                                  United States Court of Appeals,

                                          Eleventh Circuit.

                                            No. 96-9149.

 Sam NICHOLSON, and All Other Persons or Entities Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                                  v.

 HOOTERS OF AUGUSTA, INC., Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee,

       Bambi K. Clark d.b.a. Value-Fax of Augusta, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Appellee.

                                          March 10, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. (No. 95-00101-
Cv-1), Dudley H. Bowen, Jr., Judge.

Before DUBINA, Circuit Judge, and HILL and GIBSON*, Senior Circuit Judges.

        GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge:

         Sam Nicholson appeals the district court's dismissal of his action against Hooters of

Augusta, Inc. for failure to state a claim. Nicholson alleged that Hooters violated the Telephone

Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227 (1994), by sending unsolicited advertisements to

Nicholson's facsimile machine. Nicholson contends the court erred in concluding that the Telephone

Consumer Protection Act covers only interstate, and not intrastate, transmissions of unsolicited

advertisements by facsimile, and that individual citizens may not bring suit under the Act. Because

we conclude that Congress granted state courts exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over private

actions under the Act, we vacate the judgment of the district court and remand with directions to

dismiss this case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

        The Telephone Consumer Protection Act prohibits "any person within the United States ...


   *
    Honorable John R. Gibson, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
[from] us[ing] any telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other device to send an unsolicited

advertisement to a telephone facsimile machine." 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C). The Act creates a

private right of action to obtain injunctive relief as well as to recover actual damages or $500.00,

whichever is greater, for each violation. 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3). The private right of action may be

filed "if otherwise permitted by the laws or rules of court of a State, ... in an appropriate court of that

State." Id.

        Nicholson filed a complaint in the Superior Court of Richmond County, Georgia, alleging

that Hooters violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act by sending unsolicited advertisements

to his facsimile machine. The state court entered a temporary restraining order enjoining Hooters

from sending further advertisements by facsimile.

        Hooters removed the case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of

Georgia. Hooters then filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could

be granted, arguing that the Act did not apply to intrastate facsimiles, and that an individual could

not bring a private right of action. The district court granted Hooters' motion to dismiss, ruling first

that Nicholson could not maintain a private right of action. The court reasoned that the language

in the Act providing that a private right of action could be brought "if otherwise permitted by the

laws or rules of the court of a State," authorized a private right of action only if state law specifically

authorized a private action. Because there was no specific provision for private actions under

Georgia law, the court held there could be no private action in federal court. The court rejected

Nicholson's argument that the Act provides for concurrent jurisdiction of private actions in state and

federal courts. The court also held that the Telephone Consumer Protection Act applied only to

interstate facsimile transmissions. Because Nicholson received an intrastate facsimile, the court held

there could be no claim under the Act.
       Nicholson appealed. After the district court's decision, the Fourth Circuit considered a

similar action, International Science & Tech. Inst. Inc. v. Inacom Comm., Inc., 106 F.3d 1146 (4th

Cir.1997). The Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal of the case for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction. Id. at 1150. The Fourth Circuit reached the "somewhat unusual conclusion" that

the Act vests jurisdiction only in state courts. Id. at 1150-1152.

       Because the Act is silent as to federal court jurisdiction, the Fourth Circuit relied on several

sources to determine whether the federal court had subject matter jurisdiction. The Fourth Circuit

rejected the argument that section 227(b)(3) conferred jurisdiction to both the federal and state

courts. The court determined that the permissive authorization contained in section 227(b)(3) did

not confer federal court jurisdiction because the language was not a specific grant of authorization.

Id. at 1151-52. The court interpreted the silence as to federal court jurisdiction and the express grant

of jurisdiction to state courts as telling for several reasons. The court found it "meaningful" that

Congress explicitly mentioned only state courts because, in general, it is unnecessary to vest state

courts with concurrent jurisdiction. Id. at 1152. The court found confirmation of its interpretation

by the fact that section 227(f)(2) of the Act while authorizing state court jurisdiction for a private

right of action, conferred exclusive federal jurisdiction over an action brought by a state attorney

general. Id. "We find it significant that in enacting the [Telephone Consumer Protection Act],

Congress wrote precisely, making jurisdictional distinctions in the very same section of the Act by

providing that private actions may be brought in appropriate state courts and that actions by the

states must be brought in the federal courts."         Id. Also observing that other parts of the

Communications Act of 1934 gave specific grants of jurisdiction, the court concluded that Congress

would have authorized federal jurisdiction, if it so intended. See id.

       The court also decided that the legislative history of the Act supported its interpretation that
Congress intended private actions to be treated as "small claims best resolved in state courts ... so

long as the states allow such actions." Id. The Fourth Circuit rejected the argument that Congress

intended to establish concurrent jurisdiction manifested through its preemptive occupation of

interstate telecommunications for two reasons. Id. at 1153. First, it determined that even if the Act

preempted substantive state law, the Act specifically provided for state courts to hear cases under

the Act unless there was a contrary congressional intent. Id. Second, it noted that the Act

specifically held that it did not preempt any state law that imposed more restrictive intrastate

requirements or which prohibited certain practices. Id.

       Finally, the Fourth Circuit determined that its decision that Congress intended to confer

exclusive jurisdiction upon state courts was consistent with the Act's history and purpose, which was

to allow consumers to easily and inexpensively enforce the Act. Id. at 1152-53.

       In light of this decision, we requested additional briefing from the parties. After the parties

submitted their supplemental briefs, the Fifth Circuit also held that Congress granted state courts

exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over private actions under the Telephone Consumer Protection

Act.1 Chair King, Inc. v. Houston Cellular Corp., 131 F.3d 507 (5th Cir.1997).

       Like this case, the plaintiffs in Chair King brought a private suit under the Act. Id. at 509.

The district court dismissed the claims brought under the Act, holding that the Act only regulates

interstate telemarketing activity. Id. Following the lead of the Fourth Circuit, the Fifth Circuit

vacated the judgment of the district court and remanded with directions to dismiss the case for lack



   1
   The district court for the Southern District of New York adopted the Fourth Circuit's
approach in Foxhall Realty Law Offices, Inc. v. Telecommunications Premium Services, Ltd.,
975 F.Supp. 329 (S.D.N.Y.1997). The district court of Indiana, however, ruled that the Act
confers subject matter jurisdiction of private actions upon both state and federal courts. See
Kenro, Inc. v. Fax Daily, Inc., 904 F.Supp. 912 (S.D.Ind.1995), on reconsideration, 962 F.Supp.
1162 (S.D.Ind.1997).
of subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 514.

        We have carefully examined the reasoning of the Fourth and Fifth Circuits and, we too, are

persuaded that federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction of private actions under the Act.

        Like the Fourth and Fifth Circuits, we also reject Hooters's argument that federal-question

jurisdiction exists under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (1994) because Nicholson's complaint clearly presents

a federal question as it alleges a violation of federal law. See International Science, 106 F.3d at

1154; Chair King, 131 F.3d at 510. We recognize that "as a general matter, a cause of action

created by federal law will properly be brought in the district courts." 106 F.3d at 1154.

Nevertheless, the general jurisdictional grant of section 1331 does not apply if a specific statute

assigns jurisdiction elsewhere. Id. Here, the text of the Act, including the specific grant of federal

jurisdiction to state attorneys general, as well as the Act's legislative history, demonstrate that

Congress intended to assign the private right of action to state courts exclusively.

        Relying on Kenro, Inc. v. Fax Daily, Inc., 904 F.Supp. 912 (S.D.Ind.1995), on

reconsideration, 962 F.Supp. 1162 (S.D.Ind.1997), Hooters contends that the use of the permissive

word "may" in section 227(b)(3) does nothing more than provide concurrent state and federal court

jurisdiction. The Fourth Circuit, however, rejected this argument, reiterating that courts of limited

jurisdiction require a specific grant of jurisdiction, and that it could not imply a grant of jurisdiction

in light of the language of the Act, its history, and its purpose. International Science, 106 F.3d at

1151-52. For these same reasons, we cannot accept Hooters' argument that the federal court has

concurrent jurisdiction.

        Accordingly, we VACATE the judgment of the district court and REMAND the case to the

district court with directions to dismiss this cause for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
