Opinion issued June 19, 2014




                                       In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                           First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                               NO. 01-12-00708-CV
                            ———————————
      WILLIAM BUSH AND MARI MARC S.A. DE C.V., Appellants
                                         V.
    CARDTRONICS, INC. AND CARDTRONICS S.A. DE C.V., Appellees


                    On Appeal from the 281st District Court
                             Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 2010-31459


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant William Bush 1 challenges the trial court’s judgment granting

appellees Cardtronics, Inc. (“Cardtronics USA”) and Cardtronics Mexico, S.A. de


1
      Mari Marc S.A. de C.V. was identified as another appellant but ultimately did not
      file an appellant’s brief. After sending notice, we dismissed Mari Marc S.A. de
      C.V. from the appeal.
C.V.’s motion to dismiss based on a forum selection clause. In four issues, Bush

argues that the forum selection clause does not govern because (1) Bush performed

under an earlier contract; (2) the latter contract did not replace the earlier contract

by novation; (3) the latter contract had not been ratified; and (4) the forum

selection clause under the latter contract was fraudulently induced.

      We affirm.

                                    Background

      William Bush became involved in the ATM business in Mexico when he

noticed a lack of ATMs around tourist areas. In 2005, Bush began dealing with a

company identified by the parties as CSS. During this time, in 2006, Cardtronics

USA acquired CSS as a subsidiary and renamed it Cardtronics Mexico.

      Cardtronics Mexico operates through distributor agreements to manage the

distribution and installation of ATMs in various merchant locations. Under the

distributor agreements, the distributor would seek out merchants to negotiate the

installation of ATMs. If a merchant was interested, a merchant agreement would

be created between Cardtronics Mexico and the merchant. Monthly commissions

would then be paid to the distributor based on the ATM transactions.

      On July 31, 2006, William Bush and Cardtronics Mexico executed a

distributor agreement based on this structure. This contract was written in English

and, accordingly, is referred to by the parties as the English Contract.          This



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contract served as the initial agreement between Bush and Cardtronics Mexico and

included Texas venue and choice of law provisions. However, before the English

Contract was executed, Cardtronics Mexico discussed with Bush the development

of a contract that would include Mexican law. Specifically, in an email sent to

Bush on July 17, 2006, Cardtronics Mexico stated:

      We are going to be developing a contract that includes Mexican law,
      and therefore will be between you and Cardtronics Mexico. Some of
      the points that are included in the agreement we gave you to review
      will still be there, so those do serve as a good base point for us to start
      discussions. However, there will be more added in order to make sure
      that you are covered in Mexico.

      According to the record, Mexico requires buyers and sellers to register with

the Mexican Treasury and acquire a Federal Contributors Registry Number to

monitor tax collections. Since he was not registered, Bush could not receive ATM

commissions directly from Cardtronics Mexico. Instead, he partnered with Mari

Marc, S.A. de C.V. to operate his ATM business and to receive payments.

Antonio Moreno is the sole managing director of Mari Marc. There was a delay in

developing the second contract due to Moreno’s decision to evaluate the English

Contract’s performance and cash flow and Mari Marc’s difficulty in acquiring

financing to purchase more ATMs for distribution.

      In 2007, Moreno’s assistant directed Cardtronics Mexico to send all

commissions to Mari Marc. Soon after, Bush contacted Cardtronics Mexico to put




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the new distributor agreement in Mari Marc’s name and to send it to Moreno to

sign. In one email to Cardtronics Mexico, Bush explained,

      When we last spoke in person, I requested the distributorship
      agreement to be put to Mari Marc, we decided it was best to wait until
      the distributorship had been fully translated into Spanish and then we
      could sign under Mari Marc. . . .

In a second email, Bush said, “Ok, Antonio [Moreno] can send you the Acta for

Mari Marc. He’s also going to be the signer.”

      On May 21, 2007, Cardtronics Mexico and Moreno, as sole legal

representative of Mari Marc, executed a second distributor agreement, known as

the Spanish Contract. This agreement was written in Spanish and incorporated

many of the same provisions from the English Contract. However, this agreement

provided Mexican venue and choice of law provisions. Moreno testified that,

before signing, he reviewed and discussed the Spanish Contract with Bush.

      Q.    Did you -- when you got the -- the contract, the exhibit that
            we’re looking at, No. 29 -- I’m sorry, 25, excuse me -- did you
            discuss it with Mr. Bush?

      A.    We both looked that the -- saw the contract, and saw that it was
            a distribution contract. And he told me to go ahead. Mainly
            what we saw was, obviously, the breakdown of commissions.

      ...

      Q.    And so you and Mr. Bush did look at this agreement and talk
            about it before you signed it?

      Mr. Davis: Objection, form.



                                        4
      A.    We saw the breakdown of the commissions as part of reading
            the contract.

      ...

      Q.    And you did -- did I understand you to say that you and Mr.
            Bush did focus on that and agree that it was the correct
            breakdown of commissions before you signed the contract?

      Mr. Davis: Objection, form.

      A.    Correct. Again, we reviewed the contract. We looked at the
            addendum of the commissions and we signed the contract.

      Despite Moreno’s legal status as the sole managing director of Mari Marc,

Bush testified that he primarily ran the company’s operations. In his deposition,

Bush stated that he was involved in the ATM business and that Antonio Moreno

was present for investment and legal purposes only:

      Like I said, Antonio was strictly a financial backer and Mexican
      national that, you know, spoke the language fluently, knew how the
      business operations in Mexico legally were supposed to go. . . .

      I was focused on the entire business. Antonio had very, very little to
      do with the day-to-day operation of Mari Marc. Basically, I’d come
      in and drop paperwork on his desk and say, We need to sign this, this,
      this, and this. And he would sign it.

      Bush and Mari Marc filed suit in Texas against Cardtronics USA and

Cardtronics Mexico on May 19, 2010, alleging breach of a distribution agreement,

tortious interference, and fraudulent inducement. Bush and Mari Marc alleged that

Cardtronics USA and Cardtronics Mexico strained Bush and Mari Marc’s




                                        5
relationships with business contacts, took over business contracts arranged by Mari

Marc, and fraudulently induced the signing of the Spanish Contract.

        Cardtronics USA and Cardtronics Mexico filed a motion to dismiss based on

the forum selection clause in the Spanish Contract and the doctrine of forum non

conveniens. Specifically, Cardtronics USA and Cardtronics Mexico argued that

the Mexican forum selection clause should be enforced because there was no

performance under the English Contract, the Spanish Contract was enforceable

under the doctrines of novation and ratification, and there was no fraud in the

inducement. The trial court granted the motion for dismissal.

                                Motion to Dismiss

        Cardtronics USA and Cardtronics Mexico moved for dismissal, arguing that

Texas was not the appropriate venue or law to govern the instant case. William

Bush argued that the original English Contract’s forum selection clause should

govern, and, accordingly, Texas should be the applicable law and venue for this

case.    Bush argued that the Spanish Contract was inapplicable to him as an

individual because there was no evidence establishing ratification or novation, the

Spanish Contract was fraudulently induced, and he performed under the English

Contract.




                                        6
A.    Standard of Review

      We review the trial court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for abuse of

discretion. Phoenix Network Techs. (Europe) Ltd. v. Neon Sys., Inc., 177 S.W.3d

605, 610 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.). A trial court abuses its

discretion when it acts without reference to any guiding rules and principles.

Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985). A

trial court abuses its discretion in enforcing a forum selection clause if the non-

movant clearly shows that (1) enforcement would be unreasonable or unjust; (2)

the clause is invalid because of fraud or over-reaching; (3) enforcement would

contravene a strong public policy of the forum where the suit was brought; or (4)

the selected forum would be seriously inconvenient for trial. See In re Lyon Fin.

Servs., Inc., 257 S.W.3d 228, 231–32 (Tex. 2008).        Even if this Court would

decide the matter differently, this does not establish an abuse of discretion.

Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242.

B.    Applicable Law

      As an initial matter, Bush argues that the trial court’s determination that the

forum-selection clause in the Spanish Contract applied to him could not have been

made in the context of a motion to dismiss. Instead, Bush argues that “this type of

inquiry does not fall under a relaxed discretionary standard for dismissals, but




                                         7
rather the summary judgment standard for contract excuses and defenses.” We

disagree.

      The test for whether a forum selection clause will be enforced has changed

over time in Texas. See Phoenix Network, 177 S.W.3d at 611–614. In that time,

however, it has always been a requirement that the movant establish that there is a

contract with a forum-selection clause enforceable against the parties to the suit.

See id. at 612 n.6. Also in that time, the standard of review for rulings on motions

to dismiss has remained the same. See id. at 610 (abuse of discretion); Mercure

Co., N.V. v. Rowland, 715 S.W.2d 677, 681 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1986,

writ ref’d n.r.e.) (same).   To the extent that our review involves contractual

interpretation of a forum-selection clause—a legal matter—the standard of review

is de novo. Phoenix Network, 177 S.W.3d at 610.

      Accordingly, we apply the abuse of discretion standard of review established

by the Supreme Court of Texas. That standard requires that we determine whether

Cardtronics Mexico established that it had a valid forum-selection clause

enforceable against Bush and, if it did, whether Bush established that the forum-

selection clause was procured by fraud or that enforcement of trial in Mexico under

the clause would be unjust or would contravene a strong public policy or would be

seriously inconvenient. See In re Lyon Fin. Servs., 257 S.W.3d at 231–32. We




                                         8
turn first, therefore, to whether Cardtronics Mexico established that the forum-

selection clause in the Spanish Contract was valid and enforceable against Bush.

C.    Applicability of Forum-Selection Clause in Spanish Contract to Bush

      Bush argues in his first three issues that, because he is not a signatory to the

Spanish Contract, did not agree to that contract, and did not ratify it, and because

the Spanish Contract did not replace the earlier English Contract by novation, the

forum selection clause in the Spanish Contract does not apply to him. Cardtronics

Mexico, in response, presents two arguments for why, despite Bush’s failure to

execute the Spanish Contract, that Contract does apply to him: (1) Bush ratified the

Spanish Contract by his actions following its execution and (2) the Spanish

Contract replaced the English Contract through novation.

      “When a party seeks to enforce a forum-selection clause against a

nonsignatory to the contract containing the forum-selection clause, that party bears

the burden to prove the theory upon which it relies to bind the nonsignatory to the

contract.” CNOOC Se. Asia Ltd. v. Paladin Res. (SUNDA) Ltd., 222 S.W.3d 889,

895 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. denied). To sustain Cardtronics Mexico’s

ratification theory, the trial court was required to determine whether Cardtronics

Mexico had presented sufficient evidence that Bush was subject to the forum

selection clause in the Spanish Contract. We hold there was sufficient evidence for




                                          9
the trial court to have determined that the forum selection clause in the Spanish

Contract applied to Bush through ratification.

      Ratification occurs when a party recognizes the validity of a contract by

acting under it, performing under it, or affirmatively acknowledging it. Wetzel v.

Sullivan, King & Sabom, P.C., 745 S.W.2d 78, 81 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1988, no writ) (citing United States v. McBride, 571 F. Supp. 596 (S.D. Tex.

1983)). Ratification of an act may be express, or it may be implied from course of

conduct. Petroleum Anchor Equip., Inc. v. Tyra, 419 S.W.2d 829, 834 (Tex.

1967). Further, a party may not, in equity, ratify those parts of a transaction that

are favorable and disclaim those which are unfavorable. Land Title Co. of Dall. v.

F. M. Stigler, Inc., 609 S.W.2d 754, 757 (Tex. 1980). Instead, ratification extends

to the entire transaction. Id.

      The evidence establishes that Bush could not operate directly with

Cardtronics Mexico due to Mexican law. It was for this reason that the Spanish

Contract was created. In 2007, Moreno’s assistant directed Cardtronics Mexico to

send all commissions to Mari Marc.        Soon after, Bush contacted Cardtronics

Mexico to put the new distributor agreement (the Spanish Contract) in Mari Marc’s

name and send it to Moreno to sign.

      Nevertheless, Bush was involved in reviewing the Spanish Contract before it

was signed. Moreno, the sole legal director of Mari Marc, testified, “We both



                                         10
looked that the -- saw the [Spanish] contract, and saw that it was a distribution

contract. And he told me to go ahead.” Once the Spanish Contract was signed,

Bush operated under it.

      In his deposition, Bush admitted that he was “focused on the entire business.

Antonio [Moreno] had very, very little to do with the day-to-day operation of Mari

Marc.” Additionally, in an email between Bush and representatives of Cardtronics

Mexico, Bush asserted his high level of control at Mari Marc:

      I put Antonio [Moreno] to the fire last week over this financial deal,
      and he came back the next day with a promissory note. If I move
      forward with Cardtronics owning the machines, I made it clear that
      Antonio would lose his partnership in the business for failure to
      perform.

Consequently, William Bush was operating under the Spanish Contract through

Mari Marc. Specifically, in his affidavit, Gio Locandro, Senior Vice President of

Business Development Americas for Cardtronics USA, testified that Mari Marc

had signed up 88 merchants since the signing of the Spanish Contract.

      Similarly, the answers to the interrogatories that Mari Marc responded to in

the litigation were prepared by Bush. In them, Bush acknowledged that Mari

Marc’s business operations were in pursuit of the Spanish Contract.

      Interrogatory 11: Identify all Product units sold pursuant to the
                        Spanish Contract. Your answer should include the
                        date the Site Location Agreement was signed, the
                        identity of the Site Manager, and the location of
                        the Site.



                                        11
      Response:          Any Product units sold after May 2007 were
                         pursuant to the Spanish Contract. Defendants have
                         greater access to this information.

(Emphasis added.)

      There is evidence in the record supporting the claim that Bush, knew of,

ratified, and acted under the Spanish Contract from its inception. Accordingly, we

hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by determining that the Spanish

Contract as a whole applied to Bush.

      We overrule Bush’s first three issues.

D.    Invalidity of Forum-Selection Clause in Spanish Contract

      Bush argues in his fourth issue, that Cardtronics Mexico’s forum selection

clause in the Spanish Contract is precluded by fraud in the inducement. He argues

that representations made by employees of Cardtronics Mexico led him to believe

that the Spanish Contract would be identical to the English Contract except for the

change in parties—Mari Marc instead of William Bush—that he did not see the

Spanish Contract, and that, therefore, he was fraudulently induced to agree to the

forum selection clause in that contract. That being so, he argues, the courts must

apply the forum selection clause in the English Contract.

      “A forum-selection clause is generally enforceable, and the burden of proof

on a party challenging the validity of such a clause is heavy.” Lyon Fin. Servs.,

257 S.W.3d at 232. “The party seeking to enforce a contractual forum-selection



                                        12
provision has the initial burden of establishing that the parties entered into an

agreement to an exclusive forum and that the agreement applies to the claims

involved.” Young v. Valt.X Holdings, Inc., 336 S.W.3d 258, 262 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2010, pet. dism’d) (citing Phoenix Network, 177 S.W.3d at 611–12 & n.6).

Once the movant carries that burden, the burden then shifts to the nonmovant. Id.

“A forum-selection clause is generally enforceable, and the burden of proof on a

party challenging the validity of such a clause is heavy.” Lyon Fin. Servs., Inc.,

257 S.W.3d at 232.

      “[F]raudulent inducement to sign an agreement containing a dispute

resolution agreement such as an arbitration clause or forum-selection clause will

not bar enforcement of the clause unless the specific clause was the product of

fraud or coercion.” Id. The party seeking to enforce the forum-selection clause is

not obligated to prove that it specifically showed the clause to the opposing party

as a condition of enforcement. In re Int’l. Profit Assocs., Inc., 286 S.W.3d 921,

924 (Tex. 2009). Consequently, Bush had the burden of proof before the trial court

to establish fraud in the inducement of the forum selection clause specifically, as

opposed to fraud in the inducement of the Spanish Contract as a whole.

      Bush argues that representatives of Cardtronics Mexico misrepresented the

contents of the Spanish Contract as a whole and inappropriately sent the contract to




                                        13
Antonio Moreno to be signed. Specifically, in his deposition, Bush alleged the

following:

      They didn’t let me see the Spanish Contract before it was signed. And
      I asked for it, and they sent it to my partner and told me it was an
      exact translation of the Spanish Contract—excuse me—the English
      Contract into Spanish with no changes—besides Will Bush being
      replaced with Mari Marc.

      Bush told Cardtronics Mexico directly that the contract needed to be sent to

Moreno for signature, as Moreno was the legal representative of Mari Marc.

Similarly, the email between Cardtronics Mexico and Bush on July 17, 2006,

specifically stated that Cardtronics Mexico would be developing a contract that

incorporated Mexican law and that the English Contract was a “good base point.”

This argument is no argument, however, that the forum selection clause—and not

the contract as a whole—was fraudulently induced. See Lyons Fin. Servs., 257

S.W.3d at 232.

      Moreover, a party cannot avoid a contract simply by failing to read it. In re

U.S. Home Corp., 236 S.W.3d 761, 764 (Tex. 2007). Nor must the party seeking

to enforce a forum selection clause prove that it specifically showed the clause to

the opposing party as a condition of enforcement. Int’l. Profit Assocs., Inc., 286

S.W.3d at 924. Bush knew a new contract was being drafted, and he directed

Cardtronics Mexico to send the contract to Moreno. Bush emailed Cardtronics

Mexico explaining his intent:



                                        14
      When we last spoke in person, I requested the distributorship
      agreement to be put to Mari Marc, we decided it was best to wait until
      the distributorship had been fully translated into Spanish and then we
      could sign under Mari Marc. . . .

In his deposition, Moreno testified that he and Bush reviewed the contract.

Additionally, Moreno initialed every page of the Spanish Contract, and the

Mexican forum selection clause was on the signature page of the contract. Even if

he was unaware of the change in the forum selection provision, Bush has failed to

establish how he was prevented from discovering them beyond his own failure to

review the contract.

      We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by rejecting Bush’s fraud

in the inducement argument.

      We overrule Bush’s fourth issue.

                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                              Laura Carter Higley
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Massengale.




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