                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 THE CAYUGA NATION, et al.,
        Plaintiffs,
        v.
 RYAN ZINKE, et al.,                                    Civil Action No. 17-cv-1923 (CKK)
         Defendants,

 THE CAYUGA NATION COUNCIL,
        Defendant-Intervenor.


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                     (February 23, 2018)

       The Cayuga Nation is a federally recognized Indian Nation. This case deals with

decisions by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (“BIA”) and the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs

of the Department of the Interior that recognized one faction within the Cayuga Nation—now

referring to itself as the “Cayuga Nation Council”—as the governing body of the Cayuga Nation

for the purposes of certain contractual relationships between that Nation and the United States

federal government. These decisions were apparently the product of an adversarial process

between the Cayuga Nation Council and Plaintiffs, a rival faction within the Cayuga Nation who

assert that they represent the Nation’s rightful government. Plaintiffs have filed this lawsuit

seeking to overturn the decisions.

       Presently before the Court is the [17] Motion of the Cayuga Nation Council to Intervene.

Putative Intervenor Cayuga Nation Council (“Putative Intervenor”) seeks to intervene in this case

to defend the government’s decisions recognizing it, as opposed to Plaintiffs, as the governing

body of the Cayuga Nation. Current Defendants (effectively, the federal government) do not
oppose the Putative Intervenor’s Motion, but Plaintiffs do. Upon consideration of the pleadings, 1

the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a whole, the Court finds that the Putative

Intervenor has standing and is entitled to intervene in this case as a matter of right under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a). Accordingly, the Court shall GRANT its Motion to Intervene.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       The Cayuga Nation is a sovereign, federally recognized Indian Nation. Compl., ¶ 1.

Plaintiffs allege that the Cayuga Nation has long been governed by a Council of Chiefs selected

and overseen by “Clan Mothers,” who Plaintiffs purport to represent in this litigation. Id. ¶¶ 1-2.

Plaintiffs assert that “Cayuga Nation leaders are selected pursuant to the Great Law of Peace,

which gives that responsibility of nomination and removal to the women who serve as Clan

Mothers, based on input from the members of their clans.” Id. ¶ 31. According to Plaintiffs, this

is a “deliberative and consensus-based” process for selecting leaders. Id. ¶ 33. Plaintiffs allege

that the United States federal government had previously recognized this form of governance for

the Cayuga Nation, and rejected efforts over the years by a faction known as the “Halftown

Group” to secure support for the use of a mail-in survey to reconfigure the Cayuga Nation’s

government. Id. ¶¶ 34-36.

       However, in June 2016 Defendant Bruce W. Maytubby, the Eastern Regional Director of

the BIA, revealed to Plaintiffs that the Halftown Group intended to conduct a mail-in survey in


1
  The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents:
    • Points and Authorities in Support of Mot. of the Cayuga Nation Council to Intervene,
        ECF No. 17 (“Put. Int.’s Mot.”);
    • Pls.’ Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. of the Cayuga Nation Council to Intervene (“Pls.’ Opp’n”),
        ECF No. 20; and
    • Reply to Pls.’ Opp’n to Mot. of the Cayuga Nation Council to Intervene (“Put. Int.’s
        Reply”), ECF No. 24.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would
not be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).


                                                  2
order to create a new government for the Cayuga Nation, and that it was Mr. Maytubby’s view

that the proposed survey “would be a viable way of involving the Cayuga people in a

determination of the form and membership of their government.” Id. ¶¶ 37, 40. Plaintiffs

contend that this determination was the result of secret meetings between the BIA and the

Halftown Group, which Plaintiffs were excluded from. Id. ¶ 38. Plaintiffs objected to the

proposed survey, arguing that, among other things, it violated Cayuga law. Id. ¶ 42.

       On December 15, 2016, Defendant Maytubby issued a decision “(1) recognizing the

Halftown Group as the government of the Cayuga Nation for purposes of entering into a contract

under the ISDEAA [Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act] and declining to

recognize Plaintiffs for such purposes; (2) awarding an ISDEAA contract grant to the Halftown

Group, on behalf of the Cayuga Nation; and (3) declining to award an ISDEAA contract to

[Plaintiffs] on behalf of the Cayuga Nation” (the “Decision”). Id. ¶ 54. Plaintiffs characterize

the Decision as a reversal of “longstanding federal policy,” and challenge it on a number of

substantive and procedural grounds. Id. ¶¶ 55-81.

       Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal with the Interior Board of Indian Appeals (“IBIA”),

requesting that the Decision be vacated. Id. ¶¶ 82-83. The IBIA eventually transferred the

appeal to Defendant Michael Black, the then-Acting Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, who

issued a decision denying Plaintiffs’ appeal. Id. ¶¶ 89, 95.

       On September 20, 2017, Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit, claiming that the Decision, and the

affirmance of the Decision, violated the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) and Plaintiffs’

constitutional right to due process. Id. ¶¶ 100-65. As relief, Plaintiffs seek that both decisions be

declared unlawful and vacated, that the Court enjoin Defendants from relying on the vacated

decisions for any action by the Department of the Interior, that the individuals involved in




                                                 3
rendering these decisions be enjoined from further adjudicating the questions in this case, that

this matter be remanded to the BIA “for government to government consultation and, as

appropriate, decision by a neutral decision-maker on recognition and the Plaintiffs’ ISDEAA

application,” and that they be granted costs and attorneys’ fees. Id. at 26-27.

                                     II. LEGAL STANDARD

       Rule 24(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs intervention as a matter of

right. That provision provides, in relevant part, that “[o]n timely motion, the court must permit

anyone to intervene who . . . claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the

subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of the action may as a practical matter

impair or impede the movant’s ability to protect its interest, unless existing parties adequately

represent that interest.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2). Consistent with this language, the United

States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (the “D.C. Circuit”) has identified

four requirements for intervention as a matter of right:

   (1) Timeliness: First, an application to intervene in a pending action must be timely.
       Karsner v. Lothian, 532 F.3d 876, 885 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Whether a given application is
       timely is a context-specific inquiry, and courts should take into account (a) the time
       elapsed since the inception of the action, (b) the probability of prejudice to those already
       party to the proceedings, (c) the purpose for which intervention is sought, and (d) the
       need for intervention as a means for preserving the putative intervenor’s rights. Id. at
       886.

   (2) Interest: Second, the putative intervenor must have a “legally protected” interest in the
       action. Id. at 885. The test operates in large part as a “practical guide,” with the aim of
       disposing of disputes with as many concerned parties as may be compatible with
       efficiency and due process. United States v. Morten, 730 F.Supp.2d 11, 16 (D.D.C.
       2010).

   (3) Impairment of Interest: Third, the action must threaten to impair the putative
       intervenor’s proffered interest in the action. Karsner, 532 F.3d at 885. The inquiry is not
       a rigid one: consistent with the Rule’s reference to dispositions that may “as a practical
       matter” impair the putative intervenor’s interest, Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2), courts look to



                                                  4
       the “practical consequences” of denying intervention, Fund for Animals, Inc. v. Norton,
       322 F.3d 728, 735 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (citing Natural Res. Def. Council v. Costle, 561 F.2d
       904, 909 (D.C. Cir. 1977)).

   (4) Adequacy of Representation: Fourth, and finally, no existing party to the action may
       adequately represent the putative intervenor’s interests. Karsner, 532 F.3d at 885.
       Significantly, the putative intervenor’s burden here is de minimis, and extends only to
       showing that there is a possibility that its interests may not be adequately represented
       absent intervention. Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d at 735.

       In addition to these four requirements, which emanate from the text of Rule 24(a) itself, a

putative intervenor must further establish that it has standing under Article III of the

Constitution. Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d at 731-32. Where a party seeks to intervene as a

defendant in order to uphold or defend an agency action, it must establish: (a) that it would suffer

a concrete injury-in-fact if the action were to be set aside, (b) that the injury would be fairly

traceable to the setting aside of the agency action, and (c) that the alleged injury would be

prevented if the agency action were to be upheld. See Am. Horse Prot. Ass’n, Inc. v. Veneman,

200 F.R.D. 153, 156 (D.D.C. 2001); see also Friends of Animals v. Kempthorne, 452 F. Supp. 2d

64, 68 (D.D.C. 2006) (identifying requirements for constitutional standing in an action involving

an agency action).

                                         III. DISCUSSION

       Putative Intervenor the Cayuga Nation Council has a right to intervene in this case. As

explained in more detail below, Putative Intervenor has standing and satisfies the requirements

for intervention as a matter of right under Rule 24(a)(2). The Court will, however, set certain

conditions on the Cayuga Nation Council’s participation in this litigation. Because the Putative

Intervenor will be granted leave to intervene as a matter of right, the Court need not consider its

alternative argument that it should be granted permissive intervention under Rule 24(b).




                                                  5
A. Standing

        First, Putative Intervenor has established standing. In order “[t]o establish standing under

Article III, a prospective intervenor—like any party—must show: (1) injury-in-fact, (2)

causation, and (3) redressability.” Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d at 732-33 (quoting Lujan v.

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)). Where, as here, a party seeks to intervene

as a defendant to uphold an action taken by the government, the party must establish that it will

be “injured in fact by the setting aside of the government’s action it seeks to defend, that this

injury would have been caused by that invalidation, and the injury would be prevented if the

government action is upheld.” Am. Horse Prot. Assoc., 200 F.R.D. at 156; see also Military

Toxics Project v. EPA, 146 F.3d 948, 954 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (holding that an association of

chemical manufacturers had standing to intervene as defendants in a case involving a challenge

to an EPA regulation because intervenors “would suffer concrete injury if the court grants the

relief the petitioners seek”).

        The government decisions challenged in this case were favorable to the Putative

Intervenor because they recognized it as the Cayuga Nation’s lawful governing body and

awarded it a federal contract. The relief Plaintiffs seek—the vacating of those decisions—would

clearly cause Putative Intervenor harm. It would undermine Putative Intervenor’s current

recognition as the government of the Cayuga Nation and their relationship with the federal

government, and place at risk the Putative Intervenor’s receipt of funds from federal contracts.

Upholding the challenged decisions would prevent these harms. This is more than enough to

establish standing for an intervenor. See Crossroads Grassroots Policy Strategies v. Fed.

Election Comm’n, 788 F.3d 312, 317 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“Our cases have generally found a

sufficient injury in fact where a party benefits from agency action, the action is then challenged




                                                  6
in court, and an unfavorable decision would remove the party’s benefit.”); California Valley

Miwok Tribe v. Salazar, 281 F.R.D. 43, 46-47 (D.D.C. 2012) (in dispute over the Department of

Interior’s determination of the legitimate government of a federally-recognized Indian tribe,

holding that proposed intervenors had standing because if the plaintiffs in the matter prevailed,

government-to-government relations between the federal government and the putative

intervenors would cease and the putative intervenors would stop receiving federal funds).

       Plaintiffs’ arguments to the contrary are not persuasive. Plaintiffs argue that the Putative

Intervenor does not have a legally protected interest in this lawsuit because it has already

received the funds from the ISDEAA contract granted to it as part of the Decision. See Pls.’

Opp’n at 3. Although Plaintiffs challenge the legality of the decision to enter into that contract,

they do not seek disgorgement of the funds Putative Intervenor has received from the contract.

Id. Therefore, in Plaintiffs’ view, the outcome of this case is of no consequence to the Putative

Intervenor.

       This argument lacks merit. As an initial matter, the factual premise of the argument—

that the Putative Intervenor has already received the funds under the ISDEAA contract at issue—

is disputed by the Putative Intervenor and appears to be contradicted by the actual contract. See

Put. Int.’s Reply at 1-2. That contract indicates that it matures in September 2018, and that a

balance of the total award to the Cayuga Nation still remains. See id., Ex. A. Putative

Intervenor would be injured if the Court vacated the Decision in this case because that would

presumably prevent Putative Intervenor from receiving any additional funds from the contract.

       Moreover, even if the Putative Intervenor had already received all of the funds from the

challenged contract and Plaintiffs were not seeking the disgorgement of those funds, the Court is

skeptical of Plaintiffs’ claim that vacating the decisions at issue in this case would have




                                                  7
absolutely no negative impact on the Putative Intervenor. In large part, that skepticism is driven

by statements Plaintiffs themselves have made in this case, which paint the challenged decisions

as potentially having import beyond the single ISDEAA contract at issue. For example, in their

Motion for Preliminary Injunction, Plaintiffs contend that the Decision could enable the Putative

Intervenor to “assert exclusive access to federal and state funding, exclusive control over Nation

resources and assets, and exclusive authority to speak for the Cayuga Nation regarding the

Nation’s government-to-government relationship with the United States.” Pls.’ Mem. in Support

of Mot. for Preliminary Injunction, ECF No. 22, at 35. Plaintiffs also state that “[a]lthough the

BIA decision properly applies only to a federal contract with that agency under the ISDEAA, the

[Cayuga Nation Council] is wielding the decision to arrogate to itself exclusive authority to deal

with all federal agencies on all matters, and thereby impair Plaintiffs’ nation to nation

relationship with the United States and cut off federal funding to the Plaintiffs.” Id. at 33.

Accepting Plaintiffs’ representations that the Decision could—at least as a practical matter—

have these effects, it appears to the Court that vacating that Decision would harm the Putative

Intervenor. Indeed, given that Plaintiffs are not seeking disgorgement of the funds from the

particular ISDEAA contract at issue, it would seem that stemming these secondary effects of the

Decision is actually the primary goal of Plaintiffs’ lawsuit.

       In sum, the challenged decisions are favorable to the Putative Intervenor. Vacating them

would injure the Putative Intervenor and upholding them would prevent that injury.

Accordingly, the Putative Intervenor has standing.

B. Requirements for Intervention as a Matter of Right

       Having found that the Putative Intervenor has standing to intervene, the Court must now

determine whether it satisfies the four requirements for intervention as a matter of right: (1) its




                                                  8
application to intervene was timely; (2) it has a “legally protected” interest in this action; (3) this

action threatens to impair that interest, and (4) no existing party to this action adequately

represents its interests. See Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d at 735-37. The Court is satisfied that all

of these requirements are met.

          1. Timeliness

        Plaintiffs do not challenge Putative Intervenor’s motion as untimely, and for good reason.

The motion was timely filed in the early stages of this case, on the same day Defendants were

required to respond to Plaintiffs’ Complaint. Defendants filed a partial motion to dismiss on that

day, see ECF No. 16, but have yet to file an answer. See Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d at 735

(motion to intervene filed before defendants filed answer was timely). The parties are currently

briefing Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction, which will in no way be delayed by the

granting of Putative Intervenor’s motion. The Court can conceive of no way in which the timing

of this motion has prejudiced any of the current parties.

          2. Legally Protected Interest

        The Putative Intervenor also has a legally protected interest in this action. As described

above, the Putative Intervenor has standing because it would sustain an “injury-in-fact” if the

Court were to award the relief requested by Plaintiffs. See supra, Part III.A. For the same

reasons that the Putative Intervenor has standing to intervene, it has a “legally protected” interest

in this action. See Jones v. Prince George’s Cty., Maryland, 348 F.3d 1014, 1018-19 (D.C. Cir.

2003) (holding that “because [the putative intervenor] has suffered a cognizable injury sufficient

to establish Article III standing, she also has the requisite interest under Rule 24(a)(2).”); Fund

For Animals, 322 F.3d at 735 (“Our conclusion that the [putative intervenor] has constitutional

standing is alone sufficient to establish that [it] has ‘an interest relating to the property or




                                                   9
transaction which is the subject of the action.’”); Mova Pharm. Corp. v. Shalala, 140 F.3d 1060,

1076 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“[The putative intervenor] need not show anything more than that it has

standing to sue in order to demonstrate the existence of a legally protected interest for purposes

of Rule 24(a).”).

         3. Impairment of Interest

       Next, the Court finds that this action threatens to impair the Putative Intervenor’s interest.

In determining whether an applicant’s interests will be impaired, courts in this Circuit look to the

“practical consequences” that the applicant may suffer if intervention is denied. Natural Res.

Def. Council, 561 F.2d at 909; see also Reporters LLC v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 307

F.R.D. 269, 278-79 (D.D.C. 2014); Am. Horse Prot. Ass’n, 200 F.R.D. at 158. Simply put, a

decision in Plaintiffs’ favor in this case would impair Putative Intervenor’s interests because

Plaintiffs are attacking a decision that was favorable to the Putative Intervenor both in terms of

receiving federal funds and in terms of instilling its governance of the Cayuga Nation. See

California Valley, 281 F.R.D. at 47 (holding that an action threatened to impair a putative

intervenor’s interest because “resolution of the matter in the plaintiffs’ favor would directly

interfere with the governance of the Tribe as currently recognized and preclude access to federal

funds.”); Wildearth Guardians v. Salazar, 272 F.R.D. 4, 14 (D.D.C. 2010) (holding that an

action threatened to impair a putative intervenor’s interest because “[s]imply put, the Bureau’s

decision below was favorable to Antelope, and the present action is a direct attack on that

decision.”).

         4. Adequacy of Representation

       Finally, the Court finds that the current federal government Defendants do not adequately

represent the Putative Intervenor’s interest in this action. In assessing whether representation by




                                                 10
existing parties is adequate, the Supreme Court has held that this requirement “is satisfied if the

applicant shows that representation of his interest ‘may be’ inadequate; and the burden of making

that showing should be treated as minimal.” Trbovich v. United Mine Workers, 404 U.S. 528,

538 n.10 (1972); see also Dimond v. District of Columbia, 792 F.2d 179, 192 (D.C. Cir. 1986)

(burden is “not onerous”). As particularly relevant here, courts in this Circuit “have often

concluded that governmental entities do not adequately represent the interests of aspiring

intervenors.” Fund For Animals, 322 F.3d at 736.

        The federal government Defendants may not adequately represent Putative Intervenor’s

interests in this action. The Putative Intervenor’s interests are in defending what it views as the

“tribal sovereignty of the Cayuga Nation,” espousing what it views as the correct interpretation

of Cayuga law, protecting its recognition as the governing body of the Cayuga Nation, and

ensuring its continued access to federal monies. These are narrow, particular interests specific to

the Cayuga Nation Council. Although the federal government has an interest in defending the

decisions it has made that are challenged in this case, it does not share the particular, narrow

interests of the Cayuga Nation Council that are listed above. 2 Instead, the federal government

represents the public interest of its citizens as a whole, and would be “shirking its duty were it to




2
  Putative Intervenor claims that it has a particular interest in resolving this litigation quickly that
the federal government might not share. See Put. Int.’s Mot. at 10. Plaintiffs argue that this
claim is belied by the fact that the Putative Intervenor has attached to its Motion to Intervene
various threshold dispositive motions that it would seek to file if granted leave to intervene, the
resolution of which would necessarily slow this case. The Court’s determination that the federal
government’s interests are distinct from the Putative Intervenor’s interests such that the federal
government would not adequately represent the Putative Intervenor does not depend on the Court
finding that the federal government would not pursue an expeditious resolution of this lawsuit.
Nonetheless, the Court notes that the Putative Intervenor agreed on a teleconference with the
Court on February 12, 2018 to not file the motions attached to its Motion to Intervene. Instead, it
will incorporate the arguments therein, as appropriate, into other pleadings, such as its response
to Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction or cross-motions for summary judgment.


                                                  11
advance [a] narrower interest at the expense of its representation of the general public interest.”

Fund For Animals, 322 F.3d at 737 (quoting Dimond, 792 F.2d at 192-93). Accordingly, the

Court is not convinced that the federal government would adequately represent the particular

interests of the Cayuga Nation Council in this case.

C. Conditions Upon Intervention

        Even where the Court concludes that intervention as a matter of right is appropriate, its

inquiry is not necessarily at an end: district courts may impose appropriate conditions or

restrictions upon the intervenor’s participation in the action. Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d at 737

n.11. The Court now considers what conditions, if any, to impose upon Putative Intervenor’s

participation.

        The inquiry is necessarily context-specific, and the conditions should be tailored to fit the

needs of the particular litigation, the parties, and the district court. In the past, courts have barred

intervenors from injecting collateral issues into the litigation. See, e.g., Brady Campaign to

Prevent Gun Violence v. Salazar, 612 F.Supp.2d 1, 11 n.8 (D.D.C. 2009) (granting intervention

of right but prohibiting intervenors from raising new claims or collateral issues); Cnty. of San

Miguel, Colorado v. MacDonald, 244 F.R.D. 36, 48 n.17 (D.D.C. 2007) (limiting intervention of

right to claims within the scope of the complaint, but declining to impose other conditions).

Other courts have required intervenors to consult with one another prior to filing papers with the

Court and restricted their presentations to non-cumulative arguments. See, e.g., Earthworks v.

U.S. Dep’t of Interior, Civil Action 09-01972 (HHK), 2010 WL 3063143, at *2 (Aug. 3, 2010)

(granting intervention as a matter of right but requiring consultation with federal defendants and

restricting presentation to arguments not advanced by other parties). In the end, the primary

limitation on the district court’s discretion is that any conditions imposed should be designed to




                                                  12
ensure the fair, efficacious, and prompt resolution of the litigation. See United States v. S.

Florida Water Mgmt. Dist., 922 F.2d 704, 710 (11th Cir.) (district court may condition

intervention “on such terms as will be consistent with the fair, prompt conduct of this

litigation.”), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 953 (1991). To achieve this salutary purpose, the district

court should remain attuned to the two conflicting goals of intervention: i.e., “to achieve judicial

economies of scale by resolving related issues in a single lawsuit, and to prevent the single

lawsuit from becoming fruitlessly complex or unending.” Smuck v. Hobson, 408 F.2d 175, 179

(D.C. Cir. 1969).

        In order to ensure the fair and efficacious resolution of this action, the Court shall require

Putative Intervenor the Cayuga Nation Council to comply with the following conditions:

    •   The intervening party shall meet and confer with current Defendants prior to the filing of
        any motion, responsive filing, or brief to determine whether its positions may be set forth
        in a consolidated fashion—separate filings by the intervening party shall include a
        certificate of compliance with this requirement and briefly describe the need for separate
        filings. The parties shall not file separate pleadings that repeat the same arguments;
    •   The intervening party shall confine its arguments to the existing claims in this action and
        shall not interject new claims or stray into collateral issues;
    •   The intervening party shall comply with each of the directives set forth in the [5] Order
        Establishing Procedures for Cases Assigned to Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, issued on
        September 27, 2017.
    •   The intervening party shall adhere to the schedule and requirements set forth in the [25]
        Scheduling and Procedures Order, issued on February 12, 2018, including filing any
        responses to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Motion to Supplement the
        Administrative Record on the same day as Defendants: February 26, 2018.
        The Court finds that the foregoing conditions strike the appropriate balance between

ensuring the expedient resolution of this action while preserving a space for the intervening party

to articulate its positions and defend its interests.




                                                   13
D. Permissive Intervention

       Because the Court concludes that the Putative Intervenor is entitled to intervene as a

matter of right, it is unnecessary to determine whether the Putative Intervenor would be entitled

to intervene by permission pursuant to Rule 24(b). See Am. Horse Prot. Assoc., 200 F.R.D. at

156 (concluding that movant was entitled to intervene as of right and declining to reach question

of permissive intervention).

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court shall GRANT the Motion of the Cayuga Nation

Council to Intervene. As intervening party, the Cayuga Nation Council shall comply with the

conditions set forth in this Memorandum Opinion. An appropriate Order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.

                                                       /s/
                                                     COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                     UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE




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