
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN




NO. 03-00-00064-CV


Hugh Maxwell Roth, Appellant

v.


Jose Montemayor, Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Texas, and Texas
Department of Insurance, Appellees




FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 353RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 98-07551, HONORABLE ERNEST C. GARCIA, JUDGE PRESIDING 





	Appellant Hugh Maxwell Roth appeals from the district court's final judgment in
favor of appellees Jose Montemayor, Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Texas, (1) and the
Texas Department of Insurance (together the "Commissioner"), affirming the Commissioner's order
to cease and desist from "doing any kind of insurance business."  We will affirm the district court's
judgment.


FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
	In 1991 the Commissioner issued an order revoking Roth's Group I, Legal Reserve
Life Insurance Agent's License and Group II, Insurance Agent's License pursuant to section 10 of
article 21.07 and section 12 of article 21.07-1 of the insurance code. (2) See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art
21.07, § 10, art. 21.07-1, § 12 (West Supp. 2001).  Roth's motion for rehearing was denied, (3) and he
appealed to district court, (4) where, in 1995, a jury found that Roth had engaged in willful deception,
fraud, misrepresentation, and misappropriation of funds in violation of the insurance code.  On
August 1, 1995, the district court signed a judgment revoking Roth's licenses.  Roth did not appeal
the district-court judgment.  
	However, before the judgment was rendered, Roth applied for employment as an
agent for three fraternal benefit societies.  See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 10.01 (West Supp. 2001). 
The insurance code defines a fraternal benefit society ("fraternal") as

[a]ny corporation, society, order or voluntary association, without capital stock,
organized and carried on solely for the mutual benefit of its members and their
beneficiaries, and not for profit, and having a lodge system and representative form
of government, and which shall make provision for the payment of benefits in
accordance with Article 10.05.  

Id. art. 10.01(a).  In addition, the insurance code generally exempts fraternals from other sections of
the code:

Except as herein provided, such societies shall be governed by this chapter and shall
be exempt from all provisions of the insurance laws of this State, not only in
governmental relations with the State, but for every other purpose.  No law hereafter
enacted shall apply to them, unless they be expressly designated therein.

Id. art. 10.04 (West 1981) (emphasis added).
	Seven days after the district-court judgment, Roth entered into a commercial-agent
agreement with Western Fraternal Life Association and received insurance applications and
premiums from at least fifteen individuals in the following fourteen months.  Twenty-four days after
the judgment, Roth agreed to act as an agent for CSA Fraternal Life Insurance Company and
received insurance applications and premiums.  A little over two months after the judgment, a third
fraternal, United Commercial Travelers of America, offered Roth an agency position, which he
accepted.  He received insurance applications and premiums from at least ten individuals in the
following eight months pursuant to that agreement.  Roth received commissions on all policies he
sold on behalf of the three fraternals.
	Roth has not been involved with any of the fraternals since 1996.  In April 1997 the
Commissioner issued a "Notice of Hearing and Statement of Charges," seeking a cease and desist
order against Roth for violations of section 3(b) of article 1.14-1 of the insurance code.  See Tex.
Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.051 (West 2000) (notice requirement).  Section 3(b) of article 1.14-1
prohibits the unauthorized practice of insurance.  See Act of May 27, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 918,
§ 2, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 3088, 3089 (Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 1.14-1, § 3(b), since repealed and
codified at Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 101.102(a) (West Supp. 2001)).
	A hearing was held before an administrative law judge assigned by the State Office
of Administrative Hearings.  See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.058 (West 2000).  The
Commissioner adopted the judge's proposal for decision and issued the cease and desist order at
issue here.  See Act of May 27, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 1025, § 1, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 4122,
4122 (Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 1.14-1, § 3(e), since repealed and codified at Tex. Ins. Code Ann.
§ 101.103 (West Supp. 2001)) (authority to issue cease and desist orders).  In summary, the cease
and desist order directs Roth to refrain from acting as an insurance agent, receiving any application
for insurance, receiving any premium or commission, or doing any kind of insurance business as
defined by the insurance code.
	Roth appealed to the district court, (5) which affirmed the Commissioner's order.  By
five issues, Roth appeals the district court's judgment. (6)

DISCUSSION
Sufficiency of the Commissioner's Notice
	By his second issue, Roth argues that the Commissioner's notice of hearing limits the
grounds for its punishment.  We first address Roth's contention that the notice limits the grounds
upon which the Commissioner can base his order.  The government code provides that a notice of
a hearing in a contested case must include "a reference to the particular sections of the statutes and
rules involved."  Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.052 (West 2000).  In addition, "[f]indings of fact
may be based only on the evidence and on matters that are officially noticed."  Id. § 2001.141(c).  

	The Commissioner's notice of hearing states the following in its heading: "NOTICE
OF PUBLIC HEARING; DOCKET NO. XXX-XX-XXXX.C; TO CONSIDER WHETHER A CEASE
AND DESIST ORDER SHOULD BE ENTERED AGAINST HUGH MAXWELL ROTH . . . FOR
ENGAGING IN THE UNAUTHORIZED BUSINESS OF INSURANCE IN VIOLATION OF
ARTICLE 1.14-1 §3(B) OF THE TEXAS INSURANCE CODE."  In the body of the six-page notice,
the Commissioner alleges the following:

HUGH MAXWELL ROTH'S [previous] insurance licenses were revoked pursuant
to articles 21.07-1 §12 and 21.07 §10.

. . . .

. . . [A]rticle 21.07-1 of Texas Insurance Code provides that a "person whose license
has been revoked under Section 12"of 21.07-1 "may not solicit or otherwise transact
business under Chapter 10 of this code."  As alleged . . . , HUGH MAXWELL
ROTH'S Group I license was revoked pursuant to Section 12 of article 21.07-1. 

The notice provided by the Commissioner was sufficient to alert Roth that the Commissioner would
rely on article 21.07-1 in determining whether he had violated article 1.14-1. (7)  Roth could not be
surprised by the Commissioner's finding a violation of article 21.07-1.  We overrule Roth's second
issue.
Article 1.14-1
	By his first issue, Roth argues that he did not violate section 3(b) of article 1.14-1 of
the insurance code.  Statutory construction is a question of law, Johnson v. City of Fort Worth, 774
S.W.2d 653, 656 (Tex. 1989), the resolution of which must begin by looking to the plain and
common meaning of the statute's words.  Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Garrison Contractors, Inc., 966
S.W.2d 482, 484 (Tex. 1998).  
	The relevant statute, section 3(b) of article 1.14-1, states, "No person or insurer shall
directly or indirectly do any of the acts of an insurance business set forth in this Article except as
provided by and in accordance with the specific authorization of statute."  Act of May 27, 1985, 69th
Leg., R.S., ch. 918, § 2, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 3088, 3089 (Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 1.14-1, § 3(b),
since repealed and codified at Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 101.102(a)).  "Doing an insurance business"
includes:

[1.]	The taking or receiving of any application for insurance.

[2.]	The receiving and collection of any premium, commission, membership fees,
assessments, dues or other consideration for any insurance or part thereof.

. . . .

[3.]	Directly or indirectly acting as an agent for or otherwise representing or aiding
on behalf of another any person or insurer in the solicitation, negotiation,
procurement or effectuation of insurance or renewals thereof or in the
dissemination of information as to coverage of rates, or forwarding of
applications, or delivery of policies or contracts, or inspection of risks, a fixing
of rates or investigation or adjustment of claims or losses or in the transaction
of matters subsequent to effectuation of the contract and arising out of it, or in
any other manner representing or assisting a person or insurer in the transaction
of insurance with respect to subjects of insurance resident, located or to be
performed in this state.      
Act of April 27, 1967, 60th Leg., R.S., ch. 185, § 1, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 400, 402 (Tex. Ins. Code
Ann. art. 1.14-1, § 2(a), since repealed and codified at Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 101.051 (West Supp.
2001)).  It is undisputed that at least some of Roth's activities for the fraternals fall within these
descriptions.  
	A "person" in this section includes fraternals.  See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art 21.21,
§ 2(a) (West Supp. 2001).  However, the insurance code also provides that fraternals are exempt
from the insurance laws unless fraternals are "expressly designated therein."  See id. art. 10.04.  The
Commissioner argues that when a fraternal is engaging in "acts of an insurance business," it can only
legally do so "in accordance with the specific authorization of statute."  Act of May 27, 1985, 69th
Leg., R.S., ch. 918, § 2, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 3088, 3089 (Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 1.14-1, § 3(b),
since repealed and codified at Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 101.102(a)).  Roth answers that "the specific
authorization of statute" comes from article 10.04 of the code, which exempts fraternals "from all
provisions of the insurance [code] . . . for every . . . purpose."  Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 10.04.  He
continues that article 10 provides the basis for fraternals to engage in the above described
activities--to take applications for insurance, collect premiums, and act as agents.  
	We agree with the Commissioner that Roth violated section 3(b) of article 1.14-1 but
for a slightly different reason. (8)  Article 1.14-1 forbids Roth from engaging in the unauthorized
practice of insurance.  Whether or how article 1.14-1 applies to fraternals is irrelevant because the
statute's prohibition clearly applies to Roth as an individual.  Thus if Roth, as an individual who
takes applications for insurance, collects premiums, and acts as an agent, violates a section of the
insurance code, he is engaging in the unauthorized business of insurance.	
	Section 3(c) of article 21.07-1 of the code provides that "[a] person who has had a
license revoked under Section 12 of this Act may not solicit or otherwise transact business under
Chapter 10 of this code."  Id. art. 21.07-1, § 3(c) (West Supp. 2001).  The Commissioner's order
included the following conclusions:

[1.]	As of August 1, 1995, the Texas insurance licenses held by [Roth] were
revoked, pursuant to TEX. INS. CODE ANN. arts. 21.07 and 21.07-1. [Roth]
has not been granted any additional licenses by the Texas Department of
Insurance since that time.

[2.]	Article 21.07-1, Sec. 3(c), provides that a person who has had a license revoked
under Sec. 12 of that act . . . may not solicit or otherwise transact business under
Chapter 10 of the Insurance Code.  Chapter 10 of the Insurance Code is entitled
"Fraternal Benefit Societies."

[3.]	Based on . . . Conclusions [1 and 2, among others, Roth] is a person who
engaged in the business of insurance in violation of Article 1.14-1.

[4.]	Based on the foregoing, a cease-and-desist order should be issued ordering
[Roth] to refrain from engaging in certain activities related to the business of
insurance.
Roth does not dispute that his licenses were revoked pursuant to section 12 of article 21.07-1.  Roth
has violated section 3(c) of article 21.07-1, thus his engaging in the business of insurance was not
specifically authorized by the insurance code.  We hold that Roth violated article 1.14-1 and overrule
his first issue. 
Violations of Agency Rulemaking Procedure
	By his third issue, Roth claims that 

the Commissioner violated [the government code] by seeking and providing a new
rule of general applicability through an [o]fficial [o]rder without compliance with the
rulemaking procedures and notice requirements contained in the Administrative
Procedure Act.  Specifically, a new rule [(1)] subjecting fraternal benefit societies to
art. 1.14-1, [(2)] defining the issuance of fraternal policies as the business of
insurance, [(3)] requiring that fraternal agents be licensed, and [(4)] abrogating the
exemptions they enjoyed under Chapter 10 was fashioned by order of the
Commissioner without notice of the new rule's potential effect to all affected
persons.  

We do not agree that sections 2001.021 through 2001.039 of the government code, which govern
agency rulemaking procedure, are implicated by the Commissioner's order.  See Tex. Gov't Code
Ann. §§ 2001.021-.039 (West 2000).  Even if we accept Roth's argument that article 1.14-1 does not
apply to fraternals, the Commissioner's order may still validly rely on article 1.14-1.  Indeed, we
have so held.  The order's statement that article 1.14-1 applies to fraternals is surplusage and
unnecessary to the finding that Roth violated article 1.14-1 as an individual.
	In addition, the order does not require fraternal agents to be licensed. (9)  The
Commissioner's order only requires that Roth not violate 1.14-1, something he had recently done
by violating section 3(c) of article 21.07-1 in soliciting business for fraternals after the revocation
of his insurance agent licenses. 
	Finally, Roth directs us to an opinion by the First Court of Civil Appeals, arguing it
holds that fraternals are not engaged in the business of insurance.  See Kennedy v. Laird, 503 S.W.2d
664 (Tex. Civ. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1973, no writ).  In Kennedy, the court of civil appeals
stated that a policy issued by a fraternal was not an insurance policy.  See id. at 665.  But Roth's
reliance on Kennedy is misplaced.  Since Kennedy was decided in 1973, the legislature has amended
the insurance code to include fraternals in the group of "persons" that may not engage in the
unauthorized practice of insurance.  See Act of May 27, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 918, § 2, 1985
Tex. Gen. Laws 3088, 3089 (Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 1.14-1, § 3(a), since repealed and codified at
Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 101.101(a) (West Supp. 2001)); see also Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21,
§ 2(a). (10) 
	We overrule Roth's third issue.  	 

Review of Administrative Record
	By Roth's fifth issue, he claims that the district court "did not review excerpts from
the administrative record."  We assume that Roth is asserting that the district court abused his
discretion in ruling without reviewing the administrative record.  The record before this Court
reveals that the administrative record was misplaced before it reached the district court.  It was
located by the court during the proceeding.  The following discussion occurred near the end of the
hearing, after the administrative record was admitted as an exhibit and after the court revealed that
he would affirm the Commissioner's order: 

The Court:	The Court has read the briefs submitted by both counsel, has carefully
considered the arguments of both counsel and the case law presented and
has thoroughly considered the Insurance Code and the exhibits certainly
that were attached, as well as the record, and the Court is of the opinion
that the Commissioner's decision should be affirmed.

. . . .

[Roth's Counsel]: 	Your Honor, I just have one question.  I believe you stated that
you had reviewed the record.  Is that possible under the
circumstances?

The Court: 	No.  In actuality, what I reviewed primarily were all the documents
attached to the briefs.

[Roth's Counsel]: 	Okay.  And so those documents that were referred to in the
briefs, which are part of the record, were not reviewed?

The Court:	 No.

[Roth's Counsel]:	Okay.  Well, then that causes me a problem with the final
judgment that was submitted by opposing counsel.  It states,
"The Court, having reviewed the briefs and the record and
having considered the argument of counsel, finds there are no
grounds."  I don't believe that under the circumstances, the
record not having been in the hands of the Court, that the part
that says "and the record" should be part of this final judgment.

The Court:	Very well.  Absent any objection by opposing counsel, then why don't
I take this matter under advisement and make sure that I have a
thorough opportunity to digest those binders that had been
misplaced . . . .  Would that be okay?

[Counsel for the Commissioner]:  That's fine, Your Honor.

The Court:	Counsel?

[Roth's Counsel]: 	Yes.

	The court's final judgment was signed three days later.  Roth has failed to show that
the district court abused his discretion.  Roth presents no evidence that the district court did not
review the record in the three days between the end of the court proceeding and the signing of the
judgment.  The record reveals that the district court expressed an affirmative intention to review the
record in those three days.  We overrule Roth's fifth issue.

Breadth of Relief
	By his fourth issue, Roth contends that the Commissioner's order "provides
unreasonably broad injunctive relief unwarranted by the circumstances."  Roth draws our attention
to a number of cases that involve the burdens placed on the seekers of equitable injunctive relief. 
See Luccous v. J. C. Kinley Corp., 376 S.W.2d 336, 341 (Tex. 1964); Hermann Hosp. v. Thu Nga
Thi Tran, 730 S.W.2d 56, 58 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no writ); Frey v. DeCordova
Bend Estates Owners Ass'n, 632 S.W.2d 877, 881 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1982), aff'd, 647 S.W.2d
246 (Tex. 1983); Burklund v. Hackett, 575 S.W.2d 389, 392 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1978, no writ). 
Roth complains that injunctive relief is not appropriate (1) for past acts, (2) "to prevent an alleged
threatened act," or (3) in the absence of "imminent harm or irreparable injury."  
	However, the Commissioner's authority to order Roth to cease and desist from the
listed activities comes from the insurance code, and a statutory remedy is not governed by equitable
principles.  See State v. Texas Pet Foods, Inc., 591 S.W.2d 800, 805 (Tex. 1979).  Article 1.14-1
provides, 
If the Commissioner has reason to believe or it appears that any person . . . has
violated or is threatening to violate this Article . . . , the Commissioner may set a
hearing and shall serve on that person . . . a statement of charges and a notice of
hearing . . . .

. . . .

	. . . After the hearing, the Commissioner may issue an order against the person
. . . charged with a violation requiring that the person . . . immediately cease and
desist from the violation.   

Act of May 27, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 1025, § 2, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 4122, 4122-23 (Tex. Ins.
Code Ann. art. 1.14-1, § 3A(a), (c), since repealed and codified at Tex. Ins. Code Ann. §§ 101.151,
.153 (West Supp. 2001)).  The statute allows the Commissioner to issue a cease and desist order on
the basis of past violations, and there is no requirement that the Commissioner find that a violation
"probably will recur," as Roth urges.  See id.  Finally, nothing in the statute requires a showing of
harm.  See id.  We overrule Roth's fourth issue.

CONCLUSION
	Having overruled Roth's issues, we affirm the judgment of the district court. 


  
						Lee Yeakel, Justice
Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices Kidd and Yeakel.
Affirmed
Filed:   June 7, 2001
Publish
1. 	This appeal was originally filed in the name of the predecessor to the present
Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Texas.   We have substituted the current holder of that
office as the correct party to this proceeding.  See Tex. R. App. P. 7.2.
2. 	As grounds for the revocation of Roth's licenses in 1991, the Commissioner concluded
that Roth had "demonstrated a lack of trustworthiness and competence to act as an insurance
agent" and had "been guilty of dishonest practices."
3. 	See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.146 (West 2000).
4. 	See id. § 2001.171.
5. 	See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.171.
6. 	Roth's brief includes seven items listed under "Issues Presented"; however, it restates
and groups the issues as five issues in its argument.  The five restated issues do not abandon any
issues listed in the original seven.  We will refer to the more concise restatement.
7. 	The Commissioner agrees with Roth that the cease and desist order can only be based on
violations of article 1.14-1; he states that "[a] plain reading of both the Notice and the Order . . .
establishes that Article 1.14-1 is the only statute Roth is alleged and found to have violated."  The
Commissioner continues that the order merely shows that the Commissioner relied on other sections
of the insurance code in determining that article 1.14-1 was violated.  We disagree that the order
finds that the only statute Roth violated was article 1.14-1; it clearly finds that Roth violated article
21.07-1.  We add, however, that such a finding is necessary to the Commissioner's finding a
violation of article 1.14-1.
8. 	The Commissioner relies on two statutes in his analysis--article 21.07-3 and article
10.37-2. Article 10.37-2 states, "A fraternal benefit society may not employ or otherwise retain a
person to solicit business if that person has had a license revoked under Articles 21.07[, 21.07-1,]
or 21.14."  Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 10.37-2 (West Supp. 2001).  However, this section is a
prohibition on fraternals and could not provide the basis for Roth's unauthorized practice of
insurance.
9. 	We note that the legislature has since amended the insurance code to now require
agents for fraternals to be licensed.  See Act of May 18, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 432, § 18,
1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 2799, 2800 (codified at Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art 10.37-3 (West Supp.
2001)). 
10. 	In 1985 the legislature amended article 1.14-1 to add section 3(a), which gives
"person" the meaning assigned by section 2(a) of article 21.21.  See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art.
21.21, § 2(a) (West Supp. 2001).  Section 2(a) of article 21.21 includes a fraternal in its definition
of a "person."  Id.

