          United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit



No. 15-1349

                    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Appellee,

                               v.

                        RANDY RAY RIVERA,

                      Defendant, Appellant.



          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

          [Hon. Michael A. Ponsor, U.S. District Judge]



                             Before

                 Torruella, Lipez, and Thompson,
                         Circuit Judges.



     David B. Hirsch, for appellant.
Katharine A. Wagner, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom
Carmen M. Ortiz, United States Attorney, was on brief, for
appellee.
                        _________________
                           June 9, 2016
                        _________________
              THOMPSON, Circuit Judge.

                                  Setting the Stage

              Randy       Ray   Rivera    pled     guilty    to   being   a   felon   in

possession     of     a    firearm.        See   18   U.S.C.      §   922(g)(1).      His

conditional plea reserved the right to appeal from the district

judge's order denying his motion to suppress evidence seized from

his home — a seizure authorized by a warrant issued by the same

judge.    Rivera had argued below that the affidavit DEA special

agent John Barron submitted in support of the application failed

to establish probable cause because it did not provide an adequate

nexus between his drug dealing and his house.1                         Rivera had also

asked the judge for an evidentiary hearing — dubbed a "Franks

hearing," after Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978) — so that

he    could    challenge        the      truthfulness       of    Barron's    affidavit

statements.      But the judge concluded that even if the affidavit

failed to supply probable cause (a question the judge saw no need

to decide), Rivera's suppression bid failed because Barron had

obtained the warrant in good faith.                   See United States v. Leon,

468 U.S. 897, 922 (1984) (discussing how evidence seized in good

faith, in reliance on a warrant later invalidated, may still be

admissible).        And the judge also concluded that Rivera had failed


1   "DEA" is short for "Drug Enforcement Administration."
                                           - 2 -
to make the substantial showing of probable falsity on Barron's

part, thus making a Franks hearing unnecessary.

          An unhappy Rivera appeals both aspects of the judge's

ruling.   We affirm, though on the first issue we think law

enforcement actually had probable cause for the search — which

removes any need to invoke the good-faith exception.

                          Probable-Cause Issue

                               Background

          We cite only those facts necessary to put the probable-

cause issue into workable perspective — presenting them, of course,

in the light most favorable to the suppression ruling.        See, e.g.,

United States v. McGregor, 650 F.3d 813, 823–24 (1st Cir. 2011);

United States v. Owens, 167 F.3d 739, 743 (1st Cir. 1999).

          Back in 2012, a Vermont state trooper stopped an SUV for

a traffic infraction.      The driver, Shawn Kivela, consented to a

vehicle search.   And that search turned up about 5 ounces of what

turned out to be crack cocaine.

          The   trooper   arrested   and    Mirandized   Kivela   and   his

passengers, Randy and Star Gaboriault. After the trio waived their

Miranda rights, a series of police interviews ensued.        Among other

juicy tidbits, law enforcement learned from Kivela that he and the

Gaboriaults had driven to Springfield, Massachusetts to meet with

a "Puerto Rican male" known as "Melvin" or "Randy" (we'll use

                                 - 3 -
"Randy" for simplicity) at a third-floor apartment at 6 Beaumont

Street — a very sparsely furnished apartment that "Randy" used as

a drug-stash house, not (apparently) as a home.   Kivela said that

the Gaboriaults had bought about 5 ounces of crack from "Randy"

too — paying him $7,000, according to Star Gaboriault — and body-

cavity searches of the Gaboriaults uncovered that crack amount.

Kivela added that he had been buying crack from "Randy" on a weekly

basis since 2009.    The Gaboriaults routinely accompanied him on

these drug-buying sprees — Kivela would score about 3 or 4 ounces

of crack per visit, while the Gaboriaults would score between 6

and 9 ounces. Kivela and "Randy" would communicate by text, Kivela

said.   And he identified a photo of Rivera as "Randy."

           Rivera, it turns out, was no stranger to the Springfield

police — a criminal-record check disclosed 13 prior narcotics

convictions plus a prior ammunition-possession conviction.      He

lived at 56 Merwin Street (a street in Springfield) with his

girlfriend Yayaira Guzman, a confidential source ("CS") told the

police.2 Registry-of-deeds records showed that Guzman solely owned

the Merwin-Street property.     The CS also identified some cars

(registered to Guzman at the Merwin-Street address) — including a

white Infiniti FX-35 — that Rivera used.     A police-surveillance



2 According to the record in this case, Rivera's "residence is part
of a two-story, two-family duplex."
                               - 4 -
team regularly saw Rivera and Guzman entering and leaving the

Merwin-Street property, and routinely saw the cars described by

the CS at that address as well.

             Most helpfully for the police, the CS eventually agreed

to participate in a controlled buy of crack from Rivera.                On the

day of the buy, but before the buy went down, a DEA agent spotted

the Infiniti FX-35 at 56 Merwin Street — Rivera's home — at 9 a.m.

and again at 1:45 p.m.      Around 2:47 p.m., the CS phoned Rivera to

say that he would be at 6 Beaumont Street — Rivera's stash house

— shortly.    The DEA saw the Infiniti drive away from Rivera's home

around 2:50 p.m., roughly 3 minutes after the CS's call.           At about

2:56 p.m., Rivera texted the CS to stay away from 6 Beaumont Street

because a police officer was parked outside.          Agents spotted the

Infiniti parked at 6 Beaumont Street a minute later.

             Following   Rivera's   instructions,   the    CS   drove    to   a

Walgreens parking lot.      Rivera said he would package up the crack

and meet the CS there.       The surveillance team saw the Infiniti

drive away from 6 Beaumont Street at 3:27 p.m.            An officer later

identified the driver as Rivera.            Investigators watched as the

Infiniti pulled up behind the CS's vehicle.            Rivera honked the

Infiniti's horn and motioned to the CS to follow him to the back

of the parking lot.      The CS did as asked.       Then the CS got into

the Infiniti around 3:30 p.m., and after a short time, returned to

                                    - 5 -
his car with a package of what proved to be crack.            Investigators

followed Rivera to a body shop, saw him get out and walk around a

bit, and then tailed him back to 6 Beaumont.

             Armed with this information, the DEA's Barron applied

for federal warrants to search Rivera's residence at 56 Merwin

Street and his stash house at 6 Beaumont Street.           In addition to

recounting    the   events   just    described,    Barron's    accompanying

affidavit stated that — based on his 13 years of training and

experience, including his participation in over "500 narcotics

investigations" — dealers often sell drugs at places other than

where they live, though they frequently hide evidence of their

illicit trade in their homes:          weapons; cash; expensive items,

like furniture, artwork, and jewelry; records showing things like

addresses, phone numbers, drug buys, and steps taken to launder

drug money; photos of themselves and their accomplices, etc.           The

judge signed the warrants.      And the search of Rivera's residence

revealed $132,571 in cash, money-order receipts, and a loaded 9mm

handgun, while the search of his stash house disclosed (among other

things) sizeable amounts of crack and cocaine.

             Rivera's   indictment    (on    a   felon-in-possession-of-a-

firearm charge), rejected suppression motion (a motion that only

targeted items taken from his home), conditional guilty plea

(reserving the right to contest the judge's suppression ruling),

                                     - 6 -
and appeal to us followed apace. Now we must decide whether Rivera

is right that the judge's suppression order amounts to reversible

error — an argument premised on the theory that the affidavit did

not establish probable cause because it did not show a nexus

between drug trafficking and his house.       Rivera is wrong, however,

for reasons we will come to — right after we highlight the legal

principles that govern our analysis.

                               Legal Primer

           The Fourth Amendment requires that search warrants issue

only on a showing of probable cause, see U.S. Const. amend. IV —

"a common sense, nontechnical conception that deals with the

factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which

reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act," see United

States v. Vongkaysone, 434 F.3d 68, 73–74 (1st Cir. 2006) (quoting

United States v. Meade, 110 F.3d 190, 198 n.11 (1st Cir. 1997)).

To satisfy this standard, a search-warrant application must reveal

probable cause to believe two things:          one, that a crime has

occurred   —   a.k.a.,   the   "commission"   element;   and   two,   that

specified evidence of the crime will be at the search location —

a.k.a., the "nexus" element.     See, e.g., United States v. Joubert,




                                  - 7 -
778 F.3d 247, 251 (1st Cir. 2015).                   Rivera focuses only on the

nexus element.      So we will too.

           When     it    comes    to   nexus,       common    sense      says   that    a

connection with the search site can be deduced "from the type of

crime, the nature of the items sought," plus "normal inferences as

to where a criminal would hide" evidence of his crime.                      See United

States v. Feliz, 182 F.3d 82, 88 (1st Cir. 1999) (quoting United

States v. Charest, 602 F.2d 1015, 1017 (1st Cir. 1979)).                           Common

sense also says that when a criminal peddles narcotics "outside

his home," one can infer that "evidence of his drug dealing

activity" will be found "in the home," at least when he is spotted

"leaving the home immediately prior to selling drugs."                      See United

States v. Barnes, 492 F.3d 33, 37 (1st Cir. 2007).

           Keep in mind too that probable cause does not demand

certainty, or proof beyond a reasonable doubt, or even proof by a

preponderance of the evidence — it demands only "a fair probability

that   contraband    or    evidence      of    a   crime      will   be    found    in   a

particular place."         Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 235, 238

(1983);   accord    Feliz,        182   F.3d    at    87    (explaining      that     the

government need not show that the agent's belief "that evidence of

a crime will be found" is "necessarily correct or more likely true

than   false").      "Fair    probability"           is    another   way    of     saying

"reasonable likelihood," by the way.                 See United States v. Clark,

                                        - 8 -
685 F.3d 72, 76 (1st Cir. 2012).   And in asking whether probable

cause existed, courts look to the "totality of the circumstances,"

see Gates, 462 U.S. at 238 — a phrase that means that all material

"circumstances should be considered," see United States v. Correa-

Torres, 326 F.3d 18, 23 (1st Cir. 2003).

          Last but not least, we stress that when evaluating a

judge's suppression ruling, we review legal conclusions de novo

and factual findings for clear error.      See, e.g., McGregor, 650

F.3d at 819-20.     And because of the de novo component to our

review, we can affirm on any ground appearing in the record —

including one that the judge did not rely on.     See United States

v. Arnott, 758 F.3d 40, 43 (1st Cir. 2014); see also United States

v. García-Álvarez, 541 F.3d 8, 12 (1st Cir. 2008) (noting that we

review a suppression-motion denial "with deference," upholding the

denial "if any reasonable view of the evidence supports it");

Feliz, 182 F.3d at 86 (similar).

                             Analysis

          Rivera does not dispute that agents had probable cause

to believe that he was a long-time drug pusher.     And he does not

dispute that agents had probable cause to believe that he lived at

56 Merwin Street.   Instead he principally argues that the search-

warrant affidavit established only that he "confine[d]" his drug

"business" to his stash house — running his drug operation "from

                               - 9 -
there as opposed to his home."    And this means that the affidavit

provided no nexus between his home and his alleged drug peddling

and thus supplied no probable cause for the house search — or so

he says.     Though ably presented, his argument ultimately fails to

persuade.

             Taking the facts in the light most agreeable to the

suppression order, as we must, see McGregor, 650 F.3d at 823-24,

we can infer that Rivera used a phone at his house (either a

landline or a cell phone — the record doesn't say which it was) to

conduct his drug business, i.e., talking with the CS to help push

the crack deal along.     That is a commonsense insight, given the

timeline of events:

     Agents saw the Infiniti parked outside Rivera's home at 1:45

      p.m.

     The CS called Rivera at 2:47 p.m. to tell him he was minutes

      away from the stash house — the agreed-to rendezvous point.

     After finishing his drug-related call, Rivera drove off in

      the Infiniti at 2:50 p.m., stopped at the stash house at 2:57

      p.m., and gave the CS the crack in the Walgreens parking lot

      at 3:31 p.m.

So while the search-warrant affidavit does not explicitly say

Rivera was at home when he had a drug-related phone confab with

the CS, we can — consistent with common sense — infer as much given

                                - 10 -
the concatenation of circumstances.        And that means that the

affidavit contains evidence showing that Rivera used his home as

a communications point to further his drug crimes — making it

reasonably likely that a search there would reveal incriminating

evidence, such as his drug contacts' names and phone numbers.     And

remember, the affidavit noted that dealers often keep info of that

sort in their homes — "a factor" that a judge can "weigh in the

balance."   United States v. Hoffman, 832 F.2d 1299, 1306 (1st Cir.

1987); accord United States v. Floyd, 740 F.3d 22, 34 (1st Cir.

2014).

            But that is not all.   The affidavit's info also suggests

a fair probability that a search of Rivera's home would reveal

other incriminating evidence.      For example, given the affidavit's

description of the stash house as "sparsely furnished" and not

lived in (that's the account Kivela gave agents), one can infer

that Rivera — a long-time, high-volume drug dealer — would opt to

keep cash from his sales and stuff he bought with his profits

(e.g., furniture, artwork, jewelry) at his home. After all, common

sense indicates that a drug pusher would want to hide these drug-

connected things in a "safe yet accessible place," like a house,

see Feliz, 182 F.3d at 87-88 — a stash house would not cut it,

experience tells us, because it is a dangerous venue, often filled

with criminals looking to steal whatever they can from there.     See

                                - 11 -
generally United States v. Kenney, 756 F.3d 36, 40 (1st Cir. 2014)

(discussing a planned stash-house robbery).          On top of all this,

the affidavit also permits an inference that Rivera would have a

firearm at his home to protect his drug cash and spoils from any

would-be robbers — a commonsense inference to be sure, deriving

(as it does) from the everyday understanding of the drug trade's

violent nature.     See generally United States v. Rivera–González,

776 F.3d 45, 51 (1st Cir. 2015) (emphasizing that guns are common

in the drug trade).

            So looking at everything — i.e., taking in the totality

of the circumstances — we think the affidavit established a fair

probability of finding incriminating items in Rivera's residence.

And Rivera gives us no convincing reason to hold otherwise.

            Take   first    Rivera's   argument    about   "the   evidence

show[ing] that [he] took pains to confine his business" to the

stash    house.    Yes,    the   search-warrant   affidavit   provides   no

specific info showing that Rivera actually doled out drugs from

his home.   But again, a commonsense reading of that document shows

that he participated in a drug-related call with the CS from his

house.    And that commonsense insight sinks his line of argument

about only doing "business" from the stash house.3


3 Although the judge bypassed the probable-cause issue, he did
think that "[t]he evidence in the affidavit was extremely thin
. . . in showing the connection between [Rivera's] drug trafficking
                               - 12 -
              Unwilling to give up so easily, Rivera spends a lot of

time trying to convince us not to follow Barnes.                There, we held

that even though agents only saw the defendant sell drugs from his

SUV,   the    search-warrant    affidavit       showed   there    was   a   fair

probability that they would find "evidence of drug dealing" at his

house — and as support we noted (in a passage we quoted earlier)

that "it is reasonable to conclude that there is evidence of . . .

drug dealing activity in the home . . . when the defendant is

observed leaving the home immediately prior to selling drugs."

492 F.3d at 37, 38 (concluding — "given both that the [confidential

informant] stated that Barnes lived at the [target] residence and

that the police observed Barnes exit the [target] residence, drive

away, and sell drugs on the day of his arrest and the search" —

that "the totality of the circumstances strongly suggested that

there was evidence of drug dealing at the [target] residence").

Hoping to avoid its reach, Rivera calls Barnes "an anomaly."                 But

Barnes   is    still   good    law,    having    never   been    overruled    or



and the Merwin Street residence." "[T]he strongest inference to
be drawn from the evidence," the judge added, "was that [Rivera]
took pains to conduct his business, largely if not completely,
from a different site on Beaumont Street." Reading the ruling as
a whole and in context, we believe what the judge was saying was
that the evidence was too skimpy to support the idea that Rivera
actually dealt drugs from his home. And on that point, we agree.
But for the reasons already given, we have no trouble concluding
that Rivera took part in a drug-related call from his house, which
helps establish the required nexus element.
                                      - 13 -
discredited.          So    follow    it    we   must.      See    United   States    v.

Rodríguez, 527 F.3d 221, 224-25 (1st Cir. 2008) (noting the

"general rule" that "newly constituted panels in a multi-panel

circuit are bound by prior panel decisions closely on point").

              Rivera also accuses the government of asking us to lay

down a per se rule that agents can search a drug dealer's home

whenever they spy a controlled buy.                 Binding caselaw, he reminds

us,    rejects   any       rule   that     treats   the   agents'     viewing    of    a

controlled buy as "per se sufficient to establish probable cause

to    search"    the       dealer's    residence.         See     United    States    v.

Khounsavanh, 113 F.3d 279, 285 (1st Cir. 1997). But the government

here   asks     for    no    such    rule.       Instead,    and    consistent   with

Khounsavanh, the government asks us to evaluate probable cause

through a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis in a commonsense

manner, see id. — circumstances that include the controlled buy

but also Rivera's drug-connected phone call in his house.                            And

staying faithful to controlling precedent, we have done just that.

Consequently, Rivera's Khounsavanh-based argument is a nonstarter.

              So too is Rivera's suggestion that a judge cannot rely

on an agent's affidavit statement that drug-dealing evidence —

cash, high-priced items, records, firearms, etc. — is often found

in the dealer's home.                 As Rivera sees it, such reliance is

tantamount to delegating the probable-cause decision to the agent.

                                           - 14 -
But the Federal Reporter is teeming with First-Circuit opinions

(some of which we cited above) saying that "a law enforcement

officer's training and experience may yield insights that support

a probable cause determination."         See Floyd, 740 F.3d at 34

(collecting a bunch of cases).     And those cases kibosh Rivera's

argument.

            Let us be clear:    We might very well have reached a

different result had a commonsense reading of the evidence not

indicated that Rivera participated in a drug-related phone call

from his home.    But with that inference, there is enough probable

cause to believe evidence of his drug-pushing activities would be

at his house.    And for that reason, we need not assess the judge's

good-faith-exception analysis either.

            Enough said about the probable-cause issue.   On to the

last issue, then.

                        Franks-Hearing Issue

            Barron's search-warrant affidavit said (emphasis ours)

that (a) before the controlled buy, agents "conducted database

checks" that showed "Rivera uses a residence at 56 Merwin Street

. . . in addition to the third floor apartment at 6 Beaumont

Street" and that (b) "[a] confidential informant" told agents "that

Rivera resides at 56 Merwin Street . . . with his girlfriend, and

uses that residence as well as the third floor apartment at 6

                                - 15 -
Beaumont Street."    Claiming that the word "uses" deliberately or

recklessly suggested that he had used his home to sell drugs (the

affidavit, he said, "failed" to "establish" that "drugs" were

there), Rivera asked the judge for a Franks hearing to test the

accuracy of Barron's statement.        The judge denied the motion,

finding that "uses" was not misleading because it did not suggest

that Rivera "used" his home "for his drug dealing, only that he

lived there."     Rivera protests that ruling.        But we notice no

reversible error.

                             Legal Primer

           Simplifying slightly, we know that to get a Franks

hearing,   a   defendant   must   "make[]   a   substantial   preliminary

showing" of intentional or reckless falsehood in the affidavit.

Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56. "Allegations of negligence or innocent

mistake" will not suffice.        Id. at 171.      Also, the contested

statement must be crucial to the probable-cause calculation — no

evidentiary hearing is required if after ignoring the fought-over

comment, enough remains in the affidavit to show probable cause.

See, e.g., id. at 171-72; United States v. Cartagena, 593 F.3d

104, 112 (1st Cir. 2010). And we review the judge's Franks-hearing

ruling for clear error, see, e.g., United States v. Moon, 802 F.3d

135, 149 (1st Cir. 2015) — meaning the ruling stands unless the

judge was "wrong with the force of a 5 week old, unrefrigerated,

                                  - 16 -
dead fish," see Toye v. O'Donnell (In re O'Donnell), 728 F.3d 41,

46 (1st Cir. 2013) (quoting S Indus., Inc. v. Centra 2000, Inc.,

249 F.3d 625, 627 (7th Cir. 2001)).

                              Analysis

            We can make quick work of Rivera's Franks-hearing plea.

Here is why.     Assume — for argument's sake only — that "uses"

implies that he handed out crack from his home.   And assume too —

again solely for argument's sake — that Barron stuck this "false"

info "intentionally" or "recklessly" in his affidavit.   Even with

all that assumed (but not decided, we stress — lest there be any

misunderstanding), Rivera's Franks-hearing quest must fail.    And

that is because the evidence arrayed above — including, for

example, his drug-related call in his home — is sufficient to

support probable cause even with the offending "uses" words out of

the picture.    See, e.g., Franks, 438 U.S. at 171-72; Cartagena,

593 F.3d at 112.

            And that is that for the Franks-hearing issue.

                             Wrapping Up

            Our work over, we affirm the judge's ruling in all

respects.




                               - 17 -
