   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE


ROBERT WALKER, JR., JOHN KANE,         )
CAROL KANE and MARGARET                )
FOULKE,                                )
                                       )
                Plaintiffs,            )
                                       )
     v.                                ) C.A. No. 9667-VCG
                                       )
CHARLES L. WILLIAMS,                   )
                                       )
                Defendant.             )

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

                    Date Submitted: September 27, 2016
                     Date Decided: November 4, 2016

Dean A. Campbell of THE LAW OFFICE OF DEAN CAMPBELL, LLC,
Georgetown, Delaware, Attorney for Plaintiffs.

Richard E. Berl, Jr., of BERL AND FEINBERG, LLP,
Lewes, Delaware, Attorney for Defendant.




GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
       This matter involves the use by the Defendant, Charles Williams, of a pole

building beside his house as a hobby automobile shop. This matter has been,

unfortunately, heavily litigated and it has undoubtedly consumed more of the parties’

resources than a neutral observer might think efficient or reasonable. The matter

was tried for two days and what I consider to be the primary issue—whether

Williams’ pursuit of his hobby constituted a nuisance-in-fact—was resolved in a

Memorandum Opinion of June 23, 2016 (“Walker I”).1 In Walker I, I found that

Williams’ use of the property did not constitute sufficient invasion of the property

rights of his neighbors to be an actionable nuisance.2

       The Plaintiffs—Defendant’s neighbors—raised other issues at trial and in the

post-trial briefing. They argue that Williams’ use of his pole building (the “Pole

Building” or the “Shop”) is illegal under the County Zoning Code (the “Zoning

Code”),3 that the construction of that building is in some respects in violation of the

County Building Code (the “Building Code”),4 that the use of Williams’ property

for non-commercial auto repair is a nuisance per se and that ornamental signs that

Williams has mounted on his building are in violation of the Zoning Code. I asked




1
  Walker v. Williams, 2016 WL 3569260 (Del. Ch. June 23, 2016).
2
  I did, however, find that the use by Mr. Williams and his guests of a lane over an easement
providing access to his property in some respects exceeded the use permitted by that easement.
3
  Sussex County Code, Zoning, Chapter 115.
4
  Sussex County Code, Building Construction, Chapter 52.

                                              1
for supplemental briefing on some of these issues, which the parties provided. This

is my post-trial Memorandum Opinion on the issues not addressed in Walker I.

                           I. FACTS AND BACKGROUND

       The facts in this matter are adequately laid out in Walker I; interested readers

(if any) are referred to that Memorandum Opinion. A brief statement of background

facts is sufficient to this supplemental Memorandum Opinion; facts necessary to

discussions of specific issues are addressed in the sections resolving those issues.

Otherwise I rely upon and incorporate the facts stated in Walker I.

       The Defendant and the Plaintiffs live in a semi-rural area of Sussex County

near Cool Spring, designated Agricultural-Residential 1 (“AR-1”) for zoning

purposes. The surrounding area includes homes on large lots located adjacent to the

public highways; these homes are typically bordered in the rear by agricultural

fields, chicken houses and other agricultural activities.            Two of the Plaintiffs

(Margaret Foulke and Robert Walker) own houses on lots adjacent to Williams’

property. A reference to the “Plaintiffs” refers, in context, to these particular

plaintiffs.5

       The Defendant originally owned a five acre parcel which he subdivided; the

Plaintiffs occupy two lots created from that larger parcel. The Defendant retained a



5
 The remaining Plaintiffs, John and Carol Kane, live across and down the public road from Foulke
and Walker, and their lot does not abut the property of the Defendant.

                                               2
lot, and an easement across property now owned by Walker. Williams has a modest

home beside which is the Pole Building, which was built pursuant to a building

permit and occupied pursuant to a certificate of occupancy issued by Sussex County

(the “County”). The Pole Building contains areas used for storage but is used

principally by Williams as a shop to pursue his hobby, tinkering with cars. The

Plaintiffs object to this use and have made numerous complaints to the County.

County inspectors have repeatedly inspected Defendant’s property but have found

no County Code violations.6 Nonetheless, the Plaintiffs strenuously argue that

Defendant’s Pole Building and its use are illegal under the County Code. They seek

injunctive relief directing the Defendant to tear down the Pole Building and to cease

working on cars on his property.7 While I have already found that the use of the

property by Williams is not a nuisance under the common law, the Plaintiffs contend

that Defendant’s pursuit of auto repair is a nuisance per se, for which they also seek

equitable relief. For the reasons that follow, I find for the Defendant.


6
  All parties argue that the actions of the County support their positions in this matter. The
Defendant points out that the County has made numerous inspections of his property in response
to complaints from the Plaintiffs, and has never found a violation of the County Code. He also
points to a hearing for a variance to permit him to maintain a commercial garage on the premises;
that application was turned down, but the Sussex County Planning and Zoning Commission told
the Defendant that the current hobby-use was permitted under the Code. The Plaintiffs,
conversely, point to technical deficiencies with the building permit and the certificate of
occupancy, and take issue with other actions of the County. I need not consider any of these issues,
as the County is not a party to this action.
7
  The Plaintiffs also seek a declaratory judgment that the Defendant is in violation of the law. They
originally sought “civil fines” for these violations, but have not pursued this claim. Finally, the
Plaintiffs seek their attorney’s fee and costs in connection with this action, a request the result here
renders moot.

                                                   3
                                      II. ANALYSIS

       A. Violations of the Building Code

       The Plaintiffs have alleged that Defendant’s Pole Building violates the

Building Code in a number of ways. Plaintiffs’ allegations of breach of the County

Code have been something of a moving target throughout the litigation; I address

here (and in my discussion of the Zoning Code, infra) only allegations and

arguments set out in Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial Briefs; I deem issues not so raised to be

waived.8     The County has adopted the International Building Code and the

International Residential Code as its Building Code.9 The Plaintiffs allege three

Building Code violations testified to by their expert, James Clark: that Code

requirements call for a fire prevention wall between the Pole Building and

Defendant’s adjoining residence, which the expert contends is missing; that the Pole

Building’s roof trusses have been modified in a way not compliant with the Code;

and that the Shop’s floor is not properly sloped. I assume without finding, for

purposes of this Memorandum Opinion, that one or more Building Code violations

exist with respect to the Pole Building. I now turn to the issues of Plaintiffs’ standing

and the availability of the remedy sought.



8
  See, e.g., Thor Merritt Square, LLC v. Bayview Malls LLC, 2010 WL 972776, at *5 (Del. Ch.
Mar. 5, 2010); Emerald P'rs v. Berlin, 2003 WL 21003437, at *43 (Del. Ch. Apr. 28, 2003); In re
IBP, Inc. S’holders Litig., 789 A.2d 14, 62 (Del. Ch. 2001).
9
  Sussex County Code, Building Construction, Article I, Chapter 52-1 Adoption of Standards;
Exemptions.

                                              4
                 1. Standing

          The Defendant contends that the Plaintiffs lack standing to bring these claims.

The standing requirement serves to protect litigants, the courts, and the public from

abusive litigation by officious intermeddlers. In order to have standing to compel a

court to address compliance with a statute, a plaintiff must generally (1) plead a

claim of injury-in-fact arising from the non-compliance and (2) demonstrate that the

interest sought to be protected is within the zone of interest which the statute seeks

to address.10 Here, assuming the record demonstrates that the trusses, floor or wall

materials of the Pole Building are not up to Code, a detriment to the Defendant

himself and his family may result. But—unlike with the allegedly-illegal use of the

building, discussed below—the Plaintiffs have not attempted to substantiate any

claim of injury-in-fact.

          In post-trial and supplemental briefing, the Plaintiffs fail to argue that they

have sustained an injury-in-fact with respect to Defendant’s violation of the Building

Code. They rely solely on what they argue is the General Assembly’s provision of

statutory standing here. The Plaintiffs point to 9 Del. C. § 6919(d) which provides:

          [i]n case any building or structure is or is proposed to be erected,
          constructed, reconstructed, altered, maintained or used, or any land is
          or is proposed to be used in violation of this subchapter or of any
          regulation or provision of any regulation or change thereof, enacted or
          adopted by the county government under the authority granted by this
          subchapter, the county government, the attorney thereof, or any owner

10
     E.g., Walker v. City of Wilmington, 2014 WL 4407977, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 5, 2014).

                                                 5
       of real estate within the county in which such building, structure or land
       is situated, may, in addition to other remedies provided by law, institute
       injunction . . . or any other appropriate action . . . to prevent, enjoin,
       abate or remove such unlawful erection, construction, reconstruction,
       alteration, maintenance or use.11

This statutory language provides a private right of action with respect to violation of

regulations under the subchapter in which it appears—concerning the County Zoning

Code. The Plaintiffs appear to conflate a private right of action to enforce zoning

restrictions with standing to enforce all regulations concerning buildings and

structures. The language of Section 6919(d) does not support such a legislative

intent, however.12

       9 Del. C. § 6902 contains a specific grant to the County of the authority, within

the County, to

       regulate the location, height, bulk and size of buildings, parking areas,
       and other structures, the percentage of lot which may be occupied, the
       size of yards, courts and other open spaces, the density and
       distribution of population, the location and uses of buildings, parking
       areas, and structures for trade, industry, residence, parking, recreation,
       public activities or other purposes and the uses of land for trade,

11
   9 Del. C. § 6919(d) (emphasis added).
12
   The Plaintiffs cite to numerous cases for the proposition that Section 6919(d)—or its New Castle
or Kent County analogs—provides standing here, but none of those cases involve enforcement of
the County Building Code. See, e.g., Oceanport Indus. Inc. v. Wilmington Stevedores, Inc., 636
A.2d 892 (Del. 1994); O’Neil v. Town of Middletown, 2006 WL 205071 (Del. Ch. Jan. 18, 2006);
Breasure v. Swartentruber, 1993 WL 487786 (Del. Ch. Nov. 1, 1993); Orchard Homeowner’s
Ass’n v. Cnty. Council of Sussex Cnty., 1992 WL 71448 (Del. Ch. Mar. 31, 1992); Lajil Corp. v.
Maryland Bank, 1988 WL 39975 (Del. Ch. Apr. 25, 1988); Hammond v. Dutton, 1978 WL 22451
(Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 1978); Minquadale Civic Ass’n v. Kline, 212 A.2d 811 (Del. Ch. 1965); Nichols
v. State Coastal Zone Indus. Control Bd., 2013 WL 1092205 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 14, 2013);
Plumbers & Pipefitters Local Union 74 v. Gordon, 1999 WL 169413 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 17,
1999).

                                                6
       industry, residence, recreation, public activities, water supply
       conservation, soil conservation or other similar purposes [outside
       incorporated towns and cities].13

As our Supreme Court has noted, this language provides the County with the

authority to regulate zoning.14 Section 6919 provides a private right of action for

County property owners to seek to remedy acts “in violation . . . of any regulation .

. . enacted or adopted by the county government under the authority granted by this

subchapter.”15 The subchapter in question is Subchapter I of Chapter 69, pertaining

to zoning, and the grant of authority referenced is that quoted at length above,

delegating to the County the power to regulate aspects of zoning. It does not provide

authority to regulate methods and standards for construction of buildings.16

       The Plaintiffs, by contrast, seek to regulate alleged violations of the

International Residential Code, adopted by Sussex County in Section 52-1 of the

Sussex County Code.17 The County’s authority to adopt a building code does not




13
   9 Del. C. § 6902(a).
14
   Delaware Dep't of Nat. Res. & Envtl. Control v. Sussex Cnty., 34 A.3d 1087, 1090 (Del. 2011).
15
   9 Del. C. § 6919(d) (emphasis added).
16
   See Plumbers & Pipefitters Local Union 74 v. Gordon, 1999 WL 169413, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct.
Mar. 17, 1999), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 757 A.2d 1278 (Del. 2000) (considering whether the
New Castle County analog of 9 Del. C. § 6919(d) provides standing for alleged plumbing code
violations). In stating the obvious, that the Building Code regulations that Plaintiffs seek to enforce
here were not “enacted . . . under the authority granted” by 9 Del. C. § 6901 et. seq., I do not mean
to imply that the County’s power to regulate building or zoning is limited to the grant of authority
under that Subchapter. See generally 9 Del. C. § 7001 (granting to the County all state police
powers not denied by statute).
17
   Sussex County Code, Building Construction, Article I, Chapter 52-1 Adoption of Standards;
Exemptions.

                                                  7
flow from 9 Del. C. § 6902, which delegates authority only to regulate zoning;18

instead, the County’s authority to adopt building codes is set out specifically at 16

Del. C. § 7601, which provides in pertinent part that the “. . . County Council of . . .

Sussex County may adopt and enforce building codes . . . .” That statute is silent as

to a private right of action and standing, as are the regulations adopted by the County

pursuant to Section 7601, which adopt the International Residential Code, and

provide that “[e]nforcement of the code will be the responsibility of the Director of

Assessment.”19        I conclude that no statutory standing exists with respect to

enforcement of the Building Code as adopted by Sussex County.

       To find, as the Plaintiffs argue, that all property owners in Sussex County have

standing to enforce the Building Code would, I fear, result in inefficient and

pernicious litigation.20 The Plaintiffs can show no injury-in-fact, and have pointed

to no statutory provision conferring statutory standing or even a private right of



18
   See Delaware Dep't of Nat. Res. & Envtl. Control., 34 A.3d at 1090.
19
   Sussex County Code, Building Construction, Article I, Chapter 52-7 Enforcement Officials.
20
   Consistent with Plaintiffs’ view of the law, the owner of a beach house on Slaughter Beach
would have standing to sue to enforce the adequacy of the circuit breakers in a barn in Delmar, or
a deficiency in the scantlings of the roof rafters of a corn crib in Woodenhawk. Such a reading
would allow precisely the kind of officious intermeddling, nuisance and strike suits that the
standing requirement is intended to prevent. While the examples above are reductios ad
absurdum, they are not so far off the mark here. I am sure that Plaintiffs’ complaints about traffic,
noise and odor caused by Williams’ hobby are sincere (despite the fact that I found these intrusions
fail to constitute a nuisance-in-fact). Just as clearly, however, the Plaintiffs have no interest in the
structural integrity of Williams’ Pole Building; their arguments with respect to Williams’
compliance with the Building Code—discovered, presumably, during the pendency of this
action—are simply a cudgel with which to beat the Defendant unrelated to any injury-in-fact the
Plaintiffs might have suffered.

                                                   8
action for individuals to enforce the Building Code. I conclude that they lack

standing here. As discussed below, they cannot obtain the remedy they seek in any

event.

               2. Injunctive Relief

         Assuming that the Plaintiffs have standing and that the Pole Building exists in

violation of the Building Code, the Plaintiffs have demonstrated only the first of

three prongs required in order to receive the permanent, mandatory injunction they

seek. According to the Pre-trial Stipulation and Order, the “Plaintiffs seek a

mandatory injunction ordering [the Defendant] to remove the Pole Building.”21 A

mandatory injunction is an extraordinary equitable remedy; in order to receive final

injunctive relief, a plaintiff must not only prevail on the merits, but must show

resulting irreparable harm and that the equities balance in her favor.22 With respect

to the Building Code violations, the Plaintiffs can show neither, for the same reason

that their standing is problematic—they cannot demonstrate injury to themselves

resulting from Building Code violations in Williams’ Pole Building.




21
   In the alternative, the Plaintiffs seek a mandatory injunction that “requires the Pole Building to
be altered in such a manner as to prevent it from being used as a garage.” This alternative relief is
not addressed, obviously, to remedy the Building Code violations—it is directed to the use of the
building in purported violation of the Zoning Code, addressed in this Memorandum Opinion, infra.
22
   See, e.g., Singh v. Batta Envtl. Associates, Inc., 2003 WL 21309115, at *9–10 (Del. Ch. May
21, 2003); Copi of Delaware v. Kelly, 1996 WL 633302, at *4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 25, 1996); Draper
Commc'ns, Inc. v. Delaware Valley Broadcasters Ltd. P'ship, 505 A.2d 1283, 1288 (Del. Ch.
1985).

                                                 9
      Put another way, the Plaintiffs are not seeking an order that the Shop be

brought into Code compliance, which, if their expert is correct, would require

relatively modest alteration to the structure. In fact, if Williams tomorrow brought

the building up to Code, the Plaintiffs would be entirely unsatisfied; their real

complaint is with the use of the Shop for auto repair, not the allegedly non-Code-

compliant slope of its floor. To that end, they seek an order to remove the Pole

Building itself. Equity cannot support such mandatory injunctive relief absent a

showing of tangible harm in its absence.

      B. Alleged Zoning Code Violations

            1. The Defendant’s “Signs”

      The Defendant has mounted a number of antique and decorative signs on his

property, mostly attached to the Shop. He has other automotive-type ornaments on

his property as well, such as a traffic signal. The Plaintiffs make an argument that

the signs are prohibited under the Zoning Code. The Plaintiffs allege that the signs

with which the Defendant has decorated his property are not “signs permitted” under

Sections 115-159 or 115-159.1. That argument is frivolous. “Sign” is a defined

term under the Zoning Code. Section 115-157 provides that a “sign” is “[a]

structure, display or device that is arranged, intended, designed or used as an

advertisement, announcement, identification, description or direction.” The antique,

decorative signs that the Defendant has displayed on his property are none of these.



                                           10
They are not intended to convey information; instead, they are purely ornamental.

Defendant’s neighbors may find these signs attractive, kitschy, or downright

obnoxious, according to their tastes. Nothing in the Code, however, prevents their

display.

               2. “Use”

       The more serious of Plaintiffs’ statutory arguments involve allegations that

Williams’ use of the Shop violates the Zoning Code. Again, although various

allegations of zoning violations have been made in this litigation, I address only

those raised in the post-trial briefing, and consider those not so raised, waived.23 The

Plaintiffs complain that Williams’ use of the property to work on automobiles is

prohibited under the Zoning Code.24 I start my analysis with two competing

propositions. The first is that the Zoning Code is in derogation of the common law.

At common law, otherwise-lawful activities by a landowner on his property were

limited only insofar as they invaded the property rights of his neighbors—that is,

they were limited under nuisance doctrine.25 Imposition of zoning restrictions

further limits this use, by legislative fiat, under the rubric that orderly development

enhances aggregate quality of life and property value. As acts in derogation of


23
   See cases cited supra note 8.
24
   At one time, the Plaintiffs argued that the size of the Pole Building in the abstract (unconnected
with its use for auto repair) was not Code-compliant. This allegation was not pursued post-trial,
and I consider it waived.
25
   I have already found that Williams’ use of his property does not amount to a public or private
nuisance-in-fact. I discuss nuisance per se infra.

                                                11
common-law property rights, zoning codes must be read in such a way as least

burdens those rights; as this Court has noted, where multiple reasonable readings of

zoning code provisions are possible, “the interpretation that favors the landowner

controls.”26 Second, the Zoning Code is explicitly comprehensive; it provides that

all uses not permitted are prohibited.27 I reconcile these considerations by finding

that if the Zoning Code may reasonably be read to permit a use, it is permitted;

otherwise, it is prohibited.

       The Plaintiffs point out that Section 115-20 and 115-21(B) provide the

permitted uses for lots of less than five acres in the AR-1 District.28 Those include

use for a detached single-family dwelling of the type located on Defendant’s

property, together with accessory uses including (among others) use for a “Private

Garage,” for “domestic storage” or as a “Home Occupation.” The Plaintiffs argue

that Williams’ use of the Shop is as a garage, they then point to the fact that the

Zoning Code for District AR-1 provides only for “private garages” used solely for

“storage.” The Plaintiffs point out that Williams uses his Shop for maintenance and



26
   Norino Properties, LLC v. Mayor & Town Council of Town of Ocean View, 2011 WL 1319563,
at *1 n.9 (Del. Ch. Mar. 31, 2011) (citations omitted); see also Dewey Beach Enters., Inc., 1 A.3d
305, 310 (Del. 2010) (“[T]o the extent that there is any doubt as to the correct interpretation [of a
zoning ordinance], that doubt must be resolved in favor of the landowner.”).
27
   Sussex County Code, Zoning, Article III, Chapter 115-15 Prohibited Uses (“For the purpose of
this chapter, permitted uses are listed for the various districts. Unless the contrary is clear from
the context of the lists or other regulations of this chapter, uses not specifically listed are
prohibited.”).
28
   See Pls’ Post-Trial Opening Br. 29–32; Pls’ Post-Trial Reply Br. 10–20.

                                                12
repair, and not just storage, of automobiles.29 Therefore, argue the Plaintiffs, the

Shop is a non-compliant private garage, and they are entitled to an order from this

Court abating this illegal use. I find, however, that Defendant’s use of the Pole

Building is permitted as a “Home Occupation.” “Home Occupation,” a permitted

AR-1 use, is defined in Section 115-4 of the Code as

       [a]ny occupation . . . or activity, conducted [in the home or accessory
       structure] solely by one or more members of a family on the premises,
       which is incidental and secondary to the use of the premises for
       dwelling, provided that no commodity is stored or sold, except such as
       is made on the premises, and there shall be no group instruction,
       assembly or activity and no outside storage or display material on the
       premises.

I find that the hobby activity which the Defendant pursues in his Shop is such a home

“activity.”

       The Plaintiffs argue that Williams’ use of the Shop cannot qualify as a Home

Occupation for several reasons. First, they point out that Home Occupations can

only be pursued in the dwelling or an “Accessory Building,” which is defined in the

Code as subordinate to the dwelling.30 The Plaintiffs point out that the Shop is bigger

than the modest house trailer in which Williams resides, and argue that it cannot be,


29
   They also point out that the Pole Building substantially exceeds the size permitted for a “Private
Garage.”
30
   Sussex County Code, Zoning, Article I, Chapter 115-4 Definitions and Word Usage (defining
“Accessory Building” as “[a] detached/unattached subordinate building, the use of which is
incidental to or customarily found in connection with and, except as otherwise provided in this
chapter, is located on the same lot as the main building or principal use of the land. Examples of
an accessory building may include a shed, a storage building, garage, gazebo or similar
structure.”).

                                                13
therefore, a “subordinate” Accessory Building. I find, based on the facts here, that

Defendant’s primary use of his land is as a residence, and that his pursuit of his

hobby in the adjacent Shop—which is not his occupation or a commercial activity,

but merely a hobby or pass-time activity—is subordinate to that primary use,

notwithstanding the size of the Pole Building. Similarly, I find the hobby use of the

Shop “incidental and secondary” to the primary use of the property as a residence,

for purposes of the definition of use for a Home Occupation under Section 115-4.

Next, the Plaintiffs argue that Williams runs afoul of the “outside storage or

display”31 prohibition of Section 115-4, because cars are at times parked outside the

Shop in Williams’ driveway. That is not the type of outside storage prohibited by

the Code, which refers to storage of material visually connected to the Home

Occupation itself, and not incidental to the use of the property for residential

purposes.32 Also, the Plaintiffs point out that Section 115-4 provides that the Home

Occupation must be pursued “solely” by family members, and prohibits “group

instruction, assembly or activity” on the premises in connection with the Home

Occupation. The Plaintiffs argue that the fact that the Defendant at times allows his

friends to work on cars while he watches (or helps) violates these provisions.



31
   The prohibition in the Zoning Code of “outside display material,” in connection with a Home
Occupation, I take to be a prohibition on signage advertising a home business, which is absent
here.
32
   Of course, if Williams begins storing tires, say, or axles or engine blocks in his yard, a Code
violation would likely result.

                                               14
However, that fellowship, as the evidence makes clear, is part of the activity that

Williams, himself, is pursuing. Nothing about allowing guests to participate in the

hobby arises, in my view, to a “group instruction, assembly or activity” that is illegal

under the Code, nor does it make the activity less amenable to the purposes of AR-

1 zoning than if Williams alone turns the wrenches.33 To the extent that Section 115-

4 could be read to prohibit an otherwise permitted activity because the property

owner invites friends to participate, that is not the only reasonable reading of the

Section, and I must interpret this Section in favor of the burdened landowner. I find

that Williams’ use of the Pole Building as a shop to work on cars with his friends is

not prohibited by the Zoning Code.

       Section 115-4 allows incidental use of property in AR-1 in addition to its use

for dwelling and agricultural purposes.               It permits profit-making activity by

residents, within strict limits (no group assembly or activity, no outside storage or

signage, no sale of commodities not made on the premises). It also operates as a

catch-all, to make sure that hobby activities incidental to residential use are

permitted. The Defendant is not running an auto repair business;34 and he has no


33
   The regulatory purpose for designation of AR-1 districts is provided at Section 155-19 of the
Zoning Code, set out in full on page eighteen, infra.
34
   Nor, I note, could he operate an auto repair business, under my analysis here of a Home
Occupation pursued in an Accessory Building. The definition of Accessory Building requires a
use which is “incidental or customarily found in connection with . . . the main building or principal
use of the land.” If the Defendant were to run an auto repair business in the Pole Building, such
use would not be “customarily found in connection with” his dwelling house or his primary use of
the land as a residence, nor would it be “incidental,” which would also run afoul of the “incidental

                                                15
“employees” from within or without his family. The testimony at trial made it clear

that he enjoys working on his friends’ vehicles in his Shop and enjoys sharing their

company while he does so. In pursuing this hobby inside his Pole Building, the

Defendant is pursuing a permitted Home Occupation under the Zoning Code.

       C. Nuisance Per Se

       Finally, the Plaintiffs contend that Defendant’s work on automobiles in the

Pole Building constitutes a nuisance per se. Unlike common-law nuisance-in-fact,

demonstration of a right to remedy a nuisance per se does not require a showing by

the Plaintiffs that they are suffering an actual interference with the quiet enjoyment

of their property. Instead, a nuisance per se arises when (1) a defendant property

owner’s use of his property is in violation of a safety statute, (2) where the use is an

abnormal or hazardous activity or (3) where the Defendant intentionally interferes

with others’ quiet enjoyment of their property in a way that is clearly unreasonable.35

Here, any interference with Plaintiffs’ property rights caused by the Defendant is

incidental, not intentional, and tinkering with automobiles is neither abnormal nor

hazardous activity. Plaintiffs’ argument is that conducting auto repair in an AR-1


and secondary” requirement for a Home Occupation. In other words, pursuing a pass-time or
hobby at home is typically incidental to residential use; running an auto repair business is not.
Moreover, an auto repair business would violate the Comprehensive Land Use Plan for Low
Density Areas, which prohibits “intense commercial uses . . . such as auto repair” (emphasis added)
(all lands designated as Low Density Areas were, as of 2008—the year of adoption of the
Comprehensive Land Use Plan—zoned AR-1).
35
   E.g., Artesian Water Co. v. Gov’t of New Castle Cnty., 1983 WL 17986, at *14 (Del. Ch. Aug.
4, 1983).

                                                16
District is illegal under the County Code, thus pursuit of that activity is a nuisance

per se. But it is not the violation of any statute or regulation that supports a finding

of which results in a nuisance per se; only violations of statutes intended to protect

the public safety lead to application of the nuisance per se doctrine. Properly

understood, the doctrine of nuisance per se is a limitation on property rights: it

applies where a landowner is using his property in a way that is hazardous in fact, or

hazardous as found by a legislature in promulgating safety statutes. In such a

situation, a neighbor need not await resulting damage or interference with his own

property rights to obtain relief, he may abate the threat under the doctrine of nuisance

per se.36 Since I have found no County Code violations here, I need not consider

nuisance per se further. Even if the Plaintiffs had shown a zoning violation,

however, the doctrine would not apply here.

       The Zoning Code is intended to produce orderly development in a way that

enhances quality of life and aggregate property values. The Plaintiffs contend that

Williams’ use of his property exceeds the use permitted by the Zoning Code in an

“AR-1” District; the purpose of designation of a district as “AR-1” is set out at

Section 115-19:



36
   See McQuail v. Shell Oil Co., 183 A.2d 581, 584 (Del. Ch. 1962) (explaining that an injunction
to restrain an anticipatory nuisance is unavailable except where the proposed use is a nuisance per
se). Similarly, the tortfeasor is held strictly liable for damages resulting from such activity. See
Artesian Water Co., 1983 WL 17986, at *20; Latchford v. Schadt, 2001 WL 392254, at *3 (Del.
Super. Ct. Apr. 11, 2001).

                                                17
         [t]he purpose of these districts is to provide for a full range of
         agricultural activities and to protect agricultural lands, as one of the
         county's most valuable natural resources, from the depreciating effect
         of objectional, hazardous and unsightly uses. They should also protect
         established agricultural operations and activities. These districts are
         also intended for protection of watersheds, water resources, forest areas
         and scenic values and, at the same time, to provide for low-density
         single-family residential development, together with such churches,
         recreational facilities and accessory uses as may be necessary or are
         normally compatible with residential surroundings.             The AR
         regulations seek to prevent untimely scattering of more-dense urban
         uses, which should be confined to areas planned for efficient extension
         of public services.37

I conclude that the provisions of the Zoning Code that the Plaintiffs allege Williams

has violated are not Code provisions intended to protect their safety.               Thus,

violations of those Code provisions, if such violations exist, are insufficient to

support a finding of nuisance per se.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ request for an injunction to remove

Defendant’s Pole Building is DENIED. Plaintiffs’ request to enjoin the use of that

building for the non-commercial enjoyment of the Defendant, by its use for hobby

auto maintenance and repair, is DENIED. Plaintiffs’ request that I order the

Defendant to remove the ornamental signs on his property is DENIED. The

Plaintiffs have failed to establish that the Defendant has created a nuisance per se,

and no relief under that theory is available to the Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’ request that


37
     Sussex County Code, Zoning, Article IV, Chapter 115-19 Purpose.

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the Defendant pay their legal fees is DENIED. The parties should provide me with

a form of Order encompassing the findings of this Memorandum Opinion together

with those in my Memorandum Opinion of June 23, 2016.




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