            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS


 VIKING GROUP, INC.,                                                UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    May 7, 2020
                Plaintiff/Counterdefendant-
                Appellee,

 v                                                                  No. 347778
                                                                    Kent Circuit Court
 ROBERT BRUCKMAN,                                                   LC No. 15-004861-CK

                Defendant/Counterplaintiff-
                Appellant,
 and

 APRIL COREY,

                Defendant/Counterplaintiff.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and JANSEN and BOONSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

      Defendant, Robert Bruckman, acting in propria persona, appeals as of right the final
judgment entered against him following a bench trial. We affirm.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        Plaintiff, Viking Group, Inc (Viking), defendant’s former employer, filed a complaint
alleging, inter alia, that Bruckman breached the parties’ Confidentiality Agreement. Specifically,
Viking alleged that around the time Bruckman resigned from his position as Viking’s Director of
Manufacturing Engineering, he misappropriated confidential information by sending it to his own
personal computer. Under paragraph 8 of the Confidentiality Agreement, Viking also sought
attorney fees and other actual costs necessitated by its enforcement of the Confidentiality
Agreement.

      The case proceeded to a bench trial. Dennis Quam, Viking’s Vice President of Human
Resources, testified that Viking required Bruckman to sign the Confidentiality Agreement when
he began his employment because he would have access to confidential and proprietary


                                               -1-
information relating to new product development, manufacturing processes, strategic plans, capital
projects, and business information. The Confidentiality Agreement provided, in relevant part:

       3. Confidential Information:

       “Confidential Information” includes any and all information related to the business
       of the Company or its customers, including but not limited to information
       concerning pricing, customers, products, processes, designs, materials,
       specifications, research, development, customer contacts, procedures, forms,
       marketing and sales strategies, etc.          “Confidential Information” includes
       information that is in existence as of the date of this Agreement, and also includes
       information that is prepared, created or developed by Employee or any other person
       or entity after the date of this Agreement. Confidential Information is and will
       remain the sole property of the Company. Employee will treat all Confidential
       Information as strictly confidential. Employee will not, during or after Employee’s
       employment with the Company, disclose Confidential Information to any other
       person or entity, nor use Confidential Information for the benefit of Employee or
       any party other than the Company. In the event that Employee’s employment with
       the Company ends, Employee shall immediately return to the Company all
       documents or materials containing any Confidential Information.

                                             * * *

       8. Remedies:

       Employee acknowledges that any breach of the terms of this Agreement by
       Employee will cause irreparable damage to the Company and that money damages
       would not be sufficient to provide a fully adequate remedy for such a breach.
       Therefore, in the event of a breach or threatened breach of any term of this
       Agreement, the Company will be entitled to temporary, preliminary and permanent
       injunctive relief without any requirement of bond, in addition to any other legal or
       equitable remedies to which the Company may be entitled. . . . Employee shall be
       responsible to pay for the actual costs and attorney fees incurred by the Company
       in the enforcement of this Agreement.

        Quam testified that in February 2015, Viking’s management determined that Bruckman
was no longer a good fit as the company’s director of manufacturing engineering. In exchange for
working another 90 days to help facilitate a transition, Viking offered Bruckman a severance
package. However, rather than working for the full 90-day period, Bruckman, who was vocal about
his displeasure with management’s decision, accepted other employment and announced his
intention to resign effective May 4, 2015. As a result, Quam determined that Bruckman was not
eligible to receive the severance package.

       Bruckman responded by threatening litigation if he did not receive certain compensation,
including additional vacation pay, bereavement time, the vesting of his 401k, and a discretionary
bonus. At this point, conscious of the possibility of impending litigation, Quam began reviewing
Bruckman’s e-mails and other correspondence pursuant to company policy and found that



                                               -2-
Bruckman had sent numerous e-mails to his wife and to his personal e-mail address that Quam
believed breached the terms of confidentiality. One e-mail was sent to Bruckman’s personal e-
mail address on May 3, 2015, and contained financial sales data and financial information. Quam
considered this e-mail suspicious because it was sent in such close proximity to Bruckman’s
departure. Another e-mail was sent to Bruckman’s wife on March 28, 2014, and contained details
of a sprinkler assembly manufacturing process. A third e-mail was sent to Bruckman’s wife in
February 2012 and contained specifics respecting a potential business acquisition. Quam
considered these e-mails suspicious because their contents were highly confidential and there was
no reason why Bruckman’s wife should have had access to them. Quam decided it was necessary
to file this instant suit to protect Viking’s interests because disclosure of this information could
cause great harm to Viking.

        Bruckman testified at trial, and acknowledged that he signed the Confidentiality
Agreement when he joined Viking in June 2011. He also acknowledged that he sent the e-mails
in question. He maintained that he understood the importance of confidentiality, but that he and
his wife had been married for 33 years, “[a]nd so with relaying information to her because I was
short staffed and she did certain things for me like proofreading, and putting things in binders, and
other things, that it was a reasonable expectation of mine that that was a maintenance of the
confidential information that was being sent over” and that he would “totally trust her not to break
confidentiality.” He denied that any additional disclosure to other persons occurred. He also
denied that Viking suffered any harm as a result of his actions but again acknowledged that at least
some of the information he disclosed to his wife was confidential.

         At the end of the three-day trial, the trial court found in favor of Viking, and issued its
findings of fact and conclusion of law in a written opinion. It recognized that it was undisputed
that Bruckman had sent sensitive information to his home computer and to his wife’s personal e-
mail address. The trial court determined that by doing so, Bruckman breached his contractual
restriction. Accordingly, the trial court found that Viking was entitled to (1) a permanent
injunction prohibiting any further dissemination of confidential information belonging to Viking;
(2) nominal damages; and (3) as a matter of contract, the “actual costs and attorney fees incurred”
as a result of the enforcement of the parties’ agreement.

        The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the amount of costs and attorney fees incurred
by Viking, and afterward issued a second opinion and order awarding Viking $254,657.50 in
attorney fees, $345.70 in taxable costs, and interest on the award. The trial court entered a final
judgment memorializing its decision concerning the amount of damages and also granted
injunctive relief prohibiting Bruckman “from retaining, disclosing to any person or entity, or using
for any purpose any confidential information . . . obtained in the course of his employment with
Viking.” The trial court denied Bruckman’s motion for relief from the judgment. This appeal
followed.

                                  II. BREACH OF CONTRACT

         Bruckman’s first two arguments on appeal concern whether Viking sustained its burden to
prove the elements for breach of contract. First, Bruckman argues that Viking did not prove that
it sustained any damages as a result of the disclosure. Second, Bruckman argues that it is against



                                                -3-
public policy for a disclosure to a spouse to constitute a breach of his Confidentiality Agreement.
We disagree.

         “Following a bench trial, this Court reviews findings of fact for clear error and conclusions
of law de novo.” Florence Cement Co v Vettraino, 292 Mich App 461, 468; 807 NW2d 917
(2011). “A factual finding is clearly erroneous if there is no substantial evidence to sustain it or
if, although there is some evidence to support it, the reviewing court is left with the definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Miller-Davis Co v Ahrens Constr, Inc, 495
Mich 161, 172-173; 848 NW2d 95 (2014). “The legal effect of a contractual clause is a question
of law that is reviewed de novo.” Quality Prods & Concepts Co v Nagel Precision, Inc, 469 Mich
362, 369; 666 NW2d 251 (2003).

        “A party asserting a breach of contract must establish by a preponderance of the evidence
that (1) there was a contract (2) which the other party breached (3) thereby resulting in damages
to the party claiming breach.” Miller-Davis Co, 495 Mich at 178. However, in cases where a
breach occurs but does not cause any quantifiable harm, a plaintiff becomes entitled at least to
nominal damages on account of the defendant’s breach. See Kolton v Nassar, 358 Mich 154, 158;
99 NW2d 362 (1959); see also Vandenberg v Slagh, 150 Mich 225, 229; 114 NW 72 (1907) (“In
actions for breach of contract, nominal damages are recoverable upon proof of the breach . . . .”);
4041-40 W Maple Condo Ass’n v Countrywide Home Loans, Inc, 282 Mich App 452, 460; 768
NW2d 88 (2009) (stating “the law infers some damage—at least nominal damage—from the
breach of a contract”). “Nominal damages are those damages recoverable where [the] plaintiff’s
rights have been violated by breach of contract or tortious injury, but no actual damages have been
sustained or none can be proved.” 4041-40 W Maple Condo Ass’n v Countrywide Home Loans,
Inc, 282 Mich App 452, 460; 768 NW2d 88 (2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        The trial court did not err by determining that Bruckman’s disclosure of confidential
information to his spouse violated the terms of the Confidentiality Agreement. In support of is
argument that disclosing confidential information to his wife, Corey, did not constitute a breach
of the Confidentiality Agreement, Bruckman refers generally to the spousal testimonial privilege.
Although spousal privilege bars a husband or wife from testifying against his or her spouse without
that spouse’s consent, MCL 600.2162, Bruckman does not cite any legal basis for why that spousal
privilege should be extended here. Indeed, we conclude that it does not have any application to
this case.1



1
    Moreover, as articulated in Mitcham v Detroit, 355 Mich 183, 203; 94 NW2d 388 (1959):
         It is not enough for an appellant in his brief simply to announce a position or assert
         an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for
         his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for
         authority to sustain or reject his position. The appellant himself must first
         adequately prime the pump; only then does the appellate well begin to flow.

Bruckman has therefore essentially abandoned this argument on appeal. See Woods v SLB Prop
Mgt, LLC, 277 Mich App 622, 626-627; 750 NW2d 228 (2008), where this Court concluded that



                                                  -4-
        We also reject Bruckman’s argument that the contested contractual language was somehow
ambiguous or violated public policy. Our Supreme Court has articulated that it is a “bedrock
principle of American contract law that parties are free to contract as they see fit, and the courts
are to enforce the agreement as written absent some highly unusual circumstance, such as a
contract in violation of law or public policy.” Wilkie v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 469 Mich 41, 51; 664
NW2d 776 (2003). We conclude that the contractual language at issue here unambiguously
prohibited disclosure of any confidential information to any other person, including Corey.
Moreover, we find no basis for concluding that such a contractual provision violates Michigan law
or public policy.

        Bruckman breached the Confidentiality Agreement willingly entered into the by parties by
disclosing confidential information to his wife, Corey. Thus, the trial court did not err by entering
a judgment in favor of Viking and awarding nominal damages. Kolton, 358 Mich 158.

                                      III. ATTORNEY FEES

        Bruckman’s final two arguments concern the trial court’s award of attorney fees. First,
Bruckman argues that the trial court should have adjusted the attorney fee award downward, and
that the trial court inconsistently applied its own methodology when reviewing Viking’s attorney’s
billing statements. Again, we disagree.

        This Court reviews a trial court’s award of attorney fees and costs for an abuse of
discretion. Pirgu v United Servs Auto Ass’n, 499 Mich 269, 274; 884 NW2d 257 (2016). “An
abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes.” Id.

        “A court may award costs and attorney fees only if specifically authorized by a statute, a
court rule, or a recognized exception to the American rule (which mandates that a litigant be
responsible for his or her own attorney fees).” Hackel v Macomb Co Comm’n, 289 Mich App 311,
334; 826 NW2d 753 (2012). “An exception exists where attorney fees are provided by contract of
the parties.” Fleet Business Credit, LLC v Krapohl Ford Lincoln Mercury Co, 274 Mich App 584,
589; 735 NW2d 644 (2007). “The parties to a contract may include a provision that the breaching
party will be required to pay the other side’s attorney fees and such provisions are judicially
enforceable,” although any “recovery is limited to reasonable attorney fees.” See Zeeland Farm
Servs, Inc v JBL Enterprises, Inc, 219 Mich App 190, 195-196; 555 NW2d 733 (1996) (emphasis
added).

       The Confidentiality Agreement allows for Viking to recover attorney fees expended in
enforcing the agreement. The framework set forth by our Supreme Court in Smith v Khouri, 481
Mich 519; 751 NW2d 472 (2008), remains the standard for determining the reasonableness of
requested attorney fees. Pirgu, 499 Mich at 278-279. Under the Smith framework, the trial court
begins its analysis by “determining the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal



“[a]n argument must be supported by citation to an appropriate authority or policy” and failure to
do so constitutes an abandonment of the issue.



                                                -5-
services” based on “reliable serveys or other credible evidence of the legal market.” Smith, 481
Mich at 530-531 (opinion by TAYLOR, C.J.). Next, “[t]his number should be multiplied by the
reasonable number of hours expended in the case[.]” Id. This calculation “should serve as the
starting point for calculating a reasonable attorney fee.” Id.

       Finally, the trial court should consider the following list of non-exhaustive factors to
determine whether an upward or downward adjustment of attorney fees is appropriate:

        (1) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the
        services;

        (2) the difficulty of the case, i.e., the novelty and difficulty of the questions
        involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly,

        (3) the amount in question and the results obtained,

        (4) the expenses incurred,

        (5) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client,

        (6) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that acceptance of the particular
        employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer,

        (7) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances, and

        (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent. [Pirgu, 499 Mich at 281-282.]

“In order to facilitate appellate review, the trial court should briefly discuss its view of each of the
factors above on the record and justify the relevance and use of any additional factors.” Id.

       The trial court here acknowledged its duties under the Smith framework, as well as its
responsibility to evaluate the appropriateness of an upwards or downwards adjustment, and then
followed the framework as instructed by our Supreme Court in a ten page Opinion and Order
Awarding Attorney Fees, Costs, and Interest. In addressing whether an adjustment was
appropriate, the trial court reasoned as follows:

                The [c]ourt’s computation of a reasonable attorney fee is subject to
        modification, either up or down, based upon eight factors. See Pirgu, 499 Mich at
        282. The [c]ourt finds, however, that none of those eight factors warrants any
        adjustments of the “baseline figure” in this case. The “experience, reputation, and
        ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services” has been adequately taken
        into account in the four attorneys’ approved hourly rates. See id. Although this
        case was protracted, “the difficulty of the case” does not support an upward
        adjustment. See id. Although the damages assessed by the Court were modest, the
        amount in question and the results obtained” do not justify a downward adjustment
        because Defendant Bruckman prolonged the litigation in every way possible. See
        id. The “expenses incurred” were not extraordinary. See id. Both the “nature and
        length of the professional relationship with the client” do not militate in favor of


                                                  -6-
        any type of adjustment. See id. The record contains no evidence that Plaintiff
        Viking’s attorneys had to turn down other legal work to handle this matter. See id.
        The “time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances” were not
        unreasonable. See id. Finally, the attorneys billed by the hour, rather than through
        a fixed or contingent fee. See id.

                Our Supreme Court has explained that the eight considerations at the third
        step of the analysis should be regarded as illustrative, rather than exhaustive. See
        Pirgu, 499 Mich at 282. Indeed, our Supreme Court has noted that “the trial court
        may consider additional relevant factors,” id., and Defendant Bruckman has made
        two arguments predicated upon factors not mentioned in the Pirgu decision. First,
        Bruckman contends that Plaintiff Viking should not be rewarded for undertaking
        this vindictive litigation, which was designed simply to punish him. To be sure,
        animosity plainly exists between Bruckman and Viking, but the [c]ourt cannot find
        that Viking impermissibly sued Bruckman out of spite. Second, Bruckman faults
        Viking for unnecessarily dragging his wife, April Corey, into the litigation. To be
        sure, Viking ultimately opted to dismiss its claims against Corey, but she chose
        nonetheless to take part in the trial, where she unsuccessfully pursued
        counterclaims against Viking. In any event, Bruckman cannot vicariously assert
        this wife’s grievances in an effort to defeat Viking’s request for reasonable attorney
        fees and costs. Accordingly, the [c]ourt concludes that the “baseline figure” of
        $254,657.50 constitutes a “reasonable” attorney fee for Viking in this case.

The trial court went on to explain in a footnote:

        To be sure, the “baseline figure” is an eye-popping number, but commercial
        litigation is not cheap. Plaintiff Viking’s attorney fees for this protracted legal
        battle must be paid by someone. The [c]ourt concludes that Defendant Bruckman
        agreed, as a matter of contract, to pay those attorney fees. In Michigan, our courts
        “enforce contracts according to their unambiguous terms because doing so respects
        the freedom of individuals to freely arrange their affairs via contract.” Rory v
        Continental Ins Co, 473 Mich 457, 468[; 703 NW2d 23] (2005). The [c]ourt cannot
        undo what the parities chose to do via contract.

        On appeal, Bruckman focuses only on the third Pirgu factor: the amount in question and
the results obtained. Bruckman argues that it was “irrational and unreasonable” for Viking to
spend such a significant amount of money litigating a case only to win nominal damages.
Therefore, Bruckman argued, the trial court should have adjusted the amount of attorney fees
downward. We disagree.

        Bruckman focuses too narrowly on the existence of the award of nominal damages, and
essentially is reiterating his argument that Viking did not suffer “real” damages, so it is not entitled
to attorney fees. Bruckman’s view is misguided. After terminating Bruckman’s employment,
Viking became aware that Bruckman was disgruntled, and had misappropriated sensitive and
confidential information in violation of the Confidentiality Agreement voluntarily entered into by
both parties. In pursuing this litigation, Viking took the necessary steps to fully enforce the terms
of the Confidentiality Agreement and safeguard its manufacturing schematics, financial data, and


                                                  -7-
the like. That same Confidentiality Agreement provided that Bruckman “shall be responsible to
pay for the actual costs and attorney fees incurred by [Viking] in the enforcement of this
Agreement.” Moreover, Bruckman prolonged this litigation by being less than forthcoming during
the discovery process. During the course of trial, there was the overt suggestion that Bruckman’s
“pride and dignity” caused him to dig in his heels and continue this dispute to the bitter end.

       The trial court ultimately concluded that there was no justification for a downward
adjustment of reasonable attorney fees incurred by Viking. After reviewing the record before us,
we conclude that the trial court’s determination not to adjust Viking’s attorney fees was within the
range of reasonable and principled outcomes, and therefore not an abuse of discretion.

        Finally, Bruckman argues that the trial court inconsistently reviewed billing entries
submitted by Viking’s counsel. Bruckman specifically argues that he “reviewed the [trial c]ourt’s
opinion and Exhibit A methodology utilized by the court in careful detail,” yet was unable to
“discern the [trial c]ourt’s approach to determining baseline billable hours in this case.” Bruckman
submits a list of more than 100 billing entries that he believes cannot constitute reasonable attorney
fees because they are too vague, redundant, unnecessary, or related to clerical or other support staff
work. However, Bruckman does not identify or explain the methodology he believes the trial court
used, or how the billing entries identified were analyzed using a second, unexplained methodology.

        Regardless, we have reviewed all of Viking’s counsel’s billing entries, and based on our
review, conclude that it was not outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes for the
trial court to have included the 100 entries identified by Bruckman in the attorney fee award.
Bruckman argues that some entries were too vague, however he fails to appreciate that an attorney
is not required to submit “an exhaustive and detailed list of the precise service provided at every
moment.” McNeel v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 289 Mich App 76, 102; 795 NW2d 205
(2010). Moreover, Bruckman fails to appreciate that a client is represented by each member of a
law firm that the client employs, and it is unreasonable to assume that multiple attorneys working
on a case together would not communicate or collaborate in an effort to advance the case. Attard
v Citizens Ins Co of America, 237 Mich App 311, 328-329; 602 NW2d 633 (1999). Likewise, a
trial court does not abuse its discretion by including the time spent on a case by support staff or
clerical staff, as well as other overhead, as part of a reasonable attorney fee. Teran v Rittley, 313
Mich App 197, 210-211; 882 NW2d 181 (2015). Thus, we conclude that the trial court’s attorney
fee award did not constitute an abuse of discretion.

       Affirmed. Plaintiff may tax costs, having prevailed in full. MCR 7.219.


                                                              /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                              /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                              /s/ Mark T. Boonstra




                                                 -8-
