                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED

              Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges Decker and AtLee
              Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia


              CHIQUITA LYNETTE PARKER
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0303-16-1                                     CHIEF JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF
                                                                                   OCTOBER 3, 2017
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
                                              Randall D. Smith, Judge

                               (James B. Melton, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting
                               on brief.

                               Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Chiquita Lynette Parker (“appellant”) appeals her conviction of driving on a suspended

              license, third or subsequent offense, in violation of Code § 46.2-301. Following a jury trial in

              the Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake (“trial court”), appellant was sentenced to twelve

              months’ incarceration and a $2500 fine.1 On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

              admitting appellant’s Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”) transcript into evidence.

              For the reasons that follow, this Court affirms the trial court’s ruling.

                                                       I. BACKGROUND

                     On appeal, “we consider the evidence and all reasonable inferences flowing from that

              evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.”

              Williams v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 439, 442, 642 S.E.2d 295, 296 (2007) (en banc)


                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                         The jury also convicted appellant of other crimes not at issue in this appeal.
(quoting Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004)). So viewed,

the evidence established that on September 20, 2014, a Virginia State Police trooper observed a

vehicle drive through a red light. He initiated a traffic stop of the driver, whom he eventually

identified as appellant. After cross-referencing appellant’s information with a law enforcement

database, the trooper discovered that appellant’s operator’s license was suspended.

       At trial, the Commonwealth sought to introduce a redacted version of appellant’s DMV

transcript obtained by the trooper. Appellant raised four objections to its admission: (1) that the

procedure by which the Commonwealth obtained the transcript violated the procedure set forth

in Code § 46.2-384, rendering it inadmissible; (2) that the presence of an inaccurate notation in

the transcript, despite being redacted, cast doubt on the record’s validity; (3) that admitting the

transcript violated appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against her; and

(4) that Code § 46.2-384 violated appellant’s right to due process by impermissibly shifting the

burden of proof from the Commonwealth to her. The trial court overruled each of these

objections and admitted the transcript. This appeal followed.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Decisions concerning the admissibility of evidence are within the discretion of the trial

court and will not be overturned on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. Midkiff v.

Commonwealth, 280 Va. 216, 219, 694 S.E.2d 576, 578 (2010). “Under this deferential

standard, a ‘trial judge’s ruling will not be reversed simply because an appellate court disagrees;’

only in those cases where ‘reasonable jurists could not differ’ has an abuse of discretion

occurred.” Campos v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 690, 702, 800 S.E.2d 174, 180 (2017)

(quoting Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 753, 607 S.E.2d 738, 743, adopted upon

reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811, 613 S.E.2d 870 (2005)). “Constitutional arguments, however,

‘present questions of law that this Court reviews de novo.’” Id. (quoting Crawford v.

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Commonwealth, 281 Va. 84, 97, 704 S.E.2d 107, 115 (2011)). Finally, “[i]nsofar as

admissibility of evidence ‘rests upon the interpretation of a statute, that interpretation is a

question of law subject to de novo review.” Beckham v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 654, 658,

799 S.E.2d 689, 691 (2017) (quoting Mason v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 599, 605, 770

S.E.2d 224, 227 (2015)).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

         Appellant offers several independent arguments to support her assignment of error, which

this Court will address in turn.

                                    A. Role of Code § 46.2-384

         Appellant first contends that the General Assembly in Code § 46.2-384 mandated a

specific procedure for obtaining DMV transcripts for use at trial, strict compliance with which is

requisite for their admission into evidence. Nothing in Code § 46.2-384, however, connects the

means by which the Commonwealth obtains a transcript with that document’s admissibility at

trial.

         Appellant bases her argument on the following language from Code § 46.2-384:

                Every law-enforcement officer who has arrested any person for . . .
                driving without a license or while his license has been suspended
                or revoked . . . shall request from the Department an abstract or
                transcript of the person’s driver’s conviction record on file at the
                Department. The Department shall furnish the abstract or
                transcript to the attorney for the Commonwealth of the jurisdiction
                in which the case will be heard, to be held available for the court in
                which the person is to be tried for the violation or charge.

This language, appellant argues, requires the DMV to provide a transcript directly to the

Commonwealth alone, not to any other instrumentality of the criminal justice system. Appellant

therefore maintains that the transcript in this case should have been inadmissible because the

DMV provided the transcript to the trooper who then provided it to the Commonwealth’s

attorney.
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       The problem with appellant’s argument is that the statute does not condition a transcript’s

admissibility on compliance with the procedure it sets forth. In fact, an entirely separate statute

governs the admissibility of DMV transcripts. Code § 46.2-215, titled “Certification of certain

records and admissibility in evidence,” provides:

                        Whenever any record, including records maintained by
               electronic media, by photographic processes, or paper, in the office
               of the Department is admissible in evidence, a copy, a machine-
               produced transcript, or a photograph of the record or paper attested
               by the Commissioner or his designee may be admitted as evidence
               in lieu of the original. In any case in which the records are
               transmitted by electronic means a machine imprint of the
               Commissioner’s name purporting to authenticate the record shall
               be the equivalent of attestation or certification by the
               Commissioner.
                        Any copy, transcript, photograph, or any certification
               purporting to be sealed or sealed and signed by the Commissioner
               or his designee or imprinted with the Commissioner’s name may
               be admitted as evidence without any proof of the seal or signature
               or of the official character of the person whose name is signed
               thereto. If an issue as to the authenticity of any information
               transmitted by electronic means is raised, the court shall require
               that a record attested by the Commissioner or his designee be
               submitted for admission into evidence.

This statute’s only prerequisite for admission of a DMV transcript, whether an original or a

reproduction, is that it be authenticated. Notably, counsel for appellant admitted at trial that his

objection was “not an authentication issue.”

       If the General Assembly had intended that the Commonwealth prove its copy of the

DMV transcript had been furnished directly to the Commonwealth attorney as a prerequisite for

admission, it would have said so. See, e.g., Phelps v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 139, 142, 654

S.E.2d 926, 927 (2008) (“If the legislature had intended to exclude the defendant from the class

of persons whose endangerment is prohibited by Code § 46.2-817(B), the legislature would have

said so.”); Hughes v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 448, 461, 573 S.E.2d 324, 328 (2002) (“If the

legislature had intended to exclude the factual scenario presented in the instant case from the

                                                -4-
complete jurisdictional divestiture provisions it could have done so.”); Reynolds v.

Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 153, 160, 515 S.E.2d 808, 811-12 (1999) (“If the legislature had

intended that operators undergo a forty-hour training program for each individual type of breath

test equipment, then it would have said so in the statute.”).

       Further, the procedure set forth in Code § 46.2-384 conveyed no substantive rights to

appellant. See Weathers v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 803, 805-06, 553 S.E.2d 729, 730 (2001)

(holding that where the Commonwealth substantially complied with a statute whose provisions

were procedural in nature and did not convey any substantive rights to the defendant, and there

was no prejudice to the defendant, precise compliance “was not essential to the validity of the

proceedings”). Code § 46.2-384’s purpose is to ensure that the Commonwealth and trial court

have access to a defendant’s DMV transcript for trial of certain driving offenses; it confers no

rights or protections on a defendant. Because appellant has demonstrated no prejudice flowing

from the method by which the Commonwealth obtained the transcript, precise compliance with

Code § 46.2-384’s procedure for acquiring DMV transcripts was not “essential to the validity of

the proceedings.” Lebedun v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 697, 717, 501 S.E.2d 427, 437

(1998) (quoting Commonwealth v. Rafferty, 241 Va. 319, 324, 402 S.E.2d 17, 20 (1991)).

Accordingly, strict compliance with Code § 46.2-384’s procedures is not a prerequisite for

transcript admission.

                                    B. Transcript Inaccuracies

       Appellant next contends that because the transcript contains an inaccuracy, the trial court

abused its discretion in admitting the unreliable document. At the outset, this Court observes

that the inaccuracy appellant references never came before the jury. Instead, the Commonwealth

redacted the erroneous entry in the transcript admitted into evidence. Despite this corrective

measure, appellant maintains that mere existence of an error—redacted or not—draws into

                                                -5-
question the validity of the entire document and renders the transcript inadmissible. This

argument cannot succeed because blanket exclusion is not an appropriate remedy for a transcript

inaccuracy.

       Code § 46.2-384 provides that, in prosecutions using a DMV transcript to establish prior

convictions, “that portion of the transcript relating to the relevant prior conviction, shall be prima

facie evidence of the facts stated therein with respect to the prior offense.” (Emphasis added).

“Prima facie evidence is evidence which on its first appearance is sufficient to raise a

presumption of fact or establish the fact in question unless rebutted. It imports that the evidence

produces for the time being a certain result, but that the result may be repelled.” Commonwealth

v. Dalton, 11 Va. App. 620, 623, 400 S.E.2d 801, 803 (1991) (quoting Babbitt v. Miller, 192 Va.

372, 379-80, 64 S.E.2d 718, 722 (1951)). The transcript was authenticated pursuant to Code

§ 46.2-215 and thus served as prima facie evidence of the facts it contained, subject to

appellant’s rebuttal. Although appellant was entitled to present evidence demonstrating that the

transcript contained inaccurate information and calling into question the document’s reliability,

the single inaccuracy he cites does not require the complete exclusion of the transcript.2




       2
          To the extent that appellant’s argument on brief regarding transcript inaccuracy also
includes an argument that the transcript did not satisfy Virginia’s business records exception to
the rule against hearsay, that argument is procedurally defaulted under Rule 5A:18. At trial,
counsel for appellant mentioned hearsay only in passing as part of his contention that the
transcript must come to the Commonwealth directly from the DMV pursuant to Code § 46.2-384.
Counsel for appellant said: “I think [Code § 46.2-384 is] very narrowly construed, because
essentially the Court is allowing hearsay in, and there was a specific recipe for how this hearsay
is coming in, and if it doesn’t comport with the statute, I don’t believe that it should be
admitted.” That argument was insufficient to alert the trial court that appellant was challenging
the transcript under the business records hearsay exception and therefore fails to satisfy this
Court’s contemporaneous objection requirement.
                                                -6-
                                     C. Confrontation Clause

       Appellant further argues that the trial court violated her Sixth Amendment right to

confrontation by admitting the transcript. Because this Court has previously held that DMV

transcripts are nontestimonial in nature and that holding is binding on this panel through the

interpanel accord doctrine, appellant’s argument must fail.

       The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[i]n all criminal

prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against

him.” The United States Supreme Court has held that testimonial statements of a witness absent

from trial may be admitted only where the defendant has had a previous opportunity to

cross-examine the witness. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59 (2004). This

cross-examination requirement only applies to testimonial statements, and not all statements

introduced at trial are testimonial. Id. at 56. The Court in Crawford clarified why many ordinary

public records are not testimonial: “Business and public records are generally admissible absent

confrontation not because they qualify under an exception to the hearsay rules, but because—

having been created for the administration of an entity’s affairs and not for the purpose of

establishing or proving some fact at trial—they are not testimonial.” Melendez-Diaz v.

Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 324 (2009).

       This Court first determined that DMV transcripts are nontestimonial in Jasper v.

Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 749, 644 S.E.2d 406 (2007). Following the Melendez-Diaz

decision, this Court revisited the issue in Boone v. Commonwealth, 63 Va. App. 383, 758 S.E.2d

72 (2014). Reasoning that a DMV transcript constituted a “compilation of records [that had]

‘been created for the administration of an entity’s affairs and not for the purpose of establishing

or proving some fact at trial,’” this Court held that Melendez-Diaz did not require a different




                                                -7-
result and concluded that Jasper remained good law. Id. at 391, 758 S.E.2d at 76 (quoting

Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 324).

       Despite appellant’s argument that Jasper and Boone were wrongly decided, those

decisions bind us under this Court’s well-established doctrine of interpanel accord. “As . . .

published decision[s] of . . . prior panel[s] of this Court, [Jasper and Boone] [are] binding on us

and control[] our resolution of this issue.” Vay v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 236, 257, 795

S.E.2d 72, 76 (2017); see, e.g., Startin v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 26, 39 n.3, 690 S.E.2d

310, 316 n.3 (2010) (en banc) (noting that published panel opinions of the Court of Appeals

“bind all other three-judge panels under the interpanel accord doctrine . . . [; however,] they do

not bind the Court sitting en banc”). Accordingly, because this Court’s precedent holds that

DMV transcripts are not testimonial, appellant’s Confrontation Clause argument is of no avail.

                               D. Due Process and Code § 46.2-384

       Appellant’s final argument is that because Code § 46.2-384 states that the portion of a

transcript relating to a prior conviction “shall be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein

with respect to the prior offense,” the trial court in applying the statute impermissibly shifted the

burden of proof to appellant in violation of the Due Process Clause by admitting the transcript.

As the language of Code § 46.2-384 provides only for a permissive inference and not a

mandatory presumption, this argument also cannot succeed.

       The Virginia Supreme Court recently set forth the applicable standard for this due

process analysis:

                       The Due Process Clause protects the accused against
               conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every
               fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.
               Mandatory presumptions violate the Due Process Clause because
               they instruct the jury that it must infer the presumed fact if the
               State proves certain predicate facts, which relieves the State of the
               burden of persuasion on an element of an offense.

                                                -8-
                       The Due Process Clause, however, does not prohibit the
               use of a permissive inference. A permissive inference is “a
               procedural device that shifts to a defendant the burden of
               producing some evidence contesting a fact that may otherwise be
               inferred, provided that the prosecution retains the ultimate burden
               of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” “A permissive inference
               does not relieve the State of its burden of proof because it still
               requires the State to convince the jury that the suggested
               conclusion should be inferred based on the predicate facts
               provided.”

Lindsey v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 1, 5-6, 795 S.E.2d 311, 313 (2017) (citations omitted)

(quoting Dobson v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 71, 74-75, 531 S.E.2d 569, 571-72 (2000)).

Virginia’s criminal and traffic statutes are rife with prima facie proof mechanisms, many of

which the Commonwealth’s courts have held to constitute permissive inferences.3 For instance,

in Dooley v. Commonwealth, 198 Va. 32, 34, 92 S.E.2d 348, 349-50 (1956), the Supreme Court

held a statute providing that police radar readings were prima facie evidence of a car’s speed did

not violate due process because there was a rational evidentiary relationship between the fact

proven and the fact presumed and the presumption was subject to defense rebuttal. More

recently, in interpreting a statute stating that a person who “presents the appearance of being less

than eighteen years of age . . . is prima facie presumed to be less than eighteen years of age,” that

Court held that it “fail[ed] to see any due process implications in a rebuttable presumption which,

by definition, does no more than shift the burden of going forward with the evidence.” Freeman

v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 301, 312, 288 S.E.2d 461, 467 (1982). Just this year, the Supreme


       3
          See, e.g., Code § 18.2-94 (“The possession of such burglarious tools, implements or
outfit by any person other than a licensed dealer, shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to
commit burglary, robbery or larceny.”); Code § 18.2-292 (“The presence of a machine gun in
any room, boat or vehicle shall be prima facie evidence of the possession or use of the machine
gun by each person occupying the room, boat, or vehicle where the weapon is found.”); Code
§ 18.2-423 (“Any such burning of a cross shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate
a person or group of persons.”); Code § 18.2-472.1 (“At any preliminary hearing pursuant to this
section, an affidavit from the State Police issued as required in § 9.1-907 shall be admitted into
evidence as prima facie evidence of the failure to comply with the duty to register or reregister
[with the Sex Offender and Crimes Against Minors Registry].”) (emphases added).
                                                 -9-
Court in Lindsey held that a jury instruction effectuating Code § 18.2-103’s language stating that

willful concealment of goods on a store’s premises “shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to

convert and defraud the owner” merely created a permissive inference that did not offend due

process. 293 Va. at 8, 795 S.E.2d at 314.

        Code § 46.2-384’s prima facie language likewise constitutes a permissive inference that

does not violate due process because it does not shift the burden of proof onto appellant. At

most, it “does no more than shift the burden of going forward with the evidence.” Freeman, 223

Va. at 312, 288 S.E.2d at 467. By presenting the transcript, the Commonwealth satisfied its

burden of production and created an inference that appellant had been convicted of the crimes

reported on the transcript. The Commonwealth obligated appellant to produce some evidence

contesting that inference, but it retained “the ultimate burden of proof beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Lindsey, 293 Va. at 6, 795 S.E.2d at 313 (quoting Dobson, 260 Va. at 75, 531 S.E.2d at

571). Therefore, the trial court did not offend appellant’s due process rights by admitting the

transcript.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, this Court holds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in admitting the DMV transcript and accordingly affirms appellant’s conviction.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




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