
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



NO. 03-09-00429-CV


L.B., Appellant

v.

Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Appellee




FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 207TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 08-0027, HONORABLE CHARLES R. RAMSAY, JUDGE PRESIDING


M E M O R A N D U M   O P I N I O N

		The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (TDFPS) petitioned for the
termination of L.B.'s parental rights regarding her three children, Ja.B., Jo.B., and Ju.H. (1)  After a
bench trial, the trial court entered a final order terminating L.B.'s rights, finding that statutory
grounds for termination existed and that termination of L.B.'s rights was in the best interest of the
children.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001 (West Supp. 2009).  L.B. filed a statement of points
on appeal with the trial court as required by statute.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.405(b)(2) (West
2008).  After a hearing on L.B.'s statement of points, the trial court found that L.B.'s appeal was
frivolous and therefore she was not entitled to a free reporter's record of the trial.  L.B. appeals the
frivolousness finding.  We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

BACKGROUND
		L.B. is the mother of three children, Ja.B., Jo.B, and Ju.H.  Ja.B. and Jo.B. were born
in Indianapolis, Indiana, where L.B.'s parents live, and Ju.H. was born in San Marcos, Texas. (2)  At
the conclusion of trial, Ja.B. was four years old, Jo.B. was two years old, and Ju.H. was one year old. 
According to L.B.'s testimony, Ja.B. was conceived after L.B.'s uncle sexually assaulted her, while
Jo.B.'s father is a man with whom L.B. had a one-night stand. (3)  Ju.H.'s father is Jo.H., with whom
L.B. has had an ongoing relationship for the past several years. (4)
		Prior to moving to Texas, L.B. lived with her parents in Indiana, where she began
dating Jo.H. in late 2005.  According to Araceli Ruppert, one of L.B.'s caseworkers, the couple's
lifestyle in Indiana included "smoking pot and drinking."  Their relationship also involved numerous
incidents of domestic violence.  L.B. testified at trial that she could not remember the first time Jo.H.
had assaulted her, and stated that the violence included hitting her and biting her on the face.  She
also testified that Jo.H. stabbed her arms with a knife in the presence of Ja.B. and Jo.B.  Jo.H. spent
several months in prison in Indiana for domestic violence involving L.B.
		L.B. moved from Indiana to San Marcos in November 2007, shortly before the birth
of Ju.H. (5)  L.B. had tested positive for drug use during her pregnancy, and testified at trial that she
had used unprescribed Vicodin for back pain while pregnant with Ju.H. (6)  Ju.H. was born several
weeks premature and suffers from a benign cystic tumor in his brain that has impeded the
development of his speech.  He was removed from L.B.'s custody directly from the maternity ward.
		On February 29, 2008, a status hearing was held under Chapter 263 of the family code
regarding L.B.'s three children, all of whom were in the state's custody by that time. (7) See Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. § 263.201(a) (West 2008).  The court's order specified that L.B. was to attend counseling
for anger management, parenting, and domestic violence, and also mandated that L.B. acquire "two
bedroom housing."
		L.B.'s counseling services were initially provided by caseworker Lindi Butler and
therapist Gayle Mihalek.  Butler testified that the service plan was "nontraditional," involving more
one-on-one counseling than most plans.  Mihalek initially met weekly with L.B., but the sessions
ceased after Jo.H. returned from prison in Indiana.  Mihalek, who was uncomfortable holding
sessions in L.B.'s home after Jo.H.'s return, scheduled one meeting with L.B. at a public library,
which L.B. canceled.  After that, Mihalek was unable to contact L.B. to schedule any additional
meetings.  Butler indicated that Mihalek also felt that the value of the sessions was limited due to
L.B.'s refusal to submit to a psychiatric exam and spend time in a group home.  A new therapist,
Roxanne McMillan, was assigned to L.B. in August 2008, but was also unable to establish a regular
meeting schedule with L.B.  Butler indicated that L.B. decided to discontinue counseling, and L.B.
herself admitted at trial that she had not completed the counseling program ordered by the court.
		On September 5, 2008, Scott Johnson, a corporal with the San Marcos police
department, testified that he responded to a domestic-abuse call involving L.B.  Johnson testified that
L.B. told him that the man she was living with, who was in the midst of a two-day binge on alcohol
and drugs, (8) had strangled her on an apartment balcony after she had refused his sexual advances. 
L.B. had beckoned onlookers to call for help, which they did, after which the man bit her on the face. 
Johnson said L.B. was crying and shaking, had missing clumps of hair on her head, and had a bite
mark on her face that looked like a scar.  Following the incident, Jo.H. was arrested on family-violence charges, and remained in prison through the time of trial. (9) 
		In January 2009, L.B. returned to Indiana, and as a result did not engage in therapy
or see Ja.B., Jo.B., or Ju.H. during the months of January, February, March, or April 2009. (10)  Ruppert
testified that the children were in foster homes during that period and were "all doing fantastic."  She
also testified that, when she first encountered Ja.B. and Jo.B., the children were unusually
"uncontrollable," as "they would spit, they would bite, they would kick, [and] use profanity."  In
particular, Jo.B. would often bite adults who approached him.  However, according to Ruppert, these
tendencies diminished after Ja.B. and Jo.B were placed in a foster home.  Ruppert also testified that
Ju.H. had been placed in a home that provided him with the individualized attention required due
to his special needs. 
		At the time of trial, L.B. had returned to Texas and was living in women's shelters
and community centers, though she testified that she was about to obtain housing in a one-bedroom
apartment.  She visited Jo.H. in prison on the morning of trial, and explained at trial that she had
gotten Jo.H.'s name tattooed on her neck within the previous three months.  When asked if she
thought Jo.H. was an unfit father, L.B. testified, "No, I do not, sir."  Ruppert testified that, after she
was appointed L.B.'s caseworker in March 2009, L.B. told her "personally that she was in love with
[Jo.H.], they were going to stay together, [and] this was someone she wanted to raise her
family with." 
		After a bench trial, the trial court found that L.B.'s actions violated section 161.001(1)
of the family code, and further found that termination of L.B.'s rights would be in the best interest
of Ja.B., Jo.B., and Ju.H.  See Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 161.001.  Accordingly, the trial court entered
a final order terminating L.B.'s parental rights.
		As required by the family code, L.B. filed a statement of points on appeal with the
trial court.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.405(b)(2).  L.B.'s filing also included a motion for a
court-appointed attorney and a motion for a free appellate record based on her indigent status.  After
a hearing on L.B.'s statement of points, the trial court signed an order finding that L.B. was indigent
and entitled to a court-appointed attorney on appeal, but also found that her appeal was frivolous and
therefore she was not entitled to a free reporter's record of the trial.  L.B. appealed the frivolousness
determination to this Court.  As we were unable to determine whether L.B.'s appeal was frivolous
based on the record of the hearing, we ordered the trial record prepared.  Having received that record,
we proceed to review the trial court's frivolousness finding.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
		We review a trial court's frivolousness finding under an abuse-of-discretion standard. 
In re M.N.V., 216 S.W.3d 833, 834 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2006, no pet.).  Under this standard,
we decide whether the trial court acted without reference to guiding rules and principles or if the act
complained of is arbitrary and unreasonable.  Lumpkin v. Texas Dep't of Family & Protective Svcs.,
260 S.W.3d 524, 527 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.).  
		As the natural right that exists between parents and their children is of constitutional 
dimensions, Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 652 (1972), due process requires that the petitioner
justify termination of that right by clear-and-convincing evidence.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 161.206(a) (West 2008); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002).  This intermediate standard
falls between the preponderance standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt
standard of criminal proceedings.  In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980).  It is defined as the
"measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or
conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established."  Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 101.007 (West 2008); In re S.B., 207 S.W.3d 877, 884 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2006, no pet.).
		Accordingly, we conduct our frivolousness review in light of the heightened clear-and-convincing burden of proof, and inquire whether the trial court abused its discretion by
determining that the evidence is such that a fact-finder could have reasonably formed a firm belief
or conviction that its findings were true.  Lumpkin, 260 S.W.3d at 528.
		We review a trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of
discretion.  State v. Bristol Hotel Asset Co., 65 S.W.3d 638, 647 (Tex. 2001).  A trial court abuses
its discretion in admitting or excluding evidence if it acts without reference to any guiding rules and
principles or if the act complained of is arbitrary and unreasonable.  Carpenter v. Cimarron
Hydrocarbons Corp., 98 S.W.3d 682, 687 (Tex. 2002).  We must uphold a trial court's evidentiary
ruling if there is any legitimate basis in the record to support it.  Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998). 

DISCUSSION
		Our review is limited to analysis of the trial court's finding that L.B.'s statement of
points presented no substantial question for appellate review, rendering her appeal frivolous.  See
Tex. Fam Code Ann. § 263.405(g); Lumpkin, 260 S.W.3d at 527.  An appeal is frivolous when it
lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.  Lumpkin, 260 S.W.3d at 527.  L.B. argues that she
presented substantial questions for appellate review concerning (1) the statutory basis for the
termination of her parental rights and (2) the admissibility of Wendy Cunningham's testimony.


Statutory Grounds for Termination
		In L.B.'s first point on appeal, she argues that the evidence was legally and factually
insufficient to support the trial court's finding of statutory grounds for the termination of her parental
rights.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1) (listing grounds for termination of rights).  In
proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under section 161.001 of the family
code, the petitioner must establish by clear-and-convincing evidence (1) that one statutory ground
for termination is satisfied and (2) that termination is in the best interest of the child. (11)  Id. § 161.001;
In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005).  The trial court relied on three grounds for termination
listed in section 161.001(1), which reads in relevant part:

The court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by
clear and convincing evidence:

(1) that the parent has:

	. . .

	(D) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions
or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the
child;

	(E) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who
engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of
the child;

	. . .

	(O) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically
established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the
child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship
of the Department of Family and Protective Services for not less than nine
months as a result of the child's removal from the parent under Chapter 262
for the abuse or neglect of the child;

	. . . .	

 
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001.  The trial court found that termination of L.B.'s parental rights
regarding Ja.B. and Jo.B. was supported by the grounds described in subsections (D), (E), and (O),
and that termination of L.B.'s rights regarding Ju.H. was supported by subsections (E) and (O).
		We begin with subsection (E), the first ground that impacts all three of the children. 
In determining whether the conduct of the parent has endangered the child's well-being under
subsection (E), we look exclusively to the parent's conduct, including actions, omissions, and
failures to act.  Williams v. Williams, 150 S.W.3d 436, 450 (Tex. App.--Austin 2004, pet. denied). 
Termination based on this subsection must be based on more than a single act or omission; rather,
a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious "course of conduct" that endangered the child's physical and
emotional well-being is required.  Id.  The endangering acts need not have been directed at the child
or have caused an actual injury or threat of injury to the child to constitute conduct that endangers
the child's physical or emotional well-being.  Id.  Accordingly, acts directed at a parent's other
children may be considered when determining endangerment to the child who is the subject of the
termination proceedings.  See In re Baby Boy R., 191 S.W.3d 916, 925 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2006,
pet. denied).  Further, courts may consider conduct occurring before a child was born.  See In re
D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) ("[C]ourts look to what the parent
did both before and after the child's birth to determine whether termination is necessary.").
		As a general matter, conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and
instability may endanger the child's physical and emotional well-being under subsection (E).  In re
J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 n.4 (Tex. 2009).  Texas courts have found relevant conduct to include
exposure of children to domestic violence.  See In re M.R., 243 S.W.3d 807, 819 (Tex. App.--Fort
Worth 2007, no pet.) (considering fact that mother "exposed her children to domestic violence,"
including incident where mother was "smacked" in front of child, as evidence of endangerment
under subsection (E)).  In addition, drug use, particularly drug use during pregnancy, may also
support a finding of endangerment.  See Dupree v. Texas Dep't of Protective and Regulatory Servs.,
907 S.W.2d 81, 84 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1995, no writ) (concluding that mother's use of drugs during
pregnancy endangered child); see also In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth
2004, pet. denied) ("Drug use and its effect on a parent's life and [] ability to parent may establish
an endangering course of conduct.").	
		In this case, TDFPS presented evidence that Ja.B. and Jo.B. were exposed to domestic
violence while in L.B.'s care.  L.B. herself testified that Jo.H. stabbed her arms with a knife while
Ja.B. and Jo.B. were present.  TDFPS also presented evidence that the incident was part of an
ongoing pattern of violence involving L.B. and Jo.H., with the first reported incident of violence
occurring prior to L.B.'s relocation to Texas in 2007.  Trial testimony indicates that the violence
continued after L.B.'s children were removed from her care, including an incident in September 2008
during which Jo.H. attempted to strangle L.B. on an apartment balcony and bit her on the face,
resulting in Jo.H.'s arrest on family violence charges. (12)  TDFPS also presented evidence that L.B.
continued to maintain contact with Jo.H. following his arrest, visiting him in jail and getting his
name tattooed on her neck.  According to caseworker Ruppert, in 2009 L.B. declared that she still
wanted to raise a family with Jo.H.  TDFPS also presented evidence that Ja.B. and Jo.B. were
unusually aggressive and violent after being taken into the State's custody, and that Jo.B. in
particular had a penchant for biting.
		TDFPS also presented evidence involving L.B.'s drug use.  L.B. testified that she
used Vicodin that had not been prescribed to her while she was pregnant with Ju.H.  Other witnesses
testified that L.B. had confessed to using drugs on other occasions, including marijuana use prior to
her move to Texas in 2007 and drug use in September 2008.
		This evidence of exposure to domestic violence and drug use would allow a
reasonable fact-finder to form a firm belief or conviction that L.B. engaged in a course of conduct
that endangered all three of her children.  See In re Baby Boy R., 191 S.W.3d at 925 (holding that
conduct directed towards other children is relevant to endangerment of subject child).  Accordingly,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that L.B.'s points of error regarding the
statutory basis for termination are frivolous. (13) 

Admission of Testimony of Wendy Cunningham
		In her second point on appeal, L.B. argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting the testimony of Wendy Cunningham, asserting that TDFPS's disclosures regarding
Cunningham were inadequate.  Cunningham, a social worker who consulted with L.B. during her
stay at St. David's Medical Center, was not designated as an expert witness.  Accordingly, TDFPS
was required to disclose only Cunningham's name, address, and telephone number, as well as a
"brief statement of [her] connection with the case."  Tex. R. Civ. P. 194.2(e). (14)  In response to L.B.'s
discovery requests, TDFPS provided Cunningham's name, address, telephone number, and a
description of her as a "social worker."  L.B. asserts that this description does not constitute a
statement of Cunningham's "connection with the case," and therefore the trial court was required
to exclude Cunningham's testimony.  See id. R. 193.6(a) (mandating exclusion of testimony if proper
witness disclosures are not made).
		To obtain reversal of a judgment based upon an error by the trial court, the appellant
must show that (1) the court erred and (2) the error probably caused rendition of an improper
judgment in the case.  Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a); In re D.I.B., 988 S.W.2d 753, 756 n.10 (Tex. 1999). 
A successful challenge to an evidentiary ruling usually requires the complaining party to show that
the judgment turns on the particular evidence excluded or admitted.  City of Brownsville v. Alvarado,
897 S.W.2d 750, 753-54 (Tex. 1995). 		
		We begin by noting that L.B. does not indicate what harm resulted from the admission
of Cunningham's testimony.  Cunningham testified about her interaction with L.B. while L.B. was
hospitalized.  Though Cunningham testified regarding L.B.'s reports of incidents of domestic
violence, (15) testimony regarding domestic violence was also presented by several other witnesses,
including L.B. herself.  See Beam v. A.H. Chaney, Inc., 56 S.W.3d 920, 923 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth
2001, pet. denied) (explaining that admission of testimony is harmless when it is cumulative of other
properly admitted evidence).  
		Further, the judgment did not "turn on" Cunningham's other testimony, which
detailed L.B.'s decision to check out of the hospital during her fourth pregnancy and her future plans
at that time.  This testimony does not involve the primary conduct underlying the termination of
L.B.'s parental rights, including the exposure of her children to domestic violence and use of drugs
while pregnant.  Accordingly, even if the trial court erred in admitting Cunningham's testimony, (16)
the record does not support the conclusion that the action probably caused the rendition of an
improper judgment.
		Accordingly, we determine that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
determining that L.B.'s second point on appeal is frivolous.





CONCLUSION
		We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

__________________________________________
						Diane M. Henson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Waldrop and Henson
Affirmed
Filed:   April 9, 2010
1.   In appeals from cases involving the termination of parental rights, the rules of appellate
procedure require the use of an alias to refer to a minor, "and if necessary to protect the minor's
identity, to the minor's parent or other family member."  Tex. R. App. P. 9.8.
2.   The facts recited herein are taken from the testimony and exhibits admitted at trial.
3.   Ja.B.'s father (L.B.'s uncle) was incarcerated in Indiana at the time of trial, while Jo.B.'s
father was facing charges involving the sexual abuse of a child in Kentucky.  The parental rights of
both men were terminated at trial.
4.   Jo.H. voluntarily relinquished his parental rights regarding Ju.H. prior to trial.
5.   Jo.H. has family members in the San Marcos area, and he joined L.B. in San Marcos after
his release from prison in Indiana.
6.   Cheryl Boyd, a volunteer with Texas Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA),
indicated that the removal affidavit included an admission by L.B. that she had a prior history of
illegal drug use.
7.   The record does not indicate when Ja.B. and Jo.B. were taken into the state's custody.
8.   Ruppert testified that L.B. indicated that she was also "drunk and high" at the time of the
incident.
9.   L.B.'s brief indicates that Jo.H. pleaded guilty to the charges, though L.B. testified that she
asked the district attorney to drop the charges.
10.   L.B., who was pregnant with a fourth child at the time, testified that she returned to
Indiana because "I already knew if I had my daughter in the State of Texas you-all would take her
too."  Against the advice of doctors, L.B. had checked herself out of the high-risk pregnancy ward
of St. David's Medical Center to make the trip.  In January 2009, L.B.'s fourth child was born
prematurely in Indiana, more than three months before the due date, and died soon thereafter.
11.   The trial court also found by clear-and-convincing evidence that termination of L.B.'s
parental rights was in the best interest of the children, a finding L.B. does not challenge.
12.   In her brief, L.B. argues that "being a victim of domestic violence[] is not, in [and] of
itself, grounds for a parent to lo[se her] children," citing Lewelling v. Lewelling.  796 S.W.2d 164
(Tex. 1990).    In Lewelling, which involved a custody dispute, the supreme court held that "evidence
that a parent is a victim of spousal abuse, by itself, is no evidence that awarding custody to that
parent would significantly impair the child."  Id. at 167.  However, numerous Texas courts of appeals
have held that exposing children to domestic violence--a matter extending beyond the fact that a
parent has been the victim of abuse--may be considered in determining endangerment in the context
of a termination proceeding.  See, e.g., In re J.J.S., 272 S.W.3d 74, 79 (Tex. App.--Waco 2008, pet.
denied) (upholding endangerment after trial court found that mother "conducted herself in a manner,
namely her abusive relationships, which exposed her children to a home where physical violence was
present"); In re M.R., 243 S.W.3d 807, 819 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (considering fact
that mother "exposed her children to domestic violence" as evidence of endangerment under
subsection (E)); In re J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.)
("Thus, the trial court could have considered the domestic violence . . . as evidence of endangerment
to [the child]."); Sylvia M. v. Dallas County Welfare Unit, 771 S.W.2d 198, 204 (Tex. App.--Dallas
1989, no writ) (considering "volatile and chaotic" marriage, altercation during pregnancy, and
mother's repeated reconciliation with abusive spouse in termination case). 
13.   As only one ground is required to support a termination of parental rights, we need not
address L.B.'s arguments challenging the trial court's findings regarding subsections (D) and (O) of
section 161.001(1) of the family code.  See In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 813 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth
2001, no pet.) (declining to address other grounds after upholding termination on one ground under
section 161.001(1)).  However, we note that the same evidence that supports a finding of
endangerment under subsection (E) also supports the trial court's finding under subsection (D) that
L.B.'s actions subjected Ja.B. and Jo.B. to "conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical
or emotional well-being of the child."  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(D) (West Supp.
2009); see also In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 503 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2009, no pet.)
(explaining that "evidence pertaining to subsections (D) and (E) is interrelated"); In re M.R.,
243 S.W.3d at 819 (holding that evidence of exposure to domestic violence and failure to complete
service plan was sufficient to satisfy both subsections (D) and (E)).
 
	The trial court also found the termination of L.B.'s parental rights to all three children was
supported by subsection (O), which involves failure to complete a court-ordered service plan.  See
Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 161.001(1)(O).  Other Texas courts have held that, under subsection (O),
the petitioner must prove by clear-and-convincing evidence that the subject child was removed from
the parent's care due to abuse or neglect.  See In re A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d 507, 515 (Tex.
App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied).  The trial record in this case, however, does not clearly
indicate the circumstances under which Ja.B., Jo.B., and Ju.H. were removed from L.B.'s care. 
14.   Additional disclosures, such as the subject matter of the witness's testimony and the basis
on which impressions and opinions were formed, are required only for testifying expert witnesses. 
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 194.2(f).
15.   Specifically, Cunningham testified, "Per my notes, specific instances of violence which
involved biting the face, pulling the hair, stabbing to the arms and head, as well as sexual assault
with a knife."  Other witnesses testified of incidents of domestic violence involving biting, pulling
hair, and stabbing of L.B.'s arms.
16.   While Texas law is unclear regarding precisely what information is required in a "brief
statement of each identified person's connection with the case," we note that the description of
Cunningham as a "social worker" represents at least an attempt to comply with the rule.  See id. R.
194.2(e); Beam v. A.H. Chaney, Inc., 56 S.W.3d 920, 923 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2001, pet.
denied) (holding that trial court erred in admitting witness testimony when no statement of
connection of any kind was provided).  We further note that the description provided, including
Cunningham's name, address, telephone number, and title, provided L.B. with reasonable
information with which to identify the witness, thus mitigating any potential surprise or prejudice. 
Cf. Tex. R. Civ. P. 1 (instructing that rules of civil procedure are to be construed liberally in order
"to obtain a just, fair, equitable and impartial adjudication of the rights of litigants"), 193.6(a)(2)
(instructing that trial courts may admit testimony of improperly identified witness if "the failure to
make, amend, or supplement the discovery response will not unfairly surprise or unfairly prejudice
the other parties").
