                                 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

MONIQUE LOCKHART,

        and

MONIQUE LOCKHART, next best friend of K.C.,

                           Plaintiffs,                              Civil Action No. 11-02264 (BAH)
                                                                    Judge Beryl A. Howell
        v.

COASTAL INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, INC.

                           Defendant.

                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

         Pending before the Court is the motion filed by the defendant Coastal International

Security, Inc. (“Coastal”), to dismiss the Complaint of Plaintiffs Monique Lockhart and Monique

Lockhart, as next best friend of K.C., pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b), for

“failure to prosecute and failure to follow the Court’s order.” Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s

Mot.”), ECF No. 14, at 2. The defendant also moves to dismiss due to the “Plaintiff’s failure

and/or refusal to take appropriate steps to resolve her claims through [the D.C. Department of

Employment Services],” which “has primary jurisdiction over these claims.” Id. For the reasons

set forth below, this motion will be granted in part and denied in part. 1

I.       BACKGROUND

         A.       Factual Allegations

         The defendant “performs security and related services under various contracts in the

District of Columbia and nationwide.” Complaint (“Compl.”), ECF No. 1-1, ¶ 3. The plaintiffs

1
 The Court has diversity jurisdiction over this matter under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a), since the plaintiffs are residents of
Maryland, the defendant is incorporated under the laws of South Carolina and maintains its principal place of
business in Virginia, and the Complaint alleges monetary damages in excess of $75,000.

                                                           1
allege that Monique Lockhart was formerly employed, beginning in June, 2004, 2 by the

defendant and had “problems with her supervisor, Lieutenant Minor . . . and other Coastal

employees.” Id. ¶¶ 7, 9. These problems allegedly stemmed from Lockhart’s refusal “to make a

false statement in support of Mr. Minor,” in connection with a sexual harassment case, which

refusal prompted “Coastal officers,” to make “repeated threats against the physical safety of Ms.

Lockhart.” Id. ¶¶ 9-11, 37.

         Set against the backdrop of this “pattern of abuse and harassment,” id. ¶ 13, the claims

focus primarily on the events that allegedly occurred on September 9, 2008. On that day,

Lockhart “was not feeling well due to her pregnancy.” Id. ¶ 15. Her supervisor denied her “an

extra break,” but told Lockhart “to sit down while she was waiting for other Coastal employees.”

Id. ¶¶ 15-16. Lockhart “passed out while sitting.” Id. ¶ 17. In an effort to bring her “back to

consciousness, Mr. Minor shouted at Ms. Lockhart and repeatedly slapped Ms. Lockhart in the

face.” Id. When she regained consciousness, her supervisor made her “perform an exterior

patrol of the premises and then return to the post,” before granting her request to leave for the

day. Id. ¶¶ 18, 19.

         Lockhart was subsequently terminated for “‘neglect of duty including sleeping on duty,’”

a citation she disputes on grounds that she “was not neglecting her duty by falling asleep but

rather fell unconscious after she was repeatedly denied a break.” Id. ¶¶ 21-22. 3 The Complaint

alleges that, “[s]ubsequent to [her] termination,” as a result of the defendant’s conduct, she “was

plagued by various medical complications . . . causing her child, [K.C.], to be born with physical



2
  The Complaint does not provide information regarding Lockhart’s position with the defendant, but the defendant
states that Lockhart was employed “as a security guard.” Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Stay, ECF No. 4, at 1.
3
 In its Answer to the Complaint, the defendant admits that Lockhart was terminated for events occurring on
September 9, 2008, and that she was cited for various violations, including “sleeping while on duty and neglect of
duty.” Def.’s Answer and Defenses to Pls.’ Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶¶ 20, 21.

                                                         2
abnormalities.” Id. ¶¶ 24, 25.

       B.      Procedural Background

       The plaintiffs filed their Complaint in Superior Court of the District of Columbia on

September 8, 2011, alleging that the defendant breached a duty to “not expos[e] [employees] to

dangerous work conditions, and to observe reasonable standards of care for employees under

medical conditions.” Id. ¶ 28. Plaintiffs allege that Coastal further breached that duty by

“allowing other employees to slap [Lockhart] in the face repeatedly and force her to walk a

patrol, and or to refuse reasonable request for leave,” id. ¶ 52, as well as by “allowing the

supervisor to assault and otherwise abuse Plaintiff Lockhart,” id. ¶ 60. Based upon their factual

and legal allegations, the plaintiffs assert a total of five claims: three claims on behalf of both

Lockhart and her child, K.C., namely, negligence (Count I), intentional infliction of emotional

distress (Count III), and negligent supervision (Count V); and two claims on behalf of Lockhart

alone, for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy because she was allegedly terminated

due to her medical disability (pregnancy) and “for her refusal to cover up an investigation into

allegations of violation of Title VII,” id. ¶ 39 (Count II), and negligent infliction of emotional

distress (Count IV). They seek relief for the “physical, emotional, and financial harm” caused to

“both Ms. Lockhart as a former employee and Master [K.C.],” id. ¶ 31; see also ¶¶ 47-49, 55-57,

62, in the amount of no less than $5,000,000, id. at 12 (Request for Relief).

       Following removal of the action to this Court, the defendant filed its Answer to the

Complaint asserting, inter alia, the defenses that the Complaint, in whole or in part, fails to state

a cause of action upon which relief may be granted (“First Defense”) and that plaintiffs’ claims

are barred, in whole or in part, for failure to exhaust administrative remedies and/or jurisdictional

prerequisites to suit (“Second Defense”). Def.’s Answer and Defenses to Pls.’ Compl., ECF No.



                                                   3
3, at 15.

           The plaintiffs’ representations in proceedings after the pleadings were closed are relevant

to consideration of the defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to prosecute and/or comply with

Court orders, and will therefore be reviewed in some detail. On the same day as filing its

Answer, the defendant requested that the case be stayed “because all the torts alleged in

Plaintiffs’ Complaint, including Counts I, III, IV, and V, arose from a work-related incident in

the workplace,” and, under D.C. law, a “‘substantial question’ exists as to whether these counts

are covered by the D.C. Worker’s Compensation Act.” Def.’s Mot. to Stay, ECF No. 4, at 1.

The plaintiffs consented to a partial stay of the claims in Counts I, III, and IV, see id. at 2, 4 but

filed no timely opposition to the part of the motion seeking to stay Counts II and V as well. The

Court granted the defendant’s motion, based on the plaintiffs’ partial concession and partial

consent, and stayed the case in its entirety pending the determination by the D.C. Department of

Employment Services (“DOES”) of the applicability of the D.C. Worker’s Compensation Act

(“WCA”) to the plaintiffs’ claims. 5 See Minute Order (Jan. 14, 2012). The Court instructed the

parties to file a joint status report by March 14, 2012, indicating whether DOES had “made a

determination regarding the claims in this action or whether the stay should be continued.”

Minute Order (Jan. 14, 2012).

           The first status report, filed by the defendant alone, rather than jointly as required by the

Court’s January 14, 2012 Order, advised that the defendant had received no notice of submission

of the plaintiffs’ claims to DOES, 6 but that plaintiffs’ counsel represented that “he believes he


4
  The plaintiffs filed no opposition or other papers in response to the defendant’s request for a stay, leaving the Court
to rely solely on the representations made in the defendant’s papers about the plaintiffs’ position.
5
 The Court also stayed Count II, alleging wrongful discharge, since it arose out of the same events as the other
counts and “to avoid piecemeal litigation.” Minute Order (Jan. 14, 2012).
6
    The defendant indicates that “[t]ypically, such notification would be received shortly after a claim is filed

                                                              4
has submitted their claims to DOES and will supplement this Status Report with the date of the

filing and the docket number.” Status Report, ECF No. 7, dated March 14, 2012, at ¶ 1. The

Court accordingly continued the stay, but also directed that the next joint status report be filed

within one week and specifically provide “(1) the date of plaintiffs’ filing, if any, of claims with

DOES; (2) the status of those claims; (3) whether the filing, if any, with DOES was timely; and

(4) if no filing by the plaintiffs with DOES was made, whether the stay should be lifted.” Minute

Order (Mar. 15, 2012).

         The second status report, which was filed jointly, acknowledged that (1) a “‘substantial

question’ exists as to whether the counts in Plaintiffs’ complaint and the injuries upon which

they are based are compensable exclusively through the D.C. Worker’s Compensation Act

(“WCA”) and whether this Court lacks primary jurisdiction;” (2) the “issues in this case should

be decided by DOES, after filing by Plaintiffs, because the answer may well be that Plaintiffs’

claims are covered by the exclusivity provision of the WCA;” and (3) “[w]hether Plaintiffs’

filing, if any, with DOES is/was timely and, therefore, whether Plaintiffs can be compensated for

their claims is another question for DOES to determine.” Joint Status Report, ECF No. 8, dated

March 21, 2011, at ¶¶ 2, 3. The Court granted the joint request to continue the stay, but noted

the failure of the plaintiffs to comply with the Court’s March 15, 2012 Order and provide the

date of the plaintiffs’ submission to DOES. Specifically, the Court directed that the next status

report, due by May 4, 2012, “should include the date of filing of Plaintiffs’ claims with DOES

with more precision than merely indicating that ‘Plaintiffs are in the process of applying for

benefits from [DOES], but believe that this process will take some time.’” Minute Order (Apr. 5,

2012).

         The third status report, which was filed jointly, advised that the plaintiffs’ counsel had

with the DOES.” Def.’s Status Report, ECF No. 12, dated June 14, 2012, at ¶ 2.

                                                       5
contacted DOES “regarding the claim submitted to it on behalf of Plaintiff by first class mail,”

but the report otherwise was silent regarding when the claim had been sent or whether or when

DOES had received the submission. Joint Status Report, ECF No. 9, dated May 4, 2012, at ¶ 1.

Plaintiffs’ counsel further represented that he had “resubmitted those claim forms by courier, in

order to ensure that the claim is processed. Counsel for Plaintiff will submit the original or

supplemental filing to the Court to establish the date of filing upon return from the courier.” Id.

The plaintiffs consented to an extension of the stay for an additional 60 days, but requested that

“this Court order further proceedings should the DOES not act on the original or supplemental

filing by that date.” Id. at ¶ 2. The Court granted the joint request to continue the stay and

required the submission of another status report by June 6, 2012. See Minute Order (May 7,

2012).

         The fourth status report, filed by the defendant alone, 7 stated that the defendant had still

“not received notice from DOES that there has been any filing nor has Defendant received

notification that Plaintiffs have filed the original or supplemental DOES filing with the Court, as

Plaintiffs informed the Court they would do in the May 4, 2012 Joint Status Report.” Status

Report, ECF No. 10, dated June 6, 2012, at ¶ 1. In light of the plaintiffs’ apparent failure to

submit the claims to DOES, contrary to the plaintiffs’ counsel’s prior representations, the

defendant requested that the stay be continued or “if Plaintiffs continue to fail to follow the

Court’s Order or prosecute their case by filing their claims with DOES, Defendant believes that

dismissal of all claims with prejudice is the appropriate remedy.” Id. at ¶ 4. The plaintiffs

remained silent and made no filing by the due date for the status report or in response to the


7
  Defense counsel indicates in the status report that plaintiffs’ counsel had been “contacted . . . regarding preparing a
Joint Status Report as requested in the Court’s Minute Order. However, Plaintiffs’ counsel failed to provide
information regarding Plaintiffs’ alleged filing of their claims to the D.C. Department of Employment Services
(“DOES”).” Status Report, ECF No. 10, dated June 6, 2012, at 1.

                                                            6
defendant’s status report, which contained the clear warning that dismissal would be sought

should the plaintiffs fail to provide proof of filing their claims with DOES. Upon consideration

of the fourth status report, the Court issued an order noting the “troubling issue” raised in the

defendant’s submission that the plaintiffs had not submitted their claims to DOES “contrary to

the Joint Status Report, filed on May 4, 2012, in which the plaintiff’s counsel represented to the

Court that ‘Counsel for Plaintiff has resubmitted those claim forms by courier, in order to ensure

that the claim is processed.’” Minute Order (June 8, 2012). The Court directed that plaintiffs (1)

“submit to the Court, by June 12, 2012, documentation that establishes the date of filing of the

plaintiff’s claims with DOES;” and (2) “provide the Court an estimation of the duration of the

DOES process from the date of filing of the DOES claims.” Id.

       The fifth and sixth status reports were filed by the parties separately. The fifth status

report, filed by the plaintiffs, stated that counsel had “re-submitted a notice of injury” to DOES,

without indicating the specific date when this submission had been made. According to

plaintiffs’ counsel, the courier service was requested to return a “stamped copy of the filing,” and

counsel promised to “supplement this Status Report with a copy of the filing later this week”

since “[n]ot [sic] such return has been made as of the date of this filing.” Plaintiff’s [sic] Status

Report, ECF No. 11, dated June 12, 2012, ¶¶ 1, 2, 5. Plaintiffs’ counsel also indicated that in

discussing the filing with DOES personnel, a DOES supervisor “expressed doubts as to the

validity of the filing, given the old nature of the injury noticed therein.” Id. at ¶ 3. In any event,

plaintiffs argued, the claims subject to WPA “are a relatively small part of this suit – Counts I, III

and IV as to Plaintiff Monique Lockhart only,” and “[b]ecause of the relatively secondary nature

of the Workers Compensation claims, Plaintiff questions the need to delay proceedings related to

DOES at all.” Id. at ¶¶ 6-7. Instead, the plaintiffs suggested that the defendant file dispositive



                                                  7
motions related to issues concerning “a failure of administrative exhaustion and or that the

remedies are barred by statute.” Id. at ¶ 7.

       Shortly thereafter, in the sixth, and final, status report, filed by the defendant, defense

counsel “confirmed that Defendant has not received notice of the claim from DOES or from its

workers’ compensation insurance carrier.” Status Report, ECF No. 12, dated June 14, 2012, at ¶

2. The defendant urged the Court to dismiss the case in its entirety for failure to prosecute and/or

to follow the Court’s Order if the plaintiffs could not prove their claim was submitted to DOES

no later than May, 2012, or, if such proof was provided, that the stay “be continued pending the

determination by DOES of the applicability of the WCA to Plaintiffs’ claim.” Id. at ¶ 6.

       Contrary to the plaintiffs’ promise, in their June 12, 2012 Status Report, to file a

“stamped copy of the filing” made with DOES by the end of that week, plaintiffs have not

submitted to the Court any copy, stamped or otherwise, of any submission to DOES. Pl.’s Status

Report, ECF No. 11, dated June 12, 2012, at ¶ 2. As the defendant correctly observes, “despite

repeated requests from the Court for documentation that establishes the date of filing of

Plaintiff’s claims with DOES and repeated statements from Plaintiffs’ counsel that he was ‘in the

process of applying for benefits,’ ‘will submit the original or supplemental filing to the Court to

establish the date of filing upon return from the courier,’ and had ‘re-submitted a notice of injury

. . . [and] will supplement [his] Status Report with a copy of the filing,’ Plaintiffs’ counsel has

been unable to prove that a claim was submitted to the DOES.” Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to

Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 14-1, at 3-4. Due to the persistent failure of the plaintiffs to

file any documentation that any submission had been made to DOES seeking a determination

regarding the applicability of the WCA to the plaintiffs’ claims, on July 13, 2012, the Court

lifted the stay, which had been in place for six months. See Minute Order (July 13, 2012).



                                                  8
Shortly thereafter, the defendant filed the pending motion to dismiss.

II.    LEGAL STANDARD

       Before outlining the legal standard of review that applies to the instant motion, the Court

first clarifies the bases for the motion. While the defendant has cited Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 41(b) for its motion to dismiss, based upon plaintiffs’ counsel’s failure to prosecute

and/or comply with a court order, the motion is also predicated on the grounds that primary

jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ claims rests with DOES, but without citation to any Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure. See Def.’s Mem. at 9 (“Plaintiffs’ claims must now be dismissed because

this Court lacks jurisdiction over the claims”). As noted, the defendant’s Answer sets forth the

affirmative defenses that the Complaint fails to state a claim for relief and that the claims are

barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies or to satisfy jurisdictional prerequisites.

Yet, the defendant did not assert these defenses by motion prior to filing its Answer. See FED. R.

CIV. P. 12(b) (requiring that a motion “asserting any of these defenses must be made before

pleading if a responsive pleading is allowed”).

       Nevertheless, when not raised in a motion prior to filing a pleading, the legal defenses of

failure to establish subject matter jurisdiction or to state a claim upon which relief can be granted

may be made “by a motion under Rule 12(c).” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(h)(2)(B); see also Yates v.

District of Columbia, 324 F.3d 724, 725 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“Rule 12(b) was inapplicable: the

defendants had already answered the complaint. The motion therefore should have been for

judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c).”); 5C Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller,

FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1361 (3d ed. 2012) (noting that “federal courts have

allowed untimely motions if the defense has been previously included in the answer” and,

“[m]oreover, under Rule 12(h) the defenses of lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Rule 12(b)(1)



                                                  9
[and] failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, Rule 12(b)(6),… are preserved

from the waiver mechanism by the express terms of subdivision (h),…although technically they

no longer are Rule 12(b) motions.”). Thus, although the defendant does not specify the

procedural rule, the Court construes the alternative basis for the defendant’s motion to be a

motion for judgment on the pleadings, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c), which

may be brought “[a]fter the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial.” FED. R.

CIV. P. 12(c).

       The legal standards under which the Court must assess both bases for the pending motion

to dismiss, under Rules 41(b) and 12(c), are set forth below.

       A.        Dismissal For Failure To Prosecute Or Comply With Court Orders
                 Under Rule 41(b)
       Rule 41(b) provides that “a defendant may move to dismiss the action or any claim

against it,” when “the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with these rules or a court order.”

FED. R. CIV. P. 41(b); see also LCvR 83.23 (authorizing Court to dismiss case for failure to

prosecute “upon motion by an adverse party, or upon the Court’s own motion,” which dismissal

is “without prejudice, unless the Court determines that the delay in prosecution of the claim has

resulted in prejudice to an opposing party”). A dismissal on this basis “operates as an

adjudication on the merits.” FED. R. CIV. P. 41(b). Thus, involuntary dismissal under Rule 41(b)

is “an extremely harsh sanction.” Trakas v. Quality Brands, Inc., 759 F.2d 185, 186 (D.C. Cir.

1985) (citing Camps v. C & P Telephone Co., 692 F.2d 120, 123-24 (D.C. Cir. 1981). Since

disposition on the merits is favored, such dismissal may be considered as “a sanction of last

resort to be applied only after less dire alternatives have been explored without success.” Id. at

187. In Bristol Petroleum Corp. v. Harris, then-D.C. Circuit Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg

instructed that “[c]onsiderations relevant to ascertaining when dismissal, rather than a milder


                                                 10
disciplinary measure, is warranted include the effect of a plaintiff’s dilatory or contumacious

conduct on the court’s docket, whether the plaintiff’s behavior has prejudiced the defendant, and

whether deterrence is necessary to protect the integrity of the judicial system.” 901 F.2d 165,

167 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (citing Shea v. Donohoe Construction Co., Inc., 795 F.2d 1071, 1074-79

(D.C. Cir. 1986); see also B.R. v. District of Columbia, 262 F.R.D. 11, 14-15 (D.D.C. 2009)

(noting that the D.C. Circuit has approved “three justifications for dismissal with prejudice

because of attorney misconduct: (1) severe prejudice to another party; (2) failure of alternative

sanctions to mitigate the severe burden that the misconduct has already placed on the judicial

system; and (3) the need to sanction conduct that demonstrates a blatant disregard for the court’s

orders in order to deter future misconduct”) (citing Gardner v. United States, 211 F.3d 1305,

1309 (D.C. Cir. 2000) and Shea, 795 F.2d at 1074-79).

        Exercise of the court’s discretion to dismiss an action for failure to prosecute or comply

with court orders is ordinarily limited to cases involving egregious conduct by plaintiffs, who are

particularly dilatory, act in bad faith, or engage in deliberate misconduct, particularly when such

conduct results in prejudice to the opposing party that is “so severe as to make it unfair to require

the other party to proceed with the case.” Peterson v. Archstone Cmtys. LLC, 637 F.3d 416, 418

(D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Gardner, 211 F.3d at 1309) (internal quotation marks omitted); Shea,

795 F.2d at 1075. Misconduct warranting dismissal can arise when a plaintiff repeatedly fails to

heed or conspicuously disregards clear instructions to take certain steps, thereby frustrating the

ability of the district court to discharge the responsibility of controlling its docket efficiently and

to ensure compliance with judicial orders. See, e.g., Automated Datatron, Inc. v. Woodcock, 659

F.2d 1168, 1170 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (dismissal of a count of a counterclaim upheld where the

dismissal resulted from the litigant’s “prolonged failure” over six month period to comply with



                                                  11
court’s clear instruction to amend his pleadings, and plaintiff had advanced no excuse for

“conspicuous disregard” of the court’s directive); Wooten v. Premier Yachts, Inc., No. 00-cv-

7127, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 29204 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 18, 2000) (per curiam) (dismissal order

upheld where plaintiff failed to appear at status conference, refused to participate in discovery,

and filed baseless motions after warning by district court of the consequences); Stella v. Mineta,

231 F.R.D. 44, 49 (D.D.C. 2005) (dismissing action under Rule 41(b) to protect integrity of court

where plaintiff failed to comply with six of the court’s orders or rules, and plaintiff’s failure to

comply had prejudiced the defendants and unnecessarily consumed the court’s time). Where the

record is unclear whether the client is aware of the attorney’s misconduct in failing to comply

with a court order, the D.C. Circuit has required the district court “to notify the client before

dismissing a case pursuant to the deterrence rationale.” B.R., 262 F.R.D at 15 (citing Shea, 795

F.2d at 1077-78).

       B.      Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings Under Rule 12(c)

       A Rule 12(c) motion “shall be granted if the moving party demonstrates that no material

fact is in dispute and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” N. Am. Catholic Educ.

Programming Found. v. Womble, Carlyle, Sandridge & Rice, PLLC, No. 09-cv-1167, 2012 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 119844 (D.D.C. Aug. 24, 2012) (quoting Stewart v. Evans, 275 F.3d 1126, 1132

(D.C. Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). In deciding a motion under Rule 12(c),

“courts employ the same standard that governs a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” Lans v.

Adduci Mastriani & Schaumberg L.L.P., 786 F. Supp. 2d 240, 265 (D.D.C. 2011); see also

Brooks v. Clinton, 841 F. Supp. 2d 287, 297 (D.D.C. 2012). “[T]he Court may not rely on facts

outside the pleadings and must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party.” Id. (citation omitted); see also Moore v. United States, Nos. 99-5197, 99-5198,



                                                  12
2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 12038 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (noting that “on Rule 12(c) motions we view the

facts presented in the pleadings and the inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); Schuchart

v. La Taberna del Alabardero, Inc., 365 F.3d 33, 34 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (Under Rule 12(c), facts

“must be read in the light most favorable to the non-moving parties, … granting them all

reasonable inferences”) (citing Henthorn v. Dept. of Navy, 29 F.3d 682, 684 (D.C. Cir. 1994)).

       To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a plaintiff

need only plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face” and to

“nudge[ ] [his or her] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007); FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). Although detailed factual

allegations are not required, the complaint must set forth “more than an unadorned, the

defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation,” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), and

may not merely state “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” Twombly, 550

U.S. at 555. Instead, the complaint must plead facts that are more than “merely consistent with”

a defendant’s liability; “the plaintiff [must plead] factual content that allows the court to draw the

reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at

678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-57).

       If, on a motion under Rule 12(c), “matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not

excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.”

FED. R. CIV. P. 12(d); Ord v. District of Columbia, 587 F.3d 1136, 1140 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (noting

that “because Rule 12(d)’s conversion mechanism applies only to motions under Rule 12(b)(6)

or 12(c), the impropriety of transforming Rule 12(b)(1) motions into summary-judgment motions

is well-settled.”) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Vest v. Dep't of the



                                                 13
Air Force, 793 F. Supp. 2d 103, 112 (D.D.C. 2011); Dormu v. District of Columbia, 795 F.

Supp. 2d 7, 17 n.4 (D.D.C. 2011); Strong-Fischer v. Peters, 554 F. Supp. 2d 19, 22 (D.D.C.

2008).

III.     DISCUSSION

         The defendant contends that the complaint must be dismissed because, first, DOES,

rather than this Court, has “primary jurisdiction” to determine whether the torts alleged in Counts

I (negligence), III (intentional infliction of emotional distress), IV (negligent infliction of

emotional distress), and V (negligent supervision) arose from a work-related incident in the

workplace and are covered by the WCA. 8 As noted, the Court construes this claim as a motion

for a judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) for failure to state a claim. 9 Second, the


8
  In seeking a stay and referral of the claims to DOES, the defendant relied upon Joyner v. Sibley Mem. Hosp., 826
A.2d 362, 374 (D.C. 2003), which instructs that where a “substantial question” exists as to whether the WCA
applies, a stay is appropriate to give the plaintiff an opportunity to present the claims to DOES for a determination
whether the claims are subject to or fall outside of the WCA’s exclusivity provisions. See also Taylor v. D.C. Water
& Sewer Auth., 957 A.2d 45, 53-54 (D.C. 2008) (finding that trial court erred by granting defendants’ motion for
summary judgment regarding plaintiff’s battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims, rather than
staying the proceeding to allow plaintiff to present the tort claims to DOES). Mindful of this procedural mechanism
preferred by the D.C. Court of Appeals to defer to DOES, the administrative agency having primary jurisdiction
over compensability issues under the WCA, to determine whether the agency has jurisdiction over the tort claims at
issue, this Court granted—and continued for six months—the joint request for a stay. While the defendant
apparently would be content to allow the stay to continue, see Def.’s Status Report, ECF No. 12, dated June 14,
2012 (stating “[d]ispositive motions are not the proper avenue to resolve the issues in front of the Court – staying the
case pending a determination by [DOES] is the proper method”), this Court’s docket will not be held hostage and a
pending case stalled, when, as here, the plaintiffs evidently failed to pursue the opportunity provided by the Court to
clarify that their claims fall outside the scope of WCA’s exclusivity. Instead, the Court will forge ahead to resolve
the issue whether a “substantial question” exists regarding WCA coverage and, if so, evaluate the sufficiency of the
plaintiffs’ claims.
9
  The Court notes that under the “broad command of Erie [R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)], . . . federal
courts are to apply state substantive law and federal procedural law when sitting pursuant to their diversity
jurisdiction.” Burke v. Air Serv. Int'l, Inc., 685 F.3d 1102, 1107 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Hanna v. Plumer, 380
U.S. 460, 465 (1965)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The WCA and the D.C. Court of Appeals’ construction of
this law are therefore binding on this Court. See Estate of McDaniels v. Liberty Mut. Group, Inc., No. 12-cv-202,
2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124448, at *8-9 (D.D.C. Aug. 31, 2012) (noting the Erie doctrine and citing Hall v. C & P
Tel. Co., 793 F.2d 1354 (D.C. Cir. 1986), as requiring application of the D.C. Court of Appeals interpretation of the
WCA to uphold the district court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction). While some Judges in this
District have dismissed common law tort claims covered under the WCA for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
under Rule 12(b)(1), see, e.g., Estate of McDaniels, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124448, at *8; Hamilton v. Sanofi-
Aventis U.S., Inc., 628 F. Supp. 2d 59 (D.D.C. 2009), the more appropriate basis for dismissal appears to be for
failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). As Chief Judge Lamberth explained in an extensive discussion of the
“proper procedural significance of jurisdictional state administrative exhaustion requirements in federal courts” in

                                                          14
defendant contends that the complaint should be dismissed, under Rule 41(b), due to the

plaintiffs’ failure to prosecute and/or failure to follow the Court’s order regarding filing a claim

with DOES. The Court will address each of these arguments for dismissal below.

         A.       Plaintiffs’ Work-Related Tort Claims Are Subject to the WCA.

         The WCA, D.C. Code § 32-1503(a)(1), covers, in pertinent part, an injury to an employee

“that occurs in the District of Columbia if the employee performed work for the employer, at the

time of the injury.” The types of injuries covered by the WCA are broadly defined to encompass

“accidental injury or death arising out of and in the course of employment . . . and includes an

injury caused by the willful act of third persons directed against an employee because of his

employment.” D.C. CODE § 32-1501(12). Thus, even intentional torts occurring at the

workplace and committed by other employees or third parties constitute injuries falling within

the scope of the WCA. See Clements v Ace Cash Express, Inc., No. 04-cv-02123, 2005 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 12610, at *5-6 (D.D.C. June 23, 2005) (injuries sustained by employee when her

workplace was robbed “fall squarely within the provisions of the WCA because the robbery

occurred while Clements, in her capacity as manager, was opening Ace’s store for business”);

Vanzant v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 557 F. Supp. 2d 113, 118 (D.D.C. 2008) (plaintiff’s

tort claims arising from supervisor’s behavior, including intentionally striking plaintiff on the

head during a meeting, were subject to the WCA exclusively and therefore defendants’ motion

for summary judgment granted “on the basis that the complaint fails to state a claim because the

WCA precludes suit”).


Johnson v. District of Columbia, 368 F. Supp. 2d 30, 34-37 (D.D.C. 2005), “a state administrative exhaustion
requirement, even if treated as jurisdictional by state courts, cannot be jurisdictional in federal courts.” Id. at 36.
Instead, for Federal courts sitting in diversity jurisdiction, “the exhaustion requirement is prudential rather than
jurisdictional,” and “the plaintiff has in fact ‘failed to state a claim on which relief may be granted’ with respect to
the unexhausted claim or claims by failing to demonstrate that a necessary precondition to judicial review of those
claims has been satisfied.” Id.


                                                           15
       For injuries subject to the WCA, the compensation provided under this law “shall

constitute the employee’s exclusive remedy against the employer . . . for any illness, injury . . .

arising out of and in the course of his employment.” D.C. CODe § 32-1504(b). The exclusivity

of the WCA remedy for work-related injuries is further confirmed by the statutory provision that

the employer’s liability as “prescribed in § 32-1503 shall be exclusive and in place of all liability

of such employer to the employee . . . , dependents, . . . and anyone otherwise entitled to recover

damages from such employer at law on account of such injury . . . .” Id. § 32-1504(a). The

exclusivity of remedy to employees is a fundamental part of the bargain reflected in workers’

compensation laws, which necessarily entail a quid pro quo from both employers and employees.

“[I]n return for the purchase of insurance against job-related injuries, the employer receives tort

immunity; in return for giving up the right to sue the employer, the employee receives swift and

sure benefits.” USA Waste of Md., Inc. v. Love, 954 A.2d 1027, 1032 (D.C. 2008) (quoting

Meiggs v. Associated Builders, Inc., 545 A.2d 631, 637 (D.C. 1988) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Thus, under the District of Columbia’s WCA, employers are immune from tort actions

by their employees for personal injuries arising out of and in the course of their employment,

whether or not the employee exercises the right to obtain workers’ compensation benefits. See

Georgetown Univ. v. D.C. Dep't of Empl. Servs., 830 A.2d 865, 868, n.1 (D.C. 2003) (reversing

DOES finding that employee’s injury was not compensable under WCA where employer sought

ruling that WCA applied in order to bar employee’s pending civil tort claim, noting that “‘[o]nce

a workers’ compensation act has become applicable either through compulsion or election, it

affords the exclusive remedy for the injury by the employee or the employee’s dependents

against the employer and insurance carrier. This is part of the quid pro quo in which the

sacrifices and gains of employees and employers are to some extent put in balance, for while the



                                                 16
employer assumes a new liability without fault, it is relieved of the prospect of large damage

verdicts.’”) (quoting ARTHUR LARSON, et al., LARSON’S WORKERS’ COMPENSATION LAW §

100.01 (May 2000) (citations omitted)).

       In the instant matter, the parties do not dispute that plaintiff Lockhart was an employee of

the defendant, that the allegedly injurious events of September 9, 2008 occurred while Lockhart

was at work, and that “all or a substantial part of the events, acts or omissions giving rise to

Plaintiffs’ . . . claims . . . occurred in the District of Columbia.” Compl. ¶ 6. As a consequence,

the defendant contends that the plaintiffs’ tort-related claims for negligence (Count I), intentional

infliction of emotional distress (Count III), negligent infliction of emotional distress (Count IV)

and negligent supervision (Count V), are covered by the WCA and exclusively subject to

resolution by DOES. See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss at 2.

               1.      Lockhart’s Work-Related Tort Claims in Counts I, III, IV and V
                       Will Be Dismissed As Conceded.

       The plaintiffs do not dispute or even respond to the defendant’s argument regarding the

exclusivity of the WCA remedies as to plaintiff Lockhart’s injuries, as claimed in Counts I, III,

IV and V. See generally Pls.’ Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss (“Pls.’ Opp’n”), ECF No. 17. Indeed,

the law in this jurisdiction is clear that the WCA is the exclusive remedy for work-related

injuries, with the result that common law tort claims arising from such injuries, such as claims

for negligence, negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress, and assault, are barred in

civil actions. See, e.g., Vanzant, 557 F. Supp. 2d at 118 (granting summary judgment for

defendants with respect to plaintiff’s tort claims for negligent and intentional infliction of

emotional distress, negligent hiring and supervision, and assault); Doe v. United States, 797 F.

Supp. 2d 78, 82-83 (D.D.C. 2011) (dismissing claims for, inter alia, negligence, negligent and

intentional infliction of emotional distress); Bilal-Edwards v. United Planning Org., No. 11-cv-

                                                 17
2220, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 145619, at *15-18 (D.D.C. Oct. 10, 2012) (dismissing claims for

negligence and intentional infliction of emotional distress). 10

         The law is also well-settled in this jurisdiction that “when a plaintiff files a response to a

motion to dismiss but fails to address certain arguments made by the defendant, the court may

treat those arguments as conceded, even when the result is dismissal of the entire case.” Fox v.

Document 5 Am. Airlines, No. 02-cv-2069, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13606, at *5 (D.D.C. Aug. 5,

2003) (citing Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., No. 98-cv-2194, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22054,

at *17 (D.D.C. July 23, 1999), overruled on other grounds, 216 F.3d 1111 (D.C. Cir. 2000)),

aff'd, Fox v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 389 F.3d 1291 (D.C. Cir. 2004); see also Toms v. Office of the

Architect of the Capitol, 650 F. Supp. 2d 11, 18-19 (D.D.C. 2009) (noting that “when the

plaintiff is represented by counsel, [a court] may consider as conceded any arguments raised by a

defendant’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion that are not addressed in a plaintiff’s opposition”) (citing

Tnaib v. Document Tech., Inc., 450 F. Supp. 2d 87, 91 (D.D.C. 2006) (“When a plaintiff files a

response to a motion to dismiss but fails to address certain arguments made by the defendant, the

court may treat those arguments as conceded.”) and Stephenson v. Cox, 223 F. Supp. 2d 119, 122

(D.D.C. 2002) (dismissing as conceded certain counts, noting that “[t]he court’s role is not to act

as an advocate for the plaintiff and construct legal arguments on his behalf in order to counter

10
   The D.C. Court of Appeals has indicated that “DOES does not have primary jurisdiction over emotional distress
claims.” Joyner v. Sibley Mem. Hosp., 826 A.2d 362, 367 n.6 (D.C. 2003) (citing Estate of Underwood v. National
Credit Union Admin., 665 A.2d 621 (D.C. 1995)), but this holding has been limited to claims concerning the
infliction of emotional distress arising from pervasive sexual harassment, which is not a “risk involved in or
incidental to employment,” Hamilton v. Sanofi-Aventis U.S., Inc., 628 F. Supp. 2d 59, 64 n.3 (D.D.C. 2009) (internal
quotation marks omitted). By contrast, where the alleged injuries are “directly traceable” to conditions of
employment, they fall under the WCA, even if the plaintiff claims the conditions were imposed because of
discriminatory animus. Id. (finding plaintiff’s tort claim of false imprisonment subject to WCA when allegation that
he was forced to stand for long period of time, despite his disability, “was a standard part of his employment”); see
also Vanzant, 557 F. Supp. 2d at 117 (“WCA coverage also extends to claims for emotional distress or mental
anguish where the underlying cause or tort is covered by the WCA.”); Doe, 797 F. Supp. 2d at 83 (same). Here, the
plaintiff Lockhart claims emotional distress from having been forced to perform her job, including staying awake
while on duty and performing a patrol of the premises. See Compl. ¶¶ 19, 21. These claims relate specifically and
directly to her employment conditions and are indisputably subject to the WCA.


                                                         18
those in the motion to dismiss”)). The Court, therefore, considers the defendant’s motion to

dismiss these four counts as to Lockhart as conceded. 11 Accord LCvR 7(b) (Court may treat

motion as conceded when defendant fails to file timely opposition memorandum); LCvR 7(h)(1)

(Court may treat as admitted any fact identified by moving party in its statement of material

facts, unless such fact is controverted in opposition to motion for summary judgment).

         In their opposition, the plaintiffs argue against dismissal only of Count II, which alleges

wrongful discharge in violation of public policy on behalf of Lockhart, and “Counts I, III, IV,

and V as to Plaintiff [K.C.].” 12 Pls.’ Opp’n at ¶ 8. According to the plaintiffs, the wrongful

termination claim in Count II falls “outside the scope of the [WCA], as it does not cover injuries

during employment . . . .” Id. at ¶ 7. Indeed, the defendant apparently does not seek dismissal of

Count II on grounds of the WCA’s exclusivity, but pursuant to Rule 41(b), which will be

addressed below.

                  2.       Plaintiff K.C.’s Tort Claims in Counts I, III and V Will Be Dismissed
                           As Subject to the WCA’s Exclusivity.

         As noted above, the plaintiffs contest the defendant’s motion to dismiss the counts

asserted on behalf of the plaintiff K.C. The defendant argues that plaintiff K.C.’s claims “are

potentially subject to workers’ compensation exclusivity and, therefore, this Court lacks primary

11
  The WCA requires that a claim for worker’s compensation be filed “within 1 year after the injury . . . .” D.C.
CODE § 32-1514(a). Plaintiffs have proffered no evidence that any claim has been filed with DOES and, in the fifth
Status Report, allude to discussions with DOES personnel about the potential untimeliness of any such claim.
Plaintiff’s [sic] Status Report, ECF No. 11, dated June 12, 2012, ¶ 3. The defendant argues that even if plaintiffs’
workers’ compensation claims are denied “due to the expiration of the limitations period,” this would not preclude
application of the WCA’s exclusivity provision. Def.’s Status Report, ECF No. 12, dated June 14, 2012, ¶ 3 (citing
Hicks v. Allegheny East Conference Ass’n of Seventh-Day Adventists, Inc., 712 A.2d 1021, 1022 (D.C. 1998) (“In
short, workers’ compensation is a substitute for any liability of the employer to an employee who otherwise would
be entitled to recover damages from such employer at law on account of [an] injury or death suffered by the
employee.”) (emphasis omitted)). The exclusivity of the WCA cannot be avoided simply by a tactical delay in filing
a workers’ compensation claim or allowing the statute of limitations to lapse.
12
  The plaintiffs are incorrect that Count IV (alleging negligent infliction of emotional distress) is asserted on behalf
of plaintiff K.C. The Complaint identifies only Lockhart as the plaintiff bringing Count IV. Thus, this claim will be
dismissed as conceded.


                                                          19
jurisdiction over these claims.” Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF

No. 20, at 4. The plaintiffs counter that the WCA “only covers injuries to employees,” Pls.’

Opp’n at ¶ 5, and therefore that the claims of K.C. are not subject to dismissal, see id. at ¶ 6.

They further stress that K.C. “has suffered the most in this suit.” Id. at ¶ 6.

       The question whether fetal injuries occurring at the mother’s workplace are remedied

solely, if at all, through the workers’ compensation system, has not been addressed in this

jurisdiction or by the D.C. Court of Appeals. Arguably, the plain terms of the WCA provide the

answer. The exclusivity provision in D.C. Code § 32-1504(a) expressly limits “all liability” of

an employer to the employee and to that employee’s “dependents, next of kin, and anyone

otherwise entitled to recover damages from such employer at law on account of such injury. . . .”

(emphasis added). In short, this provision could be read to limit the employer’s liability to the

third parties enumerated in the statute, including dependents, such as K.C., for damages arising

from a work-related injury to the employee.

       Other courts that have examined their local workers’ compensation laws to address this

question have found, however, that “prenatal injuries, even when they occur simultaneously with

the mother’s work-related injuries, are separate, rather than derivative, and that the exclusivity

provisions of workers’ compensation acts do not bar such claims.” Meyer v. Burger King Corp.,

2 P.3d 1015, 1019 (Wash. Ct. App. 2000) (collecting cases from Alabama, California, Colorado,

Indiana, Illinois, Louisiana); cf. IBM v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 303 F.3d 419, 427 (2d Cir.

2002) (workers’ compensation insurance company had duty to defend employer on claims by

child that he suffered injury as a result of parents’ workplace exposure to chemicals during

gestation since there was “reasonable possibility” that claim was within the coverage of the

insurance policy).



                                                  20
       In sum, the claims presented by plaintiff K.C. present a “substantial question” as to

whether this child’s injuries are covered by the WCA and, if so, whether the WCA bars the

plaintiff K.C.’s tort claims. DOES has “‘primary jurisdiction’” to determine whether the WCA

applies exclusively “before the courts can exercise jurisdiction.” Estate of Underwood v. Nat'l

Credit Union Admin., 665 A.2d 621, 631 (D.C. 1995) (quoting Harrington v. Moss, 407 A.2d

658, 661 (D.C. 1979)). The plaintiffs bear the burden of proving that the WCA does not apply to

preempt their tort claims and they have been provided ample opportunity, through a six-month

stay of this action, to seek clarification from DOES to support their burden. See Carson v. Sim,

778 F. Supp. 2d 85, 95-97 (D.D.C. 2011) (dismissing claim of intentional infliction of emotional

distress because plaintiff failed to “meet[] his burden to show that the WCA does not preempt

this claim”); Ramey v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 468 F. Supp. 2d 51, 55-56 (D.D.C. 2006)

(dismissing claims of intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress because plaintiff

did not demonstrate that these claims fell outside of the WCA); Hamilton v. Sanofi-Aventis U.S.,

Inc., 628 F. Supp. 2d 59, 63 (D.D.C. 2009) (noting that “because the WCA contains a number of

presumptions that favor coverage, the employee bears the burden of proving that the WCA does

not apply”). Failing to establish that the plaintiff K.C.’s injuries are not compensable under the

WCA, when these same injuries are alleged to have occurred as a result of injuries sustained by

his mother while at work, is fatal to the child’s tort claims. Accordingly, the tort claims of the

plaintiff K.C. will be dismissed for failure to state a claim for which relief may be granted.

       B.      Plaintiffs’ Failure to Prosecute and/or Comply with the Court’s Order

       In light of the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ tort claims, the only claim remaining is Count II

asserted on behalf of plaintiff Lockhart for wrongful discharge against public policy. The only

basis asserted by the defendant for dismissal of this Count is under Rule 41(b) because of the



                                                 21
plaintiffs’ failure to prosecute and/or comply with the Court’s order regarding submission of the

tort claims to DOES. The plaintiffs have consistently argued, however, that Count II should not

be subject to the stay since it is not in the nature of a tort claim and is therefore not subject to the

WCA. See Pls’ Opp’n at ¶ 7; see also Def.’s Mot. For Stay, ECF No. 4, at 2 (indicating

plaintiffs’ counsel did not consent to stay of Counts II and V). Thus, any delay in consideration

of Count II cannot be attributed to the plaintiffs, who wished to proceed on this count all along.

In any event, the defendant has not demonstrated, nor can demonstrate, any prejudice to it from

the delay in consideration of Count II when it requested the stay of this claim over the plaintiffs’

objection.

        While the Court remains troubled by the plaintiffs’ counsel’s representations about

submitting the tort claims to DOES but failing to follow-through with promised proof of those

same submissions, failure by the plaintiffs to submit their tort claims to DOES during the stay

has no bearing on the viability of Count II. Thus, penalizing plaintiff Lockhart by dismissal of

Count II, which is separate from her tort claims, would be overly harsh. Accordingly, the

defendant’s motion to dismiss Count II is denied.

IV.     CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied

in part. Specifically, the plaintiffs’ common law tort claims in Counts I, III, IV and V of the

Complaint are dismissed, but plaintiff Lockhart’s claim in Count II that she was discharged in

violation of public policy remains.

        The parties are directed to submit by December 5, 2012 a proposed scheduling order with

any proposed modifications to the proposal previously provided in the parties’ Joint Meet and

Confer Report, ECF No. 15, at 3.



                                                   22
     A separate order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is contemporaneously filed.

DATED: November 21, 2012
                                                              Digitally signed by Beryl A. Howell
                                                              DN: cn=Beryl A. Howell, o=District
                                                              Court for the District of Columbia,
                                                              ou=United States District Court
                                                              Judge,
                                                              email=Howell_Chambers@dcd.us
                                                              courts.gov, c=US
                                                              Date: 2012.11.21 15:22:45 -05'00'
                                                _______________________
                                                BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                United States District Judge




                                           23
