Filed 4/10/15 Ziyad v. Ziyad CA1/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


GINA W. ZIYAD,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                     A142226
v.
NIGEL A. ZIYAD,                                                      (Alameda County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. RF08404954)
         Defendant and Appellant;
ALAMEDA COUNTY DEPARTMENT
OF CHILD SUPPORT SERVICES,
         Respondent.


         Appellant Nigel A. Ziyad has repeatedly asked the trial court to reduce the amount
of the monthly child-support payment he is obligated pay his former spouse, respondent
Gina W. Ziyad.1 In this appeal, he challenges an order reducing his payment somewhat,
but not as much as he sought. We affirm.
                                                    I.
                                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL
                                               BACKGROUND
         Gina filed a petition for dissolution of marriage in August 2008, and the petition
was granted, effective December 31, 2009. The parties continued to litigate various
matters, including child custody, child-support payments, and visitation.


1
 For the sake of clarity, we refer to the parties by their first names since they share the
same surname. (In re Marriage of Leonard (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 546, 550, fn. 2.)


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       In the past few years, the parties have returned to court several times over Nigel’s
obligation to make monthly payments to support his twin teenagers. In April 2013,
following a hearing, the trial court ordered Nigel to pay $1,252 each month in child
support (the April 2013 order). As part of the April 2013 order, the trial court found that
Nigel had custody of the twins four percent of the time and had a monthly taxable gross
income of $4,258, and that Gina had a monthly income of zero. Although Nigel did not
appeal the order, he has tried multiple times to have it modified, with limited success.
       In Ziyad v. Ziyad (Oct. 28, 2014, A141194) [nonpub. opn.]), this court affirmed a
January 7, 2014 order denying a request to modify the April 2013 order. In our opinion,
we noted the appellate record lacked a transcript of the hearing held before the court
issued its original April 2013 order and that without the transcript, we were unable to
determine whether Nigel’s later request to modify the child-support order alleged any
true changes of circumstances.2
       This appeal is from an order entered by the trial court on May 22, 2014, on another
attempt to modify the April 2013 order (the May 2014 order). In support of his request
giving rise to this order, Nigel alleged that Gina obtained employment in June 2013 and
changed her monthly expenses to $1,468. He also alleged the amount of child support
required under the April 2013 order was “excessive” and incorrectly calculated, resulting
in an “undue hardship.” In March 2014, Nigel filed an income-and-expense declaration
stating he (1) earned $120 per month from Retail Technology Group, where he had
worked for about a week, (2) received $189 per month from the supplemental-nutrition
assistance program, and (3) had a total average monthly income of $367.25. Nigel did
not complete the section of the form that called for an itemization of his monthly
expenses, instead writing “N/A” where the form asked for his total monthly expenses. In
the section asking for installment payments, he attested he owed monthly payments of
$4,258 for home expenses (the same amount the trial court previously had determined to

2
  Nigel also appealed an order entered after a February 20, 2014 hearing (A141656), but
this court dismissed the appeal because Nigel failed to submit a written, appealable order
with his civil case information statement.


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be Nigel’s monthly taxable gross income), an amount he characterized as debt at oral
argument in this court, and not money that he actually paid each month. He also alleged
in his request for modification that his children split their time evenly between him and
Gina.
        A contested hearing was held on April 24, 2014. According to the minute order
following the hearing, both Gina and Nigel testified. The appellate record filed in this
court on August 1, 2014, did not include a transcript of the hearing, however, because
Nigel elected to proceed without a reporter’s transcript. Following the hearing, the trial
court, in the May 2014 order, lowered Nigel’s monthly child-support payments to $1,146
(a reduction of $106 per month from the April 2013 order). The order states, “Based on
[Nigel’s] failure to provide any evidence of a change in his living expenses, which was
the primary basis for the imputation of $4,258.00 as his average monthly gross income,
the Court makes no change in the amount of [Nigel’s] imputed income.” As part of the
order, the trial court found that Nigel had custody of the twins 10 percent of the time (up
from 4 percent at the time of the April 2013 order) and that Gina had a monthly net
disposable income of $2,300 (up from zero in the April 2013 order). Nigel timely
appealed the trial court’s ruling. Gina did not file an appellate brief, but the Attorney
General filed a respondent’s brief on behalf of interested party Alameda County
Department of Child Support Services.
                                             II.
                                        DISCUSSION
        Proceeding without an attorney, Nigel argues the trial court erred in several
respects and presents what he contends is the “correct” approach to child support. We
conclude he fails to meet his burden to demonstrate reversible error.
        A child-support order “may be modified or terminated at any time as the court
determines to be necessary.” (Fam. Code, § 3651, subd. (a).) The party seeking a
modification bears the burden of proof in the trial court to establish changed
circumstances warranting a downward adjustment in child support. (In re Marriage of
Leonard, supra, 119 Cal.App.4th at p. 556; In re Marriage of Cheriton (2001)


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92 Cal.App.4th 269, 298; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.260(c) [declaration supporting
request to change child-support order “must include specific facts demonstrating a
change of circumstances”].) The standard of review on appeal of a modification order is
deferential: “ ‘ “[A] determination regarding a request for modification of a child support
order will be affirmed unless the trial court abused its discretion, and it will be reversed
only if prejudicial error is found from examining the record below.” [Citations.] Thus,
“[t]he ultimate determination of whether the individual facts of the case warrant
modification of support is within the discretion of the trial court. [Citation.] The
reviewing court will resolve any conflicts in the evidence in favor of the trial court’s
determination.” ’ ” (In re Marriage of Bodo (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 373, 384.)
       As a general rule, “[i]n conducting our review for an abuse of discretion, we
determine ‘whether the court’s factual determinations are supported by substantial
evidence and whether the court acted reasonably in exercising its discretion.’ ” (In re
Marriage of Bodo, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 384.) But our review is far more
restricted given the state of the appellate record. “Inasmuch as the appeal is taken on the
clerk’s transcript only, the judgment or order is not subject to evidentiary challenge or
review; it is presumed the evidence supports the judgment and the court’s findings.”
(In re Marriage of Stutz (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d 1038, 1042; see also In re Marriage of
Utigard (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d 133, 145 [where party appeals solely on clerk’s
transcript, “ ‘every presumption is in favor of the validity of the judgment and any
condition of facts consistent with its validity will be presumed to have existed rather than
one which will defeat it’ ”].)
       Given the deferential standard of review and the presumption of correctness absent
a reporter’s transcript, Nigel’s arguments fail. Nigel first complains about unspecified
evidentiary rulings and the conduct of the hearing, which amounted to “civil rights
violations.” But we have no way of evaluating these arguments without a transcript of
the hearing. In a somewhat confusing argument, Nigel also claims the trial court “erred
in stating that the travel reimbursement would be child support arrears for the respondent
[Nigel] and only the respondent’s arrears can be deducted from the sale of the home.” He


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contends this somehow violated a 2010 court order regarding the parties’ home in
St. Charles, Illinois. We consider this argument waived because it includes no citations
to the record or legal authority demonstrating error. (Dominguez v. Financial Indemnity
Co. (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 388, 392, fn. 2 [appellate court may disregard factual
assertions unsupported by citations to the record]; County of Orange v. Smith (2005)
132 Cal.App.4th 1434, 1443 [appellant must cite to portion of record where ruling is
contained and identify what particular legal authorities show error].)
       To the extent Nigel again challenges the April 2013 order, we reject his arguments
because he did not appeal from that order. His burden in the trial court was to establish
changed circumstances justifying a modification of the April 2013 order. Although in the
May 2014 order, the trial court lowered the amount of support somewhat, apparently
based on the changed circumstances of Gina’s earnings and Nigel’s increased custody of
his sons, the court concluded that Nigel had “fail[ed] to provide any evidence of a change
in his living expenses, which was the primary basis for the imputation of $4,258.00 as his
average monthly gross income.” This conclusion is consistent with Nigel’s March 2014
income-and-expense declaration listing $4,258 for home expenses. (See, e.g., In re
Marriage of Calcaterra & Badakhsh (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 28, 34-35 [trial court may
infer gross income from statement on loan application, even if it is inconsistent with same
party’s tax return].) Rather than point to any evidence contradicting this conclusion,
Nigel repeats the arguments made in previous attempts to lower his support payments—
specifically, that the court should have focused more on his inability to find work.
“Circumstances accounted for in the previous order cannot constitute a change of
circumstances.” (In re Marriage of Khera & Sameer (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1467,
1476; see also In re Marriage of Stanton (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 547, 554 [absent
changed circumstances, modification motion would be nothing more than an
impermissible collateral attack on a final order]; In re Marriage of Schmir (2005)
134 Cal.App.4th 43, 47 [if circumstances existed at time of original order, court
presumably considered those circumstances, and bringing them to court’s attention later
does not constitute a true change].) On this record, we cannot conclude that the trial


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court abused its discretion in lowering Nigel’s monthly support payments in the May
2014 order, even though the amount was not as much as Nigel sought. (In re Marriage of
Cryer (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1039, 1046-1047 [appellate court will disturb a child-
support order “only if no judge could have reasonably made the challenged decision”].)
       The day before oral argument in this court, Nigel filed a request to augment the
appellate record to include (1) a transcript of the April 11, 2013 hearing that gave rise to
the April 2013 order, (2) a transcript of the April 24, 2014 hearing held on Nigel’s
request that is the subject of this appeal, and (3) a petition for a request to modify child
support in proceedings apparently pending in Kane County, Illinois. Nigel asserted that
the augmentation would not prejudice any party, even though it was requested four
months after the Alameda County Department of Child Support Services filed its brief
and essentially gave the department no opportunity to respond to the material.
       Nigel’s request failed to satisfy this court’s local rules, which provide that requests
for augmentation should be made within 30 days of the filing of the record and will be
entertained thereafter only upon a showing of good cause. (Ct. App., First Dist., Local
Rules of Ct., rule 7(b), Augmentation of Record.) Nigel first asserted in his request that
the reporter’s transcripts were “erroneously” omitted from the appellate record. But, in
fact, he specifically elected to proceed without a reporter’s transcript. He also asserted
that he had believed ordering the transcripts was “unnecessary.” But in our October 2014
opinion we specifically mentioned our inability to evaluate his claims fully without a
transcript. Nigel failed to demonstrate good cause for the belated request to augment the
record, and his request is therefore denied. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.155(a)(1)
[decision whether to augment appellate record is discretionary; court “may” order record
augmented]; 1 Eisenberg et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Appeals and Writs (The Rutter
Group 2014) ¶ 5:142, p. 5-47 [“Record augmentation necessarily disrupts the expeditious
processing of an appeal; therefore, motions that are filed after briefing is completed and
court staff has begun working on the case are far less likely to be granted”], italics
added.)



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       Nigel has consistently and earnestly asserted, both in the trial court and in this
court, that his child-support obligations should be reduced because he receives food
stamps and cannot find steady employment. The argument has repeatedly failed in the
trial court, which is in a far better position to determine credibility and consider evidence
than this court. And although it is clear from Nigel’s appellate briefs and his statements
at oral argument that he believes he is being treated unfairly in the trial court, he falls far
short of demonstrating unfairness, let alone reversible error.
                                             III.
                                         DISPOSITION
       Appellant’s motion to augment the record is denied. The trial court’s May 22,
2014 order is affirmed. Respondents Gina and Alameda County Department of Child
Support Services shall recover their costs on appeal.




                                                   _________________________
                                                   Humes, P.J.


We concur:


_________________________
Margulies, J.


_________________________
Dondero, J.




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