                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 13-0522
                               Filed July 16, 2014


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

DENNIS EARL LEAHY,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, James D. Coil

(Motion to Withdraw) and Nathan A. Callahan (Jury Trial and Sentencing),

District Associate Judges.



      A defendant appeals from the judgment and sentence following his

conviction for fraudulent practice in the third degree. AFFIRMED.



      Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Martha J. Lucey, Assistant

Appellate Defender, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Alexandra Link and Kevin Cmelik,

Assistant Attorney Generals, Thomas J. Ferguson, County Attorney, and James

Katcher, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.



      Heard by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
                                          2


DOYLE, J.

       Dennis Leahy appeals his conviction for third-degree fraudulent practice in

violation of Iowa Code section 714.8(6) and 714.11(3) (2011) following a jury trial

in which he acted as his own attorney. We affirm.

I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       On April 30, 2012, the State filed a trial information charging Leahy with

fraudulent practices in the third degree, for alleged acts occurring between

February 28, 2012 and March 16, 2012.            The district court denied Leahy’s

application for appointment of counsel.1 On July 16, attorney James Moriarty

entered an appearance on behalf of Leahy. On August 9, Moriarty moved to

withdraw as counsel.      At the August 16 hearing on the motion to withdraw,

Moriarty explained to the court Leahy had directed him to withdraw. After a

lengthy colloquy, Leahy stated he wanted to represent himself with Moriarty

acting as standby counsel. The district court accepted this proposal and denied

Moriarty’s request to withdraw.

       Prior to the commencement of trial, Moriarty informed the court Leahy did

not want him to continue as standby counsel. After a lengthy colloquy, the court

accepted Leahy’s waiver of counsel and released Moriarty as standby counsel.

A jury trial commenced and Leahy was found guilty of fraudulent practices in the

third degree. The district court entered judgment and sentenced Leahy to 365

days in jail, but suspended the sentence and placed him on supervised probation

for two years, and ordered him to pay a $2225 fine. Leahy appeals.

1
 At his initial appearance, Leahy indicated he would hire an attorney. On June 4, Leahy
appeared for his arraignment without counsel. On July 9, the district court granted
Leahy’s request for a continuance to allow him to “hire counsel.”
                                        3


II.      Waiver of Right to Counsel

         Leahy claims he was denied his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment right to

counsel because the district court “fail[ed] to obtain a knowing and intelligent

waiver of [his] right to counsel before allowing him to represent himself.” We

review this constitutional claim de novo. See State v. Cooley, 608 N.W.2d 9, 13

(Iowa 2000).

         The United States Supreme Court has stated that “the Sixth Amendment

does not provide merely that a defense shall be made for the accused; it grants

to the accused personally the right to make his defense.” Faretta v. California,

422 U.S. 806, 819 (1975).      However, before the right to self-representation

attaches, the defendant must voluntarily elect to proceed without counsel by

“knowingly and intelligently” waiving his Sixth Amendment right to counsel and

“clearly and unequivocally” requesting to do so. State v. Martin, 608 N.W.2d 445,

450 (Iowa 2000) (quoting Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835).

         Before the court accepts a defendant’s request to proceed pro se, the

court must make the defendant “aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-

representation, so that the record will establish that he knows what he is doing

and his choice is made with eyes open.” Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835 (internal

quotation marks omitted); accord State v. Rater, 568 N.W.2d 655, 658 (Iowa

1997).     This is because the right to self-represent is simultaneously a

relinquishment of the right to counsel and “a defendant who elects to represent

himself cannot thereafter complain that the quality of his own defense amounted

to a denial of ‘effective assistance of counsel.’” See Faretta, 422 U.S. at 833
                                         4

n.46; accord Martin, 608 N.W.2d at 450. “The State has the burden of proving

the waiver was valid.” Rater, 568 N.W.2d at 660.

      The court engaged in lengthy colloquies with Leahy on two separate

occasions prior to trial regarding Leahy’s request to represent himself.      The

first—which took place at the hearing on attorney Moriarty’s motion to withdraw

as counsel—resulted in the court denying Moriarty’s motion and appointing

Moriarty as standby counsel.       The second—which took place prior to the

commencement of trial—resulted in the court accepting Leahy’s request to

proceed pro se and releasing Moriarty as standby counsel.

A.    Motion to Withdraw as Counsel

      On July 16, attorney James Moriarty entered an appearance on behalf of

Leahy. On August 9, Moriarty moved to withdraw as counsel. A hearing on the

motion to withdraw took place on August 16, where Moriarty explained to the

court that Leahy had directed him to withdraw. Moriarty also told the court Leahy

was under a conservatorship.      Upon inquiry by the court, Leahy agreed he

wanted to discharge Moriarty as his attorney and stated he had another attorney

“on board.”   The court determined this person was not a licensed attorney.

Leahy stated the person was “close to like a legal assistant” and he felt “very

confident with him.” The court stated, “Well, if he’s not licensed to practice law,

he can’t represent you in this case,” to which Leahy responded, “Then I’ll

represent myself.      No problem.”2   The court then engaged in the following

colloquy with Leahy:


2
  Leahy had previously represented himself on a burglary charge, and he was
represented by an attorney on a previous fraudulent practice charge.
                                       5


              COURT: Well, you’re charged, Mr. Leahy, with the fraudulent
      practice in the third degree, which is an aggravated misdemeanor.
      It carries a maximum possible sentence of up to two years in
      prison. Do you understand that?
              DEFENDANT: Yes, sir. Yes, sir, I do.
              COURT: And do you understand that it is a very serious
      charge?
              DEFENDANT: Yes.
              COURT: And that you don’t have any legal training as an
      attorney or as a criminal trial attorney. You don’t understand—I’m
      presuming that you don’t understand necessarily the rules of
      evidence or the rules of procedure since you don’t have any legal
      training, and I’m not sure that it would be wise for you to proceed
      without an attorney.       Now, evidently you do have sufficient
      resources to retain Mr. Moriarty. Do you want to try and get
      another attorney?
              DEFENDANT: I am satisfied with what I have right now
      without Mr. Moriarty.
              COURT: So you wish to proceed to represent yourself in this
      case?
              DEFENDANT: I honestly can’t answer that question. It looks
      like I will have to, represent myself, but I will have some advice. I
      can’t put it in words. I’m—I feel confident with what I have.
              COURT: You feel confident with what you have as far as
      proceeding without an attorney? Is that what you’re telling me?
              DEFENDANT: Yes.
              COURT: And, I guess, do you understand, I guess, maybe
      the peril you place yourself in by representing yourself?
              DEFENDANT: I am fully aware, and I’ll take full
      responsibility.

      The court asked Leahy’s conservator, his sister Mary Pat Leahy, to come

forward and the following record was made:

             COURT: All right. What is the basis for the conservatorship?
      Can you tell me that?
             MS. LEAHY: Currently I would say the inability to make good
      decisions, and I just submit that right now we’re right there because
      I’ve just pleaded with Dennis to have an attorney—attorney
      approved by the court, and there’s no way that’s going to happen
      for Dennis, but I totally disagree with him.
             COURT: You totally disagree with his decision to discharge
      Mr. Moriarty?
             MS. LEAHY: Yes.
             THE COURT: Okay. Have you, as his conservator, sat in on
      any the conversations that Mr. Moriarty has had with Mr. Leahy?
                                         6


             MS. LEAHY: The only time I met Mr. Moriarty was when
      Dennis hired him. I think it was back in July, early July, and Dennis
      was very excited about the relationship moving forward, and he
      pulled out $200 from his billfold right away to pay the beginning
      payment for his retainer fee.
             COURT: All right. And Mr. Leahy has sufficient resources to
      pay counsel?
             MS. LEAHY: Yes.
             COURT: Well, since there is this conservatorship, is there—
      do you have any question, I guess, in your mind with regard to the
      defendant’s competency to stand trial in a criminal matter?
             MS. LEAHY: No. I think that can work, but he needs an
      attorney. That’s all I’m arguing for, that he must have an attorney.
             THE COURT: Well, I can’t force him to have an attorney.
             MS. LEAHY: I know, and I can’t either.
             COURT: Well, and if he is competent, and you seem to
      believe that he is, he is able to make that decision on his own.
             MS. LEAHY: Yes.

After more discussion, the court addressed the defendant again to confirm he

wanted to proceed to trial self-represented:

             COURT: And you no longer want Mr. Moriarty as your
      attorney, and you wish to proceed without an attorney?
             DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
             COURT: And you’ve heard the comments of Mr. Moriarty,
      your sister—who is here as your conservator—and you’ve heard
      my comments that I think it’s not a wise decision for you to proceed
      without an attorney. And understanding all of that, you still want to
      proceed without an attorney?
             DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
             COURT: All right.
             ....
             COURT: All right. Well, Mr. Leahy, let me ask you this.
      Evidently you’ve had some disagreement with Mr. Moriarty; is that
      correct?
             DEFENDANT: Not really.
             COURT: All right. There is certainly the ability of yourself to
      represent yourself in this criminal case. You would have the right to
      have what’s called standby counsel, if you wish to do that, which
      means that you could continue to retain Mr. Moriarty as your
      standby counsel to give you advice in your case, but you would, in
      essence, be representing yourself. Now, I have no idea. Is that
      something that would interest you, or do you just simply want to
      discharge Mr. Moriarty?
                                           7


                 DEFENDANT: Under the circumstances I think that’s an
         excellent idea. It would serve my cause as well as your cause, the
         court’s and Mary Pat’s. I would be 100 percent in agreement. I
         think that’s an excellent idea.
                 COURT: Mr. Moriarty, are you willing to proceed with that
         understanding, that you would simply be standby counsel and
         giving Mr. Moriarty [sic] your best professional advice but that he
         would be conducting the defense of his case?
                 ATTORNEY MORIARTY: I’d be willing to do that. . . .
         Certainly, Your Honor, it’s far from an optimal situation, and I have
         no reason to believe that Mr. Leahy will take my advice any more if
         I’m sitting beside him here than I was in the conference room a
         week ago, but I’d certainly be willing to do that in the hopes that he
         would come around to his advantage, if it’s all right with his
         conservator.
                 COURT: Well, I’ve kind of brought his conservator into this
         conversation just so I understand that he does have sufficient
         resources to pay counsel and that she has no question but what
         he’s competent to make these types of decisions. But, again, it’s
         Mr. Leahy’s decision on how to proceed in this case, but if you’re
         both in agreement with that arrangement, then, I see no problem
         with that . . . . Is that what you want to have happen, Mr. Leahy?
                 DEFENDANT: That would be fine.

The court therefore denied Moriarty’s motion to withdraw and Moriarty remained

on the case as standby counsel for Leahy.3

B.       Waiver of Counsel

         Prior to the commencement of trial, Moriarty informed the court Leahy did

not want him to continue as standby counsel.           The following exchange took

place:

                ATTORNEY MORIARTY: I think he knows what the stakes
         are. He knows that I think it’s not in his best interest. Judge Coil
         [at the hearing on the motion to withdraw] was quite clear that he
         did not think it was in his best interest, but as the opinion says, he
         has the right to hang his own self.
                COURT: All right. Mr. Leahy, how old are you now?
                DEFENDANT: Sixty-four, sir.
                COURT: And how far did you go in school?

3
  The court also entered a written order summarizing its discussion regarding Moriarty’s
request to withdraw and denying the motion.
                                   8


        DEFENDANT: I graduated from the University of Northern
lowa.
       COURT: And what is your degree in?
       DEFENDANT: Business administration.
       COURT: And do you understand the charge against you?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, I do.
       COURT: Can you tell me what the nature of the charge is
against you?
       DEFENDANT: Fraudulent practice in the third degree.
There’s a possibility of two years in prison.
       COURT: All right. And there’s also a possibility of a fine of
up to $6250.
       DEFENDANT: Yes, there is, sir.
       COURT: And there is a 35 percent surcharge on top of any
fine.
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: And there is no mandatory incarceration required
for a conviction. Do you understand that?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: There is a mandatory minimum fine of $625 plus a
35 percent surcharge. Do you understand that?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: That can also be suspended.                 Is that your
understanding?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: And I’m sure others have been through this with
you, Mr. Leahy, and I want you to know that I’m not trying to talk
you in or out of anything.
       DEFENDANT: Okay.
       COURT: I’m just trying to make an adequate record. An
attorney can provide a lot of useful assistance in a trial and an
attorney is also better trained to conduct a trial than a layperson.
Even a well-educated layperson. Do you understand that?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: I want you to know it’s not as easy as good lawyers
make it look. There are a lot of evidentiary rules that you will be
required to comply with even though you’re representing yourself.
Just because—for instance, just because you represent yourself
doesn’t mean that you can use hearsay contrary to the rules of
evidence. You can’t just start bringing documents up and showing
them to the jury. They have to be properly introduced as evidence
and that requires a legal foundation. There are safeguards that are
reasons for those kinds of foundational requirements. You will be
required to comply with the same standards as a lawyer in
introducing evidence at a trial, and I think that this trial is going to
involve some documentary evidence if I’m not mistaken, Mr.
Katcher?
                                 9


       STATE: There will be some.
       COURT: Do you understand that you’re going to be held to
the same standards in the process of offering evidence for the jury
to consider?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: And are you willing to take that responsibility on?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: Are you willing to follow my directives in regards to
what evidence is or is not admissible?
       DEFENDANT: Absolutely, sir.
       COURT: All right. In addition to that, Mr. Leahy, I mean, you
certainly seem articulate to me, but attorneys are trained in
addressing potential jurors; they are trained in cross-examining
state’s witnesses; they are trained in making arguments to the
Court; and they are trained in making arguments to a jury. By
proceeding on your own you’re basically giving up the opportunity
to have an attorney to do all of those things for you in a trial. Do
you understand that?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: And is that what you want to do today?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: All right. Now Mr. Leahy, I want you to consider
that there are two dangers in proceeding without a lawyer. Possibly
three in your case because as I look through this you did have a
conservator at one point; correct? And you do have a conservator
now?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir. That’s correct.
       COURT: And you did have a guardian at one point; correct?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: And that guardianship was terminated last year;
       right?
       DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       COURT: And can you tell me what the reason for that
guardianship was?
       DEFENDANT: I can’t tell you, sir.
       COURT: Was it because of your mental condition?
       DEFENDANT: I can’t tell you that.
       COURT: Did you ever have mental health treatment?
       DEFENDANT: No. No, I have not.
       COURT: Have you ever been medicated for mental health
problems?
       DEFENDANT: Twelve years ago I was involved. I don’t
know—there was not a mental problem, no.
       COURT: All right. And again, I’m not trying to talk you in or
out of anything and I’m not trying to put you on the spot or
embarrass you. I’m just trying to make an adequate record
because I think you can appreciate that if somebody did have a
                                  10


mental problem, and it was tied into the events in a criminal charge,
that would create a separate kind of defense to a charge that had to
do with a person’s mental state.
        DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
        COURT: And there is no such allegation or pleading in this
file, and I just want to clarify that there would be no basis for appeal
later on by you saying there should have been a mental illness
defense in this case and it wasn’t pursued and it wasn’t filed and
therefore the conviction should be reversed. Are you agreeing with
me that there is no basis for such a defense?
        DEFENDANT: I’m agreeing with you, sir, absolutely.
        COURT: All right. And you want to proceed without that kind
of defense?
        DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
        COURT: Finally, Mr. Leahy, I do have to ask you about the
concern that was raised by your conservator. . . . There are a lot of
people out there in different organizations and groups who think
that they’re legal geniuses and they give people advice on how to
handle their legal cases and that ends up getting them into a lot
more trouble than they were in to begin with. And it’s not because
anybody is punishing them for doing that. It’s because they just
keep making their situation worse by following bad legal advice
from people who are not trained lawyers. I just want to express that
concern and hear it from you that you’re not relying on legal advice
from some nonlawyer who is prompting you to take the steps that
you’re taking here today in representing yourself. Does that make
sense?
        DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
        COURT: And are you relying on legal advice from a
nonlawyer in choosing this course of action?
        DEFENDANT: I am relying on no legal advice or hearsay in
any way, shape, or form. It’s strictly my own voluntary admittance.
        COURT: All right. I’m going to accept that. I think that the
record is adequate to make a finding that you do appreciate the
nature of the charges against you; that you do appreciate the
potential penalties; that you do appreciate the usefulness of an
attorney, both in the sense of conducting a trial as well as making
arguments to the Court and to the jury; and that you are aware of
the risks or dangers in continuing without a lawyer; that you are
making this choice knowingly and voluntarily on your own, and not
being prompted by somebody else to do it in a misguided kind of
sense. This is what you want to do, Mr. Leahy; is that correct?
        DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, it is.
                                         11


Ultimately, the court accepted Leahy’s waiver of counsel and released Moriarty

as standby counsel. Trial commenced and Leahy was found guilty of fraudulent

practice in the third degree.

C.     Faretta Inquiry

       To ascertain a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of the right to

counsel, the court must engage in a “meaningful colloquy” to ensure the accused

(1) understands the nature of the charge against him including the allowable

punishments; (2) is admonished as to the usefulness of an attorney; and (3) is

made aware of the danger in continuing without an attorney.            Cooley, 608

N.W.2d at 15 (citing Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835); see also Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332

U.S. 708, 724 (1948) (“To be valid such waiver must be made with an

apprehension of the nature of the charges, the statutory offenses included within

them, the range of allowable punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the

charges and circumstances in mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a

broad understanding of the whole matter.”). “The purpose of a colloquy is to

provide fair notice of the obstacles inherent in self-representation before an

accused embarks on so perilous an endeavor.” Cooley, 608 N.W.2d at 16.

       Although we observe the inquiry made at the hearing on the motion to

withdraw is arguably a “meaningful colloquy,”4 we limit our review to the court’s

second inquiry with Leahy prior to the commencement of trial—that which

resulted in the court’s acceptance of Leahy’s waiver of counsel. The inquiry


4
  Leahy does not appeal the court’s order following the hearing on the motion to
withdraw concerning Moriarty’s status as standby counsel. However, we find the
information discussed during the motion to withdraw hearing relevant to Leahy’s claim
concerning his mental capacity discussed below.
                                        12


afforded Leahy prior to the commencement of trial was comprehensive. The

court inquired into Leahy’s age, education, and his understanding of the charge

against him and its penalties. The court repeatedly warned Leahy of the dangers

he would encounter as his own attorney, including that he would be held to the

same standard of an attorney with respect to details such as cross-examination,

addressing the jury, and the rules of evidence.5 The court discussed Leahy’s

decision not to raise any kind of mental illness defense and whether there was a

basis for such a defense. Throughout this colloquy, Leahy remained consistent

that he wanted to represent himself and he was ready for that responsibility.

       On appeal, Leahy alleges his waiver was unknowing and involuntary

because the court discussed the name but not the “nature” of the offense or each

of its elements and lesser included offenses, and points out the court discussed

only one potential defense. We disagree. Leahy was represented by counsel

prior to trial. Attorney Moriarty’s statements alluded to several discussions he

had with Leahy, and Moriarty said it was his opinion Leahy “knows what the

stakes are.” And Leahy was not a novice to the criminal justice system—he had

previously represented himself on a burglary charge, and he was represented by

an attorney on a previous fraudulent practice charge.          See, e.g., State v.

Willform, No. 11-0079, 2012 WL 300317, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 1, 2012)

(reviewing a defendant’s waiver of counsel and noting, “Willform is no novice in

the criminal justice system”).

5
  But see State v. Rush-Brantley, No. 13-0445, 2014 WL 2884776, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App.
June 25, 2014) (reversing and remanding for a new trial where the district court’s
colloquy with the defendant did not include discussion of the dangers of self-
representation or the advantages of having competent and trained legal counsel
representing his interests).
                                          13


       From our review of the entire record, we conclude the colloquy between

the court and Leahy was sufficient to determine his waiver was voluntary,

knowing, and intelligent.6 Indeed, the court’s inquiry essentially followed that set

out in the Bench Book for United States District Judges, which does not mention

express defenses to crimes, elements of offenses charged, or potential lesser

included offenses or mitigating factors. See Guideline For District Judges, 1

Bench Book for United States District Judges 1.02–2 to –5 (3d ed. 1986); accord

United States v. McDowell, 814 F.2d 245, 251-52 (6th Cir. 1987) (quoting the

Bench Book guideline in appendix); Martin, 608 N.W.2d at 450 (stating “we [have

previously] pointed the bench and bar to a model inquiry for determining a

knowing and intelligent waiver of counsel. The model inquiry is found in 1 Bench

Book for United States District Judges 1.02–2 (3d ed. 1986), as well as United

States v. McDowell, 814 F.2d 245, 251-52 (6th Cir. 1987)”).              Under these

circumstances, we conclude the court’s colloquy provided fair notice of the

“obstacles inherent in self-representation” before Leahy “embarked on so

perilous an endeavor.” See Cooley, 608 N.W.2d at 16.

D.     “Gray-Area” Defendant

       In conjunction with his claim challenging his waiver of counsel, Leahy

further contends the court “erred in not considering [his] mental health in

determining whether to grant his request to waive his right to counsel and



6
   In reaching its decision to accept Leahy’s waiver of counsel, the district court
acknowledged this court’s ruling in State v. Clarke, No. 11-1096, 2012 WL 3590054, at
*2-3 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 22 2012), in which the court reversed and remanded for a new
trial where the defendant “asserted his desire to proceed pro se, but was not adequately
informed as to the attendant consequences of such a choice, then denied the right.” The
circumstances in this case are in clear contrast to those presented in Clarke.
                                          14


represent himself at trial.” To clarify, we observe Leahy does not dispute he was

competent to stand trial, but rather asserts the court erred in not considering, sua

sponte, his mental health in determining whether to grant his request to waive his

right to counsel and to represent himself at trial.

       We have determined the colloquy between the court and Leahy was

sufficient to ascertain Leahy’s knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of his

right to counsel. But even where the invocation of the right of self-representation

meets these requirements, “the right of self-representation is not absolute” and

courts are permitted to place a “mental-illness-related limitation on the scope of

the self-representation right.” Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164, 171 (2008).

Specifically, courts can “take realistic account of the particular defendant’s

mental capacities” and are allowed to insist upon representation by counsel for

“gray-area” defendants—those competent enough to stand trial “but who still

suffer from severe mental illness to the point where they are not competent to

conduct trial proceedings by themselves.” See id. at 177, 178.

       Discussing Edwards, this court has stated, “When a trial court is presented

with a mentally ill or mentally incapacitated defendant who, having been found

competent to stand trial, elects to represent himself, the trial court also must

ascertain whether the defendant is, in fact, competent to conduct the trial

proceedings without the assistance of counsel.” State v. Jason, 779 N.W.2d 66,

74 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009).      And in cases where the court has not sufficiently

investigated the defendant’s competency to represent himself, this court has

remanded the proceedings to allow the court to determine the defendant’s

competency to proceed pro se. See id. at 75-76 (“We find that Jason may be a
                                           15


‘gray-area’ defendant who was competent to stand trial, but not competent to

take on the expanded role of representing himself at trial. We remand to the trial

court for a hearing to determine whether it would have denied Jason’s right to

represent himself at trial in light of the standards established in Edwards and

subsequent cases that have recognized a constitutional violation when a

defendant who is not competent to present his own defense without the help of

counsel is allowed to do so.”); State v. McCullah, No. 08-0403, 2010 WL

5394747, at *10 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 22, 2010) (“McCullah I”) (“Although the trial

court was diligent in verifying McCullah was competent to stand trial and touched

on McCullah’s mental health numerous times, our review of the record shows the

court did not expressly consider whether McCullah suffered from a severe mental

illness such that the court would not have allowed him to represent himself.”).

       The State disagrees with this court’s interpretation and application of

Edwards as requiring a “new duty” of the court, and states Edwards “merely

imbues the trial courts with a discretion they previously lacked.” While we agree

with the State that Edwards did not explicitly create a new duty of the trial court to

allow only defendants meeting a specific standard of competency to represent

themselves,7 it appears our courts have interpreted the Edwards decision as

requiring the trial court to “investigate” whether the defendant is properly


7
 Indeed, in Edwards, the Supreme Court stated:
              Indiana has also asked us to adopt, as a measure of a
      defendant’s ability to conduct a trial, a more specific standard that would
      “deny a criminal defendant the right to represent himself at trial where the
      defendant cannot communicate coherently with the court or a jury.” We
      are sufficiently uncertain, however, as to how that particular standard
      would work in practice to refrain from endorsing it as a federal
      constitutional standard here. We need not now, and we do not, adopt it.
Edwards, 554 U.S. at 178.
                                           16

competent to represent himself.8 See State v. McCullah, No. 12-0081, 2013 WL

530943, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb 13, 2013) (“McCullah II”); State v. Hays, No.

11-0669, 2012 WL 4513885, at *4-5 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 3, 2012).

       At the outset, we observe a defendant is generally presumed competent

“unless evidence appears to the contrary.”              Cooley, 608 N.W.2d at 13.

Therefore, although the court must investigate whether the defendant is

competent to represent himself, see Jason, 779 N.W.2d at 74, “[a] hearing is not

necessary unless a court has reason to doubt a defendant’s competence.”

Cooley, 608 N.W.2d at 13-14. The trial judge “will often prove best able to make

more fine-tuned mental capacity decisions, tailored to the individualized

circumstances of a particular defendant.” Edwards, 554 U.S. at 177; Jason, 779

N.W.2d at 74. The premise underlying this issue is “the fairness of the trial.”

Jason, 779 N.W.2d at 75 (citing Edwards, 554 U.S. at 177-78).

       In Jason and McCullah I, reviewing pre-Edwards waivers of counsel and

trials, this court remanded for a hearing to determine the defendants’

competency to represent themselves at trial.             In those cases, this court

instructed:


8
  “We may construe the Iowa Constitution differently than its federal counterpart, despite
the provisions containing nearly identical language and being structured generally with
the same scope, import, and purpose.” State v. Kooima, 833 N.W.2d 202, 206 (Iowa
2013); see State v. Pals, 805 N.W.2d 767, 771-72, 781-83 (Iowa 2011) (noting Iowa’s
more stringent application of state constitutional provisions than federal caselaw
applying nearly identical federal counterparts); Varnum v. Brien, 763 N.W.2d 862, 879
n.6 (Iowa 2009) (observing “we have jealously guarded our right to ‘employ a different
analytical framework’ under the state equal protection clause as well as to independently
apply federally formulated principles” (citations omitted)); see also State v. Baldon, 829
N.W.2d 785, 803 (Iowa 2013) (Appel, J., specially concurring) (reviewing “the
foundations of the well-established Iowa law that we jealously reserve our right to
construe our state constitution independently of decisions of the United States Supreme
Court interpreting parallel provisions of the Federal Constitution”).
                                        17


             We emphasize that the issue to be decided on remand is not
      whether the defendant lacked the technical legal skill or knowledge
      to conduct the trial proceedings effectively without counsel . . . .
      That fact, however, has no bearing on whether he was competent
      to represent himself for purposes of Edwards.            Rather, the
      determination of his competence or lack thereof must be predicated
      solely on his ability to “carry out the basic tasks needed to present
      his own defense without the help of counsel”; [Edwards, 554 U.S. at
      175-76,]; notwithstanding any mental incapacity or impairment
      serious enough to call that ability into question. Of course, in
      making this determination, the trial court should consider the
      manner in which the defendant conducted the trial proceedings and
      whether he grasped the issues pertinent to those proceedings,
      along with his ability to communicate coherently with the court and
      the jury.

Jason, 779 N.W.2d at 76 n.2; McCullah I, 2010 WL 5394747, at *10 n.3. In line

with those prior rulings, Leahy requests we remand to the district court “for

proper consideration of whether he was competent for self-representation.”

      We need not remand for a hearing, however, if the record indicates the

district court engaged in such an investigation in the underlying proceeding in

order to dispel any doubts the court may have had concerning Leahy’s ability to

present his own defense. Although the State argues we should review this issue

for abuse of discretion, we conduct a de novo review of this constitutional claim.

See McCullah II, 2013 WL 530943, at *2; Hays, 2012 WL 4513885, at *4-5; State

v. Bell, No. 11-1267, 2012 WL 3196646, at *1 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 8, 2012).

      Here, the court was aware Leahy was under the conservatorship of his

sister and had previously been under a court-ordered guardianship of his sister.

The court was aware the guardianship had terminated prior to the incidents at

issue and was not in effect at the time of trial. Still, the court stated, “I’m not

trying to offend you, Mr. Leahy, or make you defensive, but I am a little

concerned about whether or not your mental state is adequate for proceeding to
                                           18


trial [pro se] given the allegations that are contained in here.” Leahy points to

this statement by the court to support his claim that he was not competent to

represent himself.     We believe, however, this statement—coupled with the

court’s subsequent inquiry—is indicative of the court’s effort to determine Leahy’s

competency to represent himself.

       When asked by the court for his opinion on Leahy’s decision to represent

himself, Leahy’s then-standby counsel Attorney Moriarty raised no concerns

about Leahy’s mental health, opined Leahy “knows what the stakes are,” and

stated, “He knows that I think it’s not in his best interest.” Leahy’s conservator

and former guardian (his sister) did not want Leahy to represent himself, but she

agreed Leahy was competent to make the decision to represent himself. 9 The

court engaged in two lengthy colloquies with Leahy. The court was aware Leahy

was sixty-four years old and a college graduate.10 When asked by the court if he

had received mental health treatment or medication in the past, Leahy responded

he had not received mental health treatment, and had been medicated for mental

health problems “twelve years ago” but “there was not a mental health problem,

no.” Leahy stated he understood a defendant has the ability to raise a mental


9
  In our de novo review, our overriding task is to determine whether Leahy received a fair
trial. See Jason, 779 N.W.2d at 75. Accordingly, despite the fact that different trial
judges conducted the hearing on Moriarty’s motion to withdraw and Leahy’s trial, we will
consider the information before the court as a whole, including the information available
at sentencing that will be discussed below. See McCullah II, 2013 WL 530943, at *2
(reviewing all evidence in the record to determine whether the defendant was sufficiently
competent to represent himself at trial even if such review entails “an element of
‘Monday morning quarterbacking’” because “we are not so much concerned about the
unfairness to the trial judge who may be reversed on information that was unavailable to
him or her, but rather whether the defendant received a fair trial”).
10
   We in no way insinuate that the fact a defendant holds a college degree, in and of
itself, precludes a court from concluding a defendant should not be permitted to
represent himself. See Jason, 779 N.W.2d at 75.
                                         19


health defense in a criminal proceeding, but stated there was “absolutely” no

basis for that type of defense in his case.

       Leahy points to a mental health evaluation completed by a psychiatric

social worker prior to sentencing, which stated Leahy “appears to have Bipolar

Disorder.”    However, the evaluation also indicated Leahy “has not taken

medication for well over ten years, has not required inpatient psychiatric

treatment and has not exhibited any symptoms that would be construed as being

a danger to self or others that would dictate involuntary treatment.”           The

evaluation described Leahy “pleasant, verbal and cooperative” and “oriented as

to person, place and time appearing to be in good contact with reality.” In terms

of his actual performance at trial, Leahy made an appropriate objection to the

State’s evidence and cross-examined several of the State’s witnesses. In any

event, pitfalls Leahy may have encountered during self-representation are

precisely the things the court warned him about in its inquiry.           Faretta v.

California, 422 U.S. at 834 (“[A]lthough he may conduct his own defense

ultimately to his own detriment, his choice must be honored out of that respect for

the individual which is the lifeblood of the law.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.)).

       “[M]ental illness is not a singular category [or] a unitary concept. It varies

in degree. It can vary over time. It interferes with an individual’s functioning at

different times in different ways.” Jason, 779 N.W.2d at 75 (internal quotation

marks omitted). Here, we observe the trial court was in the best position “to

make more fine-tuned mental capacity decisions, tailored to [Leahy’s]
                                            20

individualized circumstances.”11      See Edwards, 554 U.S. at 177; Jason, 779

N.W.2d at 74. Upon our de novo review and giving due consideration to the

overriding question of whether Leahy received a fair trial, we conclude the district

court investigated Leahy’s competency to self-represent and ruled correctly in

finding Leahy competent to represent himself.

III.   Other Claims

       Leahy challenges the jury instructions and sufficiency of the evidence

supporting his conviction. Leahy did not raise these issues before the district

court.12 See State v. Sanford, 814 N.W.2d 611, 620 (Iowa 2012) (“Issues on

appeal not raised in the district court are deemed waived.”).

       At oral argument, Leahy conceded if we conclude his waiver of right to

counsel was valid then these claims are not preserved for our review. Leahy’s

self-representation does not excuse his failure to comply with applicable rules of

criminal procedure and we therefore conclude these issues are not preserved for

our review. See State v. Eldridge, 590 N.W.2d 734, 736 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999);



11
   We recognize this case bears many similarities to Jason, 779 N.W.2d at 76, in which
we remanded for a competency hearing. Again, the original waiver of counsel and trial
in Jason took place pre-Edwards. We further recognize the very nature of this issue
implicates individualized review from our courts; and moreover, that trial courts are
capable—on the first go-around—of determining a defendant’s competence or lack
thereof predicated on the defendant’s ability to carry out the basic tasks needed to
present his own defense without the help of counsel. We are satisfied the trial court did
just that in this case.
12
   Leahy did not object to the jury instructions or make a motion for judgment of acquittal
on his claim of insufficient evidence or before the trial court. See State v. Fountain, 786
N.W.2d 260, 262 (Iowa 2010) (“Normally, objections to giving or failing to give jury
instructions are waived on direct appeal if not raised before counsel’s closing arguments,
and the instructions submitted to the jury become the law of the case.”); State v.
Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2004) (“To preserve error on a claim of
insufficient evidence for appellate review in a criminal case, the defendant must make a
motion for judgment of acquittal at trial that identifies the specific grounds raised on
appeal.”).
                                        21

see generally Cooley, 608 N.W.2d at 14 (Iowa 2000) (“When an accused

manages his own defense, he relinquishes, as a purely factual matter, many of

the traditional benefits associated with the right to counsel.” (citing Faretta, 422

U.S. at 835)).

IV.    Conclusion

       Having considered all issues presented on appeal, we affirm the judgment

and sentence entered by the district court on Leahy’s conviction for third-degree

fraudulent practice.

       AFFIRMED.
