          Supreme Court of Florida
                                    ____________

                                   No. SC12-2469
                                   ____________

                          DALE GLENN MIDDLETON,
                                 Appellant,

                                          vs.

                              STATE OF FLORIDA,
                                   Appellee.

                                 [October 22, 2015]

PER CURIAM.

      On August 6, 2012, a jury found Dale Glenn Middleton guilty of first-degree

premeditated murder for the killing of Roberta Christensen, first-degree felony

murder with a weapon, burglary of an occupied dwelling while armed, and dealing

in stolen property.1 The jury voted 12-0 to impose the death penalty. The trial

court followed the jury’s recommendation and sentenced Middleton to death.

Middleton now appeals his convictions and sentence of death. We have

jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. For the reasons set forth in this




      1. The State nolle prossed the third-degree grand theft charge of the
indictment.
opinion, we affirm Middleton’s conviction of first-degree murder and uphold his

death sentence.


                  I. STATEMENT OF THE CASE & FACTS

      Roberta Christensen and her husband of thirty-one years lived in a trailer

across the street from Middleton. On July 1, 2009, Mr. Christensen went to New

Jersey to visit one of the couple’s sons. Prior to his departure, the couple bought

mobile phones that allowed them to use a walkie-talkie feature to communicate

while they were apart.

      Middleton lived in a trailer with Garrett Wade Fowler, Kenneth Wade

Sullivan and Sullivan’s girlfriend, Haleigh Zinker. On occasion, Middleton would

visit the victim at her home and would sometimes borrow money and cigarettes

from her. On the morning of July 27, 2009, Middleton went over to the victim’s

trailer while she was preparing to go to the bank. After he left, she realized that

she had left approximately $400 in tip money out, and suspected that Middleton

had seen it. She deposited the money into the bank that afternoon. When the

victim returned from the bank she noticed that someone had attempted to remove

the screen from the window by her front door.

      On the morning of July 28, 2009, Middleton rode around with his

girlfriend’s roommate, Steve Britnell, looking for drugs. The two eventually found

methamphetamine around twelve or one o’clock that afternoon. They returned to

                                         -2-
Middleton’s trailer and shared the methamphetamine. During that time, Fowler

and his girlfriend were also at the trailer. At approximately 4:30 p.m., Fowler and

Britnell decided to go to Walmart to “boost.” Middleton declined to go, stating

that he had business to take care of, that someone owed him some money, and that

he needed to take a shower.

      While Britnell and Fowler were gone, Middleton took a knife from the sink

of his trailer and went to the victim’s home. While in the victim’s kitchen, he

asked her for money. When she refused and attempted to push him out of the

trailer, he attacked her with the knife. Christensen was alive and moving

erratically as she was dragged from the kitchen area to the bedroom. Once in the

bedroom, Middleton cut Christensen’s throat. Before leaving her home, Middleton

stole her flat screen television and power cord, and carried the television across the

street to his trailer. There, he washed his hands in the kitchen sink and changed his

clothes, but kept his boots on. He placed the bloody clothes in a bag with the

murder weapon.

      When Fowler and Britnell returned to Middleton’s trailer, Middleton was

there with Chris Jenkins, Sullivan, and Sullivan’s girlfriend. There was a flat

screen television in the kitchen covered by a blanket. By this time, Middleton had

showered. His hair was still wet. He stated that the person who owed him money

had given him the television as payment.


                                         -3-
      After Jenkins and Sullivan left, Fowler noticed that Middleton had a red

substance on his boots. Middleton claimed the substance was deposited when he

removed something from the dumpster. Later, Britnell and Middleton drove in

Britnell’s black Pontiac to two different pawn shops, trying to sell the victim’s

television. Both pawn shops were closed. They began making phone calls to find

someone who wanted to purchase the television.

      At approximately 5:30 p.m., Middleton called Jenkins and asked him to

bring drugs to Middleton’s home. When Jenkins arrived, Middleton asked Jenkins

to help him sell the television. After Jenkins took a photo of the television, he and

Middleton went into the bedroom where Middleton crushed and consumed two

Roxicodone pills. Middleton saved one pill for later.

      The victim’s husband had last spoken to her on July 28, 2009, around 2:50

p.m. He watched a movie and fell asleep from approximately 4:00 p.m. to 6:40

p.m. When he woke up he was surprised that his wife had not called; he repeatedly

attempted to contact her on the walkie-talkie phone, to no avail. He also left a

message on their home phone’s voicemail. He then called the couple’s other son

who lived nearby and asked him to check on Christensen.

      When the Christensens’ son and daughter-in-law arrived at his parents’

home, he noticed his mother’s car parked in its usual spot. The trailer door was

unlocked, and upon entering the kitchen, he saw a large puddle of blood on the


                                        -4-
kitchen floor. Next to the blood he saw a yellow broom with a sharp edge. He

followed a path of blood to a closed bedroom door. He opened the door to find his

mother’s dead body on the floor. He heard his father on the walkie-talkie calling

out for him and his mother. He went outside to call the police and stop his wife

from entering the trailer. While on the phone with the 911 dispatcher, he went

back into the trailer to confirm that his mother was not breathing.

      Randy Ammons helped Middleton sell the television to his brother, Rolland

Ammons. When Middleton went to Randy Ammons’ house, he said that he had

just taken a shower and did not want the dog to jump on him. A little after 7 p.m.,

Middleton, in a vehicle driven by Fowler, followed Randy Ammons to Ronnie

Ammons’ house to sell the television. Fowler stayed outside by his car while

Middleton took the television, covered with a blanket, inside and sold it to Rolland

Ammons for $200. At some point earlier, while riding around trying to sell the

television, Middleton placed the bag with the bloody clothes and the murder

weapon inside of a dumpster.

      After selling the television, Middleton rode with Britnell to a gas station

where Middleton purchased cocaine from someone in a truck and consumed some

of the drugs in the car. Soon thereafter, the serpentine belt on the car broke and

Britnell drove to a relative’s house to have it fixed. While the car was being fixed,

Middleton walked a few hundred yards to a local bar, Brewskis. Middleton called


                                        -5-
Britnell to pick him up once the car was fixed. When Middleton got into the car,

he was upset and crying while on the phone with his girlfriend and said, “I’m

sorry.” Britnell drove them back to the trailer park where Middleton lived. When

they arrived, there were police cars in the area. Not wanting to get too close to the

police officers, the two turned off at someone else’s house, where they got out of

the car and stood in the yard.

      Later that evening, officers found Middleton at the residence of Darrell

Dubel. When the officers arrived, Britnell’s car was there. At this time, Middleton

was barefoot, and had placed his boots and socks in Britnell’s trunk. Officer John

Rhoden asked Brandon Jenkins, Britnell, and Middleton to come to the Sheriff’s

Office for questioning. Middleton’s boots were later recovered from the trunk and

found to have the victim’s blood on them. While in custody, Middleton confessed.

The bloody clothes and the murder weapon were never discovered.

                       A. MIDDLETON’S CONFESSION

      During the trial, the State played Middleton’s interview videos for the jury,

including the fifth and final video in which Middleton ultimately confessed to the

murder. Detective Faulkner and Assistant State Attorney Ashley Albright were

present during Detective Maerki’s questioning of Middleton. The recording of the

first interview, which was conducted in Detective Maerki’s office, could not

subsequently be retrieved. As a precautionary measure, the second and third


                                        -6-
interviews were conducted using the computer equipment located in Detective

Faulkner’s office. Maerki read Middleton his rights, as detailed on a Miranda2

card. Maerki detected an odor of alcohol on Middleton, and also noticed that his

eyes were bloodshot and watery. He was surprised that Middleton did not have

slurred speech and that his coordination was fine. He stated that Middleton

seemed to be fully aware of everything that was happening during the

interrogation.

      Middleton told Maerki that everything happened so fast that he never

checked to see if the victim had any money. He stated that he thought the victim

ended up in the hallway, and he did not remember cutting her throat. He told

Maerki that after the murder, he did not bathe, and he only washed his hands.

Middleton admitted that he acted alone. He told the police the location of the

dumpster where he threw the bag with his clothes and the murder weapon. He

stated that he kept his boots on and put them in the trunk of Britnell’s small black

car. He admitted to selling the television later that night to Rolland Ammons for

$200 and using the money to purchase more drugs.

                          B. FORENSIC TESTIMONY

      Crime Scene Technician Jackie Moore assisted Detective Bradley at the

crime scene. She testified that there was no evidence of a struggle in the living


      2. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

                                        -7-
room area, but there was a void in the dust on a television stand in the living room

indicating that there was previously a television and remote there. Moore further

testified that there were bloodstains on the dining room table and chairs that

continued toward the master bedroom. Pooling of blood and drag marks were on

the floor near the refrigerator and the dining room table. The drag marks indicated

that the victim was alive and moving erratically as she was dragged from the

kitchen area to the bedroom. Blood with drag marks was in the doorway of the

master bedroom. The bloodstains on the wall of the bedroom indicated that at

some point the victim had been standing and had stepped in blood. There were

bloody shoe impressions leading from the master bedroom to the kitchen.

      The victim had a gaping wound in her throat. The medical examiner

testified that several passes, like a sawing motion with a sharp instrument, created

the margin of the wound. The blood stains indicated that the victim’s carotid

artery was not cut until she was in the bedroom. Her hands and shirt were

saturated with blood. Blood also ran down her abdomen and soaked into the

waistband of her pants. The amount and pattern of blood on the victim’s

waistband indicates that she may have been sitting up slightly or halfway when she

received the neck injury. The victim’s shirt was pulled upwards toward her neck,

which is consistent with being dragged.




                                          -8-
      The laceration to the victim’s throat produced significantly more blood than

was seen in the blood trail through the kitchen. The victim had a bruise on her

cheek consistent with the tread and design of Middleton’s boots, more bruises and

a cut to her face, and puncture and stab wounds on her chest, neck, ear, and arms.

The bloody shoeprints were well defined closer to the bedroom and became faint

as they continued down the hall. The victim’s son’s shoes were tested and

eliminated as the shoes that caused the bloody impressions. Moore testified that

this indicates that the blood was likely dried by the time the victim’s son found her.

There were various items located close to the victim’s body, which indicate that

she was grabbing for things during the struggle. The victim had bloody injuries to

her arms and wrists. She had defensive wounds that indicated that she was trying

to get away from someone who had a knife. None of the injuries to the victim’s

extremities would have killed or incapacitated her. The autopsy revealed that the

neck injury occurred toward the end of the attack. Following the neck injury, the

victim could have been conscious for ten to twenty seconds, and alive for minutes

after losing consciousness.

      On the kitchen floor of Middleton’s residence, there was a washed out shoe

impression that was similar to those found inside the victim’s residence. This print

tested positive for blood, but no DNA profile could be obtained. The medical

examiner found blood on the sink of the only bathroom in Middleton’s trailer, but


                                        -9-
no DNA profile could be obtained. There was blood beside the dresser in

Middleton’s bedroom, but the DNA profile was inconclusive. A different

bloodstain in Middleton’s room matched the victim’s DNA on four of thirteen

points. The probability that a randomly selected Caucasian person could match the

same DNA profile at these four locations is one in 41,680.

         Donna Lee and Rolland Ammons’ fingerprints were the only prints found on

the victim’s television. Middleton’s fingerprints were not found inside the victim’s

residence. There was no evidence that the trailer had been ransacked or that the

victim’s things had been rifled through. Moore explained that the vanity in the

victim’s bedroom had blood spatter on the outside, but not the inside, indicating

that the door to the cabinet of the vanity was closed during the attack. Inside the

cabinet, there was a purse that appeared to have been thrown in there. There was

evidence of blood spatter on the purse and also blood inside of the purse. The

purse was empty, and there were no fingerprints found on the purse.3

                                C. PENALTY PHASE

         During the penalty phase, the defense presented testimony from Dr. James

D. Barnard, and the State presented testimony from Dr. Deborah Leperowski.4 The


         3. During the guilt phase, the defense rested without presenting a case-in-
chief.

      4. They testified consistently with their respective testimony provided at the
hearing on Middleton’s pre-trial motion to suppress his confession.

                                          - 10 -
defense’s court-appointed mitigation investigator, Joe Parish, also testified, as did

Middleton’s sisters.

                       i. Psychological Witnesses Testimony

      Dr. Barnard assisted the defense in formulating mitigating evidence and

conducted a mental health evaluation of Middleton. His findings indicated that

Middleton underreported the type of drugs he abused and the frequency of their

use. Dr. Barnard determined that Middleton began abusing painkillers after being

prescribed the medications following an accidental fall. He also determined that

Middleton began smoking marijuana between the ages of ten and thirteen. He

described the onset of cocaine use at age twenty-five, ceasing at age thirty.

Additionally, Middleton told Dr. Barnard that he had used methamphetamine once

a year since he was twenty-eight years old. This statement conflicted with his

assertion during his police interview that the day of the murder was the first time

he had ever used methamphetamine. Dr. Barnard testified that Middleton reported

briefly being medically treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Dr. Barnard characterized the symptoms of ADHD as difficulty with impulse

control, difficulty regulating behavior to standards or norms, high rate motor

activity, and difficulty focusing attention.

      Dr. Barnard also found that Middleton was possibly exaggerating his

symptoms, which may be viewed as a cry for help. Dr. Barnard found it quite


                                         - 11 -
significant that individuals with Middleton’s personality type are known to have

problems with repressed anger and hostility. Dr. Barnard testified that such

individuals are sometimes able to control their anger, but sometimes have outbursts

that are difficult or impossible for them to control. Equally significant, opined Dr.

Barnard, is that individuals with this personality type have problems responding to

authority and taking direction, oftentimes accepting little or no responsibility for

their behavior. Dr. Barnard concluded that Middleton could not conform his

conduct to the requirements of the law on the day in question, and that his

substance abuse on the date of the murder would likely impair anyone’s

psychological controls, even someone who had no difficulty with impulse control.

      On cross-examination, Dr. Barnard admitted that he did not review all of the

records in this case, such as the depositions of people close to Middleton, his arrest

and jail records and his confession to the murder. Dr. Barnard conceded that

Middleton was not mentally retarded. The State questioned Dr. Barnard about the

report that was conducted by Dr. Landrum in August 2009 which found

Middleton’s IQ to be 72. Dr. Barnard testified that Middleton informed him that

he did not give his best effort on the IQ test conducted by Dr. Landrum. When Dr.

Barnard administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) test in

September 2011, he determined that Middleton’s full scale IQ was 83. Dr. Barnard

determined that Middleton was not malingering during the exam he administered.


                                        - 12 -
He stated that he was aware that Middleton was administered the WAIS-IV test for

a third time in this case by Dr. Riordan in March 2012.

      Dr. Riordan’s March 2012, evaluation indicated that Middleton’s IQ score

was 75. Dr. Barnard would have expected Middleton’s IQ score to be higher, if all

other factors were stable. This lower score could be an indication of various

factors including Middleton being under the weather or malingering. There were

no indications that Middleton was ever separated from the general population in

prison due to any mental health issues. Dr. Barnard admitted that Middleton slit

his wrists in a holding cell in an attempt not to be extradited back to a facility in

Georgia.

      Dr. Deborah Leporowski testified for the State. She stated that in order to

prepare for her testimony, she reviewed Dr. Barnard’s report, previous court

testimony, and deposition; Dr. Landrum’s report; and Dr. Riordan’s report, prior

court testimony, and deposition. She also interviewed Middleton and reviewed the

police reports in this case and transcripts, witness interviews, letters that Middleton

wrote while he was in jail, and Department of Corrections records. Dr.

Leporowski maintained that Middleton’s IQ scores are illogical with an initial

score of 72, a score of 83 two years later and then months later receiving a score of

75. Dr. Leporowski opined that a score of 83 is likely Middleton’s actual IQ score.




                                         - 13 -
Dr. Leporowski diagnosed Middleton with antisocial personality disorder, as did

Dr. Barnard.

      Dr. Leporowski determined that Middleton was malingering “or at least

exaggerating” when taking his personality tests. Dr. Leporowski found no history

of mental illness in Middleton’s records or in her interview with him. She rejected

any assertion that Middleton’s capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct

or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was substantially

impaired. She opined that Middleton’s upbringing did not in any way lead him to

believe that those actions involving this crime were acceptable or were warranted

in any way based on the victim’s behavior, stating, “Everything he told me about

that day was logical, made sense, and indicated that he was able to make decisions

and choices.” Dr. Leporowski further noted that Middleton appeared to remember

what he did throughout the day, where he did drugs, and the individuals with

whom he did them. On cross-examination, she stated that Middleton’s jail records

indicated that his detox from drugs while in jail was typical and did not evidence

drug dependence, but rather suggested that he used them intermittently when he

had access to them.

                          ii. Family History Testimony

      The trial court appointed Joe Parrish, a licensed private investigator, to assist

the defense in developing mitigation for the penalty phase. Parrish determined that


                                        - 14 -
Middleton’s mother abused drugs and his older siblings acted as parents to him.

Middleton expressed to Parrish some depression concerning the death of his father

figure, a former employer. Parrish found that Middleton was employed at a

welding company for a period of time and was described by the owner as being a

hard worker and very dependable. Parrish also found that marijuana use at an early

age led Middleton to abuse more dangerous drugs. Parrish spoke with Middleton’s

eldest daughter, who lived with her mother and younger sister in the same mobile

park. She explained that in the days leading up to the murder, she noticed that her

father’s physical appearance had changed and that he was abusing drugs. Parrish

also described a history of domestic violence between Middleton and his girlfriend,

Sabrina Jones.

      Devenna Pearson, one of Middleton’s older sisters, testified on his behalf.

She described their childhood as physically and emotionally painful. She

explained that their mother provided for the necessities of life, such as food,

clothing, shelter and basic hygiene through social security benefits which she

received following the death of her husband. She explained that she and

Middleton were never required to go to school. Pearson additionally explained that

she was sexually molested by her stepfather for approximately three and a half

years, and that her mother was aware of the abuse but did not stop it. Her older

sister found out and stopped the abuse by cutting their abusive stepfather. She


                                        - 15 -
recalled that she was sent away for a few months and Middleton remained in the

house with their mother. She described her brother, as she knew him growing up,

as outgoing, fun and someone who always tried to make everyone laugh.

      Dewanna Sprowse, Middleton’s eldest sister, also testified on his behalf.

She explained that their mother would sell her food stamps for beer and drugs.

Sprowse recalled that Middleton did not have clean clothes and fitted shoes, and

that if she was not home to get her siblings up and ready for school, their mother

would just tell them to go outside and play. She explained that one of her

stepfathers was physically abusive to her younger siblings, including Middleton.

She testified that their mother had always placed men before her children and did

not spend any money on holidays, birthdays, or books. She recalled Middleton

being about age twelve or thirteen when he finally quit going to school. She

described Middleton, as she remembered him growing up, as a sweetheart,

talented, with a good heart.5

       D. MIDDLETON’S PRETRIAL MOTION TO SUPPRESS HIS
                        CONFESSION

      The defense filed a motion to suppress the defendant’s confession, claiming

that Middleton was too intoxicated to waive his Miranda rights. The motion



       5. The trial court held a Spencer hearing on August 24, 2012. See Spencer
v. State, 133 So. 2d 729 (Fla. 1961). Neither the State nor the defense presented
any additional evidence.

                                       - 16 -
additionally alleged that Middleton does not possess the intellectual ability to

comprehend his Miranda rights and that Middleton’s final interview was conducted

after Middleton’s attorney provided the Sheriff’s Office with a form invoking

Middleton’s constitutional right to remain silent. The hearing on the motion took

place on April 10, 2012, and June 29, 2012.

                                 i. Lay Witnesses

      During the hearing on the motion to suppress, Jenkins testified for the

defense. He testified that he is disabled and was prescribed Oxycodone

(Roxicodone) and Xanax, and that he had been selling or giving Middleton his

prescription medications since 2007. On the day of the murder, he went to

Middleton’s trailer to give him some drugs and to look at the television Middleton

wanted to sell. He gave Middleton three Roxicodone pills. Middleton snorted two

of the pills while Jenkins was there.

      The State called Britnell to testify at the suppression hearing. Consistent

with his guilt phase testimony, Britnell recalled that he and Middleton each took

one Xanax pill on the morning of the murder. He further recalled that in the early

afternoon, the two shared $20 worth of methamphetamine, which Britnell

described as “a little bit.” He indicated that immediately following the sale of the

television, he drove Middleton to a Circle K to purchase cocaine. They each

consumed “a line or two” of cocaine in the Circle K parking lot. Later, Captain


                                        - 17 -
John Rhoden and Lieutenant Brad Stark approached them and asked them to come

to the police station to give a statement. They drove to the station voluntarily.

       Captain John Rhoden testified that Middleton had no trouble standing or

keeping his posture, did not appear to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol,

his speech was clear, and he did not appear to have any problems understanding

what was being said to him. Lieutenant Stark testified that none of the men

appeared to be off-balance. Nothing indicated that the defendant was under the

influence of alcohol. On cross-examination, he stated that it would surprise him to

hear that Middleton had done methamphetamine, cocaine and Xanax during that

day.

       Detective Marty Faulkner testified regarding Middleton’s interviews. The

first occurred on July 28, 2009, at 11:56 p.m., in his office, with another detective

and Assistant State Attorney Ashley Albright present. He read the Miranda card

verbatim to Middleton, who signed, dated, and time-stamped the card. Middleton

agreed to speak with detectives, but seemed nervous. He stated that Middleton

appeared to be coherent, and not under the influence of any drugs; Middleton was

responsive to questions and his memory appeared to be fine. The interview lasted

approximately one hour. Middleton made no admissions during this interview.

       Faulkner interviewed Middleton a second time, again in his office, in the

early morning hours of July 29, 2009. Middleton made no admissions. The third


                                        - 18 -
interview lasted three minutes, and at that time Middleton claimed that Fowler had

committed the murder. Middleton was placed under arrest at the end of the third

interview. When Faulkner returned to work, at approximately 11 a.m., Sergeant

Coleman informed him that Middleton wanted to speak with him. Coleman

testified and corroborated that Middleton made this request and that he relayed the

request to Faulkner. This interview lasted for approximately twenty-three minutes

before Middleton asked to go back to his cell. The officers then immediately

concluded the interview and returned Middleton to his cell.

      Faulkner further testified that on July 30, he felt obligated to check on

Middleton, based on Middleton’s state of mind during the interview conducted the

previous day. When Faulkner arrived, Middleton was in segregation and standing

at the gate of his cell. Middleton asked to speak to him, and Faulkner had

Middleton escorted to his office, where the final interview transpired. During this

final interview, after repeatedly being advised of his Miranda rights, Middleton

confessed to murdering Christensen. On cross-examination, Faulkner

acknowledged that he informed Middleton that he would have to waive his right to

counsel to speak with him. Only after the final (approximately seventh) time

Faulkner told Middleton what he would have to say in order to waive his rights,

did Middleton in fact waive his rights.




                                          - 19 -
      Assistant Public Defender Stanley Glenn testified that he was initially

appointed to represent Middleton. He stated that on the morning of July 30, 2009,

he filed an invocation of rights form with the clerk’s office and that afternoon he

personally delivered it to the Sheriff’s Office front desk, instructing them to give it

to the lead detective investigating Christensen’s death. Glenn first met with

Middleton the next day and reviewed the form with him. Middleton was very

depressed at this time. Glenn was concerned that Middleton needed someone to

talk to and may make incriminating statements. He repeatedly informed Middleton

not to make any statements without him being present. On cross-examination,

Glenn acknowledged that unbeknownst to him, on July 30, 2009, at 11:28 a.m.,

when he filed the invocation of rights form and delivered it to the Sheriff’s Office

that afternoon, the defendant had already confessed at approximately 9:24 a.m.

                            ii. Psychological Testimony

      Forensic Psychologist Dr. Gregory Landrum testified for the defense at the

suppression hearing. He testified that he met with Middleton on two occasions in

August 2009. He indicated that Middleton was competent to proceed and assist in

his own defense. He determined that Middleton’s IQ was 72, which is in the

borderline mental retardation range. He additionally determined that Middleton

reads on a fifth-grade level. Dr. Landrum was not asked to do an evaluation

regarding Miranda competency.


                                         - 20 -
      On cross examination, Dr. Landrum stated emphatically that Middleton is

not mentally retarded. Dr. Landrum stated that it is possible that Middleton was

faking when he was examined by Dr. Riordan, who determined that his IQ was 75,

months after being examined by Dr. Barnard, who determined that it was an 83.

According to Dr. Landrum, administering the same tests within a year may yield

inaccurate results.

      Dr. James Barnard also testified for the defense. He prepared two reports,

one was a psychological evaluation and the other examined Middleton’s

competency to waive his Miranda rights. He determined that Middleton’s full

scale IQ was 83. He additionally found that Middleton was not malingering. Dr.

Barnard indicated that Middleton’s chronic use of drugs resulted in an increased

tolerance for the substances and the need for more of the substances to get high.

This factor and other factors indicate dependence on a substance versus abuse. He

reported Middleton’s statement that drugs make him “go, go, go,” and render him

less able to control his impulses, and that Middleton told him that before he went

to jail he had not slept for two nights. Dr. Barnard opined that Middleton should

have been placed in a private detox facility when he was arrested. Dr. Barnard

determined that at the time of Middleton’s confession, he was likely withdrawing

from substances and may have been under the effects of substances at least during

the time of his initial interrogation.


                                         - 21 -
      Dr. Barnard administered an instrument entitled “Dr. Thomas Grisso’s

Understanding and Appreciating Miranda Rights.” Dr. Barnard testified that

Middleton’s total score was 13 out of 30, more than two standard deviations below

the mean. He testified that, although Middleton could paraphrase portions of

Miranda, he “showed a very significant weakness in terms of his ability to

intelligently apply knowledge of Miranda, to novel situations.” Dr. Barnard stated

that it was difficult to reconcile his findings during the testing with what he saw on

the confession video. He explained that there is no correlation between having had

Miranda warnings administered in the past and actually understanding them. He

also stated that there are no validity scales for Grisso’s Miranda test.

      On cross-examination, Dr. Barnard stated that Middleton made general

remarks indicating that he may have been malingering during the testing with Dr.

Landrum, but he did not specifically mention whether he was referring to the IQ

test. Dr. Barnard’s testing also indicated that Middleton may have exaggerated

some of his answers to appear more maladjusted than he actually was on the date

of the testing. Dr. Barnard diagnosed Middleton with anti-social personality

disorder; he explained that one major tenet of this disorder is that the person has a

tendency to be untruthful.

      Dr. Barnard further testified that, before the Grisso test was administered,

Middleton stated he had been Mirandized at least five times. However, after the


                                         - 22 -
Grisso test, Middleton claimed that he had never been read Miranda rights, despite

his extensive criminal history. After the Grisso test, Middleton told Dr. Barnard

that the confession tapes had been altered. Middleton also told the doctor that

methamphetamines make him think better. Middleton made comments to Dr.

Barnard indicating that the police in Okeechobee violated his rights, which Dr.

Barnard opined indicates that he knew what his rights were.

      On redirect, Dr. Barnard stated that the conditions that Middleton was under

at the time of the interrogation, plus the interrogation procedures themselves, made

it more likely that he would acquiesce to the police. He also opined that Middleton

did not fully comprehend his Miranda rights when he waived them.

      Dr. Michael Riordan testified for the defense. Dr. Riordan was ordered to

conduct a neuropsychological evaluation on Middleton. Dr. Riordan prepared a

written report, which he subsequently modified. He modified his original finding

that Middleton had brain damage and in the subsequent report he indicated that

Middleton suffers from a cognitive disorder. He explained that “the cognitive

disorder was the more appropriate term [for] a neuropsychologist to report.” Dr.

Riordan reviewed the reports prepared by Dr. Barnard. He agreed with Dr.

Barnard’s finding that Middleton was incompetent to waive his Miranda rights at

the time of his interrogation, based on his borderline intellectual functioning, his

cognitive disorder, and his drug use which would have caused withdrawals at the


                                        - 23 -
time of the interrogation. Dr. Riordan also found that Middleton had

polysubstance dependence disorder. He indicated that Middleton was not

malingering. Dr. Riordan did not have Middleton perform another Grisso test, and

did not disagree with Dr. Barnard’s findings.

      Dr. Riordan did not diagnose an antisocial personality disorder. His report

indicated that Middleton had a tendency to exaggerate his problems. Dr. Riordan

had previously indicated in a February 11, 2012, letter to the defense that

Middleton was not initially incompetent to waive his Miranda rights, but as the

interrogation progressed, that he became incompetent to proceed. Dr. Riordan also

wrote a letter to the defense in April 2012, indicating that Middleton’s withdrawals

would have furthered his incompetence. However, Dr. Riordan did not review jail

records to determine whether Middleton was suffering from withdrawal symptoms,

and Middleton did not state that he was suffering from withdrawal symptoms

during the interrogation. Instead, he told Dr. Riordan that the police harassed him

and tampered with the confession tapes. Dr. Riordan was not aware that Middleton

signed a Miranda waiver.

      Dr. Deborah Leporowski testified for the State. She testified that she

reviewed Dr. Landrum’s report, along with the deposition reports and in-court

testimony of Dr. Riordan. She also reviewed Dr. Barnard’s raw data and

deposition, and she was present for his testimony. Additionally, she reviewed


                                        - 24 -
Middleton’s videotaped confessions, witness statements, drug treatment records,

Department of Corrections and jail records, and also interviewed Middleton at the

county jail on May 10, 2012. She did not administer the WAIS test because it

already had been administered three times. She testified that the discrepancy in the

scores may be due to poor motivation or deliberately underperforming on the test

with Dr. Riordan. Dr. Leporowski reviewed Dr. Riordan’s neuropsychological

testing, his raw data, and his report, and she determined that Middleton performed

in the average or above average range on most instruments. She opined that “[t]he

only areas where he demonstrated anything really in an impaired range were

instruments that I felt could be accounted for by his lack of education.” She

observed that his scores varied on the memory tests, with delayed recall being in

the impaired range, stating “[t]hose are essentially the only two areas where there’s

anything that’s not perfectly intact in the overall neuropsychological functioning

area.”

         Dr. Leporowski stated that she would not diagnose the defendant with brain

damage or a cognitive disorder. She stated there was nothing in the

neuropsychological testing that would indicate that Middleton had trouble

comprehending the Miranda warnings. Additionally, she said Middleton was

candid with her about his drug use on the day of the murder, and even told her that




                                        - 25 -
he used another drug that day, OxyContin, which Britnell did not report. He did

not have difficulty reporting the information in a logical order.

          In addition to not administering another WAIS-IV test, Dr. Leporowski did

not administer another Grisso test. She explained that the shortcomings of the

Grisso test are that it was developed for a particular jurisdiction in 1980 and that

the language for which it tests has not been updated despite the administration of

the warnings across jurisdictions. Middleton told Dr. Leporowski that he was

threatened and that the confession tapes had been altered. She concluded that

Middleton had the capacity to knowingly and intelligently waive his Miranda

rights.

          Dr. Leporowski disagreed with Dr. Riordan’s testimony indicating that

Middleton was suffering from withdrawals. She opined that withdrawals typically

occur seventy-two hours after consuming drugs and alcohol. She explained that on

his jail medical records, he is described as cool, cooperative, coherent, and not

agitated. Dr. Leporowski spoke with the jail nurse who indicated that they never

had to use detox protocols for Middleton and that he did not need any medical

attention at all. She opined that this is indicative of his intermittent use, rather than

his continuous use of the substances. Dr. Leporowski found that Middleton was

malingering during her evaluations of him.




                                         - 26 -
      On cross-examination, Dr. Leporowski acknowledged that Middleton

reported doing methamphetamine before lunch, followed by eighty milligrams of

OxyContin, then Roxicodone that afternoon at his trailer, and Xanax and cocaine

later that evening. He also indicated that he walked down to Brewskis and

consumed a couple of beers and three lines of cocaine.

      The trial court denied the defense’s motion to suppress Middleton’s

confession.

                                   II. ANALYSIS

                      A. AVOID ARREST AGGRAVATOR

      Middleton first argues that the trial court erred in finding the avoid arrest

aggravator. We agree that the record does not support this aggravator as

Middleton’s sole or dominant motivation for the murder. This Court has

consistently held that where the victim is not a law enforcement officer, “the State

must show that the sole or dominant motive for the murder was the elimination of

the witness” in order to prove this aggravator. See, e.g., Davis v. State, 604 So. 2d

794 (Fla. 1992); Green v. State, 583 So. 2d 647 (Fla. 1991); Perry v. State, 522 So.

2d 817 (Fla. 1988). The trial court’s order on this issue lists eight facts that

support this aggravator:

      (1) the defendant personally knew the victim, and went to her home
      without any type of disguise; (2) the defendant told Garrett Wade
      Fowler that he was going to rob Roberta Christensen, after seeing a
      large amount of money inside her home the day before; (3) the

                                         - 27 -
       defendant walked 130 feet to the victim’s home in broad daylight;
       (4) the defendant knew that the victim was home because he could see
       her red car from his own home, and the car was parked directly in
       front of the entrance to her home; (5) the defendant knew that the
       victim’s husband was out of town and she was home alone; (6) the
       victim did not pose any physical threat to the defendant; (7) the
       defendant armed himself with a knife from his residence, before going
       over to the victim’s home; and (8) the victim was the defendant’s
       neighbor, who lived almost directly across the street.

In addition, the trial court indicated that the main object of the criminal endeavor

was the tip money, not the television. Finally, the trial judge said that if the victim

was left alive the defendant would have been quickly arrested.

       Notably, only a few of these factors have a direct bearing or support the

avoid arrest aggravator (the defendant knew the victim and did not wear a disguise

and the defendant would have been promptly arrested had the victim lived and

identified him). Many of the other factors listed by the trial court for this

aggravator either supported Middleton’s statement that he went to the victim’s

home to borrow money, or that he went there only intending to rob her, before

things became “crazy.” This Court has determined that the eighth factor listed is

not enough to prove this aggravator. See Foster v. State, 778 So. 2d 906 (Fla.

2000); Consalvo v. State, 697 So. 2d 805 (Fla. 1996). Additionally, the trial

court’s determination that Middleton’s primary objective was to obtain the “easily

concealable tip money,” implies that pecuniary gain was a dominant motive for the

killing.


                                         - 28 -
      In Davis, Green, and Perry, the defendants raised similar issues involving

the avoid arrest aggravator. In each of these cases, this Court struck the avoid

arrest aggravator even though the defendants were acquainted with the victims. In

Davis, the defendant stabbed an elderly female acquaintance inside her home and

stole some of the victim’s belongings before exiting the residence. Davis, 604 So.

2d at 795. In Green, the defendant and his girlfriend went to the home of their

landlords, a married couple, and paid them $250, under the threat of an impending

eviction. Green, 583 So. 2d at 648. Green went home, changed his shirt, grabbed

the largest butcher knife from his kitchen and went back to his landlord’s house.

When he arrived at the house, his landlord let him into the house, but was adamant

about keeping Green’s check. Green stabbed the husband and wife. Green

returned the knife to his home and, later that night, hitched a ride from

Hillsborough County to St. Petersburg and then to Ft. Lauderdale. Id. at 649. In

Perry, the defendant killed his neighbor during a robbery attempt. 522 So. 2d at

819. The fact that the victims could have identified the defendants was not enough

to demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that the sole or dominant motive for the

murders was witness elimination.

      Although the trial judge correctly stated that the avoid arrest aggravator can

be supported by circumstantial evidence through inferences from the facts in the

record, his reliance on cases such as Jennings v. State, 718 So. 2d 144 (Fla. 1998),


                                        - 29 -
and Riley v. State, 366 So. 2d 19, 22 (Fla. 1978), is not well-founded. In Jennings

we upheld the finding of this aggravator based on the fact that the defendant knew

the victim, used gloves, and stated that if he ever committed a robbery he would

not leave any witnesses. Jennings, 718 So. 2d at 150-51. In Riley, we affirmed the

finding of this aggravator based on the fact that the defendant knew the victim

coupled with the fact that the victim was “executed after one of the perpetrators

expressed a concern for subsequent identification.” Riley, 366 So. 2d at 22.

        Although the trial court infers that Middleton killed the victim because he

would have been arrested quickly if he had left her alive, there are no other facts

that indicate that this was his sole or dominant reason for killing her, especially in

the absence of other evidence indicating that Middleton was specifically concerned

about eliminating the victim as a witness. Therefore, we strike this aggravating

circumstance.

                             B. CCP AGGRAVATOR

      Middleton next challenges the trial court’s finding of the cold, calculated

and premeditated aggravator (CCP). On appeal, it is this Court’s task to review the

record to ensure that the trial court applied the correct rule of law for each

aggravating circumstance, and if so, determine whether there is competent

substantial evidence in the record to support the finding. Willacy v. State, 696 So.




                                         - 30 -
2d 695 (Fla. 1997). We agree with Middleton that there was not competent,

substantial evidence in the record to support this aggravator.

      In order to establish the CCP aggravator, it is the State’s burden to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt four elements:

       that the killing was the product of cool and calm reflection and not an act
prompted by emotional frenzy, panic, or a fit of rage (cold); that the defendant had
a careful plan or prearranged design to commit murder before the fatal incident
(calculated); that the defendant exhibited heightened premeditation (premeditated);
and that the defendant had no pretense of moral or legal justification.

      Franklin v. State, 965 So. 2d 79, 98 (Fla. 2007). “‘CCP involves a much

higher degree of premeditation’ than is required to prove first-degree murder.”

Deparvine v. State, 995 So. 2d 351, 381-82 (Fla. 2008) (quoting Foster v. State,

778 So. 2d 906, 921 (Fla. 2001)). “Premeditation can be established by examining

the circumstances of the killing and the conduct of the accused.” Franklin, 965 So.

2d at 98. Further, “the evidence must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

defendant planned or prearranged to commit murder before the crime began.”

Thompson v. State, 565 So. 2d 1311, 1318 (Fla. 1990). “The CCP aggravator can

‘be indicated by circumstances showing such facts as advance procurement of a

weapon, lack of resistance or provocation, and the appearance of a killing carried

out as a matter of course.’” Franklin, 965 So. 2d at 98 (quoting Swafford v. State,

533 So. 2d 270, 277 (Fla. 1988)).




                                        - 31 -
      In this case, the evidence is inconsistent with the murder being a product of

cool and calm reflection. Although Middleton procured a knife prior to entering

the victim’s residence, there is no evidence that he possessed the weapon for the

purpose of attacking the victim. Rather, Middleton planned to commit a robbery.

In walking over to the victim’s residence, Middleton did not conceal his identity.

The evidence suggests that while inside the victim’s residence, the victim refused

Middleton’s request for money. After a struggle ensued, Middleton fatally stabbed

the victim. It was during the course of this struggle that Middleton formulated his

intent to kill her. Middleton’s behavior at the time of the murder can be aptly

described as murder committed in a frenzied rage or during a heated struggle

following the victim’s refusal to give him money. Following this spontaneous

murder—which was not carried out as a matter of course—the victim’s body

remained in her residence; Middleton left her home with the victim’s television.

      Based on this evidence, we conclude that the State did not prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that Middleton had a careful prearranged plan or design to

murder the victim before he entered her residence. Thus, we disagree with the trial

court’s finding that the murder was a planned event, not a sudden, impulsive act.

Although following the murder Middleton washed his hands in his kitchen sink,

changed his clothes, and placed his bloody clothes in a bag with the murder




                                       - 32 -
weapon—as noted by the trial court—these actions do not prove that he planned

the murder beforehand.

       We conclude that the evidence is not indicative of a heightened,

premeditated intent to murder. The facts in this case are similar to Castro v. State,

644 So. 2d 987, 991 (Fla. 1994), which did not involve a careful design and

heightened premeditation necessary for CCP when “the record reflect[ed] that

Castro planned to rob Scott.” In addition, in Hansbrough v. State, 509 So. 2d

1081, 1086 (Fla. 1987), we did not find the cold and calculated premeditation

necessary for CCP where there “appear[ed] to be a robbery that got out of hand,”

resulting in a “frenzied stabbing.” Accordingly, we conclude that there is no

competent, substantial evidence to support the finding of the CCP aggravator.

Therefore, we strike the finding of this aggravator.

      “When this Court strikes an aggravating factor on appeal, ‘the harmless error

test is applied to determine whether there is no reasonable possibility that the error

affected the sentence.’” Williams v. State, 967 So. 2d 735, 765 (Fla. 2007)

(quoting Jennings v. State, 782 So. 2d 853, 863 n. 9 (Fla. 2001)); Diaz v. State, 860

So. 2d 960, 968 (Fla. 2003) (“We find this error harmless, however, after

consideration of the two remaining aggravating circumstances and the five

mitigating circumstances in this case.”). Despite striking the avoid arrest and CCP

aggravators, two valid aggravators remain in this unanimous death-


                                        - 33 -
recommendation case. The two aggravators which remain are HAC and during the

commission of a burglary/pecuniary gain aggravators, which were each given

“great weight” by the trial court. The trial court did not find any statutory

mitigation applicable in this case.

      In its sentencing order, the trial court expressly stated that “any of the

considered aggravating circumstances found in this case, standing alone, would be

sufficient to outweigh the mitigation in total presented regarding the murder of

[Roberta Christensen].” Similarly, in Smith v. State, 28 So. 3d 838, 868 (Fla.

2009), this Court held that the trial court’s erroneous finding of the CCP

aggravator was harmless because the sentencing order provided that “any one of

the aggravators found (except the felony probation aggravator) was sufficient to

outweigh the mitigating circumstances found in this case and due to the other

applicable aggravating factors.” It is clear that the trial court would have imposed

a death sentence for Middleton absent the avoid arrest and CCP aggravators.

Because we conclude that there is no reasonable possibility that the erroneous

findings of the avoid arrest and CCP aggravators contributed to Middleton’s death

sentence, the errors were harmless.

                            C. PROPORTIONALITY

      Middleton argues that without the avoid arrest and CCP aggravators, his

death sentence is disproportionate as compared to cases such as Perry and Davis.


                                        - 34 -
After striking the two aggravators in this case, we find that the sentence of death is

still proportional to similar cases.

      In order to ensure uniformity in death penalty proceedings, this Court

undertakes a “comprehensive analysis” of the aggravating and mitigating

circumstances “to determine whether the case falls within the category of the most

aggravated and least mitigated.” See Floyd v. State, 913 So. 2d 564, 578 (Fla.

2005) (quoting Anderson v. State, 841 So. 2d 390, 407-08 (Fla. 2003)). This

analysis involves a thoughtful and deliberate proportionality review considering

the totality of circumstances of the case and then comparing it with other capital

cases with similar aggravating and mitigating circumstances. “It is not a

comparison between the number of aggravating and mitigating circumstances.”

Tillman v. State, 591 So. 2d 167, 169 (Fla. 1991) (quoting Porter v. State, 564 So.

2d 1060, 1064 (Fla. 1990)).

      In this case, the jury voted twelve to zero in favor of the death penalty. The

trial court weighed four aggravators against eleven non-statutory mitigators.6 The

aggravators found are: (1) the capital felony was committed while the defendant

was engaged in the commission of a burglary or an attempt to commit a burglary

and the capital felony was committed for pecuniary gain; (2) the capital felony was


       6. The trial court determined that the proposed mitigator that Middleton’s
capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to
the requirements of the law was substantially impaired, was not proven.

                                        - 35 -
committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or effecting

escape from custody; (3) the capital felony was HAC; and (4) the capital felony

was CCP. The court gave all of these aggravators great weight. The eleven non-

statutory mitigators found are: (a) the defendant has below-average or borderline

intelligence (little weight); (b) the defendant suffers from attention deficit

hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (little weight) (c) the defendant has a long history

of chronic substance abuse (some weight); (d) the defendant had no adult role

models to guide him as a child (little weight); (e) the defendant’s mother was not

involved in child-rearing or supervision and was unavailable emotionally for her

children (little weight); (f) the defendant had a steady history of employment until

his chronic substance abuse and incarcerations made it difficult to maintain such

employment (little weight); (g) the defendant had little, if any, formal education

(little weight); (h) the defendant has two children (little weight); (i) the defendant

was subjected to chronic neglect, and made aware of sexual abuse that was

inflicted by his stepfather upon his sister (little weight); (j) the defendant expressed

remorse for his crime (little weight); and (k) the defendant exhibited appropriate

courtroom behavior (little weight).

      Having stricken two of the aggravators, this Court must analyze the two

appropriately found aggravators of HAC and during the commission of a

burglary/pecuniary gain with the nonstatutory mitigators outlined above. We begin


                                         - 36 -
this analysis with the trial court’s weighing of both the aggravators and mitigators.

Each of the aggravators was given great weight. We have in a long line of cases

found the HAC aggravator to be one of the most serious in our limited list of

statutory aggravating circumstances. See, e.g., Larkins v. State, 739 So. 2d 90

(Fla. 1999). Significantly, the trial court only gave one of the non-statutory

mitigators “some weight” and the other ten were given “little weight.”

Additionally, because some of the mitigators were similar, the trial court analyzed

them together. Namely, the trial court combined the analysis for the defendant’s

proposed mitigator of low IQ with his diagnoses of ADHD. The trial court also

combined the analysis for the defendant’s proposed mitigators of no adult role

models, his mother being emotionally unavailable, the defendant being chronically

neglected, and his sister being molested by his stepfather.

      The defense argues that this case is similar to Davis, 604 So. 2d 794, and

Perry, 522 So. 2d 817, however both are distinguishable from this case. In Davis

this Court, after striking two aggravators, did not impose a life sentence. Rather

we remanded the matter to the trial judge for reconsideration of the sentence

because we could not determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the trial judge

would have imposed a death sentence in the absence of the two aggravators that

were stricken. The trial judge ultimately determined that the remaining

aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances and reimposed


                                        - 37 -
a sentence of death. We affirmed that decision on appeal. The fact that Davis

ultimately received a life sentence was not based on the elimination of aggravating

circumstances but was the result of the granting of postconviction relief on

ineffective assistance of counsel regarding racial comments.

      This Court in Perry had to address a situation involving a trial court’s

override of a jury recommendation of life. In order to uphold the imposition of a

death sentence under those circumstances, we must find that no reasonable person

could differ with the sentence of death. See Tedder v. State, 322 So. 2d 908 (Fla.

1975). While Perry also involved the striking of two aggravating circumstances,

that factor was not the basis for the imposition of a sentence of life imprisonment.

This Court made it clear that there were mitigating circumstances presented to the

jury that the jury could have considered in reaching its determination of a life

sentence. Thus, we said the Tedder standard had not been met, and the case was

remanded for imposition of a life sentence without parole for twenty-five years.

      This case is, however, more similar to Geralds v. State, 674 So. 2d 96 (Fla.

1996), where this Court found the defendant’s death sentence to be proportionate

under circumstances much like the ones presented here. In Geralds, the jury

unanimously voted for a death sentence, the same aggravators that were applied to

Middleton were proven beyond a reasonable doubt, and the trial court gave

minimal weight to the defendant’s mitigation. Geralds was a carpenter who


                                        - 38 -
worked remodeling the victim’s trailer. Knowing that the victim’s husband was

out of town, he attacked her, beat her, stabbed her in the neck, and stole various

items from her home. We struck the CCP and witness elimination aggravators, and

we remanded for a new penalty phase. On appeal from the subsequent sentencing,

we again struck the CCP aggravator, but found there was no reasonable likelihood

of a life sentence under the circumstance of that case. 674 So. 2d at 103-105.

      In both this case and Geralds, the juries unanimously recommended a

sentence of death. In both cases the heinous, atrocious, or cruel, and murder

during the course of a felony/pecuniary gain aggravators were given great weight.

The mitigators in each case were nonstatutory, with exception of the age mitigator

found in Geralds, and in each instance they were given little or very little weight.

We conclude here, as we did in Geralds, that even with the stricken aggravators,

the trial court would have found that the aggravating factors substantially outweigh

the mitigating evidence. Therefore, we find that Middleton’s death sentence is

proportional.

  D. ORDER OF PENALTY PHASE WITNESSES AND CONTINUANCE

      Middleton argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his

motion to continue the penalty phase to allow the family to travel to the trial and

present mitigation testimony prior to the expert testimony. He contends that this

ruling prohibited the defense from setting the predicate for the expert testimony


                                        - 39 -
through the lay witness testimony. The decision of whether to grant a motion for

continuance is in the sound discretion of the trial court. In re Gregory, 313 So. 2d

735, 737 (Fla. 1975). This Court has emphasized that it will cautiously review the

trial court’s decision to deny such a motion and will not reverse the decision unless

there has been a palpable abuse of this judicial discretion which clearly and

affirmatively appears in the record. Magill v. State, 386 So. 2d 1188, 1189 (Fla.

1980); Cooper v. State, 336 So. 2d 1133, 1138 (Fla. 1976).

      To prevail on his motion for continuance, the defendant was required to

show: (1) prior due diligence to obtain the witness’s presence; (2) substantially

favorable testimony would have been forthcoming; (3) the witness was available

and willing to testify; and (4) the denial of the continuance caused material

prejudice. Geralds, 674 So. 2d at 99 (citing United States v. O’Neill, 767 F.2d

780, 784 (11th Cir. 1985)).

      On the requirement of prior due diligence, the defense admitted that it did

not use the proper subpoena to ensure that the witnesses traveled from Georgia to

provide testimony on the date scheduled for their testimony. The trial court gave a

full day in between the guilt and the penalty phase to allow both sides to resolve

any issues with witness availability. Despite this, the defense witnesses were not

available to testify. In rejecting the defense’s motion for a continuance, the trial

court offered the defense an opportunity to allow its investigator to travel to


                                        - 40 -
Georgia to pick up the witnesses and bring them to court or, alternatively, to live

stream their testimony from a facility in Georgia. Had the defense done its due

diligence, the trial court could have been made aware of the possibility that

Middleton’s relatives could not travel, and these same arrangements could have

been made a day prior, without the need for a continuance.

      As to the second, third and fourth requirements, the denial of the motion did

not prevent the jury from hearing the testimony of the relatives, and there is no

indication that the defense was materially prejudiced. It only required the jury to

hear this evidence after the expert witness testimony. Additionally, the expert

witness provided general details about the defendant’s childhood, which were

corroborated by the relatives’ testimony. Although the defense may have been

inconvenienced by the denial of the motion because it preferred for the relatives to

testify before the experts, the denial of the continuance did not prevent the jury

from hearing the testimony. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in denying Middleton’s motion for a continuance.

      E. DENIAL OF DEFENSE’S REQUEST FOR A MITIGATION
                                  SPECIALIST
      Middleton argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the

defense funds to appoint a mitigation specialist. The appointment of experts is

within the trial court’s discretion. San Martin v. State, 705 So. 2d 1337, 1347 (Fla.

1997). A trial court’s denial of funds to an indigent defendant for appointment of


                                        - 41 -
an expert will not be disturbed unless there has been an abuse of discretion. Id.

Florida appellate courts use a two-part test to evaluate an alleged abuse of

discretion: (1) whether the defendant made a particularized showing of need; and

(2) whether the defendant was prejudiced by the court’s denial of the motion

requesting the expert assistance. Id. If such a request is denied, and not later

renewed by the party asserting the need, it is waived. Id.

      On October 28, 2010, the parties attended a hearing where the trial court

granted the defense’s motions to appoint co-counsel and a fact investigator. In

appointing the investigator, the trial court stated that “in a death penalty case with

issues of mitigation, it’s almost self-evident” why the defense would need an

investigator. The very next motion that the trial judge heard in that proceeding was

the defendant’s motion to appoint a mitigation specialist. The State objected to the

motion, stating that an expert was not needed to do the type of investigations that a

mitigation specialist is expected to do.

      The trial court denied the motion pursuant to Leon Shaffer Golnick Advert.,

Inc. v. Cedar, 423 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), stating that the defense was

asking him to disregard an administrative order from the chief judge of the circuit,

which set a maximum hourly rate for specialists on the case, “based on nothing

other than representations of counsel” that the mitigation specialist’s work would

not be “duplicative of [the investigator just appointed].” The trial court refused to


                                           - 42 -
appoint a mitigation specialist because the defense did not demonstrate a

particularized need or showing for one. Therefore, the trial court denied the

motion without prejudice, and invited the defense to set a hearing on the motion in

the future when it could demonstrate a particularized need.

      The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defense’s motion to

appoint a mitigation specialist. The defense counsel did not demonstrate a

particularized need for the mitigation specialist, in light of being appointed an

experienced investigator. The defense claims that only the mitigation specialist

can explain how his or her responsibilities are different from those of a fact

investigator. This argument is not persuasive. Although a mitigation specialist can

best explain his or her capabilities and strategy, the attorney requesting the services

should at the very least be able to provide the court with an explanation of what the

mitigation specialist is expected to provide that the fact investigator may not.

Without this explanation, the defense is requesting for the court to provide state

funds for the defense to conduct what may very well be the gathering of

information cumulative to that gathered by the court-appointed fact investigator.

      Middleton’s reliance on Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 (1985) is misplaced.

In Ake, the Supreme Court reversed because the state court did not provide the

defendant expenses for a psychiatric evaluation to assess his sanity at the time of

the crime. Id. at 86-87. Importantly, in that case, the defendant was initially


                                        - 43 -
declared incompetent to stand trial. Id. at 72. Therefore, the Supreme Court

determined that the defendant was entitled to a psychiatrist once he made a

preliminary showing that his sanity at the time of the offense was likely to be a

significant factor at trial. Id. In this case, Middleton was evaluated by four

different doctors and was also appointed a fact investigator. Additionally, during

the hearing on Middleton’s motion to appoint a mitigation specialist, the defense

told the court that it would come back a few months before the trial to request the

appointment of a mitigation expert, and the court invited the defense to do so. The

defense never renewed the motion. If at any point the defense could specifically

demonstrate how a mitigation specialist was imperative to its case, in addition to

the other previously provided experts, the defense could have set a hearing on the

motion that had already been filed. Because error has not been demonstrated, we

deny relief on this claim. Although we find no abuse of discretion in this case, we

note that it may be appropriate in other cases for a trial court to grant the defense’s

request to appoint a mitigation specialist.

           F. INDIVIDUALIZED SENTENCING REQUIREMENT

      Middleton raises numerous claims to support his argument that the trial court

did not perform the individualized sentencing required for death penalty cases. He

first claims the trial court improperly and arbitrarily rejected findings of medical

experts, and cites Nowitzke v. State, 572 So. 2d 1346 (Fla. 1990), for support. In


                                         - 44 -
Nowitzke, however, this Court reiterated that it is improper for the prosecution to

discredit the insanity defense, as a legal defense, in front of the jury. Id. at 1355.

No defense of insanity was made in this case, and no argument based on Nowitzke

was made. Instead the defense argues for a new penalty phase claiming the trial

judge denigrated the field of psychology and rejected the findings of the experts.

This argument is based on the trial court’s agreement with and citation to the

dissent in United States v. Byers, 740 F.2d 1104 (D.C. Cir. 1984), where the

dissenting judge commented on the imprecision of the science of psychiatry.

Nevertheless, the trial court evaluated the testimony of all of the experts who

testified about the defendant’s mental status and determined that Dr. Leperowski

was more credible. Relief on this issue is not warranted.

      Middleton additionally claims that the trial court used a strawman argument

to denigrate the defense’s mitigation. See Consalvo, 697 So. 2d at 814-15

(explaining that a strawman argument is one in which the prosecutor creates an

issue not raised by the defense and then proceeds to knock it down). In this case,

the trial court did not manufacture an argument for the purpose of using the

testimony regarding Middleton’s psychological state. The defense argued and the

trial court considered the mitigating factor of substantial impairment. The

psychological data the trial court used to find that Middleton was not impaired was

previously presented to assess Middleton’s mental state, and the two experts that


                                         - 45 -
testified during the penalty phase were repeatedly questioned about those reports,

and asked to compare their findings to the reports of the non-testifying doctors.

The trial court considered the entire record of proceedings where Middleton’s

psychological capacity was concerned. This strawman argument has no merit.

See, e.g., Perez v. State, 919 So. 2d 347, 374 (Fla. 2005) (determining that the trial

court was allowed to use in court testimony and an expert’s report, which was

admitted into evidence during the Spencer hearing, to conclude that the mitigator

of inability to conform conduct to the requirements of the law was not established).

      Middleton next claims that the trial court improperly rejected the mitigator

of impaired capacity. The trial court provided a thorough explanation of why it

was rejecting the statutory mitigator that defendant’s ability to conform his conduct

to the requirements of the law was substantially impaired.7 The trial court

compared the testimony of Dr. Barnard, who determined that the defendant was

not “substantially impaired,” to the testimony of Dr. Leperowski, who stated that

she saw no evidence that the defendant was suffering from a mental disorder, and

noted that the defendant made rational decisions on the night of the murder. After



       7. Middleton also argues trial court should have evaluated the evidence as
nonstatutory mitigation. It is clear from the trial court’s discussion that
consideration was given to substantial impairment, significant impairment, and
impairment, and found none had been demonstrated. It should also be noted that
the trial court used the mental health and drug use evidence to support other
nonstatutory mitigation.


                                        - 46 -
considering the record, the trial court determined that the statutory mitigator did

not exist. See Walker v. State, 707 So. 2d 300, 318 (Fla. 1997) (contradictory

evidence on mitigating factor supports trial court’s conclusion that factor did not

exist). Relief on this claim is denied.

      Middleton further claims the trial court used the wrong standard in

evaluating his abusive childhood and abused its discretion in assigning weight to

this mitigation, citing to Mines v. State, 390 So. 2d 332 (Fla. 1980), and Campbell

v. State, 571 So. 2d 415 (Fla. 1990), receded from on other grounds by Trease v.

State, 768 So. 2d 1050 (Fla. 2000), as support. Both Mines and Campbell stand for

the proposition that once a trial court determines that a defendant is not insane, it

must still consider the statutory mental health mitigating factors. Mines, 390 So.

2d at 337; Campbell, 571 So. 2d at 418-19. The trial court below did not reject the

statutory mental mitigators after finding Middleton to be sane, it rejected them

after a reasoned analysis comparing the findings of the mental health experts who

evaluated him. To the extent that Middleton argues that the trial court erred in

using the sanity standard to reject the non-statutory mental mitigation and assigned

it improper weight, this Court addressed this issue in Consalvo. In that case, this

Court found that where the trial court would have likely accorded a mitigating

circumstance the same amount of weight had it used a different standard, the

defendants claim should be denied. 697 So. 2d at 818-19. The trial court


                                          - 47 -
incorporated its analysis from the order on Middleton’s motion to suppress his

confession, and additionally referred to Dr. Leperowski’s finding that the

defendant was thinking rationally on the night of the murder. Therefore, it is not

likely that a different standard of review would have changed the trial court’s

ruling on this issue.

         G. ADMISSION OF MIDDLETON’S CONFESSION VIDEO

      Middleton’s motion to suppress his confession contained three general

allegations: (1) that the defendant’s statements were illegally obtained because the

consumption of drugs and alcohol caused him to become incompetent to proceed

with the interview process, invalidating his waiver of his rights; (2) that the

defendant does not have the intellectual ability to adequately comprehend his

Miranda rights in order to knowingly and intelligently waive them; and (3) that the

final interview was conducted after the defendant was represented by counsel and

after his court-appointed counsel filed his Invocation of Constitutional Rights form

with the clerk on July 30, 2009, at 11:28 a.m. The trial court in the order on the

motion specifically addressed each allegation, and denied the motion. Middleton

now claims that the admission of this evidence into his trial was error, based on the




                                         - 48 -
same claims raised in his pre-trial motion.8 We conclude that the motion to

suppress was properly denied.

      A trial court’s decision to deny a motion to suppress comes to this Court

cloaked with a presumption that its factual findings are correct, but we

apply a de novo standard of review to legal issues and mixed questions of law and

fact which ultimately determine constitutional issues. Smithers v. State, 826 So.

2d 916, 924-25 (Fla. 2002). When considering the validity of a confession, this

Court considers the totality of the circumstances surrounding the defendant’s

confession. Lukehart v. State, 776 So. 2d 906, 920 (Fla. 2000).

      In Traylor v. State, 596 So. 2d 957 (Fla. 1992), this Court stated that under

the Florida Constitution,

      if the suspect indicates in any manner that he or she does not want to
      be interrogated, interrogation must not begin or, if it has already
      begun, must immediately stop. If the suspect indicates in any manner
      that he or she wants the help of a lawyer, interrogation must not begin
      until a lawyer has been appointed and is present or, if it has already
      begun, must immediately stop until a lawyer is present. Once a
      suspect has requested the help of a lawyer, no state agent can reinitiate
      interrogation on any offense throughout the period of custody unless
      the lawyer is present, although the suspect is free to volunteer a
      statement to police on his or her own initiative at any time on any
      subject in the absence of counsel.

       8. Defense counsel raised a standing objection to anything that would
involve the motion to suppress the confession, including but not limited to
interviews of the defendant. The jury was provided with an edited transcript that
had been approved by both parties to refer to as they watched the interviews.
Jurors were notified that the transcripts were not evidence and would be collected
once the video was over.

                                       - 49 -
            A waiver of a suspect’s constitutional rights must be voluntary,
      knowing, and intelligent, and, where reasonably practical, prudence
      suggests it should be in writing. . . . any statement obtained in
      contravention of these guidelines violates the Florida Constitution and
      may not be used by the State.

Id. at 966 (footnotes omitted).
      A defendant who has “expressed his desire to deal with the police only

through counsel, is not subject to further interrogation until counsel has been made

available to him, unless the accused has himself initiated further communication,

exchanges, or conversations with the police.” Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477,

485 (1981). It does not appear that the trial court abused its discretion in denying

Middelton’s motion to suppress his confession. The trial court determined that the

office where the confession occurred was a standard office, and not an

interrogation room or any other

      particularly threatening or intimidating venue. The defendant did not
      appear to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. His speech was
      clear and coherent. His answers are fairly responsive to the questions
      asked. He was capable of articulating thoughts, giving directions and
      describing events. More importantly, the video tape confirms and
      corroborates fully the testimony of Captain John Rhoden, Lieutenant
      Brad Stark, Detective Marty Faulkner and Dr. Deborah Leperowski,
      It is more difficult to reconcile the videotape with the testimony of
      Drs. James Bernard [sic] and Michael Riordan.

These findings are supported by the record.

      The trial court also determined that, based on the testimony of Middleton’s

friend, Britnell, and the officers who encountered Middleton on the night of the


                                        - 50 -
murder, he did not appear to be so influenced by drugs and alcohol as to be

incoherent or not understand that he was waiving his right to remain silent. The

trial court also observed that of the four psychologists who evaluated Middleton,

Dr. Leperowski appeared to have been the most thorough; she reviewed all of the

records, gave the most reasonable explanation for the discrepancies between the

doctors on the issue of Middleton’s capacity to knowingly and voluntarily waive

his right.

       As to the defendant’s claim regarding the invocation of rights form filed by

the attorney, the trial court observed that it is clear from the record that

Middleton’s invocation of rights form had not been executed or served on law

enforcement prior to the defendant’s last interview. The written invocation of

rights was filed in the court file at 11:28 a.m. on July 30, 2009, and served on the

Sheriff’s Office that afternoon after the defendant’s last interview, which was

conducted that morning at approximately 9:24 a.m.

       The trial court’s finding that Middleton initiated contact with Detective

Faulkner is also supported by the record. It is clear from the record that Middleton

initiated the final interview with Detective Faulkner, and understood that he had

the right to remain silent, and voluntarily chose to waive it. At the beginning of

the third interview, the defendant was reminded of his Miranda rights. He

continued to blame Fowler; he was arrested minutes later. When Detective


                                         - 51 -
Faulkner arrived at the Sheriff’s office on July 29, 2009 at approximately 11 a.m.,

he was notified that Middleton was requesting to speak to him again. The

recording began at 12:35 p.m. On the recording, Detective Faulkner confirmed

that Middleton had in fact requested to speak to him and that Middleton had not yet

been to first appearance. Detective Faulkner read Middleton his Miranda rights

and Middleton waived his right to remain silent. After initially asking why a

different man was not in jail, Middleton began to ramble about clearing his

conscious and getting his life together. The detectives repeatedly asked him not to

waste their time. Middleton began to explain the events of the day, including drug

use. He explained that he and Britnell went to someone’s house and did

OxyContin and smoked methamphetamines. He did not remember what time he

went to the victim’s trailer, only that it was less than twenty minutes after Fowler

and Britnell went to Walmart. He stated that he knocked on the victim’s door and

things just went “crazy.” He described the events as “foggy.” When Detective

Faulkner followed up with a question about how long Middleton was at the

victim’s trailer before the altercation occurred, Middleton stated that he did not

want to talk anymore and requested to go back to his cell. Detective Faulkner

immediately states, “All right [sic]. The time is now 12:58 P.M., concluding the

interview with Dale.”




                                        - 52 -
      Faulkner testified that he went over to the jail the next day, July 30, to check

on Middleton because he was so distraught the night before. He stated that upon

seeing him at the jail, Middleton requested to speak to him again. Detective

Faulkner immediately had one of the corrections officers escort Middleton to his

office. The Sheriff’s Office and the jail are connected, with the distance from

Faulkner’s Office and jail being approximately 50 yards. The jury reviewed the

July 30, 2009, recording of Middleton’s interview, along with a transcript. The

video begins with Detective Faulkner confirming that it was Middleton who

initiated the interview. Middleton informs Faulkner during the interview that he

had been to first appearance that morning, and was told not to talk to anyone.

Faulkner told him that they could not speak unless he specifically decided to speak

without his attorney being present. Faulkner repeatedly asked Middleton if he was

sure that he wanted to talk without his attorney present; Middleton responded that

he did. Faulkner read Middleton his Miranda rights, again. Middleton again

waived his right to remain silent. Middleton insisted on speaking with Faulkner to

clear his head and get past what happened. Thereafter, Middleton confessed to the

murder of the victim and the theft of her television.

      When Detective Maerki entered the room, he inquired whether Middleton

had been to first appearance, to which Middleton replied that he had. He also

inquired whether Middleton had requested to speak to him and Faulkner, to which


                                        - 53 -
Middleton also replied in the affirmative. Throughout the entire interview,

Middleton repeatedly offered information, stating that he wanted everything to be

over with because the murder that he committed was out of character; he resisted

the offer to have counsel present, and he agreed to assist in the investigation.

      It is clear from the record that Middleton initiated contact with Detective

Faulkner, rendering his subsequent interview valid under Edwards. Additionally,

the requirements of Traylor have been met in this case where the detectives

immediately stopped the interview at Middleton’s request, and only resume their

conversation with him on his prompting. The trial court properly denied the

defendant’s motion to suppress the videotaped confession.

                    H. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

      Middleton argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for

judgment of acquittal, claiming that the State failed to present sufficient evidence

to support Middleton’s convictions for first-degree premeditated murder and first-

degree felony murder. After the State rested in the guilt phase, the defense moved

for a judgment of acquittal, claiming that the State had not proven that the murder

was premeditated in nature, only a robbery. The State responded by pointing out

that Middleton stabbed the victim 35 times. The trial court denied the motion

finding the threshold for submission of the case to the jury had been surpassed

because of the totality of the evidence, including DNA evidence, blood splatter


                                        - 54 -
evidence, the number of stab wounds, the nature of the wounds, and Middleton’s

arming of himself prior to going to the victim’s trailer.

      The defense also moved for a judgment of acquittal as to the burglary count,

claiming that Middleton was invited into the trailer and that the state did not prove

that Middleton intended to commit the theft of the television before he entered the

trailer. The State responded that Middleton indicated the victim told him to leave

and attempted to remove him from the trailer, thus withdrawing any consent to

enter that was initially given. The State also argued that it did not have to prove

intent to commit theft because it could proceed on the theory that the defendant

remained in the home with the intent to commit murder, which he ultimately

committed. The trial court denied the motion for acquittal on these grounds. The

defense then notified the court that, based on the court’s decision on the burglary

judgment of acquittal, the defense had no argument as to the judgment of acquittal

on felony murder which was predicated on the burglary. We affirm the denial of

the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal.

      The evidence in a capital case is judged to be sufficient when it is both

competent and substantial. See Phillips v. State, 39 So. 3d 296, 308 (Fla. 2010).

This Court has an obligation to independently review the record to determine

whether sufficient evidence exists to support Middleton's convictions. Id. This

Court must “view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State to determine


                                        - 55 -
whether a rational trier of fact could have found the existence of the elements of

the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Rodgers v. State, 948 So. 2d 655, 674 (Fla.

2006) (citing Bradley v. State, 787 So. 2d 732, 738 (Fla. 2001)). Further, “[a]

general guilty verdict rendered by a jury instructed on both first-degree murder

alternatives may be upheld on appeal where the evidence is sufficient to establish

either felony murder or premeditation.” Crain v. State, 894 So. 2d 59, 73 (Fla.

2004).

      The jury was instructed on both premeditated and felony murder, and on a

special verdict form listing both felony murder and premeditated murder, the jury

found him guilty of both.

      Premeditation is defined as more than a mere intent to kill; it is a
      fully formed conscious purpose to kill. The purpose may be formed
      a moment before the act but must exist for a sufficient length of time
      to permit reflection as to the nature of the act to be committed and
      the probable result of the act.” Premeditation may be inferred from
      such facts as “the nature of the weapon used, the presence or absence
      of adequate provocation, previous difficulties between the parties,
      the manner in which the homicide was committed, and the nature
      and manner of the wounds inflicted.

Hall v. State, 107 So. 3d 262, 281 (Fla. 2012), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 203 (2013)

(quoting Bradley, 787 So. 2d at 738) (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

      Here, sufficient evidence exists to support a conviction for premeditated first

degree murder and first degree felony murder. The defendant went to his

neighbor’s trailer armed with a knife. When she would not give him money and



                                        - 56 -
attempted to get him out of her trailer, the defendant attacked her with the knife.

Their struggle began in the kitchen, and the victim was dragged from the kitchen

area to the bedroom. The blood stains indicated that the victim was viciously cut

again in the bedroom. A bruise on the victim’s cheek was consistent with the tread

and design of Middleton’s boots. Some wounds indicated that she was trying to

get away and defend herself. There was sufficient evidence that the defendant

committed the homicide with a premeditated design to effect the death of Mrs.

Christensen. See Hall, 107 So. 3d at 281.

      There is also sufficient evidence of felony murder. In Bradley v. State, 33

So. 3d 664 (Fla. 2010), this Court determined that a conviction for felony murder

will stand where the State can show that, even if the defendant was invited into the

home by an occupant, the consent was expressly revoked prior to the defendant’s

opportunity to begin the attack on the victim. Id. at 683. In this case, Middleton

explained that he and Fowler had been discussing the crime for a few days because

they were experiencing “hard times.” Middleton asked the victim to loan him

money, but she said she did not have any money because she paid the bills. He

stated the victim got scared and tried to push him out of her trailer. Middleton

pulled out the knife he brought with him, and the attack ensued. Thereafter,

Middleton took the victim’s television, which he later sold for $200. Under these

facts, even if the victim invited Middleton into her kitchen, as he claimed, that


                                        - 57 -
consent was clearly revoked when the victim attempted to get Middleton out of her

home and when she struggled with him down the hallway before he ultimately cut

her throat in the bedroom.

           I. SECTION 921.141(5)(i), FLORIDA STATUTES (2009)

      Middleton claims that the CCP aggravator is unconstitutionally vague and

overbroad, is incapable of a constitutionally narrow construction and has been and

is being applied in an arbitrary and inconsistent manner. He also claims that the

standard jury instruction administered in this case did not require that the State

prove beyond a reasonable doubt an intent to kill before the crime began, and is

therefore unconstitutional. We deny relief as this Court has on numerous

occasions upheld the constitutionality of this aggravating factor and the standard

jury instruction against similar claims. See, e.g., McWatters v. State, 36 So. 3d

613, 643 (Fla. 2010); Donaldson v. State, 722 So. 2d 177 (Fla. 1998); Hunter v.

State, 660 So. 2d 244 (Fla. 1995).

                             J. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

      Middleton claims that the jury instruction stating that the jury must only

consider mitigation after it is “reasonably convinced” of its existence is improper.

More specifically, he claims that it violates separation of powers for the judiciary

to place a limitation on the consideration of mitigation that the legislature has not

specifically placed in the statute. We deny relief because these specific challenges


                                        - 58 -
have been raised and rejected by this Court in a number of cases. See, e.g., Salazar

v. State, 991 So. 2d 364 (Fla. 2008); Johnson v. State, 969 So. 2d 938 (Fla. 2007);

Bogle v. State, 655 So. 2d 1103 (Fla. 1995); Walls v. State, 641 So. 2d 381 (Fla.

1994).

                              K. RING V. ARIZONA

      Middleton seeks relief pursuant to Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002),

where the United States Supreme Court held the Arizona capital sentencing statute

unconstitutional “to the extent that it allows a sentencing judge, sitting without a

jury, to find an aggravating circumstance necessary for imposition of the death

penalty.” Id. at 585. This Court has consistently rejected constitutional challenges

under Ring to Florida’s capital sentencing law, section 921.141, Florida Statutes.

See Bottoson v. Moore, 833 So. 2d 693 (Fla. 2002); King v. Moore, 831 So. 2d

143 (Fla. 2002). Moreover, this Court has rejected Ring challenges where the trial

court has found as an aggravating circumstance that the crime was committed in

the course of a felony or the defendant has a prior violent felony conviction as both

aggravators involve facts that were already submitted to a jury and thus are in

compliance with Ring. See McGirth v. State, 48 So. 3d 777, 796 (Fla. 2010)

(citing Robinson v. State, 865 So. 2d 1259 (Fla. 2004)); Hudson v. State, 992 So.

2d 96, 117-18 (Fla. 2008). By a unanimous verdict, the jury found Middleton

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of burglarizing the residence of Roberta


                                        - 59 -
Christensen. The “murder in the course of a felony aggravator” found by the trial

court rests on separate convictions of robbery and burglary, which satisfies the

Sixth Amendment requirements. See Johnson, 969 So. 2d at 961.

          L. SECTION 921.141(5)(d), FLORIDA STATUTES (2009)
      Middleton argues that the felony murder aggravator is facially

unconstitutional because (1) it does not genuinely narrow the class of persons

eligible for the death penalty, and (2) it does not reasonably justify the imposition

of a more severe sentence compared to others found guilty of murder. As support

for his argument, Middleton cites the decisions of three other state supreme courts

who have declared this aggravator to be improper, and urges this Court to follow

those courts, and do the same. We again reject Middleton’s argument on this issue.

      In Mills v. State, 476 So. 2d 172 (Fla. 1985), this Court rejected the

argument that Middleton makes here, stating that “[t]he legislative determination

that a first-degree murder that occurs in the course of another dangerous felony is

an aggravated capital felony is reasonable.” Id. at 178 (citing State v. Dixon, 283

So. 2d 1, 9 (Fla. 1973)). See also Blanco v. State, 706 So. 2d 7, 11 (Fla. 1997)

(“Eligibility for this aggravating circumstance is not automatic: The list of

enumerated felonies in the provision defining felony murder is larger than the list

of enumerated felonies in the provision defining the aggravating circumstance of

commission during the course of an enumerated felony. . . . This scheme thus



                                        - 60 -
narrows the class of death-eligible defendants. We find no error.”) (citations

omitted) (footnotes omitted); see also Blanco v. McNeil, 2010 WL 9098788 (S.D.

Fla. Dec. 7, 2010) (rejecting Blanco’s unconstitutional felony murder aggravator

(citing Blystone v. Pennsylvania, 494 U.S. 299 (1990))).

                                III. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated in this opinion, we affirm Middleton’s conviction for

first degree murder and his death sentence.

      It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, and PERRY, JJ., concur.
PARIENTE, J., concurs with an opinion, in which LABARGA, C.J., and PERRY,
J., concur.
CANADY and POLSTON, JJ., concur in result.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

 PARIENTE, J., concurring.

      I join the Court’s opinion, which affirms Middleton’s conviction and death

sentence. I write separately to emphasize the importance of a mitigation specialist

to the defense team’s investigation and presentation in a capital case and to

encourage trial courts to provide defense counsel the assistance of both a

mitigation specialist and a fact investigator upon a proper and timely request.

      In my view, a trial court should not deny a request for a mitigation specialist

either based on the misconception that these specialists are similar to fact


                                        - 61 -
investigators or based on undue emphasis on an additional expert “costing too

much.” It is also important that prosecutors do not add to that misconception by

arguing, as the prosecutor did here, that all “a mitigation expert does is synthesiz[e]

spankings and timeouts and things of that nature,” and “you don’t have to be an

expert” to “go out and find people who can offer mitigation about . . . bumps [the

defendant] got on the head or spankings he got in school or whatever the case

might be.”9

      As for the importance of a mitigation specialist, this Court has emphasized

that “the obligation to investigate and prepare for the penalty portion of a capital

case cannot be overstated—this is an integral part of a capital case.” State v.

Lewis, 838 So. 2d 1102, 1113 (Fla. 2002). The investigation into mitigation can be

a monumental undertaking, requiring a significant amount of time that would

ideally begin as soon as possible. See American Bar Association (ABA)

Guidelines for the Appointment & Performance of Defense Counsel in Death

Penalty Cases (ABA Guidelines), Commentary to Guideline 1.1, reprinted in 31

Hofstra L. Rev. 913, 925 (2003). The difference between a thorough assessment of



       9. The prosecutor’s sarcastic comments reflect not only a misunderstanding
of the effect of early childhood traumas on brain development but also highlight
the tendency of some prosecutors to degrade mitigation. Cf. Oyola v. State, 158
So. 3d 504, 512-13 (Fla. 2015) (rebuking prosecutorial arguments that
characterize a defendant’s mitigating evidence as “excuses,” “make-believe,”
“flimsy,” or “phantom”).


                                        - 62 -
mitigation and a cursory one could, quite literally, be a matter of life and death.

When funding is properly requested, the defense team should receive the assistance

of both a fact investigator and a mitigation specialist to ensure a complete and

reliable mitigation investigation.

      There is an “apparent widespread use of mitigation specialists or

coordinators” in Florida, as the First District Court of Appeal has explained when

quashing a trial court order denying a defendant’s motion for additional mitigation

coordinator fees. Criminal Specialist Investigations, Inc. v. State, 58 So. 3d 883,

886 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011).10 Cases in this Court demonstrate that the use of a

mitigation specialist in capital cases is not unusual in Florida. See, e.g., Turner v.

State, 37 So. 3d 212, 219 (Fla. 2010) (noting that a mitigation specialist testified in

a capital case); Twilegar v. State, 42 So. 3d 177, 203 (Fla. 2010) (noting that the

defense counsel had enlisted the assistance of a mitigation specialist in a capital

case); Deparvine v. State, 995 So. 2d 351, 360 (Fla. 2008) (noting that a mitigation

specialist testified in the penalty phase of a capital case).11



       10. The issue was before the First District, rather than this Court, because a
life sentence was imposed following the penalty phase, and the mitigation
specialist was requesting additional compensation for her work in having
successfully developed mitigation.

       11. Since at least 2011, mitigation specialists have been recognized as a part
of capital cases, when the General Appropriations Act of 2011 set the maximum
hourly rate for mitigation specialists at $75. See ch. 2011-69, § 4, at 126, Laws of
Fla; see also § 27.425, Fla. Stat. (indicating that the rate specified annually in the

                                          - 63 -
      The ABA has published guidelines to “set forth a national standard of

practice for the defense of capital cases in order to ensure high quality legal

representation” for defendants facing a possible death penalty. ABA Guidelines,

31 Hofstra L. Rev. at 919. At the hearing on the motion to appoint a mitigation

specialist in this case, the defense counsel urged the trial court to consider the ABA

Guidelines, by explaining that these Guidelines “include[] a suggestion, if not a

mandatory requirement, that a mitigation specialist . . . should be appointed in

death cases because of the nature of the crime and because of the serious nature of

the potential penalty.” The prosecutor’s misguided response was, “I could care

less about what they [the ABA] think about the death penalty and how it operates

in the State of Florida.”

      Contrary to the opinion of the prosecutor in this case, the ABA Guidelines

do have relevance to capital cases, even if these guidelines are not binding in

determining whether counsel rendered ineffective assistance. The United States

Supreme Court has referred to the various renditions of these guidelines as “guides

to determining what is reasonable” for an attorney’s performance, or as reflecting

“well-defined norms” for attorney conduct. Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 387

& n.7 (2005); Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 524 (2003). This Court has also



General Appropriations Act is the maximum compensation rate in cases in which
the court has appointed private counsel or declared a person indigent for costs).


                                        - 64 -
relied upon these guidelines in determining whether trial counsel has adequately

investigated mitigation evidence. See, e.g., Parker v. State, 3 So. 3d 974, 984-85

(Fla. 2009) (citing the ABA Guidelines in a postconviction appeal to determine

that trial counsel’s performance as to investigating and presenting mitigation

evidence was deficient); Blackwood v. State, 946 So. 2d 960, 974 (Fla. 2006)

(citing the Supreme Court’s reliance on the ABA Guidelines in Wiggins in

determining that trial counsel unreasonably failed to attempt to present mental

health mitigation evidence, and concluding that there was competent, substantial

evidence to support the trial court’s finding of deficient performance).

      A mitigation specialist is “an indispensable member of the defense team

throughout all capital proceedings[,] . . . possess[ing] clinical and information-

gathering skills and training that most lawyers simply do not have.” ABA

Guidelines, Commentary to Guideline 4.1, 31 Hofstra L. Rev. at 959. Not only do

mitigation specialists have honed skills in gathering and understanding the nature

of potential mitigation evidence, such as the significance of early childhood

trauma, but mitigation specialists—unlike the defendant’s lawyer—can testify in

the penalty phase to impart the results of their mitigation investigation to the jury

that must weigh the mitigation and aggravation in determining whether to

recommend the death sentence.




                                        - 65 -
      As opposed to fact investigators, mitigation specialists “are generally trained

in the social sciences, with college degrees in social work or psychology,” and “are

adept at gathering institutional records, interviewing lay and professional people,

and compiling case histories.” Hon. Helen G. Berrigan, The Indispensable Role of

the Mitigation Specialist in a Capital Case: A View From the Federal Bench, 36

Hofstra L. Rev. 819, 827-28 (2008). “Significantly, they are trained in uncovering

family trauma and screening for often subtle mental and psychological disorders,”

and are “experienced in interpersonal communication so they know how to develop

trust and rapport with even the most difficult or distrustful of individuals.” Id. at

828 (footnote omitted). Part of the mitigation specialist’s job is to “conduct a

comprehensive life history investigation of the client and identify all relevant

mitigation issues.” Richard G. Dudley Jr. & Pamela Blume Leonard, Getting It

Right: Life History Investigation as the Foundation for a Reliable Mental Health

Assessment, 36 Hofstra L. Rev. 963, 966 (2008) (footnote omitted).

      A mitigation specialist has the potential to benefit a criminal defendant in a

capital case in a wide variety of ways, as summarized by the commentary to

Guideline 4.1 of the ABA Guidelines:

      They have the time and the ability to elicit sensitive, embarrassing and
      often humiliating evidence (e.g., family sexual abuse) that the
      defendant may have never disclosed. They have the clinical skills to
      recognize such things as congenital, mental or neurological
      conditions, to understand how these conditions may have affected the
      defendant’s development and behavior, and to identify the most

                                         - 66 -
      appropriate experts to examine the defendant or testify on his behalf.
      Moreover, they may be critical to assuring that the client obtains
      therapeutic services that render him cognitively and emotionally
      competent to make sound decisions concerning his case.
      . . . The mitigation specialist compiles a comprehensive and well-
      documented psycho-social history of the client based on an exhaustive
      investigation; analyzes the significance of the information in terms of
      impact on development, including effect on personality and behavior;
      finds mitigating themes in the client’s life history; identifies the need
      for expert assistance; assists in locating appropriate experts; provides
      social history information to experts to enable them to conduct
      competent and reliable evaluations; and works with the defense team
      and experts to develop a comprehensive and cohesive case in
      mitigation.
             The mitigation specialist often plays an important role as well
      in maintaining close contact with the client and his family while the
      case is pending. The rapport developed in this process can be the key
      to persuading a client to accept a plea to a sentence less than death.

ABA Guidelines, Commentary to Guideline 4.1, 31 Hofstra L. Rev. at 959-60

(footnotes omitted); see also ABA Supplementary Guidelines for the Mitigation

Function of Defense Teams in Death Penalty Cases (2008), reprinted in 36 Hofstra

L. Rev. 677, 682 (2008) (explaining that mitigation specialists are skilled

interviewers who can identify and locate relevant persons, recognize and elicit

information related to mental health, establish a rapport with witnesses, and

“advise counsel on the appropriate mental health and other expert assistance”).

      The importance of appointing a mitigation specialist becomes all the more

evident in a case involving an indigent defendant, where the trial court appoints

private counsel, who generally does not have the same institutional resources as the

Public Defender’s Office. In such cases, the trial judge effectively decides “what

                                        - 67 -
financial assistance, investigators, or experts the defense will be allowed.”

Berrigan, 36 Hofstra L. Rev. at 823. “By controlling the purse strings, the trial

judge effectively controls the quantity and quality of information that will flow to

the jury if a penalty phase is necessary.” Id. As the Eleventh Circuit Court of

Appeals has stated, “[p]ermitting an indigent capital defendant to introduce

mitigating evidence has little meaning if the funds necessary for compiling the

evidence [are] unavailable.” Westbrook v. Zant, 704 F.2d 1487, 1496 (11th Cir.

1983), overruled on other grounds by Peek v. Kemp, 784 F.2d 1479, 1494 (11th

Cir. 1986).

      Accordingly, given the importance of a mitigation specialist to the defense’s

presentation in a capital case, I strongly encourage trial courts to liberally grant

proper requests for mitigation specialists. Nevertheless, I would not find reversible

error in this case because the defense lawyer expressly stated that he would renew

his request for a mitigation specialist, but he did not do so. Further, in this direct

appeal, Middleton is unable to show how he was prejudiced. I therefore concur in

the affirmance of the conviction and death sentence.

LABARGA, C.J., and PERRY, J., concur.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Okeechobee County,
     Robert Eugene Belanger, Judge - Case No. 472009CF000448CFAXMX

Carol Stafford Haughwout, Public Defender, and Jeffrey L. Anderson, Assistant
Public Defender, Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, West Palm Beach, Florida,


                                         - 68 -
      for Appellant

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Lisa-Marie Krause
Lerner, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, Florida,

      for Appellee




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