                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
TECHSERVE ALLIANCE, F/K/A             )
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF               )
COMPUTER CONSULTANT BUSINESS)
                                      )
                                      )
        Plaintiff,                    )
                                      )
        v.                            ) Civil Action No. 10-0353 (RCL)
                                      )
JANET NAPOLITANO, Secretary ,         )
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, )
et al.,                               )
                                      )
        Defendants.                   )
____________________________________)


                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

I.     INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff Techserve Alliance, formerly known as the National Association of Computer

Consultant Businesses (“NACCB”) submitted a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) request

to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) seeking H-1B visa

materials. NACCB—an association of information technology staffing, solutions, and

consulting firms—hires the recipients of H-1B visas, which allow temporary non-immigrant

alien workers to gain employment in the United States. USCIS responded by reiterating the

propriety of its search and subsequent decision to withhold numerous documents. NACCB filed

suit against USCIS, challenging the adequacy of its search and response to the FOIA request as

well as USCIS’s subsequent decision to withhold numerous documents. The case is now before

the Court on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. Having reviewed the motions,
the oppositions, the replies, the entire record in the case, and the applicable law at length, the

Court grants defendants’ motion for summary judgment for the reasons that follow.

II.     BACKGROUND

        FOIA allows the public to gain access to records from a federal administrative agency,

Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999), and represents a

strong Congressional commitment to transparency in government through the disclosure of

government information. Dep’t of the Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352 (1976). FOIA strikes a

balance between “ensur[ing] an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic

society,” and “legitimate governmental and private interests [that] could be harmed by [the]

release of certain types of information.” Critical Mass Energy Project v. Nuclear Regulatory

Comm’n, 975 F.2d 871, 872 (D.C. Cir. 1992). Though FOIA embodies a policy of disclosure,

full disclosure cannot always be achieved, and thus the Act sets forth nine exemptions that allow

an agency to withhold all or parts of a document. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1)–(9) (2006).

        A.       Factual History

                 1.       Scope of NACCB’s FOIA Request

        On April 15, 2009, Mark B. Roberts, CEO of NACCB, submitted a FOIA request to

USCIS for materials relating to H-1B petitions and related policies. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. 4,

June 24, 2010, ECF No. 16 (“Def.’s Mot.”). NACCB’s request sought material related to nine

categories of documents and did not request expedited processing.1 United States employers


        1
            NACCB requested the following categories of documents:
          1) Document entitled “H-1B Petitions, Fraud Referral Sheet;”
          2) Policies, strategies, or priorities of USCIS with respect to the processing of H-1B nonimmigrant
petitions;
          3) Revisions, modifications, edits, or other changes in Chapter 31.3 of the USCIS Adjudicator’s Field
Manual (“AFM”) entitled “H-1B Classification and Documentary Requirements” or any predecessor manual;
          4) Memorandum from Michael L. Aytes, Assistant Commissioner, INS Office of Adjudications,
interpreting the term “itinerary” found in 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(2)(i)(B) as it relates to the H-1B Nonimmigrant
classification, HQ 70/6.2.8 (December 29, 1995), and any subsequent revisions, updates or modifications thereof;


                                                        2
seeking to hire temporary, highly skilled, non-immigrant alien workers must file and obtain H-

1B visas for those potential employees. Id. The National Records Center (“NRC”), an office

that processes FOIA requests submitted to USCIS, received NACCB’s FOIA request on April

21, 2009. USCIS acknowledged receipt of NACCB’s FOIA request on April 22, 2009, and

assigned control number NRC2009022434 to it.2 Decl. of Jill Eggleston 4, Ex. 1 to Def.’s Mot.

Summ. J., June 24, 2010, ECF No. 16-1 (“Eggleston Decl.”).

        NRC handles FOIA requests pursuant to a “first-in/first-out system of processing,”

permitting USCIS to respond to relatively simple requests faster than those requests involving

complex or voluminous records. Id. at 2. Jill Eggleston, the Assistant Center Director for NRC,

explained that a complex FOIA request in 2009 required an average of twelve to eighteen

months to process to completion. Supplemental Decl. of Jill Eggleston 2, Ex. 1 to Def.’s Reply

Support Mot. Summ. J., Sept. 2, 2010, ECF No. 22 (“Supp. Eggleston”). When NRC received

the NACCB’s FOIA request, it forwarded the request to its Significant Interest Team. Id. The

Significant Interest Team subsequently assigned paralegal Cynthia Holt to handle NACCB’s

FOIA request.3 Id.; Eggleston Decl. 2. Holt determined that three offices—the National


          5) Interoffice Memorandum, Donald Neufeld, Acting Associate Director, Domestic Operations, Removal of
the Standard Request for Evidence Processing Timeframe Final Rule, 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b); New Appendix 10-9
(AFM Update AD07-05), HQ 70/11, 70/12, AFM Update AD7-05, June 1, 2007, and any subsequent revisions,
updates, or modifications thereof;
          6) Memorandum from the INS Associate Commissioner for Examinations dated November 13, 1995, file
HQ 21 4h-c., pertaining to USCIS requirements for H-1B visa petitioners;
          7) Memorandum from William Yates, Associate Director, Operations, USCIS, dated February 16, 2005,
entitled Requests for Evidence (RFE) and Notices of Intent to Deny (NOID); and any subsequent revisions, updates,
or modifications thereof; and
          8) Communications to and from the Department of Labor (“DOL”) concerning the processing of H-1B visa
applications or Labor Condition Applications (“LCA”) from January 2000 to present; and
          9) Communications to and from the Department of State (“DOS”) concerning the processing of H-1B visa
applications and the issuance of H-1B visas from January 1, 2000 to present. Eggleston Decl. 4.
          2
            USCIS disseminates accurate and useful information regarding immigration issues in addition to granting
immigration and citizenship benefits. Def.’s Mot. 3. Additionally, USCIS is the agency responsible for processing
H-1B temporary visa petitions and works to ensure the integrity of the U.S. immigration system. Id.
          3
            The Significant Interest Team reviews incoming FOIA requests and determines their nature and scope.
Eggleston Decl. 5. The paralegal assigned to the request identifies any and all Agency offices that might have
potentially responsive documents and forwards the request to those offices. Id. The offices with responsive


                                                        3
Security and Records Verification Directorate (“NSRV”), the Service Center Operations

(“SCOPS”), and the Office of Policy and Strategy (“OPS”)—were most likely to have

documents responsive to NACCB’s request. Eggleston Decl. 5–6.

                2.       The Response to NACCB’s FOIA Request

        After receiving NACCB’s FOIA request, NSRV determined that the Fraud Detection and

National Security Office (“FDNS”), a division of USCIS, had responsive documents.4 Id. at 2.

When FDNS received NACCB’s FOIA request, Charles Pratt—an Immigration Officer and

resident expert for employment fraud within FDNS—discussed the request with his supervisors

and contacted relevant offices within USCIS and FDNS.5 Id. at 2. Pratt then searched FDNS’s

shared computer drive and his personal computer drive in addition to examining hard copy files

for responsive records. Id. Pratt sent all responsive documents back to the NRC on or about

May 12, 2009. Eggleston Decl. 6.

        When SCOPS received NACCB’s FOIA request, adjudications officer April Padilla

contacted and subsequently forwarded the FOIA request to four Service Centers located within

the Center Fraud Detection Operations because she believed those offices might have responsive

records.6 Id. at 3. Additionally, Padilla forwarded the request to Carol Williams—an

adjudications officer who worked on H-1B matters—who searched the SCOPS headquarters for

any records, including hard copy and electronic materials that might be responsive to the FOIA

request. Id. A SCOPS employee also suggested that Holt contact USCIS’s Office of Field

documents send the materials back to the NRC paralegal, who reviews the documents to determine whether any
FOIA exemptions apply. Id. at 8.
         4
           NSRV, at the time of the FOIA request, ensured the security and integrity of the United States
immigration system by handling specific functions within it. Eggleston Decl. 5.
         5
           The FDNS division of USCIS detects, investigates, apprehends, and deters immigration fraud in
conjunction with agencies within the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) and offices outside of it. Def.’s
Mot. 1.
         6
           SCOPS—part of USCIS’s Domestic Operations Directorate at the time of the FOIA request—ensured that
immigration information and benefits were provided to domestic customers in a timely and accurate manner.
Eggleston Decl. 5–6.


                                                      4
Operations for materials responsive to NACCB’s third category of documents, the Adjudicator’s

Field Manual (“AFM”). Id. Holt subsequently contacted Roger Pitcairn, the point person for all

AFM requests, in relation to the FOIA request. Id. SCOPS forwarded all responsive documents

to NRC on or about May 29, 2009. Eggleston Decl. 6.

        When the FOIA request reached OPS, it determined that it did not have responsive

materials.7 Id. Additionally, OPS indicated that the FOIA request fell outside its purview and

suggested instead that NRC contact FDNS and SCOPS, as those offices were more likely to

contain responsive materials. Id.

                 3.       Processing NACCB’s FOIA Request

        On March 22, 2010, NACCB’s request reached the front of the FOIA queue at the NRC.

and Holt began to process the request.8 Eggleston Decl. 7. After receiving and evaluating

material amassed from various agencies and offices, Holt determined that 1,052 pages were

responsive to the request. Def.’s Mot. 3. Holt assessed each page to establish: 1) whether a

FOIA exemption precluded its disclosure; 2) whether parts of a document could be segregated,

consistent with FOIA regulations; and 3) whether a document merited a direct response from a

different agency.9 Id.

        Holt concluded that 286 pages could be fully released, and 71 pages could be released in

part. Id. She completed a line-by-line review of each of the remaining 621 pages, concluding

that they could not be disclosed or reasonably segregated. Id. at 3–4. Finally, Holt determined


        7
           OPS, a headquarters program at USCIS, makes policy recommendations and performs policy research and
analysis regarding immigration service issues in addition to coordinating immigration policy issues with DHS
headquarters. Eggleston Decl. 5.
         8
           FOIA requests are handled in the order they are received and are placed into one of two tracks indicating
whether the request is simple or complex. Eggleston Decl. 2. Complex requests involve collaboration across
agencies and/or offices. Id.
         9
           Agencies commonly refer documents to another agency for a “direct response” if the receiving agency
concludes that another agency should bear the responsibility of determining whether requested material is exempt
under FOIA. 6 C.F.R. § 5.4(c)(1) (2010).


                                                         5
that 74 pages merited the direct response of the DHS Office of Inspector General (“OIG”).

Def.’s Mot. 4. By a letter dated March 24, 2010, USCIS referred those 74 pages to OIG for a

direct response. Eggleston Decl. 8. After concluding that OIG should not directly respond to the

request concerning these 74 pages, NRC directed FDNS to search for the document. Id. at 9.

FDNS’s search ultimately proved unsuccessful, and it directed NACCB—via a letter dated June

23, 2010—to a website where the final version of the document was publicly available, in

addition to releasing six other pages that had been originally withheld. Id.

         By a letter dated March 30, 2010, USCIS disclosed 357 pages of responsive, non-exempt

documents to NACCB. Id. at 4. USCIS withheld a number of documents pursuant to FOIA

exemptions 2, 5, 6, and 7(e).10, 11 Def.’s Mot. 5; USCIS Letter to Mark B. Roberts, Def.’s Mot.

Summ. J. 26, ECF No. 16-1 (Incorporated as Exhibit D) (“USCIS Response”). USCIS included

instructions detailing the procedure for an administrative appeal if NACCB did not agree with its

assessment of the FOIA request. USCIS Response 2. USCIS also informed NACCB that it was

unable to locate documents related to categories 8 and 9 of the request, but that it would continue

to search for responsive records. Eggleston Decl. 8. USCIS advised NACCB that if new

responsive records were located, it would send them via a separate letter. Id.

         On March 31, 2010, SCOPS located an additional set of records, responsive to category 8

of NACCB’s request, which it sent to NRC for evaluation.12 Id. at 6. Holt followed the same


         10
             The Court declines to address NACCB”S FOIA Exemption 2 argument, as defendant acknowledges that
it will not withhold documents 14, 24, 28, 29, 30, and 32 in their entirety and portions of documents 25, 26, and 31
pursuant to the recent Supreme Court decision in Milner v. Dep’t of the Navy. 131 S. Ct. 1259 (2011) (holding that
Exemption 2 does not shield material on the ground that its “disclosure would significantly risk circumvention of
federal agency functions”).
          11
             Additionally, the Court will not address NACCB’s FOIA Exemption 6 argument because NACCB does
not challenge the redactions of personnel information. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. 5, July 26, 2010, ECF No. 18
(“Pl.’s Cross-Mot.”).
          12
             SCOPS informed NRC that it was unable to find responsive documents that corresponded to category 9
of NACCB’s FOIA request. Eggleston Decl. 8. SCOPS also assigned a new control number—NRC2010019940—
to the documents responsive to category 8 of the request. Id.


                                                         6
process laid out above, concluding that 48 pages were responsive to NACCB’s request and that

42 pages merited a direct response from the Department of Labor (“DOL”). Id.; Eggleston Decl.

8. DOL determined that the 42 pages could be released. Eight of the 42 pages, however,

contained redactions pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 5 and 7(e). Decl. Brian Pasternak 2, Exhibit

2 Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. June 24, 2010, ECF No. 16-2 (“Pasternak Decl.”). 13 Holt subsequently

evaluated the six remaining pages, concluding that two pages could be released in full while

three pages could be released in part. Id. Holt only withheld one page, determining that the page

could not be reasonably segregated. Id. The NRC released the non-exempt pages by a letter

dated April 5, 2010.

        B.       Procedural History

        NACCB filed this lawsuit on March 4, 2010, alleging that USCIS failed to respond to its

FOIA request submitted on April 15, 2009. USCIS subsequently moved for summary judgment

on June 24, 2010. USCIS’s motion for summary judgment centers around two arguments: 1)

that it conducted a reasonable search for documents and disclosed documents that were not

exempt under FOIA and 2) that it properly withheld documents pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 5

and 7(e). In response, NACCB cross-moved for summary judgment. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. 2.

Having fully reviewed the record and the parties’ evidence, the Court now turns to the merits of

the motions.

III.    LEGAL STANDARD

        Summary judgment should be granted when the “materials in the record, including

depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations,

        13
            NACCB does not dispute DOL’s findings in relation to the 42 pages that were directly referred to the
agency. DOL released all 42 pages, making minor redactions on eight pages pursuant to Exemption 5 and
withholding one page pursuant to Exemption 7(a). Decl. Brian Pasternak 1, Ex. 2 Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., June 24,
2010, ECF No. 16-2 (“Decl. Pasternak”). The Court finds that DOL properly redacted the nine pages in dispute
pursuant to FOIA exemptions 5 and 7(a) respectively.


                                                        7
. . . admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials” show “that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a)–(c). This standard requires more than the mere existence of some factual dispute between

the parties; “the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.” Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986). “A fact is ‘material’ if a dispute over it might

affect the outcome of a suit under the governing law.” Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895

(D.C. Cir. 2006). “An issue is ‘genuine’ if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could

return a verdict for the non-moving party.” Doe v. IRS, 706 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2009)

(citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248).

       This Court reviews a motion for summary judgment arising from an agency’s decision to

withhold or disclose documents under FOIA de novo. Mead Data Ctr., Inc. v. Dep’t of Air

Force, 566 F.2d 242, 251 (D.C. Cir. 1977). The agency must demonstrate that it “conducted a

search reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents” and that any withheld material

falls within a statutory exemption. Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir.

1983). The agency must prove that information was not withheld due to bad faith. Military

Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). FOIA exemptions must be

“narrowly construed,” FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 630 (1982), and if records are improperly

withheld, the Court may order their production. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).

IV.    ANALYSIS

       A.      Reasonableness and Adequacy of USCIS’s Search

       The adequacy of an agency’s search is governed by principles of “reasonableness.”

Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. NACCB contends that USCIS’s search was unreasonable because 1)

USCIS failed to timely respond to its request; 2) the search USCIS conducted was inadequate




                                                 8
and unreasonable; and 3) USCIS failed to notify it of the use of a search cut-off date.14 As

explained below, the timeliness of USCIS’s response is irrelevant and its actual search was

reasonable.

        As an initial matter, although NACCB bemoans USCIS’s search procedure (or lack

thereof), USCIS’s delayed response in searching for responsive materials will not affect this

summary judgment motion. As this Court has previously noted:

        A lack of timeliness does not preclude summary judgment for an agency in a
        FOIA case. The only question for summary judgment is whether the agency
        finally conducted a reasonable search, and whether its withholdings are justified.
        When exactly a reasonable search was conducted is irrelevant. See, e.g., Atkins v.
        DOJ, 1991 U.S. App. LEXIS 22309 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 18, 1991) (unpub.) (“The
        question whether DEA complied with the FOIA time limitations in responding to
        Aaron Atkins’ request is moot because DEA has now responded to this motion.”).

Landmark Legal Found. v. E.P.A., 272 F. Supp. 2d 59, 2003 WL 21715677 at *2 (D.D.C. 2003).

Thus, USCIS’s delayed response to NACCB’s request will not factor into the Court’s decision

regarding the adequacy and reasonableness of USCIS’s search.

        A court evaluating whether an agency conducted a reasonable search focuses its inquiry

on “whether the search for those documents was adequate,” and not on the possibility that other

responsive documents exist. Kidd v. Dep’t of Justice, 362 F. Supp. 2d 291, 294 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

To prove that a requested document falls within a statutory exemption, an agency may submit

“affidavits or declarations that describe the withheld material in reasonable detail and explain

why it falls within the claimed FOIA exemptions.” Judicial Watch v. United States Postal Serv.,

297 F. Supp. 2d 252, 256 (D.D.C. 2004). Additionally, agencies may provide a Vaughn index—


        14
            A search cut-off date refers to the date that an agency begins its search for responsive documents.
Agencies typically do not wait until a document is “due for processing” to search for documents; rather, agencies
use the date the search commenced, per agency policy. Supp. Eggleston 3. This practice ensures “that, to the
maximum extent possible, responsive documents are searched for, located, transmitted to the NRC and available to
the NRC for processing when the request comes up the queue for processing.” Supp. Eggleston 2. Following this
policy, FDNS and SCOPS completed their searches for responsive material in April and May 2009, respectively. Id.
at 3.


                                                       9
which is an itemized index correlating a FOIA exemption and the relevant nondisclosure

justification to the withheld document—to prove that a claimed FOIA exemption applies to a

certain document. Carter, Fullerton & Hayes, LLC v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1,

5–6. The burden rests with the government to “establish their right to withhold information from

the public and they must supply the courts with sufficient information to allow us to make a

reasoned determination that they were correct.” Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy,

617 F.2d 854, 861 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

        USCIS submitted a detailed Vaughn Index that explained the reasons for withholding

fifty-three documents pursuant to several FOIA exemptions. Vaughn Index 1–32, Ex. A to

Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., June 24, 2010, ECF No. 16-1 (“Vaughn Index”). As Eggleston explains

in her declaration, employees searched their own personal records in addition to locating and

identifying other agency offices that could have potentially responsive materials. Eggleston

Decl. 5. NRC’s search for responsive material unearthed 1,052 pages of responsive documents

and, given that the standard for assessing the reasonableness of an agency’s search does not

hinge on the agency’s ability to locate every responsive file, NACCB’s arguments are

unpersuasive. Wilbur v. CIA, 335 F.3d 657, 678 (D.C. Cir. 2004). Since the standard for

assessing the reasonableness of a FOIA search is determined by assessing the search as a whole,

NRC’s inability to locate one document—when it conducted a supplemental search to find it—

does not render its search efforts inadequate.15 Eggleston Decl. 8; see also Meeropol v. Meese,

790 F.2d 942, 952–53 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (clarifying that “it would be unreasonable to expect even

        15
             NACCB disputes USCIS’s withholding of documents numbered 1, 2, and 19, alleging that these are
publicly available documents. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. 10. Notwithstanding the fact that these documents were properly
withheld in accordance with FOIA exemption 7(e), see infra IV C, they were never “officially released” by USCIS.
A document is considered “officially released” when the information requested: 1) is as specific as the information
previously released; 2) matches the information previously disclosed; and 3) is already public knowledge via an
official and documented disclosure. Afshar v. Dep’t of State, 702 F.2d 1125, 1133 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Here, none of
the specified documents meet this exacting standard, as there are “substantive differences” between the documents
and previously disclosed information. Supp. Eggleston 3. Thus, NACCB’s argument is unpersuasive.


                                                        10
the most exhaustive search to uncover every responsive file”). Considering the breadth of

NACCB’s FOIA request, USCIS conducted a good faith search for responsive documents that

was reasonably calculated to uncover responsive documents.

          When determining if the use of a search cut-off date was reasonable, this Circuit has held

that an “agency bears the burden of establishing that any limitations on the search it undertakes

in a particular case comport with its obligation to conduct a reasonably thorough investigation.”

McGehee v. C.I.A., 697 F.2d 1095, 1101 (D.C. Cir. 1983). While “conclud[ing] that neither the

terms of the statute nor the case law interpreting them supports a claim that the use of a time-of-

request cut-off date is always proper,” the D.C. Circuit cautioned that courts should look to the

facts of a case to evaluate the reasonableness of an agency’s conduct. In Defense of Animals v.

Nat’l Insts. of Health, 543 F. Supp. 2d 83, 99 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting McGehee, 697 F.2d at

1102)).

          In this instance, USCIS failed to notify NACCB of its search cut-off policy. Indeed,

nothing in USCIS’s response to NACCB’s FOIA request mentions a search cut-off date or the

date USCIS used to process the request. USCIS Response 1–3. Furthermore, while USCIS

argues that its acknowledgement letter directed NACCB’s attention to 6 C.F.R. § 5, the letter

only directed NACCB’s attention to 6 C.F.R. § 5.3, which describes the payment process for

FOIA requests. Id. at 2. For these reasons, NACCB argues that the court should require USCIS

to supplement its search because NACCB “did not have notice as to the cut-off date, either by

letter to . . . [NACCB] or by agency regulation.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. 13. The Court disagrees.

          Although USCIS failed to specifically notify NACCB of its search cut-off date policy,

the facts of this case support USCIS’s contention that it conducted an adequate search. As in

Defense of Animals, USCIS searched for records shortly after receiving the FOIA request, but it




                                                  11
delayed sending responsive material to NACCB for eleven months. 543 F. Supp. 2d at 99. The

Court in Defense of Animals explained that the defendants’ explanation of their use of a search

cut-off policy failed as they did not attempt “to sustain their burden of demonstrating the

reasonableness of this cut-off date other than relying on unspecified agency policy.” Id.

Although USCIS also relies on agency policy for support, it conducted supplemental searches

when it realized that its search did not include records pertaining to several categories of

NACCB’s request. Eggleston Decl. 8. Additionally, USCIS searched various agencies for

missing materials and assigned a new control number to those documents. Id. Furthermore,

USCIS did not use the date of the FOIA request as its search cut-off date, rather it used a later

date, resulting in a “much fuller search and disclosure” for NACCB. McGehee, 697 F.2d at

1104. While in the future USCIS would be wise to expressly acknowledge the use of a search

cut-off date policy in its response to FOIA requests, its failure to do so in this case does not

render its search efforts unreasonable.

       B.      Exemption 5

       Under FOIA Exemption 5, the agency is not required to disclose documents that reveal

“inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters which would not be available by law to a

party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). Courts

interpreting Exemption 5 have “construed this exemption to encompass the protections

traditionally afforded certain documents pursuant to evidentiary privileges in the civil discovery

context,” including “materials which would be protected under the attorney-client privilege, the

attorney-work privilege, or the executive ‘deliberative process privilege.’” Taxation with

Representation Fund. v. Internal Revenue Serv., 646 F.2d 666, 676 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (quoting

Carter, Fullerton, & Hayes, LLC v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2009)).




                                                 12
NACCB asserts that USCIS failed to disclose documents under FOIA Exemption 5 pursuant to

the deliberative process privilege and the attorney-client privilege.

       Agencies frequently rely upon the deliberative process privilege when invoking

Exemption 5, a privilege that operates “to prevent injury to the quality of agency decisions.”

NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 153 (1975). This privilege allows an agency to

withhold “all papers which reflect the agency’s group thinking in the process of working out its

policy and determining which its law shall be.” Id. The deliberative process privilege

       serves to assure that subordinates within an agency will feel free to provide the
       decision-maker with their uninhibited opinions and recommendations without fear
       of later being subject to public ridicule or criticism; to protect against premature
       disclosure of proposed policies before they have been finally formulated or
       adopted; and to protect against confusing the issues and misleading the public by
       dissemination of documents suggesting reasons and rationales for a course of
       action which were not in fact the ultimate reasons for the agency’s action.

Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 866. The following classes of documents are exempt under the

deliberative process privilege: “1) federal official’s notes, reports and other mental impressions,

2) work plans, status reports, briefings, opinion papers and proposals, 3) draft documents, 4)

construction cost estimates, 5) attorney-client privilege, and 6) factual materials that were

compiled for a specific pending procedure and an essential part of a specific policy-making

process.” Hornbostel v. U.S. DOI, 305 F. Supp. 2d 21, 30–31 (D.D.C. 2003).

       An agency seeking to withhold or redact a document pursuant to the deliberative process

privilege must prove that the withheld or redacted document is both pre-decisional and

deliberative. Mapother v. Dep’t of Justice, 3 F.3d 1533, 1537 (D.C. Cir. 1993). A document is

deemed pre-decisional “if it was prepared in order to assist an agency decision-maker in arriving

at his decision, rather than to support a decision already made.” Judicial Watch v. Rossotti, 306

F. Supp. 2d 58, 69 (D.D.C. 2004). A deliberative document must reflect “the give-and-take of




                                                 13
the consultative process” and the inquiry “focuses on whether disclosure of the requested

material would tend to discourage candid discussion within an agency.” Id. As explained below,

USCIS properly applied FOIA Exemption 5 to all of the disputed documents because the

description of each document is sufficiently detailed for this Court to determine why the

deliberative process privilege applies to the document.16

                  1.       Applying the Pre-Decisional Standard to Draft Documents

         As an initial matter, NACCB disputes the classification of several documents as “pre-

decisional,” arguing that USCIS failed to match the document with the corresponding final

document. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. 17. An agency does not need to identify the policy or act that

spurred the creation of a particular draft document. See NLRB, 421 U.S. at 151 n.18 (explaining

that “agencies are, and properly should be, engaged in a continuing process of examining their

policies; this process will generate memoranda containing recommendations which do not ripen

into agency decisions; and the lower courts should be wary of interfering with this process”); see

also Gold Anti-Trust Action Comm., Inc. v. Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys., 762 F.

Supp. 2d 123, 135–36 (D.D.C. 2011) (holding that “even if an internal discussion does not lead

to the adoption of a specific government policy, its protection under Exemption 5 is not

foreclosed as long as the document was generated as part of the decision-making process”).

         NACCB specifically challenges the withholding of documents numbered 17, 21, and 22,

which consist of e-mail exchanges between various agency officials regarding the possible

implementation of changes to processing fraud matters involving H-1B visas. While these

recommendations do not identify a specific agency decision, they reflect on-going discussions

and debate regarding a change to current processing. If the Court were to order the release of

         16
            The parties dispute the applicability of the deliberative process privilege to documents numbered 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 21, 22, and 23 as well as documents numbered 35, 37, 41, 42, 44, 46, 52, and 53 on the
Vaughn Index. (The second list of documents corresponds to documents referred to the DOL for review.)


                                                          14
this commentary, it would stymie the consultative process because employees might hesitate to

express their opinions for fear of public disclosure. Since Exemption 5 expressly protects the

deliberative process, USCIS properly withheld these documents in their entirety.

               2.      Draft Documents are Exempt under FOIA Exemption 5

       This Circuit has held that “draft documents likely are to be protected under the

deliberative process privilege because ‘draft documents,’ by their very nature, are typically pre-

decisional and deliberative.’” Radiation Sterilizers, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 1991 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 4669, *10 (D.D.C. Apr. 9, 1991) (quoting Exxon v. DOE, 585 F. Supp. 690, 698 (D.D.C.

1983)). Courts discourage disclosing rejected drafts since “such documents, if released, may

actually mislead the public as to the policy of the agency.” Pies v. IRS, 668 F.2d 1350, 1535

(D.C. Cir. 1981). Mere classification of a document as a “draft document” does not end the

inquiry; the government must also prove that the document is pre-decisional and related to the

deliberative process. Coastal States Gas, 617 F.2d at 866.

       The majority of the disputed documents are classified as “draft documents.” The parties

specifically dispute document number 15, which was prepared in 2007 and withheld in its

entirety. Vaughn 10. Document 15 is pre-decisional because it relates to a final agency

decision, as it is a draft of the Office of the Inspector General’s review of the Benefit Fraud

Referral Process. Id. OIG did not release this document until April 2008, and the Vaughn Index

indicates that the document contains pre-decisional commentary. Id. Document 15 was also a

part of the deliberative process because it was modified prior to its final release in April 2008.

Id. Releasing this document would provide the public with conflicting information, and thus




                                                 15
USCIS properly withheld it in its entirety. For the same reasons, USCIS properly withheld draft

documents numbered 5, 6, 7, and 8. Vaughn 3–6.17

                  3.       Advisory Opinions Are Exempt Under FOIA Exemption 5

         Documents that are specifically protected by the deliberative process privilege include

“advisory opinions, recommendations and deliberations, comprising part of a process by which

governmental decisions and policies are formulated.” NLRB, 421 U.S. at 150. Thus, documents

that reflect personal opinions or provide advice cannot be disclosed under FOIA Exemption 5.

Exxon, 585 F. Supp. at 698; see also Mead, 566 F.2d at 256 (explaining that even a discussion

regarding implementation of a policy is exempt under FOIA Exemption 5).

         USCIS properly withheld documents 9–13, 23, 35, 37, 41, 42, 44, 46, 52, and 53 in their

entirety pursuant to Exemption 5. Vaughn 6–9, 15, 23–31. Documents 9–12, which consist of

“intra-agency” memoranda regarding H-1B Anti-Fraud Initiatives, are pre-decisional and

deliberative because they contain advisory opinions and seek guidance regarding process and

policy changes that should be undertaken as a result of the BFCA report. Id. at 6–9. Similarly,

documents 13 and 23 were withheld because they contained the opinions and recommendations

of various agency officials regarding legal and policy matters related to the processing of H-1B

visa petitions. Id. at 9, 15. The final seven documents contain e-mail communications between

USCIS and DOL employees regarding the implementation of different policies at the agency. Id.

at 23–31.

         The Court declines to grant NACCB access to any of these documents because they are

all pre-decisional and deliberative, qualifying for protection under the deliberative process

privilege. Because all of these documents provided advisory opinions and recommendations, the


         17
            Because the Court finds that document 7 is a draft document, it declines to address the applicability of
the attorney-client privilege to this document.


                                                          16
release of which could hinder the deliberative process and confuse the public, this Court finds

that USCIS properly withheld the documents in their entirety pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5.18

         C.       Exemption 7(e)

         Under FOIA Exemption 7(e), an agency is not required to disclose “records or

information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that the production of

such law enforcement records or information . . . would disclose techniques and procedures for

law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected

to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(e). The D.C. Circuit has held that an

agency may withhold information from disclosure where releasing such information would

provide insight into its investigatory or procedural techniques. See Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d

1108, 1129 (D.C. Cir. 2007); see also Piper v. Dep’t of Justice, 294 F. Supp. 2d 16, 30 (D.D.C.

2003) (explaining that an agency could properly withhold polygraph test information because its

disclosure “has the potential to allow a cunning criminal to extrapolate a pattern or method to the

FBI’s questioning technique”).

         NACCB disputes USCIS’s withholding of documents related to “requests for evidence”

in response to a benefits application or petition pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(e).19 This Court

finds that USCIS properly withheld all of these documents. Since USCIS collaborates with other

agencies within and outside of DHS to prevent immigration fraud, disclosing any of the

aforementioned documents would reveal the selection criteria, fraud indicators, and investigative

process that USCIS and other agencies use in fraud investigations during the H-1B visa process.

Releasing this information would potentially enable the circumvention of law and could create



         18
            Because this Court finds that document 12 is properly withheld pursuant to the deliberative process
privilege, the Court declines to address the applicability of the attorney-client privilege.
         19
            The documents in question are documents numbered 1, 2, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 27.


                                                         17
national and homeland security problems, which Exemption 7(e) expressly prohibits. Thus,

USCIS properly applied FOIA exemption 7(e) to the six documents in question.

V.     CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, this Court grants defendants’ motion for summary judgment and

denies plaintiff’s cross-motion for summary judgment.

       A separate Order and Judgment memorializing this Opinion will issue this day.

       Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on August 17, 2011.




                                              18
