                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



UNITED STATES, ex rel.
THOMAS DURHAM,

        Plaintiff,
               v.                                         Civil Action No. 10-1946 (JEB)
PROSPECT WATERPROOFING, INC.,

        Defendant.




                          MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

        This case presents the question of how much of a dismissed False Claims Act suit should

remain under seal. Relator Thomas Durham and the United States have different opinions.

Under the applicable six-factor analysis the caselaw prescribes, the Court believes the

Government has the better argument.

   I.      Background

        Relator Thomas Durham filed this action on November 15, 2010, under the False Claims

Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, et seq., alleging that his employer, Prospect Waterproofing Company,

had falsely certified its payrolls, which resulted in the submission of fraudulent claims for

payment. Compl., ¶¶ 18, 20. Pursuant to the qui tam provisions of the FCA, Relator filed this

matter under seal so the United States could investigate these allegations. After the Government

completed its investigation, it declined to intervene, and on August 17, 2011, Relator filed a

Notice of Entry of Voluntary Dismissal Without Prejudice. ECF No. 9. He also requested that

the Court allow the case to remain under seal permanently. See id. The United States consented

to the voluntary dismissal but objected to Relator’s request to keep the case under seal. ECF No.
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10. The Government instead asked that the pleadings that do not reflect its investigative efforts -

- i.e., the Complaint, Relator’s Voluntary Dismissal, and the United States’ Consent to Entry of

Voluntary Dismissal -- be unsealed. See id. This Court ordered on August 23, 2011, that the

parties submit supplemental briefings on the sealing issue, which has now been completed.

   II.      Analysis

         In this Circuit, when evaluating whether to seal case pleadings, “the starting point . . . is a

‘strong presumption in favor of public access to judicial proceedings.’” EEOC v. Nat’l

Children’s Ctr., 98 F.3d 1406, 1409 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting Johnson v. Greater Southeast

Cmty. Hosp. Corp., 951 F.2d 1268, 1277 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). The D.C. Circuit has articulated

“‘six factors that might act to overcome this presumption of public access.’” United States ex rel.

Schweizer v. Oce, N.V., 577 F. Supp. 2d 169, 171 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting EEOC, 98 F.3d at

1409). These six factors are:

                (1) the need for public access to the documents at issue; (2) the
                extent of previous public access to the documents; (3) the fact that
                someone has objected to disclosure, and the identity of that person;
                (4) the strength of any property or privacy interests asserted; (5)
                the possibility of prejudice to those opposing disclosure; and (6)
                the purposes for which the documents were introduced during the
                judicial proceedings.

EEOC, 98 F.3d at 1409 (citing United States v. Hubbard, 650 F.2d 293, 317-22 (D.C. Cir.

1980)). The Court will examine them in turn.

   A. Need For Public Access
         As mentioned, there is a strong presumption that the public should have access to court

proceedings to “ensur[e] the integrity of judicial proceedings in particular and of the law

enforcement process more generally.” Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 315. Public access may be denied,

however, “to protect trade secrets, or the privacy and reputation of victims of crimes, as well as


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to guard against risks to national security interests, and to minimize the danger of an unfair trial

by adverse publicity.” Id. at 315-16 (internal citations omitted).

       Cases brought under the False Claims Act receive special consideration by the courts

because they “inherently implicate the public interest.” United States ex rel. Littlewood v. King

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2011 WL 3805607, at *6 (D. Md. Aug. 29, 2011) (unsealing all

documents in dismissed FCA case). Taxpayers are “real parties in interest” in FCA cases

because they possess a strong interest in fraud committed against the United States that results in

monetary loss to the Government. Schweizer, 577 F. Supp. 2d at 172. In addition, FCA cases

are brought with the expectation that the pleadings will eventually be unsealed. See ACLU v.

Holder, 2011 WL 1108252, at *12 (4th Cir. Mar. 28, 2011) (“We agree that ‘sunlight’ and

‘openness’ are important values that further the functioning of this republic and note that in

every FCA case, the qui tam complaint will be unsealed.”). In fact, the rationale behind sealing

FCA cases is to allow the United States ample time to investigate the allegations, and the FCA

does not contain any language that suggests the purpose of sealing a case is to protect the

relator’s identity. See United States ex rel. Herrera v. Bon Secours Cottage House Services, 665

F. Supp. 2d 782, 784-85 (E.D. Mich. 2008); see also 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(2).

       Relator’s argument that the case should remain under seal, even in light of the strong

presumption of public access, is based on two faulty premises. First, Relator contends that

because the case was dismissed voluntarily, the American public is no longer a party in interest

as the claims will not be litigated. Relator’s Memo. at 3. Additionally, Relator argues that

because Defendant no longer requires access to the sealed pleadings for litigation purposes, this

undercuts the presumption of public access. Id. These arguments, however, miss the mark. The

court in Schweizer explained that in FCA cases, there are “generalized needs for public access.”



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577 F. Supp. 2d at 173. Voluntary dismissals of FCA actions do not render the allegations any

less relevant to the taxpaying public. Although the court in Schweizer did acknowledge that the

defendant’s “pragmatic individualized need for access” to the sealed pleadings helped the court

resolve this factor in favor of unsealing the record, the court considered this fact “in light of the

more generalized need for public access.” Id. While Defendant does not need to access the

sealed filings for litigation purposes, the “generalized needs for public access” still remain. This

critical factor thus weighs in favor of unsealing.

   B. Extent Of Previous Public Access

       Previous public access to the sealed filings “is a factor which may weigh in favor of

subsequent [public] access.” Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 318. Of course, “[d]etermining whether . . .

the public has already had access to court records in a given case cannot . . . guide [a] decision

concerning whether . . . the public should have access as an original matter.” Id. The public did

not have prior access to the pleadings in the present case because this case was under seal

pursuant to procedures provided in the FCA. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(2). This factor is thus

neutral.

   C. Objection to Disclosure

           “[T]he fact that a party moves to seal the record weighs in favor of the party's motion.”

Zapp v. Zhenli Ye Gon, 746 F. Supp. 2d 145, 149 (D.D.C. 2010). As Relator has so moved, this

factor favors sealing.

   D. Strength Of Interests Asserted

       When deciding whether to seal or unseal a record, courts assess the strength of any

property or privacy interests voiced by the moving party. In Hubbard, the D.C. Circuit

considered “the objecting party’s privacy interest in the particular documents, . . . rather than the

effect that unsealing the documents would have on the party’s property and privacy interests

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generally.” Friedman v. Sebelius, 672 F. Supp. 2d 54, 60 (D.D.C. 2009) (emphasis added). In

his Memorandum, Relator only describes a general privacy interest in keeping his identity secret

from his employer to avoid any potential retaliation should disclosure occur. Id. at 5. He does

not articulate any privacy interests in the specific pleadings themselves. This generalized interest

is not sufficient to tip this factor toward Relator. See United States ex rel. Permison v.

Superlative Technologies, Inc., 492 F. Supp. 2d 561 (E.D. Va. 2007) (unsealing dismissed FCA

claim and pointing out that “[w]hile [the Relator’s] fear of retaliation is not entirely implausible,

it is certainly vague and hypothetical at best; he merely expresses a general apprehension that his

former employer might somehow interfere with his career prospects. . . . In sum, [the Relator’s]

vague concern of future retaliation by his former employer falls far short of outweighing the

public's strong interest in having access to court filings . . . .”).

    E. Possibility of Prejudice

        The possibility of prejudice refers to “whether disclosure of the documents will lead to

prejudice in future litigation to the party seeking the seal.” Friedman, 672 F. Supp. 2d at 60

(citing Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 320-21); see id. (“The plaintiffs have not claimed that unsealing

this matter would affect them in any future litigation; rather, they refer only to generalized

reputational harm.”). Relator points out that in evaluating prejudice, the court in Schweizer

considered the fact that the relators were no longer employees of the defendant, which

minimized the risk of “workplace discrimination and harassment” following the unsealing of the

pleadings. Relator’s Memo. at 6 (quoting 577 F. Supp. 2d at 177). Relator, therefore, argues

that, because he remains an employee of Defendant, the possibility of retaliation would be great

if the Court unseals the record. Id. A closer examination of Schweizer reveals that the fact the

relator was no longer employed by the defendant is one of several elements the court considered



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when examining prejudice. See 577 F. Supp. 2d at 177. In any event, Relator does not explain

how unsealing would lead to prejudice in future litigation.

       There are, moreover, potential policy concerns if relators are allowed to keep FCA cases

permanently under seal due to fear of employer retaliation. First, these retaliation concerns are

“similar to those of the many other employees who bring suits against their employers or former

employers for various reasons” and therefore should not merit special protection in qui tam

actions. Littlewood, 2011 WL 3805607, at *8. In addition, when bringing suit under the FCA,

Relator “concluded that these risks were worth taking if the Government would intervene.

Having assumed the risk that the Government might not intervene, [R]elator cannot cherry pick

the portions of the FCA that suit [him].” Id. at 9.

       The Court thus resolves this factor in favor of lifting the seal.

   F. Purposes For Which Documents Were Introduced

       There is a strong presumption against sealing court pleadings that are relevant to the

litigation of FCA claims because the public has a right to access the filings. See Friedman, 672

F. Supp. 2d at 61 (“if the documents sought to be sealed are entered as evidence during a trial,

there is a strong presumption against sealing”). In contrast, there is less of a pressing concern to

unseal pleadings if they are not relevant to the claims. See Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 321 (“[T]he

[sealed] documents . . . were not determined by the trial judge to be relevant to the crimes

charged; they were not used in the subsequent ‘trial’; nor were they described or even expressly

relied upon by the trial judge in his decision on the suppression motion.”).

       Relator contends that because he voluntarily dismissed this case, it no longer matters that

the documents were filed while litigating his claims. Relator’s Memo. at 7. This argument,

however, ignores that this factor focuses on the purpose of filing his pleadings and nothing


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further. When Relator filed his Complaint, his purpose was for his allegations to be the basis of

a potential trial. Therefore, there is a strong presumption for public access weighing in favor of

unsealing the Complaint. While Relator’s Voluntary Dismissal and the United States’ Consent

will not constitute the basis of an imminent trial, Relator’s allegations may potentially be revived

in future litigation because the case was dismissed without prejudice. Therefore, this factor

weighs in favor of lifting the seal.

          Having applied the six-factor analysis of United States v. Hubbard, the Court finds that

the majority weigh in favor of unsealing the pleadings. In addition, the most significant factors

concerning the need for public access, the strength of the interests involved, and the comparative

prejudice all militate against sealing.

   III.      Conclusion

          In light of the strong presumption of public access and having weighed the relevant

factors, the Court therefore ORDERS that:

                 1. Relator’s Complaint and Voluntary Dismissal and the United States’ Consent

                 shall be unsealed; and

                 2. All other filings shall remain under seal.




          SO ORDERED.


                                                        /s/ James E. Boasberg
                                                        JAMES E. BOASBERG
                                                        United States District Judge

Date: October 4, 2011




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