Filed 1/12/17




                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                            FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


SWART ENTERPRISES, INC.,
                                                                    F070922
        Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                        (Super. Ct. No. 13CECG02171)
                v.

FRANCHISE TAX BOARD,                                              OPINION
        Defendant and Appellant.



        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. Kristi Culver
Kapetan, Judge.

        Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Paul D. Gifford and Diane Spencer Shaw,
Assistant Attorneys General, Molly K. Mosley, Jane O’Donnell, and Craig D. Rust,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Defendant and Appellant.
        Silverstein & Pomerantz, Amy L. Silverstein, Edwin P. Antolin, and Edward J.
Beeby for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                          -ooOoo-
                                    INTRODUCTION
        California’s franchise tax is imposed on every corporation that is “doing business”
within California, whether or not it is incorporated, organized, qualified, or registered
under California law. (Rev. & Tax. Code,1 § 23151, subd. (a).) The phrase “doing
business,” for purposes of the franchise tax, means “actively engaging in any transaction
for the purpose of financial or pecuniary gain or profit.” (§ 23101, subd. (a); see Cal.
Code Regs., tit. 18, § 23101 (Regulation 23101).) The minimum liability for all
corporations falling within the purview of section 23151 is $800 per year. (§ 23153,
subd. (d)(1).)
       The issue before us is whether the franchise tax applies to an out-of-state
corporation whose sole connection with California is a 0.2 percent ownership interest in a
manager-managed California limited liability company (LLC) investment fund. We
conclude passively holding a 0.2 percent ownership interest, with no right of control over
the business affairs of the LLC, does not constitute “doing business” in California within
the meaning of section 23101. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       This appeal is based on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. There
are no material facts in dispute.
       Swart Enterprises, Inc. (Swart), is a small family-owned corporation, incorporated
in Iowa. Swart operates a 60-acre farm in Kansas, where it occasionally feeds cattle for
beef sales in Nebraska. Its place of business and headquarters are located in Iowa. Swart
has no physical presence in California, such as real or personal property, or employees; it
does not sell or market products or services to California; and it is not registered with the
California Secretary of State to transact interstate business.
       In 2007, Swart invested $50,000 in Cypress Equipment Fund XII, LLC (Cypress
LLC or the Fund) and became a member of the LLC. Swart’s investment amounted to a
0.2 percent ownership interest. This is Swart’s sole connection with California.


       1All undefined statutory citations are to the California Revenue and Taxation Code unless
otherwise indicated.


                                               2.
       Cypress LLC was formed as an LLC under California law in 2005 for purposes of
acquiring, holding, leasing, and disposing of capital equipment. The LLC is manager-
managed, as opposed to member-managed. Under Cypress LLC’s articles of
organization and operating agreement, the sole manager of the fund, Cypress Equipment
Management Corporation III, was given “full, exclusive and complete authority in the
management and control of the business of the Fund ….”
       Swart was not involved in any way in Cypress LLC’s operations or management.
In fact, “Members other than the Manager [were prohibited from taking] part in the
control, conduct or operation of the Fund and [had] no right or authority to act for or bind
the Fund.” Thus, members had no authority to act as an agent, bind, execute an
instrument on behalf of Cypress LLC, or to otherwise act in any way on its behalf.
       In 2009 and 2010, Cypress LLC elected to be taxed as a partnership under federal
and state law. During these same years, Cypress LLC was not required to pay taxes
pursuant to section 18633.5, subdivision (e)(1) because the Fund had insufficient income.
       In 2010, Swart passively held its 0.2 percent investment. However, based on its
ownership interest in Cypress LLC, the Franchise Tax Board (FTB) demanded that Swart
file a California corporate franchise tax return for the tax year ending June 30, 2010, and
pay the $800 minimum franchise tax due on that return. Swart paid the tax, which
amounted to $1,106 with penalties and interest, but contested it and requested a refund.
       To be required to file a California corporation franchise tax return and pay the
$800 minimum tax, Swart had to be incorporated in California, qualified to transact
business in California, or actively doing business in California. (§ 23153, subds. (a),
(b)(1)-(3).) The FTB concluded Swart was doing business in California based on the fact
it held an ownership interest in Cypress LLC, and Cypress LLC had elected to be treated
as a partnership for purposes of federal income taxes. The FTB explained under section
23101, “A foreign business entity (partnership, LLC, or corporation) is considered doing
business in California if it is a member of an LLC that is doing business in California,”

                                             3.
and under section 23151, corporations doing business in the State of California must file
a tax return and pay the annual minimum franchise tax of $800.
       Swart claimed it was not subject to the franchise tax because it held no other
investments in California, it did not otherwise do business in California, and it was only a
passive member in Cypress LLC. Swart further claimed imposition of the franchise tax
violated the due process clause and commerce clause of the United States Constitution.
The FTB denied Swart’s request for refund.
       Swart timely filed a complaint seeking a tax refund and declaratory relief. After
briefing and argument on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial
court entered an order granting Swart’s motion for summary judgment and denying the
FTB’s motion for summary judgment. Swart was awarded a refund in the amount of
$1,106.71.
       On November 25, 2014, notice of entry of judgment was served.
       On January 16, 2015, the FTB filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                        ANALYSIS
I.     Swart Was Not “Doing Business” in California
       The Attorney General contends Swart was doing business in California because
Cypress LLC elected to be treated as a partnership for federal income taxation purposes,
and because Cypress LLC is doing business in California, so is Swart. We disagree.
       Although this matter calls for our independent judgment, our views are
substantially consistent with the trial court’s ruling, which we find to be logical and well-
reasoned. We are not persuaded Swart may be deemed to be doing business in California
because it owns a 0.2 percent interest in a manager-managed LLC doing business in
California. Swart’s only connection to California was a mere 0.2 percent ownership
interest it passively held during the tax year the franchise tax was imposed. This interest
closely resembled that of a limited, rather than general, partnership as evinced by the fact



                                             4.
Swart had no interest in the specific property of Cypress LLC, it was not personally liable
for the obligations of Cypress LLC, it had no right to act on behalf of or to bind Cypress
LLC and, most importantly, it had no ability to participate in the management and control
of Cypress LLC. Because the business activities of a partnership cannot be attributed to
limited partners (Appeals of Amman & Schmid Finanz AG (1996) 96 SBE 008 [1996 Cal.
Tax LEXIS 62] (Amman & Schmid)), Swart cannot be deemed to be “doing business” in
California solely by virtue of its ownership interest in Cypress LLC.
       A.      Standard of Review
       The interpretation and application of a tax statute to uncontradicted facts is a pure
question of law, which we review de novo. (Communications Satellite Corp. v.
Franchise Tax Bd. (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 726, 746.) We also review de novo the grant
of a motion for summary judgment, particularly where issues of statutory interpretation
and constitutional claims are presented. (Penrod v. County of San Bernardino (2005) 126
Cal.App.4th 185, 189.)
       B       Discussion
               1.     Swart Was Not “Doing Business” in California Under the Plain
                      Language of Section 23101 and Regulation 23101
       California’s franchise tax is imposed on the net income of every corporation
“doing business within the limits of this state.” (§ 23151, subd. (a).) For tax years prior
to January 1, 2011, section 23101 defined “doing business” as “actively engaging in any
transaction for the purpose of financial or pecuniary gain or profit.”2 (Former § 23101,
now § 23101, subd. (a).) The term “actively” is the opposite of “passively” or

       2This  definition was designated as subdivision (a) of amended section 23101. (Stats.
2009-2010, 3d Ex. Sess., ch. 10, § 7, eff. Feb. 20, 2009.) For tax years beginning on or after
January 1, 2011, a taxpayer is also “doing business” in California if the taxpayer is organized or
commercially domiciled in California, or a taxpayer’s California sales, property, or payroll
exceed the amounts applicable under subdivision (b)(1) of section 23101. Because the franchise
tax was imposed for Swart’s tax year ending June 30, 2010, these new bases for “doing business”
do not apply to Swart.


                                               5.
“inactively” and means “active transaction for pecuniary gain or profit.” (Golden State
Theatre & Realty Corp. v. Johnson (1943) 21 Cal.2d 493, 496 (Golden State Theatre);
Hise v. McColgan (1944) 24 Cal.2d 147, 151.) For example, “the purchase and sale of
stocks or bonds” may constitute doing business within the meaning of section 23101, but
“[t]he mere receipt of dividends and interest by a corporation and the distribution of such
income to its shareholders does not.” (Regulation 23101, subds. (a), (b).)
       Here, the $800 minimum franchise tax was imposed upon Swart several years
after Swart made its investment and became a member of Cypress LLC. We are not
persuaded such an investment, without more, is sufficient to conclude Swart was doing
business in California. Like a shareholder’s receipt of dividends and interest, Swart
merely passively held onto its investment in the tax year the franchise tax was imposed.
       Nonetheless, citing to Golden State Theatre, supra, 21 Cal.2d 493, the Attorney
General claims the term “doing business” should be interpreted broadly to include
Swart’s passive investment. There, according to the Attorney General, our Supreme
Court held that “an out-of-state taxpayer’s passive investment in California was a
transaction for pecuniary gain or profit, so the resulting dividends were subject to
California tax.”
       Golden State Theatre does not suggest the term “doing business” should be
interpreted broadly. There, the plaintiff, Golden State Theatre and Realty Corporation,
owned a 50 percent share of stock in a corporation, East Bay Theatres, Inc., which in turn
owned a 100 percent share of stock in two other corporations. (Golden State Theatre,
supra, 21 Cal.2d at p. 494.) The plaintiff argued dividends received from its ownership
interests were deductible from its gross income as “‘dividends received during the
income year from a … corporation doing business in this State declared from income
arising out of business done in this State ….’” (Ibid.)
       The issue was whether East Bay Theatres, Inc., was merely a holding company or
whether it was doing business in California, which would entitle the plaintiff to claim the

                                             6.
deductions. (Golden State Theatre, supra, 21 Cal.2d at p. 494.) The defendant argued
the entity was not actively engaged in any transaction because East Bay Theatres, Inc.,
was not established to operate a business, but to acquire property and derive income from
properties, which did not even occur regularly. (Id. at p. 495.) Our Supreme Court
concluded the activities conducted by East Bay Theatres, Inc., demonstrated it was
“doing business,” because it had actively engaged in multiple transactions for pecuniary
gain. (Id. at p. 496.) Specifically, it undertook the following activities: endorsing a note
of a subsidiary, borrowing funds, purchasing, owning and renting property, collecting
rents, giving notices to quit, and arranging for improvements to property. (Id. at p. 495.)
       Golden State Theatre illustrates the distinction between “actively,” and
“passively” or “inactively” engaging in business transactions. It does not suggest the
term “doing business” should be read broadly.
              2.     There Is No Authority to Support the Conclusion Cypress LLC’s
                     Taxation Election Rendered Swart a General Partner of Cypress
                     LLC
       The Attorney General further contends Swart was a general partner of Cypress
LLC based on an election by Cypress LLC to be treated as a partnership for purposes of
federal income taxes. According to the Attorney General, if Cypress LLC is treated as a
partnership, then Swart is a general partner of the LLC, and Swart can therefore be
imputed with “doing business” in California because Cypress LLC was doing business in
California. This is because the activities of a partnership can be attributed to a general
partner. We are not persuaded Swart’s interest in Cypress LLC was transmuted into a
general partnership interest for purposes of the franchise tax.
       A taxation election refers to a business entity’s ability to choose its classification
for federal income tax purposes by making a check-the-box election. (26 C.F.R.
§§ 301.7701–1 through 301.7701–3 (2017) [check-the-box regulations].) LLC’s are not
recognized as an entity choice for federal or California tax law purposes. (See 26 C.F.R.



                                              7.
§ 301.7701–2 (2017); § 23038, subd. (b)(2)(B)(ii), (iii); see also Cal. Code Regs., tit. 18,
§ 23038(b)-3, subd. (c).) Accordingly, for tax purposes, a multiple-member LLC can
elect to be treated as either a partnership or a corporation under the check-the-box
election regulations. California tax law conforms to the federal entity classification
election system by mandating that an eligible entity be either classified or disregarded3
for California tax purposes, just as it is for federal tax purposes. (See § 23038, subd.
(b)(2)(B)(ii), (iii); Cal. Code Regs., tit. 18, § 23038(b)-3, subd. (c).)
       The Attorney General asserts an LLC member is rendered a general partner of the
LLC as a result of an LLC’s election to be treated as a partnership for federal taxation
purposes. We are not directed to any legal authority to support this conclusion. The trial
court identified this same deficiency in the Attorney General’s motion below, but the
error was not corrected on appeal. We note the Treasury Regulations (26 C.F.R.
§§ 301.7701-1, 301.7701-2 & 301.7701–3 (2017)) do not address whether an LLC
making a partnership election is considered a general partnership or a limited partnership
for federal tax purposes, or whether LLC members are considered general or limited
partners.
       Nonetheless, relying on the assumption Swart owns a general partnership interest
in Cypress LLC and that this classification is relevant for purposes other than the
computation of income taxes, the Attorney General directs us to Internal Revenue Code
section 702. Internal Revenue Code section 702 provides that for federal income tax
purposes, the character of an item of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit included in a
partner’s distributive share is be determined at the partnership level, i.e., “as if such item



       3A   “disregarded entity” refers to an entity that is separate from its owner, but elects to be
disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for tax purposes. Thus, a single-member LLC
classified as a disregarded entity will be treated as a sole proprietorship on the LLC owner’s tax
return. (Comment, The Federal Tax Personality of Disregarded LLCs [Littriello v. United
States, 484 F.3d 372 (6th Cir. 2007)] (2007) 47 Washburn L.J. 203, 218.)


                                                  8.
were realized directly from the source from which realized by the partnership, or incurred
in the same manner as incurred by the partnership.” (Int.Rev. Code, § 702(b).)
         The Attorney General ostensibly directs us to Internal Revenue Code section 702
to make the following point: wherever the partnership does business, the activities of the
partnership are attributed to each partner, whether general or limited, with the
consequence that in locations where the partnership is doing business, the partners are
also doing business. This is because a partner is recognized as deriving a share of
partnership income and loss from the place where the partnership transacts its business.
         To explain why this conclusion is flawed, we first examine the Attorney General’s
claim that a taxation election is relevant for purposes other than federal income taxes.
The plain language of the check-the-box regulations provides that a taxation election
applies for “federal tax purposes” and not just for “federal income tax purposes.” (26
C.F.R. § 301.7701–1(a)(1) (2017).) The absence of language of limitation suggests the
LLC’s election is relevant for tax purposes beyond the computation of federal income
taxes.
         Swart disagrees and contends an LLC is a separate entity from its owners, and an
LLC’s decision to be taxed as a partnership for federal income taxes does not mean the
LLC’s separate entity status may be disregarded for all taxation purposes, including the
franchise tax. Swart directs us to Pierre v. Comm’r (2009) 133 T.C. 24 (Pierre) on this
point.
         In Pierre, supra, 133 T.C. 24, the United States Tax Court considered whether the
check-the-box regulations altered the federal gift tax valuation regime. (Id. at pp. 26-27.)
The taxpayer was a New York resident who wanted to give money to her son and
granddaughter. (Id. at p. 25.) To ensure the family’s wealth stayed intact, the taxpayer
formed a single-member LLC, created trusts for both her son and granddaughter, and
transferred $4.25 million in cash and securities to the LLC in exchange for a 100 percent
interest in the entity. (Ibid.) The taxpayer then transferred a 9.5 percent interest in the

                                              9.
LLC to each trust, and sold each of the trusts a 40.5 percent interest in the LLC in
exchange for promissory notes. (Ibid.) The taxpayer paid gift tax in the amount of
$256,168 per transfer, the value of the interests transferred after discounts for lack of
marketability and lack of control. (Id. at p. 26.) The Internal Revenue Service claimed
because the LLC was a disregarded entity, which is indistinguishable from its owner, the
taxpayer should have valued the gift as a transfer of the underlying assets, minus the
value of the promissory notes, which would have amounted to a substantially greater tax
burden. (Ibid.)
       The tax court held that although a single-member LLC was treated as a
disregarded entity under the federal check-the-box regulations, that designation did not
control the valuation of the LLC interests transferred for federal gift tax purposes.
(Pierre, supra, 133 T.C. at p. 35.) According to the tax court, state laws applicable to the
LLC controlled the legal rights of the parties, not the LLC’s taxation election, and the
legal relationships between the parties justified discounts for lack of control and
marketability. (Ibid.)
       The Attorney General argues Pierre is distinguishable because there, a single-
member LLC was at issue, and a single-member LLC cannot elect to be treated as a
partnership for tax purposes. The Attorney General’s argument misses the point. Pierre
stands for the proposition that a taxation election may not control for all taxation
purposes in all circumstances.
       Assuming, arguendo, that a taxation election is relevant for purposes of
determining whether an LLC member is doing business in California under section
23151, the Attorney General’s conclusion is flawed for one other significant reason: it
draws no distinction between general and limited partnership interests. The State Board
of Equalization (SBE) has previously recognized a limited partner is not “doing business”
merely by virtue of its ownership interest in a limited partnership.



                                             10.
       In Amman & Schmid, supra, 96 SBE 008 [1996 Cal. Tax LEXIS 62], the
appellants, foreign corporations, acquired limited partnership interests in descending tiers
of limited partnerships. The bottom tier of the partnerships were indisputably doing
business in California. The FTB claimed the appellants were also “doing business” in
California under section 23101 because the general partners were executing business
transactions in California as agents for the limited partnerships and all the partners. The
corporate limited partners challenged this finding, because “doing business” requires
“actively engaging in any transaction for the purpose of financial or pecuniary gain or
profit.” (Id., subd. (a).) While section 23101 does not require a regular course of
business, “it nevertheless does require active participation in the profit-seeking activity,
and limited partners are necessarily passive or inactive members of the partnership.”
(Amman & Schmid, supra, at p. 3 [1996 Cal. Tax LEXIS 62 at p. *5].)
       The SBE noted that under the California Revised Limited Partnership Act (Corp.
Code, tit. 2, ch. 3), the foreign corporations, as limited partners, were not liable for the
obligations of the partnerships (id., former § 15632), they could not act on behalf of the
partnership, had no interest in specific property of the partnership (id., former § 15671),
and their ownership interests included only intangible property, which is ordinarily
located at the domicile of the limited partner. (Amman & Schmid, supra, 96 SBE 008 at
p. 4 [1996 Cal. Tax LEXIS 62 at pp. *8-9], citing Appeals of Amyas and Evelyn P. Ames
et al. (1987) 87 SBE 042.) The SBE concluded the corporate limited partners could not
be doing business in California simply because they owned interests as limited partners in
partnerships engaged in business in California because “[a] general partner simply does
not have agency rights over the obligations or the property of the limited partners.”
(Amman & Schmid, supra, at p. 4 [1996 Cal. Tax LEXIS 62 at p. *9].)
       The SBE noted it had previously concluded otherwise. In Appeal of H.F.
Ahmanson & Company (1965) 65 SBE 013 [1965 Cal. Tax LEXIS 38], (H.F. Ahmanson),
the SBE concluded the source of a limited partner’s income or loss from the partnership

                                              11.
is where the partnership property is located and the partnership activity is carried on. (Id.
at p. 3 [1965 Cal. Tax LEXIS 38 at p. *4.) As a result, partnership losses were
determined to be sourced in Turkey and not in California, because the partnerships were
regularly engaged in business in Turkey and the appellant, a limited partner, was
therefore also engaged in business in Turkey. In Amman & Schmid, the SBE changed its
position, explaining, “This observation is arguably true for general partnerships. But …
more specific examination has convinced us … this … is not necessarily true for limited
partners.” (Amman & Schmid, supra, 96 SBE 008 at p. 4 [1996 Cal. Tax LEXIS 62 at p.
*11].)
         Amman & Schmid strongly supports the conclusion Swart was not doing business
in California. Like the limited partners in Amman & Schmid, Swart had no interest in the
specific property of Cypress LLC (Corp. Code, former § 17300), it was not personally
liable for the obligations of Cypress LLC (id., former § 17101, subd. (a)), it had no right
to act on behalf of or bind Cypress LLC (id., former § 17157, subd. (b)(1), (2)), and
Swart was prohibited from participating in the management and control of Cypress LLC.
         The Attorney General claims Amman & Schmid is distinguishable because it
examined limited partnerships exclusively, rather than LLC’s, when it concluded “doing
business” requires an active role in a limited partnership, rather than a passive investment
in a limited partnership. The Attorney General further contends Amman & Schmid “does
not even acknowledge that limited partnerships can elect to be treated as general
partnerships for purposes of franchise income taxation.”
         We are perplexed by these arguments. If an LLC’s taxation election renders the
LLC and its members partners for all taxation purposes, then no meaningful distinction
can be drawn between the limited partnership interests in Amman & Schmid and Swart’s
partnership interest.4 Although it is unclear to us what the Attorney General means by

         4The Attorney General    directs us to a number of cases purportedly recognizing that the
activities of a partnership are attributed to each partner, such that the partners are doing business

                                                 12.
stating a “limited partnership[] can elect to be treated as [a] general partnership[]” for
income tax purposes, we are not directed to any legal authority to support the conclusion
that an LLC’s taxation election automatically transmutes LLC members into general
partners for tax purposes relevant to this appeal. As we explain below, Swart’s
partnership interest was akin to a limited rather than general partnership interest.
               3.     Swart’s Interest in Cypress LLC Was Comparable to a Limited
                      Partnership Interest
       Swart contends that like a limited partner, it was merely a passive investor, and it
had no right to manage or control the business operations of Cypress LLC. On this basis,
it asserts it cannot be deemed to be “doing business” in California solely by virtue of
holding a membership interest in an LLC doing business in California. We agree.
       Members in an LLC have limited liability for the company’s debts and obligations
(Kwok v. Transnation Title Ins. Co. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 1562, 1571), and members
hold no direct ownership interest in the company’s specific property. (Corp. Code,
former § 17300.) Similarly, “A limited partner’s interest in [a] partnership is intangible

where the partnership is doing business. None of these cases answer the question of whether a
foreign entity such as Swart may be deemed to be “doing business” in California for purposes of
the franchise tax, by virtue of its ownership interest in a California manager-managed LLC doing
business in this state. (See Appeal of John Manter (1999) 99 SBE 008 [1999 Cal. Tax LEXIS
500] [nonresident taxpayer contested tax based on pass-through income from California source
of an S corporation].) Moreover, many of these cases rely on outdated authority which held that
partnerships are not regarded as separate legal entities for purposes of owning property. (See
H.F. Ahmanson, supra, 65 SBE 013 [1965 Cal. Tax LEXIS 38] [limited partner in California
partnership engaged in activities in Turkey denied California deductions for losses resulting from
partnership activities in Turkey where general partner was held to be an agent of the limited
partner, and general and limited partners are owners of partnership’s property]; Appeal of Estate
of Marion Markus (1986) 86 SBE 097 [1986 Cal. Tax LEXIS 136] [relying on H.F. Ahmanson,
nonresident taxpayer’s income from California limited partnership held to be from California,
where property of partnership was located and where partnership’s activities were carried on];
Appeal of Lore Pick (1985) 85 SBE 066 [1985 Cal. Tax LEXIS 112] [same]; Appeal of Custom
Component Switches, Inc. (1977) 77 SBE 009 [1997 Cal. Tax LEXIS 110] [relying on
Ahmanson, California corporation denied deductions arising from losses attributable to
partnership property located outside California].) One additional case we are directed to is
unpublished authority and may not be cited or relied upon. (Appeal of CFL, LP (2014) case
No. 764609 [nonpub. opn.].)

                                               13.
personal property, which ordinarily is located in the domicile of the limited partner.”
(Amman & Schmid, supra, 96 SBE 008 at p. 4 [1996 Cal. Tax LEXIS 62 at pp. *8-9],
citing Appeals of Amyas and Evelyn P. Ames et al., supra, 87 SBE 042.) Although
members of an LLC may generally participate in the management and control of the
business (PacLink Communications Internat., Inc. v. Superior Court (2001) 90
Cal.App.4th 958, 963), whereas limited partners risk losing their limited liability
protection by doing so (Corp. Code, § 15903.03, subd. (a)), this ability ultimately
depends on how management is vested within the parties’ operating agreement and
articles of incorporation.
       Relations among members and the LLC are governed by its articles of
incorporation and operating agreement. (Corp. Code, former § 17005, subd. (a), as
amended by Stats. 1996, ch. 57, § 5, and repealed by Stats. 2012, ch. 419, § 19, operative
Jan. 1, 2014.) Where an LLC is established as a manager-managed LLC, “any matter
relating to the activities of the limited liability company is decided exclusively by the
managers.” (Corp. Code, § 17704.07, subd. (c)(1).) While LLC members have the
ability to remove the manager with a majority vote (id., subd. (c)(4), (5)), they have no
right to control the management and conduct of the LLC’s activities, nor do they have the
apparent authority to do so (see Corp. Code, § 17703.01, subd. (a) [every member of a
member-managed LLC is an agent of the LLC for the purpose of its business or affairs].)
       Here, the operating agreement executed by Cypress LLC and its members
established the Fund as a manager-managed LLC. The operating agreement gave the
manager “‘full exclusive and complete authority in the management and control of the
business of the Fund for the purposes [stated in the Operating Agreement] and [made] all
decisions affecting the fund.’” The specific matters upon which Cypress LLC members
were authorized to act did not empower members to manage or control Cypress LLC. In
fact, the agreement expressly prohibited “[m]embers other than the Manager [from
taking] part in the control, conduct or operation of the Fund and [had] no right or

                                             14.
authority to act for or bind [Cypress LLC].” The Attorney General does not contend
Swart acted outside of the operating agreement.
       Thus, the relationship between Cypress LLC and Swart supports the conclusion
Swart was a quintessential passive investor. Swart had no authority to participate in the
management and control of the Fund, it was not liable for the debts and obligations of the
Fund, it did not own an interest in specific property of the Fund, nor could it act on behalf
of the Fund. Under these circumstances, Swart’s interest in Cypress LLC was akin to
that of a limited partner, and it cannot be deemed to be “doing business” in California by
virtue of the fact Cypress LLC was “doing business” in California.
       The Attorney General contends members of an LLC are themselves doing
business in California by virtue of their ownership interest in the LLC, whether or not
they are members of a member-managed LLC or a manager-managed LLC. It appears
this conclusion was derived from a legal ruling issued by the FTB during the pendency of
litigation in this matter. (Cal. Franchise Tax Bd., Legal Ruling No. 2014-01 (July 22,
2014) [2014 Cal. FTB LEXIS 2].) To the extent the arguments on appeal were also
derived from the FTB’s legal ruling, we disagree with its analysis and note it contradicts
the position previously taken by the FTB.5
       In its legal ruling, the FTB discussed a hypothetical assuming a California LLC is
“doing business” in California. The FTB concluded that a member corporation holding a
15 percent interest in an LLC, not incorporated, organized, or registered to do business in

       5In its Technical Advice Memorandum No. 200658 (Dec. 22, 2000) (TAM) [2000 Cal.
FTB TAM LEXIS 28], the FTB’s legal department concluded, “For purposes of doing business,
[where an out-of-state LLC member] is a separate entity and receives California source income
from [the LLC,] [t]he [out-of-state LLC member] is not considered to be doing business in
California.” The out-of-state corporation was still subject to California income tax, absent an
exemption application, but it was not subject to the corporation franchise tax fee because it was
not “doing business” in California. In the TAM, the FTB relied on Amman & Schmid, supra, 96
SBE 008 at page 2 [1996 Cal. Tax LEXIS 62 at p. *3], noting it had previously concluded a
foreign corporation, which was a limited partner in a California partnership, was not doing
business in California.


                                               15.
California, and with no presence in California other than its membership in the LLC,
must nonetheless file a return and pay all taxes and fees resulting from its membership
interest in the LLC. (Cal. Franchise Tax Bd., Legal Ruling No. 2014-01, supra, at p. 9
[2014 Cal. FTB LEXIS 2 at p. *21].) The FTB explained because the LLC is classified
as a partnership for tax purposes and is doing business in California, all of its members
are also doing business in California. (Id. at p. 3 [2014 Cal. FTB LEXIS 2 at p. *7].)
According to the FTB, even a member of a manager-managed LLC is doing business in
California, provided the LLC is itself doing business in California:

       “Members of LLCs generally have the right to participate in the
       management of the business. Part of that power necessarily includes the
       right to delegate the power to manage the business in favor of a manager,
       and the power to revoke that delegation at any time. This analysis is not
       affected by whether or not members participate in the management of an
       LLC or appoint a manager to do so because the members’ rights to
       participate in the management of the business arise out of the statutory
       relationship between an LLC and its members.… ‘The courts have
       recognized that the execution of an agreement relinquishing control is itself
       an exercise of the requisite right of control over the conduct of the
       partnership business.’ Thus, the distinction between ‘manager-managed’
       LLCs and ‘member-managed’ LLCs is not relevant for purposes of
       determining whether a member of an LLC, which is ‘doing business’ in
       California and is classified as a partnership for tax purposes, is ‘doing
       business’ here within the meaning of Section 23101.” (Cal. Franchise Tax
       Bd., Legal Ruling No. 2014-01, supra, at p. 4 [2014 Cal. FTB LEXIS 2 at
       pp. *9-*10], italics added, fns. omitted.)
       The FTB asserts members in manager-managed LLC’s have the right to exercise
some control over the LLC because they relinquish control of the LLC to the manager,
and they have the authority to remove the manager at any time. Applying this logic to the
instant matter, the Attorney General argues that members of Cypress LLC, including
Swart, had the right to control the Fund, notwithstanding the fact it was manager-
managed. The FTB directs us to Moulin v. Der Zakarian (1961) 191 Cal.App.2d 184,
190 (Moulin) for the proposition that “[t]he execution of an agreement relinquishing



                                            16.
control of the partnership is itself an exercise of the requisite right of control over the
conduct of the partnership business.”
       The FTB’s reliance on Moulin is unavailing. The issue before the Court of Appeal
in Moulin was whether payments made under an alleged partnership agreement
constituted investments in a security, which could not lawfully be sold without a permit.
(Moulin, supra, 191 Cal.App.2d at pp. 185–186.) The defendant asserted the agreement
at issue was intended to be a general partnership agreement, and because all contributions
constituted contributions to the capital of the partnership, no permit was required because
no interest was sold to the public. (Id. at p. 188.) The Court of Appeal held, based on the
totality of the rights and obligations established under the agreement, a general
partnership was formed. (Id. at p. 191.) The fact that the agreement designated
managerial control to the defendant was only one of the factors the court relied on in
concluding the agreement was a partnership agreement.
       Here, unlike Moulin, Swart cannot be said to have exercised any right of control
by relinquishing control of Cypress LLC to a manager, because it never had this right to
begin with. As the trial court explained, the Attorney General’s argument fails to
acknowledge Cypress LLC was established as a manager-managed LLC two years before
Swart became an investor. Cypress LLC was formed in 2005 and Swart did not become
an investor until 2007. Swart had no right to control or influence the designation of
Cypress LLC as a manager-managed fund. This designation was made two years before
Swart made its investment in Cypress LLC. Nor is there any basis from which it could be
reasonably inferred that Swart could have exercised influence over this decision in light
of the fact its ownership interest was merely 0.2 percent.6


       6In any event, we note limited partners are vested with a similar right. Pursuant to
Corporations Code section 15904.01, subdivision (d), an individual may become a general
partner “with consent of all the partners.” In so doing, a limited partner does not lose its limited
partnership status.


                                                17.
       Further, while LLC members retain the right to remove the manager, this action
can only be taken by a majority vote. (See Corp. Code, former §§ 17150-17152, added
by Stats. 1994, ch. 1200, § 27, and repealed by Stats. 2012, ch. 419, § 19, eff. Jan. 1,
2014; on or after Jan. 1, 2014, see Corp. Code, § 17704.07, subd. (c)(5).) Swart could not
have removed the manager on its own, and in light of its minimal ownership interest, it
would have had only a minimal influence upon the majority’s decision in this regard. We
decline to hold that such a limited power, conditioned upon the consent of the majority,
could give an LLC member the right to manage or control the decision-making process of
the LLC, particularly where this right was never exercised.7
       We conclude Swart was not doing business in California based solely on its
minority ownership interest in Cypress LLC. The Attorney General’s conclusion that a
taxation election could transmute Swart into a general partner for purposes of the
franchise tax, and that the business activities of Cypress can therefore be imputed to
Swart, is not supported by citation to appropriate legal authority and, in our view, defies a
commonsense understanding of what it means to be “doing business.”
II.    Swart’s Constitutional Challenges to Imposition of the Franchise Tax
       Bearing in mind that a reviewing court should consider a constitutional question
only where essential to the disposition of a case, we do not reach Swart’s challenge to the
franchise tax on constitutional grounds as it was not necessary to the disposition of this


       7At   oral argument, the Attorney General argued members of an LLC have an intrinsic
right to participate in the management of the LLC, even if that right is bargained away. We
disagree. “Relations among members and between members and the [LLC] are governed by the
articles of organization and operating agreement.” (Corp. Code, former § 17005, subd. (a).)
Where the parties’ operating agreement designates the LLC as manager-managed and expressly
prohibits the non-managing LLC member from participating in the management and control of
the LLC, it cannot be said that the member has any such right, intrinsic or otherwise. Although
we can envision circumstances where the parties’ conduct may evince an LLC member’s
participation in the control of the LLC, notwithstanding restrictions set forth in the operating
agreement, such circumstances are not present here. As noted, the parties do not contend Swart
actually participated in the management or control of Cypress LLC’s business activities.

                                              18.
matter. “It is not the habit of the court to decide questions of a constitutional nature
unless absolutely necessary to a decision of the case.” (Burton v. United States (1905)
196 U.S. 283, 295.)
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. Respondent shall recover its costs on appeal.


                                                          ___________________________
                                                                              PEÑA, J.
WE CONCUR:


 __________________________
HILL, P.J.


 __________________________
DETJEN, J.




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