
619 F.Supp.2d 372 (2009)
Ronald A. BROWN, Petitioner,
v.
Rick JANSEN, Respondent.
Case No. 1:08-cv-591.
United States District Court, W.D. Michigan, Southern Division.
June 1, 2009.
*375 Ronald A. Brown, Standish, MI, pro se.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT APPROVING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
ROBERT J. JONKER, District Judge.
The Court has reviewed the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation (docket # 10), and Petitioner's objection to it (docket # 13). Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, where, as here, a party has objected to portions of a Report and Recommendation, "[t]he district judge . . . has a duty to reject the magistrate judge's recommendation unless, on de novo reconsideration, he or she finds it justified." 12 WRIGHT, MILLER, & MARCUS, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 3070.2, at 381 (2d ed.1997). Specifically, the Rules provide that:
The district judge must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge's disposition that has been properly objected to. The district judge may accept, reject, or modify the recommended disposition; receive further evidence; or return the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions.
FED.R.CIV.P. 72(b)(3); see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). De novo review in these circumstances requires at least a review of the evidence before the Magistrate Judge. Hill v. Duriron Co., 656 F.2d 1208, 1215 (6th Cir.1981).
The Report and Recommendation recommends that Petitioner's habeas corpus *376 petition be summarily dismissed for failure to raise a meritorious federal claim. Petitioner makes multiple objections to the Report and Recommendation, but those objections merely restate his general argument or pertain to inconsequential details. Ultimately, none of the objections undermines the conclusion of the Magistrate Judge. After a de novo review of the record, the Court finds that Petitioner's habeas corpus petition is without merit, and the petition is summarily dismissed.

I. Background
Petitioner currently is incarcerated in the Michigan Department of Corrections facility at Camp Branch. His original sentence of conviction arises out of his role in a 1992 armed robbery. Petitioner has been paroled on three separate occasions, but, on each occasion, he has had parole revoked for violating the terms or conditions of his release. His habeas petition challenges the Michigan Parole Board's decision to revoke his parole for the third time.

II. Petitioner's Due Process Claim
Petitioner alleges that his substantive Due Process rights were violated in his December 2004 parole revocation hearing because (1) various police officers or probation officials lied under oath at the hearing; and (2) the hearing examiner doctored the audio tape and transcript of the hearing.
The parole revocation hearing examiner heard testimony from multiple witnesses. Petitioner, who was represented by counsel at the hearing, cross-examined those witnesses, called his own witnesses, and testified on his own behalf. Ultimately, the hearing examiner chose to credit the testimony of persons who Petitioner alleges were lying. The hearing examiner's credibility determinations are findings of fact that this Court must presume to be correct. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Lancaster v. Adams, 324 F.3d 423, 429 (6th Cir.2003). Petitioner presents no evidence that the hearing examiner's decision to credit the testimony of these witnesses was "objectively unreasonable in light of the evidence presented." See Thompkins v. Berghuis, 547 F.3d 572, 586 (6th Cir.2008); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). Thus, Petitioner fails to satisfy his burden of showing by "clear and convincing evidence" that the factual findings of the parole hearing examiner should be set aside. See Lancaster, 324 F.3d at 429. Additionally, there is no evidence in the record to support Petitioner's allegations that the parole revocation hearing tapes and transcripts have been doctored. Petitioner's Due Process claim must be dismissed.

III. Petitioner's Ex Post Facto Claim
Petitioner alleges the Michigan Parole Board violated the Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States Constitution by sentencing him to a sixty-month continuance for his parole violation. The gravamen of Petitioner's argument is that he would have received a lesser continued sentence but for the so-called "Zero Gun Tolerance Policy" announced by Governor Jennifer Granholm in July 2004, thirteen months after Petitioner was paroled for the third time, and three months before he was caught with a weapon, triggering his most recent parole revocation.[1]
The Ex Post Facto Clause prohibits enactments that "retroactively alter the definition of crimes or increase the punishment for criminal acts." Cal. Dept. *377 of Corr. v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499, 504, 115 S.Ct. 1597, 131 L.Ed.2d 588 (1995). In this case, the Magistrate Judge recommended dismissal of Petitioner's ex post facto claim in part because he found that the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy did not apply retroactively insofar as Governor Granholm announced the Policy before Petitioner was caught with a weapon. (Report and Recommendation, docket # 10, at 388-89.) This aspect of the Report and Recommendation is incorrect. Sanctions for violation of parole are part of the penalty of the initial offense of conviction. See Johnson v. United States, 529 U.S. 694, 700, 120 S.Ct. 1795, 146 L.Ed.2d 727 (2000) (analyzing sanctions for violation of federal supervised release). Petitioner's initial offense of conviction predates the policy, thus application of that policy to him is technically "retroactive" within the meaning of the Ex Post Facto Clause, even though he actually had advance notice of it. See id. But just because a policy is technically "retroactive," does not mean it violates Petitioner's rights under the Ex Post Facto Clause. Id. at 699, 120 S.Ct. 1795. Rather, Petitioner bears the burden of showing that the policy, as applied to him, created a "significant risk" that his actual length of incarceration would be greater than it was at the time he committed armed robbery in 1992. Garner v. Jones, 529 U.S. 244, 255, 120 S.Ct. 1362, 146 L.Ed.2d 236 (2000); see also Johnson, 529 U.S. at 699, 120 S.Ct. 1795. Because Petitioner cannot make this showing, his petition must be dismissed.
At first blush, it seems odd to apply ex post facto analysis to a parole decision that is by design and practice a quintessentially discretionary call. As long as the parole board's decision does not result in the offender serving more time than the maximum sentence permissible for his offense of conviction at the time of conviction, how is the quantum of potential punishment changed in any way that violates the reasonable expectations of the offender? Garner, 529 U.S. at 258, 120 S.Ct. 1362 (Scalia, J. concurring) ("Any sensible application of the Ex Post Facto Clause. . . must draw a distinction between the penalty that a person can anticipate for the commission of a particular crime, and the opportunities for mercy or clemency that may go to the reduction of the penalty."). Indeed, in the analogous analytical context of a due process challenge to denial of parole, courts routinely articulate the rationale for rejecting the claim in precisely these terms. See, e.g., Sweeton v. Brown, 27 F.3d 1162, 1164-65 (6th Cir.1994) (en banc) ("Michigan procedural limitations do not detract from the broad powers of the Michigan authorities to deny parole. So long as the parole discretion is broad, as in Michigan, the State has not created a constitutionally protected liberty interest by enacting procedural rules.") (internal footnotes and quotations omitted). There is a seeming inconsistency in holding that the discretionary nature of Michigan's parole system prevents a prisoner from obtaining a liberty interest in early release but does not prevent the same prisoner from bringing an ex post facto challenge to the standards or procedures by which the parole board decides whether such early release is appropriate.[2]Cf. Garner, 529 U.S. at *378 258-59, 120 S.Ct. 1362 (Scalia, J. concurring).
But notwithstanding these inconsistent strands of analysis, it is well established that retroactive changes to laws, rules, or policies governing parole may in certain circumstances violate the Ex Post Facto Clause, even if the actual custodial time served is within the statutorily allowed maximum sentence. Garner, 529 U.S. at 244, 120 S.Ct. 1362. Analysis of ex post facto concerns is particularly difficult in the parole context because parole is built on the idea of discretion. Id.; see also M.C.L. §§ 791.234, 791.240a (outlining the discretion afforded the Michigan Parole Board); Sweeton, 27 F.3d at 1164 (discussing the Michigan Parole Board's "broad" discretionary powers). The very idea of discretion is that "it has the capacity, and the obligation, to change and adapt based on experience." Garner, 529 U.S. at 253, 120 S.Ct. 1362. For the purposes of ex post facto analysis then, the Court must take into account the broad discretion afforded the Michigan Parole Board in applying the "significant risk" standard. Id. The operational question is whether the complained of change in the parole process was so fundamental and dramatic that there is now a significant risk not just of more time in custody, but so much more time that it was not within the offender's range of reasonable contemplation at the time of the offense, even considering the ebbs and flows of discretion and experience embedded in the parole system.
Petitioner cannot possibly make that showing in this case. Petitioner concedes that, under the terms of his parole, he was prohibited from possessing a weapon or associating with anyone who possesses a weapon. (See Petitioner's Objections, docket # 13, at 12.) Upon finding that a parolee has violated the terms of his or her parole, the parole board may send the parolee back to prison for any term up to the maximum term remaining on the original sentence. M.C.L. § 791.238; McGruder v. Renico, 58 Fed.Appx. 111, 112 (6th Cir.2003). At the time he was caught with a weapon, Petitioner still had over seven years remaining on his sentence. Thus the parole board could have ordered a continuance in excess of the five years Petitioner actually received, particularly considering that Petitioner's initial offense of conviction also involved use of a weapon, and that he had repeatedly violated the terms of his parole. Petitioner's assertion that he would have received a lesser continuance but for the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy is pure speculation.[3] Petitioner presents no evidence that the policy limits in any way the Board's discretion to issue a lesser continuance. In fact, Petitioner *379 provides no documentation of what the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy is, how it is applied, or how (if at all) it changed prior practice or policy. Petitioner's only cited authority for the policy is a January 2005 "Prisoner Pre-Release Notice" form stating:
If you violate your parole granted by the Michigan Parole Board, by owning or possessing a firearm or imitation of a firearm or are in the company of anyone you know to possess these items, without prior permission from your agent, your parole will be revoked and you will serve an additional 60 months in prison for the violation.
(Habeas Petition, docket # 1, Exhibit N) (emphasis in original). This general warning issued for the benefit of the parolee says nothing about the overall scope of the policy or how it is applied in practice. It is not law. It is not a regulation or rule. It is not an enactment in any legal sense. It is, however, unequivocal and unambiguous notice to this very Petitioner that he will receive no less than sixty months if he violates parole by possessing a weapon. He did so violate his parole, and he did receive the sixty month continuance. In the absence of any authoritative evidence of what the actual policy is or how it is applied in practice, Petitioner cannot maintain a claim under the Ex Post Facto Clause.[4]See Garner, 529 U.S. at 255, 120 S.Ct. 1362; see also Morales 514 U.S. 499, 115 S.Ct. 1597.
On this record, Petitioner's ex post facto claim is nothing more than an unsupported allegation that a nebulous "policy" summarized in a press release and referenced by the parole violation hearing examiner resulted in some un-quantified disadvantage to him. But to state an ex post facto claim, Petitioner must show that the policy creates "a significant risk of increasing punishment for a crime beyond that prescribed when the crime was committed." McGruder v. Renico, 58 Fed. Appx. 111, 112 (6th Cir.2003) (citing Garner, 529 U.S. at 255-56, 120 S.Ct. 1362). The Zero Gun Tolerance Policy does not evidence such a risk on its face, and there is no indication that practical application of that policy to parolees in Petitioner's position results in a significant risk of periods of incarceration longer than the periods reasonably contemplated by the normal exercise of the Parole Board's discretion as the Board adapts based on experience. Cf. Garner, 529 U.S. at 255, 120 S.Ct. 1362. Petitioner has been released on parole three times. He has violated parole three times. His continuance was well within the authorized term under Michigan law. At best, his ex post facto claim can be read to allege that the Michigan Parole Board, at Governor Granholm's direction, has toughened its stance on parolees who possess a weapon in violation of their parole. But as Justice Scalia noted in his Garner concurrence, "[d]iscretion to be compassionate or harsh is inherent in the sentencing [and parole] scheme, and being denied compassion is one of the risks that the offender knowingly assumes." 529 U.S. at 258, 120 S.Ct. 1362. Consequently, Petitioner cannot state a claim under the Ex Post Facto Clause. See id.; Cf. McGruder, 58 Fed.Appx. at 112 (holding that the Michigan Parole Board's decision to lengthen the period of time between parole *380 hearings did not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause).

IV. Certificate of Appealability
Before Petitioner may appeal the Court's dismissal of his petition, a certificate of appealability must issue. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A); FED. R.APP. P. 22(b)(1). The Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure extend to district judges the authority to issue certificates of appealability. FED. R.APP. P. 22(b); see also Castro v. United States, 310 F.3d 900, 901-02 (6th Cir.2002). Thus the Court must either issue a certificate of appealability indicating which issues satisfy the required showing or provide reasons why such a certificate should not issue. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3); FED. R.APP. P. 22(b)(1); In re Certificates of Appealability, 106 F.3d 1306, 1307 (6th Cir.1997).
A certificate of appealability may issue "only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To make the required "substantial showing," the petitioner must demonstrate that "reasonable jurists would find the district court's assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong." Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 338, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003) (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 146 L.Ed.2d 542 (2000)).
Petitioner has not made the required "substantial showing" in this case. Reasonable jurists could not debate the outcome of any of Petitioner's claims, and therefore Petitioner should not be allowed to proceed further. See id.
ACCORDINGLY, IT IS ORDERED that the Report and Recommendation of the Magistrate Judge, filed on October 29, 2008, is approved and adopted as the opinion of the court as further supplemented or modified by this Order.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that:
1. Petitioner's petition for a writ of habeas corpus is summarily DISMISSED for failure to raise a meritorious federal claim; and
2. A certificate of appealability is DENIED.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
HUGH W. BRENNEMAN, JR., United States Magistrate Judge.
This is a habeas corpus action brought by a state prisoner pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Promptly after the filing of a petition for habeas corpus, the Court must undertake a preliminary review of the petition to determine whether "it plainly appears from the face of the petition and any exhibits annexed to it that the petitioner is not entitled to relief in the district court." Rule 4, RULES GOVERNING § 2254 CASES; see 28 U.S.C. § 2243. If so, the petition must be summarily dismissed. Rule 4; see Allen v. Perini, 26 Ohio Misc. 149, 424 F.2d 134, 141 (6th Cir.1970) (district court has the duty to "screen out" petitions that lack merit on their face). A dismissal under Rule 4 includes those petitions which raise legally frivolous claims, as well as those containing factual allegations that are palpably incredible or false. Carson v. Burke, 178 F.3d 434, 436-37 (6th Cir.1999). After undertaking the review required by Rule 4, I recommend that the petition be dismissed for lack of merit in the grounds presented.

Discussion

I. Factual allegations

Petitioner Ronald A. Brown presently is incarcerated with the Michigan Department of Corrections and housed at Camp Branch. He pleaded guilty to armed robbery, *381 MICH. COMP. LAWS § 750.529, unlawfully driving away an automobile, MICH. COMP. LAWS § 750.413, and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MICH. COMP. LAWS § 750.227b. On June 3, 1992, he was sentenced to concurrent terms of imprisonment of four to twenty years and one to five years on the first two counts and two terms of two years on each of the felony-firearm offenses, to run consecutively to each of the other offenses. At this time, he has been discharged on the offense of unlawfully driving away an automobile and on one count of felony-firearm, as he has completed his maximum sentences on those offenses.
Petitioner has been paroled on three occasions. In his petition, he complains that his third parole revocation was unconstitutional, as he was not guilty of having committed the parole violation of which he was found guilty on December 7, 2004. Because the parole violation involved the possession of a firearm, under Michigan parole procedures, Petitioner is not eligible for parole for five years.
According to the transcript of the parole hearing, on October 22, 2004, Parole Officer William Switzer and about five other law enforcement officers went to Petitioner's mother's house, where Petitioner was living following his release on parole. (Pet., App'x A, Hrg. Tr. at 4-5, docket # 1-3.) Plaintiff was at work when the officers arrived. Switzer testified that Petitioner's mother answered the door. (Id. at 5.) Switzer introduced himself as Petitioner's parole officer and explained that he was there to search the area of the home over which Petitioner exercised control. Petitioner's mother allowed the officers into the home. When he got inside, Switzer asked Petitioner's mother and his step-brother, Gregory McCrimon, whether there were any offensive weapons or illegal substances in the home. (Id.) The two residents advised Switzer that there was a rifle upstairs in Petitioner's bedroom. Switzer and another officer went upstairs and found an unloaded .22 caliber rifle in a metal case under the bed in the room in which they understood Petitioner slept. They found no ammunition in the room. (Id.) The officers took the rifle and turned it over to the Detroit Police Department. (Id.) As they left, they told Petitioner's mother to have Petitioner report to the parole office on the following Monday. (Id.) Switzer testified that, while it appeared that someone was living in the space, they did not investigate whether there was anything in the room to indicate that the occupant was Petitioner. (Id. at 5, 9.) According to Switzer, when he spoke with Petitioner following his arrest, Petitioner told Switzer that he slept on the couch downstairs and that the downstairs was his area of immediate control. He denied knowing that the rifle was in the room upstairs. (Id. at 8.) Switzer testified that Petitioner's step-brother, Mr. McCrimon, stated that the rifle belonged to him but that the brothers shared it. Switzer acknowledged, however, that he did not put McCrimon's statement in his report. (Id. at 8-9.) Switzer also acknowledged that, since shortly after his parole in June 2003, Petitioner had been steadily employed, had participated in a drug treatment program, had no parole infractions, and had never had a urine sample test positive for controlled substances. (Id. at 39.)
On Monday, Petitioner went to the parole office. Switzer was not present at the time, but Switzer's supervisor, Tracie Vaught, took Petitioner into custody. Vaught spoke with Petitioner at that time. She testified at the parole hearing that Petitioner "indicated to me that, he knew the rifle was there and he knew it was wrong." (Id. at 12.) Vaught further testified *382 that Petitioner had offered no other information. (Id.) At some point, Vaught received a telephone call from Petitioner's step-brother, Mr. McCrimon, who inquired about the process of the parole violation and wondered when he could retrieve his rifle. Mr. McCrimon told Vaught that the rifle was his, not his brother's. He also tried to explain Petitioner's efforts to conform with the conditions of parole. According to Vaught, McCrimon did not say whether Petitioner had knowledge of the rifle, and Vaught had been told by Petitioner himself that he knew the weapon was in the home. (Id. at 13.)
Three witnesses testified for the defense: Petitioner's step-brother, Gregory McCrimon, Petitioner's mother, Brenda McCrimon, and Petitioner. Gregory McCrimon testified that he was living in the home and present on the day of the search. (Id. at 16.) When the officers asked to search and in response to the officers' questions about guns, Mr. McCrimon told them that he had a permit to carry a gun and that his .22 caliber rifle was present in the house. He told the officers the gun was unloaded and that it was upstairs, either under his old bed or in his closet. (Id. at 17-18, 20.) McCrimon also told them that he had acquired the gun while living in another residence. (Id. at 18.) Mr. McCrimon denied ever having told the police that the gun belonged to both his brother and himself. (Id. at 20.) When he told the officers that the weapon was in the house, they wanted Mr. McCrimon to take them to it. He then took them upstairs, where they retrieved the gun and began looking through all of the family possessions that were in the upstairs attic space. (Id. at 18-19.) According to Mr. McCrimon, the house was a bungalow, with no real second floor. Instead, the upstairs space was an unfinished attic space that the family was attempting to finish. (Id. at 19.) Mr. McCrimon testified that his brother slept downstairs on the couch, had never to his knowledge had gone to the attic, and had no knowledge that the gun existed. (Id. at 20-21.) Mr. McCrimon asked Switzer why he was taking his gun, as it was legal and McCrimon had a permit for it. Switzer told Mr. McCrimon that it was illegal for a felon to live in the house with a gun, and McCrimon told Switzer that he had not known that. (Id. at 21.) McCrimon testified that he understood that the police were taking his gun in order for his brother to stay in the house, and he voluntarily agreed to give up the gun. (Id. at 22, 24.) Mr. McCrimon explained that he was living away from the home and engaged to be married when Petitioner was still locked up. When his engagement broke off, he moved back into his mother's house, and brought the gun with him. (Id. at 21.) Petitioner had just been released out on his second parole when McCrimon moved back into the house. (Id. at 23.) He testified that the bed in the attic was his childhood bed, and that he had purchased a new one and moved the old bed to the attic. (Id. at 22.)
Brenda McCrimon testified that she was watching television when the officers arrived at her house to perform the search on October 21, 2004. Her son Gregory answered the door. (Id. at 25-26.) After the officers had come into the house, Brenda McCrimon asked what the they were there for, and they told her they were conducting a parole search. (Id. at 26.) Ms. McCrimon testified that she was not aware before the visit that a gun was in her house. (Id. at 26, 29) According to Ms. McCrimon, Petitioner slept in the living room on the couch and stored his clothes in the hall closet. She denied telling the officers that Petitioner lived or slept in the attic or directing them to the attic. (Id. at 27-28.) Ms. McCrimon testified *383 that, at the time of the search, Petitioner was working at least eight hours per day, five or six days per week. (Id. at 28.) Ms. McCrimon testified that she did not say anything to Switzer other than to ask why he was at the house. (Id. at 29.) She claimed that the attic is not a proper room, though she is trying to turn it into one. It presently is too hot in the summer and too cold in the winter for occupation. (Id. at 29.) She testified that Gregory McCrimon had slept in the room a couple of times before he moved into his room downstairs. (Id. at 30.)
Petitioner testified that he was at work when the officers came to search his residence. (Id. at 31.) When Petitioner, returned home, his mother and brother told him what had happened. Petitioner stated that he explained to them why the gun could not be in the house and he asked them to come with him to tell the parole officer that Petitioner had not known about the weapon. He further explained that his brother never had been involved in trouble before and was unaware that Petitioner could not be in the house where a gun was kept. (Id. at 32.) He testified that he had no knowledge of the existence of the gun until he returned home and learned of the results of the search. (Id. at 32.) Petitioner never slept in the attic room. After learning from his brother that they were trying to fix up the attic but that it still was cold and had a damaged window, Petitioner opted to sleep on the couch. He testified that he had not been up to the attic because he did not have anything stored there. (Id. at 33.) Petitioner strenuously denied having told Vaught that he knew about the gun. (Id. at 34.) Sometime after Petitioner was taken into custody, Switzer allowed Petitioner to call home. Petitioner called his brother and asked his brother to speak to Switzer, who did not want to talk and, after a few words, hung up the phone. (Id. at 35.)
The hearing examiner found that Switzer had done a very poor job gathering evidence of Petitioner's occupation of the attic. Nevertheless, he concluded that Petitioner had access to the attic and that Petitioner's brother had stated that he and Petitioner shared the gun. He also credited Vaught's testimony that Petitioner admitted that he knew the firearm was in the house and that it constituted a parole violation. The hearing examiner therefore found by a preponderance of the evidence that Petitioner had committed the parole violation. (Id. at 37-38.) Having found a parole violation, the hearing officer stated that he had no discretion but to order a sixth-month return to custody. (Id. at 42.)
Petitioner filed a grievance on January 14, 2005, complaining about the fairness of his parole revocation hearing and arguing that the hearing was held one day beyond the 45 days required under MICH. DEP'T OF CORR., Director's Office Memorandum (DOM) 2004.11. (Pet., App'x K, docket # 1-13.) The grievance was denied on the grounds that a violation of the 45-day rule was no longer grounds for dismissal of the violation charges. (Pet., App'x L, docket # 1-14.) Following rejection of his grievance, Petitioner filed a complaint for writ of mandamus in the Ingham County Circuit Court on February 4, 2005. On July 11, 2005, the court found the motion to be without merit and that mandamus was not the proper remedy for the alleged violation. (Pet., Supp. App'x 2, docket # 1-17.) Petitioner was directed that a proper challenge to the hearing procedures or decisions was under the Michigan Administrative Procedures Act, MICH. COMP. LAWS § 24.301 et seq.
On January 19, 2007, Petitioner filed a complaint for writ of habeas corpus in the Jackson County Circuit Court. The circuit court denied the petition on March 1, 2007, *384 concluding that Petitioner had failed to demonstrate the sort of "radical defects that render a judgment absolutely void" required for issuance of a writ of habeas corpus. (Pet., Supp. App'x 3 at 2, docket # 1-18.) Petitioner renewed his complaint for writ of habeas corpus in the Michigan Court of Appeals, which dismissed it for lack of jurisdiction on the grounds that an action for the extraordinary writ of habeas corpus was not a substitute for an appeal. (Pet., Supp. App'x 3, docket # 1-19.) Petitioner then sought leave to appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court, which denied leave because it was not persuaded that the question should be reviewed by the court. (Pet., Supp. App'x 4, docket # 1-20.)

II. Analysis

In his amended habeas application, Petitioner contends that he was denied his right to due process under the. Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments and his rights under the Ex Post Facto Clause of the Constitution. He makes the following four specific claims: (1) Petitioner was denied due process when the Michigan Parole Board (MPB) relied on false information in revoking his parole; (2) Petitioner was denied due process when MPB chairman John Rubitschun and MPB member Charles E. Braddock allowed Hearing Officer Wayne Groat to unlawfully alter and remove from the record testimony given at the parole hearing; (3) Petitioner's right to due process was denied when Groat falsified his factfinding; and (4) Petitioner's constitutional rights were violated under the Ex Post Facto. Clause. U.S. CONST., art. 1, sec. 9, cl. 3.

A. Standard of Review
This action is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, PUB.L. 104-132, 110 STAT. 1214 (AEPA). See Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782, 792, 121 S.Ct. 1910, 150 L.Ed.2d 9 (2001). The AEDPA "prevents federal habeas `retrials'" and ensures that state court convictions are given effect to the extent possible under the law. Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 693-94, 122 S.Ct. 1843, 152 L.Ed.2d 914 (2002). The AEDPA has "drastically changed" the nature of habeas review. Bailey v. Mitchell, 271 F.3d 652, 655 (6th Cir.2001). An application for writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person who is incarcerated pursuant to a state conviction cannot be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in state court unless the adjudication: "(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based upon an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
A decision of the state court may only be overturned if (1) it applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth by the Supreme Court, (2) it confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of the Supreme Court and nevertheless arrives at a different result; (3) it identifies the correct governing legal rule from the Supreme Court precedent but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the case; or (4) it either unreasonably extends a legal principle from Supreme Court precedent to a new context where it should not apply or unreasonably refuses to extend a principle to a context where it should apply. Bailey, 271 F.3d at 655 (citing Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000)); see also Bell, 535 U.S. at 694, 122 S.Ct. 1843; Lancaster v. Adams, 324 F.3d 423, 429 (6th Cir.2003).
*385 A federal habeas court may not find a state adjudication to be "unreasonable" "simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly." Williams, 529 U.S. at 411, 120 S.Ct. 1495; accord Bell, 535 U.S. at 699, 122 S.Ct. 1843. Rather, the issue is whether the state court's application of clearly established federal law is "objectively unreasonable." Williams, 529 U.S. at 410, 120 S.Ct. 1495.
The AEDPA requires heightened respect for state factual findings. Herbert v. Billy, 160 F.3d 1131, 1134 (6th Cir.1998). A determination of a factual issue made by a state court is presumed to be correct, and the petitioner has the burden of rebutting the presumption by clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Lancaster, 324 F.3d at 429; Bailey, 271 F.3d at 656. This presumption of correctness is accorded to findings of state appellate courts, as well as the trial court. See Sumner v. Mata, 449 U.S. 539, 546, 101 S.Ct. 764, 66 L.Ed.2d 722 (1981); Smith v. Jago, 888 F.2d 399, 407 n. 4 (6th Cir.1989). Applying the foregoing standards under the AEDPA, I find that Petitioner is not entitled to relief.

B. Due Process
Petitioner makes a variety of claims about why his due process rights were violated by the introduction of false evidence and unreasonable fact finding at his parole revocation hearing. In Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481-84, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972), the Supreme Court held that individuals threatened with the revocation of their parole possess a liberty interest that entitles them to minimal due process protections. In defining those minimal due process protections, the Supreme Court recognized two important stages in the parole revocation processthe preliminary hearing and the revocation hearing. Id. at 485, 92 S.Ct. 2593. The Court stated that a preliminary hearing should be held promptly after the alleged parole violation or arrest to determine whether probable cause exists to hold the parolee for a revocation hearing. Id. at 485-87, 92 S.Ct. 2593. If probable cause is found to exist, the parolee has a right to a hearing prior to a final decision on revocation by the state parole authority. Id. at 487-88, 92 S.Ct. 2593. The minimal due process requirements at the revocation hearing stage include:
(a) written notice of the claimed violations of parole; (b) disclosure to the parolee of evidence against him; (c) opportunity to be heard in person and to present witnesses and documentary evidence; (d) the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation); (e) a `neutral and detached' hearing body such as a traditional parole board, members of which need not be judicial officers or lawyers; and (f) a written statement by the factfinders as to the evidence relied on and reasons for revoking parole.
Id. at 489, 92 S.Ct. 2593. The Court emphasized, however, that the second stage of parole revocation should not be equated with a full criminal prosecution. Id. The due process requirements for a revocation hearing defined in Morrissey are codified in MICH. COMP. LAWS § 791.240a. Pursuant to MICH. COMP. LAWS § 791.240a(3), petitioner was entitled to a fact-finding hearing within 45 days after he became available for return to a state correctional facility.
Because the revocation of parole is not part of a criminal prosecution, parolees are not entitled to the full panoply *386 of rights given to defendants in criminal proceedings. Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 480, 92 S.Ct. 2593. The process should be flexible enough to consider evidence that would not necessarily be admissible in adversary criminal proceeding such as letters, affidavits, and hearsay testimony. Id. at 489, 92 S.Ct. 2593; see also United States v. Froman, No. 86-5540, 1987 WL 36965, at *2-3 (6th Cir. Apr. 6, 1987). Unlike criminal proceedings, a parolee need not be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt before having his parole revoked; rather, the revocation of parole is proper when supported merely by reasonable grounds. See Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 490, 92 S.Ct. 2593; Simmons v. Hurley, No. 95-3168, 1997 WL 14781, at *2 (7th Cir. Jan. 9, 1997).

1. False information
Petitioner argues that he was denied due process because his parole was revoked on the basis of "false" testimony given by Switzer and Vaught. The basis for his claim is that his own witnesses should have been believed because the testimony of Switzer and Vaught was inconsistent and Switzer did not include in his report everything he testified to at the hearing. I disagree. Petitioner's own evidence demonstrates that he received a parole revocation hearing that is fully sufficient under Morrissey. The decision to revoke parole in this case was reasonable based upon the testimony of the parole officer and parole supervisor and the uncontested evidence that the gun was in the house, in an area to which Petitioner had access and which he appeared to have used. All of the contradictory testimony discussed in the habeas petition was presented to the hearing examiner, who was free to assess the credibility of the witnesses and make his decision accordingly. Contrary to Petitioner's contentions, the hearing examiner was not obligated to give equal weight to conflicting testimony. The findings of the hearing examiner are entitled to a presumption of correctness, and, thus, I conclude, Petitioner has failed to rebut that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Lancaster, 324 F.3d at 429; Bailey, 271 F.3d at 656.

2. 45-day rule
Plaintiff next argues that his right to due process was violated when his probation violation hearing was held more than 45 days after he was returned or available for return to a state correctional facility, in violation of MICH. COMP. LAWS § 791.240a(3), which provides:
Within 45 days after a paroled prisoner has been returned or is available for return to a state correctional facility under accusation of a parole violation ..., the prisoner is entitled to a fact-finding hearing on the charges before 1 member of the parole board or an attorney hearings officer designated by the chairperson of the parole board.
MICH. COMP. LAWS § 791.240a(3). Plaintiff alleges that the hearing examiner admitted that 46 days had passed, but the examiner held that dismissal was not the appropriate remedy for the delayed hearing. (See Pet., App. A, Hrg. Tr. at 41, docket # 1-3.)
Accepting that the hearing was one day late under Michigan law, that delay does not amount to a constitutional deprivation cognizable on habeas review. The court may only entertain an application for habeas relief on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). A habeas petition must "state facts that point to a `real possibility of constitutional error.'" Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 75 n. 7, 97 S.Ct. 1621, 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1977) (quoting Advisory *387 Committee Notes on Rule 4, RULES GOVERNING HABEAS CORPUS CASES). The federal courts have no power to intervene on the basis of a perceived error of state law. Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 68, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991); Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37, 41, 104 S.Ct. 871, 79 L.Ed.2d 29 (1984). The Sixth Circuit has declared that "[f]or excellent reasons, claims that a state erred in interpreting or applying its own criminal law or procedural rules are almost always rejected as grounds for granting the writ of habeas corpus." Wilson v. Mitchell, 250 F.3d 388, 396 (6th Cir.2001) (citation omitted). As a result, to the extent Petitioner's claim is based on a violation of state law, the issue is not cognizable on habeas review
Due process requires only that the final revocation hearing be held and a final determination be issued within a "reasonable time." See Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 488, 92 S.Ct. 2593. To determine whether a delay in reaching a final determination is unreasonable, the Court must consider: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) whether the parolee asserted the right, and (4) any prejudice to the parolee from the delay. Lyons v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth., No. 96-3489, 1998 WL 124039, at *2-3 (6th Cir. Mar. 12, 1998) (citing Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972)). Considering these factors in light of the circumstances alleged by Petitioner, the Court finds, that the forty-six-day delay between Petitioner's arrest and his revocation hearing was reasonable. Indeed, in Morrissey, the Supreme Court expressly noted that a "lapse of two months [between the time when a parolee is taken into custody on the parole violation warrant and the final revocation hearing is held] would not appear to be unreasonable." Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 488, 92 S.Ct. 2593; see also Moore v. Hofbauer, 144 F.Supp.2d 877, 881 (E.D.Mich.2001) (citing Morrissey). Therefore, the Parole Board's alleged violation of Michigan's forty-five-day rule did not deprive Petitioner of due process. See Moore, 144 F.Supp.2d at 881.

3. Incomplete record
Petitioner next alleges that the Parole Board violated Petitioner's due process rights by allowing Hearing Examiner Groat to remove portions of the audiotape from the record. Petitioner contends that, while the audiotape of the hearing and the transcript coincide with one another, the audiotape contains "blips and pauses," suggesting that it has been edited. In addition, he alleges, the transcript does not include a notarized certification of authenticity, ostensibly in violation of state law and of 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 401, 402, and 3691.[1]
Petitioner's claims are frivolous. Regardless of the existence of noises on the tapes, Petitioner has failed to identify the nature of any purportedly "missing" portion of the record. Instead, Petitioner's own arguments concerning the testimony at the revocation hearing are fully consistent with the transcript produced. Petitioner therefore fails to raise any legitimate question concerning the accuracy of the transcript.
In addition, regardless of whether a certification was required under Michigan law, Petitioner's request for habeas relief turns on the fundamental fairness of the procedure under the requirements of the Due Process Clause. See Estelle, 502 U.S. *388 at 68, 112 S.Ct. 475. Because Petitioner raises no legitimate claim that the record was false, the fact that it was not accompanied by a certification of authenticity is irrelevant.

C. Ex Post Facto Clause
Petitioner alleges that the Michigan Parole Board inappropriately applied a new parole policy under the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy, which was not in effect when he signed his parole release papers. The Zero Gun Tolerance Policy was enacted on July 14, 2004, after Petitioner had been released on parole.[2] Under the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy, Petitioner is not eligible for parole for sixty months after he was found in possession of a gun or associating with someone possessing a firearm.
The Constitution's Ex Post Facto Clause prohibits the enactment of any law that "retroactively alter[s] the definition of crimes or increase[s] the punishment for criminal acts." Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 43, 110 S.Ct. 2715, 111 L.Ed.2d 30 (1990). In Cal. Dep't of Corr. v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499, 115 S.Ct. 1597, 131 L.Ed.2d 588 (1995), the Supreme Court considered whether a post-sentencing change to parole procedures constituted the type of change in the law subject to analysis under the Ex Post Facto Clause. The Court declined to adopt an interpretation of the Clause that would "forbid[] any legislative change that has any conceivable risk of affecting a prisoner's punishment." Id. at 508, 115 S.Ct. 1597. Instead, the Court established a test inquiring whether a change in the law "produced a sufficient risk of increasing the measure of punishment attached to the covered crimes." Id. at 509, 115 S.Ct. 1597. A "sufficient risk of increased punishment" involves more than "some ambiguous sort of disadvantage" to an inmate. Id. at 506 n. 3, 115 S.Ct. 1597.
Although a prisoner's release on parole is discretionary with the Parole Board in Michigan, see MICH. COMP. LAWS §§ 791.233e, 791.235, the Supreme Court has recognized that the "presence of discretion does not displace the protections of the Ex Post Facto Clause," because the "danger that legislatures might disfavor certain persons after the fact is present even in the parole context." Garner v. Jones, 529 U.S. 244, 253, 120 S.Ct. 1362, 146 L.Ed.2d 236 (2000). The Court further noted that, "[i]t is often the case that an agency's policies and practices will indicate the manner in which it is exercising its discretion." Id. at 256, 120 S.Ct. 1362 (citing INS v. Yueh-Shaio Yang, 519 U.S. 26, 32, 117 S.Ct. 350, 136 L.Ed.2d 288 (1996) (observing that the reasonableness of discretionary agency action can be gauged by reference to the agency's policies and practices)). The Court found that in deciding whether an administrative rule pertaining to Georgia's parole system violated the Ex Post Facto Clause, the lower court should have considered a policy statement where it was a "formal, published statement as to how the Board intends to enforce the Rule." Id. at 256-57, 120 S.Ct. 1362. However, the Court explained that in the Ex Post Facto analysis, it was equally significant that,
to the extent there inheres in ex post facto doctrine some idea of actual or constructive notice to the criminal before commission of the offense of the penalty for the transgression, . . . we can say with some assurance that where parole is concerned[,] discretion, by its very definition, is subject to changes in *389 the manner in which it is informed and then exercised. The idea of discretion is that it has the capacity, and the obligation, to change and adapt based on experience. New insights into the accuracy of predictions about the offense and the risk of recidivism consequent upon the offender's release, along with a complex of other factors, will inform parole decisions.
Id. at 253, 120 S.Ct. 1362 (internal citations omitted).
First, it is not at all apparent that Petitioner's circumstances involved the retroactive application of an amendment in the law. The MDOC paroled Petitioner on June 6, 2003. At the time of his release, Petitioner signed parole release papers containing a variety of conditions, including a prohibition on the ownership or possession of a firearm. The release papers did not include any specific notice about the length of time a for which parole consideration would be denied if the offender violated the condition and returned to prison. The Zero Gun Tolerance Policy was implemented on July 14, 2004. Under the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy, if a parolee is found in possession of a gun or associating with individuals who possess guns, then the parolee will be returned to prison to continue his or her sentence for five years or for the remainder of his or her maximum sentence.[3] Petitioner violated parole on October 22, 2004, three months after the policy had been adopted. As a result, the policy was not retroactively applied because "the current version of [Michigan]'s parole regulation in question was in effect at the time [Petitioner] engaged in the [parole violation]. Thus, [Petitioner's] rights under the Ex Post Facto Clause are not implicated, as the law did not change the legal consequences of the acts in question, which were completed after the regulation's effective date." Leal v. Phillips, No. 97-3537, 1998 WL 69326, at *2 (Feb. 10, 1998).
Even if the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy were to be considered a retroactive change in the law, Petitioner fails to raise a meritorious federal claim. It is clear that the controlling inquiry is whether the retroactive application of an amendment to a law or later enacted law or policy will create a sufficient risk of increasing the measure of punishment attached to a particular crime. See Garner, 529 U.S. at 250, 120 S.Ct. 1362; Morales, 514 U.S. at 509, 115 S.Ct. 1597; Michael v. Ghee, 498 F.3d 372, 381-83 (6th Cir.2007) (the relevant inquiry is whether the new parole guidelines present a significant risk of increasing the plaintiff's amount of time actually served). If a parolee violates the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy, then the parolee is returned to prison to continue his or her sentence for five years or for the remainder of his or her maximum. Petitioner violated the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy on October 22, 2004. At that time, over six years remained on Petitioner's sentence and Petitioner's parole violation represented his third failed attempt to meet the conditions of his parole. Petitioner's allegations fail to suggest that the application of the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy will create a significant risk of increasing his punishment. Therefore, Petitioner's claim is insufficient to implicate the Ex Post Facto Clause.

Recommended Disposition
For the foregoing reasons, I recommend that the habeas corpus petition be summarily dismissed pursuant to Rule 4 because it lacks merit on its face. I further *390 recommend that a certificate of appealability be denied. See Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 146 L.Ed.2d 542 (2000).
Dated: October 29, 2008
NOTES
[1]  Petitioner challenges only the duration of his continued sentence; he does not challenge under the Ex Post Facto Clause the Parole Board's decision to revoke parole.
[2]  Courts have recognized a similar tension in attempting to apply ex post facto analysis to challenges to the United States Sentencing Guidelines. The Seventh Circuit has held that, because the Guidelines are now advisory only, retroactive application of a higher guideline range does not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause. United States v. Demaree, 459 F.3d 791, 795 (7th Cir.2006). Other courts have reached the opposite result. See, e.g., United States v. Turner, 548 F.3d 1094 (D.C.Cir.2008). The Sixth Circuit has assumed, without deciding, that a retroactive change to the Guidelines could potentially implicate the Ex Post Facto Clause. See United States v. Duane, 533 F.3d 441, 447 (6th Cir.2008).
[3]  Petitioner cites to the Parole Violation Hearing Transcript where the hearing examiner stated, "I have no choice, I have no discretion, the parole board, the governor has taken that discretion from [me]. If there's a violation that involves a firearm it's a mandatory sixty month return. Whether I like it or not it doesn't matter whether I have protested it or not, it doesn't matter. I voiced my opinion. They thanked me very much for my input and said this is the way it's gonna be. So I have absolutely no discretion." (Habeas Petition, docket # 1, Exhibit A, at 43.) Regardless of what the hearing examiner may have thought about the Zero Gun Tolerance Policy or how it might affect his discretion, the hearing examiner has no authority to order a continuance. The hearing examiner only recommends a continuance to the parole board. M.C.L. § 791.240a. The board alone has discretion over whether to grant, deny, or revoke parole. Id. Moreover, on this record, it is not even clear whether the hearing officer personally believed that the continuance should have been less than sixty months or more than sixty months.
[4]  The only other reference to the policy in the record is a footnote citation in the Report and Recommendation that references a press release summarizing the policy. (See Report and Recommendation, docket # 10, at ___.) The press release merely repeats Governor Granholm's position on a variety of parole-related issues; it does not by its own terms limit the statutory grant of discretion afforded the parole board under Michigan law, nor does it conclusively mandate that discretion be exercised in a particular fashion.
[1]  The cited statutes involve the federal criminal offenses of conspiracy and criminal contempt.
[2]  See Governor Granholm announces Zero Tolerance Policy for Parolees, Probationers involved with guns, July 14, 2004, http://www. michigan.gov/gov/0.1607,7-168-23442_21974-97314-,00.html.
[3]  See Governor Granholm announces Zero Tolerance Policy for Parolees, Probationers involved with guns, July 14, 2004, http://www. michigan.gov/gov/0.1607,7-168-23442_21974-97314-,00.html.
