                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 NOALA FRITZ, et al.,

                Plaintiffs,
                                                           Civil Action No. 15-456 (RDM)
        v.

 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN, et al.,

                 Defendants.


                              AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION

       This matter is before the Court on Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie’s renewed motion for entry of

default. Dkt. 108. As the Court explained in its prior opinion, Plaintiffs brought his action

against Defendants the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

(collectively, “Iran”), seeking compensatory and punitive damages for the injuries suffered as a

result of “the abductions and murders of four U.S. soldiers serving in Iraq,” including, as

relevant here, the October 2006 abduction, hostage-taking, and murder of Staff Sergeant Ahmed

Al-Taie. Fritz v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 320 F. Supp. 3d 48, 55 (D.D.C. 2018) (“Fritz I”.). In

Fritz I, the Court held that it has subject matter jurisdiction under the state-sponsored terrorism

exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1605A, id. at 86, and that it has

personal jurisdiction over both Defendants, id. at 89. The Court further held that Plaintiffs had

established by a preponderance of the evidence that Iran provided material support to a network

of Iraqi Shia militias known as Asaib Ahl Al-Haq (“AAH”) and that AAH used that support to

take Staff Sergeant Al-Taie hostage and to torture and kill him, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2339A. Id. at 78–86. Based on these findings, the Court held that the estate of Staff Sergeant
Al-Taie and Staff Sergeant Al-Taie’s father, mother, and brother Hathal were all entitled to

relief. Id. at 87.

        The Court went on to explain, however, that it was not yet persuaded that Staff Sergeant

Al-Taie’s brother Bashar was entitled to relief because he “is not a U.S. national” and therefore

“is not entitled to relief under” the federal cause of action created in the statute, 28 U.S.C.

§ 1605A(c),” and because he had failed “to establish that he is entitled to relief based on [his]

state law claims,” id. at 87, 91–92. Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie now renews his motion for the entry

of default, relying solely on the claim that he is entitled to relief under District of Columbia law

for Defendants’ intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). Dkt. 108. For the reasons

explained below, the Court agrees, and, accordingly, will grant Bashar Al-Taie’s renewed motion

for entry of default and will enter an award of damages.

                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        The Court has previously made extensive findings of fact regard Sergeant Al-Taie’s

abduction, torture, and murder, all of which apply here with equal force. Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d

at 57–75. The Court will briefly summarize only those facts relevant to the present motion.

        Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie is the brother of Staff Sergeant Ahmed Al-Taie, a U.S. Service

member who was abducted while deployed to Baghdad, held hostage, tortured, and ultimately

murdered. See id. at 78–86. As relevant here, the Court previously found that (1) Iran provided

AAH with “significant support—in the form of training, supplies, intelligence, and funding—as

part of its larger strategy to destabilize Iraq and [to] drive the United States from the Middle

East,” (2) “AAH held [Sergeant] Al-Taie hostage, brutally beat and murdered him,” and (3)

AAH could “not have committed . . . th[o]se acts without Iran’s support.” Id. at 58. The Court

further found that Iran’s role in these events was sufficient to support the Court’s subject matter



                                                  2
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a), see id. at 86, and that, because “Plaintiffs accomplished

service under 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(4) on Iran, the Court possesses personal jurisdiction over it,

id. at 89. In addition to those findings, the Court concluded that the U.S. national plaintiffs had

“carried their burden of establishing a right to relief under the federal cause of action established

in § 1605A.” Id. at 76. That conclusion, however, did not extend to Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie.

       Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie is not a U.S. national and, as a result, cannot rely on the FSIA’s

cause of action, which applies only to “a national of the United States,” “a member of the armed

forces,” “an employee [or contractor] of the [U.S.] Government . . . acting within the scope of

the employee’s employment,” or “the legal representative of ” any such person. 28 U.S.C.

§ 1605A(c). But, as the Court explained in Fritz I, that does not fully resolve Bashar Al-Taie’s

claims. Under the “pass-through approach” foreign family members, like Bashar Al-Taie, may

rely on state tort law to supply the requisite cause of action. See Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 89.

That approach requires the court first to determine “which jurisdiction’s substantive law to

apply,” Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 573 F.3d 835, 841 (D.C. Cir. 2009), and then to

evaluate whether the plaintiff has offered “admissible evidence sufficient to substantiate the

essential elements of [his] claim,” Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 76.

       Following that approach, the Court applied D.C. choice-of-law principles and concluded

that D.C. law applies to Bashar Al-Taie’s common law claims. See Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at

89–91. The Court further concluded, however, that Bashar had yet to establish that he was

entitled to relief under D.C. law for any of his asserted state law claims, which included (1)

wrongful death, (2) intentional infliction of emotional distress, (3) conspiracy, and (4) aiding and

abetting. See id. at 91–92. As to his wrongful death claim, the Court noted that it was not aware

of any authority that “permits a sibling to recover for wrongful death under D.C. law.” Id. at 91.



                                                  3
His claims for “conspiracy” and “aiding and abetting” were, likewise, unavailing because Bashar

had not identified, and the Court was not aware of, any authority that recognized an independent

action for those claims. Id. Finally, as to his IIED claim, the Court noted that the D.C. Circuit

had certified to the D.C. Court of Appeals the question whether “a claimant alleging emotional

distress arising from a terrorist attack that killed or injured a family member” must “have been

present at the scene of the attack in order to state an [IIED] claim,” and concluded that it would

be premature to decide Bashar’s IIED claim “[u]ntil [after] the D.C. Court of Appeals answer[ed]

that question.” Id. at 92 (quoting Owens v. Republic of Sudan, 864 F.3d 751, 809–10 (D.C. Cir.

2017)). The Court, accordingly, denied without prejudice Bashar Al-Taie’s motion for entry of

default. Id.

       The month after the Court issued its opinion in Fritz I, the D.C. Court of Appeals

answered the question in Republic of Sudan v. Owens, 194 A.3d 38 (D.C. 2018), holding that

D.C. law permits a plaintiff to bring an IIED claim for emotional distress arising from a terrorist

attack that killed or injured a family member, even if the plaintiff was not present at the scene of

the attack. Id. at 42–45. Relying on that decision, Bashar Al-Taie now moves for (1) the entry

of a default judgment on liability against Iran, (2) an award of damages for the intentional

infliction of emotional distress resulting from those acts, and (3) an award of punitive damages.

Dkt. 108 at 1.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       To obtain a default judgment against Iran, Bashar “must (1) carry [his] burden of

producing evidence sufficient to show that [his] claims fall within the state-sponsored terrorism

exception to the FSIA,” (2) “establish that [D]efendants were served in accordance with the

FSIA,” and (3) “establish [his] right to relief under federal or state law . . . by offering evidence



                                                  4
satisfactory to the court.” Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 57 (internal quotations and citations

omitted). In Fritz I, the Court found that Bashar Al-Taie, like the other plaintiffs in the case, had

satisfied the first and second of these requirements—that is, his claims fall within the state-

sponsored terrorism exception to the FSIA and Iran and the IRGC were served in accordance

with the FSIA. See id. at 86, 89. Bashar Al-Taie failed to show, however, that he had satisfied

the third requirement—that is, that a federal statute or an applicable common law tort affords

him a right to relief. As the Court explained in Fritz I, D.C. law governs Bashar Al-Taie’s state

law claims but he had “yet to establish . . . that [he] [was] entitled to recover under that body of

law.” Id. at 91. His renewed motion picks up where his previous motion left off. He now

presses only his IIED claim and argues that he is entitled to relief because the D.C. Court of

Appeals has now recognized that a plaintiff who suffers emotional distress due to a terrorist

attack that killed a family member is entitled to relief, even if the plaintiff was not present at the

terrorist attack. Dkt. 108 at 4, 9.

A.      IIED and D.C. Tort Law

        In Republic of Sudan v. Owens, 194 A.3d 38 (D.C. 2018), the D.C. Court of Appeals was

asked to answer the following question certified to it by the D.C. Circuit:

        Must a claimant alleging emotional distress arising from a terrorist attack that
        killed or injured a family member have been present at the scene of the attack in
        order to state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress?

Id. at 38. As a starting point, the D.C. Court of Appeals held that under D.C. law § 46(2)(a) of

the Restatement (Second) of Torts “governs IIED claims where the plaintiff’s distress was

caused by harm to a member of his or her immediate family member.” Id. at 41. Thus, “as a

general matter, to recover for IIED [under D.C. law], a plaintiff whose emotional distress arises




                                                   5
from harm suffered by a member of his or her immediate family must be ‘present’ when the

harm occurs and otherwise satisfy the rule established in . . . § 46(2)(a).” Id. at 42.

         But, as the court further explained, the general rule that an IIED claimant must be

“present” when the harm occurs is subject to an important “caveat”: the presence requirement

does not apply in “an IIED case where the defendant is a state sponsor of terrorism denied

sovereign immunity by the FSIA.” Id. The D.C. Court of Appeals reasoned that the presence

requirement was not necessary to “ward off disingenuous claims” or to provide “a judicially

manageable standard that protects courts form a flood of IIED claims” in FSIA terrorism cases

because the same factors that “justify stripping foreign sovereigns of their immunity allay the

concerns that the presence requirement was designed to address.” Id. at 42–43. As a result, if a

plaintiff satisfies the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1605A, he is excused from the presence

requirement and may establish an IIED claim by “satisfying the remaining elements of

§ 46(2)(a)—that is, [he] must establish that the defendant engaged in ‘extreme and outrageous

conduct’ and [that the defendant] ‘intentionally or recklessly’ caused the plaintiff[] ‘severe

emotional distress’ by harming a member of the[] [plaintiff’s] ‘immediate family.’” Id. at 44.

B.       Bashar Al-Taie’s IIED Claim

         Bashar Al-Taie satisfies all the elements required to recover against Iran on his IIED

claim.

         To start, the presence requirement does not apply to his IIED claim because he has

already satisfied each of the requirements of the state-sponsored terrorism exception to the FSIA,

28 U.S.C. § 1605A. See Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 78 (discussing the requirements for the

FSIA’s state-sponsored terrorism exception and concluding that they are satisfied in this case).

The only remaining question, then, is whether Bashar Al-Taie has offered evidence sufficient to



                                                  6
satisfy the remaining elements of the tort. The evidence must show that (1) Iran engaged in

“extreme and outrageous conduct” that (2) “intentionally or recklessly” (3) caused him to suffer

severe emotional distress (4) by harming a member of his “immediate family.” Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 46.

       The evidence already before the Court easily satisfies most of these elements. The

immediate family member element is satisfied because “immediate family” encompasses

siblings. See Murphy v. Islamic Rep. of Iran, 740 F. Supp. 2d 51, 75 (D.D.C. 2010). Likewise,

the requirement that the conduct be “extreme and outrageous” is satisfied because “[a]cts of

terrorism are by their very definition extreme and outrageous and intended to cause the highest

degree of emotional distress.” Valore v. Islamic Rep. of Iran, 700 F. Supp. 2d 52, 79 (D.D.C.

2010). That same conclusion applies when a foreign state, which has been designated as a “state

sponsor of terrorism,” provides material support or resources used to effectuate an act of

terrorism. See, e.g., Estate of Heiser v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 466 F. Supp. 2d 229, 298

(D.D.C. 2006) (holding that Iran’s “conduct in facilitating, financing, and providing material

support to bring about this attack was intentional, extreme, and outrageous”).

       On the facts of this case, moreover, the Court has no difficulty finding that Iran’s conduct

was “beyond all possible bounds of decency” and thus “extreme and outrageous.” Bernstein v.

Fernandez, 649 A.2d 1064, 1075 (D.C. 1991) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46,

comment d.). As the Court previously explained, Iran actively provided material support to

“AAH as part of a comprehensive campaign to deter the U.S. from maintaining a presence in the

Middle East by terrorizing and intimidating coalition forces.” Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 86.

That conduct allowed AAH to hold Sergeant Al-Taie hostage, to torture him, and, ultimately to

murder him. The conduct was, by any measure, “atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized



                                                 7
community,” Bernstein, 649 A.2d at 1075 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46, cmt. d).

The Court is also persuaded that Iran acted “intentionally or recklessly.” As explained in greater

detail in Fritz I, the evidence shows that Iran acted “in deliberate disregard of a high degree of

probability,” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46, cmt. d, that its conduct would result in

emotional distress to the immediate family members of the victims of the acts of terror that their

support helped to accomplish—including Bashar, see Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 86 (concluding

that “Plaintiffs’ injuries were ‘reasonably foreseeable or anticipated as a natural consequence’ of

Iran’s support to AAH”).

       This leaves only the question whether Bashar Al-Taie suffered severe emotional distress.

Under D.C. law, “‘mental anguish’ and ‘stress’ [does] not rise to the level of ‘severe emotional

distress’ required” to establish an IIED claim. Futrell v. Dep’t of Labor Fed. Credit Union, 816

A.2d 793, 808 (D.C. 2003) (citing Sere v. Group Hospitalization, Inc., 443 A.2d 33, 37 (D.C.

1982)). Rather, the conduct must “cause the plaintiff emotional upset of so acute a nature that

harmful physical consequences might be not unlikely to result.” Sere, 443 A.2d at 37 (quoting

Clark v. Associated Retail Credit Men, 105 F.2d 62, 65 (D.C. 1939)). Bashar Al-Taie has

offered no evidence that he has suffered any “physical consequences” of his emotional trauma,

but the Court finds that the emotional impact of years of uncertainty about the fate of his brother,

only to learn that he had been tortured and brutally murdered, is both “severe” and the type of

trauma that is “not unlikely to result” in “harmful physical consequences.”

       The evidence Bashar Al-Taie offers falls into two buckets. First, he offers compelling

evidence that he shared a very close relationship to his brother. He has offered, for example,

deposition testimony that he and his brother were “close [in] age” and, as children, “used to play

together,” go “to school together,” and engaged in “hobbies . . . together.” Dkt. 80-9 at 5



                                                  8
(Bashar Dep. 10:7-8, 11:7–13.). He and his brother “used to drive together with [their] parents

and swim together, play together, do everything together . . . [a]ll the time . . . together,” Dkt. 80-

9 at 9 (Bashar Dep. 28:14–18). As a teenager, Bashar Al-Taie “used to go” watch his brother’s

band practice. Id. at 7 (Bashar Dep. 18:7–8). Staff Sergeant Al-Taie was also close to Bashar

Al-Taie’s children; “they used to love their uncle too much because [he let them] do whatever

they want to do, [even if] they want[ed] to mess the room and all.” Id. at 9 (Bashar Dep. 26:18–

22). Later, when Ahmed Al-Taie joined the army, he called “like every week[,] twice probably.”

Id. at 6 (Bashar Dep. 16:17–18).

       Second, Bashar Al-Taie offers evidence that the loss of his brother had a terrible impact

on his family. He attests, for instance, that after his brother’s death his father “[couldn’t] sleep

for two to three days,” id. at 8 (Bashar Dep. 24:15–17), and that both his parents now have a

“bunch of pills”—antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications—that “they have to take every

day,” id. (Bashar Dep. 25:12–13). This testimony is consistent with the deposition testimony of

their father, Kousay Al-Taie, and mother, Nawal Al-Taie. Both attest, for example, that since

their son’s abduction and death they have suffered from anxiety, depression, and high-blood

pressure, that Nawal Al-Taie has also developed diabetes despite having no family history of

diabetes, and that Nawal and Kousay Al-Taie have been on antidepressants and sleeping

medication. See Dkt. 80-6 at 8 (Kousay Dep. 22:1–23:21) (describing physical manifestations of

the emotional distress Kousay and Nawal suffered); accord Dkt. 80-7 at 7 (Nawal Dep. 19:17–

20:4) (sleeplessness); id. at 8–9 (Nawal Dep. 25:15–26:2) (high-blood pressure, diabetes, sleep

medication); id. at 9 (Nawal Dep. 26:15–24) (depression and antidepressants); id. (Nawal Dep.

29:4–15) (ongoing need for medication).




                                                  9
       Although there is no evidence that Bashar Al-Taie suffered “physical” harm as a result of

his emotional distress, the Court finds that he suffered the type of devastating—indeed,

crushing—emotional trauma that falls within the scope of the tort of IIED. Iran’s conduct in

supporting AAH’s terrorist activity—including the torture and murder of a son and brother—was

“sufficiently extreme and outrageous” to support Bashar Al-Taie’s claim for relief. See, e.g.,

Homan v. Goyal, 711 A.2d 812, 821 (D.C. 1998) (holding that a plaintiff could establish severe

emotional distress even absent evidence of bodily harm).

C.     Damages

       The final question is the measure of damages. Bashar seeks “$5,000,000 in solatium

damages” and “an award of punitive damages in an equal amount [the Court awarded] to . . . his

brother, [Plaintiff] Hathal.” Dkt. 108 at 13. As explained below, the Court concludes that

Bashar is entitled to an award of compensatory damages, prejudgment interest, and punitive

damages akin to what the Court has awarded to Hashal Al-Taie, Ahmed’s other brother.

       Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie has provided scant briefing on the types of damages available

under D.C. law and merely asserts that he entitled to solatium and punitive damages. Dkt. 108 at

14–15. The Court, moreover, is unaware of any decisions from the D.C. Court of Appeals

regarding the appropriate relief for an IIED claimant in an FSIA terrorism case. Courts in this

jurisdiction, however, have long treated § 1605A(c) solatium claims as “indistinguishable from

. . . IIED claim[s]” and have looked to precedents “awarding damages for intentional infliction of

emotional distress” in assessing FSIA solatium claims. Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 85; see also

Estate of Hirshfeld v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 330 F. Supp. 3d 107, 140–41 (D.D.C. 2018). The

converse is equally apt, and the Court will, accordingly, look to FSIA precedent in considering

the proper measure of damages in this terrorism-related IIED case.



                                                10
       In the typical FSIA terrorism case, solatium damages are awarded to the victim’s family

members “based on multiple factors—including ‘evidence establishing an especially close

relationship between the plaintiff and decedent,’ ‘medical proof of severe pain, grief or suffering

on behalf of the claimant,’ and the particular ‘circumstances surrounding the terrorist attack

which made the suffering particularly more acute or agonizing.’” Fritz v. Islamic Republic of

Iran, No. 5-cv-456, 2018 WL 5046229, at *23 (D.D.C. Aug. 13, 2018), report and

recommendation adopted as modified, 324 F. Supp. 3d 54 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Oveissi, 768

F. Supp. 2d at 26–27). Here, Bashar Al-Taie has offered compelling evidence concerning his

close relationship to Ahmed Al-Taie and the extreme pain that Bashar suffered as a result of

Ahmed’s abduction, torture, and murder. Based on that evidence, the Court finds that, like the

others Al-Taie Plaintiffs, Bashar experienced “extreme suffering” as he “waited for over five

years to learn the fate” of his brother. Fritz, 2018 WL 5046229, at *23. The Court, accordingly,

concludes that it is appropriate to award Bashar Al-Taie $4.5 million in compensatory damages,

which is equal to the amount of solatium damages awarded to Plaintiff Hathal Al-Taie. See id.

Likewise, the Court concludes that it is appropriate to award Bashar Al-Taie prejudgment

interest on that award utilizing the same methodology used to calculate the Hathal’s award,

which results in an award of $ 3,240,000.1 See id. at *24 (“It is within the Court’s discretion to

award prejudgment interest from the date of the attack until the date of final judgment”).

       Bashar also seeks, and the Court will award, “punitive damages in an equal amount to

that of his brother, Hathal.” Dkt. 108 at 14. Section 1606 of the FSIA generally “precludes

punitive damages against a sovereign defendant.” Owens, 864 F.3d at 817. As the D.C. Circuit


1
  As in Fritz I, the Court has calculated the prejudgment interest as the average prime rate in
each year from the date of the attack, October 23, 2006, to April 2020. See Dkt. 93 at 14 & n.2.
Here, that results in a multiplier of 1.72.

                                                11
has explained, however, “§ 1606, by its terms, applies only to claims brought under § 1605 and

§ 1607,” and “has no bearing upon state law claims brought under the jurisdictional grant in

§ 1605A.” Id. Thus, “a plaintiff bringing state-law claims through the jurisdiction provided by

§ 1605A(a)” may “obtain punitive damages against a foreign state” if punitive damages are

warranted under state law. See Owens v. Republic of Sudan, 174 F. Supp. 3d 242, 290 (D.D.C.

2016), aff’d, 864 F.3d 751 (D.C. Cir. 2017). Here, because Bashar Al-Taie’s claim is brought

pursuant to the jurisdictional grant in § 1605A, the Court may award punitive damages to the

extent Bashar Al-Taie is entitled to such relief under D.C. law.

       Under D.C. law, the intentional infliction of emotional “provide[s] an appropriate basis

for an award of punitive damages” because “it is by definition willful and outrageous conduct

which society finds intolerable, and seeks to deter.” Sere, 443 A.2d at 37–38. Moreover, as the

Court has previously explained, despite the D.C. Circuit’s holding that “a plaintiff proceeding

under either state or federal law cannot recover punitive damages for conduct occurring prior to

the enactment of § 1605A,” Owens, 864 F.3d at 818, the Al-Taie Plaintiffs, including Bashar Al-

Taie, may recover punitive damages because Ahmad Al-Taie “was not murdered until sometime

between February 2009 and February 2011, well after the enactment of the 2008 NDAA,” Dkt.

93 at 15. Given that D.C. law and the FSIA permit Bashar to obtain punitive damages and given

that the Court has previously concluded that punitive damages is warranted in this case, it will

award Bashar Al-Taie punitive damages in an amount equal to the amount awarded Hathal. That

is, Bashar Al-Taie is awarded $7,826,831 in punitive damages.2



2
  This figure was calculated by first determining Hathal Al-Taie’s portion of the compensatory
damages awarded to the estate and family of Al-Taie. To do so, the Court divided the total
amount of compensatory damages awarded to Hathal Al-Taie ($7,224,887) by the sum of
compensatory damages awarded to the Estate of Ahmed Al-Taie, Kousay Al-Taie, Nawal Al-
Taie, and Hathal Al-Taie ($51,604,488). The Court then multiplied that figure (0.14) by the total
                                                12
                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons explained above, the Court will grant Plaintiffs Bashar Al-Taie’s motion

for default judgment, Dkt. 108, will enter default judgments against Defendants the Islamic

Republic of Iran and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps with respect to the intentional

infliction of emotional distress claim brought by Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie, and will award

damages to Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie as described above.

       A separate order will issue.


                                                    /s/ Randolph D. Moss
                                                    RANDOLPH D. MOSS
                                                    United States District Judge

Date: May 15, 2020




amount of punitive damages awarded to Estate of Ahmed Al-Taie, Kousay Al-Taie, Nawal Al-
Taie, and Hathal Al-Taie ($55,903,936). See Fritz v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 324 F. Supp. 3d
54, 66 (D.D.C. 2018) (holding that “the award of punitive damages will be apportioned among
the estate and family of Al-Taie relative to their individual compensatory awards” (internal
quotations and citations omitted)).



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