   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

                                               )
IMO The Estate of Aldon S. Hall                )    C.A. No. 8122-MA
                                               )


                             MASTER’S REPORT

                         Date Submitted: May 23, 2014
                         Draft Report: September 22, 2014
                         Final Report: October 2, 2014


      This is an estate dispute between the three adult children and second wife of

Aldon S. Hall (“Mr. Hall” or “the decedent”), who died on January 21, 2012.

Petitioners Anthony Hall, Felicia Lake, and Aaron Hall are the decedent’s children,

and Respondent Catherine Taylor Hall, is the decedent’s second wife. Decedent’s

Last Will and Testament was executed in 1976, long before his second marriage,

which occurred on January 1, 2008. In his will, decedent left his entire estate to

Anthony,1 expressing the confidence that Anthony would provide adequately for

decedent’s other children.     However, after decedent’s death, his children

discovered that the bulk of their father’s real and personal property, valued at

nearly $600,000.00, was held by the entireties or jointly with his second wife,

leaving them almost nothing. The children now have taken exception to the First

and Final Accounting filed by Catherine, claiming that the transfers of real




                                     Page 1 of 30
property to Catherine and the creation of joint accounts were the product of

Catherine’s undue influence or, in the alternative, that the joint bank accounts were

intended to be convenience accounts.

                                 Procedural History

      This matter began on December 19, 2012, when petitioners filed a Demand

for Bond under 12 Del. C. § 1524, alleging that respondent had exerted undue

influence on the decedent in order to persuade him to change account titles and

execute deeds, and that without a bond in the amount of $575,000.00, petitioners

would suffer irreparable harm.2 Petitioners amended their demand on May 29,

2013,3 to include their exception to the First and Final Account that was filed in the

Register of Wills Office in Sussex County on March 25, 2013. In her response to

the amended complaint filed on July 31, 2013,4 Respondent denied the allegations

of undue influence and other wrongdoing, and counterclaimed for waste,

misappropriation and other claims related to petitioners’ continued occupancy of

decedent’s real property, which had passed by operation of law to respondent.

Petitioners denied having committed any waste or misappropriation, and alleged

that they had an agreement with their late father regarding the possession and use


1
  I use first names only to avoid repetition and confusion, and mean no disrespect
by this practice.
2
  Docket Item (“DI”) 1.
3
  DI 8.
4
  DI 10.
                                       Page 2 of 30
of the real property located at 32244 Powell Farm Road, Frankford, Delaware

19945 (the “Powell Farm Road Property”).5

                                 Factual Background

        Mr. Hall and his first wife divorced when their children were quite young.

Anthony, who is the oldest of the three children, recalled that he was nine or ten

years old when his parents separated. Mr. Hall was a member of the United States

Air Force and was sent to Vietnam. Anthony’s mother remarried and moved to

Dover, taking Felicia and Aaron to live with her while Anthony resided with his

paternal grandparents at the Powell Farm Road Property. When Mr. Hall returned

from overseas, he was stationed at McGuire Air Force Base in New Jersey, and

Anthony moved to New Jersey to live with his father. After Anthony graduated

from high school in New Jersey, he attended college in Baltimore, Maryland,

spending his school vacations and holidays with his grandparents, his father or his

siblings. After he graduated from college, Anthony remained in Baltimore, got

married, and raised a family there.        Felicia followed Anthony to college in

Baltimore, and also remained there to work and raise a family.

        Mr. Hall served in the Air Force for 23 years, retiring in 1983 or 1984. After

he retired, Mr. Hall returned to live with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Aldon D. Hall at




5
    DI 13.
                                       Page 3 of 30
the Powell Farm Road Property.6              Anthony recalled meeting Catherine

occasionally when he and his young family would visit Mr. Hall in Frankford.

During those visits, he observed Catherine staying in a mobile home behind the

main residence at the Powell Farm Road Property. Even though he knew the

couple had a long-standing committed relationship, Anthony was surprised when

his father and Catherine announced in December 2007 that they were getting

married.

        Upon his return to Delaware, Mr. Hall worked with his father mowing lawns

and doing handyman chores for other people. Mr. Hall subsequently established a

solely-owned business known as “Hall’ing” doing lawn and general maintenance

work.7 When Aaron returned to Sussex County in 1987 with his own family,

Aaron worked in his father’s business, initially as a crew chief with other

employees. Around 2005 or 2006, as Mr. Hall began losing his physical strength

and suffering some memory loss, Aaron took over the logistical and financial side

of his father’s business. While Mr. Hall was still in his prime, whenever any of his

grandsons reached the age of ten years, they would spend several summers at the

Powell Farm Road Property helping out in the business. Mr. Hall loved having his

grandchildren with him, and took them on excursions to Ocean City to play

miniature golf.


6
    Mrs. Aldon D. Hall died in September 2006. Trial Transcript (“TT”) 158.
                                      Page 4 of 30
      On December 21, 2006, Mr. Hall had a fainting spell during which his heart

stopped beating. He was resuscitated by paramedics, taken to the hospital for

emergency treatment, and had a pacemaker installed.8 Mr. Hall apparently had

experienced a similar episode of fainting the month before this incident. On

February 1, 2007, Mr. Hall was seen by a neurologist, Dr. Paul Peet, because Mr.

Hall was having difficulty with his short-term memory.9 According to Dr. Peet’s

trial deposition, Mr. Hall’s history suggested that he had suffered some injury to

the brain following his cardiac arrest.10 Catherine accompanied Mr. Hall on this

initial visit and each subsequent visit to Dr. Peet. In August 2007, the couple

returned to Dr. Peet and Catherine reported that Mr. Hall was having difficulty in

remembering the directions to places he previously had been or remembering

people he should have known.11 Mr. Hall, on the other, did not think his memory

loss was significant.12

      On December 5, 2007, Mr. Hall was taken to the hospital by paramedics

after Catherine had noticed that he was having difficulty speaking on the

telephone, and Mr. Hall had a seizure while in the emergency room. 13 At some


7
  TT 88-89.
8
  Joint Exhibit (“JX”) 24 at 1.
9
  Id.
10
   Peet Deposition at 14.
11
   JX 24 at 5.
12
   Id.
13
   Id. at 6.
                                    Page 5 of 30
point during this month, Anthony, Felicia, and Aaron received invitations

announcing their father’s upcoming wedding to Catherine, which was scheduled to

take place on January 1, 2008. On December 31, 2007, Mr. Hall executed two

deeds in which he transferred two small parcels of solely-owned property to

himself and his three children in undivided equal shares as tenants in common.14

That same day, Mr. Hall was seen by Dr. Peet in a follow-up visit to his December

5th hospitalization.15

       On January 1, 2008, Mr. Hall and Catherine were married with petitioners

and other family members in attendance. Mr. Hall was nearly 67 years old and

Catherine, then in her mid-fifties, was still working as a full-time administrative

assistant in the Delaware Department of Correction. Catherine moved into the

Powell Farm Road Property with her husband and his father (“Aldon D.”), who by

then was in his late 90s. Catherine helped Mr. Hall in caring for his elderly father,

but she apparently was not interested in the lawn maintenance business that Mr.

Hall conducted from his home office. According to Aaron, Catherine refused to

take messages when customers telephoned the residence so Aaron gave them his

telephone number.16




14
   JX 10.
15
   JX 24 at 6.
16
   TT 103-104.
                                     Page 6 of 30
      On June 19, 2008, Mr. Hall visited Dr. Peet with a complaint of blurred

vision and dizziness.17 Catherine wanted her husband to be evaluated at Johns

Hopkins Department of Neurology so Dr. Peet provided a referral. Up until this

point, according to Dr. Peet, Mr. Hall had remained active and was still mowing

lawns.18 On September 23, 2008, Mr. Hall stood up and fell, apparently triggering

another seizure that lasted about three minutes.19 On October 2, 2008, Mr. Hall

was seen by Dr. Paul Dash, a neurologist at Johns Hopkins, who made a clinical

diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and some form of dementia other than

Alzheimer’s, which likely stemmed from the brain injury that occurred when his

heart had stopped beating.20

      On October 22, 2008, Catherine drove her husband, who was no longer able

to drive an automobile, to Citizens Bank where he added Catherine’s name as joint

owner with right of survivorship to his three bank accounts.21   On October 31,

2008, Catherine’s name was added to a checking account already titled in the

names of Aldon D. Hall and Aldon S. Hall at PNC Bank.22 On January 22, 2009,

Catherine’s name was added to her husband’s three accounts at the Bank of



17
   JX 24 at 8.
18
   Peet Deposition at 24-25.
19
   JX 24 at 9.
20
   Id. at 12.
21
   JX 13.
22
   JX 14.
                                    Page 7 of 30
Delmarva as a joint owner with right of survivorship.23         In June of that year,

Catherine retired after 30 years of employment with the State. On December 22,

2009, Mr. Hall executed a durable power of attorney document naming his wife as

his agent.24 On December 24, 2009, Catherine was added to a membership account

or accounts already titled in the names of Aldon S. Hall and Anthony S. Hall at the

Dover Federal Credit Union.25 On February 17, 2010, Catherine’s name was

added to an account at PNC Bank owned solely by her husband.26

      Dr. Peet saw Mr. Hall again on April 1, 2010, after Catherine noticed that

her husband had a cough and was having some difficulty breathing. 27 Dr. Peet

suspected that he might have pneumonia. During this visit, Dr. Peet observed that

Mr. Hall was using a four-wheel walker whereas on previous visits, he had been
                              28
able to walk independently.        On May 6, 2010, during a follow-up visit after Mr.

Hall’s hospitalization for pneumonia, Dr. Peet noted that Mr. Hall had arrived in a

wheelchair.29




23
   JX 16.
24
   JX 6.
25
   JX 18. It is unclear from the documentation how many accounts Mr. Hall had at
this institution.
26
   JX 14.
27
   JX 24 at 18.
28
   Peet Deposition at 55-56.
29
   JX 24 at 19.
                                        Page 8 of 30
      Upon his discharge from the hospital, Mr. Hall was admitted to a

rehabilitation facility in Oak Orchard.30 Catherine had a house that was handicap-

accessible in Millsboro, and believed that Mr. Hall would have more room to move

around there and that she could provide better care for her husband in the

Millsboro house than at the Powell Farm Road Property. 31 Catherine also felt that

she could not take care of both Mr. Hall and Aldon D.32 Following a family

meeting during which the parties arranged for other relatives to care for Aldon D.

in his home,33 Catherine and Mr. Hall moved into her Millsboro house. In the

process of removing her husband’s personal belongings from the Powell Farm

Road Property, Catherine removed her husband’s computer on which the current

business records were maintained, without giving Aaron any warning of her

intentions.34

      Relations between Aaron and Catherine apparently had been strained for

some time. Aaron testified that he and Catherine did not see “eye to eye” on a lot

of issues and that she was fairly combative, which upset his father and

grandfather.35   Aaron also accused her of disparaging him in front of other



30
   TT 249.
31
   Id.
32
   TT 277.
33
   TT 171, 200-203.
34
   TT 104-105, 294.
35
   TT 105-106.
                                    Page 9 of 30
people.36 Catherine denied this accusation, and countered with her belief that

Aaron had taken advantage of her husband, who always gave Aaron extra money

even though Aaron was just an employee of his father’s business.37 Mr. Hall’s

three children continued to visit him at Catherine’s house in Millsboro, but Aaron

only visited when his siblings were present because he felt unwelcome there.38

Petitioners also were able to call and talk with their father using Catherine’s cell

phone after she disconnected Mr. Hall’s cell phone because he could no longer

handle it by himself.39   Catherine and Mr. Hall still attended the church near the

Powell Farm Road Property, and after church they visited with Mr. Hall’s father

and other family members living nearby. 40

      The Sunday church-going and visits ceased after Aldon D. died on August

17, 2010, five days short of his 100th birthday.41 On September 2, 2010, Mr. Hall

executed a deed transferring his real property on Blackwater Road to himself and

Catherine as tenants by the entirety.42 Aldon D. had died intestate survived by Mr.

Hall and the two daughters of Mr. Hall’s deceased brother. On November 3, 2011,

Mr. Hall and his two nieces executed a deed transferring the Powell Farm Road


36
   TT 135.
37
   TT 240, 248.
38
   TT 106-107.
39
   TT 174.
40
   TT 44, 172.
41
   TT 27, 75.
42
   JX 8.
                                     Page 10 of 30
Property to Mr. Hall and Catherine as tenants by the entirety. 43 On December 7,

2011, in her capacity as agent for Mr. Hall, Catherine added her name to her

husband’s accounts at the Andrews Federal Credit Union.44 Shortly thereafter, on

January 21, 2012, Mr. Hall died at the age of 70.45

                                         Analysis

      A. Undue Influence

      At trial, decedent’s three adult children expressed their displeasure and

disappointment with the fact that Catherine, who only was married to their father

for four years, had received essentially all of Mr. Hall’s assets.46 Aaron had

understood that he was going to take over the business after his father retired. 47

Felicia had told her father not to sign anything after he got married.48 Anthony,

who never discussed finances with his father,49 acknowledged that Catherine

should receive something, but felt it was unfair that she was getting everything.50

Petitioners concede that there is no “smoking gun” in this case showing Catherine

directly influencing Mr. Hall. Instead, petitioners argue that the circumstantial


43
   JX 20.
44
   JX 18.
45
   JX 22.
46
   During the trial, Catherine admitted that she had not contributed any funds to
Mr. Hall’s joint accounts. TT 290. She had her own separate bank accounts. TT
266-267.
47
   TT 94.
48
   TT 175.
49
   TT 56.
                                     Page 11 of 30
evidence demonstrates that Catherine effectively isolated her husband from his

family at a time when he was cognitively impaired and deteriorating physically,

and influenced him to transfer nearly all of his assets into their joint names.

      Undue influence is a claim often raised in will contests to challenge a

testator’s change of beneficiaries or dispositions of property.        Proving undue

influence requires a challenger to demonstrate: (1) a susceptible testator; (2) the

opportunity to exert influence; (3) a disposition to do so for an improper purpose;

(4) the actual exertion of such influence; and (5) a result demonstrating its effect.51

Undue influence has been described as an:

             excessive or inordinate influence considering the circumstances of the
      particular case. The degree of influence to be exerted over the mind of the
      testator, in order to be regarded as undue, must be such as to subjugate his
      mind to the will of another, to overcome his free agency and independent
      volition, and to compel him to make a will that speaks the mind of another
      and not his own. It is immaterial how this is done, whether by solicitation,
      importunity, flattery, putting in fear or some other manner. Whatever means
      employed, however, the undue influence must have been in operation upon
      the mind of the testator at the time of the execution of the will.52

      Furthermore, undue influence must be established by a preponderance of

evidence.53 While circumstantial evidence may be considered, if the evidence


50
   TT 68.
51
   See In re Estate of Gardner, 2012 WL 5287948, at *10 (Del. Ch. Oct. 14, 2012)
(Master’s Final Report) (citing In re Estate of West, 522 A.2d 1256, 1264 (Del.
1987); In re Kohn, 1993 WL 193544, at *6 (Del. Ch. May 19, 1993); In re
Langmeier, 466 A.2d 386, 403 (Del. Ch. 1983)).
52
   Langmeier, 466 A.2d at 403.
53
   West, 522 A.2d at 1264.
                                      Page 12 of 30
discloses one or more plausible alternative explanations for a testator’s change of

beneficiaries, then undue influence has not been established. 54

         Petitioners argue that as soon as Catherine moved in with her new husband,

she took complete control over him. According to petitioners, Catherine alienated

Aaron who was the only adult child living nearby, disconnected Mr. Hall’s land

line and cellular phone, removed his computer, and forced Mr. Hall to move to

Millsboro, thereby separating him from his elderly father. Once she realized that

Mr. Hall was not going to change his will, petitioners claim, Catherine made every

effort to influence her husband to transfer approximately $500,000.00 in assets into

her name for the alleged purpose of taking care of her. While Mr. Hall was in

hospice care, Catherine had her name added as tenant by the entirety to the family

homestead, i.e., the Powell Farm Road Property, and then used the power of

attorney to add her name to his accounts in Maryland at the Andrews Federal

Credit Union. Even after Mr. Hall’s death, petitioners argue, Catherine’s actions in

collecting rent from a property solely- owned by her husband that passed under his

will to Anthony, and in selling the classic automobile that her husband and Aaron

had restored, demonstrate her greed and undue influence over her husband.

         Although the parties strenuously dispute whether Mr. Hall was, in fact,

susceptible to undue influence, I do not need to address this element because, after


54
     Id. at 1264-1265; see also In re Estate of Konopka, 1988 WL 62915, at *5 (Del.
                                      Page 13 of 30
reviewing the record, I conclude that petitioners have failed to establish by the

preponderance of evidence the actual exertion of undue influence by Catherine.

Over a period of three years following his marriage, Mr. Hall personally executed

two deeds transferring real property to himself and his wife and personally

authorized the addition of his wife’s name to his numerous financial accounts with

his signature on the bank application forms. There has been no demonstration that

Mr. Hall’s free will was overborne by Catherine during these trips to the bank or

his attorney.   Petitioners were not present during these events and, with the

exception of Aaron who saw some bank statements at the Powell Farm Road

Property, petitioners had no inkling of what Mr. Hall was doing with his property

during his marriage. They were also unaware that Mr. Hall had transferred two-

solely owned properties to them on the eve of his marriage to Catherine.

      While it was true that Mr. Hall was somewhat isolated from his adult

children, Anthony and Felicia visited their father in Millsboro about as frequently

as they visited him at the Powell Farm Road Property, and on a few occasions they

also accompanied Catherine and Mr. Hall on trips to medical specialists. Anthony

and Felicia lived some distance away in Baltimore and had busy lives by virtue of

their own families and employment. Aaron lived behind the Powell Farm Road

Property and was in and out of the house frequently when his father lived there.


Ch. June 23, 1988).
                                    Page 14 of 30
The reduced frequency of Aaron’s visits to his father in Millsboro, however, Aaron

attributed not only to his feeling unwelcome at Catherine’s home but also to his

own work schedule.55

      The attorney, who drafted the deeds to the Blackwater Road and Powell

Farm Road properties and witnessed Mr. Hall’s execution of these documents on

two separate dates,56 previously had represented Mr. Hall in a tax ditch dispute

with a relative.57   This attorney also prepared a durable power of attorney

document for Mr. Hall and served as notary public when Mr. Hall executed the

power in favor of Catherine on December 22, 2009.58 During the trial, Catherine

testified that she had no involvement in the transfers of the Blackwater Road and

Powell Farm Road properties to her and her husband as tenants by the entirety. 59

Had Catherine been involved in the arrangements or somehow had influenced her

husband to make these transfers, I would have expected to hear testimony from the

attorney or the two nieces who joined in the conveyance of the Powell Farm Road

Property to Mr. Hall and Catherine.




55
   TT 106-107.
56
   JX 8 & 20.
57
   TT 135-136.
58
   JX 6.
59
   TT 255-256.
                                      Page 15 of 30
      Catherine testified that when they got married, Mr. Hall had told her that he

wanted to take care of her.60 Petitioners point to the fact that Catherine was much

younger than Mr. Hall and was earning good salary; therefore, she did not need to

be taken care of, unlike their father. Even though Catherine’s testimony is self-

serving, there is no evidence to contradict it and, furthermore, it is entirely

consistent with their legal relationship as husband and wife.61 This was a couple

who had been in a committed relationship for approximately 25 years. Mr. Hall

was having health issues when they married, and as his symptoms became worse,

he began to add Catherine’s name to his financial accounts. Petitioners view this

as undue influence and control by Catherine. It is equally plausible that Mr. Hall

added his wife’s name to his accounts because he loved her and wanted his wife to

have his assets in the very likely event that he predeceased her.

      However, petitioners also argue that if Mr. Hall had wanted to take care of

his wife, he could have executed a new will. Catherine had asked Mr. Hall to

make a will shortly after they were married to let everyone know where they

stood,62 but he never made a new will. After Mr. Hall’s death, Aaron found Mr.

Hall’s 1976 will in a filing cabinet at the Powell Farm Road Property and he and




60
   TT 253.
61
   See 13 Del. C. § 502.
62
   TT 176.
                                      Page 16 of 30
Anthony attempted to probate it.63 Petitioners argue that Catherine, unable to get

Mr. Hall’s will changed, simply found another way to get control of his assets.

However, the fact that on the eve of his marriage, Mr. Hall transferred two solely-

owned real properties to himself and his three children suggests that he already had

begun the process of estate planning without having to change his will, and simply

continued this same process over the next several years.

        Since petitioners have failed to demonstrate by the preponderance of the

evidence that the disputed property transfers and additions of Catherine’s name to

Mr. Hall’s bank accounts were the product of undue influence, I recommend that

the Court deny this exception to the First and Final Accounting.

        B. Joint Bank Accounts


        In the alternative, petitioners argue that the accounts to which Mr. Hall

added Catherine’s name were intended only as convenience accounts by Mr. Hall,

to enable Catherine to pay his bills, with the exception of three accounts at Citizens

Bank which petitioners concede are true joint accounts.            Not surprisingly,

Catherine argues that the evidence demonstrates that all accounts listed on the




63
     TT 55-56, 111.
                                     Page 17 of 30
amended estate inventory were true joint accounts with right of survivorship, and

that petitioners should not be allowed to attempt to demonstrate otherwise.64

      In claiming that all except three Citizens Bank accounts were intended to be

convenience accounts, petitioners rely mainly on Aaron’s testimony regarding a

conversation that he had one time with his father or Catherine when they were

working on the computer.        Apparently, without his asking Mr. Hall a direct

question, Aaron was told that Catherine’s name was on the accounts to pay bills

and to do what needed to be done around the property. 65 It is difficult to reconcile

Aaron’s self-serving testimony with the documentary evidence. Petitioners have

conceded that the three Citizens Bank signature cards signed by Mr. Hall on

October 22, 2008, unequivocally changed three accounts from individual to “joint

with survivorship” with Catherine.66 As will be discussed below, some of the other

bank documents in the record contain similar unequivocal language.67 Petitioners




64
   See Walsh v. Bailey, 197 A.2d 331 (Del. 1964) (parol evidence is not admissible
to contradict a joint tenancy with right of survivorship where the signature card
evidence is “sufficiently clear to impart the creation of a joint tenancy with right of
survivorship.”).
65
   TT 137-139.
66
   JX 13.
67
   The bank documents in the record also do not appear to be complete. For
example, although the amended estate inventory lists a fourth account at Citizens
Bank, a certificate of deposit (acct. no. ending in 2425), as jointly held with
Catherine, JX 3, there are no bank documents in the record showing title to this
Citizens Bank certificate of deposit.
                                      Page 18 of 30
have failed to proffer any reason why those accounts should be treated differently,

i.e., as convenience accounts and not as true joint accounts.

      Shortly after Mr. Hall added Catherine’s name to his three Citizens Bank

accounts, Catherine’s name was added to a checking account (no. 5797102233) at

PNC Bank owned by Aldon D. and Mr. Hall.68 This account was listed on the

amended estate inventory as jointly held with Catherine.69 It appears to have been

in the sole name of Aldon D. Hall when it opened on November 30, 2004 at the

Mercantile Peninsula Bank under a different account number. It appears that Mr.

Hall’s name was added to this account on February 24, 2005, based on the scan

date of the Mercantile Peninsula Bank consumer signature card containing both

signatures.70   The type of account ownership is not explicitly shown on the

signature card. On October 31, 2008, Mr. Hall and Catherine signed a PNC Bank

account registration and agreement card listing this account in the names of Aldon

D. Hall, Aldon S. Hall and Catherine B. Taylor Hall.71 Again, there is no explicit


68
   JX 14.
69
   JX 3. The amended estate inventory lists three PNC Bank accounts as joint with
Catherine: (1) check acct. no. 57954462; (2) certificate of deposit no.
31200335805; and (3) checking acct. no. 5797102233. The first checking account
listed has the same account number except for the last digit as the account bearing
the names of Mr. Hall and Catherine in JX 14. There is no bank documentation
showing title to the PNC Bank certificate of deposit. The second checking account
listed in the inventory has the same account number as the account bearing the
names of Aldon D., Mr. Hall, and Catherine.
70
   Id. at 7.
71
   Id. at 6.
                                     Page 19 of 30
indication of ownership on the card. Another scan of this card on November 18,

2008, reveals that Aldon D. also signed the card authorizing the addition of

Catherine’s name to the account.72

      Approximately 16 months later, Catherine’s name was added to a second

checking account at PNC Bank (no. 5797544621) which, according to the account

registration and agreement card scanned on February 16, 2010, listed the

typewritten names of Aldon S. Hall and Catherine B. Taylor Hall and contained on

the second signature line a check mark with Catherine’s signature next to it and a

check mark on the line above where Mr. Hall was supposed to sign. 73          The

following day, February 17, 2010, a copy of this card was scanned which

contained Mr. Hall’s signature next to the check mark on the first line. 74 Again,

there is no explicit indication of ownership on this card.

      There is a PNC booklet in the record entitled “Account Agreement for

Personal Checking, Savings and Money Market Accounts,” effective October 21,

2013, which states that “[i]f your Account is a joint Account, then you own your

Account as joint tenants with the right of survivorship and not as tenants in

common.”75 Catherine argues that this booklet, in conjunction with the account



72
   Id. at 5.
73
   Id. at 4.
74
   Id. at 3.
75
   JX 15 at 9.
                                      Page 20 of 30
records, demonstrates that these were both true joint accounts with right of

survivorship.

      There is no evidence that Aldon D. ever received a booklet containing this

information when he added his son’s name and, later, Catherine’s name to his

checking account. There is no evidence that Aldon D. intended to create a true

joint account with right of survivorship with either his son or Catherine.76

Therefore, in determining the ownership of checking account no. 5797102233, I

must rely on the following legal presumptions. First, joint tenancies with right of

survivorship are not favored in Delaware and there is a rebuttable presumption that

people do not own property under a true joint tenancy unless they make their

intentions explicit in the language used to create title to the property. 77 Second, a

transfer of property for no consideration between close family members, such as a

husband and wife or a parent and child, is presumed to be a gift.78

      Applying these rebuttable presumptions here, when Aldon D. added his

son’s name to his account at Mercantile Peninsula Bank (predecessor to PNC Bank

account no. 5797102233), he created a tenancy in common and made a gift of 50

percent of his funds in this account to his son. When Catherine was later added to


76
   See In re Estate of Rufus Barnes, Sr., 1998 WL 326674 (Del. Ch. June 18, 1988)
(evidence as to the creation of the joint bank account included testimony from the
employee of PNC Bank who opened the account for the decedent and gave him a
booklet that explained joint accounts).
77
   Id. at *4.
                                     Page 21 of 30
this account in 2010, Aldon D. and Mr. Hall each made a gift one-third of his

undivided share of the funds in this account respectively to Catherine as his

daughter-in-law and spouse. Applying the legal presumptions, Aldon D., Mr. Hall,

and Catherine were tenants in common, each owning an undivided one-third share

of the funds in this account.

        When Aldon D. died on August 17, 2010, one-third of the value of account

no. 5797102233 on the date of his death should have been included in his estate.

After Aldon D.’s death, Mr. Hall and Catherine, presumably still as tenants in

common, each then owned an undivided 50 percent share of the funds. Similarly,

when Mr. Hall added Catherine’s name to PNC Bank checking account no.

5797544621, Mr. Hall is presumed to have given his wife 50 percent of the funds

in this account as a tenant in common. When Mr. Hall died on January 21, 2012,

50 percent of the value of checking account no. 5797102233 and checking account

no. 5797544621 on the date of Mr. Hall’s death should have been listed on the

amended estate inventory as an estate asset, and not jointly held with Catherine.

        Aaron’s testimony implying that Mr. Hall only intended to add his wife’s

name to his accounts to pay his bills does not rebut the presumption that they held

the accounts as tenants in common. Prior to Mr. Hall adding his wife’s name to

account no. 5797544621, he had added her name as joint owner with right of


78
     See Hudak v. Procek, 727 A.2d 841, 843 (Del. 1999).
                                     Page 22 of 30
survivorship to his three accounts at Citizens Bank, and he went on to add her as a

joint owner of his accounts at The Bank of Delmarva and Dover Federal Credit

Union. In other words, he established a pattern of adding his wife as joint tenant

with right of survivorship and not as tenants in common.79

        Moreover, Mr. Hall’s pattern of adding his wife’s name to his accounts at

Citizens Bank, the Bank of Delmarva, and Dover Federal Credit Union as a joint

owner with right of survivorship reveals his intent, and is sufficient to rebut the

legal presumption that Mr. Hall held checking account nos. 5797544621 and

579710223 with his wife as tenants in common. Based on this evidence, I conclude

that Mr. Hall intended to hold the two PNC Bank accounts with his wife as joint

owners with right of survivorship. Since these two accounts were properly listed

as true joint accounts on the amended inventory of Mr. Hall’s estate, I recommend

that the Court dismiss petitioner’s exception to the First and Final Accounting as to

these two PNC Bank accounts.

         On December 7, 2011, Catherine added her name as joint owner of Mr.

Hall’s membership at Andrews Federal Credit Union using the durable power of

attorney that Mr. Hall had executed in her favor on December 22, 2009.80

Petitioners argue that Catherine’s conduct was a breach of her fiduciary duty of

loyalty to Mr. Hall, who at the time was near death and unable to benefit from this


79
     JX 16 and JX 18.
                                     Page 23 of 30
transaction. The record shows that the power of attorney document was drafted by

the same attorney who drafted the two deeds transferring the real property at

Powell Farm Road and Blackstone Road to Mr. Hall and Catherine as tenants by

the entirety.81 Among the powers Mr. Hall had delegated to Catherine was the

unambiguous authority to make gifts to herself or any other person.82 Since Mr.

Hall was represented by counsel who both prepared the document and notarized

Mr. Hall’s signature, I do not find that Catherine breached her fiduciary duty to her

husband when she added her name as a joint owner of his membership account at

Andrews Federal Credit Union.83

      Furthermore, while the membership application simply lists Catherine as a

“joint owner,” any ambiguity in this title is removed by the beneficiary designation

portion of the application – which was left blank here – that states: “The following

beneficiary(ies) are to receive the proceeds of my accounts in the event of my

death. If these accounts are jointly held, the beneficiary(ies) are to receive the

funds only in the event of the death of all account holders. ….”84 Therefore, these

accounts were properly listed as true joint accounts on the amended inventory of

Mr. Hall’s estate.


80
   JX 6 and 17.
81
   JX 6, 8, and 9.
82
   JX 6 at 2, ¶ 18. See Schock v. Nash, 732 A.2d 217, 225-227 (Del. 1999).
83
   Schock, 732 A.2d at 229.
84
   JX 17.
                                     Page 24 of 30
      On December 24, 2009, Mr. Hall added his wife to his share/savings and

money market accounts at the Dover Federal Credit Union.85 The application that

the couple signed explicitly designated Catherine as a joint tenant with right of

survivorship.86 However, when this application was submitted, Anthony was also

a joint member/owner of his father’s account(s) at the Dover Federal Credit

Union.87 At trial, Anthony testified that his father had opened an account at the

Dover Federal Credit Union in 1977, and that Anthony himself had made deposits

into their joint account(s).88 Anthony also testified that he later found out that

Catherine had used the durable power of attorney to close out the account(s).89




85
   JX 18. No account number is listed for the “share/savings” account on the
application. Id. at p21. The money market account number was listed as
80837688, which consisted of a suffix added to the end of the “member number.”
Mr. Hall’s member number was 808376000 on this application. The amended
inventory of Mr. Hall’s estate lists “Dover Federal Credit Union 6000” and Dover
Federal Credit Union Primary Shares Acct.” as jointly owned with Catherine. JX
3. However, Mr. Hall was listed as having a different “membership” number
(718520007) on the contact details entry form dated December 24, 2009, wherein
it was entered that Mr. Hall and Catherine wanted to close an account but were not
able to have “joint member Anthony sign to allow this….” JX 18 at p16. This
entry goes on to state that a manager “says it would be ok to leave the CD so the
members can keep their rate.” Id.
86
   The application form had three boxes labeled “Individual,” “Joint Account with
Rights of Survivorship,” and “Joint Account without Rights of Survivorship.” The
box labeled “Joint Account with Rights of Survivorship” was checked above
Catherine’s name in the “joint owner” section. JX 18 at p22.
87
   Id. at p16 and p20.
88
   TT 30-31.
89
   Id. at 32.
                                     Page 25 of 30
        Given this testimony, there may have been another account at Dover Federal

Credit Union that was the original joint account opened by Mr. Hall with Anthony

in 1977, which was closed by Catherine using her power of attorney sometime

prior to Mr. Hall’s death. If Catherine closed another account owned by Mr. Hall

and Anthony as joint tenants with right of survivorship or as tenants in common,

and disproportionately converted the funds in the account, Anthony may have an

equitable action against her.90

        Although it appears that the two Dover Federal Credit Union accounts listed

in the amended estate inventory as jointly owned with Catherine are true joint

accounts, the lack of or the discrepancy in account numbers for the two Dover

Federal Credit Union accounts listed on the inventory, as compared to the

application forms in JX 18, makes me hesitate to dismiss this exception.

Therefore, I recommend that the Court order Catherine to request documentation

from Dover Federal Credit Union regarding the survivorship status of these

accounts to confirm that the two accounts listed in the amended inventory are the

same two accounts described on the application form in JX 18. Also, in the

interest of justice and a full resolution of the issues, I recommend that the Court

allow Anthony additional time to provide the Court with further documentation

concerning the joint account that he once held with Mr. Hall which may have been


90
     See Mack v. Mack, 2013 WL 3286245, at **2-3 (Del. Ch. June 2013).
                                     Page 26 of 30
closed by Catherine, including any information concerning the subsequent

disposition of those funds.

        The record also contains an Infinex Financial Group brokerage account

monthly statement addressed to “Aldon S. Hall” and “Catherine B. Taylor Hall

JTWROS.”91 Although the initials suggest that this was a true joint account, there

is nothing in the record showing when the account was opened, by whom, or with

what authority. More evidence is needed before a determination can be made that

this asset was correctly listed as jointly held with Catherine on the amended estate

inventory. Therefore, I recommend that the Court order Catherine to request

documentation from Infinex regarding the survivorship status of this account.

        At trial, Catherine admitted that she had been collecting monthly rental

income from the tenant of real property solely owned by Mr. Hall that, after Mr.

Hall’s death, had passed to Anthony under the terms of Mr. Hall’s 1976 will.

Some of the rents had been collected prior to Mr. Hall’s death. Catherine testified

that she had accumulated rental income in the amount of $6,240.00 as of January

2014, which was still “available.”92 None of these funds appear to have been

included on the First and Final Accounting. I recommend that the Court order

Catherine to provide an accounting of all the rental income she has collected no

later than 30 days after this report becomes a final order of the Court and,


91
     JX 19.
                                     Page 27 of 30
assuming the accounting is approved, to submit a revised First and Final

Accounting, if necessary, to reflect the amount of rental income that belongs to the

estate.

          At trial, there was testimony concerning an antique car that had been owned

by Mr. Hall, which Catherine subsequently sold for $5,000.00 to pay estate debts.93

Aaron had worked with his father on restoring this car,94 and viewed its sale as an

act of pure spite by Catherine. Catherine denied this, claiming that she needed to

sell the car to provide cash for estate expenses.

          In the amended estate inventory, Catherine listed this vehicle, a 1931

Plymouth Classic, on Schedule E as solely-owned personal property of the

decedent with a date of death fair market value of $5,425.00.95 The only other

solely-owned property was miscellaneous farm equipment of unknown value.

Since the jointly-held accounts and real estate passed outside of the estate, the total

of probate assets was $5,425.00.96 In the First and Final Accounting, additional

assets consisted of Catherine’s own contribution to the estate of $10,601.00.97 The

funeral expenses were $9,190.00, administrative expenses totaled $801.00,



92
   TT 300-302.
93
   TT 258-260.
94
   TT 100-101.
95
   JX 3.
96
   Id.
97
   JX 4.
                                       Page 28 of 30
attorney fees were $6010.00, and closing costs were $25.00, leaving a zero balance

in the hands of the personal representative.

        Depending    upon   the   accounting         and   whatever   additional   bank

documentation is provided, revisions to the First and Final Accounting may be

necessary. In the end, it may turn out that there were sufficient liquid assets in the

estate to cover its expenses. While it may be impossible to recover the antique car

itself, it may be appropriate to surcharge Catherine, as personal representative, for

the difference between the sales price and the fair market value of the vehicle.

        Finally, there are two accounts listed in the amended inventory as jointly

held with Catherine, for which there is no documentation whatsoever regarding

title. These are Citizens Bank Certificate of Deposit Ending 2425 (item 3 on

Schedule D) and PNC Certificate of Deposit 31200335805 (item 6 on Schedule

D).98 I recommend that the Court order Catherine to request documentation from

Citizens Bank and PNC Bank regarding the survivorship status of these certificates

of deposit. If Catherine is unable to obtain sufficient evidence regarding the

survivorship status of these accounts and of other accounts where I have made

similar recommendations, I will consider additional briefing from the parties

regarding what additional relief, if any, may be appropriate.




98
     JX 3.
                                     Page 29 of 30
                                        Conclusion

      For the above reasons, I recommend that the Court (1) dismiss petitioners’

exception to the First and Final Accounting based on their claim of undue of

influence; (2) dismiss petitioners’ exception based on their claim that the Bank of

Delmarva accounts and PNC Bank accounts discussed above are not true joint

accounts; (3) dismiss petitioners’ exception to the Andrew Federal Credit Union

accounts based on their breach of fiduciary claim; (4) order Catherine to obtain

additional documentation regarding Citizens Bank acct. no. ending in 2425, PNC

Bank acct. no. 311200335805, Dover Federal Credit Union 6000 and Primary

Shares accts., and Infinex Financial Brokerage acct. no. A6X-301523; (5) order

Catherine to account for the rental income from 32669 Jones Road; and (6) allow

Anthony additional time to obtain more documentation regarding the Dover

Federal Credit Union joint account or accounts that were opened in 1977.

                                               Respectfully,

                                               /s/ Kim E. Ayvazian

                                               Kim E. Ayvazian
                                               Master in Chancery

KEA/kekz
cc: Richard E. Berl, Esquire
    Jason C. Powell, Esquire




                                     Page 30 of 30
