Opinion issued November 5, 2015




                                  In The

                          Court of Appeals
                                  For The

                      First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                          NO. 01-15-00469-CV
                        ———————————
          IN THE INTEREST OF J.-M. A.Y., A MINOR CHILD



                 On Appeal from the 313th District Court
                         Harris County, Texas
                   Trial Court Case No. 2014-01481J


                                     ****

                                  In The

                          Court of Appeals
                                  For The

                      First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                          NO. 01-15-00589-CV
                        ———————————
             IN THE INTEREST OF T.J.C., II, A MINOR CHILD



                    On Appeal from the 313th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Case No. 2014-01481J-A


                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      In these two appeals, J.T.D. (“Mother”) challenges the final judgments

signed by the trial court terminating her parental rights to her two sons, four-year-

old J.-M.A.Y. and eight-year-old T.J.C. Mother raises two identical issues in each

appeal in which she challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence

supporting the termination of her parental rights.

                                    Background

      On March 18, 2014, the Department of Family and Protective Services (“the

Department”) filed suit, requesting the trial court to issue temporary orders

appointing the Department as the temporary sole managing conservator of J.-

M.A.Y. and T.J.C. If family reunification could not be achieved, the Department

sought to terminate Mother’s parental rights to her children. The Department

offered the affidavit of its representative, Donna Lovings, to support its petition.

      In her affidavit, Lovings stated that, on March 3, 2014, the Department

received a referral regarding “neglectful supervision” by Mother of T.J.C.

According to the report, Mother had allowed an uncle to take T.J.C. with him to


                                           2
buy marijuana. The report also stated that Mother smokes marijuana when her

children are present. Lovings testified, “[Mother] has a history of mental illness

and is not on her medication.”

      After receiving the referral, Lovings conducted an investigation. Lovings

stated in her affidavit that, on March 10, 2014, she visited Mother and the children

at their home. According to Lovings, as soon as she entered the home, she smelled

a strong odor of marijuana. The children were present in the home at the time.

When Lovings informed Mother of the allegations that had been made, Mother

“became very emotional and aggressive by hitting on the door and cursing loudly.”

Lovings stated, “[Mother] would not cooperate with the interview and she

continued to have outbursts. [Mother] would answer her phone, curse, and would

not sit still long enough to hear the questions I asked.” Mother admitted to

Lovings that she smoked marijuana but denied smoking it with the children in the

same room. Mother also admitted that she would not pass a drug test. Mother

indicated to Lovings that she had not been taking her psychiatric medications.

Mother also told Lovings that she planned to check herself into a mental health

hospital.

      Lovings also testified in the affidavit that she had spoken with the oldest

child, T.J.C. T.J.C. had “disclosed that he’s afraid of his mother because she

curses him out and hits him with her fist in his arm. He stated that she also makes



                                         3
him do pushups and hits him with a hanger or belt in his side or stomach when he

gets into trouble.”     T.J.C. denied accompanying anyone to buy marijuana.

However, he told Lovings that Mother smoked marijuana in the home when he and

J.-M.A.Y. were there.

      On March 14, 2014, Lovings stated she learned that the children were in the

care of the maternal grandmother. Three days later, Lovings visited the home of

the grandmother. Mother was also present. Lovings testified that Mother stated

that she had been in the hospital and had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

During the visit, Mother “was again very aggressive.” She again admitted to using

marijuana but not in the children’s presence. Lovings told Mother that the children

needed to be placed in a safe environment outside of Mother’s care. Mother

agreed the children could stay with the maternal grandmother.

      Lovings also detailed the family’s CPS history. She explained that, in 2009,

CPS became involved when Mother was arrested for driving while under the

influence of marijuana with then two-year-old T.J.C. in the car. CPS again became

involved with the family in August 2012, when T.J.C.’s father did not supervise

him properly, and T.J.C. nearly drowned in a pool. During the investigation,

Mother was found not to be taking her psychiatric medication and tested positive

for marijuana. The case was closed when “safety factors were eliminated.”




                                        4
      CPS had last become involved in November 2013, when there was a report

that Mother was hitting T.J.C. in his “private parts . . . as punishment.” It was

determined that Mother had been off her psychiatric medications for five months.

Mother was reported to be “very aggressive and hostile.” The case was resolved

when Mother agreed to allow T.J.C. “to go with his father” until she stabilized on

her medication.

      Lovings’s affidavit also detailed Mother’s criminal history which included

illegal drug possession. In addition, Lovings’s affidavit indicated that T.J.C.’s

father had criminal charges pending against him for the offenses of injury to a

child and assault to a family member. Lovings further stated that the T.J.C.’s

father “has a long and concerning criminal history involving drugs.”

      Following the April 1, 2014 adversary hearing, at which Mother appeared,

the trial court signed an order appointing the Department as temporary managing

conservator of the children. Mother signed and agreed to follow a family service

plan. The plan set out several tasks and services for Mother to complete before she

would be reunited with her children. The service plan required Mother to complete

the following tasks and services: (1) participate in anger-management therapy; (2)

attend domestic-abuse classes; (3) actively participate in a psychiatric evaluation;

(4) complete parenting classes; (5) fully participate in a drug and alcohol

assessment; (6) follow all recommended in-patient or out-patient drug treatment



                                         5
programs; (7) submit to random drug testing, which must be negative at all times;

(8) maintain a legal form of employment; (9) acquire and maintain stable housing;

(10) maintain contact with her children; (11) refrain from engaging in illegal

activities; (12) maintain safe housing; (13) inform her caseworker of telephone and

address changes; (14) submit to a psycho-social evaluation; and (15) attend all

court hearings.

      The family service plan warned Mother as follows:

      This is a very important document. Its purpose is to help you provide
      your child with a safe environment within the reasonable period
      specified in the plan. If you are unwilling or unable to provide your
      child with a safe environment, your parental and custodial duties and
      rights may be restricted or terminated or your child may not be
      returned to you. There will be a court hearing at which a judge will
      review this service plan.

      After being removed from Mother, J.-M.A.Y. and T.J.C. were placed in

foster care for a number of months. In August 2014, the children went to live with

their maternal grandfather.

      In December 2014, on the motion of the Department, the trial court severed

the suit regarding T.J.C. from the suit regarding J.-M.A.Y. Although severed into

separate cause numbers, the two cases were tried together to the bench in April

2015. At trial, the Department sought to terminate the parent-child relationship

between Mother and the two children.




                                        6
      The Department presented evidence establishing that Mother tested positive

for marijuana and cocaine throughout the pendency of the case. The evidence

showed that, although she completed most of the family service plan’s tasks and

services, Mother did not complete the recommended drug-treatment programs.

Mother also did not submit to testing recommended to ensure that she was taking

her bipolar medication.

      The Department’s caseworker testified that T.J.C. told her he was afraid of

Mother because she would punch and hit him. T.J.C. also told the caseworker that,

“not only [was he] around marijuana, but marijuana was smoked in the same room

as him.”

      The evidence further showed that T.J.C. and J.-M.A.Y. were doing very well

in their grandfather’s care. The grandfather testified that he would be willing to

adopt the two children should the court decide to terminate the parents’ rights.

      At the end of trial, the trial court rendered judgment terminating the parent–

child relationship between Mother and her two children.1              Under each cause

number, the trial court found that clear and convincing evidence showed (1)


1
      J.-M.A.Y. and T.J.C. each have a different father. The trial court also terminated
      the parent-child relationship between each boy and his respective father. The
      fathers have not appealed. In addition, the maternal grandmother filed a petition
      in intervention, seeking to be appointed the boys’ sole managing conservator. The
      grandmother did not appear at trial, and the trial court denied her requested relief.
      The grandmother also has not appealed.


                                            7
Mother had knowingly placed or allowed the children to remain in conditions or

surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional well-being; (2) Mother

had engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who

engaged in conduct that endangered their physical or emotional well-being; (3)

Mother had failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically

established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of the children; and

(4) termination of her parental rights was in the children’s best interest. 2 The trial

court appointed the Department as the sole managing conservator of the two

children.

      These appeals followed. Mother raises the same two issues in each appeal,

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s findings.

                               Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In two issues, Mother claims that the evidence was not legally or factually

sufficient (1) to support the trial court’s predicate finding that she, or someone with

whom she placed the children, had engaged in endangering conduct or (2) to




2
      See Act of May 19, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 575, § 9, sec.
      161.001(1)(D),(E),(O), (2), 1997 Tex.Gen. Laws 2012, 2014–15, amended by Act
      of Mar. 30, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1, S.B. 219, art. 1, § 1.078, sec.
      161.001(b)(1)(D),(E),(O), (b)(2) (West, Westlaw through 2015 Reg. Sess.). We
      note that the recent amendment to section 161.001 does not affect the resolution of
      Mother’s appeal. Provisions identical in substance to the applicable provisions of
      the former version of the statute appear in the current version. However, the
      subsections have been renumbered.

                                           8
support the trial court’s determination that termination was in the children’s best

interests.

A.     Standard of Review

       Termination of parental rights requires proof by clear and convincing

evidence. Act of May 19, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 575, § 9, sec. 161.001(1),

1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2012, 2014–15 (amended 2015); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d

256, 263 (Tex. 2002). This heightened standard of review is mandated not only by

the Family Code but also by the Due Process Clause of the United States

Constitution. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Tex. 2012); see also Santosky v.

Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753–54, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1394–95 (1982) (recognizing

fundamental liberty interest parent has in his or her child and concluding that state

must provide parent with fundamentally fair procedures, including clear and

convincing evidentiary standard, when seeking to terminate parental rights). The

Family Code defines clear and convincing evidence as “the measure or degree of

proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as

to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 101.007 (Vernon 2014); J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 264. Here, the Department was

required to establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that Mother’s actions

satisfied one of the grounds listed in former Family Code section 161.001(1) and

that termination was in the children’s best interest. See Act of May 19, 1997, 75th



                                          9
Leg., R.S., ch. 575, § 9, sec. 161.001(1), (2), 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2012, 2014–15

(amended 2015).

      When determining legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the trial court’s finding “to determine whether a reasonable trier

of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.”

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. To give appropriate deference to the fact finder’s

conclusions, we must assume that the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of

its finding if a reasonable fact finder could do so. Id. We disregard all evidence

that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved or found to have been

incredible. Id. This does not mean that we must disregard all evidence that does

not support the finding. Id. The disregard of undisputed facts that do not support

the finding could skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing

evidence. Id. Therefore, in conducting a legal-sufficiency review in a parental-

termination case, we must consider all of the evidence, not only that which favors

the verdict. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 817 (Tex. 2005).

      In determining a factual-sufficiency point, the higher burden of proof in

termination cases also alters the appellate standard of review. In re C.H., 89

S.W.3d 17, 25–26 (Tex. 2002). “[A] finding that must be based on clear and

convincing evidence cannot be viewed on appeal the same as one that may be

sustained on a mere preponderance.” Id. at 25. In considering whether evidence



                                        10
rises to the level of being clear and convincing, we must consider whether the

evidence is sufficient to reasonably form in the mind of the fact finder a firm belief

or conviction as to the truth of the allegation sought to be established. Id. We

consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not

have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at

266. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable

factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a fact

finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the

evidence is factually insufficient.” Id.

      We give due deference to the fact finder’s findings, and we cannot substitute

our own judgment for that of the fact finder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108

(Tex. 2006). The fact finder is the sole arbiter when assessing the credibility and

demeanor of witnesses. Id. at 109.

      We are mindful that the natural rights that exist between parents and their

children are of constitutional dimension. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.

1985). Therefore, termination proceedings should be strictly scrutinized, and the

involuntary termination statutes should be strictly construed in favor of the parent.

Id. at 20–21; see also In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 563 (Tex. 2012). However,

“[j]ust as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional underpinnings of

the parent–child relationship, it is also essential that emotional and physical



                                           11
interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.” C.H., 89

S.W.3d at 26; see also In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 240 (Tex. 2013).

B.    Unchallenged Predicate Findings

      In her first issue, Mother asserts that the evidence was legally and factually

insufficient to support the trial court’s predicate statutory finding that termination

was warranted under former Family Code subsection 161.001(1)(E) because

Mother had engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons

who engaged in conduct that endangered their physical or emotional well-being.

However, the trial court also found that termination of Mother’s parental rights was

warranted under subsections (D) and (O).           Mother does not challenge these

predicate grounds. Because the judgment could be affirmed on these unchallenged

grounds, we uphold the judgment concerning the statutory grounds for termination

and do not address Mother’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under

subsection (E). See Fletcher v. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 277 S.W.3d

58, 64 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.); Conti v. Tex. Dept. of Family

& Protective Services, 01–10–00185–CV, 2011 WL 286143, at *4 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 27, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also In re A.V., 113

S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) (holding that only one predicate finding under

section 161.001(1) is necessary to support termination judgment when there is also

finding that termination is in child’s best interest).



                                           12
      We overrule Mother’s first issue in each appeal.

C.    Best-Interest Finding

             1.    Applicable Legal Principles

      There is a strong presumption that the best interest of the child will be

served by preserving the parent–child relationship. See In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d

112, 116 (Tex. 2006). Prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe

environment is also presumed to be in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 263.307(a) (West, Westlaw through 2015 R. Sess.). 3 Among others, the

following factors should be considered in evaluating the parent’s willingness and

ability to provide the child with a safe environment: (1) the child’s age and

physical and mental vulnerabilities; (2) the frequency and nature of out-of-home

placements; (3) the magnitude, frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the

child; (4) whether the child has been the victim of repeated harm after the initial

report and intervention by the Department; (5) whether the child is fearful of living

in or returning to the child’s home; (6) the results of psychiatric, psychological, or

developmental evaluations of the child, the child’s parents, other family members,

or others who have access to the child’s home; (7) whether there is a history of

3
      The Texas Legislature recently amended Family Code section 263.307. See Act of
      Mar. 30, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1, S.B. 219, art. 1, § 1.181, sec. 263.307
      (West, Westlaw through 2015 Reg. Sess.). However, the revisions to the statute
      were minor and did not change the statutory language cited herein. Nor did the
      amendment affect the numbering of the statutory provisions. Thus, we cite to the
      current version of the statute.

                                         13
abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who have access to

the child’s home; (8) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child's

family or others who have access to the child’s home; (9) whether the perpetrator

of the harm to the child is identified; (10) the willingness and ability of the child’s

family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with

and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision; (11) the willingness and

ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental and personal changes

within a reasonable period of time; (12) whether the child’s family demonstrates

adequate parenting skills, including providing the child and other children under

the family’s care with minimally adequate health and nutritional care, guidance

and supervision, and a safe physical home environment; and (13) whether an

adequate social support system consisting of an extended family and friends is

available to the child. Id. § 263.307(b); R.R., 209 S.W.3d at 116.

      The Supreme Court of Texas has set out some additional factors that courts

may consider when determining the best interest of the child, including: (1) the

desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in

the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;

(4) the parental abilities of the individual seeking custody; (5) the programs

available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child; (6) the

plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody; (7) the



                                          14
stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent

that may indicate that the existing parent–child relationship is not a proper one; and

(9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley v. Adams, 544

S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). This is not an exhaustive list, and a court need

not have evidence on every element listed in order to make a valid finding as to the

child’s best interest. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. While no one factor is controlling,

analysis of a single factor may be adequate in a particular factual situation to

support a finding that termination is in the best interest of the child. See In re A.P.,

184 S.W.3d 410, 414 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.).

      The evidence supporting the statutory grounds for termination may also be

used to support a finding that the best interest of the child warrants termination of

the parent–child relationship. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28; In re H.D., No. 01–12–

00007–CV, 2013 WL 1928799, at *13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 9,

2013, no pet.). Furthermore, in conducting the best-interest analysis, a court may

consider not only direct evidence but also may consider circumstantial evidence,

subjective factors, and the totality of the evidence. See H.D., 2013 WL 1928799,

at *13.

      2.     Analysis

      Multiple factors support the trial court’s determination that termination of

Mother’s parental rights was in the children’s best interest. The trial court heard



                                          15
evidence that Mother had engaged in chronic, reoccurring illegal drug use.

Parental drug abuse reflects poor judgment and may be a factor to be considered in

determining a child’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(8)

(providing that courts may consider whether there is history of substance abuse by

child’s family). Evidence relating to Mother’s involvement with illegal drugs

supported the trial court’s best interest finding under the following Holley factors:

the children’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future; the emotional

and physical danger to the children now and in the future; and acts or omissions

indicating that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one. See

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72 (listed above as Holley factors two, three, and

eight). A parent’s drug use has also been found to be a condition that can indicate

instability in the home environment. In re J.M., No. 01–14–00826–CV, 2015 WL

1020316, at *7 (Tex. App. Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 5, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.).

         The evidence showed that Mother had been involved with illegal drugs for

many years.      T.L.C.’s father testified that he and Mother smoked marijuana

together when they were a couple. They have been separated more than eight

years.     The evidence showed that Mother was convicted of the offense of

possession of marijuana in 2009, when T.J.C. was two years old.

         At trial, Mother admitted that, in early 2014, she was selling crack cocaine

as a means to make money. Mother stated that she stopped selling cocaine when



                                          16
the Department began investigating this case in March 2014. She indicated that if

the Department had not gotten involved, she would still be selling cocaine. In

addition, the caseworker testified that T.J.C. told her a number of times that

marijuana was used in the home while he was present. We note that a parent’s

exercise of poor judgment currently and in the past demonstrates an inability to

provide adequate care for a child. Id.

      Mother denied the allegation that T.J.C. went along to buy marijuana.

Mother admitted to smoking marijuana but testified that she last smoked marijuana

in March 2014. Mother also denied that she had used cocaine. Despite Mother’s

claims, the Department offered evidence, in the form of both lab reports and

testimony, showing that Mother had used marijuana and cocaine throughout the

pendency of the case. Mother was tested for drugs in April 2014, May 2014, July

2014, August 2014, December 2014, and March 2015. Mother did not have a

negative drug test at any point during the case.

      Mother tested positive for having ingested cocaine in July 2014 and in

March 2015. The outside of her hair tested positive for cocaine in April 2014, May

2014, and December 2014, indicating that Mother had been in an environment

where cocaine had been present. She also tested positive for ingesting marijuana

in April 2014, May 2014, December 2014, and March 2015. The outside of

Mother’s hair tested positive for marijuana in August 2014.



                                         17
      Mother testified that she had been unsuccessfully discharged from drug

counseling because she had tested positive for cocaine. The caseworker testified

that, under the family service plan, Mother had been directed to complete an in-

patient drug treatment program to address her continuing cocaine use.             The

caseworker stated that Mother had not complied with this requirement. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(10) (providing that courts may consider the

willingness and ability of child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete

counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s

close supervision). Mother’s failure to complete her drug services is particularly

relevant because the reason the children came into the Department’s custody was

related to Mother’s drug use. In making the best-interest determination, courts

may consider the willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect positive

environmental and personal changes within a reasonable period of time. See id.

§ 263.307(b)(11). Moreover, a factfinder may infer from a parent’s failure to take

the initiative to complete the services required to regain possession of her children

that she does not have the ability to motivate herself to seek out available resources

needed now or in the future. See J.M., 2015 WL 1020316, at *7; see also Holley,

544 S.W.2d at 371–72 (listing as best-interest factor parental abilities of individual

seeking custody).




                                         18
      The evidence also showed that Mother has bipolar disorder. At trial, Mother

testified that she is taking medication for this condition. However, the caseworker

testified that Mother had failed to submit to blood testing to confirm that she was

taking her medication. From this, the trial court could have inferred that Mother

was not in compliance with her medication needs. Non-compliance with her

psychiatric medication is not consistent with providing a safe and stable

environment for the children. See In re L.L.F., No. 02–11–00485–CV, 2012 WL

2923291, at *16–17 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 19, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(considering parent’s failure to take prescribed medication for bipolar disorder as

factor in determining whether termination was in best interest of child).

      In addition, evidence was presented at trial indicating that Mother had been

physically abusive to T.J.C. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(5), (7)

(providing that courts may consider whether child is fearful of living in or

returning to child’s home and whether there is history of abusive or assaultive

conduct by child’s family). The caseworker testified that T.J.C. told her that he

was afraid of Mother. T.J.C. confided to the caseworker that Mother had punched

him in his leg and in his arm. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72 (listing emotional

and physical danger to child now and in future and parental abilities of individual

seeking custody as factors). Relevant to this, the evidence showed that Mother had

completed her anger management class. However, at trial, the caseworker testified



                                         19
that she had observed Mother raise her fist to T.J.C.’s father while they were in the

courtroom.     The caseworker then saw Mother’s father escort her out of the

courtroom.     The caseworker testified that, to her, this behavior indicated that

Mother had not “learned anything from anger management” classes. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(11) (listing willingness and ability of child’s family

to effect positive personal changes within a reasonable period of time as a factor to

consider).

      We note that evidence was presented weighing in Mother’s favor regarding

the best-interest determination.   Evidence showed that Mother had completed

many of the tasks and services required in the family service plan. Mother also

testified that she was living with her mother and that she was earning a living as a

hairdresser.    However, “evidence of improved conduct, especially of short-

duration, does not conclusively negate the probative value of a long history of drug

use and irresponsible choices.” In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2009).

Importantly, the evidence indicated that Mother continued to struggle with drug

abuse, the issue that had led to the children being placed in the Department’s care.

      Mother also acknowledged that the children had been taken into CPS

custody and placed in foster care at least two other times because of her behavior.

Mother agreed that it was not fair to her children that they had been placed in

foster care three times during their lives.          See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.



                                         20
§ 263.307(b)(2) (providing that courts may consider frequency and nature of out-

of-home placements as factor).

      Lastly, evidence was presented relevant to future plans for the children. See

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72 (listed above as Holley factor six). The evidence

showed that the children have been living with their maternal grandfather since

August 2014. The caseworker testified that the two boys are doing “very well” in

their grandfather’s care. She stated that both children are developmentally on

target and do not have special needs. T.J.C. is doing well in school, making all

“As.” She indicated that T.J.C. has some behavioral issues but that those problems

are being addressed.

      Although she wanted her children returned to her care, Mother does not

dispute that her father is providing a safe, stable, and nurturing environment for the

children. With regard to the care her father is providing, Mother testified:

      He takes [the children] to school. He picks them up. They eat great
      meals everyday. They mow the yard with him. They do manly things
      that should be done. You know what I’m sayin’? They go out places.
      Baseball games, . . . basketball. He keeps them involved in YMCA
      activities. It’s a lot. I mean, I can go on for days about what he does
      for them.

      In her brief, Mother asserts that the evidence was not legally and factually

sufficient to support the best-interest finding because the evidence showed that

“the maternal grandfather did not want to adopt the children.” Mother points out

that the grandfather stated that it was not his desire to adopt the children. She also


                                         21
points to the testimony of a child advocate, who stated that the grandfather “has

stated to us, even today, that adoption is not what he is going for.” Mother,

however, takes this evidence out of context.

      The grandfather testified that he was willing to provide long-term care for

his grandsons. He explained that he was not actively seeking to adopt the children.

Rather, he had hoped his daughter would turn her life around by getting off drugs

so that she could regain custody of her children. When asked directly whether he

would adopt the boys if the parents’ rights were terminated, the grandfather

testified that he would adopt them.

      In any event, although the Supreme Court of Texas has stated that

“[e]vidence about placement plans and adoption are, of course, relevant to best

interest,” the court made clear that “the lack of evidence about definitive plans for

permanent placement and adoption cannot be the dispositive factor; otherwise,

determinations regarding best interest would regularly be subject to reversal on the

sole ground that an adoptive family has yet to be located.” C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28.

“Instead, the inquiry is whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably

form a firm conviction or belief that termination of the parent’s rights would be in




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the child’s best interest—even if the agency is unable to identify with precision the

child’s future home environment.” 4 Id.; accord E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 250.

      After viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the best-

interest finding, we conclude that the evidence was sufficiently clear and

convincing that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or

conviction that termination of the parent–child relationship between Mother and

her children was in the children’s best interest. We further conclude that, viewed

in light of the entire record, any disputed evidence could have been reconciled in

favor of the trial court’s finding that termination of the parent–child relationship

between Mother and the children was in the children’s best interest or was not so

significant that the trial court could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction that termination was in the children’s best interest. Therefore, after

considering the relevant factors under the appropriate standards of review, we hold

the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding

that termination of the parent–child relationship was in the children’s best interest.

      We overrule Mother’s second issue in each appeal.




4
      We note that evidence regarding a number of the Holley factors was not presented.
      However, the Department is not required to prove all of the factors as a “condition
      precedent” to termination, and the absence of some factors does not bar the
      factfinder from finding by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in a
      child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002).

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                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgments of the trial court.




                                             Laura Carter Higley
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Brown.




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