                                  STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                   IN SUPREME COURT

                                        A14-1652

Court of Appeals                                                           Wright, J.

Wayzata Nissan, LLC,

                     Appellant,

vs.                                                         Filed: February 17, 2016
                                                           Office of Appellate Courts
Nissan North America, Inc.,

                     Respondent,

Stephen J. McDaniels, et al.,

                     Respondents.
                              ______________________


Christopher W. Madel, Aaron R. Thom, Nicole S. Frank, Robins Kaplan LLP,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, for appellant.

John Rock, Bruce L. Gisi, Rock Law LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and

William N. Berkowitz, Brandon L. Bigelow, Caleb J. Schillinger, Seyfarth Shaw LLP,
Boston, Massachusetts, for respondent Nissan North America, Inc.

Timothy J. Grande, Patrick C. Summers, DeWitt Mackall Crounse & Moore S.C.,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, for respondents Stephen J. McDaniels, et al.

                                  ______________________




                                            1
                                    SYLLABUS

       1.     A challenge to the proposed relocation of a motor vehicle dealership under

the Minnesota Motor Vehicle Sale and Distribution Act, Minn. Stat. §§ 80E.01-.17

(2014), is not rendered moot by the relocation and operation of the dealership.

       2.     The notice requirement of Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1, applies on the date

that a manufacturer develops an intention to authorize the relocation of a motor vehicle

dealership.

       3.     The exception for the “relocation of an existing dealer” in Minn. Stat.

§ 80E.14, subd. 1, does not apply when the relocated dealership will be operated by a

new dealer.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

                                      OPINION

WRIGHT, Justice.

       In May 2014, motor vehicle manufacturer Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan)

and prospective Nissan dealer Stephen McDaniels1 sought to relocate a Nissan dealership

from Bloomington to a location 7.6 miles from a dealership operated by appellant

Wayzata Nissan, LLC (Wayzata).          Wayzata challenged the relocation under the

Minnesota Motor Vehicle Sale and Distribution Act (MVSDA), Minn. Stat.

1
       Two corporate entities owned by McDaniels—EP Motors, Inc. and McEP
Investments, LLC—also were involved in the transactions at issue in this case. Because
the distinction between these three respondents is not germane to this appeal, we refer to
EP Motors, McEP Investments, and McDaniels collectively as “McDaniels.”

                                            2
§§ 80E.01-.17 (2014), and later moved for a temporary restraining order and a good-

cause hearing pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1.        The district court denied

Wayzata’s motion, concluding that the planned relocation fell within the exception in

section 80E.14, subdivision 1, for the “relocation of an existing dealer.” The court of

appeals affirmed.    We conclude that (1) this appeal is not moot even though the

relocation at issue already has occurred; (2) the notice and good-cause requirements of

Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1, apply on the date that a manufacturer develops an intention

to relocate a dealership; and (3) the existing-dealer exception does not apply when the

relocation of a dealership is accompanied by a change in the person or entity operating

the dealership. Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals’ decision on mootness,

reverse on the merits, and remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

                                            I.

       Feldmann Imports Inc. (Feldmann) formerly operated a Nissan motor vehicle

dealership in Bloomington.     In March 2014, Feldmann executed an asset purchase

agreement (APA) with a third party for the sale of the Bloomington dealership. Because

Feldmann sought to retain the Bloomington property for other purposes, the APA

required the buyer to relocate the dealership.      The APA specified a potential new

dealership location in Eden Prairie that is 7.6 miles from Wayzata’s dealership.

       By the terms of Feldmann’s franchise agreement, Nissan maintained a right of first

refusal on the sale of the Feldmann dealership. Nissan exercised its right of first refusal

                                            3
on the APA and later assigned its right to McDaniels. McDaniels then purchased the real

property in Eden Prairie that was referenced in the APA. Although McDaniels had

operated motor vehicle dealerships pursuant to franchises with other manufacturers,

McDaniels had never held a franchise agreement with Nissan.

      After hearing rumors of the proposed relocation, Wayzata sent a letter to Nissan

inquiring about its intentions. Wayzata feared that the close proximity of the relocated

dealership would impinge on Wayzata’s primary geographic area of business. In a letter

dated May 8, 2014, Nissan responded that it intended to allow Feldmann or Feldmann’s

successor in interest to relocate the Bloomington dealership to a location within 10 miles

of the Wayzata dealership.

      On July 9, 2014, McDaniels entered into a sublease with Feldmann for the

Bloomington property, contingent on McDaniels’s closing on the purchase of the

Bloomington dealership. Nissan approved McDaniels as a Nissan dealer, as well as the

relocation of the Bloomington dealership, on July 24. On July 28, McDaniels closed on

the purchase of the Bloomington dealership and immediately commenced operation of

the dealership in Bloomington, pending its relocation to Eden Prairie.

      Wayzata filed an action against Nissan and McDaniels in Hennepin County

District Court and subsequently moved for a temporary restraining order pursuant to the

MVSDA.      Specifically, Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1, requires a motor vehicle

manufacturer to notify an existing dealer of the intention to establish or relocate a

dealership to a location within 10 miles of the existing dealer’s dealership. The existing

                                            4
dealer may then obtain a temporary injunction until a court determines that the

establishment or relocation of the dealership is supported by good cause. Minn. Stat.

§ 80E.14, subd. 1. But the “relocation of an existing dealer” is not subject to the notice

and good-cause requirements of the statute. Id. Nissan and McDaniels contended that

Nissan planned to relocate an “existing dealer” and, therefore, Wayzata had no right to

challenge the relocation.

       The district court denied Wayzata’s motion. As an initial matter, the district court

held that the notice and good-cause requirements of the statute applied on May 8, 2014—

the date of Nissan’s letter to Wayzata—at the latest. Further, the district court found that

McDaniels was not an “existing dealer” on that date. Yet, the district court held that

Nissan and McDaniels were exempt from the statute’s notice and good-cause

requirements. Concluding that the MVSDA uses the words “dealer” and “dealership”

interchangeably, the district court held that the existing-dealer exception applied because

Nissan intended to relocate an existing dealership from Bloomington to Eden Prairie.

       Wayzata filed a notice of appeal on September 26, 2014. McDaniels completed

the relocation of the Bloomington dealership on November 1, 2014—while the appeal

was pending—and commenced operations in Eden Prairie. Before the court of appeals,

Nissan and McDaniels argued that the relocation of the dealership rendered the appeal

moot. The court of appeals held that the appeal was not moot because the district court

could enjoin McDaniels from continuing operations at the Eden Prairie location.

Wayzata Nissan, LLC v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 865 N.W.2d 75, 79 (Minn. App. 2015). On

                                             5
the merits, the court of appeals affirmed the district court’s decision, but on different

grounds. The court of appeals held that McDaniels was an “existing dealer” on the date

that the Bloomington dealership was physically relocated to Eden Prairie and, therefore,

the existing-dealer exception applied. Id. at 82. We granted Wayzata’s petition for

review.

                                            II.

      As a threshold matter, we must address the issue of mootness.            Nissan and

McDaniels argue that this appeal is moot because Wayzata sought to enjoin the relocation

of the Bloomington dealership, and the dealership now has been relocated. Wayzata

contends that the district court could enjoin the operation of the Eden Prairie dealership.

Moreover, Wayzata cites Minn. Stat. § 80E.17, which provides that “any person whose

business or property is injured by a violation” of the MVSDA “may bring a civil action to

enjoin further violations and to recover the actual damages sustained.”

      We consider only live controversies, and an appeal will be dismissed as moot

when intervening events render a decision on the merits unnecessary or an award of

effective relief impossible. In re Minnegasco, 565 N.W.2d 706, 710 (Minn. 1997). But

an appeal is not moot when a party could be afforded effective relief.           Hous. &

Redevelopment Auth. ex rel. City of Richfield v. Walser Auto Sales, Inc., 641 N.W.2d

885, 888 (Minn. 2002). We review the issue of mootness de novo. Dean v. City of

Winona, 868 N.W.2d 1, 4 (Minn. 2015).



                                            6
       In its motion for a temporary restraining order, Wayzata sought to prevent Nissan

and McDaniels from establishing or operating the Eden Prairie dealership pending the

district court’s good-cause determination. On appeal, Wayzata seeks a remand for further

proceedings, including a good-cause hearing. If the district court on remand decides that

Nissan lacked good cause to relocate the Bloomington dealership, the district court could

award Wayzata relief under Minn. Stat. § 80E.17. Thus, effective relief is available, and

this appeal is not moot.

                                             III.

       Turning to the merits, this appeal requires us to interpret Minn. Stat. § 80E.14,

subd. 1. The interpretation of a statute presents a question of law, which we review

de novo. Ekdahl v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 213, 851 N.W.2d 874, 876 (Minn. 2014).

       We begin with an overview of the statute.         The MVSDA regulates contracts

between manufacturers and dealers of new motor vehicles.             Minn. Stat. § 80E.02.

Minnesota Statutes § 80E.14, subd. 1, imposes requirements on a manufacturer that seeks

to enter into a franchise establishing an additional dealership or relocating an existing

dealership. In relevant part, the statute provides:

       In the event that a manufacturer seeks to enter into a franchise establishing
       an additional new motor vehicle dealership or relocating an existing new
       motor vehicle dealership within or into a relevant market area where the
       line make is then represented, the manufacturer shall, in writing, first notify
       each new motor vehicle dealer in this line make in the relevant market area
       of the intention to establish an additional dealership or to relocate an
       existing dealership within or into that market area.



                                              7
Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1. A “relevant market area” encompasses a 10-mile radius

around an existing dealership. Id. Within 30 days of receiving notice, an affected

dealership may commence a civil action challenging the relocation. Id. After a civil

action is filed, “the manufacturer shall not establish or relocate” the proposed dealership

until the district court finds that the establishment or relocation is supported by good

cause. Id. But the notice and good-cause requirements do not apply to the “relocation of

an existing dealer” within the “area of responsibility” described in the dealer’s franchise

agreement when the proposed relocation site is within five miles of the existing dealer’s

current location and is not within five miles of another dealer of the same line make. Id.

It is undisputed that the relocation of the Eden Prairie dealership is within five miles of its

former Bloomington location and is more than five miles from the Wayzata dealership.

The issue in this case is whether, on the date that notice was required, Nissan intended to

relocate an “existing dealer” pursuant to the exception.

                                              A.

       Minnesota Statutes § 80E.14, subd. 1, exempts the “relocation of an existing

dealer” from the statute’s notice and good-cause requirements.           Because the notice

requirement and its exception must operate on the same date, the district court first

addressed the date on which the statute requires notice. The district court held that the

plain language of Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1, requires notice on the date that the

manufacturer develops an intention to establish or relocate a dealership. In the present



                                              8
case, the district court found that Nissan developed the requisite intention on May 8,

2014—the date of Nissan’s letter to Wayzata—at the latest.

       The court of appeals disagreed. Under the court of appeals’ holding, the notice

requirement and existing-dealer exception of Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1, apply on the

date of the physical relocation of a dealership, not on the date that the manufacturer

develops an intention to relocate a dealer. See Wayzata Nissan, 865 N.W.2d at 82 (“The

plain language of the statute requires that we consider the status of the relocating dealer

at the time of the relocation. Nothing in the statute requires or suggests examination of

the legal status of the relocating dealer at any point other than at the time of relocation.”).

Thus, the court of appeals determined that notice was required on November 1, 2014—

the date that McDaniels completed the relocation of the Bloomington dealership to Eden

Prairie. See id. (stating that McDaniels was an “existing dealer” at “the time of the

relocation in November 2014” because McDaniels “had operated as a Nissan dealer in

Bloomington for over three months”).

       While Wayzata urges us to adopt the district court’s analysis regarding the timing

of the notice requirement, Nissan and McDaniels advocate for the court of appeals’

analysis.   It is undisputed that McDaniels was not an existing Nissan dealer as of

May 8, 2014. The parties further agree that McDaniels was an existing Nissan dealer as

of November 1, 2014. Accordingly, we must interpret the notice requirement in order to

determine the date on which McDaniels was required to be an “existing dealer” for the

exception to apply.

                                              9
       The purpose of statutory interpretation is to ascertain the intent of the Legislature.

Christianson v. Henke, 831 N.W.2d 532, 536 (Minn. 2013).                We interpret words

according to their plain meaning, Minn. Stat. § 645.08(1) (2014), and consider a statute

“as a whole so as to harmonize and give effect to all its parts,” In re UnitedHealth Grp.

Inc., 754 N.W.2d 544, 563 (Minn. 2008). When the language of a statute is plain and

unambiguous, we presume that the plain meaning is consistent with legislative intent.

Allan v. R.D. Offutt Co., 869 N.W.2d 31, 33 (Minn. 2015).

       We need look no further than the plain language of Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1,

to discern its meaning. The statute contains four phrases relevant to our analysis. The

notice requirement provides that when “a manufacturer seeks to enter into a franchise” to

relocate a dealership, “the manufacturer shall . . . first notify” each affected dealer “of the

intention” to relocate the dealership. Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1 (emphasis added).

And the existing-dealer exception refers to “the proposed relocation site.” Id. (emphasis

added).   These provisions plainly require a manufacturer to notify a dealer of the

“intention” to relocate an existing dealership before the manufacturer “seeks to enter”

into a contract to relocate the dealership. See id.

       McDaniels contends that the statute requires notice of a manufacturer’s intention

and that in this case it was the dealer, not the manufacturer, that initiated the

Bloomington dealership’s relocation. We disagree. The statute refers to a manufacturer

that “seeks to enter into a franchise . . . relocating an existing new motor vehicle

dealership.” Id. (emphasis added). “Franchise” is defined as “the written agreement or

                                              10
contract” between a manufacturer and a dealer that “grants to the dealer the right to

market motor vehicles and which purports to fix the legal rights and liabilities of the

parties to the agreement or contract.” Minn. Stat. § 80E.03, subd. 8. Accordingly, the

statute plainly requires notice when a manufacturer seeks to enter into a contract

authorizing the relocation of a dealership. It is irrelevant whether the manufacturer was

the first party to propose the relocation.

        Accordingly, we hold that notice is required on the date that a manufacturer

develops the intention to authorize a relocation, not on the date of the physical relocation

of a dealership. The district court found that Nissan had developed a definite intention to

authorize the relocation of the Bloomington dealership as of May 8, 2014, at the latest.

This finding is supported by Nissan’s May 8, 2014, letter stating its intention to relocate

the Bloomington dealership. We, therefore, conclude that—absent the operation of the

existing-dealer exception—Nissan was required to provide notice on or before May 8,

2014.

                                             B.

        Having decided that, absent an applicable exception, the statute required notice on

or before May 8, 2014, we next address whether the existing-dealer exception applied on

that date. The district court found that McDaniels was not a Nissan dealer on May 8,

2014. But the district court held that this fact is irrelevant, concluding that the MVSDA

uses the words “dealer” and “dealership” interchangeably. Because Nissan intended to

relocate an “existing dealership”—the Bloomington dealership—to Eden Prairie, the

                                             11
district court held that the existing-dealer exception applied regardless of whether

McDaniels was an existing Nissan dealer on the date that the statute required notice.

       Wayzata challenges this aspect of the district court’s analysis, contending that the

word “dealer” is defined in the MVSDA to mean “a person,” Minn. Stat. § 80E.03,

subd. 3. Wayzata interprets the word “dealership,” which is undefined in the statute, to

mean the business and assets of a dealer.         In response, Nissan and McDaniels cite

provisions of the MVSDA that appear to use the words “dealer” and “dealership”

interchangeably. See, e.g., Minn. Stat. §§ 80E.09, subd. 1 (referring to both the rights of

a dealer and “the extent the dealership makes other use of the property”), 80E.11, subd. 1

(referring to the “ownership . . . of a dealer”), 80E.14, subd. 1 (stating that “a dealership

may commence a civil action”). To determine whether the existing-dealer exception

applies, we must decide whether the district court correctly concluded that the Legislature

used the words “dealer” and “dealership” synonymously in the MVSDA.

                                             1.

       When a word is defined in a statute, we are guided by the definition provided by

the Legislature. State v. Rick, 835 N.W.2d 478, 482 (Minn. 2013). We generally apply a

statutory definition each time the defined word is used in the statute. Cf. id. This

presumption is overcome, however, when it is impossible to use a statutory definition

consistently without violating our principles of statutory interpretation. See id. at 483.

For example, in State v. Rick, we declined to apply the statutory definition of a word to a

specific provision of a statute when doing so would violate the canon against surplusage

                                             12
and the rules of grammar. Id. When there is no applicable statutory definition, we often

consult dictionary definitions to discern a word’s plain meaning. See Larson v. Nw. Mut.

Life Ins. Co., 855 N.W.2d 293, 301 (Minn. 2014); see also Rick, 835 N.W.2d at 483-84

(consulting dictionaries when a statutory definition was inapplicable).

       Turning to Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1, we begin our analysis by addressing the

relevant definitions of “dealer” and “dealership.”       The definitions provided in the

MVSDA apply throughout Minn. Stat. §§ 80E.01-.17 “unless the context otherwise

requires.” Minn. Stat. § 80E.03, subd. 1. The MVSDA defines “dealer” as

       a person who in the ordinary course of business is engaged in the business
       of selling new motor vehicles to consumers or other end users and who
       holds a valid sales and service agreement, franchise, or contract, granted by
       a manufacturer, distributor, or wholesaler for the sale of its motor vehicles.

Id., subd. 3. Statutes often use the word “person” to describe corporations and other

business entities. See Minn. Stat. § 645.44, subd. 7 (2014) (stating that in statutes,

“ ‘[p]erson’ may extend and be applied to bodies politic and corporate, and to

partnerships and other unincorporated associations”); Magnusson v. Am. Allied Ins. Co.,

290 Minn. 465, 474, 189 N.W.2d 28, 34 (1971). Accordingly, the relevant statutory

definition of “dealer” is a person or entity engaged in the business of selling new motor

vehicles pursuant to a franchise with a manufacturer.

       For context, we also will address the meaning of the word “dealership,” which is

not defined in the MVSDA. Dictionaries define “dealership” as either a franchise, The

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 466 (5th ed. 2011); the business


                                            13
of a dealer, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged 581 (2002); or a

dealer’s “trading establishment,” 4 The Oxford English Dictionary 297 (2d ed. 1989,

reprt. 1991). In the MVSDA, the Legislature generally used the word “dealership” to

signify a “trading establishment” or “business.”        See, e.g., Minn. Stat. §§ 80E.07,

subd. 1(a) (referring to a “change in ownership of the . . . dealer’s dealership”), 80E.12(f)

(referring to the “means by . . . which the dealer finances the operation of the

dealership”), 80E.13(j) (referring to a dealer’s transfer or assignment of a dealership),

80E.135, subd. 1a(1) (referring to contracts that require a dealer to “establish or maintain

exclusive dealership facilities”).

       With these definitions of “dealer” and “dealership” in mind, we next address

whether the statutory definition of “dealer” applies to the existing-dealer exception in

Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1. We conclude that it does, because the exception expressly

uses the word “dealer.” The Legislature intended for the statutory definition of “dealer”

to apply throughout the MVSDA “unless the context otherwise requires.” Minn. Stat.

§ 80E.03, subd. 1 (emphasis added).        Nothing in the context of the existing-dealer

exception requires us to ignore the statutory definition of “dealer.”

       And, setting aside the Legislature’s instruction that the definitions in the MVSDA

apply throughout the chapter “unless the context otherwise requires,” id., we have

ignored a statutory definition only when applying the definition would violate our canons

of statutory interpretation.    See Rick, 835 N.W.2d at 483.        Applying the statutory

definition of “dealer” to the existing-dealer exception does not violate any principles of

                                             14
statutory interpretation. To the contrary, the word “dealer” is followed by the phrase

“within its area of responsibility.” Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1. The phrase “its area of

responsibility” only makes sense when preceded by a reference to a person or entity—in

other words, a dealer.

       We conclude that the phrase “existing dealer” in Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1,

refers to the person or entity that is operating a dealership on the date that the

manufacturer develops a definite intention to relocate the dealership. On May 8, 2014,

Nissan intended to approve the relocation of the Bloomington dealership to Eden Prairie.

By the terms of the asset purchase agreement that precipitated the relocation, the

relocated dealership was not to be operated by Feldmann—the entity that was operating

the dealership on May 8. Rather, the relocated dealership would be operated by a new

dealer—McDaniels. Accordingly, the existing-dealer exception did not apply to the

relocation of the Bloomington dealership, and Wayzata was entitled to notice and a good-

cause hearing.

                                            2.

       As a final matter, Nissan and McDaniels contend that our decision will create

absurd results. They observe, as did the district court, that Wayzata would have no

statutory right to challenge the Bloomington dealership’s relocation if either

(1) Feldmann had sold the Bloomington dealership after relocating or (2) McDaniels had

decided to relocate only after purchasing the Bloomington dealership. For this reason,



                                            15
the district court concluded that there is no reason why the “compressed nature of the

transactions in this case” requires a different result.

       When interpreting statutes, we presume that the Legislature did not intend absurd

or unreasonable results. State v. Koenig, 666 N.W.2d 366, 372 (Minn. 2003); accord

Minn. Stat. § 645.17(1) (2014). But this canon of construction applies only to ambiguous

statutes, except in the “exceedingly rare case in which the plain meaning of the statute

‘utterly confounds’ the clear legislative purpose of the statute.” Schatz v. Interfaith Care

Ctr., 811 N.W.2d 643, 651 (Minn. 2012) (quoting Weston v. McWilliams & Assocs., Inc.,

716 N.W.2d 634, 639 (Minn. 2006)).

       Arguably, Wayzata would be equally affected by the relocation of any dealer into

Wayzata’s market area, regardless of whether a new dealer or an existing dealer is being

relocated. But, even if true, that fact would not necessarily lead to an absurd result. The

exception in Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1, prioritizes the interests of existing dealers

over the interests of new dealers. The Legislature could have created the existing-dealer

exception to accommodate dealers that have occupied a particular geographic area, but

find it necessary to slightly shift their location. That an existing dealer, but not a new

dealer, may take advantage of the existing-dealer exception certainly does not confound

any clear legislative purpose.

                                              VI.

       To summarize, we affirm the court of appeals’ holding that this appeal is not moot,

because the district court may still grant effective relief. But we reverse the court of

                                              16
appeals’ decision on the merits. We hold that Minn. Stat. § 80E.14, subd. 1, requires

notice on the date that a manufacturer develops an intention to authorize the

establishment or relocation of a dealership. We further hold that the existing-dealer

exception applies only to the “relocation of an existing dealer,” Minn. Stat. § 80E.14,

subd. 1, and that an “existing dealer” is the person or entity operating the dealership at the

time that the manufacturer develops the requisite intention, Minn. Stat. § 80E.03, subd. 3.

Because McDaniels was not an “existing dealer” on the date that Nissan developed a

definite intention to authorize the relocation of the Bloomington dealership, the existing-

dealer exception does not apply. We, therefore, remand to the district court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.




                                             17
