                                       2018 IL 122325



                                         IN THE

                                SUPREME COURT

                                             OF

                          THE STATE OF ILLINOIS




                                    (Docket No. 122325)

                THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v.
                         SHANE D. HARVEY, Appellant.


                             Opinion filed September 20, 2018.



        CHIEF JUSTICE KARMEIER delivered the judgment of the court, with
     opinion.

        Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Garman, Burke, Theis, and Neville concurred in the
     judgment and opinion.



                                         OPINION

¶1       In this appeal, defendant asks us to consider, pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
     Rule 615 (eff. Jan. 1, 1967), forfeited claims that the circuit court has erroneously
     ordered certain fines or fees. The State has conceded error on one assessment, and
     another—that the court never ordered—has been administratively rectified. We
     find there was no error with respect to imposition of the remaining fee at issue.
     Consequently, there is no error to address and no need to determine whether relief
     would be available by way of Rule 615. We, therefore, affirm the judgment of the
     appellate court, with the modification hereinafter noted.


¶2                                      BACKGROUND

¶3       Defendant, Shane D. Harvey, was charged with domestic battery (720 ILCS
     5/12-3.2(a)(1) (West 2012)), with that charged offense elevated to a Class 4 felony
     due to a prior aggravated battery conviction (see id. § 12-3.2(b)). Following a
     November 18, 2013, trial, the jury found defendant guilty as charged. Defendant,
     through counsel, filed a posttrial motion, and that motion was ultimately denied.

¶4       On February 4, 2014, the Adams County circuit court sentenced defendant to
     the maximum sentence of three years in prison, followed by a four-year term of
     mandatory supervised release. As part of the judgment, the court ordered defendant
     to pay certain fines and fees clearly identified—with correlative statutory
     citations—on a separate sheet titled “Felony Fines, Costs and Assessments.”
     Defendant expressed a desire to appeal, so the court appointed the Office of the
     State Appellate Defender (OSAD) to represent him. Notice of appeal was filed on
     February 10, 2014, and the appeal was docketed as case No. 4-14-0100.

¶5       While that appeal was pending, on March 6, 2014, defendant filed a pro se
     “Petition for Reduced Sentence,” alleging, inter alia, that his trial counsel should
     have pointed out several errors that appeared in the presentence investigation report
     (PSI)—errors which, defendant claimed, caused the trial court to impose the
     maximum sentence. Defendant—who was obviously otherwise active in his own
     behalf and attentive to his case—did not raise any issue regarding the imposition of
     fines, fees, or per diem credit. As a result of defendant’s pro se filing, the trial court
     reappointed defendant’s trial counsel. On April 16, 2014, the appellate court
     granted OSAD’s motion for the voluntary dismissal of the pending appeal. People
     v. Harvey, No. 4-14-0100 (Apr. 16, 2014) (dismissed on defendant’s motion).

¶6      On June 25, 2014, trial counsel filed a document—purportedly pursuant to Rule
     604(d)—averring that she had consulted with defendant and had “ascertained his
     contentions of error in the sentencing hearing.” See Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(d) (eff. Feb. 6,
     2013). Counsel also claimed to have “examined the transcripts of the trial and of the




                                               -2­
     sentencing hearing” and to have “ascertained that no additional or amended
     pleadings” were “necessary to adequately present his contentions of error.” That
     same day, at a hearing on defendant’s motion, defendant’s attorney indicated she
     wished to stand on defendant’s pro se motion. After considering arguments of
     counsel, the trial court entered an order denying defendant’s motion. OSAD was
     again appointed as counsel on appeal. Notice of appeal was filed June 30, 2014.

¶7       On appeal, defendant first argued that the circuit court erred by failing to
     conduct any inquiry into his claim that his trial counsel had rendered ineffective
     assistance. As the appellate court noted, “[s]pecifically, in his pro se motion to
     reduce his sentence, defendant had stated: ‘Several points in the PSI were incorrect
     (which should have been argued by “my” public defender at sentencing).’ ” 2017
     IL App (4th) 140576-U, ¶ 11. Citing relevant colloquies of the circuit court and the
     attorneys, the appellate court observed that the circuit court, at the hearing on
     defendant’s motion, “addressed neither those alleged errors in the PSI nor
     defendant’s contention that counsel failed to address those alleged errors at
     sentencing.” Id. ¶ 14. The appellate court concluded that the circuit court’s failure
     to “conduct any inquiry” warranted “remand *** to the trial court for that stated
     purpose.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 21.

¶8       The court then turned to defendant’s contentions that some of his fines and fees
     were improperly assessed and that he otherwise did not receive the proper per diem
     credit to which he was entitled. The court noted the State’s concession of error with
     respect to one of defendant’s contentions and the State’s argument—reiterated
     before this court—that the remainder of defendant’s claims were forfeited for
     failure to raise them in the circuit court. Id. ¶ 23.

¶9       Without invoking the plain-error rule and citing People v. Buffkin, 2016 IL App
     (2d) 140792, ¶ 11, for the proposition that the State’s confession of error permits
     review of an otherwise precluded claim, the appellate court accepted the State’s
     concession that the $20 court-appointed special advocate (CASA) fee is
     comparable to the Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC) fee, that it is actually a fine,
     and that it is thus subject to the application of per diem credit. 2017 IL App (4th)
     140576-U, ¶ 24. 1 The appellate court referenced People v. Millsap, 2012 IL App

         1
         Defendant in this case raised the monetary assessment issues in a timely filed appeal
     in which he asserted an issue otherwise properly preserved, i.e., an issue relating to the




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       (4th) 110668, ¶ 30, for supporting authority that, notwithstanding the statutory
       label of “fee,” the CAC fee is actually a fine. In light of the State’s concession and
       the holding of Millsap, the appellate court, as an additional charge to the circuit
       court upon remand, directed the circuit court to apply defendant’s $5 per diem
       credit toward the $20 CASA assessment. 2017 IL App (4th) 140576-U, ¶ 24.

¶ 10       The appellate court then summarized defendant’s remaining claims: (1) the $2
       state’s attorney automation fee is actually a fine and is subject to per diem credit;
       (2) the sheriff’s fee was improperly assessed; (3) the circuit clerk should not have
       assessed the $250 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fee because defendant was already
       in the DNA database; and (4) the trial court should not have imposed the $10 Crime
       Stoppers assessment. The appellate court rejected defendant’s first claim, relying
       upon its prior decision in People v. Warren, 2016 IL App (4th) 120721-B, ¶ 115,
       wherein the court held the state’s attorney automation fee is in fact a fee because it
       is intended to reimburse the state’s attorneys for their expenses related to
       automated record-keeping systems. 2 2017 IL App (4th) 140576-U, ¶ 25.

¶ 11       With respect to defendant’s remaining contentions, “relat[ing] to the imposition
       of fees, not fines,” the appellate court concluded those claims “do not rise to the
       level of errors affecting the fundamental fairness or integrity of the judicial
       process.” Id. ¶ 26. The only authority cited by the appellate court is a “Cf.” citation
       to this court’s decision in People v. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32, 48 (2009), with a
       parenthetical explanation that the “imposition of a fine without an evidentiary basis
       implicates fundamental fairness and the integrity of the judicial process sufficient
       to apply plain-error review.” 2017 IL App (4th) 140576-U, ¶ 26. The appellate
       court considered the fine-fee distinction determinative: “[D]efendant cites cases
       applying plain error to challenges regarding the imposition of fines, not fees. As
       such, we agree with the State that defendant forfeited review of the issues he raises
       in this appeal pertaining to the imposition of fees. Such issues were not raised in the

       ineffectiveness of his trial counsel and the circuit court’s failure to adequately inquire
       regarding same. Revestment of jurisdiction—as discussed in Buffkin and People v. Griffin,
       2017 IL App (1st) 143800, appeal allowed, No. 122549 (Nov. 22, 2017)—is not relevant
       here; forfeiture is. We express no opinion with respect to those procedural circumstances
       or the analyses of those cases.
            2
              Neither party disputes the character of the state’s attorneys automation fee before this
       court.




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       trial court proceedings, are forfeited, and are not subject to plain-error review.” Id.


¶ 12                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 13       Before this court, defendant claims that three assessments were erroneously
       imposed: the DNA analysis fee, the sheriff’s fee, and the Crime Stoppers
       assessment. No other assessments are challenged. Although he concedes that those
       claims were not preserved by timely objection in the circuit court or inclusion in a
       postsentencing motion, defendant submits that error with respect to those three
       assessments may be remedied pursuant to the provisions of Rule 615.

¶ 14      Rule 615 provides as follows:

              “(a) Insubstantial and Substantial Errors on Appeal. Any error, defect,
          irregularity, or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be
          disregarded. Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed
          although they were not brought to the attention of the trial court.

              (b) Powers of the Reviewing Court. On appeal the reviewing court may:

               (1) reverse, affirm, or modify the judgment or order from which the appeal
          is taken;

              (2) set aside, affirm, or modify any or all of the proceedings subsequent to
          or dependent upon the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken;

              (3) reduce the degree of the offense of which the appellant was convicted;

              (4) reduce the punishment imposed by the trial court; or

              (5) order a new trial.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 615 (eff. Jan. 1, 1967).

¶ 15       In order to preserve a claim of sentencing error, both a contemporaneous
       objection and a written postsentencing motion raising the issue are required. People
       v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 544 (2010); see also 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(c) (West 2008)
       (“[a] defendant’s challenge to the correctness of a sentence or to any aspect of the
       sentencing hearing shall be made by a written motion filed within 30 days
       following the imposition of sentence”). “Under the plain-error rule, codified in




                                                -5­
       Supreme Court Rule 615, ‘[a]ny error, defect, irregularity, or variance which does
       not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded’ unless the appellant demonstrates
       plain error.” People v. Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶ 60 (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 615 (eff.
       Jan. 1, 1967)). Pursuant to the plain error doctrine, a reviewing court may address a
       forfeited claim in two circumstances: “ ‘(1) where a clear or obvious error occurred
       and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the
       scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error and
       (2) where a clear or obvious error occurred and that error is so serious that it
       affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the
       judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.’ ” People v. Hood,
       2016 IL 118581, ¶ 18 (quoting People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 48). The
       initial step under either prong of the plain error doctrine is to determine whether the
       claim presented on review actually amounts to a “clear or obvious error” at all.
       People v. Staake, 2017 IL 121755, ¶ 33.

¶ 16       Before we take that initial step, however, we pause to consider what is actually
       in controversy here.

¶ 17       The State suggests that defendant’s challenges to the DNA identification fee
       and the Crime Stoppers “fine” are moot “because there is no effectual relief to be
       granted: defendant’s DNA identification fee does not exist, even as a scrivener’s
       error in the clerk’s electronic accounts receivable records, and his Crime Stoppers
       fine was entirely offset by presentence custody credits.” The State notes, and the
       record confirms, that the circuit court in fact assessed no DNA identification fee,
       and the State represents—without contradiction—that the circuit clerk was
       contacted by an attorney for the State and has corrected its electronic accounts
       receivable records to remove the erroneous reference to “the unassessed fee.” In
       short, there is no fee to vacate. Moreover, the State now concedes it was error for
       the circuit court to impose a Crime Stoppers “fine,” pursuant to section
       5-6-3(b)(13) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-6-3(b)(13) (West
       2012)), because, as noted in People v. Jernigan, 2014 IL App (4th) 130524,
       ¶ 48—among other cases—that “fine” may be imposed only as a condition of
       probation. However, the State argues that erroneous imposition of that assessment
       is moot because it is in fact a fine entirely offset by defendant’s presentence
       custody credits. In light of the foregoing considerations, i.e., correction and offset,




                                                -6­
       respectively, the State argues that issues relating to the DNA assessment and the
       Crime Stoppers assessment are moot.

¶ 18       In his reply brief, the defendant first acknowledges that the DNA fee has been
       vacated, though defendant notes the manner in which it was done—at the request of
       an attorney for the State—and expresses concerns over reliance upon the State in
       future cases where a DNA fee is improperly assessed a second time following a
       prior DNA submission and fee. Though defendant concedes that this issue is moot,
       he argues that this court should consider the issue under the public interest
       exception to the mootness doctrine. Defendant then notes that the State concedes
       the imposition of a Crime Stoppers “fine” was unauthorized, and defendant agrees
       with the State’s assertion that his presentence custody credit covered his applicable
       fines, including the Crime Stoppers “fine.” In light of those accords, defendant
       necessarily agrees with the State’s assessment that this issue is moot. Defendant
       requests that we also consider this issue under the public interest exception to the
       mootness doctrine.

¶ 19       An issue on appeal is moot where it no longer presents an actual controversy.
       Cf. In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d 338, 349 (2006). Reviewing courts will not decide moot or
       abstract questions or render advisory opinions. Id. A court of review may, however,
       review an otherwise moot issue pursuant to the public interest exception to the
       mootness doctrine. Id. at 350. The narrowly construed public interest exception to
       the mootness doctrine requires that (1) the question presented is of a public nature,
       (2) a need exists for an authoritative determination of the question for the future
       guidance of public officers, and (3) the question is likely to recur. In re Jarquan B.,
       2017 IL 121483, ¶ 17. We find that the public interest exception to the mootness
       doctrine does not warrant any meaningful discussion of the DNA fee issue, for
       which defendant could receive no further relief, and it merits only a brief discussion
       of the Crime Stoppers assessment. We begin with those issues.

¶ 20       First, with respect to the DNA assessment—well, there never was a DNA fee
       assessed by the court. The judgment sheet titled “Felony Fines, Costs and
       Assessments,” dated the day of the sentencing hearing and signed by the sentencing
       judge, clearly marked—as should be the procedure in all cases—the fines, fees, and
       costs the judge imposed. The judge left blank the line associated with the “$250
       DNA Analysis Fee.” This court has affirmed and reaffirmed, in a succession of




                                                -7­
       recent cases, the principle that the circuit clerk’s assessment of a fee not authorized
       by the circuit court does not reflect the judgment of the court. See People v.
       Gutierrez, 2012 IL 111590, ¶¶ 21-24; People v. Hardman, 2017 IL 121453, ¶ 55;
       People v. Vara, 2018 IL 121823, ¶¶ 25, 28. No one now disputes that the erroneous
       DNA fee entry in this case has been deleted from the circuit clerk’s electronic
       accounts receivable records. No further relief can be afforded defendant. Moreover,
       there is no question that a defendant who, like this defendant, is already in the DNA
       database cannot be ordered to pay another DNA analysis fee. See People v.
       Marshall, 242 Ill. 2d 285, 303 (2011) (“[S]ection 5-4-3 authorizes a trial court to
       order the taking, analysis and indexing of a qualifying offender’s DNA, and the
       payment of the analysis fee only where that defendant is not currently registered in
       the DNA database.”). Thus, the second criterion for invocation of the public
       interest exception is lacking here: there is no need for “an authoritative
       determination of the question *** for the future guidance of public officers.” See
       In re Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 16. Marshall provides the guidance and the
       pertinent authority.

¶ 21       In our view, the same deficiency would seem to militate against public interest
       consideration of the circumstances requisite to the Crime Stoppers assessment. It
       should be self-evident to all that the section 5-6-3 assessment does not apply here.
       All that is required is that one actually look at the authorizing statute. A look at the
       heading of section 5-6-3 tells us that it pertains to “Conditions of Probation and of
       Conditional Discharge.” Subsection 13 sets forth one of those conditions, but it
       does not apply unless the defendant has been sentenced to probation or conditional
       discharge. This defendant was not so sentenced; hence, subsection 13 obviously
       does not apply to him. We strongly encourage state’s attorneys, defense counsel,
       and sentencing judges to look at the authorizing statutes before the court imposes
       attendant fines and fees. The circumstances for application of this fine seem
       straightforward enough: either incarceration (no assessment) or community-based
       disposition (potential assessment). See generally People v. Goossens, 2015 IL
       118347, ¶ 10 (“This court has repeatedly interpreted section 5-6-3(b) of the Code
       (730 ILCS 5/5-6-3(b) (West 2010)) to mean a court may in its discretion require a
       probationer to comply with any of the enumerated conditions” therein. (Emphases
       added.)) Since the parties agree that the assessment should not have been imposed
       in the first place, it does not matter here what it is—fine or fee.




                                                -8­
¶ 22       That brings us to the assessment actually contested in this case: the sheriff’s fee.
       Defendant’s contention that the sheriff’s fee—imposed pursuant to section 4-5001
       of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/4-5001 (West 2012)), as permissibly increased by
       county ordinance—was erroneously excessive. The basis for defendant’s argument
       is that the Adams County ordinance, which increased the amount that could be
       charged for various services performed by the sheriff, did not specifically address
       the service of subpoenas and the fee for return of process served. Thus, defendant
       argues that those services should have been charged at the lower statutory rate. 3 In
       brief, the State’s contention is that the language of the county ordinance could be
       construed to subsume service of subpoenas and return of process and that was the
       intent of county officials when they enacted the ordinance.

¶ 23     Defendant bears the burden of demonstrating a clear or obvious error. People v.
       McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d 478, 497-98 (2009). He has not carried that burden.

¶ 24        Defendant’s argument that the sheriff’s fee exceeded allowable limits is
       premised upon the contention that the Adams County ordinance (Adams County,
       Ill., Ordinance to Increase Fees in the Sheriff’s Office (Oct. 11, 2011)) that
       purported to raise the sheriff’s fees again in 2011—after they had been increased in
       2003 above the monetary limits set forth in the applicable statute—was ineffective
       to increase the fees for “subpoenas” and “criminal process” because neither term
       was specifically used in the 2011 ordinance. 4 The enacting ordinance and the
       accompanying cost study required for the fee increase refer only to “civil process
       service and return.” In the 2011 ordinance, the then “current fee amount” for that
       service was listed as $30, with a “proposed new price” of $40, which was adopted
       by the county board. There is, in the ordinance, no breakdown for types of service
       beyond “civil process,” “tax notice,” and “warrant/body attachment,” whereas
       section 4-5001, the base statutory provision, includes an extensive list of specific
       categories of service. See 55 ILCS 5/4-5001 (West 2012). Although defendant, in
       his reply brief, instructs us on the difference between criminal and civil process, the
       statute does not draw a generic distinction between “civil” and “criminal” process.


           3
            The statutory rate for service of a subpoena is $10 and $5 for return of process. 55
       ILCS 5/4-5001 (West 2012).
          4
            There is no copy of the 2003 ordinance in the record, so we have no way of knowing
       what language was employed therein.




                                                 -9­
       For example, there is no differentiation between subpoenas served in civil and
       criminal cases.

¶ 25       The State argues that the term “civil process,” as employed in the ordinance and
       accompanying cost study, is intended to—and does in fact—subsume service of
       subpoenas in criminal cases. The State notes that the term “civil process” is defined
       in the cost study attached to the ordinance and is explicitly “made a part [t]hereof.”
       The State claims that term is defined as “service of all papers except tax notices and
       warrants.” That is a somewhat loose interpretation of the definition in the cost
       study. However, the cost study does state: “Papers of the same priority that are
       served using the same method were classified generically as ‘Civil Process’ and the
       cost of activity was determined as a group.”

¶ 26       This court’s primary objective in interpreting a statute or ordinance is to
       ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislative body. Henderson Square
       Condominium Ass’n v. LAB Townhomes, LLC, 2015 IL 118139, ¶ 67. What was
       true 64 years ago is still true today: “All laws should receive a sensible
       interpretation, and [an] *** ordinance will not be so literally construed as to
       produce an absurd result which, even though within its letter, is contrary to the
       obvious legislative intent.” Village of Itasca v. Luehring, 4 Ill. 2d 426, 429 (1954).
       We do not believe that the county board intended that service of “civil process” be
       compensated, under the most recent fee enhancement ordinance, at $40, while
       “criminal process” and all subpoenas are compensated at $10, the amount set forth
       in the base statute. It appears to us that the umbrella term, “civil process,” is
       sufficient, as defined in the ordinance, to cover the fees charged here. If it were
       necessary to read the terms at issue into the ordinance, we would do so using our
       analogous authority with respect to statutory omission. See People v. Masterson,
       207 Ill. 2d 305, 329 (2003) (“When the intent of the legislature is otherwise clear,
       the judiciary possesses the authority to read language into a statute which has been
       omitted through legislative oversight.”).

¶ 27       If an error has been made, it would seem it is, as the State argues, one in
       defendant’s favor. It appears that some of the charges for served subpoenas were




                                               - 10 ­
       entered at the previous rate of $30. 5 Defendant does not challenge the prior
       ordinance. 6 He has not demonstrated error.

¶ 28       In sum, pursuant to the State’s confession of error, we vacate the Crime
       Stoppers assessment, and we accept the State’s representation—undisputed by
       defendant—that there is no DNA fee assessed in the circuit clerk’s database. There,
       of course, never was a judicially imposed assessment in that regard. In light of the
       foregoing circumstances, the appellate court judgment is modified to the extent that
       the Crime Stoppers assessment is vacated. In all other respects, as regards issues
       actually raised before this court, concerning judicially imposed assessments, the
       judgment of the appellate court is affirmed. 7


¶ 29       Appellate court judgment affirmed as modified.




           5
              The charge of $30 for the service of 10 subpoenas and $40 for the remaining 5 would,
       as the State points out, account for the total sheriff’s fee of $515, when “the one dollar for
       the one-mile round trip per subpoena” is included.
            6
              Defendant opines that “the State cites no authority providing for assessing a Sheriff’s
       fee pursuant to a superceded version of an ordinance, or otherwise allowing for a $31 fee.”
       In light of our finding that the 2011 ordinance permitted a charge of $40 for service and
       return of each subpoena, we deem it unnecessary to respond to defendant’s argument that a
       $30 charge in his favor was error. What relief could we provide? Moreover, since
       defendant has not provided a copy of the 2003 ordinance, we have no way of knowing what
       language was employed in that ordinance, such that the 2011 enactment would be, in
       defendant’s words, “superceding.”
            7
              In passing, we welcome the enactment of Public Act 100-987 (eff. in part July 1,
       2018, in part July 1, 2019), which will bring to sentencing assessments much needed
       simplicity and transparency that will inure to the benefit of the parties and courts. The
       Public Act, laudably, will also empower the sentencing courts to grant payment waivers in
       those circumstances where that relief is warranted.




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