                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    June 27, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 330932
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
NORVELL GLENN COOPER,                                               LC No. 15-006342-01-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and METER and SHAPIRO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right his bench-trial conviction of armed robbery, MCL 750.529.
The trial court sentenced defendant, as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10, to 81
months to 15 years’ imprisonment. We affirm.

                            I. REASONABLENESS OF SENTENCE

        Defendant challenges his sentence, arguing that it is unreasonable and violates the
principle of proportionality. We disagree.

         We review the reasonableness of a sentence by applying the principle of proportionality
set forth in People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630; 461 NW2d 1 (1990), overruled by statute as
recognized in People v Armisted, 295 Mich App 32, 51; 811 NW2d 47 (2011). People v
Steanhouse, 313 Mich App 1, 46-47; 880 NW2d 297 (2015), lv granted 499 Mich 934 (2016).
Under the Milbourn test, “a given sentence [could] be said to constitute an abuse of discretion if
that sentence violate[d] the principle of proportionality, which require[d] sentences imposed by
the trial court to be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense
and the offender.” Id. at 45 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

       The Steanhouse Court identified the following nonexclusive factors as relevant in
determining a proportionate sentence:

       (1) the seriousness of the offense; (2) factors that were inadequately considered by
       the guidelines; and (3) factors not considered by the guidelines, such as the
       relationship between the victim and the aggressor, the defendant’s misconduct
       while in custody, the defendant’s expressions of remorse, and the defendant’s
       potential for rehabilitation. [Id. at 46 (citations omitted).]
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        Although the Court in People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 391-392; 870 NW2d 502
(2015), severed MCL 769.34(2) to the extent that it made the guidelines mandatory, sentencing
courts shall still consult the applicable sentencing guidelines range and take it into account when
imposing a sentence. “A sentence that departs from the applicable guidelines range will be
reviewed by an appellate court for reasonableness.” Id. at 392 (emphasis added). Conversely,
“[w]hen a trial court does not depart from the recommended minimum sentencing range, the
minimum sentence must be affirmed unless there was an error in scoring or the trial court relied
on inaccurate information.” People v Schrauben, 314 Mich App 181, 196; 886 NW2d 173
(2016) (emphasis added); MCL 769.34(10).1 Indeed, sentences falling within the minimum
sentencing guidelines range are presumptively proportionate. People v Cotton, 209 Mich App
82, 85; 530 NW2d 495 (1995). Resentencing is required only when a sentence is determined to
be unreasonable. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392.

        Defendant’s recommended sentencing guidelines range was 81 to 168 months’
imprisonment. The trial court ultimately sentenced defendant to 81 months to 15 years’
imprisonment. Defendant’s sentence was not a departure sentence. His minimum sentence of 81
months fell within the recommended sentencing guidelines range. Additionally, defendant does
not make any specific challenge to the scoring of the guidelines,2 and defendant abandons any
argument that the trial court relied on inaccurate information because he fails to provide any
support for his assertion. See, generally, People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 195; 774 NW2d
714 (2009). Because the trial court did not depart from the recommended minimum sentencing
guidelines range, and defendant does not adequately challenge the scoring of the guidelines and
has abandoned any argument that the trial court relied on inaccurate information, defendant is
not entitled to a remand for resentencing. See Schrauben, 314 Mich App at 196.

                                         II. RESTITUTION

        Defendant argues that the trial court’s restitution award of $2,600 was improper because
it was unsupported by the record evidence and there was no documentary evidence to support the
trial court’s award. We disagree.

        In order to preserve the issue of a trial court’s restitution order, a defendant must object at
the time of sentencing. People v Newton, 257 Mich App 61, 68; 665 NW2d 504 (2003).
Because defendant failed to object at sentencing, the issue is unpreserved for appellate review.
See id.

        Generally, we review a trial court’s restitution order for an abuse of discretion, People v
Bell, 276 Mich App 342, 345; 741 NW2d 57 (2007), and a trial court’s factual findings related to


1
 MCL 769.34(10) remains valid after Lockridge. See People v Schrauben, 314 Mich App 181,
196 n 1; 886 NW2d 173 (2016) (“Lockridge did not alter or diminish MCL 769.34(10) . . . .”).
2
 Defendant states that “the sentencing guidelines were 81 months to 68 months” and does not
make an argument for a different guidelines range or indicate that any specific sentencing
variable was improperly scored.


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the restitution order for clear error, People v Garrison, 495 Mich 362, 366-367; 852 NW2d 45
(2014). However, we review an unpreserved issue regarding a trial court’s restitution order for
plain error affecting a defendant’s substantial rights. People v Gaines, 306 Mich App 289, 322;
856 NW2d 222 (2014).

        In order to show plain error warranting relief, a defendant must establish “(1) that an
error occurred, (2) that the error was plain, and (3) that the plain error affected defendant’s
substantial rights.” People v Kowalski, 489 Mich 488, 505; 803 NW2d 200 (2011). Generally,
the “third prong requires a showing of prejudice, which occurs when the error affected the
outcome of the lower court proceedings.” People v Putman, 309 Mich App 240, 243; 870 NW2d
593 (2015). Even if a defendant satisfies all three requirements, appellate reversal is appropriate
only when the plain error “resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when
an error seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings
independent of the defendant’s innocence.” Kowalski, 489 Mich at 505-506 (quotation marks
and citations omitted).

        “Crime victims have a constitutional right to restitution.” People v Gubachy, 272 Mich
App 706, 708; 728 NW2d 891 (2006), citing Const 1963, art 1, § 24. Additionally, “crime
victims have a statutory right to restitution under the Crime Victim’s Rights Act (CVRA), MCL
780.751 et seq.” Gubachy, 272 Mich App at 708. The CVRA “determines whether a sentencing
court’s restitution order is appropriate.” Newton, 257 Mich App at 68. The CVRA provides, in
relevant part: “when sentencing a defendant convicted of a crime, the court shall order, in
addition to or in lieu of any other penalty authorized by law or in addition to any other penalty
required by law, that the defendant make full restitution to any victim of the defendant’s course
of conduct that gives rise to the conviction or to the victim’s estate.” MCL 780.766(2).
Specifically, as here, when a crime “results in the loss of a victim’s property, the trial court may
order the defendant to pay to the victim, as restitution, the value of the property that was lost.”
Gubachy, 272 Mich App at 708, citing MCL 780.766(3).

        The amount of restitution that a trial court orders must be based on the actual loss
suffered by the victim, People v Fawaz, 299 Mich App 55, 65; 829 NW2d 259 (2012), and
supported by the evidence, People v Cross, 281 Mich App 737, 738; 760 NW2d 314 (2008).
The prosecution bears the burden of proving the loss suffered by the victim. MCL 780.767(4).
If the amount of restitution is not in dispute, the trial court is not required to make a separate
factual finding on the record regarding restitution and may rely on the recommendation in the
presentence investigation report. People v Grant, 455 Mich 221, 233-234, 243; 565 NW2d 389
(1997) (considering a former version of the CVRA and stating the information a trial court may
rely on in calculating restitution).

        The trial court’s restitution award of $2,600 to Hassan Mansour did not constitute plain
error. At sentencing, defendant did not challenge the recommended restitution award. In the
absence of a dispute regarding the amount of restitution, the trial court was entitled to rely on the
recommendation and factual findings contained in the presentence investigation report. See id.
at 233-234. The presentence investigation report contains Mansour’s victim-impact statement
wherein Mansour states that defendant stole $1,500 in cash and that the value of the two stolen
cellular telephones was $1,100. Amounts are presumed accurate unless a defendant challenges
the accuracy of the factual information contained within the presentence investigation report,

                                                -3-
which defendant failed to do. See id. Additionally, at least with respect to the stolen cash,
Mansour testified that the amount stolen from his wallet was $1,500. Defendant has failed to
demonstrate that a plain error requiring reversal occurred. See Kowalski, 489 Mich at 506.

        We note that defendant fails to demonstrate that he was prejudiced as a result of the trial
court’s findings. Because no evidence suggests that the total amount contained in the
presentence investigation report is inaccurate, defendant is unable to show that the alleged error
affected the outcome of the lower-court proceedings. See id. at 506; see also Putman, 309 Mich
App at 243. Reversal is unwarranted.

                           III. ABILITY TO PAY ATTORNEY FEES

       Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it ordered him to pay court-appointed
attorney fees in the amount of $400 without first determining his ability to pay those fees. We
disagree.

       Generally, to preserve an issue for appellate review, “it must be raised, addressed, and
decided by the lower court.” People v Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App 376, 382; 741
NW2d 61 (2007). Because defendant failed to raise the issue below, the issue is unpreserved for
appellate review. See id.

       An unpreserved challenge to the trial court’s imposition of fees and costs is reviewed
under the plain-error doctrine. See People v Konopka (On Remand), 309 Mich App 345, 356;
869 NW2d 651 (2015).

       A court may impose the cost “of providing legal assistance to the defendant” if a
defendant is found guilty following a trial. MCL 769.1k(1)(b)(iv). In People v Jackson, 483
Mich 271, 290, 292; 769 NW2d 630 (2009), the Michigan Supreme Court recognized the
“minimal due process requirements that entitle a defendant to notice and an opportunity to be
heard regarding the enforcement of earlier imposed costs and fees,” but emphasized that there
was a substantive difference between the imposition of a fee and the enforcement of that fee.
Specifically, a court is not required to conduct an ability-to-pay assessment until the time that it
attempts to enforce its imposition of a fee for a court-appointed attorney under MCL 769.1k. Id.
at 291-292. “[T]rial courts should not entertain defendants’ ability-to-pay-based challenges to
the imposition of fees until enforcement of that imposition has begun.” Id. at 292.

        Defendant fails to demonstrate that the trial court committed plain error by imposing
court-appointed attorney fees before first determining his ability to pay. Defendant correctly
points out that when the trial court attempts to enforce its fee imposed, he must be advised of the
enforcement and given an opportunity to contest the enforcement based on his indigent status.
See id. This does not mean, however, that the trial court was required to determine, with
specificity, defendant’s ability to pay at the time of sentencing, in light of the language contained
in the trial court’s remittance order. The trial court signed an order of remittance to garnish
defendant’s prisoner account the same day that it sentenced defendant, effectively placing him on
notice of the enforcement action, but the language in the remittance order mimics the language of
MCL 769.1l. “MCL 769.1l inherently calculates a prisoner’s general ability to pay and, in effect,
creates a statutory presumption of nonindigency.” Jackson, 483 Mich at 295. To the extent

                                                -4-
defendant argues that he is presently obligated to pay and is indigent, he fails to provide any
support for his assertion that he is indigent and, thus, fails to overcome the presumption of
nonindigency; under the statute and the remittance order, his prison account is only garnished if
the balance exceeds $50. See id. Further, defendant fails to show that he has not been granted
an opportunity to contest the enforcement.

        If defendant believes that his individual circumstances warrant an ability-to-pay
assessment, he may petition the trial court to “reduce or eliminate the amount that the remittance
order requires him to pay.” Id. at 296. Only then, upon receipt of defendant’s petition and any
supporting documentation, may the trial court determine whether enforcement “would work a
manifest hardship on the prisoner or his immediate family.” Id. at 297.

       Defendant fails to demonstrate that the trial court committed plain error, and even if he
had, defendant fails to establish that he was prejudiced because under MCL 769.1l he is
presumed to be non-indigent. Appellate relief is unwarranted.

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Patrick M. Meter
                                                            /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro




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