18-2106-cr
United States v. James

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                       SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

              At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
New York, on the 18th day of September, two thousand nineteen.

PRESENT:
                   ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
                        Chief Judge,
                   RICHARD C. WESLEY,
                   JOSEPH F. BIANCO,
                        Circuit Judges.


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                         Appellee,

                   v.                                                No. 18-2106-cr

CHRISTOPHER GREEN, THOMAS TARANTO,
MICHELLE GONZALEZ, CHEYANNE MOORE,

                         Defendants,

EUGENE JAMES, aka EUGENE D. JAMES,

                         Defendant-Appellant.


 For Defendant-Appellant:                           Lisa A. Peebles, Melissa A. Tuohey, Office of
                                                    the Federal Public Defender, Syracuse, NY.


                                                1
 For Appellee:                                       Nicholas Commandeur, Rajit S. Dosanjh,
                                                     Assistant United States Attorneys, for Grant C.
                                                     Jaquith, United States Attorney for the
                                                     Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY.


        Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of

New York (Suddaby, C.J.).

        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

        Eugene James appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern

District of New York (Suddaby, C.J.), entered July 13, 2018 and sentencing him principally to 188

months in prison and ordering the forfeiture of $90,000. We assume the parties’ familiarity with

the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

   I.       Term of Imprisonment

        James argues that the sentence imposed by the district court is substantively unreasonable

because the district court’s reliance on his criminal history cannot bear the weight assigned to it,

his sentence does not account for the reduced likelihood of recidivism brought about by his age,

and he was not the typical organizer or leader as defined by the guidelines.

        This Court considers “the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed under an

abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2008). We find error only if

the sentence “cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” United States v.

Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc).1 In other words, we do not substitute our own

judgment for that of the district court, but instead “find substantively unreasonable only those




        1
         Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks, alterations,
footnotes, and citations are omitted.
                                                 2
sentences that are so shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of

law that affirming them would damage the administration of justice.” United States v. Jones, 878

F.3d 10, 19 (2d Cir. 2017).

         Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion by putting significant weight on James’s

criminal history, which spanned two decades and involved numerous violent crimes, drug

trafficking violations, and convictions for weapons possession, or by applying a “managerial role”

enhancement, given that, as James concedes, the factual predicates of the enhancement were met.

See United States v. Jimenez, 68 F.3d 49, 51-52 (2d Cir. 1995). Nor does James’s age affect our

analysis. The statistics James cites, which indicate a decline in recidivism among offenders older

than fifty, do not support his position, given that he was thirty-four years old at the time of

sentencing and will be forty-eight years old at the time of his release. Accordingly, we conclude

that the district court’s sentence of 188 months was within the range of permissible decisions.

   II.      Forfeiture Order

         James also challenges a forfeiture money judgment entered by the district court in the

amount of $90,000. James does not dispute the factual basis for the judgment or suggest that the

government sought an amount in excess of his actual proceeds from drug trafficking. Instead,

James argues that the governing statute, 21 U.S.C. § 853, does not authorize personal money

judgments at all. James relies primarily on a decision of the Eastern District of New York, United

States v. Surgent, No. 04 Crim. 364, 2009 WL 2525137 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2009), in which the

court concluded that § 853 did not authorize courts to issue in personam money judgments against

defendants. But in United States v. Awad this Court rejected Surgent, holding that “§ 853 permits

imposition of a money judgment on a defendant who possesses no assets at the time of sentencing,”

598 F.3d 76, 78 (2d Cir. 2010) (per curiam). See id. at 79 n.5 (“We are aware of the thorough



                                                   3
discussion and contrary interpretation advanced in United States v. Surgent . . . upon which

appellant Awad relies heavily. In the end, however, we find it unpersuasive.”).2 And, contrary to

James’s contention, the Supreme Court’s decision in Honeycutt v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 1626

(2017), does not abrogate this precedent.3

       We have considered all of James’s remaining contentions on appeal and have found in

them no basis for reversal. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                             FOR THE COURT:
                                             Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




       2
          This Court has also recognized the validity of personal forfeiture money judgments in
other published decisions. See, e.g., United States v. Kalish, 626 F.3d 165, 169 (2d Cir. 2010)
(money judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c)); United States v. Robilotto, 828 F.2d 940, 948-49
(2d Cir. 1987) (money judgment under 18 U.S.C. § 1963).
       3
          Honeycutt, which regards joint and several forfeiture liability, did not address the
propriety of forfeiture money judgments. See United States v. Elbeblawy, 899 F.3d 925, 940-41
(11th Cir. 2018); see also United States v. Gorski, 880 F.3d 27, 40-41 (1st Cir. 2018).
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