                                Illinois Official Reports

                                        Supreme Court



                                 People v. Davis, 2014 IL 115595



Caption in Supreme         THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
Court:                     ADDOLFO DAVIS, Appellee.




Docket No.                 115595



Filed                      March 20, 2014



Held                       It is not unconstitutional for a minor to be sentenced to a life term
(Note: This syllabus without parole so long as the sentence is at the trial court’s discretion
constitutes no part of the rather than mandatory—multiple murder case remanded for a new
opinion of the court but sentencing hearing considering all possible sentences.
has been prepared by the
Reporter of Decisions
for the convenience of
the reader.)




Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that
Review                     court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Hon.
                           Angela Munari Petrone, Judge, presiding.




Judgment                   Affirmed.
     Counsel on              Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Anita M.
     Appeal                  Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg, Assistant
                             State’s Attorney, of counsel), for the People.

                             Marcella L. Lape, Brittany D. Parling and Shauna R. Prewitt, of
                             Chicago, and Patricia Soung, of Los Angeles, California, for appellee.

                             Jocelyn D. Francoeur, Crystal L. Leighton and James P. Durkin, of
                             McDermott Will & Emery LLP, of Chicago, for amici curiae Xavier
                             McElrath-Bey et al.

                             Timothy P. O’Neill, of Chicago, for amici curiae Law Professors et al.

                             Tyrone Fahner, Marc Kadish, Daniel Storino and Michael Morrill
                             (law intern), of Mayer Brown LLP, of Chicago, for amici curiae
                             Retired Judges et al.

                             Megan Rodgers and Colleen E. Roh (pro hac vice pending), of
                             Covington & Burling LLP, of Washington, D.C., for amici curiae
                             American Correctional Chaplains Association et al.

                             Lawrence A. Wojcik and Eric M. Roberts, of DLA Piper LLP (US), of
                             Chicago, for amici curiae Illinois Coalition for the Fair Sentencing of
                             Children et al.




     Justices                JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                             opinion.
                             Chief Justice Garman and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier,
                             Burke, and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.




                                              OPINION

¶1         The circuit court of Cook County denied defendant, Addolfo Davis, leave to file a
       successive petition for relief pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1
       et seq. (West 2010)). The appellate court affirmed the order of the circuit court in part and
       vacated in part. Relying on Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012), the
       appellate court vacated defendant’s sentence and remanded the cause to the circuit court for
       resentencing. 2012 IL App (1st) 112577-U. This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to
       appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)). We now affirm the judgment of the appellate

                                                  -2-
     court.

¶2                                       I. BACKGROUND
¶3        The appellate court has previously recited the details of defendant’s convictions and
     sentences. See, e.g., People v. Davis, 388 Ill. App. 3d 869 (2009); People v. Davis, No.
     1-93-1821 (1995) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). We need not repeat those
     details here. Rather, we summarize the pertinent facts for purposes of the issues raised in this
     appeal.
¶4        On October 9, 1990, Bryant Johnson and Keith Whitfield were fatally shot. On October 11,
     defendant was arrested and questioned regarding his role in the shootings. Born on August 4,
     1976, defendant was 14 years old when he was arrested. In January 1991, following a
     discretionary transfer hearing under the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 37,
     ¶ 805-4(3)(a)), the juvenile division of the circuit court of Cook County entered an order
     permitting defendant to be prosecuted under the criminal laws.
¶5        In February 1991, defendant was charged in a 31-count indictment for crimes relating to
     the shootings. 1 In March 1993, defendant was convicted of the first degree murders of Johnson
     and Whitfield, the attempted first degree murders of Melvin Harvey and Keith McGee, and
     home invasion. Defendant was sentenced in April 1993. Because defendant was found guilty
     of murdering more than one victim, section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c) of the Unified Code of Corrections
     (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c) (West 1992)) required the trial court to sentence defendant to a
     term of natural life imprisonment, for which parole is not available (730 ILCS 5/3-3-3(d)
     (West 1992)). Defendant was also sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment for each count of
     attempted first degree murder and home invasion, all sentences to run concurrently. On direct
     review, the appellate court affirmed defendant’s convictions and sentences. People v. Davis,
     No. 1-93-1821 (1995) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23), appeal denied, 165
     Ill. 2d 556 (1996) (table).
¶6        In October 1996, defendant filed his first pro se postconviction petition, which the circuit
     court summarily dismissed in November 1996. In December 1996, defendant filed a second
     pro se postconviction petition with a motion for substitution of judge. In March 1997, the
     circuit court dismissed this petition. Defendant appealed from the dismissal of both the first
     and second postconviction petitions. The appellate court affirmed the circuit court’s rulings.
     People v. Davis, No. 1-98-2277 (1999) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23),
     appeal denied, 185 Ill. 2d 639 (1999) (table). In November 1998, defendant filed his third
     pro se postconviction petition, which the circuit court dismissed. Defendant appealed and the
     appellate court affirmed the dismissal. People v. Davis, 1-99-0159 (1999) (unpublished order
     under Supreme Court Rule 23), appeal denied, 187 Ill. 2d 576 (2000) (table).
¶7        In September 2002, defendant filed a petition for relief from judgment pursuant to section
     2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2002)). The circuit court
     treated this petition as another postconviction petition and appointed counsel, who filed a
     supplemental petition. Relying on People v. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328 (2002) (hereinafter in text

        1
         Two codefendants were separately indicted for their roles in the shootings. Defendant and
     codefendant Aaron Caffey were tried simultaneously with separate juries; codefendant Eugene
     Bowman received a separate bench trial.

                                                 -3-
       Leon Miller), defendant argued that his natural life sentence was unconstitutional because he
       did not actually participate in the act of killing. Defendant obtained new counsel, who filed a
       second supplemental postconviction petition. Defendant argued that his sentence violated the
       eighth amendment to the United States Constitution and, further, that the statute requiring a
       mandatory life sentence violated the Illinois Constitution as applied to a 14-year-old
       defendant.
¶8         Following a hearing, the circuit court dismissed the petition in January 2007. The court
       found this case distinguishable from Leon Miller, where that defendant only acted as a lookout
       and did not enter the building where the actual murder occurred. In this case, the court found
       that defendant significantly participated in the murders: he actually went to the crime scene
       with his codefendants; he carried a weapon to the crime scene, which he perhaps dropped; and
       defendant actually entered the abode where the murders occurred. Defendant appealed, and the
       appellate court affirmed the dismissal. People v. Davis, 388 Ill. App. 3d 869 (2009), appeal
       denied, 233 Ill. 2d 571 (2009) (table), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 1707 (2010).
¶9         The instant appeal comes to us from defendant’s “Motion For Leave To File A Verified
       Successive Post-Conviction Petition,” which he filed in April 2011. Defendant made two
       claims: (1) his mandatory life sentence without parole violated the eighth amendment to the
       United States Constitution pursuant to Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48 (2010); and (2) he
       received ineffective assistance of counsel at his juvenile transfer hearing because his counsel
       failed to interview an eyewitness prior to the hearing. In August 2011, the circuit court denied
       defendant leave to file the successive petition. First, the court noted Graham’s holding that a
       mandatory life sentence without parole could not be imposed on juvenile offenders who did
       not commit homicide. The court found that Graham did not apply to the instant case because
       defendant was convicted of two first degree murders, as well as two attempted murders and
       home invasion. Second, the court found that defendant received effective assistance of counsel
       at his juvenile transfer hearing.
¶ 10       While defendant’s appeal was pending in the appellate court, the United States Supreme
       Court decided Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012), in which the Court
       held that “mandatory life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes
       violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’ ” Id. at ___,
       132 U.S. at 2460. Defendant filed a substitute brief in the appellate court incorporating Miller.
       The appellate court concluded that Miller applies retroactively on postconviction review.
       Consequently, the appellate court vacated in part the circuit court’s order denying leave to file
       a successive petition, vacated defendant’s sentence, and remanded for a new sentencing
       hearing. However, the appellate court upheld the circuit court’s denial of defendant’s claim of
       ineffective assistance of counsel. 2012 IL App (1st) 112577-U.
¶ 11       The State appeals to this court. We granted leave to the following groups to file amici
       curiae briefs in support of defendant: Retired Judges et al.; Law Professors; Illinois Coalition
       for the Fair Sentencing of Children et al.; American Correctional Chaplains Association et al.;
       Amnesty International et al.; and Former Youthful Offenders. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20,
       2010). Additional pertinent background will be discussed in the context of our analysis of the
       issues.




                                                   -4-
¶ 12                                            II. ANALYSIS
¶ 13       The Post-Conviction Hearing Act provides a procedural mechanism through which a
       criminal defendant can assert that his federal or state constitutional rights were substantially
       violated in his original trial or sentencing hearing. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a) (West 2012); People v.
       Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 455 (2002). A postconviction proceeding is not a substitute for a
       direct appeal, but rather is a collateral attack on a prior conviction and sentence. People v.
       Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21; People v. Tenner, 206 Ill. 2d 381, 392 (2002). “The purpose
       of the post-conviction proceeding is to allow inquiry into constitutional issues involved in the
       original conviction and sentence that have not been, and could not have been, adjudicated
       previously on direct appeal.” People v. Towns, 182 Ill. 2d 491, 502 (1998). Accordingly, issues
       that were raised and decided on direct appeal are barred from consideration by the doctrine of
       res judicata; issues that could have been raised, but were not, are considered forfeited. People
       v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 328 (2009); Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 456, 458; see 725 ILCS
       5/122-3 (West 2012) (stating that “[a]ny claim *** not raised in the original or an amended
       petition is waived”).
¶ 14       Consistent with these principles, the Post-Conviction Hearing Act contemplates the filing
       of only one postconviction petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2012); Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d at 328;
       Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 456. Consequently, a defendant faces immense procedural default
       hurdles when bringing a successive postconviction petition. Because successive petitions
       impede the finality of criminal litigation, these hurdles are lowered only in very limited
       circumstances. Tenner, 206 Ill. 2d at 392. One such basis for relaxing the bar against
       successive postconviction petitions is where a petitioner can establish “cause and prejudice”
       for the failure to raise the claim earlier. We observe that following Pitsonbarger, the General
       Assembly added section 122-1(f) to the Act, which codifies our cause-and-prejudice case law.
       People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 156 (2010); Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d at 330. “Cause” refers to some
       objective factor external to the defense that impeded counsel’s efforts to raise the claim in an
       earlier proceeding. “Prejudice” refers to a claimed constitutional error that so infected the
       entire trial that the resulting conviction or sentence violates due process. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f)
       (West 2012); Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d at 329; Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 460, 464. Both prongs must
       be satisfied for the defendant to prevail. People v. Guerrero, 2012 IL 112020, ¶ 15. It is within
       this procedural framework that we address the issues presented.

¶ 15                                 A. Constitutionality of Sentence
¶ 16       The appellate court vacated defendant’s sentence and remanded defendant’s case to the
       circuit court for resentencing pursuant to principles articulated in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S.
       ___, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012). The analyses of the lower courts, as well as the arguments of
       counsel before this court, require a thorough discussion of the controlling principles.

¶ 17                               1. Eighth Amendment Principles
¶ 18      The eighth amendment prohibits, inter alia, the imposition of “cruel and unusual
       punishments,” and applies to the States through the fourteenth amendment. Roper v. Simmons,
       543 U.S. 551, 560 (2005) (collecting cases). “The concept of proportionality is central to the
       Eighth Amendment.” Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59 (2010). The eighth amendment’s
       ban on excessive sanctions flows from the basic principle that criminal punishment should be
       graduated and proportioned to both the offender and the offense. Miller, 567 U.S. at ___, 132
                                                   -5-
       S. Ct. at 2463; Roper, 543 U.S. at 560. To determine whether a punishment is so
       disproportionate as to be “cruel and unusual,” a court must look beyond history to “the
       evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.” Trop v. Dulles,
       356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958) (plurality op.); see Miller, 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2463;
       Graham, 560 U.S. at 59; Roper, 543 U.S. at 561.
¶ 19       Roper, Graham, and Miller form a line of United States Supreme Court decisions that
       address how the eighth amendment’s ban on “cruel and unusual punishments” applies to
       sentencing juveniles. The Court recognized three general differences between juveniles under
       18 and adults. First, juveniles have a lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of
       responsibility. Second, juveniles are more vulnerable or susceptible to negative influences and
       outside pressures, including peer pressure. Third, the character of a juvenile is not as well
       formed as that of an adult. The Court concluded that these differences render the irresponsible
       conduct of juveniles not as morally reprehensible as that of an adult. Graham, 560 U.S. at 68;
       Roper, 543 U.S. at 569-70. In Roper, 543 U.S. at 578, the Court held: “The Eighth and
       Fourteenth Amendments forbid imposition of the death penalty on offenders who were under
       the age of 18 when their crimes were committed.” In Graham, 560 U.S. at 74, the Court held
       that the eighth amendment forbids the sentence of life without parole “for a juvenile offender
       who did not commit homicide.” The Court further held that a “State need not guarantee the
       offender eventual release, but if it imposes a sentence of life it must provide him or her with
       some realistic opportunity to obtain release before the end of that term.” Id. at 82.
¶ 20       In Miller, the Court considered appeals by “two 14-year-old offenders *** convicted of
       murder and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. In neither case did
       the sentencing authority have any discretion to impose a different punishment.” Miller, 567
       U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2460. Relying on its earlier decisions in Roper and Graham, the Court
       in Miller recognized that “children are constitutionally different from adults for purposes of
       sentencing” (id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2464), and that “in imposing a State’s harshest penalties, a
       sentencer misses too much if he treats every child as an adult.” Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2468.
       The Court explained that a mandatory sentence precludes consideration of such mitigating
       circumstances as: the juvenile offender’s age and its attendant characteristics; the juvenile’s
       family and home environment and the circumstances of the offense, including the extent of the
       juvenile’s participation therein and the effect of any familial or peer pressure; the juvenile’s
       possible inability to interact with police officers or prosecutors, or incapacity to assist his or
       her own attorneys; and “the possibility of rehabilitation even when the circumstances most
       suggest it.” Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2468.
¶ 21       Based on the above, the Court held:
               “[A] judge or jury must have the opportunity to consider mitigating circumstances
               before imposing the harshest possible penalty for juveniles. By requiring that all
               children convicted of homicide receive lifetime incarceration without possibility of
               parole, regardless of their age and age-related characteristics and the nature of their
               crimes, the mandatory sentencing schemes before us violate this principle of
               proportionality, and so the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual
               punishment.” Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2475.
       Although the Court refused to declare categorically that a juvenile can never receive life
       imprisonment without parole for a homicide offense, the Court stated that “given all we have

                                                    -6-
       said in Roper, Graham, and this decision ***, we think appropriate occasions for sentencing
       juveniles to this harshest possible penalty will be uncommon.” Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2469.
¶ 22       Before this court, the State challenges the appellate court’s retroactive application of Miller
       v. Alabama to defendant’s postconviction proceeding. Defendant not only defends the
       appellate court’s judgment, but, seeking cross-relief, further contends that Miller renders the
       statutory scheme under which he was convicted facially unconstitutional. We address
       defendant’s contention first.

¶ 23                                     2. Facial Unconstitutionality
¶ 24        Defendant contends that Miller “renders the statutory scheme under which he was
       sentenced void.” Therefore, according to defendant: his resulting sentence is void; he can raise
       this claim in this collateral proceeding; and he is entitled to a new sentencing hearing under the
       applicable sentencing provision as it existed prior to its allegedly unconstitutional form.
¶ 25        If a new constitutional rule renders a statute facially unconstitutional, the statute is void
       ab initio. Lucien v. Briley, 213 Ill. 2d 340, 344 (2004). When a court declares a statute
       unconstitutional and void ab initio, the court means only that the statute was constitutionally
       infirm from the moment of its enactment and, therefore, is unenforceable. People v. Blair,
       2013 IL 114122, ¶ 30. A facial challenge to the constitutionality of a statute is the most
       difficult challenge to mount. Napleton v. Village of Hinsdale, 229 Ill. 2d 296, 305 (2008);
       People v. Greco, 204 Ill. 2d 400, 407 (2003). A statute is facially unconstitutional only if there
       are no circumstances in which the statute could be validly applied. Napleton, 229 Ill. 2d at 306;
       Lucien, 213 Ill. 2d at 344. The fact that the statute could be found unconstitutional under some
       set of circumstances does not establish the facial invalidity of the statute. In re Parentage of
       John M., 212 Ill. 2d 253, 269 (2004). Thus, a facial challenge must fail if any situation exists
       where the statute could be validly applied. In re M.T., 221 Ill. 2d 517, 533 (2006) (and cases
       cited therein).
¶ 26        Further, a sentence that violates the constitution is void from its inception (People v.
       Brown, 225 Ill. 2d 188, 203 (2007)), and may be attacked at any time and in any court, either
       directly or collaterally. People v. Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d 19, 27 (2004). Whether a statute is
       unconstitutional is a question of law, which is reviewed de novo. People v. Kitch, 239 Ill. 2d
       452, 466 (2011).
¶ 27        As earlier recited, defendant was sentenced pursuant to section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c) of the
       Unified Code of Corrections. When defendant was sentenced in April 1993, that section was
       codified in the Illinois Compiled Statutes in pertinent part: “(1) for first degree murder, *** (c)
       if the defendant *** (ii) is found guilty of murdering more than one victim *** the court shall
       sentence the defendant to a term of natural life imprisonment.” (Emphasis added.) 730 ILCS
       5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c) (West 1992). We observe that at the time of his offenses, that section provided
       in pertinent part: “(1) for first degree murder *** (c) if the defendant has previously been
       convicted of first degree murder under any state or federal law or is found guilty of murdering
       more than one victim, the court shall sentence the defendant to a term of natural life
       imprisonment.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, ¶ 1005-8-1(a)(1)(c). Subsection
       (c)’s provision of mandatory life imprisonment for multiple murders was added by Public Act
       81-1118. Pub. Act 81-1118 (eff. July 1, 1980) (adding Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 38,
       ¶ 1005-8-1(a)(1)(c)).

                                                    -7-
¶ 28       Defendant argues that subsection (c) is facially unconstitutional because under no
       circumstances does the statute permit a sentencer “to consider age and its relevant mitigating
       factors in compliance with Miller.” According to defendant, he is entitled to be resentenced
       under section 5-8-1 as it existed prior to the addition of the mandatory life provision. See Ill.
       Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, ¶ 1005-8-1. We disagree.
¶ 29       Miller itself expressly limited its prohibition of mandatory sentences of life without parole
       to juveniles. Explaining that “children are different” in terms of the eighth amendment, the
       Court observed that a sentencing rule that may be impermissible for children may be
       permissible for adults. Miller, 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2470.
¶ 30       In the case at bar, the mandatory sentence of life without parole for defendants who commit
       multiple murders, as provided in section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c), can be validly applied to adults.
       Because there are situations where the statute can be validly applied, it is not facially
       unconstitutional. See, e.g., People v. Williams, 2012 IL App (1st) 111145, ¶ 47.
¶ 31       However, defendant insists that this analysis fails to consider whether the applicable
       statutory scheme—which includes Illinois’s juvenile transfer statute—is void ab initio. This
       argument lacks merit. As earlier recited, defendant received a juvenile transfer hearing
       pursuant to section 805-4(3) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987, which provided in pertinent
       part:
                    “(3)(a) If a petition alleges commission by a minor 13 years of age or over of an act
               which constitutes a crime under the laws of this State, and, on motion of the State’s
               Attorney, a Juvenile Judge, designated by the Chief Judge of the Circuit to hear and
               determine such motions, after investigation and hearing but before commencement of
               the adjudicatory hearing, finds that it is not in the best interests of the minor or of the
               public to proceed under this Act, the court may enter an order permitting prosecution
               under the criminal laws.
                    (b) In making its determination on a motion to permit prosecution under the
               criminal laws, the court shall consider among other matters: (1) whether there is
               sufficient evidence upon which a grand jury may be expected to return an indictment;
               (2) whether there is evidence that the alleged offense was committed in an aggressive
               and premeditated manner; (3) the age of the minor; (4) the previous history of the
               minor; (5) whether there are facilities particularly available to the Juvenile Court for
               the treatment and rehabilitation of the minor; (6) whether the best interest of the minor
               and the security of the public may require that the minor continue in custody or under
               supervision for a period extending beyond his minority; and (7) whether the minor
               possessed a deadly weapon when committing the alleged offense.” (Emphases added.)
               Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 37, ¶ 805-4.
¶ 32       This provision did not prohibit the circuit court from considering any and all relevant
       circumstances attendant to defendant’s age, as required by Miller. Indeed, this provision
       requires such consideration. We hold that Miller did not render the statutory scheme under
       which defendant was sentenced facially unconstitutional. Since defendant fails in his facial
       challenge to the statutory scheme under which he was sentenced, we next consider whether
       Miller applies to defendant’s mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without parole.



                                                    -8-
¶ 33                                     3. Retroactivity of Miller
¶ 34       The State contends that Miller should not be retroactively applied to cases on collateral
       review. Employing the standards for such application as expressed in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S.
       288 (1989) (plurality op.), the appellate court concluded that Miller must be applied
       retroactively to defendant’s successive postconviction petition and ordered a new sentencing
       hearing. 2012 IL App (1st) 112577-U, ¶¶ 16-18. Indeed, we observe that several panels of our
       appellate court have concluded that Miller applies retroactively to cases on collateral review.
       See, e.g., People v. Williams, 2012 IL App (1st) 111145; People v. Morfin, 2012 IL App (1st)
       103568; People v. Luciano, 2013 IL App (2d) 110792; People v. Johnson, 2013 IL App (5th)
       110112. We agree with this conclusion.
¶ 35       In Teague, the United States Supreme Court established standards for determining when a
       new constitutional rule would apply to federal habeas corpus actions pending in federal courts.
       In People v. Flowers, 138 Ill. 2d 218 (1990), this court acknowledged that Teague arose in the
       context of federal habeas corpus. However, this court considered the analysis enunciated
       therein “helpful and concise,” and adopted it as a matter of state law for collateral proceedings
       pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. Id. at 237-39. 2 The purpose of the Teague
       analysis is to promote the government’s interest in finality of criminal convictions.
       “ ‘Application of constitutional rules not in existence at the time a conviction became final
       seriously undermines the principle of finality which is essential to the operation of our criminal
       justice system. Without finality, the criminal law is deprived of much of its deterrent effect.’ ”
       Id. at 239 (quoting Teague, 489 U.S. at 309).
¶ 36       A judicial decision that establishes a new constitutional rule applies to all criminal cases
       pending on direct review. Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 351 (2004); People v. Erickson,
       117 Ill. 2d 271, 288 (1987). However, as to convictions that are already final, the new rule is
       not to be applied retroactively to cases on collateral review except in two instances. First:
               “New substantive rules generally apply retroactively. This includes decisions that
               narrow the scope of a criminal statute by interpreting its terms [citations], as well as
               constitutional determinations that place particular conduct or persons covered by the
               statute beyond the State’s power to punish [citations]. Such rules apply retroactively
               because they ‘necessarily carry a significant risk that a defendant stands convicted of
               “an act that the law does not make criminal” ’ or faces a punishment that the law cannot
               impose upon him.” (Emphasis in original.) Schriro, 542 U.S. at 351-52 (and cases cited
               therein).
       Second:
                   “New rules of procedure, on the other hand, generally do not apply retroactively.
               They do not produce a class of persons convicted of conduct the law does not make
               criminal, but merely raise the possibility that someone convicted with use of the
               invalidated procedure might have been acquitted otherwise. Because of this more
               speculative connection to innocence, we give retroactive effect to only a small set of

           2
            We acknowledge that the United States Supreme Court has subsequently clarified Teague. First:
       “Since Teague is based on statutory authority that extends only to federal courts applying a federal
       statute, it cannot be read as imposing a binding obligation on state courts.” Danforth v. Minnesota, 552
       U.S. 264, 278-79 (2008). Second, the Teague analysis “was meant to apply only to federal courts
       considering habeas corpus petitions challenging state-court criminal convictions.” Id. at 279.
                                                      -9-
               watershed rules of criminal procedure implicating the fundamental fairness and
               accuracy of the criminal proceeding.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 352.
       In other words, the watershed rule of criminal procedure is a rule that is implicit in the concept
       of ordered liberty, without which the likelihood of an accurate conviction is seriously
       diminished. People v. Sanders, 238 Ill. 2d 391, 401 (2010); People v. Morris, 236 Ill. 2d 345,
       359 (2010); see Teague, 489 U.S. at 311-13.
¶ 37       As the Court explained in Schriro, courts sometimes refer to constitutional determinations
       that place particular conduct or persons covered by the statute beyond the state’s power to
       punish as an exception to Teague’s bar on retroactive application of procedural rules.
       However, “they are more accurately characterized as substantive rules not subject to the bar.”
       (Emphasis added.) Schriro, 542 U.S. at 352 n.4. As noted, several panels of our appellate court
       have concluded that Miller applies retroactively to postconviction proceedings. However,
       those panels have differed in their application of the Teague analysis to Miller.
¶ 38       In the instant case, the appellate court relied on Williams, which concluded that Miller
       constitutes a watershed rule of criminal procedure, or requires the observance of those
       procedures that are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. 2012 IL App (1st) 112577-U,
       ¶ 16 (quoting People v. Williams, 2012 IL App (1st) 111145, ¶¶ 51-52). In contrast, another
       panel of our appellate court concluded that Miller constituted a new substantive rule. See
       People v. Morfin, 2012 IL App (1st) 103568, ¶ 56. We observe that the special concurrence in
       Morfin opined that a new substantive rule is outside of the bar of Teague and concludes the
       analysis. Id. ¶¶ 62-68 (Sterba, J., specially concurring). We agree with the views expressed in
       Morfin.
¶ 39       In concluding that Miller constitutes a new substantive rule, the court in Morfin reasoned:
               “While [Miller] does not forbid a sentence of life imprisonment without parole for a
               minor, it does require Illinois courts to hold a sentencing hearing for every minor
               convicted of first degree murder at which a sentence other than natural life
               imprisonment must be available for consideration. Miller mandates a sentencing range
               broader than that provided by statute for minors convicted of first degree murder who
               could otherwise receive only natural life imprisonment.” Id. ¶ 56.
       As the Iowa Supreme Court recognized: “From a broad perspective, Miller does mandate a
       new procedure. Yet, the procedural rule for a hearing is the result of a substantive change in the
       law that prohibits mandatory life-without-parole sentencing.” State v. Ragland, 836 N.W.2d
       107, 115 (Iowa 2013). In other words, Miller places a particular class of persons covered by the
       statute—juveniles—constitutionally beyond the State’s power to punish with a particular
       category of punishment—mandatory sentences of natural life without parole. See Miller, 567
       U.S. at ___, ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2464, 2468; Diatchenko v. District Attorney for the Suffolk
       District, 1 N.E.3d 270, 277 (Mass. 2013). Since Miller declares a new substantive rule, it
       applies retroactively without resort to Teague. See Schriro, 542 U.S. at 351-52 & n.4.
¶ 40       Also, we find it instructive that the Miller companion case, Jackson v. Hobbs, arose on
       state collateral review. Notwithstanding its finality, the Court retroactively applied Miller and
       vacated Jackson’s sentence. While our analysis is independent as a matter of Illinois law, the
       relief granted to Jackson under Miller tends to indicate that Miller should apply retroactively
       on collateral review. See People v. Williams, 2012 IL App (1st) 111145, ¶ 54; People v.
       Morfin, 2012 IL App (1st) 103568, ¶ 57.

                                                   - 10 -
¶ 41       We observe that defendant and several amici assert that this court should depart from
       Teague and adopt a different rule of retroactivity. However, we do not rely on Teague in our
       analysis because we view Miller as a new substantive rule, which is outside of Teague rather
       than an exception thereto. Accordingly, we need not and do not address this argument. See
       People v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 269-70 (2005) (reviewing court will not decide nonessential
       issues or render advisory opinions).
¶ 42       In terms of the requisite cause and prejudice of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, Miller’s
       new substantive rule constitutes “cause” because it was not available earlier to counsel
       (Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 460-61), and constitutes prejudice because it retroactively applies
       to defendant’s sentencing hearing. See 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2012).
¶ 43       Miller holds that a mandatory life sentence for a juvenile violates the eighth amendment
       prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. In the case at bar, defendant, a juvenile, was
       sentenced to a mandatory term of natural life without parole. Therefore, his sentence is invalid,
       and we uphold the appellate court’s vacatur thereof. We observe that Miller does not invalidate
       the penalty of natural life without parole for multiple murderers, only its mandatory imposition
       on juveniles. See People v. Luciano, 2013 IL App (2d) 110792, ¶¶ 62-63. A minor may still be
       sentenced to natural life imprisonment without parole so long as the sentence is at the trial
       court’s discretion rather than mandatory. See Miller, 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2469;
       Miller, 202 Ill. 2d at 341; People v. Johnson, 2013 IL App (5th) 110112, ¶ 24. We remand for
       a new sentencing hearing, where the trial court may consider all permissible sentences.

¶ 44                                      4. Illinois Constitution
¶ 45       Seeking cross-relief, defendant presents several additional contentions. Defendant
       contends that his mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without parole offends both the
       proportionate penalties clause and the due process clause of the Illinois Constitution. Ill. Const.
       1970, art. I, §§ 2, 11. However, these contentions were raised and rejected previously. People
       v. Davis, No. 1-93-1821 (1995) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23); People v.
       Davis, 388 Ill. App. 3d 869 (2009). In support of these contentions, defendant relies on the
       Court’s “reaffirmation of the special status of children” in Graham and Miller. However, in
       Leon Miller, this court expressly recognized the special status of juvenile offenders prior to
       Roper, Graham, and Miller. Nonetheless, this court concluded that such special status does not
       necessarily prohibit a sentence of natural life without parole where a juvenile offender actively
       participates in the planning of a crime that results in multiple murders. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d at
       341-42. Accordingly, the rejection of this contention is res judicata and cannot be relitigated
       here. See, e.g., People v. Pulliam, 206 Ill. 2d 218, 246-47 (2002); People v. Neal, 142 Ill. 2d
       140, 146-47 (1990).

¶ 46                           5. Defendant Did Not Kill or Intend to Kill
¶ 47       Regardless of whether defendant is entitled to a new sentencing hearing pursuant to Miller,
       defendant contends that this court “should make clear that his sentence is unconstitutional in
       any event under Graham *** because he did not kill or intend to kill.” We reject this
       contention.
¶ 48       In Graham, the Court observed generally that “defendants who do not kill, intend to kill, or
       foresee that life will be taken are categorically less deserving of the most serious forms of

                                                   - 11 -
       punishment than are murderers,” and that homicide is distinguishable from other serious
       violent offenses against persons. Graham, 560 U.S. at 69. The Court reasoned: “It follows that,
       when compared to an adult murderer, a juvenile offender who did not kill or intend to kill has a
       twice diminished moral culpability. The age of the offender and the nature of the crime each
       bear on the analysis.” Id. Therefore, the Court held that the eighth amendment forbids the
       sentence of life imprisonment without parole for a juvenile defendant who did not commit
       homicide. Id. at 74, 82.
¶ 49       By its own terms, Graham does not apply to the case at bar. Defendant was convicted of
       the first degree murder of two victims, and the attempted first degree murder of two additional
       victims. Thus, Graham does not categorically prohibit defendant from receiving a sentence of
       natural life when he is resentenced.
¶ 50       Defendant insists that, “even absent a categorical rule,” his sentence of life imprisonment
       without parole is unconstitutional “in light of his young age and individual circumstances.”
       However, defendant now will have the opportunity, for the first time, to present this exact
       argument at his new sentencing hearing. Therefore, we decline to address it.

¶ 51                                B. Effective Assistance of Counsel
¶ 52        In addition to his claims pertaining to his sentence, defendant claims that he received
       ineffective assistance of counsel at his juvenile transfer hearing because his counsel failed to
       interview an eyewitness prior to the hearing. The circuit court denied leave to file this claim,
       and the appellate court upheld the denial. Our review is de novo. See People v. Edwards, 197
       Ill. 2d 239, 247 (2001) (quoting People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 388 (1998)).
¶ 53        Defendant attached the 2010 affidavit of Lamont Baxter to the instant successive
       postconviction petition. Prior to defendant’s juvenile transfer hearing, Baxter testified before a
       grand jury regarding defendant’s involvement in the crimes. The testimony was entered into
       evidence at defendant’s juvenile transfer hearing. Baxter subsequently testified at defendant’s
       trial. Before the grand jury, Baxter testified that defendant and his codefendants all possessed
       guns, and they all discussed whether they would kill everyone at the scene or allow one
       particular person to live. See Davis, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 872. However, in his affidavit, Baxter
       averred that he “did not see if [defendant] had a gun,” and that “defendant was not part of that
       conversation, and he did not say a word.” Baxter additionally averred that he “did not
       remember [defendant] saying anything during the incident. The whole time he looked like a
       scared kid being told what to do by [a codefendant, who] was the ringleader and was doing
       most of the talking.” Also, Baxter “did not remember” being interviewed by defendant’s
       lawyer prior to trial.
¶ 54        The appellate court correctly upheld the circuit court’s denial of leave to file this claim. As
       this is defendant’s fifth request for collateral review, the procedural default hurdles are
       “immense.” See Tenner, 206 Ill. 2d at 392. In his first postconviction petition, defendant
       claimed that trial counsel was ineffective for not raising an insanity defense. In his second
       postconviction petition, defendant claimed that his trial and appellate counsel were ineffective.
       In his third postconviction petition, defendant claimed that trial counsel was ineffective for
       failing to produce exculpatory witnesses. Davis, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 875. The appellate court
       found that defendant “has failed to meet his burden of showing cause due to his failure to
       identify an objective factor that impeded his ability to raise his claim of ineffective assistance

                                                    - 12 -
       of juvenile court counsel during his three prior postconviction petitions which asserted
       ineffective assistance of counsel.” 2012 IL App (1st) 112577-U, ¶ 22.
¶ 55       Before this court, defendant argues that juvenile court counsel’s deficient representation
       was not discovered until his current postconviction counsel spoke with Baxter in December
       2010. We reject this argument. Defendant fails to explain why he was unable to discover this
       allegedly new evidence earlier, or raise this or a similar claim in any of his earlier
       postconviction proceedings. A defendant is not permitted to develop the evidentiary basis for a
       claim in a piecemeal fashion in successive postconviction petitions, as defendant has attempted
       to do here. See People v. Erickson, 183 Ill. 2d 213, 226-27 (1998).
¶ 56       We hold that defendant has failed to establish “cause” for failing to raise this claim earlier.
       See 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2012); Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 462-63. Baxter’s affidavit
       testimony is not of such character that it could not have been discovered earlier by the exercise
       of due diligence. See People v. Silagy, 116 Ill. 2d 357, 368 (1987). As both prongs of the cause
       and prejudice test must be satisfied (People v. Guerrero, 2012 IL 112020, ¶ 15), defendant’s
       claim is barred. We uphold the denial of leave to file this claim.

¶ 57                                      III. CONCLUSION
¶ 58      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed.

¶ 59      Affirmed.




                                                   - 13 -
