                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


4-19-2007

USA v. Robinson
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 06-1699




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                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                      No. 06-1699


                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                           v.

                          TIMOTHY EDWARD ROBINSON,

                                                Appellant



                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                          (D.C. Criminal No. 04-cr-00296-3)
                       District Judge: Hon. A. Richard Caputo


                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    April 13, 2007

                    BEFORE: SMITH and COWEN, Circuit Judges
                           and YOHN*, District Judge

                                 (Filed April19, 2007)


                                       OPINION




*Honorable William H. Yohn Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
COWEN, Circuit Judge.

       Timothy Edward Robinson appeals his sentence, which was imposed after he

pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21

U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Robinson’s counsel has submitted a brief pursuant to Anders v.

California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), certifying the absence of any non-frivolous issues on

appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). Because

we conclude that counsel has adequately fulfilled the requirements of Third Circuit Local

Appellate Rule 109.2(a), and an independent review of the record has revealed no

non-frivolous issues, we will affirm Robinson’s sentence and grant defense counsel’s

motion to withdraw.

       A grand jury returned an eight-count indictment charging Robinson and two other

individuals with committing various drug-related offenses. Robinson subsequently

pleaded guilty to one count of possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine.

       In preparation of sentencing, the United States Probation Department issued a

presentence investigation report (PSR). Most important for purposes of this appeal, the

PSR determined that Robinson was subject to the enhanced provisions of the career

offender guideline set forth in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, based on Robinson’s previous

Pennsylvania state convictions for criminal conspiracy to deliver a controlled substance,

terroristic threats, and simple assault. The PSR calculated the advisory Guidelines range

as 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment. Ultimately, the District Court imposed a sentence of

96 months, concluding that a below-Guidelines sentence was appropriate to avoid

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sentencing disparities and in light of Robinson’s physical condition and unique

characteristics.

          Thereafter, Robinson filed a notice of appeal. Robinson’s counsel filed an Anders

brief, seeking to withdraw on the grounds that Robinson’s appeal raises no meritorious

issues.

          We exercise plenary review in evaluating, “after a full examination of all the

proceedings,” whether an appeal is wholly frivolous. Anders, 386 U.S. at 744. Our

inquiry is twofold. First, we must determine whether counsel’s brief adequately fulfills the

requirements of Third Circuit Local Appellate Rule 109.2(a). United States v. Youla, 241

F.3d 296, 300 (3d Cir. 2001). Counsel’s obligations in this regard are “to satisfy the court

that counsel has thoroughly examined the record in search of appealable issues,” and “to

explain why the issues are frivolous.” Id. Second, we must satisfy ourselves that an

independent review of the record reveals no non-frivolous issues. Id. Where an Anders

brief appears adequate on its face, we confine our review to those parts of the record

identified in the brief, along with any issues raised by an appellant in a pro se brief.1 Id. at

301.

          We are satisfied that counsel’s Anders brief demonstrates a thorough examination

of the record. Counsel presents three arguably non-frivolous claims (discussed below),



  1
   Robinson was advised of his right to file a pro se brief in this court, but he has not
done so. However, he informed his counsel of those arguments that he wished to present,
and counsel addressed the arguments in his Anders brief.
                                                3
amply discusses these issues, and explains the legal bases for his belief that each issue

lacks merit. We agree with counsel’s assessment, and find that counsel has adequately

fulfilled the requirements of Third Circuit Local Appellate Rule 109.2(a).

       Nor does our own review of the issues raised in counsel’s brief demonstrate that

there are any non-frivolous issues to be raised on appeal. Robinson first argues that the

career-offender enhancement should not have been applied because his prior Pennsylvania

convictions for terroristic threats and simple assault are not felonies under U.S.S.G. §

4B1.1. The Guidelines provide that for a defendant to be a career offender, “the defendant

[must have] at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a

controlled substance offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B.1.1(a)(3). Robinson argues that because

Pennsylvania law grades simple assault a misdemeanor of the second degree, 18 Pa. Cons.

Stat. § 2701, and terroristic threats a misdemeanor of the first degree, 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. §

2706(d), those convictions cannot constitute prior felony convictions under the Guidelines.

However, as Robinson’s counsel and the government explain, the Guidelines define “prior

felony conviction” as “a prior adult federal or state conviction for an offense punishable by

death or imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether such offense

is specifically designated a felony and regardless of the actual sentence imposed.”

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 cmt. n.3. Robinson’s terroristic threat and assault offenses have

maximum sentences of five and two years, respectively. See 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 1104.

Thus, the convictions qualify as felonies under the Guidelines, and Robinson’s argument

to the contrary lacks merit.

                                              4
       Robinson next argues that his Pennsylvania conviction for criminal conspiracy to

deliver a controlled substance occurred too remotely to serve as a prior felony conviction

for career-offender purposes. The Guidelines provide that prior convictions are only

eligible to count toward career-offender status if the prior conviction “was imposed within

fifteen years of the defendant’s commencement of the instant offense,” U.S.S.G. §

4A1.2(e); to Robinson’s mind, his previous controlled-substance offense occurred in the

1980s – outside of the fifteen-year look-back period. Robinson’s argument fails, however,

because all of the evidence before us demonstrates that this conviction occurred more

recently than he claims. The PSR reported that this conviction occurred on August 30,

1990, which, given that Robinson was arrested for the instant offense on July 8, 2004, is

indisputably within fifteen years of the “commencement of the instant offense.” In

investigating Robinson’s claim that the offense actually occurred in the 1980s, Robinson’s

counsel reviewed the records of the adult probation office and the clerk of records in the

county in which Robinson was convicted. Both sources confirmed the accuracy of the

date provided by the PSR. Accordingly, we agree with counsel that this argument is

frivolous.

       Finally, Robinson argues that his sentence violates the Sixth Amendment because

the District Court, rather than a jury, made findings of fact regarding his criminal history.

However, this argument is foreclosed by our decision in United States v. Ordaz, 398 F.3d

236, 241 (3d Cir. 2005), in which we rejected the precise argument that Robinson presses

here. Accordingly, this claim is also without merit.

                                              5
      We conclude that counsel’s brief satisfies the requirements of Anders, and that an

independent review of the record reveals no non-frivolous issues that could be raised on

appeal. Therefore, we will affirm the judgment of sentence of the District Court entered

on February 7, 2006, and grant counsel’s motion to withdraw.




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