                                                                    FILED
                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                                     TENTH CIRCUIT                          January 31, 2017

                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court

 MARK LEE WOLFE,

           Petitioner - Appellant,
                                                              No. 16-5150
 v.                                                (D.C. No. 14-CV-00104-JHP-TLW)
                                                              (N.D. Okla.)
 JASON BRYANT, WARDEN,

           Respondent - Appellee.


               ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*


Before LUCERO, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.



       Mark Lee Wolfe is an Oklahoma state prisoner proceeding pro se.1 The district

court denied his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 application for a writ of habeas corpus. He now seeks

two certificates of appealability (“COA”) to challenge the district court’s denial of (1) his


       *This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       1
        Because Mr. Wolfe is proceeding pro se, we construe his filings liberally. See
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam); see also United States v.
Pinson, 584 F.3d 972, 975 (10th Cir. 2009) (“[W]e must construe [a pro se litigant’s]
arguments liberally; this rule of liberal construction stops, however, at the point at which
we begin to serve as his advocate.”).
motion to amend and (2) his motion to stay. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we deny his requests and dismiss this matter.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

       Mr. Wolfe is serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole for a drug

trafficking conviction. See Wolfe v. Bryant, No. 14-CV-0104-JHP-TLW, 2016 WL

4734653, at *1 (N.D. Okla. Sept. 9, 2016).2 That conviction grew out of events that

occurred in a Tulsa, Oklahoma, hotel parking lot in March 2005. Id. Tulsa police went

to the Hawthorne Suites to review the guest register for wanted individuals. Id. One

officer recognized Mr. Wolfe’s name, and the police waited in the hotel parking lot for

him to return. Id. After Mr. Wolfe drove into the parking lot, police arrested him as he

removed belongings from the car. Id. An Oklahoma jury later convicted him for crimes

related to his possession of the approximately 600 grams of methamphetamine that police

found in one of the bags he was holding.

       Mr. Wolfe appealed to the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (“OCCA”),

raising 12 points of error, including that the state trial court erred by denying his motion

to suppress the drug evidence. The OCCA found no errors and affirmed Mr. Wolfe’s

convictions and sentence. See Wolfe v. State, No. F-2011-581 (Okla. Ct. Crim. App.



       2
        In the same case, Mr. Wolfe also was convicted for (1) failing to affix a drug tax
stamp and (2) unlawful possession of paraphernalia. Id. On these counts, he received
sentences of four years and one year, respectively. Id. The state trial judge in Tulsa
County set the life sentence and these term-of-years sentences to run consecutively. Id.

                                            -2-
June 28, 2013) (unpublished).3

       In October 2013, Mr. Wolfe filed an application for state post-conviction relief.

He raised the same 12 issues he presented to the OCCA.4 The state trial court denied this

petition. See Wolfe v. State, No. CF-2005-1158, slip op. at 8 (D. Ct. Tulsa Cty., Okla.,

Nov. 27, 2013) (“Order Denying Petitioner’s Third ‘Application for Post-Conviction

Relief’”). Mr. Wolfe appealed and raised five issues to the OCCA.5 The OCCA declined

jurisdiction because Mr. Wolfe had failed to include a certified copy of the trial court

order he was appealing as required by state rules.

       In March 2014, Mr. Wolfe filed an application for federal habeas relief under

28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma. He

raised the same five issues he had attempted to present to the OCCA in his post-

conviction appeal—issues which he had already presented to the OCCA as part of his

12-issue direct appeal.

       3
         Mr. Wolfe took an unconventional route to the OCCA. The state trial court
sentenced him on March 28, 2007, and he filed a notice of appeal but failed to perfect it.
In August 2009, Mr. Wolfe filed his First Application for Post-Conviction Relief,
requesting an out-of-time appeal. The trial judge who reviewed that application
recommended Mr. Wolfe be given an out-of-time appeal, but the OCCA dismissed the
appeal. In May 2011, Mr. Wolfe filed his Second Application for Post-Conviction
Relief, again requesting an out-of-time appeal. A different trial judge recommended Mr.
Wolfe be given an appeal, and the OCCA agreed to hear the case.
       4
        This application was styled as Mr. Wolfe’s Third Application for Post-
Conviction Relief.
       5
      Mr. Wolfe asserted four propositions of error, but there were five separate issues.
See ROA Vol. 1 at 400, 601 & n.2.

                                            -3-
       On July 14, 2015, before the district court had adjudicated his federal habeas

application, Mr. Wolfe filed a “Motion for Leave to Amend Petition for Writ of Habeas

Corpus.” ROA Vol. 1 at 528. He sought to call the district court’s attention to the

Supreme Court’s June 22, 2015 decision in City of Los Angeles v. Patel, 135 S. Ct. 2443

(2015). Patel held that a Los Angeles municipal ordinance “requir[ing] hotel operators to

make their registries available to the police on demand [was] facially unconstitutional

because it penalize[d] them for declining to turn over their records without affording

them any opportunity for precompliance review” in violation of the Fourth Amendment.

Id. at 2447. Mr. Wolfe argued Patel was relevant to his eligibility for habeas relief and

sought leave to amend his petition.

       The district court denied the motion on February 2, 2016. The court treated the

motion as seeking to supplement Mr. Wolfe’s argument on the Fourth Amendment

ground raised in his habeas application. The court observed that, because the OCCA had

rejected this claim on the merits, the district court was limited to reviewing the OCCA’s

decision under Supreme Court precedent in existence at the time of the state court

adjudication. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); see also Greene v. Fisher, 132 S. Ct. 38, 44

(2011). Because Patel post-dated the OCCA’s decision, the district court concluded it

could not consider Mr. Wolfe’s new authority even if it allowed amendment, and it




                                           -4-
therefore denied his motion to amend.6

       On June 16, 2016, after the district court denied his motion to amend but still

before the court had adjudicated his habeas application on the merits, Mr. Wolfe filed a

“Motion to Stay.” ROA Vol. 1 at 572. He identified three new issues he wanted to raise

that he had not presented to the Oklahoma state courts. His first two issues concerned his

new Patel contention. In his third issue, Mr. Wolfe asserted that his sentence violated the

Eighth Amendment. Recognizing these were new grounds for relief, Mr. Wolfe asked

the district court to stay the federal proceedings so that he could exhaust his state

remedies and then return to federal court.

       The district court denied Mr. Wolfe’s motion for a stay in an order dated

September 9, 2016. The court found Mr. Wolfe had not shown good cause for his failure

to exhaust. It also concluded all three proposed claims would be time-barred because the

one-year limitations period imposed by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) had run and Mr. Wolfe

had not filed any application for state post-conviction relief on the new claims to toll the

limitations period, see § 2244(d)(2) (addressing tolling).

       In the same September 9, 2016 order, the district court denied the five claims for

       6
          The district court also flagged an even more fundamental problem with Mr.
Wolfe’s Fourth Amendment claim—its likely nonreviewability under Stone v. Powell,
428 U.S. 465, 482 (1976). Stone precludes habeas relief for a claim that evidence was
obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment where the prisoner had a full and fair
opportunity to litigate the Fourth Amendment issue in state court. Id. at 494. In the
district court’s later merits disposition of Mr. Wolfe’s habeas application, it determined
Mr. Wolfe received a full and fair opportunity, and therefore his Fourth Amendment
claim could not be a source of habeas relief.

                                             -5-
relief Mr. Wolfe had presented in his habeas application, and it entered judgment against

Mr. Wolfe. The court declined to issue a COA on any of Mr. Wolfe’s five claims.7

       Mr. Wolfe filed a timely notice of appeal as well as a combined opening brief and

application for COA to this court.

                           II. THE COA REQUIREMENT

       A COA is generally a jurisdictional prerequisite to our review of an issue decided

in a § 2254 proceeding. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A); Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S.

322, 335-36 (2003). Sometimes, however, a prisoner may invoke our appellate

jurisdiction without obtaining a COA.

       In Harbison v. Bell, 556 U.S. 180, 183 (2009), the Supreme Court explained that

§ 2253(c)(1)(A), the provision requiring a COA, “governs final orders that dispose of the

merits of a habeas corpus proceeding.” Id. Harbison held a district court’s order denying

a motion to expand the authority of appointed counsel can be appealed without first

securing a COA. Id.

       Our cases concluding that COAs are not required for certain collateral matters

further illustrate this principle. See, e.g., Knox v. Trammell, 620 F. App’x 683, 684 n.1

(10th Cir. 2015) (unpublished) (concluding appeal from denial of motion for transcripts




       7
        In a separate order, the court granted Mr. Wolfe in forma pauperis status to
proceed in this appeal without prepayment of fees.

                                           -6-
did not require COA)8; Gordon v. Sullivan, 593 F. App’x 826, 827 n.1 (10th Cir. 2014)

(unpublished) (same for motion to appoint counsel). Other circuit decisions supply

additional guidance. See United States v. Fulton, 780 F.3d 683, 688 (5th Cir. 2015) (no

COA required to appeal district court’s transfer order of successive § 2255 motion);

Summers v. Sec’y Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 569 F. App’x 846, 848 (11th Cir. 2014) (per

curiam) (unpublished) (no COA required to appeal district court’s denial of motion to

reopen under Rule 4(a)(6) of Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure); Lambright v. Ryan,

698 F.3d 808, 817 & n.2 (9th Cir. 2012) (no COA required to appeal district court’s

modification of protective order).

       Mr. Wolfe does not seek a COA for any of the five claims he raised in his habeas

application—the claims the district court denied in its final order. Instead, he challenges

the district court’s denials of (1) his motion to amend and (2) his motion to stay. Our

cases point to the conclusion that he must obtain COAs for the two issues he wishes to

appeal here. See Herd v. Tapia, 356 F. App’x 140, 143 (10th Cir. 2009) (unpublished)

(requiring COA to appeal district court’s denial of motion to amend § 2254 application);

see also Doe v. Jones, 762 F.3d 1174, 1176, 1181-84 (10th Cir. 2014) (reviewing denial

of motion seeking a stay following grant of COA); Clay v. Smith, 365 F. App’x 98, 101

(10th Cir. 2010) (unpublished) (denying COA in appeal of Rule 60(b) motion seeking a

stay); Chestra v. Kansas, 34 F. App’x 609, 610 (10th Cir. 2002) (unpublished) (declining

       8
        We cite unpublished cases in this order only for their persuasive value. See Fed.
R. App. P. 32.1, 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

                                            -7-
to issue COA where prisoner argued district court should have stayed proceedings to

allow for state exhaustion).

       Cases from other circuits lend additional support. See McLaughlin v. Shannon,

454 F. App’x 83, 85 (3d Cir. 2011) (unpublished) (reviewing denial of motion to stay

following grant of COA); Butts v. Sheets, 279 F. App’x 354, 356 (6th Cir. 2008)

(unpublished) (noting district court’s grant of a COA on stay issue); Olvera v. Giurbino,

371 F.3d 569, 570 (9th Cir. 2004) (reviewing denial of motion to stay following grant of

COA); United States v. Saenz, 282 F.3d 354, 355 (5th Cir. 2002) (reviewing denial of

motion to amend in § 2255 context after granting a COA); Littlejohn v. Artuz, 271 F.3d

360, 361, 364 (2d Cir. 2001) (granting COA and reviewing district court’s denial of

motion for leave to amend § 2254 application); Fama v. Comm’r of Corr. Servs., 235

F.3d 804, 806, 808, 814-17 (2d Cir. 2000) (reviewing denial of motion to amend on the

basis of timeliness following grant of COA). But see Haynes v. Quarterman, 526 F.3d

189, 196-97 (5th Cir. 2008) (reviewing merits of denial of motion to stay without

granting COA); Mathis v. Dretke, 124 F. App’x 865, 870 (5th Cir. 2005) (per curiam)

(unpublished) (“A COA is not a prerequisite to review the denial of a motion to stay

proceedings.”).

       We side with the weight of authority and accordingly require Mr. Wolfe to obtain

a COA before we would review his challenges to the district court’s rulings on the




                                           -8-
motion to amend and the motion to stay.9

       To obtain a COA, Mr. Wolfe must make “a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Because the district court denied Mr.

Wolfe’s procedural motions, it did not address the substance of his new constitutional

claims. In this circumstance, a COA cannot issue unless he shows both that jurists of

reason would find the underlying constitutional claim debatable and that jurists of reason

would find debatable the district court’s procedural rulings. Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S.

473, 484 (2000). Under this standard, we ask whether “reasonable jurists could debate

whether . . . the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed

further.” Id. (quotations omitted). We may “resolve the issue whose answer is more

apparent from the record and arguments.” Id. at 485. Because Mr. Wolfe has not shown

that reasonable jurists could debate the district court’s procedural rulings, we start and

end our discussion there.

                                    III. DISCUSSION

       We consider Mr. Wolfe’s two issues and conclude neither warrants granting a

COA because the correctness of the district court’s procedural rulings is beyond debate.




       9
         Even if a COA were not required for appellate review of these two issues, our
analysis below shows Mr. Wolfe’s claims would necessarily fail under our abuse-of-
discretion standard of review for the denial of motions to amend and motions to stay. See
Cohen v. Longshore, 621 F.3d 1311, 1314 (10th Cir. 2010) (motion for leave to amend);
Doe v. Jones, 762 F.3d 1174, 1176 (10th Cir. 2014) (motion for stay).

                                            -9-
                                   A. Motion to Amend

1. Legal Background

       An application for a writ of habeas corpus “may be amended or supplemented as

provided in the rules of procedure applicable to civil actions.” 28 U.S.C. § 2242; see also

Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 655 (2005) (discussing application of federal civil rules in

habeas context).

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) provides in relevant part that district

courts “should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” “Rule 15(a) allows

the judge to deny a motion to amend because of,” among other things, the “futility of the

amendment.” Stafford v. Saffle, 34 F.3d 1557, 1560 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotations omitted)

(applying Rule 15 in § 2254 context).

2. Analysis

       Mr. Wolfe argues (1) he could not have sought leave to amend to make his new

argument until Patel was decided, (2) he filed his motion less than a month after the

Supreme Court decided Patel, and (3) he “never engaged in any dilatory tactics; on the

contrary [he] . . . made a very strong good faith effort to present his claims as clearly as

possible.” Aplt. Br. at 3a. Mr. Wolfe also calls our attention to the difficulties of

preparing legal filings while incarcerated.

       We have no reason to disagree with Mr. Wolfe on these points, but they do not

affect the district court’s conclusion that Mr. Wolfe’s Patel argument could not

supplement his Fourth Amendment claim on habeas review. The district court was
                                              - 10 -
limited to reviewing the OCCA’s decision under Supreme Court precedent in existence at

the time of the OCCA’s decision. See Greene, 132 S. Ct. at 44 (holding habeas court

must “measure state-court decisions against [the Supreme] Court’s precedents as of the

time the state court renders its decision” (quotations omitted)). That universe of cases

did not include Patel.

       Accordingly, reasonable jurists could not debate the correctness of the district

court’s decision. We therefore decline to issue a COA for this issue.10

                                     B. Motion to Stay

1. Legal Background

       An application for habeas relief under § 2254 “shall not be granted unless it

appears that . . . the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the

State.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A); see also Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 522 (1982)

(imposing “total exhaustion” requirement). In addition to satisfying the exhaustion rule,

a prisoner must present his claims to the federal court within a one-year limitations

period. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1).

       In Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 (2005), the Supreme Court recognized that strict

       10
           Our conclusion is unaffected by Mr. Wolfe’s separate argument that Patel was
more than an additional authority in support of his Fourth Amendment claim and that
Patel was itself a source for habeas relief because it is “a new rule of constitutional law,
made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(b)(2)(A). Mr. Wolfe is mistaken. He cites Montgomery v. Louisiana, 136 S. Ct.
718 (2016), and Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257 (2016), but these cases
concerned the retroactive application of different Supreme Court decisions. Mr. Wolfe
fails to show that the Supreme Court has made Patel retroactive.

                                            - 11 -
enforcement of both the exhaustion and timeliness rules can sometimes mean a state

prisoner will lose any opportunity for federal habeas review. Id. at 275. To ameliorate

this problem, Rhines permitted district courts to use a “stay and abeyance” procedure “in

limited circumstances” to stay the federal proceeding and hold a habeas application in

abeyance “while the petitioner returns to state court to exhaust his previously

unexhausted claims.” Id. at 275, 277. Prisoners, however, are not automatically entitled

to this procedure:

       Because granting a stay effectively excuses a petitioner’s failure to present
       his claims first to the state courts, stay and abeyance is only appropriate
       when the district court determines there was good cause for the petitioner’s
       failure to exhaust his claims first in state court. Moreover, even if a
       petitioner had good cause for that failure, the district court would abuse its
       discretion if it were to grant him a stay when his unexhausted claims are
       plainly meritless.

Id. at 277. The limitations period of section 2244(d)(1) remains important. Id. at 278

(“Even where stay and abeyance is appropriate, the district court’s discretion in

structuring the stay is limited by the timeliness concerns . . . .”). And, absent a stay, the

prisoner must present his claims within the one-year limitations period. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 2244(d)(1).

2. Analysis

       Mr. Wolfe’s habeas application consisted of five exhausted grounds for relief—

that is, all five claims had previously been presented to the OCCA. Nevertheless, he

moved for a stay so that he could exhaust three new proposed claims in the state courts.

Two of his new claims concerned the Patel issue for which he had sought leave to amend
                                             - 12 -
his federal habeas application. The third claim raised an Eighth Amendment challenge to

his sentence.

       The district court considered Mr. Wolfe’s eligibility for a Rhines stay and

concluded he had not shown good cause for his failure to exhaust his new claims.

Accepting that Mr. Wolfe could not have presented his Patel grounds to the state courts

until that case was decide in June 2015, the district court observed that Mr. Wolfe still

had not presented those claims in a state post-conviction proceeding more than a year

after Patel was decided. Similarly, Mr. Wolfe had not presented his Eighth Amendment

claim to the state courts. He argued ineffective assistance of counsel was responsible for

his failure to bring his Eighth Amendment claim, but, even accepting that argument, the

district court saw no cause for Mr. Wolfe’s failure to present his Eight Amendment claim

once he became aware of it.

       The district court also concluded that, even if Mr. Wolfe were permitted to exhaust

his claims in state court, all three claims would be time-barred under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2244(d)(1)(A). The district court considered Mr. Wolfe’s eligibility for routes around

the timeliness barrier, but it found none open to him. It saw no basis for equitable tolling

or for use of the “actual innocence” gateway to excuse Mr. Wolfe’s failure to exhaust his

new claims and present them within the limitations period.

       Mr. Wolfe now contends that it was his “intention” to exhaust his new claims had

he been granted a stay and had he been allowed to amend his habeas application. Aplt.

Br. at 4a. He argues “the district court effectively stood in the way of permitting
                                           - 13 -
[him] . . . to exhaust remedies in state district court.” Id. He also argues that “it is quite a

difficult process” to research and prepare legal filings given his “limited access to legal

materials” and “recurring lockdowns . . . within the prison.” Id. at 3b.

       These arguments do not persuade us to grant a COA. Mr. Wolfe offers no

satisfactory explanation for his failure to apply for state post-conviction relief on his new

claims in the period before the district court denied his motion for a stay. The district

court correctly found he had not shown good cause. And, concerning timeliness, Mr.

Wolfe offers no argument as to why his claims would not be time-barred as the district

court found. We cannot say reasonable jurists could debate the district court’s conclusion

that Mr. Wolfe was not entitled to a stay. Accordingly, we decline to issue a COA on the

stay motion issue.

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

       We deny Mr. Wolfe’s COA requests and dismiss this matter.

                                            ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                            Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge




                                             - 14 -
