                REPORTED

  IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

             OF MARYLAND

                  No. 2627

           September Term, 2012


_______________________________________


        DAMERON SMALLWOOD

                      v.

         STATE OF MARYLAND




     Meredith,
     Leahy,
     Sonner, Andrew L.
            (Retired, specially assigned),

                      JJ.




           Opinion by Meredith, J.




     Filed: February 24, 2016
       In 2009, the Maryland General Assembly enacted a statute that permits a convicted

person to file a petition for a “writ of actual innocence” based upon a claim of newly

discovered evidence. Maryland Code (2001, 2008 Repl. Vol., 2009 Supp.), Criminal

Procedure Article (“CP”), § 8-301. In 2011, the Court of Appeals of Maryland adopted

Maryland Rule 4-332, which provides, in pertinent part, that each petition for writ of actual

innocence “shall state: . . . that the conviction sought to be vacated is based on an offense

that the petitioner did not commit.” Rule 4-332(d)(9). Dameron Smallwood, appellant, urges

us to hold that the Court of Appeals erred in construing CP § 8-301 to limit the availability

of a writ of actual innocence to persons who assert that they did not commit the offense of

which they have been convicted. We are not persuaded that the Court of Appeals erred in

its interpretation of CP § 8-301. We shall therefore affirm the ruling of the Circuit Court for

Baltimore County denying Smallwood’s application for writ of actual innocence.

                                     BACKGROUND

       In 1985, Smallwood was convicted of committing a brutal murder. He was tried upon

an agreed statement of facts. He does not dispute that, on the morning of October 22, 1984,

when he was 15 years old, he knocked on the door of a stranger at an apartment complex in

Baltimore County, and told the 76-year-old occupant that he had a package that she needed

to sign for. When she opened the door, Smallwood stabbed her ten times in the chest and

abdomen and arms. He then fled, and was observed disposing of items of clothing and a

bloody, brown paper bag. The victim of the stabbing died later that day.
        After Smallwood was indicted for first degree murder and related offenses, his

attorneys moved for a reverse waiver to juvenile court. At the reverse waiver hearing,

Smallwood’s attorneys called a psychiatrist, a psychologist and a psychiatric social work

expert to testify that it would be appropriate for Smallwood to be tried as a juvenile because

he would be amenable to treatment if the reverse waiver was granted, and, in the view of

these experts, it would be preferable to commit Smallwood to an institution rather than

incarcerate him. None of the psychological experts expressed an opinion that Smallwood

was not criminally responsible for the fatal stabbing of the victim. The circuit court denied

the request to waive the case to the juvenile court.

        Smallwood entered a plea of not guilty, but agreed to a lengthy statement of facts,

which included grisly details such as:

        Mrs. Gibson went to answer the door. . . . The defendant was the person
        knocking on her door. With the door shut, Mrs. Gibson asked who was there
        and what they wanted. The defendant said that he had a package to deliver.
        She told him to leave the package outside her door. The defendant told her
        that she had to sign for the package. . . . Believing what the defendant said,
        the victim began to open the door. The defendant pushed the door open and
        forcibly entered the apartment, pushing the victim back inside. Armed with a
        knife, the defendant stabbed Mrs. Gibson ten times. During the struggle with
        the defendant, Mrs. Gibson cried out to her daughter-in-law, [who was] still
        on the phone, “Barbara, call the police.” Barbara Gibson heard the struggle
        and [heard] the defendant yell, “Bitch, son of a bitch.” Lastly, she heard Mrs.
        Gibson cry, “Oh, my God.”

        Smallwood was found guilty of all counts, and was sentenced to imprisonment for

life.



                                              2
       Twenty-five years later, a psychiatrist who had testified as a defense expert at the

reverse waiver hearing in 1985 — Dr. Ellen McDaniel — indicated to Smallwood’s

attorneys that she was now willing to revise the opinions she had expressed at the reverse

waiver hearing, and was now willing to testify that Smallwood was not criminally

responsible for killing Mrs. Gibson in 1984. Smallwood’s attorneys filed a petition for writ

of actual innocence in which they asserted that Dr. McDaniel’s revised opinion as to

criminal responsibility was newly discovered evidence that would now support a plea of not

criminally responsible, and, they posited, this newly discovered evidence created a

substantial or significant possibility of a different result for Smallwood, namely, a verdict

finding him guilty but not criminally responsible.1



       1
       The Court of Appeals discussed the nature of a defense of “not criminally
responsible” in Treece v. State, 313 Md. 665, 676 (1988):

              When the defense of not criminally responsible is asserted, along with
       a not guilty plea, the initial question is the defendant’s guilt or innocence. If
       the verdict is guilty, the next step is the determination of criminal
       responsibility. If lack of responsibility is found, that is not an acquittal. The
       result of “the successful interposition of a plea of insanity is not that an
       accused is to be found not guilty of the criminal act it was proved he had
       committed, but that he shall not be punished therefor.” [Langworthy v. State,
       284 Md. 588, 598 (1979)].

              In short, the defendant who “successfully” pleads not criminally
       responsible is subject to the stigma of a criminal conviction, although he or she
       may not be subject to all of the consequences that would otherwise flow
       therefrom.

(Emphasis added; internal citations omitted.)

                                              3
       The Circuit Court for Baltimore County conducted an evidentiary hearing on

Smallwood’s petition for writ of actual innocence. The court received deposition testimony

of Dr. McDaniel (who had passed away prior to the hearing), and the court heard testimony

from a clinical psychiatrist called by the State who disputed the psychiatric basis for Dr.

McDaniel’s revised opinion. Smallwood did not argue that he was not the person who killed

Mrs. Gibson.

       The circuit court denied Smallwood’s petition for writ of actual innocence for three

independent reasons. First, the court ruled that a writ of actual innocence was not available

to Smallwood because he “is not claiming, and cannot claim that he is actually innocent.

Rather, he is maintaining that he is actually guilty, but not criminally responsible for the act

of murder.” After reviewing legislative history of CP § 8-301, the circuit court observed:

“Nothing about the legislative history of the provision suggests that it was intended to

include a claim made decades after a conviction that a defendant was guilty of the crime, but

not criminally responsible for its commission.”

       Second, the circuit court ruled that, “even if it is determined that a Petition for Writ

of Actual Innocence can be used by a defendant who is guilty [but not criminally

responsible], it is also important to determine if Dr. McDaniel’s new opinions constitute

‘newly discovered evidence’ within the meaning of Section 8-301.” The circuit court

concluded that the revised opinions would not constitute newly discovered evidence, noting:

“There was no change between 1984 and the present in the facts of this case. No new or


                                               4
different fact was unearthed or otherwise discovered suggesting that the Petitioner’s trial

was unfair in 1984.”

       Finally, the circuit court explained that, even if a revised expert’s opinion might

qualify as newly discovered evidence, the court found Dr. McDaniel’s revised testimony to

be entitled to “virtually no weight.” The court elaborated on its analysis:

               Moreover, Dr. McDaniel failed utterly to convince the undersigned that
       she could not have made the same diagnoses in 1984 as she made in 2011; or
       that she could not have reached the same conclusion concerning the lack of
       criminal responsibility in 1984 as she purported to reach in 2011. She did not
       persuade the undersigned that the DSM-III contained material mistakes or
       errors in 1984 that, if changed, would have affected her opinion as to criminal
       responsibility in 1984. Her 2011 analysis was illogical, and her conclusions
       were unreliable as a matter of the application of ordinary common sense.

                                           ***

       The Court is simply not convinced that Dr. McDaniel’s new series of
       “opinions” constitute credible evidence which would form the basis for the
       proper granting of a new trial 26 years after the fact.

Smallwood noted a timely appeal from the circuit court’s ruling.

                               QUESTIONS PRESENTED

       Appellant presents the following questions for our review:

             Did the lower court err in denying the petition for writ of actual
       innocence? Specifically,

              A.       Does § 8-301 of the Criminal Procedure Article
                       contemplate relief for an individual who was not
                       criminally responsible for committing the underlying
                       offense?



                                             5
              B.     Does an expert’s opinion about criminal responsibility,
                     revised many years after trial, constitute “newly
                     discovered evidence” under § 8-301?

              C.     Does the revised expert opinion that Mr. Smallwood was
                     not criminally responsible create a substantial or
                     significant possibility that the result may have been
                     different?

       Because we answer “no” to sub-question A., we need not address sub-questions B.

and C. We will affirm the judgment of the Circuit Court for Baltimore County.

                                       DISCUSSION

       Smallwood makes no contention that his conviction was “based on an offense that

[he] did not commit,” as required by Rule 4-332(d)(9). But he asserts that CP § 8-301

contains no such prerequisite for seeking a writ of actual innocence. He states in his brief:

              Mr. Smallwood also acknowledges that Maryland Rule 4-332, which
       took effect after he filed his petition, requires a petitioner to assert “that the
       conviction sought to be vacated is based on an offense that [he] did not
       commit.” Md. Rule 4-332(d)(9). The procedural requirements of the rule,
       however, cannot override the substance of § 8-301. See 38 Md. Reg. 476
       (Apr. 8, 2011) (noting that Rule 4-332 implements § 8-301). See also Md.
       Rule 4-101 (explaining that the Rules in Title 4 govern procedure, not
       substance). Because the plain language of the statute does not require
       petitioner to allege or prove that he did not commit the underlying offense,
       Rule 4-332’s requirement to the contrary is a nullity.

       Smallwood is correct in his observation that CP § 8-301 does not specifically state

that a writ of actual innocence is available only to a petitioner who claims factual innocence;

the statute does not expressly mandate that a petition for a writ of actual innocence include




                                               6
a statement asserting that the conviction was based upon an offense that the petitioner did

not commit. CP § 8-301 provides, in pertinent part:

       (a)    A person charged by indictment or criminal information with a crime
              triable in circuit court and convicted of that crime may, at any time,
              file a petition for writ of actual innocence in the circuit court for
              the county in which the conviction was imposed if the person
              claims that there is newly discovered evidence that:

              (1)    creates a substantial or significant possibility that the
                     result may have been different, as that standard has been
                     judicially determined; and

              (2)    could not have been discovered in time to move for a
                     new trial under Maryland Rule 4-331.

       (b)    A petition filed under this section shall:

              (1)    be in writing;

              (2)    state in detail the grounds on which the petition is
                     based;

              (3)    describe the newly discovered evidence;

              (4)    contain or be accompanied by a request for hearing
                     if a hearing is sought; and

              (5)    distinguish the newly discovered evidence claimed in
                     the petition from any claims made in prior petitions.

                                            ***

       (f)   (1)     In ruling on a petition filed under this section, the court may set
                     aside the verdict, resentence, grant a new trial, or correct the
                     sentence, as the court considers appropriate.

              (2)    The court shall state the reasons for its ruling on the
                     record.

                                              7
       (g)    A petitioner in a proceeding under this section has the burden of proof.

(Emphasis added.)

       Despite the absence of an express requirement in CP § 8-301 for the petitioner to

claim factual innocence and include an averment that the conviction is based on an offense

the petitioner did not commit, the appellate courts of Maryland have, on several occasions,

interpreted the statute to include such a requirement. Even though Rule 4-332 was not

formally adopted by the Court of Appeals until September 8, 2011, with an effective date

of October 1, 2011 — i.e., a few days after Smallwood filed his petition on August 29, 2011

— the Court of Appeals recognized in Douglas v. State, 423 Md. 156 (2011), that new

Maryland Rule 4-332 “applies to actions commenced on or after [the effective] date, ‘and,

insofar as practicable, to all actions then pending[.]’” 423 Md. at 182 n.14 (quoting 38 Md.

Reg. 1195 (September 23, 2011)).

       But more important than any question regarding the direct applicability of the rule to

Smallwood’s petition is the precedent established by Rule 4-332 as a judicial interpretation

of CP § 8-301 by the highest court of this State. As the Court of Appeals recently noted in

Bonilla v. State, 433 Md. 1 (2015), “the Maryland Rules ‘have the force of law.’” Id. at 7

(quoting Dotson v. State, 321 Md. 515, 523 (1991)). The Court of Appeals adopted Rule 4-

332 for the specific purpose of fleshing out the prerequisites for pursuing a writ of “actual

innocence.” In Douglas, the Court had observed: “C.P. § 8–301 provides a defendant an

opportunity to seek a new trial based on newly discovered evidence that speaks to his or her


                                             8
actual innocence, as evident from the title of the statute itself.” 423 Md. at 176. Indeed, not

only the title of CP § 8-301, but also the text of the statute, describes the remedy as a writ

of “actual innocence.”

       In Yonga v. State, ___ Md. ___ (2016), No. 30, September Term 2015 (filed January

27, 2016), the Court of Appeals addressed the question of whether a person who had entered

a guilty plea was eligible to be granted a writ of actual innocence. The Court stated that it

“acknowledge[d] that the statute is silent on the issue,” ____ Md. at ____, Slip op. at 12, but

nevertheless concluded that a writ of actual innocence is not available to attack a conviction

that was entered following a plea of guilty. Recognizing the lack of express language in the

statute addressing the availability of the writ for a person who had entered a guilty plea, the

Court said: “The history of the legislation, our implementation through our Rules as well as

our understanding of what ‘actual innocence’ means, juxtaposed against what a guilty plea

involves, however, inform our conclusion that a person who has pled guilty may not later

avail himself or herself of the relief afforded by the Petition for a Writ of Actual Innocence.”

Id. In the final paragraph of the opinion, the Court again stated that its interpretation of CP

§ 8-301 was supported by “the history of the legislation, our implementation through our

Rules as well as our understanding of what ‘actual innocence’ means.” ____ Md. at ____,

Slip op. at 36.

       In affirming the judgment of our Court — which had been reported at Yonga v. State,

221 Md. App. 45 (2015) — the Court of Appeals adopted the portion of Judge Charles


                                               9
Moylan’s analysis that juxtaposed a guilty plea with a claim of newly discovered evidence.

See Yonga, ___ Md. at ___, Slip op. at 29-30, and Yonga, 221 Md. App. at 68-69. The

Court of Appeals affirmed this Court’s conclusion that “a person who has pled guilty may

not later avail himself or herself of the relief afforded by the Petition for a Writ of Actual

Innocence.” ____ Md. at ____, Slip op. at 36. Because that aspect of Judge Moylan’s

opinion fully answered the question that was the subject of the writ of certiorari, the Court

of Appeals did not need to address the availability of a writ of actual innocence for a

convicted person who did not deny committing the offense. On that point, this Court stated

in Yonga, 221 Md. App. at 58, that CP § 8-301 had its roots in the “revolution in forensic

investigation that resulted from the rapidly evolving science of DNA identification.” We

noted that, in the context of capital punishment, which by its nature is irrevocable, the

concern was “not with executing someone who might have been procedurally not guilty.

. . . The concern was with actual, factual innocence.” Id. We observed that “[t]here is no

question that Maryland’s first DNA statute was aimed at facilitating the exoneration of those

convicted defendants who were actually innocent of the crime for which they had been

convicted,” id. at 59 (citing Blake v. State, 395 Md. 213, 219 (2006)). Judge Moylan

observed in our opinion in Yonga: “The leitmotif of ‘actual innocence’ resonates throughout

the caselaw.” Id. (citing Gregg v. State, 409 Md. 698, 715 (2009); and Thompson v. State,

411 Md. 664, 679 (2009)). We further observed in Yonga, id. at 57, that, in Bousley v.




                                             10
United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998), the Supreme Court had stated that “‘actual

innocence’ means factual innocence and not mere legal insufficiency.”

       Although, in Yonga, the Court of Appeals did not need to reach the question of

whether a person who could not profess factual innocence could qualify for a writ of actual

innocence, we are persuaded that the Court has already answered this question by adopting

a rule that expressly requires the petitioner to affirm “that the conviction sought to be

vacated is based on an offense that the petitioner did not commit.” Rule 4-332(d)(9). Unless

and until the Court rescinds that rule, in the absence of legislative action to revise CP § 8-

301, we will hold that a person who does not expressly deny committing the act that led to

the conviction is not eligible for a writ of actual innocence.

                                                  JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                  COURT FOR BALTIMORE COUNTY
                                                  AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY
                                                  APPELLANT.




                                             11
