                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   September 22, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 321394
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
RENARD LYNUM,                                                      LC No. 13-001229-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: GADOLA, P.J., and JANSEN and BECKERING, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Renard Lynum, appeals by leave granted1 his no-contest plea to felonious
assault, MCL 750.82, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-
firearm) (second offense), MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced defendant to 90 days in jail
for the felonious assault conviction and five years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm
conviction, with 77 days of jail credit applied to each sentence. The trial court ordered
defendant’s sentences to be served concurrently. Defendant appeals the trial court’s denial of his
motion to withdraw his plea. We affirm defendant’s convictions but remand for amendment of
the judgment of sentence.

                      I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       This case arises from defendant’s December 2012 assault of a 17-year old girl, KD.
Defendant invited KD to his friend “D-money’s” apartment, and defendant and KD drank
alcohol, smoked marijuana and crack cocaine, and had sex throughout the day. The couple fell
asleep at some point, but defendant woke around midnight to discover that he was missing an
indeterminate amount of money. Defendant threatened to shoot KD and several other people in
the apartment if the money was not returned. D-money took a shotgun from a closet in the
apartment and gave it to defendant, and defendant told everyone to go outside.




1
 People v Lynum, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August 29, 2014 (Docket
No. 321394).


                                               -1-
        Once outside, defendant pointed the gun at KD’s face and gave her one more chance to
tell him where the money was. When she told him that she did not know, defendant pulled the
trigger. The gun failed to go off, however, and KD tried to run. Defendant grabbed her and
threw her down onto the street. He then began beating her with the gun, hitting her repeatedly in
the face, arms, and legs. Eventually, D-money pushed defendant off of KD, and she was able to
flee into a nearby apartment, where her friend called the police. Detroit Police officers arrested
defendant a short time later.

        Defendant was charged with five counts, being assault with intent to murder, assault with
intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, felonious assault, felon-in-possession, and
felony-firearm. He ultimately accepted a plea offer that would allow him to plead no contest to
felony-firearm, second offense, and felonious assault in exchange for dismissal of the other
charges. The parties also entered into a sentencing agreement in which defendant would serve
five years in prison for the felony-firearm offense and 90 days in jail for the felonious assault.

       At defendant’s sentencing in May, 2013, the prosecutor and defendant agreed to all
aspects of the guidelines scoring and that defendant was entitled to 77 days of jail credit. The
prosecutor asked that “given the credit for time served on the jail sentence, that those
additional[2] run concurrent to his five years in the Michigan Department of Corrections.”
Defense counsel did not object. The trial court ordered defendant to serve five years’
imprisonment for the felony firearm offense, to run concurrently with a 90-day jail term for the
felonious assault offense, with 77 days jail credit.

        In January, 2014, defendant moved to withdraw his plea on the grounds that MCL
750.227b(2) proscribes concurrent sentencing in felony firearm cases, and thus, his sentence was
“illegal.” Defense counsel contended that the proper remedy for an illegal sentence is plea
withdrawal. His counsel claimed that because defendant was not advised at the time of his plea
that his sentences must run consecutively, he was unable to understand the full consequences of
his plea, also warranting plea withdrawal. Defense counsel argued that such remedy is supported
by People v Brown3, wherein our Supreme Court held that the failure to inform a defendant of
his maximum sentence as an habitual offender violates MCR 6.302(B). The prosecutor argued
that caselaw did not support defendant’s claim that he should have been apprised of the
consecutive sentencing implications at the time of his plea; rather, she contended that “the error
occurred at sentencing,” and that the proper remedy “is simply re-sentencing.” The trial court
agreed with the prosecutor in concluding that a trial court “is not required to advise defendant of
the consecutive sentencing consequences of his plea.” After a brief break in the proceedings,
wherein the parties were given an opportunity to look into the potentiality of resentencing, the
prosecutor stated that “we do agree with defense’s position that re-sentencing is not appropriate
here,” to which defense counsel stated, “[a]nd obviously, we don’t object to that. So I, I do have
an order for the Court just saying that the motion for plea withdrawal is denied . . . period, and I


2
 Presumably, the prosecutor’s reference to “those additional” pertained to defendant’s remaining
13 days of his 90-day jail sentence.
3
    People v Brown, 492 Mich 684, 692-693; 822 NW2d 208 (2012).


                                                -2-
think that should be the end of it.” The trial court entered the order on January 24, 2014,
indicating that defendant’s motion to withdraw was denied for the reasons stated on the record.
But, contrary to defense counsel’s wishes, that was not the end of it.

       On March 13, 2014 the trial court heard the prosecution’s motion for reconsideration.
The prosecutor did not take issue with the trial court’s January 24, 2014 order to the extent that it
denied the defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea; rather, the prosecution sought to correct
defendant’s invalid concurrent sentence, despite conceding that the “the parties stipulated that
the judgment could not be corrected.” The trial court noted that if the prosecutor wished to go
forward with its motion, the court would simply grant defendant’s motion to withdraw the plea
because the parties had all agreed to the invalid sentence at the time it was entered. The trial
court noted, “[t]here were mistakes made by the Court, there were mistakes made by the
prosecution, there were mistakes made by the defense . . .” “[a]nd I think the only proper thing to
do with regard to this is to allow the defendant to withdraw his plea.” The court orally ruled that
it was allowing defendant to withdraw his plea and ordered that a pretrial conference be
scheduled.

        On March 28, 2014, the trial court held a hearing in which it reconsidered its decision to
allow defendant to withdraw his plea, which was not a matter that had been brought before the
court at the March 13, 2014 hearing. Noting that caselaw supported the court’s original
conclusion that it was not required to advise defendant of the consecutive sentencing
consequences of his plea, the court allowed the parties an opportunity to respond, and the same
arguments were made as those raised at the time of defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea.
The trial court then entertained the prosecution’s motion for reconsideration, which was
essentially a motion to correct the invalid sentence. The prosecution argued that MCR 6.429(A)
allows an invalid sentence to be corrected at any time, whether the error was substantive or
clerical. Although the prosecutor admitted that sentencing was “messy,” she contended that the
court “has no discretion to impose concurrent [sentences] even if the People errored [sic] in this
regard. The sentence is illegal, it’s invalid and thus it’s correctable.”

        The prosecutor contended that the court could resentence defendant for two reasons: (1)
the original sentence was invalid and could be corrected by the trial court sua sponte at any time
under MCR 6.429, and (2) the sentence was merely a clerical error that the court could correct
under MCR 6.435. For his part, defense counsel presented two contrary arguments: (1) the trial
court had the power to resentence defendant, but it had erred in failing to advise him of the true
maximum penalty he was facing, and (2) the court could not correct its own substantive error
under MCR 6.435, and too much time had elapsed for the court to correct the sentence under
MCR 6.429. Noting that MCR 6.429(B) set time limits for a trial court to set aside even an
invalid sentence, the judge denied the prosecution’s motion on that ground. Furthermore, the
judge classified the court’s error as substantive and also denied the prosecution’s motion under
MCR 6.435 because judgment had already been entered. In sum, the result of the hearing was
that the trial court denied both defendant’s motion for plea withdrawal as well as the
prosecution’s motion for reconsideration.




                                                -3-
                                         II. ANALYSIS

       On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to advise him during
plea proceedings that he faced mandatory consecutive sentences for felonious assault and felony-
firearm, and that as a result of the court’s error, his subsequent plea was involuntary and
unknowing. We disagree.

        We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision on a motion to withdraw a
plea. People v Martinez, 307 Mich App 641, 646; 861 NW2d 905 (2014). “An abuse of
discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of principled outcomes.” Id.
(citation and quotation marks omitted). We review de novo underlying questions of law and
review for clear error a trial court’s factual findings. Id. at 646-647. Additionally, we review de
novo the interpretation and application of court rules. People v Howell, 300 Mich App 638, 644;
834 NW2d 923 (2013).

       A defendant who pleads no contest admits “all the essential elements of a charged
offense[.]” People v Patmore, 264 Mich App 139, 149; 693 NW2d 385 (2004). Thus, a
defendant’s no-contest plea “is tantamount to an admission of guilt for the purposes of the
criminal case.” Id. “There is no absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea once the trial court has
accepted it.” Id. In order to withdraw a plea after sentencing, a defendant must comply with
MCR 6.310(C) and “demonstrate a defect in the plea-taking process.” MCR 6.310(C); People v
Brown, 492 Mich 684, 692-693; 822 NW2d 208 (2012).

        An important focus of a plea proceeding “is to ensure that any defendant who has entered
into a sentencing agreement has made a knowing, understanding, and informed plea decision.”
Brown, 492 Mich at 693 (citation and quotation marks omitted). Failure to inform a defendant of
the consequences of a plea constitutes a defect in the plea-taking process because the resulting
plea is not an understanding plea. Id. at 694. Furthermore, MCR 6.302(B) provides that, in
order to establish an understanding plea, a trial court must inform a defendant of “the maximum
possible prison sentence for the offense and any mandatory minimum sentence as required by
law[.]” A trial court’s “failure to advise a defendant of the maximum possible prison sentence
before taking a guilty plea constitutes an error requiring reversal.” Brown, 492 Mich at 695. Our
Michigan Supreme Court, however, has explicitly held that a trial court is not required to offer a
defendant “advice as to . . . potential sentence consequences such as consecutive sentencing[,]”
People v Johnson, 413 Mich 487, 490; 320 NW2d 876 (1982)4, and that a trial court “need not
inform the defendant of all sentence consequences[,]” People v Jahner, 433 Mich 490, 502; 446
NW2d 151 (1989) (emphasis added). Indeed, a trial court must make the defendant aware of the
direct consequences of a plea, but need not inform the defendant of the collateral consequences
of the plea. People v Cole, 491 Mich 325, 333; 817 NW2d 497 (2012). Whether one sentence
runs consecutively to another sentence has been found to be a collateral, not direct, consequence


4
  We note that Johnson analyzed the issue of a defendant’s understanding plea in the context of
GCR 1963, 785.7, a substantially similar precursor to MCR 6.302(B). See GCR 1963,
785.7(1)(b) (directing a trial court to inform a defendant of “the maximum possible prison
sentence for the offense” in order to establish an understanding plea); MCR 6.302(B)(2).


                                                -4-
of a plea, and therefore a court’s failure to inform a defendant whether his sentences are
consecutive does not render the plea unknowing or involuntary. See, e.g., People v Fonville, 291
Mich App 363, 385; 804 NW2d 878 (2011); United States v Ferguson, 918 F2d 627, 630 (CA 6,
1990).5

        Defense counsel placed great stock in the Michigan Supreme Court’s holding in Brown,
arguing during the March 28, 2014 motion hearing that “Brown supersedes, overrules the cases
that the [c]ourt has just cited[,]” after the trial judge cited caselaw holding that a court need not
inform a defendant of mandatory consecutive sentences during a plea proceeding. Upon
questioning by the court, defense counsel acknowledged that the Michigan Supreme Court had
not indicated its express intent to overrule the caselaw that the trial court provided. We decline
defendant’s invitation to extend our Michigan Supreme Court’s narrow holding in Brown—that a
trial court must apprise a defendant of the potential maximum penalty under the applicable
habitual offender statutes—to situations in which a defendant is subject to mandatory
consecutive sentences. See Brown, 492 Mich at 694. Such an extension is unwarranted given
the holding in Brown, the binding precedent established by Johnson, 413 Mich at 490, and
Jahner, 433 Mich at 502, the absence of an expressed intent to the contrary from our Michigan
Supreme Court on the issue, and by caselaw declaring that the possibility of consecutive
sentencing is a collateral consequence of which the defendant need not be advised in order to
ensure that his plea comports with due process, see, e.g., Ferguson, 918 F2d at 630.
Accordingly, we discern no defect at the plea proceedings. The trial court, therefore, did not
abuse its discretion in ultimately denying defendant’s motion for plea withdrawal. See Brown,
492 Mich at 692-693; Martinez, 307 Mich App at 646.

        With regard to his admittedly invalid sentence, which is concurrent rather than
consecutive as required by law, defendant contends that the trial court lacked the authority to
correct it because it erred during the plea proceeding and because the applicable time for the
court to correct its own substantive mistake had passed. “This Court reviews de novo questions
of law, including the interpretation and application of our court rules.” Howell, 300 Mich App at
644. We interpret court rules using principles of statutory interpretation. Id. “If the plain and
ordinary meaning of a court rule’s language is clear, judicial construction is not necessary.” Id.
at 645. We also review de novo the issue of whether a trial court had the authority to modify a
defendant’s sentence. People v Harris, 224 Mich App 597, 599; 569 NW2d 525 (1997).

        MCR 6.435(A) provides that a trial court may correct “[c]lerical mistakes in judgments,
orders, or other parts of the record and errors arising from oversight or omission” at any time,
either sua sponte or upon a party’s motion. MCR 6.435(B), meanwhile, confers upon a trial
court the authority to “reconsider and modify, correct, or rescind” any order that it concludes was
due to a substantive mistake, so long as the court has not yet entered judgment in the case, and
“[a]fter giving the parties an opportunity to be heard.” A substantive mistake is generally
understood as a mistake based on a court’s mistake of facts or the law. People v Howell, 300



5
 While decisions from lower federal courts are not binding, we may look to them as persuasive
authority. People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 595 n 3; 808 NW2d 541 (2011).


                                                -5-
Mich App 638, 647; 834 NW2d 923 (2013). In addition, MCR 6.429(A) gives the trial court
authority to sua sponte correct an invalid sentence. See Harris, 224 Mich App at 601.

        In this case, the trial judge erred in imposing concurrent sentences because MCL
750.227b(3) expressly provides that a sentence for felony-firearm must be served “consecutively
with and preceding” any term of imprisonment for the underlying felony. “A sentence is invalid
when it is beyond statutory limits, when it is based upon constitutionally impermissible grounds,
improper assumptions of guilt, a misconception of law, or when it conforms to local sentencing
policy rather than individualized facts.” People v Miles, 454 Mich 90, 96; 559 NW2d 299
(1997).

        The error in imposing concurrent sentences was a substantive one, and the court, perhaps
due to the confusion caused by the questioned validity of the plea-taking process, did not
exercise its authority under MCR 6.429 to correct defendant’s invalid sentence. See Howell, 300
Mich App at 647. Defendant’s sentence, however, remains invalid. Although defendant
understandably does not request correction of the sentence (just plea withdrawal, to which he is
not entitled), and the prosecution did not file a cross-appeal, we exercise our discretion under
MCR 7.216(A)(7) to order the proper remedy to this situation. We remand to the trial court to
amend the judgment of sentence so that defendant’s sentences run consecutively.6 The trial court
is to amend the judgment to reflect a sentence of five years’ imprisonment, with 77 days jail
credit, for defendant’s felony-firearm conviction, second offense, and 90 days in jail, to be
served consecutively, for his felonious assault conviction.

        Affirmed in part and remanded for amendment of the judgment of sentence. We do not
retain jurisdiction.



                                                           /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                           /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                           /s/ Jane M. Beckering




6
  Notably, defendant was not told at the time of his plea that his sentences would be concurrent,
so he was not misled regarding the collateral repercussions of his plea. Because MCL 750.227b
required the trial judge to sentence defendant consecutively and granted the court no sentencing
discretion, the court could have corrected the sentence without a formal resentencing or a
hearing. See MCL 750.227b(1) and (3); Howell, 300 Mich App at 650.



                                               -6-
