 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

SEAN PERRYMAN, individually,
                                                 No. 72916-1-1
                                                                                 —n
                      Appellant,
                                                                                 CO
                                                 DIVISION ONE
                                                                                  i
                v.
                                                 UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                                                                  T"
BELLEVUE COLLEGE, an agency/
                                                                                  \£
division of the STATE OF
WASHINGTON,                                                                           e.




                      Respondent.                FILED: February 1,2016


          Trickey, J. — Once a defendant meets its initial burden on a motion for

summary judgment, the plaintiff must make a showing sufficient to establish each
element of its claim. Here, a college student brought a negligence claim against

his school for injuries sustained during a self-defense class. Because thatstudent
failed to produce any evidence of proximate cause, the trial court did not err in
dismissing his claim. But the trial court did err when it awarded the defendant
attorney fees without making required findings. Therefore, we affirm the dismissal
of the claim, but remand to the trial court to enter findings offact and conclusions

of law.

                                       FACTS

          In the spring of 2012, Sean Perryman enrolled in a self-defense course at
Bellevue College (College). He attended the class twice a week for about two
months, engaging in ground exercises and drills. Perryman often paired with a
very experienced student. On May 29 and 30, 2012, Perryman participated in one-
on-one exercises with that experienced student. On both days, the student's knee
struck Perryman in the head. Perryman did not lose consciousness or "see stars"
No. 72916-1-1/2



either time.1   He did not mention that he was injured to the other student or

instructor at that time.

       Later, Perryman began experiencing dizziness, memory problems, and

irritability. His doctor diagnosed him with a concussion. Due to the concussion,

Perryman was unable to finish his classes that quarter.

       Perryman sued the College for negligence.          The case proceeded to

arbitration. The arbitrator found for the College. Perryman requested a trial de

novo after the arbitration. The College moved for summary judgment, which the

trial court initially denied. Then, the College moved for reconsideration. The trial
court granted both the motion for reconsideration and the motion for summary
judgment and dismissed Perryman's claim.

       Thereafter, the College moved to unseal the arbitration award and for an
award of attorney fees. The trial court granted both motions and entered an award
of attorney fees in the amount of $32,692.50.

        Perryman appeals.

                                      ANALYSIS

                                   Summary Judgment

        Perryman contends that it was error for the court to grant the College's
motion for summary judgment on his negligence claim. Specifically, he argues that
there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether he can establish
negligence. We disagree.




  Clerk's Papers (CP) at 189-90.
No. 72916-1-1/3


      Summary judgment is appropriate only when there is no genuine issue of
any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
CR 56(c). The moving party has an initial burden to show "the absence ofan issue
of material fact." Young v. KevPharm., 112 Wn.2d 216, 225, 770 P.2d 182 (1989).

If the moving party is the defendant, and it meets its burden, the inquiry shifts to
the plaintiff. Young, 112 Wn.2d at 225. The plaintiff must "'make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence'" of all elements essential to its claim. Young,

112 Wn.2d at 225 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct.
2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986)). If the plaintiff cannot make such a showing,
summary judgment is appropriate. Young, 112 Wn.2d at 225.
       "The nonmoving party may not rely on speculation or argumentative
assertions that unresolved factual issues remain." Little v. Countrvwood Homes,
Inc., 132 Wn. App. 777, 780, 133 P.3d 944 (2006). Similarly, unsupported
conclusory statements alone "are insufficient to prove the existence or
nonexistence of issues of fact." Hash v. Children's Orthopedic Hosp., 49Wn. App.
130, 133,741 P.2d 584 (1987).

       We review motions for summary judgment de novo, and engage in the same

 inquiry as the trial court. Nivens v. 7-11 Hoaov's Corner, 133 Wn.2d 192, 197-98,
 943 P.2d 286 (1997). We consider "facts and all reasonable inferences therefrom
 ... in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party," and grant summary
 judgment "only if, from all the evidence, reasonable persons could reach but one
 conclusion." Scott v. Pac. W. Mountain Resort, 119 Wn.2d 484, 502, 834 P.2d 6
 (1992). "We will infer a consequence from an established circumstance," not
No. 72916-1-1/4


"when no more than a possibility is shown." Parmelee v. Chicago, M. &St. P. Rv.

Co., 92 Wash. 185, 194, 158 P. 977 (1916), aff'd sub nom., Parmelee v. Chicago,

M & St P R Co, 246 U.S. 658, 38 S. Ct. 425, 62 L. Ed. 926 (1918).

       To prevail on a claim ofnegligence, the plaintiff mustestablish the existence
of a duty, the defendant's breach of that duty, the plaintiff's resulting injury, and
proximate cause. Deoel v. Majestic Mobile Manor, Inc., 129 Wn.2d 43, 48, 914
P.2d 728 (1996). The plaintiff also needs to "present proof sufficient to allow a
reasonable person to conclude that the harm, more probably than not[,] happened
in such a way that the [defendant] should be held liable." Little, 132 Wn. App. at
781.

       Proximate cause requires both "cause in fact and legal causation." Little,
132 Wn. App. at 780. To show cause in fact, the "claimant must establish that the
harm he suffered would not have occurred but for an act or omission of the
defendant." Little, 132 Wn. App. at 780 (emphasis added).
       Here, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the
College, because Perryman failed to establish cause in fact. Perryman argues that
the College, through the instructor, breached its duty to him by failing to provide
 him with protective gear, by not properly training him on how to avoid injuries, by
 not choreographing the exercises or establishing clear parameters for the
 exercises, and by not having the instructor present at all times while the students
 were engaging in the exercises. But Perryman fails to show that any of these
 alleged breaches was the proximate cause of his injury.
        There is evidence that the blows to Perryman's head from another student's
No. 72916-1-1/5


knee caused Perryman's concussion. To survive summary judgment, Perryman

needs to show that, but for one of the alleged breaches by the College, he would

not have suffered a concussion.       He fails to do so.     Perryman points to the

declaration of self-defense expert Bill Kipp, which states, "[The instructor's] failure

to set up these drills correctly combined with his failure to supervise the drills
caused Sean Perryman to be injured by another student while performing the
drills."2 But this assertion is merely speculative and is too conclusory to show the

existence of a material fact.

       There is no other evidence in the record to support a reasonable inference

that Perryman would not have sustained a concussion absent the College's
alleged negligence. There is nothing in the record to support an inference that
protective gear would have prevented the concussion, or that had the instructor
set up the exercises differently, there would have been no inadvertent contact
between Perryman and the other student.
       Perryman's claim of negligence fails because he did not establish proximate
cause. Accordingly, we need not address the other elements of his claim. We
also need not address the College's argument that Perryman assumed the risk of

his injury.

                                Attorney Fees at Trial

        Perryman contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded
 attorney fees to the College without articulating its reasons. We agree.
        "An appeal from a decision on the merits of a case brings up for review an


  CP at 237.
No. 72916-1-1/6


award of attorney fees entered after the appellate court accepts review of the

decision on the merits." RAP 2.4(g). Perryman appealed the order on the merits

of his claim and assigned errorto the award offees. Therefore, it is proper for this

court to consider the trial court's award of attorney fees.

       After parties undergo mandatory arbitration, a party may attemptto improve

its position by seeking a trial de novo. RCW 7.06.050(1 )(a). If that party fails to
improve its position, the other side is entitled to "costs and reasonable attorney
fees." MAR 7.3; RCW 7.06.060(1).

       "Fee decisions are entrusted to the discretion of the trial court" but that

discretion mustbe "exercised on articulable grounds." Mahler v. Szucs, 135Wn.2d
398, 435, 957 P.2d 632 (1998). The court "must take an active role in assessing
the reasonableness of fee awards," and should not "simply accept unquestioningly
fee affidavits from counsel." Mahler, 135 Wn.2d at 434-35. It must enter findings
of fact and conclusions of law to support the award. Mahler, 135 Wn.2d at 435.
       Here, the trial court properly concluded that the College was entitled to
attorney fees because Perryman sought a trial de novo after arbitration and failed
to improve his position. The College sought $32,692.50 in attorney fees. The trial
court awarded the College $32,692.50 in attorney fees, without any determination
on the record that the fees were reasonable.

        The trial court appears to have unquestionably accepted the fee affidavits
 from the College's counsel. It did not make the necessary findings of fact and
 conclusions of law to support its award. We remand the fee award to the trial court
 for the entry of proper findings of fact and conclusions of law consistent with
No. 72916-1-1/7


Mahler.

       The College claims that Perryman cannot raise this issue on appeal

because he did not challenge the award below. Perryman had no opportunity to

object to the lack of the trial court's entry of proper findings before this appeal.
Therefore, it is proper for him to raise this issue now.

                              Attorney Fees on Appeal

       The College requests attorney fees and costs on appeal. We grant this

request.

       "A party entitled to attorney fees under MAR 7.3 at the trial court level is
also entitled to attorney fees on appeal if the appealing party again fails to improve
its position." Yoon v. Keeling, 91 Wn. App. 302, 306, 956 P.2d 1116 (1998). As
discussed earlier, the College was entitled to attorney fees at the trial court under
MAR 7.3. Because Perryman has not improved his position on this appeal, this
rule also supports an award of attorney fees on appeal.
          We affirm the summary judgment order, but we remand to the trial court to
enter findings of fact and conclusions of law to support its award of attorney fees.




                                                   "Ir^Uey, J
WE CONCUR:




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