               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA14-1334

                                Filed: 6 October 2015

Disciplinary Hearing Commission of the North Carolina State Bar, No. 12 DHC 13

THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE BAR, Plaintiff,

              v.

DAN L. MERRELL, Attorney, Defendant.


      Appeal by defendant from order entered 2 December 2013 by the Disciplinary

Hearing Commission of the North Carolina State Bar. Heard in the Court of Appeals

7 May 2015.


      N.C. State Bar, by Counsel Katherine Jean, Deputy Counsel David R. Johnson,
      and Deputy Counsel Maria Brown, for plaintiff-appellee.

      Phillip H. Hayes for defendant-appellant.


      GEER, Judge.


      Defendant Dan L. Merrell appeals from an order of discipline of the

Disciplinary Hearing Commission of the North Carolina State Bar (the “DHC”)

concluding that defendant violated the Rules of Professional Conduct by: (1) failing

to safeguard and hold in trust clients’ entrusted funds in violation of Rule 1.15-2(a)

and (2) engaging in a conflict of interest by representing both parties to a commercial

real estate transaction without first obtaining written and informed consent in

violation of Rule 1.7(a). We hold that the DHC’s findings of fact are supported by

substantial evidence in the record, and the findings, in turn, support the DHC’s

conclusions of law. Consequently, we affirm.
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                                  Opinion of the Court



                                        Facts

      The North Carolina State Bar commenced this disciplinary action against

defendant by filing a complaint on 12 April 2012. This case arises out of defendant’s

representation of Michael Lam, a real estate developer. In its order of discipline, the

DHC found, in pertinent part, the following facts.

      In late 2005, Lam sought to develop a residential community, initially to be

called Blue Water Cove, in Tyrrell County, North Carolina. Lam had entered into

contracts to purchase the land that he wished to develop, but did not have the funds

to finance the project. Lam solicited Thomas and James Gordon, who were residents

of the State of Maryland, to participate in an investment project to buy and develop

the land for Blue Water Cove. With the assistance of John Bollech, Lam created a

term sheet for Blue Water Cove that included a description of the project with cost

and profit projections. The term sheet stated that the cost of acquiring the land for

the project was $1.5 million. Lam advised the Gordons that he needed to move

quickly because his contracts to purchase the land had either expired or were about

to expire.

      On 20 December 2005, Lam and Bollech met with defendant at his office to

discuss the Blue Water Cove project. Lam informed defendant that he wanted to

form an LLC for the project and that the Gordons had committed to fund

$2,450,000.00 toward the project with $1,500,000.00 designated for the purchase of



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the land. The Gordons were represented by Steven Nemeroff, an attorney licensed to

practice in Maryland. Between late December 2005 and 12 January 2006, defendant

communicated with Nemeroff and lawyers representing Bollech in the drafting of a

memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) among the individuals and entities who

would have an ownership interest in the project.

      On 29 December 2005, defendant filed articles of organization to form

Deepwater Development Company, LLC (“Deepwater”) -- Lam was the sole member

of Deepwater. On 13 January 2006, Lam, the Gordons, Bollech, Bernard Brooks, and

Bill Reidy executed an MOU related to the development of Blue Water Cove. The

MOU contemplated that a company would be formed to carry on the business of the

project and that the Gordons would loan $1.5 million to that company to acquire the

land. The MOU contained a provision prohibiting self-dealing by Lam or any other

party to the MOU.

      On 18 January 2006, defendant drafted the articles of organization for

Development Company of Columbia, LLC (“DCC”), the company created for

purchasing and developing the land for Blue Water Cove. The articles named Lam

as the organizer and registered agent and used Lam’s home address as DCC’s

registered office.   Also on 18 January 2006, the Gordons wired $1.5 million to

defendant’s general trust account maintained at the Bank of Currituck. The Gordons

expected Merrell to hold their funds in trust to be disbursed to pay for DCC’s purchase



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of the land at closing. Although the funds belonged to the Gordons, they were

recorded in defendant’s trust account ledger under the name of Lam.

      The following day, defendant wrote a note to an associate in his law office, Bill

Stott, advising Stott that Lam intended to purchase a parcel of the Tyrrell County

land for $360,000.00 and then sell it to DCC for $650,000.00, and that Lam also

wanted to buy two parcels from other owners of the Tyrrell County land using

investor money and convey only one parcel to DCC, with Lam and Bollech keeping

the second parcel, consisting of more than 80 acres, free and clear. Defendant advised

Stott that he saw potential for criminal and civil liability in both transactions and

directed Stott to draft a letter to Lam and a disclosure letter.

      On 23 January 2006, defendant filed the articles of organization for DCC with

the Secretary of State. On or about that day, defendant sent a letter to Lam advising

him that the series of transactions that he contemplated could constitute fraud and

violate state and federal law. Defendant advised Lam that he would not represent

him in the transactions unless full and complete disclosure was made to Lam’s

investors and potential partners and all of them acquiesced in the proposed

arrangement. Defendant stated that his office would prepare disclosure documents

to be executed after he verified that full disclosure had been made to all parties.

      Despite the language of the 23 January 2006 letter, defendant did not draft a

disclosure letter.   Lam told defendant that he had made full disclosure to all



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interested parties, including the Gordons, of the fact that he planned to acquire the

land for less than $1.5 million. Defendant believed Lam and did not insist on any

written documentation that full disclosure had in fact been made.

      On 24 January 2006, defendant transferred the Gordon’s $1.5 million to a

certificate of deposit account (“CD account”) at Bank of America in the name of “Dan

L. Merrell, Special Trustee for Development Company of Columbia, LLC.”            The

address given for the account was Lam’s address, and the tax identification number

used was that of DCC. Defendant did not ensure that there was a signature card that

would limit signatory authority on the account to him.

      Although not signed by the members until 1 March 2006, the operating

agreement of DCC, by its terms, became effective 1 February 2006. The operating

agreement provided that Lam was the manager of DCC and, through Deepwater, was

also a member of DCC. The term “property” under the agreement was defined as four

separate parcels or interests referred to as the Sykes tract, the Davis tract, Ludford

Landing, and an easement in an existing canal on the Taylor tract. Lam, as a

manager of DCC, was prohibited by the agreement from self-dealing.

      In February 2006, defendant was the closing attorney for Lam in Lam’s

purchase, through Deepwater, of the following tracts of land: on 3 February 2006, the

Sykes tract for $360,000.00; on 9 February 2006, the Taylor tract for $267,500.00; on

14 February 2006, the Pinner interest in Ludford Landing for $16,666.00; on 15



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February 2006, the Cahoon interest in Ludford Landing for $50,000.00, and the Davis

tract for $300,000.00. In all, Deepwater paid a total of $726,666.00 to acquire the

properties.   Although defendant was aware that Deepwater acquired the entire

Taylor tract for only $267,500.00, on 16 February 2006, defendant contacted

Nemeroff on behalf of Lam to confirm that the Gordons would provide an additional

$295,000.00 for DCC to purchase a license and easement for use of the existing canal

on the Taylor tract.

      Meanwhile, funds were withdrawn from the Bank of America CD account

without the Gordons’ knowledge, permission, or approval on 27 January 2006, 14

February 2006, and 1 March 2006. These withdrawals were used for Lam’s benefit,

including funding Deepwater’s purchase of the Tyrrell County land. Defendant was

not, however, aware that the funds were wrongfully withdrawn from the CD account

without his authorization until sometime in September 2006.

      On 2 March 2006, defendant was the closing attorney for the transaction in

which DCC bought the Tyrrell County land and the Taylor tract easement from

Deepwater for $1,745,000.00. Defendant represented DCC, Lam, and Deepwater at

the closing. The transaction resulted in a profit of close to $1 million to Deepwater

at the expense of DCC.

      The 1 March 2006 withdrawal from the CD account closed out the account.

However, defendant did not provide the Gordons with a written accounting of the



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receipts and disbursements of the $1.5 million upon the complete disbursement of the

funds and did not account for the interest earned on the funds while in the CD

account.

      Based upon these findings, the DHC concluded that defendant’s conduct

constituted grounds for discipline pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 84-28(b)(2) (2013) in

that defendant violated the Rules of Professional Conduct:

             a.    By moving the Gordons’ funds from defendant’s
                   trust account to a certificate of deposit account at
                   Bank of America in the name of “Dan L. Merrell,
                   Special Trustee for Development Company of
                   Columbia, LLC” with Lam’s mailing address on the
                   account, using DCC’s tax identification number,
                   failing to ensure access to the account was limited to
                   himself, and failing to provide an accounting, along
                   with other factors noted above, Merrell failed to
                   safeguard and hold in trust the Gordons’ entrusted
                   funds in violation of Rule 1.15-2(a).

             b.    By representing both Deepwater and DCC at the
                   closing on March 2, 2006 when Defendant’s
                   representation of DCC was materially limited by his
                   responsibilities to Deepwater and he had not
                   obtained the written informed consent of the clients
                   to the dual representation, Defendant engaged in a
                   conflict of interest in violation of Rule 1.7(a).

      The DHC suspended defendant’s law license for two years and stayed the

suspension for a period of two years contingent on defendant’s compliance with

certain conditions. Defendant timely appealed the order to this Court.




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                                           I

      On appeal, defendant argues that the DHC violated his due process rights

because the allegations in the complaint did not provide him with adequate notice of

the conduct upon which the DHC ultimately relied in concluding that defendant

violated Rules 1.15-2(a) and 1.7(a) of the Rules of Professional Conduct. This Court

has explained that

             “[n]otice and an opportunity to be heard prior to depriving
             a person of his property are essential elements of due
             process of law which is guaranteed by the Fourteenth
             Amendment of the United States Constitution.
             Accordingly, prior to the imposition of sanctions, a party
             has a due process right to notice both (1) of the fact that
             sanctions may be imposed, and (2) the alleged grounds for
             the imposition of sanctions.”

N.C. State Bar v. Barrett, 219 N.C. App. 481, 485-86, 724 S.E.2d 126, 129 (2012)

(quoting In re Small, 201 N.C. App. 390, 395, 689 S.E.2d 482, 485-86 (2009)). Thus,

“[a]n attorney facing disbarment is entitled to ‘procedural due process, which includes

fair notice of the charge’ made against [him].” Id. at 486, 724 S.E.2d at 129-30

(quoting In re Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544, 550, 20 L. Ed. 2d 117, 122, 88 S. Ct. 1222, 1226

(1968).

      Correspondingly, the State Bar rules provide that “[c]omplaints in disciplinary

actions will allege the charges with sufficient precision to clearly apprise the

defendant of the conduct which is the subject of the complaint[,]” 27 N.C. Admin. Code

1B.0114(c) (2014), and that “[p]leadings and proceedings before a hearing panel will


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conform as nearly as practicable with requirements of the North Carolina Rules of

Civil Procedure and for trials of nonjury civil causes in the superior courts except as

otherwise provided herein[,]” 27 N.C. Admin. Code 1B.0114(n).

      Rule 8(a)(1) of the Rules of Civil Procedure, in turn, requires “[a] short and

plain statement of the claim sufficiently particular to give the court and the parties

notice of the transactions, occurrences, or series of transactions or occurrences,

intended to be proved showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[.]” This Court has

explained that “[b]y enacting section 1A-1, Rule 8(a), our General Assembly adopted

the concept of notice pleading.” Wake Cnty. v. Hotels.com, L.P., ___ N.C. App. ___,

___, 762 S.E.2d 477, 486, disc. review denied, 367 N.C. 799, 766 S.E.2d 608 (2014).

“Under notice pleading, ‘a statement of claim is adequate if it gives sufficient notice

of the claim asserted to enable the adverse party to answer and prepare for trial, to

allow for the application of the doctrine of res judicata, and to show the type of case

brought.’ ” Id. (quoting Sutton v. Duke, 277 N.C. 94, 102, 176 S.E.2d 161, 165 (1970)).

“ ‘Such simplified notice pleading is made possible by the liberal opportunity for

discovery and the other pretrial procedures established by the Rules to disclose more

precisely the basis of both claim and defense and to define more narrowly the disputed

facts and issues.’ ” Id. (quoting Pyco Supply Co. v. Am. Centennial Ins. Co., 321 N.C.

435, 442-43, 364 S.E.2d 380, 384 (1988)). Thus, “detailed fact-pleading is no longer

required” so long as the pleading “gives sufficient notice of the events or transactions



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which produced the claim to enable the adverse party to understand the nature of it

and the basis for it, to file a responsive pleading, and -- by using the rules provided

for obtaining pretrial discovery -- to get any additional information he may need to

prepare for trial.” Sutton, 277 N.C. at 104, 176 S.E.2d at 167.

      Here, defendant argues that the DHC based its conclusion that defendant

violated Rule 1.15-2(a) and Rule 1.7(a) on conduct by defendant that was outside of

the allegations of the complaint. With respect to Rule 1.15-2(a), the DHC concluded

that defendant:

             By moving the Gordons’ funds from defendant’s trust
             account to a certificate of deposit account at Bank of
             America in the name of “Dan L. Merrell, Special Trustee
             for Development Company of Columbia, LLC” with Lam’s
             mailing address on the account, using DCC’s tax
             identification number, failing to ensure access to the
             account was limited to himself, and failing to provide an
             accounting, along with other factors noted above, Merrell
             failed to safeguard and hold in trust the Gordons’ entrusted
             funds in violation of Rule 1.15-2(a).

      Defendant argues that the complaint alleged only that defendant violated Rule

1.15-2(a) “[b]y moving the Gordons’ funds from his trust account to a CD account in

the name of DCC and with Lam’s mailing address[.]” Therefore, defendant asserts,

the complaint alleged a different name for the CD account and failed to allege (1) that

defendant used DCC’s tax identification number, (2) that defendant failed to ensure

access to the account was limited to himself, and (3) that defendant failed to provide

an accounting.


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      We first note that in characterizing the allegations of the complaint, defendant

relies exclusively on the allegations contained in the final conclusory paragraphs of

the complaint, setting forth which Rules of Professional Conduct defendant violated,

and completely ignores the factual allegations alleged in support of that conclusion.

The factual allegations of the complaint state more specifically, in pertinent part, that

on 24 January 2006, Merrell transferred the Gordons’ funds, without their knowledge

or permission, to a CD account at Bank of America “in the name of ‘Dan L. Merrell,

Special Trustee for Development Company of Columbia, LLC’, not in the name of the

Gordons or as trustee for the Gordons.” The complaint further alleged that “[f]unds

were withdrawn from this CD account without the Gordons’ knowledge, permission,

or approval on January 27, 2006, February 14, 2006, and March 1, 2006” and that

these withdrawals were for Lam’s benefit, including covering Lam’s costs to acquire

the Tyrrell County property which was later resold to DCC.

      These allegations not only gave defendant notice of the name of the CD account

as found in the DHC’s order, but also of the underlying conduct that is the subject of

the complaint: that defendant’s transfer of the Gordons’ funds, without their

permission, resulted in the funds being accessed by and for the benefit of someone

other than the owner of the funds. Although the complaint does not specifically allege

that defendant used DCC’s tax identification number or that he failed to provide the

Gordons with an accounting, these facts are incidental to the primary misconduct



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alleged: defendant’s failure to safeguard and hold in trust the Gordons’ funds. We

hold that the allegations in the complaint were sufficient under the notice pleading

standard to give defendant “sufficient notice of the events or transactions which

produced the claim to enable the adverse party to understand the nature of it and the

basis for it . . . and -- by using the rules provided for obtaining pretrial discovery -- to

get any additional information he may need to prepare for trial.” Sutton, 277 N.C. at

104, 176 S.E.2d at 167.

       With respect to the Rule 1.7(a) violation, defendant argues that the allegations

of the complaint materially differ from the findings of fact and conclusions of law in

the order because the complaint alleged that defendant engaged in a conflict of

interest “[b]y representing both DCC and Lam in DCC’s purchase of the Tyrrell

County property,” whereas the order concludes that the violation is based upon

defendant’s representation of both DCC and Deepwater at the closing. Defendant

argues that there is a material difference between Deepwater and Lam because

Deepwater is an LLC and Lam is an individual. While this is true, we do not agree

that the difference between Lam and Deepwater deprived defendant of notice of the

basis for the alleged conflict of interest. The complaint makes it clear that the DHC

considered Lam and Deepwater, for all intents and purposes, as one and the same.

The complaint alleged that Deepwater was Lam’s company and that defendant was

the closing attorney “for a series of transactions in which Lam, through his company



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Deepwater” purchased the Tyrrell County land. It also alleged that DCC’s purchase

of the property resulted in a profit of nearly $1 million going to “Lam/Deepwater.”

We therefore hold that the allegations of the complaint are not materially different

from the findings of fact and conclusions of law in the order.

      Furthermore, the State Bar argues, and we agree, that even assuming that the

allegations of the complaint were materially different from the findings in the order,

the State Bar’s pleading was amended by implied consent to conform to the proof

presented at trial. The doctrine of implied consent is based upon Rule 15(b) of the

Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides:

             When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by the
             express or implied consent of the parties, they shall be
             treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the
             pleadings. Such amendment of the pleadings as may be
             necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and to
             raise these issues may be made upon motion of any party
             at any time, either before or after judgment, but failure so
             to amend does not affect the result of the trial of these
             issues. If evidence is objected to at the trial on the ground
             that it is not within the issues raised by the pleadings, the
             court may allow the pleadings to be amended and shall do
             so freely when the presentation of the merits of the action
             will be served thereby and the objecting party fails to
             satisfy the court that the admission of such evidence would
             prejudice him in maintaining his action or defense upon
             the merits. The court may grant a continuance to enable
             the objecting party to meet such evidence.

      As explained by our Supreme Court, “[u]nder 15(b) the rule of ‘litigation by

consent’ is applied when no objection is made on the specific ground that the evidence



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offered is not within the issues raised by the pleadings.” Roberts v. William N. &

Kate B. Reynolds Mem’l Park, 281 N.C. 48, 58, 187 S.E.2d 721, 726 (1972) (emphasis

omitted). “[T]he effect of this rule is to allow amendment by implied consent to change

the legal theory of the cause of action so long as the opposing party has not been

prejudiced in presenting his case, i.e., where he had a fair opportunity to defend his

case.” Id. at 59, 187 S.E.2d at 727.

      Here, defendant did not object at the hearing to the admission of the evidence

presented in support of the findings that he now challenges on appeal. Specifically,

he did not object to the admission of evidence regarding the name of the CD account,

the use of DCC’s tax identification number for the CD account, defendant’s failure to

provide an accounting, or his representation of Deepwater, rather than Lam, at the 2

March 2006 closing.      Further, defendant makes no argument as to how the

introduction of this evidence prejudiced him or deprived him of a fair opportunity to

defend his case. Accordingly, we hold that the order did not violate defendant’s due

process rights. Compare Barrett, 219 N.C. App. at 488, 724 S.E.2d at 131 (holding

DHC violated attorney’s due process rights where complaint contained one allegation

of misconduct related to misrepresentations by closing attorney in a HUD statement,

but at the hearing the lender presented a second HUD statement and made

additional allegations of misconduct based on that document and attorney objected

to evidence on grounds that she had never seen the document before, had no notice of



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its existence, and had not prepared a defense to the additional allegations of

misconduct).

                                           II

      We now turn to the substance of the order. This Court reviews disciplinary

orders of the DHC under the whole record test “to determine if the DHC’s findings of

fact are supported by substantial evidence in view of the whole record, and whether

such findings of fact support its conclusions of law[.]” N.C. State Bar v. Talford, 356

N.C. 626, 632, 576 S.E.2d 305, 309 (2003).

               Such supporting evidence is substantial if a reasonable
               person might accept it as adequate backing for a
               conclusion. The whole-record test also mandates that the
               reviewing court must take into account any contradictory
               evidence or evidence from which conflicting inferences may
               be drawn. Moreover, in order to satisfy the evidentiary
               requirements of the whole-record test in an attorney
               disciplinary action, the evidence used by the DHC to
               support its findings and conclusions must rise to the
               standard of clear[, cogent,] and convincing.

Id., 576 S.E.2d at 309-10 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

      Defendant first challenges the DHC’s conclusion that defendant violated Rule

1.15-2(a) of the Rules of Professional Conduct. Pursuant to Rule 1.15-2(a), “[a]ll

entrusted property shall be identified, held, and maintained separate from the

property of the lawyer, and shall be deposited, disbursed, and distributed only in

accordance with this Rule 1.15.” “Entrusted property” includes “trust funds” which

are “funds belonging to someone other than the lawyer that are received by or placed


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under the control of the lawyer in connection with the performance of legal services.”

N.C.R. Prof. Conduct 1.15-1(e), (n). Rule 1.15 provides, in pertinent part, that all

trust funds received by a lawyer must be deposited in either a general trust account,

also known as an IOLTA account, or a dedicated trust account. N.C.R. Prof. Conduct

1.15-2(b). IOLTA accounts are subject to the requirements set forth in 27 N.C.

Admin. Code 1D.1316. Id. A lawyer should place trust funds in an IOLTA account if

the funds “in the lawyer’s good faith judgment, are nominal or short-term.” Id.

Otherwise, the funds may be placed in a dedicated trust account, which is “a trust

account that is maintained for the sole benefit of a single client or with respect to a

single transaction or series of integrated transactions.” N.C.R. Prof. Conduct 1.15-

1(c). The interest earned in a dedicated trust account is the property of the client.

N.C.R. Prof. Conduct 1.15-2(p). Comment 3 following Rule 1.15-3 contains a list of

factors to be considered when determining whether there is a duty to invest the funds

on behalf of a client by depositing the funds into a dedicated trust account.

      Rule 1.15-3 sets forth the record keeping and accounting requirements for all

trust accounts and provides in pertinent part that a lawyer shall maintain “complete

and accurate records of all entrusted property received by the lawyer” and shall

“render to the client a written accounting of the receipts and disbursements of all

trust funds . . . upon the complete disbursement of the trust funds[.]” N.C.R. Prof.

Conduct 1.15-3(e), (g). Comment 19 to Rule 1.15-3 explains that the “lawyer is



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responsible for keeping a client, or any other person to whom the lawyer is

accountable, advised of the status of entrusted property held by the lawyer. In

addition, the lawyer must take steps to discover any unauthorized transactions

involving trust funds as soon as possible.”

      In this case, the DHC concluded that defendant violated Rule 1.15-2(a) by: (1)

moving the Gordons’ funds from defendant’s trust account to a CD account at Bank

of America; (2) putting the CD account in the name of “Dan L. Merrell, Special

Trustee for Development Company of Columbia, LLC;” (3) having Lam’s mailing

address as the address on the account; (4) using DCC’s tax identification number; (5)

failing to ensure access to the account was limited to himself; and (6) failing to provide

an accounting.

      Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support several of the

findings of fact supporting the conclusion that defendant violated Rule 1.15-2(a).

Defendant first challenges finding of fact 25 that “[t]he address given for the [CD]

account was Lam’s address, not the Gordons’ or Merrell’s.” Defendant does not

dispute that Lam’s address is the address associated with the CD account in Bank of

America’s records. Rather, he argues that Lam’s address was put on the account

because of the mistaken assumption of William Ashley Gurganus, the Bank of

America employee who set up the account, and not because defendant directed the

bank to put Lam’s address on the account. Defendant points out that the check



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transferring the funds from his general trust account to the CD account had his

address on it and that the assistant who opened the account at defendant’s direction

testified that she did not provide Bank of America with any other address. Mr.

Gurganus testified that he could not specifically recall where he obtained the address,

but that he knew that Lam had other accounts at Bank of America and that Lam was

associated with DCC. Even assuming, without deciding, that there is insufficient

evidence to support a finding that defendant provided Bank of America with Lam’s

address for the account, it is undisputed that Lam’s address was in fact associated

with the account, and defendant took no action to correct it.

      Defendant next argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the portion

of finding of fact 27 that defendant “knew that withdrawals were made from the CD

account without any requirement that [defendant] sign anything.”            Defendant

misinterprets this as a finding that defendant was aware of the unauthorized

withdrawals on 27 January and 14 February when they occurred. However, the DHC

found in finding of fact 32 that defendant was not aware of those unauthorized

withdrawals until September 2006. Finding of fact 27 merely states that defendant

was aware that a withdrawal could be made from the CD without his signature. This

finding is supported by evidence that defendant was able to withdraw funds from the

account on 1 March 2006 and close the account without having to sign anything.




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      Defendant also challenges finding of fact 31 that the withdrawals on 27

January and 14 February “were for Lam’s benefit, including covering Lam’s costs to

acquire the Tyrrell County land that he later resold at a higher price to DCC.” This

finding is supported by ample evidence in the record, including a report of a forensic

accounting analysis performed by Derek W. Royster.

      Finally, defendant challenges finding of fact 48 that defendant “did not provide

the Gordons [with] a written accounting of the receipts and disbursements of the $1.5

million upon the complete disbursement of the funds, nor did he account for the

interest earned on the $1.5 million while in the Bank of America CD account.”

Defendant concedes that he “did not specifically account for the interest earned

separate and apart from the principal,” but points to evidence that he had his legal

assistant send copies of the closing documents, including the HUD statement, to Mr.

Nemeroff, the Gordons’ legal counsel. These documents, however, only included the

final disbursement of the funds for the closing, and did not account for the

unauthorized withdrawals made in January and February 2006.

      We now turn to the question whether the findings of fact are sufficient to

support a conclusion that defendant violated Rule 1.15-2(a). We agree with defendant

that moving the Gordons’ funds from defendant’s general trust account to a CD

account at Bank of America, in and of itself, would not have violated the rule. As

defendant correctly points out, Rule 1.15 contemplates that funds that are not



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nominal or short term will be deposited in a dedicated trust account so that the client

can earn interest on the funds. See N.C.R. Prof. Conduct 1.15-2(b) (“Trust funds

placed in a general account are those which, in the lawyer’s good faith judgment, are

nominal or short-term.”); N.C.R. Prof. Conduct 1.15-3, cmt. 3 (funds must be

deposited in a general trust account “if there is no duty to invest on behalf of the

client” and, in determining whether there is a duty to invest, lawyer should consider,

among other factors, amount of funds, duration of the deposit, and interest rate at

financial institution where funds are to be deposited).

      However, in this case, the evidence shows that when the Gordons transferred

their funds to defendant’s general trust account, defendant identified the funds in his

client ledger as belonging to Lam, not the Gordons.           Then, when defendant

transferred the funds to the Bank of America CD account, he again misidentified the

owner of the funds as DCC, not the Gordons. By labeling the account “Dan L. Merrell,

Special Trustee for Development Company of Columbia, LLC” and using DCC’s tax

identification number, he improperly identified DCC as the owner of the funds. Even

assuming, without deciding, that defendant provided his own address, and not Lam’s,

when creating the account, his mislabeling of the beneficiary of the account caused

employees at the bank to believe that DCC owned the funds in the account and that

Lam, as the manager of DCC, was authorized to access the funds in the account. In

other words, defendant did not take any steps to ensure that the bank was aware that



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the account was a trust account for the benefit of the Gordons and that defendant

was the only authorized signatory on the account. This failure led to the funds being

misappropriated by Lam. In sum, defendant never notified the Gordons that he had

transferred their funds to a different account, did not receive their permission for the

transfer, and did not take any steps to ensure that the funds were not

misappropriated.

      We conclude that these findings of fact are sufficient to support the conclusion

that defendant violated Rule 1.15-2(a). See N.C.R. Prof. Conduct 1.15-3, cmt. 19 (“The

lawyer is responsible for keeping a client, or any other person to whom the lawyer is

accountable, advised of the status of entrusted property held by the lawyer. In

addition, the lawyer must take steps to discover any unauthorized transactions

involving trust funds as soon as possible.”).

      Defendant next challenges the DHC’s conclusion that defendant engaged in a

conflict of interest in violation of Rule 1.7(a) by representing both Deepwater and

DCC at the 2 March 2006 closing. Although defendant purports to challenge the

sufficiency of the evidence to support several of the findings of fact upon which this

conclusion is based, his arguments on appeal do not actually challenge the

evidentiary basis for the findings, but rather argue the legal significance of the

findings and whether they are sufficient to support the conclusion that defendant

engaged in a conflict of interest.



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      Comment 8 to Rule 1.7 explains that “[e]ven where there is no direct

adverseness, a conflict of interest exists if a lawyer’s ability to consider, recommend

or carry out an appropriate course of action for the client may be materially limited

as a result of the lawyer’s other responsibilities or interests. For example, a lawyer

asked to represent a seller of commercial real estate, a real estate developer and a

commercial lender is likely to be materially limited in the lawyer’s ability to

recommend or advocate all possible positions that each might take because of the

lawyer’s duty of loyalty to the others. The conflict in effect forecloses alternatives

that would otherwise be available to the client.” Here, the DHC concluded that

defendant’s representation of DCC was materially limited by his responsibilities to

Deepwater because defendant knew that Lam, through Deepwater, had engaged in

self-dealing and could not disclose this information to DCC.

      Defendant argues that there was no conflict of interest because Lam did not

engage in self-dealing. Self-dealing is “[p]articipation in a transaction that benefits

oneself instead of another who is owed a fiduciary duty.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1481

(9th ed. 2009). A fiduciary relationship is “one in which ‘there has been a special

confidence reposed in one who in equity and good conscience is bound to act in good

faith and with due regard to the interests of the one reposing confidence . . . and in

which there is confidence reposed on one side, and resulting domination and influence

on the other.’ ” Austin Maint. & Constr., Inc. v. Crowder Constr. Co., 224 N.C. App.



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401, 408-09, 742 S.E.2d 535, 541 (2012) (quoting Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 651,

548 S.E.2d 704, 707-08 (2001)).

             “Business partners, for example, are each other’s
             fiduciaries as a matter of law. In less clearly defined
             situations the question whether a fiduciary relationship
             exists is more open and depends ultimately on the
             circumstances. Courts have historically declined to offer a
             rigid definition of a fiduciary relationship in order to allow
             imposition of fiduciary duties where justified. Thus, the
             relationship can arise in a variety of circumstances . . . and
             may stem from varied and unpredictable factors.”

Id. at 409, 742 S.E.2d at 541 (quoting HAJMM Co. v. House of Raeford Farms, 328

N.C. 578, 588, 403 S.E.2d 483, 489 (1991)).

      Defendant argues that Lam did not owe a fiduciary duty to DCC until the

Operating Agreement was signed on 1 March 2006. He reasons that the 13 January

MOU was nonbinding and argues that there is no evidence that the parties intended

the operating agreement to have retroactive effect. However, the DHC found that

“[b]y its terms, the operating agreement was effective February 1, 2006.”        The

operating agreement was submitted into evidence and supports this finding.

      An operating agreement is a contract, and this Court has explained that:

             “With all contracts, the goal of construction is to arrive at
             the intent of the parties when the contract was issued. The
             intent of the parties may be derived from the language in
             the contract.

                   It is the general law of contracts that the purport of
             a written instrument is to be gathered from its four
             corners, and the four corners are to be ascertained from the


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             language used in the instrument. When the language of
             the contract is clear and unambiguous, construction of the
             agreement is a matter of law for the court and the court
             cannot look beyond the terms of the contract to determine
             the intentions of the parties.”

Bank of Am., N.A. v. Rice, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 750 S.E.2d 205, 209 (2013) (quoting

Stovall v. Stovall, 205 N.C. App. 405, 410, 698 S.E.2d 680, 684 (2010)).

      Therefore, when interpreting the terms of a contract, our courts have applied

the parol evidence rule.

             “The parol evidence rule is not a rule of evidence but of
             substantive law. . . . It prohibits the consideration of
             evidence as to anything which happened prior to or
             simultaneously with the making of a contract which would
             vary the terms of the agreement. Generally, the parol
             evidence rule prohibits the admission of evidence to
             contradict or add to the terms of a clear and unambiguous
             contract. Thus, it is assumed the [parties] signed the
             instrument they intended to sign[,] . . . [and, absent]
             evidence or proof of mental incapacity, mutual mistake of
             the parties, undue influence, or fraud[,] . . . the court [does]
             not err in refusing to allow parol evidence[.]”

Drake v. Hance, 195 N.C. App. 588, 591, 673 S.E.2d 411, 413 (2009) (quoting

Thompson v. First Citizens Bank & Trust Co., 151 N.C. App. 704, 708-09, 567 S.E.2d

184, 188 (2002)).

      Here, the operating agreement plainly states that the agreement “is made

effective as of this 1st day of February 2006 by and among the signatories hereto.”

This language is clear and unambiguous. Defendant has failed to point to any proof

of “mental incapacity, mutual mistake of the parties, undue influence, or fraud,” id.,


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with respect to the effective date of the operating agreement. Accordingly, the plain

language of the operating agreement controls. The operating agreement was effective

beginning 1 February 2006 and prohibited Lam from engaging in self-dealing. It is

undisputed that Deepwater’s purchase and reselling of the properties to DCC

benefitted Lam at the expense of DCC. Accordingly, we hold that the DHC did not

err in concluding that Lam engaged in self-dealing when he purchased the properties

in February and resold them to DCC for a profit at the 2 March 2006 closing.

      Defendant next argues that the parties gave written informed consent to his

dual representation at the closing by signing the operating agreement, which stated,

among other things, that “the parties have been advised that a potential conflict

exists among their individual interests[.]” Acknowledging that a potential conflict

exists, without identifying the potential conflict, does not provide the parties with

informed consent. See Comment 18 to Rule 1.7 (“Informed consent requires that each

affected client be aware of the relevant circumstances and of the material and

reasonably foreseeable ways that the conflict could have adverse effects on the

interests of that client.”); Comment 19 to Rule 1.7 (“Under some circumstances it may

be impossible to make the disclosure necessary to obtain consent. For example, when

the lawyer represents different clients in related matters and one of the clients

refuses to consent to the disclosure necessary to permit the other client to make an

informed decision, the lawyer cannot properly ask the latter to consent.”). In this



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case, the parties could not give informed consent of dual representation without full

disclosure from Lam.

      Furthermore, the DHC’s conclusion that defendant’s dual representation

created a conflict of interest is consistent with 2015 Formal Ethics Opinion 14 (“2015

FEO 14”), which held that in most instances, common representation in a commercial

real estate closing is a “nonconsentable” conflict. “While not precedential authority

for this Court, formal ethics opinions, as defined in the Procedures for Ruling on

Questions of Legal Ethics of the North Carolina State Bar, ‘provide ethical guidance

for attorneys and to establish a principle of ethical conduct.’ ” N.C. Baptist Hosps.,

Inc. v. Crowson, 155 N.C. App. 746, 752 n.5, 573 S.E.2d 922, 925 n.5 (J. Campbell

dissenting) (quoting 27 N.C. Admin. Code 1D.0101(10) (2001)), aff'd per curiam, 357

N.C. 499, 586 S.E.2d 90 (2003). Thus, this Court has looked to formal ethics opinions

for guidance when determining whether an attorney has violated the Rules of

Professional Conduct. See, e.g., Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Bourlon, 172 N.C.

App. 595, 602-03, 617 S.E.2d 40, 45-46 (2005) (when reviewing plaintiff’s argument

that attorney breached attorney-client relationship, citing formal ethics opinions in

support of conclusion that attorney-client relationship existed), aff’d per curiam, 360

N.C. 356, 625 S.E.2d 779 (2006).

      Here, although 2015 FEO 14 did not come out until 23 January 2015, its

reasoning is persuasive. The opinion cites Baldasarre v. Butler, 132 N.J. 278, 295-



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96, 625 A.2d 458, 467 (1993), in which the Supreme Court of New Jersey held that an

attorney may not represent both the buyer and seller in a complex commercial real

estate transaction even if both parties give their informed consent:

             The disastrous consequences of [the lawyer’s] dual
             representation convinces us that a new bright-line rule
             prohibiting dual representation is necessary in commercial
             real estate transactions where large sums of money are at
             stake, where contracts contain complex contingencies, or
             where options are numerous. The potential for conflict in
             that type of complex real estate transaction is too great to
             permit even consensual dual representation of buyer and
             seller.

      Formal Ethics Opinion 14 concludes:

             [D]ual representation of the borrower and the lender for
             the closing of a commercial real estate loan is a
             nonconsentable conflict of interest unless the following
             conditions can be satisfied: (1) the contractual terms have
             been finally negotiated prior to the commencement of the
             representation; (2) there are no material contingencies to
             be resolved; (3) the lawyer reasonably believes that the
             lawyer will be able to provide competent and diligent
             representation to each affected client; (4) it is unlikely that
             a difference in interests will eventuate and, if it does, it will
             not materially interfere with the lawyer’s independent
             professional judgment in considering alternatives or
             foreclose courses of action that should be pursued on behalf
             of a client; (5) the lawyer reasonably concludes that he will
             be able to act impartially in the representation of both
             parties; (6) the lawyer explains to both parties that his role
             is limited to executing the tasks necessary to close the loan
             and that this limitation prohibits him from advocating for
             the specific interests of either party; (7) the lawyer
             discloses that he must withdraw from the representation
             of both parties if a conflict arises; and (8) after the foregoing



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             full disclosure, both parties give informed consent
             confirmed in writing.

      Defendant has failed to show that these conditions were satisfied in this case.

Significantly, the DHC’s findings, which we have held are supported by the evidence

in the record, show that defendant had obtained information through his

representation of Lam and Deepwater that would have been material to DCC in

determining whether to go forward with the closing and that defendant failed to

disclose to DCC before representing both DCC and Deepwater in the closing. There

can be no question that a conflict of interest arises when an attorney obtains

information through his representation of one party that is material to the attorney’s

representation of a second party, and the attorney cannot or does not disclose that

information to the second party. See In re Shay, 756 A.2d 465, 476 (D.C. 2000)

(holding attorney’s “duties to her respective clients . . . were irreconcilable and

resulted in a conflict of interest” where attorney drafted will for one client and did

not disclose material information, obtained from a second client, which was necessary

for first client to make informed decision regarding disposition of property); Matter of

LaVigne, 146 N.J. 590, 607, 684 A.2d 1362, 1371 (1996) (“Respondent engaged in an

impermissible conflict of interest, in violation of RPC 1.7(b) and (c), by his

representation of the seller and two separate sets of purchasers when his own

pecuniary interest materially limited his ability to counsel his clients. He failed fully

to disclose and explain the nature of the conflict to the respective purchasers and


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lenders and made no effort to obtain their express consent to his multiple

representation, in violation of RPC 1.7(b).”).

       In short, we hold that there is sufficient evidence to support the DHC’s finding

of fact that Lam engaged in a conflict of interest and failed to provide full disclosure

of his actions to the other members of DCC. These findings, in turn, support the

DHC’s conclusion that defendant engaged in a conflict of interest in violation of Rule

1.7(a) because defendant’s representation of DCC at the closing was materially

limited by his responsibilities to Deepwater and he had not obtained written informed

consent to the dual representation.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges ELMORE and DILLON concur.




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