                                                                                                         05/20/2020
                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT KNOXVILLE
                                Assigned on Briefs April 15, 2020

                                      IN RE AVA M., ET AL.

                     Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hamblen County
                         No. 18AD005     Thomas J. Wright, Judge


                                   No. E2019-01675-COA-R3-PT


This appeal concerns the termination of a mother’s parental rights. Janae M. (“Mother”)
is the mother of Ava M., Camille W., and Michael W., III (“the Children”).1 Tommy G.
(“Grandfather”) and Glenda G. (“Grandmother”) (“Grandparents,” collectively) are the
Children’s paternal grandparents. When Mother was incarcerated in 2014, Grandparents
received custody of the Children. A few years later, Grandparents filed a petition in the
Circuit Court for Hamblen County (“the Trial Court”) seeking to terminate Mother’s
parental rights. After a trial, the Trial Court found that the grounds of failure to support
and failure to manifest an ability and willingness to assume custody were proven against
Mother, and that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the Children’s best interest.
Mother appeals arguing, among other things, that the Trial Court wrongly applied two
different four-month periods for the ground of failure to support. Grandparents raise their
own separate issue of whether the Trial Court erred in not finding the additional ground
of failure to visit. We hold, inter alia, that although the Trial Court erred in applying two
different four-month determinative periods for failure to support, the error was harmless
in this case. We affirm.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed;
                                    Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ANDY D.
BENNETT and CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JJ., joined.

David S. Byrd, Morristown, Tennessee, for the appellant, Janae M.

Crystal G. Jessee, Greeneville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Tommy G. and Glenda G.



1
    Ava M. was born in February of 2010; Camille W. in July 2011; and Michael W., III in January 2013.
                                            OPINION

                                           Background

       Mother and Michael W., Jr. (“Father”) are the Children’s parents.2 Grandmother
is Father’s mother; Grandfather is Father’s stepfather. Mother has an extensive history of
incurring criminal charges dating back to 2010, including offenses such as theft and
assault. Mother, Father, and the Children once lived in the upstairs part of Grandparents’
home.

        In March 2014, Mother and Father were arrested on drug-related charges. By
agreed order of the Juvenile Court for Hamblen County, the Children entered
Grandparents’ custody. The Children’s visitation with Mother was to be supervised. No
child support order was entered regarding Mother, but the custody order warned her that
failure to support could result in termination of her parental rights.

        In May 2018, Mother filed a pro se petition in juvenile court seeking unsupervised
visitation with the Children. On July 20, 2018, Grandparents filed a petition in the Trial
Court seeking to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Children. Grandparents
alleged six grounds: failure to visit, failure to support, wanton disregard, failure to
provide a suitable home, persistent conditions, and failure to manifest an ability and
willingness to assume custody. On May 8, 2019, Grandparents filed an amended petition
in which they reasserted the same six grounds contained in the original petition, but
added additional factual allegations arising after the original petition was filed. The case
was tried in July 2019.

       Grandmother testified that Mother never paid any child support whatsoever for the
Children. Grandmother stated that Mother did, however, buy the Children a pizza on a
May 5, 2018 visit at a park. Grandmother testified also to an April 8, 2018 visit at the
mall where Mother bought the Children a drink out of a machine. At other times, Mother
threw the Children birthday parties, and bought Camille some tennis shoes.

        Grandmother stated that in December 2015, Mother visited the Children at
Grandparents’ home but failed to mention that she was about to go to jail. According to
Grandmother, Mother was kicked out of drug court. Mother sent Grandmother a letter
stating, essentially, that she could not abide by the requirements of drug court. For her
part, Grandmother sent Mother a letter laying down certain ground rules for Mother’s
future visits with the Children. Grandmother was motivated to write this letter because

2
 Father consented to termination of his parental rights. This appeal concerns Mother’s parental rights
only.
                                                 -2-
she learned that the Children’s maternal grandmother had one of them urinate in a bag for
her. Grandmother testified to Mother’s visitation patterns:
       Q. Okay. What would happen when she’s in jail versus out of jail with the
       children?
       A. Ava didn’t have to -- when she was doing (inaudible), Ava discontinued
       therapy.
       Q. Okay.
       A. Her grades would come up. She wouldn’t struggle in school. Camille
       wouldn’t have her tantrums as much. When visits happened, they argue on
       the way home. When we get home, they both start crying. Camille or Ava
       one will start screaming, “I don’t want to leave my home. This is the only
       home I’ve ever known.”
       Q. And let me ask you. You heard opposing counsel, mother’s attorney,
       say that the mother would visit the children once a month or once every
       other month.
       A. Yes.
       Q. Was that -- since 2014 is that pretty accurate except for when she was in
       jail? When she was out of jail, she may visit once a month or every other
       month?
       A. Yeah. There might have been a couple of months where it’s going to --
       like once or -- you know, a couple times a month.
       Q. Uh-huh.
       A. But usually it’s once a month, once every other.

       Continuing her testimony, Grandmother stated that the Children called her niece
“mom” or “mommy,” but that she did not encourage this. Grandmother testified to an
incident with Mother showing up at the Children’s field day in 2018. The rule was that
parents were not to interact with children at the event, but Mother went up to the Children
anyway. Grandmother then verbally confronted Mother. Grandmother explained why
she froze Mother’s visitation with the Children:

      Q. Okay. Explain to the Court why that was the straw that broke the
      camel’s back and what you said to the mother about, “We can’t do this
      visitation like this anymore.”
      A. Ava struggles a lot with her emotion, and the no consistency. If I had
      known in January that [Mother] pled guilty to a cocaine charge, we would
      have filed for termination then.
      Q. And when did you find out that?
      A. When she filed for unsupervised contact, that’s when I found out.
      Q. After you had the conversation with her that you cancelled visits. We’re
      going to have to get this taken care of.
                                            -3-
      A. Uh-huh. (Yes.)

                                          ***

      Q. Okay. But that’s when you found out she went back to jail in January
      2018?
      A. Now I knew that she was arrested. I knew that she served the ten days.
      When she got out, she sent me a couple of text messages, and then I was at
      work one day, and while I was driving or something, I called her whenever
      I got -- I can’t remember. Anyway, I got on the phone with her, and she
      said that when she went in front of the judge, the charges was dismissed
      against her, but not her drugs. She did ten days, went in front of the judge,
      had the hearing and everything was dismissed. She hadn’t been in trouble
      in a year, and I was trying to give her the benefit of the doubt, and I
      believed her. I was hoping -- and everything was going halfway decent,
      and then I get that, and I was like, you know, “Maybe I need to just look at
      that.”
      Q. Okay.
      A. So whenever I got my papers, I walked over to the clerk’s office, and I
      pulled it, and that’s when I seen that she pled guilty to cocaine.

                                          ***

      Q. So you discontinued the visitations. Correct?
      A. Yes.
      Q. The mother has always known that the children were in therapy.
      Correct?
      A. I had told her and my son told her that they were seeing a therapist; that
      the two girls was.
      Q. Okay. Has she ever asked to go to therapy with the children?
      A. No. She’s never asked about a doctor’s visit. She’s never asked who
      they go to. She’s never asked nothing about their medical. The only time
      anything was asked is if I told her we couldn’t make a visit because Camille
      I think had the flu one time, and then I think [Michael W., III] ended up
      with it. I had a cold with it, and then she asked, you know, “Well, how’s
      the -- I’m sorry everybody is sick. You know, I didn’t know that
      everybody is sick,” you know, things like that.

      Grandmother was asked about the Children’s living arrangements and their
progress. Grandmother stated that the Children have their own separate beds and
personal space. Grandmother testified that she was willing and able to take care of the
                                           -4-
Children. Grandmother stated that since Mother’s visitations ceased, Ava “went from
almost failing in math and having RTI reading and math in second grade and the A-B
honor roll in third grade.” Regarding Camille, who sometimes stiffened her body when
upset, Grandmother stated: “She’s -- every once in a while she’ll tighten her body up, but
she’s doing it when she’s sitting down and when she gets mad at us, when we make her
clean, but other than that, she’s doing okay. We still have some issues with her wanting
to steal, but there’s been some issues ongoing for several years.” Both Ava and Camille
had discontinued therapy. When Grandparents are working, Grandmother’s niece or a
good friend, Patricia B., takes care of the Children.

        On cross-examination, Grandmother testified that after she discontinued Mother’s
visitations with the Children in May 2018, Mother texted her a few times asking for
visits. Grandmother did not respond to the texts. Grandmother testified:

      Q. Okay. And you’ve never seen anything inappropriate during a visit, but
      you testified about problems that Camille and Ava specifically -- you’ve
      not mentioned [Michael W., III] So I’m assuming he hasn’t had any
      problems.
      A. No.
      Q. Okay. Problems that Camille and Ava have had.
      A. Yes.
      Q. I believe you said Camille even to this day continues occasionally with
      the, I think you called it the dead-man drop.
      A. She doesn’t do the dead-man drop anymore. Thank goodness. She’ll
      just be sitting there, and she’ll get mad and like stiff up, and then she’ll be
      like (makes noise). She doesn’t do the screaming, but she still stiffens her
      body some or growl when she gets mad.
      Q. And all these problems you relate back to their mother?
      A. No. But after a visit, that’s when they would get worse. Is after every
      visit they would get worse.
      Q. You’ve testified that their mother would -- specifically you said at the
      May 5th visit she brought pizza. You’ve also testified that she bought
      tennis shoes, presents for the kids during visits. Were visits often at the
      mall?
      A. Yes.
      Q. Okay. Would she like. . .
      A. It was either at the mall or at [the park]. Sometimes at TCBY Yogurt.
      Q. Would she buy things for them at the mall?
      A. If it was, it was usually at Claire’s. She bought Camille a baby doll at
      Kohl’s.

                                            -5-
       Q. And you specifically told her you didn’t want anything from her because
       you wanted her to get her life together?
       A. That’s what we told her at the beginning, and then after that, she just
       never asked.
       Q. But she gave things to the kids when she saw them?
       A. Sometimes. Not every time. And it was minimal.
       Q. Did you receive on behalf of Camille her birthday card that her mother
       sent her in July 2018?
       A. Yeah.
       Q. The birthday card had money in it?
       A. Yes. It’s Camille’s birthday money.

      Grandfather testified, also. Asked how the Children acted after visits with Mother,
Grandfather testified:

       Like my wife said, I would hear the girls arguing and being very -- Camille
       would be very disruptive, very almost angry acting. And Ava would be sad
       because she’s a more emotional child. And I heard what my wife was
       talking about with them saying, “We don’t want to go live nowhere else.
       This is home.” I heard it myself.

       Patricia B., a friend of Grandparents, testified as well. Patricia B. is a foster
parent. Patricia B. stated that the Children referred to Grandparents as “Mimi and
Papaw.” Patricia B. testified that she had no concerns about the Children being in
Grandparents’ care.

      William M. testified. William M. had worked with Grandfather at an electric
company for a number of years, and they remained friends. William M. testified that
Grandfather treated the Children as though they were his own, and that they all got along
well.

        Continuing our review of the pertinent testimony from trial, Mother took the stand.
Mother stated that she had her own apartment since September 2018. Before then,
Mother lived with her father when she was released from jail in 2017. Mother testified
that she had not been to jail since January 2018. Mother stated that she was on probation,
but that she kept up with her probation officer and that there were no problems. Mother
testified regarding her visits with the Children:

       Q. Since you went to jail for this long stretch between December 2016 and
       January 2017 -- I’m sorry. December 26, 2015 and January 2017 -- you
       were in jail for a year, weren’t you?
                                            -6-
       A. Yeah.
       Q. Okay. Well, how have your visits been since then, since you were
       released in January of 2017?
       A. Off and on. I would text her. I’d get a reply. Sometimes I don’t.
       Q. When you say “off and on,” how often did you visit?
       A. I visited probably once a month and sometimes would skip a month
       because due to her busy schedule.
       Q. Were you always asking for visits during that time?
       A. Absolutely. I’ve never stopped.
       Q. Okay. Tell the Court -- describe what a normal visit was with the kids
       during this time.
       A. It depends on what -- where we was at. If we was at the mall, the kids
       would want to go to Kohl’s and pick out something, which I don’t care. I
       didn’t see them much. So whatever I had in my pocket I would spend on
       them. It didn’t matter how much it was. That’s just how I am. That’s how
       it was. And when we would go to the park, I’d usually bring toys because I
       mean what’s not -- what kind of visitation is it if you’re not going to have
       fun at the park? So I’d bring drinks and food, toys so we can play. I mean
       I just did whatever me and my kids would do on a normal basis was playing
       outside.

        Regarding the field day incident, Mother stated that she asked the principal for
permission to approach the Children. Mother then went over to see them. Mother
testified “when I went over there, [Grandmother] stormed down from the bleachers
screaming and yelling and told me I couldn’t be right there . . . .” Mother stated that she
completed an outpatient program for drug rehab in 2015, and a copy of her certificate of
completion was entered into evidence. When asked if she favored one child over another,
Mother testified that she loved each of the Children equally.

       Mother stated that she recently got a driver’s license for the first time, at age 26.
As to her troubled past, Mother testified: “I’ve made a lot of mistakes. I’m not proud of
them, but, you know, who I was then is not who I am today, and I’m very proud of the
person I became today.” Asked why she filed a petition for unsupervised visitation,
Mother stated: “Because I was tired of [Grandmother] not giving me my visits that I was
supposed to have. I was fed up with me being denied, and I wanted more.”

       On cross-examination, Mother stated that she had not undergone any further drug
treatment since she went back to jail in January 2018. Mother testified: “I feel like jail
was enough for me to recuperate and regain and push the start button all over again.”
Regarding child support, Mother testified:

                                            -7-
Q. So since the children were taken out of your custody, you understand --
you understood that obligation?
A. Yes.
Q. So can you tell me, please, between March 20th, 2018 and July 20th,
2018 how much child support did you pay to my clients?
A. I don’t even know how to even give them money. I don’t never talk to
them.
Q. So the answer is none?
A. No, Ma’am.
Q. Well, you said you had a visitation during that time. Did you ever offer
my clients any money for keeping the children during that time?
A. No. I just got released from jail. So I didn’t have any money. I didn’t
even have a job at that point in time.
Q. Well now, you said you just got released from jail, but you filed your
petition in June 2018. Correct?
A. Yes. I had a job by then.
Q. And in that petition you gloated and bragged that you had a job for a
year.
A. I did, and then that’s when I would visit with the kids, and that’s when
they would get whatever they wanted from me at the time when they seen
me.
Q. So you agree you had a job?
A. Yes.
Q. You agree you were making money?
A. Yeah.
Q. You were living with your father at that time. Correct?
A. Uh-huh. (Yes.)
Q. You weren’t paying any bills at that time that you listed in your
discovery. Correct?
A. I was still paying fines and stuff like that.
Q. Fines but no household bills?
A. No, not unless, you know, my dad asked for some money on whatever
he wanted.
Q. So you had money. Correct?
A. I worked. So I had money.
Q. But yet, during that four-month time frame, you did not pay any support
for the children. Correct?
A. During that time period I was also told that I should be focused on
saving up for a house so I can get my children. That’s exactly what I was
doing.
Q. Okay. Who told you that?
                                    -8-
A. That was words by [Grandmother].

                                     ***

Q. I thought you said in your petition in June that you had a job for the year
before.
A. I lost that job when I went to jail.
Q. So did you lie in the petition, or are you lying here today?
A. Honey, I’m not lying either way. When I went to jail, up until I went to
jail January 2018, I lost my job that I had that whole year. So when I got
out of jail, I was not working. I was looking for work, and then when I
visited with the kids, I was still looking for work. That’s where the. . .
Q. Okay. Let me give you a copy of your petition, and does it not say,
“I’ve worked consistently for over a year”?
A. Yes. It does say that. So. . .
Q. So from June 2017 to June 2018 tell me every place you worked.
A. I’m sorry. When?
Q. From June 2017 to June 2018 tell me every place you worked.
A. I worked at Zaxby’s when I first came home, and then I got a job at the
Chicken House, and I was juggling both jobs, and then after I lost that job, I
went straight to Iconics.
Q. And you lost that job in January for going to jail?
A. Yeah. Cook’s Foods.
Q. Okay. And then you went to Iconics when?
A. I think in May, I think.
Q. In May?
A. Yeah.
Q. Okay. So between January and May you didn’t have a job?
A. No. I was looking for work.
Q. All right. So the petition is incorrect that you swore to. You had not
had a job consistently for a year. Correct?
A. No.
Q. Okay. And so between -- you got the job in May 2018 at Iconics?
A. Yes.
Q. You were living with your father. . .
A. Uh-huh. (Yes.)
Q. . . .and you did not pay any household expenses. Correct?
A. Unless he asked.
Q. How long did you have the job at Iconics?
A. Like eight months.
Q. Eight months?
                                     -9-
       A. I think. Yeah. Because they wasn’t going to try to hire me on. So I
       went back to Express, and then they sent me to somewhere that really
       wasn’t that great. I can’t remember the name of the place. And then I went
       back to my former job at Buddy’s Barbecue, and that’s where it’s been.

       Mother was asked about her male friend, John S. John S. had spent ten years in
prison on gun charges and has tattoos of the Aryan Nation. Mother stated that John S.
has been a good influence in her life, notwithstanding the fact that he had been involved
in the Aryan Nation and she is black.

       As for her current bills, Mother stated that her rent is $635 per month, her “lights”
are around $160 per month, her car payment is $250 per month, and her insurance is $160
per month. Mother’s phone bill is around $100 per month. Mother works at Buddy’s
Barbecue and earns upwards of $300 per week. Mother works other odd jobs, as well.
Mother testified that, with help from a government program, she was about to start school
to take CNA classes.

       On examination by the guardian ad litem, Mother was asked why she could not
abide by the rules of drug court. Mother stated: “[I]t was the fact I had to go to meetings
like every day for an hour when I had to go to work and do all the Drug Court stuff that
she wanted us to do. I mean it was -- some of the stuff was just un -- it’s doable, but it
just wasn’t for me at the time.” Nevertheless, Mother testified she had not done drugs in
a long time.

      On redirect, Mother testified that John S. never used any racial language toward
her. Regarding John S.’s influence in her life, Mother stated:

       I’ve never had such a positive person in my life. You know, I’ve only
       known their father, and that was a wreck. I mean every bad thing that’s
       happened in my life, he was right there with it. But every good thing that’s
       going on is new, positive people in my life. That’s just what it is. I can’t
       say specifically what he’s helped me because I did everything on my own,
       but he’s just a friend cheering me on on the way.

      Jocelyn M., Mother’s older sister, testified. Jocelyn M. testified that once when
she was visiting the Children with Mother circa 2014, Ava became very upset with
Grandmother for making her call Grandmother’s niece “mother.”

       The last witness to testify was Grandmother in rebuttal. Grandmother testified
that her niece was not living with her in 2014, and that the Children did not call her niece
“mommy” at that time anyway. Grandmother testified further that the Children had never
                                            -10-
argued with her about not wanting to leave visitation with Mother. Finally, Grandmother
testified that she never told Mother she did not want any child support from her.

        In August 2019, the Trial Court entered its final order terminating Mother’s
parental rights to the Children. Of the six grounds alleged against Mother, the Trial
Court found that two had been proven by clear and convincing evidence: failure to
support and failure to manifest an ability and willingness to assume custody. The Trial
Court applied two different four-month periods when ruling on the grounds of failure to
support and failure to visit: four months preceding the original petition, and four months
preceding the amended petition. On failure to support, the Trial Court found, in part:
“Mother knew what support was, and she was willing, capable and able to pay support,
and had the discretionary income to pay towards support.” Regarding failure to manifest
an ability and willingness to assume custody, the Trial Court found, in part, that
“Mother’s current income does not meet her current needs, based upon her own
testimony, and picking up temporary side jobs is not stable enough to demonstrate an
ability to financially be responsible for the children” and that “[i]t is the psychological
welfare of the children that is the Court’s biggest concern, as they have been out of the
Mother’s custody for over five (5) years, and the youngest child was one (1) year old
when he was removed from the custody of the Mother.” The Trial Court found that
termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the Children’s best interest.

      The Trial Court attached its oral ruling expounding on its rationale to its
termination order.3 In its detailed oral ruling, the Trial Court found, as relevant:

                Okay. Probably the next easiest one -- it usually is -- is failure to
        support, and that just applies. It may be somewhat questionable on the
        early period based upon the testimony regarding just save your money and
        try to get your place and straighten your life out. I guess there’s a dispute
        or a misunderstanding about how long that applied because from
        [Grandparents], [Grandmother’s] testimony that was something that was
        communicated early on and never countermanded, I suppose, and from
        [Mother’s] position that was always in effect, I suppose, at least until the
        Petition was filed. After a petition is filed, the legend that you failed to
        support, and, you know, failure to support is a termination ground because

3
  We recognize In re Adoption of Muir, No. M2002-02963-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 22794524, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25, 2003), no appl. perm. appeal filed, wherein this Court stated: “Because of Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k), trial courts cannot follow the customary practice of making oral findings from
the bench and later adopting them by reference in their final order.” (Footnote omitted). We disagree
with Muir and instead believe that a transcript of sufficiently detailed oral findings incorporated into the
court’s order can satisfy Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k)’s requirements. The oral findings here are
sufficiently detailed to enable appellate review.
                                                   -11-
the Court, the Juvenile Court of Hamblen County and somebody there
actually read the document to you, advised you in their Order that you
signed that it was a ground for termination and then you didn’t do anything
with regard to support even after the first petition was filed, clearly you
haven’t supported by your own testimony. You had the ability to support
the kids, and buying gifts and bringing them pizza to a visitation is not
support. I mean you know what support is. We all know what support is.
So I find that that statutory ground of failure to support has been
established by clear and convincing evidence in this case, particularly with
regard to the amended petition four-month period preceding that of January
8th, 2019 to May 8th, 2019.
        The other, one of the other allegations of abandonment, failure to
visit, there’s no question that there was a lack of visits during the four-
month period preceding the amended petition, but I don’t find that to have
been willful based upon the issue that arose following the field day visit
and the mother’s petition for unsupervised visitation and then
[Grandparents’] Petition to Terminate. There’s not any question that
[Grandmother] wasn’t going to subject the children to any additional
attempts to visit at that point. So I don’t think that [Mother] could have
intentionally failed to visit during that four-month period.
        Prior to the initial petition in March 20, 2018 through July 20, 2018
there obviously were three times that [Mother] had contact with her
children at the mall, at the park and at field day. It gets tricky figuring out
about the time frames just because of the number of times that [Mother] has
been incarcerated for a period anyway. So during the four-month period
preceding the initial petition it looks like there was only ten days during
which [Mother] was incarcerated, and that was January 21 through January
31, 2018, and that was for that last drug arrest that occurred in January of
2018. Yeah.
        Based upon the testimony regarding those three visits between mom
and the children, even though the direct interaction may have been
somewhat minimal between mom and the kids, I don’t find that clear and
convincing evidence establishes that they were token visitation or less. I
think they were legitimate visits, and that, therefore, failure to visit has not
been proven by clear and convincing evidence for the four-month preceding
the filing of the original petition. I mean the children are fairly young. It’s
not like they’re going to sit down and have a deep discussion at any point in
time. As [Mother] said, she wants the kids to have fun when she visits, and
having fun generally means playing for the kids and they’re at venues
where playing is facilitated obviously, a park and at the mall where there’s

                                     -12-
a play area in the middle of the mall. So I don’t think they were token, and
I think that that hasn’t been proven.
        So failure to visit on both the petition and the amended petition the
Court finds has not been established.

                                      ***

       Failure to manifest an ability and willingness to personally assume
legal and physical custody and financial responsibility pursuant to TCA 36-
1-11(g)(14) alleged as Ground 6 of the petition and styled as the “Failure to
petition to have return of custody or for visitation” ground. The Court finds
that this particular ground has been proven by clear and convincing
evidence in that there’s just not any question that nothing really changed
until shortly before the first petition was filed or, depending on how you
want to view the facts after the first petition was filed, viewing them in the
light most favorable to [Mother]. Things began to change after her release
from incarceration in January of 2018, and then certainly after the filing of
the Petition to Terminate in 2018, she started the real process of the harder
work of getting everything straightened up, cleaned up in her life to make it
possible. You know, there were five years down the road almost from
removal, and, you know, that was when [Mother] made her petition to just
move to unsupervised visits.          And so there really hasn’t been a
manifestation of an ability and willingness to personally assume legal and
physical custody or financial responsibility of these children. Her current
income does not meet her current needs it does not appear. Picking up
temporary side jobs to make up the difference is not a stable enough
income to count to demonstrate ability to be financially responsible for
three additional persons in your household. The fact that you’ve never paid
any support for the kids also supports that conclusion. The apartment was
not obtained until September of -- mid-September of 2018, two months
after the initial Petition to Terminate had been filed, and by her own
admission [Mother] was only starting to change her life in 2018 after that
incarceration at the beginning of that year.
       The other part of that particular section of the code is that placing the
children back into her legal and physical custody would pose a risk of
substantial harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the children.
And it’s the psychological welfare or the mental well-being of the children
that would be my biggest concern on that. I mean it’s just hard for anybody
to say that you’ve got some -- this guy who’s got these prison tattoos that
did two years in the penitentiary, that’s your boyfriend now. That’s a -- I
mean that’s a concern to anybody. We don’t know him. I mean you’re
                                     -13-
right about that, but it’s like one of those things sort of like on paper or on
just tell me the facts. Those facts don’t sound good. They cause concern
about the well-being of your children. So, you know, still the biggest
concern is just that either way, you get your children back or you don’t get
your children back but you fall back off of this wagon that you’re on right
now and that you resort to drug use. I mean that’s just the biggest concern,
just to be frank, that anybody is going to have in this scenario. But
certainly that particular boyfriend doesn’t add -- and, you know, we didn’t
meet him. We don’t know what he’s like. Right? So all we’ve got is this,
his little resume of bad that’s following him around, and hopefully he’s
made a change.
        This whole idea about that -- I mean I think he’s disproven the racist
issue -- right? -- just by being with you, but it doesn’t eliminate the concern
that some other Aryan Nation person might show up to do him harm or you
because he’s with you and pose a risk to your kids. I don’t know how you
ever overcome that concern. I don’t know. Maybe all the people that he
was in the Aryan Nation with in prison are in [another state]. You know,
maybe he -- I don’t know. But I’m just telling you that it’s a concern. I’m
not saying that there’s proof of clear and convincing evidence level that
your kids are subject to a risk of substantial physical harm. I can’t find
that. I’m just telling you these concerns are there.
        The psychological issue is that we are five years down the road since
the kids started living full time with the paternal grandparents, and
especially with regard to [Michael W., III], that’s their world. You know,
five years to a five-year old is his whole life. Five years to a nine-year old
is more than half of her life, and, you know, it doesn’t seem that long to
you. It doesn’t seem that long to me, but it’s such an impact on the
children, and the younger, the more the impact that uprooting them now. I
think it poses a substantial risk to their mental health or their psychological
welfare as the statute words it. So I find that that particular ground applies.
        So I think I covered all the grounds, and I found two statutory
grounds to be applicable, the support ground and then this failure to
manifest the ability and willingness to assume legal, physical and financial
responsibility ground. And that’s just the first step.
        And the second step is to look at what’s in the best interest of the
children. For that we have to look over further in the statute at 36-1-113(i).
There are 1 through 9 factors listed there that the Court’s required to
consider. So I’m going to go through each one of them to make it clear that
I have considered them.
        Number 1 is whether the parent has made an adjustment of conduct,
circumstance or conditions to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to
                                     -14-
be in, I’ll just say her home. I hope that she has. I think the year and a
couple of months that have passed since she was last arrested indicate that
she is on that road. So I find that the first factor slightly favorable to
mother.
        Two, whether the parent has failed to affect a lasting adjustment
after reasonable efforts by available social service agencies or for such
duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear
possible. We don’t know if the adjustment is lasting because it’s just been
for the last year and a couple of months, but it looks like she’s made an
adjustment, and a year and a couple of months have gone by without any
indication to the contrary. So at least it doesn’t appear impossible that
she’s made a lasting adjustment.
        Number 3, whether the parent has maintained regular visitation or
other contact with the child. You know, truthfully, once a month or once
every two months just is not regular visitation. It’s just not. So I find that
you’ve not maintained regular visitation even when it was possible, but I
know that from your standpoint that’s not necessarily always been your call
because of [Grandmother’s] schedule, but it’s on you as a parent to make
sure that you maintain regular visitation with your child.
        Number 4, whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
established. I find that there is a meaningful relationship between the two
girls and the mom for sure. I do not find for sure that there is a meaningful
relationship between mom and [Michael W., III].
        Number 5, the effect of change of caretakers and physical
environment is likely to have on the children’s emotional, psychological
and medical condition. Well, medical doesn’t apply. Emotional and
psychological I’ve already addressed that with regard to my findings about
the applicability of Ground 6 for termination; that I think it would be
detrimental to the children to have a change of caretakers and physical
environment. And more on that line, just physical environment, even
before [Grandparents] took over the parenting responsibilities, the physical
environment of their home has, for the most part, been the physical
environment of the kids and is a credit that testimony regarding the children
saying, “This is our home,” and/or “This is the only home I’ve ever had.”
That’s what that physical environment is. Stability is very important in a
child’s life, and having spent most of their lives in that physical
environment and at least the last five with their paternal grandparents
serving as their parents has been the only stability that they’ve really had.
        Number 6, whether the parent or other person residing with the
parent has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological

                                     -15-
      abuse or neglect toward the child or an adult or somebody else does not
      apply.
               Number 7, whether the physical environment of the parents’ home
      was healthy and safe, whether there’s criminal activity in the home or
      whether there is use of alcohol, controlled substance or controlled
      substance analogs as may render the parent consistently unable to care for
      the child does not appear to apply anymore.
               Number 8, whether the parents’ mental and emotional status would
      be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent from effectively providing
      a safe and stable care and supervision for the child. I find that that does not
      apply.
               Number 9, whether the parent has paid child support consistent with
      the child support guidelines promulgated by the Department, and obviously
      there hadn’t been any child support paid. So that one favors a finding that
      it’s in the children’s best interest.

                                           ***

      [Y]our case is unlike most of the cases that I preside over that involve drugs
      and criminal entanglement from the standpoint that typically those moms
      and dads never get clean truthfully. Most of them don’t, and I think you
      are, and I hope you stay that way, but the children could not wait for that to
      happen and shouldn’t have to wait for that to happen. What’s best for
      them, not for you -- I’m saying that, you know. I hate that -- is that your
      parental rights be terminated so that they can be adopted and have that
      stability that these children desperately need. I hope the best for you and
      for these children.

Mother timely appealed to this Court.

                                        Discussion

        Although not stated exactly as such, Mother raises the following three issues on
appeal: 1) whether the Trial Court erred in finding the ground of failure to support; 2)
whether the Trial Court erred in finding the ground of failure to manifest an ability and
willingness to assume custody; and, 3) whether the Trial Court erred in finding that
termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the Children’s best interest. Grandparents
raise a separate issue of whether the Trial Court erred in declining to find the ground of
failure to visit.



                                           -16-
      As our Supreme Court has instructed regarding the standard of review in parental
termination cases:

                A parent’s right to the care and custody of her child is among the
        oldest of the judicially recognized fundamental liberty interests protected
        by the Due Process Clauses of the federal and state constitutions.4 Troxel v.
        Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000); Stanley
        v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972); In re
        Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); In re Adoption of Female
        Child, 896 S.W.2d 546, 547-48 (Tenn. 1995); Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d
        573, 578-79 (Tenn. 1993). But parental rights, although fundamental and
        constitutionally protected, are not absolute. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at
        250. “‘[T]he [S]tate as parens patriae has a special duty to protect minors .
        . . .’ Tennessee law, thus, upholds the [S]tate’s authority as parens patriae
        when interference with parenting is necessary to prevent serious harm to a
        child.” Hawk, 855 S.W.2d at 580 (quoting In re Hamilton, 657 S.W.2d
        425, 429 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)); see also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S.
        745, 747, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982); In re Angela E., 303
        S.W.3d at 250. “When the State initiates a parental rights termination
        proceeding, it seeks not merely to infringe that fundamental liberty interest,
        but to end it.” Santosky, 455 U.S. at 759, 102 S.Ct. 1388. “Few
        consequences of judicial action are so grave as the severance of natural
        family ties.” Id. at 787, 102 S.Ct. 1388; see also M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S.
        102, 119, 117 S.Ct. 555, 136 L.Ed.2d 473 (1996). The parental rights at
        stake are “far more precious than any property right.” Santosky, 455 U.S.
        at 758-59, 102 S.Ct. 1388. Termination of parental rights has the legal
        effect of reducing the parent to the role of a complete stranger and of
        “severing forever all legal rights and obligations of the parent or guardian
        of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(l)(1); see also Santosky, 455
        U.S. at 759, 102 S.Ct. 1388 (recognizing that a decision terminating
        parental rights is “final and irrevocable”). In light of the interests and
        consequences at stake, parents are constitutionally entitled to
        “fundamentally fair procedures” in termination proceedings. Santosky, 455
        U.S. at 754, 102 S.Ct. 1388; see also Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of
        Durham Cnty., N.C., 452 U.S. 18, 27, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640


4
  U.S. Const. amend. XIV § 1 (“[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law . . . .”). Similarly, article 1, section 8 of the Tennessee Constitution states
“[t]hat no man shall be taken or imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or
outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the
judgment of his peers or the law of the land.”
                                                  -17-
          (1981) (discussing the due process right of parents to fundamentally fair
          procedures).

                 Among the constitutionally mandated “fundamentally fair
          procedures” is a heightened standard of proof – clear and convincing
          evidence. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769, 102 S.Ct. 1388. This standard
          minimizes the risk of unnecessary or erroneous governmental interference
          with fundamental parental rights. Id.; In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586,
          596 (Tenn. 2010). “Clear and convincing evidence enables the fact-finder
          to form a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts, and
          eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of these
          factual findings.” In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596 (citations omitted).
          The clear-and-convincing-evidence standard ensures that the facts are
          established as highly probable, rather than as simply more probable than
          not. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); In re
          M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 660 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

                Tennessee statutes governing parental termination proceedings
          incorporate this constitutionally mandated standard of proof. Tennessee
          Code Annotated section 36-1-113(c) provides:

                 Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based
                 upon:

              (1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that
                  the grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights
                  have been established; and
              (2) That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the
                  best interests of the child.

          This statute requires the State to establish by clear and convincing proof
          that at least one of the enumerated statutory grounds5 for termination exists
          and that termination is in the child’s best interests. In re Angela E., 303
          S.W.3d at 250; In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006); In re
          Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). “The best interests analysis is
          separate from and subsequent to the determination that there is clear and
          convincing evidence of grounds for termination.” In re Angela E., 303
          S.W.3d at 254. Although several factors relevant to the best interests


5
    Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1)-(13).
                                               -18-
          analysis are statutorily enumerated,6 the list is illustrative, not exclusive.
          The parties are free to offer proof of other relevant factors. In re Audrey S.,
          182 S.W.3d at 878. The trial court must then determine whether the
          combined weight of the facts “amount[s] to clear and convincing evidence
          that termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re Kaliyah S., 455
          S.W.3d 533, 555 (Tenn. 2015). These requirements ensure that each parent
          receives the constitutionally required “individualized determination that a
          parent is either unfit or will cause substantial harm to his or her child before
          the fundamental right to the care and custody of the child can be taken
          away.” In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 188 (Tenn. 1999).

                  Furthermore, other statutes impose certain requirements upon trial
          courts hearing termination petitions. A trial court must “ensure that the
          hearing on the petition takes place within six (6) months of the date that the
          petition is filed, unless the court determines an extension is in the best
          interests of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k). A trial court must
          “enter an order that makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of law
          within thirty (30) days of the conclusion of the hearing.” Id. This portion
          of the statute requires a trial court to make “findings of fact and conclusions
          of law as to whether clear and convincing evidence establishes the
          existence of each of the grounds asserted for terminating [parental] rights.”
          In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 255. “Should the trial court conclude that
          clear and convincing evidence of ground(s) for termination does exist, then
          the trial court must also make a written finding whether clear and
          convincing evidence establishes that termination of [parental] rights is in
          the [child’s] best interests.” Id. If the trial court’s best interests analysis “is
          based on additional factual findings besides the ones made in conjunction
          with the grounds for termination, the trial court must also include these
          findings in the written order.” Id. Appellate courts “may not conduct de
          novo review of the termination decision in the absence of such findings.”
          Id. (citing Adoption Place, Inc. v. Doe, 273 S.W.3d 142, 151 & n. 15 (Tenn.
          Ct. App. 2007)).

                                 B. Standards of Appellate Review

                 An appellate court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact in
          termination proceedings using the standard of review in Tenn. R. App. P.
          13(d). In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596; In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at
          246. Under Rule 13(d), appellate courts review factual findings de novo on

6
    Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i).
                                                 -19-
      the record and accord these findings a presumption of correctness unless
      the evidence preponderates otherwise. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at
      596; In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009); In re Adoption of
      A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 809 (Tenn. 2007). In light of the heightened
      burden of proof in termination proceedings, however, the reviewing court
      must make its own determination as to whether the facts, either as found by
      the trial court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount
      to clear and convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate
      parental rights. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596-97. The trial court’s
      ruling that the evidence sufficiently supports termination of parental rights
      is a conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de novo with no
      presumption of correctness. In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d at 393 (quoting In re
      Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 810). Additionally, all other questions
      of law in parental termination appeals, as in other appeals, are reviewed de
      novo with no presumption of correctness. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at
      246.

In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 521-24 (Tenn. 2016) (footnotes in original but
renumbered).

      Clear and convincing evidence supporting any single ground will justify a
termination order. E.g., In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). Three
grounds for termination are at issue on this appeal, set out by statute as follows:

      (g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be based
      upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The following
      grounds are cumulative and nonexclusive, so that listing conditions, acts or
      omissions in one ground does not prevent them from coming within another
      ground:

      (1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-102, has
      occurred;

                                          ***

      (14) A parent or guardian has failed to manifest, by act or omission, an
      ability and willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody or
      financial responsibility of the child, and placing the child in the person’s
      legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the
      physical or psychological welfare of the child; . . .


                                          -20-
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g) (Supp. 2019).

      As relevant, “abandonment” means:

      (i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the
      filing of a proceeding, pleading, petition, or any amended petition to
      terminate the parental rights of the parent or parents or the guardian or
      guardians of the child who is the subject of the petition for termination of
      parental rights or adoption, that the parent or parents or the guardian or
      guardians either have failed to visit or have failed to support or have failed
      to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child; . . .

                                           ***

      (B) For purposes of this subdivision (1), “token support” means that the
      support, under the circumstances of the individual case, is insignificant
      given the parent’s means;

                                           ***

      (D) For purposes of this subdivision (1), “failed to support” or “failed to
      make reasonable payments toward such child’s [“]support” means the
      failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to provide monetary
      support or the failure to provide more than token payments toward the
      support of the child. That the parent had only the means or ability to make
      small payments is not a defense to failure to support if no payments were
      made during the relevant four-month period;

                                           ***

      (F) Abandonment may not be repented of by resuming visitation or support
      subsequent to the filing of any petition seeking to terminate parental or
      guardianship rights or seeking the adoption of a child;

                                       ***

      (H) Every parent who is eighteen (18) years of age or older is presumed to
      have knowledge of a parent’s legal obligation to support such parent’s child
      or children; and



                                           -21-
        (I) For purposes of this subdivision (1), it shall be a defense to
        abandonment for failure to visit or failure to support that a parent or
        guardian’s failure to visit or support was not willful. The parent or
        guardian shall bear the burden of proof that the failure to visit or support
        was not willful. Such defense must be established by a preponderance of
        evidence. The absence of willfulness is an affirmative defense pursuant to
        Rule 8.03 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 (Supp. 2019).7

       We first address whether the Trial Court erred in finding the ground of failure to
support. Mother argues, first, that the Trial Court erred by looking at two different four-
month periods, one preceding the filing of the original petition on July 20, 2018, and one
preceding the filing of the amended petition on May 8, 2019. Mother argues that “[t]he
amended petition alleges no separate and distinct facts and raise no new grounds.
Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 15.03 the amendment relates back to the
date of the original petition, and the relevant four-months remains the same.” This Court
has discussed the appropriate four-month period to apply when an amended petition to
terminate parental rights is filed:

        [W]e conclude that the amended petition in this case was not a “separate
        and distinct” petition from the original petition, as the facts alleged in the
        initial petition and the amended petition were largely identical.
        Consequently, the amended petition will relate back to the filing date of the
        initial petition. See also In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d 636, 640
        (Tenn. 2013) (“Although the petition was later amended in September
        2005, the relevant period for purposes of abandonment is the four-month
        period immediately preceding the filing of the original petition.”); In re
        Chase L., No. M2017-02362-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3203109, at *9 (Tenn.
        Ct. App. June 29, 2018) (citing In re J.G.H., 2009 WL 2502003, at *13)
        (“[T]his Court has previously held that where an ‘amendment’ to a
        termination petition did not constitute a separate and distinct petition, the
        proper four month period to consider was the four months preceding the
        filing of the original petition, not the amendment.”). In evaluating
        Mother’s alleged willful failure to visit and support, we therefore consider
        the four month period preceding the filing of the initial petition. See Tenn.
        Code Ann. 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (stating that abandonment occurs when a
7
 For petitions filed on or after July 1, 2018, it is a parent’s burden to show that his or her failure to visit
or support was not willful. The original petition in this matter was filed on July 20, 2018. Therefore, we
apply the amended version of the statute. Both parties agree and argue thusly, albeit to different
conclusions.
                                                     -22-
       parent willfully fails to visit or support in the four months preceding the
       filing of the termination petition).

In re P.G., No. M2017-02291-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3954327, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 17, 2018), no appl. perm. appeal filed.

       The question, then, is whether Grandparents’ amended petition was a “separate
and distinct petition.” The amended petition, as pertinent, is basically identical to the
original petition except with some paragraphs in bold adding some factual allegations
from the time the original petition was filed. No new grounds were alleged. For failure
to support, the amended petition added, in relevant part:

       [F]or the four for [sic] month period prior to filling this Amended Petition,
       the Mother has taken no action to support the children. She admits in her
       discovery answers that she has been employed within this time frame, and
       her regular monthly bills are nominal. She had the means to support, she
       had knowledge of her duty to support, and has failed to support.

Grandparents already had alleged in the original petition that Mother failed to support the
Children. In the amended petition, Grandparents alleged that Mother continued to fail to
support the Children. We do not regard the latter as separate or distinct. Rather, it is a
continuation of the allegations made pertaining to the same grounds alleged in the
original petition. The amended petition is similarly redundant as regards the ground of
failure to visit: “[T]he Mother admitted in discovery that the Petitioner, [Grandmother],
regularly replies to her text. For the Four months preceding the filing of this Amended
Petition, the Mother has not visited with the children at all, and has made no effort to see
the children.” Again, Grandparents already had alleged failure to visit. Grandparents’
interpretation would mean that parties seeking to terminate parental rights could file an
amended petition or a succession of amended petitions, presumably with the hope that in
at least one four-month period, an abandonment ground could be proven. We do not
believe the statute provides for this result, nor are we aware of any cases interpreting the
determinative period this way. There is but one determinative four-month period
envisioned by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i).

       The amended petition alleged no new grounds; it merely added on to already
alleged grounds for abandonment. Just as Mother could not cure her failure to support or
visit by resuming visitation or support after the filing of the petition, neither can
Grandparents rely on multiple determinative periods for the same grounds. Nothing
about the language of the statute as amended in 2018 changes the existing law on the
subject, even though it refers to “four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the
filing of a . . . petition, or any amended petition. . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
                                            -23-
102(1)(A)(i) (Supp. 2019) (emphasis added). An amended petition could serve as a
triggering date for a determinative four-month period, provided it were separate and
distinct. The amended petition here is not.

       Thus, the sole determinative period was the four months preceding the filing of the
original petition, and the Trial Court erred in applying two different four-month periods.
However, “a miscalculation of the relevant four-month period can be considered harmless
when the trial court made sufficient findings of fact that encompassed the correct
determinative period.” In re J’Khari F., No. M2018-00708-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL
411538, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2019), no appl. perm. appeal filed. The Trial
Court made sufficient findings of fact for the correct period as well as the wrong one.
Therefore, we regard the Trial Court’s error as harmless, and proceed with reviewing the
ground of failure to support.

        Mother concedes that she never paid Grandparents any child support. Mother
argues, however, that Grandmother told her she did not have to pay any child support.
Grandmother testified at trial that she never told Mother not to pay child support. The
Trial Court implicitly credited Grandmother’s testimony. In addition, a parent’s duty to
pay child support is not automatically excused by another person’s conduct. As this
Court has stated, “[f]ailure to visit or to support is not excused by another person’s
conduct unless the conduct actually prevents the person with the obligation from
performing his or her duty, or amounts to a significant restraint of or interference with the
parent’s efforts to support or develop a relationship with the child.” In re Audrey S., 182
S.W.3d 838, 864 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citations and footnote omitted). The Trial Court
found no such interference here relative to child support. Furthermore, “[t]he parental
duty of visitation is separate and distinct from the parental duty of support. Thus,
attempts by others to frustrate or impede a parent’s visitation do not provide justification
for the parent’s failure to support the child financially.” Id. (citations omitted).

       Mother points also to items she bought the Children on visits, and a birthday card
containing an unspecified amount of money she gave to Camille in 2018. While nice
enough gestures, these sporadic gifts were token in nature. These gifts, unilateral and ad
hoc as they were, were not a substitute for monetary payments for the day-to-day
necessities of the Children, which is the essence of child support.

       As a final matter on this issue, Mother cites one of the Trial Court’s findings as
supporting her position on failure to support. In ruling on the ground of failure to
manifest an ability and willingness to assume custody, the Trial Court stated: “[Mother’s]
current income does not meet her current needs it does not appear. Picking up temporary
side jobs to make up the difference is not a stable enough income to count to demonstrate
ability to be financially responsible for three additional persons in your household.”
                                            -24-
Mother’s position is erroneous for at least two reasons. First, this finding went to a
separate ground with separate elements. A parent’s job instability being such that the
parent is unable to personally assume legal and physical custody or financial
responsibility for her children does not necessarily mean that the parent was unable to
pay any child support during the relevant determinative period. Second, Mother made no
child support payments in any four-month period. Under the applicable statute in effect,
the burden was on Mother to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that her failure
to pay child support was not willful. Mother has not met that burden. The evidence
reflects, instead, that Mother just failed to pay any child support. Her explanations why
clearly were not credited by the Trial Court. The evidence does not preponderate against
any of the Trial Court’s findings relevant to this ground. We find, as did the Trial Court,
that the ground of failure to support was proven by clear and convincing evidence.

        We next address whether the Trial Court erred in finding the ground of failure to
manifest an ability and willingness to assume custody. One panel of this Court has held
that, under the first prong of this ground, the parent must be able and willing to assume
legal and physical custody or financial responsibility of a child, not just one of the two.
See In re Amynn K., No. E2017-01866-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3058280, at *12-14
(Tenn. Ct. App. June 20, 2018), no appl. perm. appeal filed.8 Mother argues that her
willingness to parent was demonstrated by her filing a petition seeking unsupervised
visitation in May 2018. Mother argues next that the recent positive changes to her life,
such as getting her own apartment, a reliable car, and her driver’s license reflect that she
is now able to personally take custody of the Children.

       With respect to willingness, Mother’s petition for unsupervised visitation filed two
months before the filing of the petition seeking to terminate her parental rights does not
equate to an expression of willingness to personally assume custody of the Children.
There is, after all, a material difference between unsupervised visitation and personally
assuming the responsibilities that accompany custody. The Trial Court noted that Mother
has never made a child support payment, notwithstanding her improvements and despite
the passage of much time. Unfortunately, this speaks louder about Mother’s willingness
to personally assume custody of the Children than Mother’s mere words. When she has
had the opportunity in between stints in jail, Mother simply has not parented the Children
in any substantial way. The evidence does not preponderate against any of the Trial
Court’s findings relevant to this ground. We find by clear and convincing evidence, as
did the Trial Court, that Mother has failed to manifest—largely by omission—a
willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody or financial responsibility of
the Children.
8
 We are aware that there is a split in authority as to this interpretation. In this case, however, we find, as
did the Trial Court, that Mother manifested neither the ability nor willingness to assume custody, so the
split in authority is moot here.
                                                    -25-
       Under the In re Amynn K. interpretation, we would proceed to the next prong of
the ground as we found Mother failed to manifest willingness, but, for completeness, we
will address whether Mother likewise has failed to manifest an ability to assume custody.
Mother is correct in that the evidence at trial reflects that she has made a number of key
improvements in her life, such as getting a residence, a car, and driver’s license, and
perhaps most importantly, staying off illicit drugs. We do not downplay Mother’s
personal improvements, and we hope that she will continue with them. However, her
improvements have come very late in the case. Mother was in jail as late as January
2018. The petition was filed in July 2018, and the Children have been in Grandparents’
custody since March 2014. Mother has taken the first steps to living life drug-free and
leaving behind her frequent trips to jail. She is working, but as found by the Trial Court,
she relies on a variety of temporary jobs. That is a good start, but it does not amount to
manifesting an ability to parent the Children. We find by clear and convincing evidence,
as did the Trial Court, that Mother has failed to manifest an ability to assume physical
and legal custody or financial responsibility of the Children.

       The second prong of this ground requires us to determine whether “placing the
child in the person’s legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to
the physical or psychological welfare of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14)
(Supp. 2019). This Court discussed the substantial harm standard in Ray v. Ray, stating:

              The courts have not undertaken to define the circumstances that pose
      a risk of substantial harm to a child. These circumstances are not amenable
      to precise definition because of the variability of human conduct.
      However, the use of the modifier “substantial” indicates two things. First,
      it connotes a real hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or insignificant.
      Second, it indicates that the harm must be more than a theoretical
      possibility. While the harm need not be inevitable, it must be sufficiently
      probable to prompt a reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur
      more likely than not.

Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 732 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (discussing the substantial harm
standard as applicable to a custody dispute) (footnotes omitted). The Trial Court found,
among other things, as to this prong that uprooting the Children from their longtime
home would risk substantial harm to their psychological welfare. The testimony at trial
bolsters this finding. The Children now have been in Grandparents’ custody for around
six years. Grandparents’ home is the only home they know. Their deep attachment to
their home environment was evident from the testimony. Uprooting the Children now
likely would have a profoundly negative impact on their psychological welfare. We find
by clear and convincing evidence, as did the Trial Court, that placing the Children in
                                            -26-
Mother’s custody would pose a substantial risk of harm to their psychological welfare.
We affirm this ground.

        We next address Grandparents’ issue of whether the Trial Court erred in declining
to find the ground of failure to visit. Our analysis as to the determinative four-month
period is the same as with the ground of failure support, for the same reasons discussed
earlier. The determinative period therefore is March 20, 2018 to July 19, 2018.9
Grandparents point out that Mother visited only three times in the determinative period,
and that the visits were not very meaningful. Grandparents may be correct in that the
visits were of dubious quality, but we find, as did the Trial Court, they were not so
meaningless as to be token. Moreover, Grandmother stopped Mother from visiting the
Children from May 2018 onward. Mother hardly can be faulted for failing to visit after
that. Mother proceeded to file a petition seeking unsupervised visitation, and this
litigation ensued shortly thereafter. We agree with the Trial Court that the ground of
failure to visit was not proven by clear and convincing evidence. However, as we have
affirmed at least one ground already, we next consider the Children’s best interest.

       The final issue we address is whether the Trial Court erred in finding that
termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the Children’s best interest. When
considering best interest in parental rights termination cases, courts consider the
following factors:
       (i) In determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights is
       in the best interest of the child pursuant to this part, the court shall consider,
       but is not limited to, the following:

        (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
        circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s
        best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

        (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment
        after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such
        duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear
        possible;



9
  The Trial Court appears to have wrongly counted in the determinative period July 20, 2018, the day the
original petition was filed. The day before the petition is filed is the last day of the determinative four-
month period, so the last day here is July 19, 2018. See In re Jacob C.H., No. E2013-00587-COA-R3-
PT, 2014 WL 689085, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2014), no appl. perm. appeal filed. However, the
Trial Court’s inclusion of the day of filing has no effect on the outcome here, and, as we discuss, we find
the ground not proven anyway.
                                                   -27-
       (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or
       other contact with the child;

       (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
       between the parent or guardian and the child;

       (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to
       have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;

       (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent
       or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or
       psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult
       in the family or household;

       (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home is
       healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether
       there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances or controlled substance
       analogues as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care
       for the child in a safe and stable manner;

       (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status
       would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from
       effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or

       (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with
       the child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to §
       36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (Supp. 2019).
       The Trial Court made detailed best interest findings. The Trial Court found that
factors (6), (7), and (8) were not applicable. The Trial Court found that factors (1), (2),
and (4) tended to support not terminating Mother’s parental rights, although as to factor
(4), the Trial Court questioned how meaningful Mother’s relationship is with Michael
W., III, the youngest child. The Trial Court found that factors (3), (5), and (9) supported
termination of Mother’s parental rights.

       The evidence does not preponderate against the Trial Court’s findings relative to
best interest. These best interest factors are not mathematical. Some factors can be more
dispositive than others. Like the Trial Court, we acknowledge the improvements that
Mother has made in her life. Mother’s improvements have come very late, however, and
by trial, the Children had spent five years in Grandparents’ custody. To potentially
                                           -28-
uproot the Children from what, based on this record, is a stable environment and one to
which they are attached and place them with Mother would be an enormous gamble with
their well-being, notwithstanding Mother’s improvements to this point. We find, by clear
and convincing evidence, that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the Children’s
best interest. We affirm the judgment of the Trial Court.

                                       Conclusion

       The judgment of the Trial Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the
Trial Court for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed against the
Appellant, Janae M., and her surety, if any.

                                          ____________________________________
                                          D. MICHAEL SWINEY, CHIEF JUDGE




                                           -29-
