        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                           Assigned on Briefs June 12, 2012

                  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. COREY NOLAND

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
              Nos. 09-00015, 10-04036  James M. Lammey, Jr., Judge


               No. W2010-02567-CCA-R3-CD - Filed October 25, 2012


A Shelby County jury convicted appellant, Corey Noland, of false imprisonment, a Class A
misdemeanor; domestic assault, a Class A misdemeanor; bribery of a witness, a Class C
felony; two counts of coercion of a witness, Class D felonies; and aggravated stalking, a
Class E felony. The trial court sentenced him to an effective sentence of eighteen years in
the Tennessee Department of Correction. Appellant argues that (1) the evidence was
insufficient to support his convictions; (2) the trial court erred in applying sentence
enhancement factors; and (3) the trial court erred in allowing the State to engage in
“vindictive prosecution.” After reviewing the record, the parties’ briefs, and the applicable
law, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER and
J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

Paul K. Guibao and Matthew S. Lyons (on appeal); Samuel Perkins (at trial), Memphis,
Tennessee, for the appellant, Corey Noland.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Counsel; Amy
P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Kevin Rardin and Stacy McEndree, Assistant
District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                              OPINION

                                        I. Procedural History

        This case arises from an incident involving appellant and the victim that began on the
evening of August 31, 2008. Appellant was accused of handcuffing the victim, striking her
face, taping her mouth, putting her in the trunk of her car, and driving away. He was later
accused of several counts of bribery of a witness and coercion of a witness, along with
aggravated stalking.

       On January 6, 2009, a Shelby County grand jury indicted appellant in case number
09-00015 for especially aggravated kidnapping, aggravated assault, and domestic assault.
On June 17, 2010, a Shelby County grand jury indicted appellant in case number 10-04036
for two counts of bribery of a witness, three counts of coercion of a witness, and one count
of aggravated stalking. The court consolidated the cases for trial. After the trial, the jury
convicted appellant in case number 09-00015 of domestic assault and false imprisonment,
a lesser-included offense of especially aggravated kidnapping. The jury acquitted him of
aggravated assault. In case number 10-04036, the jury acquitted appellant of one count of
bribery of a witness and one count of coercion of a witness. The jury convicted him of one
count of bribery of a witness, two counts of coercion of a witness, and one count of
aggravated stalking. The trial court sentenced him to an effective sentence of eighteen years.

                                                II. Facts

       The victim, Jean Alice Nails, testified that appellant was her ex-boyfriend and the
father of her two children, Satin Noland and Corey Noland, Jr. (“C.J.”). In September of
2008, she, Satin1 , and C.J. lived on Mingle Drive in Memphis, Tennessee. Appellant lived
with his sister. She and appellant were not dating then, but they were discussing reconciling.

        On the evening of August 31, 2008, appellant went to the victim’s home to watch the
children while the victim went out with some friends. Rosalyn Murdock, Satin’s friend, was
also at the home spending the night with Satin. When the victim returned home, appellant
was sitting on the couch, and the children were sleeping. Appellant wanted to talk to the
victim, but the victim told him she did not feel like talking. The victim went into her
bedroom and changed into her nightclothes.




        1
           Because several people involved in this case share the surname Noland, we will refer to them by
their first names. In doing so, we intend no disrespect.

                                                   -2-
        Appellant went into the victim’s bedroom and attempted to talk to her. The victim
again told appellant that she did not want to talk. Appellant told her they needed to discuss
what would happen with the children if they did not reconcile their relationship. The victim
stated that she “could see the argument getting heated,” so she jumped out of the bed and told
appellant that she did not feel like talking. The victim then grabbed a knife that she kept on
her night stand for protection. Appellant asked her, “‘What did you grab the knife for? You
don’t need a knife. I’m just trying to talk to you.’” She told appellant that if he “messed
with” her, she would defend herself with the knife. She stated that she did not attempt to stab
appellant.

       The victim testified that appellant left her bedroom and returned with handcuffs. The
victim and appellant continued to argue when he returned. She stated that appellant tried to
convince her to put down the knife, but she would not. Appellant then grabbed the victim’s
arms and put her in the handcuffs. The victim no longer had the knife, and she was hitting
appellant attempting to prevent him from handcuffing her. The victim explained that
appellant had handcuffs because he was a security officer.

        The victim and appellant continued to argue after appellant secured her in the
handcuffs. The victim said as their arguing got louder, appellant tried to reassure her that he
only wanted to talk. They started to walk down the hallway, and Satin opened her bedroom
door and asked them what was happening. The victim answered, “Satin, it’s okay. We was
[sic] having an argument. Just go back in the room. Don’t wake Rosalyn[.]” The victim
stated that by this point, appellant had picked up the knife that the victim used to defend
herself.

         The victim told appellant they should take their argument outside so they would not
disturb the sleeping children. Before they went out the door, appellant put black duct tape
over the victim’s mouth. The victim stated that it was dark outside, and she did not have a
porch light, so she fell as she was walking down the steps from her house. The victim said
she hit the concrete and “something [was] just running down [her] face and into [her] mouth
. . . .” She said she obviously was bleeding. Appellant pulled her up by the handcuffs and
placed her into her vehicle. The victim testified that she could not remember in which part
of the vehicle appellant placed her. Appellant began driving, and they continued to argue.

        The victim said appellant eventually stopped the vehicle after ten to fifteen minutes.
She did not know where they were when appellant stopped driving and said they appeared
to be at a construction site. Appellant removed the victim from the vehicle and continued
trying to talk to her. The victim told appellant to remove the handcuffs, and appellant told
her that he did not know where the key was located. As they continued to argue, appellant
hit the victim’s face with his hand multiple times. The victim said she started to agree with

                                              -3-
appellant so he would take her back to her home. She stated that agreeing with appellant did
not work initially, but appellant eventually said, “Let’s go; you’re not worth it.” Appellant
placed the victim inside the front passenger side of the vehicle and drove her back to her
home.

       When they arrived at the house, a police officer stopped the vehicle before appellant
could pull it into the driveway. The officer unlocked the handcuffs that appellant had placed
on the victim. Paramedics also arrived at the victim’s home and treated the victim. After she
was treated by the paramedics, an officer drove the victim to the police precinct to give a
statement.

       The victim testified that after the incident, she received several telephone calls from
appellant on both her cellular and work telephones. Some telephone calls between the victim
and appellant were recorded. The victim said she listened to the recordings and identified
her voice and appellant’s voice on them. When asked how many calls she received, the
victim answered, “It was more than enough.” She said appellant often called her several
times per day, and it caused problems at her job because she was not supposed to talk on her
cell phone while at work. The victim did not get into trouble for appellant’s calling while
she was at work, but she did not want him to call “just out of respect” for her employer.

       The victim had been subpoenaed for appellant’s court proceedings. She denied that
appellant told her how to handle the subpoenas when he called. She stated that she and
appellant occasionally discussed whether she would appear in court. She said she did not
remember appellant’s telling her what he would do for her if she did as he said and further
said appellant could not do anything for her. The victim testified that appellant talked to her
about “some of everything” when he called, including their children. They also discussed
the night of the incident, but the victim stated she could not remember what appellant said.

        The victim did not remember appellant’s telling her to not show up at a preliminary
hearing. She did not remember if she told the police that she fell while exiting her home on
the night of the incident but acknowledged that her statement did not mention it. Likewise,
she did not remember whether she told the police that appellant grabbed the knife from her
or that he picked it up.

       The victim identified a signed copy of her statement and used it to refresh her
memory. The victim testified that she told the police that appellant was responsible for
kidnapping and assaulting her. She further told the police that she sustained a large knot over
her left eye, a bruise under her right eye, and scratches around her neck because of
appellant’s assault on her. In addition, she admitted telling officers that both of her wrists
were sore from the handcuffs appellant placed on her. Her statement recounted how

                                              -4-
appellant handcuffed her, grabbed a kitchen knife, threatened to kill her, put her in the trunk,
and drove her to an unknown location. When they stopped, appellant got her out of the
trunk, took the tape off her mouth, and started punching her in the face. The victim testified
that her statement said she pleaded with appellant and told him what he wanted to hear so he
would stop hurting her. In her statement, the victim estimated that she was in the trunk for
fifteen to twenty minutes and that appellant hit her at least six times. She told the police that
she was in fear for her life during the incident. The victim’s statement reflected that
appellant had assaulted her twice before this incident.

       On cross-examination, the victim testified that she spoke to police immediately after
the incident. She agreed she was “pretty upset” when she made the statement. She was
angry with appellant and wanted to get far away from him. The victim stated that she told
the police what happened to the best of her ability. Although the paramedics examined her,
she did not receive any treatment for her injuries before she gave her statement. The victim
said she was stressed and had a headache when she gave her statement. She also said she had
been drinking on the night of the incident.

        The victim testified that she dropped the knife on her bed as appellant was placing her
in handcuffs, and appellant picked up the knife. Appellant no longer had the knife when they
went outside. The victim did not know what appellant did with the knife once they went
outside because he was walking behind her. She said appellant did not “stick” her or threaten
to stab her with the knife as they were going outside.

        The victim stated that it was her suggestion to leave the house so that they would not
disturb the sleeping children with their arguing and that she willingly left the house with
appellant. She said appellant told her to get into the vehicle, but she did not remember his
threat to kill her. However, she acknowledged that her memory was probably better when
she made her statement.

       The victim did not remember appellant’s telling her that she had no reason to fear him
and that he was going to move away and not bother her anymore. The victim testified that
she was not afraid of appellant although he would sometimes get violent. She stated that if
appellant wanted to see their children she would allow it, but she would not allow him inside
her home.

       According to the victim, appellant was anxious for her to help him. The victim “put
up [her] house” so appellant could make bond after he was arrested. She said she did so
because she wanted him released for the benefit of their children. The victim told the police
that she did not want to prosecute appellant and that she and appellant could handle the



                                               -5-
situation themselves. The victim stated that she was only in court testifying because the State
subpoenaed her. The victim said she was testifying truthfully.

        Regarding appellant’s telephone calls, the victim testified that during their
relationship, she often received two telephone calls a day from appellant. The victim said
after the incident, she “really didn’t want to talk to [appellant] some days[.]” However, if
appellant called about their children, she did not have a problem with his calls. She agreed
that appellant often talked about the children when he called. Appellant also brought up the
incident, which she did not want to discuss. She testified that the telephone calls were
harassing to her when he wanted to talk about the trial, and she did not want to discuss it.

      Satin Noland, the thirteen-year-old daughter of appellant and the victim, testified that
she was eleven years old at the time of the incident. The victim stated that her friend,
Rosalyn Murdock, was at her house the night of the incident.

       Satin testified that she “doubt[ed]” that her parents’ arguing awakened her during the
night of the incident. She stated that she did not hear anyone talking while she and Rosalyn 2
were sleeping, “unless it was the TV.” She was unsure of whether she heard appellant and
the victim arguing. Satin testified that she did not recall telling Sergeant David Sloan that
the arguing of the victim and appellant awakened her, that she saw appellant grab a kitchen
knife and threaten the victim, or that appellant handcuffed the victim and put tape on the
victim’s mouth. She also did not remember telling him that she grabbed a baseball bat and
went into the kitchen to help the victim but was afraid to use the bat because she thought
appellant would use it on the victim.

       Satin testified that she did not recall going across the street with Rosalyn to use a
neighbor’s phone. She stated that she did not remember calling 9-1-1 and telling the police
that appellant had handcuffed the victim, put black tape on the victim’s mouth, and taken her
away in a vehicle. Satin likewise stated that she did not remember telling her neighbors that
appellant had handcuffed the victim and put her in the vehicle. When asked why they were
in court that week, Satin answered, “To bring my dad home,” and she stated that she wanted
her father to come home.

      Rosalyn testified that she recalled spending the night at Satin’s house back in 2008,
when they were eleven years old. She and Satin went to sleep around 10:00 or 11:00 p.m.
Rosalyn said appellant and Satin were “fussing”in the den, and they awakened her. She


       2
          Rosalyn Murdock’s mother, Brenda Murdock, also testified at the trial. Because they share the
same surname, we will refer to the minor witness by her first name to avoid confusion. In doing so, we
intend no disrespect.

                                                  -6-
recalled that appellant was cussing, and Satin said, “‘Get my mom out of the trunk.’”
Rosalyn stated that Satin sounded frightened. She said she never heard the victim’s voice.

       Rosalyn testified that Satin returned to her bedroom crying. She said Satin looked
afraid and told her that appellant “ha[d] her mom.” Rosalyn and Satin looked out of the
window and saw the victim’s vehicle backing out of the driveway. Rosalyn could not see
who was inside the vehicle.

       Rosalyn and Satin went across the street to the neighbors’ house for help. The
neighbors answered the door, and Rosalyn and Satin went inside. Rosalyn and Satin told the
neighbors what had happened. Rosalyn recalled being afraid and upset when she was at the
neighbors’ house and said Satin was also scared. Rosalyn testified that Satin called the
police from her neighbors’ home. According to Rosalyn, while they were at the neighbors’
house, Satin saw appellant through the neighbors’ window. Rosalyn said appellant was
calling Satin’s name, and Satin asked the neighbors not to tell appellant that she and Rosalyn
were in their home.

       Rosalyn stated that the police arrived at the neighbors’ home and told her and Satin
to stay there. Rosalyn said the victim returned “some hours” after they went to the
neighbors’ house, and the victim did not look like herself. Rosalyn returned to the victim’s
home once the police were there. The police called Rosalyn’s mother, who arrived shortly
afterwards.

        On cross-examination, Rosalyn testified that she only saw Satin leaving the room the
night of the incident. Rosalyn did not leave the room and did not know what was occurring
in the den. Rosalyn said she was afraid that night because of Satin’s reaction, but she never
saw appellant do anything.

        William Pegues testified that the victim and her children were his neighbors across
the street. Mr. Pegues was at home sleeping on the couch during the early morning hours of
September 1, 2008. His wife, Betty Johnson Pegues, was also at home, sleeping in their
bedroom. Mr. Pegues stated that Satin and “her little friend” rang his doorbell between 2:00
and 3:00 a.m. and asked to use his phone. He testified that Satin said, “Can I use your
phone? My mother and father are gone, and I don’t know where they went.” Mr. Pegues
allowed Satin and Rosalyn inside his home, and Satin used the phone. Satin asked Mr.
Pegues if he would get C.J., who was still at the victim’s home. Mr. Pegues went across the
street, awakened C.J., and brought him to his house.

      When Mr. Pegues returned to his house, he discovered that Satin had called 9-1-1.
The 9-1-1 operator had called the Pegues’ number back, which awakened Mrs. Pegues. The

                                             -7-
police arrived at the Pegues’ home, and Satin told the police what had happened. Mr. Pegues
heard Satin tell the police, “My mom and daddy got to fighting, and he put her in the trunk
of the car.”

       Betty Johnson Pegues testified that during the early morning hours of September 1,
2008, a message on her answering machine left by the police department dispatcher
awakened her. The dispatcher stated that they were sending a police vehicle to her home.
When she heard the message, she arose, went into the den, and asked Mr. Pegues why the
police were coming to their home.

       Mrs. Pegues asked Satin what happened, and Satin told her that “her daddy had
handcuffed her mother and threw her in the trunk of the car.” Mrs. Pegues testified that she
heard Satin tell the police that the victim had moved on with her life and that appellant was
upset with the victim for doing so. Mrs. Pegues told Rosalyn to call her mother to let her
know what was happening. Rosalyn’s parents came to the Pegues’ house.

       The Pegues, Rosalyn’s parents, and the children went outside and stood in front of the
victim’s home. Appellant and the victim eventually returned, and the victim got out of the
vehicle. Mrs. Pegues stated that the victim’s face “was all bruised up,” and she had a “great
big knot on her head.” The victim was not handcuffed when Mrs. Pegues saw her. She said
the victim asked for her children but did not say much else. On cross-examination, Mrs.
Pegues testified that she did not know how the victim’s face was bruised.

       Brenda Murdock testified that Rosalyn is her daughter. She recalled that Rosalyn was
spending the night with Satin on August 31, 2008. Around 3:00 a.m. on September 1st, a
telephone call from a police officer awakened her. The police officer advised her that Satin’s
parents had gotten into a fight and that she needed to come and get Rosalyn.

        Ms. Murdock stated that when she arrived at the victim’s home, Rosalyn was afraid,
hysterical, and wanted to go home. She further stated that Satin was afraid, hysterical, and
would not leave her side. Satin told Ms. Murdock that “her dad had handcuffed her mom and
put tape over her mouth and put her in the trunk of the car.” Satin also told Ms. Murdock
that if she had a knife, she would have killed her father. Rosalyn told Ms. Murdock that
Satin “was so upset because her dad was harping at her while he was beating on her mom,
and he was cursing her[.]”

       Ms. Murdock said she was standing outside in the victim’s carport when the police
brought the victim back. She stated that the victim was handcuffed and that her face was
bloody and “unbelievable.” She said the victim’s face was swollen and bruised. The
victim’s shirt had blood and dirt all over it. Ms. Murdock testified that the victim was

                                             -8-
hysterical and “not herself.” She said the victim was “out of her mind” and begged her,
“‘Ms. Murdock, please, please, don’t let Rosalyn stop playing with Satin. Please. This will
never happen no [sic] more. Please. Please.’” The police officer who brought the victim
home found the key to the handcuffs appellant had placed on the victim and unlocked them.

        Ms. Murdock stayed with Satin, Rosalyn, and C.J. while the victim went to the police
station. Ms. Murdock said Satin and Rosalyn “were so upset, they kept running to the door;
and if they heard a little noise, they would not go out [of] the room.” She stated that Rosalyn
and Satin were afraid, stayed by her side, and did not go back to sleep. Ms. Murdock
testified that the victim “seemed like she was just out of her mind” and confused when she
returned from the police station.

       Ms. Murdock testified that she spoke with the victim after the victim returned from
the police station. The victim told Ms. Murdock that she was in bed getting ready to go to
sleep when appellant came into her room and began arguing with her. The victim told
appellant that she did not want to fight, and appellant began “beating on her.” The victim
said she attempted to get away from appellant, but he put her arms behind her back and
handcuffed her. The victim also told Ms. Murdock that appellant put her in the trunk of the
vehicle, pushed her out of the vehicle, and told her that he was going to kill her.

        Officer Matthew Carragher with the Memphis Police Department testified that around
3:00 a.m., he answered a call at the victim’s home. When he arrived, he went to the Pegues’
home and spoke with Satin. Officer Carragher asked Satin what had happened, and she told
him she saw appellant handcuff the victim, put black tape cross the victim’s mouth, throw
the victim into the trunk of the victim’s vehicle, and drive away. Officer Carragher obtained
a description of the vehicle and the vehicle’s license plate number, which he broadcast over
his police radio.

       Officer Carragher patrolled the area and observed the victim’s vehicle near the
victim’s home. He followed the vehicle, which stopped outside of the victim’s home.
Appellant was driving the vehicle, and the victim was in the front passenger seat. Officer
Carragher testified that the victim was wearing a T-shirt that had “red splotches” on it and
had her hands behind her back. When the victim exited the vehicle, Officer Carragher
discovered that she was still handcuffed. Officer Carragher stated that other officers who
arrived at the scene attempted to unlock the handcuffs with their own handcuff keys but were
unsuccessful.

        Officer Carragher testified that he spoke with the victim, and she “appeared to be in
a state of shock. Her eyes were wide. She appeared to be slightly disoriented.” Officer
Carragher stated that he noticed a “very large bump” on the victim’s forehead and blood on

                                              -9-
her face. The victim told Officer Carragher that she had gotten into an argument with
appellant inside the house. The argument became heated, and appellant brandished a knife.
Appellant handcuffed the victim behind her back, put tape across her mouth, and forced her
into the trunk of the vehicle. The victim further told him that appellant drove her to a
secluded area, removed her from the vehicle, punched her several times in the face, and told
her he was going to kill her. Appellant then placed the victim in the front passenger seat of
the vehicle and drove her back home.

       Officer Carragher called an ambulance to the scene. After paramedics treated the
victim, Officer Carragher drove her to the felony response office so she could give her
statement. While she was giving her statement, Officer Carragher tagged her bloody t-shirt
and the handcuffs as evidence.

        Officer Sammy Batts with the Memphis Police Department testified that when he
arrived at the scene, he went across the street to the Pegues’ home where he met Satin. He
stated that Satin told him and another officer what had happened. Satin told the officers that
appellant and the victim were in a dark blue Honda vehicle. Using that information, the
officers found the license plate number for the vehicle.

        Officer Batts stated that Major Joe Oakley, a supervisor at the Memphis Police
Department, advised the officers on the scene that another officer spotted a vehicle with
registration tags belonging to the victim. That officer told Major Oakley the vehicle was
traveling toward the victim’s home, and the officers initiated a traffic stop of the vehicle
outside of the victim’s home.

       After the officers stopped the vehicle, they removed appellant and the victim from the
vehicle. Officer Batts noticed that the victim was handcuffed, had bruises on her face, and
there appeared to be blood stains on her shirt. The officers detained appellant and attempted
to remove the handcuffs from the victim using their handcuff keys. They were initially
unsuccessful in removing the handcuffs, but an officer eventually found the key inside the
victim’s home.

        Major Oakley testified that he responded to Satin’s 9-1-1 call during the early morning
hours of September 1, 2008. He stated that his shift lieutenant “advised [him] that a female
had been kidnapped and thrown into the trunk of a car and taken away, and this occurred in
front of some small children.” Major Oakley went to the scene, assessed the situation, and
called the duty commander to advise him of the situation.

       Major Oakley stated that he saw the suspect vehicle when he was leaving the scene,
and he attempted to initiate a traffic stop. The suspect vehicle sped away, and Major Oakley

                                             -10-
followed it. The vehicle stopped on Mingle Drive, a few houses down from the victim’s
home.

        Major Oakley stated that appellant jumped out of the vehicle when it stopped. He
ordered appellant to show his hands and get on the ground, and appellant complied. Another
officer who was on the scene handcuffed appellant and placed him in the backseat of a police
vehicle. Major Oakley saw the victim and said her face was bruised, swollen, and she
apparently had been beaten. He further said the victim’s hands were handcuffed behind her
back. Major Oakley stated that officers removed the victim from the front seat, took her into
her house, and called paramedics to examine her.

        Sergeant David Sloan, an investigative sergeant with the Memphis Police Department
sex crimes unit, testified that his supervisor, Lieutenant Toll3 , briefed him about the incident
in this case. Lieutenant Toll advised him about “a possible domestic situation where a
female had been abducted. The victim was still outstanding, along with the suspect.”
Lieutenant Toll further advised Sergeant Sloan that two children at the scene could provide
information about what happened. Lieutenant Toll instructed Sergeant Sloan to go to the
scene and take photographs so the police could do a “city watch.” He explained that city
watches were “kind of a mini [A]mber alert” that the police used in cases of missing or
endangered people and life-threatening kidnapping cases.

       Sergeant Sloan testified that he spoke with Satin when he arrived at the scene. He
said she was upset, and he could tell she had been crying. Satin told Sergeant Sloan that

       she had a friend spending the night. She said that she was asleep in her bed,
       and she heard a loud fight. She got up to see what was going on, and she saw
       her father, [appellant].” She said she couldn’t see her mom at first, and he
       refused to let her see the mother and said everything was okay. She said she
       knew they had been fighting because she could hear the sounds of a fight. She
       got so scared, she went back to her room and obtained a bat that she said she
       was possibly going to use to get her dad off of her mother. She said she
       became frightened that her dad would actually take the bat from her and maybe
       use it on her mother, so she said she never brought it towards him.

               She said a few minutes later, she saw her mom [and] it looked like she
       had been . . . beaten. She saw her father put handcuffs on her mother and then
       run duct tape around her mouth and to the back of her head. She said her
       father took her mother to [the victim’s] car, which was parked outside and put

       3
           Lieutenant Toll’s first name is not included in the record.

                                                     -11-
       her in the trunk. She also said that at one point, before he handcuffed and . .
       . taped her, . . . he had obtained a kitchen knife, and she was afraid that he
       would stab her mother.

              She said after the incident, she and her friend that was spending the
       night ran across the street to [her] neighbors’ house. They told them what was
       going on, and they called the police.

              While her and her friend were across the street, she said her father
       actually came back to the scene and yelled for her to come out and get in the
       car. She said she was scared. She refused to come out of the neighbors’
       house, and her father drove off.

        Sergeant Sloan testified that he also spoke with Rosalyn at the scene. Sergeant Sloan
said Rosalyn told him that she was sleeping and heard Satin’s parents fighting. He said
Rosalyn “basically relayed the same information” as Satin. However, Rosalyn did not go into
detail about Satin’s obtaining a bat or appellant’s having a kitchen knife.

       Sergeant Sloan heard sirens during his interviews with Satin and Rosalyn and went
outside. Once outside, he observed several police vehicles following a vehicle. When the
vehicle stopped, police officers “swarmed the vehicle” and pulled the driver out of it.
Sergeant Sloan approached the vehicle and saw the victim sitting in the passenger seat of the
vehicle at an angle with her hands handcuffed behind her back.

        Sergeant Sloan stated that the victim was wearing a light-colored t-shirt that had blood
on it. The victim wanted to change clothes, but the officers advised her that the paramedics
needed to examine her before she did so. Sergeant Sloan told her that the police would need
the shirt that she was wearing for evidence. Sergeant Sloan stated that the victim “had
obvious signs of a beating,” including pronounced swelling under both eyes.

       Sergeant Sloan testified that the victim was in a state of shock. He said she was quiet
and seemed embarrassed about what happened and the police officers’ presence at her home.
The victim told Sergeant Sloan that she did not want to prosecute appellant. Sergeant Sloan
explained to the victim that she had to speak with the police because of the seriousness of the
crime and because she was obviously the victim of a beating. He further explained that she
did not have to prosecute if she did not wish, but the State would prosecute because it felt
strongly about domestic violence incidents.

       Sergeant Sloan obtained a brief oral statement from the victim in which she told him
that she and appellant had dated for thirteen years. They ended their relationship

                                              -12-
approximately three months before the incident but were trying to reconcile. Appellant went
to the victim’s house, and they got into a verbal argument that escalated to appellant’s hitting
her. The victim told Sergeant Sloan that she felt threatened because appellant obtained a
kitchen knife. Appellant handcuffed the victim, taped her mouth, put her in the trunk of her
vehicle, and drove her away from her house. At some point, appellant removed the victim
from the trunk and placed her inside the vehicle. Appellant choked and hit the victim. The
victim told Sergeant Sloan that she began agreeing with some things appellant said about
their reconciliation. Appellant then calmed down, told the victim, “You’re not worth it,” and
began driving back toward the victim’s house.

       Sergeant Sloan testified that he interviewed the victim further at the felony response
office. Sergeant Sloan said he asked the victim to tell him everything that happened before,
during, and after the incident. The victim never told Sergeant Sloan that she fell down.
Sergeant Sloan asked the victim if appellant threatened to kill her, and the victim responded,
“Yes.” After the victim gave her statement, Sergeant Sloan photographed her injuries.

        Mike Triplett with the Shelby County General Sessions Criminal Court Clerk’s Office
testified that appellant had a case in general sessions court from his arrest for this incident.
Appellant’s file contained an order granting appellant bond. That order prohibited appellant
from threatening to commit, attempting to commit, or committing domestic assault; assault;
vandalism; false imprisonment; stalking; harassment; or a violation of any order of protection
or restraining order as prohibited by the courts against the victim or any other family
household member. The order also prohibited appellant from “harassing, annoying,
telephoning, contacting, or otherwise talking with, the alleged victim, either directly or
indirectly.” Moreover, the order directed appellant “to vacate or avoid the home of the
alleged victim and to avoid any other location where the victim is likely to be.” Finally, the
order prohibited appellant from using or possessing a firearm or other weapons specified by
the court and prohibited appellant from possessing or consuming alcohol or controlled
substances. Appellant agreed to the bond requirements reflected in the order, and the court
set his bond at $50,000.

        Constance Williams, a fingerprint technician in the criminal history records and
identification division at the Shelby County jail, testified that each inmate who entered the
jail was given a Records and Identification (“R&I”) number. Each time a person goes to jail,
they are fingerprinted, and their fingerprints are verified to the R&I number. She said each
inmate has their own R&I number, and no inmate has more than one R&I number. Ms.
Williams fingerprinted appellant, compared appellant’s fingerprints with R&I numbers on
file, and retrieved appellant’s R&I number.




                                              -13-
       Juaquatta Harris testified that she worked for the Shelby County Sheriff’s office
recording telephone calls made by inmates and explained the process for recording telephone
calls. Ms. Harris stated that all telephone calls are recorded; however, the calls are not
downloaded unless someone requests it. Ms. Harris stated that she downloaded 243 recorded
telephone calls for appellant’s R&I number made between September 1, 2008, and the early
part of 2009. Ms. Harris said she listened to some of the recorded calls that belonged to
appellant’s R&I number. Appellant made a couple of calls during the intake process, which
she also downloaded.

        The State played appellant’s recorded telephone calls for the jury, and they are a part
of the record on appeal.

       Derek Whitlock, a third-year law student at the University of Memphis, testified that
he interned with the district attorney’s office the summer before appellant’s trial. During his
internship, the district attorney’s office asked him to listen to recorded telephone
conversations concerning the investigation of appellant’s case. He identified a compact disc
containing the telephone calls. He could not remember the exact number of telephone calls
on the compact disc but said he “would safely say . . . well over two hundred.”

        Mr. Whitlock testified that he listened to all of the calls. He listened to approximately
90-95% of the conversations contained on each call. He stated that most of these telephone
conversations were between appellant and the victim, and he became familiar with
appellant’s voice and the victim’s voice while listening to the telephone calls. He said they
were three-way telephone calls, and appellant would tell the other person on the telephone
to call the victim’s cellular phone or place of employment to reach her. According to Mr.
Whitlock, if the victim did not answer appellant’s call, appellant “would either talk briefly
with the family member that he was on the phone with originally in the conversation[] or
continue the conversation with the first person and then make continued attempts at reaching
[the victim].” He said appellant was “very persistent” in his attempts to reach the victim.
Mr. Whitlock outlined approximately thirty telephone calls that were pertinent to the witness
tampering and aggravated stalking investigation.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Whitlock testified that although he only outlined thirty
calls that were useful to the investigation, he did not agree that most of the calls had nothing
to do with the investigation. He said he did not outline all of the calls because his
supervisors “did not want to inundate the jury with hundreds of hours of phone calls.” Mr.
Whitlock agreed that appellant and the victim discussed their children, their relationship, and
“family stuff’” during some telephone conversations. On redirect examination, Mr. Whitlock
clarified that the telephone calls he isolated were not the only ones in which appellant and



                                              -14-
the victim talked about this case. He estimated that appellant and the victim discussed the
case in at least 99% of the telephone calls.

       Appellant chose to testify in his own defense. He stated that he had been in a
relationship with the victim for thirteen years. During that time, he lived with the victim,
Satin, and C.J. At the time of the incident, he had been employed as a security guard for
approximately five months. He said he had moved back into the victim’s home the day of
the incident with the understanding that he and the victim were going to reconcile.

       Appellant denied kidnapping the victim. He stated that they argued at their home and
went “somewhere.” He further stated that it was the victim’s idea to leave, and he did not
force her to go. When asked whether he had a weapon during the incident, appellant
answered, “I moved the weapon.”

       Regarding the events on August 31, 2008, appellant stated that the victim left her
home around 12:45 p.m. When she returned around 1:00 a.m., appellant was on the couch
watching television, and the children were asleep. Appellant said he had been calling the
victim all day, and she did not answer his calls, which was unusual. When the victim
returned home, she said, “Hey,” to appellant. Appellant ignored her, and the victim went to
her room, undressed, and got into the bed.

       Appellant testified that he went into the victim’s room and asked her why she did not
answer his telephone calls. The victim replied, “Well, I don’t have to tell you nothing [sic].”
The victim further told appellant, “I’m grown. I don’t have to tell you nothing [sic]. You’re
not my dad[.]” Appellant and the victim began arguing. Appellant told the victim that he
was worried about her because she did not answer or return his calls. They continued to
argue, and appellant told the victim, “I see that this was a big mistake for me even coming
back over here - even moving back in trying to work on things because I see right now that
you don’t want to work on things.” He told the victim that when he left, he was leaving for
good.

        Appellant said he went back into the living and watched television for a little while.
He then went back into the victim’s room and asked her where she had been. The victim told
him she had been out drinking with friends. Appellant asked the victim with whom she had
been, and the victim answered, “None of your business.” Appellant stated that he knew the
victim was seeing someone else. He said that was a problem for him because if the victim
was “going to try to be doing it like that, then [she] should [have] never invited [him] to
move back in . . . .” Appellant told the victim that he did not have time to play games, and
if she wanted to part ways, he was fine with it. He further warned the victim not to use their



                                             -15-
children as an excuse to get him to come back home after he left. Appellant told the victim
he was done with the relationship and began packing his clothes.

        Appellant stated that the argument escalated. He and the victim called each other
names, and the victim told him to leave because she had another boyfriend. Appellant
testified that he was hurt when the victim told him that she was dating someone else. The
victim asked appellant where he was going to stay, and appellant answered, “Look here, I’m
sleeping with your sister. I got her pregnant, and that’s where I’m fixing to move to.”
Appellant stated that he, in fact, was not sleeping with the victim’s sister and did not get her
pregnant. He explained that he said those things because he wanted the victim to “feel the
same pain [he] felt.” He stated that he said this as he was walking out of the victim’s room.
When he returned, the victim rose and asked him what he said. Appellant repeated what he
said, and the victim hit him in the nose. He stated that his nose began bleeding, and he
“clicked.” Appellant hit the victim, and they began fighting in the bedroom.

        Appellant testified that the victim kept a knife in her night stand for protection. After
appellant hit the victim, the victim grabbed the knife and said, “MF, you just hit me.” The
victim went toward appellant with the knife. Appellant grabbed the victim’s arm from
behind and told her to calm herself. Appellant stated that he was “kind of smiling” because
what he said hurt the victim, but he did not know the argument would get to that point.
Appellant and the victim wrestled each other for the knife. Appellant said his main concern
was preventing either of them from falling on the knife. Appellant had his hand on the back
of the victim’s neck because “if you secure a person’s neck or their head, then you control
their whole body.” He stated that the victim had scratches on her neck because he was trying
to hold her down and take the knife. Appellant pinned the victim down on the floor. He said
the pattern left on the victim’s face was from her being on the rug in the bedroom. Appellant
said he applied “a lot of pressure on [the victim’s head and neck] for her to drop the knife.”
Appellant kicked the knife out of the way after the victim dropped it and handcuffed the
victim. He stated that he intended to leave the victim handcuffed until he could get the rest
of his belongings from the victim’s home.

       After appellant handcuffed the victim, he picked her up and retrieved the knife.
According to appellant, he was going to take the knife to the kitchen. He and the victim then
walked down the hallway. As they were walking down the hallway, Satin opened the door
to her bedroom and asked appellant what was happening. Appellant told her that nothing
was wrong and everything was “cool.” Satin told appellant she had heard him and the victim
arguing and again asked what was happening. Again, appellant told her that everything was
fine. Appellant said the victim was walking in front of him. He denied pushing or guiding
the victim as they walked. He said he held the knife to his side as they walked down the



                                              -16-
hallway. He denied threatening the victim with the knife. He further denied brandishing the
knife and said he never touched the victim with it.

        Appellant stated that the victim walked into the living room and sat down. Appellant
told the victim to “just be cool,” and went to put the knife in the kitchen. He stated that the
victim was in shock and cursing at him. He told the victim that she deserved for him to hit
her just as he deserved her hitting him. He further told the victim, “If you’re woman enough
to hit me like that, you should be woman enough to take a hit.”

       Appellant stated that the victim followed him as he gathered his belongings, and she
asked him to remove the handcuffs. Appellant told her that he was not going to remove the
handcuffs until he retrieved all of his belongings because she might try to get the knife again.
He said the victim continued to “holler and cuss” at him. Appellant told the victim to “shut
up” before she awakened the children. Appellant said he “playingly [sic]” told the victim,
“Look you need to get out of my face . . . because your breath smells like alcohol,” and he
put tape over her mouth. Appellant testified that the tape was “half way on and half way
off,” but the victim could not remove it because he had handcuffed her.

        Appellant further testified that the victim suggested they take their argument outside.
Appellant ignored the victim and continued bringing his belongings to the vehicle. The
victim followed appellant outside and asked him to take the tape off her mouth. Appellant
said the victim fell by her vehicle. He picked her up, apologized for hurting her, and told her
to sit down. The victim told appellant that her head was hurting, and appellant told her that
he would remove the handcuffs. Appellant looked in his bag for the key to the handcuffs but
could not find it. He said the victim was squirming, which caused the handcuffs to tighten.
Appellant had a spare key for the handcuffs at his sister’s house across town. Appellant told
the victim they had to go to his sister’s house and get the key to remove the handcuffs.

       Appellant stated that he and the victim left to go to his sister’s house, which was
approximately fifteen minutes away, but the vehicle did not have enough gas to make it there.
They were near a police precinct, and appellant drove the vehicle into the precinct’s parking
lot. Appellant told the victim they could not make it to his sister’s house because the vehicle
was low on gas. He and the victim began talking, and he turned off the vehicle’s ignition.
The victim told him she did not want to talk because the handcuffs were hurting her.
Appellant suggested that they go back to the victim’s home and look for the key, and the
victim agreed.

       Appellant testified that he and the victim were unable to turn onto the victim’s street
because police vehicles had blocked it. Appellant turned the vehicle around and went a
different route. When they turned onto the victim’s street, a police officer initiated a traffic

                                              -17-
stop. The officer advised appellant that they were investigating a possible kidnapping.
According to appellant, the victim told the officer that they must have been mistaken. Police
officers pulled appellant from the vehicle and told him to get on the ground. A police officer
removed the victim from the vehicle and took her away.

        Appellant denied ever putting the victim in the trunk. He stated that Satin testified
that he put the victim in the trunk because she had asked him, “Dad, where is my mom?,” and
he replied, “She[’s] in the trunk. Okay. Is that what you want to hear?” Satin told appellant
to stop playing. He replied, “No,” and told her they would be right back.

        Regarding the telephone calls to the victim, appellant testified that he called his sister
after he was booked so that she could make a three-way call to the victim. Appellant said he
wanted to see if the victim was okay. Appellant was placed in jail, but he was released when
the victim bonded him out. Appellant went to his sister’s house after his release from jail and
never returned to the victim’s home.

       Appellant agreed that he continually called the victim but denied he was stalking her.
He said he occasionally tried to find out what the victim was doing or where she had been
but stated that he primarily called the victim regarding their children. Appellant was
concerned because he had never been in trouble or in jail before.

        Appellant stated that during his relationship with the victim, each of them would often
tell the other not to call anymore. However, he explained that it did not mean that the other
person was never to call again. Rather, it meant that the other person was getting on their
nerves. Appellant further explained that he told the victim what she needed to do in order
to help him get out of jail in some of the telephone calls because other inmates told him that
he was facing sixty years in prison, and he was afraid of being in jail. He said he told the
victim, “You know . . . that I didn’t kidnap you,” several times. He admitted that it sounded
like he was telling her to testify falsely but said he was actually telling her not to do so.
According to appellant, the victim told him that prosecutors were calling her and threatening
to “lock [her] up” if she did not testify according to her statement to police. Appellant said
the victim never stated that appellant threw her in the trunk of the vehicle, and he advised her
not to lie and say he did.

       Appellant denied forcing the victim into and out of the vehicle. He said the victim
was calm, and he and she were talking when they returned to her home. Appellant was
present when the victim made statements to the police at the scene and denied that she
appeared to be hysterical. He did not hear the victim state that appellant hit her but admitted
that he did not hear all of her statements to police.



                                               -18-
       Appellant denied threatening to harm the victim in any way. He also denied that he
promised her anything of value if she helped him. He said he only told the victim, “You can
get back [at me] in any kind of way you want to. . . . But this right here is not a game.” He
asked the victim not to “lie on [him]” to get him back for their fight.

       Appellant admitted he told the victim not to appear in court during some of the
telephone calls. He explained that he was “ignorant to the facts of the system,” and his
lawyer4 told him his case would “go away” if the victim did not appear in court. According
to appellant, his lawyer advised him to tell the victim to not appear in court. Appellant said
he told the lawyer that the State threatened to send the victim to jail if she did not appear in
court or if she testified contrary to her statement. He further said the State threatened to call
the Department of Children’s Services and take their children if the victim did not appear in
court. Appellant stated that his main concern was keeping the victim from going to jail so
he told her, “Well, . . . don’t put yourself in no [sic] position to go to jail . . . .”

       Appellant testified that before he was released from jail, he signed an order that set
certain bail conditions. He stated that he did not read the document thoroughly before
signing it. Appellant stated that the order prohibited him from contacting the victim,
including telephoning her. Appellant denied calling the victim to harass, threaten, or promise
her anything. He said he called the victim because they have children together and because
he loved the victim and wanted a friendship with her.

        According to appellant, Satin did not see him strike the victim or take the victim
outside. He said Satin did not go outside and did not see him and the victim when they went
outside. He also said the farthest Satin went was to the screen door, but she did not open it.
When Satin was at the screen door, the victim was already inside the vehicle. Appellant
stated that the victim’s vehicle had tinted windows, and no one could see inside it, especially
at night.

       On cross-examination, appellant testified that he drove four blocks during the two
hours that he and the victim were gone. He said during that time they stopped and talked.
Appellant stated that during direct examination, he incorrectly testified that he had never
been in jail. Appellant admitted that he had been in jail before this incident.

        Appellant agreed that he testified on direct examination that things had never gone
that far between him and the victim. However, he recalled that on June 24, 2007, police
officer Rodney Wilkinson responded to the victim’s home. Appellant denied that he had


        4
          Appellant was referring to a lawyer with whom he spoke but apparently did not retain. This lawyer
did not represent appellant at trial.

                                                   -19-
slapped the victim at the casino the night before Officer Wilkinson responded and further
denied that he slapped her again when he went to her home to retrieve his clothing after the
casino incident. He denied saying that he “beat the sh[] out of the victim” in Officer
Wilkinson’s presence. Based on that incident, a police officer arrested appellant for domestic
violence and assault, and appellant went to jail.

       Appellant testified that when he said he wanted to hurt the victim, he meant that he
wanted to hurt her mentally, not physically. Appellant denied that the fight with the victim
related to sex. Appellant stated that he did not remember telling his first lawyer that he had
the handcuffs for sexual reasons or telling the victim that she could tell the prosecution that
the incident was a “kinky” sex act. When asked if he heard his voice saying these things on
the recording played for the jury, appellant again said he did not remember. He later testified
that he was being untruthful when he initially said the incident involved “kinky” sex.

       Appellant stated that he graduated high school and attended one year of college.
However, appellant said he could barely read and write. Appellant equivocated from his
previous testimony and testified that he was unaware that he was not supposed to contact the
victim after he was released from jail. Appellant maintained that he did not want the victim
to go to jail and said that was one reason he called her more than 200 times, although the
order prohibited him from doing so.

        Appellant agreed that he said he “messed up” the victim’s face during a recorded
conversation, but he insisted that the incident began as a prank and “[b]asically” turned into
an “a[] whooping.” Appellant denied hitting the victim while she was handcuffed. Appellant
did not recall saying Satin witnessed the beating of the victim. Appellant said Satin did not
witness it, and he lied in the “jailhouse recording” when he said she witnessed it. Appellant
testified that on the same recording in which he said Satin witnessed the attack, he also said
something “got into [him], and [he] just clicked.” Appellant agreed that he blamed the devil
and stated he had never been like that before.

       Appellant further agreed that he told Satin to tell Rosalyn not to appear in court. He
also told the victim to hide and dodge the people who were going to serve her with a
subpoena and to tell the prosecutor’s office that she no longer lived in Memphis.

        Appellant recalled writing a letter to Judge Lee V. Coffee in Division VII of the
Shelby County Criminal Court. In that letter, appellant told Judge Coffee that he “left out,
out of town for a job interview only to come home and find my fiancé [sic] there with another
man.” He further wrote, “Your Honor, I admit my fiancé [sic] and I have argued in the past,
but nothing to this extent. Long story, short, I did put my hands on her but only to defend
myself.” Appellant wrote in the letter to Judge Coffee that he handcuffed the victim and

                                             -20-
“threatened to take her to the police precinct due to a citizen’s arrest for her continually
trying to stab [him].” He did not tell Judge Coffee that he left with the victim to find the keys
to the handcuffs and said he did not think that including that information at the time was
important.

       Appellant testified that he drank approximately four beers during the day on August
31, 2008. Appellant did not recall stating during a recorded conversation that he had “taken
something” he had never taken before and said he did not use drugs. He further denied
saying that he had overdosed on Xanax and two Ecstasy pills, although his statement saying
such was recorded. The State played the recording for appellant. Appellant then admitted
that he told the victim that he had taken Xanax and Ecstasy but said he lied to the victim.

       Appellant admitted saying he was going kill the victim and then himself because he
could not take it anymore. He recalled saying that his “mission was for [the victim] to go and
for [him] to go after,” but he later equivocated and testified that was not his plan.

        Appellant testified that he did not think “jokingly” telling Satin that her mother was
in the trunk was an appropriate thing to say to an eleven-year-old child. He agreed that it was
twice as bad for a father to tell his daughter that her mother was in the trunk of a vehicle.
Appellant stated that he was angry and disappointed with Satin because she called the police.
He said Satin did not obey his orders, and when he tells someone to do something, he means
for people to follow his instructions to the letter. Appellant admitted telling the victim to
advise Satin to say that she did not remember anything about that night because she was a
child. He further admitted if Satin had said that, it would have been untrue. Appellant
explained that the State told Satin she could not change her statement and say she thought
appellant did something that he did not actually do.

        Officer Rodney Wilkinson testified on rebuttal for the State that on June 24, 2007, he
responded to a domestic disturbance call at the victim’s home. Appellant was the suspect
involved in that call. Officer Wilkinson spoke with appellant at the scene, and appellant told
him, “‘I beat the sh[] out of her.’” Officer Wilkinson arrested appellant and transported him
to jail. He further stated on redirect examination that he remembered appellant because
“[appellant] said something no one else - I mean rarely ever said.”

       After hearing the evidence, the jury acquitted appellant of aggravated assault in case
09-00015. The jury also acquitted him of especially aggravated kidnapping but convicted
him of the lesser-included offense of false imprisonment. The jury convicted appellant as
charged for domestic assault. In case number 10-04036, the jury acquitted appellant of one
count of bribery of a witness and one count of coercion of a witness but found him guilty as
charged on the remaining counts.

                                              -21-
        The trial court sentenced appellant to consecutive eleven-month and twenty-nine-day
sentences for his false imprisonment and domestic assault convictions in case number 09-
00015. In case number 10-04036, the court sentenced him to six years for bribery of a
witness, four years for each count of coercion of a witness, and two years for aggravated
stalking. The trial court ordered that he serve his sentences consecutively in incarceration,
for a total effective sentence of eighteen years. Appellant filed a motion for new trial, which
the trial court denied, resulting in the instant appeal.

                                             III. Analysis

                                           A. Sufficiency

        Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for
aggravated stalking, bribery of a witness, and false imprisonment5 . He contends that (1) the
trial court and State “erroneously represented a pure objective standard in [the stalking
statute] despite the clear and unambiguous language indicating otherwise”; (2) he never
offered anything of value to the victim to support the bribery of a witness conviction; and (3)
“any action[s] taken by [a]ppellant for the purpose of subduing [the victim] during this
situation were justified and proportional to the threatened risk.” The State responds that the
evidence is “more than sufficient” to support appellant’s convictions. We agree with the
State.

       The standard for appellate review of a claim of insufficiency of the State’s evidence
is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citing Johnson v. Louisiana, 406
U.S. 356, 362 (1972)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); State v. Davis, 354 S.W.3d 718, 729
(Tenn. 2011). To obtain relief on a claim of insufficient evidence, appellant must
demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. This standard of review
is identical whether the conviction is predicated on direct or circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v. Brown,
551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977).




        5
          On appeal, appellant only challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for his convictions of
aggravated stalking, bribery of a witness, and false imprisonment. Accordingly, any challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting his other convictions is hereby waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b)
(“Review generally will extend only to those issues presented for review.”)

                                                  -22-
        On appellate review, “we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom.”
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010));
State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832,
835 (Tenn. 1978). In a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of witnesses and the
weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the
evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). This court presumes that the jury
has afforded the State all reasonable inferences from the evidence and resolved all conflicts
in the testimony in favor of the State; as such, we will not substitute our own inferences
drawn from the evidence for those drawn by the jury, nor will we re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379; Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835; see State v. Sheffield,
676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Because a jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence that appellant enjoyed at trial and replaces it with one of guilt at the appellate
level, the burden of proof shifts from the State to the convicted appellant, who must
demonstrate to this court that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s findings.
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (citing State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011)).

                                   1. Aggravated Stalking

       As relevant to this case, the State had to prove that appellant intentionally engaged in
stalking, and

       [a]t the time of the offense, was prohibited from making contact with the
       victim under a restraining order or injunction for protection, an order of
       protection, or any other court-imposed prohibition of conduct toward the
       victim or the victim’s property, and the person knowingly violate[d] the
       injunction, order or court-imposed prohibition.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-315(c)(1)(E) (2010). “‘Stalking’ means a willful course of conduct
involving repeated or continuing harassment of another individual that would cause a
reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or
molested, and that actually causes the victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated,
threatened, harassed, or molested[.]” Id. § 39-17-315(a)(4).

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence showed that the order
granting appellant bail prohibited appellant from “harassing, annoying, telephoning,
contacting or otherwise communicating with the victim either directly or indirectly.”
Appellant testified that he was aware of this condition, yet he telephoned the victim more
than 200 times in violation of the order.

                                             -23-
        During one of the recorded telephone calls, appellant warned the victim, “[L]augh
now, cry later.” Appellant told the victim that he was not dead, indicating that she would
have to face him again. The victim answered that she could have been dead, and appellant
responded, “If I wanted to do that . . . trust me, it would have happened.” Appellant told the
victim that she was “steady pushing the anger” out of him. The victim reminded appellant
that he had to stay away from her. Appellant stated, “You act like I got fifty years in the
penitentiary; like I ain’t never gonna get out of jail. I mean it. . . . [Y]ou know I don’t play
like that. I don’t play games like that.” Furthermore, regarding the victim’s allowing their
children to visit him and talk on the telephone with him, appellant stated, “You can either do
it the easy way or do it the hard way.” Finally, in this call, appellant said to the victim,
“You’re all going to have to look in my eyes again. . . . I ain’t making no threats. These are
promises.”

       Moreover, the victim’s trial testimony also suggests that appellant’s behavior actually
caused the victim to feel harassed. The victim testified that she “really didn’t want to talk
to [appellant] some days.” She testified that the phone calls were harassing when he wanted
to talk about the trial, and she did not want to discuss it. She said she did not mind
appellant’s calling if he called to discuss their children. Although she agreed that appellant
talked about the children often when he called, she testified that he also discussed the
incident, which she did not want to talk about. Morever, many of these calls occurred while
the victim was at work. On several occasions, the victim attempted to end a telephone call;
however, appellant would not allow the call to end.

       There was more than sufficient evidence that appellant willfully engaged in
telephoning the victim more than 200 times while he was under a court order that prohibited
him from contacting her. Furthermore, appellant’s course of conduct involving repeated or
continuing telephone calls to the victim would cause a reasonable person to feel harassed,
and the victim actually felt harassed as result of appellant’s actions. Thus, we conclude the
evidence was sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for aggravated stalking. This issue
is without merit.

                                   2. Bribery of a Witness

       A defendant commits the offense of bribery of a witness if he or she:

       (1) Offers, confers or agrees to confer anything of value upon a witness or a
       person the defendant believes will be called as a witness in any official
       proceeding with intent to:

              ....

                                              -24-
              (B) Induce the witness to avoid or attempt to avoid legal process
              summoning the witness to testify; or

              (C) Induce the witness to be absent from an official proceeding to
              which that witness has been legally summoned[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-16-107(a)(1) (2010).

        In this case, appellant called the victim frequently, asking her to avoid being
summoned as a witness. During a recorded telephone call on September 27, 2008, appellant
told the victim, “Do not come to court under [any] circumstances.” He instructed the victim
to not answer phone calls from unknown numbers because it could be the State attempting
to serve her with a subpoena. After appellant asked the victim to help him by not appearing
at the bond hearing, the victim asked appellant, “What am I getting out of this deal?”
Appellant responded that he would be “out of the victim’s hair.” He promised to move to
Alabama and stop “bothering” her unless it pertained to their children. He also promised that
he would voluntarily pay child support for their children. Appellant told the victim that he
could not benefit anyone while incarcerated and that is why he wanted the victim to not
appear in court so he would be released from jail. Moreover, he also promised that he would
not “bad talk” the victim or “spread [her] name” in Alabama.

        Appellant claims that his conviction for bribery of witness cannot stand because he
did not offer the victim anything of value. We disagree. The evidence is clear that, appellant
offered to voluntarily pay child support if the victim helped him be released from jail.
Moreover, while not of monetary value, appellant offered to remove himself from the
victim’s life if she avoided legal process summoning her to testify or did not appear in court
to testify. Thus, appellant agreed to confer things of both monetary value and intrinsic value
to the victim if she agreed to avoid being summoned to court. Accordingly, we conclude that
the evidence was sufficient to sustain appellant’s conviction for bribery of a witness.

                                   3. False Imprisonment

       A person “who knowingly removes or confines another unlawfully so as to interfere
substantially with the other’s liberty” commits false imprisonment. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 39-13-302(a) (2006). Here, appellant admitted that he handcuffed the victim, substantially
interfering with her liberty. Moreover, the proof showed that appellant knowingly and
unlawfully put the handcuffed victim in the trunk of her vehicle and drove her to a remote
location. Appellant, appearing to assert a claim of self-defense, contends that he only
handcuffed the victim and took her away from the home in an effort to subdue her. However,
self-defense is not a defense to false imprisonment. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-611(2006)

                                             -25-
Sentencing Comm’n Cmts. (“[Self-defense] is applicable to the use or threatened use of force
and to both ordinary force and deadly force.”). Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence
was sufficient for a reasonable jury to find appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
false imprisonment. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                        B. Sentencing

        Appellant argues that the trial court erred in applying enhancement factors and
ordering that appellant serve his sentences consecutively. Specifically, he argues that “the
record clearly indicate[s] that the excessive and disproportionate sentence in this case
resulted from both an inappropriate focus on a non-victim party, as well as a clear
dissatisfaction with the ultimate result rendered by the jury . . . .”

                                   1. Standard of Review

        In determining an appropriate sentence, a trial court must consider the following
factors: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the
presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence
and information offered by the parties on the mitigating and enhancement factors; (6) any
statistical information provided by the administrative office of the courts as to sentencing
practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; and (7) any statement the defendant makes on
his own behalf as to sentencing; and (8) the potential for rehabilitation. Tenn. Code Ann.
§§ 40-35-103(5), -113, -114, -210(b) (2010). “The sentence imposed should be the least
severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-103(4) (2010).

      When imposing a sentence within the appropriate range of punishment for a
defendant,

       the court shall consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory sentencing
       guidelines:

       (1)    The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the sentence
              that should be imposed, because the general assembly set the minimum
              length of sentence for each felony class to reflect the relative
              seriousness of each criminal offense in the felony classifications; and




                                             -26-
       (2)    The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as appropriate,
              by the presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement factors set
              out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210 (2010). From this, “the trial court is free to select any
sentence within the applicable range so long as the length of the sentence is ‘consistent with
the purposes and principles of [the Sentencing Act].’” State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 343
(Tenn. 2008) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(d)).

        Pursuant to the 2005 amendments, the Sentencing Act abandoned the statutory
minimum sentence and rendered enhancement and mitigating factors advisory only. See
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-114, 40-35-210(c) (2010). The 2005 amendments set forth
certain “advisory sentencing guidelines” that are not binding on the trial court; however, the
trial court must nonetheless consider them. See id. § 40-35-210(c). Although the application
of the factors is advisory, a court shall consider “[e]vidence and information offered by the
parties on the mitigating and enhancement factors in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.” Id. § 40-
35-210(b)(5). The trial court must also place on the record “what enhancement or mitigating
factors were considered, if any, as well as the reasons for the sentence, to ensure fair and
consistent sentencing.” Id. § 40-35-210(e). The weighing of mitigating and enhancing
factors is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345. The burden
of proving applicable mitigating factors rests upon appellant. State v. Mark Moore,
No. 03C01-9403-CR-00098, 1995 WL 548786, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 18, 1995).
The trial court’s weighing of the various enhancement and mitigating factors is not grounds
for reversal under the revised Sentencing Act. Id. at 345 (citing State v. Devin Banks, No.
W2005-02213-CCA-R3-DD, 2007 WL 1966039, at *48 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 6, 2007),
aff’d as corrected, 271 S.W.3d 90 (Tenn. 2008)).

       In addition, when a trial court orders a sentence involving confinement, the court
should consider whether: (A) “confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a
defendant who has a long history of criminal conduct”; (B) “confinement is necessary to
avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense” or to “provide an effective deterrence to
others likely to commit similar offenses”; or (C) less restrictive measures have been
frequently or recently applied to defendant unsuccessfully. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1)
(2010).

         When an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a sentence, this court
reviews the trial court’s sentencing determination under an abuse of discretion standard
accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Susan Renee Bise, ___ S.W.3d
___, No. E2011-00005-SC-R11-CD, 2012 WL 4380564, at *17 (Tenn. Sept. 26, 2012). If
a trial court misapplies an enhancing or mitigating factor in passing sentence, said error will

                                              -27-
not remove the presumption of reasonableness from its sentencing determination. Id. This
court will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is within the appropriate
range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the
purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. Moreover, under such circumstances,
appellate courts may not disturb the sentence even if we had preferred a different result. See
Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346. The party challenging the sentence imposed by the trial court has
the burden of establishing that the sentence is erroneous. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401
(2010), Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.; State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

                                   2. Enhancement Factors

        At the sentencing hearing, the trial court found that enhancement factor (1), appellant
had a “previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior, in addition to those
necessary to establish the appropriate range,” applied to appellant’s convictions for bribery
of a witness, coercion of a witness and aggravated stalking. Tenn. Code. Ann.
§ 40-35-114(1) (2010). The court also found that the offenses involved more than one victim
and applied enhancement factor (3) to each convicted offense. Id. § 40-35-114(3). The trial
court applied enhancement factor (5), appellant “treated, or allowed a victim to be treated,
with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense,” to appellant’s convictions
for false imprisonment and domestic violence assault. Id. § 40-35-114(5). The trial court
further applied enhancement number (9), appellant “possessed or employed a firearm,
explosive device or other deadly weapon during the commission of the offense,” to
appellant’s convictions for false imprisonment and domestic assault. Id. § 40-35-114(9).
Finally, the trial court found that appellant abused a position of private trust in a manner that
significantly facilitated the commission or the fulfillment of the offense and applied
enhancement factor (14) to all of appellant’s convictions. Id. § 40-35-114(14). The trial
court also ordered that appellant serve his sentences consecutively to each other, finding that
appellant “is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life
and that he had no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life was
high. On appeal, appellant only challenges the trial court’s application of enhancement
factors (3), (5), and (14).

       Appellant asserts that when the trial court applied enhancement factors (3) and (14),
it erroneously found that Satin was a victim. The State concedes that the trial court
misapplied these enhancement factors based on appellant’s harm to Satin. In applying
enhancement factor (3), that the offense involved more than one victim, the trial court found
that Satin was a victim in this case although the State did not list her as a victim in the
indictment. The trial court noted that Satin likely went through and would suffer from
mental anguish for the rest of her life as a result of appellant’s influencing her to lie under
oath while testifying. Likewise, the trial court found that enhancement factor (14) applied

                                              -28-
based on appellant’s influencing Satin to “take the stand and lie under oath by not
remembering anything.” The court found that appellant “abused a position of private trust
in the influence that he had upon [Satin] . . . .”

       The State specifically named Jean Alice Nails as the victim in all counts in this case.
“A victim is ‘person or entity that is injured, killed, had property stolen, or had property
destroyed by the perpetrator of the crime.’” State v. Cowan, 46 S.W.3d 227, 235 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2000) (quoting State v. Raines, 882 S.W.2d 376, 384 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)).
Thus, enhancement factors (3) and (14) could not apply to any of the offenses because Satin
was not named as a victim.

        Appellant also challenges the trial court’s application of enhancement factor (5), that
appellant treated the victim with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense,
based on the trial court’s using Satin as a victim. When applying this enhancement factor,
the trial court found that appellant treated both Satin and the victim with exceptional cruelty.
The trial court applied this enhancement factor to appellant’s convictions for false
imprisonment and domestic assault, the indictments for which names Jean Alice Nails as the
victim. Although the court mentioned Satin while applying this enhancement factor, it also
based its ruling on the victim’s statement, which was admitted as substantive evidence during
the trial.

        When applying the exceptional cruelty enhancement factor, proper application
requires a court to find cruelty that is over and above what is required to sustain a conviction
for the offense. State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 258 (Tenn. 2001) (citing State v. Embry, 915
S.W.2d 451, 456 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)). Here, the victim described in her statement how
appellant handcuffed her, taped her mouth, put her in the trunk of her vehicle, and drove her
to a remote location where he assaulted her until she acquiesced to what he wanted. As a
result of the incident, the victim’s face was bloody, bruised, and swollen. Appellant’s
placing the handcuffs on the victim in her home to restrain her while he gathered his
belongings satisfied the elements of false imprisonment. His hitting the victim while in the
home satisfied the elements of domestic assault. Appellant’s duct taping the victim’s mouth,
placing her in the trunk of the vehicle, and driving her to a remote location where he
continued to beat her and threatened to kill her demonstrate cruelty that was over and above
what was required to sustain convictions for false imprisonment and domestic assault. The
trial court considered these facts in making its sentencing determination. We conclude the
trial court properly applied this enhancement factor to appellant’s convictions for false
imprisonment and domestic assault. Moreover, the sentencing court is entitled to
considerable latitude in misdemeanor sentencing. State v. Johnson, 15 S.W.3d 515, 518
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing State v. Troutman, 979 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tenn. 1998)).
Appellant is not entitled to relief with respect to his misdemeanor sentences.

                                              -29-
        The trial court also found two other enhancement factors in addition to those about
which appellant complains. Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s finding that he had
a history of criminal behavior based on his calling the victim more than two hundred times
in violation of the court’s order. See Tenn. Code. Ann. § 40-35-114(1) (2010). The trial
court applied this enhancement factor to appellant’s convictions for bribery of a witness,
coercion of a witness and aggravated stalking. “[T]rial courts ‘can consider criminal
convictions or any other criminal behavior which occurred prior to the sentencing hearing
as being a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior under Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-114(1), regardless of whether the convictions or behavior occurred before or
after the criminal conduct under consideration.’” State v. Jordan, 116 S.W.3d 8, 24 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2003) (quoting State v. Ed Waters, No. 01-C-01-9106-CR-00158, 1992 WL
28457, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App., Feb. 20, 1992)). We note, however, that trial courts may not
use the specific acts on which the conviction is based to support the application of
enhancement factor (1). See State v. Carico, 968 S.W.2d 280, 287-88 (Tenn. 1998). Our
review of the record reveals several phone calls made by appellant to the victim in violation
of the court’s order for which he was not convicted. Thus, the trial court could correctly
consider those phone calls as prior criminal behavior to support application of enhancement
factor (1).

        The trial court, looking beyond the jury’s verdict, also found that appellant had a knife
during the commission of the offense. Tenn. Code. Ann. § 40-35-114(9); see State v.
Winfield, 23 S.W.3d 279, 283 (Tenn. 2000) (“[A] sentencing court may apply an
enhancement factor based on facts underlying an offense for which the defendant has been
acquitted, so long as the facts have been established in the record by a preponderance of the
evidence.”); State v. Jeffery B. Johnson, No. M2010-01721-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL
2356553, at * 4 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 20, 2012) (citing State v. Terence Alan Carder, No.
W2008-01450-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 1871883, at * 4 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 30, 2009)
(“The fact that a jury finds the defendant guilty of, or a defendant pleads guilty to, only a
lesser included offense does not limit the evidence that must be considered by a trial court
in determining the appropriate sentence.”). Thus, the trial court had three applicable
enhancement factors upon which to base appellant’s sentence: enhancement factor (5)
applied to appellant’s convictions for domestic assault and false imprisonment; enhancement
factor (9) applied to appellant’s conviction for domestic assault and false imprisonment; and
enhancement factor (1) applied to appellant’s convictions for bribery of a witness, coercion
of a witness and aggravated stalking as well as the misdemeanors. Accordingly, we conclude
that the trial court did not err in enhancing appellant’s sentence, and appellant is not entitled
to relief on this issue.

       While the trial court may have misapplied enhancement factors (3) and (14),
appellant’s sentence fell within the appropriate range, and the record shows that the trial

                                              -30-
 court sentenced appellant according to the statutory purposes and principles. See Bise at ___,
 * 17. Moreover, despite trial court’s misapplication of enhancement factors, a reduction in
 appellant’s sentences is not warranted because the trial court found additional enhancement
 factors that support appellant’s sentences. Accordingly, appellant is not entitled to relief on
 this issue.

                                   3. Consecutive Sentencing

         Appellant contends that the trial court erred by ordering his sentences to run
 consecutively to each other. Specifically, he argues that the trial court should not have
 imposed consecutive sentences based on his lack of criminal history, “his previous record as
 a gainfully employed and productive member of society,” and because he is a parent. He
 further posits that there was a lack of evidence to show he is a dangerous offender and that
 the trial court was “emotionally invested in punishing [him] as harshly as possible regardless
 of the applicable law or findings of the jury at trial.”

         The determination of whether an offender should be sentenced to consecutive or
concurrent sentences is within the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Black,
No. M2010-02176-CCA-R3CD, 2011 WL 7562957, at * 5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 13, 2011),
appeal denied (Tenn. May 16, 2012) (citing State v. James, 688 S.W.2d 463, 465 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1984). See Bise at ___, * 17. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115, in relevant
part, permits the trial court to order consecutive sentencing if it finds by a preponderance of
the evidence that the defendant “is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no
regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human
life is high.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(4) (2006). However, “when a trial court uses
the ‘dangerous offender’ factor, it must also decide whether consecutive sentences (1)
reasonably relate to the severity of the offenses committed; (2) serve to protect the public from
further criminal conduct by the offender; and (3) are congruent with general principles of
sentencing.” State v. Alder, 71 S.W.3d 299, 307 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (quoting State v.
Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 939 (Tenn. 1995)).

        In determining whether to order appellant to serve his sentences concurrently or
consecutively, the trial court found that appellant was “a dangerous offender whose behavior
indicates little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in which
the risk to human life is high.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(4) (2006). The trial court
specifically found that appellant’s bribery and coercion of the victim were “particularly
troubling” because the recorded telephone calls captured appellant making threats toward the
victim. Appellant told the victim to remember that he would get out of jail one day. The trial
court noted appellant had engaged in a “ploy,” by coercing and bribing the victim, to get the
trial court to lower his bond so that he could get out of jail. The trial court found that the

                                              -31-
“aggregate length of the sentences reasonably relate[d] to the offense for which [appellant
stood] convicted based upon what [the court] believe[d] the facts of the case were, based upon
what [appellant] said in his own voice. The threats that he made to [the victim.]” The court
further found that it had a duty to protect the victim from appellant “at least for the next several
years . . . .”

        The evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s findings. The trial court
considered and the record establishes that appellant, while possessing a knife, handcuffed the
victim, taped her mouth, and put her in the trunk of her vehicle. Appellant then drove her to
a deserted location where he hit her several times. Appellant continued to engage in criminal
activity while he was in jail for the underlying offenses by calling the victim in violation of the
order setting his bond.6 This criminal activity continued after he was released on bond.
Appellant called the victim more than 200 times in direct violation of his bond. During these
telephone calls, appellant called the victim to coerce and bribe her into avoiding being
summoned to court, not appearing in court, and testifying untruthfully. Appellant
demonstrated a complete disregard of the law when he violated the court’s order. Moreover,
he also threatened future criminal conduct against the victim multiple times during these
telephone calls. Thus, we agree with the trial court’s finding that extended confinement is
necessary to protect the public, specifically the victim, from appellant’s further criminal
conduct. See State v. Daniel Lovell Brown, No. 03C01-9709-CC-00410, 1998 WL 798922,
at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 12, 1998) (affirming the trial court’s finding the confinement
was necessary to protect the public and the victim from future criminal conduct of appellant).
The trial court sentenced appellant “within the appropriate range, and the record demonstrates
that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.”
See Bise at ___, * 17. Thus, we will not disturb appellant’s sentence. Appellant is not entitled
to relief on this issue.

                                      C. Vindictive Prosecution

       Finally, appellant accuses the State of engaging in vindictive prosecution because he
exercised his constitutional right to a trial by jury. He further accuses the trial court of
imposing its sentencing decision in retaliation to his decision to stand trial.




         6
            This court has noted “the irony” that the statute governing consecutive sentences expressly grants
 the trial court discretion to impose consecutive sentences for offenses committed while on probation and
 even mandates for felonies committed while on parole but does not specifically address consecutive
 sentencing for offenses committed during incarceration. See State v. Sonny Wayne Smith, No.
 M2009-01764-CCA-R3CD, 2011 WL 398070, at * 3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 8, 2011); State v. Michael
 Blazer, No. 03C01-9405-CR-00185, 1995 WL 45807, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 3, 1995).

                                                    -32-
        It is unconstitutional to punish a person for choosing to exercise his or her constitutional
rights. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 724 (1969) (citing United States v. Jackson,
390 U.S. 570, 581 (1968) overruled on other grounds by Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794
(1989)). Due to the severity of allegations of vindictive prosecution, see United States v.
Goodwin, 457 U.S. 368, 373 (1982), “the Court has restricted application of the presumption
of vindictiveness to situations where ‘its objectives are thought most efficaciously served.’”
State v. Phipps, 959 S.W.2d 538, 542 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting Texas v. McCullough, 475 U.S.
134, 138, 106 S.Ct. 976, 979, 89 L.Ed.2d 104 (1986)). If proven, allegations of prosecutorial
vindictiveness or selective prosecution in the institution of a prosecution may warrant dismissal
of the indictment based on constitutional concerns. State v. Skidmore, 15 S.W.3d 502, 508
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (citing Blackledge v. Perry, 417 U.S. 21, 27 (1974) (due process may
be implicated if a prosecutor vindictively increases a charge to a felony after a misdemeanant
has invoked an appellate remedy); Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 608 (1985) (equal
protection standards prevent selective prosecution on the basis of race, religion, or other
arbitrary classification)). However, if the prosecutor had probable cause to believe the accused
committed the underlying offense, the decision to prosecute the accused rests entirely within
the prosecutor’s discretion, subject to certain constitutional limitations. Id. (citing State v.
Superior Oil, Inc., 875 S.W.2d 658, 660 (Tenn. 1994); Quillen v. Crockett, 928 S.W.2d 47, 51
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)).

       Prior to trial, the State extended two plea offers to appellant, which appellant rejected.
The State first offered appellant a sentence of 13.5 years in case number 09-00015. The State
made a second offer of an eight-year sentence for aggravated kidnapping consecutive to a four-
year sentence for coercion of a witness before indicting appellant in case number 10-04036.
Appellant rejected this offer as well.

        The State indicted appellant in case number 10-04036, and the trial court held a hearing
to determine whether to consolidate the cases. During that hearing, appellant moved the trial
court to dismiss case number 10-04036 for vindictive prosecution because the prosecutor told
him that she would bring more indictments against him if he chose to exercise his right to a
jury trial. The trial court denied appellant’s motion, noting that the State was within its rights
to indict him on the additional charges because they had probable cause and reasonable
grounds to indict him and that appellant chose not to accept the offers knowing that the State
would indict him on the additional charges. After the hearing, the State made a third offer of
three years for kidnapping in case 09-00015 to be served consecutively to concurrent sentences
of three years for case number 10-04036, for a total effective sentence of six years. Appellant
again rejected the State’s offer.

        “In the ‘give-and-take’ of plea bargaining, there is no such element of punishment or
retaliation so long as the accused is free to accept or reject the prosecution’s offer.”

                                               -33-
Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 363 (1978). “Defendants advised by competent counsel
and protected by other procedural safeguards are presumptively capable of intelligent choice
in response to prosecutorial persuasion, and unlikely to be driven to false self-condemnation.”
Id. (citing Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 752, 758 (1970)). If a defendant rejects a plea
offer, the State is entitled to prosecute that defendant to the fullest extent possible and may
seek any punishment the law authorizes. State v. Mann, 959 S.W.2d 503, 509 (Tenn. 1997)
(citations omitted).

        It is undisputed that appellant was properly chargeable for bribery of a witness and
coercion of a witness. We agree with the trial court’s determination that the State had probable
cause and reasonable grounds to indict appellant based on the recorded telephone
conversations in which appellant called the victim in violation of his bond and asked her to
testify falsely and avoid being subpoenaed. Thus, the State’s indicting appellant for the
charges in case number 10-04036 after he rejected the plea offers “no more than openly
presented the defendant with the unpleasant alternatives of forgoing trial or facing charges on
which he was plainly subject to prosecution [and] did not violate the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment.” Bordenkircher, 434 U.S. at 365. Furthermore, as stated above,
the trial court did not err when sentencing appellant. Appellant’s assertion that the trial court
imposed appellant’s sentence in retaliation to his decision to stand trial is without merit.
According, we conclude that the State did not engage in vindictive prosecution, and appellant
is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                       CONCLUSION

       After careful review of the parties’ briefs and the entire record, we find no error and
affirm the judgments of the trial court.




                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE




                                              -34-
