           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS


                                            NO . 08-4080

                                 WALTER A. BRYANT , APPELLANT ,

                                                  v.

                                      ERIC K. SHINSEKI,
                          SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

                          On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals



(Argued March 10, 2010                                                         Decided July 1, 2010)



       Kenneth M. Carpenter, of Topeka, Kansas, with whom Peter J. Meadows, of Ft. Lauderdale,
Florida, was on the brief for the appellant.

      Penny C. Kahn, with whom Will A. Gunn, General Counsel; R. Randall Campbell, Assistant
General Counsel; Edward V. Cassidy, Jr., Deputy Assistant General Counsel, were on the brief, all
of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.

       Before KASOLD, LANCE, and DAVIS, Judges.

       The opinion of the Court is per curiam.

       LANCE, Judge, filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       PER CURIAM: The appellant, Walter A. Bryant, through counsel, appeals an October 6,
2008, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision denying his claims for service connection for
bilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, squamous cell carcinoma, and frostbite residuals of both feet. Record
(R.) at 3-14. On December 9, 2009, the Court granted the appellant's motion for expedited
consideration of this appeal. This Court has jurisdiction to review the Board's decision pursuant to
38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a) and 7266(a). See Frankel v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 23, 25-26 (1990). For the
reasons discussed below, the Board's October 6, 2008, decision will be affirmed in part, and vacated
in part and the matters remanded for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
                                       I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
         The appellant served in the U.S. Army from May 1943 to April 1946, and from September
1950 to October 1951. R. at 387, 394.
         In February 2005, he filed a formal application for compensation benefits. R. at 357-68.
During the development of his claim, the Secretary sent the appellant multiple letters explaining
what evidence might be required to prove his claims. R. at 146, 250, 334-47. In June 2005, the
Waco, Texas, regional office (RO) issued a rating decision denying the appellant's claims to
entitlement for bilateral hearing loss, for tinnitus, for squamous cell carcinoma, and for frostbite
residuals in both feet. R. at 243-49. As to the appellant's claims for bilateral hearing loss, for
tinnitus, and for frostbite, the RO concluded that the record failed to show medical diagnoses for
these conditions. R. at 246-47. As for the claim for service connection for squamous cell carcinoma,
the RO explained the medical evidence showed "several areas of treatment" for this condition, but
did not show this condition occurred in or was caused by service. R. at 244.
         The appellant appealed this decision and a hearing was held before a Board member on
August 28, 2008. R. at 21-33. In the October 6, 2008, decision on appeal, the Board, relying on VA
medical opinions, issued a decision denying the appellant's claim for benefits for frostbite because
the appellant did not currently have this disability, and denying his claim for benefits for hearing loss
and tinnitus because these disabilities were not related to service. The Board also denied benefits
for squamous cell carcinoma because there was no evidence the appellant had this disability,
although there was no VA (or other) medical opinion to this effect. R. at 4.
         The central question to be resolved in this case is the extent of the Board hearing officer's
duty under 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2)(2009), see also 38 C.F.R. § 20.1304 (2009) (procedures to obtain
a hearing at the Board), to explain fully the issues and suggest the submission of evidence that the
claimant may have overlooked.1




         1
            The hearing officer's duties are established in 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) and a hearing may be requested during
the initial adjudication of the claim or while the claim is on administrative appeal. See also 38 C.F.R. § 20.1304 (2009)
(procedures for obtaining a hearing at the Board). Although the duties at either hearing are established by § 3.103(c)(2),
this opinion generally addresses them in the context of a Board hearing.

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                                       The Parties' Arguments
       The appellant's main argument is that the Board hearing officer failed to explain to him that
additional medical evidence was needed to support his claims. He asserts that the hearing officer
did not fulfill the responsibilities ascribed to him under 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) (2009). The
appellant argues that it was error for the Board hearing officer to fail to suggest that he submit
medical evidence, to include diagnoses for his claimed disorders as well as the etiology of such
conditions. At argument, appellant's counsel elaborated that he was arguing that the duty to fully
discuss the issues and suggest the submission of overlooked evidence was "broad and totally
encompassing" (Oral Argument at 11:35-43), so as to require the Board hearing officer to review the
entire claims file prior to a hearing and make a preliminary decision so that the Board hearing officer
can then explain at the hearing any deficiencies in the evidence that the appellant would need to
overcome to receive a favorable decision (Oral Argument at 12:18-43).
       The Secretary argues in his brief to the Court that the regulation applies to overlooked
evidence, and "in light of the notification letters sent to Appellant . . . there simply was no
overlooked evidence." Secretary's Brief (Br.) at 16 (emphasis in original). At oral argument, the
Secretary detailed his argument, stating that "the Court has found that the hearing officer's section
3.103(c)(2) obligation arises in a narrow set of circumstances in which the hearing officer, having
been placed on notice of the existence of evidence that would help prove a claim, failed to suggest
the submission of such evidence." Oral Argument at 28:14-31.
       The Secretary also argued that even if the hearing officer had a duty to inform the appellant
that medical evidence was needed to substantiate his claim, failure to meet this duty resulted in no
prejudice because the appellant had been so informed through the preadjudciatory notice he was
provided pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a).


                                          II. ANALYSIS
                A. Hearing Officer's Duties Under 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) (2009)
       As the Court has observed, "a functioning system of laws must give primacy to the plain
language of authorities." Tropf v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 317, 322 n.1 (2006). The language of the
regulation is the necessary starting point because "[w]ithout standard word meanings and rules of


                                                  3
construction, neither Congress nor the Secretary can know how to write authorities in a way that
conveys their intent and no practitioner or—more importantly—veteran can rely on a statute or
regulation to mean what it appears to say." Id.; see also Hickson v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 394, 401
(2010) (concluding that Secretary's interpretation of the regulation at issue was in conflict with the
plain language used).
         Section 3.103(c)(2) imposes, inter alia, two distinct duties on the hearing officer at issue in
this case: The duty to explain fully the issues and the duty to suggest the submission of evidence that
may have been overlooked. The regulation at issue reads:
         The purpose of a hearing is to permit the claimant to introduce into the record, in
         person, any available evidence which he or she considers material and any arguments
         or contentions with respect to the facts and applicable law which he or she may
         consider pertinent. All testimony will be under oath or affirmation. The claimant is
         entitled to produce witnesses, but the claimant and witnesses are expected to be
         present. The Veterans Benefits Administration will not normally schedule a hearing
         for the sole purpose of receiving argument from a representative. It is the
         responsibility of the employee or employees conducting the hearings to explain fully
         the issues and suggest the submission of evidence which the claimant may have
         overlooked and which would be of advantage to the claimant's position. To assure
         clarity and completeness of the hearing record, questions which are directed to the
         claimant and to witnesses are to be framed to explore fully the basis for claimed
         entitlement rather than with an intent to refute evidence or to discredit testimony. In
         cases in which the nature, origin, or degree of disability is in issue, the claimant may
         request visual examination by a physician designated by VA and the physician's
         observations will be read into the record.
38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) (emphasis added).
         Although the hearing officer's duties to "explain fully the issues and suggest the submission
of evidence which the claimant may have overlooked" are not further detailed in the regulation,2 the
appellant's argument that these duties necessarily involve the preadjudication of his claim is not
supported by the language of the regulation, or its prior interpretation and application. Similarly, the
Secretary's view that his duties are limited to suggesting the submission of only that evidence that


         2
           Although 38 U.S.C. § 7107(d) provides the right to a hearing, it does not prescribe the duties imposed on the
hearing officer discussed herein, which are imposed solely by regulation. No argument has been made that the duties
imposed by the Secretary exceed his authority or are otherwise inconsistent with statute, and we perceive no such
conflict. See Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461 (1997) ("[The Secretary] is free to write the regulations as broadly as
he wishes, subject only to the limits imposed by the statute.").

                                                           4
is already in existence, and only when the possible existence of such evidence is triggered at the
hearing, has no basis in the plain language of the regulation, or its prior interpretation and
application.
                                           1. Plain Language
                                 a. Appellant's Call for Preadjudication
       Nothing in § 3.103(c)(2) supports the appellant's contention that the regulation requires a
hearing officer to preadjudicate or otherwise weigh conflicting evidence prior to or at the hearing.
See Tropf, supra. Moreover, such preadjudication is not required to explain to the claimant that –
for a disability compensation claim – the issues are status as a veteran, injury or disease in service,
current disability, and nexus between the current disability and the injury or disease in service. See
Caluza v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 498, 506 (1995) aff'd per curiam, 78 F.3d 604 (Fed. Cir.1996) (table)
(proving service connection requires (1) medical evidence of a current disability, (2) medical
evidence or, in certain circumstances, lay testimony of in-service incurrence or aggravation of an
injury or disease, and (3) medical evidence of a nexus between the current disability and the
in-service disease or injury).
       Preadjudication or the weighing of conflicting evidence also is not required for a hearing
officer to determine that evidence is not in the record with regard to a particular, material element
of a claim. And, preadjudication or weighing evidence is not required in order to advise a claimant
of the need to submit evidence on a material issue for which there is no evidence in the record.
Moreover, the evidence does not have to be weighed or the claim adjudicated "to assure clarity and
completeness of the hearing record," which is one of the implicit duties imposed by § 3.103(c)(2).
See Thomas v. Nicholson, 423 F.3d 1279 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (discussed further, infra at 9); see also 38
U.S.C. §.7107(a) and (f)(1)-(2) (permitting "the screening of cases for purposes of determining the
adequacy of the record for decisional purposes; or the development, or attempted development, of
a record found to be inadequate for decisional purposes" even when a claim is not up for
consideration in the regular docket order). Accordingly, we find no basis for writing into the
Secretary's regulation a requirement that a hearing officer weigh the evidence in the record or
otherwise preadjudicate the claim prior to or at the hearing. See Martin v. Occupational Safety and
Health Review Comm'n, 499 U.S. 144, 150 (1991) ("it is well established that an agency's


                                                   5
interpretation of its own regulation is entitled to substantial deference").
          b. Secretary's Limited View of Duty To Suggest the Submission of Evidence
       Similarly, nothing in the regulation limits the Secretary's duties to advise the claimant to
submit evidence only to those situations when the existence of such evidence is raised at the hearing.
Given the duty to fully explain the issues, there is no dispute that a hearing officer necessarily must
review the record. Having done so, however, he cannot ignore a lack of evidence in the record on
a material issue and not suggest its submission, unless the record (or the claimant at hearing) clearly
shows that such evidence is not available. To do so would ignore the regulatory mandate to advise
the claimant to submit evidence that might have been overlooked. See Martin at 150-51 ("In
situations in which the meaning of [regulatory] language is not free from doubt, the reviewing court
should give effect to the agency's interpretation so long as it is reasonable, that is, so long as the
interpretation sensibly conforms to the purpose and wording of the regulations" (internal quotations
and citations omitted)). Moreover, applicable caselaw shows that such inaction is not permissible.
                                       2. Applicable Caselaw
       In considering the issue at hand, we look to several decisions of the Court and to a decision
of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In Douglas v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 103, 105
(1992), the appellant applied for service connection for skin cancer and testified extensively about
treatment he received to remove growths from his skin. Nonetheless, the record did "not contain any
medical records pertinent to these assertions." Id. The Court denied the Secretary's motion for
summary affirmance of the Board decision and concluded that the veteran's testimony raised the
issue of direct service connection for his cancer and that the Board member should have suggested
the submission of evidence "necessary to establish that claim." Id. at 110. The Secretary filed a
motion for reconsideration arguing that the Court's panel decision was incorrect because the
regulation did not apply to the Board. Douglas v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 435, 437 (1992) (en banc).
The Court rejected the Secretary's argument and stated that the Board "was obliged to have fully
explained to the veteran that his exposure to the sun during service, his later development of
basal-cell carcinoma, and his physician's statement about his sun-damaged skin raised the issue of
direct service connection for his illness," as well as obligated "to have suggested to him the
submission of additional evidence he may have overlooked that would have helped his case." Id.


                                                  6
at 442.
          In Proscelle v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 629 (1992), the appellant applied for an increased
rating for his maxillary condition. Id. at 631. During the course of his hearing, the appellant asserted
that his disability had gotten worse since his last examination. The Court held that the hearing
officer should have suggested the submission of "medical evidence of the then-current level of his
service-connected disability." Id. at 633. The Court also determined that the Board's statement of
reasons or bases was inadequate because it failed to address the appellant's assertions during his
hearing that his maxillary condition had caused his "nervous condition," and, further, determined that
the Board member should have suggested at the hearing that the appellant "submit medical evidence
supporting his claim." Id.
          In Cuevas v. Principi, 3 Vet.App. 542 (1992), a veteran whose service medical records had
been destroyed by fire testified at a hearing in 1990 that he had undergone a hearing test in 1985 or
1986 that confirmed his hearing loss. Noting that § 3.103(c)(2) requires the Secretary to fully
explain the issues and suggest the submission of overlooked evidence, the Court held that
          VA's statutory duty to assist includes, in cases such as this, having the Hearing
          Officer tell the veteran that, at a minimum, he should submit a doctor's report or
          statement confirming the existence of current hearing loss, especially since the
          veteran had testified that a hearing test in 1985 or 1986 had confirmed a hearing loss.
Id. at 548.
          Although VA had sent Mr. Cuevas a notice letter informing him of the need to submit such
evidence, the Court held that the hearing officer was nonetheless required to reiterate this concept.
          In Costantino v. West, 12 Vet.App. 517 (1999), a veteran's widow sought to obtain disability
and indemnity compensation. The widow argued that the veteran's service-connected mental
condition caused him to refuse medication for illnesses, and that this refusal resulted in his death.
At a hearing, the widow's representative contended that the veteran's service-connected mental
condition hastened his death. The Board noted that the record did not contain clinical documentation
of the veteran's final hospitalization or a medical opinion demonstrating a nexus to service. The
Court stated:
          [The Board erred] in failing to find error in the hearing officer's failure to suggest to
          the appellant that she submit medical evidence regarding any relationship between
          the veteran's service-connected condition and his refusal of treatment and any

                                                     7
        relationship between such refusal and his death, as well as any additional records
        concerning the veteran's death.
Id. at 520.
        In Sizemore v. Principi, 18 Vet.App. 264 (2004), a veteran seeking service connection for
post-traumatic stress disorder described at a hearing his experiences in Vietnam. Id. at 274. The
Court stated that the
        appellant was not advised adequately by VA as to the types of information that may
        help to verify his claimed in-service stressors. In particular, at the May 1996 hearing,
        VA failed to advise the appellant that he could submit corroboration in the form of
        "buddy statements" as to some of the occurrences that he alleged were in-service
        stressors.
Id. Although the potential evidence was not yet in existence or obtained in Sizemore, the claimant's
testimony suggested that it might be obtained to corroborate the incident described.
        In Prickett v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 370 (2006), a widow of a veteran sought service
connection for the cause of her husband's death. The widow sought to establish that the cause of his
death – heart disease – was due to his service-connected psychosis. At the hearing, the decision
review officer "repeatedly informed Mrs. Prickett that medical evidence, in particular, a medical
opinion demonstrating a nexus between the veteran's service and the cause of death, was critical to
the disposition of her claim and asked her to submit such evidence." Id. at 373. Mrs. Prickett stated
that there was no medical evidence to submit at that time. The Court found that the hearing officer
did not violate his duties under § 3.103(c)(2) to fully explain the issues and suggest the submission
of overlooked evidence because he informed the widow that (1) the most probative information with
regard to determining her claim was "statements from medical types"; (2) she needed to have
medical evidence related to nexus; and (3) she should submit any evidence she possessed,
particularly medical evidence in support of her claim. Id. at 382.
        In addition to the Court's caselaw, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal
Circuit) also has issued an opinion addressing 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2). In Thomas v. Nicholson,
423 F.3d 1279 (Fed. Cir. 2005), the veteran was injured after he failed to respond to three orders
from a sergeant who instructed him to leave a barracks. The veteran filed a claim for service
connection for the injuries and testified at a hearing regarding the claim. His claim was denied, as
the Board determined that his injuries were due to alcohol consumption. The Board reconsidered

                                                   8
and found his injuries were due to his disobedience of a lawful order. The veteran argued that the
hearing officer was required to ask him about the amount of time he had to respond to the sergeant's
orders, which could have shown that his actions were not willful. The Federal Circuit agreed with
this Court that Mr. Thomas failed to demonstrate that the hearing officer was required to question
the appellant on any particular theory in support of his claim. Specifically, the Federal Circuit held
that the question was not necessary because it was not needed "to assure clarity and completeness
of the hearing record" as required under § 3.103(c)(2). "Instead, we find the hearing officer fulfilled
his duty in evaluating the record and that the evidence in the record adequately established the nature
of Thomas's conduct." Id. at 1285.
   3. Scope of Duties To Explain Issues Fully and Suggest Submission of Overlooked Evidence
        As previously stated, the relevant caselaw provides no support for finding a duty that the
hearing officer preadjudicate the claim or that the hearing officer's duty to explain the issues and
suggest the submission of evidence is as limited as the Secretary suggests. Rather, the caselaw
amply supports a finding that the hearing officer has a duty to fully explain the issues still
outstanding that are relevant and material to substantiating the claim.3 See, e.g., Prickett, Cuevas,
and Proscelle, all supra. Thus, when an element of the claim is not an issue in an appellant's case,
there is no need for the hearing officer to discuss it. For example, when veteran status or current
disability is established, there is no reason for a hearing officer to discuss those issues. On the other
hand, when the RO has denied a disability claim because there is no current disability, no nexus to
service, or no incident in service, etc., then the Board hearing officer should explain that the claim
can be substantiated only when the claimed disability is shown to exist and shown to be caused by
an injury or disease in service, and the Board hearing officer's explanation and discussion should be
centered on these issues.
        The caselaw also amply supports a finding that the hearing officer must suggest that a
claimant submit evidence on an issue material to substantiating the claim when the record is missing
any evidence on that issue or when the testimony at the hearing raises an issue for which there is no
evidence in the record. See, e.g., Procelle, Cuevas, and Sizemore, all supra. Because there is no


        3
          The RO's rating decision and Statement of the Case, which a hearing officer should have encountered in his
review of the record, will likely assist the hearing officer in identifying the outstanding issues.

                                                         9
requirement to preadjudicate an issue or weigh the evidence, the hearing officer's review of the
record in preparation for the hearing is one that should focus on the issues that remain outstanding,
and whether evidence has been gathered as to those issues. If a claim has been denied for lack of
evidence of a current disability, and no medical examination has been provided by the Secretary or
medical evidence submitted by the appellant, then this lack of evidence gives rise to the duty of the
Board hearing officer to suggest submission of this evidence. The hearing officer therefore must not
only be familiar with the claims file but also be engaged in the hearing process. The hearing officer
also must suggest the submission of evidence when testimony during the hearing indicates that it
exists (or could be reduced to writing) but is not of record. Moreover, VA's issuance of a notice
letter that complies with 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a) has no bearing on the duty to suggest the submission
of evidence that may have been overlooked. See Cuevas, supra; see also Section C, infra.
       To the extent the above scope of the duties to fully explain the issues and suggest the
submission of evidence may not have been stated or held explicitly in prior cases, we so state and
hold today.
                             B. Application of Law to the Present Case
                                1. Duty To Fully Explain the Issues
       In this case, the Board member began the hearing by stating: "The issues I have for appeal
today are four. They are (1) entitlement to service connection for bilateral hearing loss, (2)
entitlement to service connection for tinnitus, (3) entitlement to service connection for squamous cell
carcinoma, and (4) entitlement to service connection for frostbite of both feet." R. at 22. Although
this statement explained the issues in terms of the scope of the claim for benefits, it did not "explain
fully" the outstanding issues material to substantiating the claim, which in this instance were current
disability and medical nexus. Even though the hearing officer made inquiries during the hearing
regarding whether any doctor had ever related the appellant's claimed disabilities to service and the
basis for asserting a disability (R. at 25-31), at no point did the Board member explain that these
issues were material to substantiating the claim – i.e., that they were the reasons the appellant's
claims were denied by the RO. Accordingly, the Board member erred as to the first duty – to fully
explain the issues – under § 3.103(c)(2).




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                  2. Duty To Suggest the Submission of Evidence Possibly Overlooked
         As to the duty to suggest evidence that may have been overlooked, responses were elicited
from the appellant as to frostbite, hearing loss, and tinnitus, as well as his basis for believing these
claimed disabilities were related to service. At the time of the hearing, the record already contained
VA medical examination reports stating that the appellant currently did not have frostbite, and that,
although he had hearing loss and tinnitus, these disabilities were not caused by his service.
Moreover, the hearing discussion did not reveal any evidence that might be available that had not
been submitted. Under these circumstances, nothing gave rise to the possibility that evidence had
been overlooked with regard to the appellant's claim for benefits for frostbite, hearing loss, and
tinnitus.
         With regard to squamous cell carcinoma, the appellant's representative at the hearing elicited
information from the appellant about this claimed disability, and the appellant did not reveal any
unsubmitted evidence that might be available. In contrast to the above circumstances, however, at
the time of the hearing, there was no VA or other examination report addressing nexus, although the
record on appeal contained VA treatment records for skin cancer and Bowen's Disease, a type of
squamous cell carcinoma.3 Under these circumstances, the lack of medical evidence in the record
addressing a nexus between the appellant's diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma and an in-service
event or injury gave rise to the possibility that evidence had been overlooked, and the Board hearing
officer should have suggested that the appellant secure and submit this evidence if he could; the
hearing officer's failure to do so was error.4 See Sizemore, Costantino, and Cuevas, all supra.



         4
           The Board stated that there was no evidence of a current diagnosis for squamous cell carcinoma. R. at 12.
However, a careful review of the appellant's VA medical records indicates that on October 16, 2003, the appellant
underwent a biopsy of an "8mm erythematous papule mid upper back/neck area." R. at 302-03. A November 25, 2003,
medical record states: "[P]athology came back as [B]owen's with incomplete margins." R. at 296; see also R. at 287.
Bowen's Disease is a type of squamous cell carcinoma. See D O RLAN D 'S I LLU STRATED M ED ICAL D ICTION ARY 536 (31st
ed. 2007).

         5
            Our dissenting colleague's view that reviewing the record to identify the issues on appeal and assess whether
evidence may have been overlooked equates to an evaluation of the evidence, post at 1, fails to recognize that the issues
on appeal are readily identifiable in the RO's decision and the statement of the case, and further fails to recognize that
neither the identification of the issues nor the observation that there is no evidence on one of those issues (thus indicating
that its submission may have been overlooked) requires any weighing or evaluation of the evidence.



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                                            C. Prejudice
        The Court must next consider whether the appellant was prejudiced by the Board's errors.
See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2); Shinseki v. Sanders, 129 S. Ct. 1696, 1704 (2009). In his brief, the
Secretary argues that the notice letters provided to the appellant under section 5103(a) eliminate any
potential prejudice that might have been caused by the Board member's failure to explain the issues
because they sufficiently explained the need for the appellant to submit medical evidence.
Secretary's Br. at 13-14. However, section 5103(a) serves a different purpose in the statutory scheme
than § 3.103(c)(2). See Wilson, supra. Further, the Court already has held that a hearing officer has
the duty to suggest the submission of evidence even when the claimant has been provided a letter
notifying him of the need to submit such evidence. See Cuevas, supra. Not only is this precedential
opinion binding, see Bethea v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 252, 254 (1992) (panel decisions constitute
"binding precedent" unless overturned by en banc opinion of this Court or decision of the Federal
Circuit or U.S. Supreme Court), to hold that the failure of a hearing officer to suggest the submission
of evidence that might have been overlooked is rendered nonprejudicial simply because the claimant
had been provided preadjudicatory notice of what was needed to substantiate the claim essentially
would eviscerate the duty imposed by the Secretary in § 3.103(c)(2). There is no basis for rendering
such a holding. Rather, the assessment of prejudice generally is case specific, demonstrated by the
appellant and based on the record. See Shinseki, supra (appellant generally bears burden of
demonstrating prejudicial error on appeal); Marciniak v. Brown, 10 Vet.App. 198, 201 (1997)
(remand unnecessary "[i]n the absence of demonstrated prejudice"); see also Mlechick v. Mansfield,
503 F.3d 1340, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (Court must review the record to take due account of the rule
of prejudicial error).
                             1. Frostbite, Hearing Loss, and Tinnitus
        With regard to the appellant's claim for benefits for frostbite, hearing loss, and tinnitus,
although the Board hearing officer did not explicitly lay out the material issues of medical nexus and
current disability, the record reflects that they were developed by the Secretary – to include medical
examination reports on each of these disabilities and any nexus to service – and there was no
indication that the represented appellant had any additional information to submit. Accordingly, the
"clarity and completeness of the hearing record" was intact with respect to these disabilities and the


                                                  12
purpose of § 3.103(c)(2) was fulfilled. See Thomas and Marcinak, both supra; see also Caluza v.
Brown, 7 Vet.App. 498, 506 (1995), aff'd per curiam, 78 F.3d 604 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (service
connection generally requires, inter alia, medical nexus).
       Our dissenting colleague's reliance on Moore v. Shinseki, 555 F.3d 1369, 1374-75 (Fed. Cir.
2009) for finding prejudice is misplaced. Moore confirmed and clarified the statutory duty of the
Secretary to secure potentially relevant evidence when reasonably identified by a claimant, see 38
U.S.C. § 5103A, and is inapposite to the regulatory duties imposed on a hearing officer under
§ 3.103(c)(2); there is no suggestion that Mr. Bryant identified relevant evidence that was not
obtained by the Secretary. Our colleague's focus on the fact that a purpose of the hearing is to permit
a claimant to submit evidence also is misplaced; there is no suggestion that Mr. Bryant was denied
an opportunity to submit evidence. Rather, the prejudice identified by our dissenting colleague arises
from a duty not imposed by regulation or statute; i.e., a duty to weigh conflicting evidence or
otherwise preadjudicate the claim and advise the claimant of those areas where the evidence weighs
against his claim. Congress or the Secretary might create such a duty, but as noted in our discussion
above, they have not yet done so. Cf. Locklear, supra.
                                   2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
       In contrast to the above, the failure to explicitly lay out the material issues with regard to
squamous cell carcinoma was combined with a failure to suggest to the appellant that he should
secure and submit medical evidence on the key issue of nexus to service – evidence that was lacking
at the time of the hearing, and that remained lacking through final Board decision. Had the appellant
been notified that evidence may have been overlooked on this issue, he could have requested such
an examination from the Secretary or secured one on his own. Although it is not known whether the
appellant can secure a favorable medical report, his prejudice arises from the failure of the hearing
officer to assure the "clarity and completeness of the hearing record," Thomas, 423 F.3d at1285 , and
the lost additional opportunity to try and submit such evidence before his claim finally was
adjudicated, which is one of the prima facie purposes of the regulatory requirement that the Board
hearing officer suggest the submission of material evidence that the appellant may have overlooked.
38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2); see also Parker v. Brown, 9 Vet.App. 476, 481 (1996) (stating that
"'[p]rejudice ... means injury to an interest that the statute, regulation, or rule in question was


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designed to protect'" (quoting Intercargo Ins. Co. v. United States, 83 F.3d 391, 396 (Fed. Cir.
1996))); cf. Shinseki, 129 S. Ct. at 1708 (indicating as a factor for determining notice-error prejudice,
the identification of evidence that might have been obtained or sought if proper notification had been
given); Wagner v. United States, 365 F.3d 1358, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (holding that "[w]here the
effect of an error on the outcome of a proceeding is unquantifiable . . . , we will not speculate as to
what the outcome might have been had the error not occurred").


                                        III. CONCLUSION
        On consideration of the foregoing, that part of the Board's October 6, 2008, decision denying
benefits for frostbite, hearing loss, and tinnitus is AFFIRMED, and that part denying benefits for
squamous cell carcinoma is VACATED and the matter REMANDED for further adjudication
consistent with this opinion.


        The opinion of the Court is per curiam. LANCE, Judge, filed an opinion concurring in part
and dissenting in part.


        LANCE, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: I believe that the majority does
an excellent job in many respects in clarifying our previously disjointed caselaw on 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.103(c)(2) (2009). However, I think the opinion suffers from two serious problems.
        First, I believe that the majority fails to sufficiently explain the distinction between its
holding that the regulation does not require a preadjuication of the claim or weighing of the evidence
and its requirement that the hearing officer must review the entire record to fully explain the issues
on appeal. Reviewing the record to determine what issues it raises necessarily requires some
evaluation of the evidence and some judgment about which issues are reasonably in dispute.
Determining that there is no favorable evidence in the record will often require making a decision
about the nature or meaning of ambiguous documents or reports in the claims file. Hence, it is not
clear to me how these two conclusions coexist. More importantly, it is not clear how the Court
should review such issues in future cases except to entertain arguments from counsel that amount
to allegations that the Board should have preadjudicated the claim or weighed the evidence to


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provide a full explanation of the issues.
        In my view, a better standard would be one that is similar to the one used in Kent
v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 1 (2006), to avoid requiring the preadjudication of claims. In Kent, the
Court concluded that proper 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a) notice as to an attempt to reopen a previously
denied claim requires the Secretary to look at the basis of the prior denial and tailor the notice to any
findings of fact that would affect the type of evidence that the claimant must submit. 20 Vet.App.
at 10. By analogy, 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) should require the Board to look at the most recent RO
decision—which may be the most recent Supplemental Statement of the Case considering additional
evidence—and clearly explain to the appellant what element or elements of the claim were found
deficient by that decision and what types of evidence would help the appellant prevail as to those
issues. If the RO addressed multiple theories as to a claim, the Board would have to explain the
issues related to each theory.
        I believe that such a standard would be vastly easier for the Board to apply and for the Court
to review. While there are certainly cases where the Board may ultimately spot an issue that was
completely overlooked by the RO, the Court has recently held that the Secretary's regulations prevent
the Board from considering new legal theories in the first instance. Hickson v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App.
394, 400-03 (2010). Thus, even if the Board later determines that the RO decision overlooked an
issue, the claimant must receive notice of the issue and the opportunity to have it remanded to the
RO. Id. Accordingly, even if a bright-line, Kent-style rule does not perfectly capture every issue,
claimants are still protected from being blindsided by a Board decision that raises a new issue.
        My second—and more serious—concern is that the majority's prejudicial error analysis
effectively guts the requirement to fully explain the issues in many cases. In this case, the opinion
concludes that the 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) error was harmless because the negative medical evidence
of record proves that the appellant was not prejudiced. To do so, the opinion mistakenly frames the
prejudicial error question as whether the error affected "the 'clarity and completeness of the hearing
record.'" Ante at 12 (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2)). However, I believe that is the standard that
should be used for the second prong of the regulation: the duty to suggest the submission of
overlooked evidence. As to the first prong, the duty to fully explain the issues, the first sentence of
38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) explicitly states that the purpose of a hearing is to provide the claimant with


                                                   15
an opportunity to submit favorable evidence. The duty to fully explain the issues exists to make that
opportunity meaningful by ensuring that the appellant understands what issues most likely require
the submission of favorable evidence before there is a reasonable possibility of prevailing on the
claim. Where there is substantial negative evidence in the record on an issue, it is even more
important that the Board member explain the need for favorable evidence in order for the claimant
to have a realistic opportunity to prevail on the claim. See Moore v. Shinseki, 555 F.3d 1369, 1374-
75 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (concluding that failure to obtain potentially favorable, circumstantial evidence
was prejudicial even though the record contained copious direct evidence against the claim).
       In this regard, the majority opinion expresses confusion about my positions and presents a
flawed rebuttal by unnecessarily mixing my two concerns together. First, I do not believe that I can
be any clearer that preadjudication of claims by the Board is not required. Instead, I believe that the
scope of the duty to fully inform should be defined by the findings of the actual adjudication done
at the RO level prior to the Board hearing. Second, the opportunity to submit evidence is more than
just a window of time in which new evidence will be received. When the issue in dispute requires
expert evidence because it is beyond the common knowledge of lay persons, there is little reason to
believe that such favorable evidence will actually be submitted unless the appellant understands the
types of evidence needed to have a chance of prevailing. Indeed, my essential point is that the
majority fails to acknowledge the possibility that the reason Mr. Bryant never identified any
additional medical evidence in support of his claim was because he did not understand that he
needed to do so. The fact that he did not submit such evidence earlier tends to suggest that is the
case. In my view, there does not appear to be any explanation for creating the duty "to explain fully
the issues" except to neutralize the inference that the failure to submit evidence was the product of
ignorance. Under the totality of the circumstances in this case, it appears that Mr. Bryant's failure
to submit favorable medical evidence may be the product of ignorance and, therefore, he was
potentially prejudiced by the violation of the duty directly targeted at avoiding such a situation.
       I suppose there is some threshold where the negative evidence of record is so overwhelming
or incontrovertible that denying a claimant the opportunity to rebut it would be harmless. However,
in summary, I believe that the regulation exists to help claimants rebut negative evidence and,
therefore, the existence of some negative evidence reinforces, rather than cures, the prejudice of not


                                                  16
explaining the issue. Accordingly, I would remand all of the appellant's claims based upon the
Court's conclusion that the Board erred so that the appellant would have a meaningful opportunity
to present rebuttal evidence on the key issues in his claims.




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