                               SECOND DIVISION
                                 BARNES, P. J.,
                             BOGGS and RICKMAN, JJ.

                     NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                     physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                     days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                 http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                       June 28, 2016


In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A16A0711. SMITH et al. v. NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY
     COMPANY.

      BARNES, Presiding Judge.

      This appeal arises out of a fatal collision between a freight train and a pickup

truck at a railroad crossing. Before the collision between the train and pickup truck,

the truck was involved in an motor vehicle accident with another car and had come

to rest on the railroad tracks as a result. A passenger in the truck subsequently was

killed when the train owned by Norfolk Southern Railway Company entered the

crossing and struck the truck. The plaintiffs, who are the children of the deceased

truck passenger,1 filed this wrongful death action against Norfolk Southern, asserting

claims for negligence per se and ordinary negligence on the ground that the train

engineer allegedly had failed to blow the train’s horn upon approaching the railroad

crossing in the manner required by a federal railroad regulation and the standard of


      1
          The plaintiffs are Santino Smith and Nicole Lungaro.
ordinary care. Norfolk Southern answered, denying liability on the alleged grounds

that its engineer’s actions were reasonable in light of the sudden emergency that had

transpired and were not the proximate cause of the truck passenger’s death. The case

was tried before a jury, which returned a verdict in favor of Norfolk Southern.

      On appeal from the final judgment entered on the verdict, the plaintiffs contend

that the trial court erred by charging the jury on the defense of sudden emergency for

several reasons. The plaintiffs first contend that the evidence did not support the

charge on sudden emergency. The plaintiffs also contend that a charge on the sudden

emergency defense was improper because the defense was preempted by a federal

railroad regulation. Furthermore, the plaintiffs contend that even if a sudden

emergency charge was proper, the charge as given by the trial court was an

incomplete statement of the defense. Lastly, the plaintiffs contend that a separate,

introductory portion of the jury charge also contained an erroneous definition of the

sudden emergency defense.

      For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that there was evidence to

support a charge on the defense of sudden emergency. As to the plaintiffs’ remaining

challenges to the jury charge, we conclude that the plaintiffs waived those challenges

by failing to raise them in the trial court and have failed to show that any defect in the

                                            2
charge rose to the level of substantial error. We therefore affirm the judgment entered

in favor of Norfolk Southern.

      “On appeal, the evidence is construed most strongly to support the verdict and

judgment.” Tice v. Cole, 246 Ga. App. 135, 135 (537 SE2d 713) (2000). So

construed, the evidence shows that the sequence of events giving rise to this litigation

began at the intersection of Buford Highway and Amwiler Road in Gwinnett County.

Amwiler Road crosses over three railroad tracks near the intersection.

      On the late afternoon of March 12, 2013, Tony Lungaro was a passenger in a

pickup truck traveling southbound on Buford Highway towards the intersection with

Amwiler Road. The driver of the truck was Lungaro’s employee, Lorenzo Wilkerson.

As the truck approached where Buford Highway intersects with Amwiler Road, the

traffic light for Buford Highway turned yellow. According to an eyewitness,

Wilkerson did not stop or slow down the truck. As the light turned red, Wilkerson

drove the truck into the intersection and collided with a van traveling northbound on

Buford Highway that was in the process of making a left turn onto Amwiler Road.

      The impact of the collision knocked both vehicles off course. The van came to

rest on a grassy area near Buford Highway. The pickup truck was propelled

approximately 90 feet onto one of the railroad tracks that crossed Amwiler Road.

                                           3
After the truck came to rest on the railroad tracks, the crossing gates closed, and the

lights and bells at the crossing activated. Other drivers began to honk their horns and

to yell at the occupants of the truck to call their attention to the crossing signals.

      The crossing signals activated because a freight train was traveling northbound

from Atlanta to South Carolina and was approaching the crossing at Amwiler Road.

The train was operated by an experienced Norfolk Southern locomotive engineer

familiar with the train route. The train had 3 engine cars and 75 freight cars, was

approximately 1 mile long, weighed 8,900 tons, and included several cars that carried

hazardous materials. The train was traveling within the speed limit at 48 mph as it

approached the crossing at Amwiler Road.

      A regulation issued by the Federal Railroad Administration requires that the

horn on the lead locomotive of a train be blown at least 15 seconds before the train

enters a public-highway railroad crossing. 49 CFR § 222.21 (a), (b) (2).2 The horn

      2
        49 CFR § 222.21 provides in relevant part:
      (a) Except as provided in this part, the locomotive horn on the lead
      locomotive of a train, lite locomotive consist, individual locomotive or
      lead cab car shall be sounded when such locomotive or lead cab car is
      approaching a public highway-rail grade crossing. Sounding of the
      locomotive horn with two long blasts, one short blast and one long blast
      shall be initiated at a location so as to be in accordance with paragraph
      (b) of this section and shall be repeated or prolonged until the
      locomotive occupies the crossing. This pattern may be varied as

                                           4
must be blown in the sequence of two long blasts, one short blast, and one long blast,

with the sequence repeated or prolonged until the locomotive occupies the crossing.

See 49 CFR § 222.21 (a). Norfolk Southern’s internal operating rules are consistent

with the federal railroad regulation.

      Pursuant to the federal railroad regulation and Norfolk Southern’s internal

operating rules, the locomotive engineer began the first long blast of the horn before

arriving at the Amwiler Road crossing. The engine bell, which also alerts others to

the approach of the train, turned on automatically during the first horn blow and

remained on throughout the incident at issue. The headlight and two “ditch lights” on

the front of the train were activated as well.




      necessary where crossings are spaced closely together.
      (b) (1) . . . .
      (2) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(3) and (d) of this section, or
      when the locomotive horn is defective and the locomotive is being
      moved for repair consistent with section 229.9 of this chapter, the
      locomotive horn shall begin to be sounded at least 15 seconds, but no
      more than 20 seconds, before the locomotive enters the crossing. It shall
      not constitute a violation of this section if, acting in good faith, a
      locomotive engineer begins sounding the locomotive horn not more than
      25 seconds before the locomotive enters the crossing, if the locomotive
      engineer is unable to precisely estimate the time of arrival of the train at
      the crossing for whatever reason.

                                           5
      During the first horn blow, the engineer “saw something come across the

crossing and kind of make a sudden stop right on . . . [the] track.” Upon realizing that

it was a stationary vehicle, the engineer stopped blowing the horn and carried out a

sequence of emergency steps aimed at stopping or slowing down the train. According

to the engineer, “it was either blow the horn or put the train in emergency. And I put

the train in emergency.” The engineer put the train into emergency because the truck

was “not going to move” from the track and he was concerned about a possible

derailment, which would have been a “catastrophe” in light of the hazardous materials

on board. The engineer moved the throttle to the idle position and sequentially

applied four different train brakes, causing him to be “jostled around a little bit”

inside the lead engine car and to be “shook up in [his] seat.” The engineer “got back

. . . onto the horn as quick as . . . [he] could” and resumed blowing the horn shortly

before arriving at the Amwiler Road crossing.

      The engineer was able to slow the train down, but not to stop it. As the train

approached the crossing, the pickup truck remained on the tracks facing in the

direction of the oncoming train. Wilkerson, the driver of the pickup truck, was

slumped over in the driver’s seat and did not respond to the approaching train.

Lungaro exited from the passenger side of the truck and remained standing there,

                                           6
facing the opposite direction from which the train was approaching. According to an

eyewitness, Lungaro appeared to be in a “daze” and “just kept standing there like he

was trying to figure out what was going on.” As the train blew its horn for the second

time, Lungaro “turned to run, but it was too late.” The train hit the pickup truck, and

the truck hit Lungaro and killed him. Wilkerson was severely injured but survived the

impact from the train. The train did not derail, and the locomotive engineer was not

injured. It took the engineer a half mile to bring the train to a complete stop on the

tracks.

         Video from a camera mounted in the train showed that approximately 22

seconds elapsed from the time the pickup truck came to a rest on the railroad tracks

until the impact with the train. The video also recorded when the engineer was

blowing the horn on the train. The video reflected that the engineer first sounded the

horn for 4 seconds, starting 22 seconds before the collision and ending 18 seconds

before the collision. The engineer blew the horn a second time approximately 2

seconds before the train hit the truck. During the approximately 16-second gap

between the first and second horn blast, the engineer applied the four different train

brakes as part of the emergency procedure aimed at stopping or slowing down the

train.

                                          7
      Following the collision, the plaintiffs sued Norfolk Southern for the wrongful

death of their father, Lungaro.3 The plaintiffs alleged that Norfolk Southern was liable

under theories of negligence per se and ordinary negligence based on the 16-second

gap between the first and second horn blast sounded by the locomotive engineer as

the train approached the railroad crossing. According to the plaintiffs, the engineer

had failed to continuously blow the horn in the manner prescribed by 49 CFR §

222.21, the railroad’s internal operating rules, and the standard of ordinary care, and

thus had failed to properly warn Lungaro of the approaching train. The plaintiffs

asserted that if the train horn had been properly sounded, it would have alerted

Lungaro to the train and would have caused him to flee from the tracks for his own

safety.

      Norfolk Southern answered, denying liability. Norfolk Southern alleged that

the locomotive engineer’s decision to apply the four brakes to slow the train rather

than continuously blow the horn was reasonable in light of the sudden emergency that

had transpired. Norfolk Southern further alleged that the actions of the engineer were

not the proximate cause of Lungaro’s death, and that the true proximate cause was the


      3
        The plaintiffs also sued the driver of the van that collided with the pickup
truck, but they settled with him before trial.

                                           8
negligence of the drivers of the pickup truck and van involved in the motor vehicle

accident.

      A jury trial ensued over several days in August 2015. Following the close of

evidence, the trial court charged the jury on, among other things, Norfolk Southern’s

defense of sudden emergency. The plaintiffs objected on the ground that the evidence

did not support a charge on sudden emergency and that the charge had the effect of

granting “immunity” to Norfolk Southern.

      The jury subsequently returned a verdict in favor of Norfolk Southern. The

verdict form differentiated between the plaintiffs’ claim for negligence per se based

on the alleged violation of 49 CFR § 222.21 and their claim for ordinary negligence.

With respect to the negligence per se claim, the jury found that the plaintiffs had not

proven by a preponderance of the evidence that Norfolk Southern “violated 49 CFR

§ 222.21 and that such violation was a proximate cause of Tony Lungaro’s death.”

With respect to the ordinary negligence claim, the jury found the plaintiffs had not

proven by a preponderance of the evidence that Norfolk Southern “was in any other

way negligent and that such negligence was a proximate cause of the injuries to . . .

[Lungaro].” The trial court thereafter entered judgment on the jury verdict in favor

of Norfolk Southern, resulting in this appeal by the plaintiffs.

                                          9
      1. As previously noted, Norfolk Southern argued at trial that the locomotive

engineer’s decision to implement emergency braking procedures rather than

continuously blow the train horn was reasonable in light of the sudden emergency

posed by the disabled pickup truck, and the trial court charged the jury on the defense

of sudden emergency. On appeal, the plaintiffs first contend that the trial court erred

by charging the jury on the defense of sudden emergency because there was no

evidence to support such a defense. According to the plaintiffs, there was no evidence

that the engineer was faced with a choice between blowing the horn and applying the

emergency braking procedures without time for deliberation or thought, and thus the

sudden emergency defense had not application. We disagree.

      It is well established that if a defendant “is confronted with a sudden

emergency without sufficient time to determine with certainty the best course to

pursue, he is not held to the same accuracy of judgment as would be required of him

if he had time for deliberation,” and the existence of the emergency can be considered

by the jury in deciding whether the defendant exercised ordinary care. Luke v. Powell,

63 Ga. App. 795, 804 (12 SE2d 196) (1940). The sudden emergency defense

      is available where the evidence shows that there has been a sudden peril
      caused by circumstances in which the defendant did not participate and


                                          10
      which offered him a choice of conduct without time for thought; under
      such circumstances, negligence in his choice might be attributable not
      to lack of care but to lack of time to assess the situation.


Jimenez v. Morgan Drive Away, 238 Ga. App. 638, 641 (2) (a) (519 SE2d 722)

(1999). See Holt v. Scott, 226 Ga. App. 812, 815 (2) (487 SE2d 657) (1997). “The

defense of sudden emergency applies only to those acts that occur immediately after

the apprehension of the danger or crisis,” Rayfield v. Farris, 253 Ga. App. 167, 168

(558 SE2d 748) (2002), and the defense “requires that the person confronted by the

emergency have the opportunity to exercise one of several reasonable alternative

courses of action. In the absence of such factors, there can be no conduct to which to

apply the standard and the . . . [defense] is inapplicable.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Auth. v. Mehretab, 224 Ga. App. 263,

264 (1) (480 SE2d 310) (1997).

      A jury charge on the sudden emergency defense is authorized if the defendant

presents any evidence, however slight, to support such a defense, Stephens v. Hypes,

271 Ga. App. 863, 866 (610 SE2d 631) (2005), even if there is conflicting evidence

that would allow the jury ultimately to find that an emergency did not exist. See

Franklin v. Hennrich, 196 Ga. App. 372, 374-375 (2) (a) (395 SE2d 859) (1990). This


                                          11
is because the ultimate issue of whether an emergency existed should be presented

to and resolved by the jury “except in plain and indisputable cases.” Kelly v. Adams,

197 Ga. App. 574, 576-577 (2) (398 SE2d 848) (1990). Whether there was slight

evidence authorizing a charge on the sudden emergency doctrine is a legal question,

and we review the issue de novo on appeal. See One Bluff Drive, LLC v. K. A. P., Inc.,

330 Ga. App. 45, 47 (1) (766 SE2d 508) (2014).

      There was evidence presented at trial sufficient to support a charge on the

sudden emergency defense. As an initial matter, there was evidence that the

locomotive engineer was not at fault in the creation of the emergency situation, given

that the pickup truck was propelled onto the railroad tracks in front of the

approaching train as a result of its collision with another vehicle.

      Furthermore, there was evidence that when the engineer realized the sudden

peril in front of him, the circumstances offered him a choice of alternative courses of

action without time for thought or for careful reflection. Specifically, the engineer

testified that upon identifying that the object in front of him was a truck stopped on

the tracks, he had to choose quickly between continuing to blow the horn or carrying

out a sequence of emergency braking procedures aimed at stopping or slowing the

train. As the engineer explained, “[I]t was either blow the horn or put the train in

                                          12
emergency. And I put the train in emergency.” The engineer testified that he “blew

the horn the best . . . [he] could in that situation,” but that “everything happened so

fast,” he “got jostled a little bit,” and he chose to carry out the emergency braking

procedures. Furthermore, the video camera mounted in the train reflected that only

22 seconds elapsed from the time the truck became disabled on the tracks until the

impact with the train.

      Under these circumstances, the trial court was authorized to charge the jury on

the sudden emergency defense. See Willis v. Love, 232 Ga. App. 543, 545 (2) (a) (502

SE2d 487) (1998) (charge on sudden emergency defense was authorized in vehicle

collision case, where there was evidence that the defendant driver, who came upon

a wreck at an upcoming intersection without any prior warning after cresting a hill,

chose to apply brake rather than attempt to pass another car). Compare Butgereit v.

Enviro-Tech Environmental Svcs., 262 Ga. App. 754, 757 (2) (586 SE2d 430) (2003)

(evidence did not support a charge on sudden emergency defense, where defendant

driver “did not contend that he had a choice between attempting to stop and taking

some other action, nor did he testify that he considered any course of conduct other

than braking”). And while the plaintiffs assert that there was sufficient time for

careful reflection by the engineer and that the engineer could have applied the horn

                                          13
and brake simultaneously, it was for the jury to resolve any conflicts in the evidence

after being instructed on the sudden emergency defense. See Franklin, 196 Ga. App.

at 374-375 (2) (a). Hence, there was a sufficient evidentiary basis for the trial court

to charge the jury on the sudden emergency defense.

      2. The plaintiffs also contend that the trial court erred by charging the jury on

the defense of sudden emergency because the defense was preempted by 49 CFR §

222.21, the federal railroad regulation that specifies the manner in which a train horn

must be blown at a public railroad crossing. Additionally, the plaintiffs contend that

even if a charge on the sudden emergency defense was appropriate, the charge as

given was an incomplete statement of the law because it omitted a portion of the

pattern jury charge on sudden emergency. We discern no reversible error because the

plaintiffs failed to raise these specific objections to the charge in the court below, and

they have failed to show that the alleged defects in the charge rose to the level of

substantial error.

      OCGA § 5-5-24 (a) provides that in civil cases, “no party may complain of the

giving or the failure to give an instruction to the jury unless he objects thereto before

the jury returns its verdict, stating distinctly the matter to which he objects and the

grounds of his objection.” “To be considered sufficient under this code section, an

                                           14
objection must be ‘stated distinctly enough for a ‘reasonable’ trial judge to understand

its nature, enabling him to rule intelligently on the specific point.’” Walker v.

Mitchell, 174 Ga. App. 738, 739 (2) (331 SE2d 82) (1985), quoting Christiansen v.

Robertson, 237 Ga. 711, 712 (229 SE2d 472) (1976).

      The obvious purpose of this provision is to afford the trial court an
      opportunity to correct the charge which has been given, and to consider
      the grounds of an objection at a time before the jury has retired to
      consider its verdict and at a time when corrections can be made in the
      charge if upon such consideration the court deems a correction proper.


(Citation omitted.) McDowell v. Hartzog, 292 Ga. 300, 301 (736 SE2d 395) (2013).

      Based on the same rationale, review of an objection to a jury charge on appeal

is “limited strictly to the ground of objection stated . . . [at] trial.” (Citation and

punctuation omitted.) Kent v. Henson, 174 Ga. App. 400, 403 (2) (330 SE2d 126)

(1985). See Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Johnson, 120 Ga. App. 395, 397-398 (3)

(170 SE2d 869) (1969). Thus, in reviewing a jury charge pursuant to OCGA § 5-5-24

(a), we will not consider challenges to the charge on appeal that are different from the

objections that were raised in the court below. See Tucker Nursing Center v. Mosby,

303 Ga. App. 80, 87 (5) (692 SE2d 727) (2010); Georgia Ports Auth. v. Hutchinson,

209 Ga. App. 726, 729 (7) (434 SE2d 791) (1993); Shennett v. Piggly Wiggly

                                          15
Southern, 197 Ga. App. 502, 505 (399 SE2d 476) (1990) (on motion for rehearing);

Walker v. Mitchell, 174 Ga. App. 738, 738 (2) (331 SE2d 82) (1985).

       Here, the plaintiffs did not object to the trial court’s charge on the sudden

emergency defense on the ground that the defense was preempted by federal law or

on the ground that the charge as given was an incomplete statement of the law

because it omitted a portion of the pattern jury charge. Rather, the plaintiffs objected

to the charge solely on the grounds that the evidence did not support a charge on

sudden emergency and that the charge granted “immunity” to Norfolk Southern.

Because the trial court was never afforded an opportunity to rule on the specific

objections now raised by the plaintiffs on appeal, the plaintiffs’ challenge to the

charge on those grounds has been waived for purposes of appellate review under

OCGA § 5-5-24 (a). See Tucker Nursing Center, 303 Ga. App. at 87 (5); Hutchinson,

209 Ga. App. at 729 (7); Shennett, 197 Ga. App. at 505; Walker, 174 Ga. App. at 738

(2).

       Nevertheless, even if a challenge to a jury charge has been waived under

OCGA § 5-5-24 (a), a trial court’s charge can constitute reversible error under the

exception set forth in OCGA § 5-5-24 (c). Subsection (c) of the statute provides that

“[n]otwithstanding any other provision of . . . [OCGA § 5-5-24], the appellate courts

                                          16
shall consider and review erroneous charges where there has been a substantial error

in the charge which was harmful as a matter of law, regardless of whether objection

was made hereunder or not.” Instances of reversal under subsection (c) are “very

rare.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Waller v. Rymer, 293 Ga. App. 833, 836

(1) (668 SE2d 470) (2008). A charge constituting substantial error harmful as a matter

of law “is one that is blatantly apparent and prejudicial to the extent that it raises the

question of whether the losing party has, to some extent at least, been deprived of a

fair trial because of it, or a gross injustice is about to result or has resulted directly

attributable to the alleged errors.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Shilliday v.

Dunaway, 220 Ga. App. 406, 411 (8) (469 SE2d 485) (1996).

      Even assuming arguendo that there was error in the giving of the sudden

emergency charge, we conclude that it did not rise to the level of substantial error

harmful as a matter of law. In addition to raising the defense of sudden emergency,

Norfolk Southern presented evidence and argued to the jury that the motor vehicle

accident resulting from the negligence of the drivers of the pickup truck and van

proximately caused Lungaro’s death, rather than the actions of the locomotive

engineer. Norfolk Southern also presented evidence and argued to the jury that any

additional blowing of the horn by the engineer would not have changed the outcome,

                                           17
given that Lungaro was visibly dazed from the severe impact of the motor vehicle

accident, and multiple other warning signals did not cause him to flee from the tracks.

The jury thereafter returned a special verdict on the negligence per se and ordinary

negligence claims expressly finding that the plaintiffs had not proven by a

preponderance of the evidence that Norfolk Southern “violated 49 CFR § 222.21 and

that such violation was a proximate cause of Tony Lungaro’s death,” and that the

plaintiffs had not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that Norfolk Southern

“was in any other way negligent and that such negligence was a proximate cause of

the injuries to . . . [Lungaro].”

       Under these circumstances, and particularly in light of the special verdict, we

cannot say that the trial court’s charge on the sudden emergency defense was so

erroneous and prejudicial as to deprive the plaintiffs of a fair trial or result in a gross

miscarriage of justice. There is simply no indication from the record before us that the

jury’s verdict in favor of Norfolk Southern was based on the sudden emergency

defense rather than the competing defense theory of lack of proximate cause, and the

plaintiffs therefore cannot show that they were harmed by any alleged error in the

sudden emergency charge.



                                            18
      “Any charge which is not necessarily harmful to the complaining party is not

such substantial error as to require reversal of the case, in the absence of a proper

[objection] to the charge.” Moon v. Kimberly, 116 Ga. App. 74, 75 (2) (156 SE2d

414) (1967). Accordingly, any error in the sudden emergency charge was not of such

magnitude as to constitute substantial error under OCGA § 5-5-24 (c). See Nelson v.

Miller, 169 Ga. App. 403, 405 (312 SE2d 867) (1984) (any error in charging the jury

on defense of accident did not rise to the level of substantial error, where “[t]he

record disclose[d] no evidence that the jury’s verdict in favor of . . . [defendant] was

based on the accident theory rather than a theory of comparative negligence”). See

also Shilliday, 220 Ga. App. at 411 (8) (even if trial court erred in charging jury on

assumption of risk and sudden emergency, it did not constitute substantial error).

      3. The plaintiffs also challenge a separate, introductory portion of the trial

court’s charge in which the court provided a general overview to the jury of the

claims raised by the plaintiffs and the defenses raised by Norfolk Southern.

According to the plaintiffs, this introductory portion of the charge also included an

erroneous description of the sudden emergency defense asserted by Norfolk Southern,

necessitating the grant of a new trial.



                                          19
      The plaintiffs did not object to the introductory portion of the charge in the trial

court and thus have waived any challenge on appeal under OCGA § 5-5-24 (a). See

Adams v. Wright, 162 Ga. App. 550, 552 (5) (293 SE2d 446) (1982). And the alleged

defect in the charge did not rise to the level of substantial error under OCGA § 5-5-24

(c) for the same reasons discussed supra in Division 2. We therefore discern no basis

for reversal.

      Judgment affirmed. Boggs and Rickman, JJ., concur.




                                           20
