                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 14-3326
                                     _____________

                                   NIHAL MENEKSE,
                                             Appellant

                                             v.

                  HARRAH’S CHESTER CASINO & RACETRACK
                              ______________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                  (D.C. 2-12-cv-04912)
                      District Judge: Honorable L. Felipe Restrepo
                                    ______________

              Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) March 21, 2016
                          ____________________________

      Before: GREENAWAY, JR., VANASKIE, and SHWARTZ, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion Filed: May 5, 2016)

                                     _____________

                                       OPINION*
                                     _____________

GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge:


       *
       This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
       Appellant Nihal Menekse appeals the District Court’s grant of summary judgment

against her on her claims against Harrah’s Chester Casino & Racetrack (“Appellee”) for

unlawful retaliation related to her Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) leave, and

for unlawful retaliation for what Menekse alleged was protected activity under Title VII

of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. We agree with the District

Court’s conclusions that Menekse cannot make out a prima facie case of retaliation under

Title VII and that Menekse did not put forth sufficient evidence to demonstrate pretext on

her FMLA retaliation claim. We will affirm.

                                     I. Background

       Menekse, who began working for Harrah’s in 2007 as a beverage server,

complains of harassment that began in 2008. Menekse claims that upon discovering her

national origin and religion (Menekse is Turkish and Muslim), her supervisor, John

Truitt, began making harassing comments to her, imposing unfair discipline, and refusing

to give her seniority privileges. Menekse also claims that, on several occasions, Truitt

refused to give her requested leave, as is required under the FMLA. Based on this

treatment, Menekse claims that she complained to management.

       Menekse further claims that she was harassed by two of her co-workers because of

her national origin and religion. First, in March or April of 2011, a Harrah’s casino

dealer asked Menekse what her nationality was. Menekse answered the question and

claims that the dealer replied: “Are you a terrorist? [] Do you have a bomb?” J.A. 402.

Menekse also complains of an incident around the same time in which another casino
                                             2
dealer, upon learning she was from Turkey, said to her: “Are you a Turkey—are you

gobble, gobble, are you going to be cooked for Thanksgiving?” J.A. 415.

      Menekse claims that she complained to a supervisor about both instances of

alleged harassment. At her deposition, Menekse stated that she told a Human Resources

representative about the terrorist comment. Menekse also indicated that a supervisor

initially reported the terrorist comment to management. As for the second incident,

Menekse stated that she complained to her union representative, but did not complain to

anyone in Harrah’s management.

      From March 2011 onward, Menekse had several disciplinary problems. In March

2011, she was disciplined for serving a guest more than three alcoholic beverages without

notifying a supervisor, in violation of Harrah’s policy. In March 2011, Menekse applied

for additional FMLA time, and believing the request had been approved, took the days

off in April 2011.1 Since Menekse was not actually approved for the leave, she was

disciplined for missing days of work. In June 2011, Menekse received a negative

performance evaluation. Finally, in July 2011, she was disciplined for being outside of

her work area for more than fifteen minutes.

      On July 5, 2011, Menekse was involved in an incident that led to her termination.

On that day, another server attempted to serve patrons in Menekse’s assigned area. In



      1
        Appellee asserts that management replied to Menekse’s request and directed her
to submit additional information. When management received no follow-up from
Menekse, it denied her request. Menekse claims that she does not recall receiving this
                                               3
response, Menekse claims that she told the server: “stay the fuck out of my section.”2

J.A. 678. Menekse was suspended soon thereafter, and was terminated on July 6, 2011.

Harrah’s maintains that it believed the statement was a threat, and terminated Menekse on

that basis.

       Menekse then filed suit in August 2012, alleging that Harrah’s unlawfully

retaliated against her for complaining about harassment in violation of Title VII, and

unlawfully retaliated against her for taking FMLA leave. The District Court granted

summary judgment for Harrah’s on both counts. With regard to Menekse’s Title VII

claim, the Court concluded that Menekse put forth insufficient evidence to establish a

prima facie case. The Court also concluded that Menekse’s FMLA claim failed because

there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate pretext. Menekse now appeals.

                                      II. Analysis3

       We exercise plenary review of the District Court’s order for summary judgment.

Budhun v. Reading Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 765 F.3d 245, 251 (3d Cir. 2014). “In conducting

our review, we view the record in the light most favorable to the party opposing the

motion and draw all reasonable inferences in his favor.” Baldassare v. New Jersey, 250



communication and that she was not aware that her application was missing any
information.
        2
          A Harrah’s report completed on the day of the incident states that Menekse said:
“She better stay out of my section or I will fuck her up, I mean it!!!!” J.A. 798.
Menekse denies using those precise words.
        3
          The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343. We have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                             4
F.3d 188, 192 n.1 (3d Cir. 2001).

A. Retaliation for Complaint

       To establish a prima facie case for Title VII retaliation, a plaintiff must show: (1)

that she engaged in a protected activity, which can include “informal protests of

discriminatory employment practices” such as making complaints to management; (2)

adverse action taken “by the employer either after or contemporaneous with the

employee’s protected activity;” and (3) a causal connection between the protected

activity and the adverse action. See Daniels v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 776 F.3d 181, 193 (3d

Cir. 2015).

       The District Court correctly concluded that Menekse could not demonstrate a

causal link between her complaints and termination. The time period between Menekse’s

most recent complaint (March or April 2011) and her termination (July 2011) does not,

on its own, raise an inference of causation. See Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206

F.3d 271, 280 (3d Cir. 2000). Further, Menekse presented little to show that the evidence

as a whole raises an inference of causation. As the District Court noted, Menekse did not

“depose any decisionmakers or witnesses or provide documents that adequately support

her claim.” J.A. 11.

       Menekse argues that the District Court failed to consider evidence showing that

between 2010 and 2011 she received no disciplinary action, but then after complaining in

March 2011 she was repeatedly the subject of discipline. Menekse contends that the

uptick in disciplinary action after her complaint, when contrasted with her previous good
                                             5
conduct is sufficient to raise an inference of causation. However, the record

demonstrates that Menekse received discipline from 2007 (the year she started at

Harrah’s) to and throughout 2009. While the record suggests that Menekse was not

formally disciplined4 in 2010 and for some months in 2011, such evidence alone,

especially in the context of Menekse’s complete disciplinary record, is insufficient to

establish a causal relationship.5 Thus, the District Court properly found that Menekse

failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII.

B. Retaliation for Taking FMLA Leave

       Menekse also argues that she was retaliated against for attempting to assert her

FMLA rights and for making a complaint about an FMLA violation. To make a prima

facie case of FMLA retaliation under 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(2), the plaintiff must establish

that: (1) she was protected under the FMLA; (2) she suffered an adverse employment

action; and (3) the adverse action was causally related to the exercise of her FMLA

rights. See Erdman v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 582 F.3d 500, 508 (3d Cir. 2009).

       If the plaintiff succeeds in her prima facie case, the defendant must articulate a


       4
          Harrah’s filed a “Slot Incident Report” in September of 2010, describing an
incident in which Menekse addressed casino patrons in a “poorly matter,” J.A. 717,
however it is unclear whether formal discipline was taken against Menekse in relation to
this incident.
        5
          Menekse attempts to explain her pre-2010 disciplinary record by pointing to the
alleged discriminatory animus of supervisor John Truitt. Menekse essentially argues that,
absent Truitt’s discrimination, she would have a clean record, and therefore the discipline
she received in 2011 is more suspect. However, Menekse puts forth no competent
evidence to show or suggest that Truitt had knowledge of her religion or her national
origin. Thus, these alleged facts do not assist in demonstrating causation.
                                               6
legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. See Ross v.

Gilhuly, 755 F.3d 185, 193 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing Keller v. Orix Credit Alliance, Inc., 130

F.3d 1101, 1108 (3d Cir. 1997). “The burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to prove, by

a preponderance of the evidence, that the articulated reason was [] pretext for

discrimination.” Id.

       We agree with the District Court that, even if she can establish a prime facie case,

Menekse failed to demonstrate pretext on her FMLA claim. Menekse was terminated one

week after her most recent request for FMLA leave on June 30, 2011. The District Court

was correct to conclude that “the one-week gap . . . is sufficiently small that it creates a

triable issue as to whether her request for FMLA leave was the cause of her termination.”

J.A. 13. Menekse could not, however, establish pretext as she did not show that

Harrah’s proffered reasons for her termination were so weak so as to be disbelieved. See

Sarullo v. U.S. Postal Serv., 352 F.3d 789, 800 (3d Cir. 2003). On this point, the District

Court noted that Menekse presented no evidence.

       On appeal, Menekse argues that the following evidence can establish pretext:

first, the fact that her statement was not actually a threat; second, the temporal proximity

between her request and her termination; and third, Harrah’s previous denials of her

FMLA requests. None of this evidence can establish pretext. The record evidence

indicates that Harrah’s reasonably believed Menekse’s statement was a threat. While

Menekse might have a different view as to how her statement was interpreted, this

disagreement does not establish pretext. Id. (stating that an employee’s “personal view of
                                              7
his employer’s explanation . . . falls far short of establishing pretext”). Menekse fares no

better on her arguments regarding temporal proximity and Harrah’s denials of her FMLA

requests. Without more, such evidence cannot raise an inference of pretext, given

Menekse’s history of disciplinary infractions, which are documented in the record, and

which began long before the leave requests at issue.

                                      III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




                                             8
