          United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit


No. 17-1421

                        STEPHEN ELLICOTT,

                      Plaintiff, Appellee,

                               v.

                  AMERICAN CAPITAL ENERGY, INC.,
               THOMAS HUNTON and ARTHUR HENNESSEY,

                     Defendants, Appellants.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

         [Hon. F. Dennis Saylor IV, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

                  Torruella, Selya, and Lynch,
                         Circuit Judges.


     Robert K. Dowd, with whom Robert K. Dowd P.C. was on brief,
for appellants.
     Christopher A. Kenney, with whom Anthony L. DeProspo, Jr.,
and Kenney & Sams, P.C. were on brief, for appellee.



                        October 12, 2018
           TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.       This case concerns a contract

dispute between a solar energy company and a former sales employee.

Appellee     Stephen     Ellicott   ("Ellicott")    filed   suit    against

Appellants American Capital Energy, Inc. ("ACE") and its two

principals,     Thomas    Hunton    ("Hunton")     and   Arthur    Hennessey

("Hennessey") (collectively, "Appellants"), claiming violations of

the Massachusetts Wage Act and breach of contract.            A jury found

for Ellicott.     The district court entered judgment and awarded

Ellicott $2,876,490 in damages, plus reasonable attorney's fees

and costs.     Displeased with this result, Appellants challenge a

series of rulings by the district court.             Appellants question,

among other things, whether Ellicott's compensation constituted

"wages" under the Wage Act and whether the statute of limitations

for his Wage Act claim was properly tolled.               We affirm after

careful review.

                              I.    Background

A. Factual Background

           The facts, viewed, as they must be, "in the light most

favorable to the verdict," follow.         Sinai v. New England Tel. &

Tel. Co., 3 F.3d 471, 472 (1st Cir. 1993).

           Appellants Hunton and Hennessey are co-founders of ACE,

a company that procures, engineers, and installs large-scale solar

energy systems.    Hunton is ACE's president and Hennessey its chief


                                     -2-
financial officer.         Hunton and Hennessey are principals of the

company.

              In 2007, ACE hired Ellicott as Director of Business

Development,     tasking    him    with    the    sale    of     large-scale   solar

installations to commercial clients, primarily in California.

Ellicott was not a principal or joint-venturer of ACE, but rather

a full-time employee compensated on a commission-draw basis.                     On

April 23, 2008, ACE executed a written contract that established

Ellicott's      compensation      plan.         Among    other    provisions,    the

compensation plan stated that ACE would pay Ellicott a sales

commission of "40% of profit margin on each sale and installation

to be paid within [thirty] days after the client pays ACE and

installation is complete."         The compensation plan also stipulated

that the sales commissions "may be reasonably split with various

sales support personnel by mutual agreement," and that ACE would

pay Ellicott a monthly draw, equal to an annual rate of $120,000,

credited against his commissions.

              From 2007 to 2012, Ellicott sold nine solar installation

projects.      For each of these projects, the parties stipulated at

trial the (1) contract date; (2) project completion date; (3) final

payment date; (4) project revenue; and (5) direct project costs.

The   gross    revenue   of    Ellicott's        solar    installation    projects

exceeded $37 million, with eight of the nine projects generating


                                          -3-
a profit.    Seven of the eight profitable installations were paid

for in full more than three years before Ellicott filed suit on

April 2, 2014.     Below, the parties disputed whether Ellicott, in

fact, made the "sale" on each of the projects and how the sales

commission, if any was due, should be calculated.     During trial,

Ellicott testified that although it continued to pay him the

monthly draw until October 2012, ACE did not pay his earned

commissions from any of the profitable projects.

            Beginning in 2010, and again in early 2011, Ellicott

inquired about the payment status of his commissions to both Hunton

and Hennessey.     Ellicott had multiple conversations with Hunton,

who assured Ellicott that he would discuss the issue with Hennessey

and that the commission payments would be taken care of.

            In October 2011, Ellicott had an in-person meeting with

both Hunton and Hennessey to follow up on the payment status of

his commissions.     There, Hunton and Hennessey informed Ellicott

that: (1) he should share his commissions with ACE's support staff;

(2) ACE would deduct 5.6% from his commissions for overhead and

burden costs and 1% for maintenance costs; (3) certain solar

installment projects were actually considered "house accounts" and

therefore not a "sale" by Ellicott for which he was entitled to a

commission; and (4) ACE would apply a 30% commission rate rather

than the 40% established in the 2008 compensation plan.    Ellicott


                                 -4-
did not agree to any of these additional compensation conditions,

which were being presented to him for the first time.                The meeting

ended   without      resolution.     Before    concluding,        Hennessey   told

Ellicott that ACE "should be able to start getting [him] some of

[his] commissions in December," and that they would provide him

with an updated spreadsheet detailing his earned commissions.

Ellicott, however, never received the updated spreadsheet.

             After the October 2011 meeting, Ellicott continued to

work for ACE and received his monthly draw until October 2012,

when ACE ceased making these payments. 1                  Ellicott nonetheless

continued working for ACE after October 2012.               Then, in June 2013,

Ellicott's    health     insurance    and    cell   phone    coverage   --    both

provided by ACE -- were cancelled.            Shortly thereafter, Ellicott

stopped working for ACE, but the company never formally terminated

his employment.

B. Procedural Background

             Ellicott filed suit against Appellants in Massachusetts

Superior     Court     seeking     compensation     for     the    unpaid     sales

commissions on April 2, 2014.          His complaint alleged two claims:


1  Upon asking about why his monthly "draw was cut off," Ellicott
was told that ACE was "having difficult[ies] making payroll" and
that the "best thing" he could do in the meantime "would be to try
to bring a new deal" to generate cash for the company. He worked,
without pay, on securing two additional installation projects for
ACE throughout 2013.


                                       -5-
(1) violation of the Wage Act and (2) breach of contract.                     On

May 16, 2014, Appellants removed the case to the United States

District Court for the District of Massachusetts.

           After some extensive motion practice, which included the

district court's denial of the parties' cross-motions for summary

judgment, Ellicott filed a motion in limine on July 22, 2016 to

exclude from trial any extrinsic evidence suggesting that he was

required to split his commissions.        The district court allowed the

motion in limine on December 23, 2016, thereby barring Appellants

from   introducing   "extrinsic   evidence    to   vary   the    unambiguous

terms" of their 2008 compensation plan with Ellicott.

           On December 30, 2016, two weeks before trial was set to

commence, Appellants asked the district court to reconsider its

grant of Ellicott's motion in limine and offered new testimony in

an attempt to prove that Ellicott had agreed to split his sales

commissions.     Ellicott   opposed      reconsideration   and        moved   to

preclude Appellants from introducing testimony offered for the

first time on the eve of trial.     In open court, the district court

denied   Appellants'    motion    for    reconsideration        and    granted

Ellicott's request to exclude Appellants' proposed new testimony.

The court excluded the proposed evidence, finding, inter alia,

that it contradicted prior deposition testimony offered pursuant

to Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6).


                                   -6-
           A jury trial was held from January 17 until January 24,

2017.   At the close of evidence, Appellants unsuccessfully moved

for directed verdict on Ellicott's Wage Act claim, arguing that

the Wage Act did not apply to Ellicott's sales commissions.             On

January 24, 2017, the district court charged the jury.

           The jury verdict form listed ACE, Hunton, and Hennessey

separately, and tasked the jury with finding liability and the

amount of damages as to each.    The jury found all three defendants

liable under the Wage Act, but allocated $958,830 in damages under

the Wage Act to ACE and $0 to Hunton and Hennessey.          The jury also

found ACE liable for breach of contract.

           All parties urged the court to ask the jury to reconsider

its answers.     After conferring with both sides at sidebar and

finding the verdict to be inconsistent, the district court asked

the jury to reconsider its responses about Hunton's and Hennessey's

liability under the Wage Act.    The jury then returned a new verdict

form that again found all defendants liable under the Wage Act,

but this time allocated $758,830 in damages to ACE and $100,000 to

each individual defendant.

           Appellants immediately moved for mistrial, a request

that the district court denied.        On February 2, 2017, Appellants

moved again for mistrial, contending that the district court erred

in   granting   Ellicott's   motions    in   limine,   and   for   judgment


                                  -7-
notwithstanding     the   verdict,    arguing   that   Ellicott's    sales

commissions were profit-based and therefore fell outside the Wage

Act's scope.    The district court denied both motions.

           On February 6, 2017, the district court entered judgment

in favor of Ellicott on both claims, pursuant to the jury's second

verdict   form. 2   The   final   judgment   totaled   $2,876,490,    plus

reasonable attorney's fees and costs.

           About a month later, Appellants filed a motion to modify

the award under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e).       Therein, Appellants argued

that the district court should lower their personal liability to

$2,276,490 because (1) the court had erred in finding them liable

for a greater damages award than the corporate defendant; (2) there

was insufficient evidence to establish tolling as to Ellicott's

Wage Act claim against Hennessey; (3) the court should not have

granted the motion in limine barring evidence as to whether

Ellicott had agreed to split his sales commissions; and (4) the


2  As to the Wage Act, the district court ordered ACE to pay
damages in the amount of $758,830, trebled pursuant to Mass. Gen.
Laws ch. 149, § 150 (for civil actions alleging violation of the
Wage Act filed independently of any enforcement actions by the
attorney general), for a total sum of $2,276,490, plus reasonable
attorney's fees and costs. The district court also ordered each
individual defendant to pay damages in the amount of $100,000,
trebled pursuant to Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149, § 150, for a total
sum of $300,000, plus joint and several liability for any amount
owed by ACE. With regards to the breach of contract claim, the
district court ordered ACE to pay damages in the amount of
$958,830.


                                     -8-
Wage Act did not apply to Ellicott's sales commissions because the

commissions   were   profit-based.     The   district   court   denied

Appellants' motion on April 3, 2017.

                          II.   Discussion

           Appellants' challenge is limited to a series of rulings

by the district court and the sufficiency of the evidence about

whether Ellicott's Wage Act claims were equitably tolled.          We

address each of the issues raised by Appellants in turn.

A.   Applicability of the Wage Act

           Whether Ellicott's sales commissions constituted wages

under the Wage Act was put to the jury, and implicit in the jury's

verdict was the determination that the commissions did constitute

wages.   Accordingly, we may only "overturn the verdict when the

evidence leads a reasonable person to one conclusion and one

conclusion only: that the losing party was entitled to win."

Sinai, 3 F.3d at 472-73; see also Segal v. Genitrix, LLC, 87 N.E.3d

560, 575 (Mass. 2017).

           The Wage Act imposes liability on employers who fail to

pay wages earned by their employees.   See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149,

§ 148 (2009).   To establish a Wage Act claim, a plaintiff must

show that: (1) he was an employee under the Wage Act; (2) the

compensation constitutes wages pursuant to the Wage Act; (3) the

Wage Act was violated; and (4) any individual defendants were


                                 -9-
corporate officers as defined by the statute.                   See Stanton v.

Lighthouse Fin. Servs., Inc., 621 F. Supp. 2d 5, 10 (D. Mass. 2009)

(citing Allen v. Intralearn Software Corp., 2006 Mass. App. Div.

71, 72 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 2006)).           Our only concern here is whether

Ellicott's compensation represents "wages" under the Wage Act.                We

conclude that it does.

             Under    the   Wage   Act,    "the     payment    of   commissions"

represents    wages    "when    the   amount   of    such     commissions,   less

allowable or authorized deductions, has been definitely determined

and has become due and payable to such employee."               Mass. Gen. Laws

ch. 149, § 148 (2009).         Compensation based on commissions has been

"definitely determined" when it is "arithmetically determinable."

Wiedmann v. Bradford Grp., Inc., 831 N.E.2d 304, 312 (Mass. 2005);

see also McAleer v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 928 F. Supp. 2d

280, 287 (D. Mass. 2013); Okerman v. VA Software Corp., 871 N.E.2d

1117, 1124-25 (Mass. App. Ct. 2007).              Moreover, a commission is

"due and payable" when dependent contingencies have been met and

it is thus owed to the employee. See McAleer, 928 F. Supp. 2d at

288.

             Appellants maintain that Ellicott's compensation scheme

was more like profit-sharing, and therefore not a commission as

defined by the Wage Act. They contend that Ellicott's compensation

was based on future profits and not fixed to the installation price


                                      -10-
at the time of sale.          We disagree.        Ellicott's compensation meets

the two criteria for a commission to fall squarely within the scope

of the Wage Act: being "definitely determined" and becoming "due

and payable."        Okerman, 871 N.E.2d at 1121–22.

           First,       for     Ellicott's         sales     commissions         to    be

"definitely      determined,"          they        must      be      "arithmetically

determinable."        Wiedmann, 831 N.E.2d at 312.                The parties do not

dispute   the   figures       necessary      to    calculate       Ellicott's      sales

commissions     to    the     dime.   As    explained      earlier,        the   parties

stipulated to the contract, project completion, and final payment

dates, along with the project revenue and direct project costs,

for each of the solar installation projects sold by Ellicott.                         The

compensation plan entitled Ellicott to 40% of the profit margin on

each sale and installation.           Thus, because the profit margin for

each sale can be "arithmetically determined" from the stipulated

project   revenue       and     the   direct       project        costs,     Ellicott's

commissions are "definitely determined" under the Wage Act.

           Second, Ellicott's compensation also satisfies the Wage

Act's "due and payable" requirement.               All dependent contingencies

for the payment of Ellicott's commissions were met.                        See McAleer,

928 F. Supp. 2d at 289; Barthel v. One Cmty., Inc., 233 F. Supp.

2d 125, 127 (D. Mass. 2002).               In the ordinary case, a commission

"becomes due and payable when the employee closes the sale, even


                                           -11-
if there is a delay in actual payment on the sale."       McAleer, 928

F. Supp. 2d at 289.      But, when as here, "a compensation plan

specifically sets out the contingencies an employee must meet to

earn a commission, courts apply the terms of the plan." Id.         The

2008 compensation plan between ACE and Ellicott required only that:

(1) the project generate a profit; (2) the client pay ACE; and (3)

installation be complete.     As stipulated by the parties, all three

contingencies were met on the eight profitable solar installation

projects for which Ellicott seeks payment of his commissions.

           Since Ellicott's compensation is "definitely determined"

and "due and payable," the jury could reasonably conclude that his

commissions are covered under the Wage Act.

B.   Equitable Tolling

           We now turn our attention to Appellants' contention that

there was insufficient evidence to support a finding that the Wage

Act's three-year statute of limitations had been equitably tolled.

Alternatively,   Appellants   contend   that   the   equitable   tolling

evidence presented against Hennessey was particularly "flimsy,"

and that this court should reverse the Wage Act judgment as to

that individual defendant.

           Jury findings of fact as to whether the statute of

limitations has been tolled cannot be set aside unless the evidence

is insufficient to support the verdict.        See Santiago Hodge v.

                                 -12-
Parke Davis & Co., 909 F.2d 628, 633 (1st Cir. 1990).

              Wage Act claims are subject to a three-year statute of

limitations that attaches separately to each individual violation

of the act.      See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149, § 150 (2009); Crocker

v. Townsend Oil Co., 979 N.E.2d 1077, 1085-86 (Mass. 2012).

"Massachusetts courts have recognized that it would be unfair to

begin running the statute of limitations before a plaintiff is put

on notice [of] a claim."         Cambridge Plating Co. v. Napco, Inc.,

991 F.2d 21, 25 (1st Cir. 1993).

              Equitable tolling based on fraudulent concealment is

cognizable with respect to the Wage Act statute of limitations.

See Crocker, 979 N.E.2d at 1083-84.          It applies when a plaintiff

is "affirmatively misled" by a defendant.            Hall v. FMR Corp., 559

F. Supp. 2d 120, 126 (D. Mass. 2008) (citations omitted).              Thus,

"[w]here a 'defendant[] made representations [he] knew or should

have known would induce the plaintiff to put off bringing suit and

. . .   the    plaintiff   did   in   fact   delay    in   reliance   on   the

representations,' the statute of limitations is tolled."               Mass.

Eye & Ear Infirmary v. QLT Phototherapeutics, Inc., 412 F.3d 215,

242 (1st Cir. 2005) (citations omitted); see also Rakes v. United

States, 442 F.3d 7, 26 (1st Cir. 2006) ("[E]quitable tolling is

based on concealment or other misconduct by the defendant." (citing

Crawford v. United States, 796 F.2d 924, 926 (7th Cir. 1986))).


                                      -13-
Still,     a    plaintiff        "may     not    generally   use    the    fraudulent

concealment by one defendant as a means to toll the statute of

limitation against other defendants."                    Passatempo v. McMenimen,

960 N.E.2d 275, 290 (Mass. 2012) (citing Griffin v. McNiff, 744 F.

Supp. 1237, 1256 n.20 (S.D.N.Y. 1990)).

               The statute of limitations on Ellicott's Wage Act claims

would have begun to run on the date that payment of his sales

commission was due on each of the solar installation projects he

sold.    According to Ellicott's compensation plan, that would be

"[thirty] days after the client pa[id] ACE and installation [was]

complete[d]."         Thus, per the parties' stipulated facts about the

final payment and project completion dates for the projects at

issue, all except one of Ellicott's unpaid commission claims would

fall    outside       of   the   Wage     Act's    usual   three-year     statute    of

limitations window.

               However, at trial, Ellicott set forth evidence that

Appellants had "affirmatively misled" him before the October 2011

meeting.       Hall, 559 F. Supp. 2d at 126. The record shows that both

Hunton and Hennessey perpetuated the narrative that a shrinking

cash    flow    was    the   only       reason    why   Ellicott   did    not   receive

commission payments in accordance with his compensation plan, and

such assurances were what stalled Ellicott from taking legal action

at the time.          In an ongoing dialogue from 2010 to 2011, Hunton


                                            -14-
repeatedly promised Ellicott that their contract would be honored:

"be patient, we're dealing with cash flow issues, we will pay you,

so hang in there."         Later in 2011, responding to increased pressure

from Ellicott, Hunton sent him an email, reiterating that "cash is

tight" but still promising to try to "squeeze something out."

              The jury found that Appellants "made representations

[they] knew or should have known would induce [Ellicott] to put

off bringing suit and [he] did in fact delay in reliance on the

representations." Mass. Eye & Ear Infirmary, 412 F.3d at 242

(citations omitted); see also Santiago Hodge, 909 F.2d at 633. We

agree and conclude sufficient evidence supports the jury's finding

that fraudulent concealment warranted the equitable tolling of the

three-year statute of limitations.              Ellicott's Wage Act claims

therefore ripened in October 2011, when Hunton and Hennessey first

told Ellicott that ACE would not pay his commissions per the terms

of the 2008 compensation plan.          Since Ellicott filed his complaint

on April 2, 2014, his Wage Act claims are well within the three-

year statute of limitations.

              While   it    is   true   that   Ellicott   may   not    "use   the

fraudulent concealment by one defendant as a means to toll the

statute of limitation against other defendants," Passatempo, 960

N.E.2d   at    290    (citations    omitted),    the   record   also   contains

sufficient testimonial evidence regarding Hennessey. For instance,


                                        -15-
Hennessey, along with Hunton, reassured Ellicott in an early 2011

meeting that he would be paid his commissions at the 40% rate.                     On

this    record,   the    jury   was    entitled   to    find    that      Hunton   and

Hennessey were joined in their efforts to assure Ellicott that his

promised commissions would be paid.               Accordingly, we find that

tolling the statute of limitations so as to allow Ellicott's Wage

Act claims against Hennessey was justified.

C.   Jury Verdict Forms

              Appellants' next claim is that the district court erred,

first, when it did not accept the initial jury verdict, and later

when, after accepting the second jury verdict form, it assigned

Wage Act damages liability to Hunton and Hennessey that were

internally     inconsistent.          Below,   however,       Appellants     neither

objected to the district court's rejection of the first jury

verdict, nor did they raise this contention in their multiple post-

verdict motions.3        In fact, Appellants encouraged the district

court    to   resubmit    the   first     verdict      form    to   the    jury    for



3  Appellants only complained in two post-verdict motions that the
multiple jury verdict forms confused the jury -- thus calling for
a mistrial.    However, that was insufficient to preserve the
arguments Appellants now attempt to raise for the first time on
appeal. See Eldridge v. Gordon Bros. Grp., LLC, 863 F.3d 66, 84
(1st Cir. 2017) ("[A] party is not at liberty to articulate
specific arguments for the first time on appeal simply because the
general issue was before the district court." (citing United States
v. Slade, 980 F.2d 27, 31 (1st Cir. 1992))).


                                        -16-
clarification.    Because Appellants did not raise this issue before

the district court, they are foreclosed from raising it now for

the first time.     See Bos. Beer Co. Ltd. P'ship v. Slesar Bros.

Brewing Co., 9 F.3d 175, 179 (1st Cir. 1993) ("The law in this

circuit is crystalline: a litigant's failure to explicitly raise

an issue before the district court forecloses that party from

raising the issue for the first time on appeal.").

D.   Motions in Limine

           Lastly, Appellants ask us to review the district court's

rulings on Ellicott's motions in limine.    Appellants contend that

the district court erred when it excluded evidence about whether

Ellicott had agreed to split his sales commissions.     We review a

district court's decision to exclude evidence on a motion in limine

for abuse of discretion.    See United States v. Guerrier, 428 F.3d

76, 79 (1st Cir. 2005) (citing Blinzler v. Marriott Int'l, 81 F.3d

1148, 1158 (1st Cir. 1996)).

           Under Fed. R. Evid. 403, a district court should exclude

evidence "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or

misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of

time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." Ferrara &

DiMercurio v. St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co., 240 F.3d 1, 6 n.3 (1st

Cir. 2001).


                                -17-
            District courts have wide discretion when it comes to

determinations under Rule 403.          "This is primarily because 'Rule

403 balancing is a quintessentially fact-sensitive enterprise and

the trial judge is in the best position to make such fact–bound

assessments.'" Id. at 6 (citing Udemba v. Nicoli, 237 F.3d 8, 15-

16 (1st Cir. 2001)).        On very rare occasions would this court

"from the vista of a cold appellate record, reverse a district

court's on-the-spot judgment concerning the relative weighing of

probative value and unfair effect."          Freeman v. Package Mach. Co.,

865 F.2d 1331, 1340 (1st Cir. 1988).          This is not such a case.

            The district court, in a well-reasoned and narrowly

tailored    Memorandum   and   Order,    properly   excluded     Appellants'

extrinsic evidence related to the unambiguous terms of Ellicott's

2008 compensation plan on grounds that it could have confused the

issues and misled the jury.           Furthermore, the district court

prudently     disregarded      the    eleventh-hour     affidavits      from

unannounced witnesses that Appellants intended to introduce six

days before trial.       Not only were these offered late without a

reasonable excuse for delay, but they also contradicted prior Rule

30(b)(6)    deposition   testimony    from    the   individual   defendants

themselves.    See Thibeault v. Square D Co., 960 F.2d 239, 247 (1st

Cir. 1992) ("We think it is beyond dispute that an eleventh-hour

change in a party's theory of the case can be equally harmful,


                                     -18-
perhaps more harmful, from the standpoint of his adversary.").

We, therefore, discern no abuse of discretion from the district

court's grant of Ellicott's motions in limine.

                        III.   Conclusion

          With no other issues raised by Appellants, for the

reasons discussed above, we affirm the district court's judgment.

          Affirmed.




                               -19-
