Filed 5/31/16 P. v. Howell CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.




               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


THE PEOPLE,                                                          H040885
                                                                     (Santa Clara County
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   Super. Ct. No. C1241247)

         v.

TREVOR RICHARD HOWELL,

         Defendant and Appellant.


         After a day of work as a landscaper, Felipe Avalos had just changed into his
sandals and had opened the trunk of his car to put away his work boots when he was
severely beaten by an unknown assailant armed with a large metal object. Based on
eyewitness descriptions, police apprehended defendant Trevor Richard Howell on a
nearby trail. A jury convicted defendant of attempted murder (Pen. Code, §§ 187, 664,
subd. (a)),1 and it found true the allegations that he had personally used a deadly or
dangerous weapon (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)) and had personally inflicted great bodily injury
(§§ 1203, 12022.7, subd. (a)). Defendant admitted that he had suffered one prior strike
conviction (§§ 667, subds. (b) – (i), 1170.12 ), one prior serious felony conviction
(§§ 667, subd. (a)), and one prior conviction for which he had served a prison term
(§ 667.5, subd. (b)). The court sentenced defendant to 24 years in prison.


         1
             Further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
       On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred by precluding him from cross-
examining the prosecution’s DNA expert about a Santa Clara County criminal case that
was ultimately dismissed at the request of the district attorney (the Anderson case). He
also contends he was not allowed to question his own DNA expert on direct examination
about that case. Because one theory in the Anderson case (as reported in the news media)
was that DNA evidence relied upon to charge Anderson had been accidentally
contaminated by a paramedic who had treated both Anderson and the victim on the day
of the crime, defendant argues it was prejudicial error for the court to exclude references
to the Anderson case in his examination of the DNA experts. He also argues the court
erred in prohibiting his counsel from referring to the Anderson case during closing
argument.
       We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by prohibiting defendant
from examining the DNA experts about the Anderson case or by precluding his counsel
from referring to the case in closing argument. We will therefore affirm the judgment.
                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND
       I.     Prosecution Evidence
              A.     The Assault
       On August 17, 2012, at approximately 3:00 p.m., Felipe Avalos and his foreman,
Heriberto Garcia, had finished some landscaping work in Cupertino and had returned to
their employer, Martina Landscaping, at 811 Camden Avenue in Campbell. After
parking the company truck in the yard, Garcia went inside the office. Avalos went to his
car, where he took off his work boots and put on sandals. As he opened the trunk of his
car, he noticed over his right shoulder a person about 100 feet away walking toward him.
The man was wearing a gray sweatshirt and black pants. Avalos did not pay attention to
the man because a number of people walk in that area. As he was placing the boots in his
trunk, Avalos heard the sound of someone running toward him. As he turned, he saw the
same man with something shiny in his right hand that appeared to be a metal object of

                                             2
two and one-half to three feet in length. The man struck Avalos on the right side of the
head with the object.
       As the man continued to strike Avalos on the head, Avalos tried unsuccessfully to
fend him off by pushing and hugging him. Avalos asked the man, “ ‘Why are you hitting
me?’ ” The man did not respond. Avalos then slipped and fell as he tried to run away.
Before falling, he estimated he was struck 10 to 15 times. While Avalos was on the
ground, his assailant continued to strike him even more forcefully. Avalos tried to cover
his head with his hands, which absorbed many of the blows. Avalos was struck on the
ground more times than when he had been standing. At some point, the assailant grabbed
Avalos by the shirt with his left hand. Avalos called out for help and then saw a car stop
next to him. He heard a woman tell the assailant to leave Avalos alone. The assailant
then ran off.
       The woman who came to Avalos’s assistance, Richelle Valone, was driving south
on Camden Avenue on her way home at approximately 3:20 p.m. As she drove around
the corner, she saw a man striking another man on the head three or four times with what
appeared to be a hammer. The victim’s face was covered with blood. Valone stopped
the car approximately eight to nine feet in front of them, threw up her arms, and said,
“ ‘What are you doing?’ ” When she stopped the car, she could see both men out of the
front windshield. The assailant took off running, passing by the front of Valone’s car.
The assailant then crossed the street to the parking lot of another business. Valone called
911.
       Avalos bled profusely. Blood covered his face and was on his clothing. He said
his head “felt like [] it was going to explode because of all the swelling.” An ambulance
arrived shortly after the attack and transported him to the Santa Clara Valley Medical
Center (VMC) emergency room. The medical staff checked for skull fractures and closed
several head wounds with staples. Avalos was discharged from the hospital after about
three or four hours. In addition to injuries to his face and head, Avalos sustained a

                                             3
scratch on his left shoulder that he believed had occurred when his assailant grabbed his
shirt with his left hand. Avalos testified that his head hurt worse the day after the attack.
Avalos returned to work one month later, but was still in pain. At the time of trial—one
year after the attack—Avalos continued to suffer headaches, including migraines.
              B.     Apprehension of Defendant
       On the afternoon of August 17, 2012, Officer Terry Gallagher of the Campbell
Police Department was dispatched to a reported assault with a suspect who was fleeing
the scene. She left the station immediately on her motorcycle and went to a location that
was at the perimeter of where the suspect was believed to have fled. She went to the Los
Gatos Creek trail that runs from north to south from Hamilton Avenue in San José to
Knowles Drive at the border of Los Gatos. The trail is used as a recreation area for
running, cycling, and walking. As she was riding south on the west side of the trail, she
passed a man walking north. The man’s clothing matched the suspect’s description.
       After passing the man, Officer Gallagher stopped and turned her motorcycle
around to watch him. She obtained an updated description of the suspect from dispatch
that indicated he was “a white male with a gray or white hooded sweatshirt[,] dark pants,
dark shoes[,] about 5 [feet] 8 [inches], medium build,” possibly having a goatee. Based
upon this updated description, Officer Gallagher drove her motorcycle back toward
defendant and detained him. He was wearing dark pants of a jean-type material and a
dark tank top. Although it was not the kind of attire she would associate with running,
Officer Gallagher observed that defendant was sweating and seemed to be out of breath.
The location where Officer Gallagher detained defendant was between one-quarter and
one-half mile from 811 Camden Avenue. Based upon her 18 years of experience in
patrolling the Campbell area, Officer Gallagher opined that a person could have travelled
on foot from 811 Camden to the area where defendant was stopped within the time that
had elapsed between the initial dispatch and when she encountered defendant.



                                              4
       After stopping defendant, Officer Gallagher noticed that he had some scrapes on
both the insides and the knuckles of his hands. She searched him, whereupon she found
tissue in defendant’s front pocket that appeared to have blood on it.
               C.     Identification
       Valone, the woman who interrupted the attack, described the assailant as wearing
a dark pullover sweatshirt with a hood and dark black pants. When she encountered the
assailant during the attack, she observed only part of his face (from the bridge of the nose
down). When the assailant ran by her, she got a direct view of his face from a distance of
approximately three and one-half feet from the front of her car. The man was Caucasian,
in his 40’s, had a somewhat slender build, was approximately five feet eight inches to
five feet nine inches in height, and had a goatee.
       An officer responding to the scene transported Valone to a location five to ten
minutes away to see if she could identify the person who had been stopped by Officer
Gallagher on the trail. The officer stopped his patrol car 30 to 50 feet from the suspect.
Valone did not get out of the patrol car. Instead, she viewed the suspect through the
window of the patrol car and through a cyclone fence that was between them. Valone
testified that when she viewed the person at that time, although he was not wearing a
sweatshirt, she “felt that it was [the assailant].” She told the officer that, on a scale of one
to ten (with ten being the most certain), her degree of certainty was seven or eight.
Valone also identified defendant in court as the assailant, again indicating that her level
of certainty was a 7 or 8 out of 10.
       During cross-examination, Valone admitted that she had told the 911 operator the
assailant was in his 30’s, she could not recall his ethnicity, and she did not know whether
he had facial hair. Valone also admitted that she did not immediately recognize
defendant as the assailant at the preliminary hearing. At that hearing, she could not
estimate the assailant’s age, and she thought defendant’s facial hair was thinner than the
assailant’s.

                                               5
       Avalos testified that his assailant wore a gray sweatshirt with a hood that covered
his head and forehead. He could only see the man’s face from about the bridge of the
nose to his chin. Avalos described him as a white male who had a sunburn, a thin nose,
and a brown goatee. He was between 30 and 40 years old, between five-feet-eight inches
to six feet tall, and had a thin build. On the evening of the attack, after receiving
treatment at the hospital, Avalos went to the Campbell Police station where he was
unable to identify defendant as his assailant. He told the police that defendant had the
same build and the same pants as his assailant, but defendant was not wearing the
sweatshirt the assailant had worn so it was difficult to identify defendant as the person
who had attacked him.
       On cross-examination, Avalos agreed that he had told the police that defendant’s
pants looked like a different fit than the ones worn by his assailant. Avalos also told the
officers that he thought his attacker was shorter than defendant and had a thinner
mustache. When asked in court whether defendant looked similar to his assailant, Avalos
responded: “The height, the type of body, slim. And the face. Slim face. What I was
able to see from this part of the chin but it is very difficult for me to tell you a straight
answer, if it is or if it is not that person.”
               D.      Forensic Evidence
                       1.      Police Agent Martin Rivera
       Police Agent Martin Rivera has been a law enforcement officer with the Campbell
Police Department for 17 years. He has received over 200 hours of training in the field of
evidence collection and has worked at over 100 crime scenes for the purpose of collecting
evidence. “Virtually all” of the evidence collection classes Agent Rivera attended
included instruction in the collection of DNA evidence. He has personally collected
DNA evidence at between 50 to 100 crime scenes.
       On the afternoon of August 17, 2012, Rivera was called by a sergeant to the scene
of the assault at 811 Camden Avenue. While there, Rivera took several photographs and

                                                 6
collected some blood samples from the driveway. In collecting the blood samples, he
wore gloves, and he used sterile Q-tips that had been submerged in sterile water. He
placed the samples into a paper bag. He then returned to the police station and placed the
samples into a locker for drying.
       After completing this task, Rivera went to VMC to meet with Avalos. Before
meeting with him, Rivera washed his hands and put on a new pair of gloves. Rivera
photographed Avalos and, after observing scratch marks on his left shoulder and back,
Rivera photographed them and took swab samples of the scratch marks. He did so
because there is the possibility of DNA being transferred when one person is scratched by
another. It is also possible that DNA from the victim may have been transferred under
the suspect’s fingernails. He also took a buccal swab from the inside of Avalos’s mouth
to be used later by the Santa Clara County Crime Laboratory (Crime Lab) to create
Avalos’s DNA profile. In taking the samples, Rivera washed his hands, put on a new
pair of latex gloves, and used sterile Q-tips that are packaged separately in sterile
packaging. Rivera took the DNA samples and articles of Avalos’s clothing to a separate
location––the police evidence drying room at the Campbell Community Center.
       Rivera next went back to the police station to meet with defendant in a holding
cell. Before meeting with defendant, Rivera washed his hands and put on a new pair of
gloves. He explained to defendant that the police would be taking some samples and
collecting some evidence from him. Before taking samples, Rivera photographed
defendant, including his hands to document scrape marks on them. Rivera swabbed each
of defendant’s fingernails and the scrapes on his hands. He also took scrapings from
underneath defendant’s fingernails and took a buccal swab from the inside of defendant’s
mouth. Each of the samples was placed in a separate envelope, and each envelope was
then placed in a separate, second envelope. The envelopes were all placed into a locked
evidence locker to dry at the police station, which was a different location from where
Avalos’s DNA samples were stored.

                                              7
       The next day, Rivera returned to the police station. After washing his hands and
putting on new pair of gloves, he folded the envelopes containing defendant’s samples
and sealed them closed with tape. Rivera then went to the police drying building at the
Campbell Community Center. There, he washed his hands, put on new pair of gloves,
and sealed the envelopes containing Avalos’s samples.
                     2.     Criminalist Alan Dixon
       Alan Dixon is a criminalist with the Crime Lab. He has been a criminalist since
2005. Before commencing work with the Crime Lab in March 2012, Dixon was a
criminalist for one year with the Oakland Police Department, a forensic scientist for three
years with Applied Biosystems (a firm that develops forensic DNA typing technologies
used in crime laboratories worldwide), and a criminalist for two and one-half years at the
Georgia Bureau of Investigation’s Division of Forensic Sciences. He performed DNA
analyses from various samples received from the Campbell Police Department related to
this case. The samples included buccal swabs from Avalos and defendant, right-hand
nail swabs and scrapings from defendant, left-hand nail swabs and scrapings from
defendant, and a swab from Avalos’s back. Dixon generated a report of his forensic
analysis that was reviewed by two other Crime Lab scientists.
       From Dixon’s analysis of defendant’s right-hand nail swab, he concluded that
defendant was the major male source of the DNA profile, with a secondary DNA
contributor at levels too low to perform “any type of meaningful inclusions or exclusions
of those particular samples.” Dixon found that Avalos was the sole source of DNA from
the swab taken from Avalos’s back. From his analysis of defendant’s left-hand fingernail
swab, Dixon determined that the sample contained a mixture of DNA from at least three
individuals, at least two being male. After including defendant as a potential DNA
contributor given the source of the swab, Dixon deduced that Avalos was the second
male contributor to the sample. The mixture ratio of the DNA from defendant and
Avalos in the sample was nearly equal. Dixon opined that “[t]he probability of finding

                                             8
this collection of alleles [for which he associated Avalos as the contributor] . . . at random
in the population” was 1 in 74 quadrillion for the Caucasian population, 1 in 12
quadrillion for the Hispanic population, and 1 in 2.2 quintillion for the African-American
population.
       II.    Defense Evidence
              A.     Defense Expert Marc Taylor
       Marc Taylor is a forensic scientist who testified as an expert on behalf of
defendant. He owns and operates Technical Associates, Inc. (TAI), a laboratory in
Ventura. The majority of TAI’s work involves DNA analysis, mostly for defense
attorneys. TAI’s work includes (1) reviewing and evaluating testing that has been done
by other laboratories, usually in connection with a specific criminal case, (2) determining
whether the conclusions drawn from the testing are appropriate, and (3) identifying any
potential problems with the testing. TAI’s work often includes the retesting of DNA
samples.
       Taylor and TAI did not perform any DNA analysis or testing in this case. From
the materials he reviewed, Taylor agreed with Dixon’s analysis and test results. Taylor
testified there were ways in which the DNA samples in this case could have been
contaminated during the laboratory process. He said contamination could have occurred
in the amplification process, depending upon whether the samples were kept and handled
separately during the process. But he also testified that during the extraction process, if
personnel at the Crime Lab had handled samples separately at different times, as was
indicated in the logs, there should have been no contamination.
       Taylor also testified there were various ways in which the DNA samples may
become contaminated in the field, and he was aware of specific instances of DNA
contamination as a result of objects being taken from place to place or by having the
same person collect different samples at several locations. He said the blood samples
taken from the scene, the sample from scratches on Avalos’s back, and the buccal swabs

                                              9
taken from Avalos at the hospital were each potential sources for the contamination of the
samples taken from defendant’s fingernails. Taylor postulated that Police Agent Rivera,
by handling the same camera at all three locations (i.e., the scene of the crime, the
hospital, and the holding cell), could have transferred DNA to contaminate the samples
taken from defendant. Specifically, Taylor noted that Rivera used his camera in the
hospital with the same gloved hands he used to take samples from Avalos, thereby
creating the possibility of contamination of subsequent samples that were taken. He also
suggested that a sample could have been contaminated if Rivera had used his cell phone
at one of the locations, transferred DNA onto it, and later transferred the DNA while
taking a sample at a different location. And he testified that the fact that Rivera went to
each of the three locations, of itself, furnished the possibility of contamination of the
samples taken from defendant at the holding cell. On cross-examination, Taylor
reiterated that there was a possibility of DNA having been contaminated in the field, but
he indicated he had no way of assessing the likelihood or probability of such
contamination.
              B.      Dr. Robert Shomer
       Dr. Robert Shomer is an experimental psychologist who has testified as an expert
on the subject of eyewitness identification. Dr. Shomer opined that the identification of
strangers “has the lowest reliability of eyewitness identification.” He testified that the
more specific the initial description of the stranger by the eyewitness, the more likely he
or she would be able to differentiate the stranger from other similar-looking people.
Stated otherwise, the less detail about the stranger the eyewitness has initially, the greater
the “possibility of mistaking [the stranger] for somebody that looks similar.” Other
factors that reduce reliability include where (1) there is cross-racial identification; (2) the
witness’s attention is divided; (3) the stranger is moving; (4) the event is sudden; and
(5) the circumstances of the event are stressful. Dr. Shomer also testified that in-field
show-up identifications are “considered to be inherently suggestive” and have “a high

                                              10
rate of error.” He also opined that the “top of the head is critical more so than other areas
of the face,” so that the ability of a witness to identify a stranger in a show-up would be
impaired where the witness initially observed the stranger wearing a hooded sweatshirt
that obscured part of the face.
       III.   Stipulated Evidence
       A stipulation was read to the jury that, based upon video surveillance footage
retrieved by Campbell Police Officer Ramirez defendant entered a Safeway store at
2341 Winchester Boulevard in Campbell in August 17, 2012, at approximately 2:49 p.m.,
and he exited the store at approximately 2:55 p.m. Defendant appeared to be carrying a
white shirt or bag. Counsel further stipulated that a piece of rebar was found at 811
Camden Avenue on August 18, 2012. The rebar was booked into evidence. “Laboratory
testing of the rebar yielded no DNA or other relevant results.”
                            PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Defendant was charged by information filed October 25, 2012, with attempted
murder (§ 664, subd. (a), § 187; count 1), and assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245,
subd. (a)(1); count 2). It was further alleged as to count 1 that defendant acted willfully,
deliberately, and with premeditation (§§ 664, 187, 189), and that he personally used a
deadly weapon (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)). As to both counts, it was alleged that defendant
personally used a deadly weapon (§§ 667, 1192.7) and personally inflicted great bodily
injury (§§ 12022.7, subd. (a), 667, 1192.7). It was also alleged that defendant had
suffered a prior strike conviction (§§ 667, subd. (b)/1170.12), a prior serious felony
conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)), and a prior felony conviction for which he had served a
prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
       After a trial by jury, defendant was convicted on August 20, 2013, of attempted
murder. The jury found true the allegations that defendant personally used a dangerous
or deadly weapon and that he personally inflicted great bodily injury. The jury found not
true the allegation that defendant acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation.

                                             11
Defendant waived his right to a trial of the strike prior, serious felony prior, and prison
prior allegations, and he admitted those allegations.
       After denying defendant’s motion for the court to exercise its discretion to dismiss
the prior strike allegation under People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996)
13 Cal.4th 497, the court sentenced defendant to a term of 24 years. The sentence was
based upon the midterm of seven years for attempted murder, doubled due to defendant’s
prior strike, plus one year for the weapon-use enhancement, three years for the great
bodily injury infliction enhancement, five years for the prior strike conviction, and one
year for the prison prior.
                                       DISCUSSION
       I.     No Error in Court’s Exclusion of Anderson Case Evidence
              A.      Background
       Defendant’s claims of error concern the propriety of the trial court’s rulings
precluding any reference by defense counsel to the Anderson case in (1) the cross-
examination of the prosecution’s DNA expert, Alan Dixon, (2) the examination of the
defense’s DNA expert, Marc Taylor, and (3) closing argument.
       To properly raise an appellate challenge to the exclusion of evidence, the
proponent of the evidence must have made an offer of proof or other sufficient showing
to the trial court in support of admission of the evidence. (People v. Vines (2011)
51 Cal.4th 830, 869.) “The offer of proof must address the ‘substance, purpose, and
relevance of the excluded evidence’ (Evid. Code, § 354, subd. (a)), and must set forth the
actual evidence to be produced and not merely the facts or issues to be addressed and
argued [citation]. The trial court may reject a general or vague offer of proof that does
not specify the testimony to be offered by the proposed witness. [Citations.]” (People v.
Carlin (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 322, 334; see also People v. Foss (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th
113, 127-128.)



                                             12
       The record before us concerning the circumstances of the Anderson case was
exhibit 2, which consisted of two June 2013 newspaper articles from the San José
Mercury News and a July 2013 opinion article from the New York Times. We will deem
this to be defendant’s offer of proof. As gleaned from that exhibit, on
November 30, 2012, Raveesh Kumra died of suffocation at his home in Monte Sereno
after being bound and gagged during a home invasion robbery perpetrated by several
suspects. Five suspects were arrested, including Lukis Anderson, who was described as a
transient. Although not indicated in the newspaper articles, it is apparent from the
dialogue between the trial court and the prosecutor in the instant case that Anderson was
an acquaintance of other suspects who were arrested in connection with the Kumra home
invasion and murder.
       According to criminalist Tahnee Mehmet Nelson, Anderson’s DNA was found
underneath the fingernails of Kumra. But Anderson was released from custody and
charges against him were dismissed in June 2013 because his attorney had shown that
Anderson, on the evening of Kumra crime, was being treated at VMC. Anderson had
been transported to VMC from downtown San José after he lost consciousness due to
intoxication. One of the theories explaining the presence of Anderson’s DNA on the
victim was that the same paramedic who pronounced Kumra dead in his home had
transported Anderson to VMC several hours earlier. A second theory involved DNA
transfer from a jacket, and a third involved Anderson having been placed in a holding cell
with an associate of another suspect in the November 30, 2012 crime. The criminal case
against three of the other defendants charged in the Kumra home invasion
robbery/homicide was ongoing at the time of trial in this case
       Before testimony commenced in this case, defense counsel argued that he was
entitled to discovery regarding the Anderson case, specifically the analysis in that case
concerning the presence of Anderson’s DNA on Kumra. Counsel asserted that the
requested material showed “inherent vulnerability and weakness [of DNA testing] that

                                             13
tends to favor Mr. Howell in this case.” He argued the material was discoverable and the
defense should be permitted to use the DNA analysis to cross-examine the People’s DNA
expert.
          The prosecutor responded that information about the Anderson case was not
relevant. He represented that he had spoken with the deputy district attorney who had
handled the Anderson case. The prosecutor argued that the criminalists were not the
same in the two cases, and in the present case, there was a videotape record of most of the
evidence collection efforts performed by Police Agent Rivera. In addition, the prosecutor
represented that the Crime Lab director had conducted an internal investigation and had
“concluded there was no cross-contamination in [the Anderson] case.”
          The court denied defendant’s request for discovery relating to the Anderson case,
saying there was “no similarity at all between this case and the Anderson case.”2 The
court then ruled that the Anderson case was “completely irrelevant.” But it also said the
defense could “present any [DNA] transfer theories as supported by the evidence,” and it
noted that the defense intended to call “experts in this case who can talk about possible
[DNA] transfer without the Anderson case.”
          During cross-examination of the People’s DNA expert (Dixon), defense counsel
attempted to inquire about “a recent high profile case” involving contamination of DNA
samples. The court sustained the prosecution’s objection to the inquiry. In later
proceedings held outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel again argued the
relevance of the Anderson case in cross-examining Dixon. He acknowledged that
because he had not obtained discovery, he did not know whether the DNA transfer
attributed to Anderson resulted from cross-contamination in the field or in the laboratory.
The court again ruled that the Anderson case was not relevant.


          2
        Defendant does not challenge the trial court’s ruling denying his request for
discovery concerning the Anderson case.


                                              14
       Before calling his own DNA expert witness (Taylor), defense counsel argued that
he should be permitted to include in his examination the circumstances of the Anderson
case as representing a documented case of in-field DNA contamination. The court
confirmed, based on its prior rulings, that defense counsel would not be allowed to refer
to the Anderson case, “which we have no information on as to exactly what happened . . .
and [whether] it was in [the] field as opposed to in the lab [that there may have been
contamination].”
       After the parties rested, defense counsel requested that the court permit him to
mention the Anderson case during closing argument. He asserted it was “in the common
knowledge of the jurors” since the case had been reported in newspapers. The prosecutor
opposed the request, responding that (1) it was an attempt to raise facts not in evidence,
(2) the Anderson case could not be deemed common knowledge simply because it had
been reported in the newspapers, and (3) its introduction was objectionable under
“[Evidence Code section] 352 grounds [because] it’s confusing [and] speculative.” The
court ruled that defense counsel could not refer to the Anderson case during his closing
argument.
              B.      Applicable Law and Standards of Review
       Only evidence that is relevant is admissible. (Evid. Code, § 350.) “ ‘Relevant
evidence’ means evidence, including evidence relevant to the credibility of a witness or
hearsay declarant, having any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact
that is of consequence to the determination of the action.” (Evid. Code, § 210.) “ ‘The
test of relevance is whether the evidence tends “logically, naturally, and by reasonable
inference” to establish material facts such as identity, intent, or motive. [Citations.]’
[Citation.]” (People v. Bivert (2011) 52 Cal.4th 96, 116-117, quoting People v. Garceau
(1993) 6 Cal.4th 140, 177.) “Accordingly, a ‘witness may not be examined on matters
that are irrelevant to the issue in the case.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Lewis (2001)
25 Cal.4th 610, 640.) The trial court also has the discretionary power to exclude

                                              15
“evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its
admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger
of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” (Evid. Code,
§ 352.)
       A trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. (People v. Harris (2005) 37 Cal.4th 310, 337.) Although the court “ ‘has
broad discretion in determining the relevance of evidence [citations] . . . , [it] lacks
discretion to admit irrelevant evidence.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Riggs (2008) 44 Cal.4th
248, 289 (Riggs).) Likewise, the trial court has “broad discretion to weigh the prejudicial
impact of testimony against its probative value.” (People v. Lancaster (2007) 41 Cal.4th
50, 83.) Thus, “ ‘[t]he trial court has broad discretion both in determining the relevance
of evidence and in assessing whether its prejudicial effect outweighs its probative value.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Jones (2011) 51 Cal.4th 346, 373, quoting People v. Horning
(2004) 34 Cal.4th 871, 900.) An abuse of discretion occurs where it is shown that “ ‘the
trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner
that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Carrington
(2009) 47 Cal.4th 145, 195; see also People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 666 [abuse
of discretion occurs when trial court’s “ruling ‘falls outside the bounds of reason’ ”].)
       Generally, an expert witness may base his or her opinion on hearsay (People v.
Pollock (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1153, 1172 (Pollock)), or upon hypothetical facts (People v.
Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 449). (See Evid. Code, § 801, subd. (b).) But the matter
relied upon must “provide a reasonable basis for the particular opinion offered.”
(Lockheed Litigation Cases (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 558, 564.) And “[a]n expert opinion
may not be based on conjectural or speculative matters. [Citation.]” (Howard
Entertainment, Inc. v. Kudrow (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1102, 1115 (Howard
Entertainment).) The trial court exercises broad discretion in ruling on evidentiary issues
concerning expert testimony. (Pollock, at p. 1172; see also Maatuk v. Guttman (2009)

                                              16
173 Cal.App.4th 1191, 1197 (Maatuk) [court has “broad discretion in ruling on
foundational matters on which expert testimony is to be based”].) Thus, a trial court may
properly exclude in the examination of an expert “any hearsay matter whose irrelevance,
unreliability, or potential for prejudice outweighs its proper probative value.” (People v.
Montiel (1993) 5 Cal.4th 877, 919.) Likewise, the trial court properly sustains objections
to expert testimony where it is based “ ‘on assumptions of fact without evidentiary
support [citation], or on speculative or conjectural factors.’ ” (People v. Richardson
(2008) 43 Cal.4th 959, 1008.)
       “It is settled that the trial court is given wide discretion in controlling the scope of
relevant cross-examination.” (People v. Farnam (2002) 28 Cal.4th 107, 187 (Farnam);
see also People v. Capistrano (2014) 59 Cal.4th 830, 866 [trial court “has wide latitude to
restrict” cross-examination of witnesses].) This wide discretion will be disturbed on
appeal “ ‘[o]nly [upon a showing of] a manifest abuse of the court’s discretion.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Adan (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 390, 394.)
              C.     Exclusion of Anderson Case During Dixon’s Cross-Examination
       Defendant contends that the trial court deprived him of his constitutional right to
present a complete defense by prohibiting him from referring to the Anderson case to
cross-examine the prosecution’s DNA expert (Dixon). He argues that because “the scope
of permissible cross-examination [of experts] is quite broad,” and cross-examination may
include “evidence not previously admitted at trial or that is otherwise admissible,” the
trial court abused its discretion and prejudicially erred by denying him the opportunity to
cross-examine Dixon concerning the Anderson case. We disagree.
       The proffered evidence was not relevant—it was not evidence “having any
tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action.” (Evid. Code, § 210.) As presented in the newspaper
articles (court’s exhibit 2), the Anderson case differed in many respects from the instant
case. The suspect, Anderson, had a demonstrated alibi, even though his DNA was at the

                                              17
crime scene and he was an apparent acquaintance of the other arrestees. He was
apparently not the subject of eyewitness identification, and he was treated by a paramedic
the same evening the paramedic tended to the victim (Kumra) at the crime scene. None
of these facts exist in the instant case.
       Furthermore, while one theory explaining the presence of Anderson’s DNA at the
crime scene involved a paramedic’s both having treated Anderson and having tended to
Kumra, this was one of several theories, and had apparently not been proven. And while
both crimes were committed in Santa Clara County and both involved the Crime Lab, the
criminalists were not the same. In short, the only matters of commonality between the
two cases were the county, the Crime Lab, and a theory—unproven in each case—of
possible contamination in the field of the DNA sample linking the suspect to the crime.
Thus, the offer of proof presented nothing more than anecdotal evidence of the possibility
of a DNA sample’s contamination in an unrelated Santa Clara County criminal case. The
trial court—acknowledging its broad discretion in determining both the relevance of
evidence (Riggs, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 289) and in controlling the scope of relevant
cross-examination (Farnam, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 187)—did not abuse its discretion by
prohibiting defense counsel from introducing the circumstances of the Anderson case in
his cross-examination of Dixon.
       In exercising its discretion to exclude the circumstances of the Anderson case, the
court indicated it would permit the defense to “present any [DNA] transfer theories as
supported by the evidence.” In addition to permitting the defense DNA expert (Taylor)
to testify at length concerning DNA transfer theories (as discussed, post), the court
allowed defense counsel’s wide-ranging cross-examination of the prosecution’s DNA
expert (Dixon). Defense counsel, among other things, explored with Dixon the
possibility that the various DNA samples from the field were contaminated during the
extraction or amplification process in the Crime Lab. And he emphasized that if a DNA
sample were somehow contaminated in the field, there would be nothing Dixon could do

                                            18
about it. Moreover, in his cross-examination of Police Agent Rivera—who qualified at
trial as an expert in DNA evidence collection—defense counsel inquired about various
mechanisms by which the DNA sample in question (swab from defendant’s left-hand
fingernails) may have become contaminated at one of the three collection sites (i.e., the
crime scene, the hospital, and the police holding cell). He inquired about the possibility
of a DNA transfer by Rivera’s (1) use of his camera at all three sites; (2) failure to wash
his hands or take proper precautions in using gloves at the three sites; (3) failure to
change his clothing during his collection of evidence at the three sites; (4) his collection
and handling of the victim’s clothing; and (5) use of his cell phone at the holding cell.
       Even assuming the existence of any marginal relevance of the circumstances of the
Anderson case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion to exclude the evidence under
Evidence Code section 352, a ground the prosecutor raised when defense counsel sought
to refer to the Anderson case during closing argument. Assuming the evidence had some
minimal probative value, it was still excludible under Evidence Code section 352 because
it would have “necessitate[d] undue consumption of time or . . . confus[ed] the issues, or
misle[d] the jury.” Thus, for instance, in People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, our
high court concluded that the trial court properly excluded evidence of a federal civil suit
against sheriff’s deputies offered to show that the murder victim, another deputy, may
have used deadly force against the defendant that prompted the defendant to shoot him.
“In the trial court’s view, presenting evidence of the lawsuit and other misconduct by
other deputies would be going ‘too far afield,’ would ‘sidetrack’ and ‘unduly prolong’ the
trial, and would ‘invite[ ] the jury to speculate as to what the lawsuit was about.’ ” (Id. at
p. 662; see also People v. Verdugo (2010) 50 Cal.4th 263, 291 [evidence of detectives’
alleged fabrication of evidence in an unrelated case, charges of which they were
exonerated, properly excluded].) It is well settled that “ ‘ “a ruling or decision, itself
correct in law, will not be disturbed on appeal merely because given for the wrong
reason. If right upon any theory of law applicable to the case, it must be sustained

                                              19
regardless of the considerations which may have moved the trial court to its conclusion.”
[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Zapien (1993) 4 Cal.4th 929, 976 (Zapien), quoting
D’Amico v. Board of Medical Examiners (1974) 11 Cal.3d 1, 19.) We therefore
conclude—in addition to finding no abuse of discretion in excluding the evidence as not
relevant—that there was no error during Dixon’s cross-examination in excluding the
Anderson case under Evidence Code section 352. (See People v. Geier (2007) 41 Cal.4th
555, 582 (Geier) [holding that, although trial court did not expressly base its ruling on
that ground, evidence was properly excluded under Evidence Code § 352].)
              D.     Exclusion of Anderson Case During Taylor’s Direct Examination
       Defendant contends the trial court deprived him of his constitutional right to
present a complete defense by prohibiting him from using the Anderson case to examine
his DNA expert, Marc Taylor. He asserts the court’s order precluding him from
examining Taylor concerning the circumstances of the Anderson case was an abuse of
discretion. He argues that because the Anderson case constituted evidence that “was
properly within the scope of expert testimony,” and the defense theory of the DNA
contamination (through Rivera’s handling of several samples) “mirrored the facts of the
[alleged DNA contamination in the Anderson] case as reported by the [two newspapers],”
the evidence should have been allowed. Defendant contends the error was prejudicial,
requiring reversal. We disagree.
       As noted in part I.C., ante, the Anderson case was not relevant. The evidence
from that case did not “hav[e] any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed
fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.” (Evid. Code, § 210.) It
offered only a theory of possible contamination of a DNA sample in a criminal case with
circumstances dissimilar from those here. Because the DNA contamination theory in the
Anderson case could be deemed a “conjectural or speculative matter[]” (Howard
Entertainment, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 1115), it was proper to exclude it as
foundational material that could not “provide a reasonable basis for the particular opinion

                                             20
offered.” (Lockheed Litigation Cases, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at p. 564.) Exercising its
broad discretion in determining both the relevance of evidence (Riggs, supra, 44 Cal.4th
at p. 289) and in ruling on evidentiary questions concerning expert testimony (Pollock,
supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1172; Maatuk, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1197), the court did
not abuse its discretion by prohibiting defense counsel from introducing the
circumstances of the Anderson case during his direct examination of Taylor.
       We note that the trial court permitted a broad and extensive presentation by the
defense DNA expert on the subject of DNA transfer or contamination. On that subject,
Taylor testified, among other things, that there were many ways DNA can be transferred,
and the level of DNA concentration may vary depending on the nature of the transfer and
how much DNA was on the person before the transfer. Taylor explained in detail the
various mechanisms by which DNA samples taken by Rivera in this case could have been
contaminated at different stages of their analysis at the Crime Lab. He was also
examined in detail about a number of mechanisms by which the DNA samples could
have been contaminated in the field, including through Rivera’s use of his camera and
cell phone at different stages of the collection process.
              E.     Exclusion of the Anderson Case During Closing Argument
       Defendant contends the trial court deprived him of his constitutional right to
present a complete defense by prohibiting him from using the Anderson case during
closing argument. He argues that the Anderson case, although not in evidence, involved
a matter of “common knowledge” such that it was a proper matter of argument by
defense counsel.
       We first address defendant’s contentions concerning the proper standard of
review. Defendant contends that the court’s exclusion of the newspaper articles during
closing argument “automatically constitutes error.” Elsewhere in his opening brief, he
argues the exclusion “automatically requires reversal.” In support of his position that a
stringent standard of review should be applied, defendant cites People v. Woodson (1964)

                                             21
231 Cal.App.2d 10 (Woodson). He argues that Woodson supports the proposition that “a
court’s restriction on the use of relevant newspaper or magazine articles during closing
argument necessarily constitutes error, so long as it is otherwise relevant within the
proper scope of argument.” (Italics added.) But as we have already noted, the trial
court’s determination of whether material is relevant from an evidentiary standpoint is a
highly discretionary matter (Riggs, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 289), and in this instance the
court did not abuse that discretion in excluding the evidence concerning the Anderson
case.
        In any event, we do not read Woodson to hold that the trial court is restricted in its
ability to make rulings limiting the proper scope of argument by counsel. To the
contrary, the trial court is vested with discretion pursuant to section 1044 to limit
counsel’s argument as necessary under the circumstances of the particular case. (People
v. London (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 896, 909 (London).) We therefore conclude that under
the circumstances presented here—i.e., where the court makes a limited intrusion into the
substance of counsel’s argument, as opposed to one in which the court significantly
curtails such argument—the trial court’s ruling is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (See
People v. Ponce (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1380, 1388 (Ponce); People v. West (1983)
139 Cal.App.3d 606, 611 (West) [“whether a particular newspaper or magazine article
should be read to the jury, is a matter that is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial
court”].)
        Although a criminal defendant is afforded wide latitude in his or her closing
argument (People v. Farmer (1989) 47 Cal.3d 888, 922 (Farmer), overruled on another
point in People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 724, fn. 6), “it is improper to state facts
that are not in evidence during summation, with certain narrow exceptions such as
commonly known matters. [Citation.]” (Farmer, at p. 922.) Thus, defense counsel may
not allude in argument to matters that have not been introduced into evidence. (See
People v. Stankewitz (1990) 51 Cal.3d 72, 102 [argument that prosecution had failed to

                                              22
call more than one witness to the shooting, even though three others were available, was
improper where nothing in the record indicated three other witnesses were available];
Farmer, at p. 922 [defense argument raising prosecution’s position in another case was
improper].) Since there was no evidence concerning the Anderson case introduced at
trial—and the proposed introduction of such evidence was properly denied by the trial
court—the court did not err in instructing defense counsel not to refer to the Anderson
case during his closing argument.
       Contrary to defendant’s contention, the Anderson case was not a matter of
common knowledge, making it a permissible subject for closing argument. As our high
court noted long ago, “ ‘Matters of common knowledge—being things not special to the
case in hearing—may, like the language itself, be parcel of the woven argument which
the advocate lays before the jury.’ ” (People v. Molina (1899) 126 Cal. 505, 508.) Thus,
“[c]ounsel’s summation to the jury ‘must be based solely upon those matters of fact of
which evidence has already been introduced or of which no evidence need ever be
introduced because of their notoriety as judicially noticed facts.’ [Citations.] He [or she]
may state matters not in evidence that are common knowledge, or are illustrations drawn
from common experience, history, or literature. [Citations.] He [or she] may not,
however, under the guise of argument, assert as facts matters not in evidence or excluded
because inadmissible. [Citations.]” (People v. Love (1961) 56 Cal.2d 720, 730 (Love),
disapproved on other grounds in People v. Morse (1964) 60 Cal.2d 631, 637, fn. 2.)
       The Anderson case was not a matter of common knowledge. As the trial judge
noted, “[the Anderson case is] certainly not within any common knowledge of the jury. I
would be surprised if any of the jurors were aware of it . . . .” And particularly since the
Anderson case was properly excluded as evidence during trial, its attempted introduction
during closing argument ran afoul of the principle that counsel “may not . . . under the
guise of argument, assert as facts matters not in evidence or excluded because
inadmissible. [Citations.]” (Love, at p. 730.)

                                             23
Defendant points to several cases in which appellate courts concluded that certain
magazine and newspaper articles were appropriate subjects for closing argument. (See,
e.g., People v. Guzman (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 380, 392, disapproved on other grounds in
People v. McDonald (1984) 37 Cal .3d 351, 362, fn. 8; West, supra, 139 Cal.App.3d at
p. 610; Woodson, supra, 231 Cal.App.2d at pp. 15-16; People v. Travis (1954)
129 Cal.App.2d 29.) Those cases reflect instances in which the trial court exercised its
discretion under particular circumstances. But there is no general rule to the effect that
attorneys may refer to newspaper or magazine articles in closing argument, and, as noted,
the trial court in its discretion may limit counsel’s argument as necessary pursuant to
section 1044. (London, supra, 206 Cal.App.3d at p. 909; see also Ponce, supra,
44 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1387-1389 [trial court has responsibility to prevent improper
argument by all parties, including attempts to present factually unsubstantiated
contentions to jury].)
       Although during closing argument counsel may “refer the jury to nonevidentiary
matters of common knowledge, or to illustrations drawn from common experience,
history, or literature [citation], . . . he [or she] may not dwell on the particular facts of
unrelated, unsubstantiated cases.” (People v. Mendoza (1974) 37 Cal.App.3d 717, 725
(Mendoza) [trial court properly denied defense counsel license to read newspaper
clippings about unrelated crimes, hearsay material which could only confuse the jury
with irrelevant facts]; see also Farmer, supra, 47 Cal.3d at pp. 921-922 [court properly
prohibited defense counsel from reading from article when contents were not revealed
prior to argument]; People v. Pelayo (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 115, 122 (Pelayo) [trial court
properly restricted defense counsel’s argument by prohibiting reference to newspaper
articles about suspect ultimately acquitted of sex crimes against children after discovery
that alleged victims fabricated the allegations].)
       Here, defense counsel sought to refer to a case not drawn from common
knowledge. That case involved an unsubstantiated claim of improper DNA evidence

                                               24
transfer in the field by a paramedic, which was one of at least three theories concerning
the manner in which the accused’s DNA was found at the crime scene. Although
reference to the Anderson case was excluded, defense counsel was permitted to explore at
length in his closing argument the crux of his theory concerning the DNA evidence
pointing to his client’s guilt: that the defendant’s left fingernail sample purporting to
show both defendant’s and the victim’s DNA was contaminated during the evidence
collection process. The trial court, in the exercise of its discretion under section 1044 to
control counsel’s argument, did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting reference to the
Anderson case during closing argument. (Pelayo, supra, 69 Cal.App.4th at p. 122;
Mendoza, supra, 37 Cal.App.3d at p. 725.)
              F.     Cumulative Error
       Defendant argues in the alternative that even if the errors he claims occurred were
not enough to warrant reversal, the cumulative effect of such alleged errors was
prejudicial. This argument has no merit, “there being no error to cumulate.” (People v.
Watkins (2012) 55 Cal.4th 999, 1036.)
                            DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.




                                             25
                    Márquez, J.




WE CONCUR:




    Rushing, P.J.




    Grover, J.




People v. Howell
No. H040885
