                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                    )
DIONE THOMAS,                       )
                                    )
                  Plaintiff,        )
                                    )
      v.                            )                 Civil Action No. 13-1860 (ABJ)
                                    )
SOTERA DEFENSE                      )
SOLUTIONS, INC., et al.,            )
                                    )
                  Defendants.       )
____________________________________)

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Dione Thomas brings this action against Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc.

(“Sotera”) and Verizon Federal, Inc. (“Verizon”) for discrimination and retaliation on the basis

of her gender and race in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”) and

the District of Columbia Human Rights Act (“DCHRA”).               Compl. [Dkt. # 1].     Defendant

Verizon has filed a motion to dismiss, or, in the alternative, to transfer venue to the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. Def. Verizon Fed., Inc.’s Am. Mot. to

Dismiss, or, in the Alt., to Transfer Venue to the E. Dist. of Va. at 1 [Dkt. # 8] (“Defs.’ Mot.”). 1

Defendant Sotera has joined this motion. Def. Sotera Def. Solutions, Inc.’s Resp. to Def.

Verizon Fed., Inc.’s Am. Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alt., to Transfer Venue to the E. Dist. of Va.

at 1 [Dkt. # 11]. Since the District of Columbia is not the proper venue for this action, the Court

will grant defendants’ motion in part by transferring the case to the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Virginia and by dismissing the claims plaintiff brought under the

DCHRA.

1      Verizon filed its original motion on February 3, 2014, [Dkt. # 7] and amended it on
February 4, 2014, by withdrawing one argument. See Defs.’ Mot. at 1.
                                        BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff states that she is an African American woman who resides in the District of

Columbia. Compl. ¶¶ 10, 13. She has been employed by defendant Sotera since 2005. Id. ¶ 23.

According to defendants, Sotera is party to a sub-contract with Federal Network Systems, LLC

(“FNS”), a limited liability company owned by Verizon. Mem. in Supp. of Def. Verizon Fed.,

Inc.’s Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alt., to Transfer Venue to the E. Dist. of Va. at 2 [Dkt. # 7-1]

(“Defs.’ Mem.”).    The United States government contracted with FNS to “provide certain

services on a classified project,” and Sotera is a subcontractor that provides services and staffing

for this project – referred to as the “Secret Project” – at a facility in an undisclosed location in

Virginia. Id. Both Sotera and Verizon are headquartered in Virginia. Compl. ¶¶ 11–12.

Defendants assert that plaintiff works on the Secret Project, Defs.’ Mem. at 2, which plaintiff

does not dispute.

       Plaintiff alleges that Verizon has discriminatorily passed her over for numerous

promotions for which she was qualified, and that in each instance, a man – usually a white man,

and usually a less qualified man – was promoted instead. Compl. ¶¶ 31, 41, 58–59, 76–77, 109–

110. She further claims that Sotera, her direct employer, “acquiesced in, and ratified” each of

Verizon’s discriminatory personnel decisions. Id. ¶¶ 34, 42, 63, 78, 100, 111. In addition,

plaintiff alleges that on one occasion, she was promoted and then quickly demoted allegedly

because she had skipped a level in the employment hierarchy, even though several white males

had been permitted to skip levels. Id. ¶¶ 48–51. Finally, plaintiff contends that defendants

retaliated against her for repeatedly complaining about their failure to promote her, including by

demoting her a second time, and by refusing to permit her to apply for a promotion. Id. ¶¶ 131,

159, 181, 209.



                                                 2
       Plaintiff filed a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”)

on January 23, 2013, Ex. 1 to Defs.’ Mot. at 1 [Dkt. # 7-2], which she amended on May 17,

2013. Ex. 2 to Pl.’s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Her Opp. to Sotera Def. Solution’s Resp. to

Verizon’s Am. Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alt., to Transfer Venue at 1 [Dkt. # 14-2]. Plaintiff

received notice of her right to sue defendants from the EEOC on July 31, 2013, Ex. 2 to Defs.’

Mot. at 1 [Dkt. # 7-3], and filed her complaint in this Court on November 25, 2013. Compl. at 1.

       Defendants ask the Court to dismiss or to transfer the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 12(b)(3) and 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) (2013), arguing that venue is not proper in

the District of Columbia under Title VII. See Defs.’ Mem. at 8–10. They further contend that

the Court should dismiss Counts III, IV, VII, and VIII of the complaint, which assert violations

of District of Columbia law, for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). Id. at

14–16. Finally, defendants move to dismiss plaintiff’s claims for discrimination and retaliation

that are based on events in 2009 and 2011 on the grounds that those claims are time-barred. 2 Id.

at 20–23.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(3), “the court accepts the

plaintiff's well-pled factual allegations . . . as true, draws all reasonable inferences from those

allegations in the plaintiff’s favor, and resolves any factual conflicts in the plaintiff’s favor.”

Pendleton v. Mukasey, 552 F. Supp. 2d 14, 17 (D.D.C. 2008), citing Darby v. U.S. Dep’t of




2      In its reply brief, Verizon withdrew an additional argument – that plaintiff’s race
discrimination claims were outside the scope of her EEOC charge – stating that it was previously
unaware that plaintiff had amended the charge to include those claims. Verizon Fed.’s Mem. in
Reply to Pl. Dione Thomas’s Opp. at 10 [Dkt. # 15]. Sotera has expressed no view on the
withdrawal of this argument, but the Court will treat it as withdrawn by both defendants and will
not address it here.
                                                3
Energy, 231 F. Supp. 2d 274, 276-77 (D.D.C. 2002); see also Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642

F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

I.     Improper Venue

        “Because it is the plaintiff's obligation to institute the action in a permissible forum, the

plaintiff usually bears the burden of establishing that venue is proper.” Freeman v. Fallin, 254 F.

Supp. 2d 52, 56 (D.D.C. 2003). A court assessing a motion under Rule 12(b)(3) may consider

material outside of the pleadings. Artis v. Greenspan, 223 F. Supp. 2d 149, 152 (D.D.C. 2002),

citing Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 735 n.4 (1947) (“[W]hen a question of the District Court’s

jurisdiction is raised . . . the court may inquire, by affidavits or otherwise, into the facts as they

exist.”). “Unless there are pertinent factual disputes to resolve, a challenge to venue presents a

pure question of law.” Williams v. GEICO Corp., 792 F. Supp. 2d 58, 62 (D.D.C. 2011). If a

court determines that venue is improper, it “shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice,

transfer such case to any district or division in which it could have been brought.” 28 U.S.C. §

1406(a).

II.    Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       Under Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction by a

preponderance of the evidence. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992);

Shekoyan v. Sibley Int’l Corp., 217 F. Supp. 2d 59, 63 (D.D.C. 2002). Federal courts are courts

of limited jurisdiction and the law presumes that “a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction.”

Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994); see also Gen. Motors

Corp. v. EPA, 363 F.3d 442, 448 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“As a court of limited jurisdiction, we begin,

and end, with an examination of our jurisdiction.”). “[B]ecause subject-matter jurisdiction is ‘an

Art[icle] III as well as a statutory requirement . . . no action of the parties can confer subject-



                                                  4
matter jurisdiction upon a federal court.’” Akinseye v. District of Columbia, 339 F.3d 970, 971

(D.C. Cir. 2003), quoting Ins. Corp. of Ir., Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S.

694, 702 (1982).

       When considering a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, the court “is not limited to

the allegations of the complaint.” Hohri v. United States, 782 F.2d 227, 241 (D.C. Cir. 1986),

vacated on other grounds, 482 U.S. 64 (1987). Rather, “a court may consider such materials

outside the pleadings as it deems appropriate to resolve the question [of] whether it has

jurisdiction to hear the case.” Scolaro v. D.C. Bd. of Elections & Ethics, 104 F. Supp. 2d 18, 22

(D.D.C. 2000), citing Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis., 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992); see

also Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

                                           ANALYSIS

I.     The District of Columbia is not the proper venue for plaintiff’s claims.

       All parties appear to agree that the venue provisions of Title VII apply to this case. See

Defs.’ Mem. at 7–8; Pl.’s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Her Opp. to Verizon’s Mot. to Dismiss or,

in the Alt., to Transfer Venue at 4–6 [Dkt. # 13] (“Pl.’s Opp.”). The statute specifies that a Title

VII action may properly be brought:

       in any judicial district in the State in which the unlawful employment practice is
       alleged to have been committed, in the judicial district in which the employment
       records relevant to such practice are maintained and administered, or in the
       judicial district in which the aggrieved person would have worked but for the
       alleged unlawful employment practice, but if the respondent is not found within
       any such district, such an action may be brought within the judicial district in
       which the respondent has his principal office.

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3). Plaintiff does not dispute that the alleged unlawful employment

practices all occurred in Virginia, that all relevant employment records are located in Virginia, or

that the defendants’ principal offices are located in Virginia. Rather, she contends in her



                                                 5
opposition to the motion to dismiss that she “would have” worked in the District, even though all

of the positions that she held or sought to hold were based in Virginia. Pl.’s Opp. at 2–3, 5.

Specifically, she claims that the various positions she was denied, while based in Virginia, would

have involved working in the District for as much as “one to two weeks, or more, at a time . . .

with some frequency” and that they would have entailed phone conversations with clients in the

District “on at least a weekly, if not daily, basis.” Id. at 3.

        These arguments do not support venue in the District of Columbia. First, the complaint is

entirely devoid of any reference to work plaintiff might have performed in the District, as

plaintiff expressly acknowledges in her opposition brief. 3 Id. at 3 n.2 (stating that the claim that

plaintiff would have worked in the District was “not included in her original Complaint”). And,

“‘[i]t is axiomatic that a complaint may not be amended by the briefs in opposition to a motion to

dismiss.’” Klein v. Am. Land Title Ass’n, 926 F. Supp. 2d 193, 201 (D.D.C. 2013), quoting

McManus v. District of Columbia, 530 F. Supp. 2d 46, 74 n.25 (D.D.C. 2007).

        Moreover, plaintiff’s belated assertion that she would have occasionally worked in the

District is pure speculation, which the Court is not required to accept. See Slaby v. Holder, 901

F. Supp. 2d 129, 134 (D.D.C. 2012) (finding that the plaintiff, who had trained to be an FBI

special agent, could not claim venue in the District when the only basis for it was the FBI’s

policy that new special agents could be assigned to an office anywhere in the United States);

Cole v. Boeing Co., 901 F. Supp. 2d 47, 52 (D.D.C. 2012) (explaining that the “would have

worked” venue factor was “designed to address instances of discrimination in which the


3      In addition, plaintiff asks the Court to “(1) consider these additional facts in deciding
Verizon’s motion; and (2) if it determines that these additional facts support venue in this Court,
permit Thomas to amend her complaint to include these additional facts.” Pl.’s Opp. at 3 n.2.
But this equivocal request in a footnote is not the proper procedure to amend a complaint. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. And even if these “additional facts” were properly before the Court, they
would not be sufficient to defeat defendants’ motion.
                                                    6
complainant is in a different district than the defending employer, such as an applicant for a

job”). And plaintiff’s new factual allegations do not rise to the level of those involved in the

caselaw that she cites. See Pl.’s Opp. at 5, citing Quarles v. Gen. Inv. & Dev. Co., 260 F. Supp.

2d 1, 9 (D.D.C. 2003) (holding plaintiff had established venue in the District where the position

she was denied was actually located in the District); Johnson v. Wash. Gas Light Co., 89 F.

Supp. 2d 45, 47 (D.D.C. 2000) (holding plaintiff had established venue in the District where he

could have been “assigned to an office” in the District and “the record establishe[d] that it [was]

likely” plaintiff “would have been assigned to work in the District of Columbia at some point”).

Therefore, plaintiff has failed to allege any fact that would make venue proper in the District of

Columbia under Title VII and to rebut defendants’ claim that it is not. The Court will grant

defendants’ motion and, in the interests of justice, transfer this case to the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. See 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a).

II.    The DCHRA does not apply to plaintiff’s claims.

       The District of Columbia Human Rights Act applies to a discrimination claim if: the

challenged discriminatory decision was made in the District; the “effects” of that decision were

felt in the District; or both. Monteilh v. AFSCME, AFL-CIO, 982 A.2d 301, 303–05 (D.C. 2009).

Plaintiff does not argue that any discriminatory decisions were made in the District, but she

contends in her opposition to the motion to dismiss that the “effects” of those decisions were felt

in the District because she was denied the opportunity to work here. Pl.’s Opp. at 8. Again,

there is no allegation in the complaint that plaintiff applied for and was denied a position located

in the District. Since the assertion in her opposition is the sole basis for her claim that the

DCHRA applies, the DCHRA counts must be dismissed for the same reasons that venue is

improper under Title VII: the allegation that plaintiff would have worked in the District is pure



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