                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                          No. 04-14-00344-CR

                                    Christopher Alan LEMASTER,
                                              Appellant

                                                    v.

                                         The STATE of Texas,
                                               Appellee

                      From the 186th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                    Trial Court No. 2013CR2869
                            Honorable Maria Teresa Herr, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Sitting:          Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 8, 2015

AFFIRMED

           A jury convicted appellant Christopher Alan LeMaster of sexual assault, and the trial court

assessed punishment at five years’ confinement. On appeal, LeMaster raises a single issue,

contending the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial. We affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                                              BACKGROUND

           A detailed rendition of the facts is unnecessary given our disposition of the sole appellate

issue. Accordingly, we provide a brief statement of facts for context.
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       On the night of the offense, LeMaster and one of his friends went to an apartment belonging

to LeMaster’s brother, David. When they arrived at the apartment, David, David’s wife Crystal,

and T.B., a friend of Crystal’s, were at the apartment. The group started drinking and talking.

Crystal and T.B. became heavily intoxicated. According to Crystal, T.B. “passed out,” and David

carried T.B. to the bedroom where T.B.’s children slept. Later that evening, David noticed

LeMaster was not with the remaining group. He decided to check the bedroom where T.B. and

her children slept and discovered LeMaster sexually assaulting an unconscious T.B. David and

Crystal called police and then took T.B. to a local hospital for a sexual assault examination. Shortly

thereafter, the police arrested LeMaster and charged him with sexual assault.

       During voir dire, the State asked the venire whether anyone recognized the first and last

names of LeMaster, David, Crystal, or the victim. None of the panel members claimed to

recognize the names. However, after seeing Crystal and hearing part of her testimony, a juror

notified the trial court that she recognized Crystal. The trial court conducted a hearing during

which both parties questioned the juror about her interaction with Crystal and whether that contact

would interfere with her ability to be fair and impartial. The juror testified she knew Crystal, but

not personally, although she had been to Crystal’s apartment as part of a Bible study group.

According to the juror, the group would study at Crystal’s apartment or the church, and each Bible

study session lasted approximately an hour to an hour and a half. The record does not indicate

how many Bible study sessions occurred. The juror also testified that when Crystal stopped

attending Bible study, she asked a fellow group member what happened to her, and she was told

Crystal had moved. After both parties questioned the juror, the trial court instructed the juror not

to mention her recognition of Crystal to any other jurors. The juror then informed the trial court

she had already told one other juror she recognized Crystal.



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       LeMaster moved for a mistrial, arguing the juror’s relationship with Crystal would prevent

the juror from being fair and impartial, thereby violating his due process rights. Before ruling on

the motion, the trial court questioned the second juror — the one who had been told by the first

juror that she recognized Crystal. At that point, the trial court learned other jurors may have

discovered the first juror had been to Crystal’s apartment. LeMaster again moved for a mistrial,

arguing this fact polluted the entire jury. The trial court called all the jurors into the courtroom

and asked whether any of them were aware one of the jurors knew Crystal. Eight jurors raised

their hands. The trial court then asked the eight jurors whether such information would impact

their ability to be fair and impartial. No one raised their hand. The trial court instructed the jury

not to discuss anything regarding the case until deliberation, and during deliberation, to consider

only the evidence presented at trial. The trial then continued.

       The jury found LeMaster guilty of sexual assault, and the trial court sentenced him to five

years’ confinement. LeMaster then perfected this appeal.

                                             ANALYSIS

       In his sole issue on appeal, LeMaster contends the trial court erred in denying his motion

for mistrial because one of the jurors withheld material information during voir dire. As a result,

he claims he was denied the opportunity to intelligently exercise his challenges for cause or

preemptory strikes. According to LeMaster, the information withheld by the juror was material

because it revealed the juror and Crystal, a witness for the State, studied the Bible together.

Consequently, LeMaster contends the juror would more readily find Crystal’s testimony credible.

The State counters, arguing the trial court did not err because the juror in question knew Crystal

only slightly and did not even recognize her name during voir dire.




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                                         Standard of Review

        We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for mistrial using an abuse of discretion

standard of review. Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109, 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Wood v. State,

18 S.W.3d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Lopez v. State, 261 S.W.3d 103, 106 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2008, pet. ref’d). Under this standard, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s ruling, and we will uphold the trial court’s ruling so long as it was

within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Webb, 232 S.W.3d at 112; Wead v. State, 129 S.W.3d

126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). “We do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court,

but rather we decide whether the trial court’s decision was arbitrary or unreasonable.” Webb, 232

S.W.3d at 112. A trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial is considered an abuse of discretion

only when no reasonable view of the record could support the trial court’s ruling. Id.; Charles v.

State, 146 S.W.3d 204, 208 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

                                             Application

        The United States and Texas Constitutions guarantee a person the right to trial by an

impartial jury. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 10; Franklin v. State, 138 S.W.3d

351, 354 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (Franklin II). To help insure this right, parties are given the

opportunity to conduct voir dire. Franklin II, 138 S.W.3d at 354. “The voir dire process is

designed to insure that an ‘intelligent, alert, disinterested, impartial, and truthful jury will perform

the duty assigned to it.’” Brown v. State, 183 S.W.3d 728, 737 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2005, pet. ref’d) (quoting Armstrong v. State, 897 S.W.2d 361, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)).

During voir dire, the parties bear the burden to be diligent and ask all pertinent questions to reveal

any potential bias in a juror. Gonzales v. State, 3 S.W.3d 915, 917–18 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999);

Lopez, 261 S.W.3d at 106. A juror is considered to have withheld information during voir dire if



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he or she later discloses his or her knowledge of or relationship with a witness. Franklin II, 138

S.W.3d at 351; Lopez, 261 S.W.3d at 107.

       When the withheld information is material, parties are denied the opportunity to exercise

their challenges, hindering their selection of a disinterested and impartial jury. Franklin II, 138

S.W.3d at 354. “Therefore, if a situation arises where material information was withheld by a

juror during voir dire, and if the appellant’s subsequent motion for mistrial is denied, on appeal

the denial of that motion will be reviewed for constitutional error.” Sypert v. State, 196 S.W.3d

896, 900 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a); Franklin v.

State, 23 S.W.3d 81, 83 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. granted), aff’d, 138 S.W.3d 351 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2004) (holding that it is constitutional error to deny motion for mistrial when

information withheld is material). In other words, we must reverse a trial court’s ruling on a

motion for mistrial unless we are convinced the juror’s withholding of information did not

contribute to the defendant’s conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. Sypert, 196 S.W.3d at 900.

However, when the withheld information is not material and the record shows the appellant has

not been deprived of an impartial jury or denied a fair trial, then a trial court’s ruling on a motion

for mistrial is not error. Decker v. State, 717 S.W.2d 903, 907–08 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

       To be considered material, the withheld information must reveal the juror carried bias or

prejudice to such a degree that the juror should have been excused from the panel. Sypert, 196

S.W.3d at 900; Lopez, 261 S.W.3d at 107. When making this determination, we must consider the

facts of the case, the context of the withheld information and how it relates to the juror’s personal

life, as well as the emotional, psychological, and physical particularities of the parties. Id. at 900–

01. Whether the juror did or did not intentionally withhold such information is “largely irrelevant”

in determining whether the information withheld was material. Franklin v. State, 12 S.W.3d 473,

478 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (Franklin I). Furthermore, “mere familiarity with a witness is not
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necessarily material information.” Franklin I, 12 S.W.3d at 478. A juror’s familiarity with a

witness becomes material only if the nature of his or her relationship with the witness uncovers a

potential for bias or prejudice by the juror. Lopez, 261 S.W.3d at 107.

       To determine whether the trial court erred in this case, we must first address whether the

subject juror withheld “material” information. Here, during voir dire, no one on the venire

indicated they knew any of the witnesses when the State asked the panel members if they were

familiar with anyone with the first and last names of LeMaster, certain witnesses, or the victim.

However, when the State called Crystal as a witness, a juror alerted the trial court of her familiarity

with Crystal when the trial court called a recess. The trial court learned the juror knew Crystal,

but not very well. After discovering the connection, the trial court permitted the attorneys to

question the juror regarding the relationship to determine the existence of any bias or prejudice.

       After reviewing the juror’s testimony, we hold the trial court could have found the

relationship between the juror and Crystal to be merely a remote, casual acquaintanceship given

the juror did not even recognize Crystal by name. See Decker, 717 S.W.2d at 906–07 (explaining

that mere co-worker relationship, where juror met victim seven or eight times and did not recognize

victim by name, was not considered relationship with potential for bias); Santacruz v. State, 963

S.W.2d 194, 197 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1998, pet. ref’d) (holding that juror possessed no bias even

though juror had played softball with appellant many years earlier, however, did not recognize him

right away).

       The evidence shows the juror and Crystal were not friends and did not socialize beyond

Bible study. The juror did not even know why Crystal left Bible study or that she had moved. At

best, the juror’s testimony established the juror knew Crystal at some point in the past; however,

this testimony falls short of establishing the juror withheld material information during voir dire

because the relationship, such as it is, does not suggest a potential for bias or prejudice. See Brown,
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183 S.W.3d at 739 (holding that withheld information was not material when juror informed trial

court he knew witness through work); Santacruz, 963 S.W.2d at 197 (recognizing that having once

played a sport together is hardly suggestive of bias). Although LeMaster suggests the juror’s

shared faith reveals a potential bias, LeMaster fails to direct us to any evidence in the record

supporting this assertion. See generally Santacruz, 963 S.W.2d at 197 (“Allegations in a brief are

not evidence.”)

       The record shows the juror did not recognize Crystal by name and there was no evidence

of a friendship or any other relationship between the two beyond sporadic Bible study classes.

Accordingly, we hold the trial court could have determined, in its discretion, the information

withheld was not material, and therefore LeMaster was not deprived of his right to an impartial

jury or a fair trial. See Decker, 717 S.W.2d at 907–08. We therefore overrule LeMaster’s

complaint.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we hold the trial court did not err in denying LeMaster’s motion

for mistrial. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.


                                                 Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Do Not Publish




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