                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                  AT JACKSON
                                      November 14, 2014 Session

                                       IN RE: TYLER P., ET AL.

                    Direct Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Shelby County
                            No. S2952    Curtis S. Person, Jr., Judge


                     No. W2014-00542-COA-R3-JV - Filed January 27, 2015


This appeal arises from a petition in juvenile court to modify custody. In December 2006,
the juvenile court issued an order granting Mother primary residential custody of the parties’
two children and granting Father visitation. In May 2013, Father petitioned the court for
custody of the children. A hearing was conducted in October 2013. The court found that
Father met his burden of showing a material change of circumstances but determined that the
children’s best interests would not be served by granting Father custody. We affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed
                                  and Remanded

Brandon O. Gibson, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A RNOLD B. G OLDIN, J.,
and K ENNY A RMSTRONG, J., joined.

Mitchell David Moskovitz, Adam Noah Cohen, Hillary Gail Hill and Laura Kirkland Bible,
Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant.

Sheree L. Hoffman and Russell A. Hayes, Germantown, Tennessee, for the appellee.


                                                  OPINION

                            I. B ACKGROUND AND P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

       Appellant Brandon P.1 (“Father”) and Appellee Krysten S. (“Mother”) began dating
in 2001. Though they were engaged for a period, they never married. Over the course of their


        1
            We have used initials rather than last names in this opinion in order to protect the identity of the
children.
relationship, they had two children together–a son, Tyler P., born in April 2003 and a
daughter, Kayleigh P., born in July 2004. Though the children were born in New Jersey,
Mother, Father, and the children moved to Mississippi in August 2004 to be closer to
Mother’s family. The relationship between Mother and Father quickly deteriorated after they
moved to Mississippi. In November 2004, Mother and Father separated. Father returned to
New Jersey, while Mother and the children remained in Mississippi with Mother’s family.
In March 2005, a Mississippi Chancery Court entered an agreed order naming Mother the
children’s primary residential parent and providing a parenting schedule for Father’s
visitation.

       Sometime prior to December 2006, Mother moved to Tennessee with the children. In
December 2006, the Juvenile Court of Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee entered a
consent order to assume jurisdiction over the matter and to modify the parenting schedule.
The order provided that the parties would continue to share joint custody of the children, with
Mother serving as the primary residential parent. It also set out a new parenting schedule that
designated certain visitation periods for Father during the children’s breaks from school. In
the present litigation, both Mother and Father sought to modify the December 2006 order.

        Following their breakup and the entry of the December 2006 order, both Mother and
Father moved on with their lives. Mother continued to reside in and around Shelby County
with the children. Mother has been married three times and divorced three times since 2006.
Due in part to her marriages, Mother and the children have moved frequently in and around
Shelby County. In December 2006, Mother and the children lived in Shelby County with her
first husband and his daughter, who Mother testified was about eight or nine years old at the
time. That marriage ended in September 2007, when Mother’s husband moved to New
Orleans for a job, and she was not able to go with him. Shortly thereafter, Mother and the
children moved back to Mississippi, and Mother started a relationship with a man who would
later be her second husband. Mother had a child with this man in July 2008. Later in 2008,
Mother and the children moved in with him in an apartment in Cordova, Tennessee. Mother
married him in February 2009–her second marriage. This marriage also did not last long.
According to her testimony at trial, Mother and the children moved out in April 2009, after
she discovered that the man was having an extramarital affair. She and the children moved
into a house in Cordova, and Mother enrolled the children in Dexter Elementary for the 2009-
2010 school year. After that school year, the school district’s lines were redrawn, and in May
2010, Mother moved the children to another home nearby so they could continue to attend the
school. Mother and the children only stayed in that home for a few months, however, because
according to Mother, they were forced to move out in October 2010 when the landlord failed
to address serious repair issues. From there, Mother and the children moved in with Mother’s
then-boyfriend, who would later become her third husband. In November 2010, Mother’s
second divorce became final. In May 2011, she remarried for a third time. Mother enrolled

                                              -2-
Tyler P. and Kayleigh P. in private school for the 2011-2012 school year. Mother and the
children continued to live with her third husband and his eight year old daughter for about a
year before they separated.2 In October 2012, Mother and the children moved into a three-
bedroom house in Lakeland, Tennessee, where they remained at the time of the hearing in this
case. Mother took the children out of private school and enrolled them at Lakeland
Elementary. She stated at the hearing that she had no plans to move again. Mother testified
that she earns approximately $40,000 per year.

       Following his 2004 split with Mother, Father returned to New Jersey and moved in
with his parents. Father continued living with his parents until moving into an apartment in
2010. He married in July 2011. Around the same time, a contract to purchase a house fell
through, and Father and his wife moved in with her parents for a short period. In January
2012, Father and wife moved into a three-bedroom house in Old Bridge, New Jersey, where
they were still living at the time of the hearing. After their marriage, Father adopted his
wife’s seven year old son from a previous relationship. Father also had another son with her
in 2012. In 2012, Father earned approximately $150,000 working as a senior network
engineer for a company in New York City.3

        For a period of time following the December 2006 order, the parties were able to
maintain a somewhat cordial relationship and allowed each other some degree of flexibility
regarding their parenting schedule. Father testified that “[i]n the past, [Mother] and I have
always come to an agreement on something that accommodated both of us . . . .” However,
the parties’ relationship soured in 2008 after they entered a private agreement purporting to
temporarily set out a parenting schedule different from the one provided for in the court’s
order. In late 2007, Mother wanted to return to school to finish her degree, and Father agreed
to keep the children for a year so that she would be able to do so. As evidence of their
agreement, Mother and Father both signed a document stating that, beginning on November
1, 2007, the children would primarily reside in New Jersey with Father for a period of time,
at least until January 1, 2009. Though the parties’ agreement purported to alter the parenting
schedule set forth in the December 2006 order, it was not entered with the court. As it turned
out, Mother was unable to re-enroll in school. She asked Father to disregard the private
agreement and return the children pursuant to the December 2006 order. Father apparently
resisted, and Mother drove to New Jersey and retrieved the children in March 2008. Upset
that Mother took the children back to Tennessee in contravention of their agreement, Father


        2
            Mother’s third divorce became final in June 2013.
        3
         In her appellate brief, Mother asserted that Father lost this job following the entry of the trial court’s
judgment. Though Father acknowledged that statement to be true in his reply brief, because Mother did not
submit a motion to consider this post-judgment fact, we decline to do so.

                                                        -3-
filed a petition seeking primary custody of the children in September 2008. After several
delays, the case was heard by a Juvenile Magistrate on August 2009. Father failed to appear
at the hearing, and his motion was dismissed. Shortly thereafter, Father filed a request for a
rehearing but failed to follow up on it.

        The matter laid dormant in the trial court for nearly four years until May 2013, when
Father filed an amended petition requesting primary custody of the children and a motion to
appoint a guardian ad litem. In his amended petition, Father made numerous allegations
regarding the effect that Mother’s instability and personal relationships had on her fitness to
care for the children. Father alleged that the children’s performance in school was suffering
as a result of the constant change and further alleged that they did not exhibit a strong work
ethic. Father also alleged that the change caused Kayleigh P. to suffer from social problems.
Father also made additional allegations regarding Mother’s fitness as a parent. Finally, Father
alleged that the children had both expressed a strong desire to live with him in New Jersey and
that it would be in their best interests to do so.

        Mother filed an answer to Father’s amended petition and also filed a counter-petition
seeking to hold Father in civil and criminal contempt, for attorney’s fees, and to modify the
December 2006 order. Mother stated that the children made satisfactory grades, despite
struggling with a transition between schools necessitated in part by Father’s refusal to
continue paying for private school. Mother alleged that Father inappropriately discussed the
litigation with the children and that after returning from his care, the children knew of the
court proceedings and court date before she did. In her counter-petition, Mother alleged that
Father disregarded the terms of the December 2006 order on multiple occasions by keeping
the children for longer than the parenting plan provided. She stated that although the plan
provided for the parties to drive and exchange the children in Atkins, Virginia, the parents
agreed that flying the children was better. Mother alleged that she wanted the children to
continue flying to New Jersey for visitation with Father, but she was not able to continue
paying for half of their airfare. She requested that the court modify its order to provide that
the children fly to and from New Jersey for visitation with Father and require Father to be
responsible for the expense of the children’s round trip airfare. Additionally, Mother stated
that it was not in the children’s best interests to live with Father because he had shown great
animosity toward her and would not promote a good relationship between her and the
children. Mother stated that Father’s disdain for her was clear in negative Facebook posts he
wrote about her. She alleged that Father had refused to give Kayleigh P. her prescribed
medication. Mother requested that the court grant her attorney’s fees, and also requested a
hearing to determine whether Father should be held in contempt for violating the December
2006 agreement.

       On July 30, 2013, the trial court entered an agreed order appointing Laurie W. Hall as

                                              -4-
guardian ad litem to represent the best interests of the children. The matter was heard in the
juvenile court on October 14 and 15, 2013. The court heard an opening statement from Ms.
Hall, as well as testimony from the parties and their witnesses. Ms. Hall stated initially that
both parents loved and cared for the children. She stated that while Mother’s stability was an
issue, she had serious concerns about the amount of information Father provided the children
about the litigation. She testified that Mother always made an effort to act in the best interests
of the children despite her instability. She further stated her belief that Mother’s actions had
not significantly impacted the children in any detrimental way. Rather, she submitted that the
only real change she saw in the children was the amount of anxiety Tyler P. displayed, which
she believed was a direct result of the amount of information Father shared with him about
the litigation. Finally, Ms. Hall expressed a concern with Father’s willingness to facilitate a
loving relationship between the children and Mother, should he be awarded custody.
Following Ms. Hall’s statement, the court heard testimony from Mother, Father, and several
other witnesses. The court declined to hear testimony from the children. Father failed to
present evidence to support many of the allegations he made in his amended petition to
modify custody. The trial court issued a detailed final order on January 31, 2014. The court
concluded that although each party showed a material change of circumstance since the
December 2006 order, it was not in the children’s best interests to modify the underlying order
to grant Father primary custody of the children.

        The court weighed the relevant statutory factors provided by Tennessee Code
Annotated section 36-1-106(a) to determine the best interests of the children and set forth
detailed findings of fact in its order, reflecting a careful review of the testimony and evidence.
As is often the case, the court found that many of the factors were either not relevant or
weighed equally in favor of each parent. The court found that the mental and physical health
of the parents was not at issue, nor was the character and behavior of other persons in the
home of either parent. The court also found that both parents could provide good homes for
the children and that the children’s school records were good, given their circumstances. The
court found that the children received adequate food and clothing in Mother’s care and that
she had shown concern for the children’s education and medical care. The court credited both
parents for creating a sense of normalcy in the children, despite the lack thereof. In order to
make its decision, the court ultimately weighed the instability in Mother’s life against Father’s
character and his negative attitudes towards Mother. Though the court found that both parents
loved the children and had close bonds with them, it expressed concern regarding Mother’s
inability to maintain stable romantic relationships and Father’s manipulation of the children
regarding his decision to seek custody. The trial court was troubled by the frequency with
which Mother had introduced the children into new step-families and observed that Father has
only been married once and had adopted his wife’s son. Despite those concerns, the court




                                               -5-
found that Mother’s instability was outweighed by Father’s personal animosity toward Mother
and his attempts to influence the children’s preferences. The court found that Father
attempted to manipulate the children by discussing the litigation with them and by
encouraging Tyler P. to call Mother to ask her if he could live in New Jersey. The court found
Father’s actions “inexcusable.” Regarding Father’s animosity toward Mother, the court was
particularly concerned with a Facebook post Father wrote in 2009 or 2010 that stated:

       I HATE [MOTHER]!!! What a pathetic waste of life. I can’t believe God
       created such a thing that is as poisonous to people’s lives as she is! God . . .
       please correct this mistake you’ve made.

       ....

       Let’s be realistic here . . . IF she pays at all, it’ll be after she has screwed up the
       kids beyond repair. God created her, and she is evil, so God creates evil as
       well. I want God to fix the mistake he made in giving her life, so that I can give
       the kids a GOOD life and not make them wish they didn’t have a mother
       everyday.

The court concluded that Father’s hostility toward Mother outweighed the instability in her
life and further concluded that he would not promote and encourage a close relationship
between Mother and the children if awarded custody. The court stated:

       This Court finds that primary custody with the father would be detrimental to
       these children given his proclivity to manipulate their love and affection for
       their Mother that is evidentially based in his unbridled dislike for her as a
       person. The proof of her volatile love life pales in the face of his recent and
       past actions.

Notably, the court also found that Father was not a credible witness. The court stated that,
“[i]t is clear to this Court that the father has a serious problem with telling the truth.
Considering his demeanor and affect at trial this Court finds him to be incredible [sic].”

        In light of its findings, the trial court denied Father’s request to be awarded custody of
the children. It also ordered that Mother seek counseling to address her personal decision
making and parenting skills and that Father and his wife complete an extended parenting
training course. The court granted Mother’s request to modify the parenting plan to require
that the children fly to and from New Jersey for visitation with Father at Father’s expense.




                                                 -6-
The remainder of Mother’s petition was denied. Finally, the court ordered Father to pay the
guardian ad litem’s fees as well as Mother’s attorney’s fees. Father timely filed a notice of
appeal.

                                          II. I SSUES

       Father raises the following issues for review on appeal, as we have restated them:

       1.     Whether the juvenile court erred in dismissing Father’s petition to
              modify the parenting plan.

       2.     Whether the juvenile court erred in granting Mother’s petition in part.

       3.     Whether the juvenile court erred by requiring Father to pay Mother’s
              attorney’s fees and the Guardian Ad Litem’s fees.

                                 III. S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

       The trial court’s factual findings are accorded a presumption of correctness on appeal,
and we will not overturn those factual findings unless the evidence preponderates against
them. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Kelly v. Kelly, 445 S.W.3d 685, 691-92 (Tenn. 2014). For
evidence to preponderate against a trial court’s finding of fact, it must support another finding
with greater convincing effect. Watson v. Watson, 196 S.W.3d 695, 701 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005). In weighing the preponderance of the evidence, the court’s findings of fact that are
based on witness credibility are entitled to great weight on appeal and will not be overturned
absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d
793, 809 (Tenn. 2007). We review the trial court’s resolution of questions of law under a pure
de novo standard with no presumption of correctness. Armbrister v. Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d
685, 692 (Tenn. 2013).

                                       IV. D ISCUSSION

                              A. Best Interests of the Children

       The decision to modify an existing parenting arrangement requires a two-step analysis.
The party petitioning the court to change an existing custody order must establish (1) that a
material change of circumstances has occurred and (2) that a change of custody or residential
schedule is in the child’s best interest. Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d 566, 575 (Tenn.




                                               -7-
2002). The trial court found that Father met his burden of establishing a material change of
circumstances. Because neither party challenges that finding, we move past that issue and
address whether the trial court erred in determining the best interests of Tyler P. and Kayleigh
P.

       In all custody cases, the welfare and best interests of the children are of paramount
concern. Koch v. Koch, 874 S.W.2d 571, 575 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). However, there are no
hard and fast rules for determining which custody and visitation arrangement will best serve
a child’s needs. Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.3d 626, 630 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). It is a
factually driven inquiry that requires the court to carefully weigh numerous considerations.
Id. Because such determinations often hinge on subtle factors, such as the parents’ demeanor
and credibility during the proceedings, trial courts are vested with broad discretion to fashion
“arrangements that best suit the unique circumstances of each case.” Marlow v. Parkinson,
236 S.W.3d 744, 748 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). As a result, appellate courts are reluctant to
second-guess a trial court’s determination on custody and visitation matters. Rountree v.
Rountree, 369 S.W.3d 122, 129 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012).

        In a custody dispute between natural parents, courts apply the doctrine of comparative
fitness to determine what custody arrangement is in the children’s best interests. Koch, 874
S.W.2d at 575 (citing Bah v. Bah, 668 S.W.2d 663, 666 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983) (“We adopt
what we believe is a common sense approach to custody, one which we will call the doctrine
of ‘comparative fitness.’”)). Though trial courts have broad discretion in making custody
determinations, their discretion is not absolute. Instead, it is constrained by Tennessee Code
Annotated Section 36-6-106, which states that custody decisions must be made based on the
best interests of the child and directs the court to consider all relevant factors, including,
where applicable, the following:

              (1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents
       and child;
              (2) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with food,
       clothing, medical care, education and other necessary care and the degree to
       which a parent has been the primary caregiver;
              (3) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length of time
       the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment . . . ;
              (4) The stability of the family unit of the parents;
              (5) The mental and physical health of the parents;
              (6) The home, school and community record of the child;
              (7) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or




                                              -8-
        older. . . . ;
                (8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other
        parent or to any other person . . . ;
                (9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or
        frequents the home of a parent or caregiver and the person’s interactions with
        the child; and
                (10) Each parent’s or caregivers past and potential for future
        performance of parenting responsibilities, including the willingness and ability
        of each of the parents to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing
        parent-child relationship between the child and both of the child’s parents,
        consistent with the best interest of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106 (2010).4

        In making its custody determination in this case, the trial court explicitly relied on the
factors set forth in Section 36-6-106 and addressed the relevance of each. The court found
eight of the ten factors to be relevant. After weighing the relevant factors, the court concluded
that the children’s interests would be best served by remaining in Mother’s primary custody.
Father argues that the evidence presented during the hearing preponderates against a number
of the trial court’s findings and that a proper balancing of the statutory factors reveals that the
children’s best interests would be served by residing primarily with him. We address Father’s
arguments in the order in which he presents them in his brief.

                       1. Father’s Influence Over Children’s Preference

        The trial court found that, while both parents love the children and have strong
emotional ties with them, each has made poor decisions in their personal lives that have
affected the children emotionally. Specifically, the court expressed concern over Father’s
manipulation of the children as it relates to his decision to seek custody. The court also
expressed concern over the emotional impact Mother’s inability to maintain long-term, stable
relationships could have on the children. Though the court stated that both parents were at
fault, it found that Father’s actions were “inexcusable” and “far outweigh[ed]” Mother’s.


        4
         The General Assembly amended Section 36-6-106 in 2014 to set out fifteen factors for courts to
consider in making a best interests custody determination. See 2014 Tenn. Pub. Acts Ch. 617 (S.B. 1488).
The current version of the statute is codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106 (2014). Because the statutory
revisions did not take effect until July 1, 2014, we apply the statute in effect when the trial court’s order was
entered in January 2014.




                                                       -9-
Father argues that the evidence in the record does not support the court’s conclusion.
Primarily, Father contends that the court erred in finding that he manipulated the children by
discussing the litigation with them and actively encouraging Tyler P. to call his Mother and
ask to live in New Jersey. Father admits that he and his wife discussed the litigation with the
children but contends that he only allowed Tyler P. to call Mother to ask about moving to New
Jersey and did not encourage him to do so. We note, however, that the testimony of Father’s
wife appears to contradict Father’s testimony:

       Q.     And were you aware that [Father] on occasion would have [Tyler P.] call
              [Mother] to ask her if he could live with him?

       A.     Yes.

       Q.     And were you present when that occurred?

       A.     I believe only one time I was present.

       ....

       Q.     So it didn’t concern you at all that you – or that [Father] would have the
              minor child call his mother to ask her that?

       A.     That was what [Tyler P.] wanted. He’s been wanting that for years, so
              it didn’t really concern me, no.

On appeal, Father relies on little more than his own testimony as evidence that the
preponderance of the evidence weighs against the trial court’s finding. In light of our
directive to give great weight to the court’s determinations of witness credibility, these
arguments are significantly weakened by the trial court’s specific finding that “the father has
a serious problem with telling the truth.” Indeed, the court’s finding with regard to Father’s
veracity in and of itself weighs against Father’s suitability to be the children’s custodian. See
Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d 626, 634 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (“A parent’s honesty reflects
on his or her fitness to be a good custodian of the child.”). In light of the record before us,
we cannot say that the evidence presented preponderates against the trial court’s finding.

      Moreover, we do not find that the court erred in characterizing Father’s activity as
manipulative and emotionally damaging to the children. In his brief, Father quotes the
concurrence of a 2013 Tennessee Court of Appeals case that, “[t]o say that Father should not




                                              -10-
have discussed the parties’ divorce with the children is simplistic and not grounded in reality.”
Porter v. Porter, No. M2012-00148-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 313838, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Jan. 25, 2013) (Kirby, J., concurring). In reliance on that statement, Father argues that
because some discussion of litigation with the children is unavoidable, the trial court erred in
characterizing his actions as “inexcusable.” We disagree. The facts of that case are vastly
different from those in the case at bar. Porter v. Porter was a divorce case in which the father
requested a paternity test from the mother to determine whether he was the biological father
of the parties’ son. Id. at 8. The mother in Porter told the parties’ son about the paternity test
in a manner calculated to lead the son to wonder if his father wanted him. Id. After being
told about the paternity test, the son called his father crying. Id. at 9. When the children later
visited their father, they asked him about the litigation, and he sat down with them to discuss
it. Id. By contrast, it is clear in this case that Father discussed the litigation with the children
on his own accord and not in response to any questions they had about statements by Mother.
In fact, Mother testified that the children knew about the litigation before she did. Father
admitted to telling Tyler P. that he hired a lawyer to get custody of him and told him about an
upcoming court date. Father admittedly told Tyler P. that “if Mommy would let you live here,
I will gladly let you live here.” Assuming that the children wish to live with Father, we see
no reason for Father to make such a statement other than to vilify Mother as the “bad guy.”
Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s finding that Father’s behavior was calculated
to manipulate the children’s love and affection for Mother.

                             2. Educational and Medical Needs

         Father argues that the trial court failed to appropriately consider deficiencies in the
children’s educational and medical records in Mother’s care. With regard to the children’s
education, the trial court found that “[t]heir school records are actually good given the lack
of insight their parents have into their own behavior.” Father contends that the evidence
presented does not support the court’s statement. Father argues that the evidence shows that
the children’s education is not important to Mother. First, Father points out that the children
have changed schools frequently in Mother’s care. While that is true, Mother’s unrefuted
testimony was that she actually moved into a new house at one point in order to allow the
children to continue attending Dexter Elementary after the school district boundaries were
changed. Mother also sent the children to private school until she could no longer afford it.
It is undisputed that Father did not help pay for the children’s private school tuition, though
the parties dispute whether he ever agreed to do so. Multiple witnesses testified that Mother
helps the children with their homework every night, and Mother testified that she attends
every parent-teacher conference.




                                               -11-
        Next, Father contends that the children’s poor grades are further evidence of Mother’s
lack of emphasis on education. The evidence does not support his contention. Though each
of the children received low marks in some courses for various quarters, neither child received
a final grade below a “C” in any subject during either of the two school years immediately
preceding trial. The evidence presented supports the trial court’s conclusion that the
children’s grades are actually good given their circumstances. In light of the foregoing, we
find no merit in Father’s contention that the trial court erred by failing to consider the
children’s education as a factor weighing against Mother.

        Father next challenges the trial court’s finding that Mother has shown clear concern
for the children’s medical care. First, Father points to the children’s poor dental records,
particularly those of Tyler P., who at the time of trial had undergone three root canals, had a
tooth extracted, and had “significant” cavities. He also points out that notes in Kayleigh P.’s
dental records describe her oral hygiene as “poor.” Mother expressed concern regarding the
children’s dental issues but testified that bad teeth runs in her family. She testified that she
takes the children to the dentist for checkups every six months, makes them brush twice a day,
and flosses their teeth for them. She further stated that she limits their consumption of candy,
sugar, and sodas. Father did not offer any evidence to suggest that either of the children’s
dental problems was caused by Mother’s neglect.

         Father also challenges the court’s finding that Mother has demonstrated greater
diligence than Father in addressing Kayleigh P.’s other medical issues. In 2011, Kayleigh P.
was diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”), for which she was
prescribed medication. The trial court stated in its order that it believed Father would not
continue Kayleigh P.’s prescribed medication if awarded custody. Father contends that the
court’s finding has no basis in the record. We disagree. Though the parties dispute the reason
why, it is clear that prior to the hearing, Kayleigh P. had not been taking her medication when
she visited Father. According to Mother, she initially sent Kayleigh P.’s medication with her
to New Jersey when it was prescribed, but she stopped because Father told her he would not
give it to the child. Father, on the other hand, testified that Mother never sent medication with
Kayleigh P. to New Jersey. In fact, Father initially testified in his deposition that Mother
never even told him about Kayleigh P.’s ADHD diagnosis. At trial, however, Father
acknowledged receiving emails from Mother in 2011 referencing the diagnosis and listing
contact information for her doctors. Father stated that he did not recall whether he ever
contacted Kayleigh P.’s doctors to ask about the diagnosis. Notably, Father testified that he
believed Kayleigh P. would be fine without taking her medication and stated that he had
Kayleigh P. evaluated by a social worker in New Jersey who concluded that she was fine.
Though Father testified that after seeing Kayleigh P.’s medical records and doing some




                                              -12-
research, he “absolutely would continue to give [Kayleigh P.] her medication,” the court
stated in its order Father “had to be prodded during direct [examination]” to do so. The court
also stated that it was “struck by his demeanor and affect during this part of his testimony.”
The court found that Father’s testimony on the issue was not credible. In light of the broad
discretion of the trial court to make findings based on witnesses’ demeanor and credibility,
we find that Father’s argument that the court made improper findings with regard to, or
improperly weighed, the children’s medical care is without merit.

                                          3. Stability

       Father contends that the trial court failed to give appropriate weight to the stability he
would bring to the children’s lives if awarded custody. The trial court actually found that this
factor weighed in Father’s favor, but stated that it did so “just barely.” Father argues that this
factor should have weighed more heavily in his favor.

         In its order, the court expressed its concern with the number of times Mother and the
children have changed residences and, to a greater extent, with Mother’s questionable partner
choices. The frequency with which Mother moved the children and introduced them to new
stepfamilies, which is outlined above, cannot be overlooked. The trial court found, however,
that Father’s life has not always been a model of consistency either. Admittedly, Father lived
in four different residences in New Jersey between 2010 and 2013. Though Father testified
that at least one of the moves was not precipitated by factors within his control, the same
argument can be made for several of Mother’s moves. In any event, it is clear in the court’s
order that Father’s ability to provide stability in the children’s lives was the factor weighing
most heavily in his favor. Even Mother concedes that Father and his wife present a more
stable family unit than she does. We note, however, that there was little evidence presented
at trial to indicate that the children suffered as a result of Mother’s moves and relationships.
Witnesses described both children as normal, well-adjusted children. Though a 2013 report
from her school described Kayleigh P. as a “loner “with “very few close friends,” none of the
witnesses that testified seemed to agree with that characterization of her. Mother testified that
she was well-adjusted outside of school. Father testified that she was “very outgoing” and had
many friends. Several other witnesses also rejected the characterization of Kayleigh P. as a
“loner.” In light of all of the circumstances, we find no evidence in the record to suggest that
the trial court weighed the parents’ relative stability inappropriately.

   4. Willingness to Facilitate a Close And Continuing Parent-Child Relationship

       The primary factor weighing against Father was the court’s finding that he would not




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be willing to facilitate and encourage a close relationship between Mother and the children.
In weighing this factor, the court’s main concern was the level of vitriol Father expressed
towards Mother. The proof is clear that Father has, at times, had trouble controlling his anger
directed at Mother. Perhaps the clearest evidence of Father’s anger is the Facebook post
admitted into evidence at trial, in which Father stated that he hated Mother, called her “a
pathetic waste of life,” and stated that “I want God to fix the mistake he made in giving her
life.” On another occasion, with Tyler P. present, Father punched a hole in a wall after getting
off the phone with Mother. In its order, the court noted Mother’s testimony that on one
occasion she had to call the police to physically remove the children from Father’s home at
the end of a visit. Father did not deny that such an incident took place. Though Father’s wife
testified that he was working on controlling his anger, these outbursts, coupled with the
court’s finding that Father has attempted to manipulate the children’s preferences, cast serious
doubt as to whether Father would facilitate a loving relationship between Mother and the
children if awarded custody. On the other hand, the evidence reflects that Mother has worked
diligently to encourage a bond between Father and the children. Text messages introduced
at trial show that when the children fly to New Jersey, it is primarily Mother who researches
flights for them. Mother testified that she has driven the children to Nashville “[m]any, many
times” to make flights to see Father. On one occasion, Mother actually took off work and
flew to Atlanta with the children to make sure they made their flight to New Jersey before
flying back to Memphis that night. Though she was making far less money than Father, the
parties split the cost of the children’s airline tickets. Despite Mother’s efforts, on one
occasion when Mother told Father in a text message that she could not afford a flight for
Kayleigh P., Father responded, “If [Kayleigh P.] isn’t on the 4:00 p.m. flight with [Tyler P.]
I’m filing a complaint. . . . Get your s*** together and buy her ticket.” In light of the record,
we find that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding with regard
to this factor.

                             5. Balancing the Relevant Factors

        After making its findings with regard to each factor, the trial court is required to weigh
the relevant factors to determine whether a modification of custody is in the best interests of
the children. As we stated previously, the trial court has wide discretion when weighing
statutory and other relevant factors to make a custody determination. As is often the case, the
majority of the relevant factors in this case do not clearly favor one parent or the other. The
record is clear that both parents love the children deeply and care for their well-being. Both
parents are able to provide clothing and shelter for the children. The primary factors that
supported Father’s request for custody of the children relate to the lack of stability Mother
provides in their lives. Mother has been married and divorced three times since 2006, while




                                              -14-
Father has only been married once. Additionally, Mother has lived in seven different
residences with the children since that time, while Father has lived in four. While in Mother’s
care, Tyler P. has attended four different schools, and Kayleigh P. has attended three. The
primary factor weighing against Father relates to his willingness and ability to facilitate a
close and continuing relationship between Mother and the children. The court found that
Father’s attempts to manipulate the children’s love and affection for Mother was based in his
“unbridled dislike for her as a person.” Ultimately, the court determined that its concerns with
Father’s conduct outweighed its concerns regarding the stability of the children’s lives in
Mother’s care and denied Father’s request to be awarded custody of the children.

         After reviewing the record, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion in
making its determination. It is not clear from the evidence in this case that either parent is a
substantially more or less fit custodian of the children than the other. The evidence supports
the trial court’s conclusion that some factors favored Mother, while others favored Father.
We find no evidence that the court applied an incorrect legal standard, reached an illogical
conclusion, or based its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence. The trial
court applied the correct legal standard and clearly articulated its findings in its order. The
trial court’s determination falls well within the spectrum of outcomes that could reasonably
result from an application of the correct legal standards to the evidence. Accordingly, we
affirm the judgment of the trial court that modification of custody would not serve the
children’s best interests.

                                     B. Mother’s Petition

       Father argues that the trial court incorrectly granted Mother’s counter-petition to
modify the parties’ parenting plan because Mother failed to meet her burden of proving a
material change of circumstances. In reviewing Father’s brief, we note that the section
containing his argument on this issue does not include citations to any legal authority.
Nevertheless, because it is easily disposed of, we address it briefly.

       Mother’s counter-petition sought to change the parties’ residential parenting schedule.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-6-101(a)(2)(C) provides guidance to courts in
determining what constitutes a material change of circumstances affecting the child’s best
interests for purposes of modifying a residential parenting schedule. Section 36-6-
101(a)(2)(C) provides:

       If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree
       pertaining to a residential parenting schedule, then the petitioner must prove by




                                              -15-
        a preponderance of the evidence a material change of circumstance affecting
        the child’s best interest. A material change of circumstance does not require a
        showing of a substantial risk of harm to the child. A material change of
        circumstance for purposes of modification of a residential parenting schedule
        may include, but is not limited to, significant changes in the needs of the child
        over time, which may include changes relating to age; significant changes in the
        parent’s living or working condition that significantly affect parenting; failure
        to adhere to the parenting plan; or other circumstances making a change in the
        residential parenting time in the best interest of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(C) (2010) (emphasis added). The overwhelming testimony
of both parties indicates that the parties often flew the children back and forth from their
visitation with Father rather than driving them as the December 2006 order instructed.
Section 36-6-101(a)(2)(C) specifically states that failure to adhere to the parenting plan
constitutes a material change in circumstances. Accordingly, we reject Father’s contention
that the trial court erred in granting Mother’s petition in part because she failed to prove a
material change in circumstances.

                                    C. Attorney’s Fees and Costs

       In its original order, the trial court ordered that Father pay Mother’s attorney’s fees and
the guardian ad litem’s fees.5 On June 3, 2014, the court entered an amended order specifying
that Father was ordered to pay $2,750 in guardian ad litem’s fees and $25,037.44 in attorney’s
fees. On appeal, Father challenges only the propriety of the awards, not their amounts.

       The trial court’s award of both sets of fees is governed by the same abuse of discretion
standard. Trial courts are given wide discretion in awarding attorney’s fees and guardian ad
litem fees, and this Court will not interfere with that discretion absent a clear showing of
abuse. See e.g., Keisling v. Keisling, 196 S.W.3d 703, 726 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (reviewing
an award of guardian ad litem fees); Placencia v. Placencia, 3 S.W.3d 497, 504 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1999) (reviewing an award of attorney’s fees). The Tennessee Supreme Court has
explained the scope of review under this standard:

        Under the abuse of discretion standard, a trial court’s ruling “will be upheld so
        long as reasonable minds can disagree as to [the] propriety of the decision


        5
         Rule 17.03 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure provides that the court may in its discretion
allow a guardian ad litem’s fee, which may be taxed as a costs.




                                                   -16-
       made.” A trial court abuses its discretion only when it “applie[s] an incorrect
       legal standard, or reache[s] a decision which is against logic or reasoning that
       cause[s] an injustice to the party complaining.” The abuse of discretion
       standard does not permit the appellate court to substitute its judgment for that
       of the trial court.

Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001) (citations omitted).

       Father contends that it would be unjust and inequitable to require him to pay the fees
awarded by the trial court. We disagree. This litigation was initiated by Father. Although
the court found that neither party is without some fault, Father failed to present any credible
evidence to support many of the allegations in his complaint. The trial court also found that
Father had significant credibility issues. Moreover, the evidence demonstrates a substantial
disparity in the resources of the parties. At trial, Father testified that he earned approximately
$150,000 in 2012, while Mother testified that she made approximately $40,000 per year.
Given the totality of the circumstances, we are not inclined to second guess the trial court’s
exercise of its discretion to grant an award of costs and fees to Mother.

                                         V. H OLDING

       Having thoroughly considered the arguments of each party and the record on appeal,
we affirm the judgment of the trial court in all respects. The costs of this appeal are taxed to
the Appellant, Brandon P., and his surety, for which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                     _________________________________
                                                     BRANDON O. GIBSON, JUDGE




                                              -17-
