                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                 November 6, 2003 Session

        MURFREESBORO MEDICAL CLINIC, P.A. v. DAVID UDOM

              Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Rutherford County
                   No. 02-5739CV     Robert E. Corlew, III, Chancellor



                   No. M2003-00313-COA-R9-CV - Filed January 30, 2004


This case involves the enforcement of a non-compete agreement. Plaintiff filed suit to enjoin
Defendant from practicing medicine in violation of a covenant not to compete entered into by the
parties. The trial court granted Plaintiff’s application for a temporary injunction from which
Defendant sought this interlocutory appeal. We reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 9; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed in part; Affirmed in part;
                                     and Remanded

DAVID R. FARMER , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S.,
and PATRICIA COTTRELL, J., joined.

Douglas B. Janney, III, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, David Udom.

Josh A. McCreary, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellee, Murfreesboro Medical Clinic, P.A.

                                           OPINION

         Defendant/appellant, Dr. David Udom (Dr. Udom), accepted an oral offer of employment
from plaintiff/appellee, Murfreesboro Medical Clinic (MMC), a Tennessee professional
corporation, to practice internal medicine. MMC subsequently sent to Dr. Udom an employment
and stock transfer agreement (employment contract) for his review and signature. The
employment contract provided for an initial two-year term of employment and gave MMC the
option of extending Dr. Udom’s employment. The employment contract also contained a non-
compete agreement which provided that “[u]pon any termination of this [employment contract] .
. . the [e]mployee agrees not to engage in the practice of medicine within a twenty-five (25) mile
radius of the public square of Murfreesboro, Tennessee for a period of eighteen (18) months
following such termination.” In addition, the non-compete agreement contained a compensation
for competition clause or buy-out provision (buy-out provision), whereby upon termination, the
employee doctor may compete so long as MMC is compensated twelve times the amount of the
employee’s most recent monthly salary. Upon review of the employment contract, Dr. Udom
signed and delivered the employment contract to MMC.

         At the expiration of the initial two years of the employment contract, the board of
directors for MMC decided not to extend Dr. Udom’s employment contract. Dr. Udom
subsequently opened an office for medical practice in Smyrna, Tennessee, fifteen miles from the
public square of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. MMC filed a complaint against Dr. Udom seeking,
inter alia, to enjoin Dr. Udom’s current practice. At the conclusion of a hearing on MMC’s
application for a temporary injunction against Dr. Udom, the trial court granted the temporary
injunction enjoining Dr. Udom from practicing medicine within a twenty-five mile radius of the
public square of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. In a separate order, the trial court entered its findings
of facts and conclusions of law. The court found the eighteen month duration contained in the
non-compete clause reasonable. The court expressed some concern as to the twenty-five mile
geographic radius contained in the non-compete agreement because of two hospitals located in
the Metropolitan area of Nashville, but because Dr. Udom indicated no desire to practice at either
of those facilities, the court ultimately found no immediate harm to Dr. Udom in enforcing the
non-compete agreement. In relying upon case law from other jurisdictions, the court found that
$250,000 would be an excessive amount to satisfy the buy-out provision. The court, without
direct proof as to the amount that would satisfy the buy-out, arrived at an amount of $120,000
“based upon statements by counsel” of Dr. Udom’s salary. After a subsequent hearing, the trial
court rendered a bench order, resulting in Dr. Udom being able to place $120,000 with the office
of the clerk and master in order to continue his Smyrna practice.1 Subsequently, Dr. Udom filed
an application for permission to pursue interlocutory appeal which was granted by this Court and
the trial court. Upon Dr. Udom’s motion, this Court stayed enforcement of the temporary
injunction pending this appeal. Additionally, Dr. Udom filed a motion with this Court for an
order to release funds, which, upon consideration of that motion and MMC’s response to that
motion, this Court denied.

                                                 Issues Presented

         Dr. Udom raises the following issues, as we perceive them, for review by this Court:

         1.       Whether the Chancery Court erred in granting MMC a temporary
                  injunction.

         2.       Whether the non-competition provision, as it applies to Dr. Udom, is
                  enforceable.




         1
          The bench order is not found in the technica l record but both parties neither dispute its existenc e nor its
substance. Further, proof of the of the order’s substance can be found found in Chancellor Corlew’s letter to counsel
supplemented as exhibit 2 of MM C’s response and objection to motion for order to release funds filed with the co urt.

                                                         -2-
                                        Standard of Review

        To the extent these issues involve questions of fact, our review of the trial court's ruling is
de novo with a presumption of correctness. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Sullivan v. Sullivan, 107
S.W.3d 507, 509 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). We may not reverse the trial court's factual findings
unless they are contrary to the preponderance of the evidence. Sullivan, 107 S.W.3d at 510.
With respect to the court's legal conclusions, however, our review is de novo with no
presumption of correctness. Id.

                                      Temporary Injunction

        In granting a temporary injunction, the court considers “‘(1) the threat of irreparable harm
to plaintiff if the injunction is not granted; (2) the balance between the harm and the injury that
granting the injunction would inflict on the defendant; (3) the probability that plaintiff will
succeed on the merits; and (4) the public interest.’” S. Cent. Tenn. R.R. Auth. v. Harakas, 44
S.W.3d 912, 919 n.6 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (quoting Robert Banks, Jr. & June F. Entman,
Tennessee Civil Procedure § 4-3(l) (1999)). In determining whether the harm is irreparable, it is
well settled that “[w]here there is a full, complete, and adequate remedy at law for an injury, it is
not irreparable.” Fort v. Dixie Oil Co., 95 S.W.3d 931, 932 (Tenn. 1932). Further, “[a]n injury
is irreparable if it cannot be undone through monetary remedies.” Interox Am. v. PPG Indus.,
Inc., 736 F.2d 194, 202 (5th Cir. 1984) (citing Deerfield Med. Ctr. v. City of Deerfield Beach,
661 F.2d 328, 338 (5th Cir. 1981)).

        In this case, Dr. Udom and MMC agreed to a specific sum of money that would be an
adequate remedy in the event Dr. Udom breached the non-compete clause. Further, although the
trial court found that MMC would suffer an irreparable injury if Dr. Udom violated the non-
compete clause, the agreement nevertheless allowed Dr. Udom to resume his Smyrna practice by
placing a sum equal to the buy-out provision of the non-compete clause with the clerk and master
of the chancery court. As a result, the trial court’s finding of irreparable injury must be reversed
because the employment agreement provided an adequate remedy in the form of the buy-out
provision. Accordingly, the trial court’s grant of temporary injunction against Dr. Udom must be
reversed.

                         Enforceability of the Non-Compete Agreement

        Dr. Udom next contends that the non-compete clause as it applies to Dr. Udom, a private
physician, is unenforceable because it is unreasonable, overly broad, not protecting a recognized
interest, and void as against public policy. In Allright Auto Parks, Inc. v. Berry, 409 S.W.2d 361
(Tenn. 1966), the Tennessee Supreme Court enumerated the considerations involved in
evaluating non-compete agreements.

               Agreements in restraint of trade, such as covenants restricting competition,
       are not invalid per se. Although disfavored by law, such agreements are valid and


                                                  -3-
       will be enforced, provided they are deemed reasonable under the particular
       circumstances. (Citations omitted.)

               There is no inflexible formula for deciding the ubiquitous question of
       reasonableness, insofar as noncompetitive covenants are concerned. Each case
       must stand or fall on its own facts. However, there are certain elements which
       should always be considered in ascertaining the reasonableness of such
       agreements. Among these are: [1] the consideration supporting the agreements;
       [2] the threatened danger to the employer in the absence of such an agreement; [3]
       the economic hardship imposed on the employee by such a covenant; and [4]
       whether or not such a covenant should be inimical to public interest. See 17 C.J.S.
       Contracts § 247; Williston on Contracts, Vol. 5, § 1636; Welcome Wagon, Inc. v.
       Morris, 224 F.2d 693 (4th Cir. 1955).

Berry, 409 S.W.2d at 363. Applying the first element to this case, MMC provided ample
consideration, approximately $120,000 of annual salary, to Dr. Udom for his services and
covenant not to compete after he left.

       The second element of the threatened danger to the employer in the absence of the non-
compete was most recently addressed in the case of Hasty v. Rent-A-Driver, Inc., 671 S.W.2d
471 (Tenn. 1984). In Hasty, the court discussed under what circumstances the law affords the
employer protection from a former employee’s competition.

               Of course, any competition by a former employee may well injure the
       business of the employer. An employer, however, cannot by contract restrain
       ordinary competition. All Stainless, Inc. v. Colby, 308 N.E.2d 481, 486 (Mass.
       1974). In order for an employer to be entitled to protection, there must be special
       facts present over and above ordinary competition. See 17 C.J.S. Contracts § 254
       (1963). These special facts must be such that without the covenant not to compete
       the employee would gain an unfair advantage in future competition with the
       employer. See Matthews v. Barnes, 293 S.W. 993, 994 (Tenn. 1927).

               . . . . Such legitimate business interests include trade or business secrets or
       other confidential information. See, e.g., Mathews, 293 S.W. at 994; Colby, 308
       N.E.2d at 486. Restrictive covenants have been held reasonable where the
       employee closely associates or has repeated contact with the employer’s
       customers so that the customer tends to associate the employer’s business with the
       employee. See, e.g., Mathews, 293 S.W. at 994; Hosp. Consultants, Inc. v.
       Potyka, 531 S.W.2d 657, 661 (Tex. App. 1975).

Hasty, 671 S.W.2d at 474. There are few professions that enjoy the closeness and trust that is
found in the doctor-patient relationship. A patient most likely identifies his business with Dr.
Udom rather than with MMC. When Dr. Udom leaves MMC, many of his patients and MMC’s


                                                -4-
former customers will likely leave to continue seeing Dr. Udom. As such, MMC has a legitimate
business interest in its customers that deserves protection.

         Turning our focus to the third element of the economic hardship imposed by the covenant
on the employee, this Court finds that the facts of this case mitigate any economic hardship Dr.
Udom will experience. First, Dr. Udom was given the opportunity to fully review the non-
compete clause contained in the employment agreement and knowingly entered into such an
agreement. Second, this non-compete clause contained an option for Dr. Udom to continue his
practice and compete in the proscribed area provided he compensate MMC one year’s worth of
his salary. Third, upon opening his new practice within the proscribed area, Dr. Udom was able
to place a sum equal to his former salary with the clerk and master’s office demonstrating his
ability to practice despite any economic hardships imposed by the covenant.

        Finally, this Court must determine whether the non-compete clause as it applies to Dr.
Udom is inimical to public interest. This element was most recently addressed in Medical
Education Assistance Corporation v. East Tennessee State University, 19 S.W.3d 803 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1999). In that case, this Court was faced with the validity of a covenant not to compete
entered into between a state college of medicine and one of its faculty members, who additionally
practiced medicine with a non-profit clinic affiliated with the state university. E.T.S.U., 19
S.W.3d at 806. In that case, this Court identified two competing public interests in evaluating the
covenant. Id. at 816. The first interest was that of the public and in particular “the right of a
patient to choose her physician and to be allowed to continue that relationship even after the
physician leaves her place of employment.” Id. Additionally, this Court stated that “[t]he
competing public interest is the public’s interest in having an accredited, qualified, and well
staffed medical college in East Tennessee.” Id. Weighing these two competing interests, the
court ultimately held the covenant enforceable because the public benefits from having
physicians trained by qualified faculty. Id. This Court, however, emphasized that their decision
was limited to the facts of that particular case. Id.

        In this case, the public’s interest in allowing a patient to choose her physician is still
prominent while the competing interests differ from those found in the E.T.S.U. case. MMC is a
for profit corporation and the interest of having a well qualified faculty is not present. However,
as aforementioned, MMC does have a legitimate business interest in its customers that is worthy
of protection. Further, this Court recognizes, as have other jurisdictions in enforcing non-
compete clauses as applied to physicians, Dr. Udom and MMC’s right to contract. Beam v.
Rutledge, 9 S.E.2d 476, 478 (N.C. 1940)

       This right of the parties to say upon what terms and conditions they are willing to
       form a partnership, or to enter into a contract of the character here disclosed, is not
       to be lightly abridged. Indeed it is no small part of the liberty of the citizen.
       (Citations omitted.) “Freedom to contract must not be unreasonably abridged.
       Neither must the right to protect by reasonable restrictions that which a man by



                                                -5-
       industry, skill, and good judgment has built up be denied.” Eureka Laundry Co.
       v. Long, 131 N.W. 412 (Wis. 1911).

Beam, 9 S.E.2d at 478. In weighing the competing interests, the public interest in a patient’s
right to choose her physician is tempered by the facts of this case. The non-compete agreement
prohibits Dr. Udom from opening a practice within twenty-five miles of Murfreesboro. If Dr.
Udom is to open a practice outside of the prohibited area, it is not uncommon for a patient to
drive a half-hour or longer to visit their doctor. Further, the agreement provides Dr. Udom with
the option to keep his former patients and practice within the proscribed area provided he comply
with the buyout provision as has been done for Dr. Udom’s current Smyrna practice.

        The trial court ultimately found the twenty-five mile geographic radius and the eighteen
month duration contained in the non-compete clause to be reasonable and this Court finds
nothing in the record or in case law to hold to the contrary. See Rash v. Toccoa Clinic Med.
Assoc., 320 S.E.2d 170, 171-72 (Ga. 1984). Additionally, the trial court found that $250,000
would be an excessive amount for the buy-out provision and stated that $120,000 would be used
“based upon statements by counsel” of Dr. Udom’s salary. The record is not clear on the amount
of Dr. Udom’s salary nor the reasonableness of that amount in satisfying the buy-out provision.
Accordingly, we hold the non-compete clause enforceable and reasonable as it applies to Dr.
Udom but remand the case for the trial court’s determination of the reasonableness and specific
amount to be used in satisfying the buy-out provision.

                                           Conclusion

        In light of the foregoing, we reverse the trial court’s grant of MMC’s application for
temporary injunction and affirm the trial court’s finding that the non-compete agreement was
reasonable and enforceable. This case is remanded to the trial court for a proper determination of
the reasonableness and specific amount to be used in satisfying the buy-out provision. Costs of
this appeal are taxed one-half to the Appellee, Murfreesboro Medical Clinic, P.A., and one-half
to the Appellant, David Udom, and his surety, for which execution may issue if necessary.



                                                     ___________________________________
                                                     DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE




                                               -6-
