ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
SPEEDY WRECKER SERVICE, LLC                               Thomas M. Frohman
Michael L. Carmin                                         Bloomington, Indiana
Daniel M. Cyr
CarminParker, P.C.
Bloomington, Indiana
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                             Apr 29 2020, 9:26 am
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
                                                                                  CLERK
JEANNE WALTERS REAL ESTATE, LLC                                              Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                                Court of Appeals
                                                                                  and Tax Court
Christine L. Bartlett
Ferguson Law
Bloomington, Indiana



                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Speedy Wrecker Service, LLC,                              April 29, 2020
and                                                       Court of Appeals Case No.
Jeanne Walters Real Estate, LLC,                          19A-CT-2033
Appellants-Defendants,                                    Appeal from the Monroe Circuit
                                                          Court
        v.                                                The Honorable Elizabeth A. Cure,
                                                          Judge
Daniel H. Frohman,                                        Trial Court Cause No.
Appellee-Plaintiff,                                       53C01-1806-CT-1262




Robb, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020                       Page 1 of 11
                                    Case Summary and Issue
[1]   Daniel H. Frohman sued Speedy Wrecker Service, LLC (“Speedy Wrecker”)

      and Jeanne Walters Real Estate, LLC (“JW Realty”) (collectively, when

      appropriate, “Appellants”) for towing his car from a private, permit-only

      parking lot within twenty-four hours of finding it parked there. The parties

      each filed a motion for summary judgment. The trial court denied the

      Appellants’ motion and partially granted Frohman’s motion, finding the

      Appellants violated Indiana statutes related to removing vehicles abandoned on

      private property. The Appellants appeal, raising two issues of which we find

      the following dispositive: whether in granting partial summary judgment to

      Frohman the trial court erred in its interpretation of the relevant statutes.

      Concluding the relevant statutes entitle the Appellants to summary judgment

      rather than Frohman, we reverse and remand.



                               Facts and Procedural History
[2]   JW Realty manages a permit-only parking lot located on private property1 in

      downtown Bloomington, Indiana. The property used to be home to a bank,

      and the building still exists, although it is no longer in use. In March or April of

      2017, JW Realty spoke to nearby business owners and placed flyers on vehicles

      parked in the lot informing them that parking was soon going to be restricted to




      1
          JW Realty does not own the property; it manages the parking lot on behalf of the owner.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020                            Page 2 of 11
      permit holders only and providing information about obtaining a permit.

      Signage advising “Parking by Lease. Permit Parking” was installed in the

      parking lot. Appellants’ Appendix, Volume 2 at 92. “Tow Warning” signs

      were also installed. The “Tow Warning” signs state:


              **Courtesy notice**
              Permit parking only. Lot will be patrolled 24/7
              Permits available for $53/month with auto monthly ACH draft
              Call Jeanne Walters Real Estate 812.xxx.xxxx


      Id. at 94. Those who purchased monthly permits were assigned a specific

      parking space. See id. at 128-66 (Parking Space Lease Agreements).


[3]   In May 2017, JW Realty hired Speedy Wrecker to patrol the lot and tow

      unauthorized vehicles. Pursuant to the contract, Speedy Wrecker was

      authorized to tow “all unauthorized, abandoned or trespassing vehicles”

      regardless of the hour of the day, the day of the week, how long the vehicle has

      been in the lot, or the number of other vehicles in the parking lot. Id. at 121.

      According to a representative of JW Realty, “The parking lot is only for

      individuals and businesses with permits to park their vehicles” and Speedy

      Wrecker is authorized to tow a vehicle “[a]ny time when there is a vehicle

      parked in the parking lot without a permit.” Id. at 85-86. Speedy Wrecker does

      not give vehicle owners a warning before towing a vehicle.


[4]   On Saturday, April 14, 2018, Frohman parked his vehicle in JW Realty’s lot

      around 4:00 p.m. to attend an appointment nearby. There were no other

      vehicles in the parking lot. He averred that he saw no signs indicating that he

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020        Page 3 of 11
      was not permitted to park there, either at the entrance to the lot or at the spot

      where he parked. When Frohman returned to the parking lot approximately an

      hour later, his car was gone. Walking around the parking lot, Frohman saw

      several signs in the grass and one sign in the bank’s drive up window regarding

      parking restrictions. After calling the number on the parking lot signage,

      Frohman learned that Speedy Wrecker had towed his vehicle at

      4:11 p.m., and he went to Speedy Wrecker’s storage facility at approximately

      7:00 p.m. to retrieve his car. It cost him $240 cash.


[5]   Frohman filed a complaint for conversion against the Appellants, alleging they

      exerted unauthorized control over his car by unlawfully taking it from the

      parking lot without giving him twenty-four hours’ notice as required by statute.

      Frohman requested treble damages, costs, and attorney fees. Frohman also

      sought an award of punitive damages to deter the Appellants from their

      allegedly unlawful behavior in towing cars without twenty-four-hour notice.

      Speedy Wrecker filed a motion for summary judgment in which JW Realty

      later joined. Frohman filed a response and a cross-motion for summary

      judgment in his favor. The trial court held a hearing—which has not been

      transcribed—and issued its Order on Motions for Summary Judgment on July

      16, 2019. Finding the Appellants “ignored all parts of the abandoned-vehicle

      statutes except those that fit best with [Speedy Wrecker’s] business interest and

      was easiest for [JW Realty] as well[,]” the order denied Appellants’ motion,

      granted Frohman’s motion on the issue of liability, and set an evidentiary

      hearing on the remaining issues in Frohman’s complaint. Appealed Order at 3.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020        Page 4 of 11
      Appellants sought and obtained both trial court certification of the order and

      permission from the Court of Appeals to pursue this interlocutory appeal.



                                 Discussion and Decision
                   I. Summary Judgment Standard of Review
[6]   When reviewing the grant or denial of summary judgment, we apply the same

      test as the trial court: summary judgment is appropriate only if the designated

      evidence shows there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party

      is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Ind. Trial Rule 56(C); Sedam v. 2JR

      Pizza Enters., LLC, 84 N.E.3d 1174, 1176 (Ind. 2017). “A fact is ‘material’ if its

      resolution would affect the outcome of the case, and an issue is ‘genuine’ if a

      trier of fact is required to resolve the parties’ differing accounts of the truth, or if

      the undisputed material facts support conflicting reasonable inferences.”

      Hughley v. State, 15 N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (Ind. 2014). The moving party bears the

      initial burden of showing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact as to

      a determinative issue. Id.


[7]   Our review is limited to those facts designated to the trial court, T.R. 56(H),

      and we construe all facts and reasonable inferences drawn from those facts in

      favor of the non-moving party, Meredith v. Pence, 984 N.E.2d 1213, 1218 (Ind.

      2013). Because we review a summary judgment ruling de novo, a trial court’s

      findings and conclusions offer insight into the rationale for the court’s judgment

      and facilitate appellate review but are not binding on this court. Denson v. Estate

      of Dillard, 116 N.E.3d 535, 539 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). Additionally, we are not
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020            Page 5 of 11
      constrained by the claims and arguments presented to the trial court, and we

      may affirm a summary judgment ruling on any theory supported by the

      designated evidence. Id. The fact that the parties have filed cross-motions for

      summary judgment does not alter this standard of review or change our

      analysis: the party that lost in the trial court has the burden of persuading us

      that the trial court erred. Id.


                          II. Removing Abandoned Vehicles
[8]   The parties and the trial court all relied on the following two statutes

      concerning abandoned vehicles:


              (a) A person who finds a vehicle believed to be abandoned on
              private property that the person owns or controls, including
              rental property, may:


                       ***


                   (2) personally arrange for the removal of the vehicle by
              complying with subsection (b) and section 16 of this chapter.


              (b) If the person wishes to personally arrange for the removal of
              the vehicle, the person shall attach in a prominent place a notice
              tag containing the following information:


                    (1) The date, time, name, and address of the person who
              owns or controls the private property and a telephone number to
              contact for information.


                       (2) That the vehicle is considered abandoned.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020           Page 6 of 11
                 (3) That the vehicle will be removed after twenty-four (24)
        hours.


              (4) That the person who owns the vehicle will be held
        responsible for all costs incidental to the removal, storage, and
        disposal of the vehicle.


              (5) That the person who owns the vehicle may avoid costs
        by removal of the vehicle or parts within twenty-four (24) hours.


Ind. Code § 9-22-1-15.


        (a) If after twenty-four (24) hours the person who owns a vehicle
        believed to be abandoned on private property has not removed
        the vehicle from the private property, the person who owns or
        controls the private property on which the vehicle is believed to
        be abandoned may have the vehicle towed from the private
        property.


        (b) Notwithstanding subsection (a), in an emergency situation a
        vehicle believed to be abandoned on private property may be
        removed immediately. As used in this subsection, “emergency
        situation” means that the presence of the vehicle believed to be
        abandoned interferes physically with the conduct of normal business
        operations of the person who owns or controls the private property
        or poses a threat to the safety or security of persons or property,
        or both.


Ind. Code § 9-22-1-16 (emphasis added). It is undisputed that the Appellants

did not place a notice tag on Frohman’s vehicle and did not wait twenty-four

hours thereafter before having the vehicle towed. The parties dispute only

whether, as a matter of law, the situation presented by Frohman parking his


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020          Page 7 of 11
      unpermitted car in a permit-only parking lot constitutes an “emergency

      situation” allowing Appellants to remove the vehicle immediately.


[9]   Statutory interpretation presents a pure question of law for which summary

      judgment is particularly appropriate. Ramirez v. Wilson, 901 N.E.2d 1, 2 (Ind.

      Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. Here, the parties dispute the proper interpretation

      of “emergency situation.” Frohman argued to the trial court (and to an extent,

      to this court) that the word emergency in Indiana Code section 9-22-1-16(b)

      should be given its plain, ordinary, and usual meaning. See Appellants’ App.,

      Vol. 2 at 237-38 (Frohman’s Memorandum in Opposition to Speedy

      Wrecker[’s] Motion for Summary Judgment and In Support of [Frohman’s]

      Motion for Summary Judgment citing Indiana Code section 1-1-4-1 regarding

      statutory construction and Merriam Webster’s definition of emergency); see also

      Appellee’s Brief at 13 (citing Indiana Code section 1-1-4-1). However, we only

      use a term’s plain and ordinary meaning in the absence of a precise legislative

      definition. Med. & Prof’l Collection Servs., Inc. v. Bush, 734 N.E.2d 626, 629 (Ind.

      Ct. App. 2000). Here, the statute itself defines “emergency situation.” Where

      the General Assembly provides a definition for a word or phrase used in a

      statute, the court is bound by that definition, even if it conflicts with the

      common meaning ascribed to the word. Rush v. Elkhart Cty. Plan Comm’n, 698

      N.E.2d 1211, 1215 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans. denied. The goal in interpreting a

      statute is to determine and give effect to the intent of the legislature. State v. Int’l

      Business Machines Corp., 964 N.E.2d 206, 209 (Ind. 2012). Thus, we look only to

      the legislative definition of “emergency situation.”

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020            Page 8 of 11
[10]   Relevant to the circumstances of this case, an “emergency situation” for

       purposes of allowing an abandoned vehicle to be removed immediately “means

       that the presence of the vehicle believed to be abandoned interferes physically

       with the conduct of normal business operations of the person who owns or

       controls the private property[.]” Ind. Code § 9-22-1-16(b).2 The “normal

       business operations” of JW Realty, at least at this location, were to operate a

       parking lot for which they sold permits and received a monthly fee. Whether or

       not there were parking spots available when Frohman parked there and whether

       or not permits had been sold for all the spots, Frohman’s vehicle was physically

       interfering with those normal business operations by using the parking lot

       without having purchased a permit. It therefore presented an emergency

       situation entitling JW Realty to act to immediately remove the vehicle.


[11]   The trial court found that the Appellants “have interpreted the statute in such a

       manner as to effectively render §9-22-1-15 and, §9-22-1-16 meaningless.”

       Appealed Order at 2. But Frohman and the trial court have interpreted those

       statutes to render the exception meaningless. The exception protects normal

       business operations on private property. If the owner or operator of a for-pay

       parking lot cannot invoke the emergency exception when an unauthorized car

       parks in the lot, then essentially, there is no such business as a for-pay parking

       lot. Under Frohman’s interpretation of the statutes, anyone could park in the




       2
         The alternative, that the abandoned vehicle “poses a threat to the safety or security of persons or property,”
       is not at issue here. Ind. Code § 9-22-1-16(b).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020                                  Page 9 of 11
       parking lot with impunity as long as they moved their car within twenty-four

       hours and there would be no incentive to purchase a permit and thus no

       business for JW Realty to operate. Is it frustrating to see an empty parking lot

       in a convenient location but be forced to find a different spot because it is

       permit only? Of course. Is it fair to expect to park for free in a parking lot for

       which others have paid for a permit because you intend to park for only a short

       time or because it appears plenty of parking spots are available? Of course not.

       And that is what the emergency exception protects.


[12]   We hold, as a matter of law, that the emergency exception applies here. As the

       parties have not identified any genuine issues of material fact to be resolved,3

       the Appellants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law because their act of

       removing Frohman’s vehicle from the parking lot was allowed by statute and

       therefore did not constitute conversion. We therefore remand to the trial court

       to vacate the partial summary judgment entered for Frohman, vacate the




       3
         Although the Appellants designated evidence that the lot had signage declaring the lot permit only and
       warning that violators would be towed, Frohman designated evidence that he did not see signage that the lot
       was permit only until after his car was towed. Regardless, the applicable statutes do not require signage and
       this point of contention is therefore not a genuine issue of material fact because its resolution would not affect
       the outcome of the case.
       Of note, effective July 1, 2019, Indiana Code chapter 24-14-4 allows the establishment of and requirements
       for a tow-away zone on commercial private property. Indiana Code section 24-14-4-2(a) requires the posting
       of a tow-away zone sign that is conspicuous and clearly visible to the public. However, “[a] commercial
       private property owner may have a motor vehicle towed from the owner’s commercial private property
       without first displaying signage concerning the tow-away zone if the motor vehicle is removed under IC 9-22-1-16.”
       Ind. Code § 24-14-4-2(b) (emphasis added). Thus, this newly enacted statute makes it clear that signage is not
       a requirement for removal under the circumstances herein.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020                                  Page 10 of 11
       evidentiary hearing regarding Frohman’s damages as he has sustained none,

       and enter final judgment for the Appellants.



                                                Conclusion
[13]   The trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment to Frohman and

       denying summary judgment to the Appellants. We therefore reverse the

       judgment of the trial court and remand with instructions to enter summary

       judgment for the Appellants.


[14]   Reversed and remanded.


       Bradford, C.J., and Altice, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-2033 | April 29, 2020   Page 11 of 11
