                              In re: Rosa Beatrice WASHINGTON, Debtor.

                                  Martha Irene Weed, Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                      v.

                             Rosa Beatrice Washington, Defendant-Appellant.

                                                No. 99-14373

                                         Non-Argument Calendar.
                                      United States Court of Appeals,

                                              Eleventh Circuit.
                                               Feb. 28, 2001.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.98-02142-CIV-T-24c), Susan
C. Bucklew, Judge.

Before CARNES, HULL and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
        PER CURIAM:

        Appellant Rosa Beatrice Washington, pro se, appeals the district court's order reversing the

bankruptcy court's ruling. The bankruptcy court allowed Washington to avoid her attorney's lien on
Washington's homestead property pursuant to § 522(f)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code, but the district court held
that the lien was not a "judicial lien" avoidable under § 522(f)(1). 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1). After review, we

affirm the decision of the district court in part and vacate and remand in part.
                                             I. BACKGROUND

        On December 9, 1993, Washington entered into a retainer agreement with attorney Martha Irene
Weed to secure her services in seeking a divorce. Paragraph 8 of the agreement provided that the attorney
would have a lien on all of Washington's property, regardless of homestead, as follows:

        The undersigned attorney shall have a lien on all of the client's documents, property (both real and
        personal, regardless of homestead), or money in his or her possession or another's for his/her benefit
        for the payment of all sums due under this agreement, and upon property or funds received by client
        by settlement, judgment, or otherwise, or which was an issue in litigation between the parties.

The assets awarded to Washington in the divorce proceeding included the marital home—homestead property

under Florida law. On April 25, 1995, the state divorce court granted Weed's motion for a "charging lien"
against any and all assets awarded to Washington in the divorce, including her home, pursuant to the retainer

agreement between Washington and Weed. In so doing, the state divorce court found that Washington had

received proper notice and that Washington was indebted to the offices of Martha Irene Weed in the amount
of $5,296.96 for professional legal services in that proceeding.
         On August 28, 1995, Washington filed a Chapter 7 petition under the Bankruptcy Code. In the

bankruptcy proceedings, Washington filed several motions to avoid Weed's lien against her homestead

property. The bankruptcy court denied these motions on procedural grounds. Thereafter, Washington filed

a second amended verified motion to avoid Weed's lien pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1) because it impaired
her homestead exemption. After a hearing, the bankruptcy court entered a summary order holding that

Weed's lien on Washington's homestead property was a "judicial lien" which would be avoided pursuant to
11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1).

         Weed appealed the bankruptcy court's order to the district court, which reversed. Although

Washington raised numerous issues in the district court, the district court focused exclusively on whether an
attorney's "charging lien," as defined by Florida state law, is a "judicial lien" that can be avoided pursuant

to § 522(f)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code. Assuming that Weed's lien on Washington's property was a valid
attorney's charging lien under Florida law and finding that such charging liens are not "judicial liens" that
may be avoided under § 522(f)(1), the district court held that Weed's lien on Washington's homestead

property was not avoidable under § 522(f)(1). Washington appealed.1

                                              II. DISCUSSION

A.       Attorney's Charging Liens Under Florida Law
         While federal law controls the bankruptcy issues in this case, state law governs the determination

of whether a lien has been created in the context of a bankruptcy proceeding. Grant v. Kaufman, P.A. (In re

Hagen), 922 F.2d 742, 744 n. 2 (11th Cir.1991)("It is agreed that state law applies in determining the creation

of a lien and the consequences and rights attributable to the lien, other than the bankruptcy statutory

issues.")(citing Matter of Fitterer Eng'g Assoc., Inc., 27 B.R. 878, 880 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.1983)).

         Under Florida law, the equitable right of attorneys to have costs and fees owed for legal services

secured by the judgment or recovery in a lawsuit has been recognized for over a century. Sinclair, Louis,

Siegel, Heath, Nussbaum & Zavertnik, P.A. v. Baucom, 428 So.2d 1383, 1384 (Fla.1983). The equitable

mechanism recognized by Florida law for securing this right is an attorney's charging lien. Id. In order for

an attorney's charging lien to be imposed, Florida law requires: (1) a contract between the attorney and client;

(2) an express or implied understanding that payment is either contingent upon recovery or will be paid from



     1
     We review de novo determinations of law, whether made by the bankruptcy court or by the district
court. Williams v. EMC Mortgage Corp. (In re Williams), 216 F.3d 1295, 1296 (11th Cir.2000).
the recovery; (3) an attempt by the client to avoid paying or a dispute as to the amount of the fee; and (4)

a timely notice of a request for a lien. Id. at 1385.

         There are no requirements under Florida law for perfecting a charging lien beyond timely notice.

Id. In Sinclair, the Florida Supreme Court found that the filing of a motion to enforce such a lien provides

the notice necessary to perfect it. Id. Although an attorney's charging lien attaches to a judgment for the

client, this equitable lien relates back to the commencement of the services rendered by the attorney on behalf

of the client and takes effect from that time. Miles v. Katz, 405 So.2d 750, 752 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981). An

attorney's charging lien has priority over any judgment lien obtained after commencement of an attorney's

services. Id. In effect, the interest created by a valid attorney's charging lien arises by operation of law when

all of the requirements of such a lien are satisfied and is effective from the commencement of the attorney's

services in advance of any judicial action recognizing it.

B.      Judicial Liens Under 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1)
         Section 522(f)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a debtor may avoid a "judicial lien" on
property to the extent it impairs certain exemptions, as follows:
        Notwithstanding any waiver of exemptions but subject to paragraph (3), the debtor may avoid the
        fixing of a lien on an interest of the debtor in property to the extent that such lien impairs an
        exemption to which the debtor would have been entitled under subsection (b) of this section if such
        lien is—

                 (A) a judicial lien ...

11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1). Section 101(36) of the Bankruptcy Code defines a "judicial lien" as a "lien obtained
by judgment, levy, sequestration, or other legal or equitable process or proceeding." 11 U.S.C. § 101(36).

Courts have described a judicial lien as "an interest which encumbers a specific piece of property granted to
a judgment creditor who was previously free to attach any property of the debtor's to satisfy his interest but

who did not have an interest in a specific piece of property before occurrence of some judicial action." In

re Fischer, 129 B.R. 285, 286 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1991)(quoting In re Boyd, 31 B.R. 591, 594

(D.Minn.1983)(emphasis added)).
         Bankruptcy courts have found that liens that arise by operation of law without judicial action are not

"judicial liens" for purposes of § 522(f)(1) because they are not obtained through the judicial process. See

In re Fischer, 129 B.R. at 286 (holding that an equitable lien on a home arising in the context of a divorce

proceeding was not a judicial lien that could be avoided under § 522(f)(1) as an impairment on a homestead

exemption); In re Davis, 96 B.R. 1021, 1022 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1989)(holding that a final judgment merely
recognized a preexisting equitable vendor's lien that arose by operation of law and that judgment did not make

the lien a "judicial lien" obtained through the judicial process that could be avoided under § 522(f)(1)); In

re Sacco, 99 B.R. 647, 651-52 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.1989)(finding that an attorney's charging lien is not a "judicial

lien" under § 522(f)(1) because such a lien arises by operation of law and requires no affirmative judicial

action); see also In re O'Connell, 167 B.R. 928, 931 (Bankr.D.Mont.1994)(finding that attorney's charging

lien that arose by statute and related back to commencement of services is not a "judicial lien" that may be

avoided under § 522(f)(1)). Although such liens may be recognized ultimately by a judgment or other

process, liens that arise by operation of law need no judicial action to establish a creditor's interest. Davis,

96 B.R. at 1023 (explaining that because a creditor's interest in property predates judicial proceedings

decreeing the existence of such a lien, such liens are not judicial liens avoidable under § 522(f)(1) of the

Bankruptcy Code). Therefore, such liens generally may not be avoided as judicial liens pursuant to §
522(f)(1).

C.      Washington's Claims
         We now apply these legal principles to Washington's claims on appeal. Specifically, in the district
court and on appeal, Washington made several arguments that Weed's lien against her homestead property
was not a valid attorney's charging lien under Florida law and was created solely by the judgment of the state

divorce court.
        First, Washington argued that there was no valid charging lien created by the retainer agreement with
her lawyer prior to the entry of the divorce court's order because: (1) she alone could not give a lien on the

homestead property prior to her divorce because both she and her husband owned the property as tenants by

the entireties at that time; (2) the retainer agreement between Washington and her lawyer failed to satisfy the

requirements for a valid charging lien under Florida law because the lien provision did not require fees to be
paid from the proceeds of the action alone; and (3) there was an insufficient showing that the attorney's
services had created the homestead asset or that ownership of the homestead property was even contested in

the divorce. Because her retainer agreement failed to satisfy the requirements for a charging lien under

Florida law, Washington argued that no valid lien was created prior to the judgment of the state divorce court,

thus making the lien a judicial lien.
        Second, Washington argued that, even if the lien were otherwise a valid charging lien prior to the

state court order, it was not enforceable as to her homestead property before the entry of the order because
Florida law requires judicial action to create an interest in real property. Thus, Weed argued that the lien, as

to her home only, was avoidable as a judicial lien under § 522(f)(1) because it was nonexistent prior to the
judgment of the state divorce court.

        In reversing the order of the bankruptcy court, the district court did not address any of these issues

concerning the validity and enforceability of Weed's lien. Instead, assuming that Weed's lien against

Washington's homestead property was a valid attorney's charging lien under Florida law, the district court
held that an attorney's charging lien under Florida law does not constitute a "judicial lien" for purposes of §

522(f)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code because it arises in advance of judicial proceedings and relates back to the

date that legal services commenced. Weed v. Washington (In re Washington), 238 B.R. 852, 856

(M.D.Fla.1999)("[T]his Court holds that the attorney's charging lien in this case is not a 'judicial lien', and

is thus not avoidable under section 522(f)(1).").2 We agree that a valid attorney's charging lien under Florida

law arises by operation of law in advance of judicial proceedings and thus is not "obtained by judgment" as
required for a judicial lien pursuant to § 101(36) of the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. § 101(36). Similarly,
because an attorney's charging lien under Florida law vests an effective interest in a creditor before the

occurrence of some judicial action, such a lien does not conform to the statutory definition of judicial liens.

See In re Fischer, 129 B.R. at 286. Thus, we affirm the decision of the district court to the extent that it so

held.
        This legal principle alone does not fully answer all of the questions raised in the district court,

however. Only if Weed's lien was a valid charging lien under Florida law was the district court correct in
reversing the bankruptcy court's ruling that the lien could be avoided as a judicial lien. The district court did

not address Washington's arguments that the lien failed to meet the requirements of a valid attorney's charging
lien and that charging liens are insufficient to create an interest in real property under Florida law in any

event. Even assuming that all of the prerequisites of a valid charging lien under Florida law had been

satisfied by the retainer agreement between Washington and Weed, questions of Florida law remain regarding



    2
     Relying on the Supreme Court decision in Farrey v. Sanderfoot, 500 U.S. 291, 111 S.Ct. 1825, 114
L.Ed.2d 337 (1991), the district court noted in a footnote that Weed's lien could not be avoided under §
522(f)(1) for the additional reason that the lien "fixed" to the homestead property before Washington
received a fee simple interest in it—at a time when it was owned as a tenancy by the entireties. Because
the Supreme Court has held that § 522(f)(1) does not allow for the avoidance of liens that fixed to
property in advance of a debtor's ownership, the district court noted that the lien was unavoidable for this
additional reason. This reasoning also assumes that Weed's lien on Washington's homestead property was
a valid charging lien that properly vested in advance of the order of the Florida divorce court.
the enforceability of such a lien as against homestead property in advance of judicial action, either as a matter

of public policy or real property law. See e.g., Bakst, Cloyd & Bakst, P.A. v. Cole, 750 So.2d 676, 676-77

(Fla. 4th DCA 1999)(holding that a former wife's homestead property was not subject to her attorney's

otherwise valid charging lien in light of public policy considerations generally prohibiting waiver of

homestead protections in case where retainer agreement made no express mention of homestead property).
The district court also did not address these issues.

                                              III. CONCLUSION

        Accordingly, we affirm the conclusion of the district court that a valid attorney's charging lien under
Florida law is not a "judicial lien" that may be avoided pursuant to § 522(f)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code.

Nonetheless, we vacate the district court's order, dated September 16, 1999, which reversed the bankruptcy

court's order, dated July 29, 1998, and remand to the district court to address, in the first instance, the issues
of state law raised by Washington.3
        AFFIRMED IN PART AND VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.




    3
     We note that Appellant filed the same brief in this Court that she filed in the district court in support
of the bankruptcy court's order allowing her to avoid the lien. Further, Appellee has filed no brief in this
Court at all. The inadequacy of the briefing to assist the Court in resolving the state law issues presented
by this appeal further warrants our remand to the district court where the issues can be more fully
addressed. Furthermore, our recognition of the state law issues remaining to be decided shall not be
construed as expressing any opinion with respect to the merits of such issues under Florida law.
