     10-4028-cv(L), 10-4280-cv(CON)
     BIM Intermobiliare SGR v. Grant Thornton LLP


 1
 2                                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 3                                         FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 4
 5
 6                                                       August Term, 2011
 7
 8   (Argued: November 2, 2011                                               Decided: July 19, 2012)
 9
10
11                                     Docket Nos. 10-4028-cv(L), 10-4280-cv(CON)
12
13
14   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
15
16   SANFORD GOULD, Individually, and on
17   behalf of all others similarly situated, YAN
18   SUN, BULLDOG CAPITAL
19   MANAGEMENT LP, KEVIN SHERMAN,
20   MAX C. MICHAELS, ROBIN KWALBRUN,
21   ELEANORE REZNICK, FRANK
22   ZAPPARIELLO, THEODORE S.
23   GUTOWICZ, DAVID RICH, RICHARD
24   SULENTIC, ANDRES RIOS,
25
26                       Plaintiffs,
27
28                            –and–
29
30   BIM INTERMOBILIARE SGR, a wholly-
31   owned subsidiary of BANCA
32   INTERMOBILIARE DI INVESTIMENTI E
33   GESTIONI SPA, ROBERT AHEARN, DRYE
34   CUSTOM PALLETS, JEFFERSON
35   INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK,
36   ALLIANZ LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
37   OF NEW YORK, INTERNATIONAL
38   REINSURANCE COMPANY, S.A., LIFE
39   USA, AGF AMÉRIQUE, AGF
40   HOSPITALIERS, AGF ASSET
41   MANAGEMENT, FIREMAN’S FUND

                                                                        1
 1   INSURANCE COMPANY, THE
 2   NORTHERN TRUST COMPANY as trustee
 3   of the FIREMAN’S FUND INSURANCE
 4   COMPANY MASTER RETIREMENT
 5   TRUST and as trustee of the FIREMAN’S
 6   FUND INSURANCE COMPANY MASTER
 7   RETIREMENT SAVINGS TRUST,
 8   ALLIANZ INSURANCE COMPANY,
 9   ALLIANZ LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
10   OF NORTH AMERICA, ALLIANZ ASSET
11   MANAGEMENT NORTH AMERICAN
12   EQUITY, US ALLIANZ DIVERSIFIED
13   ANNUITY, US ALLIANZ GROWTH
14   ANNUITY, US ALLIANZ VARIABLE
15   INSURANCE PRODUCTS TRUST, AZOA
16   GROWTH FUND, AZOA DIVERSIFIED
17   ASSETS FUND, ALLIANZ OF AMERICA,
18   INC., ALLIANZ CORNHILL INSURANCE
19   PLC, CORNHILL PENSION NORTH
20   AMERICAN EQUITY FUND, CORNHILL
21   LIFE INSURANCE, MERCHANT
22   INVESTORS ASSURANCE COMPANY
23   LIMITED, and CORNHILL LIFE NORTH
24   AMERICAN EQUITY FUND,
25
26               Plaintiffs-Appellants,
27
28                      v.
29
30   WINSTAR COMMUNICATIONS, INC.,
31   WILLIAM J. ROUHANA, JR., RICHARD J.
32   UHL, NATHAN KANTOR, ROBERT K.
33   MCGUIRE,
34
35               Defendants,
36
37                    –and–
38
39   GRANT THORNTON LLP,
40




                                             2
 1                      Defendant-Appellee.*
 2
 3   -------------------------------X
 4
 5
 6   Before: SACK, HALL, and LOHIER, Circuit Judges.
 7
 8           Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
 9   Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.) granting the motion for summary judgment of
10   Defendant-Appellee Grant Thornton LLP (“GT”) and dismissing the Plaintiffs’ claims under
11   Sections 10(b) and 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Those claims related to GT’s
12   auditing of the financial statements of Winstar Communications, Inc. (“Winstar”). Because
13   triable questions of fact exist as to (1) whether GT acted with scienter in making alleged
14   misrepresentations in its audit opinion letter, (2) whether the Plaintiffs purchased Winstar’s stock
15   in actual reliance on those representations, and (3) whether the Plaintiffs suffered losses as a
16   result, we VACATE the judgment of the District Court and REMAND for further proceedings.
17
18                                                     JONATHAN K. LEVINE, Girard Gibbs LLP, New
19                                                     York, NY (Daniel C. Girard, Girard Gibbs LLP,
20                                                     San Francisco, CA, on the brief), for Plaintiffs-
21                                                     Appellants Jefferson Insurance Company of New
22                                                     York, Allianz Life Insurance Company of New
23                                                     York, International Reinsurance Company, S.A.,
24                                                     Life USA, AGF Amérique, AGF Hospitaliers,
25                                                     Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company, The Northern
26                                                     Trust Company as trustee of the Fireman’s Fund
27                                                     Insurance Company Master Retirement Trust and as
28                                                     trustee of the Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company
29                                                     Master Retirement Savings Trust, Allianz Insurance
30                                                     Company, Allianz Life Insurance Company of
31                                                     North America, Allianz Asset Management North
32                                                     American Equity, US Allianz Diversified Annuity,
33                                                     US Allianz Growth Annuity, US Allianz Variable
34                                                     Insurance Products Trust, AZOA Growth Fund,
35                                                     AZOA Diversified Assets Fund, Allianz of
36                                                     America, Inc., AGF Asset Management, Allianz
37                                                     Cornhill Insurance PLC, Cornhill Pension North
38                                                     American Equity Fund, Cornhill Life Insurance,
39                                                     Merchant Investors Assurance Company Ltd., and
40                                                     Cornhill Life North American Equity Fund.


              *
                  The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption as set forth
     above.

                                                          3
 1
 2                                                 PATRICK L. ROCCO (Lee S. Shalov, Susan Marlene
 3                                                 Davies, on the brief), Shalov Stone Bonner &
 4                                                 Rocco LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs-
 5                                                 Appellants BIM Intermobiliare SGR, a wholly-
 6                                                 owned subsidiary of Banca Intermobiliare di
 7                                                 Investimenti E Gestioni SpA, Robert Ahearn, and
 8                                                 DRYE Custom Pallets.
 9
10                                                 JAMES L. BERNARD, Stroock & Stroock & Lavan
11                                                 LLP, New York, NY (Larry K. Elliot, Cohen &
12                                                 Grigsby P.C., Pittsburgh, PA, on the brief), for
13                                                 Defendant-Appellee Grant Thornton LLP.
14
15   LOHIER, Circuit Judge:
16
17          Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from a September 2010 judgment of the United States

18   District Court for the Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.) granting the summary

19   judgment motion of Defendant-Appellee Grant Thornton LLP (“GT”) and dismissing the

20   Plaintiffs’ claims arising from GT’s audit of the financial statements of its client, Winstar

21   Communications, Inc. (“Winstar”). The Plaintiffs claimed that GT committed securities fraud in

22   violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b) (the “Act”

23   or the “Exchange Act”), and 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5, and made false and misleading statements in

24   an audit opinion letter in violation of Section 18 of the Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78r. We conclude that

25   genuine issues of material fact exist as to each of these claims. We therefore VACATE the

26   District Court’s grant of summary judgment and REMAND for further proceedings.




                                                       4
 1                                            BACKGROUND

 2          1. Facts

 3          Reviewing the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of GT, “we construe

 4   the evidence in the light most favorable to the [Plaintiffs], drawing all reasonable inferences and

 5   resolving all ambiguities in [their] favor.”1 In re Omnicom Grp., Inc. Sec. Litig., 597 F.3d 501,

 6   504 (2d Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted).

 7          Winstar was a broadband communications company whose core business was to provide

 8   wireless Internet connectivity to various businesses. GT served as Winstar’s independent auditor

 9   from 1994 until Winstar filed for bankruptcy in April 2001, and GT regarded Winstar as “one of

10   [its] largest and most important clients.”2

11          In 1999, however, the relationship deteriorated. Winstar warned GT that it would likely

12   terminate the relationship if GT’s performance on unrelated international tax planning and other

13   accounting matters proved unsatisfactory. In March 1999 at least one member of Winstar’s

14   board of directors openly urged during a board meeting that the GT partner overseeing the audit

15   of Winstar be removed from the Winstar account. GT eventually re-staffed the Winstar account

16   so that the 1999 audit was managed by a partner, Gary Goldman, and a senior manager, Patricia



            1
               The Plaintiffs fall into two groups. BIM Intermobiliare SGR and other plaintiffs
     (collectively, the “Lead Plaintiffs”) assert claims under Section 10(b) in a putative class action
     on behalf of investors who purchased Winstar common stock and bonds between March 10,
     2000 and April 2, 2001. Jefferson Insurance Company of New York and twenty-four related
     entities (collectively, the “Jefferson Plaintiffs”) purchased Winstar common stock from
     December 1998 to at least February 2001 and bring claims under both Sections 10(b) and 18.
            2
              Most of the revenue that GT derived from Winstar was from consulting rather than
     auditing. In 1999, for example, GT earned $275,000 for its auditing work for Winstar, compared
     with over $2 million in consulting fees.

                                                      5
 1   Cummings, neither of whom had previously reviewed or audited the financial records of a

 2   telecommunications company.

 3          As relevant to this appeal, GT’s audit for 1999 included several “large account”

 4   transactions that Winstar consummated in an attempt to conceal a decrease in revenue associated

 5   with Winstar’s core business. Most of the large account transactions involved Lucent

 6   Technologies, Inc. (“Lucent”), Winstar’s strategic partner, and all of them were consummated at

 7   the end of Winstar’s fiscal quarters in 1999. Together, the transactions accounted for $114.5

 8   million in revenue, or approximately 26 percent of Winstar’s reported 1999 operating revenues

 9   and 32 percent of its “core” revenues that year. At the time, GT considered these transactions to

10   be “red flags,” warranting the accounting firm’s “heightened scrutiny.”3 However, GT

11   ultimately approved Winstar’s recognition of revenue in connection with each of these

12   transactions.

13          We discuss the evidence relating to each category of transaction in turn.

14                   A. Questionable Sales

15          The first category of questionable transactions involved a series of six end-of-quarter and

16   end-of-year transactions, primarily reported as equipment sales, for which there was little

17   evidence that any goods or services were ordered and delivered. For example, for the third

18   quarter of 1999 Winstar recognized $15 million in revenue for the sale of Lucent equipment to

19   Anixter Brothers, Inc. (“Anixter”), a wire and cable distributor. There were several unusual

            3
              The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has recognized that one risk factor
     indicating potential fraud would be “[s]ignificant, unusual, or highly complex transactions,
     especially those close to year end, that pose difficult ‘substance over form’ questions.” Joint
     App. at 3619 (quoting Am. Inst. of Certified Pub. Accountants, Statement on Accounting
     Standards (“AU”) § 316.17 (alterations in original)). Similarly, GT acknowledged that large,
     end-of-quarter transactions would warrant heightened scrutiny during the audit process.

                                                     6
 1   aspects of this sale. First, Anixter ordinarily purchased equipment directly from Lucent, not

 2   Winstar. Second, equipment sales were not part of Winstar’s core business of creating and

 3   operating wireless networks. Third, during GT’s audit Cummings noted that the Anixter

 4   transaction was “apparently” completed on September 30, 1999, the last day of Winstar’s fiscal

 5   quarter, but GT’s work papers included no documents reflecting the sale’s completion beyond a

 6   purchase order from Winstar to Lucent and an invoice from Lucent to Winstar. Moreover,

 7   neither the purchase order nor the invoice included an itemized list of the goods sold or indicated

 8   the shipping terms, even though the items were to be shipped on September 30, 1999, and

 9   delivered on October 4, 1999.4 Absent too was any document evidencing Anixter’s agreement to

10   purchase the items. Lastly, not a single employee of Lucent, Winstar, or Anixter who was asked

11   about the equipment sale could recall it.

12          Five other transactions that were not part of Winstar’s core business were consummated

13   at the end of one of Winstar’s fiscal quarters and were barely documented. Winstar nevertheless

14   recognized a total of $49.7 million in revenue associated with these five transactions. First,

15   Winstar recognized $5 million in revenue in the first quarter of 1999 for a “feasibility study” that

16   Winstar was scheduled to conduct for Lucent, but which had not been delivered by at least 2000.

17   Second, Winstar recognized $21.1 million in revenue in the first and second quarters of 1999 in


            4
              As stated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), “delivery generally is
     not considered to have occurred unless the customer has taken title and assumed the risks and
     rewards of ownership of the products specified in the customer’s purchase order or sales
     agreement. Typically this occurs when a product is delivered to the customer’s delivery site (if
     the terms of the sale are ‘FOB destination’) or when a product is shipped to the customer (if the
     terms are ‘FOB shipping point’).” SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101: Revenue
     Recognition in Financial Statements, 17 C.F.R. Part 211, at 6 (Dec. 3, 1999) (“SAB 101”),
     available at http://www.sec.gov/interps/account/sab101.htm (last visited June 28, 2012).


                                                      7
 1   connection with the sale of Lucent equipment to Williams Communications, Inc. (“Williams”).

 2   The equipment was shipped by Lucent, not Winstar, on the last business day of the first and

 3   second quarters (March 31, 1999 and June 30, 1999, respectively), with no written agreement.

 4   Third, Winstar recognized $9.1 million in revenue in the second quarter of 1999 in connection

 5   with the sale of Lucent equipment to VoCall Communications Corporation (“VoCall”) on June

 6   30, 1999. Although the sale was referenced in a series of non-numbered purchase orders, it was

 7   not referenced in any executed, final agreement or shipping document. Fourth, Winstar

 8   recognized $4.5 million in revenue in the third quarter of 1999 in connection with the sale of

 9   unspecified “WinStar Equipment” to Cignal Global Communications (“Cignal”), which was

10   contracted for on September 30, 1999, the last day of that quarter. However, GT was unable to

11   produce a document evidencing that the equipment had been shipped to Cignal during that

12   quarter. Fifth, Winstar recognized $10 million in revenue in the fourth quarter of 1999 in

13   connection with the sale of wireless radio equipment (“radios”) to Lucent under an agreement

14   dated December 30, 1999. GT endorsed the recognition of revenue even though its work papers

15   included shipping documents with conflicting dates, no document specified the goods purchased,

16   and Lucent, not Winstar, was in the business of manufacturing and selling radios. The same

17   agreement also involved a $2 million “promotional credit” purchased by Lucent for services that

18   had not yet been rendered by Winstar. Although GT specifically advised Winstar that

19   recognizing and recording the amount of the credit as revenue was improper and in violation of




                                                     8
1   generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”),5 Winstar nevertheless recognized the full

2   $2 million in revenue.

3           Each of these transactions appears to have violated the provisions of Staff Accounting

4   Bulletin No. 101 (“SAB 101”), issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”),

5   which states that four conditions must be satisfied before revenue can be recognized: (1)

6   “Persuasive evidence of an arrangement [for the sale of goods or services] exists,” (2) “Delivery

7   has occurred or services have been rendered,” (3) “The seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or

8   determinable,” and (4) “Collectibility is reasonably assured.” SAB 101 at 3.6

            5
               “GAAP [are] those principles recognized by the accounting profession as the
    conventions, rules, and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting practice at a
    particular time. [They are] established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
    . . . .” In re Global Crossing, Ltd. Sec. Litig., 322 F. Supp. 2d 319, 325 n.5 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)
    (quotation marks and citations omitted). “[The] single unified purpose [of GAAP] . . . [is] to
    increase investor confidence by ensuring transparency and accuracy in financial reporting.” Id.
    at 339.
            6
                The SEC has elaborated upon the delivery requirement as follows:
                     [D]elivery generally is not considered to have occurred unless the
                     product has been delivered to the customer’s place of business or
                     another site specified by the customer. . . .
                             ...
                             A seller should substantially complete or fulfill the terms
                     specified in the arrangement in order for delivery or performance to
                     have occurred. When applying the substantially complete notion, the
                     staff believes that only inconsequential or perfunctory actions may
                     remain incomplete such that the failure to complete the actions would
                     not result in the customer receiving a refund or rejecting the delivered
                     products or services performed to date.
    SAB 101 at 6 (footnotes omitted). In addition, revenue may be recognized in the absence of
    delivery only if a transaction meets seven requirements, including (1) that “[t]he risks of
    ownership . . . passed to the buyer”; (2) that “the buyer, not the seller . . . request . . . that the
    transaction be on a bill and hold basis,” based on a “substantial business purpose” of the buyer;
    and (3) that the seller not retain “any specific performance obligations such that the earning


                                                        9
 1          GT requested that Winstar’s counterparties provide additional documentary evidence of

 2   the relevant sales underlying each questionable transaction. By doing so, consistent with SAB

 3   101, GT sought to obtain independent support for Winstar’s recognition of revenue for each

 4   transaction – in other words, support from documents that were not generated by Winstar itself.

 5   As of February 10, 2000, GT still had not received responsive documents from four of these

 6   customers. Nonetheless, it issued an audit opinion letter opining that Winstar’s 1999 financial

 7   statements accurately reflected its financial condition and complied with GAAP.

 8                  B. Bifurcated Accounting

 9          In connection with at least three other transactions, Winstar employed a bifurcated

10   accounting scheme that GT ultimately approved prior to its audit of Winstar’s financial

11   statements. Two of these transactions involved leasing or subleasing fiber optic network

12   capacity in units called indefeasible rights of use (“IRUs”). Winstar accounted for these IRUs

13   using a dubious bifurcated accounting method, pursuant to which it recognized as much as 94

14   percent of the revenue from the leases upon execution of the lease, reflecting the cost of optical

15   equipment (“optronics”) that transmitted data over fiber optic cable (“cable” or “fiber”). Winstar

16   then would recognize the balance of the revenue in later quarters, as payments were received

17   over the span of the lease, representing the customer’s actual use of the network. In other words,

18   Winstar split the value of the leases so that the revenue associated with the optronics was




     process is not complete.” Id. (footnotes omitted). In its Form 10-K, Winstar stated, “Revenues
     from equipment sales are recognized when the equipment is delivered to the customer.
     Professional services revenues are recognized under the percentage of completion method.”
     Joint App. at 538.


                                                     10
 1   reported separately from revenue associated with the cable. By employing this accounting

 2   method, Winstar was able to recognize $30.9 million in revenue up front in 1999.

 3          During discovery, a forensic accountant retained by the Plaintiffs opined that the rules of

 4   the Financial Accounting Standards Board and interpretive rules of the SEC prohibited the

 5   division of leases for fiber optic networks because both the cable and the optronics were

 6   essential to the network. Winstar conceded that the fiber and the optronics were not separable,

 7   and that no other company previously had employed this bifurcated method in accounting for

 8   IRUs. Indeed, Winstar specifically advised GT that the bifurcated approach had been criticized

 9   by the accounting firm Deloitte & Touche LLP (“Deloitte”).

10          GT was in any event aware that revenue associated with an IRU contract could be

11   recognized only if the leased circuit was operational, or “lit,” in the language of the fiber optics

12   field. In the third and fourth quarters of 1999, however, Winstar had failed to “light” many of its

13   IRU circuits, a fact that should have precluded the company from recognizing revenue associated

14   with those IRUs.

15          In the midst of GT’s audit, Winstar sent form letters dated December 30, 1999, and

16   December 31, 1999, to the counterparties to the two IRU transactions, Wam!Net, Inc. and

17   Cignal, respectively, to confirm that the IRU circuits had been “deliver[ed]” and “accept[ed].’”

18   A representative of Cignal signed a form letter confirming delivery and acceptance of the

19   circuits. By contrast, Wam!Net’s Senior Vice President of Finance responded to a letter from

20   Winstar as follows: “To our knowledge [the circuits] are not currently in place.” A subsequent

21   amended letter from a different Wam!Net employee, which does not appear in the record but

22   which Cummings referenced in an email, purported to “accept” the circuits but did not address

23   the earlier letter response. After receiving the amended letter, GT did not further review whether
                                                       11
 1   the circuits were installed and operational. Even though it appears not to have received the

 2   amended letter until after February 11, 2000, GT approved Winstar’s recognition of revenue for

 3   the Wam!Net IRU circuit sale on February 10, 2000.

 4          While GT appears to have neglected to verify that Wam!Net’s IRU circuits were

 5   operational, there was evidence that GT actually knew that the leased Cignal IRU circuits were

 6   inoperative. GT nevertheless approved Winstar’s recognition of revenue for the Cignal IRUs in

 7   the third quarter of 1999.

 8          Winstar employed a similar bifurcated accounting method in the fourth quarter of 1999

 9   for its sale of radios to Lucent. The agreement between the two companies provided for Winstar

10   to install the radios, but Winstar recognized revenue for the transaction immediately, upon

11   delivering them to Lucent.7 GT expressed doubt that the radios and installation services were

12   separable,8 but it nevertheless approved of Winstar’s recognition of $10 million in revenue in

13   connection with the transaction.

14                  C. Round-Trip Transactions

15          Several of the transactions discussed above involved “round-trip” transactions with

16   Cignal and Wam!Net at a time when the two customers were struggling financially. “‘Round-

17   tripping’ typically refers to reciprocal agreements, involving the same products or services, that

18   lack economic substance but permit [both] parties to book revenue and improve their financial

19   statements.” Teachers’ Ret. Sys. of LA v. Hunter, 477 F.3d 162, 169 (7th Cir. 2007). The two

            7
              Winstar also employed a bifurcated accounting method when it recognized $16.5
     million in revenue in connection with a sale of radios to Wam!Net in the fourth quarter of 1999.
     As with the IRU accounting, it did so contrary to Deloitte’s advice but with GT’s approval.
            8
             GT also expressed serious doubts about whether Lucent had assumed the risks and
     rewards of ownership of the radios, given the generous terms of a warranty Winstar extended to
     Lucent.
                                                    12
 1   principal round-trip transactions that were the focus of discovery involved a scheme pursuant to

 2   which Winstar overpaid both companies for purportedly unrelated goods and services in

 3   exchange for their purchase of IRUs, equipment, and services from Winstar by the end of

 4   Winstar’s third fiscal quarter of 1999 (Cignal), and the end of the fourth quarter of 1999

 5   (Wam!Net).

 6          Both round-trip transactions were material to Winstar’s financial performance in 1999.

 7   In the larger of the two transactions, Winstar recognized approximately $39 million in revenue in

 8   the third and fourth quarters of 1999 in connection with sales to Cignal while it paid Cignal

 9   $29.5 million under a separate agreement during the same time period and an additional $4.8

10   million in the first quarter of 2000. Similarly, Winstar recognized $19.6 million in revenue in

11   connection with sales to Wam!Net in the fourth quarter of 1999, even as it paid Wam!Net $25

12   million in the same quarter for “prepaid marketing” and the lease of a “data service center.” In

13   February 2000 GT questioned the “[a]rms length nature of the [round-trip] transactions.” It later

14   acknowledged that the transactions “raise[d] a concern” within GT “as to whether or not absent

15   Winstar’s payment . . . collectability [sic] was reasonably assured.” Nevertheless, GT approved

16   Winstar’s recognition of the full amount of revenue for both transactions.

17                  D. The Audit Opinion Letter

18          By letter dated February 10, 2000, GT issued an unqualified audit opinion letter stating

19   that Winstar’s annual Form 10-K report for fiscal year 1999 complied with GAAP and fairly

20   represented Winstar’s financial condition at the end of that year:

21                          We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance
22                  sheets of Winstar Communications, Inc. . . .
23                          We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing


                                                     13
 1                  standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards
 2                  require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable
 3                  assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
 4                  misstatement. . . . We believe that our audits provide a reasonable
 5                  basis for our opinion.
 6                          In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred
 7                  to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated
 8                  financial position of Winstar Communications, Inc. and Subsidiaries
 9                  as of December 31, 1999 . . . in conformity with accounting
10                  principles generally accepted in the United States.
11
12   Joint App. at 529.

13                  E. Investment by the Jefferson Plaintiffs

14          From December 1998 to February 2001, the Jefferson Plaintiffs purchased over $200

15   million worth of Winstar stock. The investment portfolios of most of the Jefferson Plaintiffs

16   were managed by Ronald Clark, the Chief Investment Officer for Allianz of America

17   (“Allianz”). The remaining entities deferred to Clark to select their investments in United States

18   securities. Although Clark enjoyed ultimate authority for these investment decisions, he relied

19   on recommendations from a team of analysts, including Livia Asher, who recommended that

20   Allianz purchase Winstar stock. Based on Asher’s recommendation, Clark caused Allianz and

21   the other Jefferson Plaintiffs to invest in Winstar.

22          Clark, it appears, did not personally review Winstar’s financial statements prior to

23   making the decision to invest in Winstar. Instead, he relied on Asher to review the statements as

24   part of her job. During discovery, however, Asher acknowledged that she was uncertain of the

25   date of, or reason for, her recommendation that Allianz purchase Winstar stock. Nor could she

26   specifically recall reading Winstar’s 1999 Form 10-K report. However, Asher testified that she

27   “probably flipped through every single page” of the report, based on her practice. She explained,



                                                       14
 1   “I can’t imagine any reason why I would not have looked at this, . . . given our position in the

 2   stock and given what I would normally do.” Asher added that she habitually read auditors’

 3   opinion letters included in Forms 10-K to make sure that auditors believed that an issuer’s

 4   reports were “kosher,” but she did not specifically recall reviewing GT’s audit report.

 5                  F. Winstar’s Decline

 6          Winstar’s stock reached a price per share of over $60 in March 2000. In May 2000

 7   Lucent provided Winstar with financing in the form of a renewed credit facility in the aggregate

 8   amount of $2 billion. Almost a year later, however, in March 2001, Asensio & Company

 9   (“Asensio”), an investment firm, issued a press release criticizing Winstar’s ability to pay its

10   debts and explaining that certain measurements of Winstar’s financial performance were

11   “questionable” due in part to Winstar’s “revenue recognition from non-core businesses and sales

12   of equipment and services to related parties.” Joint App. at 2412. The same press release

13   warned that “[a]ny adjustment to Winstar’s aggressive revenue accounting and capitalization of

14   cash expenditures would negatively and materially impact Winstar’s reported [earnings] and

15   analyst’s [sic] opinions of its operations.” Id. at 2413. On March 19, 2001, Asensio issued

16   another press release reporting on Winstar’s “debt collapse,” again criticizing its revenue

17   accounting practices and noting, “Winstar has recognized revenues that created a slew of

18   uncollected items . . . . Its revenues include sales to related parties and non-core items such as

19   equipment sales and installation services.” Id. at 2414.

20          The Asensio press releases preceded a significant downgrade in Winstar’s credit rating

21   on April 3, 2001. Moreover, on April 16, 2001, Winstar announced that Lucent was cancelling




                                                      15
 1   Winstar’s credit facility, that Winstar would delay filing its Form 10-K report for 2000, and that

 2   Winstar was considering a reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code.

 3          By the time of the Asensio press releases, Winstar’s revenues and its stock price had

 4   decreased significantly during a marketwide decline in the prices of technology stocks.

 5   However, the press releases, coupled with the subsequent announcements of Winstar’s financial

 6   troubles, were followed almost immediately by an additional steep decline in Winstar’s stock

 7   price, from over $10 per share before March 2001 to $0.14 per share by mid-April 2001. On

 8   April 18, 2001, Winstar filed for bankruptcy.

 9          During discovery, an economist retained by the Plaintiffs as an expert witness attributed

10   the decline in Winstar’s stock price to, among other causes, the partial disclosure of Winstar’s

11   alleged fraud by Asensio. The economist calculated that members of the putative class who had

12   purchased Winstar common stock lost as much as $974 million, that class members who

13   purchased Winstar notes lost up to $197 million, and that the Jefferson Plaintiffs lost over $96

14   million by investing in Winstar stock.

15          2. Procedural History

16          On April 10, 2001, the Lead Plaintiffs filed a putative class action complaint in the

17   Southern District of New York against Winstar, GT, Lucent, and certain Winstar executives

18   alleging securities fraud under Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). In

19   December 2001 the Jefferson Plaintiffs filed a separate complaint in the District Court against

20   GT, claiming violations of both Section 10(b) and Section 18 of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. §

21   78r(a).9 As a result of various settlements among the parties, the claims against GT were all that

            9
              Although the Defendants filed motions to dismiss in June 2002, the District Court did
     not rule on them. Similarly, a motion for class certification was filed but never resolved by the
     District Court.
                                                     16
 1   remained by 2008. After discovery, GT moved for summary judgment to dismiss the Plaintiffs’

 2   claims and also moved unsuccessfully to preclude the Plaintiffs’ expert loss causation analysis.

 3          In September 2010 the District Court granted GT’s motion for summary judgment,

4    concluding that (1) the Plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate that a genuine dispute of material fact

5    existed as to whether GT acted intentionally or recklessly, as required under Section 10(b) of the

6    Exchange Act, and (2) the Jefferson Plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate that such a dispute

7    existed as to whether they actually relied on GT’s audit opinion letter, as required under Section

 8   18 of the Exchange Act. In re Winstar Commc’ns Sec. Litig., No. 01 CV 11522 (GBD), 2010

 9   WL 3910322, at *5-6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2010).

10          This appeal followed.

11                                             DISCUSSION

12          We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the evidence in

13   the light most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable inferences and

14   resolving all ambiguities in its favor. E.g., Grain Traders, Inc. v. Citibank, N.A., 160 F.3d 97,

15   100 (2d Cir. 1998). We will affirm the judgment “only if there is no genuine dispute as to any

16   material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

17   “There is no genuine issue of material fact where the record taken as a whole could not lead a

18   rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party.” Durakovic v. Bldg. Servs. 32 BJ Pension

19   Fund, 609 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2010) (quotation marks and brackets omitted). Put another

20   way, “[a]n issue of fact is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a

21   verdict for the nonmoving party.” Omnicom, 597 F.3d at 509 (quotation marks omitted).




                                                      17
 1          To sustain a claim under Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5, the

 2   Plaintiffs must show “(i) a material misrepresentation or omission; (ii) scienter; (iii) ‘a

 3   connection with the purchase or sale of a security[;]’ (iv) reliance by the plaintiff(s); (v)

4    economic loss; and (vi) loss causation.” Id. (quoting Dura Pharms., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S.

5    336, 341-42 (2005)).

 6          1. Scienter

 7          Plaintiffs may satisfy the scienter requirement by producing “evidence of conscious

 8   misbehavior or recklessness.” See ECA, Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chicago v. JP

 9   Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d 187, 198 (2d Cir. 2009). Scienter based on conscious misbehavior,

10   in turn, requires a showing of “deliberate illegal behavior,” Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 308

11   (2d Cir. 2000), a standard met “when it is clear that a scheme, viewed broadly, is necessarily

12   going to injure,” AUSA Life Ins. Co. v. Ernst & Young, 206 F.3d 202, 221 (2d Cir. 2000)

13   (alterations omitted).

14          In AUSA Life, we applied this standard to representations by the accounting firm Ernst

15   & Young (“E & Y”), which, as plaintiffs allege with respect to GT, “consistently noticed,

16   protested, and then acquiesced in” the financial misrepresentations of an audit client under

17   pressure from the client’s management. Id. at 205. We held that by issuing an unqualified audit

18   report despite its knowledge of accounting improprieties by the client, E & Y “intentionally

19   engaged in manipulative conduct,” id. at 221 (quotation marks omitted), in violation of Section

20   10(b). We explained that

21                  E & Y is not an accounting dilettante. It knows well that its opinions
22                  and certifications are afforded great weight, and it must have known




                                                       18
 1                  that its financial certifications with regard to [its client] would be
 2                  compelling to the investors. . . . [I]t is sufficient [for the purposes of
 3                  showing scienter] for a plaintiff to allege and prove that a defendant
 4                  could have foreseen the consequences of his actions but forged ahead
 5                  nonetheless . . . .
 6
 7   Id.; see also SEC v. KPMG LLP, 412 F. Supp. 2d 349, 379 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (triable issue as to

 8   conscious fraud existed when accountant was “[a]ware of [the client’s] earnings pressures” but

 9   allowed aggressive accounting policies “without any serious study to determine that these

10   unusual, indeed unique, accounting treatments would result in financial statements that fairly

11   represented [the client’s] financial condition”).

12          Scienter based on recklessness may be demonstrated where a defendant has engaged in

13   conduct that was “highly unreasonable, representing an extreme departure from the standards of

14   ordinary care . . . to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious

15   that the defendant must have been aware of it.” Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 90 (2d Cir.

16   2000) (quotation marks omitted). Recklessness may be established where a defendant “failed to

17   review or check information that [it] had a duty to monitor, or ignored obvious signs of fraud.”

18   Novak, 216 F.3d at 308.

19          The District Court concluded that Winstar engaged in “dubious accounting practices,”

20   that “[m]uch of the supporting documentation that Winstar supplied to GT was a mere

21   contrivance meant to paper the transactions and create the appearance of legitimacy,” and that

22   GT “failed to uncover the accounting fraud being perpetuated by the Winstar defendants.”

23   Winstar, 2010 WL 3910322, at *3, *5. GT does not seriously dispute these conclusions, which

24   are in any event supported by the record before us. The District Court concluded, however, that




                                                         19
 1   the evidence demonstrated only that GT was “performing its role as [Winstar’s] independent

 2   auditor” and fell short of demonstrating scienter in the form of either conscious misbehavior or

 3   recklessness. Id. at *3. We disagree.

 4          Some evidence supports the Plaintiffs’ contention that GT consciously ignored Winstar’s

 5   fraud when it approved Winstar’s recognition of revenue for the suspicious 1999 transactions.

 6   This evidence goes beyond a mere failure to uncover the accounting fraud and, in general, relates

 7   to (1) Winstar’s recognition of revenue for the sale of equipment or services without sufficient

 8   indicia of delivery, (2) its recognition of all revenue associated with the incomplete sale of

 9   telecommunications systems, and (3) its recognition of revenue for sales of IRUs, equipment,

10   and services to financially unstable companies to whom Winstar paid back large sums under

11   separate contractual obligations.

12          There is also evidence that GT failed to confirm Winstar’s representations regarding

13   these transactions or to retain and review documents evidencing each transaction. Indeed, an

14   expert forensic accountant retained by the Plaintiffs testified that GT’s failure to exercise due

15   professional care, gather reliable documents, and issue an adverse opinion in this regard

16   represented a violation of Generally Accepted Accounting Standards (“GAAS”)10 with regard to

17   all of the challenged transactions. Furthermore, the record evidence supports a conclusion that

18   GT knew, even under the terms of Winstar’s bifurcated accounting method – a method that had

            10
               Under GAAS, a central “‘objective of the independent auditor’s engagement is to
     obtain sufficient competent evidential matter to provide him with a reasonable basis for forming
     an opinion.’” Joint App. at 3604 (quoting AU § 9326). “‘Gathering and objectively evaluating
     audit evidence requires the auditor to consider the competency and sufficiency of the evidence. .
     . . [P]rofessional skepticism should be exercised throughout the audit process,’” and requires the
     employment of “‘a questioning mind’” in the “‘gathering and objective evaluation of evidence,’”
     including with regard to representations by management. Id. at 3589-90 (quoting AU §§ 230.07-
     08).

                                                      20
 1   been criticized by Deloitte but reviewed and approved, with skepticism, by GT – that revenue

 2   could not be properly recognized for IRUs unless the leased circuits were operational. During

 3   discovery, Cummings acknowledged that GT knew the circuits for the Cignal IRUs were not

 4   operational. Under these circumstances, GT’s approval of Winstar’s recognition of revenue for

 5   the nonfunctional circuits presents a genuine issue of material fact as to whether GT acted with

 6   the requisite scienter under Section 10(b).

 7          We point to the IRU transactions only as one example of a transaction that suggests that

 8   GT acted with scienter. Triable issues regarding GT’s scienter exist for the other questionable

 9   transactions as well. Broadly speaking, there was admissible evidence that in the course of its

10   audit GT learned of and advised against the use of indisputably deceptive accounting schemes,

11   but eventually acquiesced in the schemes by issuing an unqualified audit opinion. See AUSA

12   Life, 206 F.3d at 221. Based on this record, we cannot conclude that this and the other evidence

13   adduced by the Plaintiffs was insufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact about whether,

14   in issuing an unqualified audit opinion letter, GT “agreed to [Winstar’s] accounting abuses,

15   knowing . . . that [investors] and others would be receiving and relying upon the manipulated

16   financial reports.” Id. At this stage, the Plaintiffs have proffered enough facts constituting

17   evidence of conscious misbehavior or recklessness to survive summary judgment.

18          We note that in granting summary judgment in GT’s favor, the District Court placed

19   particular emphasis on the magnitude of GT’s audit work, both in time spent and documents

20   reviewed. For example, it noted that GT “spent 1,928 hours of professional time,” assembled

21   working papers spanning 3,000 pages, and reviewed “copies of contracts, Winstar business

22   plan[s], press releases, board minutes,” and memos prepared by Winstar and GT addressing


                                                      21
 1   accounting issues. Winstar, 2010 WL 3910322, at *2. The number of hours spent on an audit

 2   cannot, standing alone, immunize an accountant from charges that it has violated the securities

 3   laws. Here, the Plaintiffs adduced evidence that, notwithstanding the magnitude of its audit, GT

 4   repeatedly failed to scrutinize serious signs of fraud by an important client, including: (1)

 5   significant end-of-quarter transactions;11 (2) the absence of documents confirming the goods or

 6   services ordered by Winstar customers, the fact of delivery, or the existence of an underlying

 7   agreement; (3) the repeated failure of Winstar or its clients timely to provide supporting

 8   documentation requested by GT; (4) Winstar’s transactions outside its core business; and (5)

 9   round-trip transactions in which revenues were subsequently offset by Winstar’s payments to

10   financially unstable customers under unrelated contractual obligations.

11          In short, regardless of the hours GT spent or the number of documents it reviewed in the

12   course of its 1999 audit of Winstar, a jury reasonably could determine that the audit was so

13   deficient as to be “highly unreasonable, representing an extreme departure from the standards of

14   ordinary care . . . to the extent that the danger was either known to [GT] or so obvious that [GT]

15   must have been aware of it.” Rothman, 220 F.3d at 90 (quotation marks omitted).


            11
                Here, only GT’s February 10, 2000 audit opinion letter regarding Winstar’s Form 10-K
     for fiscal year 1999 forms the basis for its liability under Section 10(b). Winstar’s quarterly
     financial reports for 1999, no matter how involved GT was in their formulation, cannot serve as
     independent grounds for Section 10(b) liability for GT because, unlike with the Form 10-K, GT
     never made any public statements vouching for their accuracy. See McAdams v. McCord, 584
     F.3d 1111, 1114 & n.2 (8th Cir. 2009). That GT was involved in their formulation at best would
     give rise to aiding and abetting liability under Section 10(b), as to which there is no private cause
     of action. See Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S.
     164, 177 (1994). The end-of-quarter transactions are nevertheless relevant to the issue of GT’s
     scienter because they should have raised red flags for GT as to whether they were genuine and
     could be reported on Winstar’s end-of-year filing for fiscal year 1999. Indeed, evidence in the
     record, including email communications between GT employees, suggests that GT remained
     troubled by many of these transactions around the time it filed its audit opinion letter.

                                                      22
 1          2. Reliance

 2          Section 18 of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78r(a), requires actual rather than

 3   constructive reliance upon a materially false or misleading statement by one who has purchased

 4   or sold a security. Heit v. Weitzen, 402 F.2d 909, 916 (2d Cir. 1968). The District Court

 5   concluded that the Jefferson Plaintiffs failed to show reliance because they could not

 6   demonstrate that they or their representatives “actually saw Winstar’s 1999 Form 10-K filing,

 7   much less read the included independent accountant report of GT.” Winstar, 2010 WL 3910322,

 8   at *6. Even assuming that such “eyeball” reliance is the sort of actual reliance required by our

 9   precedents, the District Court’s conclusion somewhat understates the record evidence on this

10   score. Ronald Clark and Livia Asher worked on behalf of the Jefferson Plaintiffs. Although

11   Asher was unable to recall specifically that she reviewed GT’s audit opinion letter, there was

12   evidence that she actively reviewed such letters as a matter of practice in deciding whether to

13   recommend certain stocks. At this stage of the proceedings, Asher’s testimony is enough; from

14   that evidence, a jury reasonably could infer that she actually reviewed the relevant documents.

15   See, e.g., Fed. R. Evid. 406. Accordingly, we conclude that the District Court erred in granting

16   summary judgment in GT’s favor on the Jefferson Plaintiffs’ Section 18 claims.

17          3. Causation

18          GT argues in the alternative that the District Court’s grant of summary judgment should

19   be affirmed because the Plaintiffs failed to show loss causation. We have described loss

20   causation as “the causal link between the alleged misconduct and the economic harm ultimately

21   suffered by the plaintiff.” Emergent Capital Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Stonepath Grp., Inc., 343 F.3d

22   189, 197 (2d Cir. 2003). Among other things, the misconduct must be a “substantial factor in the


                                                     23
 1   sequence of responsible causation.” AUSA Life, 206 F.3d at 215 (quotation marks omitted).

 2   With these principles in mind, however, we have also warned that “if the loss was caused by an

 3   intervening event, like a general fall in the price of Internet stocks, the chain of causation will

 4   not have been established[, b]ut such is a matter of proof at trial.” Emergent Capital, 343 F.3d at

 5   197; see also AUSA Life, 206 F.3d at 214-15 (“[W]hen the plaintiff’s loss coincides with a

 6   marketwide phenomenon causing comparable losses to other investors, the prospect that the

 7   plaintiff’s loss was caused by the fraud decreases.”).

 8          Relying largely on the deposition testimony of an expert witness economist, the Plaintiffs

 9   argue that they have adduced proof of loss causation in the form of the press releases from

10   Asensio and Winstar’s April 2001 announcements, which publicly exposed Winstar’s substantial

11   financial weaknesses and together suggested for the first time that Winstar had engaged in

12   improper revenue recognition practices for a period of time that included 1999. Although a

13   much closer call, a jury could reasonably infer based on the expert testimony and other evidence

14   that the precipitous decline in Winstar’s stock price in 2001 was attributable in part to the

15   alleged fraud.

16          GT counters that any decline in Winstar’s stock price that was not caused by broader

17   market trends resulted not from the alleged fraud but from Lucent’s cancellation of its credit

18   facility. This may be true for a portion of the collapse in Winstar’s stock price. There is support

19   as well for the argument that the downgrade in Winstar’s credit rating resulted in a substantial

20   decline in the stock price. But these facts, if established, hardly foreclose the reasonable

21   inference that some part of the decline was substantially caused by the disclosures about the

22   fraud itself. We therefore conclude that a jury reasonably could find the requisite “causal link


                                                       24
1   between [Winstar’s] alleged misconduct and the economic harm ultimately suffered” by the

2   Plaintiffs. See Emergent Capital, 343 F.3d at 197.

3                                          CONCLUSION

4          We have considered GT’s other arguments, and we conclude that they are without merit.

5   For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the District Court’s grant of summary judgment, and we

6   REMAND for further proceedings.




                                                   25
