     Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
     Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
     303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
     corrections@akcourts.us.



              THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

DIEGO K. and CATHARINE K.,     )
                               )                       Supreme Court No. S-16374
               Appellants,     )
                               )                       Superior Court No. 4SM-14-00002 CN
     v.                        )
                               )                       OPINION
STATE OF ALASKA, DEPARTMENT )

OF HEALTH & SOCIAL SERVICES, )                         No. 7226 – February 23, 2018

OFFICE OF CHILDREN’S SERVICES, )

                               )
               Appellee.       )
                               )

             Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska,
             Fourth Judicial District, Bethel, Dwayne W. McConnell,
             Judge.

             Appearances: Renee McFarland, Assistant Public Defender,
             and Quinlan Steiner, Public Defender, Anchorage, for
             Appellant Diego K. William T. Montgomery, Assistant
             Public Advocate, Bethel, and Richard K. Allen, Public
             Advocate, Anchorage, for Appellant Catharine K.
             Kathryn R. Vogel, Assistant Attorney General, Anchorage,
             and Jahna Lindemuth, Attorney General, Juneau, for
             Appellee. Justin Facey, Assistant Public Advocate, and
             Richard K. Allen, Public Advocate, Anchorage, on behalf of
             minor.

             Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, Bolger,
             and Carney, Justices.

             CARNEY, Justice.
I.     INTRODUCTION
              Parents appeal from a superior court’s order that the Office of Children’s
Services (OCS) had satisfied the Indian Child Welfare Act’s (ICWA) requirements
authorizing the removal of their daughter, an Indian child, from their custody.1 Because
the court relied on information that was not in evidence to make the required ICWA
removal findings,2 we vacate the order authorizing removal.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              Diego K. and Catharine K. have a 16-year-old daughter, Mary,3 who is an
Indian child as defined by ICWA.4 OCS took emergency custody of Mary and her older
brother Claude in March 2014. It acted following a December 2013 report that Claude
had been medivaced out of the family’s village due to alcohol poisoning and that his
parents had been too intoxicated to accompany him, and a March 2014 report that Diego
and Catharine were intoxicated and fighting in their home. OCS alleged in its emergency


       1
              Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901-1963 (2012). ICWA
establishes “minimum Federal standards for the removal of Indian children from their
families and [for] the placement of such children in foster or adoptive homes which will
reflect the unique values of Indian culture.” 25 U.S.C. § 1902.
       2
              Before a trial court may issue an order removing an Indian child from the
child’s parent the court must make two findings. 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d)-(e). First, OCS
“shall satisfy the court that active efforts have been made to provide remedial services
and rehabilitative programs designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian family and that
these efforts have proved unsuccessful”; this is known as an active efforts finding.
25 U.S.C. § 1912(d). Second, the court must make “a determination, supported by clear
and convincing evidence, including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the
continued custody of the child by the parent . . . is likely to result in serious emotional
or physical damage to the child.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(e).
       3
              We use pseudonyms to protect the family’s privacy.
       4
              See 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4).

                                           -2-                                       7226

petition that the court should make child in need of aid (CINA) findings under a number
of sections of AS 47.10.011:5 (6) (physical harm), (8)(B) (mental injury), (9) (neglect),
and (10) (substance abuse).6 At the emergency custody hearing Diego and Catharine
stipulated to probable cause that their children were in need of aid under AS 47.10.011,
without admitting any of the facts alleged in the petition, and to temporary OCS custody
pending an adjudication hearing.      In August Diego and Catharine stipulated to
adjudication of both children as children in need of aid under AS 47.10.011(9) (neglect),
and to continued temporary OCS custody pending disposition.
               The superior court held a disposition hearing over two days in December
and January. OCS argued for an order authorizing it to remove the children from their
parents’ home;7 the parents urged the court to grant OCS only the authority to supervise
the family.8




      5
              AS 47.10.011 sets forth 12 grounds on which a child may be determined
to be in need of aid.
      6
             The petition alleged that as a result of the parents’ substance abuse, the
children were in need of aid because they were being neglected and had suffered both
physical harm and mental injury. It stated the children were neglected when the parents
were too intoxicated to accompany Claude for medical treatment and that the children
were at risk of physical harm and mental injury at that time, as well as when the
intoxicated parents were fighting.
      7
             See AS 47.10.080(c)(1) (authorizing court to find child to be in need of aid
and order child placed in OCS’s temporary custody).
      8
           See AS 47.10.080(c)(2) (authorizing court to find child to be in need of aid
and order OCS supervision over child while remaining in custody of its parent or
guardian).

                                           -3-                                     7226

             In support of its removal request, OCS called an expert as required by
ICWA section 1912(e).9 OCS offered Dr. Valerie Warren as an expert in clinical
psychology with experience treating Native patients. The court qualified Dr. Warren
over the parents’ objections. She testified that the parents’ continued custody of Claude
and Mary placed the children at a serious risk of harm, and that, in her opinion, the
children could not be safely returned to their parents as long as the parents continued to
drink alcohol.
             The OCS caseworker assigned to work with the family testified that the
parents’ drinking and domestic violence placed the children at risk, that there was a
serious problem with mold on the walls throughout the family’s home, and that she
believed these threats still existed. In response to questioning about the efforts she had
made to prevent the breakup of the family, the OCS caseworker testified that she had
referred the parents to family counseling with Dr. Warren, helped the parents fill out
paperwork for housing assistance to receive grants to repair their home, and referred
them for substance abuse counseling and urinalysis testing in the village. She also
testified to the services provided to the children, including assisting Mary with personal
hygiene and enrolling her in recreational camps, as well as helping Claude join an
AmeriCorps program and flying Catharine to his AmeriCorps graduation ceremony.10


      9
             “No foster care placement may be ordered . . . in the absence of a
determination, supported by clear and convincing evidence, including testimony of
qualified expert witnesses, that the continued custody of the child by the parent . . . is
likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.” 25 U.S.C.
§ 1912(e) (emphasis added).
      10
              AmeriCorps is a national network of service programs that engage
volunteers to provide services to local communities and non-profits. AmeriCorps FAQs,
CORP. FOR NAT’L & COMMUNITY SERV., https://www.nationalservice.gov/programs/
americorps/join-americorps/americorps-faqs (last visited Jan. 9, 2018).

                                           -4-                                      7226

She stated that OCS had provided calling cards so the children could call their parents
and had arranged family visits in the village where the children were in foster care.
              The court found that the children continued to be children in need of aid
due to their parents’ substance abuse.11 Largely because of deficiencies in Dr. Warren’s
testimony, the court held that OCS had not proven by clear and convincing evidence that
the children were likely to suffer harm if returned to their parents’ care. The court found
that OCS had not made active efforts to prevent the breakup of the family as required
under 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d) because most of its efforts were “directed at enriching the
lives of the children.” The court therefore ordered Mary returned to her parents but
placed her under OCS supervision.12 The court ordered the parents not to consume
alcohol, and it ordered OCS to arrange urinalysis testing to verify the parents’ sobriety,
to assist them in obtaining new integrated assessments for both alcohol abuse and mental
health and in following the assessments’ recommendations, and to assist the parents in
removing mold from the family home.13
              The court monitored the family’s situation by holding regular status
hearings. Between January 2015 and April 2016 the court held six hearings, five of
which were scheduled as status hearings and one as a “potential removal hearing,”
although it was then treated as a status hearing. During each hearing OCS caseworkers



       11
              AS 47.10.011(10) (substance abuse).
       12
              See AS 47.10.080(c)(2). The court found that Claude was a child in need
of aid but ordered him released from OCS custody because he would be 18 in 10 days
and was “unlikely to benefit from any additional contact with [OCS].”
       13
              At a later hearing in March 2015 the court expressed its continued concern
that the extensive mold could make the home unlivable, noted that mold remediation can
require special chemicals which might be difficult to obtain in the family’s village, and
ordered OCS to provide the family the needed chemicals.

                                           -5-                                       7226

provided updates about the efforts they had made to comply with the court’s orders, the
parents’ activities since the last hearing, and Mary’s condition.14 Four of the hearings —
on March 24, 2015; August 11, 2015; January 14, 2016; and February 18, 2016 — were
informal meetings at which no evidence was admitted. Instead, OCS provided the court
and parties with information relating to the status of counseling referrals, the parents’
alcohol testing, Mary’s school attendance and behavioral issues in school, and the social
workers’ visits to the family’s home. At each hearing there were reports that Mary was
regularly missing school. In addition, the parties discussed scheduling and other
administrative matters.
              At two of the status hearings OCS caseworkers testified under oath about
the family’s progress. In September 2015 OCS moved for removal findings authorizing
it to take Mary into temporary OCS custody. OCS called the then-assigned caseworker
and a village police officer as witnesses after they had visited the family and found both
parents intoxicated at home. OCS asked the court to qualify the local village’s ICWA
worker, Daphne Joe, as an expert, but the parents objected that they had not received
notice of the proposed expert or an expert report. The court did not qualify her as an
expert. It also declined to make removal findings but noted it did not want Mary to
remain in her parents’ home until the hearing could be held at a later date, and it asked
the parties to come to an agreement allowing her to stay with relatives in the village. The
court then set a “potential removal hearing” for November.




       14
             Over the course of the case three social workers were assigned to work with
the family. The first was assigned following the emergency removal in March 2014 until
sometime in the summer of 2015. The second appeared at the August 2015 status
hearing and worked with the family through the status hearing in January 2016. The
third appeared at the February 2016 status hearing and the removal hearing in April.

                                            -6-                                      7226

              The “potential removal hearing” was held in November 2015 as scheduled.
Although the parties had agreed Mary would live with relatives, it was reported that she
was living in her parents’ home. The hearing had been continued because OCS planned
to call Daphne Joe as an expert, but it did not and relied instead on Dr. Warren’s prior
testimony. The parents called Joe to testify that she had recently visited the family home,
and she had found Mary and Catharine in the home with no sign of alcohol on the
premises. OCS then moved to qualify Joe as an expert, but the court declined to do so.15
The OCS worker testified that Mary was still not attending school regularly. After the
case worker’s testimony OCS asked the court to authorize it to remove Mary from her
parents’ home. The court again declined to remove Mary but again ordered the parents
not to drink and scheduled another status hearing.
              At the next status hearing, in January 2016, no one was placed under oath.
The same social worker and Mary provided updates to the court about Mary’s attendance
and performance at school. The court scheduled another status hearing for February.
              At the February 2016 hearing OCS renewed its request that the court allow
it to place Mary in a foster home. No evidence was presented, but the parties agreed that
the court should schedule a removal hearing.
              The court held a removal hearing in April 2016. OCS called a number of
witnesses in support of its request to remove Mary from her parents’ home. The
principal of Mary’s school testified that Mary had an absentee rate of 75% and was
failing all of her classes. She testified that Mary’s parents had never called the school
about her absences. The social worker who had recently assumed responsibility for the
case testified that he had done nothing to address the mold in the home or to obtain an
alcohol assessment for Diego. He stated that he had attempted to talk to Mary about


       15
              The court noted that it would “take [her testimony] for what it’s worth.”

                                           -7-                                       7226
missing school but that she had refused to speak to him. The village’s administrator
testified that Diego and Catharine had not been attending the sobriety checks that OCS
had arranged with village police officers. However he noted that the village police office
was often empty as officers had to go into the village to assist with other matters.
              OCS asked the court to find that removal was authorized based on the
parents’ substance abuse, domestic violence, and neglect. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the court noted that the parents’ behavior had not changed and that Mary’s
situation had deteriorated. It found by clear and convincing evidence that Mary was
“being harmed by the lack of parental supervision, being harmed by the lack of what the
parents should do to foster a growing, healthy child.” The court ordered Mary removed
from her parents’ home. Catharine’s attorney reminded the court that it was required to
make a finding regarding active efforts. After first finding that the parents had not made
active efforts, the court corrected itself and found that OCS had made the necessary
active efforts to prevent the breakup of the Indian family. The court based its finding on
statements by OCS social workers during the January and February 2016 status hearings.
Catharine’s attorney objected to the findings.
             Two days after the removal hearing the parents filed a joint motion to stay
the court’s order. The parents argued that the court had inappropriately relied upon
unsworn statements by OCS caseworkers to make its active efforts finding. The court
denied their motion to stay and issued a supplemental order stating that it had also
considered testimony from the status hearings in September and November 2015. The
parents appeal.
             We remanded this case to the superior court in June 2017 for additional
findings regarding its removal order. Following remand the superior court issued an
order clarifying that in making its removal findings it had “[taken] into account all
previous hearings that occurred,” including unsworn statements made by OCS

                                           -8-                                         7226

social workers during status hearings.
III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
             “We review a superior court’s findings of fact for clear error.”16 We review
“de novo whether a superior court’s findings satisfy the requirements of the CINA and
ICWA statutes and rules.”17
IV.    DISCUSSION
             The parents argue that the trial court failed to make the required ICWA
findings necessary to remove their daughter from their home. Before removing an Indian
child from the child’s parents the court “shall inquire into and determine . . . whether
active efforts have been made to provide remedial services and rehabilitative programs
as required by 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d).”18 The court cannot enter a disposition order if it
finds that the requirements of 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d) have not been met.19
             The trial court’s order following remand affirmed that it took into account
all prior hearings in reaching its decision to authorize Mary’s removal, including status
hearings at which only unsworn statements were presented. The parents argue that it was
reversible error for the trial court to consider unsworn statements in making its
determination because CINA Rule 3(h) states “testimony must be given under oath or



       16
              Pravat P. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s
Servs., 249 P.3d 264, 269 (Alaska 2011) (quoting Dale H. v. State, Dep’t of Health &
Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 235 P.3d 203, 209 (Alaska 2010)).
       17
             Id. at 270 (quoting Dale H., 235 P.3d at 210).
       18
             CINA Rule 10.1(b)(1). “Active efforts must be proven by clear and
convincing evidence.” Christina J. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of
Children’s Servs., 254 P.3d 1095, 1108 (Alaska 2011).
       19
             CINA Rule 10.1(b)(2).

                                           -9-                                     7226

affirmation as required by Evidence Rule 603.”20 Alaska Evidence Rule 603 requires
that “[b]efore testifying, every witness shall be required to declare that the witness will
testify truthfully, by oath or affirmation administered in a form calculated to awaken the
witness’ conscience and impress the witness’ mind with the duty to do so.”21 The parents
argue that because the OCS workers did not take an oath before updating the court at
various status hearings, their unsworn statements are not evidence, and cannot support
the court’s order authorizing removal.
               Black’s Law Dictionary defines “evidence” in relevant part as “[t]he
collective mass of things, esp[ecially] testimony and exhibits, presented before a tribunal
in a given dispute.”22 To become evidence, that is, part of the collective mass of things
for a tribunal’s consideration, the information must be proffered and admitted as required
by the rules of the tribunal.23 The Alaska Rules of Evidence establish the requirements
for the “things” that can be considered by a superior court.24 The OCS workers’ unsworn




       20
              CINA Rule 3(h).
       21
              Alaska R. Evid. 603.
       22
              Evidence, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
       23
              See Alaska R. Evid. 103 (outlining considerations for rulings on evidence).
Proffered evidence is “[e]vidence that is offered to the court to obtain a ruling on its
admissibility.” Proffered evidence, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
Admissible evidence is “[e]vidence that is relevant and is of such a character (e.g., not
unfairly prejudicial, based on hearsay, or privileged) that the court should receive it.”
Admissible Evidence, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
       24
              Alaska R. Evid. 101.

                                           -10-                                      7226

statements were not presented to the trial court as required by the Alaska Rules of
Evidence.25
              Our evidence rules were promulgated to promote efficiency and fairness
in the administration of justice, to ensure just proceedings, and to safeguard our judicial
system and the rule of law on which it depends.26 Preserving the rule of law requires that
courts take actions based on the evidence before them, and to that end, the rules of
evidence and procedure limit the form of information that may be introduced in court
proceedings.27    Some information, such as hearsay or unnecessarily prejudicial
information, may therefore be excluded from the court’s consideration to preserve the
integrity of and promote public confidence in our judicial system.28
              In cases involving issues of such fundamental importance as parents’ rights
to raise their children, it is imperative that the legal system act with great care to protect



       25
              See Alaska R. Evid. 603.
       26
              See Alaska R. Evid. 102 (“These rules shall be construed to secure fairness
in administration . . . and promotion of growth and development of the law of evidence
to the end that truth may be ascertained and proceedings justly determined.”).
       27
                Cf. Patterson v. GEICO Gen. Ins. Co., 347 P.3d 562, 573-74 (Alaska 2015)
(“The superior court had a duty to ensure that the trial was fair to [both parties]. The
court took reasonable action to control the proceedings and prevent . . . introducing
irrelevant facts and prejudicial arguments . . . . The court did not abuse its discretion by
limiting . . . statements to the relevant evidence.”); Vachon v. Pugliese, 931 P.2d 371,
381 (Alaska 1996) (affirming superior court which made sua sponte evidentiary rulings
to exclude inadmissible evidence); see also Alaska R. Evid. 611(a) (requiring court
control presentation of evidence).
       28
             See Alaska R. Evid. 102, 403, 802. But see CINA Rule 10(b)(3)
(permitting use of hearsay under certain circumstances in temporary custody hearing);
17(e) (permitting same in disposition hearing); 18(f) (permitting more limited use of
hearsay under certain circumstances at trial to terminate parental rights).

                                            -11-                                        7226

parties’ rights.29 Adherence to our legal system’s foundational principles and the
safeguards put in place to ensure fair treatment of litigants must therefore be strict in such
cases.
              It is true, however, that CINA cases differ in many important ways from
other civil cases. Because the focus in CINA cases is to prevent the breakup of the
family,30 many CINA cases proceed in ways that differ noticeably from the customary
adversarial approach to litigation.         CINA cases require ongoing effort and
communication between parents, attorneys, social workers, guardians ad litem, various
treatment and other professionals, and the court. In light of this reality, courts often
schedule hearings to receive periodic updates on progress being made and its effect upon
future court proceedings. These hearings are appropriate to provide such administrative
and scheduling information in a relatively informal manner.
              However, when the focus of such a hearing shifts to matters requiring the
court to make specific factual findings and legal conclusions — such as whether probable
cause exists to award temporary custody of a child to OCS, whether reasonable or active


         29
             See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-54 (1982) (“If anything,
persons faced with forced dissolution of their parental rights have a more critical need
for procedural protections . . . .”); Debra P. v. Laurence S., 309 P.3d 1258, 1261 (Alaska
2013) (holding making final custody determination without sufficient notice violated
mother’s due process rights).
         30
              Alaska’s CINA statutes authorize state intervention in a family with the
goal of “promot[ing] the child’s welfare and the parents’ participation in the upbringing
of the child to the fullest extent consistent with the child’s best interests.”
AS 47.10.005(1). Congress passed ICWA to address the “alarmingly high percentage
of Indian families . . . broken up by the removal, often unwarranted, of their children”
and “to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families.” 25 U.S.C. §§
1901-1902 (2012). ICWA therefore requires proof that active efforts were made to
prevent the breakup of the family before an Indian child may be removed from her home.
§ 1912(d).

                                            -12-                                        7226

efforts were made, or any of the other specific findings required by state and federal
law — then the court’s decision must be based only upon evidence admitted pursuant to
legal rules. The Alaska Rules of Evidence regulate the admissibility of evidence in
Alaska courts. They govern all CINA proceedings, unless otherwise specified in the
CINA Rules.31 In this case the court relied on information it received at a number of
hearings at which no evidence was admitted. This was error.
              OCS argues that the parents failed to preserve this issue because they did
not object at each hearing at which unsworn statements were made to the court and
parties.32 But the parents were not aware until after the court had already relied upon the
unsworn statements that the court would make a decision without evidence to support
it. The parents did not need to object to unsworn statements made during status hearings
to preserve their right to later challenge the improper use of those statements in a
removal decision.
              Furthermore the parents did attempt to object. Both parents objected when
OCS introduced expert testimony with insufficient notice during a status hearing. The
court declined to address Diego’s objection to the presentation of hearsay because the
court stated it could rely on the statements “to decide . . . basically what kind of hearing
to have.” When Diego asked that OCS’s witness be sworn for questioning during the
same hearing the court stated, “I don’t think we need to swear anyone in. This is just a
status hearing.” The court later specifically relied on statements from the hearing to
make its active efforts finding. And both parents’ attorneys objected to the court’s
reliance on those statements at the removal hearing.

       31
              CINA Rule 9(a).
       32
             The requirement that a party preserve an objection to challenge the effect
of an erroneous ruling comes from the Alaska Rules of Evidence, which assumes the
opposing party is offering evidence the party can object to. See Alaska R. Evid. 103.

                                           -13-                                       7226

             OCS points out that some unsworn reports are required by court rules.33
Those reports, however, differ from unsworn statements made in status hearings. The
CINA Rules require that OCS provide the reports to the other parties in advance of the
hearings to which the reports relate, providing the parties an opportunity to respond to
or rebut the reports.34 Such notice is essential to due process, which requires that the
parents have adequate notice and opportunity to address the reports before the court.35
In contrast, when OCS offered unsworn statements to support its request for removal
findings, the court did not provide the parents with the notice and opportunity required
by due process. Instead it told the parents that they could not object because the hearing
was “just a status hearing.”
             No evidence was admitted at four status hearings in this case, those held in
March 2015, August 2015, January 2016, and February 2016. Because these hearings
provided no evidence to the court to support its decision authorizing Mary’s removal
from her parents’ home, it was error to rely upon information from them to grant OCS’s
request to remove Mary.
             Because the court committed legal error by relying upon substantial
information not in evidence to support its removal findings, we vacate the court’s
removal order, and remand for the court to immediately schedule a new removal hearing.


      33
            See CINA Rule 16(a)(1)-(3) (requiring OCS to submit predisposition report
in advance of disposition hearing); CINA Rule 17.2(c) (requiring OCS to submit
permanency report in advance of permanency hearing).
      34
             CINA Rule 17.2(c); CINA Rule 19(b).
      35
             See CINA Rule 17.2(c); CINA Rule 19(b); Debra P. v. Laurence S., 309
P.3d 1258, 1261 (Alaska 2013) (“Procedural due process under the Alaska Constitution
requires notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.”
(quoting Lashbrook v. Lashbrook, 957 P.2d 326, 328 (Alaska 1998))).

                                          -14-                                      7226

At the hearing, the court is to consider evidence regarding the family’s current
circumstances to determine whether removal from the parents’ home is appropriate at
this time.
V.     CONCLUSION
             We VACATE the trial court’s removal order authorizing Mary’s removal
from her parents’ home. We REMAND this case to the superior court for further
proceedings consistent with this order.




                                          -15-                                7226

