               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                               No. 14–1799

                           Filed April 22, 2016


STATE OF IOWA,

      Appellee,

vs.

SOJI ITUNU OLUTUNDE,

      Appellant.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County,

Deborah Farmer Minot, District Associate Judge.



      Defendant charged with dependent adult abuse seeks reversal of

an order allowing the State to unseal information about a founded

complaint more than ten years old previously sealed under Iowa Code

section 235B.9.      DISTRICT COURT RULING REVERSED; CASE

REMANDED.



      Davis L. Foster, Iowa City, for appellant.



      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Linda J. Hines, Assistant

Attorney General, Janet M. Lyness, County Attorney, and Rachel

Zimmermann, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
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WATERMAN, Justice.

      This appeal presents questions of first impression concerning

access to records of dependent adult abuse sealed under Iowa Code

section 235B.9 (2013) and the use of such information in a criminal

prosecution.   The defendant, while employed at a home caring for

dependent adults, allegedly punched a disabled client and was charged

with dependent adult abuse in violation of section 235B.20(7). The State

and the defendant filed motions in limine as to the admissibility of

evidence of his prior violent acts or findings of dependent adult abuse.

The State also filed a motion to unseal founded dependent adult abuse

reports more than ten years old. The district court granted the State’s

motions to unseal the records and ruled the information potentially could

be used at trial to impeach the defendant or his character witnesses. We

granted the defendant’s application for discretionary review.

      For the reasons explained below, we hold the district court erred

by unsealing the record of a founded report of dependent adult abuse by

this defendant more than ten years earlier.      We decline to issue an

advisory opinion on the scope of permissible impeachment at trial. We

reverse the ruling of the district court that unsealed the records under

section 235B.9 and remand the case for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      On January 21, 2014, Soji Olutunde, age fifty-one, was working as

a caretaker for Systems Unlimited, a company that provides long-term

care for dependent adults at a group home in Iowa City.         Olutunde

walked into the kitchen and saw a disabled adult resident, who requires

twenty-four-hour supervision, washing a water pitcher in the sink. What

happened next is disputed.    Two other employees told police they saw
                                    3

Olutunde approach the victim, yell at him, and strike him in the groin

with a closed fist. The victim hunched over and asked Olutunde “why he

did that.”   Olutunde denied those allegations in his police interview.

According to Olutunde, the disabled client was about to drink soapy

water from the pitcher. Olutunde clapped his hands and shouted to stop

him but did not strike him. The alleged victim had no bruising or sign of

injury.

      On March 21, the State charged Olutunde with dependent adult

abuse in violation of Iowa Code section 235B.20(7).        During pretrial

discovery, Olutunde listed nine character witnesses. On September 19,

the State filed a motion in limine to “inform the Defendant and the Court

of its intention to introduce certain evidence for rebuttal or cross

examination purposes.” The State had learned through its investigation

that Olutunde had a previous founded report for dependent adult abuse.

The report was over ten years old and had been sealed pursuant to Iowa

Code section 235B.9. 1 The State alleged that the defendant had denied

being the subject of a prior investigation for dependent adult abuse on

his job application. Defense counsel argued Olutunde was unaware that

he had previously been under investigation.
      The State filed a motion to unseal records on October 24.        The

State argued the records could be opened to authorized access upon a

showing of good cause. The State argued that “[g]ood cause is shown

here in that the State would be prejudiced if access to such records is

not granted for a determination of their admissibility at trial.” Olutunde




      1The record does not show how the State determined there was a sealed

dependent adult abuse report about Olutunde.
                                    4

resisted, claiming that chapter 235B does not provide for opening sealed

dependent adult abuse records.

      The district court granted the State’s motion to unseal records on

October 27.   The district court emphasized that the State was seeking

the reports to use on cross-examination of the defendant and his

character witnesses. The district court explained,

      It would not be fair to the State to allow a defendant to
      claim, either directly or through witnesses, that he had never
      been involved in a [dependent] adult abuse investigation
      when, in fact, a founded report had been filed, simply
      because the report is now under seal. In that case, the
      existence of the report and its findings would be fair game
      for cross-examination.

The court ordered the Iowa Department of Inspections and Appeals to

unseal any founded dependent adult abuse reports regarding Olutunde

within seventy-two hours.      The court “specifically [found] that the

information contained in this report [was] necessary for the resolution of

an issue arising in a criminal case involving dependent adult abuse.”

      On October 30, the district court ruled on motions in limine. The

court conditionally granted the State’s motion in limine to allow the State

to use the existence of the report during cross-examination of Olutunde
or his character witnesses if relevant for impeachment. The court held

that if Olutunde or his witnesses opened the door, the contents of the

founded report could be admissible as an exhibit.

      Olutunde applied for discretionary review and requested a stay in

proceedings pursuant to Iowa Code section 814.6.              We granted

Olutunde’s application on October 31.

      II. Standard of Review.

      “We review rulings on questions of statutory interpretation for

correction of errors at law.” In re R.D., ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (Iowa 2016).
                                        5

“We review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.”

State v. Neiderbach, 837 N.W.2d 180, 190 (Iowa 2013).

      III. Analysis.

      We must decide whether the district court had the authority to

unseal dependent adult abuse registry records to allow the State to use

the information for cross-examining Olutunde or his character witnesses.

Olutunde argues the legislature has mandated that sealed dependent

adult abuse records must remain sealed:

      Dependent adult abuse information which is determined by
      a preponderance of the evidence to be founded, shall be
      sealed ten years after the receipt of the initial report of such
      abuse by the registry unless good cause is shown why the
      information should remain open to authorized access.

Iowa Code § 235B.9(1).        The State argues this provision “does not

prohibit the district court from ordering a founded dependent adult

abuse report unsealed.” It is undisputed that the prior founded abuse

report involving Olutunde was sealed and involved conduct reported ten

or more years prior. We conclude that Olutunde’s prior founded report

must remain sealed.

      A. Whether       the   District   Court   Could   Unseal   Olutunde’s

Dependent Adult Abuse Record. We begin with an overview of chapter

235B, which is entitled “Dependent Adult Abuse Services—Information

Registry.” Section 235B.5 creates a central registry for dependent adult

abuse information. Id. § 235B.5. The purposes of this central registry

      are to facilitate the identification of victims or potential
      victims of dependent adult abuse by making available a
      single, statewide source of dependent adult abuse data; to
      facilitate research on dependent adult abuse by making
      available a single, statewide source of dependent adult abuse
      data; and to provide maximum safeguards against the
      unwarranted invasions of privacy which such a registry
      might otherwise entail.
                                      6

Id. § 235B.4.     The legislature emphasized the importance of protecting

privacy, stating, “The general assembly . . . finds that vigorous protection

of rights of individual privacy is an indispensable element of a fair and

effective system of collecting, maintaining, and disseminating dependent

adult abuse information.” Id. § 235B.4.

      The legislature strictly circumscribes who may access the central

registry. Dependent adult abuse information is confidential and is only

open to authorized users.     Id. § 235B.6.   Iowa Code section 235B.6(2)

lists who has authorized access to founded dependent adult abuse

information. That list includes persons named in the report as victims or

alleged abusers and their representatives, persons who investigate

dependent adult abuse, licensed caregivers and administrators, registry

or department personnel, the department of inspections and appeals,

and the court. See id. § 235B.6(2).

      The statute also strictly limits the use of registry information. See

id. § 235B.8(1). Any dissemination must be memorialized in writing. Id.

§ 235B.8(1)(c).    An authorized user is subject to civil and criminal

penalties for wrongfully disseminating the registry information.         Id.

§ 235B.11 (providing a civil remedy and mandating a minimum award of

$500); id. § 235B.12 (providing criminal penalties).

      Founded dependent adult abuse information in the registry

generally must be sealed ten years after receipt of the initial report. Id.

§ 235B.9(1). Two circumstances extend the period that the information

may remain unsealed. First, a founded report will not be sealed after ten

years if “good cause is shown why the information should remain open to

authorized access.” Id. Second, subsequent reports within the ten-year

period may delay sealing the first report:
                                     7
      If a subsequent report of founded dependent adult abuse
      involving the adult named in the initial report as the victim
      of abuse or a person named in such report as having abused
      an adult is received by the registry within the ten-year
      period, the information shall be sealed ten years after the
      receipt of the subsequent report unless good cause is shown
      why the information should remain open to authorized
      access.

Id. Neither circumstance is presented in this case. The State concedes

Olutunde’s prior founded report was made over ten years ago and was

already sealed before he was charged in this pending case.

      Section 235B.9 does not provide for “expungement” of founded

reports of dependent adult abuse.        Other types of reports under this

Code section, however, are expunged after three or five years:

            2. a. Dependent adult abuse reports that are rejected
      for evaluation, assessment, or disposition for failure to meet
      the definition of dependent adult abuse shall be expunged
      three years from the rejection date.
            b. Dependent adult abuse information which is
      determined by a preponderance of the evidence to be
      unfounded shall be expunged five years from the date it is
      determined to be unfounded.

Id. § 235B.9(2).   The State contends that the legislative choice not to

expunge founded reports means those records may be unsealed for good

cause.   We disagree based on the plain meaning of the operative
statutory language.

      The State relies on the “good cause” provision of Iowa Code section

235B.9(1). That provision by its terms does not apply once records of a

founded report have been sealed.       See id. § 235B.9(1) (permitting the

records to “remain open to authorized access” for good cause). Without a

second report or showing of good cause within ten years of the initial

report, the sealing is automatic and mandatory.        Id. (stating founded

reports “shall be sealed ten years after the receipt of the initial report”);

see also id. § 4.1(30)(a) (“The word ‘shall’ imposes a duty.”). We decline
                                    8

to rewrite section 235B.9(1) to extend the good-cause exception to

records already sealed. See Nichols v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, ___,

136 S. Ct. 1113, 1118, ___ L. Ed. 2d ___, ___ (2016) (applying plain

meaning of federal sex offender registry statute and declining “the

Government’s invitation to add an extra clause”); In re Estate of Whalen,

827 N.W.2d 184, 194 (Iowa 2013) (“[W]e may not extend, enlarge, or

otherwise change the meaning of a statute under the guise of

construction.” (quoting In re Estate of Bockwoldt, 814 N.W.2d 215, 223

(Iowa 2012))).

      In other statutes, our legislature has expressly provided that

records under seal may be unsealed by court order. See, e.g., Iowa Code

§ 21.5(4) (providing process to determine whether the detailed minutes

and audio recording of a closed session should be unsealed by the court);

id. § 229A.15 (requiring certain court records to “be sealed and opened

only on order of the court”); id. § 901.4 (providing that presentence

investigation reports “shall be sealed and opened only on order of the

court”); Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.504(1)(a)(6) (providing that protective orders

may “be opened only by order of the court”); cf. Iowa Ct. R. 8.32(1)

(providing records for judicial waiver of parental notification of abortion

records “shall be kept sealed and opened only as necessary for the

conduct of proceedings for waiver of parental notification, an appeal of

the district court decision, or as ordered by a court”).     By contrast,

section 235B.9(1) lacks such a provision for unsealing reports of founded

complaints after such records have been sealed ten years after receipt. If

the legislature had intended to allow the court to unseal such records, it

presumably would have said so. It did not. We assume the omission of

such a provision was intentional.       See Oyens Feed & Supply, Inc. v.

Primebank, 808 N.W.2d 186, 194 (Iowa 2011) (concluding that selective
                                     9

placement of phrase in one subsection but not another meant the phrase

did not apply where it was omitted). The State fails to cite any decision

allowing an Iowa court to disclose information from records sealed under

a statute that lacks a provision expressly permitting such disclosure. Cf.

In re R.D., ___ N.W.2d at ___ (declining to hold that “good cause” permits

the court to disclose to an adoptee the identity of her biological parents

in sealed adoption records under Iowa Code section 600.16A(2)(d)).

      The State’s interpretation would undermine the privacy protections

mandated by the legislature.      We prefer an interpretation that “best

effectuate[s] the purpose of the statute.”    Christiansen v. Iowa Bd. of

Educ. Exam’rs, 831 N.W.2d 179, 189 (Iowa 2013) (quoting State v.

Walker, 804 N.W.2d 284, 290 (Iowa 2011)).          Our cases interpreting

record-sealing statutes have relied on the legislature’s stated purposes.

See In re R.D., ___ N.W.2d at ___; In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d

794, 800 (Iowa 2002). The legislature directed us to interpret chapter

235B “to provide maximum safeguards against the unwarranted

invasions of privacy.” Iowa Code § 235B.4. Our interpretation furthers

that purpose.

      The legislative history of chapter 235B reinforces our conclusion

that the legislature did not intend the district court open sealed records

regarding founded dependent adult abuse. See Iowa Individual Health

Benefit Reins. Ass’n v. State Univ. of Iowa, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (Iowa

2016) (considering legislative history in statutory construction).      The

dependent adult abuse registry was originally a subsection of the child

abuse registry.   See Iowa Code § 235B.1(4)(a) (1985) (“The department

shall . . . expand[] the central registry for child abuse to include reports

of dependent adult abuse.”).      The legislature used the child abuse

registry as a model when it created a separate registry for dependent
                                    10

adult abuse.     S.F. 455, 74th G.A., 1st Sess., Background Statement

(Iowa 1991) (“Child abuse legislation was used as a model for dependent

adult abuse legislation and the central registry for child abuse was

expanded to include dependent adult abuse reports.”). The organization

of the two registries remains parallel.   Compare Iowa Code § 235A.14

(2013) (creating the child abuse registry), with id. § 235B.5 (creating the

dependent adult abuse registry). The child abuse registry’s provisions for

sealing founded child abuse reports are nearly identical to the provisions

in the dependent adult abuse registry statute for sealing founded reports.

Compare id. § 235A.18(1)(a) (sealing child abuse registry report and

disposition data), with id. § 235B.9(1) (sealing founded dependent adult

abuse information).

      Like dependent adult abuse information, the child abuse report

and disposition data are “sealed ten years after the initial placement of

the data in the registry unless good cause be shown why the data should

remain open to authorized access.” Id. § 235A.18(1)(a). That time period

is extended if there is a subsequent report within the ten-year period. Id.

However, the child abuse registry expressly allows the department of

justice to access report and disposition data “for purposes of review by

the prosecutor’s review committee or commitment of sexually violent

predators under chapter 229A.” Id. There is no similar provision in the

dependent adult abuse registry.     Again, we assume that omission is

intentional.     That omission confirms that prosecutors shall not be

permitted access to sealed dependent adult abuse information. See State

v. Walden, 870 N.W.2d 842, 846 (Iowa 2015) (“Legislative ‘[i]ntent may be

expressed by the omission, as well as the inclusion, of statutory terms.’ ”

(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Beach, 630 N.W.2d 598, 600

(Iowa 2001))).
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      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s ruling

unsealing Olutunde’s founded dependent adult abuse report.

      B. Whether the State May Use the Contents of the Sealed

Report for Impeachment.      The State argues in the alternative that it

may use information from the sealed record to impeach Olutunde or his

character witnesses if any of them testify he never previously abused a

dependent adult. See, e.g., State v. Parker, 747 N.W.2d 196, 207 (Iowa

2008) (“Once Parker testified he had never been charged with burglary,

the State was permitted to impeach Parker’s assertion by asking him

about his prior charge for burglary.”).     In Parker, we observed that

impeachment is governed by the rules of evidence.      Id. (“The rules of

evidence open the door for the State to expose false statements and

claims, but only as far as specifically provided by the rules.”). Whether

information contained in records sealed under Iowa Code section

235B.9(1) may be used for impeachment is a question of first impression.

We decline to decide this evidentiary issue on this record because we can

only speculate whether it will arise on remand. See State v. Derby, 800

N.W.2d 52, 59–60 (Iowa 2011) (holding defendant must testify at trial in

order to preserve challenge to pretrial ruling allowing impeachment

evidence).

      IV. Conclusion.

      For the above reasons, we reverse the district court’s ruling

granting the State’s motion to unseal Olutunde’s record of a prior

founded report of dependent adult abuse that had been sealed under

Iowa Code section 235B.9(1).       We remand this case for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      DISTRICT COURT RULING REVERSED; CASE REMANDED.
