                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder and Petty
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Richmond, Virginia


              AINOY SIHARATH
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION ∗ BY
              v.      Record No. 1351-12-2                                    JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                   APRIL 16, 2013
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DINWIDDIE COUNTY
                                                 Paul W. Cella, Judge

                                Steven P. Hanna for appellant.

                                Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant Attorney General II (Kenneth T.
                                Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                      Ainoy Siharath appeals his conviction of possession of forged bank notes with the

              knowledge that they were forged and with the intent to utter or employ as true in violation of

              Code § 18.2-173. On appeal, Siharath argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him

              because he did not know that the bank notes were forged, and because he did not have the intent

              to utter or employ them as true. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the judgment of the

              trial court.

                                                         I. BACKGROUND

                      Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this

              memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite below only those facts and

              incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of

              this appeal. “On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the

                      ∗
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v.

Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).

        On March 5, 2011, Siharath was a passenger in a vehicle that was stopped for speeding in

Dinwiddie County, Virginia. Sheriff’s Deputy Kenneth Droddy approached the car to conduct

the traffic stop. While standing outside the car, Deputy Droddy smelled the distinct odor of

burnt and green marijuana emanating from the car. Deputy Droddy subsequently searched the

vehicle’s occupants. Deputy Droddy found the following items while searching Siharath: a

ten-dollar bill and a Carolina identification card in his right pocket; a wallet in his right, rear

pocket that contained two fifty-dollar bills and a twenty-dollar bill; and what appeared to be ten

twenty-dollar bills in his left, rear pocket. After searching the vehicle’s occupants, Deputy

Droddy searched the vehicle and found 20.2 grams of marijuana.

        Deputy Droddy arrested Siharath and the other occupants of the vehicle. They were

transported to the Sheriff’s Office. At the Sheriff’s Office, Deputy Droddy discovered that

Siharath’s identification card was “not correct.” 1 Further, Deputy Droddy discovered that the ten

twenty-dollar bills that were in Siharath’s left, rear pocket were counterfeit. Deputy Droddy

asked Siharath if this was all the counterfeit money that he had. Siharath answered in the

affirmative. Siharath also stated that the bills were given to him by a friend but that he had not

tried to pass the money at any stores. After further questioning, Siharath said that he had been

unemployed for over two years. Deputy Droddy said that Siharath did not indicate any surprise

when he was confronted with the fact that the bills were counterfeit. Finally, one of the other

        1
          The Commonwealth attorney did not ask Deputy Droddy to elaborate what he meant by
this phrase. Siharath, in the same prosecution, however, pled guilty to falsely identifying himself
to a police officer, in violation of Code § 18.2-82.1, and fraudulent use of an operator’s license
for identification, in violation of Code § 18.2-204.1. These convictions are not before us.


                                                  -2-
occupants of the vehicle said that they were on their way to Atlantic City, while the second said

they were going to visit family in Maryland and then to Nags Head.

       At trial, Deputy Droddy testified that “a blind person could see [the bills] were

counterfeit.” Deputy Droddy also noted that he had no training in detecting counterfeit money,

but the counterfeit nature of the bills “jumped out at [him]” because of their look and feel. 2

Further, the counterfeit twenty-dollar bills contained only three different serial numbers.

Siharath stipulated at trial that the ten twenty-dollar bills were counterfeit.

       United States Secret Service Special Agent Charles Hardemant testified as an expert in

counterfeit currency. Special Agent Hardemant testified that the ten twenty-dollar bills were

“definitely counterfeit.” Special Agent Hardemant pointed to various security features that were

absent from Siharath’s bills. Special Agent Hardemant also testified to the differences between

innocent possession of counterfeit currency and guilty possession. The key difference, according

to Special Agent Hardemant, is the location where the currency is kept. Generally, an innocent

possessor of counterfeit currency will commingle the counterfeit currency with genuine

currency. A guilty possessor of counterfeit currency, however, will segregate the counterfeit

currency from the genuine currency. The reason for this is “so that the person in possession of

the counterfeit [currency,] when they are making purchases and attempting to be deceptive[,] can

keep their money separated from the genuine currency.”

       After hearing the evidence, the trial court held that Siharath had knowledge that the

currency was counterfeit based on his conversation with Deputy Droddy, the number of bills, and



       2
         The Commonwealth introduced the ten counterfeit bills in evidence. The
Commonwealth also proffered the genuine bills seized from Siharath as a demonstrative exhibit
“so the Court can see and feel the differences in the currency.” We presume the trial court took
advantage of the Commonwealth’s suggestion. We have also viewed the exhibit and note that
Deputy Droddy’s observation regarding the quality of the counterfeit bills is not unreasonable.


                                                 -3-
other circumstances. The trial court further held that Siharath intended to utter or employ the

counterfeit bills as true based on the quantity of the bills, the segregation of the bills, Siharath’s

lack of employment, and Siharath’s travel destination, Atlantic City. Accordingly, the trial court

convicted Siharath of possession of forged bank notes with the knowledge that they were forged

and with the intent to utter or employ as true in violation of Code § 18.2-173. This appeal

followed.

                                              II. ANALYSIS

        Siharath argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he knew the currency was

counterfeit and that he had the intent to utter or employ the currency as true. We disagree.

        “‘When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, [this] Court

will affirm the judgment unless the judgment is plainly wrong or without evidence to support

it.’” Mayfield v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 839, 850, 722 S.E.2d 689, 695 (2012) (alteration

in original) (quoting Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 148, 654 S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008)).

Thus, an “‘appellate court does not ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial

established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Britt v. Commonwealth, 276 Va.

569, 573-74, 667 S.E.2d 763, 765 (2008)). Instead, “‘[T]he relevant question is whether any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” Id. (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “‘This familiar standard

gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact . . . to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to

weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Id.

(omission in original) (quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 178, 185, 692 S.E.2d 271,

274 (2010)).




                                                   -4-
        Code § 18.2-173 makes it illegal for any person to “have in his possession forged bank

notes 3 . . . knowing the same to be forged or base, with the intent to utter or employ the same as

true.” 4 To be convicted under Code § 18.2-173, three elements must be met: (1) the person

must possess counterfeit currency5; (2) the person must have knowledge that the currency is

counterfeit; and (3) the person must have the intent to utter or employ the counterfeit currency as

true.

        To determine these elements, we may, and often must, look to circumstantial evidence.

“Circumstantial evidence is as competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct evidence,

provided it is sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of

guilt.” Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d 864, 876 (1983). Although the

Commonwealth’s evidence must exclude all reasonable hypotheses of innocence, “The

hypotheses which must be thus excluded are those which flow from the evidence itself, and not

from the imaginations of defense counsel.” Cook v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 427, 433, 309

S.E.2d 325, 329 (1983). We do not view circumstantial evidence in isolation: “‘While no single

piece of evidence may be sufficient, the combined force of many concurrent and related

circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a

conclusion.’” Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003)

(quoting Derr v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 413, 425, 410 S.E.2d 662, 669 (1991)).



        3
         “[B]ank notes,” as used in the statute, is a reference to currency. See Ronald J. Bacigal,
Virginia Practice Series: Criminal Offenses and Defenses 315 n.69 (2012-2013).
        4
         If the person possesses ten or more forged bank notes, then it is a Class 6 felony. If the
person possesses less than ten forged bank notes, then it is a Class 3 misdemeanor. Code
§ 18.2-173.
        5
          At trial, Siharath stipulated that the bank notes were forged. Therefore, this element is
not at issue in this appeal, and we need not address it.


                                                -5-
       In this case, the evidence, taken as a whole, is sufficient to show that Siharath knew that

the currency was counterfeit and that he intended to utter or employ the currency as true.

                                           A. Knowledge

       Siharath argues there is no evidence which indicates that he knew the currency was

counterfeit. We disagree.

       To convict under Code § 18.2-173, the evidence must show that the defendant knew the

currency to be counterfeit. Absent a confession, we must look to circumstantial evidence to

determine whether a defendant had the requisite guilty knowledge. Spitzer v. Commonwealth,

233 Va. 7, 9, 353 S.E.2d 711, 713 (1987).

       Here, the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish that Siharath knew the

currency he possessed was counterfeit. At no point during his conversation with Deputy Droddy

did Siharath disclaim knowledge that the twenty-dollar bills were counterfeit. In fact, Siharath

admitted obtaining the counterfeit currency from a friend. Deputy Droddy asked Siharath, “[I]s

this the only counterfeit money you have?” Siharath answered the question in the affirmative.

Further, Siharath attempted to conceal his identity by giving the deputy false identification. “A

false . . . account is a circumstance, similar to flight from a crime scene, that a fact-finder may

properly consider as evidence of guilty knowledge.” Covil v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 692, 696,

604 S.E.2d 79, 82 (2004).

       Additionally, Deputy Droddy testified at trial that he had “zero” training in detecting

counterfeit currency. Even without counterfeit currency detection training, however, Deputy

Droddy said that the fraudulent nature of the twenty-dollar bills “jumped out at him.” According

to Deputy Droddy, the fraudulent nature of the twenty-dollar bills was so apparent that “a blind

person could see [the bills] were counterfeit.” See United States v. Rice, 652 F.2d 521, 526 (5th




                                                 -6-
Cir. 1981) (“[E]ven an untrained eye could detect their bogus nature.”); see also United States v.

Armstrong, 16 F.3d 289, 293 (8th Cir. 1994) (“The bills were of sufficiently poor quality to alert

even an untrained eye to their bogus nature.”). Cf. Carlton v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 629,

633, 478 S.E.2d 730, 732 (1996) (holding that the Commonwealth failed to prove the defendant

passed a lottery ticket knowing it had been altered where the store clerk did not observe that the

ticket had been altered, and the record showed that an expert was required to determine that the

ticket in evidence had been altered).

       The totality of the circumstantial evidence establishes ample evidence of Siharath’s

knowledge that the bills were counterfeit. Siharath admitted receiving the counterfeit currency

from a friend. Siharath admitted this was the only counterfeit currency he possessed. The

fraudulent nature of the currency was readily apparent. This evidence excludes every reasonable

hypothesis of innocence. Therefore, we hold that the evidence, taken as a whole, was sufficient

to establish that Siharath was aware the currency he possessed was counterfeit. Accordingly, we

cannot say that the trial court’s finding that Siharath knew the currency was counterfeit is plainly

wrong or without evidence to support it.

                                   B. Intent to Utter or Employ

       To be convicted under Code § 18.2-173, Siharath must also have had the intent to utter or

employ the counterfeit currency as true. Siharath argues there is no evidence which indicates

that he intended to utter or employ the counterfeit currency as true. We disagree.

       Intent, like knowledge, is a mental state that can be proven by circumstantial evidence,

and it is a question of fact to be determined from the evidence. See Hughes v. Commonwealth,

18 Va. App. 510, 519, 446 S.E.2d 451, 457 (1994). “Intent can be inferred from the facts and




                                                -7-
circumstances of a case and shown by the acts of the defendant.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 279

Va. 295, 299, 687 S.E.2d 738, 740 (2010).

       Federal case law provides a helpful guidepost in determining what circumstances

establish that a defendant had the intent to utter or employ counterfeit currency as true. 6 One

such circumstance is the segregation of counterfeit currency from genuine currency. See United

States v. Tucker, 820 F.2d 234, 236 (7th Cir. 1987) (“[I]ntent may be inferred from the

segregation of genuine from counterfeit money.”); United States v. Perez, 698 F.2d 1168, 1171

(11th Cir. 1983) (finding the most important “surrounding circumstance” to be that the defendant

segregated his counterfeit currency from the genuine currency); United States v. McCall, 592

F.2d 1066, 1068 (9th Cir. 1979) (“The fact that [the defendant] had earlier used $100 bills to buy

goods and had the two remaining bills in a pocket other than the one in which he kept his

legitimate currency are additional circumstantial factors from which the jury could have

reasonably concluded that he knowingly had possession of counterfeit bills with intent to

defraud.”).

       Here, the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish that Siharath intended to

utter or employ the counterfeit currency as true. Siharath segregated his counterfeit currency

from his genuine currency. Deputy Droddy discovered that Siharath had a genuine ten-dollar bill

in his right, front pocket and a wallet in his right, rear pocket, which held two genuine



       6
           18 U.S.C. § 472 provides

                         Whoever, with intent to defraud, passes, utters, publishes,
                or sells, or attempts to pass, utter, publish, or sell, or with like
                intent brings into the United States or keeps in possession or
                conceals any falsely made, forged, counterfeited, or altered
                obligation or other security of the United States, shall be fined not
                more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than fifteen years, or
                both.


                                                 -8-
fifty-dollar bills and a twenty-dollar bill. The ten, counterfeit twenty-dollar bills were found in

Siharath’s left, rear pocket. Thus, Siharath clearly segregated the counterfeit currency from the

genuine currency. And, as Special Agent Hardemant testified, the purpose of segregating

counterfeit currency is so that the possessor can readily distinguish it from their genuine

currency. Accordingly, a reasonable inference that arises out of this circumstance is that

Siharath segregated his counterfeit currency with the intent to utter or employ it as true.

        Further, Siharath had been unemployed for two years with no readily identifiable source

of income. In spite of his unemployment, Siharath was traveling to Atlantic City, a location

commonly known for gambling and recreational activities. Not only was Siharath taking this

trip, he was taking it with only $130 in genuine currency. The trial court could reasonably

conclude, based on these circumstances, that Siharath was carrying the $200 in counterfeit

currency to supplement his $130 in genuine currency to pay for the expenses of his trip to

Atlantic City.

        The trial court reviewed the evidence and held that Siharath intended to utter or employ

the counterfeit bills as true. The trial court based its decision on the quantity of the bills, the

segregation of the bills, Siharath’s lack of employment, and Siharath’s travel destination,

Atlantic City. We hold that the evidence, taken as a whole, was sufficient to establish that

Siharath intended to utter or employ the counterfeit currency as true.

                                          III. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Siharath’s conviction.

                                                                                              Affirmed.




                                                  -9-
