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          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                     No. 14-50079                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Fifth Circuit

                                                                             FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                 May 1, 2015
                                                                        Lyle W. Cayce
              Plaintiff - Appellee                                           Clerk

v.

MARCO ANTONIO DELGADO,

              Defendant - Appellant




                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Western District of Texas
                           USDC No. 3:12-CR-2106-1


Before JOLLY and DENNIS, Circuit Judges, and REEVES, District Judge.*
PER CURIAM:**

      This appeal arises out of the sentencing of defendant Marco Antonio
Delgado for a conviction on one count of conspiracy to commit money
laundering. He argues that he should not have received several sentencing
enhancements. For the reasons stated below, we VACATE in part and
REMAND.



      *  District Judge of the Southern District of Mississippi, sitting by designation.
       ** Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should
not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in
5th Cir. R. 47.5.4.
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                                 No. 14-50079
                               I. Background
      In 2007, agents with United States Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (ICE) began investigating Delgado because of financial
transactions in El Paso, Texas; Chicago, Illinois; and Atlanta, Georgia, which
were believed to have involved proceeds of Mexican drug trafficking
organizations. In September 2007, Georgia law enforcement officials
conducted a traffic stop on a vehicle driven by Delgado’s associate, Victor
Ignacio Pimentel. After receiving Pimentel’s consent, officials searched his
vehicle and found approximately $1 million. That $1 million, Pimentel
testified, was a trial run amount to test their ability to launder large sums of
money.
      Following his detainment, Pimentel volunteered information to ICE
agents pertaining to his partnership with Delgado, their criminal affiliation
with Francisco Fernandez and Pedro-Mendoza-Meneses, and the group’s
plans to illegally transfer currency. He further informed agents that Delgado,
who communicated with Pimentel from the email of his law firm, “Delgado
and Associates,” provided him with fraudulent court documents indicating
that the currency derived from a court settlement. Delgado had instructed
Pimentel to show law enforcement officials these documents in the event he
was stopped.
      Subsequently, ICE agents conducted a controlled delivery of the
currency to Delgado in El Paso. Officials stopped Pimentel and Delgado
during the delivery, and a search of their vehicle revealed the currency.
Delgado waived his constitutional rights and cooperated with the agents. He
informed them that the scheme involved Lillian De La Concha, the former
wife of Mexican President Vincente Fox, and that he met Fernandez and
Mendoza-Meneses through De La Concha in the 2006-2007 time frame. In
May 2007, Delgado, De La Concha, Fernandez, and Mendoza-Meneses
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                                 No. 14-50079
discussed an operation which involved transferring $600 million from the
United States to Mexico. Delgado further explained that he was subsequently
introduced to Isidro Rubio-Vega, who was involved in the transfer of the
currency with which Pimentel was apprehended in Georgia.
      Delgado agreed to assist in a second controlled delivery of money, this
time to Mendoza-Meneses and Rubio-Vega in El Paso. Arrangements for the
transfer of currency were made and, with the assistance of an undercover
agent, the currency was again seized and law enforcement obtained
information on yet another participant, Chuy (last name unknown). The
undercover agent learned more about the operations, including that the
laundering conspiracy involved seven people: Delgado, Pimentel, Chuy,
Fernandez, De La Concha, Mendoza-Meneses, and Rubio-Vega.
      Pimentel also provided law enforcement agents with emails between
Delgado and De La Concha. The emails, which spanned from June 2006 to
August 2007, contained discussions about the group’s money laundering
scheme. In an August 16, 2006 email, for example, De La Concha informed
Delgado that the “Girl Scouts” wanted him to help them place more than five
boxes of cookies per school each week, because they had in the warehouse 500
boxes instead of 300, a figure that would increase because of the donations
they would be receiving. “Girl Scouts” was a code word used by the cartel: the
e-mail meant that members of the organization wanted Delgado to launder
$5 million per week, and they had $500 million ready to be laundered. As
another example, in a March 4, 2007 email, De La Concha discussed “100
houses,” translated as $100 million, for another client.
      In July 2008, Pimentel informed ICE agents that Delgado was seeking
to transport $100,000 in illegal drug proceeds from Chicago to El Paso.
Pimentel was to transfer this amount as a trial run for the cartel, to
determine if he and Delgado would eventually be able to transport $10
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                                    No. 14-50079
million to Mexico. ICE agents in Chicago were notified of the pending money
pick up and, from that point, the illegal activities proceeded under the agents’
observation and control. After various amateurish missteps, 1 under Delgado’s
direction, $45,000 was eventually deposited into the Delgado and Associates
bank account.
      Delgado was indicted for Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h). At trial, a jury found him guilty as charged.
      At Delgado’s sentencing hearing, the district court adopted the factual
findings of the Presentencing Report (PSR). Although he was to challenge the
sentencing enhancements recommended by the PSR, Delgado did not
challenge the factual information in the PSR either via written objections or
at the sentencing hearing. The PSR established that his base offense level
was 38, due to a money laundering offense involving more than $400 million.
Six levels were added pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(1) based on a finding
that Delgado knew or believed that some of the laundered funds were the
proceeds of, or were intended to promote, an offense involving the
manufacture, importation, or distribution of a controlled substance or a listed
chemical. Four levels were added pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(2)(C) based
on a determination that Delgado was in the business of laundering funds.
Two more levels were added pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 based on a finding
that he abused a position of public or private trust, or used a special skill, in


      1 Delgado planned for Pimentel to receive the $100,000 in two $50,000 installments,
which Pimentel was supposed to deposit into a Wells Fargo account provided by Delgado.
After receiving the first half, Pimentel had to drive to Wisconsin because there were no
Wells Fargo branches in Chicago. His drive proved futile because the bank account number
was under the name of Delgado’s girlfriend and personnel at the bank were not able to
communicate with her to confirm the transaction. Upon being informed of the
complications, Delgado instructed Pimentel to deposit the money with the bank in exchange
for cashier’s checks, but this method also failed because Pimentel did not have a bank
account with Wells Fargo. Ultimately, Delgado texted Pimentel the Delgado and Associates
Wells Fargo bank account number to complete the transaction.
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                                  No. 14-50079
a manner that significantly facilitated the commission or concealment of the
offense. Another four levels were added pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a)
based on a finding of Delgado’s aggravated role. Two levels were then added
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 for obstruction of justice, based on the belief
that Delgado provided a fraudulent email during trial. His resulting offense
level was 56. It was reduced to 43 pursuant to U.S.S.G. Chapter Five, Part A.
      Delgado objected to the base offense level and to all sentencing
enhancements recommended by the PSR. The district court overruled all
except Delgado’s objection to the obstruction of justice enhancement. It found
that, based upon a total offense level of 43 and a criminal history category of
I, Delgado’s guideline imprisonment range was life. However, because the
statutorily authorized maximum sentence of 240 months was less than life
imprisonment, it became the guideline sentence. Delgado was sentenced to
240 months, followed by three years supervised release, a $25,000 fine, and a
$100 special assessment. This appeal followed.
                           II. Standard of Review
      “We review a district court’s interpretation or application of the
Sentencing Guidelines de novo, but review its factual findings for clear error.”
United States v. Alexander, 602 F.3d 639, 641 (5th Cir. 2010) (citation
omitted). “A factual finding on a sentencing factor is not clearly erroneous so
‘long as it is plausible in light of the record read as a whole.’” United States v.
Alaniz, 726 F.3d 586, 622 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Morris, 46
F.3d 410, 419 (5th Cir. 1995)). When significant procedural error occurs at
sentencing, remand is required unless the error was harmless. See United
States v. Delgado-Martinez, 564 F.3d 750, 752-53 (5th Cir. 2009). Harmless
error applies if the government establishes that “the district court would
have imposed the same sentence had it not made the error, and . . . that it


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                                No. 14-50079
would have done so for the same reasons it gave at the prior sentencing.”
United States v. Ibarra-Luna, 628 F.3d 712, 714 (5th Cir. 2010).
                               III. Discussion
      Delgado now raises four challenges to the district court’s sentencing
enhancements. We address each in turn.
A. Thirty-level Enhancement Under § 2S1.1
      U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1 imposes a base offense level of eight for money
laundering, and instructs that the level increases as the amount of loss
increases. See §§ 2S1.1(a)(2), 2B1.1 (providing level increases for loss
amounts deemed to exceed $5,000). The district court found that Delgado
intended to launder up to $600 million. Consequently, it imposed the 30-level
increase afforded to persons who launder more than $400 million, thereby
creating the base offense level of 38. Delgado argues that the district court’s
finding that over $400 million was involved in the money laundering
conspiracy was clearly erroneous, as there is no evidence that he was
reasonably capable of laundering $600 million, more than a half billion
dollars. In response, the Government’s argument focuses on intent. It avers
that Delgado conspired to launder more than $400 million.
      “When calculating funds for sentencing purposes, it is permissible to
consider the entire amount the parties intended to launder.” United States v.
Leahy, 82 F.3d 624, 638 (5th Cir. 1996) (citing United States v. Tansley, 986
F.2d 880, 884 (5th Cir. 1993)). District courts “may also use the broader
amount that defendants could have been ‘reasonably capable’ of laundering.”
Tansley, 986 F.2d at 884 (citing United States v. Fuller, 974 F.2d 1474, 1484
(5th Cir. 1992)) (emphasis added). Thus, our precedent provides two options
for determining the amount of laundered funds.
      Neither option is squarely presented in this case. To understand why,
we begin with a discussion of two seminal cases on money laundering
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                                 No. 14-50079
enhancements under § 2S1.1, United States v. Tansley and United States v.
Richardson, 925 F.2d 112 (5th Cir. 1991).
      The Tansley defendants were convicted of various crimes stemming
from a telemarketing scheme. Tansley, 986 F.2d at 883. They made deposits
at various banks in an effort to launder funds from credit card purchases. Id.
at 884. The defendants only withdrew a fraction of the money they had
deposited before the accounts were frozen, and they argued that the amount
of loss should be based solely on what they took out. Id. In upholding the
money laundering sentencing enhancements, this court reasoned that “the
larger amount that was processed through the various factors and then
deposited in various banks were [sic] put in the laundering process and the
fact that all the money was not withdrawn is irrelevant.” Id. at 884. Tansley
concluded that intent to launder the entire amount was sufficient for
sentencing purposes and that funds under negotiation are properly
considered to calculate a sentence. Id.
      Similarly, the Richardson court found intent to launder where the
defendant “had not yet touched the money,” due to evidence that “a co-
conspirator . . . had accompanied [the defendant] to the meeting, had fully
counted the money, placed it in the valise, closed the valise, and placed it
near [the defendant].” Richardson, 925 F.2d at 116. Thus, in Tansley and
Richardson, this court found that the defendants were liable for the entire
amounts they intended to launder. In those cases, however, the values of
laundered funds were actual funds which were measured in financial
transactions or in accounts. Delgado’s case, in contrast, is not based on
measurable funds. Delgado merely floated the prospect of laundering $600
million; his ability to actually launder the funds was contingent upon first
successfully securing the Mexican cartel’s business.


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                               No. 14-50079
     In this situation, we have sought guidance from this court’s previous
explanation that “the same policy considerations” govern the “analogous
situation involving the distribution of controlled substances, in which the
question arises whether the weight under negotiation in an uncompleted
distribution should be used to calculate the applicable amount for sentencing
purposes.” Id. at 116 n.12. Those policy considerations, found in the
commentary to § 2D1.1, provide as follows:
     If, however, the defendant establishes that the defendant did not
     intend to provide or purchase, or was not reasonably capable of
     providing or purchasing, the agreed-upon quantity of the
     controlled substance, the court shall exclude from the offense
     level determination the amount of controlled substance that the
     defendant establishes that the defendant did not intend to
     provide or purchase or was not reasonably capable of providing or
     purchasing.
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n.5 (emphasis added).
     Here, the record is replete with evidence indicating that Delgado’s
capability to launder more than $400 million was still inchoate. The only
tangible funds he was given, for “trial runs,” totaled $1,050,000, which
represents a mere 0.175% of the $600,000,000 the district court attributed to
him. Moreover, the email conversations from which the Government derived
its enhancement calculation simply evince discussions of large amounts of
currency that could possibly be laundered. They are insufficient to displace
all of the evidence suggesting the implausibility that the amount could ever
materialize, including: Delgado’s unsuccessful “test runs” demonstrating that
he had no capability to launder large sums of money; Pimentel’s testimony
clarifying that he and Delgado were among other competitors bidding for
business agreements with the cartel; and an email to Delgado from De La
Concha explaining that “one of the reasons nothing has happened is because
[the cartel] went to your competition because you were too expensive (at 10%

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                                        No. 14-50079
per total laundered amount).” Given the evidence, Delgado should not have
been accountable for $600 million in enhancements. 2 On remand, the district
court must recalculate the enhancement based on the sum Delgado was
reasonably capable of laundering.
B. Four-level Enhancement Under § 2S1.1(b)(2)(C)
       Under § 2S1.1(b)(2)(C), if a defendant is found to be in the business of
laundering funds, his offense level is increased by four levels. Delgado argues
that the evidence fails to establish that he was in the business of laundering
funds. We agree.
       The commentary to § 2S1.1 instructs that courts shall consider the
totality of the circumstances when determining whether a defendant was in
the business of laundering funds. U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, cmt. n.4(A). 3 The


       2   Evidence of the unskilled manner in which they attempted to execute the
transaction illustrates that these defendants were not equipped to accomplish an operation
of this scale. Pimentel drove his vehicle with a Mexican license plate on Interstate 20
carrying $1 million, which he testified was in two “huge bags full of money, really heavy,
and . . . in $1s, $5s, and $20s.” Our cases are legion concerning targeted drug corridors and
identifiers that law enforcement authorities hone in on to make traffic stops. See, e.g.,
United States v. Jenson, 462 F.3d 399, 405-06 (5th Cir. 2006) (noting that among the factors
the Court has considered in finding a search reasonable is that the defendant was traveling
on I-20, a known drug corridor) (citing United States v. Reyes Gonzalez, 328 F.3d 755, 758
(5th Cir. 2003)); United States v. Irick, 315 F. App’x 111, 113 (11th Cir. 2008) (finding that
reasonable suspicion existed given the arresting officer’s “knowledge about drug trafficking,
[the defendant’s] lack of luggage in the light of his explanation that he had been in Atlanta
for the weekend, his nervousness, and that I-20 is a known drug corridor”) (citation
omitted). On the issue of an initial traffic stop’s legality, the district court in United States
v. Lopez found that the arresting officer’s suspicions, which were based on his belief that I-
20 is a frequent channel of illegal narcotics, were reasonable. 817 F. Supp. 2d 918, 920 n.6
(S.D. Miss. 2011) (The arresting officer provided testimony that in his experience, drug
traffickers on I-20 use the eastbound lanes and transport money – presumably the proceeds
from successful drug transactions – in the westbound lanes.); see also United States v.
Mendez, 181 F. App’x 754, 758 (10th Cir. 2006) (holding that the presence of a foreign
license plate would more strongly support a finding of reasonable suspicion).
        3 Section B to the commentary provides courts with the following non-exhaustive list

of factors that may indicate that a defendant was in the business of laundering funds:
        (i) The defendant regularly engaged in laundering funds.
        (ii) The defendant engaged in laundering funds during an extended period of
        time.
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                                     No. 14-50079
Government’s argument that this adjustment was warranted is based on
incidents that, when viewed in their totality, demonstrate efforts made by
Delgado in his attempt to be in the business of laundering funds. To support
this enhancement, the PSR details, among other things, Delgado’s
participation in various meetings over several years which involved sales
pitches to De La Concha and introductions to supposed drug lords. Also
documented are trips to the Turks and Caicos Islands to set up a dummy
corporation through which Delgado would launder money, and the large sums
of money deposited into his girlfriend’s bank account. The glaring omission
from the PSR, however, is any occurrence of successful money laundering by
Delgado.
       This court has upheld a district court’s finding that a defendant was in
the business of laundering funds where he “regularly laundered money from
numerous customers over the course of two years, and . . . made a substantial
amount of money doing so.” United States v. Arledge, 524 F. App’x 83, 88 (5th
Cir. 2013) (unpublished). Whether the defendant “regularly engaged in
laundering funds” is one of the non-exhaustive factors that the district court




       (iii) The defendant engaged in laundering funds from multiple sources.
       (iv) The defendant generated a substantial amount of revenue in return for
       laundering funds.
       (v) At the time the defendant committed the instant offense, the defendant
       had one or more prior convictions for an offense under 18 U.S.C. § 1956 or §
       1957, or under 31 U.S.C. § 5313, § 5314, § 5316, § 5324 or § 5326, or any
       similar offense under state law, or an attempt or conspiracy to commit any
       such federal or state offense. A conviction taken into account under
       subsection (b)(2)(C) is not excluded from consideration of whether that
       conviction receives criminal history points pursuant to Chapter Four, Part A
       (Criminal History).
       (vi) During the course of an undercover government investigation, the
       defendant made statements that the defendant engaged in any of the conduct
       described in subdivisions (i) through (iv).

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, cmt. n.4(B).
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may consider to determine whether the defendant is in the business of
laundering funds. U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, cmt. n.4(B)(i)-(vi).
      In this case, Delgado did not regularly engage in laundering funds. Nor
do the other factors support this enhancement: the evidence, for example,
does not show that the alleged laundering was from “multiple sources” or
that Delgado actually obtained “substantial revenue” from his efforts to
launder. See id. In fact, at trial Pimentel testified that after a year of holding
meetings with discussions of large sums of money and “promises of . . . being
rich and powerful people . . . nothing had actually happened.” Delgado
regularly presented himself as an individual in the business of laundering
funds. But there is insufficient proof that Delgado was in fact in the
“business” of laundering funds.
C. Two-level Enhancement Under § 3B1.3
       The district court assessed a two-level enhancement pursuant to
§ 3B1.3, which provides an increase for “abuse of position of trust or use of
special skill.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3. It erred by imposing this enhancement
without performing the requisite two-step inquiry in United States v. Ollison,
555 F.3d 152 (5th Cir. 2009).
      The district court’s § 3B1.3 ruling suggests that Delgado’s status as an
attorney alone placed him in a position of trust which automatically assisted
him significantly with laundering money. The PSR and the Addendum to the
PSR, which the trial court adopted, state how Delgado drafted fraudulent
court documents for Pimentel to present if stopped by law enforcement, and
used the “Delgado and Associates” bank account to deposit funds used in a
sting operation. The PSR notes the adjustment is warranted “for Abuse of
Position of Trust or Use of a Special Skill,” but it fails to specify under which
basis the two-level enhancement should be applied.


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      “The application of § 3B1.3 is a sophisticated factual determination
reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard.” United States v. Fisher, 7
F.3d 69, 70 (5th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted).
      The district court found that the initial Ollison inquiry, whether
Delgado “occupied a position of trust,” produced an affirmative answer.
Ollison, 555 F.3d at 165 (citing United States v. Kay, 513 F.3d 432, 459 (5th
Cir. 2007)). The analysis should not have ended there. In Ollison, this court
held that, following a determination that the defendant held a position of
trust, “the court must proceed to ascertain the extent to which the defendant
used that position to facilitate or conceal the offense.” Id. (citing United
States v. Reccko, 151 F.3d 29, 31 (1st Cir. 1998) (emphasis added)); see §
3B1.3, cmt. n.1 (providing an example that the adjustment “applies in the
case of an embezzlement of a client’s funds by an attorney serving as a
guardian”).
      In this case, the first prong in Ollison is met because attorneys
inherently occupy a position of public trust. See United States v. Harrington,
114 F.3d 517, 519 (5th Cir. 1997). There also is record evidence supporting
the point that, to some extent, Delgado used his position as an attorney to
attempt to facilitate the commission or concealment of money laundering, as
he prepared fraudulent court documents, used his client trust account, and
used his law firm’s email account in connection with the offense.
      Even though Delgado held a position of trust, the next question to be
answered is whether his profession “significantly facilitate[d] the commission
or concealment of the offense.” Ollison, 555 F.3d at 165. The “significant
facilitation” standard asks the court to consider “whether the defendant
occupied a superior position, relative to all people in a position to commit the
offense, as a result of her job.” United States v. Pruett, 681 F.3d 232, 248 (5th
Cir. 2012) (quoting Kay, 513 F.3d at 459 (quotation marks omitted)). In
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Ollison, this court referenced a number of cases showing circumstances
where a defendant’s position of trust significantly facilitated the offense,
thereby warranting § 3B1.3 enhancements. Ollison, 555 F.3d at 168 n.12
(citing, inter alia, Harrington, 114 F.3d at 519 (attorney subject to
enhancement because his position helped him secure fraudulent affidavits
and “shrouded” his actions “with a false presumption of regularity and
legality”); United States v. Dial, 542 F.3d 1059, 1060 (5th Cir. 2008)
(insurance adjuster subject to enhancement because he used his position to
settle and pay fraudulent claims up to $25,000); United States v. Scurlock, 52
F.3d 531, 541 (5th Cir. 1995) (correctional officer subject to enhancement
because her position allowed her to interact with prisoners and smuggle
money into the prison)).
      Without a finding that Delgado used his position of trust to
“significantly facilitate the commission or concealment” of money laundering,
the § 3B1.3 enhancement cannot be imposed. Ollison, 555 F.3d at 165. On
remand, the district court must consider the second step of the Ollison
inquiry.
D. Four-level Enhancement Under § 3B1.1
       The district court applied a four-level enhancement to Delgado’s
sentence pursuant to § 3B1.1, based on his role as an organizer or leader of a
criminal activity. See § 3B1.1(a) (providing for an increase in the base offense
level where “the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity
that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive”). The
language in § 3B1.3, however, provides that an enhancement under § 3B1.1
may not be imposed if the court also imposes a § 3B1.3 enhancement based
solely on the defendant’s use of a special skill. Specifically, § 3B1.3 provides:
      If this adjustment is based upon an abuse of a position of trust, it
      may be employed in addition to an adjustment under

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                                     No. 14-50079
      (Aggravating Role); if this adjustment is based solely on the use of
      a special skill, it may not be employed in addition to an
      adjustment under § 3B1.1 (Aggravating Role).

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 (emphasis added).
      As discussed above, the PSR and the Addendum to the PSR are
ambiguous regarding the basis for the § 3B1.3 adjustment. In overruling
Delgado’s objection to the enhancement under § 3B1.3, however, the district
court stated that the enhancement was a two-level upward adjustment for
abuse of a position of trust. Although no reasoning behind that enhancement
was provided, it was read conjunctively with the “four levels for aggravated
role.” Therefore, we are satisfied that the court determined the enhancement
appropriate on a finding of abuse of a position of trust, which, as previously
discussed, was unwarranted. Given the evidence in this case, the four-level
enhancement under § 3B1.1 is likely appropriate; 4 however, the enhancement
cannot be applied without first determining the proper application of the
enhancement under § 3B1.3.
                                   IV. Conclusion
      For the foregoing reasons, we vacate Delgado’s sentence and remand
this case for resentencing.
      VACATED and REMANDED.




      4   Commentary to § 3B1.1 provides that “[t]o qualify for an adjustment under this
section, the defendant must have been the organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of one
or more other participants.” § 3B1.1, cmt. n.2 (emphasis added). There is ample evidence
that Delgado exercised control and authority over Pimentel during the commission of an
offense. He orchestrated the money laundering transactions in both Atlanta and Chicago,
and directed Pimentel’s actions in each. Pimentel also testified that Delgado planned
Pimentel’s trips to Turks and Caicos and instructed him about the individual with whom he
should meet to create dummy corporations for laundering funds.
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