186 F.3d 959 (D.C. Cir. 1999)
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Appellee/Cross-Appellantv.Lutheran Social Services, Appellant/Cross-Appellee
No. 98-5245 Consolidated with 98-5401
United States Court of AppealsFOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
Argued April 30, 1999Decided August 24, 1999

Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia(No. 98ms00133)
Jonathan P. Graham argued the cause for appellant/cross appellee.  With him on the briefs was Dan S. Sokolov.
John F. Suhre, Attorney, Equal Employment Opportunity  Commission, argued the cause for appellee/cross-appellant.
With him on the briefs was Philip B. Sklover, Associate  General Counsel.
Before:  Silberman, Williams and Tatel, Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge Tatel.
Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge Silberman.
Tatel, Circuit Judge:


1
In this proceeding to enforce an  administrative subpoena, the Equal Employment Opportunity  Commission seeks access to a report prepared by attorneys  for appellant Lutheran Social Services summarizing the results of an investigation into alleged violations of Title VII. The EEOC argues that Lutheran waived its claim that the  report is protected by the attorney-client and work product  privileges by failing to comply with a regulation requiring  subpoena recipients to present any objections to the Commission within five days.  We conclude that under the particular  circumstances of this case Lutheran's failure to present its  objections pursuant to the regulation cannot be viewed as a  waiver of its attorney-client and work product privileges.  In  addition, because Lutheran's lawyers conducted their investigation "in anticipation of litigation," we conclude that the  entire report is fully protected by the work product privilege.


2
* In July 1996, the board of Lutheran Social Services became  aware of two anonymous memoranda accusing its president of  creating a hostile work environment for female employees. Responding to these accusations, Lutheran placed the president on administrative leave and hired the law firm of  Williams & Connolly to investigate the accusations and advise  Lutheran as to its potential liability.  Williams & Connolly  interviewed sixteen employees, two former employees, and  two former board members, advising each interviewee that  Lutheran had retained the firm to investigate certain charges  and asking each to keep the content of the interview confidential.  Based on these interviews, Williams & Connolly prepared a report for Lutheran's board that summarized and  categorized the interviews (without revealing who made which statements) and assessed Lutheran's potential Title VII liability.  Only one copy of the report was made.  Board members  were permitted to read the report only in the presence of  Lutheran's permanent outside counsel, Matthew Watson, and  were required to return the copy to him.  Shortly after  receiving the report, the board requested the president's  resignation.


3
Almost ten months later, the EEOC began investigating  sex discrimination charges filed by two former Lutheran  employees.  The Commission's investigator asked Lutheran  to produce several documents, including the Williams & Connolly report.  Lutheran turned over everything the Commission requested except the law firm's report, claiming it to be  protected by the attorney-client privilege.  Following an exchange of letters between the investigator and Watson, in  which Watson reiterated Lutheran's claim of privilege, the  EEOC issued a subpoena demanding production of the report  by February 13, 1998.  Addressed to Lutheran's Human  Resources Director, the subpoena was dated January 30 and  sent on that date by certified mail.


4
On about February 9, Lutheran retained Williams & Connolly to represent it in connection with the subpoena.  In a  February 13 letter advising the EEOC investigator that  Lutheran had retained the firm, a Williams & Connolly  associate stated that "the subpoena is improper and our  client, therefore, does not intend to comply with it."  Letter  from Oliver Garcia, Williams & Connolly, to Aaron C. Blight,  EEOC (Feb. 13, 1998).  The letter concluded:  "I would be  happy to discuss this matter with you further."  Id.  According to the associate, the investigator later responded by  telephone, informing him that he was referring the matter to  EEOC trial counsel but promising to contact the associate  before taking further action.  See Garcia Decl. p p 2, 5.  The  investigator neither recalls nor denies making such a promise. See Blight Decl. p 3.


5
Shortly thereafter, the EEOC filed this enforcement action  in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.  The Commission alleged that Lutheran had waived its attorney-client privilege by failing to comply with EEOC  procedures for challenging subpoenas.  Codified at 29 C.F.R.   1601.16(b)(1) (1998), those procedures provide that "[a]ny  person served with a subpoena who intends not to comply  shall petition the issuing Director ... to seek its revocation  or modification.  Petitions must be mailed ... within five  days ... after service of the subpoena."  The EEOC promulgated this regulation pursuant to section 710 of the Civil  Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Equal Employment  Opportunity Act of 1972, Pub. L. No. 92-261,  7, 86 Stat.  103, 109 (1972) (codified at 42 U.S.C.  2000e-9 (1994)), which  grants the Commission all investigative powers possessed by  the National Labor Relations Board under section 11 of the  National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C.  161 (1994).  Section 11 of the NLRA in turn provides that a party receiving  an NLRB subpoena may within five days file a petition with  the Board seeking revocation or modification of the subpoena  on the grounds that it either "does not relate to any matter  under investigation" or "does not describe with sufficient  particularity the evidence whose production is required."  29  U.S.C.  161(1).  On the merits, the EEOC argued that the  attorney-client privilege does not protect statements made by  employees with interests adverse to their employer.  The  Commission also argued that the work product privilege,  which protects only documents prepared "in anticipation of  litigation," Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3), was equally inapplicable  because at the time Williams & Connolly prepared the report,  the prospect of Title VII litigation was "too speculative."


6
In defense, Lutheran challenged the legality of the EEOC's  section 1601.16(b)(1) procedures, arguing that the statute's  use of the word "may" prohibited the Commission from  adopting mandatory procedures.  In the alternative, Lutheran argued that under the particular circumstances of this  case--the Commission knew of Lutheran's objections and  those objections were based on the attorney-client and work  product privileges--its failure to follow the Commission's  regulations should not be considered a waiver.  Responding  to the Commission's claim that the report was not privileged,  Lutheran said that the report revealed confidential communications between the law firm and Lutheran, that it reflected  the attorneys' "mental processes," and that the attorneys had  prepared it in anticipation of litigation by Lutheran's president and employees.


7
Without explanation and without reviewing the report, the  district court directed Lutheran to produce the report, but  allowed it to "redact any portion ... that constitutes legal  advice or conclusions."  EEOC v. Lutheran Soc. Servs., No.  98ms133 (D.D.C. June 11, 1998).  Both sides appeal.

II

8
Lutheran first argues that the section 1601.16(b)(1) procedures violate Title VII.  Title VII confers on the EEOC the  same subpoena authority the National Labor Relations Act  gives to the National Labor Relations Board.  See 42 U.S.C.  § 2000e-9.  Section 11 of the NLRA provides in full:


9
Within five days after the service of a subpena [sic] on any person requiring the production of any evidence in his possession or under his control, such person may petition the Board to revoke, and the Board shall revoke, such subpena [sic] if in its opinion the evidence whose production is required does not relate to any matter under investigation, or any matter in question in such proceedings, or if in its opinion such subpena [sic] does not describe with sufficient particularity the evidence whose production is required.


10
29 U.S.C. § 161(1).  According to Lutheran, by making the  subpoena review process mandatory (i.e., requiring that a  party objecting to the subpoena "shall petition" and that  petitions "must be mailed ...within five days," see 29 C.F.R.  § 160.16(b)(1)), the regulation violates the statute's plain language, which uses optional terms (i.e., "such person may  petition the Board to revoke").  Lutheran also points out that  unlike section 11 of the NLRA, the regulation covers any  objection, not just those based on relevance or particularity. Given that "Congress has directly spoken to the precise  question at issue," argues Lutheran, "that is the end of the matter;  for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect  to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress."  Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467  U.S. 837, 842-43 (1984).  We need not resolve Lutheran's  Chevron argument, however, because whatever authority the  EEOC has under the statute, we conclude that it has no  power to strip federal courts of authority to determine whether the subpoena the agency seeks to enforce is lawful.


11
At the outset, we note that the EEOC conceded at oral  argument that compliance with its section 1601.16(b)(1) procedures is not jurisdictional, and for good reason:  "[E]xhaustion is a jurisdictional prerequisite," we have held, "[o]nly  when Congress states in clear, unequivocal terms that the  judiciary is barred from hearing an action until the administrative agency has come to a decision."  I.A.M. Nat'l Pension  Fund Benefit Plan C v. Stockton Tri Indus., 727 F.2d 1204,  1208 (D.C. Cir. 1984);  see also id. at 1209 ("Congress knows  how to withdraw jurisdiction expressly when that is its purpose.") (internal quotation and citation omitted).  An example  of just such a clear and unequivocal statement appears in  section 313 of the Federal Power Act:


12
No proceeding to review any order of the Commission shall be brought by any person unless such person shall have made application to the Commission for a rehearing there on........


13
No objection to the order of the Commission shall be considered by the court unless such objection shall have been urged before the Commission in the application for rehearing unless there is reasonable ground for failure so to do.16 U.S.C. § 825l (1994);  see Platte River Whooping Crane  Critical Habitat Maintenance Trust v. FERC, 876 F.2d 109,  112-13 (D.C. Cir. 1989) ("[T]he requirements imposed by the  [Federal Power Act] are strict and go well beyond judicially imposed standards requiring the exhaustion of administrative  remedies prior to the exercise of federal court jurisdiction....  Neither FERC nor this court has authority to  waive these statutory requirements.").  In contrast, section 11 of the NLRA provides only that parties "may petition the  [Commission] to revoke" a subpoena on the basis of relevance  and particularity;  nowhere does section 11 even imply, much  less expressly state, that courts lack jurisdiction to hear  objections not presented to the Commission.


14
Agreeing that section 1601.16(b)(1) does not deprive this  court of jurisdiction to consider Lutheran's privilege arguments and arguing that his position "does not implicate the  court's basic authority," our dissenting colleague (but not the  EEOC) nonetheless asserts that section 1601.16(b)(1) prohibits us from considering Lutheran's arguments because the  regulation is "mandatory."  Dissenting Op. at 4, 2.  If "mandatory" means prohibiting courts from hearing issues not  presented to the agency, however, we fail to understand how  a regulation can be "mandatory" without being jurisdictional--or at least the functional equivalent.  Indeed, the import  of the cases cited by the dissent is that mandatory language  prohibits courts from considering arguments precisely when  the language is jurisdictional.  See Weinberger v. Salfi, 422  U.S. 749, 766 (1975) (distinguishing between "statutorily specified jurisdictional prerequisite[s]" and "the judicially developed doctrine of exhaustion");  I.A.M. Nat'l Pension Fund,  727 F.2d at 1209 ("Congress knows how to withdraw jurisdiction expressly when that is its purpose") (internal quotation  and citation omitted);  cf. Glisson v. United States Forest  Serv., 55 F.3d 1325, 1327 (7th Cir. 1995) (holding that the  "inflexible command of [the] statute" required exhaustion  without deciding whether the command was jurisdictional).And in the absence of a statute clearly depriving courts of  jurisdiction to hear issues not first presented to the agency,  we know of no principle of administrative law--Chevron or  otherwise--that would permit an agency to do so on its own.


15
Contrary to our dissenting colleague's suggestion, nothing  in Darby v. Cisneros, 509 U.S. 137 (1993), supports the novel  proposition that an agency may, without clear statutory authority, prevent Article III courts from hearing issues not  first presented to the agency.  See Dissenting Op. at 4-5.  In  Darby, a statute (section 10(c) of the APA) expressly empowered agencies to require exhaustion.  Here, in contrast, the  APA is inapplicable, and the governing statute (section 11 of  the NLRA) delegates no such authority to the EEOC.  And  Darby's holding--that courts may not impose exhaustion  requirements in addition to those contemplated by an agency  exercising its statutory authority under section 10(c) of the  APA--hardly supports our dissenting colleague's theory that  an agency may, without congressional authorization, prevent  Article III courts from considering issues not first presented  to the agency.  As Darby itself put it:  "Of course, the  exhaustion doctrine continues to apply as a matter of judicial  discretion in cases not governed by the APA," 509 U.S. at  153-54 (emphasis added)--meaning that courts may exercise  their traditional authority to hear issues not presented to the  agency if the circumstances surrounding noncompliance with  agency procedures are sufficiently compelling.  In McCarthy  v. Madigan, moreover, the Supreme Court said quite clearly: "Where Congress specifically mandates, exhaustion is required.  But where Congress has not clearly required exhaustion, sound judicial discretion governs."  503 U.S. 140, 144, 117 L.Ed.2d 291 (1992) (citations omitted);  see also id. ("[E]xhaustion is 'a rule  of judicial administration,' ... and unless Congress directs  otherwise, rightfully subject to crafting by judges") (quoting  Patsy v. Board of Regents of Fla., 457 U.S. 496, 518 (1982)  (White, J., concurring in part)).  Indeed, notwithstanding our  dissenting colleague's characterization of section 1601.16(b)(1)  as "non-jurisdictional but mandatory," he stops short of insisting that there are no situations in which we may excuse  non-compliance, recognizing that courts still enjoy authority  "to consider certain traditional limited exceptions such as  futility or agency bias."  Dissenting Op. at 4.


16
Nor is there any basis for the proposition that our authority to excuse non-compliance means that section 1601.16(b)(1)  has "no legal bite," that we have "no obligation to respect  agency rules," or that "an employer [under] subpoena ...  could simply ignore the agency."  Dissenting Op. at 4, 3.  To  the contrary, section 1601.16(b)(1)'s mandatory language creates a strong presumption that issues parties fail to present  to the agency will not be heard in court.  See United States v. L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., 344 U.S. 33, 37 (1952) ("Simple fairness ... requires as a general rule that courts should  not topple over administrative decisions unless the administrative body not only has erred but has erred against objection made at the time appropriate under its practice.").Hardly a "distressing ... misuse of judicial power," Dissenting Op. at 4, our holding is simply that no categorical bar  prevents us from considering whether the facts surrounding  Lutheran's failure to file a section 1601.16(b)(1) petition constitute circumstances sufficiently extraordinary to defeat this  presumption, a task to which we now turn.

III

17
We think the circumstances of this case, when considered  in combination, excuse Lutheran's failure to present its  attorney-client and work product objections to the Commission.  To begin with, instead of stating that a subpoena  recipient has five days to object or even pointing the recipient  to section 1601.16(b)(1), the subpoena (attached as an appendix to this opinion) says only that it "is issued pursuant [to]  (Title VII) 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-9."  Had Lutheran's Human  Resources Director, the subpoena's addressee, looked up  section 2000e-9, it would have referred her to section 161 of  Title 29 (section 11 of the National Labor Relations Act).Had she then looked up section 161, she would have learned  that Lutheran "may" petition the EEOC if it objects to the  subpoena on the basis of either relevance or particularity. Nothing on the face of the subpoena or in the statutes to  which it referred would have led her to believe that Lutheran  must petition the EEOC within five days, particularly given  that Lutheran's objection rested not on relevance or particularity, but on the attorney-client and work product privileges. Cf. Randolph-Sheppard Vendors of America v. Weinberger,  795 F.2d 90, 108 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (exhaustion required, in  part, because there was "no evidence ... of neglect on the  part of the agency").


18
To be sure, had Lutheran's permanent counsel, with whom  the EEOC investigator had been dealing, learned of the subpoena within the five-day period (the record is silent on  this issue) and had he she pardized section 2000e-9, he would  have unearthed 29 C.F.R. § 1601.16(b)(1).  But because the  subpoena itself did nothing to alert the recipient to the  Commission's procedures--indeed, by referring the recipient  to section 11 of the NLRA, the subpoena may well have  misled her into believing that Lutheran had no obligation to  file a petition with respect to objections not based on relevance or particularity--Lutheran's failure to file a petition  was hardly unreasonable.


19
Even the EEOC investigator seems to have been unaware  of Lutheran's section 1601.16(b)(1) obligation.  In response to Williams & Connolly's February 13 letter claiming the subpoena to be "improper," the EEOC investigator never said,  "Sorry, you're too late.  29 C.F.R. § 1601.16(b)(1) requires  your client to have filed a petition with the District Director  within five days of receiving the subpoena."  Instead, according to the Williams & Connolly lawyer's affidavit, the investigator agreed to "keep [the lawyer] posted on the EEOC's  decision and to contact [the lawyer] before taking further  action."  Garcia Decl. p 5.  True, the investigator does not  remember making such a statement, but neither does he deny  it, much less claim that he told the Williams and Connolly  lawyer about the section 1601.16(b)(1) procedures.  Not until  the EEOC filed this enforcement action did it mention section  1601.16(b)(1).


20
Moreover, this is not a case where a subpoena recipient  raises an issue for the first time in court.  To the contrary,  beginning with the very conversation in which the EEOC  investigator first requested the report, Lutheran repeatedly  claimed the document to be privileged.  See Letter from  Aaron Blight, EEOC, to Matthew Watson, June 26, 1997.Moreover, the EEOC official with whom the regulation required Lutheran to file its petition, the District Director, was  aware of the nature of Lutheran's objections.  Signed and  issued by that very District Director, the subpoena expressly  states that the Commission seeks a copy of the report "referenced in previous correspondence."  It was in that "previous correspondence" that Lutheran's permanent counsel detailed  his client's view that the report was privileged.


21
For all of these reasons, we think it would be inappropriate  to view Lutheran's failure to file a section 1601.16(b)(1)  petition as a waiver of its privilege claim.  So concluding,  moreover, would do little if any damage to the integrity of the  Commission's section 1601.16(b)(1) procedures.  As the Supreme Court has held, "The basic purpose of the exhaustion  doctrine is to allow an administrative agency to perform  functions within its special competence."  Parisi v. Davidson,  405 U.S. 34, 37 (1972) (citing McKart v. United States, 395  U.S. 185, 194 (1969)).  No such benefit would flow from  requiring exhaustion in this case, for the EEOC has no  expertise with respect to the attorney-client and work product privileges.  Indeed, expertise as to those privileges resides in the federal courts.  See Fed. R. Evid. 501 (The  question of privilege is to be "governed by the principles of  the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of  the United States in the light of reason and experience.").Therefore, even if Lutheran had filed a section 1601.16(b)(1)  petition, we would not defer to the EEOC's disposition of  Lutheran's privilege claims.  See Director, Office of Thrift  Supervision v. Vinson & Elkins, LLP, 124 F.3d 1304, 1307  (D.C. Cir. 1997) (according no deference to agency's views on  issues related to work product privilege).  This case is thus  quite different from the more typical situation where a subpoena recipient's objections rest on relevance or particularity,  the two factors listed in 29 U.S.C. § 161.  In such cases,  exhaustion is important because the EEOC possesses considerable expertise with respect to relevance and particularity,  expertise to which we would comfortably defer.  See id.  (agency's interpretation of relevance of subpoena deserves  deference because "[t]he scope of the investigation ... is very  much dependent on the agency's interpretation and administration of its authorizing substantive legislation").


22
Conceding that it lacks relevant expertise in this case, the  Commission argues that requiring exhaustion is nevertheless  appropriate because it gives the commissioners an opportunity to revoke or modify subpoenas, thus conserving judicial resources.  This is a worthy goal, but in this case the  Commission's General Counsel, charged by Title VII with  conducting litigation on the agency's behalf, see 42 U.S.C.  § 2000e-4(b) (1994), could have sought Commission clearance  before filing this action.  Indeed, if the Commission wishes to  ensure (regardless of the actions of its General Counsel) that  it has an opportunity to review all subpoena enforcement  issues before they get to court, it can easily do so by adding  to the face of the subpoena, which already contains a "Notice  to Person Subpoenaed," something like the following:


23
If you have any objections to this subpoena, you must include them in a petition filed with the issuing official pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 1601.16(b)(1).  Petitions must be mailed within five days of receiving this subpoena.  Failure to follow these regulations may result in loss of any ability to raise such objections in court.


24
Cf., e.g., Federal Trade Commission, Form 68-B, Subpoena  Duces Tecum (Sept. 1992) (notifying recipients that they have  twenty days to petition Commission Counsel to limit or quash  the subpoena).


25
Our conclusion that Lutheran has not waived its privilege  claims is reinforced by two additional considerations.  First,  the attorney-client and work product privileges play an important role in Title VII's enforcement scheme.  As the  Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized, "[c]ooperation  and voluntary compliance were selected [by Congress] as the  preferred means for achieving th[e] goal [of eliminating those  practices and devices that discriminate on the basis of race,  color, religion, sex, or national origin]."  Alexander v.  Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36, 44 (1974);  see also Ford  Motor Co. v. EEOC, 458 U.S. 219, 228-29 (1982).  The EEOC  has likewise pointed to the importance of voluntary compliance.  See, e.g., 29 C.F.R. § 1601.24(a) ("Where the Commission determines that there is reasonable cause to believe that  an unlawful employment practice has occurred or is occurring, the Commission shall endeavor to eliminate such practice by informal methods of conference, conciliation and persuasion.  [42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5] In conciliating a case in which a determination of reasonable cause has been made, the  Commission shall attempt to achieve a just resolution of all  violations found and to obtain agreement that the respondent  will eliminate the unlawful employment practice and provide  appropriate affirmative relief.").  Voluntary compliance with  the law often depends on sound legal advice;  sound legal  advice in turn often depends on the attorney-client and work  product privileges.  See In re Sealed Case, 146 F.3d 881, 884  (D.C. Cir. 1998).  Here, Lutheran did precisely what Congress contemplated:  It undertook an investigation to assess  its compliance with Title VII.  What we said in In re Sealed  Case applies here as well:


26
[L]acking resources to pursue every suspected violation of federal law, the government must depend on effective, conscientious private lawyers to help clients comply voluntarily.  The government might gain some short term benefit by obtaining documents in this case, but the long-range consequences could be quite damaging.  Weaken-ing the ability of lawyers to represent clients at the pre-claim stage of anticipated litigation would inevitably re-duce voluntary compliance with the law, produce more litigation, and increase the workload of government law-enforcement agencies.


27
In re Sealed Case, 146 F.3d at 887.


28
Second, rejecting the Commission's waiver claim will not  deny it access to any sources of possible evidence of discrimination.  The Commission can easily obtain whatever evidence  of discrimination appears in the lawyers' witness summaries  by interviewing the witnesses itself.  The only information  that the Commission would be unable to obtain from other  sources is Williams & Connolly's legal advice.  As we have  just said, however, allowing access to such advice is inconsistent with Title VII's enforcement scheme.


29
In sum, under the combined circumstances of this case, we  think it both unfair and unwise to penalize Lutheran for  failing to file a section 1601.16(b)(1) petition.  Nothing in the  cases cited by the dissent from other circuits requires a  different result.  See Dissenting Op. at 7-8.  In Maurice v.


30
NLRB, for example, the Fourth Circuit did not hold--as the  EEOC urges us to hold here--that a subpoena recipient had  waived her objections by raising them for the first time in  federal court.  See 691 F.2d 182 (4th Cir. 1982).  Rather, the  court instructed the recipient to return to the agency--relief  neither sought by the EEOC in this case nor appropriate in  view of the fact that the Commission's brief makes it quite  clear that it considers Lutheran's privilege claims meritless. See id. at 183;  A hl one Indus., Inc. v. Consumer Prod. Safety  Comm'n, 707 F.2d 1485, 1489 (D.C. Cir. 1983) ("The desirability of avoiding ... unfairness, the purely legal nature of the  issue presented, and the likely futility of further resort to the  Commission, all operate to convince us that it would be  unwise to adhere to the general rule of exhaustion in this  case.").


31
The dissent also cites Hedison Mfg. Co. v. NLRB, where  counsel promised an administrative law judge that he would  produce the subpoena recipient but then failed to do so at the  hearing arranged for that purpose.  See 643 F.2d 32, 34 (1st  Cir. 1981).  Far from erecting the jurisdictional barrier our  dissenting colleague reads into the case, the court held that  the company, by playing "a game of hare and hounds" with  the agency, id. (quoting United States v. Bryan, 339 U.S. 323,  331 (1950)), had failed to show "at least a modicum of candor  and good faith" and thus had no excuse for failing to exhaust. Id.


32
In NLRB v. Frederick Cowan & Co., the court likewise  found that the company's actions exhibited "an utter abandonment ... of normal agency procedures."  522 F.2d 26, 28 (2d  Cir. 1975).  No abandonment occurred in this case.  To the  contrary, Lutheran presented its objections to the investigator, and its counsel told us at oral argument that his client  would have preferred to present its objections to the Commission rather than endure lengthy and costly litigation in federal court.


33
Finally, in EEOC v. Cuzzens, Inc., the subpoena recipient  ignored administrative remedies and argued for the first time  in district court that Title VII did not apply to it.  See 608 F.2d 1062, 1063 (5th Cir. 1979) (per curiam).  Although the  Fifth Circuit held that the recipient's failure to present the  objection to the Commission barred it from raising the objection as a defense to the enforcement action, id. at 1064, the  court made clear not only that this exhaustion requirement  was not absolute--it was inapplicable to "objections based on  constitutional grounds," id.--but also that nothing in its decision prevented Cuzzens from making the identical objection  in district court once the case ripened from an EEOC investigation into an actual dispute on the merits.  Not so here.  If  the EEOC obtains access to the report, Lutheran's attorney client and work product privileges will be lost forever.*

IV

34
This brings us to the merits of Lutheran's privilege claim. Without examining the report in camera and apparently  limiting itself to determining whether the report was protected by the attorney-client privilege, the district court ordered  disclosure of the document with legal advice and conclusions  redacted.  Lutheran argues, as it did in the district court,  that the entire report is protected because, in addition to  containing legal advice, it summarizesconfidential client-to lawyer communications.  Describing the report as also revealing the questions the lawyers asked, the answers the witnesses gave, and the lawyers' summary and categorization of  the information received, Lutheran argues that the entire  report is also protected by the work product privilege because  it reveals Williams & Connolly's "mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories."  Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3).The EEOC disagrees, claiming with respect to the attorney client privilege that statements made by employees with adverse interests to their employer are unprotected, and with  respect to the work product privilege that the report was not  prepared in anticipation of litigation.  Because we find the  work product privilege dispositive, we begin with it.


35
To resolve the parties' competing work product claims, we  ask " 'whether, in light of the nature of the document and the  factual situation in the particular case, the document can  fairly be said to have been prepared or obtained because of  the prospect of litigation.' "  Senate of Puerto Rico v. United  States Dep't of Justice, 823 F.2d 574, 586 n.42 (D.C. Cir. 1987)  (quoting Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal  Practice and Procedure § 2024 (1970)).  In In re Sealed  Case, we held that for a document to meet this standard, "the  lawyer must at least have had a subjective belief that litigation was a real possibility, and that belief must have been  objectively reasonable."  146 F.3d at 884.  Applying that test  to the facts of that case, we found that documents prepared  by counsel for the Republican National Committee in response to news reports questioning the legality of its relationship with another organization, the National Policy Forum,  had been prepared in anticipation of litigation even though  the Federal Election Commission had yet to file a formal  complaint.  We relied on an affidavit from an RNC lawyer  that stated, "I was ... aware that the chairman of the FEC  had announced that the FEC was investigating cases involving allegations of illegal contributions in U.S. elections....  I  was further aware that the [National Policy Forum] had been  criticized in the press as an organization used by the RNC to  evade federal campaign finance laws, and thus I had a  significant concern that litigation over this issue was probable."  Id. at 886.  Another RNC lawyer stated, "[F]rom the  time the NPF was formed, I and the RNC were concerned  about the substantial likelihood of potential litigation...."Id. at 886.


36
Lutheran faced a virtually identical situation.  Like the  RNC, it had not been sued at the time it hired outside  counsel.  Also like the RNC, Lutheran hired counsel because  it feared litigation.  In her affidavit, a Lutheran board member stated, "To prepare for the possibility of a lawsuit by the president, the Board wanted a careful investigation and legal  analysis of the allegations against him...."  LePard Decl.  p 4.  She further "agreed" with Williams & Connolly that the  investigation "should also be conducted in anticipation of a  suit being brought on grounds of a hostile work environment  for women."  Id. p 5.  The Williams & Connolly lawyer to  whom the Board first spoke said he advised the Board that  "the investigation [into hostile work environment] should also  be conducted in preparation for a discrimination suit brought  by a disgruntled current or former employee."  Graham Decl.  p 2.  In terms of demonstrating a genuine fear of litigation,  we see no significant difference between these affidavits and  the affidavits in In re Sealed Case.


37
Offering no evidence to counter Lutheran's affidavits, the  EEOC hypothesizes that Lutheran undertook its investigation in the "ordinary course of business," which, the Commission says, includes looking into whether the organization was  complying with the relevant laws regarding discrimination in  the workplace.  See EEOC Br. at 27.  Even if accurate, the  Commission's recharacterization of Lutheran's motivation  does nothing to undermine Lutheran's contention that it  genuinely feared litigation.  Indeed, fear of EEOC or  employee-initiated litigation may well be the very reason why  an employer hires outside counsel to determine whether it is  complying with Title VII.


38
Turning to the objective prong of the work product test,  the EEOC argues that Williams & Connolly could not have  prepared its report "in anticipation of litigation" because the  litigation Lutheran feared was "too remote and speculative."EEOC Br. at 24.  But the prospect of litigation in this case  was no less speculative than in In re Sealed Case.  There, we  found that news reports hinting at illegal behavior coupled  with the RNC's fear of litigation provided sufficient objective  support for the lawyer's assertion that they had prepared the  documents "in anticipation of litigation."  See 146 F.3d at  885-86, 888.  Here too evidence suggests that litigation lay  just over the horizon.  Lutheran had documents in which its  own employees (perhaps future plaintiffs) directly accused the  president of creating a hostile work environment.  That those documents were anonymous and the charges nonspecific does  nothing to undermine the objective reasonableness of Lutheran's fear of litigation.  And just as in In re Sealed Case,  where the RNC's fear of litigation was eventually confirmed  when the FEC filed suit, Lutheran's fear was confirmed when  two of its employees filed EEOC charges based on allegations  contained in the anonymous memoranda.


39
Finally, no compelling need requires disclosure of the  Williams & Connolly report.  As we have noted, the Commission can obtain all of the factual information it seeks by  conducting its own interviews.  Although it would certainly be  easier for the Commission to see the law firm's report, the  work product privilege's very purpose is to prevent a party  from "perform[ing] its functions ... on wits borrowed from  the adversary."  Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 516 (1947)  (Jackson, J., concurring).


40
Because the EEOC does not challenge Lutheran's claim  that the report reveals its lawyer's mental impressions, we  find the entire report protected by the work product privilege.  We therefore have no need to consider whether the  attorney-client privilege also protects the report.  This case is  remanded to the district court to dismiss the Commission's  enforcement action.


41
So ordered.


42
                                      APPENDIX
			      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                       EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION
                                         ______
                                        SUBPOENA


43
[Tabular or Graphical Material Omitted]



Notes:


*
 We fail to see the relevance of Swidler & Berlin v. United  States, 524 U.S. 399 (1998).  See Dissenting Op. at 8 n.3.  Rejecting  a balancing test, Swidler & Berlin held that the attorney-client  privilege survives the death of the client.  That has nothing to do  with the issue in this case, i.e., whether a subpoena recipient's  failure to file a section 1601.16(b)(1) petition prevents it from raising  its objections in court--objections which in this case happen to rest  on the attorney-client privilege.
Silberman, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
The majority extends its magic wand over the parties and waives appellant's  obligation to exhaust its administrative remedies.  I believe  that the court lacks the unbridled discretion it asserts and, in  any event, that appellant is not entitled to such favored  treatment.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, passed 35 years ago, was  amended in 1972 to give the EEOC the exact investigative  powers previously conferred 52 years ago on the NLRB. Accordingly, 29 U.S.C. § 161(1) applies to subpoenas issued  as part of the investigative process by both the NLRB and  the EEOC.  Although it is set forth in the majority opinion, I  quote it again:
Within five days after the service of a subpena [sic] on any person requiring the production of any evidence in his possession or under his control, such person may petition the Board to revoke, and the Board shall revoke, such subpena [sic] if in its opinion the evidence whose production is required does not relate to any matter under investigation, or any matter in question in such proceedings, or if in its opinion such subpena [sic] does not describe with sufficient particularity the evidence whose production is required.
The NLRB issued a regulation interpreting or implementing that statutory provision in 1947.  See 12 Fed. Reg. 5657,  5660 (1947).  The current version of the regulation provides  that "[a]ny person served with a subpoena ..., if he or she  does not intend to comply with the subpoena, shall, within 5  days after the date of service of the subpoena, petition [the  regional director, or if during the hearing, the administrative  law judge] in writing to revoke the subpoena."  29 C.F.R.  § 102.31(b) (1999).
Not surprisingly in 1972, the same year Title VII was  amended to give the EEOC the investigatory powers of the  NLRB, the EEOC issued a virtually identical regulation, see  37 Fed. Reg. 9218 (1972), the current version of which  provides that "[a]ny person served with a subpoena who  intends not to comply shall petition the issuing Director or petition the General Counsel, if the subpoena is issued by a  Commissioner, to seek its revocation or modification.  Petitions must be mailed to the Director or General Counsel, as  appropriate, within five days ... after service of the subpoena."  29 C.F.R. § 1601.16(b)(1) (1999).
The appellant makes much of the distinction between the  statute's "may" and the regulation's "shall," but I think that  is a tempest in a teapot.  The statute could not have used  "shall" because it does not include the qualifying phrase  "person ... who intends not to comply";  it speaks to everyone served with a subpoena.  Obviously, it would make no  sense for Congress to tell someone who is served and has no  objection to producing information that he or she shall petition to revoke.  The most reasonable interpretation of the  statute, accordingly, is that it is equivalent to the regulation-that the process is obligatory if one wishes to object to a  subpoena.  There can be no other reason why Congress  imposed a five-day limitation.1  It certainly would have been  senseless for Congress to provide that a party may petition  within five days, but that nothing is to stop the party from  petitioning after the five days.  The permissive "may" was  used, not to create a five-day period that any party can  disregard at will, but merely to make clear--quite sensibly-that objections are optional.  And if a party who objects to a  subpoena must petition the agency to revoke within five days,  it follows that the exhaustion requirement is mandatory.  The  majority would do well to bear in mind that the provision in  question is part of the NLRB's (and the EEOC's) investigative powers, and it is certainly understandable that Congress should wish such agencies to be armed against efforts to  frustrate and delay their investigation.  If an employer  against whom such a subpoena is issued could simply ignore  the agency or say, "I'll see you in court," the investigative  process would be significantly impaired.
If the statute is to be honored, the district court should not  entertain, in a subpoena enforcement proceeding, a respondent's objection that should have been raised first before the  agency.2  That is simply another way of saying the exhaustion  requirement is mandatory.  See McCarthy v. Madigan, 503  U.S. 140, 144 (1992) ("Where Congress specifically mandates,  exhaustion is required.") (emphasis added).  To be sure, the  EEOC did not argue that the statute created a jurisdictional  bar to the district court's consideration of appellant's claim,  unquestionably because § 161(1) is not phrased in terms of  jurisdiction.  Cf. Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 756 (construing a statutory exhaustion requirement that operates by  divesting district courts of jurisdiction except in cases of final  agency decisions).  And we have said that exhaustion is a  jurisdictional prerequisite "[o]nly when Congress states in  clear, unequivocal terms that the judiciary is barred from  hearing an action until the administrative agency has come to  a decision," I.A.M. National Pension Fund Benefit Plan C v.  Stockton Tri Indus., 727 F.2d 1204, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1984)--a  requirement that § 161(1) may well not meet (despite its  obvious implication).  But although it does not speak to our  jurisdiction, the statute seems to me to impose a mandatory  obligation on targets of subpoenas.
The majority not only conflates a statutory provision limiting our jurisdiction with a statute or regulation governing  parties' behavior, it also ignores the distinction between a  mandatory exhaustion requirement created by statute or  regulation, and the judicially-created common law doctrine of  exhaustion.  See Weinberger, 422 U.S. at 765-66 (distinguishing between "statutorily specified jurisdictional prerequisite[s]" and "the judicially developed doctrine of exhaustion").The latter is a judge-made rule that admits of various prudential exceptions;  the former is not.  See I.A.M. National  Pension Fund, 727 F.2d at 1208;  Glisson v United States  Forest Service, 55 F.3d 1325, 1327 (7th Cir. 1995) ("But to the  extent that [exhaustion] is a doctrine of federal common law  rather than the inflexible command of a statute, it is to be  applied with due regard for its underlying purpose and for  considerations that may in particular cases counsel for a  waiver.").  It is relatively open to us to relax the rigors of  exhaustion doctrines we ourselves have created, but a statutory or authorized regulatory command is entitled to more  respect--even if not phrased in judicial jurisdictional terms. It may well be (there are really no cases in point) that a non-jurisdictional but mandatory exhaustion requirement allows a  court to consider certain traditional limited exceptions such as  futility or agency bias.  But to call the exhaustion requirement non-jurisdictional--the majority's extensive argument to  that effect is really a red herring--is not to allow a court to  treat it as if it had no legal bite.  The majority seems to be  under the impression that it has no obligation to respect  agency rules unless we are told by Congress that we lack  jurisdiction to do otherwise.  In my view, this case does not  implicate the court's basic authority, still less its jurisdiction,  but rather illustrates the more familiar, but nevertheless  distressing, misuse of judicial power to override rather than  defer to a reasonable agency rule.  We are "prohibited," as  the majority puts it, from hearing appellant's argument not  because we lack power to do so but because we are a court of  law.
Even if the statute itself were thought ambiguous as applied to this case, the NLRB-EEOC regulations--interpretations of § 161(1) that deserve deference, see Chevron U.S.A.  Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837  (1984)--unquestionably make exhaustion obligatory and clearly cover all potential defenses such as attorney-client privilege.  The Supreme Court has recognized that agencies may  promulgate regulations mandating exhaustion which are to be  enforced by courts, see Darby v. Cisneros, 509 U.S. 137, 154 (1993), and surely a reasonable regulatory interpretation or  elaboration of a statutory exhaustion requirement qualifies as  such.  I do not see how the majority justifies ignoring this  regulation's obligatory nature.  That is equivalent to holding  the mandatory exhaustion regulation unenforceable and replacing it with a judge-made, equity-inspired, permissive doctrine.  As this court asked once before:  "If an agency rule  requires, without exception, that a party must take an administrative appeal before petitioning for judicial review, on what  basis may a court excuse non-compliance?"  Marine Mammal Conservancy, Inc. v. Department of Agric., 134 F.3d 409,  411 (D.C. Cir. 1998).  My answer is:  certainly not the basis  made up to fit this case.
The majority sideslips Darby's recognition that agencies  may impose regulatory exhaustion requirements by limiting  Darby to situations where the agency's regulatory exhaustion  requirements are authorized by statutes that speak in jurisdictional terms.  But Darby expressed no such limitation;  the  Darby Court was not even concerned with limiting the power  of agencies to create exhaustion requirements;  it was concerned with limiting the power of courts to do so.  Nor does  Darby confuse (as does the majority) the concept of mandatory exhaustion requirements imposed on parties with statutory  provisions that strip courts of jurisdiction.  Thus the Court  concluded that § 10(c) of the APA "has limited the availability  of the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies to  that which the statute or rule clearly mandates."  509 U.S. at  146 (emphasis added).
Rather inconsistently the majority insists that it shows no  disrespect for the agency's rule.  Instead, it is simply correcting the agency's "error."  See Maj. Op. at 8-9, quoting  United States v. L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., 344 U.S. 33,  37 (1952) ("[C]ourts should not topple over administrative  decisions unless the administrative body ... has erred.").But the majority never identifies the error it is targeting, and  it should be obvious that it simply does not like the rule.
Even assuming the exhaustion requirement were not mandatory, in which case we could freely "balance the interest of the individual in retaining prompt access to a federal judicial  forum against countervailing institutional interests favoring  exhaustion," McCarthy, 503 U.S. at 146, I do not think it  would be appropriate to excuse Lutheran's default.  Since  Lutheran has not claimed one of the recognized exceptions to  the exhaustion requirement, see id. at 146-49--the majority  takes a different tack.  It reasons instead that, since the issue  of the existence or scope of attorney-client and work product  privilege is not one that is committed to agency "expertise,"  there is no basis for enforcing the exhaustion requirement  here.  That conclusion rests on the erroneous premise that  the only real purpose of an exhaustion requirement is "to  allow an administrative agency to perform functions within its  special competence."  Parisi v. Davidson, 405 U.S. 34, 37  (1972).  But the leading exhaustion case cited by Parisi,  quoted by the majority, is McKart v. United States, 395 U.S.  185 (1969), and McKart spoke of exhaustion as having various  purposes, including enabling the agency to create a factual  record, to apply its expertise, and to exercise its discretion. See id. at 194 (observing that the exhaustion doctrine's furtherance of executive and administrative autonomy is "particularly pertinent where the function of the agency and the  particular decision sought to be reviewed involve exercise of  discretionary powers" or application of special expertise).More recently in McCarthy, the Court again said that "[e]xhaustion concerns apply with particular force when the action  under review involves exercise of the agency's discretionary  power or when the agency proceedings in question allow the  agency to apply its special expertise."  McCarthy, 503 U.S. at  145 (emphasis added).
When a target of an NLRB or EEOC subpoena formally  asserts an attorney-client or work product privilege pursuant  to the regulation, we should expect, and EEOC's counsel  confirmed at oral argument, that the matter is escalated  above the litigation attorney to a more senior official of the  agency--perhaps the general counsel himself.  And, as we  should also expect, that might well lead to a modification (or  even abandonment) of the agency's subpoena.  It is hard to  imagine any agency decisions more laced with discretion than such investigative and prosecutorial determinations.  Cf.  Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821, 830-35 (1985) (discussing  discretionary nature of agency decisions not to undertake  enforcement action).  That we would not defer to such a  decision, once made, does not detract at all from the importance of permitting the agency to resolve the question in the  first instance.  I cannot understand the majority's disposition  to dismiss this sort of agency discretion as beneath our notice,  let alone respect.
Understandably reluctant to be specific about the precise  nature of the sweeping discretionary power it arrogates to  itself, the majority does not make reference to doctrines of  equity.  Yet the judicial posture the majority assumes goes  far beyond even the balancing of institutional and individual  interests that traditionally accompanies non-mandatory common law exhaustion.  Its judgment seems ultimately to rest  on little more than its determination that the "combined  circumstances of this case" make it "unfair" to hold that  Lutheran has forfeited its privilege claim, which I suppose  translates into a new doctrine of judicial will, i.e., it pleases us  not to support the EEOC's exhaustion rule.
But since the provision of Title VII and the EEOC regulation at issue in this case simply followed the NLRA and  Labor Board regulation, § 1601.16(b)(1) perforce must be  interpreted and applied just as we would treat the NLRB's  counterpart regulation (and vice versa).  And the Board's  exhaustion requirement has long been enforced by the federal  courts, without any reference to the majority's broad notions  of "equity."  See, e.g., Maurice v. NLRB, 691 F.2d 182, 183  (4th Cir. 1982);  Hedison Mfg. Co. v. NLRB, 643 F.2d 32, 34  (1st Cir. 1981);  NLRB v. Frederick Cowan & Co., 522 F.2d  26, 28 (2d Cir. 1975).  In the only circuit case on point, the  counterpart EEOC exhaustion requirement was similarly enforced.  See EEOC v. Cuzzens of Georgia, Inc., 608 F.2d  1062, 1063-64 (5th Cir. 1979) (per curiam);  see also EEOC v.  County of Hennepin, 623 F. Supp. 29, 31-32 (D. Minn. 1985);EEOC v. Roadway Express, Inc., 569 F. Supp. 1526, 1528-29  (N.D. Ind. 1983).  The majority would distinguish these cases,  pointing out that Cowan and Hedison, for example, involved a level of party misconduct not found here.  Yet in all of the  cases, courts refused to entertain objections to subpoenas  that had not been presented to the issuing agency;  in none of  them was there a suggestion that open-ended equitable balancing was appropriate or even permissible.  This case then  is the first serious challenge to important Labor Board and  EEOC regulations that go back several decades.  The majority's superficially narrow holding--forgiving Lutheran's failure  to exhaust given the "combined circumstances of this case,"  Maj. Op. at 13--should not obscure the far-reaching consequences of its decision.  Every case, after all, has its circumstances, and every chancellor's foot a different length.  See  generally Antonin Scalia, The Rule of Law as a Law of Rules,  56 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1175 (1989).3
Finally, even assuming we had the extraordinarily broad  equitable discretion the majority claims, I believe there is no  reason for invoking it in this case.  Traditional equitable  doctrines do not help Lutheran here.  The EEOC has not  waived its exhaustion argument, nor would tolling be of much  use since Lutheran never made its privilege objection in  writing at any time4 (as opposed to objecting after the five  days passed), see Jones v. Runyon, 91 F.3d 1398, 1400 n.1  (10th Cir. 1996) (distinguishing the requirement of a timely  EEOC filing from the requirement of an EEOC filing).  And although the majority suggests that agency officials misled  Lutheran into thinking that it was not obligated to comply  with the regulation--which I take to be an estoppel notion  though the majority does not say so--the majority bases this  suggestion on Lutheran's lawyer's assertion that an EEOC  investigator told him that Lutheran would be notified before  the agency took any action.  It does not seem to matter that  this conversation took place well after the five-day period had  elapsed, or that the EEOC investigator does not recall making the statement.
A careful parsing of the majority's opinion reveals that the  only real ground upon which my colleagues rely to tilt the  equities in favor of appellant is the one they "begin" and end  with.  See Maj. Op. at 9-10.5  That is, the subpoena stated,  that "it is issued pursuant [to] 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-9," but did  not explicitly alert appellant's Human Resources Director, to  whom the subpoena was sent, that under EEOC's regulation  (and for that matter the statutory provision that § 2000e-9  incorporates), appellant had five days to object formally.
But it is well settled that inaccurate or ineffective notice  from a government agency is an excuse for non-compliance  with an EEOC time limit only when the agency is "required  to provide notice of the limitations period."  Bowden v.  United States, 106 F.3d 433, 438 (D.C. Cir. 1997).  Like the regulation at issue in Bowden, 29 C.F.R. § 1601.16(b)(1) does  not require that the agency provide notice of the limitations  period for objections.  As we held in Bowden, even if we  thought it would be "sensible and simple" for the EEOC to  list the regulation on the face of the subpoena, "the agency
had no duty to do so" and thus Lutheran's failure to comply  with the regulations cannot be excused on that ground.  Id.
As for the supposed unfairness to Lutheran in not receiving  notice of a federal regulation, I do not know whether to laugh  or cry.  Any lawyer experienced in the employment law field,  of course, would be familiar with the regulation, but I think  we should assume that any competent lawyer receiving such  a subpoena would spend the ten minutes necessary to determine the applicable law.  (The majority is willing to assume  that Lutheran's Human Resources Director could locate  § 161(1) of the Labor Act from the cross-reference in Title  VII, but thinks it requires some great feat of legal ingenuity  to locate the applicable regulation.)  Even if the Human  Resources Director had not sent the subpoena to Lutheran's  counsel in time (as the majority observes, the record is silent  on this issue), that would be no excuse.  In today's world, any  person in such a job who did not consult counsel immediately  would be guilty of gross negligence.  Perhaps the import of  the majority's opinion is that the NLRB and the EEOC, if  they wish their exhaustion regulations honored, will have to  give the recipients the administrative law equivalent of a  Miranda warning, including a list of counsel who have shown  competence in employment law.
The majority's last point is that we should excuse Lutheran's failure to exhaust because voluntary compliance with  Title VII is an important value, and because that value  depends on safeguarding the attorney-client and work product privilege.  That conflates the merits of Lutheran's privilege claim with the need for an exhaustion requirement.  The  Congress and the EEOC, which administers this investigatory regime, believes that a mandatory exhaustion requirement  is a necessary and useful component of it.  Though voluntary  compliance is an important value, and overzealous agency  investigation without regard to claims of privilege could undercut that value, it is for the agency, not for this court, to  strike the balance.  Why the majority cannot see (thinking ex  ante rather than ex post) that its holding will actually undermine voluntary compliance--by encouraging subpoena recipients to flout agency regulations and to gamble on garnering equitable relief from a court--is beyond me.  See generally  Frank H. Easterbrook, Foreword:  The Court and the Economic System, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 4, 10-12 (1984).  In any  event, I can accept the majority's policy preference no more  than I can subscribe to its assertion of discretionary power. I dissent.
Notes:


1
  Lutheran suggests that the five-day limitation means instead  that the agency is prohibited from seeking enforcement of the  subpoena until the revocation period expires.  But setting a time  limit within which objections are to be filed by recipients would be a  positively bizarre way of limiting the agency's power.  The argument also assumes that the agency might actually attempt to  enforce the subpoena within the five-day period, which strikes me  as ridiculous since subpoena recipients typically are given more  than five days within which to produce the requested material  (Lutheran was given nearly two weeks).


2
  It is rather misleading to ask as the majority does whether  the appellant has "waived" its attorney-client privilege;  the question is better phrased as whether the appellant forfeited its claim by  not raising it in a timely fashion before the agency.


3
  Judge Tatel, dissenting in In Re Sealed Case, 124 F.3d 230,  239-40 (D.C. Cir. 1997), powerfully argued that a loosey-goosey  balancing test as applied to attorney-client privilege issues was  inappropriate.  The Supreme Court agreed.  See Swidler & Berlin  v. United States, 524 U.S. 399 (1998).  In that case, the clear rule  favored private lawyers, whereas here the loosey-goosey approach  adopted by the majority apparently bails out some private lawyers.


4
  As the majority indicates, Lutheran did inform the EEOC by  letter that it thought the subpoena "improper" and that it did not  intend to comply.  But as I read the regulation, that letter, in  addition to being untimely, was fatally deficient not only because it  was not sent to the Director who issued the subpoena, but more  importantly because the regulation requires the complaining party  to state specifically the grounds of non-compliance, see 29 C.F.R.  § 1601.16(b)(2).


5
  The majority thinks it also significant that Lutheran orally  informed an EEOC investigator (not the District Director) of its  objections and that the District Director was (the majority infers)  aware of Lutheran's objections.  Apparently my colleagues are  willing to excuse a party's non-compliance with agency regulations  when the party comes "close enough"--in this case, informal conversations with the wrong person that took place before the subpoena ever issued.  That is, to say the least, a rule of administrative  law of which I am not aware.


