                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           JAN 5 1999

                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                       PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 97-2367
 v.                                              (D.C. No. CR-97-304-LH)
                                                       (New Mexico)
 RICHARD W. BUTTON,

          Defendant-Appellant.




                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, PORFILIO and BRORBY, Circuit Judges.



      Richard Button pled guilty under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and 18 U.S.C. §

924(a)(2) as a convicted felon unlawfully in possession of firearms. He was

sentenced to thirty months imprisonment and two years supervised release. He

appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence, contending

that the search warrant which led to the discovery of firearms at his home was not


      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
supported by probable cause. We affirm.

      On May 1, 1997, United States Magistrate Judge Galvan issued a search

warrant for Mr. Button’s residence based on an affidavit DEA Special Agent

James Baker submitted to him. The affidavit described an ongoing drug

trafficking conspiracy dating from 1989, with three drug seizures linked to

Stephen Michael Pollack and those working with Mr. Pollock. Aplt. App.,

doc. 2 at 5-20. In a drug raid related to Mr. Pollock’s alleged conspiracy, the

police found Mr. Button’s phone number next to Mr. Pollock’s in a confiscated

notebook. Id. at 16. The affidavit also indicated that a cooperating source (CS2)

had told agents Mr. Button was a courier of narcotics for Mr. Pollack. Id. at 17.

Among other details, the source stated that Mr. Pollack’s conspiracy involved

drug trafficking in Alamogordo, New Mexico, and Durango, Colorado. Id. at 16.

The affidavit showed police corroborated CS2's information by telephone records

between Mr. Pollock and Mr. Button, agent surveillance of Mr. Button’s car in

Mr. Pollack’s drive, information showing Mr. Button’s residence in Alamogordo,

New Mexico, and Mr. Pollack’s residence in Durango, Colorado, and information

provided by New Mexico state police that they had an informant who also said

Mr. Button was a courier for Mr. Pollack. Id. at 16-17, 20.

      Agents executed the warrant at Mr. Button’s residence on May 2, 1997, and

seized a semi-automatic pistol and a rifle. Mr. Button filed a motion to suppress


                                         -2-
evidence seized during the search, asserting the underlying affidavit to the

warrant was defective. The district court denied Mr. Button’s motion. On August

8, 1997, Button entered a conditional plea of guilty and reserved his right to

appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress.

      We review whether a magistrate or judge properly issued a search warrant

by determining whether there was a “substantial basis” for probable cause.

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236 (1983).

      The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical
      common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth
      in the affidavit before him, . . . there is a fair probability that
      contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.
      And the duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the
      magistrate had a “substantial basis for . . . conclud[ing]” that
      probable cause existed.

Id. at 238-39 (citations omitted). In making this determination, we view the

totality of the evidence. United States v. Cusumano, 83 F.3d 1247, 1250 (10th

Cir. 1996) (en banc).

      While “probable cause does not demand the certainty we associate with

formal trials,” Gates, 462 U.S. at 246, we recognize that a magistrate or judge

must rely on more than a “mere ratification of the bare conclusions of others,” id.

at 239. In particular, an affidavit containing only an informant’s tip would be

unsatisfactory. However, corroborating evidence is one way to cure the

insufficiencies. Id. at 241-42.


                                          -3-
      In Gates, for example, the Supreme Court held that a corroborated

anonymous letter was sufficient basis for a search warrant. Police surveillance

showed the reliability of the informant’s predictions on the Gates’ car location in

Florida, Lance Gates’ flight to Florida, and his subsequent drive northward. The

Supreme Court held that the added reliability sufficiently supported the magistrate

judge’s determination of probable cause for a search warrant. Id. at 244.

      In the present case, Mr. Button contends that the underlying affidavit was

defective because C2's information was not adequately corroborated, the totality

of the evidence was primarily insufficient hearsay, and the reliance on his former

1989 conviction was stale evidence. We are not persuaded.

.     Mr. Button’s case is similar to Gates. Special Agent Baker submitted an

affidavit that contained C2's information and corroborating investigative work.

C2 asserted a link between Mr. Pollack and Mr. Button. In support, the affidavit

described telephone logs between the two and surveillance evidence of Mr.

Button’s car in Mr. Pollack’s drive. C2 alleged that drug activity took place in

Alamogordo, New Mexico, and Durango, Colorado. In corroboration, the

affidavit presented evidence that Mr. Button lived in the first city and visited Mr.

Pollack in the second. The affidavit also noted that Mr. Button’s name and

number were found next to Mr. Pollack’s in a previous drug bust and that another

informant had reported Mr. Button as a drug courier for Mr. Pollack.


                                         -4-
      In reviewing the record, we hold that the affidavit provided a range of

sensibly connected evidence beyond bare conclusions and that the totality of the

evidence supports a “substantial basis” for a search warrant.

      For the reasons given above, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of the

motion to suppress.

                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                       Stephanie K. Seymour
                                       Chief Judge




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