                                                                           FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS      Tenth Circuit

                                                                   November 12, 2010
                                TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                   Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                       Clerk of Court
 ELLEN J. MENDELSOHN,

              Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.                                                     No. 08-3334
                                              (D.C. No. 2:03-CV-02429-KHV)
 SPRINT/UNITED MANAGEMENT                                 (D. Kan.)
 COMPANY,

              Defendant-Appellee.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before LUCERO, MURPHY, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.


      Plaintiff-Appellant Ellen J. Mendelsohn brought a disparate-treatment age

discrimination claim against her former employer, Defendant-Appellee

Sprint/United Management Company (“Sprint”), under the Age Discrimination in

Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621–634, arising out of her termination

during a company-wide reduction in force (“RIF”). On appeal, Ms. Mendelsohn

challenges the district court’s exclusion of the testimony of five other former

Sprint employees who claimed that their supervisors had discriminated against


      *
             This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
them because of their age. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding this evidence,

and therefore we AFFIRM.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      The factual and procedural history of this case is set forth in detail in the

decisions of the Supreme Court in Sprint/United Mgmt. Co. v. Mendelsohn, 552

U.S. 379 (2008), and the United States District Court for the District of Kansas in

Mendelsohn v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 587 F. Supp. 2d 1201 (D. Kan. 2008).

      Ms. Mendelsohn was a manager in Mobile Financial Services (“MFS”) in

the Business Development group in the Business Development and Strategy

organization (“BDS”) in Sprint’s PCS wireless division. The supervisors in Ms.

Mendelsohn’s chain of command included her direct supervisor, MFS Director

James Fee, who reported to BDS Vice President Paul Reddick, who in turn

reported to BDS Senior Vice President Bill Blessing.

      In 2002, Sprint terminated Ms. Mendelsohn’s employment as part of a

company-wide RIF. BDS Senior Vice President Blessing had BDS Vice President

Reddick oversee the RIF for the BDS Business Development group. BDS Vice

President Reddick decided which positions to eliminate and which employees to

terminate in the RIF, including Ms. Mendelsohn.

      Ms. Mendelsohn sued Sprint under the ADEA, alleging disparate treatment

based on her age. In support of her claim, Ms. Mendelsohn sought to introduce

                                           2
the testimony of five other former Sprint employees who claimed that their

supervisors had discriminated against them because of their age: Bonnie Hoopes,

Yvonne Wood, Sharon Miller, John Borel, and John Hoopes. Three of these

witnesses, Ms. Hoopes, Ms. Wood, and Ms. Miller, also alleged hearing Sprint

managers make ageist remarks.

      Prior to trial, Sprint moved in limine to exclude this “other-employee”

testimony. In a minute order, the district court granted Sprint’s motion and

excluded this testimony under Federal Rule of Evidence 401 as irrelevant, and

under Federal Rule of Evidence 403 because its probative value was outweighed

by the risk of unfair prejudice. The district court’s order permitted Ms.

Mendelsohn to introduce evidence of discrimination against only those Sprint

employees who were “similarly situated to her,” defined to “require[] proof that

(1) Paul R[e]ddick was the decision-maker in any adverse employment action; and

(2) temporal proximity.” Aplt. App. at 138 (Dist. Ct. Order, dated Jan. 3, 2005).

At trial, the jury returned a defense verdict.

      On appeal, a panel of this court reversed and held that the district court

abused its discretion in excluding the other-employee testimony. Mendelsohn v.

Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 466 F.3d 1223, 1225 (10th Cir. 2006). We reasoned

that “the evidence [that Ms. Mendelsohn] sought to introduce is relevant to

Sprint’s discriminatory animus toward older workers, and the exclusion of such

evidence unfairly inhibited Mendelsohn from presenting her case to the jury.” Id.

                                           3
at 1226. Accordingly, we remanded for a new trial. 1 Id. at 1231.

      The Supreme Court vacated this court’s judgment, holding that we “erred in

concluding that the District Court applied a per se rule” excluding the other-

employee testimony as irrelevant. Mendelsohn, 552 U.S. at 383. The Court held

that this court erred in determining relevance and prejudice under Federal Rules

of Evidence 401 and 403 in the first instance. Id. at 386–87. The Court

remanded this case “to have the District Court clarify the basis for its evidentiary

ruling under the applicable Rules.” Id. at 388.

      On remand, the district court held that the other-employee testimony was

properly excluded pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 403. The

district court further held that, to the extent its exclusion of this evidence was in

error, such error was harmless. Mendelsohn, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 1218–20.

Accordingly, the district court denied Ms. Mendelsohn’s motion seeking a pre-

trial evidentiary hearing, a new trial, and the enforcement of the parties’

conditional settlement agreement. Id. at 1217 & n.22. Ms. Mendelsohn’s instant

appeal followed.




      1
              Judge Tymkovich dissented. Judge Tymkovich believed that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the other-employee
testimony and that the majority erred “in holding that testimony from other
employees not similarly situated is admissible even where the plaintiff has made
no independent showing of a company-wide policy of discrimination.” Id. at
1231 (Tymkovich, J., dissenting).

                                           4
                                II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

      We review a district court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an

abuse of discretion standard. Ralston v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc., 275 F.3d

965, 968 (10th Cir. 2001). “Our deferential review applies both to a trial court’s

threshold determination of relevance under Rule 401 and to its conclusion under

Rule 403 that relevant evidence should nonetheless be excluded due to its

tendency to cause jury confusion or unfair prejudice.” Tanberg v. Sholtis, 401

F.3d 1151, 1162 (10th Cir. 2005).

      A district court abuses its discretion “when it renders an arbitrary,

capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable judgment.” Ralston, 275 F.3d

at 968 (quoting Copier v. Smith & Wesson Corp., 138 F.3d 833, 838 (10th Cir.

1998)) (internal quotation marks omitted). We will not disturb the district court’s

judgment unless we have “a definite and firm conviction that the [district] court

has made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice

in the circumstances.” Id. at 968–69 (quoting Beaird v. Seagate Tech., Inc., 145

F.3d 1159, 1164 (10th Cir. 1998)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

B. Relevant Evidence and the ADEA

      Relevant evidence is admissible, while irrelevant evidence is inadmissible.

Fed. R. Evid. 402. Relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make

the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action

                                         5
more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Fed. R.

Evid. 401. “The fact to be proved may be ultimate, intermediate, or evidentiary;

it matters not, so long as it is of consequence in the determination of the action.”

Fed. R. Evid. 401 advisory committee’s note; accord United States v. Curtin, 489

F.3d 935, 943 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc). Relevance is “determined in the context

of the facts and arguments in a particular case, and thus [is] generally not

amenable to broad per se rules.” Mendelsohn, 552 U.S. at 387.

      The ADEA makes it unlawful for an employer “to fail or refuse to hire or to

discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with

respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment,

because of such individual’s age.” 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1); accord, e.g., Gross v.

FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 129 S. Ct. 2343, 2350 (2009). To succeed on an ADEA

disparate-treatment claim, a plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the

evidence that age was the “but-for” cause of the challenged adverse employment

action. Gross, 129 S. Ct. at 2350–52.

      “The ultimate question in every employment discrimination case involving

a claim of disparate treatment is whether the plaintiff was the victim of

intentional discrimination.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S.

133, 153 (2000). Proof that a defendant’s proffered legitimate, nondiscriminatory

reason for an adverse employment action “is unworthy of credence is simply one

form of circumstantial evidence that is probative of intentional discrimination,

                                          6
and it may be quite persuasive.” Id. at 147. Put another way, “[p]roving the

employer’s reason false becomes part of (and often considerably assists) the

greater enterprise of proving that the real reason was intentional discrimination.”

Id. (quoting St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 517 (1993)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Thus, evidence that makes a defendant’s proffered

justification more or less likely to be pretextual is relevant evidence. See Fed. R.

Evid. 401.

      “[W]hether evidence of discrimination by other supervisors is relevant in

an individual ADEA case is fact based and depends on many factors, including

how closely related the evidence is to the plaintiff’s circumstances and theory of

the case.” Mendelsohn, 552 U.S. at 388. For such evidence to be relevant, a

plaintiff must establish a nexus between the other-employee testimony and the

adverse employment action taken against her: she must show that the other-

employee testimony “can logically or reasonably be tied to the adverse

employment action” that she suffered. Minshall v. McGraw Hill Broad. Co., 323

F.3d 1273, 1285 (10th Cir. 2003); accord Curtis v. Okla. City Pub. Schools Bd. of

Educ., 147 F.3d 1200, 1217 (10th Cir. 1998); see Rea v. Martin Marietta Corp.,

29 F.3d 1450, 1457 (10th Cir. 1994) (“[T]he plaintiff must demonstrate a nexus

between the allegedly discriminatory statements and the defendant’s decision to

terminate her.”). “[A]necdotal evidence of discrimination should only be

admitted if ‘the prior incidences of alleged discrimination can somehow be tied to

                                          7
the employment actions disputed in the case at hand.’” Heno v. Sprint/United

Mgmt. Co., 208 F.3d 847, 856 (10th Cir. 2000) (quoting Simms v. Oklahoma, 165

F.3d 1321, 1330 (10th Cir. 1999)).

C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion

      Ms. Mendelsohn’s theory of the case is that “her termination was

inconsistent with Sprint’s reduction in force criteria, and that Sprint misused the

performance evaluations on which it relied in making the reduction in force

decisions.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 40 (quoting Aplt. Supp. App. at 1161 (Jury

Instruction No. 10, filed Jan. 13, 2005)) (internal quotation marks omitted); Aplt.

Reply Br. at 17 (same) (internal quotation marks omitted). She does not

challenge the RIF itself as inherently discriminatory. See Mendelsohn, 587 F.

Supp. 2d at 1205; Aplt. Reply Br. at 7. “While the RIF was company-wide, . . .

decisions about which employees would be terminated to implement the RIF were

made on a departmental level”; thus, Ms. Mendelsohn needed to show that her

supervisors intentionally discriminated against her to prevail on her ADEA claim.

Mendelsohn, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 1205 n.4. To be relevant, therefore, evidence

must make it more or less probable that Ms. Mendelsohn’s supervisors terminated

her employment because of her age.

      On remand, the district court explained that its previous minute order “was

not applying a per se rule that evidence from employees of other supervisors is

irrelevant in age discrimination cases.” Mendelsohn, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 1207.

                                          8
The district court analyzed the facts and the relationship between the evidence

and Ms. Mendelsohn’s circumstances and theory of the case. The district court

considered the “huge” size of the RIF, “the fact that plaintiff had never

characterized the RIF as anything but a legitimate cost-cutting measure,” and Ms.

Mendelsohn’s failure to “establish[] a sufficient nexus between the decisions of

other managers and the decision-makers in her case.” Id. at 1209–10. The

district court noted that “none of plaintiff’s five witnesses worked in BDS or

reported to Blessing, Reddick or Fee.” Id. at 1215; see id. at 1218. Similarly, the

district court observed that the ageist remarks allegedly heard by Ms. Hoopes,

Ms. Wood, and Ms. Miller were made by managers at Sprint who “were not in the

same chain of command as plaintiff and did not participate in the decision to

terminate plaintiff’s employment.” Id. at 1219.

      Ms. Mendelsohn argues that the testimony of the five other former Sprint

employees is relevant because “it directly impeaches defendant” and because it

“has a ‘tendency’ to prove pretext, that undermines Sprint’s non-discriminatory

explanations for choosing Mendelsohn for RIF.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 39. We

agree with Ms. Mendelsohn that evidence that makes pretext more or less likely is

relevant. However, the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining

that her proffered other-employee testimony is not such evidence.

      The district court concluded that Ms. Mendelsohn “did not show a nexus

between the allegedly discriminatory acts and the decision to terminate her

                                          9
employment.” 587 F. Supp. 2d at 1218. “Plaintiff did not logically or reasonably

tie evidence of how Sprint treated any of the five witnesses to the decision to

terminate her own employment.” Id. at 1215. Nor did Ms. Mendelsohn

“demonstrate[] [a] connection between any of the age-derogatory statements and

the decision to terminate her employment.” Id. at 1219; see id. at 1215. Because

the district court required “evidence regarding other employees . . . to be within a

relevant time frame and be ‘logically or reasonably’ tied to the adverse

employment action against plaintiff,” id. at 1208, it excluded the other-employee

testimony. We cannot find that this determination amounts to an abuse of the

district court’s discretion. 2

D. Spulak v. K Mart Corp. Does Not Compel Reversal

       Ms. Mendelsohn, relying on Spulak v. K Mart Corp., 894 F.2d 1150 (10th

Cir. 1990), argues that other-employee testimony is relevant even where the other



       2
             We pause briefly to note the relatively narrow scope of our holding.
We conclude merely that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding the other-employee testimony. We are not asked whether we would
have reached the same conclusion in the first instance, and we express no opinion
on this subject. We also note that the district court itself characterized this case
as “present[ing] a close question under Rule 401.” Mendelsohn, 587 F. Supp. 2d
at 1208 n.13. Moreover, we reiterate the limited scope of Ms. Mendelsohn’s
claims. Ms. Mendelsohn asserted only an individual disparate-treatment claim,
and did not assert disparate-impact or pattern-or-practice claims. Further, Ms.
Mendelsohn challenged not Sprint’s RIF itself, but merely the implementation and
application of the RIF standards. We express no opinion as to the relevance of
other-employee evidence under these other theories of liability that are not before
us.

                                         10
employees do not work in plaintiff’s department. See Aplt. Opening Br. at 8,

14–15. Ms. Mendelsohn emphasizes that in Spulak, other employees who worked

at different stores and under different district managers were nevertheless

permitted to testify. Id.

      Spulak does not compel reversal. The Spulak court distinguished between

cases in which the other employees’ testimony could and could not “logically or

reasonably be tied to” the adverse employment action. 894 F.2d at 1156 n.2

(quoting Schrand v. Fed. Pac. Elec. Co., 851 F.2d 152, 156 (6th Cir. 1988)).

Spulak then emphasized the nexus between plaintiff and the other employees: they

worked in the same state, left the company around the same time and under

similar circumstances, and the other-employees’ manager referred to plaintiff’s

departure from the company “when encouraging” one of the employees “to

consider retiring.” Id.

      Critically, Spulak was decided under an abuse of discretion standard of

review. See id. at 1156. The fact that this court found no abuse of discretion in

Spulak does not mean that a district court must always admit other-employee

evidence. Rather, our holding in Spulak merely reflected our determination that

in admitting this evidence, the district court had not “render[ed] an arbitrary,

capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable judgment.” Ralston, 275 F.3d

at 968 (quoting Copier, 138 F.3d at 838) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

relevance of evidence is fact-sensitive and must be “determined in the context of

                                          11
the facts and arguments in a particular case.” Mendelsohn, 552 U.S. at 387.

Spulak did not compel the district court to admit the other-employee testimony

here, and the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding this evidence. 3

                                III. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that the district court did not

abuse its discretion in excluding the other-employee testimony. Accordingly, we

AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.



                                        ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                        Jerome A. Holmes
                                        Circuit Judge




      3
             Because we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding the other-employee testimony as irrelevant under Federal Rule of
Evidence 401, we need not and do not address the district court’s alternative
holdings that the probative value of this evidence was outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice under Rule 403, and that any error in excluding this evidence
was harmless.

                                           12
