                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 12-2041
                        ___________________________

                                   RaShina Young

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                            v.

               Michael J. Astrue, Commissioner of Social Security

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Jonesboro
                                  ____________

                          Submitted: November 13, 2012
                             Filed: January 2, 2013
                                 ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                             ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

    RaShina Young appeals from the district court’s1 decision affirming the
Commissioner of Social Security’s denial of social security benefits. We affirm.


      1
        The Honorable Joe J. Volpe, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas, to whom the case was referred for final disposition by consent
of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
I.     BACKGROUND
       On June 17, 2008, Young applied for supplemental security income and
disability insurance benefits under the Social Security Act. Young alleged disability
beginning on May 16, 2006, due to painful non-cancerous tumors in her arms, leg,
and feet known as osteochondromas, as well as “carpal tunnel syndrome of the right
hand . . . , deformity of the right forearm, and knee and back pain.” After the
Commissioner initially denied Young’s claims, she sought a hearing before an
administrative law judge (ALJ).

       At the time of the hearing, Young was twenty-eight years old, had a tenth-grade
education, and lived with her two children and parents. Young testified she is right-
handed and her medical impairments caused her right hand and arm to be weak and
drop many items. Young further reported she has difficulty standing or driving a
vehicle long distances, and takes pain medication for her “excruciating” pain. Young
stated she could carry fifteen pounds for a short period of time, but could not lift
twenty pounds or more, and could stand in one place for about thirty minutes. Young
also reported she commonly spends the day taking care of her thirty-pound, nineteen-
month-old daughter, and does housework, cooking, and tries to walk two miles each
day. Young additionally testified she was previously employed as a factory worker,
a hotel maid, and a nurse’s assistant at a nursing home, but stated her disability had
caused her to quit or be terminated from her jobs after May 16, 2006, because of her
inability to perform the work duties.

      The ALJ also considered various medical reports and the testimony of a
vocational expert, who stated that a person with a residual functional capacity (RFC)
to perform light work could perform Young’s past jobs of factory packer and
assembler. The report of Dr. Sudhir Kumar’s general physical examination of Young
indicated, besides her history of osteochondromas, Young had a deformed right
forearm that moderately to severely limited her ability to handle objects. Dr. Kumar
also noted, however, that Young retained other capabilities, such as full range of

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motion in her spine and extremities, normal muscle strength, and no sensory
abnormalities. Dr. Jim Takach reported Young had the ability to lift or carry twenty
pounds occasionally and ten pounds frequently, stand for six hours in an eight hour
workday, and sit for six hours in an eight hour workday. Dr. Takach concluded
Young “retain[ed] the ability to function with LIGHT Work limits” with the “added
restriction of NO rapid repetitive” movements of the right wrist.

       Evaluating Young’s claim for social security benefits pursuant to the five-step
sequential evaluation process promulgated in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4), the ALJ
determined: (1) Young “ha[d] not engaged in substantial gainful activity since May
16, 2006, the alleged onset date”; (2) Young had severe impairments, including
osteochondromas and right hand, post-release, carpal tunnel syndrome; (3) these
impairments did not “meet[] or medically equal[] one of the listed impairments”;
(4) Young had the RFC “to perform light work”; (5) Young “is capable of performing
past relevant unskilled light work as a factory packer . . . and . . . factory assembler”;
and (6) Young “ha[d] not been under a disability, as defined in the Social Security
Act,” to receive social security benefits.

       The Social Security Administration Appeals Council denied further review of
the ALJ’s decision, and the district court affirmed. Young appeals to this court,
contending the ALJ’s determination that Young could perform her past relevant work
as a factory packer and assembler lacked specific findings and is not supported by
substantial evidence.

II.   DISCUSSION
      Because the Appeals Council denied review, the ALJ’s decision is the final
decision of the Commissioner. See Davidson v. Astrue, 501 F.3d 987, 989 (8th Cir.
2007). “We review the district court’s decision de novo, and will affirm if the
Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record as a
whole.” Id. Substantial evidence is defined as “less than a preponderance but is

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enough that a reasonable mind would find it adequate to support the conclusion.”
Kluesner v. Astrue, 607 F.3d 533, 536 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Finch v. Astrue, 547
F.3d 933, 935 (8th Cir. 2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). While we must
“consider the evidence that supports the Commissioner’s decision as well as the
evidence that detracts from it,” if “we find it possible to draw two inconsistent
positions from the evidence and one of those positions represents the Commissioner’s
findings, we must affirm the denial of benefits.” Id. (quoting Finch, 547 F.3d at 935)
(internal quotation marks omitted).

       At the fourth step in the five-step sequential evaluation process for determining
eligibility for social security benefits, an ALJ compares a claimant’s RFC assessment
“with the physical and mental demands of [the claimant’s] past relevant work.” 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520(f). If the ALJ determines the claimant can perform her past
relevant work, the claimant is not disabled. See id. In making this determination, an
“ALJ has a duty to fully investigate and make explicit findings as to the physical and
mental demands of a claimant’s past relevant work and to compare that with what the
claimant herself is capable of doing before [the ALJ] determines that she is able to
perform her past relevant work.” Nimick v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 887
F.2d 864, 866 (8th Cir. 1989); see also Groeper v. Sullivan, 932 F.2d 1234, 1238-39
(8th Cir. 1991). Young contends the ALJ failed to discharge this duty and lacked
substantial evidence to conclude Young possessed the RFC to perform her past
relevant work as a factory packer and assembler given her manipulative limitations.

      To begin, we reject Young’s contention to the extent she alleges the ALJ failed
to develop the record or make explicit findings regarding the mental and physical
demands of Young’s past relevant work as a factory packer and assembler. “The ALJ
may discharge this duty by referring to the specific job descriptions in the Dictionary
of Occupational Titles [(DOT)] that are associated with the claimant’s past work.”
Pfitzner v. Apfel, 169 F.3d 566, 569 (8th Cir. 1999). The ALJ expressly referred to
the DOT in his decision, stating: “The claimant is capable of performing past relevant

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unskilled light work as a factory packer as described in . . . [DOT] # 920.685-026 and
unskilled light work as a factory assembler DOT # 795.687-014.” The vocational
expert also identified the DOT numbers associated with Young’s past work as a
factory packer and assembler and testified that both jobs were rated as unskilled light
work. The ALJ adequately discharged his duty, and substantial evidence supports the
ALJ’s conclusion in this regard.

       The ALJ was next required to compare these demands of Young’s past factory
work with Young’s RFC to perform light work because such a comparison “is
essential to a determination that she is capable of performing her past relevant work.”
Kirby v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1323, 1327 (8th Cir. 1991). The ALJ found Young was
able to work as a factory packer and assembler as those jobs are “actually and
generally [performed] in the national economy.” The ALJ reached his conclusion
only after “giving careful consideration” to Young’s “medically determinable
impairments and their impact on her ability to perform work functions,” and
identified several factors he considered, including “[t]he nature . . . and intensity of
any pain,” “precipitating and aggravating factors,” “pain medications” and other
“treatment,” “functional restrictions,” and Young’s “daily activities.” The ALJ also
considered “all the evidence related to [Young’s] prior work history, and the
observations of non-medical third parties, as well as treating and examining
physicians.” Although the ALJ did not expressly apply these factors to the facts of
Young’s case in his written decision, the ALJ adequately compared the demands of
Young’s past work as a factory packer and assembler with Young’s RFC to perform
light work, including with her manipulative limitations, before determining Young
could perform her past relevant work. See Nimick, 887 F.2d at 866.

      Substantial evidence supported this determination, notwithstanding Young’s
contention that her past relevant work requires “constant and frequent reaching,
handling, and fingering,” and therefore “exceed[s] the limitations identified in the
RFC assessment.” Young testified before the ALJ that her daily activities included

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taking care of her nineteen-month-old daughter and twelve-year-old son,
housekeeping, cooking, and daily trying to walk two miles. The report of Dr. Kumar
indicated that, although Young’s ability to handle objects is moderately to severely
limited due to her deformed right forearm, Young had normal muscle and grip
strength, full range of motion in her spine and extremities, and no muscle atrophy or
sensory abnormalities. Dr. Kumar further stated Young had the ability to hold a pen
and write, touch her fingertips to her palm, oppose her thumb to her fingers, and pick
up a coin. Dr. Takach also reported Young “retain[ed] the ability to function with
LIGHT Work limits” with the “added restriction of NO rapid repetitive [flexion and
extension] of the [right] wrist.” While the Commissioner concedes Young’s past
relevant work as a factory packer and assembler requires “constant and frequent
reaching, handling, and fingering,” those requirements do not necessarily entail rapid
and repetitive movement of the right wrist or otherwise exceed Young’s documented
limitations.

        Based on these factors, “we find it possible to draw two inconsistent positions
from the evidence” about whether Young retained the ability to perform her past
relevant work despite her manipulative limitations. Kluesner, 607 F.3d at 536
(quoting Finch, 547 F.3d at 935) (internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude
the ALJ had sufficient evidence on the record as a whole to reach his determination.
See id.

III.   CONCLUSION
       We affirm.

MELLOY, Circuit Judge, Dissenting.

      I find that the record and the ALJ's analysis do not support the determination
that Ms. Young is able to perform her prior work. The majority finds that the record
presents a close question upon which reasonable minds could differ. As a result, the

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majority necessarily defers to the agency's ruling as reflected in the ALJ's opinion.
See Kluenser, supra at 4. Because I believe the ALJ failed to adequately discharge
the duties of developing the record and explaining its findings, I find it unnecessary
to extend such deference. Accordingly, I dissent.

       Among other well-documented medical issues, Ms. Young, who is right
handed, suffers from a right-arm deformity and widely distributed non-cancerous
bone and joint tumors of sufficient severity that several have been removed via
surgery. The ALJ found that Ms. Young suffered from a severe medical impairment
in that she suffers from "osteochondromas of the arms, leg, feet, and carpal tunnel
syndrome of right hand with status post carpal tunnel release." The ALJ deemed Ms.
Young to be "generally credible" but also found "[t]he claimant's statements
concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of these symptoms are not
credible to the extent they are inconsistent with the above residual functional capacity
assessment."2

       The ALJ, in effect, set forth a graduated credibility determination defined in
terms of the functional-capacity standard for "light work." While there is nothing
inherently objectionable about such a finding, it makes judicial review of the next
step in the sequential analysis (ability to perform past relevant work) difficult.
Review is difficult because the findings do not make clear which limitations the ALJ
believed to be exaggerated. It would seem the only permissible reading of the ALJ's
opinion is that all of Ms. Young's complaints are well-founded and that her pain and
limitations are real but exaggerated. The extent of the exaggeration is such that any
limitations relevant to residual functional capacity become non-credible somewhere
shy of the severity required to preclude "light work."

      2
       The reference to "the above residual functional capacity assessment" was a
reference to the following finding: "After careful consideration of the entire record,
the undersigned finds that the claimant has the residual functional capacity to perform
light work."

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       Such a reading is at odds with the fact that the ALJ credited the experts'
opinions as to relevant limitations. For example, the ALJ claimed to "accord[]
significant weight" to the opinion of consulting physician Dr. Sudhir Kumar. Dr.
Kumar determined that "[t]he claimant is able to sit/stand/walk, however, the ability
to handle objects is limited secondary to right forearm deformity thereby limiting
rapid repetitive movement of the wrist but not all movement." The ALJ also credited
Dr. Jim Takach's opinion that Ms. Young suffered "manipulative limitations in
handling, fingering and feeling and [was subject to] the added restriction of no rapid
repetitive movements of the right wrist."

        In making the residual functional capacity determination, the ALJ arguably
identified the importance of manual dexterity and fine motor skills, stating,
"Generally, if someone can to light work, he or she can also do sedentary work,
unless there are additional limiting factors, such as loss of fine dexterity or inability
to sit for long periods of time. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(a) and 416.967(a)." The
ALJ proceeded, however, to identify Ms. Young's past relevant work as jobs
requiring manual dexterity and repetitive movement of wrists and hands: factory
packer or factory assembler. The ALJ concluded Ms. Young could perform such
work because it was "light work."

       In making this finding, the ALJ did not expressly address the functional
limitations regarding rapid repetitive movements, manipulative limitations, or
sensorial limitations as cited by Dr. Takach and Dr. Kumar. Further, the ALJ relied
upon the opinion of a vocational expert even though the ALJ did not include in the
hypothetical posed to the vocational expert the limitations cited by Drs. Takach and
Kumar. Montgomery v. Shalala, 30 F.3d 98, 100 (8th Cir. 1994) ("'Testimony
elicited by hypothetical questions that do not relate with precision all of a claimant's
impairments cannot constitute substantial evidence to support' an administrative law
judge's decision to deny benefits." (quoting Pratt v. Sullivan, 956 F.2d 830, 836 (8th
Cir. 1992))). As a result, the ultimate conclusion that Ms. Young possessed the

                                          -8-
residual functional capacity to perform the cited jobs contradicts the accepted expert's
descriptions of her limitations and rests upon the opinion of a vocational expert who
was not asked to consider all of Ms. Young's limitations. Against this backdrop, I
would find that the ALJ failed to develop the record and make the explicit findings
necessary to support the final result.

       The majority correctly notes that "[t]he ALJ may discharge this duty [to
develop the record and make explicit findings regarding past relevant work] by
referring to the specific job descriptions in the [DOT] that are associated with
claimant's past work." Pfitzner v. Apfel, 169 F.3d 566, 569 (8th Cir. 1999). I do not
believe that this general rule necessarily stands for the proposition that an ALJ in
every case effectively discharges its duty through mere reference to the DOT. Such
a reference may suffice in many if not most cases. More is needed, however, when
an ALJ accepts as credible and purports to place "significant weight" upon experts'
opinions regarding limitations seemingly at odds with the physical demands of the
recited job.

       I would reverse and remand with instructions for the district court to remand
for further administrative proceedings.
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