                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                               December 13, 2012 Session

   THAIS M. LAY v. MILLARD C. WALLACE and IRIS CARRINGTON

           Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Henderson County
                     No. 17329     James F. Butler, Chancellor


               No. W2011-02285-COA-R3-CV - Filed February 21, 2013


This case involves the status of a road as public or private, as well as Plaintiff’s right to
access such. We find that the roadway was a public road prior to 1960, but that it has since
been abandoned. Finding no necessity, we further conclude that Plaintiff is not entitled to
a private easement over the road to access her property. We affirm the trial court’s dismissal
of Plaintiff’s complaint.


 Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER,
J. and H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., joined.

Stephen L. Hughes, Milan, Tennessee; Thomas F. Bloom, Nashville, for the appellant, Thais
M. Lay and Brent Lay

Lowe Finney, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellees, Millard C. Wallace and Iris Carrington
                                                OPINION

                               I.   F ACTS & P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

        On July 14, 2003, Thais M. Lay filed a “Complaint for Ingress and Egress” in the
Henderson County Chancery Court against adjacent landowners Millard C. Wallace and Iris
Carrington. Mrs. Lay claimed that defendants had obstructed her access to the T.M. Maxwell
Road,1 which she claimed was “the only way by which [she] could have ingress and egress
to and from her property on both the North and South sides.” She sought “proper ingress and
egress to her property over the public road known as the T.M. Maxwell Road, or in the
alternative . . . an easement or right-of-way for purposes of ingress and egress to her property
over and along the T.M. Maxwell Road[.]” (emphasis added). Defendants Millard Wallace 2
and Iris Carrington filed separate answers denying that the T.M. Maxwell Road was a public
road and contending that Mrs. Lay was not entitled to an easement because she could access
her property via another roadway.

        Following the resolution of various motions, the case was bifurcated, with the issue
of the T.M. Maxwell Road’s status as public or private to be considered first.3 A bench trial
was held over three days in 2006, 2007 and 2009. Thereafter, on May 7, 2009, the chancery
court issued a thorough letter, which was attached to, and incorporated into, a July 16, 2009
Order. The trial court determined that the T.M. Maxwell Road “is not and was not a public
road[,]” and therefore, that Mrs. Lay could not “acquire the rights of an abutting landowner
upon the closing of, or abandonment of, a public road.” Additionally, the court concluded
that Mrs. Lay was not entitled to any easement across the defendants’ respective properties.
Thus, the chancery court dismissed Mrs. Lay’s complaint.




        1
          The parties dispute whether the roadway in question possesses a name; however, for clarity, we will,
at times, refer to the roadway as the “T.M. Maxwell Road.”
        2
        In his Answer, Mr. Wallace filed a “Cross-Complaint and Counter-Complaint” against Mrs. Lay
and her husband, Brent Lay, claiming that the Lays had extensively damaged his timber and the T.M.
Maxwell Road while removing “an old house” from Mrs. Lay’s property. Mr. Wallace died on April 11,
2011, and his heirs were ultimately substituted as defendants in this case. In 2012, the Heirs of Millard
Wallace voluntarily dismissed their claims against Mr. and Mrs. Lay without prejudice.
        3
         The chancery court stated that if it concluded that the T.M.Maxwell Road was a public road, it
would then “hear the matter on the issue of damages, fees, discretionary cost[s] and any other remaining
issues.”

                                                     -2-
        Both defendants, Iris Carrington and Millard C. Wallace, died following trial. Their
respective heirs at law were substituted as defendants. Plaintiffs timely appealed to this
Court.4

                                      II.    I SSUE P RESENTED

       The sole issue on appeal is whether the evidence preponderates against the chancery
court’s finding that the T.M. Maxwell Road was never a public road. For the following
reasons, we conclude that the T.M. Maxwell Road was a public road prior to 1960 which has
since been abandoned; however, finding no necessity, we further conclude that Plaintiff is
not entitled to a private easement over the road to access her property.

                                  III.      S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

         On appeal, a trial court’s factual findings are presumed to be correct, and we will not
overturn those factual findings unless the evidence preponderates against them. Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(d); Bogan v. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d 721, 727 (Tenn. 2001). For the evidence to
preponderate against a trial court’s finding of fact, it must support another finding of fact
with greater convincing effect. Watson v. Watson, 196 S.W.3d 695, 701 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005) (citing Walker v. Sidney Gilreath & Assocs., 40 S.W.3d 66, 71 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000);
The Realty Shop, Inc. v. RR Westminster Holding, Inc., 7 S.W.3d 581, 596 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1999)). When the resolution of the issues in a case depends upon the truthfulness of
witnesses, the fact-finder, who has the opportunity to observe the witnesses in their manner
and demeanor while testifying, is in a far better position than this Court to decide those
issues. Mach. Sales Co., Inc. v. Diamondcut Forestry Prods., LLC, 102 S.W.3d 638, 643
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). “The weight, faith, and credit to be given to any witness’s testimony
lies in the first instance with the trier of fact, and the credibility accorded will be given great
weight by the appellate court.” Id. When the trial court makes no specific findings of fact,
we review the record to determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies. Ganzevoort
v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997) (citing Kemp v. Thurmond, 521 S.W.2d 806,
808 (Tenn. 1975)). We review a trial court’s conclusions of law under a de novo standard
upon the record with no presumption of correctness. Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston,
854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993) (citing Estate of Adkins v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 788
S.W.2d 815, 817 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989)).




       4
         Because Millard Wallace testified at trial and Iris Carrington testified by deposition, we will
continue to refer to the defendants as individuals, as opposed as to their respective heirs.

                                                  -3-
                                             IV. D ISCUSSION

                               A. Status of Road as Public or Private

              The roadway at issue in this case–the T.M. Maxwell Road–runs in a general
north and south direction between Blankenship Road to the north and Ararat Cemetery Road 5
to the south. The northern and middle portions of the roadway traverse property owned by
defendant Millard Wallace; however, at three points, the roadway crosses property owned
by Mrs. Lay. The southern end of the roadway lies on property owned by defendant Iris
Carrington.

       On appeal, we are asked to consider only whether Mrs. Lay is entitled to access the
T.M. Maxwell Road. Mrs. Lay concedes that the roadway is no longer public; however, she
contends that the roadway was public prior to 1960, and, therefore, as an abutting landowner,
that she is entitled to a private easement of access over the road. Appellees argue that Mrs.
Lay is not entitled to use the road because, they claim, the roadway has never, at any time,
been open to the public. Instead, they contend that any public use of the roadway was simply
permissive–never converting the roadway into a public road.6

        A public road may be created “by an act of the public authorities, or the express
dedication of the owner, or an implied dedication by means of the use by the public and
acceptance by them with the intention of the owner that the use become public, or by adverse
user for a period of 20 years continuously creating a prescriptive right . . . .” Standard Life
Ins. Co. v. Hughes, 315 S.W.2d 239, 242 (Tenn. 1958). “Dedication arises from an owner’s
offer of land for public use, and a public acceptance of the offer.” Davis v. Bowers, No.
E2011-00295-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 762442, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 9, 2012)
(internal citations omitted). “The offer and acceptance may be express or implied.” Id.
(citing Town of Benton v. People Bank of Polk County, 904 S.W.2d 598, 602 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1995); Winn v. Tucker Corp., 848 S.W.2d 64, 68 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992)).

       In this case, Mrs. Lay apparently relies upon the implied dedication and implied
acceptance avenues for creation of a public road. “When an implied dedication is claimed,
the focus of the inquiry is whether the landowner intended to dedicate the land to a public
use.” Klein v. Hardin County, No. W2011-01944-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 3518345, at *4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 16, 2012) (citing McCord v. Hays, 302 S.W.2d 331 (Tenn. 1957);


       5
           In the record, this road is also referred to as Ariat Cemetery Road and Mt. Ararat Cemetery Road.
       6
        It appears that in the trial court Appellant claimed an easement by implication, a prescriptive
easement, and an easement by necessity. The trial court’s rejection of these claims is not appealed.

                                                     -4-
Johnson City v. Wolfe, 52 S.W. 991 (Tenn.1899); Nicely v. Nicely, 232 S.W.2d 421 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1949)). “To establish a dedication by implication ‘there must be proof of facts from
which it positively and unequivocally appears that the owner intended to permanently part
with his property and vest it in the public, and that there can be no other reasonable
explanation of his conduct.’” Sanders v. Mansfield, No. 01-A-01-9705-CH002222, 1998
WL 57532, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 13, 1998) (quoting McKinney v. Duncan, 118 S.W.
683 at 684, 121 Tenn. 265 at 271 (Tenn. 1908)); see also Buckingham v. Thomas, No.
02A01-0412-CH-00278, 1996 WL 20527, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. W.S. Jan. 16, 2006)
(“Dedication of a . . . roadway may be shown by conduct of the owner and it is not necessary
to prove formal overt acts.”) (citation omitted).

        “Among the factors that indicate an intent to dedicate are: (1) the landowner opens a
road to public travel; (2) acquiescence in the use of the road as a public road; and (3) the fact
that the public has used the road for an extended period of time.” Klein, 2012 WL 3518345,
at *5 (citations omitted). “Implied dedication may be inferred ‘[i]f the acts are such as would
fairly and reasonably lead an ordinarily prudent man to infer an intent to dedicate[.]’” Weeks
v. Scott, No. W2005-00584-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 521442, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 3,
2006) (quoting Johnson City v. Wolfe, 52 S.W. 991, 992 (Tenn. 1899)). “While dedication
is not dependent on duration of the use, extended use is a circumstance tending to show an
intent to dedicate.” Id. (citing Cole v. Dych, 535 S.W.2d 315 (Tenn. 1976)). An intent to
dedicate is inferrable when the roadway is repaired and maintained by the public. Id. (citing
Burkitt, 59 S.W. 429). Finally, “[a]n implication of public acceptance arises from ‘a general
and long-continued use by the public as of right.’” Peach v. Medlin, No. W2003-02152-
COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 948481, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. Apr. 28, 2004) (quoting Shahan v.
Franklin County, No. M2002-00725-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 23093836, at *5 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Dec. 30, 2003)) (emphasis added).

        Extensive evidence and testimony relevant to the roadway’s nature as public or private
was presented in this case over three days. At the July 2006 trial date, Jim Blankenship
testified first for Mrs. Lay. Mr. Blankenship was born in 1942 and he lived on property
adjoining that of Millard Wallace until 1960. Mr. Blankenship testified that the roadway
“was called Thomas Maxwell Road. [That’s] what we call[ed] it[,]” and that the road was
open to “[a]nybody that wanted to [travel it], the public or anybody that wanted [to] could
go through there.” He stated that “in the ‘50s[,]” Herbert Fiddler, Will Moore 7 and Mr.
Blankenship’s father lived on the roadway, and that the Maxwells, the Fiddlers and the
Moores had no way to access their properties without traveling the T.M. Maxwell Road.
According to Mr. Blankenship, mail was delivered on the road to “at least three” mailboxes,
and he identified a recent photograph allegedly depicting the remains of Herbert Fiddler’s

       7
           Mr. Moore is the predecessor in title to Iris Carrington.

                                                      -5-
mailbox post on the road. Additionally, he stated that “in the late ‘40s early ‘50s” he
personally observed the county maintaining the T.M. Maxwell Road “once or twice a year[.]”
He claimed that from 1942 until he left in 1960, that there were no obstructions blocking the
road and that there was only one place in the road “that you usually had any trouble”
traversing due to rain. Mr. Blankenship testified that after he moved in 1960, he continued
to use the road for raccoon hunting “all the time.”

        Catherine Wallace Allen, first cousin of defendant Millard Wallace, testified next for
Plaintiff. Ms. Allen was born in 1920 and she moved from the area in question in 1946.
According to Ms. Allen, the Maxwells and the Fiddlers lived one-quarter mile off of the road,
but she stated that the roadway was unnamed. Ms. Allen testified that her mailbox was near
the road and that she saw the mail delivered “up and down” the road “[e]very day.” She
stated that “[the county] would do work on [the road] and then come by our house, but it was
mostly drawn with mules when I was a kid.” However, Ms. Allen later conceded that she
was unsure whether it was the county and not the landowners who maintained the road.
When asked who used the road, Ms. Allen answered, “Everybody that wanted to []. It was
a public road.” She stated that she had traveled the road by car and by wagon, and that
“everybody traveled it when I was up there. . . . it was a road for everyone to use.”

       Frank Scott, a licensed surveyor hired by Mr. Lay to locate the road, also testified.
Mr. Scott placed the roadway age at “approximately 70 years” and he stated that it “[l]ooked
like an old used dirt road . . . between 15 and 20 feet wide. . . . [with] banks and then field
sections - - side sections.” Several maps were introduced during Mr. Scott’s testimony. Mr.
Scott identified the T.M. Maxwell Road on a 1936 Tennessee Valley Authority (“TVA”)
map; however, the map included no road names. The map depicts the roadway as something
more than a “trail,” and it shows three driveways attached to the T.M. Maxwell Road, three
buildings on the roadway itself, and three additional buildings attached to the driveways.

       Mr. Scott also identified the T.M. Maxwell Road on a 1938 General Highway and
Transportation Map of Henderson County prepared by the Tennessee State Highway
Department. The road is shown as an “unimproved road” with four “in-use” occupied
dwellings.8 However, the map included no road names.

       On a 1950 TVA map, Mr. Scott identified the T.M. Maxwell Road as an
“[u]nimproved dirt” road. The map depicts one building on the roadway, itself, and three
additional buildings attached to appendages extending from the T.M. Maxwell Road.
However, Mr. Scott acknowledged that TVA maps could depict a private road. (V4, 90).


       8
        Like many roads in the area, Blankenship Road and Mt. Ararat Cemetery Road are also depicted
as “unimproved road[s.]”

                                                -6-
Additionally, on a 1955 General Highway Map of Henderson County prepared by the
Tennessee State Highway Department, Mr. Scott identified the T.M. Maxwell Road as a
“graded and drained road” with two “in-use” occupied farm dwellings; however, no road
names appeared on the map.

       The defendants also introduced two maps during Mr. Scott’s testimony. The
defendants introduced a 1963 General Highway Map of Henderson County which did not
depict or name the T.M. Maxwell Road; however, Mr. Scott noted that no unimproved roads
were depicted. The defendants also introduced a 1983 General Highway Map of Henderson
County, which depicted and named both Blankenship Road and Ararat Cemetery Road, but
which depicted no roadway extending between Blankenship Road and Ararat Cemetery
Road–the location of the T.M. Maxwell Road.

        Plaintiff Thais Lay’s husband, Brent Lay, testified both at trial and by deposition.9 He
stated that when Mrs. Lay purchased the 296.53 acre property from Edward Fiddler10 in
1999, that Mr. Fiddler informed him that the T.M. Maxwell Road was a public road. Mr. Lay
claimed that after his wife purchased the property, he and/or his agents used the T.M.
Maxwell Road without objection for several years. He claimed that in 2000, his timber crew
worked his wife’s property for three weeks, traveling the T.M. Maxwell Road “probably
several hundred times.” In his deposition, he stated, “I drove my pickup back there. I drove
a four wheeler back there. I carried a tractor. I carried a tractor and a disk, had a dozer back
there twice.” However, at trial he acknowledged that “[t]here was already an existing gate
or a cable on the north end” of the T.M. Maxwell Road, and that he had used the road for
logging purposes only after getting Millard Wallace to unlock the cable. He claimed that in
February 2002, Millard Wallace told him that he could no longer utilize the road for timber
removal unless he paid a $300 fee, which Mr. Lay refused to pay.11 Additionally, he stated
that Iris Carrington had denied him access to the T.M. Maxwell Road due to “the elements”
even though, according to Mr. Lay, Mrs. Carrington had acknowledged that the roadway
“was an old county road” and she had requested that the county install gravel on the portion
of the roadway her son was using as a driveway.

   He stated that since his wife’s purchase, he had seen no public entities maintaining the
T.M. Maxwell Road, and that until 2002, he, himself, had performed maintenance “three or

       9
        Mrs. Lay testified by deposition that although the property was purchased in her name, she was
mostly unfamiliar with the property as Mr. Lay had handled its acquisition and subsequent dealings.
       10
            Edward Fiddler inherited the property from his father, Herbert Fiddler.
       11
         The parties dispute whether the fee was for access or to compensate Millard Wallace for alleged
damage to the road.

                                                     -7-
four times” on “about 75 percent of the road.” Mr. Lay acknowledged that the last occupied
building/dwelling on the T.M. Maxwell Road was the “Fiddler house,” which became
uninhabited in the “[e]arly ‘50s.” Mr. Lay testified that a timber company hired by Millard
Wallace had contacted him in 2003 seeking permission to utilize the T.M. Maxwell Road
where it crossed Mrs. Lay’s property. Mr. Lay stated that he granted the request, and that the
road was so used. However, he acknowledged that since 2003, he was unaware of any
“significant use” of the roadway by anyone. In his deposition, Mr. Lay indicated that he had
“researched the [county] records from the ‘60s up until 1997,” but that he had been unable
to find evidence that Millard Wallace had had the T.M. Maxwell Road closed.

       Two 2006 maps obtained from the internet were introduced during Mr. Lay’s trial
testimony. According to Mr. Lay, these maps depict the T.M. Maxwell Road connecting
Blankenship Road and Ararat Cemetery Road, although one map does not name the T.M.
Maxwell Road and the other erroneously lists its name as “Sam Evans Road.”

        Jackie Ray Manis, who served on the Henderson County Commission from 1990 to
1998, and who worked for the Lexington Fire Department from 1987 to 2007, testified for
the defendants at the trial on November 2007. He stated that he had researched the T.M.
Maxwell Road at Millard Wallace’s request in 1996 or 1997, and that at that time, the road
was not included on the county road list because it was not being maintained by the county
at that time. Furthermore, he stated that he has never known the T.M. Maxwell Road to be
a public road, nor was he aware of any maps depicting it as such. However, in conducting
his research, Mr. Manis was unable to determine whether mail was ever delivered on the
road, and he did not walk the length of the road to know whether evidence of old mailboxes
or homes remained.

       Hershel Middleton, who began working for the Henderson County highway
department in 1953 or 1954 and who served as Road Supervisor from 1976-1996, testified
next. He indicated that he had never seen nor heard of the T.M. Maxwell Road, but he did
not know whether people lived on the road years ago. He was unaware of the road ever
being included on a county road list, but he acknowledged that such lists were not compiled
until approximately 1990. Mr. Middleton stated that he, the road committee, and 911
determined which roads were included on the county road list. Mr. Middleton explained that
inclusion on a Tennessee Department of Transportation map would not necessarily indicate
that a roadway is public because such maps show “field roads” also.12 Finally, he
acknowledged that there were county roads which the county did not maintain, but he


       12
          Although Mr. Middleton did not address specific maps, both the 1938 General Highway and
Transportation Map of Henderson County and the 1955 General Highway Map of Henderson County are
identified in the record as TDOT maps.

                                               -8-
indicated “You do maintain most all your County roads sooner or later.” (emphasis added).

       The current Henderson County Road Supervisor, Harold Hensley, who had begun
working for Henderson County as a road grader in approximately 1965 also testified for the
defendants. Mr. Hensley was unaware of Henderson County ever maintaining the T.M.
Maxwell Road, of the road ever being owned by the county, or of the road ever being
included on the county road list. Like Mr. Middleton, Mr. Hensley testified that the county
maintains the roads listed on the county maps, as opposed to those listed on the state maps.
Mr. Hensley stated that he had visited each end of the T.M. Maxwell Road in 2006, but that
he has “never been through it.” He indicated that the road looked like “[j]ust a little ole bitty
narrow thing that looked like a wagon road to me or - - it looked like a driveway on one end.”
Mr. Hensley recalled Iris Carrington requesting that gravel be added to the roadway due to
her son’s building a home nearby.

        Aaron Woods, a Henderson County Commissioner since 1998, testified next. He
stated that he would “probably” recognize the T.M. Maxwell Road only “as a field road” as
he had never “been down” the T.M. Maxwell Road, nor had he been “on either end” of the
road; he had been only on the “main road.” He stated that since his birth in 1949, he had
never known the T.M. Maxwell Road to be a public road. Moreover, to his knowledge, since
joining the commission, the T.M. Maxwell Road had not been included on the county road
list nor had it been maintained by the county. Mr. Woods stated that the county maintains
only county roads and that no one had approached him about maintaining the T.M. Maxwell
Road, nor had anyone discussed with him the opening or closing of the T.M. Maxwell Road.

       At trial, Jay Smith, a procurement forester for Middle Lumber, which buys saw mill
timber, testified that he had been on the T.M. Maxwell Road in the early to mid 2000s to
estimate timber values. However, he indicated that he could not travel the entire length of
the road because “that road was, in a sense, impassible” in his truck due to rainfall. He
further indicated that the road did not seem to be recently traveled.

        Defendant Millard Wallace’s son, David Wallace, who was born in 1950, testified that
when he was growing up in the area at issue that the T.M. Maxwell Road could be traveled
from end to end by foot or horse. He stated that the Fiddlers, the Maxwells, and the Moores
used the T.M. Maxwell Road to access their residences, but that “Mr. Fiddler, who moved
out in the early ‘50s is the last person I know of that used that road.” Since his childhood,
he has seen no vehicles on the road, and he agreed that other than “an occasional timber
cutter or somebody hauling wood out of there,” he had seen no commercial activity on the
road, nor had he ever seen the county maintaining the road.

       David Wallace stated that, currently, the road is “nowhere in the condition that it was

                                               -9-
before[,]” and that the “section on the south end is impassible by vehicle, it has been for
several years. As a matter of fact, there’s trees growing up in it on the Carrington end of it.”
He stated that the northern portion of the T.M. Maxwell Road was also grown up until he
“opened it up in the late ‘90s[.]” After opening up the north end of the roadway in
approximately1997, he saw “[h]unters and so forth” “coming down through” the T.M.
Maxwell Road until he cabled it off to “keep intruders off.” David Wallace similarly
testified that Homer Carrington13 had erected a gate across the road “in the early ‘60s” which,
he claimed, is still standing. David Wallace stated that the Lays “were given permission to
cross [the Wallace’s] property” until 2002.

        Defendant Millard Wallace testified that he was born in 1915 and that he grew up in
the area in question. He claimed that the road was unnamed until the engineer/surveyor
included the title “T.M. Maxwell public road” in his 1946 deed whereby he purchased his
property from W.A. Carrington and wife, Neila Mae Carrington. Millard Wallace did not
know who built the road, but he stated that the road was “there in the early ‘20s or early
‘30s.” Millard Wallace acknowledged that the driveways of the Maxwells, the Moores and
the Fiddlers extended off of the T.M. Maxwell Road, but he claimed that he never saw
anyone receiving mail there. Millard Wallace denied using the T.M. Maxwell Road and he
stated that he “never seen anybody on it [sic].” However, he admitted that the Fiddlers used
the road, that the Moores used it “if they needed it[,]” and he stated “I’d assume that people
that wanted to go through there used it[.]” In his deposition, he acknowledged that “back in
the 30's and 40's[,]” [m]ostly [the] Fiddler and Maxwell [families]” used the road to access
their homes, and he stated “it’s never been a public road. . . . But people traveled it. Don’t
misunderstand me. People used it.”

        Millard Wallace denied ever seeing the county maintain the road stating, “There
wasn’t no work done. Just people lived on it [sic].” He stated that the “road was never a
very transportable road. In the winter, just forget about it. You couldn’t get through it. [A
certain section of the north end] was swamp like, wasn’t no bridge, no culvert [sic].” When
asked about the cessation of road use, Millard Wallace answered, “The Fiddlers, in the
1950s. The Maxwells, somewhere along about ‘48 or ‘[4]9 in there. The Fiddlers moved
out in 1950, and [the road] had been closed for 50 odd years when this ruckus all started.”
He stated that since the Fiddlers and the Maxwells ceased using the road, that no one had
traveled it except hunters who would “sneak in there and hunt . . . . And it was one time back
in the later ‘60s they graded a place back there on the Fiddler property or the Lay now and
they were growing marijuana.” In his deposition, Millard Wallace corroborated his son,
David Wallace’s, testimony that in 1996 or 1997, a cable, which was still standing at the time


         13
              Homer Carrington, the deceased husband of Iris Carrington, purchased his property from Will
Moore.

                                                    -10-
of the deposition in 2004, was placed across the T.M. Maxwell Road to prevent access by
hunters. However, he also stated that when the property was surveyed near the time of Mrs.
Lay’s purchase that “we cleared the road where the surveyor and the people that wanted to
see the property could go down it and there wasn’t no cable across the road and we had out
of the way. Didn’t try to hinder nobody [sic].” He also testified that Homer Carrington had
attached a cable across the southern portion of the roadway in 1949,14 which remained, and
that Mr. Lay had likewise constructed a gate across “the first stretch of the road that’s on his
property[.]”

        The final trial witnesses were Defendant Iris Carrington’s sons, David Carrington and
James Alexander. David Carrington has lived in the area at issue since his birth in 1960. He
stated that when he was a young child, the T.M. Maxwell Road was “grown up; trees, limbs
crossing, bushes” and that he had never seen school buses or mail carriers on the road, nor
had he observed the county maintaining the road. Regarding the road’s current condition,
he stated “Maybe about 500 foot if it coming off of [Ararat] Cemetery Road. We use it to
get up to the barn to feed the cows, and we’ve always used that. From there on, you couldn’t
get through it if you wanted to. Maybe on a horse.”

       James Alexander moved to the area at issue in 1958, but he stated that he never
observed the T.M. Maxwell Road in the 1950s or 1960s, and that by 2005, the road appeared
like “[d]irt and underbrush.” In the 1960s, beyond his own parents’ use of the road in the
farming operation, Mr. Alexander saw no traffic on the road including school buses or mail
carriers , nor did he observe the county maintaining the road. Mr. Alexander acknowledged
having been told that families previously lived on the road, and he admitted to using the road
to access his current home.

        Mrs. Iris Carrington testified by deposition in this matter.15 Mrs. Carrington and/or
her husband, purchased their property in 1961, but Mrs. Carrington had lived in the area in
question since “the late 1950[]s to early 60.” Mrs. Carrington did not know the history of the
T.M. Maxwell Road or who had built it. She stated that when the property was purchased,
there was only a single “old rundown building” on the road and that nobody was living there
and had not lived there for a number of years.” She claimed, “there’s only one place I have
seen [the T.M. Maxwell Road] called a public road[–the 1946 deed to Millard Wallace]. It
is just an old dirt field road that leads off [] Ararat Cemetery Road and goes up to the
backside of my property. . . . It’s really not a road. It’s just a trail.” According to Mrs.


       14
            David Wallace testified that Mr. Carrington had erected a gate across the road “in the early ‘60s[.]”
       15
        Prior to the conclusion of trial, Mrs. Carrington became permanently physically and mentally
incompetent and unable to attend and testify at trial.

                                                       -11-
Carrington, the entire Carrington property can be accessed from Ararat Cemetery Road, and
farmers who have rented her property have not accessed her property other than by Ararat
Cemetery Road. However, she later stated that since the early 1960s, she knew only of the
T.M. Maxwell Road being used by “Family, myself, my family. When Homer [Carrington]
was living, he would use it.” She testified, “The only time I’ve been on [the T.M. Maxwell
Road] is going [by tractor or pickup] to pick up my husband or somebody that was in the
field and they needed to come to the house or something to that effect.”

       In its July 16, 2009 Order, the chancery court found that the T.M. Maxwell Road was
not currently, nor had it even been, a public road. As indicated above, the chancery court
entered a thorough letter, which was attached to, and incorporated into, a July 16, 2009
Order. The court found the relevant facts as follows:

      At points of time in the distant past, people have lived on land adjacent to [the
      T.M. Maxwell Road]. There was proof that there was no obstruction on the
      Road up to at least 1960. There was some testimony that in the far past, that
      mail had been delivered to residents living on property adjacent to that Road
      and that the county had possibly [performed] some work on the Road by
      cleaning out some ditches. No one lives on that Road now, or uses it to access
      their residence. One of Plaintiff’s witnesses, Catherine Allen, testified that she
      was last on that Road in 1946. Mr. Jim Blankenship testified he was last on
      it in 1960. Frank Scott, Jr., a surveyor from Decaturville, looked at the Road
      for the Plaintiff-Lay and found part of the Road bed on Lay’s property. He
      described it as an old dirt road, 15-20 feet wide with some side ditching, and
      banks on each side. He also produced a 1938 official Henderson County map
      showing the Road and some buildings close to the Road. From 1955, the map
      of Henderson County indicates two buildings on the Road. The legend
      indicates it is an unimproved Road. He testified the Road bed had been in the
      same general location for over 70 years. There is no evidence on the maps that
      names the Road. He agreed that on the 1983 Henderson County Highway Map
      [] that this road does not appear on it. He also admitted that [] the 1963
      Henderson County Highway Map does not show this Road other than as an
      unimproved Road. A description contained in the deed from W.A. Carrington
      and wife to Millard C. Wallace and wife makes mention of the T.M. Maxwell
      public road as one of the points in the description. This deed is dated June 22,
      1946. No other deeds of property in the area refer to that Road. . . . Plaintiff
      has used the Road in the past. In February 2002, Plaintiff and her husband
      [at]tempted to use the Road to haul out some logs from a log cabin. [Millard]
      Wallace stopped them from using the Road. . . . Plaintiff’s husband talked to
      [Iris] Carrington about coming out the south end and Carrington refused

                                             -12-
access. . . . Lay’s witnesses testified that [Millard] Wallace had used the Road
in 2003 to haul timber and had come over on to Lay’s property when utilizing
the Road. After 2003, Plaintiff[]s report that a large hole was dug in the Road
on the north end to prevent further access. A chain, or cable, was put across
the Road on the south end on Carrington’s property.

        Defendant[s’] witness, Herschel [Middleton], was the Henderson
County Road Supervisor for twenty years and began work with the Highway
Department in 1953. He testified that he knew the general vicinity of the
Defendant’s property and had never heard of the T.M. Maxwell Road. Harold
Hensley, who succeeded Mr. [Middleton] as Road Supervisor also ran a road
grader twenty five years before that for the Highway Department starting in
1965. He testified that the County had not maintained this Road to his
knowledge. He testified that Maxwell road does not appear on the County
Road Map at the Highway Department.                 Aaron Woods, a County
Commissioner for nine years and a member of the Road Committee, testified
that he only knew the Road as a field road and that the County had not
maintained it in his time. It is not on the County Road List. David Wallace,
Defendant’s son, testified that he hunted the area as a child and had used the
Road on foot and on horse, but never used a wheeled vehicle. He had never
seen a car or vehicle on the road. He was aware that his father put a cable on
the north end in the late 1990[]s to keep intruders and hunters out. He also
testified Homer Carrington put a gate on the south end in the early 1960[]s.
Millard Wallace, the Defendant, testified that he has lived in the area since
1946, grew up on an adjoining farm and knew the people who lived on this
Road. He testified that the name “T.M. Maxwell Road” came from a surveyor,
Mr. Neely, who put it in a 1946 deed and that other than that, the Road never
had a name. He testified that he never saw any county work being done on the
Road and that while the Fiddlers and Maxwells lived on the Road and used it,
winter travel was impossible except by horse. He testified the Fiddlers stopped
using the Road in the 1950[]s and the Maxwells stopped around 1950. He
testified no one has used the Road since then but hunters. David Carrington
testified that he was Defendant-Carrington’s son and that he grew up knowing
the property. He testified that only about 500 feet off of the Ararat [Cemetery]
Road was usable and that he had never seen the County work on the Road.
This was confirmed by James Alexander, Mrs. Carrington’s son.




                                      -13-
In its “Analysis and Ruling,” the court stated as follows:

       Plaintiff has been unable to produce little, if any, substantial evidence that this
       Road was a public road. There is no evidence the County ever designated it
       as a public road. There is no evidence as to who built the Road, or that it was
       ever accepted by the County for County maintenance. There is no action
       shown by the County to abandon the Road. No map in evidence has put a
       name on the Road. It is not shown on any Henderson County map after 1963.
       Henderson County Road Commissioners and Supervisors testified it has not
       been maintained by the County to their knowledge over many years. The fact
       that it may have been worked on a few times by County equipment is not
       sufficient to establish it as a County road. Neither is the fact that a mail carrier
       may have driven up and down it and delivered mail to residents long ago. The
       fact that it is shown on County maps is not sufficient to have it designated as
       a County road. There have been no residents on the land adjacent to the Road
       for many years since at least 1960. Plaintiff is not able to prove that the
       Defendants expressly dedicated the Road to the public. There is little evidence
       that the Road was a public road or that the public had accepted it as a public
       road and there is no evidence that the owners intended that the Road become
       public. Plaintiff may prove that private land may become public as a result of
       an implied dedication, but Plaintiff must prove this by clear and convincing
       evidence that there was a plain and unequivocal intention on the owner[’]s part
       to appropriate the property to public use and that the owner intended to
       permanently part with his property and vest [it] in the public. The proof in this
       regard fails. The Court did not find clear and convincing proof that there was
       a plain and unequivocal intention on the part of the Defendants to appropriate
       the property to public use, or that the Defendants intended to permanently part
       with their property and [to] vest it in the public.

        Again, on appeal, Mrs. Lay apparently concedes that the roadway is no longer public.
Instead, she argues that the roadway was public prior to 1960, and, therefore, even though
it has since been abandoned as a public road, that she is entitled to a private easement of
access over the road. She claims that many of the trial court’s findings are either inaccurate
or irrelevant to the issue of the roadway’s status as public or private. For example, she
claims that the trial court incorrectly stated that the T.M. Maxwell Road crosses over her
property twice “for a short distance,” when Mr. Lay’s deposition testimony demonstrated that
the roadway crosses her property three times, covering 1,700 feet. She also claims that the
trial court incorrectly found that the county had “possibly [performed] some work on the
Road by cleaning out some ditches[.]” Mrs. Lay correctly points out that the 1955 General
Highway Map of Henderson County describes the T.M. Maxwell Road as a “graded and

                                              -14-
drained road” and she suggests that the road’s condition necessarily implies county
maintenance. Mrs. Lay also cites testimony from two witnesses as purported support for her
contention that county maintenance beyond ditch work was performed; however, the cited
testimony states only that ditch work was performed, and one of the two witnesses conceded
that maintenance was performed “mostly . . . [by] the people that lived in the community”
and she was unsure whether any of the ditch work was actually performed by the county.

        In her brief to this Court, Mrs. Lay contends that the trial court erred in finding that
the 1938 General Highway and Transportation Map of Henderson County showed only
“some buildings close to the Road[,]” when the map, in fact, depicted four “in-use” occupied
dwellings, and that the trial court erred in finding that the 1955 General Highway Map of
Henderson County “indicates two buildings on the Road” when surveyor Mr. Scott identified
two “in-use” occupied farm dwellings along the road. She also claims that many of the trial
court’s findings were irrelevant to the issue of whether the T.M. Maxwell Road was a public
road prior to 1960, including: that there is no evidence of who built the road; that the road’s
name is not listed on maps, as the early maps introduced do not include road names; that the
road was not depicted on the 1963 and 1983 General Highway Maps of Henderson County;
and that no one has resided on the road since 1960. Additionally, she contends that the
testimony of county employees and area residents regarding post-1960 activity on the road
is irrelevant to whether the road was public prior to 1960. In sum, Mrs. Lay argues that the
combined weight of the evidence–residences along the road, county maintenance of the road,
delivery of mail on the road, and the road’s depiction on early maps–demonstrates that the
T.M. Maxwell Road was a public road at some time prior to 1960.

        As stated above, private land may be implicitly dedicated for use as a public road. See
Klein, 2012 WL 3518345, at *4 (citing McCord, 302 S.W.2d 331). The inquiry focuses on
whether the landowner intended to dedicate the land to public use. Id. (citing McCord, 302
S.W.2d 331; Johnson City. 52 S.W. 991; Nicely, 232 S.W.2d 421). Proof of intent “must be
unequivocal, but intent may be inferred from surrounding facts and circumstances.” Id.
(citing Cole, 535 S.W.2d 315). Relevant factors include whether the land is opened to public
travel, whether the landowner acquiesces in the use of the road as a public road, whether the
public uses the road for an extended period,16 and whether the road is repaired and
maintained by the public. See id at *5 (citations omitted). Additionally, the public may
implicitly accept the landowner’s dedication of a roadway as public from general, long-term
use of such. See Peach, 2004 WL 948481, at *10 (citation omitted).



       16
          “[U]nlike an easement by prescription, an implied dedication does not depend on use for any
particular period of time.” Davis v. Bowers, No. E2011-00295-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 762442, at *11
(Tenn. Mar. 9, 2012) (citing Johnson City, 52 S.W. at 922; Scott v. State, 33 Tenn. 629, 633 (1854)).

                                                -15-
        The evidence presented by the parties relates primarily to two different time periods:
Plaintiff’s evidence relates to pre-1960 and Defendants’ evidence relates to post-1960. It
appears that since 1960, no one has lived along the T.M. Maxwell Road, the road has been
traversed only minimally and an obstruction has been placed thereon, and the road has not
been maintained by Henderson County nor considered by the county to be a public road.

        However, the circumstances surrounding the road prior to 1960 are much different.
Plaintiff’s witnesses testified that several families lived along the road until the 1950s, that
these families relied upon the roadway for residential access, and that their mail was
delivered along the road. Plaintiff’s witnesses also testified that prior to 1960, the roadway
was of a usable condition, it was unobstructed, and it was open for public use and “everybody
traveled it[.]” Additionally, one witness testified that “in the late ‘40s early ‘50s” he
personally observed the county maintaining the T.M. Maxwell Road “once or twice a year[.]”
Defendant Millard Wallace, who was born in 1915 and grew up along the road,
acknowledged that families lived along the road, but he claimed he never saw mail delivered
along the road, nor the county maintaining it.17 Confusingly, he testified that he “never seen
anybody on [the road,] [sic],” but he also conceded that families used the road to access their
homes and that although “it’s never been a public road. . . . people traveled it. Don’t
misunderstand me. People used it.”

        In finding that the T.M. Maxwell Road was never a public road, the trial court noted
the lack of evidence as to who built the road and the lack of evidence that the county ever
accepted or abandoned the road. It also noted that the road was not named on early maps,
that it was not shown on any Henderson County Map post-1963, and that it had not been
maintained by the county for many years. The court reasoned that “[t]he fact that it may have
been worked on a few times by County equipment[,] . . . . the fact that a mail carrier may
have driven up and down it and delivered mail to residents long ago[, and t]he fact that it is
shown on County maps[,]” is insufficient to demonstrate dedication of the road to public use.
We disagree with this conclusion.

        According to all witnesses familiar with the area prior to 1960, prior to approximately
1960, the T.M. Maxwell Road was, for many years, open to public travel, and the lack of
obstructions during this time period indicates that the landowners acquiesced in its public
use. Two disinterested witnesses recalled mail delivery along the roadway, and one witness
identified a photograph allegedly depicting the remains of a prior resident’s mailbox post on
the road. A disinterested witness testified to personally observing the county maintaining the
roadway “once or twice a year” “in the late ‘40s early ‘50s[,]” and a county map from this
time period identifies the roadway as a “graded and drained road[.]” That early maps did not

       17
            The trial court made no explicit credibility determinations in this case.

                                                      -16-
include the “T.M. Maxwell Road” name is insignificant as such maps included no road
names. Additionally, the early maps indicated the presence of buildings along the roadway,
itself, as well as along driveways attached to the road. Although these factors, individually,
might provide insufficient support for a public road determination, we find that, in tandem,
the evidence is such that no other reasonable explanation beyond public dedication can be
maintained, see Sanders, 1998 WL 57532, at *3, and that the evidence “‘would fairly and
reasonably lead an ordinarily prudent man to infer an intent to dedicate.’” Weeks, 2006 WL
521442, at *4 (quoting Johnson City. 52 S.W. at 992). Additionally, we find that public
acceptance may be inferred in this case due to the roadway’s apparent “‘general and long-
continued use by the public as of right’” prior to 1960. Peach, 2004 WL 948481, at *10
(quoting Shahan. 2003 WL 23093836, at *5).

                                            B. Necessity

        Having found that the T.M. Maxwell Road was a public road prior to 1960, however,
does not end our inquiry into whether Plaintiff possesses any current rights of access. None
of the parties contends that the T.M. Maxwell Road is currently a public road, and the
evidence fully supports the conclusion that the roadway was abandoned by the public prior
to approximately 1960. Although the law is clear that “[o]wners of property abutting a once
public road continue to have a private access easement over that road to their property even
after the road loses its character as a public road[,]”18 Hall v. Pippin, 984 S.W.2d 617, 620
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (citing Knierim v. Leatherwood, 542 S.W.2d 806, 810 (Tenn. 1976),
Defendants contended at oral argument before this Court that a private easement following
abandonment arises only if access via the now-abandoned roadway is necessary.19
Defendants allege that Plaintiff may access the entirety of her property via a roadway other
than the T.M. Maxwell Road, and therefore, that even if the T.M. Maxwell Road is a once-
public, now-abandoned road, that Plaintiff enjoys no private easement of access over the
road.

        We agree that necessity must be demonstrated in order for a private access easement
to arise following public abandonment. In Ty Farming Co., Inc v. Belew, this Court stated:

                The law is clear that, even after a public road is abandoned, the abutting


        18
           A landowner may abandon a private easement which arose following abandonment of a public
road. See Hall v. Pippin, 984 S.W.2d 617, 620 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Abandonment by Plaintiff, however,
is not alleged in this case.
       19
          Defendants do not contend that Mrs. Lay was required to own her property during the time period
in which it was a public road. Thus, we will not address this issue on appeal.

                                                  -17-
       nlandowners continue to have a private easement of access to their premises
       over the old road. The landowner’s easement, however, is limited to such
       streets or ways as are necessary to the landowner’s ingress or egress.

No. 93-285, 1996 WL 649173, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. W.S. Nov. 8, 1996) (emphasis added)
(citations omitted).

       At trial, Mr. Lay acknowledged that he has “maybe a half mile to a mile of road
frontage off of Blankenship Road,” but he testified that using the T.M. Maxwell Road was
“the only way to get to the south side” of his wife’s property. (emphasis added). He
explained that he had built a “four wheeler trail” “less than half a mile” long to access a
portion of the southern property, but that full southern property access could be accomplished
only by constructing an additional one-half mile length of roadway after crossing an eight-
foot deep ditch. Mr. Lay opined that completing the road would require “the use of a bridge
or culvert and extensive [excavation,]” which he claimed would be “fairly cost prohibitive[.]”
However, at the time of trial, Mr. Lay had no estimate as to road construction costs.

        In considering the level of “necessity” required to claim an easement across an
abandoned but once-public road, we find instructive, case law setting forth the “necessity”
required to claim an “easement by necessity.” This Court has stated that to establish an
easement by necessity, “strict necessity” is not required, but “the degree of necessity must
be more than ‘mere convenience.’” Newman v. Woodard, 288 S.W.3d 862, 868 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2008) (quoting Cellco Partnership v. Shelby County. 172 S.W.3d 574, 592 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2005)). “Where the claimant has another reasonable or practicable mode of ingress or
egress, this Court will not imply a way of necessity.” Id. (citing Cellco, 172 S.W.3d at 593).
“Where the party claiming the right can, at reasonable cost, create a substitute on his own
estate the easement is not necessary.” Id. (citing Line v. Miller, 309 S.W.2d 376 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1957)). The degree of necessity in a given case is a question of fact. Walker v. CSX
Transp., Inc., No. M2010-00932-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 578780, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb.
16, 2011) (citing Harris v. Gray, 188 S.W.2d 933, 935 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1945)).

       Regarding Mrs. Lay’s claimed necessity of accessing the T.M. Maxwell Road, the trial
court found:

       [I]t is undisputed that Plaintiff has full access to her property. Plaintiff is not
       land-locked. Plaintiff has ingress and egress. There was testimony that
       Plaintiff had some difficulty accessing the southern portion of her property, but
       there was no proof that it was impossible. Plaintiff also presented proof that
       she was in the process of making access to the southern portion of her property
       by a new access on her own property. All that is necessary is to install a

                                              -18-
        culvert over a ditch. There was no testimony as to the cost, although there was
        testimony by the Plaintiff’s witness that it was cost prohibitive. Plaintiff is not
        entitled to the most convenient access to her property. Where a plaintiff has
        another reasonable or practicable mode of access, a court will not imply a way
        of necessity.

We find the evidence presented does not preponderate against the trial court’s factual
conclusion that installation of a roadway crossing only Plaintiff’s property is a practical
method for gaining access to the southern portion of her property. Thus, in the absence of
necessity, Plaintiff is not entitled to access the once-public, but since abandoned T.M.
Maxwell Road. The chancery court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s complaint is affirmed.20


                                         IV.    C ONCLUSION

        For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the decision of the chancery court. Costs
of this appeal are taxed to Appellants, Thais Lay and Brent Lay, and their surety, for which
execution may issue if necessary.

                                                          _________________________________
                                                          ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.




        20
         “The Court of Appeals may affirm a judgment on different grounds than those relied on by the trial
court when the trial court reached the correct result.” City of Brentwood v. Metro. Bd. of Zoning Appeals,
149 S.W.3d 49, 60 n.18 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).


                                                   -19-
