                           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                                    NO. 96-CA-01164-SCT
BEVERLY ANN UPCHURCH, AS PARENT AND PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF
THE STATUTORY BENEFICIARIES OF TIMOTHY ADAM UPCHURCH, DECEASED
v.
TERESA ROTENBERRY
                                  ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                 05/08/96
TRIAL JUDGE:                                      HON. LEE J. HOWARD
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                        OKTIBBEHA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                          CHARLES YOSTE

                                                  B. J. WADE
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                           ROBERT L. MOORE
                                                  JAMES E. CONLEY
NATURE OF THE CASE:                               CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH
DISPOSITION:                                      AFFIRMED - 6/15/2000
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:                                   6/22/2000



     EN BANC.

     PITTMAN, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. The motion for rehearing is denied. The original opinions are withdrawn, and these opinions are
substituted therefor.

                                     STATEMENT OF THE CASE

¶2. This case arises out of a one-car accident that occurred in Oktibbeha County on October 5, 1992. The
plaintiff, Beverly Ann Upchurch (Upchurch), filed a Complaint against the defendant, Teresa Rotenberry
(Rotenberry) and her father, Walter Rotenberry (Walter) on October 3, 1993. The suit was filed as a result
of the alleged negligence of Rotenberry. The Complaint alleges that Rotenberry negligently lost control of
her vehicle while driving on Highway 182 in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, which resulted in the death of
Upchurch's son, Timothy Adam Upchurch (Adam). The Complaint further alleged that the Rotenberry's
father was guilty of negligent entrustment of the vehicle. More specifically, the Complaint alleges that
Rotenberry is guilty of violating Mississippi Code Annotated § 63-3-501 regarding speeding, §63-3-1201
with regard to reckless driving and § 63-11-30 in that she operated her vehicle while under the influence of
an intoxicating liquor.

¶3. Walter and Rotenberry both filed an Answer to the Complaint joining issue on all material allegations .
An Order of Non-suit Without Prejudice was entered in favor of Walter on May 20, 1994, and he ceased
to be a party in this action.

¶4. This case was tried in Oktibbeha County Circuit Court on the 22nd, 23rd, and 29th days of April, 1996.
Rotenberry moved for a directed verdict at the close of Upchurch's proof which was denied. The jury
returned a verdict in favor of the Rotenberry.

¶5. Upchurch filed a Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding The Verdict Or In The Alternative For New
Trial on May 15, 1996. Upchurch filed a Response to plaintiff's Motion on May 22, 1996. On September
23, 1996, Judge Lee J. Howard entered an Order Overruling Plaintiff's Motion For Judgment
Notwithstanding The Verdict Or In The Alternative For A New Trial.

¶6. Upchurch timely filed Notice Of Appeal to this Court on October 11, 1996. The appeal from the
verdict of the Oktibbeha County Circuit Court jury and from the denial of the Motion for Judgment
Notwithstanding The Verdict Or In The Alternative For A New Trial raises the following issues:

      I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE PLAINTIFF'S MOTION
      NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE FOR A NEW
      TRIAL.

      II. THE JURY'S VERDICT WAS CONTRARY TO THE OVERWHELMING WEIGHT
      OF THE EVIDENCE.

      III. THE COURT ERRED IN NOT ALLOWING EXPERT TESTIMONY ON THE ISSUE
      OF LOSS OF ENJOYMENT OF LIFE DAMAGES.

                                      STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

¶7. While the facts of this case are not necessarily disputed, this case is certainly not without evidentiary
difficulties. The case at bar is a perfect example of "he said, she said," with regard to the investigations and
testimonies of the Upchurch's and Rotenberry's experts.

¶8. On the night of October 5, 1992, the decedent, Timothy Adam Upchurch, was riding in the passenger
seat of Teresa Rotenberry's car while Rotenberry was driving. Adam was the only passenger in the car. The
car was traveling west on Highway 182 in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi when Rotenberry lost control of
her vehicle. Upchurch claims Teresa left the road suddenly without warning, causing injuries and damages to
the decedent that resulted in his death. Rotenberry, however, maintains that she saw a small animal and
swerving to avoid hitting it, left the road and lost control of her car. The vehicle struck a tree on the side of
the road, and Adam was killed. There were no eyewitnesses to the collision.

¶9. Upchurch presented three witnesses on the issue of liability: Kirk Rosenhan, Larry Guyton and Teresa
Rotenberry, who was called as an adverse witness.

¶10. Kirk Rosenhan is a part-time instructor in engineering mechanics at Mississippi State University. He is
also a fire services coordinator for Oktibbeha County. Rosenhan came to the accident scene in his capacity
as fire services coordinator. He surveyed the scene, including the roadway and the area between the point
where the vehicle left the road and where it struck the tree. Rosenhan testified at trial as both an accident
reconstructionist and a fact witness to the accident investigation. He testified that according to the absence
of markings he observed, Rotenberry's vehicle traveled in a straight line from the point it left the road to the
point it hit the tree. Rosenhan testified that on the night of the accident he walked the area with lights and
could find no scuff marks or skid marks on the road. Rosenhan further testified that he estimated the speed
of Rotenberry's vehicle to be 60 mph when it struck the tree. Finally, Rosenhan testified that the vehicle
traveled 160 feet after leaving the road and before making impact with the tree. Rosenhan opined that
Rotenberry had sufficient time to react once the vehicle left the roadway before it hit the tree.

¶11. The speed the vehicle was traveling when it struck the tree, as well as, whether the vehicle left any
marks either on the roadway or the area between leaving the road and striking the tree is also disputed in
this case. Rotenberry's expert, Thomas Shaeffer, testified that there were tire marks which began on the
road and proceeded off the road, through the grass, and down toward the tree. Shaeffer identified these
marks as yaw marks. Shaeffer defines yaw marks as a mark a tire makes when it is still rotating but not
traveling in the direction that it is oriented. In other words,

      if you're driving down the road and you - you steer to one direction, the tires are going to go where
      the steering wheel tells them to go, but the car may not be able to maneuver as quickly as you, uh - as
      your steering angle that you've just input it, so the tires are still turning, but they're sliding sideways a
      little bit and what happens then is it typically leaves a - a narrow black mark called a yaw mark on the
      road surface if it's paved or some sort of concrete surface or something like that.

On direct examination, Shaeffer testified that the car was traveling approximately 25 to 35 mph when it hit
the tree. However, on cross examination, Shaeffer testified that the car was going 42 to 50 mph when it
made impact with the tree.

¶12. Rotenberry introduced into evidence photographs to corroborate the conclusions of Shaeffer. This
Court notes, however, that while Upchurch introduced photos of the vehicle during direct examination of
Rosenhan, there were no photos depicting the accident scene either marked for identification or introduced
into evidence. When Rotenberry's counsel asked Rosenhan whether he had seen any photographs of the
accident scene, he replied, "[I] took them." Rosenhan further testified that he had not seen the photographs
of the accident scene, which showed the tire marks, taken by Shaeffer.

¶13. Shaeffer also testified that he observed small pebbles wedged between the rim and tire on both the
front left and rear left wheels of the vehicle. This is additional evidence that the vehicle made an extreme
right hand turn. All of the evidence presented at trial by Shaeffer was consistent with the vehicle making an
evasive maneuver to the right in order to avoid an object on the roadway. Shaeffer's final determination was
that the car struck the tree and flipped over on its top, which undoubtedly caused additional damage to the
vehicle.

¶14. Rotenberry testified as an adverse witness. Throughout the discovery proceedings and at the trial itself,
Rotenberry testified that she could not remember the events leading up to the accident including a two-day
period just prior to the accident. However, on November 13, 1992 (about 5 weeks after the accident),
Rotenberry did sign a written statement detailing the accident. In this statement, Rotenberry testified that a
large animal, either a deer or a dog, ran across the road and into her lane ultimately causing her to leave the
road. At the trial, Rotenberry was not able to elaborate at all on her November 13th statement.

¶15. In her brief, Upchurch raises the issue that Kirk Rosenhan, plaintiff's expert, testified that he smelled
alcohol on the defendant at the accident scene. However, on direct examination of Rosenhan the following
exchange occurred.

      Q. Did you get close to Teresa Rotenberry?

      A. Not really.

      Q. Did you get close enough to smell her?

      A. No, I didn't.

      Q. Did you smell any odor of intoxicant on her?

      A. Uh, not on her ... .

On redirect examination after an overnight recess, Rosenhan changed his testimony to say that he had not
been specific as to the driver of the vehicle the day before and that he did smell alcohol on the driver the
night of the accident. The above exchange, however, makes it clear that Rosenhan was perfectly specific on
direct examination in denying that he smelled alcohol on Rotenberry at the scene of the accident. It is
noteworthy that Rosenhan did testify on direct examination that he smelled alcohol in the area. Also, the
presence of beer in the car is not disputed in the facts of this case.

¶16. Larry Guyton, a trooper with the Mississippi Highway Patrol, also testified for the plaintiff. Officer
Guyton testified that he arrived on the scene after Rotenberry had been taken away by ambulance. Officer
Guyton spoke to Rotenberry by telephone in her hospital room two days after the accident, October 7th ,
and again on October 8th . Rotenberry was able to remember the accident at this point. She appeared alert
during the conversation. Officer Guyton testified that Rotenberry told him that she was traveling westbound
on Highway 182 near Starkville when she saw an animal coming into her lane from the opposite side of the
road. She swerved to the right to avoid hitting the animal. In Officer Guyton's opinion, Rotenberry appeared
to be telling him the truth.

¶17. Further, Officer Guyton testified on direct examination that Rotenberry told him that she had two beers
earlier in the evening at a place called "The Landing" on Highway 182 near Starkville. On cross
examination, however, Officer Guyton testified that Rotenberry did not tell him about drinking beer or about
being at The Landing. He just asked her how the accident occurred, and she told him. Further, he stated
that he did not put anything in his accident report concerning drinking or about being at The Landing. He
continued by testifying that Rotenberry had not told him anything different than what was in his report.

                                               DISCUSSION

      I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE PLAINTIFF'S MOTION
      NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE FOR A NEW
      TRIAL.

      II. THE JURY'S VERDICT WAS CONTRARY TO THE OVERWHELMING WEIGHT
      OF THE EVIDENCE.

                                 Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict

¶18. This Court's review must be considered from the last point raised at trial -- in the instant case judgment
notwithstanding the verdict. When reviewing the trial court's denial of JNOV, this Court's scope of review is
limited as follows:

     Consideration of the issue implicates our limited scope of review of jury verdicts. Where, as here, the
     trial judge has refused to grant a motion for JNOV, we examine all of the evidence--not just evidence
     which supports the non-movant's case--in the light most favorable to the party opposed to the motion.
     All credible evidence tending to support the non-movant's case and all favorable inferences
     reasonably drawn therefrom are accepted as true and redound to the benefit of the non-mover. If the
     facts and inferences so considered point so overwhelmingly in favor of the movant that reasonable
     men could not have arrived at a contrary verdict, the motion should be granted. On the other hand, if
     there is substantial evidence opposed to the motion, that is, evidence of such quality and weight that
     reasonable and fairminded men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions,
     the jury verdict should be allowed to stand and the motion denied, and, if it has been so denied, we
     have no authority to reverse.

C & C Trucking Co. v. Smith, 612 So.2d 1092, 1098 (Miss. 1992).

¶19. Examining all of the evidence in the light most favorable to Rotenberry and accepting all favorable
credible evidence tending to support Rotenberry's case and all favorable inferences drawn therefrom as
true, this Court concludes that reasonable and fairminded jury members could reach different conclusions.
Consequently, the jury verdict stands, and the motion for JNOV is denied.

¶20. This Court will not intrude into the realm of the jury by determining the credibility of a witness and
making findings of fact. The jury is the judge of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the
witnesses. Jackson v. Griffin, 390 So.2d 287, 289 (Miss. 1980). Through her statement and the
testimony of other witnesses, Rotenberry offered evidence explaining the events of that tragic night. The jury
considered this evidence, weighed it, and found in favor of Rotenberry.

¶21. The burden of proof rests on the plaintiff. Under Mississippi law, the jury must determine "whether the
actor being charged with negligence in any circumstance acted as a reasonable and prudent person would
have acted under the same or similar circumstances." Knapp v. Stanford, 392 So.2d 196, 199 (Miss.
1981). "All questions of negligence and contributory negligence shall be for the jury to determine." Miss.
Code Ann. § 11-7-17 (Supp. 1999). Generally, proximate causation is a matter reserved for the jury.
Donald v. Amoco Prod. Co., 735 So.2d 161, 174 (Miss. 1999).

¶22. This Court will not ignore the clear dictates of precedent and the authority granted to the jury by the
Legislature by questioning the credibility of Rotenberry as a witness and making independent findings of
fact. The jury is the judge of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. Jackson, 390
So.2d at 289. This Court has been even more specific regarding the realm of the jury concerning the
credibility of witnesses in stating:

     The demeanor or bearing, the tone of voice, the attitude and appearance of the witnesses, all are
     primarily for inspection and review by the jury. The jury not only has the right and duty to determine
     the truth or falsity of the witnesses, but also has the right to evaluate and determine what portions of
     the testimony of any witness it will accept or reject; therefore, unless it is clear to this Court that the
     verdict is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the credible testimony, this court will not set aside
     the verdict of a jury.
Wells Fargo Armored Serv. Corp. v. Turner, 543 So.2d 154, 156 (Miss.1989) (quoting Travelers
Indem. Co. v. Rawson, 222 So.2d 131, 134 (Miss.1969)).

¶23. The jury heard the testimony of all the witnesses and considered all the evidence. The jury found for
Rotenberry, giving weight to her prior statement and considering her a credible witness. Such is the duty and
right of the jury, but not of this Court. Considering all the evidence, the jury determined that Rotenberry
indeed "acted as a reasonable and prudent person would have acted under the same or similar
circumstances." Knapp, 392 So.2d at 199. According to its duty, the jury concluded that Rotenberry acted
reasonably in swerving to the right to avoid an animal and that she did not have time to avoid a tree which
lay only 160 feet (or slightly over 53 yards) from where Rotenberry left the road.(1) The jury makes such
fact determinations, not this Court.

¶24. Furthermore, the jury was properly instructed when given jury instruction P-10A which states:

     You are instructed that an operator of a motor vehicle has a duty to keep the vehicle under proper
     control and to drive at a speed which is reasonable and prudent under existing conditions.

     Therefore, if you find from a preponderance of the evidence in this case that:

     1. The defendant, Teresa Rotenberry, was not driving at a reasonable and prudent rate of speed in
     view of the existing conditions of darkness on a two-lane highway and/or did not maintain proper
     control of the motor vehicle by leaving the roadway on October 5, 1992, and (emphasis added)

     2. Such failure was the sole proximate cause or proximate contributing cause of Adam Upchurch's
     injuries, and subsequent death, then your verdict shall be for the plaintiff.

     However, if you believe that the plaintiff has failed to prove any one of these elements by a
     preponderance of evidence in this case, then your verdict shall be for the defendant as to this theory
     of liability.

Adhering to this instruction, the jury found that Rotenberry acted as a reasonable and prudent person would
have acted when suddenly confronted by an animal darting in the path of her vehicle. The jury found it
reasonable that Rotenberry swerved to avoid this animal and consequently lost control of her vehicle,
striking a tree a mere 160 feet from where she left the road. The sudden appearance of the darting animal
was deemed the sole proximate cause of the incident. To reiterate:

     The resolution of disputed facts such as this is a duty that devolves upon the jury sitting as finders of
     fact. (citation omitted) They are charged with listening to the witnesses, observing their demeanor, and
     coming to their own conclusions of which evidence they find more credible. (citation omitted) Our
     system of jurisprudence has determined that citizen jurors, employing their native intelligence and
     collective life experiences, are best qualified to make those judgments. Absent some clear indication
     that the jurors in a particular case somehow ignored that duty, neither the trial court, nor this Court
     reviewing the record on appeal, are permitted to interfere in the conclusions reached by these jurors.

Hughes v. State, 750 So.2d 1265, 1267 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

¶25. The instant case turned on questions of fact that most appropriately were answered by a jury. Under
our limited scope of review concerning motions for JNOV, this Court examines all of the evidence in the
light most favorable to Rotenberry and accepts all favorable credible evidence tending to support
Rotenberry's case and all favorable inferences drawn therefrom as true. Taking all evidence as true in favor
of the defendant, an animal of some type darted in front of Rotenberry's car, prompting an unexpected
quick reaction. Given our standard when considering JNOV, it is apparent that reasonable and fairminded
jury members could reach different conclusions. In such a case, the jury verdict must be allowed to stand
and the motion for JNOV denied. Deferring to the jury and this Court's standard of review, the decision of
the trial court must be upheld.

                                                    New Trial

¶26. The standard of review to be followed when reviewing a motion for a new trial has been recited by this
Court many times over:

      This Court applies the abuse of discretion standard of review when determining whether a trial court
      erred in refusing an additur or a new trial. It is primarily the province of the jury to determine the
      amount of damages to be awarded and the award will normally not "be set aside unless so
      unreasonable in amount as to strike mankind at first blush as being beyond all measure, unreasonable
      in amount and outrageous." The party seeking the additur must prove his injuries, damages, and loss
      of income. In deciding if the burden has been met, we must look at the evidence in the light most
      favorable to the party in whose favor the jury decided, granting that party any favorable inferences
      that may reasonably be drawn therefrom.

Harvey v. Wall, 649 So.2d 184, 187 (Miss.1995) (citations omitted). In determining whether a jury
verdict is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence, this Court must accept as true the evidence
which supports the verdict and will reverse only when convinced that the trial court has abused its discretion
in failing to grant a new trial. Nicolaou v. State, 612 So. 2d 1080, 1083 (Miss. 1992).

¶27. Accepting as true all of the evidence which supports the jury verdict in this case, we conclude that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to grant Upchurch a new trial. The jury finding in this case is
not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. Therefore, this issue is without merit.

      III. THE COURT ERRED IN NOT ALLOWING EXPERT TESTIMONY ON THE ISSUE
      OF LOSS OF ENJOYMENT OF LIFE DAMAGES.

¶28. Because we decide herein to affirm a defense verdict, there is no need to reach the damages issue.

                                                CONCLUSION

¶29. The trial court correctly denied Upchurch's Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict. There
was sufficient evidence contained within the record to support the jury's finding and as such the trial judge
was correct in denying plaintiff's Motion for New Trial. We further find that Upchurch failed to make an
argument worthy of a finding that the jury's finding was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
Therefore, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

¶30. AFFIRMED.

      PRATHER, C.J., SMITH, MILLS, WALLER, COBB AND DIAZ, JJ., CONCUR.
      McRAE, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY BANKS,
      P.J.

      McRAE, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶31. Today's case does not revolve around the question of how much alcohol Teresa Rotenberry had in her
system when she took the wheel of her Acura on October 5, 1992, or what speed she was traveling when
she skidded some 240 feet (81 yards)(2) into the only tree in the field killing her passenger. The question is
not what type of animal she may have turned to avoid hitting or how far from the animal her car was. The
question is, was there any negligence on her part in the one-car crash? Since there was absolutely no
negligence on the part of the passenger, a finding of 1% negligence or more by Rotenberry would warrant
recovery. The evidence presented at trial clearly established Rotenberry's negligence in this one-car
accident and showed that Adam Upchurch was not negligent at all. Even the evidence presented by
Rotenberry's attorney claimed that her car was still traveling at a speed of at least 35 mph on impact some
240 feet after turning the wheel. A directed verdict should have been granted as to liability and the jury
should have only determined damages. Accordingly, I dissent.

¶32. To establish liability for a claim sounding in negligence, the plaintiff must show a duty owed by the
defendant to the plaintiff, that there was a breach of that duty by the defendant, and that the breach
proximately caused an injury to the plaintiff. Lyle v. Mladinich, 584 So.2d 397, 398-99 (Miss.1991).
When the trial court has concluded that the plaintiff has proven an injury with such certainty that no
reasonable jury could find otherwise, it should direct a verdict for the plaintiff on liability.

¶33. Such a finding was appropriate in this case as even the majority concedes that Rotenberry was
speeding at the time of the accident: "Both the expert for the defendant as well as the expert for the plaintiff
testified that Teresa was traveling approximately sixty miles per hour when she left the road." (majority
opinion, page 14). Highway patrolman Guyton also testified that when surveying the scene the damage was
not consistent with the vehicle traveling below fifty-five (55) miles per hour as Rotenberry claimed.

¶34. Rotenberry was traveling, as the majority states, 60 mph on Highway 182 at Clayton Village which
experts testified had a posted speed of fifty-five (55) miles per hour. Thus, Miss. Code Ann. § 63-3-501
is inapplicable. It is apparent from these facts that Rotenberry was in fact in violation of the speed laws of
the State of Mississippi and a negligence per se instruction should have been given to the jury and a directed
verdict entered. Jackson v. Daley, 739 So.2d 1031, 1038 (Miss. 1999); Detroit Marine Engineering
v. McRee, 510 So.2d 462, 465 (Miss. 1987). At that point, the trial court should have the limited question
to the jury of the proper amount of damages to compensate the plaintiff for that injury. Harbin v.
Jennings, 734 So.2d 269, 273 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

¶35. The deciding questions in this case were answered by Rotenberry's own testimony. At trial, she stated
that she left the road and lost control of her car. Rotenberry even admits to drinking (at least two glasses of
wine) prior to the fatal collision. Thomas Schaeffer, Rotenberry's expert, could offer no explanation as to
why Rotenberry lost control of her vehicle. It is undisputed that there were no problems with the conditions
of the road or of the car. Therefore, there is no justification for Rotenberry's actions in losing control of her
vehicle, traveling some 240 feet while failing to use her brakes and slamming into a tree at a speed
somewhere between forty-two and sixty miles per hour (at least 35 mph by her expert). Rather, there was
overwhelming proof that Adam Upchurch died as a result of Rotenberry's failure to maintain control of her
vehicle.
¶36. In Mississippi, a driver is charged with maintaining proper control of his vehicle.See, e.g. Miss. Code
Ann. §§ 63-3-501 (requiring drivers to follow speed limits); 63-3-601 (requiring vehicles to be driven on
the right half of the roadway); 63-3-619 (requiring drivers to follow vehicles no more closely than is
reasonably prudent); and 63-3-1201 (prohibiting reckless driving). Further,

     [t]he driver of a car is charged with the duty of keeping a proper lookout and being on alert for
     vehicles, objects and persons ahead in the highway. The driver is charged with the absolute duty of
     seeing what he should have seen. He is also required to have his car under proper control, to be on
     the alert on the highway, and avoid striking plain objects.

Dennis v. Bolden, 606 So.2d 111, 113-14 (Miss. 1992)(citations omitted). See also Layton v. Cook,
248 Miss. 690, 696, 160 So.2d 685, 687 (1964). "Moreover, it is the duty of the driver of an automobile
to take reasonably proper steps to avoid an accident or injury to persons or property after having
knowledge of the danger." Barkley v. Miller Transporters, Inc., 450 So.2d 416, 420 (Miss. 1984)
(quoting Shideler v. Taylor, 292 So.2d 155, 156-157 (Miss. 1974).

¶37. At trial Rotenberry claimed she had amnesia and relied on her prior statement to investigators that she
had swerved to avoid an animal in her path.

     Q: (Wade) So you must have developed amnesia sometime after five weeks after the wreck, is that
     correct?

     A: (Rotenberry) Yes.

Rotenberry was less than sure what type of animal entered the road, the size of the animal, or how far away
the animal was when she saw it. In fact, the closer to trial the larger the animal became. She once thought
that she might have veered to the right, but at trial, could not say. Even if Rotenberry swerved to avoid an
animal she still was charged with exercising the care "a reasonably prudent and capable driver would use
under the unusual circumstances." Moore v. Taggart, 233 Miss. 389, 402, 102 So.2d 333, 338 (1958).
By failing to properly apply her brakes, allowing her car to crash into a tree some 240 feet away,
Rotenberry obviously failed to exercise the care required under law. Even Rotenberry's own expert witness
testified that there was no sign that Rotenberry applied her brakes. Shaeffer, a mechanical engineer who
primarily does accident reconstruction, testified:

     Q: (Wade) All right, sir. During that eighty-one yards did you find any evidence that the driver of that
     vehicle applied her brakes?

     A: (Shaeffer) No.

¶38. The evidence clearly showed that Rotenberry was negligent, and she could not offer any justification
for her actions. Moreover, whether her vehicle was traveling at sixty miles per hour or forty-two to fifty
miles per hour at the time of impact is not of major importance; the fact remains that the 240 feet traveled
between the time Rotenberry first turned the wheel and when her car hit the tree. This should have allowed
a reasonably prudent and capable driver to turn the steering wheel to avoid the tree, or at least hit the
brakes in order to slow down or stop the car. At the very least, she had sufficient time and space to avoid a
tree which was 240 feet away from her when she made that fatal turn. As a result, the trial court should
have granted a directed verdict (peremptory instruction) as to the issue of liability. Instead, the issue of
liability was improperly submitted to the jury.
¶39. Accordingly, I dissent.

     BANKS, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.

1. A car traveling at sixty miles per hour traverses a distance of 160 feet in approximately 1.82 seconds.

2. Apparently, 240 feet (81 yards) is the distance measured from where Rotenberry first swerved to avoid
an animal to the tree her car struck. The previous measurement of 160 feet was the distance from the side
of the road to the tree.
