[Cite as State v. Walker, 2016-Ohio-3185.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


State of Ohio,                                      :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                :               No. 14AP-905
                                                                 (C.P.C. No. 13CR-1744)
v.                                                  :
                                                               (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Samuel Walker Jr.,                                  :

                 Defendant-Appellant.               :



                                             D E C I S I O N

                                       Rendered on May 26, 2016


                 On brief: Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Laura R.
                 Swisher, for appellee.

                 On brief: Siewert & Gjostein Co. LPA, and Thomas A.
                 Gjostein, for appellant.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

BROWN, J.
        {¶ 1} This is an appeal by defendant-appellant, Samuel Walker Jr., from a
judgment of conviction and sentence entered by the Franklin County Court of Common
Pleas following a jury trial in which he was found guilty of possession of cocaine, with a
firearm specification.
        {¶ 2} On March 29, 2013, appellant was indicted on one count of possession of
cocaine, in violation of R.C. 2925.11, and two firearm specifications. The first firearm
specification charged a violation of R.C. 2941.144 (i.e., that the offender had an automatic
firearm or a firearm with a muffler or silencer), while the second specification charged a
violation of R.C. 2941.141 (i.e., that the offender had a firearm on or about his person or
under his control at the time he possessed cocaine).
No. 14AP-905                                                                               2


       {¶ 3} On May 23, 2014, appellant filed a motion to suppress which plaintiff-
appellee, State of Ohio, opposed by memorandum contra. On August 12, 2014, the trial
court conducted a hearing on the motion to suppress. At the suppression hearing, the
state presented the testimony of Columbus Police Officer James Wells and Whitehall
Police Sergeant Randall Snider, and appellant testified on his own behalf. Following the
presentation of evidence, the trial court denied appellant's motion to suppress.
       {¶ 4} On August 13, 2014, the matter came for trial before a jury. The first
witness for the state was Whitehall Police Officer Gary Baker. On February 11, 2013,
Officer Baker was on patrol, driving northbound on Yearling Road, when "two younger
females * * * flagged [him] down in the middle of the road." (Tr. Vol. I, 114.) The females
advised the officer "they just had been shot at by two known males." (Tr. Vol. I, 115.) The
shooting purportedly occurred at the intersection of Hamilton Road and East Livingston
Avenue. Officer Baker learned that the alleged shooter, Fred Brady, "was the boyfriend of
one of the females," and that "there was another known male, Samuel Walker, that was
the driver of the vehicle." (Tr. Vol. I, 115.) Officer Baker provided police radio dispatchers
with that information, and police obtained further information that appellant resided at
the Andrus Apartments in Whitehall. A short time later, an officer observed a vehicle
arrive at that apartment complex.
       {¶ 5} On the afternoon of February 11, 2013, Officer Wells received a radio
dispatch advising that a female had reported "her boyfriend was firing at her in the area of
* * * Livingston and Yearling." (Tr. Vol. I, 120.) Officer Wells responded to the dispatch,
and drove to the "area where the suspect was supposed to be traveling to." (Tr. Vol I,
122.) Officer Wells met Sergeant Snider near an apartment located at 3973 Andrus
Avenue, Whitehall. At that time, "two individuals were exiting the apartment, going
towards the vehicle." (Tr. Vol I, 122.) The officers "had the boyfriend's name, * * * Fred
Brady," and they were "trying to identify" which individual was Brady. (Tr. Vol I, 123.)
       {¶ 6} The officers approached the two men and secured them, placing one of the
men (Brady) inside a cruiser, while the other individual (appellant) remained outside the
cruiser in handcuffs.    After determining the identity of Brady, the officers removed
appellant's handcuffs. Appellant verified his apartment number with the officers, and
Officer Wells asked appellant if Brady had left a handgun in the apartment; appellant
No. 14AP-905                                                                               3


responded: "No, not at all." (Tr. Vol. I, 125.) Officer Wells then asked appellant: "Can we
verify that? Do you mind?" (Tr. Vol. I, 125.) Appellant stated: "Absolutely. Because he
didn't shoot at his girlfriend. You can look." (Tr. Vol. I, 125.)
       {¶ 7} Officer Wells testified that appellant "walked us up to the door and * * * he
opened the door for us." (Tr. Vol. I, 125.) As soon as the officers stepped inside the
apartment, Officer Wells informed appellant he had "the right to revoke," that he could
"rescind [his] consent at any time." (Tr. Vol. I, 126.) Appellant responded: "There's no
gun in here. Mr. Brady did not leave any gun in here. You can look. There's no gun. It's
fine." (Tr. Vol. I, 126.)
       {¶ 8} Inside the apartment, Officer Wells pushed on a door that was "partially
ajar," leading to "a bathroom." (Tr. Vol. I, 127.) The officer observed "in plain view * * *
what appeared to be [a] plastic baggie containing heroin and a plastic baggie containing
crack cocaine." (Tr. Vol. I, 127.) Officer Wells then noticed a closet on the first floor and
asked appellant: "Is there anybody in the closet that can harm us? Anybody in there?"
(Tr. Vol. I, 128.) Appellant responded: "Of course not." (Tr. Vol. I, 128.) The officer
observed a "tall gun safe, about four, five feet tall," inside the closet. (Tr. Vol. I, 128.)
Officer Wells asked appellant if there was a weapon in the safe, and appellant responded:
"Yeah. There's an AK." (Tr. Vol. I, 129.) The officer made a request to see the weapon,
and appellant "opened the gun safe." (Tr. Vol. I, 129.) The officer observed an AK-47, as
well as a "high-capacity magazine for the AK." (Tr. Vol. I, 129-30.)
       {¶ 9} Officer Wells observed the stairway leading to the second floor, and he
asked appellant if there was anyone upstairs. Appellant responded: "No, nobody's here."
(Tr. Vol. I, 130.) The officer again advised appellant that he could rescind his consent at
any time. Officer Wells then asked appellant if the officers could go upstairs. At that
time, appellant told the officer he wished to rescind his consent. Officer Wells and the
other police personnel then exited the residence with appellant.
       {¶ 10} On the date of the incident, Sergeant Snider was dispatched to 3973 Andrus
Avenue, Whitehall. Two other police officers, including Officer Wells, were already at the
location investigating a vehicle reported to have been involved in an earlier shooting
incident. The officers had secured a suspect, identified as Brady, in the backseat of a
police cruiser, while another individual, identified as appellant, was at the apartment.
No. 14AP-905                                                                             4


       {¶ 11} Sergeant Snider asked appellant if the officers could enter the apartment.
Appellant "allowed us to enter the apartment and to search." (Tr. Vol. I, 158.) Sergeant
Snider observed a gun safe inside the apartment. Appellant told Sergeant Snider that the
safe was unlocked and that the sergeant could open it. Sergeant Snider requested that
appellant open the safe himself, which he did. Sergeant Snider observed an assault rifle
and a "drum magazine." (Tr. Vol. I, 158.) Appellant told Sergeant Snider that the
magazine held 75 rounds of ammunition.
       {¶ 12} When the officers subsequently inquired about going upstairs, appellant
revoked his consent to continue the search. The officers and appellant then went outside.
Sergeant Snider asked appellant if he would be willing to sign a "Consent to Search form,"
acknowledging that "he had allowed us to search his apartment." (Tr. Vol. I, 159.)
Sergeant Snider "explained to him what he would be signing," reflecting "the fact that he
did give us verbal consent to enter into the residence to search." (Tr. Vol. I, 161.)
Appellant "signed the form." (Tr. Vol. I, 161.) At trial, the state introduced the "Consent
to Search Without a Warrant form" containing appellant's signature. (Tr. Vol. I, 138.)
       {¶ 13} On February 11, 2013, Whitehall Police Detective John Earl was dispatched
to 3973 Andrus Avenue, where he spoke with officers at the scene and determined there
was sufficient information to apply for a search warrant. Later that evening, a judicial
officer of the Franklin County Municipal Court signed the search warrant, and Detective
Earl returned to appellant's residence with several other detectives and executed the
warrant. At trial, Detective Earl identified photographs taken of the apartment during the
search.   In the northwest upstairs bedroom, identified as "Fred Brady's room," the
detectives discovered a loaded 9 mm "Walther handgun beside the bed." (Tr. Vol. I, 200.)
Detectives also found a digital scale in that room. The detectives found mail addressed to
Brady on the nightstand of that bedroom, as well as a driver's license belonging to Brady.
Detective Earl identified a photograph of heroin and crack cocaine found in the bathroom
on the first floor. Brady informed police that "the drugs that were recovered in the
bathroom were his." (Tr. Vol. II, 306.)
       {¶ 14} Appellant informed Detective Earl that the "northeast bedroom" on the
second floor was his bedroom. (Tr. Vol. II, 234.) In the room identified as appellant's
bedroom, detectives found "individual baggies of suspected cocaine" in a dresser drawer,
No. 14AP-905                                                                           5


as well as a loaded Smith & Wesson .40-caliber handgun. (Tr. Vol. II, 237.) The dresser
also contained a small digital scale, and empty individual baggies. The detectives found
mail on the dresser drawer "showing Mr. Walker's name," and addressed to "3973
Andrus." (Tr. Vol. II, 235.)
       {¶ 15} Based on items the detectives found in the apartment during the search,
police arrested appellant and gave him Miranda warnings. Police detectives questioned
him about the items recovered from the apartment, including cocaine found in the
bedroom identified as his bedroom. Appellant denied any knowledge of the digital scales
and the Smith & Wesson handgun. Appellant told Detective Earl that "he thought * * *
Mr. Brady had left those items in his bedroom and forgot about them." (Tr. Vol. II, 252.)
Appellant told the detective that the AK-47 rifle belonged to him, as well as the high
capacity drum magazine.        Appellant confirmed that the northeast bedroom of the
apartment "was his" bedroom. (Tr. Vol. II, 253.)
       {¶ 16} Andrew McClelland, an employee of the Ohio Bureau of Criminal
Identification and Investigation ("BCI"), performed a firearm test of the state's exhibit
No. 13, the .40-caliber Smith & Wesson handgun. McClelland testified that the weapon
"functioned as intended." (Tr. Vol. II, 322.) He also performed an operability test on the
AK-47 rifle, and it tested as operable.
       {¶ 17} Jessica Toms, a forensic scientist with BCI, performed testing on the
substance (state's exhibit No. 3) found in the dresser of the upstairs northeast bedroom
identified as appellant's bedroom. Toms testified that the substance tested positive for
cocaine, a schedule II controlled substance.
       {¶ 18} The first witness to testify on behalf of appellant was Dominique Walker,
appellant's son. In March 2010, appellant and Dominique, age 23, moved into the
apartment at 3973 Andrus Avenue following the break-up of appellant's relationship with
Dominique's stepmother, Shonda Walker. Dominique, who moved out of the Andrus
Avenue apartment on October 26, 2012, testified that the relationship between appellant
and Shonda, who had her own residence in Reynoldsburg, gradually improved to the
point that appellant and Shonda "were together every day." (Tr. Vol. II, 443.) Dominique
testified that his father was doing more things at Shonda's residence "around December
2012." (Tr. Vol. II, 4445.)
No. 14AP-905                                                                           6


       {¶ 19} Shonda also testified on behalf of appellant. Shonda and appellant were
married in April 2006 and separated in November 2012. At the time of the separation,
Shonda resided at a house on Chatford Drive in Columbus, while appellant moved to the
residence on Andrus Avenue. By December 2012, Shonda and appellant were seeing each
other again; Shonda saw appellant "[b]asically every day" during this time. (Tr. Vol. II,
460.) Appellant began spending nights at Shonda's residence on Chatford Drive, and he
kept clothes and other personal items at her residence. By February 2013, appellant was
spending every day at the Chatford Drive residence. Shonda was familiar with Brady,
appellant's nephew. Appellant's sister had phoned appellant and told him that Brady
"wasn't on the right track," and she asked appellant "if it was possible that he could come
stay with him." (Tr. Vol. III, 489.) On cross-examination, Shonda testified that appellant
had a permit to carry a concealed weapon, and that he had purchased a "smaller size gun."
(Tr. Vol. III, 499.)
       {¶ 20} Marshall Cobb, a friend of appellant, testified that he moved into the
basement of appellant's residence at 3973 Andrus Avenue in May 2012; Cobb had asked
to move in with appellant because he did not have a place to stay. Brady moved into the
residence the last week of January 2013. According to Cobb, appellant did not feel
comfortable with Brady living there "because he knew Mr. Brady sold drugs." (Tr. Vol. III,
530.) Cobb was also concerned about Brady's conduct at the apartment.
       {¶ 21} Following the presentation of evidence, the jury returned a verdict finding
appellant guilty of possession of drugs; the jury also found appellant guilty of the
attendant one-year firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141, but not guilty of the three-
year firearm specification under R.C. 2941.144. The trial court sentenced appellant by
judgment entry filed on September 29, 2014.
       {¶ 22} On appeal, appellant sets forth the following four assignments of error for
this court's review:
               FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

               THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
               APPELLANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS THE SEARCH IN
               THAT APPELLANT DID NOT CONSENT PRIOR TO THE
               SEARCH AND, FURTHER, ANY CONSENT FORM WAS
               EXECUTED AT THE POLICE STATION UNDER
No. 14AP-905                                                                             7


              MISREPRESENTATION AND DECEPTION IN VIOLATION
              OF HIS RIGHTS TO THE FOURTH AND FOURTEENTH
              AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
              AND [ARTICLE] I, SECTION 14 OF THE OHIO
              CONSTITUTION.

              SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

              THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT INSTRUCTING THE
              JURY ON THE FIREARM SPECIFICATION FOR §2941.141
              FOR A FIREARM ON OR ABOUT THE PERSON OR UNDER
              HIS CONTROL PURSUANT TO THE OHIO JURY
              INSTRUCTIONS (OJI), §425.17 AND CAUSED PLAIN
              ERROR IN AFFECTING A SUBSTANTIAL RIGHT OF THE
              APPELLANT, THOUGH NOT BROUGHT TO THE
              ATTENTION OF THE COURT.

              THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

              THE CLOSING ARGUMENT OF THE APPELLANT
              UNDERMINED   THE    APPELLANT'S   FOURTEENTH
              AMENDMENT RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS, AS WELL AS HIS
              SIXTH   AMENDMENT     RIGHT    TO   EFFECTIVE
              REPRESENTATION OF COUNSEL.

              FOURTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

              APPELLANT'S CONVICTION WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY
              THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE IN VIOLATION OF
              THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE OF THE FOURTEENTH
              AMENDMENT TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AND
              ARTICLE I, SECTIONS 1 & 16 OF THE OHIO
              CONSTITUTION AND THE CONVICTION WAS ALSO
              AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

       {¶ 23} Under the first assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress the search of his residence, asserting that the
circumstances surrounding his signature on the consent to search form are suspect.
Specifically, appellant cites testimony by Sergeant Snider stating that appellant signed the
form immediately after revoking his earlier oral consent to search the first floor of the
residence. Appellant maintains he had no idea what he was signing, and that Sergeant
Snider could not have made him aware of the contents of the consent form prior to
No. 14AP-905                                                                              8


signing it. Appellant also contends there were inconsistencies between the testimony of
Officer Wells and Sergeant Snider.         Finally, appellant challenges the credibility of
Sergeant Snider's explanation as to why he did not execute the consent to search form
prior to the search.
       {¶ 24} An appellate court's review of a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress
"presents a mixed question of law and fact." State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-
Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. The trial court, in considering a motion to suppress, "assumes the role of
trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate
the credibility of witnesses." Id. A reviewing court therefore must "accept the trial court's
findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence." Id. Further,
"[a]ccepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine,
without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the
applicable legal standard." Id.
       {¶ 25} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution affords
protection to individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government.
State v. Brentlinger, 3d Dist. No. 13-04-10, 2004-Ohio-4529, ¶ 18. Absent a search
warrant, "a search is per se unreasonable unless it falls under a few established
exceptions." State v. Swetnam, 5th Dist. No. 14-CA-57, 2015-Ohio-1003, ¶ 14. Once a
defendant shows a search was warrantless, "the burden shifts to the state to show it was
permissible under one of the exceptions." Id. One exception to the warrant requirement
is consent, and a warrantless search based on consent is valid if the consent is voluntarily
given. Brentlinger at ¶ 19.
       {¶ 26} We begin with a review of the testimony presented at the suppression
hearing regarding the initial search by police officers of the first floor area of appellant's
apartment on the afternoon of February 11, 2013.           On that date, at approximately
4:30 p.m., Officer Wells was dispatched to 3973 Andrus Avenue, Whitehall, after
receiving a report of shots allegedly fired from a vehicle by a named individual (Brady).
Upon arriving at the apartment complex, Officer Wells observed appellant and Brady
exiting the apartment. After securing Brady, "the known suspect," in the back of a cruiser,
the officers spoke with appellant. (Tr. Vol. I, 15.)
No. 14AP-905                                                                                9


       {¶ 27} Officer Wells testified that appellant informed the officers that the
apartment "was his." (Tr. Vol. I, 15.) Officer Wells expressed concern to appellant that
"since Mr. Brady is the known suspect who was allegedly firing shots at his girlfriend * * *
a firearm may be in play." (Tr. Vol. I, 15-16.) Appellant assured the officer "that there was
no firearm involved," and that there was "nothing in his apartment." (Tr. Vol. I, 16.)
Officer Wells asked appellant if the officers could look inside the apartment; according to
Officer Wells, appellant "said it was fine. He said because Mr. Brady did not have a
firearm * * * [t]here's nothing in there. He said you're more than welcome to look.
There's nothing there for you to see." (Tr. Vol. I, 16.)
       {¶ 28} Appellant "opened the door" and "we walked in." (Tr. Vol. I, 17.) As the
officer and appellant stepped inside the apartment, Officer Wells "advised him * * * we're
just looking for a firearm. (Tr. Vol. I, 17.) The officer told appellant: "[I]t's totally with
your consent." (Tr. Vol. I, 17.) The officer informed appellant he could "withdraw [his]
consent" and "rescind it any time [he] want[ed]." (Tr. Vol. I, 17.) Officer Wells asked
appellant if he understood, and appellant "said yes." (Tr. Vol. I, 17.) Officer Wells further
testified that, prior to entering the apartment, appellant gave "[c]lear consent multiple
times, along with opening the door." (Tr. Vol. I, 28.)
       {¶ 29} Inside the apartment, the first door on the left led to a bathroom; Officer
Wells pushed the door open and "in plain view" observed "what I knew to be crack cocaine
and heroin contained in a plastic baggie." (Tr. Vol. I, 18.) The officer then observed a
closet in the first floor living room area; inside the closet was "a tall, heavy gun safe." (Tr.
Vol. I, 21-22.) Officer Wells asked appellant what was inside the safe, and appellant
responded: "A gun." (Tr. Vol. I, 22.) The officer requested to see the weapon, and
appellant said "Sure." (Tr. Vol. I, 23.) Appellant opened the safe for the officers, and
Officer Wells observed an AK-47 and a drum magazine.
       {¶ 30} As the officers returned to the front door area, Officer Wells observed "steps
leading upstairs." (Tr. Vol. I, 25.) He inquired if there was anyone upstairs, and appellant
responded: "Nobody's home." (Tr. Vol. I, 25.) Officer Wells asked appellant: "Do you
mind if we look upstairs?" (Tr. Vol. I, 25.) Appellant then asked the officer: "You stated I
can rescind my consent at any time, correct?" (Tr. Vol. I, 25.) Officer Wells "said 'Yes.
Absolutely.' And at that point [appellant] said, 'I rescind my consent.' " (Tr. Vol. I, 25.)
No. 14AP-905                                                                             10


Officer Wells and the other officers then "exited the house with Mr. Walker." (Tr. Vol. I,
25.)
       {¶ 31} During the suppression hearing, Sergeant Snider testified as to his actions
following receipt of the dispatch reporting an alleged shooting incident. When Sergeant
Snider arrived at 3973 Andrus Avenue, two other police officers, including Officer Wells,
were already at the scene. Officer Wells asked appellant "if it was all right if we entered
his home to search. And he replied he was okay." (Tr. Vol. I, 48.) Inside the apartment,
Sergeant Snider observed a closet in the living room area; the door "was now open at this
point * * * revealing a safe * * * in the closet, a rather large safe." (Tr. Vol. I, 50.)
Appellant told the officer that it was his safe. Appellant told Sergeant Snider "that it was
unlocked," and that he could open it. (Tr. Vol. I, 50.) Sergeant Snider responded that he
would prefer appellant open it, and appellant then "actually opened it." (Tr. Vol. I, 50.)
Sergeant Snider observed "an assault rifle present inside the safe." (Tr. Vol. I, 50.)
       {¶ 32} A short time later, Officer Wells "asked Mr. Walker if it was okay to go
upstairs. And Mr. Walker said no it was not. He wanted to stop the searching, so that was
done. We stopped." (Tr. Vol. I, 52.) At that point, "we exited the apartment and * * * I
called for detectives to come over to work on the process of trying to obtain a search
warrant." (Tr. Vol. I, 52.)
       {¶ 33} After appellant rescinded his consent, Sergeant Snider spoke with appellant,
asking him "to confirm that he did give us the approval to enter the apartment as he
did and search." (Tr. Vol. I, 52.) Sergeant Snider asked appellant if he would sign a
" 'Consent to Search form' * * * agreeing to the fact that he had given us the verbal consent
to enter the apartment and search." (Tr. Vol. I, 52.) During the suppression hearing,
Sergeant Snider identified the state's exhibit No. 20 as "a City of Whitehall Division of
Police Consent to Search Without a Warrant form." (Tr. Vol. I, 53.) The form contained
appellant's signature, indicating a time of 5:30 p.m., and Sergeant Snider's "signature as
witness." (Tr. Vol. I, 53.)
       {¶ 34} Appellant testified on his own behalf and gave the following account of the
events. On the date of the incident, appellant walked out of his apartment and observed
three police officers "coming from the side of the building" with "their guns pulled."
(Tr. Vol. I, 63.) Brady was still inside the apartment, but he came out "probably ten
No. 14AP-905                                                                                11


seconds later." (Tr. Vol. I, 64.) The officers informed appellant and Brady about a report
of some "shots fired at a female." (Tr. Vol. I, 64.) Appellant told Officer Wells that Brady
and his girlfriend were "going through a situation and all that." (Tr. Vol. I, 64.)
          {¶ 35} The officers then patted appellant down and handcuffed him.              After
approximately ten minutes, the officers removed the handcuffs. Appellant testified that
the officers "asked me for consent when they first got there." (Tr. Vol. I, 65.) According to
appellant, "[t]hey said, 'Can we search the house?' I said, 'No, you cannot.' I told them we
didn't have no weapons." (Tr. Vol. I, 65.) The officers "kept asking me about the search.
And I said no because we didn't do nothing." (Tr. Vol. I, 66.) Appellant "told them no at
least 10 times, at least." (Tr. Vol. I, 66.)
          {¶ 36} Appellant related that the officers "kept Brady cuffed in the car. They pulled
off with Brady in the car. They come back. The detective said 'We're going in.' He opened
the door with his gun pulled and said 'We're going in.' And they went in. That was it."
(Tr. Vol. I, 66.) Appellant was standing in the parking lot as the officers went inside. The
officers then "brung me in. They said 'Look at this.' * * * So I walked to the bathroom
because an officer was standing there. And I looked. And I see his drugs on the floor."
(Tr. Vol. I, 67.) Appellant told the officers, "I don't know nothing about that. * * * You got
to ask Brady about that." (Tr. Vol. I, 67.)
          {¶ 37} Appellant testified that the officers observed the gun safe on the first floor,
and one of the officers "told me that if I didn't open it they was gonna bust it up."
(Tr. Vol. I, 68.) Appellant told the officers "I don't want you all busting up my safe. So
you all gonna bust it up I just going to open it for you if you going to bust it up." (Tr. Vol.
I, 68.)
          {¶ 38} With respect to signing a consent form, appellant stated that "[w]hatever I
signed was at 9:00 something that night after they took me to jail." (Tr. Vol. I, 70.)
According to appellant, the detective "slid the papers from under papers, and said this is
just a bunch of papers talking about what we took from the house this and that. He said
so just sign it." (Tr. Vol. I, 70.) When asked on cross-examination about the consent to
search form, appellant initially denied he had ever seen the document. He acknowledged,
however, that his signature was on the form, but stated: "I didn't know I was signing a
consent form to search." (Tr. Vol. I, 72.)
No. 14AP-905                                                                             12


       {¶ 39} In denying the motion to suppress, the trial court initially determined that
the officers had probable cause to stop and approach appellant and Brady at the residence
based on "[t]he alleged shooting, the report of a shooting, the identification of the
individual, the identification of the car, and an address," as well as the fact "the defendant
himself acknowledged this confrontation or meeting took place." (Tr. Vol. I, 80.)
       {¶ 40} The trial court next addressed the issue of consent. The court agreed with
counsel for appellant that "there were some inconsistencies in the officers' testimony," as
"Officer Wells had the consent given outside," while Sergeant Snider testified "consent
was given inside." (Tr. Vol. I, 80.) The trial court also noted an "inconsistency" in the
testimony regarding the gun safe, as "Officer Wells * * * indicated that it was locked,"
while Sergeant Snider "indicated that it was unlocked." (Tr. Vol. I, 81.) The court further
noted, however, that both officers "did acknowledge the defendant had to open it," and
the court found "[t]he fact that there's some inconsistencies in testimony is not
surprising." (Tr. Vol. I, 81.) Rather, the court observed, the incident occurred "some 18
months" ago, and "if the stories matched up perfectly, the court might be a little suspect as
to whether or not it was rehearsed or not." (Tr. Vol. I, 81.)
       {¶ 41} During the suppression hearing, the trial court made the following further
findings on the record concerning witness credibility:
              What I find most telling on this matter are three particular
              things. * * * First of all, starting with counsel's words that
              common sense says you're going to open this [safe] up
              because it's a big thing, I would use common sense looking at
              this picture, this is [a] very large * * * gun safe. It must be
              * * * at least four-feet tall. And I would guess at least a couple
              feet wide. And it's got a large swivel handle in addition to the
              lock.

              This is not some office supply store safe. This is a substantial
              locker. To be worried about somebody "busting it open," I
              don't know. Busted open with what? That just doesn't make
              any sense applying the common sense standard that I was
              asked to apply which mitigates in favor of the officers'
              recollection of what happened.

              And then there's this signed consent form. The defendant
              acknowledged that he's the one that signed it. And it's
              according to the time it appears to be on the same side, the
No. 14AP-905                                                                            13


               date and time is on the same side as the defendant's side.
               There's a different date on the side where Sergeant Snider
               signed. And the time on this on the same line where on the
               defendant's side of signing it is the time 5:30. Again not 9:00.
               Not downtown. So, I mean, again, mitigating in favor of the
               officers' recollection.

               And finally what really pushed me over if there was any
               question at all, the defendant testifies that I told him 10 times
               they can't go in. They said we don't care. We're going in
               anyhow. Yet these are the same officers who the defendant
               acknowledged once inside and told you can't go upstairs say
               okay and leave voluntarily and go get a warrant.

               Why would two officers who didn't care what the defendant
               said about going in after being specifically told according to
               the defendant that you cannot go in, why would * * * these
               same two officers comply with the defendant's request when
               being told to leave? Again, much like the safe, much like the
               testimony regarding the consent form simply does not make
               any sense.
(Tr. Vol. I, 82-84.)
       {¶ 42} As noted, appellant challenges the testimony of the officers regarding his
signature on the consent to search form. Appellant deems it odd that Sergeant Snider
would expect him to sign the form immediately after purportedly revoking his oral
consent to search the first floor of the apartment. Appellant contends he had no idea what
he was signing, and that the more credible assessment is that the officer used deception.
On this point, appellant credits his own testimony that he believed the officer misled him
into signing the document at the police station later that evening, around 9:00 p.m., and
that the officer told him the form dealt with property taken from the residence.
       {¶ 43} The record of the suppression hearing reflects that the trial court heard
conflicting versions of the events at issue. In considering that testimony, the court found
more credible the officers' account of the events surrounding appellant's signature on the
consent to search form, citing in part the fact that appellant acknowledged signing the
form, and that the form listed the time as 5:30 p.m. (rather than 9:00 p.m.). The trial
court also deemed less than credible appellant's testimony that he told the officers at least
ten times they could not enter the apartment; rather, the court found that appellant's
No. 14AP-905                                                                             14


version did not make "sense" in light of the fact the officers, after appellant declined their
request for permission to go upstairs, immediately exited the residence and pursued a
search warrant. Here, the trial court was in the best position to resolve factual questions
and evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, and it was within the province of the court to
determine whether to credit appellant's testimony or that of the officers.
       {¶ 44} Further, while the trial court acknowledged a discrepancy between the
officers' testimony as to whether appellant signed the consent to search form prior to or
after the search of the first floor, the court found that such inconsistency could be
explained by the fact that Sergeant Snider initially "wasn't there." Specifically, the trial
court observed, "Officer Wells could have gotten his consent earlier and [Sergeant] Snider
got independent consent later." (Tr. Vol. I, 80.) Upon review, we find that the trial
court's resolution of an apparent discrepancy was not unreasonable.
       {¶ 45} Appellant also disputes the credibility of Sergeant Snider's claim that a
security issue precluded him from obtaining appellant's signature on the consent to
search form until after the search of the first floor. A review of the transcript of the
suppression hearing reflects that Sergeant Snider, during direct examination, was
questioned as to why he did not utilize the consent to search form prior to the search.
Sergeant Snider explained that, upon arriving at appellant's apartment, police officers
informed him that appellant and another individual, identified as "the primary suspect" in
the shooting, "had been patted down for officer safety," but that "there had not been any
type of protective sweep * * * inside the apartment." (Tr. Vol. I, 55.) Sergeant Snider
testified that, because "verbal consent was already given * * * I thought I could get this
protective sweep where I could feel comfortable that there's no danger to officers while
inside the apartment." (Tr. Vol. I, 55.) Upon review, we do not find error by the trial
court in accepting the officer's explanation on this issue.
       {¶ 46} Based on the suppression record, we conclude that the trial court could have
reasonably credited the officers' accounts that appellant initially gave oral consent to the
search of the first floor of the apartment and that the officers stopped the search to obtain
a warrant after appellant rescinded such consent following the officers' inquiry as to the
upstairs portion of the residence. Accordingly, having properly determined that the
No. 14AP-905                                                                             15


warrantless search was justified by consent, the trial court did not err in denying
appellant's motion to suppress.
       {¶ 47} Based on the foregoing, appellant's first assignment of error is not well-
taken and is overruled.
       {¶ 48} We will next address appellant's third assignment of error, under which he
raises a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Appellant argues that his counsel's
performance was deficient during closing argument in failing to discuss where the
reasonable doubt arose in this case; specifically, appellant contends that counsel did not
challenge the fact police investigators performed no latent print tests on either firearm,
nor did counsel mention the lack of DNA testing with respect to the firearms. Appellant
also contends there was no direct evidence as to how the cocaine or weapon made it into
the dresser drawer in the northeast upstairs bedroom, and he cites as deficient
performance defense counsel's failure to discuss the fact that two other individuals
(besides himself) had access to all of the rooms in the apartment.
       {¶ 49} The Supreme Court of Ohio has adopted the two-part test set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), for ineffective assistance of counsel.
State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 142 (1989). Pursuant to this test, "[c]ounsel's
performance will not be deemed ineffective unless and until counsel's performance is
proved to have fallen below an objective standard of reasonable representation and, in
addition, prejudice arises from counsel's performance." Id. at paragraph two of the
syllabus. In order to demonstrate prejudice, "the defendant must prove that there exists a
reasonable probability that, were it not for counsel's errors, the result of the trial would
have been different." Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus.
       {¶ 50} The record belies appellant's claim that defense counsel failed to discuss the
fact that two other individuals had access to the rooms in the apartment. During closing,
counsel for appellant argued "there's not just one person in this apartment." (Tr. Vol. III,
566.) Counsel highlighted the fact "that there are actually three people that had resided in
this apartment * * * at Andrus," i.e., appellant, "Mr. Cobb who lived in the basement," and
"Frederick Brady." (Tr. Vol. III, 566.) Defense counsel also emphasized to the jury that
Brady "had the run of the upstairs." (Tr. Vol. III, 572.) Because the record does not
No. 14AP-905                                                                            16


support appellant's claim that his counsel failed to argue this issue, appellant cannot
demonstrate deficient performance.
       {¶ 51} As noted, appellant also contends his counsel was deficient for failing to
bring to the attention of the jury the lack of DNA testing with respect to the firearm. The
record indicates that defense counsel cross-examined Detective Earl as to whether police
investigators tested the firearm found in appellant's bedroom for DNA or latent prints.
The detective acknowledged that investigators had not analyzed the firearm for latent
prints. With respect to the issue of DNA testing, Detective Earl testified that it was his
understanding that BCI "would not accept * * * DNA testing on that." (Tr. Vol. II, 300-
01.)
       {¶ 52} In general, "[t]he content of a closing argument is * * * considered a tactical
decision." State v. Palmer, 7th Dist. No. 04-JE-41, 2006-Ohio-749, ¶ 104. Further,
"[t]actical or strategic trial decisions, even if ultimately unsuccessful, do not generally
constitute ineffective assistance." State v. Jones, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-577, 2003-Ohio-
952, ¶ 14.
       {¶ 53} As cited above, Detective Earl testified at trial that BCI would not have
accepted DNA testing on the weapon in a firearm possession case. When defense counsel
inquired as to the reasoning, the detective cited BCI's rules for entering information,
stating "it will not be submitted into the database for DNA is my understanding of the
rules." (Tr. Vol. II, 301.) In light of testimony that BCI would not have accepted DNA
testing of a firearm under these circumstances, defense counsel may have decided, as a
matter of strategy, not to focus on the state's failure to pursue such testing.
       {¶ 54} A review of the record indicates that counsel's strategy was to cast
aspersions on one of the occupants, Brady, asserting that all of the drugs found in the
apartment belonged to him. Counsel noted that Brady admitted that the crack cocaine
and heroin found in the first floor bathroom belonged to him. Counsel also highlighted
the fact that detectives discovered a stolen 9 mm Walther handgun in the room identified
as Brady's bedroom. As previously noted, counsel argued to the jury that Brady "had the
run of the upstairs." (Tr. Vol. III, 572.) Finally, trial counsel stressed Shonda's testimony
that appellant was essentially residing with her at the time of the events. Upon review,
appellant has failed to demonstrate that counsel's performance fell below an objective
No. 14AP-905                                                                            17


standard of reasonableness or that, but for counsel's error, the result of the proceedings
would have been different.
       {¶ 55} Accordingly, appellant's third assignment of error is not well-taken and is
overruled.
       {¶ 56} Appellant's second and fourth assignments of error are interrelated and will
be considered together. Under the second assignment of error, appellant contends the
trial court committed plain error in instructing the jury on the firearm specification under
R.C. 2941.141 by failing to give an instruction that followed the recommendation as set
forth by the Ohio Jury Instructions ("OJI"). Under the fourth assignment of error,
appellant argues that his conviction was not supported by sufficient evidence and was
against the manifest weight of the evidence.
       {¶ 57} We first consider appellant's sufficiency and manifest weight challenges to
his conviction for possession of cocaine and the attendant firearm specification. At the
outset, we note the distinction between claims of sufficiency and manifest weight of the
evidence. In State v. Martin, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-189, 2014-Ohio-4447, ¶ 19-20, this
court discussed those distinctions, holding in part:
              In reviewing the "record for sufficiency, '[t]he relevant inquiry
              is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable
              to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
              the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a
              reasonable doubt.' " Id., quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d
              259 * * * (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

              In contrast to a sufficiency argument, a reviewing court
              considering a manifest weight challenge "may not merely
              substitute its view for that of the trier of fact." State v.
              Vasquez, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-366, 2014-Ohio-224, ¶ 49.
              Rather, an appellate court "must review the entire record,
              weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
              credibility of witnesses and determine whether in resolving
              conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way
              and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
              conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered." Id.

       {¶ 58} R.C. 2925.11(A) governs the crime of possession of drugs and states as
follows: "No person shall knowingly obtain, possess, or use a controlled substance or a
controlled substance analog." Pursuant to R.C. 2925.01(K), " '[p]ossess' or 'possession'
No. 14AP-905                                                                            18


means having control over a thing or substance, but may not be inferred solely from mere
access to the thing or substance through ownership or occupation of the premises upon
which the thing or substance is found."
       {¶ 59} In addition to his conviction for possession of drugs, the jury also found
appellant guilty of the firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141.        Pursuant to R.C.
2941.141(A), "[i]mposition of a one-year mandatory prison term upon an offender * * * is
precluded unless the indictment * * * specifies that the offender had a firearm on or about
the offender's person or under the offender's control while committing the offense."
       {¶ 60} In order to sustain a conviction for a firearm specification, "the state must
first prove that the firearm existed," and that "it was operable at the time the offense was
committed." State v. Harry, 12th Dist. No. CA2008-01-013, 2008-Ohio-6380, ¶ 53. The
state is then required to establish, "beyond a reasonable doubt, that the offender
committed a felony, and the offender had the weapon on or about his person or under his
control while committing the felony." Id. The term "firearm" is defined to mean "any
deadly weapon capable of expelling or propelling one or more projectiles by the action of
an explosive or combustible propellant," and "includes an unloaded firearm, and any
firearm that is inoperable but that can readily be rendered operable." R.C. 2923.11(B)(1).
       {¶ 61} In arguing that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction,
appellant notes that police officers found no drugs or weapons on his person, and he
reiterates the argument, raised under his third assignment of error, that his trial counsel
should have stressed the fact that two other individuals had access to the house and his
bedroom. Appellant also contends the evidence was insufficient to support the firearm
specification because the firearm discovered upstairs was not conveniently accessible or
within his immediate reach while in the presence of police officers; specifically, appellant
argues he was only on the first floor of the apartment at the time officers first entered the
apartment.
       {¶ 62} As set forth under the facts, the state presented testimony that appellant
gave the officers verbal consent to enter his apartment on the afternoon of the alleged
shooting incident, and that he accompanied the officers inside the apartment at the time
they discovered drugs in the first floor bathroom. However, as to the cocaine and weapon
found in the upstairs northeast bedroom, police officers conducted the search of that
No. 14AP-905                                                                           19


room later in the evening after obtaining a search warrant. Because the drugs and loaded
handgun discovered upstairs were found pursuant to the search warrant, the state did not
proceed under a theory of actual possession (i.e., that the contraband was on or about
appellant's person); rather, the state proceeded under a theory of constructive possession.
       {¶ 63} Under Ohio law, "a person may knowingly possess a substance or object
through either actual or constructive possession." State v. Hilton, 9th Dist. No. 21624,
2004-Ohio-1418, ¶ 16, citing State v. McShan, 77 Ohio App.3d 781, 783 (8th Dist.1991). A
person has actual possession of a substance or object "when it is within his immediate
physical control." State v. Coffman, 5th Dist. No. 07 CA A 08 0042, 2008-Ohio-2163,
¶ 25, citing State v. Messer, 107 Ohio App.3d 51, 56 (9th Dist.1995).          By contrast,
"[c]onstructive possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises dominion and
control over an object, even though that object may not be within his immediate physical
possession." State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87 (1982), syllabus.
       {¶ 64} Further, "[w]hen a weapon is not found on the defendant's person, but
instead found in another room, the weapon may be under a defendant's control for the
purposes of R.C. 2941.141." Harry at ¶ 53, citing State v. Brown, 107 Ohio App.3d 194
(3d Dist.1995) (weapon found in bedroom, while defendant was in living room, was under
defendant's control). Thus, "all that is necessary is that the defendant have the firearm on
or about his person or under his control 'at some point' during the crime's commission."
(Emphasis sic.) Harry at ¶ 53.
       {¶ 65} As noted by the state, Ohio courts have rejected the argument that "the
underlying drug offense and corresponding firearm possession occur only at the moment
the police execute the search warrant." State v. Wilkins, 12th Dist. No. CA2007-03-007,
2008-Ohio-2739, ¶ 26, citing State v. Benton, 8th Dist. No. 82810, 2004-Ohio-3116. In
Benton, police officers executed a search warrant at the defendant's house, during which
they seized numerous items including weapons and drugs. Officers also found cocaine
and a weapon in a vehicle belonging to the defendant's wife, located in a detached garage.
The defendant, who was inside his home at all times during the execution of the search
warrant, was convicted of possession of drugs and a one-year mandatory firearm
specification arising out of the weapon and drugs discovered in the vehicle.
No. 14AP-905                                                                           20


       {¶ 66} On appeal, the defendant argued that he did not possess the firearm during
the commission of the drug possession offense, and that the trial court's application of
constructive possession to the firearm specification was erroneous.        Specifically, the
defendant in Benton argued that legislature "defined the 'on or about the offender's
person or under the offender's control' element of the firearm specification in Ohio Jury
Instruction 413.37." Benton at ¶ 18. The decision in Benton quoted the language from
that jury instruction as providing as follows: " 'On or about his/her person' or 'under
his/her control' means that the firearm was either carried on the defendant's person or
was so near the defendant's person as to be conveniently accessible within his/her
immediate physical reach." Id. at ¶ 19.
       {¶ 67} Relying on the above cited jury instruction, the defendant in Benton argued
that the statute "requires more than constructive possession of a firearm during the
commission of an offense; it requires the State to prove that the offender had the firearm
on his or her person or that the firearm was so close to the offender that it was
immediately accessible." Id. at ¶ 20. The defendant further argued the state failed to
prove the elements of the firearm specification because it offered "no evidence that he
ever carried the gun or was in the car or ever closer than 25 feet to the gun * * * when the
search was executed and the drugs and gun were found." Id.
       {¶ 68} The reviewing court in Benton rejected this argument, finding the trial court
properly concluded the defendant had constructive possession of the weapon and was
therefore guilty of the firearm specification. In so holding, the court relied on Ohio cases
indicating that "an offender can be found guilty of a firearm specification for an
underlying drug possession offense even where the gun is not on the offender's person
during the execution of a search warrant." Id. at ¶ 25, citing Brown and State v. Spurlock,
3d Dist. No. 5-03-11, 2003-Ohio-6006.
       {¶ 69} The court in Benton specifically rejected the assumption that "the
underlying drug possession offense and corresponding firearm possession occurs only at
the moment the police execute the search warrant." Id. at ¶ 29. Rather, the court relied
on language from a Supreme Court decision holding that "the firearm specification statute
'does not require that the firearm be used in the commission of the felony, or that the
defendant acquire the firearm before beginning the crime; all that is necessary is that the
No. 14AP-905                                                                          21


defendant have the firearm on his person or under his control at some point during the
commission of the crime.' " (Emphasis sic.) Id., quoting State v. Powell, 59 Ohio St.3d
62, 63 (1991). The court in Benton thus found, despite the fact "the gun was not carried
on [the defendant's] person or even immediately accessible to him when the police
executed the warrant," it was "apparent" that the defendant "was in possession of both the
cocaine and the gun before the police arrived at his home to execute the warrant."
(Emphasis sic.) Benton at ¶ 30.
       {¶ 70} Other Ohio courts have made similar determinations. See Wilkins at ¶ 27
(where evidence showed the appellant lived in residence where drugs and firearm were
found in dresser drawer with other items belonging to him, trier of fact reasonably found
he was in possession of firearms at some point during commission of drug trafficking
offenses even though "the gun was not carried on his person or even immediately
accessible to him when the search warrant was executed or during his arrest"). See also
State v. Conway, 8th Dist. No. 86140, 2005-Ohio-6634, ¶ 12 (evidence sufficient to
support convictions for drug possession and firearm specification where weapon and
drugs were found in upstairs bedroom dresser even though defendant was secured
downstairs; the fact defendant "was secured in the downstairs of the house is inconclusive
of where he was prior to the time the police entered the premises," and reasonable minds
"could conclude that the gun belonged to defendant and that he used it in connection with
the charged offenses"); State v. White, 8th Dist. No. 82495, 2004-Ohio-228, ¶ 14-16
(rejecting appellant's argument that firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141 was
improperly imposed because weapon was located in bedroom of house when police
executed search warrant and there was no evidence appellant had a gun on his person or
under his control while committing the offense of drug trafficking; weapon was located
within appellant's easy access, in his bedroom, and he constructively possessed weapon by
exercising dominion and control at the time of drug trafficking offense).
       {¶ 71} In the instant case, neither the firearm nor drugs were found within
appellant's immediate physical possession; the issue, therefore, was whether appellant
had the ability to exercise dominion and control over the items "sufficient to show
constructive possession." State v. Tyler, 8th Dist. No. 99402, 2013-Ohio-5242, ¶ 17.
Dominion and control over an object "may be proven by circumstantial evidence alone."
No. 14AP-905                                                                           22


State v. Trembly, 137 Ohio App.3d 134, 141 (8th Dist.2000). See also State v. Combs, 2d
Dist. No. 11949 (Sept. 10, 1991) ("That the defendant exercised dominion or control over
drugs may be indirectly proven, through circumstantial evidence, even when the
defendant is not present when the drugs are found"); State v. Fry, 9th Dist. No. 23211,
2007-Ohio-3240, ¶ 47 ("circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support the elements of
constructive possession").
       {¶ 72} Further, "in determining whether a defendant knowingly possessed a
controlled substance, it is necessary to examine all of the facts and circumstances
surrounding the incident." State v. Mabry, 2d Dist. No. 21569, 2007-Ohio-1895, ¶ 20.
See also Harry at ¶ 52 (the trier of fact may consider "all relevant facts and circumstances
surrounding a crime," including "the common fact that drugs and weapons are often
found within close proximity to one another").
       {¶ 73} Here, construing the facts most strongly in favor of the prosecution as we
are required to do in considering a sufficiency challenge, the state presented evidence that
appellant leased the apartment on Andrus Avenue. When police officers initially arrived
at the residence on the afternoon of the alleged shooting incident, appellant was exiting
the apartment. Later that evening, after obtaining the search warrant, police officers
found the drugs and loaded weapon in the upstairs northeast bedroom identified as
appellant's bedroom. The drugs and weapon were located in close proximity to each other
in the same dresser drawer.      According to a detective, appellant acknowledged the
northeast bedroom "was his," and the state introduced other evidence of personal
belongings indicating appellant's connection to the room, including mail addressed to him
found on the dresser in which the officers found the drugs and weapon.
       {¶ 74} Upon review, the state presented sufficient evidence that, if believed,
permitted the trier of fact to conclude that appellant resided at the apartment and had
knowledge of, as well as dominion and control over, the drugs and weapon located in the
dresser drawer of the northeast bedroom.         As such, the evidence was sufficient to
establish appellant's constructive possession.     Further, with respect to the firearm
specification, testimony that the firearm was located in close proximity to the drugs (i.e.,
in the same dresser drawer) provided evidence to support a finding that the weapon was
under appellant's control during the commission of the felony offense. State v. Byrd, 8th
No. 14AP-905                                                                            23


Dist. No. 98037, 2012-Ohio-5728, ¶ 22 (noting cases finding sufficient evidence to
support firearm specification attached to drug possession counts "in instances where the
firearm is recovered in close proximity to the drugs"). See also Harry at ¶ 54 (evidence
sufficient to support firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141; even though weapons
were not on or about appellant's person when police arrived, due to their location in
home, jury could reasonably conclude that weapons were under appellant's control at
some point when he committed the crime of drug possession); State v. Seljan, 8th Dist.
No. 89845, 2008-Ohio-1707, ¶ 21 (affirming conviction for firearm specification in drug
trafficking case in which police found weapon in bedroom in which drugs and scale were
also found, "which supports the fact that the firearm was under appellant's control while
committing the offenses").
       {¶ 75} Appellant points to evidence that two other individuals had access to the
apartment and bedroom. However, the fact that other individuals had access to the
residence "is not dispositive of the issue of whether [appellant] had constructive
possession" of the drugs and weapon. Tyler at ¶ 24. In this respect, "[e]xclusive control
over the premises is not required." Id. Here, despite evidence that other individuals
shared the residence, the trier of fact could infer that appellant had dominion and control
over the drugs and weapon discovered in the northeast bedroom based on evidence of
appellant's relationship to the room and other personal effects.
       {¶ 76} We further find that the weight of the evidence supported appellant's
conviction for drug possession and the attendant firearm specification. As outlined above,
the state presented sufficient evidence to establish that appellant exercised dominion and
control over the area in which the drugs and weapon were found (i.e., the dresser drawer
of the northeast upstairs bedroom), and a rational trier of fact could have reasonably
determined he was in constructive possession of the drugs and weapon found therein.
Accordingly, we cannot say the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
       {¶ 77} Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in failing to provide a
complete jury instruction with respect to the firearm specification. Appellant argues that
defense counsel filed a motion for proposed jury instructions on July 30, 2014, seeking
the court to follow the OJI definition for "on or about his person, or under his control."
No. 14AP-905                                                                            24


(Appellant's Brief, 15.) Appellant notes that OJI defined that term to mean that "the
firearm on the defendant's person or so near to the Defendant's person as to be
conveniently accessible and within his immediate physical reach." (Appellant's Brief, 15.)
       {¶ 78} At the outset, as noted by the state, the record does not indicate that
appellant objected to the instruction provided by the trial court with respect to the firearm
specification at issue. Rather, when the court resumed the trial proceedings on the
morning of August 15, 2014, the court noted on the record: "First of all, * * * we had a
productive meeting last night with regard to the jury instructions. I made the changes this
morning that we all agreed on." (Tr. Vol. III, 467.) The trial court then inquired of the
parties whether there were any objections. Counsel for appellant requested that the court
include a definition of "specially adapted" with respect to the firearm specification under
R.C. 2941.144 (i.e., that the offender had an automatic firearm). Counsel, however, did
not challenge the instructions with respect to the firearm specification under R.C.
2941.141.
       {¶ 79} The decision whether to issue a particular jury instruction lies within the
sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Cobb, 11th Dist. No. 2007-P-0004, 2007-
Ohio-5614, ¶ 24. Thus, a reviewing court "will not reverse a decision concerning the
giving of jury instructions absent an abuse of discretion." Id.
       {¶ 80} In the context of a criminal case, a reviewing court "should invoke the plain
error doctrine with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances, and only to
prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice." State v. Daugherty, 11th Dist. No. 2001-T-
0024 (Mar. 15, 2002). Thus, "it is generally accepted that plain error does not exist unless,
but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different." Id.
       {¶ 81} In general, "a defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on all
elements that must be proved to establish the crime with which he is charged." State v.
Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 153 (1980). However, "a trial court's failure to separately and
specifically charge the jury on every element of each crime with which a defendant is
charged does not per se constitute plain error nor does it necessarily require reversal of a
conviction." Id. at 154. Rather, "[o]nly by reviewing the record in each case can the
probable impact of such a failure be determined, and a decision reached as to whether
No. 14AP-905                                                                            25


substantial prejudice may have been visited on the defendant, thereby resulting in a
manifest miscarriage of justice." Id.
       {¶ 82} In the present case, the trial court instructed the jury in part as follows:
"You must decide whether the defendant is guilty of Specification Two as set forth in
Count One of the indictment. You must decide whether the state has proved beyond a
reasonable doubt the defendant had a firearm on or about his person or under his control
while committing the offense." (Tr. Vol. III, 601.) As part of its instruction, the court
provided the jury with the definition of a firearm, i.e. "any deadly weapon capable of
expelling or propelling one or more projectiles by the action of an explosive or
combustible propellant," including "an unloaded firearm or any firearm which is
inoperable but which can readily be rendered operable." (Tr. Vol. III, 601.)
       {¶ 83} The court also instructed on constructive possession, stating in part: "The
possession of an item can exist without physical contact so long as the person has
dominion and control over it. Such dominion and control without physical custody is
called constructive possession." (Tr. Vol. III, 599-600.) The court further instructed the
jury that "the mere fact contraband is located within the premises under one's control
does not in and of itself constitute constructive possession. It must also be shown the
person was conscious of the presence of the contraband. Circumstantial evidence alone is
sufficient to support the element of constructive possession." (Tr. Vol. III, 600.)
       {¶ 84} Similar to his sufficiency argument, appellant contends that he remained on
the first floor of the apartment, in the presence of the officers, at the time of the initial
search; appellant maintains, therefore, he was nowhere near any firearm found on the
premises which could be construed as conveniently accessible or within his immediate
physical reach at the time of the initial search.
       {¶ 85} We have previously noted, however, that the state's theory of the case with
respect to the drugs and weapon found in the upstairs northeast bedroom (after police
officers obtained a search warrant) was based on constructive possession rather than
actual possession. We have also discussed (and agree with) the state's argument that
Ohio courts have rejected the proposition that "the underlying drug possession offense
and corresponding firearm possession occurs only at the moment the police execute the
search warrant." Benton at ¶ 29. See also Wilkins at ¶ 26. As also previously discussed,
No. 14AP-905                                                                           26


under Ohio law, "[c]onstructive possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises
dominion and control over an object, even though that object may not be within his
immediate physical possession." Hankerson at syllabus.
       {¶ 86} Here, the trial court informed the jury that it needed to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that appellant had a firearm on or about his person or under his control
while committing the offense. As indicated, the court also instructed the jury with respect
to constructive possession, which requires dominion and control over the object. Based
on our review, the jury instructions provided by the trial court with respect to the firearm
specification and the related instruction on constructive possession adequately reflected
case law regarding those concepts, as well as the type of possession at issue in this case,
and we do not find that the trial court committed plain error in refusing to include in its
instructions the language from OJI cited by appellant.
       {¶ 87} Accordingly, appellant's second and fourth assignments of error are without
merit and are overruled.
       {¶ 88} Based on the foregoing, appellant's first, second, third, and fourth
assignments of error are overruled, and the judgment of the Franklin County Court of
Common Pleas is hereby affirmed.
                                                                       Judgment affirmed.

                      SADLER and LUPER SCHUSTER, JJ., concur.
