                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 07-3208
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
             Appellee,                   * Appeal from the United States
                                         * District Court for the
      v.                                 * Western District of Missouri.
                                         *
Joy Dayle Wessels,                       *
                                         *
             Appellant.                  *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: April 17, 2008
                                 Filed: August 27, 2008
                                  ___________

Before GRUENDER, BRIGHT, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       Joy Dayle Wessels was convicted of unauthorized use of a credit card, 18
U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2). She was sentenced to 12 months’ imprisonment and three years’
supervised release. Later, the district court1 revoked her supervised release, imposing
a sentence of 12 months’ imprisonment and 24 months’ supervised release. Wessels
appeals, asserting a Fifth Amendment right to due process. Having jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.


      1
        The Honorable Gary A. Fenner, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
       At the revocation hearing, Wessels stipulated to violations of her supervised
release. During the hearing, she learned that the probation officer, Sylvia A.
Gruenbacher, had disclosed the sentencing recommendation to the government – but
not to her – despite her counsel’s specific request for it. The government offered
support of “Miss Gruenbacher’s recommendation to the court,” while Wessels’s
counsel said, “I don’t even know what the recommendation is.” The court stated that
the recommendation was “18 months with 18 months of supervision to follow.”
Wessels’s counsel noted “for the record, we tried to obtain what the position is, the
government and probation.”

      Wessels argues that the ex parte communication between the probation officer
and the government violated her due process right to a fair tribunal. This court
reviews claims of constitutional error de novo. United States v. Washington, 318 F.3d
845, 854 (8th Cir. 2003). Due process requires that a trial proceed before a judge with
no actual bias against the defendant or interest in the outcome of the particular case.
Veal v. Iowa Corr. Inst. for Women, 274 F.3d 479, 480 (8th Cir. 2001). The
appearance of bias may also be a ground for disqualification. Ryan v. Clarke, 387
F.3d 785, 793 (8th Cir. 2004). The situation must be one “in which experience
teaches that the probability of actual bias on the part of the judge . . . is too high to
be constitutionally tolerable.” Kinder v. Bowersox, 272 F.3d 532, 540 (8th Cir. 2001),
quoting Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 47 (1975).

      Here, the record shows no actual bias, or appearance of bias, from the ex parte
communication. The district court found that the communication between the
government and the probation office was irrelevant to the sentencing decision,
concluding: “It doesn’t matter. It’s my decision to make at any rate.”

       Wessels also contends that the probation officer and the government based their
recommendations on unproven and uncharged allegations of criminal activity,
violating due process and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1(b)(2). No

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violations occurred. Although Wessels’s counsel noted “there is [sic] some additional
allegations out there,” the record shows that the district court properly based the
sentence on the stipulated violations of supervised release, not unproven or uncharged
criminal activity. See United States v. Davies, 380 F.3d 329, 333 (8th Cir. 2004)
(finding no violation of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1(c) or due process
because the “fact that the probation officer might have been motivated by comments
received from an unknown Bureau of Prisons employee does not change the fact that
the district court properly relied on information contained in the presentence report
to justify the modified conditions.”).

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       I concur in the opinion in this case but I write separately to call attention to the
Second Chance Act of 2007. Pub. L. No. 110-199, 122 Stat. 657 (April 9, 2008). In
this Act, the Congress has directed a shift from policing those on parole to
rehabilitating them. The parole system now bears an increasing special obligation to
help federal offenders successfully reenter into society.

      Any time a person serves a prison sentence, begins parole or supervised release,
and then, as in this case, violates a provision of release that may justify re-
imprisonment, the correctional system has failed. In making this statement, I do not
mean to comment adversely on probation officers. I do, however, call attention to this
new wind that is refreshingly blowing into the correctional systems in this country.

        Title II(C)(1) of the Second Chance Act aims to improve the reentry of federal
offenders into society with the help of probation officers. Specifically, § 231 requires
that the Attorney General and the Director of the Bureau of Prisons establish a
comprehensive prisoner reentry program. The Bureau must assess each prisoner’s
skill level at the beginning of imprisonment to identify areas in need of improvement,

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create a skills development plan for each prisoner, coordinate with other agencies to
ease a prisoner’s reentry to society, and collect information on family relationships to
encourage these relationships. Furthermore, § 231 permits a direct-release prisoner
to request the help of a representative of the United States Probation System in
developing a release plan.

       It is clear that the spirit of the Second Chance Act of 2007 intends that the entire
penal systems, state and federal, work towards the rehabilitation of prisoners for the
purpose of reducing recidivism. Title I, § 101 amends the Omnibus Crime Control
and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 82 Stat. 197 et seq. so as to prioritize funding to those
local governments that can deliver continuous and appropriate drug treatment, medical
care, job training and placement, educational services, or any other service or support
needed for reentry.

      Furthermore, as a condition of receiving financial assistance under Title I, §
101, local governments must develop a comprehensive strategic reentry plan for
inmates. In developing such a plan, local governments must coordinate with
communities and stakeholders that can provide reentry services, which includes
people in the fields of public safety, juvenile and adult corrections, housing, health,
education, substance abuse, victims services, and employment.

       Finally, the Second Chance Act’s authorization to appropriate significant sums
of money illustrates the Act’s commitment to rehabilitating inmates and facilitating
their reentry into society.

       The Second Chance Act of 2007 therefore revises the duties of parole and
probation officers, focusing much of their attention to the rehabilitation of those who
have served prison sentences. Such a recent but important development must be
underscored so that the Act may change the attitudes and focus of probation from
policing parolees and probationers to rehabilitating them.


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      Indeed, if the Second Chance Act had been in effect during Ms. Wessels’s
supervised release, with proper assistance and supervision she may well have
successfully served her probationary (supervised release) period of time.




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