             REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

           OF MARYLAND




               No. 0099

        September Term, 2013




       STEPHANIE ANN ABE

                   v.

      STATE OF MARYLAND




   Zarnoch,
   Graeff,
   Kenney, James A., III
    (Retired, Specially Assigned),

                  JJ.


         Opinion by Kenney, J.




         Filed: May 1, 2014
        Stephanie Ann Abe, appellant, appeals an order from the Circuit Court for Allegany

County remanding her case for theft of property valued at less than $100 to the District Court

for trial.   Appellant presents one question on appeal: does appellant have a State

constitutional right to a trial by jury in the circuit court when charged with theft less than

$100?

                                            FACTS

        On July 20, 2012, appellant was charged in the District Court for Allegany County

with a single charge, theft of property valued at less than $100. See Md. Code (2002, 2012

Repl. Vol.), § 7-104 of the Criminal Law Article (“C.L.”) (Maryland’s consolidated theft

statute). The statutory punishment, in addition to restitution, is “imprisonment not exceeding

90 days or a fine not exceeding $500 or both.” Id. at § 7-104(g)(3)(i).

        When appellant prayed a jury trial her case was forwarded to the circuit court. See

Md. Code (1974, 2013 Repl Vol.) § 4-302(e)(1) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings

Article (“C.J.P.”) (“The District Court is deprived of jurisdiction if a defendant is entitled to

and demands a jury trial[.]”). The State moved to remand the case back to the District Court

on grounds that appellant was not entitled to a jury trial as the penalty for theft less than $100

did not exceed 90 days. Id. at § 4-302(e)(2)(i) (“[U]nless the penalty for the offense with

which the defendant is charged permits imprisonment for a period in excess of 90 days, a

defendant is not entitled to a jury trial in a criminal case.”). The circuit court granted the

State’s remand request, and appellant filed an interlocutory appeal. The District Court stayed

further proceedings pending the outcome of the appeal.
                                        DISCUSSION

       Appellant argues on appeal that the circuit court erred in remanding her case back to

the District Court because she has a State constitutional right to a trial by jury where she was

charged with theft – an infamous crime.1 The State responds that we must dismiss her claim

because there has been no final judgment and the collateral order doctrine, an exception to

the final judgment rule, does not apply.

                      A. Does the collateral order doctrine apply?

       In Maryland, appellate jurisdiction generally arises only after entry of a final

judgment. See Harris v. State, 420 Md. 300, 312 (2011) (citing C.J.P. § 12-301). The

“fundamental objective,” the “finality” requirement is “to prevent piecemeal appeals and to

prevent the interruptions of ongoing judicial proceedings[.]” Id. (quotation marks and

citations omitted) (brackets in Harris). In criminal cases, “no final judgment exists until after

conviction and sentence has been determined, or in other words, when only the execution of

the judgment remains.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). There are “three well-

identified, but infrequently sanctioned, limited exceptions to the final judgment rule”:

appeals from interlocutory orders specifically allowed by statute; immediate appeals

permitted under Md. Rule 2-602; and appeals from interlocutory orders allowed under the

common law collateral order doctrine. Id. at 313-14. (footnote, quotation marks, and


       1
          Appellant cites no federal authority and makes no argument that her federal right
to a jury trial under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
constitution has been violated.

                                               2
citations omitted). Without any supporting argument, appellant asserts that her appeal is

reviewable under the collateral order doctrine.

       In Falik v. Hornage, 413 Md. 163 (2010), the Court of Appeals reiterated the four

factual predicates to application of the collateral order doctrine. The Court stated that the

collateral order doctrine:

       treats as final and appealable interlocutory orders that (1) conclusively
       determine the disputed question; (2) resolve an important issue; (3) resolve an
       issue that is completely separate from the merits of the action; and (4) would
       be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.

Falik, 413 Md. at 177 (citation and quotation marks omitted). The Court further stated:

“[t]he collateral order doctrine is a very narrow exception to the final judgment rule, and each

of its four requirements is very strictly applied in Maryland. In particular, the fourth prong,

unreviewability on appeal, is not satisfied except in extraordinary situations.” Id. (citation

and quotation marks omitted).

       Appellant complains that by sending her case back to the District Court, she will be

deprived of her right to a jury trial, but that does not necessarily follow. If she is convicted

in the District Court, she can appeal to the circuit court and have a de novo jury trial. See

C.J.P. § 12-401(b) (a criminal defendant may appeal to the circuit court from a final

judgment in the District Court); (f) (a criminal appeal shall be tried de novo in the circuit

court); and (g) (in a criminal appeal tried de novo, the defendant has the right to a jury trial

where the offense charged is subject to a penalty of imprisonment). See also Kleberg v.

State, 318 Md. 411, 416 (1990) (“the statutory right to elect a jury trial at the initial stage of

                                                3
the District Court proceedings” pursuant to § 4-302(e)(2) “and the statutory right to a jury

trial upon a de novo appeal” under § 12-401(d) of this article “are separate and distinct

statutory rights”).

       To be sure, appellant does not expressly argue that she is entitled initially to a jury trial

in the circuit court, without having to first go through a separate non-jury trial in the District

Court. But, based on cases cited by appellant, we understand appellant’s argument to be that

she was initially entitled to a jury trial in the circuit court without first going through a non-

jury trial in the District Court. If appellant is correct, the doctrine would apply. See

Kawamura v. State, 299 Md. 276, 282-83 n.5 (1984)(although the matter of appealability was

not before the Court, the Court noted that Kawamura’s claim that he was entitled initially to

a jury trial without first going through a separate non-jury trial in the District Court would

effectively be lost if not appealable until the conclusion of the District Court trial).        We

conclude, however, that appellant was not entitled to a jury trial before a trial in the District

Court, and thus, the collateral order doctrine is not satisfied. Accordingly, we affirm the

circuit court’s ruling. We explain.

   B. Does Maryland’s constitutional right to a jury trial attach at the initial level
                 to theft of property valued at less than $100?

       Over the years, Maryland’s Court of Appeals has had many opportunities to determine

whether and when Maryland’s constitutional right to a jury trial attaches in the first instance

to different types of crimes. See Ashford v. State, 358 Md. 552, 556 (2000) (jury trial right

attaches to offense of constructive criminal contempt); State v. Huebner, 305 Md. 601, 609

                                                4
(1986) (jury trial right attaches to offense of resisting arrest); Fisher v. State, 305 Md. 357

368 (1986) (jury trial right attaches to offense of driving while intoxicated but right does not

attach to offense of driving while under the influence); Kawamura v. State, 299 Md. 276,

294-95 (jury trial right attaches to offense of theft of property valued at less than $300); State

v. Stafford, 160 Md. 385, 387 (1931) (right to a jury trial attaches to offense of assault and

battery); Danner v. State, 89 Md. 220, 229 (1899) (right to a jury trial attaches to offense of

theft of property valued at less than five dollars); and State v. Glenn, 54 Md. 572, 605-06

(1880) (no jury trial right attaches to offense of vagrancy).

       From these cases, three factors have been distilled to help determine whether the State

constitutional right to a jury trial attaches to an offense at the initial trial level. The first

factor is whether the offense had historically been considered a petty offense subject to the

jurisdiction of justices of the peace or whether it had historically been tried before juries. See

Fisher, 305 Md. at 365. The second is whether the accused is subject to an infamous penalty

– does the offense have a significant statutory penalty or is the accused subject to

incarceration in the penitentiary? See Id. The third is whether the offense is an infamous

crime or considered a serious offense. See Id. at 365-66.

       Danner and Kawamura, are particularly instructive in this case because in those cases

the Court was asked to determine whether a jury trial right attached to petty theft, as it was

defined at that time. In Danner, Danner was charged and convicted of theft of corn having

a value of one dollar and sentenced to 30 days imprisonment. In 1896, the Maryland General



                                                5
Assembly had conferred jurisdiction upon justices of the peace to try persons charged with

petty larceny which was then defined as theft of property not exceeding five dollars. The

statute provided for a de novo appeal to the circuit court for a jury trial upon conviction by

a justice of the peace. Petty larceny was then classified as a felony carrying a maximum

sentence of 18 months of imprisonment. Code (1888), Art. 27, §157. The statute specifically

authorized confinement either in the penitentiary or the county jail. See Id.

       The question before the Danner Court was whether one charged with petty theft, as

then defined, was entitled to a jury trial in the first instance under the Maryland Declaration

of Rights. The Court recognized that the right to a jury trial, at least at the initial trial level,

does not attach to many minor criminal offenses. The Court concluded that the framers of

the Declaration of Rights would not have intended to nullify previous legislation limiting jury

trial rights or do away with the well-established process of summary jurisdiction. See

Danner, 89 Md. at 226. The Danner Court also recognized that “by the common law of

England and in some of the States of the United States petit larceny, though a felony, was

regarded as a minor offence not punishable by an infamous penalty; and was therefore not

to be classified with . . . infamous crimes when the right of the accused to a jury trial was

being considered.” Id. at 224. Nonetheless, the Court held that the right to a jury trial

attached to petty larceny, as then defined, because Maryland’s constitutional right to a jury

trial generally attached to any offense for which an infamous punishment could be imposed,

and confinement in the penitentiary was an infamous punishment. Id. at 226.



                                                 6
       In Kawamura, Kawamura was charged in the District Court with theft of property

valued at less than $300 and prayed a jury trial. At that time, the monetary divide between

felony theft and misdemeanor theft was $300. See Code (1957, 1982 Repl Vol.), Art. 27, §§

342(f)(1), (2). Felony theft was punishable by imprisonment for a period not to exceed 15

years and/or a fine of $1,500, while misdemeanor theft was punishable by imprisonment for

a period not to exceed 18 months and/or a fine not to exceed $500. See Id. The State

recommended, and the trial court agreed to be bound by the recommendation, that Kawamura

receive a prison sentence of no longer than 90 days should he be found guilty. Pursuant to

C.J.P. §4-302(d)(2)(ii), which permitted a trial in the first instance in the circuit court if one

is charged with a crime where the possible sentence is more than 90 days, the trial court

denied Kawamura’s jury trial request. Kawamura appealed.

       In holding that the jury limitation provided in § 4-302(d)(2)(ii) was invalid as applied

to theft of property valued at less than $300, the Court observed that the offense involved

was, in substance, the same as the offense considered in Danner. See Kawamura, 299 Md.

at 295. The Kawamura Court noted that the maximum prison sentence was the same – 18

months – and, while confinement in the penitentiary was not specifically mentioned in the

then current theft statute, unlike the situation in Danner, it was elsewhere stated that if one

was sentenced to three or more months imprisonment, confinement could be had in the

penitentiary. See Id. (citing Art. 27, § 690(b)). Although petty theft at the time of Danner

was classified as a felony and at the time of Kawamura as a misdemeanor, the Court found



                                                7
this immaterial because “[t]heft, regardless of the amount involved, is and always has been

regarded as an extremely serious offense in Maryland.” Id. at 296 (citations omitted).

Accordingly, the Court held that Kawamura was entitled to a jury trial in the circuit court at

the initial trial level. See Id. at 297.

       We also find Fisher v. State, 305 Md. 357 (1986), decided two years after Kawamura,

instructive. In Fisher, the Court was asked to decide whether Maryland’s constitutional right

to a jury trial attaches to the crime of driving while intoxicated. The offense was a

misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment not exceeding one year and/or a fine of not more

than $1,000 for the first offense. See Fisher, 305 Md. at 361 (citing Md. Code (1985 Supp.),

§ 27-101(i) of the Transportation Article (“Tr.”)). The State recommended, and the District

Court agreed to be bound to the recommendation, that Fisher not be sentenced to a term

longer than 90 days, should she be found guilty.

       After considering the three factors listed above, the Fisher Court concluded that

Maryland’s constitutional right to a jury trial at the initial level attaches to the offense of

driving while intoxicated. See Id. at 368. The Court found the first factor, whether the

offense had historically been tried before juries or subject to the justices of the peace, to be

“totally inapplicable” because there was no such offense historically. Id. at 366. The Court

found that the offense was subject to infamous punishment because it was punishable for a

term of one year for the first offense and that confinement was not limited to local jails.

Rather, an offender may be required to serve his sentence in the penitentiary. See Id. at 366-



                                               8
67. While the offense was not an infamous crime, the Court found the offense extremely

serious as seen by the “terrible consequences of the offense upon human lives and the manner

in which the offense is regarded by the public,” noting that whosoever drives while

intoxicated risks death and destruction to both oneself and innocent bystanders. Id. at 367-

68. The Court noted that the maximum terms of imprisonment further indicated the offense’s

seriousness. See Id. at 367.

       Applying the above factors to the facts of this case, we recognize that petit theft was

historically tried before justices of the peace, not juries, as noted by the Danner court.

Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of not attaching a jury trial right in the first instance.

       We next look to whether conviction of theft less than $100 subjects one to an

infamous punishment. We note that although the crime here and those in Danner and

Kawamura are in someways identical in that they involve the crime of “petty theft,” the

crimes are significantly different in terms of punishment. In both Danner and Kawamura

petit larceny permitted a maximum prison sentence of 18 months. The maximum prison

sentence here is significantly less, 90 days. Additionally, the statute in Danner specifically

allowed for confinement in the penitentiary and, although the statute in Kawamura did not

expressly state where one was to be confined, the Court noted that confinement in the

penitentiary was possible if it exceeded three months. Now, by statute, one cannot be

sentenced to the penitentiary for 12 months or less. See Md. Code (1999, 2008 Rep. Vol.),

§ 9-104(b) of the Correctional Services Article (“C.S”) (a court may not sentence an



                                                 9
individual to the State penitentiary for 12 months or less). Therefore, a person convicted of

theft of property less than $100 cannot be sentenced to more than three months of

imprisonment and no longer can be sentenced to the penitentiary for that crime. As a result,

the possible punishment for this crime is not an infamous punishment. This factor also

weighs in favor of not attaching a jury trial right in the first instance.

       We now turn to whether theft of property valued at less than $100 is, in itself, an

infamous crime. In doing so, we recognize Kawamura’s admonition that “[t]heft, regardless

of the amount involved, is and always has been regarded as an extremely serious offense in

Maryland.” 299 Md. at 296.

       When the General Assembly amended the theft statute in 2004, it changed the

monetary value of the property stolen and their corresponding penalties and it added a new

petty theft sentencing category – theft of property valued at less than $100. See C.L. § 7-

104(g)(3)(i). The statute now provides for three felony theft crimes and two misdemeanor

theft crimes, depending on the amounts involved.2 The two misdemeanor offenses are theft


       2
           Maryland’s consolidated theft statute, provides in pertinent part:

       (1) A person convicted of theft of property or services with a value of:

              (i) at least $1,000 but less than $10,000 is guilty of a felony and . . .
       subject to imprisonment not exceeding 10 years or a fine not exceeding
       $10,000 or both[.]

              (ii) at least $10,000 but less than $100,000 is guilty of a felony and . . .
       subject to imprisonment not exceeding 15 years or a fine not exceeding
       $15,000 or both[.]


                                               10
less than $1,000 and theft less than $100. See C.L., §§ 7-104(g)(2), (3). The former provides

for a more serious sentence, imprisonment not exceeding 18 months and/or a fine not

exceeding $500; the latter a less serious sentence, imprisonment not exceeding 90 days

and/or a fine not exceeding $500. See id. According to the FLOOR REPORT on Senate

Bill 513, which was introduced “By Request – Maryland Judicial Conference,” the offense

of theft less than $100 was created “in an attempt to keep some relatively minor theft related

cases before the District Court.”

       Given the legislature’s clear intent to bifurcate the crime of petty theft between a more

and less serious offense and more and less serious punishment, we find instructive the

Court’s remarks at the end of its opinion in Fisher. The Court noted that in 1969, the

General Assembly replaced the offense of driving while under the influence with two

offenses. See Fisher, 305 Md. at 368. The first and more serious offense is driving while

intoxicated, punishable by imprisonment not exceeding one year and/or a fine of not more


               (iii) $100,000 or more is guilty of a felony and . . . subject to
       imprisonment not exceeding 25 years or a fine not exceeding $25,000 or
       both[.]

       (2) [A] person convicted of theft of property or services with a value of less
       than $1,000, is guilty of a misdemeanor and . . . subject to imprisonment not
       exceeding 18 months or a fine not exceeding $500 or both[.]

       (3) A person convicted of theft of property or services with a value of less than
       $100 is guilty of a misdemeanor and . . . subject to imprisonment not
       exceeding 90 days or a fine not exceeding $500 or both[.]

C.L. § 7-104(g).


                                              11
than $1,000. See id. The second and less serious offense is driving while under the influence

of alcohol, punishable by two months of imprisonment and/or a fine of not more than $500.

See Id. (citing Tr. § 21-902(b)). Both are classified as misdemeanors. The Court stated that

in its view, the “Legislature has provided a way for the prosecution to accomplish essentially

the same result as under § 4-302(d)(2)(ii) in a case not sufficiently serious to warrant transfer

to the Circuit Court for a jury trial.” Id. The Fisher Court concluded that the State

constitutional right to a jury trial would attach to the offense of driving while intoxicated but

not attach to the offense of driving while under the influence of alcohol. See Id. at 369.

       In our view, the legislature here, in bifurcating the offense and punishment for petty

theft into a more serious and a less serious category, created a constitutionally valid

mechanism that keeps some petty thefts in the District Court in the first instance, subject to

an appeal and a trial de novo in the circuit court. The maximum prison sentence of 90 days

reflects the less serious nature of theft of property valued at less than $100 and the

punishment is not an infamous crime. Thus, this factor weighs in favor of not attaching

Maryland’s right to a jury trial without first having a trial in the District Court.

       In sum, we are persuaded that Maryland’s constitutional right to a jury trial, in the first

instance, does not attach to the offense of theft of property valued at less than $100, and thus

the collateral order doctrine does not apply.




                                                     APPEAL DISMISSED. COSTS TO BE
                                                     PAID BY APPELLANT.


                                                12
