        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                        Assigned on Briefs September 5, 2012

              STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TERRELL LOVERSON

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court of Shelby County
                      No. 10-03485    W. Mark Ward, Judge


              No. W2011-02055-CCA-R3-CD - Filed November 14, 2012


Terrell Loverson (“the Defendant”) was convicted by a jury of second degree murder,
misdemeanor assault, and obstructing arrest. After a sentencing hearing, the trial court
sentenced the Defendant to an effective sentence of twenty-five years in the Tennessee
Department of Correction. In this appeal as of right, the Defendant challenges (1) the trial
court’s admission of a photograph of the victim; (2) the sufficiency of the evidence; and (3)
his sentence. After a thorough review of the record and relevant authorities, we have
determined that the Defendant is not entitled to relief on any of these issues. Accordingly,
we affirm the trial court’s judgments.

                   Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments
                            of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL and
C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.

Juni S. Ganguli (on appeal); Handel Durham and Samuel Perkins (at trial), Memphis,
Tennessee, for the appellant, Terrell Loverson.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clarence E. Lutz, Assistant Attorney
General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Raymond J. Lepone and Jennifer
Nichols, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                          Factual and Procedural Background

      The Defendant was indicted in May 2010 for one count of first degree premeditated
murder, one count of assault, and one count of obstructing arrest, all committed in February
2010, in Shelby County, Tennessee. At the Defendant’s jury trial conducted in March 2011,
the following proof was adduced:

       Earl Jones, the security director for Southland Mall (“the Mall”), testified that he had
twelve security guards working under him in February 2010, including the victim, Marques
Rainey. The victim had been working at the Mall since May 2007. Jones described him as
“a good employee, quiet, reliable. . . . He was a huge man but he was very quiet and he was
educated.” As part of their job, the security guards, including the victim, wore uniforms
consisting of a gray long-sleeve shirt with “security” designated on each shoulder and black
slacks. The guards did not carry weapons but did each carry a radio.

        On Saturday, February 27, 2010, the victim reported for duty, in uniform, at 2:00 in
the afternoon. Jones described the Mall as “very busy” at that time. Shortly after 2:00,
another security guard called in an emergency at the north entrance of the Mall. Jones stated
that all of the guards were responding to that location and that, shortly thereafter, “they just
called officer down.” By the time Jones arrived, a crowd had gathered. Jones found the
victim “lying on the floor with a gunshot wound to his upper right chest.” Jones stayed with
the victim until the ambulance took him away.

       Chantrice Rainey, the victim’s wife, testified that they married in 2007. She identified
a photograph of the victim taken on their wedding day.

        Jerren Rutherford testified, identifying the Defendant at trial as his friend. On
February 27, 2010, Rutherford and the Defendant went to the Mall to go shopping. They
went in Rutherford’s car and, after entering the Mall, went their “separate ways.” Rutherford
went to a shoe store and bought some shoes for his daughter. After he left the store, he saw
the Defendant running toward one of the Mall exits. According to Rutherford, “[a]ll [of] a
sudden security grabbed [the Defendant] and pinned him up against the wall and was holding
him.” Rutherford told the security guard, “[L]et my Nigga’ go.” At that point, Rutherford
testified, the guard “let him go, like he barely let him go. He released because he thought I
was going to hit him or something. I don’t know. It was like he was scared, I don’t know.”
After the guard let the Defendant go, Rutherford saw “a gun go off.” Rutherford explained
that, four or five seconds after the guard let the Defendant go, the Defendant shot the guard.
Rutherford stated that the shooting “was real quick” and that he “didn’t have time to stay
[sic] stop or nothing. It was just so fast. It was like you couldn’t like even try to stop it from
happening.” The Defendant fired one shot. Rutherford stated that, afterward, he stood there
“in shock” and then he “ran to the car.” The Defendant went with him, and they drove away
together.

      Rutherford testified that he had not known that the Defendant was armed. The
Defendant still had the gun with him when the two men got in Rutherford’s car. Rutherford

                                               -2-
stated that the gun was black but that he did not know what kind of gun it was other than an
“automatic.” After they had driven several minutes, Rutherford dropped the Defendant off
near “Ballenshire” in Memphis. The Defendant took his gun with him. Rutherford then
went home. He did not call the police.

       Rutherford later gave a statement to the police and identified a photograph of the
Defendant in a photograph array. On the array, Rutherford wrote, “This is Terrell[,] this [is]
who shot the security guard.” Rutherford later learned that the incident had been videotaped
by the Mall’s security camera. He reviewed the video and acknowledged that it depicted
what he saw. The video was admitted into evidence and played for the jury.

       On cross-examination, Rutherford agreed that the security guard had thrown the
Defendant “around like a rag doll.” Rutherford wanted to stop the “man-handling” and told
the guard to let the Defendant go. Rutherford testified that, after the guard let the Defendant
go, and as the Defendant was backing up, the guard was “going after him again.” At that
point, the Defendant pulled a gun and shot the guard. According to Rutherford, the
Defendant looked “like he had fear in his eyes.”

        Emory Hammonds testified that he worked in “the Barbershop” in the Mall, located
across the aisle from Sweetness Sweets. Hammonds was at work on the 27th and, at about
2:30 that afternoon, he “heard like kind of like a rumbling, a lot of people running, a little
commotion and you can tell it was coming from a little distant.” He saw several “guys”
running and “saw one guy hit a guy while they was running.” Hammonds described the
commotion as looking “like a gang fight.” Then, he saw the victim “grab[] one guy by the
arm and they kind of spun around.” Hammonds then heard a “pow” and saw the victim
rolling on the floor.

      On cross-examination, Hammonds explained that the man that the victim grabbed was
headed out of the Mall.

       James Allen testified that he worked at the Barbershop in the Mall and that
Hammonds was his boss. At about 2:30 in the afternoon of the 27th, he was at work and
saw several “guys” running out of the Mall. He then saw “another group of guys,” one of
whom got into a “scuffle” with the victim. He saw the two men separate and then he “seen
a gun raised up and pop pop and he got on out the mall.”

       Allen subsequently identified two men from photograph arrays, labeling one as “the
guy that shot the man in the mall” and the other man as “with the shooter in the mall.” Allen
also identified the Defendant at trial as the shooter.




                                              -3-
       Oscar Quinn testified that he was working at the Barbershop when the victim was
shot. He described what happened:

       I just heard a lot of commotion going on at the entrance of the mall, and I
       stopped cutting hair and just walked up to the front entrance up to the door to
       see what was going on. And I just witnessed that some guys was fighting and
       security guard, you know, jumped between, you know, two suspects and
       decide to push one guy back and he retained one suspect and pinned him
       against the [wind] machine. Once he released him and I turned my head for
       a brief second, turned back and just witnessed a shot.

Quinn reiterated that the shooter fired the shot after he had been released by the victim. The
shooter then ran out of the Mall. Quinn followed and saw him get in a car. A customer also
went outside, got the tag number from a Maxima, and gave the number to Quinn. Quinn later
turned the number over to the Memphis Police Department.

      On cross-examination, Quinn again stated that the security guard got between two
men and “pushed one suspect back and he grabbed the other guy back and held him for a
second or two once he released him.” The shooter was the person that the security guard
grabbed and pushed against the wind machine, pinning him. After the guard released the
shooter, the shot followed very quickly.

        Tywaun Bonds identified the Defendant as someone he knew by the name “T-Bo.”
He also stated that he knew the Defendant to “hang out” with another individual he knew as
“South Memphis.” On the 27th, Bonds was in the Mall shopping. He “saw a group of folks
standing in the middle of the mall and they got to fighting.” He then saw “a lot of folks
breaking out and running.” The Defendant was one of the group of people fighting. When
they ran toward the front entrance of the Mall, Bonds saw the security guard grab the
Defendant. South Memphis ran up and said, “Let my Nigga’ go, bitch.” The security guard
let the Defendant go. Bonds then heard a shot but did not see who fired it.

      Bonds subsequently identified photographs of the Defendant and the man he knew as
South Memphis from photograph arrays.

       Justin Jenkins, eighteen years old at the time of trial, testified that he had been in the
Mall at the time of the shooting. He was there with one of his “partners,” Tywaun Bonds.
While they were there, a “fight broke out.” He said that two of the fighters were “South
Memphis” and “T-Bo.” He testified that “[e]verybody started running towards the front [of
the Mall] and the security had grabbed T-Bo. And South Memphis told the man get up off
of him and after that everybody ran out the mall after a shot was fired.” Jenkins did not see
who fired the shot. He later identified South Memphis and T-Bo from photograph arrays.

                                               -4-
       After a jury-out hearing, the State introduced the preliminary hearing testimony of
Ellen Thomas, determined by the trial court to be unavailable to testify at trial. On February
27, 2010, Thomas was working at the Sweetness Sweets shop in the Mall. Her shop was
across the aisle from the Barbershop. The “wind machine” was in the aisle of the Mall
between the two shops. The machine was booth-like, designed for someone to stand in while
it blew wind at 78 miles per hour.

        On the day in question, she heard a “commotion” and told one of the other employees
to pull down the “gate” across the front of the shop. As the other employee went to pull the
gate down, Thomas said, “that’s when [the victim] and the boy was wrestling, you know, and
they had made it up there tumbling, you know, struggling with each other.” By this time,
“quite a few” people had already run past the shop to the door of the Mall.

      Thomas stated that she was no more than ten feet away from the victim and the man
with whom he was struggling. She explained what she saw:

       [The victim] and the guy was tussling and they made it up at the 78 wind
       machine. So [the victim] had subdued him up against the machine after they
       got through, you know, tussling with each other. [The victim] had him
       subdued up against this machine and then this other guy came up. And I’m
       going to assume that was his friend and he said he was talking to [the victim],
       he said oh punk ass nigger, let my partner go. And then [the victim] hesitated
       for a minute, you know, before he let him go and then he hesitated. He let him
       go and he the other guy who he had subdued up to the machine, you know,
       stepped back and he, you know, like, jumped back him and his partner.

               So his partner was on the right side of him and he was on the left side
       and they stepped back. And when he stepped back, [the victim] stepped to the
       side to get, you know – he was looking out the front door. He stepped right in
       front of our store. And when he stepped in front of our store, probably about
       five seconds later or something, the guy pulled the gun out and just shot him
       right there in the middle of the chest.

Thomas clarified that the person who pulled the gun was the person whom the victim had
subdued. Thomas stated that one shot was fired and that the shooter then ran out the front
entrance of the Mall. The shooter’s partner also ran out of the Mall. Thomas added that,
when the shooter pulled his gun and shot, the victim “was just standing there.” Thomas was
subsequently able to identify the shooter’s partner, but not the shooter.

       On cross-examination, Thomas described the victim as about six feet, one or two
inches tall and “big.” She stated that she did not know what happened between the victim

                                             -5-
and the shooter prior to her seeing them struggling in front of her store. She did not see any
other security guards at that time. She clarified that it was the victim who stepped back after
letting the shooter go. She added that, after the victim let the shooter go, the shooter
“bounced back with his partner” no more than ten feet.

       Officer Christopher L. Gibson of the Memphis Police Department (“MPD”)
responded to the scene. He found the victim and attempted first aid. After medical personnel
arrived, he secured the scene. Witnesses also were sequestered.

       Officer Jeffrey Garey of the MPD Crime Scene Investigation Unit reported to the
scene and took multiple photographs. He also composed a sketch of the Mall, indicating
where certain items were found. He collected a spent bullet as well as several other items.

       Officer Mark Jordan of the MPD testified that he received information that the
Defendant was located at a house on Snyder in Shelby County. On March 1, 2010, he and
several other officers went to the location to apprehend the Defendant. They surrounded the
house, and one of the officers knocked. A woman answered the door and allowed the
officers inside. They found the Defendant hiding in the attic. As they tried to apprehend the
Defendant, the Defendant resisted and fought. As other officers moved the Defendant closer
to Officer Jordan, the Defendant “balled up his right fist and punched [Officer Jordan] in the
face.” The Defendant subsequently kicked Officer Jordan before Officer Jordan was finally
able to handcuff him.

       On cross-examination, Officer Jordan stated that no photographs of his face were
taken after the Defendant hit him and that he did not go to the hospital.

       Sergeant Brad Webb of the MPD was provided with the license tag number that had
been recovered at the scene and traced it to Jerren Rutherford. After the Defendant was
taken into custody, Sgt. Webb and Sergeant Peel spoke with him. They advised the
Defendant of his rights. The Defendant waived them, agreeing to give a statement. The
Defendant told the officers that he had been at the Mall on the day in question and that a fight
had broken out between members of his gang, the Goon Squad, and members of a rival gang,
the Fam Mob. He stated that, as he was trying to get out of the Mall, another fight broke out
and he heard a shot fired. He ran out of the Mall, got in a white Toyota, and left.

      The officers advised the Defendant that they did not believe he was telling the truth
and reminded him that the Mall had numerous video cameras.

      In addition to interviewing the Defendant, Sgt. Webb took photographs of the
Defendant’s arms, showing his tattoos. These photographs were admitted into evidence. Sgt.



                                              -6-
Webb explained that the tattoos included the words “Goon” and “Goon Squad Mafia,”
consistent with the Defendant’s admission that he belonged to the Goon Squad gang.

        Lieutenant Mark Miller of the MPD testified that he spoke with the Defendant after
Sgts. Webb and Peel did. The Defendant asked Lt. Miller what he was being charged with,
and Lt. Miller responded that “the charge on the arrest ticket was first degree murder.” The
Defendant then started talking about what had happened at the Mall, and Lt. Miller obtained
a formal statement. The Defendant’s written statement was admitted into evidence. In his
written statement, the Defendant admitted responsibility for the victim’s death; admitted that
he went by “T-Bo”; stated that, while he and Jerren were at the Mall, “somebody swung,
something about Fam Mob. I’m Goon Squad”; and explained the events as follows: “We
was already running before the security guard came. A fight was in the front of the mall.
Somebody just came and grabbed me from behind. I didn’t know who it was. Then the gun
went off and I left.” The Defendant stated that the security guard grabbed him “[f]rom the
neck from behind like in a choke hold. He ain’t say nothing.” At that point, the Defendant’s
gun was “[o]n [his] waist about to fall.” The Defendant stated that he was carrying the gun,
a 9 millimeter, because “this man told [him] somebody was gonna kill [him].” He added that
the gun was currently “[i]n the woods somewhere.” The Defendant described the distance
from which he shot the victim as approximately four feet. He stated that he fired one shot.
He also stated that he arrived at and left the Mall alone. He denied having heard Jerren say
anything to the security guard.

       Cervinia Braswell of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation testified that she was “a
special agent assigned as a forensic scientist to the Firearms Identification Unit.” She
examined the bullet recovered from the crime scene and determined that it was “a 9
millimeter caliber total metal jacket bullet.”

        Dr. Marco Ross, the Deputy Chief Medical Examiner for Shelby County, testified that
he performed an autopsy on the victim. The victim was six feet, two inches tall and weighed
258 pounds. The victim had a gunshot wound to the chest. The bullet entered the victim’s
right upper chest and exited out the victim’s back. In conjunction with performing the
autopsy, several photographs of the victim were taken and admitted into evidence. Dr. Ross
testified that the cause of death was “a gunshot wound of the chest.” The manner of death
was homicide.

        The State rested its case after Dr. Ross’ testimony. The defense put on no proof. The
jury found the Defendant guilty of second degree murder (charged as a lesser-included
offense of first degree premeditated murder), assault by provocative contact (charged as a
lesser-included offense of assault by bodily injury), and obstructing arrest.




                                             -7-
        At the subsequent sentencing hearing, the victim’s mother testified that the victim was
twenty-eight years old when he died. He had a lot of family and friends. His death was hard
on his family, and she was planning to start counseling as a result. She asked that, with
regard to sentencing the Defendant, that “justice be done.” Other than the presentence report,
admitted without objection, no other proof was adduced at the sentencing hearing. The trial
court determined that the Defendant was a Range I offender and applied four enhancement
factors: the Defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior
in addition to that necessary to establish his Range; the Defendant employed a firearm during
the commission of the offense; the Defendant was on bond at the time he committed the
instant crimes and was subsequently convicted of the crime for which he was on bond; and
the Defendant had been adjudicated to have committed a delinquent act as a juvenile that
constituted a felony if committed by an adult. Defense counsel conceded the applicability
of these enhancement factors. The trial court found as a mitigating factor that there had been
“some physical contact” between the victim and the Defendant prior to the shooting. The
trial judge also acknowledged the Defendant’s expression of apology in the presentence
report and stated that he would “give it the weight [to] which it’s entitled.” The trial court
then imposed a sentence of twenty-five years for the second degree murder and six months
for each of the other two misdemeanor offenses. The trial court ordered the sentences to be
served concurrently.

       The trial court subsequently denied the Defendant’s motion for new trial, and this
appeal followed. The Defendant challenges the trial court’s admission of one of the autopsy
photographs; the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his second degree murder conviction;
and contends that his twenty-five year sentence for his second degree murder conviction is
excessive. We will review each of these issues in turn.

                                          Analysis

                             Admission of Autopsy Photograph

        The Defendant first contends that the trial court committed reversible error in
admitting a photograph of the victim taken during the autopsy. The photograph is of the
victim’s face in profile and includes no depiction of any incisions or other invasive
procedures. The Defendant argues that the photograph was not relevant and, further, that
“even if this photograph had been relevant, its prejudicial nature substantially outweighed
its probative value.” We disagree on both points.

       As our supreme court declared many years ago, “the admissibility of photographs lies
within the discretion of the trial court whose ruling in this respect will not be overturned on
appeal except upon a clear showing of an abuse of discretion.” State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d



                                              -8-
947, 949 (Tenn. 1978); see also State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, app. 168 (Tenn. 2008). We
discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s admission of the challenged photograph.

       In a murder trial, the State must prove that a victim was killed. In this case, the State
introduced, without objection, a photograph of the victim while he was alive. This proof was
admitted during Rainey’s testimony. The photograph of the victim taken during the autopsy,
admitted through Dr. Ross, permitted the jury to determine whether the victim about whom
Rainey (and others) testified was the person who, in fact, had been killed. Therefore, we
agree with the trial court that the photograph was relevant as corroborative proof of the
victim’s identity. See Tenn. R. Evid. 401 (defining relevant evidence as “evidence having
any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination
of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence”).

       Moreover, the probative value of the photograph was not “substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403. While the photograph depicts the
victim as deceased, the photograph is in no way gruesome, nor does it show the victim’s
body “to be in an altered condition due to the autopsy.” State v. Young, 196 S.W.3d 85, app.
129-30 (Tenn. 2006). The Defendant argues that the photograph “allowed the state to elicit
an emotional response from the jury,” but we disagree. The photograph merely corroborated
other proof that the victim had been killed. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the photograph, and the Defendant is entitled to no relief on this issue.

                                 Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The Defendant next challenges the sufficiency of the proof supporting his conviction
of second degree murder. Our standard of review regarding sufficiency of the evidence is
“whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e).
After a jury finds a defendant guilty, the presumption of innocence is removed and replaced
with a presumption of guilt. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992).
Consequently, the defendant has the burden on appeal of demonstrating why the evidence
was insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn.
1982). The appellate court does not weigh the evidence anew. Rather, “a jury verdict,
approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves
all conflicts” in the testimony and all reasonably drawn inferences in favor of the State. State
v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). Thus, “the State is entitled to the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable or legitimate inferences which may be
drawn therefrom.” Id. (citation omitted). This standard of review applies to guilty verdicts
based upon direct or circumstantial evidence. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn.
2011) (citing State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)). In Dorantes, our

                                              -9-
Supreme Court adopted the United States Supreme Court standard that “direct and
circumstantial evidence should be treated the same when weighing the sufficiency of such
evidence.” Id. at 381. Accordingly, the evidence need not exclude every other reasonable
hypothesis except that of the defendant’s guilt, provided the defendant’s guilt is established
beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

        Second degree murder is defined as “[a] knowing killing of another.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-210(a)(1) (2010). Our supreme court has determined that second degree
murder is a “result of conduct” offense. See State v. Brown, 311 S.W.3d 422, 431-32 (Tenn.
2010); State v. Ducker, 27 S.W.3d 889, 896 (Tenn. 2000). Accordingly, the appropriate
statutory definition of “knowing” in the context of second degree murder is as follows: “A
person acts knowingly with respect to a result of the person’s conduct when the person is
aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-
302(b) (2010). Whether a defendant acts knowingly in killing another is a question of fact
for the jury. Brown, 311 S.W.3d at 432 (citing State v. Inlow, 52 S.W.3d 101, 104-05
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)). The jury may infer a defendant’s mental state from “the character
of the assault, the nature of the act and from all the circumstances of the case in evidence.”
Inlow, 52 S.W.3d at 105; see also Brown, 311 S.W.3d at 432.

       In this case, the proof demonstrated that the victim grabbed the Defendant as the
Defendant was fleeing another altercation in the Mall. Rutherford came upon the two men
and ordered the victim to release the Defendant. The victim did so. The Defendant then
moved away, pulled out the pistol he brought into the Mall, and fired once at the victim, who
was unarmed, striking the victim in his chest. The Defendant then ran out of the Mall and
fled the premises.

        This Court has recognized on numerous occasions that a jury is entitled to conclude
that a defendant commits a knowing killing when he pulls a gun and fires it at a person. See,
e.g., State v. Bobby L. Looper, No. M2011-01642-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 3358155, at *8-9
(Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 15, 2012) (evidence sufficient to support second degree murder
where defendant aimed shotgun at unarmed victim and fired one shot, striking the victim in
the chest); State v. Michael Raines, No. E2007-00840-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 2152495, at
*5 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 21, 2008) (evidence sufficient to support second degree murder
where defendant pulled pistol and fired single shot at unarmed victim after victim threatened
and then approached defendant). Here, the Defendant contends that the jury should have
acquitted him on the basis of self-defense. This argument is without merit, given that the
trial court refused to instruct the jury on self-defense, and the Defendant has raised no issue
regarding the trial court’s jury instructions. Accordingly, the Defendant has waived any
argument that the jury should have considered the defense of self-defense. See Tenn. R.
App. P. 27(a)(4) & (7); Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b); see also Bunch v. Bunch, 281 S.W.3d
406, 409-10 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (refusing to consider issues not included in statement of

                                             -10-
issues presented for review as required by Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(4));
State v. David G. Housler, No. M2002-00419-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 367724, at *18-19
(Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 27, 2004) (holding “without merit” issue not included in statement
of issues, not briefed, and not supported by references to the record), aff’d, 193 S.W.3d 476
(Tenn. 2006).

       The Defendant also contends that “there is simply not enough [evidence] to constitute
proof beyond a reasonable doubt that he acted knowingly in shooting Officer Rainey.” We
disagree. The proof demonstrated that, after the unarmed victim let the Defendant go, the
Defendant raised his 9 millimeter pistol and fired a shot at the victim from about four feet
away, striking the victim in the chest and killing him. The jury had before it sufficient
evidence from which to conclude that the Defendant’s actions constituted a knowing killing.
The Defendant is entitled to no relief on this issue.

                                         Sentencing

      In his final issue, the Defendant complains that a twenty-five year sentence for his
second degree murder conviction is excessive. We disagree.

       Prior to imposing sentence, a trial court is required to consider the following:

       (1) The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing;

       (2) The presentence report;

       (3) The principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives;

       (4) The nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved;

       (5) Evidence and information offered by the parties on the mitigating and
       enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114;

       (6) Any statistical information provided by the administrative office of the
       courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; and

       (7) Any statement the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s own behalf
       about sentencing.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b) (2010). The referenced “principles of sentencing” include
the following: “the imposition of a sentence justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of
the offense” and “[e]ncouraging effective rehabilitation of those defendants, where

                                             -11-
reasonably feasible, by promoting the use of alternative sentencing and correctional
programs.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(1), (3)(C) (2010). “The sentence imposed should
be the least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is
imposed,” and “[t]he potential or lack of potential for the rehabilitation or treatment of the
defendant should be considered in determining the sentence alternative or length of a term
to be imposed.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(4), (5) (2010).

        Our Sentencing Act also mandates that,

        In imposing a specific sentence within the range of punishment, the court shall
        consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory sentencing guidelines:

               (1) The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the
        sentence that should be imposed, because the general assembly set the
        minimum length of sentence for each felony class to reflect the relative
        seriousness of each criminal offense in the felony classifications; and

                (2) The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as
        appropriate, by the presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement factors
        set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c) (2010). Additionally, a sentence including confinement
should be based on the following considerations:

              (A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a
        defendant who has a long history of criminal conduct;

               (B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of
        the offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective
        deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses; or

               (C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or
        recently been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1).1




        1
          Our legislature has mandated that sentences for second degree murder be served in confinement
at one hundred percent, i.e., without eligibility for release on parole. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501(i)(1)
& (2)(B) (2010).

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       When the record establishes that the trial court imposed a sentence within the
appropriate range that reflects a “proper application of the purposes and principles of our
Sentencing Act,” this Court reviews the trial court’s sentencing decision under an abuse of
discretion standard with a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, __ S.W.3d ___, ___,
No. E2011-00005-SC-R11-CD, 2012 WL 4380564, at *17 (Tenn. Sept. 26, 2012). “[A] trial
court’s misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not remove the
presumption of reasonableness from its sentencing decision.” Id. at __, *20. This Court will
uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is within the appropriate range and
the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and
principles listed by statute.” Id. Moreover, under those circumstances, we may not disturb
the sentence even if we had preferred a different result. See State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335,
346 (Tenn. 2008). The party appealing the sentence has the burden of demonstrating its
impropriety. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sent’g Comm’n Cmts. (2010); see also State v.
Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

        In this case, the trial court determined that the Defendant is a Range I offender. The
Range I sentence for second degree murder, a Class A felony,2 is fifteen to twenty-five years.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112(a)(1) (2010). The trial court then determined that four
enhancement factors applied: “(1) The defendant has a previous history of criminal
convictions or criminal behavior, in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate
range”; “(9) The defendant possessed or employed a firearm, explosive device or other
deadly weapon during the commission of the offense”; “(13) At the time the felony was
committed, . . . the defendant . . . [was] [r]eleased on bail or pretrial release, if the defendant
is ultimately convicted of the prior misdemeanor or felony”; and “(16) The defendant was
adjudicated to have committed a delinquent act or acts as a juvenile that would constitute a
felony if committed by an adult.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1), (9), (13), (16) (2010).
Defense counsel conceded the applicability of all of these enhancement factors at the
sentencing hearing. In mitigation, the trial court considered that there had been some
physical contact between the Defendant and the victim shortly before the Defendant shot the
victim. The trial court also recognized that the Defendant’s version of the offense as set forth
in the presentence report provided as follows: “I just like to say I’m sorry for every thing that
happen and that I never meant for it to happen I apologize to the court and the family and my
family as well. I feel like I do deserve some kind of punishment.” The court declined to
afford much (if any) weight to this mitigating factor, however, because the Defendant
“doesn’t want to get up here and tell anybody he’s remorseful.”

       After considering the appropriate sentencing principles and purposes, the evidence
before it, the applicable enhancing and mitigating factors, and the circumstances of the
offense, the trial court imposed the maximum sentence of twenty-five years. The Defendant

       2
           See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-210(c).

                                                 -13-
complains that the trial court “did not begin its analysis of [his] sentence at the minimum of
Range One” and “placed undue emphasis on [his] failure to apologize for his conduct at the
sentencing hearing.” However, upon our close and careful review of the record, including
the transcript of the sentencing hearing, we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial judge
in imposing the maximum sentence for the Defendant’s second degree murder conviction.
The Defendant’s sentence for his second degree murder conviction is within the appropriate
range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is in compliance with the purposes and
principles of the Sentencing Act. Accordingly, the Defendant is entitled to no relief on this
basis.

                                        Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.




                                           _________________________________
                                           JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUDGE




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