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            DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                No. 15-CF-1001

                          ANGEL BERNAL, APPELLANT,

                                       v.

                           UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.

                     Appeal from the Superior Court of the
                             District of Columbia
                                (CF1-9213-14)

                        (Hon. Michael Ryan, Trial Judge)

(Argued March 8, 2017                                      Decided June 29, 2017)

      Daniel S. Harawa, Public Defender Service, with whom Samia Fam and
Jaclyn S. Frankfurt, Public Defender Service, were on the brief, for appellant.

       Peter S. Smith, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Channing D.
Phillips, United States Attorney, and Elizabeth Trosman, Suzanne Grealy Curt,
Danny Nguyen, and Rebekah Holman, Assistant United States Attorneys, were on
the brief, for appellee.

     Before BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Chief Judge,* MCLEESE, Associate Judge, and
FERREN, Senior Judge.



      *
       Chief Judge Blackburne-Rigsby was an Associate Judge at the time of
argument. Her status changed to Chief Judge on March 18, 2017.
                                         2

       BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Chief Judge: Following a jury trial, appellant Angel

Bernal was found guilty of sexually abusing, over the course of a year-and-a-half,

E.A., the minor daughter of appellant‟s common law wife.1 The government‟s

evidence included testimony from appellant‟s common law wife, Jacqueline

Alvarez, and E.A., and DNA evidence that matched semen found on E.A.‟s

perianal-buttocks and external genitalia to appellant‟s saliva recovered from a

police buccal swab. Appellant‟s sole argument on appeal is that the trial court

erred in granting the government a one-week continuance prior to trial. The

continuance gave the government enough time to procure a second buccal swab of

appellant and match his DNA to semen recovered from E.A. after the trial court

had suppressed the first buccal swab on Fourth Amendment grounds. We conclude

that the trial court did not err, and accordingly did not abuse its discretion, in

granting the government a one week continuance. We affirm.2


      1
         See D.C. Code §§ 22-3008, -3020 (a)(1)-(2) (2012 Repl.), D.C. Code § 22-
3002, -3020 (a)(1)-(2) (2012 Repl.). Specifically, appellant was convicted of four
counts of first-degree child sexual abuse (with aggravating circumstances) and one
count of first-degree sexual abuse (with aggravating circumstances). The
aggravating circumstances in each instance was that the victim, E.A., was “under
the age of 12 years at the time of the offense” and that “the actor [appellant] had a
significant relationship to the victim,” specifically, appellant “acted as E.A.‟s
father-figure for eight years.”
      2
        The government concedes that Counts Three and Four, only, merge.
Accordingly, we remand solely for the trial court to vacate appellant‟s conviction
                                                            (Continued . . .)
                                          3

                                  I.     Background



   A. Factual Background



      Appellant was in an eight-year relationship with Ms. Alvarez and lived in

the same household as Ms. Alvarez and E.A. since E.A. was one year old. E.A.

refers to appellant as “my dad.” According to E.A., appellant sexually abused her

about “twice a week” starting in the second grade. The abuse included both oral

and vaginal penetration.3 Ms. Alvarez did not know about the abuse because it

always occurred at night when Ms. Alvarez was at work at a nearby restaurant.

However, Ms. Alvarez discovered the abuse on May 23, 2014, when she left work

at around 11:00 p.m. without first texting or calling appellant, as she normally

would do. When she got home, she noticed that the bedroom door was locked and,

upon unlocking the door with a key, Ms. Alvarez saw appellant lying with E.A. on

the bed. According to Ms. Alvarez, she saw that appellant “had his hands spread

out on E.A.‟s abdomen,” and that E.A. was pulling up her pajamas. Ms. Alvarez

(. . .continued)
for Count Three. Because the sentences at issue are concurrent, resentencing is not
necessary. See, e.g., Collins v. United States, 73 A.3d 974, 985 (D.C. 2013).
      3
         For example, E.A. testified that appellant “put his parts in my private part”
and, in a separate incident, “tried to put [her] mouth on his private [part].”
                                         4

also noticed that appellant, who was wearing nothing but shorts, had an erect penis

as he stood up. Ms. Alvarez testified that she was in a state of “shock” and was

“devastated.”



      On the morning of May 24, E.A. told Ms. Alvarez that appellant had

vaginally penetrated her the night before. In response, Ms. Alvarez called 911.

The police took E.A. to Children‟s National Medical Center, where a medical

examination was conducted. The medical examination revealed semen present on

E.A.‟s perianal-buttocks and external genitalia.



   B. Police Custody



      Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”) Detective Jonathan Rosnick

arrested appellant at his place of employment in the afternoon of May 24.

Appellant, who was from El Salvador and of limited English-language proficiency,

was interviewed by Detective Rosnick at the Fourth District with the assistance of

Officer William Vega, a certified Spanish-language interpreter.        In Spanish,

Officer Vega read appellant his Miranda4 rights through the Spanish version of


      4
          384 U.S. 436 (1966).
                                           5

MPD‟s PD-47 form. In response to question three, “Do you wish to answer any

questions?”, appellant answered that he did not want to answer questions.

Nonetheless, the police continued their interrogation. The government concedes

that the government‟s failure to respect appellant‟s decision violated his Miranda

rights.       During the subsequent interrogation, appellant confessed to sexually

abusing E.A.5



          Following appellant‟s confession, appellant was moved to the Central

Cellblock at MPD Headquarters; at around 6:00 p.m., Detective Rosnick, alone,

visited appellant for a buccal swab sample. In English and without the presence of

a Spanish interpreter and without first securing a warrant, Detective Rosnick asked

appellant for a saliva sample and appellant, in response, agreed to provide one.

The DNA of the saliva sample matched the semen found on E.A.




          5
         According to the government, appellant admitted to sexually abusing E.A.
for one year, which started in the beginning with him “touch[ing] her legs and her
vagina on top of her clothes,” but that it then escalated to him “penetrating her
vagina with his penis.” Appellant also stated that, “had he not been arrested, it is
possible he would have sexually abused [E.A.] again because he is out of control.”
He also repeatedly said that he was “guilty.”
                                         6

   C. Procedural History



      Appellant filed pre-trial motions to suppress both his confession and DNA

sample, and the trial court conducted a motions hearing on the matter on May 6

and 8, 2015. At the start of the hearing, the government conceded that appellant‟s

confession was the result of a Miranda violation and, accordingly, the government

agreed that it would not introduce the confession in its case-in-chief, and that it

would only introduce the confession “for impeachment purposes should [appellant]

testify.” The court then heard testimony from Officer Vega and Detective Rosnick

on their conduct in procuring the confession and saliva sample.



      At the beginning of the second day of the motions hearing, government

counsel moved for a thirty-day continuance in the trial, which at the time was

slated for May 11, for two reasons. First, the government sought authorization and

additional time to secure a second buccal swab based on the probable cause that

existed at the time of appellant‟s arrest. In the government‟s view, this would

solve the need to consider whether the first swab was taken illegally. Second, the
                                         7

government had received appellant‟s “expert notice for child suggestivity”6 only

three days earlier, so the government sought additional time to consider whether it

“would need to call its own expert for rebuttal.” Appellant opposed continuance of

the trial. Later that day, the trial court orally denied the government‟s motion to

continue “based on the fact that both sides are ready otherwise.” The court noted,

however, that it viewed the government‟s request for authorization to obtain a

second buccal swab “as being one that is separate from the motion to continue” for

both obtaining and testing a second swab. The trial court reserved a formal ruling

on the DNA sample procured by Detective Resnick.



      On May 10, the government filed a written motion for the court to

reconsider its denial of the thirty-day motion to continue based on the same two

grounds it had asserted during the motions hearing on May 8. The government

also asked the court to reconsider its request for appellant to submit to a second

buccal swab. The government stated that, should the court deny its motion to

reconsider its request for thirty days, “the government will request leave to file a

      6
           On May 4, 2015, appellant‟s defense counsel, the Public Defender
Service, notified the government that it may call Dr. Bradley McAuliff, “an expert
in the field of children‟s suggestivity and forensic interviewing.” Specifically, the
expert would be called to discuss how children in particular are susceptible to
giving false information in response to misleading interviewer questions and
confirmation bias.
                                          8

dismissal of the indictment in this case, without prejudice, in order to seek a search

warrant for [appellant‟s] buccal swab.”



      On May 11, the trial court in a written order granted appellant‟s motion to

suppress the DNA evidence recovered from appellant by Detective Resnick at

MPD Headquarters.        The court concluded that the warrantless seizure of

appellant‟s DNA was nonconsensual, even though appellant had agreed to the

buccal swab, because his consent was not knowingly and voluntarily given. See

Martin v. United States, 952 A.2d 181, 186 (D.C. 2008) (“To justify a search [or

seizure] under the consent exception, the government must prove by a

preponderance of the evidence that consent was, in fact, freely and voluntarily

given.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).7 Therefore, suppression

of the sample was warranted as a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The trial

court also concluded that the DNA sample should be suppressed on the alternative

ground that Detective Resnick violated the District of Columbia‟s Interpreter Act.

See D.C. Code § 2-1902 (e)(3) (2012 Repl.). The court ruled that the DNA

      7
          Salient facts that supported the trial court‟s decision include: (1)
appellant‟s lack of familiarity with the legal system; (2) his low level of education;
(3) the lack of a Spanish interpreter at the time; and (4) appellant‟s lack of
confidence that his choice not to give a saliva sample would be respected, given
the police‟s earlier refusal to stop police questioning after appellant had said that
he did not want to answer any more questions.
                                          9

evidence recovered from the buccal swab was inadmissible in the government‟s

case-in-chief, but could be used during rebuttal if appellant “opens the door.”



      Thereafter, the parties met with the trial court to discuss pending matters

before trial. The government stated that the court‟s order did not change its

position on its still-pending motion for reconsideration of the trial court‟s denial of

its motion for a thirty-day continuance. The parties and the court engaged in a

brief colloquy and the court affirmed its decision to deny the government its

request for a thirty-day continuance. However, the court then stated that it was

willing to give the government “a week” based solely on the late expert notice by

appellant‟s counsel. At the government‟s urging, the court also stated that it was

willing to sign the government‟s motion for a second buccal swab because, in the

court‟s view, the government has a “basis for asking for one, independent of [the

sample that the court had] suppressed” earlier. The court emphasized, however,

that “the late-breaking expert witness notice” was the only reason for the one-week

continuance; and although the government could try, the trial court did not care

whether a week gave the government enough time to procure a second DNA test.

Indeed, the trial court expressed some doubts about the feasibility of a second test

given the time constraints. With those conditions, the government agreed with the

court‟s compromise of a one-week continuance.
                                           10

      The government took a second buccal swab of appellant and was ultimately

able to procure a second DNA testing within the one-week confine. Appellant

sought to exclude the second DNA test results as a Super. Ct. Crim. R. 16

violation, but the court denied appellant‟s motion. Thereafter the case went to trial

where the jury heard that the semen found on E.A. matched the second buccal

swab sample provided by appellant. This appeal followed.



                                     II.    Discussion



      On appeal, appellant challenges the trial court‟s decision to grant the

government a one-week continuance.8 Specifically, appellant argues that the trial

court erred in granting the government‟s motion for reconsideration for a thirty-

day continuance because the government did not offer any new information to

justify reconsideration of the court‟s initial ruling.




      8
          We note that appellant does not challenge the trial court‟s decision
authorizing the government to take a second saliva sample from appellant.
Appellant also does not challenge the trial court denial of his request to exclude the
second DNA match as a violation of the government‟s Super. Ct. Crim. R. 16
obligations.
                                         11

      Even assuming, without deciding, 9 that the trial court‟s decision can be

construed as a grant of the government‟s motion for reconsideration in part, we are

not persuaded by appellant‟s argument that a motion for reconsideration can only

be granted when the party seeking reconsideration “presents newly discovered

evidence, [shows that] there has been an intervening change in the law, or . . .




      9
           It is questionable whether the trial court‟s actions here can be
characterized as a grant of a motion for reconsideration when it had affirmatively
denied the government‟s request for a thirty-day continuance, twice. At no time
did the government seek a one-week continuance; rather, it may be more accurate
to characterize the court‟s allowance of a one-week continuance as a sua sponte
action by the court to give the government time to consider appellant‟s late
disclosure of its expert witness. The trial court has considerable discretion in
deciding whether to grant or deny a continuance. Moctar v. United States, 718
A.2d 1063, 1065 (D.C. 1998). “Relevant factors in determining whether there has
been an abuse of discretion include the reasons for the request for a continuance,
the prejudice resulting from its denial, the party‟s diligence in seeking relief, any
lack of good faith, and prejudice to the opposing party.” Brooks v. United States,
130 A.3d 952, 960 (D.C. 2016) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, the government requested a continuance for two reasons: (1) to get a second
buccal swab and DNA testing; and (2) to consider whether the government would
seek a rebuttal expert to appellant‟s expert. While the court rejected the
government‟s first reason, the court did consider whether it would be “reasonably
necessary” and “just” to grant the government a continuance for the second reason.
See id. In so doing, the court appropriately considered the factors that weighed in
favor of a one week continuance, such as the government‟s reason for the request
and the lack of prejudice to appellant, and offered the government a one-week
continuance to specifically evaluate appellant‟s late expert notice.
                                         12

demonstrate[s] that the original decision was based on a manifest error of law or

was clearly unjust.” United States v. Allen, 573 F.3d 42, 53 (1st Cir. 2009).10



      We do not read the trial court‟s authority to grant a motion for

reconsideration so narrowly, especially in light of the great deference we give to

trial courts over issues pertaining to case management. See, e.g., Johnson v.

Washington, 756 A.2d 411, 416 (D.C. 2000). Our recent decision, Marshall v.

United States, 145 A.3d 1014 (D.C. 2016), governs the standard by which a trial

court may revisit an earlier interlocutory decision.       In Marshall, this court

considered the issue of whether the trial court has the authority to reconsider an

order granting a motion to withdraw from a guilty plea. Id. at 1016. We held that

the trial court does have such authority, so long as the reconsideration was

“consonant with justice.” Id. at 1019 (quoting United States v. Jerry, 487 F.2d

      10
          Appellant also relies on the “law-of-the-case” doctrine in arguing that the
court cannot revisit its earlier decision denying the motion to continue. The law-
of-the-case doctrine states that “once the court has decided a point in a case, that
point becomes and remains settled unless or until it is reversed or modified by a
higher court.” Minick v. United States, 506 A.2d 1115, 1116 (D.C. 1986) (per
curiam) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The law-of-the-case
doctrine does not apply, however, to interlocutory rulings that “do not settle the
law of a case and are not conclusive or binding on the trial judge, who has the
ultimate responsibility of deciding the case on the merits.” Sowell v. Walker, 755
A.2d 438, 444 (D.C. 2000) (quoting District of Columbia v. Faison, 728 A.2d 688,
690 (D.C. 1971)). There is no question that the challenged decision here was an
interlocutory decision that was neither conclusive nor binding on the trial court.
                                           13

600, 604-05 (3d Cir. 1973). Specifically, we observed that this court has held that

“trial judges in Superior Court are free to rely on their inherent powers where

superseding procedural rules and constitutional restraints are absent[,]” and that we

have also “noted that while there are no procedural rules (civil or criminal) that

allow for reconsideration of interlocutory orders, nothing prevents a trial court

from doing so while it exercises plenary jurisdiction over a case.” Id. at 1018

(citing Siddiq v. Ostheimer, 718 A.2d 145, 148 (D.C. 1998) and Williams v. Vel

Rey Props., 699 A.2d 416, 419 (D.C. 1997)). Accordingly, we adopted the Third

Circuit‟s standard for criminal motions for reconsideration in Jerry and held that

there are “no procedural restraint[s] to the trial court‟s reconsideration of its earlier

improvident order, so long as it was, in fact, interlocutory, and reconsideration was

„consonant with justice.‟” Id. at 1019 (quoting Jerry, supra, 487 F.2d at 604-05).

For example, in Marshall, we concluded that it was “consonant with justice” for

the trial court to reconsider its ruling on appellant‟s motion to withdraw his guilty

plea because “the case had not proceeded to trial,” the “trial court recognized its

failure to conduct a factual inquiry and fully to analyze factors intended to guide it

in its exercise of discretion,” and “in light of the government‟s proffer” that

“placed the appellant‟s motive for seeking to withdraw his plea into question.” Id.

at 1019-20 (footnotes omitted). Similarly, the trial court in the present case fully

analyzed the government‟s reasons for requesting the continuance, an analysis that
                                          14

is not otherwise apparent from the record because the initial denial of the

continuance was due to both parties being ready for trial.



      Here, the court‟s decision to grant the government a one-week continuance

was also “consonant with justice” because, although the court did not consider it

fair for appellant to wait thirty days to proceed to trial so that the government can

rectify its own initial unlawful action, the court indicated that a seven-day

continuance was appropriate given appellant‟s late disclosure of its expert. Id.

The trial court‟s decision reflects a thoughtful balancing of competing

considerations, which we cannot say was an abuse of discretion.11


      11
          Appellant makes a few additional arguments relating to the motion to
continue that we can address summarily.

        First, appellant argues that the trial court granted the government a
continuance because the court felt threatened by the government‟s proffer that it
would seek to dismiss the case without prejudice if the court did not grant it a
continuance, and that the court failed to recognize that it was authorized to block
the government‟s request for dismissal without prejudice. We are not persuaded
by this argument. Super. Ct. Crim. R. 48 (a)(2) states that, “The government may,
with leave of court, dismiss an indictment.” There is no evidence that the trial
court did not recognize that dismissal required its approval beforehand. “Judges
are presumed to know the law.” Cook v. United States, 828 A.2d 194, 196 n.2
(D.C. 2003). Further, the government‟s written motion expressly stated that,
“Should the [c]ourt deny the government‟s motion to continue . . . the government
will request leave to file a dismissal of the indictment in this case . . . .” (emphasis
added). Accordingly, appellant cannot meet its burden in demonstrating that the
trial court was unaware of its authority in this matter.
                                                                 (Continued . . .)
                                           15

                                  III.     Conclusion



      Based on the preceding reasons, we affirm appellant‟s convictions on

appeal. This case is remanded solely for the trial court to merge Counts Three and

Four, without the need for resentencing.




(. . .continued)
        Second, appellant claims that the trial court should have denied the
continuance because the “not-so-subtle subtext of the government‟s request was
that it „really‟ and „obviously‟ wanted the continuance to test the second sample.”
That may be true but, as appellant concedes, there is no legal ground to prevent the
government from procuring the second buccal swab. Appellant could have
challenged the trial court‟s decision to authorize a second buccal swab, but he did
not do so.

       Third, appellant argues that the trial court lacked discretion to grant the
continuance due to the timing of the expert notice. This argument is without merit.
The trial court has broad discretion to grant or deny a continuance.
