                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        AUG 7 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARCUS & MILLICHAP REAL ESTATE                  No.    19-16446
INVESTMENT SERVICES OF NEVADA,
INC.; et al.,                                   D.C. No.
                                                2:16-cv-01299-RFB-GWF
                Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

SHARATH CHANDRA, in his official
capacity as Administrator of the Real Estate
Division, Department of Business &
Industry, State of Nevada,; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Nevada
                 Richard F. Boulware II, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted June 3, 2020
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: GOULD, BEA, and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges.

      Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services of Nevada, Inc. and

Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services, Inc. (together, “M&M”), as

well as individual real estate brokers affiliated with M&M (the “Individual


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Plaintiffs”), (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) appeal the district court’s order granting

summary judgement in favor of the Administrator of the Nevada Real Estate

Division and individual Commissioners of the Nevada Real Estate Commission

(collectively, “State Defendants” or “Nevada”). We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse, vacate, and remand with instructions to dismiss.

      Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we recite them briefly and

only as necessary to resolve the issues on appeal. Nevada initiated disciplinary

proceedings against the Individual Plaintiffs for conducting or assisting others in

conducting real estate business in the State without the required real estate license

or certificate. Plaintiffs in turn sued the State Defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,

alleging that certain Nevada statutes and regulations governing real estate licenses

and cooperative certificates violate the Dormant Commerce Clause of the United

States Constitution. Plaintiffs sought declaratory and injunctive relief, including a

request that the district court enjoin the state disciplinary proceedings and their

resulting penalties.

      At various stages of this litigation, Nevada argued that the district court

should abstain pursuant to Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971) and its progeny.

Ultimately, the district court did not abstain and it granted summary judgment in

favor of Nevada, concluding that: (1) the Individual Plaintiffs have standing to

challenge section 645.185(11) of the Nevada Administrative Code; (2) none of the


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Plaintiffs have standing to challenge section 645.550 of the Nevada Revised

Statutes; and (3) section 645.185(11) of the Nevada Administrative Code does not

violate the Dormant Commerce Clause. Plaintiffs timely appealed.

      On appeal, Nevada noted in its briefing that the disciplinary proceedings

were pending before the state court on a petition for judicial review. We therefore

instructed the parties to address the applicability of Younger abstention during oral

argument. Following argument, we then ordered supplemental briefing on whether

Younger abstention is merited in this case. At oral argument and in their

supplemental briefing, the parties took opposing positions regarding abstention,

with Nevada arguing that the elements of Younger abstention are met.

      Under Younger, federal courts “must abstain in deference to state civil

enforcement proceedings that: ‘(1) are ongoing, (2) are quasi-criminal

enforcement actions or involve a state’s interest in enforcing the orders and

judgments of its courts, (3) implicate an important state interest, and (4) allow

litigants to raise federal challenges.’” Nationwide Biweekly Admin., Inc. v. Owen,

873 F.3d 716, 727–28 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State

Comp. Ins. Fund, 754 F.3d 754, 759 (9th Cir. 2014)). “We review de novo a

district court’s determination as to whether Younger abstention is warranted,”

Vasquez v. Rackauckas, 734 F.3d 1025, 1035 (9th Cir. 2013), and may raise the

issue of Younger abstention sua sponte on appeal, see Citizens for Free Speech,


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LLC v. Cnty. of Alameda, 953 F.3d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[T]he court may

raise abstention of its own accord at any stage of the litigation.” (citing Bellotti v.

Baird, 428 U.S. 132, 143 n.10 (1976))); Columbia Basin Apartment Ass’n v. City

of Pasco, 268 F.3d 791, 799 (9th Cir. 2001) (“The Younger doctrine may be raised

sua sponte at any time in the appellate process.” (citing H.C. ex rel. Gordon v.

Koppel, 203 F.3d 610, 613 (9th Cir. 2000))).

      Here, Plaintiffs do not dispute that the third and fourth elements of Younger

abstention—that an important state interest is implicated and that Plaintiffs may

raise the federal claim in the state proceeding—are met. Indeed, the state

proceedings implicate Nevada’s important interest in the regulation of real estate

brokers in the State, and Plaintiffs are able to raise, and in fact have already raised,

the exact same constitutional claim at issue here in those state proceedings.

      Nevada has also met the two remaining elements of Younger. First, the state

proceedings—which implicate disciplinary investigations, formal complaints,

notices to appear for a hearing, and the imposition of hefty monetary fines—are

quasi-criminal enforcement actions. See Sprint Commc’ns, Inc. v. Jacobs, 571

U.S. 69, 79–80 (2013) (collecting cases); Citizens for Free Speech, LLC, 953 F.3d

at 657.

      Second, the state proceedings are “ongoing” because Nevada initiated them

before the federal case had “moved beyond an ‘embryonic stage.’” Owen, 873


                                            4
F.3d at 728 (first quoting Hicks v. Miranda, 422 U.S. 332, 349 (1975); and then

quoting Hoye v. City of Oakland, 653 F.3d 835, 844 (9th Cir. 2011)); see also San

Jose Silicon Valley Chamber of Commerce Political Action Comm. v. City of San

Jose, 546 F.3d 1087, 1092–94 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that abstaining under

Younger is proper where administrative proceeding is ongoing, irrespective of

whether state-court review has been invoked). Nevada filed formal administrative

complaints against the Individual Plaintiffs before the district court ruled on any

discovery motions and before Plaintiffs had even filed their motion for a

preliminary injunction. By the time the district court held a hearing on the motions

for summary judgment and Nevada’s renewed Younger abstention arguments, the

State had already held hearings, entered findings, and ordered all the Individual

Plaintiffs to pay fines. Indeed, in their supplemental briefing, the parties notified

this court that the proceedings remain ongoing. Thus, this element of Younger

abstention is also readily met here.

      We are unpersuaded by Plaintiffs’ claim that Nevada has abandoned its

claim of abstention. While Nevada did not raise abstention in its answering brief

on appeal or cross-appeal the district court’s ruling on Younger abstention, it

argued in favor of abstention when prompted at oral argument and in its

supplemental briefing. Moreover, the State raised Younger abstention at the

motion to dismiss and summary judgment stages of the litigation below. This


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conduct does not amount to waiver. Compare, e.g., Ohio Civil Rights Comm’n v.

Dayton Christian Sch., Inc., 477 U.S. 619, 625–26 (1986) (finding that the

defendant did not waive its abstention claim where the defendant raised abstention

in the district court and at oral argument on appeal), with Ohio Bureau of Emp’t

Servs. v. Hodory, 431 U.S. 471, 479–80 (1977) (declining to abstain where

defendants did not raise Younger abstention on appeal and “resisted” the invitation

to argue abstention when prompted during oral argument), and Kleenwell

Biohazard Waste & Gen. Ecology Consultants, Inc. v. Nelson, 48 F.3d 391, 394

(9th Cir. 1995) (declining to abstain where the defendants did not raise the issue

before the district court and the state administrative proceedings had been

terminated).

      We are also unpersuaded by Plaintiffs’ remaining arguments that abstention

is inappropriate because it will result in irreparable harm and that, even if Younger

abstention applies, the court should adjudicate M&M’s claims because only the

Individual Plaintiffs are parties in the state court proceedings. See Vasquez, 734

F.3d at 1035 (noting that Younger abstention applies to plaintiffs who are not

parties in the state litigation if those plaintiffs’ interests are “so intertwined with

those of the state court party that . . . interference with the state court proceeding is

inevitable” (quoting Green v. City of Tucson, 255 F.3d 1086, 1100 (9th Cir. 2001)

(en banc), overruled on other grounds by Gilbertson v. Albright, 381 F.3d 965 (9th


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Cir. 2004))); City of San Jose, 546 F.3d at 1096 (noting that where Younger

elements are met, the court must abstain absent evidence of “bad faith, harassment,

or an extraordinary circumstance,” regardless of “the importance of the

[constitutional] interest asserted by a federal plaintiff”).

      In sum, principles of comity and federalism caution against interfering with

Nevada’s ongoing state proceedings, which Plaintiffs seek to enjoin in this federal

case and which implicate the same constitutional claim at issue here. Dismissal

based on Younger abstention is therefore warranted, see Gilbertson, 381 F.3d at

981; City of San Jose, 546 F.3d at 1096, and we decline to address the merits.

      REVERSED, VACATED, and REMANDED with instructions to

dismiss the case. The parties shall bear their own costs.




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