                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                 No. 04-2923
                                 ___________

Little Rock School District,            *
                                        *
             Plaintiff/Appellant,       *
                                        *
Lorene Joshua; Leslie Joshua; Stacy     *
Joshua; Wayne Joshua,                   *
                                        *
             Intervenor Plaintiffs/     *
             Appellees,                 *
                                        *
       v.                               *   Appeal from the United States
                                        *   District Court for the
North Little Rock School District;      *   Eastern District of Arkansas.
Pulaski County Special School District; *
State of Arkansas,                      *
                                        *
             Defendants.                *
                                        *
       ______________________           *
                                        *
Dale Charles; Robert L. Brown, Sr.;     *
Gwen Hevey Jackson; Diane Davis;        *
Raymond Frazier,                        *
                                        *
             Plaintiffs,                *
                                        *
       v.                               *
                                        *
Pulaski County Board of Education;      *
Patricia Gee, Individually and in her   *
Official Capacity as a Member of the    *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body; George *
Cannon, Dr. Individually and in his       *
Official Capacity as a Member of the      *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body;           *
Katherine Mitchell, Dr., Individually     *
and in her Official Capacity as a         *
Member of the Board of Education of *
the Little Rock School District, A Public *
Body; W. D. Hamilton, also known as *
Bill Hamilton, Individually and in his *
Official Capacity as a Member of the      *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body; Cecil *
Bailey, Individually and in his Official *
Capacity as a Member of the Pulaski       *
County Board of Education a Public        *
Corporate; Thomas Broughton,              *
Individually and in his Official Capacity *
as a member of the Pulaski County         *
Board of Education, a Public Corporate; *
Martin Zoldessy, Dr., Individually and *
in his Official Capacity as a member of *
the Pulaski County Board of Education, *
a Public Corporate,                       *
                                          *
              Defendants.                 *
                                    ___________

                           Submitted: April 12, 2005
                              Filed: June 26, 2006
                               ___________

Before WOLLMAN, HEANEY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.


                                      -2-
        The Little Rock School District (LRSD) appeals from the district court’s1 denial
of its request for unitary status. We affirm.

                                           I.
        LRSD has been involved in federal desegregation litigation since 1956; the
present phase of this case commenced in 1982. See Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Pulaski
County Special Sch. Dist. No. 1, 778 F.2d 404 (8th Cir. 1985) (en banc); see also
Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Pulaski County Special Sch. Dist. No. 1, 921 F.2d 1371,
1376-83 (8th Cir. 1990) (chronicling litigation history); Polly J. Price, The Little Rock
School Desegregation Cases in Richard Arnold’s Court, 58 Ark. L. Rev. 611, 622-47
(2005). In 1989, the district court approved an interdistrict settlement plan (1989
Settlement), which specified that the district court would supervise the remedial
desegregation efforts of LRSD and two neighboring school districts. We ordered the
creation of the Office of Desegregation Monitoring (ODM) to assist the district court
in its supervision. See Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Pulaski County, 921 F.2d at 1388,
1394.

       By 1996, it had become apparent to the parties and the district court that LRSD
would be unable to meet the terms of the 1989 Settlement. At the suggestion of the
district court, LRSD and Lorene Joshua (Joshua), the class representative for all
African-American students enrolled in LRSD and the two neighboring districts,
entered into negotiations to modify LRSD’s obligations. The fruit of these
negotiations was the Revised Desegregation and Education Plan (Revised Plan),
which the district court approved in 1998. It was agreed that if LRSD substantially
complied with the terms of the Revised Plan, it would be declared unitary at the
conclusion of the 2000-2001 school year. The Revised Plan required Joshua to submit
any unresolved compliance issues to the ODM for facilitation of an agreement.


      1
       The Honorable William R. Wilson, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.

                                          -3-
Revised Plan § 8.2.4. If the ODM could not resolve the issue “after good faith
attempts at facilitation,” Joshua could seek resolution of the issue with the district
court. Id. § 8.2.5.

      In 2002, the district court granted LRSD partial unitary status, finding that it
had complied with all but section 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan. Little Rock Sch. Dist. v.
Pulaski County Special Sch. Dist., 237 F. Supp. 2d 988, 1089 (E.D. Ark. 2002).
Section 2.7.1 provided that:

      LRSD shall assess the academic programs implemented pursuant to
      Section 2.7 after each year in order to determine the effectiveness of the
      academic programs in improving African-American achievement. If this
      assessment reveals that a program has not and likely will not improve
      African-American achievement, LRSD shall take appropriate action in
      the form of either modifying how the program is implemented or
      replacing the program.

Compliance Plan, Oct. 10, 2002, at 1 (footnote omitted). The district court imposed
a compliance remedy (2002 Remedy) designed to bring LRSD into substantial
compliance with section 2.7.1. Id. at 1087-88. On appeal by Joshua from the district
court’s unitary-status ruling, we affirmed. Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Armstrong, 359
F.3d 957 (8th Cir. 2004).

      On March 15, 2004, following what it believed was its substantial compliance
with section 2.7.1 and the 2002 Remedy, LRSD asked to be declared unitary. Joshua
opposed the request. On June 30, 2004, the district court concluded that LRSD had
not substantially complied with its obligations, denied unitary status, and imposed a
new compliance remedy (2004 Remedy). It is from this judgment that LRSD now
appeals.




                                         -4-
                                            II.
       Although this case traces its roots to federal desegregation efforts, the instant
appeal presents no constitutional issues. The constitutional requirements for unitary
status are set forth in Green v. County School Board, 391 U.S. 430, 435-38 (1968),
which held that a school district may be declared unitary and lacking racial
discrimination based on satisfactory performance in five areas of a school district’s
operations: (1) student assignment; (2) faculty and staff assignment; (3) transportation;
(4) extracurricular activities; and (5) facilities. LRSD has met these requirements.
See 237 F. Supp. 2d at 1089 (declaring LRSD “partially unitary with regard to all
aspects of its operations, because it has substantially complied with all sections of the
Revised Plan, save for those obligations contained in § 2.7.1”). As the district court
noted in 2002, the Revised Plan “included other desegregation obligations that went
beyond Green’s constitutional floor for a school district to become unitary.” Id. at
1032.

       Section 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan refers to section 2.7, which required LRSD
to “implement programs, policies and/or procedures designed to improve and
remediate the academic achievement of African-American students, including but not
limited to Section 5 of this Revised Plan.” The impetus for section 2.7 is colloquially
referred to as the “achievement gap” between minority students and white students in
the public school systems. For section 2.7.1 to meet the constitutional threshold of a
desegregation remedy, the achievement gap that it was designed to remedy would
have to “directly address and relate to the constitutional violation itself.” Missouri v.
Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70, 88 (1995); see also Bd. of Educ. v. Dowell, 498 U.S. 237, 248
(1991) (“The legal justification for displacement of local authority by an injunctive
decree in a school desegregation case is a violation of the Constitution by the local
authorities.”). As the district court observed in 2002:

      [N]o court has ever determined generally, or with the specificity required
      in [Jenkins], what portion, if any, of the minority student achievement


                                          -5-
      gap in LRSD is causally linked as a vestige of de jure segregation.
      Furthermore, Joshua has failed to introduce any evidence to establish
      that: (1) the achievement gap is causally linked to the system of de jure
      segregation which existed in LRSD decades earlier; and (2) the portion
      of the achievement gap which is attributable to de jure segregation, after
      excluding all of the socioeconomic factors that also have contributed to
      that gap.

237 F. Supp. 2d at 1040. Cf. People Who Care v. Rockford Bd. of Educ., 246 F.3d
1073, 1076 (7th Cir. 2001) (“[I]t is obvious that other factors besides discrimination
contribute to unequal educational attainment, such as poverty, parents’ education and
employment, family size, parental attitudes and behavior, prenatal, neonatal, and child
health care, peer-group pressures, and ethnic culture.”). Accordingly, it is unclear
whether LRSD’s efforts to remedy the achievement gap are constitutionally
compelled. We need not determine that issue, however, because LRSD’s obligations
under section 2.7.1 are clearly contractual matters. Thus, we examine LRSD’s
compliance under ordinary rules of contract interpretation.

       LRSD’s obligations under section 2.7.1 therefore arise as a matter of contract,
not constitutional law, and thus we examine LRSD’s compliance under ordinary rules
of contract interpretation. United States v. Knote, 29 F.3d 1297, 1299 (8th Cir. 1994).
We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error, Little Rock Sch. Dist.
v. Pulaski County Special Sch. Dist., 83 F.3d 1013, 1017 (8th Cir. 1996), and its
modification of a consent decree for an abuse of discretion. McDonald v. Carnahan,
908 F.2d 388, 390 (8th Cir. 1990). We review de novo the district court’s
interpretation of the terms of the Revised Plan. Armstrong, 359 F.3d at 965.

                                        III.
      This litigation has been complicated by the shifting terminology employed by
LRSD, Joshua, and the district court. Specifically, efforts to resolve this case since
the Revised Plan took effect in 1998 have been marked by confusion over four terms:


                                         -6-
(1) assessment; (2) evaluation; (3) program; and (4) key program. The plain language
of section 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan, quoted in Part I, supra, required LRSD to assess
academic programs implemented pursuant to section 2.7, including but not limited to
programs implemented under section 5.

                                         A.
       On March 15, 2000, LRSD submitted an Interim Compliance Report that
described how it would meet its obligations under the Revised Plan. The report
identified myriad programs that had been implemented pursuant to section 2.7 and
section 5,2 and set forth both a “Program Evaluation Agenda”3 and an “Assessment


      2
       The section 2.7 programs included: Title I Programs, PLATO Labs,
Accelerated Learning Center, Alternative Learning Center, Summer School, Tutoring
Programs, Little Rock LEADERS, ACT Tutoring, Career Orientation, Block
Scheduling, High School Advisory Program, Personalized Education Plan, K-12
Science (including specific programs for four different grade levels), Professional
Development for Science Teachers, and Citizenship and Character Education. See
Interim Compliance Report at 47-51. The section 5 programs appear to include:
Home Instruction Program for Pre-School Youngsters (HIPPY); Rockefeller’s Infant,
Toddler, and Three-Year-Old Program; Pre-Kindergarten; Pre-Kindergarten Program
Expansion; Early Literacy Learning in Arkansas; PreK-3 Literacy Plan;
PreKindergarten Professional Development; Animated Literacy; Early Literacy
(various grades); Effective Literacy (various grades); Kindergarten I Like Me Project;
Success for All; Direct Instruction; Reading Recovery; Assessment System;
Professional Development (all grades); Multicultural Reading and Thinking; Reading
and Writing Workshop; Thematic Instruction; High School English; Summer Algebra
Readiness Training (SMART); Family Mathematics; Elementary School Technology-
Based Programs; Middle School Keyboarding; New High School Technology
Courses; and Keyboarding Credit by Examination. Id. at 93-127.
      3
        The Program Evaluation Agenda indicated that LRSD would evaluate the
following eight programs: PreK-3 Literacy, Success for All, Direct Instruction, the
implementation of middle schools, English as a Second Language, National Science
Foundation project components, Twenty-First Century Projects, and Waiver Process.
Id. at 53-57.

                                         -7-
Plan” in response to section 2.7.1. Interim Compliance Report at 53-57.
Significantly, the Program Evaluation Agenda indicated that LRSD would evaluate
(rather than assess) only a small subset of the section 2.7 and section 5 programs
identified in the Interim Compliance Report, and the Assessment Plan referred only
to assessing students (i.e., testing), not programs. Id. LRSD submitted its final
Compliance Report on March 15, 2001. The Compliance Report incorporated by
reference the Interim Compliance Report. It contained additional information
responsive to section 2.7.1 under the title “Program Evaluation,” which indicated that
LRSD had evaluated fourteen programs.4 Compliance Report at 148.

       As recounted above, the district court granted LRSD partial unitary status in
2002, but concluded that LRSD had not substantially complied with the requirements
of section 2.7.1. The district court noted that the Interim Compliance Report had
“identified almost 100 programs that [LRSD] had implemented to ‘improve and
remediate the academic achievement of African-American students’” under sections
2.7 and 5 of the Revised Plan. 237 F. Supp. 2d at 1076 n.135. According to the
district court, these were “all of the programs . . . that LRSD was implementing in
accordance with its obligations under the Revised Plan.” Id. at 1018. The district
court elaborated that:

      Section 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan required LRSD to assess annually each
      of the academic programs promulgated pursuant to § 2.7, in order to
      determine if those programs, in fact, were improving African-American


      4
       The fourteen programs were: PreK-2 Literacy, Comprehensive Partnerships for
Mathematics and Science Achievement, Extended Year Schools, Elementary Summer
School, Home Instruction Program for Pre-School Youngsters (HIPPY), Charter
School, English as a Second Language, Lyceum Scholars, Southwest Middle School’s
Partnership with Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (SEDL), Onward
to Excellence at Watson Elementary School, Collaborative Action Team, Vital Link,
Middle School Transition, and Campus Leadership Teams. Compliance Report at
148.

                                         -8-
      achievement. If the assessment of a program revealed that it was not
      effective in improving African-American achievement, LRSD was
      required to modify or replace the program. I find that the purpose of §
      2.7.1 was to make sure that the programs promised under § 2.7 actually
      worked to improve the academic achievement of African-American
      students. I further find that LRSD’s substantial compliance with § 2.7.1
      was crucial to its commitment to improve the academic achievement of
      African-American students; for, without performing a rigorous annual
      assessment of each of the many dozens of programs implemented under
      § 2.7, it would be impossible to determine which programs were working
      and should be continued and which programs were not working and
      should be discontinued, modified, or replaced with new programs.

Id. at 1076 (footnote omitted).

       The above-cited passage is consistent with the terms of the Revised Plan.
Elsewhere in its order, however, the district court observed that LRSD’s Interim
Compliance Plan had specified that evaluations would be conducted for key programs
including (1) Pre-K-3 Literacy Program Success For All; (2) the implementation of
the new curriculum in English language arts, mathematics, and science in the middle
schools; (3) the National Science Foundation project aimed at improving
African-American achievement in math and science; and (4) the implementation of
the School Improvement Plan. Id. at 1077. The district court found “that the much
more in-depth and analytical program evaluations, which LRSD agreed to prepare on
certain key remediation programs identified in the Interim Compliance Report, were
an integral and essential part of LRSD’s obligation under § 2.7.1.” Id. at 1079.

        The district court also noted the distinction between “assessment” and
“evaluation.” According to testimony from Dr. Bonnie Lesley, LRSD’s then-
Associate Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction, an assessment is “dynamic,
it is interactive, it’s ongoing, it happens frequently, and it is a measurement, along
with the analysis that you would make of whatever results are available.” Id. at 1077.


                                         -9-
In contrast, an evaluation is “more long term, [it] may consider observations or
measurements in addition to test scores, and is guided by a set of research questions
that are usually provided by whoever the consumer is of that report.” Id. The district
court noted that LRSD had interpreted section 2.7.1 “to include an obligation to
perform some program evaluations.” Id.

      At the conclusion of its order, the district court set forth the 2002 Remedy,
which contained six principal sections. The first four sections are those which are the
most relevant to the issue before us:

      A.     For the entire 2002-03 school year and the first semester of the
            2003-04 school year, through December 31, 2003, LRSD must
            continue to assess each of the programs implemented under § 2.7
            to improve the academic achievement of African-American
            students. LRSD now has over three years of testing data and other
            information available to use in gauging the effectiveness of those
            programs. I expect LRSD to use all of that available data and
            information in assessing the effectiveness of those programs and
            in deciding whether any of those programs should be modified or
            eliminated.

      B.    LRSD must maintain written records regarding its assessment of
            each of those programs. These written records must reflect the
            following information: (a) the written criteria used to assess each
            program during the 2002-03 school year and the first semester of
            the 2003-04 school year; (b) the results of the annual assessments
            of each program, including whether the assessments resulted in
            program modifications or the elimination of any programs; and (c)
            the names of the administrators who were involved with the
            assessment of each program, as well as at least a grade level
            description of any teachers who were involved in the assessment
            process (e.g., all fourth grade math teachers; all eighth grade
            English teachers, etc.).



                                         -10-
      C.    LRSD must use Dr. Nunnerly [sic] or another expert from outside
            LRSD with equivalent qualifications and expertise to prepare
            program evaluations on [fourteen specified programs]. . . . [A]s
            these program evaluations are prepared, LRSD shall use them, as
            part of the program assessment process, to determine the
            effectiveness of those programs in improving African-American
            achievement and whether, based on the evaluations, any changes
            or modifications should be made in those programs. In addition,
            LRSD must use those program evaluations, to the extent they may
            be relevant, in assessing the effectiveness of other related
            programs.

      D.    Joshua must monitor LRSD’s compliance with § 2.7.1 and must
            immediately bring to the attention of LRSD all problems that are
            detected in its compliance with its obligations under § 2.7.1, as
            those obligations are spelled out in this Compliance Remedy.
            Thereafter, Joshua and LRSD must use the “Process for Raising
            Compliance Issues” set forth in § 8.2, et seq., of the Revised Plan
            to attempt to resolve those compliance issues. If those efforts are
            unsuccessful, Joshua must present the issues to me for resolution,
            as required by § 8.2.5. Any such presentation must be timely.

Id. at 1087-88 (footnote omitted).

       The contrast between the assessments of Subparts A and B and the evaluations
of Subpart C demonstrates that the district court was making a clear distinction
between the two terms. Viewed in this light, the meaning of Subparts A and B is that
the district court was requiring assessments for “each of the many dozens of programs
implemented under § 2.7,” id. at 1076, irrespective of the requirements imposed by
Subpart C. This interpretation is consistent with the district court’s order as a whole,
the Revised Plan, and LRSD’s Interim Compliance Report. Cf. Little Earth of United
Tribes, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 807 F.2d 1433, 1438, 1439
(8th Cir. 1986) (We view an earlier order by the district court “as a whole, and an
interpretation that gives effect to all parts of the order will be preferred over one that


                                          -11-
leaves portions of the order meaningless or insignificant. . . . If there is any ambiguity
in the . . . order, its meaning is clarified by ‘what preceded it and what it was intended
to execute.’”).

        On October 10, 2002, LRSD’s Board of Directors adopted a Compliance Plan
that outlined how LRSD would satisfy the 2002 Remedy. The Compliance Plan
indicated that LRSD would “[c]ontinue to administer student assessments through the
first semester of 2003-04” and “[m]aintain written records of . . . the results of the
annual student assessments, including whether an informal program evaluation
resulted in program modifications or the elimination of any programs.” Compliance
Plan at 3. These statements reflected LRSD’s interpretation of the Revised Plan by
referring to LRSD’s efforts to administer “student assessments” rather than to its
obligation to “assess academic programs.”

       The Compliance Plan also stated that LRSD would “[p]repare a comprehensive
program evaluation of each academic program implemented pursuant to Revised Plan
§ 2.7 to determine its effectiveness in improving the academic achievement of
African-American students and to decide whether to modify or replace the program,”
and indicated that LRSD would satisfy this obligation by preparing “the following
new, comprehensive evaluations: (a) Elementary Literacy, (b) Middle and High
School Literacy and (c) K-12 Mathematics and Science.” Id. at 3, 5. LRSD thus
substituted “comprehensive program evaluations” for the Revised Plan requirement
of “assessments” and, more significantly, construed “each academic program
implemented pursuant to Revised Plan § 2.7” to mean three broad-based programs.
LRSD provided a copy of its Compliance Plan to Joshua in October 2002. See
October 25, 2002, letter from John C. Fendley, Jr. (App. 2168-72). Joshua disagreed
with the proposal outlined in the plan and, pursuant to the Revised Plan, requested that
the ODM facilitate resolution of the disagreement. Although the facilitation
apparently failed, Joshua did not contact the district court regarding the disagreement.



                                          -12-
      On March 15, 2004, LRSD submitted its new Compliance Report (2004
Compliance Report). LRSD indicated that its obligation to “[c]ontinue to administer
student assessments” had been satisfied through its implementation of “the 2002-03
Board-approved assessment plan.” 2004 Compliance Report at 2-3. With respect to
how it had met its self-described requirement to “prepare a comprehensive program
evaluation of each academic program implemented pursuant to Revised Plan § 2.7,”
LRSD offered the following explanation:

       The LRSD contracted with Dr. Steve Ross, an expert approved by
       Joshua, to prepare comprehensive evaluations of the District’s
       elementary and secondary literacy programs. These evaluations,
       combined in a single report, were completed and approved by the Board
       in November of 2003. . . . Dr. Don Wold, a program evaluator funded
       through a National Science Foundation (“NSF”) grant; Dennis Glasgow,
       Interim Associate Superintendent for Curriculum and Instruction; and
       Vanessa Cleaver, Director of the NSF Grant, authored the
       comprehensive mathematics and science evaluation. The comprehensive
       mathematics and science evaluation was completed and approved by the
       Board in December 2003.

Id. at 3-4.

     On June 30, 2004, the district court concluded that LRSD had not substantially
complied with the Revised Plan or the 2002 Compliance Remedy. The district court
commented that:

       While the fields of “Literacy” and “Math and Science” may be
       convenient ways to divide academic knowledge, they most certainly do
       not constitute specific § 2.7 “academic programs” (e.g., Reading for All,
       Early Literacy Learning, Reading Recovery, or Effective Literacy) that
       LRSD implemented, on a school-by-school basis, to improve the
       academic achievement of African-American students.



                                         -13-
D. Ct. Order of June 30, 2004, at 55. Addressing what it perceived to be LRSD’s
failure to distinguish between the concepts of assessment and evaluation, the district
court explained that:

       Subparts A and B of the Compliance Remedy obligated LRSD to assess
       each of the § 2.7 programs. . . . I made no mention of LRSD preparing
       evaluations of § 2.7 programs because, on its face, nothing in § 2.7.1 of
       the Revised Plan obligated LRSD to perform “program evaluations.”
       However, Dr. Lesley made it clear in her testimony that LRSD
       administrators knew and understood that the “assessment” obligation in
       § 2.7.1 included the obligation of preparing “program evaluations.”
       [citation omitted.] Therefore, I concluded it would be best to use the
       same terms in the [2002] Compliance Remedy that the parties themselves
       had chosen to use in § 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan.

Id. at 8.

                                           B.
       LRSD’s 2000 Interim Compliance Report indicated that LRSD construed the
Revised Plan’s requirement to “assess all programs” to mean that it must “evaluate
key programs.” Because Joshua elected not to challenge LRSD’s interpretation, that
interpretation became controlling under ordinary principles of contract law. In its
2002 order, the district court essentially concluded that LRSD had failed to comply
substantially with both interpretations of section 2.7.1, i.e., that LRSD had neither
assessed all programs nor adequately evaluated key programs. The district court thus
imposed a bifurcated compliance remedy. Subparts A and B reverted to the original,
plain meaning, requirements of section 2.7.1. Subpart C addressed LRSD’s
interpretation. Had LRSD appealed, Subparts A and B might well have been deemed
to be superfluous requirements. LRSD did not appeal the 2002 order, however, and
thus the district court’s remedy became the governing interpretation of the section
2.7.1 obligations.



                                         -14-
        LRSD’s 2002 Compliance Plan construed Subparts A and B in the same manner
that it had previously interpreted section 2.7.1: it took “assess all programs” to mean
“evaluate key programs.” When Joshua again failed to raise a legally sufficient
challenge to this interpretation, LRSD arguably became entitled to rely on its
interpretation, i.e., that three broad-based program evaluations would satisfy the
requirements of Subparts A and B.

        The district court, however, refused to find that Joshua had waived its right to
challenge LRSD’s compliance, saying that “[i]n a school desegregation case that has
its origins in the infamous 1957 Little Rock school desegregation crisis, no court is
likely to hold the silence of Joshua’s counsel—even if they are to be
criticized—against the African-American students they represent, and who now fill
almost 70% of the total number of seats in LRSD’s classrooms.” D. Ct. Order of June
30, 2004, at 20.

                                           C.
       The district court found that LRSD had failed to substantially comply with both
the plain meaning of Subparts A and B (i.e., assess all programs) and LRSD’s
interpretation of the remedy (i.e., evaluate three key programs).

        At the outset, we have substantial concerns about the highly detailed, complex
nature of the district court’s 2002 Remedy, which imposes upon LRSD additional
requirements, some of which appear to go well beyond those agreed upon by the
parties in the Revised Plan. The Revised Plan constituted a contract between the
parties, and the district court was not free to expand its terms beyond that which was
contemplated by the parties. Subpart C of the 2002 Remedy exceeded the scope of
the Revised Plan, which lacked any requirement for program evaluations. See
Krupnick v. Ray, 61 F.3d 662, 664 (8th Cir. 1995) (“The law of Arkansas provides
that it is the duty of the court to construe the contract according to its unambiguous
language without enlarging or extending its terms.”); cf. Holland v. N.J. Dep’t of

                                         -15-
Corr., 246 F.3d 267, 281 (3d Cir. 2001) (“A court should interpret a consent decree
as written and should not impose terms when the parties did not agree to those
terms.”); Equal Employment Opportunity Comm’n v. N.Y. Times Co., 196 F.3d 72,
78 (2d Cir. 1999) (“A court may not replace the terms of a consent decree with its
own, no matter how much of an improvement it would make in effectuating the
decree’s goals.”); Armstrong v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs. of Milwaukee, 616 F.2d 305, 315
(7th Cir. 1980) (“Judges should not substitute their own judgment as to optimal
settlement terms for the judgment of the litigants and their counsel.”). LRSD,
however, elected not to appeal Subpart C in 2002, and so that issue is not before us
today.

       In its June 30, 2004, order, the district court set forth an even more highly
detailed compliance remedy (the 2004 Remedy). We cite selected portions of that
Remedy as representative of the level of specificity that the district court engaged in:

             Because LRSD failed to substantially comply with the crucially
      important obligations contained in § 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan, it must
      remain under court supervision for two more complete school years,
      2004-05 and 2005-06. To avoid any “misunderstanding” regarding this
      Compliance Remedy, I will be specific. The new Compliance Remedy
      is as follows:

             A. LRSD must promptly hire a highly trained team of
                professionals to reinvigorate PRE. These individuals must
                have experience in: (a) preparing and overseeing the
                preparation of formal program evaluations; and (b)
                formulating a comprehensive program assessment process
                that can be used to determine the effectiveness of specific
                academic programs designed to improve the achievement of
                African-American students. I expect the director of PRE to
                have a Ph.D.; to have extensive experience in designing,
                preparing and overseeing the preparation of program
                evaluations; and to have a good understanding of statistics
                and regression analysis. I also expect LRSD to hire

                                         -16-
     experienced statisticians and the other appropriate support
     personnel necessary to operate a first-rate PRE Department.

B.   The first task PRE must perform is to devise a
     comprehensive program assessment process. It may take a
     decade or more for LRSD to make sufficient progress in
     improving the academic achievement of African-American
     students to justify discontinuing the need for specific § 2.7
     programs. For that reason, the comprehensive program
     assessment process must be deeply embedded as a permanent
     part of LRSD’s curriculum and instruction program. Only
     then will I have the necessary assurance that LRSD intends
     to continue using that process for as long as it is needed to
     determine the effectiveness of the various key § 2.7 programs
     in improving the academic achievement of African-American
     students. . . .

C.   During each of the next two academic school years (2004-05
     and 2005-06), LRSD must hire one or more outside
     consultants to prepare four (4) formal step 2 evaluations.
     Each of these step 2 evaluations must cover one of the key §
     2.7 programs, as it has been implemented in schools
     throughout the district. Thus, over the course of the next two
     academic years, LRSD must hire outside consultants to
     prepare a total of eight (8) formal step 2 evaluations of key
     § 2.7 programs. During the recent compliance hearing, Dr.
     Ross made it clear that LRSD must conduct these formal step
     2 evaluations of the key § 2.7 programs in order to continue
     to make progress in improving the academic achievement of
     African-American students. Again, I suggest that LRSD hire
     Dr. Ross--to perform the following tasks: (1) identify the
     four key § 2.7 programs that should be formally evaluated
     during the 2004-05 school year and the four key § 2.7
     programs that should be formally evaluated during the 2005-
     06 school year; and (2) prepare as many of the eight step 2
     evaluations as possible. If Dr. Ross cannot prepare all eight
     of the step 2 evaluations, I recommend that LRSD hire


                           -17-
       someone that Dr. Ross recommends as possessing the
       experience and ability necessary to prepare those evaluations.

....

E.     In order to streamline LRSD’s record-keeping obligation, I
       am going to require that each of the eight step 2 evaluations
       contain, in addition to the traditional information and data, a
       special section which: (1) describes of the number of
       teachers and administrators, at the various grade levels, who
       were interviewed or from whom information was received
       regarding the effectiveness of the key § 2.7 program being
       evaluated; (2) lists each of the recommended program
       modifications, if any, that were deemed necessary in order to
       increase the effectiveness of each of the § 2.7 programs in
       improving the academic achievement of African-American
       students; and (3) briefly explains how each of the
       recommended modifications is expected to increase the
       effectiveness of the § 2.7 program. This requirement is
       intended to relieve LRSD of any independent record-keeping
       obligations under § 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan and the
       Compliance Remedy.

....

G. PRE must submit quarterly written updates on the status of
   the work being performed on the four step 2 program
   evaluations that will be prepared during the 2004-05 school
   year and the four step 2 program evaluations that will be
   prepared during the 2005-06 school year. These quarterly
   updates must be delivered to the ODM and Joshua on
   December 1, March 1, June1, and September 1 of each of
   those two academic school years. As soon as each of the
   eight step 2 evaluations has been completed and approved by
   the Board, LRSD must provide a copy to the ODM and
   Joshua.



                              -18-
             ....

             K. On or before October 15, 2006, LRSD must file a
                Compliance Report documenting its compliance with its
                obligations under § 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan, as specified in
                this Compliance Remedy. If Joshua wishes to challenge
                LRSD’s substantial compliance, they must file objections on
                or before November 15, 2006. Thereafter, I will schedule a
                compliance hearing and decide whether LRSD has met its
                obligations under the Compliance Remedy and should be
                released from all further supervision and monitoring.

             L.     This Compliance Remedy is intended to supersede and
                    replace the identical compliance obligations that I imposed
                    on LRSD, albeit with less specificity, in subparts A and B of
                    Section VII of the September 13 Decision.

D. Ct. Order at 61-67 (footnotes omitted). There was much more in the way of
detailed requirements, but those portions quoted are illustrative of what it is that
LRSD is now being asked to do.

                                           IV.
       In reviewing the district court’s determination that LRSD had not substantially
complied with the terms of the Revised Plan and the 2002 Remedy, we note, as did
the district court, that on March 14, 2003, the same day that LRSD filed what are
termed its “Page 148 Evaluations,” Dr. Lesley, the person responsible for overseeing
these evaluations, resigned. Two months later, Dr. T. Kenneth James, LRSD’s
superintendent, also resigned. Thus the two persons to whom direct responsibility had
been assigned to ensure compliance with the requirements of the 2002 Remedy were
no longer available to assist LRSD in the implementation of the Compliance Plan.
Indeed, the authors of the ODM’s March 30, 2004, Compliance Report observed that
the loss of Dr. Lesley and Dr. James at a crucial time in the implementation of the
Compliance Plan, coupled with the delays and difficulties LRSD encountered in


                                          -19-
filling those positions with acting or interim employees, created “a period of some
uncertainty” for LRSD.

      We note these facts and observations to highlight the constraints under which
LRSD was laboring as it sought both to satisfy the requirements of the Compliance
Plan and to demonstrate through empirically based evidence that it had in fact
accomplished that goal.

                                          A.
        LRSD contends that by failing to challenge the adequacy of LRSD’s
Compliance Plan, Joshua in effect abandoned its objection to that plan and thus should
not be heard to contest LRSD’s compliance with the 2002 Remedy. If this case
involved only a dispute between private litigants, we might well have disagreed with
the district court’s holding that Joshua had not waived its right to challenge either
LRSD’s interpretation of the 2002 Remedy or LRSD’s claim that it had substantially
complied with the requirements of that remedy. Given the lengthy nature of the
litigation between the parties, however, and the substantial likelihood that LRSD’s
ongoing attempts to comply with the 2002 order will in due course entitle it to be
declared unitary, we will not reverse the district court’s ruling on this issue.
Nevertheless, in light of its failure to call to the district court’s attention to its
disagreement with LRSD’s interpretation of the 2002 order, it would ill behoove
Joshua to raise any further technical complaints about LRSD’s efforts to comply with
the 2002 order.

        Without recounting in depth the voluminous evidence that LRSD submitted in
support of its claim that it had substantially complied with the Revised Plan and the
2002 Remedy, we observe that had the question of compliance been submitted to us
in the first instance, we might well have found that LRSD had met its burden of proof,
all the more so in light of the heightened requirements imposed by the district court
in its 2002 order. It is a close question whether all of those additional requirements

                                        -20-
are within the scope of the Revised Plan or whether they represent newly created,
after-the-fact fine-tuning that neither of the parties contemplated when they entered
into the settlement agreement that resulted in the Revised Plan.

       Nevertheless, and once again adverting to the lengthy, if not indeed tortuous,
path on which this litigation has proceeded, we conclude that the district court,
although it may have come close to crossing the line between proper judicial
enforcement of an agreed-upon undertaking and the imposition of requirements that
find no warrant in that undertaking, did not clearly err in finding that LRSD had failed
to demonstrate substantial compliance with the Revised Plan and the 2002 Remedy.

                                          B.
       Our concerns regarding the 2002 Remedy are even greater with respect to the
even more heightened requirements, as illustrated by the portions quoted above,
imposed by the district court’s June 30, 2004, order. One can understand the
frustration expressed by LRSD concerning that which it is now expected to do.
Indeed, during oral argument we asked LRSD’s counsel, “Can you tell us in plain,
simple language what it is that [the district court] wants the District to do that it is
unwilling to do?” Counsel responded in part by saying that LRSD was complying
with the new compliance remedy. In light of that representation, we are unwilling at
this time to say that those heightened requirements surpass beyond all measure the
requirements to which LRSD committed itself when it entered into the 1989
Settlement. Suffice it to say that there will be time enough for us to revisit the
requirements of the 2004 order if this case should once again come before us. For the
moment, then, we offer no comment beyond the observation that substantial
compliance means just that, not mathematical precision.




                                         -21-
                                     Conclusion

       In the concluding paragraphs of its June 30, 2004, order under the heading
“Final Thoughts on LRSD’s Compliance Efforts,” the district court, referring to its
review of the history of the negotiations that had led the parties to voluntarily enter
into the Revised Plan, stated:

      I review this history to make it crystal clear that LRSD--not the Court--
      formulated all of the program assessment/evaluation obligations
      contained in § 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan and voluntarily agreed to
      comply with all of those obligations.

             I know it will be quite a burden for LRSD to formulate,
      implement, and deeply embed in its curriculum an effective § 2.7.1
      program assessment/evaluation process that will allow it to determine the
      effectiveness of each of the key § 2.7 programs. But this is the medicine
      that LRSD knowingly and voluntarily decided it must take in an attempt
      to cure the historically low academic achievement of so many of its
      African-American students.

D. Ct. Order at 67.

       In commenting upon LRSD’s duty to ensure that a significant number of
African-American students score at or above the proficient level in reading, math, and
science, the district court concluded its remarks by stating, “To this end, LRSD must
do what it promised to do, and what it has been ordered to do because of this promise.
In the words of the poet of the Yukon, Robert Service, ‘a promise made is a debt
unpaid.’” Id. at 68.

      We add to these comments only the observation that a promise is that which has
been made by the promisor, and not one that may be expanded by others beyond that
which is fairly encompassed by its terms.


                                         -22-
       Nothing in what we have said in this opinion should be read as in any way
relieving the Little Rock School District of its obligation to comply with the
commitments it made when it entered into the settlement that culminated in the
Revised Plan. Our concerns about the district court’s 2002 and 2004 orders arise from
the ever-heightened requirements that the District is being asked to satisfy,
requirements that may seem to impose a duty of demonstrating mathematical precision
at a cost and effort beyond that which the District should be required to bear.

       We note that in one form or another the Little Rock School District has been
under judicial tutelage for more than two decades now. We hope that it is not too
much to expect that its efforts to comply with not only the requirements of the Revised
Plan but also with the subsequent embellishments of those requirements will prove
to be successful.

      With these observations, the judgment is affirmed.

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       Like the Court, I would affirm the district court’s finding that LRSD was not
in substantial compliance with section 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan as embodied in the
2002 Remedy. However, I respectfully dissent from the Court’s judgment because I
find that the district court abused its discretion in imposing the 2004 Remedy.

       A consent decree “is a kind of private law, agreed to by the parties and given
shape over time through interpretation by the court that entered it.” Knote, 29 F.3d
at 1300 (quoting Sennewald v. Univ. of Minnesota, 847 F.2d 472, 475 (8th Cir. 1988)
R. Arnold, J., concurring)). Although we defer in large measure to the district court’s
interpretation or modification of a consent decree, Knote, 29 F.3d at 1300, 1302, the
district court is not at liberty to ignore what was “agreed to by the parties” by
imposing new terms that lie outside the intended agreement of the parties, see, e.g.,

                                         -23-
Pure Country, Inc. v. Sigma Chi Fraternity, 312 F.3d 952, 958 (8th Cir. 2002) (“When
construing a consent decree, courts are guided by principles of contract interpretation
and, where possible, will discern the parties’ intent from the unambiguous terms of
the written consent decree, read as a whole.”); see also Holland v. N.J. Dep't of Corr.,
246 F.3d 267, 281 (3d Cir. 2001) (“A court should interpret a consent decree as
written and should not impose terms when the parties did not agree to those terms.”);
EEOC v. New York Times Co., 196 F.3d 72, 78 (2d Cir. 1999) (“[A] court may not
replace the terms of a consent decree with its own, no matter how much of an
improvement it would make in effectuating the decree’s goals.” (quotation omitted)).

       As the Court notes, ante at 14-15, when LRSD chose not to appeal the 2002
Remedy, the 2002 Remedy became the governing interpretation of the terms agreed
to by the parties in section 2.7.1 of the Revised Plan. There is no dispute that the only
hurdle remaining in LRSD’s quest for unitary status is compliance with subparts A
and B of the 2002 Remedy. Therefore, the district court’s modification should have
focused on producing compliance with those terms. Subpart A required LRSD “to
assess each of the programs implemented under § 2.7” for a year and a half and “to
use all of that available data and information [including other information already
available apart from the assessments] in assessing the effectiveness of those
programs.” Subpart B required LRSD to maintain written records of the assessments
containing (a) the written criteria used to assess each program, (b) the results of the
assessments, including any resulting modification or elimination of a program, and (c)
the names of administrators and grade-level descriptions of any teachers involved in
the assessment. Also as discussed by the Court, ante at 9-11, there was a clear
distinction in the 2002 Remedy between a less formal, dynamic “assessment” and a
more formal, research-paper-formatted “evaluation.”

       Instead of focusing on enforcing compliance with the terms agreed to by the
parties, however, the district court imposed terms in the 2004 Remedy that are
untethered to the requirements of subparts A and B of the 2002 Remedy or section

                                          -24-
2.7.1 of the Revised Plan. Although the district court’s substitution of eight in-depth
“evaluations” for the agreed-upon “assessments” of each program was arguably
suggested in part by LRSD’s own prior attempt to substitute three broad evaluations
for the individual program assessments, there is no evidence of a meeting of the minds
between the parties that would allow a number of in-depth evaluations to replace the
agreed-upon assessments. Therefore, the district court should have simply enforced
the assessment requirement as originally set forth in subparts A and B of the 2002
Remedy. The district court’s substitution of a new set of rigorous evaluations not
agreed to by the parties was an abuse of discretion.

       There are two other aspects of the 2004 Remedy that are even more significant
abuses of discretion. First, the district court ordered LRSD to hire a new team for its
Program Review and Evaluation Department (“PRE”), and the district court specified
in great detail the educational background and experience that the district court
required of the new team. In addition, the district court all but ordered LRSD to hire
a particular expert, Dr. Ross (or a person chosen by Dr. Ross), to identify the eight
“key” section 2.7 programs and prepare in-depth “step 2” evaluations of those
programs. Nothing in subparts A and B of the 2002 Remedy suggested that LRSD
would have to operate under such detailed personnel qualification requirements in
assessing the section 2.7 programs. In settling this case, LRSD certainly did not
consent to the selection of its employees and consultants by the district court.

        Second, the district court introduced a requirement that LRSD’s “program
assessment process must be deeply embedded as a permanent part of LRSD’s
curriculum and instruction program” (emphasis by the district court). The district
court did not identify any objective standards by which it intends to measure whether
LRSD succeeds in meeting this “deeply embedded” requirement. The district court
justified this requirement by stating, “Only then will I have the necessary assurance
that LRSD intends to continue using that process for as long as it is needed to
determine the effectiveness” of LRSD’s programs in closing the achievement gap.

                                         -25-
However, the district court’s responsibility is to obtain the necessary assurance that
LRSD is complying with the terms of the consent decree, not to independently assess
whether those terms are effective. The parties agreed to annual program assessments
by administrators and teachers, not to a permanently embedded institutional structure
of reviewing experts chosen by the district court.

       The introduction of the impossibly subjective “deeply embedded” requirement,
viewed in light of the district court’s lack of restraint to date in redefining the program
assessment requirements in subparts A and B and micro-managing LRSD’s
compliance team, raises the specter that the district court intends to retain control of
LRSD’s efforts to close the achievement gap regardless of whether LRSD meets the
terms agreed to by the parties. No matter how much the district court believed that the
new terms in the 2004 Remedy would make an “improvement . . . in effectuating the
decree’s goal[]” of closing the achievement gap, a laudable motive, the district court
simply “may not replace the terms of a consent decree with its own.” New York
Times Co., 196 F.3d at 78 (quotation omitted). For these reasons, I would find that
the district court abused its discretion in imposing the 2004 Remedy.

       Finally, I recognize that LRSD already has invested a substantial amount of the
effort and expense needed to meet the requirements of the 2004 Remedy. At this
point, vacating the 2004 Remedy in its entirety and remanding to the district court to
impose a new remedy might actually set back LRSD’s efforts to attain unitary status.
Therefore, I would instruct the district court to order LRSD to complete the eight “step
2” evaluations as called for in the 2004 Remedy, but I would also instruct the district
court to analyze those eight evaluations under the standards set forth in subparts A and
B of the 2002 Remedy. Specifically, the evaluation reports individually would need
to meet the standards of a “program assessment,” rather than an “evaluation,” as
defined ante at 9-10; LRSD would have to show that it used “all of th[e] available data
and information in assessing the effectiveness of those programs” as required by
subpart A, meaning that the in-depth data gathered in the “step 2” evaluations would

                                           -26-
be put to good use; and continued compliance with the written record requirements
specified in subpart B of the 2002 Remedy would supplant the unworkably subjective
“deeply embedded” standard created out of whole cloth in the 2004 Remedy. The
detailed personnel requirements imposed on LRSD would be vacated. Such a
modification of the 2004 Remedy would restore the standards agreed to by the parties
without disrupting the substantial compliance efforts LRSD has undertaken to date
with respect to that remedy.

    Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the Court’s decision to uphold the 2004
Remedy and would modify the 2004 Remedy as discussed.
                       ___________________________




                                       -27-
