        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                            Assigned on Briefs June 18, 2013

               STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TOMMY EARL JONES

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dickson County
                  No. 22CC-2009-CR-258 Robert E. Burch, Judge




                No. M2012-01716-CCA-R3-CD Filed October 25, 2013




Following a retrial, the Defendant, Tommy Earl Jones, was convicted by a jury of rape, theft
of property valued between $1,000 and $10,000, aggravated kidnapping, and aggravated
burglary. The trial court ordered that the ten-year sentence for rape be served consecutively
to the ten-year sentence for aggravated kidnapping, for a total effective sentence of twenty
years. In this direct appeal, the Defendant again contends that (1) the trial court erred when
it excluded him from jury selection, trial, and the return of the verdict in the absence of any
waiver; and (2) the trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentencing. After our review,
we conclude that the trial court complied with the dictates from this court upon remand.
Accordingly, there is no error in the judgments of the trial court, and we affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which N ORMA M CG EE O GLE
and A LAN E. G LENN, JJ., joined.

Peggy R. Smith, White Bluff, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tommy Earl Jones.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Brent C. Cherry, Senior Counsel; Dan
M. Alsobrooks, District Attorney General; and Billy Henry Miller, Jr., Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                     OPINION
                               FACTUAL BACKGROUND
       This case arises from the April 16, 2009 rape of the victim, J.C.,1 and an
accompanying home invasion. As a result, a Dickson County grand jury returned a
presentment, in July 2009, charging the Defendant with the offenses of rape, theft of property
valued between $1,000 and $10,000, aggravated kidnapping, evading arrest, simple
possession of marijuana, and especially aggravated burglary.

        The Defendant was initially tried before a jury in December 2009, during which the
trial court granted the Defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal on the evading arrest and
simple possession charges. The Defendant was convicted of the remaining charges, and he
received an effective twenty-year sentence for those convictions. On appeal to this court, the
Defendant presented the following issues for review: (1) whether the trial court erred when
it excluded the Defendant from jury selection, trial, and the return of the verdict in the
absence of any waiver; (2) whether the State presented insufficient evidence to convict the
Defendant of especially aggravated burglary; (3) whether the trial court erred when it allowed
a forensic expert to testify about opinions based on possibilities; and (4) whether the trial
court erred in imposing consecutive sentences. See State v. Tommy Earl Jones, M2010-
00976-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 1631832, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 19, 2011). This court
concluded that the Defendant’s fundamental right to be present during his first trial was
violated, reversed his convictions, and remanded for a new trial. Id. at *4-9. This court also
decided that the State presented insufficient evidence to convict the Defendant of especially
aggravated burglary, failing to establish the element of serious bodily injury, and that the trial
court failed to make the determinations required by State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 938
(Tenn. 1995), in imposing consecutive sentencing. Id. at *9-11, 13-15.

       On October 12, 2011, the Defendant was retried for the offenses of rape, theft of
property valued between $1,000 and $10,000, aggravated kidnapping, and aggravated
burglary. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-304, -13-503, -14-103, -14-105(3), -14-403. The
Defendant was likewise excluded from the courtroom at his second trial.

       The proof adduced at the second trial revealed the following facts. On April 16, 2009,
the victim, who was three months pregnant, returned home after picking up her three-year-
old daughter from preschool. She was in the kitchen washing dishes when she became aware
that someone was behind her. She turned and saw a masked man dressed all in black, who
sprayed bug spray in her face. The victim testified that she tried to defend herself. During
the ensuing struggle, her assailant beat her with a cord from a heater and wrapped it around
her neck. The victim, realizing her three-year-old was present in the room, tried to protect
her daughter from the intruder. She stated that she was able to “push him off” of her, but the
man then attempted to strangle her with his hands. According to the victim, the man asked

1
    It is the policy of this court to refer to victims of sexual violence by their initials only.

                                                         -2-
for money, and she gave him her ring and told him that she had money in her purse. At that
point, the man let her go, and she retrieved her purse and gave him the money from inside.

       The assailant then forced the victim to the floor, tore her blouse and her bra, and
removed her pants. The victim testified that the man then penetrated her vagina, ejaculating
outside of her body and cleaning himself with the cup of her bra. After the rape, the man
took off a lace from his shoe to tie the victim’s feet and used a wire to tie her hands. The
assailant asked the victim for her car keys, threatening her with a large shelf when she was
unable to help him locate them. Prior to his exit, the assailant pushed a sofa-like chair on top
of the victim. He then left, taking with him the victim’s car, money, and jewelry. She was
thereafter able to free herself, first checking on her daughter, and then getting dressed and
seeking help.

       The victim testified that she was able to recognize her attacker, realizing during the
ordeal that it was the Defendant, her next-door neighbor. She also identified him from a
photo array for the police following her attack. Testing by the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation revealed the Defendant’s DNA on the victim’s bra cup and the victim’s and her
boyfriend’s2 DNA on the t-shirt the Defendant was wearing at the time of his arrest. The
Defendant’s fingerprints were also discovered on the stolen vehicle.

       The Defendant did not present any proof, and the jury found him guilty as charged.
Following a sentencing hearing,3 the trial court imposed three-year terms for the aggravated
burglary and theft convictions, a Class C and D felony respectively, and ten-year terms for
the aggravated kidnapping and rape convictions, both Class B felonies. The trial court
determined that partial consecutive sentencing was appropriate, ordering the two ten-year
terms to be served consecutively to one another, for a total effective sentence of twenty years.

       The case is now before this court. The Defendant is again challenging his exclusion
during the trial proceedings and the imposition of consecutive sentencing.

                                                ANALYSIS

                                     I. Exclusion from trial
       The Defendant again argues that the trial court erred when it excluded the Defendant
from jury selection, trial, and the return of the verdict in the absence of any waiver on his


2
  The victim testified that she had engaged in sexual relations with her boyfriend the night before she was
raped.
3
    It does appear from the transcript that the Defendant was present for the sentencing hearing.

                                                     -3-
part. In his first appeal to this court, this court held that the trial court committed reversible
error when it excluded the Defendant from the courtroom without following the procedures
detailed in Rule 43 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. Jones, 2011 WL
1631832, at *4-9. In so holding, the court reasoned,

       [P]er Rule 43(b)(2) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure, before
       removing the Defendant for disruptive conduct, the trial court was required to
       warn him that, if he continued to engage in such conduct, he could be excluded
       from the courtroom. . . . Therefore, because the record reveals that the trial
       court removed the Defendant from his trial without first warning him that he
       could be excluded if he persisted in disruptive behavior, we find that reversible
       error was committed and remand for a new trial.

Id. at *9.

       At the beginning of the Defendant’s second trial, before voir dire had begun, the
Defendant was brought into the courtroom and immediately continued in a similar vein as
he had done at his first trial. The following exchange transpired:

       [THE DEFENDANT]: I ain’t going out. They are in violation of my rights.
       THE COURT: All right.
       [THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, I do not want this counsel and is part of the
       Constitution. These officers cannot touch me in this manner in a trial. I mean
       prison guards — this is a violation, sir.
       THE COURT: These officers will do what I tell them and they’ll do a whole
       lot more than that.
       [THE DEFENDANT]: They can kill me right now, yes, sir.
       THE COURT: All right, [Defendant], I want —
       [THE DEFENDANT]: They are trying to have me in violation for being
       disruptive. Two officers —
       THE COURT: [Defendant], I need to —
       [THE DEFENDANT]: Dennis Gray —
       THE COURT: I need to speak with you just a minute. Please be qu[iet] and
       let me talk just a minute.
       [THE DEFENDANT]: Yes, sir.
       THE COURT: And then I’m going to let you talk, all right. Now I’m
       understanding that you are objecting to appearing in court for —
       [THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, I done [sic] wrote the American Bar Association,
       I’ll be writing to the Justice Department about Officer Gray and Officer
       Bledsoe and I’ll be filing a complaint in the Dickson County Sheriff’s Office

                                               -4-
for assault. You cannot touch me —
THE COURT: Hey, that’s fine. Do it. You’ve got — make a scene —
[THE DEFENDANT]: Yes, sir. Sir, she is not representing me, sir.
THE COURT: I’m not interested in that. What I want to find out from you is
are you going to behave yourself during the trial?
[THE DEFENDANT]: Sir — Your Honor, sir, I filed to [sic] the American
Bar Association before. This is a violation — the NAACP will be in Dickson
County for me — this is a violation of my rights.
        No (indiscernible) on this courtroom present. You cannot do this.
THE COURT: Now —
[THE DEFENDANT]: Look at this. This is assault.
THE COURT: [Defendant], let me tell you what — let me tell you something
—
[THE DEFENDANT]: Get your two TBI officers in here, sir. This is a
(indiscernible) — this is an assault.
THE COURT: [Defendant] —
[THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, she’s not representing me, sir.
THE COURT: Let me tell you what my options are here —
[THE DEFENDANT]: You’ll hit me, that’s assault. They can’t do this. I
know my rights. Get my Mike Barrett (phonetic) out there. This is assault.
They’re trying to put me in violation [sic].
THE COURT: [Defendant], I’m trying to speak to you. If you don’t be qu[iet]
I’m going to have to duck tape your mouth shut until I can get over what I
have to get over to you.
        All right. Now all I’m trying to do — I’m just trying to understand
about what you’re objection is to your trial in that you, as I understand it,
somebody told me that you do not wish to be present for your trial?
[THE DEFENDANT]: No, sir. She is ineffective. And I —
THE COURT: No, you don’t wish to be in —
[THE DEFENDANT]: Listen — Listen [trial judge]. I wrote you. I wrote the
American Bar Association. I don’t [sic] wrote the Appella[te] Courts. I don’t
[sic] wrote the Board of Professional Responsibility. [Defense counsel] would
not be representing me and the NAACP will be in Dickson County for this
right here. This is assault. You’ve got a complaint come (indiscernible). This
is assault. You cannot do this. Do you hear me?
THE COURT: If you don’t be qu[iet] you’re going to find out what assault
really is. Now —
[THE DEFENDANT]: Everybody that took me here. I’ve got three witnesses
right there TDOC. They’re not part of Dickson County. Didn’t you’ll [sic] see
this? This is assault. They violated my rights.

                                     -5-
THE COURT: [Defendant], I’m trying to —
[THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, they done drug [sic] me in the courtroom, [trial
judge].
THE COURT: All right, tape his mouth shut.
[THE DEFENDANT]: You’ll take me out of the courtroom. They can’t do
this.
UNIDENTIFIED OFFICER: We have no jurisdiction here right now.
[THE DEFENDANT]: You’ll [sic] TDOC. I’m not going to sit here. You’ll
[sic] going to beat me — Miss, you going to let them beat me? Are you’ll [sic]
going to let them beat me?
THE COURT: They’re not going to beat you.
[THE DEFENDANT]: I’m going out [of] the courtroom. I don’t have to be
here. (Indiscernible) in the courtroom.
UNIDENTIFIED OFFICER: Get the tape.
....
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: Where’s the tape?
                   (Indiscernible interruption in the courtroom)
[THE DEFENDANT]: This don’t mean nothing. She’s still not representing
me.
                            (Indiscernible interruption)
THE COURT: That’s good enough. It doesn’t have to stay there long. All
right. Pick him up.
                          COMPLIES WITH REQUEST
THE COURT: All right. Now [Defendant], I have been forced to silence you
because it is my job to make sure you get certain information.
         Now I have understood that you do not wish to be present during your
trial, is that correct?
         You’re neither nodding nor shaking your head. Is that — no, they don’t
think they want you to do that.
[THE DEFENDANT]: Could I talk to them?
THE COURT: No, you can’t. That’s why I taped your mouth shut.
         All right. You do not wish to be present, is that right?
         I’m having difficulty keeping your attention, [Defendant].
[THE DEFENDANT]: Don’t touch me.
THE COURT: All right. [Defendant], if you persist in these during your trial;
and I’m understanding that you are telling me you don’t even want to be here
anyway, is that right? Nod your head if that’s right?
         You’re not nodding your head, so you do wish to be present for your
trial?
         All right. You’re neither nodding nor shaking you head. I presume

                                      -6-
       you’re being unresponsive.
               All right. Well, I want to warn you that disruptive conduct will result
       in your removal from the courtroom; and if you continue to persist in this, I
       have no option but to remove you.
               [Defendant], all I’m trying to do is give you a fair trial. If you — if I
       have to exclude you like I did the last time, that can’t help you. You’ve got
       nothing to lose by staying in the courtroom. You don’t have to give up
       anything. You can complain to whoever you want to. You can write to
       whoever you want to as long as you’ll just be qu[iet] and participate in the
       trial; but if we go through this trial and that seat there is empty I don’t care
       what I tell that jury it’s not going to help you.
               You’re pointing to go out?
       UNIDENTIFIED OFFICER: I’ll get ready to take you out.
       [THE DEFENDANT]: Uh huh (meaning yes by sound).
       THE COURT: Okay. All right. Remove the duct tape.
                                 COMPLIES WITH REQUEST
               All right. Now I’ve told you what I need to tell you. Do you want to
       stay here for the trial or not?
       [THE DEFENDANT]: Come on Buddy (phonetic). I’ve got three TDOC
       ready. You-all about to be in court for assault.
       THE COURT: All right, remove the [D]efendant. Put him in lockup.
                                 COMPLIES WITH REQUEST

       Following voir dire and opening statements, the trial court excused the jury for lunch.
The trial court then addressed counsel and noted the procedures that needed to be followed
regarding the Defendant’s continued exclusion from the courtroom:

       THE COURT: All right, counsel be seated please. According to [] Rule 43
       I have to bring the [D]efendant — I think that the rule says, shall determine at
       reasonable intervals whether the [D]efendant indicates a willingness to avoid
       creating a disturbance if allowed to return to the courtroom.
              The [c]ourt was planning to return the [D]efendant to the courtroom at
       this juncture to determine if we could get some co[ope]ration from him.
       However, the reports have come to me that the [D]efendant has continued to
       scream and yell out of his holding cell during the entire time that we have been
       — during the trial, so all it would do would be — we’d just have to drag him
       back in the courtroom and go through what we went through at the beginning;
       and I see nothing to be gained by it. He obviously has not indicated a
       willingness not to a create a disturbance. Any additions or objections to that
       procedure?

                                              -7-
      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Just so long as we follow everything by the book.
      THE COURT: Yeah, I’m doing my best.
      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: That’s all I want to make sure we do, Your Honor.
      THE COURT: And what we’ll do is, maybe, he’ll calm down during lunch
      and right before we bring the jury back after lunch we’ll make another inquiry.
      [THE PROSECUTOR]: Your Honor, the only thing I have to say is I concur
      with [defense counsel] in light of the Court of Criminal Appeals’ ruling.
              I would like to go on the record, I have heard him throughout [v]oir
      [d]ire and throughout my opening statement, through two sets of doors and the
      walls and his presence in the holding cell is distracting mu[ch] less in the
      courtroom. That’s all I wanted to say for the record.

Court recessed for lunch.

       After the lunch recess, the Defendant was returned to the courtroom, and the
following proceedings took place:

      THE COURT: Let the record show the jury is not in the courtroom.
      Defendant has continued to voice disapproval through much of the lunch
      break; but he is apparently now somewhat quieter, so given the Court of
      Appeals’ admonition on close following this rule I hesitate to bring him back
      in just to go through what we went through this morning; but you know,
      perhaps, we can get him to do a civil disclosure and we’re going to try it
      anyway, so let’s bring the [D]efendant in.
      ....
      (WHEREUPON, the [D]efendant returned to open court . . . )
      THE COURT: [Defendant], I’ve asked you to come back in the courtroom to
      find out if you want to start participating in the trial?
      [THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, I need to go to the hospital, Your Honor.
      THE COURT: Okay.
      [THE DEFENDANT]: That PO (phonetic) he just shocked me. Sir, I got
      [sic] Crohn’s disease. I need to go to the hospital.
      THE COURT: I understand that. I considered that and we’ll get you to the
      hospital —
      [THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, I’ve been shocked, sir.
      THE COURT: — as soon as the trial is over.
      [THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, I got I’ve been shot [sic] —
      THE COURT: All right.
      [THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, get me to a hospital. I got [sic] Crohn’s disease
      —

                                            -8-
       THE COURT: All right. Take him out. Put him back in the lockup.
                                 (Indiscernible Disruption)
       THE COURT: All right. Let the record show that the [D]efendant is feigning
       some type of a physical problem; and the Department of Corrections has
       checked with the doctor and they said, as long as he is not bleeding or
       something like that he’s fine. And he’s obviously malingering and acting and
       so forth. Quite a good actor I think. He, perhaps, missed his calling.
              But there’s just no chance that we can get him to participate in the trial
       or whatever, so we just might as well just go on with it.

The jury returned to the courtroom, and the trial against the Defendant proceeded in his
absence.

       After the State rested its case against the Defendant, and the jury was excused, the
Defendant was brought back into the courtroom a final time for questioning. The following
colloquy occurred:

       THE COURT: [Defendant], I’ve got two things I want to ask you. The first
       one is, again, I’m giving you a chance to come into the courtroom and
       participate in the trial, if that’s what you want to do.
       [THE DEFENDANT]: Periodic checks. Can I state for the court that I’m
       being forced into the courtroom for periodic checks by shock methods and I’m
       in prison garbs.
       THE COURT: [Defendant], yes, sir, I will agree with you. You have no
       choice. Your only choice is whether you come in the courtroom for the
       periodic checks as to whether you come in vertically or horizontally.
       [THE DEFENDANT]: Right. I just wanted to state for the record that I’m
       being forced into the courtroom by . . . periodic checks —
       THE COURT: Yes, sir.
       [THE DEFENDANT]: — by the method of shock and I have a prison guard
       with shock belt on and shackles and chains in a prison garb.
       THE COURT: Yes.
       [THE DEFENDANT]: The first time I was drug [sic] in court. I don’t
       understand your methods, sir. That’s why I stated from the beginning — the
       record must state I wasn’t disruptive. You brought me by force by two
       Dickson County deputies. That’s a violation of my [c]onstitutional [r]ights.
       This is a trial.
               First off I’m in prison garb, that’s a violation of my [c]onstitutional
       [r]ights.
       THE COURT: Because you refused to change.

                                              -9-
[THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, the Appella[te] Courts have motions — the motion
I sent you pertaining to [defense counsel] the Appella[te] Courts have that.
The American Bar Association have that, the Board of Responsibility have
that. When I sent you that notice of appeal to appeal your notice — when I
sent a notice of appeal to a court I sent one to the Appella[te] Court in
Nashville the same day, so this is all written, being looked upon and I’ll be
getting a docket sheet and there’ll be one — have a trial take place. I’m not
in violation. This happened in 2009, sir.
THE COURT: Well, all right, all of those things have already been done and
you can address those at the proper time; but my question is do you want to
participate in the trial?
[THE DEFENDANT]: This periodic check, sir, I don’t have counsel, sir.
[Defense counsel] never —
THE COURT: You have counsel — counsel is in [c]ourt.
[THE DEFENDANT]: She never contacted me pertaining to this matter. The
prison log will show that in prison — writings or visits —
THE COURT: [Defendant], are you going to answer the question or not?
[THE DEFENDANT]: Sir, I pertain [sic] to any trial if I had [e]ffective
counsel. We’ve discussed this by letter that the Appella[te] Courts have, the
Board of Responsibility have, and I hope that my words are being docketed
correctly. This matter has been discussed. [Defense counsel] is ineffective
assistan[ce] of counsel. I didn’t want her as my counsel. I’ve [been] beat, I’ve
been shocked and I’ve been drug [sic] into court and forced by court by
periodic checks, by method of shock waves standing here in prison garb.
        The Appella[te] Court is going — that’s one question you asked me, sir,
and let me state I can’t say that I’m waiving my right to be present at trial
because my issue is I do not have effect[ive] counsel, so I chose not to
participate in the trial. That’s all I can say on that.
THE COURT: That’s you’re — but that’s what you still believe?
[THE DEFENDANT]: I don’t have effective counsel.
THE COURT: Okay, so you chose not to participate?
[THE DEFENDANT]: I don’t have effective counsel, sir.
THE COURT: All right. Okay. Now the other thing is that you were advised
in the last trial even though you did not participate that you did go [a]head and
sign the document, you know, about testifying acknowledging that you have
a right to testify and so forth?
[THE DEFENDANT]: Yes, sir. By what’s going on today, sir, and the way
my [c]onstitutional [r]ights are being violated, I chose not to sign nothing and
the only reason why I’m standing here now, sir, is because I have C[r]ohn’s
disease — the Appella[te] Courts have my — I sent them a copy of my

                                      -10-
        medical file . . . and I’ve been shocked. I’m in pain right now, sir. In the
        Appella[te] Court, Michael W. Catalano (phonetic) he will understand this.
        I’m being forced into here by method of shock — I’ve been shocked, sir. I’m
        hurting. I’m bleeding. I’m hurt. I’ve been denied medical attention —
        THE COURT: Okay.
        [THE DEFENDANT]: This has been for five hours. I’m in prison garb.

        The trial court then attempted to give the Defendant the advice requirements of
Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 162 (Tenn. 1999), regarding relinquishment of his right to
testify. The trial court advised the Defendant as follows:

        (1) “Of course, you understand that you have the right not to testify if that is
        what you want to do?”;
        (2) “[O]f course, you understand if you don’t testify that the jury will not draw
        any inference from the fact that you did not testify. They will be told that.”;
        and
        (3) “[Y]ou understand that if you wanted to testify that we’d let you testify. .
        . . You’ve got a right to.”

The Defendant again gave rambling, non-responsive answers to this advice. Before excusing
the Defendant from the courtroom a final time, the trial court summarized, “All right, sir,
you’ve apparently waived your right to be present. I’ve done my best to give your Momon
rights even though I wasn’t really supposed to. That’s the only thing I though[t] I could do
. . . .” 4

        “A defendant has a fundamental right under both the federal and state constitutions
to be present during his trial.” State v. Mosley, 200 S.W.3d 624, 631 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2005); see also State v. Muse, 967 S.W.2d 764, 766 (Tenn. 1998) (discussing the various
sources that this right is derived from). “Presence at ‘trial’ means that the defendant must
be ‘present in court from the beginning of the impaneling of the jury until the reception of
the verdict and the discharge of the jury.’” Muse, 967 S.W.2d at 766 (quoting Logan v.
State, 173 S.W. 443, 444 (Tenn. 1915)). In Muse, our supreme court held that defendants
have “a constitutional right, as well as a Rule 43(a) right, to be present at voir dire.” Id. at
767. The court further explained that “[t]here is a constitutional right because the presence
of the defendant during jury selection had a reasonably substantial relation to his opportunity
to defend against the charge.” Id.


4
  The trial court noted earlier that defense counsel, not the trial court, was required to question the Defendant
pursuant to Momon. However, defense counsel had previously informed the court that the Defendant refused
to speak with her and would not respond to her questioning.

                                                      -11-
       In addition to the rights guaranteed by the federal and state constitutions, Rule
43(a)(2) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure states that “the defendant shall be
present at . . . every stage of the trial including the impaneling of the jury and the return of
the verdict.” Rule 43 also provides as follows:

               (b) Continued Presence Not Required. The further progress of the trial,
       to and including the return of the verdict and imposition of sentence, shall not
       be prevented and the defendant shall be considered to have waived the right
       to be present whenever a defendant, initially present:
               (1) Voluntary Absence. Voluntarily is absent after the trial has
       commenced, whether or not he or she has been informed by the court of the
       obligation to remain during the trial; or
               (2) Disruptive Conduct. After being warned by the court that disruptive
       conduct will result in removal from the courtroom, persists in conduct
       justifying exclusion from the courtroom.
               (c) Procedure After Voluntary Absence or Removal.
               (1) Representation by Counsel. If a trial proceeds in the voluntary
       absence of the defendant or after the defendant’s removal from the courtroom,
       he or she must be represented in court by counsel.
               (2) Disruptive Conduct. If the defendant is removed from the
       courtroom for disruptive behavior under Rule 43(b)(2):
               (A) Access to Counsel After Removal. The defendant shall be given
       reasonable opportunity to communicate with counsel during the trial; and
               (B) Periodic Review of Removal. The court shall determine at
       reasonable intervals whether the defendant indicates a willingness to avoid
       creating a disturbance if allowed to return to the courtroom. The court shall
       permit the defendant to return when the defendant so signifies and the court
       reasonably believes the defendant.

        During the Defendant’s second trial, he was again excluded from the courtroom for
his disruptive conduct. This time the trial court gave the required admonitions to the
Defendant prior to excluding him, warning him that if he persisted in such conduct he could
be excluded from the courtroom. Specifically, the trial court advised, “I want to warn you
that disruptive conduct will result in your removal from the courtroom; and if you continue
to persist in this, I have no option but to remove you.” The trial court returned the Defendant
to the courtroom at intervals for periodic review of his removal. In fact, the Defendant even
described it as “periodic checks.” It is clear from the transcript that the Defendant refused
to communicate with defense counsel on any level. On remand, the trial court followed our
instructions and complied with the requirements of Rule 43. The Defendant’s issue does not
provide him with a basis for relief.

                                              -12-
                                 II. Consecutive Sentencing
        The Defendant again challenges the imposition of consecutive sentencing raising the
same issue from his first appeal, i.e., arguing that the trial court failed to make the additional
findings required by State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 938 (Tenn. 1995), when relying
on the dangerous offender criterion for imposing consecutive sentencing. Initially, we note
that the standard of review on the issue of consecutive sentencing is unclear under our State’s
current jurisprudence, given the recent pronouncement of our supreme court in Bise and
further application of that standard to alternative sentencing determinations. See State v.
Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 708 (Tenn. 2012); see also State v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79
(Tenn. 2012). However, in the arena of consecutive sentencing, our supreme court has not
issued a definitive ruling on the standard of review to be applied on appeal.5 In response,
some panels of this court are applying an abuse of discretion standard based upon the recent
decisions of Bise and Caudle, while others are continuing to apply a de novo standard of
review until instructed otherwise by our supreme court. See generally State v. Eric Demond
McCathern, No. M2011-01612-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 5949096, at *4-5 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Nov.16, 2012) (majority applying abuse of discretion standard of review and concurring
opinion advocating de novo standard of review), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Feb. 25, 2013).

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) provides that a trial court may order
sentences to run consecutively if it finds any one of the following criteria by a preponderance
of the evidence:

        (1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted the
        defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood;
        (2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive;
        (3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person so declared by a
        competent psychiatrist who concludes as a result of an investigation prior to
        sentencing that the defendant’s criminal conduct has been characterized by a
        pattern of repetitive or compulsive behavior with heedless indifference to
        consequences;
        (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or
        no regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which
        the risk to human life is high;
        (5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses involving
        sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating circumstances


5
  Our supreme court has granted review in State v. James Allen Pollard, No. M2011-00332-CCA-R3-CD,
2012 WL 4142253 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 17, 2012), perm. app. granted, (Tenn. Feb. 13, 2013), which
presents the issue of whether the abuse of discretion standard in Bise applies to consecutive sentencing
determinations.

                                                 -13-
       arising from the relationship between the defendant and victim or victims, the
       time span of defendant’s undetected sexual activity, the nature and scope of the
       sexual acts and the extent of the residual, physical and mental damage to the
       victim or victims;
       (6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while on probation;
       or
       (7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.

These criteria are stated in the alternative; therefore, only one need exist to support the
appropriateness of consecutive sentencing. However, the imposition of consecutive
sentencing is subject to the general sentencing principles that the overall sentence imposed
“should be no greater than that deserved for the offense committed” and that it “should be
the least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is
imposed[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(2) & (4).

        Here, the trial court imposed consecutive sentences finding that the Defendant was
a dangerous offender whose behavior indicated little or no regard for human life and no
hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life was high. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(4). Regarding the imposition of consecutive sentences because
the defendant is a dangerous offender, our supreme court has held, “The proof must also
establish that the terms imposed are reasonably related to the severity of the offenses
committed and are necessary in order to protect the public from further criminal acts by the
offender.” Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 938.

       In the Defendant’s first appeal, this court determined that “the trial court failed to find
that consecutive sentences were ‘reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed
and are necessary in order to protect the public from further criminal acts by the offender,’
as required by Wilkerson.” Jones, 2011 WL 1631832, at *15 (citation omitted). The panel
noted, “Were we not reversing the Defendant’s convictions, we would remand for
resentencing pursuant to the principles recognized in Wilkerson.” Id.

       On remand, after the trial court found the dangerous offender criterion to again be
applicable, the prosecutor stated,

               To bullet proof the record, you’re going to have to find according to the
       Court of Criminal Appeals in the State versus Wilkerson, that he is a
       dangerous offender and that the sentence is reasonably related to the severity
       of the offenses committed and are necessary in order to protect the public from
       further criminal acts by the offender. That’s why it got overturned.



                                               -14-
The trial court replied, “The [c]ourt so finds.”

        While perfunctory, the record supports a finding that consecutive sentences are
warranted because the Defendant qualifies as a dangerous offender and the Wilkerson
requirements have been met. The Defendant forcibly entered the victim’s home and sprayed
her in the face with bug spray in order to subdue her. He then beat the victim, tied her up,
and raped her. He threw a large sofa-like chair on top of her to restrain her. Of great
importance, the victim was three months pregnant at the time of these acts, and her three-
year-old daughter was present when the events took place.

        Under these facts and circumstances, consecutive sentencing is an appropriate and
justly deserved sanction. Moreover, we note that the consecutive nature of these sentences
appears to be consistent with applicable sentencing principles and guidelines. Based upon
either standard of review, de novo or abuse of discretion, we conclude that the trial court’s
imposition of consecutive sentencing.

                                       CONCLUSION

        In accordance with the foregoing, we conclude that no error exists in the judgments
of the trial court and affirm.


                                                    _________________________________
                                                    D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE




                                             -15-
