                                                                              FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                               JUL 13 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF                     No.   17-55307
CALIFORNIA, a California Corporation,
                                                 D.C. No.
              Plaintiff-counter-                 3:15-cv-01766-BEN-JLB
              defendant-Appellee,

 v.                                              MEMORANDUM*

PAUL S. AISEN, et al.,

              Defendants-counter-
              claimants-Appellants.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of California
                   Roger T. Benitez, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted June 4, 2018
                              Pasadena, California

Before: FERNANDEZ and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and MARSHALL,**
District Judge.




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Consuelo B. Marshall, United States District Judge for
the Central District of California, sitting by designation.
        Defendants-Appellants Paul Aisen, et al. appeal the district court’s order

granting Plaintiff-Appellee Regents of the University of California’s (UCSD)

second motion to remand this matter to state court.1 We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

        1. In its order denying UCSD’s first motion to remand, the district court

concluded that although UCSD’s original complaint did not include an express

copyright claim, the complaint’s assertion of “ownership of intellectual property

and aggregated research data,” in combination with the “assertion of work-for-hire

ownership set forth in Plaintiff’s state court arguments,” “implicate[d] the federal

Copyright Act and the work-for-hire doctrine.” UCSD continues to vigorously

dispute the district court’s decision that it had removal jurisdiction to hear the case,

but UCSD did not seek an interlocutory appeal of the district court’s denial of its

first motion to remand, and that issue is therefore not before this court.

        Throughout this litigation, the district court adhered to its determination that

it had subject-matter jurisdiction. For example, in its order granting in part and

denying in part Defendants’ motion to dismiss, the court observed that “there were

allegations (and later, argument) in Plaintiff’s original complaint that placed the



        1
              Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not recite them
here.
                                            2
federal Copyright Act at issue.” The same order observed that “[w]ith the filing of

its amended complaint, [Plaintiff] has given its allegations a new complexion” by

“mak[ing] clear that there is no claim of interference or infringement with

copyright rights or privileges.” The order rejected Defendants’ argument that

UCSD should be judicially estopped from “[n]arrowing [its] claims for relief now,

to avoid a Copyright Act claim,” and ruled that UCSD “will not be heard going

forward to assert that Defendants have interfered with any of its copyright rights.”

The district court’s decision to remand under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 was therefore

consistent with its determination that UCSD initially invoked the Copyright Act,

and with its later order foreclosing reliance on any such theory of recovery.

      The court did not identify the event triggering dismissal as clearly as it might

have, but we have no trouble discerning its intent. After ruling that UCSD would

not be permitted to rely on copyright, the district court recognized that no federal-

law claims remained and declined to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction over

UCSD’s state-law claims. In granting UCSD’s second motion to remand, the

district court expressly cited 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) as the basis for declining to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction, indicating that the district court understood it

“dismissed all claims over which it ha[d] removal jurisdiction.” See Trustees of

Constr. Indust. & Laborers Health & Welfare Trust v. Desert Valley Landscape &


                                           3
Maint., Inc., 333 F.3d 923, 925 (9th Cir. 2003) (observing that to decline

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3), a district court must first identify the

dismissal that triggers the exercise of discretion).2 The district court acted within

its discretion by doing so. Acri v. Varian Assoc., Inc., 114 F.3d 999, 1001 (9th Cir.

1997) (en banc).3

      JustMed v. Byce, 600 F.3d 1118 (9th Cir. 2002), does not require a different

result. The complaint in JustMed did not expressly assert a copyright claim or

include an alternate basis for its assertion of ownership in software source code.

We ruled that, by necessity, the Copyright Act’s work-for-hire doctrine would be

implicated in resolving the disputed ownership of the source code. See id. at

1124–25. UCSD’s complaint contained separate allegations that assert claims of




      2
               The district court might instead have relied on 28 U.S.C.
§ 1367(c)(4), because the record supports the district court’s express and implied
findings that, although neither the original nor the amended complaints expressly
included a claim arising from copyright, UCSD relied at least in part on copyright
when it successfully sought injunctive relief in state court.
      3
              We do not endorse the district court’s statement that remand was also
appropriate because “[r]ather than forcing a party to continue litigating a theory it
no longer wants and preventing the abandonment of weak claims, courts ought to
encourage the paring away of flawed claims.” This rationale could implicate the
very sort of forum-manipulation tactics that the well-pleaded complaint rule seeks
to discourage. See Rockwell Int’l Corp. v. United States, 549 U.S. 456, 474 n.6
(2007); Williams v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 471 F.3d 975, 976 (9th Cir. 2006).
                                           4
ownership or right to possession based on state law. The burden of proving these

claims on remand will be UCSD’s.

      2. Both parties undoubtedly expended substantial resources in federal court

before the district court issued its order remanding the state-law claims.4 We are

mindful that very substantial effort has been expended preparing the motions that

are currently pending, but we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion

by determining that “the objectives of economy, convenience and fairness to the

parties, and comity” weighed in favor of declining to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over UCSD’s state-law claims. Trustees, 333 F.3d at 925.

      AFFIRMED.




      4
              Relatedly, the district court observed that UCSD’s “change of position
reflected in the amended complaint may support modifying the [state-court]
injunction.”
                                          5
