                              NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 21 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HONG T. VO, AKA Hong Thi Vo,                    No.    19-72333

                Petitioner,                     Agency No. A215-818-865

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                        Argued and Submitted July 9, 2020
                              Pasadena, California

Before: PAEZ and BADE, Circuit Judges, and ZOUHARY,** District Judge.
Dissent by Judge BADE

      Hong Vo, a citizen of Vietnam, petitions for review of a decision of the Board

of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing her appeal from the order of an

Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying an application for asylum, withholding of

removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Jack Zouhary, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252 and grant the petition.

      Under the REAL ID Act, we review BIA legal determinations without

deference and BIA factual findings for substantial evidence. Bringas-Rodriguez v.

Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc). Substantial-evidence

review is “highly deferential,” meaning a finding will be reversed “only if the

evidence compels a contrary conclusion.” Angov v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 893, 898, 900

(9th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Because the BIA conducted its

own review and did not adopt the IJ’s decision, our review is limited to the BIA’s

decision.” Bringas-Rodriguez, 850 F.3d at 1059 (internal quotation marks omitted).

However, we may consider the IJ’s underlying decision “as a guide to what lay

behind the BIA’s conclusion[s].” Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1039 (9th Cir.

2010) (citation omitted).

      The BIA affirmed the IJ’s adverse credibility determination based on three

inconsistencies: (1) the date of Vo’s second arrest; (2) whether Vo’s mother was

present at the police station after her initial release; and (3) Vo’s failure to disclose,

prior to her hearing before the IJ, allegations of sexual assault by Vietnamese police.

Substantial evidence does not support these inconsistencies as grounds for an

adverse credibility determination.

      1.     First, the BIA found Vo’s testimony that she left detention and went

home with her mother to be inconsistent with her statement to the asylum officer.


                                            2                                     19-72333
During Vo’s asylum interview, the following exchange took place:

      Q:     How were you released?

      A:     On the morning of the 13th, they interviewed me one more time
             and then they released me and I have to find my way home by
             myself.

      Reliance on an inconsistency (which may not be inconsistent at all) related to

such a peripheral detail ignores the reality that Vo was arrested and released several

times within a period of days.       See Ren v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1079, 1085–86

(9th Cir. 2011) (noting that abuse victims “often confuse the details of particular

incidents, including the time or dates of particular assaults and which specific actions

occurred on which specific occasion”) (citation omitted); see also Shrestha, 590 F.3d

at 1044 (noting “trivial inconsistencies that under the total circumstances have no

bearing on a petitioner’s veracity should not form the basis of an adverse credibility

determination”).

      The BIA also noted that Vo first testified her mother came to her holding cell,

but later clarified that her mother actually met her at “the gate where [she] was

detained.” But again, this slip-up hardly undermines Vo’s account of her repeated

arrests and violent interrogations. See Ren, 648 F.3d at 1087 (“[T]he mistakes that

witnesses make in all innocence must be distinguished from slips that, whether or

not they go to the core of the witness’s testimony, show that the witness is a liar or

[her] memory completely unreliable.”) (citation omitted).


                                           3                                    19-72333
      2.     Vo’s declaration states she was arrested a second time “on

approximately June 17, 2018,” but she testified before the IJ that the second arrest

took place on June 26, 2018. Such a minor discrepancy, which does not enhance

Vo’s claim of persecution, is an insufficient basis for an adverse credibility

determination. See id. at 1085–86.

      3.     Vo also testified that, during the second detention, Vietnamese police

touched her breast. When the IJ asked Vo why she did not previously reveal the

allegation in her asylum interview or declaration, Vo indicated she feared for her

mother’s safety in Vietnam: “Because if I say so my mom will go up there and

complain and then they will hit my mom. They will beat my mom.” The IJ then

asked Vo how her mother, who was in Vietnam, would learn of the contents of her

declaration. Vo explained she feared her family in the United States would receive

the declaration and inform her mother.

      Vo’s omission of the assault does not support the adverse credibility

determination for three reasons. First, Vo’s failure to disclose the sexual assault

prior to her hearing testimony was not a true inconsistency but rather a further

elaboration of the abuse she suffered in custody. Cf. Kin v. Holder, 595 F.3d 1050,

1057 (9th Cir. 2010) (upholding an adverse credibility finding where the petitioners

“omitted any mention of their participation in a demonstration that is the entire basis

for their claim”) (emphasis added). Second, the BIA relied on the IJ’s finding that


                                          4                                    19-72333
Vo’s “omission of such a significant fact [was] not reasonable, just because she

hadn’t told anybody before.” That is not a proper basis for an adverse credibility

determination. “We have previously held that the assumption that the timing of a

victim’s disclosure of sexual assault is a bellwether of truth is belied by the reality

that there is often delayed reporting of sexual abuse.” Mousa v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d

1025, 1027 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Finally, the BIA

found that “[Vo] could not explain how her family would gain access to the

information outlined in her declaration and asylum application.” But this finding

has no basis in the record; the IJ never asked Vo to explain how her family in

America would obtain her declaration. Therefore, the alleged inconsistency cannot

serve as substantial evidence for finding Vo not credible. See Soto-Olarte v. Holder,

555 F.3d 1089, 1091–92 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that “inconsistencies cannot serve

as substantial evidence for a finding [of adverse credibility] . . . when neither the IJ

nor the BIA addressed [the applicant’s] explanation in a reasoned manner”) (internal

quotation marks omitted); Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1044, 1046.

      For these reasons, we grant the petition and remand to the agency to reconsider

Vo’s credibility and, if warranted, her eligibility for asylum, withholding, and relief

under CAT. The Government shall bear the costs on appeal.

      PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED; REMANDED.




                                           5                                    19-72333
                                                                        FILED
Vo v. Barr, No. 19-72333                                                 AUG 21 2020
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
BADE, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                      U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



      I respectfully dissent. The agency’s “credibility determinations are findings

of fact,” Rizk v. Holder, 629 F.3d 1083, 1087 (9th Cir. 2011), that “are conclusive

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary,” id. (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). In my view, substantial

evidence supports two of the bases relied upon by the BIA in affirming the IJ’s

determination that Vo was not credible. Because Vo fails to point to evidence

sufficient to support her applications in the absence of her credible testimony, I

would deny the petition. See Farah v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 1153, 1156 (9th Cir.

2003).

      1.     Although the “mere omission of details [in an asylum application] is

insufficient to uphold an adverse credibility finding,” Silva-Pereira v. Lynch, 827

F.3d 1176, 1185 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Lai v. Holder, 773 F.3d 966, 971 (9th Cir.

2014)), the agency can make such a finding based on “omissions that are not

‘details,’ but new allegations that tell a ‘much different—and more compelling—

story of persecution than the initial application.’” Id. (brackets omitted) (quoting

Zamanov v. Holder, 649 F.3d 969, 974 (9th Cir. 2011)). That is what happened here.

      In her testimony before the IJ, Vo added an entirely new allegation of

persecution by the Vietnamese police that she had omitted from her sworn statement,
her credible fear interview, and the declaration that she prepared with her attorney

and submitted to support her asylum application. For the first time, she alleged that

one of the officers commented that she was likely a virgin and squeezed her breast.

By adding this new allegation of sexual assault, Vo undoubtedly provided a “more

compelling . . . story of persecution.” Id. As we have recognized quite correctly,

sexual assault may constitute persecution on its own. See, e.g., Garcia-Martinez v.

Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 1066, 1072 (9th Cir. 2004). By including these allegations in her

testimony, but not in her sworn statement, her credible fear interview, or her

declaration, Vo created a more compelling account of persecution at the hearing.

The agency was within its bounds to rely on this inconsistency to find Vo not

credible. Silva-Pereira, 827 F.3d at 1185.

      I disagree with the majority’s reasons for rejecting the agency’s finding. To

my knowledge, we have never announced a rule that the omission of a sexual assault

allegation cannot support an adverse credibility determination. Instead, we have

held that the agency should excuse such an omission when the petitioner “provide[s]

a compelling explanation for her failure to mention her [sexual assault] at an earlier

time in the proceedings.” Mousa v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2008).

For example, substantial evidence might not support an adverse credibility finding

if the evidence demonstrated a “cultural reluctance to admit the fact that it had

occurred.” Id.; see also Paramasamy v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir.


                                          2
2002) (“[The petitioner] provided a strong, unrebutted explanation for her reluctance

to reveal details—her cultural reluctance to tell male interviewers that she had been

violated.”). Vo did not provide a compelling explanation here.

      Moreover, the agency offered a more-than-sufficient basis for rejecting the

explanations Vo did offer. As it noted, Vo’s omission was troubling because, “as

opposed to the interviews at the border and with the [asylum officer],” Vo submitted

her declaration after “careful preparation with her attorney.” When questioned by

the IJ about the omission, Vo explained: (1) she thought she could “present and say

that at court,” (2) she had never told anyone before, and (3) that she didn’t want her

mother to know. The agency rejected each explanation. As the IJ found, Vo’s

explanations did not account for such a significant omission, particularly in the

context of her “careful[ly] prepar[ed]” declaration. And the BIA elaborated further,

stating that Vo’s explanations that “she was afraid that her mother and family may

find out about the incident” and that “she thought she did not need to detail this

incident” were not reasonable because of the detailed nature of her declaration.1

Even if these explanations were plausible, the agency did not unreasonably reject

them. See Zamanov, 649 F.3d at 974; see also Kin v. Holder, 595 F.3d 1050, 1057


      1
        In contrast to my colleagues’ interpretation of the record, the agency did
not conclude that Vo’s omissions were unreasonable “just because she hadn’t told
anybody before.” Rather, the agency found that Vo’s explanation for the
omission—that “she hadn’t told anybody before”—was not reasonable in light of
the detailed nature of the rest of her affidavit.

                                          3
(9th Cir. 2010) (concluding that the petitioner’s explanation that he believed a

particular incident would be discussed at a hearing was “not persuasive enough to

compel the conclusion that the omissions [from his asylum application] were

immaterial”).

      2.     I also would conclude that substantial evidence supports the agency’s

adverse credibility determination based on the inconsistencies between Vo’s

statements at her credible fear interview and her hearing testimony about the

presence of her mother at the police station following her initial release from

custody. As the agency recounted, Vo’s testimony about her mother at her hearings

was very detailed. She testified that (1) her mother came to the police station and

begged for her release every day, (2) her mother filled out paper work at another

location, (3) her mother came to her cell, (4) her mother didn’t come to her cell, (5)

her mother was waiting for her outside, (6) her mother took her home, and (7) the

police gave her mother two options: “go back to where I was” or “stay in the city of

Ho Chi Minh.” But a few months earlier at her credible fear interview, Vo made no

mention of her mother’s presence when she was released from custody and instead

said she went home alone. When asked to explain these inconsistent statements, Vo

stated she did not remember her mother was there when she was released after the

first arrest. The agency rejected this explanation as implausible.

      Given the detailed testimony she provided about her mother at the hearings,


                                          4
which conflicted with her statements at her credible fear interview, I would find that

substantial evidence supported the agency’s conclusion. Moreover, this is not a case

in which petitioner was asked to testify in detail about events that occurred long ago;

Vo’s credible fear interview occurred approximately six months after her initial

arrest in Vietnam and she testified before the IJ only a few months after her credible

fear interview. Thus, I cannot conclude that the record compels a conclusion

contrary to the agency’s.

                                              ***

      When reviewing adverse credibility determinations, our role is not to stand in

the shoes of the BIA or IJ. Instead, we must ask whether the record compels a

conclusion contrary to the agency’s. I cannot say that it does. For that reason, I

dissent.




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