                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-1461
                        ___________________________

                             Oil & Gas Transfer L.L.C.

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                                           v.

                                       John Karr

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the District of North Dakota - Bismarck
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: March 13, 2019
                               Filed: July 9, 2019
                                 ____________

Before GRUENDER, BENTON, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

      John Karr appeals the district court’s1 grant of summary judgment in favor of
Oil & Gas Transfer L.L.C. (“OGT”). We affirm.



      1
        The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of North Dakota.
                                           I.

      OGT is an oil field construction company that hired Karr to manage and
expand its business in North Dakota. When Karr left OGT in April 2015, he claimed
that OGT owed him $1,304,026.42, which OGT disputed. Karr filed a pipeline
construction lien statement under North Dakota Century Code section 35-24-04,
purporting to establish a lien on a pipeline construction project that he had managed
while working for OGT. After filing the lien statement, Karr sued OGT in North
Dakota federal court, alleging breach of contract, fraud, promissory estoppel,
reformation, and unjust enrichment.

       OGT filed this action in January 2016 in North Dakota state court, seeking to
quiet the pipeline title based on Karr’s ineligibility to claim a lien under section 35-
24-04. OGT also sought a declaratory judgment, claiming that, as an employee, Karr
was not entitled to a lien. Karr removed the action to federal court on the basis of
diversity jurisdiction. In federal court, OGT moved for summary judgment, arguing
that the undisputed facts establish that Karr was an employee and that section 35-24-
04 does not confer lien rights to employees. The district court agreed and granted
OGT’s motion. Karr appeals.

                                          II.

      We review de novo the district court’s order granting summary judgment in
favor of OGT. See Gibson v. Am. Greetings Corp., 670 F.3d 844, 852 (8th Cir.
2012). We agree with the district court that Karr was an employee and that section
35-24-04 does not confer lien rights upon employees.

                                        A.
      In this diversity action, we apply the substantive law of North Dakota to
determine whether Karr was an employee or an independent contractor. See

                                          -2-
Vandewarker v. Cont’l Res., Inc., 917 F.3d 626, 629 (8th Cir. 2019). Under North
Dakota law, Karr bears the burden of establishing that he was an independent
contractor and not an employee. N.D. Cent. Code § 65-01-03(1) (“The person that
asserts that an individual is an independent contractor under the common-law test
. . . has the burden of proving that fact.”). “The central question in determining
whether an individual is an employee or independent contractor is: Who is in
control?” BAHA Petroleum Consulting Corp. v. Job Serv. N.D., 2015 ND 199, ¶ 12,
868 N.W.2d 356, 360. This is determined by the common-law “right-to-control”
test.2 N.D. Admin. Code §§ 27-02-14-01(5)(a), 92-01-02-49(1)(a). “The right to
control is dispositive, whether or not it has been exercised.” Myers-Weigel Funeral
Home v. Job Ins. Div. of Job Serv. N.D., 1998 ND 87, ¶ 9, 578 N.W.2d 125, 127.

        To assist in this inquiry, North Dakota administrative agencies adopted twenty
factors to consider when determining whether an individual is an employee or an
independent contractor. See N.D. Admin. Code §§ 27-02-14-01(5)(b)(1)-(20), 92-
01-02-49(1)(b)(1)-(20). “The degree of importance of each factor varies depending
on the occupation and the factual context in which the services are performed.” Id.
§ 27–02–14–01(5)(b). But, several factors “must be given more weight in
determining whether an employer-employee relationship exists.”                         Id.
§ 92–01–02–49(2). Those factors—restated to indicate an employer-employee
relationship—include (a) the company’s significant integration of the individual’s
services into its operations, (b) a continuing relationship between the individual and
the company, (c) the individual’s lack of investment in business expenses and
facilities, (d) the company not sharing its profits or losses with the individual, (e) the
individual working exclusively for the company, (f) the individual not making his

      2
         Karr argues that the district court also should have considered North Dakota’s
“relative-nature-of-the-work” test. But he did not raise that argument before the
district court and therefore may not raise it for the first time as a basis for reversal on
appeal. See Olga Despotis Tr. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 867 F.3d 1054, 1066 (8th Cir.
2017).

                                           -3-
services available to the general public, and (g) the company’s right to fire the
individual without liability for breaching a contract. N.D. Admin. Code §§ 27-02-14-
01(5)(b)(1)-(20), 92-01-02-49(1)(b)(1)-(20). Other relevant factors that need not be
given as much weight include (h) the company requiring the individual to comply
with its instructions about “when, where, and how . . . to work”; (i) the individual
rendering services personally; (j) the company imposing set hours of work; (k) the
individual working full-time for the company; (l) the company paying the employee
by the hour, week, or month; and (m) the company paying the individual’s business
and traveling expenses. Id.

       Karr claims that he was an independent contractor and that the district court
incorrectly weighed the factors when determining that he was an employee. First, he
alleges that “OGT had neither control over nor the authority to direct [his] work.”
But his only support for this proposition is a statement in his own affidavit that he
“took over all operational duties of the [pipeline] project” and that “[n]o one directed
[his] work.” The fact that no one directed his work, however, does not establish that
OGT did not have the authority to do so. See Myers-Weigel, 1998 ND 87, ¶ 9, 578
N.W.2d 125. Second, Karr notes that he was entitled to a bonus of 12.5% of OGT’s
net income on profitable projects, but he also acknowledges that the weekly base
salary he received is “similar to what is commonly found in employment
relationships.” Third, Karr highlights the fact that his contract with OGT was limited
to a 12-month term. But the contract was renewable.3



      3
        We reject Karr’s other arguments about why the factors weigh in his favor
because they either consist of general statements without obvious connection to
specific factors or are unsupported by any citation to the record. See Fed. R. App. P.
28(8)(A) (stating that the argument section of the appellant’s brief must contain
“appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and
parts of the record on which the appellant relies”); DiCarlo v. Keller Ladders, Inc.,
211 F.3d 465, 468 (8th Cir. 2000).

                                          -4-
       In response, OGT reiterates arguments that the district court considered when
determining that Karr was an employee, including (1) that Karr earned a weekly
salary that OGT paid him regardless of the number of hours, amount of work, or
number of projects Karr completed; (2) that Karr completed a Form W-4 to indicate
his tax withholdings; (3) that OGT withheld and paid employment taxes on Karr’s
wages and reported his income to him and the IRS on a Form W-2; (4) that OGT
offered Karr regular employment benefits (e.g., health insurance, retirement benefits);
(5) that Karr worked full-time for OGT and no one else; and (6) that OGT retained
the right to direct Karr’s work in all respects. OGT also notes that it provided a truck,
housing, and communications equipment for Karr. While Karr “disagrees and
vigorously disputes” these assertions on appeal, he does not direct us to anything in
the record that creates a genuine issue of material fact about them. Thus, Karr has not
carried his burden to show that he was an independent contractor, as the factors
indicate that he was an employee.

       Karr also claims that the district court improperly applied the summary
judgment standard. He argues that the district court erred by making “almost no
findings of fact” and also by making the incorrect finding of fact that he was an
employee of OGT. But federal courts do not make findings of fact at the summary
judgment stage. Quick v. Donaldson Co., 90 F.3d 1372, 1376-77 (8th Cir. 1996)
(citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986)). And the question
of whether Karr was an employee may be resolved on summary judgment. Kronberg
v. Oasis Petroleum N. Am. LLC, 831 F.3d 1043, 1049 (8th Cir. 2016) (concluding on
summary judgment that the appellant was an independent contractor under North
Dakota law).

                                       B.
     Having determined that Karr was an employee, we turn to the question of
whether section 35-24-04 confers lien rights upon employees. This seems to be a



                                          -5-
matter of first impression in North Dakota4 and requires us to apply North Dakota’s
rules of statutory interpretation. See Behlmann v. Century Sur. Co., 794 F.3d 960,
963 (8th Cir. 2015). Under North Dakota law, “[t]he primary purpose of statutory
interpretation is to determine legislative intent.” Bolinske v. Jaeger, 2008 ND 180,
¶6, 756 N.W.2d 336, 339 (per curiam). “[T]he Legislature’s intent must be sought
initially from the statutory language.” Olson v. Job Serv. N. Dakota, 2013 ND 24, ¶5,
827 N.W.2d 36, 40. “Words used in any statute are to be understood in their ordinary
sense, unless a contrary intention plainly appears . . . .” N.D. Cent. Code § 1-02-02.
We must also “interpret[] statutes to give meaning and effect to every word, phrase,
and sentence,” avoid adopting “a construction which would render part of the statute
mere surplusage,” Sorenson v. Felton, 2011 ND 33, ¶ 15, 793 N.W.2d 799, 803, and
“presume the Legislature did not intend an absurd or ludicrous result or unjust
consequences,” Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. Wimbledon Grain Co., 2003 ND 104, ¶21, 663
N.W.2d 186, 193.

       Only if a statute’s language is ambiguous may we “resort to extrinsic aids to
determine the intention of the legislation, including the object sought to be attained,
the circumstances under which the legislation was enacted, and the legislative
history.” Rasnic v. ConocoPhillips Co., 2014 ND 181, ¶14, 854 N.W.2d 659, 662.

      4
         Only one published North Dakota state court case involves section 35-24-04.
See Rocky Mountain Steel Foundations, Inc. v. Brockett Co., LLC, 2018 ND 96, 909
N.W.2d 671. In that case, the North Dakota Supreme Court did not address whether
entities other than subcontractors can claim liens on pipeline construction projects.
Id. But by referencing only original contractors and subcontractors while discussing
a separate issue, the court seems to suggest that the statute does not apply more
broadly. See, e.g., id. at 2018 ND 96, ¶7, 909 N.W.2d 671 (“The plain wording of
N.D.C.C. §§ 35-24-04 and -07 protects an owner from liability greater than the
original contract unless that owner receives notice of a subcontractor’s lien and
subsequently pays the general contractor rather than the subcontractor.” (emphasis
added)).


                                         -6-
If a lien-related statute is ambiguous, we also must construe it liberally in favor of the
individual or entity that contributed labor, skill, or materials. Great Western Bank v.
Willmar Poultry Co., 2010 ND 50, ¶ 7, 780 N.W.2d 437 (“[O]ur statutory lien laws
are remedial and will be liberally construed to effectuate their purpose of protecting
those who contribute labor, skill, or materials.”). “A statute is ambiguous if it is
susceptible to different, rational meanings.” Rasnic, 2014 ND 181, ¶14, 854 N.W.2d
659.

      North Dakota Century Code section 35-24-04 is titled “Subcontractor’s lien”5
and states:

      Any person who shall, under contract, perform any labor or furnish any
      material or services as a subcontractor under an original contractor or for or to
      an original contractor or a subcontractor under an original contractor, is
      entitled to a lien . . . .

        Whether the phrase “as a subcontractor” modifies “[a]ny person” is dispositive.
If it does, employees cannot claim liens because the statute confers lien rights only
to those who perform labor or furnish material or services as a subcontractor. The
statute does not define “subcontractor,” but the parties do not dispute that an
employee is not a subcontractor. The dictionary definition of “subcontractor” also
supports the conclusion that employees are not subcontractors: “an individual or
business firm contracting to perform part or all of another’s contract.” Merriam-
Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 1242 (11th ed. 2005). If “as a subcontractor” is
instead only part of the phrase “as a subcontractor under an original contractor,” then

      5
        The seeming significance of this title is undercut by well-settled North Dakota
law that a statute’s heading is not part of the statute. See N.D. Cent. Code § 1-02-12;
Sauby v. City of Fargo, 2008 N.D. 60, ¶9, 747 N.W.2d 65, 69 (“The legislature has
told us that a headnote may not be used to determine legislative intent or the
legislative history for any statute.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).


                                           -7-
“any person”—including an employee like Karr—who performs labor or furnishes
material or services “for or to” either an “original contractor” or “a subcontractor
under an original contractor” is entitled to a lien. See N.D. Cent. Code § 35-24-01
(defining “person” as “an individual, corporation, limited liability company, firm,
partnership, or association”).

       Karr contends that if the legislature intended to limit the statute to
subcontractors, the phrases “[a]ny person” and “under contract” would be
unnecessary. The statute, he argues, could have been addressed to “any subcontractor
who provides labor, material or services. . . .” But in the absence of a statutory
definition of “subcontractor,” the inclusion of “[a]ny person” and “under contract”
can be understood to clarify the types of entities and relationships necessary to
perform labor or furnish material or services as a subcontractor.

       Karr also argues that if “as a subcontractor” modifies “[a]ny person,” two of
the three categories of subcontractors entitled to liens under section 35-24-04 are
indistinguishable. Assuming that “as a subcontractor” does modify “[a]ny person,”
subcontractors entitled to liens are those who perform labor or furnish material or
services (1) “under an original contractor,” (2) “for or to an original contractor,” or
(3) “for or to . . . a subcontractor under an original contractor.” Karr argues that (1)
and (2) are identical. While the legislature’s use of the prepositions “under” and then
“for or to” is not a model of clarity, it can be plausibly explained. For example, (1)
can be understood to refer to subcontractors working on a project directly whereas (2)
can be understood to refer to subcontractors assisting indirectly (e.g., by supplying
materials or providing services to or for the original contractor that the original
contractor directly applies to the project).




                                          -8-
      Adopting Karr’s proposed interpretation of section 35-24-04 would lead to
absurd results. If “as a subcontractor” does not modify “[a]ny person,” then the
number of possible lien claimants is immense. Those entitled to liens would include
not only subcontractors and employees of subcontractors, but also, as OGT notes,
“couriers delivering design documents to work sites, food delivery drivers bringing
lunch to contractors or subcontractors, or vendors hired to perform routine
maintenance on construction equipment.” We must presume that the legislature did
not intend the absurd result of conveying the same lien rights to every marginal
project contributor as it gave to subcontractors who are responsible for the
completion of portions of the original project contract. See Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 2003
ND 104, ¶21, 663 N.W.2d 186.

       Similarly, the phrase “under contract” becomes meaningless if not understood
to refer only to contracts between pipeline construction contractors and
subcontractors. If section 35-24-04 conveys lien rights to employees, then “under
contract” must also refer to employment contracts. But the extension of “under
contract” beyond the contractor/subcontractor context has no apparent limit. And
because anyone who contributes in any way to a pipeline project would presumably
do so under some sort of contract and not gratuitously, the phrase “under contract”
does nothing to narrow the scope of “[a]ny person” unless it is understood to apply
only to contracts between construction contractors.

      For these reasons, we conclude that section 35-24-04 unambiguously does not
confer lien rights to employees. Thus, we need not consider Karr’s arguments about
similar statutes in other states and how they have been interpreted.




                                        -9-
      Because the district court correctly determined that Karr was an employee and
because North Dakota Century Code section 35-24-04 does not confer lien rights
upon employees, we affirm.
                      ______________________________




                                       -10-
