                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                     June 14, 2016
                Plaintiff-Appellee,                                  9:00 a.m.

v                                                                    No. 313786
                                                                     Ingham Circuit Court
BARRY DAVIS SHAW,                                                    LC No. 12-000206-FC

                Defendant-Appellant.


Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and JANSEN and SHAPIRO, JJ.

SHAPIRO, J.

        In August 2011, when the complainant was 23 years old, she reported to the Lansing
Police Department that defendant, her stepfather, had sexually molested her on multiple
occasions between the ages of 8 and 16. Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of nine
counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b, and acquitted on an
additional count of CSC-I. Defendant filed a motion for new trial on the grounds of ineffective
assistance of counsel. After a ten-day Ginther1 hearing, the trial court denied the motion for new
trial. Defendant now appeals from his conviction and the denial of his motion for new trial. We
conclude that defendant did not receive effective assistance of counsel at trial and that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceedings would have been
different. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial.

                        I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

         Defendant first argues that defense counsel was ineffective for a number of reasons.
Because a Ginther hearing was held, the issue is preserved. See People v Johnson, 144 Mich
App 125, 129; 373 NW2d 263 (1985). A defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim “is
a mixed question of fact and constitutional law.” People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640
NW2d 246 (2002). When reviewing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, this Court
reviews for clear error the trial court’s findings of fact and reviews de novo questions of law. Id.
The trial court’s findings are clearly erroneous if this Court is definitely and firmly convinced
that it made a mistake. People v Reese, 491 Mich 127, 139; 815 NW2d 85 (2012).


1
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).



                                                -1-
        The right to counsel guaranteed by the United States and Michigan Constitutions, US
Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20, is the right to the effective assistance of counsel. United
States v Cronic, 466 US 648, 654-655; 104 S Ct 2039; 80 L Ed 2d 657 (1984); People v Pubrat,
451 Mich 589, 594; 548 NW2d 595 (1996). To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a
defendant must show: (1) that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms; and (2) that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Strickland
v Washington, 466 US 668, 687-688, 694; 104 S Ct 2039; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984); People v
Frazier, 478 Mich 231, 243; 733 NW2d 713 (2007).

                          A. FAILURE TO OBJECT TO HEARSAY

        Defendant argues that his counsel’s performance fell below reasonable professional
norms because, among other reasons, his attorney failed to object to hearsay testimony offered
by five different witnesses, each of whom recounted statements made to them by the
complainant in which she told them that defendant had sexually abused her years earlier.
Defendant further argues that this hearsay testimony was of particular significance as it served to
bolster the complainant’s credibility in a case that turned on credibility.

        MRE 801 defines hearsay as “a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
Unless an exception exists, hearsay is inadmissible. MRE 802. “In a trial where the evidence
essentially presents a one-on-one credibility contest between the victim and the defendant,
hearsay evidence may tip the scales against the defendant, which means that the error is more
harmful.” People v Gursky, 486 Mich 596, 620-621; 786 NW2d 579 (2010).

       Three of the challenged witnesses were members of the complainant’s family, one was
Dr. Steven Guertin, a pediatrician, who was admitted as an expert in child sexual abuse, and the
last was Lansing Police Detective Elizabeth Reust. We address each in turn.

                         1. STATEMENTS TO FAMILY MEMBERS

        The prosecution called three relatives of complainant—two cousins and her sister. Her
cousin Elizabeth testified that, while at their grandmother’s house, while upset and crying, the
complainant told her that defendant had sexually touched her. Her cousin Laura testified that in
2011 or 2012 while on a family canoe outing, the complainant, crying and intoxicated, told her
that defendant had abused her when she was younger and specifically recounted one incident.
The complainant’s sister, Brooke, testified that later in the canoe trip she, the complainant, and
Laura took a walk together. During the walk Laura told Brooke that the complainant had said to
her that defendant had been “molesting her ever since she was little.” Brooke testified that the
complainant then began to cry and recounted a specific incident in which defendant raped her in
the living room while the rest of the family was out in the yard. The prosecution concedes and
we agree that no exception to the hearsay rule applies to any of these statements, so admitting
testimony recounting them was plain error and the failure to object constituted ineffective
assistance of counsel. Given that the statements were clearly hearsay and defense counsel
conceded he had no strategic reasons for failing to object, we conclude that defense counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Frazier, 478 Mich at 243.


                                                -2-
                              2. TESTIMONY OF DR. GUERTIN

        Dr. Guertin conducted a forensic physical examination of the complainant seven years
after the last alleged instance of abuse. Without objection, he recounted in detail the
complainant’s statements to him about the abuse. On appeal, defendant argues that the
statements were inadmissible hearsay and counsel should have objected. The prosecution
responds that such an objection would have been futile because the statements were admissible
pursuant to MRE 803(4) because they were made for the purposes of medical treatment or
diagnosis.

        “Statements made for the purpose of medical treatment are admissible pursuant to MRE
803(4) if they were reasonably necessary for diagnosis and treatment and if the declarant had a
self-interested motivation to be truthful in order to receive proper medical care.” People v
Mahone, 294 Mich App 208, 214-215; 816 NW2d 436 (2011). The “rationale for MRE 803(4) is
the existence of (1) the self-interested motivation to speak the truth to treating physicians in
order to receive proper medical care, and (2) the reasonable necessity of the statement to the
diagnosis and treatment of the patient.” People v Meeboer (After Remand), 439 Mich 310, 322;
484 NW2d 621 (1992). An injury need not be readily apparent. Mahone, 294 Mich App at 215.
Moreover, “[p]articularly in cases of sexual assault, in which the injuries might be latent, such as
contracting sexually transmitted diseases or psychological in nature, and thus not necessarily
physically manifested at all, a victim’s complete history and a recitation of the totality of the
circumstances of the assault are properly considered to be statements made for medical
treatment.” Id.

        We agree with defendant that MRE 803(4) does not apply under the circumstances
presented here. First, the examination by Dr. Guertin did not occur until seven years after the
last alleged instance of abuse, thereby minimizing the likelihood that she required treatment.
Second, the complainant did not seek out Dr. Guertin for gynecological services. Rather, she
was specifically referred to Dr. Guertin by the police in conjunction with the police investigation
into the allegations of abuse by defendant.2 And during the seven years since the last alleged
incident of abuse, she had seen a different physician, who was not called as a witness, for
gynecological care. Under these facts, the complainant’s statements to Dr. Guertin were not
admissible because they were not statements for the purposes of medical treatment. See People v
Kosters, 175 Mich App 748, 751; 438 NW2d 651 (1989) (holding that a nurse’s testimony about
the victim’s statements was inadmissible because the statements were not reasonably necessary
to medical diagnosis and treatment). Based on defense counsel’s testimony at the Ginther
hearing, the prosecution argues that allowing the admission of hearsay statements by Dr. Guertin
was strategic because he hoped to point out variations of fact in the complainant’s statements.
However, a review of Dr. Guertin’s report, which was available to counsel prior to trial, readily
reveals the absence of any significant inconsistencies, certainly none that could justify allowing a
medical professional to offer extensive and highly damaging hearsay testimony. Accordingly,



2
  Indeed, Dr. Guertin’s written report was directed to the prosecutor, not to the complainant as
his patient or to any other physician.



                                                -3-
defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness when he failed
to object to Dr. Guertin’s hearsay testimony. Frazier, 478 Mich at 243.

                          3. TESTIMONY OF DETECTIVE REUST

        The primary investigating officer was Detective Reust. Her testimony also contained
numerous hearsay statements for which no exceptions were applicable. First, she, like other
witnesses recounted the out-of-court statements made to her by the complainant, including
detailed descriptions of the alleged abuse. And, in an example of hearsay within hearsay, i.e.,
double hearsay, she testified to the statements of Dr. Guertin that described in detail the
complainant’s statements to him.

       Detective Reust also testified extensively about how she “confirmed” numerous
“background” facts that the complainant reported to her. She recounted statements made by the
complainant regarding other events and then testified that before filing the charges, she was able
to confirm the veracity of those statements by comparing them to out-of-court statements made
to her by others and/or by reference to various out-of-court documents. She testified that by
doing so she “corroborated” what the complainant had said. In other words, Detective Reust
concluded that the complainant was credible and so advised the jury. For the same reasons
discussed in reference to the testimony of Dr. Guertin, we find no basis for defense counsel to
have reasonably concluded that he could obtain a tactical advantage by allowing the inadmissible
hearsay testimony in order to ferret out inconsistencies.3 Accordingly, defense counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness when he did not object to the
hearsay testimony from Detective Reust. Frazier, 478 Mich at 243.

                                    4. EFFECT ON TRIAL

       Having concluded that defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness with regard to the hearsay statements by the complainant’s family members, by
Dr. Guertin, and by Detective Reust, we turn now to whether, but for those errors, there is a
reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different.

        Given the time that had passed since the alleged abuse stopped, the lack of any witnesses
to the charged crimes, and the lack of any significant circumstantial proofs, this case turned
largely on the complainant’s credibility. Because defense counsel did not object to the hearsay
statements, the jury heard the complainant’s version of events more than five times. And in the
case of Dr. Guertin and Detective Reust the hearsay was offered with what amounted to an
official stamp of approval. In closing argument, the prosecutor reminded the jury that the
testimony of the complainant’s reports was “consistent” with the testimony the complainant gave
during trial. And Detective Reust’s testimony that she corroborated a large number of incidental



3
 The inconsistencies addressed by defense counsel in closing argument were very minor, such as
where the complainant said defendant worked and whether in a particular incident more than 10
years earlier she recalled defendant was wearing traditional underwear or thong-style underwear.



                                               -4-
details related to her by the complainant by consulting out-of-court sources was clearly intended
to bolster the complainant’s credibility through references to hearsay.

       Moreover, Dr. Guertin testified that, based on the complainant’s medical history, he
believed her allegations. He also stated that, based on the complainant’s medical history, i.e., her
hearsay statements, he believed that his physical findings were consistent with someone who had
suffered child sexual abuse. His belief based on hearsay was critical because the medical
findings themselves were ambiguous at best.4 He testified that the hymenal “injuries” he
observed upon examination of the complainant could be caused by consensual penile-vaginal
intercourse and that such injuries could be seen in up to 80% of teenagers who had recurrent
consensual intercourse.5 Further, he testified that the complainant’s chronic anal fissure could
have been caused by consensual intercourse or by diarrhea or constipation. The minimal
probative value of the physical findings further supports our conclusion regarding the significant
prejudicial effect of the hearsay in this case.

        Given the frequency, extent, and force of the hearsay testimony, we conclude that had
defense counsel objected to its admission, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of
this case would have been different. Accordingly, defendant has satisfied both prongs of the
Strickland test.

    B. FAILURE TO PRESENT EVIDENCE OF AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF INJURY

        Defendant also argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel due to defense
counsel’s failure to discover and present testimony that the complainant was sexually active with
Brad August, a boyfriend she lived with for some time beginning when she was 19 years old.
Specifically, defendant argues that defense counsel failed to investigate and present testimony
that the complainant and August engaged in consensual vaginal and anal sex. Defendant argues
that this testimony would have explained why Dr. Guertin found extensive hymenal changes and
the chronic anal fissure. Without this testimony, the jury was left to conclude that those injuries
must have resulted from defendant having abused the complainant when she was a child.6

       At the Ginther hearing, appellate counsel called August as a witness to testify that while a
couple, he and the complainant had engaged in consensual vaginal and anal sex.7 Defense



4
 It is unclear on what basis Dr. Guertin, a pediatrician, could offer testimony as to what hymenal
changes would be expected in a sexually active adult woman.
5
 As noted below, it was undisputed that prior to Dr. Guertin’s examination, the complainant had
been sexual active with her boyfriend.
6
 The failure to reasonably investigate can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. People v
Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 52-53; 826 NW2d 136 (2012).
7
  That August would have so testified was stated as an offer of proof by appellate counsel at the
Ginther hearing because the trial court would not permit August to testify at the Ginther hearing
regarding any sexual activities with the complainant. The court stated that such testimony, even



                                                -5-
counsel testified that although he called August as a witness at trial, he did not ask questions
about the complainant’s sexual activity with him because he believed it to be barred by the rape
shield law. The trial court agreed, ruling that defense counsel’s failure to present this testimony
was not of consequence because it would have been barred by the rape shield law. Both counsel
and the court were mistaken.

       The rape shield law, MCL 750.520j, provides:

               (1) Evidence of specific instances of the victim’s sexual conduct, opinion
       evidence of the victim’s sexual conduct, and reputation evidence of the victim’s
       sexual conduct shall not be admitted under sections 520b to 520g unless and only
       to the extent that the judge finds that the following proposed evidence is material
       to a fact at issue in the case and that its inflammatory or prejudicial nature does
       not outweigh its probative value:

               (a) Evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct with the actor.

               (b) Evidence of specific instances of sexual activity showing the source or
       origin of semen, pregnancy, or disease.

The rape-shield law does not prohibit defense counsel from introducing “specific instances of
sexual activity . . . to show the origin of a physical condition when evidence of that condition is
offered by the prosecution to prove one of the elements of the crime charged provided the
inflammatory or prejudicial nature of the rebuttal evidence does not outweigh its probative
value.” People v Mikula, 84 Mich App 108, 115; 269 NW2d 195 (1978); see also People v
Haley, 153 Mich App 400, 405-406; 395 NW2d 60 (1986) (holding that “once the prosecution
introduced medical evidence to establish penetration, evidence of alternative sources of
penetration became highly relevant to material issues in dispute”). Accordingly, evidence of an
alternative explanation for the hymenal changes and source for the chronic anal fissure would
have been admissible under the exception to the rape shield statute and defense counsel’s failure
to ask the boyfriend about these issues fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.

       It is difficult to determine, with confidence, whether August’s testimony on these matters
would have had a significant effect on the trial given that he was not permitted to offer the
testimony at the Ginther hearing and so there is an inadequate record. However, assuming what
appellate counsel proffered was accurate, the testimony would likely have been very significant
given that without it there was no likely explanation, other than defendant’s guilt, to explain the
extensive hymenal changes and the chronic anal fissure. Dr. Guertin essentially testified that the
hymenal changes were consistent with those of either a sexually active adult woman or an
abused child. The fact that the complainant was sexually active and living with her boyfriend at
age 19, well before Dr. Guertin’s examination, was therefore highly relevant. The same is true

as an offer of proof, is barred by the rape shield statute. The trial court’s refusal to allow the
testimony for purposes of the Ginther hearing was erroneous because such testimony is
permitted as an offer of proof where the applicability of the rape shield statute is at issue. See
People v Hackett, 421 Mich 338, 350; 365 NW2d 120 (1984).



                                                -6-
as to proffered testimony regarding consensual anal sex because the complainant testified that
she had not had anal sex other than defendant’s forcible penetration. Based on that unchallenged
testimony, it is difficult to see why the jury would question the prosecution’s closing argument
that that “the physical findings absolutely match with what [the complainant] says happened to
her . . . . That’s not a coincidence. That’s because it actually happened.”8

        We conclude that trial counsel’s failure to present this testimony at trial constituted
ineffective assistance and that its admission would have resulted in a reasonable probability of a
different result.9

                              II. IMPEACHMENT TESTIMONY

       Defendant also argues that the trial court erred when it admitted, over objection, hearsay
testimony from Officer Kasha Osborn.10 We agree.

         The complainant’s brother, who was interviewed by the police, was asked on direct
examination whether he recalled a fight between his mother and defendant that occurred when he
was 12 or 13; he denied memory of the incident and stated that he did not remember telling the
police about it. Over a defense objection, Officer Osborn testified that the complainant’s brother
told her about an incident that occurred at the family’s house when he was 12 or 13. She
testified that the complainant’s brother told her that defendant came downstairs in a state of
partial undress acting very angry towards the complainant and saying she was “in trouble.” She
also recounted that the complainant’s brother told her that in the same incident, defendant
became “heated” and grabbed the complainant’s mother by the neck and threatened to kill her.

       The complainant’s brother’s testimony had little, if any, probative value. It amounted to
background evidence regarding the layout of the house, the nature of household disciplinary



8
  The prosecution argues that defense counsel’s failure to present August’s testimony was
harmless because Dr. Guertin stated that the complainant “had adult consensual sex” and the
complainant testified that she had sexual relations with the boyfriend she was dating at the time
of trial. These two brief references, however, were unlikely to provide the jury a basis to
conclude that the complainant was in a sexually active relationship before Dr. Guertin’s
examination. Moreover, they demonstrate the prosecution’s recognition that the rape shield
statute did not apply.
9
  Given our resolution of defendant’s arguments pertaining to the failure to object to hearsay and
the failure to investigate and present evidence regarding an alternative source for the extensive
hymenal changes and the chronic anal fissure, we find it unnecessary to address defendant’s
remaining allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel.
10
   We review a trial court’s evidentiary decisions for an abuse of discretion. People v Unger,
278 Mich App at 210, 216; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). We review unpreserved issues for plain error
affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People v King, 297 Mich App 465, 472; 824 NW2d 258
(2012).




                                               -7-
methods, school and bus schedules, his football practice, the existence of a swimming pool, the
name of a neighbor, confirmation that defendant had a speedo, and the fact that he learned about
the allegations of abuse after a canoeing trip. The complainant’s brother did not witness any of
the abuse, nor did the prosecution suggest that he did. At the same time, the complainant’s
brother did not provide exculpatory testimony, nor did the defense suggest that he did. A review
of the complainant’s brother’s testimony leaves little doubt that the prosecution’s purpose in
calling him as a witness was to have him describe the incident later described by Officer Osborn.

        Immediately after the complainant’s brother’s testimony denying both the incident and
the statement to the police, Officer Osborn was called to testify and, as described above, she
recounted the story that the complainant’s brother allegedly told her. Defense counsel objected
on grounds of hearsay. On appeal, defendant also argues that admission of Officer Osborn’s
testimony also violated MRE 404(b) and MRE 403.

        The trial court held that the statement was not hearsay because it was a prior inconsistent
statement by the complainant’s brother that was being offered for impeachment purposes.
“When a witness claims not to remember making a prior inconsistent statement, he may be
impeached by extrinsic evidence of that statement.” People v Jenkins, 450 Mich 249, 256; 537
NW2d 828 (1995). However, “[t]he purpose of extrinsic impeachment evidence is to prove that
a witness made a prior inconsistent statement—not to prove the contents of the statement.” Id.
“Testimony of ‘the impeaching witness presenting extrinsic proof should state the time, place,
circumstances of the statement and the subject matter of the statement but not its content.’ ” Id.
at 257 n 20, quoting 28 Graham, Federal Practice & Procedure (interim ed), § 6583, pp 191-192.

        In People v Stanaway, 446 Mich 643, 692-693; 521 NW2d 557 (1994), the Supreme
Court held that there are limitations on the use of extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior
inconsistent statements. In that case the witness testified that he had never made any statements
that implicated the defendant in sexually abusing the victim. Id. at 689. The prosecutor then had
the investigating officer testify that the witness had told him that the defendant had once stated
that he had “screwed a young girl” and would be in trouble if caught. Id. at 690. The Court
reasoned:

       The substance of the statement, purportedly used to impeach the credibility of the
       witness, went to the central issue of the case. Whether the witness could be
       believed in general was only relevant with respect to whether that specific
       statement was made. This evidence served the improper purpose of proving the
       truth of the matter asserted. MRE 801.

               While the prosecutor could have presented defendant’s alleged admission
       by way of the nephew’s statement, he could not have delivered it by way of the
       officer’s testimony because the statement would be impermissible hearsay.
       Likewise, a prosecutor may not use an elicited denial as a springboard for
       introducing substantive evidence under the guise of rebutting the denial. Here,
       the prosecutor used the elicited denial as a means of introducing a highly
       prejudicial ‘admission’ that otherwise would have been inadmissible hearsay.
       The testimony of [the officer] was that [the witness] said that [the defendant] said
       that he had sex with a young girl. This would have been clearly inadmissible


                                                -8-
       without [the witness’s] denial. It is less reliable in the face of the denial. Absent
       any remaining testimony from the witness for which his credibility was relevant
       to this case, the impeachment should have been disallowed. [Id. at 692-693
       (citations omitted; emphasis added).]

In People v Kilbourn, 454 Mich 677, 682; 563 NW2d 669 (1997), this Court summarized the
rule in Stanaway, stating: “A prosecutor cannot use a statement that directly tends to inculpate
the defendant under the guise of impeachment when there is no other testimony from the witness
for which his credibility is relevant to the case.” Further, “impeachment should be disallowed
when (1) the substance of the statement purportedly used to impeach the credibility of the
witness is relevant to the central issue of the case, and (2) there is no other testimony from the
witness for which his credibility was relevant to the case.” Id. at 683.

        There is nothing to suggest that the content of the complainant’s brother’s alleged
statement to Officer Osborn was needed to impeach his testimony that he did not make such a
statement. Moreover, there was no other testimony from him that made his credibility relevant
to the case. As in Stanaway, the prosecutor improperly used “an elicited denial as a springboard
for introducing substantive evidence under the guise of rebutting the denial” and so “[a]bsent any
remaining testimony from the witness for which his credibility was relevant to this case, the
impeachment should have been disallowed.” Stanaway, 446 Mich at 693.

        The effect of this improperly admitted hearsay was heightened by the fact that the trial
court failed to instruct the jury that Officer Osborn’s testimony was for impeachment purposes
only. In both Stanaway and Jenkins, our Supreme Court reversed convictions where improper
hearsay was admitted on the grounds of impeachment despite the fact that the juries had received
proper cautionary instructions. Id. at 690-692, 695; Jenkins, 450 Mich at 263. In Jenkins, the
Court stated:

                We must be mindful of the fact that prior un-sworn statements of a witness
       are mere hearsay and are, as such, generally inadmissible as affirmative proof.
       The introduction of such testimony even where limited to impeachment,
       necessarily increases the possibility that a defendant may be convicted on the
       basis of unsworn evidence, for despite proper instructions to the jury, it is often
       difficult for them to distinguish between impeachment and substantive evidence.
       [Id. at 261-262 (quotation omitted).]

In Stanaway, the trial court gave two such curative instructions: one immediately after the
statement was admitted and the other during the final jury instructions. Stanaway, 446 Mich at
690-692. In the instant case, the jury was essentially permitted to consider the hearsay testimony
as substantive evidence. The failure to give such a limiting instruction was plain error and
defense counsel’s failure to request it was below the standard of effective representation.

       The trial court also failed to provide a prior bad acts limiting instruction despite the
potential for prejudice in testimony that described defendant grabbing the complainant’s mother
by the neck and threatening to kill her. This testimony did not provide evidence of “motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan or system” as to the charged crime, nor any other
basis for admission under MRE 404(b). It was, however, classic “bad man” evidence that


                                               -9-
provided defendant had a character for violence. As the Supreme Court instructed in People v
VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 74; 508 NW2d 114 (1993) amended 445 Mich 1205 (1994): “[t]he
evidence must be relevant to an issue other than propensity under Rule 404(b), to ‘protect[]
against the introduction of extrinsic act evidence when that evidence is offered solely to prove
character.’ ” (quotation omitted; emphasis and brackets in original). “To admit evidence under
MRE 404(b), the prosecutor must first establish that the evidence is logically relevant to a
material fact in the case, as required by MRE 401 and MRE 402, and is not simply evidence of
the defendant’s character or relevant to his propensity to act in conformance with his character.”
People v Jackson, 498 Mich 246, 259, 869 NW2d 253 (2015) (quotation omitted; emphasis in
original). The failure to give such a limiting instruction was plain error and defense counsel’s
failure to request it was below the standard of effective representation.11

        It can be fairly argued that in the context of an otherwise proper trial, the erroneous
admission of this particular testimony might very well have been harmless error. However,
given the extent to which the jury heard other improperly admitted evidence it is difficult to
single out a particular error and conclude that it was harmless.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        During this trial, defense counsel failed to object to the improper admission of multiple
hearsay statements in which the complainant was the declarant. As conceded by the prosecution
on appeal, the hearsay offered by three family members did not fall within any hearsay
exception. The testimony of the police officer similarly contained inadmissible hearsay
statements made by the complainant as well as double hearsay regarding what the complainant
told Dr. Guertin. Further, Dr. Guertin’s own testimony about the declarant’s statements was
hearsay and did not fall within the exception in MRE 803(4). Finally, the officer’s testimony
providing corroboration of the complainant’s credibility through reliance on often unidentified
out-of-court statements and out-of-court documents was hearsay. In addition to failing to object
to the hearsay, defense counsel also failed to discover and/or present the admissible evidence of
alternative sources of the complainant’s injuries. The quantity of improperly admitted testimony
was so extensive, and its content so significant, that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s errors the outcome of the trial would have been different.

         We also conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed a police officer
to testify over objection to the content of a statement the complainant’s brother allegedly made to



11
   Defendant argues that one of his CSC-I convictions was supported by insufficient evidence
because the complainant did not testify how old she was during the incident. However, when
viewed in context it is clear that the prosecutor’s questions about the complainant’s age in the
seventh grade were setting the timeframe for the subsequent questions about the time the
complainant was allegedly abused after being grounded. Accordingly, because there is sufficient
evidence to support defendant’s conviction, we need not vacate defendant’s conviction, People v
Mitchell, 301 Mich App 282, 294; 835 NW2d 615 (2013), and on retrial the prosecutor can bring
this charge again.



                                                -10-
the police. The testimony introduced substantive evidence under the guise of rebutting the
brother’s denial. Further, the content of the statement violated MRE 404(b) and MRE 403.

      Reversed and remanded for a new trial. We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                         /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                         /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher




                                            -11-
