[Cite as State v. Lung, 2019-Ohio-2962.]




                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                            TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                           CLERMONT COUNTY




 STATE OF OHIO,                                   :     CASE NO. CA2018-12-088

         Appellee,                                :            OPINION
                                                                7/22/2019
                                                  :
   - vs -
                                                  :
 BRENT A. LUNG,
                                                  :
         Appellant.
                                                  :




    CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                          Case No. 2018CR00653



D. Vincent Faris, Clermont County Prosecuting Attorney, Katherine Terpstra, 76 South
Riverside Drive, 2nd Floor, Batavia, OH 45103, for appellee

W. Stephen Haynes, Clermont County Public Defender, Robert F. Benintendi, 302 East
Main Street, Batavia, OH 45103, for appellant



        M. POWELL, J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Brent Lung, appeals a decision of the Clermont County Court of

Common Pleas denying his motion to suppress. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

        {¶ 2} On June 29, 2018, Williamsburg Police Officer Justin Beatty was dispatched

to an apartment shared by Monica Comberger and Lung regarding a domestic dispute.
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While at the scene, the officer contacted dispatch to determine if Lung had active warrants.

Dispatch advised the officer that there were no active warrants; however, Lung's driver's

license was under suspension. Officer Beatty resolved the situation and left the scene.

       {¶ 3} On July 19, 2018, while on duty, Officer Beatty stopped at a local convenience

store to buy a drink. The store is located across the street from the apartment shared by

Lung and Comberger. Upon entering the store, Officer Beatty saw Lung standing in line,

recognized him, and recalled that Lung's driver's license was suspended. Curious as to

whether Lung had driven to the store, the officer exited the store, returned to his police

cruiser, and watched for Lung to exit the store.

       {¶ 4} While waiting in his police cruiser, Officer Beatty noticed Comberger's car

parked outside the store. Because Williamsburg is a small community, the officer knew that

Lung drove Comberger's car. During the time he waited for Lung to exit the store, the officer

did not contact dispatch to verify Lung's driver's license suspension. After about five

minutes, the officer observed Lung exit the store, enter Comberger's car on the driver's side,

and drive approximately 100 yards across the street and into the parking lot of the apartment

complex where Lung lived.

       {¶ 5} Officer Beatty followed Lung and initiated a traffic stop. The traffic stop was

based entirely upon the officer's suspicion that Lung was driving under suspension. After

initiating the traffic stop and approaching Lung, the officer confirmed that Lung's driver's

license was still under suspension. During his interaction with Lung, the officer observed

several indicia of intoxication leading him to suspect that Lung was under the influence of

alcohol. Consequently, the officer administered several field sobriety tests. Lung's poor

performance on the field sobriety tests confirmed the officer's suspicion that Lung was under

the influence. Lung was arrested and transported to an Ohio State Patrol post where he

refused to submit to a breath test.

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       {¶ 6} Lung was indicted on a third-degree felony count of operating a vehicle while

under the influence of alcohol ("OVI") because of a prior felony OVI conviction. Lung filed

a motion to suppress, arguing that Officer Beatty did not have "lawful cause to stop [and]

detain" him due to a lack of a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity. A hearing

on the motion was held on October 18, 2018. Officer Beatty was the sole witness to testify.

On October 23, 2108, the trial court denied the motion. The trial court found that the

information Officer Beatty had concerning Lung's suspended driver's license was a proper

basis for the officer to initiate an investigative stop. The matter proceeded to a jury trial.

On October 25, 2019, the jury returned a verdict finding Lung guilty as charged. Lung was

subsequently sentenced according to law.

       {¶ 7} Lung appeals, raising one assignment of error:

       {¶ 8} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT'S MOTION TO

SUPPRESS.

       {¶ 9} Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed

question of law and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. An

appellate court must defer to the trial court's factual findings if they are supported by

competent, credible evidence. State v. Banks-Harvey, 152 Ohio St.3d 368, 2018-Ohio-201,

¶ 14. However, an appellate court independently determines, without deference to the trial

court's decision, whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. State v. Cummins,

12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2018-07-051, 2019-Ohio-1496, ¶ 22.

       {¶ 10} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that

              The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
              papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
              seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but
              upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
              particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
              persons or things to be seized.


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       {¶ 11} "A traffic stop initiated by a law enforcement officer implicates the Fourth

Amendment and must comply with the Fourth Amendment's general reasonableness

requirement." State v. Willis, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2012-08-155, 2013-Ohio-2391, ¶ 18,

citing Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809, 116 S.Ct. 1769 (1996). One type of traffic

stop that is permissible under the Fourth Amendment is where a police officer has probable

cause to stop a vehicle because the officer observed a traffic violation. State v. Bullock,

12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2016-07-018, 2017-Ohio-497, ¶ 6. The second type of lawful traffic

stop is an investigatory stop, also known as a Terry stop. Id. at ¶ 7.

       {¶ 12} "An investigatory stop of an automobile is proper under the Fourth

Amendment where an officer has reasonable, articulable suspicion that a motorist is

engaging or has engaged in criminal activity, including a minor traffic offense." Hamilton v.

Justice, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA96-04-065, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 5780, *5 (Dec. 23,

1996), citing Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653, 99 S.Ct. 1391 (1979). See also State

v. Anderson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2017-L-127, 2018-Ohio-2455; State v. Scott, 2d Dist. Clark

No. 2013 CA 104, 2014-Ohio-4963. "While the concept of 'reasonable and articulable

suspicion' has not been precisely defined, it has been described as something more than

an undeveloped suspicion or hunch but less than probable cause." State v. Baughman,

192 Ohio App.3d 45, 2011-Ohio-162, ¶ 15 (12th Dist.). "This obscure concept requires that

an investigative stop be viewed in light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances, from

the perspective of a reasonably prudent police officer on the scene guided by his experience

and training." Id.

       {¶ 13} This case involves an investigatory traffic stop. Lung argues that Officer

Beatty violated the Fourth Amendment by initiating a traffic stop based upon unverified,

"stale" information.

       {¶ 14} In an early investigatory-stop case, this court found that an investigatory stop

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initiated by a police officer with knowledge that the defendant's driver's license was

suspended was supported by reasonable, articulable suspicion. Middletown v. Profitt, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA88-09-135, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 1438 (Apr. 24, 1989). In that case,

the officer knew the defendant's driver's license was suspended based upon the officer's

contact with the defendant in the city jail 60 to 90 days prior to the traffic stop. Id. at *2.

Without discussing whether there was a need for the officer to first verify the dated

information, we upheld the traffic stop on the ground that "[s]ince the officer knew that

appellant had been under suspension, there was an 'articulable and reasonable suspicion'

that appellant was unlicensed." Id. at *4.

        {¶ 15} The weight of authority supports the view that information which is several

days to a few weeks old is not "stale" in the sense that it is categorically unreliable. The

trial court digested this authority in its Decision/Entry denying the motion to suppress.1

Nevertheless, Lung argues that Officer Beatty had a duty under the Fourth Amendment to



1. Footnote 22 of the trial court's Decision/Entry cites the following decisions and their holdings: Dayton v.
Blackburn, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 11162, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 2310 (June 8, 1989) (stop of defendant
who had suspended license two to three weeks prior thereto was a valid investigatory stop); State v. Beleford,
3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-06-32, 2007-Ohio-1912 (stop of defendant by officer who was told by another officer
that, one week prior, the defendant's license was suspended was a valid stop and the information was not
stale); State v. Noll, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 05CA008659, 2005-Ohio-4087 (stop of defendant by officer who
knew that, one week prior, the defendant's license was suspended was a valid stop); State v. Cumberland,
4th Dist. Highland No. 704, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 1083 (Mar. 13, 1990) (stop of defendant 20 days after
learning that she had a suspended license was a valid stop); Akron v. Linn, 9th Dist. Summit No. 18488, 1997
Ohio App. LEXIS 5298 (Nov. 11, 1997) (finding that an officer, who recognized the driver of a pickup truck
based on a DUS citation from a month earlier, "had reasonable suspicion based on specific and articulable
facts" that the driver had engaged in the illegal act of driving under a suspended license); State v. Osborne,
4th Dist. Pike No. 96CA584, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 1725 (Apr. 21, 1997) (noting that the stop of the defendant
was valid where there was a 12-day gap between the officer learning of the defendant's suspended license
and stopping him); State v. Bailey, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 95-A-0023, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 5883 (Dec.
29, 1995) (stop of defendant two weeks after learning that she had a suspended license was a valid stop);
State v. Lauch, 122 Ohio App.3d 522 (1st Dist.1997) (citing cases finding time gaps of up to four weeks valid,
finding stop of defendant nine days after learning that she had a suspended license was a valid stop); State
v. Honeyman, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 90-CA-24, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 5167 (Oct. 22, 1991) (stop of
defendant three to four weeks after learning that he had a license suspended was a valid stop); State v.
Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16445, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 1047 (Mar. 20, 1998) (stop of defendant
one week after learning that he had a suspended license was a valid stop). In contrast to the foregoing cases,
the trial court cited State v. Tackett, 37 Ohio Misc.2d 9 (C.C.1987) (officer's knowledge that the defendant's
driver's license was under suspension one to one and one-half months earlier was stale information; therefore,
traffic stop was unconstitutional).
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verify the information before stopping him.

       {¶ 16} Just as we did not discuss the need to verify dated information in Profitt,

neither is the issue discussed in the cases referred to by the trial court with the exception

of State v. Cumberland, 4th Dist. Highland No. 704, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 1083 (Mar. 13,

1990); and State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16445, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 1047

(Mar. 20, 1998).

       {¶ 17} In Cumberland, the Fourth Appellate District upheld an investigatory traffic

stop made upon suspicion that the defendant was driving under suspension based upon

20-day-old information. The appellate court found no constitutional requirement that the

information be verified prior to initiating the traffic stop:

               In the case at bar, we believe the officer had an articulable and
               reasonable suspicion that appellant was unlicensed. The officer
               received information twice - once in the defendant's presence
               and once via the computer in the police station - that appellant
               did not have a license earlier that month. Prior to receiving the
               information, the officer had observed appellant driving on a daily
               basis. While the officer might have obtained information
               regarding appellant's driving status prior to stopping her on April
               26, 1988, we believe the facts in the case at bar gave the officer
               probable cause to stop appellant.

Cumberland at *3-4.

       {¶ 18} In Johnson, the Second Appellate District upheld an investigatory traffic stop

made upon suspicion that the defendant was driving under suspension based upon

information that was less than a week old. The appellate court rejected the argument that

the Fourth Amendment requires an officer to verify such information before initiating the

traffic stop, stating, "it may be better practice for a police officer to run a computer check

before making a stop when the officer has reason to believe that the driver may not have a

valid license, but we agree with the court in [Ellison] that the failure to do so does not rise

to the level of a constitutional infirmity." Johnson, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 1047 at *5, citing

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State v. Ellison, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 93APC12-1696, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 3146 (July

14, 1994).

       {¶ 19} In support of his argument that the investigatory traffic stop violated the Fourth

Amendment because it was based upon unverified, "stale" information, Lung relies entirely

upon State v. Tackett, 37 Ohio Misc. 2d 9 (C.C.1987). Tackett involved an investigatory

traffic stop made upon suspicion that the defendant was driving under suspension based

upon information that was 30 to 45 days old. The county court granted the defendant's

motion to suppress evidence, finding that the information relied upon by the officer was

"stale." Id. at 10. Noting there are numerous ways a person may regain driving privileges,

the county court held, "it is not asking too much, in view of modern radio and

telecommunications, to require a police officer to obtain confirmation of the license status

of an individual he recognizes * * * prior to stopping that individual." Id. Thus, the county

court found that the traffic stop violated the Fourth Amendment.

       {¶ 20} Tackett's ruling that the Fourth Amendment requires verification of the

information prior to a traffic stop arose from the predicate finding that the information was

"stale." Neither Tackett nor other cases establish a bright line test for how much time must

pass before information should be considered "stale." However, based upon the time

frames involved in the various cases referred to by the trial court, we do not believe that the

20-day-old information relied upon by Officer Beatty was "stale." Thus, we do not find

Tackett applicable in resolving whether Officer Beatty was constitutionally required to verify

that Lung's driving privileges remained suspended before stopping him.

       {¶ 21} In a case from the Eleventh Appellate District, a police officer stopped the

defendant's vehicle based upon suspicion that the defendant was driving under suspension

because of an incident that had occurred two years prior to the stop. State v. Cone, 11th

Dist. Lake Case No. 89-L-14-135, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 5670 (Dec. 21, 1990). The officer

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subsequently arrested the defendant for OVI. Prior to taking the defendant to the police

station, the officer confirmed with dispatch that the defendant's driving privileges were

suspended. The defendant unsuccessfully moved to suppress the evidence, challenging

the legality of the traffic stop. The Eleventh Appellate District reversed the denial of the

defendant's motion to suppress, finding that the information relied upon by the officer was

"stale" and unverified. Id. at *6. In this respect, Cone is both similar to Tackett and

distinguishable from the case at bar because it involved "stale" information. The information

relied upon by Officer Beatty, although not current, was not "stale."

       {¶ 22} In this case, Officer Beatty suspected that Lung had driven to the convenience

store when he saw Lung standing in line. This concerned Beatty because three weeks

prior, Lung's driving privileges were under suspension. It is important to note, however, that

this suspicion is a step removed from a reasonable, articulable suspicion that Lung was

driving under suspension. At this point, the officer had not seen Lung driving. Additionally,

the officer knew that the store was within walking distance of Lung's apartment.

Consequently, Officer Beatty returned to his police cruiser and waited for Lung to exit the

store to confirm or dispel his suspicion that Lung had driven to the store. At the suppression

hearing, Officer Beatty acknowledged that he had time to verify Lung's driving status while

he waited in his police cruiser but simply did not do so. It was only after Lung exited the

store and drove across the street to his apartment complex that the officer stopped Lung

and verified that Lung's driver's license was still under suspension.

       {¶ 23} Officer Beatty acted upon information that was three weeks old. As discussed

above, this information was not "stale." Although the officer admitted that he could have

but did not verify the information while he waited in the store parking lot for Lung, the

information contributed to a "reasonable, articulable suspicion" of criminal activity only after

the officer observed Lung driving. At that point, the situation was evolving rapidly with the

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officer following Lung for approximately 100 yards from the convenience store parking lot

to the apartment complex parking lot where he stopped Lung. Shortly after stopping Lung,

Officer Beatty acted diligently in confirming his suspicion that Lung was driving under

suspension.

      {¶ 24} In evaluating the officer's actions under the Fourth Amendment, we are

mindful that

               [It is] appropriate to examine whether the police diligently
               pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or
               dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was
               necessary to detain the defendant. A court making this
               assessment should take care to consider whether the police are
               acting in a swiftly developing situation, and in such cases the
               court should not indulge in unrealistic second-guessing. A
               creative judge engaged in post hoc evaluation of police conduct
               can almost always imagine some alternative means by which
               the objectives of the police might have been accomplished. But
               [t]he fact that the protection of the public might, in the abstract,
               have been accomplished by "less intrusive" means does not,
               itself, render the search unreasonable. The question is not
               simply whether some other alternative was available, but
               whether the police acted unreasonably in failing to recognize or
               to pursue it.

(Ellipses omitted.) State v. Howard, 12th Dist. Preble Nos. CA2006-02-002 and CA2006-

02-003, 2006-Ohio-5656, ¶ 22.

      {¶ 25} We find that Officer Beatty had no duty under the Fourth Amendment to verify

the status of Lung's driving privileges prior to observing Lung driving and that the officer

acted reasonably in doing so shortly after stopping Lung. The trial court, therefore, did not

err in denying Lung's motion to suppress.

      {¶ 26} Lung's assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶ 27} Judgment affirmed.



      S. POWELL, P.J., and PIPER, J., concur.

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