[Cite as McElroy v. McElroy, 2016-Ohio-5148.]


                                      COURT OF APPEALS
                                  GUERNSEY COUNTY, OHIO
                                  FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


 CHARLES SCOTT MCELROY                          :   JUDGES:
                                                :
                                                :   Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J.
        Petitioner-Appellee                     :   Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
                                                :   Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
 -vs-                                           :
                                                :   Case No. 15 CA 27
                                                :
 DIRK MCELROY                                   :
                                                :
                                                :
        Respondent-Appellant                    :   OPINION


CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                            Appeal from the Guernsey County Court
                                                    of Common Pleas, Case No.
                                                    15DV00169



JUDGMENT:                                           AFFIRMED




DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                             July 27, 2016




APPEARANCES:

 For Petitioner-Appellee:                           For Respondent-Appellant:

 No Brief Filed                                     DOUGLAS C. BOND
                                                    700 Courtyard Centre
                                                    116 Cleveland Ave., N.W.
                                                    Canton, OH 44702
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                         2

Delaney, J.

        {¶1} Respondent-Appellant Dirk McElroy appeals the September 30, 2015

judgment entry of the Guernsey County Court of Common Pleas.

                          FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        {¶2} Petitioner-Appellee Charles Scott McElroy (“Father”) is the father of

Respondent-Appellant Dirk McElroy (“Son”). The adult parties live in Guernsey County,

Ohio.

        {¶3} On April 23, 2015, Father filed a petition for a domestic violence civil

protection order against Son in the Guernsey County Court of Common Pleas. The trial

court granted an ex parte civil protection order and set the matter for a full hearing before

the magistrate on May 13, 2015. The following evidence was adduced at the full hearing.

        {¶4} In 2015, Father learned that his parents had agreed to give the mineral

rights to their property to Son. Father was concerned that Son had pressured his

grandparents into giving him their mineral rights. Father spoke to the grandparents

regarding his concerns.

        {¶5} Son became aware that Father had spoken to the grandparents about the

mineral rights and he telephoned his Father on April 20, 2015. Son yelled at Father for

interfering and told Father to come to his house so they could “bang it out” in the yard.

Based on Son’s behavior during the phone call, Father was concerned for the

grandparents. The grandparents’ house is on Son’s property. Father called his brother,

who has a house near the grandparents’ property, and asked his brother to check on the

grandparents to make sure they were okay. Father also chose to check on the

grandparents himself.
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                          3


       {¶6} Father and his wife drove to the grandparents’ house in a direction that

would purposefully not take him past Son’s house. Father thought Son would be at his

house and he did not want Son to know he was at the grandparents. When Father arrived,

Son and his family were eating dinner at the grandparents’ house. Father’s brother had

also arrived at the grandparents’ house. Son and Father’s brother saw Father arrive at

the grandparents’ house. They left house and walked up the hill to meet Father.

       {¶7} Father exited his truck and heard yelling, but he realized the yelling was

coming from his grandson who was playing nearby. He then saw Son walking towards

him, yelling at him to leave. Father walked around a camper parked on the property when

Son came up to him and threw a kick at his arm. Father blocked him and Son continued

to kick at his arm. Father’s wife got out of the truck holding a stick that Father kept in the

truck to protect himself from dogs. The kicking stopped, and Father’s wife and Son’s wife

stood back while Father and Son yelled at each other.

       {¶8} Son then turned and walked to his truck. Son opened the driver’s side door

of the truck and pulled out a holstered gun. Father and Father’s wife testified Son shook

the holster off the gun and then pointed it at his Father. Father’s brother saw Son take

out a holstered gun from his truck, but he did not see him remove it from the holster or

point the gun at Father. Father’s brother told Son to put the gun away. Father’s wife ran

to the brother’s house to call the sheriff.

       {¶9} Father’s wife returned to Father’s truck after calling the sheriff from the

house. She left the stick at the house. When she came back, Son started yelling at

Father’s wife and she responded. Father was afraid that Son would hit his wife, so Father

pushed Son away. Father and Son fought, with the fight ending when Father pushed Son
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                          4


over a trailer hitch. Father and his wife left in their truck and called the sheriff when they

arrived home. The Guernsey County Sheriff responded but did not file charges against

Father or Son.

       {¶10} The magistrate granted the domestic violence civil protection order on May

18, 2015. The magistrate ordered the terms of the CPO effective until May 15, 2020.

       {¶11} Son filed objections to the CPO on June 3, 2015 and August 25, 2015. The

trial court overruled the objections and adopted the CPO on September 20, 2015.

       {¶12} It is from this judgment Son now appeals.

                               ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       {¶13} Son raises four Assignments of Error:

       {¶14} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ISSUING A CIVIL PROTECTION

ORDER AS THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT TO ESTABLISH A PATTERN OF

CONDUCT.

       {¶15} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ISSUING A CIVIL PROTECTION

ORDER AS THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO WARRANT A CIVIL PROTECTION

ORDER AS THE PARTIES ENGAGED IN MUTUAL COMBAT AND APPELLEE FAILED

TO RETREAT.

       {¶16} “III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ISSUING A CIVIL PROTECTION

ORDER AGAINST APPELLANT BECAUSE APPELLEE HAS FAILED TO SHOW BY

THE PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE THAT HE AND HIS FAMILY ARE IN

DANGER OF FUTURE ACTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.

       {¶17} “IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ISSUING A CIVIL PROTECTION

ORDER AGAINST APPELLANT BECAUSE APPELLEE HAS FAILED TO SHOW BY
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                     5


THE PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE HE WAS PLACED IN FEAR OF

SERIOUS PHYSICAL HARM.”

                                      ANALYSIS

      {¶18} Son argues the trial court abused its discretion when it granted Father’s

petition for a domestic violence CPO against Son. We disagree.

                                 Standard of Review

      {¶19} Pursuant to R.C. 3113.31, in order to obtain a domestic violence CPO, the

petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence the respondent has engaged

in an act of domestic violence against petitioner or petitioner's family or household

members. McBride v. McBride, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011–03–061, 2012–Ohio–2146,

¶ 12, citing Felton v. Felton, 79 Ohio St.3d 34 (1997), paragraph two of the syllabus. As

defined by R.C. 3113.31(A)(1), the phrase “domestic violence” means the occurrence of

one or more of the following acts against a family or household member:

      (a) Attempting to cause or recklessly causing bodily injury;

      (b) Placing another person by the threat of force in fear of imminent serious

      physical harm or committing a violation of section 2903.211 [menacing by stalking]

      or 2911.211 [aggravated trespass] of the Revised Code;

      (c) Committing any act with respect to a child that would result in the child being

      an abused child, as defined in section 2151.031 of the Revised Code;

      (d) Committing a sexually oriented offense.

R.C. 2903.211 provides, in relevant part: “(A)(1) No person by engaging in a pattern of

conduct shall knowingly cause another person to believe that the offender will cause
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                         6

physical harm to the other person or cause mental distress to the other person.” Doran v.

Doran, 5th Dist. Licking No. 14-CA-86, 2015-Ohio-2369, ¶¶ 27-28.

       {¶20} The decision whether to grant a civil protection order lies within the sound

discretion of the trial court. Singhaus v. Zumbar, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No.

2015AP020007, 2015-Ohio-4755, ¶ 12 citing Olenik v. Huff, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 02–

COA–058, 2003–Ohio–4621, ¶ 21. Therefore, an appellate court should not reverse the

decision of the trial court absent an abuse of discretion. In order to find an abuse of

discretion, this court must determine that the trial court's decision was unreasonable,

arbitrary or unconscionable and not merely an error of law or judgment. Blakemore v.

Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

       {¶21} In State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 123, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986), the Ohio

Supreme Court noted the choice between credible witnesses and their conflicting

testimony rests solely with the finder of fact, and an appellate court may not substitute its

judgment for that of the fact finder. A trial court is in a much better position than an

appellate court to weigh the evidence, because it views the witnesses and observes their

demeanor, gestures, and inflections. See Seasons Coal Company v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio

St.3d 77, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). The fact finder is free to believe all, part, or none of

the testimony of each witness. See State v. Caldwell, 79 Ohio App.3d 667, 679, 607

N.E.2d 1096 (1992). Therefore, a judgment supported by competent and credible

evidence going to all the elements of the case generally will not be disturbed by a

reviewing court. See Masitto v. Masitto, 22 Ohio St.3d 63, 488 N.E.2d 857 (1986).
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                       7


                                   Pattern of Conduct

       {¶22} Son argues in his first Assignment of Error that the evidence in the record

does not support the trial court’s finding that Son engaged in a pattern of conduct

warranting the issuance of the domestic violence CPO pursuant to R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(b).

       {¶23} A trial court utilizes R.C. 3113.31(A)(1) to determine whether to grant a

domestic violence CPO. One of the statutory definitions of “domestic violence” is

“[p]lacing another person by the threat of force in fear of imminent serious physical harm

or committing a violation of section 2903.211 or 2911.211 of the Revised Code.” R.C.

3113.31(A)(1)(b). R.C. 2903.211 defines “menacing by stalking” and R.C. 2911.211

defines “aggravated trespass.” In this case, the trial court found Son engaged in menacing

by stalking in violation of R.C. 2903.211. That statute reads:

       No person by engaging in a pattern of conduct shall knowingly cause

       another person to believe that the offender will cause physical harm to the

       other person or cause mental distress to the other person. In addition to any

       other basis for the other person's belief that the offender will cause physical

       harm to the other person or the other person's mental distress, the other

       person's belief or mental distress may be based on words or conduct of the

       offender that are directed at or identify a corporation, association, or other

       organization that employs the other person or to which the other person

       belongs.

R.C. 2903.211(A)(1).
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                     8


      {¶24} The statute defines “pattern of conduct” as:

      * * * two or more actions or incidents closely related in time, whether or not

      there has been a prior conviction based on any of those actions or incidents,

      or two or more actions or incidents closely related in time, whether or not

      there has been a prior conviction based on any of those actions or incidents,

      directed at one or more persons employed by or belonging to the same

      corporation, association, or other organization. Actions or incidents that

      prevent, obstruct, or delay the performance by a public official, firefighter,

      rescuer, emergency medical services person, or emergency facility person

      of any authorized act within the public official's, firefighter's, rescuer's,

      emergency medical services person's, or emergency facility person's official

      capacity, or the posting of messages or receipt of information or data

      through the use of an electronic method of remotely transferring

      information, including, but not limited to, a computer, computer network,

      computer program, computer system, or telecommunications device, may

      constitute a “pattern of conduct.”

R.C. 2903.211(D)(1).

      {¶25} Son contends the timing of the events in this case prevents a finding that

Son engaged in a pattern of conduct to knowingly cause another person to believe that

the offender will cause physical harm to the other person or cause mental distress to the

other person. Son states the alleged incidents in this case were not separate incidents,

but were the culmination of one fight between Father and Son on April 20, 2015.
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                         9


       {¶26} Son first called Father on the telephone and threatened to fight with him.

Father next drove to his parent’s home to check on them. When Father arrived at the

property and Son realized he was there, Son walked to the top of the hill to meet Father.

Son kicked at Father’s arm. Father blocked him and Son continued to kick at his arm. The

kicking stopped, and Father’s wife and Son’s wife stood back while Father and Son yelled

at each other.

       {¶27} Son then turned and walked to his truck. Son opened the driver’s side door

of the truck and pulled out a holstered gun. Father and Father’s wife testified Son shook

the holster off the gun and then pointed it at his Father. Father’s brother saw Son take

out a holstered gun from his truck, but he did not see him remove it from the holster or

point the gun at Father. Father’s brother told Son to put the gun away.

       {¶28} “R.C. 2903.211(D)(1) does not require that a pattern of conduct be proved

by events from at least two different days. Arguably, a pattern of conduct could arise out

of two or more events occurring on the same date, provided that there are sufficient

intervals between them.” Wilson v. Rowe, 5th Dist. Knox No. 15-CA-14, 2016-Ohio-523,

¶ 28 quoting State v. Scruggs, 136 Ohio App.3d 631, 634, 737 N.E.2d 574 (2nd

Dist.2000). One incident is insufficient to establish a “pattern of conduct.” Id. The statute

does not define the term “closely related in time,” but case law suggests the trier of fact

should consider the evidence in the context of all circumstances of the case. Middletown

v. Jones, 167 Ohio App.3d 679, 856 N.E.2d 1003, 2006–Ohio–3465, ¶ 10 (12th Dist.).

Trial courts may take every action into consideration, even if some actions in isolation

would not seem particularly threatening. Guthrie v. Long, 10th Dist. No. 04AP913, 2005–

Ohio–1541, ¶ 12.
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                           10


       {¶29} After the evidence was presented at the full hearing, the magistrate stated

as to a pattern of conduct:

       It says a pattern of conduct that shall knowingly cause another person to

       believe that the offender will call physical harm to the other person or will

       cause mental distress. Now even if it is imminent harm it is there because

       they are right there. This is not a phone call. This is not a distance. The

       phone call was made. The threat was made on the phone. There is one

       instance. Okay in the pattern of conduct. They get there. Say even the kick

       wasn’t made. He pulled the gun out of his car. Okay. So even if the kick

       wasn’t made, and I believe the kick was made, but assuming the kick

       wasn’t made, you still have the gun coming out of the car. So it is not a

       question of whether I am going to issue the Civil Protection Order.

(T. 69). The trial court thus determined that Son’s actions in calling Father on the phone

and threatening to fight him, kicking Father in the arm, and then pointing a gun at Father

constituted a pattern of conduct.

       {¶30} R.C. 2903.211 defines a pattern of conduct as two or more events closely

related in time. The statute is silent as to the meaning of the term, “closely related in time.”

Courts have instructed that the events could be on the same day, if there is a sufficient

interval between the events. Again, there is no definition for a “sufficient interval.” The

trier of fact must ultimately determine whether there are two or more events closely related

in time based on the evidence considered in the context of all circumstances of the case.

In this case, the trial court found the Son’s actions of calling the Father, kicking Father,

and pointing a gun at Father were two or more events closely related in time. A review of
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                      11


the record shows that while the events occurred on the same day, there was sufficient

intervals between the events. We find there is competent and credible evidence in the

record to support the trial court’s finding.

       {¶31} Son’s first Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                       Mutual Combat

       {¶32} Son argues in his second Assignment of Error that the trial court erred in

granting a domestic violence CPO because Father and Son were engaged in mutual

combat and Father failed to retreat. We disagree.

       {¶33} The determination of whether a trial court will grant a CPO is dependent

upon whether petitioner has proved by a preponderance of the evidence the respondent

has engaged in an act of domestic violence against petitioner or petitioner's family or

household members. In support of his argument regarding mutual combat, Son cites to

case law where the appellate court determined the underlying facts did not warrant the

issuance of a CPO. Son has not presented any case law stating it is black-letter law that

a trial court may not grant a CPO if the parties were engaged in mutual combat.

       {¶34} We further find Son’s argument that Father and Son were engaged in

mutual combat is unsupported by the record. Father’s uncontroverted testimony was that

after Son’s threatening phone call, Father went to the property to check on the safety of

his parents. Father called his brother to check on the safety of his parents. Father drove

to his parent’s property in a direction that would not take him past Son’s house. When

Father arrived at the property, Son initiated the physical altercation by kicking Father in

the arm. Father’s wife testified she got out of the truck holding a stick after Son began
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                     12


kicking Father. Father’s wife did not use the stick against Son and left the stick at the

brother’s house after the sheriff’s department was called.

       {¶35} When Father’s wife returned to the scene, Son began yelling at her. Father

was concerned that Son would hurt his wife so Father pushed Son away and a physical

fight ensued between Father and Son.

       {¶36} The facts show Son was the primary aggressor and the parties engaged in

mutual combat after Son’s initial violent behavior. The trial court’s determination that

Father proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Son engaged in an act of

domestic violence against Father is supported by competent and credible evidence.

                          Future Acts of Domestic Violence

       {¶37} In his third Assignment of Error, Son argues the trial court erred in issuing

a domestic violence CPO because the evidence did not establish that Father or his family

were in danger of future acts of domestic violence by Son. We disagree.

       {¶38} “The statutory criterion to determine whether or not to grant a civil order

pursuant to R.C. 3113.31 is the existence or threatened existence of domestic violence.”

Singhaus v. Zumbar, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2015AP020007, 2015-Ohio-4755, ¶ 21

quoting Wetterman v. B.C., 9th Dist. Medina No. 12CA0021–M, 2013–Ohio–57, ¶ 11

(additional citations omitted). “Evidence of past abuse, however, is relevant and may be

an important factor in determining whether there is a reasonable fear of further harm.

Solomon v. Solomon, 157 Ohio App.3d 807, 813 N.E.2d 918, 2004–Ohio–2486, ¶ 27 (7th

Dist.). See also Osherow v. Osherow, 9th Dist. No. 21407, 2003–Ohio–3927, ¶ 12.

Nevertheless, even with established past abuse there must be some competent, credible

evidence that there is a present fear of harm. Holland v. Garner, 12th Dist. No. CA2009–
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                      13

09–226, 2010–Ohio–2963, ¶ 9, quoting Solomon at ¶ 27.” Wetterman v. B.C., 9th Dist.

Medina No. 12CA0021-M, 2013-Ohio-57, ¶ 12

       {¶39} Son contends Father failed to present evidence in this case that there was

a present fear of future harm by Son. The factual circumstances of this case prevent a

finding in Son’s favor on this issue. Son lives on the same property as Father’s parents.

Father and his brother own property that is located near the parents’ house. On April 20,

2015, after Son threatened to fight with Father, Father came to his parents’ house with

the intent of checking on his parents, but Son was at the parents’ house and intercepted

Father. Son became aggressive towards Father and violence ensued resulting in Son

pulling a gun on Father. The impetus of these events was a disagreement between Father

and Son about the grandparents’ decision to give Son their mineral rights. It is unclear

from the record whether the Father and Son resolved this financial matter.

       {¶40} Father testified at the hearing that he was not fearful or afraid during the

events on April 20, 2015. The trial court found Son engaged in domestic violence pursuant

to R.C. 2903.211, which states that, “[n]o person by engaging in a pattern of conduct shall

knowingly cause another person to believe that the offender will cause physical harm to

the other person or cause mental distress to the other person.” In this case, Son

threatened to fight with Father, kicked Father, and pulled a gun on Father. We find the

record supports the trial court’s determination under R.C. 3113.31 as to the existence or

threatened existence of domestic violence.

       {¶41} Son’s third Assignment of Error is overruled.
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                                        14


                       Fear of Imminent Serious Physical Harm

       {¶42} Son argues in his final Assignment of Error that the record does not support

the trial court’s determination that Son placed Father by the threat of force in fear of

imminent serious physical harm.

       {¶43} A review of the record shows the trial court determined Son committed a

violation of R.C. 2903.211, menacing by stalking. An offender violates R.C. 2903.211 by

engaging in a pattern of conduct that knowingly causes another person to believe that the

offender will cause physical harm to the other person or cause mental distress to the other

person. An element of R.C. 2903.211 is “physical harm”, not “imminent serious physical

harm.” Further, the use of the word “or” in R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(b) allows the trial court to

find the offender committed domestic violence either by placing another person by the

threat of force in fear of imminent serious physical harm or committed a violation of section

2903.211 [menacing by stalking] or 2911.211 [aggravated trespass] of the Revised Code.

       {¶44} Son’s fourth Assignment of Error is overruled.
Guernsey County, Case No. 15 CA 27                                              15


                                   CONCLUSION

       {¶45} Son’s four Assignments of Error are overruled.

       {¶46} The judgment of the Guernsey County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

By: Delaney, J.,

Farmer, P.J. and

Baldwin, J., concur.
