                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



 CHRISTOPHER M. MAUNZ,
            Plaintiff,
                   v.                                      Civil Action No. 13-1858 (JDB)
 DEBORAH LEE JAMES, Secretary of the
 Air Force,
            Defendant.


                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Plaintiff Christopher Maunz does not want to be in the Air Force. But he also does not

want to reimburse the government the $27,000 (and change) in tuition, books, and other benefits

the Air Force gave Maunz while he was a Reserve Officer Training Corps (“ROTC”) cadet at

James Madison University. A Department of the Air Force review board concluded that Maunz

must choose one or the other—either serve as an Air Force officer or repay the money—a

decision that Maunz believes was contrary to law. The parties have filed cross-motions for

summary judgment, 1 and, for the reasons explained below, the Court will grant the Air Force’s

motion and deny Maunz’s motion.

                                           BACKGROUND

        Maunz was a typical, if underperforming, Air Force ROTC cadet until April 2, 2009,

when his commander “[d]isenrolled” him from the program. Att. 2 to J.A. [ECF No. 14-2] (“Att.

2”) at 8; see also Att. 1 to J.A. [ECF No. 14-1] (“Att. 1”) at 47 (“Cadet Maunz . . . has

consistently ranked near the bottom of his [ROTC] class since entering the program.”). The


        1
          Gov’t’s Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF No. 4] (“Gov’t’s Mot.”); Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. and Opp’n to
Gov’t’s Mot. [ECF No. 7-1] (“Pl.’s Cross-Mot.”); Gov’t’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. and Reply [ECF No. 10]
(“Gov’t’s Opp’n”); Pl.’s Reply to Gov’t’s Opp’n [ECF No. 13] (“Pl.’s Reply”).

                                                     1
form memorializing Maunz’s disenrollment explains that he was dropped for “failure to maintain

military retention standards.” Att. 2 at 8.

       What, specifically, did Maunz do wrong? The Air Force ROTC manual requires cadets

to “report all . . . civil involvements [that is, run-ins with the law] to the detachment within 72

hours,” Att. 1 at 18 (quoting Air Force ROTC Instruction 36-2011 ¶ 1.5.2.3), and Maunz failed

to heed this requirement. North Carolina police had arrested Maunz in 2008 for, among other

things, speeding, possession of marijuana, and possession of drug paraphernalia. See id. at 32–

33. Rather than immediately report this incident, however, Maunz—acting on the advice of his

father, a retired Air Force colonel—waited some fifty days before explaining his predicament in

a letter to his detachment commander. See id. at 33, 36. Apparently, Maunz (and his father)

thought it best to report these allegations only after he had cleared his name—which he did with

some success. See id. at 33. In December 2008, North Carolina prosecutors elected to drop

Maunz’s marijuana and paraphernalia charges and reduce his traffic charges in exchange for

community service. Id. But this development changed nothing for Maunz’s ROTC superiors,

who felt that “his failure to comply with [the 72-hour reporting] policy [was] a serious breach of

trust” that deserved dismissal from the program. Id. at 47. After his dismissal, the Air Force

notified Maunz that he was required to repay the government $27,746, which represented the

sum total of his ROTC scholarship. Att. 2 at 10–11.

       Maunz appealed the ROTC’s decision in August 2010, submitting an application to the

Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records. See Att. 1 at 14. The Board consists of

civilians (appointed by the Secretary of the Air Force), who will “[i]n appropriate cases, . . .

direct[] correction of military records to remove an error or injustice.” 32 C.F.R. §§ 865.1,

865.2; see also 10 U.S.C. § 1552 (authorizing correction of military records by civilian boards).



                                                2
Maunz claimed just such an error or injustice, arguing that his ROTC chain of command had

treated him far too harshly—he had voluntarily reported his arrest, after all, and he meant well

when he delayed his report. And he asked the Board to “reinstate him into the Air Force ROTC

program and the Air Force Reserve, stop the recoupment of his scholarship funds and grant relief

for cause.” Att. 1 at 23. “By granting the relief requested,” Maunz’s counsel wrote, “[the] Board

will allow a dedicated and highly competent cadet to continue to pursue becoming an officer in

the Air Force and provide sound leadership to the service.” Id. at 29.

       The Board agreed with Maunz. In a December 2011 opinion, it found that the 72-hour

rule was not as unambiguous as it seemed, that Maunz eventually (and voluntarily) reported his

arrest, and that this was Maunz’s first disciplinary incident. See Att. 1 at 10. The Board

therefore decided that Maunz “ha[d] established reasonable doubt as to whether his actions

warrant[ed] disenrollment,” and it “elect[ed] to resolve such doubt in [his] favor.”          Id.

Moreover, the Board recommended that Maunz get all the relief he requested:            first, the

document finalizing his disenrollment from ROTC should “be removed from his record”;

second, the Air Force should stop “any and all recoupment action associated with his

disenrollment”; and third, the Air Force should take “[a]ppropriate actions . . . to effect his

commission and promotion.” Id. at 11.

       Maunz, in short, had won. But his next steps would not show it. His attorney wrote a

letter to the Board in May 2012, asking whether “Maunz is required to return to active duty in

order to benefit from the [Board’s] recommendations.” Att. 3 to J.A. [ECF No. 14-3] (“Att. 3”)

at 29–30. “Mr. Maunz does not wish to return to active duty,” the attorney explained, because he

“has secured gainful employment with a civilian employer who is currently funding [his]

graduate school education.” Id. at 30. The Board replied with bad news. Maunz was, indeed,



                                                3
required to return to the Air Force, but (if he wanted “to change the relief already granted”) he

could ask the Board to reconsider his application—although reconsideration “may result in a less

favorable outcome.” Id. at 32. Undeterred, Maunz asked the Board to take another look at his

case in July 2012. His latest request: “that all recoupment efforts be permanently stopped, his

debt be cancelled, and all negative references to his disenrollment be removed from his file, and

that he receive an honorable discharge.” Id. at 37.

        Maunz did not win this second time around.                “After thoroughly reviewing the

documentation submitted in support of [Maunz’s] appeal,” the Board wrote, “we do not believe

further corrective action is warranted.” Id. at 34. As the Board saw things, Maunz had gotten

everything he wanted out of his first appeal. The Board had “overturn[ed] his disenrollment in

order to allow him to enter the Air Force as an officer,” and it had cancelled the recoupment

action against him—and neither of these actions constituted an “error or injustice.” Id. at 35.

The Board thus held that Maunz “must either serve on active duty . . . or pay the debt incurred as

a result of his disenrollment.” Id.; see also id. (“[S]ince [Maunz] no longer desires to become a

commissioned officer . . . , we would entertain his request to void the Board’s directive, which

will return his records to [their] original state, i.e., disenrolled with recoupment.”).

        This complaint followed. Although Maunz initially suggested that he was challenging

both the Board’s initial decision (granting him relief) and its decision on reconsideration

(denying any additional relief) as “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, unsupported by

substantial evidence, and contrary to law,” Compl. [ECF No. 1] at 9, his briefings before this

Court have substantially narrowed the scope of his claim. Rather than challenge both decisions,

Maunz only “seeks to review . . . [the Board’s] 2013 reconsideration decision.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot.

at 15; see also id. (“Plaintiff does not directly seek review of the . . . 2011 decision but submits



                                                   4
that it remains pertinent to the Court’s . . . review of the . . . 2013 reconsideration decision.”). As

Maunz explains, the question in this case boils down to whether the Board met “its obligation to

grant [him] full and effective and thorough and fitting relief in accordance with binding

regulation and federal law.” Id. at 22 (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In the ordinary summary-judgment case, courts will grant summary judgment only when

the pleadings and the evidence demonstrate that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). But this is

no ordinary summary-judgment case. It is, instead, a case involving review of a final agency

action under the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq.—which further limits the

courts’ power of review beyond the usual Rule 56(a) standard. Under the APA, it is the agency’s

job to resolve factual issues and arrive at a decision that is supported by the administrative

record; the district court, meanwhile, need only “determine whether or not . . . the evidence in the

administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.” Occidental Eng’g Co. v.

INS, 753 F.2d 766, 769–70 (9th Cir. 1985). Thus, in this instance, summary judgment serves as

the mechanism for deciding, as a matter of law, whether the Air Force Board for Correction of

Military Records reached a decision that is supported by the administrative record and otherwise

consistent with the APA standard of review. See Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n.28

(D.C. Cir. 1977).

       And that standard of review is not an onerous one. According to the APA, a court may

vacate an agency decision only if it is (among other things) “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of

discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), “in excess of

statutory . . . authority, id. § 706(2)(C), “without observance of procedure required by law,” id.



                                                  5
§ 706(2)(D), or “unsupported by substantial evidence,” id. § 706(2)(E). Agency actions under

this statute are entitled to significant deference, and the scope of review is narrow. See Citizens

to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971). The reviewing court, indeed,

is not permitted “to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v.

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983). That is to say, it is not enough to

conclude that the Board’s decision was incorrect—as long as the agency decision has some

rational basis, the court is bound to uphold it. See Overton Park, 401 U.S. at 416 (explaining that

the court may only review agency action to determine “whether the decision was based on a

consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment”).

        Moreover, the standard of review is “unusually deferential” in APA cases involving the

correction of Air Force military records. Kreis v. Sec’y of Air Force, 866 F.2d 1508, 1514 (D.C.

Cir. 1989); see also Musengo v. White, 286 F.3d 535, 538 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (applying the

“unusually deferential” standard to an Army military-records decision). As this Circuit has

explained, “the question whether a particular action is arbitrary or capricious must turn on the

extent to which the relevant statute . . . constrains agency action.” Kreis, 866 F.2d at 1514. And

here, the statute gives broad discretion to the Air Force: “The Secretary of a military department

may correct any military record,” the statute says, “when the Secretary considers it necessary to

correct an error or remove an injustice.” 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(1) (emphasis added). Thus, the

Air Force Secretary may (or may not) correct an applicant’s military record as she sees fit,

regardless of the Board’s error-or-injustice finding. See Kreis, 866 F.2d at 1514. Congress, in

other words, has imposed few constraints on Air Force action, which suggests that courts should

overturn “only the most egregious [military-records] decisions.” 2 Id. at 1515.


        2
          Maunz takes issue with this “unusually deferential” standard of review, arguing that it should not apply to
his case. See Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 14–15 (citing Remmie v. Mabus, 898 F. Supp. 2d 108, 119 (D.D.C. 2012)). But

                                                         6
                                                  DISCUSSION

          The question at issue in this case is a narrow one. Did the Board violate the APA

(keeping in mind the “unusually deferential” standard applicable to military-records cases) when

it decided in 2013 that Maunz had not suffered an error or injustice that warranted additional

correction of his Air Force records? See Pl.’s Cross-Mot at 15 (disclaiming any direct challenge

to the Board’s 2011 decision). And Maunz has gone further still to sharpen the focus of this

Court’s review:        he “does not allege that the [Board] failed to consider any nonfrivolous

arguments or an important aspect of [Maunz’s] problem”; he does not “argue that the decision

was unsupported by the record”; he “has not alleged that the [Board’s] 2013 decision

misinterpreted a law or contained unsupported factual findings”; and he “does not dispute that

the [Board] reviewed the evidence and was ‘completely aware’ of [Maunz’s] circumstances.” Id.

at 22–24. Maunz, instead, argues only that the Board “acted contrary to law in violation of the

APA and [the Board’s] statutory mandate” when it failed to “gran[t] ‘full and effective’ relief

[as] mandated by 32 C.F.R. § [8]65.4(h)(4).” 3 Id. at 24.

         This Court cannot agree.            The relevant regulation is clear:            “The Board will make

determinations on . . . [w]hether the applicant has demonstrated the existence of a material error

or injustice that can be remedied effectively through correction of the applicant’s military record

and, if so, what corrections are needed to provide full and effective relief.” 32 C.F.R. § 865.4(h).



Remmie does not support Maunz’s conclusion. There, the district court noted that not every military-review-board
case is entitled to “unusual[]” deference, because some cases merely involve “review of the Board’s application of a
procedural regulation governing its case adjudication process,” and such actions remain subject to the usual (but still
deferential) APA standards. 898 F. Supp. 2d at 118 (emphasis added and internal quotation marks omitted). But
this is not that kind of case. Far from challenging the Board’s decision-making “process” or “procedur[es],” Maunz
challenges the merits of the Board’s decision—whether he suffered an error or injustice, and what relief (if any) the
Board should give. See Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 22–24. This case therefore fits the Kreis mold, where the appellant
“challenge[d] the corrective relief recommended by the Air Force Board for the Correction of Military Records,”
and where the unusually deferential, egregious-decision standard governs. Kreis, 866 F.2d at 1509, 1515.
          3
             In their initial briefs, both Maunz and the government place the relevant regulations at 32 C.F.R.
§ 365.4(h)(4). But Maunz later clarified that “[t]he correct citation is 32 C.F.R. § 865.4(h)(4).” Pl.’s Reply at 2 n.2.

                                                           7
And the Board’s 2013 reconsideration decision followed this regulation to a tee. It considered

the facts of Maunz’s case, including the various developments that post-dated its initial 2011

decision. See Att. 3 at 34–35. It determined that “the facts and circumstances of [Maunz’s] case

in no way render him the victim of an error or an injustice.” Id. at 35. And it therefore

concluded that no “further corrective action is warranted.”         Id. at 34.   In sum, the Board

exercised its regulation-granted power to decide that Maunz had not been wronged in any

material way, and it thus opted against any further record corrections. There is nothing contrary

to law—and certainly nothing egregious—about this chain of events.

       Maunz, of course, disagrees. First, he argues that the Board was obligated to grant him

additional relief, because it had already found “an error or injustice in [his] record.” Pl.’s Cross-

Mot. at 24. As this argument goes, because the Board discovered an injustice in Maunz’s first

appeal, it was duty-bound to give him relief in response to his second.            But this is mere

bootstrapping. To be sure, the Board concluded in 2011 that Maunz should not have been

dropped from the Air Force ROTC program, that the ROTC commander’s decision was a fixable

error or injustice, and that Maunz ought to get all the relief he asked for. But this line of thinking

says nothing about the Board’s 2013 deliberations, in which the civilian panel was obliged to

decide (1) whether the 2011 decision (and subsequent developments in Maunz’s personal life)

subjected him to some additional error or injustice, and if so, (2) what corrective action it ought

to take. Maunz lost his reconsideration appeal at step one, and there was therefore no need to

move on to step two. Indeed, given the Board’s no-error-or-injustice finding, there is a strong

argument that the Board would have contravened the governing law if it had granted Maunz

additional relief. See 32 C.F.R. § 865.4(h)(4) (allowing the Board to correct records only after it

finds an “error or injustice that can be remedied effectively”).



                                                  8
         Maunz persists that the Board’s decision must be contrary to law, because the civilian

panel’s 2011 recommendations—if left unchanged—would put him in a worse position than

when he started. He would, he explains, have to leave his civilian job and graduate-school

studies, and he would enter the Air Force officer corps more than a few steps behind his peers.

See Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 18. As Maunz sees things, this must be contrary to law because the

Board “‘can only exercise its discretion for the benefit of the individual [military service]

member.’” Id. (quoting Wolfe v. Marsh, 835 F.2d 354, 357–58 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). But to

acknowledge that the Board must operate within certain bounds (it cannot, for example,

retroactively modify Maunz’s military records to deprive him of additional pay or rank, see

Doyle v. United States, 599 F.2d 984, 1000 (Ct. Cl. 1979), amended sub nom. In re Doyle, 609

F.2d 990 (Ct. Cl. 1979)), is not to say that the Board’s discretion is hostage to Maunz’s

subjective—and evolving—preferences for corrective action. Far from it. It remains the Board’s

purview to choose an appropriate remedy when faced with an error or injustice. See 32 C.F.R.

§ 865.4(h) (“The Board will make determinations on . . . what corrections are needed to provide

full and effective relief.”). And in 2011 it did just that, giving Maunz everything he asked for.

Surely Maunz knew when he first filed his appeal with the Board in August 2010—more than

sixteen months after his ROTC disenrollment—that reinstatement for military service might

ultimately prove inconvenient. See Att. 1 at 14. Yet that is what he sought. Just because he—

years later—wishes he had asked for something else does not make the Board’s 2013

reconsideration decision contrary to law. 4


         4
          Maunz’s reliance on Wolfe is misguided for another reason. The Board’s 2013 decision—the only
decision on review here—was a decision not to “exercise its discretion” to modify Maunz’s military records. In
other words, the Board found no error, and it therefore opted not to correct Maunz’s records. This is not the kind of
case contemplated by Wolfe, which only purports to limit how a military-review board corrects service members’
records—not whether a board should correct those records in the first place. See Wolfe, 835 F.2d at 357–58
(“Although this power [to correct any military record] is a discretionary one, the Correction Board is not without
guidance. The . . . Board can only exercise its discretion for the benefit of the individual member.”); see also Doyle,

                                                          9
         Maunz argues, next, that the Board’s decision to require military service as a condition of

its debt-reduction relief is contrary to law because a previous panel considering a different case

came out the other way. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 19–20. But the Board decides each case “on the

evidence of the record,” 32 C.F.R. § 865.2(c), and it is the service member’s burden to

“provid[e] sufficient evidence of material error or injustice” to justify his claim for relief, id.

§ 865.4(a). It is therefore unsurprising that different cases with different evidentiary records will

sometimes come out differently.              Moreover, while the Board “is by no means required to

distinguish every precedent cited . . . by an aggrieved party,” LeMoyne–Owen Coll. v. NLRB,

357 F.3d 55, 60 (D.C. Cir. 2004), it is apparent that Maunz’s newly discovered 5 case differs in

material ways from the present appeal.                 There, the Board granted relief (that is, no debt

repayment and no continuing military service obligation) to a former Air Force ROTC cadet who

struggled academically due to multiple sclerosis. See Ex. C to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. [ECF No. 7-4] at

6. In light of these circumstances, the Board deemed “the [cadet’s] disenrollment . . . beyond his

control.” Id. That is not this case, where disenrollment was based on intentional conduct and

Maunz remains perfectly capable of serving in the Air Force—he would just prefer not to. The

Court therefore finds nothing contrary to law about the disparate outcomes for these two wrongly

dismissed cadets.

         Finally, Maunz contends that his proposed corrections—“removal of all negative

references to his disenrollment from his file and stoppage of all recoupment efforts without

mandating his return to active duty”—would constitute better, more “fitting relief under the


599 F.2d at 1000 (“It is clear that the statute only confers on the Secretary the power to correct records in favor of a
serviceman and never against him.”). Wolfe therefore has little persuasive force here.
         5
           The Court notes that Maunz did not bring this case to the Board’s attention as part of his 2011 or 2013
appeal, and thus there is no basis for concluding (and, indeed, Maunz does not argue) that the Board acted arbitrary
or capriciously by disregarding relevant precedent raised by either party. See LeMoyne–Owen Coll., 357 F.3d at 61
(“[W]here . . . a party makes a significant showing that analogous cases have been decided differently, the agency
must do more than simply ignore that argument.”).

                                                          10
circumstances of this case.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 21. Maybe so. But that is not for this Court to

decide. This Court, after all, cannot “substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Motor

Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43. And this is especially true in military-records cases, where

judicial second-guessing runs the risk of creating “a forum for appeals by every soldier

dissatisfied with [a personnel action], a result that would destabilize military command and take

the judiciary far afield of its area of competence.” Cone v. Caldera, 223 F.3d 789, 793 (D.C. Cir.

2000); see also Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83, 94 (1953) (“Orderly government requires that

the judiciary be as scrupulous not to interfere with legitimate Army matters as the Army must be

scrupulous not to intervene in judicial matters.”). Sticking to the judiciary’s area of expertise,

and mindful of the “unusually deferential” standard of review applicable here, this Court can

only conclude that the Board’s 2013 decision was a reasonable one—and certainly was not

(egregiously) arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to law.

                                         CONCLUSION

       The Court will therefore grant the government’s motion for summary judgment in this

case and deny Maunz’s cross-motion. A separate Order has issued on this date.



                                                                       /s/
                                                                JOHN D. BATES
                                                           United States District Judge
Dated: January 12, 2015




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