                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


2-19-2008

USA v. Richardson
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 06-4624




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                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
              FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                   ____________

                        No. 06-4624
                       ____________

             UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                              v.

                GREGORY RICHARDSON
                 a/k/a HASSAN BANKS

                     Gregory Richardson,

                               Appellant
                       ____________

       On Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                    (D.C. No. 04-cr-00817)
       District Judge: Honorable William H. Yohn, Jr.
                        ____________

         Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                     January 10, 2008

Before: FISHER, HARDIMAN and STAPLETON, Circuit Judges.

                  Filed: February 19, 2008
                       ____________

                OPINION OF THE COURT
                     ____________
FISHER, Circuit Judge.

       This appeal arises out of Gregory Richardson’s conviction of one count of

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and one

count of obstruction of justice in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1). For the reasons that

follow, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

                                              I.

       We write exclusively for the parties, who are familiar with the factual context and

legal history of this case. Therefore, we will set forth only those facts necessary to our

analysis.

       On August 11, 2004, Philadelphia Police Officers stopped a vehicle at the corner

of 25th and Tasker Streets in Philadelphia. They conducted the stop because they saw

that a woman in the backseat of the car, Adrienne Preziosi, was bleeding. Richardson

was sitting in the passenger seat of the car. He initially refused to open his door for the

police, but when he finally did so, a firearm fell from the door. Richardson was charged

with being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).

Additionally, Richardson was charged with obstruction of justice in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1) for attempting to alter Preziosi’s testimony at various points in the

investigation against him.

       During trial, Richardson objected to the admission of portions of telephone

conversations he had with his friend, “Ghost.” However, the District Court admitted the



                                              2
recordings in full. In these conversations, he described, in graphic detail, what he would

do to Preziosi if she testified against him. Specifically, the tape recordings stated:

       Richardson: What she say, she say she coming to my hearing?
       Ghost: No she coming to a, she ain’t say which hearing.
       Richardson: She say she going to court, she go to court this month.
       Ghost: Yeah, yeah.
       Richardson: And then she say she coming to a hearing?
       Ghost: Yeah.
       Richardson: Yeah, she coming to my hearing I guess. I don’t know man
       ‘bout this trash, this bitch, man. I swear for God man I get outta here I’ma
       break every bone in her face man. I, I don’t know who they think they
       playing with man ya’ll gone she another side of me you should know, you
       know what I’m saying.
       Ghost: That’s the, that’s that’s the only thing I don’t understand, she know
       better.
       Richardson: Yeah, you know better, but you ain’t goin’ do better until I
       walk up on you and then rearrange . . . then knock your teeth out first.
       That’s what I’m gonna do, I’m gonna punch you in your mouth as hard as I
       can, knock you out. I’ma let you get yourself together then I’ma punch you
       in your eye. Both of them and break the bones on both sides of your eye.
       Then I’ma leave you in that mess, you gonna be looking like a Goddamn
       pig or something. Then I’ma pull half your damn hair out the top of your
       head. I don’t know who you think you playin’ with man. . . .

       On November 2, 2005, a jury convicted Richardson of one count of possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and one count of

obstruction of justice in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1). On October 18, 2006, the

District Court sentenced Richardson to a total of 150 months imprisonment, followed by

3 years of supervised release. This timely appeal followed.




                                              3
                                             II.

       We exercise jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. When

reviewing a jury verdict for sufficiency of the evidence, we employ a highly deferential

standard. See United States v. Greenidge, 495 F.3d 85, 100 (3d Cir. 2007). “[V]iewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, we will sustain the verdict if

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “We review a

District Court’s decision to admit or reject testimony under [Federal] Rule [of Evidence]

403 for abuse of discretion, and, we will not reverse such a ruling unless it is arbitrary and

irrational.” Robert S. v. Stetson Sch., Inc., 256 F.3d 159, 170 (3d Cir. 2001) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                             III.

                                             A.

       Richardson argues that there was insufficient evidence at trial to support a finding

that he possessed the firearm, a required element of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). We have

stated that “[c]onstructive possession exists if an individual knowingly has both the power

and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion or control over a thing.” United

States v. Iafelice, 978 F.2d 92, 96 (3d Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). Thus, it “necessarily requires both dominion and control over an object and

knowledge of that object’s existence.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).



                                              4
In the present case, the police officer at the scene testified that he saw Richardson bend

down in the car and make a motion toward the area between the car seat and the door.

The officer testified that Richardson initially refused to open the door for the officer, but

when he did, a firearm fell from the car. Based on this evidence, we conclude that a

rational trier of fact could have found that Richardson had dominion and control over the

firearm placed between his seat and the door and that he knew of its existence.1

                                                B.

       Richardson argues that there was insufficient evidence at trial to support a finding

that he tampered with a witness in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1). Under section

1512(b)(1), obstruction of justice occurs when a person “knowingly . . . corruptly

persuades another person, or attempts to do so . . . with intent to . . . influence . . . the

testimony of any person in an official proceeding.” We have stated that “corrupt

persuasion” includes “attempting to persuade someone to provide false information to

federal investigators.” United States v. Farrell, 126 F.3d 484, 488 (3d Cir. 1997). To




       1
         Richardson argues that the facts of this case are analogous to those in United
States v. Blue, 957 F.2d 106 (4th Cir. 1992). In Blue, the court reversed the conviction of
the defendant because it found that he did not constructively possess a firearm found
beneath the passenger seat in which he had been sitting. 957 F.2d at 108. However, in
that case, the officer testified only that he had seen a “shoulder dip” by the defendant, and
a firearm was under the defendant’s seat. Id. at 107-08. In the present case, the officer
testified to the direction in which he saw Richardson move, the fact that Richardson
refused to open the door, and the fact that the firearm fell to the ground when the door
was opened, indicating that the door could not have been opened without knowing that
the firearm was present. For these reasons, we find his argument unavailing.

                                                5
“knowingly” commit this offense, “the defendant must know that his conduct has the

natural and probable effect of interfering with the witness’s communication, whether or

not it succeeds.” United States v. Davis, 183 F.3d 231, 248 (3d Cir. 1999).

       In the present case, Preziosi testified that, on several occasions, Richardson asked

her to lie regarding who owned the gun. Additionally, the government recorded

conversations that Richardson had with his friends while he was in prison in which he

gave them instructions to relay to Preziosi as to what she should tell the government.

From this evidence, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could find that Richardson

was trying to persuade Preziosi to provide false information to the government, and that

he knew that his statements to her and his friends would likely have that effect.2

                                             C.

       Richardson argues that the District Court improperly admitted the recordings of his

conversations with Ghost because the recordings were “highly prejudicial” to him. Under

Federal Rule of Evidence 403, the District Court may exclude relevant evidence “if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” The 1972

Advisory Committee Notes accompanying Rule 403 state that “[u]nfair prejudice . . .




       2
        The government argues that Richardson’s challenge is waived, and thus, we
should review the claim for plain error. However, we do not find it necessary to
determine whether the claim was waived; since there was no error, there was no plain
error.

                                             6
means an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly, though

not necessarily, an emotional one.”

       In determining that the recordings were admissible evidence, the District Court did

not abuse its discretion. It considered the factors of Rule 403, finding that the recordings

were relevant evidence in demonstrating that Richardson attempted to tamper with

Preziosi’s testimony, and were not unfairly prejudicial to him. We agree that the

conversations Richardson had with Ghost were relevant because they had a tendency to

demonstrate that Richardson was attempting to secure Preziosi’s false testimony or

prevent her from testifying at all.3 See Fed. R. Evid. 401. Additionally, the threats had a

tendency to demonstrate Richardson’s consciousness of guilt. See United States v.

Guerrero, 803 F.2d 783, 785-86 (3d Cir. 1986).

       In considering whether the threat evidence is unfairly prejudicial, we consider

these factors: (1) “the tendency of the particular conduct alleged to suggest decision on

an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one”; (2) “the nature

or style of the specific witness’s narrative”; (3) “the likelihood that the testimony is true”;

and (4) “the sufficiency of the other evidence presented to make a reasonable connection

between the defendant and the offense charged.” Guerrero, 803 F.2d at 786 (internal


       3
        Richardson argues that these statements were not threats to Preziosi because they
were made to Ghost, not Preziosi. We find this argument unavailing. The conversation
demonstrated that Ghost was in contact with Preziosi regarding her attendance of and
participation in the criminal proceedings against Richardson, and one could infer that
Richardson intended for Ghost to relay the statements to Preziosi.

                                               7
quotation marks and citations omitted). In the present case, the threat evidence was

graphic, but it was not so provocative that it would suggest an improper basis to conclude

that he was tampering with a witness’s testimony. Moreover, the testimony was true, and

as discussed above, the conversations were connected to the defendant and the

obstruction of justice charge. Therefore, we cannot find that the District Court abused its

discretion in finding that the evidence was not unfairly prejudicial.

                                             IV.

       For the reasons described above, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




                                              8
