communicated to the owner of
the servient estate.8 As such, OPPD’s use of the line for rail-
road purposes was not hostile and therefore cannot ripen into
ownership by adverse possession.

 7	
      See Fischer v. Grinsbergs, 198 Neb. 329, 252 N.W.2d 619 (1977).
 8	
      Gerberding v. Schnakenberg, 216 Neb. 200, 343 N.W.2d 62 (1984).
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
                         ROYAL v. McKEE
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 560

   The character of OPPD’s use changed when the transmis-
sion line was constructed in approximately 2007. However,
on these facts this use was insufficient to establish adverse
possession. OPPD filed its counterclaim, asserting that it had
adversely possessed the right-of-way in January 2015. This
date is less than 10 years after construction of the line. As
such, the 10-year time requirement for a claim of adverse pos-
session has not been met.
   The district court did not err in finding that OPPD had not
established the elements of adverse possession. OPPD’s argu-
ment on cross-appeal is without merit.

                        Royal’s Claim of
                       A dverse Possession
   Having concluded that OPPD did not establish the elements
of adverse possession, we turn to Royal’s third assignment of
error. Royal contends that the district court erred in not quiet-
ing title in the 200-foot right-of-way in his name based upon
his adverse possession of that property.
   In his second amended complaint, Royal sought title to the
entire 200 feet of the right-of-way. The district court found
that Royal had not met the elements of adverse possession and
thus title could not be quieted in Royal:
      Though [Royal] and his predecessors in interest have
      owned the property surrounding the railroad right-of-way
      for more than ten years, their use of the property has been
      sporadic in occurrence and sporadic in location. More
      specifically, the majority of activities, other than farm-
      ing, described by Royal have occurred randomly over a
      nineteen year period. Those uses, such a [sic] walking or
      riding four wheelers along the right-of-way or allowing
      hunters access to the right-of-way have occurred so rarely
      that the same could not be sufficient to put anyone on
      notice that Royal was intending to claim the right-of-way
      as his own property.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
                         ROYAL v. McKEE
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 560

         Further, the evidence indicates that farming was done
      routinely upon portions of the right-of-way during that
      same 19 year period. However, the farming was being
      done with the tacit approval of OPPD who was holding
      itself out as the owner of the property. Further, though
      the farming was allegedly done on an annual basis, it
      was only done during the planting, growing and har-
      vesting periods and not done consistently throughout
      each year.
         Lastly, the survey presented at trial merely provides a
      legal description for the entirety of the right-of-way and
      the outer fifty feet of both sides of the right-of-way. The
      evidence is clear that Royal has not used the entire right-
      of-way for his own purposes; that he has rarely used the
      interior 100 feet of the right-of-way; and has only used
      portions of the outer 50 feet of the right-of-way for his
      own purposes. There has not been sufficient evidence
      presented to adequately describe the land with enough
      particularity to enable this court to exact the extent of
      the land adversely possessed and to enter a judgment
      upon the description. As a result, Royal’s use and main-
      tenance of the right-of-way for his own purposes cannot
      be considered actual, continuous, exclusive, notorious,
      and adverse under a claim of ownership for the statutory
      period of 10 years and, therefore, his claim of adverse
      possession must fail under these [sic] set of facts.
   We agree that there is some evidence in the record that
lends support to Royal’s claim of adverse possession. But
applying our de novo standard of review, we must affirm the
trial court’s finding that Royal did not establish his claim
of adverse possession as to the 200 feet of the right-of-way
claimed in his amended complaint.
   An expert witness for Royal who surveyed the right-of-way
testified that there was evidence of farm operations, includ-
ing tilled land and crop residue. But he observed the property
only at the time he conducted the survey. While this testimony
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                        298 Nebraska R eports
                               ROYAL v. McKEE
                              Cite as 298 Neb. 560

supports the conclusion that some of the land had been used
for farming operations, it does not support the conclusion that
it was done for a continuous period of time sufficient to prove
a claim of adverse possession.
   Royal himself testified that there was no area in the outside
50 feet on each edge of the right-of-way that was not utilized
in some manner, whether it was farmed or used for pastureland,
hay land, or drainage. But Royal also acknowledged that he
had not continuously lived on the property and had not con-
tinuously assisted with the farming of the property. This limits
the weight of Royal’s evidence on this point.
   Moreover, we note that Royal’s credibility was challenged
by contrary statements that he made during depositions in
this case. The trial court heard and observed the witness,
and in finding that Royal had not established the elements of
adverse possession, gave greater weight to Royal’s deposi-
tion testimony.
   On the record before us, giving deference to the trial court,
who heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one ver-
sion of the facts rather than another,9 we find that Royal did
not establish the elements of adverse possession as to the 200
feet of the railroad right-of-way and, as such, is not entitled
to have title quieted in his name. Royal’s final assignment of
error is without merit.
                         CONCLUSION
   The district court’s order denying both Royal’s and OPPD’s
claims for adverse possession are affirmed. The order granting
default judgment to Royal and OPPD and extinguishing the
property rights of the prior owners is vacated.
                        A ffirmed in part, and in part vacated.
   Wright, J., not participating in the decision.
   Funke, J., not participating.

 9	
      See Klein v. Oakland/Red Oak Holdings, supra note 2.
