                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Petty, Beales and Alston
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              DAVID LEE WASHINGTON
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
              v.      Record No. 1952-13-2                                   JUDGE ROSSIE D. ALSTON, JR.
                                                                                 FEBRUARY 18, 2015
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                                            Clarence N. Jenkins, Jr., Judge

                                Dorian Dalton, Supervising Assistant Public Defender (Office of
                                the Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.

                                John W. Blanton, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                                Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                      David Lee Washington (appellant) appeals his conviction of three counts of procuring a

              controlled substance through the concealment of a material fact, in violation of Code

              § 18.2-258.1(A). 1 He contends that the trial court erred in finding the evidence sufficient to

              support his convictions by relying on statements that had been properly excluded and where

              there was no evidence that appellant concealed a material fact. Finding no error, we affirm the

              trial court.



                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                      1
                          Code § 18.2-258.1(A) states:

                                It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain or attempt to obtain
                                any drug or procure or attempt to procure the administration of any
                                controlled substance or marijuana: (i) by fraud, deceit,
                                misrepresentation, embezzlement, or subterfuge; (ii) by the forgery
                                or alteration of a prescription or of any written order; (iii) by the
                                concealment of a material fact; or (iv) by the use of a false name or
                                the giving of a false address.
                                           I. Background 2

       When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction,

this Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the prevailing

party below, granting to it all reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence. See Archer v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v.

Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).

       So viewed, the evidence at trial indicated that appellant had a prescription for Xanax, or

the generic equivalent, Alprazolam. Dr. Essah, an internist then practicing medicine at the

Vernon J. Harris Medical Center, who was treating appellant for an anxiety disorder, wrote

appellant a prescription for Xanax on August 3, 2011. The prescription authorized a pharmacy

to dispense 90 tablets and included an instruction that appellant was to take “1 tab(s) 3 times a

day [for] 30 days.” Dr. James Fitzgerald, a pharmacist at Lafayette Pharmacy, testified that he

filled a prescription for Xanax for appellant on August 29, 2011. Dr. Fitzgerald testified that the

prescription was faxed from the Vernon J. Harris Medical Center, dated August 3, 2011, and

authorized Dr. Fitzgerald to dispense ninety Xanax pills to appellant. Dr. Fitzgerald also

testified that on one occasion appellant called in asking for an early refill, 3 which the pharmacy

denied because “[it] was more than seven days” before the prescription was to expire.

       In the late summer of 2011, Dr. Essah reviewed the prescription monitoring program

database and “was shocked to see the number of prescriptions [for appellant] that had been filled

under [her] name.” Dr. Essah did not believe that she authorized all of the listed prescriptions


       2
         As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and because this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this
appeal.
       3
           Admitted as Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1, the prescription authorized three refills.

                                                 -2-
for Alprazolam and reported her concerns to “the Richmond City Police . . . for them to

investigate.” She also provided the Richmond Police Department with a printout from the

prescription monitoring program, which showed in “sequential order” each of the prescriptions

appellant filled under Dr. Essah’s name. The printout indicated that prescriptions for

Alprazolam were filled on August 3rd, 8th, 9th, 29th, and 30th, at four separate pharmacies. 4

Appellant was subsequently indicted on four counts of procuring a controlled substance through

fraud or the concealment of a material fact, in violation of Code § 18.2-258.1.

       At appellant’s trial, Detective Ron Taylor described his investigation of appellant for

prescription fraud. Detective Taylor testified that he sat down with appellant and “went through

the actual list of the times and dates where [appellant’s prescriptions] were filled.” Detective

Taylor testified that as he identified an entry indicating a prescription for Alprazolam filled for

appellant under Dr. Essah’s name, appellant “agreed that was the pharmacy he went to on that

date.” According to Detective Taylor, appellant acknowledged receiving filled prescriptions on

August 3rd, 8th, 9th, 29th, and 30th, from a total of four separate pharmacies. Appellant also

acknowledged that he knew he had received too many pills.

       A recording of appellant’s interview with Detective Taylor was played at trial without

objection. In the bench trial, the trial court listened to the recorded interview in two sessions.

Following the first portion played at trial, appellant raised a hearsay objection, asserting that “the

detective’s questions” were hearsay “based on conversations [the detective] had” with Dr. Essah

“through his investigation.” The trial court sustained appellant’s objection, finding that “some




       4
         Although the printout indicated that a prescription was filled on August 8, 2011,
appellant was not subsequently charged with procuring a controlled substance on that date.
Accordingly, we do not consider that filled prescription in our analysis below.
                                                 -3-
hearsay” bled into the detective’s statements and ruling that those portions would not be allowed

in. The Commonwealth then played the second portion of the recording.

       After the remainder of the recording was played for the trial court, the Commonwealth

requested to introduce the recording as an exhibit. Appellant renewed his hearsay objection.

Appellant asserted that although his “statements [were] definitely admissible,” “what the

detective learned through his investigation [was] hearsay.” The trial court concluded again that

“some things . . . bleed in” and noted that “[o]n that basis I don’t [k]now that - - I’ve heard the

tape anyway. We will keep it out. We will not allow it into evidence.” 5

       Dr. Essah testified that she wrote appellant a prescription for Xanax on August 3, 2011.

According to Dr. Essah, the prescription for ninety pills was meant to last appellant thirty days.

Dr. Essah added that if appellant had more than one month’s worth of Xanax, it would have been

outside what she prescribed. When asked if she authorized “all of [appellant’s] prescriptions”

for Alprazolam, Dr. Essah testified that she did not know but that she “[did] not believe that

[she] did.”

       Dr. Essah also testified that she was investigated by the Board of Medicine because of the

large number of prescriptions filled for appellant under her name. The Board reviewed her

record for prescriptions for controlled substances and found “no inconsistencies or abnormalities,

other than those that were involving [appellant].” Dr. Essah ultimately entered a consent order

that stated she “wrote or otherwise authorized prescriptions for Alprazolam for [appellant],

which allowed the patient to obtain approximately 23 months[’] worth of Alprazolam over a

15-month period.” The consent order did not indicate whether Dr. Essah “intentionally or

actually authorized all of the[] prescriptions” that were filled under her name.


       5
           The recording was not admitted as an exhibit at trial or sent with the record on appeal.

                                                 -4-
       Following the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, appellant raised a motion to strike each

count of prescription fraud. Appellant asserted that the evidence established merely an

uncorroborated confession by appellant that “he picked up his medications” from specific

pharmacies. Even then, appellant asserted that “you can tell from the recording that even

[appellant] was confused as to which days, which medications he got, [and] when he got them.”

Appellant also argued that, although he realized “at some point . . . he was getting too many

[pills],” there was no evidence of fraud, deceit, misrepresentation, or concealment of a material

fact. At most, appellant asserted that the evidence demonstrated a “breakdown in the Virginia

Prescription Monitoring Program.”

       The trial court denied appellant’s motion to strike. Appellant did not put on any evidence

and renewed his motion to strike, which the trial court again denied in part. 6 The trial court

found appellant guilty of three counts of procuring a controlled substance through the

concealment of a material fact:

                        [B]y your own admission you received drugs on the 3rd,
               the 9th, the 29th, and the 30th, by your own admission. We also
               know that part of this [statute] says concealment of a material fact
               . . . . Concealment by its very definition means a withholding of
               something which one knows. You know that you have 30-day
               supplies. Which one is duty bound to reveal. Even if you were
               silent and you knew you were supposed to have 90 [pills], you
               would have concealed that from the person because you are bound
               to tell them that I’m not supposed to have that many. I’m only
               supposed to have a 30-day supply. Yet you got 30 times four.
               That’s a problem. That’s the concealment of a material fact.

                          *       *       *      *       *       *       *

                      You clearly knew or should have known that you had more
               drugs than you’re supposed to have.



       6
         The trial court granted appellant’s request to strike the August 3, 2011 count of
prescription fraud because appellant filled that prescription as written by Dr. Essah.
                                                -5-
       The trial court sentenced appellant to five years’ imprisonment on each count of

procuring a controlled substance through concealment of a material fact, with a total suspended

term of twelve years. This appeal followed.

                                            II. Analysis

       We first consider appellant’s contention that the trial court erred by relying on statements

that were not in evidence. Our analysis is guided by a well-settled principle of appellate review:

“Absent clear evidence to the contrary, the judgment of a trial court comes to us on appeal with a

presumption that the law was correctly applied to the facts.” Yarborough v. Commonwealth,

217 Va. 971, 978, 234 S.E.2d 286, 291 (1977).

       A recording of appellant’s interview with Detective Taylor was played at trial without

objection. The trial court listened to the recorded interview in two sessions. After the first

portion of the recording was played, appellant raised a hearsay objection, which the trial court

sustained. Appellant renewed this same objection, after the remainder of the recording was

played, when the Commonwealth moved to admit the recording as an exhibit. The trial court’s

statements in response to appellant’s objection are at issue here.

       In relevant part, the trial court stated, “They may have some things that bleed in. On that

basis I don’t now [sic] that - - I’ve heard the tape anyway. We will keep it out. We will not

allow it into evidence.” Pointing to the announcement “[w]e will not allow it into evidence,”

appellant argues on appeal that the trial court “excluded the recording [of Detective Taylor’s

interview] in its entirety.” The trial court’s ruling, appellant argues, not only excluded the

physical recording from evidence, but also barred the trial court’s consideration of the content of

the recording that was played during the trial.

       Viewing the trial court’s statements in the full context in which they were made, we

construe the trial court’s ruling more narrowly. See Wood v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 286,
                                                  -6-
305, 701 S.E.2d 810, 819 (2010) (stating that this Court will not “fix upon isolated statements of

the trial judge taken out of the full context in which they were made” in order to find that the trial

court erred). It is apparent from the proceedings below that the trial court intended to exclude

from its consideration only the hearsay bleeding into the detective’s questions. See Cole v.

Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 113, 116, 428 S.E.2d 303, 305 (1993) (noting that judges are

uniquely qualified “‘to separate, during the mental process of adjudication, the admissible from

the inadmissible, even though he has heard both.’” (quoting Eckhart v. Commonwealth, 222 Va.

213, 216, 279 S.E.2d 155, 157 (1981))). Only moments before stating that the recording would

“not [be] allowed into evidence,” - indeed, not even three full pages in the transcript – the trial

court sustained appellant’s hearsay objection to the first portion of the recording played for the

court. There, the trial court concluded that “some hearsay” bled into the detective’s questions

and declined to admit “that portion.” It would be anomalous to conclude that the trial court

expanded its ruling to also exclude appellant’s statements mere moments later, without

explanation, and in reference to the same concern that “some things . . . bleed in.” Indeed,

appellant understood at the time that his statements were before the trial court, later referencing

his recorded statements during argument on his motion to strike.

       Moreover, when the trial court announced that it would “keep it out,” the trial court was

responding to the Commonwealth’s request to add the physical recording as an exhibit. That

ruling did not scrub from the trial court’s mind the content of the recording. See Solorzano v.

Commonwealth, No. 2782-06-4, 2008 Va. App. LEXIS 39, at *4-5 (Va. Ct. App. Jan. 22, 2008)

(citing, in support of the defendant’s conviction, a video played for the trial court that “depict[ed]

a portion of the events that took place,” notwithstanding that the video was not admitted as an

exhibit at trial); see also Cull v. Commonwealth, No. 2202-98-2, 2000 Va. App. LEXIS 237, at

*8 (Va. Ct. App. Mar. 28, 2000) (“Irrespective of any characterization made by the trial judge,
                                                -7-
the contents of the tape were admitted into evidence when the jury viewed it.”); Kennebrew v.

State, 480 S.E.2d 1, 4 (Ga. 1996) (concluding that a tape-recorded statement was introduced into

evidence when the defendant “played the entire recording,” even if the “tape-recorded statement

was not ‘introduced’ as it was not marked for identification or formally tendered into evidence”).

Indeed, while announcing its ruling, the trial court noted that it “heard the tape anyway.”

Accordingly, viewing the trial court’s statements in the full context in which they were made, we

find that the trial court excluded only those statements that constituted hearsay, which appellant

concedes did not include his statements. We therefore conclude that appellant’s assertion that

the trial court erred by relying on statements that had been properly excluded is without merit.

        We next consider appellant’s assertion that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conviction of three counts of prescription fraud because “there was no proof of concealment of a

material fact.” Upon an appeal challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, “we review the

evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, according it the benefit of all

reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Singleton v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 542,

548, 685 S.E.2d 668, 671 (2009) (citation omitted). Under this standard of review, we

“‘presume the judgment of the trial court [is] correct,’ and ‘will not set it aside unless it is plainly

wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Chambliss v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 459, 465,

749 S.E.2d 212, 215 (2013) (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 96, 99, 570 S.E.2d

875, 876-77 (2002)). In doing so, this Court “does not ‘ask itself whether it believes that the

evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Williams v. Commonwealth, 278

Va. 190, 193, 677 S.E.2d 280, 282 (2009) (emphasis in original) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). Instead, we ask only whether “any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at

319 (emphasis in original).
                                                 -8-
       Code § 18.2-258.1(A) states, in relevant part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to

procure . . . any controlled substance . . . (i) by fraud, deceit, misrepresentation, embezzlement,

or subterfuge . . . [or] (iii) by the concealment of a material fact.” Under the plain language of

the statute, to be found guilty of procuring the administration of a controlled substance, an

individual must procure a controlled substance by special effort or means; namely, in this case,

by concealing a material fact. “‘[A] fact is material when it influences a person to enter into a

contract, when it deceives him and induces him to act, or when without it the transaction would

not have occurred.’” Beiler v. Commonwealth, 243 Va. 291, 295, 415 S.E.2d 849, 851 (1992)

(quoting Packard Norfolk v. Miller, 198 Va. 557, 563, 95 S.E.2d 207, 211-12 (1956)).

       In finding appellant guilty of prescription fraud, the trial court articulated the factual basis

for its determination and concluded that appellant procured Alprazolam by concealing from the

respective pharmacies that his prescription was for a thirty-day supply and that the prescription

had been previously filled. In reaching this decision, the trial court found this Court’s decision in

Nuzzo v. Commonwealth, No. 1394-02-2, 2003 Va. App. LEXIS 517 (Va. Ct. App. Oct. 14,

2003), instructive. In Nuzzo, the appellant was convicted for obtaining a controlled substance by

fraud “when she obtained duplicates of prescriptions she had received only a day earlier.” Id. at

*1-2. On appeal, the appellant challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to prove that she acted

with the requisite intent to commit fraud. Id. at *2. Relying on the evidence from the appellant’s

joint trial with Zacharie Comeau, whose conviction we affirmed in Comeau v. Commonwealth,

No. 1290-02-2, 2003 Va. App. LEXIS 342 (Va. Ct. App. June 17, 2003), we found the evidence

sufficient to prove that the appellant acted with the requisite intent. Id. at *2-3.

       We “reached this conclusion based on a finding that [the appellant] represented to the

pharmacy clerk that she had not obtained any prescriptions on the previous day.” Id. at *4. The

evidence at trial established that the appellant requested seven prescriptions from the pharmacy
                                                 -9-
clerk on December 20, 2001, including “augmentin, ibuprofen, and fiorigen with codeine, even

though [the appellant] had obtained refills of those same prescriptions one day earlier.” Id. at

*4-5. Later, during the same interaction, “either [the] appellant told [the pharmacy clerk] or

Comeau told [the pharmacy clerk] . . . that [the] appellant in fact had not received the augmentin,

ibuprofen, and fiorigen with codeine refills on December 19[, 2001].” Id. at *5. Accordingly,

we found the evidence sufficient to prove the appellant acted with the requisite intent to deceive.

Id.

         We find Nuzzo analogous to the facts of this case. Like Nuzzo, appellant received a

greater supply of his prescribed medication than he was entitled to under his prescription.

Dr. Essah testified to this fact, stating that if appellant had more than one month’s worth of

Alprazolam, it would have been outside what she prescribed. In addition, appellant was aware

that he obtained more Alprazolam than he was prescribed, informing Detective Taylor during his

interview that he realized he was receiving too many pills. Appellant also admitted to Detective

Taylor that he received filled prescriptions on August 3rd, August 9th, August 29th, and August

30th from a total of four different pharmacies. Whereas the appellant in Nuzzo explicitly

misrepresented to the pharmacy clerk that she had not obtained the prescribed refills on the

previous day, appellant concealed from the respective pharmacies that he had previously

received a thirty-day supply (indeed, multiple thirty-day supplies) of Alprazolam within the same

month.

         The evidence adduced at trial indicated that Dr. Essah prescribed appellant only one

prescription for Alprazolam. The prescription authorized a pharmacist to dispense ninety pills to

appellant, who was to take one pill three times a day for thirty days. By appellant’s own

admission, he received a filled prescription from four separate pharmacies within the month of

August. By concealing from the respective pharmacies that the prescription had been previously
                                               - 10 -
filled, appellant represented to each pharmacy that the prescription was being filled for the first

time and induced the pharmacists to dispense Alprazolam under the terms of the prescription.

Under these facts, we conclude that a reasonable trier of fact could find that appellant procured a

controlled substance by concealment of a material fact. We therefore affirm appellant’s

convictions.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                               - 11 -
