                     NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
 UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                 AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.




                                    IN THE
             ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                DIVISION ONE


                       STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,

                                        v.

                ROBERT GEORGE ANDERSON, Appellant.

                             No. 1 CA-CR 18-0565
                               FILED 8-22-2019


           Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                        No. CR2017-127359-001
                  The Honorable Mark H. Brain, Judge

                                  AFFIRMED


                                   COUNSEL

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Joshua C. Smith
Counsel for Appellee

Maricopa County Public Defender’s Office, Phoenix
By Jesse Finn Turner
Counsel for Appellant
                          STATE v. ANDERSON
                           Decision of the Court



                      MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge David D. Weinzweig delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Jennifer B. Campbell and Judge James B. Morse Jr. joined.


W E I N Z W E I G, Judge:

¶1          Robert George Anderson appeals his convictions and
sentences. He asserts judicial bias and prosecutorial misconduct. We
affirm.

             FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2            Anderson was tried in March 2018 for felony counts of
burglary in the second degree (count one) and possession of burglary tools
(count two), along with a class 2 misdemeanor count of refusing to provide
his truthful name when lawfully detained (count three). Judge Christopher
Coury of the Maricopa County Superior Court was the trial court judge. A
jury convicted Anderson on both felony counts and the trial judge found
Anderson guilty on the misdemeanor count. The jury also found two
aggravating factors: Anderson committed the offenses while on bond and
had an accomplice.

¶3            In the sentencing phase, the State alleged that Anderson had
six prior felony convictions and should be sentenced as a repetitive
offender. The prosecutor provided the court with several minute entries
from Anderson’s historical prior felony convictions. At the trial on the prior
felonies, Judge Coury saw his name on a minute entry from an unrelated
1998 felony prosecution against Anderson. The minute entry identified
Judge Coury as “the assigned County Attorney, even though [another
attorney] was the prosecutor that handled it.” He informed the attorneys
and halted the proceedings after explaining the minute entry “was just
handed to me” and he “obviously” did not recall Anderson or the case.

¶4             Three days later, Judge Coury recused himself from the “trial
on priors” because he was a potential witness, but emphasized that no
“impropriety ha[d] occurred.” He only sought “to avoid any appearance
of impropriety.” In his minute entry, Judge Coury reiterated that he had
no independent recollection of Anderson or the 1998 prosecution, and he
first learned about his historical role in the trial on priors. He declined to



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                            Decision of the Court

vacate the verdicts, assuring the parties that his former prosecutorial role
did not impact the jury’s verdict or his rulings and that Anderson received
a fair trial without bias or prejudice.

¶5            Anderson represented himself after the verdict. Among other
motions, Anderson moved for a new trial based on judicial bias and the
prosecutor’s failure to alert Anderson that Judge Coury prosecuted a felony
case against him in 1998.1 The case was reassigned. The new judge denied
Anderson’s motions and refused to set aside the jury verdicts, observing
that Anderson had entered a plea agreement in the 1998 case, Judge Coury
was not the prosecutor at the sentencing in the 1998 case and Judge Coury
did not remember Anderson or the twenty-year-old case. The current
prosecutor was also unaware of Judge Coury’s prior involvement in the
unrelated prosecution until the court brought it to the parties’ attention.

¶6           The court sentenced Anderson to concurrent terms of 12 years
in prison for count one and 5.75 years for count two. For count three,
Anderson was sentenced to four months’ jail with credit for time served.
Anderson timely appealed.

                                DISCUSSION

       A.     Judicial Bias

¶7            Anderson argues he should have received a new trial after
Judge Coury recused himself. We review for fundamental error because
Anderson did not raise his objection at trial. State v. Escalante, 245 Ariz. 135,
140, ¶ 12 (2018). To show fundamental error, Anderson must demonstrate
an alleged error is both fundamental and prejudicial. Id. at 142, ¶ 21.2

¶8            We presume that trial judges are “free of bias and prejudice,”
and parties may rebut the presumption by proving bias or prejudice under
a preponderance of the evidence standard. State v. Medina, 193 Ariz. 504,
510, ¶ 11 (1999) (quotation omitted). Bias and prejudice are defined as “a

1      Anderson’s motions for a new trial are not part of the record on
appeal. “When the record is not complete, we must assume that any
evidence not available on appeal supports the trial court’s actions.” State v.
Lavers, 168 Ariz. 376, 399 (1991).

2      We reject Anderson’s argument that he is entitled to structural error
review because he fails to show there was an “unconstitutional potential for
bias” under these facts. Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868, 881
(2009). Thus, Anderson’s due process rights have not been implicated.


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                            Decision of the Court

hostile feeling or spirit of ill-will, or undue friendship or favoritism toward
one of the parties.” State v. Granados, 235 Ariz. 321, 326, ¶ 14 (App. 2014)
(quotation omitted). “Bare allegations of bias and prejudice, unsupported
by factual evidence, are insufficient to overcome the presumption of
impartiality and do not require recusal.” State v. Carver, 160 Ariz. 167, 173
(1989). A judge should also avoid the appearance of interest or prejudice,
which “occurs when the judge abandons his judicial role and acts in favor
of one party or the other.” Id.

¶9             We find no fundamental error or prejudice. See State v. Neeley,
748 P.2d 1091, 1093-94 (Utah 1988) (no error where the trial judge
prosecuted the defendant twenty years ago on unrelated charges and there
was no showing of bias or prejudice during the trial). Anderson cannot
overcome the presumption against judicial bias or prejudice based on
nothing but Judge Coury’s role as prosecutor in an unrelated 1998 criminal
case against Anderson. Del Vecchio v. Illinois Dep’t of Corr., 31 F.3d 1363,
1375 (7th Cir. 1994) (“Prosecuting a defendant in one case is not the kind of
action from which we can presume bias or prejudgment in a future case.”).
Judge Coury did not remember Anderson or the case from two decades
earlier. He first learned about his role after reading a minute entry filed by
the State as part of the sentencing phase.

¶10            Anderson provides no evidence to support his general
accusation of misconduct. He offers no concrete examples of malice,
favoritism or hostility. Jenkins v. Bordenkircher, 611 F.2d 162, 166 (6th Cir.
1979) (“Absent some showing of hostility or prejudgment we will not
assume that a state court judge would not be able to give a defendant a fair
trial solely because of his earlier contacts with the defendant in prosecuting
totally unrelated charges.”). Nor have we found hostility or favoritism in
our review of the record here or misconduct by then-prosecutor Coury in
the 1998 prosecution and plea agreement.

¶11            Anderson relies on State v. Quick, 177 Ariz. 314 (App. 1993).
His reliance is misplaced. The trial judge in Quick was accused of dual roles
in the same prosecution; the judge was first an attorney in the public
defender’s officer when the charges against defendant were pending and
then later presided in the same matter, accepting the defendant’s plea and
sentencing him. 177 Ariz. at 315. This case involves unrelated prosecutions
separated by two decades.3 What is more, Judge Coury recused himself

3      This fact also distinguishes the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in
Williams v. Pennsylvania, 136 S. Ct. 1899, 1906 (2016) (“When a judge has



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                          STATE v. ANDERSON
                           Decision of the Court

from sentencing, the only part of Anderson’s 2018 trial that possibly
overlapped with the 1998 prosecution and plea agreement.

¶12             Anderson counters that even Judge Coury understood the
enormity of his error and would have granted a new trial, but that
mischaracterizes the record. Though recusing himself in an abundance of
caution, Judge Coury crafted a minute entry in which he dispelled any
charge or hint of impropriety, assuring the parties that Anderson received
a fair trial. Judge Coury stressed that “there was no reasonable chance that
[Anderson] has suffered any bias or prejudice.” We find no fundamental
error.

       B.     Prosecutorial Misconduct

¶13           Anderson next contends that the prosecutor committed
prosecutorial misconduct by failing to disclose Judge Coury’s prior
involvement. We review for fundamental error because Anderson did not
raise the objection at trial. Escalante, 245 Ariz. at 140, ¶ 12.

¶14            Anderson has the burden to show that the “prosecutor’s
misconduct so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting
conviction a denial of due process.” State v. Hughes, 193 Ariz. 72, 79, ¶ 26
(1998) (quotation omitted). “Prosecutorial misconduct is not merely the
result of legal error, negligence, mistake, or insignificant impropriety, but,
taken as a whole, amounts to intentional conduct which the prosecutor
knows to be improper and prejudicial, and which he pursues for any
improper purpose with indifference to a significant resulting danger of
mistrial or reversal.” State v. Ramos, 235 Ariz. 230, 237, ¶ 22 (App. 2014)
(quotation omitted).

¶15          Anderson has not met that burden here. The record shows
the prosecutor did not know the information he is accused of concealing.
The prosecutor assured the court that he first learned about Judge Coury’s
role in Anderson’s unrelated prosecution at the sentencing phase, which is
unsurprising given that Judge Coury first appeared in the case on the same
day the parties reported for trial; a different judge had handled pretrial
proceedings. The record thus indicates that Anderson and the State learned
the information at the same time (the trial on priors) and from the same


served as an advocate for the State in the very case the court is now asked
to adjudicate, a serious question arises as to whether the judge, even with
the most diligent effort, could set aside any personal interest in the
outcome.”).


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                       STATE v. ANDERSON
                        Decision of the Court

person (Judge Coury). Nor does Anderson provide evidence or argument
to prove he suffered any prejudice. We find no fundamental error.

                            CONCLUSION

¶16         We affirm Anderson’s convictions and sentences.




                      AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
                      FILED: AA




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