                                                     In the
                               Missouri Court of Appeals
                                           Western District
 STATE OF MISSOURI,                                       )
                                                          )
                    Respondent,                           )    WD82681
                                                          )
 v.                                                       )    OPINION FILED: August 25, 2020
                                                          )
 NOAH ABRAM KELLIKER,                                     )
                                                          )
                     Appellant.                           )

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court of Pettis County, Missouri
                           The Honorable Robert L. Koffman, Judge

      Before Division Two: Mark D. Pfeiffer, Presiding Judge, Alok Ahuja, Judge and
                                 Gary D. Witt, Judge


         Noah Kelliker ("Kelliker") was convicted in the Circuit Court of Pettis County after

a jury trial of one count of felony murder in the second degree in violation of section

565.021 ("Count I"); one count of unlawful use of a weapon in violation of section 571.030

("Count II"); and one count of armed criminal action in violation of section 571.015

("Count III").1 Kelliker was sentenced to life in the Missouri Department of Corrections

on Count I, 15 years on Count II, and 15 years on Count III with all sentences running



         1
          All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri (2016), as updated through January 9,
2018, unless otherwise specified.
concurrently. On appeal, Kelliker asserts the evidence is insufficient to support his

conviction under Count II, which was the predicate offense for both Counts I and III.

Because there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict that Kelliker was guilty

of unlawful use of a weapon, we affirm.

                                     Procedural and Factual Background2

         Kelliker lived in Sedalia with his uncle, Carl Jones ("Jones"), in January 2018.

While Kelliker was living with Jones, Jones overheard Kelliker talking on the phone about

getting “easy money” from a man named Joe Nebergall ("Nebergall"), the victim's

boyfriend. During a subsequent conversation between Jones and Kelliker, Kelliker stated

that Nebergall was a "[drug] dealer or had money that that can be taken" and that it would

be easy to steal from Nebergall.

         On the afternoon of January 9, 2018, Kelliker called his ex-girlfriend, Allison

Wyrick ("Wyrick"). Kelliker told Wyrick that he was in Sedalia and wanted to see her.

Wyrick drove to Sedalia and picked up Kelliker. After they talked for a while, Kelliker

asked Wyrick to take him to a trailer park over by the movie theater and gave her directions.

Upon arriving at the trailer park, Kelliker exited the vehicle, but Wyrick remained in the

car and looked at her phone. While on her phone and "not really paying attention to what

was happening," she heard two or three gunshots. Wyrick looked around for the source of

the shots or anyone running away but did not see anything. Kelliker returned to the car

and told her to leave. Wyrick asked Kelliker what he was doing, but Kelliker did not give


         2
         This Court views the facts in the light most favorable to the underlying jury verdict. State v. Taylor, 134
S.W.3d 21, 24 (Mo. banc 2004).

                                                          2
an answer. He then asked her to take him to McDonald's where he ordered food. After

leaving McDonald's, she dropped Kelliker off in the same location where she had picked

him up.

       At 8:30 P.M. that same day, the Pettis County Sheriff’s Office received a report of

shots fired in the area of the Western View Estates Trailer Park ("Western View"). A

Sheriff's Deputy drove around the area for several minutes but left because no one was in

the area and nothing seemed out of the ordinary. Around 10:00 P.M. on the same night,

dispatch received another call reporting that the caller returned home and found Cassandra

White ("White") bleeding inside their mobile home at Lot 23 in Western View. While

approaching Lot 23, a deputy observed that the front glass door was shattered and there

was glass on the doorstep. The front door to Lot 23 was open, and Nebergall was just

inside the doorway holding a towel to the back of White's head and said "she's bleeding."

The officer observed White also had a stomach wound. White did not have a pulse and

was not breathing.

       The officer performed CPR until paramedics arrived. White was pronounced dead

at the scene. An autopsy revealed that White sustained three bullet wounds. One went

through her left forearm, one passed through her lower abdomen on the left side of her

body, and one entered the back of her head causing "catastrophic damage" to White's brain.

White also had a "stippling" wound on her face indicating that another bullet was fired near

her eye but narrowly missed her face. A bullet hole was found going through the blinds

and window behind where White had been. The official cause of death was listed as the

gunshot wound to White's head.

                                             3
       Deputy Chancellor canvassed the area for witnesses, and no one identified seeing

Kelliker at Western View. Two nine-millimeter shell casings were recovered near the

entrance to White's mobile home. One casing was silver and the other was brass. In all,

three bullet holes were found in the mobile home's front door, and a fourth bullet traveled

through the mobile home's window and into a neighboring mobile home.

       Kelliker moved out of Jones's home the day after the crime occurred. In the days

following the shooting, the Pettis County Sheriff's Office received information regarding

an anonymous tip about a male that had been involved in a shooting in Sedalia, which

included details of the murder that were not publicly available. That tip led them to

Kelliker as a possible suspect and it was determined he was staying at the Master's Ranch

("Ranch") in Oregon County. The Oregon County Sheriff’s Office took Kelliker into

custody at the Ranch.

       Kelliker denied having a vehicle at the Ranch. An officer located a red vehicle with

a flat tire in the parking lot at the Ranch, which was determined to belong to Kelliker. A

handgun was in plain view in the back seat of the car. The car was impounded, and during

a search pursuant to a search warrant, the gun was seized. The gun was a Ruger 9 mm

caliber (the same caliber used in the homicide) and the gun’s magazine had a capacity of

seventeen bullets. The gun's magazine contained thirteen bullets consistent with four

rounds being fired from it, and the bullets in the magazine alternated between brass-colored

casings and silver-colored casings every other round. A Wal-Mart receipt was also

recovered from the vehicle from a store located in Sedalia and dated a day or two before



                                             4
the murder. Additional 9 mm ammunition, .223 rifle ammunition, marijuana, and digital

scales were also found in the car.

       During an interview following his arrest, Kelliker stated that he knew something

about the shooting but did not reveal any additional information. In a subsequent interview,

Kelliker said that he did not remember anything from the night of the shooting because he

had taken Xanax and had not eaten that day. Kelliker remembered being picked up by

Wyrick and taken to a friend's house, then going to McDonald's, then returning to the

friend's house at some point. When questioned about the possibility of him being at the

trailer on the night of the shooting, Kelliker did not deny it. Kelliker also did not deny

having a gun or being with Wyrick on the day of the shooting. Kelliker stated that he

"spoke with [Wyrick]" and "whatever she said is what happened." Kelliker confirmed that

he knew Nebergall.

       Kelliker was charged with three offenses in connection with White's death. The

jury found Kelliker guilty on all three counts, and the trial court sentenced Kelliker to

incarceration for life on Count I, 15 years on Count II, and 15 years on Count III, and

ordered the sentences to run concurrently. This timely appeal followed.

                                     Standard of Review

       When reviewing the sufficiency of evidence supporting a criminal
       conviction, the Court gives great deference to the trier of fact. Appellate
       review "is limited to a determination of whether there is sufficient evidence
       from which a reasonable juror might have found the defendant guilty beyond
       a reasonable doubt." In applying this standard, "the Court accepts as true all
       of the evidence favorable to the state, including all favorable inferences
       drawn from the evidence and disregards all evidence and inferences to the
       contrary."


                                             5
State v. Oliver, 293 S.W.3d 437, 444 (Mo. banc 2009).

                                         Discussion

       Kelliker raises one point on appeal arguing the trial court erred in denying his

motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of all the evidence and in imposing sentence

on Kelliker on Count II in that the evidence did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

Kelliker committed the offense of unlawful use of a weapon. Kelliker further argues that

because the offense of unlawful use of a weapon was the predicate offense for Counts I

and III, his convictions under those Counts must also be reversed. We disagree.

       Circumstantial evidence can meet the required burden of proof in a criminal trial.

"If a jury is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt, so long as the evidence meets the

minimal appellate standard required by due process, we need not disturb the result simply

because the case depended wholly, mostly, or partially upon circumstantial proof." State

v. Grim, 854 S.W.2d 403, 406 (Mo. banc 1993). For sufficiency of evidence in a

circumstantial case, the relevant inquiry is not "whether the court believes that the evidence

at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt but rather a question of whether, in light

of the evidence most favorable to the State, any rational fact-finder could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Nash, 339 S.W.3d

500, 509 (Mo. banc 2011).

       "[A]n inference is a conclusion drawn by reason from facts established by proof; a

deduction or conclusion from facts or propositions known to be true." State v. Waller, 163

S.W.3d 593, 595 (Mo App. W.D. 2005). Essentially, this Court will find that the evidence

is sufficient if the inference that Kelliker committed Count II is reasonable and the

                                              6
underlying facts that support the inference have been proven true. Conversely, the Court

"will not supply missing evidence or give the State the benefit of unreasonable, speculative,

or forced inferences." State v. Langdon, 110 S.W.3d 807, 811-12 (Mo. banc 2003).

       "A person commits the offense of unlawful use of weapons if he or she knowingly

shoots a firearm at any building or habitable structure." Section 571.030.1(9). Kelliker

does not challenge whether someone knowingly shot a firearm into a habitable structure.

Kelliker asserts a reasonable juror could not find from the evidence that Kelliker was the

person who actually shot into the mobile home. Specifically, Kelliker asserts that a

reasonable juror could not make three necessary inferences which would be required to

sustain a conviction based on the evidence: (1) that Kelliker was present at the scene of

the crime; (2) that Kelliker fired a weapon at the scene; and (3) that the gun obtained from

Kelliker's vehicle was the murder weapon; and therefore, the State did not meets its burden

to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt for Count II.

       We address each in turn. Kelliker first asserts that the State did not meet its burden

of adducing sufficient evidence to permit a reasonable inference that Kelliker was at the

scene of the crime. Kelliker argues that the evidence merely supports an inference that he

was at a trailer park on the day that the shooting took place but not an inference that he was

at Western View at the time of the murder. However, the evidence is clear that shortly

before the murder, Kelliker was overheard on the phone discussing robbing Nebergall, who

lived in the exact mobile home where the murder occurred. On the night of the murder,

Wyrick drove Kelliker to a trailer park, and while she and Kelliker were there multiple

gunshots were fired. The Pettis County Sheriff's Department received reports of multiple

                                              7
gunshots being fired in that location on that same day at or near the same time. In addition,

expended bullet casings found at the scene were both silver colored and brass colored,

consistent with the unusual way the bullets were fed into the magazine of the gun found in

Kelliker's automobile a few days after the shooting. From these facts alone, a juror could

infer that Kelliker was present at Western View on the night of the murder .

        The fact that Wyrick cannot verify exactly which trailer park she took Kelliker to

does not make the inference mere supposition.3 In State v. Chaney, 967 S.W.2d 47, 54

(Mo. banc 1998), the Court held that the State does not have to “disprove every reasonable

hypothesis except that of guilt.” The State did not have the burden to disprove Kelliker

had not been taken to every other trailer park in the surrounding area.

        Kelliker next asserts that a reasonable juror could not infer that Kelliker fired a gun

into the mobile home. In State v. Plopper, 489 S.W.3d 848, 850 (Mo. App. S.D. 2016),

the defendant told the victim that there would be "violent consequences" if the victim did

not change his testimony at an upcoming trial of the defendant's brother. Two days later,

someone used an accelerant to set fire to the victim's vehicle. Id. A few hours later, officers

found the defendant asleep or passed out in a truck outside of the victim's city with a nearly

empty five gallon can of gasoline in the back of his truck. Id. When questioned, the

defendant gave varying and inconsistent accounts of his whereabouts that day. Id. The

court affirmed the defendant's conviction for tampering because a reasonable juror could




        3
         A supposition is "a conjecture based on the possibility that a thing could have happened." State v. Putney.
473 S.W.3d 210, 216 (Mo. App. E.D. 2015).

                                                         8
have concluded from this circumstantial evidence that the defendant was the person who

set fire to the victim's vehicle. Id.

       Like the threatening statements in Plopper, Kelliker made comments indicating his

intention to steal money from Nebergall, White's co-habitant. And, while Plopper had an

empty gasoline can that could have contained the accelerant used to set the fire, Kelliker's

vehicle contained a nine-millimeter handgun consistent with the weapon used in White's

murder. The gun had 13 rounds in the magazine with a total capacity of 17, consistent with

four rounds having been fired from that gun. The bullets in the magazine were stacked in

an unusual way with bullets alternating between a bullet with a brass casing and then a

bullet with a silver casing, consistent with the shell casings found at the crime scene.

       Kelliker further argues that "mere presence at the scene of a crime is not enough to

show affirmative participation," State v. Dixson, 546 S.W.3d 615, 619 (Mo. App. E.D.

2018), but Kelliker's presence at Western View is not the only evidence that demonstrates

Kelliker's guilt. The day after the murder, Kelliker fled from Pettis County to Oregon

County. See State v. Hosier, 454 S.W.3d 883, 895 (Mo. banc 2015) ("Evidence of flight is

admissible to show consciousness of guilt."). Further, during his arrest, Kelliker lied to

officers about owning a vehicle and his nine-millimeter handgun was later found in his

vehicle in the parking lot of the place where he was staying. Like in Plopper, Kelliker

provided varying and inconsistent accounts of what he did on the day of the murder during

his interviews with law enforcement, including his statement that due to drug use and lack

of food he had no recollection of the events of that day but officers could rely on what

Wyrick told them. When taken together, these facts support an inference that Kelliker had

                                              9
a consciousness of guilt, which supports an inference that Kelliker fired a weapon into the

mobile home at Western View on the day of the murder. Therefore, a reasonable juror

could infer that Kelliker was the individual who fired into the trailer.

       Finally, Kelliker argues a reasonable juror could not infer that the gun recovered

from Kelliker's vehicle was the murder weapon asserting that the amount of time between

the shooting and the gun’s recovery makes any inference that they are the same weapon

more forced and speculative. Kelliker relies on State v. Allen, 536 S.W.3d 241, 247 (Mo.

App. E.D. 2017), where the court held that it was impermissible to infer that a defendant

had operated a stolen vehicle in Missouri even though the defendant had sole possession

of the vehicle in Arkansas. A car was stolen from Perryville, Missouri in February 2014.

Id. at 242. Five or six days later in Knobel, Arkansas, the defendant entered into an

agreement with his neighbors to trade the stolen truck for the neighbors' Jeep. Id. A few

days later, Arkansas law enforcement seized the stolen pickup from the defendant's

neighbors, and the neighbors relayed that they received the stolen pickup from the

defendant. Id. The defendant was arrested and charged in Missouri with first degree

tampering. Id. at 243. The testimony indicated that the truck was stolen in Missouri, but

no one could identify the person who stole it. Id. at 245. Other testimony and evidence

explained the transactions that took place in Arkansas, but no evidence indicated that the

defendant had been in Missouri between the time when the truck was stolen and when it

was seized in Arkansas. Id. The court held that unexplained possession of recently stolen

property raises a permissible inference of guilt in cases of burglary or stealing, but not in



                                             10
cases of tampering. Id. at 246-47. Because the State could not establish that the defendant

had stolen the truck in Missouri, the defendant's conviction was overturned.

       The State did not have the burden to prove that the gun recovered from Kelliker's

car was in fact the weapon used in this crime, however, a juror could infer that the weapon

in Kelliker's possession was the murder weapon because the Ruger recovered from

Kelliker’s vehicle was a nine-millimeter caliber, had only thirteen of a possible seventeen

rounds in the magazine, and the magazine contained bullets loaded in an unusual fashion

of alternating between silver and brass casings. When combined with the facts that a silver

and brass shell casing were recovered from the scene and that four shots were fired during

the commission of the offense, a reasonable juror could conclude that the gun recovered in

Kelliker's car was the gun used to kill White. However, unlike in Allen, Kelliker's

possession of the handgun is not the sole piece of evidence tying him to the crime. A few

days before the crime, Kelliker was overheard speaking on the phone about robbing

Nebergall, who lived in the mobile home where the crime occurred. As stated previously,

Kelliker displayed consciousness of guilt by fleeing to another county and providing

inconsistent accounts of his actions that day. He lied about owning a vehicle, when his car

was in the parking lot where he was taken into custody and had the weapon in the back

seat. Further, both Kelliker and Wyrick placed Kelliker in a trailer park in Sedalia on the

day of and near the time of the crime where shots were fired.

       Given the totality of the evidence, we conclude that a reasonable juror could find

beyond a reasonable doubt that Kelliker did commit the offense of unlawful use of a

weapon.

                                            11
                                        Conclusion

      We affirm Kelliker's convictions and sentences.




                                        Gary D. Witt, Judge

All concur




                                          12
