                                   In The
                              Court of Appeals
                     Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
                              ________________________

                                   No. 07-14-00037-CV
                              ________________________

                          IN THE INTEREST OF B.P., A CHILD


                        On Appeal from County Court at Law No. 2
                                   Potter County, Texas
               Trial Court No. 82,525-2; Honorable Pamela Sirmon, Presiding


                                        July 25, 2014

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
                  Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.


      The fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody,
      and management of their child does not evaporate simply because they
      have not been model parents or have lost temporary custody of their child
      to the State. Even when blood relationships are strained, parents retain a
      vital interest in preventing the irretrievable destruction of their family life. If
      anything, persons faced with forced dissolution of their parental rights
      have a more critical need for procedural protections than do those
      resisting state intervention into ongoing family affairs. When the State
      moves to destroy weakened familial bonds, it must provide the parents
      with fundamentally fair procedures.

Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-54, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982).
        By separate briefs, Appellants, D.T. and A.P., appeal the trial court’s Nunc Pro

Tunc Order of Termination which terminated their parental rights to B.P., their son.1

D.T. presents a sole issue challenging whether the legal and factual sufficiency of the

evidence to support termination of her parental rights satisfies the clear and convincing

standard of review. By four issues, A.P. contends the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support each ground for termination under section 161.001(1)(E), (N), (O)

and (P) of the Texas Family Code.2 Neither parent challenges the trial court’s finding

that termination of their parental rights was in B.P.’s best interest.                  As to D.T., we

reverse the trial court’s termination order and remand the cause for a new trial. As to

A.P., we affirm the trial court’s order of termination.


                                             BACKGROUND


        D.T. and A.P., both in their twenties at the time of the underlying proceedings,

are the parents of B.P., a young male born in June 2012.3 Within days of B.P.’s birth,

D.T. was admitted into a facility for evaluation for depression and suicidal ideations.

She was treated and released quickly.                The Department of Family and Protective

Services filed a petition seeking conservatorship of B.P. and alternatively, termination of


        1
          D.T. is the child’s mother and A.P. is the child’s father. To protect the parents' and the child's
privacy, we refer to Appellants and other parties by their initials. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d)
(West 2014). See also TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b).
        2
         TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1) (E), (N), (O) and (P) (West 2014).             Unless otherwise
designated all references to section or § are to the Family Code.
        3
          At the time of the final hearing, D.T. had four children and was pregnant with her fifth. A.P. is
the father of the two youngest and of the unborn child, who was due to be born in April 2014. In two
earlier cases involving the Department, D.T. relinquished her parental rights to a daughter and gave
permanent managing conservatorship of her oldest son to his father. The fourth child, a son born in 2013
who is in the Department’s custody in Gainesville, is in foster care. A.P. has two older children who live
with his ex-wife in California.


                                                     2
parental rights. D.T. has a history with the Department involving her two older children

but the admissible evidence in the record is silent on the specifics for removal of those

children. The Department deemed A.P. unsuitable as a caregiver due to domestic

violence issues and drug and alcohol abuse issues and took custody of B.P. upon his

release from the hospital.


        The Department developed service plans for both parents in August 2012, and

although the plans are unsigned, the record establishes the plans were thoroughly

discussed with each parent.             By order dated December 17, 2012, the trial court

approved and adopted the plans. However, the record does not contain a separate

written order for actions necessary for the parents to obtain B.P.’s return.4


        D.T. and A.P. did not have family or a support group in Amarillo. In May 2013,

D.T. moved to Gainesville, Texas, to live with her aunt.                    A.P. later followed her to

Gainesville and moved in with her. Eventually, they moved out of D.T.’s aunt’s house

but did not provide the Department with proof of housing or employment. Although D.T.

kept in contact with her caseworker in Amarillo, she always called from a different

phone number so the Department had no permanent contact number for her. Both

parents visited B.P., but after they moved to Gainesville, circumstances made regular

visits difficult.


        Both D.T. and A.P. substantially complied with the requirements of their

respective service plans. However, the Department expressed concern with their failure
        4
           See In re B.L.R.P., 269 S.W.3d 707, 711 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008, no pet.). The trial court
took judicial notice of the service plans and a status hearing order approved and adopted them as if set
out verbatim. The better practice when relying on paragraph (O) for termination of parental rights is to
include an actual order for actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child in the record.
Id. at 711.

                                                     3
to complete domestic violence programs and regarding A.P., a substance abuse

program.


       After the final hearing, the trial court found that termination of both parents’ rights

was in B.P.’s best interest. The trial court further found D.T. had:


       engaged in conduct or knowingly placed B.P. with persons who engaged
       in conduct which endangered the physical or emotional well-being of B.P.;

       constructively abandoned B.P. who had been in the permanent or
       temporary managing conservatorship of the Department or an authorized
       agency for not less than six months and: (1) the Department or authorized
       agency had made reasonable efforts to return B.P. to his mother; (2) the
       mother had not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with
       B.P.; and (3) the mother had demonstrated an inability to provide B.P. with
       a safe environment; and

       failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically
       established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of B.P. who
       had been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the
       Department for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal
       from the parent under chapter 262 for the abuse and neglect of B.P.

See § 161.001(1)(E), (N), (O).

       Regarding A.P., in addition to the best interest finding, the trial court also found

he had:


       engaged in conduct or knowingly placed B.P. with persons who engaged
       in conduct which endangered the physical or emotional well-being of B.P.;

       constructively abandoned B.P. who had been in the permanent or
       temporary managing conservatorship of the Department or an authorized
       agency for not less than six months and: (1) the Department or authorized
       agency had made reasonable efforts to return B.P. to his father; (2) the
       father had not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with B.P.;
       and (3) the father had demonstrated an inability to provide B.P. with a safe
       environment;

       failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically
       established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of B.P. who

                                              4
       had been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the
       Department for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal
       from the parent under chapter 262 for the abuse and neglect of B.P.; and

       used a controlled substance, as defined by chapter 481 of the Texas
       Health and Safety Code, in a manner that endangered the health or safety
       of B.P., and (1) failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse
       treatment program; or (2) after completion of a court-ordered substance
       abuse treatment program continued to abuse a controlled substance.

See § 161.001(1)(E), (N), (O), (P).

                      STANDARD OF REVIEW IN TERMINATION CASES


       The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional

dimension. See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59 (1982). See also Holick v.

Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Consequently, termination statutes are strictly

construed in favor of the parent. In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 563 (Tex. 2012). Parental

rights, however, are not absolute, and it is essential that the emotional and physical

interests of a child not be sacrificed merely to preserve those rights. In re C.H., 89

S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex. 2002).


       The Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution and section 161.001

of the Texas Family Code require application of the heightened standard of clear and

convincing evidence in cases involving involuntary termination of parental rights. See In

re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Tex. 2012); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex.

2002). Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which will

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the

allegations sought to be established. See § 101.007 (West 2014factfinder). See also In

re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25-26.


                                             5
       In applying the clear and convincing standard onto our legal sufficiency standard,

we review the evidence by considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to the

finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or

conviction that its finding was true. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802 (citing In re J.F.C.,

96 S.W.3d at 266). To give appropriate deference to the factfinder’s conclusions, we

must assume the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable

factfinder could do so. Id. As a corollary to this requirement, an appellate court should

also disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found

to been incredible.5       Id.    If, after conducting a legal sufficiency review, a court

determines that no reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that the

matter that must be proven is true, then the evidence is legally insufficient. Id.


       In a factual sufficiency review, a court of appeals must give due consideration to

the evidence the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. In

re C.H., 98 S.W.3d at 25. We determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder

could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the Department’s

allegations. Id. In doing so we consider whether disputed evidence is such that a

reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its

finding.   If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable

factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder

could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is

factually insufficient. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.


       5
         This does not mean that a court must disregard all evidence that does not support the finding.
To do so could skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence. See In re E.N.C.,
384 S.W.3d at 802.

                                                  6
       The Family Code permits a trial court to terminate parental rights if the

Department proves by clear and convincing evidence that the parent committed an

action prohibited under section 161.001(1) and termination is in the child’s best interest.

See § 161.001(1), (2) (West 2014); Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 370 (Tex. 1976).


       Only one predicate finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to support an

order of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in a child's best

interest. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003); In re T.N., 180 S.W.3d 376,

384 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2005, no pet.). Therefore, we will affirm the termination order

if the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support any statutory ground

upon which the trial court relied in terminating parental rights as well as the best interest

finding. In re E.A.G., 373 S.W.3d 129, 141 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied).


                                GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION


       § 161.001(1)(E)


       Parental rights may be terminated under paragraph (E) if there is clear and

convincing evidence that the parent engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child

with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-

being of the child.   The cause of the danger to the child must be the parent's conduct

alone, as evidenced not only by the parent's actions but also by the parent's omissions

or failures to act. Doyle v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 16 S.W.3d

390, 395 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2000, pet. denied). Additionally, paragraph (E) requires

more than a single act or omission; a voluntary, deliberate and conscious Acourse of

conduct@ by the parent is required. In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 634 (Tex. App.—Fort

                                              7
Worth 2000, pet. denied). AEndanger@ means to expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize.

In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex. 1996), (citing Texas Dep’t of Human Services v.

Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987)). It is more than a threat of metaphysical injury

or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal family environment, and it is not necessary

that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffers injury. See id.

See also In re T.N., 180 S.W.3d at 383. Endangering conduct may include a parent’s

actions before the child’s birth, while the parent had custody of older children. In the

Interest of J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009).


       § 161.001(1)(N)


       Under paragraph (N), parental rights may be terminated if the trial court finds that

a parent has constructively abandoned a child who has been in the permanent or

temporary conservatorship of the Department for not less than six months and

reasonable efforts have been made to return the child; the parent has not regularly

visited or maintained significant contact with the child; and the parent has demonstrated

an inability to provide the child with a safe environment. See In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d at

633.


       § 161.001(1)(O)


       Parental rights may be terminated under paragraph (O) if the Department

establishes the child was removed under chapter 262 because of abuse or neglect; the

Department has been the permanent or temporary managing conservator for at least

nine months; a court order specifically established the actions necessary for the parent

to obtain the return of the child; and the parent failed to comply with that order. See In

                                             8
re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 278-79. The Supreme Court has broadened the “abuse or

neglect” elements to include risks or threats of the environment in which the child is

placed. See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 248 (Tex. 2013) (broadly interpreting the

“abuse or neglect” removal standards of chapter 262 of the Family Code to encompass

the risks or threats of the environment in which the child is placed including harm

suffered or the danger faced by other children under the parent’s care). See also In re

S.M.R., No. 12-0968, 2014 Tex. LEXIS 454, at *15-16 (Tex. June 6, 2014); In re K.N.D.,

424 S.W.3d 8, 10 (Tex. 2014). Termination under paragraph (O) does not allow for

consideration of excuses for noncompliance nor does it consider "substantial

compliance" to be the same as completion. See In re I.G., 383 S.W.3d 763, 771 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.); In re M.C.G., 329 S.W.3d 674, 675-76 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied).6


       § 161.001(1)(P)


       Under paragraph (P), a parent’s rights may be terminated if the Department

proves, and the trial court finds, by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has

used a controlled substance, as defined by chapter 481 of the Texas Health and Safety

Code, in a manner that endangered the health or safety of the child and: (i) failed to

complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program; or (ii) after completion of

a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program, continued to abuse a controlled

substance. See In re Estate A.Q.W., 395 S.W.3d 285, 290 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2013, no pet.).

       6
          Excuses for noncompliance and “substantial compliance” may, however, be factors in
determining whether termination is in the best interest of the child, a matter not at issue in this
proceeding.

                                                9
                                         ANALYSIS


       A parent’s interest in the accuracy and justice of the decision to terminate his or

her parental status is a commanding one. Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18,

27, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640 (1981). Courts require the State to overcome

significant burdens before removing children from their parents.        In re E.C.R., 402

S.W.3d at 240. “These impediments are essential to protect the parent’s fundamental

liberty interest in the companionship, care, custody, and management of [his or] her

children.” Id. (citing Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27). We reiterate that termination statutes are

strictly construed in favor of the parent. In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 563.


TERMINATION OF D.T.’S PARENTAL RIGHTS


       Paragraph (E)


       Under paragraph (E), the Department was required to show by clear and

convincing evidence that D.T. engaged in conduct that endangered B.P.’s physical and

emotional well-being.    There is a well settled body of law dedicated to defining

“endangerment.”     See In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d at 269 (defining endangerment as

exposing a child to loss or injury or to jeopardize a child’s emotional or physical health).

See also Robinson v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 89 S.W.3d 679, 686

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). The endangering conduct does not have

to occur in the presence of the child and may occur before or after the child’s birth. See

In re S.M.L.D., 150 S.W.3d 754, 757-58 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, no pet.).




                                            10
        Domestic violence issues may be considered evidence of endangerment. In re

C.J.O., 325 S.W.3d 261, 265 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2010, pet. denied).                              However,

termination under paragraph (E) must be supported by more than a single act—there

must be clear and convincing evidence of a voluntary, deliberate and conscious course

of conduct. In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 634. Evidence in support of endangerment must

be offered and admitted. See generally In re Allen, 359 S.W.3d 284, 289 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2012, orig. proceeding). See also In re B.R.G., 48 S.W.3d 812, 818 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2001, no pet.) (noting that pleadings are generally not competent

evidence, even if sworn or verified). Generally, facts recited in documents in support of

removal of children are subject to reasonable dispute and therefore, not appropriate for

judicial notice.     See generally In re Allen, 359 S.W.3d at 289 (citing TEX. R. EVID.

201(b)).


        The manner in which a parent treats other children or family members may also

be considered in deciding whether that parent engaged in a course of conduct that

endangered the physical or emotional well-being of a child. Cervantes-Peterson v. Tex.

Dep’t of Family and Protective Servs., 221 S.W.3d 244, 253 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist. 2006, no pet.). In this case, the trial court, in issuing its ruling, acknowledged that

D.T.’s parental rights to an older child had been terminated but declined to make a

finding under section 161.001(1)(M)7 because termination was based on relinquishment



        7
          Paragraph (M) provides for termination if there is clear and convincing evidence the parent had
his or her parent-child relationship terminated with respect to another child on a finding that parent
violated paragraph (D) or (E). Paragraph (D) provides for termination of the parent-child relationship if the
parent knowingly places or knowingly allows the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which
endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child and (E) provides for termination if there is clear
and convincing evidence that the parent engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons
who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.

                                                     11
without any evidence being presented on whether D.T. had violated paragraph (D) or

(E).


        A parent’s mental state may be considered in determining whether a child is

endangered if that mental state allows the parent to engage in conduct that jeopardizes

the physical or emotional well-being of a child. In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied). Suicidal ideations may also contribute to a finding

that a parent engaged in endangering conduct. Id.


        The Department’s evidence at the final hearing consisted of testimony from the

caseworker, B.P.’s foster mother and a sole exhibit showing D.T. had been convicted in

2013 of misdemeanor assault against A.P.                   D.T. has had an on-again, off-again

relationship with A.P. since September 2011. The affidavit in support of removal was

prepared by another caseworker who did not testify at the final hearing. It contains

recitations of domestic violence committed by D.T. with multiple layers of hearsay.8 The

Department did not offer any admissible evidence of other endangering conduct

committed by D.T. while she had custody of her older children.                             Although the

caseworker testified that D.T. reported domestic violence by A.P., which led to the

removal of her two older children, termination under paragraph (E) must result from the

parent’s conduct alone.


        In addition to D.T.’s history with the Department, D.T.’s brief admittance into a

mental health facility for evaluation of suicidal ideations was cited as a reason for B.P.’s

        8
          We recognize the Supreme Court in In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 240-41, referenced allegations
of physical abuse recited in the affidavit in support of a petition seeking conservatorship of the child and
termination of parental rights. This Court is not inclined to disregard the Texas Rules of Evidence in
termination cases which are strictly scrutinized and require a heightened standard of review.

                                                    12
removal. However, the Department did not present evidence of the results of D.T.’s

evaluation. There was no evidence that D.T.’s mental state following B.P.’s birth would

cause her to engage in endangering conduct.         The Department did not establish a

continuing course of endangering conduct by D.T. against B.P., another child or a family

member.


      The Department’s reliance on paragraph (E) as a predicate ground for

termination of D.T.’s parental rights is further diluted by the caseworker’s testimony that

D.T. made positive changes in working her service plan and appeared to be more

responsible. According to the caseworker, before D.T. moved to Gainesville, she visited

B.P. regularly and acted appropriately with him during those visits. The caseworker

added that D.T. was bonding with B.P. and “you could tell she was trying.” In response

to questioning on whether D.T. was a good mother, the caseworker testified, “[y]es, she

knew what to do with [B.P.].”


      The caseworker did, however, express concern over D.T.’s failure to complete

the Women Against Violence (WAV) program to address domestic violence issues. She

also testified D.T. struggled to maintain employment and housing. However, she did not

testify how those shortcomings could endanger B.P.’s physical or emotional well-being.


      D.T. attended court-ordered individual and couple’s counseling from Fall 2012

through Spring 2013. The counselor’s progress reports were introduced into evidence

under Rule 803(6) of the Texas Rules of Evidence and showed that D.T. displayed a

good attitude and was open to processing issues to obtain the return of her child. The

caseworker testified the results of counseling were positive. Over the Department’s


                                            13
hearsay objection, she further testified to receiving an e-mail from D.T.’s counselor in

which he expressed that termination of her parental rights would be inappropriate.


        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s finding, we

conclude the evidence is legally sufficient to support termination under paragraph (E).

However, we conclude the Department’s evidence was factually insufficient to

overcome the fundamental fairness required to dissolve the parent-child relationship

between D.T. and her son, B.P.


        Paragraph (N)


        The Department was required to show by clear and convincing evidence that

D.T. constructively abandoned B.P., the Department made reasonable efforts to return

B.P.,9 D.T. did not visit regularly or maintain contact with the child and demonstrated an

inability to provide a safe environment. The linchpin of paragraph (N) is constructive

abandonment by a parent. “Constructive” is defined as “[l]egally imputed; existing by

virtue of legal fiction though not existing in fact.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 356 (9th ed.

2009). Under the term “constructive abandonment” is a reference to: “1. Family Law.

See constructive desertion under DESERTION.” Id. Desertion is defined as “the willful

and unjustified abandonment of a person’s duties or obligations” to family. Id. at 511.


        The caseworker acknowledged D.T. did not abandon B.P.                              However, the

Department tailored its case to support constructive abandonment because D.T. moved


        9
           Implementation of a family service plan is considered a reasonable effort to return a child to its
parent if the parent has been given a reasonable opportunity to comply with the terms of the plan. See
M.C. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protecive Servs., 300 S.W.3d 305, 310-11 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, pet.
denied).


                                                     14
to Gainesville in May 2013 to have family support. At that same time, B.P.’s foster

parents moved from Amarillo to Lubbock and coordinating visitation became arduous.

D.T. had to travel hundreds of miles by bus to visit and arrangements had to be made to

bring B.P. from Lubbock to Amarillo for those visits.10 A scheduled September 2013

visit failed due to miscommunication. According to the caseworker, a visit had been

arranged and D.T. was instructed to call if she was not going to attend.                           But the

Department canceled the visit because D.T. did not call.                     In December 2013, D.T.

requested visitation which was denied because she requested it for the following

morning and the Department required twenty-four hours’ notice.


        The caseworker testified that before D.T. moved to Gainesville, she visited B.P.

regularly and the visits were always appropriate. After D.T. moved, she kept in contact

with the Department albeit from different phone numbers. The caseworker also testified

D.T. had housing and was employed, but she was not providing proof to the

Department. D.T. was unable to visit B.P. after she moved to Gainesville and given

B.P.’s age, she could not communicate with him by phone or through correspondence.

We conclude the failed visits after D.T. moved to Gainesville were not the result of

constructive abandonment,11 the trigger for terminating parental rights under paragraph

(N). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s finding, we

conclude it is legally insufficient to support termination under paragraph (N).

Termination of D.T.’s parental rights under paragraph (N) also fails.


        10
             The caseworker testified the Department was not in a position to supervise visits in Lubbock.
        11
           This Court is hard pressed to find that maintaining regular visitation under the circumstances of
this case, which required coordination from three cities hundreds of miles apart, constitutes constructive
abandonment.

                                                      15
       Paragraph (O)


       The first step in relying on paragraph (O) to sever the relationship between a

parent and child is removal of the child for abuse or neglect or for a risk or threat of

abuse or neglect. See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 248. It is undisputed that B.P. was

not abused. He was taken into custody by the Department after he was released from

the hospital following his birth. The Department intervened because D.T. was having

emotional and mental health issues and there was a history between D.T. and the

Department with her two older children. However, the specifics of that history were not

established by admissible, clear and convincing evidence. No admissible evidence of

abuse, neglect or other endangering conduct was offered.             D.T.’s misdemeanor

conviction for assault resulted from an offense committed in December 2012, well after

B.P.’s birth and removal. Thus, it could not have contributed as a basis for removal.


       The Department’s concern over D.T.’s mental health issues should have been

alleviated when D.T. was treated and released within days of being evaluated. The

caseworker did not testify to any concerns of D.T.’s mental health during the attempt to

reunify B.P. with his mother. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial

court’s finding, we conclude the evidence is legally sufficient to support termination

under paragraph (O). However, in light of the entire record, we conclude the disputed

evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so

significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction

about the truth of the allegations.        The evidence in support of termination under

paragraph (O) is factually insufficient.



                                              16
      The Department must be held to the heightened burden of proof and comply with

fundamental fairness and due process requirements when depriving a parent of a right

of constitutional dimension.           The Department must present sufficient evidence to

support at least one of twenty statutory grounds for termination that will withstand

review under the heightened standard of clear and convincing evidence.          Here, as

regards D.T., the Department alleged seventeen predicate grounds for termination, the

trial court found three grounds in support of termination and the admissible evidence

supports none. D.T.’s issue is sustained.


      Termination of A.P.’s Parental Rights


      Paragraph (E)


      By his first of four issues, A.P. maintains the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support termination of his parental rights under paragraph (E).      We

disagree. The Department was required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that

A.P. engaged in a continuous course of conduct that endangered B.P. The Department

emphasized his problems with drug and alcohol abuse and also alleged domestic

violence issues.


        A.P. was on community supervision for driving while intoxicated in August 2012.

A parent’s use of narcotics and its effect on his ability to parent may qualify as an

endangering course of conduct. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009).

The caseworker testified A.P. admitted to her he had been using “K2.”12



      12
           “K2” is a slang term for a synthetic cannabinoid.

                                                     17
       The caseworker testified that during one of A.P.’s visits with B.P. she was notified

that A.P. “seemed out of sorts.”    She and her program director proceeded to check on

A.P. and discovered he was going to the restroom to throw up. The visit with B.P.

ended abruptly, and A.P. admitted to the program director he had been drinking before

arriving for his visit.   The caseworker also testified that all of A.P.’s referrals and

recommendations indicate he is an alcoholic. A.P. refused to complete his drug and

alcohol abuse program and denied to the caseworker that he had a drinking problem. A

parent’s struggle with alcohol abuse may result in endangering conduct. In re R.W.,

129 S.W.3d at 739.


       According to the caseworker, prior instances of domestic violence by A.P. and

reported by D.T. were the reasons for removal of D.T.’s children in prior cases. Use of

K2 and excessive consumption of alcohol by A.P. demonstrates he engaged in more

than a single act of conduct which could endanger B.P.’s physical and emotional well-

being. See In re S.N., 272 S.W.3d 45, 52 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.) (noting that

evidence of drug use or alcohol is relevant in determining whether a parent poses a

present or future risk of endangerment).         We find the evidence to be clear and

convincing to produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the

truth of the allegations the Department sought to establish under paragraph (E).


       Only one predicate ground under section 161.001(1) is sufficient to support a

termination order. In re T.N., 180 S.W.3d at 384. Additionally, A.P. does not challenge

the trial court’s best interest finding. See § 161.001(2). Consequently, A.P.’s first issue

is overruled and his second, third and fourth issues by which he challenges termination

of his parental rights under paragraphs (N), (O) and (P) are pretermitted.

                                            18
                                         CONCLUSION


       The portion of the trial court’s order terminating the parental rights of D.T. to her

son, B.P., is reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial; while the portion of the

trial court’s order terminating the parental rights of A.P. to his son, B.P., is affirmed.




                                                   Patrick A. Pirtle
                                                        Justice




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