         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs January 24, 2012

             STATE OF TENNESSEE v. NELSON KEITH FOSTER

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sullivan County
                         No. S53919     R. Jerry Beck, Judge




                   No. E2011-00490-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 17, 2012


Nelson Keith Foster (“the Defendant”) was convicted by a jury of driving on a revoked or
suspended license and driving on a revoked or suspended license, second offense. The trial
court merged the convictions and sentenced the Defendant to eleven months and twenty-nine
days, suspended upon serving thirty days’ incarceration. The Defendant appeals, asserting
that: (1) the trial court erred in denying a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during
an illegal traffic stop; (2) the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction; (3) the trial
court erred in denying defense counsel’s motions for withdrawal; and (4) the trial court erred
in denying a motion to recuse. After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgment
of the trial court in all respects.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which N ORMA M CG EE O GLE and
R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

Stephen M. Wallace, District Public Defender; Andrew J. Gibbons, Assistant Public
Defender, Blountville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Nelson Keith Foster.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General & Reporter; Nicholas W. Spangler, Assistant
Attorney General; Barry P. Staubus, District Attorney General; Julie R. Canter, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                                  OPINION

                                     Background Facts & Procedure

       On May 29, 2007, an officer with the Kingsport Police Department stopped the
Defendant after witnessing an alleged traffic violation. During the stop, the police officer
discovered that the Defendant’s driver’s license was on revoked status. Subsequently, the
Defendant was charged with: (1) unlawfully stopping, standing, or parking a vehicle in a
prohibited public place, Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-160, a Class C misdemeanor; (2) driving
on a revoked or suspended license, Tenn. Code. Ann. § 55-50-504(a)(1), a Class B
misdemeanor; and (3) driving on a revoked or suspended license, second offense, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 55-50-504(a)(2), a Class A misdemeanor. The Defendant filed a motion to suppress,
arguing that he had not violated traffic laws and that the police officer, therefore, lacked
probable cause to initiate the traffic stop. Additionally, the Defendant filed a motion to
dismiss based upon the allegedly illegal traffic stop. In his motion to dismiss, the Defendant
also argued that the State could not prove that his driver’s license was validly revoked
because of deficiencies in the State’s records.

        The trial court held a suppression hearing on October 15, 2008. Officer Thomas
Wayt, Jr., of the Kingsport Police Department, testified that on May 29, 2007, he was
dispatched to the Riverview area of Kingsport to be on the lookout for suspicious activity in
the neighborhood of the “Splash Pad,” a recreational area developed by the city of Kingsport.
Officer Wayt was driving an unmarked car, and he testified that after driving around the
Splash Pad, he parked down the street in a surveillance position. From there, Officer Wayt
observed a van on Wheatley Street “parked in the middle of the roadway, not in a parking
space.” Officer Wayt stated that there were vehicles legally parked along the curb and that
the van was parked beside those cars “in the travel lane of the roadway.” Officer Wayt saw
several individuals approach the van, speak to the driver for a few minutes, and then return
to the park. He did not know what occurred between the individuals and the driver of the
van, but he was suspicious of hand-to-hand or casual exchange of narcotics.                On
cross-examination, Officer Wayt stated that the individuals spoke to the driver of the van for
“less than a minute.”

       In Officer Wayt’s view, by stopping a vehicle in the middle of the roadway, the driver
of the van was violating both a state statute, Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-8-
160(a)(12), as well as a city ordinance, Kingsport Municipal Ordinance Article IV, Section
102-262.1


       1
           Both the state statute and city ordinance prohibit stopping, standing, or parking a vehicle in certain
                                                                                                  (continued...)

                                                       -2-
        Officer Wayt stopped the van and told the driver, whom he identified as the
Defendant, that he pulled him over for stopping in the roadway. Officer Wayt requested the
Defendant’s driver’s license. The Defendant replied that he did not have his license with
him, but he could provide his driver’s license number. The Defendant produced an
identification card, and when Officer Wayt checked the card through central dispatch, it
returned as “not on file.” Officer Wayt then obtained personal information from the
Defendant which he ran through central dispatch. Dispatch advised Officer Wayt that the
Defendant’s driver’s license was currently suspended or revoked. Officer Wayt subsequently
arrested the Defendant.

       On cross-examination Officer Wayt acknowledged that he did not attempt to stop the
Defendant’s vehicle while the alleged traffic violation was occurring. He explained that by
the time he initiated the traffic stop, the Defendant had pulled away. Officer Wayt
acknowledged that there was no other traffic on the street at the time of the alleged offense.
He replied, however, that the Defendant’s van was “blocking the entire roadway” and “traffic
would have been impeded.” Officer Wayt clarified that, although his attention was initially


        1
         (...continued)
places. The state statute provides that:

        (a) No person shall stop, stand or park a vehicle outside of the limits of an incorporated
        municipality, except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or in compliance
        with law or the directions of a police officer or traffic-control device, in any of the following
        places:
        ....
        (12) On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the edge or curb of a street.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-160(a)(12)(2004).

        Similarly, the city ordinance provides that:

        (a) No person shall:

        (1) Stop, stand or park a vehicle:

        a. On the roadway side of a vehicle stopped or parked at the edge or curb of a street.
        ....
        d. Whenever parking is prohibited as authorized in this chapter, it shall be the duty of the
        department of planning and engineering to erect appropriate signs giving notice thereof, and
        no such regulations shall be effective unless a minimum of two such signs are erected in
        each block and in place at the time of any alleged offense.

Kingsport Municipal Ordinance Article IV, Section 102-262(a)(1)(a), (d).

                                                       -3-
drawn to the van because of the people who approached it, the reason he initiated the stop
was because the van was stopped in the roadway in violation of a city ordinance and state
statute. Officer Wayt conceded that he cited the Defendant only for violation of the state
statute and did not issue a citation pursuant to the city ordinance. Officer Wayt explained
that it was his department’s policy to only cite for the state violation when someone violated
both a city ordinance and a state statute.

       The Defendant argued at the suppression hearing that the state statute, Tennessee
Code Annotated section 55-8-160, was inapplicable because it applied only to violations
occurring outside of an incorporated municipality. He also argued that the city ordinance,
Kingsport Municipal Ordinance Article IV, Section 102-262, was inapplicable because the
city had not posted signs prohibiting parking as the Defendant claimed the ordinance
required. Thus, the Defendant argued that Officer Wayt lacked probable cause to initiate the
stop based upon a traffic violation and that any evidence obtained during the traffic stop
should be suppressed.

        After hearing the testimony and arguments of counsel, the trial court denied the
motion to suppress. The trial court reasoned that Officer Wayt’s stop of the Defendant’s
vehicle was reasonable based upon a violation of the city ordinance. The trial court
determined that the lack of parking signs did not affect the reasonableness of the stop
because the city ordinance only required signs where parking was prohibited and did not
require signs prohibiting a person from stopping a vehicle in the middle of the road. Thus,
the trial court allowed the evidence obtained in the stop to be used against the Defendant.

        The trial court held a number of continued hearings on the Defendant’s motion to
dismiss based upon the validity of his certified driving record. The trial court ultimately
denied the motion to dismiss on this ground but ordered the State to file a bill of particulars.
The Defendant filed a motion to reconsider, and on April 1, 2010, the trial court heard
testimony on the motion to reconsider from Meelora Zerick, a safety examiner and keeper
of records for the Tennessee Department of Safety (“TDOS”). Zerick testified that the
Defendant’s driver’s license was validly suspended as of the date of the alleged offense, May
29, 2007. She explained that the Defendant’s driving record showed that his driver’s license
was suspended for frequent traffic violations on June 18, 1982. She also relayed that the
Defendant received a “failure to satisfy” citation on August 18, 1986, which resulted in a
mandatory suspension, and his license was again suspended on December 20, 1993, after he
failed to complete a defensive driving course within ninety days. Zerick explained that the
suspensions were unrelated to each other, and that if one of the suspensions was removed
from the Defendant’s driving record, the other suspensions would remain in place. After
hearing this testimony, the trial court denied the motion to reconsider, and the matter
proceeded to trial.

                                              -4-
        At a jury trial held on July 28, 2010, Officer Wayt provided a similar account of the
events surrounding the traffic stop. In addition, Officer Wayt testified that after arresting the
Defendant, he obtained a certified copy of the Defendant’s driving record from TDOS and
that it showed the Defendant’s license to be revoked as of May 29, 2007. The State
introduced two versions of the Defendant’s certified driving record, one dated June 6, 2007,
shortly after the alleged offense, and one dated October 5, 2009. Zerick testified that both
versions indicated that the Defendant’s driver’s license was on revoked status as of May 29,
2007. Additionally, both versions contain multiple entries reflecting various suspensions and
the ultimate revocation of the Defendant’s driver’s license.

        During cross-examination of Zerick, the Defendant attacked the validity of the
certified driving records offered by the State. Zerick testified generally that a person’s
certified driving record represents a compilation of other supporting documents. She
acknowledged that these supporting documents were kept on microfilm and not reproduced
in the certified driving record that had been introduced as an exhibit. She said that a change
in the supporting documents, such as a removal or reinstatement of driving privileges, is
usually reflected in the driving record by a code.

        Zerick acknowledged that in this case TDOS removed a prior suspension from the
Defendant’s driving record because the underlying citation had been satisfied. Specifically,
the June 6, 2007 version of the Defendant’s driving record contained a 1985 suspension for
failure to satisfy a citation. Zerick conceded that the State suspended the Defendant’s license
on July 4, 1985, even though the Defendant had satisfied the citation on January 23, 1985.
Zerick explained that because the Defendant had satisfied the ticket and the underlying
charges were dismissed, TDOS removed the suspension from his driving record, albeit in
January, 2007. The October 5, 2009 version of the Defendant’s driving record did not reflect
the 1985 suspension, however, it also did not contain a removal code indicating that the entry
had been removed from the driving record. Zerick explained that sometimes a correction will
not be reflected on the official driving record because of the age of the violation.

        At the close of the State’s proof, the Defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal as
to the charge of unlawfully stopping, standing, or parking a vehicle in a prohibited public
place. The trial court granted the motion after finding the State failed to prove the offense
occurred “outside of an incorporated municipality” as the State’s proof showed the offense
occurred inside Kingsport city limits. The Defendant then moved for judgment of acquittal
as to the remaining two counts, reasserting his argument from the suppression hearing that
any evidence that the Defendant was driving on a revoked license should be excluded
because the Defendant had not violated a traffic law at the time he was stopped. The trial
court denied the motion, and the Defendant then presented his case.



                                               -5-
        The Defendant’s proof consisted of his own testimony. He testified that on the day
of his arrest, he was driving near the Splash Pad when his daughter and granddaughter saw
his van and ran to greet him. He said that he stopped to greet them for less than thirty
seconds. When he saw a police car pull in behind him, he drove away. The Defendant
testified that there were no other cars on the roadway other than Officer Wayt and himself.
He stated that he did not pull away because he was doing something illegal but simply
because he “was blocking the road.” When Officer Wayt stopped him, the officer asked
whether he had guns or drugs in the van. The Defendant replied that he did not.

        Regarding his driving record, the Defendant testified that he had “never been
convicted of any traffic offense that required the suspension of my license.” He explained
that the charges that were originally used to suspend his license were later dismissed. He
testified that he never received any paperwork indicating that his license was revoked. The
Defendant felt as though he had been “caught in the system.” He admitted on cross-
examination that he had received speeding tickets and not paid them.

        After deliberations, the jury convicted the Defendant of driving on a revoked license,
a Class B misdemeanor. Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-50-504(a)(1). In a bifurcated trial, the State
put forth proof of the Defendant’s prior conviction for violating section 55-50-504(a)(1), and
the jury convicted him of driving on a revoked or suspended license, second offense. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 55-50-504(a)(2) (making a subsequent violation of section 55-50-504(a)(1) a
Class A misdemeanor). The trial court merged the convictions and sentenced the Defendant
to eleven months and twenty-nine days, with a suspended sentence after thirty-days’
incarceration.

                                             Issues Presented

        The Defendant has presented the following issues for appellate review:

        1. Whether the trial court erred by denying the Defendant’s motion to
        suppress based upon the illegality of the traffic stop conducted by the
        arresting officer? 2



        2
          In his brief the Defendant asserts that the trial court erred both in denying his motion to suppress
as well denying his motion to dismiss based upon the illegality of the traffic stop. His argument is essentially
that if the traffic stop was illegal then the evidence against him should be suppressed and the charges
dismissed. Thus, his argument on the motion to dismiss relies on the trial court granting the motion to
suppress. On appeal, the Defendant has not made a separate argument regarding the motion to dismiss.
Consequently, we need only address the merits of the motion to dismiss if we determine that the trial court
should have granted the motion to suppress.

                                                      -6-
        2. Whether the trial court erred by not requiring the State to prove the
        validity of the Defendant’s driver’s license suspension? 3

        3. Whether the trial court erred by denying defense counsel’s motions to
        withdraw as counsel?

        4. Whether the trial court erred by denying the Defendant’s motion to
        recuse?

                                                   Analysis

                                            Motion to Suppress

        On appeal, the Defendant first contends that the trial court erred by denying his
motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the traffic stop. The Defendant
argues that Officer Wayt’s stop was based upon a mistaken understanding and interpretation
of the law and that the officer, therefore, lacked probable cause to initiate the stop. The State
asserts that the stop was lawful because Officer Wayt had reasonable suspicion that the
Defendant committed a traffic violation.

        In our review, we may consider the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing as
well as evidence adduced at trial in determining whether the trial court properly denied a
motion to suppress. State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 297-99 (Tenn. 1998). Questions
regarding the witnesses’ credibility, “the weight and value of the evidence, and resolution
of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of fact.” State
v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, we will uphold the trial court’s factual
findings unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Id. However, where the trial
court has applied the law to the facts, we will conduct a de novo review. See State v. Walton,
41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001). Because the State is the prevailing party, it is “entitled to
the strongest legitimate view of the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing as well as
all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.” Odom, 928
S.W.2d at 23.




        3
          The charging instrument in this case charged the Defendant with driving on a “cancelled,
suspended, or revoked” license. During the trial, the trial court instructed the jury that the State was pursuing
a conviction only upon a driving on a revoked license charge. Thus, while the Defendant phrases his issue
in terms of a suspension, we discern the substance of his argument to be that the State did not prove his
license was validly revoked at the time of the offense.

                                                      -7-
        Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as well as article I,
section 7 of the Tennessee Constitution protect individuals from unreasonable searches and
seizures. State v. Ingram, 331 S.W.3d 746, 754 (Tenn. 2011) (citing Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S.
643, 655 (1961)).4 Under both constitutions, “a warrantless search or seizure is subject to
suppression unless the State demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant
to one of the narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” State v. Yeargan, 958
S.W.2d 626, 629 (citing Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454-55 (1971)); see also
State v. Garcia, 123 S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2003). One of these exceptions is that police
officers may stop an automobile if they have probable cause or an articulable and reasonable
suspicion to believe that a traffic violation has occurred. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S.
806, 810 (1996); State v. Vineyard, 958 S.W.2d 730, 734-35 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Watson,
354 S.W.3d 324, 329 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2011). If the officer has probable cause to believe
that a traffic violation has occurred, any seizure will be upheld even if the stop is a pretext
for the officer’s subjective motivations in making the stop. See Whren, 517 U.S. at 813-15;
Vineyard, 958 S.W.2d at 734-35. Reasonable suspicion exists when “‘specific and
articulable facts . . . taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably
warrant that intrusion.’” State v. Brotherton, 323 S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20-21 (1968)); State v. Day, 263 S.W.3d 891, 902-903 (Tenn.
2008). Whether reasonable suspicion exists is based upon an objective standard, and courts
must look to the totality of the circumstances. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 21-22; Brotherton, 323
S.W.3d at 870 (citing State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 218 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Levitt, 73
S.W.3d 159, 172 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001)).

       In this case, the Defendant was clearly seized when Officer Wayt stopped his vehicle.
See Ingram, 331 S.W.2d at 756; Day, 263 S.W.3d at 901-902. Consequently, we must
determine whether Officer Wayt had probable cause or an articulable and reasonable
suspicion that a traffic violation had occurred at the time he initiated the stop. See Vineyard,
958 S.W.2d at 734 (Tenn. 1997); see also Whren, 517 U.S. at 810.

       At the suppression hearing, Officer Wayt testified that he stopped the Defendant’s van
after he saw it stopped in the middle of the roadway. Officer Wayt testified that the
Defendant’s infraction violated both state and city traffic laws; however, he only cited the




        4
           The Fourth Amendment is applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution. See Mapp, 367 U.S. at 655; Ingram, 331 S.W.3d at 754. The intent and purpose of
article I, section 7 of the Tennessee Constitution is identical with the Fourth Amendment; however, our
Supreme Court has noted previously that Tennessee’s search and seizure case law has developed
independently from, and extends greater protection than, federal law. See State v. Richards, 286 S.W.3d 873,
877-78 (Tenn. 2009).

                                                    -8-
Defendant under the state statute.5 Officer Wayt explained that it was the Kingsport Police
Department’s policy when a traffic offender violated both state law and city ordinance to
issue a citation only for the violation of state law. The Defendant argues that he did not
violate either city or state traffic laws and that Officer Wayt thus based his stop upon a
mistaken interpretation of the law.

       The State concedes that the trial court correctly granted a motion for judgment of
acquittal on the state traffic charge because the offense occurred inside the city limits of
Kingsport, in contravention of the statute’s express language. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-
160(a). The State argues, however, that the Defendant nevertheless violated Kingsport
Municipal Ordinance Article IV, Section 102-262 and that the stop was supported by the
officer witnessing the violation. The Defendant counters that the city failed to post the
requisite signs prohibiting parking. In the Defendant’s view, the city’s failure to post signs
makes the ordinance inapplicable, thus, Officer Wayt could not have had probable cause or
reasonable suspicion to initiate the stop. We are unpersuaded by the Defendant’s argument.

        First, as the Tennessee Supreme Court has explained, “[a] showing of reasonable
suspicion does not require an actual violation of the law because ‘Terry accepts the risk that
officers may stop innocent people’ to investigate further.” Brotherton, 323 S.W.3d at 871
(quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 126 (2000)). Rather, the test is whether the
police officer had probable cause or reasonable suspicion that a traffic violation occurred and
not whether the defendant would be found guilty in a court of law for the infraction. Id.
(citing United States v. Johnson, 242 F.3d 707, 709-10 (6th Cir. 2001); United States v.
Fowler, 402 F. Supp. 2d 1338, 1340-41 (D. Utah 2005)). Thus, it is possible for a seizure
to be legal even when the charge that forms the basis for the seizure is later dismissed.

        Moreover, we agree with the trial court that Officer Wayt had reasonable suspicion
that the Defendant was violating Article IV, Section 102-262 and that the ordinance did not
require the city to post signs prohibiting parking in the middle of the roadway. Officer Wayt
testified that vehicles were legally parked on the curb of Wheatley and that the Defendant
stopped his vehicle on the roadway side of these vehicles. Consequently, Officer Wayt’s
testimony that he saw the Defendant parked in the middle of the roadway, a fact which the

        5
         Officer Wayt also believed that he witnessed “what could have been” a casual exchange of narcotics
between the driver of the van and the individuals who approached the van. Officer Wayt’s possible
subjective motivation is corroborated by the Defendant’s testimony that Officer Wayt asked him whether he
had drugs inside the van. However, because neither side explored this reason for the stop at the suppression
hearing or at trial, and the trial court did not address it in its ruling, we do not determine on appeal whether
Officer Wayt had reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle based upon suspected drug activity. Rather, we
will limit our discussion to the trial court’s ruling that the stop was justified based upon Officer Wayt’s
witnessing a traffic violation.

                                                      -9-
Defendant does not contest, establishes that Officer Wayt clearly had at least reasonable
suspicion that the Defendant was violating a city traffic ordinance. Therefore, the trial court
properly denied the motion to suppress.

                                   Sufficiency of Evidence

       The Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by not requiring the State to prove
the validity of the Defendant’s driver’s license revocation. See supra note 3. Because the
State must prove that the Defendant’s driver’s license was legally revoked at the time of the
alleged offense to support a conviction under Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-50-504,
we interpret the Defendant’s issue as one challenging the sufficiency of the evidence.

        In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction, our standard of
review is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App.
P. 13(e). After a jury finds a defendant guilty, the presumption of innocence is replaced with
a presumption of guilt. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). Consequently,
the defendant has the burden on appeal of demonstrating that the evidence was insufficient
to support the jury’s verdict. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). The
appellate court does not weigh the evidence anew. Rather, “a jury verdict, approved by the
trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts”
in the testimony and all reasonably drawn inferences in favor of the State. State v. Harris,
839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992) (citations omitted). Thus, “the State is entitled to the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable or legitimate inferences which
may be drawn therefrom.” Id. (citation omitted).

       “A person who drives a motor vehicle within the entire width between the boundary
lines of every way publicly maintained which is open to the use of the public for purposes
of vehicular travel at a time when the person’s privilege to do so is cancelled, suspended, or
revoked commits a Class B misdemeanor.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-50-504(a)(1) (2004). “A
second or subsequent violation of subdivision (a)(1) is a Class A misdemeanor.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 55-50-504(a)(2). The proof must establish that the defendant’s driver’s license was
legally revoked prior to the time of the alleged offense. State v. Loden, 920 S.W.2d 261, 264
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). The State may introduce a certified copy of the defendant’s
driving record as maintained by the Tennessee Department of Safety to establish the
defendant’s driver’s license status at the time of the alleged offense. State v. Donnie Ray
Sisk, No. 01C01-9803-CC-00143, 1999 WL 298221 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 12, 1999).
Such a document is admissible as substantive evidence under the public records exception
to hearsay. Id.; Tenn. R. Evid. 803(8).

                                             -10-
       Taken in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence shows that on May 29,
2007, Officer Wayt was conducting surveillance at the Splash Pad in Kingsport when he saw
the Defendant’s van parked in the middle of Wheatley Street. As Officer Wayt approached
the van, the Defendant drove away. When the officer stopped him, the Defendant was unable
to produce a valid driver’s license. After checking the Defendant’s personal identification
with central dispatch, Officer Wayt was informed that the Defendant’s driver’s license was
on suspended or revoked status. At that point, the officer arrested the Defendant. Officer
Wayt later obtained the Defendant’s certified driving record, which was admitted into
evidence. Meelora Zerick, a safety examiner and keeper of records for TDOS, testified that
the Defendant’s driving license was on revoked status as of May 29, 2007. To establish that
this was the Defendant’s second offense, the State introduced the Defendant’s conviction for
driving on a suspended license in the Circuit Court of Sullivan County on October 19, 1994.

       The Defendant testified that the charge for which his driver’s license was initially
suspended had been dismissed but that his record had not been corrected to reflect the
dismissed charge. The Defendant asserted that each subsequent suspension or revocation on
his driving record referenced or was based upon the erroneous suspension. Zerick’s
testimony confirmed that the Defendant’s license had been suspended for a charge that was
later dismissed; however, she indicated that the dismissal of the suspension had been
corrected in 2007 and reflected on the Defendant’s latest certified driving record. The
Defendant’s driving record showed multiple other suspensions and a revocation in the years
since his erroneous suspension.

       We hold that the evidence was sufficient to support the Defendant’s conviction for
driving on a revoked license, second offense. To the extent that the Defendant challenged
the validity of his certified driving record, this presented a question of fact for the jury to
resolve. When the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict, we will not overturn
the verdict on appeal. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                   Motion to Withdraw as Counsel

       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his appointed counsel’s
(“defense counsel”) motions to withdraw as counsel. We are unpersuaded.

      Defense counsel moved to withdraw as counsel three separate times, each time at the
apparent urging of the Defendant. The first motion was filed on October 21, 2008, pursuant
to Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 8, Rules of Professional Conduct 1.16(b)(5)-(6).6 In the


       6
           The Rules of Professional Conduct provide, in relevant part, that:
                                                                                   (continued...)

                                                    -11-
motion, defense counsel asserted that, following the unsuccessful motion to suppress hearing,
the Defendant became dissatisfied with defense counsel and insisted that defense counsel
withdraw. Defense counsel asserted that the Defendant’s “conduct, attitude, and allegations
against counsel has resulted in the dissolution of the bond of trust and confidence that is
necessary for representation . . . .” At a hearing on November 24, 2008, the Defendant
testified that he did not believe defense counsel was adequately representing him and that
defense counsel had not presented his case in the manner the Defendant had instructed him.
Defense counsel relayed that the Defendant told him that he distrusted members of the public
defender’s office. Defense counsel told the court that he and the Defendant “at times [have]
been unable to communicate without it deteriorating into a shouting match.” Defense
counsel was skeptical whether he could convince the Defendant “to trust in . . . my abilities.”
However, when asked by the trial court if the attorney-client relationship was irrevocably
breached, defense counsel replied that it had not been and advised that he believed the
relationship could be rehabilitated. After hearing defense counsel’s assertion that the
relationship had not been forever breached, the trial court denied the motion.

        Defense counsel filed a second motion to withdraw on June 23, 2010, which was
heard by the court on June 30, 2010. Defense counsel asserted that attempts to rehabilitate
his relationship with the Defendant had not been successful. Additionally, defense counsel
asserted that the Defendant instructed him to take actions that he believed to be imprudent
in contravention of Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 8, Rule of Professional Conduct
1.16(b)(3)7 . Specifically, defense counsel stated that the Defendant instructed him to raise


        6
         (...continued)
        (b) Except as stated in paragraph (c), a lawyer may withdraw from the representation of a
        client if the withdrawal can be accomplished without material adverse effect on the interests
        of the client, or if:
        ....
        (5) The representation will result in an unanticipated and substantial financial burden on the
        lawyer or has been rendered unreasonably difficult by the client;

        (6) Other good cause for withdrawal exists.

        ....
        (c) When ordered to do so by a tribunal, a lawyer shall continue representation
        notwithstanding good cause for terminating the representation.

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.16(b)(5)-(6); (c).
        7
         That rule provides that a lawyer may withdraw as counsel, except as ordered by a tribunal, when
“[a] client insists upon pursuing an objective or taking action that the lawyer considers repugnant or
imprudent.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8 RPC 1.16(b)(3).

                                                    -12-
arguments and objections to matters upon which the trial court had already ruled. Defense
counsel stated that he and the Defendant could not talk to one another without shouting and
that the last time they spoke, the Defendant hung up the telephone. The Defendant testified
that he wanted defense counsel to appeal the trial court’s evidentiary rulings and, in his view,
defense counsel had not presented the proper arguments to the trial court. The trial court
denied the motion, citing the length of time the proceedings had been pending, the nature of
the case, judicial economy, and the fact that defense counsel had properly preserved the
Defendant’s complaints for appeal.

       On the day of trial, defense counsel orally made a third motion for withdrawal.
Defense counsel stated that the reasons supporting the motion were the same as in his prior
motions. The Defendant told the court that he filed a civil rights complaint against defense
counsel with the Department of Justice. The Defendant vaguely complained to the court
about defense counsel’s performance as his attorney. The Defendant declined the trial
court’s invitation to represent himself. Finding that the Defendant’s issues with defense
counsel related to issues that had been properly preserved for appeal, and citing the length
of time the case had been pending, the trial court denied the motion to withdraw. Defense
counsel represented the Defendant during the trial and on appeal.

        Criminal defendants are guaranteed the right to counsel at trial by both our federal and
state constitutions. U.S. Const. Amend. VI; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9; see Gideon v.
Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 342-44 (1963); Poindexter v. State, 191 S.W.2d 445, 445 (Tenn.
1946). This right is deemed so important that its wrongful deprivation results in a structural
error requiring reversal. See Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23 n.8 (1967); State v.
Holmes, 302 S.W.3d 831, 838 (Tenn. 2010). The right to counsel is not without its limits,
however. Holmes, 302 S.W.3d at 838. “The right to counsel is limited by the interest in
proceeding with prosecutions on an orderly and expeditious basis.” United States v.
McQueen, 445 F.3d 757, 760 (4th Cir. 2006).

       Moreover, the right to counsel “does not include the right to appointment of counsel
of choice, or to special rapport, confidence, or even a meaningful relationship with appointed
counsel.” State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 546 (Tenn. 2000); see also Caplin & Drysdale
v. United States, 491 U.S. 617, 624 (1989) (recognizing that the Sixth Amendment right to
counsel does not guarantee that an indigent criminal defendant will be represented by the
lawyer of his or her choice). As pointed out by the United States Court of Appeals for the
Sixth Circuit, “[a]n indigent defendant has no right to have a particular attorney represent
him and therefore must demonstrate ‘good cause’ to warrant substitution of counsel.” United
States v. Iles, 906 F.2d 1122, 1130 (6th Cir. 1990). Rather, “[t]he essential aim of the Sixth
Amendment is to guarantee an effective advocate, not counsel preferred by the defendant.”
Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d at 546 (citing Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159 (1988)).

                                              -13-
       With respect to motions to withdraw, a trial court, upon good cause shown, may
permit the withdrawal of an attorney appointed to represent an indigent defendant. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-14-205(a) (2006). This Court previously has stated that:

       When an accused seeks to substitute counsel, the accused has the burden of
       establishing to the satisfaction of the trial judge that (a) the representation
       being furnished by counsel is ineffective, inadequate, and falls below the range
       of competency expected of defense counsel in criminal prosecutions, (b) the
       accused and appointed counsel have become embroiled in an irreconcilable
       conflict, or (c) there has been a complete breakdown in communications
       between them.

State v. Gilmore, 823 S.W.2d 566, 568-69 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). We review matters
regarding the appointment and relief of counsel under an abuse of discretion standard and
will not set aside a trial court’s decision on these matters absent a plain abuse of that
discretion. State v. Branam, 855 S.W.2d 563, 566 (Tenn. 1993).

       After a careful review of the record, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying defense counsel’s motions to withdraw. The Defendant failed to
establish that defense counsel’s representation was ineffective, inadequate, and fell below
the range of competency expected of counsel in criminal prosecutions. To the contrary, the
record demonstrates that defense counsel filed and zealously litigated several pretrial motions
over the course of two-and-a-half years in this misdemeanor case. During the jury trial,
defense counsel successfully obtained a motion of judgment of acquittal on one charge and
properly preserved the Defendant’s other issues for appeal.

        Moreover, the Defendant failed to establish that he and defense counsel were
embroiled in an irreconcilable conflict or that a complete breakdown in communications
existed. We have no doubt that the Defendant was a difficult client and that communications
between defense counsel and the Defendant were sometimes strained. However, the record
reflects that defense counsel acted on the instructions of the Defendant where appropriate.
During the hearing on the first motion to withdraw, defense counsel stated that he only filed
the motion because the Defendant insisted that he do so. Likewise, in various pretrial
hearings, as well as at trial, defense counsel clearly developed lines of inquiry and argument
at the behest of his client. Moreover, during the hearings on each motion to withdraw, the
Defendant never complained about a breakdown in communication with defense counsel.
Rather, the Defendant’s complaints involved the trial court’s adverse rulings on pretrial
motions and the Defendant’s belief that those adverse rulings were the result of defense
counsel’s ineffectiveness.



                                             -14-
        The trial court determined that these complaints did not establish good cause to permit
defense counsel to withdraw. We agree with the trial court and conclude that the Defendant
is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                      Motion to Recuse

       Lastly, the Defendant asserts that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to
recuse. Specifically, the Defendant argues that the trial court violated Tennessee Supreme
Court Rule 10, Canon 3(E)(1), which requires a trial judge to recuse himself or herself in a
proceeding “in which the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” The
Defendant alleged that he had previously appeared before the trial judge in previous cases
and that the trial judge had refused to rule on certain petitions, motions, and issues presented
by the Defendant. The Defendant did not detail which particular matters the trial court
refused to rule upon.

        The Tennessee Constitution provides that “[n]o judge . . . shall preside on the trial of
any cause in the event of which he may be interested.” Tenn. Const. art. VI, § 11. As the
Tennessee Supreme Court has stated, “[t]he right to a fair trial before an impartial tribunal
is a fundamental constitutional right.” State v. Odom, 336 S.W.3d 541, 575 (Tenn. 2011)
(quoting Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. Slavin, 145 S.W.3d 538, 548 (Tenn. 2004)). The test
for determining whether recusal is necessary is an objective one, and under this test, recusal
becomes necessary “when a person of ordinary prudence in the judge’s position, knowing all
of the facts known to the judge, would find a reasonable basis for questioning the judge’s
impartiality.” Odom, 336 S.W.3d at 575 (citations omitted). However, “‘the mere fact that
a judge has ruled adversely to a party . . . is not grounds for recusal’ because ‘[i]f the rule
were otherwise, recusal would be required as a matter of course since trial courts necessarily
rule against parties . . . in every case.’” Id. at 577 (quoting Davis v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.,
38 S.W.3d 560, 565 (Tenn. 2001)). We will review a trial court’s recusal decision under an
abuse of discretion standard. State v. Reid, 213 S.W.3d 792, 815 (Tenn. 2006).

        In this case, we conclude that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in declining
to recuse himself from the Defendant’s criminal trial. While the Defendant makes general
claims that the trial judge was biased against him, his only specific complaints were that the
trial judge had previously ruled against him and had denied his motions in the present case.
The fact that a trial judge has previously presided over legal proceedings involving the same
defendant does not establish bias. Reid, 213 S.W.3d at 815 (citation omitted). Moreover,
even “[a]dverse rulings by a trial court are not usually sufficient grounds to establish bias.”
Alley v. State, 882 S.W.2d 810, 821 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (also stating that “[r]ulings of
a trial judge, even if erroneous, numerous and continuous, do not, without more, justify



                                              -15-
disqualification.” Id.). The Defendant’s allegations simply do not show bias and, thus, do
not require recusal. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                    CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the criminal court is affirmed.




                                                  _________________________
                                                  JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUDGE




                                           -16-
