                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                     No. 09-1865
                                     ___________

                               JOANA CHI MAMBOM,
                                              Petitioner

                                           v.

                ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
                                                       Respondent
                   ____________________________________

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                            (Agency No. A098-580-310)
                  Immigration Judge: Honorable Rosalind K. Malloy
                    ____________________________________

                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 March 8, 2012
        Before: SLOVITER, GREENAWAY, JR., and COWEN, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: March 9, 2012)
                                     _________

                                      OPINION
                                      _________

PER CURIAM

      On September 25, 2007, an Immigration Judge (IJ) denied Joana Chi Mambom’s

request for asylum and associated relief. Administrative Record (A.R.) 57–58, 318.

Mambom did not appeal this decision. Instead, on October 30, 2007, she filed a “Motion

to Reopen/Reconsider” with the IJ, which was denied on November 15, 2007. See A.R.
106, 299–313. Mambom appealed this order to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA),

but was not successful. See A.R. 2–4, 97–102.

       This timely petition for review followed. For the reasons stated below, it will be

denied.

                                             I.

       Mambom, a native and citizen of Cameroon, filed for asylum in August 2004,

based on abuse she had suffered due to her association with an Anglophone political

group. A.R. 425–444. The application, in turn, brought her to the attention of

immigration authorities, who charged her with removability under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1227(a)(1)(B)—specifically, for overstaying her nonimmigrant B-1 visa. A.R. 491.

       Mambom’s main merits hearing took place on April 7, 2005. A.R. 147. During

the course of the hearing, the Government and IJ expressed concerns over the authenticity

of certain documents, so the Government elected to pursue an overseas investigation to

determine their validity. See, e.g., A.R. 156. The proceedings were stayed for over two

years, with periodic hearings to update the IJ on the progress of the investigation. At the

final hearing on September 11, 2007, the Government acknowledged that the results had

still not arrived. A.R. 291. Mambom’s counsel then engaged in the following exchange

with the IJ:

       Counsel: And, Your Honor, I also believe you stated that on May 15th will
       be the last master hearing. If not results heard back from the embassy, you
       would make a decision.
       Judge: (Indiscernible) from the embassy. It makes it a lot easier. All right.
       So that’s what you’re requesting? All testimony is complete, correct?
                                             2
       Counsel: Yes, Your Honor.
       Judge: That’s why you’re asking for a decision, correct?
       Counsel: Yes, Your Honor.

A.R. 293. The hearing concluded without any further testimony being taken.

       In an oral decision, the IJ denied Mambom’s request for asylum and derivative

relief. Chief among the problems cited in Mambom’s application were numerous

inconsistencies and omissions, many occurring between her oral testimony and the notes

from her asylum interview. See, e.g., A.R. 48 (regarding beatings while in custody).

Also, given testimony and evidence presented regarding human-rights conditions in

Cameroon, the IJ found suspect Mambom’s decision to leave her children in the country:

“[a] mother who is genuinely fearful for her children would have had those three [United

States Citizen] children in the United States during this four year [application and

removal] period.” A.R. 53–54. Therefore, the IJ made an adverse-credibility

determination, denying asylum but granting voluntary departure. A.R. 55–56.

       Mambom then filed a short motion to reopen/reconsider, 1 which was based on new

evidence showing mistreatment suffered by her husband during a visit to Cameroon—a

visit connected to the unfortunate circumstance of her son Chinje’s untimely death in a

tragic accident in the United States—inspired by the gendarmes’ suspicion that Mambom


1
  While styled as a motion to “reopen and reconsider,” it was filed after the 30-day
window for reconsideration. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(6)(B); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(1).
Mambom does not challenge this determination of untimeliness, so we will consider the
motion as one that requested only reopening of proceedings. Compare 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.23(b)(2), with § 1003.23(b)(3) (contrasting motions to reopen with motions to
reconsider).
                                             3
herself was also traveling in the country. A.R. 299–312. The Government announced its

opposition, observing that the “new” evidence could have been submitted before the

close of proceedings. A.R. 296. The IJ agreed; Mambom had “failed to explain why this

evidence was not presented at the time of the [September 2007] hearing.” A.R. 106. But

in December 2007, some time after denying the motion, the IJ amended her original

opinion to reflect that Mambom’s U.S. citizen children were no longer living in

Cameroon. Despite this change in circumstances, “there were so many problems with

this case that the decision stands with respect to [Mambom’s] credibility.” A.R. 59.

       Mambom appealed to the BIA, which “affirm[ed] the [IJ’s] conclusion that

[Mambom] failed to establish that evidence of her son’s accidental death in June 2007,

and of her husband’s apparent arrest, interrogation, and mistreatment by police in

Cameroon later that same month, was not available and could not have been discovered

or presented at the hearing on September 11, 2007.” A.R. 2 (citing 8 C.F.R.

§ 1003.23(b)(3)). She had therefore “failed to meet the heavy burden required to warrant

reopening.” A.R. 3. The BIA separately declined to exercise its discretion to reopen sua

sponte, “particularly in light of the prior adverse credibility finding.” A.R. 3. Mambom

petitioned this Court for review.




                                            II.

       We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Mambom does not argue

that we can assert jurisdiction over the underlying merits determination of her application
                                             4
for asylum and related relief—which, in any case, she declined to exhaust before the

BIA. A decision on the merits and a decision on a related motion to reopen are two

separate orders, either one of which may be appealed or be the subject of an eventual

petition for review. Cf. Castro v. Att’y Gen., No. 10–3234, ___ F.3d ___, 2012 WL

456530, at *5 (3d Cir. Feb. 14, 2012); Bak v. INS 682 F.2d 441, 442–43 (3d Cir. 1982).

Accordingly, our jurisdiction is limited to the agency’s denial of her motion to reopen,

which we review for abuse of discretion. Abulashvili v. Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d 197, 202

(3d Cir. 2011). We may reverse only if the agency’s decision is “arbitrary, irrational, or

contrary to law.” Id.

                                           III.

       Mambom advances two arguments in support of her petition. First, she claims that

the evidence she presented “was unavailable at the time of the merits hearing in 2005,

which occurred quite early in the course of” the removal proceedings. Pet’r’s Br. 22

(emphasis added). While acknowledging that other hearings were held after that date,

Mambom points out that those appearances were not about the merits of her case, but

rather about the ongoing authentication of her documents. Mambom also suggests that

she could not have been aware of the basis of the IJ’s credibility decision, which partly

relied upon (at the time) out-of-date information about the whereabouts of her United

States citizen children, until after the opinion had issued.

       Motions to reopen “will not be granted unless the Immigration Judge is satisfied

that evidence sought to be offered is material and was not available and could not have
                                              5
been discovered or presented at the former hearing.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(3).

Mambom insists that “former hearing” means “former merits hearing” or “former main

hearing.” But she points to no precedent, whether before a Circuit Court or before the

agency, that would support this reading of the regulation. See, e.g., Ivanov v. Gonzales,

487 F.3d 635, 639 (8th Cir. 2007) (interpreting § 1003.23 to mean that the new material

“must be material and both unavailable and undiscoverable at the time of an earlier

hearing.”) (emphasis on “an” added; other emphasis as in original). The BIA saw no

such distinction; indeed, it observed that Mambom was present at the final hearing, that

her counsel asked for an expedited ruling, and that her counsel affirmatively represented

that all testimony was complete. A.R. 2; see also A.R. 291 (indicating that “[t]he

respondent is present” at the September 11, 2007 hearing). Under the applicable

administrative law canons of deference, see Castro, 2012 WL 456530, at *6, we cannot

conclude that the BIA’s construction was “plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the

regulation.” Chong v. Dist. Dir. INS, 264 F.3d 378, 389 (3d Cir. 2001) (quoting Bowles

v. Seminole Rock & Sand Co., 325 U.S. 410, 414 (1945)).

       Mambom’s alternative argument, that she could not have known of the IJ’s

reliance on the location of her children until after the release of the opinion, is also

without merit. As the BIA observed, she was aware that the location of her children

could be an issue. A.R. 213. But more to the point, the IJ indicated in her corrected

opinion that knowing that three children now resided in the United States would not have

changed the outcome of the proceedings. See A.R. 59.
                                               6
       Finally, Mambom claims that the BIA abused its discretion in “not finding that

[she] had established prima facie eligibility for asylum,” when it “implicitly affirmed the

adverse credibility finding of the [IJ].” Pet’r’s Br. 24–25. We have jurisdiction to review

the BIA’s use of its sua sponte authority to reopen only if it relies on “an incorrect legal

premise.” Pllumi v. Att’y Gen., 642 F.3d 155, 160 (3d Cir. 2011). But adverse

credibility determinations are factual findings. Abulashvili, 663 F.3d at 202. Thus, to the

extent that the BIA relied in part upon an otherwise-unchallenged factual issue in

declining to reopen sua sponte, we lack jurisdiction to review the validity of the adverse

credibility determination.

                                           IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the petition for review.




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