              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                    )     No. 78839-6-I
                                                         )
                                Respondent,              )     DIVISION ONE
                                                         )
                   v.                                    )     UNPUBLISHED OPINION

 ERIC RAUL HERNANDEZ-NAVARRO,                            )
                                Appellant.               )
__________________________________                       )     FILED: January 13, 2020
        HAZELRIGG-HERNANDEZ, J.            —   Eric Hernandez-Navarro pleaded guilty to multiple

crimes. On appeal, he contends portions of the trial court’s restitution order are not

supported by authority or sufficient evidence. We disagree and affirm.


                                                    FACTS

        In February 2017, Hernandez-Navarro raced a stolen car through a red light in

Kent and hit another vehicle. The collision killed Leimoi Clark and injured the driver,

Clark’s husband Avery Tilfas, and child passenger, E.L.T.1 Hernandez-Navarro pleaded

guilty to vehicular homicide and vehicular assault, among other felonies not relevant to

this appeal, and agreed to pay restitution.

       At a post-sentencing hearing, the State sought restitution in the amount of
$19,254.27.2 The State submitted a letter from the crime victims’ compensation program


       1   The record indicates that the child’s full name is E.L.T.
       2While the State also sought restitution for burial costs and vehicle damage, we do not address
them because Hernandez-Navarro is not challenging those amounts on appeal.
No. 78839-6-1/2

informing Tilfas that R.C., E.L.T., K.T., and I.T., as Clark’s surviving children, were

‘eligible to receive a monthly wage replacement benefit”—including an initial payment of

$713.02 per child, followed by payments of $277.92 per child per month—until “the

children turn 18, or until the maximum $40,000.00 benefit is reached.”                    This letter

enclosed a ledger outlining monthly payments to Tilfas and R.C. totaling $16,192.24 in

benefits.3 The State also submitted a letter showing that the crime victims’ compensation

program made two “time loss” payments to Tilfas totaling $3,062.03.~

        Hernandez-Navarro objected to the State’s restitution request. He argued that

Clark’s children, who were not injured in the collision, were not eligible for any benefits

from the crime victims’ compensation program and, therefore, the State failed to establish

a sufficient nexus to his crimes. He also argued that the monthly pension benefits and

time loss payments were not supported by substantial evidence.

       The trial court ordered the full amount of requested restitution pursuant to RCW

9.94A.753(7). Hernandez-Navarro timely appealed.


                                            ANALYSIS

        Hernandez-Navarro contends that portions of the trial court’s restitution order lack

authority and are not supported by substantial evidence. We will not disturb the trial

court’s entry of a restitution order on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v.

Davison, 116 Wn.2d 917, 919, 809 P.2d 1374 (1991). A trial court abuses its discretion



        ~ According to the ledger, other than the one-time payment, each month the crime victims’
compensation program made four separate payments of $277.92 including one payable to R,C. and three
payable to Tilfas.
       ~‘ The crime victims’ compensation program paid Tilfas $1,210.57 for time loss between February
12, 2017 and February 28, 2017, and paid him $1,851.46 for time loss between March 1,2017 and March
26, 2017.


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No. 78839-6-1/3

when it applies an incorrect legal standard or erroneous view of the law, even if the court’s

decision is reasonable. Statev. Tobin, 161 Wn.2d 517, 523, 166 P.3d 1167 (2007).


I.      Statutory Authority

        First, Hernandez-Navarro argues that the trial court lacked authority to order

restitution because it failed to find a causal connection between the benefits paid by the

crime victims’ compensation program and his crimes. We disagree.

        The court’s authority to order restitution derives entirely from statute. jç~

“Regardless of the provisions of subsections (1) through (6) of [RCW 9.94A.753], the

court shall order restitution in all cases where the victim is entitled to benefits under the

crime victims’ compensation act.” RCW 9.94A.753(7) (emphasis added). If the court fails

to order restitution in this situation, the department that administers the crime victims’

compensation program may petition the court for entry of the order. j~ When restitution

is imposed under RCW 9.94A.753(7), as was the case here, the court is not required to

make a causal connection determination. State v. McCarthy, 178 Wn. App. 290, 300-01,

313 P.3d 1247 (2013). Thus, the court did not err by ordering Hernandez-Navarro to pay

restitution absent entry of causal connection findings.5

        Next, Hernandez-Navarro argues that the court’s restitution order lacks authority

because Tilfas and Clark’s children were not “victims” entitled to benefits from the crime

victims’ compensation program.               We reject this argument.              The crime victims’

compensation act established a program to provide benefits to innocent victims of criminal


        ~ Hernandez-Navarro relies on State v. Osborne, 140 Wn. App. 38, 163 P.3d 799 (2007), and State
v. Gonce, 200 Wn. App. 847, 403 P.3d 918 (2017), for the proposition that the trial court must make its own
causal connection determination to impose restitution. His reliance is misplaced. This is so because neither
case involves restitution based on payments by the crime victims’ compensation program. Osborne, 140
Wn. App. at 42; Gonce, 200 Wn. App. at 857-58.


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No. 78839-6-1/4

acts. RCW 7.68.030(1). Under this act, a “victim” includes “a person who suffers bodily

injury or death as a proximate result of a criminal act of another person.” RCW

7.68.020(16). Victims of a “criminal act,”6 as well as “the victim’s family or beneficiary j~

case of death of the victim, are eligible for benefits.” RCW 7.68.070(1) (emphasis added).

        Here, because Clark, Tilfas, and E.L.T. were injured as a result of Hernandez

Navarro’s criminal act, they are victims eligible for benefits from the crime victims’

compensation program. Moreover, because Clark was killed in the collision, her three

other children are also eligible to receive benefits. jç~ Because Tilfas and the children

were benefits-eligible, the court acted with proper authority and did not err.7


II.     Substantial Evidence

        Hernandez-Navarro contends that the State did not support its restitution request

for monthly pension benefits and time loss payments with substantial evidence. We

disagree.      The State has the burden of proving the amount of restitution by a

preponderance of the evidence. Statev. Deskins, 180 Wn.2d 68, 82, 322 P.3d 780 (2014).

The amount of restitution must be based on “easily ascertainable damages” and

supported by substantial evidence. RCW 9.94A.753(3); Deskins, 180 Wn.2d at 82.

Evidence is sufficient if it provides a reasonable basis for estimating the loss and does

not require the court to engage in speculation or conjecture. Deskins, 180 Wn.2d at 82-

83.


         6 The term “criminal act” includes an injury or death caused by a driver in violation of either RCW

46.61.520 (vehicular homicide) or RCW 46.61.522 (vehicular assault). RCW 7.68.020(6)(i)(C).
         ~ Hernandez-Navarro also argues that Clark’s family members are not entitled to benefits under
RCW 7.68.070(1) because “the individuals’ relationship to Ms. Clark was not established at the restitution
hearing.” The key flaw in Hernandez-Navarro’s argument is that, at the restitution hearing, he acknowledged
Clark’s “four children” as R.C., E.L.T., K.T., and l.T. Tilfas was identified, as both Clark’s husband and the
driver of the vehicle struck by Hernandez-Navarro (in the charging documents). The identification of Clark’s
family members is clear on this record.


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No. 78839-6-1/5

         Here, the State submitted letters and a ledger showing that the crime victims’

compensation program paid specific amounts of wage replacement pensions to each of

Clark’s children per month, and will continue to do so until the child ages out or the

maximum claim benefit of $40,000.00 is reached.8 See RCW 7.68.070(1)(b). The State

also submitted a ledger showing the crime victims’ compensation program paying Tilfas

for “time loss” for several weeks in February and March 2017 immediately following the

death of his spouse and serious injury of a child. This documentation provided “easily

ascertainable damages” for the amount of benefits the crime victims’ compensation

program paid Clark’s children and Tilfas as required by RCW 9.94A.753(3).

        Hernandez-Navarro points to State v. Lewis, and State v. Cosqaya-Alavarez, for

the proposition that lost wages cannot be compensated in a restitution order because

they are not easily ascertainable. 57 Wn. App. 921, 791 P.2d 250 (1990); 172 Wn. App.

785, 291 P.3d 939 (2013). But Lewis and Cosciaya-Alvarez are distinguishable because

neither case considered restitution of lost wages paid by the crime victims’ compensation

program, as was the case here. 57 Wn. App. at 924; 172 Wn. App. at 790. We hold that

the evidence was sufficient for the trial court in the exercise of its discretion to order

Hernandez-Navarro to pay restitution for the amounts requested.


Ill.    Constitutional Challenges

        Finally, Hernandez-Navarro argues that basic principles of due process require the

State to prove a causal connection between the crime of which he was convicted and the

restitution ordered. He contends there can be no automatic statutory presumption that


         8 Although the crime victims’ compensation program identified four children and indicate each child

was eligible for a monthly benefit payment, it appears such benefits were made payable to only one of the
children and the children’s father. This fact, alone, is inconsequential and does not warrant reversal.


                                                   -5-
No. 78839-6-116

any payment the crime victims’ compensation program makes is causally connected to

the crime. But we need not reach the issue of whether the statute imposes such an

automatic presumption or whether such a presumption is constitutional because the

record here clearly establishes that causal connection.

      Affirmed.




WE CONCUR:




                   (C                                           ‘p.




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