                        This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A15-1640

                               Donald A. Rask, et al.,
                                   Appellants,

                                         vs.

                                    James Rask,
                                    Respondent,

                                  Gary Rask, et al.,
                                   Respondents,

                             Bell State Bank and Trust,
                             d/b/a Bell Mortgage, et al.,
                                    Defendants.

                               Filed May 31, 2016
                 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
                                  Johnson, Judge

                          Crow Wing County District Court
                              File No. 18-CV-14-2499

Matthew J. Schaap, Robert B. Bauer, Dougherty, Molenda, Solfest, Hills & Bauer, P.A.,
Apple Valley, Minnesota (for appellants)

Thomas C. Pearson, Daniel M. Hawley, Gammello, Qualley, Pearson & Mallak PLLC,
Baxter, Minnesota (for respondent James Rask)

Ryan R. Dreyer, Eric G. Nasstrom, Morrison Sund PLLC, Minnetonka, Minnesota (for
respondents Gary Rask and Sandra Rask)
       Considered and decided by Kirk, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and John P.

Smith, Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

JOHNSON, Judge

       Three siblings own undivided, one-third interests in lakeshore property. One sibling

commenced this action against the other two for a partition of the property. The district

court ordered the two defendants to purchase the interest of the plaintiff at a specified

amount and ordered the plaintiff to give the defendants a warranty deed. The plaintiff

appeals, challenging the district court’s form of remedy, its findings of facts concerning

the value of the property, and its requirement that the plaintiff provide a warranty deed.

We conclude that the district court did not err by ordering the defendants to purchase the

interest of the plaintiff and did not err in its findings of fact. But we conclude that the

district court erred by requiring the plaintiff to provide the defendants with a warranty deed.

Therefore, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for an order requiring the plaintiff

to provide the defendants with a quit-claim deed.

                                           FACTS

       In 1962, Milton Rask and Hildur Rask purchased lakeshore property on Pelican

Lake in Crow Wing County. The property has 200 feet of shoreline on the south side of

the lake. At the time of the purchase, there was a small, simple, seasonal cabin on the

eastern half of the property.


       
       Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant
to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.

                                              2
       In 1985, Milton and Hildur executed a quit-claim deed to transfer their fee interest

in the property to their three children, James Rask, Gary Rask, and Donald Rask, in equal

undivided interests, subject to life estates reserved to Milton and Hildur.

       The evidence presented at trial reveals that all three brothers historically spent

leisure time at Pelican Lake, that both Gary and Donald maintained primary residences in

the Twin Cities area, that both were married with children, and that both were gainfully

employed. James did not testify at trial. The record indicates that he never has married,

has some unspecified limitations on his capacity, and has executed a power of attorney that

names Gary as his attorney-in-fact.

       At some point in time, interpersonal conflicts developed between Gary and Donald

and their respective families, and Donald and his family ceased spending time at the Pelican

Lake cabin. In 1998, Donald purchased a cabin on another lake. He returned to the Pelican

Lake cabin only once until approximately three weeks before trial.

       Milton died in 2000. At the time, James, Gary, and Donald were approximately 57,

54, and 49 years old, respectively. In 2002 and 2003, Gary demolished the existing cabin

and built a larger, year-round home in approximately the same place as the old cabin on

the eastern half of the property. Gary spent $675,000 of his own funds to build the new

cabin, all of which he borrowed. Neither James nor Donald contributed any funds to the

construction of the new home or signed the promissory note for the construction loan, but

neither objected to Gary’s improvements. Hildur, Gary, James, and Donald executed a

mortgage to secure the repayment of Gary’s loan, and they executed another mortgage in

2010 when Gary obtained refinancing.         After the new cabin was completed, James


                                              3
contributed approximately $19,000 to the payment of property taxes and approximately

$2,400 to maintenance expenses. Donald did not contribute to the payment of property

taxes or maintenance expenses after Gary built the new home. Gary testified that he wanted

Donald and his family to resume visits to the cabin and attempted to facilitate Donald’s use

of the improved property.

       Hildur died in 2013. In June 2014, Donald (and his wife, Sharon Rask) commenced

this action against James and Gary (and Gary’s wife, Sandra Rask).1 Donald alleged in the

complaint that the property can be subdivided into two parcels but cannot be subdivided

into three parcels because of local zoning ordinances. Donald asserted two claims. In

count 1, he requested that the district court subdivide the property into two parcels, order a

public sale of each parcel, and order that the proceeds of the sale be divided among the

three co-tenants. In count 2, Donald alleged a claim of unjust enrichment against Gary

based on his exclusive use of the property between 2002 and 2014 and requested an award

of money damages.

       In July 2014, James served and filed his answer, which included a counterclaim of

unjust enrichment against Donald based on allegations that he did not expend any of his

funds on taxes, maintenance, and improvements but nonetheless stood to benefit from the

expenditures of the other co-tenants.




       1
        For the sake of simplicity, we will refer to the three siblings throughout the
remainder of this opinion as the parties in interest, even though two spouses also are parties
to the action.

                                              4
       Also in July 2014, Gary served and filed an answer, which included four

counterclaims against Donald. In counterclaim count 1, Gary alleged that the property

cannot be subdivided and, accordingly, requested that the district court either (a) order

James and Gary to purchase Donald’s interest in the property at fair market value, less

offsets for James’s and Gary’s expenditures on the property, or (b) order a private sale of

the property among the parties. In count 2, Gary requested an accounting of the parties’

respective expenditures on the property. In count 3, Gary alleged a claim of contribution

against Donald to accomplish an equal allocation of expenditures on the property. In count

4, Gary sought “a declaration of the parties’ rights relative to” the property, “including the

amounts that Plaintiffs rightfully owe for their fair share of its improvements, upkeep,

maintenance and expenses.” Gary’s fourth counterclaim also seeks relief against James

and, to that extent, is properly characterized as a cross-claim.

       In January 2015, Donald moved for summary judgment. He requested that the

district court issue an order for a sale of the property and an order subdividing the property

into two parcels, if appropriate. In March 2015, after hearing oral arguments on the motion,

the district court appointed three referees, Jim Ruttger, William Ludenia, and Bruce

Larson, “to advise the Court on the potential sale” of the property. The district court

directed each referee to issue a report concerning, among other things, the estimated value

of the property and whether subdividing the property would increase its value. The district

court did not otherwise rule on Donald’s motion for summary judgment.

       In June 2015, the case was tried to the district court over three days. In September

2015, the district court issued an eight-page order with its findings of fact, conclusions of


                                              5
law, and order for judgment. The district court found that the value of the entire property

in its present condition is $1,285,000 and that the value of the undeveloped property (i.e.,

if the property did not include the newly constructed home) would be $800,000. The

district court found that the amount of Gary’s expenditures to improve the property

exceeded the increase in market value arising from those expenditures. The district court

determined that the fair market value of the property should be determined based on the

value of the property if it were undeveloped. The district court ordered James and Gary to

buy Donald’s one-third interest in the $800,000 property by paying Donald $266,666. The

district court also ordered Donald to give James and Gary a warranty deed. The district

court concluded the order by stating, “All other claims made by Plaintiffs and Defendants

are dismissed with prejudice.” Donald appeals.

                                      DECISION

                                    I. Form of Remedy

       Donald first argues that the district court erred by ordering a buy-out of his one-

third interest instead of ordering a partition by public sale. He contends that the district

court’s means of resolving the case is contrary to the applicable partition statutes.

                                             A.

       We begin by reviewing the applicable law. An action to partition real property is

governed by chapter 558 of the Minnesota Statutes. The provisions of that chapter and the

caselaw provide multiple means by which a district court may resolve a partition action.

       First, a district court may order a partition in kind. Minn. Stat. § 558.01 (2012). A

partition in kind is the “physical division of property held in tenancy in common.”


                                              6
7 Richard R. Powell et al., Powell on Real Property § 50.07[4][a], at 50-46.2 (Michael

Allen Wolf ed., 2000). For example, a property owned by four co-tenants could be divided

into four lots of equal size and value.

       Second, a district court may order a partition in kind with compensation. Minn.

Stat. § 558.11 (2012). “When it appears that partition cannot be made equal between the

parties without prejudice to the rights or interests of some, the court may adjudge

compensation to be made by one to another for equality of partition.” Id. Compensation

under these circumstances sometimes is called owelty. See, e.g., Kauffman v. Eckhardt,

195 Minn. 569, 573, 263 N.W. 610, 612 (1935) (stating that district court could use owelty

to compensate party who receives farmland worth less than cotenant’s farmland after

partition); see also Black’s Law Dictionary 1279 (10th ed. 2014). Owelty may be ordered

“in an appropriate case without the consent of the tenant whose interest is charged.” Hoerr

v. Hoerr, 140 Minn. 223, 225, 165 N.W. 472, 473 (1917). But owelty should be used with

caution and only “when necessary to make an equitable and fair division.” Id. at 226, 165

N.W. at 474.

       Third, a district court may order a partition by private sale. Minn. Stat. § 558.14

(2012); see also Minn. Stat. § 558.17 (2012). “[I]f it is alleged in the complaint and

established by evidence that the property, or any part of it, is so situated that partition

cannot be had without great prejudice to the owners, the court may order a sale of the

property or of such part.” Minn. Stat. § 558.14. A court may order that property be sold

by private sale only if it is in “the best interests of the owners of the property.” Minn. Stat.

§ 558.17. In a private sale, the property must be appraised by two or more disinterested


                                               7
persons, and the property cannot be sold for less than its appraised value. Id. Various

statutory provisions govern particular aspects of a partition by private sale, such as liens

on property, apportionment of costs, application of proceeds, and the manner of sale. See,

e.g., Minn. Stat. §§ 558.09, .10, .14, .15, .17, .18, .19, .22, .24 (2012).

       Fourth, a district court may order a partition by public sale. Minn. Stat. § 558.17.

In a public sale, “[t]he sale may be by public auction to the highest bidder for cash, upon

published notice in the manner required for the sale of real property on execution.” Id.;

see also Jallo v. Jallo, 219 Minn. 241, 17 N.W.2d 710 (1945). In a public sale, notice must

be published stating the terms of the sale and whether the property is subject to a prior

estate, charge, or lien. Minn. Stat. § 558.17. Various statutory provisions governing

private sales also may apply to a public sale. See, e.g., Minn. Stat. §§ 558.09, .18, .19, .22,

.24.

       Fifth, a district court may order a partition by set-off. Minn. Stat. § 558.12 (2012).

The pertinent statute provides:

                      When the premises consist of a mill or other tenement
              which cannot be divided without damage to the owners, or
              when any specified part is of greater value than either party’s
              share, and cannot be divided without damage to the owners, the
              whole premises or the part so incapable of division may be set
              off to any party who will accept it, that party paying to one or
              more of the others such sums of money as the referees award
              to make the partition just and equal; or the referees may assign
              the exclusive occupancy and enjoyment of the whole or of such
              part to each of the parties alternately for specified times, in
              proportion to their respective interests.

Id.




                                               8
       In addition to the statutorily authorized forms of remedies, a district court may

fashion an appropriate remedy for a particular case by relying on equitable principles. A

district court

                 may exercise its general equitable powers and resort to the
                 most advantageous plans which the nature of the particular
                 case admits in effecting, without great prejudice to any of the
                 owners, a partition of one or more tracts, whether such partition
                 be accomplished by a division in kind, by sale, or by any
                 practical combination of both methods.

Swogger v. Taylor, 243 Minn. 458, 466-67, 68 N.W.2d 376, 383 (1955); see also Andersen

v. Andersen, 376 N.W.2d 711, 716 (Minn. App. 1985) (quoting Carlson v. Olson, 256 N.W.2d

249, 255 (Minn. 1977)). A district court may use its “significant” equitable powers to “fill

out the silent spaces in the partition statutes” because a district court’s power to resolve a

partition action is not confined to the statutory provisions. Swogger, 243 Minn. at 461-64,

68 N.W.2d at 380-82.

       Although several options are available to a district court, “the law favors partition

in kind rather than a sale and a division of the proceeds among the owners,” so long as a

partition in kind “can be had without great prejudice to the owners.” Id. at 467, 68 N.W.2d

at 384. The term “prejudice,” in this context, means that “the value of each share if

[physical] partition is made will be materially less than the share of money equivalent that

could probably be had on a sale of the whole.” Beebout v. Beebout, 447 N.W.2d 465, 467

(Minn. App. 1989) (alterations in original) (quoting Pigeon River Lumber Co. v.

McDougall, 169 Minn. 83, 87, 210 N.W. 850, 852 (1926)). “The law favors partition in




                                                9
kind, as opposed to partition by sale, as the former does not force a person to sell his or her

private property.” Id.

                                              B.

       We continue by reviewing the district court’s decision in the context of the panoply

of remedies discussed above. The district court did not select any of the above-described

partition remedies by label. Rather, the district court simply stated that “the most equitable

solution to this dispute is to order [Gary and James] to purchase [Donald’s] interest in the

Pelican Lake Property.” Donald contends that the district court erred by not invoking a

statutorily authorized remedy, specifically, the remedy of a public sale.

       We do not agree with Donald’s assertion that the district court did not utilize any of

the remedies that are specifically authorized by statute. It is true that the district court did

not order a partition in kind, with or without compensation. It also is true that the district

court did not order a public sale. But the district court’s chosen remedy could be

characterized as either a private sale or a set-off. The district court’s chosen remedy also

could be characterized as an equitable remedy that is authorized by Swogger. It is

unnecessary to categorize the district court’s remedy definitively because, in any event, the

district court’s remedy is authorized by law.

       To resolve Donald’s argument, we must determine whether the district court erred

by ordering a private sale, a set-off, or a customized equitable remedy instead of the remedy

Donald suggested, i.e., a public sale. We need not consider whether a partition in kind,

with or without compensation, might have been more appropriate because no party

suggested a partition in kind, either in a pleading or in an argument at trial. Donald could


                                              10
have asked the district court to order a partition in kind. For example, Donald could have

asked the district court to divide the property into two lots (an eastern lot with the modern

home for Gary and an undeveloped western lot for Donald) and to provide for James in

some manner, either by maintaining his interest in one lot or both lots or by awarding him

compensation for his one-third interest in the entire property. Such a request would have

been in harmony with the principle that “[t]he law favors partition in kind, as opposed to

partition by sale, as the former does not force a person to sell his or her private property.”

Beebout, 447 N.W.2d at 467. If Donald had made such a request, and if the district court

had ordered such relief, Donald could have sold the western lot to the public, thereby

realizing directly the market value of a lakeshore lot in that location.

       But Donald did not ask for partition in kind. Rather, he asked the district court to

order a remedy that would require all members of the extended family to sell a property

that James and Gary wish to retain. Donald’s sought-after remedy would have put Gary at

risk of being involuntarily divested of his interest in the property. Given Donald’s and

Gary’s respective positions, the district court was presented with the question whether one

or more co-tenants should be allowed to retain their interest in the property or whether none

of the co-tenants should be allowed to retain their interest in the property without

outbidding strangers to the property, even though the market value of the property is

capable of proof based on the evidence submitted by the court-appointed referees.

       Given the choices reflected by Donald’s and Gary’s respective positions, the district

court was within its discretion to consider the particular circumstances of the case and craft

an “advantageous plan[]” based on “the nature of the particular case.” See Swogger, 243


                                              11
Minn. at 466, 68 N.W.2d at 383. The law of partition favors those remedies that allow the

most continuity of ownership and disfavors those remedies that are most disruptive of the

pre-existing property rights so as not to “force a person to sell his or her private property.”

See Beebout, 447 N.W.2d at 467; see also 68 C.J.S. Partition § 122 (2009) (“Partition

actions should be fashioned to cause the least degree of harm to the cotenants.”); J.W. Oler,

Annotation, Right to Partition in Kind of Mineral or Oil and Gas Land, 143 A.L.R. 1092,

1096 (1943) (stating generally that partition in kind is favored because it “does not disturb

the existing form of inheritance or compel a person to sell his property against his will”).

Donald’s proposed remedy, a partition by public sale, would be contrary to this principle

because it would have forced Gary to put the property on the market.

       Donald also contends that the district court should have ordered a partition by public

sale on the ground that it is the remedy that is most likely to yield the highest sale price.

Donald relies on State by Mattson v. Schoberg, 279 Minn. 145, 155 N.W.2d 750 (1968), in

which the supreme court stated, “It is the duty of the referees and the court to obtain the

highest possible price for the benefit of those entitled to receive the proceeds.” Id. at 151,

155 N.W.2d at 754. Schoberg does not support Donald’s contention, primarily because it

is a condemnation case, not a partition case. The central issue on appeal was the value of

the condemned property. Id. at 148, 151, 155 N.W.2d at 752, 754. The supreme court

referred to partition law only because the property had been partitioned by a public sale a

few years before it was condemned, and the appellant argued in the condemnation appeal

that the relatively low price of the partition sale did not reflect the full value of the property.

Id. at 146, 148-52, 155 N.W.2d at 751-55. At most, Schoberg stands for the proposition


                                                12
that if a district court orders a partition by public sale, the sale should be conducted in a

manner that is designed to obtain the highest price, and the proposition that a district court

may refuse to confirm a public sale if it does not achieve that purpose. This meaning is

indicated by the sentence immediately following the sentence on which Donald relies,

which states, “The court may refuse to confirm the sale where the price is disproportionate

to its value,” i.e., disproportionally low in comparison to its value. Id. at 151, 155 N.W.2d

at 754. Donald’s interpretation of Schoberg is inconsistent with the preference for a

remedy that “does not force a person to sell his or her private property.” See Beebout, 447

N.W.2d at 467. Furthermore, the price of a private sale may be set at an amount that the

district court finds to be the market value, i.e., the price that would obtain in a public sale.

Accordingly, we reject Donald’s contention that the district court had an overriding duty

to order a public sale for the purpose of maximizing the sale price.

       Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by ordering James and Gary to

purchase Donald’s interest in the property.

                         II. Findings Concerning Market Value

       Donald next argues that the district court erred in its findings of fact concerning the

value of the property. This court applies a clear-error standard of review to a district court’s

findings of fact in a partition action. Anderson v. Anderson, 560 N.W.2d 729, 730 (Minn.

App. 1997).

       The district court found that the fair market value of the property with improvements

is $1,285,000 and that the fair market value of the property without any improvements

would be $800,000.        The district court found that Gary expended $675,000 in


                                              13
improvements to the property. The district court found that Gary’s expenditures in

constructing the new cabin “exceeded the increase in market value due to those

improvements” (which, by implication, would be $485,000). For that reason, the district

court determined that Gary alone should be responsible for the difference between the

expenses of improving the property and the increase in market value arising from those

improvements (which, by implication, would be $190,000). To fulfill that purpose, the

district court found that the fair market value of the property is $800,000 for purposes of

determining the price at which James and Gary should purchase Donald’s interest.

       Donald contends that the district court erred by basing the purchase price on the

value of the land as if it were undeveloped. The district court’s method of determining the

purchase price is supported by Hunt v. Meeker Cty. Abstract & Loan Co., which was

considered by the supreme court in two separate appeals. One of two co-tenants sought

partition of a two-story building of which each party occupied one story. 128 Minn. 207,

208-10, 150 N.W. 798, 798-99 (1915) (Hunt I). The prior occupant of the first story had

built a bank vault of brick and steel. Id. at 209, 150 N.W. at 798. The supreme court

considered whether the district court erred by not adding the value of the vault to the value

of the property before partitioning it. 135 Minn. 134, 136, 160 N.W. 496, 496 (1916) (Hunt

II). The supreme court concluded that it was appropriate for the district court to allow

value of the improvement to be retained by the party who was the successor in interest of

the co-tenant who had expended funds on the improvement:

              [I]f the permanent improvement placed thereon by the
              cotenant, to whose interest defendant has succeeded, has added
              to the present value of the property, it should have such added


                                             14
              value, provided that thereby no harm or disadvantage comes to
              . . . the cotenant . . . . If a sale be necessary, that amount should
              first be allotted to respondent from the proceeds of the sale, and
              the balance divided equally.

Id. at 138-39, 160 N.W. at 497-98; see also Brandin v. Swenson, 163 Minn. 506, 507, 204

N.W. 468, 469 (1925) (affirming partition in kind in which party who improved portion of

property was awarded the improved portion).

       Donald contends that Hunt is distinguishable because Gary improved the property

while he was a remainderman. That fact does not make the case meaningfully different.

Hunt is applicable because Gary is a “cotenant [who] has made a permanent and valuable

improvement upon the real estate involved.” Hunt II, 135 Minn. at 137, 160 N.W. at 497.

Donald also contends that the district court’s reasoning is inconsistent with Day v. Day,

180 Minn. 151, 230 N.W. 634 (1930), in which a co-tenant was not allowed to recover

against another co-tenant for the value of improvements made without an agreement. Id.

at 156, 230 N.W. at 636. But Day is not a partition case; it is a case involving a claim for

contribution, which is a distinct theory. Id.

       Donald also contends that the district court erred by finding that the value of the

undeveloped land would be $800,000 rather than a higher amount.                  Three referees

submitted written reports to the court with their opinions of the value of the land as one

parcel and as two parcels. Referee Larson valued the property as one parcel at $1,775,000

and as two parcels at $1,950,000. Referee Ludenia valued the property as one parcel at

$1,285,000 and as two parcels at $1,420,000. Referee Ruttger valued the property as either

one parcel or two parcels at $1,284,000. Specifically, Referee Ruttger estimated the “site



                                                15
value” as $800,000 and the value of the cabin as approximately $484,000. The district

court found Referee Ruttger’s report to be most credible and essentially adopted his

opinions concerning the value of the property. This court generally defers to a district

court’s credibility determinations. Andersen, 376 N.W.2d at 715 (citing Minn. R. Civ. P.

52.01).

       Thus, the district court did not err by finding that the fair market value of the

property, if undeveloped, is $800,000 and by using that figure as the basis for the price of

the transfer of Donald’s interest in the property.

                                III. Means of Conveyance

       Donald last argues that the district court erred by requiring him to convey his interest

to James and Gary by a warranty deed and by requiring him to convey his interest without

making any provision for the satisfaction of lienholders.

       Donald contends that he should have been required to convey his interest in the

property by a quit-claim deed rather than a warranty deed. He notes that he obtained his

interest by a quit-claim deed, without any warranties of title, and that he has not been in

possession of the property. James responds by conceding that it would have been more

appropriate for the district court to order a conveyance by a quit-claim deed. Gary does

not directly respond to Donald’s argument. Neither James nor Gary argues that a limited

warranty would be appropriate or necessary.

       A warranty deed is a “deed containing one or more covenants of title; esp., a deed

that expressly guarantees the grantor’s good, clear title and that contains covenants

concerning the quality of title, including warranties of seisin, quiet enjoyment, right to


                                              16
convey, freedom from encumbrances, and defense of title against all claims.” Black’s Law

Dictionary 504 (10th ed. 2014); see also Minn. Stat. § 507.07 (2014); 6A Steven J. Kirsch,

Minnesota Practice § 43.3, at 67-70 (5th ed. 1990) (describing types of deeds). A quit-

claim deed is a deed that “conveys a grantor’s complete interest or claim in certain real

property but that neither warrants nor professes that the title is valid.” Black’s Law

Dictionary 503 (10th ed. 2014). Furthermore, a quit-claim deed “excludes any implication

that [the grantor] has good title, or any title at all.” Id.; see also Kirsch, supra, § 43.3, at

70.

       We agree with Donald and James that the district court erred by requiring Donald

to convey his interest by a warranty deed instead of a quit-claim deed. Because Donald

received his interest in the property by a quit-claim deed, and because he has not been in

possession of the property since approximately 1998, he should not be expected to warrant

the covenants of title or to bear any risk of liability for possible encumbrances. See Minn.

Stat. §§ 507.07, .21 (2014); Kirsch, supra, § 43.3, at 67-70.

       Donald also contends that he should not bear the risk that the lender holding the

mortgage securing Gary’s refinancing loan will seize the payments made to him by James

and Gary. Donald’s contention is based on the mortgage’s due-on-sale cause, which

provides that if the property is sold or transferred without the lender’s consent, the lender

may require immediate repayment of the loan. All co-tenants executed the mortgage,

although Gary is the only co-tenant who signed the promissory note. Donald asserts that,

at present, the lender could seize the payments made to him by James and Gary. Donald

has not demonstrated that such a seizure is a realistic possibility. It is unclear whether the


                                              17
transfer ordered by the district court is a transfer that triggers the due-on-sale clause of the

mortgage. See Kirsch, supra, § 48.27, at 231. It also is unclear whether a transfer to a

person who is a co-tenant, a co-mortgagor, and a borrower on the note would trigger the

due-on-sale clause. Cf. Rayford v. Louisiana Savs. Ass’n., 380 So. 2d 1232, 1237-38 (La.

App. 1980) (holding that transfer of mortgaged property to co-owner did not trigger due-

on-sale clause of mortgage), review denied (La. May 9, 1982). It further is unclear why

the lender would require Donald rather than Gary pay off the balance of the loan. Thus,

Donald has not demonstrated that the district court erred by not providing for the

satisfaction of lienholders.

       In sum, the district court did not err by ordering James and Gary to purchase

Donald’s interest in the property and did not err in its findings of fact concerning the value

of the property. But the district court erred by ordering Donald to convey his interest in

the property to James and Gary by a warranty deed. Therefore, we affirm in part, reverse

in part, and remand to the district court for entry of an order that requires Donald to convey

his interest in the property to James and Gary by a quit-claim deed.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.




                                              18
