Appellants’ Motion for Rehearing Overruled; Affirmed and Substitute
Memorandum Opinion filed August 25, 2015.




                                     In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                             NO. 14-14-00234-CV

 HARDRIDERS MOTORCYCLE CLUB ASSOCIATION, HARDRIDERS
MOTORCYCLE CLUB FORT BEND COUNTY CHAPTER, HARDRIDERS
MOTORCYCLE CLUB BRAZORIA COUNTY CHAPTER, HARDRIDERS
   MOTORCYCLE CLUB LAFAYETTE CHAPTER, HARDRIDERS
    MOTORCYCLE CLUB GALVESTON COUNTY CHAPTER,
HARDRIDERS MOTORCYCLE CLUB BEAUMONT CHAPTER, EFREM
 SEWELL, MILO SHEPARD, THOMAS MEEKS, JOSEPH GUILLORY,
               AND TONY THOMAS, Appellants
                                       V.

HARDRIDERS, INC., WAVERLY NOLLEY, AND SHANNON MAYFIELD,
                        Appellees

                   On Appeal from the 151st District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. 2011-37278

    SUBSTITUTE MEMORANDUM OPINION
      We issued a memorandum opinion in this case on July 7, 2014, affirming the
trial court’s judgment. Appellants filed a motion for rehearing. Without changing
the disposition of the case, we deny the motion for rehearing, withdraw our
previous opinion, and issue this substitute opinion.

      In this dispute between rival factions within a motorcycle club, the
appellants contend that the trial court erred by refusing to disregard the jury’s
finding that the corporation had a superior right to ownership of the club’s name,
logo, and website over the unincorporated association, and by rendering judgment
in favor of the corporation and enjoining others from any and all use of the club’s
name, logo, and website. We affirm.

                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Sometime in 2000, a group of friends, including Jimmy Davis, Darvin Scott,
Efrem Sewell, and Waverly Nolley, began riding motorcycles together. The group
decided that they should form a motorcycle club. The group also created a charter
to govern their activities and elected officers, making Davis the club’s first
president and Scott the vice-president.

      In August 2000, Davis filed an assumed name certificate in Harris County
for use of the name “Hard Riders.” Davis also designed and paid for the creation of
a signature logo for the club, which included the words “Hard Riders” in old
English font above orange and yellow flames. The group commonly referred to
themselves as the “Hard Riders Motorcycle Club” and the graphic design became
known as “the flames.”

      In 2003, Davis decided to leave the club. Scott was elected president and
another member, Don Sutton, became vice-president. After Davis left, Scott and
Sutton filed another assumed name certificate for the club, identifying it as “Hard
Riders of Houston.” The club also opened a bank account under the name “Hard
Riders of Houston” and obtained bank cards for the officers in that name. The club
advertised motorcycle rallies to the public using the name “Hard Riders of
Houston” and displaying the flames. Around 2004, Milo Shepard and Thomas

                                          2
Meeks joined the club.

       In 2005, an individual who had attended one of the motorcycle rallies was
involved in an accident while leaving the rally. This incident created concern
among the club’s membership that they could be personally liable should someone
become injured at one of their sponsored events, so they discussed incorporating
the club. Scott, with the assistance of Sewell, who was a lawyer, had articles of
incorporation prepared and filed for “HardRiders, Inc.”1 Sewell employed a service
to prepare the documentation. Although Sewell was apparently unsure about the
type of corporation to form, ultimately it was formed as a close corporation with
Scott and another member, Herman Frazier, as the two shareholders.

       After the incorporation, Scott informed members that they were now
“Inc.’d.” The club’s members also continued to attend meetings and pay dues as
they had done previously. At the end of 2005, the club hosted a Christmas event,
advertising the Hard Riders name and flames logo and presenting an ice sculpture
with the flames and the name “Hard Riders, Inc.” emblazoned across it. In January
2006, the club purchased a trailer with money from the bank account and
registered it in the name of HardRiders, Inc.

       Scott resigned as president in 2007 and Meeks became president. Shepard
began serving as treasurer. Shepard ordered checks for the Hard Riders of Houston
bank account to include the name “Hard Riders, Inc.” Shepard also wrote and
deposited checks for membership dues into the club’s account. Later, Shepard
purchased the domain name, hardridersmc.com, from GoDaddy.com using the
club’s bank card.

       Shepard later discovered that HardRiders, Inc.’s corporate status had been

       1
        The exhibits variously refer to “Hard Riders, Inc.,” “Hardriders, Inc.,” “HardRiders,
Inc.,” and “Hard Riders Inc.” For consistency, we will refer to the incorporated entity as
“HardRiders, Inc.” unless otherwise specified.
                                             3
forfeited in 2007 for nonpayment of state franchise taxes. Shepard applied for
reinstatement, which was approved in 2010. That same year, Shepard filed an
assumed name certificate for “Hard Riders Motorcycle Club,” identifying the legal
name of the entity filing the assumed name as HardRiders, Inc. Meeks, as president
of the club, likewise filed an assumed name certificate in Louisiana for use of the
name of “Hard Riders Motorcycle Club” on behalf of HardRiders, Inc. Meeks
represented in the application that HardRiders, Inc. first used this name on August
1, 2000.

      As membership grew beyond Houston, the club began to prepare for a
national organization. Club members attended several meetings where bylaws were
crafted and voted on. The “Hard Riders Inc. Bylaws” reflected that the name of the
club was “the Hard Riders Motorcycle Club, also known as Hard Riders of
Houston.” The bylaws specified that, among other things, members of the club
could not be a member of any other motorcycle club during their membership with
HardRiders, Inc. Along with the bylaws, the members also voted in favor of
adopting the “Hard Riders Motorcycle Club National Constitution.” Section III of
the document identified the club as “HardRiders, Inc. (aka Hard Riders Motorcycle
Club).” Article IX identified the club’s logo as the flames with Hard Riders written
in old English font above it.

      After the new constitution and bylaws were adopted, concerns arose that a
national board must be elected before the constitution’s provisions could be
implemented. On March 1, 2011, Waverly Nolley was elected national president in
a contested election.

      Unhappy with the outcome of the election, Sewell filed a trademark
application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for the flames logo
in his own name. Sewell and Shepard together also formed a nonprofit corporation
called Hard Riders Motorcycle Club, and included the flames logo in the
                                         4
incorporation document. Shepard, Meeks, and Joseph Guillory were named as
directors of the corporation. Shepard also contacted GoDaddy.com to change the
ownership information for the domain name “hardridersmc.com” from HardRiders,
Inc. to his corporation, Lost Creek Group.

      In the summer of 2011, HardRiders, Inc. filed suit against Sewell, Shepard,
Meeks, Guillory, and another club member, Tony Thomas. HardRiders, Inc. later
amended its petition to add as a defendant the nonprofit corporation Hard Riders
Motorcycle Club. At the time of trial, HardRiders Inc.’s live petition included a
request for declaratory and injunctive relief as well as claims of civil theft,
trademark and trade name dilution, unfair competition, conversion, and trademark
infringement. HRMCA and several chapters of the HardRiders Motorcycle Club
intervened and asserted many of the same claims against HardRiders, Inc.

      In August 2013, the case was tried to a jury over the course of twelve days.
More than 200 exhibits were admitted, and at the conclusion of the trial the jury
was given a ninety-nine page jury charge. Relevant here, the jury found in
Question 1 that HRMCA began as an unincorporated association in March 2000,
and in Question 1a, the jury found that it “still existed.” In Question 3, the jury was
asked whether HardRiders, Inc. or HRMCA “held the superior right to the
trademark (flames and colors), trade name (“Hard Riders”), and website address
(hardridersmc.com”) of the Hard Riders organization as of February 28, 2011.”
The jury answered “HardRiders, Inc.”

      Following the verdict, both sides filed motions to disregard the jury’s
findings, and the trial court held a hearing on the parties’ arguments. On December
26, the trial court signed a judgment finding that HardRiders, Inc. had the superior
rights of ownership to the trademark, trade name, and website, and declaring that
“the assumed name/trade name of ‘Hard Riders,’ the trademark consisting of the
flames and logo, and the webpage hardridersmc.com, and the lease agreement for
                                          5
the webpage hardridersmc.com is the property of HARDRIDERS, INC. with all
rights and privileges pertaining thereto.” The trial court also permanently enjoined
the individual defendants from using the trade name, trademark, and website.
HRMCA and the individual defendants moved for a new trial, which was denied.

                                   ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

       On appeal, HRMCA contends that the rights to the Hard Riders trademark,
trade name, and website belong to it, not HardRiders, Inc.2 According to HRMCA,
the evidence and the jury’s answers to Question 1 and 1a show that HRMCA is an
incorporated association that was first formed in March 2000 and still exists.
HRMCA notes that the club was formed by Jimmy Davis and its other founding
members, and when it was formed, Davis came up with the name and logo. In
contrast, HardRiders, Inc. did not exist until 2005, when it was formed as a close
corporation to insulate its members from liability.

       As between the two distinct legal entities, HRMCA argues that it was not
only first in time, but the first to use the trademark and trade name and therefore
necessarily had a superior right to them. HRMCA also argues that there is no
evidence of any transaction by which ownership of the trademark and trade name
was transferred to HardRiders, Inc. Consequently, HRMCA maintains, the trial
court erred by refusing to disregard the jury’s answer to Question 3, in which the
jury found that HardRiders, Inc. had the superior right to the Hard Riders
trademark, trade name, and website.

       A.     Standard of Review

       The denial of a motion to disregard jury findings and for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict is reviewed under a legal sufficiency standard. Kamat


       2
         In the interest of brevity, we will refer to the appellants collectively as “HRMCA” and
the appellees as “HardRiders, Inc.” unless the context reflects otherwise.
                                               6
v. Prakash, 420 S.W.3d 890, 905 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.).
In determining whether legally sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s
findings of fact, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
challenged finding and indulge every reasonable inference that would support it.
See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005). We credit
favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could and disregard contrary evidence
unless a reasonable factfinder could not disregard it. See id. at 827.

      A party attacking legal sufficiency relative to an adverse finding on which it
had the burden of proof must demonstrate that the evidence conclusively
establishes all vital facts in support of the issue. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46
S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001). We review the entire record to determine if the
contrary proposition is established as a matter of law only if there is no evidence to
support the jury’s finding. See id. Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is
legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at
822. The final test for legal sufficiency is whether the evidence would enable
reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review. Id. at 827.
The jurors are the sole judge of witness credibility and the weight to give
witnesses’ testimony. Id. at 819.

      Applying this standard of review, HRMCA’s burden on appeal is to
demonstrate that: (1) there is no evidence to support the jury’s finding that
HardRiders, Inc. held the superior right to the trademark, trade name, and website,
and (2) the jury’s other findings along with the conclusive evidence at trial
established that HRMCA held superior rights to the Hard Riders trademark, trade
name, and website as a matter of law. See Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 241.




                                          7
      B.     Legally Sufficient Evidence Exists to Show that Hard Riders, Inc.
             Held a Superior Right to the Hard Riders Trademark, Trade
             Name, and Website
   HRMCA sought to establish its right to the Hard Riders trade name and
trademark under the common law. To prevail on a common-law trademark
infringement claim, HRMCA had the burden to prove the following elements:

      1.     the name must be eligible for protection;
      2.     the party claiming infringement is the senior user of the name;
      3.     the mark and the mark of a competitor are likely to confuse
             consumers; and
      4.     where a plaintiff seeks to enjoin the infringing mark, that the
             likelihood of confusion will cause irreparable injury for which
             there is no adequate legal remedy.

All Am. Builders, Inc. v. All Am. Siding of Dallas, Inc., 991 S.W.2d 484, 488 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1999, no pet.); Zapata Corp. v. Zapata Trading Int’l, Inc., 841
S.W.2d 45, 47 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no writ). The elements of a
common-law trademark infringement action under Texas law are the same as those
of a federal trademark infringement action. See Zapata Corp., 841 S.W.2d at 47.

      Ownership of a trademark is established by use, not registration. Union Nat’l
Bank of Tex., Laredo v. Union Nat’l Bank of Tex., Austin, Tex., 909 F.2d 839, 842
(5th Cir. 1990); see Blue Bell, Inc. v. Farah Mfg. Co., Inc., 508 F.2d 1260, 1265
(5th Cir. 1975). The first one to use a mark is generally held to be the “senior” user
and is entitled to enjoin other “junior” users of the mark. Union Nat’l Bank of Tex.,
Laredo, 909 F.2d at 842–43. The senior user’s priority in the adoption and use of a
trademark or trade name “confers a superior right to the use thereof.” Burge v.
Dallas Retail Merchants Ass’n, 257 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas
1953, no writ).

      Both HRMCA and HardRiders, Inc. sought ownership and protection of the

                                          8
same trade name, trademark, and website. There was no dispute as to whether the
trade name, trademark, and website were eligible for protection, whether their use
would be likely to confuse, or whether the likelihood of confusion was sufficient to
cause irreparable injury. The only relevant issue the jury was asked to resolve was
which of the two parties had a superior right to ownership of the trade name,
trademark, and website.

      To place HRMCA’s evidentiary challenge in context, we note that Questions
1 and 1a did not concern any issue relating to ownership of a trademark; the
questions were limited to whether HRMCA ever existed, when it began, and
whether it still exists. In contrast, Question 3 asked the jury which party held the
superior right to the trademark, trade name, and website. Significantly, Question 3
did not include any instructions concerning the application of trademark law to the
facts of the case, and the jury was not instructed on the meaning of “senior user.”
The jury also was not provided a definition or instruction about what constitutes a
“superior right.” Instead, the jury was merely asked:

      Who held the superior right to the trademark (flames and colors),
      trade name (“Hard Riders”), and website address (hardridersmc.com”)
      of the Hard Riders organization as of February 28, 2011?
      Answer: “Hard Riders, Inc.” or “Hard Riders Motorcycle Club
      Association”
      Answer: ___________

Of the two options, the jury chose HardRiders, Inc.

      Neither party objected to Question 3 at trial. When the parties have not
objected at trial to the substance of the law set forth in the jury charge, we review
the sufficiency of the evidence in light of the legal standards contained in
the charge. See, e.g., Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000) (“[I]t is the
court’s charge, not some other unidentified law, that measures the sufficiency of
the evidence when the opposing party fails to object to the charge.”). This is true
                                         9
even if the charge contains an incorrect statement of the law. See Barnes v. Mathis,
353 S.W.3d 760, 765 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam); Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc., 166
S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tex. 2005).

      Here, the trial court’s charge instructed the jury: “If my instructions use a
word in a way that is different from its ordinary meaning, use the meaning I give
you, which will be a proper legal definition.” The ordinary meaning of the word
“superior” is “one who is above another in rank, office, or station” or “one higher
in quality or merit.” WEBSTER’S NEW EXPLORER DICTIONARY AND THESAURUS 519
(1999). Absent a definition of “superior right” or any instructions concerning its
application as an element of a trademark infringement claim, the jury was entitled
to apply the ordinary meaning of “superior” and find in favor of the party having a
greater or more meritorious right to the trademark, trade name, and website. See
Barnes, 353 S.W.3d at 765; Romero, 166 S.W.3d at 221.

      HRMCA contends that because the jury found in Question 1a that HRMCA
“existed as an unincorporated association” that was first formed in “March 2000,”
the jury necessarily found that HRMCA was the senior user of the trade name,
trademark, and website. HRMCA also contends that the evidence at trial was
conclusive that, as between HardRiders, Inc. and HRMCA, HRMCA was the
senior user. As support for these propositions, HRMCA points to the undisputed
evidence that Jimmy Davis, the club’s founder, created the Hard Riders name and
flames logo. However, conception of a mark alone does not prove ownership. See
Blue Bell, Inc., 508 F.2d at 1265 (“[N]either conception of the mark, nor
advertising alone establishes trademark rights at common law.”) (citations
omitted). Moreover, the jury was asked in Question 1a to decide only whether
HRMCA existed, not whether it was a senior user of the trade name, trademark,
and website. The jury subsequently found that HardRiders, Inc. had a superior right
to the trademark, trade name, and website.

                                        10
      At trial, the parties contested whether the name and flames logo were first
used by HRMCA or another entity. Davis, the club’s founder, disputed whether the
club was known as HRMCA. Davis testified that he had never heard or used the
name Hard Riders Motorcycle Club Association, and if the name was used, it was
used after he left the club. Davis acknowledged that a membership application
identifying the club as “Hard Riders Motorcycle Club Association” and
“HRMCA” looked like a document he would have created while he was with the
club. However, when Davis filed the first assumed name certificate for the club in
August 2000, he represented that the club’s name was “Hard Riders.” There was
also testimony that the group commonly called themselves the “Hard Riders
Motorcycle Club.”

      Additionally, the early club charters identifying Davis and Scott as president
and vice president refer to the “Hard Riders Motorcycle Club Association,” and
“HRMCA,” but do not contain the “Hard Riders” name in old English font or
display the flames. In contrast, a presumably later charter that shows the name
“Hard Riders” in old English font at the top of the first page includes references to
both HRMCA and HardRiders, Inc. On the second page of the charter, the Hard
Riders name and flames appear along with references to “Hard Riders Inc.,” and a
section listing the requirements for members includes a rule that members “must
not be a member of any other motorcycle club during your membership with Hard
Riders, Inc.”

      Contrary to HRMCA’s assertion, the jury’s finding that HRMCA existed as
an unincorporated association before HardRiders, Inc. does not equate to a finding
that HRMCA was the senior user. Nor does the evidence that Davis, the club’s
founder, created the signature name and flames logo conclusively demonstrate
HRMCA’s senior use of the trade name and trademark. See Blue Bell, Inc., 508
F.2d at 1265. HRMCA points to no other evidence to support its assertion that

                                         11
HRMCA was the senior user of the trade name and trademark. Further, there was
some evidence that the “Hard Riders” name and flames logo was used by
HardRiders, Inc. The jury resolved the dispute in Question 3 when it determined
that HardRiders, Inc. had a superior right to the use of the trade name, trademark,
and website.

      HRMCA also argues that HardRiders, Inc. did not present any evidence of a
transfer of the assets from HRMCA to HardRiders, Inc., but instead relied on a
theory of “some sort of organic succession of entities” when HardRiders, Inc. was
formed. Courts have stated generally that merely incorporating an unincorporated
association is insufficient to transfer the unincorporated association’s property to
the corporation. See Edwards v. Old Settlers’ Ass’n, 166 S.W. 423, 427 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Austin 1914, writ ref’d). According to HRMCA, HardRiders, Inc.’s
“succession” theory is unsupported by either the facts or the law.

      First, HRMCA asserts that HardRiders Inc.’s own counsel and a plaintiff,
Waverly Nolley, testified that there was no agreement to transfer ownership or a
license to use the trademark, the name, and website to HardRiders, Inc., only “the
succession of names of the club.” In context, the exchange was as follows:

      Q.    [HRMCA’s counsel] What agreement does HardRiders, Inc.,
      have? HardRiders, Inc., is the one filing the lawsuit here?
      A.    [Nolley] Yes, sir. You know, one of the witnesses put it, I think,
      very eloquently but simple, the agreement of trust. That’s the
      agreement that I have.
      Q.    So there was never any agreement where you have a meeting of
      the minds and an actual transfer of property, did, Mr. Nolley?
      A.     Yes, sir. The meeting of the minds is the succession of names
      of the club where the succession and names of the club changes but
      not the members.
      Q.       When did that happen?
      A.    That happened at the end of the succession of each different
      name. That’s when it happened.
                                         12
       We conclude that Nolley’s testimony does not conclusively establish that no
transfer of property took place. Nolley expressly disagreed that no property was
transferred and stated that there was a meeting of the minds and a transfer through
the successive club names. The jury could have understood Nolley’s explanation as
consistent with an implied agreement transferring the trade name, trademark, and
website from one incarnation of the club to another. Our courts have recognized
that an implied contract may be inferred from evidence of the parties’ conduct and
course of dealing, and that the creation of an implied contract is a question of fact
for a jury. See Haws & Garrett Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. Gorbett Bros. Welding
Co., Inc., 480 S.W.2d 607, 609–10 (Tex. 1972).

       HRMCA also contends, however, that “some formal transfer of title was
required” if HardRiders, Inc. was to prove title to the trademark and logo over
HRMCA’s superior rights. According to HRMCA, HardRiders, Inc.’s only
evidence “consists of a generic desire or understanding by some of the witnesses
that the act of incorporation would automatically transfer ownership of the assets”
to HardRiders, Inc. It is undisputed that no formal document of transfer was
produced, but HRMCA does not direct us to any case law or statute requiring a
“formal” transfer of title in a common law trademark action.3 Moreover, case law
cited by HRMCA suggests that no formal transfer of property is required when an
unincorporated association incorporates, so long as the members of the

       3
          On rehearing, HRMCA points out that section 16.061 of the Texas Business and
Commerce Code requires that an assignment of a trademark “must be made by a properly
executed written instrument . . . .” See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 16.061(b). However, HRMCA
does not allege a statutory violation. Moreover, remedies provided under the code are available
only to owners of registered marks, and HRMCA does not contend it owns a registered
trademark. See id. § 16.104(a) (“An owner of a mark registered under this chapter may bring an
action to enjoin the manufacture, use, display, or sale of any counterfeits or imitations of a
mark.”); Sandy Int’l, Inc. v. Hansel & Gretel Children’s Shop, Inc., 775 S.W.2d 802, 806 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 1989, no pet.) (absent evidence of a written assignment, plaintiff was not a
registrant and lacked standing to seek relief for trademark infringement under Texas trademark
statute).
                                              13
unincorporated association and the corporation take some action to transfer the
ownership of the property. See Edwards, 166 S.W. at 427 (“Appellant insists that
the judgment should be reversed for the reason that there was no transfer from the
Old Settlers’ Association, unincorporated, nor from [the Association’s trustees] to
the Old Settlers’ Association, incorporated. There was delivery of possession, and
this is all that was necessary.”).

      The issue of whether there was a transfer of the property from one entity to
another was hotly contested at trial, and HardRiders, Inc. presented evidence and
witness testimony that transfers were in fact made. Davis testified that he
registered the club name as “Hard Riders,” and when he left the club he transferred
the care and custody of the flames logo to Darvin Scott as president of the club.
Subsequently, Scott filed the assumed name certificate in Harris County for use of
the name “Hard Riders of Houston,” not HRMCA. After that, the club used the
Hard Riders name and flames on advertisements of motorcycle events and in
connection with the website hardridersofhouston.com, the predecessor to the
hardridersmc.com website.

      Scott testified that when concerns arose about liability in 2005, the members
of Hard Riders of Houston voted to incorporate the club and transfer its assets to
HardRiders, Inc. Scott also testified that if HRMCA had any assets before 2003,
the membership understood that those assets were transferred to Hard Riders of
Houston because “that’s what the membership wanted.” Although Scott did not
recall any written transfer agreements, he testified that the transfer of the assets
was the “number one thing” and that the transfer happened at the same time as the
formation of HardRiders, Inc. Significantly, it was always his and the club’s
understanding that “everything was supposed to have been transferred.” Scott also
testified that he engaged Sewell to represent HardRiders, Inc., and to handle all
aspects of the incorporation.

                                        14
      Michelle Oxindine, who served as secretary for the club, also testified that
she recalled a meeting of the members in which it was discussed that the club’s
assets were to be transferred to an incorporated entity and that Sewell was going to
do the paperwork. Additionally, Oxindine and Scott both testified that Milo
Shepard was charged with obtaining the hardridersmc.com website on behalf of the
club and that the website belonged to HardRiders, Inc.

      Herman Frazier, who served as vice-president of the club and was a witness
for the defense, also recalled a meeting in which there was “strong agreement”
among the members to become HardRiders, Inc. to protect them from liability, and
that the decision was “no-brainer.” And although Frazier could not recall a specific
meeting in which the transfer of assets was discussed, he always understood that
since 2005, HardRiders, Inc. owned the club’s assets, including the name and logo.
George Provost, another founding member and defense witness, testified that he
remembered a meeting in 2005 in which the members discussed the Hard Riders
organization “succeeding into HardRiders, Inc.” There was no evidence that only a
partial assignment of the trade name, trademark, and website was made, and no
evidence that any trade name or mark was merely licensed.

      The jurors were also presented with evidence and testimony that the
assumed name “Hardriders Motorcycle Club” was filed on behalf of HardRiders,
Inc., as well as the bylaws acknowledging that the flames logo belonged to
HardRiders, Inc. The jury also could have considered the club’s rule that members
could not be members in any other motorcycle club while they were members of
HardRiders, Inc., to mean that they could not also be members of HRMCA at the
same time they were members of HardRiders, Inc. Additionally, the jury may have
discounted contrary testimony from some of HRMCA’s members, given their
attempts after the 2011 election to register the flames logo, form a new corporation
named “Hard Riders Motorcycle Club,” install themselves as officers of the club,

                                        15
and transfer ownership of the hardridersmc.com website for themselves. Viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury could have
reasonably inferred that the club membership decided to incorporate to protect
themselves from personal liability, and that that all of the club’s assets, including
the Hard Riders name, the flames logo, and the website address, were transferred
to HardRiders, Inc. for the purpose of protecting those assets.

       Such an inference is further supported by evidence showing that since 2005,
the club continued collecting membership dues, owning property, renting venues,
and conducting business generally through at least 2011 as HardRiders, Inc.
Additionally, after incorporation, the club used the Hard Riders of Houston bank
account as HardRiders, Inc.’s account. Shepard, as the club’s treasurer, ordered
checks for the bank account in the name of HardRiders, Inc., and began to deposit
and issue payments in the name of HardRiders, Inc. Shepard also wrote personal
checks to HardRiders, Inc. for membership dues and deposited them into the Hard
Riders of Houston account. Payments to various vendors or individuals were made
with funds from the bank account by check in the name of Hard Riders, Inc.,4 and
Provost testified that the money in the bank account belonged to HardRiders, Inc.

       In summary, the jury charge as written authorized the jury to find in favor of
the party having an undefined “superior right” to the trademark, trade name, and
4
   In a post-submission letter, HRMCA argues that evidence that checks were made out to
HardRiders, Inc. and that HardRiders, Inc. appeared on checks and deposit slips was not
evidence that all assets were transferred. At best, HRMCA argues, the two entities shared use of
the bank account created before HardRiders, Inc.’s existence. And even assuming such an
inference could be made, HRMCA continues, it would be speculation and “no better than an
inference that the account intentionally remained part of HRMCA given that the sole purpose of
HardRiders, Inc.’s. creation was to protect the associations’ members and its assets from
liability.” However, jurors are entitled to draw from the evidence whatever inferences they wish,
so long as more than one inference is possible, and in our review we must assume jurors made all
inferences in favor of their verdict if reasonable minds could and disregard all other inferences.
City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 821; see also Lozano v. Lozano, 52 S.W.3d 141, 148 (Tex. 2001)
(noting that “[i]f circumstantial evidence will support more than one reasonable inference, it is
for the jury to decide which is more reasonable”).

                                               16
website. Based on the evidence presented and the charge submitted, more than a
scintilla of evidence exists from which the jury reasonably could have concluded
that HardRiders, Inc.’s right to the trademark, tradename, and website was
“superior” to HRMCA’s based on the common understanding of the word
“superior” to mean “greater” or “more meritorious.” Moreover, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s finding, the jury could have
determined that the members of the original unincorporated association (whether
Hard Riders or HRMCA) and its successor, Hard Riders of Houston, transferred all
of the club’s assets, including the trademark, tradename, and website, to
HardRiders, Inc. by an implied agreement of the members when the club was
incorporated in 2005 for the purpose of protecting its members from liability. See
City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819–21. Therefore, the trial court would not have
erred by refusing to disregard the jury’s answer to Question 3.

                                   CONCLUSION

      We overrule the appellants’ issues and affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                       /s/    Ken Wise
                                              Justice



Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Brown, and Wise.




                                         17
