                                                          FILED
                                                           MAY 29 2018
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                         U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                       OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                              OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 4
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No. CC-17-1235-LSKu
                                   )
 6   LEYLA FATIMA,                 )      Bk. No. 8:15-bk-15581-MW
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )      Adv. No. 8:16-ap-01175-MW
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     LEYLA FATIMA,                 )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      M E M O R A N D U M*
11                                 )
     JANUARY STERN,                )
12                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
13   ______________________________)
14              Submitted Without Argument on May 24, 2018
15                            Filed - May 29, 2018
16            Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                  for the Central District of California
17
          Honorable Mark S. Wallace, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
18                       _________________________
19   Appearances:     Appellant Leyla Fatima, pro se on brief; Neal S.
                      Zaslavsky on brief for Appellee.
20                         _________________________
21   Before: LAFFERTY, SPRAKER, and KURTZ, Bankruptcy Judges.
22
23
24
25
26        *
           This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1        Debtor Leyla Fatima appeals the bankruptcy court’s entry of
 2   a default judgment finding her debt to Plaintiff-Appellee January
 3   Stern nondischargeable under §§ 523(a)(2) and (a)(6).1    The
 4   bankruptcy court struck Ms. Fatima’s answer and entered the
 5   default judgment as a terminating sanction after Ms. Fatima
 6   failed to comply with the bankruptcy court’s order granting
 7   Ms. Stern’s motion to compel Ms. Fatima to provide the initial
 8   disclosures required under Civil Rule 26(a), incorporated in
 9   bankruptcy via Rule 7026.
10        Under the facts presented, we find no abuse of discretion in
11   the award of terminating sanctions.   Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
12                                 FACTS
13        In December 2012 Ms. Stern obtained an $815,000 judgment
14   against Ms. Fatima in Orange County Superior Court on a cause of
15   action for intentional misrepresentation.   In the course of that
16   litigation, Ms. Fatima failed to appear at her deposition and a
17   subsequent hearing on Ms. Stern’s motion for sanctions; the state
18   court judge thus awarded discovery sanctions of $28,546.61 in
19   addition to the principal amount of the judgment.
20        Ms. Fatima filed a chapter 7 petition in May 2013.    That
21   case was dismissed on the chapter 7 trustee’s motion because
22   Ms. Fatima failed to appear at her continued section 341 meeting.
23   Ms. Fatima filed a second chapter 7 petition in November 2015.
24   Ms. Stern timely filed an adversary proceeding seeking to except
25
          1
26         Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all
27   “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal
28   Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                    -2-
 1   the state court judgment from discharge under §§ 523(a)(2) and
 2   (a)(6) and for denial of discharge under various subsections of
 3   § 727(a).   Ms. Fatima filed an answer, and the parties thereafter
 4   met and conferred as required under Civil Rule 26(f), agreeing to
 5   exchange initial disclosures by November 30, 2016.   At
 6   Ms. Fatima’s request, Ms. Stern’s counsel, Neal Zaslavsky, agreed
 7   to extend the deadline to January 16, 2017, but Ms. Fatima did
 8   not timely provide the disclosures or contact Mr. Zaslavsky to
 9   request a further extension.   Accordingly, on January 23, 2017,
10   Ms. Stern filed and served a motion to compel Ms. Fatima’s
11   initial disclosures.   Ms. Fatima did not file a response or
12   appear at the hearing on the motion to compel.
13        On February 27, 2017, the bankruptcy court entered an order
14   granting the motion to compel.   The order required Ms. Fatima to
15   make all required disclosures by March 15, 2017, and to pay
16   Ms. Stern monetary sanctions of $4,000 by April 15, 2017.    The
17   order warned: “Defendant Leyla Fatima is further advised that her
18   failure to comply with this Court’s Order will result in the
19   Court striking her answer and entering a default against her,
20   absent extraordinary circumstances.”
21        Ms. Fatima again failed to make the required disclosures.
22   Accordingly, on March 16, 2017, Ms. Stern filed a motion for
23   terminating sanctions against Ms. Fatima.   Ms. Fatima did not
24   file a written response, but she appeared at the hearing on
25   April 19, 2017.   At that hearing, Ms. Fatima indicated that she
26   had the initial disclosures with her and could “turn them in,”
27   although she apparently did not do so.   She explained that the
28   delay was due to “confusion on my part not understanding exactly

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 1   what it was that I needed to do.”     She alluded to having been in
 2   Australia and not being properly served; she therefore asked the
 3   court for another extension of time to make the disclosures,
 4   which the bankruptcy court denied.
 5        Mr. Zaslavky advised the court that although Ms. Fatima had
 6   not paid the $4,000 in monetary sanctions awarded in the court’s
 7   February 27 order, he had agreed to an arrangement for Ms. Fatima
 8   to pay the sanctions by August 1.
 9        After hearing argument, the bankruptcy court granted the
10   motion for terminating sanctions pursuant to Civil Rule
11   37(b)(2)(A)(iii), applicable via Rule 7037.    The court thereafter
12   issued a memorandum decision and order striking Ms. Fatima’s
13   answer, directing the clerk of the court to enter default, and
14   ordering Ms. Stern to file a motion for entry of default judgment
15   by August 31, 2017.   In the memorandum decision, the bankruptcy
16   court found:
17             The evidence here shows that Ms. Fatima, although
          self-represented, is no stranger to the judicial
18        process in general and discovery rules in particular –
          and sanctions imposed when discovery rules are
19        violated. . . . [S]anctions of over $28,000 were
          imposed against her in May 2012 in the Orange County
20        Superior Court action when she failed to appear at her
          duly noticed deposition. Any reasonable person (and
21        probably not a few unreasonable people as well) would
          understand the seriousness of discovery obligations and
22        the seriousness of potential sanctions for discovery
          violations as a result of that experience.
23
               Soon after Ms. Fatima’s main bankruptcy case
24        began, she continued a pattern and practice of being
          obstructive and non-cooperative with respect to the
25        obligations imposed by the legal process. At her
          section 341(a) examination, she refused to provide most
26        of the documents she was ordered to provide as part of
          that examination, and she refused to answer most of the
27        questions posed to her during that examination.
28             As reviewed above, this pattern and practice of

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 1        obstruction and non-cooperation continued during this
          adversary proceeding. Despite the fact that she was
 2        given one chance after another to “get right” with her
          obligations regarding discovery – and knowing full well
 3        the consequences of disregarding these obligations –
          she continually failed to comply. Even the issuance of
 4        this Court’s order compelling initial disclosures and
          the imposition of $4,000 in sanctions failed to
 5        motivate her to comply.
 6             Ms. Fatima is not a person who is unfamiliar with
          the legal process and who is unsure of how to proceed.
 7        Rather, she is a person who has a long history of
          disregarding legal obligations and Court orders. She
 8        has not shown any physical or mental infirmity that
          prevented her from complying with the Court’s order.
 9        Nor has she shown any other good cause for her failure
          to comply. The Court has observed her demeanor during
10        hearings and does not believe she is a truthful, honest
          individual. The Court concludes and specifically finds
11        that her failure to comply with this Court’s order on
          the motion to compel is due to her (1) willfulness,
12        (2) bad faith and (3) fault.
13   Memorandum Decision and Order at 4-5.
14        After entry of default, Ms. Stern filed a motion for entry
15   of default judgment, supported by the declarations of Ms. Stern
16   and her counsel, numerous exhibits, and a request for judicial
17   notice.   A few days later, Ms. Fatima filed a motion to set aside
18   entry of default.   The bankruptcy court issued an order finding
19   the motion untimely but permitted hearing on July 26, 2017, the
20   date set for hearing on Ms. Stern’s motion for entry of default
21   judgment, and extended the deadline for Ms. Stern to file an
22   opposition.
23        At the hearing on the motions, the bankruptcy court
24   permitted Ms. Fatima to argue at length.    She indicated, first,
25   that she was not necessarily familiar with the procedures
26   involved in an adversary proceeding and that she had not delayed
27   in an attempt to “drag this process out.”   Second, she described
28   her efforts between December 2016 and May 2017 to get her son

                                     -5-
 1   into rehab for a drug addiction.       Third, she expressed concerns
 2   that information she provided to Ms. Stern’s counsel might be
 3   revealed to her allegedly abusive ex-husband and used against
 4   her.       She accused Mr. Zaslavsky of mocking her during her 2004
 5   examination regarding an alleged sexual assault she had suffered,
 6   and asserted that, given her post-traumatic stress disorder,
 7   “this all re-traumatizes me.”       She admitted, however, that at no
 8   point had she contacted Mr. Zaslavsky to explain her need for
 9   additional time.
10          The court denied with prejudice Ms. Fatima’s motion to set
11   aside the default on two grounds.         First, the court found that
12   the motion was untimely.       Second, the court found that Ms. Fatima
13   had not satisfied her burden under Civil Rule 60(b), applicable
14   via Rule 9024, to show either newly discovered evidence or
15   excusable neglect.
16          Ms. Fatima presented no argument in opposition to the motion
17   for entry of default judgment, and the bankruptcy court granted
18   it.    The court entered a judgment on August 1, 2017 finding both
19   the state court judgment and the state court sanctions award
20   nondischargeable under §§ 523(a)(2) and (a)(6).         Additionally,
21   the judgment provided that Ms. Fatima was still liable for the
22   $4,000 monetary sanction previously imposed by the court, along
23   with interest at the federal judgment rate.2
24          Ms. Fatima timely appealed.
25
26
27
            2
           The bankruptcy court later entered an amended judgment
28   clarifying that the judgment was intended to be a final judgment.

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 1                               JURISDICTION
 2        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
 3   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(I).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 4   § 158.
 5                                  ISSUE
 6        Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in
 7   entering a default judgment against Ms. Fatima as a terminating
 8   sanction.
 9                           STANDARD OF REVIEW
10        We review discovery sanctions, including terminating
11   sanctions, for abuse of discretion.    Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v.
12   New Images of Beverly Hills, 482 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2007).
13   To determine whether the bankruptcy court has abused its
14   discretion, we conduct a two-step inquiry: (1) we review de novo
15   whether the bankruptcy court identified the correct legal rule to
16   apply to the relief requested and (2) if it did, whether the
17   bankruptcy court’s application of the legal standard was
18   illogical, implausible, or without support in inferences that may
19   be drawn from the facts in the record.     United States v. Hinkson,
20   585 F.3d 1247, 1262–63 & n.21 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
21        Factual findings are reviewed for clear error.    Where there
22   are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s
23   choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.    Anderson v.
24   City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985).    Findings based
25   on determinations of witness credibility are entitled to special
26   deference.   Oney v. Weinberg (In re Weinberg), 410 B.R. 19, 28
27   (9th Cir. BAP 2009), aff’d, 407 F. App’x 176 (9th Cir. 2010)
28   (citing Anderson, 470 U.S. at 573).

                                     -7-
 1                                 DISCUSSION
 2        Civil Rule 37(b)(2)(A) provides in relevant part that if a
 3   party fails to obey an order to provide discovery, including an
 4   order under Rule 37(a), the court may issue further “just
 5   orders,” including “striking pleadings in whole or in part” and
 6   “rendering a default judgment against the disobedient party.”
 7   Civil Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(iii) and (vi).      Where the sanction results
 8   in default, the sanctioned party’s violations must be due to
 9   willfulness, bad faith or fault of the party.     Hester v. Vision
10   Airlines, Inc., 687 F.3d 1162, 1169 (9th Cir. 2012).     In this
11   context, willfulness, bad faith, or fault may be established by
12   showing disobedient conduct not outside the control of the
13   litigant.    Henry v. Gill Indus., Inc., 983 F.2d 943, 948 (9th
14   Cir. 1993).    A court may consider prior misconduct when weighing
15   a sanctions motion.    Adriana Int’l Corp. v. Thoeren, 913 F.2d
16   1406, 1411 (9th Cir. 1990).
17        In the Ninth Circuit, the bankruptcy court must apply a
18   five-part test to determine whether a case-dispositive sanction
19   under Rule 37(b)(2) is just: (1) the public’s interest in
20   expeditious resolution of litigation; (2) the court’s need to
21   manage its dockets; (3) the risk of prejudice to the party
22   seeking sanctions; (4) the public policy favoring disposition of
23   cases on their merits; and (5) the availability of less drastic
24   sanctions.    As to the fifth factor, the bankruptcy court must
25   have considered and tried lesser sanctions and warned the
26   recalcitrant party about the possibility of case-dispositive
27   sanctions.    Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 482 F.3d at 1096.
28        Here, as noted, the bankruptcy court found that Ms. Fatima’s

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 1   failure to comply with the court’s order on the motion to compel
 2   was due to willfulness, bad faith and fault based on her history
 3   of disregarding court rules and orders and her failure to show a
 4   physical or mental infirmity or other good cause for her failure
 5   to comply.   Ms. Fatima does not explicitly dispute this finding.
 6        The court then applied the Ninth Circuit test and found that
 7   the factors weighed in favor of a terminating sanction.   The
 8   bankruptcy court found, first, that the adversary proceeding had
 9   been pending for more than nine months when the court first
10   considered the motion for sanctions in April 2017 and that no
11   initial disclosures had occurred, thus thwarting the public
12   interest in expeditious resolution of the litigation.
13        Second, the court found that its docket would be “hopelessly
14   overburdened” if all litigants behaved as Ms. Fatima had behaved
15   in the adversary proceeding, noting that Ms. Fatima’s conduct had
16   “significantly impeded resolution of this action, caused delay
17   and [had] adversely impacted the Court’s ability to adhere to a
18   trial schedule. . . .”
19        Third, the bankruptcy court found that Ms. Stern had been
20   prejudiced because Ms. Fatima’s refusal to provide initial
21   disclosures had impaired Ms. Stern’s ability to prepare for
22   trial, Ms. Stern having asserted that she needed documents and
23   information under Ms. Fatima’s possession and control.
24        Fourth, while acknowledging that public policy favors the
25   adjudication of cases on their merits, the court noted that “this
26   factor lends little support to a party whose responsibility it is
27   to move a case toward disposition but whose conduct impedes
28   progress in that direction,” citing Allen v. Bayer Corp. (In re

                                     -9-
 1   Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Prods. Liab. Litig.), 460 F.3d 1217,
 2   1228 (9th Cir. 2006).
 3        Finally, as to lesser sanctions, the bankruptcy court found
 4   that even though the state court and the bankruptcy court had
 5   imposed monetary sanctions on Ms. Fatima for discovery abuses,
 6   those sanctions had not “achieved the effect of making Ms. Fatima
 7   understand the importance of complying with rules of procedure
 8   and court orders.”   Accordingly, the bankruptcy court concluded
 9   that lesser sanctions would be “utterly useless.”    The court also
10   noted that it had specifically warned Ms. Fatima about the
11   possibility of terminating sanctions if she failed to comply with
12   the order on the motion to compel.
13        The bankruptcy court noted that it had considered the fact
14   that Ms. Fatima was not represented by counsel but observed that
15   the majority of pro se litigants “act in good faith, comply with
16   the rules, get through the process and sometimes prevail.”    The
17   court concluded that Ms. Fatima was not such a litigant,
18   specifically finding that “Ms. Fatima is acting in utmost bad
19   faith with respect to this case in general and this discovery
20   matter in particular.”
21        On appeal, Ms. Fatima focuses her argument on alleged verbal
22   and psychological abuse she has suffered at the hands of
23   Ms. Stern and Mr. Zaslavsky.    Specifically, she complains about
24   questions asked at her 341 meeting and 2004 examination that were
25   not “asset-related.”3    She argues that the bankruptcy court “had
26
          3
27         Ms. Fatima’s reply brief focuses almost exclusively on the
     2004 examination and includes a copy of the transcript (BAP Dkt.
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     -10-
 1   a duty to hold [Ms. Stern and her counsel] accountable and demand
 2   that they remain focused on the asset related topics.”      She
 3   contends that the bankruptcy court did not take into account
 4   evidence of Ms. Fatima’s diagnosis of PTSD, anxiety, and
 5   depression, and her fear over alleged connections between
 6   Ms. Stern and her counsel and Ms. Fatima’s ex-husband, an alleged
 7   abuser.    Finally, she argues that the bankruptcy court did not
 8   take her seriously and that she did not feel she was being heard.
 9        None of these arguments persuade us that the bankruptcy
10   court abused its discretion in granting terminating sanctions to
11   Ms. Stern.    The record reflects that Ms. Fatima has a history of
12   ignoring her legal obligations despite being afforded significant
13   leeway.    Ms. Stern granted a nearly two-month extension to
14   Ms. Fatima to provide the initial disclosures, and the bankruptcy
15   court went out of its way to allow Ms. Fatima to present her
16   case.    The court permitted Ms. Fatima to argue at length at the
17   hearing on Ms. Stern’s motion for terminating sanctions even
18   though Ms. Fatima had not filed a written opposition to that
19   motion.    The court also permitted extensive argument on
20   Ms. Fatima’s untimely motion to set aside default.    Despite these
21   opportunities, Ms. Fatima never presented coherent, specific
22   argument or evidence explaining why she did not provide Ms. Stern
23   with her Civil Rule 26 initial disclosures.
24        Moreover, the bankruptcy court found Ms. Fatima’s
25   explanations not credible, and we will not disturb that finding
26
27
          3
           (...continued)
28   No. 40).

                                     -11-
 1   on appeal.   The court’s credibility finding is bolstered by the
 2   fact that Ms. Fatima’s arguments were inconsistent.    She
 3   initially stated at the April hearing that she had the
 4   disclosures and the delay was due to her having been preoccupied
 5   for several months trying to get her son into rehab.    At the same
 6   time, she asserted that she was afraid to provide any information
 7   to Ms. Stern because of concerns that such information would be
 8   shared with Ms. Fatima’s ex-husband.
 9        In any event, Ms. Fatima has not demonstrated that the
10   bankruptcy court erred in finding that a terminating sanction was
11   appropriate.   As noted, Ms. Fatima was given every opportunity to
12   comply with her discovery obligations.    In its order on the
13   motion to compel, the court imposed a not insignificant monetary
14   sanction on Ms. Fatima and provided ample warning that a
15   terminating sanction would result if Ms. Fatima failed to comply
16   with the order.   The court found that Ms. Fatima had a long
17   history of disregarding legal obligations and court orders and
18   had engaged in a pattern of obstruction and non-cooperation in
19   the bankruptcy case.   Moreover, the court found not credible
20   Ms. Fatima’s rambling and inconsistent explanations for her
21   noncompliance.    Ms. Fatima has not shown that these findings were
22   illogical, implausible, or without support in the record, or that
23   the bankruptcy court otherwise abused its discretion.
24                                CONCLUSION
25        For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy
26   court’s entry of a default judgment as a terminating sanction for
27   Ms. Fatima’s failure to comply with the court’s order to provide
28   initial disclosures.

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