                                                                           FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            FEB 11 2016
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


TARA SINGH,                                      No. 13-74433

              Petitioner,                        Agency No. A070-542-835

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
LORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General,

              Respondent.


                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                            Submitted February 9, 2016**
                              San Francisco, California

Before: SILVERMAN, FISHER, and TALLMAN, Circuit Judges.

      Tara Singh, a native and citizen of India, petitions for review of a decision of

the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ)

decision denying him asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the



        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
        **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Convention Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. §

1252(a)(1), and we deny the petition for review.

      1. The record does not compel the conclusion that Singh suffered past

persecution by the Indian police. Singh’s mistreatment by the police, while

reprehensible, occurred only once. Singh was detained for less than a day, did not

report any injuries, and voluntarily returned to the police station on two separate

occasions after this incident without further problems. Prasad v. I.N.S., 47 F.3d

336, 339–40 (9th Cir. 1995) (minor abuse of applicant during brief detention and

interrogation did not compel a finding of past persecution); Gu v. Gonzales, 454

F.3d 1014, 1020 (9th Cir. 2006) (brief detention and beating did not compel a

finding of past persecution).

      The record does, however, compel the conclusion that Singh suffered past

persecution at the hands of the Bhindranwale Tiger Force (BTF). Credible death

threats, combined with an actual assassination attempt shortly thereafter,

substantially supports a finding of past persecution. See Navas v. I.N.S., 217 F.3d

646, 658 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that the petitioner “unquestionably demonstrated

persecution” where he was “threatened with death,” “he was shot at,” and two of

his family members were murdered). Therefore, Singh has unquestionably

demonstrated that he suffered past persecution at the hands of the BTF.


                                           2
      2. Because Singh established past persecution, “a rebuttable presumption of

a well-founded fear of future persecution arises.” See Tawadrus v. Ashcroft, 364

F.3d 1099, 1103 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)). Despite the

BIA’s error in concluding that Singh did not suffer past persecution, substantial

evidence nonetheless supports the BIA’s alternative holding that there has been a

fundamental change in country conditions such that Singh does not face a well-

founded fear of future persecution. Administrative Record at 4. The BIA

expressly upheld the IJ’s determination that “there is ample evidence that

circumstances in India have fundamentally changed such that he cannot establish a

well-founded fear of future persecution.” Administrative Record at 4, 49. The

BIA properly considered various State Department country reports indicating that

conditions for Indian Sikhs have dramatically improved, the period of Sikh

militancy has ended, India has elected a Sikh prime minister, and that the BTF is

now largely defunct. Further, the BIA properly found that Singh’s three voluntary

return trips to India without incident to attend public gatherings further undermines

his claim of a well-founded fear of future persecution at the hands of the BTF. See

Loho v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 1016, 1017–18 (9th Cir. 2008) (voluntary return trips

“militates against a finding of past persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution”). Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of


                                          3
asylum. Contrary to the position of our colleague in dissent, we see no reason to

order a remand to repeat an analysis on fundamental change in country conditions

that has already been completed.

      3. Because Singh has failed to establish eligibility for asylum, he

“necessarily fails to establish eligibility for withholding of removal.” Cruz-

Navarro v. I.N.S., 232 F.3d 1024, 1031 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Singh-Kaur v.

I.N.S., 183 F.3d 1147, 1149 (9th Cir. 1999)).

      4. The record does not compel the conclusion that “it is more likely than

not” Singh will be tortured if he returns to India. See Bromfield v. Mukasey, 543

F.3d 1071, 1079 (9th Cir. 2008) (“[Petitioner] is entitled to relief under CAT if he

establishes that he would more likely than not be tortured in [his home country].”).

      The Petition for Review is DENIED.




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                                                                            FILED
Singh v. Lynch, No. 13-74433
                                                                             FEB 11 2016
                                                                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


FISHER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

      I respectfully dissent from parts 2 and 3 of the majority’s disposition. I join

in parts 1 and 4 of the disposition.

      “An applicant alleging past persecution has the burden of establishing that

(1) his treatment rises to the level of persecution; (2) the persecution was on

account of one or more protected grounds; and (3) the persecution was committed

by the government, or by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to

control.” Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018, 1023 (9th Cir. 2010). “Once

past persecution is demonstrated, then fear of future persecution is presumed, and

the burden shifts to the government to show, by a preponderance of the evidence,

that there has been a fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant

no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution, or the applicant could avoid

future persecution by relocating to another part of the applicant’s country.” Deloso

v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 858, 863-64 (9th Cir. 2005) (alteration and internal quotation

marks omitted).

      In the case before us, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) rejected

Singh’s asylum claim on the ground that his treatment did not rise to the level of

                                           1
past persecution. See Administrative Record at 4 (“The record supports the

Immigration Judge’s determination that, while credible, the respondent has failed

to establish that these incidents, including his legs being kicked during his arrest by

the Indian police and his interrogation, and a threatening letter from the

Bhindranwale Tiger Force, constitute past persecution.”). The BIA did not address

whether the persecution was on account of one or more protected grounds or

whether the persecution was committed by the government or forces the

government was unable or unwilling to control. Nor did the BIA apply the

presumption of a fear of future persecution. See id. (“In the absence of a finding of

past persecution, the respondent is not entitled to the presumption that he has a

well-founded fear of future persecution if returned to India.”). Accordingly, the

BIA did not address whether the government had met its burden under 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(b)(1)(i) of showing either a fundamental change in circumstances such

that Singh no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution or that Singh could

avoid future persecution by relocating to another part of India.

      I agree with the majority’s holding that the record compels the conclusion

that the treatment Singh suffered rises to the level of past persecution: a credible

death threat, combined with an actual assassination attempt, compels a finding of

past persecution. The BIA, therefore, denied Singh’s asylum application on an

                                           2
erroneous ground. That should be the end of the matter. Our duty in these

circumstances is to grant the petition for review and remand to the BIA to address

the other aspects of Singh’s asylum claim, none of which the BIA has yet

considered. See Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511, 517 (2009) (“When the BIA has

not spoken on ‘a matter that statutes place primarily in agency hands,’ our ordinary

rule is to remand to ‘give the BIA the opportunity to address the matter in the first

instance in light of its own expertise.’” (alterations omitted) (quoting INS v.

Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002) (per curiam))); Najmabadi v. Holder, 597 F.3d

983, 986 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[O]ur review is limited to the actual grounds relied upon

by the BIA.” (quoting Ramirez-Altamirano v. Holder, 563 F.3d 800, 804 (9th Cir.

2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted)); Doissaint v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 1167,

1170 (9th Cir. 2008) (“In reviewing the decision of the BIA, we consider only the

grounds relied upon by that agency.” (quoting Andia v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 1181,

1184 (9th Cir. 2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

      The majority declines to apply the ordinary remand rule here by relying on

the BIA’s “alternative holding that there has been a fundamental change in country

conditions such that Singh does not face a well-founded fear of future

persecution.” Majority Disposition at 3. The BIA, however, made no such

holding. Although the BIA noted Singh “cannot establish a well-founded fear of

                                           3
persecution by the Bhindranwale Tiger Force because of changed conditions in

India,” Administrative Record at 4, this does not mean the BIA found a

fundamental change in country conditions. First, the BIA expressly stated it was

not applying the “presumption [of] a well-founded fear of future persecution.” Id.

The Board made its statement regarding changed country conditions in addressing

whether Singh had satisfied his burden of showing future persecution under 8

C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(2), not in addressing whether the government met its burden

of showing a fundamental change in circumstances under § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A).

Second, because the BIA was conducting a different inquiry than the one the

majority attributes to it, the Board found only “changed conditions in India,” not “a

fundamental change in circumstances,” as would be required to rebut the

presumption under § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A). Third, because the BIA was addressing

future persecution under § 1208.13(b)(2) rather than past persecution under

§ 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A), it placed the burden on Singh rather than the government.

      The majority errs by treating the finding the BIA actually made with the one

it was required to make. These are quite distinct inquiries, both in terms of who

has the burden of proof and what that burden is. For good reason, see, e.g., Skalak

v. INS, 944 F.2d 364, 365 (7th Cir. 1991), our asylum laws treat an applicant such

as Singh, who has actually suffered past persecution, differently than one who has

                                          4
not: Singh is presumed to be eligible for asylum unless the government meets its

high burden of rebutting that presumption by showing a fundamental change in

circumstances. Here, the BIA never addressed whether the government had met

that heightened burden.

      The majority errs by upholding the BIA’s decision on a ground the BIA

explicitly did not rely on. I would grant the petition for review on Singh’s asylum

and withholding of removal claims and remand those claims to the BIA, as the

ordinary remand rule requires.




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