                                                                                  THIRD DIVISION
                                                                                  December 27, 2017

2017 IL App (1st) 170385

No. 1-17-0385

A&R JANITORIAL, as Subrogee of Teresa Mroczko,               )      Appeal from the
                                                             )      Circuit Court of
            Plaintiff-Appellee,                              )      Cook County.
                                                             )
            v.                                               )      No. 14 L 8396
                                                             )
PEPPER CONSTRUCTION CO.; PEPPER                              )
CONSTRUCTION GROUP, LLC; PEREZ &                             )
ASSOCIATES, INC.; PEREZ CARPET; CBRE, INC.;                  )
and BLUE CROSS AND BLUE SHIELD                               )
ASSOCIATION,                                                 )
                                                             )
            Defendants-Appellees                             )      Honorable
                                                             )      William Edward Gomolinski,
(Teresa Mroczko, Individually, Intervenor-Appellant).        )      Judge Presiding.

       JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Presiding Justice Cobbs and Justice Fitzgerald Smith concurred in the judgment and
opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1     This is an appeal from an order of the circuit court of Cook County denying Teresa

Mroczko’s (appellant) petition to intervene in an action filed by her employer, A&R Janitorial

(plaintiff) against defendants. Plaintiff, Teresa’s employer at the time of her injury, filed its

action against the named defendants as the subrogee of Teresa pursuant to section 5(b) of the

Illinois Workers’ Compensation Act (Act). 820 ILCS 305/5(b) (West 2016). Section 5(b) of the

Act allows injured employees to file a lawsuit against a third-party defendant legally liable for an

employee’s injury and provides that the employer be indemnified for any payments it made

under the Workers’ Compensation Act to the employee from any recovery made from the

lawsuit. If the injured employee does not file a claim against the third-party defendant prior to
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three months before the expiration of the statute of limitations, section 5(b) also allows the

employer to file a claim against the third-party defendant to indemnify itself for benefits paid to

its employee and to recover damages, as subrogee, for damages suffered by the injured

employee. Under the Act, all money recovered over and above the amounts the employer has

already paid to the employee shall be paid to the employee. On June 11, 2015, after the

expiration of the two-year statute of limitations, and after the employer timely filed its suit for

damages as subrogee, appellant filed her complaint in the circuit court of Cook County seeking

damages against defendants for negligence. The court dismissed her complaint for failure to file

within the statute of limitations. Teresa did not appeal this dismissal. She then sought to

intervene in plaintiff’s suit against defendants. The trial court denied appellant’s petition to

intervene, finding her claim was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. The issue presented in

this case is whether the dismissal of appellant’s untimely filed suit for damages acts to bar, on

res judicata grounds, her intervention in the employer’s timely filed case. We hold it does not

and, for the following reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is reversed and the cause

remanded.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND

¶3     Appellant, Teresa, was injured on August 17, 2012 at a Blue Cross and Blue Shield

building in Chicago while she was employed by plaintiff, A&R Janitorial. Blue Cross and Blue

Shield had hired A&R Janitorial to perform custodial services, and appellant was one of

plaintiff’s employees. Blue Cross and Blue Shield was performing renovations to that building

and contracted Pepper Construction Co. to replace carpeting, among other work. Pepper

Construction subcontracted the task of replacing carpets to Perez & Associates. While appellant

was cleaning, she was injured when a desk fell on her. The desk had been moved by Perez in the



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course of replacing the carpets.

¶4     Appellant filed a workers’ compensation claim against plaintiff and was awarded relief.

That claim is currently under appeal. To date plaintiff has paid appellant over $342,000 in

workers’ compensation benefits. Illinois’ Workers’ Compensation Act also allows an employer

to seek indemnification from a third-party who may be a cause of the injury for the sums it is

required to pay its employee. The Act allows for an injured employee whose injuries are covered

under the Act to also file a claim against a third party for common law damages, and the

employer is entitled to a portion of those damages recovered by the employee equal to the

amount paid by the employer to the employee for that claim:

               “Where the injury or death for which compensation is payable under this Act was

               caused under circumstances creating a legal liability for damages on the part of

               some person other than his employer to pay damages, then legal proceedings may

               be taken against such other person to recover damages notwithstanding such

               employer’s payment of or liability to pay compensation under this Act.” 820

               ILCS 305/5(b) (West 2016).

The employer is entitled to a portion of those damages equal to the amount paid by the employer

to the employee for that claim. Id. (“from the amount received by such employee or personal

representative there shall be paid to the employer the amount of compensation paid or to be paid

by him to such employee”).

¶5     A party in Illinois may commence a personal injury action “within 2 years next after the

cause of action accrued.” 735 ILCS 5/13-202 (West 2016). As of May 17, 2014, appellant failed

to file a claim against defendants. If the employee fails to file a claim three months prior to the

expiration of the statute of limitations, the Act allows an employer to step into the employee’s



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shoes to file a claim for indemnification for the payments it is liable for under the Act and a

claim for the employee’s common law damages. The Act provides that if an

               “employee or his personal representative fails to institute a proceeding against

               such third person at any time prior to 3 months before such action would be

               barred, the employer may in his own name or in the name of the employee, or his

               personal representative, commence a proceeding against such other person for the

               recovery of damages on account of such injury or death to the employee, and out

               of any amount recovered the employer shall pay over to the injured employee or

               his personal representatives all sums collected from such other person by

               judgment or otherwise in excess of the amount of such compensation paid or to be

               paid under this Act, including amounts paid or to be paid pursuant to paragraph

               (a) of Section 8 of this Act, and costs, attorney’s fees and reasonable expenses as

               may be incurred by such employer in making such collection or in enforcing such

               liability.” 820 ILCS 305/5(b) (West 2016).

Plaintiff, as subrogee of appellant’s claim, timely filed its complaint against all of the named

defendants on August 14, 2014. In November 2014 Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association was

voluntarily dismissed from plaintiff’s subrogation action. In December 2014, Pepper

Construction Group, LLC, and CBRE, Inc. were also voluntarily dismissed from the subrogation

action. This left Pepper Construction Co., Perez & Associates, Inc., and Perez Carpet as the only

remaining defendants (collectively defendants).

¶6     On June 15, 2015, more than two years after her injury, appellant filed her own personal

injury action against Pepper Construction Co., Perez & Associates, Inc., Interface America, Inc.,

and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association. Appellant claimed her injuries resulted from the



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construction of an improvement to real property, which would be subject to a four year statute of

limitations period. See 735 ILCS 5/13-214 (West 2016) (“Actions based upon tort *** against

any person for an act or omission of such person in the *** construction of an improvement to

real property shall be commenced within 4 years from the time the person bringing an action, or

his or her privity, knew or should reasonably have known of such act or omission.”). The trial

court dismissed appellant’s claim without prejudice on December 18, 2015. Appellant

subsequently filed her first amended complaint on April 28, 2016. On September 12, 2016, the

court dismissed this claim with prejudice for failure to file within the statute of limitations,

finding appellant’s injury was not the result of construction work and therefore subject to a two

year statute of limitations. The court entered a finding under Supreme Court Rule 304(a) there

was no just reason to delay enforcement or appeal of its decision to dismiss appellant’s claim. Ill.

S. Ct. R. 304(a) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016). No appeal was taken from this dismissal.

¶7     On November 10, 2016, appellant filed a petition to intervene in this case filed by her

employer. In her petition appellant claims she would not be adequately represented by plaintiff.

Appellant’s ability to intervene in the present case turns on the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure’s

requirements for intervention as of right and permissive intervention:

                       “Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted as of right to

               intervene in an action: *** when the representation of the applicant’s interest by

               existing parties is or may be inadequate and the applicant will or may be bound by

               an order or judgment in the action.” 735 ILCS 5/2-408(a) (West 2016).

                       “Upon timely application anyone may in the discretion of the court be

               permitted to intervene in an action: (1) when a statute confers a conditional right

               to intervene; or (2) when an applicant’s claim or defense and the main action have



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               a question of law or fact in common.” 735 ILCS 5/2-408(b) (West 2016).

Here appellant sought to intervene as of right claiming she was not being adequately represented

because plaintiff was only pursuing enough damages for indemnification and not the maximum

amount recoverable for her injuries. Appellant attached a proposed amended complaint for

plaintiff’s subrogation suit with additional counts seeking damages for her pain and suffering in

addition to plaintiff’s indemnification.

        In plaintiff’s response to appellant’s petition to intervene, plaintiff argued appellant’s

workers’ compensation claim is not fully resolved and that if appellant is found totally disabled

then plaintiff could owe appellant for the rest of her lifetime. Plaintiff’s contention was that

because of this increased risk it faced, it has every incentive to seek the maximum amount of

damages. If plaintiff did not seek the maximum amount of damages then it risked not being fully

indemnified. Defendants replied to appellant’s petition arguing claim preclusion based on her

suit against them for the same cause of action being dismissed on the merits for failure to file

within the statute of limitations.

¶8     On December 20, 2016, the trial court heard arguments on appellant’s petition to

intervene and to file an amended complaint. At the hearing, appellant claimed res judicata

should not bar her intervention here because a dismissal for failure to file within the statute of

limitations should not constitute a judgment on the merits for purposes of res judicata. Pepper

Construction Co. argued claim preclusion did bar her claim, relying primarily on Sankey

Brothers, Inc. v. Guilliams, 152 Ill. App. 3d 393 (1987). The court denied appellant’s petition to

intervene, finding Sankey Brothers Inc. supported applying res judicata to bar appellant’s claim.

The court issued an order on January 31, 2017, under Supreme Court Rule 304(a) that its

December 20, 2016 order was final and appealable, and allowed the case between plaintiff and



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defendants to continue. Appellant timely filed her appeal of the trial court’s denial of her petition

to intervene.

¶9     Plaintiff then sought to amend its complaint to pursue recovery of damages for

appellant’s pain and suffering, and loss of enjoyment of life. On July 26, 2017, the trial court

ruled plaintiff could pursue those non-economic damages. Appellant then sought to have

plaintiff’s counsel disqualified for a conflict of interest under a theory plaintiff’s counsel could

not simultaneously represent plaintiff against appellant in a workers’ compensation claim while

also representing plaintiff seeking appellant’s non-economic damages against defendants. A

hearing on the motion was held on August 4, 2017. At the hearing plaintiff’s counsel argued

there was no conflict of interest, stating: “I don’t represent Teresa ***. I never represented her.”

The court found “he does not represent [appellant.] He can only present evidence of damages

that would satisfy his lien and if there was any excess it would go over to [appellant.]” The court

denied appellant’s motion to disqualify plaintiff’s counsel based on its finding plaintiff’s counsel

only represented plaintiff and not appellant.

¶ 10   While this case was pending on appeal, plaintiff and defendant reached a settlement

agreement where defendants agreed to pay plaintiff $850,000. On September 22, 2017, the trial

court entered an order dismissing with prejudice plaintiff’s subrogation case against defendants

because the controversy between the parties had been resolved, subject to the outcome of this

appeal. Plaintiff appeals from the order denying her petition to intervene.

¶ 11                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 12   The issue in this appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying

appellant’s petition to intervene. Defendants argue application of res judicata bars appellant’s

intervention in this case, while appellant maintains the doctrine of res judicata does not bar



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intervention. Appellant claims she has a right to intervene in this case because her interests are

not adequately represented by plaintiff.

¶ 13   As a preliminary matter, we note appellant attached to her reply brief a copy of her

motion to remove plaintiff’s counsel, the transcript of the hearing on that motion, and the trial

court’s order denying the motion. Defendants have filed a motion to strike appellant’s exhibits or

in the alternative to consider those exhibits along with exhibits defendants attached to their

motion. We denied defendants’ motion to strike appellant’s attachments and ordered that

defendants’ additional attachments will be considered. Defendants attached to their motion a

copy of the trial court’s order dismissing this case with prejudice and a copy of the settlement

agreement entered between plaintiff and defendants. Ordinarily attachments and exhibits to

briefs are not the proper means of supplementing the record. See People v. Garvin, 2013 IL App

(1st) 113095, ¶ 23. Here, defendants have not argued against the accuracy of appellant’s exhibits.

In appellant’s response to defendants’ motion to strike appellant’s attachments, appellant argued

both her exhibits and defendants’ exhibits should be considered. She also did not contest the

accuracy of defendants’ exhibits.

               “In an instance such as this no sound reason exists to deny judicial notice of

               public documents which are included in the records of other courts and

               administrative tribunals. (McCormick, Evidence sec. 330, at 766 (2d ed. 1972).)

               Such documents fall within the category of readily verifiable facts which are

               capable of ‘instant and unquestionable demonstration.’ ” May Department Stores

               Co. v. Teamsters Union Local No. 743, 64 Ill. 2d 153, 159 (1976).

Therefore, we will take judicial notice of defendants’ exhibits attached to their motion as well as

appellant’s exhibits.



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¶ 14                                     Standard of Review

¶ 15    The decision to allow appellant to intervene is at the sound discretion of the trial court

and we review the decision for an abuse of discretion. Sankey Brothers, Inc., 152 Ill. App. 3d at

397. “The decision to allow or deny intervention, whether permissive or as of right, is a matter of

sound judicial discretion that will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion.” Argonaut

Insurance Co. v. Safway Steel Products, Inc., 355 Ill. App. 3d 1, 7 (2004). A trial court abuses its

discretion when “no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court.” Id. “If a

trial court’s decision rests on an error of law, then it is clear that an abuse of discretion has

occurred, as it is always an abuse of discretion to base a decision on an incorrect view of the

law.” North Spaulding Condominium Ass’n v. Cavanaugh, 2017 IL App (1st) 160870, ¶ 46.

¶ 16    Here the trial court’s interpretation of the doctrine of res judicata was the basis for its

ruling denying appellant’s petition. Application of res judicata concerns a question of law which

we review de novo. Lelis v. Board of Trustees of Cicero Police Pension Fund, 2013 IL App (1st)

121985, ¶ 13. Therefore, we review de novo the trial court’s application of res judicata as a bar

to appellant’s intervention, while we review for abuse of discretion the trial court’s overall

judgment to deny appellant’s petition to intervene.

¶ 17                               Res Judicata and Intervention

¶ 18    The doctrine of res judicata, also known as claim preclusion, is an equitable doctrine that

prevents a party from filing the same claim against the same party after a prior adjudication on

the merits. Rein v. David A. Noyes & Co., 172 Ill. 2d 325, 334-35 (1996) (“For the doctrine of

res judicata to apply, three requirements must be met: (1) there was a final judgment on the

merits rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) there was an identity of cause of action;

and (3) there was an identity of parties or their privies.”). In the present case appellant filed a



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claim against defendants in June 2015, over two years after her August 17, 2012 injury. The

court dismissed appellant’s case with prejudice for failure to file her claim within the statute of

limitations and appellant did not appeal.

¶ 19   Appellant subsequently sought to intervene in plaintiff’s subrogation suit against

defendants based on the same cause of action (the August 17, 2012 workplace injury). The trial

court found appellant already filed a claim over the same cause of action against defendants and

the matter was adjudicated with a final judgment on the merits. The trial court denied appellant’s

petition for intervention based on a finding that application of the doctrine of res judicata barred

appellant’s intervention in her employer’s subrogation suit. In reaching this ruling the trial court

relied heavily on Sankey Brothers, Inc., 152 Ill. App. 3d 393. Sankey Brothers, Inc. is instructive.

However, Sankey does not control the outcome here because it is factually distinguishable.

¶ 20   In Sankey, the petitioner-intervenor, Osborne, was employed performing road work when

he was hit by a truck. Id. at 394. Osborne was employed by a subcontractor hired by the general

contractor, Sankey Brothers, Inc. Osborne filed a workers’ compensation claim against his

employer-subcontractor for the injury which occurred on October 20, 1981. On October 14,

1983, Sankey filed its own suit against the truck driver and the corporation which owned the

truck because the employee had not filed his own suit against the defendants within three months

from the expiration of the statute of limitations. Unlike this case, in Sankey the employer filed a

complaint as its insurance company’s subrogee seeking only indemnification for workers’

compensation benefits it had to pay to Osborne. Id. at 395. On October 19, 1983, Osborne filed a

suit, intending to sue the corporation which owned the truck, but he named the incorrect party.

Id. at 394. On December 20, 1983, an Industrial Commission arbitrator entered on order finding

Osborne completely disabled and ordered his employer subcontractor to pay him an amount per



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week for life. That decision was under appeal pending the Sankey court’s decision. Id. Osborne

filed an amended complaint in September 1984 which named the correct corporation as

defendant, but that action was dismissed in July 1985 because the defendant was not served with

process within the relevant statute of limitations. Id. Osborne did not appeal. Id. at 394-95. In

October 1985, Osborne filed a petition for leave to intervene in Sankey’s suit to assert his rights

under section 5(b) of the Act. Id. at 395. The trial court denied his petition and Osborne

appealed, asserting he was a necessary party to the suit.

¶ 21   The appellate court affirmed, but not simply because Osborne had his individual suit

dismissed and res judicata barred subsequent suit on his part. The issue was whether Osborne

had an interest in his employer’s subrogation suit. Thus, the court held that it must review the

petition for intervention under the provisions for intervention in the Code of Civil Procedure:

“The lack of any specific guidance in the Workers’ Compensation Act or in the case law

interpreting it, with respect to intervention under the facts of the present case, renders applicable

the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure relating to intervention.” Sankey Brothers Inc., 152

Ill. App. 3d at 397. The court held “Osborne was barred by both the applicable statute of

limitation and the doctrine of res judicata from maintaining a personal injury action against

defendants at the time that he sought to intervene in this cause.” Id. at 398. The court determined

Osborne did not have an interest in the suit because he had “no absolute right to intervene” by

statute and because Osborne’s tort claims would be “barred by the doctrine of res judicata and

the relevant statute of limitation.” Id. at 399. The primary concern of the court was the propriety

of exposing the third party to the worker’s common law injury claims, which were time-barred.

¶ 22   In this case, however, appellant’s employer timely filed its suit seeking more than simply

indemnification; the employer also sought damages for appellant’s pain and suffering. In contrast



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to Sankey, where the statute of limitations for the employee’s damages for pain and suffering had

expired, in this case the employer timely filed a complaint seeking damages for pain and

suffering. Therefore, appellant has an interest in this lawsuit. 820 ILCS 305/5(b) (West 2016)

(“the employer shall pay over to the injured employee *** all sums collected from such other

person by judgment or otherwise in excess of the amount of such compensation paid or to be

paid by under this Act”). See also Bernardini v. Home & Automobile Insurance Co., 64 Ill. App.

2d 465, 467 (1965) (“in Illinois causes of action for personal torts are not assignable. ***

Subrogation operates only to secure contribution and indemnity whereas an assignment transfers

the whole claim. *** The subrogation does not deprive the insured of a recovery for pain and

suffering.”). Appellant’s action was not assigned to plaintiff; plaintiff simply filed a subrogation

suit and appellant is entitled to any damages exceeding indemnification. Further, plaintiff was

not a party to appellant’s untimely filed action. Because plaintiff was not a party to that action,

res judicata cannot bar its claim here. See Rein, 172 Ill. 2d at 334-35 (for res judicata to apply to

an action there must be an identity of parties). Certainly if plaintiff had been named a party to

that action it would have asserted that it had a timely filed complaint for damages as subrogee

that was already pending. We conclude appellant had an interest in this case, unlike the

employee in Sankey. Sankey Brothers Inc., 152 Ill. App. 3d at 399; see also Bernardini, 64 Ill.

App. 2d at 467. Therefore, Sankey does not control the outcome of this case and we find res

judicata does not bar appellant’s intervention.

¶ 23   Whether appellant may intervene turns on the intervention provisions of the Code of

Civil Procedure. While the Act makes an explicit provision for an employer to intervene in an

employee’s suit, the Act is silent as to the ability of the employee to intervene once the employer

has filed a subrogation suit. Therefore, we conclude we must look to the Code of Civil Procedure



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to determine whether intervention is warranted. The legislature implemented the Act

               “against the background of an existing legislative scheme that included section 1–

               108(b) of the Code of Civil Procedure [citation]. That statute expressly provides

               that where proceedings are governed by some other statute, the other statute

               controls to the extent it regulates procedure, but that article II of the Code, also

               known as the Civil Practice Law [citation], applies to matters of procedure not

               regulated by the other statute.” Madison Two Associates v. Pappas, 227 Ill. 2d

               474, 494 (2008).

The Act does not confer a statutory right to intervene upon an employee if the employer has filed

against the third party as subrogee of the employee after the employee has failed to file suit

within the three month window prior to the expiration of the statute of limitations. See 820 ILCS

305/5(b) (West 2016). Given the legislature failed to provide specific procedures for intervention

in an employer’s subrogation suit, section 2-408 of the Code of Civil Procedure governs whether

an employee can intervene in an employer’s subrogation suit. See Madison Two Associates, 227

Ill. 2d at 494-95 (“In light of this law, we must presume that when the General Assembly enacted

the tax objection provisions of the Property Tax Code without including a particular provision

addressed to intervention in circuit court, it intended the matter to be governed by the

intervention provisions set forth in article II of the Code of Civil Procedure.”). Section 2-408

establishes the requirements for intervention by right and permissive intervention:

                       “Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted as of right to

               intervene in an action: *** when the representation of the applicant’s interest by

               existing parties is or may be inadequate and the applicant will or may be bound by

               an order or judgment in the action.” 735 ILCS 5/2-408(a) (West 2016).



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                       “Upon timely application anyone may in the discretion of the court be

               permitted to intervene in an action: (1) when a statute confers a conditional right

               to intervene; or (2) when an applicant’s claim or defense and the main action have

               a question of law or fact in common.” 735 ILCS 5/2-408(b) (West 2016).

¶ 24   Defendants argue DeLuna v. Treister, 185 Ill. 2d 565 (1999) controls the issue of whether

appellant may intervene in the present suit. In DeLuna, the administrator of an estate filed a

medical malpractice claim against the defendant doctor and hospital. DeLuna, 185 Ill. 2d at 568.

The defendant moved for summary judgment and the plaintiff failed to attach an affidavit as

required by section 2-622 of the Code. Id. at 569; see also 735 ILCS 5/2-622 (West 2016). The

trial court dismissed the plaintiff’s case with prejudice and the dismissal was upheld by our

supreme court. DeLuna, 185 Ill. 2d at 569-70. After this dismissal, a new administrator to the

estate refiled the medical malpractice claim against the hospital and doctor. The defendants both

moved to dismiss this new claim, arguing application of the doctrine of res judicata barred the

newly filed claim. The issue before our supreme court was whether the dismissal for failure to

comply with section 2-622 served as a dismissal on the merits. Id. at 574. However, the issue of

whether a party barred from filing its own claim could intervene in a previously timely filed

subrogation suit was not before the DeLuna court. The issue before us here does not concern

whether the earlier dismissal for failure to file within the statute of limitations was a dismissal on

the merits, but whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying plaintiff’s petition to

intervene. Therefore, DeLuna does not control the outcome of this case.

¶ 25   Here appellant maintains she has a right to intervene in plaintiff’s subrogation suit against

defendants, relying on Geneva Construction Co. v. Martin Transfer & Storage Co., 4 Ill. 2d 273

(1954) and Echales v. Krasny, 12 Ill. App. 3d 530 (1957). We find both cases inapposite. Both



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cases involved versions of the Act found unconstitutional under Illinois’ prior constitution.

Neither case involved a petitioner who initially filed a claim past the statute of limitations, had

that claim dismissed, failed to seek appeal, and then attempted to intervene in a timely filed

subrogation suit.

¶ 26   In Geneva Construction Co. an employee of Geneva Construction Co. was injured in the

course of his employment and was awarded compensation under the “Workmen’s Compensation

Act.” Geneva Construction Co., 4 Ill. 2d at 275; Ill. Rev. Stat. 1947, chap. 48, ¶ 166. Geneva

Construction then sued the defendant third-party tortfeasor to recover the compensation it paid to

the employee. While the suit was pending, the provision of the Workmen’s Compensation Act

that Geneva Construction brought suit under was declared unconstitutional by the Illinois

Supreme Court in a separate case. See Grasse v. Dealer’s Transport Co., 412 Ill. 179 (1952).

Then, the employee filed a petition for leave to intervene, which the trial court allowed. Geneva

Construction Co., 4 Ill. 2d at 276.

¶ 27   Geneva does not stand for the principle that an employee has a right to intervene in her

employer’s subrogation suit. The Geneva court addressed two issues: 1) Whether an employer

could recover from a third-party tortfeasor compensation the employer paid an injured employee

even when the provision of the Act the employer sued under was declared unconstitutional (id. at

276) (“In determining the propriety of the judgment of the Appellate Court we shall consider

first whether plaintiff Geneva Construction Company could properly recover from defendant

Martin Transfer and Storage Company the amount of workmen’s compensation paid an

employee as a result of defendant’s negligence.”); and 2) Whether an amended complaint filed

by an employee-intervenor outside the statute of limitations related back to a timely filed

subrogation suit of the employer. Id. at 286 (“We turn, then, to the second question - whether the



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claim of plaintiff [employee], which was first asserted by an amendment to the complaint *** is

barred by the Statute of Limitations.”). The Geneva court concluded the amended complaint

related back to the employer’s timely filed complaint, consistent with the Civil Practice Act. Id.

at 289. Whether the employee had a right to intervene was not before the Geneva court. The trial

court in Geneva had already exercised its discretion to allow the employee to join in the suit. Our

supreme court was not reviewing that exercise of discretion, instead it reviewed whether the

amended complaint the petitioner-intervenor filed related back to his employer’s timely filed

subrogation suit.

¶ 28   Appellant’s reliance on Echales v. Krasny is similarly misplaced. In Echales, an

employee died from injuries sustained in the course of employment. In September 1950 the

employer brought suit under the Workmen’s Compensation Act against the third-party

tortfeasors to recover compensation paid by him to the widow and minor children of his

employee. Id. at 531. In 1952 the section of the Workmen’s Compensation Act the plaintiff sued

under was declared unconstitutional by our supreme court in Grasse, while the Echales litigation

was pending. In 1954 the plaintiff-employer filed a motion to allow the administratrix of the

employee’s estate to intervene as an additional party plaintiff and to amend the original

complaint. That motion was denied and the cause dismissed. Id. Just as in the Geneva case, the

motion to intervene and amend the complaint in Echales was dismissed because the one-year

statute of limitations for wrongful death had run. Id. at 534-35. The intervenor in Echales never

filed a separate action that was dismissed prior to petitioning to intervene in the employer’s suit.

Echales itself noted the factual parallel between that case and the Geneva case.

               “We think the Geneva case is parallel factually with the instant case and is

               decisive of the right of plaintiffs to amend their complaint and for the



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               administratrix to intervene. In the Geneva case the suit, as here, was brought

               under Section 29 of the Workmen’s Compensation Act by the employer. After the

               decision in the Grasse case holding the first paragraph of Section 29 of the

               Workmen’s Compensation Act unconstitutional, the plaintiff in the Geneva case

               sought leave to have the injured employee intervene against the third-party

               tortfeasor, the injury having occurred more than four years before the employee

               sought to intervene. The motion to intervene was opposed on the ground that the

               Statute of Limitations under the Injuries Act had run, and the employee’s right

               was therefore barred.” Echales, 12 Ill. App. 2d at 534.

The issue before the Echales court was whether application of the statute of limitations barred

intervention and amendment of a timely filed complaint. The Echales court concluded that

“justice requires that in the instant case the parties be permitted to amend their pleadings and the

administratrix allowed to intervene, and it was error for the court to deny plaintiffs leave to file

their tendered amended complaint.” Id. at 535. The Echales court did not create an absolute right

of intervention for an injured employee. Moreover, the present case is factually distinguishable.

Here the issue is not the relation back of an amendment to a timely filed complaint, but whether

appellant meets the statutory conditions for intervention.

¶ 29   Under the Code of Civil Procedure, the party seeking intervention

               “shall present a petition setting forth the grounds for intervention, accompanied

               by the initial pleading or motion which he or she proposes to file. In cases in

               which the allowance of intervention is discretionary, the court shall consider

               whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the

               rights of the original parties.” 735 ILCS 5/2-408(d) (West 2016).



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In ruling on a petition to intervene as of right, the “trial court’s discretion is limited to

determining timeliness, inadequacy of representation and sufficiency of interest; once these

threshold requirements have been met, the plain meaning of the statute directs that the petition be

granted.” City of Chicago v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., 127 Ill. App. 3d 140, 144

(1984). We thus turn to the trial court’s exercise of its discretion to deny appellant’s petition to

intervene. See In re Bailey, 2016 IL App (5th) 140586, ¶ 21 (“When a party petitions for

intervention as of right, section 2-408(a)(2) limits the court’s analysis to a determination of the

timeliness of the application, whether there has been inadequacy of representation, and the

sufficiency of the applicant’s position in the proceedings. [Citation.] If these threshold

requirements are met, then, under the plain meaning of the statute, the petition to intervene shall

be granted.”).

¶ 30                      Failure to Apply Statutory Factors for Intervention

¶ 31    A party has a right to intervene upon a showing that “representation of the applicant’s

interest by existing parties is or may be inadequate and the applicant will or may be bound by an

order or judgment in the action.” 735 ILCS 5/2-408(a) (West 2016). When the court dismissed

appellant’s petition to intervene the court failed to determine whether appellant timely filed her

petition, whether appellant’s interests are being adequately represented by plaintiff, or whether

appellant will be bound by the judgment. Appellant contends plaintiff cannot adequately

represent her interests based on her argument that plaintiff has an incentive to settle for an

amount less than or equal to what plaintiff paid to appellant in the workers’ compensation claim.

On appeal, plaintiff claims it will adequately represent appellant’s interests because plaintiff may

not be fully indemnified if it does not pursue maximum damages. Conversely, at a hearing on

appellant’s motion to disqualify plaintiff’s counsel, appellant claimed plaintiff’s counsel had a



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conflict of interest because counsel represents plaintiff in the appeal of the workers’

compensation claim and not her interest. Plaintiff’s counsel refuted this claim by stating in open

court he did not represent appellant, had never represented appellant, and only represented

plaintiff in this case. This statement is incongruent with plaintiff’s assertion that it has every

incentive to pursue maximum damages. The trial court failed to make a finding as to whether

appellant’s interests are adequately protected by plaintiff.

¶ 32    The trial court abused its discretion because the court did not apply the applicable law –

the intervention provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure. Sankey Brothers, Inc., 152 Ill. App.

3d at 397; 735 ILCS 5/2-408 (West 2016). Application of the wrong legal standard is an abuse of

discretion. North Spaulding Condominium Ass’n, 2017 IL App (1st) 160870, ¶ 46 (“If a trial

court’s decision rests on an error of law, then it is clear that an abuse of discretion has occurred,

as it is always an abuse of discretion to base a decision on an incorrect view of the law.”).

Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s ruling and remand for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion. See Madison Two Associates, 227 Ill. 2d at 496 (“Because the circuit court ruled as

a matter of law and did not reach the question of whether the requirements for intervention under

section 2–408 of the Code of Civil Procedure [citation] would otherwise have been satisfied

under the particular facts of these cases, the appellate court also acted properly when it remanded

the causes to the circuit court for a hearing on the intervention petitions.”).

¶ 33   We note plaintiff argued on appeal that if appellant was permitted to intervene, she

should nonetheless not be allowed to control the litigation. In cases where a court exercises its

discretion to grant a party’s petition to intervene,

               “[a]n intervenor shall have all the rights of an original party, except that the court

               may in its order allowing intervention, whether discretionary or a matter of right,



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               provide that the applicant shall be bound by orders or judgments, theretofore

               entered or by evidence theretofore received, that the applicant shall not raise

               issues which might more properly have been raised at an earlier stage of the

               proceeding, that the applicant shall not raise new issues or add new parties, or that

               in other respects the applicant shall not interfere with the control of the litigation,

               as justice and the avoidance of undue delay may require.” 735 ILCS 5/2-408(f)

               (West 2016).

Thus, if on remand the trial court determines the factors for intervention are met under the Code

of Civil Procedure, the trial court has discretion to limit how the intervenor may participate in the

litigation.

¶ 34                                       CONCLUSION

¶ 35    For the foregoing reasons the order of the circuit court of Cook County denying

appellant’s petition to intervene is reversed. Consequently, the circuit court’s order dismissing

the matter with prejudice is also reversed, and this cause is remanded for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

¶ 36    Reversed and remanded.




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