      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@akcourts.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

ALASKA STATE COMMISSION                        )
FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, MARTI                        )        Supreme Court No. S-16197
BUSCAGLIA, Executive Director,                 )
                                               )        Superior Court No. 3AN-15-10346 CI
                      Appellant,               )
                                               )        OPINION
              v.                               )
                                               )        No. 7280 – August 31, 2018
DORI LYNN ANDERSON,                            )
                                               )
                      Appellee.                )
                                               )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
              Judicial District, Anchorage, Herman G. Walker, Jr., Judge.

              Appearances: Stephen Koteff, Alaska State Commission for
              Human Rights, Anchorage, for Appellant. Michael S.
              Schechter, Assistant Attorney General, Anchorage, and Jahna
              Lindemuth, Attorney General, Juneau, for Appellee.

              Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, Bolger,
              and Carney, Justices.

              MAASSEN, Justice.
              CARNEY, Justice, dissenting.

I.    INTRODUCTION
              May the Alaska State Commission for Human Rights limit the attendance
of third parties at investigative interviews? This question arises in the context of a
Commission investigation into a State employee’s complaints of workplace
discrimination. The Commission issued a subpoena to interview the complainant’s
supervisor, who refused to be interviewed unless an employer representative was also
present. On the Commission’s petition, the superior court issued an order to show cause
why the supervisor should not be held in contempt. The supervisor moved to vacate the
order and dismiss the contempt proceeding; the superior court granted the motion on the
ground that the Commission lacked the legal authority to exclude third parties from its
investigative interviews. The Commission appeals.
             We conclude that the statutory requirement of a confidential investigation,
with its specific limits on a respondent’s access to investigative materials, clearly
authorizes the Commission to exclude third parties from investigative interviews. We
therefore reverse the superior court’s order dismissing the Commission’s petition and
remand for further proceedings.
II.   FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
      A.     Background
             1.     The Alaska Commission for Human Rights
             The Commission for Human Rights is responsible for enforcing Alaska’s
anti-discrimination laws.1 It will accept a complaint from any “person who is aggrieved
by a discriminatory practice” prohibited by Title 18, Chapter 80, and its executive
director may file a complaint “when a discriminatory practice comes to [her] attention.”2
The Commission staff acts on a complaint by first conducting an informal investigation,




      1
            See AS 18.80.060; Hotel, Motel, Rest., Constr. Camp Emps. & Bartenders
Union Local 879 v. Thomas, 551 P.2d 942, 945 (Alaska 1976).
      2
             AS 18.80.100.

                                           -2-                                     7280

“promptly and impartially.”3 If the investigation shows “that there is substantial
evidence of an unlawful discriminatory practice,” the Commission attempts to “eliminate
or remedy the discriminatory practice through an agreement reached by conference,
conciliation, and persuasion.”4 If no agreement is reached, the executive director may
dismiss the complaint or file an accusation and refer the matter for a hearing before the
Commission.5
              These investigations are generally confidential by statute. With limited
exceptions, the Commission is prohibited from “mak[ing] public the name of a person
initiating a complaint or a person alleged to have committed [a discriminatory act or
practice] during an investigation.”6 “The records of investigation and information
obtained by the [C]ommission during an investigation . . . are confidential.”7 “However,
the records and information compiled by the [C]ommission during an investigation shall
be available to the complainant or respondent . . . at least 10 days before a hearing is held
under AS 18.80.120 or upon receipt by the complainant or respondent” of notice that
attempts at conciliation have failed, “whichever occurs earlier.”8
              The Commission’s staff is authorized by regulation to use a variety of
investigative methods. These include witness interviews, “inspection of documents and




       3
              AS 18.80.110.

       4
              Id.

       5

              AS 18.80.112, .120(a).
       6
              AS 18.80.115.
       7
              Id.
       8
              Id.

                                            -3-                                        7280

premises,” and “examination of written submissions of parties and witnesses.”9 The
executive director may “issue subpoenas, subpoenas duces tecum, and other process to
compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of testimony, records, papers,
accounts, and documents.”10 Petitions to enforce a subpoena may be filed in superior
court by the Commission, any individual commissioner, or a Commission employee
authorized by the Commission.11
             The focus of this appeal is the Commission’s unwritten policy, followed for
at least 27 years,12 barring third parties from investigative interviews with “certain
limited exceptions.” As the Commission describes its policy, third parties may be
present if the interviewee is “the respondent named in the complaint, or is a member of
the respondent’s ‘control group’ management, or has managerial responsibility.’ ” The
Commission also allows witnesses to be accompanied by their own attorneys and, if
necessary, an interpreter or a guardian.
             2.     The investigation
             The investigation at issue began when an employee filed two complaints
against her employer, the State of Alaska Department of Health and Social Services
(DHSS), in August 2014 and February 2015. The Commission opened an investigation
headed by investigator Patricia Watts. DHSS responded to the complaints with a letter


      9
             6 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 30.320(a) (2014).
      10
             AS 18.80.060(c).
      11
             Id.
      12
               The Commission offered affidavits of its former executive director, Paula
Haley, and the investigations director, Nanette Gay, to prove the policy’s existence and
explain its parameters. The superior court found that the Commission had a longstanding
policy to conduct interviews in this way, and Anderson does not challenge that finding
on appeal.

                                           -4-                                    7280

from Greta Jones,13 an Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) program manager for the
State. Jones’s letter identified Dori Lynn Anderson as the complainant’s supervisor.
              When Watts called Anderson to schedule an interview, Anderson responded
by email directing Watts to Jones, the EEO manager. Watts replied that she was “within
correct procedure to schedule an interview directly with” Anderson and suggested some
dates. According to a memorandum drafted by Watts, Jones called a few days later to
inform her that Anderson (and another witness whose involvement is not at issue here)
had “managerial status that entitled [Jones] to attend the interviews.” Watts disputed
this: she told Jones that Anderson was “a supervisor but not a high-level manager.”
Jones also said that DHSS would require a subpoena for the witness interviews, and
Watts replied that she would be requesting subpoenas.
              Paula Haley, then-executive director of the Commission, issued an
administrative subpoena directing Anderson “to appear at the offices of [the
Commission] . . . to provide testimony” on September 18. On September 14 Jones called
Watts “in response to the subpoena” to say that Anderson wanted her to be present at the
interview. Watts responded “that the Commission ha[d] to address” whether Jones could
attend but agreed to discuss rescheduling. In a letter a few days later Watts confirmed
a new date for Anderson’s interview, October 6, and informed Jones, “The Commission
will not allow anyone else to be present during my interview of Ms. Anderson except for
her attorney, if she retains counsel.”
              Jones and the Attorney General’s Office both wrote the Commission,
challenging its authority to exclude Jones from Anderson’s interview. In a letter to
Jones, the Commission’s attorney, Stephen Koteff, wrote that the Commission did indeed



       13
              Following the parties’ practice, we use a pseudonym only for “Greta
Jones,” a representative of the respondent (see AS 18.80.115).

                                          -5-                                     7280
have the authority to “set reasonable conditions on its interviews of witnesses” and that
witnesses “are not entitled to representation . . . absent some affirmative right conferred
by law.” Watts faxed a letter to Anderson the same day, informing her that Jones could
not be present at the interview and that the Commission might “seek enforcement of the
subpoena in court” if Anderson “refuse[d] to answer or participate in the interview under
these circumstances.”
              3.     The interview
              On October 6 Jones and Anderson called Watts to initiate the telephone
interview. Jones recorded the call.14 Watts told Anderson that “[t]he Commission’s
statutes require that the Commission’s investigations be conducted confidentially. That
means third parties may not be present during witness interviews, third parties such as
Ms. [Jones].” Watts then asked whether Anderson was ready to “proceed with the
interview” without Jones’s presence. Anderson replied that she would like Jones
present. Watts asked again. Jones interjected that Anderson “is very willing to answer
any questions and I’m just here to support her,” and Anderson said she felt the same way.
Watts asked a third time whether Anderson was willing to be interviewed alone, and
Anderson replied, “No.” Watts informed Anderson that she risked being found in
contempt, and Anderson said she understood. When asked once more if she would be
willing to be interviewed without Jones present, Anderson said she “would like support.”
Watts reiterated that Anderson faced a contempt proceeding and offered her a last chance
to answer questions without Jones present. Anderson said, “I don’t know how to answer
that because I am willing to answer the questions.” But she confirmed once more that
she would answer questions only with Jones present, and Watts ended the interview.

       14
             Jones told Anderson she decided to record the call “only so that if we had
to [we could] show that you really did show up and you’re prepared to of course answer
any questions.”
                                           -6-                                       7280

              After the call ended — as Watts described it in a contemporaneous email
— Anderson informed Watts that she would be willing to be interviewed alone after all
but soon changed her mind, admitting that she had “gone back and forth on having
[Jones] there with me when we talk” but that ultimately “I find I do want her there with
me.” Watts reiterated the Commission’s position and asked Anderson to call her if she
changed her mind again.
       B.     Proceedings
              The Commission filed a petition for a show cause hearing in the superior
court. Based on the petition and the accompanying affidavit of investigations director
Gay, the superior court issued an order to show cause. Anderson, represented by the
Attorney General’s Office, filed a motion to vacate the order to show cause and dismiss
the contempt proceedings.15 The court held a hearing on June 14, 2016, and, following
oral argument, granted Anderson’s motion. The superior court issued what it described
as a “very narrow” ruling that the Commission did “not [meet] its burden of proof that
it ha[d] the authority to require Ms. Anderson to appear for an interview alone in this
particular case.” In support of its ruling the court noted the lack of a written regulation,
inconsistencies in how the Commission explained its policy to Anderson,16 and the
absence of any limiting language in the subpoena itself.
              The Commission filed this appeal.




       15
             Some intervening but ultimately irrelevant procedural steps are omitted
from this description.
       16
               The court noted the difference between Watts’s September 18 letter, which
stated that witnesses could be accompanied by their attorneys, and Koteff’s October 1
letter, which stated that witnesses “are not entitled to representation, whether by counsel
or otherwise, absent some affirmative right conferred by law.”

                                            -7-                                       7280

III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
              “[A] superior court’s decision not to hold a party in contempt is committed
to the court’s discretion and is one to which we will accord considerable deference.”17
However, we review questions of law de novo and apply our independent judgment to
“adopt the rule of law that is most persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy.”18
When we review an agency’s statutory interpretation in an area beyond its expertise, we
use the substitution of judgment standard, applying our independent judgment while
“giv[ing] due deliberative weight ‘to what the agency has done, especially where the
agency interpretation is longstanding.’ ”19
              “Whether an agency action is a ‘regulation’ requiring rulemaking under the
Alaska Administrative Procedure Act is a question of law that does not involve agency
expertise,” and we review such determinations using our independent judgment.20
IV.    DISCUSSION
              The Commission’s position is that it has the authority to exclude third
parties from its investigative interviews and that it has exercised this authority for
decades pursuant to an unwritten policy. Anderson counters that an unwritten policy is
insufficient and that the Commission’s policy has no support in statute or regulation. She
also argues that the superior court did not abuse its discretion by vacating the contempt


       17
              Stuart v. Whaler’s Cove, Inc., 144 P.3d 467, 469 (Alaska 2006).
       18
            Bernard v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 367 P.3d 1156, 1159-60 (Alaska 2016)
(quoting Healy Lake Vill. v. Mt. McKinley Bank, 322 P.3d 866, 871 (Alaska 2014)).
       19
           Heller v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 314 P.3d 69, 73 (Alaska 2013) (quoting
Chugach Elec. Ass’n v. Regulatory Comm’n of Alaska, 49 P.3d 246, 250 (Alaska 2002)).
       20
             Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. State, Dep’t of Envtl. Conservation, 145 P.3d
561, 564 (Alaska 2006) (citing Alaska Ctr. for the Env’t v. State, Office of the Governor,
80 P.3d 231, 243 (Alaska 2003)).
                                            -8-                                       7280

order when the face of the subpoena contained no restrictions on third-party attendance
and the Commission’s explanations of its policy were inconsistent. We conclude,
however, that the confidentiality of the Commission’s investigations, mandated by
statute, necessarily entails the authority to conduct confidential interviews. We also hold
that the subpoena was valid and that it was an abuse of discretion to vacate the order to
show cause and dismiss the contempt proceeding.
       A.	    The Confidentiality Of Commission Investigations Necessarily Implies
              The Authority To Exclude Third Parties From Witness Interviews.
              Administrative agencies are created by statute “and therefore must find
within the statute the authority for the exercise of any power they claim.”21 The mandate
of AS 18.80.115 — that investigations be confidential — contains by strong implication
the authority the Commission needs to limit third-party attendance at investigative
interviews. The statute, entitled “Confidential information,” provides that “[t]he records
of investigation and information obtained by the [C]ommission during an
investigation . . . are confidential and may not be made available by the [C]ommission
for inspection by the public.”22 The statute further states that information collected by
the Commission “during an investigation shall be available to the complainant or
respondent” under two circumstances: (1) ten days before a hearing or after notice that
conciliation has failed; or (2) “in accordance with the rules of discovery if an action
relating to the charge is commenced in court.”23 An implementing regulation states that




       21
              McDaniel v. Cory, 631 P.2d 82, 88 (Alaska 1981).
       22
              AS 18.80.115.
       23	
              Id.

                                           -9-	                                      7280

“[r]ecords of investigation and information obtained during an investigation or inquiry
are confidential and may not be disclosed except in accordance with AS 18.80.115.”24
             Alaska Statute 18.80.115 was added to Title 18 nearly 20 years after the
Commission was created.25 The bill proposing the amendment initially contained no
provision at all that would give the complainant and the respondent access to the
Commission’s investigative records. A House committee suggested adding the current
language, providing access under limited circumstances,26 and that amendment was
adopted.27 The Commission argues that this amendment would have served little purpose
if the respondent was meant to have contemporaneous access to the investigation by
monitoring witness interviews as they occurred.        Whatever the purpose of the
amendment, we agree that the current statutory language supports only an intent that the
process be confidential as to the respondent as well as to the public at large; the
respondent was given access to investigative materials, but only under the circumstances
specified in the law.
             This construction advances the broad purpose of Title 18, Chapter 80: “the
elimination and prevention of discrimination[] in many facets of our society.”28 “The
Commission and its director are charged with broad responsibilities . . . to receive and




      24
             6 AAC 30.905.
      25
             Ch. 125, § 1, SLA 1980.
      26
             AS 18.80.115.
      27
             House Committee Substitute for Senate Bill 569, 11th Leg., 2d Sess. (1980).
      28
            Hotel, Motel, Rest., Constr. Camp Emps. & Bartenders Union Local 879
v. Thomas, 551 P.2d 942, 944 (Alaska 1976).

                                         -10-                                     7280

investigate complaints of illegal discrimination.”29 To that end, the Commission has a
“full panoply of administrative powers, including the authority to investigate
complaints.”30 In recognizing the importance of the Commission’s duty to impartially
investigate discrimination complaints, we have noted repeatedly that “the legislature
intended to put as many ‘teeth’ into [AS 18.80] as possible.”31
               It is reasonable to assume that an investigation that depends on the candor
and ease of witnesses in informal interviews would suffer if the Commission could not
exclude third parties from those interviews — particularly employer representatives in
cases of workplace discrimination. A contrary interpretation could seriously damage the
mandate of confidentiality: While AS 18.80.115 prohibits the Commission from
disclosing investigative material, it imposes no such prohibitions on private parties who
have ongoing access to the same material. A witness’s candor could be chilled not only
because her supervisor is sitting in the chair next to her and listening to every word, but
also because the supervisor is free to tell anyone else what the witness tells the
interviewer.
               Maryland’s highest court discussed this issue when it reversed the denial
of an injunction excluding the employer from investigative interviews, observing that the
employer’s presence and demand to have the interviews recorded would “likely have the

       29
               Id. at 945.
       30
               Id. at 946; see also Dow Chem. Co. v. United States, 476 U.S. 227, 233
(1986) (“When Congress invests an agency with enforcement and investigatory
authority, it is not necessary to identify explicitly each and every technique that may be
used in the course of executing the statutory mission.”); In re Nowell, 237 S.E.2d 246,
252 (N.C. 1977) ( “Any administrative agency empowered to investigate complaints and
allegations of wrongdoing must have a broad discretion if it is to function at all.”).
       31
            Toliver v. Alaska State Comm’n for Human Rights, 279 P.3d 619, 624
(Alaska 2012) (quoting McLean v. State, 583 P.2d 867, 869 (Alaska 1978)).

                                           -11-                                      7280

effect of intimidating or influencing witnesses and frustrating the truth-seeking and
confidential nature of the investigative process.”32 The court elaborated that “without an
unimpeded fact-finding process, the Commission would be precluded from gathering the
type of evidence that would normally be necessary to file a . . . complaint, and hence, the
enforcement authority of the Commission would be inherently limited.”33 We agree.
Without implying anything negative about the participants’ motives in this case, we must
recognize that, as a general rule, it is reasonable for the Commission to assume that the
presence of third parties at witness interviews would hamper its ability to elicit full and
candid statements.
              Emphasizing the principle of statutory construction expressio unius est
exclusio alterius,34 Anderson argues that the Commission’s investigative powers are
limited to what is specifically described in the statute. She contends that other State
agencies with subpoena power have been granted specific authority to exclude persons
from hearings and other proceedings.35 But Anderson applies the interpretive canon too


       32
               Md. Comm’n on Human Relations v. Talbot Cty. Det. Ctr., 803 A.2d 527,
543 (Md. 2002); see also Nassau Health Care Corp. v. N.Y. State Ethics Comm’n, 764
N.Y.S.2d 795, 800 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2003) (“[T]he court is compelled to conclude that the
Commission’s determination to exclude corporate counsel frominterviews of employees,
due to the alleged ‘chilling effect’ that the presence of corporate counsel would have on
the Commission’s investigation, must be upheld as rational.”).
       33
              Talbot, 803 A.2d at 543.
       34
              “The maxim establishes the inference that, where certain things are
designated in a statute, ‘all omissions should be understood as exclusions.’ The maxim
is one of longstanding application, and it is essentially an application of common sense
and logic.” Croft v. Pan Alaska Trucking, Inc., 820 P.2d 1064, 1066 (Alaska 1991)
(quoting Puller v. Municipality of Anchorage, 574 P.2d 1285, 1287 (Alaska 1978)).
       35
              See AS 16.43.110(d) (granting subpoena power to Alaska Commercial
                                                                    (continued...)

                                           -12-                                      7280

broadly. When the canon is used to contrast two sets of legislative language, it is usually
in the context of two sections of the same statute or closely related statutes, not two
completely separate statutory schemes.36 The canon also becomes “less persuasive when
applied to two acts passed far apart in time.”37 The Commission’s duties and procedures,
as described in Title 18, Chapter 80, are simply not closely enough related to the statutes
governing other executive agencies that we would expect the legislature to have intended
them to track each other for interpretive purposes.38 Besides, “the maxim should be

       35
             (...continued)
Fisheries Entry Commission); AS 25.27.085 (granting subpoena power to Child Support
Services Agency); AS 42.40.810 (granting subpoena power to Railroad Labor Relations
Agency).
       36
               See Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (“[W]here Congress
includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of
the same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in
the disparate inclusion or exclusion.” (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting
United States v. Wong Kim Bo, 472 F.2d 720, 722 (5th Cir. 1972))); Emory v. United
States, 19 Ct. Cl. 254, 269 (Ct. Cl. 1884) (“The different phraseology of different statutes
does not give occasion for the application of the maxim expressio unius exclusio
alterius. . . .”); Nakahara v. NS 1991 Am. Tr., 739 A.2d 770, 781 (Del. Ch. 1998)
(refusing to apply canon where it “would require drawing this inference from the
language of two different statutes, rather than from different provisions of the same
statute” (emphasis in original)).
       37
            Arabian Motors Grp. W.L.L. v. Ford Motor Co., 228 F. Supp. 3d 797, 806­
07 (E.D. Mich. 2017); see also Moreno Rios v. United States, 256 F.2d 68, 71 (1st Cir.
1958) (observing that canon “as an aid . . . is pretty weak when applied to acts of
Congress enacted at widely separated times”).
       38
              Barnhart v. Peabody Coal Co., 537 U.S. 149, 168 (2003) ([T]he canon . . .
“does not apply to every statutory listing or grouping; it has force only when the items
expressed are members of an ‘associated group or series,’ justifying the inference that
items not mentioned were excluded by deliberate choice, not inadvertence.”); Chevron
U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal, 536 U.S. 73, 81 (2002) (“The canon depends on identifying a
                                                                           (continued...)
                                           -13-                                       7280

cautiously applied.”39 And where “the legislative purpose can be ascertained with
reasonable certainty” — as we believe to be the case here — “the maxims of statutory
construction [such as expressio unius est exclusio alterius] are secondary to the rule that
a statute should be construed in light of its purpose.”40
              Relatedly, Anderson points out that the legislature has expressly authorized
other agencies to hold private interviews; it could have done so in Title 18, Chapter 80
but did not. But the agencies Anderson lists are distinguishable. Alaska Statute
42.06.450 provides the Regulatory Commission of Alaska with the authority to “exclude
from attendance at the taking of investigative testimony all persons except the person
compelled to attend.” But the statute creating the Regulatory Commission does not
require that its investigations be confidential; in fact, the Regulatory Commission must
make records in its possession “open to public inspection at reasonable times.”41 An
agency that must make its records public may need a specific exception to hold private
investigative interviews; an agency charged with keeping its records confidential does
not.




       38
              (...continued)
series of two or more terms or things that should be understood to go hand in hand [such
that the omission of one] support[s] a sensible inference that the term left out must have
been meant to be excluded.”).
       39
           Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. LeResche, 663 P.2d 923, 931 (Alaska 1983) (citing
2A C. SANDS, SUTHERLAND STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION § 47.25 (4th ed. 1973)).
       40
            Beck v. State, Dep’t of Transp. & Pub. Facilities, 837 P.2d 105, 117
(Alaska 1992).
       41
              AS 42.06.445(a).

                                           -14-                                      7280

              Anderson also relies on the fact that both the Office of Victims’ Rights and
the Office of the Ombudsman may conduct confidential investigations42 but have also
been granted specific statutory authority to “hold private hearings.”43 But a witness
interview during the course of an informal investigation is not a “hearing.” At a hearing
“there are parties, and issues of law and of fact to be tried, and at the conclusion of the
hearing, action is taken which may materially affect the rights of the parties.”44
Investigations, on the other hand, “have no parties and are usually held in private.”45
“An ‘investigation’ is nonadversary and contemplates a procedure much less formal and
more flexible than applies even to an administrative hearing.”46 Whether an agency has
explicit authority to “hold private hearings” says nothing about the tools it is allowed to
use in its investigations.




       42
               AS 24.55.160(b) (“The ombudsman shall maintain confidentiality with
respect to all matters and the identities of the complainants or witnesses coming before
the ombudsman except insofar as disclosures may be necessary to enable the ombudsman
to carry out duties and to support recommendations.”); AS 24.65.120(c) (“The victims’
advocate shall maintain confidentiality with respect to all matters and the identities of the
complainants or witnesses coming before the victims’ advocate except insofar as
disclosures may be necessary to enable the victims’ advocate to carry out duties and to
support recommendations.”).
       43
               AS 24.55.160(a)(3) (“In an investigation, the ombudsman may . . . hold
private hearings.”); AS 24.65.120(b)(2) (“In an investigation, the victims’ advocate may
. . . hold private hearings.”).
       44
              Bowles v. Baer, 142 F.2d 787, 789 (7th Cir. 1944).
       45
              Id.
       46
             Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Kan. Comm’n on Civil Rights, 529
P.2d 666, 673 (Kan. 1974); see also Barngrover v. Med. Licensure Comm’n of Ala., 852
So. 2d 147, 152-53 (Ala. Civ. App. 2002) (quoting Atchison, 529 P.2d at 673).
                                            -15-                                       7280

              Anderson also contends that the Commission’s policy of limiting third party
attendance at investigative interviews is unlawful unless it is embodied in a regulation.
Rulemaking under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) is required for an agency’s
“expansive or unforeseeable” interpretations of a statute but not for “obvious,
commonsense interpretations,” because requiring commonsense interpretations to go
through the APA’s formal notice and comment process “would result in complete
ossification of the regulatory state.”47 “An agency action may not be a commonsense
interpretation of existing law when it adds ‘requirements of substance’ rather than
serving as an ‘interpretation of the [statute] according to its own terms.’ ”48
              We conclude that the Commission’s longstanding policy of excluding third
parties from informal witness interviews is a commonsense interpretation of the statutory
requirement that it maintain the confidentiality of its investigative “records and
information.”49 While the Commission may be well advised to formalize some of its
investigative practices through the rulemaking process, it was not required to do so for
the policy at issue here.50

       47
            Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. State, Dep’t of Envtl. Conservation, 145 P.3d
561, 573 (Alaska 2006).
       48
              Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 387 P.3d 25, 37 (Alaska
2016) (alteration in original) (quoting Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co., 145 P.3d at 573)).
       49
              AS 18.80.115.
       50
              The dissent points out that no statute or regulation “mandates” that the
interview be closed to third parties. But AS 18.80.115 requires confidentiality while
mandating no particular means for assuring it. When analyzing a regulation, we ask
whether it “is consistent with and reasonably necessary to carry out the purposes of the
statutory provisions” and is “not arbitrary.” Warner v. State, 819 P.2d 28, 31 (Alaska
1991). Our holding today — that the Commission’s longstanding policy is
commonsense and does not need to be promulgated as a regulation — necessarily means
                                                                          (continued...)

                                           -16-                                    7280

       B.	    It Was An Abuse Of Discretion To Vacate The Show Cause Order And
              Dismiss The Contempt Proceedings.
              Anderson argues that even setting aside the question whether the
Commission had the authority to exclude third parties from her interview, the superior
court did not abuse its discretion when it vacated the show cause order and dismissed
the contempt proceeding because Anderson had complied with the plain terms of the
subpoena, which said nothing about limitations on attendance. It is undisputed that
Anderson appeared telephonically at the agreed time and was prepared to answer Watts’s
questions, though only on her own conditions: that Jones be allowed to be there too.
              Alaska Statute 44.62.590 allows an agency to bring a motion for an order
to show cause if it certifies to the superior court that an individual involved in an
investigation “(1) disobeys or resists a lawful order; (2) refuses to respond to a subpoena;
(3) refuses to take oath or affirmation as a witness; (4) refuses to be examined; or (5) is
guilty of misconduct at a hearing or so near the hearing as to obstruct the proceeding.”
Here, the Commission asked that Anderson be held in contempt for “refusing to obey a
subpoena.” Once the superior court had jurisdiction,51 it was required to apply the law
of civil contempt.52 A party may not be found in civil contempt unless the order at issue




       50
              (...continued)
that we find the policy consistent with and reasonably necessary to carry out the statute,
as well as not arbitrary. Our inquiry ends there.
       51
             A superior court has jurisdiction over an administrative subpoena once it
issues an order directing the person to appear and show cause. AS 44.62.590(c).
       52
              AS 44.62.590(d).

                                           -17-	                                      7280

was “sufficiently clear” that the responding party should have known what was required
in order to comply.53
              The superior court appears to have found that Anderson complied with the
subpoena because the subpoena required only that she appear for her interview — which
she did — while placing no limits on third party attendance. But the subpoena, like
most, did not require only that Anderson appear; it required her to “appear . . . to provide
testimony.” (Emphasis added.) A witness cannot satisfy a subpoena by simply showing
up and then declining to testify except on conditions she knows are unacceptable to the
subpoenaing authority.54
              Furthermore, contrary to Anderson’s argument, a valid subpoena need not
include every detail inherent in the type of proceeding.55 A subpoena to testify at a
confidential hearing is not invalid because it fails to note that persons other than the



       53
               See Johnson v. Johnson, 239 P.3d 393, 406 (Alaska 2010) (holding it was
abuse of discretion not to hold contempt hearing because order at issue “was sufficiently
clear that neither the issuing court nor the parties could have read it to permit [appellee]
to avoid responding”); Anchorage Police & Fire Ret. Sys. v. Gallion, 65 P.3d 876, 882­
83 (Alaska 2003) (rejecting argument by defendant in civil contempt that underlying
order was unclear because language of order was clear, no one had argued ambiguity at
trial court level, and evidence suggested purposeful noncompliance).
       54
              See AS 44.62.590(a)(4) (identifying “refus[al] to be examined” as one basis
for contempt proceeding); AS 09.50.010(10) (defining “contempts of the authority of the
court” to include “disobedience of a subpoena duly served, or refusing to be sworn or
answer as a witness”); United States v. Wilson, 421 U.S. 309, 314-15 (1975)
(“Respondents’ refusals to answer, although not delivered disrespectfully, plainly . . .
constitute contemptuous conduct.”).
       55
                Cf. Alaska R. Civ. P. 45(a) (“Every subpoena shall be issued by the
clerk . . . , shall state the name of the court and title of the action, and shall command
each person to whom it is directed to attend and give testimony or to produce documents
at a time and place therein specified.”).

                                           -18-                                       7280

witness may be barred from entering the hearing room; a subpoena to testify at trial is
not invalid because it fails to note that the witness might be questioned alone in camera.
While Anderson’s expressed desire for supportive company at the interview is
understandable, it was not reasonable for her to expect that the Commission would
accommodate her desire unless it said otherwise on the face of the subpoena. Implicit
in subpoenaed testimony is the witness’s loss of some control over the circumstances of
time, place, and manner. And the record is clear in this case that Jones and Anderson
were repeatedly made aware of the Commission’s policy of excluding third parties from
interviews, even before the subpoena was issued.56
             Anderson also relies, however, on the superior court’s finding that the
Commission’s communications about its policy were “clearly inconsistent,”57 arguing
that she cannot be faulted for failing to comply with an unclear directive. Watts’s
September 18 letter to Jones said that no third parties could attend Anderson’s interview
“except for her attorney, if she retains counsel.” The alleged inconsistency appears in
Koteff’s October 1 letter, in which he informs Jones that “[w]itnesses in such
investigations are not entitled to representation, whether by counsel or otherwise, absent
some affirmative right conferred by law.” But whether Anderson could have an attorney


      56
              After the initial contact, most of the Commission’s communications on the
subject were made to Jones. Anderson had referred Watts to Jones initially. Jones
purported to speak for Anderson thereafter, and Anderson does not appear to contend
that she was not personally aware of the Commission’s position as it was communicated
to Jones.
      57
              Anderson also finds an inconsistency stemming from a telephone call in
which Watts said that the Commission had to review whether Jones could be present in
the interview and additional instances where Anderson was told she was not entitled to
a representative. This argument is unpersuasive; it was not inconsistent for Watts to take
time to consider Jones’s request to sit in on the meeting and then get back to her with a
response that Jones could not be present.
                                          -19-                                      7280

present was immaterial to her compliance; she never indicated any desire to have one.
The only issue between the parties was whether she could bring Jones, who according
to Anderson herself was not her representative.
             Because the Commission had the authority to exclude third parties from its
investigative interviews; because it was not necessary that the subpoena explicitly assert
this specific aspect of its authority in order to be valid; and because the alleged
inconsistency in the Commission’s explanation of the policy was immaterial to
Anderson’s failure to comply, we hold that it was an abuse of discretion to conclude that
Anderson complied with the subpoena.
V.    CONCLUSION
             We REVERSE the order vacating the show cause order and dismissing the
Commission’s petition and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.




                                          -20-                                      7280

CARNEY, Justice, dissenting.
             Because I would affirm the superior court’s order dismissing the contempt
proceeding against Anderson, I respectfully dissent. Although I share the court’s
recognition of the important role that the Commission plays in enforcing Alaska’s anti-
discrimination laws, I cannot agree that a longstanding, unwritten, inconsistently applied
policy authorizes the Commission to prevent interview subjects from being accompanied
by another person at the interview. Nor can I agree that Anderson failed to comply with
a subpoena that “commanded [her] to appear . . . to provide testimony” because she
appeared with a “support” person.1
             As the court explains, the statutes and regulations that govern the
Commission’s investigations require that it keep confidential the “records . . . and
information” that it obtains in its investigations.2 The court therefore concludes that
there is a “strong implication” that interviews must be confidential and that the
Commission has the authority to ban the attendance of third parties. But neither statute
nor regulation mandates that each interview involve only the Commission’s investigator
and the interview subject.3 Nor is there any written authority for the Commission’s

      1
             I share the court’s concern that the candor and ease of witnesses in
interviews would suffer if employer representatives were allowed to attend in cases of
workplace discrimination. But Anderson consistently asserted that she wanted Jones to
be present because she wanted Jones’s support.
      2
             AS 18.80.115; 6 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 30.905 (2014).
      3
             See AS 18.80.115 (“The records of investigation and information obtained
by the commission during an investigation under AS 18.80.110 are confidential and may
not be made available by the commission for inspection by the public.”); 6 AAC 30.905
(“Records of investigation and information obtained during an investigation or inquiry
are confidential and may not be disclosed except in accordance with AS 18.80.115.
Records and information required to be kept confidential by law must be withheld from
                                                                          (continued...)

                                          -21-                                      7280

allowing “certain limited exceptions” to this policy: in addition to attendance by the
attorney for an interview subject, third parties can be present if the subject of the
interview is also the respondent in the complaint under investigation, or if the
interviewee is a member of the respondent’s “control group” or has, in the opinion of the
Commission, sufficient “managerial responsibility.”4 The Commission also did not
provide any specific support for its ability to ban third parties before Anderson’s
interview, stating without further elaboration that it had “ample legal authority” to do so.
              The requirement that the Commission maintain confidentiality does not in
itself require that it ban third parties from interviews. Other State entities must also
maintain confidentiality; the Office of Children’s Services (OCS), for example, conducts
confidential investigations and gathers and maintains confidential information.5 OCS
does not, however, conduct all of its interviews — or even the resulting court
proceedings — without the presence of third parties.6 Rather, parties who receive




       3
              (...continued)
disclosure.”).
       4
              The Commission will also allow an interpreter or a legal guardian to be
present if appropriate.
       5
           7 AAC 54.020-.030; see AS 47.10.093; AS 47.10.070 (confidentiality of
CINA information at hearings).
       6
             See AS 47.10.070; ALASKA OFFICE OF CHILDREN’S SERVICES, CHILD
PROTECTIVE SERVICES MANUAL § 2.2.5 (2016),
http://dhss.alaska.gov/ocs/Documents/Publications/CPSManual/cps-manual.pdf
(providing under certain circumstances OCS will coordinate with tribal representatives,
law enforcement officers, and school officials to attend interviews).

                                           -22-                                       7280

confidential information from OCS are instructed (and in the case of court proceedings,
ordered) to maintain the information’s confidentiality.7
              I also am not persuaded that Anderson failed to comply with the subpoena
she received. She did appear as commanded and was willing to provide testimony, as
long as her support person was allowed to be present.
              Because no statute or regulation establishes that the Commission has the
authority to ban third parties from its interviews, and because the subpoena did not
inform Anderson that she was not permitted to bring a support person to her interview,
I would affirm the superior court in this case.




       7
              See AS 47.10.070 (f) (“[A] person attending a hearing open to the public
may not disclose a name, picture, or other information that would readily lead to the
identification of a child who is the subject of the child-in-need-of-aid case.”); CINA Rule
22; 7 AAC 54.040(f) (“A person with sufficient legitimate interest who receives child
protection information from the department shall safeguard the information.”).

                                           -23-                                      7280

