              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. 262PA13

                              FILED 12 JUNE 2014

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.
SAQUAN TREAY FACYSON



      On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous

decision of the Court of Appeals, ___ N.C. App. ___, 743 S.E.2d 252 (2013), reversing

a judgment entered on 23 March 2013 by Judge Henry W. Hight in Superior Court,

Durham County, and remanding for a new sentencing hearing.             Heard in the

Supreme Court on 17 March 2014.


      Roy Cooper, Attorney General, by Teresa M. Postell, Assistant Attorney
      General, for the State-appellant.

      Sue Genrich Berry for defendant-appellee.


      BEASLEY, Justice.

      The sole issue in this case is whether the evidence necessary to prove that a

defendant is guilty of a crime under the doctrine of acting in concert is the same

evidence necessary to establish the aggravating factor that the defendant joined

with more than one other person in committing the offense and was not charged

with committing a conspiracy. Because the aggravating factor requires additional

evidence beyond the evidence that is necessary to prove acting in concert, the trial
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                                  Opinion of the Court



court properly submitted the aggravating factor to the jury in this case.

Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals on this issue.

                                        Facts

      The State presented evidence at trial tending to establish the following facts.

On 19 April 2010, David Andrews and Brian Rhode were both employed at a Chili’s

Restaurant in Durham, North Carolina.            That afternoon, Andrews borrowed

Rhode’s red Ford Fusion to go buy crack cocaine. When Andrews ran out of money,

he let other people use Rhode’s car in exchange for crack. At some point, Andrews

“rent[ed]” the car to a group of men that included defendant, Demetrius Lloyd, and

Neiko Malloy. When the car was not returned at the agreed-upon time, Rhodes

reported the vehicle as stolen.


      At approximately noon on 20 April 2010, Pebbles Kersey walked out of her

Durham apartment, located on Dearborn Drive, to go to her mailbox. As she was

walking toward her mailbox, Kersey saw a red car pull up to the park across the

street. Inside the car were three men, all wearing red bandanas over their faces.

Jermaine Jackson, who was standing in the park, yelled at Kersey to “[g]et down,”

and Kersey saw a man in the backseat of the car fire a gun at Jackson.


      Also around midday on 20 April 2010, Dennis Diaz, M.D., was waiting at the

stoplight at the intersection of Old Oxford Road and Dearborn Drive when he saw

Kersey “duck” to the ground. He immediately heard gunshots and noticed two men


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leaning out of a car, both holding guns and shooting in Jackson’s direction. After

firing multiple shots, the men in the car fled the scene.


      Jackson suffered a .38 caliber gunshot wound to his left jaw area and

subsequently died as a result of the injury. Police recovered twelve bullet casings

from the scene of the shooting. Eight casings were from nine-millimeter bullets and

the other four were .38 caliber casings.


      At approximately 12:30 p.m. on 20 April 2010, Rahjon Baldwin, the manager

of an apartment complex on Gray Avenue in Durham, called the police to report a

suspicious red Ford Fusion parked in the complex’s parking lot. A group of three

men were standing around the car and one of them was wiping the passenger side

of the car with a T-shirt. When Baldwin approached the men and told them to

move the red Ford, the men started walking away from the car toward the entrance

of the apartment complex. A gray car then pulled into the parking lot and the three

men attempted to get inside. However, the police officers responding to Baldwin’s

call arrived before the men could get inside the gray car. When the officers ordered

the men to the ground, two of them ran away on foot.         These two men were

eventually apprehended, and all four men—defendant, Lloyd, Malloy, and a fourth

man—were taken into custody.


      Police searched the area around the red Ford Fusion and found a discarded

T-shirt and a set of car keys that unlocked the car. When they searched the vehicle,

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police found a nine-millimeter casing in the groove where the hood joins the front

windshield on the passenger side. All four men were tested for gunshot residue.

While no residue was found on defendant’s hands, gunshot residue was found on his

jeans.


         Defendant was charged with first-degree murder and accessory after the fact

to first-degree murder. The case was tried noncapitally, and the State gave notice

of its intent to submit as an aggravating factor that “[t]he defendant joined with

more than one other person in committing the offense and was not charged with

committing a conspiracy.” At the close of the State’s evidence and at the close of all

the evidence, defendant moved to dismiss the charges for insufficient evidence. The

motions were denied. Defendant did not testify or put on any evidence.

         Regarding the murder charge, the trial court instructed the jury on both first-

degree and second-degree murder. The court instructed the jury that, with respect

to either first-degree or second-degree murder, the jury could find defendant guilty

if it determined that he acted alone or that he joined with one or more persons to

commit the murder. The trial court also submitted an interrogatory on the verdict

sheet asking the jury, assuming it found defendant guilty of either murder or

accessory after the fact to murder:

               Do you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt
               that the defendant joined with more than one other
               person in committing the offense for which you have
               unanimously found the [d]efendant guilty . . . and that the


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              defendant was not charged with committing a conspiracy
              as to this offense?

      The jury found defendant guilty of second-degree murder and answered the

interrogatory affirmatively. The trial court found the existence of two mitigating

factors, determined that the aggravating factor outweighed the mitigating factors,

and concluded that an aggravated sentence was justified in this case. The trial

court accordingly sentenced defendant to an aggravated-range term of 225 to 279

months imprisonment.


      Defendant appealed his conviction and sentence to the Court of Appeals,

arguing, among other things, that “the trial court erred in sentencing him in the

aggravated range of sentences because the evidence supporting the aggravating

factor was the same evidence necessary to support an element of the underlying

offense.”   State v. Facyson, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 743 S.E.2d 252, 256 (2013).

Defendant claimed that the jury necessarily convicted him of second-degree murder

based on the theory of acting in concert due to the lack of evidence regarding who

fired the bullet that killed Jackson. Defendant further contended that the evidence

of his concerted action was the same evidence used to support the aggravating

factor that he joined with more than one other person in committing the murder,

but was not charged with committing a conspiracy. Thus, according to defendant,

the use of this aggravating factor to enhance his sentence violated the prohibition in




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N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16(d) against using evidence necessary to prove an element of

the offense to also prove an aggravating factor. Id. at ___, 743 S.E.2d at 256-57.

      The Court of Appeals held that the State presented evidence sufficient to

permit the jury to find either that defendant acted in concert in committing the

murder or that “it was defendant’s actions alone that resulted in Jackson’s death.”

Id. at ___,743 S.E.2d at 257. The court observed, however, that “the verdict sheet

did not require the jury to indicate the theory on which it found defendant guilty.”

Id. at ___, 743 S.E.2d at 257. Resolving the ambiguity in the verdict sheet in favor

of defendant, the court concluded, consistent with defendant’s second premise, that

it must “assum[e] that the aggravated sentence imposed was based on the same

evidence necessary to establish an element of the underlying offense.” Id. at ___,

743 S.E.2d at 257 (citation omitted).      The court thus “reverse[d] the judgment

entered upon [defendant’s] conviction for second-degree murder and remand[ed] for

a new sentencing hearing without the use of the aggravating factor.” Id. at __, 743

S.E.2d at 257. We allowed the State’s petition for discretionary review. ___ N.C.

___, 748 S.E.2d 317 (2013).

                                     Discussion

      The State argues that the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that “when a

defendant is guilty under the theory of acting in concert, the aggravating factor that

he joined with more than one other person in committing the offense and was not




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charged with conspiracy, may not be considered in determining the sentence.” We

agree.


         Our Structured Sentencing Act provides that if the jury finds that one or

more aggravating factors exist, and if the trial court determines that the

aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors, then the court may impose a

sentence in the statutorily-prescribed aggravated range. N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16(b)

(2013). In determining whether an aggravating factor may properly be considered,

section 15A-1340.16(d) dictates that “[e]vidence necessary to prove an element of

the offense shall not be used to prove any factor in aggravation.”       Id. § 15A-

1340.16(d) (2013). In interpreting this provision, this Court has “emphasize[d] . . .

that many of the statutory factors listed under [the predecessor to N.C.G.S. § 15A-

1340.16(d)] contemplate a duplication in proof without violating the proscription

that ‘evidence necessary to prove an element of the offense may not be used to prove

any factor in aggravation.’ ” State v. Thompson, 309 N.C. 421, 422 n.1, 307 S.E.2d

156, 158 n.1 (1983) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.4(a)(1), predecessor to N.C.G.S. §

15A-1340.16(d)).


         We applied this principle in State v. Bruton, 344 N.C. 381, 385, 474 S.E.2d

336, 339-40 (1996), where the defendant (Townsend) was convicted of second-degree

murder, under a concerted action theory, based on evidence that he and another

man (Bruton) intentionally fired multiple shots at the victim and other individuals,


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each using a nine-millimeter semiautomatic pistol. The defendant argued that the

evidence used to prove the aggravating factor that he “knowingly created a great

risk of death to more than one person by means of a weapon or device which would

normally be hazardous to the lives of more than one person” was the same evidence

used “to prove second-degree murder on the basis of acting in concert.” Bruton, 344

N.C. at 393-94, 474 S.E.2d at 344-45. This Court rejected that argument, observing

that, “[i]n meeting its burden of proof with respect to second-degree murder on the

basis of acting in concert, the State was not required to establish that [the]

defendant . . . knowingly created a great risk of death to more than one person or

that he did so by using a weapon which in its normal use is hazardous to the lives of

more than one person.” Id. at 394, 474 S.E.2d at 345 (emphasis added). Thus,

because the aggravating factor was supported by evidence “[d]iscrete” from the

evidence necessary to establish defendant’s acting in concert, the aggravating factor

was properly submitted. Id.


      In Thompson, 309 N.C. at 422, 307 S.E.2d at 158, we addressed the use of the

aggravating factor that “[t]he offense involved an attempted or actual taking of

property of great monetary value” when the underlying offense was felony larceny,

which requires evidence that the value of the property taken exceeds a statutorily

defined amount, see N.C.G.S. § 14-72(a) (2013). There, we observed that “simply

because [the] defendant had been charged with larceny” did not preclude the use of

evidence “establish[ing] an attempted taking of property of great monetary value”:

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                                  Opinion of the Court



“The additional evidence necessary to prove a taking or attempted taking of

property of great monetary value is not evidence necessary to prove an element of

felonious larceny.” Thompson, 309 N.C. at 422, 307 S.E.2d at 158.


      In State v. Abee, 308 N.C. 379, 380, 302 S.E.2d 230, 231 (1983) (per curiam),

the defendant pleaded guilty to one count of second-degree sexual offense based on a

single act of fellatio. The record, however, “clear[ly]” established that the defendant

had committed multiple acts of fellatio, and the trial court considered these

“repeated acts of fellatio” as a factor warranting enhancement of the defendant’s

sentence. Id. at 381, 302 S.E.2d at 231. We upheld the trial court’s use of the

aggravating factor because “[n]o proof of any other act of fellatio” was necessary to

support the defendant’s guilty plea. Id. Thus the remaining acts of fellatio could

properly be considered as an aggravating factor because they were not the basis of

the defendant’s conviction. Id.


      Finally, in State v. Ahearn, 307 N.C. 584, 602-03, 300 S.E.2d 689, 701 (1983),

the defendant was convicted of felony child abuse under N.C.G.S. § 14-318.4(a),

which required that the victim be “a child less than sixteen years of age.”         He

argued that because the age of the victim is an element of the offense, the trial court

was precluded from considering the aggravating factor that the victim was “very

young.” Id. at 602, 300 S.E.2d at 701. We rejected the defendant’s contention,

reasoning: “The age of the victim, while an element of the offense, spans sixteen


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                                 Opinion of the Court



years, from birth to adolescence. . . . The fact that [the victim] was very young (24

months) was not an element necessary to prove felonious child abuse, and was

therefore properly considered as an aggravating factor.” Id. at 603, 300 S.E.2d at

701.


       Bruton, Thompson, Abee, and Ahearn confirm that when an aggravating

factor is established by evidence that is in addition to the evidence necessary to

prove an element of the underlying offense, the aggravating factor may properly be

considered under section 15A-1340.16(d). Thompson, 309 N.C. at 422, 307 S.E.2d at

158 (emphasis omitted).      Applying this principle in this case, section 15A-

1340.16(d)(2) provides that a defendant’s sentence may be enhanced if “[t]he

defendant joined with more than one other person in committing the offense and

was not charged with committing a conspiracy.”          N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16(d)(2).

Defendant argued, and the Court of Appeals held, that the evidence establishing

this aggravating factor was the same evidence necessary to prove that defendant

acted in concert in committing the murder. It is well established that under the

doctrine of acting in concert, “ ‘when two or more persons act together in pursuance

of a common plan or purpose, each is guilty of any crime committed by any other in

pursuance of the common plan or purpose.’ ” State v. Wilkerson, 363 N.C. 382, 424,

683 S.E.2d 174, 200 (2009) (emphasis added) (quoting State v. Thomas, 325 N.C.

583, 595, 386 S.E.2d 555, 561 (1989)), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 1074, 130 S. Ct. 2104,

176 L. Ed. 2d 734 (2010).

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      Section 15A-1340.16(d)(2), in contrast, requires proof that “the defendant . . .

joined with at least two other individuals in the commission of a crime.” State v.

Hurt, 359 N.C. 840, 843, 616 S.E.2d 910, 912 (2005) (emphasis added) (citation

omitted), vacated in part on other grounds, 361 N.C. 325, 332, 643 S.E.2d 915, 919

(2007).   Thus, by definition, while section 15A-1340.16(d)(2) requires evidence that

the defendant joined with at least two other individuals to commit the offense, the

doctrine of acting in concert only requires proof that the defendant joined with at

least one other person. Accordingly, to echo our reasoning in Bruton, 344 N.C. at

394, 474 S.E.2d at 345, “[i]n meeting its burden of proof with respect to second-

degree murder on the basis of acting in concert, the State was not required to

establish” in this case that defendant joined with at least two other individuals in

committing the murder—the State only needed to establish that defendant joined

with one other person.


      This, the State accomplished.      Andrews testified that he “rented” his co-

worker’s red Ford Fusion to three men—defendant, Lloyd, and Malloy. That same

car was seen by Kersey and Diaz at the scene of the shooting, with both witnesses

reporting that multiple shots were fired from the vehicle at Jackson, the victim.

Defendant, Lloyd, Malloy, and a fourth man were apprehended shortly after the

shooting and one of them was attempting to wipe down the car.




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                                  Opinion of the Court



      Any evidence that defendant joined with more than one person was

“additional evidence” unnecessary to prove that defendant acted in concert in

committing the second-degree murder. Thompson, 309 N.C. at 422, 307 S.E.2d at

158 (emphasis omitted). Thus the evidence used to prove the aggravating factor in

section 15A-1340.16(d)(2) is not the same evidence used to prove that defendant

acted in concert. See Bruton, 344 N.C. at 394, 474 S.E.2d at 345 (upholding use of

aggravating factor when the defendant’s acting in concert and the aggravating

factor were supported by “[d]iscrete evidence”).


      Moreover, in addition to evidence that the defendant joined with more than

one other person in committing the offense, the plain language of section 15A-

1340.16(d)(2) requires proof that the defendant “was not charged with committing a

conspiracy.” N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16(d)(2). This statutory requirement also is not

an element of acting in concert. Defendant does not contend otherwise, arguing

instead that “[t]he record [i]s silent on this element” and thus the State failed to

meet its burden of proving the aggravating factor. The record establishes, however,

that defendant conceded this point in his brief to the Court of Appeals when he

acknowledged that “[n]o conspiracy charge was joined for trial in this case.”


      In sum, criminal culpability under the acting-in-concert doctrine does not

require proof that “[t]he defendant joined with more than one other person in

committing the offense” or that the defendant “was not charged with committing a


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                                 Opinion of the Court



conspiracy” with respect to the underlying offense. Id. Consequently, the evidence

presented by the State to support defendant’s conviction for second-degree murder

under an acting-in-concert theory is not the same evidence the State used to support

the aggravating factor provided in section 15A-1340.16(d)(2). We, therefore, reverse

that portion of the Court of Appeals’ decision that reversed the trial court’s

judgment and remanded the case for resentencing. The remaining issues addressed

by the Court of Appeals are not before this Court, and its decision as to those

matters remains undisturbed.


      REVERSED IN PART.




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