                                                                                     April 20 2010


                                    No. AF 09-0068
                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                      2010 MT 82
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IN RE DISSOLVING THE COMMISSION                       )     OPINION
ON THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE                          )       AND
OF LAW                                                )     ORDER

                                   ______________


¶1     On February 4, 2009, the Commission on the Unauthorized Practice of Law
(CUPL) filed a Petition and Memorandum in Support of Revision of the Rules on the
Unauthorized Practice of Law (Petition). The proposed rule changes were attached to the
Petition. On February 19, 2009, this Court issued its Order submitting the Petition and
proposed rule changes for public comment.       Over the period during which public
comment was accepted (February 19, 2009 through April 20, 2009), attorneys, other
interested persons, organizations, institutions, businesses, and local governments filed
voluminous, thoughtful comments with the Clerk of this Court. Indeed, we cannot recall
a matter on which there has been more comment by members of the public on a matter
before us. On June 23, 2009, the CUPL filed its response to the comments and matters
raised therein.
¶2     Subsequently, on March 19, 2010, the CUPL filed its Motion to Withdraw the
Petition and Memorandum in Support and to Dissolve the Commission (Motion). To this
latter document, the CUPL attached a Memorandum of Understanding entered into on
March 19, 2010, between the State Bar of Montana and the Attorney General’s Office of
Consumer Protection.     Under that Memorandum of Understanding, the Office of
Consumer Protection has agreed to receive, process, evaluate, and—in appropriate
cases—assign attorneys to address complaints of unauthorized practice of law by non-
attorneys. The Office of Consumer Protection has further agreed to direct complaints of




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unauthorized practice of law by attorneys not licensed in Montana to the State Bar of
Montana for possible referral to the Office of Disciplinary Counsel.
¶3     We conclude that the CUPL’s Motion should be granted. However, in order to
explain our decision in this regard, we summarize the evolution of this matter following
the filing of the CUPL’s Petition.
                                         Background
¶4     Following the close of the comment period on the Petition, we carefully studied
and deliberated the comments and t h e CUPL’s response.                As a result of these
deliberations and consultations with the CUPL, the State Bar of Montana, and the
Montana Attorney General, we reached several conclusions, which are summarized here.
¶5     First, we conclude that this Court is not authorized either directly or through a
Commission to regulate the “unauthorized practice of law.” Article VII, Section 2(3) of
Montana’s Constitution empowers this Court to “make rules governing appellate
procedure, practice and procedure for all other courts, admission to the bar and the
conduct of its members [subject to the legislature’s power to disprove rules which we
adopt]” (italics added).     Pursuant to this Constitutional scheme, the legislature has
historically defined what constitutes the practice of law (§ 37-61-201, MCA)1 and has
charged the executive branch with the duties of investigating and prosecuting the
“unauthorized” practice of law (§ 37-61-214, MCA).
¶6     Second, we conclude that the array of persons and institutions that provide legal or
legally-related services to members of the public are, literally, too numerous to list. To
name but a very few, by way of example, these include bankers, realtors, vehicle sales
and finance persons, mortgage companies, stock brokers, financial planners, insurance
agents, health care providers, and accountants. Within the broad definition of § 37-61-
201, MCA, it may be that some of these professions and businesses “practice law” in one
fashion or another in, for example, filling out legal forms, giving advice about “what this


1
 The legislature has also enacted other laws under Title 37, Ch. 61, MCA, which are not at issue
here.


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or that means” in a form or contract, in estate and retirement planning, in obtaining
informed consent, in buying and selling property, and in giving tax advice. Federal and
state administrative agencies regulate many of these professions and businesses via rules
and regulations; federal and state consumer protection laws and other statutory schemes
may be implicated in the activities of these professions and fields; and individuals and
non-human entities may be liable in actions in law and in equity for their conduct.
Furthermore, what constitutes the practice of law, not to mention what practice is
authorized and what is unauthorized is, by no means, clearly defined. Finally, we are
also mindful of the movement towards nationalization and globalization of the practice of
law, and with the action taken by federal authorities against state attempts to localize,
monopolize, regulate, or restrict the interstate or international provision of legal services.
¶7     Third, we conclude that this Court has no Constitutional authority to define,
generally, what constitutes the practice of law, except within the context of a case or
controversy properly before this Court. Moreover, it follows that this Court has no
Constitutional authority to define the “unauthorized practice of law,” again, except within
the context of a case or controversy properly before this Court. And, finally, it follows
that we have no Constitutional authority, except within the context of a case or
controversy properly before this Court, to sanction or remedy the “unauthorized practice
of law.”
¶8     Fourth, we conclude that our proper role in matters involving the practice of law
or the unauthorized practice of law is to exercise the authority granted to us under
Montana’s Constitution. We will hear and determine cases and controversies properly
before the Court and we will continue to exercise our exclusive, original jurisdiction to
supervise all other courts of Montana and the admission to, and conduct of members of,
the bar, pursuant to Article VII, Section 2(1), (2), and (3) of Montana’s Constitution. In
this regard, we conclude also that it is appropriate that we adopt rules for the regulation
of the practice of law in Montana by Montana attorneys in addition to those already
adopted, and we will do so by subsequent order.



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¶9    Fifth and finally, based upon the foregoing, we conclude that the CUPL’s instant
Motion is well taken and should be granted. In so doing, we acknowledge the excellent,
and often frustrating, work of the CUPL over the years, and we thank CUPL co-chairs
Carol Bronson and John Connor and all others who have served on the CUPL for their
service to this Court and to the people of Montana. We also commend the State Bar of
Montana and the Attorney General for their work toward establishing a better way of
handling complaints of unauthorized practice of law.
¶10   Therefore, good cause having been shown,
¶11   IT IS ORDERED that the CUPL’s Motion is GRANTED. The CUPL is dissolved
effective April 20, 2010, and its Petition is dismissed as moot. This Court’s February 15,
2000 order adopting rules for the CUPL is vacated and all rules for the CUPL are
repealed.
¶12   IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of this Court give notice of this
Opinion and Order to the co-chairs of the CUPL, to the Attorney General, and to the
Executive Director of the State Bar of Montana with the request that notice of this
Opinion and Order be published in the next available issue of the Montana Lawyer.
¶13   IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this Opinion and Order be published on this
Court’s website.
      Dated this 20th day of April, 2010.


                                                       /S/ MIKE McGRATH
                                                       /S/ JAMES C. NELSON
                                                       /S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER
                                                       /S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
                                                       /S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
                                                       /S/ BRIAN MORRIS
                                                       /S/ JIM RICE




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