               SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                        en banc

DOUGLAS STEWART,                                  )
                                                  )
                     Respondent,                  )
                                                  )
vs.                                               )       No. SC94120
                                                  )
KRIKOR O. PARTAMIAN, M.D., and                    )
PHOENIX UROLOGY OF ST. JOSEPH,                    )
INC.,                                             )
                                                  )
                     Appellants.                  )

         APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BUCHANAN COUNTY
                     Honorable Weldon C. Judah, Judge

                               Opinion issued July 21, 2015

       Krikor Partamian, M.D. (Dr. Partamian), and Phoenix Urology of St. Joseph, Inc.

(collectively Appellants), appeal from a judgment awarding $4.3 million to Douglas

Stewart (Respondent) on his claim for medical negligence. Appellants argue that the trial

court abused its discretion in admitting into evidence videotaped deposition testimony

from Dr. John Riordan. Appellants also argue that the trial court abused its discretion by

failing to find that the verdict was excessive due to jury passion and prejudice and

because it exceeded fair and reasonable compensation for Respondent’s injuries. Finally,

Appellants argue that the trial court erred in declining to enter an order of remittitur
because section 538.300, 1 which prohibits defendants in medical negligence cases from

seeking remittitur, violates the right to a trial by jury guaranteed by article I, section 22(a)

of the Missouri Constitution. 2 The judgment is affirmed.

       Appellants did not object at trial to the admission of Dr. Riordan’s videotaped

deposition testimony and, therefore, did not preserve this issue for appellate review.

Appellants have not demonstrated that the jury’s verdict was excessive due to passion

and prejudice or that the verdict was excessive because it exceeded fair and reasonable

compensation for Respondent’s injuries. Finally, this Court will not address Appellants’

constitutional challenge to section 538.300 because the failure to demonstrate that the

verdict was excessive means that Appellants did not make the required threshold showing

that would raise the possibility of remittitur and thereby implicate the statutory

prohibition in section 538.300.

                                               Facts

       On May 11, 2009, Dr. Partamian diagnosed Respondent with a prostate abscess.

Dr. Partamian testified at trial a prostate abscess is “a collection of pus or purulent

material” caused by an inflammatory response to a bacterial infection. The abscess is

formed when the body encapsulates the infected tissue to contain the infection. A

prostate abscess is a serious medical condition that requires antibiotics and, if necessary,

draining the abscess by piercing it and allowing it to drain from the body through the

urinary tract.

1
  All statutory citations are to RSMo Supp. 2005.
2
  This Court has jurisdiction because the appeal involves a challenge to the validity of a state
statute. Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 3.
       After diagnosing the abscess, Appellants placed Respondent on antibiotic

treatment. On May 15, 2009, Dr. Riordan, a member of the Phoenix practice group,

examined Respondent. Dr. Riordan testified that his opinion was that Respondent’s

prostate abscess should be drained. Appellants did not drain the abscess and, instead,

continued antibiotic treatments.

       On May 17, 2009, Respondent’s prostate abscess ruptured and, according to Dr.

Partamian, was “spilling out into adjacent tissues.” Dr. Partamian performed surgery.

The surgery required an incision between Respondent’s scrotum and anus to permit

drainage. It also required the insertion of multiple drainage tubes to facilitate drainage.

       As a result of the abscess rupture, Respondent sustained significant injuries. The

infection spread into his penis, scrotum, pelvis and perineum. For 28 days, Respondent

was in a coma and could breathe only with the assistance of a mechanical ventilator. The

infection destroyed his urethra, causing Respondent to urinate from his perineum.

Respondent’s urethra had to be reconstructed with tissue from his mouth. The infection

destroyed the musculature surrounding Respondent’s urethra, causing urinary

incontinence. Respondent’s injuries also resulted in impaired reproductive function and

persistent, permanent pain. Respondent sustained the foregoing injuries when he was 36

years old and, soon after, he was engaged to be married.

       In June 2012, Respondent filed the underlying lawsuit alleging that Appellants

negligently failed to timely drain the prostate abscess, causing the abscess to rupture.

Respondent alleged that Appellants’ negligence caused the injuries described above. The

case proceeded to trial, and the jury returned a unanimous verdict in Respondent’s favor.

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The jury awarded Respondent $401,726.77 for past economic damages, $1.5 million for

past non-economic damages and $2,398,273.23 for future non-economic damages for a

total verdict of $4.3 million. This appeal followed.

     I. Appellants waived any objection to Dr. Riordan’s deposition testimony
       Appellants argue that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing Respondent

to present evidence regarding two general aspects of Dr. Riordan’s videotaped deposition

testimony. First, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in admitting Dr. Riordan’s

testimony regarding his treatment of previous patients with prostate abscesses.

Appellants assert that this testimony erroneously allowed Respondent to use evidence of

Dr. Riordan’s subjective medical opinion to to establish the objective, generally

applicable standard of care. Appellants also assert that evidence of Dr. Riordan’s

treatment of previous patients was inadmissible because there was no evidence that the

treatment needs of Respondent were sufficiently similar to those of Dr. Riordan’s

previous patients.

       Second, Appellants assert that the trial court erred in admitting Dr. Riordan’s

testimony regarding his contract dispute with Phoenix. Appellants assert that this is a

collateral issue introduced by Respondent to imply that Phoenix “was more concerned

with money than quality or [Respondent’s] care.”

       “To properly preserve an issue for an appeal, a timely objection must be made

during trial.” State v. McFadden, 369 S.W.3d 727, 740 (Mo. banc 2012). “General

allegations of error not based upon specific objection or requests made during trial are

insufficient to preserve the allegations for review; nor may deficiencies in the motion be

                                             4
supplied from the movant’s brief on appeal.” Smith v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco

Corp., 410 S.W.3d 623, 640 (Mo. banc 2013) (quoting Williams By & Through Wilford v.

Barnes Hosp., 736 S.W.2d 33, 36 (Mo. banc 1987)).

       Appellants cite their pretrial motion in limine as evidence of an objection. “A

motion in limine, by itself, preserves nothing for appellate review.” Hancock v. Shook,

100 S.W.3d 786, 802 (Mo. banc 2003).

       Appellants assert that they lodged timely objections at trial to the admission of

Dr. Riordan’s deposition testimony. Appellants cite two portions of the trial transcript

documenting two instances in which Dr. Riordan’s deposition testimony was shown to

the jury. In one instance, Appellants’ trial counsel acknowledged that Dr. Riordan’s

testimony would be shown to the jury and informed the court that he had “no problem

with that at all.” In the other instance, the record reflects the video was shown to the jury

and counsel made no objection. Appellants did not object at trial when Dr. Riordan’s

deposition testimony was offered and admitted into evidence.

       Finally, Appellants cite their written objections to portions of Dr. Riordan’s

deposition testimony. The certificate of service on the objections states that they were

served on Respondent’s counsel prior to trial, on or about November 23, 2013. Dr.

Riordan’s testimony was admitted at trial in December 2013. The objections were file-

stamped as received by the circuit court on January 3, 2014 after the trial had ended.

Appellants assert that it is “likely” that the objections were filed in open court and that

the objections simply were not entered into the trial record until after trial. This Court

will not find reversible error based on speculation as to what “likely” may have happened

                                              5
at trial. Further, the record reflects that Appellants’ trial counsel specifically stated that

Appellants had “no problem” with the admission of Dr. Riordan’s testimony.

       Appellants did not timely object at trial to the admission of Dr. Riordan’s

videotaped testimony. Therefore, Appellants’ waived their argument that the trial court

erred in admitting this evidence at trial.

                             II. The verdict was not excessive

       Appellants argue that the trial court erred by refusing to grant a new trial because

the verdict was excessive. Appellants assert that the jury’s verdict of $4.3 million was

excessive because it was a result of passion and prejudice, exceeded the amount

requested by Respondent in closing argument, and exceeded fair and reasonable

compensation for Respondent’s injuries.

       The standard of review for a trial court’s order denying a motion for a new trial is

abuse of discretion. St. Louis Cnty. v. River Bend Estates Homeowners’ Ass’n, 408

S.W.3d 116, 134 (Mo. banc 2013). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s

ruling is clearly against the logic of the circumstances and is so unreasonable and

arbitrary that it shocks one’s sense of justice and indicates a lack of careful consideration.

Id. In considering whether the trial court abused its discretion, appellate courts view the

facts in the light most favorable to the trial court’s order. Id.

       There are two general types of excessive verdicts: (1) a verdict that is

disproportionate to the evidence of injury and results from an “honest mistake” by the

jury in assessing damages; and (2) a verdict that is excessive due to trial error that causes

bias and prejudice by the jury. Lindquist v. Scott Radiological Grp., Inc., 168 S.W.3d

                                               6
635, 645 (Mo. App. 2005). When a verdict is excessive because of an “honest mistake”

in the jury’s assessment of damages, the excessive verdict can be remedied by ordering

remittitur or granting a new trial. Id. When an excessive verdict is caused by trial error

causing bias and prejudice in the jury, a new trial is required. Id. The amount of the

verdict does not by itself establish bias or passion and prejudice without showing some

other error was committed during the trial. Giddens v. Kansas City Southern Ry. Co., 29

S.W.3d 813, 822 (Mo. banc 2000) (citing Means v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 550 S.W.2d

780, 788 (Mo. banc 1977)). If there was trial error or misconduct by the prevailing party,

the party alleging an excessive verdict must show that the verdict “is so grossly excessive

as to shock the conscience because it is glaringly unwarranted.” Giddens, 29 S.W.3d at

822.

1. The verdict did not exceed fair and reasonable compensation

       A jury’s award of damages should “fairly and reasonably” compensate the

plaintiff for his or her injury. Lindquist, 168 S.W.3d at 647 (quoting Callahan v.

Cardinal Glennon Hosp., 863 S.W.2d 852, 872 (Mo. banc 1993)). The factors that a jury

should consider in determining damages include “the nature and extent of injury,

diminished earning capacity, economic condition, plaintiff’s age, and awards in

comparable cases.” Id. A jury is also allowed to consider intangible or non-economic

damages relating to “past and future pain, suffering, effect on life-style, embarrassment,

humiliation, and economic loss.” Id.

       Appellate review of a jury’s verdict begins with the recognition that the jury

retains “virtually unfettered” discretion in reaching its decision because there is a “large

                                              7
range between the damage extremes of inadequacy and excessiveness.” Id. at 647-648.

An appellate court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and

disregards evidence to the contrary. Id. at 648.

       In this case, the jury’s verdict included an award of $1.5 million in past non-

economic damages and nearly $2.4 million in future non-economic damages. The

evidence supports this award. Respondent, at age 36, sustained injuries including the

destruction and reconstruction of his urethra, permanent sexual and urological

dysfunction, persistent pain in his groin, and multiple painful medical procedures aimed

at ameliorating the effects of his injuries. The evidence further showed that Respondent’s

injuries have interfered with his physical relationship with his wife. There was evidence

that Respondent’s injuries have negatively impacted his personality and self-esteem.

Given Respondent’s relatively young age, the extent of his injuries, the persistent pain,

and the negative effects on multiple aspects of his life, this Court finds no basis for

interfering with the jury’s virtually unfettered discretion to determine damages or the trial

court’s decision to enter judgment according to the jury’s verdict. This portion of the

verdict was not excessive or disproportionate to the evidence of Respondent’s injuries.

       The verdict also awarded $401,726.77 in past economic damages. Respondent’s

hospital bills and lost wages support this award. Appellants assert that Respondent would

have incurred a substantial portion of these economic damages even in the absence of any

medical negligence because the prostate abscess by itself required substantial

hospitalization. Respondent’s expert, Dr. Malcolm Schwartz, testified that Respondent’s

prostate abscess should have been drained on May 13, 2009, and that the failure to drain

                                              8
the abscess caused multiple medical complications requiring Respondent to endure

substantial additional medical care. This portion of the verdict was not excessive or

disproportionate to the evidence of Respondent’s injuries.

2. The verdict was not excessive as a result of passion and prejudice

       Appellants also assert that the overall verdict of $4.3 million is excessive because

trial errors resulted in jury bias and prejudice. Appellants assert that the jury was biased

due to the erroneous admission of Dr. Riordan’s testimony. As established, Appellants

waived their arguments regarding the admission of Dr. Riordan’s testimony.

Consequently, Appellants cannot establish that admission of the testimony was error,

which, in turn, means that it “cannot serve as a predicate for a finding of excessiveness of

the verdict.” See Giddens, 29 S.W.3d at 822.

       Finally, Appellants argue that the total damage award is excessive because it

exceeds the amount requested by the Respondent’s counsel during closing argument.

During closing argument, Respondent’s counsel suggested that a total verdict of

$3,377,366.27 would adequately compensate Respondent for his injuries. The jury’s

verdict was for $4.3 million.

       Appellants cite Lewis v. Envirotech Corp., 674 S.W.2d 105 (Mo. App. 1984), for

the proposition that a verdict exceeding the amount suggested by the plaintiff in closing

argument is sufficient evidence of excessiveness. In Lewis, the plaintiff’s closing

argument suggested a compensatory damage award of $425,000. The jury awarded

$850,000. Id. at 113. The trial court ordered a new trial unless the plaintiff agreed to

accept a remitted award of $715,000. Id. The plaintiff elected a new trial. The court of

                                              9
appeals affirmed the judgment ordering a new trial by stating the abuse of discretion

standard of review and reasoning that “[w]e do not find such an abuse of discretion in the

present case.” Id.   Lewis does not support the assertion that a verdict is excessive

simply because it exceeds a plaintiff’s suggestion of an appropriate damage award during

closing argument.

       Contrary to Appellants’ argument, Missouri case law recognizes that the

suggestion of a damages award during closing argument is not evidence and is not

binding on the jury. See Goudeaux v. Bd. of Police Comm’rs of Kansas City, 409 S.W.3d

508, 521 (Mo. App. 2013) (recognizing “the legion of cases where a plaintiff suggests a

damage award in a personal injury case during closing only to receive a higher award

from the jury”). This is particularly true in cases such as this, in which “the damages

sought inherently involve an element of subjective calculation, as is the case with pain

and suffering.” Id. The jury’s decision to award a greater amount of damages than

suggested by Respondent’s closing argument does not establish that the verdict was

excessive. Appellants have not established that the verdict was excessive due to jury bias

and prejudice. Appellants are not entitled to a new trial.

       III. Appellants cannot challenge the constitutionality of section 538.300

       Appellants argue that section 538.300 violates their right to a jury trial by

prohibiting remittitur in medical negligence cases. Appellants assert that remittitur was

one of the substantial incidents of the common law right to a jury trial and, therefore, is

an “integral part” of the state constitutional right to a jury trial. Appellants conclude that



                                              10
section 538.300 is unconstitutional and that, “at a minimum,” their right to a jury trial

includes the right to “have their request for remittitur considered by the trial court.”

       Remittitur is not a basis for determining whether a verdict is excessive and is,

instead, one procedural option that a trial court may employ to remedy an excessive

verdict. In Sanders v. Illinois Central R. Co., 270 S.W.2d 731, 737 (Mo. banc 1954)

(overruled in part on other grounds by O’Leary v. Illinois Terminal R. Co., 299 S.W.2d

873, 879 (Mo. banc 1957), this Court summarized the common law remittitur procedure

as follows:

          This court has long adhered to the generally prevailing rule that in a
          case such as this, if there is no error in the record except that the
          judgment is for a greater amount of damages than the evidence will
          support, the appellate court, instead of unconditionally requiring a
          new trial, will determine the amount of the excess and then give the
          plaintiff the option of remitting the excess and having an affirmance
          of the judgment for the remainder.

       While judicial acceptance of the common law remittitur procedure ebbed and

flowed over time, remittitur is part of Missouri’s common law heritage. Watts v. Lester

E. Cox Med. Ctrs., 376 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Mo. banc 2012); see also McAllister v.

Mullanphy, 3 Mo. 38, 39 (Mo. 1831) (“It is not denied that the plaintiff in ejectment may

enter a remittitur, where the finding is for too much much [sic], to avoid a new trial”).

As these cases indicate, the availability of common law remittitur was based on a finding

that the moving party was entitled to a new trial based on a determination that the jury’s

verdict was excessive or against the weight of the evidence. In other words, common law

remittitur was not a basis for determining whether a verdict is excessive and was, instead,

one procedural option that a trial court could employ to remedy an excessive verdict.

                                              11
       In 1985, this Court abolished the common law doctrine of remittitur, citing

conflicting philosophies, confusion, and inconsistent applications. Firestone v. Crown

Ctr. Redevelopment Corp., 693 S.W.2d 99, 110 (Mo. banc 1985). In 1987, the

legislature superseded Firestone and enacted section 537.068, which provides for both

remittitur and additur. Section 537.068 allows a court to reduce the damages awarded to

the plaintiff if, “after reviewing the evidence in support of the jury’s verdict, the court

finds that the jury’s verdict is excessive because the amount of the verdict exceeds fair

and reasonable compensation for plaintiff's injuries and damages.” Rule 78.10(b) of the

Missouri Rules of Civil Procedure further refines the statutory remittitur procedure by

providing that, “[i]f the court sustains the motion [for remittitur] in whole or in part, the

court’s order shall afford each party opposing such relief the option to file an election of a

new trial.”

       Like the common law remittitur procedure, the purpose of the statutory remittitur

procedure “is not to correct juror bias and prejudice, but to correct a jury’s honest mistake

in fixing damages.” Massman Const. Co. v. Missouri Highway & Transp. Comm’n, 914

S.W.2d 801, 803 (Mo. banc 1996) (quoting Skadal v. Brown, 351 S.W.2d 684, 689 (Mo.

1961). “The trial court’s grant of remittitur constitutes a ruling on the weight of the

evidence.” Emery v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 976 S.W.2d 439, 448 (Mo. banc 1998); see

also Firestone, 693 S.W.2d at 108 (citing Morris v. Israel Bros., Inc., 510 S.W.2d 437,

447 (Mo. 1974) (order of remittitur is a ruling on the weight of the evidence)); Rule

78.01(e) (courts may not “award additur or remittitur more than once on the ground that

the damages are against the weight of the evidence”)). Therefore, a prerequisite to

                                              12
employing the remittitur procedure is that the moving party must demonstrate that “good

cause warrants a new trial on damages or the verdict is against the weight of the

evidence.” Badahman v. Catering St. Louis, 395 S.W.3d 29, 35 (Mo. banc 2013). 3

Stated another way, “[t]he circuit court should not sustain a motion for additur or

remittitur under section 537.068 without having determined that the verdict is against the

weight of the evidence and that the party moving for additur or remittitur is entitled to a

new trial.” Id. at 38. This Court would normally review the circuit court’s decision to

overrule or sustain a motion for additur or remittitur by viewing the evidence in “the light

most favorable to the circuit court’s order.” Id. at 38-39 (quotation marks in original

omitted).

       As Appellants note, section 538.300 prohibits courts from ordering remittitur in

medical negligence cases. 4 A necessary premise of Appellants’ challenge to the

constitutionality of section 538.300 is that Appellants would have had the benefit of

remittitur but for the application of section 538.300. The fatal flaw in this premise is, as

established above, that Appellants did not demonstrate that the evidence, viewed in the

light most favorable to the circuit court’s order overruling the motion for remittitur, was

against the weight of the evidence or so excessive as to warrant remittitur or a new trial.


3
  Badahman dealt with additur. Additur, however, is simply the converse of remittitur.
Therefore, remittitur, like additur, is available only if the trial court finds good cause warranting
a new trial on damages or that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
4
  Section 538.300 provides: “The provisions of section 260.552, sections 537.068 and 537.117,
and 537.760 to 537.765, and subsections 2 and 3 of section 408.040 shall not apply to actions
under sections 538.205 to 538.230.” Section 537.068 outlines the remittitur procedure.
Respondent’s medical negligence action is governed by section 538.205 to 538.230.



                                                  13
The failure to establish that the evidence, viewed favorably, was in any way excessive

means that Appellants failed to make the required threshold showing necessary that

would justify use of the remittitur procedure. The fact that remittitur is prohibited by

section 538.300 in this particular action does not change the analysis.

       Appellants failed to establish that the jury’s verdict was in any way excessive and,

therefore, failed to establish the necessary prerequisite that would allow the court the

option of employing the remittitur procedure. Appellants sustained no legal injury from

the statutory ban on remittitur in medical malpractice cases. This Court will not declare a

statute unconstitutional when the party challenging the validity of the statute “is not

harmfully affected by the particular feature of the statute alleged to be unconstitutional.”

State v. Brown, 502 S.W.2d 295, 305-306 (Mo. 1973) (quoting State v. Mucie, 448

S.W.2d 879 (Mo. 1970)); see also Lester v. Sayles, 850 S.W.2d 858, 872-873 (Mo. banc

1993) (this Court will not find a statute unconstitutional based on hypothetical instances

in which the statute may be applied). Consequently, this Court will not address the

substance of Appellant’s constitutional challenge to the validity of section 538.300.

       The judgment is affirmed.



                                           ______________________________________
                                           Richard B. Teitelman, Judge
All concur.




                                             14
