      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

THOMAS TITUS,                   )
                                )                       Supreme Court No. S-14177
              Appellant,        )
                                )                       Superior Court No. 4FA-09-01083 CI
     v.                         )
                                )                       OPINION
STATE OF ALASKA, DEPARTMENT )
OF ADMINISTRATION, DIVISION O F )
MOTOR VEHICLES,                 )
                                )                       [No. 6773 - April 12, 2013]
              Appellee.         )
                                )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska,
              Fourth Judicial District, Fairbanks, Raymond Funk, Judge
              pro tem.

              Appearances: Robert John, Law Office of Robert John,
              Fairbanks, for Appellant. Erling T. Johansen, Assistant
              Attorney General, Anchorage, and Michael C. Geraghty,
              Attorney General, Juneau, for Appellee.

              Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, and Maassen,
              Justices. [Carpeneti, Justice, not participating.]

              WINFREE, Justice.


I.    INTRODUCTION
              A motorcyclist was involved in a single-vehicle accident resulting in a cut
on his head and minor damage to his motorcycle. The accident involved no other
drivers, vehicles, or property. Because the motorcycle was not insured at the time of the
accident, the State of Alaska, Department of Administration, Division of Motor Vehicles
(DMV) suspended the driver’s license. The motorcyclist appealed the suspension to the
superior court, arguing that the suspension violated his equal protection and due process
rights under the Alaska Constitution and was precluded by the de minimis nature of the
accident.   The superior court rejected the motorcyclist’s arguments and awarded
attorney’s fees to DMV. The motorcyclist appeals, raising the same substantive
arguments and challenging the award of attorney’s fees.
             We conclude that the motorcyclist’s constitutional and common law
arguments do not compel reversal of the administrative suspension. However, we vacate
the entry of attorney’s fees and remand to the superior court to determine how the
motorcyclist’s constitutional challenges should impact the award.
II.   FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
      A.     Facts
             In May 2008 Thomas Titus was riding his motorcycle with a group of
riders. As the riders turned onto a main expressway from a side street, Titus looked back
to make sure that others had made the turn. When Titus looked forward, he noticed the
surrounding traffic was slowing down. He applied his brakes and his motorcycle
fishtailed. Titus, who was not wearing a helmet, fell to the ground and his head hit the
pavement. Only Titus was injured and only Titus’s motorcycle was damaged; the
accident involved no other drivers, vehicles, or property.
             Titus was transported by ambulance to the local hospital. Titus suffered
only a cut on his head, which the doctor sealed with four staples. Titus suffered no
lasting injury and the cost of his treatment was paid through his health care coverage.
             The accident bent the handlebar of Titus’s motorcycle and scratched the
exhaust pipe. Titus asserted that he could have bent the handlebar back into place

                                           -2-                                     6773

himself, but chose to order and personally install a new one. Estimating the value of his
labor at $20 an hour, Titus asserted the total value of the parts and labor required to
repair the motorcycle was $216.95.
              Titus told the responding officer that he had insurance coverage and later
testified that he “thought for sure that [the motorcycle] was insured.” But after the
accident he called his insurance company and was told that although his wife’s
motorcycle recently had been added to their coverage, Titus’s motorcycle had not. Titus
asserted he “just didn’t understand that, because [he had] been pretty good with [his]
insurance, and [had] always paid everything on time.”
              Titus’s motorcycle had been insured from 2004 to 2007; he removed the
coverage at the end of the 2007 riding season. In 2008, about two weeks before the
accident, the Tituses switched insurance companies. Titus’s wife testified that she had
called the new insurance company and added her motorcycle to the insurance plan; she
attempted to add Titus’s motorcycle to the plan but she could not find the vehicle
identification number (VIN) for it. Titus had been out of town for work at the time, and
when he returned home for a few days she told him in passing that he “needed to get his
VIN number and to call in his bike to be insured.” She asserted that she thought Titus
“knew we needed to call the insurance company to supply the VIN but [she] also
believe[d] he thought [she] had insured the bike.”
              Titus testified that he had to leave town shortly after the accident, did not
have the opportunity to repair or ride the motorcycle during the following summer, and
did not re-insure it.
       B.     Proceedings
              1.        Administrative hearing
              Approximately three months after the accident, DMV informed Titus that
his driver’s license would be suspended for 90 days for failing to comply with proof-of­

                                           -3-                                       6773

insurance laws.1 DMV explained that it pursued suspension because Titus’s vehicle was
uninsured during a “collision which resulted in injury, death, or property damage . . .
exceeding $501.00,” and because the “exceptions provided by Alaska Statute
28.22.041(h) do not apply.”2
              Titus holds a class A commercial driver’s license and drives commercial
and heavy equipment trucks; he asserted that if his license were suspended, he would be



       1
              AS 28.22.021 provides:
              The owner or operator of a motor vehicle required to have
              motor vehicle liability insurance that complies with this
              chapter or a certificate of self-insurance that complies with
              AS 28.20.400, shall show proof of this insurance when that
              person is involved in an accident that results in bodily injury
              to or death of a person, or damage to the property of a person
              exceeding $501.
              Under AS 28.22.041, “if a person fails to provide proof required under
AS 28.22.021 . . . the department shall suspend the driver’s license of that person for . . .
not less than 90 days . . . .”
       2
              AS 28.22.041(h) provides that a license will not be suspended if the person
              (1) is involved in an accident that results in property damage
              of less than $2,000 and the damage occurs only to the
              property of the person required to show proof of insurance;
              (2) not later than 15 days after the accident, provides proof of
              motor vehicle liability insurance that complies with this
              chapter or a certificate of self-insurance that complies with
              AS 28.20.400 to the department; and
              (3) establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that the
              failure to have in effect motor vehicle liability insurance or to
              self-insure as required by this chapter at the time of the
              accident was due to circumstances beyond the control of the
              person.

                                            -4-                                        6773

unable to work. Titus requested an administrative hearing, asserting that his livelihood
depended upon his commercial driver’s license and that he had been consistently insured
in the past.
               Appearing telephonically before a DMV hearing officer, Titus raised three
main arguments. First, Titus argued that his accident did not require proof of insurance
under AS 28.22.021 because the statute’s $501 threshold applies to both bodily injury
and property damage, which combined did not cost him more than $501 to remedy.
Second, Titus argued that his health coverage satisfied the statute’s insurance
requirement because it paid for the actual physical injury caused by the accident. Third,
Titus argued that DMV should recognize a de minimis exception because minimal harm
to the driver was “not the sort of situation that the law was intended to protect against
and prevent.”
               The hearing officer found that Titus was involved in an accident without
carrying liability insurance. The hearing officer accepted that the damage to the
motorcycle was under $501, but concluded that the $501 threshold applied only to
property damage — it did not matter if the bodily injury was treated for less than $501.
The hearing officer rejected Titus’s de minimis theory, but explained that even if it
applied, Titus’s injury was not de minimis. Finally, the hearing officer found Titus did
not qualify for an exemption under AS 28.22.041(h). Though she found the first element
for the exemption (property damage less than $2,000) was satisfied, she found the second
(proof of insurance within 15 days) and third (lack of insurance caused by circumstances
beyond driver’s control) were not met. The hearing officer suspended Titus’s license for
90 days.
               2.    Appeal to the superior court
               Titus appealed to the superior court. Titus argued that the suspension
violated the Alaska Constitution’s guarantees of equal protection, substantive due

                                           -5-                                     6773

process, and procedural due process, and that DMV erred in rejecting the de minimis
theory. Both Titus and DMV requested oral argument, but DMV subsequently moved
to withdraw its request. The superior court issued a decision without oral argument, and
then granted as moot DMV’s motion to withdraw its request. The superior court rejected
Titus’s constitutional arguments and concluded a de minimis exception was legally and
factually inapplicable. The court upheld DMV’s decision and ordered the suspension.
              DMV moved for $5,922 in attorney’s fees, 30% of the fees DMV asserted
it incurred. Titus challenged the reasonableness of DMV’s attorney’s logged hours and
also argued that AS 09.60.010(c)(2)3 precluded the award because he had raised
constitutional challenges that were neither frivolous nor economically motivated. The
superior court rejected Titus’s arguments without comment and awarded DMV $5,922.
              Titus appeals. He raises the same constitutional and de minimis arguments
made to the superior court, challenges the superior court’s entry of a decision without the
requested oral argument, and disputes the award of attorney’s fees.
III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
              “When a superior court acts as an intermediate court of appeals, we

       3
              AS 09.60.010(c) provides:
              In a civil action or appeal concerning the establishment,
              protection, or enforcement of a right under . . . the
              Constitution of the State of Alaska, the court
                     ....
              (2) may not order a claimant to pay the attorney fees of the
              opposing party devoted to claims concerning constitutional
              rights if the claimant . . . did not prevail in asserting the right,
              the action or appeal asserting the right was not frivolous, and
              the claimant did not have sufficient economic incentive to
              bring the action or appeal regardless of the constitutional
              claims involved.

                                              -6-                                    6773

independently review the administrative decision.”4 We “use the substantial evidence
test to review an agency’s factual findings. Substantial evidence to support an agency’s
findings exists when there is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept
as adequate to support the conclusion.”5 We review questions of law involving agency
expertise under the reasonable basis test and where no expertise is involved under the
substitution of judgment test.6   Questions of law where no expertise is involved
encompass questions such as “statutory interpretation or other analysis of legal
relationships about which courts have specialized knowledge and experience.”7 “The
substitution of judgment test is equivalent to de novo review and requires that we adopt
the rule of law that is most persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy.”8
“Constitutional issues are questions of law subject to independent review.”9


      4
            Alaska Exch. Carriers Ass’n, Inc. v. Regulatory Comm’n of Alaska, 202
P.3d 458, 460 (Alaska 2009).
      5
            Lightle v. State, Real Estate Comm’n, 146 P.3d 980, 982 (Alaska 2006)
(quoting Yoon v. Alaska Real Estate Comm’n, 17 P.3d 779, 782 (Alaska 2001)) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
      6
            State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs. v. N. Star Hosp., 280 P.3d 575, 579
(Alaska 2012) (citing Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska
1992)).
      7
             Samissa Anchorage, Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 57 P.3d
676, 678 (Alaska 2002) (quoting Justice v. RMH Aero Logging, Inc., 42 P.3d 549, 552
(Alaska 2002)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
      8
             Oels v. Anchorage Police Dep’t, Emps. Ass’n, 279 P.3d 589, 595 (Alaska
2012) (quoting Kingik v. State, Dep’t of Admin., Div. of Ret. & Benefits, 239 P.3d 1243,
1248 (Alaska 2010)) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Griswold v. City of
Homer, 252 P.3d 1020, 1025 n.6 (Alaska 2011)).
      9
             Ross v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 292 P.3d 906, 909 (Alaska 2012) (quoting
                                                                         (continued...)

                                          -7-                                     6773

             We review an award of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion, which
“exists if an award is arbitrary, capricious, manifestly unreasonable, or improperly
motivated.”10 However, whether the superior court correctly applied the law allowing
or prohibiting an award is a question of law reviewed de novo.11
IV.   DISCUSSION
      A.     The Suspension Did Not Violate Equal Protection.
             Titus argues that suspending his driver’s license under AS 28.22.021 and
AS 28.22.041 violated the equal protection clause of the Alaska Constitution.12 Under
the proof-of-insurance statutes, DMV must suspend a driver’s license if the driver failed
to provide proof of insurance after an accident “result[ing] in bodily injury to or death
of a person, or damage to the property of a person exceeding $501.”13 Titus asserts this
discriminates against drivers who are involved in accidents that injure only the driver or
the driver’s property, but cause no harm to others.
             “The constitutional right to equal protection is a command to state and local
governments to treat those who are similarly situated alike. The common question in
equal protection cases is whether two groups of people who are treated differently are


      9
             (...continued)
Harrod v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 255 P.3d 991, 995 (Alaska 2011)).
      10
              Okagawa v. Yaple, 234 P.3d 1278, 1280 (Alaska 2010) (quoting Cook
Schuhmann & Groseclose, Inc. v. Brown & Root, Inc., 116 P.3d 592, 597 (Alaska 2005))
(internal quotation marks omitted).
      11
            Id. (quoting Krone v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 222 P.3d 250,
252 (Alaska 2009)).
      12
              Alaska Const. art. I, § 1 (“[A]ll persons are equal and entitled to equal
rights, opportunities, and protection under the law.”).
      13
             AS 28.22.021 (proof of insurance); AS 28.22.041 (suspension).

                                           -8-                                      6773

similarly situated and thus entitled to equal treatment.”14 DMV argues there is no equal
protection issue because the proof-of-insurance statutes treat similarly situated persons
alike by requiring all drivers to carry insurance. But DMV’s perspective is too broad.
Here, similarly situated uninsured motorists are treated differently. Alaska Statute
28.22.021 bases the proof-of-insurance requirement, and ultimately suspension, on the
results of a motor vehicle accident: If an uninsured motorist is in an accident causing
death, bodily injury, or over $501 in property damage, DMV must suspend the motorist’s
license, but an uninsured motorist involved in an accident not causing one of those
enumerated results does not face license suspension. In requiring proof of insurance and
suspension for some, but not all, uninsured motorists, the statutes treat similarly situated
persons differently. We ordinarily review different legal treatment under the equal
protection clause.15
              We apply a flexible sliding-scale analysis to state equal protection claims.16
This involves a three-step process under which we “determine[] the weight of the
individual interest at stake, the importance of the government’s interest, and the
closeness of the fit between the statute and the government’s objective.”17 The requisite
government interest and tailoring depend on the nature of the impaired interest.
Individual interests that are not recognized as important require the statute to bear a fair



       14
              Gonzales v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 882 P.2d 389, 396 (Alaska 1994).
       15
              Id. at 396.
       16
             Ross v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 292 P.3d 906, 909 (Alaska 2012) (quoting
Harrod v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 255 P.3d 991, 1001 (Alaska 2011)).
       17
             Schiel v. Union Oil Co. of Calif., 219 P.3d 1025, 1030 (Alaska 2009) (citing
Glover v. State, Dep’t of Transp., Alaska Marine Highway Sys., 175 P.3d 1240, 1256
(Alaska 2008)).

                                            -9-                                       6773

and substantial relationship to a legitimate state interest.18 Important individual interests
require the statute to have a close relationship to an important state interest.19 The most
important individual interests require the statute to be the least restrictive means to
further a compelling state interest.20
              Titus asserts he has an important interest in his driver’s license and the right
to drive. We agree. In Whitesides v. State, Department of Public Safety, a case involving
a procedural due process challenge, we held that a driver’s license is an important
property interest.21 Our reasoning in Whitesides remains persuasive in the equal
protection context.22 Because the proof-of-insurance statutes impact an important
individual interest, they must bear a close relationship to an important state interest.
              The state interest in the proof-of-insurance statutes is set out in the
legislature’s declaration of purpose:
              The legislature determines that it is a matter of grave concern
              that motorists be financially responsible for their negligent
              acts so that innocent victims of motor vehicle accidents may
              be recompensed for the injury and financial loss inflicted


       18
              Id.; see also Glover, 175 P.3d at 1258 (examining “fair and substantial”
relationship between statute and state objective when only individual economic interest
impacted).
       19
            Schiel, 219 P.3d at 1030 (citing Malabed v. N. Slope Borough, 70 P.3d 416,
421 (Alaska 2003)).
       20
              Id. (citing C.J. v. State, Dep’t of Corr., 151 P.3d 373, 378 (Alaska 2006)).
       21
             20 P.3d 1130, 1135 (Alaska 2001) (citing Champion v. Dep’t of Pub.
Safety, 721 P.2d 131, 133 (Alaska 1986); Berlinghieri v. Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, 657
P.2d 383, 387-88 (Cal. 1983)).
       22
             See Valentine v. State, 155 P.3d 331, 347 (Alaska App. 2007) (noting, in
equal protection context, that right to drive is an important interest), rev’d on other
grounds, 215 P.3d 319 (Alaska 2009).

                                            -10-                                        6773

              upon them. The legislature finds and declares that the public
              interest can best be served by the requirements that the
              operator of a motor vehicle involved in an accident respond
              for damages and show proof of financial ability to respond
              for damages in future accidents as a prerequisite to the
              person’s exercise of the privilege of operating a motor
              vehicle in the state.[23]
              The State has an important interest in protecting the public from uninsured
motorists. Titus does not dispute the State’s interest, but argues the interest in protecting
the public is not furthered by requiring proof of insurance after single-vehicle accidents.
He concedes it is logical to suspend an uninsured driver’s license after an accident
harming others,24 but argues suspension makes little sense in a single-vehicle accident
because the statutorily required insurance would not cover the damages. We are not
persuaded.
              As indicated in the legislature’s declaration of purpose, the proof-of­
insurance statutes are designed to discover and deter uninsured driving and require
“proof of financial ability to respond for damages in future accidents.”25 Because the
purpose is forward-looking, it is irrelevant whether liability insurance would apply to the
accident triggering the proof-of-insurance requirement. The public is protected by
encouraging uninsured motorists to carry insurance in the future, and this is furthered by
requiring proof of insurance after an accident, even if it is a single-vehicle accident, and
by suspending a driver’s license if the vehicle is uninsured.


       23
              AS 28.20.010.
       24
             See, e.g., State, Dep’t of Public Safety, Div. of Motor Vehicles v. Fernandes,
946 P.2d 1259, 1259 (Alaska 1997) (affirming suspension where driver “did not have
automobile liability insurance when he caused substantial property damage while
operating his vehicle”).
       25
              AS 28.20.010.

                                            -11-                                       6773

             The question remains whether there is a sufficient nexus between protecting
the public and the distinction drawn in the proof-of-insurance statutes in which some, but
not all, uninsured motorists may face suspension. In drafting the proof-of-insurance
statutes, the legislature established different sanctions for different circumstances. The
gravity of the sanctions roughly follow the gravity of the circumstances. On the minor
side, an uninsured driver involved in an accident with minimal harm (property damage
under $501 and neither bodily injury nor death) is not required to show proof of
insurance and therefore will not face suspension.26 On the severe side, an uninsured
driver involved in an accident with serious harm (property damage over $501, bodily
injury, or death) must show proof of insurance and may face a 90-day license
suspension.27 And under any circumstances, an uninsured driver may face an infraction
and a fine if the driver cannot show proof of insurance upon a peace officer’s request.28
             While the provisions may not precisely fit every situation, determining
which triggering events implicate public safety and warrant sanctions is the province of
the legislature, and as long as the lines drawn bear a close fit to the state interest in
preventing uninsured driving, the statutory scheme survives equal protection scrutiny.
Tying an uninsured driving suspension to the accident’s gravity bears a constitutionally
adequate nexus to the state interest. We therefore conclude that the distinctions at issue
here do not violate the Alaska Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection.
      B.     The Suspension Did Not Violate Due Process.
             Titus argues the proof-of-insurance statutes violate the Alaska



      26
             AS 28.22.021; AS 28.22.041.
      27
             AS 28.22.021; AS 28.22.041.
      28
             AS 28.22.019.

                                          -12­                                      6773
Constitution’s due process guarantee.29 Titus asserts the license suspension was not
based on a finding of unfitness to drive and was therefore not a remedial administrative
action. Rather, he argues it was a criminal sanction entitling him to safeguards of
criminal due process, including proof of criminal intent. Titus also argues that even if
the suspension were remedial, due process requires that he have an opportunity to
remedy his noncompliance before his driver’s license is suspended.
             1.     Criminal due process is not required here.
              Titus argues that for a remedial administrative suspension to satisfy due
process, the suspension must be premised on the driver’s unfitness to drive. He contends
that absent a direct connection to fitness to drive, a suspension is not a remedial
administrative action, but a criminal sanction. He asserts that because his suspension
was based on inadvertent noncompliance, not on unfitness to drive, the suspension was
a punitive criminal sanction requiring criminal due process and proof of criminal intent.
             Titus’s argument is based on our procedural due process analysis in State
v. Niedermeyer.30 There, a minor’s driver’s license was revoked after the minor was
arrested for underage drinking, even though there was no allegation that the minor had
driven or intended to drive.31 The minor challenged the revocation as a violation of
procedural due process, arguing it was a criminal sanction imposed without adequate
process.32 We explained that an agency revocation of a driver’s license can be either a



      29
              Alaska Const. art. I, § 7 (“No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law. The right of all persons to fair and just treatment
in the course of legislative and executive investigations shall not be infringed.”).
      30
             14 P.3d 264, 268-70 (Alaska 2000).
      31
             Id. at 266, 270.
      32
             Id. at 268-69.

                                          -13-                                      6773

criminal sanction or an administrative measure.33 If the revocation is based solely on a
criminal offense, then it is a criminal sanction, but if the revocation is based on conduct
demonstrating unfitness to drive, it is a remedial administrative measure.34 Because there
was not a direct connection between a minor’s consumption or possession of alcohol and
the minor’s fitness to drive, the revocation was not a remedial action, but a criminal
sanction requiring criminal due process.35
              Unlike underage drinking or possession of alcohol, failure to carry liability
insurance is related to a person’s fitness to drive. The purpose of the proof-of-insurance
statutes is to ensure that drivers are financially responsible and can “show proof of
financial ability to respond for damages in future accidents.”36 Suspending a driver’s
license for failure to show proof of insurance enforces that degree of financial
responsibility that the legislature has required of drivers. Because the suspension is
directly related to unfitness to drive, it is a remedial action. The punitive and deterrent
effects of the administrative suspension do not negate the suspension’s remedial nature.37




       33
              Id. at 269.
       34
              Id. (citing Baker v. City of Fairbanks, 471 P.2d 386, 402 n.28 (Alaska
1970)).
       35
              Id. at 270.
       36
              AS 28.20.010.
       37
             See Niedermeyer, 14 P.3d at 270 (citing State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744, 755­
58 (Alaska A pp. 1995)); Baker, 471 P.2d at 402 & n.28 (noting administrative
revocation or suspension of license where “basis . . . is not that one has committed a
criminal offense, but that the individual is not fit to be licensed,” are not criminal
prosecutions).

                                           -14-                                      6773

Therefore Titus was not entitled to criminal due process and proof of criminal intent.38
              2.	    Due process does not require that Titus have an opportunity to
                     remedy.
              Titus argues that if the suspension were remedial in nature, then due process
requires that he be given an opportunity to remedy his noncompliance prior to
suspending his license. Titus reasons that because a driver’s license is an important
property interest, it would be fundamentally unfair to deprive him of that interest without
first alerting him of his noncompliance and providing him a reasonable time to remedy
it.
              We apply the Mathews v. Eldridge39 framework to determine if a
government action satisfies due process.40 “We consider (1) the private interest that the
official action affects, (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation of that interest through the
procedures used and the probable value, if any, of additional safeguards, and (3) the
government’s interest, including fiscal and administrative burdens, in implementing
additional safeguards.”41 As to the first factor, Titus has an important property interest
in his driver’s license.42 As to the second factor, the absence of a right to remedy



       38
              Titus also briefly argues that the license suspension violates equal
protection because there is not a direct connection to unfitness to drive. Because we
conclude that the suspension for failure to show proof of insurance is directly related to
unfitness to drive, we reject Titus’s additional equal protection argument.
       39	
              424 U.S. 319, 339-49 (1976).
       40
             Alvarez v. State, Dep’t of Admin., Div. of Motor Vehicles, 249 P.3d 286,
292 (Alaska 2011) (citing Whitesides v. State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Div. of Motor
Vehicles, 20 P.3d 1130, 1134-35 (Alaska 2001)).
       41	
              Id.
       42	
              Id.

                                           -15-	                                     6773

noncompliance does not increase the risk of an erroneous deprivation. As to the third
factor, a right to remedy noncompliance under Titus’s circumstances would frustrate the
government interest in heightening awareness of insurance requirements and deterring
drivers from future failure to carry liability insurance.43 The legislature contemplated
that some drivers may find themselves uninsured by no fault of their own and exempted
those drivers if they meet certain criteria.44 However where the failure to carry insurance
was not beyond the driver’s control, allowing the driver to avoid suspension by
purchasing insurance after an accident would promote laxity where the legislature
desired awareness. Because a right to remedy undermines the government interest in
deterring future uninsured driving and because the absence of a right to remedy does not
increase the risk of an erroneous deprivation, we conclude that due process does not
require that procedure.
              In further support of his argument that due process requires a right to
remedy, Titus cites to Balough v. Fairbanks North Star Borough.45 But Balough does
not stand for the proposition that due process requires an opportunity to remedy any
inadvertent noncompliance in order to avoid deprivation of a significant property
interest. There, a landowner worked with the borough in an attempt to bring her




       43
              See AS 28.20.010 (declaring that public interest is best served by requiring
drivers involved in accidents to “show proof of financial ability to respond for damages
in future accidents”) (emphasis added).
      44
              AS 28.22.041(h) (exempting uninsured driver from suspension if accident
caused less than $2,000 in damages and only to driver’s property, driver provides proof
of insurance within 15 days of the accident, and driver establishes that failure to carry
insurance was beyond the driver’s control).
       45
              995 P.2d 245, 263 (Alaska 2000).

                                           -16-                                      6773

junkyard into compliance with a fencing ordinance.46 Because of noncompliance with
the ordinance, the landowner was denied grandfather rights when the land was rezoned.47
We explained that under the ordinance, noncompliance did not automatically make the
junkyard unlawful, but instead required that it be brought into compliance.48 Because
the landowner was attempting to bring the junkyard into compliance and because it was
not until the rezoning that the landowner learned her attempt fell short, we concluded due
process required the landowner have an opportunity to remedy the deficiencies in her
attempted compliance.49
             Titus asserts that his “inadvertent noncompliance was capable of being
remedied [and] would have [been] remedied had Titus been given the option to do so.”
But unlike the landowner in Balough, Titus was not working with a regulatory entity to
come into compliance with the law, he merely thought that his motorcycle was insured
when it was not. Further, the fencing ordinance is distinguishable from the proof-of­
insurance statutes. We explained in Balough that noncompliance with the fencing
ordinance “does not automatically lead to the conclusion that [the landowner’s] junkyard
was unlawful and hence not entitled to [grandfather rights]”; it was therefore appropriate
to contemplate the immediate prospect of compliance.50 In contrast, failure to carry
liability insurance during an accident causing bodily injury automatically triggers a




      46
             Id. at 248-49.
      47
             Id. at 249-52.
      48
             Id. at 259.
      49
             Id. at 263.
      50
             Id. at 259.

                                          -17-                                      6773

license suspension.51 Aside from a limited exemption for drivers whose failure to carry
insurance was beyond their control and a provision for a limited license for medical or
work needs — neither of which are at issue in Titus’s due process claim — the relevant
proof-of-insurance statutes do not contemplate the prospect of immediate compliance
with insurance requirements.52 Our reasoning in Balough does not apply here.
      C.      A Common Law De Minimis Exception Is Inapplicable.
              Titus next argues that DMV’s hearing officer erred in declining to apply a
de minimis exception. Whether to recognize this common law defense requires an
analysis of the proof-of-insurance statutes and the common law. Titus therefore raises
a legal question not requiring the expertise of DMV, to which we apply our independent
judgment.53
              Titus asserts there is no statute pertaining to a de minimis exception to the
proof-of-insurance requirements and, in the absence of a statute, this court has the
authority to declare common law. As the basis of his de minimis theory, Titus cites to
an annotation discussing the defense in criminal prosecutions.54 There, de minimis is
discussed as a defense available when “the violation of the law in question was so trivial


      51
              AS 28.22.021; AS 28.22.041(a).
      52
              AS 28.22.021; AS 28.22.041.
      53
              See Samissa Anchorage, Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 57
P.3d 676, 678 (Alaska 2002) (“We apply the substitution of judgment test to legal
questions where no agency expertise is involved . . . .”); Mukluk Freight Lines, Inc. v.
Nabors Alaska Drilling, Inc., 516 P.2d 408, 412 (Alaska 1973) (“Courts are the experts
in such areas as . . . common law, . . . judgemade law developed through statutory
interpretation, . . . and problems transcending the agency’s field . . . .” (quoting 4 K.
D AVIS , A DMINISTRATIVE LAW TREATISE § 30.14, at 269 (1958))).
      54
             Brent G. Filbert, Annotation, Defense of Inconsequential or De Minimis
Violation in Criminal Prosecution, 68 A.L.R. 5th 299 (1999).

                                           -18-                                      6773

or so far afield from the harm imagined by the legislature that the defendant should not
be held criminally culpable.”55
              DMV’s hearing officer considered whether Titus’s violation was in fact de
minimis. The hearing officer concluded that Titus’s injuries would not qualify for a de
minimis exception because they required ambulance transportation and several staples
to the head. Titus argues, however, that the hearing officer “refused to consider the [de
minimis] doctrine as a defense.” He asserts that in order to analyze the de minimis
defense, the hearing officer was required to look at evidence of Titus’s good faith,
character, and experience.56 Titus thus raises the issue of whether we must recognize and
define a de minimis exception to the proof-of-insurance statutes.
              We have authority to apply common law doctrines “in the absence of a
statute directing a contrary rule.”57 But in AS 28.22.041(h), the legislature crafted a
three-part test to define circumstances in which a violation of the proof-of-insurance
statutes would be inconsequential and provided a mechanism to consider the harm and
the driver’s culpability. The legislature exempted violations if a driver is involved in an
accident causing property damage less than $2,000 only to the driver, provided proof of
insurance within 15 days of the accident, and established that the failure to provide




       55
              Id. at 308.
       56
             See id. at 299 (“In determining whether to apply the doctrine courts have
looked to such factors as the defendant’s experience and character . . . .”).
      57
              Bauman v. Day, 892 P.2d 817, 828 (Alaska 1995) (applying common law
discovery rule to contract case); see also Hosier v. State, 957 P.2d 1360, 1363 (Alaska
App. 1998) (“[I]n the absence of a governing statute or constitutional provision, the
judiciary retains the power to declare the common law . . . .”).

                                           -19-                                      6773

insurance was beyond the driver’s control.58          Because a statute defines minimal
violations to the proof-of-insurance statutes, we decline to adopt a common law de
minimis exception in this instance.
      D.	    Titus’s Constitutional Claims May Impact The Attorney’s Fees
             Calculation.
             Pursuant to Alaska Rules of Appellate Procedure 508(e)59 and 601(c),60
DMV moved for $5,922 in attorney’s fees, 30% of the fees it asserted it incurred in the
superior court proceedings. Titus opposed, arguing that DMV’s attorney billed an
excessive number of hours and that Titus’s constitutional challenges precluded an award
of attorney’s fees under AS 09.60.010(c).61 The superior court awarded DMV the



      58	
             AS 28.22.041(h).
      59
            Alaska R. App. P. 508(e) provides “Attorney’s fees may be allowed in an
amount to be determined by the court.”
      60
             Alaska R. App. P. 601(c) provides that procedures not addressed in the
rules governing appeals to the superior court are governed by the general provisions of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
      61	
             AS 09.60.010(c) provides:
             In a civil action or appeal concerning the establishment,
             protection, or enforcement of a right under . . . the
             Constitution of the State of Alaska, the court
                    ....
             (2) may not order a claimant to pay the attorney fees of the
             opposing party devoted to claims concerning constitutional
             rights if the claimant . . . did not prevail in asserting the right,
             the action or appeal asserting the right was not frivolous, and
             the claimant did not have sufficient economic incentive to
             bring the action or appeal regardless of the constitutional
             claims involved.

                                            -20-	                                   6773

requested $5,922 without addressing either of Titus’s arguments.
              Titus reiterates his argument that DMV’s attorney billed an excessive
number of hours — 98.7 hours compared to Titus’s counsel’s 51.9 hours — and that
entering attorney’s fees based on those hours is an abuse of discretion. The amount of
attorney’s fees to award under Rule 508(e) is “a matter committed to the sound discretion
of [the] trial courts, when sitting as intermediate appellate tribunals.”62 We will not
overturn an award unless it is “manifestly unreasonable.”63 Titus argues that reasonable
hours for DMV’s defense would be between approximately 25 and 40 hours; that is,
between the hours spent on Titus’s opening brief and the time spent on both his opening
and reply briefs. Aside from comparing the attorneys’ reported hours, Titus raises no
particularized challenges to DMV’s billing statement or DMV’s attorney’s affidavit. In
awarding fees based on DMV’s reported hours, the superior court could properly have
looked to the billing statement and the assertion in DMV’s attorney’s affidavit that the
hours were “actually and necessarily expended in the development of [DMV’s] defense.”
The record does not indicate that the superior court based the award on excessive or
unreasonable hours; therefore there was no abuse of discretion on those grounds.
              Titus also asserts it was legal error not to apply AS 09.60.010(c). The
application of a statute governing attorney’s fees is not committed to the superior court’s
discretion, but is a question of law reviewed de novo.64 DMV did not attempt to rebut
Titus’s statutory argument before the superior court, and the superior court did not



       62
              Rosen v. State Bd. of Pub. Accountacy, 689 P.2d 478, 482 (Alaska 1984).
       63
             Laidlaw Transit, Inc. v. Anchorage Sch. Dist., 118 P.3d 1018, 1038 (Alaska
2005) (quoting D.H. Blattner & Sons, Inc. v. N.M. Rothschild & Sons, Ltd., 55 P.3d 37,
56 (Alaska 2002)).
       64
              Okagawa v. Yaple, 234 P.3d 1278, 1280 (Alaska 2010).

                                           -21-                                      6773

discuss AS 09.60.010(c) in its award of attorney’s fees. DMV avoids the issue in its
briefing to us.
              Alaska Statute 09.60.010(c) precludes an adverse attorney’s fees award
where a claimant asserts non-frivolous constitutional claims without sufficient economic
interest to bring the action or appeal otherwise.65 And even if a constitutional claimant
does not qualify for protection under AS 09.60.010(c), the claimant may seek abatement
of an adverse attorney’s fee award under AS 09.60.010(e). Titus asserted that the proof­
of-insurance statutes violated his constitutional rights to equal protection and due
process; his only claim that was not constitutionally based was his assertion that a de
minimis exception applied.66      It was error not to consider Titus’s AS 09.60.010
arguments.
              We therefore vacate the attorney’s fee award and remand to the superior
court for renewed consideration of the issue, taking into account Titus’s reliance on
AS 09.60.010.
       E.     Failure To Hold Oral Argument Was Error.
              The parties agree that it was error for the superior court to issue a decision
without first holding the requested oral argument,67 but also agree that the error is
harmless in light of our independent review of the administrative decision and the


       65
             AS 09.60.010(c). See Tracy v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs.,Office
of Children Servs., 279 P.3d 613, 619 (Alaska 2012) (vacating attorney’s fee award on
unsuccessful constitutional claims).
       66
              Cf. Lentine v. State, 282 P.3d 369, 381 (Alaska 2012) (affirming attorney’s
fees award where, in contrast to Titus, claimant raised constitutional claims only
tangentially and in passing).
       67
             Alaska R. App. P. 605.5(b) (in appeals, other than civil cases concerning
less than $300 or minor offenses, “oral argument will be scheduled automatically if
timely requested by either party”).

                                           -22-                                       6773

opportunity for oral argument before us. Because the parties agree the error was
harmless, there is no need to remand on that ground.68 We note, however, that should
we need to address a pattern of disregard for procedural rules, we may “devise necessary
remedial steps in each case under [our] supervisory power to protect the rights of
litigants.”69
V.     CONCLUSION
                For the foregoing reasons we AFFIRM the administrative suspension of
Titus’s driver’s license, VACATE the award of attorney’s fees, and REMAND for a new
attorney’s fees determination.




       68
              See Alaska R. Civ. P. 61 (“The court at every stage of the proceeding must
disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial
rights of the parties.”).
       69
                McCracken v. Davis, 560 P.2d 771, 774 (Alaska 1977) (citations omitted).

                                           -23-                                    6773
