[Cite as State v. Boyer, 2017-Ohio-4199.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      CLARK COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                  :
         Plaintiff-Appellant                      :   Appellate Case No. 2016-CA-63
                                                  :
 v.                                               :   Trial Court Case No. 2016-CR-0160
                                                  :
 ALEXANDER D. BOYER                               :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                  :   Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellee                       :
                                                  :

                                             ...........

                                            OPINION

                              Rendered on the 9th day of June, 2017.

                                             ...........

MEGAN M. FARLEY, Atty. Reg. No. 0088515, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Clark
County Prosecutor’s Office, 50 East Columbia Street, Fourth Floor, Springfield, Ohio
45502
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

KATHERINE R. ROSS-KINZIE, Atty. Reg. No. 0089762, Assistant State Public Defender,
250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400, Columbus, Ohio 43215
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellee

                                            .............




TUCKER, J.
                                                                                          -2-




       {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, the State of Ohio, appeals from the trial court’s dismissal

of the second count of an indictment against Defendant-appellee, Alexander D. Boyer.

The State argues that the trial court erred by dismissing the count—a charge of having

weapons while under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2)—in reliance on the Ohio

Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Hand, 149 Ohio St.3d 94, 2016-Ohio-5504, 73

N.E.3d 448. We find that the dismissal is not warranted by the Hand decision, and we

therefore reverse.

                            I. Facts and Procedural History

       {¶ 2} On April 4, 2016, a Clark County grand jury issued a three-count indictment

against Boyer, charging him with: Count 1, felonious assault in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(2); Count 2, having weapons while under disability in violation of R.C.

2923.13(A)(2); and Count 3, attempted murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A). Boyer

was arrested three days later and entered a plea of not guilty on all counts at his

arraignment.

       {¶ 3} R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) prohibits a person from “knowingly acquir[ing], hav[ing],

carry[ing], or us[ing] any firearm or dangerous ordnance” if the person “is under indictment

for or has been convicted of any felony offense of violence” or if the person “has been

adjudicated a delinquent child for the commission of an offense that, if committed by an

adult, would have been a felony offense of violence.” As a minor, Boyer was adjudicated

a delinquent for conduct that, if committed by an adult, would have constituted rape, a

felony offense of violence. Appellee’s Br. 1-2. Count 2 of the indictment is predicated

on this fact.
                                                                                               -3-

       {¶ 4} On August 25, 2016, the Ohio Supreme Court issued its opinion in Hand.

The Court held that because “a juvenile adjudication is not established through a

procedure that provides the right to a jury trial, it cannot be used to increase a sentence

beyond a statutory maximum or mandatory minimum.”                     Hand, 2016-Ohio-5504,

paragraph two of the syllabus. Prompted by the Court’s holding in Hand, Boyer moved

to dismiss Count 2 of the indictment. The trial court, “using the same reasoning set forth

in the Hand case,” sustained Boyer’s motion in an entry dated October 12, 2016. Entry

Sustaining Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss 1, Oct. 12, 2016. Shortly thereafter, the State initiated

the instant appeal.

                                          II. Analysis

       {¶ 5} For its single assignment of error, the State contends that:

               THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DISMISSED A CHARGE

       FOR HAVING WEAPONS UNDER DISABILITY WHERE THE DISABILITY

       AROSE FROM A JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ADJUDICATION.

       {¶ 6} In support, the State offers two arguments. First, it argues that because “the

plain language of [R.C. 2923.13(A)(2)] is unambiguous and definite,” the statute “must be

applied as written.” Appellant’s Br. 4. Second, it argues that the Hand decision is

inapplicable in this case because “a defendant does not need to [have been] convicted of

anything to be under a disability” for purposes of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2). Id. at 5.

       {¶ 7} The first of the State’s arguments may be rejected because a statute need

not be ambiguous or indefinite to be constitutionally unenforceable. In the decision from

which the State takes its appeal, the trial court found “that if the use of a * * * prior juvenile

adjudication to enhance a subsequent adult [criminal] penalty is a violation of * * * due
                                                                                                -4-

process,” as the Ohio Supreme Court determined in Hand, then the use of a juvenile

adjudication “as an element for a subsequent adult felony offense” is likewise a violation

of due process. Entry Sustaining Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss. 1-2. Thus, the trial court did

not misconstrue R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) as the result of any ambiguity or uncertainty, but

instead found that enforcement of the statute on the basis of a juvenile adjudication is

unconstitutional.

       {¶ 8} The second of the State’s arguments requires a review of the Hand opinion.

In that case, the Ohio Supreme Court was asked to determine whether “treat[ing] a

juvenile adjudication as the equivalent of an adult conviction for purposes of enhancing a

penalty for a later crime” is a violation of due process. Hand, 2016-Ohio-5504, ¶ 1. It

began its analysis by noting that juvenile courts “are legislative creatures * * * ‘eschew[ing]

traditional, objective criminal standards and retributive notions of justice’ ” in favor of the

“overriding purposes” of providing “ ‘for the care, protection, and mental and physical

development of children,’ ” safeguarding “ ‘the public interest,’ ” holding “ ‘offender[s]

accountable * * *, restor[ing] the victim[s], and rehabilitat[ing] the offender[s].’ ” Id. at

¶ 14, quoting In re C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-Ohio-4919, 874 N.E.2d 1175, ¶ 65.

In summary, said the Court, “juvenile adjudication differs from criminal sentencing [in that

the former] is civil and rehabilitative, [whereas] the [latter] is criminal and punitive.” Id.

       {¶ 9} As part of its analysis, the Court relied heavily on the decision of the United

States Supreme Court in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147

L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), which held that “ ‘[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact

that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum,’ ” unless

admitted by the defendant, “ ‘must be submitted to a jury[] and proved beyond a
                                                                                          -5-

reasonable doubt.’ ” Hand at ¶ 21, 31, quoting Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490. Interpreting

this holding in light of the federal judiciary’s history of “emphatic pronouncements on the

importance of the right to a jury trial,” the Ohio Supreme Court interpreted Apprendi as

“limit[ing] the prior-conviction exception to prior proceedings that satisf[y] the

[constitutional] jury-trial guarantee.” Id. at ¶ 34. It concluded, based upon this principle,

that “[b]ecause a juvenile adjudication is not established through a procedure that

provides the right to a jury trial, [a juvenile adjudication] cannot be used to increase a

sentence beyond a statutory maximum or mandatory minimum.” Id. Quite simply, the

Court added, “a juvenile adjudication is not a conviction of a crime and should not be

treated as one.” Id. at ¶ 38.

       {¶ 10} The Hand decision is nevertheless not dispositive because, in the instant

case, the use of Boyer’s juvenile adjudication was not for purposes of sentence

enhancement, but as an element of the offense of having weapons while under disability.

In other words, Boyer’s juvenile adjudication was not being treated as a conviction of a

crime. See State v. McComb, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26884, 2017-Ohio-4010, ¶ 24-

26. Under R.C. 2923.13(A), a person is deemed to be under a legal disability if:

       a.     The person is a fugitive from justice;

       b.     The person is under indictment for any felony offense of violence;

       c.     The person has been convicted of a felony offense of violence;

       d.     The person has been adjudicated a delinquent child for the commission of

              an offense that, if committed by an adult, would have been a felony offense

              of violence;

       e.     The person is under indictment for any felony offense involving the illegal
                                                                                           -6-


              possession, use, sale, administration, distribution or trafficking in any drug

              of abuse;

       f.     The person has been convicted of a felony offense involving the illegal

              possession, use, sale, administration, distribution or trafficking in any drug

              of abuse;

       g.     The person has been adjudicated a delinquent child for the commission of

              an offense that, if committed by an adult, would have been a felony offense

              involving the illegal possession, use, sale, administration, distribution or

              trafficking in any drug of abuse;

       h.     The person is drug dependent, in danger of drug dependence, or is a

              chronic alcoholic; or

       i.     The person is under adjudication of mental incompetence, has been

              adjudicated as a mental defective, has been committed to a mental

              institution, has been found by a court to be a mentally ill person subject to

              court order, or is an involuntary patient other than one who is a patient only

              for purposes of observation.

As this list illustrates, a person may be under a legal disability pursuant to R.C. 2923.13(A)

without having been convicted of a criminal offense.         A juvenile adjudication for an

offense of violence is only one of several non-criminal predicates giving rise to a legal

disability under the statute.

       {¶ 11} In United States v. Rodriguez, 553 U.S. 377, 386, 128 S.Ct. 1783, 170

L.Ed.2d 719 (2008), the U.S. Supreme Court remarked that “[w]hen a defendant is given

a higher sentence under a recidivism statute—or for that matter, when a sentencing
                                                                                             -7-


judge, under a guidelines regime or a discretionary sentencing system, increases a

sentence based on the defendant’s criminal history—100% of the punishment is for the

offense of conviction,” emphasizing that “[n]one is for the prior convictions or the

defendant’s ‘status as a recidivist.’ ” To the contrary, said the Court, the enhanced

“sentence ‘is a stiffened penalty for the latest crime, which is considered to be an

aggravated offense because [it is] a repetitive one.’ ” Id., quoting Gryger v. Burke, 344

U.S. 728, 732, 68 S.Ct. 1256, 92 L.Ed. 1683 (1948). The Ohio Supreme Court applied

this reasoning to the use of juvenile adjudications for sentence enhancement in State v.

Adkins, 129 Ohio St.3d 287, 2011-Ohio-3141, 951 N.E.2d 766, a case it decided five

years before the release of its opinion in Hand. According to the Adkins decision, a

defendant facing criminal sentence enhancement as the result of a juvenile adjudication

“is not being punished for [the] adjudication,” but rather, “is being punished for [the] current

offense.” Adkins, 2011-Ohio-3141, ¶ 15.

       {¶ 12} These decisions highlight the Ohio Supreme Court’s concern in Hand. If

the premise of imposing an adult criminal sentence enhancement on the basis of a

juvenile adjudication is that “the subsequent [adult] offense is * * * more serious because

it portends greater future danger,” having been committed on the heels of a juvenile

offense, then the premise is realized only if the defendant actually committed the offense

that was the subject of the adjudication. Rodriguez, 553 U.S. at 385, citing Witte v.

United States, 515 U.S. 389, 403, 115 S.Ct. 2199, 132 L.Ed.2d 351 (1995), and Spencer

v. Texas, 385 U.S. 554, 570, 87 S.Ct. 648, 17 L.Ed.2d 606 (1967). Yet, because juvenile

proceedings do not satisfy the jury-trial guarantee, any subsequent adult sentence

enhancement would constitute a criminal sanction based entirely on questions of fact
                                                                                        -8-


never presented to a jury.

       {¶ 13} In a prosecution for having weapons while under disability, on the other

hand, the validity of a predicate juvenile adjudication is not at issue.     The question

presented in such circumstances is simply whether the defendant chose to use or

possess a weapon in disregard of a legal disability.         Consequently, the question of

whether the defendant actually committed an offense as a juvenile is rendered immaterial.

See State v. Hudson, 2017-Ohio-645, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 46, 50-52 (7th Dist.); see also

State v. Carnes, 2016-Ohio-8019, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 7-8, 12-15 (1st Dist.) (reaching

effectively the same conclusion where the appellant argued that the use of an

uncounseled juvenile adjudication as an element of having weapons while under disability

is an unconstitutional violation of the right to counsel).

       {¶ 14} Moreover, for purposes of due process, the use of Boyer’s juvenile

adjudication as an element of an offense under R.C. 2923.13(A) is not fundamentally

unfair, not least because R.C. 2923.14(A)(1) permits “any person who is prohibited from

acquiring, having, carrying, or using firearms [to] apply to the court of common pleas in

the county in which the person resides for relief from such prohibition.” Upon reaching

the age of majority, Boyer had the opportunity under R.C. 2923.14(A)(1) to request the

removal of the legal disability created by his juvenile adjudication.

       {¶ 15} Ultimately, what the Court sought to avoid in Hand is the “fundamental[]

unfair[ness] [of] allow[ing] juvenile adjudications,” which result from “less formal

proceedings” than in criminal prosecutions, “to be characterized as criminal convictions

that may later enhance adult punishment.” 2016-Ohio-5504, ¶ 35. The use of Boyer’s

juvenile adjudication in this case, however, would not implicate the concerns that the
                                                                                        -9-

Court articulated in its Hand decision. Instead, Boyer’s indictment for having weapons

while under disability relates strictly to choices he has made since reaching the age of

majority. At trial, the State would not be required to prove that Boyer actually committed

an offense of violence as a juvenile, but merely that he had, in fact, been adjudicated for

the commission of such an offense. The use of Boyer’s juvenile adjudication as an

element of having weapons while under disability, therefore, would comport with the ruling

of the United States Supreme Court in Apprendi.

                                     III. Conclusion

      {¶ 16} We find that the trial court erred by dismissing the second count of the

indictment against Boyer in reliance on the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in Hand.

Therefore, we sustain the assignment of error and reverse and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                     .............

FROELICH, J., concurs.

DONOVAN, J., dissenting:

      {¶ 17} Boyer’s prior adjudication of delinquency, which can now be utilized as an

element of the offense to establish weapons while under disability, suffers from the same

constitutional infirmity as an enhancement. At the heart of the analysis in Hand is the

lack of a right to a jury determination of the predicate conduct. In this case, status

(disability) creates the offense, in Hand status enhances punishment.

      {¶ 18} I agree with Judge Cunningham’s dissent in Carnes, it is illogical to

conclude enhancement of punishment is unconstitutional, but prosecution where

otherwise there would be no indictment is not. In all other scenarios, the status of
                                                                                          -10-


disability is conduct which occurs as an adult. The juvenile vs. adult conduct distinction

is critical to the constitutional analysis, particularly under the Ohio Constitution as noted

in Hand.

       {¶ 19} I would affirm.

                                        ..........



Copies mailed to:

Megan M. Farley
Katherine R. Ross-Kinzie
Hon. Richard J. O’Neill
