                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                 October 4, 2010 Session

  CASCADE OHIO, INC., DBA C. W. OHIO, INC. v. MODERN MACHINE
        CORPORATION, A TENNESSEE CORPORATION, ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Chancery Court for Bradley County
                      No. 04-054    Jerri S. Bryant, Chancellor


            No. E2009-01948-COA-R3-CV - FILED NOVEMBER 15, 2010


Cascade Ohio, Inc., doing business as C. W. Ohio, Inc. (“the Customer”), sued Cullom
Machine Tool & Die, Inc., now known as CMTD, Inc. (“the Seller”), and Modern Machine
Corporation, a Tennessee corporation (“Modern Tennessee” or “the Buyer”), regarding a
machine that the Seller had agreed to build for the Customer. After the Seller agreed to build
the machine, the Seller entered into an agreement with the Buyer to sell its assets to the
Buyer, including the Seller’s contract to build the machine for the Customer. The machine
was never built, prompting this lawsuit. Following a bench trial, the court held that the Seller
and Buyer were liable to the Customer for the down payment made on the machine purchase.
The court further held that the Buyer was liable to the Customer under the Tennessee
Consumer Protection Act (“the TCPA”), trebled the Customer’s damages, and held the Buyer
responsible for the attorney’s fees of the Customer. The court also held the Buyer liable to
indemnify the Seller, including the attorney’s fees of the Seller. The court also pierced the
corporate veil of the Buyer and held parties related to the Buyer jointly liable with the Buyer.
The Buyer and its related parties appeal. We reverse in part and modify in part. Except as
modified or reversed, the judgment is affirmed. Case remanded.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
 Modified in Part and Reversed in Part; Unreversed Portion of Judgment Affirmed
                          as Modified; Case Remanded

C HARLES D. S USANO, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which H ERSCHEL P.
F RANKS, P.J., and D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., joined.

Cameron S. Hill, Clinton P. Sanko and Edward N. Boehm, Jr., Chattanooga, Tennessee, for
the appellants, Modern Machine Corporation, a Tennessee corporation, Modern Machine
Corporation, a Florida corporation, and John Sonnentag.

Robert S. Stone and David L. Hill, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Cascade Ohio,
Inc., dba C. W. Ohio, Inc.
Lynda M. Hill, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellees, CMTD, Inc., formerly known as
Cullum Machine, Tool & Die, Inc., Heinrich B. Dickhut, and Karen Dickhut.

                                          OPINION

                                               I.

        The following is a further recitation of the facts and procedural history of this case.
It is presented here to give the reader more specifics before the Court embarks upon a
detailed examination of the facts, procedural history, and the holdings and decrees of the trial
court.

       After a demonstration at the Seller’s plant, the Seller agreed to build and the Customer
agreed to purchase a corrugating machine (“the Cascade contract”). Shortly thereafter, the
Customer signed papers and tendered a down payment in the amount of $113,290. After the
contract was signed but before the machine was built, the Customer declared the project
“dead” unless and until the Seller could demonstrate that the machine to be built would
produce a finished product of the same quality as the one produced by the machine used by
the Seller in its demonstration. Before the new demonstration could take place, the Seller
executed an agreement to sell its assets to Modern Tennessee. The documentation of the
Buyer’s purchase of the assets included an assignment of the Cascade contract to the Buyer,
and an agreement to escrow a portion of the purchase price to protect the Buyer from
undisclosed obligations of the Seller. In fact, the Seller did not disclose to the Buyer that a
dispute had arisen with the Customer. The Buyer first learned of the dispute from the
Customer after it, the Buyer, signed the asset purchase agreement (“the APA”) with the Seller
and after it closed on the sale, but before the expiration of a due diligence period, a period
during which the Buyer had the option of terminating the APA.

       The Buyer did not build the corrugating machine and the Customer filed this action
against the Seller and the Buyer demanding a return of its down payment. The Seller and the
Buyer filed cross-claims against each other and also joined the principals of these entities on
various theories; included was a claim by the principals of the Seller, Mr. and Mrs. Dickhut,
for unpaid rent on a building they owned that the Buyer occupied. The Customer eventually
amended its complaint to add two new defendants – the sole shareholder of the Buyer, John
Sonnentag, and Modern Machine Corporation, a Florida corporation (“Modern Florida”),
upon learning that Modern Tennessee and Modern Florida had transferred their assets to
insiders and dissolved. The Seller also amended to add claims against Modern Florida and
Sonnentag. The Customer dismissed all claims against the Seller other than the breach of
contract claim and aligned itself with the Seller in claiming that the Buyer took an

                                              -2-
assignment of the Cascade contract knowing full well that it, the Buyer, did not intend to
perform. The Customer and the Seller both claimed that the Buyer’s actions violated the
TCPA, Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-101 et seq. (2001 and Supp. 2009). After a bench trial, the
court filed a lengthy memorandum opinion and entered judgment as we have described.

                                             II.

        Up until the time of the sale of its assets to Modern Tennessee, the Seller was in the
business of manufacturing corrugating machines used to form plastic products. The
Customer was, and remains, in the business of manufacturing building products including
plastic porch columns. The Customer became interested in purchasing a corrugating machine
capable of forming plastic porch columns with both a round and square profile.

        The Customer’s interest led to a demonstration at the Seller’s plant in Cleveland,
Tennessee. The Customer, through its president, Nick Noirot, made it clear that it needed
a machine that would minimize the “parting lines” on the finished product. A “parting line”
is the line formed on plastic products where the mold, which gives form to melted plastic,
comes together. The Seller, as admitted by its general manager, Chris Turner, understood
that the Customer expected a machine that would minimize the parting lines. The first
demonstration produced samples that were unacceptable to the Customer because the parting
lines were too visible. The Seller’s employees then made some adjustments and produced
acceptable quality samples. The Seller’s general manager, Turner, explained to Noirot that
one feature of the machine being demonstrated was two drives, one that pushed the mold and
one that pulled the mold along the length of the column being formed. Although the Seller
did not tell the Customer that the machine to be built would have two drives, Noirot left the
Seller’s plant under the impression that all corrugating machines built by the Seller used two
drive units.

        Noirot’s understanding was not correct. The machine that was demonstrated
employed two drives only because it was a vertically-oriented machine that needed a second
drive to overcome the effects of gravity. The Customer needed a horizontally-oriented
machine because its facility would not accommodate a vertically-oriented machine. The
Seller gave the Customer a quote dated April 7, 2003, to build a “ConVac H-4-52 horizontal
continuous vacuum forming machine” for $283,225. On May 7, 2003, the Customer issued
a purchase order to the Seller for a “Convac H4-52 Continuous vacuum forming machine and




                                             -3-
accessories per attached April 7, 2003 quote.” On May 2, 2003, the Seller executed a
“Purchase Agreement” (“the PA”)1 dated March 17, 2003, for a corrugator “listed in the
attached quotation . . . subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this [PA].” The
Customer executed the same document on May 7, 2003, and mailed it to the Seller on May
8, along with its purchase order and a check in the amount of $113,290 representing a down
payment of 40%. The terms and conditions of the PA pertinent to this dispute are as follows:

                [The Customer] shall approve the [Seller] prepared project
                definition form for the [corrugator] prior to [the Seller]
                manufacturing the [corrugator]. . . .

                                                 * * *

                In the event of cancellation by [the Customer]:
                (a) Any items completed at the time of receipt of a written
                cancellation notice will be shipped and invoiced at full price.
                [The Customer] agrees to pay full price for any such items
                within 30 days of the shipment date.
                (b) Work on the balance of the order will be stopped as promptly
                as reasonably possible, and [the Customer] shall pay to [the
                Seller] an amount sufficient to cover all actual expenditures,
                commitments, liabilities and costs made or incurred by [the
                Seller] in respect to such incomplete items, plus a reasonable
                profit on such items.

                [The Seller] warrants . . . the [corrugator] manufactured to be
                free from defects in workmanship and material when used under
                conditions recommended by [the Seller] . . . .

                                                 * * *

                [The Customer] acknowledges that [the Seller] has not made and
                does not make any warranty or representations, either expressed
                or implied, or any kind whatsoever with respect to the ultimate
                product which may be obtained from the [corrugator]. [The


        1
         We have previously defined the deal between the Customer and the Seller as “the Cascade contract.”
We introduce the new term, “the PA,” for use in the more narrow sense of the written purchase agreement
dated March 17, 2003. The new term is necessary because a key part of this case is whether the “the Cascade
contract” is broader in its terms than the terms of the PA.

                                                   -4-
              Customer] acknowledges that the quantity and quality of the
              product it manufactures from the use of this [corrugator] is
              within its control and therefore [the Customer] expressly
              releases [the Seller] from any obligation or liability with respect
              to said products.

              . . . . THIS WARRANTY IS EXPRESSLY IN LIEU OF ALL
              OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IM PLIED,
              WHETHER STATUTUORY [SIC] OR OTHERWISE,
              IN C L U D IN G A N Y IM P L I E D W A R R A N T Y O F
              MERCHANTABILITY OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF
              FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

                                           * * *

              This Agreement represents the entire agreement of the parties
              and supersedes all previous discussions, representations,
              negotiations and writings. No Amendment to this Agreement is
              valid unless it is in a written instrument that is signed by
              authorized representatives to this Agreement. A course of
              conduct shall not be deemed an amendment to this Agreement.

(Headings omitted; capitalization in original; emphasis added.)

       In the course of examining the “project definition,” the Customer discovered that the
corrugator described by the Seller employed only a single drive. Noirot contacted Turner on
May 30, 2003, to discuss the problem of only one drive unit in the project definition. Turner
told Noirot that a single drive unit would work for the Customer on a horizontally oriented
corrugator. Noirot was not satisfied that a single drive horizontal unit would perform as well
as the one previously demonstrated, i.e., a dual drive corrugator, and he declared that the
project was “dead” until the Seller could demonstrate that a single drive could produce
samples as good as those produced by the dual drive corrugator. On behalf of the Seller,
Turner agreed to disconnect one of the drives in the corrugator used previously and simulate
a single drive corrugator. He scheduled a demonstration for June 3, 2003. However, he was
unable to meet this schedule because he was terminated on the 3rd, after a change in
management that will be explained as we continue.

        Noirot would later testify that he did not care how many drives the corrugator
employed as long as it could produce columns of equal quality to those produced in the
earlier demonstration. He further testified that he probably would have paid the additional

                                              -5-
cost of a second drive unit. Turner testified at trial that the cost of drive units varies but that
the one for this application would have been approximately $5,000. The president of the
Seller, Ms. Boettner, testified that she would have absorbed the cost of a second drive unit
if that is what it would have taken to make the corrugator satisfactory.

       As of April 2003, John Sonnentag owned 100% of the stock in a Florida corporation
named Modern Machine Corporation. On May 13, 2003, he formed a new Tennessee
corporation with the same name for the express purpose of establishing an entity to receive
the assets of the Seller that he was planning to purchase. On May 28, 2003, Modern
Tennessee executed an asset purchase agreement – previously identified in this opinion as
“the APA” – with the Seller and its two shareholders, Heinrich B. Dickhut and Karen
Dickhut (collectively “the Shareholders”). The essence of the deal was that Modern
Tennessee purchased all of the Seller’s assets, excepting those specifically excluded, and
none of the Seller’s liabilities, excepting those specifically included, for the sum of
$1,850,000. Among the excluded assets was “all cash.” As relates to this dispute, the Seller
was allowed to keep the down payment of $113,290 tendered by the Customer. The APA
provides that

               in no event shall [Modern Tennessee] assume or incur liability
               or obligation of . . . any warranty work . . . regardless of when
               made or asserted, which arises out of or is based upon any
               express or implied representation, warranty, agreement or
               guarantee made by [the] Seller, or alleged to have been made by
               [the] Seller, or which is imposed or asserted to be imposed by
               operation of law, in connection with any service performed or
               product sold . . . by or on behalf of [the] Seller on or prior to the
               Closing Date [of the APA] . . . .

The APA includes a catch-all excluding “any other liability or obligation not listed on
Schedule 1.4.”

      The liabilities that Modern Tennessee assumed are listed in the same section 1.4 of
the APA and an attached schedule 1.4. Section 1.4 of the APA states that

               [The Buyer] shall assume and agree to perform and shall
               indemnify, defend and hold [the] Shareholders and [the Seller]
               and its officers, directors and agents harmless for only those
               liabilities and obligations listed in Schedule 1.4 arising under
               [the Seller’s] open purchase orders for the manufacture of
               machinery and equipment, goods and services that were

                                                -6-
              received or ordered in the ordinary course of business but not
              yet shipped by [the Seller] or delivered to [the Seller] prior to
              the Closing Date [of the APA]. . . .

Section 1.4 imposes on the parties an obligation to attempt to agree, prior to closing, on the
stage of completion of any unfinished projects assumed by Modern Tennessee, and whether
Modern Tennessee is entitled to a credit against the purchase price for monies the Seller had
in hand at closing over and above the work it had done. Section 1.4 also covers the
possibility that the parties could not agree:

              Notwithstanding anything in [the APA] to the contrary, if, in
              spite of the good faith efforts of [the Seller] and [the Buyer],
              such parties cannot agree as to the completion stage of the
              products to be delivered pursuant to the Assumed Liabilities on
              or before June 15, 2003, either [the Seller] or [the Buyer] shall
              have the right, in its sole and absolute discretion, to terminate
              this Agreement, and in the event of such termination, this
              Agreement will be null and void and of no further effect.

Schedule 1.4 lists, as one of the “assumed liabilities,” the “[Cascade] contract dated March
17, 2003.”

       The APA included an attached Assignment and Assumption Agreement, the pertinent
terms of which are:

              [The Seller] hereby assigns, sells, transfers and sets over . . . to
              [the Buyer] all of [the Seller’s] right, title, benefit, privileges
              and interest in and to, and all of [the Seller’s] burdens,
              obligations and liabilities in connection with, each of the
              Assumed Liabilities (as such term is defined in Section 1.4 of
              [the APA]). [The Buyer] hereby accepts the Assignment and
              assumes and agrees to observe and perform all of the duties,
              obligations, terms, provisions and covenants, and to pay and
              discharge all of the liabilities of [the Seller] to be observed,
              performed, paid or discharged from and after the Closing, in
              connection with the Assumed Liabilities. [The Buyer] assumes
              no retained liabilities specified in Section 1.5 of [the APA], and
              the parties hereto agree that all such retained liabilities shall
              remain the sole responsibility of [the Seller].



                                              -7-
               The terms of [the APA], including but not limited to [the
               Seller’s] representations, warranties, covenants, agreements and
               indemnities relating to the Assumed Liabilities, are incorporated
               herein by this reference. [The Seller] acknowledges and agrees
               that the representations, warranties, covenants, agreements and
               indemnities contained in [the APA] shall not be superseded
               hereby but shall remain in full force and effect to the full extent
               provided therein. In the event of any conflict or inconsistency
               between the terms of [the APA] and the terms hereof, the terms
               of [the APA] shall govern.

(Headings in original omitted.)

       Article 6 of the APA imposes mutual indemnification obligations on the parties. In
Section 6.1, the Seller and the Shareholders are required to “reimburse, indemnify and hold
harmless” the Buyer against damages, losses and expenses that

               result from, relate to or arise out of:

               (a) any and all liabilities and obligations of [the Seller] or
               Shareholders of any nature whatsoever arising prior to the
               Closing, except for those liabilities and obligations which [the
               Buyer] specifically assumes pursuant to this Agreement;

                                             * * *

               (c) any misrepresentation, breach of warranty or nonfulfillment
               of any agreement or covenant on the part of [the Seller] or
               Shareholders under this Agreement . . .

Likewise, Section 6.2 requires the Buyer to “reimburse, indemnify and hold harmless [the
Seller] and [the] Shareholders” against damages, losses and expenses that “result from, relate
to or arise out of . . .any and all liabilities and obligations . . . which have been specifically
assumed by [the Buyer].” Each party assumes the obligation of the other’s costs and
expenses, including “reasonable legal fees and expenses” incident to or incurred in enforcing
the right of indemnification.

       Section 8.11 of the ASA also requires that $185,000 of the purchase price be placed
in escrow to cover “[a]ny liability or obligation of [the Seller] or [the] Shareholders . . . in
connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby . . . .” Pursuant to

                                               -8-
section 8.11, an executed escrow agreement was attached to the ASA. Section 3 of that
document states that

              the Escrow Fund is created as security to indemnify, defend, and
              hold harmless [the Buyer] from and against . . . all claims . . .
              losses, damages, costs and expenses (including interest,
              penalties and reasonable attorneys’ fees and disbursements) . . .
              arising out of or resulting from: (a) the breach of any warranty
              or representation of [the] Seller or of any covenant, obligation,
              condition or agreement of [the] Seller to be performed, fulfilled
              or complied with pursuant to . . . the [APA] by [the] Seller; or
              (b) any excluded liabilities pursuant to the [APA].

        On June 3, 2003, the Seller and the Buyer closed on the APA. On June 2 and 3, the
parties met regarding the status of completion of the projects being assumed by the Buyer,
and reached a consensus that the status was as represented by the Seller. However,
immediately before the closing, the Buyer asked the Seller to reduce the purchase price by
the full amount of the Customer’s down payment, i.e., $113,290. The Seller declined but
agreed to a reduction of $50,000.

        As we have stated, the Seller’s general manager, Turner, had planned a demonstration
for the Customer on June 3, 2003, but the demonstration did not occur because Turner was
terminated by the Buyer on that day. The termination came as a complete surprise to Turner.
He did not inform the Buyer of his conversation with the Customer wherein Noirot had
declared the project dead. The Buyer first learned of the problem with the Cascade contract
on or about June 8, 2009, when Gary Karr, president of the Buyer, called the Customer to
advise that the Buyer would be building the corrugator. During that conversation, Noirot told
Karr that the Customer would not accept a single-drive corrugator until it was demonstrated
that a single-drive machine would produce a product of comparable quality to that produced
by the earlier demonstration with the vertical, dual-drive corrugator. Karr undertook to
produce samples of square columns and delivered them to Noirot. Noirot deemed the
samples clearly defective. Karr advised Noirot that the Buyer could not manufacture a
machine that produces an acceptable finished product without utilizing additional drives, and
that the cost of such a machine would substantially exceed the cost of the machine the Seller
had agreed to build. Noirot asked that the Buyer refund the Customer’s down payment.
Shortly thereafter, on or about June 12, 2003, Sonnentag reported to the President of the
Seller that there were “big problems” with the Cascade contract. Nevertheless, the Buyer did
not exercise its right to declare it null and void pursuant to section 1.4 of the APA. The
reason was that there were things of value that the Buyer wanted other than the Cascade
contract, including patents, the company name, and the Seller’s line of products.

                                             -9-
        At that point, a campaign of letter writing by the attorneys for the respective parties
began. The Buyer’s attorney wrote the Seller’s attorney on July 10, 2003, stating that the
Buyer was making a claim for indemnification pursuant to the APA. The letter stated that
the machine quoted to the Customer would not do what the Customer needed without
substantial modifications, especially for square columns, and was therefore “underbid.” The
Customer’s position in further discussions with the Buyer on July 14, 2003, was that if the
Buyer built the corrugator and it “doesn’t perform we [,the Customer,] will not pay the final
30% payment and [the Buyer] will be out roughly another $75K.” At this point, Sonnentag
did not doubt the Buyer’s ability to manufacture the corrugator, but considered the Cascade
contract to be “dead in the water.” In a July 31, 2003, letter to the Customer’s attorney, the
Buyer’s attorney called upon the Customer to share in the costs of further research and
development, especially with regard to the square column application, if the Customer
wished to proceed with the project. In a letter dated August 18, 2003, the Customer’s
attorney advised the Buyer’s attorney that the Buyer had repudiated the Cascade contract by
failing to provide assurances that it could produce the machine for which the Customer had
contracted, and demanded the return of the Customer’s down payment. In a letter dated
August 27, 2003, the Buyer’s attorney advised the Seller’s attorney that “Modern is
continuing to build the corrugator Cullom contracted to build and will tender it to [the
Customer] when completed. Obviously, [the Customer] will not accept the tender.”
Therefore, the Buyer’s attorney argued that the Seller should cooperate with the Buyer to
resolve the dispute with the funds left in escrow. In a letter dated September 15, 2003, the
Buyer advised the Customer’s attorney that “the machine . . . will be available and tendered
sometime in late November or the first week in December” and asked for verification that
the Customer was willing to accept delivery. No such verification came. As we have stated,
the Buyer did not build the machine. The assertion that it was being built was false.

         As part of the APA, the Shareholders of the Seller leased real property to the Buyer.
The Buyer did not make its rent payments and, in addition, damaged the property. On
October 23, 2003, the Shareholders filed an action against the Buyer in Bradley County
Circuit Court seeking to recover unpaid rent and property damage. That case was transferred
to the trial court and consolidated with this case for trial. The Shareholders prevailed on their
claim, and that judgment is not challenged on appeal.2

      On September 30, 2003, Sonnentag, as the sole shareholder of both Modern
Tennessee and Modern Florida, orchestrated a transfer of all of Modern Tennessee’s assets
to Modern Florida, leaving Modern Tennessee judgment-proof. His wife loaned Modern


        2
          The Buyer and its co-defendants maintain that if this appeal results in a judgment in their favor and
against the Seller and its Shareholders, the judgment for unpaid rent and property damage in their opponents’
favor would be treated as an offset. We will leave that detail to the trial court or remand.

                                                     -10-
Florida $1,950,000. Modern Florida paid Modern Tennessee $1,950,000 for its assets. In
turn, Modern Tennessee paid Sonnentag the $1,950,000 that it owed him on a loan he had
made to Modern Tennessee to fund the purchase of the Seller’s assets. Modern Florida
expressly excluded any liability for the Cascade contract and for the lease obligations to the
Shareholders.

        The Customer filed its complaint in the trial court on February 27, 2004, naming the
Seller and the Buyer as defendants. The Buyer filed its answer and then, just a few days
later, unbeknownst to the Customer, filed articles of dissolution authorized by the Buyer on
September 30, 2003, with the Tennessee Secretary of State. The Buyer continued to defend
this action and file pleadings and discovery responses as if it were still in business.

       Approximately two years into the litigation, the Customer learned of the dissolution
of Modern Tennessee and the transfer of its assets to Modern Florida. The Customer then
amended its complaint to add Sonnentag and Modern Florida as parties. The Customer
included a claim that the actions of the added defendants were unfair and deceptive and
violated the TCPA. The Seller amended its pleadings to conform to the Customer’s new
allegation. Four days after filing its answer, Modern Florida transferred all of its assets to
another entity solely owned and controlled by Sonnentag leaving Modern Florida without
assets. The Customer later dismissed without prejudice all aspects of its claim against the
Seller except its claim for breach of contract.

       In January 2008, before the February 2008 trial, the court granted partial summary
judgment in favor of the Customer holding that the Cascade contract was a valid and
enforceable contract. It also granted a motion in limine filed by the Customer excluding
deposition testimony of Noirot that there was not a contract because of the parties’
disagreement about what the Customer was to receive.

     When the case came on for trial, the various claims other than the rent and property
damage claims of the Shareholders were as follows:

              The Customer’s claims against Modern Tennessee, Modern
              Florida and Sonnentag:

                     Repudiation of the Cascade contract
                     Breach of the Cascade contract
                     Tennessee Consumer Protection Act
                     Tennessee Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act
                     Negligent and Fraudulent misrepresentation



                                             -11-
                  The Customer’s claims against the Seller and the Shareholders:

                          Breach of contract

                  The Seller and Shareholders’ claims against Modern Tennessee,
                  Modern Florida and Sonnentag:

                          Breach of the APA
                          Indemnification pursuant to APA
                          Tennessee Consumer Protection Act
                          Tennessee Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act
                          Common law fraud
                          Promissory fraud

                  The Buyer’s claims against the Seller and the Shareholders:

                          Breach of the APA
                          Indemnification pursuant to APA
                          Negligent and Fraudulent Misrepresentation
                          Tennessee Consumer Protection Act

        With respect to the Customer’s claims, the court held that both the Seller and the
Buyer breached the contract because they did not build the corrugator. However, the court
held that the Seller’s liability was secondary, as the assignor, and that the Buyer’s liability
was primary. The court found that the Buyer repudiated the Cascade contract by failing to
provide assurances that the machine would “produce[] the quality needed” after the Customer
justifiably asked for assurances. Also, the trial court found that the Buyer violated the TCPA
by false and deceptive trade practices comprised of (1) fraudulent misrepresentations that the
machine would be delivered when in fact the Buyer did not intend to build the machine, (2)
fraudulent misrepresentations exaggerating the Seller’s culpability, and (3) fraudulent
conveyances of all its assets in order to insulate itself from judgment.3 Further, the court
pierced the corporate veil of both Modern Tennessee and Modern Florida and held


       3
           The court stated:

                  [The Buyer] failed to prove its defense of impossibility of performance.
                  Based on the actions of [the Buyer] in affirming the contract and then
                  denying its ability to perform several times over several months and
                  subsequently accusing [the Seller] of fraud and the shell game in moving
                  assets, the court finds [the Buyer] intentionally misrepresented . . . its
                  intentions regarding the contract and therefore violated the Tennessee
                  Consumer Protection Act and is thus liable to [the Customer] for attorney’s
                  fees. [The Buyer] is guilty of unfair and deceptive acts.

                                                     -12-
Sonnentag personally liable for the actions of Modern Tennessee.4 The court awarded the
Customer judgment against Modern Tennessee, Modern Florida, and Sonnentag in the
amount of $657,129.51. This amount represents the Customer’s down payment of $113,290,
trebled to $339,870; prejudgment interest of $54,526.68; and attorney fees of $262,732.83.
The court awarded the Customer judgment against the Seller, as a surety, in the amount of
$167,816.68, made up of the down payment and prejudgment interest.

        Based on the reasoning (1) that the Buyer breached the APA when it failed to perform
the Cascade contract, (2) that the Buyer committed promissory fraud by misrepresenting its
intention to perform the Cascade contract, and (3) then committed unfair and deceptive acts
to try to avoid liability or insulate itself from liability, the court held Modern Tennessee,
Modern Florida and Sonnentag liable to indemnify the Seller to the extent the Seller satisfies
the Customer’s judgment of $167,816.68 plus attorney’s fees of $189,004.85.



        4
            The court’s reasoning was as follows:

                   A combination of several of the applicable factors mandates piercing of the
                   corporate veil and the holding of Sonnentag personally liable for [the
                   Seller’s] and [the Customer’s] claims. There is no dispute that Sonnentag
                   is the sole shareholder of both Modern Tennessee and Modern Florida. As
                   the sole shareholder of both corporations, Sonnentag fraudulently and
                   secretly diverted Modern Tennessee’s assets to Modern Florida to the
                   detriment of Modern Tennessee’s creditors.

                   Sonnentag consistently failed to maintain an arms-length relationship
                   between Modern Tennessee and Modern Florida. The assets of both were
                   commingled. For example, the money Sonnentag loaned to Modern
                   Tennessee to buy [the Seller] was deposited into Modern Florida’s bank
                   account, and Modern Florida paid for [the Seller].

                   Moreover, Sonnentag testified that, from his perspective, there is no
                   difference between Modern Tennessee and Modern Florida. As Sonnentag
                   stated succinctly, “Modern is Modern.” Both companies had the same
                   employees and attorneys. It was an attempt to shield liability and
                   responsibility.

                   Sonnentag’s commingling of the two entities’ assets and liabilities as well
                   as his complete disregard for corporate formalities mandates a piercing of
                   the corporate veil and a finding that Sonnentag is personally liable for [the
                   Seller’s] indemnification claim.

The court held that the same actions constituted fraudulent transfers of the Buyer's assets and common law
fraud toward both the Customer and the Seller.

                                                       -13-
       The court held that even though the Seller negligently misrepresented the status of the
Cascade contract by failing to disclose that the Customer had declared the project dead until
further assurances were received, the misrepresentation was not material, and did not cause
any damage to the Buyer.5 The court based its finding of no damages upon the fact that the
Buyer did not build the corrugator. Based upon the same reasoning, the court found that the
Seller did not breach the APA.

       The court entered a final judgment in accord with its findings in its memorandum
opinion. The Buyer and its co-defendants, Modern Florida and Sonnentag, filed this timely
appeal, challenging the adverse judgment and the trial court’s failure to award judgment in
favor of Buyer against the Seller and the Shareholders.


       5
           The court stated with regard to the misrepresentation as follows:

                  Although Nick Noirot informed Chris Turner on May 30, 2003, that the
                  deal was “dead” and “on hold” until [the Seller] could produce acceptable
                  samples from a corrugator with one drive, Chris Turner did not disclose it
                  to [the Buyer] before the closing of the Asset Purchase Agreement.

                  [The Seller] had a contractual and fiduciary duty to inform [the Buyer] of
                  any development with the [Cascade] contract, particularly any
                  developments occurring after the parties signed the Asset Purchase
                  Agreement on May 28-29, 2003 and signing the closing documents on June
                  3, 2003.

                  [The Buyer] asked [the Seller] for all documents and information relating
                  to the Cascade project. [The Buyer] clearly evidenced a desire to discover
                  all information about this contract as it completed its due diligence before
                  closing on the Asset Purchase Agreement.

                  The Court finds that [the Seller] did not intentionally mislead [the Buyer]
                  about the status of the Cascade contract. The Court does find that [the
                  Seller] negligently misrepresented the status of the Cascade contract;
                  however, the omission was not material. The cost to correct the defect was
                  insignificant in light of the totality of the circumstances. The complete
                  contract price was over $200,000. But for [the Buyer] deciding the project
                  was underbid, it could have completed the contract. [The Buyer] could have
                  but never did exercise the option to rescind the Asset Purchase Agreement;
                  therefore, [the Buyer] is responsible for and accepted the contract and all
                  damages caused by the breach of the contract. It is therefore liable for
                  damages caused by the breach. [The Seller] was no longer responsible for
                  the Cascade project as between [the Seller] and [the Buyer] but was
                  responsible to [the Customer].


                                                     -14-
                                               III.

      Specifically, the Buyer, Modern Florida and Sonnentag raise the following issues
which we have shortened and restated to conform to the arguments advanced in their brief.

               Whether the trial court erred in finding that the
               misrepresentation concerning the status of the Cascade contract
               was not material.

               Whether the trial court erred in finding that the Seller and the
               Shareholders were not liable to the Buyer for its attorney’s fees
               under the escrow agreement and indemnification provision of
               the APA because of the Seller’s failure to disclose the
               Customer’s declaration that the Cascade contract was dead until
               further assurances were made.

               Whether the evidence preponderates against the finding that the
               Buyer committed promissory fraud.

               Whether the trial court erred in holding the Buyer and its co-
               defendants liable under the TCPA based on actions that
               happened after the Customer executed the Cascade contract and
               declared the project dead and the contract in breach.

               Whether the trial court erred in piercing the corporate veil of
               Modern Tennessee and Modern Florida and holding Sonnentag
               personally liable for the actions of the entities.

The Seller purports to raise an issue as to the trial court’s finding of a “fiduciary duty” to the
Buyer to disclose “any development” with regard to the Cascade contract. However, the
Seller concedes that it had a duty to disclose material developments. Based on our
conclusion that the Seller’s failure to disclose that the Customer had declared the project
dead until a demonstration of quality could be made was a material misrepresentation, we
will not reach this inconsequential issue.

                                               IV.

       The interpretation of a written contract is a matter of law and not of fact. Wills &
Wills, L.P. v. Gill, 54 S.W.3d 283, 285 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). Therefore, our review of the



                                               -15-
terms of a contract and the obligations it imposes on the parties is de novo with no
presumption of correctness. Id.

                                               V.

        The core of the Buyer’s argument is that the trial court erred in reading into the
Cascade contract an obligation in conflict with the explicit terms of the PA and one that was
not even disclosed by the Seller to the Buyer as a point of contention with the Customer. The
obligation the Buyer speaks of is the obligation to build a corrugator that will “produce[] the
quality needed” by the Customer. The Buyer argues that the error permeated all aspects of
the memorandum opinion which formed the basis for the judgment. The Buyer points out,
correctly, that even though the court granted partial summary judgment holding that a valid
and enforceable contracts exists, it did not identify the key provisions of the contract in either
its order granting partial summary judgment or its memorandum opinion.

        The Customer argues that the trial court got everything right, even going so far as to
argue in support of the recovery by the Seller. The Customer stresses the bad actions of the
Buyer and its co-defendants to the point of arguing that this case is not at all about the
contracts, but a case about the bad acts of the Buyer and its cohorts. The Seller argues that
the trial court erred in finding that it had a fiduciary duty to inform the Buyer of “any
development” with the Cascade contract, but otherwise was correct in all respects. The
Seller also focuses on the bad acts of the Buyer and its co-defendants.

         We agree with the Buyer on several significant points, the first of which is that, even
if all the factual findings of the trial court are accepted as true, the terms of the PA did not
obligate the Buyer to build either a dual-drive corrugator or a corrugator that would
“produce[] the quality needed” by the Customer. It is also clear that the corrugator the
Customer expected, and upon which it demanded assurances, was something other than what
it was entitled to receive under the Cascade contract. The deal was to build a horizontal
corrugator per the Seller’s quote “subject to the terms and conditions set forth in” the PA.

        One of those “terms and conditions” explicitly speaks to when the obligation to build
the corrugator arises: “[The Customer] shall approve [the Seller] prepared project definition
form . . . prior to [the Seller] manufacturing [the corrugator].” The trial court found that the
Buyer and the Seller breached the Cascade contract by not building a corrugator. It is
undisputed that the Customer refused to approve the project definition upon learning that it
described a corrugator with one drive rather than two. Therefore, the obligation to build the
corrugator never ripened.




                                              -16-
        The evidence strongly preponderates in favor of a finding that the primary concern of
the Customer was not the number of drives employed but, rather, that the machine it would
pay for and receive under the PA would produce a product of acceptable quality. In essence
this is what the trial court found:

              Noirot was personally unfamiliar with the number of drives on
              corrugators and could not tell by looking at a corrugator how
              many drives it had. . . . [The Customer] would have bought the
              corrugator even if it had needed an additional drive as long as it
              produced the quality needed which [the Seller] said could be
              accomplished.

The problem with finding a breach by either the Seller or the Buyer based on the failure to
build a machine that would produce a certain quality end product is that the PA explicitly
negates such an obligation.

              [The Customer] acknowledges that [the Seller] has not made and
              does not make any warranty or representations, either expressed
              or implied, or any kind whatsoever with respect to the ultimate
              product which may be obtained from the [corrugator].

The PA also excludes, in all capital letters, any “WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.”

       We have very little doubt that the Customer thought it was buying a machine that
would produce acceptable quality porch columns. Once the Seller and the Customer joined
forces against the Buyer, the Seller essentially stipulated that its deal with the Customer was
to produce such a machine. However, the Seller’s stipulation after the fact does not bind the
Buyer to terms contrary to those in the contract, especially since the Buyer was not told of
the Customer’s expectations until after the closing. The question becomes whether the
explicit terms of the contract were modified. The trial court did not make a specific finding
as to whether the terms of the written contract were modified by oral discussions or the
course of conduct or dealing between the Customer and the Seller. Regardless, the PA
expressly speaks to any such possibility:

              This Agreement represents the entire agreement of the parties
              and supersedes all previous discussions, representations,
              negotiations and writings. No Amendment to this Agreement is
              valid unless it is in a written instrument that is signed by
              authorized representatives to this Agreement. A course of

                                             -17-
               conduct shall not be deemed an amendment to this Agreement.

We must hold, therefore, that while the Seller was free to make any concession to the
Customer it chose while it was the entity responsible for making the corrugator, it was not
legally bound, nor could it bind the Buyer, to manufacture a corrugator that would produce
columns of a certain quality.

          The Seller attempts to distinguish between a warranty or a representation that the
machine would produce columns of a certain quality on one hand, and a demand for
assurance that the machine would produce acceptable quality samples. The Seller argues “all
. . . [the Buyer] had to do was produce samples on a single-drive corrugator that were as good
as those previously approved by Cascade.” We believe this is a distinction without a
difference in the context of this case. The Buyer ran samples on a single drive machine that
the Customer did not find acceptable. The Customer then took the position that any risk that
the machine would not produce an acceptable end product was on the Buyer; Noirot testified,
“I told [Karr] . . . if you build a machine and . . . it doesn’t work, it doesn’t hit our specs, then
I’m not going to pay the last [payment of] 30%.”

       Since we have acknowledged that the Customer obviously had expectations of
receiving a machine that would produce a certain quality product, we think it prudent to
address any perceived unfairness in our holding. First, we note that the Customer was not
a typical household consumer. It was an established business entity with a certain amount
of sophistication. Its agents read the project definition carefully enough to detect that the
corrugator being described employed only one drive unit. If it had read the PA as carefully,
it would have seen the exclusionary provisions. The law presumes that the Customer did
read and understand the PA. See Giles v. Allstate Ins. Co., Inc., 871 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1993).

       Second, and more importantly, the Customer was protected from “disaster” by an
escape clause which gave it the ability to cancel the contract, in which event “[w]ork on the
balance of the order will be stopped as promptly as reasonably possible” with the obligation
only to reimburse the builder of the machine for its costs “plus a reasonable profit on such
items.” The Seller and the Buyer both acknowledge that since the Customer declared the
project “dead,” or repudiated as the case may be, before any materials were purchased or any
work was done, the Customer is entitled to recover its down payment in its entirety.

        The next key question in this case is from whom may the Customer recover its down
payment. The answer is both the Seller and the Buyer. Neither the Seller nor the Buyer
argue on appeal that there was not a contract with the Customer. The Buyer in fact argues
that there was a written contract that protected it from the obligation of building a machine

                                                -18-
that matched the customer’s expectations. The contract of which it took an assignment
protected it from the Customer’s unjustified expectations under our holding above. The only
real argument that the Buyer makes against being held liable to the Customer for the down
payment is that the Seller is the party that received the down payment. That is no answer.
The same contract that protected the Buyer from the Customer’s expectations obligated the
Buyer, as the assignee of the Seller’s covenants, to reimburse the down payment. The Seller
remains liable to the Customer despite the delegation of its performance to the Buyer. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-2-210 (1) (2001) (“No delegation of performance relieves the party
delegating of any duty to perform or any liability for breach.”). There has been no challenge
to the award of prejudgment interest tacked onto the amount of the down payment, therefore
we will not disturb that part of the trial court’s judgment.

       It will be helpful in understanding the remainder of our analysis for us to clarify and
summarize our holdings to this point. We hold that the trial court erred in finding that the
Buyer and the Seller breached the Cascade contract by not building a corrugator. That
obligation did not arise because the Customer did not approve the project definition. The
Buyer did not repudiate. Rather, the Customer cancelled the contract as it was allowed to do.
At that point, the Buyer and the Seller became obligated to refund the Customer’s down
payment.

       The next logical question is whether the Buyer should have been allowed
indemnification under the APA and the escrow agreement. This implicates the issue of
whether the Seller’s misrepresentation was material. The misrepresentation of which we
speak is the failure to disclose that the Customer had declared the project “dead” until further
assurances were forthcoming. The trial court classified its finding of non-materiality as a
conclusion of law. Under the facts of this case, we agree with the trial court’s
“classification” of this issue. Accordingly, we will review it de novo without a presumption
of correctness. Gill, 54 S.W.3d at 285; Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen, 181 S.W.3d 292, 305
(Tenn. 2005)(standard of review of mixed questions of law and fact is de novo without
presumption of correctness).

        A concise way of stating the test of materiality is that “[a] misrepresentation is
material if it would be likely to induce a reasonable person to manifest his assent, or if the
maker knows that it would be likely to induce the recipient to do so.” Thoroughbred
Motorcars, Inc. v. Draper, No. 01A01-9219-CV-000468, 1993 WL 135436, at *2 (Tenn. Ct.
App. W.S., filed April 30, 1993); see also, Patel v. Bayliff, 121 S.W.3d 347, 353 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2003). The primary reason given by the trial court for finding the misrepresentation
not to be material is that the Buyer did not exercise its right to terminate and declare the APA
null and void by June 15, 2003, the time window given in the APA. The Seller argues in
support of the trial court’s finding that the breach, or misrepresentation, must be viewed “in

                                              -19-
the context of [the Seller’s] total obligations.” Adams TV of Memphis v. Comcorp of Tenn.,
969 S.W.2d 917, 921 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Since the Buyer did not rescind the whole deal,
the argument goes, the omission could not have been material in the context of the APA’s
totality. We are not persuaded. A buyer that is damaged by a breach of contract involving
a misrepresentation can elect, as late as after the verdict comes in, between rescission of the
contract and recovery of the purchase price, or damages. Goodman v. Jones, No. E2006-
02678-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 103504 at *9-10 (Tenn. Ct. App. E.S., filed Jan 12, 2009).
The Seller’s argument, and the trial court’s finding, amount to an incorrect election of
remedies requirement.

        The Buyer points out that terminating the APA after the closing would have been like
trying to un-ring a bell. The substance of the Buyer’s argument is that it is not fair to test
materiality by whether it was willing to scrap the whole deal because of this one problem.
One of the trial court’s factual findings that indirectly supports the Buyer’s position is that
there were other things of value that the Buyer acquired that it did not want to lose.

        We agree with the Buyer that the misrepresentation was material. It seems apparent
to us that any reasonable party in the Buyer’s position would want to know before assuming
a limited number of obligations that a dispute had arisen concerning one of those obligations.
The record in this case fully supports that conclusion. The trial court specifically found that
the Buyer “clearly evidenced a desire to discover all information about this contract as it
completed its due diligence before closing on [the APA].” The fact that the Seller
specifically covenants under the APA not to misrepresent its obligations and that the parties
included the indemnification clauses and the escrow agreement to provide relief for
misrepresentations supports an interpretation that provides relief for an impairment of the
bargain short of something that ruins every aspect of it. We hold, therefore, that the trial
court erred in its conclusion that the Seller’s failure to disclose problems with the Cascade
contract was not material.

       Before moving forward to another point, we will deal briefly with the trial court’s
reasoning that the Seller’s omission was not material because all of the problems could have
been cured by someone spending a mere $5,000 for a second drive. The Buyer takes issue
with the amount, but we hold that the evidence does not preponderate against the finding that
the cost of a second drive would have been approximately $5,000. Rather, we hold that the
finding was in error because it was a vast oversimplification of a complicated dispute. By
the time the Buyer closed, the Customer was not demanding a second drive, but a
demonstration that the machine to be built would produce samples of the same quality
produced in the earlier demonstration. The Customer’s demand included square columns
even though the initial demonstration dealt only with round columns. The Customer never
approved a project definition. By the time the matter came to a head, the Customer’s position

                                             -20-
was that the Buyer was building the machine subject to the risk the Customer would not pay
if the corrugator did not “meet . . . specs.” Any reasonable entity in the Buyer’s position
would have wanted to know that the Customer had declared the project on hold, so as to be
able to decide what to do about scenarios such as actually came to pass. We stand by our
holding that the Seller’s omission was material.

       The trial court also held that the Seller could not be liable to the Buyer because the
Buyer was not damaged. This finding will not withstand scrutiny under our holdings thus
far. At the very least, rather than performing the contract that it assumed with at least some
prospect of making a profit or minimizing its loss, the Buyer is now being held liable to
refund the down payment. Moreover, the Buyer unknowingly purchased a lawsuit. It is now
in a worse position than it would have been had the contract been performed. See GSB
Contractors, Inc. v. Hess, 179 S.W.3d 535, 541 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)(the proper measure
of damages for breach of contract is to place the non-breaching party in the position it would
have been in had there not been a breach).

         Our holdings (1) that the contract the Buyer assumed did not include the obligation
to supply a dual-drive corrugator or a corrugator that would make products of a warranted
quality and (2) that the Buyer was damaged by a material misrepresentation of the Seller
require that we hold the trial court erred in awarding the Seller indemnification and denying
the Buyer indemnification. As the Buyer has pointed out, the trial court’s error in enforcing
a term that the PA did not include permeated the court’s memorandum opinion and resulting
judgment. The APA excludes from the Buyer’s responsibility any “liability or obligation
. . . which arises out of or is based upon any express or implied representation, warranty,
agreement or guarantee made by [the] Seller, or alleged to have been made by [the] Seller,
or which is imposed or asserted to be imposed by operation of law, in connection with any
. . . product sold . . . by . . . [the] Seller on or prior to the Closing Date.” The Buyer assumes
only the obligations specifically listed and excludes “any other liability or obligation.” The
Seller and its Shareholders are required to indemnify the Buyer against any loss that results
from (1) “any and all liabilities and obligations of [the Seller] . . . of any nature whatsoever
. . . except those liabilities and obligations which [the Buyer] specifically assumes,” and (2)
“any misrepresentation, breach of warranty or nonfulfillment of any agreement or covenant
. . . under this Agreement.” Also, the escrow fund was created for the recognized purpose
of providing security to the Buyer against any losses, damages or expenses, including
litigation expenses, “arising out of or resulting from: (a) the breach of any warranty or
representation of [the] Seller . . . or (b) any excluded liabilities . . .” We hold that provisions
of the APA and the attached escrow agreement required that the Seller and the Shareholders
indemnify the Buyer, and not vice-versa, for any losses and expenses, including reasonable
attorney fees, incurred in defending against the claim that the Buyer was obligated to build
a machine that either had dual-drives or would produce an end product of the Customer’s

                                               -21-
expected quality. We hold that the Buyer’s right to indemnification most certainly includes
the right to be indemnified against the amount of the down payment and prejudgment
interest. We will leave it to the trial court on remand to determine the exact amount of the
other elements of indemnification, including reasonable attorney’s fees related to the “down
payment” aspect of the case versus other aspects.

       In view of our previous holdings, it may be that we could skip directly to our
conclusion without directly addressing the promissory fraud, the TCPA claims, and the
piercing of the corporate veil. We will, nevertheless, work our way through these points with
brevity and clarity in mind, rather than exhaustive analysis.

       The finding of promissory fraud against the Buyer is premised upon the idea that it
never had the intention of building the machine. We disagree. Even if all the trial court’s
factual findings are correct, its legal conclusion was wrong. The thrust of the Buyer’s
communications were that it could build the machine that the Seller sold under the express
terms of the PA but the Customer would most likely be dissatisfied because it demanded
more. There was nothing wrong or inaccurate about those communications. This litigation
has proven that the Buyer was correct. Moreover, we have held that in light of the
Customer’s refusal to approve the project definition, the obligation to build the corrugator
was not triggered.

        We also hold that the trial court erred in finding the Buyer liable for violations of the
TCPA. Given our analysis to this point, the only thing other than defending itself in this
litigation that the Buyer did that arguably caused harm to the Customer was in failing to
promptly refund the down payment. There is plenty of documentary evidence in the record
that the Buyer did actually try to facilitate repayment of the down payment through the Seller
and the escrow fund. Since that is the same end result we have reached, we cannot reconcile
holding the Buyer liable under the TCPA with our holding that the Seller is ultimately liable
for the down payment out of the escrow fund. At most, the Buyer’s refusal to refund the
down payment out of its pocket was a failure to perform its obligation of refund under the
contract. Not every failure to perform a contract is a violation of the TCPA. Hall v.
Hamblen, No. M2002-00562-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 1838180, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S.,
filed Aug. 16, 2004). Even if the Buyer did misrepresent its true intentions with regard to
building the machine, those misrepresentations did not cause a loss to either the Seller or the
Customer. Under the TCPA, the “loss of money or property” must be “a result of . . . [the]
unfair or deceptive act.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109(a)(1)(2001); White v. Early, 211
S.W.3d 723, 742 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). The Customer paid the money long before the
Buyer’s representations, and both the Customer and the Seller held to their respective
positions after receiving those representations. In other words, the Buyer’s alleged
misrepresentation did not cause either the Seller or the Customer to do something that had

                                              -22-
not already been done. We find it interesting, also, that the Customer now so adamantly
argues it was harmed by the Buyer’s broken promise to build the corrugator, but prior to the
litigation was adamantly, through Noirot, warning the Buyer that if it built a corrugator that
did not satisfy Noirot, the Customer would not pay.

       The final issue we must address is the Buyer’s attempt to hide away its assets with the
help of Modern Tennessee and Sonnentag. We do not in any way condone these actions.
However, the end result is that these actions did not result in any harm to either the Customer
or Seller. The Customer will recover its down payment with interest. These funds are
available from the escrow fund and ultimately will come out of the Seller’s pocket. The
Buyer, by placing a portion of the purchase price in escrow, made available liquid funds to
satisfy the judgment. The trial court therefore erred in placing personal liability on
Sonnentag to satisfy obligations that either did not exist or were satisfiable through funds
made available by the Buyer, Modern Tennessee. We will not discuss and do not decide
whether, had the trial court been correct in entering a $600,000 plus judgment against
Modern Tennessee, the court’s analysis would have been correct. We do not render advisory
opinions. McIntyre v. Traughber, 884 S.W.2d 134, 137 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994).

                                               VI.

        To summarize, we take these actions with regard to the trial court’s judgment: (1) we
reverse the judgment against Modern Florida and John Sonnentag; (2) we modify the
judgment in favor of the Customer and against Modern Tennessee so as to provide that
Modern Tennessee is not liable for breach of contract, promissory fraud or treble damages
and attorney’s fees under the TCPA, but is liable to the Customer for refund of the down
payment in the amount of $113,290 plus prejudgment interest of $54,526.68 for a total of
$167,816.68; (3) we modify the judgment in favor of the Customer and against the Seller to
provide that Seller is not liable for breach of contract but that Seller is responsible for refund
of the down payment plus prejudgment interest for a total of $167,816.68; (4) we reverse the
judgment awarding the Seller indemnification and attorney’s fees against the Buyer and
award Buyer indemnification against the Seller and the Shareholders to include any amount
Buyer pays the Customer and such further amount as determined by the trial court on
remand; and (5) we affirm the judgment except as modified or reversed herein.

                                              VII.

       The judgment of the trial court is reversed in part and modified in part. Those
portions of the trial court’s judgment not reversed by this opinion are affirmed as modified.
Costs on appeal are taxed to appellants Cullom Machine Tool and Die, Inc., nka CMTD, Inc.,



                                              -23-
Heinrich B Dickhut and Karen J. Dickhut. This case is remanded, pursuant to applicable law,
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                                  _______________________________
                                                  CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE




                                           -24-
