                                  COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Chief Judge Felton,∗ Judges Frank and Clements
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia


VICTOR LAMONT RIDLEY
                                                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION∗∗ BY
v.        Record No. 0704-05-1                                 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
                                                                        APRIL 25, 2006
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                      FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
                                  Charles D. Griffith, Jr., Judge

                    Harry Dennis Harmon, Jr., for appellant.

                    Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant Attorney General (Judith Williams
                    Jagdmann, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


          Victor Lamont Ridley (appellant) was convicted in a jury trial of possession of burglarious

tools, in violation of Code § 18.2-94, and misdemeanor damage to property, in violation of Code

§ 18.2-137(B)(i). On appeal, he contends the trial court erred in (1) denying his motion to suppress

an inculpatory admission he made to the police and (2) finding the evidence sufficient to sustain his

convictions. For the reasons that follow, we affirm appellant’s convictions.

          As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and

incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this

appeal.




          ∗
              On April 1, 2006, Judge Felton succeeded Judge Fitzpatrick as chief judge.
          ∗∗
               Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                        I. BACKGROUND

       We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the party that

prevailed below. See Garcia v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 184, 189, 578 S.E.2d 97, 99 (2003)

(“When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, we must view the

evidence and all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth.”); Sabo v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 63, 69, 561 S.E.2d 761, 764 (2002)

(“On appeal from a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we must review the evidence in

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to the Commonwealth all reasonable

inferences fairly deducible from it.”). “In so doing, we must discard the evidence of the accused in

conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the

Commonwealth and all fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” Cirios v. Commonwealth, 7

Va. App. 292, 295, 373 S.E.2d 164, 165 (1988).

       So viewed, the evidence established that, at approximately 3:00 a.m. on August 21, 2003,

Officers Daryl Howard and Chris Daly of the Norfolk Police Department were in separate

marked patrol cars en route to a call unrelated to this matter. As Officer Howard drove down

Virginia Avenue, he saw appellant appear “from the shadows [on the] side of the street where

some cars were parked.” Because there had been over thirty nighttime “break-ins” of parked

vehicles reported in that area in the preceding few weeks, Officers Howard and Daly stopped

their vehicles and approached appellant on foot. Officer Howard asked if he could speak with

appellant for a moment, and, upon receiving appellant’s consent, apprised him of the numerous

reports of break-ins nearby and “asked him what he was doing in the area.” In response,

appellant stated he was walking from the 7-Eleven on 38th Street to Park Place. Officer Howard

found appellant’s response “strange” because his location on Virginia Avenue was several blocks

out of the way to his professed destination.

                                                 -2-
       In addition, while talking with appellant, Officer Howard noticed some broken glass on

the ground by one of the parked cars near where appellant had emerged from the shadows.

Officer Howard then observed that one of the rear windows of the car “had been knocked out”

and “there was a screwdriver laying in plain view in the back seat area” of the car.

       Based on these circumstances, Officer Howard detained appellant “for further

investigation.” The officers handcuffed appellant and placed him in the back of Officer Daly’s

patrol vehicle. They did not advise appellant of his Miranda rights.

       After checking nearby cars for damage, Officer Howard returned to his patrol vehicle.

While Officer Howard was in the process of arranging for a detective to come to the scene,

entering appellant’s information into his computer, and trying to obtain contact information for

the owner of the damaged car, Officer Daly approached Officer Howard and informed him that

appellant had made a statement concerning the screwdriver observed in the backseat area of the

damaged vehicle. Officer Howard told Officer Daly that he would be “there in a minute.”1

       A minute or two later, Officer Howard approached Officer Daly’s patrol car. Officer

Daly was sitting in the driver’s seat of the car with his window open, and appellant was in the

backseat. Officer Howard did not address appellant when he approached. Instead, Officer

Howard bent down to within two feet of Officer Daly and asked him what he had said earlier

about the screwdriver. Both officers had their backs to appellant and Officer Howard directed

his question to Officer Daly, without looking at appellant. As Officer Daly responded to Officer

Howard’s question, appellant stated: “That’s not my screwdriver. I don’t know how it got there.

My fingerprints might be on it, but it’s not mine.” Neither officer had asked appellant “any

question at that point in time.”




       1
           Officer Daly did not appear as a witness at the suppression hearing or at trial.
                                                 -3-
       Detective George Thondique arrived on the scene shortly thereafter. After speaking with

Officer Howard, Detective Thondique advised appellant of his Miranda rights. Appellant agreed

to speak with the detective and told him “that he had used the screwdriver to break the window

out” in order to look for change to buy a pack of cigarettes.

       According to the owner of the damaged car, the screwdriver found inside the car was not

hers and was not in the car when she parked it that evening. Nor, according to her, was the

window broken, and she did not give appellant permission to enter her locked car.

       Prior to his trial, appellant filed a motion to suppress the inculpatory statement he made

to Officers Howard and Daly regarding the screwdriver, arguing solely as follows:

                       On August 21, 2003, Norfolk City Police Officers Daly and
               Howard detained and interrogated the defendant without apprising
               the defendant of his constitutional rights pursuant to Arizona v.
               Miranda, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), and in violation of the same
               obtained an alleged statement from the defendant that a
               “screwdriver in the automobile’s back seat would have his (the
               defendant’s) fingerprints on it, but he (the defendant) did not know
               how it had gotten there.”

       Testifying at the hearing on the motion to suppress, appellant denied making any

inculpatory statements to Officers Howard and Daly about the screwdriver and gave conflicting

testimony about whether Officer Howard asked him any questions about the screwdriver. He

further testified that he told Officer Daly he would not “say anything until [he] talk[ed] to [his]

attorney.” Appellant’s counsel argued at the hearing solely as follows:

                       [My client] was in custody and he wasn’t . . . given his
               Miranda rights. . . . My client testified Officer Howard asked him
               about the screwdriver. That’s in complete violation of his rights
               under Arizona versus Miranda. If he was not given his rights and
               he was in custody and the officer asked him a question, that’s in
               violation.

       Conceding appellant was in custody when he made the inculpatory statement about the

screwdriver to Officers Howard and Daly, the Commonwealth asserted that appellant’s statement

                                                -4-
was not made in response to any interrogation by the police. Thus, the Commonwealth argued,

the need for Miranda warnings was not triggered.

       The trial court denied the motion to suppress, finding that appellant’s statement was not

“made as a result of any custodial interrogation.” “There was no questioning of [appellant],” the

court found. Rather, while “fully” aware of his rights, appellant simply “blurt[ed]” the statement

out on his own. The court also found that appellant’s testimony lacked credibility and the

Commonwealth’s evidence was “extremely credible.”

       After hearing the evidence and argument of counsel at trial, the jury found appellant

guilty of possession of burglarious tools and damage to property. This appeal followed.

                                   II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

       On appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. In

support of that contention, appellant argues solely that his incriminating statement to Officers

Howard and Daly regarding the screwdriver found in the damaged car was inadmissible because

it was not a voluntary admission. Relying exclusively on Kauffmann v. Commonwealth, 8

Va. App. 400, 382 S.E.2d 279 (1989),2 appellant maintains that his admission was not voluntary


       2
           Appellant quotes the following passage from Kauffmann in his appellate brief:

                        [T]he confession, even if obtained in full compliance with
                Miranda, may be inadmissible if it was not voluntary. In order to
                assess the voluntariness of a confession, an appellate court must
                conduct an independent review of the circumstances surrounding
                the confession. Miller v. Fenton, 474 U.S. 104 (1985). In
                conducting its review, the court “must determine whether, in light
                of the totality of the circumstances, including not only the details
                of the interrogation, but also the characteristics of the accused, the
                statement was the product of an essentially free and unconstrained
                choice by its maker, or whether the maker’s will was overcome
                and his capacity for self-determination critically impaired.”
                Goodwin v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 249, 253, 349 S.E.2d 161,
                163-64 (1986) (citations omitted).

8 Va. App. at 405, 382 S.E.2d at 281.
                                                -5-
because “the officers’ actions, in toto, amounted to a conscience [sic] plan to overcome the

appellant’s will and critically impair his capacity for self-determination.” We hold that

appellant’s argument, having been raised for the first time on appeal, is procedurally barred by Rule

5A:18.

         Rule 5A:18 provides, in pertinent part, that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be

considered as a basis for reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds therefor

at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the

ends of justice.” (Emphasis added). Pursuant to Rule 5A:18, we “will not consider an argument on

appeal [that] was not presented to the trial court.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 299, 308,

494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998). “Rule 5A:18 applies to bar even constitutional claims.” Id.

                 Under this rule, a specific argument must be made to the trial court at
                 the appropriate time, or the allegation of error will not be considered
                 on appeal. A general argument or an abstract reference to the law is
                 not sufficient to preserve an issue. Making one specific argument on
                 an issue does not preserve a separate legal point on the same issue for
                 review.

Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 760, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc), aff’d,

No. 040019 (Va. Sup. Ct. Order of 10/15/04). Thus, “though taking the same general position as

in the trial court, an appellant may not rely on reasons which could have been but were not raised

for the benefit of the lower court.” West Alexandria Properties, Inc. v. First Va. Mortgage & Real

Estate Inv. Trust, 221 Va. 134, 138, 267 S.E.2d 149, 151 (1980). In short, we will not consider an

argument on appeal that is different from the specific argument presented to the trial court, even if it

relates to the same issue. See Buck v. Commonwealth, 247 Va. 449, 452-53, 443 S.E.2d 414, 416

(1994) (holding that appellant’s failure to raise the same specific arguments “before the trial court

precludes him from raising them for the first time on appeal”). The main purpose of this rule is to

ensure that the trial court and opposing party are given the opportunity to intelligently address,



                                                    -6-
examine, and resolve issues in the trial court, thus avoiding unnecessary appeals and reversals. Lee

v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 514, 404 S.E.2d 736, 739 (1991) (en banc).

       In this case, appellant moved to suppress his inculpatory admission to Officers Howard and

Daly on the ground that he made that admission before he received Miranda warnings. Miranda

warnings were required, he argued, because he was subjected to custodial interrogation when he

made the admission. He made no other arguments. The Commonwealth conceded appellant was

in custody when he made the inculpatory statement but denied appellant’s claim that he was

being interrogated by the police when he made the admission. The trial court found that

appellant’s Miranda rights were not violated because the admission was not “made as a result of

any custodial interrogation.” Appellant, the court found, was not subjected to questioning by the

police at the time and appellant merely “blurt[ed]” the admission out of his own accord.

       It is clear, therefore, that the only issue brought to the attention of the trial court at the

suppression hearing was whether appellant was being “interrogated” within the meaning of Miranda

at the time he made the incriminating admission to the police. At no point did appellant raise before

the trial court the argument he now raises on appeal—that his admission to Officers Howard and

Daly regarding the screwdriver was not voluntary because the police officers through their planning

and manipulative actions overbore his will. See Bailey v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 723, 745-46,

529 S.E.2d 570, 582-84 (treating the appellant’s claims—that his confession was not admissible

(1) because it was obtained in violation of Miranda and (2) because it was involuntarily given—as

two separate and distinct issues), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 995 (2000); Kauffmann, 8 Va. App. at

404-05, 382 S.E.2d at 281-82 (same). In fact, appellant never specifically questioned or otherwise

addressed the voluntariness of the admission below. Indeed, appellant’s counsel effectively

conceded during oral argument before us that appellant had changed tack on appeal, abandoning the




                                                   -7-
Miranda claim he asserted below in favor of his claim on appeal that the admission was not

voluntary.

       Thus, despite having had the opportunity to do so, appellant never alerted the trial court to

his present claim that his inculpatory admission to Officers Howard and Daly regarding the

screwdriver was not voluntary. Hence, the trial court had no opportunity to consider, address, or

resolve that claim. Moreover, our review of the record reveals no reason to invoke the “ends of

justice” or “good cause” exceptions to Rule 5A:18. See Edwards, 41 Va. App. at 761, 589 S.E.2d

at 448 (“We will not consider, sua sponte, a ‘miscarriage of justice’ argument under Rule

5A:18.”); M. Morgan Cherry & Assocs. v. Cherry, 38 Va. App. 693, 702, 568 S.E.2d 391, 396

(2002) (en banc) (holding that the “good cause” exception to Rule 5A:18 will not be invoked

where appellant had the opportunity to raise the issue at trial but did not do so).

       We hold, therefore, that appellant is barred by Rule 5A:18 from raising the claim for the first

time on appeal.

                                III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Appellant contends the trial court erred in finding the evidence sufficient to sustain his

convictions for possession of burglarious tools and damage to property. We disagree.

       “When faced with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we ‘presume the

judgment of the trial court to be correct’ and reverse only if the trial court’s decision is ‘plainly

wrong or without evidence’ to support it.” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 662,

588 S.E.2d 384, 386 (2003) (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d

444, 447 (2003) (en banc)). “When a jury decides the case, Code § 8.01-680 requires that ‘we

review the jury’s decision to see if reasonable jurors could have made the choices that the jury

did make. We let the decision stand unless we conclude no rational juror could have reached that




                                                 -8-
decision.’” Id. (quoting Pease v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 342, 355, 573 S.E.2d 272, 278

(2002) (en banc), aff’d, 266 Va. 397, 588 S.E.2d 149 (2003) (per curiam)).

                                A. Possession of Burglarious Tools

       Code § 18.2-94 states:

                       If any person have in his possession any tools, implements
               or outfit, with intent to commit burglary, robbery or larceny, upon
               conviction thereof he shall be guilty of a Class 5 felony. The
               possession of such burglarious tools, implements or outfit by any
               person other than a licensed dealer, shall be prima facie evidence
               of an intent to commit burglary, robbery or larceny.

       Appellant claims the evidence was insufficient to prove he “possessed” a burglarious tool

because no one saw him with the screwdriver found inside the damaged car in his possession.

Conviction under Code § 18.2-94, however, does not require that the burglarious tool be seen in

the accused’s actual possession. See, e.g., Nance v. Commonwealth, 203 Va. 428, 431-33, 124

S.E.2d 900, 903-04 (1962) (affirming the defendant’s conviction for possession of burglarious

tools where the tools in question were retrieved elsewhere after having apparently been thrown

from the vehicle in which the defendant had been traveling). The Commonwealth need prove

only that the accused possessed the tools with the intent to commit burglary, robbery, or larceny

at some relevant time prior to his arrest. See id.; Burnette v. Commonwealth, 194 Va. 785, 792,

75 S.E.2d 482, 487 (1953) (holding that the offense of possession of burglarious tools “consists

of two essential elements: (1) possession of burglarious tools: and (2) an intent to commit

burglary, robbery or larceny therewith”).

       Here, appellant’s statement to Officers Howard and Daly that his “fingerprints might be

on” the screwdriver implicitly connects him to the screwdriver. Moreover, appellant admitted to

Detective Thondique “that he had used the screwdriver to break the window out” in order to gain

entry into the car to obtain money to buy cigarettes. Additionally, the evidence established that

the owner of the car had not given appellant permission to enter her car. A rational juror could
                                               -9-
reasonably conclude from this evidence that appellant possessed the screwdriver with the intent

to burglarize the car. The evidence is therefore sufficient to sustain appellant’s conviction for

possession of burglarious tools.

                                      B. Damage to Property

       Code § 18.2-137(B)(i) provides, in pertinent part, that, “[i]f any person intentionally

[damages any property not his own], he shall be guilty of . . . a Class 1 misdemeanor if the . . .

damage to the property . . . is less than $1,000.” Appellant claims the evidence was insufficient

to prove he intentionally damaged the window of the car where the screwdriver was found. As

previously mentioned, however, appellant admitted to Detective Thondique that he used the

screwdriver to break the back window of the car with the intent to gain entry. The screwdriver

was in the damaged car’s backseat, and the back window was broken out. A rational juror could

properly conclude from this evidence that appellant intentionally damaged the window. The

evidence is therefore sufficient to sustain appellant’s conviction for misdemeanor damage to

property.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we affirm appellant’s convictions.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




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