                                  Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court



               Scheffel Financial Services, Inc. v. Heil, 2014 IL App (5th) 130600



Appellate Court              SCHEFFEL FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                      STEPHEN J. HEIL, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.               Fifth District
                             Docket No. 5-13-0600

Filed                        August 22, 2014

Held                         The trial court properly entered a preliminary injunction enforcing the
(Note: This syllabus         nonsolicitation clause in the employment agreement between plaintiff
constitutes no part of the   financial services company and defendant, a financial consultant,
opinion of the court but     notwithstanding defendant’s contentions that plaintiff had no
has been prepared by the     “legitimate business interest” in the individual investors or the “client
Reporter of Decisions        information” defendant was seeking after he left his position with
for the convenience of       plaintiff and joined a similar financial services business because the
the reader.)                 investors were never plaintiff’s clients and that the “Protocol for
                             Broker Recruiting” entered into by registered broker/dealers allowed
                             registered representatives, such as defendant, to move between firms
                             that have adopted the protocol free from litigation to enforce
                             restrictive covenants in employment agreements, since the trial court
                             did not abuse its discretion in finding that plaintiff raised a fair
                             question as to the existence of its claimed rights as to both of
                             defendant’s arguments and that the status quo should be maintained at
                             the preliminary injunction stage until the case could be decided on the
                             merits, especially when the preliminary injunction would not impose
                             an undue hardship on defendant.

Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Madison County, No. 13-L-1488;
Review                       the Hon. Barbara L. Crowder, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                     Affirmed.
     Counsel on               Craig L. Unrath, of Heyl, Royster, Voelker & Allen, of Peoria,
     Appeal                   Douglas R. Heise, of Heyl, Royster, Voelker & Allen, of
                              Edwardsville, and Joseph B. Alonso and Daniel H. Wirth, both of
                              Gregory, Doyle, Calhoun & Rogers, LLC, of Marietta, Georgia, for
                              appellant.

                              A. Courtney Cox and Thomas E. Berry, both of Sandberg, Phoenix &
                              von Gontard, P.C., of Carbondale, for appellee.



     Panel                    PRESIDING JUSTICE WELCH delivered the judgment of the court,
                              with opinion.
                              Justices Cates and Schwarm concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                               OPINION

¶1         Stephen J. Heil (Heil) appeals from the entry against him, in favor of Scheffel Financial
       Services, Inc. (Scheffel), of a preliminary injunction enforcing a nonsolicitation clause
       contained in an employment agreement. The facts and the issues involved in this case are quite
       complex. We will simplify them as much as possible and set them forth only as necessary for
       an understanding of our disposition on appeal. The parties and the circuit court are already
       intimately familiar with those facts and issues.
¶2         On August 30, 2013, Scheffel filed in the circuit court of Madison County a three-count
       complaint against Heil seeking damages for breach of an employment agreement,
       misappropriation of trade secrets, and tortious interference with contract and business
       relations. The complaint alleges that Scheffel is in the business of providing independent
       wealth management services, including investment management, portfolio analysis, financial
       planning, and other related financial services. Heil had been employed by Scheffel as a senior
       financial consultant. Prior to beginning employment with Scheffel, Heil had signed an
       employment agreement which included confidentiality, noncompetition, and nonsolicitation
       clauses.
¶3         On August 30, 2013, Heil left his employment with Scheffel and began similar
       employment with Morgan Stanley, which Scheffel alleges is a direct market competitor to
       Scheffel. When he left Scheffel, Heil took with him a list of clients he had serviced at Scheffel
       and, upon starting employment with Morgan Stanley, Heil immediately solicited these
       Scheffel clients to follow him to Morgan Stanley. Scheffel alleges that Heil thereby breached
       his employment agreement with Scheffel, misappropriated Scheffel’s trade secrets, and
       tortiously interfered with Scheffel’s business relationships with its clients. The complaint
       seeks temporary, preliminary, and permanent injunctions against Heil’s alleged misconduct,
       compensatory and punitive damages, interest, and attorney fees and costs.
¶4         After an extended hearing, the circuit court of Madison County entered a preliminary
       injunction against Heil restraining him from any use or disclosure of Scheffel’s confidential

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     information, restraining him from any direct or personal solicitation of Scheffel’s clients or
     customers as agreed to in his employment agreement, and ordering him to return to Scheffel
     any and all client information which he is not authorized to have. It is from the entry of this
     preliminary injunction that Heil appeals.
¶5       The following pertinent facts were adduced at the hearing on Scheffel’s motion for a
     preliminary injunction. Heil is a licensed financial advisor who worked at Scheffel, a
     corporation whose employees, including Heil, are licensed financial advisors. These financial
     advisors are registered representatives of LPL Financial (LPL), a registered broker/dealer. As a
     financial advisory firm, Scheffel is not licensed to buy or sell securities; only a registered
     broker/dealer can do that. Accordingly, Scheffel’s employees, including Heil, were registered
     representatives of LPL, the registered broker/dealer, who traded securities on behalf of, and as
     directed by, Heil and the other Scheffel financial advisors. LPL views these financial
     advisors/registered representatives as independent contractors of LPL. Scheffel views them as
     employees of Scheffel. LPL trades securities only at the behest of its registered
     representatives/financial advisors and registered institutions and does not do so on behalf of
     individual investors. An individual investor would visit one of the financial advisors at
     Scheffel, who would then, as a registered representative of LPL, direct LPL to purchase or sell
     securities on behalf of the individual investor. Scheffel attracted these individual investors
     through marketing efforts and through the contacts and community involvement of its
     financial advisors, including Heil. LPL did not market to, or have any relationship with, these
     individual investors. LPL’s only relationship was with its registered representatives, the
     financial advisors at Scheffel.
¶6       Heil began working at Scheffel in April 2002, at which time he signed an employment
     agreement in which he agreed, among other things, to give two weeks’ notice upon voluntary
     termination. Nevertheless, on the Friday morning before the Labor Day three-day weekend,
     Heil tendered his resignation to Scheffel, “effective immediately.” Immediately thereafter,
     Heil drove to the offices of Morgan Stanley and began his employment with Morgan Stanley.
     On that day, he overnight-mailed a solicitation package to former clients of Scheffel inviting
     them to bring their business to him at Morgan Stanley. He admittedly did this on Friday in
     hopes of averting any attempt by Scheffel to stop him with a temporary restraining order from
     soliciting Scheffel’s clients.
¶7       The employment agreement which Heil had signed contained a nonsolicitation clause:
     “For a period of five (5) years immediately following the date he/she ceased to be an employee
     he/she will not directly or indirectly *** solicit clients who were serviced by the Company
     during the two (2) years immediately prior to the date of this withdrawal, voluntary or
     involuntary retirement, or termination ***.” It is this clause which the circuit court sought to
     enforce by its preliminary injunction.
¶8       Circuit courts have substantial discretion in deciding whether to grant a preliminary
     injunction, and the decision of the circuit court will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse
     of discretion. Lifetec, Inc. v. Edwards, 377 Ill. App. 3d 260, 268 (2007). On appeal, the court
     examines only whether the party seeking the injunction has demonstrated a prima facie case
     that there is a fair question concerning the existence of claimed rights for which it seeks
     protection. Lifetec, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 268.
¶9       On appeal from an order granting or denying a preliminary injunction, controverted facts
     or the merits of the case are not decided. Woods v. Patterson Law Firm, P.C., 381 Ill. App. 3d

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       989, 993 (2008). The only question is whether there was a sufficient showing made to the
       circuit court to sustain its order. Carr v. Gateway, Inc., 395 Ill. App. 3d 1079, 1084 (2009). The
       appeal may not be used to determine the merits of the case. Carr, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 1084. This
       is because the purpose of a preliminary injunction is not to determine the controverted rights or
       decide the merits of the case, but rather, its function is to preserve the rights of the parties or the
       state of affairs legally existing just prior to the motion for a preliminary injunction until the
       case can be decided on the merits. Kalbfleisch v. Columbia Community Unit School District
       Unit No. 4, 396 Ill. App. 3d 1105, 1112 (2009). Thus, the plaintiff need not carry the same
       burden of proof that is required to support the ultimate issue. Stenstrom Petroleum Services
       Group, Inc. v. Mesch, 375 Ill. App. 3d 1077, 1089 (2007). The proof required for issuance of a
       preliminary injunction requires a plaintiff to show that a “fair question” exists regarding the
       claimed right, and that the court should preserve the status quo until the case can be decided on
       the merits. Lifetec, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 268.
¶ 10        A preliminary injunction requires a showing by a preponderance of the evidence that the
       plaintiff (1) has a clearly ascertainable right needing protection, (2) will suffer irreparable
       harm without protection, (3) has no adequate remedy at law, and (4) is likely to succeed on the
       merits. Lifetec, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 268. The circuit court must also consider whether the
       benefits of granting the injunction exceed any injury to the defendant. Lifetec, 377 Ill. App. 3d
       at 268. The plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of evidence on the requisite
       elements to obtain injunctive relief. Prairie Eye Center, Ltd. v. Butler, 305 Ill. App. 3d 442,
       445 (1999). To establish that it has a clearly ascertainable right in need of protection and a
       likelihood of success on the merits, the plaintiff need only raise a fair question as to the
       existence of the right and lead the court to believe that it will probably be entitled to the relief
       requested if the proof sustains its allegations. Stenstrom Petroleum, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 1089.
¶ 11        In determining whether to grant an injunction enforcing a restrictive covenant in an
       employment agreement, courts look to whether the covenant is reasonable. Lifetec, 377 Ill.
       App. 3d at 269. In determining whether a restrictive covenant is enforceable, courts must
       determine whether the terms of the agreement are reasonable and necessary to protect a
       “legitimate business interest” of the plaintiff. Lifetec, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 269. A legitimate
       business interest is found only where (1) the employee acquired confidential information
       through his employment with the plaintiff and later attempted to use it for his own gains or (2)
       by the nature of the plaintiff’s business, its customer relationships are near permanent and the
       employee would not have had contact with the customer absent his employment. Lifetec, 377
       Ill. App. 3d at 269.
¶ 12        On appeal, Heil first argues that the circuit court erred in finding that Scheffel had a clearly
       ascertainable right in need of protection because Scheffel had no “legitimate business interest”
       in the individual investors or their “client information” because these investors were never
       “clients” of Scheffel. Heil argues that, because only LPL could legally trade securities, the
       individual investors were actually “clients” of LPL, and not of Scheffel. Heil argues that the
       client information actually belonged to LPL, not to Scheffel, and that any customer
       relationships were between LPL and the investors, and not between Scheffel and the investors.
       Heil argues that, because Scheffel actually had no clients, it can claim no “legitimate business
       interest” in any client information or any customer relationships. Because Scheffel has no
       “legitimate business interest” in the client information or customer relationships, it has no
       clearly ascertainable right in need of protection through a preliminary injunction.


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¶ 13        In its order, entered December 17, 2013, the circuit court found that it was not prepared to
       rule, at the preliminary injunction stage, on the merits of Heil’s argument. The court found that
       the evidence was sufficient at the preliminary injunction stage of the proceeding to allow
       Scheffel to proceed as the plaintiff and attempt to enforce its employment agreement with Heil.
       The court concluded that Scheffel’s client information which Heil had taken with him to
       Morgan Stanley did constitute trade secrets. The court also concluded that Scheffel had a
       near-permanent relationship with its individual investors and that Heil would not have had any
       contact with those individual investors absent his employment with Scheffel such that Scheffel
       had a protectable interest in enforcing the nonsolicitation clause of the employment agreement.
¶ 14        We cannot conclude that the circuit court abused its discretion in so finding. As we have
       stated, the standard of review for a preliminary injunction is whether the circuit court abused
       its discretion in determining that the plaintiff provided prima facie evidence to support its
       claim. Delta Medical Systems v. Mid-America Medical Systems, Inc., 331 Ill. App. 3d 777, 789
       (2002). The question before this court on review is whether there was a sufficient showing to
       sustain the circuit court’s order. Delta Medical, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 789. Instead of deciding
       controverted facts on the merits of the case, the reviewing court determines only whether the
       plaintiff has demonstrated that there is a fair question as to the existence of the claimed rights,
       that the circumstances lead to a reasonable belief that the plaintiff will probably be entitled to
       the relief sought, and that the status quo should be preserved until the case can be decided on
       the merits. Delta Medical, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 789. The circuit court did not abuse its discretion
       in finding that Scheffel had demonstrated that there is a fair question as to the existence of its
       claimed rights.
¶ 15        Heil next argues that the circuit court erred in holding that the “Protocol for Broker
       Recruiting” (the Protocol) did not prohibit Scheffel from enforcing the nonsolicitation clause
       in its employment agreement. The Protocol is a voluntary agreement entered into by registered
       broker/dealers which allows registered representatives of those broker/dealers to move
       between firms that have adopted the Protocol, and be free from litigation by the former firm to
       enforce any restrictive covenant in an employment agreement. While LPL, as a registered
       broker/dealer, was a signatory to the Protocol, Scheffel was not. Under the Protocol to which
       LPL was a signatory, when a registered representative left LPL to join another firm that was a
       signatory to the Protocol, the registered representative could take a list of clients to his new
       firm and use that list to solicit those clients on behalf of the new firm.
¶ 16        Heil argues that, prior to his resignation from Scheffel, Heil had obtained from LPL a list of
       the clients he serviced, and it is from this client list that Heil sought to solicit former clients of
       Scheffel. On appeal, Heil argues that Scheffel is barred by the Protocol from enforcing the
       restrictive covenant in his employment agreement because it did not own the client information
       which Heil obtained from LPL.
¶ 17        In its order, the circuit court held that Scheffel had raised a fair question, for purposes of a
       preliminary injunction, that the Protocol did not bar enforcement of the restrictive covenant
       contained in the employment agreement between Heil and Scheffel because Scheffel was not,
       and could not be, a signatory to the Protocol. The court pointed out that even the Financial
       Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) recognizes the enforceability of restrictive covenants
       in employment contracts involving nonsignatories to the Protocol. See Fidelity Brokerage
       Services LLC v. Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC, FINRA No. 11-03937 (2012) (Kinsellagh,


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       Arb.). Indeed, Heil’s expert witness testified that nothing in the Protocol prohibits employers
       like Scheffel from having nonsolicitation covenants in their employment agreements.
¶ 18        Heil repeats his argument that because Scheffel was not a registered broker/dealer it could
       not provide financial services and did not have clients which Heil could solicit, nor could it
       own client information. Heil argues that as the registered broker/dealer, only LPL could have
       clients and own client information. Because LPL was a signatory to the Protocol, Heil was free
       to take his client list with him when he left and to solicit those clients on behalf of his new
       employer.
¶ 19        As we have already pointed out, the circuit court held that it was not prepared to decide this
       issue at the preliminary injunction stage, a point in the proceedings at which it is not
       appropriate to determine controverted facts or decide the merits of the case. The circuit court
       found that the evidence was sufficient to allow Scheffel to proceed on the preliminary
       injunction. The circuit court did not abuse its discretion in so deciding.
¶ 20        Heil next argues that the circuit court erred in finding that the issuance of the preliminary
       injunction did not impose an undue hardship on Heil. Heil correctly points out that in order to
       be entitled to a preliminary injunction, the circuit court must conclude that the balance of the
       hardships to the parties supports the injunctive relief requested. Delta Medical Systems v.
       Mid-America Medical Systems, Inc., 331 Ill. App. 3d 777, 789 (2002). Heil testified at the
       hearing on the motion for a preliminary injunction that the entry of the preliminary injunction
       would permanently damage his career, with the possibility that he could lose millions of
       dollars in compensation.
¶ 21        In its order granting the preliminary injunction, the circuit court found that the potential
       economic harm Heil might suffer is not so large as to prevent enforcement of the restrictive
       covenant in the employment agreement. The injunction would not preclude Heil from earning
       a living and providing for his family during the pendency of the action. The injunction did not
       prevent Heil from working; it only prevented him from soliciting clients of Scheffel. The court
       pointed out that the injunction was only in effect pending the ultimate outcome of the case.
¶ 22   We find the preliminary injunction to be carefully drafted so as to limit any hardship on Heil. It
       prevents Heil only from using or disclosing any of Scheffel’s confidential information and
       from having any direct contact or personal solicitation of Scheffel’s clients or customers. Heil
       can continue to work as a financial advisor within the same geographical area as Scheffel, and
       may continue to service existing clients and solicit new ones (other than those belonging to
       Scheffel). We cannot conclude that the circuit court abused its discretion in balancing the
       hardships on the parties and finding that they supported the injunctive relief requested.
¶ 23        Finally, Heil argues that the circuit court erred in finding that Scheffel had no adequate
       remedy at law and would suffer irreparable harm if the preliminary injunction were not
       granted. He asserts that Scheffel presented no evidence that its business would be harmed due
       to Heil’s actions, that it could not finance a lawsuit against Heil, that it could not obtain
       damages from Heil, or that the amount of its damages was difficult to calculate. Furthermore,
       he argues, the employment agreement contained a liquidated damages clause, showing that
       Scheffel has an adequate remedy at law and that any harm to be suffered is not irreparable.
¶ 24        Given Scheffel’s protectable interest in its clients, with whom it apparently had established
       near-permanent relationships, irreparable injury caused by Heil’s solicitation of those clients is
       presumed. See Clifton, Gunderson & Co. v. Richter, 158 Ill. App. 3d 789, 792 (1987).
       Furthermore, where with each passing day Heil’s solicitation of Scheffel’s clients further

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       erodes Scheffel’s client base and profit, the injury is ongoing and great. Richter, 158 Ill. App.
       3d at 792-93. The liquidated damages provision in the employment agreement is not a bar to
       injunctive enforcement of the nonsolicitation clause; the employment agreement contemplates
       injunctive relief to prevent ongoing violations as well as damages for past violations. Richter,
       158 Ill. App. 3d at 793.
¶ 25       The circuit court did not abuse its discretion in determining that Scheffel had no adequate
       remedy at law and would suffer irreparable harm in the absence of a preliminary injunction.
¶ 26       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the preliminary injunction order entered by the circuit
       court of Madison County.

¶ 27      Affirmed.




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