            United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                 ______________

                                 No. 01-6042MN
                                 ______________

In re: Nanci Anne Long,                  *
                                         *
      Debtor.                            *
                                         *
Nanci Anne Long,                         *
                                         *
      Plaintiff-Appellee,                *        Appeal from the United States
                                         *        Bankruptcy Court for the
      v.                                 *        District of Minnesota
                                         *
Educational Credit Management            *
Corporation,                             *
                                         *
      Defendant-Appellant,               *
                                         *
United States Department of Health       *
and Human Services,                      *
                                         *
      Defendant.                         *


                                 ______________

                            Submitted: December 4, 2001
                              Filed: January 10, 2002
                                 ______________

Before KOGER, Chief Judge, WILLIAM A. HILL and SCHERMER, Bankruptcy
Judges.
                            ______________
WILLIAM A. HILL, Bankruptcy Judge.
      Educational Credit Management Corporation appeals from a bankruptcy court1
order declaring the student loan debt owed it by Nanci A. Long dischargeable under
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8). For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

                           FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Nanci A. Long is a 39-year-old single woman with a 10-year-old daughter. In
1987, she graduated from chiropractic school at Northwestern College of Chiropractic
and became a licensed Doctor of Chiropractic. She paid for her chiropractic school
tuition partially through student loans, including one currently held by Educational
Credit Management Corporation (“ECMC”).

       After graduation from chiropractic school, Long opened a practice, Four
Seasons Chiropractic, with a fellow classmate. The practice was unsuccessful and
only lasted seven months. After the failure of the practice, Long went to work at Kari
Clinic, where she had interned during chiropractic school. She worked at Kari Clinic
three years, during which she bought a house. In 1990, she and another Kari Clinic
employee left to open their own new practice, The Back, Joint and Health Clinic. The
new clinic was successful from 1990 to 1993. Long adopted her daughter in January
1993.

       In early 1993, Long began to have “flu-like” symptoms, such as headaches and
fatigue. She continued to work, but also began to suffer depression, anxiety,
obsessive thoughts, and compulsive behavior. She had to take breaks during the day,
was uncomfortable touching her patients, and began to forget her chiropractic
training. She was unable to work for increasing amounts of time, canceling
appointments and occasionally missing work altogether. Although her condition


      1
        The Honorable Dennis D. O’Brien, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
                                          2
deteriorated over a period of approximately two years, Long did not seek medical
help.

      In 1995, Long decided she could no longer continue her practice. She found
another chiropractor to take over the remains of her business, and transferred it to him
without compensation.

      After leaving her practice, she sold her house because her financial situation
had become strained. She moved in with a friend and lived with the friend from
September until December 1996. During the time Long lived with her friend, she
attempted suicide. In December 1996, she moved into her parents’ house.

       Long went to see a doctor for the first time in January 1997. She went to a
general practitioner, Dr. Stephen Voss, and told him that she had been having trouble
sleeping. Dr. Voss gave Long medication and referred her to a psychologist, Dr.
Jeffrey Penwarden. Dr. Penwarden started therapy with Long. Long also was still
seeing Dr. Voss, who prescribed different combinations of medications in an effort
to help Long. Dr. Voss ultimately referred Long to a psychiatrist, Dr. Ann Waldron,
who similarly prescribed various medications for Long. Long met with these doctors
for approximately a year. Eventually, a medication regimen was developed that
allowed Long to regain the ability to function marginally.

        In the fall of 1998, Long enrolled at Metropolitan State University because, she
testified, “I knew that I wasn’t going to be able to practice again.” She chose
Metropolitan State to pursue a degree in human services and a minor in social
gerontology because of its affordability and because it offered home-study classes.
Long is interested in a career in hospice counseling.

      To keep her chiropractic license valid, Long was required to attend continuing
education classes. Long failed to keep her continuing education credits current, and

                                           3
her chiropractic license lapsed at the end of 1999. She testified that she chose to
attend Metropolitan State rather than continuing her chiropractic education because
the continuing education classes were significantly more expensive and because she
had lost too much of her memory to return to chiropractic practice.

      On May 31, 2000, Long filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 7 of the
Bankruptcy Code. She commenced an adversary proceeding against ECMC and the
United States Department of Health and Human Services (“DHHS”), seeking to
discharge her student loan debts.

       At the trial on the matter, Long testified that she works approximately 32 hours
per week as a laboratory manager at Anoka Ramsey Community College. She earns
$12.59 per hour, or approximately $1,150.00 per month and $14,000.00 per year. She
only works during the school year. She also testified that she had recently applied for
alternative employment that would provide her experience in the human services
field.

        She lives with her daughter in her parents’ basement, paying them between
$500.00 and $600.00 per month to cover rent, utilities, car payment, car insurance,
health insurance, cellular telephone, child care for her daughter, and most of the food
for her and her daughter. The monthly expenses that she pays herself include:
approximately $50.00 for medical insurance co-payments, personal items, and
toiletries; $100.00-$275.00 for gasoline; approximately $100.00 for dining out,
groceries, and entertainment; and $80.00 for her daughter’s private school tuition.
Long also pays for courses she takes at Metropolitan State University and Cambridge
Community College. Her college tuition varies in price ($500.00 to $800.00)
depending on the course.

      Long testified that her present symptoms include severe memory loss, fatigue,
depression, panic attacks, headaches, and weight gain. She is currently taking several

                                          4
prescription medications and sees Dr. Voss approximately once per month. None of
Long’s doctors nor any other doctor testified at trial, and no documentary evidence
describing the nature or extent of her condition was introduced into evidence.
However, neither of the defendants offered any testimony or other evidence to rebut
Long’s testimony.

       At the time of trial, Long owed ECMC approximately $61,800.00. This
amount includes principal, interest, and collection costs on consolidated student
loans. Long’s obligation to ECMC originated with a disbursement of a $35,322.81
Sallie Mae consolidation loan to Long on December 11, 1987. When Long defaulted
on her student loan obligations, the loan was transferred to Great Lakes Higher
Education Corporation. After Long filed her bankruptcy petition, the loan was
assigned to ECMC.

      During school, Long also obtained through DHHS three loans guaranteed by
the Health Education Assistance Loan (“HEAL”) Program. The bankruptcy court
determined this debt in the approximate amount of $14,700.00 was nondischargeable.

       Daniel Fisher, an associate attorney for ECMC, testified that the Department
of Education has a program called the William D. Ford Loan Consolidation program
(“the program”). The program offers debtors three options for repayment of loans
consolidated through the program. Eligibility for the program is determined by
whether a debtor’s loans are among the loans enumerated as eligible in the
regulations. One of the repayment options is the Income Contingent Repayment Plan
(“ICRP”), through which a debtor makes payments on the loans according to his or
her income. The payment amount is determined annually based on the debtor’s
income. Fisher testified that each of the loans comprising Long’s indebtedness to
ECMC would have qualified for the program, and that based on her $14,000.00
annual income, she would have had monthly loan payments of $54.00 under the ICRP
that would cover her payments to both ECMC and DHHS. He also stated, through

                                        5
counsel and after the close of evidence, that if Long participated in the ICRP, any
remaining loan balance would be canceled after 25 years. When asked whether Long
and her counsel were made aware of the program, Fisher testified:

             Yes. I know that your associate had sent me a letter that she had
      proposed to send to the debtor’s counsel informing them, citing them the
      regulation, giving them the web site where they could have the
      interactive calculator, and I made some suggested modifications and
      approved that to send to the debtor’s counsel.

      Long testified that she was aware of the possibilities of a plan where she would
be considered current on her outstanding student loans by paying $40.00 to $50.00
per month, but she did not apply for the ICRP. When asked why she did not apply,
Long testified:

             There hasn’t been people that were willing to help me through it
      first of all. Second of all really I’ve paid on these student loans
      faithfully for over ten years and I know that on at least one of the loans
      I’ve paid even over the principal amount. I never missed a payment. I
      was faithful on my intentions and everything and then when I needed
      help with them nobody was helping me. Nobody cared and how can I
      – how can I let some agency just take a certain amount of money from
      me at their own will when I’m trying to live without having to live at my
      parents’ house.

      The bankruptcy court concluded that Long’s repayment to ECMC of her
student loan indebtedness would constitute an undue hardship, and a judgment was
entered discharging the debt. ECMC appeals.

                            STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law de novo and its findings
of fact for clear error. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013; Ford v. Student Loan Guarantee

                                          6
Found. of Ark. (In re Ford), 269 B.R. 673, 675 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2001). A
determination of undue hardship within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8) is a
factual determination and is reversible only for clear error. Svoboda v. Educational
Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re Svoboda), 263 B.R. 190, 194 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2001) (citing
Andresen v. Nebraska Student Loan Program, Inc. (In re Andresen), 232 B.R. 127
(B.A.P. 8th Cir. 1999)). A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if we are left with a
firm and definite conviction that a mistake has been made by the bankruptcy court.
Ford, 269 B.R. at 675. We may not overturn the bankruptcy court’s factual findings
merely because we might have decided the issue differently. Reid v. Checkett &
Pauly (In re Reid), 197 F.3d 608, 320 (8th Cir. 1999). “‘To be clearly erroneous, a
decision must strike us as more than just maybe or probably wrong; it must . . . strike
us as wrong with the force of a five-week-old, unrefrigerated dead fish.’” Ford, 269
B.R. at 675 (quoting In re Papio Keno Club, Inc., 262 F.3d 725, 728 (8th Cir. 2001)).

       ECMC urges us to reconsider our standard of review. ECMC argues that de
novo review is the appropriate standard, rather than reviewing for clear error, because
courts from other circuits have held that a determination of whether excepting a
student loan from discharge will impose undue hardship is a question of law subject
to de novo review and that factual findings underlying the determination are reviewed
for clear error. See, e.g., Cheesman v. Tennessee Student Assistance Corp. (In re
Cheesman), 25 F.3d 356, 359 (6th Cir. 1994). We have previously acknowledged and
rejected this position. See Andresen, 232 B.R. at 128 n.2 (stating, “We do not agree
with this narrow distinction. While defining undue hardship is a question of law, we
think that the determination of whether excepting a student loan from discharge will
result in undue hardship for the debtor and the debtor’s dependents is a question of
fact.”). We decline to revisit the issue. A bankruptcy court’s determination of
whether excepting a student loan from discharge will impose undue hardship is a
factual determination and is reversible only for clear error. Svoboda, 263 B.R. at 194.




                                          7
                                   DISCUSSION

        Pursuant to Section 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy Code, a student loan
obligation is excepted from discharge “unless excepting such debt from discharge .
. . will impose an undue hardship on the debtor and the debtor’s dependents.” 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(8). The debtor has the burden of proving undue hardship by a
preponderance of the evidence. Ford, 269 B.R. at 675.

       A number of tests have been developed over the last two decades to be used in
determining whether undue hardship exists, and the tests have some significant
differences. Three main approaches or tests have emerged from the case law
interpreting undue hardship. In Andresen v. Nebraska Student Loan Program, Inc.
(In re Andresen), 232 B.R. 127 (8th Cir. B.A.P. 1981), we discussed these various
tests for undue hardship at length and concluded that, based on the Eighth Circuit
Court of Appeals’ decision in Andrews v. South Dakota Student Loan Assistance
Corp. (In re Andrews), 661 F.2d 702 (8th Cir. 1981), which is the only Eighth Circuit
case addressing the issue then and now, the “totality of the circumstances” test is the
controlling test in this jurisdiction. We reached this conclusion not because the Court
of Appeals explicitly rejected or adopted any particular test, but rather, by inference
from the analysis used by the Andrews court. The “totality of the circumstances” test
for undue hardship requires consideration of (1) the debtor’s past, present, and
reasonably reliable future financial resources; (2) calculation of the debtor’s and the
debtor’s dependent’s reasonable necessary living expenses; and (3) any other relevant
facts and circumstances surrounding the particular bankruptcy case. Andresen, 232
B.R. at 139. Regarding the first and second factors, the debtor should demonstrate
that she has “done everything possible to minimize expenses and maximize income,”
and the possibility of changes in the future should also be presented. See United
States Dep’t of Educ. v. Rose (In re Rose), 227 B.R. 518, 526 n.11 (W.D. Mo. 1998),
aff'd in part, rem'd in part, 187 F.3d 926 (1999).



                                          8
       In this case, the bankruptcy court concluded that repayment of the student loan
indebtedness to ECMC would impose an undue hardship on Long and discharged the
debt. ECMC argues the bankruptcy court clearly erred in finding that excepting
Long’s student loans from discharge would constitute undue hardship. We find no
clear error and affirm the order of the bankruptcy court.

      1.     Past, Present, and Reasonably Reliable Future Financial Resources

       As to this factor, ECMC asserts Long did not present medical testimony, nor
did she testify, as to her medical prognosis. Thus, ECMC argues, the bankruptcy
court clearly erred by finding that Long’s medical condition would persist into the
future and would interfere with her future earning potential.

       Mental illness, if sufficiently debilitating and unlikely to improve, can provide
support for discharging a student loan debt. See, e.g., In re Pena, 155 F.3d 1108,
1113 (9th Cir. 1998) (debtor’s depression, manic depression, schizophrenia, and
paranoia supported discharge of student loans); Meling v. United States of America
(In re Meling), 263 B.R. 275, 279 (Bankr. N.D. Iowa 2001) (debtor’s bipolar disorder
supported discharge of student loans); Green v. Sallie Mae Servicing Corp. (In re
Green), 238 B.R. 727, 737 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1999) (debtor’s bipolar disorder
supported discharge of student loans). However, the bankruptcy court in Swinney v.
Academic Fin. Serv. (In re Swinney), 266 B.R. 800, 805 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2001)
(citing Hatfield v. William D. Ford Fed. Direct Consolidation Program (In re
Hatfield), 257 B.R. 575, 581-82 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2000)), held that substantial
credible evidence must support the existence of the mental illness. See also Dennehy
v. Sallie Mae (In re Dennehy), 201 B.R. 1008, 1012 (Bankr. N.D. Fla. 1996) (debtor
with bipolar disorder did not present medical evidence that would suggest his bipolar
disorder would prevent him from obtaining employment in the future or other
evidence that his current financial situation would persist into the future; therefore
the court determined his student loan debt was nondischargeable). The bankruptcy

                                           9
court in Swinney opined that although such evidence does not necessarily have to
consist of expert testimony, it should consist of more than simply bare allegations;
that is, whenever a debtor’s health, whether mental or physical, is directly put at issue
some corroborating evidence must be given supporting the proponent’s position.
Swinney, 266 B.R. at 805. See also Hallberg v. Montana Guaranteed Student Loan
Program (In re Hallberg), Nos. 01-21988-7, 01/00071, 2001 WL 1555191, at *2
(Bankr. D. Mont. Nov 30, 2001) (although debtor may testify that she was diagnosed
and treated for depression at a past date, such facts have little bearing on her current
mental health; debtor is not qualified to establish factually, through her own
testimony, that she suffers from depression; if she currently suffers from depression
it must be established through expert testimony and/or exhibits).

      In Cline v. Illinois Student Loan Assistance Ass’n (In re Cline), 248 B.R. 347
(B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2000), we reviewed a bankruptcy court’s determination that a debtor’s
student loan debt was dischargeable on the basis of undue hardship. The bankruptcy
court in Cline had determined that the debtor could endure only work that was
essentially ministerial and that she suffered from the stress of increased responsibility
due to a lack of self-confidence. Id. at 350. We stated:

      While there was no evidence that the debtor was clinically disabled or
      maladjusted, the bankruptcy court expressly found that [the debtor] was
      not fit for the higher responsibility and higher paying positions she tried
      and then left. There is no reason to view the trial court’s findings as
      unreliable merely because no expert evidence was introduced. The
      record offers no reason to suggest that the bankruptcy court made its
      decision without due consideration.

Id.

     At the dischargeability hearing, Long testified that she works as a laboratory
manager and has a current net monthly income of $1,150.00. The bankruptcy court


                                           10
found that Long “will ultimately get herself out of this unfortunate situation and
circumstance that she is in[,]” but that although “there is good reason to believe that
this debtor’s medical situation will improve and perhaps that her employment and
income will improve somewhat, her responsibilities with respect to herself and her
child for the foreseeable future are at best substantial.” Finally, the court found:

             Based upon the severity of the illness and the historical – the
      historical intensity of it and the overall prognosis with respect to her
      ultimate condition it is highly unlikely that in the foreseeable future she
      is going to earn the kind of money that would ever be able to begin to
      dig herself out of these non-HEAL loans, particularly under
      circumstances where the HEAL loans must under the standards applied
      remain nondischargeable.

       There is some evidence, through Long’s testimony, that her condition supports
a finding that it is unlikely she is going to earn an income sufficient to repay her debt
to ECMC. She testified at length about her current financial status, the history behind
her current financial status, and her concerns and difficulties with regard to providing
for herself and her daughter in the future. She testified that her present symptoms
include severe memory loss, fatigue, depression, panic attacks, headaches, and weight
gain. She believes she is incapable of returning to chiropractic practice and is
pursuing an alternative career in human services. Moreover, ECMC did not offer any
evidence to contradict Long’s testimony. Although we might have weighed Long’s
testimony differently in the first instance, it is not our place to re-evaluate the
evidence. See Cline, 248 B.R. at 350. The bankruptcy court appropriately considered
Long’s medical condition and prognosis when examining her present and future
financial resources.

      ECMC also contends that the bankruptcy court contradicted itself by noting in
the context of its decision to not discharge the HEAL loans that “there is good reason
to believe that [Long’s] medical situation will improve and perhaps that her


                                           11
employment and income will improve somewhat.” However, we find no
inconsistency in the bankruptcy court’s ruling. The standard of dischargeability of
HEAL loans versus non-HEAL loans is dramatically different. The bankruptcy court
was required to apply the almost insurmountable unconscionability standard to
determine dischargeability of the HEAL loans under 42 U.S.C. § 292f(g), and it was
not inconsistent for the bankruptcy court to have ruled that the unconscionability
standard was not met for the reason that there might be some chance that Long’s
financial position might improve to the point where she might be able to make
payments on the HEAL loans. On the other hand, a debtor need only show undue
hardship under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8) in order to discharge non-HEAL loans. Here,
the bankruptcy court correctly applied the appropriate standard to the HEAL and non-
HEAL loans when making its determination.

      2.     Necessary Reasonable Living Expenses

       ECMC asserts Long has made voluntary lifestyle choices that have adversely
affected her capacity to make the $54.00 monthly ICRP payment, including working
only 32 hours per week and nine months per year, sending her child to private school,
going to movies, dining out for lunch while at work, and entertaining friends.

       The bankruptcy court did not address Long’s expenses individually. Rather,
the bankruptcy court stated, “In all probability [Long’s student loan] obligation would
continue to grow and such a situation and circumstance under a situation where she
would contribute even her best and utmost efforts is not a circumstance and situation
that satisfies the test.”

      The broad issue of lifestyle changes and how they effect matters such as the
discharge of educational loans was the subject of a recent law review article. See
generally A. Mechele Dickerson, Lifestyles of the Not-So-Rich or Famous: The Role
of Choice and Sacrifice in Bankruptcy, 45 Buff. L. Rev. 629 (1997). The author of

                                          12
the article comments that courts generally deny lifestyle choices only when they
appear excessive, not because the choices themselves are not economic necessities.
See id. at 638 (arguing that the term “necessary” should be interpreted narrowly).

       A few courts have dealt with cases specifically involving debtors paying to
send their children to private school. In Miller v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ. (In re Miller),
254 B.R. 200 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2000), the bankruptcy court found that the debtor
failed to articulate a satisfactory reason as to why her 7-year-old son needed to attend
private school, as opposed to public school, at an annual expense of $1600.00, and
denied the debtor a discharge of her student loan debt. . However, unlike the
$61,000.00 debt at issue in the instant case, the student loan debt in Miller was
approximately $3,000.00, and the court emphasized that if the funds utilized for her
son’s tuition were instead applied toward the repayment of her student loan
obligation, the debtor’s obligation could easily be satisfied in less than two years. Id.
at 205. In another case, Conner v. Illinois State Scholarship Comm’n (In re Conner),
89 B.R. 744 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1988), the bankruptcy court found that the debtor’s
choice to pay for her daughters to attend private school was a self-imposed expense.
However, the debtor in Conner was paying for her children to attend private colleges,
rather than elementary school, as in the instant case. Id. at 749.

       Long’s expenses include $500.00 to $600.00 per month to her parents to cover
rent, utilities, car payment, car insurance, health insurance, cellular telephone, child
care for her daughter, and most of the food for her and her daughter; approximately
$50.00 for medical insurance co-payments, personal items and toiletries; $100.00-
$275.00 for gasoline; approximately $100.00 for dining out, groceries, and
entertainment; and $80.00 for her daughter’s private school tuition. Her college
tuition varies between $500.00 and $800.00 per class.

      We will not go over Long’s expenses dollar for dollar. See Cline, 248 B.R. at
351 (stating that “going over [a debtor’s] expenses dollar for dollar in order to find

                                           13
every possible way to boost a surplus is not reasonable given that the overall total
remains firmly minimal”). Long lives modestly, and by living with her parents, she
has reduced her living expenses significantly. Upon a review of Long’s expenses as
a whole, we cannot say that the bankruptcy court clearly erred by not finding some
of her expenses to be unreasonable.

      3.     Other Relevant Facts or Circumstances

      ECMC argues Long did not claim that the repayment of her loans under the
ICRP repayment plan she was offered would cause her an undue hardship, and that
the bankruptcy court mistakenly thought Long would be required to pay the full
amount of her debt to ECMC under the ICRP at the end of the 25-year period.

      The bankruptcy court stated:

             What she would be faced with is a sentence of 25 years in
      payments on an obligation that she could never realistically expect to
      retire or even reduce. In all probability the obligation would continue
      to grow and such a situation and her best and utmost efforts is not a
      circumstance and situation that satisfies the test. Under those
      circumstances given the other difficulties that she has, the other
      responsibilities that she has, the other commitments that she has, that
      obligation in that amount which now I believe is approaching if not over
      $60,000.00 is unrealistic.

            It is unrealistic. It would constitute an undue hardship and it
      would impose an unjustifiable burden added to these other burdens that
      she has and that she must overcome.

      First, our review of the record shows that the bankruptcy court did not
expressly find, nor evidence a mistaken belief, that the full amount still owing on the
debt would become due after 25 years. Rather, the bankruptcy court determined that
she would not be able to “retire or even reduce” her obligation. Given the significant

                                          14
amount of the debt, Long’s minimal current and future ability to pay against the debt,
and the compounding effect of interest on the debt, this determination is not clearly
erroneous. Furthermore, Section 523(a)(8) focuses on the burden of the debt itself,
and not on the burden of a particular repayment schedule. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8).
The bankruptcy court clearly stated that Long’s ability to repay the debt to ECMC is
unrealistic in light of her other burdens and difficulties. The bankruptcy court
considered the ICRP when it considered the totality of the circumstances, and its
determination is not clearly erroneous.

                                  CONCLUSION

      After careful review of the evidence and testimony in this case and
consideration of the arguments raised by ECMC on appeal, we simply are not left
with a definite and firm conviction that the bankruptcy court made a mistake.
Accordingly, we hold that the bankruptcy court did not clearly err in determining that
Long’s student loan debt to ECMC was dischargeable, and we affirm the judgment.

SCHERMER, Bankruptcy Judge dissenting.

       Because I believe the evidence in this case amply supports Ms. Long’s ability
to pay $54.00 per month under the ICRP program, I respectfully dissent. Assuming
her current income level is maintained throughout her lifetime, the remaining loan
balance would be cancelled after 25 years. Accordingly, I conclude that the evidence
does not support a finding of undue hardship and that the debtor has failed to meet
her burden under § 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy Code. See my dissent in Cline v.
Illinois Student Loan Assistance Association (In re Cline), 248 B.R. 347, 351 (B.A.P.
8th Cir. 2000).




                                         15
A true copy.

      Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL,
               EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                              16
