                                       2016 IL App (1st) 160571
                                             No. 1-16-0571
                                     Opinion filed November 1, 2016
                                                                                     Second Division


                                                 IN THE

                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            FIRST DISTRICT


                                                          )
                                                                Appeal from the Circuit Court
     DWIGHT NELSON,                                       )
                                                                of Cook County.
                                                          )
            Plaintiff-Appellant,                          )
                                                          )
                                                                No. 16 L 6855
     v.                                                   )
                                                          )
     DONALD LEE PADGITT and PADGITT,                      )
                                                                The Honorable
     PADGITT, & PEPPEY, LTD.,                             )
                                                                Margaret Ann Brennan,
                                                          )
                                                                Judge, presiding.
            Defendants-Appellees.                         )
                                                          )


            PRESIDING JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices Neville and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1          After losing a breach of contract lawsuit against his former employer, plaintiff Dwight

     Nelson sued his lawyers for malpractice. Nelson alleged that his lawyer and his law firm had

     negligently represented him when negotiating an employment agreement when he took a position

     with the employer. Because the trial court did not err in holding that Nelson’s suit was filed

     outside the two-year statute of limitations, we affirm. Nelson’s claim of malpractice against his

     lawyer is “inseparable” from his claims against his employer, and his legal malpractice claim
     1-16-0571


     accrued at least by the time he filed his suit against the employer because by then it was “plainly

     obvious” that he had been injured as a result of legal malpractice.

¶2                                           BACKGROUND

¶3          In 2011, Dwight Nelson decided to leave his branding and packaging design business,

     HBN Brandesign, and join another company, Launch Creative Marketing, while bringing his

     HBN clients to Launch. Nelson hired Donald Lee Padgitt and Padgitt, Padgitt, & Peppey, Ltd., to

     represent him in negotiating an employment agreement with Launch. Nelson signed the

     agreement on June 6, 2011.

¶4          Six months later, on January 19, 2012, Launch terminated Nelson’s employment. The

     letter informing Nelson of his firing specified that under the employment agreement Launch

     could terminate Nelson for cause if the revenue collected from Nelson’s old clients totaled less

     than $250,000 over the first six months of employment.

¶5          On October 31, 2012, Nelson sued Launch and one of its employees for breach of

     contract and fraud. In the complaint, Nelson alleged that Launch breached the obligations of

     good faith and fair dealing by failing to define Nelson’s job description and to support his work

     and unnecessarily reducing and delaying the billing of the clients Nelson had brought to Launch.

     Had Launch not done so, Nelson alleged, he would have met the $250,000 target during his first

     six months of employment and not been fired for cause. Nelson attached to the complaint a copy

     of the employment agreement and the January 19 letter terminating his employment.

¶6          On December 4, 2014, the trial court granted summary judgment in Launch’s favor. In a

     written decision, the trial court pointed out that Nelson was “a successful businessman, and was

     represented by competent counsel throughout the negotiation of his employment agreement.”

     The trial court attributed the outcome to “Nelson’s failure to properly negotiate on his own


                                                     -2-
       1-16-0571


       behalf,” which gave Launch much discretion under the employment agreement. In sum, “Nelson

       was in a position at the bargaining table to ensure none of these complications arose by better

       protecting his interests through negotiation.”

¶7            On July 7, 2015, Nelson sued Padgitt and his firm for legal malpractice. Nelson alleged

       he hired Padgitt based on Padgitt’s experience in transactional matters and told Padgitt his goal

       of securing a steady income for the next few years and eventually retiring. Padgitt negotiated the

       employment agreement with Launch, and Nelson signed it on Padgitt’s recommendation. But

       Nelson alleged Padgitt neglected to tell him that (1) the agreement did not provide steady income

       past six months, (2) Launch could fire Nelson after six months if the revenue from his customers

       fell short of the specified target, (3) Launch had the ability to insure that Nelson would not meet

       his target, (4) Launch had broad discretion in billing and defining Nelson’s job description, or

       (5) the agreement lacked a specific start date. Nelson alleged that any reasonable attorney would

       have negotiated an agreement that would have better protected Nelson. Finally, Nelson alleged

       that he had suffered damages, including future benefits from employment with Launch, the value

       of the customers he brought to Launch, the cost of settling his suit with Launch, and the cost of

       suing Launch. He estimated these damages exceeded $100,000.

¶8            On February 10, 2016, the trial court dismissed Nelson’s complaint with prejudice for the

       reason that the two-year statute of limitations for legal malpractice barred his claims. (The trial

       court did not consider extra-record evidence submitted by Padgitt, and neither will we.)

¶9                                        STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶ 10          We review a trial court’s dismissal of a complaint based on the statute of limitations

       de novo. Carlson v. Fish, 2015 IL App (1st) 140526, ¶ 22.




                                                        -3-
       1-16-0571


¶ 11                                              ANALYSIS

¶ 12          An action for legal malpractice must be filed within two years from the time the plaintiff

       “knew or reasonably should have known of the injury for which damages are sought.” 735 ILCS

       5/13-214.3(b) (West 2012). Actual knowledge is not necessary to trigger the limitations period,

       nor does the plaintiff need knowledge of a specific defendant’s negligent conduct or knowledge

       of the existence of a malpractice claim. SK Partners I, LP v. Metro Consultants, Inc., 408 Ill.

       App. 3d 127, 130 (2011). Instead, the limitations period begins when the plaintiff has a

       reasonable belief that the injury was caused by the lawyer’s wrongful conduct and the plaintiff,

       therefore, has an obligation to inquire further. Dancor International, Ltd. v. Friedman, Goldberg

       & Mintz, 288 Ill. App. 3d 666, 673 (1997).

¶ 13          To be considered injured, a legal client must suffer a loss for which he or she may seek

       monetary damages. Northern Illinois Emergency Physicians v. Landau, Omahana & Kopka,

       Ltd., 216 Ill. 2d 294, 306 (2005). Generally, that loss will not occur until the plaintiff has

       suffered an adverse judgment, settlement, or dismissal of the underlying action caused by the

       attorney’s alleged negligence. Lucey v. Law Offices of Pretzel & Stouffer, Chartered, 301 Ill.

       App. 3d 349, 356 (1998). If the damages are as yet “speculative,” then the cause of action has not

       yet accrued, and the malpractice suit is premature. Id. at 353.

¶ 14          But, “speculative” in this context means “only if [the damages’] existence itself is

       uncertain, not if the amount is uncertain or yet to be fully determined.” Northern Illinois

       Emergency Physicians, 216 Ill. 2d at 307. Further, a malpractice claim can accrue before an

       adverse judgment if it is “plainly obvious *** that he [or she] has been injured as the result of

       professional negligence or where an attorney’s neglect is a direct cause of the legal expense




                                                       -4-
       1-16-0571


       incurred by the plaintiff.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Estate of Bass v. Katten, 375 Ill.

       App. 3d 62, 70 (2007) (quoting Lucey, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 355, 358).

¶ 15          On January 19, 2012, Nelson was fired and informed in writing that his termination was

       under the employment agreement negotiated for him by Padgitt. Even if Nelson had not read the

       employment agreement before signing it (which would have been an odd action, given his

       experience in business), Nelson should have realized at that point that the employment

       agreement was not drafted in his best interests. Nelson suffered an economic injury on his firing

       because the agreement also stipulated a loss of salary and commission on termination for cause.

       But Nelson did not file his legal malpractice claim until July 7, 2015, well after the two-year

       limitations period had run.

¶ 16          If Nelson did not know of his injury on January 19, 2012, he certainly should have known

       of it by October 31, 2012, when, with the assistance of a new attorney, he filed suit against

       Launch based on the termination and the text of the agreement. Even if we assume that the

       limitations period did not begin to run until October 31, it had still expired before he filed his

       legal malpractice claim.

¶ 17          Two past cases inform our analysis. In Janousek v. Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP, 2015

       IL App (1st) 142989, Janousek alleged that his former business partners fired him and then froze

       him out of future opportunities. Id. ¶ 3. Janousek sued his former partners and then, three years

       later, sued his former attorneys at Katten, alleging that those attorneys had actually assisted his

       ex-colleagues in harming Janousek’s business prospects. Id. ¶ 6. We held that Janousek waited

       too long to sue the Katten attorneys because he knew that he had been injured, “even though he

       may not yet have known that [Katten]’s representation was partly responsible and that their

       conduct gave rise to a cause of action.” Id. ¶ 21. Janousek’s claim that his partners had defrauded


                                                       -5-
       1-16-0571


       him “cannot be separated” from the claim that Katten had failed to protect him from that fraud.

       Id. Like Janousek, Nelson knew he had been injured when he was fired and was informed that he

       was being terminated under the employment agreement. Even if Nelson did not yet know that

       Padgitt had been negligent in negotiating his employment agreement, he was on notice of the

       problem and had a duty to inquire further (by examining that agreement, the language of which

       made plain that it did not provide Nelson with the type of protection he asserts he asked Padgitt

       to ensure). Castello v. Kalis, 352 Ill. App. 3d 736, 745 (2004). That inquiry would have shown

       the intertwining of his financial loss with Padgitt’s work on the employment agreement. See also

       Blue Water Partners, Inc. v. Mason, 2012 IL App (1st) 102165, ¶ 67 (plaintiffs knew that former

       attorneys had committed malpractice in helping plaintiffs’ former partners incorporate competing

       company when plaintiffs signed release against former partners; limitations period for legal

       malpractice claim began to run at that point because claims were inseparable).

¶ 18          Nelson characterizes Janousek as different than his case because the Katten attorneys

       were alleged to have actually aided Janousek’s opponents, while there is no evidence that Padgitt

       acted in league with Launch. But there is nothing in Janousek to indicate that its holding is

       limited to its facts. Malpractice does not require bad faith on the part of the attorney.

¶ 19          In Carlson, 2015 IL App (1st) 140526, Carlson settled a dispute with his former business

       partners through a mediation while represented by attorneys. He later decided that the settlement

       was inadequate and his partners had defrauded him. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. But he waited more than two

       years to sue his former attorneys, and this court upheld the trial court’s dismissal on statute of

       limitations grounds. Id. ¶ 41. Similarly to Janousek, even if Carlson did not yet know that his

       attorneys were partly responsible for his injury, he knew that he had been injured. Id. ¶ 39.

       “Carlson’s identification of one wrongful cause of his injuries initiates his limitations period as


                                                        -6-
       1-16-0571


       to all other causes, particularly when, as here, he claims his partners engaged in fraud and the

       defendants failed to protect him from fraud, those claims are inseparable.” Id.

¶ 20          Again, Nelson knew in 2012 that he had been injured by his former colleagues at Launch,

       and he knew that the employment agreement negotiated by Padgitt was partly responsible for his

       inability to protect himself from the alleged wrongdoings. Like Carlson, his claim of malpractice

       against Padgitt is “inseparable” from his claims against Launch.

¶ 21          Nelson attempts to distinguish Carlson by arguing that Carlson’s damages were “fixed,”

       while his were dependent on the outcome of his suit against Launch and thus he could not file his

       malpractice suit until after that suit concluded. If Nelson’s damages were only “speculative,”

       then the limitations period would not have begun until after his employment suit was completed.

       Lucey, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 353. But, as noted, damages are “speculative” only if their existence is

       uncertain, not their amount. Northern Illinois Emergency Physicians, 216 Ill. 2d at 307. Damages

       do not have to be “fixed” in a precise amount to start the limitations period, and Nelson knew

       that he had suffered economic loss from his firing well before his suit against Launch ended.

       This makes his case different from Lucey, where “actionable damages were a mere potentiality”

       until there was an adverse judgment. 301 Ill. App. 3d at 359.

¶ 22          A legal malpractice claim can accrue before an adverse judgment if it is “plainly

       obvious” that a plaintiff has been injured as a result of professional negligence. Lucey, 301 Ill.

       App. 3d at 358. In 2012, Nelson (a sophisticated businessperson eventually assisted by a new

       attorney) knew that his economic loss from the firing stemmed directly from Launch’s reliance

       on the employment agreement, which had been negotiated by Padgitt and plainly did not include

       the economic protections that Nelson allegedly had instructed Padgitt to include. He did not need

       the trial court’s adverse judgment to know that he had been harmed by Padgitt. See Dancor


                                                       -7-
       1-16-0571


       International, 288 Ill. App. 3d at 674-75 (where plaintiff filed federal criminal complaint against

       employee for embezzlement, plaintiff also had sufficient information to file malpractice suit

       against accountant who had failed to detect employee’s wrongdoing). This distinguishes his case

       still further from Lucey, where Lucey was the defendant in the suit underlying his legal

       malpractice claim. 301 Ill. App. 3d at 352. Lucey had a much stronger argument that he did not

       know of his former attorneys’ bad advice until after the adverse judgment because he was not the

       one to pursue legal action. Id.

¶ 23            Finally, a legal malpractice claim can accrue before an adverse judgment “where an

       attorney’s neglect is a direct cause of the legal expense incurred by the plaintiff.” Estate of Bass,

       375 Ill. App. 3d at 70. Nelson could have (and should have) known that the text of the

       employment agreement, for which Padgitt was partly responsible, directly caused his legal

       expenses in litigating against Launch. Cf. Warnock v. Karm Winand & Patterson, 376 Ill. App.

       3d 364, 369-70 (2007) (where plaintiffs could not have known that letter agreements for real

       estate sale drafted by attorney were faulty until trial court granted defendants’ motion for

       summary judgment, limitations period did not begin to run until adverse judgment entered); York

       Woods Community Ass’n v. O’Brien, 353 Ill. App. 3d 293, 299 (2004) (when attorney fees were

       incurred, it was not yet clear that fees were due to malpractice, so “damages remained

       speculative, and no cause of action had accrued”). This is not a case where the connection

       between the financial loss and the attorney’s negligence is faint or too complex for a layman to

       grasp.

¶ 24            Nelson’s strongest argument emphasizes the policy underlying the “prematurity

       doctrine”—that if we enforce the limitations period too strictly, plaintiffs will respond by filing

       their legal malpractice suits long before any underlying litigation has finished and this will clog


                                                       -8-
       1-16-0571


       the dockets with malpractice suits that must be repeatedly stayed or dismissed without prejudice

       before they can be fully litigated. See Romano v. Morrisroe, 326 Ill. App. 3d 26, 32 (2001)

       (discussing impact of premature malpractice litigation). We recognize these sound policy

       concerns and that some decisions have been more lenient with plaintiffs in response to these

       concerns. Lucey, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 357 (prematurity doctrine should be applied for judicial

       economy and preservation of attorney-client relationship). But the legislature chose to write a

       statute of limitations into the Code of Civil Procedure, and, while a balancing act, our ruling is

       consistent with the legislature’s wishes.

¶ 25          Affirmed.




                                                      -9-
