                       COURT OF APPEALS
                        SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                             FORT WORTH


                              NO. 2-07-272-CR


KOREY DEMAINE WALKER                                             APPELLANT

                                      V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                     STATE

                                  ------------

     FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 1 OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                  ------------

                                 OPINION

                                  ------------

                               I. Introduction

      Appellant Korey Demaine Walker appeals his conviction and sixty year

sentence for attempted capital murder.1 See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 15.01



      1
       … This was appellant’s second trial on the same charge. This court
reversed appellant’s original conviction for error in the jury charge and
remanded the case to the trial court for a new trial. See Walker v. State, No.
02-04-00491-CR, 2006 WL 908698 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth April 6, 2006,
pet. ref’d).
(Vernon 2003), § 19.03 (Vernon Supp. 2009). In four points, appellant asserts

that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation and the

right to expose bias on the part of a witness under Texas Rule of Evidence

613(b) by refusing to allow a line of questioning, that the trial court erred by

failing to include a mistake of fact instruction in its instruction on self-defense,

and that the trial court erred by providing an incomplete and ineffective limiting

instruction regarding prior inconsistent statements used for impeachment

purposes by a State’s witness. We affirm.

                                 II. Background

A. The Shooting

      On May 8, 2002, appellant pled guilty to possession of more than four

but less than two hundred grams of a controlled substance. Appellant did not

appear at his January 10, 2003 sentencing hearing, so the trial court forfeited

his bond and issued a warrant for his arrest.

      Tarrant County Sheriff’s Department Deputy Andrew Tatsch, who was

charged with executing appellant’s warrant, received new information regarding

appellant’s whereabouts from appellant’s girlfriend, Joyce Williams, on

September 11, 2003.2 The trial court changed the address of the warrant, and


      2
       … Joyce Williams was appellant’s girlfriend at the time of the incident,
but by the time of the trial, she was his wife—Joyce Williams Walker.

                                         2
Deputy Tatsch arranged for three other deputies, Deputies Hernandez,

Johnston, and Pickle, to assist him in executing it. They met at a Costco near

appellant’s apartment at 6:00 a.m. on September 12, 2003, for a briefing with

Deputy Tatsch. At the briefing, each deputy saw a photograph of appellant.

      The deputies arrived at appellant’s apartment around 6:45 a.m. Over the

next forty-five minutes to an hour, the deputies intermittently knocked on the

front door and announced their presence, getting progressively louder to the

point of banging on the door and yelling for appellant to come out. Appellant

never answered the door, but Deputies Hernandez, Johnston, and Pickle each

independently noticed what they believed to be someone looking through the

blinds.

      When appellant did not come to the door, the deputies asked the

apartment complex to bring a key to unlock appellant’s front door. Jess Cross,

the apartment complex’s maintenance technician, arrived at appellant’s

apartment around 8:00 a.m. and gave the key to the deputies. The deputies

had contacted a supervisor, Sergeant White, who arrived about the same time.

When appellant still did not come to the door, the deputies used the key to

attempt to open the door, but the door was locked from the inside with a

keyless deadbolt.




                                      3
      Sergeant White authorized the deputies to breach the door by force. The

deputies knocked at least one to two more times, and when there was still no

response, Deputy Tatsch used a ram and forced the door open.         Deputies

Tatsch and Johnston entered the apartment first, followed by Deputy

Hernandez and Sergeant White. Once inside, Deputy Tatsch announced his

presence, stating, “sheriff’s department, felony warrant.”

      The deputies made their way to the closed bedroom door. Deputy Tatsch

kicked open the door. As the door slammed back shut, a shot was fired, and

Deputy Tatsch was hit by the bullet.3 Although Deputy Tatsch did not see a

muzzle flash from a gun, he did see appellant crouched down by the bed in the

bedroom, and he felt the blast hit him. Deputies Tatsch and Johnston returned

fire through the closed door. The two deputies then retreated around a corner

as Deputy Hernandez, who was by the front door, called to Deputy Pickle to get

an ambulance. Deputy Johnston testified that appellant, holding a gun in front

of him, walked over to where Deputy Johnston was lying on the floor, then,




      3
       … There was conflicting testimony about when the first shot was fired.
Sergeant White testified that the shot was fired immediately as the door was
kicked open. Deputy Tatsch testified that the shot was fired before the door
closed. Deputy Hernandez testified that the first shot was fired through the
closed door. Cross, the apartment maintenance technician, testified that from
his vantage point outside the apartment, he saw a muzzle-flash from the living
room area where the deputies were that coincided with the first shot he heard.

                                      4
after Deputy Johnston shot at him, kept going toward the door where he

collapsed.   Deputy Hernandez testified that when he looked back into the

apartment, he saw appellant leaving the bedroom with a gun in his hand.

Fearing for his life, Deputy Hernandez shot appellant twice. All of these events

lasted approximately seventeen seconds.

      After the shooting was over and appellant was subdued, Deputy Tatsch

was taken to a hospital, where he was treated for his gunshot injuries. The

surgeon who operated on Deputy Tatsch testified that he would have died

without the surgery. Appellant was treated for his injuries at the scene and

then taken into custody.

      After the incident was over, the deputies and Sergeant White were

separated, and detectives from the Fort Worth Police Department interviewed

each of them independently. The police department conducted criminal and

administrative investigations but did not file charges against any of the officers

from the sheriff’s department.

B. Trial proceedings

      A grand jury indicted appellant for attempted capital murder and two

counts of aggravated assault. Appellant pled not guilty at the outset of his trial.

During cross-examination, appellant’s counsel asked Sergeant White questions

about the investigation following the incident.        Appellant asked whether

                                        5
Sergeant White had an attorney present when he gave his statement to

Detective Jamison, a detective for the major case unit of the Fort Worth Police

Department.    After Sergeant White admitted that a CLEET attorney was

present, appellant asked Sergeant White if he knew about his Garrity rights.4

The prosecutor objected to the question on relevance grounds. After hearing

arguments on the issue, the trial court sustained the objection; appellant made

a bill for appellate review. During the questioning under the bill, Sergeant White

testified that he did not invoke his Garrity rights.    Appellant attempted to

impeach this claim by showing that before his interview with Detective

Jamison, Sergeant White read a card provided by the attorney, who was

present during the interview, that stated he reserved his right to remain silent

under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments and that “this is Garrity.” But

Sergeant White testified that he did not think this meant he invoked his Garrity

rights because he gave a statement anyway.

      The State also called Katrina Smith as a witness. Smith dated appellant

before the incident, but continued to stay in contact with appellant after their




      4
       … The Garrity doctrine comes from the holding of the Supreme Court
case of Garrity v. New Jersey, 385 U.S. 493, 87 S. Ct. 616 (1967). It
protects an officer who is required to make incriminating statements as part of
an investigation by excluding the officer’s statements from use in a future
prosecution of that officer. Id. at 500, 87 S. Ct. at 620.

                                        6
relationship ended. Smith testified that appellant called her at 7:00 a.m. on the

morning of the shooting and they had talked. Smith also testified that at some

point that same morning, she had listened to a voicemail message from

appellant in which he asked if she had sent the police to his apartment. But

Smith testified that when she and appellant talked that morning, they did not

discuss the police at all. The State asked Smith if she recalled statements that

she had made to the police detective about the phone conversation she had

with appellant. Appellant objected to the question and requested a limiting

instruction to Smith’s anticipated answer because appellant believed the

prosecutor was attempting to impeach Smith by using a prior inconsistent

statement. At this time, appellant submitted a limiting instruction to the trial

judge, who read parts of the instruction to the jury before the questioning

resumed. The trial judge admonished the jurors that impeachment testimony

should be used to assess credibility. The judge declined to instruct the jury, as

appellant requested, that impeachment testimony cannot be used to determine

guilt or innocence and can only be used to assess credibility.

      As part of the prosecutor’s efforts to impeach Smith, the State also asked

her about other prior inconsistent statements she made to the prosecutor.

Appellant requested that the trial court provide another limiting instruction to

apply to prior statements made to the prosecutor. The trial court instructed the

                                       7
jury that the previous limiting instruction again applied and should be used to

assess Smith’s credibility. The trial court again declined to instruct the jury that

impeachment testimony only applies to credibility and cannot be used to

determine guilt or innocence.

      Later, still on direct, Smith testified that she recalled appellant indicating

to her at least a couple of days before the offense that he wanted to die and

that he would not be seeing her anymore. The State also asked if appellant

sounded serious when he told Smith those things. Appellant objected, and at

a bench conference, the State urged “that this was a suicide by cop and that

he was not coming out and he is calling and saying his good-byes. So this goes

to his mental state.” But the trial court sustained appellant’s objection. Even

though the jury did not hear Smith’s answer, one of the prosecutors briefly

referred to the “suicide by cop” theory in her closing.5

      During the charge conference, appellant objected to the trial court’s

proposed charge on several grounds. One objection was that a mistake of fact

instruction should have been included in the self-defense application paragraph.


      5
       … Specifically, she argued, “This man is responsible for what happened
that day. He decided it was suicide by cop. That’s how he was going to go
out, shooting it out with the police.” Later, she continued, “They want to make
a big deal about him not flushing the drugs [that were later found in the
apartment] . . . . That’s because he had made the decision to fight. He had
made the decision to shoot it out. He wasn’t going back.”

                                         8
Appellant argued that the mistake of fact defense applies not only to the

elements of the charged offense, but also to the defense of self-defense, which

is not available when an actor knows a peace officer is effecting an arrest.

Appellant requested language stating that the jury should find in his favor on

the element of self-defense if he was mistaken as to the identity of the peace

officer. After argument, the trial court denied appellant’s proposed instruction.

      Appellant also objected to the trial court’s instruction that Smith’s

impeachment testimony could be considered for credibility purposes “and for

no other reason.” Appellant requested that the charge further instruct the jury

that they could not consider the impeachment testimony for purposes of

determining guilt or innocence. The trial court denied the proposed instruction.

      The jury returned a verdict of guilty on the charge of attempted capital

murder and assessed punishment at sixty years’ confinement. The trial court

imposed a sentence in accordance with the verdict. Appellant timely filed his

notice of appeal.

  III. The Right to Confrontation and the Right to Expose a Witness’s Bias

      In his first two points, appellant challenges the trial court’s decision to

limit the cross-examination of Sergeant White as a violation of the

Confrontation Clause and Texas Rule of Evidence 613(b). We consider both

points together because the legal issues are intertwined.

                                       9
A. Standard of review

     We review a “trial court’s decision to limit cross-examination of a witness

regarding credibility” for an abuse of discretion. Pope v. State, 161 S.W .3d

114, 123 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004), aff'd, 207 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1350 (2007). A court abuses its discretion

when its decision goes beyond the “zone of reasonable disagreement.” Green

v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 101–02 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), cert. denied, 520

U.S. 1200 (1997).

B. Applicable law

     The Confrontation Clause protects the right of an accused to confront any

witnesses that are against him. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Lopez v. State, 18

S.W.3d 220, 222 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

     Confrontation means more than being allowed to confront the
     witness physically.       A primary interest secured by the
     Confrontation Clause is the right of cross-examination. Each
     Confrontation Clause issue must be weighed on a case-by-case
     basis, carefully taking into account the defendant’s right to
     cross-examine and the risk factors associated with admission of the
     evidence. In weighing whether evidence must be admitted under
     the Confrontation Clause, the trial court should balance the
     probative value of the evidence sought to be introduced against the
     risk its admission may entail.

Lopez, 18 S.W.3d at 222 (footnotes omitted).




                                      10
      Exposing a witness’s motivation or bias in testifying is one of the

foundational purposes of the Confrontation Clause and the right to cross-

examination. Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316–17, 94 S. Ct. 1105, 1110

(1974).    Defendants have the right to inquire into any area reasonably

calculated to reveal a witness’s motives, biases, and interests in testifying.

Carroll v. State, 916 S.W.2d 494, 497 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Lewis v.

State, 815 S.W.2d 560, 565 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S.

920 (1992)). As part of the right to confrontation, the defendant may seek to

impeach or discredit a witness.     Pope, 161 S.W.3d at 124 (“This includes

impeaching the witness with relevant evidence that might reflect bias, interest,

prejudice, inconsistent statements, traits of character affecting credibility, or

evidence that might go to any impairment or disability affecting the witness’s

credibility.” (citing Davis, 415 U.S. at 316, 94 S. Ct. at 1110)). A result of the

Confrontation Clause is that a defendant’s right “to cross-examine a . . .

witness extends to any matter that could reflect on the witness’s credibility.”

Id. (citing Virts v. State, 739 S.W.2d 25, 28–29 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)).

Thus, the trial court should give the defendant great latitude to reveal any

relevant facts that reflect on the credibility of the witness. Id. For purposes of

witness credibility, “the test of relevancy is not whether the answer sought will

expound any of the main issues, but whether it will aid the court or jury in

                                       11
appraising the credibility of the witness and assessing the probative value of the

direct testimony.” McDaniel v. State, 3 S.W.3d 176, 180 (Tex. App.— Fort

Worth 1999, pet. ref’d).

      The Court of Criminal Appeals recently held that

      [t]he possible animus, motive, or ill will of a prosecution witness
      who testifies against the defendant is never a collateral or irrelevant
      inquiry, and the defendant is entitled, subject to reasonable
      restrictions, to show any relevant fact that might tend to establish
      ill feeling, bias, motive, interest, or animus on the part of any
      witness testifying against him.

Billodeau v. State, 277 S.W.3d 34, 42–43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing

London v. State, 739 S.W .2d 842, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)). Billodeau,

however, does not hold that a defendant can explore every possible line of

inquiry. “[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity for effective

cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and

to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S.

15, 20, 106 S. Ct. 292, 294 (1985). The Supreme Court of the United States

has stated that the right to cross-examine a witness is not without limits:

      It does not follow, [however], that the Confrontation Clause of the
      Sixth Amendment prevents a trial judge from imposing any limits
      on defense counsel’s inquiry into the potential bias of a prosecution
      witness. On the contrary, trial judges retain wide latitude insofar
      as the Confrontation Clause is concerned to impose reasonable
      limits on such cross-examination based on concerns about, among
      other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the


                                        12
      witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally
      relevant.

Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 1435 (1986);

see Lopez, 18 S.W.3d at 222 (“The trial court maintains broad discretion to

impose reasonable limits on cross-examination to avoid harassment, prejudice,

confusion of the issues, endangering the witness, and the injection of

cumulative or collateral evidence.”); Felan v. State, 44 S.W.3d 249, 254 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d) (“The court may properly limit the scope of

cross-examination to avoid harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues,

endangering the witness, and the injection of cumulative or collateral evidence.”

(citing Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 603, 613 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied,

522 U.S. 917 (1997)); Garza v. State, 18 S.W.3d 813, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2000, pet. ref’d)).

      Confusion of the issues “refers to a tendency to confuse or distract the

jury from the main issue of the case.” Gigliobianca v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637,

641 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).        Unless the inquiry on cross-examination is

addressing an issue that relates to the charged offense or the credibility of the

witness, “allowing a party to delve into the issue beyond the limits of

cross-examination wastes time and confuses the issue.” Hayden v. State, No.

PD-0860-07, 2009 WL 928569, at *4 (Tex. Crim. App. Apr. 8, 2009).


                                        13
Accordingly, a trial court abuses its discretion when it denies a defendant the

opportunity “to show a prototypical form of bias on the part of the witness”

through cross-examination.    Felan, 44 S.W.3d at 254 (citing Lagrone, 942

S.W.2d at 613).

C. Analysis

      At trial, Appellant attempted to cross-examine Sergeant W hite about

having an attorney present during the Fort Worth Police Department’s

investigation following the shooting.    Appellant hoped to demonstrate that

Sergeant White invoked his Garrity rights. The Garrity doctrine protects an

officer who is required to make incriminating statements as part of an

investigation by excluding the officer’s statements from use in a future

prosecution. Appellant believed that Sergeant White’s invocation of his Garrity

rights during the investigative interview indicated that Sergeant White knew he

had engaged in wrongdoing and, therefore, that he had a bias and a motive to

testify untruthfully. See Garrity, 385 U.S. at 500, 87 S. Ct. at 620. Although

the trial court sustained the State’s relevancy objection and prevented appellant

from inquiring into whether Sergeant White invoked his Garrity rights, it did not

prevent appellant from questioning Sergeant White about any potential bias or

improper motive; the court precluded appellant from questioning Sergeant White

only about a very narrow issue. Appellant was still permitted to demonstrate

                                        14
that Sergeant White had an attorney present during his interview, to bring to

light the fact that there was an investigation by the Fort Worth Police

Department, and to emphasize the difference in testimony between Sergeant

White and the other deputies.6

      A trial court has the discretion to limit testimony that may confuse the

issues or be only marginally relevant. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 679, 106 S. Ct.

at 1435; Felan, 44 S.W.3d at 254 (citing Lagrone, 942 S.W.2d at 613).

Whether Sergeant W hite may have invoked his Garrity rights is only a

marginally relevant issue and does not necessarily indicate that he had a reason




      6
        … After the trial court refused to allow questions about Garrity, appellant
attempted to ask Sergeant White what CLEET is, the organization that provided
the attorney to Sergeant White. The State, as with the Garrity question,
objected to the relevance of the question, and the trial court sustained the
objection. This was after appellant had already established the fact that
Sergeant White had an attorney present during the investigation. Although
appellant states in his brief that the trial court abused its discretion by curtailing
this line of questioning as well, it is unclear whether he seeks reversal on that
issue. Nevertheless, for the same reasons that we find no abuse of discretion
in the relevancy determination made by the trial court concerning Garrity, we
decline to hold that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to allow
questions concerning CLEET, which is the “fraternal advisory board for police
officers in the State of Texas.” See Tex. R. App. P. 38.9 (providing that we are
to construe briefs liberally); Barnett v. State, 161 S.W.3d 128, 132 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2005), aff’d, 189 S.W.3d 272 (2006). We cannot discern
any reason why the identity of the organization that provided Sergeant White’s
attorney would have any bearing on whether Sergeant White had a potential
bias or motive to testify untruthfully. Therefore, we will not disturb the trial
court’s determination. See Green, 934 S.W.2d at 101–02.

                                         15
to provide false testimony. Rather, Sergeant W hite’s possible invocation of

Garrity would more likely indicate an intent to testify truthfully—even if that

testimony could potentially implicate him in wrongdoing—because Garrity

protects an officer from the future use of an incriminating statement. See

Garrity, 385 U.S. at 500, 87 S. Ct. at 620.             Because Sergeant White’s

testimony regarding Garrity would have been only marginally relevant and

potentially confusing, we conclude and hold that the trial court’s ruling is not

beyond the zone of reasonable disagreement and, thus, that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion by excluding the line of questioning.        We overrule

appellant’s first two points.

                                IV. Jury Instructions

      In his third point, appellant contends that the trial court failed to properly

instruct the jury because it did not include a mistake of fact defense instruction

in the application paragraph of the self-defense instruction to the jury. In his

fourth point, appellant challenges the efficacy of the limiting instructions given

during the trial and provided in the jury charge.

A. Standard of review

      Appellate review of error in a jury charge or instruction to the jury

involves a two-step process. Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1994). Initially, we must determine whether error occurred. If so,

                                         16
we must then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to

require reversal. Id. at 731–32. Error in the charge, if timely objected to in the

trial court, requires reversal if the error was “calculated to injure the rights of

[the] defendant,” which means no more than that there must be some harm to

the accused from the error. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (Vernon

2007); Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731–32; Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157,

171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g); see also Minor v. State, 91 S.W.3d

824, 827–29 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. ref’d) (applying analysis). In

other words, a properly preserved error will require reversal as long as the error

is not harmless. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. In making this determination,

“the actual degree of harm must be assayed in light of the entire jury charge,

the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of

probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information

revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.” Id.; see also Ovalle v. State, 13

S.W.3d 774, 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

B. Mistake of Fact and Self-Defense

      1. Applicable law

      A trial court does not commit error when the jury charge accurately states

the law. Taylor v. State, 148 S.W.3d 592, 595 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004,

pet. ref’d). A defendant “has the right to an instruction on any defensive issue

                                        17
raised by the evidence, whether such evidence is strong or weak, unimpeached

or contradicted, and regardless of what the trial court may or may not think

about the credibility of this evidence.” Miller v. State, 815 S.W.2d 582, 585

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Bell v. State, 169 S.W .3d 384, 394–95 (Tex.

App.— Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d). When the defendant raises the issue of

mistaken belief at trial, “he is entitled to a defensive instruction of ‘mistake of

fact.’”   Miller,   815 S.W.2d at 585.       A defendant also has a right to an

instruction on self-defense when he raises that issue at trial. Id.

      2. Analysis

      The Texas Penal Code provides in part: “[A] person is justified in using

force against another when and to the degree the actor reasonably believes the

force is immediately necessary to protect the actor against the other’s use or

attempted use of unlawful force.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 9.31(a) (Vernon

Supp. 2009). Furthermore, “[t]he use of force against another is not justified:

to resist an arrest . . . that the actor knows is being made by a peace officer.”

Id. § 9.31(b)(2). “‘Reasonable belief’ means a belief that would be held by an

ordinary and prudent man in the same circumstances as the actor.”               Id.

§ 1.07(a)(42) (Vernon Supp. 2009).

      Because there was evidence at trial suggesting that appellant acted in

self-defense and that appellant had a mistaken belief as to the identity of the

                                        18
deputies who forcibly entered his apartment, appellant was entitled to have an

instruction on these defenses. See Miller, 815 S.W.2d at 585. Accordingly,

the trial court provided instructions to the jury about self-defense and mistake

of   fact.7        The    trial   court’s    definition   of   “reasonable   belief”


      7
          … The trial court provided the following instruction on self defense:

               Upon the law of self-defense, you are instructed that
               a person is justified in using force against another
               when and to the degree he reasonably believes the
               force is immediately necessary to protect himself
               against the other person’s use or attempted use of
               unlawful force.

               The use of force against another is not justified to
               resist an arrest that the actor knows is being made by
               a peace officer.

               ....

               “Reasonable belief” means a belief that would be held
               by an ordinary and prudent man in the same
               circumstance as the actor.

               ....

               When a person is attacked with unlawful deadly force,
               or is subject to an attempted attack with unlawful
               deadly force, and there is created in the mind of such
               person a reasonable expectation or fear of death or
               serious bodily injury, then the law justifies such person
               in resorting to deadly force when and to the degree
               that he reasonably believes the deadly force is
               immediately necessary, to protect himself from
               another’s use or attempted use of unlawful deadly

                                            19
            force.

            ....

            Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a
            reasonable doubt that on the occasion in question, the
            defendant, Korey Demaine Walker, committed the
            offense of attempted capital murder or aggravated
            assault as charged in the indictment or any lesser
            included charge, but you further have a reasonable
            doubt from the evidence that Korey Demaine W alker
            reasonably believed that his life or person was in
            danger and reasonably believed that the use of deadly
            force on his part was immediately necessary to protect
            himself against A.M. Tatsch’s use or attempted use of
            unlawful deadly force and that his use of force was not
            for the purpose of resisting arrest that the defendant
            knew was being made by a peace officer, he shot A.M.
            Tatsch with a firearm . . . then you shall acquit the
            defendant on the grounds of self-defense . . . .

     In a separate paragraph, immediately following the instruction on self-
defense, the trial court provided the following instruction on mistake of fact:

                  It is a defense to prosecution that the defendant,
            through mistake, formed a reasonable belief about a
            matter of fact if his mistaken belief negated the kind of
            culpability required for the commission of the offense.
            ‘Reasonable belief’ means a belief that would be held
            by an ordinary and prudent man in the same
            circumstances as the actor.

                  Therefore, if you have a reasonable doubt from
            the evidence whether on the occasion in question the
            defendant, Korey Demaine Walker, through mistake,
            formed a reasonable belief that A.M. Tatsch was not
            a peace officer . . . lawfully discharging an official

                                       20
tracked   the   statutory   language   verbatim.     See    Tex.   Penal   Code

Ann. § 1.07(a)(42). Similarly, the trial court’s definitions of self-defense and

mistake of fact are virtually identical to those in the statute.     See id. §§

8.02(a), 9.31(a), (b)(2).    While not included in the self-defense specific

paragraph, the mistake of fact instruction was included in the general

application paragraph.

      Appellant’s requested instruction required the jury to find that his use of

force was not for the purpose of resisting an arrest he knew was being made

by a peace officer if the jury had reasonable doubt as to whether appellant was

mistaken about Deputy Tatsch’s identity as a peace officer.            Such an

instruction was not necessary, however. The State had the burden of proving

its own case beyond a reasonable doubt, which necessarily required the State

to convince the jury that appellant’s account of the event was incorrect. See

Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 594–95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Dotson v.

State, 146 S.W.3d 285, 291 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref’d). If the

jury had believed that appellant mistakenly thought Deputy Tatsch was not a

peace officer—and thus found him not guilty of the charged offenses as



            duty, you will find the defendant not guilty of the
            offenses charged against him in the indictment and
            consider whether the defendant is guilty of a lesser
            included offense.

                                       21
instructed by the trial court—it would not have been necessary for the jury to

also then determine whether self-defense applied; the result would have been

the same:   an acquittal of the charged offenses.      See Allen v. State, 253

S.W.3d 260, 263 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). And it would likewise not have

been necessary to so instruct the jury with respect to the charged lesser-

included offenses of attempted murder, aggravated assault, and deadly conduct

because, according to the charge, the jury was not to consider those offenses

unless it had previously found that appellant did not know Deputy Tatsch was

a peace officer; thus, according to the charge as written, the jury would still

have been able to consider self-defense as to the lesser-included charges.

Moreover, even if the refusal to include appellant’s requested charge were error,

it would be harmless because the jury obviously disbelieved appellant’s

testimony that he did not know Deputy Tatsch was a peace officer.             See

Montgomery v. State, 198 S.W.3d 67, 94 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet.

ref’d). Because the charge as a whole correctly instructed the jury, we hold

that the trial court did not err. We overrule appellant’s third point.

C. Limiting Instructions on Impeachment Testimony

      In his fourth point, appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his

proposed limiting instruction during trial and in the jury charge.       Appellant

asserts that the trial court, while providing a limiting instruction when it was

                                       22
requested, did not provide a complete limiting instruction as to Smith’s

testimony. Appellant claims, and the dissent agrees, that because the jury was

not specifically told to ignore the impeachment testimony for purposes of guilt-

innocence, the jury could have convicted appellant by improperly considering

the impeachment testimony.

      1. Applicable law

      Rule of evidence 105(a) provides that “[w]hen evidence which is

admissible as to one party or for one purpose but not admissible as to another

party or for another purpose is admitted, the court, upon request, shall restrict

the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.” Tex. R.

Evid. 105(a).    Limiting instructions are most effective when they are

simultaneously provided with the related evidence.       Rankin v. State, 974

S.W.2d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Thus, when evidence is admitted

for a limited purpose, the trial court must, upon request, provide a midtrial

limiting instruction. Id.; King v. State, 189 S.W.3d 347, 356 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2006, no pet.); see Tex. R. Evid. 105(a). This is so because failing to

provide the instruction may improperly result in the jury forming a negative

inference about the defendant. Jackson v. State, 992 S.W.2d 469, 477 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1999). And this improper inference, once formed, cannot easily be

cured by an instruction in the jury charge. Id. When a defendant properly

                                       23
requests a limiting instruction, trial courts should not have the discretion to

provide the instruction at a less opportune time. Rankin, 974 S.W.2d at 712.

If the defendant fails to request a limiting instruction at the introduction of the

impeachment evidence, then the defendant does not preserve error and the trial

court is not required to provide an instruction; the burden is on the defendant

alone to request a limiting instruction. Martin v. State, 176 S.W.3d 887, 899

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.); Cole v. State, 46 S.W.3d 427, 432

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d).

      The Court of Criminal Appeals has long held as an established principle

of law that when “it is necessary to charge in regard to the effect of

impeaching testimony, the jury should be told that the evidence must be used

for the purpose of affecting the credibility of the witness whose evidence is

sought to be impeached.” Pratt v. State, 50 Tex. Crim. 227, 230, 96 S.W. 8,

10 (1906); see Gentry v. State, 68 Tex. Crim. 567, 571, 152 S.W. 635, 637

(1912) (holding a limiting instruction sufficient that admonished the jury not to

consider impeachment testimony as evidence against the accused, but only as

evidence of the credibility of the witness); Edmondson v. State, 68 Tex. Crim.

113, 115, 150 S.W. 917, 918 (1912) (“Whe[n]ever impeaching testimony is

admitted, it must be restricted by the court to the purpose for which it was

admitted. If it was for the purpose of affecting his credibility as a witness

                                        24
before the jury, that body must be instructed clearly that such is the purpose

for which the evidence was introduced.”); Hunter v. State, 59 Tex. Crim. 439,

455, 129 S.W. 125, 134 (1910).

      In evaluating jury instructions, both oral and written, juries are “presumed

to follow the trial court’s instructions in the manner presented.” Kirk v. State,

199 S.W.3d 467, 479 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref’d); see Young v.

State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 882 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (Cochran, J., concurring)

(“We must, however, ‘presume[] that jurors, conscious of the gravity of their

tasks, attend closely [to] the particular language of the trial court’s

instruction[s] in criminal cases and strive to understand, make sense of, and

follow the instructions given them.’” (quoting Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307,

324 n.9, 105 S. Ct. 1965, 1976 n.9 (1985)); Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d

479, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Courts will abandon this presumption only

if there is evidence showing that the jury did not follow the instructions.

Williams, 937 S.W.2d at 490.

      2. Analysis

      On direct, the State sought to impeach Smith by showing that she made

inconsistent statements to Detective Jamison after the shooting.            Upon

appellant’s objection, the trial court provided the following limiting instruction

to the jury in court prior to Smith’s answering any impeachment questions:

                                       25
      You may use [impeachment testimony] to aid you, if it does aid
      you, in determining the credibility of the witness who is testifying.
      That’s the purpose of impeaching testimony.           And so your
      consideration of any different statements made outside of court is
      for the purpose of determining the credibility of the witness.

The trial court refused appellant’s request for additional language in the in-court

instruction admonishing the jury that it could not consider the impeachment

testimony for purposes of the guilt-innocence determination. The trial court

provided the same in-court instruction when the State sought to impeach Smith

concerning prior statements made to the prosecutor. Furthermore, the court’s

jury charge included the following:

             You are instructed that the credibility of a witness may be
      impeached by showing that he has made other and different
      statements out of court from those made in court during the
      trial. . . . You are instructed that such testimony may be
      considered by you in determining, if it does so, the credibility and
      weight to be given to the testimony of the witness, Katrina Smith,
      and for no other reason. [Emphasis added.]

      Appellant does not assert that he was denied a timely limiting instruction;

rather, he asserts that the trial court’s limiting instructions—both during trial

and in the charge—were incomplete or inadequate. Appellant contends that the

court only directed the jury to a permissible use of impeachment testimony

rather than restricting the jury’s use of that evidence to its only proper purpose.

      Our analysis is guided by two principles that apply to jury instructions.

First, courts cannot expect jurors “to know exactly how to use the evidence

                                        26
unless [the courts] tell them.” Rankin, 974 S.W.2d at 712. Second, juries are

“presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions in the manner presented.”

Kirk, 199 S.W.3d at 479. Without these two principles, our jury system would

prove inoperable; every jury verdict could be subject to its own trial about

whether each juror followed every instruction in every instance.

            a. Limiting instruction in the jury charge

      A trial court must provide a limiting instruction that “restrict[s] the

evidence to its proper scope.” Tex. R. Evid. 105(a). While it is not necessary

for the court to instruct the jury about the myriad of potential impermissible

uses of limited purpose evidence, the court must, nonetheless, restrict the

scope so that the evidence is considered only for its limited purpose. 8 See,


      8
        … Appellant relies exclusively on the court of criminal appeals’s decision
in Rankin in asserting that the trial court had a responsibility to further instruct
the jury about the impermissible uses of impeachment testimony, specifically,
that it may not be used to determine guilt. Appellant points to language in
Rankin in which the court of criminal appeals states that Rule of Evidence
105(a) “‘restrict[s] the evidence to its proper scope,’ [and] does so as
effectively as possible.” Rankin, 974 S.W.2d at 712 (quoting Tex. R. Evid.
105(a)). Appellant asserts that the language, “as effectively as possible,”
requires courts to set all of the boundaries on the use of impeachment
testimony by instructing juries about the correct and incorrect uses. But this
is too broad a reading of Rankin. After it decided Rankin, the court of criminal
appeals held that “the precise issue discussed [in Rankin] was whether the trial
court had discretion to postpone giving a limiting instruction until the jury
charge when the defendant had requested such an instruction at the time the
evidence was admitted.” Hammock v. State, 46 S.W.3d 889, 893 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2001) (citing Rankin, 974 S.W .2d at 707). Rankin requires courts to

                                        27
e.g., Pratt, 50 Tex. Crim. at 230, 96 S.W. at 10. The limiting instruction in the

jury charge specifically instructed the jury what Smith’s impeachment testimony

could be used for—to determine the credibility of Smith as a witness. The trial

court then restricted the scope of that evidence by further instructing that it

could be used “for no other reason.” [Emphasis added.] Thus, this jury charge

instruction properly restricted the scope of the jury’s use of the impeachment

testimony so that the jury would not improperly consider Smith’s inconsistent

statements in its deliberations. See Prescott v. State, 744 S.W.2d 128, 133

& n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (“Moreover, the [incomplete] limiting instruction

given in the charge to the jury did not limit the use of the appellant’s prior

felony conviction to impeachment only.” (emphasis added)). The trial court was

not required to further instruct the jury that it could not consider the

impeachment testimony for purposes of determining guilt-innocence because

that idea is implicit in the court’s instruction that the impeachment testimony

was to be used to determine credibility and “for no other reason.” [Emphasis

added.] We hold that there was no error in the limiting instruction provided in

the jury charge, and we overrule this portion of appellant’s fourth point.



provide a contemporaneous limiting instruction when impeachment testimony
is introduced and the defendant requests such an instruction so as to “restrict
the evidence to its proper scope” by preventing the jury from improperly
considering the evidence for a period of time. Rankin, 974 S.W.2d at 712.

                                       28
            b. In-court limiting instruction

      Appellant also asserts that the trial court erred in its in-court limiting

instruction when Smith’s inconsistent statements were introduced. The trial

court’s instruction properly told the jury to consider Smith’s inconsistent

statements for credibility purposes. While this is a correct statement of the

applicable law, the instruction is nevertheless incomplete because the trial court

failed to provide any kind of restriction on the jury’s use of the impeachment

evidence as it ultimately did with its written jury charge instruction. See Tex.

R. Evid. 105(a). In other words, the trial court’s in-court instruction, unlike the

jury charge instruction, instructed the jury about what it could consider

impeachment testimony for, rather than instructing the jury that it could only

consider impeachment testimony for one purpose. Cf. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.

§   311.016(1)    (Vernon   2005)    (providing   that,   generally,   in   statutory

construction, “may” creates discretionary authority or grants permission or

power); see generally U.S. v. Rodgers, 461 U.S. 677, 706, 103 S. Ct. 2132,

2149 (1983) (“The word ‘may’ when used in a statute, usually implies some

degree of discretion.”). Thus, although the instruction given did not misstate

the law, it failed to properly restrict the jury’s use of Smith’s impeachment

testimony and thus constituted error.




                                        29
      Having found error, we proceed to conduct a harm analysis. Abdnor, 871

S.W.2d at 731–32. Because the trial court’s error is nonconstitutional, we

determine harm according to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(b). Tex.

R. App. P. 44.2(b); Lemmons v. State, 75 S.W.3d 513, 524 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2002, pet. ref’d); Rankin v. State, 995 S.W.2d 210, 215 (Tex.

App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d) (op. on remand).           We will

disregard any error that does not affect a substantial right of the defendant.

Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). A substantial right is affected when the error had a

substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.

King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Kotteakos

v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S. Ct. 1239, 1253 (1946));

Coggeshall, 961 S.W.2d at 643.        Conversely, an error does not affect a

substantial right if we have “fair assurance that the error did not influence the

jury, or had but a slight effect.” Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2001); Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App.

1998).

      In making this determination, we review the record as a whole, including

any testimony or physical evidence admitted for the jury’s consideration, the

nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, and the character of the alleged




                                       30
error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the

case. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

      The trial court’s in-court instruction informed the jury that it could

consider Smith’s impeachment testimony for credibility purposes. Thus, even

though the instruction was incomplete, the trial court did provide at least some

guidance to the jury on the proper use of Smith’s impeachment testimony.

Although there is some indication that the jury was initially confused about how

it could use the impeachment testimony—as evidenced by a note given to the

judge during a break in the trial—that confusion nevertheless indicates that the

jury realized there could be some kind of limitation on the purpose for which it

could consider the testimony.        Furthermore, the trial court clarified and

corrected the instruction in the jury charge. Therefore, unlike the situation in

which the trial court fails to give any midtrial limiting instruction, here, whatever

misconceptions the jury may have had would likely have been corrected by this

proper limiting instruction. Also, because the trial court provided the correct

instruction to the jury immediately before it began deliberating, it would likely

have been more influential in the jury’s deliberations. Likewise, there is no

indication that the jury had trouble following the proper instruction as given in

the charge. See Lemmons, 75 S.W.3d at 525; Rankin, 995 S.W.2d at 215.




                                         31
         The dissent focuses on the State’s apparent confusion about the

significance of Smith’s testimony. It does appear that the State attempted to

rely on part of Smith’s testimony as truthful in advancing the “suicide by cop”

theory even after introducing her prior inconsistent statements, apparently in

an attempt to impeach Smith’s overall credibility as a witness. See, e.g., Del

Carmen Hernandez v. State, 273 S.W.3d 685, 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)

(“The theory of attack by prior inconsistent statements is not based on the

assumption that the present testimony is false and the former statement true

but rather upon the notion that talking one way on the stand and another way

previously is blowing hot and cold, and raises a doubt as to the truthfulness of

both statements.”); Lopez v. State, 643 S.W.2d 431, 435 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi 1982, no pet.) (“Impeachment is the introduction of prior inconsistent

statements . . . to discredit a witness.”). But, despite that apparent confusion,

the State did not later impermissibly argue that the content of Smith’s prior

inconsistent statements proved that appellant knew the deputies entering the

apartment were peace officers, which was the crux of the disputed issues at

trial.

         Moreover, the State did not spend any significant time advancing the

“suicide by cop” theory.      There was considerable circumstantial evidence

contradicting appellant’s testimony that he did not know the deputies were

                                       32
peace officers. It was the discrepancies between appellant’s testimony and the

officers’ testimony that the prosecutors primarily relied on in their closing

arguments.9

      For instance, Deputy Tatsch testified that the sheriff’s department had

been looking for appellant for over six months and had let people know that

they were looking for him; several times they missed apprehending appellant by

only a short period of time.10 When the deputies went to the apartment on the

morning of September 12, 2003, they were dressed in dark clothing that had

sheriff’s department markings on the sleeves; they were also wearing gun belts,

and Sergeant White was wearing a radio on his shoulder.        Three deputies

testified unequivocally that they saw the blinds being parted as if by a person

looking out the window.11 The officers knocked on the door and announced

their presence and purpose for at least forty-five minutes to an hour before



      9
       … For instance, the final thought the State left the jury with began as
follows, “Basically, what it comes down to is, do you believe? Do you believe
an officer with the Tarrant County Sheriff’s Department, who is now a
sergeant, or do you believe a criminal? The offense you choose depends on the
version of the facts that you believe . . . .”
      10
        … Appellant admitted that Williams and another person had told him
three to four months before the shooting that the fugitive squad was looking
for him.
      11
       … Appellant testified that he looked out the window, but he did not see
anyone outside.

                                      33
entering; Cross, the maintenance technician, testified that some of the knocks

were loud enough to make the patio glass door shake.12 Deputy Pickle testified

that he also knocked on the window to the right of the patio door and said,

“Sheriff’s department, felony warrant, go to the door.”

      The officers then tried to open the lock with a key from Cross (appellant

failed to explain how the man with whom he and Joyce had prior altercations

would have acquired a key to the apartment)13 ; when they realized the door

was bolted from the inside, they used a battering ram to open it.      Deputy

Tatsch testified that the deputies again announced their presence and purpose

after they had entered the apartment.14      The front door of the small, one-

bedroom apartment was directly across from the bedroom door with

approximately thirteen to twenty feet separating the two.




      12
       … Although appellant testified that he was awakened by something that
sounded like it was “brushing up” against, or bumping, the wall by the patio,
he nevertheless denied hearing any of the knocking and announcing even
though he was awake and made several phone calls during that time. In
contrast, Cross, who was standing outside the apartment near the patio door
with Deputy Pickle, testified that he heard the officers announce themselves
once inside the apartment.
      13
       … Appellant had testified that he thought he was in danger from a man
with whom he had had a prior altercation and that that man was the one who
had broken into the apartment.
      14
           … Appellant also denied hearing this announcement.

                                       34
      Deputy Tatsch testified that before they entered the apartment, they

received confirmation by cell phone that appellant was inside; he and Deputy

Hernandez also testified that Williams was outside the apartment immediately

after the shooting, before the Fort Worth police had even arrived.

      In light of this overwhelmingly sufficient evidence at trial showing that

appellant knew that there were peace officers outside his apartment—and the

jury’s obvious rejection of appellant’s own testimony 15 —we are not convinced

that the incomplete in-court limiting instruction, as modified by the correct

instruction in the jury charge, affected the fairness of appellant’s trial or had

any significant influence upon the jury’s deliberations. Therefore, considering

the record in its entirety, we conclude and hold that the trial court’s error was

harmless. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Lemmons, 75 S.W.3d at 525; Rankin, 995

S.W.2d at 215; see Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355. We overrule the remainder of

appellant’s fourth point.




      15
        … Although the dissent notes that the forensics testimony supports
appellant’s version of events, we must likewise point out that it equally
supports Deputy Tatsch’s version of events. And the same evidence detailed
above, coupled with the fact that appellant did not destroy drugs officers later
found in plain view inside the apartment, supports the “suicide by cop” theory
independently of Smith’s testimony.

                                       35
                              V. Conclusion

     Having overruled all of appellant’s points, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.




                                         TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                         JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, DAUPHINOT, and MEIER, JJ.

DAUPHINOT, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

PUBLISH

DELIVERED: October 1, 2009




                                    36
                         COURT OF APPEALS
                          SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                               FORT WORTH


                                NO. 2-07-272-CR


KOREY DEMAINE WALKER                                                  APPELLANT

                                         V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                          STATE

                                     ------------

     FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 1 OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                     ------------

                           DISSENTING OPINION

                                     ------------

      I would hold that the erroneous contemporaneous limiting instruction

regarding the prior statements of witness Katrina Smith was harmful and

remand this case for a new trial; I therefore dissent from the majority’s

conclusion that the error was harmless.

      Rule 105(a) of the Texas Rules of Evidence provides that “[w]hen

evidence . . . admissible for one purpose but not . . . for another purpose is

admitted, the [trial] court, upon request, shall restrict the evidence to its proper
scope and instruct the jury accordingly.” 1 Restrict is defined as “[t]o restrain

within bounds; to limit; to confine” 2 and “to set bounds or limits to.” 3 Further,

as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals explained in Rankin,

             The language of Rule 105(a) does not address the temporal
      aspect of when limiting instructions should be given, but, rather,
      sets out the circumstances under which an instruction must be
      given. However, . . . we assume that the spirit of the rule and the
      contemplation of the rule-makers includes two separate notions:
      First, that limiting instructions actually curb the improper use of
      evidence and, second, that the rule should act in a way that not
      only “restrict[s] the evidence to its proper scope,” but does so as
      effectively as possible.      Working under these notions, logic
      demands that the instruction be given at the first opportunity. If
      limiting instructions impede the improper use of evidence, then an
      instruction given when the evidence is admitted limits that evidence
      to its proper scope immediately. An instruction given for the first
      time during the jury charge necessarily leaves a window of time in
      which the jury can contemplate the evidence in an inappropriate
      manner. For example, . . . if the State offered evidence to show
      that a defendant accused of child molestation had previously
      molested two other young girls, then that evidence may properly
      be considered to show intent to molest the complainant. However,
      jurors may also improperly use that evidence to form a negative
      opinion of the defendant prior to receiving limiting instructions from
      the judge. Jurors cannot be expected to know exactly how to use
      the evidence unless we tell them, nor can we guarantee that they
      will “remain open-minded until the presentation of all of the
      evidence and instructions . . . .” Additionally, we cannot tell how
      jurors have used the admitted evidence. Thus, the possibility exists
      that, unless we instruct the jury on evidence concurrently with its


      1
          … Tex. R. Evid. 105(a).
      2
          … Black’s Law Dictionary 1315 (6th ed. 1990).
      3
          … Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 1937 (2002).

                                        2
     admittance, jurors may, unbeknownst to us, use that evidence
     improperly by forming an indelible perception of the defendant that
     will work unfairly to his inevitable detriment.

           ....

            Limiting instructions given for the first time during the jury
     charge thus do not constitute an efficacious application of Rule
     105(a) since it allows for the possibility that evidence will be used
     improperly in clear contravention to the purpose of the rule. Since
     limiting instructions operate most effectively when given
     simultaneously with the relevant evidence, it would not do to grant
     trial courts “discretion” to deliver those instructions, after they had
     been properly requested, at a less opportune time.4

In Hammock, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reiterated,

     Passage of time and accumulation of other evidence make[s] it hard
     to accomplish the intended purpose (of a limited instruction) at the
     end of the case. If the jury is required to consider evidence in a
     limited manner, then it must do so from the moment the evidence
     is admitted. Allowing the jury to consider evidence for all purposes
     and then telling them to consider that same evidence for a limited
     purpose only is asking a jury to do the impossible. If a limited
     instruction is to be given, it must be when the evidence is admitted
     to be effective.5

     The record shows that the trial court’s contemporaneous instruction

informed the jury that they could consider the prior evidence in assessing

Katrina’s credibility but did not communicate to them the limits or bounds of



     4
        … Rankin v. State, 974 S.W.2d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)
(citations omitted).
     5
        … Hammock v. State, 46 S.W.3d 889, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)
(citations omitted).

                                       3
their consideration; that is, the contemporaneous instruction did not inform the

jury members of what they could not do—treat the evidence as substantive

evidence of Appellant’s guilt.

      After the trial court gave the erroneous contemporaneous instruction,

Katrina answered in response to the State’s questions about her conversations

with Appellant on the morning of the offense that she did not recall telling

Detective Jamison that Appellant had indicated that the police were outside his

house, that she did not remember Appellant saying that he was going to jail,

that she did not recall Appellant saying that he knew he was going to jail

because the police were outside, that she did not recall Appellant saying that

he did not know why the police were out there, and that she did not remember

calling Appellant three or four times or telling the prosecutor that she had tried

to call Appellant back about four times after the telephone went dead during

their conversation. In response to the State’s question, “Do you recall speaking

to [Appellant] and him indicating he wished he would die?”, Katrina answered,

“I recall that.” She also confirmed that Appellant had told her that he was not

going to see her anymore and that she had taken him seriously.

      The   jury   demonstrated     its   confusion   regarding   the   erroneous

contemporaneous instruction on the same day that they received it. At a break,

one of the jurors gave the bailiff a note for the judge that said, “Judge, could

                                          4
you please explain impeachment of a witness.         We are not sure what you

meant.”

      Like the jury, the State demonstrated its confusion concerning any

limitations regarding the use of Katrina's testimony when the prosecutor argued

to the court, “We submit that this was a suicide by cop and that he was not

coming out and he is calling and saying his good-byes. So this goes to his

mental state.”     Additionally, in the State’s final closing argument, the

prosecutor argued, “This man [Appellant] is responsible for what happened that

day. He decided it was suicide by cop. That’s how he was going to go out,

shooting it out with the police.” The State, then, used Katrina’s testimony as

evidence of guilt, not as evidence of her credibility or lack thereof, in arguing

both to the trial court and to the jury.

      Appellant’s defense at trial was that he did not know that the person or

persons inside his apartment were police officers until after the complainant

Deputy Tatsch had already been shot.           The deputies serving the warrant

testified at trial. The State went to great lengths to attempt to prove to the

jury that all the deputies who were part of the group serving the warrant that

day wore uniforms and badges and that they identified themselves and knocked

loudly for a long period of time, yelling and banging on the door for forty-five

minutes to an hour, before asking the apartment complex for a key. There was

                                           5
no suggestion in the record that anyone complained or even noticed any noise.

Deputy Hernandez admitted on cross-examination that a person in an adjacent

apartment was still asleep after the shooting was over and that it took awhile

to wake him up.

      The apartment complex’s maintenance worker, Jess Cross, who arrived

to give the deputies a key to the apartment, confirmed that from his vantage

point—the ground below the patio side of the apartment—he heard the deputies

knocking loudly on the front door, loudly enough that it shook the patio glass

window, before they forced their way into the apartment by using the battering

ram to break the door and also confirmed that he heard them speak. But,

contrary to Sergeant White’s testimony, Cross testified that they knocked only

twice after he arrived.

      The State also solicited testimony about where the deputies parked their

marked cars in relation to the apartment. Deputy Johnson testified that he

parked in front of the building that the apartment was in but that he did not

believe that he had parked directly in front of the apartment. He did not

remember where the other deputies had parked. Deputy Hernandez testified

that the deputies had parked their cars in a secured location to the left of the

building. He also testified that they all initially parked away from the building

but that Deputy Pickle moved his car before the officers entered the apartment

                                       6
to the patio side of the apartment, “right outside the window.” Deputy Pickle

testified that the deputies “parked, I believe it was two—just to the north, away

from the apartment” and “down a ways a little bit and walked back up to the

apartment” so that they could “be undetected coming up.” He also testified

that he moved his vehicle closer to the apartment, “right in front of” it, and ten

feet away when they were trying to contact maintenance. He testified that he

parked catty-cornered or at an angle and could later see “that parking lot”

through the window of the apartment when he was inside the apartment.

Sergeant White testified that he “parked up against the—I think there’s a

covered parkway opposite another patrol unit that was parked in front of [the]

apartment.” Detective Brian Jamison, who investigated the shooting, testified

that two sheriff’s department vehicles were fairly close to the front of the

apartment when he arrived at the scene after the shooting.

      Deputy Tatsch testified that the deputies parked “a little bit away,”

maybe forty yards, from the apartment for “officer safety issues”; “nobody

wants to get shot trying to walk up to an apartment or tip off that we’re even

there.” He also testified that they did not move their vehicles and did not park

in front of the apartment. The maintenance worker, who was on the patio side

during the shooting, testified that he saw no sheriff’s department units in the




                                        7
parking lot nearest the apartment’s front door and did not testify that he saw

any sheriff’s department vehicles from his location.

      The jury also heard evidence about blinds in the apartment. According

to Deputy Tatsch’s testimony, before the entry, Deputy Pickle, stationed on the

patio side of the apartment, indicated that someone was looking out the blinds.

Deputy Pickle testified that he saw the vertical blinds on the patio door “move

like somebody had walked passed them, wind blown” and that about ten

minutes later he saw someone looking at the deputies from the window to the

right of the patio door; that window was the bedroom window. Deputy Pickle

later clarified that he had not actually been able to make out a person looking

out the windows but instead had seen movement, too high to be an animal,

that suggested someone was looking out the window or as if someone were

looking out the window. Unlike the patio door, the window to the right of the

patio, the bedroom window, had horizontal blinds.       He did not remember

whether he saw movement in the blinds on the living room windows located to

the left of the patio.

      Sergeant White testified that he was briefed that “an individual had

looked out the window several times through the blinds [and] that someone had

peeked out through the blinds”; he claimed that the deputies had told him that

that person was Appellant.     Corporal Varnon, the crime scene technician,

                                      8
testified that he did not dust the blinds for fingerprints, nor did he have any

knowledge that anyone had dusted them for prints. The maintenance worker

testified that he did not see any movement or anyone looking out the windows

on the patio side of the apartment and that if the air conditioner or fan was on,

the vertical blinds would move.

      The jury also heard evidence about how the shooting started.           The

deputies’ testimony indicates that after they forcibly entered the apartment,

Deputy Tatsch announced again that they were deputies there to serve a felony

warrant and kicked a closed bedroom door. Deputy Johnston testified that the

door flew open, he saw someone crouching or kneeling near the bed in the dark

bedroom, and he heard gunfire that to his knowledge did not come from his gun

or the gun of Deputy Tatsch. He did not know if the door opened first or he

heard the gunfire first.   At almost the same time as he heard the gunfire,

Deputy Johnston testified, he saw that the person in the bedroom had a gun

in his hands. He did not know if he heard the gunfire first or saw the gun first.

He believed that the gunfire he heard came from the bedroom and the vicinity

of the gun he saw. Johnston did not know if the bedroom door stayed open

or closed.

      Deputy Hernandez testified that Deputy Tatsch kicked the door open, but

“it came back closed somehow” and stayed closed until Appellant came out.

                                       9
Deputy Hernandez did not see anything during the brief period that the door

was opened.    After the door closed, he heard gunfire and paint from the

bedroom door falling off. He believed that whoever was inside the room shot

first and that he and Deputies Tatsch and Johnston returned fire.

      Sergeant White testified that the instant that Deputy Tatsch kicked the

bedroom door, “shots rang out from inside the bedroom” and that “[y]ou could

see the splinters coming out through the wall, the door.”

      The maintenance worker who witnessed the shooting from outside the

apartment testified that the muzzle flash from the first shot came from the

living room, where the officers were.

      After Deputy Tatsch was shot, the deputies returned fire through the

bedroom door. According to forensic evidence, seven shots went through the

door itself, from the living room into the bedroom. At some point soon after

Deputy Tatsch announced that he had been hit, Appellant came out of the

bedroom holding a gun. Appellant surprised and shocked Deputy Johnston by

heading toward the front door.      Appellant moved within feet of Deputy

Johnston, they saw each other, and Deputy Johnston was afraid that Appellant

would shoot him. But Deputy Johnston testified that he did not see Appellant

point a gun at any of the officers after leaving the bedroom.




                                        10
      Deputy Hernandez testified that after he heard Deputy Tatsch announce

that he had been shot, he stepped back to the doorway of the apartment to tell

Deputy Pickle.     When Deputy Hernandez turned back to the apartment,

Appellant was coming toward him, still carrying his gun, and Deputy Hernandez

shot him. Deputy Hernandez testified that Appellant did not shoot anyone after

exiting the bedroom but did point the gun, held in his right hand, at Deputy

Hernandez. Deputy Hernandez also seemed to admit, however, that Appellant

could have just been holding it that way naturally as he was attempting to walk

or run out of the apartment. Deputy Hernandez’s statement taken near the

time of the incident may have provided that Appellant had held the gun in his

left hand, not his right.

      Sergeant White testified that Appellant came out of the bedroom firing his

gun, that he pointed his gun at the deputies, and that he continued firing until

he was disabled.

      According to the forensic testimony, however, all three of the shell

casings matching Appellant’s gun were found in the same area in the bedroom,

one of the bullets was in the door facing, and one went through the door facing

to lodge in the couch, indicating that Appellant was standing in the bedroom

when he fired all three shots.




                                      11
      Joyce Williams Walker, Appellant’s wife at the time of trial and girlfriend

at the time of the offense, testified that she spoke with Appellant the morning

of the shooting and that he told her that someone was at the door of the

apartment at which he was staying. The apartment was leased by Joyce’s

brother’s girlfriend, Crystal.   Appellant had his own house.        Joyce told

Appellant that she would call Crystal because it was Crystal’s apartment.

Instead, she spoke with her brother, who took her to the scene of the shooting.

      Detective Loughman of the Fort Worth Police Department testified over

defense objection that Joyce told him that Appellant had called her that

morning and had told her that the police were knocking at the door, that she

reported that she had told Appellant that he did not need to answer the door

because the apartment was not his residence, that she told the detective that

in a later phone conversation Appellant had told her that the police had just

shot the lock off of the door, that she told the detective that she had advised

Appellant to shoot at the police to protect himself, and that she then told the

detective that she had in fact not so advised Appellant.

      Joyce denied telling the police that Appellant had called her the morning

of the shooting and had told her that the police were at the door and denied

telling the detective that she had told Appellant that if the police came in, he

should shoot them or anything to that effect.

                                       12
      Appellant testified that he did not know what time he woke up on the

morning of the offense, but that he was awakened by something that sounded

like it was brushing up against the outside wall of the apartment. He testified

that he got up and looked out the bedroom window and that he could only

recall looking out once. He did not see any police cars or sheriff’s cars or any

person. He testified that he did not tell Joyce that the police were at the door,

that he did not know the police were at the door, that he did not know that

sheriff’s deputies were at the door, and that he did not recall telling her that the

police had shot the lock off the door.

      He admitted that he had left a phone message for Katrina asking if she

had sent the police, but he stated that he left it three or four days after the

shooting while he was still a patient at John Peter Smith Hospital. He admitted

telling Katrina that he was not going to see her anymore but denied saying that

it was because he was planning to kill himself and denied telling her that he

wanted to die. Instead, he testified that he had stopped wanting to be with her

because she had indicated that she was going to terminate her pregnancy.

      Appellant testified that after his second conversation with Joyce that

morning, he heard what sounded to him like a very loud gunshot. He thought

that “somebody had shot a gun, they came in and shot a gun and they were

firing in the house.” He thought that the person might have been someone that

                                         13
he and Joyce had had prior altercations with or “a number of people.” He did

not believe that the person or persons he heard were sheriff’s deputies.

      Appellant testified that after hearing what he thought was a shot, he

dropped the phone, grabbed a pistol, and fired from his bedroom. He shot in

the direction of his closed bedroom door; he never saw it come open. He

believed that there was nowhere to run and that he had no alternative. He

could see return fire coming through the walls; “[t]hey were shooting through

the walls, through the walls in the door.”

      Appellant testified that he never heard anyone pound on the door and say

sheriff’s office, arrest warrant, or anything similar, and that he never knew that

sheriff’s deputies were outside his apartment until after the shooting.

Specifically, he testified that after the shooting, it got totally quiet. He testified

that he opened his bedroom door and went out, thinking that whoever had

come in the apartment had gone. He testified that he was running toward the

front door when he saw the two sheriff’s deputies in the kitchen and that he

did not point his gun at any of the deputies or try to shoot them. He further

testified that he was not willing to commit a capital murder to avoid a six-year

sentence.

      The issue of whether Appellant knew beyond a reasonable doubt that the

officers were officers before he shot was heavily litigated by both parties

                                         14
throughout the trial. Some testimonial, physical, and forensic evidence before

the jury supports Appellant’s version of the events: all three casings from the

bullets shot from Appellant’s gun were in the bedroom, bullet holes in the

bedroom door and frame showed that at least eight bullets shot into the

bedroom and from the bedroom into the living room were shot through a closed

door, and the maintenance man testified that the first shot was fired from the

living room, not from the bedroom. The evidence to the contrary was not

overwhelming.

      In deciding that the erroneous contemporaneous instruction was

harmless, the majority relies on, among other things, the limiting instruction in

the jury charge, contending that it “would have . . . corrected” any

“misconceptions the jury may have had” from the erroneous contemporaneous

instruction. Yet the prosecutor’s reliance on Katrina’s testimony in the closing

argument, after the prosecutor had already seen the jury charge and after the

trial judge had already read the jury charge aloud in open court, belies the

majority’s contention and reaffirms the conclusion of the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals that “[a]llowing the jury to consider evidence for all purposes




                                       15
and then telling them to consider that same evidence for a limited purpose only

is asking a jury to do the impossible.” 6

      Given the state of the evidence, Appellant’s theory of the case, and the

State’s emphasis on the challenged testimony in furthering its “suicide by cop”

theory, I believe that, in the context of the entire case against Appellant, the

trial court’s error in refusing to contemporaneously instruct the jury that

evidence of Katrina Smith’s prior statements was not admissible as substantive

evidence to establish the truth of the matter asserted and that they could not

consider it as evidence of Appellant’s guilt had a significant or injurious effect

on the jury’s verdict such that Appellant’s substantial rights were affected.7

      I would therefore sustain Appellant’s fourth point, not reach his remaining

points, reverse the trial court’s judgment, and remand this case for a new trial.

Because the majority does not, I respectfully dissent.


                                                  LEE ANN DAUPHINOT
                                                  JUSTICE

PUBLISH

DELIVERED: October 1, 2009



      6
          … Id.
      7
      … See McMurrough v. State, 995 S.W.2d 944, 948 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 1999, no pet.).

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