                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 2 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LN MANAGEMENT LLC SERIES 31 RUE No. 16-15725
MEDITERRA and LAKE LAS VEGAS
MASTER TRUST,                     D.C. Nos.
                                  2:14-cv-00658-GMN-NJK
           Plaintiffs-Appellants, 2:14-cv-00435-GMN-NJK

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
UNITED STATES INTERNAL REVENUE
SERVICE,

                Defendant-Appellee,

and

Z'S, a defaulted Nevada corporation and
DOES, 1-10,

                Defendants.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Nevada
                    Gloria M. Navarro, Chief Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted March 13, 2018
                           San Francisco, California

Before: FERNANDEZ and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges, and BENITEZ,** District

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Roger T. Benitez, United States District Judge for the
Judge.

      Plaintiffs-Appellants LN Management LLC Series 31 and Lake Las Vegas

Master Trust appeal the district court’s order granting summary judgment in favor

of the Government. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de

novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Baccei v. United States, 632

F.3d 1140, 1144 (9th Cir. 2011). Whether a reasonable inspection would reveal

the existence of a federal tax lien is a mixed question of fact and law, which this

court reviews de novo. Kivel v. United States, 878 F.2d 301, 304 (9th Cir. 1989).

We affirm.

      1. We reject Plaintiffs-Appellants’ argument that the notice of federal tax

lien was not properly recorded because it identified the taxpayer as “ZS” rather

than “Z’s.” Section 6323(f) contains two main requirements for recording a notice

of federal tax lien against real property: (1) notice must be filed in the proper place,

as designated by state law; and (2) notice must be filed such that a “reasonable

inspection” would reveal it. 26 U.S.C. § 6323(f)(1), (f)(4).

      First, there is no dispute that the notice of federal tax lien was filed in the

proper place—the Clark County Recorder’s Office. Second, we agree with the

Government that several documents in the public record would have put any

searcher on notice, before the foreclosure sales, that Z’s was sometimes referred to


Southern District of California, sitting by designation.

                                           2                                     16-15725
as “ZS.” For example, the lien for delinquent assessments, notice of default and

election to sell, and notice of foreclosure sale recorded in 2010 and 2011 regarding

27 Rue Mediterra all identified “ZS, A NEVADA CORPORATION.” Similarly,

the Notice[s] of Claim of Lien--Homeowner Assessment recorded in 2010

regarding 29, 31, and 33 Rue Mediterra all identified “ZS” as the property owner.

      When a variant of a name appears in the chain of title or other relevant

documents, the searcher is on notice to inquire further as to that name. See Kivel,

878 F.2d at 304. Here, any reasonable searcher would have followed up on the

notice provided by the misspellings in the public record by searching “ZS.” It is

undisputed that a search of “ZS” would have revealed the federal tax lien.

Accordingly, the notice of federal tax lien was properly recorded.

      2. We also reject Plaintiffs-Appellants’ argument that the HOA liens

became choate before the federal tax lien. “The priority of [a] federal tax lien . . .

as against liens created under state law is governed by the common-law rule—‘the

first in time is the first in right.’” United States v. Pioneer Am. Ins. Co., 374 U.S.

84, 87 (1963) (quoting United States v. New Britain, 347 U.S. 81, 85-86 (1954)).

A state-created lien is deemed to be in existence for “first in time” purposes only

when it has been perfected, i.e. become “choate.” New Britain, 347 U.S. at 86.

Federal law determines when a state-created lien has “acquired sufficient substance

and has become so perfected as to defeat a later-arising or later-filed federal tax


                                           3                                    16-15725
lien.” Pioneer Am. Ins., 374 U.S. at 88. To be choate for purposes of federal law,

the competing state-created lien must be perfected in the sense that the identity of

the lienor, the property subject to the lien, and the amount of the lien are

established. New Britain, 347 U.S. at 84.

      There is no record evidence that the identities of the HOA lienors, properties

subject to the liens, and amounts of the liens were established before January 5,

2010, when the notice of federal tax lien was recorded. Plaintiffs-Appellants

purport to rely on the recording of the HOA covenants, conditions, and restrictions

(CC&Rs) as perfecting the HOA liens, but the CC&Rs were not in the record

before the district court, and are not in the record here.

      AFFIRMED.




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