                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



SHAWN MARIE LONDON,                                                UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   October 13, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 325710
                                                                   Oakland Circuit Court
DAVID KELLY LONDON,                                                LC No. 2009-764583-DM

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and JANSEN and OWENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         In this child custody matter, defendant, David Kelly London, appeals an order that (1)
granted the motion of plaintiff, Shawn Marie London, to change the school district of the parties’
minor children (the children), (2) denied defendant’s motion to modify the existing parenting
time schedule, (3) modified the consent judgement of divorce between the parties pursuant to
their stipulation, (4) severed an issue regarding attorney fees to be considered as a “separate
proceeding issue,” and (5) denied defendant’s motion for a stay pending this appeal. We vacate
the trial court’s order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       As a preliminary matter, there is a jurisdictional challenge that must be addressed.
Defendant claims the instant appeal as of right. But plaintiff contends that the order appealed
does not qualify as a “postjudgment order affecting the custody of a minor” under MCR 7.202(5)
and (6)(a)(iii). Thus, she argues, defendant cannot claim his appeal as of right. We disagree.

        As this Court explained in Rains v Rains, 301 Mich App 313, 321-322; 836 NW2d 709
(2013), an order in a domestic relations action need not change the custody of a minor to affect
it. On the contrary, by maintaining the status quo, a denial of a motion regarding custody
necessarily affects custody. Id. at 323-324; see also Wardell v Hincka, 297 Mich App 127, 132-
133; 822 NW2d 278 (2012) (“As this Court’s long history of treating orders denying motions to
change custody as orders appealable by right demonstrates, a decision regarding the custody of a
minor is of the utmost importance regardless of whether the decision changes the custody
situation or keeps it as is.”). The order appealed both granted plaintiff’s motion to change the
school district of the children and denied defendant’s motion for a change in parenting time. The
trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion to modify parenting time implicated the number of
overnights and, as such, directly affected where and with whom the children would stay. Thus, it
affected custody and is appealable as of right. Rains, 301 Mich App at 321-322. Similarly, a

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change in school districts, although not a change in custody, would nevertheless seem to affect
custody. Such a change obviously impacts where the children will attend school. It also affects
whether they will attend latchkey, how far they will travel to school, whether they will attend the
same school as their stepsiblings, and whether they will attend a school in the community in
which they reside most school nights. Further, this Court has a long history of treating orders
like the one at issue in this matter as orders appealable as of right. See Parent v Parent, 282
Mich App 152, 153; 762 NW2d 553 (2009); Pierron v Pierron, 282 Mich App 222; 765 NW2d
345 (2009) (Pierron I), aff’d by Pierron v Pierron, 486 Mich 81 (2010) (Pierron II); and
Lombardo v Lombardo, 202 Mich App 151, 152; 507 NW2d 788 (1993). Thus, this Court
exercises jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to MCR 7.202(5) and (6)(a)(iii).

        We turn now to the substantive issues presented. Defendant argues that the trial court
based its best interests determination on several findings of fact that are contrary to the great
weight of the evidence. We agree that the trial court did rely on one finding of fact that is
against the great weight of the evidence.

        Pursuant to MCL 722.28, a custody order must be affirmed on appeal “unless the circuit
court’s findings were against the great weight of the evidence, the circuit court committed a
palpable abuse of discretion, or the circuit court made a clear legal error on a major issue.”
Pierron I, 282 Mich App at 242 (citations omitted). Under the great weight of the evidence
standard, “the circuit court’s findings should be affirmed unless the evidence clearly
preponderates in the opposite direction.” Id. at 242-243. This Court defers to the trial court’s
credibility determinations. Id. at 243.

         At the outset, we note that defendant cites scholarly literature to support his argument
that was never filed in, or considered by, the trial court. We refuse to consider such literature
because it is an impermissible attempt to enlarge the record on appeal. Sherman v Sea Ray
Boats, Inc, 251 Mich App 41, 56; 649 NW2d 783 (2002) (“This Court’s review is limited to the
record established by the trial court, and a party may not expand the record on appeal.”).
Furthermore, since such literature is not record evidence, it is irrelevant to determining whether
the trial court’s findings were against to the great weight of such evidence.

        Defendant first contends that the trial court, despite uncontroverted testimony to the
contrary, found that he and his family did not live in Clarkston. He misunderstands the trial
court’s findings. It is true that, at one point, the trial judge questioned whether defendant had
moved into his new home in Clarkston, but the trial court acknowledged that he might have done
so. Further, at another point during the hearing, the trial court explicitly recognized that
defendant was already living in Clarkston.

        Defendant also argues that no evidence supported the trial court’s finding that, if the
children remained at Pine Knob Elementary School in Clarkston, they “would not be going to
school with children from their neighborhood.” But defendant’s own testimony supported the
trial court’s finding. He admitted at the second Lombardo1 hearing that his new home was


1
    Lombardo, 202 Mich App at 151.


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assigned to Clarkston’s Bailey Lake Elementary School, not Pine Knob Elementary School,
which the children had been attending and would continue to attend if they remained in
Clarkston schools. The trial court explained that, although his new home was in Clarkston, it
was near Bailey Elementary School, “not near Pine Knob[.]” Thus, the trial court correctly
acknowledged that defendant’s home was not in the same districting “neighborhood” as the
Clarkston school in which defendant wanted the children to remain.

        Without citing any record evidence to the contrary, defendant further argues that the trial
court’s determination that it was in the best interests of the children to attend school “with
children that live exactly in their neighborhood” was against the great weight of the evidence.
But as this Court noted in Pierron I, 282 Mich App at 261, “it is certainly in the children’s best
interests to attend school in the community where they live with their primary physical
custodian.” Given the fact that it is uncontroverted that the children spend most school
overnights at plaintiff’s home, and she lives in Oxford, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s
finding is against to the great weight of the evidence. This is particularly true given the fact that
defendant supports his argument to the contrary only by citation to scholarly literature that was
not filed in the trial court.

        Likewise, defendant’s argument that the trial court ignored his involvement in the
children’s education, and the importance of such involvement, is meritless. On the contrary, the
trial court repeatedly praised defendant for his involvement with the children’s education,
compared it to plaintiff’s level of involvement, and recognized defendant’s concern that a change
in school districts might jeopardize his ability to maintain such involvement.

        Both parties raise meritless arguments regarding whether the trial court’s determination
of their intent, as memorialized in prior consent judgments, was consistent with the record
evidence. In this context, such intent is irrelevant. The parties’ intent at the time they agreed to
a prior custody order has no bearing on what is now in the best interests of the children,
particularly after both parents have moved and circumstances have changed. See Pierron II, 486
Mich at 91 (“[E]valuating best-interest factors that are irrelevant to the particular issue before the
court distracts from the proper focus of the proceeding and poses the risk that one parent’s
preference will prevail even though that preference is not in the best interests of the child.”); see
also Lombardo, 202 Mich App at 159-160 (explaining that the best interests determination is the
controlling determination in custody disputes, including “disputes concerning important
decisions affecting the welfare of the child that arise between joint custodial parents.”) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). Indeed, “[p]arties to a divorce judgment cannot by agreement usurp
the court’s authority to determine suitable provisions for the child’s best interest.” Lombardo,
202 Mich App at 160. Thus, the parties’ intent is irrelevant.

       Defendant is correct that the trial court stated one factual finding that is against the great
weight of the evidence. The trial court stated that, if they transferred to Oxford, the children
would attend school with their “stepsisters”—ostensibly referring to the children of plaintiff’s
new husband, Jeffrey Brown—which contradicts the testimony of both plaintiff and Brown that
he has one daughter who would attend Daniel Axford Elementary School with the parties’
children in Oxford. The evidence clearly preponderates against the trial court’s finding—it is
undisputed that Brown has only one daughter. It is possible that the trial judge simply misspoke.
Indeed, such an explanation seems likely given the fact that, at the same hearing, the judge

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correctly recalled that plaintiff (1) had a stepdaughter, (2) who is “just a few months older than”
the parties’ children, (3) and remembered that stepdaughter’s name. Ultimately, however, it is
unclear from the record whether the trial court mistakenly believed that the children would attend
their new elementary school in Oxford with more than one stepsibling.

        In a custody case, “upon a finding of error, appellate courts should remand to the trial
court unless the error was harmless.” Fletcher v Fletcher, 447 Mich 871, 882; 526 NW2d 889
(1994) (emphasis added; citation omitted). Given the trial court’s repeated acknowledgment that
the best interests determination was a “close one” and a “hard decision,” we cannot conclude that
this error was harmless. Indeed, the trial court based its ultimate custodial decision on just a few
factual findings, twice citing the fact that the children would attend school with their
“stepsisters.” Accordingly, this factual finding might have influenced the trial court’s ultimate
custodial decision.

        Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by refusing to consider two of the
statutorily defined best interests factors. We agree that the trial court clearly erred on a major
legal issue by failing to consider the reasonable preference of the minor children.

       By incorrectly choosing, interpreting, or applying the law, a trial court commits legal
error. Id., citing Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259 Mich App 499, 507-508; 675 NW2d 847 (2003).
The applicable burden of proof, and determination of which party bears it, are legal questions
reviewed de novo. Pierron I, 282 Mich App at 243. Likewise, statutory interpretation poses a
question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Id.

       Joint legal custodians must agree regarding important decisions in a child’s life—
including school choice—and, when they cannot, the court must hold a Lombardo evidentiary
hearing to fulfill its duty of determining what is in the child’s best interests. Pierron I, 282 Mich
App at 246-247. As discussed by our Supreme Court in Pierron II:

       [T]he trial court must first determine whether the proposed change would modify
       the established custodial environment of that child. In making this determination,
       it is the child’s standpoint, rather than that of the parents, that is controlling. If
       the proposed change would modify the established custodial environment of the
       child, then the burden is on the parent proposing the change to establish, by clear
       and convincing evidence, that the change is in the child’s best interests. Under
       such circumstances, the trial court must consider all the best-interest factors
       [enumerated at MCL 722.23] because a case in which the proposed change would
       modify the custodial environment is essentially a change-of-custody case. On the
       other hand, if the proposed change would not modify the established custodial
       environment of the child, the burden is on the parent proposing the change to
       establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the change is in the child’s best
       interests. In addition, under those circumstances, although the trial court must
       determine whether each of the best-interest factors applies, if a factor does not
       apply, the trial court need not address it any further. In other words, if a particular
       best-interest factor is irrelevant to the question at hand, i.e., whether the proposed
       change is in the best interests of the child, the trial court need not say anything
       other than that the factor is irrelevant. [Pierron II, 486 Mich at 92-93.]

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A trial court’s decision alters the established custodial environment if it will change “whom the
child naturally looks to for guidance, discipline, the necessities of life, and parental comfort[.]”
Id. at 86.

        The trial court found that the children had an established custodial environment with both
parents and concluded that the change in school districts was a normal life event that would not
alter the custodial environment. The parties do not contest that conclusion. Given the short
distance between Oxford and Clarkston, the trial court’s conclusion was sound. See id. (holding
that a change of school districts from Grosse Pointe to Howell, which was 60 miles distant,
would not alter the established custodial environment of the children involved). Accordingly, as
the party seeking to change the children’s school district, plaintiff bore the burden of proving, by
a preponderance of the evidence, that the change was in the best interests of the children. Id. at
92-93.

     Defendant argues that the trial court did not consider best interest factors h and i, which
MCL 722.23 sets forth respectively:

       (h) The home, school, and community record of the child.

       (i) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court considers the child to be of
       sufficient age to express preference.

Regarding the former factor, defendant is incorrect. Although the trial court only considered the
home, school, and community record of the children briefly, it did consider it:

              So the idea is that the kids are in kindergarten, right? So it’s not like—you
       know, so they haven’t been anywhere for an appreciable period of time in any
       school or school district.

       [Plaintiff interjects, explaining that the children were then in first grade.]

              First grade, okay. But, you know, they’re pretty young, and they don’t
       have—it’s not like they’ve been in these—any—they haven’t been in Pine Knob
       [Elementary School] for a super-long period of time either. They’re too young to
       express preference, and this is their second year at Clarkston. But, you know, do
       they have a lengthy school record? I would say no for Factor h.

         Since the change in school districts would not alter the children’s custodial environment,
the trial court was free to disregard factor h so long as it considered the factor and stated, on the
record, that it was not pertinent to the question at hand. Pierron II, 486 Mich at 92-93.
Ordinarily, of course, a child’s home, school, and community record would seem to be highly
relevant in a change-of-school situation. But given the fact that the children were seven years
old, and only in first grade, the trial court was free to determine that, under the circumstances,
factor h was not relevant to determining which school district the children should attend.

       Conversely, both this Court’s opinion in Pierron I, and our Supreme Court’s affirming
opinion in Pierron II, demonstrate that the trial court committed clear legal error on a major
issue by failing to consider the children’s preference or whether they were capable of expressing

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a reasonable preference. Plaintiff attempts to factually distinguish Pierron. She argues that the
children in Pierron were “significantly” older than the seven-year-old children involved here.
Although one of the children in Pierron was 13 years old at the time of the Lombardo hearing in
that case, the other child was just eight years old. Pierron I, 282 Mich App at 258. Thus, the
children in this case are actually very close in age to the younger child in Pierron.

        Plaintiff also attempts to distinguish the authority, including Bowers v Bowers, 190 Mich
App 51, 55-56; 475 NW2d 394 (1991), that defendant cites to support his argument that the
children were of a sufficient age to express a preference regarding what school they wanted to
attend. Bowers held that “[c]hildren of six, and definitely of nine, years of age are old enough to
have their preferences given some weight in a custody dispute . . . .” Id. Plaintiff argues that
Bowers is inapposite because it involved a motion to change custody, not schools. Plaintiff fails
to recognize that Pierron I cited Bowers in this same context, recognized the factual disparity,
and nevertheless found the Bowers holding applicable:

       At the time of the Lombardo hearing, Andrew was 13 years old and Madeline was
       8 years old. [They] were consequently “of sufficient age to express preference”
       within the meaning of MCL 722.23(i). Bowers v Bowers, 190 Mich App 51, 56;
       475 NW2d 394 (1991) (holding that a six-year-old child is old enough to have his
       preference given some weight under factor i).7

       7
         We recognize that Treutle [v Treutle, 197 Mich App 690; 495 NW2d 836
       (1992)] and Bowers both involved full change-of-custody hearings. But we
       perceive no reason why the law concerning factor i should be applied any
       differently in the context of Lombardo hearings than in the context of full change-
       of-custody hearings. [Pierron I, 282 Mich App at 258.]

       Plaintiff further attempts to distinguish Pierron by arguing that, while there was evidence
regarding the preference of the children in that case, id. at 259-260, in the instant matter, the trial
court was presented with no evidence from which it could have determined if the children’s
preferences were reasonable. Since the children were not interviewed as part of the Lombardo
hearings, plaintiff is correct that there was a lack of evidence about the children’s preferences.
While the parties spoke extensively about their own preferences, they provided little insight
regarding what the children wanted.

        But plaintiff’s argument is self-defeating. She is correct that it was not the trial court’s
duty to seek out evidence regarding the children’s best interests—as the moving party, the
burden of production was hers. Pierron II, 486 Mich at 92-93. To prevail, she was required to
prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that it was in the best interests of the children to
change schools, id., and it was her duty to present sufficient evidence to permit the trial court to
consider the preferences of the children and to decide whether their preferences were reasonable,
Pierron I, 282 Mich App at 258-259 (holding that a trial court “ ‘must consider’ ” the child’s
preference if the child is of sufficient age to express one and, if the stated preference is
reasonable—not “arbitrary or inherently indefensible”—the court is required to consider it when
ruling) (quoting Treutle, 197 Mich App at 694). Since plaintiff failed to produce such evidence,
the trial court was precluded from considering the children’s preferences or how reasonable

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those preferences were. By nevertheless granting plaintiff’s motion to change school districts,
the trial court clearly erred on a major legal issue. See Pierron II, 486 Mich at 92 (holding that
failure to consider the reasonable preference of the children before ordering a change of school
districts is clear error on a major legal issue).

       Finally, defendant contends that the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard to his
motion to change parenting time. We disagree.

        “Orders concerning parenting time must be affirmed on appeal unless the trial court’s
findings were against the great weight of the evidence, the court committed a palpable abuse of
discretion, or the court made a clear legal error on a major issue.” Pickering v Pickering, 268
Mich App 1, 5; 706 NW2d 835 (2005) (citing MCL 722.28; additional citation omitted). A trial
court commits legal error where it incorrectly chooses, interprets, or applies the law. Pierron I,
282 Mich App at 243, citing Vodvarka, 259 Mich App at 507-508. The applicable burden of
proof is a legal questions reviewed de novo. Pierron I, 282 Mich App at 243.

        A change of parenting time is a child-custody determination. Shade v Wright, 291 Mich
App 17, 22; 805 NW2d 1 (2010) (citing MCL 722.1102(c)). Thus, parenting time may be
modified only if the moving party demonstrates that modification is justified by proper cause or
because of a change of circumstances. Id. at 22-23 (citations omitted). If the requested
modification would alter the child’s established custodial environment, the stricter Vodvarka
framework, which applies to motions to change custody, is applicable. Id. at 25-26. But “a more
expansive definition of ‘proper cause’ or ‘change of circumstances’ is appropriate for
determinations regarding parenting time when a modification in parenting time does not alter the
established custodial environment.” Id. at 28. In such situations, “normal life changes” that
would not be a change of circumstances under Vodvarka are nevertheless sufficient to permit a
trial court to modify parenting time. Id. at 30-31.

       Defendant claims the trial court applied the stricter Vodvarka framework when the more
permissive standard described by Shade was applicable. But the trial court explicitly referenced
Shade and explained that, since the change in school districts did not represent a change in
custody, modification of the existing parenting time order was justified without “a material
change in circumstance or proper cause[.]” Nevertheless, the trial court concluded that “there’s
no change that would necessitate a change in parenting time.” Thus, contrary to defendant’s
argument, the trial court applied the permissive standard from Shade.

         Defendant also argues that, under the Shade standard, the change in school districts was a
change of circumstances that necessitated a change of parenting time. He seemingly argues that
the change of school districts supported his request that the trial court afford him two additional
overnights each month. Such a change would seemingly constitute a custody change that would
fall under the Vodvarka standard. More importantly, since defendant provides no explanation of
how the change of school districts necessitated a change in the number of overnights, he has
abandoned this portion of his argument. See Houghton ex rel Johnson v Keller, 256 Mich App
336, 339; 662 NW2d 854 (2003) (“An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave
it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give issues cursory
treatment with little or no citation of supporting authority.”). Finally, given the fact that the
change of school districts moved the children further from defendant’s home and out of his

                                                -7-
community’s schools, the trial court’s conclusion seems altogether reasonable. The change of
schools provides no apparent support for defendant’s requested alteration to parenting time.

       Aside from the change in overnights he sought in the trial court, defendant also seems to
suggest that the change in school districts required the sort of minor changes to parenting time
envisioned by Shade. But he again fails to explain why the new school situation would require
changing the existing parenting time order or how that order would have to be altered; thus, he
has abandoned this portion of his argument. See id. In any event, given the undisputed fact that
the children spend most school overnights with plaintiff, in the community where their new
school is located, defendant’s argument lacks merit.

        To the extent it ordered a change of school districts, we vacate the trial court’s order and
remand for further proceedings to determine what best serves the interests of the minor children.
“On remand, the court should consider up-to-date information in its determination of the choice-
of-school issue, including, but not necessarily limited to, the current and reasonable preferences
of the minor children and any other changes that may have arisen in the interim period.” Pierron
I, 282 Mich App at 262. Since any further change of school districts may implicate additional
custody or parenting time issues, see id. at 262-264, the children should remain enrolled in their
current school district pending further order of the trial court. Notably, the trial court has
discretion on remand to interview the children about their preferences in camera, and it need not
disclose their stated preferences on the record. MCR 3.210(C)(5); Surman v Surman, 277 Mich
App 287, 297; 745 NW2d 802 (2007). However, it must state whether the children’s preferences
were considered and whether those preferences were reasonable. See Pierron I, 282 Mich App
at 258-259. We do not retain jurisdiction.


                                                             /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                             /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                             /s/ Donald S. Owens




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