
NO. 07-04-0457-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL D

MARCH 29, 2006
______________________________

TRACY YOLANDA WARD, 

									Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

									Appellee
_________________________________

FROM THE 320TH DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY;

NO. 48,235-D; HON. DON EMERSON, PRESIDING
_______________________________

Opinion
_______________________________

Before QUINN, C.J., and REAVIS and CAMPBELL, JJ.
	The State indicted Tracy Yolanda Ward (appellant) for knowingly delivering a
controlled substance "by actual transfer to Rodger [sic] Ward, a person who [was] 18 years
of age or younger."  Ward was the unborn child of appellant at the time of the purported
delivery, and the "actual transfer" purportedly occurred through appellant consuming the
controlled substance (cocaine) and causing it to circulate through her blood stream and
into that of the unborn child via the umbilical cord.  Prior to trial and without the benefit of
a plea agreement, appellant pled guilty to the offense and received a five-year suspended
sentence.  Of her multiple issues on appeal, we need only address one.  It concerns the
legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting her conviction. (1)  And, upon considering that
issue, we reverse and render judgment.
	Statute provides that a person commits an offense by knowingly delivering a
controlled substance to a child.  Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §481.122(a)(1) (Vernon
2003).  A child, for purposes of the statute, "means a person younger than 18 years of
age."  Id. §481.122(d).  And, according to that same Code, the term "person" encompasses
"an individual, corporation, government, business trust, estate, trust, partnership,
association, or any other legal entity."  Id. §481.002(33) (Vernon Supp. 2005).
	Also defined in the Texas Health and Safety Code is the term "deliver."  According
to the legislature, it "means to transfer, actually or constructively, to another a controlled
substance . . . regardless of whether there is an agency relationship."  Id.  § 481.002(8). 
And, while the concept of actual transfer has not been statutorily defined, the Court of
Criminal Appeals filled the void. (2) 
	Per that court, an actual transfer "contemplates the manual transfer of property from
the transferor to the transferee or to the transferee's agents or to someone identified in law
with the transferee."  Heberling v. State, 834 S.W.2d 350, 354 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992);
accord, Thomas v. State, 832 S.W.2d 47, 51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (stating that an actual
transfer occurs when the defendant "transfers actual possession and control of a controlled
substance to another person"); Donely v. State, 140 S.W.3d 428, 429 (Tex.
App.-Beaumont 2004, no pet.) (stating that an actual transfer "consists of a complete
transfer of real possession and control of the contraband"); Luna v. State, No. 07-03-0184-CR, 2004 Tex. App. Lexis 1750 (Tex. App.-Amarillo February 24, 2004, pet. ref'd)
(reiterating Heberling).  Implicit within this definition is the need for the transferor to
exercise both possession and control over the substance delivered.  Donely v. State, supra
(discussing an actual transfer); Queen v. State, 662 S.W.2d 338, 340 (Tex. Crim. App.
1983) (stating that the "critical factor" in a constructive delivery is that prior to the delivery 
"the substance involved was directly or indirectly under the defendant's control"); Williams
v. State, 783 S.W.2d 301, 302 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1989, no pet.) (noting that
possession and control of the substance prior to transfer is necessary under either theory). 
Similarly implicit is the requirement that the transferor  relinquish that possession to
another.  Thomas v. State, 832 S.W.2d at 51.  From this, it follows then that the recipient
must also gain or exercise possession over the transferred substance before it can be said
that the actual manual transfer occurred.  See Verduzco v. State, 24 S.W.3d 384, 386
(Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (finding that the evidence was legally
insufficient to prove delivery since the intended recipient of the cocaine never touched it). 
In short, we cannot see how there can be a real, actual, or complete transfer of possession
from the transferor unless someone gains possession of  that relinquished by the
transferor.  With this said, we turn to the facts before us.
	For purposes of this appeal, we assume arguendo that an unborn child is a child
within the parameters of Texas Health and Safety Code § 481.122(a)(1).  This is a matter
we need not actually decide to resolve this appeal.  Furthermore, all agree that the "actual
transfer" contemplated here consisted of the ingestion by appellant of a controlled
substance that eventually entered into the unborn child's body via conveyance through the
umbilical cord.  Nowhere are we cited to evidence suggesting that the unborn child actually
handled, touched, manipulated or otherwise exercised physical possession over the drug. 
Again, the substance was merely discovered in the unborn child's body.  And, therein lies
the rub for the majority of jurisdictions that have considered the issue hold that the mere
presence of a controlled substance in one's blood or urinary system does not constitute
possession.  Jackson v. State, 833 S.W.2d 220, 222-23 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.]
1992, pet. ref'd) (and cases cited therein); New Mexico v. Montano, 95 P.3d 1059, 1062
(N.M. Ct. App. 2004, no hist.); State Bd. of Nursing v. Berry, 32 S.W.3d 638, 642 (Mo. Ct.
App. 2000,  no hist.); Logan v. Cox, 624 N.E.2d 751, 754-55 (Oh. Ct. App. 1993, no hist.);
accord, State v. Griffin, 584 N.W.2d 127, 131-32 (Wis. Ct. App. 1998, rev. denied) (stating
that there was no possession because the accused could not exercise control over the
drug once within his blood); State v. Flinchpaugh, 659 P.2d 208, 211 (Ks. 1983) (holding
similarly).  So, since the only evidence of record indicating that the unborn child possessed
the drug taken by his mother is its presence in his body when born, and that is not
evidence of possession as a matter of law, the State failed to satisfy its burden.  In short,
it did not present some evidence upon which a rational factfinder could conclude beyond
reasonable doubt that an actual transfer of possession from appellant to the child occurred
as contemplated by  §481.122(a)(1).  Thus, appellant's conviction for the crime alleged in
the indictment lacks the support of legally sufficient evidence and must be reversed. (3)
	We are a judicial body obligated to enforce the law as written by the legislature.  If
that body cares to define "deliver" as including the transfer of drugs by a mother to her
unborn child through the exchange of bodily fluids, it may do so.  Yet, ours is not to write
where it has not.  Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and render
judgment acquitting appellant of the charge as averred in the indictment.  

							Brian Quinn 
						          Chief Justice
Publish.
1. The bulk of the issues raised implicate constitutional matters.  Authority holds, however, that if legal
disputes may be resolved on non-constitutional grounds they must so be resolved.  Bradley v. State ex rel.
White, 990 S.W.2d 245, 247 (Tex. 1999) (stating that a court does not "consider constitutional challenges
when [it] can dispose of a case on nonconstitutional grounds").  And, while it is clear that the litigants wish us
to address the constitutional issues, we are compelled to abide by the foregoing authority.     
2. Because the State accused appellant, via the indictment of a delivery via "an actual transfer to" her
unborn child, we focus upon the construction of that term and omit further reference to the theory of
constructive transfer.
3. To the extent that the State contends appellant waived her complaint regarding the sufficiency of the
evidence, we find the argument unavailing.  One cannot be convicted of something that is not a crime.  And,
to accept the State's contention would be to ignore that truism.      

