                                                                  FILED
                                                              JANUARY 9, 2018
                                                         In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                        WA State Court of Appeals, Division III




            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

SVETLANA KOREN as parent and                  )         No. 34723-1-III
Guardian of ERIC KOREN,                       )
                                              )
                     Petitioner,              )
                                              )
       v.                                     )
                                              )         PUBLISHED OPINION
STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY                  )
COMPANY, a foreign entity authorized to       )
perform the business of insurance in          )
Washington,                                   )
                                              )
                     Respondent.              )

       PENNELL, J. — Under the personal injury protection (PIP) provisions of State

Farm’s insurance policy, and Washington’s motor vehicle and insurance statutes, a

standard capacity school bus does not qualify as an “automobile.” This is because an

“automobile” is defined as a motor vehicle designed to carry 10 passengers or less 1 and

school buses can carry many more than 10 people.

       Despite the limited definition of an “automobile,” we are asked whether a collision

between school buses qualifies as an “automobile accident” because the term “automobile


       1
         Some vehicles designed to carry 10 passengers or less are excluded from the
definition of “automobile,” but those exclusions are not relevant to the issues on appeal.
No. 34723-1-III
Koren v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.


accident” has a special meaning, extending to all motor vehicle collisions, regardless of

vehicle type. Our answer is no. The meaning of “automobile accident” is informed by

the definitions applicable to the term’s component words. “Automobile accident” is a

two-word phrase wherein the first word modifies the second. As such, a collision can

qualify as an “automobile accident” only if it involves a vehicle meeting the definition of

an “automobile.”

       The superior court properly construed the term “automobile accident” in granting

summary judgment to State Farm. The order on appeal is therefore affirmed.

                                         FACTS

       Svetlana Koren’s minor son Eric was injured as a result of a collision involving

two school buses. Mrs. Koren filed a claim for PIP benefits on behalf of Eric with her

insurer, State Farm.

       The PIP portion of the insurance policy between Mrs. Koren and State Farm

provides benefits “for bodily injury sustained by [the] insured and caused by an

automobile accident.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 59. 2 Those PIP provisions further define

an “automobile,” in pertinent part, as a “motor vehicle registered or designed for carrying



       2
         Eric qualified as an insured under his mother’s policy by virtue of being a
resident relative.

                                             2
No. 34723-1-III
Koren v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.


ten passengers or less . . . .” Id. at 58. The terms “accident” and “automobile accident”

are not defined in the policy.

       State Farm denied Mrs. Koren’s coverage claim. According to State Farm, Eric’s

injuries were not sustained during an “automobile accident” as contemplated by Mrs.

Koren’s policy. Specifically, because each of the two buses involved were designed to

carry more than 10 passengers, neither vehicle met the policy definition of an

“automobile.”

       Mrs. Koren filed suit against State Farm on behalf of Eric in Spokane County

Superior Court, and the parties filed cross motions for summary judgment on issues

related to insurance coverage. The superior court sided with State Farm. The court

reasoned the focus in this case was not the definition of “automobile accident,” rather it

was whether the school buses involved in the accident met the definition of “automobile.”

It found the policy’s definition of “automobile” was not ambiguous and the buses did not

qualify as automobiles. The superior court also found the definition of “automobile”

under the insurance policy tracked with the language of RCW 48.22.005(1) and

RCW 46.04.382; thus, it did not contravene public policy. Since the court found the

school bus collision here did not qualify as an insurable event, it did not reach State

Farm’s other coverage arguments for summary judgment.


                                              3
No. 34723-1-III
Koren v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.


       Mrs. Koren sought, and we granted, discretionary review of the superior court’s

summary judgment order. 3

                                         ANALYSIS

       Summary judgment orders are reviewed de novo. Lyons v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n,

181 Wn.2d 775, 783, 336 P.3d 1142 (2014). Where the facts in a motor vehicle insurance

case are not disputed, “coverage depends solely on the language of the insurance policy,”

and the interpretation of such language is a question of law reviewed de novo. Roller v.

Stonewall Ins. Co., 115 Wn.2d 679, 682, 801 P.2d 207 (1990), overruled on other

grounds by Butzberger v. Foster, 151 Wn.2d 396, 89 P.3d 689 (2004). “In construing the

language of an insurance policy, the policy should be given a fair, reasonable, and

sensible construction as would be given to the contract by the average person purchasing

insurance.” Roller, 115 Wn.2d at 682. Courts may not create an ambiguity where the

policy language is “clear and unambiguous,” and not fairly susceptible to different

reasonable interpretations. Kitsap County v. Allstate Ins. Co., 136 Wn.2d 567, 576, 964

P.2d 1173 (1998).

       Mrs. Koren challenges the superior court’s summary judgment order favoring State

Farm, arguing the plain terms of her policy do not resolve the question of whether a


       3
           Extra-contractual claims remain for decision in superior court.

                                               4
No. 34723-1-III
Koren v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.


school bus collision constitutes an “automobile accident.” As noted by Mrs. Koren, the

State Farm policy defines the term “automobile,” but not “automobile accident.”

According to Mrs. Koren, “automobile accident” is a term of art that has a special

meaning and extends coverage to all motor vehicle collisions. Mrs. Koren relies on

Farmers Insurance Company of Washington v. Grelis, 43 Wn. App. 475, 718 P.2d 812

(1986) and Tyrrell v. Farmers Insurance Company of Washington, 140 Wn.2d 129,

994 P.2d 833 (2000) for this assertion.

       In Grelis, the insured was physically assaulted while sitting in his van. He filed a

claim for PIP benefits. Farmers denied coverage, claiming Mr. Grelis had not been

involved in an “automobile accident.” There was no dispute that, under the plain terms of

the PIP policy, Mr. Grelis’s van constituted an “automobile” and his injuries were

sustained as a result of an “accident.” Nevertheless, Farmers argued the term

“automobile accident,” undefined by the insurance policy, did not cover Mr. Grelis’s

circumstances.

       The Grelis court sided with Farmers. Grelis recognized an “automobile accident”

is a specific kind of accident. This is because the word “automobile” modifies the word

“accident.” 43 Wn. App. at 478. Although undefined by the policy between Mr. Grelis

and Farmers, Grelis held the term “automobile accident” did not encompass an accident


                                             5
No. 34723-1-III
Koren v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.


whose only connection with an automobile was location. Instead, an accident must

somehow be causally related to the operation of an automobile. Grelis cited with

approval a decision out of New York that defined a “motor vehicle accident” as an

accident involving “one or more vehicles in a forceful contact with another vehicle or a

person, causing physical injury.” Grelis, 43 Wn. App. at 478 (quoting Manhattan &

Bronx Surface Transit Operating Auth. v. Gholson, 98 Misc. 2d 657, 658-59, 414

N.Y.S.2d 489, aff’d, 79 A.D.2d 1004, 420 N.Y.S.2d 298 (1979)).

      The Washington Supreme Court expanded on Grelis’s analysis in Tyrrell. Mr.

Tyrrell was injured while stepping down from his truck. Farmers denied PIP coverage

under a “motor vehicle accident” policy. The policy defined the terms “motor vehicle”

and “accident,” but not “motor vehicle accident.” Relying on Grelis, Farmers argued the

term “motor vehicle” modified the word “accident” in a way that excluded Mr. Tyrrell’s

accident from coverage. The Supreme Court agreed. The court cited Grelis with

approval and held that the sensible and popular understanding of what is meant by a

“motor vehicle accident” necessarily involves a motor vehicle being operated as a motor

vehicle. Tyrrell, 140 Wn.2d at 137.

      Contrary to Mrs. Koren’s claims, Grelis and Tyrrell do not support coverage in this

case. Neither Grelis nor Tyrrell held the terms “automobile accident” or “motor vehicle


                                            6
No. 34723-1-III
Koren v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.


accident” should be construed in a manner contrary to their policy definitions. Both

Grelis and Tyrrell focused on the word accident and discussed what it meant for the terms

“automobile” and “motor vehicle” to modify the word accident. Both decisions held the

modifiers used by the insurance policy limited the scope of an accident that could form

the basis for recovery.

       Consistent with Grelis and Tyrrell, the modifier “automobile” attached to the word

“accident” in State Farm’s policy compels us to conclude that Eric’s injuries do not

qualify for PIP coverage. It is not enough that Eric’s injuries were sustained in an

accident. For PIP coverage to apply, Eric’s injuries must have been sustained in an

accident that was causally connected to an automobile. Under the plain terms of the

policy, they were not. Eric’s injuries may have been the result of a “motor vehicle

accident,” but the PIP coverage in Mrs. Koren’s policy was limited to an “automobile

accident.” Because neither vehicle in this accident was an “automobile,” Eric’s injuries

cannot be considered to have been sustained in an “automobile accident.”

       Excluding Eric’s school bus accident from PIP coverage does not violate public

policy. Consistent with State Farm’s insurance policy, Washington law only

contemplates PIP coverage for “automobiles.” See RCW 48.22.085-100. Like State

Farm, Washington defines an “automobile” as a passenger car designed for carrying


                                             7
No. 34723-1-III
Koren v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.


10 passengers or less. RCW 48.22.005(1); RCW 46.04.382. By its plain terms,

Washington law does not require insurance companies to offer PIP coverage for large

capacity vehicles, such as the school buses involved in this case.

          To the extent Mrs. Koren believes the public would be better served by requiring

insurers to offer PIP coverage for all motor vehicle accidents, not just those involving an

"automobile," her concerns must be raised with the legislature. Our court can offer no

relief.

                                         CONCLUSION

          The superior court's summary judgment order is affirmed. Mrs. Koren's request

for attorney fees is denied. This matter is remanded to the superior court for further

proceedings.



                                            Pennell, J.
WE CONCUR:



                                               :J-;'t;Lµ LU
                                               doway,J.           ~ fF  ,
                                     j




                                               8
