               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                         Docket No. 39483

STATE OF IDAHO,                                  )
                                                 )      2013 Opinion No. 11
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                     )
                                                 )      Filed: February 19, 2013
v.                                               )
                                                 )      Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
RICHARD W. WRIGHT,                               )
                                                 )
       Defendant-Appellant.                      )
                                                 )

       Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District, State of Idaho,
       Kootenai County. Hon. John T. Mitchell, District Judge; Hon. Penny Friedlander,
       Magistrate.

       Intermediate appellate decision of district court affirming magistrate court’s
       judgment of conviction, reversed.

       Richard K. Kuck, Coeur d’Alene, for appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Jessica M. Lorello, Deputy
       Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________
LANSING, Judge
       Richard W. Wright appeals from the district court’s appellate decision affirming Wright’s
misdemeanor conviction for leaving the scene of an accident. Wright asserts that the evidence
was insufficient to prove the offense.
                                                I.
                                         BACKGROUND
       On the morning of December 18, 2009, two witnesses observed Wright driving his
vehicle on an icy road. When Wright attempted to turn onto another street, his vehicle slid off
the road and hit a traffic sign, breaking the sign post and damaging his vehicle. He then reversed
his vehicle back onto the road and drove away. The two witnesses, who were driving behind
Wright when the accident occurred, followed him, obtained his license plate number, and
reported the accident to the police. Later that morning, a law enforcement officer contacted


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Wright by telephone, at which point Wright confirmed that he had been involved in an accident,
that he was aware that he knocked over a sign, and that he was intending to report the accident to
law enforcement. When the officer subsequently visited Wright at his workplace, however,
Wright denied that he had been involved in the accident, stating that another individual had been
driving his vehicle.
       Wright was subsequently cited for “leaving the scene of a property damage crash” under
Idaho Code section 49-1301 and, following a bench trial, was found guilty of a misdemeanor. In
an appeal to the district court, Wright asserted that the trial evidence was insufficient to support
the conviction and that I.C. § 49-1301 was inapplicable to his conduct. The district court
affirmed. Wright now appeals from the decision of the district court.
                                                II.
                                           ANALYSIS
       On review of a decision of the district court, rendered in its appellate capacity, we
examine the magistrate record to determine whether there is substantial and competent evidence
to support the magistrate’s findings of fact and whether the magistrate’s conclusions of law
follow from those findings. Losser v. Bradstreet, 145 Idaho 670, 672, 183 P.3d 758, 760 (2008);
State v. DeWitt, 145 Idaho 709, 711, 184 P.3d 215, 217 (Ct. App. 2008). When a criminal action
has been tried to a court sitting without a jury, appellate review of sufficiency of the evidence is
limited to ascertaining whether there is substantial evidence upon which the court could have
found that the prosecution met its burden of proving the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Bettwieser, 143 Idaho 582, 588, 149 P.3d 857, 863 (Ct. App. 2006);
State v. Smith, 139 Idaho 295, 298, 77 P.3d 984, 987 (Ct. App. 2003).
       Although Wright presents the issue on appeal as an ordinary sufficiency of the evidence
question, the parties’ divergent interpretations of the elements of the charged crime require that
we first address that question. 1 See State v. Billings, 137 Idaho 827, 829, 54 P.3d 470, 472 (Ct.
App. 2002).


1
         The district court concluded that Wright was precluded from challenging the sufficiency
of evidence on appeal because he did not expressly articulate the issue before the trial court. The
district court was incorrect, because sufficiency of the evidence may be raised for the first time
on appeal. See State v. Faught, 127 Idaho 873, 877, 908 P.2d 566, 570 (1995); State v. Ashley,
126 Idaho 694, 695, 889 P.2d 723, 724 (Ct. App. 1994).


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       Wright was charged with a violation of I.C. § 49-1301(1), which provides:
               The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident, either on public or
       private property open to the public, resulting only in damage to a vehicle which is
       driven or attended by any person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene
       of the accident, or as close as possible, and shall immediately return to, and in
       every event shall remain at, the scene of the accident until he has fulfilled the
       requirements of law.

The parties disagree on the type of accident that triggers the duty to stop under this statute.
Wright asserts that section 49-1301(1) applies only to drivers involved in multi-vehicle accidents
resulting in damage to a vehicle driven or attended by another person. The State asserts that the
statute also encompasses single-vehicle accidents when the driver’s own vehicle is damaged,
reasoning that the driver’s own vehicle is “driven or attended by any person.” The Idaho
Supreme Court has previously commented that it is unclear whether a driver whose car struck
and killed a horse must remain at the scene of the accident, and that I.C. § 49-1301 contains an
“inherent ambiguity” in such a circumstance. Munns v. Swift Transp. Co., Inc., 138 Idaho 108,
111, 58 P.3d 92, 95 (2002).
       The interpretation of a statute is an issue of law over which we exercise free review.
Aguilar v. Coonrod, 151 Idaho 642, 649-50, 262 P.3d 671, 678-79 (2011); State v. Reyes, 139
Idaho 502, 505, 80 P.3d 1103, 1106 (Ct. App. 2003). The words must be given their plain, usual,
and ordinary meaning, and the statute must be construed as a whole. State v. Hart, 135 Idaho
827, 829, 25 P.3d 850, 852 (2001). Where the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous,
this Court must give effect to the statute as written, without engaging in statutory construction.
State v. Burnight, 132 Idaho 654, 659, 978 P.2d 214, 219 (1999); State v. Escobar, 134 Idaho
387, 389, 3 P.3d 65, 67 (Ct. App. 2000). When this Court must engage in statutory construction
because an ambiguity exists, it has the duty to ascertain the legislative intent and give effect to
that intent. State v. Beard, 135 Idaho 641, 646, 22 P.3d 116, 121 (Ct. App. 2001). To ascertain
such intent, not only must the literal words of the statute be examined, but also the context of
those words within the statute and the statutory scheme, the public policy behind the statute, and
its legislative history. Id. See also State v. Jones, 151 Idaho 943, 946, 265 P.3d 1155, 1158 (Ct.
App. 2011). It is incumbent upon a court to give effect to all the words and provisions of the
statute so that none will be void, superfluous, or redundant. Idaho Dep’t of Health & Welfare v.
McCormick, 153 Idaho 468, 472, 283 P.3d 785, 789 (2012); Beard, 135 Idaho at 646, 22 P.3d at



                                                3
121. Constructions of an ambiguous statute that would lead to an absurd result are disfavored.
State v. Doe, 140 Idaho 271, 275, 92 P.3d 521, 525 (2004).
       We conclude that Wright is correct in his argument that section 49-1301(1) applies only
to drivers who have been involved in an accident with another vehicle driven or attended by
another person. First, the language in that subsection limiting its applicability to accidents
resulting in damage to a vehicle “which is driven or attended by any person” would be rendered
superfluous if the statute were interpreted as applying to single-vehicle accidents causing damage
to the driver’s own vehicle because the driver’s own vehicle will always be “driven or attended.”
As stated above, statutory interpretations that render some provisions of a statute void,
superfluous, or redundant are disfavored.
       Second, section 49-1301(1) requires a person to stop and remain at the scene “until he has
fulfilled the requirements of law.” Such “requirements of law” are imposed by section 49-1302,
which requires a driver to provide his or her name, address, and other pertinent information to
the driver or person attending any other involved vehicle. 2 So far as indicated in the statute, the
sole legislative purpose underlying the requirement to stop and remain at the scene of an accident
not resulting in personal injury is to facilitate the exchange of information between those
involved in the accident. Accord Munns, 138 Idaho at 111, 58 P.3d at 95; Idaho S. Judiciary
Comm. Minutes (Feb. 10, 1999, Feb. 22, 1999) (S.B. 1040). In the case of a single-car accident,
without injuries to a third party, there is no other person to whom the driver could provide
information at the scene. A requirement that a driver stop and remain at the scene absent any
person with whom to exchange information would be absurd, and section 49-1301 does not
require this--it imposes a duty to stop and remain at the scene only if there are some
“requirements of law” to fulfill there.




2
        Idaho Code section 49-1302 alternatively requires the driver to provide his information to
“the person struck.” However, that language became superfluous when the statute governing
accidents involving personal injury or death was removed from Title 49 of the Idaho Code and
placed in Title 18, section 8007. See 1988 Idaho Sess. Laws, ch. 265 at 549.


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       Hence, I.C. § 49-1301(1) can apply only when the accident involves a second attended
vehicle. 3 It follows that the State’s trial evidence here did not prove that Wright violated
section 49-1301 because it did not show that he was in an accident involving another attended
vehicle. 4 Accordingly, the district court’s decision on intermediate appeal is reversed.
       Judge GRATTON and Judge MELANSON CONCUR.




3
        This interpretation is encompassed in Idaho Criminal Jury Instruction 1036, which states
that to prove a violation of I.C. § 49-1301, “the state must prove . . . [the accident] resulted in
damage to another vehicle which was driven or attended by a person” (emphasis added).
4
        Another statute, I.C. § 49-1304, does impose duties upon a driver who is in an accident
resulting in damage to fixtures or other property upon or adjacent to a highway. It requires that
the driver “take reasonable steps to locate and notify the owner or person in charge of the
property” and provide that person information, similar to the information exchange required by
I.C. § 49-1302. Wright was not charged under this statute.

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