[Cite as State v. Belle, 2019-Ohio-787.]


                  Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                    EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                                   JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       Nos. 107046 and 107300



                                           STATE OF OHIO

                                                        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                  vs.

                                           STACEY BELLE

                                                        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                           JUDGMENT:
                                     AFFIRMED AND REMANDED



                                       Criminal Appeal from the
                               Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                            Case Nos. CR-17-614505-A and CR-17-617407-A

        BEFORE:          Sheehan, J., Jones, P.J., and Keough, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 7, 2019
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Robert A. Dixon
4403 St. Clair Ave.
Cleveland, OH 44103


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: Mary Weston
Melissa Riley
Assistant County Prosecutors
Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, OH 44113




MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J.:

       {¶1} Stacey Belle was charged with rape and kidnapping in three cases, which were

tried together to the bench. The trial court found him guilty in two cases. On appeal, Belle

argues he was prejudiced by a joinder of the multiple cases for trial.    He also argues that his

convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence and that the trial court improperly

admitted a SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner) nurse’s testimony regarding trauma and

memory. Finding no merit to his claims, we affirm his convictions. However, we remand the

matter to the trial court to clarify its sentencing entry nunc pro tunc regarding the life tail for

Belle’s convictions of the sexually violent predator specifications.

Procedural History
         {¶2}   In 2017, Belle was indicted in three separate cases.        In Cuyahoga C.P. No.

CR-17-614505-A, he was indicted for three counts of rape and one count of kidnapping

involving B.W.      The charges stemmed from an incident on July 4, 2012 (Case #1).              In

Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-17-617407-A, Belle was indicted for one count of rape and one count of

kidnapping involving C.E. The charges stemmed from an incident on May 21, 1997 (Case #2).

 In Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-17-621821-A, he was indicted for rape and kidnapping involving

S.C. in an August 14, 1998 incident (Case #3).

         {¶3} Belle waived a jury trial.   The three cases were tried to the bench in a joint trial.

After trial, he was found not guilty in Case #3, but guilty in Cases #1 and #2. He appealed

separately from the trial court’s judgment in the two cases (8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 107300 and

107046, respectively).     We consolidated the appeals for briefing, hearing, and disposition.

Trial Testimony

         {¶4} At the bench trial, the state presented the following testimony:

1. Case #1 (July 4, 2012 incident involving B.W.)

         {¶5}   B.W., now 53, testified that she was addicted to crack cocaine. On July 4, 2012,

she had four or five dollars with her and was looking to buy drugs. She came upon Belle,

someone she had smoked crack with in the past.         He offered to help her buy drugs. As they

walked up the steps of an abandoned building, he pushed her down and raped her, without using

a condom. She asked him to stop, but he told her to shut up. He also hit her face several

times.    Her earrings came off during the attack and a lipstick also fell out of her pocket.

Afterward, he grabbed her money and left.

         {¶6}   B.W. did not remember exactly what happened after the incident, but she recalled

being at the hospital for a rape kit to be collected. She also vaguely remembered going back to
the scene of the incident with a police officer and found her earrings and lipstick.         B.W.

identified Belle in the courtroom as her assailant.

       {¶7}    A SANE nurse, Elizabeth Booth, testified regarding her treatment of B.W. and the

administration of the rape kit. She testified extensively about the training she received to be a

forensic nurse for victims of sexual assault, including the neurobiology of trauma and its effect

on memory.

       {¶8}    A police officer who transported B.W.’s rape kit from the hospital to the police

department also testified, as well as two DNA analysts, who testified about their analysis of

B.W.’s rape kit.

       {¶9} Although Belle was charged with three counts of rape (vaginal rape, fellatio, and

cunnilingus) and one count of kidnapping, he was found guilty of one count of rape (vaginal

rape) and one count of kidnapping, both with a sexually violent predator specification.

2. Case #2 (May 21, 1997 incident involving C.E.)

       {¶10} C.E., now 58, testified that she became addicted to crack cocaine after college and

worked as a prostitute to support her drug addiction. On May 21, 1997, she got high and,

looking for more money to buy drugs, was walking the street on the east side of Cleveland to find

a man who would pay her in exchange for sex.          A man appeared and told her to follow him.

They climbed through a window, down to the basement of an abandoned apartment building

across the street from John Adams High School. Once there, he used some crack cocaine and

“went crazy,” rushing toward her.    She tried to fight him off.   When she slipped, he fell on top

of her, breaking her knee. She stopped fighting when he grabbed a pole or pipe because she

became afraid he would hurt her with it.      He raped her vaginally and forced fellatio on her.

She defecated on herself during the attack. After he left, she climbed out of the window.
While walking, she came across another man, who gave her crack cocaine in exchange for sex.

The second man used a condom, however. C.E. then went to a hospital to treat her broken knee

and had a rape kit collected. When a detective came to her parents’ home to talk to her, she did

not want to cooperate for fear that her parents would find out about her drug addiction and

prostitution. In 2006, another detective contacted her and told her they had a DNA lead, but she

signed a “no prosecution” form because she had asked God to help her forgive her assailant.

Years later, a third detective contacted her and asked her to identify the assailant from a photo

lineup but she was unable to identify the person that assaulted her.

       {¶11} The nurse who treated C.E. at the hospital testified C.E. reported that her attacker

forced fellatio on her and penetrated her vagina, and threatened to beat her with a pole. C.E.

also mentioned she defecated on herself during the attack. C.E.’s medical record relating to the

incident was submitted as an exhibit.

       {¶12} The other witnesses in this case included the detective who took possession of the

rape kit and transported it to the police station; the detective who went to C.E.’s residence to

interview her in 1997; a forensic scientist who performed the DNA analysis of C.E.’s rape kit;

and the detective who contacted C.E. in 2006.

       {¶13} In Case #2, Belle was charged with one count of rape and one count of kidnapping.

 After trial, he was found guilty of both counts, each with a sexually violent predator

specification.
3. Case #3 (August 14, 1998 incident involving S.C.)

       {¶14} In Case #3, the alleged victim, S.C., did not testify.   Instead, an emergency room

doctor testified about the hospital record of S.C., who reported being assaulted after having a

beer with a man. The man asked for sex, then struck her and raped her vaginally and also

forced fellatio on her.   Others who testified included a nurse who assisted in the collection of

the rape kit, a detective who spoke to S.C. in response to her report of rape, and a forensic

scientist who analyzed S.C.’s rape kit.     After trial, the court acquitted Belle of all charges

relating to S.C.

       {¶15} On appeal, Belle assigns several errors concerning his convictions.        The five

assignments of error state:

       I.      The lower court erred and denied the appellant due process of law in
               consolidating separate indictments for separate events in absence of a
               motion to join or any findings pursuant to Crim.[R.]13.

       II.     The verdicts below were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       III.    The verdicts finding the appellant guilty of the sexually violent predator
               specifications were not supported by sufficient evidence in violation of
               appellant’s right to due process of law.

       IV.     The appellant was denied due process of law and a fair trial when the court
               permitted expert psychological testimony from a nurse without
               qualification as an expert in that area and without expert testimony as
               required by Crim.R. 16.

       V.      The appellant was denied his Sixth Amendment right to effective
               assistance of counsel.

Joinder

       {¶16} Under the first assignment of error, Belle argues the trial court erred in

consolidating the multiple cases for trial when the state never moved for joinder and the court

made no findings under Crim.R. 13 or Crim.R. 8.
       {¶17} Crim.R. 13 permits a joint trial for multiple indictments.   It states: “The court may

order two or more indictments or informations or both to be tried together, if the offenses or the

defendants could have been joined in a single indictment or information.” In turn, Crim.R. 8(A)

governs the joinder of offenses in a single indictment.   Pursuant to Crim.R. 8(A), two or more

offenses may be charged together if the offenses “are of the same or similar character, or are

based on the same act or transaction, or are based on two or more acts or transactions connected

together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or are part of a course of criminal

conduct.”

       {¶18} If the requirements of Crim.R. 8(A) are satisfied, joining multiple offenses in a

single trial is favored because it conserves judicial resources, lessens the inconvenience to

witnesses, and minimizes the possibility of inconsistent results before different juries.   State v.

Anderson, 2017-Ohio-931, 86 N.E.3d 870, ¶ 23 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d

340, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981), State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 86-87, 564 N.E.2d 54 (1990),

and State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 58, 600 N.E.2d 661 (1992).

       {¶19} Under Crim.R. 13, a trial court may join the charges sua sponte if the original

indictment could have been joined under Crim.R. 8(A). State v. Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

95379, 2011-Ohio-2523, ¶ 11, citing State v. Moore, 12th Dist. Madison No. CA92-12-034, 1994

Ohio App. LEXIS 329 (Jan. 31, 1994), and State v. VanHorn, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-98-1171,

2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 738 (Mar. 3, 2000).

       {¶20} A defendant, however, is permitted to move to sever charges under Crim.R. 14 if it

appears that the defendant may be prejudiced by a joinder of offenses.           State v. Wilson,

2016-Ohio-2718, 51 N.E.3d 676 (8th Dist.), ¶ 39, citing State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 555
N.E.2d 293 (1990). The defendant bears the burden of proving prejudice. State v. Brinkley,

105 Ohio St.3d 231, 2005-Ohio-1507, 824 N.E.2d 959, ¶ 29.

       {¶21} When a defendant claims severance is necessary because he or she may be

prejudiced by a joinder, the state can refute under two methods.

       Under the first method, the state must show that the evidence from the other case
       could have been introduced pursuant to the “other acts” test of Evid.R. 404(B);
       under the second method (referred to as the “joinder test”), the state does not have
       to meet the stricter “other acts” admissibility test but only need to show the
       evidence of each crime joined at trial is “simple and direct.”

Anderson, 2017-Ohio-931, 86 N.E.3d 870, at ¶ 25, citing Lott at 163.

       {¶22} On appeal, Belle claims the trial court erred by consolidating the multiple

indictments for trial where the state never filed a motion to consolidate the indictments.      This

claim lacks merit because a trial court can order a joint trial sua sponte without the state’s motion

for a joint trial, provided the requirements of Crim.R. 8(A) are satisfied.          Hill, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 95379, 2011-Ohio-2523, at ¶ 19.

       {¶23} Our review of the record shows the charges against Belle in the three cases were

“of the same or similar character” under Crim.R. 8(A). In two cases, the victims were both drug

addicts who were looking to obtain drugs before the sexual assault happened. In both cases,

Belle either used violence or threatened to use violence to facilitate the assault.     In the third

case, Belle offered alcohol to the alleged victim and also struck the victim during the sexual

assault. Joinder was proper under Evid.R. 8(A) because the crimes were related in character

and manner. See, e.g., State v. Bell, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 06-MA-189, 2008-Ohio-3959, ¶ 18

(joinder under Crim.R. 8(A) was proper because the offenses charged — rape or attempted rape

involving multiple victims — were the same or similar in character); Wilson, 2016-Ohio-2718,
51 N.E.3d 676 (defendant’s rape offenses targeting young African-American women alone on the

street and driving them to an isolated area were of similar character under Crim.R. 8(A)).

          {¶24} Belle did not move for severance under Crim.R. 14. Even if he did, the state

could refute his claim of prejudice by meeting the “simple and direct” test (“the joinder test”) set

forth in Lott. “[W]hen simple and direct evidence exists, an accused is not prejudiced by

joinder regardless of the nonadmissibility of evidence of these crimes as ‘other acts’ under

Evid.R. 404(B).” Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d at 163, 555 N.E.2d 293. See also State v. Franklin, 62

Ohio St.3d 118, 122, 580 N.E.2d 1 (1991) (if the state can meet the “joinder test,” it need not

meet the stricter other-acts test).

          {¶25} “Simple and direct” evidence means the evidence of each crime is “so clearly

separate and distinct as to prevent the jury from considering evidence of [some crimes] as

corroborative of the other.” State v. Quinones, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2003-L-015, 2005-Ohio-6576,

¶ 48. The purpose of the “joinder test” is to prevent the finder of fact from confusing the

offenses. State v. Varney, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 07CA18/07AP18, 2008-Ohio-5283. Evidence

is “simple and direct” if the trier of fact is capable of segregating the proof required for each

offense. State v. Gravely, 188 Ohio App.3d 825, 2010-Ohio-3379, 937 N.E.2d 136, ¶ 39 (10th

Dist.).

          {¶26} Here, the victims B.W. and C.E. testified to the events in 2012 and 1997 occurring

in different locations.   Their testimony was straight-forward, and there was little danger that the

court, as the trier of fact in this case, would confuse the evidence or improperly consider the

evidence of each victim’s accusations as corroborative of the others. Indeed, although Belle

was also charged with raping a third victim, S.C., the trial court found him not guilty of any

charges involving S.C. This reflects the trial court’s ability to segregate the proof required in
each case.   See State v. Lee, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104682, 2017-Ohio-1449, ¶ 19 (the

evidence was “simple and direct” as reflected by the jury acquitting the defendant of offenses

relating to one of the several shootings); State v. Bonneau, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97565,

2012-Ohio-3258, ¶ 22 (the jury’s not guilty verdict as to the counts relating to one victim and its

guilty verdicts as to the counts relating to another demonstrated that the jury was able to separate

the evidence and considered each victim separately); State v. Nitsche, 2016-Ohio-3170, 66

N.E.3d 135, ¶ 95 (8th Dist.) (defendant could not show prejudice from joinder as he was

acquitted of one charge); and State v. Banks, 2015-Ohio-5413, 56 N.E.3d 289, ¶ 66-68 (8th Dist.)

(defendant was unable to show prejudice for the court’s refusal to sever his offenses because he

was acquitted of some charges).    The first assignment of error lacks merit.

Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶27} Under the second and third assignments of error, Belle argues his conviction of the

sexually violent predator specification is supported by insufficient evidence and against the

manifest weight of the evidence. He also argues his convictions of rape and kidnapping are

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶28} When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we review the

evidence admitted at trial and determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the

average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d

259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. “The relevant inquiry is whether,

after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. A

reviewing court is not to assess “whether the state’s evidence is to be believed, but whether, if
believed, the evidence against a defendant would support a conviction.” State v. Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d 380, 390, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

       {¶29} While the test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the state has met

its burden of production at trial, a manifest weight challenge questions whether the state has met

its burden of persuasion. Id. Unlike a claim that the evidence is insufficient to support a

conviction, which raises a question of law, manifest-weight challenges raise factual issues. When

a defendant argues his or her conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court,

       “reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
       considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving
       conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
       miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.
       The discretionary power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in the
       exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.”

Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st

Dist.1983).   When we examine witness credibility, we must be mindful that “[t]he choice

between credible witnesses and their conflicting testimony rests solely with the finder of fact and

an appellate court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the finder of fact.” State v.

Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 123, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986). The trier of fact “is in the best position to

observe the witnesses’ demeanor, voice inflection, and mannerisms in determining each

witness’s credibility.” State v. Hughes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81768, 2003-Ohio-2307, ¶ 26.

Furthermore, a trier of fact is free to believe all, some, or none of the testimony of each witness

appearing before it. Iler v. Wright, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 80555, 2002-Ohio-4279, ¶ 25.
Manifest-Weight Claim regarding Rape and Kidnapping

            {¶30} Belle does not claim the evidence is insufficient to convict him of rape and

kidnapping.        He argues, however, his convictions are against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

            {¶31} Belle claims the evidence shows both instances of sexual conduct were consensual.

 Regarding B.W., he argues her claim of forced sexual conduct was not credible because she did

not cooperate with the police initially and she admitted she would trade sex for drugs.

Regarding C.E., Belle similarly argues that her signing of a “no prosecution” form in 2006 and

her working as a prostitute to support her drug habit call into question her claim of

nonconsensual sex.

            {¶32} In evaluating a manifest-weight claim, “the weight to be given the evidence and the

credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of the facts.” State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d

230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus.       Both victims here testified at length

at trial.     The assessment of their credibility is a matter for the trier of fact, and we will not

substitute our judgment for that of the finder of fact. Having reviewed the record, we cannot

say the trial court, as the trier of fact, lost its way in finding the two victims credible in their

account of the incidents and convicting Belle of rape and kidnapping.

Sexually Violent Predator Specification

            {¶33} Belle claims the guilty finding in the sexually violent predator specifications was

not supported by sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

            {¶34} R.C. 2971.01(H)(1) defines a “sexually violent predator” as “a person who, on or

after January 1, 1997, commits a sexually violent offense and is likely to engage in the future in

one or more sexually violent offenses.” In other words, three factors must exist before a
defendant may be labeled as a sexually violent predator: (1) the offense occurred on or after

January 1, 1997; (2) the defendant commits a sexually violent offense; and (3) it is likely that the

defendant will engage in at least one more sexually violent offense in the future.    Thus, the key

inquiry for finding a defendant to be a sexually violent predator is whether the person is likely to

engage in sexually violent offenses in the future. For that determination, R.C. 2971.01(H)(2)

provides the following:

       (2)     For purposes of division (H)(1) of this section, any of the following factors
               may be considered as evidence tending to indicate that there is a likelihood
               that the person will engage in the future in one or more sexually violent
               offenses:

       (a)     The person has been convicted two or more times, in separate criminal
               actions, of a sexually oriented offense or a child-victim oriented offense.
               For purposes of this division, convictions that result from or are connected
               with the same act or result from offenses committed at the same time are
               one conviction, and a conviction set aside pursuant to law is not a
               conviction.

       (b)     The person has a documented history from childhood, into the juvenile
               developmental years, that exhibits sexually deviant behavior.

       (c)     Available information or evidence suggests that the person chronically
               commits offenses with a sexual motivation.

       (d)     The person has committed one or more offenses in which the person has
               tortured or engaged in ritualistic acts with one or more victims.

       (e)     The person has committed one or more offenses in which one or more
               victims were physically harmed to the degree that the particular victim’s
               life was in jeopardy.

       (f)     Any other relevant evidence.

(Emphasis added.)
         {¶35} Belle argues that his sexually violent predator specification convictions are not

supported by sufficient evidence because neither R.C. 2971.01(H)(2)(a) nor any other factors

enumerated in R.C. 2971.01(H)(2) apply.

         {¶36} Unlike R.C. 2971.01(H)(1), which requires the existence of the three factors, R.C.

2971.01(H)(2) merely contains factors that may be considered as evidence indicating a likelihood

that the person will engage in a sexually violent offense in the future. State v. Wooten, 9th Dist.

Lorain No. 13CA010510, 2014-Ohio-3980, ¶ 36.          R.C. 2971.01(H)(2) provides a nonexclusive

list of factors that the trial court “may” use in determining that a defendant is likely to engage in

sexually violent offenses in the future, and the trial court is free to consider “any other relevant

evidence” as provided in the catchall provision of R.C. 2971.01(H)(2)(f). State v. T.E.H., 10th

Dist. Franklin Nos. 16AP-384, 16AP-385, and 16AP-386, 2017-Ohio-4140, ¶ 72, citing State v.

Sylvester, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103841, 2016-Ohio-5710, ¶ 12-13.

         {¶37} The state points to the evidence presented at trial showing that Belle specifically

targeted women addicted to drugs and willing to trade sexual conduct for money or drugs so that

he could conceal his sexual assaults on these vulnerable women. The state also points to the

serious injury sustained by C.E.    As such, there was compelling evidence in the record for the

trial court to find that Belle is likely to engage in a sexually violent offense in the future under

R.C. 2971.01(H)(2). Accordingly, his conviction for the sexually violent predator specifications

was supported by sufficient evidence and not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

         {¶38} For the foregoing reasons, the second and third assignments of error are without

merit.

Admissibility of SANE Nurse’s Testimony
       {¶39} The fourth assignment of error relates to SANE nurse Booth’s testimony. Nurse

Booth personally treated B.W. and administered the rape kit.     Belle claims Nurse Booth testified

as an “expert” regarding the effect of trauma on a victim’s memory without being qualified as an

expert pursuant to Evid.R. 702. He points us to two occasions during her testimony where she

talked about the effect of trauma on the memory of a sexual assault victim. In both instances,

her testimony was general in character, not pertaining to B.W.

       {¶40} On the first occasion, Nurse Booth testified about her training regarding treating

patients complaining of sexual assaults. She explained that as part of her certification, she

studied neurobiology of trauma, and she talked about what she learned as to the effect of trauma

on a person’s memory.

       {¶41} On the second occasion, after Nurse Booth testified regarding B.W.’s medical

record, which showed B.W. indicated the sexual assault included vaginal rape, fellatio, and

cunnilingus, Booth testified as follows:

       Q.      Throughout your experience and based on your training and all of your
               experience in treating patients who complain of sexual assaults * * * have
               you had the experience of speaking with a sexual assault patient who
               doesn’t remember one of the sexual acts that occurred to them?

       A.      Yes. Commonly.

       Q.      You would say that’s common?

       A.      Yes.

       Q.      Based upon your training in the neurobiology of trauma do you know why
               that might be true?

               [Defense counsel]:     Objection.

               The Court:                    The objection [is] overruled.

       Q.      Go ahead.
           A.     Yes. Again, because of the stress hormones that are released and that fight
                  or flight response kicks in so memory collection that is being processed by
                  the brain is secondary. It’s to get out of that situation is the body’s first
                  response.

           Q.     Have you had the experience through the course of your career and
                  training in all of your experience where a woman might remember it an
                  hour or two after assault but might not remember it five, six, 20 years
                  later?

           A.     Yes.

                  [Defense counsel]:     Objection.

                  The Court:                      [The] [o]bjection is overruled.

           Q.     Again, what might the reason be based on your training and experience?

           A.     At the time, sometimes the memory’s difficult, so a lot of times * * * it
                  may be fragmented. * * * Later, when the stress hormones level off, the
                  brain is able to process more. They may have more recollection memories
                  that they are able to revive.

           Q.     I guess the question is would it surprise you if they had forgotten things
                  years later?

           A.     It can go both ways as well.      Again, it’s a traumatic event that patients
                  don’t want to relive as well.

(Emphasis added.)

           {¶42} Belle’s trial counsel did not object on the first occasion but did preserve the

alleged error by his objection on the second occasion. If a defendant has preserved an error in

the trial court, we may review it under the harmless error standard in Crim.R. 52(A). State v.

Perry, 101 Ohio St.3d 118, 2004-Ohio-297, 802 N.E.2d 643, ¶ 15. Crim.R. 52(A) defines a

harmless error as “any error, defect, irregularity, or variance which does not affect substantial

rights.”
       {¶43} On the other hand, when a defendant fails to preserve an error, we review it for

plain error. Under Crim.R. 52(B), plain errors are any “errors or defects affecting substantial

rights [and] may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.”

“Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost caution, under

exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long,

53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶44} Having reviewed the transcript, we find no error in the trial court’s admission of

the SANE nurse’s testimony on either occasion. Regarding the nurse’s testimony about what she

learned from studying the neurobiology of trauma on the brain, Belle’s counsel did not object to

this testimony, and therefore, we review the claim under plain error.             An alleged error

constitutes plain error only if the error is obvious and, but for the error, the outcome of the trial

clearly would have been different. State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126, 767

N.E.2d 216, ¶ 108. Our review of the testimony reflects the SANE nurse was simply testifying

about the training she received to become certified as a forensic nurse specializing in patients of

sexual assault, and what she learned from the training. She was not giving expert testimony

here. There is no error, plain or otherwise.

       {¶45} Regarding the second occasion when the state asked Nurse Booth about her

experience with sexual assault patients as to whether they may not remember the sexual acts, the

claimed error was objected to and therefore preserved, but we find no error either.

       {¶46} Evid.R. 702 governs the admissibility of expert testimony. It states that a witness

may testify as an expert if all of the following apply:

       (A) The witness’ testimony either relates to matters beyond the knowledge or
       experience possessed by lay persons or dispels a misconception among lay
       persons; (B) The witness is qualified as an expert by specialized knowledge, skill,
       experience, training, or education regarding the subject matter of the testimony;
       (C) The witness’ testimony is based on reliable, scientific, technical, or other
       specialized information. * * *

       {¶47} The state argues that the SANE nurse testified as a lay witness. Upon our review

of the transcript, we agree with the state’s characterization of the nurse’s testimony. A lay

witness is permitted to give opinion testimony under Evid.R. 701, which states:

       If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’ testimony in the form of

       opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (1)

       rationally based on the perception of the witness and (2) helpful to a clear

       understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.

       {¶48} Here, Nurse Booth was asked, based on her experience with sexual assault patients,

whether they always remembered the sexual acts. The state had laid a foundation demonstrating

that she had a sufficient amount of experience and training and her testimony here was based on

her personal knowledge and experience.        State v. Andre, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101023,

2015-Ohio-17, ¶ 25 (opinion by a lay witness should be rationally based on firsthand

perceptions).   As such, Nurse Booth’s testimony fell within the ambit of Evid.R. 701’s

requirement that the lay opinion be rationally based on firsthand observations and helpful in

determining a fact in issue.   The fourth assignment of error is overruled.
 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

         {¶49} To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must prove

(1) his counsel was deficient in some aspect of his representation, and (2) there is a reasonable

probability that, were it not for counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have been different.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). In Ohio, every

properly licensed attorney is presumed to be competent and, therefore, a defendant claiming

ineffective assistance of counsel bears the burden of proof. State v. Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98,

100, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). And counsel’s performance will not be deemed ineffective

unless and until the performance is proven to have fallen below an objective standard of

reasonable representation and, in addition, prejudice arises from counsel’s performance. State

v. Iacona, 93 Ohio St.3d 83, 105, 2001-Ohio-1292, 752 N.E.2d 937.

         {¶50} Belle claims his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to joinder and to

the SANE nurse’s testimony. As we have explained above, even if his counsel had moved for

severance under Crim.R. 14, the state would be able to refute a claim of prejudice. Regarding

the SANE nurse’s testimony, we have concluded that her testimony was admissible as lay

testimony under Evid.R. 701.      His trial counsel was not required to perform a vain act in order

to avoid an ineffective assistance claim. State v. Caldwell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 80556,

2002-Ohio-4911, ¶ 37. Belle fails to demonstrate the deficiency of his counsel’s performance

or any prejudice resulting from that performance. The fifth assignment of error is without

merit.

         {¶51} Appellant’s convictions are affirmed. However, we remand the matter to the

trial court to clarify its sentence entry nunc pro tunc.         For his convictions of rape and

kidnapping in Case #1 and rape and kidnapping in Case #2, Belle was sentenced to a concurrent
term of nine years for rape and kidnapping in each case, with the two terms to be served

consecutively.    Although at sentencing the trial court imposed a life tail to his sentence in each

case for the sexually violent predator specifications pursuant to R.C. 2971.03, thus giving him an

aggregate sentence of 18 years to life, the sentencing entry did not clearly reflect that the life tail

was imposed for Belle’s convictions of the sexually violent predator specifications. On remand,

the trial court is to clarify its journal entry nunc pro tunc.

        It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

        The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

        It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common pleas

court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s convictions having been affirmed,

any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court for issuance of a nunc

pro tunc journal entry and execution of sentence.

        A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.



__________________________________________
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, SR., P.J., and
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR
