                               NOT FOR PUBLICATION *
             UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                              OF THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                          _________________________________

    IN RE GORDON BEECHER NITKA,                            BAP No. CO-20-002

              Debtor.
    __________________________________

    GORDON BEECHER NITKA,                                 Bankr. No. 18-16296
                                                         Adv. No. 18-01230-TBM
             Appellant,                                        Chapter 7

    v.

    DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,                                    OPINION

              Appellee.
                          _________________________________

                    Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                              for the District of Colorado
                       _________________________________

Submitted on the briefs. **
                         _________________________________

Before CORNISH, HALL, and LOYD, Bankruptcy Judges.
                  _________________________________

CORNISH, Bankruptcy Judge.



*
       This unpublished opinion may be cited for its persuasive value, but is not
precedential, except under the doctrines of law of the case, claim preclusion, and issue
preclusion. 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8026-6.
**
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, the Court has determined
unanimously to honor the parties' request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8019(b). The case is therefore submitted without oral
argument.
                        _________________________________

       The standard for declaring student loan debt dischargeable is exacting and only

available to a debtor with no real prospects of earning income that supports a minimum

standard of living while repaying the debt. The debtor in this appeal asks the Court to

reverse the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of a complaint seeking to discharge student loan

debt pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8). 1 The debtor contends he is unable to obtain

gainful employment despite a strong employment history and his prioritization of

multiple entrepreneurial pursuits. Based on these facts, we AFFIRM the Bankruptcy

Court’s dismissal of the debtor’s complaint which sought to discharge his student loans.

       I.     Factual & Procedural Background

       Gordon Beecher Nitka (the “Debtor”) filed a pro se petition under chapter 7 of the

Bankruptcy Code in the Bankruptcy Court for the District of Colorado (the “Bankruptcy

Court”) on July 19, 2018. The Debtor scheduled no secured claims in his petition. Aside

from minimal claims for unpaid state and federal income taxes, the Debtor’s largest

unsecured debt is a student loan in the amount of $191,081 owed to the Department of

Education (the “Department”). Simultaneously, the Debtor also filed an adversary

proceeding requesting a discharge of the student loan debt as an undue hardship pursuant

to § 523(a)(8) (the “Complaint”).

       The Complaint named the Department and its loan servicer, NelNet, Inc., as

defendants. The Complaint alleged the Debtor incurred student loan debt to attend law


1
      All future references to “Bankruptcy Code,” “Code,” or “§,” refer to Title 11 of
the United States Code.
                                                2
school between 2010 and 2013 at Phoenix School of Law. Since graduating from law

school, the Complaint alleged the Debtor experienced “a series of unfortunate legal and

medical events that caused dire current financial circumstances.” 2 Conflicts arose in the

discovery stage of the adversary proceeding as the Department probed the Debtor’s

alleged medical conditions. The Department conducted a deposition of the Debtor, during

which he objected to questions pertaining to the unfortunate medical events that impacted

his financial situation, including explaining a $200 monthly medical expense listed in

discovery responses and the medications he took for his condition. To resolve the

Debtor’s objection, the Bankruptcy Court conducted a telephonic hearing at which it

sustained the Debtor’s objection to disclosing his current medications but overruled his

objection to disclosure of medical events and the $200 monthly medical expenses. As

additional discovery disputes arose related to the Department’s requests for production

and interrogatories, the Bankruptcy Court ordered the Debtor to supplement prior

discovery responses.

       The Debtor’s supplemental discovery responses prompted the Department to file a

motion to compel him to disclose additional information “regarding his alleged medical

and mental health conditions as a basis for finding undue hardship or affecting his ability

to obtain or retain employment” or to allow reopening of discovery (the “Discovery

Motion”). 3 The Department alleged the Debtor’s supplemental discovery responses


2
      Debtor’s Complaint to Determine Dischargeability of Student Loan at 2, in
Appellant’s App. at 2.
3
      Defendant’s Motion for Further Orders Regarding Incomplete Disclosures, and
For Order Limiting Plaintiff’s Ability to Introduce Evidence of Alleged Medical
                                                 3
appeared to rely principally on alleged medical conditions as a basis for his hardship. The

Department indicated this was the first time the Debtor appeared to rely on his medical

condition to support a finding of hardship and requested additional discovery to obtain

medical records and conduct another deposition. The Bankruptcy Court held a hearing on

the Discovery Motion and the Debtor’s response, at which it gave the Debtor two

options: (1) if the Debtor intended to rely on the medical or mental health conditions at

trial, the court would require him to produce additional information and discovery would

be reopened; or (2) if the Debtor did not intend to rely on the medical or mental

conditions at trial, the court would grant the motion to exclude the introduction of such

evidence at trial. After wavering, the Debtor “voluntarily admitted on the record that he

did not intend to rely on any medical and/or mental health condition(s) in support of his

case at trial.” 4 Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court granted the Department’s request to

prohibit the Debtor from introducing evidence regarding his medical conditions at trial

(the “Discovery Order”). 5

       The Debtor appealed the Discovery Order to this Court, 6 sought leave to appeal an

interlocutory order, 7 sought certification of a direct appeal to the United States Court of

Appeals for the Tenth Circuit Court (the “Tenth Circuit”), 8 and requested a stay pending



Conditions Under Rule 37, or, in the Alternative, Leave to Reopen Limited Discovery at
1, in Appellant’s App. at 73.
4
       Minutes of Proceeding/Minute Order at 2, in Appellant’s App. at 103.
5
       Id. at 1, in Appellant’s App. at 102.
6
       Appellant’s App. at 108.
7
       Appellant’s App. at 110.
8
       Appellant’s App. at 185.
                                                  4
appeal. The Bankruptcy Court denied the Debtor’s request for certification to the Tenth

Circuit and stay pending appeal. 9 Shortly thereafter, this Court dismissed the appeal of

the Discovery Order as interlocutory.

       Motion for Summary Judgment

       After entry of the Discovery Order, the Department filed a motion for summary

judgment, arguing there were no genuine issues of material fact (the “Motion for

Summary Judgment”) pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, made applicable to

this case by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7056. 10 The Motion for Summary

Judgment alleged the Debtor incurred debts totaling $209,716.48 as of November 5,

2019, to attend law school in Arizona. The Debtor graduated from law school but never

passed the Arizona bar exam. The Debtor worked as a contract employee at an Arizona

law firm earning $25 per hour until the spring of 2018. The Debtor also sold insurance

for MassMutual between 2014 and 2018.

       The Debtor participated in an income-driven repayment program that reduced his

monthly student loan payment based on his income beginning in June 2015. The Debtor

made eleven payments on the student loan, totaling $240.02. Based on the Debtor’s

current income of $0, his current monthly payment is $0. Finally, the Motion for




9
       Procedural Order on Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Appeal, Request for
Certification of Direct Appeal, and Motion for Stay Pending Appeal at 4, in Appellant’s
App. at 338.
10
       Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, in Appellant’s App. at 388. All future
references to “Bankruptcy Rule(s)” are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. All
future references to “Civil Rule(s)” are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
                                                 5
Summary Judgment asserted that if the Debtor continues the income-driven repayment

plan for 25 years, the remaining student loan balance will be forgiven.

       The Debtor responded to the Motion for Summary Judgment and filed a motion

for sanctions, alleging the Department made false statements of fact in the Motion for

Summary Judgment. The Debtor argued the following statements were false: (1) that he

first raised reliance on medical issues as support for finding undue hardship in his

supplemental discovery responses; (2) that he was 36 years old (the Debtor was 37 at the

time); (3) that he had not looked for employment since the spring of 2018; and (4) that

his taxable income in 2015 was $28,856 instead of $61,901, and in 2016 was $54,643

instead of $83,000. 11

       The Bankruptcy Court compared the undisputed facts asserted by the Department

with the record before it, finding “[e]very alleged undisputed fact is accurate and fully

supported.” 12 Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court denied the Debtor’s motion for

sanctions 13 and a subsequent motion to reconsider. 14 After considering the undisputed

facts, the Bankruptcy Court concluded the Debtor’s complaint did not allege sufficient

facts to support discharging the student loan debt pursuant to § 523(a)(8). The

Bankruptcy Court, in a detailed and articulate order, granted the Motion for Summary




11
       Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions, in Appellant’s App. at 417.
12
       Order Granting Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 7, in Appellant’s
App. at 557.
13
       Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions, in Appellant’s App. at 535.
14
       Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion to Reconsider Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion
for Sanctions, in Appellant’s App. at 545.
                                                 6
Judgment on January 6, 2020, 15 and vacated the trial in the adversary proceeding (the

“Summary Judgment Order”). 16 The Debtor filed a timely notice of appeal of the

Summary Judgment Order. 17

          The Debtor’s Educational & Employment History

          The Debtor enrolled in Colorado College in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 2002.

During his college years, the Debtor worked as a tutor in anatomy and physiology and a

surgical anatomy paraprofessional. He graduated from Colorado College in May 2005,

completing his courses early by attending summer sessions. Also, during college and

thereafter, the Debtor worked as a bartender at the Broadmoor Resort in Colorado

Springs. In 2006, the Debtor served as a “co-director of operations of the U.S.A. House in

Torino, Italy,” a hospitality program at the 2006 Winter Olympics. 18 The Debtor also

worked as security at a nightclub in Colorado Springs and became involved in nightclub

management until he decided to attend law school in 2010. 19

          The Debtor attended Phoenix School of Law in Phoenix, Arizona, graduating in

May 2013. While in law school, the Debtor held several legal-related jobs in the Phoenix

area. The Debtor also provided services as a fitness coach for bodybuilding clients and

served as an advisor to an unsuccessful San Francisco based start-up fitness company.




15
          Order Granting Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, in Appellant’s App.
at 551.
16
          Notice of Ruling and Order Vacating Trial, in Appellant’s App. at 550.
17
          Notice of Appeal, in Appellant’s App. at 588.
18
          Summary Judgment Order at 18, in Appellant’s App. at 568.
19
          Id. at 18-19, in Appellant’s App. at 568-69.
                                                  7
       After graduating from law school, the Debtor sat for but failed the Arizona bar

exam twice. Beginning in the summer of 2013, the Debtor took a position as a law clerk

at the Arizona law firm, Negretti & Associates. His responsibilities included performing

legal research and writing for personal injury cases. The Debtor worked as a contract

employee earning $25 per hour between the summer of 2013 and either April or May of

2018, rising to the rank of firm director.

       In addition to working for the law firm, the Debtor sold commission-based

insurance products for MassMutual between August 2014 and January 2018. The Debtor

worked twenty to thirty hours per week selling insurance. The position required him to

hold a license to sell insurance and annuities as well as other specialized financial

services licenses such as the Series 6. MassMutual terminated him based on issues related

to computer access and monitoring. At times, the Debtor earned income from the law

firm and MassMutual that allowed him to support himself. The Debtor earned gross

income of $51,901 in 2015, and $83,000 in 2016. The Debtor did not file an income tax

return in 2017, and in 2018 he reported $8,381 in income.

       The Debtor indicated that although he applied for numerous positions, he has been

unable to find employment. Therefore, he is concentrating his efforts on two fronts:

building a mobile application that allows restaurant servers to take customer payments on

a mobile phone and converting an old bus into a vacation rental that he plans to park near

Colorado ski resorts. The Debtor lives with his mother and pays no rent.




                                                 8
       Medical Circumstances

       Although the Debtor’s complaint alleged that medical events impacted his

financial situation, it did not elaborate on his medical conditions nor how they prevented

him from working. At his deposition, the Debtor testified he suffered an injury to his

right bicep, which caused “physical labor [to be] painful to do, not impossible but

painful.” 20 The Debtor also stated that other undisclosed medical conditions impacted his

ability to work in the past but refused to provide further details.

       II.    Jurisdiction

       “With the consent of the parties, this Court has jurisdiction to hear timely-filed

appeals from ‘final judgments, orders, and decrees’ of bankruptcy courts within the Tenth

Circuit.” 21 Neither party elected to have this appeal heard by the United States District

Court for the District of Colorado; thus, the parties have consented to our review.

       “A decision is considered final if it ‘ends the litigation on the merits and leaves

nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.’” 22 The disposition of an adversary

proceeding is a final order or judgment for purposes of appellate review. 23 Additionally,



20
        Deposition at 119, in Appellant’s App. at 97.
21
        Straight v. Wyo. Dep’t of Trans. (In re Straight), 248 B.R. 403, 409 (10th Cir.
BAP 2000) (first quoting 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), and then citing 28 U.S.C. § 158(b)(1),
(c)(1) and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002).
22
        In re Duncan, 294 B.R. 339, 341 (10th Cir. BAP 2003) (quoting Quackenbush v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 712 (1996)).
23
        Hook v. Manzanares (In re Hook), 391 B.R. 211, 2008 WL 2663370, at *2 (10th
Cir. BAP July 8, 2008) (first citing 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1) & (c)(1); Fed. R. Bankr. P.
8001–8002; 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8001–1; and then citing Quackenbush, 517 U.S. at 712
(order is final if it “‘ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do
but execute the judgment.’”)).
                                                   9
any prior interlocutory orders or decrees merge into a final judgment. 24 Accordingly, we

have jurisdiction to hear the appeal of the order granting the Motion to Dismiss and any

interlocutory orders from which the Debtor seeks appeal.

       III.   Standard of Review

       We review a bankruptcy court’s dismissal of an adversary proceeding on summary

judgment de novo, applying the same standard as the bankruptcy court. 25 “Whether a

debtor’s student loans would impose an ‘undue hardship’ under § 523(a)(8) is a question

of law. It requires a conclusion regarding the legal effect of the bankruptcy court’s

findings as to the debtor’s circumstances, and is therefore reviewed de novo.”26

       “De novo review requires an independent determination of the issues, giving no

special weight to the bankruptcy court’s decision.” 27 “Summary judgment is appropriate

only if ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any,’ when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-




24
       McBride v. CITGO Petroleum Corp., 281 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2002) (citing
Cooper v. Am. Auto. Ins. Co., 978 F.2d 602, 607-09 (10th Cir. 1992) (“[A] notice of
appeal which names the final judgment is sufficient to support review of all earlier orders
that merge in the final judgment.”)
25
       LTF Real Estate Co. v. Expert S. Tulsa, LLC (In re Expert S. Tulsa, LLC), 522
B.R. 634, 643 (10th Cir. BAP 2014) (quoting Rushton v. Bank of Utah (In re C.W.
Mining Co.), 477 B.R. 176, 180 (10th Cir. 2012), aff’d, 749 F.3d 895 (10th Cir. 2014)).
26
       In re Alderete, 412 F.3d 1200, 1204 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting Educ. Credit Mgmt.
Corp. v. Polleys, 356 F.3d 1302, 1305 (10th Cir. 2004)).
27
       In re Expert S. Tulsa, 522 B.R. at 643(citing Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 499
U.S. 225, 238 (1991)).
                                                10
moving party, ‘show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” 28

       The Debtor also appeals several of the Bankruptcy Court’s rulings on discovery

issues and a motion for sanctions. Discovery rulings and decisions on sanctions are

reviewed for abuse of discretion. 29 A trial court “abuses its discretion when it (1) fails to

exercise meaningful discretion . . . , (2) commits an error of law, such as applying an

incorrect legal standard or misapplying the correct legal standard, or (3) relies on clearly

erroneous factual findings.” 30

       IV.    Discussion

                  a. Discovery Orders

       The Debtor assigns error to several of the Bankruptcy Court’s orders related to

discovery issues. First, the Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred in requiring him to

provide evidence of his medical conditions in discovery in order to introduce that

evidence at trial. Next, the Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erroneously denied his

motion to strike the affidavit of Christopher Bolander as an exhibit to the Motion for




28
       Expert S. Tulsa, LLC v. Cornerstone Creek P’ship (In re Expert S. Tulsa, LLC),
534 B.R. 400, 408 (10th Cir. BAP 2015) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477
U.S. 242, 247 (1986)).
29
       Ridenour v. Kaiser-Hill Co., 397 F.3d 925, 938 (10th Cir. 2005) (citing Motley v.
Marathon Oil Co., 71 F.3d 1547, 1550 (10th Cir. 1995)) (explaining discovery orders are
review for abused of discretion); Gust v. Jones, 162 F.35 587, 598 (10th Cir. 1998)
(reviewing a motion for sanctions for abuse of discretion).
30
       Farmer v. Banco Popular of N. Am., 791 F.3d 1246, 1256 (10th Cir. 2015).

                                                  11
Summary Judgment. Finally, the Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred in denying

his request for a full transcript of the deposition the Department took of him.

                      i. Discovery Related to the Debtor’s Medical Condition

       The Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred when it determined the Department

did not receive sufficient notice to take discovery of issues related to his medical

condition. As such, the Debtor asserts the Bankruptcy Court abused its discretion in

disposing of the Department’s Discovery Motion by giving the Debtor the option of

either reopening discovery regarding his medical issues or excluding all evidence of the

Debtor’s medical condition at trial.

       We find support for the Bankruptcy Court’s decision in Tenth Circuit case law.

The “[o]ne clear purpose of the federal discovery rules is to facilitate fact finding and

prevent unfair surprise.” 31 To prevent such surprise, a trial court may order the reopening

of discovery at its discretion. 32 The Tenth Circuit recognizes

       several relevant factors in reviewing decisions concerning whether
       discovery should be reopened. These include: 1) whether trial is imminent,
       2) whether the request is opposed, 3) whether the non-moving party would
       be prejudiced, 4) whether the moving party was diligent in obtaining
       discovery within the guidelines established by the court, 5) the
       foreseeability of the need for additional discovery in light of the time
       allowed for discovery by the district court, and 6) the likelihood that the
       discovery will lead to relevant evidence. 33



31
       Dunlap v. City of Okla. City, 12 F. App’x 831, 834 (10th Cir. June 7, 2001)
(unpublished) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26)).
32
       Smith v. United States, 834 F.2d 166, 169 (10th Cir. 1987) (citing United States v.
Reliance Ins. Co., 799 F.2d 1382, 1387 (9th Cir. 1986)).
33
       SIL-FLO, Inc. v. SFHC, Inc., 917 F.2d 1507, 1514 (10th Cir. 1990) (quoting
Smith, 834 F.2d at 169).
                                                 12
Furthermore, “[a] party that without substantial justification fails to disclose information

required by [Civil] Rule 26(a) . . . is not, unless such failure is harmless, permitted to use

as evidence at a trial . . . any . . . information not so disclosed.” 34 “The determination of

whether a [Civil] Rule 26(a) violation is justified or harmless is entrusted to the broad

discretion of the [trial] court. A [trial] court need not make explicit findings concerning

the existence of a substantial justification or the harmlessness of a failure to disclose.” 35

       First, the Bankruptcy Court disposed of the adversary proceeding on summary

judgment, not at trial. Therefore, it relied on information either already discovered or

provided through affidavits. The Debtor refused to disclose information regarding his

medical condition when objecting to the Discovery Motion and declined to introduce

evidence of his medical condition at trial. 36 If the Debtor now contends there are genuine

issues of material fact related to his medical condition, he has waived that issue by not

agreeing to the discovery before trial. 37

       The Debtor’s arguments are not compelling. The Debtor relies on precedent from

outside the Tenth Circuit to argue he cannot be compelled to provide corroborating

evidence by expert testimony or documentation when it imposes an unnecessary and



34
       Jacobsen v. Deseret Book Co., 287 F.3d 936, 952 (10th Cir. 2002) (quoting Fed.
R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1)).
35
       Woodworker’s Supply, Inc. v. Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co., 170 F.3d 985, 993
(10th Cir. 1999) (internal citations omitted).
36
       Transcript at 34, in Appellant’s App. at 379 (“I will decline to address the medical
issue in the trial.”).
37
       See Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1127-28 (10th Cir. 2011) (“If the
theory is intentionally relinquished or abandoned in the [trial] court, we usually deem it
waived and refuse to consider it.”).
                                                  13
undue burden and may be established by the debtor’s testimony. 38 However, contrary to

the Debtor’s argument, the Bankruptcy Court’s order on the Discovery Motion did not

require the Debtor to provide expensive expert evidence to corroborate his medical

condition. The Bankruptcy Court required the Debtor to either disclose any conditions he

intended to rely upon at trial to show undue hardship and allow further discovery related

to those conditions or waive the introduction of evidence at trial. The Bankruptcy Court

made this decision in light of the impending trial and the Department’s efforts to obtain

evidence of his medical condition during the discovery period. The Debtor cannot have it

both ways. He alleged medical issues that precluded him from repayment of his student

loans, but refused to provide the information that might excuse him from repayments.

Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion in disposing of the

Discovery Motion.

                     ii. Debtor’s Trial Exhibits

       The Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court abused its discretion by precluding him

from introducing exhibits at trial after finding he did not serve the exhibits on the

Department by the deadline set out in the pretrial scheduling order. Because the

Bankruptcy Court decided the issue on summary judgment and considered the exhibits




38
      Appellant’s Br. 48 (first citing Barrett v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re Barrett),
487 F.3d 353 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding debtor did not have to present expert medical
evidence to corroborate medical condition) and then citing Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. v.
Mosley (In re Mosley), 494 F.3d 1320 (11th Cir. 2007) (holding expert medical evidence
independent of a debtor’s testimony is not necessary to establish undue hardship under
§ 523(a)(8))).
                                                 14
included in the Debtor’s response to the Motion for Summary Judgment, we need not

consider this argument.

                    iii. The Motion to Strike

       The Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court abused its discretion by denying his

motion to strike the affidavit of Christopher Bolander, one of the Department’s

employees, as an exhibit to the Motion for Summary Judgment. The Debtor bases his

argument on a pretrial order that limited the parties to two witnesses each, only one of

which could qualify as an expert witness. The Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred

by failing to consider Bolander as an expert witness pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence

702.

       Civil Rule 56 requires that affidavits supporting a motion for summary judgment

“be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be admissible in evidence, and

show that the affiant or declarant is competent to testify on the matters stated.” 39 “‘At

[the] summary judgment stage, evidence need not be submitted in a form that would be

admissible at trial,’ but ‘the content or substance of the evidence must be admissible.’” 40

       The Debtor’s argument fails for several reasons. First, the Bankruptcy Court

disposed of the adversary proceeding at summary judgment, meaning it took no witness

testimony, and Federal Rule of Evidence 702 does not apply. Next, even if Federal Rule

of Evidence 702 did apply, Mr. Bolander’s affidavit states facts instead of opinions. Mr.


39
       Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4).
40
       Pack v. Hickey, 776 F. App’x 549, 554 (10th Cir. June 11, 2019) (unpublished)
(quoting Argo v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Kan., Inc., 452 F.3d 1193, 1199 (10th Cir.
2006)).
                                                 15
Bolander described facts as they pertain to the Debtor’s student loan, including the

promissory notes, the outstanding balance, the payment history and switch to alternative

repayment plans, and details regarding the Department’s options for repayment. 41 Mr.

Bolander based his declaration on his position at the Department and his review of the

Debtor’s loan information and payment history. Therefore, even if the adversary had

gone to trial, Mr. Bolander could appear and testify regarding the facts within his

knowledge.

       To the extent the Debtor argues Mr. Bolander’s affidavit violated the parties’ joint

discovery report, 42 the argument is baseless. The limitation of experts applies to an expert

a party intends to “use at trial to present evidence” in the form of an opinion. 43 The

procedural rules on summary judgment do not limit the number of affidavits allowed, and

even if affidavits were limited, the Department only included one. Accordingly, the

Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Debtor’s motion to strike

Mr. Bolander’s declaration.

                    iv. The Debtor’s Deposition Transcript

       Finally, the Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred in failing to compel the

Department to provide him with a full copy of the transcript of his deposition. In the

Debtor’s request for a full transcript, he acknowledged the Tenth Circuit held “[t]here is

no statutory requirement that the government provide a litigant proceeding in forma



41
       Declaration of Christopher Bolander, in Appellant’s App. at 410.
42
       Joint Report at 2, in Appellant’s App. at 14.
43
       Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(A) (emphasis added).
                                                 16
pauperis with a copy of his deposition transcript.” 44 Regardless, the Debtor still sought a

copy pursuant to Civil Rule 30, which provides

       [u]nless otherwise stipulated or ordered by the court, the officer must retain
       the stenographic notes of a deposition taken stenographically or a copy of
       the recording of a deposition taken by another method. When paid
       reasonable charges, the officer must furnish a copy of the transcript or
       recording to any party or the deponent. 45

Accordingly, the general rule “is that a party must obtain copies of deposition transcripts

from the court reporter upon the payment of a reasonable charge, and not from opposing

counsel or the court.” 46

       The Debtor argues Civil Rule 56(d) required the Bankruptcy Court to order the

Department to provide a copy of the deposition transcript. Civil Rule 56(d) states that if a

nonmovant shows facts essential to justify opposition are unavailable to the nonmovant,

the court may issue any appropriate order. The Debtor argues that without the full

transcript, he could not adequately oppose the Motion for Summary Judgment.

       First, this argument is disingenuous as the Debtor seeks a transcript of his own

deposition, and we must presume he has knowledge of his own testimony. Furthermore,

as the Bankruptcy Court concluded, the Debtor did not comply with the procedural

requirements of Civil Rule 56(d). That rule requires the party opposing summary


44
       Response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 13, in Appellant’s
App. at 442 (citing Burns v. Gray, 106 F.3d 413, 1997 WL 26534, at *1 (10th Cir. Jan.
24, 1997) (unpublished)).
45
       Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(f)(3) (emphasis added).
46
       Schroer v. United States, 250 F.R.D. 531, 537 (D. Colo. 2008) (denying plaintiff’s
request for deposition transcript in lawsuit against the Internal Revenue Service). Also
cited by Nitka. Response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 13, in
Appellant’s App. at 442.
                                                 17
judgment to “present an affidavit that identifies ‘the probable facts not available and what

steps have been taken to obtain these facts.’” 47 Such “motions [should] be robust, and . . .

‘[an] affidavit’s lack of specificity’ counsels against a finding [of] abuse [of]

discretion.” 48 The Debtor did not submit an affidavit in support of his Civil Rule 56(d)

request to the Bankruptcy Court, and we find no evidence in the record that he adequately

preserved his Civil Rule 56(d) argument first before the Bankruptcy Court. Instead, the

Debtor simply “declared” that he was unable to adequately review an essential record.

Therefore, the Court will not consider this argument.

       The Debtor also relies on Federal Rule of Evidence 106, which allows an adverse

party to require the entirety of a writing to be admitted into evidence to allege error. As

the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico explained, applying

Federal Rule of Evidence 106 at the summary judgment stage is improper as its

application “typically arises during trial in the context of determining whether part of an

exhibit may be introduced or whether all of it must be introduced.” 49 We agree with the

New Mexico District Court that there does not appear to be “any published case law that

applies Rule 106 to the [Civil] Rule 56 summary judgment stage.” 50 Accordingly, we find

no error.




47
       Ellis v. J.R.’s Country Stores, Inc., 779 F.3d 1184, 1206 (10th Cir. 2015) (quoting
F.D.I.C. v. Arciero, 741 F.3d 1111, 1116 (10th Cir. 2013)).
48
       Id. (quoting Trask v. Franco, 446 F.3d 1036, 1042 (10th Cir. 2006)).
49
       Castillo v. City of Albuquerque, No. CIV 01-626, 2002 WL 35649869, at *2 n.1
(D.N.M. July 1, 2002) (unpublished).
50
       Id.
                                                 18
       Finally, the Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court should have struck the deposition

transcript from the Motion for Summary Judgment because the deposition would not be

admissible as the Department failed to follow the service procedures set forth in Civil

Rule 5(d)(1). Civil Rule 5(d)(1) provides “[d]epositions . . . are not automatically filed

with the court” as they “must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the

court orders filing.” 51 However, Colorado Local Bankruptcy Rule 7056 states when a

motion references a deposition, “a copy of the relevant excerpt from the document must

be attached.” 52 The Motion for Summary Judgment included excerpts from the deposition

transcript as an exhibit pursuant to the Bankruptcy Court’s local rules. Accordingly, the

Bankruptcy Court did not err in failing to strike the relevant excerpts from the Debtor’s

deposition transcript.

                  b. Denial of the Debtor’s Motion for Direct Certification

       The Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred in denying his request to certify his

appeal of the Discovery Order directly to the Tenth Circuit because the appeal involved a

question of law on which there is no controlling decision by the Tenth Circuit or the

Supreme Court. This Court dismissed the Debtor’s appeal of the Discovery Order as

interlocutory, mooting the Debtor’s argument. However, even if the Bankruptcy Court

erred in denying direct certification of that appeal, we agree with the Ninth Circuit

Bankruptcy Appellate Panel that upon disposition of this appeal, the Debtor “now [has] a



51
       Rohrbough v. Harris, 549 F.3d 1313, 1318 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Fed. R. Civ.
P. 5(d)(1)).
52
       Bankr. D. Colo. L.R. 7056(c) (emphasis added).
                                                 19
direct path of appeal to the [Tenth] Circuit without need for a Rule 8006 certification.

Reversing the [B]ankruptcy [C]ourt on this point would be impractical and a waste of

judicial resources.” 53

                   c. The Bankruptcy Court did not err in granting the Motion for
                      Summary Judgment

                          i. Standards for Discharging a Debt Pursuant to § 523(a)(8)

        Student loan debts are difficult to discharge in bankruptcy. The text of the

Bankruptcy Code excepts obligations to repay a qualified educational loan from

discharge “unless excepting such debt from discharge . . . would impose an undue

hardship on the debtor and the debtor’s dependents.” 54 The Bankruptcy Code does not

define the phrase “undue hardship.” Accordingly, courts developed a judicial test to

determine whether repaying an educational loan would result in undue hardship based on

the debtor’s circumstances. This test, known as the Brunner test, 55 requires a debtor to

show:

        (1) that the debtor cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses,
        a “minimal” standard of living for herself and her dependents if forced to
        repay the loans; (2) that additional circumstances exist indicating that this
        state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment
        period of the student loans; and (3) that the debtor has made good faith
        efforts to repay the loans. 56



53
       In re Tomkow, 563 B.R. 716, 731 (9th Cir. BAP 2017).
54
       11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8).
55
       Derived from Brunner v. New York State Higher Educ. Serv. Corp., 831 F.2d 395
(2d Cir. 1987).
56
       Roe v. Coll. Access Network (In re Roe), 295 F. App’x 927, 929-30 (10th Cir. Oct.
9, 2008) (unpublished) (quoting Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp v. Polleys (In re Polleys), 356
F.3d 1302, 1307 (10th Cir. 2004)).
                                                   20
Courts applying the Brunner test often “constrain[ ] the three Brunner requirements to

deny discharge under even the most dire circumstances.” 57

       Like many other courts, the Tenth Circuit adopted the Brunner test to determine

whether government-backed student loans impose an undue hardship on a debtor. 58 The

Tenth Circuit’s analysis of undue hardship provides a discharge of student debt “should

be based upon an inability to earn and not simply a reduced standard of living.” 59 When

applying the Brunner test, the first prong “should serve as the starting point for the undue

hardship inquiry because information regarding a debtor’s current financial situation

generally will be concrete and readily obtainable.” 60 The second prong requires “a

realistic look . . . into debtor’s circumstances and the debtor’s ability to provide for

adequate shelter, nutrition, health care, and the like;” however, the debtor need not show

“a ‘certainty of hopelessness.’” 61 The final prong requires “focus[ing] on questions

surrounding the legitimacy of the basis for seeking a discharge” and whether the debtor

“willfully contrive[d] a hardship.” 62 “Good faith, however, should not be used as a means

for courts to impose their own values on a debtor's life choices.” 63



57
      Polleys, 356 F.3d at 1308 (citing cases summarizing examples of dire
circumstances)
58
      Roe, 295 F. App’x at 929.
59
      Polleys, 356 F.3d at 1306 (quoting Cuenca v. Dep’t of Educ., 64 F.3d 669, 1995
WL 499511, at *2 (10th Cir. Aug. 23, 1995) (unpublished)).
60
      Polleys, 356 F.3d at 1310.
61
      Id.
62
      Id.
63
      Id. (citing Robert F. Salvin, Student Loans, Bankruptcy and the Fresh Start Policy:
Must Debtors be Impoverished to Discharge Educational Loans?, 71 Tul. L.Rev. 139,
197 (1996)).
                                                  21
       The Tenth Circuit’s application of the Brunner test provides bankruptcy courts

“with the discretion to weigh all the relevant considerations” and apply the test “such that

debtors who truly cannot afford to repay their loans may have their loans discharged.” 64

A student loan creditor bears the burden of proving an obligation is an educational loan

falling within § 523(a)(8)’s discharge exception; however, “the debtor has the burden of

proving that repayment would constitute an undue hardship” pursuant to § 523(a)(8). 65

                     ii. The Bankruptcy Court’s Decision

       The Bankruptcy Court in a well-reasoned opinion applied the Brunner test to the

facts, concluding: (1) the Debtor met the requirement of showing he could not maintain a

minimal standard of living in addition to repaying his student loans; (2) the Debtor failed

to show his current financial condition is likely to exist for a significant portion of the

repayment period; and (3) although there was conflicting evidence as to the Debtor’s

good faith, when viewed in the light most favorable to the Debtor, the final element

favored finding he acted in good faith. Reviewing the decision on summary judgment de

novo, we consider the facts asserted and the application of the legal standard without

deference to the Bankruptcy Court.

                             1. Genuine Issues of Material Fact

       Summary judgment is proper upon a showing that there are no genuine issues of

material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 66 The


64
      Id. at 1309.
65
      Francis, C. Amendola, et al, 8B C.J.S. Bankr. § 1105 Burden of Proof (2020).
66
      LTF Real Estate Co. v. Expert S. Tulsa, LLC (In re Expert S. Tulsa, LLC), 522
B.R. 634, 643 (10th Cir. BAP 2014).
                                                  22
Debtor takes issue with the Bankruptcy Court’s reliance on the undisputed facts. The

Bankruptcy Court analyzed the undisputed facts proffered by the Department, finding the

Debtor failed to follow the procedural rules to object to the Department’s facts and failed

to allege any additional material facts in dispute. 67 Although the Civil Rules allow a court

to consider facts undisputed unless property rebutted, the Bankruptcy Court “reviewed all

of the 49 proffered undisputed facts . . . and compared such facts to the record citations,”

concluding “[e]very alleged undisputed fact [was] accurate and fully supported in

accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 and L.B.R. 7056-1.” 68 Our independent review of the

record confirms there is support for each undisputed fact alleged.

       Although the Debtor takes issue with all of the undisputed facts, he assigns error

to two specific facts in his appellate briefing. First, the Debtor argues the Bankruptcy

Court incorrectly considered his total wages in 2016 as approximately $83,000 when tax

records show he only earned $54,643. The Bankruptcy Court “accept[ed] that the

[Debtor’s] ‘Taxable Social Security Earnings’ were $54,643 in 2016.” 69 Our review

suggests that even if the Debtor’s 2016 earnings were only $54,643, this was sufficient

income to allow him to repay his student loan under an income-driven repayment plan.

       Next, the Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court improperly accepted the amount of

his student loan payment as $0, when one statement received in June 2018 reflects a

payment amount of $1,878.30. 70 Our review of the record indicates that correspondence


67
       Opinion, at 14, in Appellant’s App. at 605 (citing Colo. L.B.R. 7056-1(b)(3)-(4)).
68
       Id., in Appellant’s App. at 605.
69
       Opinion at 17, in Appellant’s App. at 608.
70
       June 2018 Statement, in Appellant’s App. at 1113.
                                                23
from the loan servicer instructs the Debtor to recertify his income-driven plan to have his

loan placed in forbearance and brought current. 71 Furthermore, the record indicates the

loans returned to forbearance status as of October 2019.72 Accordingly, the Debtor’s

argument fails to account for all the evidence of the payment amount contained in the

record. As such, we find no error in the Bankruptcy Court’s acceptance of the payment

amount.

                             2. Application of the Brunner Test

       The Bankruptcy Court found the Department met its burden of establishing a

qualified education obligation and placed the burden of satisfying the Brunner test on the

Debtor. The Bankruptcy Court then concluded elements one and three of the test weighed

in the Debtor’s favor. Therefore, we focus our analysis on the second element of the

Brunner test requiring “that additional circumstances exist indicating that this state of

affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period of the student

loans.” 73 The Bankruptcy Court concluded the Debtor failed to carry his burden of

showing his financial situation is not likely to improve. The Bankruptcy Court based this

conclusion on facts indicating the Debtor is highly educated and possesses a variety of

job experiences but has not made diligent efforts to obtain stable employment. 74


71
       Correspondence, in Appellant’s App. at 1115.
72
       Exhibit B, in Appellant’s App. at 686.
73
       Roe v. Coll. Access Network (In re Roe), 295 F. App’x 927, 929 (10th Cir. Oct. 9,
2008) (unpublished) (quoting Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp v. Polleys (In re Polleys), 356
F.3d 1302, 1307 (10th Cir. 2004)).
74
       The Debtor’s appellate briefing does not assign error to the Bankruptcy Court’s
conclusions under the Brunner test, instead distinguishing the facts in his case from cases
cited by the Department in its Motion for Summary Judgment. Appellant’s Br. 56-59.
                                                 24
       The Debtor’s employment and income history indicates he earned enough to make

at least a minimal student loan payment under an income-driven repayment plan when he

was employed. Although the Debtor is no longer employed and his financial condition

has changed, he failed to show that this financial condition is likely to persist for the life

of the loan. Evidence in the record indicates he is pursuing entrepreneurial goals of

developing a mobile payment application and converting a bus into a vacation rental.

These endeavors suggest the Debtor still possesses skills and abilities that translate to a

variety of jobs ranging from professional careers to general labor. This also suggests that

the Debtor’s current situation need not persist for the duration of the repayment period.

Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court did not err in concluding the Debtor failed to carry

his burden of showing his circumstances will continue for a significant portion of the

repayment period. 75

       The Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred in recognizing the law as it applied

to the facts in his case. First, he argues the Tenth Circuit does not require a plaintiff to

show maximization of earning potential to demonstrate undue hardship. Reviewing the

Bankruptcy Court’s opinion, the court ultimately concluded case law addressing income



The Debtor’s sole reference to the requirement of showing his financial state is likely to
persist for the duration of the repayment period objects to facts deemed undisputed.
Appellant’s Br. 58. As already discussed, the Bankruptcy Court’s finding of the
undisputed fact is not clearly erroneous.
75
        The Debtor appears to argue the entire $209,716.48 balance of his student loan is
past due and the repayment period has ended without pointing to any evidence to support
this contention. However, the loan servicing records indicate the loan is in forbearance
based on the filing of the bankruptcy petition. Exhibit B, in Appellant’s App. at 686;
Exhibit C at 106-07, in Appellant’s App. at 797-98.
                                                  25
maximization is only persuasive and not precedential; therefore, the Bankruptcy Court

did not address the Debtor’s effort to maximize his income. 76 The Debtor also argues

cases cited by the Department are not precedential and are distinguishable from his case.

As the specific cases the Debtor references were either not cited by the Bankruptcy Court

or were cited to articulate the legal standard of review and not for factual comparison, we

find no merit in the Debtor’s arguments. 77

                 d. Denial of the Debtor’s Motion for Sanctions

       Finally, the Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred in denying his motion to

sanction the Department for making false statements of fact in the Motion for Summary

Judgment. The Debtor argued the following assertions were incorrect: (1) that he first

raised reliance on medical issues as support for finding undue hardship in his

supplemental discovery responses; (2) that he was 37 years old instead of 36; (3) that he

was not looking for employment since the spring of 2018; and (4) that his taxable income


76
        Opinion at 27, in Appellant’s App. at 577 (“[Gesualdi v. Educ. Credit Mgmt.
Corp. (In re Gseualdi), 505 B.R. 330, 339 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2013)] certainly supports the
[Department]’s argument. It has some persuasive value, but it is not precedential.”)
77
        The Debtor argues Cuenca v. Dep’t of Educ., 64 F.3d 669, 1995 WL 499511, at *2
(10th Cir. Aug. 23, 1995) (unpublished)) is factually distinguishable. The Bankruptcy
Court did not cite Cuenca or analogize to its facts. The Debtor argues the facts of Brown
v. Sallie Mae, Inc. (In re Brown), 442 B.R. 776 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2010) also differ from
his case. The Bankruptcy Court cited Brown to establish that all three elements of the
Brunner test must be met to prove undue burden and to suggest income maximization
should be considered as part of the second element, if at all. Opinion at 26, 27, in
Appellant’s App. at 576, 577 (citing among other cases Brown, 442 B.R. at 781-82). The
Debtor argues the Department improperly cited cases from the bankruptcy courts for the
Middle District of Pennsylvania and the Southern District of Florida. The Bankruptcy
Court did not cite to a case from Pennsylvania and stated the case from the Southern
District of Florida had “some persuasive value, but [was] not precedential.” Id. at 27, in
Appellant’s App. at 577.
                                                26
in 2015 was $28,856 instead of $61,901, and in 2016 was $54,643 instead of $83,000. 78

The Debtor also alleged the Department improperly listed two expert witnesses in

violation of the parties’ joint report. 79 The Bankruptcy Court denied the Debtor’s motion

for sanctions 80 and a motion to reconsider the denial. 81

       We review a ruling on a motion for sanctions for abuse of discretion. 82 The

Supreme Court has held Bankruptcy Rule 9011 “authorizes the court to impose sanctions

for bad-faith litigation conduct . . . . The court may also possess further sanctioning

authority under either § 105(a) or its inherent powers.” 83 The failure to follow the “safe

harbor” procedures “[should] result in the rejection of the motion for sanctions.” 84

Concluding otherwise constitutes an abuse of discretion. 85

       The Bankruptcy Court based its order denying the Debtor’s motion for sanctions

on Bankruptcy Rule 9011(c)(1)(A)’s “safe harbor provision,” which requires a movant to

serve a motion for sanctions on a party and allow the party twenty-one days to correct

errors in a pleading as the basis for denying the motion. In his motion to reconsider the

order denying the Motion for Sanctions, the Debtor requested the Bankruptcy Court take

notice of the Department’s many false assertions and award sanctions on its own motion


78
       Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions, in Appellant’s App. at 417.
79
       Id. at 8, in Appellant’s App. at 424.
80
       Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions, in Appellant’s App. at 535.
81
       Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion to Reconsider Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion
for Sanctions, in Appellant’s App. at 545.
82
       Gust v. Jones, 162 F.35 587, 598 (10th Cir. 1998).
83
       Law v. Siegel, 571 U.S. 415, 427 (2014) (internal citations omitted).
84
       Roth v. Green, 466 F.3d 1179, 1192 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting 5A Charles Alan
Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Prac. & Procedure § 1337.2, at 723 (3d ed. 2004)).
85
       Id. at 1193.
                                                  27
pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 9011(c)(1)B). 86 Bankruptcy Rule 9011(c)(1)(B) allows a

court to issue sanctions on its own initiative upon finding a violation of 9011(b). The

Bankruptcy Court reviewed the facts alleged by the Department in the Motion for

Summary Judgment and concluded “[e]very alleged undisputed fact [was] accurate and

fully supported in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 and L.B.R. 7056-1.” 87 On appeal,

the Debtor points to no evidence in the record indicating he complied with Bankruptcy

Rule 9011’s “safe harbor” provision and does not identify any specific facts the

Department misrepresented in the Motion of Summary Judgment. 88 Accordingly, the

Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Debtor’s motion for

sanctions. 89

       V.       Conclusion

       While the Bankruptcy Code presumptively excepts student loan obligations from

discharge, the Tenth Circuit instructs bankruptcy courts to apply the Brunner test “such

that debtors who truly cannot afford to repay their loans may have their loans




86
       Motion to Reconsider Order Denying Motion for Sanctions at 1, n.2, in
Appellant’s App. at 539.
87
       Opinion at 14, in Appellant’s App. at 605.
88
       See Appellant’s Br. 37-38.
89
       The Debtor argues the Bankruptcy Court erred in failing to consider his motion for
sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2) and Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.3(a)(1). Civil
Rule 56(c)(2) provides no authority to sanction a party. Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.3(a)(1)
provides “[a] lawyer shall not knowingly make a false statement of fact or law to a
tribunal.” As the Bankruptcy Court found “[e]very alleged undisputed fact [was] accurate
and fully supported in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 and L.B.R. 7056-1,” we find no
basis for the Debtor’s argument under Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.3(a)(1). Opinion at 14,
in Appellant’s App. at 605.
                                                28
discharged.” 90 In this case, the undisputed facts establish that the Debtor previously held

gainful employment. Although the Debtor is currently experiencing financial difficulty,

he presented no evidence to the Bankruptcy Court tending to show his financial condition

is likely to persist for the duration of his repayment period as required by the second

element of the Brunner test. Instead, the record before this Court suggests the Debtor has

not really tried to find work or leave the confines of his mother’s home, and would prefer

to be self-employed rather than obtain gainful employment. The record before this Court

supports the conclusion the Debtor “seems to have given up any serious efforts at

employment.” 91 Accordingly, judgment of the Bankruptcy Court is AFFIRMED.




90
       Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. v. Polleys, 356 F.3d 1302, 1309 (10th Cir. 2004).
91
       Opinion at 29, in Appellant’s App. at 579.
                                                 29
