             In the
        Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
         at Fort Worth
     ___________________________

          No. 02-18-00130-CR
     ___________________________

 KING SOLOMAN MALONE, Appellant

                     V.

          THE STATE OF TEXAS


  On Appeal from the 372nd District Court
         Tarrant County, Texas
       Trial Court No. 1469054D


   Before Gabriel, Birdwell, and Bassel, JJ.
  Memorandum Opinion by Justice Gabriel
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant King Soloman Malone appeals from his conviction for possession of

between 4 and 200 grams of cocaine with the intent to deliver. In seven issues, he

challenges the denial of his motion to suppress the evidence found after a warrantless

search of his car, the trial court’s refusal to charge the jury on the circumstances under

which they could disregard the seized evidence, the sufficiency of the evidence to

prove his intent to deliver, and the trial court’s admission at punishment of his prior

convictions. Finding no reversible error, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      In the early morning hours of September 5, 2016, Officer Anthony Arroyo was

patrolling in an area of Fort Worth that has “several neighborhoods . . . that are high-

drug, high-crime areas.” He saw a car going over fifty miles per hour in “a residential

area.” Because the area “usually [had] people that might be intoxicated leaving bars,

leaving clubs,” Arroyo decided to conduct a traffic stop.

      Arroyo turned on the lights of his patrol car and began to chase the speeding

car, which went as fast as sixty miles per hour. The car finally slowed and turned into

a residential driveway. Malone, the driver, began to get out of the car, which Arroyo

found to be “suspicious,” and Arroyo yelled for him to stay in the car. Arroyo

approached the driver’s side of the car and asked for Malone’s driver’s license and

insurance, which he did not have.        When Arroyo asked for his name, Malone

identified himself and gave his birthdate. While he was talking to Malone, Arroyo

                                            2
noticed a bottle in a brown paper sack in the passenger seat, leading him to suspect

Malone was intoxicated.

      Arroyo returned to his patrol car and “ran” Malone’s name through a database

to “find out if he ha[d] a valid driver’s license, if he ha[d] any outstanding warrants or

anything to that effect.” While doing the computer check, Arroyo noticed Malone’s

“head moving around [back and forth and across to the passenger seat], . . .

something [was] kind of weird, and [Malone] already told [Arroyo] that he [did not]

have a license or insurance, but he[] [was] moving around a lot, looking for something

or hiding something,” such as alcohol, weapons, or drugs. The computer check

revealed three “possible” outstanding warrants for Malone’s arrest in Fort Worth.

      Arroyo called for back-up officers. After the other officers arrived, a woman

from inside the house came out to see what was going on, leading Arroyo to discover

that Malone did not live at the house, which Arroyo thought was “fishy” and “weird.”

Arroyo approached the car and saw that Malone was talking on the phone and

smoking a cigarette. Arroyo told Malone to get out of the car so Arroyo could

determine if there were weapons in the car, determine what was “going on,” and

“conduct [the] investigation without having him moving around where [the officers

could not] see him.” Arroyo patted Malone down for weapons, handcuffed him “for

safety reasons,” and told him he was detained. Arroyo also asked Malone for consent

to search his car, which Malone gave.



                                            3
      In searching Malone’s car, officers found baggies of marijuana, a large “rocklike

substance” that appeared to be cocaine, baggies of the same type of substance,

numerous empty baggies, and a razor with cocaine residue. Malone was arrested and

indicted with possession of cocaine with the intent to deliver. See Tex. Health &

Safety Code Ann. § 481.112(a), (d).

      The day before trial, Malone filed a motion to suppress the drugs and

paraphernalia found in his car; the videos taken by Arroyo’s dashboard and body

cameras of the stop, detention, and arrest; and the statements Malone made as a result

of the warrantless search and seizure through an invalid consent. Malone did not

request a hearing on the motion prior to trial and did not object to the State’s

assertion that the defense wished “to run [the motion] concurrently with the trial.”

Malone did object at trial to the State’s proffer of the videos and relied on his

arguments in his motion to suppress. The trial court overruled the objection and

admitted the videos.1 The trial court did, however, sustain Malone’s objection to the

admission of his statements regarding “who own[ed] the drugs.” After the evidence

at the guilt-innocence phase of the trial was closed, Malone “re-urge[d]” his motion to




      1
       Although we commend the State’s attempts to piece together an outside-the-
record explanation of the parties’ understanding of Malone’s motion and how it
would be raised or preserved during the trial, we decline the State’s invitation to look
to evidence that is not contained in the record. We will address this issue as it is
briefed and under the facts presented by the record.


                                           4
suppress, which the trial court denied. A jury found Malone guilty of the charged

offense and assessed his sentence at forty years’ confinement.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

                           A. SUPPRESSION ARGUMENTS

      In his first four points, Malone argues that the trial court erred by denying his

suppression motion and by failing to charge the jury on consent, reasonable suspicion,

and the circumstances barring its consideration of his statements to the officers. We

overrule these points for the following reasons.

                                1. Denial of Motion

                                a. Review standards

      We apply a bifurcated standard of review to a trial court’s ruling on a motion to

suppress. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v.

State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We defer almost totally to a trial

court’s rulings on questions of historical fact and application-of-law-to-fact questions

that turn on evaluating credibility and demeanor, but we review de novo application-

of-law-to-fact questions that do not turn on credibility and demeanor.         Amador,

221 S.W.3d at 673; Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005);

Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The prevailing party is

entitled to “the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences

that may be drawn from that evidence.” State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008). We may uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is supported by

                                           5
the record and is correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. See State v.

Stevens, 235 S.W.3d 736, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

                         b. Failure to hold pretrial hearing

      Malone asserts that the trial court “should have” heard his motion “separately.”

The trial court had the sole discretion to hold or not hold a hearing on the motion.

See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 28.01, § 1(6); Calloway v. State, 743 S.W.2d 645,

649–50 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). In light of the fact that Malone agreed to not address

the issue pretrial but to address it during the trial as the issue arose, we cannot

conclude that the failure to hold a hearing before trial was an abuse of that statutory

discretion. See Calloway, 743 S.W.2d at 649–50.

                      c. Reasonable suspicion for detention

      Malone posits that the temporary detention was not supported by reasonable

suspicion because Arroyo did not have specific, articulable facts upon which to

rationally infer that Malone was or would be engaged in criminal activity. The

lawfulness of a brief investigative detention or seizure is determined based on the

totality of the circumstances known to the officer at the time. See State v. Cortez,

543 S.W.3d 198, 203–04 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Manyvorn v. State, No. 02-18-00451-

CR, 2019 WL 3244494, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 18, 2019, no pet. h.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication). Generally, an officer may stop and detain

someone if the officer has reasonable suspicion to believe a traffic violation occurred.



                                           6
See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810 (1996); Cortez, 543 S.W.3d at 204; Powell v.

State, 5 S.W.3d 369, 376–79 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d).

      Arroyo testified that Malone was speeding in the early morning hours through

a high-crime, residential area that was prone to drunk drivers. At the beginning of the

traffic stop, Arroyo noticed that Malone was acting suspiciously and that a bottle in a

brown paper bag was on the passenger seat. Arroyo discovered that Malone had

three possible warrants during the extended stop and saw Malone acting as if he knew

he would be going to jail. These facts, viewed objectively, were sufficiently specific to

provide Arroyo with the reasonable suspicion that Malone was engaging in criminal

activity, justifying the traffic stop, the further investigation, and the temporary

detention. See, e.g., Lerma v. State, 543 S.W.3d 184, 190–95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018);

Jones v. State, No. 14-15-00612-CR, 2016 WL 6886832, at *5–6 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] Nov. 22, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Reed v.

State, 308 S.W.3d 417, 420–21 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); Hicks v. State,

255 S.W.3d 351, 354 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.).

                                d. Voluntary consent

      Malone argues that his consent to search the car, which led to the discovery of

the controlled substances and paraphernalia, was involuntary; thus, he concludes that

the evidence should have been suppressed. To support his argument, Malone points

to the fact that he was handcuffed when he consented to the search, which he claims

renders his consent involuntary because he had not been informed of his rights as is

                                            7
required after an arrest. It was the State’s burden to prove the voluntariness of

Malone’s consent by clear and convincing evidence based on the totality of the

circumstances. See Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 459–60 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

We defer to the trial court’s fact-intensive determination unless it was clearly

erroneous. See id. at 460.

      Malone’s involuntariness contention assumes that his handcuffing resulted in

the transformation of the temporary detention into an arrest. This is not correct. See

State v. Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d 281, 289 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Arroyo testified that he

handcuffed Malone for officer safety and in response to Malone’s behavior:

      Usually if somebody lights up a cigarette, it means, in my experience in
      making arrests for this exact same thing, they believe they’re going to jail.
      Making a phone call, calling mom, girlfriend, wife, daughter, Hey, come
      get my car; Hey, come bring me money, I’m going to jail; Please put
      money on my books, And that’s what I believed.

             ....

             We don’t want other family members showing up, because usually
      somebody going to jail, putting handcuffs on, basically gets people
      heated and we don’t want . . . to get hurt by someone else’s family
      member getting mad because their family member is going to jail, but I
      also don’t want to hurt somebody because of somebody else’s bad
      decision.

Given the totality of the circumstances presented to the trial court through Arroyo’s

testimony and the videos, we cannot conclude that the trial court clearly erred by

implicitly concluding that Malone’s consent to search was voluntary based on clear

and convincing evidence. See, e.g., id. at 290–92; Nunez-Hernandez v. State, No. 10-17-


                                           8
00039-CR, 2019 WL 2557455, at *2–4 (Tex. App.—Waco June 19, 2019, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication); Lightfoot v. State, No. 07-17-00226-CR,

2018 WL 5020650, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct. 16, 2018, pet. ref’d) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication); Reed v. State, No. 2-03-157-CR, 2004 WL 1354068, at

*3–5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 17, 2004, no pet.) (not designated for

publication).

                           2. Requested Jury Instructions

      Malone requested three instructions be included in the jury charge, each

relating to the jury’s consideration of evidence possibly subject to the exclusionary

rule. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a). The trial court denied each

request. Malone contends that because his motion to suppress had been denied and

because the jury had heard the evidence that was the subject of that motion, “jurors

should be allowed to decide these issues.”

      The code of criminal procedure provides that a trial court must instruct a jury

to resolve factual disputes involving the exclusionary rule:

      In any case where the legal evidence raises an issue [regarding the
      exclusionary rule], the jury shall be instructed that if it believes, or has a
      reasonable doubt, that the evidence was obtained in violation of the
      provisions of [the exclusionary rule], then and in such event, the jury
      shall disregard any such evidence so obtained.

Id. The trial court’s mandatory duty to so charge a jury is triggered only if there is a

factual dispute as to how the evidence was obtained. See Thomas v. State, 723 S.W.2d

696, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Garza v. State, 18 S.W.3d 813, 827 (Tex. App.—Fort

                                             9
Worth 2000, pet. ref’d). Here, Malone called no witness to controvert the testimony

of the officer, and the evidence did not raise a fact issue concerning consent,

reasonable suspicion, or voluntariness. Thus, there was no factual dispute of how the

evidence was obtained; therefore, the trial court was not required to include the

requested instructions under article 38.23(a). See Thomas, 723 S.W.2d at 707; Garza,

18 S.W.3d at 827.

                                  B. SUFFICIENCY

      In his fifth point, Malone argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that

he possessed the cocaine with the intent to deliver it. We view all the evidence in the

light most favorable to the jury’s verdict and determine whether any rational fact-

finder could have found Malone’s intent beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Queeman v. State, 520 S.W.3d 616, 622 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2017).

      Malone recognizes that intent may be proven circumstantially but contends that

“[t]he State could have done much more to prove intent to deliver.” Our question is

not whether the State should have offered more evidence than it did; our question is

whether the evidence the State did offer was sufficient to satisfy due process. See

Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 526 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (concluding intermediate

appellate court “did not consider all of the evidence, and in conducting its review of

the evidence, . . . improperly used a ‘divide-and-conquer’ approach, separating each



                                          10
piece of evidence offered to support Appellant’s conviction, followed by speculation

on the evidence [the] State did not present”).

      The evidence of Malone’s intent was sufficient. Malone was arrested in a high-

crime area at a time of day when it could reasonably be expected that he was driving

drunk. Malone was the lone occupant of a car in which a substantial amount of

cocaine was found. Some of the cocaine was in a large lump; the rest had been split

into smaller portions and bagged. A razor with cocaine residue was also found. One

of the responding officers testified that the amount of cocaine found and the way it

was packaged were more consistent with delivery than with personal use.             This

evidence allowed a rational jury to reasonably find that Malone possessed the cocaine

with the intent to deliver. See, e.g., Harris v. State, No. 07-17-00292-CR, 2019 WL

1908124, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 29, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication); Hicks, 255 S.W.3d at 355. We overrule point five.

               C. ADMISSION OF PRIOR OFFENSES AT PUNISHMENT

      In his final two points, Malone argues that the trial court abused its discretion

by overruling his objections to and admitting his prior felony convictions from Iowa

because they were not properly authenticated and because the State failed to

sufficiently link him to the convictions. We review the admission of prior-conviction

evidence at the punishment phase of trial for an abuse of discretion. See Hicks v. State,

No. 06-02-00064-CR, 2003 WL 21823420, at *5 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Aug. 8, 2003,

pet. dism’d, untimely filed) (not designated for publication).

                                           11
        During the punishment phase of trial, the State or the defendant may introduce

evidence that the trial court deems relevant to sentencing, including the defendant’s

prior criminal record. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 3. A state’s

records of a defendant’s prior convictions are admissible if they are properly

authenticated and if the convictions are sufficiently connected to the defendant. See

Reed v. State, 811 S.W.2d 582, 586–87 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g); Phariss v.

State, 194 S.W.2d 1007, 1007 (Tex. Crim. App. 1946); Hicks, 2003 WL 21823420, at

*5–6.

        Malone asserts that the Iowa records were not authenticated, and therefore

were inadmissible, because they did not have seals showing they were official copies

of the original records. See Tex. R. Evid. 902(1). But the Iowa records were certified

and signed (1) by an officer of the Iowa Medical and Classification Center, attesting

that the criminal records pertained to Malone, and (2) by the presiding judge of the

Iowa District Court, attesting that the officer’s signature was genuine. See Tex. R.

Evid. 902(2). These records were sufficiently authenticated to justify their admission.

See Billington v. State, No. 08-12-00144-CR, 2014 WL 669555, at *2 (Tex. App.—El

Paso Feb. 19, 2014, no pet.) (not designated for publication).

        Malone also contends that the State did not sufficiently show that the Iowa

records were linked to him. When an authenticated copy of a defendant’s criminal

record is admitted into evidence, the State must show by independent evidence that

the defendant is the person shown in those records. See Beck v. State, 719 S.W.2d 205,

                                          12
210 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Woods v. State, No. 02-17-00367-CR, 2018 WL 5289461,

at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 25, 2018, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication). The State has many options by which to link a conviction to the

defendant. Flowers v. State, 220 S.W.3d 919, 921–22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). One

such way is through documentary proof, such as a judgment, that contains sufficient

information to establish both the existence of a prior conviction and the defendant’s

identity as the person convicted. Id. at 922. In any event, the trier of fact has the

responsibility to fit the pieces of the identity puzzle together to determine if they

sufficiently form a picture of the defendant as the person in the records. Id. at 923.

      During punishment, the State called as a witness a records manager for the

Tarrant County Sheriff’s Office, Stacy Turner. Turner testified to and the trial court

admitted Malone’s jail records from the Tarrant County Jail, which included Malone’s

birthdate, social-security number, county-identification number, picture, fingerprints,

and general physical characteristics. Malone did not object to Turner’s testimony

about the records or to the admission of those records. Turner stated that she

occasionally testifies in order to match Tarrant County’s jail records to “records from

other areas.” The State offered and the trial court admitted several exhibits regarding

the Iowa convictions:

      • the Iowa officials’ attestations as to the authenticity of the records;

      • a fingerprint card;

      • a mug shot;

                                           13
      • a 2009 judgment and sentence for two counts of possession of a controlled
      substance with the intent to deliver, for “carrying weapons,” and for theft; and

      • a 1981 sentencing order finding Malone guilty of “Voluntary Absence.”

Turner matched the identifying information in the Iowa records to Malone’s

information in the Tarrant County records. She also explained that Tarrant County

would not put an identification number on a document unless the person’s

fingerprints had been analyzed and found to match the fingerprints associated with

that number. The evidence offered by the State was sufficient to allow the fact-finder

to compare the information in the Tarrant County records to the information in the

Iowa records and to reasonably determine that Malone was the person referred to in

the authenticated Iowa documents. See, e.g., Posada v. State, No. 06-16-00184-CR, 2017

WL 3205580, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana May 19, 2017, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not

designated for publication); Billington, 2014 WL 669555, at *3–4; Yeager v. State,

737 S.W.2d 948, 951–52 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1987, no pet.).

      The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the Iowa records over

Malone’s authentication objection. And the State sufficiently linked Malone to those

records through matching identifying information in Tarrant County’s records and

through the testimony of a Tarrant County records custodian. This evidence raised a

fact issue regarding Malone’s identity, which was for the fact-finder to resolve. We

overrule points six and seven.



                                         14
                                III. CONCLUSION

      The trial court did not err by denying Malone’s motion to suppress or by

denying his requested jury instructions on the issue. The evidence was sufficient to

support the jury’s verdict that Malone possessed the cocaine with the intent to deliver.

Finally, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the properly

authenticated documents regarding Malone’s prior convictions from Iowa, which the

State thereafter sufficiently linked to him. We have overruled Malone’s issues on

these bases and now affirm the trial court’s judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a).


                                                      /s/ Lee Gabriel

                                                      Lee Gabriel
                                                      Justice

Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

Delivered: August 22, 2019




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