                              STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                            SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

John W.,
                                                                                     FILED
Petitioner
                                                                                   May 20, 2019
vs) No. 18-0329 (Kanawha County 17-P-370)                                        EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                                 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                     OF WEST VIRGINIA
Rechelle H.,
Respondent

                               MEMORANDUM DECISION
       Petitioner John W., appearing pro se, appeals the order of the Circuit Court of Kanawha
County, entered on March 14, 2018, denying his petition to change the parties’ minor child’s
name.1 Respondent Rechelle H. appears by counsel Lyne Ranson.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the order of the circuit court is appropriate under Rule 21 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        The parties were married in January of 2016, legally separated in December of 2016, and
divorced by final order entered on January 26, 2018, in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County.
Respondent gave birth to a child, after the parties’ separation but prior to their divorce, in July of
2017. Respondent did not immediately inform petitioner of the birth. She provided the information
necessary for the issuance of a birth certificate, and she gave the child her maiden surname, which
she had retained after marrying petitioner. Petitioner filed a petition to change the child’s surname
in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County within a few months after the child’s birth, and the court
conducted a hearing. The circuit court denied the petition to change the surname by order entered
on March 13, 2018.

        On appeal, petitioner asserts three assignments of error, which we summarize as follows:
(1) the circuit court denied petitioner “his recognized and protected surnaming interests and
rights;” (2) the circuit court erred in finding that petitioner presented no evidence that the changing
of the child’s surname was not in the best interest of the child; and (3) the circuit court erred in
ruling that respondent “had established the best interest of the child bearing [her] surname.” Our
review proceeds according to the established framework:

               “In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions of the circuit court,

       1
        Petitioner’s brief was filed by his former counsel, Tim C. Carrico. Mr. Carrico
subsequently withdrew his representation.
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        we apply a two-prong deferential standard of review. We review the final order and
        the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the
        circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard.
        Questions of law are subject to a de novo review.” Syl. Pt. 2, Walker v. West
        Virginia Ethics Comm’n, 201 W.Va. 108, 492 S.E.2d 167 (1997).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Jenna A.J., 231 W. Va. 159, 744 S.E.2d 269 (2013).

        Petitioner’s three assignments of error are addressed in two steps. First, we consider
whether petitioner is correct that, pursuant to In re Harris, 160 W.Va. 422, 427, 236 S.E.2d 426,
429 (1977), a father has a “protectable interest in his children bearing his surname,” as stated in
petitioner’s first assignment of error. Second, we will consider whether evidence presented at the
evidentiary hearing shows that a surname change is in the child’s best interest, as petitioner
intimates in his second and third assignments of error.

       The principle on which petitioner relies has been recently reiterated by this Court. We
continue to hold to this premise from Harris, which recognizes longstanding convention:

                “Children bear the surnames of their fathers by custom and usage in this
        society, and where a father who has exercised his parental rights and discharged his
        parental responsibilities is dead, or a living father exercises his parental rights and
        discharges his parental responsibilities, the name of a minor child cannot be
        changed from that of the father unless upon proper notice and by clear, cogent and
        convincing evidence it is shown that such change will significantly advance the
        best interests of the child.” Syl. Pt. 3, In re Harris, 160 W.Va. 422, 236 S.E.2d 426
        (1977).

Syl. Pt. 2, In re Jenna A.J., 231 W. Va. 159, 744 S.E.2d 269, 270 (2013). That tenet is tempered,
however, with the recognition that “[t]his Court has never adopted a different evidentiary standard
based upon the nature of the name change sought.” Id. at 163, 744 S.E.2d at 273. “Any name
change involving a minor child may be made only upon clear, cogent, and convincing evidence
that the change would significantly advance the best interests of the child.” Syl. Pt. 3, Lufft v. Lufft,
188 W.Va. 339, 424 S.E.2d 266 (1992).” Syl. Pt. 4, In re Jenna A.J. (emphasis supplied). Thus,
though Harris establishes the standard necessary to change the surname from that of the father, it
does not establish a patronymic preference trumping the standard necessary to change the surname
from that of the mother. In fact, we clarified that, “[a]lthough the Harris case was weighted toward
the child retaining the father’s surname, we believe [the standard a petitioner must meet to effect
the name change] is equally applicable to any name change, including one changing a child’s last
name from the mother’s maiden name to the father's surname.” Lufft, 188 W. Va. at 342, 424
S.E.2d at 269. The circuit court thus correctly explained that that there is no legal preference that
a child be given either parent’s surname, “but rather a focus on whether any name change would
significantly advance the child’s best interests.” We find no merit in petitioner’s first assignment
of error.

        As explained above, the focus of our review of petitioner’s second and third assignments
of error is whether petitioner produced “clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that the change

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would significantly advance the best interests of the child” (see Syl. Pt. 3, in part, Lufft; see also
Syl. Pt. 4, in part, In re Jenna A.J.) or whether, as petitioner asserts, respondent failed to do so.2
Petitioner argues that he presented the circuit court with evidence that the child has two siblings,
who are petitioner’s children and bear his name, and that these siblings “are already questioning
why their [sibling] has a different surname from their own.” He also offered the circuit court
evidence that he financially supports the child and is involved in the child’s life. This evidence, he
argues, together with evidence of a proud history of petitioner’s surname and a convention of
patronymics in both his and respondent’s family histories, establishes that it is in the child’s best
interest to bear his surname. These factors—considered in our current society where blended
families are plentiful, parents equally contribute to the care and support of children, and
matriarchal heritage is no less celebrated than that of our fathers—are insufficient to establish that
the requested name change is in the best interest of the parties’ child. We thus find no error in the
circuit court’s consideration of the evidence presented.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

                                                                                           Affirmed.


ISSUED: May 20, 2019

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Evan H. Jenkins

DISSENTING:

Justice Tim Armstead
Justice John A. Hutchison




       2
          Petitioner’s third assignment of error assails respondent’s failure to offer evidence to
resist his petition. Petitioner is the name-change proponent and he, thus, is the party required to
make the appropriate evidentiary showing.
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