        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs March 21, 2012

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. COLIN D. SAVAGE

               Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County
                     No. 40900019      Michael R. Jones, Judge


              No. M2011-00666-CCA-R3-CD - Filed September 17, 2012


After pleading guilty to the indicted charges of conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary,
aggravated burglary, conspiracy to commit theft of property valued at $10,000 or more, and
theft of property valued at less than $500, appellant, Colin D. Savage, was tried and
convicted on the remaining charges of especially aggravated robbery and especially
aggravated kidnapping. The trial court merged the convictions for conspiracy to commit
aggravated burglary and conspiracy to commit theft of property valued at $10,000 or more
and sentenced appellant to four years in confinement. The court pronounced a six-year
sentence for the aggravated burglary conviction, twenty-four years for the especially
aggravated robbery conviction, twenty-four years for the especially aggravated kidnapping
conviction, and eleven months and twenty-nine days for theft of property valued at less than
$500. The trial court ordered that the sentences for especially aggravated robbery and
especially aggravated kidnapping run consecutively to each other, with the remaining
sentences running concurrently with them, resulting in an effective sentence of forty-eight
years. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and claims the following errors: (1) the
State’s evidence was insufficient to support the convictions; (2) the trial court erred in
declining to merge the convictions for especially aggravated robbery and especially
aggravated kidnapping; and (3) the trial court erred in ordering the sentences to be served
consecutively. After reviewing the record for sufficiency of the evidence, consecutive
sentencing, and propriety of the trial court’s refusal to merge the convictions, we affirm the
trial court’s judgments.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which N ORMA M CG EE O GLE and
R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

B. Nathan Hunt (on appeal), Edward DeWerff and Gregory D. Smith (at trial), Clarksville,
Tennessee, for the appellant, Colin D. Savage.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Leslie E. Price, Assistant Attorney
General; John Wesley Carney, Jr., District Attorney General; and Robert Nash, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                          OPINION

                                 I. Facts from the Trial Court

       Following the entry of guilty pleas to four counts of the Montgomery County
indictment, appellant’s two-day trial for especially aggravated robbery and especially
aggravated kidnapping began on August 16, 2010, resulting in jury verdicts of guilty on both
counts. The trial court sentenced appellant to an effective forty-eight year sentence. The
court heard appellant’s motion for new trial on February 25, 2011. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court denied the motion. This appeal follows.

        The ninety-two-year-old victim, Ms. Oma England, testified that she fell asleep early
in the afternoon on October 14, 2008. She awoke to someone jumping up onto her bed. Ms.
England tried to get up, but the person held her down. The individual began to pull her hair
and suffocate her. She could not catch her breath and was in great pain. As Ms. England
was fighting the attack, the individual found some sort of fabric and wrapped each of her
fingers. He made a knot of the binding and tied her to the bed. She believed there were two
or three attackers in her room. She did not recall who initially found her.

        The State first tried Rodney Glover for his involvement in the crimes. The jury found
him guilty of aggravated kidnapping, aggravated burglary, conspiracy to commit aggravated
burglary, and conspiracy to commit theft valued at $10,000 or more. At the time of
appellant’s trial, Mr. Glover was awaiting sentencing. Mr. Glover testified at appellant’s trial
that he met appellant through a mutual friend a few months prior to the crimes. Mr. Glover
and another friend, John Privett, began planning the incident approximately one month in
advance. Mr. Privett knew the victim because she was his wife’s stepmother. Mr. Privett
convinced Mr. Glover that he would realize $100,000 to $300,000 in cash during the burglary
if they could locate certain bank account numbers, gold bars, silver bars, $30,000 in cash,
jewelry, guns, and miscellaneous items located within the residence.

        Mr. Glover further testified that he and appellant both lived in Georgia at the time they
committed the offenses and that their residences were in view of each other. Mr. Glover
visited appellant on the day of the incident and explained to appellant that he planned to
burglarize the victim’s home in Clarksville, Tennessee. Appellant requested that they tell his
girlfriend about the plan, as he needed to obtain permission from her first. After speaking

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with appellant’s girlfriend, Mr. Glover and appellant began to travel toward the victim’s
home. They planned to gain entry into her home through the back door. They knew the
victim would be at home. Mr. Glover and appellant discussed appellant’s tying up the victim
after they entered her home.

        Once in Clarksville, Mr. Glover realized the directions Mr. Privett gave him to the
victim’s home were incorrect. Mr. Glover called Mr. Privett to obtain better directions but
did not reach him immediately. Mr. Glover and appellant passed the time, waiting for Mr.
Privett to return Mr. Glover’s call. After receiving directions from Mr. Privett, Mr. Glover
and appellant drove to the victim’s home, then drove around to find a place to conceal the
truck. Appellant decided to leave the truck in a used car lot. The two men then left on foot
toward the victim’s home but became separated for a time on the way.

        When Mr. Glover reached the victim’s home, he circled to the rear of the house and
raised a window in the sunroom. He reached inside the window and unlocked the door to
gain entry. He descended the stairs to the basement, searching for the items that Mr. Privett
assured him he would find. Mr. Glover located the safe, but it contained old pennies, stamps,
and coins, not the cash, gold and silver Mr. Privett had touted. Mr. Glover gathered all of
the items and placed them in the middle of a flag that he had spread out on the floor. He used
the telephone in the victim’s home to call appellant. When appellant answered, Mr. Glover
told him to come to the back door. The State obtained telephone records that confirmed Mr.
Glover’s account of the calls that he placed to appellant’s telephone from the victim’s home
telephone number. Following the telephone calls, Mr. Glover noticed some rings on the
kitchen counter and put them in his pocket.

        Mr. Glover testified that after appellant entered the victim’s home, appellant
proceeded downstairs. He began to sort through the items Mr. Glover had located. Mr.
Glover informed appellant that “it’s not there,” meaning the cash, gold and silver. On the
way out of the basement, Mr. Glover and appellant rummaged through the dresser drawers
that they saw. They passed through a small room from which appellant took a nightstick and
electrical cords. Mr. Glover and appellant started to walk up the stairs when they noticed a
closet. They removed a small fox fur coat and a full length mink coat and placed the coats
in the pile of items they intended to take from the victim’s home. After reaching the main
floor, Mr. Glover and appellant decided that they needed to proceed upstairs to secure the
victim.

        Mr. Glover had removed a pillowcase from a bed in the basement. He ascended the
stairs toward the top floor ahead of appellant. Mr. Glover placed the pillowcase over the
victim’s head. Appellant bound her feet with the electrical cord. Mr. Glover attempted to
bind the victim’s hands but could not do so. He then held the victim’s hands together while

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appellant bound them. Mr. Glover began to open the victim’s night stand when he heard the
victim call out for Jesus. The victim was sitting on the bed. The next sounds he heard were
two knocking sounds. When Mr. Glover turned around, he witnessed appellant standing over
her with the nightstick in his hand. The victim fell backward onto the bed. Appellant
removed the .25 caliber gun from his pocket and rubbed it on the victim’s leg. He threatened
the victim that he would use the gun if she did not remain quiet. Appellant “tied the victim’s
hands over her head to the bedpost.”

       After binding the victim, appellant took the victim’s jewelry box and her purse. He
began to fill his pockets with items from the jewelry box and purse. During the struggle, Mr.
Glover knocked the telephone off of the victim’s bedside table. When the telephone landed
on the floor, the receiver fell off of the cradle. Soon, Mr. Glover heard “Life Support”
through the receiver. When the caller asked for Ms. Oma England, Mr. Glover disguised his
voice as an elderly person and told the caller that everything was okay. Appellant anxiously
urged Mr. Glover to leave, saying that “Life Support” would dispatch fire trucks, police, and
paramedics to the residence. Mr. Glover assured appellant that he had the situation under
control.

        Appellant then grabbed one or two jewelry boxes and the victim’s purse and ran down
the stairs. He exited through the kitchen door. Mr. Glover did not see whether appellant had
the nightstick and gun with him when he left. Mr. Glover was confident that “Life Support”
would not be dispatching emergency responders, so he began to search for and gather other
items to take. Mr. Glover remained in the residence an additional thirty minutes to one hour.
At some point, appellant returned and informed Mr. Glover that he could hear sirens.
Appellant left again. Mr. Glover packed up all of the items that he had gathered, then went
into the dining room to gather the silver. He loaded everything into the victim’s car and left
the residence. He drove around for approximately an hour, calling out of the window for
appellant. When he left the neighborhood to drive back to Georgia without appellant, Mr.
Glover believed it was 2:00 a.m.

        Mr. Glover stole the following items from the victim: a long mink coat, coins, stamps,
silver, pottery, a twelve-gauge shotgun, a .22 caliber rifle, several items of jewelry, and $7-8
in cash. Mr. Glover asserted that he was not responsible for the ransacking of the victim’s
home. He testified that the State did not offer him any benefits in exchange for his testimony
at appellant’s trial and that he testified on his own volition because he felt that appellant was
attempting to assign full responsibility to him.

      Ben Blackmon, an officer with the Clarksville Police Department, was on duty on
October 15, 2008, when he was dispatched to 105 Talton Court. The complainant, Ms.
Vickie Terrell, requested that Officer Blackmon investigate the residence at that address.

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Officer Blackmon observed an open garage door, and together with Officer Quinn, decided
to enter the residence. Upon entering the foyer, Officer Blackmon saw that the house was
in extreme disarray. Pictures were knocked from walls, furniture was overturned, and papers
littered the floor. After proceeding through the kitchen, the officers noticed stairs leading
to the basement. The basement rooms were in similar disarray; a mattress was removed from
a bed, furniture was overturned, and drawers had been pulled out of dressers. The officers
then returned to the main floor of the home and began to ascend the stairs leading to the top
floor of the residence.

       After clearing a bathroom, Officer Quinn looked in one of the bedrooms and advised
Officer Blackmon that there was a body in the room. For their safety, the officers cleared the
remaining rooms of the home before returning to the bedroom. The officers initially assumed
the person was deceased but observed the victim move her foot. They attempted to render
aid. Officer Blackmon saw that the victim’s hands were bound to the headboard of the bed
and that her feet had been tied to the footboard using electrical cords. The victim also had
a pillowcase over her face.

       Pursuant to Officer Blackmon’s instructions, Officer Quinn removed the pillowcase
from the victim’s face and made contact with the victim. Officer Blackmon observed that
the victim’s face was extremely bruised and that her eyes were swollen. One of her wrists
was disfigured and appeared to be broken. Officer Quinn left the area to retrieve a knife
from the patrol car so that Officer Blackmon could cut the victim free from her restraints.
The officers then requested Emergency Medical Services (“EMS”) and contacted their
supervisor.

       Officer Blackmon asked the victim how long she had been restrained. She did not
know whether it was day or night and could not give officers a time frame. She did not know
who her assailants were. She had been afraid to call out, fearing that the offenders would
return. At that time, the victim believed that one individual was responsible for the crimes.

       Vickie Terrell, who was employed by the victim at the time of the attack, testified that
she cleaned the victim’s home and drove her to various appointments. Ms. Terrell had
worked for the victim for approximately four years. Before the incident, Ms. Terrell worked
one day a week. She began working for the victim five days a week after the incident. Ms.
Terrell was scheduled to work on the day following the incident, October 15, 2008. She
knew immediately when she drove up to the residence that something was amiss because the
garage door was closed. The victim always opened the garage door and sometimes pulled
her car out of the garage when she was expecting Ms. Terrell. Upon opening the garage
door, Ms. Terrell observed that the victim’s car was missing and objects in the garage were
strewn about. Ms. Terrell opened the door into the house and called out for the victim twice.

                                              -5-
She observed that the home was out of order, so she remained outside and called 9-1-1.
Officers responded to her call. Ms. Terrell did not enter the house for several days after the
attack. When she finally went inside, she found a cigarette butt tossed in the entryway
behind the stairway corner. She gave the butt to Nancy Williams, the victim’s daughter. No
one smoked inside the victim’s home. Ms. Terrell was a smoker but had never smoked inside
the victim’s home.

       Barry Spencer of the Montgomery County EMS responded to the residence at 105
Talton Court at approximately 9:00 a.m. on October 15, 2008. Upon entering the upstairs
bedroom, Mr. Spencer observed a ninety-two-year-old female on the bed, wearing only her
underwear. Officers had freed her from her restraints. Mr. Spencer noticed multiple areas
of swelling on her face. The victim appeared to be alert. EMS initiated treatment by
immobilizing the victim’s spine and inserting an IV through which they could administer
pain medication.

       Mr. Spencer stated that the victim seemed scared. She repeatedly asked who everyone
was and what they were doing in her home. After she was immobilized, the victim
complained of pain in her forearms and hands. The bindings with which the victim was tied
had left indentations in the victim’s skin in those areas. The victim told Mr. Spencer that
someone jumped on her during the night and beat her. EMS transported the victim to
Gateway Medical Center.

        Dr. Robert Paasche, a board-certified emergency medicine physician, received the call
from EMS that they were transporting a victim of a home invasion to the emergency room.
When Dr. Paasche first encountered the victim, he noticed that she had been severely beaten
and had sustained bruising and swelling around both of her eyes to the degree that they were
almost swollen shut. The victim also presented with severe swelling, bruising, and
tenderness on both hands. The victim complained of chest pain as a result of injuries to her
chest. Based on his observations, Dr. Paasche was very concerned that the victim may have
had a life-threatening condition. He ordered several laboratory tests and images. The staff
monitored her heart closely.

       “CK” is an enzyme that represents heart muscle protein. The victim’s “CK” level was
approximately ten times the normal value. Dr. Paasche was concerned that because the
victim remained in one position for a very long period, her body may have digested a large
portion of her muscle and deposited the protein into her body. A high level of protein can
overwhelm the kidneys and result in kidney failure.

      As Dr. Paasche examined the victim, she expressed that she had significant pain in her
head and face, as well as her hands, wrists, and chest. He treated her pain conservatively

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with narcotic pain medication because he did not want to alter her mental state and confuse
her. The victim also complained of nausea, which the doctor treated with multiple rounds
of anti-nausea medication.

        The victim’s injuries included a sub-conjunctival hemorrhage (bleeding to the white
part of the eye), an orbital blow-out fracture (a broken bone on the underside of the eye orbit
which holds the eye in place), a fracture of the left distal radius (broken bone in the wrist),
and a displaced left fifth metacarpal (a severely broken bone of the hand by the smallest
finger). Dr. Paasche opined that the injury to the orbit was severe, represented a very
significant amount of force and almost always required surgical repair. The victim also
suffered a concussion. The injury to the victim’s chest did not appear to be as severe as her
other injuries. However, in an elderly patient with limited lung reserve, an injury even
without a broken bone could cause the individual to take shallow breaths, presenting a risk
of pneumonia.

        William Barnes was a patrol sergeant and crime scene investigator with the
Clarksville Police Department. He responded to the residence at 105 Talton Court on
October 15, 2008, and assisted in collecting evidence. He collected a cigarette butt from the
top of the dryer and a latex glove from the top of the washing machine, both located in the
victim’s laundry room. Sergeant Barnes took photographs and produced a videotape of the
crime scene. During the investigation, he processed a truck in which he found a Pepsi bottle.

       Special Agent Jennifer Shipman was a Special Agent Forensic Scientist in the DNA
and serology division of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Crime Lab. Special Agent
Shipman extracted human DNA from the cigarette butt retrieved by Sergeant Barnes. The
DNA profile from the cigarette butt matched Rodney Glover’s DNA profile. The probability
of an unrelated individual having the same profile exceeded the current world population.
Special Agent Shipman also tested the latex glove recovered by Sergeant Barnes in the
victim’s laundry room. Presumptive tests did not indicate the presence of blood, but she
successfully swabbed the glove and collected DNA. Testing indicated a partial profile which
was consistent with appellant’s DNA profile. The probability of an unrelated individual in
the African American population with the same genetic profile is one in 104,500.

       Gary Hodges, now retired from the Clarksville Police Department where he was a
criminal investigator, collected additional evidence from the crime scene. Investigator
Hodges recovered a pair of latex gloves from the center bedroom of the victim’s home. That
was not the bedroom in which the victim was found. Investigator Hodges assisted Officer
Barnes in processing the truck, which he identified as a white Ford F-250 model.
Investigator Hodges also found two Pepsi bottles in the truck, as well as three cigarette butts.



                                              -7-
        Special Agent Shipman matched DNA swabbed from the mouth of the two Pepsi
bottles to Rodney Glover’s DNA. The probability of an unrelated individual having the same
profile exceeded the current world population. She tested one of the latex gloves found
upstairs in the victim’s home and obtained a partial profile matching Rodney Glover. The
probability of an unrelated African American individual having the same DNA profile is one
in 13.8 billion. Special Agent Shipman tested two cigarette butts found in the white Ford
truck. She designated them number one and number two. The DNA profile from number
one matched Rodney Glover, and the DNA from number two matched appellant; for both
profiles, the probability of an unrelated individual having the same profile exceeded the
current world population.

        Samuel Knolton, also from the Clarksville Police Department, was an instructor with
the training division and worked with crime scene investigations at the time of the offenses.
He responded to 105 Talton Court to recover evidence on October 15, 2008. As part of his
duties, Officer Knolton recovered several pieces of extension cord or appliance wires at the
crime scene. He provided photographs depicting the victim’s bedroom and the exact
locations where he found the cords and wires. Near the bed, Officer Knolton recovered the
pillowcase that was placed over the victim’s head.

        Sergeant Liane Wilson worked in the Major Crimes Division of the Clarksville Police
Department on October 15, 2008. When she responded to the crime scene, Sergeant Wilson
was directed to follow the victim to the hospital. At the hospital, Sergeant Wilson received
the shirt that the victim had been wearing. A couple of days later, she obtained a cigarette
butt from the victim’s daughter, Nancy Williams. Sergeant Wilson photographed the victim
while she was in the hospital.

       Special Agent Shipman tested the cigarette butt that Sergeant Wilson received from
Ms. Williams. The DNA profile matched appellant. The probability of an unrelated
individual having the same profile exceeded the current world population.

        Detective Brad Crowe with the Clarksville Police Department Criminal Investigations
was assigned to investigate the crime scene in this case. He responded to Hodges Brothers
Auto Sales, where officers located the truck. Detective Crowe removed the license plate
from the truck. He collected fingerprints and took photographs depicting the fingerprints.
Detective Crowe recovered a business card from the truck. He provided a photograph of the
vehicle identification number from inside of the truck, as well as photographs of the Pepsi
bottles and the cigarette butts.

       Special Agent Suzanne Lafferty is a Special Agent Forensic Scientist in the Latent
Print Unit of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Crime Lab. She received latent prints

                                             -8-
from the Clarksville Police Department that had been lifted from the white Ford F-250.
Special Agent Lafferty identified two of the prints as the right thumb of Rodney Glover.

       Detective Tim Finley of the Clarksville Police Department was the lead detective on
this matter. As he began to investigate possible suspects, Detective Finley initially
considered the victim’s caretakers. Following discovery of the truck at Hodges’ Brothers
Auto Sales, detectives learned that the truck was stolen from Jonesboro, Georgia. Detectives
ascertained that the victim’s stepdaughter, Nancy Privett, lived in that area. The officers then
developed Mr. Glover and appellant as suspects. Detective Finley traveled to Georgia where
he interviewed appellant while another detective questioned Mr. Glover in another county.
During the interview, appellant referenced a white vehicle, a Mercury Milan, that he believed
Mr. Glover drove. The Mercury Milan was registered to the victim.

       Detective Finley recovered several items of the victim’s property at appellant’s home.
He identified the box of gold flatware, which he found buried next to a shed on appellant’s
property. He also found two purses, a 1971 coin proof set, and a scarf buried in a hole beside
the shed. In the same area, Detective Finley discovered an ammunition can and a black
garbage bag. He also found jewelry that the victim’s daughter identified as belonging to the
victim. Detective Finley recovered the nightstick at the home of Teresa Harley, an individual
with whom Mr. Glover resided in Jackson, Georgia. Detective Finley obtained the DNA
swabs from Mr. Glover and appellant.

        Special Agent Shipman tested the nightstick for DNA. Preliminary tests failed to
indicate the presence of blood. She swabbed the grip and the other end of the stick for DNA.
Tests indicated the presence of DNA; however, despite obtaining a partial profile, the test
results were inconclusive due to insufficient or degraded DNA.

       Sergeant Alan Charvis of the Clarksville Police Department assisted Detective Finley,
the primary investigator, in collecting evidence from the victim’s residence. He located a
piece of a latex glove on the steps coming from the kitchen.

      Special Agent Shipman tested the piece of the latex glove. Based on her testing,
Agent Shipman obtained a partial profile that matched appellant’s DNA profile. The
probability of an unrelated individual having the same DNA profile exceeded the current
world population.

       Nancy Williams, the victim’s daughter, lived in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Prior to the
incident, she visited her mother every two or three months. Upon learning of the attack upon
her mother, Ms. Williams immediately flew to Clarksville and proceeded directly to the
hospital. Ms. Williams observed that her mother’s face was badly beaten and bruised. Her

                                              -9-
hands and wrists were also injured. The victim remained in the hospital for approximately
one week before being transferred to the rehabilitation section of the hospital, where she was
treated for five to six weeks. Prior to sustaining the injuries associated with the attack, the
victim could walk; she is now wheelchair-bound. Ms. Williams identified several items of
the victim’s jewelry. She also identified her father’s captain’s bars and a medal with
coordinating tie tack but was unsure about the paratrooper pin, the eagle pin, or the rifle. Ms.
Williams recognized her father’s 1971 coin collection, her mother’s scarf and evening bag,
and a set of gold flatware that Ms. Williams gave to her mother as a gift.

       Joseph DeMaio testified that he was an inmate at the Montgomery County Jail at the
same time that appellant and Rodney Glover were incarcerated. He was in jail pending
disposition of a theft charge, which resulted in probation. Mr. DeMaio received no leniency
from the State in exchange for his testimony in Mr. Glover’s and appellant’s cases.

        Mr. DeMaio’s first contact with Mr. Glover was in September or October, 2009. Mr.
DeMaio was bitten by a spider and while his wound healed, he was transferred to the medical
pod at the jail for about ten days, where he met Mr. Glover. During their stay, Mr. Glover
spoke to Mr. DeMaio about the crime Mr. Glover had planned with John Privett and
committed with another person. Mr. Glover asked Mr. DeMaio to search the internet for
information about Mr. Privett’s charges and convictions. At some point, Mr. DeMaio asked
Mr. Glover why everyone in the pod loathed him. Mr. Glover responded that it was because
of what had happened at the victim’s home. Mr. Glover spoke to Mr. DeMaio in detail,
explaining that he and another man (whom he did not name) were inside the victim’s home
looking for a Hitler stamp that was supposedly very valuable. They were also looking for
money, gold, and silver. Mr. Glover chronicled the events of the evening, including
information about where they parked the truck and how the two men separated after they
parked the truck. Mr. Glover further told Mr. DeMaio that he went inside the victim’s home
and she woke up, whereupon he tied her up with telephone cord. Mr. Glover said that he
then made a telephone call to the other man to come back to the house, but when he did, the
Life Alert system activated and the other man ran away. Mr. Glover admitted to remaining
in the home and disguising his voice to the caller from Life Alert.

        After being moved to a regular pod, Mr. DeMaio met appellant while Mr. DeMaio
was playing cards. Mr. DeMaio was talking with someone else and telling him what Mr.
Glover had said. Appellant overheard the conversation and told Mr. DeMaio that he was the
“other person” to whom Mr. Glover referred. Appellant told Mr. DeMaio that he participated
in the offenses because he owed money to some individuals for methamphetamines, and the
burglary was a way to pay them back. Mr. DeMaio and appellant were in the same pod for
approximately six weeks to two months. In early October 2009, Mr. DeMaio wrote a letter
to appellant’s attorney detailing his conversations with both Mr. Glover and appellant.

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       Based upon the foregoing evidence, the jury deliberated and convicted appellant on
the charges of especially aggravated robbery and especially aggravated kidnapping. At
sentencing, the State presented the pre-sentence report and certified copies of five felony
convictions from Georgia. The trial court reviewed the Georgia felonies, and in comparing
the elements of the offenses to Tennessee statutes, the court found one felony conviction.
Thus, it treated appellant as a Range I offender. Appellant acknowledged responsibility for
his criminal conduct, denied having struck the victim, and apologized for the injuries she
received. Trial counsel advanced the argument that the trial court should merge the two
Class A felonies. In pointing out that the State failed to produce any evidence supporting
enhancement of the sentences, counsel asserted that the court should treat appellant’s pleas
of guilty as a mitigating factor because the State saved the costs of having to prove those
offenses to the jury. Counsel argued in favor of a sentence requiring fifteen years for
appellant to serve.

        The trial court first addressed the merger issue raised by trial counsel. The trial court
declined to merge the offenses of especially aggravated robbery and especially aggravated
kidnapping. The court found that Mr. Glover and appellant left the victim bound to her bed
to die; they had no idea whether anyone would discover the victim in the near future. In so
finding, the court determined that the confinement was “definitely” beyond that necessary
to consummate the act of the especially aggravated robbery. The court found that the
evidence established the additional factor that the confinement prevented the victim from
summoning help because she was left tied to her bed. Appellant’s actions also lessened the
risk of detection and increased the significant danger of death or harm to the victim.

        In sentencing appellant as a Range I offender, the trial court considered the evidence
received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; the presentence report; the principles of
sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; the nature and characteristics of the
criminal conduct involved; the evidence and information offered by the parties on the
mitigating and enhancing factors; statistical information provided by the Administrative
Office of the Courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; and
appellant’s statement at the sentencing hearing. The trial court also considered the minimum
sentence within the range to be imposed as determined by the General Assembly to reflect
the relative seriousness of the criminal offense and the length of the sentence, adjusted as
appropriate by the presence or absence of mitigating or enhancement factors. The trial court
found that appellant’s guilty pleas were a mitigating factor. The trial court found the
following enhancing factors: appellant’s criminal history exceeded that necessary to
establish the appropriate range of punishment, and the victim was particularly vulnerable
because of age and physical disability.




                                              -11-
       After weighing the enhancement factors and the mitigating factor, the trial court
sentenced appellant to four years for conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary (merged with
conspiracy to commit theft of property valued more than $10,000), six years for aggravated
burglary, and twenty-four years each for especially aggravated robbery and especially
aggravated kidnapping. The trial court ordered that appellant serve the latter two sentences
at one hundred percent. The trial court also sentenced appellant to eleven months and
twenty-nine days for theft of property valued at less than $500. In ruling on consecutive
sentencing, the court found by a preponderance of the evidence that appellant was an
offender whose record of criminal activity was extensive and that he was a dangerous
offender whose behavior indicated little or no regard to human life and he had no hesitation
about committing a crime in which the risk to human life was high. The court also found that
consecutive sentences reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed. The court
determined that an extended sentence was necessary to protect the public against further
criminal conduct by appellant, that appellant had violated orders of probation in the past, and
that appellant has continued to commit crimes. Thus, the court pronounced consecutive
sentencing for the twenty-four year sentences for especially aggravated robbery and
especially aggravated kidnapping, for an effective sentence of forty-eight years.

        At the motion for new trial, appellant raised the issue of sufficiency of the evidence
in regard to whether appellant physically assaulted the victim. In denying relief on that
ground, the court found that appellant participated in the crime from the time he left Georgia
until the time he entered the victim’s home and was at the very least criminally responsible
for the actions of his co-defendant. Appellant also addressed sentencing, arguing again that
the trial court should have merged the convictions and that his sentence should be reduced
by seventeen years. The trial court again found that the victim was kidnapped within the
meaning of the statute and that the convictions and sentences should stand.

                                  II. Analysis of the Issues

                              A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        Appellant argues that the State’s evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s
verdicts. As grounds, appellant asserts that the only evidence presented by the State was the
uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice.              Appellant contends that the only
“corroborating” evidence presented by the State supported the fact that appellant was in the
victim’s home, a fact that he did not dispute, and that no evidence corroborates the fact that
he went upstairs to the victim’s bedroom and that he was responsible for the attack on the
victim.




                                             -12-
       The standard for appellate review of a claim of insufficiency of the State’s evidence
is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original) (citing Johnson
v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 362 (1972); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); State v. Davis, 354
S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011). To obtain relief on a claim of insufficient evidence, appellant
must demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. This standard of
review is identical whether the conviction is predicated on direct or circumstantial evidence,
or a combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v.
Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977).

       On appellate review, “ we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom.”
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010));
State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832,
835 (Tenn. 1978). In a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of witnesses and the
weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the
evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659
(Tenn.1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). This court presumes that
the jury has afforded the State all reasonable inferences from the evidence and resolved all
conflicts in the testimony in favor of the State; as such, we will not substitute our own
inferences drawn from the evidence for those drawn by the jury, nor will we re-weigh or re-
evaluate the evidence. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379; Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835; see State
v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Because a jury conviction removes the
presumption of innocence that appellant enjoyed at trial and replaces it with one of guilt at
the appellate level, the burden of proof shifts from the State to the convicted appellant, who
must demonstrate to this court that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s findings.
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729; State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v.
Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)).

       When criminal liability is founded upon criminal responsibility for the conduct of
another, it is necessary to ascertain the sufficiency of the evidence in terms of whether the
State presented corroboration of any accomplice’s testimony. “[A] conviction may not be
based solely upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice to the offense.” State v.
Bane, 57 S.W.3d 411, 419 (Tenn. 2001) (citing State v. Stout, 46 S.W.3d 689 (Tenn. 2001)).
Our supreme court has explained:

       There must be some fact testified to, entirely independent of the accomplice’s
       testimony, which, taken by itself, leads to the inference, not only that a crime

                                              -13-
       has been committed, but also that the defendant is implicated in it; and this
       independent corroborative testimony must also include some fact establishing
       the defendant’s identity. This corroborative evidence may be direct or entirely
       circumstantial, and it need not be adequate, in and of itself, to support a
       conviction; it is sufficient to meet the requirements of the rule if it fairly and
       legitimately tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime
       charged. It is not necessary that the corroboration extend to every part of the
       accomplice’s evidence.

Bane, 57 S.W.3d at 419.

       This court reiterated, “An accomplice is defined as one who ‘knowingly, voluntarily,
and with common intent participates with the principal offender in the commission of the
crime alleged in the charging instrument.’” State v. Tyree Robinson, W2008-01001-CCA-R3-
CD, 2009 WL 1741401, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 16, 2009) (quoting State v. Griffis, 964
S.W.2d 577, 588 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 23, 2009). The
pivotal inquiry into whether a witness is an accomplice rests upon “whether the witness could
be indicted for the same offense as the defendant.” Id. (citing State v. Green, 915 S.W.2d
827, 831 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. Lawson, 794 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1990)).

        In this case, there is no question that Mr. Glover was an accomplice to the offenses
committed by appellant, as he was indicted, tried and convicted for offenses arising out of
the incident at the victim’s home. Notwithstanding Mr. Glover’s status as an accomplice,
viewing the evidence and all inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the
State, the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdicts of guilt. Mr. Glover’s testimony
established that appellant was involved in the planning and execution of the burglary of the
victim’s residence. Appellant attempted to obscure the vehicle they were driving to avoid
detection. Appellant entered the victim’s residence and fled her home with several items of
her property.

       The State corroborated many points of Mr. Glover’s testimony through independent
evidence. TBI agents tested various articles of evidence. A cigarette butt containing
appellant’s DNA, found in the white Ford F-250 truck, confirmed that appellant traveled
from Georgia with Mr. Glover. A latex glove with appellant’s DNA, found in the victim’s
laundry room, corroborated appellant’s presence in the victim’s home. A cigarette butt
containing appellant’s DNA, found in the entryway in a corner behind the stairway, also
placed appellant in the victim’s home. The victim testified that she believed two or three
attackers were involved in the offenses against her. She stated that “they came onto my
body,” and that while she could not see their faces, she heard “their voices.” Detective

                                              -14-
Finley found several items of the victim’s property buried in a hole on appellant’s property.
As required by our supreme court, the DNA matches from the cigarette butts and the glove
establish appellant’s identity. Bane, 57 S.W.3d at 419. The State’s evidence need not
corroborate every part of the accomplice’s testimony. Id.

        Moreover, the trial court instructed the jury on accomplice testimony and criminal
responsibility for the conduct of another.1 The pattern instruction on accomplice testimony
is set forth as follows:

        An accomplice is a person who knowingly, voluntarily, and with common
        intent with the principal offender unites with him or her in the commission of
        the crime. If a witness was an accomplice in the crime, then his or her
        testimony must be corroborated. Corroborating evidence is that evidence,
        entirely independent of the accomplice’s testimony, which, taken by itself,
        leads to the inference not only that a crime has been committed but also that
        the defendant was implicated in it. This independent corroborative testimony
        must include some fact or circumstance that affects the defendant’s identity.
        Corroborative evidence may be direct or entirely circumstantial and it need not
        be adequate, in and of itself, to support a conviction. It is sufficient if the
        corroborative evidence fairly and legitimately tends to connect the defendant
        with the crime charged. It is a question for the jury to determine whether an
        accomplice’s testimony has been sufficiently corroborated.

T.P. I. - Crim 42.09 “It is well-established that jurors are presumed to follow the instructions
given by the trial judge.” State v. Cribbs, 967 S.W.2d 773, 784 (Tenn. 1998); see State v.
Laney, 654 S.W.2d 383, 389 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Blackmon, 701 S.W.2d 228, 233 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1985). The jury verdicts credit the weight and value of the State’s independent
evidence as being sufficient to corroborate the testimony of Mr. Glover. We discern no error.

  B. Merger of Especially Aggravated Robbery with Especially Aggravated Kidnapping

       Appellant advances the position that, under the facts of this case, the confinement of
the victim was limited to that necessary to perpetrate the offense of especially aggravated
robbery, and thus does not support an independent conviction for especially aggravated
kidnapping. Proof of especially aggravated kidnapping must necessarily establish that,
among other factors, the offender “knowingly removes or confines another unlawfully so as


        1
           The trial court held a jury charge conference during which it indicated to the parties its intent to
instruct the jury with regard to accomplice testimony and criminal responsibility for the conduct of another.
However, the jury charge is not included in the record on appeal for our review.

                                                     -15-
to interfere substantially with the other’s liberty.” Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-303, -305
(2010). The offense of especially aggravated robbery is completed when an offender
intentionally or knowingly commits theft of property from another person by violence or by
fear and does so with a deadly weapon, causing the victim to suffer serious bodily injury.
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-401, -403 (2010). Appellant argues that the confinement of the
victim was limited to that necessary to perpetrate the offense of especially aggravated
robbery. Relying on State v. Dixon, 957 S.W.2d 532 (Tenn. 1997) and its line of cases,
appellant likewise argues that there is no proof of additional confinement of the victim
beyond that necessary to accomplish the especially aggravated robbery. The State responds
that the movement and confinement of the victim was beyond that necessary to commit the
especially aggravated robbery.

       Our supreme court, in State v. Anthony, examined “the propriety of a kidnapping
conviction where detention of the victim is merely incidental to the commission of another
felony, such as robbery or rape.” State v. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299, 300 (Tenn. 1991). The
Anthony court held that the proper test to decide whether the detention was incidental was
“whether the confinement, movement, or detention is essentially incidental to the
accompanying felony . . . or whether it is significant enough, in and of itself, to warrant
independent prosecution and is, therefore, sufficient to support such a conviction.” Id. at
306.

       Later, in State v. Dixon, the court replaced the “essentially incidental” analysis with
a new two-part test:

       We must now decide whether the movement or confinement was beyond that
       necessary to consummate the act of [the other offense]. If so, the next inquiry
       is whether the additional movement or confinement: (1) prevented the victim
       from summoning help; (2) lessened the defendant’s risk of detection; or (3)
       created a significant danger or increased the victim’s risk of harm.

State v. Dixon, 957 S.W.2d 532, 535 (Tenn. 1997) (internal citation omitted). An affirmative
response to the second part of the test means that “[a] separate conviction for kidnapping
does not violate due process.” State v. Richardson, 251 S.W.3d 438, 443 (Tenn. 2008)
(citing Dixon, 957 S.W.2d at 535).

       In State v. Richardson, the Tennessee Supreme Court clarified the status of the law
on this issue:

       The Dixon two-part test fully replaces the Anthony “essentially incidental”
       analysis. As we previously have observed, the Dixon test “provides the

                                             -16-
       structure necessary for applying the principles announced in Anthony.” State
       v. Fuller, 172 S.W.3d 533, 537 (Tenn. 2005). Although we adhere to the due
       process principles adopted in Anthony, we now make clear that the Anthony
       analysis should not be used in conjunction with the Dixon two-part test. The
       Dixon test should be used exclusively in all future inquiries.

Richardson, 251 S.W.3d at 443 (internal footnotes omitted).

       The Tennessee Supreme Court recently overruled Anthony, Dixon, “and the entire line
of cases including a separate due process analysis in appellate review.” State v. White, 362
S.W.3d 559, 578 (Tenn. 2012). In White, the court addressed the application of the due
process test to convictions for kidnapping and an accompanying felony. The court held:

       the legislature did not intend for the kidnapping statutes to apply to the
       removal or confinement of a victim that is essentially incidental to an
       accompanying felony, such as rape or robbery. This inquiry, however, is a
       question for the jury after appropriate instructions, which appellate courts
       review under the sufficiency of the evidence standard as the due process
       safeguard.

Id. at 562. The court concluded that our kidnapping offenses “evince a legislative intent to
punish as kidnapping only those instances in which the removal or confinement has criminal
significance above and beyond that necessary to consummate some underlying offense, such
as robbery or rape.” Id. at 577. The supreme court in White held that “trial courts must
ensure that juries return kidnapping convictions only in those instances in which the victim's
removal or confinement exceeds that which is necessary to accomplish the accompanying
felony.” Id. at 578. Our supreme court’s ruling in White emphasized that it “does not
articulate a new rule of constitutional law or retroactive application.” Id. However, based
on the facts of that case, the supreme court concluded that the “proof could be interpreted in
different ways and, therefore, the determination of whether the removal or confinement of
[the victim] constituted a substantial interference with her liberty was a question of fact for
the jury.” Id. at 579. According to the supreme court, a jury instruction requiring a
“determination of whether the removal or confinement is, in essence, incidental to the
accompanying felony or, in the alternative, is significant enough, standing alone, to support
a conviction” is needed to ensure constitutional due process is given to defendants charged
with kidnapping and an accompanying felony. Id. at 578.

       In White, the supreme court reviewed the jury charge in the trial and stated that, while
the instructions tracked statutory language, “they did not define the key element - the
‘substantial interference’ with the victim’s liberty - as requiring a finding by the jury that the

                                              -17-
victim’s removal or confinement was not essentially incidental to the accompanying felony
offense.” Id. at 580. The court held that “[b]ecause the jury was not properly instructed on
the question of whether the victim’s removal or confinement was essentially incidental to an
accompanying felony, the Defendant is entitled to a new trial on the especially aggravated
kidnapping charge.” Id.

       In order to provide guidance to trial courts, the supreme court set out the following
instruction to be followed by the courts until the Committee on Criminal Pattern Jury
Instructions adopts an instruction in response to the case:

       To establish whether the defendant’s removal or confinement of the victim
       constituted a substantial interference with his or her liberty, the State must
       prove that the removal or confinement was to a greater degree than that
       necessary to commit the offense of [insert offense], which is the other offense
       charged in this case. In making this determination, you may consider all the
       relevant facts and circumstances of this case, including, but not limited to, the
       following factors:

       !      the nature and duration of the victim’s removal or confinement by the
              defendant;

       !      whether the removal or confinement occurred during the commission
              of separate offenses;

       !      whether the interference with the victim’s liberty was inherent in the
              nature of the separate offense;

       !      whether the removal or confinement prevented the victim from
              summoning assistance, although the defendant need not have succeeded
              in preventing the victim from doing so;

       !      whether the removal or confinement reduced the defendant’s risk of
              detection, although the defendant need not have succeeded in this
              objective; and

       !      whether the removal or confinement created a significant danger or
              increased the victim’s risk of harm independent of that posed by the
              separate offense.

White, 362 S.W.3d at 580-81.

                                             -18-
       Applying the supreme court’s Dixon analysis to the facts of appellant’s case, the trial
court denied appellant’s request to merge the especially aggravated robbery conviction and
the especially aggravated kidnapping conviction. Even in light of the Supreme Court’s
decision in White, we affirm the judgment of the trial court and conclude that the evidence
was sufficient to support appellant’s conviction of especially aggravated kidnapping.

        After reviewing the facts of this case, we conclude that the evidence was legally
sufficient for the jury to convict appellant of both especially aggravated kidnapping and
especially aggravated robbery, whether the trial court had given the jury the instruction in
White or the prior standard instruction. Appellant or his accomplice for whom he was
criminally responsible cast several blows to the victim’s head with a nightstick, rendering her
immobile and causing her serious bodily injury. The actions of appellant and Mr. Glover in
binding the victim to the bed and leaving her to die far exceed the level of confinement
necessary to consummate the offense of especially aggravated robbery. Restraining the
victim’s hands and feet certainly prevented the victim from summoning help. Although there
was a telephone beside her bed, she could not use her hands to reach it. The victim’s
restraints lessened appellant’s risk of detection. Mr. Glover drove through the victim’s
neighborhood for approximately an hour after leaving the victim’s residence, in the victim’s
car, searching for appellant. Testimony established that the victim subscribed to a “Life
Support” or “First Alert” service. Had the victim’s liberty not been restrained, the victim
could have easily summoned help through that service or by calling 9-1-1. Again, her
telephone was in close proximity, but her restraints left her unable to make the emergency
call which could have potentially led to detection of the offenders. Had the victim been able
to summon emergency responders, the risk of detection would have been great.

        Medical testimony established that the restraint on the victim created a significant
danger or increased the risk of harm to the victim. Elderly individuals often have less oxygen
reserves in their lungs, thereby causing them to breathe in a more shallow manner. The
injury to the victim’s chest, even without a broken bone, increased the risk of harm in that
the victim could have developed pneumonia. Laboratory tests revealed the increased
presence of an enzyme that was indicative of the victim’s body beginning to digest her heart
muscle, the cause of which was lying in the prone position for a significant period of time.
The development of this condition presented a significant danger that the victim would
sustain kidney damage and kidney failure.

       Based on this evidence, the jury convicted appellant of especially aggravated
kidnapping and especially aggravated robbery. These facts do not involve an especially
aggravated kidnapping in which the victim’s removal or confinement was “essentially
incidental” to the conduct that constituted the especially aggravated robbery. The offense

                                             -19-
of especially aggravated robbery is completed when an offender intentionally or knowingly
commits theft of property from another person by violence or by fear and does so with a
deadly weapon, causing the victim to suffer serious bodily injury. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-
13-401, -403 (2010). The elements of the offense do not include restraint, removal, or
confinement. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find
appellant guilty of especially aggravated kidnapping and especially aggravated robbery
beyond a reasonable doubt.

       Considering the record developed at trial, we conclude that the confinement of the
victim in this case exceeded that which was necessary to consummate the offense of
especially aggravated robbery. The evidence in this case is legally sufficient to convict
appellant of both especially aggravated robbery and especially aggravated kidnapping
pursuant to White.

                                 C. Consecutive Sentencing

        Appellant asks this court to review the trial court’s imposition of consecutive
sentences for his two twenty-four year sentences for especially aggravated robbery and
especially aggravated kidnapping. Notably, appellant does not contest the lengths or manner
of his sentences, only the consecutive alignment.

       We review the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences de novo. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (2010). However, if the record reflects that the trial court properly and
adequately considered the statutory sentencing principles and all relevant facts and
circumstances, we will attribute a presumption of correctness to the trial court’s
determinations. Id. § -401, Sentencing Comm’n Cmts; State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169
(Tenn. 1991). Appellant bears the burden of showing that imposition of consecutive
sentences was improper. State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 459 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Ashby, 823
S.W.2d at 169). Our de novo review consists of an independent review of the trial court’s
consideration of the following factors: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the
sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments
as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct
involved; (5) evidence and information offered by the parties on enhancement and mitigating
factors; (6) any statement by the appellant in his own behalf; (7) any statistical information
provided by the Administrative Office of the Court as to sentences imposed for similar
offenses; and (8) the potential for rehabilitation or treatment. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§
40-35-102, -103, -210 (2010); see also Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 168.

       A thorough review of the transcript of the sentencing hearing reflects that the trial
court properly considered the sentencing principles, as well as all relevant facts and

                                             -20-
circumstances, in arriving at appellant’s sentence; thus, we presume the trial court’s findings
to be correct. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401 (2010), Sentencing Comm’ Cmts; Ashby,
823 S.W.2d at 169 (Tenn. 1991). In determining whether to order appellant to serve his
sentences concurrently or consecutively, the trial court found that the appellant “is an
offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive” and that appellant “is a dangerous
offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation about
committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high.” Tenn. Code. Ann. § 40-35-115
(b)(2), (b)(4) (2010).

        In support of the finding that appellant had a record of extensive criminal activity, the
State introduced certified copies of appellant’s five convictions from Georgia. In reviewing
the convictions, the trial court considered only one as a felony conviction for the purpose of
establishing appellant’s sentencing range. The trial court concluded that appellant was a
Range I offender. We do not accept appellant’s position that “the court found after extensive
review that the Defendant’s criminal history only included one prior felony conviction.” The
trial court did not consider the remaining four convictions as felonies because it was either
not evident on the face of the judgments if the convictions would be treated as felonies in
Tennessee or the face of the judgment indicated that the offenses would be misdemeanors
in Tennessee. Specifically, the Georgia judgments did not reflect the weight of the controlled
substances or the intent to manufacture, sell, or deliver the substances, as necessary to
distinguish a felony offense from a misdemeanor offense in Tennessee. Compare Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-17-417 (2010) with Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-418 (2010).

        The trial court’s review of appellant’s convictions is not tantamount to a finding that
appellant had only one felony conviction on his criminal history. Regardless of the trial
court’s inability to use the felony convictions to increase appellant’s range of punishment,
the evidence is germane to supporting the trial court’s determination that appellant has an
extensive criminal history. State v. Denise Dianne Brannigan, No. E2011-00098-CCA-R3-
CD, 2012 WL 2131111, at *20 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 13, 2012) (concluding that, outside
of the range classification context, no support exists for the proposition that the trial court
must analyze the elements of out-of-state offenses to determine the correspondent felony in
Tennessee); State v. Lawrence Hailey, No. W2009-00759-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 2219574,
at *11 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 24, 2010) (“the ‘24-hour merger rule exception’ applies only
to the use of prior convictions to determine a defendant’s range, not to determine the
application of enhancement factor (1).”). But see Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-106(b)(4)
(2010). (“[M]ultiple felonies committed within the same twenty-four-hour period constitute
one (1) conviction for the purpose of determining prior convictions.”); The burden is on the
petitioner to demonstrate to this court that he was sentenced improperly. Tenn. Code. Ann.
§ 40-35-401 (2010) Sentencing Comm’n Cmts. Appellant has failed to meet the burden of



                                              -21-
establishing that the trial court improperly found this factor and that the finding rendered his
sentence improper or excessive.

       To support consecutive sentencing of a “dangerous offender” pursuant to Tennessee
Code section 40-35-115(b)(4), “[t]he proof must . . . establish that the terms imposed are
reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed and are necessary in order to
protect the public from further criminal acts by the offender.” State v. Wilkerson, 905
S.W.2d 933, 938 (Tenn. 1995). That a crime is “inherently dangerous” does not alone permit
consecutive sentences because the law provides for “increased penalties” for such crimes.
Gray v. State, 538 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tenn. 1976); Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 938.

         The nature of the offense itself established that appellant is a dangerous offender with
little or no regard for human life. The brutality encompassed by this conviction far exceeds
the criteria necessary to establish the element of “serious bodily injury.” Further, the record
fails to establish that appellant hesitated to commit these crimes that involved a high risk to
human life. The evidence supports the trial court’s finding of this factor. We note that while
the trial court found the existence of two factors supporting the imposition of consecutive
sentences, “[t]he presence of a single factor is enough to justify the imposition of consecutive
sentencing.” Denise Dianne Brannigan, 2012 WL 2131111, at *20.

       In determining appellant’s appropriate sentence, the trial court properly reviewed the
sentencing considerations found in the Sentencing Reform Act of 1989. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-103 (2010). The trial court found that extended confinement is necessary to protect
the public against further criminal conduct by the appellant. Id. at (1)(A). The court also
found that appellant had violated orders of probation in the past and has continued to commit
crimes. Id. at (1)(C). Based upon appellant’s lengthy criminal history and the brutality
involved in this offense, we agree with the trial court’s finding that extended confinement
is necessary to protect the public from appellant’s further criminal conduct. The evidence
received during the sentencing hearing regarding appellant’s probation violations further
support the trial court’s findings.

                                       CONCLUSION

      Discerning no error in the trial court’s ruling on the matters of sufficiency of the
evidence, merger, and consecutive sentencing, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
Accordingly, relief is denied.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE



                                              -22-
