                                 IN THE
                         TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

           Nos. 10-11-00148-CV, 10-11-00149-CV, 10-11-00150-CV,
              10-11-151-CV, 10-11-00152-CV, 10-11-00153-CV,
                    10-11-00154-CV, and 10-11-00313-CV

JUDITH HOCE HOLMES,
                                                           Appellant
v.

SHIRLEY AL JAAFREH,
                                                           Appellee



                       From the County Court at Law
                           Walker County, Texas
               Trial Court Nos. 10499CV, 10500CV, 10501CV,
            10517CV, 10518CV, 10519CV, 10520CV, and 10537CV


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION


      On February 7, 2011, Appellant Judith Hoce Holmes filed three sworn

complaints in justice court against Appellee Shirley Al Jaafreh, her then-landlord,

seeking writs of restoration under Property Code section 92.0091 and statutory damages

of $500 in each case for utility interruption under Property Code section 92.008. A week

later, on February 14, Holmes filed four more similar complaints. After the justice court
denied relief in each case, Holmes appealed all seven cases to the county court, where a

trial de novo occurred with Holmes proceeding pro se (as she is in these appeals). The

county court denied relief in each case, and Holmes appeals all seven cases.

       In an eighth case filed on March 4 in justice court, Holmes sued Al Jaafreh for

landlord retaliation under Property Code section 92.331. The justice court denied relief,

and Holmes appealed to the county court, which denied relief after a trial de novo.

Holmes also appeals that case.

                                   Utility Interruption

       In each of the first seven appeals, Holmes asserts two identical issues: (1) the

trial court improperly consolidated and heard all seven cases together; and (2) the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s judgment.

Consolidation

       Holmes’s first issue in these seven cases asserts that hearing all seven cases

together caused her confusion and prevented her from fully developing and presenting

each case. The trial court heard the cases over two consecutive days in a bench trial.

On the first day, the trial court heard Holmes’s case-in-chief on her first three cases.

Only Holmes testified on the first day because Al Jaafreh was not present (though her

attorney was present). On the second day, Al Jaafreh testified in defense of the first

three cases, and then Holmes presented her other four cases.

       At no time during the two days of trial did Holmes object to the trial court’s

hearing all seven cases together. In fact, at the beginning of trial, the trial court asked

Holmes if the first three cases were all related, and Holmes replied: “They’re all related

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                    Page 2
-- … Different facts on different -- but they’re all restoration of utilities.” The trial

court then said: “Okay, all right. Well, try to cover all three; okay?” Holmes replied:

“Well I need to talk about each of them individually, and I have put a copy of the Texas

Property Code, Chapter 92.”

       Furthermore, on the second day of trial, Al Jaafreh asked to have the exhibits that

had been admitted in the first three cases admitted in the four other cases, and Holmes

agreed to that. Holmes thus cannot complain on appeal about all seven cases being

heard together. See Boufaissal v. Boufaissal, 251 S.W.3d 160, 162 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008,

no pet.) (“a party will not be allowed to complain on appeal of an action or ruling which

she invited or induced”). And by not objecting in the trial court, Holmes failed to

preserve her complaint for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Hudson v.

Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, No. 05-07-00775-CV, 2009 WL 225386, at *1 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Feb. 2, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding party failed to preserve complaint

about consolidation by never objecting in trial court); Thomas v. Parker, No. 14-97-00835-

CV, 2000 WL 280293, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 16, 2000, no pet.) (not

designated for publication) (“Appellant has waived this complaint by failing to object at

trial to the consolidation.”). We overrule issue one in the first seven appeals.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

       In her second issue in the first seven appeals, Holmes asserts that the evidence is

legally and factually insufficient to support the judgment. Holmes, as the plaintiff, had

the burden of proof. When the party that had the burden of proof at trial complains of

the legal insufficiency of an adverse finding, that party must demonstrate that the

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                Page 3
evidence establishes conclusively, i.e., as a matter of law, all vital facts in support of the

finding sought. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001). In reviewing

the adverse findings for the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all of the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, “crediting favorable

evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless

reasonable jurors could not.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 808 (Tex. 2005).

Thus, because this was a bench trial, we must credit favorable evidence for Al Jaafreh if

a reasonable factfinder could, and disregard evidence contrary to the factfinder’s

findings. Moreover, we must not substitute our opinion on witness credibility for that

of the factfinder. See id. at 816-17.

       When the party complaining of the factual sufficiency of the evidence had the

burden of proof at trial, it must demonstrate that the adverse finding is contrary to the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 242. We weigh

all the evidence, and we can set aside the adverse finding only if it is so against the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. Id.

In doing so, we must detail the evidence and state in what regard the contrary evidence

greatly outweighs the evidence in support of the adverse finding. Id.

       We must also remember that it is within the province of the jury to
       determine the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their
       testimony. Brush v. Reata Oil & Gas Corp., 984 S.W.2d 720, 725-26 (Tex.
       App.—Waco 1998, pet. denied). The trier of fact may believe one witness
       and disbelieve another. McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 697 (Tex.
       1986). It may resolve inconsistencies in the testimony of a witness, and it
       may accept lay testimony over that of experts. Id. We may not pass upon
       a witness’s credibility or substitute our judgment for that of the jury, even
       if the evidence might clearly support a different result. Maritime Overseas

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                    Page 4
       Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 407 (Tex. 1998) (citing Pool v. Ford Motor Co.,
       715 S.W.2d 629, 634 (Tex. 1986)).

O’Connor v. Wilson, 127 S.W.3d 249, 254 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003, pet. denied).

       Section 92.008 of the Property Code provides in pertinent part:

              (b) A landlord may not interrupt or cause the interruption of water,
       wastewater, gas, or electric service furnished to a tenant by the landlord as
       an incident of the tenancy or by other agreement unless the interruption
       results from bona fide repairs, construction, or an emergency.

               …

               (f) If a landlord or a landlord’s agent violates this section, the tenant
               may:

                       (1) either recover possession of the premises or terminate the
                           lease; and

                       (2) recover from the landlord an amount equal to the sum of
                           the tenant’s actual damages, one month’s rent or $500,
                           whichever is greater, reasonable attorney’s fees, and
                           court costs, less any delinquent rents or other sums for
                           which the tenant is liable to the landlord.

TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 92.008 (West Supp. 2012).

       Al Jaafreh acquired the property at issue, a mobile-home park, in 2010.                 It

consists of seven mobile homes, but only four were occupied. Holmes had rented and

lived in one of the mobile homes since 2005. Her original lease had been with the prior

owner and had expired, so at the time of the events in question, Holmes had a month-

to-month tenancy.       Utilities were included in Holmes’s rent, and Al Jaafreh was

responsible for providing the utilities.

       Holmes received a letter dated January 21, 2011 from Al Jaafreh’s attorney on

January 25; it stated that Al Jaafreh would not be renewing Holmes’s lease and

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                       Page 5
demanded that Holmes vacate the mobile home by March 10 unless Holmes executed a

new lease. The letter notified Holmes that she was in breach of the current lease by

possessing nine dogs because her lease allowed only one dog. The letter also notified

Holmes that she was in breach by not paying the utilities and requested that Holmes

arrange the transfer of the utilities into Holmes’s name. Al Jaafreh wanted Holmes to

pay her own utilities under the new lease.

       Three of Holmes’s suits concern water, three concern electricity, and one

concerns propane. We will therefore address these seven cases by utility.

       Water

       The three suits concerning water are Nos. 10-11-00148-CV, 10-11-00153-CV, and

10-11-00154-CV. In No. 10-11-00148-CV, which was originally filed in the justice court

on February 7, 2011, Holmes alleged that she had had no water since February 2, a

Wednesday. Holmes testified that the water pipes under her mobile home froze and

burst overnight because of sub-freezing weather. She said that the temperature was “in

the twenties” and, with the wind chill, “down to the teens and down to zero, near

zero.” Holmes said that her pipes had never frozen before and that the previous

summer, Al Jaafreh and David Ramirez, who was Al Jaafreh’s handyman at the mobile-

home park, were installing water meters on the mobile homes and took off the

insulation that had been on the pipes and did not replace it. Holmes therefore blamed

Al Jaafreh and Ramirez for causing the pipes to freeze by their failure to replace the

insulation.

       Because of her ongoing lease dispute with Al Jaafreh, Holmes called her attorney

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                             Page 6
about the frozen pipes, instead of calling Al Jaafreh, and Holmes’s attorney notified Al

Jaafreh’s attorney. On the evening of February 2, someone left three water bottles on

Holmes’s porch, but according to Holmes, nobody came to Holmes’s mobile home until

late Friday afternoon, February 4, when Ramirez showed up. Holmes admitted that, as

of Friday February 11, she had water but said it had not been properly fixed. She also

admitted that she had water on February 15, when the justice court heard her case.

       Al Jaafreh testified that she was out of town on February 2 when she got a call

that Holmes’s pipes had busted. She returned on Saturday, February 5, and “was out

there every day.” Holmes disputed that Al Jaafreh was there at all over the weekend.

Al Jaafreh said that she never stopped trying to restore or repair Holmes’s services:

“even when I didn’t have help from my electrician, and my helper, I still went out there

in the rain and the cold, and I was digging in the mud and everything myself.”

Holmes’s mobile home had many busted pipes, and Al Jaafreh said that she had trouble

findings parts and fittings; the stores had run out of supplies because “everybody’s

pipes busted” during the hard freeze.

       In a letter ruling, the trial court concluded that there is no evidence that Al

Jaafreh caused an interruption in Holmes’s utility and that the causes of the

interruption were the emergency and Al Jaafreh’s bona fide repairs. The trial court thus

entered a take-nothing judgment.

       Having reviewed all the evidence in the light most favorable to Al Jaafreh as the

prevailing party, and considering that the trial court as factfinder determines witness

credibility, we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                 Page 7
adverse finding and that the evidence does not establish conclusively that Holmes is

entitled to recover on her claim. And weighing all the evidence on Holmes’s factual

insufficiency complaint, and considering that it was within the province of the trial

court as factfinder to determine the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be

given their testimony, we hold that the trial court’s adverse finding is not against the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We overrule issue two in No. 10-11-

00148-CV and affirm the trial court’s judgment in that case.

       In No. 10-11-00154-CV, which was originally filed in the justice court on

February 14, 2011, Holmes alleged that she was without potable water on February 12.

In No. 10-11-00153-CV, which was also originally filed in the justice court on February

14, Holmes alleged that she was still without water (potable or otherwise) on February

13. We will address these two cases together.

       Holmes testified that the water had been restored on February 11. She made and

drank some coffee (which she said later made her sick), and when she then tried to run

water in the kitchen sink to do dishes, the water was only trickling. She therefore filled

her dish pans with water from the bathroom sink and noticed that there was debris in

the water. She soon heard leaking under her kitchen sink and found a leaking pipe that

she thought was going to burst, so she turned off the outside main water valve to

prevent flooding inside if the pipe burst. Holmes said that when she needed water, she

turned on the main valve, did whatever she needed the water for, and then turned the

main valve off again.

       Holmes called Al Jaafreh to tell her about the leaking pipe under the sink and

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                Page 8
having to turn off the water to prevent possible flooding. Al Jaafreh, who was out of

state, instructed Holmes to call Ramirez, but Holmes refused to do so. Al Jaafreh

eventually left a message with Ramirez about Holmes’s water problem, and Ramirez

repaired the water the following week on or about February 16. Al Jaafreh said that, if

Holmes had left the water on, her mobile home would not have flooded because the

pipe at issue was going underneath the mobile home and would have flooded outside.

       Like the first water case, the trial court concluded that there is no evidence that

Al Jaafreh caused an interruption in Holmes’s water utility in these two cases and

entered take-nothing judgments. Applying the same standards of review as we did in

the first water case, we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial

court’s adverse finding and that the evidence does not establish conclusively that

Holmes is entitled to recover on her claims. We also hold that the trial court’s adverse

finding is not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We overrule

issue two in No. 10-11-00153-CV and in No. 10-11-00154-CV and affirm the trial court’s

judgments in those cases.

       Propane

       In No. 10-11-00149-CV, which was originally filed in the justice court on

February 7, 2011, Holmes alleged that she had been without propane since January 26,

2011. Holmes testified that she had written a December 17 letter to Al Jaafreh letting

her know that the propane tank gauge was at zero, and that on January 26, she actually

ran out of propane. Holmes had three propane appliances: a central furnace, a cooking

stove, and a water heater.     On cross-examination, Holmes admitted that she used

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                Page 9
electric space heaters for heat, rather than the central furnace that used propane; she

never used the central furnace but said it would have been nice to use it during the cold

spell that froze the pipes. She also said that she used her cooking stove as supplemental

heat.

        Al Jaafreh testified that she had been converting all of the mobile homes to

electric after acquiring the mobile-home park but that Holmes had been refusing to let

her mobile home be converted. Around the time of the freeze, Al Jaafreh had begun

steps to convert Holmes’s mobile home from propane to electric with an electric water

heater and an electric stove. Thus, Al Jaafreh said that, rather than refilling Holmes’s

propane tank, she was replacing Holmes’s propane appliances with electric appliances.

The first electric stove did not work, but Al Jaafreh said that Holmes agreed that she

would use her electric hot plate until a working electric stove could be put in.

        The trial court concluded that there is no evidence that Al Jaafreh caused an

interruption in Holmes’s utility and that one of the causes of the interruption was Al

Jaafreh’s bona fide repairs.    The trial court thus entered a take-nothing judgment.

Applying the same standards of review as we did in the water cases, we hold that the

evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s adverse finding and that the

evidence does not establish conclusively that Holmes is entitled to recover on her claim.

We also hold that the trial court’s adverse finding is not against the great weight and

preponderance of the evidence. We overrule issue two in No. 10-11-00149-CV and

affirm the trial court’s judgment in that case.




Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                               Page 10
       Electricity

       The three suits concerning electricity are Nos. 10-11-00150-CV, 10-11-00151-CV,

and 10-11-00152-CV. In No. 10-11-00150-CV, which was originally filed in the justice

court on February 7, 2011, Holmes alleged that her electricity meter was removed on

February 3 due to an electrical fire under her mobile home and that she was without

electricity.

       Holmes testified that on February 3 (the day after her pipes had froze), there was

an electrical fire under her mobile home and that she turned her power off. The fire

department was called, and they told Holmes that the electricity line to her mobile

home had “arced.” The electric company then came, and they took Holmes’s electric

meter and told her that the electric pole and the breaker box on the pole needed to be

replaced.      The next day, Holmes called Al Jaafreh’s attorney about the electricity.

Ramirez showed up on February 4, as related above, to begin to address the electric

issue and Holmes’s busted pipes. The pole and outside breaker box were replaced the

next week, and Holmes’s electricity was restored on February 11. Holmes filed her first

case about the electricity on Monday, February 7 because it had not yet been restored.

         In the same letter ruling referenced above, the trial court concluded that there is

no evidence that Al Jaafreh caused an interruption in Holmes’s utility and that the

causes of the interruption were the emergency and Al Jaafreh’s bona fide repairs. The

trial court thus entered a take-nothing judgment. Applying the same standards of

review as we did above, we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the

trial court’s adverse finding and that the evidence does not establish conclusively that

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                 Page 11
Holmes is entitled to recover on her claim. We also hold that the trial court’s adverse

finding is not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We overrule

issue two in No. 10-11-00150-CV and affirm the trial court’s judgment in that case.

       In No. 10-11-00151-CV, which was originally filed in the justice court on

February 14, Holmes alleged that she was without electricity on February 12 because

she had to turn off the power to her home on February 11, after it had been restored that

day, because of a burning smell. In No. 10-11-00152-CV, which was also originally filed

in the justice court on February 14, Holmes alleged that she was still without electricity

on February 13. We will address these two cases together.

       Holmes testified that on February 11, when the power was turned on, there was

a burning smell, and she had Ramirez turn off the power. He checked the breaker box

and found a bad breaker, and after fixing it, he turned back on the power. Al Jaafreh

said that she and Ramirez were in and around Holmes’s mobile home that day for four

hours fixing her broken pipes. While they were there, the electricity was on and she

and Ramirez checked the breaker box and Al Jaafreh did not smell any burning.

       Holmes said that later that day, when she turned on a ceiling light, there was a

burning smell again, so she turned off the power and called Al Jaafreh and her attorney.

Holmes had an electrician look at her mobile home, and he recommended that the

interior breaker box be replaced and said that the current breaker box should not be

turned on. Because of this advice that turning on the electricity would be dangerous,

Holmes refused to allow Al Jaafreh and Ramirez into her mobile home on four different

occasions to inspect the breaker box or to test the electricity without first replacing the

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                Page 12
breaker box. Holmes also said that she would not allow Ramirez in to work on the

breaker box because she believed that he had improperly wired the electricity in the

breaker box. Al Jaafreh confirmed that Holmes would not allow her and Ramirez in to

inspect Holmes’s breaker box, and she testified that she was willing to repair it after she

and Ramirez inspected it. Al Jaafreh said that Ramirez is licensed for air conditioning,

heating, and refrigeration and that he handles all of her maintenance at the mobile

home park, including electrical.

       Although there was electricity running to Holmes’s mobile home beginning on

February 11, as of the time of trial in April, Holmes had elected to have the power off

inside of her mobile home because Al Jaafreh would not first replace the breaker box.

In addition to the trial court’s conclusion that there is no evidence that Al Jaafreh

caused an interruption in Holmes’s utility and that the causes of the interruption were

the emergency and Al Jaafreh’s bona fide repairs, the trial court also stated: “Any non-

use of the electricity at all times subsequent to the electricity being restored is Ms.

Holmes’ fault for being unwilling to even allow inspection of the electrical box inside

her home.” The trial court entered take-nothing judgments in these two cases.

       Applying the same standards of review as we did above, we hold that the

evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s adverse findings and that the

evidence does not establish conclusively that Holmes is entitled to recover on her

claims. We also hold that the trial court’s adverse findings are not against the great

weight and preponderance of the evidence. We overrule issue two in No. 10-11-00151-

CV and in No. 10-11-00152-CV and affirm the trial court’s judgments in those cases.

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                Page 13
                                  Landlord Retaliation

       In No. 10-11-00313-CV, Holmes asserted a retaliation claim against Al Jaafreh.

Property Code section 92.331 provides:

       (a) A landlord may not retaliate against a tenant by taking an action
           described by Subsection (b) because the tenant:
              (1) in good faith exercises or attempts to exercise against a landlord
              a right or remedy granted to the tenant by lease, municipal
              ordinance, or federal or state statute;
              (2) gives a landlord a notice to repair or exercise a remedy under
              this chapter; or
              (3) complains to a governmental entity responsible for enforcing
              building or housing codes, a public utility, or a civic or nonprofit
              agency, and the tenant:
                      (A) claims a building or housing code violation or utility
                      problem; and
                      (B) believes in good faith that the complaint is valid and that
                      the violation or problem occurred.

       (b) A landlord may not, within six months after the date of the tenant’s
       action under Subsection (a), retaliate against the tenant by:
              (1) filing an eviction proceeding, except for the grounds stated by
              Section 92.332;
              (2) depriving the tenant of the use of the premises, except for
              reasons authorized by law;
              (3) decreasing services to the tenant;
              (4) increasing the tenant’s rent or terminating the tenant’s lease; or
              (5) engaging, in bad faith, in a course of conduct that materially
              interferes with the tenant’s rights under the tenant’s lease.

TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 92.331 (West 2007).

       In her suit, which she filed on March 4, 2011, Holmes asserted that Al Jaafreh had

filed an unsuccessful eviction proceeding against her in January 2011 and then pleaded

the details of the above utility interruption and restoration suits, including the issues

surrounding her allegedly dangerous breaker box. Holmes sued for a civil penalty of

one month’s rent plus $500 and a six-months period during which Al Jaafreh could not

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                    Page 14
file an eviction proceeding. See id. § 92.331(b)(1); id. § 92.333 (West 2007). The justice

court denied relief, and Holmes appealed to the county court, which held a trial de

novo.

         At trial, Holmes testified about Al Jaafreh’s unsuccessful eviction suit in January

2011 and about Al Jaafreh’s alleged interruption of Holmes’s propane, water, and

electric utilities, all of which are detailed above, beginning with Holmes’s December 17,

2010 letter to Al Jaafreh that the propane gauge was at zero and needed refilling.

         Next, Holmes focused on the January 21, 2011 letter from Al Jaafreh’s attorney.

Holmes received it on January 25, and it directed her to vacate the premises by March

10 unless she had executed a new lease. At that time, Holmes’s lease with the original

owner had expired, and her tenancy was month-to-month. The letter stated that Al

Jaafreh would not be renewing Holmes’s lease and demanded that Holmes vacate the

mobile home by March 10 unless Holmes executed a new lease. The letter notified

Holmes that she was in breach of the current lease by possessing nine dogs because her

lease allowed only one dog. The letter also notified Holmes that she was in breach by

not paying the utilities and requested that Holmes arrange the transfer of the utilities

into Holmes’s name (Al Jaafreh wanted Holmes to be directly responsible for the

utilities in a new lease).

         After Holmes rested, the trial court granted Al Jaafreh’s motion for directed

verdict on no-evidence grounds and entered a take-nothing judgment on Holmes’s

claim.    Holmes asserts two issues on appeal:       (1) the trial court failed to order a

repleader when it was obvious that the evidence went beyond the pleadings; and (2)

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                 Page 15
there is legally and factually insufficient evidence to support the judgment.

       In issue one, Holmes’s entire argument is that the trial court abused its discretion

“[b]y not ordering me to replead once I had realized that my pleadings didn’t cover my

whole complaint.” She cites no legal authorities in support of her issue and argument.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h). Issue one is overruled as inadequately briefed. See Strange v.

Continental Cas. Co., 126 S.W.3d 676, 678 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied).

       On issue two, we apply the same standards of review as we did above. Holmes’s

central argument is that, after Al Jaafreh’s unsuccessful eviction suit in January 2011, Al

Jaafreh retaliated by interrupting Holmes’s utilities. But, based on our holdings in the

above seven utility interruption and restoration cases, Al Jaafreh did not cause the

interruptions in Holmes’s utilities. Moreover, Al Jaafreh’s January 21 letter, which

directed Holmes to vacate the premises by March 10 unless she executed a new lease,

cannot constitute retaliation because Holmes’s retaliation suit was filed after the

January 21 letter. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 92.332(b)(5) (West 2007) (providing that

an eviction or lease termination does not constitute retaliation if “the tenant holds over

after the landlord gives notice of termination at the end of the rental term and the tenant

does not take action under Section 92.331 until after the landlord gives notice of

termination”).

       We thus hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s

adverse finding on Holmes’s retaliation claim and that the evidence does not establish

conclusively that Holmes is entitled to recover on her claim. We also hold that the trial

court’s adverse finding is not against the great weight and preponderance of the

Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                                Page 16
evidence. We overrule issue two in No. 10-11-00313-CV and affirm the trial court’s

judgment in that case.

                                     Conclusion

       In conclusion, having overruled all of Holmes’s issues in these eight cases, we

affirm the trial court’s judgments in Nos. 10-11-00148-CV, 10-11-00149-CV, 10-11-00150-

CV, 10-11-00151-CV, 10-11-00152-CV, 10-11-00153-CV, 10-11-00154-CV, and 10-11-

00313-CV.




                                              REX D. DAVIS
                                              Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed May 30, 2013
[CV06]




Holmes v. Al Jaafreh                                                            Page 17
