           Case: 17-14963   Date Filed: 10/16/2018   Page: 1 of 17


                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                             No. 17-14963
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cv-00571-BJD-PRL



PRIMO C. NOVERO,

                                                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

DUKE ENERGY,
URS ENERGY AND CONSTRUCTION INC.,
CDI CORPORATION,

                                                        Defendants - Appellees.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (October 16, 2018)

Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      In this employment action, Plaintiff Primo C. Novero appeals the district

court’s dismissal of his Complaint for failure to comply with Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure 8 and 10 and the court’s entry of judgment for Defendants Duke Energy,

URS Energy and Construction Inc., and CDI Corporation. After careful review,

we affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

      A.     Factual Background
      Defendant Duke Energy contracted with Defendant URS Energy to conduct

seismic hazard walkdowns of nuclear power facilities to verify current plant

configurations and the adequacy of safety equipment, and to then submit a report

to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (“NRC”). URS contracted with Defendant

CDI Corporation, a professional staffing company, to provide temporary staffing

personnel for the project. CDI hired Plaintiff as a temporary “Seismic Walkdown

Engineer.” Plaintiff worked at Duke Energy’s Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant

from the end of July 2012 through September 28, 2012. CDI terminated Plaintiff

at that time, purportedly because the work was completed.

      B.     Procedural History
      Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, filed this lawsuit on September 22, 2015, in the

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. Plaintiff alleges

that he was wrongfully terminated from his employment in retaliation for reporting

safety concerns, and resisting Defendants’ activities that he believed to be unlawful
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and not in accordance with NRC procedure. In particular, the first paragraph of the

Complaint asserts that the action is brought for: (1) wrongful discharge pursuant to

42 U.S.C. § 5851(a)(1) and 29 CFR § 24.102(a); (2) breach of contract and

deprivation of economic right pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a) and U.S.

Constitution, 14th Amendment; (3) retaliatory discharge and blacklisting pursuant

to 29 CFR § 24.102(b); (4) discrimination pursuant to 42 USC § 5851(a)(1), and

U.S. Constitution, 1st Amendment; (5) abridging freedom of speech and petition of

grievance pursuant to U.S. Constitution, 1st Amendment; and (6) deprivation of

life, liberty, or property, without due process of law pursuant to the U.S.

Constitution, 14th Amendment. The Complaint follows with more than ten pages

of “Factual Bases for Lawsuit” without organizing the claims by separate counts.

      After successfully moving to transfer the case to the Middle District of

Florida, Defendants jointly moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s constitutional claims and

requested a jury trial. The Magistrate Judge issued a Report and Recommendation

recommending that Defendants’ motion be granted and the constitutional claims be

dismissed with prejudice because the Complaint did not allege that Defendants’

action constitutes governmental action. As to the non-constitutional claims, the

Magistrate Judge recommended that Plaintiff’s Complaint be dismissed in its

entirety, but with leave to amend. The Magistrate Judge explained that, “although

not raised by Defendants in their motion, a review of the Complaint shows that it


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clearly fails to meet the pleading requirements of Rule 8 and Rule 10 of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure.” The Magistrate Judge noted the deficiencies in the

Complaint:

      While Plaintiff’s factual allegations are detailed, he fails to allege
      what specific conduct supports the elements of each claim, making it
      difficult (if not impossible) to determine the factual basis for each
      claim. Moreover, he has failed to allege how each Defendant is
      responsible for (or the cause of) each of the alleged statutory
      violations and constitutional deprivations he asserts. The result is
      confusion both for the Defendants in trying to frame a responsive
      pleading, and for the Court in trying to determine the scope of
      Plaintiff’s claims. Neither the Court, nor Defendants, should be
      required to sift through the factual allegations to determine which
      allegations are material to each Count.

The Magistrate Judge reminded Plaintiff that “he must comply with all of the

pleading requirements contained in Rules 8, 10, 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure” if the district court granted him leave to amend and if he filed an

amended complaint.

      On August 2, 2017, the district court adopted the Magistrate Judge’s Report

and Recommendation, dismissed Plaintiff’s constitutional claims without prejudice

and dismissed the remainder of Plaintiff’s claims without prejudice for failure to

comply with Rules 8 and 10 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The court

permitted Plaintiff to file an amended complaint by August 24, 2017. The court

cautioned Plaintiff to adhere to the Local Rules, the Federal Rules of Civil




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Procedure, and the Federal Rules of Evidence. The court also directed Plaintiff to

resources helpful to proceeding in court without a lawyer.

      Plaintiff failed to meet the deadline for filing an amended complaint. Four

days after the deadline, Plaintiff filed “Plaintiff’s Objections to the Order of Judge

J. Davis dated August 2, 2017, Item 3; and Filing of Plaintiff’s Amended

Complaint.” Instead of filing an amended complaint with his objections, Plaintiff

submitted a two-page revision of paragraph 1 of the original Complaint that added

Defendants’ names and a brief description to the listed claims.

      The district court treated Plaintiff’s objections as a motion for

reconsideration of the August 2, 2017, order dismissing Plaintiff’s Complaint

without prejudice. The court denied Plaintiff’s motion because Plaintiff failed to

offer new evidence, the controlling law had not changed, and no reason existed to

justify the relief requested. The court also dismissed the “Amended Complaint”

with prejudice, explaining that it was untimely and failed to remedy the

deficiencies previously noted in the court’s August 2, 2017, order.

      Plaintiff sought relief from the district court’s order dismissing his case with

prejudice. Plaintiff offered several excuses and arguments: (1) he “made an

honest mistake by his erroneous belief that he was one day early” when he mailed

the Amended Complaint on August 23, 2017; (2) the filing date order was “vague”

for failure to define what constitutes filing; (3) the court punished his “first-time


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misconduct” as a “‘crime’ because of harsh ‘jail time’ and lost [sic] of his liberty;”

(4) the Amended Complaint “was dismissed quickly by Judge Davis and was not

considered at all;” and (5) dismissal violated due process. Plaintiff reaffirmed his

previously claimed status as “Sovereign Man of Standing” and further

“declared[ed] that he does not give consent to any judges, agents, or persons by

any ways or means, or by acquiescence relinquishing his natural rights as

guaranteed by the US Constitution.”

      The court treated Plaintiff’s request for relief from the dismissal order as a

motion for reconsideration pursuant to Rules 59(e) and 60(b) of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure. The court found:

      Even upon a generous construction of Plaintiff’s Request for Relief
      (Doc. 58), he has presented no reasonable grounds warranting relief.
      Plaintiff explains why his Amended Complaint was untimely but does
      not present a mistake, newly discovered evidence, or fraud by an
      opposing party to warrant the Court’s reconsideration. Plaintiff has
      also failed to demonstrate circumstances sufficiently extraordinary to
      warrant relief and there has been no change of the facts, nor a change
      in the law since the Court’s August 30, 2017 Order (Doc. 55). Thus,
      Plaintiff’s Request for Relief (Doc. 58) is due to be denied.

The court also overruled Plaintiff’s objection to the entry of judgment, noting that

“[t]he Court’s August 2, 2017 Order became final when Plaintiff failed to timely

file an amended complaint and failed to remedy the deficiencies noted by the

Court.”




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      Plaintiff filed a Notice of Appeal “against Judge Brian J. Davis’, United

States District Judge, Orders and Final Judgment dated October 24, 2017.”

Plaintiff makes three arguments on appeal. First, Plaintiff argues that the

Magistrate Judge exceeded his authority in recommending that Plaintiff’s

Complaint be dismissed with leave to amend when Defendants did not raise the

issue. Second, Plaintiff argues that the district court “erred in not finding a single

claim among numerous events and material facts presented by Plaintiff in his

original Complaint (Doc. 1).” Finally, Plaintiff argues that the district court

exceeded its jurisdiction in enforcing local rules and procedures in contravention of

the Constitution and his status as a “Sovereign Man.”

II.   DISCUSSION
      As an initial matter, we consider what issues Plaintiff preserved on appeal

while proceeding pro se. Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s appeal brief does not

comply with Rule 28 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure or Eleventh

Circuit Rule 28-1 (a–n).

      Plaintiff’s brief is deficient in several respects. In particular, it does not

include an argument section or citation to legal authority, as required by Rule

28(a)(8)(A) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. Specifically, that rule

requires the argument section of an appellant’s brief to contain the “appellant’s

contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of


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the record on which the appellant relies.” Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A); Mendoza v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1286 (11th Cir. 2003). Failure to comply with the

requirements of Rule 28(a)(8)(A) may result in waiver or abandonment of issues

on appeal. Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1286, citing Flanigan’s Enters., Inc. of Ga. v.

Fulton Cty., 242 F.3d 976, 987 n.16 (11th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 536 U.S. 904,

122 S.Ct. 2356, 153 L.Ed.2d 178 (2002). “However, this requirement is not

jurisdictional, but one of prudential constraint.” Id. Although Plaintiff’s brief does

not contain an argument section with citations to legal authority, he does specify

the underlying facts upon which his arguments are based and includes cites to the

record. Moreover, his “Summary of the Arguments” adequately identifies the legal

theories upon which he seeks relief, at least in some instances. Accordingly, we

exercise our discretion to consider his brief. Id. We will not, however, consider

Plaintiff’s arguments contained only in district court filings or other documents

cited by Plaintiff as having “similar / additional arguments, not repeated herein,” or

otherwise purportedly incorporated by reference. United States v. Moran, 778 F.3d

942, 985 (11th Cir. 2015) (rejecting appellant’s attempt to “adopt[] the same

arguments” made below without explaining which ones may have merit and where

the district judge may have erred); see Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts, B.V. v.

Consorcio Barr S.A., 377 F.3d 1164, 1167 n.4 (11th Cir. 2004) (The “request that

we ferret out and review any and all arguments it made below—without explaining


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which ones may have merit and where the district judge may have erred—clearly

runs afoul of various Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.”).

       Liberally construing Plaintiff’s appeal brief, we see two issues ripe for

review: (1) whether the district court erred in dismissing Plaintiff’s original

complaint sua sponte for failure to comply with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8

and 10 and (2) whether the district court erred in dismissing with prejudice

Plaintiff’s “Amended Complaint” as untimely and still deficient.1

       A.      Standard of Review
       We review each of the dismissals for abuse of discretion. Weiland v. Palm

Beach Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 792 F.3d 1313, 1320 (11th Cir. 2015); Betty K

Agencies, Ltd. v. M/V MONADA, 432 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2005) (“We

review for abuse of discretion a district court’s dismissal for failure to comply with

the rules of court.”). Under the abuse of discretion standard, we must “affirm

unless we find that the district court has made a clear error of judgment, or has

applied the wrong legal standard.” United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1259




1
  Plaintiff briefly mentions that the Magistrate Judge’s interpretation of the First and Fourteenth
Amendments “is prejudicial to Plaintiff because he suggests that Plaintiff has no constitutional
rights against the Defendants.” But, without any argument or citation of authority to support this
assertion, Plaintiff’s passing reference to the Magistrate Judge’s rejection of his constitutional
claims is insufficient to preserve the issue on appeal. Evans v. Georgia Reg’l Hosp., 850 F.3d
1248, 1254 n.3 (11th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 557, 199 L. Ed. 2d 446 (2017). In any
event, on de novo review, we find the general objections Plaintiff made to this holding below
unpersuasive.

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(11th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (collecting cases discussing the abuse of discretion

standard).

      B.     The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Dismissing
             Plaintiff’s Original Complaint Sua Sponte While Granting Leave
             to Amend
      The district court possessed inherent authority to dismiss Plaintiff’s original

complaint sua sponte for failure to comply with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8

and 10. “A district court has the ‘inherent authority to control its docket and

ensure the prompt resolution of lawsuits,’ which includes the ability to dismiss a

complaint on shotgun pleading grounds.” Vibe Micro, Inc. v. Shabanets, 878 F.3d

1291, 1295 (11th Cir. 2018), citing Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1320. “This is so even

when the other party does not move to strike the pleading.” Jackson v. Bank of

Am., N.A., 898 F.3d 1348, 1358 (11th Cir. 2018).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in exercising its authority to

dismiss Plaintiff’s original complaint. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2)

requires a complaint to contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing

that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 10(b) further

provides:

      A party must state its claims or defenses in numbered paragraphs,
      each limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances. A
      later pleading may refer by number to a paragraph in an earlier
      pleading. If doing so would promote clarity, each claim founded on a
      separate transaction or occurrence—and each defense other than a
      denial—must be stated in a separate count or defense.

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“Complaints that violate either Rule 8(a)(2) or Rule 10(b), or both, are often

disparagingly referred to as ‘shotgun pleadings.’” Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1320.

      Plaintiff’s original complaint is a shotgun pleading. It includes a laundry list

of accused violations in paragraph 1 followed by a recitation of the “Factual Bases

for Lawsuit” unconnected to any of the potential violations previously listed. As

noted by the Magistrate Judge, Plaintiff “failed to allege what specific conduct

supports the elements of each claim” and “failed to allege how each Defendant is

responsible for (or the cause of) each of the alleged statutory violations and

constitutional deprivations he asserts.” Id. at 1325 n.17 (“one type of shotgun

pleading fails to identify the defendant or defendants against whom each claim is

brought”), citing Magluta v. Samples, 256 F.3d 1282, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001);

Anderson v. Dist. Bd. of Trustees of Cent. Fla. Cmty. Coll., 77 F.3d 364, 366 (11th

Cir. 1996) (finding that failure to “present each claim for relief in a separate count,

as required by Rule 10(b),” constitutes a shotgun pleading); Cesnik v. Edgewood

Baptist Church, 88 F.3d 902, 905 (11th Cir. 1996) (characterizing as a shotgun

pleading a complaint that “was framed in complete disregard of the principle that

separate, discrete causes of action should be plead in separate counts”).

      That Plaintiff’s pro se complaint is to be “liberally construed” and “held to

less stringent standards” than complaints drafted by lawyers does not compel a

different result. Stephens v. DeGiovanni, 852 F.3d 1298, 1319 n.16 (11th Cir.


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2017). “[E]ven in the case of pro se litigants this leniency does not give a court

license to serve as de facto counsel for a party, or to rewrite an otherwise deficient

pleading in order to sustain an action.” Campbell v. Air Jamaica Ltd., 760 F.3d

1165, 1168–69 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted). “Given the district

court’s proper conclusions that . . . plaintiff[] failed to connect [his] causes of

action to the facts alleged, the proper remedy was to order repleading sua sponte.”

Wagner v. First Horizon Pharm. Corp., 464 F.3d 1273, 1280 (11th Cir. 2006).

      C.     The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Dismissing
             Plaintiff’s Claims with Prejudice Following Plaintiff’s Belated
             Submission of an “Amended Complaint”
      “[I]n these circumstances a court may dismiss a case with prejudice based on

two possible sources of authority: Rule 41(b), or the court’s inherent power to

manage its docket.” Betty K Agencies, 432 F.3d at 1337. We recently addressed

the court’s inherent authority to dismiss a shotgun pleading and, after reviewing

our authority on the matter, held that “[w]hen a litigant files a shotgun pleading, is

represented by counsel, and fails to request leave to amend, a district court must

sua sponte give him one chance to replead before dismissing his case with

prejudice on non-merits shotgun pleading grounds.” Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1296;

Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1358. Here, the district court afforded Plaintiff an

opportunity to replead before dismissing his case with prejudice. But Vibe did not

decide or intimate anything about a party proceeding pro se. Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d


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at 1296 n.6. We have previously held that “a dismissal with prejudice, whether on

motion or sua sponte, is an extreme sanction that may be properly imposed only

when: (1) a party engages in a clear pattern of delay or willful contempt

(contumacious conduct); and (2) the district court specifically finds that lesser

sanctions would not suffice.” Betty K Agencies, 432 F.3d at 1337–38 (quotation

marks omitted).

      In this case, the district court identified two reasons for the dismissal: (1)

Plaintiff failed to timely file an amended complaint and (2) Plaintiff’s belated

submission of a revised paragraph 1 did not remedy the deficiencies previously

noted in the court’s August 2, 2017, order. The district court did not make an

express finding that Plaintiff engaged in a clear pattern of delay or willful contempt

or that a lesser sanction would not suffice. Nevertheless, we have said that courts

may make “an implicit or explicit finding that lesser sanctions would not suffice.”

Gratton v. Great Am. Commc’ns, 178 F.3d 1373, 1374 (11th Cir. 1999). We have

also observed that “the harsh sanction of dismissal with prejudice is thought to be

more appropriate in a case where a party, as distinct from counsel, is culpable.”

Betty K Agencies, 432 F.3d at 1338. Thus, we have repeatedly upheld dismissals

with prejudice in cases brought by pro se plaintiffs based on a district court’s

implicit findings of a plaintiff’s willful contempt or that “lesser sanctions would

not suffice.” See, e.g., Gratton, 178 F.3d at 1374–75 (upholding dismissal based


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upon an implicit finding that no lesser sanction would suffice where the pro se

plaintiff “bore substantial responsibility for the delays, by his spoliation of

evidence and misidentification of a witness, among other things”); Moon v.

Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 839 (11th Cir. 1989) (“The record supports what is

implicit in the district court’s decision to dismiss this case—that Moon had been

repeatedly and stubbornly defiant.”). Indeed, while pro se complaints must be

liberally construed, those complaints still must comply with the procedural rules

governing the proper form of pleadings. Albra v. Advan, Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829

(11th Cir. 2007) (“[A]lthough we are to give liberal construction to the pleadings

of pro se litigants, ‘we nevertheless have required them to conform to procedural

rules.’” (internal citations omitted)); Loren v. Sasser, 309 F.3d 1296, 1304 (11th

Cir. 2002) (“Despite construction leniency afforded pro se litigants, we

nevertheless have required them to conform to procedural rules.”); Moon, 863 F.2d

at 837 (stating that pro se litigants are “subject to the relevant law and rules of

court, including the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”).

      Applying these principles, we conclude that the district court did not abuse

its discretion in dismissing Plaintiff’s claims with prejudice. As an initial matter,

Plaintiff abandoned on appeal arguments made below seeking to have his




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“Amended Complaint” considered timely. 2 Rather than rely on his “Amended

Complaint,” Plaintiff argues that “the original Complaint is still valid and

adequate.” However, as explained above, Plaintiff’s original Complaint is

deficient.

       Moreover, the district court correctly concluded that Plaintiff’s belated

“Amended Complaint” is also deficient. Plaintiff’s late-filed “Amended

Complaint” is nothing of the sort. Plaintiff filed only a revision to paragraph 1.

Plaintiff did not submit an amended complaint. See Local Rule 4.01(a) of the

Middle District of Florida (“Unless otherwise directed by the Court, any party

permitted to amend a pleading shall file the amended pleading in its entirety with

the amendments incorporated therein.”).

       Even if we were to consider Plaintiff’s new paragraph 1 along with the

remainder of the original complaint as an integrated amended complaint that was

properly filed, Plaintiff’s revisions do not cure all of the deficiencies noted by the

district court. In particular, the “Amended Complaint” still contains a laundry list

of claims followed by a bulk recitation of facts unconnected to the individual

claims.


2
  On appeal, Plaintiff raises for the first time arguments concerning “Equality & Impartiality”
based on his lack of access to the district court’s electronic filing system. We need not consider
those new arguments on appeal. Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th
Cir. 2004) (“This Court has repeatedly held that an issue not raised in the district court and raised
for the first time in an appeal will not be considered by this court.”) (quotation marks omitted).

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       “While dismissal is an extraordinary remedy, dismissal upon disregard of an

order, especially where the litigant has been forewarned, generally is not an abuse

of discretion.” Moon, 863 F.2d at 837. Here, the district court identified the

defects in Plaintiff’s original complaint, noted the provisions of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure that were violated, once again directed Plaintiff to resources that

would be helpful in drafting a compliant pleading and litigating pro se, and granted

Plaintiff leave to amend the original complaint. But Plaintiff failed to replead

within the time allotted, failed to even submit an amended complaint, and failed to

cure the noted deficiencies with his belated submission of a revised paragraph 1.

Given Plaintiff’s timeliness issues, his repeated failures to comply with the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure,3 and this Court’s “voluminous precedent decrying

shotgun pleadings,” Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1359 n.13, the district court acted within

its discretion to implicitly find that no lesser remedy would suffice and dismiss

Plaintiff’s claims with prejudice.




3
   Our review of the record reflects that the district court exhibited remarkable patience for
Plaintiff’s procedural failures beyond those discussed above. For instance, Plaintiff failed to
respond to Defendants’ Joint Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Constitutional Claims and Request
for Jury Trial, filed on October 31, 2016. The court notified Plaintiff of the failure, directed him
to the appropriate authority, provided him a link to access litigation materials helpful to pro se
litigants, and gave him 40 additional days to respond. The court likewise repeatedly construed
Plaintiff’s unconventional submissions in a manner to ensure consideration of Plaintiff’s
arguments.
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III.     CONCLUSION
         For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the decision of the district

court.




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