                                                     NO. 5-07-0568
                N O T IC E

 Decision filed 03/19/10, corrected
                                                        IN THE
 04/07/10.    The text of this decision

 may be changed or corre cted prior to
                                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
 the filing of a Petition for Rehearing or

 the disposition of the same.
                            FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________
JERRY DOBYNS, as Special Administrator of the
                                            )     Appeal from the
Estate of Angela Dobyns, Deceased,          )     Circuit Court of
                                            )     Randolph County.
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                  )
                                            )
v.                                          )     No. 05-L-33
                                            )
DAVID CHUNG, M.D., and SPARTA               )
COMMUNITY HOSPITAL,                         )     Honorable
                                            )     Richard A. Brown,
      Defendants-Appellees.                 )     Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________
             JUSTICE SPOMER delivered the opinion of the court:

             The plaintiff, Jerry (Jay) Dobyns, as the special administrator of the estate of Angela

(Angie) Dobyns, deceased, appeals the order of the circuit court of Randolph County that

entered a judgment on a jury verdict in the plaintiff's favor in the amount of $100,000,

reduced by 50% according to a finding of contributory negligence on the part of the
deceased. The plaintiff asks this court to reverse the judgment and remand with directions
that the circuit court grant the plaintiff's motion for an additur or, in the alternative, a new

trial solely on the issue of damages or a new trial on all the issues. The issues on appeal are

as follows: (1) whether the damages awarded by the jury are manifestly inadequate and
contrary to the evidence, (2) whether the circuit court erred in barring Abiodun Sangoseni,
M.D., from testifying about whether the long-term prescription of narcotics is appropriate,

and (3) whether the circuit court erred in refusing to admit the plaintiff's drug summary into
evidence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.




                                                          1
                                         FACTS

       On March 23, 2007, the plaintiff filed a second amended complaint in the circuit
court of Randolph County against the defendants, David Chung, M.D., and Sparta
Community Hospital, seeking damages pursuant to the Wrongful Death Act (the Act) (740
ILCS 180/0.01 et seq. (West 2004)). The complaint alleged that Angie was under the care
and treatment of Dr. Chung from 2001 through May 2004. On May 28 and 29, 2004, Angie

sought care and treatment at Sparta Community Hospital and was also treated by Dr. Chung

at that time. According to the complaint, Dr. Chung was negligent in failing to properly
evaluate and treat Angie's pain syndrome, prescribing inappropriate types and amounts of
pain and other medications, and failing to provide adequate information and warnings

regarding the prescribed medications and the risk of potential harm from taking those
medications concomitantly.

       During a lengthy jury trial that commenced on March 27, 2007, Dr. Chung testified

that Angie first came to him on October 22, 2001, complaining of severe stabbing pains.

Angie was 32 years old at the time and had previously been diagnosed with a bulging disc

in her back and had a history of pain in her back, leg, and abdomen. She had suffered from
back pain since 1992. Dr. Chung testified that there was nothing to indicate that Angie's
pain was interfering with her ability to do household chores and care for her children. Dr.

Chung testified that when Angie first came to him for treatment, she was employed at a local

hotel as a housekeeper. She informed Dr. Chung that her pain was interfering with her
work. It was Dr. Chung's belief that she was unable to do housekeeping chores in an
employment capacity but that she could manage those chores in her home. Dr. Chung

testified that when Angie first sought treatment from him, she was not on any narcotics but
was using over-the-counter treatments such as Tylenol and ibuprofen. At that time, Dr.
Chung wrote Angie a prescription for 30 Percocet, five-milligram tablets, at a dosage of one


                                             2
to two every four to six hours as needed. Dr. Chung testified that he referred Angie to a

neurosurgeon and to an endocrinologist in 2002 but that she never saw either specialist.
       Dr. Chung continued treating Angie with Percocet for the majority of the following
2½ years. On one occasion during that time, Dr. Chung took Angie off the Percocet and
prescribed fentanyl, a long-acting narcotic to which Angie developed a reaction.
Subsequently, Dr. Chung discontinued all narcotics for 10 days. On two other occasions

during the 2½-year treatment period, Dr. Chung again discontinued the Percocet and

prescribed Oxycontin, a long-acting version of oxycodone, which is the same narcotic that
is in Percocet, and MS Contin, a long-acting version of a morphine sulfate. Angie did not
respond well to these, so Dr. Chung discontinued them and put her back on Percocet.

During the same time frame, Dr. Chung prescribed for Angie amitriptyline and nortriptyline,
both of which are adjuncts for pain medication. He also prescribed for Angie Vioxx, which

is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, Percodan, Phenergan with codeine to be used as a cough

suppressant, and Skelaxin and Flexeril, both of which are muscle relaxants to address pain.

Dr. Chung was aware that Angie was concurrently on medications prescribed by other

physicians, including Darvocet and Lorcet, which are also narcotics which contain
hydrocodone, as well as Tylenol.
       In spite of all the narcotics Angie used, she continued to suffer from pain in her back,

abdomen, hip, and knees. Dr. Chung confirmed that Angie had 47 office visits and 27

emergency room (ER) visits during the 2½ years he treated her. Dr. Chung testified that the
purpose of the office visits was to assess the efficacy of Angie's medications and to refill her
prescriptions.   Dr. Chung reported that he never saw any signs of oversedation or

somnolence during the office visits. Many of the ER visits were for pain treatment in
addition to that which Dr. Chung had prescribed, and other visits were for reasons unrelated
to her chronic pain. According to Dr. Chung, in spite of the multiple ER visits, he believed


                                               3
that Angie's pain was generally controlled to the point of allowing her to function.

       Dr. Chung testified that taking Demerol by intravenous injection is approximately
three times more potent than taking it orally. Angie received 300 milligrams of Demerol by
intravenous injection during her hospitalization from the late afternoon of May 28, 2004,
until the morning of May 29, 2004. Dr. Chung stated that this was comparable to giving
Angie 900 milligrams, or 18 pills, of Demerol in this amount of time. In spite of this level

of medication, nowhere in the medical records did it state that Angie was in a stupor or

suffering from somnolence. Dr. Chung testified that this level of Demerol may put a person
who has never been on narcotics in a coma, but if someone is already on narcotics, that
person's tolerance may result in an absence of any physical indications of being on narcotics.

The Demerol helped alleviate Angie's pain to a degree but did not give her 100% relief.
After the Demerol intravenous injection, Angie still rated her pain as 5 or 6 out of 10, in

comparison to the 10 out of 10 when she first arrived at the hospital. Nevertheless, Angie

was able to walk in the halls, laugh, smile, eat, drink, and converse normally. Her vital signs

were also stable. Dr. Chung's discharge notation from the hospital says, "[Right lower

quadrant] pain of unclear etiology," meaning that Dr. Chung was not entirely sure of the
cause of Angie's pain. He denoted chronic pain as a secondary diagnosis and planned a
consultation with a gastroenterologist.

       Dr. Chung confirmed that narcotics are addictive and that a patient must be monitored

to avoid the potential of abuse. Dr. Chung testified that he monitored Angie during her 2½
years of treatment and never felt like she was abusing the medications. Dr. Chung provided
information regarding the five medications he prescribed to Angie after her hospitalization

in May 2004, in addition to the Demerol prescription, and acknowledged that all the
medications were central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Dr. Chung had familiarized
himself with the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) warnings for each of the drugs he


                                              4
prescribed and their increased risk of producing additive CNS depressant effects when

coadministered with other CNS depressants. Other warnings included the potential for
respiratory depression and, to a lesser degree, circulatory depression, respiratory arrest,
shock, and cardiac arrest.
       Dr. Chung testified that he heeded the PDR warnings and was cautious with Angie's
prescriptions. When Angie was discharged from the hospital on May 29, 2004, Dr. Chung

noted no signs of toxicity and her clinical evaluation posed no concerns. At that time, he

reduced Angie's Percocet prescription to one tablet every four hours as needed, from the
usual dose of one to two tablets every four to six hours as needed. This reduction was in
part because Dr. Chung added Demerol to Angie's medicine regimen. Dr. Chung also

reduced the Effexor from 225 milligrams to 75 milligrams once per day and reduced the
Neurontin from 900 milligrams three times a day to 600 milligrams twice a day because he

was not seeing a good response from it and he wanted to avoid toxicity. Dr. Chung testified

that upon Angie's May 29, 2004, discharge he prescribed, inter alia, Demerol as a short-term

pain medication and Percocet as a long-term pain medication. Dr. Chung admitted that had

he just given the Demerol and held the Percocet until she was done with the Demerol, that
would have avoided the possibility of the additive effects of giving them concurrently.
       In conclusion, Dr. Chung testified that he followed up with Angie after each ER visit,

attempted to determine the source of her pain, and made appropriate adjustments to or

refilled her current medications. The transcript of Dr. Chung's deposition of March 2, 2006,
was then read to the jury, wherein Dr. Chung agreed that Angie's death was caused by
respiratory arrest. He opined that the combination of the drugs in her system had contributed

to her death, but he noted his belief that she had taken more than the prescribed dosage.
       After the plaintiff's expert witnesses gave extensive testimony and concluded that Dr.
Chung had breached the standard of care, Bob Ulianich testified that Angie was his


                                             5
stepdaughter but that he had considered her as his own daughter. Bob married Angie's

mother when Angie was two years old, and he helped raise Angie. Bob testified that Angie
married Robert Brosch when she was 18 years old. A couple of years later they had a son,
Robbie, followed by another son, Chris, 3½ years later. At that time, Angie and Robert's
marriage was stormy. They divorced shortly after Chris was born. A couple of years after
the divorce, Angie married Jay Dobyns. Bob spent significant amounts of time with Angie,

Jay, and the boys. He testified that their family was always together and got along very well.

Jay was the only father the boys ever knew, because their biological father was not a part of
their lives after he and Angie divorced. Jay took the boys hunting and fishing and called
them his own, just as Bob had done with Angie. Bob reported that Angie and Jay got along

well and had a good marriage. Angie worked a little bit outside the home but was a
homemaker for the most part, staying at home and taking care of the boys. Bob testified that

Angie was a wonderful mother. She was involved in the boys' school and sports, took them

to the park, and spent time reading and coloring with them.

       Bob was aware that Angie had back pain in the several years prior to her death. Bob

testified that in spite of the pain, Angie still did her daily activities, like taking care of the
boys and doing household chores. Bob knew that Angie was on medication for her back,
but he did not know what type of medication. When Angie and her family visited with Bob,

she brought her medicine with her, and Bob occasionally observed her taking the

medication. It was Bob's experience that Angie was very conscientious about her medicine.
Bob testified that Angie only took that which was prescribed to her and was always very
punctual in taking it. She refused to take the medicine even half an hour early. However,

Bob was unaware of what the dosage was on the medications.
       Bob testified that after their stay at Jay's parents' home, Angie and her family planned
to visit Bob and his wife on May 30, 2004. However, at around 4:50 a.m. that day, Angie's


                                                6
oldest son, Robbie, called Bob on the telephone, repeating that his mother was dead. Bob

and his wife and son went directly to the hospital. When they arrived, Angie had already
been pronounced dead. The boys were in tears and it was difficult for Bob to comfort them.
After Angie's funeral, the boys went to Bob's home and stayed for the summer. When
school started, the boys had to move in with their biological father, Robert Brosch. Bob
reported that the boys did not adjust well to the new living arrangements because they

remembered all the times Robert was not there for them. They wanted to continue living

with Bob and his wife, but Robert would not allow it, which only built more resentment.
However, that improved with time. Bob did not characterize the boys' relationship with
Robert as "good," but things were livable and they were getting along fine. Bob testified

that he and the boys live only 15 minutes apart and that he continues to see them on a regular
basis but that they had not been the same since Angie died. Bob described them as

withdrawn and unhappy. At the time of the trial Robbie was 18 years old and Chris was 14.

Bob noted that Robbie talks about his mother but that Chris holds it all in. Anytime Bob

offered to talk to Chris, he replied that he did not want to talk.

       Bob testified that Jay moved in with him and his wife after Angie's death so he could
be closer to the boys. Jay stayed there for approximately a year and a half. Bob observed
that, like the boys, Jay was not the same after Angie died. He moped around and no longer

laughed or joked as he used to. Bob explained that when they lost Angie, they lost

everything. To the best of Bob's knowledge, the boys and Jay were still in communication.
       Jay Dobyns testified that he is 31 years old. Shortly after he met Angie, he met
Robbie and Chris and they all got along well from the very beginning. At that time, Robbie

was five years old and Chris was two. After Jay and Angie married, Jay considered Robbie
and Chris to be his own boys. Jay testified that he, Angie, and the boys were a close family
and did everything together. When Angie's parents bought a camper, Jay, Angie, and the


                                              7
boys camped almost every weekend. They enjoyed fishing, cooking out, and swimming.

They also went to the zoo, amusement parks, and playgrounds. Jay described Angie as an
excellent mother. Her whole life revolved around the boys. She called Robbie her pride and
Chris her joy. She was always involved in sports the boys participated in, as well as all the
school functions they were a part of.
       Jay reported that he and Angie had a very healthy marital relationship.             He

acknowledged that there were times when Angie's pain interfered with their sexual relations.

However, they seldom had arguments and decided early in their relationship to never go to
sleep while angry. Jay described Angie as a stay-at-home mother. This was Jay's decision
because he had been brought up in a traditional household. Angie had previously worked

part-time as a housekeeper for a company, but she did not work at all for the last four or five
years of her life because her back problems prevented her from being on her feet for very

long. Accordingly, Jay went to work while Angie took care of the kids and did the

household chores. During their marriage, Jay was aware that Angie had problems with her

back. Angie had mentioned it to Jay very early in the relationship, but she never complained

about it for the first couple of years. However, as time progressed, so did the pain. By the
late 90s, Angie was complaining more about her back pain. She also had leg pain that was
incidental to her back condition. Jay testified that Angie still did the household chores,

although it took her longer than before. When the pain was significant enough to prevent

Angie from doing certain tasks, Jay and the boys helped her. Jay testified that for the most
part, however, Angie did most of the chores and continued doing so until the day she died.
       When Angie started treating with Dr. Chung in October 2001, Jay had no knowledge

of her taking any narcotics or other pain medications for long periods of time. She had only
occasional prescriptions for back pain. After seeing Dr. Chung, however, Angie was on
some type of pain medication for the rest of her life. Jay verified that Angie saw Dr. Chung


                                              8
very regularly. He accompanied her to only a few of the visits. Jay knew that Angie took

medications consistently. He was aware that Angie was taking Percocet but did not know
the other medications Dr. Chung had prescribed, nor was he familiar with the dosages of the
medications. Jay mostly worked the first and second shifts, so the only time he observed
Angie taking any medicine was at night, when he spent most of his time with her.
       Jay was convinced that Angie's pain was real and that her medication helped her

somewhat, although the medication never actually took the pain away because she still

complained of pain after taking her medicine. Jay testified, however, that the medication
helped Angie to do activities around the house and to interact with him and the boys. Jay
denied that Angie was depressed. To the contrary, Jay described Angie as outgoing and

happy. Jay conceded, however, that Angie was apparently hiding her depression from him,
because prior to the trial he was unaware that Dr. Chung had prescribed her medication for

depression.

       Jay never saw Angie take excessive amounts of any medication. He was adamant that

Angie was very conscientious about her medication and always took the prescribed amounts.

Jay did not believe that Angie was overly dependent on her medications. He admitted,
however, that he had never received any type of training regarding drug dependence. He
testified that Angie typically kept her medication in her purse and took it with her when she

left the house. In spite of the medications, Angie frequented the ER due to excessive pain.

Jay accompanied Angie to the ER several times. On May 27, 2004, Jay got off work at 11
p.m. and took Angie to the ER at around 12 midnight. When they returned home, Angie
went to sleep. Later that day, Angie's pain returned, so Jay again accompanied her to the

ER. Jay stayed with Angie about an hour and then left at about 2 p.m. to go to work. He
arranged for his sister to pick Angie up when she was released, but she was admitted to the
hospital. Jay spoke with Angie on the telephone at around midnight on May 29, 2004, when


                                             9
he got home from work. She was complaining of stomach pain. Tests had been conducted,

the results of which would be known later in the morning. Jay returned to the hospital at 8
a.m., and Angie was released at around 1 p.m. Jay testified that Angie was given
prescriptions for Demerol and Percocet.
       After picking up the prescriptions, Jay, Angie, and the boys went to Jay's parents'
home for Memorial Day weekend. Angie did not complain of pain during the hour-and-15-

minute car ride. Jay did not see Angie take any medication while in the car. Jay testified

that Angie was interacting and seemed awake and alert. However, after arriving at Jay's
parents' house, Angie complained about having nausea and stomach pain a couple of times.
Jay testified that he did not see Angie take any medication while at his parents' house.

However, Jay noted that he spent most of the evening visiting with the guys and playing
cards. He went to bed at around 11 p.m. Angie was still up, sitting at the kitchen table

visiting with Jay's mother and sister. Jay did not know what time Angie came to bed. He

woke around 5 a.m. because he had plans to go fishing. After Jay got out of bed, he got

dressed and made a cup of coffee. He then decided to check on Angie because she usually

woke and got out of bed when he did. When he got to Angie, she was completely
unresponsive. Jay screamed for his father, who grabbed the telephone. Jay's sister's
boyfriend entered the room and began performing CPR. Subsequently, an ambulance

arrived and took Angie to the hospital. Jay, his father, and the boys followed the ambulance.

Upon his arrival at the ER, Jay was informed that Angie had passed away and that it was too
late to save her life. Jay consented to an autopsy.
       Jay confirmed that, following Angie's death, he and the boys moved in with Angie's

father and mother, Bob and Donna. At summer's end, the boys went to live with their
biological father, but they still saw Jay every weekend. Jay corroborated Bob's testimony
that the boys were just not themselves after Angie died. They would not interact. Jay


                                             10
eventually moved to Arkansas because there were more job opportunities and he needed a

change. He still communicates with the boys and misses them and Angie. Jay testified that
he still thinks about Angie every day.
       Jerry David Dobyns testified that he is Jay's father. He confirmed that Jay and Angie
got along very well, that Angie's boys considered Jay to be their father, and that they all
functioned as a normal family. Jerry testified that on the afternoon of May 29, 2004, when

he got home from work at around 3 p.m. Jay, Angie, and the boys were already there. His

youngest daughter and her fiancé were also there. The guys were outside barbecuing and
the ladies spent the evening inside, so Jerry did not discuss with Angie how she was feeling.
From what Jerry saw of Angie, she was interacting, laughing, and talking. She did not seem

to be under the effects of any type of medication, nor did Jerry observe Angie take any
medication throughout the evening.

       Jerry went to bed at around 9:30 p.m. He woke Jay at 5 a.m. the next morning. After

Jay came out for coffee, Jay went back to his bedroom and yelled for Jerry. Upon entering

the room Jerry observed that Angie's complexion was gray. Jerry corroborated Jay's

testimony regarding the events that followed. After the ambulance took Angie, Jerry did not
find any pills anywhere in the house. He confirmed that his wife, Terry, had retrieved
Angie's medicine from her purse. Jerry testified that Jay and the boys were devastated when

they found out that Angie was dead.

       Terry Dobyns testified that she is Jay's mother. She visited with Jay, Angie, and the
boys regularly, and the boys call her "grandma." Terry was not aware of any marital
problems between Jay and Angie. She testified that both Jay and Angie had a good

relationship with the boys. Terry was aware that Angie had back problems. She stated that
Angie sometimes had difficulty doing chores such as vacuuming. When this occurred,
Angie sat down awhile and then continued. Angie never discussed any of her medications


                                             11
with Terry, nor had Terry ever seen Angie take her medication.

       Terry testified that on the evening of May 29, 2004, Angie had a good time, ate
normally, never complained about any pain, and did not appear to be under the influence of
medications. Terry went to bed between 1 a.m. and 2 a.m. on May 30, 2004. Angie was still
up. Terry was unsure what time Angie actually went to bed. Terry testified that she woke
when her husband's alarm clock went off. She was starting to go back to sleep when she

heard Jay hollering. He was begging Angie to get up. By that time, Chris, Angie's youngest

boy, was in the room with Jay and Angie. Terry made Chris leave the room.
       Robert (Robbie) Brosch, Jr., testified that he is Angie's oldest son. At the time of the
trial Robbie was 18 years old. He testified that he thinks about his mother every day. He

described life with Angie as great and reported that the years were good when Angie and Jay
were married. The family participated in many outdoor activities together, and Robbie was

very happy during that time. As a stay-at-home mother, Angie woke Robbie up in the

morning, made his breakfast, took him to school, and helped him with his homework.

Robbie testified that Jay and Angie got along well and that he saw Jay as his father. Before

Angie passed away, Robbie did not have much of a relationship with his biological father
because he only saw him three or four times per year.
       Robbie testified that things were not good since Angie passed away. After moving

out of his grandparents' home, Robbie and his brother moved in with their biological father.

In doing so, Robbie had to change schools. Robbie reported that the arrangement was tough
in the beginning. He testified that his father yelled at them and tried to hit and choke
Robbie's brother. Robbie's stepmother did not do the things for him that Angie did. Things

improved a little over time, but Robbie misses everything about Angie. He carries her
picture in his wallet and has a room at his grandparents' home where he keeps many of
Angie's personal possessions. Most of all, Robbie misses the way she put him first.


                                             12
       Christopher (Chris) Brosch also testified. At the time of his testimony he was 14

years old and in the eighth grade. He turned 12 just a couple of days after Angie died. Chris
testified that when Angie was alive, she was very active in school events and went to all of
his sports games, including baseball, football, and soccer. Angie also took Chris to
practices. Chris enjoyed camping with Angie, Jay, and Robbie. Chris looked to Jay as a
father and Jay treated him well. Chris never saw Jay and Angie fighting or yelling at each

other. He reported that they got along well. Chris testified that since Angie's death, it has

been hard for him to think about her, so he does not talk much about her. Chris corroborated
Robbie's testimony about life with their biological father and stepmother. He reported that
they still did not get along well but that it was better than it had been in the beginning. Chris

testified that his life is very different now than before. He does not go camping or fishing
like he used to. Chris misses Angie's love more than anything.

       Dr. Mary Case testified that she is a pathologist who serves as the chief medical

examiner of St. Louis County, as well as three other counties. She is also a professor of

pathology at St. Louis University. After a lengthy review of her curriculum vitae, Dr. Case

testified that she had reviewed Angie's medical records from about 2001 through the date
of her death, including hospital, ER, and physician records. She had also reviewed the
autopsy report and slides, the toxicology report, records from the emergency personnel who

transported Angie to the hospital on the date of her death, and the depositions in the case.

       Dr. Case opined to a reasonable degree of medical and pathological certainty that the
cause of Angie's death was acute intoxication with multiple medications, consisting
primarily of Percocet, Neurontin, Effexor, Phenergan, and Demerol. Dr. Case opined that

the acute intoxication was caused by Angie taking more medication than she should have.
Dr. Case elaborated that there was too much medication, which shut down Angie's nervous
system. She explained that the above five medications exceeded the therapeutic level,


                                               13
although none were at a lethal level. Percocet and Demerol were the most significantly

elevated medications in Angie's system, although Dr. Case admitted on cross-examination
that the elevated levels of all the drugs in Angie's system contributed to her death.
       Dr. Case testified that Dr. Heidingsfelder performed Angie's autopsy on May 30,
2004, at 5 p.m. According to Dr. Case, Dr. Heidingsfelder performed the autopsy in the
usual, routine, competent manner. Everything was well-documented and acceptable. Dr.

Heidingsfelder found the presence of pulmonary edema, which is fluid in the lungs. This

was a nonspecific finding commonly associated with respiratory depression. Dr. Case
testified that very obese people may have respiratory difficulties and are more susceptible
to respiratory depression. However, while Dr. Case considered Angie to be a large lady, she

never classified her as excessively obese, although she had not calculated Angie's body mass
index. Dr. Case reiterated that the coroner discovered seven Percocet pills missing and eight

Demerol pills missing from the prescription bottles which had been filled the day before.

If Angie had taken the pills as prescribed, she would have taken six Demerol and four

Percocet. Dr. Case confirmed that the number of missing pills was consistent with the

supertherapeutic levels found in Angie's body.
       At the conclusion of Dr. Case's testimony, the videotaped evidence deposition of Dr.
Srinivas Chilakamarri, conducted on March 7, 2007, was played for the jury, wherein Dr.

Chilakamarri testified that he is a psychiatrist practicing at St. Anthony's Medical Center.

Dr. Chilakamarri had the occasion to examine and treat Angie's youngest son, Chris,
beginning on November 1, 2005. Chris had been seeing a therapist, Diane Gawedzinski,
because he was having problems at home, at school, and in his personal life. Gawedzinski

referred Chris to Dr. Chilakamarri because the therapy sessions had been fruitless. Dr.
Chilakamarri reported that Chris was depressed, belligerent with his teachers, failing classes,
fighting in school, exhibiting out-of-control behavior at home, and unable to get along with


                                              14
his father and stepmother. None of these behaviors were present prior to Angie's death.

       Dr. Chilakamarri described Chris as withdrawn and diagnosed him with major
depression that was complicated by pathological grief. Dr. Chilakamarri explained that
Chris's grief was pathological because he was not adjusting to the loss. Chris was also
diagnosed with a personal crisis and a family crisis, meaning that he had lost his mother,
whom he was very close to, and had moved in with his father and stepmother and was not

happy. Chris also had a previous diagnosis of attention deficit disorder (ADD). Dr.

Chilakamarri was unsure whether the diagnosis of ADD was given before or after Angie's
death. Dr. Chilakamarri suggested that Chris attend a four-hour group therapy session and
prescribed him medication to treat the depression. Dr. Chilakamarri learned in follow-up

appointments that Chris was responding better to the counselors. Chris was released from
Dr. Chilakamarri's care in mid-November 2005, with instructions to follow up with him for

medication management. It was also suggested that Chris receive family counseling. Dr.

Chilakamarri had not seen Chris since and was unaware of his status.

       Dr. Chilakamarri opined that had Angie not died, Chris would not have had the

problems he was having. Although Chris had other stressors in his life such as moving in
with his father and stepmother and not getting along with them, changing schools, and
failing classes, all of those were a result of Angie's death. Dr. Chilakamarri added that if

there was not enough support for Chris to treat his depression and grief, he would have an

increased risk of alcohol and substance abuse later in life. Dr. Chilakamarri conceded on
cross-examination that he was not sure whether Chris was receiving that support.
       Subsequent to the presentation of the videotape, the court took judicial notice of the

National Vital Statistics Report regarding life tables issued by the United States Department
of Health and Human Services, which references life expectancies of individuals in the
United States. Pursuant to the report, a female aged 34 to 35 years of age, which was


                                             15
Angie's age at the time of her death, is expected to live an additional 47.3 years. Regarding

Angie's sons, the statistics show that the life expectancy is an additional 61.6 years for a
male of Chris's age and an additional 57.7 years for a male of Robbie's age. Further, Jay
Dobyns was expected to live an additional 45.6 years.
       Dr. James Gibbons, an anesthesiologist and pain-medicine specialist, testified that he
reviewed all the pertinent materials in the instant case and concluded that Angie would be

appropriately considered a chronic-pain patient because over a long period of time she

suffered from numerous pains which were hard to manage. Dr. Gibbons testified that it was
reasonable for Dr. Chung to prescribe Percocet for Angie on her first visit to him in October
2001 because she was having an uncontrolled pain problem. However, Dr. Gibbons

acknowledged on cross-examination that Angie had suffered from back problems for 9½
years prior to coming to Dr. Chung and had never been on long-term narcotics during that

time and yet was able to function. Dr. Gibbons testified that after Angie's initial visit to Dr.

Chung, she had frequent visits to the ER due to breakthrough episodes of pain, a

phenomenon which is very common among chronic-pain patients. Dr. Gibbons explained

that pain has a constant component but may have breakthrough episodes which are not
controlled by the baseline level of pain medication given.
       Dr. Roger Wujek testified that he is a family practice physician and had been for more

than 27 years. He testified that pain management is very integral to family practice and that

it is common for family practitioners to manage chronic-pain patients over long periods of
time. This entailed the use of various forms of pain medications, including narcotics such
as Demerol and Percocet. Dr. Wujek testified that a goal of pain management is to keep the

patient functional in his or her everyday life. He noted that the end result of pain
management is to attempt to find the cause of the pain and eliminate the cause if possible.
Dr. Wujek reviewed Angie's medical and ER records, as well as the depositions in the case,


                                              16
and opined to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that Dr. Chung met the standard of

care of a family practitioner in the treatment he provided Angie.
       Dr. Wujek testified that Dr. Chung started Angie off with a small dose and cautiously
added one medication at a time. He noted that Dr. Chung always wrote out the number of
pills on the prescriptions to prevent alterations. He saw Angie on a regular basis and dealt
with all of her problems. Dr. Wujek added that Dr. Chung attempted to involve a number

of consultants, although Angie did not always follow through with the recommendations.

Moreover, Dr. Chung attempted several times to put Angie on less-addictive medications,
most of which were unsuccessful. However, Dr. Wujek saw no signs of addiction from
Angie, with the exception of a note on her records that she requested an early refill on a

prescription one time. Other than that, there were no symptoms of physical withdrawal, and
she always had her prescriptions filled on time. Dr. Wujek noted that there were signs of

tolerance, however. Angie would see Dr. Chung after being on a particular dosage of

medication and complain that she was still having pain, which necessitated increasing the

dosage and resulted in a number of pills prescribed each month which did not provide

adequate pain relief.
       Dr. Wujek testified that when patients are being treated for chronic pain, it is common
for them to have breakthrough pain, requiring trips to the ER. Regarding Angie's hospital

discharge on May 29, 2004, Dr. Wujek opined that the prescriptions written upon her release

were entirely appropriate because Dr. Chung was treating a variety of conditions. Phenergan
was prescribed for nausea; Soma for muscle pain; Neurontin for neuropathic pain; Effexor
for depression; Xanax for anxiety, which is often associated with depression; and Percocet

and Demerol for pain relief. Although Dr. Wujek admitted that Angie probably suffered
from sleep apnea because of her weight, he nonetheless opined that she died from
oversedation rather than respiratory center depression. Dr. Wujek opined to a reasonable


                                             17
degree of medical certainty that had Angie taken the Demerol and Percocet as prescribed by

Dr. Chung, she would not have died.
       At the conclusion of deliberations, the jury found in favor of the plaintiff and against
the defendants. The jury also found the following: (1) without taking into consideration the
question of a reduction of damages due to the negligence of Angela Dobyns, the total
amount of damages suffered by the plaintiff as a proximate result of the occurrence in

question is $100,000, (2) assuming that 100% represents the total combined negligence of

all persons whose negligence proximately contributed to Angela Dobyns' death, the
percentage of negligence attributable solely to Angela Dobyns is 50%, (3) after reducing the
total damages sustained by the plaintiff by the percentage of negligence attributable solely

to Angela Dobyns, the plaintiff's recoverable damages are $50,000. A judgment was entered
on the findings of the jury.

       The plaintiff filed a posttrial motion on May 4, 2007, arguing that he was entitled to

an additur, a new trial on the issue of damages only, or a new trial on all the issues as a

matter of law. The circuit court denied the plaintiff's posttrial motion on September 21,

2007, holding that it would not substitute its judgment for that of the jury and that the jury's
verdict was not manifestly inadequate. The plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.
Additional facts necessary to resolve the issues on appeal will be set forth as needed.

                                         ANALYSIS

       The plaintiff first argues that the circuit court erred in denying his posttrial motion
for an additur or, in the alternative, a new trial, because the damages awarded by the jury
were manifestly inadequate and contrary to the evidence. "Generally, a decision as to

whether to grant a new trial is a matter left to the sound discretion of the court, and the
court's determination will not be overturned on review absent an abuse of discretion." Wade
v. Rich, 249 Ill. App. 3d 581, 587 (1993). "However, a jury's verdict may be set aside and


                                              18
a new trial ordered where the amount of damages is palpably inadequate or against the

manifest weight of the evidence or where the jury has clearly disregarded a proven element
of damages." Wade, 249 Ill. App. 3d at 587. "As an alternative to granting a plaintiff a new
trial, additur has traditionally been limited in Illinois to rectifying the omission of a
liquidated or easily calculated item of damages." Hladish v. Whitman, 192 Ill. App. 3d 561,
565 (1989). As this court has recognized, "[additur] is unavailable where unliquidated tort

damages are at issue." Ragan v. Williams, 219 Ill. App. 3d 945, 948 (1991). "Additionally,

additur is improper if a defendant does not consent to it as an alternative to a new trial."
Hladish, 192 Ill. App. 3d at 565.
       "The issue of damages is particularly within the discretion of the jury[,] and courts

are reluctant to interfere with the jury's exercise of its discretion." Chrysler v. Darnall, 238
Ill. App. 3d 673, 678 (1992). Upon a finding of liability under the Wrongful Death Act, the

jury must "fix the amount of money which will reasonably and fairly compensate the lineal

next of kin *** for the pecuniary loss proved by the evidence." Illinois Pattern Jury

Instructions, Civil, No. 31.04 (Supp. 2008) (hereinafter IPI Civil (Supp. 2008)). This may

include the loss of money, benefits, goods, services, society, and sexual relations. IPI Civil
(Supp. 2008) No. 31.04. "Where a decedent leaves lineal next of kin, the law recognizes a
presumption that the lineal next of kin have sustained some substantial pecuniary loss by

reason of the death." IPI Civil (Supp. 2008) No. 31.04. However, the weight to be given

this presumption is for the jury to decide from the evidence in the case, including evidence
of the decedent's (1) past contributions, (2) future contributions, (3) personal expenses and
other deductions, (4) children's loss of future instruction, moral training, and

superintendence of education by way of the death, (5) age, (6) sex, (7) health, (8) habits of
industry, sobriety, and thrift, and (9) occupational abilities, as well as the descendants' grief,
sorrow, and mental suffering and their relationship with the decedent. IPI Civil (Supp.


                                               19
2008) No. 31.04. In addition, the jury is instructed that life expectancy tables are not

conclusive and are to be considered in connection with other evidence. Illinois Pattern Jury
Instructions, Civil, No. 31.13 (2006).
       Moreover, the jury is instructed in a wrongful death case that when it is asked to place
a monetary value on the loss of "society," this means "the mutual benefits that each family
member receives from the other's continued existence, including love, affection, care,

attention, companionship, comfort, guidance, and protection." IPI Civil (2006) No. 31.11.

"In a variety of contexts, courts of review in this State have held that damages for loss of
society are difficult to estimate exactly and no standard of value applies; rather, their
assessment is committed to the sound discretion of the jury as to what is reasonable under

the circumstances of any given case guided by its observations, experience, and sense of
fairness." Patch v. Glover, 248 Ill. App. 3d 562, 568 (1993).

       The plaintiff points to no appellate decision that has found wrongful death damages

to be inadequate as a matter of law. Rather, the plaintiff argues that the damages awarded

do not comport with verdicts in similar cases within the State of Illinois. However, it is

impossible to measure the propriety of damages awards under the Wrongful Death Act by
comparison with other wrongful death cases, as the plaintiff requests, because the propriety
of those awards is not subject to exact mathematical computation and cannot be measured

by comparison with other verdicts. Barry v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 282 Ill. App.

3d 199, 207 (1996). As our colleagues in the First District explained:
              "Reviewing courts rarely disturb jury awards. For good reason. We are in no
       better position to judge the appropriate amount of a verdict than are the 12 people

       who see and hear the arguments and the evidence. They use their combined wisdom
       and experience to reach fair and reasonable judgments. We are neither trained nor
       equipped to second-guess those judgments about the pain and suffering and familial


                                             20
       losses incurred by other human beings. To pretend otherwise would be sheer hubris."

       Barry, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 207.
       Here, we cannot say that the $100,000 award is manifestly inadequate. There is no
concrete evidence in the record of any specific loss of money or other economic loss
resulting from Angie's death. Along with the evidence of the close familial ties between
Angie, her widower, and her teenaged sons, along with their feelings of grief and loss, the

jury was presented with a host of evidence regarding Angie's physical and mental health.

It is not within our province to substitute our judgment for that of the jury to determine the
monetary value of the loss of society in this case.
       The fact that the defendants' counsel made the statement in closing argument that if

there was liability, "then a fair verdict on damages would be a million dollars" cannot, as a
matter of law, impact our analysis. The jury is instructed that what the attorneys say during

argument is not to be considered as evidence and should not be taken as such. Further, the

jury is instructed that if an attorney makes a statement that is not based on the evidence or

reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence, then the jury should disregard the

statement. Further, we find that counsel's statement during closing argument regarding the
amount of damages constitutes an opinion and should not be considered a binding judicial
admission. See Williams v. Cahill, 258 Ill. App. 3d 822, 826 (1994). For all of these

reasons, we cannot find that the damages awarded by the jury are manifestly inadequate or

contrary to the evidence.
       The remaining issues on appeal are evidentiary issues regarding the admissibility of
Dr. Abiodun Sangoseni's testimony on the inappropriateness of the long-term prescription

of narcotics and plaintiff's exhibit 16, which was a demonstrative exhibit setting forth the
various types and amounts of narcotics and other medications that were prescribed to Angie
and the levels found in her system at the time of her death. "[W]e will not reverse on the


                                             21
basis of an erroneous evidentiary ruling unless the error was prejudicial or the result of the

trial has been materially affected." Cretton v. Protestant Memorial Medical Center, Inc.,
371 Ill. App. 3d 841, 854 (2007). Here, the jury found for the plaintiff on the issue of Dr.
Chung's liability. The plaintiff has not set forth any connection between the evidence he
claims ought to have been admitted and the issues of contributory negligence or damages.
Assuming, without deciding, that the circuit court made the evidentiary errors the plaintiff

suggests, we cannot find that the errors affected the outcome of the trial or prejudiced the

plaintiff.
                                      CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Randolph County is

affirmed.


       Affirmed.



       WELCH, J., concurs.


       JUSTICE CHAPMAN, dissenting:
       I respectfully dissent. I believe that the $100,000 verdict awarded to the decedent's

husband of 10 years and to her then 11-year-old and 14-year-old sons in this wrongful death

case was so low that it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. The law presumes a
substantial pecuniary loss to the next of kin in a wrongful death case. IPI Civil (Supp. 2008)
No. 31.01. Without revisiting all the undisputed testimony set out in the majority opinion

regarding the elements of damages, the plaintiff proved that Angela Dobyns was a loving
and devoted wife and mother who, despite her battle with significant chronic pain, managed
to largely carry out her motherly and wifely duties. Furthermore, she was deeply loved by


                                             22
her children and her husband, who suffered greatly as a result of her death. The verdict bore

no reasonable relationship to the plaintiff's losses, which were proved to be substantial. To
find that $100,000 divided among the three survivors is adequate compensation for these
losses trivializes the impact her death had on her family.
       I am mindful of the deference afforded a jury and the reluctance of courts to interfere
with a jury's discretion. Chrysler v. Darnall, 238 Ill. App. 3d 673, 678, 606 N.E.2d 553, 558

(1992). However, the trial court and the majority decision seem to imply that when there is

any amount awarded to a plaintiff by a jury, that amount is deemed reasonable and not to be
disturbed. On that basis, would $1,000 or even $100 still be a reasonable award for this
substantial pecuniary loss? Such thinking disavows the case law setting forth the requisite

that there actually be a reasonable relationship between an award and the proved damages.
Winters v. Kline, 344 Ill. App. 3d 919, 926, 801 N.E.2d 984, 989-90 (2003); Wade v. Rich,

249 Ill. App. 3d 581, 587, 618 N.E.2d 1314, 1318 (1993); DeFreezer v. Johnson, 81 Ill.

App. 2d 344, 348, 225 N.E.2d 46, 48 (1967). Even the defendants' suggestion in closing

argument that $1 million would be fair compensation, if the jury were to find for the

plaintiff, while not arising to a judicial admission, is some indication that an award of one-
tenth of that amount was inadequate. I believe that the amount awarded is so "palpably
inadequate" that the jury's verdict should be set aside and a new trial ordered. Wade, 249

Ill. App. 3d at 587, 618 N.E.2d at 1318.

       However, I cannot agree with the plaintiff that he is entitled to a new trial on damages
alone. A new trial on damages alone should be granted "if the evidence amply supports the
verdict on liability, the issue of liability is sufficiently separate from the amount of damages,

and the record does not suggest a compromise verdict." Theofanis v. Sarrafi, 339 Ill. App.
3d 460, 473, 791 N.E.2d 38, 49 (2003) (citing Hollis v. R. Latoria Construction, Inc., 108
Ill. 2d 401, 408, 485 N.E.2d 4, 7 (1985)). I do not believe that the plaintiff met his burden


                                               23
of demonstrating that the jury's verdict was not a compromise of liability against damages.

See DeFreezer, 81 Ill. App. 2d at 348, 225 N.E.2d at 48. As the defendants argue, the
record here suggests a compromise verdict. The jurors' third and fourth notes prior to the
verdict evinced that they wanted to give the plaintiff zero damages or little damages if they
found for the plaintiff and against the defendants. Despite the plaintiff's contention to the
contrary, it would appear that the issues of liability and damages were closely connected in

this jury's mind. See Theofanis, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 473, 791 N.E.2d at 49. Additionally, at

the trial there were hotly contested issues of the defendants' fault and the decedent's due care,
resulting in the apportionment of 50% of the fault to the decedent. See Winters, 344 Ill.
App. 3d at 926, 801 N.E.2d at 989; DeFreezer, 81 Ill. App. 2d at 348, 225 N.E.2d at 48.

       I would find that the court abused its discretion in not ordering a new trial. I would
reverse and remand for a new trial on all the issues.




                                               24
                                         NO. 5-07-0568

                                            IN THE
                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                  FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________
      JERRY DOBYNS, as Special Administrator of the
                                                  )     Appeal from the
      Estate of Angela Dobyns, Deceased,          )     Circuit Court of
                                                  )     Randolph County.
           Plaintiff-Appellant,                   )
                                                  )
      v.                                          )     No. 05-L-33
                                                  )
      DAVID CHUNG, M.D., and SPARTA               )
      COMMUNITY HOSPITAL,                         )     Honorable
                                                  )     Richard A. Brown,
           Defendants-Appellees.                  )     Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed:        March 19, 2010
___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices:          Honorable Stephen L. Spomer, J.,
                 Honorable Thomas M. Welch, J., concurs
                 Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J., dissents.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys        J. Michael Weilmuenster, J. Brian Manion, Weilmuenster & Wigginton, P.C.,
for              3201 West Main Street, Belleville, IL 62226
Appellant
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys        William P. Hardy, Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, 400 South Ninth Street, Suite 200,
for              Springfield, IL 62701-1908; Jeffrey R. Glass, Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, 521 West
Appellees        Main Street, Suite 300, Belleville, IL 62220
___________________________________________________________________________________
