                                                                        FILED
                                                                   Dec 13 2017, 6:01 am

                                                                        CLERK
                                                                    Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                         and Tax Court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
David Becsey                                              Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Zeigler Cohen & Koch                                      Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana                                     Laura R. Anderson
                                                          Deputy Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Tanesha McGowan,                                          December 13, 2017
Appellant-Defendant,                                      Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                          49A02-1706-CR-1421
        v.                                                Appeal from the Marion Superior
                                                          Court
State of Indiana,                                         The Honorable Kurt Eisgruber,
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                       Judge
                                                          Trial Court Cause No.
                                                          49G01-1403-FC-14835



Brown, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017                Page 1 of 11
[1]   Tanesha McGowan appeals her convictions for three counts of neglect of a

      dependent as class C felonies. She raises one issue which we revise and restate

      as whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain her convictions. We affirm.


                                       Facts and Procedural History

[2]   James Loynes was the father of T.L., J.L., and J.L.J.R. After the mother of

      T.L., J.L., and J.L.J.R died in Atlanta, Georgia, in 2008, T.L., J.L., and

      J.L.J.R., began living with Loynes who moved to Atlanta with his girlfriend

      McGowan and McGowan’s child D.A. At some point, McGowan gave birth

      to K.L. While living in Georgia, McGowan helped take care of T.L. J.L.,

      J.L.J.R., K.L., and D.A. McGowan cooked, enrolled the children in school,

      transported them to school, and assumed a “kind of a parent-like role.”

      Transcript Volume II at 108.


[3]   In 2011, Loynes, McGowan, and the children moved to Indiana and initially

      lived in the house of McGowan’s sister in Indianapolis. McGowan continued

      to cook for the children and transport them to school. Indianapolis

      Metropolitan Police Detective Christopher Lawrence testified that all of the

      children were under eighteen years old between 2011 to 2013. At this

      residence, J.L.J.R. observed marijuana in the house. J.L. observed marijuana

      and a white crystalline substance packaged in clear bags out in the open

      sometimes, T.L., J.L.J.R., K.L., and D.A. around cocaine, McGowan around

      the drugs, McGowan accept money for drugs, and the cooking or making of

      drugs in the kitchen when McGowan and the children were around. Before



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017   Page 2 of 11
      and after school, McGowan took the children to trap houses.1 J.L. would

      sometimes go into the trap houses with other children and McGowan and

      observe drugs and money on tables, and McGowan would take money if

      Loynes was not present. J.L. observed McGowan exchange cocaine or pills for

      money while taking him to school or picking the children up from school.


[4]   McGowan, Loynes, and the children then stayed in hotels, and McGowan and

      Loynes would be gone from the hotel for “[s]ometime hours, sometime days,”

      and the children stayed at the hotel by themselves. Id. at 19. At that time, J.L.,

      the oldest of the children, was thirteen years old. McGowan would say that she

      and Loynes were going to a trap house, which T.L. thought meant a drug

      house. T.L. saw guns on Loynes and sometimes under the “beds and stuff”

      where T.L. could access them.


[5]   McGowan, Loynes, and the children eventually moved to a house near 29th

      Street. T.L. observed marijuana and cocaine or crack in the house. She also

      observed Loynes making crack in the kitchen and placing the crack on a scale in

      the kitchen when the other children and McGowan were in the house. Family

      members and friends would visit and smoke marijuana. J.L.J.R. observed




      1
          Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Detective Stephen Krieger testified:

                 Trap houses are also known as stash houses, and a lot of times trap houses or a stash house
                 is a home or it could be an apartment or any dwelling, I guess, that a narcotics dealer or
                 somebody who’s dealing in contraband uses specifically for the reason of selling their
                 narcotics out of the dwelling as part of their narcotics enterprise.
      Transcript Volume II at 146.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017                       Page 3 of 11
      “white stuff” in a Ziplock bag or pill bottle that Loynes sold. Id. at 75.

      McGowan was present when these exchanges occurred inside the house. J.L.

      observed marijuana, cocaine, and crack cocaine out in the open in the living

      room. J.L. also observed Loynes exchange drugs and McGowan accept money

      for drugs when the children were in the room or in an area where they could

      potentially see the exchanges occur. T.L. observed long guns and shotguns

      behind “stuff, like chairs or TVs or something,” while the children were present.

      Id. at 24. J.L.J.R. observed a revolver and a shotgun in the house. While they

      were residing in the house near 29th Street, J.L.J.R. found a shotgun under a

      chair, picked it up, pulled the trigger by accident, and shot it through the floor

      when McGowan and Loynes were not home. During this time, McGowan

      would also bring the children along while she was on her way to a trap house,

      enter the house or stop at the door of the house, and return to the car where the

      children were present.


[6]   At some point, they moved to a residence on King or Livingston. T.L.

      observed marijuana in the house, J.L.J.R. observed Loynes sell pills for money,

      and J.L. observed drug dealing when the children and McGowan were around.

      They then moved to a house on Temple where T.L. observed marijuana,

      cocaine or crack “laying around” and packaged in bags. Id. at 29. T.L.

      observed Loynes handle the crack or cocaine and sell drugs inside and outside

      of the house. Loynes or McGowan would allow the person purchasing drugs

      into the house. McGowan was present when the drug sales occurred, and the

      drug sales occurred “[a]ll the time.” Id. at 31. Loynes was “the main person”


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017   Page 4 of 11
      selling the drugs, but “if he was like, ‘Give this to them,’ then [McGowan]

      would.” Id. at 32. McGowan would take money from the people buying drugs

      when Loynes was home and when he was gone. J.L. observed drug dealing at

      this house, and the children were exposed to this activity. He saw drugs in the

      living room on the television stand. J.L. also observed the making or cooking

      of crack cocaine, McGowan was “around to see this happen,” and the children

      were exposed to it as well. Id. at 126. J.L. would do the dishes and would have

      to clean some of the white residue off the dishes. At some point, McGowan

      and/or Loynes went through J.L.’s clothes in a closet looking for marijuana

      because they had stored it in his clothes for some reason.


[7]   While McGowan was present, Loynes told T.L. and J.L. to take money from

      certain individuals who had previously bought drugs, and T.L. or J.L. took

      money from people while living in the house on Temple when Loynes and

      McGowan were not present. While transporting T.L. to school in the morning

      with the other children in the vehicle, McGowan would stop at one of the trap

      houses and retrieve money from Loynes. During one occasion during this time,

      McGowan drove T.L. to a trap house and T.L. accompanied McGowan inside.


[8]   In March 2014, the State charged McGowan with ten counts of neglect of a

      dependent as class C felonies. In March 2017, the State filed a motion to file

      amended information asserting that Loynes’s case was disposed and that his

      case would not be tried with McGowan’s case and replacing the phrase

      “JAMES LOYNES and TANESHA MCGOWAN” from the last sentence in

      Counts 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, with the phrase “JAMES LOYNES and/or

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017   Page 5 of 11
       TANESHA MCGOWAN.” Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 119. The

       court granted the State’s motion to amend the information.


[9]    In March and April 2017, the court held a bench trial. The State presented the

       testimony of T.L., who was seventeen years old at the time of trial, J.L.J.R.,

       who was sixteen years old at the time of trial, and J.L., who was nineteen years

       old at the time of trial. During cross-examination, T.L. testified that McGowan

       never married Loynes, adopted her, or obtained any kind of legal custody over

       her. It found McGowan guilty of Counts 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. The court sentenced

       McGowan to four years with 1,386 days suspended for each count and ordered

       that the sentences be served concurrently.


                                                    Discussion

[10]   The issue is whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain McGowan’s

       convictions for Counts 1, 3, and 5, which relate to J.L., T.L., and J.L.J.R.

       When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we

       must consider only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting

       the verdict. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007). We do not assess

       witness credibility or reweigh the evidence. Id. We consider conflicting

       evidence most favorably to the trial court’s ruling. Id. We affirm the conviction

       unless “no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime proven

       beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Jenkins v. State, 726 N.E.2d 268, 270

       (Ind. 2000)). It is not necessary that the evidence overcome every reasonable

       hypothesis of innocence. Id. at 147. The evidence is sufficient if an inference

       may reasonably be drawn from it to support the verdict. Id.
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017   Page 6 of 11
[11]   McGowan argues that the evidence is insufficient with respect to J.L., T.L., and

       J.L.J.R. because they were not her children, she had no custodial rights to

       them, and had no authority to separate them from their father. Without

       citation to the record, she asserts that it was Loynes who decided where his

       children would move and live. She contends that while she may have opened

       her heart to his children and assumed a parental role, she did not have legal

       authority over them. She argues that, while she could have notified authorities

       so that child welfare could have intervened, that failure is insufficient to

       establish that she knowingly placed the children in a dangerous situation and

       cites Fisher v. State, 548 N.E.2d 1177 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990). She requests that we

       reverse her convictions for Counts 1, 3, and 5. The State argues that the

       evidence is sufficient to show that McGowan placed J.L., T.L, and J.L.J.R. in a

       dangerous situation.


[12]   The amended charging information for Count 1 alleged that McGowan, on or

       about or between July 1, 2011, and July 16, 2013, had the care of a dependent

       who was under the age of eighteen years, J.L., did knowingly or intentionally

       place J.L. in a situation that endangered the life or health of J.L. by taking J.L.

       to and/or residing in an unsafe residence where J.L. had access to illegal drugs

       and/or firearms and/or illegal drug transactions were conducted and/or where




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017   Page 7 of 11
       illegal drugs were being manufactured. Counts 3 and 5 contained similar

       allegations with respect to T.L. and J.L.J.R. respectively.2


[13]   The offense of neglect of a dependent is governed by Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4. At

       the time of the offenses, the statute provided in part:


               (a) A person having the care of a dependent, whether assumed
               voluntarily or because of a legal obligation, who knowingly or
               intentionally:

                        (1) places the dependent in a situation that endangers the
                        dependent’s life or health;

                                                     *****

               commits neglect of a dependent, a Class D felony.

               (b) However, the offense is:

                        (1) a Class C felony if it is committed under subsection
                        (a)(1), (a)(2), or (a)(3) and:

                                (A) results in bodily injury; or

                                (B) is:

                                          (i) committed in a location where a person is
                                          violating IC 35-48-4-1 (delivery, financing, or
                                          manufacture of cocaine, methamphetamine,
                                          or a narcotic drug) . . . .




       2
        Counts 7 and 9 related to K.L. and D.A., and Mother does not challenge her convictions under those
       counts.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017                 Page 8 of 11
[14]   Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4.3 Ind. Code § 35-46-1-1 defines “[d]ependent” as “(1) an

       unemancipated person who is under eighteen (18) years of age; or (2) a person

       of any age who has a mental or physical disability.” “A person engages in

       conduct ‘intentionally’ if, when he engages in the conduct, it is his conscious

       objective to do so.” Ind. Code § 35-41-2-2(a). “A person engages in conduct

       ‘knowingly’ if, when he engages in the conduct, he is aware of a high

       probability that he is doing so.” Ind. Code § 35-41-2-2(b).


[15]   We note that the record reveals that McGowan moved to Atlanta with Loynes

       after the death of the mother of Loynes’s children and she helped take care of

       and cared for Loynes’s children, cooked for them, enrolled them in school,

       transported them to school, and assumed a “kind of a parent-like role.”

       Transcript Volume II at 108. In Indiana, McGowan continued to cook for the

       children and transport them to school. Under the circumstances, we conclude

       that the State presented sufficient evidence of a probative nature from which a




       3
        This version of the statute became effective July 1, 2007. The statute was subsequently amended effective
       February 22, 2012, but this amendment does not pertain to this portion of the statute. See Pub. L. No. 6-
       2012, § 227 (eff. February 22, 2012). The statute was amended effective July 1, 2013, and this amendment, in
       part, revised Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4(b)(1)(B) to provide:

                (B) is:

                          (i) committed in a location where a person is violating IC 35-48-4-1 (delivery,
                          financing, or manufacture of cocaine or a narcotic drug) or IC 35-48-4-1.1
                          (delivery, financing, or manufacture of methamphetamine); or
                          (ii) the result of a violation of IC 35-48-4-1 (delivery, financing, or manufacture of
                          cocaine or a narcotic drug) or IC 35-48-4-1.1 (delivery, financing, or manufacture
                          of methamphetamine);

       See Pub. L. No. 193-2013, § 6 (eff. July 1, 2013). The statute was further amended by Pub. L. No. 158-2013,
       § 550 (eff. July 1, 2014); Pub. L. No. 168-2014, § 85 (eff. July 1, 2014); Pub. L. No. 113-2017, § 14 (eff. July
       1, 2017); Pub. L. No. 183-2017, § 58 (eff. July 1, 2017); Pub. L. No. 252-2017, § 17 (eff. July 1, 2017); and
       Pub. L. No. 263-2017, § 3 (eff. July 1, 2017).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017                          Page 9 of 11
       reasonable trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that McGowan

       voluntarily assumed the care of J.L., T.L, and J.L.J.R.


[16]   The record reveals that Loynes’s children were exposed to an environment

       containing marijuana, cocaine, and drug dealing, as well as firearms located

       where the children could access them. Further, McGowan was around the

       drugs, accepted money for drugs in the presence of the children, and was

       around the kitchen with the children when drugs were being cooked. To the

       extent McGowan asserts that she personally did not place Loynes’s children in

       a dangerous situation, the record specifically reveals that she would allow

       persons purchasing drugs into the house, took the children to, and sometimes

       into, trap houses, and exchanged cocaine or pills for money while transporting

       the children to or from school.


[17]   To the extent McGowan cites Fisher, we find that case distinguishable. In

       Fisher, the defendant allowed a mother and her child to stay at his residence.

       548 N.E.2d at 1177-1178. The State argued that the defendant neglected the

       child because he knew of mother’s abuse of the child yet “left the defenseless

       child to be beaten to death by its mother.” Id. at 1179. We held that it was

       reasonable to infer from the evidence that the defendant voluntarily assumed

       the care of the child but that he did not place the child in that situation and that

       the mother and child had a legal relationship which, unless otherwise

       terminated or modified, gave her the legal right to custody of her child. Id. We

       explained that the defendant’s failure to notify authorities that the mother was

       abusing the child constituted the offense of failing to report child abuse but his

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017   Page 10 of 11
       failure to report was insufficient to establish that he knowingly placed the child

       in a dangerous situation. Id. at 1180.


[18]   Unlike in Fisher, the record reveals that McGowan did not merely fail to report

       Loynes’s activities. As detailed, McGowan’s own actions placed the children

       in a dangerous situation. See Dowler v. State, 547 N.E.2d 1069, 1072 (Ind. 1989)

       (holding that Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4 “does not limit its coverage to those acting

       only with authority or permission but provides one having the care of a

       dependent whether assumed voluntarily or because of a legal obligation” and

       holding that there was more than sufficient evidence supporting the defendant’s

       conviction for neglect of a dependent).


                                                    Conclusion

[19]   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm McGowan’s convictions.


[20]   Affirmed.


       Baker, J., and Riley, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1706-CR-1421 | December 13, 2017   Page 11 of 11
