               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 18a0502n.06

                                       Case No. 18-3019

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                              Oct 11, 2018
LIZHI SHI,                                            )                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                      )
       Petitioner,                                    )
                                                      )        ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
v.                                                    )        FROM THE UNITED STATES
                                                      )        BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, Attorney General,          )        APPEALS
                                                      )
       Respondent.                                    )
                                                                                   OPINION

BEFORE: GIBBONS, SUTTON, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

       McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge.           Lizhi Shi is a native of China and a self-professed

Christian. Shi began having issues with Chinese officials when his wife gave birth in 1994, and

neither he nor his wife agreed to undergo sterilization or implement birth control. Shi later

converted to Christianity and subsequently had an incident when police discovered him at an

“underground church” service. A year later, Shi decided to come to the United States. When he

had been here for nearly half a year, Shi filed an application for asylum and withholding of

removal. After numerous administrative filings, substitutions of attorneys, and a change in venue,

Shi had a merits hearing in August 2016 on his application. The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denied

Shi’s application based on an adverse credibility determination due to inconsistencies and

omissions in his testimony. The IJ also found that Shi provided insufficient corroborations and

explanations of the inconsistencies and omissions. On appeal, the Board of Immigration Appeals
Case No. 18-3019, Shi v. Sessions


(“BIA”) found that the record sufficiently supported the IJ’s credibility determination. Finding

substantial evidence to support the adverse credibility finding, we DENY Shi’s petition for review.

                                                  I

       Shi’s troubles began in his native China when his wife gave birth in October 1994. Chinese

officials wanted to prevent Shi and his wife from having additional children, so they asked his wife

to be sterilized or fitted with an IUD.1 During childbirth, however, Shi’s wife experienced

complications, preventing the officials from performing the operation. So they asked Shi to have

a vasectomy, but he refused, was possibly beaten, and went into hiding. And officials possibly

confiscated his family land.

       Nine years later, Shi became a Christian. His family did not convert, but they were aware

of his faith. In September 2006, the police invaded an “underground church” service that Shi was

attending at one of the congregation member’s home. When the officers disrupted the service,

they either arrested Shi and the other church members or arrested just the homeowner. They also

possibly confiscated Shi’s bible. In one of Shi’s versions of the story, he claims officers took him

to an interrogation room, said he was a member of an antigovernment cult, hit and kicked him,

held him for two or three days, and forced him to sign a guarantee letter promising not to do illegal

acts, participate in antigovernment gatherings, or to proselytize the “cult.”

       Shi came to the United States with a visitor visa on January 17, 2007. On June 6, 2007, he

applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture.

After over nine years of administrative processes, Shi had a hearing on his claims in August 2016.




1
 Because the record is inconsistent for several of the facts at issue, we are uncertain whether or
how certain events transpired.
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Case No. 18-3019, Shi v. Sessions


        Based on inconsistencies and omissions in his asylum application, statements in other

documents on the record, and testimony given during the hearing, the IJ made an adverse

credibility finding and denied Shi’s application. The IJ also considered the merits of Shi’s claims

for the sake of “administrative efficiency,” holding that Shi would fail on the merits as well. The

BIA found there was sufficient evidence to support the IJ’s adverse credibility determination and

no clear error in the IJ’s analysis of the merits.

                                                     II

        A. Jurisdiction

        Shi failed to administratively exhaust the issue of whether the IJ erroneously admitted what

is called an “assessment to refer”—a report written by an asylum officer summarizing Shi’s

statements during his asylum interview. This court lacks jurisdiction to review issues that have

not been administratively exhausted. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d); Alizoti v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 448,

451 (6th Cir. 2007). A petitioner must present all reviewable issues to the BIA to properly exhaust

those issues. See Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 432 (6th Cir. 2009).

        Shi claims here that the assessment to refer was improperly admitted because it was not

entered into evidence until the second day of his individual hearing. Shi did not exhaust this

argument because he did not present it to the BIA—in fact, he did not allege any procedural issues

with his hearing—and the BIA did not sua sponte consider it. 2 See Khalili, 557 F.3d at 433.

        Despite the government’s arguments to the contrary, Shi’s other claims were exhausted.

Although Shi’s briefing regarding the IJ’s credibility determination to the BIA is not carbon copied




2
  Although unclear, to the extent that Shi challenges the reliability of the assessment to refer, this
court lacks jurisdiction over that issue as well because Shi did not present it to the BIA. Similarly,
to the extent that he challenges whether he had sufficient opportunity to address the contents of
the assessment to refer in his hearing, Shi did not exhaust that issue by not raising it to the BIA.
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Case No. 18-3019, Shi v. Sessions


in this instant appeal, the issue was reasonably developed in the briefing and considered by the

BIA. See id.; Hasan v. Ashcroft, 397 F.3d 417, 420 (6th Cir. 2005). Each particular issue Shi

raises in this appeal regarding the credibility determination was raised to and considered by the

BIA: (1) inconsistency regarding sterilization versus fitting of IUD; (2) being beaten by Chinese

officials upon refusal to undergo sterilization; (3) confiscation of family land3; (4) baptism date;

(5) religious status of family members; and (6) arrest and treatment by police for participation in

an underground church meeting.

       Accordingly, we find that these were administratively exhausted and that we have

jurisdiction to proceed.

       B. Waiver

       Shi has not addressed the denial of Convention Against Torture relief in his briefing to this

court and so has waived the issue. Although Shi states in his “statement of jurisdiction” that he

seeks review of the denial of relief under the Convention Against Torture, he fails to provide a

statement of the issue or put forth any argument for why he challenges the BIA’s decision. See

Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(5), (8) (an appellant’s brief “must contain . . . a statement of the issues

presented for review” and an argument containing the “appellant’s contentions and the reasons for

them”). “We normally decline to consider issues not raised in the appellant’s opening brief.”

Bickel v. Korean Air Lines Co., 96 F.3d 151, 153 (6th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted); see also

Vasquez v. Holder, 416 F. App’x 565, 568 (6th Cir. 2011); Suarez-Valenzuela v. Holder, 714 F.3d

241, 248 (4th Cir. 2013).




3
  Shi did not raise this issue in the “credibility” section of his briefing to the BIA. However, he
did raise it in the “persecution” section, and the Board explicitly considered it in upholding the IJ’s
credibility determination.
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Case No. 18-3019, Shi v. Sessions


       C. Standard of Review

       When the BIA issues a separate opinion from the IJ, as it did here, we review the BIA’s

decision as the final agency determination. Morgan v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 1053, 1057 (6th Cir.

2007); Patel v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 216, 218 (6th Cir. 2006). We review questions of law de novo,

but grant significant deference to the BIA’s factual findings, reviewing them under the “substantial

evidence” standard. Morgan, 507 F.3d at 1057; Khalili, 557 F.3d at 435. Under the substantial

evidence standard, factual findings, which include credibility determinations, are “conclusive

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Marikasi v.

Lynch, 840 F.3d 281, 287 (6th Cir. 2016) (quotation omitted); see Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700,

703 (6th Cir. 2004).

       D. Applicable Law

       1. Asylum

       The Secretary has discretion to grant asylum for any alien who qualifies as a refugee.

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b). A refugee is anyone “who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or

unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a

well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

       2. Withholding of Removal Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231

       Withholding of removal is not discretionary; however, an alien’s burden is more stringent

than for asylum. 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)(A); see Khalili, 557 F.3d at 435. Withholding of removal

is only available if an “alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the

alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”

8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). An applicant must demonstrate “a clear probability that he will be



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Case No. 18-3019, Shi v. Sessions


subject to persecution if forced to return to the country of removal.” Khalili, 557 F.3d at 436

(citation omitted). An alien who fails to meet the “well-founded fear standard” for asylum is

“necessarily ineligible for withholding of removal.” Zhao v. Holder, 569 F.3d 238, 246 n.10 (6th

Cir. 2009).

       3. Credibility Determinations

       For asylum and withholding of removal the IJ’s credibility determination is central in the

decision of whether to grant relief. Because the principal, and often only, evidence used in making

these determinations is the applicant’s testimony, “[a]n adverse credibility determination is fatal

to claims for asylum and relief from removal, preventing such claims from being considered on

their merits.” Slyusar v. Holder, 740 F.3d 1068, 1072 (6th Cir. 2014); see also Perlaska v. Holder,

361 F. App’x. 655, 661 n.6 (6th Cir. 2010).

       In assessing credibility for asylum, withholding of removal, or other relief from removal

applications filed on or after May 11, 2005, an IJ considers the totality of the circumstances.

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); Slyusar, 740 F.3d at 1072. The IJ may consider, among other things:

         the inherent plausibility of the applicant’s or witness’s account, the consistency
         between the applicant’s or witness’s written and oral statements . . . whether or
         not under oath, . . . and any inaccuracies or falsehoods in such statements,
         without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the
         heart of the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).

       E. Inconsistencies and Omissions the BIA Identified

       The BIA identified six inconsistencies or omissions between Shi’s asylum application,

assessment to refer, supplemental statement, and hearing testimony that it held provided

substantial evidence to support the IJ’s adverse credibility determination.




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Case No. 18-3019, Shi v. Sessions


       1. Sterilization Versus IUD

       The BIA found that Shi was inconsistent in whether officials initially wanted to fit his wife

with an IUD or to sterilize her after she gave birth. In Shi’s application, assessment to refer,

supplemental statement, and his hearing initially, he claimed that Chinese officials wanted to

sterilize his wife after she gave birth. However, upon further questioning from the IJ at his hearing,

Shi stated that they only wanted to fit her with an IUD.

       2. Being Beaten After Refusing Sterilization

       The BIA noted that Shi only sometimes said that he was beaten after refusing to be

sterilized in lieu of his wife. Shi indicated in his asylum application and supplemental statement

that after his wife’s birth complications prevented her from being fitted with an IUD or sterilized,

he was asked to undergo sterilization and was beaten upon refusal. However, he did not mention

this in either his assessment to refer or during his hearing.

       3. Confiscation of Land

       The BIA observed that Shi only sometimes raised the fact that his family land was

confiscated by the government. Shi failed to disclose that his family land was confiscated in his

asylum application and in his assessment to refer. The IJ noted that Shi mentioned the confiscation

in his supplemental statement; however, he did not claim it was due to his “opposition to [China’s]

family planning policies.” AR. 93. The BIA misconstrued this, stating that Shi “failed to disclose

the confiscation . . . on his . . . supplemental documents.” AR. 4. Shi only failed to disclose the

reason for the confiscation in his supplemental statement, not the confiscation itself.

       4. Baptism Date

       The BIA remarked that Shi gave different dates for his baptism between his assessment to

refer and during his amended statement and hearing. In his assessment to refer, he claimed that he



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Case No. 18-3019, Shi v. Sessions


was baptized on October 5, 2003, but in his supplemental statement and in his hearing testimony

he stated he was baptized on December 25, 2003.

       5. Family Members’ Religious Preferences

       The BIA stated that Shi was inconsistent as to whether other members of his family were

Christian and whether he “spread the gospel to them.” In Shi’s assessment to refer, he said that

both he and his wife were Christian. In his hearing testimony, however, he stated that although

neither his wife nor his son were baptized, he had “spread the gospel to them.” AR. 84. His

daughter, who testified at the hearing and whom the IJ found credible, testified that Shi had not

spread the gospel to anyone in his family and that no one else in the family was Christian.

       6. Events of September 2006

       The BIA found that Shi’s accounts of the events of the September 2006 incident not only

directly contradicted themselves, but also became enhanced over time. In Shi’s asylum application

he claimed that he was arrested at a home church meeting and had his bible confiscated. In his

assessment to refer, Shi stated that only the homeowner was arrested, and the rest of the

congregation only had to sign “guarantee letters.” In his supplemental statement, Shi reversed

course and claimed that he was taken to a police station, locked in a room, and interrogated. He

claimed he was hit and kicked, and after being held for three days was forced to sign a guarantee

letter. His hearing testimony largely tracked his supplemental statement, adding the detail that he

was beaten so hard his shoulder and back were black and blue.




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       F. Substantial Evidence Supported the Adverse Credibility Determination

       Considered as a whole, the inconsistencies and omissions between the various sources

constitute substantial evidence to support an adverse credibility determination.

       It was not incorrect for the BIA and IJ to consider the baptism date and sterilization versus

IUD inconsistencies. In making a credibility determination, the IJ is instructed to consider the

totality of the circumstances and is permitted to consider any inconsistency whether or not it goes

to the “heart of the applicant’s claim.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158 (b)(1)(B)(iii). Certain inconsistencies are

either so minor or understandable that on their own they would likely not support an adverse

credibility finding. See, e.g., Marouf v. Lynch, 811 F.3d 174, 185 (6th Cir. 2016) (“An inability to

accurately recall the date when a traumatic event occurred is not particularly probative of a

witness’s credibility when alleging traumatic persecution . . . .”). Even though they are minor,

however, does not mean that an IJ cannot take them into account when considering the totality of

the circumstances. It was not erroneous for the BIA to take them into account alongside the other

inconsistencies in Shi’s record.

       And Shi’s record contains enough inconsistencies that a reasonable adjudicator would have

substantial evidence to make an adverse credibility determination. Shi directly contradicted

himself when he first claimed to have been arrested in September 2006, then later stated that only

the homeowner had been arrested, and then reverted to his first version. Additionally, Shi initially

claimed that his wife was a Christian, but later stated that he had only “spread the gospel” to her.

He was contradicted on both points by his daughter.

       It is reasonable to expect that an individual will at least mention the significant events that

led him to seek asylum in each of his statements. See Shkabari v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 324, 329

(6th Cir. 2005). Having family land confiscated and being beaten are two such significant enough



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Case No. 18-3019, Shi v. Sessions


facts. Shi did not mention the confiscation in his asylum application or assessment to refer.4 And

Shi did not mention being beaten upon refusing to be sterilized in his assessment to refer or in his

hearing.

       Shi did not offer a persuasive explanation of the inconsistencies and omissions in his

various statements. When questioned at the hearing about why he omitted certain facts in his

asylum application, he initially stated that it was because it was thirty pages and his attorney told

him to shorten it. Later, however, he stated that the application was originally only three to four

pages. Neither did he offer corroborating evidence that could either explain the inconsistencies or

demonstrate that at least one version of what he said was accurate. Cf. Marouf, 811 F.3d at 186.

       Given the contradictions, the omissions, and the lack of persuasive explanation or

corroboration, we find that substantial evidence supports the IJ and BIA’s credibility

determination; we, therefore, need not explore the merits of Shi’s asylum and withholding of

removal claims. See Slyusar, 740 F.3d at 1072.

                                                III

       For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Shi’s petition for review.




4
  As noted above, the BIA incorrectly found that Shi did not mention the confiscation of his land
in his supplemental statement. This, however, is not so significant an error to suggest that had the
BIA correctly identified the state of the record it would have made a difference in assessing the
totality of the circumstances.
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