        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs February 5, 2014

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BRANDON HARRIS

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                       No. 10-01849     Lee V. Coffee, Judge


                 No. W2012-02574-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 19, 2014


The defendant, Brandon Harris, was convicted by a Shelby County Criminal Court jury of
especially aggravated robbery, a Class A felony; reckless endangerment, a Class A
misdemeanor; and three counts of assault, Class A misdemeanors. He was sentenced to
twenty-five years for the especially aggravated robbery conviction and eleven months and
twenty-nine days for the reckless endangerment and each of the three assault convictions.
All of the sentences were ordered to be served consecutively for an effective term of twenty-
eight years, eleven months, and twenty-five days in the Tennessee Department of Correction.
On appeal, the defendant argues that: (1) the trial court erred in allowing a voice recognition
“expert” to testify; (2) the trial court erred in denying his request for a jury instruction
regarding mere presence; (3) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions; and (4)
the trial court erred in imposing excessive and consecutive sentences. After review, we
affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

A LAN E. G LENN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS
and C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.

Juni S. Ganguli (on appeal) and Randall B. Tolley (at trial), Memphis, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Brandon Harris.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Senior Counsel;
Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Pamela Fleming and Steve Crossnoe,
Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                                           FACTS
      The defendant was charged with especially aggravated robbery, attempted second
degree murder, and three counts of aggravated assault arising out of his involvement in a
robbery and shooting at a home in Memphis, Tennessee.

                                            State’s Proof

       At trial, Michael Reynolds testified that on November 21, 2008, he was with Johnnie
Morgan, and twins, Antonio and Antoine Hawkins,1 in a home they rented on Pope Street in
Memphis. Around 8:30 or 9:00 p.m., Reynolds was in the living room in the front of the
house, Morgan was in the kitchen, and Antonio and Antoine were in a room in the back of
the house. Someone knocked on the door and, when Reynolds looked outside, he vaguely
recognized the men standing there but did not know them. He asked Antonio to come to the
door and Antonio, appearing to recognize the men, let the two inside.

        Reynolds recalled that Antonio and one of the men walked to the back of the house,
while the other man stayed in the living room with Reynolds. Three to five minutes later,
Reynolds heard gunshots coming from the back of the house. The man with Reynolds in the
living room pulled out a gun and told Reynolds to lie down and not move. Reynolds
complied and then heard gunshots. The man dragged Reynolds into a room between the
living room and kitchen. Reynolds saw Antonio run from the back of the house. The man
who had been watching Reynolds went to the front door and let another man inside.
Reynolds heard either the man watching him or the one who just entered the house tell
Antonio to “[g]et back in there[.]” One of the men left the house. Reynolds said that he felt
it was safe to get up off the floor once he heard Antonio moving around the house without
being reprimanded.

       Reynolds testified that, altogether, he heard two or three gunshots. He saw an injured
Antoine lying by the couch in the back room of the house. He went to the police station the
day after the incident and identified the defendant from a photographic array. Reynolds also
identified the defendant in court as the man who entered his house, walked into the back
room with Antonio, and was in the back room when Reynolds heard the gunshots. Reynolds
said that he had no doubt that the defendant was the person he saw go in the back room with
Antonio. Reynolds acknowledged that he told the police that he did not want to prosecute
this matter but explained that he “was just feeling kind of uncomfortable, kind of scared.”

      On cross-examination, Reynolds admitted that he did not see the shooting take place.
Reynolds recalled that when Antonio originally let the two men into the house, the three of

        1
       Because the twins share the same last name and first initial, we will refer to them by first name.
We mean no disrespect by the practice.

                                                   -2-
them discussed going to a club. Reynolds saw a white Dodge Charger flee the scene.

        Johnnie Morgan testified that he was also at the residence on Pope Street the night of
the incident. Morgan was playing a video game in the room between the living room and the
kitchen, Reynolds was in the living room at the front of the house, and Antonio and Antoine
Hawkins were in the back room. Two men, one of whom was identified as the defendant,
knocked on the door. Morgan went with Reynolds to see who was at the door, and Antonio
came to the front room and, apparently recognizing them, let the two men inside. Antonio
and the two men discussed going to a club, and Antonio asked them to wait in the front room
of the house. Antonio started walking toward the back of the house, as did Morgan, and the
defendant followed behind them. Antonio sat down on a couch in the back room, and
Morgan stopped in the kitchen to prevent the defendant from walking into the back room, as
Antonio had asked the defendant to wait in the living room. However, about that time, the
other man who had arrived with the defendant held a pistol over Morgan’s head and said,
“Get down. You know what this is.” Antonio took off running another way toward the front
of the house, and the other man went back toward the front of the house to head off Antonio.
The defendant walked into the back room and started shooting at Antoine.

         Morgan testified that the defendant shot Antoine three times, the first hitting him in
the stomach. After the first shot, Antoine fell down and started screaming, “Just take it. Just
take it.” The defendant rummaged through Antoine’s pockets and said, “Where the rest of
it at, bitch?” and smacked him across the head with the pistol. The defendant took Antoine’s
money and watch and, as he was leaving, turned around and shot Antoine again. The
defendant looked over at Morgan on his way out, making Morgan fearful for his life, but left
Morgan unharmed. Antonio came back into the room from the other side of the house and
attempted to pursue the defendant. Morgan stayed with Antoine and called 911. Morgan
gave a statement to the police and, the day after the incident, identified the defendant as the
person who shot Antoine from a photographic array.

        On cross-examination, Morgan said that his “eyes w[ere] glued on [the defendant]”
during the shooting. Morgan acknowledged that he told the police that a person named
Derrick Dowdy had been driving the white Dodge Charger in the neighborhood on many
occasions leading up to the incident. Morgan stated that, when talking to the police after the
incident, he believed that he referred to the defendant as “suspect number two.” Morgan said
that he did not know why he wrote, “Shot number two” on the photograph of the defendant
that he identified for police.

       Antoine Hawkins testified that he was the twin brother of Antonio Hawkins, who was
killed in an unrelated incident two years before trial. On the night of the incident, he,
Antonio, Johnnie Morgan, and Michael Reynolds were at the residence on Pope Street.

                                              -3-
Antoine was in the back room studying and was not aware that anyone had come to the house
until he saw Antonio run past him with a frightened look on his face. He called out to
Antonio, asking what was wrong. However, before Antonio could answer, a man, later
identified as the defendant, entered the room and shot Antoine in the stomach. The
defendant approached Antoine and, with gun still in hand, started rummaging through his
pockets. The defendant said to Antoine, “I know you got more than that” and struck him on
the head with the gun. Antoine told the defendant that he did not have anything else, but the
defendant insisted, “I know you got more than that,” and continued to strike him with the
gun. The defendant took Antoine’s money, watch, and cell phone and began to walk away.
He then stopped, turned around, and fired a shot toward Antoine’s head. Antoine threw his
hands up to shield his head.

       Antoine testified that he was taken to the hospital, where he stayed for a week and a
half. Doctors removed a portion of his intestines, and it took him a month to recover after
leaving the hospital. His sister stayed with him during his recovery because he was unable
to care for himself. The shooting left him with scars on his stomach and arm. The police
showed Antoine a photographic array the day after the shooting while he was in the hospital,
from which he identified the defendant. Antoine stated that he had no doubt that the
defendant was the person who shot him.

       On cross-examination, Antoine stated that only he, the defendant, and Morgan were
present when he was shot. He did not see another individual put a gun over Morgan’s head
or hear anyone say, “You know what this is. Get down.” Antoine acknowledged that he
gave a statement to police almost a month after the shooting, at which point he identified the
defendant as the shooter by name from “[f]olks . . . just taking about it.” However, he
pointed out that he identified a photograph of the defendant as the shooter the day after the
shooting. Antoine acknowledged that he could not describe what the defendant was wearing
the night of the incident.

        On redirect examination, Antoine testified that a co-defendant, Tyrone Bohanna,
contacted him from the jail. During that telephone call, Antoine remarked that he was certain
that it was the defendant who had shot him.

        Susanna Shea, a prosecutor who was assigned to Shelby County General Sessions
Court in January 2009, testified that she represented the State at the preliminary hearing of
this case and identified a taped copy of the hearing. Shea also discussed the process she used
to interview witnesses before hearings. She said that, at the preliminary hearing, the
witnesses did not have an opportunity to hear the other witnesses’ testimony before
testifying.



                                             -4-
       The tape of the preliminary hearing conducted in the case was played for the jury and
a transcript of such entered into evidence.

        Sergeant Robert Tutt with the Memphis Police Department testified that he responded
to the scene at 1681 Pope Street. Patrol officers were already on the scene, and paramedics
had transported Antoine to the hospital. Sergeant Tutt spoke with Antonio, who told him that
the defendant and Tyrone Bohanna were the two men he let into his home earlier in the
evening. Antonio told Sergeant Tutt that he met the two men through a mutual friend and
knew them from different clubs. Antonio stated that the men fled the scene in a late model
white Dodge Charger that was stolen and used as a “community car”2 in the neighborhood.
Antonio also told him that both men were armed. Johnnie Morgan gave Sergeant Tutt a
description of the suspects that matched the description given by Antonio.

      Sergeant Tutt stated that no guns or weapons were recovered from the house. A spent
nine-millimeter shell casing was recovered from the scene, but Sergeant Tutt did not know
whether any ballistics tests were conducted on it. He was also unaware whether the casing
was compared to any bullet fragments that might have been recovered from Antoine’s
wounds. Sergeant Tutt’s involvement in the case ended after the first few hours.

        Officer Billy Jackson with the Memphis Police Department’s Organized Crime Unit
testified that he reviewed suspects that were listed on the police report in this case and
recognized the nicknames “T.Y.” and “Little B.” Officer Jackson knew the nicknames to
correspond to Tyrone Bohanna and the defendant, respectively. Officer Jackson located and
arrested Bohanna, from whom he learned the defendant’s location. The defendant was
subsequently taken into custody. An individual named Derrick Dowdy was also arrested
because Dowdy had been selling items taken in an unrelated burglary in which the white
Dodge Charger was also used. Officer Jackson stated that police also suspected that Eric
Walker, known as “Hot Boy,” was involved in the crime.

        Juaquatta Harris testified that she was responsible for monitoring jail inmate phone
calls for the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office. She explained that inmates were given a unique
record identification (“R&I”) number that was used to track the inmate’s calls. All inmate
calls were recorded. A CD of phone calls placed by the defendant was admitted as an exhibit
and played for the jury.

       Harris admitted there was a problem in the jail with inmates allowing other inmates
to use their R&I number. Asked if she used any “voice recognition” in identifying the


        2
         Sergeant Tutt explained that a community car is a “stolen [car] that would be in the neighborhood
that people just use till somebody gets caught in it.”

                                                   -5-
defendant’s calls, Harris stated that she recognized the defendant’s voice. However, she
acknowledged that she had never had a conversation with the defendant but explained that
she used “voice recognition” in the sense that the defendant or someone else may have said
the defendant’s name in the call, or he may have “talked about his cases, courts, co-
defendants, relatives.” Harris stated that she sometimes compared the voices on a call with
other inmates’ voices because inmates’ voices could sound similar.

                                     Defendant’s Proof

       Mario Teal testified that he was at the defendant’s house when the defendant was
taken to the police department for questioning on November 23, 2008. He said that the
defendant did not attempt to run from the police.

       Gwendolyn Mitchell testified that she owned a white Dodge Charger in 2008. Her
son was carjacked, and the robbers took off with the car. Sometime after that, Mitchell was
informed that her vehicle was involved in a robbery, and she ultimately got her car back
about a month later.

       Lieutenant Christopher Kee of the Memphis Police Department testified that he was
the lead investigator in the defendant’s case. Lieutenant Kee spoke to Antoine at the
hospital. Antoine identified the defendant as one of the robbers but did not identify him as
the shooter. Antoine told Lieutenant Kee that everything happened so fast he was not sure
which suspect shot him. The defendant, Tyrone Bohanna, Eric Walker, and Jacob
Halliburton were developed as suspects. However, none of the victims could identify Walker
or Halliburton from a photographic array, so they were not charged. The third perpetrator
involved in the case, possibly an individual known as “Little Jake,” was never identified.
Lieutenant Kee stated that he did not take a formal statement from Antoine while he was in
the hospital because he had just gotten out of surgery and was in a lot of pain.

       The defendant testified that, on the night of the incident, he and a friend, “P.J.,” were
“riding around through the neighborhood” when they saw Jacob Halliburton and Eric Walker
in a white Dodge Charger. The defendant went with Halliburton and Walker to the home of
Antonio and Antoine Hawkins to buy cocaine. The defendant knocked on the door, and
Antonio let him and Walker into the house. The defendant followed Antonio to a room in
the back of the house where Antoine was sitting down at a table “breaking [cocaine and
marijuana] down on the scales.” Antonio went to the other side of the house to retrieve some
cocaine, but then the defendant heard a gunshot from the front of the house and Antonio
came running in his direction being chased by Walker. The defendant claimed that Walker
pushed him out of the way and shot Antoine. After he shot Antoine, Walker asked Antoine
where the rest of the drugs were located.

                                              -6-
        The defendant denied having a gun and alleged that he told Walker not to shoot
Antoine again. He said that Walker shot Antoine again before pointing the gun at the
defendant and escorting him out of the house. The defendant stated that he never intended
to rob or shoot anyone and was not part of any plan to do so. The defendant claimed that,
once back in the car, Walker threatened the defendant and his family if the defendant talked
about what had taken place. The defendant said that, after the shooting, he was afraid that
Antonio would attack him in retaliation for the shooting of Antoine due to Antonio’s belief
that the defendant had set them up with Walker. He stated that he cooperated with the police
when they took him into custody. He denied ever having been shot in the arm or having a
cast on his arm.

       On cross-examination, the defendant denied “hanging out” with Halliburton and
Walker, insisting that he merely knew them from school. He also said that he was not friends
with Antonio or Antoine Hawkins but that his friend, P.J., was friends with them, and the
defendant took people to purchase drugs from them. The defendant stated that he went with
Halliburton and Walker to the Hawkinses’ house because the Hawkinses did not know
Walker and would not sell drugs to him if the defendant did not accompany him. Asked how
the twins would not be able to recognize Walker despite having allegedly put out a “hit” on
him previously, the defendant said that his knowledge of the alleged hit was second-hand and
he did not know whether it was true. The defendant admitted that he rode to and from the
Hawkinses’ house in a white Dodge Charger.

       The defendant testified that Walker did not take Antonio’s money, watch, or cell
phone or hit him in the head with a gun. However, Walker grabbed the drugs that were lying
on the table. The defendant said that the only gun he saw in the house that night was
Walker’s. He claimed that, even though it was a known drug house, no one there drew a
weapon and tried to defend themselves. The defendant admitted that, despite his claims of
fearing reprisal from Antonio, he went to the grocery store to buy cigarettes for his mother
and picked up food for his brother the same night after the shooting.

       The defendant admitted that it was his voice on the phone calls recorded from jail.
He agreed that, in one of the calls, he claimed that the police officers circled a photograph
of him in an effort to make him believe that the person who had been shot had identified him.
The defendant insisted that the police circled the photograph of him. The defendant
acknowledged that he was not home all day on the day of the shooting, despite his mother
indicating in a phone call that she told the police that he was at home all day. He also
acknowledged that he told his mother in that phone call that they needed to find more
witnesses to say that he was at home. However, he explained that he was not talking about
getting witnesses to testify about his whereabouts during the time period of the shooting.



                                             -7-
        The defendant conceded that, during a phone call with his brother, he told his brother
that he suspected a woman named Dominique of “informing” on him to the police. He said
that he had not told Dominique anything about the offense but that she might have “hear[d]
stuff through the neighborhood.” He acknowledged telling his brother that he would “beat
that bitch” if she “lied on” him. The defendant denied that his tattoos were references to a
gang affiliation, explaining that two were in memory of deceased loved ones and another was
in the style of rapper Lil Wayne. The defendant said that he was no longer a member of the
Vice Lords gang and was not active in the gang when the shooting took place. He stated that
he “gave [him]self to God.”

                                      Rebuttal Proof

        Deputy Keeley Gray with the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office Gang Unit testified that
he interviewed the defendant when he was brought into the jail, and the defendant told him
that he was an active member of the Vice Lords gang. The defendant indicated that he had
achieved the rank of “three-star universal elite,” which was a high ranking in the gang. The
defendant told him that he was in the gang for life.

       Following the conclusion of the proof, the jury convicted the defendant of especially
aggravated robbery as charged in the indictment; reckless endangerment as included in the
indictment; and three counts of assault as included in the indictment.

                                    Sentencing Hearing

       The trial court conducted a sentencing hearing, at which the defendant made a
statement of allocution asking the court for leniency, claiming he was “just at the wrong
place at the wrong time.” After reviewing the sentencing guidelines and information it
considered, the trial court enhanced the defendant’s sentence based on a finding that the
defendant had a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition to
that necessary to establish his range and that the defendant was a leader in the commission
of an offense involving two or more criminal actors. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1),
(2). The court additionally enhanced the defendant’s sentences for all but his especially
aggravated robbery conviction on a finding that the defendant possessed a firearm during the
commission of the offenses. See id. § 40-35-114(9). As for mitigating factors, the court
found that the majority of the mitigating factors argued by the defendant were not applicable.
However, the court gave slight weight to the defendant’s having a mental condition and that,
according to the defendant’s testimony, he was acting under the duress or domination of
another person. See id. § 40-35-113(8), (12). The court also noted in mitigation that the
defendant had the support of family members and members of the community. See id. § 40-
35-113(13). Accordingly, the court imposed a sentence of twenty-five years on the especially

                                             -8-
aggravated robbery conviction and sentences of eleven months and twenty-nine days on the
reckless endangerment and each of the three assault convictions. The court ordered that all
of the defendant’s sentences be served consecutively, for an effective sentence of twenty-
eight years, eleven months, and twenty-five days, based on a finding that the defendant is a
dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life and no
hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high. See id. § 40-35-
115(4).

                                         ANALYSIS

                              I. Voice Recognition “Expert”

         The defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing Juaquatta Harris to testify
regarding the recordings of his phone calls from jail because the State did not qualify her as
an expert and she did not have the necessary expertise to testify as she did. The State
responds that the defendant has waived this issue by failing to object on the same grounds
at trial and that the trial court, nevertheless, acted properly within its discretion in allowing
Harris’ testimony.

       The record shows that the defendant objected to Harris’ testimony at trial on grounds
that the State failed to disclose her as a witness during discovery, a claim the trial court
resolved in favor of the State. Later, when admitting a recording of the defendant’s jailhouse
phone calls, the trial court asked the defendant whether he had any additional objections, and
he did not. The defendant did not make an objection to Harris’ testimony on the grounds that
she was not properly qualified as an expert witness. “It is well-settled that an appellant is
bound by the evidentiary theory set forth at trial, and may not change theories on appeal.”
State v. Alder, 71 S.W.3d 299, 303 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (citing State v. Banes, 874
S.W.2d 73, 82 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)).

       Waiver notwithstanding, any error in the trial court’s allowing Harris to identify the
defendant as the speaker on the jailhouse telephone calls is harmless because the defendant
readily admitted under cross-examination at trial that it was his voice on the calls.

                                     II. Jury Instruction

      The defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his requested jury instruction
on “mere presence.”

      “It is well-settled in Tennessee that a defendant has a right to a correct and complete
charge of the law so that each issue of fact raised by the evidence will be submitted to the

                                               -9-
jury on proper instructions.” State v. Farner, 66 S.W.3d 188, 204 (Tenn. 2001) (citing State
v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Teel, 793 S.W.2d 236, 249 (Tenn.
1990)). Accordingly, trial courts have the duty to give “a complete charge of the law
applicable to the facts of the case.” State v. Davenport, 973 S.W.2d 283, 287 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1998) (citing State v. Harbison, 704 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tenn. 1986)). An instruction
will be considered prejudicially erroneous only if it fails to submit the legal issues fairly or
misleads the jury as to the applicable law. State v. Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d 48, 58 (Tenn. 2005)
(citing State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998)). A trial court’s denial of a request
for special jury instructions is error only when the trial court’s charge does not fully and
fairly state the applicable law. State v. Cozart, 54 S.W.3d 242, 245 (Tenn. 2001).

        The record shows that the defendant requested that the trial court modify the pattern
instruction on criminal responsibility to indicate that mere presence during the commission
of a crime is not enough to convict. The court determined that the pattern charge detailed
that a person had to act with the intent to commit, promote, or assist in the commission of a
crime, which required more than just being merely present. The court found that the addition
of other language, taken from case law, would not assist and could possibly confuse the jury.
The court concluded that “the instruction on criminal responsibility is as succinct and as user-
friendly as any instruction that we have in the pattern instructions.” Accordingly, the trial
court “decline[d] the request to modify the instructions because it does not really add
anything to the instructions . . . [and] would make those instructions more difficult to
understand.”

       Thereafter, when it charged the jury, the trial court included the following pattern
charge on criminal responsibility, which tracked the statutory language:

              The defendant is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the
       conduct of another if, acting with the intent to promote or assist the
       commission of the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the
       offense, the defendant solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person
       to commit the offense.

               A defendant who is criminally responsible for an offense may be found
       guilty not only of that offense, but also for any other offense or offenses
       committed by another, if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the other
       offense or offenses committed were natural and probable consequences of the
       original offense for which the defendant is found criminally responsible, and
       that the elements of the other offense or offenses that accompanied the original
       offense have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.



                                              -10-
              Before you find the defendant guilty of being criminally responsible for
       said offenses committed by the conduct of another, you must find that all the
       essential elements of said offenses have been proven by the State beyond a
       reasonable doubt.

        The defendant concedes that this court has approved this pattern jury instruction on
criminal responsibility as “a correct statement of the law.” See State v. Mario Green, No.
W2006-01383-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 2331020, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 5, 2008),
perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 22, 2008). However, he asserts that the instruction is not a
complete charge of the law because it did not include an instruction regarding mere presence.
The trial court found that the principle of mere presence is inherent in the language of the
statute as it premises criminal responsibility on the defendant’s intent and not his presence.
This court has previously denied such claim of error in a trial court’s declining to include a
charge on mere presence in its jury instructions, see State v. Christopher Bryan Hancock, No.
E2011-00111-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 4340693, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 24, 2012),
noting that “a trial court is not required to define or explain words or terms in common use
which are understood by persons of ordinary intelligence.” Id. (citing State v. Summers, 692
S.W.2d 439, 445 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985); State v. Terrance D. Nichols, No. W2003-01043-
CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 551957, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 8, 2005)). We conclude that
the trial court properly instructed the jury.

                              III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence convicting him of especially
aggravated robbery, reckless endangerment, and assault. He does not dispute that the
elements of the offenses were established, only the sufficiency of the evidence establishing
his identity as the perpetrator.

       In considering this issue, we apply the rule that where sufficiency of the convicting
evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the reviewing court is “whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in
criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is
insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”);
State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600,
604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). The same standard applies whether the finding of guilt is
predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).



                                              -11-
        A criminal offense may be established entirely by circumstantial evidence. State v.
Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010). It is for the jury to determine the weight to be
given the circumstantial evidence and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent
with the guilt of the defendant and inconsistent with his innocence. State v. James, 315
S.W.3d 440, 456 (Tenn. 2010). In addition, the State does not have the duty to exclude every
other reasonable hypothesis except that of the defendant’s guilt in order to obtain a
conviction based solely on circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370,
380-81 (Tenn. 2011) (adopting the federal standard of review for cases in which the evidence
is entirely circumstantial).

        All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given
the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754
S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the
trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in
favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our
supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:

              This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
       the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
       to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212
Tenn. 464, 370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence with which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that
on appeal a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is
insufficient.” State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

       In the light most favorable to the State, the evidence shows that two eyewitnesses, the
victim Antoine Hawkins and Johnnie Morgan, identified the defendant as the person who
shot and robbed Antoine Hawkins. A third eyewitness, Michael Reynolds, identified the
defendant as the person he saw enter the house with another man and walk to the room where
the shooting took place moments before the shooting started. The defendant argues that this
court should discredit the testimony of the State’s witnesses and accredit his own testimony,
essentially that he was an innocent bystander, over that of the State’s witnesses. However,
“[i]dentification of a defendant as the person who committed the offense for which he or she
is on trial is a question of fact for the jury’s determination upon consideration of all

                                              -12-
competent proof.” State v. Thomas, 158 S.W.3d 361, 388 (Tenn. 2005) (citing State v.
Strickland, 885 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)). The jury assessed the credibility
of the witnesses, and we will not second-guess the jury’s determination. The victim and
another eyewitness testified that the defendant was the perpetrator of the offenses for which
he was convicted, and another eyewitness placed him at the scene of the crimes. The
evidence is sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find that the defendant was the perpetrator
of the offenses.

                                        IV. Sentencing

        The defendant lastly challenges the sentences imposed by the trial court. He argues
that the trial court imposed excessive sentences, in that he received the maximum sentence
for each offense, and erroneously found that he was a dangerous offender for purposes of
ordering consecutive sentences.

       Under the 2005 amendments to the sentencing act, a trial court is to consider the
following when determining a defendant’s sentence and the appropriate combination of
sentencing alternatives:

       (1) The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing;

       (2) The presentence report;

       (3) The principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives;

       (4) The nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved;

       (5) Evidence and information offered by the parties on the mitigating and
       enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114;

       (6) Any statistical information provided by the administrative office of the
       courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; and

       (7) Any statement the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s own behalf
       about sentencing.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b) (2010).

       The trial court is granted broad discretion to impose a sentence anywhere within the
applicable range, regardless of the presence or absence of enhancement or mitigating factors,

                                              -13-
and “sentences should be upheld so long as the statutory purposes and principles, along with
any enhancement and mitigating factors, have been properly addressed.” State v. Bise, 380
S.W.3d 682, 706 (Tenn. 2012). Accordingly, we review a trial court’s sentencing
determinations under an abuse of discretion standard, “granting a presumption of
reasonableness to within-range sentencing decisions that reflect a proper application of the
purposes and principles of our Sentencing Act.” Id. at 707.

       The trial court may order multiple sentences to run consecutively if it finds by a
preponderance of evidence that one or more of the seven factors listed in the Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115(b) apply, including that the defendant is a dangerous offender
whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about
committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high. Id. § 40-35-115(b)(4). When the
court bases consecutive sentencing upon its classification of the defendant as a dangerous
offender, it must also find that an extended sentence was necessary to protect the public
against further criminal conduct by the defendant and that the consecutive sentences
reasonably relate to the severity of the offense committed. State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 460-
61 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 937-38 (Tenn. 1995). As to
consecutive sentencing, our standard of review is abuse of discretion with a presumption of
reasonableness. State v. Pollard, --- S.W.3d --- (Tenn. 2013).

       The trial court enhanced the defendant’s sentence based on a finding that the
defendant had a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition to
that necessary to establish his range. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1). The court based
this determination on the defendant’s having a prior theft conviction, admitted drug use,
being an intermediary in a number of drug sales, and involvement in a gang. The court also
enhanced the defendant’s sentence based on a finding that the defendant was a leader in the
commission of an offense involving two or more criminal actors. See id. § 40-35-114(2).
The court based this determination on evidence that “[b]ut for the fact that [the defendant]
was able to get entrance into that house because they knew him, the other people, . . . would
have never been in that house and this crime would have never happened.” The court
additionally recalled the proof that the defendant personally shot Antoine and took
belongings from him before shooting him again. Also, recalling proof from trial that the
defendant had a gun which he used to shoot Antoine, the court enhanced the defendant’s
sentences for all but his especially aggravated robbery conviction on a finding that the
defendant possessed a firearm during the commission of the offenses. See id. § 40-35-
114(9). The court gave great weight to all of the enhancement factors.

      The trial court noted in mitigation that the defendant had a mental condition; that,
according to the defendant’s testimony, he was acting under the duress or domination of
another person; and that he had the support of family members and members of the

                                            -14-
community. See id. § 40-35-113(8), (12), (13). However, the court determined that the
defendant’s mental condition and claim of duress or domination were entitled to only slight
weight and that the defendant’s having the support of family members and members of the
community was entitled to some weight. However, the court concluded that the enhancement
factors outweighed the mitigating factors.

       In determining that the defendant’s sentences should be served consecutively, the trial
court found:

               As far as consecutive sentencing, the State has asked the [c]ourt to find
       that [the defendant] is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or
       no regard for human life and who had no hesitation about committing a crime
       in which the risk to human life was high and that the following factors applied:
       that the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense are
       aggravated and that the aggregate length of the sentences reasonably relates to
       the severity of the offense for which the [d]efendant stands convicted and are
       necessary in order to protect the public from further criminal acts by the
       [d]efendant.

             Those are findings that the [c]ourt has to make pursuant to State versus
       Wilkerson . . . .

              ....

               . . . [T]his [c]ourt does find that [the defendant] is a dangerous offender
       whose behavior indicated little or no regard for human life and he had no
       hesitation in committing a crime in which the risk to human life was, in fact,
       high.

               Again, this was a home invasion in which [the defendant] facilitated the
       entry into this house, and once this house . . . was entered, . . . [the defendant]
       used his familiarity, the fact that he went clubbing with Mr. Antonio Hawkins
       to pull a gun, to get these people comfortable, pull a gun, demand money, take
       property, shoot Mr. Hawkins in his gut, and but by the grace of God and the
       great work by the Regional Medical Center of Memphis, this would have, in
       fact, been a homicide, and he took property from these folks after he had, in
       fact, shot these people, and this [c]ourt does find that he is, in fact, a dangerous
       offender who, in his behavior, shows absolutely no respect for human life.




                                              -15-
               This [c]ourt, in making a determination as to whether or not he’s a
       dangerous offender and making a determination as to whether or not these
       sentences shall be served consecutive or concurrent, the [c]ourt can . . . base
       enhancement factors for consecutive sentence on the underlying facts of the
       offense for which a defendant . . . has been convicted, and under State versus
       Winfield, . . . even if the [d]efendant has been acquitted . . . of certain offenses
       or certain charges, the [c]ourt is still allowed to consider the underlying facts
       if the [c]ourt finds by a preponderance of the evidence that those factors and
       that those facts, in fact, do exist. When a jury finds the [d]efendant not guilty
       or finds him guilty of a lesser-included offense, that finding is made on the
       standard of beyond a reasonable doubt, and the Winfield [opinion] would
       indicate that the [c]ourt has to look at a preponderance of the evidence to see
       whether or not those facts have, in fact, been proved in this case.

               And this [c]ourt finds by a preponderance of the evidence that -- and
       this is not a quarrel with the jury’s verdict -- but by a preponderance of the
       evidence, the [c]ourt finds that this [d]efendant did . . . invade a house, he had
       a gun, he shot, that he, in fact, did . . . try to kill . . . Antoine Hawkins . . . and
       . . . but for great medical treatment, Mr. Hawkins would be dead, and this
       [c]ourt also finds by a preponderance of evidence that [the defendant] and
       others, Mr. Bohanna, did, in fact, commit assaults against Mr. Morgan, Mr.
       Reynolds, Mr. Antonio Hawkins, by using [a] deadly weapon.

              And again, I do not quarrel with the verdict that the jury reached in this
       case when they found this [d]efendant guilty of an included offense of assault
       when they that [sic] on the basis of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, but the
       [c]ourt has to consider proof by a preponderance of the evidence in a
       sentencing hearing and in making a determination as to whether or not these
       sentences shall be served consecutive or concurrent, and this [c]ourt finds for
       those reasons as stated that this is a dangerous offender, that the circumstances
       surrounding the offense are, in fact, aggravated.

       The record reflects that the trial court stated its reasons for the length of sentences
imposed and made the requisite findings in support of consecutive sentencing. Again, our
standard of review is abuse of discretion with a presumption of reasonableness. After
review, we conclude that the record supports the trial court’s sentencing determinations.




                                                -16-
                                       CONCLUSION

         Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgments of the trial
court.


                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




                                              -17-
