No. 52	            December 10, 2015	375

          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE
                STATE OF OREGON

                      Everice MORO;
            Terri Domenigoni; Charles Custer;
      John Hawkins; Michael Arken; Eugene Ditter;
        John O’Kief; Michael Smith; Lane Johnson;
              Greg Clouser; Brandon Silence;
               Alison Vickery; and Jin Voek,
                        Petitioners,
                             v.
                   STATE OF OREGON;
             State of Oregon, by and through
              the Department of Corrections;
       Linn County; City of Portland; City of Salem;
 Tualatin Valley Fire & Rescue; Estacada School District;
   Oregon City School District; Ontario School District;
  Beaverton School District; West Linn School District;
                 Bend School District; and
           Public Employees Retirement Board,
                       Respondents,
                            and
             LEAGUE OF OREGON CITIES;
            Oregon School Boards Association;
           and Association of Oregon Counties,
                        Intervenors,
                            and
     CENTRAL OREGON IRRIGATION DISTRICT,
                     Intervenor below.
                    (S061452 (Control))
               Wayne Stanley JONES,
                     Petitioner,
                          v.
     PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT BOARD;
         Ellen Rosenblum, Attorney General;
             and Kate Brown, Governor,
                    Respondents.
                     (S061431)
376	                               Moro v. State of Oregon

                Michael D. REYNOLDS,
                      Petitioner,
                           v.
       PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT BOARD,
                 State of Oregon; and
                Kate Brown, Governor,
                   State of Oregon,
                     Respondents.
                      (S061454)
                    George A. RIEMER,
                          Petitioner,
                               v.
                   STATE OF OREGON;
                Oregon Governor Kate Brown;
          Oregon Attorney General Ellen Rosenblum;
         Oregon Public Employees Retirement Board;
       and Oregon Public Employees Retirement System,
                        Respondents.
                          (S061475)
                     George A. RIEMER,
                         Petitioner,
                              v.
                    STATE OF OREGON,
               Oregon Governor Kate Brown,
          Oregon Attorney General Ellen Rosenblum,
             Public Employees Retirement Board,
          and Public Employees Retirement System,
                        Respondents.
                         (S061860)

  On petitions for attorney fees and costs filed May 15,
June 9, and June 11, 2015; considered and under advise-
ment on August 18, 2015.
  Gregory A. Hartman, Bennett, Hartman, Morris &
Kaplan, LLP, Portland, filed the petition for petitioners
Everice Moro, Terri Domenigoni, Charles Custer, John
Hawkins, Michael Arken, Eugene Ditter, John O’Kief,
Michael Smith, Lane Johnson, Greg Clouser, Brandon
Cite as 358 Or 375 (2015)	377

Silence, Alison Vickery, and Jin Voek. With him on the peti-
tion was Aruna A. Masih.
   George A. Reimer, Sun City West, Arizona, filed the peti-
tion on behalf of himself.
   Michael D. Reynolds, Seattle, Washington, filed the peti-
tion on behalf of himself.
   Wayne Stanley Jones, North Salt Lake, Utah, filed the
petition on behalf of himself.
    Keith L. Kutler, Assistant Attorney General, Salem,
filed the response to the petitions on behalf of the State of
Oregon. With him on the response were Ellen F. Rosenblum,
Attorney General, Anna M. Joyce, Solicitor General, and
Matthew J. Merritt, Assistant Attorney General.
   William F. Gary, Harrang Long Gary Rudnick P.C.,
Eugene, filed the response to the petitions on behalf of
respondents Linn County, Estacada School District, Oregon
City School District, Ontario School District, West Linn
School District, Beaverton School District, and Bend School
District and intervenors Oregon School Board Association
and Association of Oregon Counties.
  Robert F. Blackmore, Innova Legal Advisors PC, Lake
Oswego, filed the response to the petitions on behalf of
Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue. With him on the response
was Heidi W. Mason.
   Before Balmer, Chief Justice, Kistler, Walters, Linder,
Brewer, and Baldwin, Justices, and Haselton, Justice pro
tempore.*
   BALMER, C. J.
   Petitions referred to special master.




______________
	 * Landau, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this
matter.
378	                                             Moro v. State of Oregon

    Case Summary: Moro v. State of Oregon, 357 Or 167, 351 P3d 1 (2015) affirmed
in part and denied in part challenges brought by petitioners to legislative amend-
ments aimed at reducing the costs of the Public Employee Retirement System
(PERS). Claimants, who are pro se petitioners and attorneys representing other
petitioners, seek their fees and costs for their efforts achieving that result.
   The petitions for fees and costs are referred to a special master for recom-
mended findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Cite as 358 Or 375 (2015)	379

	       BALMER, C. J.
	        This matter is before us on petitions for awards of
attorney fees and costs. For the reasons that follow, we refer
the petitions to Judge Stephen Bushong, sitting as a special
master, for recommended findings of fact and conclusions of
law.
	In Moro v. State of Oregon, 357 Or 167, 351 P3d 1
(2015), this court considered challenges to legislative amend-
ments aimed at reducing the costs of the Public Employee
Retirement System (PERS). Those challenges were brought
by petitioners, who are active and retired members of PERS.
This court rejected petitioners’ challenge to the elimination
of income tax offset benefits for nonresident retirees but
agreed in part with petitioners’ claim that modifications
to the PERS cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) formula
impaired petitioners’ contractual rights and therefore vio-
lated the state Contract Clause, Article I, section 21, of the
Oregon Constitution. Although petitioners had argued that
the state could not change the COLA formula for any cur-
rent PERS member, we held that the COLA amendments
impaired the PERS contract only insofar as the amend-
ments applied retrospectively to benefits earned before the
effective dates of the amendments.
	        Claimants, who are pro se petitioners and attor-
neys representing the Moro petitioners, now seek their fees
and costs. “ ‘Generally, a party cannot recover attorney
fees unless there is a statute or a contract that authorizes
recovery of those fees.’ ” Montara Owners Assn. v. La Noue
Development, LLC, 357 Or 333, 360, 353 P3d 563 (2015)
(quoting Peace River Seed Co-Op v. Proseeds Marketing,
355 Or 44, 65, 322 P3d 531 (2014)). There is no statutory
or contractual authority for fees in this case. That general
rule, however, is subject to exceptions, including limited
circumstances where fees may be awarded based on equi-
table principles. We applied equitable principles to award
attorney fees and costs in an earlier action that success-
fully challenged amendments enacted in 2003 to the PERS
statutes. See Strunk v. PERB, 338 Or 145, 108 P3d 1058
(2005) (holding that certain PERS amendments impaired
contractual rights); Strunk v. PERB, 341 Or 175, 139 P3d
380	                                 Moro v. State of Oregon

956 (2006) (Strunk II) (recognizing right to receive fees and
costs); Strunk v. PERB, 343 Or 226, 169 P3d 1242 (2007)
(Strunk III) (awarding fees and costs).
	In Strunk II, the claimants first sought fees and
costs under Deras v. Myers, 272 Or 47, 535 P2d 541 (1975),
which allows courts to award fees to prevailing parties who
have “vindicated an important constitutional right applying
to all citizens” rather than “gain[ing] something peculiar to
themselves.” Lehman v. Bradbury, 334 Or 579, 583, 54 P3d
591 (2002); see also Swett v. Bradbury, 335 Or 378, 389, 67
P3d 391 (2003) (discussing the standards for awarding fees
under Deras). The court in Strunk II, however, declined to
award fees based on Deras. 341 Or at 181.
	         The claimants additionally sought fees and costs
based on the common-fund theory, under which “plaintiffs
whose legal efforts create, discover, increase or preserve
a fund of money to which others also have a claim[ ] may
recover the costs of their litigation, including their attor-
ney’s fees, from the created or preserved fund.” Id. at 181.
An award for those litigation costs is justified as restitution
to “ ‘recaptur[e] unjust enrichment’ ” that would otherwise
flow to the nonlitigant beneficiaries as a result of the judg-
ment. Id. at 181 (quotation omitted); see also Restatement
(Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 29 (2011)
(discussing common-fund recoveries at length). This court
in Strunk II and Strunk III held that the claimants were
entitled to attorney fees and costs under the common-fund
theory. Strunk II, 341 Or at 185 (holding that the petition-
ers could recover attorney fees); Strunk III, 343 Or at 247
(awarding costs).
	        In this case, claimants seek in the aggregate
approximately $2.3 million in fees and $66,000 in costs. To
justify that award, they argue that their litigation efforts
preserved over $4 billion for PERS members and designated
beneficiaries. The grounds that claimants assert for their
fees and costs are not always the same. As to fees, petitioner
Reynolds and the attorneys representing the Moro peti-
tioners rely on only the common-fund theory, but petitioner
Riemer seeks fees under both Deras and the common-fund
theory. As to costs, the attorneys representing the Moro
Cite as 358 Or 375 (2015)	381

petitioners rely only on the common-fund theory, petitioner
Jones (who is not seeking fees) and petitioner Reynolds rely
only on ORAP 13.05 (governing costs and disbursements for
prevailing parties in appellate courts), and petitioner Riemer
relies on both. Respondents, who are governmental entities
involved or interested in the administration of PERS but do
not represent the nonparty PERS members and designated
beneficiaries directly, object to claimants’ requests for fees
and costs.
	        Claimants’ requests and respondents’ objections
raise numerous factual and legal disputes, which we do not
resolve now. Instead, we refer the petitions to Judge Stephen
Bushong, sitting as a special master, with instructions to
recommend to this court a reasonable award of fees and
costs. The special master should conduct such proceedings
as he deems appropriate and make recommended findings
of fact and conclusions of law necessary to resolve the fac-
tual and legal disputes fairly raised by the parties’ filings to
this court or otherwise necessary to determine an award of
reasonable fees and costs.
	        Although the special master has broad discretion
over its proceedings and recommendations, and without
prejudice to the parties’ ability to raise other issues before
the special master, we highlight two disputes relating to the
scope of our decision in Strunk III. First, respondents con-
tend that claimants should not be awarded fees and costs
for duplicated efforts on successful claims or efforts directed
at unsuccessful claims. In Strunk III, the record created by
the parties before the special master did not allow this court
to determine the extent to which those attorneys had dupli-
cated their efforts or directed their efforts toward unsuc-
cessful claims. 343 Or at 239-40. As a result, this court did
not decide whether those factors should affect a reasonable
award of fees and costs. Without deciding that issue here,
we instruct the special master to make findings of fact, if
possible, on the extent to which the attorneys duplicated
their efforts or directed their efforts toward unsuccessful
claims.
	       Second, the parties dispute the size of any pre-
served fund and the manner in which the award of fees
382	                                             Moro v. State of Oregon

and costs should be allocated among the beneficiaries of
the litigation.1 In Strunk III, the parties stipulated to those
issues. Id. at 233. Although this court accepted those stip-
ulations, id. at 247, it did so without the benefit of opposing
arguments and without a developed factual record. For that
reason, the special master should rely on the court’s con-
clusions in Strunk III accepting those stipulations only to
the extent that those conclusions are otherwise supported
by the factual record in this case—including any consider-
ation of administrative burdens for allocating the fees and
costs—and the law justifying an award.
	        Within 14 days of the filing of the special master’s
recommendations with this court, any party may file briefs
supporting or objecting to those recommendations, including
citations to relevant authorities and portions of the record.
This court thereafter shall proceed to award reasonable
attorney fees and costs.
	          Petitions referred to special master.




	1
      They also dispute whether, and the extent to which, the size of any pre-
served fund justifies applying a multiplier to the hourly rates that claimants have
used to calculate their requested awards—that is, the parties dispute whether
the reasonable value of the claimants’ services depends on the size of the pre-
served fund.
