                                           May 5,1999




Mr. Charles L. Dunlap                                  Opinion No. JC-0043
Executive Director
Teacher Retirement System of Texas                     Re: Permissible investments of Teacher
1000 Red River                                         Retirement System and related questions
Austin. Texas 78701                                    (RQ-1174)

Dear Mr. Dunlap:

        On behalf of the Board of Trustees of the Teacher Retirement System (the “Board”), you
inquire about the Board’s authority to invest the retirement system’s trust fund. You first inquire
about the scope of the term “securities” in article XVI, section 67 of the Texas Constitution, which
provides that the assets of the retirement system are to be invested in “such securities as the board
may consider to be prudent investments.” We reject the conclusion of Attorney General Opinion
MW-152 (1980) and Letter Opinion No. 94-052 that “securities” within this provision consists of
those investments that the federal Securities and Exchange Commission or the State Securities Board
has determined to be a security within the regulatory statutes they administer. Instead, we conclude
that “securities” is to be defined by reference to chapter 8 of the Texas Business and Commerce
Code, which defines securities for investment purposes.

       You also inquire about the authority of the Board under sectibn 825.301(b) of the Texas
Government Code to delegate authority to manage certain investments to outside managers. We
conclude that the Board of Trustees lacks authority to delegate its discretionary authority over
investments to private investment managers.

I.      Introduction

        Article XVI, section 67(b)(l) of the Texas Constitution provides that the “legislature shall
establish by law a Teacher Retirement System of Texas to provide benefits for persons employed
in the public schools, colleges, and universities supported wholly or partly by the state.” See TEX.
CONST.art. XVI, 5 67(b)(2) (similar provision applicable to the Employees Retirement System for
officers and employees of the state). The amount contributed by a person participating in the
Teacher Retirement System of Texas (“TRS”) “shall be established by the legislature but may not
be less than six percent of current compensation.” Id. 5 67(b)(3). See TEX. GOV’TCODEANN.
5 x25.402(5) (Vernon 1994) (rate of contribution for retirement system members is 6.4 percent of
member’s annual compensation). “The amount contributed by the state may not be less than six
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 2                     (X-0043)




percent nor more than 10 percent of the aggregate compensation paid to individuals participating in
the system.” TEX. CONST.art. XVI, $67(b)(3); see TEX. GOV’TCODEANN. 5 825.404(a) (Vernon
1994) (state contributes to retirement system an amount equal to eight percent of aggregate annual
compensation of all retirement system members during that fiscal year).

         The TRS trust fund, which is held in trust for the benefit of members, TEX. CONST.art. XVI,
5 67(a), exceeds $60 billion in value. Brief from Teacher Retirement System of Texas to Office of
Attorney General 15 (Sept. 18,199s) [hereinafter TRS Brief 9/18/98]. Approximately sixty percent
ofthe portfolio is invested in equity securities traded on domestic and foreign public exchanges, with
the bulk of the remainder invested in fixed-income instruments such as corporate and government
bonds. Id. at 14. “Depending on the current market values of the publicly-traded securities in the
portfolio, between 1 and 3% of the portfolio is invested in real estate mortgages or real estate accrued
through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure and alternative investments such as the Texas
Growth Fund.” Id.; see TEX. CONST.art. XVI, 5 70 (establishing Texas Growth Fund to make
investments “directly related to the creation, retention or expansion of employment opportunity and
economic growth in Texas” and authorizing investment in growth fund of TRS fund and certain
other constitutionally established trust funds).

        As background to your questions, you refer to the “Report to the Legislative Audit
Committee Regarding the Investment Program and Practices of the Texas Teacher Retirement
System,” prepared by Independent Fiduciary Services, Inc. (“Fiduciary Services”), and submitted
to the Legislative Audit Committee in October of 1996. The Report suggests that the Teacher
Retirement System consider investing in “alternative” investments, high yield bonds, and financial
futures contracts as a means of diversifying its investments. “Alternative investments,” as
commonly defined, include “a wide range of disparate strategies and types of assets, including
emerging market securities (i.e., debt and equity of companies based in underdeveloped countries),
private domestic equity (including venture capital and mezzanine financing), international private
equity, leveraged buy-out funds, distressed securities (issued by companies which the investment
manager seeks to “turn around”), oil and gas programs, timberland and farmland.” INDEPENDENT
FIDUCIARYSERVICES,INC., REPORTTO THE LEGISLATIVE
                                               AUDIT COMMI~EE REGARDINGTHE
INVESTMENTPROGRAMANDPRAC~CESOFTHETEXASTEACHERRETIREMENTSYSTEM   146-47 (1996)
[hereinafter IFS Report]. A State Auditor’s report on investment practices at certain state investing
entities defines “alternative investments” as follows:

                Investment opportunities which have not been identified by
                traditional public equity or fixed income capital markets. Also may
                be defined as private, non-traditional, illiquid investments. . .
                Alternative investments are accomplished almost exclusively through
                private offerings of debt or equity interests, and are often made
                through entities organized as limited partnerships. Examples of
                alternative investments include international and emerging market
                stocks, hedge funds, event driven strategies+ well as illiquid equity
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 3                      (X-0043)




                investments such as venture capital, mezzanine financing, private
                equity and buy-out investing, real estate, and oil and gas.

OFFICEOF THE STATEAUDITOR,A REVIEWOF CONTROLSOVERINVESTMENT                       PRACTICESAT SIX
MAJOR STATEINVESTINGENTITIES177 (Nov. 1996) [hereinafter Review]; SW also id. at 180
(“mezzanine financing” is investment in the subordinated debt of privately owned companies, the
debt holder participating in equity appreciation through conversion features such as rights, warrants,
or options).

        The Independent Fiduciary Services report also recommends that the Board “promptly and
expressly” decide whether to renew the mortgage loan program, setting out certain fundamental
issues the Board should address in making this decision. IFS Report supra, at 42. In deciding
whether and in what form to renew mortgage lending, “the Board should consider retaining a
nationally-prominent strategic real estate consulting firm.” Id. at 43.

        The report states that the review was conducted primarily from an investment perspective
and it is not expressing an opinion as to the legality of the measures it recommends. Id. at 5.
Following a discussion of the merits of delegating investment authority to outside investors, the
report recommends that “the Board seek to obtain appropriate clarification or support (whether
through legislation, constitutional amendment, if necessary or otherwise), permitting it to delegate
investment authority.      .” Id. at 26. Thus, the report does not assume that TRS has present
authority to implement its recommendations. See alsoReview supru, at 26 (suggesting that TRS and
ERS jointly request attorney general opinion regarding their ability to delegate investment authority).

II.     What is the meaning of usecurities” in article XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas
        Constitution?

        Your first question is as follows:

                1. For purposes of determining the scope of TRS’ constitutional and
                statutory investment authority, is the definition of “securities” for
                regulatory purposes, e.g., under The Securities Act, TEX. REV. CIV.
                STAT. ANN. art. 581-4(A) (Vernon Supp. 1998), the sole and
                exclusive definition upon which TRS must rely? If not, may TRS rely
                on the concept that a security is the evidence of debt or of ownership
                obtained as a result of the outlay or commitment of money for the
                purpose and with the expectation of earning revenue, income or profit
                from its employment in a common (separate) enterprise?

        The term “security” is not defined in the constitutional provision, nor is it defined by a statute
applicable to TRS. Section 825.301 of the Government Code authorizes the TRS Board to “invest
and reinvest assets of the retirement system without distinction as to their source in accordance with
Section 67, Article XVI, Texas Constitution” and expressly provides that the Board may invest in
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 4                    (X-0043)




a list of specific securities: “[Olbligations issued, assumed, or guaranteed by the Inter-American
Development Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank),
the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the International Finance
Corporation.” Government Code section 825.301(a) also provides that the Board’s “[ilnvestment
decisions are subject to the standard provided in the Texas Trust Code by section 113.056(a),
Property Code,” which states the prudent person rule. See Hoenig & Union Nat ‘1Bank v. Texas
Commerce Bunk, 939 S.W.2d 656,661 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1996, no writ).

        Prior opinions of this office have advised TRS that the term “securities” in the Texas
Constitution, article XVI, section 67(a)(3), is defined according to the definition of this term in the
federal and state securities regulatory acts. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. MW-152 (1980), Tex. Att’y
Gen. LO-94-052. We examine this prior advice in light of an analysis of article XVI, section 67 of
the Texas Constitution.

A.      Historv of article XVI. section 67 of the Texas Constitution

        Article XVI, section 67 of the Texas Constitution was adopted in 1975 by the voters’
approval of a resolution that consolidated nearly all constitutional provisions relating to state
and local retirement systems. CONSTITUTION      OFTHESTATEOFTEXAS, Amendments Adopted in
1973-1975, 1975 Tex. Gen. Laws LXXV, XLVII,LXXXII-LXXXIII.The constitutional provision sets
out the following duties of trustees of statewide retirement systems:

                    [e]ach statewide benefit system must have a board of trustees to
                administer the system and to invest the funds of the system in such
                securities as the board may consider prudent investments. In making
                investments, a board shall exercise the judgment and care under the
                circumstances then prevailing that persons of ordinary prudence,
                discretion, and intelligence exercise in the management of their own
                affairs, not in regard to speculation, but in regard to the permanent
                disposition oftheir funds, considering the probable income therefrom
                as well as the probable safety of their capital. The legislature by law
                may further restrict the investment discretion of a board.

TEX. CONST.    art. XVI, 5 67(a)(3). This provision applies to the trustees of the Employees
Retirement System (“ERS”) as well as the trustees ofthe Teacher Retirement System. It establishes
two important limitations for statewide retirement systems-the funds are to be invested in
“securities” and these investments are to be made according to the “prudent person” standard that
it sets out.

        Local retirement systems are not subject to the constitutional constraints that apply to
statewide retirement systems. Article XVI, section 67(c) provides that the “legislature shall provide
by law” for creation of a benefits system by a city or county for its officers and employees and for
statewide benefit systems available to the officers and employees of cities, counties, and other
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 5                    (X-0043)




political subdivisions. TEX. CONST.art. XVI, $ 67(c). Thus, the constitution does not limit local
retirement systems to investing in “securities,” nor does this provision state the standard of care
applicable to trustees in making investment decisions for local retirement systems. The legislature
may address these aspects oflocal retirement systems absent the constitutional constraints applicable
to laws on statewide retirement systems. See Williams v. McKnight, 402 S.W.2d 505 (Tex. 1966)
(legislature may not enact laws in conflict with the constitution); Jones v. Williams, 45 S.W.2d 130
(Tex. 1931) (legislature may enact any law not in violation of state or federal constitution).

        The constitutional provision that had formerly governed the investment of TRS assets, was
repealed by adoption of the same resolution that proposed article XVI, section 67. See TEX. CONST.
of 1965, art. III, $48b (repealed 1975). The former provision authorized the TRS Board to invest
the assets of the System in specific and narrow categories of investments: bonds, notes or other
evidences of indebtedness of the United States, the State of Texas, or a political subdivision of the
State of Texas, corporate stocks, bonds, notes, and other evidences of indebtedness, and land, a
building, and equipment for the TRS offices. Tex. S.J. Res. 27, 59th Leg., R.S., 1965 Tex. Gen.
Laws 2201. Article XVI, section 67 authorized the Boards of TRS and ERS “to invest the fimds of
the system in such securities as the board may consider prudent investments,” thus broadening their
investment authority while including strict safeguards for fund security. TEX. LEG. COUNCIL,2
PROPOSED    CONSTITUTIONAL    AMENDMENTS     ANALYZED   3 (Apr. 22,1975); see also COMM.ONCONST.
REV.,BILLANALYSIS,Tex. S.J.R. 3,64th Leg., R.S. (1975). Given the nature of the TRS funds and
the constitutional language, the underlying purpose of the constitutional provision must necessarily
be to safeguard the funds and maximize returns to provide teachers with the maximum retirement
benefits. See Woods v. Reilly, 218 S.W.2d 437,442 (Tex. 1949) (purpose of former art. III, 5 48a
ofthe Texas Constitution of 1936 (repealed 1965) was to provide security for public school teachers
and provide incentive for qualified persons to become and remain teachers).

         Article XVI, section 67, represents a development ofthe categorical approach to investments
found in its predecessor, former article III, section 48b of the Texas Constitution, but it still places
limits on the class of investments permissible for retirement system funds. For example, in 1980,
this office advised TRS that it could not invest in real estate, because real estate was not a security
within the constitutional provision. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. MW-152 (1980). In 1982, a legislative
study of public retirement systems commented as follows on the attorney general’s opinion:

                        Investment of the [TRS] fund is governed by a provision in
                the Texas [Clonstitution which specifies that the trustees are
                responsible for investing system assets in such securities as are
                deemed prudent. This version of the ‘prudent person rule,’ as inter-
                preted by the State Attorney General, effectively precludes invest-
                ments in such categories as equity real estate or tangible assets which
                might, depending on the nature and form ofthe investment and other
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 6                    (JC-0043)




               circumstances otherwise be deemed prudent by a board of trustees
               working under a pure version of the prudent person rule.

SELECTCOMM.ONPUB.RETIREMENT             SYSTEMS,   F&PORTTOSPEAKERANDMEMBERSOFTHETEXAS
HOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES
                    68~~ LEGISLATURE
                                   52                   (Oct. 1982) (emphasis in original) [hereinafter
PRS Report]. A “pure” version of the “prudent person rule” would allow a board of trustees to
invest funds limited solely by the “prudent person rule.” See generally HOUSERETIREMENT              &
AGING COMM., BILLANALYSIS,Tex. S.J. Res. 6, 72d Leg., R.S. (1991). The report recommended
to the legislature the removal of specific constitutional and statutory restrictions on the investment
of the assets of ERS and TRS and the grant of investment authority in the form of the prudent person
rule as defined by common law. PRS Report supra, at 54. The Sixty-eighth Legislature did not
propose an amendment to article XVI, section 67, but it did adopt provisions authorizing the trustees
of TRS to “contract with private professional investment managers to assist the board in investing
the assets of the retirement system.” Act ofMay 29,1983,68th Leg., R.S., ch. 926,s 4, 1983 Tex.
Gen. Laws 5099,510O (now codified as TEX. GOV’TCODEANN.§ 825.301(b) (Vernon 1994)).

        In 1991 the legislature proposed an amendment to article XVI, section 67 that would have
substituted a “pure” version of the “prudent person” rule for the present language, but it was rejected
by the voters. The amendment, proposed by Senate Joint ResolutionNo. 6, would have deleted from
article XVI, section 67, the language authorizing the trustees “to invest the funds of the system in
such securities as the board may consider prudent investments,” and provided them authority “to
invest the funds of the system in such manner as the board may consider prudent.” Tex. S.J. Res.
6, 72d Leg., R.S., 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 3520 (emphasis in original). The bill analysis for the
proposed amendment provides the following background:

                    Over several legislative sessions, the Employees Retirement
                System (ERS) and the Teacher Retirement System (TRS) enabling
                laws have been amended to remove statutory lists of legal
                investments for those funds.         However, an Attorney General’s
                opinion (MW-152) has held that the Constitution’s use of the word
                “securities” restricts the systems from certain investments.

HOUSERETIREMENT&AGINGCOMM.,BILLANALYSIS,T~~.S.J.R~~.~,~~~L~~.,R.S.                    (1991). Thus,
article XVI, section 67(a)(3) has not been amended since it was adopted in 1975. We note, however,
that a pending resolution proposes an amendment to article XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas
Constitution that would delete the term “securities” and authorize the board of a statewide system
“to invest the funds of the system in such investments as the board may consider prudent
investments.” Tex. H.R.J. Res. 9, 76th Leg., R.S. (1999) (proposing a constitutional amendment
relating to investment of the Texas Growth Fund and by statewide public retirement systems)
(emphasis added).
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 7                     UC-0043)




B.      Rules of constitutional construction

        With the history of article XVI, section 67 in mind, we attempt to define “securities” as it
appears in this constitutional provision. The provision itself does not define the term “securities,”
nor are there any judicial decisions construing this term. The statute implementing the TRS
investment authority, Government Code section 825.301(a), essentially restates the constitutional
authorization and therefore provides us with no guidance in defining terms used in article XVI,
section 67. See generally Hill County v. Sheppard, 178 S.W.2d 261 (Tex. 1944) (court looks to
statute creating office of “criminal district attorney” to construe that term in article V, section 21 of
Texas Constitution); Aerospace Optimist Club v. Texas Alcoholic Beverage Comm ‘n, 886 S.W.2d
556,560 (Tex. App.-Austin 1994, no writ) (looking to bingo statute’s definition of “proceeds” to
define that term in article III, section 47, Texas Constitution).

         In construing the state constitution, a court will give effect to its plain language, also
considering the purpose of the provision, its historical context, and the collective intent of the
framers and the people who adopted it. Republican Party v. Die&, 940 S.W.2d 86,89 (Tex. 1997);
Con v. Robinson, 150 S.W. 1149, 1151 (Tex. 1912) (proceedings of legislative body framing
provision may be examined to aid in resolving questions of construction). See Aerospace Optimist
Club, 886 S.W.2d at 560 (we “look to other sources for instruction as to the meaning and purpose”
of the term, including legislative interpretations). The prior state ofthe law may be examined. Cox,
150 S.W. at 1156. The constitution must be read as a whole and ambiguities may be resolved by
reference to other parts ofthe constitution. Collingsworth County v. Allred, 40 S.W.2d 13,14 (Tex.
 193 1). Thus, a clause that, standing by itself, might seem of doubtful import may yet be made plain
by comparison with other clauses or portions of the same instrument. Purcell v. Lindsey, 314
S.W.2d 283 (Tex. 1958); Snelson v. Murray, 252 S.W.2d 720 (Tex. Civ. App.-El Paso 1952, writ
ref d n.r.e.).

        The meaning of constitutional provisions may be ascertained by reference to the common
law. Trimmier v. Carlton, 296 S.W. 1070, 1079 (Tex. 1927) (delegation of legislative powers). A
dictionary may be consulted to determine the meaning of a word employed in a statute. Texas &
P.Ry. Co. v. Railroad Comm’n, 150 SW. 878,881 (Tex. 1912); see Booth v. Strippleman, 61 Tex.
378,3 82 (1884) (rules analogous to those goveming interpretation ofstatutes and private instruments
are referred to in construing constitutional provisions). However, one word may be used to express
different ideas, Oden v. Gates, 24 S.W.2d 381 (Tex. 1930), and this is true ofthe word “securities.”
Bahre v. Pearl, 595 A.2d 1027, 1035 (Me. 1991) (definitions of “security” in securities regulatory
statute and Uniform Commercial Code article 8 are separate and distinct). The meaning of a word
must be determined according to the context, subject matter, and evident intent of the framers and
the people. Oden, 24 S.W.2d at 382. When one of two equally reasonable constructions of a
constitutional provision will give rise to fewer or less complicated questions in its application, that
constructionshouldbe favored. Thomnsv. Creuger, 107 S.W.2d705,710 (Tex. Civ. App.-Eastland
 1937, writ dism’d); see also Moore v. Edna Hosp. Dist., 449 S.W.2d 508, 526 (Tex. Civ.
App.Xorpus Christi 1969, writ ref d n.r.e.). When, in addition, one of the two constructions will,
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 8                   (X-0043)




to a greater degree, effect the purpose of the provision, such construction should be adopted.
Creager, 107 S.W.2d at 710.

C.     Common-law and dictionarv definitions of “securities”

         The TRS argues that “securities” within the constitutional provision should be defined by
reference to the common law and to dictionary definitions, stating that the definition of securities
found in the regulatory statutes is too uncertain to provide the exclusive source for determining its
constitutional investment authority. TRS Brief 9/l S/98, at 49. “Securities,” as TRS defines the term
on the basis of the common law and dictionaries, would include any evidence of debt, property, or
ownership, and evidences of obligations to pay money or of rights to participate in earnings and
distribution of corporate, trust, or other property. Id. at 3-4. TRS suggests that cases interpreting
the term “securities” in wills may be instructive, id. at 36, but we disagree. Such common-law
definitions were developed to construe a particular will, not to determine appropriate investments
for a public pension fund. See Huckubee v. Hansen, 422 S.W.2d 606,609 (Tex. Civ. App.Corpus
Christi 1967, no writ) (considering whether “securities” in context ofwill included savings account);
see also Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp., Ltd. v. First Nat ‘IBank, 84 S.W.2d 1111,1115 (Tex.
Civ. App.-Galveston 1935, writ dism’d) (“securities” within bank burglary and robbery policy
included loss of jewelry held by insured as collateral security for loans). These common-law
definitions do not apply to the term “securities” as used in article XVI, section 67.

        In connection with its argument that dictionary definitions may be relied upon to construe
“securities,” the TRS brief cites Webster’s dictionary, which defines “security” as “an evidence of
debt or of ownership (as a stock certificate or bond).” TRS Brief g/18/98, at 35 (citing WEBSTER’S
NEW COLLEGIATEDICTIONARY1045 (8th ed. 1973) & MERRIAM-WEBSTER’COLLEGIATE                    S
DICTIONARY     1056 (10th ed. 1993)). It also cites the following definition of“securities” from Black’s
Law Dictionary:

                Stocks, bonds, notes, convertible debentures, warrants, or other
                documents that represent a share in a company or a debt owned by a
                company or government entity. Evidences of obligations to pay
                money or of rights to participate in earnings and distribution of
                corporate assets. Instruments giving to their legal holders rights to
                money or other property; they are therefore instruments which have
                intrinsic value and are recognized and used as such in the regular
                channels of commerce.

Id. at 35 (citing BLACK’SLAWDICTIONARY
                                     1354 (6th ed. 1990)) (citation omitted).

         TRS proposes an extremely broad definition of securities, one that would in effect remove
any limitations on its investment authority imposed by the term “securities” and substitute a formula
that is difficult to distinguish t?om the pure “prudent person” rule. In our opinion, “security” has a
meaning that may not be swept away by such construction. A greatly broadened definition of
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 9                     (X-0043)




“securities” for purposes of article XVI, section 67, might give the TRS Board more ability to
diversify its portfolio and place funds in novel investments, subject to the prudent person standard.
In our opinion, however, such a broad definition would virtually delete the term “securities” from
that constitutional provision. We have already noted that in 1982 a committee proposed the deletion
of‘kecurities,” from article XVI, section 67, and that in 1991 the legislature proposed an amendment
to the constitution deleting this term, only to have it defeated by the voters. Thus, the term
“securities,” with the limitations it places on the TRS investment authority, remains in the
constitution.

        Moreover, by comparing article XVI, section 67(a)(3) with certain other constitutional grants
of investment authority, we can illustrate the limits that the term “securities” imposes on TRS’s
power to invest the System’s assets. The 1988 constitutional amendment that established the Texas
Growth Fund and adopted article VII, subsection 5(d) and section 1 lb of the Texas Constitution
grants specific governmental entities broad investment authority over certain constitutional funds.
Tex. H.R.J. Res. 5,7Oth Leg., 2d C.S., 1988 Tex. Gen. Laws 942; Votes on Proposed Amendments
to the Texas Constitution, 1875-May 1993, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 23 (Table following index)
[hereinaflerVotesonProposed Amendments]. Before the 1988 amendment was adopted, articleVI1,
section 4 of the Texas Constitution provided that the proceeds of selling lands set apart to the public
free school fund must be used to purchase other land for the fund,

                or the proceeds shall be invested by the treasurer, as may be directed
                by the Board of Education . , in the bonds of the United States, the
                State of Texas, or counties in said State, or in such other securities,
                and under such restrictions as may be prescribed by law.       .

TEX. CONST.art.   VII, 5 4 (amended 1883,1985,1995).

        The voters’ approval in 1988 ofHouse Joint Resolution No. 5 established the Texas Growth
Fund and authorized the Board of Regents of the University of Texas System and the State Board
ofEducation to invest in the fund. See Tex. H.R.J. Res. 5,7Oth Leg., 2d C.S., 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws
942; Votes on Proposed Amendments supra, at 23. It moreover broadened the authority of the State
Board of Education to invest the assets of the Permanent School Fund. See TEX. CONST.art. VII,
$5 5(d), 1 lb; id. art. XVI, $70 (constitutional amendments approved by adoption 0fH.R.J. Res. No.
5). Subsection 5(d) of article VII, as adopted by House Joint Resolution No. 5, provides as follows:

                    Notwithstanding any other provision of this constitution, in
                managing the assets of the permanent school fund, the State Board of
                Education may acquire, exchange, sell, supervise, manage, or retain,
                through procedures and subject to restrictions it establishes and in
                amounts it considers appropriate, any kind ofinvestment, including
                investments in the Texas growth fund created by Article XVI, Section
                70, of this constitution, that persons of ordinary prudence, discretion,
                and intelligence, exercising the judgment and care under the
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 10                    (X-0043)




                circumstances then prevailing, acquire or retain for their own account
                in the management of their affairs, not in regard to speculation but in
                regard to the permanent disposition of their funds, considering the
                probable income as well as the probable safety of their capital.

TEX. CONST.art.   VII, 5 5(d) (emphasis added).

        Section llb of article VII provides similar authority for the Board of Regents of the
University of Texas to invest the permanent university fund. The constitutional amendments
allowed “the trustees of the Permanent University Fund (PUF) and the Permanent School Fund
(PSF) to make any type of investment, subject solely to the prudent-person standard.” HOUSE
RESEARCHORG., SPECIALLEGISLATIVE
                               REPORT,1988 CONSTITIJTIONAL
                                                        AMENDMENTS,19, 21
(1988). Article XVI, section 67(a)(3), in contrast, does not accord TRS equally broad authority to
invest the teacher retirement fund.

D.      “Securities” as defined bv statute

         The definitions of “securities” we have found in the common law and in dictionaries are too
broad to define that term in conformity with the purposes of article XVI, section 67(a)(3). We will
thus consider the purpose of the provision, its historical context, and the collective intent of the
framers and the people who adopted it. Die&, 940 S.W.2d at 89. One aspect ofthe historical context
of article XVI, section 67, is the body of law defining securities that existed in 1975. The subject
of securities is comprehensively governed by legislation, so that definitions in statutes may
reasonably have shaped the legislature’s understanding of the term “securities” in the constitutional
amendment.

         Although we will examine statutes in effect in 1975 because they are part of the historical
context of article XVI, section 67(a)(3), we believe we are not limited to the 1975 versions of those
statutes but may look at their amended and successor versions. The legislature could have adopted
a statute in 1975, or any time thereafter, defining “securities” for purposes of article XVI, section
67(a)(3), in terms of characteristics typical of that class of investment, and the definition could
encompass securities with those characteristics that became available after 1975. Because the
legislature has in fact not adopted a statute defining “securities,” within article XVI, section 67(a)(3),
we will examine statutes adopted for other purposes that define “securities” or address the
investment of public funds in securities.

1.      Securities regulatorv statutes

        When this office was first asked to determine whether a particular investment was a
“security” within article XVI, section 67(a)(3), it in fact looked to a statutory definition of“security”
to construe the constitutional provision. In 1980, TRS asked this office whether it had authority to
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 11                     (X-0043)




invest in real estate or mortgage certificates secured by real estate, and Attorney General Opinion
MW-152, issued in response to this question, determined that TRS had authority to invest in
mortgage certificates secured by real property but not in real estate itself. Attorney General Opinion
MW-152 reviewed definitions of “security” found in the Securities Act, TEX. F&v. CIV. STAT.ANN.
art. 581-4(A) (Vernon Supp. 1999), and in state and federal cases. It in effect determined that real
estate was not a security under any definition of the term.

         In 1994, the ERS asked this office whether it had authority under article XVI, section 67 of
the Texas Constitution and its enabling legislation to invest its funds in equity swap contracts and
interest rate swap contracts. Attorney General Letter Opinion No. 94-052, issued in response to this
question, relied on the definitionof‘security” or “securities”in article 581-4(A) ofthe Revised Civil
Statutes, as well as the substantially similar definition of “security” in the federal Securities Act of
1933, 15 U.S.C.A. 9 77b(a)(l) (West 1997), and the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934, id.
5 78c(a)(lO). It concluded that the ERS might invest its funds in equity swap contracts or interest
rate swap contracts if the contracts are securities under either federal or state securities laws,
providing, of course, that the ERS Board had determined that investing funds in such contracts was
a prudent investment.

        Your request for advice has caused us to reconsider the reasoning of Attorney General
Opinion MW-152 and Letter Opinion No. 94-052. We reject their conclusion that the securities
regulatory statutes are an appropriate source of the definition of “securities” within article XVI,
section 67. We do, however, accept the premise of Attorney General Opinion MW-152 that a
statutory definition of “securities” that predated the adoption of article XVI, section 67, may assist
us in construing the constitutional language.

        Attorney General Opinion MW- 152 and Letter Opinion No. 94-052 relied on the definition
of “securities” in the regulatory statutes without considering whether it carried out the intent of
article XVI, section 67-to safeguard the funds and maximize returns to provide security for
teachers. The regulatory statutes serve a very different purpose. Securities regulatory statutes were
adopted to “eliminate serious abuses in a largely unregulated securities market.” Reves v. Ernst &
Young,494U.S. 56,60-61(1990); UnitedHow. Found.,Znc., v. Forman,               U.S. 837,849 (1975);
Kadane Y. Clark, 143 S.W.2d 197,199 (Tex. 1940). They define the term “securities” expansively,
to help achieve the goal of protecting investors. Reves, 494 U.S. at 60-61. With certain omissions
not relevant here, article 581-4 of the Revised Civil Statutes defines “security” or “securities” to
include

                any limited partner interest in a limited partnership, share, stock,
                treasury stock, stock certificate under a voting trust agreement,
                collateral trust certificate, equipment trust certificate, preorganization
                certificate or receipt, subscription or reorganization certificate, note,
                bond, debenture, mortgage certificate or other evidence of
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 12                  (JC-0043)




               indebtedness, any form of commercial paper, certificate in or under
               a profit sharing or participation agreement, certificate or any
               instrument representing any interest in or under an oil, gas or mining
               lease, fee or title, or any certificate or instrument representing or
               secured by an interest in any or all of the capital, property, assets,
               profits or earnings of any company, investment contract, or any other
               instrument commonly known as a security, whether similar to those
               herein referred to or not.

TEX. REV. CIV. STAT.ANN. art. 581-4 (Vernon Supp. 1999) (emphasis added). This definition is
substantially similar to the definition of “security” in the federal Securities Act of 1933,15 U.S.C.
5 77b (West 1997), and the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934, id. fj 78c(a)(lO), which also
include the sweeping description “any.         instrument commonly known as a ‘security,“’ in their
definitions of security. Id. $5 77b(a)(l), 78c(a)(lO). In Reves v. Ernst & Young, the United States
Supreme Court discussed the reasons for a definition of this breadth:

                       The fundamental purpose undergirding the Securities Acts is
               “to eliminate serious abuses in a largely unregulated securities
               market.” UnitedHousingFoundation, Inc. v. Foeman, 421 U.S. 837,
               849, 95 S.Ct. 2051, 2059, 44 L.Ed.2d 621 (1975). In defining the
               scope of the market that it wished to regulate, Congress painted with
               a broad brush. It recognized the virtually limitless scope of human
               ingenuity, especially in the creation of “countless and variable
               schemes devised by those who seek the use of the money of others on
               the promise of profits,” SEC v. WJ. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293,299,
               66 S.Ct. 1100, 1103,90 L.Ed. 1244 (1946), and determined that the
               best way to achieve its goal of protecting investors was “to define
               ‘the term “security” in sufficiently broad and general terms so as to
               include within that definition the many types of instruments that in
               our commercial world fall within the ordinary concept of a security.“’
               Foeman, supra, 421 U.S., at 847-848, 95 S.Ct., at 2058-2059
               (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 85, 73d Cong., 1st Sess., 11 (1933)).
               Congress therefore did not attempt precisely to cabin the scope ofthe
               Securities Acts. Rather, it enacted a definition of “security”
               sujkiently broad to encompass virtually any instrument that might
               be sold as an investment.

494 U.S. at 60-61 (footnote omitted) (emphasis added).

       We have reconsidered the assumption in Attorney General Opinion MW-152 and Letter
Opinion No. 94-052 that we may rely upon the definition of “securities” in the regulatory acts to
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 13                   (JC-0043)




define “securities” in article XVI, section 67 of the Texas Constitution and have concluded that it
is incorrect. Accordingly, the Board may not rely on the definition of “securities” from the
Securities Act, TEX. REV.CIV. STAT.ANN.art. 58 1-4(A) (Vernon Supp. 1999), the federal Securities
Act of 1933,15 U.S.C.A. 8 77b(a)(l) (West 1997), and the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
id. 5 78c(a)(lO), to determine the scope of TRS’ constitutional and statutory investment authority.
We overrule Attorney General Opinion MW-152 and Letter Opinion No. 94-052 to the extent they
rely on the definition of “securities” in the regulatory statute to define that term for purposes of
article XVI, section 67(a)(3).

2.     Public Funds Investment Act

       We turn to other statutory sources ofinfonnation about the term “securities” as used in article
XVI, section 67. A 1967 statute authorized state boards and agencies with investment authority

               to invest and reinvest any of their funds in direct obligations of or
               obligations the principal and interest of which are guaranteed by the
               United States of America; in direct obligations of or participation
               certificates guaranteed by the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank,
               Federal Land Banks, Federal National Mortgage Association, Federal
               Home Loan Banks, and Banks for Cooperatives; in certificates of
               deposit of any bank or trust company the kind hereinabove specified;
               in any other securities made eligible for such investment by other
               laws and constitutional provisions.

Act of May 25, 1967,6Oth Leg., R.S., ch. 401,1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 915 (initially codified at TEX.
REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 6252-5a, § 1 (1925)). This provision was codified as section 2256.101
of the Government Code in 1995 without substantive change, Act of May 4,1993,73d Leg., R.S.,
ch. 268, 5 1, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 583, 867 (nonsubstantive revision of statutes relating to certain
areas of government, including fiscal affairs). It was repealed in 1995 by legislation amending
the Public Funds Investment Act, TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. ch. 2256 (Vernon 1999). Act of
May 18, 1995,74th Leg., R.S., ch. 402, $ 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2958,2969.

         The Public Funds Investment Act, chapter 2256 of the Government Code, sets out the
investments in which a state agency, a local government, or a nonprofit corporation or investment
pool acting on behalf of a local government or state agency may generally invest its funds. See TEX.
GOV’T CODE ANN. $2256.003 (Vernon 1999); see also id. 5 2256.004 (provisions do not apply to
public retirement system, state funds invested under section 404.024, certain higher education
institutions, registry funds, and deferred qualifying compensation plans). While Government Code
chapter 2256 is not a successor of the 1969 legislation, it authorizes investment of public funds in
the instruments identified in the 1969 legislation as well as certain more up-to-date instruments
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 14                    (JC-0043)




suitable for such investments. Thus, its expanded list of investments can be regarded as illustrative
of “securities” for purposes of investing public funds.

        The authorized investments generally consist of the following: (1) obligations of, or backed
by, the United States or its instrumentalities or a state or its political subdivisions, but excluding
certain collateralized mortgage obligations, id. 5 2256.009; (2) secured or guaranteed certificates of
deposit issued by state or national banks, savings banks or state or federal credit unions, id.
3 2256.010; (3) fully-collateralized, repurchase agreements or reverse repurchase agreement with
certain terms and attributes, id. $2256.011; (4) banker’s acceptances, again with certain terms and
attributes, id. 5 2256.012; (5) high-grade commercial paper, id. 5 2256.013; (6) no-load money
market mutual funds or no-load mutual funds with specific attributes, id.9 2256.014; (7) secured,
guaranteed investment contracts, id 5 2256.015; and (8) cash management funds sponsored by tax-
exempt organizations, high-grade, negotiable certificates of deposit, and high-grade corporate
obligations, id. 5 2256.020.

         The Public Funds Investment Act deals with the investment ofpublic moneys and represents
a legislative balancing ofmaximizing investment flexibility and protecting public funds in the choice
of the authorized investments listed. The purposes and interests served by this statute are closer to
those underlying article XVI, section 67(a)(3) than those served by the regulatory statutes, but they
are not identical. For example, the TRS funds are not public moneys but trust fund moneys invested
to provideretirement benefits for teachers. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos. JM-300 (1985) (retirement
fund ofERS is a trust fund), WW-565 (1959) (ERS assets are trust funds.). But more importantly,
the Public Funds Investment Act does not define the term “securities.” While its categorical listing
of authorized investments may include examples of securities, it does not assist the TRS Board to
determine whether or not other investments may be securities. Accordingly, we cannot rely on the
Public Funds Investment Act to define securities for the purposes of the constitutional provision.

3.      Article 717m-1, TEX. REV.Crv. STAT.ANN., validation of securities

        We next consider article 717m-1 of the Revised Civil Statutes. The statute was adopted in
1979, Act of May 27, 1979, 66th Leg., R.S., ch. 400, 1979 Tex. Gen. Laws 874, repealing and
replacing a similar provision dating from 1959. See Act ofMay 6, 1959, 56th Leg., R.S., ch. 316,
5 1,1959Tex. Gen. Laws 690 (codified asarticle717m, TEX.REV.CIV.STAT.ANN.(1925)). Article
717m-1 authorizes any state or local governmental entity to institute an in rem proceeding
for a declaratory judgment on its authority to issue securities and as to the legality or validity of any
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 15                       (JC-0043)




proceedings relating to the securities. See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 717m-1, $4 l(l), 2
(Vernon Supp. 1999). In contrast to the Public Funds Investment Act, article 717m-1 defines the
term securities:

                “Securities”means all interest-bearing obligations, including without
                limitation, any bonds, notes, bond anticipation notes, warrants,
                certificates, or other evidences of indebtedness, whether general or
                special, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable in form, whether in
                bearer or registered form, whether in temporary or permanent form,
                whether with, or without interest coupons, and regardless of the
                source of payment, whether t?om taxes, revenues, or both, or
                otherwise.

Id. $ l(2). See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN art. 717m (1925) (repealed) (“securities” in the
predecessor statute, consisted of “bonds, notes, or other evidences of indebtedness whether payable
from taxes, revenues, or both taxes and revenues”). But the purpose of article 717m-1 is completely
different Tom that of article XVI, section 67. Article 717m-1 allows governmental bodies to obtain
declaratory judgments as to governmental securities. Although securities is defined broadly in terms
of “evidences of indebtedness,” it is nonetheless limited togovernmental securities, consistent with
that statute’s purpose and intent. See Hatten v. City ofHouston, 373 S.W.2d 525, 534 (Tex. Civ.
App.-Houston 1963, writref dn.r.e.) (article 717m, TEX. REV.CIV. STAT.ANN. (1925), was adopted
to provide speedier and more efficient method of adjudicating validity of public securities than
previously available). The purpose of article 7 17m- 1 differs greatly from that of Texas Constitution,
article XVI, section 67(a)(3), and its narrow definition of “securities” is not relevant to the
investment purposes of the constitutional provision. While article 717m-1 identities a class of
securities in which the TRS may invest, its definition of “securities” does not illuminate that term
as it appears in the constitutional provision we address.

4.      Uniform Commercial Code definition of securities

        We turn to the standard and most commonly accepted definition of investment securities
under Texas law, namely that in chapter 8 of the Business and Commerce Code, Uniform
Commercial Cod+Investment Securities. See TEX. Bus. & COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.102 (Vernon
Supp. 1999) (defining securities). The legislature adopted the Uniform Commercial Code in 1965
and revised and reenacted it in 1967 as part of the Texas Business and Commerce Code.’ Therefore,
the legislature was aware of this statute and its definition of securities when it proposed the 1975
constitutional amendment authorizing the TRS to invest the retirement funds in securities. See Acker


        ‘See Act ofMay 19, 1965,59thLeg.,R.S.,   ch. 721,196S Tex. Gen. Laws 1, 132(UniformCommercialCode),
repealedby Act of May 25, 1967, 60th Leg., RX, ch. 785, $1, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 2343, 2498 (revising and
reenacting Uniform Commercial Code as part of Texas Business and Commerce Code).
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 16                               (JC-0043)




v. Texas Water Comm ‘n, 790 S.W.2d 299,301 (Tex. 1990); Garner v. Lumberton Indep. Sch. Dist.,
430 S.W.2d 418,423 (Tex. Civ. App.-Austin, no writ) (statute is presumed to have been enacted by
legislature with complete knowledge of existing laws, particularly those dealing with subject matter
under consideration). Section 8.102(a)(l5) ofthe Business and Commerce Code sets out the general
definition of a security in terms of the attributes that an instrument must possess to qualify as a
security:

                   “Security,” except as otherwise provided in Section 8.103, means an
                   obligation of an issue? or a share, participation, or other interest in an
                   issuer or in property or an enterprise of an issuer:

                       (A) that is represented by a security certificate in bearer or
                   registered form,3 or the transfer ofwhich may be registered on books
                   maintained for that purpose by or on behalf of the issuer;

                       (B) that is one of a class or series or by its terms is divisible into
                   a class or series shares, participations, interests, or obligations; and

                        (C)    that:

                          (i) is, or is of a type, dealt in or traded on securities
                   exchanges or security markets; or

                           (ii) is a medium for investment and by its terms expressly
                   provides that it is a security governed by this chapter.

See TEX. Bus. & COM.CODEANN. 5 8.102(U) (V emon Supp. 1999) (footnotes added). In short,
a security is a share or participation in an enterprise or an obligations that (1) is fully transferable,
(2) is one of a series rather than an individual contractual obligation, and (3) is itself or is of a type


           ““Issuer” generally includes a person (1) that places OI authorizes the placement of its name to evidence an
interest in its property or enterprise or duty to perform an obligation represented by the certificate, (2) creates an interest
in its property or in an enterprise or undertakes an obligation, that is an uncatiticated security, (3) directly or indirectly
creates a fractional interest in its rights or property, if the fractional interest is.represented by a security certificate, OI
(4) becomes responsible for or in place of another person described as an issuer. TEX.BUS. & COM.CODEANN. 5 8.201
(Vernon Supp. 1999). A “certificated security” simply means a security that is represented by a certificate, id.
5 8.102(a)(4), and an “uncertificated security” is a security not represented by a certificate, id. 5 8.102(a)(18).

          ‘“Bearer form” applies to a certificated security and means a form in which the security is payable to the bearer
of the security certificate according to its terms and not by reason of any indorsement. Id. 5 8.102(a)(2). “Registered
form” also applies to a certificated security and means a form in which the security certificate names the person entitled
to payment; and a transfer of the security may be registered on books maintained by the issuer for that purpose “or the
security so states.” Id. g 8.102(@(13).
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 17                         (JC-0043)




of interest dealt in or traded on securities market or exchanges, or is a medium of investment and,
by its terms, a security governed by chapter 8 (“opt-in provision”). See id. 5 8.102 cmt. 15.

         Section 8.103 ofthe Business and Commerce Code further elaborates and refines the general
definition in section 8.102(a)(l5) by providing that:

                     (a) A share or similar equity interest issued by a corporation,
                 business trust, joint stock company, or similar entity is a security.

                     (b) An investment company security is a security. “Investment
                 company security” means a share or similar equity interest issued by
                 an entity that is registered as an investment company under the
                 federal investment company laws, an interest in a unit investment
                 trust that is so registered, or a face-amount certificate issued by a
                 face-amount certificate company that is so registered. “Investment
                 company security” does not include an insurance policy or
                 endowment policy or annuity contract issued by an insurance
                 company.

                     (c) An interest in a partnership or limited partnership company is
                 not a security unless it is dealt or traded on securities exchanges or in
                 securities markets, its terms expressly provides that it is a security
                 governed by this chapter, or it is an investment company security.
                 However, an interest in a partnership or limited liability company is
                 a financial asset4 if it is held in a securities account.

                         .


                     (e) An option or similar obligation issued by a clearinghouse
                 corporation to its participants is not a security, but is a financial asset.

                     (f) A commodity contract, as defined in Section 9.115, is not a
                 security or a financial asset.

Id. 8 8.103 (footnote added). Section 8.103 supplements the general definitions of security and is
“intended to foreclose interpretive issues concerning the application of the general definitions to
several specific investment products.” Id. 5 8.103 cmt. 1. Thus, subsection (a) establishes that
ordinary corporate stock is a security irrespective of whether it is dealt with or traded on the


          “‘Financial asset” is a broader category of obligations, shares, participation, and interest that includes
“securities,” to which assets other UCC rules may apply. See id. 5 8,102(a)(9) & ant. 9.
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 18                    (JC-0043)




securities exchange or in the securities market. Id. cmt. 2. Accordingly, shares of a closely held
corporation constitute securities. Id.; Kenney v. Porter, 604 S.W.2d 297, 302 (Tex. Civ.
App.Corpus Christi 1980, writ ref d n.r.e.) (stating that it is generally recognized that stock of
closely held corporation is a security). Additionally, investment vehicles offered to the public by
investment companies registered under the federal Investment Company Act of 1940 are securities
under subsection (b), notwithstanding that the “typical transaction in shares of open-end investment
companies is an issuance or redemption, rather than a transfer of shares horn one person to another”
as in the ordinary corporate stock transaction. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODEANN. $ 8.103(b) cmt. 3
(Vernon Supp. 1999). Subsection (c) is intended to clarify the application “of the type” language
in section 8.102(a)(l5)(iii) to partnership interests and establishes the general rule that a partnership
or limited partnership interest is not a security unless it is commonly dealt in or traded on the
financial markets, it has an explicit opt-in provision, or it is an investment company security. Id.
cmt. 4. See generally Andrea G. Nadel, J.D., Annotation, What is a Security Under UCCArt. 8,11
A.L.R. 4th 1036, 5 11 (Supp. 1998) (discussing cases generally holding partnership interest not
securities). Finally, subsections (e) and (l) make clear that trade-stock options or commodity
contracts are not securities. Id. cmt. 6; see generally 11 A.L.R. 4th 1036 (1982 & Supp. 1998)
(discussing generally instruments found by courts to constitute “securities” under UCC chapter 8).

         In sum, chapter 8 of the Business and Commerce Code provides a functional and flexible
definition of securities (the “UCC definition”). TEX. Bus. & COM. CODEANN. $ 8.102 cmt. 15
(Vernon Supp. 1999); id. $ 8.103 cmt. 1; Kenney, 604 S.W.2d at 301 (definition and comments
explain parameters of what instruments qualify as security). Given that the UCC definition
generally requires that securities be instruments commonly dealt in or traded on the securities market
or exchange-the common understanding of the term “securities’‘-we believe that this definition
is more likely to express the intent of the legislature and the people in adopting article XVI, section
67, than the more amorphous definitions found in regulatory statutes and dictionaries.

        We note that the underlying purpose of chapter 8 is different from that of article XVI, section
67. The underlying purpose of the constitutional provision is to safeguard the funds and maximize
returns to provide security for teachers. Chapter 8, on the other hand, is designed to define the rights
and duties associated with investments that qualify as securities and to state the rules relating to the
transfer and establishment of those rights and duties. TEX. BUS. & COM.CODEANN. 5 8.101 cmt.
(Vernon Supp. 1999). Nevertheless, because chapter 8 addresses investment securities, its purpose
is more compatible with that of the TRS constitutional provision than the federal and state securities
regulatory statutes. The UCC definition is more fixed and certain. See id $5 8.102(a)( 15), ,103; see
also Thomas Y. Creager, 107 S.W.2d at 710 (favoring construction of constitutional provision that
will cause fewer or less complicated questions in its application). Generally, its purpose is to
encompass instruments commonly accepted as securities. TEX. Bus. & COM. CODE ANN.
$5 8.102(a)(l5), ,103 (Vernon Supp. 1999). As a result, although fewer investments qualify as
securities under the UCC definition than under the regulatory definitions, a more restricted class of
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 19                     (JC-0043)




investments comports more with the constitutional purpose of defining a universe of securities in
which moneys to provide teachers’ retirement benefits may be safely and profitably invested.

         But while more restrictive in some ways than the regulatory statutes’ definitions, the UCC
definition is not categorical. Unlike former article III, section 48b of the Texas Constitution, the
Public Funds Investment Act, or article 717m-1 of the Revised Civil Statutes, it does not set forth
an exclusive list of investment categories. Instead, it defines “securities” according to certain
attributes that allow incorporation of a new investment product that becomes generally accepted as
a medium of investment in the financial markets, as long as the instrument otherwise conforms to
the statutory requirements. See TEXBUS.&COM. CODEANN. 5 8.102 cmt. 15 (vemon Supp. 1999)
(explaining first two components of section 8.102(a)(l5) test that must be satisfied and noting
that third requirement, the “functional test,” provides flexibility “while ensuring that the Article 8
rules do not apply to interests or obligations in circumstances so unconnected with the securities
markets      .“).

        Moreover, the UCC definition provides more guidance than the other definitions we have
considered. Sections 8.102(a)( 15) and 8.103 and the official comments to these sections explain the
parameters of the class of instruments qualifying as securities. See id. fj$ 8.102, ,103 & cmts.
Accordingly, the more concrete UCC definition provides a better framework for determining
whether a particular instrument is a security than definitions phrased in general, descriptive terms,
such as notes, bonds, debentures, and similar terms. See Kenney, 604 S.W.2d at 301 (definition and
comments explain parameters of the instruments qualifying as securities).

         While not a perfect tit, we believe the UCC definition of security is a better fit than any other
definition of which we are aware. We believe the UCC definition generally comprises the
instruments commonly understood to constitute securities and as a result represents a better balance
of investment flexibility and fiscal restraint. Additionally, it also provides a more functional
criterion for determining whether particular instruments are securities. Moreover, this definition was
in place when the legislature proposed adoption of the TRS constitutional provision, and it is
reasonable to assume that the legislature understood the term “securities” to be defined as it is in
chapter 8 of the UCC. Accordingly, we advise you that the term “securities” as used in Texas
Constitution article XVI, section 67, is to be defined according to the UCC definition, until the
legislature adopts a definition pursuant to the constitutional provision or until it is judicially defined.
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 20                   (JC-0043)




III.   TRS authoritv under the UCC definition

       In questions two and three, you ask whether specific kinds of instruments are securities in
which the TRS trust fund may be invested:

           2. Will an investment in “alternative,” real estate-related, or other asset
           classes having similar investment attributes constitute a security in which
           TRS may invest if it is an instrument or vehicle listed, defined, or specified
           as a “security” either in The Securities Act, or in a federal securities law, or
           in the securities law of another state, or by the Securities and Exchange
           Commission?

           3. Do any of the following vehicles or investments constitute “securities”
           which are listed, defined, or specified as a “security” in The Securities Act
           and therefore require no further “security” analysis by TRS: a limited
           partnership, a limited liability partnership (LLP), a limited liability company
           (LLC), a real estate investment trust @BIT), a real estate operating company
           (REOC), a group trust or commingled fund, joint ventures, financial futures,
           or investment accounts? If so, please identify which vehicles or investment
           categories constitute securities.

         We have determined that “securities” within article XVI, section 67(a)(3) is to be defined in
according to the definition of that term in the Uniform Commercial Code, while your questions are
framed in light of prior opinions defining “securities” according to the state and federal regulatory
statutes. In answer to questions two and three, we advise you that the TRS trust fund may be invested
ininstruments defined as securities by sections 8.102(a)(l5) and 8.103 oftheBusiness andcommerce
Code. The attributes of a particular investment are more important than the name of the category to
which the investment belongs. Although you name certain types of enterprises or investments, you
do not provide information about their attributes that would allow us to determine even generally
whether they constitute securities under sections 8102(a)(l5) and 8.103. For example, even the
provision excluding limited partnerships as a general matter from the definition of “securities” has
exceptions. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.103(c) (Vernon Supp. 1999) (partnership or
limited partnership interest is not a security unless it is commonly dealt in or traded on the financial
markets, it has an explicit opt-in provision, or it is an investment company security). Because the
definition of “securities” from chapter 8 ofthe Business and Commerce Code provides much greater
clarity than the definition from the regulatory statutes, we believe that the TRS itself will be able to
answer many of its questions about particular investments. If questions remain about specific
investments, the TRS Board may of course seek advice from this office.
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 21                   (K-0043)




       Your fourth and fifth questions are as follows:

               4. If your answer to #2 or #3 above is negative in any respect or in
               cases where the task is to analyze and determine whether an
               investment instrument or vehicle is a security under Texas law, will an
               investment in “alternative,” real estate-related, or other asset classes
               having similar investment attributes constitute a security in which TRS
               may invest if it is an instrument or vehicle which meets the
               requirements of an investment contract under the “Howey test,” as
               applied by Texas courts? See S.E.C. v. W.J. Howq Co., 328 U.S. 293,
               66 S.Ct. 1100,90 L.Ed. 1244 (1946) and its progeny, including federal
               and Texas cases. If any vehicle or investment category listed in #3 is
               not identified by you as a “security,” will or may such a vehicle or
               investment category qualify as a security under the Howey test?

               5. What criteria are available to assist TRS in determining the level
               of participation or the control features TRS may have as reflected in
               the negotiated provisions of the investment documents, e.g. the
               investment contract documents or the limited partnership agreement,
               without jeopardizing the “security” designation of a particular
               investment.

         Given that we believe that the UCC definition of“securities” informs the meaning of that term
in article XVI, section 67, the “Howey test” is inapposite. That test developed under the securities
regulatory statutes, which we believe are at cross-purposes with the constitutional authorization in
article XVI, section 67(a)(3). Accordingly, TRS should rely on the more certain yet flexible UCC
definition.

        We also wish to point out that, despite our overruling of Attorney General Opinion MW-152,
real estate itself is not a “security” for purposes of article XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas
Constitution, because it is not included in the definition of “securities” found in chapter 8 of the
Business and Commerce Code as discussed above. See TEX.Bus. & COM.CODEANN.5 8.102(a)( 15)
(Vernon Supp. 1999) (“security” is a share or participation in enterprise, that is fully transferable and
is one of a series rather than an individual contract). Moreover, Attorney General Opinion MW-152
concluded that, “[i]n view of the long established and dominant legislative and judicial construction
that realty is not within the ambit of “securities, ” it is our opinion that constitutional amendment
would be necessary to enable the board of trustees of the Teacher Retirement System to invest its
funds in real property.” Our decision about the definition of security has not changed this conclusion.
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 22                   (JC-0043)




IV.    Delegation of investment authority

        Your remaining question concerns whether the Board may delegate authority to manage
certain investments to outside persons:

               6. May TRS use its authority under 5 825301(b) of the Texas
               Government Code to allocate responsibilities to outside managers in
               the management of “alternative” or real estate-related securities? See
               TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 5 825.301(b) (Vernon 1994).

        By “outside manager,” we understand you to mean “external manager.” An “external
manager” is “[a] person or firm that makes investment portfolio decisions and executes transactions
independently, subject to the overall restrictions agreed upon by contract between the fiduciary for
the fund and the external manager.” Review supra, at 179. An external manager’s role differs from
that of an “investment advisor,” who is retained by an investing entity to provide investment advice
for a fee. Id. at 180. An investment advisor may, for example, present information about the
economic climate in general or industry information that may affect the entity’s decisions about
investing in specific securities. Id.

        The report prepared by Independent Fiduciary Services, Inc. discusses the merits of internal
versus external investment management ofTRS timds and recommends that the Board “seek to obtain
appropriate clarification or support (whether through legislation, constitutional amendment, if
necessary or otherwise), permitting it to delegate investment authority.” IFS Report supra, at 7,14,
16, 54. Accordingly, you ask whether section 825.301(b) authorizes TRS to delegate to private
persons or firms the authority to make investments on its behalf, subject to restrictions agreed upon
by TRS and the private person or firm.

         Section 825.301(b) ofthe Government Code provides as follows: “The board oftrustees may
contract with private professional investment managers to assist the board in investing the assets of
the retirement system.” TEX. GOV’TCODEANN. 5 825.301(b) (Vernon 1994).

        In Attorney General Letter Opinion No. 92-37 this office construed a similar provision
applicable to the trustees of certain municipal fire tighter retirement systems. Section 28(a) ofarticle
6243e of the Revised Civil Statutes formerly authorized the board of trustees to “employ professional
investment counselors to assist and advise the board in the investment of the assets of the fund.”
(Emphasis added). Act ofApr. 27,1989,71st Leg., R.S., ch. 98, § I,1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 426,436,
amended by Act ofMay 7,1993,73d Leg., R.S., ch. 173,s 12,1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 326,328. This
office concluded that subsection 28(a) “clearly does not permit the board of trustees to delegate its
entire discretionary authority over investments to a professional investment counselor,” and that the
phrase “assist and advise” circumscribed the duties of any investment counselor selected by the
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 23                   (JC-0043)




Board, “to the extent that the board will retain all final decision-making with regard to investments.”

        In our opinion, Attorney General Letter Opinion No. 92-37 correctly interpreted the phrase
“assist and advise.” Under article 825.301(b), the TRS Board may seek advice horn outside
investment counselors to assist it in making its investment decisions, but the Board must retain final
decision-making as to all investments and may not delegate to outside investment managers the power
to decide which securities to purchase with assets of the retirement fund.

        A comparison of article 825.301(b) with provisions expressly authorizing such delegations
supports our construction of article 825.301(b). Section 28 of article 6243e of the Revised Civil
Statutes, the statute on municipal fire fighter retirement systems that Attorney General Letter Opinion
No. 92-37 construed, has been amended to read as follows:

                    (a) The board oftrustees.  may appoint investment managers for
                the system by contracting for professional investment management
                services with one or more organizations, which may include a bank if
                it has a trust department, that are in the business of managing
                investments.

                      . ..


                     (c) In a contract made under this section, the board of trustees
                shall specify policies, requirements, and restrictions that the board
                of trustees adopts for investments of the system.

                    (d) [board must act prudently in choosing and contracting for
                professional investment management services] .

                    (e) A trustee is not liable for the acts or omissions of an
                investment manager appointed under this section, nor is a trustee
                obligated to invest or otherwise manage any asset of the system
                subject to management by the investment manager.

                    (f) A board of trustees     may employ professional investment
                counselors to assist and advise the board in the investment of the
                assets of the fund or to evaluate the performance of an investment
                manager appointed under this section.

Act ofMay 7,1993,73d Leg., R.S., ch. 173,s 12,1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 326,328 (emphasis added).
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 24                   (JC-0043)




        The amended version of article 6243e, section 28 adds significant new authority to a board’s
existing power to receive advice from professional investment counselors. A board may now contract
with an organization, including a bank with a trust department, to manage and invest the assets of the
system. See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT.ANN. art. 6243e, $28(a), (e) (Vernon Supp. 1999). If the board
decides to continue to invest some or all of the assets of the fimd, it retains authority under section
28(f) to seek assistance and advice from a professional investment counselor. The Board of TRS, in
contrast, has only the authority to contract for advice and assistance concerning its investment
decisions. Nothing in section 825.301(b) allows the TRS Board to delegate investment authority to
outside managers that section 28 of article 6243e of the Revised Civil Statutes gives to the boards of
municipal fire tighter retirement systems.

        Article XVI, section 70 of the Texas Constitution, which established the Texas Growth Fund
under a board of trustees, states that the board of trustees shall manage the investment of the fund,
and may “employ and retain staff, including a chief executive officer;      set investment policy of the
fund; .[and] adopt rules regarding the operation of the fund.” “[Alltematively, or in combination
with its own staff,” the board may “contract for the management of investments under this section
with a private investment management firm        .” Because our conclusion rests on statutory grounds,
we need not, and do not, decide the significance, if any, ofthese differences in constitutional wording.

        Because we have determined that TRS lacks statutory authority under Government Code
section 825.301(b) to delegate investment authority to outside managers, we do not decide whether
article XVI, section 67(a)(3), would permit such delegation by TRS of its investment authority to
outside managers. As we have already noted, however, article XVI, section 67(c) places fewer
constraints on local benefit systems, such as systems benetitting local firefighters, than article XVI,
section 67(a)(3) places on statewide retirement systems such as TRS. Further, we note the existence
of constitutional authority related to the Texas Growth Fund that provides more explicitly for
delegation.

        Our reading of the statutory authority of the TRS Board of Trustees is consistent with case
law on the delegation of a trustee’s authority. Generally, a trustee may not delegate his discretionary
power to another; however, a trustee, after determining how to exercise his discretion, may authorize
another to carry out ministerial or mechanical acts to effectuate such decision. Trunsamerican
Leasing Co. v. Three Bears, Inc., 586 S.W.2d 472,476 (Tex. 1979); West v. Hapgood, 174 S.W.Zd
963 (Tex. 1943). There is an exception to the rule against a trustee’s delegation of his discretionary
power to another, where the settlors give the trustee the express power of delegation. Transamericun
Leasing Co., 586 S.W.2d at 476. Because the Board of TRS does not have express authority to
delegate its authority to invest in securities to private firms, the exception does not apply.
Accordingly, the trustees of TRS may not allocate to private investment managers their power to
decide to invest the TRS fund in particular securities.
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 25                  (JC-0043)




                                       SUMMARY

                  The Board of Trustees of the Teacher Retirement System of Texas
              (“TRS”) has authority under article XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas
              Constitution to invest the funds of the retirement system “in such
              securities as the board may consider prudent investments.” TEX.
              CONST. art. XVI, 5 67(a)(3). In the absence of legislation defining
              “securities” within this provision, this term is defined as the authorized
              investments set out in chapter 8 of the Texas Business and Commerce
              Code. The conclusions ofAttorney General Opinion MW-152 (1980)
              and Letter OpinionNo. 94-052, that “securities” for purposes of TRS
              investment is defined by the state and federal securities regulatory
              statutes, are overruled. However, Attorney General Opinion MW- 152
              correctly determined that real property is not a security within article
              XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas Constitution.

                      The Board of Trustees may seek advice from outside
              investment counselors to assist it in making its investment decisions;
              the Boardmay not, however, delegate to external investment managers
              its authority to decide in which securities the TRS fund is to be
              invested.




                                              Attorney General of Texas

ANDY TAYLOR
First Assistant Attorney General

CLARK RENT ERVIN
Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel

ELIZABETH ROBINSON
Chair, Opinion Committee

Prepared by Susan L. Garrison
Assistant Attorney General
