                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

____________________________________
                                    )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,           )
                                    )
      v.                            )                  Criminal No. 09-0226 (PLF)
                                    )
TED GIOVANNY LOZA,                  )
                                    )
      Defendant.                    )
____________________________________)


                            MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

               This matter is before the Court on the government’s motion in limine to admit

evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts pursuant to Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of

Evidence. The Court heard oral argument on this motion on February 1, 2011, and took it under

advisement. Upon consideration of the parties’ papers, the oral arguments presented by counsel,

the relevant legal authorities, and the entire record in this case, the Court will grant in part and

deny in part the government’s motion.


                                         I. BACKGROUND

               The defendant, Ted Giovanny Loza, former chief of staff for District of Columbia

Councilmember Jim Graham, is charged with one count of conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 371; three counts of bribery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 201(b); one count of extortion, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951; and one count of making false statements in violation of D.C.

Code § 22-2405. The charges arise primarily from an alleged plan entered into by defendant and
his co-conspirators to unlawfully “control[] and dominat[e] the taxicab industry in the District of

Columbia.” Indictment ¶ 13.1

               The government asks the Court to admit three categories of evidence of other

crimes, wrongs, or acts: (1) the defendant’s alleged acceptance of an all expenses paid trip to

Ethiopia in the summer of 2004; (2) the defendant’s alleged acceptance, in 2009, of $200 and a

piece of luggage from an associate on whose behalf the defendant allegedly had intervened with a

District of Columbia agency; and (3) the defendant’s alleged failure to list certain required items

on his 2004, 2007, and 2009 Financial Disclosure Forms. See Mot. at 1-2. The government

contends that “[e]vidence of these incidents is offered to prove the charged offenses; it is not,

however, offered merely to establish the defendant’s criminal character.” Id. at 2.

               During oral argument on the government’s motion, the defendant stated that he no

longer opposed admission of the first category — the alleged acceptance of an all expenses paid

trip to Ethiopia. The Court therefore will admit such evidence. Defendant, however, does

oppose the admission of the second and third categories. Defendant argues that “the evidence

sought to be admitted either is not probative of any issue other than character, or the probative

value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .” Opp.

at 6.


                                     II. LEGAL STANDARD

               In considering the admissibility of other crimes, wrongs, or acts under Rule 404(b)

of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the Court must apply a two-step analysis. First, the Court must


        1
               The references to the Indictment are to the second superseding indictment,
returned on January 25, 2011.

                                                  2
determine whether “the evidence [is] probative of some material issue other than character.”

United States v. Clarke, 24 F.3d 257, 264 (D.C. Cir. 1994). Under Rule 404(b), evidence of

other crimes, wrongs, or acts is admissible “as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,

plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” FED . R. EVID . 404(b). This is not

an exclusive list of relevant purposes, and any purpose for which such evidence is introduced is a

proper purpose so long as the evidence is not offered solely to prove character or criminal

propensity. See United States v. Mahdi, 598 F.3d 883, 891 (D.C. Cir. 2010); United States v.

Pettiford, 517 F.3d 584, 588 (D.C. Cir. 2008); United States v. Miller, 895 F.2d 1431, 1436

(D.C. Cir. 1990). Furthermore, in this circuit the Rule is viewed as one of inclusion rather than

exclusion. United States v. Long, 328 F.3d 655, 660-61 (D.C. Cir. 2003); United States v.

Bowie, 232 F.3d 923, 929-30 (D.C. Cir. 2000).

               Second, if the Court determines that the other crimes evidence is admissible for a

legitimate purpose, the Court then must decide whether it nevertheless should be excluded under

Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence because “its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or

by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.” FED . R. EVID . 403; see United States v. McCarson, 527 F.3d 170, 173-74 (D.C. Cir.

2008); United States v. Clarke, 24 F.3d at 264 (“The second step requires that the evidence not

be inadmissible under Rule 403.”). Under Rule 403, the test is “unfair prejudice,” not prejudice

or harm to the defense. United States v. Pettiford, 517 F.3d at 590 (“Rule 403 ‘does not bar

powerful, or even ‘prejudicial’ evidence. Instead, the Rule focuses on the ‘danger of unfair

prejudice,’ . . . .’”) (quoting United States v. Gartmon, 146 F.3d 1015, 1021 (D.C. Cir. 1998);


                                                 3
FED . R. EVID . 403) (emphasis in original); United States v. Cassell, 292 F.3d 788, 796 (D.C. Cir.

2002) (“Virtually all evidence is prejudicial or it isn’t material. The prejudice must be unfair.”)

(internal quotations and citation omitted).


                                        III. DISCUSSION

               As stated, the government requests the admission of three categories of evidence.

Because defendant no longer opposes admission of the first category, the Court discusses in turn

the two remaining categories and determines whether the government’s proffer and the rationale

for admission of each category of evidence meet the requirements for admission under Rules

404(b) and 403.


                                 A. $200 and a Piece of Luggage

               The government seeks to introduce evidence that, in 2009, the defendant allegedly

accepted $200 and a piece of luggage from an associate on whose behalf the defendant allegedly

had intervened with a District of Columbia agency. Mot. at 2. As the government states: “In

order to convict the defendant of bribery and conspiracy to commit bribery, the government must

prove that he knowingly accepted or agreed to accept things of value in exchange for performing

official acts.” Id. at 9-10. The government argues that this category of other crimes evidence “is

offered to establish the defendant’s intent when he received bribes from Mr. [Abdul] Kamus, his

knowledge regarding the bribes, and the absence of mistake regarding the bribes, as charged in

Counts One through Four (Bribery and Conspiracy to Commit Bribery)” of the Indictment. Id.

               Although this evidence may be probative of some purpose other than character,

the Court finds that the probative value is limited and is — at this stage — “substantially


                                                 4
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or

by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.” FED . R. EVID . 403. The Court will, however, consider admitting this evidence in

rebuttal — or on cross-examination of the defendant if he testifies — “but only if the defendant

brings into question” his intent, knowledge, or the absence of mistake regarding the alleged

bribes. United States v. Williams, 2010 WL 3155824, at *3 (D.D.C. Aug. 11, 2010).

               As a general rule, “‘inadmissable extrinsic evidence’” can become “‘admissible

on redirect [examination] as rebuttal evidence, when defense counsel has opened the door to such

evidence . . . .’” United States v. Collier, 385 Fed. App’x 876, 2010 WL 2600651, at *2 (11th

Cir. June 30, 2010) (quoting United States v. West, 898 F.2d 1493, 1500 (11th Cir. 1990))

(alteration in original); see United States v. Antonakeas, 255 F.3d 714, 724 (9th Cir. 2001)

(“‘Direct-examination testimony containing a broad disclaimer of misconduct sometimes can

open the door for extrinsic evidence to contradict even though the contradictory evidence is

otherwise inadmissible under Rules 404 and 608(b) and is, thus, collateral.’”) (quoting 28

CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & VICTOR JAMES GOLD , FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 6119

at 116-17 (1993)). Accordingly, although a court may make an initial determination that the

probative value of extrinsic evidence is substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect, “once

defense counsel ‘open[s] the door’” the evidence’s probative value may be “enhanced such that it

outweigh[s] its prejudicial effect.” See United States v. Johnson, 730 F.2d 683, 691 (11th Cir.

1984).

               This rule and its underlying rationale apply equally in the specific Rule 404(b)

context. See United States v. Williams, 2010 WL 3155824, at *3 (holding that a gang’s alleged


                                                 5
use and distribution of illegal drugs would be admitted as 404(b) evidence “in rebuttal but only if

the defendant brings into question the alleged illicit and violent nature of the gang”); United

States v. Knight, 185 F. Supp. 2d 65, 69 (D.D.C. 2002) (in drug case, holding that 404(b)

evidence would be excluded pursuant to Rule 403 with the exception that “[i]f the defense argues

or suggests at trial that [the defendant] did not intend to sell the drugs or that he did not possess

the gun in connection with the drugs or know that he possessed it . . . he will ‘open the door’ to

receipt of the evidence”); United States v. Jacobson, 578 F.2d 863, 866 (10th Cir. 1978) (district

court properly admitted 404(b) evidence in drug case “since the accused had taken the witness

stand and had denied entirely that he had anything to do with the selling of drugs”); see also

United States v. Khanu, 664 F. Supp. 2d 80, 85-86 (D.D.C. 2009) (finding 404(b) evidence

probative but reserving final ruling on admission of such evidence until trial so as “to weigh,”

under Rule 403, “[the] probative value against any possible unfair prejudice in the context of the

evidence presented”). Thus, although the Court currently finds that the limited probative value

of this second category of evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

defendant’s actions at trial may alter the Court’s calculus under Rule 403. See United States v.

Williams, 2010 WL 3155824, at *3; United States v. Knight, 185 F. Supp. 2d at 69; see also

United States v. Silvestri, 719 F.2d 577, 583 (2d Cir. 1983) (court properly admitted other crimes

evidence under Rule 404(b) “to rebut [the defendant’s] claim, advanced in counsel’s opening

statement and through cross-examination, that he never did anything in connection with bribery

of public officials”).




                                                   6
     B. Failure to List Certain Items on 2004, 2007, and 2009 Financial Disclosure Forms

               The government seeks to introduce evidence that the defendant failed to list

certain items on his 2004, 2007, and 2009 Financial Disclosure Forms. Mot. at 2. The

government argues that this evidence “is offered to establish the defendant’s intent when he

failed to list certain items on his 200[8] Financial Disclosure Form, his knowledge regarding

those forms, and the absence of any mistake on his part when he failed to list those items, as

charged in Count Six (False Statements)” of the Indictment. Id.

               The Court is not convinced that this “evidence [is] probative of some material

issue other than character.” United States v. Clarke, 24 F.3d at 264. Moreover, at this stage the

Court finds that any probative value “is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay,

waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” FED . R. EVID . 403. For the

reasons stated above, however, the Court will at least “consider admitting this evidence in

rebuttal . . . if the defendant brings into question” his intent, knowledge, or the absence of

mistake regarding the defendant’s alleged failure to list required items on his 2008 Financial

Disclosure Form. United States v. Williams, 2010 WL 3155824, at *3; see United States v.

Knight, 185 F. Supp. 2d at 69.




                                                  7
                                       IV. CONCLUSION

               For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant in part and deny in part the

government’s motion. The three categories of evidence will be admitted under the parameters

described above and with appropriate limiting instructions.2

               Accordingly, it is hereby

               ORDERED that the government’s motion in limine to admit evidence of other

crimes [Dkt. No. 48] is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

               SO ORDERED.




                                                      /s/
                                                     PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
DATE: February 3, 2011                               United States District Judge




       2
                This Memorandum Opinion and Order does not address the government’s
supplemental notice of other crimes, requesting admission of evidence that “[t]he defendant,
through his official position, was involved with obtaining funding for Fiesta DC” and that
“[d]uring this association, the defendant often threatened Fiesta DC’s financing, if his demands
for certain benefits were not met.” Gov’t Supplemental Notice of Other Crimes at 2, Jan. 26,
2011 [Dkt. No. 52]. During oral argument, defendant indicated that he objected to the admission
of this evidence on procedural and substantive grounds but wishes to respond in writing to the
supplemental notice before the Court rules. The Court will therefore address this fourth category
of evidence after having considered defendant’s opposition.

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