[Cite as State v. Springer, 2017-Ohio-8861.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 104649




                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                     PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                               vs.

                               CARLTON B. SPRINGER
                                                     DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                              JUDGMENT:
                   AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART
                             AND REMANDED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-15-599541-A

        BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, P.J., Kilbane, J., and Jones, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 7, 2017
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Mark A. Stanton
Chief Public Defender
BY: Jeffrey Gamso
       Noelle A. Powell
Assistant Public Defenders
301 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 200
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Amanda Hall
       Margaret Kane
Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys
The Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, P.J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant Carlton Springer appeals his conviction for murder.

We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand.

       Factual and Procedural Background

       {¶2} Springer was charged with murder, felony murder, felonious assault, two

counts of involuntary manslaughter and domestic violence1 in the death of Theresa Adair.

 The case proceeded to a jury trial where the following facts were adduced.

       {¶3} On the evening of September 5 and the early morning hours of September 6,

2015, Theresa Adair was attending a party in the apartment of Bryce Wimbley in the

Union Square Apartments in Cleveland, Ohio. Also present at the party with Adair were

her friends Stephanie Wilcox, Lovie Clark and Leslie Hawkins. All four women had

been consuming alcohol throughout the night.         At some point in the evening Springer

appeared at the door to the apartment and caused a disturbance by arguing with Adair.

Hawkins and Clark testified that they knew Springer as Adair’s boyfriend but that the two

had broken up. Witness accounts of the interaction between Adair and Springer in the

apartment differed. Hawkins testified that Springer said he had heard that Adair was

having sex with someone else in the apartment building. Wilcox and Hawkins testified

that Adair was physically pulled from the apartment by Springer. Clark and Wimbley

testified that Springer did not touch Adair but that she followed him out of the apartment

and into the hallway on her own accord.


       1
        This charge was amended by the court to the lesser included offense of assault pursuant to a
Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal.
         {¶4} An elevator surveillance camera captured Adair, followed closely by

Springer, entering an elevator on the third floor of the Union Square Apartments at 1:16

a.m. 2 The elevator surveillance footage reflects an apparent argument between Adair

and Springer that included finger pointing, gesturing and spitting. At one point, Springer

exited the elevator and he appeared to spit on Adair from the hallway. Adair reacted by

stopping the elevator door from closing and further engaging with Springer. Springer

then re-entered the elevator and grabbed Adair’s blouse near the neckline and violently

pulled her out of the elevator, down the hallway and out of the camera’s range.

         {¶5} Wilcox testified that Adair and Springer were gone from the apartment for

20 to 25 minutes before Springer returned alone and said “I knocked your girl out. I

knocked your girl out.” Clark testified that Springer returned two minutes after leaving

with Adair and asked her, “Why is your best friend standing outside the elevator knocked

the f * * * out?” Hawkins testified that she, Clark and Wilcox remained in the apartment

for five minutes after Adair and Springer left and found Adair laying on the floor near the

elevator. Hawkins did not recall Springer returning to the apartment after he left with

Adair.

         {¶6} The women found Adair near the elevator. Wilcox testified that Adair was

unconscious and had a lump on the right side of her forehead. Hawkins testified that

Adair was laying on the floor and slumped against a wall near the elevator crying and

screaming that Springer had “beat her up.” Hawkins observed a “big gash” on Adair’s


         2
          Later testimony established that the times provided by the video surveillance were inaccurate
in that they were slow by approximately 41 minutes.
forehead. Clark testified that Adair was stretched out in front of the elevator with one

leg bent and the other extended. Clark saw a “hickie” on Adair’s forehead. Clark

further testified that Springer appeared and made a crude comment about Adair probably

not wearing panties. This interaction was not reported by any other witness.

       {¶7} The video surveillance camera from inside the elevator captured the women

assisting Adair into the elevator from the same direction that the earlier footage had

shown Springer pulling her. In the footage of Adair during her confrontation with

Springer she appeared to be reasonably steady on her feet, while the latter footage

reflected that Adair was unsteady and needed assistance in exiting the elevator. The

surveillance video also showed Adair putting her hand over her forehead twice while in

the elevator.

       {¶8} The women escorted Adair back to Adair’s apartment on the first floor of the

Union Square Apartment building. Ice was applied to Adair’s injuries and the women

attempted to keep Adair awake but she eventually went to sleep in her bed with Clark

sleeping next to her. The next morning Clark was awakened by a snoring sound. Clark

and Hawkins found Adair laying on the floor bleeding from her mouth and nose. They

called 911 and Adair was transported to MetroHealth Medical Center where she was

declared brain dead after a hemicraniectomy was performed to remove pressure due to a

subdural hematoma.

       {¶9} Dr. Patrick Hansma testified that he performed the autopsy on Adair and

ruled the cause of death to be blunt force trauma of the head with sudbural hematoma and

brain injury. Hansma testified that Adair’s injuries were caused by a “severe force”
impacting her brain that would not come from merely falling off a bed or tripping and

falling. Hansma found Adair’s injuries to be consistent with someone beating or striking

her.

       {¶10} The jury returned a verdict of not guilty on the murder charge but guilty on

all remaining counts. The trial court merged the counts as allied offenses and the state

elected to proceed to sentencing on the felony murder charge. The trial court imposed a

prison sentence of 15 years to life on that count.

       Law and Analysis

       I. Manifest Weight

       {¶11} In his first assignment of error, Springer argues that his convictions were

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶12} A manifest weight challenge attacks the credibility of the evidence

presented and questions whether the state met its burden of persuasion at trial. State v.

Whitsett, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101182, 2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26, citing State v.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997); State v. Bowden, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13. Because it is a broader review, a reviewing

court may determine that a judgment of a trial court is sustained by sufficient evidence,

but nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence.

       {¶13} “When considering an appellant’s claim that a conviction is against the

manifest weight of the evidence, the court of appeals sits as a ‘thirteenth juror’ and may

disagree with the factfinder’s resolution of conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387,

quoting Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982). The
reviewing court must examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, consider the witnesses’ credibility, and determine whether, in resolving

conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.

Thompkins at 387, citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 215, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st

Dist.1983). In conducting such a review, this court remains mindful that the credibility of

witnesses and the weight of the evidence are matters primarily for the trier of fact to

assess. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraphs one and

two of the syllabus. Reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for the “exceptional

case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Thompkins at 387,

quoting Martin, supra.

       {¶14} Springer argues that his convictions are against the manifest weight of the

evidence because the relevant witnesses were intoxicated at the time of incident and their

accounts varied on details such as whether or not (1) Adair’s head injury was bleeding,

(2) she was unconscious when she was discovered and (3) she was able to talk after the

incident. Springer argues that because there is no video of him actually striking Adair,

she may have tripped over her own feet and injured her head on the floor or a wall. We

find no merit to Springer’s argument. Despite the above inconsistencies, the witness

accounts were uniform in describing Adair leaving the apartment with Springer after a

dispute and subsequently finding Adair with a lump on her head outside the elevator.

Most importantly, the surveillance video depicts Springer’s sudden and violent removal

of Adair from the elevator shortly before she was discovered by her friends. Dr. Hansma
testified that Adair’s injuries were not caused by merely falling off a bed or tripping and

falling. We cannot say that the jury lost its way in finding that Springer caused Adair’s

death by committing felonious assault.

       {¶15} Furthermore, to the extent that Springer argues that the counts for which he

was found guilty, but that merged with the felony murder count, were against the weight

of the evidence, we need not address those claims because of the effect of merger. State v.

Worley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103105, 2016-Ohio-2722, ¶ 23. Our conclusion that

Springer’s aggravated murder conviction was not against the manifest weight of the

evidence necessarily renders any issues with the merged offenses to be harmless error

because his final sentence would not be affected by any review of the evidence

underlying the merged counts.

       {¶16} Springer’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       {¶17} In his second assignment of error, Springer argues that he was denied

effective assistance of counsel at trial.   In order to establish a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate that (1) the performance of defense

counsel was seriously flawed and deficient, and (2) the result of defendant’s trial or legal

proceeding would have been different had defense counsel provided proper

representation. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674

(1984).

       {¶18} Springer first argues that his trial counsel erred by failing to object to

testimony offered by the investigating detectives explaining why Wilcox, Clark and
Hawkins provided greater detail to investigators in subsequent interviews than they did in

their initial written statements to police. Springer argues that his counsel should have

objected to statements made by the detectives wherein they opined that in their

experience, intoxicated witnesses and witnesses to a traumatic event sometimes remember

events with greater detail and clarity after a lapse in time.

       {¶19} Assuming arguendo that the detectives’ testimony could be construed as

exceeding the testimony of a lay witness, we find no prejudice in this instance. There is

no dispute amongst the witnesses that Adair left the apartment with Springer, the

surveillance video depicted an argument between the two that escalated to Springer

physically removing Adair from the elevator against her will and that Adair was

discovered with a significant head injury.           The second relevant portion of the

surveillance video depicted a noticeably deteriorated Adair being escorted to her

apartment after she was discovered by her friends. Finally, the responding detective

from the Cleveland Metropolitan Housing Authority observed Adair being removed from

her apartment by EMS the following morning and noted a large knot on her forehead

consistent with the details provided by the witnesses. We cannot say that the result of the

proceedings would have been different had Springer’s counsel objected to the

memory-related testimony of the investigating detectives.

       {¶20} Springer next argues that his attorney was ineffective because he failed to

call a medical expert to address questions stemming from Adair’s medical record. This

issue was raised by Springer’s trial counsel at sidebar where he asserted that there was

exculpatory evidence within the first few pages of the medical records and that he had not
questioned the coroner to the extent that he would have had he known that the state was

not going to call the treating physician. The state agreed to stipulate to the authenticity

and admissibility of Adair’s medical records and Springer’s counsel stated that his

concerns were satisfied by the trial court’s agreement to give him leeway in referencing

relevant portions of the medical records in his closing argument.

       {¶21} Springer’s attorney did address the medical records in his closing argument

noting that the EMS report and the records from Adair’s hospital admission did not report

facial lacerations or bruising. The same medical records do, however, reflect that Adair

suffered a “massive left subdural hematoma” that necessitated an emergency

hemicraniectomy surgical procedure. These records are consistent with the coroner’s

testimony.

       {¶22} We can find no prejudice in the record on these facts. Springer’s attorney

did call the jury’s attention to the discrepancy between the medical records that failed to

mention a visible head injury and the testimony of the witnesses who described a visible

lump on Adair’s forehead. Even if this discrepancy was resolved in favor of Springer,

there is no dispute that Adair suffered a subdural hematoma as a result of blunt force

trauma. Therefore, Springer’s argument lacks merit.

       {¶23} Springer next argues that his attorney was ineffective because he failed to

object to statements made during the state’s closing argument that Springer suggests

qualify as prosecutorial misconduct.

       {¶24} The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the prosecutor’s remarks or

questions were improper and, if so, whether they prejudicially affected substantial rights
of the accused. State v. Hicks, 194 Ohio App.3d 743, 2011-Ohio-3578, 957 N.E.2d 866, ¶

30 (8th Dist.). A prosecutor’s conduct during trial cannot be grounds for error unless the

conduct deprives the defendant of a fair trial. State v. Apanovitch, 33 Ohio St.3d 19, 24,

514 N.E.2d 394 (1987). The focus of that inquiry is on the fairness of the trial, not on

the culpability of the prosecutor. State v. Bey, 85 Ohio St.3d 487, 709 N.E.2d 484 (1999).

 “[G]iven the myriad safeguards provided to assure a fair trial, and taking into account

the reality of the human fallibility of the participants, there can be no such thing as an

error-free, perfect trial, and * * * the Constitution does not guarantee such a trial.”

(Emphasis added.) United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 508-509, 103 S.Ct. 1974, 76

L.Ed.2d 96 (1983).

       {¶25} Our focus upon review is whether the prosecutor’s comments violated

appellant’s substantial rights, thereby depriving appellant of a fair trial such that there is a

reasonable probability that, but for the prosecutor’s misconduct, the result of the

proceeding would have been different. Hicks at ¶ 30; State v. Onunwor, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 93937, 2010-Ohio-5587, ¶ 42, citing State v. Loza, 71 Ohio St.3d 61, 641

N.E.2d 1082 (1994).

       {¶26} We note, however, that a defendant’s substantial rights cannot be prejudiced

when the remaining evidence, standing alone, is so overwhelming that it constitutes

defendant’s guilt and the outcome of the case would have been the same regardless of

evidence admitted erroneously. Hicks at ¶ 30, citing State v. Williams, 38 Ohio St.3d 346,

528 N.E.2d 910 (1988).
       {¶27} As a general rule, a prosecutor is entitled to a certain degree of latitude

during closing argument. State v. Brown, 38 Ohio St.3d 305, 528 N.E.2d 523 (1988).

Moreover, as stated by this court in State v. Bruce, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 70982, 1997

Ohio App. LEXIS 4334 (Sept. 25, 1997), closing arguments must be viewed in their

entirety to determine whether the disputed remarks were prejudicial. Id.

       {¶28} Springer argues that the state attempted to improperly shift the burden of

proof to the defendant by referencing the fact that Adair could not provide her account of

the incident because she was deceased. Springer also faults his attorney for failing to

object to a portion of the state’s rebuttal argument wherein the state noted that the defense

failed to question the coroner about the fact that the EMS and emergency room records

omitted any reference to bruising or lacerations.

       {¶29} We find no error in this instance. First, the state’s comment that the jury

could not hear the victim’s account due to her death was permissible. See State v. Moody,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26926, 2016-Ohio-8366, ¶ 122. In regards to the reference to

the lack of testimony elicited regarding the medical records, although the prosecution may

not comment on the defendant’s silence, “[t]he prosecution is not prevented from

commenting upon the failure of the defense to offer evidence in support of its case.” State

v. Heineman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103184, 2016-Ohio-3058, 65 N.E.3d 287, ¶ 39,

quoting State v. Williams, 23 Ohio St.3d 16, 20, 490 N.E.2d 906 (1986).

       {¶30} Finally, Springer argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to timely

object to the trial court’s response to a jury question regarding the definition of felony

murder.
       {¶31} When a jury requests further instruction or clarification of instructions

previously given, a trial court may exercise its discretion in determining the appropriate

response. State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 1995- Ohio-104, 651 N.E.2d 965. In

answering the jury’s question, the trial court instructed the jury to focus on the definition

of the offense provided and repeated the definition of the offense omitting only an

extraneous language. We find no error.

       {¶32} Springer’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       III. Prosecutorial Misconduct

       {¶33} In Springer’s third assignment of error he reiterates the arguments addressed

above claiming that the state committed prosecutorial misconduct by referencing the fact

that the victim was unable to provide her account of the event, asking the jury to “do

justice for her” and raising the defense’s failure to question a witness regarding the

medical records. For the reasons addressed in Springer’s second assignment of error, we

find no merit to his arguments.

       {¶34} Springer’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       IV. Improper Response to the Jury Question

       {¶35} In Springer’s fourth assignment of error he again argues that the trial court’s

answer to the jury’s question seeking further definition of felony murder constituted error.

For the reasons addressed in Springer’s second assignment of error we find no error in the

trial court’s response to the jury.

       {¶36} Springer’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       V. Verdict Forms
       {¶37} In his fifth assignment of error Springer argues that the trial court violated

the holding in State v. Pelfrey, 112 Ohio St.3d 422, 2007-Ohio-256, 860 N.E.2d 735, by

entering a conviction against him for felony murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B) when

the verdict form for that count failed to indicate the degree of the offense or make

reference to felonious assault, the underlying predicate offense. R.C. 2945.75(A) provides

in relevant part:

       When the presence of one or more additional elements makes an offense
       one of more serious degree:

      ***
      (2) A guilty verdict shall state either the degree of the offense of which the
      offender is found guilty, or that such additional element or elements are
      present. Otherwise, a guilty verdict constitutes a finding of guilty of the
      least degree of the offense charged.
R.C. 2945.75(A)(2).

       {¶38} In Pelfrey, the Ohio Supreme Court held:

       Pursuant to the clear language of R.C. 2945.75, a verdict form signed by a
       jury must include either the degree of the offense of which the defendant is
       convicted or a statement that an aggravating element has been found to
       justify convicting a defendant of a greater degree of a criminal offense.

Id. at syllabus.

       {¶39} However, Pelfrey has been held to be inapplicable to felony murder under

R.C. 2903.02(B) because it is an unclassified offense and does not set forth any additional

elements that could make the offense “one of more serious degree.” State v. Bell, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 24783, 2012-Ohio-3491, ¶ 9; State v. Taylor, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 26896, 2016-Ohio-5541, ¶ 20; State v. Brown, 5th Dist. Richland No.

09 CA 137, 2010-Ohio-2757, ¶ 18. Therefore, we find no merit in Springer’ argument.
       {¶40} Springer’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       VI. Court Costs

       {¶41} Springer argues in his sixth assignment of error that the trial court

committed plain error in imposing court costs after finding him indigent and that his

attorney was ineffective for failing to move for the waiver of court costs.

       {¶42} R.C. 2947.23(A)(1) governs the imposition of court costs and provides in

relevant part: “In all criminal cases * * * the judge * * * shall include in the sentence the

costs of prosecution * * * and render a judgment against the defendant for such costs.”

Unlike financial sanctions issued pursuant to R.C. 2929.18, “the imposition of court costs

under R.C. 2947.23 does not require the trial court to first consider the defendant’s ability

to pay.” State v. Hodge, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010648, 2015-Ohio-3724, ¶ 15. A

defendant’s financial status is therefore “irrelevant to the imposition of court costs.” State

v. Clevenger, 114 Ohio St.3d 258, 2007-Ohio-4006, 871 N.E.2d 589, ¶ 3 (superseded by

statute on other grounds). Accordingly, a sentencing court must include the costs of

prosecution in the sentence and render a judgment against the defendant for costs even if

the defendant is indigent. State v. White, 103 Ohio St.3d 580, 2004-Ohio-5989, 817

N.E.2d 393, ¶ 8.

       {¶43} In its discretion, however, a trial court may waive payment of court costs

upon a defendant’s motion if the defendant is indigent. R.C. 2949.092; State v. Walker,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101213, 2014-Ohio-4841, ¶ 9. We review a trial court’s denial of

a motion to waive costs for abuse of discretion. State v. Threatt, 108 Ohio St.3d 277,

2006-Ohio-905, 843 N.E.2d 164, ¶ 23 (superseded by statute on other grounds).
      {¶44} This court has refused to find plain error where the trial court has exercised

its discretion to impose court costs despite a defendant’s indigence. State v. Hicks, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105083, 2017-Ohio-8312, ¶ 19. Therefore, we find no merit to

Springer’s plain error argument.

      {¶45} As to Springer’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel relating to the

imposition of costs, he must show that a reasonable probability exists that the trial court

would have waived payment of the costs if such motion had been filed. State v. Graves,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103984, 2016-Ohio-7303, ¶ 13, citing State v. Vanderhorst, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97242, 2012-Ohio-2762, ¶ 78; State v. Bonton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 102918, 2016-Ohio-700, ¶ 20. This court has held that “it is nearly impossible to

establish prejudice as a result of counsel’s failure to move for a waiver of costs at

sentencing” because under R.C. 2947.23(C), as amended in 2013, trial courts now retain

jurisdiction to waive, suspend or modify the payment of court costs at any time. State v.

Mihalis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104308, 2016-Ohio-8056, ¶ 33; State v. Brown, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 103427, 2016-Ohio-1546, ¶ 15.

      {¶46} However, in State v. Gibson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104363,

2017-Ohio-102, this court carved out a narrow exception to the holdings in Mihalis and

Brown under facts analogous to the present case. The panel in Gibson held that a prior

finding by the trial court that a defendant was indigent demonstrated a reasonable

probability that the trial court would have waived costs had counsel made a timely

motion. Id. at ¶ 16. The court concluded that under such circumstances counsel’s failure

to move for waiver of costs was deficient and prejudiced the defendant. As in Gibson,
the trial court in this instance found Springer to be indigent and his trial counsel

nonetheless failed to move for a waiver of costs. Therefore, the limited exception in

Gibson controls, and we remand for a hearing regarding the imposition of costs.

       {¶47} Springer’s sixth assignment of error is sustained.

       VII. Cumulative Error

       {¶48} In his final assignment of error, Springer argues that the cumulative errors

addressed in his second, third and fourth assignments of error deprived him of his right to

due process.

       It is true that separately harmless errors may violate a defendant’s right to a
       fair trial when the errors are considered together. In order to find
       “cumulative error” present, we first must find that multiple errors were
       committed at trial. We then must find a reasonable probability that the
       outcome of the trial would have been different but for the combination of
       the separately harmless errors.

State v. Clark, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89371, 2008-Ohio-1404, ¶ 62, quoting State v.

Djuric, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87745, 2007-Ohio-413.

       {¶49} Having found no merit to the errors alleged in Springer’s second, third and

fourth assignments of error, we reject the application of the cumulative error doctrine in

this instance.

       {¶50} Springer’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶51} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part, and reversed in part.

       {¶52} We vacate the imposition of court costs and remand for a hearing regarding

the imposition of costs.

       It is ordered that appellant and appellee share the costs herein taxed.
      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cuyahoga

County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s

conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to

Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.


________________________________________________
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, PRESIDING JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., and
LARRY A. JONES, SR., J., CONCUR
