Bradford Owusu v. Motor Vehicle Administration, No. 10, September Term 2018, Opinion
by Hotten, J.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW – DUE PROCESS – The Court of Appeals held that the DR-
15, which officers read to motorists during a stop on suspicion of drunk driving, clearly
advises a motorist that a commercial driver’s license (CDL) will be disqualified if the
motorist refuses a blood alcohol concentration test, and thus, motorists receive sufficient
notice of potential sanctions as required by due process. The DR-15’s language
unambiguously informs motorists that CDL driving privileges will be suspended for a full
year in the event that they refuse to submit to an alcohol concentration test. Subsequent
oral advisements that are neither false nor misleading do not pose an as-applied due process
violation because there is no prejudice to motorists.


FULL ADVISEMENT – SUFFICIENCY OF STATUTORY ADVISEMENT – The
Court of Appeals held that full advisement occurs when officers inform motorists of
administrative sanctions under Transportation Article § 16-205.1 that shall be imposed for
failing or refusing to submit to an alcohol concentration test. Full advisement is
accomplished through a complete reading of the DR-15 and subsequent oral advisements
that do not impede motorists’ decision-making are sufficient for full advisement under
Transportation Article § 16-205.1.


CONSTITUTIONAL LAW – DUE PROCESS – The Court of Appeals held that the DR-
15 unambiguously reflects the length of time motorists must participate in the Ignition
Interlock Program in the event of test refusal. Motorists are not prejudiced in their
decision-making by the DR-15’s representation of participation in the Ignition Interlock
Program.


FULL ADVISEMENT – SUFFICIENCY OF STATUTORY ADVISEMENT – The
Court of Appeals held that, in the event of a test refusal, the DR-15 provides motorists full
advisement concerning the duration of mandated participation in the Ignition Interlock
Program.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No. 434655V
Argued: September 12, 2018                                                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                                              OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                    No. 10

                                                                                            September Term, 2018

                                                                                  __________________________________

                                                                                            BRADFORD OWUSU
                                                                                                       v.
                                                                                  MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATION
                                                                                  __________________________________

                                                                                         Barbera, C.J.,
                                                                                         Greene,
                                                                                         *Adkins,
                                                                                         McDonald,
                                                                                         Watts,
                                                                                         Hotten,
                                                                                         Getty,
                                                                                                     JJ.
                                                                                  __________________________________

                                                                                           Opinion by Hotten, J.
                                                                                      Watts, J., joins in judgment only.
                                                                                  __________________________________

                                                                                         Filed: November 20, 2018

                                                                                  *Adkins, J., now retired, participated in the
                                                                                  hearing and conference of this case while
                                                                                  an active member of this Court; after being
                                                                                  recalled pursuant to the MD. Constitution,
                                                                                  Article IV, Section 3A, she also
 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document " authentic.
                                                                                  participated in the decision and adoption of
                                                                                  this opinion.
                                   2018-11-20
                                   08:37-05:00



Suzanne C. Johnson, Acting Clerk
       Petitioner, Bradford Owusu, (“Petitioner”) seeks review of a decision of the Circuit

Court for Montgomery County, which affirmed the administrative law judge who held that

Petitioner was fully advised of the sanctions imposed upon him after refusing a chemical

test. Petitioner presents a constitutional due process claim and a statutory “fail to advise”

argument, as reflected in the following questions for review:

       1. Is it a violation of due process and a failure to “fully advise” a driver of
          the administrative penalties that shall be imposed for refusing a breath
          test pursuant to [Md. Code, Transportation Article] §16-205.1 when,
          after reading the [Motor Vehicle Administration’s (“MVA”)] DR-15
          advice form, a police officer’s oral restatement of the penalties for failing
          and refusing a breath test omits the most severe mandatory penalty for
          refusal?

       2. Is the DR-15 form’s failure to advise suspected drunk drivers of the
          length of time the ignition interlock would be required in the event of a
          refusal – one year – a violation of due process and a failure to “fully
          advise” a driver of the administrative penalties that shall be imposed for
          refusing a breath test pursuant to [Md. Code, Transportation Article]
          §16-205.1?

For reasons discussed infra, we answer both questions in the negative and shall affirm the

judgment of the circuit court.

Background

       The Maryland Implied Consent Statute, Md. Code, Transportation Article

(“Transp.”) § 16-205.1,1 provides that a motorist, who operates a motor vehicle on the


       1
        Transp. § 16-205.1 provides a statutory structure for suspending the license of a
driver who refuses to submit to testing. The statute operates to reduce the incidence of
drunk driving and to protect public safety by encouraging drivers to take alcohol
concentration tests.
       Transp. § 16-205.1(b) outlines the applicable sanctions for drivers producing a
chemical test result greater than 0.08 or who refuse testing. The statute provides that a test
                                                                       (continued . . .)
roadway of the state, has given consent to take a chemical test (“test”) to determine drug

or alcohol concentration, if detained on reasonable suspicion of intoxicated driving.

Transp. § 16-205.1(a)(2). Upon the detention of drivers suspected of driving while

intoxicated, officers must advise motorists of the test and provide information regarding

consequences of a test refusal and a positive test result.2 The MVA has developed a

standard form (“the DR-15” or “Advice of Rights” form) that officers use to advise

detained motorists of the sanctions that will be imposed as a result of test refusal or a

positive test result. The DR-15 includes all of the legislatively mandated advice that must

be provided to motorists who are subject to chemical testing.3

Legislative History

       The scope of an officer’s required advice to motorists who are stopped on suspicion

of intoxicated driving has expanded, as reflected by the legislative history of Transp. § 16-


(. . . continued)

result greater than 0.08 can result in suspension of the person’s driving privilege for 180
days for the first offense, or suspension of the person’s license for 270 days for refusing a
test for the first offense. Transp. § 16-205.1(b)(1)(iii) further provides that individuals
operating a commercial motor vehicle or who hold a commercial instructional permit or a
commercial driver’s license and refuse to take a test will have their commercial
instructional permit or commercial driver’s license suspended for one year for a first
offense.
       2
        A positive test result arises when a motorist has a blood alcohol concentration of
0.08 or more as measured by grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or grams of
alcohol per 210 liters of breath. Transp. § 11-174.1(a).
       3
        The DR-15 outlines important information for the suspected drunk driver including
the possible sanctions associated with varying levels of blood alcohol concentration, the
sanctions for refusing to take the test, and the right to have an administrative hearing,
among other things.
                                             2
205.1. In 1993, the General Assembly added § 16-205.1(b)(2)(iii), which required that

officers advise of “ineligibility for modification of a suspension or issuance of a restrictive

license[ ]” when motorists refused to take a test. 1993 Laws of Md., ch. 407 (S.B. 18).

       Changes in 1998 expanded the MVA’s Ignition Interlock Program (“Interlock

Program”), which permits individuals who were stopped under suspicion of driving while

intoxicated to continue driving when their vehicle is equipped with an ignition interlock

device. The MVA provides these individuals with a restricted license, which may be

granted despite test refusal. 1998 Laws of Md., ch. 526 (H.B. 928).

       In 2006, the General Assembly added Transp. § 16-205.1(b)(2)(iv), which requires

officers to advise motorists of “the administrative sanctions, including ineligibility for

modification of a suspension or issuance of a restrictive license unless the person

participates in the Ignition Interlock System Program.” 2006 Laws of Md., ch. 461 (H.B.

525). Each of these respective changes to Transp. § 16-205.1 is reflected in the DR-15.

The Commercial Driver’s License Program

       The Maryland Commercial Driver’s License Act is codified in Transportation

Article §§ 16-801 – 16-820 (“Act”). A commercial motor vehicle is a vehicle that

transports passengers, property, or hazardous materials and meets the size and weight

parameters specified in Transp. § 16-803(c)(1). The Act requires that the driver of a

commercial motor vehicle possess a single driver’s license and demonstrate the knowledge

and skills necessary to drive a commercial vehicle. Transp. §§ 16-804, 16-807(b)(1).

Under the Act, the MVA can disqualify the commercial driver’s license (“CDL”) of drivers

who refuse to submit to an alcohol concentration test while driving a commercial vehicle.

                                              3
Transp. § 16-812(a)(3). In accordance with Transp. § 16-205.1(f)(8)(vii), disqualification

of a CDL is not subject to any modifications, nor may a restricted CDL be granted. Despite

a CDL disqualification, the motorist may retain privileges to drive a non-commercial

vehicle through participation in the Interlock Program. Transp. § 16-812(p).

        In 2005, then Governor Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr. signed Senate Bill 640, which

established new and stricter sanctions for those holding CDLs.              The bill connected

commercial driver’s license holders’ offenses in a non-commercial vehicle to their CDLs,

and the change was reflected in Transp. § 16-205.1(b)(1)(iii). The statute reads, in relevant

part:

        In addition to any applicable driver’s license suspensions authorized under
        this section, in the case of a person operating a commercial motor vehicle or
        who holds a commercial instructional permit or a commercial driver’s
        license who refuses to take a test:

        1. Disqualify the person’s commercial instructional permit or commercial
           driver’s license for a period of 1 year for a first offense, 3 years for a first
           offense which occurs while transporting hazardous materials required to
           be placarded, and disqualify for life if the person’s commercial
           instructional permit or commercial driver’s license has been previously
           disqualified for at least 1 year. . . .

(Italics added for emphasis). The DR-15 also reflected these changes:

        If you hold a commercial driver’s license (CDL) and were driving a non-
        commercial motor vehicle when you were stopped, and you refuse to submit
        to a test, your CDL or privilege shall be disqualified for 1 year for a 1st
        offense or for life if your CDL or privilege has been previously disqualified
        for at least 1 year under Maryland Transportation Article §16-812 (a) or (b),
        a federal law, or any other state’s law.




                                                4
(Bold in original) (italics added for emphasis). These changes regarding CDL holders were

reviewed in Hill v. Motor Vehicle Admin., 415 Md. 231, 999 A.2d 1019 (2010), where we

outlined the options available to Mr. Hill, holder of a CDL, after an officer stopped him in

his non-commercial vehicle on suspicion of intoxicated driving. Id. at 236, 999 A. 2d at

1022.

        First, had he “passed” the test (showing an alcohol concentration of less than
        0.08 percent), none of these sanctions would have applied. Second, had he
        failed the test, by any measure, he would have been subject to a suspension,
        with the possibility of receiving a restricted license through enrollment in the
        Interlock Program; the length of suspension and the possibility of further
        modifications would depend on the precise concentration of alcohol in his
        system. Third, had he refused to take the test, he would have been subject to
        a still longer suspension than would have been imposed in the event of any
        failure, but he still would have left open the possibility of receiving a
        restricted license through enrollment in the Interlock Program.

        Under any scenario where Hill failed or refused to take the test, however, he
        would have also been subject to a one-year disqualification of his CDL. This
        disqualification is in addition to any suspension of non-commercial driving
        privileges.

415 Md. at 241, 999 A.2d at 1024-25 (citing Transp. §§ 16-205.1 (f)(8)(ii)(1), (f)(8)(vii))

(italics added for emphasis).

Petitioner’s Traffic Stop

        On April 15, 2017, officers of the Montgomery County Police Department stopped

Petitioner after he was observed driving erratically. Upon approaching the vehicle, officers

detected a strong odor of alcohol on Petitioner’s breath and observed bloodshot watery

eyes as well as slurred speech. Suspecting that Petitioner was driving under the influence

of alcohol, an officer instructed Petitioner to perform several field sobriety tests. Petitioner

                                               5
was unable to complete the tests in a satisfactory manner. He was detained for driving

under the influence of alcohol. Officers transported Petitioner to the Montgomery County

Police Department, where he was provided the DR-15 Advice of Rights form. The officer

then instructed Petitioner to follow along as he read the form aloud. The DR-15 reads, in

pertinent part, as follows:

       You may refuse to submit to the test(s), unless you were in a motor vehicle
       accident resulting in the death of or life-threatening injury to another
       person[.]

       Suspension of Your Maryland Driver’s License or Driving Privilege:
       If you refuse to submit to the test, or if you submit to the test and the result
       indicates an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more at the time of testing, your
       Maryland driver’s license shall be confiscated, you will be issued an Order of
       Suspension and, if eligible, a temporary license valid for 45 days. The
       following periods of suspension shall be imposed against your license or
       privilege to drive in Maryland:

       If you refuse to submit to a test, your suspension shall be 270 days for a 1st
       offense and 2 years for a 2nd or subsequent offense.
       If your test result is an alcohol concentration of at least 0.08 but less than
       0.15, your suspension shall be 180 days. If the offense involves a motor
       vehicle accident that resulted in the death of another person, your
       suspension shall be 6 months for a 1st offense and 1 year for a 2nd or
       subsequent offense.
       If your test result is an alcohol concentration of 0.08 but less than 0.15,
       your suspension may be modified or a restricted license may be issued
       at a hearing[.]
       If your test result is an alcohol concentration of 0.15 or more, your
       suspension shall be 180 days for a 1st offense and 270 days for a 2nd or
       subsequent offense. If the offense involves a motor vehicle accident that
       resulted in the death of another person, your suspension shall be 1 year
       for a 1st offense and for a 2nd or subsequent offense your license shall be
       revoked.
       If you refuse a test, or take a test with a result of 0.15 or more, you shall be
       ineligible for modification of your suspension or the issuance of a restricted

                                              6
       license, unless you participate in the Ignition Interlock System Program
       under Maryland Transportation Article §16-404.1.

       If you hold a commercial driver’s license (CDL) and were driving a non-
       commercial motor vehicle when you were stopped, and you refuse to submit to
       a test, your CDL or privilege shall be disqualified for 1 year for a 1st offense
       or for life if your CDL or privilege has been previously disqualified for at least
       1 year under Maryland Transportation Article §16-812 (a) or (b), a federal
       law, or any other state’s law.
                                              ***
       Instead of requesting a hearing or upon the suspension or revocation of your
       driver’s license, you may elect to participate in the Ignition Interlock System
       Program if the following conditions are met: 1) your driver’s license is not
       currently suspended, revoked, canceled, or refused, and 2) within 30 days of
       the date of this Order of Suspension you a) elect in writing to participate in the
       Ignition Interlock System Program for 1 year if your test resulted in an alcohol
       concentration of 0.15 or more or you refused the test or 6 months if your test
       resulted in an alcohol concentration of at least 0.08 but less than 0.15; and b)
       surrender a valid Maryland driver’s license or sign a statement certifying that
       the license is no longer in your possession. . . .

(Bold in original) (italics and underling added for emphasis). A body camera used

throughout Petitioner’s stop and arrest reveals that officers attempted to clarify whether

Petitioner held a CDL. During their inquiry and after reading the DR-15, the officers orally

asserted the repercussions of refusing to take the test:

       Officer 1: Basically what I read you is, if you refuse to submit to the test, it’s
                   270 days for your license, but you have a CDL Class B (holding
                   license).
       Officer 2: You drive for Metro?
       Officer 1: Who do you drive for? The CDL that you have.
       Officer 2: You drive a Metro bus?
       Officer 1: It says trains, coach, or bus, you drive a bus?
       Officer 2: I saw your Metro ID in your wallet, you drive for Metro? You
                  realize if you don’t take the test, your driver’s license is going to
                  be suspended for 270 days, if you don’t take this test. And if you
                  take it, and it’s a high blow, you blow anything 0.08 or higher, you

                                               7
                  get suspended for 180 days. So, if you take the test and you don’t
                  do well, it’s a 180 day suspension. If you don’t take the test, your
                  license gets suspended for 270 days. And because I assume that
                  you drive a bus for Metro based on your CDL and the ID you have
                  in your wallet, that means this is going to affect your work. So this
                  can affect your work for 180 days or it can affect your work for
                  270 days. It’s completely up to you. Would you like to take the
                  test or not?

Petitioner did not respond. The officers did not repeat the advisement that Petitioner’s

CDL would be disqualified for a year if he opted to refuse the test. After repeatedly asking

Petitioner whether he wanted to take the test and based on his lacking responsiveness, the

officers treated the lack of response as a refusal. As a result, Petitioner was issued an Order

of Suspension.

       Petitioner filed a timely request for an administrative hearing, which was held on

July 14, 2017. Petitioner testified that the officers’ oral assertions after the DR-15 led him

to believe that he would be able to get his license and CDL back after 270 days. Petitioner

testified that, had he known his CDL would be disqualified for a full year, he would have

opted to take the test. Petitioner asserted that the officers’ oral advisements and the DR-

15 were false, misleading and violated his due process rights, as well as his right to “full

advisement” of administrative sanctions under Transp. § 16-205.1. The Administrative

Law Judge rejected Petitioner’s arguments, and held that the DR-15 provided sufficient

advice and that the officers’ oral advisements were factually correct.

       On January 10, 2018, following a hearing, the Circuit Court for Montgomery

County affirmed the decision of the Administrative Law Judge. Following the circuit court

decision, Petitioner noted a timely appeal and we granted certiorari.

                                              8
                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court has stated that “[w]e review an administrative agency’s decision under

the same statutory standards as the [c]ircuit [c]ourt,” and evaluate the decision of the

agency rather than the circuit court. Hill, 415 Md. at 239, 999 A.2d at 1023 (internal

quotations and citations omitted); Gigeous v. Eastern Correctional Institution, 363 Md.

481, 495-96, 769 A.2d 912, 921 (2001). We, however, may always determine “if the

administrative decision is premised upon an erroneous conclusion of law.” Hill, 415 Md.

at 239, 999 A.2d at 1023 (citations omitted). “Therefore, ordinarily the court reviewing a

final decision of an administrative agency shall determine (1) the legality of the decision

and (2) whether there was substantial evidence from the record as a whole to support the

decision.”   Gigeous, 363 Md. at 496, 769 A.2d at 922 (internal citations omitted).

Substantial evidence is defined as “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might

accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. at 497, 769 A.2d at 922 (internal citations

omitted). Additionally, purely legal questions are reviewed de novo with “‘considerable

weight’ to the agency’s interpretation and application of the statute which the agency

administers.” People’s Ins. Counsel Div. v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 214 Md. App.

438, 449, 76 A.3d 517, 524 (2013) (internal citations omitted).

                                      DISCUSSION

   A. The officers’ oral advisements after a complete reading of the DR-15 did not pose
      a statutory or due process violation.

       Petitioner contends that his statutory right to be fully advised of sanctions under

Transp. § 16-205.1, and his due process rights under both the Fourteenth Amendment of


                                             9
the U.S. Constitution and Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, were violated

because he was given false or misleading advice regarding the consequences of failing or

refusing a breath test.

Full advisement under Transp. § 16-205.1

       Transp. § 16-205.1(b)(1) specifies that a detaining officer “shall advise” a detained

person of the resulting sanctions from refusing a test or blowing at or above a specified

alcohol concentration. See also Transp. § 16-205.1(f)(7) (cross-referencing subsection

(b)(2) with regards to “full advisement”).

       In Motor Vehicle Admin. v. Chamberlain, 326 Md. 306, 604 A.2d 919 (1992), we

held that a detaining officer need only advise a detained motorist of the administrative

sanctions that are enumerated in Transp. § 16-205.1. In Chamberlain, Mr. Chamberlain

was stopped for speeding and on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. Id. at 309, 604

A.2d at 920.     After conducting several field sobriety tests, the officer placed Mr.

Chamberlain under arrest. Id. The officer read the DR-15 in full, but did not notify Mr.

Chamberlain that if he met certain conditions, the suspension could be modified or a

restrictive license could be issued, even if Mr. Chamberlain failed the test. Id. at 310, 604

A.2d at 921. Mr. Chamberlain refused the test, later claiming that he was not fully advised

of the sanctions associated with refusing or failing the test.4          In evaluating Mr.

Chamberlain’s assertion that he was not fully advised of sanctions, we held that



       4
         Mr. Chamberlain may have obtained a restricted license or modification of
suspension in the event that he took the test, but refusal to take the test provided no such
option. 326 Md. at 312, 604 A.2d at 922.
                                             10
     [a]side from [Transp.] § 16–205.1(b)(1), the critical provisions of the statute
     refer to “administrative sanctions that shall be imposed;” it is only those of
     which a driver is required to be informed. Mere potential eligibility for
     modification of suspension or a restrictive license is not an “administrative
     sanction that shall be imposed.”
326 Md. at 316, 604 A.2d at 924-25. Our holding in Chamberlain explained that detained

motorists are fully advised of their rights when notified of administrative sanctions. Id. at

317, 323, 604 A.2d at 924, 927. These sanctions are outlined clearly in the DR-15 and a

reading of the Advice of Rights form provides full advisement to detained motorists. We

held that Mr. Chamberlain was fully advised of his rights through a reading of the DR-15

because he was provided notice of administrative sanctions; modification of suspension or

a restrictive license was simply a “mere potentiality” that did not constitute an

administrative sanction that had to be disclosed by the officer. Id. at 318, 604 A. 2d at 924-

25.

       In the case at bar, Petitioner was fully advised of sanctions under Transp. § 16-

205.1. The officer’s reading of the DR-15 guaranteed full advisement of administrative

sanctions. Although Petitioner claims that the enhanced sanction he faced as a CDL holder

was not a “mere potentiality,” he was apprised of the sanctions for CDL holders when he

was read the DR-15 in full. In relevant part, the DR-15 states:

       If you hold a commercial driver’s license (CDL) and were driving a non-
       commercial motor vehicle when you were stopped, and your refuse to submit
       to a test, your CDL or privilege shall be disqualified for 1 year for a 1st
       offense or for life if your CDL or privilege has been previously disqualified
       for at least 1 year under Maryland Transportation Article § 16-812(a) or (b),
       a federal law, or any other state’s law.




                                             11
(Bold in original). As such, Petitioner’s contention that he was not fully advised under

Transp. § 16-205.1 is unfounded.

       Petitioner asserts that full advisement is negated when motorists are provided with

false or misleading advice. In Hare v. Motor Vehicle Admin., 326 Md. 296, 604 A.2d 914

(1992), we indicated that a detaining officer’s negation of previously and properly given

sanctions can violate a motorist’s due process rights. Id. at 306, 604 A.2d at 919. We

cautioned that though officers need not provide detainees with “mere potentialities” of

sanctions, the State cannot “mislead the defendant or construct road blocks, thus unduly

burdening decision-making.” Id. at 304, 604 A.2d at 918. We further elaborated upon the

term “full advisement” and the implications of subsequent assertions that may prove to be

false or misleading in Forman v. Motor Vehicle Admin., 332 Md. 201, 630 A.2d 753

(1993). We stated:

       “Fully advised” means not only advised initially, but the detaining officer
       must also take care not to subsequently confuse or mislead the driver as to
       his or her rights under the statute. Further, the officer certainly must not in
       any way induce the driver into refusing the test, a result running counter to
       the statute’s purpose of encouraging drivers to submit to alcohol
       concentration tests.

332 Md. at 217, 630 A.2d at 762 (emphasis in original). In the case at bar, Petitioner was

read the DR-15 in full. Officers subsequently advised Petitioner that if he took the test, his

license would be suspended for 180 days, but if he did not take the test, his license would

be suspended for 270 days. This timeframe regarding the suspension of Petitioner’s non-

CDL license was proper.        The officers did, however, misstate the implication on

Petitioner’s work by stating “[T]his can affect your work for 180 days or it can affect your

                                             12
work for 270 days.” In reality, Petitioner’s test refusal implicated his work for a year. (“If

you hold a commercial driver’s license (CDL) and were driving a non-commercial motor

vehicle when you were stopped, and you refuse to submit to a test, your CDL or privilege

shall be disqualified for 1 year for a first offense. . . .” DR-15 (bolding omitted)).

       Petitioner asserts that the oral advisements were misleading, particularly with regards

to the effect on his work, because they implied that Petitioner’s sanction would be confined

to a maximum of 270 days rather than a year-long disqualification of his CDL. There is no

evidence that officers’ oral statements misled or confused Petitioner regarding the effect a test

refusal could have on his employment. Petitioner did not testify that the oral advisements

misled him in any way and the body camera footage reveals that Petitioner was unresponsive

throughout the officers’ inquiry regarding whether he wanted to take the test. There is nothing

that demonstrates the officers constructed an obstacle or “road block” that unduly burdened

Petitioner’s decision-making, nor does anything that the officers said suggest that they

induced Petitioner’s decision-making. Because the information in the DR-15 provided full

advisement and the officers’ verbal assertions were not misleading or false, Petitioner’s

statutory claim regarding full advisement is without merit.

As-Applied Due Process Claim under the Fourteenth Amendment and Article 24 of the
Maryland Declaration of Rights

       Petitioner makes an as-applied due process claim, asserting that the officers’ oral

advisements prejudiced him because he did not appreciate that his CDL would be

disqualified for a year if he refused the test. We have held that a driver’s license is an

entitlement which cannot be taken away without due process. Hare, 326 Md. at 301, 604


                                               13
A.2d at 916. In Hare, an officer arrested Mr. Hare for driving while intoxicated and read

him the DR-15. Id. at 298, 604 A.2d at 915. Mr. Hare refused to take the alcohol

concentration test, resulting in a 120-day suspension of his license. Id. at 299, 604 A.2d at

915. At an administrative hearing, Mr. Hare testified that he did not know that he would

be ineligible for a modification of a suspension or restrictive license if he refused to take

the test. Id. Had he known, Mr. Hare testified, he would likely have consented to take the

test and as such, the DR-15 violated his right to due process because it did not fully advise

him of administrative sanctions. Id. at 299-300, 604 A. 2d at 915. In evaluating Mr. Hare’s

due process claim, we wrote:

       The continued possession of a driver’s license . . . may become essential to
       earning a livelihood; as such, it is an entitlement which cannot be taken
       without the due process mandated by the Fourteenth Amendment.
                                                 ***
       What process a defendant is due is, of course, dependent upon the facts and
       circumstances of the case. To make that determination, we have to examine
       the importance of the life, liberty, or property interest at stake and the extent
       to which the questioned procedure might produce the possibility of
       uninformed decision-making. Against the individual’s interest, we must
       weigh the State’s legitimate competing interest, which necessarily includes
       the avoidance of the increased administrative or fiscal burdens resulting from
       the requested procedure.

Id. at 301-03, 604 A.2d at 916-17 (internal citations, quotations, and brackets omitted). We

concluded that the DR-15 did not violate Mr. Hare’s right to due process because the officer

provided the advice required by Transp. § 16-205.1 and as a matter of due process, the

officer was not “required to provide any advice other than that . . . prescribed” in Transp.

§ 16-205.1. Id. at 306, 604 A.2d at 919. However, “had [the officer] undertaken to provide



                                             14
additional information and it turned out to be misleading or inaccurate, that, in itself, may

have been a denial of due process.” Id. (citation omitted).

       Petitioner, akin to Mr. Hare, was fully advised of sanctions under Transp. § 16-

205.1 through a reading of the DR-15. Though Petitioner asserts that disqualification of

his CDL is a mandated sanction that must be disclosed as prescribed in Transp. § 16-205.1,

this disclosure occurred when officers read the Advice of Rights form. The officers’

subsequent oral advisements did not prejudice Petitioner, a requisite component of an as-

applied due process claim. The body camera recording reveals that Petitioner never

expressed confusion about the sanctions that officers expressed, nor did Petitioner indicate

that officers’ collateral statements misled him during the administrative hearing.5 Officers’

collateral advisements after reading the DR-15 did not mislead Petitioner or construct any

“road blocks” that unduly burdened Petitioner’s decision-making.              We hold that

Petitioner’s due process rights were not violated.

   B. The DR-15 properly advises non-CDL motorists of the length of time the ignition
      interlock would be required in the event of a refusal, and therefore there is no
      violation of due process or a failure to “fully advise” a driver pursuant to Transp.
      § 16-205.1.

       Petitioner asserts that the DR-15 did not advise him of the period of participation

for the Interlock Program for a motorist who refuses the test, claiming that the form is

misleading because it implies that motorists can get an interlock restriction for 270 days



       5
          During his administrative hearing, Petitioner testified that he was not aware of how
a test refusal would affect his CDL, which is distinct from the assertion that he was misled
or provided with false information. Petitioner also never denied that the DR-15 was read
to him in full.
                                             15
rather than one year, unless they waive a hearing. Transp. § 16-205.1(b)(3)(vii) requires

an officer to:

       Inform the person that, if the person refuses a test or takes a test that indicates
       an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more at the time of testing, the person
       may participate in the Ignition Interlock System Program under Transp. § 16-
       404.1 of this title instead of requesting a hearing under this paragraph, if the
       following conditions are met:
       1. The person’s driver’s license is not currently suspended, revoked,
       canceled, or refused; and
       2. Within the same time limits set forth in item (v) of this paragraph, the
       person:
              A. Surrenders a valid Maryland driver’s license or signs a statement
              certifying that the driver’s license is no longer in the person’s
              possession; and
              B. Elects in writing to participate in the Ignition Interlock System
              Program for 1 year[.]

(Italics added for emphasis). The DR-15 provides officers with a script to address Transp.

§ 16-205.1(b)(3)(vii), supra. The form states, in relevant part:

       Instead of requesting a hearing or upon the suspension or revocation of
       your driver’s license, you may elect to participate in the Ignition
       Interlock System Program if the following conditions are met: 1) your
       driver’s license is not currently suspended, revoked, canceled, or refused, and
       2) within 30 days of the date of this Order of Suspension you a) elect in
       writing to participate in the Ignition Interlock System Program for 1 year if
       your test resulted in an alcohol concentration of 0.15 or more or you refused
       the test or 6 months if your test resulted in an alcohol concentration of at least
       0.08 but less than 0.15; and b) surrender a valid Maryland driver’s license or
       sign a statement certifying that the license is no longer in your possession.
       An Ignition Interlock Election form is located on the reverse side of the
       driver’s copy of the Order of Suspension.

(Bold in original) (italics added for emphasis). Petitioner asserts that this one year

participation in the Interlock Program for refusing a test or having an alcohol concentration

of 0.15 or more is unclear, resulting in a violation of full advisement and due process.
                                               16
Petitioner contends that the lacking clarity of this year-long duration arises from another,

earlier section of the DR-15, which states:

       If you refuse to submit to a test, your suspension shall be 270 days for a
       1st offense and 2 years for a 2nd or subsequent offense.
                                                ***
       If you refuse a test, or take a test with a result of 0.15 or more, you shall
       be ineligible for modification of your suspension or the issuance of a
       restricted license, unless you participate in the Ignition Interlock System
       Program under Maryland Transportation Article §16-404.1.

(Bold in original). Petitioner asserts that this portion of the DR-15 implies that motorists

are eligible for modification of suspension or issuance of a restricted license if they

participate in the Interlock Program for a period of 270 days. This is in contrast to the

mandated year of participation that results from test refusal or a blood alcohol

concentration at or above 0.15.     However, the language of the DR-15 is clear. The

provision providing that motorists must “participate in the Ignition Interlock System

Program for 1 year if your test resulted in an alcohol concentration of 0.15 or more or if

you refused the test. . .” is unequivocal. Not only was Petitioner read this provision, but

he was provided with a copy of the DR-15 to follow along as officers read it to him. The

provision outlining the year-long duration begins with a bolded heading that draws the

readers’ attention to the fact that the paragraph applies specifically to the Interlock

Program. There is no ambiguity regarding this provision or duration.

       In Motor Vehicle Admin. v. Seenath, 448 Md. 145, 136 A.3d 885 (2016), we held

that the language of the Advice of Rights form did not violate due process as applied to the

driver, nor was the form misleading or lacking full advisement as to a CDL holder’s


                                              17
eligibility for a restrictive license. Mr. Seenath contended that the DR-15 violated due

process because it did not advise CDL holders who drove a non-commercial vehicle that

they would be ineligible for a restrictive license under the Interlock Program if their blood

alcohol concentration was 0.08 or higher. Id. at 150, 136 A. 3d at 888. We held that the

DR-15 adequately captured the full advisement of administrative sanctions because the

language in the form is unambiguous, with no prejudice or roadblocks to inhibit a driver’s

decision-making process. Id. at 180, 188, 193, 136 A. 3d at 905, 910, 913. Akin to Seenath,

Petitioner in the case at issue has not demonstrated that he suffered any prejudice that

would result in insufficient advisement or due process concerns.

       Petitioner’s argument does not support a statutory or due process challenge to the

sufficiency of the Advice of Rights form, as the form is unambiguous and provides full

advisement of the resulting administrative sanctions. Furthermore, Petitioner failed to

demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the form. He never inquired about any durational

requirements while he was with officers, nor was he responsive to officers’ queries

regarding whether or not he wanted to take a blood alcohol test. We hold that the DR-15

fully advises motorists of the length of time the ignition interlock is required in the event

of test refusal or when a motorist has an alcohol concentration of 0.15 or higher.

                                     CONCLUSION

       In sum, we determine that the officers’ oral advisements after a complete reading of

the DR-15 did not operate to negate full advisement, nor did the advisements result in

prejudice that violated Petitioner’s due process rights. We also determine that the DR-15

is unambiguous regarding the duration of participation in the Interlock Program and is

                                             18
consistent with Petitioner’s right to due process and the statutory right to full advisement

under Transp. § 16-205.1.



                                                 JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                 COURT    FOR    MONTGOMERY
                                                 COUNTY IS AFFIRMED. COSTS TO
                                                 BE PAID BY PETITIONER.


Judge Watts joins in judgment only.




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