
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-00-00107-CR





Ryan Hanson, Appellant

v.


The State of Texas, Appellee






FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 147TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 0982162, HONORABLE WILFORD FLOWERS, JUDGE PRESIDING







	A jury found appellant Ryan Hanson guilty of capital murder.  See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 19.03(a)(2) (West 1994).  Pursuant to the jury's findings at the punishment phase of trial, the
district court assessed punishment at life imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice,
Institutional Division.  See id. § 12.31; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.071, § 1 (West Supp.
2001).  Appellant challenges his conviction by forty-one points of error.  We will modify the
judgment and, as modified, affirm the conviction.
DISCUSSION
Legal and Factual Sufficiency
	By his thirty-seventh through fortieth points of error, appellant argues that the
evidence is legally and factually insufficient "to sustain the allegation that appellant committed the
offense of capital murder as a party" under either section 7.02(a)(2) or section 7.02(b) of the Texas
Penal Code.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2), (b) (West 1994). (1) 
	The record reflects that the body of John Davis Cavness, Jr., the victim, was found
on the kitchen floor of his two-bedroom house on the evening of January 19, 1998.  He had been
stabbed and beaten.  Elizabeth Peacock, Travis County Deputy Medical Examiner, testified that 
Cavness's head had sustained numerous blows, which were consistent with being hit by a hammer,
and there were six cuts to his throat, which were consistent with being cut by a knife.  He also had
defensive wounds on one hand.  A knife was found in the kitchen sink, and several of Cavness's
personal belongings were missing from his house.
	Alvina Raney, a fingerprint specialist with the Austin Police Department, testified
that one fingerprint matching appellant's known prints was found on the door jam between the
master bedroom and the bathroom.  A print from Chris Kotaska was found on a beer bottle sitting
on the coffee table in the living room.  Two prints matching David Ludwick's prints were found on
the wall and door jam in the kitchen above where Cavness's body was found. 
	Cavness had last been seen alive on the night of January 16 at the Rainbow Cattle
Company, an Austin bar and nightclub.  He had been in the company of appellant, Ludwick, and
Kotaska.  Ludwick and Cavness knew each other from previous encounters at the club.  A witness
for the State testified that he observed Ludwick introduce appellant and Kotaska to Cavness. 
Cavness purchased drinks for Ludwick, appellant, and Kotaska, among others, during the course of
the evening.  The witness also saw Ludwick and Cavness dancing together later and testified that
appellant spent most of the evening in the pool table area of the club.  The witness left the club at
12:30 a.m.
	Cavness's neighbor testified that at approximately 2:30 a.m., January 17, she heard
the arrival of at least three people at Cavness's house.  Thirty minutes later she heard two or three
voices.
	Shortly thereafter, appellant, Ludwick, and Kotaska arrived at the apartment of Chase
Coulter.  The three had been staying with Coulter for several days.  According to Coulter, Ludwick
coordinated a hasty collection of the personal belongings of the three and the packing of those things
into a truck in the apartment parking lot.  During the flurry of activity by Kotaska and Ludwick,
appellant was either vomiting or lying on a bed.  The three men left Coulter's apartment together in
the truck.
	On January 19 a few blocks from an El Paso bus station, witness Julie Chavez saw
appellant get out of the driver's side of a truck later identified as belonging to Cavness.  Chavez also
saw Ludwick get out of the passenger's side of the truck.  Appellant and Ludwick abandoned the
truck. 
	Appellant and Ludwick were apprehended at separate locations in Los Angeles,
California.  When appellant was arrested, he had in his possession a watch matching the brand and
model of a watch missing from Cavness's house.  After his arrest, appellant gave the following
statement:

My name is Ryan Andrew Hanson. . . .  I am currently in jail at the Los Angeles
Police Department. . . .

When I was in Austin, Texas I was walking down the street and I met David
Ludwick. [Ludwick] told me if I needed a place to stay I could stay with him.  When
I got there Chris [Kotaska] was already staying there. . . .  We were there less than
a week.  When we moved out we went to [Coulter's apartment].  [Ludwick] knew
[Coulter] and called him and said he needed a place to stay. . . .

We were at [Coulter's apartment] three or four days.  We had planned on going to
L.A.  I wanted to go and he wanted to go and it was better than going alone.  We did
not have any money and I got my last paycheck . . . on the Friday before we left. 

. . . We left [Coulter's apartment] on the bus and went to Guadalupe.  We got off the
bus and went to the apartments across the street from the Rio Grande Coffee
House. . . .  We got a stereo from a guy that owed [Ludwick] some money.

From there we went towards Sixth Street.  Along the way [Ludwick] sold [the stereo]
to a guy on Sixth Street.  We went to a bar . . . [and] played pool there and had a
cigarette outside in the back.  We left there after dark, it was dark by then, 7 or 8.

[Ludwick] said that he knew the owner/manager of the [Rainbow Cattle
Company] . . . .  We went there before we played pool and he wasn't there.  We went
back later and [Ludwick] asked again and he was there.  [Ludwick] talked to him for
about half an hour.  We, me and [Kotaska], and met a guy who's last name started
with a "C".  His last name had a V in it.  We played pool for a long time and
[Ludwick] danced with him.  The guy bought us a lot of mixed drinks.  I must have
had 7 or 8 mixed drinks.

In the bar [Ludwick] came up to me and said, okay, this is what we are going to do. 
He is going to take us back to his house, and we are going to rob him, knock him
over the head.  I told [Ludwick] I'm not doing nothing.  [Kotaska] just pretty much
went along.  He said, "Okay, okay".  We talked with this guy named John C. and
played pool and drank, that's about the jest of it.

We left the bar in a cab.  The cab was a yellow cab, I think.  I don't remember where
I sat in the cab, but I think either [Kotaska] or [Ludwick] sat up front.  We went to
John's house.

We got out of the cab and walked up to the house.  John opened the door and went
in.  I don't know the order of entry into the house.  I went straight to the back
bedroom and jumped on the bed.  I was concentrating on breathing.  If I concentrate
I can control if I throw up or not and I was trying to stop it.

From behind me about 10 or 15 minutes later, I was still on the bed.  I heard a dull
thud and I laid there.  After that the screaming started going, "Let's go, let's go, let's
go".  I got up and went and saw the body on the floor.  I tried not to look at it, I did
not want to look at it.  I looked around for things of value.  I was not interested in
being there, I did not want to be there any more.  I picked up the knife and washed
it off in the sink.  I must of got the hammer and I put the hammer in there.  I had been
carrying the hammer all day, I had it in a brown leather knapsack, when we got there, 
I had it at the bar with us.  I took a watch from the living room table.  It was a Timex,
it should be in my property here in jail.  The watch is a brown and black.  I don't
recall taking anything else.

I know what was stolen out of the house.  A 35 mm camera with a telephoto lens,
credit cards (Citibank, Exxon, American Express, two or three Visa cards, lots of
department store credit cards, and stereo amplifier, two or three rings, a gold
necklace, and another watch. . . .  That is all I can recall being taken.

We left the house and I got in the back seat of the pick up.  It was a king cab, Ford,
I am pretty sure it is black, but I was not paying attention to the color.

We went to [Coulter's apartment] and got our clothes.  At [Coulter's apartment], I
went to the bathroom and threw up.  I got back in the cab and went to sleep.  We
went straight to El Paso.

We went there because it was on the way to California.  In El Paso we went to a
department store, a mall. [Ludwick] . . . tried to get a cell phone, he used a Visa card,
Citibank, I think.  The salesman picked up it wasn't his and it did not work. 
[Ludwick] was talking to some people outside [a restaurant] and the guy told us there
were check points outside of El Paso.  [Ludwick] did not want to take the truck any
further.  We unloaded the truck and left the truck pretty near the border and got on
a bus.

We used the Visa card for gas and the cards were in our possession throughout the
bus ride.  But on one stop we threw them away.

When we got to Los Angeles we sold the camera, a beeper, a cell phone, a ring, a
silver bracelet.  From this sale I did not get any money.  We stayed at the Hotel Cecil
and [Ludwick] sold [the items] at a pawn shop down the street. . . .

I have drawn a map of the inside of the house and listed what was stolen in my own
writing.  I also drew a picture of the knife used in this murder. (2)
	The sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case.  Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997).  In this case, the jury charge authorized appellant's conviction as a party to capital
murder pursuant to either penal code section 7.02(a)(2) or (b).  When alternate theories of the offense
are submitted disjunctively, a general verdict of guilty is proper if the evidence is sufficient to sustain
a conviction on any of the theories submitted.  Kitchens v. State, 823 S.W.2d 256, 258 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991).  In this cause, we find evidence sufficient under both theories.

 A.  Section 7.02(a)(2)
	The State is constitutionally required to prove all elements of murder beyond a
reasonable doubt.  See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 361 (1970); Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d. 154,
156 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).   In order to convict appellant as a party to capital murder under section
7.02(a)(2), (3) the State was required to prove the following: (1) another person committed a criminal
offense, (2) the defendant had the intent to promote or assist that person, and (3) the defendant
solicited, encouraged, directed, aided or attempted to aid that person in the commission of the
criminal offense.  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2); see Pesina v. State, 949 S.W.2d 374, 382 (Tex.
App.--San Antonio 1997, no pet.).  Appellant's points of error focus on the second and third
elements and not the first, which was established by appellant's own statement.
	For the State to prove the second element, the mens rea requirement, it was required
to show that appellant harbored the specific intent to promote or assist the commission of the
offense.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2).  Stated another way, the evidence must show that
at the time of the offense the parties were acting together, each contributing some part towards the
execution of their common purpose.  See Burdine v. State, 719 S.W.2d 309, 315 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986).  For the third element, the State had to prove that appellant did some act to assist Ludwick
or Kotaska.

	1.  Legal Sufficiency
	The standard for reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence is whether, viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, any rational trier of fact could have
found beyond a reasonable doubt the essential elements of the offense charged.  Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130, 132 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).  In our
review of the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we must consider all the evidence that the jury was
permitted, properly or improperly, to consider.  Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1993).  Whether the evidence meets the standard set out in Jackson is a question of law. 
Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 132 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
	By his thirty-seventh point of error, appellant claims that the evidence is insufficient
because there is no evidence that an agreement was ever formed between appellant and Ludwick or
Kotaska.  Appellant argues that "he did absolutely nothing by way of acts, words, or other agreement
that would have encouraged the commission of any crime against Cavness." 
	Evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction under section 7.02(a)(2) where
the actor is physically present at the commission of the offense and encourages the commission of
the offense "either by words or other agreement."  Burdine, 719 S.W.2d at 315; Cordova v. State,
698 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).  The evidence must show that at the time of the
offense the parties were acting together, each contributing some part towards the execution of their
common purpose.  Burdine, 719 S.W.2d at 315.  In determining whether a defendant participated
in an offense as a party, the court may examine the events occurring before, during, and after the
commission of the offense and may rely on actions of the defendant that show an understanding and
common design to commit the offense.  Id.; Beier v. State, 687 S.W.2d 2, 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). 
	By appellant's own admission, he knew of Ludwick's plan to rob Cavness and to
accomplish the robbery by hitting Cavness over the head.  Appellant then went with Ludwick and
Kotaska to Cavness's house, taking his knapsack with him.  The hammer used to kill Cavness was
kept by appellant in his knapsack.  He also retrieved the hammer after the killing and washed off the
knife.  Appellant maintained and provided the murder weapon-a clear contribution to the common
purpose of robbing Cavness.  
	Viewing the record in favor of the jury's verdict, we hold that there was legally
sufficient evidence to find appellant guilty under section 7.02(a)(2) and overrule appellant's thirty-seventh point of error.

		2.  Factual Sufficiency
	When conducting a factual-sufficiency review, we do not view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict.  Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 6-7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 
Instead, we consider all evidence in a neutral light.  Id.  However, we do not substitute our judgment
for that of the jury and will set aside a verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight
of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.  Id. at 7; Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 129. 
	By his thirty-eighth point of error, appellant argues that the evidence is factually
insufficient to support conviction under section 7.02(a)(2).  Appellant claims that he never agreed
to go along with any plan to rob Cavness.  He also points to the testimony of Ricardo LaGrange, an
inmate of the Travis County jail at a time when Ludwick was incarcerated there.  LaGrange wrote
to the Travis County District Attorney about his conversations with Ludwick and testified that
Ludwick admitted to committing the murder alone.  LaGrange also testified that Ludwick had
completely disavowed any prior plan between himself and the person with him at the time of the
murder and that Ludwick did it himself "all of a sudden."
	Appellant also stresses the testimony of Coulter that portrayed appellant as sick, tired,
and reluctant to pack and leave the morning of the January 17.  Coulter stated that appellant was
employed, but Ludwick and Kotaska were not.  Coulter also said that appellant was polite,
respectful, and well-groomed.  Two of Coulter's neighbors testified that they spent a lot of time with
appellant in the days before appellant left Austin.  One of the neighbors testified that she saw
Ludwick and Kotaska loading a truck in the early morning of January 17.  Coulter and the two
neighbors all met appellant for the first time approximately three days before Cavness was killed. 
	However, the record also contains evidence from appellant himself about his
knowledge before the attack, his safekeeping of one of the murder weapons, his theft from Cavness's
house after Cavness was dead, and his departure from Austin with Ludwick and Kotaska.  Viewing
these facts neutrally, we do not find the jury's verdict to be contrary to the overwhelming weight of
the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust; therefore, we overrule appellant's thirty-eighth point
of error.

 B.  Section 7.02(b)
	To convict appellant as a party under section 7.02(b), the State must prove (1)
appellant conspired with others to commit an aggravated robbery and (2) one of the co-conspirators
intentionally or knowingly (3) caused the death of an individual (4) in the course of committing or
attempting to commit the aggravated robbery (5) in furtherance of the unlawful purpose of the
conspiracy, (6) which should have been anticipated as a result of carrying out the conspiracy. (4) See
Ruiz v. State, 579 S.W.2d 206, 209 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).

 1.  Legal Sufficiency
	By his thirty-ninth point of error, appellant argues that the evidence is legally
insufficient to sustain the allegation that he was a party to capital murder under section 7.02(b)
because there is no evidence that an agreement was ever formed between appellant and Ludwick or
Kotaska.  Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, we must determine
whether any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt the essential elements
of the offense charged.  See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.
	The record shows that Ludwick told appellant about a plan to rob Cavness.  The
record also shows that appellant carried a hammer, one of the murder weapons, in his knapsack. 
After Cavness's murder, appellant retrieved the hammer, washed off the knife used in the attack, and
left the house with the hammer.  Viewing this evidence in a light favorable to the jury's verdict, we
hold that the jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant conspired to rob Cavness. 
	We overrule appellant's thirty-ninth point of error.

		2.  Factual Sufficiency
	By his fortieth point of error, appellant complains that the evidence was factually
insufficient to prove criminal liability under section 7.02(b) of the penal code.  We must consider
all evidence in a neutral light and may set aside a verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming
weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.  Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 6-7.
	As we have noted, the record reveals that appellant was told by Ludwick of a plot to
rob Cavness.  After being told of the plan, appellant left with Ludwick, Kotaska, and Cavness,
carrying the hammer with him.  Appellant's actions after Cavness was killed are consistent with the
actions of a willing participant.  He washed off the knife.  He retrieved the hammer.  He took things
from Cavness's house.  He then left Austin with Ludwick and Kotaska.  When Cavness's truck was
abandoned in El Paso, it was appellant who was seen getting out of the driver's side of the vehicle. 
When appellant was arrested, he still had a watch taken from Cavness's house.  The only evidence
that tends to prove his unwillingness to participate in the robbery of Cavness is his own statement
that he told Ludwick, "I'm not doing nothing."  Jurors are free to place whatever value they wish
upon a defendant's own testimony or statements.  See Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 112 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000).  We hold that the jury's verdict is not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of
the evidence to be clearly wrong or unjust; therefore, we overrule appellant's fortieth point of error.

Errors in Indictment 
	By his eleventh through sixteenth points of error, appellant argues that the district
court committed reversible error when it "submitted the case to the jury on two different theories of
party liability, neither of which were alleged in the indictment, after granting a directed verdict on
the indictment allegation of individual responsibility."  The indictment alleged that appellant, 

while in the course of committing and attempting to commit the offense of robbery,
intentionally cause[d] the death of an individual, namely, John Davis Cavness, Jr.,
by cutting John Davis Cavness, Jr. with a knife, a deadly weapon, and by striking
John Davis Cavness, Jr. with a hammer, a deadly weapon.

Thus, the indictment alleged that appellant acted as an individual, basing his responsibility on his
own actions.  But the State conducted voir dire on three theories of capital murder--individual
liability for his actions alone, liability under section 7.02(a)(2), and liability under section 7.02(b). 
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2), (b).  At the close of the State's case, the appellant requested
a directed verdict on the indictment. (5)  That motion was granted by the district court as to appellant's
liability as an individual actor.  Appellant argues that because the indictment only alleged liability
as an individual actor and that allegation "had been directed out of the case by the court and there
was nothing left from the indictment to submit to the jury."
	The court of criminal appeals has held that if the evidence supports a charge based
on criminal responsibility for the actions of another, the court may submit such a charge even though
there is no such allegation in the indictment.  Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim. App.
1978).  In Pitts, the indictment alleged that the defendant had attempted to "intentionally or
knowingly cause the death of" an individual but did not allege culpability through the actions of
another.  Id. at 899.  The charge submitted to the jury included instructions on capital murder,
attempt, intent, knowledge, "the law of parties or criminal responsibility for the acts of another,
criminal conspiracy, and renunciation of a conspiracy."  Id.  Thus the facts in Pitts are similar to the
facts before us; the difference being that a directed verdict was granted on the indictment allegation
in this case.  We hold that this difference is not significant and Pitts should be applied in this case. 
Because the evidence raised the issue of appellant's guilt as a party, we hold that the district court
did not err by authorizing appellant's conviction as a party pursuant to section 7.02.
	We overrule appellant's eleventh through sixteenth points of error. 

Unanimity of Jurors 
	By his first through tenth points of error, appellant argues that the district court erred
in submitting the case to the jury without requiring the jury to agree on which subsection of 7.02 was
applicable to appellant.  The charge was submitted in two separate application paragraphs joined by
"or."  The State's closing argument to the jury included the statement, "Now, this doesn't mean
when you get back to the jury room that you necessarily have to argue [over] which theory is
correct."  The State continued, "Each of you has to satisfy yourself under one or the other that Mr.
Hanson is guilty of capital murder, but you don't all have to agree on one or the other."  All of
appellant's objections to the State's argument and to the jury charge on this ground were overruled.
	Appellant argues that the failure to require all twelve jurors to agree on which theory
of party liability applied to appellant violated the United States and Texas Constitutions and the
Texas Penal Code.  See U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 19, art. V, § 13; Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 2.01 (West 1994).  The Sixth Amendment guarantees a right to trial by jury while
the Fourteenth Amendment houses due process protections, which the Supreme Court has
determined require juries to find every element of a charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.  See
U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV; In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 364.  The penal code also requires that "no
person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a
reasonable doubt."  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 2.01.  The Texas Constitution includes its own due
course of law protection and the requirement that a defendant charged with a felony may only be
convicted by a unanimous jury.  See Tex. Const. art. I, § 19, art. V, § 13.
	We conclude that the jury was allowed to convict appellant without agreeing on
liability under either 7.02(a)(2) or 7.02(b).  We find no case directly on point.  However, several
cases may be analogized to provide help in addressing this issue.  First the United States Supreme
Court held in Schad v. Arizona that a state can permit a jury to return a general verdict of guilty
without agreeing that the defendant had committed either premeditated murder or felony murder. 
Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 632, 651 (1991).  Though it was a divided court, including plurality,
concurring, and dissenting opinions, the plurality seems willing to allow states to determine, within
due process constraints, what constitutes different offenses.  See id. at 632. (6)  If a person is charged
with two different offenses, he may only be convicted of both offenses by a jury that unanimously
agrees that the State has proven every element of each offense beyond a reasonable doubt.  See id. 
Thus, when a defendant is tried for two different and separate offenses, a general jury charge
including both offenses submitted in the disjunctive would be inappropriate.  See id.  In Schad
premeditated murder and felony murder were not different or separate offenses; as defined by
Arizona's penal code, both were part of the single crime of first-degree murder.  See id. at 630.  The
Court held this to be a permissible characterization even though premeditated murder and felony
murder involve "alternative mental states."  Id. at 632.  We note that the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals had previously allowed a general verdict when faced with the same issue.  See Aguirre v.
State, 732 S.W.2d 320, 325-26 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982). 
	The court of criminal appeals has also held that a defendant charged with capital
murder is not entitled to unanimity as to which of two different underlying felonies--rape or
robbery--the jury found from the evidence.  Kitchens, 823 S.W.2d at 258.  Kitchens asserted that
all twelve jurors had to either find that he committed rape or robbery (or both) to convict him of
capital murder.  The jury charge included an alternative submission of murder in the course of
committing robbery or sexual assault; thus, each juror was allowed to vote guilty if he or she found
that Kitchens committed or attempted to commit either underlying felony.  Id. at 257.  The court
rejected Kitchens's argument that such a charge concealed a verdict that was not unanimous.  Id. at
258.  The court stated, "It is appropriate where the alternative theories of committing the same
offense are submitted to the jury in the disjunctive for the jury to return a general verdict if the
evidence is sufficient to support a finding under any of the theories submitted."  Id. (emphasis
added).  The court continued that a jury need not agree on the "preliminary factual issues which
underlie the verdict."  Id. (quoting Schad, 501 U.S. at 632). 
	In addition, the court of criminal appeals has held a jury charge that allowed the jury
to find a defendant guilty based on either his own actions or the actions of another (liability as a
party) was not erroneous.  Goff v. State, 931 S.W.2d 537, 544-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).  Although
the objection in Goff was not raised in the same manner appellant raises it here, the opinion indicates
that the court of criminal appeals is not troubled by such a submission.  See id.
	The law regarding jury unanimity appears to be that unanimity is required as to the
offense committed but not as to the particular method or means of committing any one offense. 
Thus, if a jury is authorized to convict a defendant of either of two different offenses, the jury must
unanimously agree as to which offense, if either, the defendant committed.  But if a jury is
authorized to convict a defendant on a finding that he committed a single offense in either of two
different ways, the jury need not unanimously agree as to which method of commission the
defendant actually employed.
	Here appellant was charged with the single offense of capital murder.  The district
court's jury charge, authorizing appellant's conviction on a finding that he either assisted another
to commit the offense (section 7.02(a)(2)) or conspired with another who committed the offense in
furtherance of the conspiracy (section 7.02(b)), was analogous to the charge in Kitchens.  The two
alternate theories of party liability were merely alternate methods or means by which appellant
committed the one charged offense.  Jury unanimity as to which theory of party liability applied was
not necessary, and the general verdict of guilt was proper so long as either theory was proved.
	Appellant argues that because subsections (a)(2) and (b) of section 7.02 of the penal
code assign criminal liability, they are offenses; and because they do not contain the same elements,
they are different offenses.  We disagree. Section 7.02 does not independently define criminal
conduct or prescribe punishment therefor.  Instead, section 7.02 enumerates the various ways in
which a person can be held criminally responsible for another's criminal conduct, as that conduct
is defined elsewhere in the code.
	We conclude by noting that even if the district court did commit error, the error would
be harmless because we have already determined that the evidence in the record was both factually
and legally sufficient under either subsection of section 7.02.  We overrule appellant's first through
tenth points of error.

Motion to Quash the Indictment 
	By his thirty-sixth point of error, appellant argues that section 19.03 of the penal code
and article 37.071 of the code of criminal procedure violate the United States and Texas
Constitutions.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.03; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.071. 
Specifically, he asserts that these statutes violate the Establishment Clause of the United States
Constitution and article I, section 7 of the Texas Constitution because the author and sponsors of the
bill creating those statutes "could not articulate a reasonable secular purpose for their enactment but
did articulate, at length, the religious purpose for [capital] punishment while siding, in fact, with the
viewpoint of a particular and identifiable religious sect."  See U.S. Const. amend. 1; Tex. Const. art.
I, § 7.
	The court of criminal appeals has addressed the Establishment Clause argument in
Holberg v. State, 38 S.W.3d 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).  The court rejected the argument, holding
the statutes constitutional.  Id. at 140.  However, the defendant in Holberg did not raise the issue
under the Texas Constitution as appellant has here.
	Appellant argues that the capital-murder statutes enacted in 1973 in House Bill 200
"endorse the beliefs of fundamentalist Texas protestants over the beliefs of many other [religions],"
thus violating the Texas Constitution.  Article I, section 7 prohibits the expenditure of public funds
to support a religion.  Tex. Const. art. I, § 7.  We find the court's discussion in Holberg of the
legislative history of House Bill 200 instructive.  See id. at 139.  The bill's chief sponsor,
Representative Cobb, stated that it should be enacted "because the people of Texas wanted the death
penalty."  Representative Leland, opposing passage of the bill, argued that "state executions violate[]
the Ten Commandments' prohibition on killing."  The co-sponsors of the bill, Represenatives Cobb,
Williamson, and Hollowell, responded with citation to biblical passages that they asserted supported
the death penalty.  Id.
	In the court's view, 
it is at least as likely that the Legislature's actual purpose in enacting the statutes was
the secular one of establishing the appropriate penalty for certain heinous crimes, and
that the legislators acted as they did because they held one or more of the following
reasonable, secular beliefs: (1) the death penalty is the only proportional punishment
for certain crimes; (2) the death penalty ensures, at a minimum, that the offender will
never harm anyone again; (3) the death penalty may deter some persons (professional
criminals and those already imprisoned for life), and possibly others, from
committing murder; and (4) life imprisonment without parole is not a viable
alternative to the death penalty because (a) capital offenders are a danger to others
in the prison environment, (b) persons imprisoned literally for life have little
incentive to behave properly, and (c) it is undesirable, costly, and possibly inhumane
to keep persons in prison until they actually die from old age or disease.


Id. at 140.  We find the reasoning of the court of criminal appeals applicable to the issue of
constitutionality under the Texas Constitution; there are ample secular purposes supporting the
enactment of the code provisions at issue and their enforcement does not result in public funds being
used for religious purposes.  We overrule appellant's thirty-sixth point of error.

Evidentiary Matters 
	A.  Doctrine of Optional Completeness 
	By his seventeenth through twenty-third points of error, appellant argues that the
district court committed error in refusing to rule upon his motion to preclude the State from invoking
the doctrine of optional completeness.  The State called Kotaska to testify during its case-in-chief. 
Although he had been granted use immunity, Kotaska refused to testify.  The State then sought to
introduce Kotaska's earlier testimony from Ludwick's trial.  The appellant objected under Texas
Rule of Evidence 804(b)(1) and the appellant's right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.  See
Tex. R. Evid. 804(b)(1) (excluding former testimony from hearsay rules if the party against whom
it is offered or a person with a similar interest had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the
testimony by examination).  Appellant's objection was sustained.  At a later point appellant's counsel
notified the court that he was considering offering portions of Kotaska's previous testimony, which
he asserted were admissible against the State under rule 804(b)(1).  Appellant's counsel informed
the court that, if he did so, he expected the State to then seek to introduce Kotaska's entire testimony
under the doctrine of optional completeness.  Appellant's counsel made it clear that if the court were
inclined to allow in the entire statement, appellant's counsel would not offer the portions of
testimony.  The district court refused to rule on optional completeness on the ground that such a
ruling would be premature.  Appellant did not introduce any portions of Kotaska's testimony. 
Appellant argues that the court's "failure to rule on the issue [affected] trial strategy and possibly
render[ed] counsel ineffective because he could not make intelligent decisions without knowing
whether the Court would follow the law."
	The court of criminal appeals has rejected a defendant's right to an advance ruling. 
See Boykin v. State, 504 S.W.2d 855, 858 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974); Gillon v. State, 491 S.W.2d 893,
894 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973).
	We overrule appellant's seventeenth through twenty-third points of error.

	B.  Admissibilty of Prosecutor's Argument in Ludwick's Trial 
	By his twenty-fourth through twenty-sixth points of error, appellant argues that the
district court erred in refusing to admit a portion of the State's argument in the capital murder trial
of Ludwick.  Appellant asserts that the State took a position in appellant's trial that was inconsistent
with the State's position in Ludwick's trial.  This Court has been unable to find any authority in this
state that addresses the issue of the admissibility of a prosecutor's argument in a previous trial.  We
will assume, for the sake of argument only, that a prosecutor's argument is admissible in a
subsequent trial under Texas Rule of Evidence 801(e)(2).  See Tex. R. Evid. 801(e)(2) (admission
by party-opponent). 
	A portion of the argument that the appellant sought to introduce included the
following:

Now, in looking at the evidence in this case, it is real important to keep in mind the
motives of the people who testified. . . .  You heard that Mr. Kotaska was arrested
quite a while later.  Prior to his arrest, Mr. Ludwick and Mr. Hanson had already been
arrested.  Mr. Hanson, you heard through the witnesses, gave a statement saying I
was sick, I was in a bedroom.  When I came out, he was already dead, and you heard
that Detective Gilchrest doubted that.  He didn't believe that.  Ten, 11, a long time
later, Mr. Kotaska is arrested, and he tells the same story.  Mr. Hanson was in that
back bedroom.  Why would he lie to protect Hanson when they barely knew each
other[?] 


	The exclusion of this argument was harmless because appellant was granted a directed
verdict on the indictment, which alleged his culpability as an actor.  The State, ultimately, did not
take a position inconsistent with this statement in appellant's trial.  Therefore, the introduction of
this evidence would merely be repetitive.
	We overrule appellant's twenty-fourth through twenty-sixth points of error.

Jury Charge and Instructions 
	A.  Application Paragraph 
	By his thirty-fifth point of error, appellant contends that the district court erred in
submitting the theory of party liability under section 7.02(b) in the application paragraph of capital
murder.  Appellant's counsel made the following objection during the charge conference:
But the objection is that under the Code Construction Act a general statute cannot
overrule a specific statute.  The legislature in 1903 (Section 19.03 of the Penal Code)
specifically required an intentional causation of death, and here we have a general
statute, the parties statute, modifying a specific statute, so under the Code
Construction Act, I submit that is inappropriate.  Secondly, it is totally inconsistent
with the legislative history behind the reenactment of the capital murder statute,
which was enacted back in House Bill 200.  The Court has received as an attachment
to motion to quash number one part of that.  I would argue that it is unconstitutional,
in violation of the legislative history of the capital murder statute as enacted as an
additional objection, your Honor.

The district court overruled this objection. 
	The court of criminal appeals allows the application of section 7.02(b) to the offense
of capital murder.  Fuller v. State, 827 S.W.2d 919, 932-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see Montoya
v. State, 810 S.W.2d 160, 165 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).  But appellant argues that no case has
"addressed the concept that Section 19.03, properly interpreted in light of the Code Construction Act,
renders application of Section 7.02 unconstitutional in violation of legislative intent."  Appellant
draws our attention to section 311.026 (7) of the code construction act, which requires that if a general
provision conflicts with a specific provision, the specific provision prevails.  See Tex. Gov't Code
Ann. § 311.026 (West 1998).
	Section 311.026 is a codification of the doctrine of pari materia.  Burke v. State, 28
S.W.3d 545, 547 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).  "The rule of pari materia is nothing more than a
principle of statutory interpretation, a means of devining [sic] and giving full effect to legislative
intent."  Id. at 546-47 (quoting Mills v. State, 722 S.W.2d 411, 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986)).  Pari
materia requires that "[w]here one statute deals with a subject in general terms, and another deals
with a part of the same subject in a more detailed way, the two should be harmonized if possible; but
if there is any conflict, the latter will prevail."  Id. (quoting Mills, 722 S.W.2d at 413).
 Pari materia only applies if the two statutes have the same purpose or object.  Id. at
547.  The statutes must be "closely enough related to justify interpreting one in light of the other." 
Id. (quoting Alejos v. State, 555 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (op. on reh'g)).  To
determine whether two statutes concern the same object, a court should look at whether the two
statutes are contained in the same legislative act, whether the same elements of proof are required
by the two statutes, whether they involve different penalties, and whether they were obviously
designed to serve the same purpose and objective.  Id. at 547-49 (quoting Alejos, 555 S.W.2d at 449)
(holding that aggravated assault and intoxication assault are not in pari materia);  Cheney v. State,
755 S.W.2d 123, 130 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (making false statement to obtain property or credit
was not in pari materia with felony theft); Alejos, 555 S.W.2d at 450-51 (evading arrest and fleeing 
police office are not in pari materia).
	Section 19.03 defines the offense of capital murder.  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.03. 
Section 7.02 defines party liability, liability which can be attached to any number of offenses
committed by another person.  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02.  These sections do not have the same
elements of proof and serve different purposes.  Section 19.03 addresses the responsibility created
by one's own actions, and in this case the district court's directed verdict signals that appellant likely
could not have been convicted of capital murder under section 19.03.  However, section 7.02 is
designed to assign culpability to participants like appellant-who are not the primary actor.  We hold
that sections 7.02 and 19.03 are not in pari materia and overrule appellant's thirty-fifth point of
error.

	B.  Instructions on Lesser Included Offenses 
	Appellant argues that he was entitled to a jury charge on the lesser included offenses
of theft and conspiracy to commit robbery.  To be entitled to a charge on a lesser included offense,
a two pronged test must be satisfied.  Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App.
1993); Royster v. State, 622 S.W.2d 442, 446 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).  First, the lesser included
offense must be included within the offense charged.  Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 673.  Second, there
must be some evidence in the record that would permit a jury rationally to find that if the defendant
is guilty, he is guilty of only the lesser offense.  Id.  Appellate courts should review all the evidence
presented at trial in making this determination.  Bignall v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21, 23 (Tex. Crim. App.
1994).

	1.  Theft 
	By his thirty-first and thirty-second points of error, the appellant argues that the
district court erred in failing to include the lesser included offense of theft in the jury charge. 
Because the State does not argue that the first prong of the test is not satisfied, we will analyze only
whether there was some evidence in the record that would have permitted the jury to rationally find
that if appellant was guilty, he was guilty only of theft.  Appellant argues that his own statement
shows that he did not want to join Ludwick and Kotaska in robbing Cavness and that he only
committed a post-homicide theft.  Appellant also draws attention to the fact that there is no evidence
that appellant actually hit or cut Cavness.
	By appellant's own account, Ludwick told him of the plan to rob Cavness, including
his intent to hit Cavness over the head.  Appellant makes clear in his statement that he and Ludwick
had planned on going to Los Angeles and that the two did not have any money except for appellant's
last paycheck (8) and money from the sale of Ludwick's stereo.  In addition, the statement reveals that
after the homicide appellant picked up the knife and washed it off in the sink and then retrieved the
hammer that he had been carrying all of that day in his knapsack.  Appellant then left Austin with
Ludwick and Kotaska for Los Angeles, the city to which he and Ludwick planned to go. 
	We hold that there is no evidence in the record that would have permitted a jury to
rationally find that appellant was guilty of only theft, and we overrule appellant's thirty-first and
thirty-second points of error.

	2.  Conspiracy 
	By his thirty-third and thirty-fourth points of error, the appellant argues that the
district court erred in failing to include the lesser included offense of conspiracy to commit robbery
in the jury charge.  Because the State does not dispute that conspiracy to commit robbery is a lesser
included offense of capital murder as it was submitted to the jury pursuant to section 7.02(b), we will
analyze only whether there was some evidence in the record that would have permitted the jury to
rationally find that if appellant was guilty, he was guilty only of conspiracy to commit robbery. 
Appellant again draws our attention to his statement, which includes his refusal to participate when
told by Ludwick the plan to hit Cavness over the head and rob him. 
	If the appellant's statement is to be believed, then he would not be guilty of any
offense under section 7.02(b) nor would he be guilty of conspiracy to commit robbery--the very
offense he urges should have been included in the jury charge.  Because the evidence would not
allow a rational finding that, if guilty, appellant was guilty only of conspiracy to commit robbery,
a jury instruction on the lesser included offense was not warranted.
	We overrule appellant's thirty-third and thirty-fourth points of error.

	C.  Concurrent Cause 
	By his twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth points of error, appellant argues that the
district court erred in denying his request for a jury instruction on concurrent cause.  See Tex. Penal
Code Ann. § 6.04(a) (West 1994).  The penal code states, "A person is criminally responsible if the
result would not have occurred but for his conduct, operating either alone or concurrently with
another cause, unless the concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the
conduct of the actor clearly insufficient."  Id.
	Appellant argues that "there was absolutely no evidence that [he] ever hit or cut the
victim, which is why the trial court granted a directed verdict on the indictment allegation," and he
relies on two cases.  In the first case, the defendant, who was convicted of murder with a deadly
weapon, shot the victim in the shoulder area, "leaving extensive damage."  Hutcheson v. State, 899
S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1995, pet. ref'd).  Upon hearing that shot, one of two police
officers, arriving at the scene only moments before and thinking that he and his partner were under
attack, shot the victim, hitting him below the rib cage.  Id.  The court of appeals determined that the
trial court did not err in failing to include concurrent cause in the jury charge because the defendant
failed to prove that her conduct was clearly insufficient to cause the death of the victim.  Id. at 42. 
	Appellant also draws our attention to McFarland v. State, a case that he contrasts
from the facts here.  928 S.W.2d 482, 515-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).  Appellant summarizes
McFarland as follows:

[T]here was a murder committed during the course of a robbery.  The defendant and
his accomplice each fired two shots (a total of four shots).  Three of the bullets
caused fatal wounds.  Accordingly, the Court held that the defendant was not entitled
to an instruction on concurrent causation because the defendant must have fired at
least one fatal shot.


Neither of these cases is dispositive, and appellant fails to direct this Court to a case involving the
application of concurrent cause to a defendant being prosecuted under section 7.02.  Appellant was
found liable for the acts of Ludwick and Kotaska.  There is no question that the acts of Ludwick and
Kotaska caused the death of Cavness.  
	We overrule appellant's twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth points of error.

	D.  Independent Impulse 
	By his twenty-ninth and thirtieth points of error, appellant contends that the district
court erred in failing to submit his requested instruction on "independent impulse."  A charge on
"independent impulse" is a defensive instruction allowing the jury to acquit a defendant if it finds,
or has reasonable doubt, that the defendant did not and reasonably could not have anticipated the
commission of the actual offense.  Mayfield v. State, 716 S.W.2d 509, 513 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). 
Relying on Mayfield, appellant contends that he is entitled to such an instruction because he was
charged with conspiracy liability and the evidence shows that appellant did not contemplate the
extent of criminal conduct ultimately committed by Ludwick and Kotaska.  See id.
	We need not decide whether appellant was entitled to the requested instruction under
Mayfield because that opinion is no longer viable in light of the court's more recent decision in
Solomon v. State, No. 73,459, slip. op. (Tex. Crim. App. June 20, 2001).  In Solomon, the court
stated that "there is no enumerated defense of 'independent impulse' in the [Texas] Penal Code, and
appellant's proposed defensive issue would simply negate the conspiracy liability element of the
State's case."  Id. at 17.  Thus, the inclusion of this defense "would be superfluous, and in fact,
would be an impermissible comment on the weight of the evidence."  Id. (discussing Giesberg v.
State, 984 S.W.2d 245, 248-51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)).  The court continued, "All that is required,
then, is for the appropriate portions of the jury charge to track the language of [section] 7.02(b)." 
Id. 
	In accordance with the law of conspiracy liability, the district court properly gave
instructions in the abstract and applied the law to the facts, tracking the statutory language of section
7.02(b).  We overrule appellant's twenty-ninth and thirtieth points of error.

Finding of Use of a Deadly Weapon 
	By his forty-first point of error, appellant argues that the jury's affirmative finding 
that appellant used a deadly weapon in the commission of the offense "must be deleted from the
judgment because the jury was not submitted this issue of whether the [appellant] used a deadly
weapon."  The State concedes this point; therefore, we sustain the appellant's forty-first point of
error. 
CONCLUSION
	We modify the judgment to delete the finding of appellant's use of a deadly weapon
and, as modified, affirm the judgment of the district court.


					__________________________________________
					Lee Yeakel, Justice
Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices Yeakel and Patterson. 
Modified and, as Modified, Affirmed
Filed:   August 30, 2001
Publish
1.      	Liability as a party is liability for the criminal acts of another.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§§ 7.01, .02 (West 1994). 
2.      	Appellant's written confession was typed in capital letters only.  For convenience we have
reproduced it using both capital and lower-case letters, but we have not altered its substance.  
3.      	Section 7.02(a)(2) provides, "A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by
the conduct of another if . . . acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense,
he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense."  Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2) (West 1994).
4.      	Section 7.02(b) provides,

If, in an attempt to carry out a conspiracy to commit one felony, another felony is
committed by one of the conspirators, all conspirators are guilty of the felony actually
committed, though having no intent to commit it, if the offense was committed in
furtherance of the unlawful purpose and was one that should have been anticipated as a
result of the carrying out of the conspiracy.

Id. § 7.02(b).  
5.      	Appellant raised this issue at various points; he filed a motion to force the State to elect a
theory of liability, two motions to quash the indictment, a motion to exclude "party liability" from
the trial, a motion to dismiss the indictment, and objections to the court's charge.  These were either
denied or overruled by the district court.
6.      	The plurality even framed the question as one addressing the defining of crimes rather than one
dealing with the unanimity of a jury.  See Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 630-31 (1991)
("[P]etitioner's real challenge is to Arizona's characterization of first-degree murder as a single
crime as to which a verdict need not be limited to any one statutory alternative, as against which he
argues that premeditated murder and felony murder are separate crimes as to which the jury must
return separate verdicts.").
7.      	"Unless a different construction is required by the context, Sections 311.011, 311.012, 311.014,
311.015, and 311.021 through 311.032 of Chapter 311, Government Code (Code Construction Act),
apply to the construction of this code."  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.05(b) (West 1994).
8.      	Appellant's last paycheck was $226.

