                   COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Elder, Annunziata and Humphreys
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


RUDOLPH HERETICK, JR.
                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.   Record No. 1377-00-2                 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
                                                APRIL 3, 2001
LINDA A. CINTRON


           FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
              Buford M. Parsons, Jr., Judge Designate

          John N. Clifford (Clifford & Duke, P.C., on
          briefs), for appellant.

          Deanna D. Cook (Bremner, Janus, Cook &
          Marcus, on brief), for appellee.


     Rudolph Heretick, Jr. appeals an order of the circuit court

denying his petition to transfer custody of his five-year-old son

from the child's mother to him.    Heretick contends that the court

erred in determining that he failed to show a material change of

circumstances sufficient to warrant the change in custody.

Finding no error, we affirm.

                            I.   Background

     "In accordance with familiar principles, we summarize the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party

below."   Brown v. Brown, 30 Va. App. 532, 535, 518 S.E.2d 336,



     * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not
designated for publication.
337 (1999). 1   On December 1, 1995, Christopher was born to parents

Rudolph Heretick, Jr. and Linda Cintron.   Heretick and Cintron

have never been married and have never lived together. 2

     On April 15, 1996, the Chesterfield Juvenile and Domestic

Relations District Court awarded Cintron temporary custody of

Christopher.    Cintron was awarded permanent custody on February

24, 1997.   On March 2, 1997, the court entered a temporary

custody/visitation order granting Heretick visitation every

Saturday from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.    On April 5, 1997, Cintron

filed a motion to amend the visitation order, alleging that

Christopher had sustained abuse during three of the Saturday

visits with his father.    The trial court found that there was no

evidence that Heretick abused the child and ordered the visitation

to continue.    In May of 1997, Child Protective Services issued a

finding that the allegations were unfounded.

     In August of 1997, Heretick was awarded additional

visitation, which included his regular Saturday visits as well as


     1
       Although we summarize the evidence in the light most
favorable to Cintron, we also set forth evidence unfavorable to
Cintron to the extent it is relevant to our review of the trial
court's determination with regard to the best interests of the
child.

     2
       Heretick was 51 years of age at the time of the trial and
lived in a seven bedroom home with his mother and son. He had
lived there since 1960, when the home was built. Heretick had
been employed with the Defense Supply Center in Richmond for 21
years. Cintron was 39 at the time of trial and had lived in her
home since Christopher was born in 1995. She had been employed
with the Defense Supply Center for 19 years.

                                - 2 -
full weekend visits every other weekend.     During the following

year and a half, Cintron allowed the visitation to proceed as

ordered, except on four occasions.      On one occasion, Cintron told

Heretick that she needed to take Christopher to the doctor and

that Christopher would not be ready when Heretick was supposed to

pick him up.    Accordingly, Cintron asked Heretick to pick him up

the next morning.    On another occasion, Cintron phoned Heretick to

tell him that she had relatives coming during a scheduled weekend

visitation and asked Heretick if he would trade weekends with her.

She testified that Heretick "cussed" at her and denied her

request, but then did not appear to pick Christopher up for the

visitation.    On a later weekend, Heretick appeared to pick up

Christopher as scheduled, but Cintron told him that Christopher

was napping and had a fever.   Heretick called the police, and

Cintron ultimately allowed Heretick to take Christopher for the

weekend visit.    Finally, Cintron agreed to allow Heretick to take

Christopher for several hours on Christmas day in 1998, a visit

that was not part of the court order but was apparently discussed

during mediation.    However, when Heretick arrived at 10:00 a.m. to

collect Christopher, Cintron told him that Christopher was napping

and asked that he return later.   Cintron allowed Heretick to pick

Christopher up for that visit at approximately 4:00 p.m. that day.

     On March 2, 1999, Heretick filed a motion to amend or review

the custody/visitation order, alleging that the court should

transfer custody of Christopher to him based upon Cintron's

                                - 3 -
repeated attempts to undermine his visitation rights, her "false

accusations" of child abuse and criminal assault against Heretick,

and her "serious substance abuse problem."

     In April of 1999, Cintron was referred by Christopher's

primary care physician to the Pediatric Child Protective Team at

the Medical College of Virginia.   Dr. Robin Foster, the MCV

physician who examined Christopher, testified that Cintron brought

Christopher for examination on April 21, 1999, stating that he had

been experiencing nightmares, night terrors, screaming and

occasional outbursts.   She did not report a concern for sexual

abuse.

     After performing a colopscopy exam, Dr. Foster reported that

her findings were non-specific but "concerning for sexual abuse."

Her team subsequently filed a report with Child Protective

Services.   Dr. Foster testified at trial that the findings could

have been a result of other potential causes, but that there was

no evidence of these other potential causes on examination of

Christopher.

     The next day, on April 22, 1999, Cintron moved for an

expedited hearing alleging that continued visitation with Heretick

might cause the child "imminent harm."   Based upon recommendations

from the team members at MCV and social services, Cintron refused

to allow Heretick further visitation with Christopher.   Shortly

thereafter, Christopher told Cintron that "Rudy" had hurt him.



                               - 4 -
     The court conducted a hearing in June of 1999, and ordered

that Heretick's visitation continue as per the August 4, 1997

order, with supervision by a third party.    Cintron sent

Christopher on the next visitation, but Christopher returned

having the same nightmares as before.    Cintron was concerned that

there might have been no one present and supervising during the

overnight visit.    Accordingly, she decided to deny Heretick any

further visitation, despite the court's order.   On July 12, 1999,

Cintron ultimately filed her own motion to amend or review the

custody/visitation order alleging that Heretick had perpetrated

physical abuse upon the child.

     On July 15, 1999, Child Protective Services issued a letter

stating that the allegations against Heretick of abuse/neglect

were unfounded.    Accordingly, Heretick filed a motion to show

cause for Cintron's failure to observe the court orders concerning

visitation.   On November 22, 1999, after a hearing concerning each

of the parties' motions to amend the custody/visitation order, the

trial court found Cintron in civil contempt for failing to allow

visitation pursuant to the court's orders and suspended the

imposition of a three-year prison sentence as long as she complied

with the terms of the orders.    The court also transferred custody

to Heretick, with visitation to Cintron.    Cintron appealed this

order to the circuit court.

     During the hearing on appeal, Maureen Mayer, a licensed

Clinical Social Worker, testified that she began treating

                                 - 5 -
Christopher in May of 1999.   She stated that Christopher had

indicated to her that his mom had "given him a touch that . . .

was uncomfortable on his buttocks.     But [he] never indicated his

mother [had] abused him."   She also testified that Cintron had

taken Christopher to two other therapists during the four months

prior to her treatment of Christopher and that Cintron had

consulted with yet another therapist in August of 1999, but had

not changed therapists.   Finally, she testified that she had

advised Cintron that she would benefit from therapy for herself.

     Heretick testified that Cintron had made threats against him,

had keyed his car and had spit at him.     However, Heretick conceded

that he had also made two social service complaints against

Cintron, which were likewise returned as unfounded.    He also

admitted that he had been diagnosed, prior to 1997, as an

alcoholic and still drank beer.   Heretick also testified that

Christopher had told him, during the time that he had custody,

that he did not want to go back to his mother's home.    Finally,

Heretick conceded that, since he had had custody of Christopher,

he had consulted several lawyers about changing Christopher's last

name to Heretick.

     Lisa White, a court-appointed special advocate for

Christopher, testified that she had interviewed Cintron in October

of 1999 and that Cintron advised her that she drank up to a half

pint of alcohol three to four nights per week.    However, a

court-ordered substance abuse evaluation showed negative for signs

                               - 6 -
of alcohol abuse.     White also testified that during the time

Cintron had custody of Christopher, he would make the transition

to his father for visitation without much emotion.      However, when

Heretick had custody, Christopher would leave for visitation with

Cintron kicking and screaming.       Based upon their investigations,

both White and Christopher's guardian ad litem recommended that

custody be transferred to Heretick.

         Sieglinde Cintron, Christopher's grandmother, testified that

since Heretick had had custody of Christopher, Christopher would

kick and scream when Cintron came to take him for visitation.      She

also testified that during some visitations, Christopher would

refer to himself as "Rudy Heretick," instead of Christopher.       In

addition, just before the trial, Christopher had stayed overnight

at her home.     Christopher woke up in the middle of the night,

screaming and "holding his private parts," yelling "No.      No.

Leave me alone.     Don't do it."

         Finally, Cintron testified that while Heretick had custody of

Christopher, he would neither speak to her in person nor on the

telephone, nor would he discuss Christopher's medical care with

her. 3




         3
       Christopher suffers from a speech problem and had seen a
speech therapist while in Cintron's care. Heretick failed to
take Christopher to his therapy appointments on several
occasions, allegedly due to the fact that Christopher changed
schools during that time.


                                    - 7 -
     At the close of the evidence, Heretick argued that permanent

custody of Christopher should be transferred to him based on a

change of circumstance since the August 1997 order, the most

recent order entered prior to his motion for transfer of custody.

He argued that the change in circumstance was Cintron's denial of

visitation and Christopher's statement that he did not want to go

back to his mother's home.    The guardian ad litem argued that the

negative impact on Christopher resulting from the events of the

past year constituted a change in circumstance sufficient to

warrant a transfer of custody to Heretick.

     In response, Cintron argued that her denial of visitation was

justified and that there was no resulting change in circumstance

sufficient to warrant the change in custody.

     The trial court took the matter under advisement and

indicated that it would issue a letter ruling once it made its

determination.   However, the court subsequently held a telephone

conference with the attorneys and the guardian ad litem, which was

not transcribed and/or reduced to a written statement of facts,

and issued a written order.   The order returned custody to Cintron

and stated the following:

          Father has failed to meet his required
          burden of proof that there has been a
          material change in circumstances that
          warrants a change in custody of the minor
          child. Specifically, the court finds that
          although Mother violated the court ordered
          visitation schedule from April of 1999
          through October of 1999, the court holds
          that her actions were not unreasonable given

                                - 8 -
          the evidence before the court that she had
          been advised by medical professionals that
          the child had been the subject of possible
          sexual abuse. Therefore the court finds
          that such withholding of visitation was not
          contumacious nor does it rise to the level
          to convince the court, after having
          considering [sic] all of the evidence and
          the statutory factors in Virginia Code Ann.
          § 20-124.3, that a change in custody is in
          the child's best interests.

Heretick filed a motion to reconsider which was denied.

     On appeal, Heretick contends that the trial court failed to

consider the requisite factors in Code § 20-124.3 and failed to

give primary consideration to the best interests of the child.

                             II.    Analysis

     "A party seeking to modify an existing custody order bears

the burden of proving that a change in circumstances has

occurred since the last custody determination and that the

circumstances warrant a change of custody to promote the

children's best interests.    In deciding whether to modify a

custody order, the trial court's paramount concern must be the

children's best interests.    However, the trial court has broad

discretion in determining what promotes the children's best

interests."   Brown, 30 Va. App. at 537-38, 518 S.E.2d at 338

(citations omitted).

          The "change in circumstances" referred to in
          the first prong of the test is not limited
          to whether negative events have arisen at
          the home of the custodial parent. It is
          broad enough to include changes involving
          the children themselves such as their
          maturity, their special educational needs,

                                   - 9 -
            and any of a myriad of changes that might
            exist as to them. It is also broad enough
            to include positive changes in the
            circumstances of the non-custodial parent
            such as remarriage and the creation of a
            stable home environment, increased ability
            to provide emotional and financial support
            for the children, and other such changes.

            The second prong of the test is in accord
            with the countless cases in which we have
            stated that the best interests of the
            children are paramount. Thus, despite
            changes in circumstances, there can be no
            change in custody unless such change will be
            in the best interests of the children. The
            second prong, then, is clearly the most
            important part of the two-part test. It
            underscores the importance we place upon
            securing the best interests of children
            whose interests, in the final analysis, must
            be protected by the courts.

Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606, 611-12, 303 S.E.2d 917, 922 (1983).

     "Code § 20-124.3 specifies the factors a court shall

consider in determining the 'best interests of a child for . . .

custody or visitation.'    Although the trial court must examine

all factors set out in Code § 20-124.3, it is not required to

quantify or elaborate exactly what weight or consideration it

has given to each of the statutory factors." 4   Brown, 30 Va. App.

     4
         Code § 20-124.3, as it read during the trial, stated:

            In determining best interests of a child for
            purposes of determining custody or
            visitation arrangements including any
            pendente lite orders pursuant to § 20-103,
            the court shall consider the following:

            1. The age and physical and mental condition
            of the child, giving due consideration to
            the child's changing developmental needs;

                               - 10 -
at 538, 518 S.E.2d at 338 (citations omitted).   The judgment of

the trial court denying Heretick's petition for a change of

custody is presumed to be correct, and we cannot disturb it

unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.   The


          2. The age and physical and mental condition
          of each parent;

          3. The relationship existing between each
          parent and each child, giving due
          consideration to the positive involvement
          with the child's life, the ability to
          accurately assess and meet the emotional,
          intellectual and physical needs of the
          child;

          4. The needs of the child, giving due
          consideration to other important
          relationships of the child, including but
          not limited to siblings, peers and extended
          family members;

          5. The role which each parent has played and
          will play in the future, in the upbringing
          and care of the child;

          6. The propensity of each parent to actively
          support the child's contact and relationship
          with the other parent, the relative
          willingness and demonstrated ability of each
          parent to maintain a close and continuing
          relationship with the child, and the ability
          of each parent to cooperate in matters
          affecting the child;

          7. The reasonable preference of the child,
          if the court deems the child to be of
          reasonable intelligence, understanding, age
          and experience to express such a preference;

          8. Any history of family abuse as that term
          is defined in § 16.1-228; and

          9. Such other factors as the court deems
          necessary and proper to the determination.


                             - 11 -
burden is upon Heretick to show that it is wrong.   See Dyer v.

Howell, 212 Va. 453, 458, 184 S.E.2d 789, 739 (1971).

     Heretick argues that the record does not clearly establish

that the trial court considered the statutory factors set forth

in Code § 20-124.3.   He elaborates on this argument by claiming

that the trial court failed to consider that Christopher had

"flourished" while in the care of his father, that Cintron had

"fabricated" charges against Heretick, that Cintron may have

abused Christopher, and that Cintron had denied Heretick

visitation in violation of a court order.   Heretick argues that

based on Code § 20-108, the denial of visitation alone created a

change in circumstance sufficient to warrant the transfer of

custody. 5

     However, the trial court specifically held that Cintron's

denial of visitation in this matter was not unreasonable.   Based

upon the evidence concerning her discussions with experts at MCV

hospital about potential abuse, we cannot hold that the trial

court was plainly wrong in making such a determination.

Nevertheless, assuming that her actions had been found

unreasonable by the trial court, Heretick still falls short of

meeting his burden in proving that the transfer of custody is



     5
       Code § 20-108 provides that "[t]he intentional withholding
of visitation of a child from the other parent without just
cause may constitute a material change of circumstances
justifying a change of custody in the discretion of the court."


                              - 12 -
necessary.   The second prong of the Keel test requires that the

court also consider the best interests of the child.

     Here, no transcript or written statement of facts

reflecting the proceedings during the post-trial telephone

conference has been provided.    However, the trial court's order

specifically states that it considered "all of the statutory

factors in Virginia Code Ann. § 20-124.3," in finding that the

change in custody would be in the "best interests" of the child.

Since "[a] court speaks through its orders and those orders are

presumed to accurately reflect what transpired," we presume that

the trial court considered these factors.       McBride v.

Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 30, 35, 480 S.E.2d 126, 128 (1997);

See also Hercules Powder Co. v. Continental Can, 196 Va. 935,

942, 86 S.E.2d 128, 133 (1955) (absent some showing to the

contrary, it is presumed that the trial court considered all

issues in arriving at a judgment).       Furthermore, there was

clearly evidence presented during the proceedings which touched

on each factor delineated in Code § 20-124.3.

     Heretick's contention that "[a]fter a thorough

consideration no one could have reached the decision to transfer

custody of Christopher to his mother," is not sufficient to

carry his burden.   Heretick fails to recognize that the trial

court is given "broad discretion" in determining the best

interests of the child.   Heretick has simply not established



                                - 13 -
that the trial court's findings in this regard were "plainly

wrong."

                                                        Affirmed.




                             - 14 -
