                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                           Assigned on Briefs August 20, 2013

            WOLFF ARDIS, P.C. v. JONATHAN C. DAILEY, ET AL.

              Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County
                  No. CH-11-1191-1     Walter L. Evans, Chancellor


                No. W2013-01127-COA-R3-CV - Filed October 11, 2013


This appeal involves the issue of personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state attorney.
Defendant is an attorney who resides in Washington D.C. and practiced with a law firm in
Virginia. He sought the assistance of Plaintiff, a Memphis law firm, in connection with a
lawsuit that Defendant had filed in Maryland. After several discussions, Defendant, Plaintiff,
and the client eventually entered into a contract whereby Plaintiff associated with Defendant
as co-counsel in the Maryland case. After trial, Defendant allegedly refused to pay his one-
half share of the expenses, as provided by the parties’ contract. Plaintiff then filed the instant
lawsuit against Defendant in Tennessee. The trial court granted Defendant’s motion to
dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.


 Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed
                                   and Remanded

A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R.
F ARMER,J., and H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., joined.

R. Layne Holley, Germantown, Tennessee, for the appellant, Wolff Ardis, P.C.

Beth Brooks, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, Jonathan C. Dailey
                                              OPINION

                              I.   F ACTS & P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

        Defendant Jonathan Dailey is an attorney who resides in Washington D.C. and
conducts business as the Law Office of Jonathan C. Dailey (collectively “Dailey”). Dailey
is licensed to practice in Washington D.C., Maryland, and Virginia. While Dailey was
practicing with a law firm located in Virginia, he filed a products liability case in Maryland,
against American Honda Motor Company and others, on behalf of a client whose five
children were injured in an automobile accident. One of those five children lost her eye due
to glass that shattered from a side window of the vehicle. Thus, Dailey began searching for
an “automobile glass expert” for the case. Eventually, he located Patrick Ardis, whose law
office, Wolff Ardis, P.C., is located in Memphis, Tennessee.1 Mr. Ardis possessed
experience and expertise in “auto glass” litigation.

        The parties executed a “Contract for Legal Services” on May 10, 2010. The contract
provided that Wolff Ardis would assume responsibility for “the preparation of the glazing
product liability case against Honda, including preparing experts, conducting deposition and
trial examinations of Plaintiff's and Defendant's experts and handling all glazing discovery.”
The contract provided that Dailey and Wolff Ardis would each receive 50% of the contingent
attorney’s fee if a recovery was obtained. It further provided for a division of the expenses
between the attorneys, whereby each firm would pay “50% of all costs relating to glazing
experts, including testing and giving testimony,” and Dailey would pay “100% of all other
costs.” The contract provided that it was to be construed and enforced according to the laws
of Virginia. The contract was signed in Virginia by Dailey and by the client, and it was
signed in Tennessee by Mr. Ardis. The signature pages were exchanged by email only.

       The products liability case was tried before a jury in Maryland in March 2011 and
resulted in a defense verdict. Wolff Ardis billed Dailey for $48,636.45 in expenses, but
Dailey refused to pay. In July 2011, Wolff Ardis filed the instant lawsuit against Dailey in
the chancery court of Shelby County, Tennessee, alleging breach of contract. The complaint
alleged that jurisdiction was proper in Tennessee because “[a]ll of the contacts, acts and
transactions giving rise to this Petition for Breach of Contract Regarding Attorney Fees and
the Petitioner’s claim for relief as a creditor of the Respondent occurred in Memphis, Shelby
County, Tennessee.” The complaint alleged that Dailey had “reached out” to Wolff Ardis
in Tennessee, entered into a contract with Wolff Ardis with regard to the Maryland litigation,


        1
          According to Dailey, he found Mr. Ardis through an Internet search. Mr. Ardis claims that Dailey
told him that he obtained his name from another expert. However, this dispute is immaterial for purposes
of our analysis. It is undisputed that it was Dailey who sought out Mr. Ardis.

                                                   -2-
and “created an account” with Wolff Ardis for the expenses it owed in connection with the
lawsuit. Wolff Ardis sought a judgment against Dailey for $48,636.45, in addition to pre-
judgment interest, court costs, etc. Wolff Ardis attached to its complaint the affidavit of the
firm bookkeeper with an itemized list of expenses billed to Dailey.

        In November 2012, Dailey, through local counsel, filed a motion to dismiss for lack
of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(2). Dailey
alleged that the Tennessee court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over him “would not
comport with the notions of fair play and substantial justice.” He submitted his own
affidavit, stating that he is domiciled in Washington D.C. and does business in Virginia and
Maryland. Dailey stated that he performed the work for his portion of the products liability
suit in Maryland and in Virginia, and that he had never been to Tennessee or conducted
business in Tennessee. He noted that Mr. Ardis traveled to Maryland for trial, and that the
contract provided that it would be controlled by Virginia law. In short, Dailey argued, in his
supporting memorandum, that he had “no relationship” with Tennessee and that “the
relationship between the claim for breach of contract and the contacts is tenuous.” Dailey
argued that either Virginia or Maryland would have “a far greater interest in litigating such
a claim than Tennessee.”

        In response to Dailey’s motion to dismiss, Wolff Ardis submitted the affidavit of Mr.
Ardis, in which he provided more details regarding the parties’ contacts and their business
relationship in general. Mr. Ardis noted at the outset that he is a resident of Tennessee, he
is licensed to practice law in Tennessee, and he is a shareholder in the Wolff Ardis law firm,
which is a corporation authorized to do business in Tennessee. Mr. Ardis had worked in
automobile glass products liability for twenty years. On July 22, 2009, Dailey sent Mr. Ardis
an email, soliciting assistance in Dailey’s automobile glass products liability case. According
to Mr. Ardis, Dailey stated that he had obtained Mr. Ardis’s name from an expert whom he
was planning to use. Mr. Ardis initially responded and offered to help Dailey without a fee
or case involvement, and he sent Dailey draft discovery that he had used in other glass cases.
Thereafter, Dailey called Mr. Ardis several more times, on both his office telephone in
Memphis and his personal mobile phone, in order to solicit advice on matters concerning the
litigation. During one of those calls, Dailey proposed that Wolff Ardis become co-counsel
in the case and handle the glass products liability issue. At that time, Mr. Ardis stated that
his firm might be interested, but only on the basis of limited expenses to his firm.
Negotiations continued, and in early 2010, the parties were able to agree on suitable terms
for the association agreement. The parties, as well as the client, then executed the Contract
for Legal Services in May 2010. After the contract was executed, Dailey corresponded with
Mr. Ardis on numerous occasions by telephone, by mail, and by email, on matters dealing
with the products liability portion of the case, including evidentiary matters, trial strategy,
expert testimony and expenses. The parties were in close contact throughout the pre-trial

                                              -3-
phase and until the trial in March 2011. Mr. Ardis claimed that the instant lawsuit was
“based upon those contacts and my firm’s reliance thereon.”

       Wolff Ardis also filed its own memorandum, in which it highlighted the facts that
Dailey had purposefully targeted a Tennessee attorney, had multiple contacts with Mr. Ardis
in Tennessee by telephone and by email, and entered into a contract that would clearly have
consequences in Tennessee, where Wolff Ardis performed most of its work. Wolff Ardis
argued that Tennessee had a substantial interest in protecting its residents from injuries
caused by out-of-state actors. It noted that the contract contained a choice-of-law clause, but
not a forum selection clause, and Wolff Ardis argued that Virginia had no connection with
the underlying litigation or the contract.

        On April 19, 2013, the trial court entered an order granting Dailey’s motion to dismiss
for lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court noted that the parties’ contract “was for
services to be rendered in Maryland in connection with Maryland litigation,” and it was to
be construed according to Virginia law. It also noted that Dailey was licensed to practice law
in Virginia, Maryland, and Washington D.C. The trial court concluded that Dailey “did not
purposefully avail himself of the benefits and protections offered by the State of Tennessee
through the act of seeking legal advice from [Wolff Ardis] regarding the Maryland litigation”
or “by sending emails or making telephone calls to [Wolff Ardis].” Ultimately, the court was
“not satisfied that [Dailey] has the minimum contacts with Tennessee necessary to subject
him to the jurisdiction of this court.” As such, the complaint filed by Wolff Ardis was
dismissed without prejudice. Wolff Ardis timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                   II.    I SSUE P RESENTED

       The basic issue presented on appeal, as we perceive it, is whether the trial court erred
in finding a lack of minimum contacts necessary to support the exercise of personal
jurisdiction over Dailey by a Tennessee court. For the following reasons, we reverse and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                               III.      S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        “The plaintiff bears the ultimate burden of demonstrating that the trial court may
properly exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant.” Gordon v. Greenview Hosp., Inc.,
300 S.W.3d 635, 643 (Tenn. 2009) (citing Chenault v. Walker, 36 S.W.3d 45, 56 (Tenn.
2001); Davis Kidd Booksellers, Inc. v. Day–Impex, Ltd., 832 S.W.2d 572, 577 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1992)). However, “[t]his burden is ordinarily not a heavy one, because personal
jurisdiction need only be demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. (citations
omitted).

                                               -4-
         A defendant may challenge personal jurisdiction by filing a Rule 12.02(2) motion to
dismiss. Gordon, 300 S.W.3d at 643-44. The defendant may or may not choose to support
its motion with affidavits or other evidentiary materials.2 Id. at 644 (citing Humphreys v.
Selvey, 154 S.W.3d 544, 550 n. 5 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)). If the defendant does support its
motion with affidavits, then “the plaintiff must establish its prima facie showing of personal
jurisdiction over the defendant by filing its own affidavits or other written evidence.” Id.
(citing Chenault, 36 S.W.3d at 56; Mfrs. Consolidation Serv., Inc. v. Rodell, 42 S.W.3d 846,
854-55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000)). “[T]he trial court's responsibility is to determine whether the
plaintiff has alleged or presented sufficient facts to survive the motion to dismiss.” Id.
(citing Progeny Mktg. v. Farmers & Merchs. Bank, No. M2003-02011-COA-R3-CV, 2005
WL 819732, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 7, 2005); Chase Cavett Servs., Inc. v. Brandon
Apparel Group, Inc., No. 02A01-9803-CH-00055, 1998 WL 846708, at * 1 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Dec. 7, 1998)). The trial court must take as true all of the factual allegations in the plaintiff's
complaint and supporting papers, if any, and must resolve all factual disputes in the plaintiff's
favor. Id. (citing Chenault, 36 S.W.3d at 56; Mfrs. Consolidation Serv., Inc., 42 S.W.3d at
855). “Dismissal is proper only if all the specific facts alleged by the plaintiff collectively
fail to establish a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction.” Id. (citing Mfrs. Consolidation
Serv., Inc., 42 S.W.3d at 855).

        A decision regarding the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a defendant involves
a question of law, which we review “de novo with no presumption of correctness for the
purpose of determining whether the plaintiff has made out a prima facie basis for the exercise
of personal jurisdiction over the defendant.” Gordon, 300 S.W.3d at 645. The question
before us, then, is whether, taking the plaintiff’s factual allegations as true and resolving all
reasonably disputed facts in the plaintiff’s favor, the plaintiff has shown, by a preponderance
of the evidence, that Tennessee courts may properly exercise jurisdiction over the defendant.
See State v. NV Sumatra Tobacco Trading Co., 403 S.W.3d 726, 739 (Tenn. 2013).

                                        IV.    D ISCUSSION

       Tennessee’s long-arm statute permits the courts of this state to exercise jurisdiction
upon, among other bases, “‘[a]ny basis not inconsistent with the constitution of this state or
of the United States.’” Mfrs. Consolidation Serv., Inc., 42 S.W.3d at 855 (quoting Tenn.
Code Ann. §§ 20–2–214(a)(6), 20–2–225(2)). “When a state's long-arm statute authorizes
the assertion of personal jurisdiction to the limits of federal due process, as does Tennessee's
long-arm statute, the issue becomes simply whether the trial court's exercise of personal


       2
          Unlike Rule 12.02(6) motions, Rule12.02(2) motions “are not converted to motions for summary
judgment when either or both parties submit matters outside the pleadings either in support of or in
opposition to the motion.” Gordon, 300 S.W.3d at 643 (citing Chenault, 36 S.W.3d at 55).

                                                 -5-
jurisdiction over the defendant meets due process requirements.” Id. “[D]ue process
obligates the courts to ascertain whether it is ‘fair and substantially just to both parties to
have the case tried in the state where the plaintiff has chosen to bring the action.’” Gordon,
300 S.W.3d at 646 (quoting Masada Inv. Corp. v. Allen, 697 S.W.2d 332, 335 (Tenn. 1985)).
A state cannot enter a binding judgment against a defendant that has “‘no contacts, ties or
relations’” with the state. NV Sumatra, 403 S.W.3d at 743 (quoting World–Wide
Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 294, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980)).
However, the United States Supreme Court announced long ago that “due process requires
only that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam, if he be not present
within the territory of the forum, he have certain minimum contacts with it such that the
maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.’” International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed.
95 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S.Ct. 339, 85 L.Ed. 278 (1940)).
The Court’s “minimum contacts” language “has been the crux of personal jurisdiction in
America ever since International Shoe was decided.” NV Sumatra, 403 S.W.3d at 741-42.

        “Federal and state courts now recognize two varieties of personal
jurisdiction—specific jurisdiction and general jurisdiction.” Gordon, 300 S.W.3d at 647.
“Specific jurisdiction may be asserted when the plaintiff's cause of action arises from or is
related to the nonresident defendant's activities in or contacts with the forum state.” Id. In
order to invoke specific jurisdiction, the plaintiff must show that the nonresident defendant
has purposely established significant contact with the forum state and that the plaintiff's
cause of action arises out of or is related to these activities or contacts. Id. (citing Burger
King, 471 U.S. at 472, 105 S.Ct. 2174). General jurisdiction, on the other hand, “may be
asserted when the plaintiff's cause of action does not arise out of and is not related to the
nonresident defendant's activities in the forum state.” Id. The parties agree that the facts of
this case implicate specific personal jurisdiction rather than general personal jurisdiction.

        The Tennessee Supreme Court recently “reiterate[d] the law of specific personal
jurisdiction, as it applies in Tennessee” in State v. NV Sumatra Tobacco Trading Co., 403
S.W.3d 726, 746 (Tenn. 2013) with the following summary, drawn from United States
Supreme Court and Tennessee Supreme Court precedent:

               Tennessee's long-arm statutes are designed to permit its courts to assert
       personal jurisdiction to the fullest extent authorized by the Due Process Clause
       of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Due process
       permits a state to enforce its judgments against a defendant only when the
       defendant has sufficient minimum contacts with the state that jurisdiction does
       not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Minimum
       contacts are present when the defendant's purposeful conduct and connection

                                              -6-
       with the forum state are such that the defendant avails itself of the benefits and
       protections of the state's laws and should, therefore, reasonably anticipate
       being haled into that state's courts.

               Assessing minimum contacts involves a two-part test. The first step is
       the fact-gathering exercise of identifying the relevant contacts. The plaintiff
       is required to establish that minimum contacts exist by a preponderance of the
       evidence. The court should consider the quantity of the contacts, their nature
       and quality, and the source and connection of the cause of action with those
       contacts. A defendant's contacts are sufficiently meaningful when they
       demonstrate that the defendant has purposefully targeted Tennessee to the
       extent that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into court
       here.

               If the court finds sufficient minimum contacts, then the inquiry should
       proceed to the second step. At step two, the defendant bears the burden of
       showing that, despite the existence of minimum contacts, exercising
       jurisdiction would be unreasonable or unfair. The court, at this stage, should
       consider such factors as the burden on the defendant, the interests of the forum
       state, the plaintiff's interest in obtaining relief, the judicial system's interest in
       obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies, and the state's interest
       in furthering substantive social policies.

Id. at 759-60. “Both steps call for a careful, not mechanical, analysis of the facts of each
case with particular focus on the defendant, the forum, and the nature of the litigation.”
Davis Kidd Booksellers, 832 S.W.2d at 575.

        The first step in our analysis, then, is to identify Dailey’s contacts with the state of
Tennessee. Dailey first contacted Mr. Ardis in Tennessee via email on July 22, 2009. At that
time, he was residing in Washington D.C. but apparently practicing with a Virginia law firm.
Dailey sought assistance from Wolff Ardis with his automobile glass products liability case
pending in Maryland. Mr. Ardis initially responded and offered to assist Dailey without a
fee or case involvement, and he sent Dailey draft discovery to use in the case. Dailey called
Mr. Ardis on several other occasions thereafter, both at his Memphis law office and on Mr.
Ardis’s personal mobile phone, in order to solicit advice on matters concerning the litigation.
During one of these calls, Dailey proposed that Wolff Ardis become co-counsel in the
Maryland case and handle the glass products liability issue. Negotiations continued, and in
early 2010, the parties came to an agreement on suitable terms for a contract. The parties and
the client executed the Contract for Legal Services in May 2010, with Mr. Ardis signing the
contract in Tennessee, and Dailey and the client signing the contract in Virginia. After the

                                                -7-
contract was executed, Dailey corresponded with Mr. Ardis by telephone, by mail, and by
email, on numerous occasions on matters dealing with the products liability portion of the
case, including evidentiary matters, trial strategy, expert testimony and expenses. The parties
were in close contact throughout the pre-trial phase and until the trial in March 2011. Mr.
Ardis traveled to Maryland for the trial.

        Having identified Dailey’s contacts with Tennessee, our next task is to “weigh the
quantity of those contacts, their nature and quality, and their connection to the cause of
action.” NV Sumatra, 403 S.W.3d at 760. The ultimate purpose of this inquiry is “to
determine whether the contacts demonstrate that [Dailey] has purposefully availed itself of
Tennessee's laws, such that it should reasonably anticipate being haled into court here. If not,
then exercising jurisdiction over [Dailey] would automatically be deemed unfair under the
Due Process Clause.” See id.

       First we will assess the quantity of Dailey’s contacts with Tennessee. “So long as it
creates a ‘substantial connection’ with the forum, even a single act can support jurisdiction.”
Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476 n.18 (citing McGee v. Int’l Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220, 223,
78 S.Ct. 199, 201, 2 L.Ed.2d 223 (1957)). The facts show that Dailey contacted Wolff Ardis
in Tennessee on numerous occasions over a period of nearly two years. He contacted Mr.
Ardis at the Wolff Ardis law office in Memphis and on Mr. Ardis’s personal telephone. He
also communicated with Wolff Ardis via mail and email. Although neither party attempted
to quantify the precise number of contacts Dailey had with Wolff Ardis in Tennessee, it was
characterized by Mr. Ardis as “several” phone calls prior to the execution of the contract and
“numerous” contacts, “telephonically, by mail and by e-mail,” thereafter. He said the parties
maintained “close contact.”

        The nature and quality of these contacts must also be considered, as well as their
connection to the cause of action. When a defendant purposefully derives benefit from its
interstate activities, “it is not unfair for [the defendant] to face suit in other States for
consequences that arise proximately from such activities.” NV Sumatra, 403 S.W.3d at 764
n.39 (internal quotation omitted). Here, it was Dailey who sought out Wolff Ardis due to its
expertise and experience in auto glass litigation. Dailey solicited advice regarding his
Maryland lawsuit and eventually proposed that Wolff Ardis associate with him as co-counsel
in the case. Thus, Dailey purposefully established a significant, continuous and ongoing
contractual relationship with Wolff Ardis in Tennessee. Obviously, Dailey was aware that
Wolff Ardis would expend a substantial amount of time working in Tennessee in preparation
for the trial. It is true that Dailey never physically entered the state of Tennessee, but that
does not mean that he is not subject to personal jurisdiction in this state. It is well-
established that “‘the absence of physical contacts will not defeat in personam jurisdiction
where a commercial actor purposefully directs his activities toward citizens of the forum

                                              -8-
State and litigation results from injuries arising out of or relating to those activities.’” NV
Sumatra, 403 S.W.3d at 751 (quoting Masada Inv. Corp. v. Allen, 697 S.W.2d 332, 334
(Tenn. 1985)). In Precision Castings of Tenn., Inc. v. H & H Mfg., No. M2012-00334-
COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 3608668, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 22, 2012), for example, the fact
that no one from the defendant out-of-state corporation “physically visited” Tennessee was
“not dispositive” when the defendant “purposefully directed” its activity toward a Tennessee
corporation and a breach of contract suit arose from injuries related to that activity. See also
Masada, 697 S.W.2d at 335 (finding minimum contacts although the defendant never
physically entered Tennessee). The United States Supreme Court explained in Burger King
Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. at 476, 105 S.Ct. at 2184, that personal jurisdiction “may not
be avoided merely because the defendant did not physically enter the forum State.” The
Court elaborated:

       Although territorial presence frequently will enhance a potential defendant's
       affiliation with a State and reinforce the reasonable foreseeability of suit there,
       it is an inescapable fact of modern commercial life that a substantial amount
       of business is transacted solely by mail and wire communications across state
       lines, thus obviating the need for physical presence within a State in which
       business is conducted. So long as a commercial actor's efforts are
       "purposefully directed" toward residents of another State, we have consistently
       rejected the notion that an absence of physical contacts can defeat personal
       jurisdiction there.

These concerns, expressed by the Court in 1985, are even more true today.

        Here, Dailey himself created a substantial connection with Tennessee. Dailey
purposefully directed his activity toward Tennessee to initiate a contractual relationship with
a Tennessee attorney, and litigation has arisen in relationship to that activity. There is a
direct connection between Dailey’s contacts with Tennessee and the current claim for breach
of contract filed by Wolff Ardis. Under the circumstances, we find that Dailey purposely
targeted Tennessee and had sufficient minimum contacts with Tennessee such that he should
reasonably have anticipated that he might be haled into court in Tennessee in connection with
the contract.

        However, we have, thus far, only analyzed the first part of the “minimum contacts”
test. “If the court finds sufficient minimum contacts, then the inquiry should proceed to the
second step,” in which “the defendant bears the burden of showing that, despite the existence
of minimum contacts, exercising jurisdiction would be unreasonable or unfair.” NV
Sumatra, 403 S.W.3d at 760. At this stage, we must consider “such factors as the burden
on the defendant, the interests of the forum state, the plaintiff's interest in obtaining relief,

                                               -9-
the judicial system's interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies, and
the state's interest in furthering substantive social policies.” Id. “The second step involves
some subjective value judgment by the court concerning the quality and nature of the
defendant's contacts with the forum and the fair and orderly administration of the law.”
Davis Kidd Booksellers, 832 S.W.2d at 575. As noted above, the burden is on Dailey to
show that exercising jurisdiction would be unreasonable or unfair. “[W]here a defendant
who purposefully has directed his activities at forum residents seeks to defeat jurisdiction,
he must present a compelling case that the presence of some other considerations would
render jurisdiction unreasonable.” Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477.

        Before the trial court, Dailey submitted an affidavit detailing the circumstances
surrounding the parties’ transactions but he did not submit any evidence with regard to
whether litigating in Tennessee would be burdensome or whether the aforementioned factors
otherwise weigh in favor of or against litigating in Tennessee. He did make some arguments
in his supporting memorandum that are relevant to the factors at issue. He pointed out that
“most” of the parties to the contract live outside Tennessee. However, we find that this
factor, under the circumstances, does not necessarily weigh against litigating in Tennessee.
Wolff Ardis is based in Memphis, Tennessee, and Mr. Ardis resides here. Tennessee
certainly has an interest in adjudicating a dispute involving a Tennessee resident and
Tennessee corporation in which it is alleged that an injury was caused by an out-of-state
actor. See Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 473 (“A State generally has a ‘manifest interest’
in providing its residents with a convenient forum for redressing injuries inflicted by
out-of-state actors.”); Nicholstone Book Bindery, Inc. v. Chelsea House Publishers, 621
S.W.2d 560, 565 (Tenn. 1981) (“[W]hen the contract is with a resident of Tennessee, the
State's interest in resolving a suit based on the contract and brought by that resident cannot
be doubted.”) (quotation omitted). Likewise, Wolff Ardis has an obvious interest in
obtaining relief in a convenient forum. Dailey resides in Washington D.C., but Washington
D.C. has no other apparent connection to or interest in this case. Dailey was doing business
in Virginia and Maryland at the time of the underlying litigation. Neither party to the instant
lawsuit resides in either Virginia or Maryland. The parties’ client apparently resided in
Maryland, but he is not a party to this case. In short, the parties to this lawsuit are domiciled
in Tennessee and in Washington D.C., and certain relevant activities took place in Maryland,
and, to a lesser extent, Virginia. However, we are not convinced that any one of these other
jurisdictions possesses a greater interest in litigating this controversy than does Tennessee.

      Dailey did not present any evidence to demonstrate the “burden on the defendant”
imposed by litigating in Tennessee.3 He argued, without elaboration, in his memorandum


       3
           Dailey argued in his memorandum that it would place a "burden" on the Tennessee courts to have
                                                                                           (continued...)

                                                  -10-
that “the hardship of defending suit in Tennessee would be unreasonable,” but he offered no
facts to support this assertion. Based on the parties’ circumstances, it is unavoidable that one
of the parties will be forced to travel to a distant forum in order to litigate this case. Still,
“the same conditions of modern technology which have made interstate business transactions
flourish serve also to ease the burden of defending in a foreign forum.” Nicholstone, 621
S.W.2d at 565. We cannot say, based on the facts before us, that Dailey has demonstrated
that it is unfair or unreasonable for him to travel to Tennessee. Where a defendant “has
created ‘continuing obligations’ between himself and residents of the forum, he manifestly
has availed himself of the privilege of conducting business there, and because his activities
are shielded by ‘the benefits and protections’ of the forum's laws it is presumptively not
unreasonable to require him to submit to the burdens of litigation in that forum as well.”
Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475-76 (quotations omitted).

       In summary, we find that Wolff Ardis met its burden of establishing by a
preponderance of the evidence that Dailey had sufficient minimum contacts with the state of
Tennessee to justify the exercise of personal jurisdiction. In response, Dailey failed to show
that exercising jurisdiction would be unreasonable or unfair.

        We note that other jurisdictions have considered similar issues of personal jurisdiction
involving contracts with out-of-state attorneys, with mixed results.4 In Fischbarg v. Doucet,
9 N.Y.3d 375, 385, 880 N.E.2d 22, 30 (N.Y. 2007), for example, New York’s highest Court
concluded that California clients who retained a New York lawyer for work on a case in
Oregon were subject to personal jurisdiction in New York in a suit arising out of the contract.
The Court concluded that the defendants “purposefully availed themselves of New York's
legal services market by establishing a continuing attorney-client relationship with [the
attorney],” and thereby “purposefully availed themselves of the benefits and protections of
New York's laws governing lawyers.” Id. The defendants’ contacts with New York
consisted of “project[ing] themselves into New York via telephone to solicit [the attorney’s]
legal services,” and “establishing a continuing attorney-client relationship” that spanned nine


        3
         (...continued)
to construe the parties' contract according to Virginia law, but we are confident that a Tennessee court is
competent to do so.
        4
          Certainly there are no hard and fast or mechanical rules that can be applied in these cases. The
United States Supreme Court has repeatedly rejected “any talismanic jurisdictional formulas” in deciding
the issue of personal jurisdiction, explaining that “the facts of each case must [always] be weighed” in
determining whether personal jurisdiction would comport with “fair play and substantial justice.” Burger
King, 471 U.S. at 485-86. As the Court aptly noted,“any inquiry into ‘fair play and substantial justice’
necessarily requires determinations in which few answers will be written in black and white. The greys are
dominant and even among them the shades are innumerable.” Id. at 486 n.29.

                                                   -11-
months, which involved communicating via telephone, mail, e-mail and facsimile, though
the defendants never physically entered New York. Id. “Given these facts,” the Court said,
“they should have reasonably expected to defend against a suit based on their relationship
with plaintiff in New York.” Id.

        By contrast, in Zavian v. Foudy, 130 Md.App. 689, 691-92, 747 A.2d 764, 765-66
(Md. Ct. App. 2000), the Maryland Court of Special Appeals found no personal jurisdiction
over out-of-state clients who retained a Maryland attorney as their agent for endorsement
deals, and all contacts among the parties were by fax, telephone, or mail. There were “little
or no negotiations” among the parties, and the relevant documents were exchanged by mail
or fax. Id. at 701; 747 A.2d at 771. The Court concluded that the defendants simply did not
have “sufficient contact” with Maryland to subject them to personal jurisdiction there. Id.
at 702; 747 A.2d at 771.

        The most comparable Tennessee case we have encountered in our research is Jenne
v. Snyder-Falkinham, 967 S.W.2d 327, 328 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997), which involved a
Tennessee attorney (and another attorney from Virginia) who filed suit in Tennessee against
a Virginia client for contractual attorney’s fees. The client had retained the attorneys to
represent her in a lawsuit in Virginia. She argued that she was not subject to personal
jurisdiction in Tennessee due to a lack of minimum contacts. The relevant contacts in that
case included: the parties meeting at the Tri-Cities Airport in Tennessee to discuss the
possible representation; many telephone conversations between the parties; the client
traveling to the attorney’s office in Cleveland, Tennessee on two to three occasions relative
to her case; and the attorneys spending “many days in Tennessee in preparation of the
[client’s] case.” Id. at 329. The Court concluded that these contacts were sufficient to meet
the “minimum contacts” test to justify the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the client in
Tennessee. The Court stated, “‘With respect to interstate contractual obligations, we have
emphasized that parties who reach out beyond one state and create continuing relationships
and obligations with citizens of another state are subject to regulation and sanctions in the
other State for the consequences of their activities.’” Id. at 330 (quoting J.I. Case Corp. v.
Williams, 832 S.W.2d 530 (Tenn. 1992)).

       The same holds true here. Dailey reached out to Tennessee to create a continuing
contractual relationship with Wolff Ardis in Tennessee and established the requisite
minimum contacts with Tennessee for this state to lawfully exercise personal jurisdiction
over Dailey in a suit based on an alleged breach of that contract.




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                                    V.    C ONCLUSION

        For the aforementioned reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order granting Dailey’s
motion to dismiss, and we remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs
of this appeal are taxed to the appellee, Jonathan C. Dailey, individually and doing business
as the Law Office of Jonathan C. Dailey, for which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                   _________________________________
                                                   ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.




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