[Cite as Drummond v. Univ. of Akron, 2010-Ohio-1947.]

                                     Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                         The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                 65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                            Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                  614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                             www.cco.state.oh.us




CATHY DRUMMOND

       Plaintiff

       v.

THE UNIVERSITY OF AKRON

       Defendant

        Case No. 2008-10901-AD

Deputy Clerk Daniel R. Borchert

MEMORANDUM DECISION



        {¶ 1} Plaintiff, Cathy Drummond, filed this action against defendant, University
of Akron (Akron), alleging she suffered personal injury as a proximate cause of
negligence on the part of Akron in maintaining a chair at the E. J. Thomas Hall on
defendant’s campus. Plaintiff recalled she was injured at approximately 9:30 p.m. on
June 3, 2008 while attending her son’s high school graduation ceremony held in
defendant’s E. J. Thomas Hall. Plaintiff described her injury incident relating the chair
she took at defendant’s building “suddenly broke” and she fell “hard on the concrete
floor.” Plaintiff further related that “[m]inutes after being helped up, I had horrible back
pain and spasms.” Apparently, the injury incident was reported to Akron staff working at
E. J. Thomas Hall and an Akron Police Department officer who was dispatched to the
scene where a cursory investigation was conducted. Plaintiff noted her husband drove
her to the Akron City Hospital where she sought medical treatment for her physical
complaints resulting from the collapsing chair occurrence.         Plaintiff explained she
remained in the hospital until 4:00 a.m. on June 4, 2008 when she was discharged after
being treated for a lower back contusion and sprain. Prescribed medications for this
injury included muscle relaxants and strong narcotic pain pills. Plaintiff reported she
experience “bad pain and spasms for three months” after the June 3, 2008 incident.
During this three month period, plaintiff maintained she was unable to clean house,
wash clothes, shop, and do other daily shores as well as being unable to care for her
parents. According to plaintiff, she was subsequently informed by defendant’s Special
Projects/House Manager, Melissa Paul, that the chairs in E. J. Thomas Hall were old,
but remained in constant use and there were frequent episodes where chairs broke.
Plaintiff pointed out “my chair was not the only chair that broke on June 3, 2008.”
Plaintiff contended her back injury was proximately caused by negligence on the part of
defendant in maintaining the chairs at E. J. Thomas Hall and she consequently filed this
complaint seeking damages in the amount of $2,500.00 for her out-of-pocket medical
expenses incurred as well as pain, suffering, and being incapacitated for the entire
summer of 2008. The $25.00 filing fee was paid and plaintiff requested reimbursement
of that cost along with her damage claim.
      {¶ 2} With her complaint, plaintiff submitted three written statements from three
witnesses to the collapsing chair occurrence; her husband Dennis B. Drummond, David
Bennett, and Juanita M. Bennett. Dennis B. Drummond described the injury incident
recording, “[m]y wife’s chair suddenly broke, she slammed down on the concrete floor.”
Furthermore, Dennis B. Drummond related he observed plaintiff’s suffering for a period
of three months after the June 3, 2008 injury. David Bennett wrote, “I witnessed Cathy
Drummond fall through the chair when it broke on her.” Also, Juanita M. Bennett noted,
“I witnessed Cathy Drummond fall through the chair when it broke on her.” Juanita M.
Bennett related she and plaintiff’s husband helped plaintiff to her feet after the chair
collapsed.
      {¶ 3} Defendant acknowledged plaintiff was considered a business invitee when
she entered the E. J. Thomas Performing Arts Hall (PAH) to attend her son’s graduation
and therefore, Akron owed her a duty of care to maintain the PAH in a reasonably safe
condition and to not expose invitees to hidden hazardous conditions. See Paschal v.
Rite Aid Pharmacy, Inc. (1985), 18 Ohio St. 3d 203, 18 OBR 267, 480 N.E. 2d 474.
However, defendant has contended plaintiff failed to offer evidence to establish Akron
breached any duty of care owed to her in regard to the condition of the premises at the
PAH. Additionally, defendant contended plaintiff failed to produce proof that any Akron
personnel had “actual or constructive notice that the theatre seat in question was
defective or unreasonably dangerous.”       Defendant explained Akron “has a regular
inspection and maintenance procedure in place for its theatre seats” in the PAH.
Defendant specifically denied having any recall of a prior incident where a seat in the
PAH “totally collapsed as this one did on June 3, 2008.” Defendant pointed out “[w]here
negligence revolves around the existence of a hazard or defect, a duty of reasonable
care does not arise unless the defendant has notice, either actual or constructive, of
such a hazard or defect.” See Heckert v. Patrick (1985), 15 Ohio St. 3d 402, 405, 15
OBR 516, 473 N.E. 2d 1204. Defendant argued plaintiff has failed to prove her injury
was caused by any negligent act or omission on the part of Akron personnel or that the
chair that collapsed at the PAH constituted a defective condition at the time of her injury.
       {¶ 4} Defendant provided a description of the seats at the PAH theater (2,955
total) and photographs of the particular seat that collapsed (end seat #1 of Row N
orchestra seating) injuring plaintiff. Defendant wrote: “[t]he seats are traditional sturdy
theatre style seats that have a flip down bucket seat that returns to an upright position
when there is no weight on them. They are bolted on to upright stanchions on either
side of the seat.    Arm rests are bolted on both sides of each seat.”           Submitted
photographs confirm defendant’s description.          The photographs depict a cloth
cushioned seat attached to a firm metal base which is bolted on each side to upright
stanchions. It appears from an examination of the photographs that any particular seat
base rests perhaps six inches off the floor of the PAH theater when put in the seating
position. The theater seats depicted including seat #1 Row N appear to be in good
condition and do not appear to be in disrepair.
       {¶ 5} Defendant submitted an affidavit from Patricia Donovan, Technical
Services Manager at the PAH in reference to the inspection and maintenance schedule
for seats in the PAH theater. Donovan stated “seats are individually and thoroughly
inspected by technical service associates, including physically sitting in each seat,
wiggling around in each seat and checking for loose bolts, etc. under each set.”
Donovan did not mention the frequency of the type of inspection referenced, but she did
report less comprehensive seat inspections are conducted on a quarterly basis
“whereby the chairs in the theatre are inspected and adjusted or repaired as
necessary.” Furthermore, Donovan advised Akron personnel conduct visual inspections
of the seats “periodically by walking through the auditorium after performances or
events.” According to Donovan, the seats in the PAH theater are adjusted or repaired
when any malfunction is discovered either upon inspection or by a report from a patron.
Donovan related “[a]pproximately 350,000 to 400,000 patrons visit the PAH per year,”
and she estimated there have been problems with loose bolts on theater seats
occurring on perhaps six occasions. Donovan further related, “in the past five years that
I have been employed, the only incident of when a seat completely failed and collapsed
was the incident involving the [p]laintiff on June 3, 2008.”
       {¶ 6} Defendant submitted an additional affidavit from Melissa Paul, House
Manager/Special Projects at the PAH regarding her knowledge of the June 3, 2008
incident. Paul recorded “[p]laintiff, Mrs. Cathy Drummond, informed me at the PAH’s
Information Center that her seat gave way and she wanted to file a [c]omplaint.” In
response to plaintiff’s request, Paul reported, “I informed Mrs. Drummond that we did
not have any complaint forms, but that we would call The University of Akron’s Police
Department (UAPD) who could file an Accident report on Mrs. Drummond’s behalf
documenting any injuries she may have and seek EMS assistance for her, if
necessary.” According to Paul, when UAPD Officer Cpl. Stachowiak arrived at the PAH
and offered to fill out an accident report, plaintiff declined. Paul denied telling plaintiff
that chairs were constantly breaking in the PAH theater. However, Paul acknowledged
“I did tell Mrs. Drummond that the seats in the PAH have broken in the past due to
heavy usage, but this happens rarely.” Also Paul stated, “[t]o the best of my knowledge,
the only theatre seat that broke on June 3, 2008 was the one in which Mrs. Drummond
was seated.”
       {¶ 7} Defendant observed the UAPD call log compiled in connection with the
June 3, 2008 incident “indicates that the [p]laintiff is overweight.” Defendant stated “[i]t
is highly likely that [p]laintiff’s weight contributed to the seat’s collapse.” Essentially,
defendant argued the cause of the theater seat’s failure was not attributable to any
negligent act or omission in regard to maintenance and plaintiff has failed to prove the
seat was structurally unsafe for normal and intended use.
       {¶ 8} Plaintiff filed a response explaining Melissa Paul was not physically
present at the information counter at the PAH when she asked to file an accident report
after her injury incident. Plaintiff recalled she was told Melissa Paul was in charge and
she was given Melissa Paul’s “card so I could call to see if she had an accident report I
could fill out.” Plaintiff denied ever meeting Melissa Paul in person but acknowledged
she contacted her by telephone from her home on June 3, 2008 after leaving the PAH.
Plaintiff related that she informed Melissa Paul about the seat collapsing incident,
repeated her request for an accident report, and related her need for medical attention
due to the pain she was suffering. Plaintiff asserted Melissa Paul “told me that the
seats were old, in constant use, and that they were constantly breaking.” Additionally,
plaintiff asserted Melissa Paul “also said that my seat was not the only seat that broke
at the graduation.” Plaintiff noted she was assured by Melissa Paul that an accident
report would be compiled by the UAPD.                  Plaintiff specifically denied defendant’s
allegation that UAPD Officer Stachowiak offered to “make a report” at the scene.
Plaintiff contended “[n]othing referring to Melissa Paul’s statements are true.”
        {¶ 9} Plaintiff disputed the allegation that her weight contributed to the seat
collapsing. Plaintiff stated “[t]here was no sign posted on the building, my seat or my
ticket saying that the seat had a weight limit.” Plaintiff disputed defendant’s assertion
that the bolts on the theater seats are properly maintained by being checked and
tightened if found to be loose upon inspection. Plaintiff countered that proper seat bolt
maintenance should consist of the following procedure: “[i]nstead of tightening the old,
over used bolts that are being (pivoted) on over 400,0001 times a year, all of the bolts in
the seats should have been replaced regularly.” Plaintiff contended defendant was
negligent “[b]y not replacing all of the bolts on the seats regularly after being used
(approximately) 400,000 times a year and by not posting a weight limit on the seats.”
Plaintiff observed “[b]oth bolts broke” on the seat she sat in that collapsed. Plaintiff
reasserted she suffered “pain, back spasms and loss of mobility for 3 months” after the
seat collapsing incident. Plaintiff argued she has offered sufficient evidence to prove
her injury was caused by defendant’s negligence and she is therefore entitled to the
damages claimed, $2,500.00.
        {¶ 10} In order to establish a claim for negligence, plaintiff must prove that: 1)
defendant owed her a duty; 2) defendant breached that duty; and 3) the breach was the
proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries. Mussivand v. David (1989), 45 Ohio St. 3d 314,

        1
          It should be noted that no evidence has been offered to establish each seat at the PAH theater
is used 400,00 times a year.
318, 544 N.E. 2d 265. The absence of any one of these elements renders a plaintiff’s
claim of negligence invalid. Jeffers v. Olexo (1989), 43 Ohio St. 3d 140, 142, 539 N.E.
2d 614.
       {¶ 11} In the instant claim, plaintiff as an invitee on defendant’s premises was
owed a duty by Akron to exercise         ordinary and reasonable care, which includes
keeping the premises in a reasonably safe condition and warning the plaintiff invitee of
latent or concealed defects of which of which the defendant landowner has or should
have knowledge. Scheibel v. Lipton (1985), 156 Ohio St. 308, 46 O.O. 177, 102 N.E.
2d 453; see also Light v. Ohio University (1986), 28 Ohio St. 3d 66, at 68, 28 OBR 165,
502 N.E. 2d 611. An owner of a premises, however owes no duty to protect invitees
from all conceivable dangers they might face, while on the premises, because the
owner is not an insurer of the safety of its invitees.      Cornell v. Aquamarine Lodge
(1983), 12 Ohio App. 3d 148, 150, 12 OBR 471, 467 N.E. 2d 896. Instead an owner’s
liability “to an invitee for negligence in failing to render the premises reasonably safe for
the invitee, or in failing to warn him of dangers thereon, must be predicated upon a
superior knowledge concerning the dangers of the premises to persons going thereon.”
Debie v. Cochran Pharmacy Berwick, Inc. (1967), 11 Ohio St. 2d 38, 40, 40 O.O. 2d 52,
227 N.E. 2d 603.
       {¶ 12} When it is shown that the owner had superior knowledge of the particular
danger which caused the injury, liability attaches under such circumstances, due to the
fact invitees may not reasonably be expected to protect themselves from a risk they
cannot fully appreciate. Mikula v. Salvin Tailors (1970), 24 Ohio St. 2d 48, 53 O.O. 2d
40, 263 N.E. 2d 316; LaCourse v. Fleitz (1986), 28 Ohio St. 3d 209, 28 OBR 294, 503
N.E. 2d 159. Additionally, where negligence revolves around the question of a hazard
or defect, notice, either actual or constructive of such hazard or defect it a prerequisite
to establishing a breach of the duty of reasonable care. Heckert.
       {¶ 13} Defendant, in the instant claim, has asserted the seats in the PAH are
periodically inspected with some inspections being more extensively or thoroughly
conducted than others.      Defendant observed a cursory inspection of the seats is
conducted after performances or events at the PAH. Defendant, as a matter of law,
was required to inspect the seats at the PAH to discover possible dangerous conditions,
taking reasonable precautions to protect invitees from such dangers.               Perry v.
Eastgreen Realty Co. (1978), 53 Ohio St. 2d 51, 7 O.O. 3d 130, 372 N.E. 2d 335.
Furthermore, defendant may be charged with constructive notice of any latent defects
that would have been revealed by a reasonable inspection of the premises.                   See
Shetina v. Ohio University (1983), 9 Ohio App. 3d 240, 9 OBR 414, 459 N.E. 2d 587.
The evidence in the instant claim tends to establish defendant conducted reasonable
inspections of the seats in the PAH and consequently, did not breach any duty of care
owed to plaintiff in regard to inspection for latent defects.      Also, plaintiff has not
produced sufficient evidence to prove her injury was proximately caused by a defective
condition, i.e. the metal bolts supporting the seat.   Plaintiff has failed to prove her
injuries were caused by any defect that would have been discovered through the
exercise of ordinary care and consequently, her claim is denied.




                               Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                        The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                           Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                 614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                            www.cco.state.oh.us




CATHY DRUMMOND

      Plaintiff

      v.

THE UNIVERSITY OF AKRON

      Defendant

      Case No. 2008-10901-AD

Deputy Clerk Daniel R. Borchert


ENTRY OF ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATION
         Having considered all the evidence in the claim file and, for the reasons set forth
in the memorandum decision filed concurrently herewith, judgment is rendered in favor
of defendant. Court costs are assessed against plaintiff.



                                                  ________________________________
                                                  DANIEL R. BORCHERT
                                                  Deputy Clerk

Entry cc:

Cathy Drummond                                    M. Celeste Cook
1816 Goodyear Blvd.                               Associate Vice President and
Akron, Ohio 44305                                 University General Counsel
                                                  302 Buchtel Mall
                                                  Akron, Ohio 44325-4706
RDK/laa
Filed 1/7/10
Sent to S.C. reporter 4/30/10
