                                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    Derrick Storms,

                           Plaintiff,

                           v.                          Case No. 1:17-cv-00357 (TNM)

    Eric K. Shinseki, et al.,

                           Defendants.

                                        MEMORANDUM OPINION
          The Plaintiff, Derrick Storms, seeks damages from several former high-level officials at

the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. He claims that these officials violated his First

Amendment rights by persuading a private group—the Veterans of Foreign Wars—to terminate

his volunteer relationship in response to Mr. Storms writing an article full of damning

accusations against the Department. But the Supreme Court has not authorized a suit for

damages based on the First Amendment and warns that extending such remedies to new contexts

is “a disfavored judicial activity.” Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1848 (2017) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court declines to create the remedy that the Plaintiff

seeks, because authorizing damages for this conduct raises complicated policy questions that

Congress—not the Judiciary—is equipped to answer. The Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss will

therefore be granted.

                                          I.   BACKGROUND

          On March 6, 2014, Mr. Storms published an article entitled “How veterans can fight back

against VA abuse,” on the Daily Caller website. Compl. ¶ 11, Ex. 1. 1 The article alleged that to


1
  At this stage of the proceedings, I accept the Complaint’s well-pled allegations as true.
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
meet performance goals tied to bonuses, VA officials had been systematically destroying

veterans’ disability claims, thereby artificially reducing the backlogs. Id. Ex. 1. It called for

veterans to sue agency officials for damages, including then-current Secretary Eric Shinseki,

whom Mr. Storms blamed for helping to create a corrupt agency culture. Id. The piece quickly

went viral. Compl. ¶ 12. Mr. Storms—a former U.S. Marine—was then serving as the Vice-

Legislative Chairman for the Veterans of Foreign Wars, New York Department (VFW-NY), and

the article identified him as such. Id. ¶¶ 5, 14, Ex. 5.

       That night, Defendant Kevin Secor—the VA’s Veterans Service Organizations Liaison

officer, Compl. ¶ 8—exchanged emails with the Executive Director of the national Veterans of

Foreign Wars organization, Bob Wallace. Id. ¶ 15, Ex. 5. Mr. Secor asked Mr. Wallace if he

knew that the article was going to be published, id. Ex. 5, and when Mr. Wallace assured him

that “[t]his is not the VFW position,” id. Ex. 6, Mr. Secor told him that “any help would be

appreciated, I know this will be a topic at tomorrow’s stand-up.” Id. Ex. 7.

       The next day, both the VA and the VFW moved quickly. Mr. Secor sent an email asking

Raymond Kelley—another VFW official— “did you see what your Legislative Vice Chairman

wrote in the Daily Caller?” Id. Ex. 10. Mr. Storms alleges that Mr. Secor met with Secretary

Shinseki, Defendant Jose Riojas (then the VA’s Assistant Secretary for Operations, Security, and

Preparedness), and “John/Jane Does 1-100.” Id. ¶ 21. These individuals jointly resolved to

“discredit and defame” Mr. Storms and terminate him from his VFW-NY position, to undermine

the op-ed, deter similar articles from Mr. Storms or others, and protect Secretary Shinseki. Id.

Mr. Secor also allegedly called Mr. Wallace and demanded that the VFW publish a rebuttal

article and end Mr. Storms’ status as a Vice Legislative Chairman. Id. ¶ 25. The VFW’s

Commander-in-Chief emailed the Daily Caller that same day with a proposed rebuttal piece, id.
Ex. 12, and Mr. Wallace forwarded the email to Assistant Secretary Riojas and Mr. Secor. Id.

Ex. 13.

          Three days later, VFW-NY removed Mr. Storms from his position as Legislative Vice

Chairman, id. Ex. 15 and asked him to write a letter of apology for his article. Id. Ex. 16.

Although Mr. Storms does not allege that he was salaried, the termination meant that he would

not be reimbursed for future VFW travel. Id. Ex. 17. Because of his termination, Mr. Storms

allegedly suffered various injuries, including chilled speech, emotional damages, lost

employment opportunities within the VFW, and reputational harm.

          Mr. Storms then sued Secretary Shinseki, Assistant Secretary Riojas, Mr. Secor, and 100

unidentified “John/Jane Does,” all in their individual capacities. Compl. 1-2. His Complaint’s

only count seeks damages for retaliation against First Amendment-protected speech, invoking

the Supreme Court’s decision in Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388, 91

(1971). Id. at 7-8. The named Defendants moved to dismiss, noting that their legal arguments

would also apply to the unidentified Defendants as well. Mot. Dismiss 1, n.1.

                                     II.     LEGAL STANDARDS

          To avoid dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal,

556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim

crosses from conceivable to plausible when it contains factual allegations that, if proved, would

‘allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.’” Banneker Ventures, LLC v. Graham, 798 F.3d 1119, 1129 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (alteration

omitted) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). A court must “draw all reasonable inferences from

those allegations in the plaintiff’s favor,” but not “assume the truth of legal conclusions.” Id.
“In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim, [a court] may consider only the facts

alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and

matters of which [a court] may take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch.,

117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

   A. This Claim Presents a New Bivens Context

         Because the Complaint’s only count relies on Bivens, a brief account of that case is in

order.

                In Bivens, the Supreme Court held that federal officers who violated
                the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable searches
                and seizures could be held accountable for monetary damages
                without explicit statutory authorization for such damages.
                Before Bivens, only state officials who violated individuals’
                constitutional rights could be liable for money damages, see 42
                U.S.C. § 1983; Congress has not enacted a similar statutory
                provision for federal officials. Since Bivens, the so-called implied
                cause of action for a constitutional violation has only been
                recognized by the Supreme Court in two other contexts: the Fifth
                Amendment’s due process clause for an allegation of gender
                discrimination, and the Eighth Amendment’s cruel and unusual
                punishments clause for the alleged failure to provide adequate
                medical treatment to an inmate.

Jangjoo v. Sieg, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, 2018 WL 3418784, at *4 (D.D.C. July 13, 2018) (citations

omitted). In Ziglar v. Abbasi, the Supreme Court explained that Bivens arose when courts made

different assumptions about their authority to imply causes of action, suggesting that “it is

possible that the analysis in the Court’s three Bivens cases might have been different if they were

decided today.” 137 S. Ct. at 1856. In any event, “expanding the Bivens remedy is now a

‘disfavored’ judicial activity.” Id. at 1857 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675).

         For future Bivens cases, Abbasi clarified the correct analytical approach. First, courts

must ask whether the alleged cause of action arises in a new or previously recognized Bivens
context. Id. at 1859. Any “meaningful” difference between a prior Bivens context and the case

at issue makes the context new, including:

               the rank of the officers involved; the constitutional right at issue;
               the generality or specificity of the official action; the extent of
               judicial guidance as to how an officer should respond to the
               problem or emergency to be confronted; the statutory or other legal
               mandate under which the officer was operating; the risk of
               disruptive intrusion by the Judiciary into the functioning of other
               branches; or the presence of potential special factors that previous
               Bivens cases did not consider.

Id. at 1859-60. If the context is not new, then existing Bivens precedent controls. But if the

context is new, then courts must ask whether “special factors” counsel against implying a

damages action based on a violation of a constitutional right. Id. at 1857. This inquiry “must

concentrate on whether the Judiciary is well suited, absent congressional action or instruction, to

consider and weigh the costs and benefits of allowing a damages action to proceed.” Id. at 1857-

58. “[I]f there are sound reasons to think Congress might doubt the efficacy or necessity of a

damages remedy,” then the Judiciary should defer and allow Congress to play its proper role. Id.

at 1858.

       This case presents a new context. To start with, the Supreme Court has never authorized

a damages remedy for a First Amendment violation, and it seems unlikely to do so in the wake of

Abbasi. Id. at 1854-55, 1857 (explaining that the Court has refused to extend Bivens for 30

years, including in the First Amendment context); Jangjoo, 2018 WL 3418784, at *6 (“In the

First Amendment context, the Court has addressed but never affirmatively extended Bivens.”)

(citations omitted).

       The Plaintiff contends that the Supreme Court recognized a Bivens remedy for First

Amendment retaliation in Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 256 (2006). Pl.’s Mem. In Opp. To

Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss (Pl.’s Opp) 8-9. He makes an understandable mistake, since Hartman was a
Bivens case in which the Supreme Court declared that “[o]fficial reprisal for protected speech”

violates the First Amendment, and that “[w]hen the vengeful officer is federal, he is subject to an

action for damages on the authority of Bivens.” 547 U.S. at 256. But the plaintiff lost in

Hartman, because the Court’s core holding was that a plaintiff claiming retaliatory prosecution

must allege and prove the lack of probable cause. Id. at 252, 265-66. Decisions since Hartman

have consistently said that the Supreme Court has not approved a First Amendment Bivens

claim. Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 663 n.4 (2012) (explaining, just before a long

discussion of Hartman’s impact on qualified immunity, that “[w]e have never held that Bivens

extends to First Amendment claims”); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675 (assuming without deciding that a

First Amendment free exercise claim lies under Bivens); Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1854-55 (listing

only “three cases,” none under the First Amendment, as “the only instances in which the Court

has approved of an implied damages remedy under the Constitution itself.”). Even accounting

for Hartman, Supreme Court precedent does not support the Plaintiff’s claim that Bivens extends

to the First Amendment.

       In any event, the “new context” inquiry does not end even if courts have extended Bivens

to the relevant constitutional right. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1859-60. The D.C. Circuit has

recognized First Amendment Bivens claims for retaliatory arrest, Dellums v. Powell, 566 F.2d

167, 196 (D.C. Cir. 1977), and retaliatory prosecution, Haynesworth v. Miller, 820 F.2d 1245,

1255–57 (D.C. Cir. 1987), abrogated in part by Hartman, 547 U.S. 250. The Circuit has also

assumed that Bivens was available for a prisoner who asserted retaliatory restrictions in violation

of the First Amendment, dismissing those claims on qualified immunity grounds. Aref v. Lynch,

833 F.3d 242, 269 (D.C. Cir. 2016). But even assuming these cases are still good law, see

Abbasi, 137 S.Ct. at 1859 (finding that the lower court erred in its “new context” analysis
because the context is new if “the case is different in a meaningful way from previous Bivens

cases decided by this Court) (emphasis added), they are all strikingly different from Mr. Storms’

allegations. This case is not brought by a prisoner, and the Plaintiff does not suggest that the

Defendants arrested or prosecuted him. Instead, Mr. Storms claims that the Defendants

persuaded a non-governmental organization to remove him from a volunteer position. Under

Abbasi’s meaningful difference test, see id. at 1859-60, Mr. Storms’ allegations present a new

context for a proposed Bivens claim in this Circuit.

   B. Special Factors Counsel Against Creating a Damages Remedy

       Since this is a new Bivens context, I must now ask whether “special factors counsel[]

hesitation” in allowing this suit to go forward, and “[i]n a related way, if there is an alternative

remedial structure present . . . that alone may limit the power of the Judiciary to infer a new

Bivens cause of action.” Abbasi, 137 S.Ct. at 1858. I conclude that while the allegations here

are deeply troubling for First Amendment values, special factors counsel hesitation in judicially

creating a damages remedy against federal officials who persuade private entities to terminate

volunteers. Those factors include the speech interests of the federal officials themselves, this

country’s reluctance to extend free speech protections to private sector employment, and the

existing patchwork of federal statutes that provide accountability for federal officials.

Ultimately, in the complex, fraught arena of free speech, Congress is better suited than the

Judiciary to determine whether a damages action should arise.

       At the outset, I assume without deciding that the Defendants’ alleged actions violated the

First Amendment rights of Mr. Storms. See Bush v. Lucas, 462 U.S. 367, 372 (1983) (taking the

same approach in deciding not to extend Bivens to First Amendment claims made by public

employees). Thus, I take no issue with Mr. Storms’ argument that he has First Amendment
interests at stake. See Pl.’s Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss (Pl.’s Opp) 14; Hartman, 547 U.S. at

256 (“Official reprisal for protected speech offends the Constitution because it threatens to

inhibit exercise of the protected right.”) (internal quotation marks, alteration, and citation

omitted).

        The first special factor counseling hesitation is the fact that the government has speech

interests of its own, as do federal employees speaking as citizens. The government has broad

authority to speak for itself, without facing unique court-imposed liability regimes.

                With countless advocates outside of the government seeking to
                influence its policy, it would be ironic if those charged with making
                governmental decisions were not free to speak for themselves in the
                process. If every citizen were to have a right to insist that no one
                paid by public funds express a view with which he disagreed, debate
                over issues of great concern to the public would be limited to those
                in the private sector, and the process of government as we know it
                radically transformed.

Keller v. State Bar of California, 496 U.S. 1, 12 (1990). Creating a Bivens remedy here would

risk turning the First Amendment into a government-silencing mechanism.

        “When the government speaks, for instance to promote its own policies or to advance a

particular idea, it is, in the end, accountable to the electorate and the political process for its

advocacy. If the citizenry objects, newly elected officials later could espouse some different or

contrary position.” Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Wisconsin Sys. v. Southworth, 529 U.S. 217, 235

(2000). Thus,

                Retaliation claims involving government speech warrant a cautious
                approach by courts.        Restricting the ability of government
                decisionmakers to engage in speech risks interfering with their ability
                to effectively perform their duties. It also ignores the competing First
                Amendment rights of the officials themselves. The First Amendment
                is intended to “preserve an uninhibited marketplace of ideas in which
                truth will ultimately prevail.” McCullen v. Coakley, 134 S. Ct. 2518,
                2529 (2014) (quoting FCC v. League of Women Voters of Cal., 468
                U.S. 364, 377 (1984)). That marketplace of ideas is undermined if
               public officials are prevented from responding to speech of citizens
               with speech of their own. See Bond v. Floyd, 385 U.S. 116, 136
               (1966) (“The interest of the public in hearing all sides of a public
               issue is hardly advanced by extending more protection to citizen-
               critics than to legislators.”).

Mulligan v. Nichols, 835 F.3d 983, 989 (9th Cir. 2016). Even to the extent that public officials

speak not for the government, but in their capacity as private citizens, “the First Amendment

protects a public employee’s right, in certain circumstances, to speak as a citizen addressing

matters of public concern.” Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 417 (2006). “So long as

employees are speaking as citizens about matters of public concern, they must face only those

speech restrictions that are necessary for their employers to operate efficiently and effectively.”

Id. at 419. These interests must be considered here.

       Of course, the government action that Mr. Storms challenges is arguably destructive of

First Amendment values, contributing little to “an uninhibited marketplace of ideas in which

truth will ultimately prevail.” McCullen, 134 S. Ct. at 2529. Setting aside the surrounding

details, the Defendants’ alleged persuasion of the VFW to terminate Mr. Storms aimed to

undermine and chill his speech, rather than advance a competing idea. This is particularly

troubling since Mr. Storms claims that the article was later verified by government investigations

about the VA’s wait time practices. Compl. ¶ 13. But as Abbasi reminds us:

               the decision to recognize a damages remedy requires an assessment
               of its impact on governmental operations systemwide. Those
               matters include the burdens on Government employees who are
               sued personally, as well as the projected costs and consequences to
               the Government itself when the tort and monetary liability
               mechanisms of the legal system are used to bring about the proper
               formulation and implementation of public policies.

Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1858. Not every case will involve the cover-up of a substantial scandal.

Not every case will involve equities that clearly favor the plaintiff. Even if the government has
no First Amendment right to call for private sector firings in retaliation for protected speech, the

risk of chilling legal government speech or the protected free speech of public employees must

be considered. And the political accountability that government speakers face is already one

form of restraint imposed by our democratic system. Southworth, 529 U.S. at 235. 2 Speech is

already a fraught and contested arena. Injecting a damages remedy against federal officials may

not be the best course, even to advance the freedom of speech.

       The second special factor counselling caution is the First Amendment’s limitation to

government action. The Constitution says that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the

freedom of speech.” U.S. Const. amend. I (emphasis added). “[A]s a general matter the First

Amendment prohibits government officials from subjecting an individual to retaliatory actions,

including criminal prosecutions, for speaking out.” Hartman, 547 U.S. at 256 (emphasis

added); see also Waters v. Churchill, 511 U.S. 661, 694–95 (1994) (“Absent some contractual or

statutory provision limiting its prerogatives, a private-sector employer may discipline or fire

employees for speaking their minds.”) (Stevens, J., dissenting). Mr. Storms proposes that private

sector firings can be attributed to the government, and thus linked to the First Amendment, using

the test for state action under the Fourteenth Amendment. See Opp. 14; Blum v. Yaretsky, 457

U.S. 991, 1004 (1982) (holding the government “responsible for a private decision only when it

has exercised coercive power or has provided such significant encouragement, either overt or

covert, that the choice must in law be deemed to be that of the State.”). Even if I accepted this or

some other formulation for when the government could be held liable for private sector




2
  Here, Mr. Storms claims that Secretary Shinseki ultimately resigned as a casualty of the
underlying scandal. Opp. 2 n.3, 21. Although the resignation was not because of the alleged
retaliation against Mr. Storms, the price that Secretary Shinseki paid for the truths that Mr.
Storms allegedly sought to expose shows that political accountability works.
decisions, the resulting shift would still be significant: private sector firings could now trigger

First Amendment claims against federal officials.

       This change, even if beneficial in some respects, might create complicated issues for both

private and public-sector decision making, as actors must deal with litigation risk and its

inevitable costs. Such a decision would expand the First Amendment’s scope in ways difficult to

predict. For instance, it could further complicate government contractors’ hiring and firing

decisions, forcing both them and their client agencies to consider what liability their internal

personnel decisions may create for government officials. I hesitate to make such a significant

decision as a member of the Judiciary when Congress—our Nation’s law-making body—is fully

equipped to consider the complicated factors at issue, and act.

       The named Defendants also contend that the Privacy Act and the Administrative

Procedure Act (APA) provide alternative remedies for Mr. Storms’ injury and thus counsel

caution in creating a Bivens remedy. Defs.’ Mem. In Support of Mot. Dismiss (Mot. Dismiss)

13-14. The APA does have some limited relevance, since that statute allows citizens to

challenge final agency actions, including agency “sanction[s]” such as the “imposition of a

penalty.” 5 U.S.C. §§ 701, 551(10), (13). It may not be a final agency action for Mr. Secor to

call the VFW and insist that Mr. Storms be terminated, and APA plaintiffs cannot recover

damages after the fact under the statute, making APA relief irrelevant to Mr. Storms. See 5

U.S.C. § 706. But the APA’s existence points to another fact: Congress has created a broad

array of statutory mechanisms that can prevent federal wrongdoing against those in the private

sector. These include statutes that help citizens to hold government accountable, from the APA
and the Privacy Act, 3 to the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552, and many

whistleblower protection statutes. See 5 U.S.C.A. § 2302(b)(8)-(9) (the Whistleblower

Protection Act); see also Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Worker Protections,

https://www.whistleblowers.gov/worker_protections (listing 22 whistleblower protection statutes

enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the U.S. Department of

Labor) (last visited August 6, 2018). There is even a criminal law against influencing private

sector employment decisions—based on “partisan political affiliation”—using government

blackmail or bribery. 18 U.S.C. § 227.

       To be fair to Mr. Storms, none of these statutes focus on remedying this particular First

Amendment injury, and so none constitute “an alternative remedial structure present in [this]

case,” Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1858 (2017). Thus, this specific “wrong [may] . . . go unredressed.”

Bush, 462 U.S. at 388. But the fact that Congress has enacted so many measures aimed at

creating federal accountability shows their engagement on this subject. This fact counsels

hesitation in crafting a damages remedy that Congress itself has not approved. See Wilson v.

Libby, 535 F.3d 697, 705 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (explaining that “[t]he absence of statutory relief for a

constitutional violation . . . does not by any means necessarily imply that courts should award

money damages,” and a proper special factors analysis includes “an appropriate judicial

deference to indications that congressional inaction has not been inadvertent”) (quoting

Schweiker v. Chilicky, 487 U.S. 412, 421-23 (1988)).




3
  Contrary to the named Defendants’ assertions, I see only the slightest relevance in the Privacy
Act, since it merely controls agency disclosure of agency records, see 5 U.S.C. § 552a(b)-(f), and
authorizes civil remedies for violations. Id. § 552a(g)(1). None of the allegations here involve
the improper disclosure of agency records.
       For all of these reasons, no Bivens cause of action exists for Mr. Storms claim, and under

the analysis required by Abbasi, this Court should not create one. 4 Since the complaint therefore

fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, I have no occasion to consider whether the

Defendants would be entitled to qualified immunity.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       This Court does not condone the Defendants’ alleged actions. But no damages remedy

currently exists for the First Amendment retaliation that Mr. Storms describes, and it is the job of

Congress to decide if such a remedy should be created. This conclusion applies equally to the

named and unnamed Defendants, so the named Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss will be granted

and the Complaint will be dismissed. A separate order will issue.

                                                                      2018.08.06
                                                                      17:57:47
                                                                      -04'00'
Dated: August 6, 2018                                 TREVOR N. MCFADDEN
                                                      United States District Judge




4
  The Complaint contains precious little about the conduct of Secretary Shinseki himself, or of
Assistant Secretary Riojas. The only specific allegations are that these officials were among the
Defendants who “determined” that retaliation against Mr. Storms should occur, Compl. 21, and
that Assistant Secretary Riojas said “Thanks Bob” after receiving a copy of the VFW’s rebuttal
article. Compl. 29. But “Government officials may not be held liable for the unconstitutional
conduct of their subordinates under a theory of respondeat superior.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676.
Because Mr. Storms alleges no act of retaliation from these senior leaders, and he only hints at
implied commands, his claims against them would be unlikely to survive even if Bivens applied.
