NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made
before this opinion goes to press.


                                          2020 VT 11

                                         No. 2019-269

Jackson Gore Inn, Adams House                                 Supreme Court

                                                              On Appeal from
   v.                                                         Property Valuation & Review Division

Town of Ludlow
                                                              December Term, 2019


Camilla Roberts, Hearing Officer

Hans G. Huessy of MSK Attorneys, Burlington, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Stephen S. Ankuda of Parker & Ankuda, P.C., Springfield, for Defendant-Appellant.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Robinson, Eaton and Carroll, JJ., and Wesley, Supr. J. (Ret.),
         Specially Assigned


        ¶ 1.   CARROLL, J.         The Town of Ludlow appeals from a decision by a Property

Valuation & Review Division (PVR) hearing officer lowering the fair market value of two quarter-

time-share condominium properties, Jackson Gore Inn and Adams House, located at the base of

Okemo Ski Resort. On appeal, the Town argues that the time-share owners in Jackson Gore Inn

and Adams House failed to overcome the presumption of validity of the Town’s appraisal. The

Town also argues that hearing officer incorrectly interpreted 32 V.S.A. § 3619(b) and failed to

properly weigh the evidence and make factual findings. We affirm.

                                      I. Legal Framework

        ¶ 2.   Before moving to the facts of this particular dispute, we briefly discuss the

governing law. Unless otherwise provided by law, every April 1, town listers are required to
inventory property located in the town so they can appraise it at fair market value. 32 V.S.A. §

4041, 4044. By June 25, town listers must file a grand list with the town clerk, which contains,

among other things, the name of each real property owner and a “brief description of each parcel

of taxable real estate.” Id. §§ 4151, 4152. Once the list is “lodged” with the clerk, the clerk

certifies the list as complete, and the list “become[s] the grand list of such town,” except as to any

corrections or additions as provided by law. Id. § 4151(c); see Villeneuve v. Town of Underhill,

130 Vt. 446, 452-53, 296 A.2d 192, 196-97 (1972) (explaining that the “grand list was completed,

subject to correction or amendment upon appeal, at the time it was lodged in the office of the town

clerk”).

       ¶ 3.    One of the provided exceptions is for those appealing the listers’ appraisal. Any

“person aggrieved by the final decision of the listers under [Title 32] . . . may appeal . . . to the

board of civil authority” (BCA), 32 V.S.A. § 4404(a), which consists of the “town clerk,

selectboard members and justices residing in a town,” 24 V.S.A. § 801. The taxpayer or town

selectboard may further appeal the BCA’s decision to either the Director of the PVR or the superior

court of the county in which the property is located. 32 V.S.A. §§ 3007, 4461(a). When an appeal

is filed with the Director, a hearing officer is appointed to conduct a de novo hearing to “determine

the correct valuation of the property.” Id. §§ 4465, 4467.

       ¶ 4.    Determining the correct valuation of the property “is a two-step process.” Dewey

v. Town of Waitsfield, 2008 VT 41, ¶ 2, 184 Vt. 92, 956 A.2d 508. “First, the fair market value

of the property must be determined.” Boivin v. Town of Addison, 2010 VT 67, ¶ 7, 188 Vt. 571,

5 A.3d 897 (mem.) (quotation omitted). The “market data approach” and the “income approach”

are appropriate “means of determining fair market value.” New Eng. Power Co. v. Town of

Barnet, 134 Vt. 498, 505, 367 A.2d 1363, 1368 (1976). “In the market approach, the appraiser

finds similar properties that have been sold recently, and extrapolates a value for the subject

property by comparing it to those recent sales.” State Hous. Auth. v. Town of Northfield, 2007


                                                  2
VT 63, ¶ 15, 182 Vt. 90, 933 A.2d 700. The income approach, on the other hand, determines

“market value by converting the future benefits of property ownership into an expression of present

worth.” Beach Props., Inc. v. Town of Ferrisburg, 161 Vt. 368, 372, 640 A.2d 50, 52 (1994)

(quotation omitted). Second, the fair market value is “equalized”—by using a common level of

appraisal that is expressed as a percentage, Dewey, 2008 VT 41, ¶¶ 2, 6 (quotation omitted)—“to

insure that the property is listed comparably to corresponding properties in town,” Kachadorian v.

Town of Woodstock, 144 Vt. 348, 350, 477 A.2d 965, 967 (1984).

                                             II. Facts

       ¶ 5.    This tax dispute revolves around a two-phase condominium project located at the

base of Okemo Ski Resort in Ludlow, Vermont. The first phase, known as the Jackson Gore Inn,

was completed in 2004 and contains 117 condominium units of varying size that are owned in

quarter-time-share interests. In other words, four separate time-share interests own a single unit,

meaning the 117 units are owned in 468 quarter shares. The first floor of the Jackson Gore Inn is

under separate ownership from the time-share interests and consists of “ski area related services,”

such as a hotel desk area, lounge, and restaurant. The second phase, known as the Adams House,

was completed in 2006 and contains 39 condominium units that are also owned in quarter-time-

share interests. Each quarter-time-share owner in both condominiums purchases a right to occupy

a specific unit over the course of a three-month period that changes every four years.

       ¶ 6.    On April 1, 2018, the Ludlow Board of Listers appraised the Jackson Gore Inn and

Adams House properties at $41,770,800 and $11,564,600, respectively.1 The quarter-time-share-

interest owners at both properties grieved the assessed values, arguing that their “properties [were]

assessed in excess of their fair market values.” In response, the listers conducted “an extensive

sales study” to determine the appropriate value for the properties and reduced the Jackson Gore


       1
         Throughout the litigation, the condominiums have been referred to by both the fair market
value and equalized rate. For consistency, we refer to the properties’ fair market value unless
otherwise noted.
                                                3
Inn appraisal to $31,779,600. With regard to Adams House, however, the listers explained that

they were leaving the property as appraised because only five units had sold in Adams House since

April 2017 so there were not enough sales to support a change. The time-share owners appealed

the listers’ decision for both properties to the Ludlow BCA, and the BCA affirmed.

        ¶ 7.    The time-share owners appealed the BCA’s decision on both properties to the

Director of the PVR. Pursuant to 32 V.S.A. § 4467, a hearing officer conducted a de novo hearing

on May 30, 2019 to determine the correct valuation of the properties. Both the Town and time-

share owners presented expert testimony. First, the time-share owners called Michael Bailey, a

“Vermont Certified General Appraiser,” who testified that using the market approach, he appraised

the Jackson Gore Inn and Adams House properties at $25,273,100 and $8,471,200, respectively.

Mr. Bailey testified that these values included the “common elements to the project,” e.g., the halls

and elevators, pool,2 and storage areas, which “are owned in full by the individual quarter-share

owners.” But Mr. Bailey did not include the “commercial” elements—such as the restaurant, bars,

retails shops, and real estate office located on the first floor of the Jackson Gore Inn—that are

listed separately in the grand list and are not part of this appeal.”

        ¶ 8.    Mr. Bailey explained that he reached these conclusions by grouping together units

of the same size, room count, and view. He then used sales of individual quarter-time-share

interests in each group, multiplied by four to represent an entire unit, to calculate a value for each

group of units. Finally, Mr. Bailey added each group together to reach a cumulative appraisal for

the whole project. In using comparative sales data, Mr. Bailey emphasized that because “[t]he



        2
          At oral argument, the Town’s counsel asserted that the condominium developer owns
the pool and health club as a separate commercial unit. Although the pool and health club are
described as a “commercial unit,” the record indicates they are part of the condominiums’ common
elements. Schedule C to the condominiums’ declaration of ownership rights, which outlines
percentage interests in the condominiums’ common areas, provides that each unit has an interest
in the pool and health club. At the hearing, the Town’s appraiser also testified that the pool was a
common area.

                                                   4
overall trend in [value of] th[e] project is downward,” he “put in a great deal of effort into making

sure” he was using a stable sales period. He explained that he identified a stable market period

from “January 2017 to the present,” where he found forty-five sales of quarter-time-share interests

in the Jackson Gore Inn and eight sales in Adams House.3

        ¶ 9.    The Town’s appraisal consultant, William Krajeski, owner of New England

Municipal Consultants, testified that using a two-step analysis, he valued the Jackson Gore Inn

and Adams House properties at $32,179,000 and $11,885,000. First, using a similar market

approach to Mr. Bailey, Mr. Krajeski grouped units into categories and then used comparative

sales to establish the value for each group of units. Mr. Krajeski concluded, however, that sales

after April 1, 2018 should not be considered because they did not “accurately reflect” the value as

of April 1 as the market was still declining. Using the market approach, Mr. Krajeski determined

that the individual units in Jackson Gore Inn and Adams House properties were worth $31,230,000

and $11,534,000.

        ¶ 10.   Mr. Krajeski then explained that, using an income approach, he added a value for

the common areas because 32 V.S.A. § 3619 directs him to value the individual units as well as

the project’s common areas.4 He explained that trying to value the “halls, pools, all the[] different

sorts [of] amenities” was “a difficult task” and he could not prove “the cost on a pool or cost of a

corridor or whatever.” However, Mr. Krajeski testified that the condominium project includes

Okemo Limited Liability Company’s contract to manage the complex and there is a value to the

association owners for the fees they pay into this contract. He elaborated: “[If] Okemo Limited


        3
           Mr. Bailey clarified in his testimony that one of these fifty-four sales was actually a
listing price that he adjusted based on a ratio he developed to reflect the difference between listing
and sale price. The hearing officer was unable to determine which one of the sales was the adjusted
listing price “even with careful examination” of the record.
        4
            The relevant part of § 3619 provides that “[t]he town shall set in the grand list as real
estate the units and common property of the project of which the time-share estates are a part and
shall list the entire property to the association, corporation, or whatever entity is authorized . . . to
manage the common property.”
                                                    5
Liability were to turn around and say we don’t want to manage the project any more . . . . [t]hey

are going to sell the contract. . . . There is a value to it much as there would be a lease to a building

or anything else.” Analyzing homeowners-association fees, Mr. Krajeski determined that Okemo

makes $1.3 million annually on the contract, which he then added to the value of the individual

units as determined by sales data.

        ¶ 11.   On cross-examination, the time-share owners’ counsel questioned Mr. Krajeski on

the idea that the statute required him to add value for the common areas when individual units are

valued on the basis of comparable sales:

                 Q. Can you tell me when someone purchases a time-share unit, are
                they purchasing also an allotted share in the common elements?

                 A. Yes.

                 Q. So why isn’t the value of the common elements included in that
                purchase price[]? Is the value of the common elements included in
                the purchase price then? You’re establishing a separate value for
                those elements, but when they buy their condominium unit they buy
                a percentage of the common elements along with their unit.

                 A. They do. Yes they do. However, the—the statute tells me that
                there is something beyond that . . . .

Counsel further questioned Mr. Krajeski on his testimony that the management contract was a

common area:

                 Q. So it’s your testimony that th[e] management contract is a real
                estate value even though—

                 A. It’s a lease—

                 Q. [T]hird party which doesn’t own part of the building?

                  A. They are the entity that controls the project though. That’s what
                it says.

                ....

                 Q. But all it says is that you put the entire value, the value of the
                units and common area, into the grand list and when someone buys
                their unit they are buying a percentage of the common area, isn’t
                that correct?
                                                   6
                 A. There is more in value to the project than just the units. There
               is more in value to it.

                Q. So it’s your testimony that the duty to pay a management fee to
               a third party who does not own a property interest in the building is
               an asset that is taxed to the unit owner?

                A. According to th[e] statute, Yes.

       ¶ 12.   On June 27, 2019, the hearing officer issued her decision, in which she concluded

that the fair market values of the Jackson Gore Inn and Adams House properties were $25,273,100

and $8,471,200. The hearing officer explained that both appraisers relied on similar data and

methodologies to appraise the properties: they both used a market analysis approach that

(1) grouped “units by attributes of size, location, bedrooms, bathrooms, and view,” (2) followed

the “same method of analyzing quarter share sales prices to determine a value per quarter share,”

and (3) used “a single sale in many of the unit groups, to determine the values for all the units in

that group.” The officer explained, however, that the appraisers’ calculations differed in two main

respects: (1) the value added for considering common areas, i.e., the profits of the entity that

manages the time-share condominium, and (2) the analysis of the market trend in the value of the

projects.

       ¶ 13.   With regard to valuing the common areas, the hearing officer concluded that § 3619

designates an agent—the managing entity of the projects—to handle the tax liability of the

individual time-share owners, and it says nothing about whether the “management fees or rental

profits are common property.” Instead, she explained that unit sales data is sufficient to determine

the value of a quarter-share condominium unit because “[t]he sales evidence reflects the

expectation of willing sellers and willing buyers regarding all of the contracted interests that go

with owning a time-share condominium, including the common interests and management fees

spelled out in the contract.” She accordingly gave no weight to the Town’s analysis of “income




                                                 7
approach value attributed to the profit and loss for the entity that handles collection of management

fees, and the property taxes.”

       ¶ 14.   Finally, the hearing officer considered how each appraiser analyzed the market

trend. She summarized that although the Town believed the value of the condominiums was

declining—and therefore avoided “all sales that occurred after April 1, 2018”—the time-share

owners relied on sales data from “2017 to present” because they believed there was a stable market,

The hearing officer, citing Sondergeld v. Town of Hubbardton, 150 Vt. 565, 571, 556 A.2d 64, 68

(1988), concluded that case law sets precedent for considering sales that occurred at least seven

months after the target data. Considering this precedent, she found that the Town’s appraiser

provided no “compelling examples of data evidence to demonstrate that the market trend

continue[d] downward.” The time-share owners’ appraiser, on the other hand, “provided specific

data as an example to demonstrate that a stable market occur[ed] from 2017 onward.” The hearing

officer accordingly concluded that she would consider sales data after April 1, 2018 because the

time-share owners’ appraiser “demonstrate[d] stronger compliance” with case law.

       ¶ 15.   On appeal, the Town first argues that the time-share owners have not met their

burden to produce evidence showing that the town’s appraisal is unlawful. The Town insists that

§ 3619 requires it to consider both the units and the common property separately. The Town

alleges, however, that the time-share owners have presented no evidence of the value of the

common areas “beyond interval sales as required by 32 V.S.A. § 3619(b).” Second, the Town

argues the hearing officer incorrectly interpreted § 3619. Finally, the Town argues that the hearing

officer failed to properly weigh the evidence, make factual findings, or adequately explain her

conclusions.

       ¶ 16.   We first hold that the hearing officer correctly determined that the time-share

owners met their initial burden of producing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity by

presenting the testimony of their expert appraiser. Second, we conclude that the hearing officer


                                                 8
correctly determined that § 3619 addresses who receives a tax bill when time-share owners are

taxed but says nothing about how to value the common elements in condominiums. Finally, we

conclude that the hearing officer made clear findings and, in general, provided a well-reasoned

and detailed decision.

                                           III. Jurisdiction

        ¶ 17.    Before addressing the merits, the time-share owners argue that the Court should

dismiss the Town’s appeal on two separate jurisdictional grounds. First, the time-share owners

argue that the present appeal is moot. Second, the Adams House time-share owners argue that the

Town did not file a timely notice of appeal regarding the Adams House property. We conclude

that the appeal is not moot and that the Town’s ambiguous notice of appeal provided sufficient

notice to the time-share owners of its intent to appeal the valuation of both properties.

                                            A. Mootness

        ¶ 18.     “This Court has jurisdiction to decide only actual controversies arising between

adverse litigants, duly instituted in courts of proper jurisdiction.” Merriam v. AIG Claims Servs.,

Inc., 2008 VT 8, ¶ 9, 183 Vt. 568, 945 A.2d 882 (mem.) (quotation omitted). Jurisdiction over an

appeal only exists if there is “a live controversy,” and the parties “have a legally cognizable interest

in the outcome.” Id. (quotation omitted). “[A] change in facts or circumstances can render a case

moot if this Court can no longer grant effective relief.” Houston v. Town of Waitsfield, 2007 VT

135, ¶ 5, 183 Vt. 543, 944 A.2d 260 (mem.) (quotation omitted).

        ¶ 19.    On July 3, 2019, the time-share owners received a letter from the Ludlow Town

Clerk5 with a copy of their tax bill for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2019. The letter explained

that the Jackson Gore Inn and Adams House owners were issued tax credits on any overpaid taxes

that would be carried forward to the next fiscal year. The time-share owners argue that the present

appeal is now moot because this letter demonstrates that the Town Clerk entered the appraisal


        5
            In Ludlow, one person serves as both the clerk and treasurer.
                                                  9
values determined by the hearing officer into the 2018 and 2019 grand lists; therefore, they argue

that the grand list is final and not subject to any further legal challenge. Furthermore, citing 32

V.S.A. § 4469, the time-share owners argue that “even if the Town were to prevail on appeal, there

is no mechanism under Title 32 for the Town to retroactively collect any underpaid property taxes.”

The Town responds, with no corresponding evidence, that they are not bound by the Clerk’s

actions because they were not authorized by the Selectboard.

       ¶ 20.   As an initial matter, the time-share owners have presented no definitive evidence

that the Town Clerk actually assessed taxes based on the values determined by the hearing officer.

They have provided the Court only with a letter from the Clerk that references tax bills for the

“fiscal year ending June 30, 2019.” They have not provided the actual tax bills. The only evidence

they have presented is that the Town Clerk issued $154,157.82 in tax credits to Jackson Gore Inn

and $8,884.22 in credits to the Adams House. The tax credits alone do not indicate the appraised

values the Clerk used to assess taxes, and the Adams House time-share owners have presented no

other evidence.6

       ¶ 21.   Nevertheless, assuming, without deciding, that the Clerk assessed taxes based on

the hearing officer’s decision, the various provision of Title 32 indicate that the Clerk’s actions

did not finalize the grand list. When the town listers file a grand list with the town clerk every

June 25, and the town clerk certifies the list, it “become[s] the grand list of such town,” except as

to any corrections or additions otherwise provided by law. 32 V.S.A. § 4151; Villeneuve,130 Vt.

at 453, 296 A.2d at 197. One of the provided exceptions is for corrections to the grand list that


       6
           In Villeneuve v. Town of Underhill, we held that towns could assess taxes against
taxpayers while they are appealing the listers’ appraisals. 130 Vt. at 454, 296 A.2d at 196-97. If
taxpayers are ultimately successful on appeal, they are entitled to a tax credit on any overpaid
taxes. 32 V.S.A. § 4469. Here, if the Town Clerk had assessed taxes based on the hearing officer’s
decision, the time-share owners should have received tax credits that reflected the difference
between the listers’ initial appraisal and the lower values entered by the hearing officer. This
difference, based on the equalized rate, is approximately $6,311,312 for Jackson Gore and
$3,000,562 for Adams House. The tax credits the Clerk issued for different mathematical amounts
therefore do not alone confirm that the Clerk assessed taxes based on the hearing officer’s decision.
                                                 10
result from taxpayers appealing the lister’s appraised value. 32 V.S.A. § 4404. When this appeals

process “has been finally determined,” the selectboard and town listers “endorse a certificate to

that effect upon the grand list,” and the town clerk attests to the same with the date of such

attestation. Id. §§ 4155, 4156. Once the selectboard and listers certify the grand list, it becomes

“the legal grand list of the Town, and ‘its validity shall not be put in issue by any party to any

action in any hearing or trial in any court.’ ” Rooney Vt. Assocs. v. Town of Pownal, 140 Vt. 150,

155, 436 A.2d 733, 735 (1981) (quoting 32 V.S.A. § 4157); see also Lewis v. Town of Brandon,

132 Vt. 37, 41, 313 A.2d 673, 675 (1973) (holding that “[g]rand lists are not subject to collateral

attack”). A grand list is only final, and not subject to further legal challenge, when the selectboard

and listers certify that the appeals process has been completed.

       ¶ 22.   Furthermore, 32 V.S.A. § 4469 is not applicable until the appeals process has been

completed. Section 4469, entitled “[t]ax credit upon successful appeal,” provides that “[w]henever

a taxpayer has had his or her appraisal reduced upon appeal and has paid the tax due upon the

original appraisal which he or she appealed, the taxpayer shall be entitled to a credit against the

tax for the next ensuing tax year.” 32 V.S.A. § 4469 (emphasis added). The clear import of § 4469,

especially when considering the other provisions of Title 32, is that taxpayers are entitled to a tax

credit once they have successfully appealed.

       ¶ 23.   In sum, regardless of whether the Town Clerk had authority to assess taxes against

the time-share owners, the Clerk’s actions do not alone finalize the grand list, and the time-share

owners are not entitled to the protection of § 4469 because the appeals process has not been

completed.

                                        B. Notice of Appeal

       ¶ 24.   The Adams House time-share owners also argue that the Court does not have

jurisdiction because the Town did not timely file a notice of appeal regarding the Adams House

property. The Adams House time-share owners point out that the Town’s notice of appeal and


                                                 11
docketing statement “reference only one Docket Number”—the one relating to the Jackson Gore

Inn—and the Town only submitted a single filing fee. The Town argues, on the other hand, that

its notice of appeal complied with the Vermont Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        ¶ 25.   The Vermont Rules of Appellate Procedure provide that to file an appeal, a party,

“within 30 days after entry of the judgment or order appealed from,” V.R.A.P. 4(a)(1), must pay a

filing fee and file a notice of appeal that (1) names each party “in the caption or body of the notice,”

(2) designates the judgment being appealed, and (3) “name[s] the court to which the appeal is

taken,” V.R.A.P. 3(b)(1), (d)(1).      Although “the timely filing of the notice of appeal is a

jurisdictional requirement,” In re Guardianship of L.B., 147 Vt. 82, 84, 510 A.2d 1319, 1321

(1986), “[a]n appellant’s failure to take [any other step] . . . does not affect the appeal’s validity,”

V.R.A.P. 3(b)(1)(D). Rule 3 expressly provides that “[a]n appeal will not be dismissed for

informality of form or title of the notice of appeal, or for failure to name a party whose intent to

appeal is otherwise clear from the notice.” V.R.A.P. 3(d)(5).

        ¶ 26.   An appellant’s failure to comply with the Rules of Appellate Procedure, however,

gives this Court discretion to “take any appropriate action, including dismissal.” V.R.A.P.

3(b)(1)(D). In exercising this discretion, we have consistently considered whether a party’s failure

to comply with the appellate rules was prejudicial. See In re Shantee Point, Inc., 174 Vt. 248, 259,

811 A.2d 1243, 1253 (2002) (“An error in compliance with V.R.A.P. will affect the validity of an

appeal only if it is prejudicial to another party.”). We have accordingly focused on whether a

notice of appeal “specifically indicates an intent to appeal and gives sufficient notice of that intent.”

Id.; see also Blake v. Nationwide Ins., 2006 VT 48, ¶ 11 n.3, 180 Vt. 14, 904 A.2d 1071

(concluding that party was “not prejudiced by allowing plaintiff to appeal from the final judgment

. . . since it was given sufficient notice of the issues on appeal and had the opportunity to fully

brief them”); Perry v. Green Mountain Mall, 2004 VT 69, ¶ 6 n.2, 177 Vt. 109, 857 A.2d 793

(explaining that “[n]otices of appeal are interpreted ‘liberally’ and in the context of the case”). “If


                                                   12
a litigant’s action is the functional equivalent of what the rule requires, we will find compliance.”

Shantee Point, Inc., 174 Vt. at 259, 811 A.2d at 1252.

       ¶ 27.   As a threshold matter, at oral argument, counsel for the Adams House time-share

owners argued that Rule 3 does not apply under these circumstances because “Rule 3(d)

contemplates a single matter being appealed—it isn’t written in the context of two separate matters

being appealed.” In Shantee Point, Inc., 174 Vt. at 259, 811 A.2d at 1246, we held otherwise. In

that case, two separate cases regarding a road relocation were heard “in conjunction” in the

environmental and superior courts. Id. at 251, 811 A.2d at 1247. The environmental judge

presided over both the environmental and superior court cases without formally consolidating

them. A party to the proceedings filed an “ambiguous” single notice of appeal that referenced the

proceedings in both cases. Id. at 260, 811 A.2d at 1253. The notice referenced the decisions and

order of the environmental court. Id. Despite only filing a single notice of appeal for two separate

appeals, this Court engaged in a prejudice analysis under Rule 3.

       ¶ 28.   Shantee Point, Inc. dictates that Rule 3’s prejudice analysis applies here. Similar to

Shantee Point, Inc., the PVR hearing officer heard two separate appeals together without

consolidating them. The Town’s counsel then similarly filed a single notice of appeal attempting

to appeal both decisions that included both parties’ names and provided it was appealing the

hearing officer’s decision. The crucial inquiry is, therefore, whether the Adams House time-share

owners were prejudiced by the Town’s notice of appeal.

       ¶ 29.   We conclude that the Town’s notice of appeal, especially when considered in light

of the underlying facts of this case, indicates a clear intent to appeal both cases—Jackson Gore Inn

v. Town of Ludlow, Docket No. PVR 2018-33, and Adams House v. Town of Ludlow, Docket

No. PVR 2018-34—and gave the Adams House time-share owners sufficient notice.                    On

September 28, 2018, Jackson Gore Inn and Adams House filed separate notices of appeal from the

Ludlow BCA. In a letter dated February 11, 2019, the hearing officer appointed to conduct the


                                                 13
hearing explained that a single hearing had been scheduled for both appeals because they “relate

to a dispute arising from the valuation of the property.” At the hearing, the hearing officer again

reiterated that the appeals “PVR 2018-33 and 34 [were] bundled together” for the present hearing.

On June 27, 2019, the Docket Clerk for the Vermont Department of Taxes sent counsel

representing the Jackson Gore and Adams House time-share owners a letter with the hearing

officer’s decision. The letter had the following subject line: “Jackson Gore Inn Condominium

Association v. Town of Ludlow Docket Number PVR 2018-33.” The hearing officer’s decision

attached to the letter, however, explained that “[t]he properties under appeal [were] bundled

together for the hearing of the appeals.”

       ¶ 30.   On July 23, the Town filed a notice of appeal indicating that it was appealing the

hearing officer’s decision, which included the caption “Jackson Gore Inn and Adams House v.

Town of Ludlow” and the Docket Number PVR 2018-33. On August 1, the Town filed its

docketing statement and transcript order form with the court clerk. The docketing statement

included both parties’ names, and the transcript order form included both parties’ names and the

docket numbers for both cases.

       ¶ 31.   Although the Town’s notice of appeal was less than ideal—and the better practice

certainly would have been to file two separate notices—the single notice of appeal was

nevertheless sufficient to indicate an intent to appeal and to give notice to the Adams House time-

share owners. As early as February 2019, counsel for the time-share owners was on notice that

the hearing officer was considering the appeals together because they were based on the same

underlying facts. On June 27, when counsel received a copy of the hearing officer’s decision, he

knew that the hearing officer issued a single decision for both appeals. Given this procedural

history, the Town’s notice of appeal certainly indicated a clear intent to appeal both cases and gave

the time-share owners notice: It included the names of both parties and expressly provided that the

Town was appealing the Hearing Officer’s decision, which counsel certainly knew included both


                                                 14
properties. In addition, the Town’s docketing statement and transcript order form included both

parties’ names and the docket numbers for both cases.7 Finally, we note that although the Town

initially only paid a single filing fee, it has since, upon direction by the Court, paid a second filing

fee.

                                              IV. Merits

         ¶ 32.   Moving to the merits, the Town argues that (1) the time-share owners did not meet

their burden to overcome the presumption of validity that attaches to the Town’s appraisal, (2) the

hearing officer committed legal error in not giving any weight to the profits of the entity that

manages the time-share condominium, and (3) the hearing officer failed to properly weigh the

evidence, make factual findings, or explain her conclusions.

         ¶ 33.   We review the hearing officer’s legal conclusions de novo. Williams v. Town of

N. Hero, 2018 VT 114, ¶ 10, ___ Vt. ___, 200 A.3d 1082. Findings of fact, however, are reviewed

for clear error. Id. We will affirm the hearing officer’s decision if the “findings [are] rationally

drawn from the evidence and are based on a correct interpretation of the law.” Barrett v. Town of

Warren, 2005 VT 107, ¶ 5, 179 Vt. 134, 892 A.2d 152.

                                         A. Presumption of Validity

         ¶ 34.   The Town argues that the time-share owners did not meet their burden because the

Town’s appraisal was based on both the value of the individual units—as established through

comparative-sales data—and the value of the common areas as required by 32 V.S.A. § 3619(b).

The time-share owners could not have met their burden to prove the Town’s appraisal was

unlawful, the Town argues, because the time-share owners presented no evidence beyond interval

sales.



         7
          It is important to our decision that the Town’s notice of appeal included both case names.
We do not mean to suggest that a docketing statement or transcript order form may substitute for
a faulty notice of appeal. We point to the docketing statement and transcript order form only as
evidence of notice supporting a finding of lack of prejudice.
                                                   15
       ¶ 35.   In a taxpayer appeal under § 4467, when a town produces evidence of fair market

value, there is a basic presumption that a town’s appraisal is “valid and legal.” Kruse v. Town of

Westford, 145 Vt. 368, 371, 488 A.2d 770, 772 (1985). “This is a bursting bubble presumption

. . . .” Vanderminden, A Family Ltd. P’ship v. Town of Wells, 2013 VT 49, ¶ 8, 194 Vt. 96, 75

A.3d 598. This “locative” presumption places the initial burden of coming “forward with

evidence” on taxpayers challenging a Town’s appraisal, but they “are without any independent

probative value.” Rutland County Club, Inc. v. City of Rutland, 140 Vt. 142, 145, 436 A.2d 730,

731 (1981).     Taxpayers therefore have the initial procedural burden of overcoming this

presumption by producing “evidence fairly and reasonably tending to show that [their] property

was [appraised] at more than fair market value.” Jeffer v. Town of Chester, 138 Vt. 478, 480, 417

A.2d 937, 938 (1980). The hearing officer must determine only whether the taxpayer has produced

admissible evidence that affords “a basis for a rational inference of the fact to be proved.” City of

Barre v. Town of Orange, 152 Vt. 442, 444, 566 A.2d 951, 952 (1989) (quotation omitted).

Because the applicable standard concerns the admissibility, rather than credibility, of the facts used

to overcome the presumption, “[t]he evidence required to burst the bubble is . . . modest.” In re

Bilmar Team Cleaners, 2015 VT 10, ¶ 11, 198 Vt. 330, 114 A.3d 483.

       ¶ 36.   Here, the time-share owners presented the testimony of their expert appraiser who

detailed how he relied on sales data, including sales after April 1, 2018, to determine that the time-

share condominium properties had a significantly lower fair market value than the Town alleged.

In addition, contrary to the Town’s assertion, the appraiser presented evidence about the value of

the condominiums’ common areas. The appraiser explained that the “common elements to the

project are owned in full by the individual quarter-share owners.” Under the appraiser’s analysis,

the sales data of the individual units included the value of the common areas. By producing the

expert appraiser’s testimony that the properties were overvalued, the time-share owners overcame

the presumption of validity. See Jeffer, 138 Vt. at 480, 417 A.2d at 938 (holding that taxpayer met


                                                 16
burden by introducing “appraiser’s testimony as to the fair market value”); Welch v. Town of

Ludlow, 136 Vt. 83, 86-87, 385 A.2d 1105, 1107-08 (1978) (holding that taxpayer met burden by

presenting “two witnesses who testified as to the fair market value of the subject property”);

Rutland County Club, Inc., 140 Vt. at 144-46, 436 A.2d at 731-32 (holding that taxpayer met

burden by presenting independent appraiser’s testimony on fair market value).

                                        B. Statutory Criteria

       ¶ 37.   “Once the presumption disappears, the town is required to show either that it

substantially complied with the relevant statutory and constitutional requirements or that its

valuation was supported by independent evidence of fair market value.” Vanderminden, 2013 VT

49, ¶ 8 (quotation omitted). The Town argues that its appraisal complied with the relevant statutory

criteria because § 3619 requires it to value “both the units and common property of the project of

which the time-share estates are a part.” The Town emphasizes that, in its view, § 3619 calls for

a distinct valuation methodology for time shares as contrasted with condominiums. It claims that

the hearing officer’s “rejection of evidence” concerning the profits of the entity that manages the

time-share condominium “is not in accord with the Vermont [s]tatutory framework.” 8 The time-

share owners, however, submit that the hearing officer correctly interpreted § 3619, arguing that

it simply provides that “the tax bill be issued to a single entity and entered on the Grand List under

one name” and does not dictate an alternative analysis of fair market value. They argue that towns

cannot separately tax a condominium project’s common elements.

       ¶ 38.   The Town’s interpretation of § 3619 is incorrect. Title 32 requires town listers first

to appraise taxable real property and then, once the property is appraised, to file a grand list with

the town clerk that, as a general rule, identifies the property by the owner. 32 V.S.A. §§ 4041,


       8
            The Town is arguing that § 3619 requires it to add the net profits of the entity that
manages the time-share condominium to the individual unit sales. The Town has further explained
that, in this case, the profits of the managing entity include: the profits on the contract to manage
the facility, the profits from the operation of the time share inn, and fees the time-share owners
pay to use the pool and health club.
                                                  17
4044, 4152. In the case of time-shares projects, however, there is not a single owner of the

property. For example, the two properties in this dispute are owned by 624 separate quarter-time-

share-interest owners. Recognizing the administrative burden it would place on towns to list each

individual owner in the grand list, the Legislature created an exception to the general rule that

individual owners be billed.

       ¶ 39.   Section 3619 provides that for time-share projects, the town shall list the “units and

common property” that make up the time-share project to the entity “authorized by the project

instruments to manage the common property.” Id. § 3619(b). The statute appoints the entity that

manages the common property as the “agent of the time-share-estate owners for the payment of

property taxes from the individual owners to the town.” Section 3619 provides a streamlined

process for towns to collect taxes from time-share-estate owners by allowing towns to list a single

entity in the grand list, rather than going through the burdensome process of listing each individual

time-share-estate owner. The Florida Supreme Court, in interpreting a similar statute, explained

that it “provide[d] a reasonable method to assess and collect taxes from property held under the

new ownership concept of ‘fee time-share estates.’ ” Day v. High Point Condo. Resorts Ltd., 521

So. 2d 1064, 1065 (Fla. 1988). Section 3619 simply provides an exception in the case of time-

share projects concerning to whom property is listed in the grand list; it says nothing about how

real property is appraised.

       ¶ 40.   How the underlying real property in a time-share project is appraised is still based

on estimated fair market value, which is defined as “the price that the property will bring in the

market when offered for sale and purchased by another, taking into consideration all the elements

. . . that combine to give property a market value.” 32 V.S.A. § 3481. Although only real property

is taxable, “[a]ll of the elements, tangible and intangible, that combine to give real property fair

market value are subject to property tax.” Barrett, 2005 VT 107, ¶ 11. “[S]ales of comparable

properties between a willing buyer and seller at arms length are a valid basis for estimating fair


                                                 18
market value.” TransCanada Hydro Ne., Inc. v. Town of Rockingham, 2016 VT 100, ¶ 54, 203

Vt. 289, 154 A.3d 486 (quotation omitted). In fact, “[w]e have characterized the use of such sales

as the most persuasive method of appraising residential property in Vermont.” Barrett, 2005 VT

107, ¶ 6 (quotation omitted). Section 3619 does not require any other method for valuing real

property owned in time-share estates.

        ¶ 41.   Here, the underlying taxable real property is a series of quarter-time-share-estate

interests in condominium units. By statute, a condominium “unit . . . together with its interest in

the common elements, constitutes for all purposes a separate parcel of real estate.” 27A V.S.A.

§ 1-105(a)(1). Because the real property consists of both the unit and the common elements, “no

separate tax or assessment may be rendered against any common elements.” Id. § 1-105(a)(2).

Rather, as we explained in Barrett v. Town of Warren, the fair market value of a condominium

includes the individual units, the common elements, and the membership in the association. 2005

VT 107, ¶¶ 11-13. We further explained in Barrett that although a membership in a condominium

association, which included the obligation to pay association fees, was an “intangible” asset, the

membership was an “intrinsic feature of the condominium unit” that influenced fair market value.

Id. ¶ 13.

        ¶ 42.   Considering these principles of taxation, the hearing officer correctly determined

as a matter of law that the profits of the entity that manages the time-share condominium could not

be added to the value of the sale price of the individual time-share units. In her decision, the

hearing officer first correctly explained that § 3619 “is very specific that the time share unit

owners’ tax liability shall be handled through the managing entity” and “does not specify that the

management fees or rental profits are common property for the individual time share owners.”

Second, she explained that the unit sales data is alone “sufficient to determine the worth of a quarter

share condominium unit, as the sellers and buyers are considering all rights and amenities and

contracted obligations in the unit and the common areas that go with that ownership,” which


                                                  19
includes the “common interests and management fees spelled out in the contract.” The hearing

officer correctly applied the relevant legal principles to conclude that unit sales alone reflected fair

market value and § 3619 did not dictate otherwise.

                                     C. Weight of the Evidence

       ¶ 43.   The Town’s last argument is that the hearing officer failed to properly weigh the

evidence and make findings to support her ultimate conclusions. The Town specifically argues

that the hearing officer improperly adopted the findings of the time-share owners’ appraiser

without independently explaining her conclusions that the market was sufficiently stable to allow

consideration of sales that occurred after April 1, 2018. Finally, the Town suggests there was an

“absence of a reasonable number of comparative sales of the various group types within the two

subject properties.” The time-share owners argue, on the other hand, the hearing officer provided

a well-reasoned and detailed explanation that was supported by her findings.

       ¶ 44.   Title 32 directs the hearing officer to conduct a de novo hearing and make findings

of fact to determine the correct valuation of the property. 32 V.S.A. § 4467. The hearing officer

is required to “sift the evidence and make findings sufficient to indicate to the parties how it

reached its ultimate conclusion.” Kruse, 145 Vt. at 374, 488 A.2d at 774. It is accordingly “within

the province of the [hearing officer] to determine fairly, justly and equitably the fair market value

of the subject property according to the evidence presented.” Kachadorian v. Town of Woodstock,

149 Vt. 446, 448, 545 A.2d 509, 511 (1988). Although the hearing officer is required to consider

all the evidence, whether it be expert or lay, in determining fair market value, the weight to be

accorded such evidence lies with the hearing officer. New Eng. Power Co., 134 Vt. at 504, 356

A.2d at 1367; Connors v. Town of Dorset, 134 Vt. 233, 235, 356 A.2d 536, 537 (1976). If the

hearing officer’s decision “is supported by some evidence from the record, the appellant bears the

burden of demonstrating that the exercise of discretion was clearly erroneous.” Hoiska v. Town

of E. Montpelier, 2014 VT 80, ¶ 9, 197 Vt. 196, 101 A.3d 890 (quotation omitted).


                                                  20
       ¶ 45.   Although the Town claims that the hearing officer only conclusorily discussed each

appraiser’s testimony and inappropriately “pick[ed] sides” by adopting the analysis of one party,

we conclude that hearing officer’s decision exceeds the requirements outlined above. She clearly

explained each appraiser’s calculations, where they agreed and disagreed, and why she was

crediting one appraiser over the other. See TransCanada Hydro Ne., Inc., 2016 VT 100, ¶ 38 (“If

the trial court considered the various approaches offered, assigned weight to each approach, and

provided a thorough explanation for its findings and conclusions we will not overturn the court if

its order appears to be fair, just and equitable according to the evidence presented.” (quotation

omitted)).

       ¶ 46.   The hearing officer explained that “[b]oth parties submitted a market analysis

appraisal for each property as evidence of fair market value” that (1) limited the sales data to these

two projects, (2) grouped units by “attributes of size, location, bedroom, bathrooms, and view,”

and (3) used a “single sale in many of the unit groups, to determine the values for all the units in

the group.” Despite these similarities, each appraiser had a different conclusion on fair market

value: The Town’s appraiser valued the Jackson Gore Inn and Adams House respectively at

$32,179,000 and $11,885,000 while the time-share owners’ appraiser valued the properties at

$25,273,100 and $8,471,200.

       ¶ 47.   The hearing officer concluded that these differences were primarily the result of

two things: The Town’s appraiser added the value of the profits of the entity that manages the

time-share condominium to unit sales data and did not consider sales data after April 1, 2018. The

hearing officer then made factual findings and explained her conclusions on each of these disputed

calculations. First, the hearing officer correctly determined that the profits from the management

contract could not be added to the unit sales data. She accordingly concluded that she was giving

“no weight” to the value the Town added for the profits of the entity that manages the time-share

condominium.


                                                 21
       ¶ 48.   Second, the hearing officer correctly determined that sales occurring after the

appraisal date may be relevant in determining fair market value. Sondergeld, 150 Vt. at 571-72,

556 A.2d at 68. In this case, the hearing officer concluded that sales data after April 1, 2018 was

probative because she concluded the market for timeshares was stable from 2017 to the time of the

hearing. Her finding on the point was supported by testimony from the time-share owners’

appraiser. In particular, she noted the time-share owners’ data demonstrating the stability of the

market, citing to the time-share owners appraiser’s report to provide a concrete example:

“[Q]uarter shares in units with 775 square feet sold on 06/28/2017 for $32,500, on 5/01/18 for

$31,500, and on 11/20/2018 for $32,500.” In contrast, she found that the Town’s appraiser

provided no compelling evidence “to demonstrate that the market trend continues downward.”

The hearing officer’s conclusion that the market was stable, and thus her consideration of post

April 1 market sales, was supported by the evidence and not clearly erroneous.

       ¶ 49.   The hearing officer was presented with two appraisers’ reports, determined the two

principal reasons why they differed on their conclusions of fair market value, and explained why

she found the time-share owners’ expert more credible with specific cites to the record to support

these conclusions. The record demonstrates that the hearing officer “sift[ed]” the evidence and

made “findings sufficient to indicate to the parties how [she] reached [her] ultimate conclusion.”

Kruse, 145 Vt. at 374, 488 A.2d at 774.

       ¶ 50.   The Town’s remaining arguments as to other errors by the hearing officer are

unpersuasive. The Town asserts that the hearing officer erred because there was an “absence of a

reasonable number of comparative sales of the various group types within the two subject

properties.” “[A]n actual sale is strong evidence of fair market value.” Barrett/Canfield, LLC v.

City of Rutland, 171 Vt. 196, 199, 762 A.2d 823, 825 (2000); see also Sondergeld, 150 Vt. at 567,

566 A.2d at 66 (“[T]he most persuasive method of appraising residential property in Vermont is

to establish fair market value through bona fide sales transactions.”). We have noted, however,


                                                22
that “there may be situations where a court must look beyond a sale,” such as “where some

evidence undermines the bona fide nature of the sale.” Barrett/Canfield, LLC, 171 Vt. at 199, 762

A.2d at 825.

       ¶ 51.   Here, the Town has presented no evidence that the sales the hearing officer relied

upon were not reliable indicators of fair market value. In fact, as the Town conceded at oral

argument, both the Town and time-share owners generally relied on the same comparative sales

data. The hearing officer expressly found that both appraisers used a “single sale in many of the

unit groups, to determine the values for all the units in that group.” The Town cannot credibly

claim that the hearing officer erred by relying on sales data when their appraisal generally relied

on the same sales data.

       ¶ 52.   Lastly, the Town argues that the hearing officer failed to explain why she did not

adjust sale prices “based upon marketing times.” The record indicates otherwise. Time adjustment

is the practice of adjusting sales information to account for changes in price levels over time.

TransCanada Hydro Ne., Inc., 2016 VT 100, ¶¶ 41-42. The hearing officer determined that no

time adjustment was necessary because the time-share’s appraiser “provided specific data as an

example to demonstrate that a stable market occurr[ed] from 2017 onward.”

       Affirmed.


                                               FOR THE COURT:



                                               Associate Justice




                                                23
