MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any                               Feb 15 2016, 8:49 am

court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kristin A. Mulholland                                    Gregory F. Zoeller
Appellate Public Defender                                Attorney General of Indiana
Crown Point, Indiana
                                                         Katherine Modesitt Cooper
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Takesha Lashawn Sanders,                                 February 15, 2016
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         45A04-1506-CR-648
        v.                                               Appeal from the
                                                         Lake Superior Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                      Samuel L. Cappas, Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         45G04-1301-FA-1



Kirsch, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016         Page 1 of 13
[1]   Takesha Lashawn Sanders (“Sanders”) was found guilty but mentally ill of

      murder1 after a jury trial. She appeals, raising the following restated issue for

      our review: whether the trial court abused its discretion when it refused to

      instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of reckless homicide.


[2]   We affirm.


                                      Facts and Procedural History
[3]   In January 2013, Sanders was living with Gregory Cole (“Cole”), their son, and

      Sanders’s son from another relationship in a residence on Tennessee Street in

      Gary, Indiana. Cole’s friend, Charles Hampton (“Hampton”), was also living

      in the residence. At approximately 5:00 p.m. on January 8, 2013, Cole and

      Sanders began drinking and continued to drink throughout the night. Hampton

      came home around 6:00 or 7:00 p.m. and saw that Sanders and Cole had been

      drinking. Hampton had also been drinking and continued to do so in his

      bedroom after returning to the residence. Sanders’s sister, Sharese Burks

      (“Burks”), also arrived at the residence sometime after Hampton and mostly

      stayed in the bedroom with the children.


[4]   Although Hampton stayed in his bedroom most of the night with the door

      closed, he did observe several arguments between Sanders and Cole. When he

      first witnessed the two arguing, it was not a physical argument, but the second




      1
          See Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1).


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 2 of 13
      time he observed them fighting, Sanders was pushing Cole, who appeared

      drunk and was having trouble standing. The third time Hampton opened his

      bedroom door and saw Sanders and Cole arguing, “[Sanders] was pushing

      [Cole] around, getting basically the best of him this time.” Tr. at 83. Hampton

      attempted to intervene, but Cole told him to stay out of it, so Hampton returned

      to his bedroom, had another drink, and went to sleep.


[5]   Burks also witnessed Sanders and Cole arguing that night. Burks stayed in the

      bedroom most of the night, but came out periodically. One of the times Burks

      came out, she saw Cole with a knife in his hand. Later when Burks opened the

      bedroom door to check on Sanders and Cole, she saw blood and Cole’s body on

      the floor. Burks called Melinda Harvey (“Harvey”), a family friend, a couple of

      times between 12:30 and 2:00 a.m. on January 9 to tell Harvey that Sanders and

      Cole were fighting and that Burks needed to check on Sanders.


[6]   According to Sanders, she and Cole had several arguments that night. At a

      certain point, Cole began to yell at her while they were in the kitchen, but she

      could not recall what the argument was about. She saw Cole grab something

      that she thought was a knife and heard him say something about “those mother

      f*cking kids,” which scared her. Id. at 501. Cole began walking into the living

      room area, and Sanders tried to stop him from getting to the children. She cut

      off his path and told him to give her the knife. Cole refused and told Sanders to

      get out of his way. Sanders did not remember anything after that.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 3 of 13
[7]   Burks again called Harvey at 4:00 a.m. and told her that they needed help.

      Burks said, “[Y]ou got to help, it’s bad, it’s bad. Come help us. Come get us.”

      Id. at 209. Sanders left the home with Burks and the children, and they arrived

      at Harvey’s home around 4:30 a.m. Harvey noticed that Sanders’s face was red

      and that Sanders had cuts on her hands. Harvey also observed that Sanders

      appeared to be in shock. Burks called her and Sanders’s older brother, who told

      Burks to contact the police. However, the brother ended up contacting the

      police.


[8]   Gary Police Department Officer Justin Hedrick (“Officer Hedrick”) responded

      to a welfare check at Cole’s address and found Cole lying on his stomach in a

      pool of blood. The responding officers checked Cole for a pulse and found

      none. Officer Hedrick continued to clear the rest of the residence and

      discovered Hampton asleep in his room. Hampton identified Cole to Officer

      Hedrick. Two knives were collected from Cole’s residence: a black-handled

      folding knife recovered next to Cole’s body and another folding knife with a

      brown handle that was located in a drawer under some paperwork. The black-

      handled knife tested positive for blood, but the other knife did not. It was later

      determined that Cole suffered five stab wounds to his upper body, three of

      which were flesh wounds to the skin and muscle, one which lacerated his liver

      and caused internal hemorrhaging, and one which penetrated the heart from

      front to back and caused substantial blood loss. The wound to the heart was

      most likely the wound that killed Cole.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 4 of 13
[9]    Gary Police Department Officer Nicholas Ferrell was dispatched to Harvey’s

       address to transport Sanders to the police department as the suspect in Cole’s

       death. Sanders’s hands were bandaged by paramedics, and she was taken to the

       Gary Police Department, where she met with Detective Michael Barnes

       (“Detective Barnes”). Detective Barnes advised Sanders of her Miranda rights,

       and she signed a waiver of rights form. Detective Barnes then conducted a

       video-taped interview with Sanders, in which she admitted to stabbing Cole.


[10]   Sometime after Cole’s death, his aunt, Sandra Cole (“Sandra”), went to Cole’s

       home to clean and found journals, consisting of a small journal and a

       composition notebook, kept by Sanders. Sandra gave the journals to the police.

       A handwriting expert determined that Sanders wrote the passages contained in

       the small journal and that it was highly probable that Sanders wrote the

       passages contained in the composition notebook. In a passage from the small

       journal dated January 8, 2013, which was the day before she killed Cole,

       Sanders wrote:

               Man, I can’t wait to get the hell out of here because [Cole] really
               lost his mind. I honestly wanted him dead on Sunday. This
               n***a was on other sh*t. This b*itch saying all types of sh*t and
               got mad when I said some sh*t, like he the only one who could
               say something. If [Hampton] wasn’t here I probably would have
               stab[b]ed that n***a, but I don’t know if he pissed me off bad
               enough. If he kept talking or tried to put his hands on me then it
               would have been over for him and since I don’t believe in God I
               would not feel too bad about it. I would have been scared I
               would get caught and sad for his family but as time pass[ed] I
               would get over it.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 5 of 13
       State’s Ex. 124; Tr. at 426-27.


[11]   The State originally charged Sanders with Class A felony voluntary

       manslaughter and Class B felony voluntary manslaughter, but later amended

       the charges to include murder. Prior to the trial, the State dismissed the

       voluntary manslaughter charges. Sanders raised a defense of insanity, and the

       trial court appointed Dr. Douglas Caruana (“Dr. Caruana”), a psychologist,

       and Dr. Bhawani Prasad (“Dr. Prasad”), a psychiatrist, to evaluate Sanders.

       Both doctors testified at trial. Dr. Caruana determined that Sanders did not

       meet the criteria for insanity as defined by the statute. Tr. at 720. Dr. Prasad

       concluded that Sanders was sane at the time she killed Cole. Id. at 759.


[12]   At trial, Sanders testified that Cole had a knife and made threatening statements

       about the children and that she believed she had to stop him. Id. at 501-02.

       Sanders testified that she did not remember stabbing Cole or giving a statement

       to Detective Barnes. Id. at 503-05. In her testimony at trial, Sanders stated that

       she had been the victim of sexual and physical abuse beginning in the second

       grade. She related that she developed what she referred to as “best friend,” who

       she first met at around age eight. Id. at 496. When Sanders was young, “best

       friend” was comforting and supportive, but as she grew older, he would “say

       bad things” and call her names. Id. at 497, 499. Sanders testified that “best

       friend” was in the kitchen the night she killed Cole and told Sanders that she

       “had to stop [Cole] before he hurt [her] kids.” Id. at 502.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 6 of 13
[13]   On cross-examination, Sanders admitted that she had told Detective Barnes

       during her interview that she liked knives and that she had picked up the black

       knife and put it in her pocket the night she killed Cole. Id. at 523-24. Sanders

       told Detective Barnes that Cole had a brown-handled knife. Id. at 524. On

       cross, Sanders acknowledged that she had told the 911 operator that Cole had

       attacked her with a knife and she had to stab him because her life was in

       danger. Id. at 529-30. Sanders also agreed that she told Detective Barnes that

       “[Cole] was making her mad, [and she] had a knife so [she] stabbed him.” Id.

       at 530.


[14]   During the trial, Sanders presented expert testimony from Dr. Karla Fisher

       (“Dr. Fisher”), a psychologist and lawyer, who had interviewed Sanders. Dr.

       Fisher testified about battered woman syndrome and concluded that Sanders

       was a battered woman, that the abuse was significant, and that she suffered

       from post-traumatic stress disorder. Id. at 612-13. Dr. Fisher concluded that

       “[Sanders] struggled with [Cole] over the knife because she thought he was

       gonna [sic] kill her children and in that struggle or after that struggle she killed

       him because she thought he was still serious about killing them.” Id. at 615.

       Dr. Fisher found out about “best friend” from interviewing Sanders and

       referred her to Dr. Lisa Rone (“Dr. Rone”), a clinical psychologist. Dr. Rone

       diagnosed Sanders with dissociative identity disorder, not otherwise specified.

       Dr. Rone stated that “best friend” was “real in the sense that his persona is a

       part of . . . Sanders and she experiences this persona as a separate and unique

       identity, separate from her.” Id. at 681. Dr. Rone concluded that Sanders’s act


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 7 of 13
       of killing Cole “was not a willful act, this was an automatic act and an act in

       which she did not appreciate the wrongfulness of her conduct.” Id. at 688.


[15]   At the close of evidence, defense counsel requested that the trial court instruct

       the jury on voluntary manslaughter and reckless homicide. At that time, the

       trial court stated that it would give an instruction on the lesser included offense

       of voluntary manslaughter, but not on reckless homicide. Defense counsel

       subsequently requested the trial court to give the jury the pattern jury

       instruction for reckless homicide. The trial court questioned what facts

       supported the giving of such an instruction, stating, “Your client testified she

       didn’t have any memory of the event. How do you get a Reckless from that?”

       Id. at 812. Defense counsel responded, in pertinent part:


               You understand with the mental state being the thing in question,
               we don’t know. Maybe they could maybe reduce it from stab
               wound patterns, from the pathology diagram. They might be
               able to do it between how they are going to reconstruct the
               testimony of . . . Hampton and . . . Burks, the two other people
               who witnessed a position of the argument that night.


               There’s a myriad of ways I think that this could be achieved. I
               just believe that it would be appropriate. I believe it would be a
               simple one to add in. And I think it would be a fundamental
               fairness to [Sanders].


       Id. at 813. The State again opposed giving the instruction on reckless homicide,

       and the trial court ultimately refused to give the jury an instruction on reckless

       homicide, finding that there was no serious evidentiary dispute as to the facts of

       the case. The trial court continued, “The victim had one stab wound directly to
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 8 of 13
       the heart, penetrated all the way through. . . . I don’t find this to be a reckless

       fact pattern such that a lesser included offense is warranted.” Id. at 817. At the

       conclusion of the jury trial, the jury found Sanders guilty but mentally ill as to

       the murder. The trial court sentenced Sanders to forty-seven years and ordered

       the Department of Correction to evaluate her mental capacity. Sanders now

       appeals.


                                      Discussion and Decision
[16]   Sanders argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it refused to

       instruct the jury as to reckless homicide. The trial court has broad discretion in

       instructing the jury, and we generally review its instructional determinations

       only for an abuse of discretion. Jackson v. State, 33 N.E.3d 1067, 1071 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2015), trans. denied.


[17]   Our Supreme Court in Wright v. State, 658 N.E.2d 563 (Ind. 1995), set out a

       three-part test that trial courts should perform when requested by a party to

       instruct on a lesser included offense to the crime charged. Webb v. State, 963

       N.E.2d 1103, 1106 (Ind. 2012). First, the trial court must compare the statute

       defining the crime charged with the statute defining the alleged lesser included

       offense to determine if the alleged lesser included offense is inherently included

       in the crime charged. Id. Second, if it is determined that an alleged lesser

       included offense is not inherently included in the crime charged under step one,

       then the trial court must determine if the alleged lesser included offense is

       factually included in the crime charged. Id. If the alleged lesser included


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 9 of 13
       offense is neither inherently nor factually included in the crime charged, the

       trial court should not give an instruction on the alleged lesser included offense.

       Id. Third, if it has determined that an alleged lesser included offense is either

       inherently or factually included in the crime charged, the trial court must then

       look at the evidence presented in the case by both parties to determine “if there

       is a serious evidentiary dispute about the element or elements distinguishing the

       greater from the lesser offense and if, in view of this dispute, a jury could

       conclude that the lesser offense was committed but not the greater.” Id. If such

       an evidentiary dispute exists, it is reversible error for a trial court not to give an

       instruction, when requested, on the inherently or factually included lesser

       offense. Id.


[18]   Sanders argues that the trial court abused its discretion and committed

       reversible error when it refused to give the jury an instruction on reckless

       homicide. She contends that reckless homicide is an inherently included lesser

       offense of murder and that a serious evidentiary dispute existed concerning

       Sanders’s state of mind at the time of the crime, which created an issue for the

       jury as to which offense she may have committed. Sanders asserts that there

       was a serious evidentiary dispute as to what may have happened during the

       struggle between her and Cole because she claims that she acted in fear that

       Cole was going to hurt her or her children. She urges that the jury should have

       been able to consider whether her stabbing of Cole was reckless rather than

       knowing and intentional, and the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on

       reckless homicide was reversible error.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 10 of 13
[19]   The only element distinguishing murder and reckless homicide is the

       defendant’s state of mind: reckless homicide occurs when the defendant

       “recklessly” kills another human being, and murder occurs when the killing is

       done “knowingly” or “intentionally.” Compare Ind. Code § 35-42-1-5, with I.C.

       § 35-42-1-1(1). “A person engages in conduct ‘recklessly’ if he engages in the

       conduct in plain, conscious, and unjustifiable disregard of harm that might

       result and the disregard involves a substantial deviation from acceptable

       standards of conduct.” I.C. § 35-41-2-2(c). Conversely, “[a] person engages in

       conduct ‘knowingly’ if, when he engages in the conduct, he is aware of a high

       probability that he or she is doing so.” I.C. § 35-41-2-2(b). “A person engages

       in conduct ‘intentionally’ if, when he engages in the conduct, it is his conscious

       objective to do so.” I.C. § 35-41-2-2(a). Reckless homicide is, thus, an

       inherently included lesser offense of murder. Webb, 963 N.E.2d at 1106.


[20]   Therefore, the determinative issue in this case is whether there was a serious

       evidentiary dispute concerning Sanders’s state of mind that would justify giving

       the requested reckless homicide instruction. In determining whether a serious

       evidentiary dispute exists the trial court “must look at the evidence presented in

       the case by both parties.” Id. at 1107 (emphasis in original). Here, the evidence

       showed that Sanders admitted during her interview with Detective Barnes to

       stabbing Cole. Cole was stabbed multiple times, including one wound to the

       heart. This wound penetrated Cole’s heart from front to back, resulting in

       massive blood loss to Cole. There was also a stab wound that penetrated Cole’s

       liver and caused internal hemorrhaging. The infliction of multiple stab wounds,


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 11 of 13
       including one that penetrated Cole’s heart and another that lacerated his liver,

       is inconsistent with any theory other than that, when Sanders acted, she was

       aware of a high probability that her conduct might kill Cole. Sanders’s own

       expert, Dr. Fisher, opined that, “[Sanders] struggled with [Cole] over the knife

       because she thought he was gonna [sic] kill her children and in that struggle or

       after that struggle she killed him because she thought he was still serious about

       killing them.” Tr. at 615. This testimony supported Sanders’s argument that

       she killed Cole in self-defense because she thought he was going to harm the

       children, but did not show a dispute regarding the level of Sanders’s state of

       mind required for the commission of the offense.


[21]   Additionally, on cross-examination, Sanders admitted that she had told

       Detective Barnes that she liked knives, and on the night of Cole’s death, she

       had picked up the black knife from the kitchen counter and put it in her pocket.

       Id. at 523-24. Sanders also admitted on cross-examination that she told

       Detective Barnes that, on the night of the stabbing, Cole was making her mad,

       and she had a knife, so she stabbed him. Id. at 530. The evidence also showed

       that, on January 8, 2013, less than a day before she killed Cole, Sanders wrote

       in her journal that she “wanted him dead” and that she “would have stabbed”

       him if Hampton had not been there. State’s Ex. 124; Tr. at 426.


[22]   Sanders testified that she did not remember stabbing Cole. Tr. at 503-04. She

       stated that he grabbed a knife and said something about the “mother f*cking

       kids” that she understood to mean that he intended to harm the children so she

       cut off his path and told him to give her the knife, which he refused to do. Id. at

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 12 of 13
       501-03. Sanders testified that the next thing she remembered was Burks telling

       her to get the children and then leaving the residence. Id. at 504. She did not

       offer any evidence that she acted in plain, conscious, and unjustifiable disregard

       of harm that might result when she stabbed Cole and killed him.


[23]   The trial court heard the arguments presented by both the State and Sanders

       regarding giving the reckless homicide instruction and concluded that there was

       no serious evidentiary dispute as to the facts of the case, stating, “The victim

       had one stab wound directly to the heart, penetrated all the way through. . . . I

       don’t find this to be a reckless fact pattern such that a lesser included offense is

       warranted.” Id. at 817. The trial court reviewed the evidence presented by both

       parties and determined that a reckless homicide instruction should not be given.

       We agree. The evidence did not demonstrate a serious evidentiary dispute that

       would support Sanders’s request for a reckless homicide instruction. The trial

       court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Sander’s request.


[24]   Affirmed.


[25]   Mathias, J., and Brown, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1506-CR-648 | February 8, 2016   Page 13 of 13
