                     In the Missouri Court of Appeals
                             Eastern District
                                        DIVISION ONE

CURT PETERS,                                    )       No. ED100699
                                                )
and                                             )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                )       of St. Charles County
CHERI PETERS,                                   )       1211-CC00675
                                                )
       Appellants,                              )       Honorable Jon A. Cunningham
                                                )
       vs.                                      )
                                                )
WADY INDUSTRIES, INC.,                          )
                                                )
       Defendant,                               )
                                                )
and                                             )
                                                )
PATRICK TERRIO,                                 )
                                                )
       Respondent.                              )       FILED: September 9, 2014


       Curt and Cheri Peters appeal the trial court's judgment dismissing their negligence action

against Patrick Terrio. We affirm.

                                          Background

       Mr. Peters and Mr. Terrio were employed by Tramar Contracting. Terrio was Peters’s

supervisor. Tramar provides various services to general contractors in the construction industry.

Among its services, Tramar delivers dowel baskets 1 manufactured by Wady Industries. On

September 24, 2008, Peters was injured when a stack of dowel baskets fell on him as he was



                                                1
unloading them at a construction site. Peters and his wife, Cheri, filed this negligence action

against Terrio and Wady, seeking recovery for injuries sustained as a result of the accident. 2

          In his petition, Peters alleges that the dowel baskets arrived at Tramar stacked in an

unsafe manner and remained as such until they were unloaded at the construction site. Peters

further alleged that, before the accident leading to his injuries, Terrio received multiple warnings

from Tramar employees concerning the safety hazards posed by the stacked dowel baskets.

Despite these warnings, Terrio ordered that the baskets be sent to the site stacked in an unsafe

manner where they fell from the truck onto Peters, causing him permanent and catastrophic

injuries. Specifically, Peters alleged that Terrio breached his duty to exercise reasonable care for

Peters’s safety in the following ways:

          a.      [Terrio] allowed the baskets to be transported on a flatbed truck while
                  stacked at a level that exceeded a safe height;

          b.      [Terrio] failed to insure that the baskets were properly braced or secured
                  for transportation and unloading;

          c.      [Terrio] failed to provide sufficient help;

          d.      [Terrio] failed to provide adequately trained help;

          e.      [Terrio] failed to provide a proper area for the unloading of the baskets;

          f.      [Terrio] failed to heed the warnings of employees about the stacked
                  baskets;

          g.      [Terrio] allowed the unsafe course to become standard operating
                  procedure; [and]

          h.      [Terrio] ordered and directed plaintiff Curt Peters to load, stack, transport,
                  and unload the baskets in the aforementioned unsafe manner.

          Terrio filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be

granted on the basis that Peters’s exclusive remedy lies in Missouri Workers' Compensation Law



1
    Dowel baskets are 200-pound rebar paver baskets used in concrete construction.

                                                     2
(Chapter 287 RSMo). More specifically, Terrio maintained that the petition failed to allege any

conduct by Terrio outside the scope of Tramar’s non-delegable duty to provide a safe workplace.

The trial court agreed and granted Terrio’s motion to dismiss. Peters appeals, asserting that

Terrio engaged in affirmative negligent conduct in breach of a duty independent of Tramar’s

non-delegable duty to provide a safe workplace

                                            Standard of Review

        Dismissal of a petition for a failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted is

reviewed de novo. 3 Amesquita v. Gilster-Mary Lee Corp., 408 S.W.3d 293, 298 (Mo. App. E.D.

2013). All factual allegations asserted in the petition are accepted as true, and the petition will

state a claim if the alleged facts meet the elements of a recognized cause of action.                         Id.

Dismissal for failure to state a claim is proper where the petition fails to allege facts essential to

recovery. Id.

                                               Applicable Law

        Workers’ Compensation Law provides the exclusive remedy for employees in claims

against their employers. At the time of Peters’s injury, its exclusivity clause stated as follows:

        The rights and remedies herein granted to an employee shall exclude all other
        rights and remedies of the employee, his wife, her husband, parents, personal
        representatives, dependents, heirs or next kin, at common law or otherwise, on
        account of such accidental injury or death, except such rights and remedies as are
        not provided for by this chapter.

§287.120.2 RSMo 2006. (emphasis added)



2
  Cheri also brought a claim for loss of consortium. For the reader’s ease, we refer to Curt as the primary
plaintiff.
3
  Though the parties characterize the issue as one of subject matter jurisdiction, the trial court clearly had
subject matter jurisdiction over Peters's claims. In Missouri, subject matter jurisdiction is governed by the
Missouri Constitution, and circuit courts have subject matter jurisdiction over all civil and criminal
matters. J.C.W. ex rel. Webb v. Wyciskalla, 275 S.W.3d 249, 253 (Mo. banc 2009) (citing Mo. Const.
art. V, §14). The trial court didn’t dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction but rather for failure to state
a claim.


                                                        3
          Before 2005, this exclusive remedy provision was interpreted to shield employees from

liability to co-workers except for affirmative acts beyond normal job duties, i.e. the “something

more” standard. See e.g., Burns v. Smith, 214 S.W.3d 355 (Mo. 2007). Then in 2005, a

statutory amendment mandating strict construction of Chapter 287 led appellate courts to hold

that the statutory definition of “employer” did not include a claimant’s co-workers. Robinson v.

Hooker, 323 S.W.3d 418 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). As a result, suits against co-workers “at

common law or otherwise” were “not provided for by” Chapter 287, so employees were left

exposed to liability to co-workers for common law negligence. 4 The legislature passed a

corrective amendment in 2012 that essentially codified the “something more” doctrine. For

injuries occurring in the interim, appellate courts interpreted the standard for co-employee

liability with varying results. This court applied the “something more” doctrine and concluded

that, in order for an employee to be personally liable for a co-worker’s injury, the employee must

have engaged in some affirmative, purposeful, and dangerous act outside the scope of the

employer’s non-delegable duty. 5 Amesquita, 480 S.W.3d at 304-305. By contrast, the Western

District recently rejected the “something more” doctrine and held that, for the period in question,

an employee’s simple negligence - whether by act or omission - is actionable so long as it falls

outside the employer’s non-delegable duty. Leeper v. Asmus, No. WD76772, 2014 WL 2190966

(Mo. App. W.D. 2014). We need not resolve the conflict, as Missouri courts have never wavered

on the critical threshold issue that we find determinative here, namely whether the defendant

employee’s conduct was independent of his employer’s non-delegable duties.

          When a plaintiff brings a common law negligence action against a co-employee, he must

establish the same elements applicable to any negligence action: (1) that a duty existed on the




4
    For a thorough tutorial on the subject, see Hansen v. Ritter, 375 S.W.3d 201 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012).

                                                     4
part of the defendant to protect the plaintiff from injury; (2) that the defendant failed to perform

the duty; and (3) that the defendant’s failure proximately cause the plaintiff's injury. Carman v.

Wieland, 406 S.W.3d 70, 76 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013). The key predicate is the existence of a duty

owed by the co-employee, and it is a question of law for the court to decide. Id. An employee

owes no personal duty to co-workers to perform the employer’s non-delegable duties because

those duties necessarily derive from the master-servant relationship. Hansen v. Ritter, 375

S.W.3d 201 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012). An employer’s non-delegable duties are: (1) to provide a

safe workplace; (2) to provide safe equipment in the workplace; (3) to warn employees about the

existence of dangers of which the employees could not reasonably be expected to be aware; (4)

to provide a sufficient number of competent fellow employees; and (5) to promulgate and

enforce rules governing employee conduct for the purpose of enhancing safety. Carman, 406

S.W.3d at 76. Thus when an employee fails to satisfy the employer’s non-delegable duty, that

failure is imputed to the employer. Id. A co-employee is only liable when he “has violated an

independent duty to a fellow employee, as opposed to a non-delegable duty belonging to the

employer.” Carman, 406 S.W.3d at 77.

                                             Analysis

       Applying the foregoing principles to Peters’s petition, one cannot escape the fact that

each allegation of Terrio’s negligence is perfectly inseparable from Tramar’s non-delegable duty

to provide a safe workplace. At best, Peters asserts that Terrio knew of the danger and failed to

protect him from it. But this claim - essentially that Terrio ignored a safety concern - cannot be

extracted from the scope of Tramar’s non-delegable duty to provide a safe workplace. The duty

to make the workplace safe from known dangers is a non-delegable duty owed by the employer,


5
 The 2012 amendment employs the same description. An employee “shall not be released from liability
for injury or death if the employee engaged in an affirmative negligent act that purposefully and
dangerously cause or increased the risk of injury.” §287.120.1 RSMo 2013.

                                                 5
not co-employees. Amesquita, 408 S.W.3d at 303. “Charging the employee chosen to implement

the employer’s duty to provide a reasonably safe place to work merely with the general failure to

fulfill that duty charges no actionable negligence.” Id. (quoting State ex rel. Badami v. Gaertner,

630 S.W.2d 175, 180 (Mo. App. E.D. 1982)).

         “Unless a petition asserts a personal duty owed by a co-employee that exists independent

of the employer’s non-delegable duties, and thus a duty that would exist independent of the

master-servant relationship, the petition will not survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a

cause of action for negligence.” Hansen, 375 S.W. 3d at 217. The facts pleaded in Peters’s

petition, even if true, fall squarely within Tramar’s non-delegable duty to provide a safe

workplace. Consequently, as a matter of law, Peters cannot establish the existence of an

independent duty on the part of Terrio. 6 Point denied.

                                                Conclusion

        The trial court did not err in dismissing Peters’s petition for failure to state a claim on

which relief can be granted. The judgment is affirmed.



                                          _________________________________
                                          CLIFFORD H. AHRENS, Judge

Roy L. Richter, P.J., concurs.
Glenn A. Norton, J., dissents in separate opinion.

6
  Even accepting the dissent’s reliance on Leeper as controlling authority, we would reach the same
conclusion. Leeper reinforces, as we note above, that the threshold issue is whether the injury is
attributable to a breach of the employer’s non-delegable duty. This is a fact issue, so “dismissal of a
petition for failure to state a claim will be premature if the petition alleges facts that would support [the]
conclusion” that the injury is not attributable to the employer’s breach of duty. Leeper at *17. But the
dissent acknowledges that Peters’s petition does not specifically articulate an independent duty on the part
of Terrio. While our standard of review requires us to give the pleading its broadest intendment and
accept all facts alleged therein as true, it does not invite us to infer additional facts. Leeper further
confirms that, if a workplace injury is “attributable in any manner” to the employer’s non-delegable
duties, then the co-employee “can owe no duty of care in negligence, and the co-employee’s negligence is
chargeable to the employer.” Id. “An employer and a co-employee cannot be jointly and severally
liable.” Id. Simply put, if the employer is “on the hook” at all, then the employee is off.

                                                      6
                     In the Missouri Court of Appeals
                             Eastern District
                                        DIVISION ONE

CURT PETERS,                                      )       No. ED100699
                                                  )
and                                               )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                  )       of St. Charles County
CHERI PETERS,                                     )       1211-CC00675
                                                  )
       Appellants,                                )       Honorable Jon A. Cunningham
                                                  )
       vs.                                        )
                                                  )
WADY INDUSTRIES, INC.,                            )
                                                  )
       Defendant,                                 )
                                                  )
and                                               )
                                                  )
PATRICK TERRIO,                                   )
                                                  )       Filed: September 9, 2014
       Respondent.                                )

                                    DISSENTING OPINION

       I respectfully dissent. The majority finds it is not necessary to resolve the conflict

between our Court and the Western District on the standard to be used for determining co-

employee liability for the negligent injury of fellow employees in the workplace. The majority

also finds the first amended petition failed to allege Terrio had a duty independent from Tramar's

non-delegable duty to provide a safe workplace. I disagree with both of these findings.

       The Western District's recent decision in Leeper v. Asmus created a split of authority in

Missouri regarding an employee's liability for negligence committed against a co-employee
between 2005 and 2012 amendments 1 to the Workers' Compensation Law ("the Law"). 2014

WL 2190966 (Mo. App. W.D.). Specifically, in Leeper, the Western District declined to follow

our Court's decisions in Carman v. Wieland, 406 S.W.3d 70 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) and

Amesquita v. Gilster-Mary Lee Corp., 408 S.W.3d 293 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) to the extent that

they did not correctly apply the common law when determining co-employee liability. 2014 WL

2190966 at *15-16. One appellate judge in the Southern District recently agreed with the

analysis and result reached in Leeper, providing further evidence of the disagreement in Missouri

appellate courts on the issue of co-employee liability. See Parr ex rel. Waid v. Breeden, 2014

WL 3864710 at *1-20, 22 (Mo. App. S.D.) (Francis, Jr., J., dissenting) (quoting extensively to

Leeper and finding that "[g]iven . . . the legal analysis in Leeper, reversal [of a grant of summary

judgment in favor of defendants co-employees in a negligence action] is required").

        Because I too agree with the analysis and result reached in Leeper, I would overrule

Carman and Amesquita. In addition, I would apply what I believe to be the correct version of the

common law, as stated in Leeper, and find the first amended petition alleges sufficient facts that,

if proven, establish an independent duty of care owed by Terrio.

                                            I.       DISCUSSION

        At the outset, it should be recognized that the ultimate issue in this case is whether the

first amended petition alleges sufficient facts that, if proven, establish an independent duty of

care owed by Terrio. However, in order to resolve that issue, it is necessary to first discuss the

history of case law and ascertain the correct legal standard to be applied in determining an

employee's liability for negligence committed against a co-employee in a case, like this one, that

arose between 2005 and 2012 amendments to the Law.

1
  Section 287.120 was amended in 2012 to provide that "an employee shall not be released from liability for injury
or death if the employee engaged in an affirmative negligent act that purposefully and dangerously caused or
increased the risk of injury." Section 287.120.1 RSMo Supp. 2013. I take no position on whether this amendment
adopts the "something more" test as refined in post-State ex rel. Badami v. Gaertner, 630 S.W.2d 175 (Mo. App.
E.D. 1982) decisions.

                                                         2
A.     The History of Case Law and Why I Agree with Leeper's Analysis and Result

       Pursuant to section 287.120.2 RSMo Supp. 2006, the rights and remedies granted to an

employee under the Law "shall exclude all other rights and remedies of the employee [and] his

wife . . ., at common law or otherwise . . ., except such rights and remedies as are not provided

for by [the Law]." Prior to 2005 amendments to the Law, this exclusive remedy provision was

interpreted to grant employees immunity from suits brought by a co-employee unless there was a

showing of "something more" than a breach of the employer's non-delegable duties. Hansen v.

Ritter, 375 S.W.3d 201, 207, 207 n.9 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (citing State ex rel. Badami v.

Gaertner, 630 S.W.2d 175 (Mo. App. E.D. 1982) (establishing the "something more" test)).

However, in 2005, the Law was amended to require strict, rather than liberal, construction.

Compare section 287.800 RSMo Supp. 2005 ("[a]ll of the provisions of [the Law] shall be

liberally construed with a view to the public welfare"), with section 287.800.1 RSMo Supp. 2006

("reviewing courts shall construe the provisions of [the Law] strictly"). Under a strict

construction of the Law, section 287.120 was construed to no longer afford immunity to co-

employees. Robinson v. Hooker, 323 S.W.3d 418, 424-25 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010).

       Following Robinson's abrogation of the practice of affording immunity to co-employees

under the Law, the Western District, in Hansen, made it clear that a co-employee could remain

liable under the common law. 375 S.W.3d at 207-08, 216-17. As stated in Hansen, "[alt]hough

Robinson abrogated affording immunity under the [Law] to co-employees alleged to have

breached an employer's non-delegable duty, Robinson did not comment on the contours of a co-

employee's common law liability for the negligent injury of fellow employees in the workplace."

Id. at 207. Instead, Robinson "merely acknowledged that whatever rights and remedies were

available 'at common law or otherwise' were not barred by the exclusivity provision of the




                                                 3
[Law]." Id. Thus, while Hansen held that a co-employee who violated an independent duty to

an injured employee remains liable at common law, the Hansen Court was not required to

definitively determine the precise scope of the common law duty co-employees owe to one

another in the workplace because the plaintiff in Hansen only alleged that the co-employee was

assigned the employer's non-delegable duty to provide a safe workplace. Id. at 206-08, 213, 216-

17, 219.

       Following the Western District's opinion in Hansen, Courts were left to determine the

scope of the common law duty owed to injured co-employees. This Court addressed the issue in

Carman and Amesquita. Carman involved a negligence action brought by a firefighter who was

injured after being run over by a fire truck operated by the defendant, another firefighter. 406

S.W.3d at 72. In determining whether the defendant owed his injured co-employee a duty, the

Court explained that, at common law, a co-employee could be held liable when he or she

violated a duty independent of the non-delegable duties belonging to the employer. Id. at 77.

Relying on the refined version of the "something more" test from Gunnett v. Girardier Bldg. and

Realty Co., 70 S.W.3d 632 (Mo. App. E.D. 2002), the Carman Court found "[i]t is an affirmative

act directed at a particular employee that places the co-employee's conduct outside the scope of

the employer's non-delegable duties." 406 S.W.3d at 77 (citing Gunnett, 70 S.W.3d at 641). The

Court held that, as a matter of law, "a co-employee owes to a fellow employee no common law

duty to exercise ordinary care and safety requiring the co-employee to refrain from operating a

vehicle in a negligent manner when driving in the course of his work" because "that

responsibility is subsumed within an employer's non-delegable duty to provide a safe working

environment." Id. at 79. Accordingly, the Court found the plaintiff failed to allege any duty

independent of the employer's non-delegable duty to provide a safe working environment. Id.




                                                 4
       In Amesquita, employees in a popcorn production facility filed suit against several co-

employees after they developed pulmonary diseases as a result of their exposure to heated butter

flavoring containing diacetyl. 408 S.W.3d at 295-96, 302. The plaintiffs alleged the defendants

co-employees were negligent for failing to minimize the employees' exposure to diacetyl despite

the defendants' knowledge that exposure to diacetyl causes pulmonary problems. Id. at 296-97,

302-03. In determining whether the defendants owed a duty independent of the non-delegable

duties belonging to the employer, the Court found that, under the refined "something more" test,

"a personal duty will arise out of circumstances where the co-employee engages in an affirmative

act . . . directed at a worker, increasing the risk of injury." Id. at 303 (quoting Gunnett, 70

S.W.3d at 641). The Court held that the injuries alleged by the plaintiffs arose from a breach of

the employer's non-delegable duty to provide a safe work environment. Id. at 304.

       The majority opinion oversimplifies Leeper. In Leeper, the Western District revisited the

issue left open by the Hansen Court. 2014 WL 2190966 at *1. While the Hansen Court stated

that it was not deciding the definitive parameters of a co-employee's liability under the common

law, Leeper characterized the issue as the determination of "whether a co-employee's common

law duty of care is the functional equivalent of [the original and refined] 'something more'" test.

Id.; Hansen, 375 S.W.3d at 216-17. After reciting the lengthy history of the law, a history that is

unnecessary to repeat here, the Leeper Court determined that, under the common law, an

"employer is liable for the negligent performance of any act directed by it to be performed by

any employee . . . which affects the safety of the workplace" and "[r]isks that are attendant to

performing the employer's work as directed are thus necessarily subsumed within the employer's

non-delegable duties, and cannot support an independent personal duty owed by a co-employee."

Leeper, 2014 WL 2190966 at *6 (internal quotation omitted) (emphasis in original). While the

common law charges an employer with providing a safe method of work, the employer's



                                                  5
obligation to protect its employees does not extend to injuries caused by the negligence of

employees in carrying out the details of the work directed by the employer. Id. at *9 (citing

Kelso v. W.A. Ross Const. Co., 85 S.W.2d 527, 534-36 (Mo. 1935)). "In other words, the rule

that the master is bound to see that the environment in which a servant performs his duties is kept

in a reasonably safe condition is not applicable where that environment becomes unsafe solely

through the default of that servant himself, or of his fellow employees." Id. (internal quotation

omitted). Thus, under the common law, a plaintiff must prove that "the employer performed all

of its non-delegable duties such that a reasonably safe workplace, a safe instrumentality of work,

and safe methods of work, became unsafe solely through the fault of [the defendant co-

employee], a determination that depends on the facts and circumstances of the workplace injury."

Id. at *1, 17.

        As explained in Leeper, the common law approach first requires a determination of

whether the employee's workplace injury is attributable to the employer's breach of a non-

delegable duty. Id. at *8-10. This is a question of fact unique to the workplace that requires the

consideration of, among others, the following factors:

        [T]he nature of the employer's work; the risks and perils attendant to doing the
        employer's work as directed; whether the instrumentalities of the work are safe;
        whether a co-employee causing injury was acting as directed by the employer;
        whether the methods for performing the work are safe; the competency of the
        employees hired to perform the work; the training of employees; the rules and
        regulations of the workplace adopted by the employer to protect workers from the
        risks and perils of the work about which the employer should have known; the
        communication and enforcement of these rules and regulations; and other facts or
        circumstances which might tend to establish the existence of a risk or peril that,
        through the exercise of ordinary care, the employer could reasonably have acted
        to prevent.

Id. at *10. If, after considering all relevant circumstances of the workplace, it is determined that

the employee's workplace injury is attributable to the employer's breach of a non-delegable duty,

as a matter of law the defendant co-employee, even if negligent, owes no duty to the plaintiff.



                                                 6
Id. However, if it is determined that the employee's workplace injury is not attributable to the

employer's breach of a non-delegable duty, the defendant co-employee may owe a legal duty to

the injured employee. 2 Id. Accordingly, under the common law, "the starting point is to first

determine whether a workplace injury is attributable to a breach of the employer's non-delegable

duties, a question of fact." Id. (emphasis in original).

         Leeper determined that while the "something more" test as originally announced in

Badami accurately restated the common law of co-employee liability, the post-Badami

refinements to the test do not align with the common law approach. Id. at *13. Specifically, the

post-Badami refinements, by attaching a legal significance to the "test's focus on the nature and

attributes of a co-employee's conduct," do not align with the common law's approach of first

determining whether a workplace injury is attributable to a breach of the employer's non-

delegable duties. Id. at *8-13. Accordingly, the refined "something more" test could "impose an

independent duty on a co-employee when the common law would not, and may fail to impose an

independent duty on a co-employee when the common law would." Id. at *13. 3 Thus, for




2
  As explained in Leeper, the existence of a co-employee's duty cannot be automatically assumed following a
finding that a workplace injury is not attributable the employer's breach of a non-delegable duty. Id. at *10 n.5.
The existence of a duty remains subject to a "calculus of policy considerations," including foreseeability. Id.
3
  The Leeper Court offered the following example:

         In Logsdon v. Duncan, 293 S.W.2d 944, 949-50 (Mo. 1956), our Supreme Court held that a co-
         employee who threw a brick off of a house in connection with construction activities without
         regard for, or warning to, co-workers below owed a common law duty of care, an outcome that
         necessarily presupposed that the workplace injury was not chargeable to a breach of the
         employer's non-delegable duties. In contrast, and under nearly identical facts, the Eastern District
         in Quinn v. Clayton Construction Co., Inc., 111 S.W.3d 428, 433-34 (Mo. App. E.D. 2003)
         affirmed the dismissal of a petition alleging co-employee negligence where a co-employee
         carelessly threw a piece of iron from the roof of a construction site without regard for, or warning
         to, co-employees below because the conduct was 'not an allegation of 'something more,'' as there
         was no allegation of 'an affirmative act directed at [an] injured employee that increased the risk of
         injury.'

Id. at *14.

                                                          7
workplace injuries occurring between the Law's 2005 and 2012 amendments, the common law,

rather than the refined "something more" test, should be applied in determining whether an

employee owes a duty of care to a co-employee. Id. at *15.

       In concluding that the refined "something more" test does not accurately state the

common law of co-employee liability, Leeper declined to follow our Court's decisions in

Carman and Amesquita to the extent that they relied on the refined "something more" test to

determine co-employee liability under the common law. Id. at *15-16. I agree that Carman and

Amesquita did not correctly apply the common law. While the Court in Carman and Amesquita

undoubtedly relied on Hansen's statement that "cases since Badami which have refined the

'something more' test remain instructive in defining a co-employee's personal duties to fellow

employees," the precise extent that post-Badami cases "remain instructive in defining a co-

employee's personal duties to fellow employees" under the common law was not clarified until

Leeper. Hansen, 375 S.W.3d at 216. As Leeper's detailed analysis makes clear, the refined

"something more" test does not accurately reflect the common law regarding co-employee

liability. Accordingly, I would overrule Carman and Amesquita to the extent they relied on the

refined "something more" test to determine co-employee liability under the common law.

B.     Applying Leeper's Analysis and Result to the First Amended Petition in this Case

       Applying the correct version of the common law, as stated in Leeper, I would find the

first amended petition alleges sufficient facts that, if proven, establish an independent duty of

care owed by Terrio. In Hansen, the defendants co-employees' duties alleged in the amended

petition were described by the plaintiff as duties assigned by the employer to provide a safe

workplace. Id. at 204, 206. Therefore, the plaintiff acknowledged the duties alleged in the

amended petition were part and parcel of the employer's non-delegable duty to provide a safe

workplace. Id. at 206, 219. Because the amended petition did not assert that the defendants co-



                                                  8
employees owed any personal duties independent of the employer's non-delegable duties,

dismissal of the amended petition for failure to state a claim was appropriate. Id. at 219. In

Leeper, on the other hand, the amended petition specifically pled that the defendant co-employee

was "personally" and "independently" negligent in operating a drilling rig in violation of his job

duty. 2014 WL 2190966 at *1, 2-3, 16. Additionally, the amended petition pled that the

defendant created a dangerous and hazardous condition beyond the normal risk of operating and

working on a drilling rig. Id. at *3, 16. These allegations were determined sufficient to allege

the defendant co-employee failed to perform his job as he had been instructed and therefore

made what was otherwise a safe workplace unsafe. Id. at *17. In other words, the Leeper Court

found the amended petition sufficiently alleged the defendant co-employee owed personal duties

independent of the employer's non-delegable duties. Id. Therefore, the Court held the trial court

erred in dismissing the amended petition for failure to state a claim. Id.

        Unlike the amended petition at issue in Hansen, the Peters' first amended petition alleges

more than a breach of an assigned duty to provide a safe workplace, or in other words, a breach

of the employer's non-delegable duties. While the first amended petition does not specifically

allege that Terrio owed an "independent" duty or that Terrio's actions solely rendered an

otherwise safe workplace unsafe, our standard of review requires us to give the first amended

petition its broadest intendment and construe all allegations favorably to the Peters. See Stabler

v. Stabler, 326 S.W.3d 561, 564 (Mo. App. E.D. 2010). As noted by Leeper, "[t]hough it may be

difficult in most cases to establish that a workplace injury is not attributable to breach of an

employer's non-delegable duties, given the inherently factual nature of that determination,

dismissal of a petition for failure to state a claim will be premature if the petition alleges facts

which would support that conclusion." 2014 WL 2190966 at *17. The first amended petition

includes allegations that Terrio breached a duty to exercise care for the safety of Curt Peters by



                                                   9
ordering the dowel baskets to be stacked in an unsafe manner despite knowledge that it created a

safety hazard. These allegations, taken as true and construed favorably to the Peters, support a

conclusion that an otherwise safe workplace was rendered unsafe solely through the fault of

Terrio. Of course, the Peters would remain responsible for proving that Tramar, the employer,

performed all of its non-delegable duties and an otherwise safe workplace, work instrumentality,

or work method was rendered unsafe solely due to Terrio's negligent act or omission in ordering

the dowel baskets to be stacked. See id.

                                             II.      CONCLUSION

           I would find that, under the common law as explained in Leeper, the Peters' first amended

petition alleges sufficient facts that, if proven, establish an independent duty of care owed by

Terrio. Accordingly, I would find the trial court erred in dismissing the first amended petition

for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Moreover, pursuant to Rule 83.03, 4

I certify the majority opinion is contrary to Leeper and transfer the cause to the Missouri

Supreme Court. See Parr, 2014 WL 3864710 at *1-20, 22 (Francis, Jr., J., dissenting)

(dissenting from majority opinion affirming a grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants

co-employees in a negligence action, finding "the majority opinion incorrectly decline[d] to

follow [Leeper]," and transferring the case to the Missouri Supreme Court pursuant to Rule

83.03").




                                                                    ______________________________
                                                                    GLENN A. NORTON, Judge




4
    All references to Rules are to Missouri Supreme Court Rules (2014).

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