                                                                       F I L E D
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                      August 15, 2007
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                        Clerk of Court

 U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                      No. 06-2281
                                                       D. New M exico
 OSCA R N EVA REZ-NEV AR EZ,                     (D.Ct. No. CR-05-2585-LH)

          Defendant - Appellant.



Before K ELLY, M cW ILLIAM S and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.


                              OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *




      Oscar N evarez-N evarez pled guilty to illegal reentry after deportation, a

violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1), (b)(2). He appeals from the sentence imposed,

claiming it is unreasonable. W e affirm.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

      Nevarez-Nevarez was arrested in New M exico for illegal reentry into the

United States after he was previously deported based on a conviction for an

aggravated felony stemming from a traffic altercation in which he pointed a


      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
firearm at another motorist. He pled guilty to the illegal reentry charge.

      In his sentencing memorandum, Nevarez-Nevarez requested the district

court to impose a sentence below the guidelines range. He argued the sentencing

factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) warranted a lower sentence than the

guidelines recommended. 2 W ithout specifically treating each of the factors

enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the judge imposed a sentence at the lower end

of the guideline range, fifty-seven months imprisonment.

      Nevarez-Nevarez now claims the sentence is procedurally unreasonable

because the judge failed to sufficiently supply the reasoning for the selected

sentence. He also argues the length of the sentence is substantively unreasonable

under Booker v. United States, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).

                                 II. D ISC USSIO N

      “Reasonableness has both procedural and substantive components.” United

States v. Cage, 451 F.3d 585, 591 (10th Cir. 2006). Procedural reasonableness

requires a sentence to be calculated “utilizing a legitimate method.” Id. Thus,

where a sentence is within the properly calculated guideline range and the district

court has stated its reasoning under § 3553(a), the sentence will be considered



      2
        In essence, Nevarez-N evarez requested a variance. A variance occurs
“[w]hen a court enhances or detracts from the recommended range through
application of § 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Atencio, 476 F.3d 1099, 1101
n.1 (10th Cir. 2007). On the other hand, a departure occurs “when a court reaches
a sentence above or below the recommended Guidelines range through application
of Chapters Four or Five of the Sentencing Guidelines.” Id.

                                         -2-
procedurally reasonable. N evarez-Nevarez concedes the district court properly

calculated the guideline range. However, his complaints about the sufficiency of

the court’s stated rationale under § 3553(a) amount to a procedural reasonableness

challenge. United States v. Sanchez-Juarez, 446 F.3d 1109, 1115, 1118 (10th Cir.

2006) (remanding for failure to state § 3553(a) reasons for sentence within range).

His more generally styled complaint of “reasonableness” is essentially a

substantive reasonableness challenge.

      A.     Standard of Review

      Nevarez-Nevarez failed to object to the district court’s sentencing

procedure; therefore, his procedural reasonableness objections will be reviewed

for plain error. United States v. Rom ero, __ F.3d __ (10th Cir. 2007), 2007 W L

1874231 at *3. “W e find plain error only when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain,

(3) which affects substantial rights, and (4) which seriously affects the fairness,

integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. at *5.

      On the other hand, Nevarez-Nevarez presented sufficient argument in the

district court to preserve his substantive reasonableness argument. Therefore, w e

will review that claim for harmless error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52. To satisfy the

harmless error test, there must be an error affecting substantial rights. Fed. R.

Crim. P. 52(a).

      B.     Procedural Reasonableness

      The district court was required to “state in open court the reasons for its

                                          -3-
imposition of the particular sentence, and . . . the reason for imposing [the]

sentence at a particular point within the [guideline] range.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c).

The factors to be applied from § 3553(a) include the nature and circumstances of

the offense; the history and characteristics of the defendant; the need for the

sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the

law, provide just punishment for the offense, afford adequate deterrence, protect

the public, and provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational

training, medical care or other correctional treatment in the most effective

manner; pertinent guidelines; pertinent policy statements; the need to avoid

unwanted sentence disparities; and the need to provide restitution. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a). Nevarez-Nevarez argues the district court did not sufficiently address

these factors in open court.

      In sentencing N evarez-Nevarez, the district court stated as follow s:

      You’ve spent a year in prison in ‘98 because of a theft of an
      automobile, and you get out, and you get arrested and convicted of
      aggravated assault by pointing a gun at somebody. Your attorney
      minimizes . . . that crime of assault with a deadly weapon because
      you didn’t hurt anybody, but if you have ever had a gun pointed at
      you in anger, or as a victim of a robbery, or in some similar situation,
      you might realize the scars that it puts on the victim. It’s not a
      child’s game to point a gun at another person. . . . And I will not
      minimize that as your attorney has. It is sad you haven’t spent time
      with your children, but we make choices in life, in our lives. . . .
      And you made a choice by obtaining a stolen gun. I don’t know how
      you got it, but it was stolen. You used it to point at somebody, and
      that’s a choice you made. . . . You have to learn to make the right
      choices. And if you don’t learn that, your life is going to continue to
      be the way it has been. So I have empathy for your children for

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       having not known their father, but not for you.

(R . Vol. IV at 5-6.)

       The district court made this statement after hearing Nevarez-N evarez’s

argument on the § 3553(a) factors, which repeated the arguments advanced in a

prior sentencing memorandum. First, Nevarez-Nevarez argued a lower sentence

would adequately deter him, and the public thereby protected, from future

criminal activity because of his six month pre-sentencing incarceration on the

illegal reentry charge, which resulted in an undesirable separation from his

family. He also asserted, although he has “no demonstrated need of educational

or vocational training” or “medical treatment,” his “extreme anxiety” resulting

from his incarceration would be best treated by sending him to his home in

M exico. (R. Vol. I, Doc. 15 at 4.) Finally, he argued USSG §2L1.2 should not be

used to enhance his base offense level by 16 levels for a prior “crime of violence”

because the prior felony assault did not result in physical harm. He maintained

the goal of uniformity in sentencing would be undermined by the application of

the same enhancement that is applied to murderers and forcible sex offenders.

       “[Section 3553(c)’s] requirement [that district court’s state their reasoning]

reflects sound judicial practice. Judicial decisions are reasoned decisions.” Rita

v. United States, 127 S.Ct. 2456, 2468 (2007). However, the Supreme Court has

declined to “. . . read the statute (or [its] precedent) as insisting upon a full

opinion in every case.” Id. Rather,

                                           -5-
      [t]he appropriateness of brevity or length, conciseness or detail,
      when to write, what to say, depends upon circumstances. Sometimes
      a judicial opinion responds to every argument; sometimes it does not;
      sometimes a judge simply writes the word “granted,” or “denied” on
      the face of a motion while relying upon context and the parties’ prior
      arguments to make the reasons clear. The law leaves much, in this
      respect, to the judge’s own professional judgment.

Id.

      Given the context, we think the district court’s statement sufficiently

satisfied § 3553(c). “W here the defendant or prosecutor presents nonfrivolous

reasons for imposing a . . . sentence [outside the guideline range], . . . the judge

will normally . . . explain why he has rejected those arguments. Sometimes the

circumstances will call for a brief explanation; sometimes they will call for a

lengthier explanation.” Id. Although “the judge might have said more,” we think

the record shows the district court listened to the relatively simple and general

arguments Nevarez-N evarez advanced. Id. at 2469 (noting conceptual simplicity

of the case as relieving the court of the need to more extensively detail its

rationale). The court explicitly addressed the most complex argument Nevarez-

Nevarez advanced regarding the aggravated felony, observing the offense could

very well have injured the victim, albeit not physically.

      As to the other factors, the court stated it considered the § 3553(a) factors

and denied the motion; apparently, “[the district judge] must have believed that

there was not much more to say.” Id. Because the district court sufficiently

explained its reasoning for Nevarez-Nevarez’s sentence, the sentence is

                                          -6-
procedurally reasonable. 3 Discerning no error, the plain error test fails at the first

prong as to the procedural reasonableness challenge.

      C.     Substantive Reasonableness

      As we recognized in Cage, a procedurally reasonable sentence may

nevertheless be substantively unreasonable. 541 F.3d at 591. Because Nevarez-

Nevarez concedes the court sentenced him within the properly calculated

guideline range, a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness attaches to the

sentence. United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1054 (10th Cir. 2006).

Nevarez-Nevarez may rebut the presumption by reference to the factors of

§ 3553(a). Id.

      Nevarez-Nevarez’s substantive argument mirrors the arguments advanced

before the district court. W e discern no error in the district court’s resolution of

these arguments. First, we agree a lower sentence would not adequately deter

Nevarez-Nevarez from future reentries. As he explained to the district court, he

was motivated to enter this country because his children were here while he was

in M exico; upon his deportation, these same motivating circumstances w ill persist

and the best predictor of behavior is past behavior.



      3
        At oral argument, counsel argued for a distinction between prior
colloquies between the court and a defendant and the actual pronouncement of
judgment. W e decline to accept such a technical rule; rather, part of the relevant
circumstances that will necessarily inform the district judge’s professional
judgment on the extent and detail of reasoning is the context of the proceedings,
including any statements made to the defendant prior to sentencing.

                                          -7-
         His argument that his sentence should be shortened to “relieve his anxiety”

is exceptionally weak. Indeed, he conceded in his sentencing memorandum that

he had no specific medical conditions which required treatment.

         W e are also unpersuaded by his attempts to “minimize” his prior

aggravated felony. Although – fortunately – Nevarez-Nevarez did not actually

discharge the firearm during the traffic altercation, we agree with the district

court that pointing a firearm at someone is “not a child’s game.” Such action

constitutes a serious felony entailing significant risks of serious bodily injury or

death.

         The guidelines systemically and systematically catagorize behavior that is

sufficiently dangerous to warrant an enhancement of punishment. The district

court is in a unique position to personalize those factors in accordance with

§ 3553 and adjust the sentence accordingly. W hen guidance from the Sentencing

Commission – expressed in the guidelines – coincides with the judgment of a

district court on an appropriate sentence, we will presume the sentence is

reasonable. Rita, 127 S.Ct. at 2467 (“[W]here judge and Commission both

determine that the Guidelines sentences is an appropriate sentence for the case at

hand, that sentence likely reflects the § 3553(a) factors . . . .”); Kristl, 437 F.3d

at 1054 (sentences within the properly calculated guideline range are entitled to a

rebuttable presumption of reasonableness). W e see no reason to discount the

presumption in this case.

                                           -8-
AFFIRM ED.

             Entered by the C ourt:

             Terrence L. O ’Brien
             United States Circuit Judge




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