                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 19-1985
                               Filed March 4, 2020


IN THE INTEREST OF J.C., J.J., and G.J.,
Minor Child,

D.C., Father of J.C.,
       Appellant,

R.L., Mother,
       Appellant.

______________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Kimberly Ayotte,

District Associate Judge.



      The mother and one of the fathers separately appeal the termination of their

parental rights to their respective children. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.



      Bryan Webber of Carr & Wright, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant father.

      Adam M. Stone, Urbandale, for appellant mother.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith L. Lamberti, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

      Kathryn Miller of Juvenile Public Defender, Des Moines, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor children J.C. and G.J.

      Jami J. Hagemeier of Williams & Hagemeier, P.L.C., Des Moines, attorney

and guardian ad litem for minor child J.J.



      Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Ahlers, JJ.
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GREER, Judge.

       The mother of J.J., G.J., and J.C. and the father of J.C. separately appeal

the termination of their parental rights to their respective children.1 The mother

and father both challenge whether the statutory grounds for termination have been

met, maintain termination is not in the best interest of their respective children,

argue an exception precludes termination, and assert the children should have

been placed in the custody of one of the grandmothers when their parental rights

were terminated.     The mother also maintains she should have been given

additional time to work toward reunification. On de novo review, In re D.W., 791

N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010), we consider each appeal in turn.

       I. Mother’s Appeal.

       The mother’s parental rights to eleven-year-old J.J., nine-year-old G.J., and

five-year-old J.C. were terminated under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (l)

(2019).2 On appeal, we may affirm if we find the any one of the statutory grounds

met. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016) (“The first step is to determine

whether any ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has been

established.”). We focus on section 232.116(1)(f), which gives the court discretion

to terminate parental rights when the court finds all of the following have occurred:

              (1) The child is four years of age or older.
              (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
       assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
              (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
       the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or

1 These children have been involved with five founded child abuse investigations
since 2009. In these proceedings, the parental rights of the father of J.J. and G.J.
were also terminated. He does not appeal.
2 The termination trial took place over three dates: July 29, August 27, and October

17, 2019.
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       for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home
       has been less than thirty days.
              (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present
       time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents
       as provided in section 232.102.

The mother only challenges the fourth element—whether the children could be

returned to her care at the time of the termination hearing.          See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(1)(f)(4); In re L.M., 904 N.W.2d 835, 839 (Iowa 2017) (noting “at the

present time” refers to the time of the termination hearing).

       The mother, who began inpatient treatment for her addiction to marijuana

and cocaine between the first and second day of the termination trial, claims the

children could have been returned to her care at the inpatient facility. Even if the

facility technically allows children to live with their parents, we cannot say returning

these children to the mother’s care was realistic. See In re M.S., 889 N.W.2d 675,

680 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016) (“[A] child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s

parent under section 232.102 if by doing so the child would be exposed to any

harm amounting to a new child in need of assistance adjudication.” (alteration in

original) (citation omitted)). Complicating her recovery, the mother has a more

than twenty-year history with illegal substances. According to her own testimony,

her only periods of sobriety since she was eleven years old were nine months at

the beginning of this case—starting after the children’s removal in early December

2017—and for each of her three pregnancies. The court delayed permanency to

give the mother a six-month extension in January 2019 and advised her she

needed to “fully engage in substance abuse treatment and demonstrate a

commitment to a style of recovery.” The mother did not do so. She avoided

recommended treatment and, sadly, her use of illegal substances increased. The
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mother went from sporadically using cocaine to being a daily user; a habit she

continued until after the first day of the termination proceedings. Even on the final

day of the three-day termination trial, the mother had less than two-and-a-half

months of sobriety, all of which was within a structured, residential setting. Neither

the mother’s previous attempts at treatment nor previous court intervention with

the family enabled the mother to achieve long-lasting sobriety. We cannot say the

children could be safely returned to her care at the time of the termination hearing.

       Next, the mother argues termination of her parental rights is not in the

children’s best interests. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2); see also In re D.S., 806

N.W.2d 458, 474 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011) (“Even if a statutory ground for termination

is met, a decision to terminate must still be in the best interests of a child after a

review of section 232.116(2).”). We determine the best interests of the children by

using the statutory framework rather than our own perceptions. See In re P.L.,

778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010). We “give primary consideration to the child[ren]’s

safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of

the child[ren], and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of

the child[ren].” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). Without debate, the mother failed to

provide her children stability or consistent parenting. Her drug use, which affects

both her financial and mental ability to care for the children, took precedence over

their needs. While the mother is an attentive parent during her supervised visits

with the children, she cannot safely parent them full-time while actively addicted to

and using illegal substances.      Additionally, the youngest two children were

comfortable in the home of the foster parents, who intended to adopt them and the

oldest child if the parents’ rights were terminated. See id. § 232.116(2)(b) (allowing
                                          5


the court to consider “whether the foster family is able and willing to permanently

integrate the child into the foster family” when considering best interests).

Termination of the mother’s rights is in the children’s best interests.

       The mother argues the court should not terminate her parental rights

because of the closeness of the bond she shares with the children.3 See id.

§ 232.116(3)(c). The mother maintains this, combined with the oldest child’s

objection to termination, warrants giving her additional time rather than ordering

termination.   See id. § 232.116(3)(b) (providing the court need not terminate

parental rights when a child over ten objects to the termination). But the mother

had additional time, and she did not use it well. See id. § 232.104(2)(b). The

mother’s substance abuse was more severe at the time of the termination trial than

it was when the court gave her additional time in January 2019. We do not

question the mother and children love each other, but by the time of the termination

trial, the children had been out of the mother’s care nearly two years. And this was

not the first time the children were outside the mother’s care. The children were

removed from her care previously during another child-in-need-of-assistance

proceeding also based in part on the mother’s drug use. We do not take J.J.’s

objection to the termination lightly, but reliable parenting and a stable home—

which the mother is not now and may never be able to provide—are in J.J.’s best

interests. See In re A.R., 932 N.W.2d 588, 592 (Iowa Ct. App. 2019) (affirming


3 The mother combined this argument with her best-interests argument. As this is
not the proper analysis, we split the two. See, e.g., D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 706–07
(providing, “Termination of parental rights under chapter 232 follows a three-step
analysis”: determining whether a statutory ground has been established, applying
the best-interests framework, and then considering any statutory exceptions set
out in section 232.116(3) should preclude termination of parental rights).
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termination of parent’s rights where teenaged children objected, noting the

children’s wishes were relevant and could not be ignored but were not controlling);

In re A.S., No. 16-1984, 2017 WL 710562, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 22, 2017)

(affirming termination over children’s objection because “[o]ur overriding concern

must be the long-term best interests of the children”); In re J.S., No. 16-0112, 2016

WL 899857, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 9, 2016) (“The children’s yearning for

reunification does not tilt the balance away from termination.”).

       Finally, the mother challenges the district court’s decision to modify

placement of J.J. from the maternal grandmother to the Iowa Department of

Human Services (DHS) at the time of the termination. The mother lacks standing

to raise this issue. See In re K.A., 516 N.W.2d 35, 38 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994)

(concluding the parent had no right to participate in a placement hearing following

termination because “[t]he termination of [the mother’s] rights concerning these

three children divest[ed] her of all privileges, duties, and powers with respect to the

children.”); In re D.B., 483 N.W.2d 344, 346 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992) (refusing to

consider mother’s argument about where child should be placed following

termination because the proper termination of the mother’s rights divested her of

“any legally recognizable interest she would have concerning the guardianship or

custody” of the child).

       We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

       II. Father’s Appeal.

       The father’s parental rights to five-year-old J.C. were terminated under Iowa

Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (f). The father purports to challenge the statutory

grounds of paragraph (f), but he conceded both at trial and in his appellate brief
                                          7


that J.C. could not be returned to his care at the time of the termination trial

because of the father’s ongoing incarceration.4 See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4).

And, at the time of the termination trial, J.C. was four years or older, was

adjudicated a child in need of assistance, and had been out of the father’s care at

least twelve months.      See id. § 232.116(1)(f)(1)–(3).     Clear and convincing

evidence supports the statutory grounds for termination.5

       Insofar as the father challenges the reasonable efforts made by the State

to reunify him with J.C.,6 we are unpersuaded by the father’s claims. First, the

father maintained that he was never told the phone number of the family safety,

risk, and permanency (FSRP) worker he was to call to speak with J.C. But the

juvenile court did not credit this testimony. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 706 (noting



4 The father claims, “[T]o say that he has been given a real opportunity to have his
child returned to his care is a disservice.” But it is paragraph (e) that contains the
requirement the State prove the parent “made no reasonable efforts to resume
care of the child despite being given the opportunity to do so.” See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(1)(e)(3). Paragraph (f) includes no such requirement. See generally id.
§ 232.116(1)(f).
5 In his petition on appeal, the father concedes the child could not be returned to

his care but “argues that the child could have been returned to the mother’s care
at the time of the hearing” and maintains the termination of his parental rights
should be reversed on that ground. The father cannot join in the mother’s
arguments or assert legal positions on her behalf. See In re K.R., 737 N.W.2d
321, 323 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007) (“[The father] did not have standing to assert that
argument on [the mother’s] behalf in an effort to ultimately gain a benefit for
himself, that is, the reversal of the termination of his parental rights.”). Moreover,
the father’s claim his rights should not have been terminated because the mother
could care for the child is inapposite, as the court could terminate the rights of just
one of the parents. See, e.g., In re D.G., 704 N.W.2d 454, 459 (Iowa Ct. App.
2005) (noting one parent may not join another’s appeal regarding termination
because of “the general principle that in termination of parental rights proceedings
each parent’s parental rights are separate adjudications, both factually and
legally”).
6 The father raises the issue of reasonable efforts within his argument about

paragraph (e) but does not clearly address this argument under paragraph (f).
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that even with de novo review, we give the juvenile court’s findings of fact weight,

especially in assessing the credibility of witnesses). Second, the social worker

testified DHS sought to do more to facilitate contact between the father and J.C.,

but the penitentiary refused to approve a set time the FSRP worker could call the

father for phone visits—requiring the father to call out instead. See In re S.J., 620

N.W.2d 522, 525 (Iowa Ct. App. 2000) (“The services required to be supplied an

incarcerated parent, as with any other parent, are only those that are reasonable

under the circumstances.”). And third, while DHS has an obligation to make

reasonable efforts, “efforts toward reunification are not always a component” of

that obligation. In re L.T., 924 N.W.2d 521, 530 (Iowa 2019). “[T]he nature of that

obligation depends on the best interests of the children.” Id. Ultimately, complaints

about the amount of phone contact between the father and J.C. is unrelated to the

fact that J.C. could not be returned to his still incarcerated father. See In re C.B.,

611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000) (“[T]he scope of the efforts by the DHS to reunify

parent and child after removal impacts the burden of proving those elements of

termination which require reunification efforts. The State must show reasonable

efforts as part of its ultimate proof the child cannot be safely returned to the care

of the parent.” (citation omitted)).

       The father argues it is not in the best interests of J.C. to terminate the

father’s rights because he loves J.C. But love and an interest in his son are not

sufficient to meet J.C.’s needs. The child needs constant and reliable parenting

and a safe and stable home. The father cannot provide those things. See In re

J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 800 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J., specially concurring) (“A child’s

safety and the need for a permanent home are now the primary concerns when
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determining a child’s best interests.”). Termination of the father’s rights is in J.C.’s

best interests.

       The father argues the court need not terminate his rights because the

parent-child bond precludes termination. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). It is the

parent’s burden to prove a permissive factor should be applied to save the parent-

child relationship. See In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018). The father

has not established that an exception to termination is warranted here.

       Finally, like the mother, the father argues that at the time of termination, the

children should have been placed in the care of a family member rather than the

custody of DHS for adoption. For the same reasons as the mother, the father

cannot raise this issue now.

       We affirm the termination of the father’s parental rights to J.C.

       AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
