                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2009-CA-01987-SCT

INTOWN LESSEE ASSOCIATES, LLC; INTOWN
LESSEE SERVICES, LLC; IT TENANT RBS, LLC;
AND TIMOTHY TUCKER

v.

MICHAEL KEITH HOWARD, INDIVIDUALLY,
AND SHANNON POOLE, INDIVIDUALLY


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         09/25/2009
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. TOMIE T. GREEN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
                                          FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                  WILLIAM ‘TREY’ JONES, III
                                          JOSEPH ANTHONY SCLAFANI
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                   JAMES ASHLEY OGDEN
                                          JAMES W. SMITH, JR.
                                          WENDY MICHELLE YUAN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED - 06/30/2011
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


       EN BANC.

       KITCHENS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Michael Howard and Shannon Poole were awarded a four-million-dollar jury verdict

against InTown,1 an extended-stay motel, for injuries each sustained as victims of an armed




       1
      InTown Lessee Associates, LLC, InTown Lessee Services, LLC, IT Tenants RBS,
LLC, and Timothy Tucker will collectively be referred to as “InTown.”
robbery in the motel. Aggrieved, InTown appealed. Finding no error, this Court affirms the

trial court’s judgment.

                                           Facts

¶2.    Michael Keith Howard and Shannon Poole had rented a room at InTown in June 2008,

where the couple temporarily resided while waiting for a home to become available in

Belhaven, a residential area in Jackson, Mississippi. On June 27, 2008, at approximately

9:30 p.m., Howard left the motel room to take his dog for a walk. As he was returning to the

room, three men burst through the door, demanded money from the couple, and ransacked

the room. One of the assailants hit Howard in the face with a hand gun, then pointed the gun

at Poole’s head and demanded money. Howard and Poole denied having money in the room.

Undeterred, one of the assailants flipped the mattress off the bed, while Poole was on top of

the mattress, causing her to be pushed against a wall. The men found between $700 and

$900 under the mattress. The assailants took the money, Howard’s and Poole’s drivers’

licenses, and Poole’s cell phone. Following the altercation, Howard and Poole were treated

for various injuries that each had sustained during the attack. Initially, Howard was treated

for broken bones in his face and numerous contusions and lacerations to his body. Prior to

trial, Howard had to undergo facial reconstructive surgery. Poole sustained contusions and

bruises in the attack, followed by soreness and severe psychological damage. Howard and

Poole were under the continuing care of physicians and psychiatrists. No arrests were made

in connection with the armed robbery and physical assaults.

¶3.    Howard and Poole filed their joint complaint against the defendants on July 18, 2008,

alleging: (1) that they were invitees of InTown; (2) that they were seriously injured because


                                             2
the defendants had failed to fulfill their joint, several, and collective duties to use reasonable

care and to take adequate and reasonable security precautions or measures to protect invitees

of InTown, including the plaintiffs, from foreseeable harm and danger, including the harm

suffered by Plaintiffs; (3) that, before June 27, 2008, InTown knew or should have known

that it had inadequate security, that strangers, trespassers and loiterers frequently came onto

its property, that the wooden fence surrounding part of its property was in disrepair, that the

locks on the guest room doors were not working properly, and that the property was not

reasonably safe; (4) that InTown had failed to remedy or repair the unsafe conditions and

inadequacies of the property; (5) that InTown had a duty to the plaintiffs to make sure that

the facilities, including all common areas, as well as guest rooms, were secure, safe, and fit

for their particular purposes, that reasonable security measures were provided and

maintained, that the property, including the fences surrounding part of the property and the

locks on all guest room doors, were properly maintained, and that general upkeep of the

property was performed; (6) that InTown had specific control and authority to make

management decisions material to the personal safety and security of the plaintiffs; (7) that

InTown had specific control and authority to make management decisions pertaining to the

hiring, firing, and suspension of employees or security at the motel; (8) that InTown’s agents

and/or employees had warranted and/or covenanted that the property where Howard and

Poole were staying as invitees was secure, safe, fit for its particular purpose, properly

maintained, under proper upkeep, and reasonable security measures were provided and

maintained for the plaintiffs, that security would be adequate to both protect the room where

the plaintiffs were staying, as well as control and maintain the property and enforce security

                                                3
procedures, including but not limited to stopping loiterers and trespassers from entering the

property and/or removing trespassers and loiterers from the property; (9) that InTown had

failed to provide adequate first aid to the plaintiffs and had failed to instruct its employees

on providing first aid to the plaintiffs; and (10) that InTown had failed to warn Howard and

Poole of the atmosphere of violence that existed on and around the property, had failed to

provide notice of the prior crimes occurring on and around the property, and had failed to

warn the plaintiffs of the previous assaults and robberies occurring on and around the

property.

¶4.    Trial commenced on September 21, 2009, and the jury returned a general verdict in

favor of Howard and Poole on September 23, 2009.

¶5.    Numerous Jackson police officers testified at trial regarding calls for service at

InTown. One officer had been called to InTown Suites as many as thirty times to respond

to “armed robberies, auto burglaries, car jackings, just auto thefts; different things of that

nature . . . primarily major crimes.” The officer had advised the manager of InTown that the

crime problem on the property could be eliminated by hiring professional security.

¶6.    A lieutenant with the Jackson Police Department testified that “InTown Suites . . . had

a number of problems on their property. Specifically they’ve had robberies. They’ve had

burglaries. Cars have been stolen. There’s prostitution, drugs on the property; just anything

you can think of.” The lieutenant testified that he was “advised that [InTown] had a courtesy

officer. He was not a security officer, nor a security guard . . . . [T]he difference is a

courtesy officer, he was not armed and was not properly trained to handle any type situations

that would come up. He was only to call the police . . . if he saw something there on the


                                              4
property criminal in nature.” The lieutenant also testified that he had told the manager of

InTown that off-duty officers “would be more than willing to come out there and work off

duty after we got off work to patrol the property . . . .” The lieutenant further testified that

he had instructed the manager that InTown should be informing its customers of the problems

that had been occurring on the property, and that the manager had indicated that InTown

would have no customers if such a warning were given.

¶7.    Another officer testified that he was a part of the “delta strike force,” which the

Jackson Police Department had formed in an effort to deter crimes along the Interstate 55

corridor. He testified that InTown Suites was a target area that the delta strike force was to

patrol. He explained that the delta strike force’s duty was to “go through [InTown’s] parking

lot, make sure there was no cars broke into, no illegal happenings on the streets or on the

property itself. Mostly we were there to try to answer calls and be quick as possible in

responding to calls that may happen at InTown Suites or other locations.” He also testified

that, when the task force was on InTown property, no criminal activity transpired. He further

testified that he had informed the manager of InTown that there was a crime problem on its

property and that “they should try to go ahead and get a professionally trained security

service” to solve the crime problem on the property.

¶8.    Charles Campbell, the property manager of InTown Suites in Jackson on the date that

Howard and Poole were attacked in their room, testified that one of InTown’s duties was “to

ensure that customers were provided adequate protection from crime that would occur on the

property.” He also testified that he was in contact with his regional manager on a daily basis

and that he often informed regional and corporate officials that there was a crime problem


                                               5
at the Jackson property. Campbell testified that he had asked his regional manager to provide

security at the Jackson location of InTown Suites on more than one occasion, and that the

regional manager always had told him that InTown had insufficient funds to hire armed

security.

¶9.    Several expert witnesses also were called to testify. Kenneth Goodrum, a commander

with the Jackson Police Department, was accepted without objection as a plaintiffs’ expert

“in the area of security with emphasis in the area of premises.” Commander Goodrum

testified that he had reviewed “all the documentation and the evidence that was given to

[him,] as well as the depositions and offense reports” in this case. Commander Goodrum had

completed a crime history report of the Jackson location of InTown, and was able to

determine that, in the two-and-a-half-year period prior to Howard and Poole’s injuries, “eight

armed robberies, 32 auto thefts, 55 auto burglaries, six hold-up alarms, 15 simple assaults .

. . three armed robberies of businesses, four men with a gun, two vandalisms, 48 disturbances

and 12 threats” had occurred on the property of InTown. Without objection, Commander

Goodrum testified that the assault of Michael Howard and Shannon Poole “was preventable.

And my opinion is that if they would have hired off-duty police officers or armed security

guards to patrol that parking lot and patrol their property, it would have been able to be

prevented.”

¶10.   Plaintiffs deposed David Groves, a regional director of operations for InTown.

Groves testified that approximately twelve InTown properties have armed security on the

property, and that the decision to provide armed security guards at a particular property is

decided on a case-by-case basis. Groves said that the general manager would have to request


                                              6
that armed security be provided, and then the decision to provide security personnel would

be up to InTown’s corporate officials. Part of Groves’s deposition was read into the record

at trial. InTown objected, but the trial court reasoned that “it still is a part of that testimony

which shows notice with reference – and it goes to the issue of foreseeability, which is an

issue in this case. And I think it probably deals with the issue of security in its entirety. As

such, I’m going to allow the testimony with reference to . . . Groves.”

¶11.   The plaintiffs offered an economist, who testified regarding Poole’s claim for future

loss of wages. The economist opined that Poole’s future loss of income ranged from

$574,209 to $1,922,589. InTown did not object at trial to the testimony or methodology of

the economist. Dinesh Goel, M.D., a board-certified general surgeon and accepted expert

in the fields of general surgery and family medicine, testified at trial. Dr. Goel had treated

both Howard and Poole for their injuries sustained after being attacked at InTown. Dr. Goel

testified that Howard was treated for a fractured cheek bone and orbit bone of his left eye,

which required multiple surgeries. Dr. Goel did not perform Howard’s surgeries; however,

he had reviewed the surgical records. Dr. Goel further testified that Howard would need

additional surgeries to correct those injuries completely. Dr. Goel said that the estimated cost

of Howard’s future surgery would be between $5,000 and $8,000.

¶12.   Dr. Goel testified that, in addition to Howard’s badly broken cheek bone and orbit

bone, he had suffered a broken jaw, a head injury, and a bulging disk. Additionally, Howard

had suffered post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of the attack at InTown. As a result of

his injuries and post-traumatic stress disorder, Howard had headaches, nightmares, sleep loss,

and exhibited symptoms of depression, for which Dr. Goel had referred Howard to a


                                                7
psychiatrist for treatment. Dr. Goel further testified that he did not “expect [Howard’s

symptoms] to get cured, but they’re going to wax and [wane]. They’re going to get better

at times, they’re going to get worse at times, but he’s going to live with it.”

¶13.   Regarding Dr. Goel’s future treatment of Howard, he testified that Howard would

“need a follow-up on a monthly basis and even quarterly later on,” and that the cost of that

treatment would be approximately $3,000 to $4,000 per year, plus the cost of medications.

¶14.   Dr. Goel testified that Poole had suffered head, back, and neck injuries as a result of

being attacked at InTown on June 27, 2008. He said that he initially had treated her with

pain medications, and later referred her to a psychiatrist for treatment of her post-traumatic

stress disorder, headaches, nightmares, and sleep loss. Dr. Goel said that Poole would need

to have medical follow-ups on a regular basis, and that the future cost of her medical care

would be approximately $1,000 to $2,000 per year. Further, Dr. Goel said that her condition

is “going to wax and [wane], but it’s not going to go away. It’s been more than a year she’s

been hurting and suffering with it. I think she’s going to stay with it.”

¶15.   Krishan Gupta, M.D., a psychiatrist, treated Howard and Poole for post-traumatic

stress disorder. Dr. Gupta testified that his initial diagnosis of Howard was “adjustment

disorder and acute stress disorder. As time progresses, we can find the signs and symptoms

of post traumatic stress disorder. And we gave a diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder.”

Dr. Gupta also testified that Howard was “doing a little better, but still needs continuous

psychotherapy and medication management.” Dr. Gupta further testified that post-traumatic

stress disorder “is a psychological scar in the brain. This will not go away. It’s not a




                                              8
physical injury you can see like [Howard’s] face was reconstructed, but psychological cannot

be. So they’re going to be there as long as [Howard] is living on this earth.”

¶16.   Dr. Gupta said that “in the initial evaluation [Poole] was very anxious, so I gave her

a diagnosis of acute stress disorder. As the time progressed as we understand more about

[Poole], we gave a diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder later on.” Dr. Gupta said that

Poole had suffered from panic attacks, but that most of the panic attacks were from her post-

traumatic stress disorder. Further, Dr. Gupta testified that Poole was “not making much

progress. She needs more counseling, and she needs more intensive therapies which will

help her to come out and function like [Howard] is doing right now. [Howard] is holding a

job at this time. [Poole] is not able to do that at this time at all.” He also said that Poole

would need continued treatment with medication.

¶17.   Dr. Gupta testified that, over the lifetime of both Howard and Poole, the cost of each

individual’s psychiatric treatment would be, at a minimum, $500,000.

¶18.   At the close of the plaintiffs’ case-in-chief, InTown rested without presenting

evidence. The jury returned a general verdict in the amount of $2,000,000 for Howard and

$2,000,000 for Poole.

                                           Issues

¶19.   On appeal, InTown raises the following issues:

       I.     Whether the trial court erred in denying InTown’s motion for directed
              verdict and motion for JNOV.
       II.    Whether InTown owed a duty to Plaintiffs to warn them of the alleged
              generalized “atmosphere of violence” on and around the Jackson
              property.
       III.   Whether the cumulative effect of the admission of irrelevant and
              inadmissible evidence was highly prejudicial to InTown.


                                              9
       IV.    Whether the trial court erred by refusing InTown’s comparative
              negligence instructions.
       V.     Whether the trial court failed to comply with the statutory cap on
              noneconomic damages; alternatively, whether the trial court erred in
              denying InTown’s request for remittitur.

                                          Discussion

I.     Whether the trial court erred in denying InTown’s motion for directed verdict and
       motion for JNOV.

¶20.   At the close of all of the evidence, InTown moved for a directed verdict on the issue

of causation. InTown began its argument with the following statement: “I realize the

plaintiffs have established a duty was owed, and that’s admitted. But I believe the plaintiffs

have failed to establish . . . that regardless of security that was present or regardless of any

actions that were taken, the plaintiff failed to show that any additional security or any

additional acts could have prevented the event from happening.” The trial court denied

InTown’s motion for directed verdict. InTown filed a post-trial “Motion for Judgment

Notwithstanding the Verdict, or in the alternative, Motion for a New Trial, or, in the

alternative, Motion for a Remittitur and/or Motion to Amend the Verdict,” arguing that “[t]he

jury’s verdict reflected a finding that the alleged inadequacy of security was the proximate

cause of the Plaintiffs’ [injuries]” because “the evidence presented at trial failed to establish

that this alleged inadequate security was the sole cause of the subject incident.” The trial

court denied InTown’s post-trial motion.

¶21.   On appeal, InTown argues that Howard and Poole “failed to meet their burden to

establish that the proximate cause of their assault was the failure of InTown to employ an

armed, off-duty JPD officer to provide security at the Jackson property.” InTown argues that



                                               10
the plaintiffs “were required to proffer sufficient evidence to establish that the failure of

InTown to employ an armed, off-duty JPD officer was a substantial factor in bringing about

their injuries, and had InTown employed an armed, off-duty JPD officer the harm would not

have occurred.” Further, InTown alleges that “[t]he only record evidence on the issue of

whether InTown’s failure to employ an armed, off-duty officer was the proximate cause of

Plaintiffs’ assault is the conclusory statement of Plaintiffs’ proffered ‘expert’ JPD Officer

Kenneth Goodrum.” InTown argues that the plaintiffs failed to meet that burden; therefore,

it was entitled to a judgment notwithstanding the verdict. We disagree and affirm the trial

court on this issue.

¶22.   “The standard of review for the denial of a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the

verdict (JNOV) is de novo.” U.S. Auto. Ass’n (USAA) v. Lisanby, 47 So. 3d 1172, 1176

(Miss. 2010) (citing U.S. Fid. and Guar. Co. of Miss. v. Martin, 998 So. 2d 956, 964 (Miss.

2008)). “A motion for JNOV is a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence, and this

Court will affirm the denial of a JNOV if there is substantial evidence to support the verdict.”

Adcock v. Miss. Transp. Comm’n, 981 So. 2d 942, 948 (Miss. 2008) (citing Johnson v. St.

Dominics-Jackson Mem’l Hosp., 967 So. 2d 20, 22 (Miss. 2007)). “This Court will consider

the evidence in the light most favorable to the appellee, giving the party the benefit of all

favorable inference[s] that may be reasonably drawn from the evidence.” Spotlite Skating

Rink, Inc. v. Barnes ex rel. Barnes, 988 So. 2d 364, 368 (Miss. 2008) (quoting Ala. Great

S. R.R. Co. v. Lee, 826 So. 2d 1232, 1235 (Miss. 2002)). “In essence, judgments as a matter

of law present both the trial court and the appellate court with the same question – whether

the evidence, as applied to the elements of a party’s case, is either so indisputable, or so

                                              11
deficient, that the necessity of a trier of fact has been obviated.” USAA, 47 So. 3d at 1176

(quoting White v. Stewman, 932 So. 2d 27, 32 (Miss. 2006)). “[T]his Court applies the same

standard of review as it applies when reviewing the denial of directed verdict or JNOV.”

Solanki v. Ervin, 21 So. 3d 552, 557 (Miss. 2009).

¶23.   The substantial evidence submitted by the plaintiffs was more than legally sufficient,

and included a stipulation that InTown’s management and employees had been the victims

of three armed robberies that had closely preceded these attacks.2 InTown rested without

calling a single witness to rebut the plaintiffs’ substantial lay and expert witness testimony.

By the presentation of their lay and expert witnesses, the plaintiffs had created a question

sufficient for the jury’s determination. The evidence, as applied to the plaintiffs’ case, is not

“so indisputable, or so deficient, that the necessity of a trier of fact has been obviated.”

USAA, 47 So. 3d at 1176.

II.    Whether InTown owed a duty to the plaintiffs to warn them of the alleged generalized
       “atmosphere of violence” on and around the Jackson property.

¶24.   InTown argues for the first time on appeal that the trial court erred in giving a jury

instruction that provided that the jury could find against InTown if it found that InTown had

failed “to warn Michael Keith Howard and Shannon Poole of the existence of a known

dangerous condition.”      InTown argues that Jury Instruction Number 11 “improperly

permitted the jury to find InTown liable if the jury agreed with Plaintiffs’ novel theory and




       2
       These armed robberies occurred on November 6, 2007, January 3, 2008, and May
23, 2008.

                                               12
believed that InTown breached a duty to warn Plaintiffs of the generalized ‘atmosphere of

violence’ on and around the Jackson property.”

¶25.   This Court “has held that unless substantial rights are affected, issues not presented

to the trial judge are procedurally barred from being raised for the first time on appeal.” Ill.

Cent. R.R. Co. v. Byrd, 44 So. 3d 943, 948 (Miss. 2010) (citing Dora v. State, 986 So. 2d

917, 925 (Miss. 2008)).      Intown did not make a contemporaneous objection to jury

instruction number 11. InTown was afforded an opportunity to object to the plaintiffs’ theory

of liability and supporting jury instruction before the trial court; however, InTown failed to

avail itself of that opportunity, and is procedurally barred from attempting to do so for the

first time on appeal. Id.

III.   Whether the cumulative effect of the admission of irrelevant and inadmissible
       evidence was highly prejudicial to InTown.

¶26.   InTown argues that the “trial court erred in admitting testimony regarding (a) the

profitability of the Jackson property; (b) armed security provided by InTown at other

locations across the South without requiring Plaintiffs to lay a proper foundation that the

circumstances surrounding those other properties were similar to the circumstances

surrounding the Jackson property; and (c) the alleged motive/reason why InTown did not

employ an armed, off-duty JPD officer at the Jackson property.”

¶27.   “The standard of review regarding admission or exclusion of evidence is abuse of

discretion. Where error involves the admission or exclusion of evidence, this Court ‘will not

reverse unless the error adversely affects a substantial right of a party.’” Whitten v. Cox, 799




                                              13
So. 2d 1, 13 (Miss. 2000) (quoting Floyd v. City of Crystal Springs, 749 So. 2d 110, 113

(Miss. 1999)).

       A.     Whether the trial court erred in allowing Howard and Poole to offer evidence
              regarding the financial condition/profitability of the Jackson property.

¶28.   InTown argues that it was highly prejudicial for the trial court to allow the plaintiffs

to adduce testimony regarding the profitability of InTown for the year preceding the armed

robbery of Howard and Poole. However, InTown failed to make a contemporaneous

objection to this line of questioning at trial.3 Our longstanding case law is clear “that the

failure to make a contemporaneous objection to the evidence waives the issue on appeal.”

Hyundai Motor America v. Applewhite, 53 So. 3d 749, 755 (Miss. 2011). Because InTown

did not make a contemporaneous objection to the plaintiffs’ eliciting InTown’s profitability

for the year 2007, it is procedurally barred from pursuing the issue for the first time on

appeal.

       B.     Whether the trial court erred in allowing Howard and Poole to offer evidence
              regarding armed security provided by InTown at other locations across the
              South without requiring them to lay a proper foundation for such evidence.

¶29.   Portions of the deposition of David Groves were read in the presence of the jury, over

InTown’s objection. The trial court allowed the evidence to be presented to the jury,

reasoning that “it still is a part of that testimony which shows notice with reference – and it

goes to the issue of foreseeability, which is an issue in this case. And I think it probably

deals with the issue of security in its entirety. As such, I’m going to allow the testimony with

reference to . . . Groves.” Assuming, arguendo, that the admission of this evidence was in

       3
       InTown objected to plaintiffs’ counsel leading the witness during that line of
questioning, but failed to object to the substance of the questions and answers.

                                              14
error, the remaining evidence of foreseeability and need for additional security was clearly

established, and was not contested by the appellants.4 The admission of that portion of

Groves’s deposition did not affect a substantial right belonging to InTown. See Whitten, 799

So. 2d at 13.

       C.        Whether the trial court erred in allowing Howard and Poole to offer evidence
                 regarding the alleged motive/reason why InTown did not employ an armed,
                 off-duty JPD officer at the Jackson property.

¶30.   InTown argues that plaintiffs’ counsel improperly argued that InTown’s motive for

not employing an armed security officer was because InTown did not want to provide the

funding for such an officer. InTown argues for the first time on appeal that plaintiffs’

counsel made inappropriate comments during opening arguments. InTown did not make a

contemporaneous objection to plaintiffs’ counsel’s opening argument.

¶31.   InTown also complains of the following questions by plaintiffs’ counsel and Charlie

Campbell’s responses:

       Q.        Did [InTown’s regional manager] ever ask about security at the
                 property?
       A.        No. We talked about it, but I mean it really didn’t do any good to talk
                 about it because the answer was always we don’t have the money.
                 ...
       Q.        What, if anything, did you ask from corporate after the second robbery?
       A.        I asked if they could either get me a bullet proof glass up there or armed
                 security.
       Q.        What was corporate’s response to your request as the manner of
                 InTown Suites?
       A.        We don’t have the money for that.
       ...
       Q.        All right. Is there any doubt in your mind that the information you’re
                 sending to corporate, that it’s getting there?
       A.        Oh, yes, it was getting there.

       4
           Appellants’ motion for directed verdict was based on causation, see supra ¶ 22.

                                                15
       Q.     How do you know it’s getting there?
       A.     Because of discussions with my boss at the time.
       Q.     What discussions were you having?
       A.     I mean I would ask – if he’d come by, I’d ask, you know, what are we
              going to do about security. And his answer was always we don’t have
              the money, you know. And I finally asked do we have the money for
              my life, you know, and didn’t get an answer.

InTown failed to interpose a contemporaneous objection to that line of questioning. Because

of its failure to make a contemporaneous objection to the opening statement or the questions

on cross-examination, InTown waives the issue on appeal; InTown is procedurally barred

from raising this issue. Hyundai, 53 So. 3d at 755.

IV.    Whether the trial court erred by refusing InTown’s comparative negligence
       instructions.

¶32.   InTown argues that it was entitled to a comparative fault instruction because the jury

could have apportioned the Plaintiffs “some fault for their personal injuries.” InTown argues

that Howard and Poole should have immediately given their money and possessions to the

three assailants who had broken into their room, rather than insisting that they did not have

money. InTown argues that the plaintiffs’ injuries would have been less severe if they had

done as the robbers had insisted.

¶33.   “It is well settled that jury instructions generally are within the discretion of the trial

court, so the standard of review for the denial of jury instructions is abuse of discretion.”

Newell v. State, 49 So. 3d 66, 73 (Miss. 2010). “Jury instructions must fairly announce the

law of the case and not create an injustice against the defendant. This rule is summed up as

follows: ‘In other words, if all instructions taken as a whole fairly, but not necessarily




                                               16
perfectly, announce the applicable rules of law, no error results.’” Davis v. State, 18 So. 3d

842, 847 (Miss. 2009) (quoting Milano v. State, 790 So. 2d 179, 184 (Miss. 2001)).

¶34.   Mississippi Code Section 11-7-15 provides that:

       In all actions hereafter brought for personal injuries, or where such injuries
       have resulted in death, or for injury to property, the fact that the person
       injured, or the owner of the property, or person having control over the
       property may have been guilty of contributory negligence shall not bar a
       recovery, but damages shall be diminished by the jury in proportion to the
       amount of negligence attributable to the person injured, or the owner of the
       property, or the person having control over the property.

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-15 (Rev. 2004). Moreover, our case law provides that “[e]vidence

of the plaintiff’s own negligence may operate to reduce the plaintiff’s damages. Indeed, we

have a number of cases where we have sensitively assessed a plaintiff’s own negligence

when he makes the charge that the jury’s damage award is grossly insufficient.” Flight Line,

Inc. v. Tanksley, 608 So. 2d 1149, 1162 (Miss. 1992). However, we have no case law that

supports InTown’s argument that the victims of this armed robbery had a duty to mitigate

their damages by abiding by the robber’s demands. The cases from other states cited by

InTown in support of their argument are clearly distinguishable. To penalize a crime victim

for his failure to cooperate with his assailant would constitute a bizarre and perverse

misapplication of the doctrine of comparative fault. The trial court did not abuse its

discretion in denying InTown’s request for a comparative negligence instruction.

V.     Whether the trial court failed to comply with the statutory cap on noneconomic
       damages; alternatively, whether the trial court erred in denying InTown’s request for
       remittitur.

¶35.   In its post-trial “Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict, or in the

alternative, Motion for a New Trial, or, in the alternative, Motion for a Remittitur and/or

                                             17
Motion to Amend the Verdict,” InTown attacked the expert testimony used to calculate the

plaintiffs’ economic damages, although it had not objected to that testimony at trial. It

further argued that “[t]he fact that these two [p]laintiffs were awarded the exact same amount

[of damages] after presenting such differing testimony as to how they were affected by this

incident, and that their alleged economic losses were significantly different should be

overwhelming evidence of bias, passion or prejudice. As a result, the judgment should be

reduced.” InTown then argued that “Plaintiffs are capped in their recovery for non-economic

damages, the judgment is excessive in light of the relevant testimony and Defendants

respectfully move [the trial court] for a remittitur or a new trial on the issue of damages.”

Finally, InTown moved the trial court “for a remittitur or, in the alternative, to amend the

judgment to properly reflect an amount in damages which is substantiated by the evidence

in law, and to amend the judgment to comply with Mississippi statutory and case law.” The

trial court denied InTown’s post-trial motion.

¶36.   On appeal, InTown argues that the trial court should have given the jury “a verdict

form that would require the jury to segregate economic damages from non-economic

damages[,] enabling the trial judge to perform her statutory duty to apply the $1,000,000 cap

on non-economic damages.” InTown also argues that “the failure of the trial judge to either

submit to the jury a verdict form that would require the jury to segregate economic damages

from non-economic damages, or to inquire of the jury post-verdict how it arrived at its

damage calculation requires a new trial.” InTown did not object to the jury instruction on

the form of the verdict, and InTown did not request a jury instruction that the form of the

verdict should segregate economic damages from noneconomic damages.


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¶37.    Finally, on appeal, InTown attacks the plaintiffs’ experts’ testimony and argues that

“[g]iving [the plaintiffs] the benefit of the full $1,000,000 cap on noneconomic damages, the

maximum amount of damages, based on the trial testimony, that could have been awarded

to Howard is $1,692,400,” and the maximum amount of damages “that could have been

awarded to Poole is $1,853,800.” InTown argues that the trial court erred in denying its

remittitur, and that this Court should “order the trial court [to] reduce [the plaintiffs’] damage

award . . . .”

        A.       Whether the trial court failed to comply with the statutory cap on noneconomic
                 damages.

¶38.    Mississippi Code Section 11-1-60 provides, in pertinent part, that:

        (2)(b) In any civil action filed on or after September 1, 2004, other than those
        actions described in paragraph (a) of this subsection, in the event the trier of
        fact finds the defendant liable, they shall not award the plaintiff more than One
        Million Dollars ($1,000,000.00) for noneconomic damages.

        (c) The trier of fact shall not be advised of the limitations imposed by this
        subsection (2) and the judge shall appropriately reduce any award of
        noneconomic damages that exceeds the applicable limitation.

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-60(2)(b), (c) (Supp. 2010).

¶39.    InTown argues that the jury returned a verdict in which it is unable to determine what

amount was awarded for economic damages and what amount was awarded for noneconomic

damages, and because the two types of damages were indistinguishable, the trial court “erred

by failing to take sufficient steps to enable her to discharge her statutory duty to apply the

cap on noneconomic damages and reduce the jury verdict in accordance with Miss. Code §

11-1-60(2)(b).” InTown further argues that “[w]hile in some cases it may be possible for the

appellate court to review the trial testimony and make a determination regarding the amount


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of economic and non-economic damages awarded by the jury, in this case, the jury awarded

each Plaintiff exactly $2,000,000 in damages based on testimony that provided a range of

possible amounts for each element of damages calculation, as opposed to exact amounts for

each element of the damage calculation.” InTown alleges that “it is not possible for this

Court to determine with any degree of accuracy how much the jury awarded each Plaintiff

for economic damages and non-economic damages thus enabling this Court to apply the

statutory cap on non-economic damages,” and asserts that “it should not be deprived of its

right to have the statutory cap on non-economic damages applied to Plaintiff[s]’ damage

awards due to the error of the trial judge.”

¶40.   Jury Instruction Number 12 provided that:

              You are instructed that “damages” is the word which expresses in
       dollars and cents the injury sustained by Michael Keith Howard and Shannon
       Poole, if any, that you find by a preponderance of the evidence.
              In order to recover damages, they must be shown with reasonable
       probability both as to their nature and as to their cause. However, a plaintiff
       does not lose his/her right to recover damages because he/she is unable to
       prove with absolute certainty the mathematical value of his/her injury. If the
       cause of the injury is reasonably probable, you may reasonably estimate the
       damages, and the assessment thereof is with[in] the sole discretion of the jury.

¶41.   Jury Instruction Number 13 provided that:

               The Court instructs the jury that if your verdict be for the Plaintiffs
       Michael Keith Howard and Shannon Poole of (sic) in this cause, in arriving at
       the amount of your verdict, you may take into consideration any or all of the
       following elements of damages, if any, which you find from a preponderance
       of the evidence in this case to have resulted from the negligence, if any, of the
       Defendants.
               (a) All past present and future pain, suffering and mental anguish, if
       any, sustained by the Plaintiffs.
               (b) All past and future lost earnings, if any, proximately resulting from
       Plaintiff Shannon Poole’s injuries.
               (c) Any past and future medical costs and surgeries if any.


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               In arriving at the amount of your verdict, you may award the plaintiffs
       Michael Keith Howard and Shannon Poole such an amount of money which
       you feel will adequately and reasonably compensate the Plaintiffs for any and
       all of the above listed elements of damage, if any, which you find from a
       preponderance of the evidence in this case to have resulted from the
       negligence, if any, of the Defendants.

¶42.   Jury Instruction Number 14 provided that:

       You are instructed that if you find for Plaintiffs, Michael Howard and Shannon
       Poole, in this case, you are not authorized to find for any amount beyond
       reasonable compensation for the injuries sustained, if any. You are not
       authorized to award any damages in the nature of a penalty or attorney’s fees,
       nor are you bound by any estimates of damages made by the attorneys
       representing the parties in this suit. If you find for the Plaintiffs, you must
       therefore confine your verdict to a reasonable compensation for the injuries
       actually sustained, if any, by the Plaintiffs as a result of the incident in
       question. You are further instructed that these Defendants are not responsible
       for any physical or mental problems that the Plaintiffs might have had prior to
       the incident in question, nor any physical or mental problem that is not related
       to any injury the Plaintiffs might have suffered as a result of the incident in
       question.

¶43.   Jury Instruction Number 18 provided that:

             The Court instructs you that if you find for the Plaintiffs and against the
       Defendants your verdict should be in the following form:
             “We the jury, find for the Plaintiffs and against Defendants Intown
       Lessee Associates, LLS; Intown Lessee Services, LLS; IT Tenant RBS, LLC
       and Timothy Tucker compensatory damages in the amount of
       $____________________ to Michael Keith Howard and compensatory
       damages in the amount of $ ____________________ to Shannon Poole.”
       And you will write your verdict upon a separate piece of paper.
             If you find against the Plaintiffs and in favor of the Defendants, then the
       form of your verdict shall be as follows:
       “We the jury find in favor of the Defendants.”

¶44.   InTown did not object to these jury instructions. Because it did not object to the form

of the verdict jury instruction at trial, InTown is procedurally barred from doing so on appeal.

See Hyundai, 53 So. 3d at 755. Additionally, because InTown did not ask the trial court to



                                              21
give a jury instruction that separated economic and noneconomic damages, it cannot

complain on appeal that such an instruction was not given. See King v. State, 857 So. 2d

702, 720 (Miss. 2003) (Defendant is “procedurally barred from asserting the absence of an

individualized instruction,” and “a trial judge will not be put in error on a matter which was

not presented to him for his decision.”).     This Court does not engage in speculation or

conjecture, and it would be nothing more than supposition for us to try to guess what amount

the jury awarded in economic damages and what amount it awarded in noneconomic

damages.

       B.     Whether the trial court erred in denying InTown’s request for a remittitur.

¶45.   Alternatively, InTown argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for a

remittitur. InTown argues that Howard’s damages should be remitted from $2,000,000 to

$1,692,400, and Poole’s damages should be remitted from $2,000,000 to $1,853,800.

InTown argues that Howard’s economic damages ranged from $651,800 to $692,400, which

would make his damages, at most, $1,692,400, including noneconomic damages, and that

Poole’s economic damages ranged from $813,400 to $853,800, which would make her

damages, at most, $1,853,800.

¶46.   “The standard of review for trial court decisions regarding a remittitur is the abuse of

discretion standard.” U.S. Fid. and Guar. Co. of Miss., 998 So. 2d at 969. “However, this

Court has held that it ‘has the responsibility to see that such judicial discretion is exercised

soundly and, if not, to reverse.” Id. (quoting Holmes County Bank & Trust Co. v. Staple

Cotton Coop. Assoc., 495 So. 2d 447, 451 (Miss. 1986)). The standard for granting an

additur or remittitur is whether or not “the court finds that the jury was influenced by bias,

                                              22
prejudice, or passion or . . . if the damages were contrary to the overwhelming weight of

credible evidence.” Rodgers v. Pascagoula Pub. Sch. Dist., 611 So. 2d 942, 944 (Miss.

1992).

¶47.     InTown does not cite any law supporting its contention that it is entitled to a

remittitur. See Bowen v. State, 607 So. 2d 1159, 1161 (Miss. 1992) (“An argument

unsupported by competent authority will not be considered on appeal); M.R.A.P. 28(a)(6)

(“The argument shall contain the contentions of appellant with respect to the issues

presented, and the reasons for those contentions, with citations to the authorities, statutes, and

parts of the record relied on.”). Moreover, in light of the general verdict and InTown’s

failure to request a special verdict or special interrogatories, we cannot conclude that the trial

judge abused her discretion in denying the remittitur.

¶48.     Accordingly, the judgment of the Circuit Court of the First Judicial District of Hinds

County is affirmed.

¶49.     AFFIRMED.

     CARLSON AND DICKINSON, P.JJ., RANDOLPH, LAMAR, CHANDLER,
PIERCE AND KING, JJ., CONCUR. WALLER, C.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.




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