                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



MARCUS DEANGELO JONES,                       :
                                             :
                       Plaintiff,            :      Civil Action No.:      06-461 (RMU)
                                             :
               v.                            :      Document No.:          17
                                             :
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT                     :
OF JUSTICE et al.,                           :
                                             :
                       Defendants.           :



                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

              GRANTING THE DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
              AND DENYING THE PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR ENTRY OF JUDGMENT



                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       The plaintiff, Marcus DeAngelo Jones, filed this suit under the Freedom of Information

Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552. The defendants, the United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”)

and its Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”), have filed a motion for

summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which the plaintiff

has opposed. Because there is no genuine issue of material fact and the defendants are entitled to

judgment as a matter of law, the court grants the defendants summary judgment and denies

judgment for the plaintiff.
                                       II. BACKGROUND

       Indicted in 1999, the plaintiff is a federal prisoner serving a lengthy sentence for drug and

firearms offenses. United States v. Jones, 275 F.3d 673, 678 (8th Cir. 2001). In 2001, he

submitted a FOIA request to the DOJ’s Executive Office of the U.S. Attorneys (“EOUSA”)

seeking information relating to his drug investigation and prosecution. See Defs.’ Reply, Decl. of

Averill P. Graham, (“Graham Decl.”) ¶ 3. In processing that request, the EOUSA located 79

pages of documents that had originated with the ATF, and referred those documents to ATF for

review and possible release. Id. ¶ 4. The ATF made a full or partial release of all but two of the

79 pages and also offered to release a tape on which nothing could be heard. Id. The plaintiff

did not file an administrative appeal regarding his 2001 FOIA request, but did file a civil action,

which was assigned Civil Action No. 04-675 (RMU). Id. ¶¶ 5,6. When the EOUSA filed for

summary judgment in that action, the plaintiff did not respond, and by order of the court on

February 7, 2005, summary judgment was granted as conceded to the defendant agency.1 Id.

       In June 2005, the plaintiff filed another FOIA request, addressed particularly to the ATF,

seeking

       Agent 302 reports and witness interview notes, of witnesses and finding from a
       drug investigation from the Columbia Police Department, Columbia, Missouri.
       This case was federally prosecuted in the U.S. District Court Western District of
       Missouri, Case No. 99-0401-CR. This agency was responsible and participated in
       collecting evidence, and presenting this case to the Assistant United States
       Attorney. This request is limited to the above stated information.


1
       Any attempt to relitigate the issues raised in the EOUSA’s response to the plaintiff’s 2001 FOIA
       request is barred under the doctrine of res judicata. Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 94 (1980)
       (“[A] final judgment on the merits of an action precludes the parties or their privies from
       relitigating issues that were or could have been raised in that action.”).

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Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J., Decl. of Peter J. Chisholm (“Chisholm Decl.”) Ex. E. After a search

based on the information provided, the ATF told the plaintiff that it had found no responsive

information, that 302 reports are generated by the FBI not the ATF, and that ATF does not

maintain records of other agencies. Id. Ex. F. The plaintiff responded by providing his social

security number to assist in the search (and erroneously asserting that he had sent it previously).

Id. Ex. G. He also stated that “whether this agency calls its investigative reports 302 reports or

not I would have hoped that the person handling my request knew what I was saying.” Id. He

reiterated his request to “be provided with the ATF Reports of Investigation of my drug case, the

recommendation for prosecution form, the ATF report of investigation interviews with

witnesses.” Id. The agency conducted a second search, using the additional information, and

located 151 pages of responsive records. See id., Vaughn index. In September 2005, the ATF

released part and withheld part of the responsive information. Id. Ex. L. The plaintiff

immediately appealed because he believed that the ATF had records regarding his “drug

investigation,” but had “only disclosed material concerning the firearms investigation and

offense.” Id. Ex. M. In fact, the complaint stated that the information the ATF released to the

plaintiff in 2005 “was the same information disclosed in the year of 2001 [sic].”2 Compl. ¶ 4. In

his appeal, the plaintiff did not challenge the basis for withholding the responsive information

that was not disclosed. Chisholm Decl. Ex. G. The appeal resulted in affirming the agency’s

decision. Id. Ex. O. The plaintiff had already filed this lawsuit. Here, too, the plaintiff contests




2
       The court construes the complaint to mean that the information was the same as that released in
       response to the FOIA request made in 2001.

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only the adequacy of the search and does not challenge the material withheld pursuant to the

statutory exemptions. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3-5.



                                          III. ANALYSIS

                   A. Legal Standard for Summary Judgment in a FOIA Case

          Summary judgment may be granted only where the “pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

FED . R. CIV . P. 56(c); Burke v. Gould, 286 F.3d 513, 517 (D.C. Cir. 2002). A material fact is one

that is capable of affecting the outcome of the litigation. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S.

242, 248 (1986). A genuine issue is one where the “evidence is such that a reasonable jury could

return a verdict for the nonmoving party,” id., as opposed to evidence that “is so one-sided that

one party must prevail as a matter of law,” id. at 252. A court considering a motion for summary

judgment must draw all “justifiable inferences” from the evidence in favor of the nonmovant. Id.

at 255.

          In a FOIA suit, an agency is entitled to summary judgment once it satisfies its burden of

demonstrating that no material facts are in dispute and that it has conducted a search reasonably

calculated to uncover all relevant information, Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485

(D.C. Cir. 1984), which either has been released to the requestor or is exempt from disclosure,

Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001). The agency

must show that it made a “good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using

methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the information requested.” Oglesby v.


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Dep't of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990); see also Campbell v. United States Dep't of

Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 27 (D.C. Cir. 1998). A search need not be exhaustive. Miller v United

States Dep’t of State, 779 F.2d 1378, 1383 (8th Cir. 1985). Furthermore, the adequacy of a

search is not determined by its results, but by the method of the search itself, Weisberg, 745 F.2d

at 1485, and a court is guided in this determination by principles of reasonableness, Oglesby, 920

F.2d at 68. An agency's failure to find a particular document does not undermine the

determination that the search was adequate. Wilber v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 678 (D.C. Cir. 2004);

Nation Magazine, Washington Bureau v. United States Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 892 n.7

(D.C. Cir. 1995).

       A court may award summary judgment to a FOIA defendant solely on the basis of

information provided by the department or agency in sworn statements with reasonably specific

detail that explain in a non-conclusory fashion the scope and method of the agency's search,

Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 126 (D.C. Cir. 1982), that justify the nondisclosures, demonstrate

that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not

controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith,

Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir.1981). In the absence of contrary

evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to demonstrate an agency's compliance

with FOIA. Perry, 684 F.2d at 127. To successfully challenge such a showing by the defendant

agency, the plaintiff must do more than merely establish some “metaphysical doubt;” rather, the

plaintiff must come forward with “specific facts” demonstrating a genuine issue. Matsushita

Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986).




                                                -5-
                       B. Because There are No Material Facts at Issue,
                    the Court Grants Summary Judgment to the Defendant

       The defendant has filed a sworn statement describing the search for responsive records.

See Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. at 7-9 (citing Chisholm Decl. ¶¶ 34-39). The ATF searched “all

indices and file systems . . . that would contain information pertaining to [the plaintiff].”

Chisholm Decl. ¶ 34. The plaintiff maintains that the search was not adequate because it did not

produce certain records — specifically witness interview reports prepared in a drug investigation

— that he believes are maintained by the ATF. Pl.’s Opp’n at 3-4. His belief appears to stem, in

part, from the fact that he had two prosecutions, one for drugs and another for firearms, id. at 3

n.1, but that “the ATF only . . . provided Jones with information concerning the firearms

investigation,” id. at 4. The plaintiff’s contention is not compelled by logic, and the defendants

have explained that it is not well-grounded in fact, either. Rather,

       it is apparent from the documents that ATF was involved in this case [that is,
       Jones’ drug investigation and prosecution] solely to investigate the firearm which
       was recovered upon arrest of Mr. Jones in his drug case. Any records which were
       in ATF’s possession concerning local law enforcement operations seem to be
       either background to the firearm investigation or arrest records to demonstrate his
       felony and prove felon-in-possession charges.

Graham Decl. ¶ 9. Indeed, “the ATF is not likely to be engaged in a ‘drug’ investigation per se,”

as it is dedicated to enforcing laws regulating alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives, not —

as is the Drug Enforcement Administration — to laws regulating drugs. Defs.’ Reply at 3. The

ATF is, however, “often involved in investigating firearms violations arising out of broader sets

of allegations or interagency investigations that do involve drug violations.” Id. at 4, citing

Graham Decl. ¶ 9. The plaintiff further challenges the adequacy of the search because the ATF

did not search databases that belong to other agencies. Pl.’s Opp’n at 4. The ATF, however, has


                                                 -6-
no access to, and no obligation to search, the databases and records of other agencies. Graham

Decl. ¶ 10. The plaintiff’s recourse to records in other agencies is to file a request with those

agencies. The plaintiff has not identified a genuine issue of material fact with respect to the

adequacy of the ATF’s search, and on the basis of the record, the court concludes that the search

conducted by the ATF was adequate under the law.

       The defendants’ sworn statements and other supporting materials establish that

information responsive to the plaintiff’s request was withheld only on the basis of FOIA

Exemptions (b)(2) and/or (b)(7)(C). See Chisholm Decl. ¶¶ 18-21 (Exemption (b)(2)), 22-33

(Exemption (b)(7)(C)); and Vaughn index. It further establishes that all information that could

be segregated and released was segregated and released. Chisholm Decl. ¶ 40. The plaintiff

raises no challenges to these claims. On this record, then, there is no genuine dispute of material

fact and the defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

          C. Because Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment has no Merit in Law or Fact,
                        the Court Denies Judgment for the Plaintiff

       The plaintiff filed a motion for entry of judgment, asserting that because the defendant

did not file an answer denying the allegations in the complaint but instead filed a motion for

summary judgment, judgment should be awarded to plaintiff. See Pl.’s Mot. for Entry of J. at 2

(arguing that “the failure of the Defendants to file Defense form of denial and failing to deny the

complaint warrants judgment in Jones’ favor”). A defendant, however, is not required to respond

in the form of an answer before making a motion for summary judgment, which may be made by

a defending party “at any time.” FED . R. CIV . P. 56(b); see also Hubicki v. ACF Indus., Inc., 484

F.2d 519, 522 (3d Cir. 1973) (summary judgment motion may be made before pleading to the



                                                 -7-
complaint); Gifford v. Travelers Protective Ass’n of Am., 153 F.2d 209, 210-11 (9th Cir. 1946)

(same); 10A C. Wright, A. Miller, M. Kane, FED . PRACTICE & PROC. 3d § 2718 (1998) (“A

defending party is not required by the rule to file an answer before moving for summary

judgment.”). Indeed, it is standard practice in FOIA cases for the defendant to file a motion for

summary judgment instead of filing a responsive pleading. Such a practice is substantively no

different than filing a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) accompanied by matters outside the pleadings,

which is then converted by operation of Rule 12(b) to one under Rule 56. See FED . PRACTICE &

PROC. 3d § 2718 (“There seems to be no compelling reason for treating a motion originally made

under Rule 56 differently from one that has been transformed [by Rule 12(b) or 12(c)] into a

summary-judgment motion.”).

       The plaintiff offers second theory of default. He contends that the defendants failed to

respond to his motion for summary judgment, “[e]ven after being ordered to respond by the

Court to the pending motions.” Pl.’s Mot. for Entry of J. at 2. The plaintiff’s characterization of

the record is inaccurate. In fact, the plaintiff filed his motion for summary judgment on June 15,

2006, before the defendants had ever been served in this case. The court denied the plaintiff’s

motion, without prejudice, and ordered the Clerk to “issue summonses for the defendants in order

for the United States Marshals Service to effect service of the complaint.” See Order (March 22,

2007). The court did not order the defendants to respond to the plaintiff’s motion, and the

defendants were never under an obligation to respond to the plaintiff’s motion for summary

judgment. Accordingly, the court denies the plaintiff’s motion for entry of judgment because it

has no merit in law or fact.




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                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the court grants the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.

An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued

this 10th day of March 2009.


                                                          RICARDO M. URBINA
                                                         United States District Judge




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