                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Kelsey, Beales and Decker
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia


              BAYARD BRYON CAMPBELL
                                                                                MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 2060-13-1                                      JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                      AUGUST 5, 2014
              LAURA PENDLETON CAMPBELL


                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY
                                              Rodham T. Delk, Jr., Judge

                                SuAnne Hardee Bryant (Davis Law Group, P.C., on briefs), for
                                appellant.

                                John H. Kitzmann (Davidson & Kitzmann, PLC, on brief), for
                                appellee.


                      The circuit court granted Laura Pendleton Campbell (wife) a divorce from Bayard Bryon

              Campbell (husband) on the ground of the parties living separately and apart for more than a year.

              See Code § 20-109(A)(9)(a). Husband appeals several rulings from the circuit court’s September

              27, 2013 final orders addressing spousal support1 and equitable distribution. For the following

              reasons, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand the matter to the circuit court for further

              proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                          I. BACKGROUND

                      On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to wife, the party prevailing

              below, Chretien v. Chretien, 53 Va. App. 200, 202, 670 S.E.2d 45, 46 (2008), and we grant to wife

              “all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom,” Anderson v. Anderson, 29 Va. App. 673,

                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                      1
                      As explained infra, the September 27, 2013 final spousal support order was entered
              nunc pro tunc to February 21, 2013.
678, 514 S.E.2d 369, 372 (1999). The parties married in December 1993, had two children during

the marriage, and separated in September 2010 when wife left the marital home with the parties’

children.2 Wife filed a complaint for divorce, and, in his answer to wife’s complaint, husband also

filed a cross-complaint for divorce. The circuit court entered a pendente lite order on February 8,

2011 that, among other rulings, awarded wife $4,318 per month in pendente lite spousal support and

prohibited the parties from disposing of, encumbering, or increasing the debt of any marital asset.

        The parties’ divorce hearing occurred in the circuit court on August 13, 2012 and also on

December 7, 2012, when the circuit court heard additional testimony relevant to equitable

distribution and spousal support. The evidence below established that husband was a practicing

neurosurgeon when the parties married – but he was then left totally and permanently disabled for

employment purposes after contracting tropical spastic paraparesis, a rare disease that will

ultimately leave husband completely unable to use his legs. Thereafter, husband has received

$14,783 monthly from a private disability insurance policy as well as a $2,047 monthly disability

benefit from the Social Security Administration. Wife obtained her medical degree and specialized

in child psychiatry during the marriage, practicing medicine as a child psychiatrist in South Carolina

until her pregnancy with the parties’ first child. Wife then returned to work three years before the

parties’ separation when she started an interior design business – although, as the circuit court

found, the income generated by that business was “negligible, if any.”3

        Confirming most of its rulings from a February 13, 2013 letter opinion, the circuit court

found in its September 27, 2013 final equitable distribution order that three life insurance policies

purchased from the Guardian Life Insurance Company during the marriage had accrued cash values


        2
            Child support is not at issue in this appeal.
        3
         It appears from the record that the business’s revenues were spent on entertainment and
on facial plastic surgery for wife and her brother, who assisted wife with the interior design
business.
                                                -2-
and were marital assets for purposes of equitable distribution. One of those policies (the Guardian

*608 policy) that was titled in husband’s name, listed the parties’ two children as revocable

beneficiaries, and had accrued a substantial cash value of $799,513. In its September 27, 2013 final

order, the circuit court entered a monetary award directing husband to pay wife $399,756.50 –

representing half of the Guardian *608 policy’s accrued cash value. Furthermore, the circuit court

directed husband to pay an additional $54,642 to wife to satisfy the terms of a prior contempt order

– in which the circuit court had found that husband was in contempt of the February 8, 2011

pendente lite order by obtaining loans from the Guardian *608 policy’s cash value following the

parties’ separation.

        In addition, the circuit court’s September 27, 2013 final spousal support order awarded wife

$3,000 in monthly spousal support until husband’s private disability insurance policy lapses, which

will occur when husband reaches age sixty-five.4 The circuit court entered this final spousal support

award – which was $1,318 less per month than the pendente lite spousal support award – nunc pro

tunc to February 21, 2013. However, the circuit court declined husband’s request for an

overpayment credit accounting for five months’ difference between husband’s pendente lite spousal

support obligation and husband’s final spousal support obligation. The circuit court also did not

impute any income to wife. The circuit court explained in its February 13, 2013 letter opinion that

wife’s “ability to return to her prior medical career is presently negligible.” However, neither the

circuit court’s letter opinion nor its final spousal support order directly addressed wife’s own

evidence, from her own vocational expert, Charles DeMark, that wife could earn $40,00 to $60,000

per year as a biology or chemistry teacher, as a pharmaceutical sales person, or as a community

college professor.



        4
        Husband was age fifty-two when the circuit court entered the final spousal support
award to wife.
                                           -3-
        Moreover, the circuit court awarded wife $10,000 in attorneys’ fees and costs. The circuit

court did not premise this award on the conduct of either party – but instead “[i]n light of the

significant income disparity and resources” of the parties.

                                              II. ANALYSIS

                                       A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Husband raises seven assignments of error (and several sub-parts), which he acknowledges

on brief are all reviewed on appeal for abuse of discretion by the circuit court. Under this

deferential standard of review, this Court must “show enough deference to a primary

decisionmaker’s judgment that the [appellate] court does not reverse merely because it would have

come to a different result in the first instance.” Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 212, 738

S.E.2d 847, 861 (2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also, e.g., Robbins v.

Robbins, 48 Va. App. 466, 482, 632 S.E.2d 615, 623 (2006) (“When dealing with discretionary

decisions, only ‘when reasonable jurists could not differ can we say an abuse of discretion has

occurred.’” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

        “Accordingly, ‘when a decision is discretionary . . . . the court has a range of choice, and . . .

its decision will not be disturbed as long as it stays within that range and is not influenced by any

mistake of law.’” Lawlor, 285 Va. at 212-13, 738 S.E.2d at 861 (quoting Landrum v. Chippenham

& Johnston-Willis Hosps., Inc., 282 Va. 346, 352, 717 S.E.2d 134, 137 (2011)).

                                 B. PENDENTE LITE SPOUSAL SUPPORT

        In his first assignment of error, husband challenges the portion of the February 8, 2011

pendente lite order in which the circuit court awarded wife $4,318 in monthly pendente lite spousal

support. Husband claims that the circuit court “relied solely on the application of the so-called




                                                  -4-
‘Fairfax’ or statutory spousal support guidelines” when deciding the appropriate amount of

pendente lite spousal support.5 However, the record on appeal does not support husband’s claim.

        Under the well-established law of Virginia, it is husband’s burden to establish that the circuit

court committed reversible error. See, e.g., Twardy v. Twardy, 14 Va. App. 651, 658, 419 S.E.2d

848, 852 (1992) (en banc).

                  “We have many times pointed out that on appeal the judgment of the
                  lower court is presumed to be correct and the burden is on the
                  appellant to present to us a sufficient record from which we can
                  determine whether the lower court has erred in the respect
                  complained of. If the appellant fails to do this, the judgment will be
                  affirmed.”

Smith v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 630, 635, 432 S.E.2d 2, 6 (1993) (quoting Justis v. Young,

202 Va. 631, 632, 119 S.E.2d 255, 256-57 (1961)).

        Code § 20-103(A) gives the appropriate circuit court the discretion to enter a pendente lite

order, inter alia, “to compel a spouse to pay any sums necessary for the maintenance and support of

the petitioning spouse” and “to enable such spouse to carry on the suit” through the entry of the

pendente lite spousal support order. While Code § 20-103(A) sets forth no prescribed method or

factors for determining (in the circuit court’s discretion) what is the appropriate amount of pendente

lite spousal support, husband contends that the circuit court erred in this case by “rel[ying] solely”

on the formula stated in the “Fairfax guidelines.” However, husband has failed to provide this

Court with an adequate record on appeal to meet his burden of establishing reversible error by the

circuit court.6


        5
         Wife asserts that this assignment of error must be dismissed, as she contends that the
pendente lite order is not an appealable order. We disagree with wife’s assertion here. While the
pendente lite order was not an immediately appealable order, its rulings were subject to appeal
following the entry of the circuit court’s final judgment. See Pinkard v. Pinkard, 12 Va. App. 848,
853, 407 S.E.2d 339, 342 (1991).
        6
          We need not address – and do not address – whether it is error in general for a circuit court
to “rely solely” on a local guidelines formula in determining pendente lite spousal support. In this
                                                  -5-
        The record on appeal does not contain the transcript of the pendente lite hearing in the

circuit court, which was held on December 13, 2010. The record also does not contain a statement

of facts in lieu of a transcript describing what occurred at the pendente lite hearing. Thus, the record

does not reflect the circuit court’s actual findings and rulings at the pendente lite hearing.

Husband’s argument in support of his first assignment of error instead rests on an isolated exchange

from the transcript of the August 13, 2012 divorce hearing. There, the circuit court told wife’s

counsel that it would not use any local guidelines when determining the final spousal support order

under Code § 20-107.1. Husband’s counsel stated, “And I appreciate that, Your Honor, because at

the pendente lite level, the guidelines were what was used.” The circuit court responded, “I

understand. I’ve already addressed that.”

        However, without the transcript of the actual pendente lite December 13, 2010 hearing being

in the record on appeal, this isolated and rather vague statement by the circuit court at the August

13, 2012 divorce hearing simply cannot be interpreted as any admission by the circuit court that it

“relied solely” on the “Fairfax guidelines” at the pendente lite hearing a year and a half earlier.

Accordingly, husband’s argument here fails.7




specific case, the record simply does not support husband’s allegation that the circuit court actually
“relied solely” on the “Fairfax guidelines” when determining the amount of pendente lite spousal
support.
        7
          Furthermore, husband’s argument here overlooks the basic principle “in this
Commonwealth that a circuit court speaks only through its written orders.” Roe v. Commonwealth,
271 Va. 453, 457, 628 S.E.2d 526, 528 (2006). The Supreme Court has “consistently applied this
well-established principle.” Id. (citations omitted). The February 8, 2011 pendente lite order does
not mention that the award of $4,318 in monthly pendente lite spousal support to wife was based on
the “Fairfax guidelines” or any other local guidelines. The circuit court’s isolated remark at the
August 13, 2012 divorce trial certainly cannot trump the plain language of the circuit court’s
February 8, 2011 pendente lite order. See Pilson v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 442, 444, 663
S.E.2d 562, 563 (2008) (“[W]e look to the sentencing order -- not the court’s remark from the bench
-- to discern its holding.”).
                                                  -6-
            C. GUARDIAN LIFE INSURANCE POLICIES (PARTICULARLY THE *608 POLICY)

        Husband raises several arguments pertaining to life insurance policies that were purchased

from the Guardian Life Insurance Company during the parties’ marriage. Two of these policies are

titled in husband’s name, and one policy is titled in wife’s name. Of particular significance to this

appeal is the Guardian *608 policy, which is titled in husband’s name and lists the parties’ two

children as revocable beneficiaries. The Guardian *608 policy carried an approximately $2.9

million death benefit at the time of the divorce trial. It had also accrued a significant cash value,

which the circuit court found was $799,513 as of the date of the divorce trial.

             1. Classification of the Guardian Life Insurance Policies as Marital Assets

        In his second and fourth assignments of error, husband challenges the circuit court’s

treatment of the parties’ Guardian life insurance policies. Based on his argument that the Guardian

*608 policy is not a marital asset, husband contends in Assignment of Error 2 that he could not be

held in contempt of the February 8, 2011 pendente lite order for obtaining loans from the Guardian

*608 policy’s cash value. Furthermore, husband also asserts in Assignment of Error 4 that the

Guardian *608 policy’s cash value was not properly the subject of a monetary award in the circuit

court’s equitable distribution order because he again claims that the policy is not a marital asset.8

        Under settled principles, a circuit court’s “classification of property is a finding of fact,” and

“that classification will not be reversed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.” Ranney v. Ranney, 45 Va. App. 17, 31-32, 608 S.E.2d 485, 492 (2005).

                Property acquired during the marriage is presumptively marital,
                unless shown to be separate property. See Code
                § 20-107.3(A)(2)(iii); see also Rahbaran v. Rahbaran, 26 Va. App.
                195, 209, 494 S.E.2d 135, 142 (1997); Barnes v. Barnes, 16 Va. App.
                98, 104, 428 S.E.2d 294, 299 (1993) (“Property acquired during the

        8
         As explained infra, portions of husband’s second and fourth assignments of error also
specifically challenge the circuit court’s decision to sanction husband under the circuit court’s
contempt power for a $15,000 loan that husband obtained from the Guardian *608 policy’s cash
value on or about October 29, 2010.
                                                 -7-
                marriage is presumed to be marital and property acquired before
                marriage is presumed to be separate.”).

Robinson v. Robinson, 46 Va. App. 652, 662, 621 S.E.2d 147, 152 (2005) (en banc). Here, the

record establishes that the parties’ life insurance policies, including the Guardian *608 policy, were

purchased during the marriage.9 Thus, the Guardian *608 policy is presumptively a marital asset,

and husband failed to rebut that presumption at the divorce trial.

        The fact that the Guardian *608 policy is titled solely in husband’s name (and not in wife’s

name) does not alter or affect our analysis. Code § 20-107.3(A) specifically addresses the equitable

distribution of property, and nowhere does that statute provide that title to an asset is a dispositive

factor when, as here, the asset is acquired during the marriage. “[E]quitable distribution deviates

from traditional views of property ownership in that ‘whether the property is separate or marital is

determined by the statutory definition and is not determined by legal title.’” Lightburn v. Lightburn,

22 Va. App. 612, 616, 472 S.E.2d 281, 283 (1996) (quoting Garland v. Garland, 12 Va. App. 192,

195, 403 S.E.2d 4, 6 (1991)); see also Robinson, 46 Va. App. at 661, 621 S.E.2d at 152. Husband’s

reliance on portions of Title 38.2 of the Code of Virginia, addressing insurance policies in general,

is misplaced. The property classification principles of Code § 20-107.3(A) instead apply to the

circumstances here. Thus, husband’s argument that wife is merely an unsecured creditor of the

Guardian *608 policy is meritless.

        Furthermore, this Court’s decision in Taylor v. Taylor, 5 Va. App. 436, 364 S.E.2d 244

(1988), is highly instructive for the analysis here. In Taylor, this Court noted that one of the parties

there owned a life insurance policy that was acquired during the marriage and that had accrued a

cash value. Id. at 438, 364 S.E.2d at 246. Affirming the trial court’s equitable distribution order on

        9
         According to the record on appeal, the Guardian *608 policy became effective on August
17, 1995 – after the marriage of the parties in December 1993. In addition, the record establishes
that $3,000 monthly premiums were paid on the Guardian *608 policy (presumably using marital
funds) until approximately 2002 – when the terms of the policy changed and the premium was
waived after husband became disabled due to tropical spastic paraparesis.
                                                 -8-
appeal, this Court held that the cash value of that life insurance policy was among the marital assets

that could be used to satisfy the equitable distribution award. Id. at 444, 364 S.E.2d at 249. Thus,

this Court’s decision in Taylor supports the circuit court’s finding here that the Guardian *608

policy is a marital asset for purposes of enforcing the pendente lite order’s prohibition against the

disposal of marital property10 – as well as the circuit court’s subsequent finding at the divorce trial

that the Guardian *608 policy’s accrued cash value could be apportioned to the parties during

equitable distribution.

               2. Monetary Award Based on Cash Value of the Guardian *608 Policy

        Husband makes a related argument in his fifth assignment of error, in which he challenges

the circuit court’s decision to enter a monetary award to wife in the amount of $399,756.50 –

representing one-half of the Guardian *608 policy’s accrued cash value of $799,513.11 Specifically,

husband argues that the circuit court erred in effectively “order[ing] the sale or transfer” of the

Guardian *608 policy because he claims that “the only way” to satisfy the equitable distribution

order relating to this policy’s large cash value is for husband to surrender the policy. Husband does

not wish to surrender the Guardian *608 policy, as he has indicated at trial and now on appeal.

        “‘In reviewing an equitable distribution award on appeal, we have recognized that the trial

court’s job is a difficult one, and we rely heavily on the discretion of the trial judge in weighing the

many considerations and circumstances that are presented in each case.’” Wright v. Wright, 61

Va. App. 432, 449-50, 737 S.E.2d 519, 527 (2013) (quoting Klein v. Klein, 11 Va. App. 155, 161,

        10
           Our conclusion here renders moot husband’s argument in Assignment of Error 2(A)
that the circuit court somehow abused its discretion by initially classifying the Guardian *608
policy as a marital asset for purposes of enforcing the February 8, 2011 pendente lite order.
        11
           Husband does not argue in this assignment of error – or in any other assignment of
error – that the $399,756.50 monetary award to wife was erroneous on the ground that the circuit
court failed to take into account the $140,196.13 in pre-separation loans that were obtained from
the Guardian *608 policy’s cash value during the marriage of the parties. As husband’s counsel
acknowledged during oral argument before this Court, husband has not raised that particular
issue on appeal.
                                                -9-
396 S.E.2d 866, 870 (1990)); see also Srinivasan v. Srinivasan, 10 Va. App. 728, 732, 396 S.E.2d

675, 678 (1990) (explaining that “[f]ashioning an equitable distribution award lies within the sound

discretion of the trial judge”). Accordingly, this Court will not reverse an award “[u]nless it appears

from the record that the [trial court] has abused [its] discretion,” that the trial court “has not

considered or [has] misapplied one of the statutory mandates,” or “that the evidence fails to support

the findings of fact underlying [the] resolution of the conflict.” Smoot v. Smoot, 233 Va. 435, 443,

357 S.E.2d 728, 732 (1987).

        As an initial matter, however, the record does not support the very premise of this fifth

assignment of error – i.e., that the circuit court’s monetary award to wife could be satisfied only if

husband terminated or surrendered the Guardian *608 policy. Husband understandably wishes to

retain the Guardian *608 policy – given that the parties’ two children are the listed revocable

beneficiaries of the policy, which carries a $2.9 million death benefit. However, husband’s counsel

admitted at oral argument before this Court that the available cash value of the Guardian *608

policy – even after accounting for the loans already obtained from that cash value – is still so large

that husband could actually satisfy the monetary award by obtaining further loans from the

Guardian *608 policy’s cash value. Thus, while the monetary award certainly could be satisfied by

surrendering the Guardian *608 policy, surrendering it is not absolutely necessary in order to satisfy

the monetary award. According to the record, husband could retain ownership of the Guardian

*608 policy and continue to borrow from its cash value, as husband’s counsel acknowledged during

oral argument.




                                                   - 10 -
        Furthermore, the circuit court had the authority to grant the $399,756.50 monetary award to

wife.12 Significantly, the circuit court here did not actually order the division or transfer of either

Guardian life insurance policy (including the Guardian *608 policy), which is owned solely by

husband. See Code § 20-107.3(C) (generally not permitting a circuit court to “order the division or

transfer of separate property or marital property, or separate or marital debt, which is not jointly

owned or owed”). Instead, in its final equitable distribution order, the circuit court granted wife a

monetary award equal to one-half of the Guardian *608 policy’s accrued cash value, which the

circuit court found to be $799,513.

        Code § 20-107.3(D) expressly permits a monetary award of this type. It states, in pertinent

part:

                In addition, based upon (i) the equities and the rights and interests of
                each party in the marital property, and (ii) the factors listed in
                subsection E, the court has the power to grant a monetary award,
                payable either in a lump sum or over a period of time in fixed
                amounts, to either party. The party against whom a monetary award
                is made may satisfy the award, in whole or in part, by conveyance of
                property, subject to the approval of the court.

Code § 20-107.3(D). Thus, the circuit court in its discretion could divide the cash value of the

Guardian *608 policy (a marital asset), even though husband is listed as the sole owner of that asset.

See Code § 20-107.3(B) (“For the purposes of this section only, both parties shall be deemed to

have rights and interests in the marital property. However, such interests and rights shall not attach

to the legal title of such property and are only to be used as a consideration in determining a

monetary award, if any, as provided in this section.” (emphasis added)).




        12
           In Assignment of Error 5, husband also disputes the circuit court’s monetary award of
$7,928, in which it divided the accrued cash value of the Guardian *482 policy (another policy
titled in husband’s name that was purchased during the marriage). However, husband does not
indicate that any loans were taken on that specific policy’s cash value or explain how the circuit
court erred in making such an award.
                                               - 11 -
        3. Inclusion of Loan Made Before the Pendente Lite Order in the Contempt Sanction

        In Assignment of Error 2(B), husband challenges an aspect of the circuit court’s August 7,

2012 order finding husband in contempt of the February 8, 2011 pendente lite order’s prohibition

against disposing of, encumbering, or increasing the debt of any marital asset.13 Specifically,

husband contends in Assignment of Error 2(B) that the contempt order is erroneous because its

sanction against husband included the value of a $15,000 loan that husband obtained before the

circuit court held the December 13, 2010 pendente lite hearing and before the circuit court entered

its February 8, 2011 pendente lite order.

        The record on appeal establishes that the parties obtained several loans from the Guardian

*608 policy’s cash value during the marriage. Those loans are not directly at issue in this case.

According to the last policy statement prior to the parties’ separation, the loan balance taken from

the Guardian *608 policy’s cash value was $140,196.13 when the parties separated in September

2010.



        13
             Specifically, this portion of the February 8, 2011 pendente lite order stated,

                  [E]ach of the parties is enjoined and restrained from . . . disposing
                  of or further encumbering or increasing the debt secured by any
                  marital assets (property, real and personal, tangible and intangible,
                  acquired by either or both parties since the date of their marriage
                  and prior to their last separation or acquired since the separation
                  with or in exchange for marital assets or by the encumbrance of
                  marital assets) . . . .

        We disagree with husband’s assertion in Assignment of Error 2(C) that the circuit court
erroneously found that husband “increased debt secured by a marital asset.” First, it is not clear
from the record whether the circuit court’s contempt finding was based on husband increasing
the amount of marital debt or simply disposing of marital assets by reducing the available cash
value of the Guardian *608 policy. Second, we disagree with husband’s argument that the
Guardian *608 policy could be anything other than marital property under the circumstances of
this case. See Taylor, 5 Va. App. at 444, 364 S.E.2d at 249 (where one of the parties’ life
insurance policies was classified as a marital asset and where that policy’s cash value was among
the marital assets that could satisfy the monetary award entered by the trial court in equitable
distribution).
                                                - 12 -
        After the separation of the parties, husband then obtained loans from the Guardian *608

policy’s accrued cash value on the following dates and for the following amounts:

       on or about October 29, 2010 – $15,000;

       on or about June 30, 2011 – $10,000;

       on or about November 7, 2011 – $15,000;

       on or about December 2, 2011 – $25,000;

       on or about March 27, 2012 – $15,000; and,

       on or about March 28, 2012 – $10,000.

        On May 22, 2012, the circuit court held a show cause hearing to determine whether to find

husband in contempt of the February 8, 2011 pendente lite order for obtaining loans from the

Guardian *608 policy’s accrued cash value. The transcript of the show cause hearing is not part of

the record on appeal, but it is clear from the record that the circuit court issued a bench ruling

finding husband in contempt of the pendente lite order. Husband filed a written motion for

reconsideration, and the circuit court entered a written contempt order on August 7, 2012 finding

husband “to be in contempt of this Court for his willful failure to obey the Pendente Lite Order”

because husband, “on multiple occasions, borrowed money from cash values and dividends earned

upon” the Guardian *608 policy, which was “purchased during the marriage and considered to be

marital property and subject to equitable distribution” by the circuit court.

        The circuit court also ruled in its August 7, 2012 contempt order that, “as a sanction

therefore, [husband] is herewith ORDERED to return all funds borrowed by him since the August

17, 2010, insurance company statement such that the outstanding loan balance on [the Guardian

*608 policy] shall be returned to the sum of $140,196.13” – i.e., the loan balance prior to the

parties’ separation. (Emphasis added). In other words, the circuit court ordered husband to return

all of the post-separation loans that husband borrowed from the Guardian *608 policy’s cash value

                                                 - 13 -
– including the $15,000 loan made on or about October 29, 2010, which occurred several months

before the February 8, 2011 pendente lite order was even entered. The decision to include that

$15,000 loan in the contempt sanction is reversible error.

          “In order to hold a litigant in contempt for violation of a court order, the litigant must

have knowledge of the terms of the order.” Zedan v. Westheim, 60 Va. App. 556, 574, 729

S.E.2d 785, 794 (2012); see also Calamos v. Commonwealth, 184 Va. 397, 406, 35 S.E.2d 397,

400 (1945); Tsai v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 649, 653, 659 S.E.2d 594, 596 (2008). The

litigant’s knowledge of the terms of the court’s order is a necessary component of a contempt

analysis because, to uphold the finding of contempt, there must be sufficient evidence that the

offending party acted “in bad faith or [in] willful disobedience of [the court’s] order.’”

Alexander v. Alexander, 12 Va. App. 691, 696, 406 S.E.2d 666, 669 (1991) (quoting Carswell v.

Masterson, 224 Va. 329, 332, 295 S.E.2d 899, 901 (1982)).

          In this case, at the time that husband took the $15,000 loan from the Guardian *608

policy’s cash value on or about October 29, 2010, husband lacked any knowledge of the circuit

court’s February 8, 2011 pendente lite order – given that the pendente lite order itself had not

even been entered. A party cannot possibly have knowledge of an order that does not yet exist.

Therefore, the circuit court erred as a matter of law in its August 7, 2012 contempt order when it

punished as contemptuous husband’s $15,000 loan that was taken months before the entry of the

February 8, 2011 pendente lite order. See Shooltz v. Shooltz, 27 Va. App. 264, 271, 498 S.E.2d

437, 441 (1998) (“[A] trial court by definition abuses its discretion when it makes an error of

law.”).




                                                  - 14 -
               4. Additional $54,642 Award to Wife Based on Contempt Sanction

       In an argument that corresponds to his claim in Assignment of Error 2(B), husband

contends in Assignment of Error 4 that the circuit court “erred when it ordered, as part of the

overall equitable distribution order, [husband] to pay [wife] the sum of $54,642, representing

half the amount ordered by the [circuit court] to be restored to the loan balance” of the Guardian

*608 policy. Husband contends that this additional award to wife was entered solely to enforce

the August 7, 2012 contempt order. In our analysis of Assignment of Error 2(B), we have held

supra that the August 7, 2012 contempt order was erroneous to the extent that it sanctioned

husband for obtaining a $15,000 loan from the Guardian *608 policy’s cash value before the

February 8, 2011 pendente lite order was entered. Consistent with that holding, we also

conclude that the $54,642 award to wife is erroneous to the extent that it includes the value of the

same $15,000 that husband obtained on or about October 29, 2010.

       In an equitable distribution proceeding, the “‘function of the [circuit court] is to arrive at

a fair and equitable monetary award based on the equities and the rights and interests of each

party in the marital property.’” Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 841, 667 S.E.2d 857, 861

(2008) (quoting Mitchell v. Mitchell, 4 Va. App. 113, 118, 355 S.E.2d 18, 21 (1987)). While we

must review the record here in the light most favorable to wife, since she prevailed at trial, see

Chretien, 53 Va. App. at 202, 670 S.E.2d at 46, we disagree with wife’s argument that the circuit

court issued the additional award to her in its capacity of determining an equitable distribution of

the marital property.

       Indeed, the circuit court first mentioned this additional award to wife in its February 13,

2013 letter opinion after it had finished dividing the marital property, when it stated:




                                               - 15 -
               Additionally, it appears that in a prior hearing before Judge
               Eason,14 Dr. Campbell was ordered to restore $109,284 to his
               [Guardian *608 policy], representing an unauthorized cash
               withdrawal during the pendency of this case. It further appearing
               that no written order has been entered, notwithstanding
               Mr. Connor’s professed efforts on behalf of Ms. Campbell to
               obtain entry, and that Dr. Campbell has not complied with the
               order spoken by Judge Eason, I will include half of that sum, or
               $54,642, in the following cash distribution to be paid to Ms.
               Campbell.

(Emphasis added). Significantly, the circuit court in its letter opinion did not ground this

additional $54,642 award to wife on any finding that husband had wasted or improperly

dissipated marital assets. See Booth v. Booth, 7 Va. App. 22, 28, 371 S.E.2d 569, 573 (1988)

(“[I]n the case of [marital] assets wasted in anticipation of separation or divorce, . . . equity can

only be accomplished if the party who last had the funds is held accountable for them.”). On the

contrary, when discussing the tenth equitable distribution factor under Code § 20-107.3(E),

which pertains to the improper dissipation of marital funds, the circuit court found, “No issue

was raised during the hearing and no evidence of such was introduced or proffered.”

       Thus, when read in context, the circuit court’s additional $54,642 award to wife in the

February 13, 2013 letter opinion was not based on the equities of the case – but instead was

entered to enforce the earlier contempt sanction against husband for violating the February 8,

2011 pendente lite order. The plain language of the September 27, 2013 final equitable

distribution order reflects the same rationale by the circuit court for the additional $54,642 award

to wife. The final equitable distribution order simply states, “In addition, Husband shall pay to




       14
         It appears that Judge Carl Edward Eason Jr. actually presided at the May 22, 2012
contempt hearing and entered the August 7, 2012 contempt order.

                                                - 16 -
Wife the sum of $54,642, representing half of the amount orally entered by Judge Eason to be

restored to the loan balance of [the Guardian *608] policy.”15

       Consistent with the plain language of the February 13, 2013 letter opinion and the

September 27, 2013 final order, we must conclude that the circuit court entered the additional

$54,642 award to wife solely to enforce the prior contempt sanction against husband for

violating the February 8, 2011 pendente lite order. However, for the reasons explained supra,

the circuit court abused its discretion when it sanctioned husband for obtaining a $15,000 loan

from the Guardian *608 policy’s cash value in October 2010 – when no pendente lite order had

yet been entered. Accordingly, we must reverse the additional $54,642 award to wife – to the

extent that it holds husband responsible and punishes him for obtaining the $15,000 loan from

the Guardian *608 policy’s cash value (as well as interest and other fees corresponding to that

particular loan).

                             D. EQUAL DIVISION OF MARITAL ASSETS

       In his third assignment of error, husband argues that the circuit court abused its discretion

by presuming an equal division of the marital assets for purposes of equitable distribution. See

Papuchis v. Papuchis, 2 Va. App. 130, 132, 341 S.E.2d 829, 830-31 (1986) (holding that there is

no statutory presumption of equal distribution of marital property). Husband relies on a

statement by the circuit court in its February 13, 2013 letter opinion, where it explained, “I have

specifically considered the statutory factors, none of which militate against a[] generally equal

division of the property.”




       15
          This language cannot be read to pertain to equitable distribution merely because it
appears in the final equitable distribution order. That order addresses other items that do not
specifically concern equitable distribution, such as the $10,000 award of attorneys’ fees and
costs to wife based on “the significant income disparity and resources” of the parties.
                                                - 17 -
       However, in Hamad v. Hamad, 61 Va. App. 593, 739 S.E.2d 232 (2013), this Court held:

               As we have often said, “Virginia law does not establish a
               presumption of equal distribution of marital assets.” Watts v.
               Watts, 40 Va. App. 685, 702, 581 S.E.2d 224, 233 (2003) (citation
               omitted). A trial court “need not start off at the 50-yard line and
               then look to the discretionary factors of Code § 20-107.3(E) to
               move the ball marker up or down the sidelines.” Robbins v.
               Robbins, 48 Va. App. 466, 480-81, 632 S.E.2d 615, 622 (2006).
               Instead, a trial court “must consider each of the § 20-107.3(E)
               statutory factors and only then determine what relative weight to
               assign to each.” Id. at 481, 632 S.E.2d at 622. “What weight, if
               any, to assign to this or that factor in the overall decision lies
               within the trial court’s sound discretion.” Id. (brackets omitted).

Hamad, 61 Va. App. at 606, 739 S.E.2d at 239; see Matthews v. Matthews, 26 Va. App. 638,

645, 496 S.E.2d 126, 129 (1998) (“It is within the discretion of the court to make an equal

division or to make a substantially disparate division of assets as the factors outlined in Code

§ 20-107.3(E) require.”); see also White v. White, 56 Va. App. 214, 221 n.3, 692 S.E.2d 289,

292 n.3 (2010); Rinaldi v. Rinaldi, 53 Va. App. 61, 76, 669 S.E.2d 359, 366 (2008).

       Here, the circuit court found in its February 13, 2013 letter opinion that an equal division

of the marital assets was appropriate “[i]n light of the circumstances in this case” – while also

noting correctly that it had “specifically considered the statutory factors” in Code § 20-107.3(E).

The circuit court’s decision here “reflects a reasonable and equitable judgment, fully consistent

with the legal principles governing this case.” Hamad, 61 Va. App. at 607, 739 S.E.2d at 239;

see Pommerenke v. Pommerenke, 7 Va. App. 241, 250, 372 S.E.2d 630, 634 (1988) (“It is

apparent from the record in the present case that, based on the evidence presented, the trial court

adopted an initial assumption that the equities and rights and interests of each party in the marital

property were equal as its beginning point in that determination.”). Viewing the entire record in

the light most favorable to wife, since she was the prevailing party below, the record simply does

not support husband’s allegation that the circuit court applied a “presumption of an equal

division” of marital assets that would run contrary to this Court’s decision in Papuchis.
                                               - 18 -
                                   E. SPOUSAL SUPPORT AWARD

       In his seventh assignment of error, husband challenges the circuit court’s decision to

award wife $3,000 per month in spousal support until husband’s private disability insurance

policy expires when husband reaches age-sixty five. “The determination whether a spouse is

entitled to support, and if so how much, is a matter within the discretion of the [circuit] court,”

Dukelow v. Dukelow, 2 Va. App. 21, 27, 341 S.E.2d 208, 211 (1986), and this Court will reverse

the circuit court’s decision only if it “is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it,”

Northcutt v. Northcutt, 39 Va. App. 192, 196, 571 S.E.2d 912, 914 (2002) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted).

                                          1. Fault Ground

       In Assignment of Error 7(A), husband argues that the circuit court erred in awarding wife

spousal support because, according to husband, wife was at fault for the dissolution of the

marriage because “Wife deserted the Husband.” See Code § 20-107.1(E) (“The court, in

determining whether to award support and maintenance for a spouse, shall consider the

circumstances and factors which contributed to the dissolution of the marriage, specifically

including adultery and any other ground for divorce under the provisions of subdivision (3) or

(6) of § 20-91 or § 20-95.”). In their pleadings filed in the circuit court, wife and husband both

alleged fault grounds for divorce against the other party. However, the circuit court ultimately

declined to find either party at fault and instead awarded wife a divorce on the ground that the

parties had “lived separate and apart without any cohabitation and without interruption for one

year.”16 Code § 20-91(A)(9)(a). While the circuit court also looked at whether there exist fault

grounds under Code § 20-107.1(E) that would bar or reduce spousal support when it considered

       16
           On appeal, husband has not challenged in any of his assignments of error the circuit
court’s actual decision not to base its decree of divorce on the fault ground alleged by husband in
his circuit court pleadings.

                                                - 19 -
“the circumstances and facts which contributed to the dissolution of the marriage,”17 id., the

circuit court permissibly used its discretion, after doing so, to make a spousal support award in

this case. See Dukelow, 2 Va. App. at 27, 341 S.E.2d at 211.

                                      2. Imputation of Income

         In Assignment of Error 7(B), husband challenges the circuit court’s decision not to

impute any income to wife for purposes of determining spousal support. Husband argues that the

circuit court erred in finding that wife realistically could not return to the field of child psychiatry

in the foreseeable future. Husband also argues that the circuit court erroneously disregarded

wife’s own evidence that wife could earn $40,000 to $60,000 per year as a high school teacher, a

pharmaceutical sales representative, or a community college professor.

                In setting or modifying spousal support or child support, a court
                may impute income to a party voluntarily unemployed or
                underemployed. Whether a person is voluntarily unemployed or
                underemployed is a factual determination. In evaluating a request
                to impute income, the trial court must consider the parties’ earning
                capacity, financial resources, education and training, ability to
                secure such education and training, and other factors relevant to
                the equities of the parents and the children.

Blackburn v. Michael, 30 Va. App. 95, 102, 515 S.E.2d 780, 783-84 (1999) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted). “[T]he party moving the court to impute income has the burden of

proving that the other party is voluntarily foregoing more gainful employment.” Id. at 102, 515

S.E.2d at 784. Here, wife chose to return to work – three years before the parties separated – in a

totally different field of work, interior design, where she made very little money – rather than try

to continue to work in the field where she was trained, which was practicing medicine with a

specialty of child psychiatry.


        17
          In its February 13, 2013 letter opinion, the circuit court expressly found, “As to
negative contributions to the marriage, there is no evidence of bad behavior or negative
contributions to the marriage on the part of either spouse which would justify either the punitive
imposition or withholding of spousal support.”
                                                - 20 -
        Wife’s vocational expert, Charles DeMark, testified that it would be very difficult for

wife – despite the level of her training and experience as a practicing child psychiatrist prior to

the birth of the parties’ children – to obtain a Virginia license in child psychiatry18 and to return

to work in that field. The testimony of husband’s vocational expert, Barbara Byers, conflicted

with DeMark’s testimony on that subject. The circuit court accepted DeMark’s testimony, as it

was entitled to do in its role as the factfinder. “It is well established that the trier of fact

ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the weight to be given to their testimony, and has the

discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’ testimony.” Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380,

387, 488 S.E.2d 665, 668 (1997) (en banc). In light of the very deferential standard of review on

appeal, we cannot say that the circuit court’s finding that wife’s “ability to return to her prior

medical career is presently negligible” was plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. See

Northcutt, 39 Va. App. at 196, 571 S.E.2d at 914.

        However, we hold that the circuit court erred in declining to impute any income to wife

because that decision was not supported by the record. According to the Supreme Court, one of

the ways an abuse of discretion occurs is “when a relevant factor that should have been given

significant weight is not considered” at all. Landrum, 282 Va. at 352, 717 S.E.2d at 137. In this

case, there was no conflict in the evidence that wife could earn at least $40,000 to $60,000 per

year as a high school teacher, as a pharmaceutical sales person, or as a community college

professor.

        In fact, DeMark, wife’s own expert witness, testified:

                  In my report of August 1, 2012, I talked about her options
                  including work as a teacher, either in biology or chemistry research
                  assistant or a pharmaceutical sales person or a college professor.
                  And the college professor would be something in the, at the
                  community college level. And I’m offering those options based on


        18
             Wife previously practiced as a child psychiatrist in the state of South Carolina.
                                                 - 21 -
               the idea of her training and education that she received at the
               different universities where she studied.

(Emphasis added).

       Furthermore, wife admitted during cross-examination that DeMark had opined in his

vocational report that wife had an earning capacity of between $40,000 to $60,000 per year.

Therefore, wife presented evidence during her own case-in-chief that she could obtain

employment in several different fields and that she could earn between $40,000 to $60,000 per

year. Given the uncontroverted record on this issue, the circuit court’s finding that it was

“speculative at best” that wife could “acquire employment providing an income superior” than

the negligible revenue produced by wife’s interior design business was plainly wrong. That

finding lacked any evidentiary support.19

       Our analysis here does not conflict with this Court’s important decision in Brandau v.

Brandau, 52 Va. App. 632, 640, 666 S.E.2d 532, 536 (2008), in which this Court rejected an

argument that “a stay-at-home spouse capable of working must go to work immediately after the

divorce trial or face a judicially imposed imputation of income.” Brandau is a key decision

addressing whether or not to impute income to a party. However, the circumstances here are

very different from those in Brandau – where the evidence showed that Mrs. Brandau had been a




       19
           During oral argument before this Court, wife’s counsel suggested that the circuit court,
acting as the factfinder here, could have simply disregarded DeMark’s testimony concerning
wife’s ability to work, as well as wife’s admission that DeMark had opined in his report that wife
had an earning capacity of $40,000 to $60,000. It is the factfinder’s role, of course, “‘to make
judgments on the credibility of the witnesses’” who testify. Elliott v. Commonwealth, 267 Va.
396, 423, 593 S.E.2d 270, 287 (2004) (quoting Ohler v. United States, 529 U.S. 753, 764
(2000)). Here, however, both of the parties’ vocational experts testified that wife was quite
marketable based on her education and experience – and that wife could obtain employment.
Wife also admitted that her own expert, DeMark, opined that she could earn $40,000 to $60,000
per year. In short, there was essentially no conflict in the evidence on the issue of whether wife
was able to find a job and earn at least $40,000 to $60,000 per year.

                                               - 22 -
stay-at-home mother for over twenty years, had only a high school education, and had an earning

capacity of at most $6 to $8 per hour. Id. at 640, 666 S.E.2d at 537.

       By contrast, wife here holds a M.D., with a specialty in child psychiatry, and she has

practiced as a child psychiatrist – including in the early part of their marriage. Whereas

husband’s declining health renders him now unable to work at all, wife is in good health – and

her prior education and experience in the field of child psychiatry provide wife with many

employment options other than returning to child psychiatry, as DeMark noted at trial.20

Moreover, it is especially significant to our analysis that wife actually began working again in

2007 when she chose to start her own interior design business. Although that business certainly

was not lucrative, wife’s return to work a full three years before the separation of the parties

makes this case very different than Brandau – where Mr. Brandau argued that Mrs. Brandau

should be required to obtain employment after she had been a stay-at-home spouse and mother

for essentially the entirety of their twenty-two-year marriage.

       Based on the undisputed evidence, including the opinion of wife’s own expert, that wife

could earn $40,000 to $60,000 per year in several different fields and based on wife’s own

decision to return to work three years before the parties’ separation, we conclude that the circuit

court abused its discretion when it declined to impute any income at all to wife for purposes of

determining spousal support to her. Accordingly, we remand the matter to the circuit court for

additional factfinding by the circuit court on that issue consistent with this opinion.

            3. Credit for Overage Caused by Nunc Pro Tunc Spousal Support Order

       In Assignment of Error 7(C), husband argues that the circuit court “erred, when upon

entry of the Spousal Support order nunc pro tunc to February 21, 2013, it failed to credit the


       20
          For example, DeMark testified that wife’s background is especially useful if she were
to teach chemistry or biology, given that “school systems are willing to hire” teachers in the
sciences “with the idea that they would secure the necessary license and certification.”
                                              - 23 -
husband with the overage created by his payment of the pendente lite amount of spousal support

between the months of February and June 2013 (totaling $6,590.00).”21

       The circuit court’s final order setting spousal support awarded wife $3,000 per month in

spousal support. At the time of the final order’s entry, husband was still obligated to pay a

greater amount of temporary spousal support -- $4,318 per month – under the terms of the

pendente lite order. See Ipsen v. Moxley, 49 Va. App. 555, 564-65, 642 S.E.2d 798, 802 (2007)

(explaining that a pendente lite order’s requirements remain in effect during the pendency of the

divorce case). However, the final spousal support award of the lesser amount of $3,000 to wife was

actually entered nunc pro tunc to February 21, 2013. See Black’s Law Dictionary 1096 (7th ed.

1999) (defining “nunc pro tunc” as “[h]aving retroactive effect”). Due to the circuit court’s entry of

the final spousal support order nunc pro tunc to February 21, 2013, husband’s spousal support

obligation became $3,000 per month (not $4,318 per month) effective retroactively to February

21, 2013.

       Accordingly, although husband is not entitled to a reimbursement for his overpayment of

$1,318 per month due to the retroactive effect of the nunc pro tunc order, we agree with his

argument that he is entitled to a future spousal support credit totaling $6,590 for five months of

such overpayments. See Nordstrom v. Nordstrom, 50 Va. App. 257, 267 n.2, 649 S.E.2d 200,

205 n.2 (2007).

              F. CIRCUIT COURT’S AWARD OF WIFE’S ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS

       In his sixth assignment of error, husband challenges the circuit court’s decision to award

wife $10,000 in attorney’s fees and costs. Under settled law, “after considering the

circumstances of the parties and the equities of the entire case, a trial court may exercise its

discretion and issue an award of attorney’s fees and costs that is reasonable under all of the

       21
         Even though the circuit court’s final spousal support was entered on September 27,
2013, husband does not request a credit for overpayments beyond June 2013.
                                              - 24 -
circumstances revealed by the record.” Mayer v. Corso-Mayer, 62 Va. App. 713, 734, 753

S.E.2d 263, 273 (2014).

       Here, the circuit court awarded $10,000 in attorney’s fees and costs to wife specifically

“[i]n light of the significant income disparity and resources” of the parties. However, we have

concluded that the circuit court’s decision not to impute any income to wife under the particular

circumstances of this case was reversible error. Accordingly, we must also reverse the circuit

court’s award of attorney’s fees and costs to wife – because the parties’ respective incomes and

available resources22 must now be reevaluated by the circuit court on remand.

                          G. APPELLATE ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS

       On brief, wife asks this Court to “award Wife her attorney’s fees and costs incurred in

defending these matters on appeal or alternatively remand the issue of attorney’s fees to the

[circuit] court for determination.” See O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479

S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996) (“The appellate court has the opportunity to view the record in its entirety

and determine whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for requiring

additional payment.”). We deny wife’s request. Husband has prevailed on several of his

assignments of error, while others were “erroneous but nonetheless fairly debatable.” Brandau,

52 Va. App. at 643, 666 S.E.2d at 538. Under these circumstances, for this Court to assess

attorney’s fees and costs against husband in the litigation of this appeal would be wholly

inappropriate.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       We affirm most of the circuit court’s rulings that husband has challenged in this appeal –

in which husband has raised seven assignments of error and several sub-assignments of error.


       22
          We note the circuit court’s finding in its February 13, 2013 letter opinion that wife at
that time had “an expectancy in her deceased mother’s estate, which is presently in litigation, but
has a potential value of over $400,000.”
                                               - 25 -
However, we reverse the circuit court’s decision to sanction husband for obtaining a $15,000

loan from the Guardian *608 policy’s cash value. That $15,000 loan was obtained on or about

October 29, 2010 – well before the entry of the February 8, 2011 pendente lite order – and,

therefore, could not serve as the basis for a finding that husband was in contempt of the pendente

lite order. The circuit court’s $54,642 award to wife – which the circuit court entered to enforce

the contempt sanction – is reversed to the extent that it included the amount of that $15,000 loan

(and any interest and other charges related to that loan).

       In addition, we reverse the circuit court’s decision not to impute any income at all to wife

because wife’s own evidence (through the opinion of her expert) established that she could earn

at least $40,000 to $60,000 per year – and given the fact that wife actually returned to work three

years before the parties separated. We also reverse the circuit court’s decision not to award

husband a $6,590 credit toward future spousal support payments, in light of the $6,590 overage

caused by the nunc pro tunc entry of the final spousal support order. Furthermore, we reverse

the circuit court’s award to wife of $10,000 in attorney’s fees and costs, which the circuit court

specifically based on the “significant income disparity and resources” of the parties. On remand,

when the circuit court considers the amount of income to impute to wife, the circuit court will

also have an opportunity to reevaluate whether an award to wife of attorney’s fees and costs

would be appropriate under all of the evidence and circumstances before the court.

                                                                         Affirmed in part, reversed
                                                                             and remanded in part.




                                               - 26 -
