                IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Pennsylvania Fish and                          :
Boat Commission,                               :
                  Petitioner                   :
                                               :
                   v.                          : No. 1962 C.D. 2016
                                               : SUBMITTED: May 12, 2017
Unemployment Compensation                      :
Board of Review,                               :
                 Respondent                    :


BEFORE:            HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
                   HONORABLE JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge
                   HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Senior Judge


OPINION NOT REPORTED


MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE HEARTHWAY                                    FILED: August 31, 2017


                   Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (Employer) petitions for
review of the November 7, 2016 order of the Unemployment Compensation Board
of Review (Board) which affirmed the referee’s decision finding that Ronald J.
Evancho (Claimant) was not ineligible for benefits under section 402(e) of the
Unemployment Compensation Law (Law).1 Section 402(e) of the Law provides
that a claimant shall be ineligible for benefits for any week in which his
unemployment is due to willful misconduct connected with his work. We affirm.


          1
              Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. §
802(e).
             Claimant was employed with Employer from August 25, 1995
through May 25, 2016 as a full-time Waterways Conservation Officer. (Findings
of Fact (F.F.) No. 1.)       Employer discharged Claimant for (i) the alleged
falsification of records and reports because his declared whereabouts and work
activity on his time records did not match other associated data; and (ii) the alleged
failure to exercise the proper care and use of Commonwealth property because
Claimant threw away his body armor (bullet proof vest). (R.R. at 120a-21a.)
Claimant applied for unemployment compensation (UC) benefits and the UC
Service Center denied benefits pursuant to section 402(e) of the Law. Claimant
appealed to a referee, and a hearing was held. At the hearing, Employer presented
witnesses and documentary evidence and Claimant testified and presented
documentary evidence. Based on the evidence, the referee made the following
findings of fact.


             Employer has a policy in which the falsification of records and reports
and the failure to exercise proper care and use of Commonwealth property is
grounds for disciplinary action up to and including discharge.         (F.F. No. 3.)
Claimant was aware of this policy. (F.F. No. 3.)          Claimant was required to
accurately document his work activities and travel. (F.F. No. 5.) There are
specific codes which employees must use to document their activities, but there is
no time code for travel. (F.F. No. 9.) Because there was no code to report travel
time, Claimant listed his travel time as other categories, such as patrol and
administrative. (F.F. No. 12.) Claimant sometimes rode with other officers, rather
than use his own vehicle, which accounts for some of the discrepancies in
Claimant’s time and activity reports. (F.F. No. 13.) Additionally, it is common


                                          2
practice to round activity times to 15 or 30 minute increments. (F.F. No. 10.)
Claimant was assigned a computer tablet to work from the field. (F.F. No. 11.)
Claimant periodically reported having difficulties with the tablet and its inability to
synchronize with the Law Enforcement Officer Reporting System, which is used
for time and activity reports. (F.F. No. 11.) Claimant sometimes made mistakes
on his time and activity reports. (F.F. No. 14.)


             On December 19, 2014, Claimant received a three-day suspension for
falsification of documents. (F.F. No. 4.) Sometime at the end of 2015, Employer
conducted an investigation into Claimant’s recorded work activities and travel.
(F.F. No. 6.) In March of 2016, Employer held a pre-disciplinary conference
(PDC) to discuss Claimant’s alleged falsification of his activities for approximately
41 different incidents. (F.F. No. 7.) Employer did not provide Claimant with the
specific dates in question prior to the PDC, and at that time, Claimant was unable
to satisfactorily answer Employer’s questions in regard to his whereabouts on the
dates in question. (F.F. No. 8.)


             In January of 2016, Employer advised Claimant and his fellow
officers that Employer would be providing new body armor to its officers. (F.F.
No. 16.) Employer has a Body Armor Policy of which Claimant was aware. (F.F.
No. 17.) Under the Body Armor Policy, body armor which is worn or damaged
shall be replaced by the agency. (F.F. No. 17.) Additionally under the Body
Armor Policy, officers must inspect personal body armor for signs of damage and
general cleanliness. (F.F. No. 18.) Officers are responsible for reporting damage
or excessive wear to their supervisor. (F.F. No. 18.) Body armor will be replaced


                                          3
in accordance with guidelines and safety protocols established by the National
Institute of Justice. (F.F. No. 18.) Claimant’s body armor was curled up from
every day wear and stank of body odor, despite Claimant’s efforts to clean it. (F.F.
No. 21.) After Claimant received his new body armor in January of 2016, he
discarded his old body armor because he felt that it was no longer serviceable.
(F.F. No. 22.) On March 8, 2016, Employer requested that employees bring their
old body armor to a meeting for officers who needed newer and/or better fitting
armor. (F.F. No. 23.) Claimant was unable to comply with Employer’s request
because he discarded his old body armor. (F.F. No. 24.) In April of 2016,
Employer held a PDC to discuss Claimant’s alleged violation of the policy
concerning care and use of Commonwealth equipment. (F.F. No. 25.)


            After the hearing, the referee reversed the UC Service Center’s
determination, concluding that Employer failed to meet its burden to establish that
Claimant committed willful misconduct.        With respect to the allegation that
Claimant falsified records and reports, the referee noted that Employer was not
questioning that Claimant was working, but was questioning his whereabouts and
activities during his work day because they did not appear to be reported
accurately. The referee found that Claimant provided competent and credible
evidence to refute each of Employer’s allegations. The referee further found
Claimant credible regarding his inability to answer Employer’s questions at the
PDC because Employer would not provide specific dates prior to the meeting so
Claimant could adequately address them.         The referee found there was no
competent evidence to show that Claimant was deliberately falsifying documents.
The referee found Claimant credible that he made mistakes in entering his


                                         4
activities and deemed them honest mistakes.            The referee concluded that
Claimant’s honest mistakes were not willful misconduct, and therefore Employer
failed to sustain its burden with respect to the allegation that Claimant falsified
documents. (Referee’s decision at 3.)


             With respect to Claimant’s alleged violation of Employer’s policy
concerning Commonwealth property, the referee noted that Claimant’s body armor
was over five years old and was worn and malodorous, despite Claimant’s efforts
to clean it. The referee also found that Claimant credibly testified that he threw the
body armor away because he felt it was no longer useful. The referee determined
that Employer’s policy does not state that employees are required to turn in body
armor to Employer upon receipt of new body armor. The referee found that
Claimant’s actions regarding his body armor were not so egregious as to constitute
willful misconduct. (See Referee’s decision at 4.)


             The referee did not question Employer’s right to discharge an
employee for any reason. However, the referee determined that a denial of benefits
cannot be based on the grounds alleged by Employer. (Referee’s decision at 4.)


             Employer appealed to the Board, which affirmed. The Board found
that Claimant credibly explained the alleged discrepancies in his time records.
Additionally the Board found that Employer’s policies do not require employees to
turn in unusable vests, and that Claimant had already disposed of his old vest when
he was directed to turn it in. The Board stated that although Employer had the
right to discharge Claimant, the Board cannot find that the discharge was the result


                                          5
of willful misconduct. The Board adopted and incorporated the referee’s findings
and conclusions and affirmed the referee’s decision.


               Employer now petitions this Court for review of the Board’s order,
arguing that the Board erred in determining that Claimant did not engage in willful
misconduct.2


               Whether an employee’s actions constitute willful misconduct is a
question of law subject to review by this Court. Reading Area Water Authority v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 137 A.3d 658 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016).
For purposes of determining a discharged employee's eligibility for unemployment
compensation, the employer bears the burden of proving that the employee
engaged in willful misconduct connected with his work. See Section 402(e) of the
Law, 43 P.S. § 802(e); Eshbach v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review,
855 A.2d 943 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004).               Willful misconduct has been defined as
conduct that represents a wanton or willful disregard of an employer's interests, a
deliberate violation of the employer's rules, a disregard of standards of behavior
that the employer can rightfully expect from its employees, or negligence
indicating an intentional disregard of the employer's interest or an employee's

       2
          Our scope of review is limited to determining whether constitutional rights were
violated, whether the adjudication is in accordance with the law, and whether necessary findings
of fact are supported by substantial evidence. Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2
Pa. C.S. § 704. Employer does not challenge any specific findings of fact; therefore, the Board's
findings are conclusive on appeal. See Campbell v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 694 A.2d 1167 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997). Further, this court must view the record in a light
most favorable to the party which prevailed before the Board, giving that party the benefit of all
logical and reasonable inferences deducible from the evidence. Stringent v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 703 A.2d 1084 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997).


                                                6
duties or obligations.    Eshbach, 855 A.2d at 947 n. 6.         Once an employer
establishes a prima facie case of willful misconduct, the burden shifts to the
claimant to prove good cause for his actions.             McKeesport Hospital v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 625 A.2d 112 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993).


             Where a charge of willful misconduct is based on the violation of a
work rule, the employer must prove the existence of the rule and its violation.
Eagle v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 659 A.2d 60 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1995). The employer also must present evidence that the employee
deliberately violated the rule. Eshbach; see also Chester Community Charter
School v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 138 A.3d 50 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2016). An inadvertent or negligent violation of an employer's rule may
not constitute willful misconduct. Chester Community. “Thus, a determination of
what amounts to willful misconduct requires a consideration of all of the
circumstances, including the reasons for the employee's noncompliance with the
employer's directives.” Eshbach, 855 A.2d at 947-48 (quotation marks and citation
omitted).   Where the employee’s action is justifiable or reasonable under the
circumstances, it cannot be considered willful misconduct. Id. at 948. Claimant,
as the prevailing party below, is entitled to the benefit of all reasonable inferences
drawn from the evidence.        See Ductmate Industries, Inc. v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 949 A.2d 338 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008).


             Claimant was discharged for two reasons. (F.F. No. 26, Referee’s
decision at 3.) Because either reason for Claimant’s discharge would constitute
grounds for denying Claimant benefits, each allegation must be addressed


                                          7
separately. See Anderson v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 485
A.2d 900 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985).


             With respect to Claimant’s discharge in connection with discarding
his old body armor, Employer argues that the Board erred in concluding that
Claimant’s conduct did not rise to the level of willful misconduct. Employer
argues that it established the existence of the work rule and that Claimant was
aware of the rule. Accordingly, Employer maintains that the Board erred in failing
to require Claimant to demonstrate that he had good cause to discard his vest
without Employer’s authorization. Employer maintains that it appears the Board
ignored the Commission’s other policies and rules and focused only on the body
armor policy, which concerns safety procedures and not procedures for returning
equipment.


             Claimant was terminated for violating the following work rules and
standards of conduct in connection with discarding his body armor:

             9. Employees will exercise proper care and use of
             Commission property.
             ...

             14. Employees shall not act in a negligent or careless
             manner resulting in the creation of safety hazards, injury
             or loss or damage to Commission property, including the
             loss of fish.

             15. Employees shall not misuse, misappropriate or
             remove Commission property, records, equipment or
             other materials, including scrap material, from
             Commission premises without proper authorization.


                                         8
(R.R. at 120a.)
              Claimant testified that it was his understanding that he could discard
his body armor when it was no longer serviceable.3 (R.R. at 108a.) Claimant
considered the body armor to be no longer serviceable, because it was over five
years old, was worn, and stank from every day wear. (R.R. at 110a.) Although
Employer’s witness testified that employees were instructed on two occasions to
turn in their old body armor, including during a statewide meeting in January of
2016 when the staff was informed that Employer would be issuing new body
armor, Claimant disputed this. (R.R. at 60a, 109a.) The Board found Claimant
credible concerning his reason for throwing away his body armor and that
Employer’s policies did not require employees to turn in unusable vests.


              While we acknowledge that rules need not be written with such
precision to include every conceivable scenario, we cannot conclude that
Employer’s aforementioned rules clearly prohibited Claimant from disposing of his
body armor. Additionally, the Body Armor Policy does not state that employees
are required to turn in their body armor. (See R.R. at 192a-93a.) Claimant had
proper possession of the body armor, and Employer did not establish that Claimant
knew he had to turn it in. Given Claimant’s credible testimony, Employer failed to
establish that Claimant did not exercise proper care, or that he acted in a negligent

       3
           Claimant testified regarding his equipment inventory list. (R.R. at 107a.) Claimant
testified that he had to account for the items on the list on a yearly basis no matter what their
condition. (R.R. at 108a.) Claimant testified that items on the list, such as a Glock firearm,
could not be discarded if damaged. (R.R. at 108a.) However, Claimant testified that equipment
such as his uniform shirt and pants were not on the inventory list, and he did not have to turn
them in to Employer when they are unusable. (R.R. at 108a.) Claimant testified that his body
armor was not on the inventory list. (R.R. at 108.)


                                               9
or careless manner, or that he removed property without authorization. Thus,
Employer failed to establish that Claimant deliberately violated its policies.
Accordingly, we cannot say that the Board erred as a matter of law in concluding
that Employer failed to meet its burden to prove that Claimant committed willful
misconduct.


              Because Employer failed to prove that Claimant committed willful
misconduct, the burden never shifted to Claimant to prove good cause for his
actions. See McKeesport. Accordingly, we must reject Employer’s argument that
the Board erred by not requiring Claimant to prove good cause for his actions.


              We next address Employer’s arguments with respect to Claimant’s
alleged falsification of records and reports. Claimant was discharged for violating
Employer’s policy stating that “Employees shall not falsify reports and records,
including but not limited to personnel, payroll, time and activity and leave.” (R.R.
at 120a.) Employer argues that the Board erred in finding that Claimant provided
competent and credible testimony to refute each of Employer’s allegations.
Employer points to three reports where Claimant’s reported location and time of
activity were contradicted by other records such as gasoline receipts and EZ-Pass
reports for the Pennsylvania Turnpike. Employer maintains the discrepancies
remain unexplained. Employer also maintains that the referee’s statement that
“Claimant provided pictures and timesheets of his co-workers to show that he was,
in fact, performing his job duties on the dates in question” is erroneous because the




                                         10
photographs do not refute each one of Employer’s allegations. Employer also
maintains that the record does not contain any time sheets of co-workers.4


               Additionally, Employer argues that the Board erred by applying an
incorrect standard of willful misconduct that required Employer to establish that
Claimant’s actions were deliberate. Employer contends that the Board ignored
case law that would find Claimant’s conduct willful when that conduct
demonstrates negligence or an intentional disregard for his duty to accurately
report his time.5 Employer maintains that absent “good cause,” honest mistakes do
not excuse the failure to follow rules.


               We cannot agree that the Board ignored case law as to what
constitutes willful misconduct.         The Board adopted the referee’s findings and
conclusions, and the “reasoning” accurately sets forth the case law definition for
willful misconduct. The Board made a finding that Claimant did not deliberately
falsify records, but also found that Claimant credibly explained the alleged
discrepancies on his time record, and thus, that Claimant’s actions were not willful
misconduct.




       4
          To the extent Claimant did not provide photographic evidence of each challenged
report, such was not required. With respect to the referee’s statement regarding timesheets of co-
workers, we note there was a timesheet admitted, which related to an employee of another
Commission, and thus not a co-worker. This errant description is of no moment.
        5
          Employer’s reliance on Wilkins v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 502
A.2d 283 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985) is misplaced. In Wilkins, the employer discharged the claimant for
two negligent acts involving safety violations. Additionally, Employer had repeatedly warned
the claimant about his unsafe work habits and demoted him three times. That is not this case.


                                               11
            Notably, Employer was not questioning that Claimant was not
working, but was questioning Claimant’s whereabouts and his activities because
they did not appear to be accurately reported. (Referee’s decision at 3.) Claimant
testified that there were no codes for travel time, and Employer confirmed this.
(R.R. at 76a, 89a.)    Accordingly, Claimant would record his time in other
categories such as patrol or administrative. (R.R. at 89a.) Claimant also testified
that Employer’s tablet issued to him and the software were flawed, and that he
often had to rely on his memory to re-create his timesheets due to the information
not being saved into the system or the tablet not even starting. (R.R. at 90a.) With
respect to the three specific time and activity report dates Employer challenges in
its brief, Claimant provided explanations for the discrepancies, all of which were
credited by the Board. (Board’s decision at 1; see R.R. at 95a-97a, 103a-04a.)
Additionally, in some instances, Claimant admitted he made mistakes, but the
Board found they were honest mistakes and that Claimant did not deliberately
falsify his time and activity reports. (F.F. Nos. 14-15, Referee’s decision at 3.)
What Employer is really asking us to do is to reassess the Board’s credibility
determinations concerning Claimant’s explanation for the alleged discrepancies,
and whether, when mistakes were made, they were honest mistakes. However, we
must accept the Board’s credibility determinations.             See McCarthy v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 829 A.2d 1266 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2003).


            Given the credibility determinations, along with all of the
circumstances, particularly the lack of travel codes and sometimes inoperable
computer equipment, and giving Claimant the benefit of all reasonable inferences


                                        12
drawn from the evidence as we are required to do, we cannot say that Claimant’s
actions were unreasonable or unjustified. Thus, we cannot say that the Board erred
as a matter of law in concluding that Claimant’s actions did not rise to the level of
willful misconduct.6        Because Employer failed to establish that Claimant
committed willful misconduct, Claimant did not need to establish good cause. See
McKeesport.


              Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Board’s
decision finding that Claimant is not ineligible for benefits under section 402(e) of
the Law.



                                           __________________________________
                                           JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge

Judge Brobson concurs in result only.




       6
          We cannot conclude, as a matter of law, that Claimant’s actions constituted willful
misconduct in the form of either a deliberate violation of Employer’s rules, a disregard of the
standards of behavior that an employer can rightfully expect of its employees or negligence
indicating an intentional disregard for the employer’s interests or the employee’s duties or
obligations.


                                              13
         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Pennsylvania Fish and             :
Boat Commission,                  :
                  Petitioner      :
                                  :
            v.                    : No. 1962 C.D. 2016
                                  :
Unemployment Compensation         :
Board of Review,                  :
                 Respondent       :


                                ORDER


            AND NOW, this 31st day of August, 2017, the order of the
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review in the above-captioned matter is
hereby affirmed.




                                  __________________________________
                                  JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge
