                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               _____________

                                    No. 16-4354
                                   _____________

                             MELINDA WILLIAMS,
                 as Administrator of the Estate of Brian P. Williams

                                         v.

              MARK PAPI; ROBERT ROBERTS; STANLEY ELY;
            PAUL MILLER; TERRANCE FISHER; SLADE PROFKA;
           JOHN KREIG; ROGER HARDY; WILLIAM OLSZEWSKI;
           TUNKHANNOCK TOWNSHIP; OVERFIELD TOWNSHIP;
          BOROUGH OF TUNKHANNOCK; MESHOPPEN BOROUGH

                Mark Papi; Robert Roberts; Stanley Ely; Paul Miller;
               Terrance Fisher; Slade Profka; John Kreig; Roger Hardy;
                                 William Olszewski,

                                            Appellants
                                   ____________

               On Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                         Middle District of Pennsylvania
                            (D.C. No. 3-13-cv-01151)
                     District Judge: Hon. Robert D. Mariani

                           Argued: September 14, 2017

         Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges.

                             (Filed: October 25, 2017)

Joshua J. Cochran, Esq. (ARGUED)
Michael J. Zicolello, Esq.
Schemery Zicolello
333 Market Street
Williamsport, PA 17701
       Counsel for Appellants

Shelley L. Centini, Esq. (ARGUED)
Barry H. Dyller, Esq.
Dyller Law Firm
88 North Franklin Street
Gettysburg House
Wilkes-Barre, PA 18701

       Counsel for Appellee
                                       ____________

                                         OPINION ∗
                                       ____________

CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.

       The defendant officers appeal from the District Court’s denying them summary

judgment on the basis of qualified immunity in an excessive force case brought pursuant

to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Because the District Court’s decision rested upon findings of

disputed facts that we would have to review to resolve the case, we lack jurisdiction to

consider the merits question of the officers’ entitlement to qualified immunity. However,

because the District Court erred as a matter of law in failing to grant summary judgment

in favor of some of the officers on the supervisory liability claims, we have jurisdiction

over that issue only. We accordingly will dismiss in part and reverse in part.

                                              I.

       We assume the parties’ familiarity with the factual and procedural history, which

we describe only as necessary to explain our decision. Plaintiff Melinda Williams (“Mrs.



       ∗
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.

                                              2
Williams”) brought this § 1983 action on behalf of her husband, Brian Williams

(“Williams”), who was killed by police who were attempting to take him into custody

pursuant to an involuntary commitment warrant obtained after Williams’ psychiatrist

identified him as a clear and present danger to others.

       Officers from multiple municipalities responded to Williams’ home in Overfield

Township to help take Williams, who had barricaded himself inside, into custody. By the

time all the officers had assembled, on the scene were defendants Officer Slade Profka

and Corporal Paul Miller of Overfield Township, 1 Chief Stanley Ely and Officers Robert

Roberts and Mark Papi of Tunkhannock Township, Chief William Olszewski and

Sergeant Roger Hardy of Tunkhannock Borough, and Chief John Kreig of Meshoppen

Borough, as well as non-defendants Corporal Dunleavy and Troopers Flynn and Lopez of

the Pennsylvania State Police. Defendant Terry Fisher, Chief of the Overfield Township

Police, was off duty and did not come to the scene. Fisher, however, was informed of the

situation and spoke with Williams — whom he knew — about surrendering to the police.

       Ely led negotiations and spoke to Williams several times from outside a side door

to the home. While negotiations continued, a group of officers stationed at the front door

entered the house using a key that Mrs. Williams had given them. The officers proceeded

to the basement where they witnessed an unarmed Williams lock himself in a bedroom.

The officers demanded that Williams surrender and he repeatedly warned the officers not

to enter. The officers forced their way into the room, where they found Williams


       1
        Miller, as the senior Overfield Township officer, was the commanding officer at
the scene.
                                             3
wielding a fireplace poker, in a manner that is disputed. Three officers fired Tasers at

Williams, which had no effect; Mrs. Williams contends that the barbs never hit him. The

officers assert that Williams then raised the poker upward and moved towards them, at

which point he was four feet from the nearest officer. Mrs. Williams disputes that

Williams raised the poker in such a manner. Papi then shot Williams twice, killing him.

       As relevant on appeal, Mrs. Williams brought Fourth Amendment claims against

the officers for using excessive force when entering Williams’ home and bedroom; a

claim of excessive force against Papi for lethally shooting Williams; and supervisory

liability claims against certain officers. The defendants moved for summary judgment on

all counts on the basis of qualified immunity and Mrs. Williams cross-moved for partial

summary judgment on, inter alia, the excessive-force entry claims. On December 7,

2016, the District Court denied both motions, holding that factual disputes precluded it

from determining either whether the officers violated Williams’ constitutional rights or

whether the officers were nevertheless entitled to qualified immunity. Among other

facts, the District Court found disputed whether Williams posed an imminent threat to the

officers or himself, whether he attempted to resist arrest, and, if so, whether his resistance

included the use of threats or violence. The defendants timely appealed.

                                             II.

                                             A.

       We review our jurisdiction to consider issues in a qualified immunity appeal on a

claim-by-claim basis. Blaylock v. City of Philadelphia, 504 F.3d 405, 409 n.3 (3d Cir.

2007). Our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 is limited to “final decisions,” which

                                              4
under the collateral order doctrine includes “a district court’s denial of a claim of

qualified immunity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law,” because such rulings

are “separable from, and collateral to, [the] rights asserted in the action.” Mitchell v.

Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 527, 530 (1985) (quoting Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp.,

337 U.S. 541, 546 (1949)). Where, on the other hand, the issue on appeal is a “fact-

related dispute” about “whether or not the evidence in the pretrial record [is] sufficient to

show a genuine issue of fact for trial,” an order is not immediately appealable and we

lack jurisdiction to hear the case. Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 307 (1995); see also

Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 313 (1996) (“[I]f what is at issue in the sufficiency

determination is nothing more than whether the evidence could support a finding that

particular conduct occurred, the question decided is not truly ‘separable’ from the

plaintiff’s claim, and hence there is no ‘final decision’ under Cohen and Mitchell.”). For

each of Mrs. Williams’ claims, our jurisdiction “depends on whether the defendants’

appeal raises pure questions of law or whether it challenges the District Court’s

determination of which facts were sufficiently supported by evidence.” Blaylock, 504

F.3d at 409.

       Given this limitation on our jurisdiction, the defendants assert that for the purposes

of appeal they accept all of the District Court’s factual findings and argue that even

taking the facts in that light, they are entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law.

The defendants therefore insist that they are not seeking review of whether the District

Court’s factual determinations were supported by the record and so Johnson does not

preclude appellate jurisdiction to consider this purely legal claim. We agree that such an

                                              5
approach is theoretically permissible, see Behrens, 516 U.S. at 313 (“Johnson permits

petitioner to claim on appeal that all of the conduct which the District Court deemed

sufficiently supported for purposes of summary judgment met the [Harlow v. Fitzgerald,

457 U.S. 800 (1982),] standard of ‘objective legal reasonableness.’”), but nonetheless

find it inapplicable here, where we are unable to discern the relevant material facts that

pertain to each alleged unconstitutional seizure and where the defendants do not actually

accept all of the District Court’s findings of fact.

                                              B.

       Determining whether a state actor is entitled to qualified immunity involves a two-

step inquiry. “First, we ask whether the facts — taken in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party — show that a government official violated a constitutional right.

Second, we ask whether that right was clearly established at the time of the official’s

actions.” Santini v. Fuentes, 795 F.3d 410, 417 (3d Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). A law

enforcement official does not violate the Constitution where the officer’s use of force was

objectively reasonable, id., and only “violates clearly established law when, at the time of

the challenged conduct, ‘[t]he contours of [a] right [are] sufficiently clear’ that every

‘reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates that right,’”

Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011) (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S.

635, 640 (1987)). Where a plaintiff alleges multiple instances of police misconduct, a

reviewing court may not consider the entire course of conduct at once, but rather “the

objective reasonableness analysis must be conducted separately for each . . . seizure that

is alleged to be unconstitutional.” County of Los Angeles v. Mendez, 137 S. Ct. 1539,

                                               6
1547 (2017). And, for the purposes of assessing an officer’s involvement in each

allegedly unreasonable seizure — and that officer’s entitlement to qualified immunity in

regards thereto — a court must separately consider the conduct of each officer in light of

the knowledge available to them at the time of each alleged act. See Davenport v.

Borough of Homestead, 870 F.3d 273, 280 (3d Cir. 2017); see also White v. Pauly, 137

S. Ct. 548, 550, 552–53 (2017) (explaining that “the Court considers only the facts that

were knowable to the defendant officers,” and considering separately the conduct of

officers who arrived on the scene at different times).

       The District Court determined that, viewed in the light most favorable to Williams,

“a reasonable factfinder could find that Mr. Williams’ constitutional rights were violated

by both the entry into his home and his subsequent deadly shooting,” Appendix (“App.”)

32, and continued throughout its opinion to consider the reasonableness of the entire

episode together when determining the constitutionality of all the officers’ conduct. By

arranging its Fourth Amendment analysis in this way, the District Court left unclear

which facts it determined to be material to each alleged unconstitutional act, and further

— with the exception of the lethal force claim — what role it determined each officer to

have played with respect to each alleged violation. 2 Given the lack of clarity regarding


       2
        For instance, of the “approximately ten officers” whom the District Court
concluded “stormed” Williams’ house and engaged in all the subsequent conduct, only
six (Kreig, Miller, Roberts, Olszewski, Hardy, and Papi) participated in the initial front-
door entry, App. 2679; at most five exerted force to open the bedroom door (Roberts,
Papi, Hardy, and maybe Kreig and Ely), id. 20, 2680–83; three shot Williams with a
Taser (Kreig, Hardy, and Ely; conduct that is not alleged to be unconstitutional), id. 19,
2686; and one (Papi) used lethal force, id. 20. To the extent, then, that the initial entry
standing alone would not have violated Williams’ constitutional rights, Officers Miller
                                             7
which genuinely disputed facts the District Court considered material to each alleged

violation, the defendants’ acceptance of the District Court’s factual determinations is of

no help to them in overcoming Johnson’s jurisdictional hurdle, because we are

nevertheless left in the position of blindly attempting to discern “the existence, or

nonexistence, of a triable issue of fact” upon which we could render a legal opinion.

Johnson, 515 U.S. at 316.

       But even if we were inclined — or able — “to undertake a cumbersome review of

the record to determine what facts the district court, in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party, likely assumed,” id. at 319, it is not true that the defendants actually

accept all of the District Court’s factual conclusions. Crucially, although the defendants

note that the District Court found disputed whether Williams was wielding the poker in a

defensive or offensive manner prior to the shooting, they insisted at oral argument that

the officers nevertheless reasonably perceived Williams’ conduct as offensive.

Considering that the only relevant perspective for the purposes of the Fourth Amendment

analysis is that of a reasonable officer, see, e.g., Santini, 795 F.3d at 417, this is a dispute

regarding perhaps the central fact in this case and one upon which the determination of

qualified immunity might turn. Because the defendants ask this Court to second-guess

whether the District Court “correctly identified the set of facts that the summary

judgment record is sufficient to prove” when it found Williams’ intent with regard to the

poker to be a disputed fact, Ziccardi v. City of Philadelphia, 288 F.3d 57, 61 (3d Cir.


and Olszewski might not have personally engaged in any unconstitutional conduct and so
(aside from supervisory liability) might not be liable under § 1983.
                                               8
2002), we lack jurisdiction to decide whether Williams’ constitutional rights were

violated or whether the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. 3

       The same is not true, however, with regard to the supervisory liability claims

against Chiefs Fisher and Kreig. There is no dispute about the involvement of these

supervisors in the disputed underlying conduct. We are thus faced with a pure question

of law regarding whether the supervisors were sufficiently involved in the alleged

conduct such that they can be held liable for their subordinates’ actions. See id. (“[W]e

possess jurisdiction to review whether the set of facts identified by the district court is

sufficient to establish a violation of a clearly established constitutional right.”).

                                             III.

       This Court has noted that there exists “uncertainty as to the viability and scope of

supervisory liability” after the Supreme Court’s decision in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.

662 (2009), arguably narrowed or abrogated the ability to find a supervisor liable for

conduct of which he was merely aware but did not direct. Santiago v. Warminster Twp.,

629 F.3d 121, 130 n.8 (3d Cir. 2010). Although we have not yet squarely addressed the

extent of Iqbal’s impact on the theory of supervisory liability, we have repeatedly held

that “[i]t is uncontested that a government official is liable only for his or her own

conduct and accordingly must have had some sort of personal involvement in the alleged

unconstitutional conduct.” Argueta v. U.S. Immigration & Customs Enf’t, 643 F.3d 60,

71 (3d Cir. 2011). Such personal involvement may be established by alleging that the


       3
         We do so without prejudice to the defendants moving again in the District Court
in order to obtain a more fully developed record.
                                               9
supervisor “participated in violating the plaintiff’s rights, directed others to violate them,

or, as the person in charge, had knowledge of and acquiesced in his subordinates’

violations.” A.M. ex rel. J.M.K. v. Luzerne Cty. Juvenile Det. Ctr., 372 F.3d 572, 586

(3d Cir. 2004). 4

       The District Court concluded that Chiefs Fisher, Ely, Kreig, and Olszewski, and

Corporal Miller (as the ranking officer on site) could be held liable as supervisors “who

were either present at the scene of the incident or directly participated in the events,” and

that disputes of fact precluded granting them qualified immunity. App. 41. In reaching

this determination, the District Court did not separately consider each supervisor’s

circumstances or the extent of each’s personal involvement in the alleged conduct.

       This lapse is particularly notable concerning Chiefs Kreig and Fisher. Although

Krieg was personally involved in various alleged violations, he was the only Meshoppen

Borough officer on the scene, meaning he had no subordinates for whose conduct he

could be held liable. Thus, to the extent that he was found liable as a supervisor for his

own participation in the alleged violations, that is redundant of his individual liability,

and he is entitled to summary judgment on this claim. Regarding Fisher, it is undisputed

that he was off duty, did not come to scene, and did not direct, condone, or have

awareness of the conduct that occurred. Fisher’s generalized knowledge that the situation

was unfolding is too slender a reed upon which to hold him liable for the conduct of his



       4
         As in our prior cases, we need not decide whether the knowledge and
acquiescence theory survives Iqbal, because for those officers over whom we have
jurisdiction, Mrs. Williams’ claims fail even under that theory.
                                              10
on-site subordinates. See, e.g., Santiago, 629 F.3d at 134 (rejecting knowledge and

acquiescence claim against supervisor not alleged to have knowledge of the excessive

force); Reedy v. Evanson, 615 F.3d 197, 231 (3d Cir. 2010) (affirming grant of summary

judgement for supervisor who was “kept abreast” of an investigation, but did not direct

his subordinate “to take or not to take any particular action”). We reject Mrs. Williams’

theory that Fisher can be held liable based solely on his failure to come to the scene,

thereby leaving Miller in charge even though he was allegedly unprepared to handle the

situation. To the extent that such a basis for liability exists and survived Iqbal, it is

certainly not clearly established that the mere failure to show up at a scene when off duty

could render a supervisor liable for his subordinates’ unconstitutional conduct, and Mrs.

Williams has failed to cite any case law in support of the proposition. Fisher is thus

entitled to qualified immunity. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009)

(holding that courts may grant qualified immunity where the right is not clearly

established without first deciding whether the right exists).

       Regarding Chief Ely, Chief Olszewski, and Corporal Miller, we dismiss for lack

of jurisdiction for the same reason as described above, because their potential supervisory

liability depends on the same insufficiently developed factual determinations.

                                             IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will dismiss the appeal in part and reverse the

District Court’s opinion in part.




                                              11
