        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 STATE OF WASHINGTON,
                                                          No. 72034-1-1
                        Respondent,
                                                                                      9
                                                          DIVISION ONE
                                                                                       CP
                                                                                       cp
                 v.

                                                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION *£ %
 FRANK EARL YOUELL,

                                                                                            r*-
                       Appellant.                         FILED: July 28, 2014


         Appelwick, J. — Youell appeals his conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm.

He argues that the firearm was discovered pursuant to an unlawful seizure and should

have been excluded. He also contends that the trial court erred when it found that he had

the ability to pay legal financial obligations without inquiring into his individual

circumstances. We affirm.

                                           FACTS

         On June 14, 2012, Tacoma police officers Zachery Wolfe and Tyler Meeds

responded to a 911 call about an armed robbery at East 56th Street and McKinley

Avenue. The caller said the perpetrator was a light-skinned African-American or Native

American male in a black puffy coat and gray pants. When the officers arrived on scene,

they were unable to locate the caller or a possible suspect.

         The officers encountered Frank Youell walking at East 52nd Street and McKinley

Avenue. It was around 12:42 a.m. Youell wore a black puffy coat and blue jeans and

appeared to be of Native American descent. The officers drove up behind Youell and

illuminated him with their spotlight. They then exited the car and approached Youell on

foot.
No. 72034-1-1/2




       The officers asked Youell what he was doing in the area. Youell responded that

he was walking to the corner store at 56th and McKinley, that the store was closed, and

that he was going to the 24 hour 7-Eleven on 40th and McKinley. The officers asked for

Youell's identification, which Youell voluntarily provided.     Officer Wolfe wrote down

Youell's information in his notebook while Officer Meeds continued to speak with Youell.

Officer Wolfe did not immediately return Youell's identification.

       Officer Meeds asked Youell if he had any weapons and Youell responded that he

did not. Officer Meeds also asked if Youell would consent to a frisk of his person, to which

Youell said, "[S]ure." Youell then looked around, started to cry, and whispered, "[0]h my

[G]od, oh my [G]od." This led the officers to suspect that Youell had a weapon, so they

handcuffed Youell. Officer Meeds found a .38 caliber handgun in Youell's waistband. A

records check showed that Youell was a convicted felon.

       The State charged Youell with unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree.

Youell moved to suppress the firearm, arguing that the frisk and subsequent search were

unlawful. The trial court denied his motion and found him guilty as charged.1

       Youell appeals.

                                        DISCUSSION


  I.   Unlawful Seizure


       Youell argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. He

contends that the officers seized him without reasonable suspicion that he committed a

crime. Therefore, he asserts, the firearm they discovered was the fruit of an unlawful



       1 Youell waived his right to a jury trial.
No. 72034-1-1/3




search and should have been excluded. He assigns error to several related findings of

fact and conclusions of law.


      When reviewing the trial court's denial of a motion to suppress, we ask whether

substantial evidence supports the challenged findings of facts and whether the findings

support the trial court's conclusions of law. State v. Gibson. 152 Wn. App. 945, 951, 219

P.3d 964 (2009). Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a rational, fair-

minded person of the finding's truth. State v. Hill. 123 Wn.2d 641, 644, 870 P.2d 313

(1994). We do not assess witness credibility on appeal and instead defer to the trial court

on those determinations. State v. Liden, 138 Wn. App. 110, 117, 156 P.3d 259 (2007).

Unchallenged findings of fact become verities on appeal. Gibson, 152 Wn. App. at 951.

We review conclusions of law de novo. State v. Hinton, 179 Wn.2d 862, 867, 319 P.3d 9

(2014).

      A. Challenged Findings of Fact

      Youell first assigns error to the trial court's finding that "foot traffic in this area at

that time of night was minimal to nonexistent." Youell accurately notes that Officer Wolfe

described foot traffic under those       circumstances as "unusual"—not "minimal to

nonexistent." But, while the trial court took liberties with its phrasing, the salient point

here is that it would be uncommon to encounter a pedestrian in this residential area at

12:42 a.m.    Because Officer Wolfe's testimony was the only evidence the court

considered on this issue, we read the finding of fact to be consistent with his testimony.

      Youell next challenges the finding that Youell "appeared to substantially match the

suspect description." The 911 caller identified four characteristics about the robber: he
No. 72034-1-1/4




was male, either a light-skinned African-American or Native American, wore a black puffy

coat, and wore gray pants.        It is undisputed that Youell matched the first three

characteristics. The only difference was that Youell's pants were blue, not gray. Though

Youell was not an exact match, this was sufficient evidence that he substantially matched

the suspect description.

       Youell further challenges the finding that he told officers that he was "coming from

a store at East 56th Street and McKinley Avenue (the location of the reported robbery)."

(Emphasis added.) Youell argues that the testimony actually shows that he said he was

walking to the store. Youell is correct that, according to Officer Wolfe's testimony, Youell

"said that he is walking to the corner store at 56th and McKinley." However, Officer Wolfe

continued that "[Youell] said that they were closed and that he was going to walk over to

40th and McKinley where there was a 7/11 that's open for 24 hours." When the officers

encountered Youell, he was at 52nd and McKinley. The finding of fact is supported by

the testimony.

       Finally, Youell contests the finding that he said he was "just" coming from the

location of the robbery.   Youell points out that his statement to Officer Wolfe did not

include a timeframe.    However, the evidence supports the court's finding that Youell

indicated he had just come from the location of the robbery. When the officers saw Youell,

he was walking down the street four blocks away from the robbery location. The officers

asked him what he was doing in the area. His response was that he was at 56th and

McKinley and was now headed somewhere else. In other words, Youell was in motion,

a short distance from the location of the robbery, and, when asked what he was presently
No. 72034-1-1/5




doing, said he was coming from that location. A rational, fair-minded person could be

persuaded of the truth of the court's finding that Youell indicated to the officers that he

"just" came from there.

       There is substantial evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact.

       B. Challenged Conclusions of Law

       Youell assigns error to the trial court's conclusion that "the officers did not seize

the defendant until they placed him in handcuffs. Prior to that, the officers had engaged

the defendant in a voluntary and consensual social contract." Youell maintains that he

was seized either when the officers asked him what he was doing or when they asked to

frisk him.


       A seizure occurs when, "'considering all the circumstances, an individual's freedom

of movement is restrained and the individual would not believe he or she is free to leave

or decline a request due to an officer's use of force or display of authority.'" State v.

Harrington. 167 Wn.2d 656, 663, 222 P.3d 92 (2009) (quoting State v. Rankin, 151 Wn.2d

689, 695, 92 P.3d 202 (2004)).       This is an objective standard that looks to the law

enforcement officer's actions and asks whether a reasonable person in the individual's

position would feel he or she was being detained. Id. If a reasonable person under the

circumstances would not feel free to walk away, the encounter is not consensual. Id. at

663-64.


       Youell asserts that, when the officers approached him, a combination of

circumstances constituted a display of authority sufficient to constitute a seizure. Those

circumstances are as follows: the officers used a spotlight to illuminate Youell; the officers
No. 72034-1-1/6




approached Youell in a vehicle while he was on foot; the officers were in uniform and

drove a marked patrol car; and the officers asked Youell what he was doing.

       Shining a spotlight on a defendant does not alone constitute a seizure. State v.

Young, 135Wn.2d498, 514, 957 P.2d 681 (1998). In Young, the officer encountered the

defendant around 9:40 p.m. in an area with a high level of narcotic activity, id. at 501-02.

After Deputy Sheriff Robert Carpenter observed Young acting suspiciously, he drove

toward Young at a normal speed. See id at 502. Young began to walk quickly toward

some bushes, jd. at 503. Deputy Carpenter sped up and shone his spotlight on Young.

Id. Deputy Carpenter saw Young toss a small object near a tree and quickly move away.

]d Deputy Carpenter exited his car and told Young to stop. \_± Deputy Carpenter

retrieved the object, which appeared to contain crack cocaine, jd. He then arrested

Young. Id.

       The Washington Supreme Court found that Young was not seized when Deputy

Carpenter illuminated him with the spotlight. See id. at 514. The court reasoned that

shining a spotlight did not constitute a show of authority such that a reasonable person

would not have felt free to leave, jd at 513-14. The court held that "[mjere illumination

alone, without additional indicia of authority, does not violate the Washington

Constitution." Jg\at514.

       In United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554-55, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 64 L. Ed.

2d 497 (1980), the U.S. Supreme Court provided examples of additional indicia that may

amount to a seizure. These included: the threatening presence of several officers; the

display of a weapon by an officer; physical touching of the citizen's person; and the use
No. 72034-1-1/7




of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be

compelled. Id. The Young court noted that such indicia of authority were absent in the

case before it:


       [Officer Carpenter's actions did not] rise to the level of intrusiveness discussed in
       Mendenhall. Carpenter did not have his siren or emergency lights on. No weapon
       was drawn. The police car did not come screeching to a halt near Young. Young
       was on a public street in public view. The shining of the light on him revealed only
       what was already in plain view.

135 Wn.2d at 512-13.


       Here, the examples from Mendenhall are likewise absent. Instead, Youell offers

the following facts as indicia of authority: the officers asked Youell what he was doing; the

officers were in uniforms and a marked police vehicle; and the officers approached in a

car while Youell was on foot.    However, none of these actions constitute a display of

authority.

       In State v. Armenta, the court recognized that not every encounter between an

officer and a citizen constitutes a seizure. 134 Wn.2d 1, 10, 948 P.2d 1280 (1997). An

officer may engage a person in conversation in a public place and ask for identification

without seizing that person,    jd. at 11.   The officer's questions need not be purely

conversational. For example, in State v. Thorn, the court found that the defendant was

not seized when an officer approached the defendant in a parking lot and asked, "Where

is the pipe?" 129 Wn.2d 347, 349, 354, 917 P.2d 108 (1996), overruled on other grounds

by State v. O'Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 62 P.3d 489 (2003). Here, the officers did not make

a display of authority by approaching Youell on a public street and asking him what he

was doing.
No. 72034-1-1/8




       Nor did the officers' actions constitute a seizure by virtue of their uniforms and

marked patrol car.         As the Mendenhall court recognized, characterizing all street

encounters between citizens and the police as seizures would be "wholly unrealistic." 446

U.S. at 554. To find that the officers displayed authority merely by displaying the insignia

of their profession would elevate virtually all police interactions to seizures. This would

likewise be unrealistic.


       It would be similarly impractical to find that an officer displays authority to a

pedestrian simply by approaching in a vehicle. In Young, the officer was in his patrol car

when he approached the defendant, who was on foot. 135 Wn.2d at 503. The court

noted that the officer did not have his siren or lights on, nor did he come to a screeching

halt. jd. at 513. By contrast, in State v. Gantt, the court found that the defendant was

seized when the officer activated his emergency lights before asking the defendant what

he was doing. 163 Wn. App. 133, 141, 257 P.3d 682 (2011), review denied, 173 Wn.2d

1011, 268 P.3d 943 (2012). The lights were the crucial display of authority, jd; see also

State v. DeArman. 54 Wn. App. 621, 624, 774 P.2d 1247 (1989). Here, the officers did

not flash their lights, activate their siren, or screech to a halt. They merely drove up to

where Youell was walking and exited their vehicle.

       Young is instructive here. Youell was not seized when the officers approached

him, shone a light on him, and asked what he was doing.

       Instead, the encounter was initially a social contact. This contact included the

officers' request for Youell's identification. See Armenta, 134 Wn.2d at 11 ("[A]sking for

officers' identification does not, alone, raise the encounter to an investigative detention.").




                                                  8
No. 72034-1-1/9




Officer Wolfe decided not to immediately return Youell's identification in light of the

reported robbery. But, he did not run a weapons check or otherwise use the identification

to investigate Youell. Compare State v. Crane, 105 Wn. App. 301, 310, 19 P.3d 1100

(2001), overruled on other grounds by State v. O'Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 62 P.3d 489

(2003). He simply held the identification while he and his partner spoke with Youell.

      Youell argues that the subsequent request to frisk, coupled with Officer Wolfe's

retention of Youell's identification, constituted an intrusion substantial enough to seize

him. He notes that "'[requesting to frisk is inconsistent with a mere social contact.'"

(Quoting Harrington, 167 Wn.2d at 669.)       In Harrington, an officer approached the

defendant on the street and engaged him in conversation. Id. at 660-61. The officer

noticed that Harrington was fidgety and kept putting his hands into his pockets, which

bulged. Id. at 661. The officer asked Harrington to remove his hands from his pockets,

jd. Another officer arrived. Id The first officer then asked Harrington if he could frisk

him. ]d

      The Harrington court found that, while this encounter was initially a social contact,

it subsequently rose to the level of a seizure. Id at 662, 670. Together, the control of

Harrington's behavior by asking him to remove his hands, the second officer's sudden

arrival, and the request to frisk created a "progressive intrusion substantial enough to

seize Harrington." See id at 666, 667, 669-70.

      Youell maintains that he was likewise seized when the officers asked to frisk him.

He further challenges the trial court's conclusion that the officers had reasonable

suspicion justifying his seizure and that the weapons frisk was lawful. But, in "certain
No. 72034-1-1/10




situations, a police officer may brieflyfrisk a person to search for weapons that might pose

a risk to officer and bystander safety. When justified, these protective frisks do not violate

the constitutional prohibition against unreasonable invasions of individual privacy." State

v. Russell, No. 89253-9, 2014 WL 3537955, at *1 (Wash. July 10, 2014). In Russell, the

frisk was justified because the officer could point to specific and articulable facts that

supported his belief that Russell might be armed and dangerous. ]d at *3. The officer

recognized Russell from an encounter a week earlier, when Russell had lied about

possessing a weapon. Id During this particular encounter, it was late at night and the

officer was alone.     Id   The court found that these circumstances amounted to a

reasonable safety concern. ]d

       Here, the social contact ended and became an investigatory stop when Youell

answered that he had come from the location of the recent armed robbery. That fact, and

his similaritiesto the description of the suspect inthat robbery, are specific and articulable

facts that made it reasonable for the officers to be concerned about a possible weapon

and to frisk Youell. The request to frisk was a seizure under Harrington. But, the officers'

request to frisk Youell was justified by safety concerns. So, even though Youell was

seized when the officers asked to frisk him—rather than moments later when he was

handcuffed, as the trial court concluded—the seizure was not unlawful and would not

provide a basis to exclude the weapon. The trial court did not err in denying Youell's

motion to suppress.




                                                 10
No. 72034-1-1/11




 II.      Legal Financial Obligations

          RCW 10.01.160(3) requires that "[i]n determining the amount and method of

payment of costs, the court shall take account of the financial resources of the defendant

and the nature of the burden that payment of costs will impose." The trial court ordered

Youell to pay $1,300 in legal financial obligations (LFOs). The court also entered a

boilerplate finding stating that:

          The court has considered the total amount owing, the defendant's past, present
          and future ability to pay legal financial obligations, including the defendant's
          financial resources and the likelihood that the defendant's status will change. The
          court finds that the defendant has the ability or likely future ability to pay the legal
          financial obligations imposed herein. RCW 9.94A.753.

Youell challenges this finding, alleging that the court did not actually consider his financial

status.


          Youell did not challenge the imposition of costs at trial. Issues not raised in the

trial court generally may not be raised for the first time on appeal. RAP 2.5(a); State v.

Ford. 137 Wn.2d 472, 477, 973 P.2d 452 (1999).               Our case law has recognized an

exception for challenges to illegal or erroneous sentences. Id

          Here, it is important to distinguish between mandatory and discretionary LFOs.

Youell's LFOs consisted of $500 of crime victim assessments, $200 for the criminal filing

fee, $100 for the DNA database fee, and $500 of court costs. Crime victim assessments,

DNA fees, and criminal filing fees are mandatory LFOs and the court lacks discretion to

consider a defendant's ability to pay when imposing them. State v. Lundv, 176 Wn. App.

96,102, 308 P.3d 755 (2013). To the extent that the trial court imposed mandatory LFOs,

Youell's sentence was not illegal or erroneous.




                                                     11
No. 72034-1-1/12




       This leaves only the $500 in court costs. But, this item is discretionary. See State

v. Curry, 118Wn.2d 911, 916, 829 P.2d 166(1992). A defendant's failure to object to a

discretionary determination at sentencing waives the right to challenge that determination

on appeal. State v. Calvin, 176 Wn. App. 1,25, 316 P.3d 496, 507 (2013). Youell's failure

to object at trial precludes him from challenging the imposition of court costs for the first

time on appeal. We decline to review this assignment of error.

       The trial court properly denied Youell's motion to suppress.

       We affirm.




WE CONCUR:




        \^q^t (/,                         kx^V^fle, t




                                                 12
