                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                     No. 12-3667
                                     ___________

                             CARLOS EDWIN BRIOLO,
                                               Petitioner

                                           v.

                ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
                                               Respondent
                   ____________________________________

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A090-657-246)
                     Immigration Judge: Honorable Leo A. Finston
                      ____________________________________

                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 March 14, 2013
       Before: FUENTES, VANASKIE and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges

                           (Opinion filed: March 15, 2013 )
                                    ___________

                                      OPINION
                                     ___________

PER CURIAM

      Carlos Edwin Briolo petitions for review pro se of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’ (“BIA”) final order of removal. We will deny the petition.

                                           I.
       Briolo is a citizen of Peru who entered the United States illegally in 1985. He has

an extensive criminal history, including New Jersey convictions in 1990 for robbery and

in 2005 for aggravated assault. The Government charged him as removable for being

present without having been admitted or paroled, see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), and

being convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude, see 8 U.S.C. §1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I).

       Briolo, proceeding pro se, conceded the charges but applied for asylum,

withholding of removal and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).

Briolo claims to fear persecution and torture by members of the Shining Path, which he

refers to in Spanish as Sendero Luminoso. According to Briolo, he overheard Shining

Path members planning a terrorist attack and reported it to Peruvian authorities in 1985.

Shining Path members learned of his report, detained him for three days, and subjected

him to psychological mistreatment. They released him, apparently without physical

harm, and he came to the United States. Briolo testified to this effect before the

Immigration Judge (“IJ”) but offered no other evidence.

       The IJ found Briolo credible but denied relief. The IJ concluded that Briolo’s

1990 robbery and 2005 assault convictions render him ineligible for asylum and

withholding of removal. The IJ also concluded that Briolo had not met his burden of

proving entitlement to relief under CAT. The BIA essentially agreed, though its analysis

appears to have differed from the IJ’s in certain respects. Briolo petitions for review. 1


1
 We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Because Briolo is a criminal alien
under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) as explained below, our jurisdiction is limited to
“constitutional claims or questions of law.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). We review them
de novo. See Oliva-Ramos v. Att’y Gen., 694 F.3d 259, 270 (3d Cir. 2012). Our review
                                              2
                                              II.

       Briolo raises a host of largely undeveloped arguments and assertions in his brief,

but only two categories of those challenges warrant discussion. First, Briolo

challenges the BIA’s ruling that his criminal history renders him ineligible for asylum

and withholding of removal. As to asylum, that ruling stands if either Briolo’s 1990

robbery conviction or his 2005 assault conviction constitutes an aggravated felony

because any aggravated felony automatically constitutes a “particularly serious crime”

that renders an alien ineligible for asylum. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), (b)(2)(B)(i).

Withholding requires a different analysis. An aggravated felony automatically renders an

alien ineligible for withholding only if the alien was sentenced to at least five years in

prison. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii), (iv). The Attorney General may nevertheless

determine that a conviction resulting in a lesser sentence was for a particular serious

crime. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(iv). In this case, Briolo’s robbery and assault

convictions each resulted in a sentence of four years, so neither conviction standing alone

automatically qualifies. The IJ considered the nature and circumstances of each

conviction and determined that each nevertheless constitutes a particularly serious crime.

The BIA appears to have taken a different approach by aggregating the sentences

imposed for each conviction and deeming Briolo to have automatically committed a

particularly serious crime for withholding purposes because his two sentences exceeded




is of the BIA’s ruling, though we review the IJ’s ruling as well to the extent that the BIA
deferred to it or relied on specific aspects of the IJ’s analysis. See id.
                                              3
five years. Briolo raises no challenge to this approach, 2 so the BIA’s ruling that he is

ineligible for withholding stands if both of these convictions constitute aggravated

felonies. We conclude that they do.

       Briolo raises no specific argument regarding his robbery conviction, and there is

no room for one because it clearly constitutes an aggravated felony. 3 As for his assault

conviction, Briolo asserts without elaboration that the IJ erred in failing to apply the

modified categorical approach. There was no basis to do so, however, because that

conviction categorically constitutes an aggravated felony. A conviction constitutes an

aggravated felony if, inter alia, it is for a “crime of violence” as defined in 18 U.S.C. §

16. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). The IJ concluded that Briolo’s assault qualifies

because the statute of conviction requires either intentional conduct or a “likelihood that

physical force will be used in the commission.” (IJ Dec. at 7.) We thus read the IJ to

have deemed Briolo’s assault an aggravated felony under 18 U.S.C. § 16(b), which

defines “crime of violence” as “any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature,


2
  The BIA has held that multiple sentences may be aggregated for this purpose. See In re
Aldabesheh, 22 I. & N. Dec. 983, 988 (BIA 1999). The withholding statute appears to
permit that approach because it provides that “an alien who has been convicted of an
aggravated felony (or felonies) for which the alien has been sentenced to an aggregate
term of imprisonment of at least 5 years shall be considered to have committed a
particularly serious crime.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(iv) (emphasis added). We do not
decide the issue, however, because Briolo has not raised it.
3
 The IJ and BIA concluded that Briolo’s conviction of robbery under N.J.S.A. § 2C:15-1
constitutes an aggravated felony as both a “crime of violence” and a “theft offense.” 8
U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F), (G). Regardless of whether robbery under this statute
constitutes a crime of violence, there is no doubt that it constitutes a theft offense. See
N.J.S.A. § 2C:15-1(a) (defining robbery as the commission of certain acts “in the course
of committing a theft”).
                                              4
involves a substantial risk that physical force . . . may be used in the course” of its

commission. We agree.

       Briolo’s statute of conviction provides that “[a] person is guilty of aggravated

assault if he . . . [a]ttempts to cause significant bodily injury to another or causes

significant bodily injury purposely or knowingly or, under circumstances manifesting

extreme indifference to the value of human life recklessly causes such significant bodily

injury.” N.J.S.A. § 2C:12-1(b)(7) (emphasis added). As the Government concedes, this

statute is divisible and requires a minimum mens rea only of recklessness. As the

Government further concedes, the record does not establish that Briolo was convicted

under any particular part of this statute, and his conviction thus constitutes an aggravated

felony only if a conviction under this statute does so categorically. Under our precedent,

it clearly does.

       A conviction under a divisible statute that requires a minimum mens rea only of

recklessness categorically constitutes a crime of violence under § 16(b) if “the crime, by

its nature, raises a substantial risk that force may be used.” Aguilar v. Att’y Gen., 663

F.3d 692, 696 (3d Cir. 2011). We concluded in Aguilar that a conviction of sexual

assault under a statute requiring a minimum mens rea only of recklessness qualifies

because the assault creates, at the very least, the risk that the victim will resist and that

the perpetrator will use physical force to overcome that resistance. See id. at 701.

       The same is true here. The least culpable conduct criminalized by Briolo’s statute

of conviction is recklessly causing significant bodily injury “under circumstances

manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life.” N.J.S.A. § 2C:12-1(b)(7).

                                               5
Like the conduct at issue in Aguilar, this conduct necessarily creates a risk, at the very

least, that the victim will resist and that the perpetrator will respond with physical force.

Thus, under our reasoning in Aguilar, there is no doubt that Briolo’s conviction of

aggravated assault under this statute categorically constitutes a “crime of violence”

aggravated felony.

       Second, Briolo challenges the denial of relief under CAT. The IJ rejected this

claim for many reasons, including the lack of evidence that anyone in Peru remains

interested in Briolo after 27 years and a statement in the 2010 Country Report that the

Shining Path has since been “quashed.” The BIA stated its general agreement with the IJ

but also added that Briolo had not submitted corroborating evidence as explained in the

margin. 4 Briolo’s arguments on this point consist primarily of factual arguments that we

lack jurisdiction to review. Briolo argues, for example, that the BIA erred in concluding

that evidence was available to corroborate his testimony that one of his abductors in 1985

still serves the Peruvian government. That is a factual finding that we lack jurisdiction to

review. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D) (prescribing substantial evidence standard of

review of “a determination made by a trier of fact with respect to the availability of

corroborating evidence”). Moreover, Briolo argued to the BIA, not that corroborating

evidence was unavailable, but that the IJ should have given him more time to obtain it.


4
  The IJ expressly stated that he did not reject Briolo’s claim for lack of corroboration.
(IJ Dec. at 10.) Confusingly, the BIA appears to have concluded that the IJ instead
required corroboration and to have agreed with that decision. (BIA Dec. at 2-3.) Before
doing so, however, the BIA summarized the IJ’s actual reasons for rejecting Briolo’s
claim and stated that it agreed with them. (BIA Dec. at 1-2.) Thus, we read the BIA’s
reference to corroboration as, at most, an alternative reason for rejecting Briolo’s claim.
                                              6
(A.R. 7-8, 20.) Briolo has not repeated that argument on review, but we would discern

no due process violation even if he had. To the contrary, the IJ continued Briolo’s

hearing six times, specifically discussed the availability of evidence with him, and gave

him ample opportunity to obtain it. Finally, Briolo suggests that the IJ applied the wrong

legal standard under CAT and improperly conflated its consideration of this claim with

its consideration of asylum, but he develops no actual argument on those points and they

lack merit in any event.

       For these reasons, we will deny the petition for review. 5




5
  In his brief, Briolo requests a remand to apply for cancellation of removal and a §
212(h) waiver, but his aggravated felony convictions render him ineligible for
cancellation, see 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(C), and he requested neither form of relief
before the Agency. Briolo also requests that we order his release from immigration
custody on bond pending our ruling. That request is now moot in light of our
disposition, but we note that Briolo’s custody status is outside the purview of this
petition for review and that he should file a habeas petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in
the District Court for the district of his confinement if he wishes to challenge it. See
Diop v. ICE/Homeland Sec., 656 F.3d 221, 226 (3d Cir. 2011).
                                             7
