                          IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

               MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
                        (Memorandum Web Opinion)

                                        STATE V. SALDIVAR


  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).


                                  STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,
                                                 V.

                                 SHAURICE SALDIVAR, APPELLANT.


                             Filed January 9, 2018.    No. A-16-1231.


       Appeal from the District Court for Scotts Bluff County: LEO DOBROVOLNY, Judge.
Affirmed.
       Leonard G. Tabor for appellant.
       Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Joe Meyer for appellee.


       MOORE, Chief Judge, and INBODY and BISHOP, Judges.
       MOORE, Chief Judge.
                                         INTRODUCTION
       Shaurice Saldivar appeals from her conviction in the district court of Scotts Bluff County
for possession of a controlled substance, cocaine. Because we find sufficient evidence of
constructive possession by Saldivar, we affirm.
                                         BACKGROUND
        On April 6, 2016, the State filed an information in the district court, charging Saldivar with
minor in possession of alcohol, 19 or 20 years of age, in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 53-180.02
(Reissue 2010), a Class III misdemeanor, and possession of a controlled substance, cocaine, in
violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(3) (Supp. 2015), a Class IV felony.
        A jury trial was held on October 3, 2016. The State presented testimony from three
members of the Scotts Bluff Police Department and Saldivar’s boyfriend. At the close of the State’s



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case, Saldivar made a motion for a directed verdict, which was sustained by the district court as to
the minor in possession count since the evidence showed that any alcohol was consumed at her
permanent place of residence. Saldivar presented further testimony from her boyfriend and also
testified on her own behalf. The court then denied Saldivar’s renewed motion for directed verdict
with respect to the possession of cocaine charge.
         The evidence shows that in the early morning hours of March 27, 2016, police responded
to a reported fight outside of a residence in Scotts Bluff, Nebraska. When they arrived, they
observed approximately five people outside running to the back door of the residence. Officer
Corey Fuller told the people to stop, and two of them, subsequently identified as Saldivar and her
boyfriend, did so. Saldivar and her boyfriend rented the residence together and were the only
individuals who lived there.
         Initially, Saldivar and her boyfriend were in the backyard, while the police were standing
about four feet away from them in a driveway, separated from the couple by a chain-link fence.
When Fuller started speaking to the couple, Saldivar began getting angry and saying the police did
not have a reason to be there. Fuller could smell alcohol emitting from Saldivar and she was
slurring her words.
         During the encounter, police discovered an active warrant for the arrest of Saldivar’s
boyfriend, who was standing in the backyard next to Saldivar and holding a can of beer. When the
police informed the boyfriend that he was going to be arrested, he took a sip of beer and handed
the can to Saldivar. Fuller instructed the boyfriend to leave the yard and proceed to the driveway,
which he did. Saldivar continued to insist that the officers had no reason to be there and should
leave.
         When the boyfriend was handing the beer can to Saldivar, Patrol Sergeant Lee Pinet
observed something fall “from behind the can” to the ground. At that point, Pinet was “just across
the fenceline” from Saldivar. As the object landed, Pinet observed that it was a small plastic baggie
with something white in it. Pinet suspected the baggie contained drugs and shined his flashlight
on it to get a better view. After doing so, he felt certain the baggie contained drugs. Pinet then
entered the backyard through a gate in the fence, and Saldivar stepped forward as if to stop him
and began yelling at Pinet to get out of the yard and that he could not do what he was doing.
Saldivar did not make any statements about the baggie’s contents. Pinet had the third officer secure
Saldivar while he retrieved the baggie, the contents of which tested positive for cocaine.
         Pinet testified that cocaine is a stimulant, which tends to raise people’s pulse rates and
make them more animated and potentially agitated or aggressive “from a police viewpoint.” Pinet
testified that Saldivar was animated, agitated, and argumentative during the encounter and that her
boyfriend “was pretty much the same way.” He agreed that he had seen people under the influence
of alcohol behave similarly to Saldivar.
         Saldivar’s boyfriend testified that he and Saldivar were having a party to celebrate
Saldivar’s 20th birthday when a group of people “busted in [their] windows and door,” which was
why he thought the police arrived. There were approximately five to seven people at the party. He
admitted that he and Saldivar were drinking at the party, but he denied using cocaine. Based upon
the events in question, Saldivar’s boyfriend was charged with and pled guilty to possession of
cocaine. However, he testified that the cocaine was “somebody’s at the house whenever all that



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went down.” According to Saldivar’s boyfriend, he picked the baggie up outside by the back door
just a few minutes before the police arrived. He testified that he did not know exactly what was in
the baggie but suspected it was probably some kind of controlled substance. He testified that he
did not make any statements when he found the baggie and did not tell anyone about it. He did not
believe Saldivar saw him pick it up. Saldivar’s boyfriend testified that he did not say anything to
her when he handed her the beer, and he did not remember her saying anything to him.
         Saldivar testified she did not remember exactly how much beer she had to drink that night,
but she agreed that it was “more than a few” drinks and that she was “somewhat intoxicated.” She
denied that either she or her boyfriend used cocaine that night. She described the encounter with
the individuals who broke in the window and door to the residence. She stated that the police
arrived four or five minutes after these individuals “started taking off,” stating that there were a
few of the individuals “still down the street” who “kind of just scattered off” when the police
arrived. She estimated that only two or three partygoers besides herself and her boyfriend went
outside for this encounter. Saldivar was “really upset” because she knew her landlord would be
upset about the damage to the residence. She was also mad because the police were there. She
testified that she was “just trying to get them to go” because there had not been a fight and the
party had not been noisy. Saldivar denied knowing that her boyfriend found a baggie on the lawn.
She testified further that she did not see anything fall from behind the beer can and that she had no
idea anything was there until an officer pointed his flashlight at it. Saldivar testified that she did
not bend down to pick the baggie up, did not put her foot over the baggie, and never touched it.
She testified that when the officer picked it up, she had no idea what it was. Saldivar agreed that
she and her boyfriend were next to each other from when they had the encounter with the
individuals who broke into the residence until they were arrested, although she thought she put
their dog back in the house at some point.
         The jury found Saldivar guilty of possession of cocaine, and the district court accepted the
verdict. The court subsequently sentenced Saldivar to probation.
                                   ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       Saldivar asserts, consolidated and restated, that the evidence was insufficient to support a
conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.
                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
        When reviewing a criminal conviction for sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the
conviction, the relevant question for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jones, 296 Neb. 494, 894 N.W.2d 303
(2017). Regardless of whether the evidence is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, and
regardless of whether the issue is labeled as a failure to direct a verdict, insufficiency of the
evidence, or failure to prove a prima facie case, the standard is the same: In reviewing a criminal
conviction, an appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the credibility of
witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such matters are for the finder of fact, and a conviction will be
affirmed, in the absence of prejudicial error, if the evidence admitted at trial, viewed and construed




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most favorably to the State, is sufficient to support the conviction. State v. Jedlicka, 297 Neb. 276,
900 N.W.2d 454 (2017).
                                             ANALYSIS
       Saldivar asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support her conviction for possession
of cocaine. Section 28-416(3) provides in relevant part:
       A person knowingly or intentionally possessing a controlled substance, except marijuana
       or any substance containing a quantifiable amount of the substances, chemicals, or
       compounds described, defined, or delineated in subdivision (c)(25) of Schedule I of section
       28-405, unless such substance was obtained directly or pursuant to a medical order issued
       by a practitioner authorized to prescribe while acting in the course of his or her professional
       practice, or except as otherwise authorized by the act, shall be guilty of a Class IV felony.

A person possesses a controlled substance when he or she knows of the nature or character of the
substance and of its presence and has dominion or control over it. State v. Rocha, 295 Neb. 716,
890 N.W.2d 178 (2017). Possession can be either actual or constructive, and constructive
possession of an illegal substance may be proved by direct or circumstantial evidence. Id.
         A defendant’s control or dominion over premises where a controlled substance is located
may establish the defendant’s constructive possession of the controlled substance. State v. Jensen,
238 Neb. 801, 472 N.W.2d 423 (1991). However, mere presence at a place where a controlled
substance is found is not sufficient to show constructive possession. State v. Howard, 282 Neb.
352, 803 N.W.2d 450 (2011). Instead, the evidence must show facts and circumstances which
affirmatively link the defendant to the controlled substance so as to suggest that the defendant
knew of it and exercised control over it. See id.
         In this case, Saldivar was not in actual possession of the cocaine, so the question is whether
there is sufficient evidence from which a trier of fact could reasonably infer she was in constructive
possession of it. In other words, could the trier of fact reasonably infer she was aware of the
cocaine’s presence and had dominion or control over it? Under the circumstances of this case, we
conclude that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to infer that Saldivar was aware of the
presence of the baggie of cocaine and had dominion or control over.
         The baggie of cocaine was found in the yard of the home that Saldivar lived in with her
boyfriend. At the time of the encounter with the police officers, only Saldivar and her boyfriend
were in the yard, standing next to one another. Clearly, Saldivar had control or dominion over the
premises where the baggie was ultimately found. The baggie of cocaine fell to the ground as
Saldivar’s boyfriend passed a can of beer to her. This action suggests that the boyfriend was
attempting to pass the baggie to Saldivar. There is no evidence that Saldivar was aware of the
existence of the baggie, or had been in possession of the baggie, prior to it falling to the ground.
Further, there is no evidence that Saldivar attempted to pick up the baggie after it fell to the ground.
However, when Pinet shined his flashlight on the baggie, Saldivar admittedly saw the baggie and
thereafter, she stepped forward as if to stop Pinet from entering the backyard and yelled at him to
leave. It is at this point that Saldivar’s actions can be inferred to be an exercise of dominion and
control over the baggie of cocaine located in the yard of her residence. See State v. Lonnecker, 237



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Neb. 207, 465 N.W.2d 737 (1991) (defendant’s actions during execution of search warrant was
evidence of conscious guilt concerning presence of drugs on premises which were under his
control).
        We recognize that the facts of this case differ from those in which drivers or passengers
are found to be in constructive possession of controlled substances located within a vehicle. See,
State v. Rocha, supra; State v. Howard, supra; State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d
57 (2008). Rather, this case is more akin to those in which controlled substances are found inside
a residence over which the defendant has dominion or control. See, State v. Jensen, supra; State v.
Lonnecker, supra; State v. Britt, 200 Neb. 601, 264 N.W.2d 670 (1978), questioned on other
grounds, State v. Harney, 237 Neb. 512, 466 N.W.2d 540 (1991). In these cases, the evidence was
found sufficient to show actual or constructive possession of controlled substances where the
defendant either lived or spent time at the residence. On the other hand, in State v. Klutts, 204 Neb.
616, 284 N.W.2d 415 (1979), the evidence was held insufficient to establish the defendant’s
control of the residence where the controlled substances were found when the only evidence of his
connection with the residence was a police officer’s hearsay statement that the city directory
identified it as the defendant’s.
        Here, when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the State, from the
circumstantial evidence outlined above, a reasonable inference is that Saldivar, who clearly lived
at the residence, knew of the presence of the baggie of cocaine in the yard of her residence and
that she exercised control over it.
                                          CONCLUSION
       The evidence was sufficient to support Saldivar’s conviction.
                                                                                          AFFIRMED.




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