         10-2901-cv
         Li v. Morrisville State College


                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                      FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                              SUMMARY ORDER
     RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER
     FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
     PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A
     DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
     ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
     ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1              At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
 2       at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of
 3       New York, on the 6th day of October, two thousand eleven.
 4
 5       PRESENT:
 6                   DENNIS JACOBS,
 7                         Chief Judge,
 8                   PETER W. HALL,
 9                   GERARD E. LYNCH,
10                         Circuit Judges.
11       _____________________________________
12
13       XIANG LI,
14
15                                     Plaintiff-Appellant,
16
17                           v.                                                   10-2901-cv
18
19       MORRISVILLE STATE COLLEGE, DAVID
20       ROGERS, Dean of School of Business,
21       Morrisville State College,
22
23                                     Defendants-Appellees.
24
25       _____________________________________
26
27
28       FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                             Xiang Li, pro se, Youngstown, OH.
29
30       FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES:                            Barbara D. Underwood, Andrea Oser, Kate H.
31                                                            Nepveu, Albany, NY, for Eric T. Schneiderman,
32                                                            Attorney General of the State of New York.
 1        Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of
 2   New York (Kahn, J.).
 3
 4       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
 5   DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
 6
 7          Xiang Li, pro se, appeals the district court’s judgment, dismissing his discrimination
 8   complaint on a motion for summary judgment. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the
 9   underlying facts, procedural history, and the issues on appeal.
10
11           We review orders granting summary judgment de novo. See Priestly v. Headminder,
12   Inc., 647 F.3d 497, 503 (2d Cir. 2011). All ambiguities are resolved and reasonable inferences
13   are drawn in favor of the nonmovant. Id. Summary judgment is appropriate “[w]here the record
14   taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party.”
15   Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
16
17           Here, an independent review of the record and relevant case law reveals that summary
18   judgment was properly granted. Except as noted below, we affirm for substantially the reasons
19   stated by the district court in its July 9, 2010 decision.
20
21           Li, who is of Chinese origin, alleged in part that the defendants impermissibly refused to
22   rehire him in a tenure-track position based on his national origin in violation of Title VII of the
23   Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. Although Li presented
24   evidence that a tenure-track position for which he applied was filled by a U.S.-born applicant,
25   this evidence does not create a genuine issue of material fact about whether Li was disparately
26   treated in the hiring for that position because (1) Li acknowledged in his affidavit filed in
27   opposition to summary judgment that he knew his initial position was temporary and a full
28   search would be conducted to fill the tenure-track position; (2) Li admitted that he was the
29   subject of student complaints of abusive behavior and was rude and threatening when school
30   officials sought to discuss the complaints with him; and (3) the successful U.S.-born applicant,
31   unlike Li, possessed a Ph.D. and therefore was not similarly situated. See Mandell v. Cnty. of
32   Suffolk, 316 F.3d 368, 379 (2d Cir. 2003) (“A plaintiff relying on disparate treatment evidence
33   ‘must show she was similarly situated in all material respects to the individuals with whom she
34   seeks to compare herself.’”) (quoting Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 39 (2d Cir.
35   2000)).
36
37            The district court rejected Li’s appeal of the magistrate judge’s denial of leave to amend
38   his complaint to add a 42 U.S.C § 1983 due process claim against members of the college’s
39   administration and faculty. Although Rule 15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
40   provides that leave to amend shall be “freely give[n] . . . when justice so requires,” justice does
41   not so require if amendment would be futile. See Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 112 (2d Cir.
42   2000). As the district court observed, a temporary, non-tenured faculty member such as Li could
43   be discharged at will and therefore had no protected property interest in the renewal of his
44   employment contract. See Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 578 (1972)); Abramson v.
45   Pataki, 278 F.3d 93, 99 (2d Cir. 2002) (“Employees at will have no protectable property interest
46   in their continued employment.”).

                                                      2
 1            Li’s claim of a “property interest in his prior employment,” enforceable against any of the
 2   proposed defendants, has no basis in law. “To have a property interest in a benefit, a person
 3   clearly must have more than an abstract need or desire for it [or a] unilateral expectation of it.
 4   He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” Roth, 408 U.S. at 577. When a
 5   litigant claims to have a property interest related to employment, courts may look at the relevant
 6   employment contract to determine whether such an interest exists. See id. at 578 (examining the
 7   “terms of the respondent’s appointment”); Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 601 (1972)
 8   (holding that a “written contract” was evidence supporting a claim to an entitlement). Although
 9   Li presumably had an employment contract with his prior employer, none of the named or
10   proposed defendants was a party to that contract. Li’s interest in any benefits conferred by that
11   contract was “unilateral” and could not be enforced against any of the named or proposed
12   defendants. Roth, 408 U.S. at 578; see Perry, 408 U.S. at 601 (“A person’s interest in a benefit
13   is a ‘property’ interest for due process purposes if there are such rules or mutually explicit
14   understandings that support his claim of entitlement to the benefit and that he may invoke at a
15   hearing.” (emphasis added)).
16
17         We have considered all of Li’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
18   Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
19
20                                                 FOR THE COURT:
21                                                 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
22
23




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