                                                      NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                     No. 10-1087
                                     ___________

                                    BI QING LIU,
                                                      Petitioner

                                           v.

                 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES

                      ____________________________________

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A094-787-109)
                         Immigration Judge: Frederic G. Leeds
                      ____________________________________

                   Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                               October 13, 2010
       Before: MCKEE, Chief Judge, HARDIMAN and COWEN Circuit Judges

                           (Opinion filed October 29, 2010 )
                                       _________

                                      OPINION
                                      _________

PER CURIAM

      Bi Qing Liu petitions for review of a final order of the Board of Immigration

Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ’s”) denial of asylum,

withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We
will deny the petition for review.

                                              I.

         Bi Qing Liu, a native and citizen of the People’s Republic of China, entered the

United States in 2006 and was placed in removal proceedings, during which he conceded

that he was removable as charged. Liu applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and

CAT protection, claiming that he feared he would be persecuted for his illegal departure

and for participating in an underground church if he returned to China.

         During the hearing on his application, Liu testified that he had become a Christian

while in the United States and that he would choose to attend an underground church if he

returned to China because officially sanctioned churches did not practice or reflect his

religious beliefs. Liu testified that a friend told him that the Chinese government would

“persecute” him if he attended an underground church and his mother told him he would

be arrested. Administrative Record (“AR”) at 113, 116-17. A friend from church also

testified on Liu’s behalf, stating that he knew someone who fled China to avoid being

arrested for attending an underground church. AR at 148. In addition to this testimony,

Liu submitted a number of documents, including State Department reports on religious

freedom and country conditions in China and articles about crackdowns on Christians in

China.

         The IJ denied relief and ordered Liu’s removal to China. Although he found Liu’s

testimony credible and determined that he had established a subjective fear of

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persecution, the IJ concluded that Liu had not shown an objectively reasonable basis for

his fear. The BIA affirmed, holding that, although “the record shows that some leaders

and attendees of these [underground Christian] churches face problems, we agree with the

Immigration Judge that the record does not provide an objectively reasonable basis that

the respondent will face persecution.” AR at 3. Liu filed a timely petition for review.

                                             II.

       We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252 to review final orders of

removal. In this case, the BIA affirmed the decision of the IJ and discussed some of the

bases for the IJ’s decision, so we therefore review the decisions of both the IJ and BIA.

See Chen v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 215, 222 (3d Cir. 2004). In doing so, we review factual

findings for substantial evidence and may not disturb them “‘unless any reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Sandie v. Att’y Gen., 562

F.3d 246, 251 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We exercise plenary

review over conclusions of law, subject to the established principles of deference

accorded agency decision-making. See Sioe Tjen Wong v. Att’y Gen., 539 F.3d 225, 231

(3d Cir. 2008).

       Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), an applicant may demonstrate

eligibility for asylum by showing either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Liu asserts that he established a

                                             3
well-founded fear of future persecution based on his religious beliefs and that he will be

tortured for his illegal departure from China.1

       To qualify for asylum on the basis of a well-founded fear of persecution, an

applicant must show both a credible subjective fear and an objectively reasonable basis

for the fear. Lie v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 530, 536 (3d Cir. 2005). In this case, the IJ

determined that Liu had not demonstrated an objectively reasonable basis for his

subjective fears of persecution. There is substantial evidence in support of that

conclusion in the record. Liu presented the testimony of a friend regarding an instance in

which someone fled China to avoid arrest for attending an underground church, as well as

articles about governmental crackdowns on unsanctioned religious groups and State

Department reports. The IJ acknowledged that there was a wide variety of unsanctioned

religious activity in China and that some practitioners faced mistreatment. He specifically

acknowledged reports that members of some underground Christian churches had


   1
     Liu mentions the denial of his CAT claim only in the last paragraph of his brief,
which consists of five sentences. He states that the “country condition reports in evidence
demonstrate that the Chinese government routinely subjects returned smuggled aliens to
degrading acts of torture.” Pet. Brief at 12. Liu did not identify this as an issue presented
for review in his brief – the sole issue presented for review is his religious persecution
claim. Furthermore, Liu’s brief sets forth no facts related to the claim. Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 28(a)(5), (7), and (9) requires an appellant to state the issues raised
on appeal, present facts relevant to those issues, and argue the issues with citations to
authorities and the record. Liu has not done so for his CAT claim. “It is well settled that
an appellant’s failure to identify or argue an issue in his opening brief constitutes waiver
of that issue on appeal.” United States v. Pellulo, 399 F.3d 197, 222 (3d Cir. 2005).
Accordingly, we conclude that the issue regarding torture on account of having been
smuggled out of the country is not before the Court.

                                              4
suffered abuse. But the State Department reports also indicated that government

repression or tolerance varies based on locale, the nature of the group, and the size of the

church. The IJ concluded that he could not “extrapolate” from this evidence that Liu had

carried his burden of establishing an objectively reasonable basis for his fear that he

would be persecuted.

       Liu argues that the IJ based his decision on “pure speculation” that Liu would not

be persecuted and ignored the State Department report on International Religious

Freedom. Pet. Brief at 9. The BIA has already responded to this argument, pointing out

that the IJ identified and discussed the report in his decision, AR at 3-4, 62, and that it is

Liu who asked the IJ and the Board to speculate that he would be persecuted. We agree.

Liu has the burden of proving his eligibility for asylum, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), but

his testimony regarding his religious practice claim was devoid of specifics. For example,

he did not indicate where he might attend church in China and whether members of that

church, or churches in the area, have faced increased scrutiny, harassment, or persecution

from the government. The IJ appropriately refused to “extrapolate” an objectively

reasonable basis for Liu’s fear of persecution from the articles he submitted because the

State Department reports indicated that treatment of unsanctioned religious groups varied.

Thus, the evidence in this record does not establish that Liu “would be individually

singled out for persecution” or that there is a “systematic, pervasive, or organized” pattern

and practice of persecuting “underground” Christians in China. Sioe Tien Wong, 539


                                               5
F.3d at 232-33 (citations omitted).

       The BIA’s determination that Liu is not eligible for asylum will be upheld because

it is supported by substantial evidence in the record. Because the threshold for asylum is

lower than the threshold for withholding of removal, Liu’s inability to establish his

eligibility for asylum necessarily undermines his eligibility for withholding of removal.

Sioe Tien Wong, 539 F.3d at 236-37.

       Accordingly, we will deny the petition for review.




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