Opinion issued August 30, 2016




                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                         First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-14-00106-CV
                           ———————————
                  HENRY LEONARD MAHER, Appellant
                                        V.
                     CYNTHIA JUNE MAHER, Appellee


                  On Appeal from the 433rd District Court
                          Comal County, Texas1
                    Trial Court Case No. C2011-0263D


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION




1
     Pursuant to its docket equalization authority, the Supreme Court of Texas
     transferred the appeal to this court. See Misc. Docket No. 14-0001 (Tex. Jan. 7,
     2014); see also TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (Vernon 2013) (authorizing
     transfer of cases).
      Appellant, Henry Leonard Maher, challenges the trial court’s final decree in

the suit for divorce brought against him by appellee, Cynthia June Maher. Following

a trial to the court, the trial court divorced the parties and divided the marital estate.

In five issues, Henry contends that the trial court erred in mischaracterizing and

valuing certain assets of the marital estate, finding in favor of Cynthia on her

reimbursement claim, not awarding him a disproportionate share of the marital

estate, and denying him due process of law.

      We affirm.

                                     Background

      In her amended petition, Cynthia sought a divorce from Henry, alleging that

their marriage had “become insupportable because of discord or conflict of

personalities.” She, should an agreement between herself and Henry not be reached,

requested division of the community property; confirmation of her separate property

and estate; reimbursement for “funds or assets expended by [her] separate estate”;

and attorney’s fees. In his amended counter-petition, Henry requested division of

the community property, with him recovering “a disproportionate share of the

[marital] estate”; confirmation of his separate property and estate; reimbursement

for “funds or assets expended by [his] separate estate”; and attorney’s fees.

      At trial, Cynthia testified that she and Henry married in 1984 and have one

son, who is over the age of eighteen. The Mahers separated in August 2010, and



                                            2
Cynthia sought divorce on the ground of insupportability, i.e., the marriage had

“become insupportable due to discord or conflict that destroy[ed] the legitimate ends

of the marriage” and there was “[n]o” chance of reconciliation. Cynthia and Henry

had been having “marital problems,” they did not have “a close marital relationship,”

and their relationship had been “deteriorat[ing] . . . over the previous 12 years.”

They had “discussed divorce” prior to August 2010, “didn’t speak very much,” and

“didn’t seem to have a lot of activities in common.” Additionally, she and Henry

were unable to “find happiness” together, and his “[d]rinking” “threatened [their]

relationship.”

      In 1995, Cynthia’s parents began giving her, annually, monetary gifts, which

started at $5,000 per year and increased over time. After her mother passed away in

2001, Cynthia also became a beneficiary of a bypass trust created by her mother and

received disbursements from the trust in addition to the annual gifts from her parents.

After her father passed away in 2007, Cynthia received “distributions from [his]

estate.” Cynthia explained that her parents, through the gifts, trust disbursements,

and estate distributions, had given her $1,227,300.94, which constituted her separate

property. She also noted that her parents had given Henry, periodically, monetary

gifts totaling $68,000, which constituted his separate property.2




2
      At trial, Henry did not contest that the value of his separate property was $68,000.


                                            3
      When the Mahers moved to Texas in 2004, their community-property funds

totaled $1,380,052.18.3 They decided to build a house and purchased five acres of

land from Cynthia’s father for $35,000, which they paid from their joint bank

account. However, Cynthia had previously transferred money into the joint account

from her separate bank account and “trust gifts.” Initially, the Mahers built on the

purchased land “a toolshed . . . for storing equipment” and a garage with “an

apartment or a bonus room.” Their budget for the house was originally $800,000,

and the project began in 2006, with Henry in charge of the construction.

      The Mahers subsequently purchased approximately twenty-two more acres of

land, using both community-property funds and Cynthia’s separate-property funds.

They then sold a portion of the twenty-two acres to a developer, leaving them with

approximately thirteen and one-half acres of land in total. Cynthia explained that

she and Henry had, in all, acquired three tracts of land (collectively, “the property”):

the first five acres, upon which they built their house; the second, eight and one-half

acres, which remained undeveloped; and the third, a “land buffer.”4



3
      Cynthia testified that they had completely expended their community-property
      funds by May 2007.
4
      In its final divorce decree and in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the
      trial court identifies the three tracts of land as follows: (a) “D J, Lot 4, Acres 5.167,
      located in Comal County, Texas[,] more commonly referred to as 870 Bluff Ridge
      Court, New Braunfels, Texas 78132”; (b) “D J, Lot 5A, Acres 8.85, located in
      Comal County, Texas, more commonly referred to as 811 Bluff Ridge Court, New
      Braunfels, Texas 78132”; and (c) “River Place at Gruene 1, Lot 26 (landscape

                                              4
      According to Cynthia, she and Henry spent, in acquiring and developing the

property, a total of $1,685,887.97, with $757,014.02 in community-property funds

contributed, $57,442.62 in Henry’s separate-property funds contributed, and

$871,431.33 in Cynthia’s separate-property funds contributed.5 On February 21,

2011, Hendricks Appraisal Services conducted an appraisal and valued the property

at $850,000. During Cynthia’s testimony, the trial court, without objection, admitted

into evidence a copy of the Hendricks appraisal.

      Cynthia further testified that since she and Henry had separated, she had been

taking care of the property and paying taxes and bills with her separate-property

funds. Accordingly, she sought reimbursement in the amount of $1,266,315.96 for

“Enhancement in Value of [the Property]” and the following expenditures:

“Payment of American Express Unsecured Liability”; “Payment of 2006 Real Estate

Taxes”; “Payment of 2010 Real Estate Taxes”; “Payment of 2011 Real Estate

Taxes”; “Accrued 2012 Real Estate Taxes”; “2009 Federal Income Taxes”; and

“2010 Federal Income Taxes.”

      Cynthia also admitted that she, in February 2011, prior to filing for divorce,

but after she and Henry had separated, began having a “relationship” with another


      buffer), located in Comal County, Texas, more commonly referred to as 428 Entre
      Rios Blvd., New Braunfels, Texas 78132.”
5
      Cynthia testified that she used the “community out first method of tracing funds.”
      See Zagorski v. Zagorski, 116 S.W.3d 309, 319–20 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
      Dist.] 2003, pet. denied).


                                           5
man. And she noted that she and Henry had “discussed” divorcing prior to the

beginning of the relationship.

      Henry testified that Cynthia had in fact expended her separate-property funds

on acquiring and building the property. However, according to him, Cynthia only

contributed $434,404 from her separate property. And he contributed $68,000 from

his separate property. The community property contribution was “approximately”

$1,250,000. Thus, he requested reimbursement of $68,000 for the use of his

separate-property funds. Henry did not agree that the total value of Cynthia’s

separate property was approximately $1,200,000; instead, he “believe[d] she [had]

received [from her parents] . . . approximately[] [$]890,000.”6

      Henry further opined that he was “entitled to a disproportionate share” of the

marital estate because Cynthia had committed adultery. And he did not believe that

she had waited to begin her relationship with another man until after they were

“already getting divorced.”

      Patrick Goebel, a real estate appraiser, testified that Henry hired him to

appraise the property.     And Goebel opined that the value of the property on

April 23, 2012 was $1,200,000. During his testimony, the trial court, without

objection, admitted into evidence a copy of the Goebel appraisal.



6
      Henry did not offer any evidence supporting his calculation of the value of Cynthia’s
      separate property.


                                            6
      In its final divorce decree, the trial court ordered the parties divorced on the

ground of insupportability. It awarded Henry certain household items and personal

effects, the funds in various accounts, certain life insurance policies, and his motor

vehicle. It awarded Cynthia the property, certain household items and personal

effects, the funds in various accounts, certain life insurance policies, certain motor

vehicles, and a judgment against Henry in the amount of $16,994.35.7 And the trial

court issued the following Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law:

      Findings of Fact - Divorce

      ....

      3.     The marriage of [Cynthia] and [Henry] has become
             insupportable because of discord or conflict of personalities that
             destroys the legitimate ends of the marital relationship and
             prevents any reasonable expectation of reconciliation.

      Findings of Fact - Division of the Marital Estate

      4.     During the marriage, [Cynthia] and [Henry] acquired the
             following property other than by gift or inheritance:

             a.    D J, Lot 4, Acres 5.167, located in Comal County, Texas[,]
                   more commonly referred to as 870 Bluff Ridge Court,
                   New Braunfels, Texas 78132.

             b.    D J, Lot 5A, Acres 8.85, located in Comal County, Texas,
                   more commonly referred to as 811 Bluff Ridge Court,
                   New Braunfels, Texas 78132.


7
      Other than the property, the trial court divided all remaining community assets
      according to an agreement between Cynthia and Henry. Henry does not appear to
      challenge the trial court’s division of the remaining community assets.


                                          7
       c.    River Place at Gruene 1, Lot 26 (landscape buffer), located
             in Comal County, Texas, more commonly referred to as
             428 Entre Rios Blvd., New Braunfels, Texas 78132.

       d.    Household furniture, furnishings, fixtures, goods, art
             objects, collectibles, appliances, equipment, clothing,
             jewelry, vehicles, and other personal effects as identified
             on Exhibit “A” to the Final Decree of Divorce.

5.     With the exception of the three pieces of real estate listed above
       under paragraph 4(a)(b)&(c), all remaining assets were divided
       between the parties by agreement as evidenced by Exhibit “A”
       to the Final Decree of Divorce.

....

Findings of Fact - Division of the Marital Estate - Reimbursement
Claims

7.     CYNTHIA . . . was entitled to an equitable reimbursement claim
       in the amount of $813,988.71.

8.     In order to effectuate a just and right division of the marital estate
       and in order to satisfy a portion of CYNTHIA[’s] . . . above
       noted reimbursement claim, the real property identified
       hereinabove under paragraph 4(a)(b)&(c), being worth less than
       said reimbursement claim, was awarded to CYNTHIA . . . .

Division of the Marital Estate - Factors Considered in Just and Right
Division

9.     The Court took into consideration the following factors in
       making a determination of a just and right division:

       a.    The value of the community assets;

       b.    The contributions made by each party’s separate estate for
             the payment of unsecured liabilities;




                                     8
       c.    The value of the capital improvements made to
             community assets and paid for by a party’s separate
             estate’s contributions;

       d.    The assets being received by each party and the value
             thereof;

       e.    The amount of the reimbursement claim awarded to the
             separate Estate of Cynthia . . . ;

       f.    [Henry’s] allegations that [Cynthia] had participated in an
             extramarital affair;

       g.    The spouses’ abilities to support themselves;

       h.    The expenses paid by each party’s separate estate to
             maintain community property while the case was pending;

       i.    The length of the marriage; and

       j.    The nature of the marital property.

Other Findings of Fact

10.    In order to accomplish a just and right division of property and
       in order to satisfy a portion of CYNTHIA[’s] . . . reimbursement
       claim, after considering the evidence presented at trial, the value
       of the property awarded to each party, the amount of each party’s
       reimbursement claim, if any, a judgment in the amount of
       $16,994.35 was awarded to CYNTHIA . . . against HENRY . . . .

....

Conclusions of Law - Division of Marital Estate - Reimbursement

5.     The separate estate of CYNTHIA . . . has a valid reimbursement
       claim pursuant to section 3.401 of the Texas Family Code.




                                    9
      6.     As part of a just and right division of the assets and liabilities of
             the marriage, CYNTHIA . . . is awarded a claim for
             reimbursement in the amount of $813,988.71.

      Conclusions of Law – Other

      7.     As part of a just and right division of the assets and liabilit[ies]
             of the marriage, CYNTHIA . . . is awarded the real property
             described hereinabove under paragraph 4(a)(b)&(c).

      8.     As part of a just and right division of the assets and liabilities of
             the marriage, CYNTHIA . . . is awarded a judgment against
             HENRY . . . in the amount of $16,994.35 . . . .

      At Henry’s request, the trial court issued the following Additional Findings of

Fact and Conclusions of Law:

      Additional Findings of Fact

      ....

      2.     In HENRY[’s] . . . second and third requests for additional
             findings of fact, [he] requests that the court make certain findings
             regarding the Real Property described in paragraph 4(a)(b) and
             (c) of the court’s original findings of fact and conclusions of
             law. . . .

             a.    that the real property identified under paragraph
                   4(a)(b)&(c) of the court’s original findings of fact and
                   conclusions of law had a value of $780,000.00.

             b.    that said real property was a community asset during the
                   marriage.

      3.     In HENRY[’s] . . . fourth request for additional findings of fact,
             [he] requests that the court make additional findings regarding
             the reimbursement claim of CYNTHIA . . . .




                                          10
            a.     that CYNTHIA . . . met her burden in proving that she had
                   a valid and enforceable reimbursement claim[] pursuant to
                   the Texas Family Code.

            b.     that CYNTHIA . . . presented credible evidence, both
                   testimonial and documentary, to support her claim and that
                   this court relied on said evidence in making its original
                   findings.

            c.     that the court considered all of the legal and factual
                   challenges submitted by HENRY . . . in making its
                   original findings.

      4.    In HENRY[’s] . . . fifth request for additional findings of fact,
            [he] request[s] that the court make additional findings regarding
            a just and right division of the marital estate. Pursuant to this
            request, the court submits the following additional findings of
            fact:

            a.     The court considered all of the evidence submitted at the
                   time of trial in making a just and right division of the
                   marital estate, including HENRY[’s] . . . allegations of
                   fault.

            b.     The court did not find that either party had wasted assets
                   or committed fraud.

                               Standard of Review

      Most of the appealable issues in a family-law case, including property division

incident to divorce, are evaluated for an abuse of discretion. Reddick v. Reddick,

450 S.W.3d 182, 187 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.); Moroch v.

Collins, 174 S.W.3d 849, 857 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied). A trial court

abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably, or without any

reference to guiding rules and principles. Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109


                                         11
(Tex. 1990). The trial court is afforded broad discretion in dividing the community

estate, and we must indulge every reasonable presumption in favor of the trial court’s

proper exercise of its discretion. Murff v. Murff, 615 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. 1981);

In re Marriage of C.A.S. & D.P.S., 405 S.W.3d 373, 384 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013,

no pet.).

      In family-law cases, legal- and factual-sufficiency challenges do not

constitute independent grounds for asserting error, but are relevant factors in

determining whether the trial court abused its discretion. Moroch, 174 S.W.3d at

857. To determine whether a trial court abused its discretion because the evidence

is legally or factually insufficient to support its decision, we consider whether the

trial court (1) had sufficient evidence upon which to exercise its discretion and

(2) erred in its application of that discretion. Id. We conduct the applicable

sufficiency review when considering the first prong of the test. Id. We then

determine whether, based on the evidence, the trial court made a reasonable decision.

Id. Stated another way, the party challenging the trial court’s characterization of

property must first establish error by challenging the legal or factual sufficiency of

the evidence to support the property’s characterization and must then show that

because of the mischaracterization, the trial court abused its discretion. See Viera v.

Viera, 331 S.W.3d 195, 207 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.). A trial court does




                                          12
not abuse its discretion if there is some evidence of a substantive and probative

character to support the decision. Moroch, 174 S.W.3d at 857.

                                 Motion to Strike

      As an initial matter, we address Cynthia’s “Motion to Strike [Henry’s]

Supplemental Appendices and Any Reference to those Supplemental Appendices in

[His] Brief,” in which she argues that certain documents “attached to [Henry’s] brief

as supplemental appendices . . . are not a part of the formal appellate record” and

cannot be considered by the Court. The attachment of documents as exhibits or

appendices to briefs does not constitute formal inclusion of such documents in the

record for appeal, and we cannot consider matters outside of the record in our review.

Robb v. Horizon Cmtys. Improvement Ass’n, 417 S.W.3d 585, 589 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2013, no pet.); Becon Mgmt. & Gen. Contracting, Inc. v. Boyer, Inc., 178

S.W.3d 198, 210–11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

      Accordingly, we grant Cynthia’s motion to the extent that she requests that

we not consider matters outside of the appellate record and strike the portions of

Henry’s appendices containing such matters as well as any references to matters

outside of the record that are contained in Henry’s briefs. See Crossley v. Staley,

988 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1999, no pet.) (granting motion to strike

documents outside of record contained in appendix to brief and references in brief

to such documents); Siefkas v. Siefkas, 902 S.W.2d 72, 74 (Tex. App.—El Paso



                                         13
1995, no writ) (“Material outside the record that is improperly included in or

attached to a party’s brief may be stricken.”).

                                Mischaracterization

      In his first issue, Henry argues that the trial court erred in “mischaracterizing

the assets of the marital estate” because “disputed evidence was presented” and

Cynthia “failed to provide legally and factually sufficient evidence to prove, by clear

and convincing evidence, the separate character of the property she claimed, and did

not rebut the community presumption.”

      Community property consists of all property, other than separate property,

acquired by either spouse during the marriage. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.002

(Vernon 2006). Property possessed by either spouse during or on dissolution of

marriage is presumed to be community property. Id. § 3.003(a) (Vernon 2006).

      Separate property includes “property owned or claimed by the spouse before

marriage” and “property acquired by the spouse during marriage by gift, devise, or

descent.” Id. § 3.001 (Vernon 2006); see also TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 15. The

characterization of property as “separate” or “community” is determined by its

character at inception. Leax v. Leax, 305 S.W.3d 22, 33 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); McClary v. Thompson, 65 S.W.3d 829, 834 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied). Inception of title is the time at which a party first has




                                          14
a right of claim to the property by virtue of which title is finally vested. Smith v.

Smith, 22 S.W.3d 140, 145 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.).

      To overcome the community-property presumption, a party claiming marital

property as separate property must prove the claim with clear and convincing

evidence. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.003(b). “Clear and convincing evidence” is

defined as the “measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier

of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be

established.” Id. § 101.007 (Vernon 2014) (internal quotations omitted); see Garza

v. Garza, 217 S.W.3d 538, 548 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, no pet.).

      In general, mere testimony that property is separate property, without any

tracing, is insufficient to rebut the community presumption. Zagorski v. Zagorski,

116 S.W.3d 309, 316 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). Tracing

involves establishing the separate origin of the property through evidence showing

the time and means by which the spouse originally obtained possession of the

property. Smith, 22 S.W.3d at 144. When an asset is purchased during marriage

with funds traceable solely to a spouse’s separate estate, the asset may be

appropriately characterized as separate property. Phillips v. Phillips, 296 S.W.3d

656, 674 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, pet. denied).

      At trial, Cynthia testified that the value of her separate property, comprised of

annual monetary gifts from her parents, “distributions from [her] mother’s bypass



                                         15
trust,” and “distributions from [her] father’s estate,” was $1,227,300.94. Her parents

began giving her “monetary annual gifts” in 1995, stating at $5000 and increasing

over time. When her mother passed away in 2001, Cynthia became a beneficiary of

a bypass trust created by her mother and then received disbursements from the trust.

And after her father passed away in 2007, Cynthia received distributions from his

estate. According to Cynthia, “[a]ll of [her] separate property” came “solely from

[her] mom and dad.” Typically, she placed the money that she received from her

parents in her separate bank account, although it occasionally ended up in her and

Henry’s joint bank account.

      During Cynthia’s testimony, the trial court admitted into evidence a tracing

spreadsheet, Petitioner’s Exhibit 6, which shows the date and the amount of each

monetary gift, trust disbursement, or estate distribution that Cynthia received during

the marriage. The spreadsheet also shows the account or entity into which the money

was deposited or distributed.8 Cynthia explained that she created the spreadsheet by

using “bank statements,” “canceled checks,” “deposits,” and “a reconciliation and

gift tax returns from [her] parent[s’] trust returns from the estate executor.”




8
      Petitioner’s Exhibit 6 also shows the dates and amounts of the monetary gifts that
      Henry received from Cynthia’s parents during his and Cynthia’s marriage—
      amounts, which Henry did not challenge at trial, and gifts, which he claims are his
      separate property.


                                          16
      As previously noted, a spouse’s separate property consists of the property

acquired during marriage by gift, devise, or descent.         TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 3.001(2); see also TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 15; Benavides v. Mathis, 433 S.W.3d

59, 61–62, 67 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. denied) (holding distributions

from family trust husband’s separate property); Bush v. Bush, 336 S.W.3d 722, 743

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (“Property that is given as a

gift . . . is separate property.”); Huval v. Huval, No. 09-06-023 CV, 2007 WL

1793771, at *1 n.4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont June 21, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(“[P]roperty acquired by inheritance is separate property.”).

      Accordingly, we hold that Cynthia has overcome the community-property

presumption and established through clear and convincing evidence the value of her

separate property in the amount of $1,227,300.94.

      We overrule Henry’s first issue.9

                             Valuation of the Property

      In his second issue, Henry argues that the trial court erred in valuing the

property because it based its valuation determination on an “out of court appraisal”

and “disregard[ed] the appraisal evidence [presented at trial] and the testimony of

[his] expert witness.”


9
      To the extent that Henry’s argument about the trial court’s purported
      “mischaracteriz[ation] [of] the assets of the marital estate” relates to Cynthia’s
      reimbursement claim and his third issue, we address it below. See infra.


                                          17
      Cynthia testified that on February 21, 2011 Hendricks Appraisal Services

conducted an appraisal of the property and valued the property at $850,000. And

the trial court, without objection, admitted into evidence a copy of the Hendricks

appraisal. Goebel testified that Henry hired him to appraise the property, and he

opined that the value of the property on April 23, 2012 was $1,200,000. And the

trial court, without objection, admitted into evidence a copy of the Goebel appraisal.

      Following trial, but before entry of the trial court’s final divorce decree, Ed

Gray and Associates conducted a third appraisal (the “third appraisal”) on June 14,

2013, and it valued the property at $780,000. The record does not reveal at whose

behest the third appraisal was conducted. However, the trial court attached the third

appraisal to its final divorce decree in which it awarded the property to Cynthia to

satisfy a portion of her reimbursement claim. And the trial court, in its Additional

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, found that the property had “a value of

$780,000.00.”

      Henry asserts that the trial court “abused its discretion in determining [the]

value of the property” “based on [the] out of court appraisal,” i.e., the third appraisal,

and it “arbitrarily disregard[ed] the appraisal evidence [presented at trial] and the

testimony of [his] expert witness.”

      Henry, however, does not provide this Court with any argument supporting

his assertions. In his brief, he does not include any explanation as to how or why



                                           18
the trial court’s consideration of the third appraisal constituted an abuse of discretion

or was otherwise improper. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i) (appellate brief “must contain

a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to

authorities and to the record”); see also Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d

181, 184–85 (Tex. 1978) (explaining pro se litigants held to same standards as

licensed attorneys and required to comply with applicable laws and rules of

procedure); Hopes-Fontenot v. Farmers New World Life Ins. Co., No. 01-12-00286-

CV, 2013 WL 4399218, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 15, 2013, no

pet.) (mem. op.) (pro se litigant must properly present his case). Henry also does

not explain or support his assertion that the trial court “arbitrarily disregard[ed]” the

appraisal evidence that he and Cynthia presented at trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).

      A party who fails to adequately brief a complaint waives his issue on appeal.

Washington. v. Bank of N.Y., 362 S.W.3d 853, 854–55 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no

pet.); see also Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284–

85 (Tex. 1994). Simply put, bare assertions of error, like the ones found in Henry’s

brief, are not enough. Washington, 362 S.W.3d at 854; see also Thompson v. HSBC

Bank USA, No. 01-14-00589-CV, 2015 WL 3981799, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] June 30, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (issue waived where appellants did not

“present[] a cogent argument to support [their] issue”); Sullivan v. Bickel & Brewer,




                                           19
943 S.W.2d 477, 486 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, writ denied) (appellant waived

points not supported by argument and authority).

      Further, we note that in a bench trial, a trial court may permit additional

evidence to be offered “at any time” when “necessary to the due administration of

justice.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 270; Moore v. Jet Stream Invs., Ltd., 315 S.W.3d 195, 201

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. denied). The decision to reopen the evidence is

within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned on appeal,

absent an abuse of discretion. Universal Health Sys., Inc. v. Thompson, 24 S.W.3d

570, 580 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.). Notably, trial courts are implored to

exercise their discretion liberally in the interest of justice, so that all parties are

permitted to fully develop their case. In re Hawk, 5 S.W.3d 874, 876–77 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.); Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.

Church, Inc. v. Oechsner, 669 S.W.2d 364, 366–67 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1984, no

writ). In determining whether to permit additional evidence, a court should consider

whether: (1) the moving party showed due diligence in obtaining evidence; (2) the

proffered evidence is decisive; (3) the reception of such evidence will cause undue

delay; and (4) granting the motion to reopen evidence will cause injustice. Poag v.

Flories, 317 S.W.3d 820, 828 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. denied); In re

Hawk, 5 S.W.3d at 877.




                                          20
      Although the record does not reveal the circumstances surrounding the

procurement of the third appraisal, it appears from the parties’ briefing that the trial

court may have sua sponte ordered the third appraisal, prior to its entry of the final

divorce decree. Rule 270 does not require a motion by a party to reopen evidence;

a trial court may do so on its own. See Holden v. Holden, 456 S.W.3d 642, 649–50

(Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, no pet.) (nothing “prevent[s] a trial court from reopening

the evidence sua sponte”); Brazell v. Brazell, No. 04-13-00491-CV, 2014 WL

1871361, at *1–4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 7, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(after holding hearing in divorce proceeding, “trial court recalled the parties and

requested additional evidence,” which it then considered).

      Here, the additional evidence, i.e., the third appraisal, was decisive and did

not result in any undue delay or injustice; thus, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in considering it in determining the value of the property.10 See Naguib

v. Naguib, 137 S.W.3d 367, 372–73 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied) (trial

court has duty to grant motion to offer additional evidence where evidence decisive,

no undue delay or injustice, and due diligence present); see also Brazell, 2014 WL

1871361, at *4 (“The additional evidence was decisive and did not cause injustice



10
      In regard to the third appraisal, Henry does not assert a lack of due diligence or
      decisiveness, undue delay, or injustice. See Poag v. Flories, 317 S.W.3d 820, 828
      (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. denied); In re Hawk, 5 S.W.3d 874, 877 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.).


                                          21
because without it, the trial court could not have correctly calculated [wife’s] interest

in [husband’s] monthly annuity payment.”).

      Further, to the extent that Henry complains that the trial court relied on the

third appraisal, rather than either the Hendricks appraisal or the Goebel appraisal,

we note that in a bench trial, the trial court, as the fact finder, determines the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight of evidence and is tasked with resolving

any conflicts and inconsistencies in the evidence. See Sw. Bell Media, Inc. v. Lyles,

825 S.W.2d 488, 493 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied); see also

Bush, 336 S.W.3d at 744 (“When there is conflicting evidence, it is the province of

the trier of fact to resolve such conflicts.”). And we will not disturb the trial court’s

resolution of evidentiary conflicts that turn on credibility determinations or the

weight of the evidence. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 819 (Tex. 2005);

see also Haining v. Haining, No. 01-08-00091-CV, 2010 WL 1240752, at *14 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 25, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“We are not

permitted to interfere with the factfinders’s resolutions of conflicts in the evidence

or to pass on the weight or credibility of a witness’s testimony.”).

      The trial court heard testimony about two appraisals and had before it three

appraisals, each of which valued the property differently. In matters involving

factual disputes, a trial court does not abuse its discretion “if it bases its decision on

conflicting evidence and some evidence supports its decision.” See Unifund CCR



                                           22
Partners v. Villa, 299 S.W.3d 92, 97 (Tex. 2009); see also Fannin v. Fereday, No.

01-13-00951-CV, 2015 WL 4463694, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July

21, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“The trial court could have reasonably chosen to

believe [defendant’s] evidence . . . and to disregard [plaintiff’s] evidence.”).

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in reopening the evidence and

relying on the third appraisal in determining the value of the property.

      We overrule Henry’s second issue.

                                   Reimbursement

      In his third issue, Henry argues that the trial court erred in finding in favor of

Cynthia on her reimbursement claim “in the amount of $813,988.71” because she

failed to “adequately trace the property she claimed as her separate property,”

“provide legally and factually sufficient evidence to prove” “the identity of

contributions to the community [estate],” and “provide legally and factually

sufficient evidence to prove” “the enhancement in value of the marital real property

improvements due to the contribution of her claimed separate property.” And he

asserts that the trial court “did not identify and value [certain] offsets to [Cynthia’s]

reimbursement claim.”

      Reimbursement is an equitable right that arises when the funds or assets of

one estate are used to benefit and enhance another estate without itself receiving

some benefit. Barras v. Barras, 396 S.W.3d 154, 173 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th



                                           23
Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). Reimbursement claims are governed by Texas Family

Code section 3.402 and can arise from a variety of expenditures or contributions.

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.402(a) (Vernon Supp. 2015) (identifying nine

categories of expenditures included within meaning                of “a claim for

reimbursement”); Barras, 396 S.W.3d at 173.

      In a claim for reimbursement, the trial court determines the rights of the parties

and applies equitable principles to decide whether to recognize the claim after

considering the parties’ relative circumstances and, in appropriate circumstances,

order a division of the claim in a just and right manner. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 7.007 (Vernon Supp. 2015); Barras, 396 S.W.3d at 173. Because a trial court

resolves claims for reimbursement under equitable principles, such claims may be

offset against each other where appropriate. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.402(b);

Barras, 396 S.W.3d at 173. The party claiming the right of reimbursement has the

burden of pleading and proving that she made expenditures that are reimbursable.

Barras, 396 S.W.3d at 174; see also Roberts v. Roberts, 402 S.W.3d 833, 838 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.) (“A spouse seeking reimbursement must establish

that the contribution was made by one marital estate to another, that the contribution

was reimbursable, and the value of the contribution.”). “A trial court’s discretion in

evaluating a claim for reimbursement is equally as broad as that discretion exercised

by a trial court in making a just and right division of the community estate.” Barras,



                                          24
396 S.W.3d at 173–74. In reviewing the trial court’s actions, we presume that the

trial court properly exercised its discretion. Roberts, 402 S.W.3d at 838.

      In regard to Henry’s assertion that Cynthia “failed to adequately trace” her

separate-property funds expended on community assets, we note that a spouse

making a claim for reimbursement on behalf of a separate estate “must prove by

clear and convincing evidence that the funds expended on behalf of the community

estate were separate funds.” Hinton v. Burns, 433 S.W.3d 189, 196 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2014, no pet.).

      The presumption that property possessed by either spouse on dissolution of

the marriage is community is rebuttable and overcome by evidence that a specified

item of property is the separate property of one spouse or the other. Id. Because the

presumption is rebuttable, the general rule is that, to discharge the burden imposed

by the statute, a spouse must trace and clearly identify property claimed as separate

property. Id. The burden of tracing is a difficult, but not impossible, burden to

sustain. Id. Tracing involves establishing the separate origin of the property through

evidence showing the time and means by which the spouse originally obtained

possession of the property. Id.; Smith, 22 S.W.3d at 144.

      Cynthia claimed reimbursement for contributions made                   with her

separate-property funds to the community estate in the amount of $1,266,315.96.

The trial court, however, did not render judgment for her in this amount. Instead, it



                                         25
awarded her a total of $813,988.71 on her reimbursement claim. Therefore, to

uphold the trial court’s judgment, we must determine whether Cynthia proved by

clear and convincing evidence that she contributed $813,988.71 from her

separate-property funds to the community estate. See Hinton, 433 S.W.3d at 196.

      We have already held that Cynthia met her burden of establishing the value

of her separate property, which consisted of annual monetary gifts from her parents,

disbursements from a bypass trust following her mother’s death, and distributions

from her father’s estate, as $1,227,300.94.11 The trial court admitted into evidence

Cynthia’s tracing spreadsheet, Petitioner’s Exhibit 6, in which she clearly delineated

all of the community’s expenses, including $1,685,887.97 that was spent on the

purchase and development of the property.12 Cynthia testified that in preparing the

spreadsheet, she applied the “community out first” rule. See Zagorski, 116 S.W.3d

at 319–20 (under community-out-first rule, “we presume the community funds are

drawn out first, before separate funds are withdrawn”). Using this method, the

community property estate ran “out of money” on May 30, 2007. At that point,



11
      We note that Henry admitted at trial that the value of Cynthia’s separate property
      was “approximately” $890,000—an amount higher than that awarded by the trial
      court to Cynthia on her reimbursement claim. See Salinas v. Salinas, No. 13-10-
      00279-CV, 2011 WL 3846545, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 30, 2011,
      pet. denied) (mem. op.) (husband’s admission wife received $50,000 from sale of
      her inherited property “abrogated the necessity of further proof”).
12
      Cynthia testified that the total cost of acquiring and developing the property was
      $1,685,887.97.


                                          26
Cynthia then began allocating “expenses proportionately” between her and Henry,

with each paying half of the community expenditures with their separate-property

funds. Henry’s “separate[-]property [funds] r[an] out [on] August 6, 2007, and at

that point, . . . [her] separate property [began solely] pay[ing] for everything, house

building, living expenses, extraordinary expenses, everything.”

          Cynthia further testified that she contributed “$871,000 of [her] own

separate[-]property” funds to the purchase and development of the property. 13 Our

own review of the tracing spreadsheet, Petitioner’s Exhibit 6, shows that Cynthia

contributed $875,061.64 of her separate-property funds to the purchase and

development of property.            In any event, the trial court awarded Cynthia

$813,988.71—less than that testified to by Cynthia or revealed in Petitioner’s

Exhibit 6—finding that she was “entitled to an equitable reimbursement claim” in

this amount. Cynthia’s testimony, supported by Petitioner’s Exhibit 6, is sufficient

to establish by clear and convincing evidence that she, as found by the trial court,

expended $813,988.71 from her separate-property funds on behalf of the community

estate.

          In regard to Cynthia’s reimbursement claim of $296,236.54 for a “Payment

of American Express Unsecured Liability,” Henry asserts that she failed to identify


13
          Another spreadsheet, Petitioner’s Exhibit 11, admitted into evidence at trial, shows
          that Cynthia contributed $871,431.33 of her separate-property funds to the purchase
          and development of the property.


                                               27
the “unsecured liabilities” for which she requested reimbursement. In essence, he

asserts that she failed to prove that the $296,236.54 “American Express” payment

was a reimbursable expenditure. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.402(a) (identifying

nine categories of reimbursable expenditures).

      In addition to reimbursement for the $296,236.54 “Payment of American

Express    Unsecured     Liability,”   Cynthia    sought    reimbursement      for:

(1) “Enhancement in Value of [the Property]” in the amount of $921,457.28;

(2) “Payment of 2006 Real Estate Taxes” in the amount of $6,340.57; (3) “Payment

of 2010 Real Estate Taxes” in the amount of $12,195.27; (4) “Payment of 2011 Real

Estate Taxes” in the amount of $12,574.65; (5) “Accrued 2012 Real Estate Taxes”

in the amount of $9,865.00; (6) “2009 Federal Income Taxes” in the amount of

$3,721.65; and (7) “2010 Federal Income Taxes” in the amount of $3,925.00. In

total, as noted previously, Cynthia sought reimbursement in the amount of

$1,266,315.96.

      Notably though, the trial court awarded Cynthia only $813,988.71 on her

reimbursement claim—$452,327.25 less than she requested.           Henry has not

challenged any of the other above-listed reimbursement expenditures as

non-reimbursable, and he has not asserted that Cynthia failed to meet her burden in

regard to them. Together, the value of the other non-challenged expenditures is

higher than the reimbursement amount that the trial court actually awarded to



                                        28
Cynthia. Thus, we need not address whether Cynthia met her burden of establishing

that the $296,236.54 “Payment of American Express Unsecured Liability” was a

reimbursable expenditure. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; McClenahan v. McClenahan,

No. 04-10-00114-CV, 2011 WL 1303253, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 6,

2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding court need not decide whether credit-card claim

reimbursable where appellant did not challenge validity of other reimbursement

claims).

      In regard to Henry’s assertion that the trial court “failed to measure and value

offsets to [Cynthia’s] reimbursement claim,” he specifically claims that any

reimbursement to Cynthia should have been “offset” by “a S160 Bobcat, attachments

and trailer, [and] two Wave Runners and trailer,” which she “kept in [her]

possession,” “[p]ayments of K1 Trust and Estate Taxes . . . made by [her],” and

“[p]ayment of legal expenses made by [her] relat[ed] to her issues with her siblings

regarding the disposition of [her] father’s estate.”14


14
      In another portion of his brief, Henry asserts that the trial court did not “account[]
      for the obvious offsets to [Cynthia’s] reimbursement claim,” including:
             1.     Her “use and enjoyment of the real property and
                    improvements”;
             2.     Henry’s “time and physical labor contributed to the
                    improvements”;
             3.     “Items that [Cynthia] has kept in her possession and retained
                    as her personal property”;
             4.     “K1 and other taxes resulting from [Cynthia’s] gifts and
                    inheritance”; and


                                            29
      However, if Henry sought any offsets to Cynthia’s claim for reimbursement,

he was required to prove them at trial. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.402(e); Barras,

396 S.W.3d at 177. Specifically, the Texas Family Code provides: “The party

seeking an offset to a claim for reimbursement has the burden of proof with respect

to the offset.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.402(e).

      Henry did not assert at trial that he was entitled to an offset of Cynthia’s

reimbursement claim based on the above, and he wholly failed to present any

evidence “show[ing] the existence of, and his . . . entitlement to, . . . such offsets” or

“their amounts.” See Barras, 396 S.W.3d at 177. In other words, Henry simply did

not meet his burden in regard to his claimed offsets, and the trial court did not err in

not considering them when awarding Cynthia $813,988.71 on her reimbursement

claim. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.402(e).

      Finally, Henry asserts that although Cynthia sought reimbursement in the

amount of $921,457.28 for “Enhancement in Value of [the Property],” she failed to

provide evidence “to support” such an enhancement value. After performing various

mathematical calculations in his brief, he claims that the correct enhancement value

for the property is $159,888.




             5.     Cynthia’s “legal expenses regarding her issues with her brother
                    and sister regarding [her] father’s estate.”


                                           30
      Although Cynthia sought reimbursement in the amount of $921,457.28 for

“Enhancement in Value of [the Property],” the trial court, as noted above, awarded

Cynthia only $813,988.71 on her reimbursement claim. In its Additional Findings

of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the trial court found that Cynthia had “met her

burden in proving that she had a valid and enforceable reimbursement claim[]

pursuant to the Texas Family Code” and “presented credible evidence, both

testimonial and documentary, to support her claim.”

      Cynthia sought a total of $1,266,315.96 for reimbursement of eight separate

expenditures, including the “Enhancement in Value of [the Property].” In awarding

Cynthia only $813,988.71 on her reimbursement claim, the trial court did not break

down the amounts that it awarded for each separate expenditure for which Cynthia

sought reimbursement. Without such a break down, this Court has no way of

knowing exactly how the trial court calculated its reimbursement award of

$813,988.71. However, we must presume that it acted appropriately, including in

its calculation of any “Enhancement in Value” for which Cynthia was entitled to

reimbursement. See Langan v. Langan, No. 14-12-01134-CV, 2014 WL 3051216,

at *8–10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 3, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (trial

court did not abuse its discretion where nothing in record “stat[ed] what

reimbursement claims the trial court awarded or refused”); Mize v. Mize, No. 2-08-

163-CV, 2009 WL 279335, at *9 (Tex. App.—Tyler Feb. 5, 2009, no pet.) (mem.



                                       31
op.) (appellate court presumed trial court “applied the appropriate formulas in

arriving at its number” where it awarded $24,677, but provided no breakdown);

Zieba v. Martin, 928 S.W.3d 782, 787–89 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996,

no writ) (trial court did not abuse its discretion where not clear from record “how

the trial court determined the reimbursement amount”).

      Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in awarding Cynthia

$813,988.71 on her reimbursement claim.

      We overrule Henry’s third issue.

                               Disproportionate Share

      In his fourth issue,15 Henry argues that the trial court erred in not awarding

him a disproportionate share of the marital estate because it was “presented with

evidence, testimonial and documentary, of [Cynthia’s] extramarital affair and [his]

attempts to reconcile after [his] discover[y] [of] the affair.”16


15
      Much of Henry’s discussion in his fourth issue amounts to nothing more than a
      repetition of the same arguments that he advances in regard to the above issues. See
      supra. We need not further address Henry’s repeated arguments. See TEX. R. APP.
      P. 47.1. Further, having overruled his first, second, and third issues, we reject
      Henry’s contention that the trial court’s purported errors, “described” by him in his
      first, second, and third issues, rendered its division of the marital estate “manifestly
      unjust and unfair.”
16
      Henry also argues that “[t]he trial court was presented with evidence, testimonial
      and documentary, of several checks drawn on [Cynthia’s father’s] . . . accounts that
      were signed by [Cynthia] with [her father’s] forged signature.” However, he does
      not explain how this allegation relates in any way to the trial court’s purported error
      in not awarding him a disproportionate share of the marital estate. See TEX. R. APP.
      P. 38.1(i).


                                             32
      In a divorce decree, a trial court shall order a division of the parties’ estate in

a manner that it deems just and right, having due regard for the rights of each party.

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 7.001 (Vernon 2006); In re Marriage of C.A.S., 405 S.W.3d

at 384. A trial court has wide latitude and discretion in dividing the community

estate of the parties upon dissolution of their marriage. Vallone v. Vallone, 644

S.W.2d 455, 460 (Tex. 1983); In re Marriage of C.A.S., 405 S.W.3d at 384.

      The property division need not be equal, and a trial court may consider many

factors when exercising its broad discretion in dividing marital property. In re

Marriage of C.A.S., 405 S.W.3d at 384. For instance, a trial court may consider: the

nature of the property; the relative earning capacity and business opportunities of the

parties; the parties’ relative financial conditions and obligations; the parties’

educations; the size of the separate estates; the age, health, and physical conditions

of the parties; fault in breaking up the marriage; the benefit the innocent spouse

would have received had the marriage continued; and the probable need for future

support. See Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 699; In re Marriage of C.A.S., 405 S.W.3d at

384. Mathematical precision in dividing property in a divorce is usually not

possible. Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 700. However, a disproportionate division must be

supported by some reasonable basis. Smith v. Smith, 143 S.W.3d 206, 214 (Tex.

App.—Waco 2004, no pet.). Notably, the party complaining of the division of the

community estate has the burden of showing from the evidence in the record that the



                                          33
trial court’s division of the community estate was so unjust and unfair as to constitute

an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of C.A.S., 405 S.W.3d at 384.

      We note that a trial court may grant a divorce on the ground that one spouse

has committed adultery.      See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 6.003 (Vernon 2006).

However, it is within a trial court’s discretion to choose between non-fault and

fault-based reasons when deciding the grounds on which to grant a divorce. Baker

v. Baker, 469 S.W.3d 269, 279–80 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.);

see also Clay v. Clay, 550 S.W.2d 730, 734 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1977, no writ).

      Here, Cynthia pleaded insupportability as a ground for divorce. She testified

that her and Henry’s “marriage [had] become insupportable due to discord or conflict

that [had] destroy[ed] the legitimate ends of the marriage” and there was “[n]o”

chance of reconciliation. Cynthia and Henry had been “having marital problems,”

they “had not had a close marital relationship,” and their relationship had

“deteriorate[d] . . . over the previous 12 years.” She and Henry had “discussed

divorce” prior to their separation, “didn’t speak very much,” “didn’t seem to have a

lot of activities in common,” and could not “find happiness.” Moreover, according

to Cynthia, Henry’s “[d]rinking” “threatened [their] relationship.”

      The trial court specifically found that the marriage “ha[d] become

insupportable because of discord or conflict of personalities that destroy[ed] the



                                          34
legitimate ends of the marital relationship and prevent[ed] any reasonable

expectation of reconciliation.” And there is sufficient evidence to support the trial

court’s finding of insupportability.17 Cf. Lisk v. Lisk, No. 01-04-00105-CV, 2005

WL 1704768, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 21, 2005, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (holding some evidence of probative nature to support trial court’s decision to

grant divorce on grounds of insupportability). Although there is evidence that

Cynthia had a “relationship” with another man, the trial court was not required to

grant the divorce on the ground of adultery. See Applewhite v. Applewhite, No. 02-

12-00445-CV, 2014 WL 787828, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 27, 2014,

no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding trial court did not err in granting divorce on basis of

insupportability rather than adultery); Lisk, 2005 WL 1704768, at *5 (“Husband’s

admission to an affair does not mean the trial court was required to grant Wife the

divorce on the grounds of adultery . . . .”); see also Baker, 469 S.W.3d at 279–80

(trial court did not err in granting divorce solely on basis of insupportability and not

cruelty). Because the trial court had sufficient evidence to grant the divorce on the

ground of insupportability, and was not required to grant the divorce on the ground

of alleged adultery, it did not err in granting a no-fault based divorce.               See

Applewhite, 2014 WL 787828, at *1–2; Lisk, 2005 WL 1704768, at *5.



17
      Henry does not assert that there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s
      finding of insupportability.


                                            35
      Further, in regard to the trial court’s property division, we note that, contrary

to Henry’s assertion, the trial court did actually consider “[Henry’s] allegations that

[Cynthia] had participated in an extramarital affair” when it “determin[ed] . . . a just

and right division” of the marital estate. Notably though, the trial court was not

obligated to award Henry a disproportionate share of the marital estate on account

of Cynthia’s purported affair. See Stafford v. Stafford, 726 S.W.2d 14, 16 (Tex.

1987) (holding trial court not required to divide estate disproportionately simply

because husband committed adultery); Logsdon v. Logsdon, No. 02-14-00045-CV,

2015 WL 7690034, at *8–9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 25, 2015, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (“While the trial court granted the divorce partially on the ground of adultery

by Husband,” “no requirement exists that this fact[] [would] result in a

disproportionate property division in favor of Wife.”); Lisk, 2005 WL 1704768, at

*6 (holding trial court did not err in “not granting [wife] a more disproportionate

share of the community estate” where evidence of husband’s affair uncontested).

      Fault is just one “of the many factors a trial court should consider when

dividing a marital estate.” Stafford, 726 S.W.2d at 16; see also Murff, 615 S.W.2d

at 699. And, here, the trial court made clear that it considered numerous factors,

including the purported affair, when it determined “a just and right division” of

Cynthia and Henry’s marital estate.18 Cf. Lisk, 2005 WL 1704768, at *6 (trial court

18
      Specifically, the trial court stated that it considered the following:


                                             36
“looked beyond” affair and disparity in income factors and “also considered the

amount of income Wife would receive . . . , the earning capacity she enjoyed from

her advanced degrees, her good health, Husband’s assumption of the community’s

tax liability, and the age and health of the children[,] when making what it considered

to be a just and right division of the marital estate”).

      We conclude that the trial court’s division of the marital estate was not so

unjust and unfair as to constitute an abuse of discretion.19 Accordingly, we hold that




             a.     “The value of the community assets”;
             b.     “The contributions made by each party’s separate estate for the
                    payment of unsecured liabilities”;
             c.     “The value of the capital improvements made to community
                    assets and paid for by a party’s separate estate’s contributions”;
             d.     “The assets being received by each party and the value
                    thereof”;
             e.     “The amount of the reimbursement claim awarded to the
                    separate Estate of Cynthia . . .”;
             f.     Henry’s “allegations that [Cynthia] had participated in an
                    extramarital affair”;
             g.     “The spouses’ abilities to support themselves”;
             h.     “The expenses paid by each party’s separate estate to maintain
                    community property while the case was pending”;
             i.     “The length of the marriage”; and
             j.     “The nature of the marital property.”
19
      We also note that, with the exception of the property, “all remaining [community]
      assets were divided between the parties by agreement as evidenced by Exhibit ‘A’
      to the Final Decree of Divorce.” Henry does not challenge this agreed-upon division
      of the marital estate.


                                            37
the trial court did not err in not awarding Henry a disproportionate share of the

marital estate.

      We overrule Henry’s fourth issue.

                                      Due Process

      In his fifth issue, Henry argues that the trial court “denied [him] due process

of law” because it “failed to ensure the final disposition of the case within 6 months

from the appearance date”; “ordered the withdrawal of [his] [c]ounsel four days

before entering the Final Decree of Divorce”; “entered the Final Decree of Divorce

four days after ordering the withdrawal of [his] counsel”; “failed to timely file the

[findings of fact and conclusions of law] requested by [him]”; signed Cynthia’s

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law; “failed to timely cause the filed

[findings of fact and conclusions of law] to be mailed” to him; and “failed to set a

hearing on [his] timely Motion for New Trial, or address in any way, [his] [m]otion.”

      Notably, the portion of Henry’s brief devoted to his “due process” issue

contains only a citation to the Texas Constitution20 followed by the above-mentioned

list of the “many times” that he was “denied due process of law.”21




20
      See TEX. CONST. art. I, § 19.
21
      Henry does not address his due-process complaint in his reply brief or respond in
      any way to Cynthia’s arguments in her appellee’s brief regarding this issue.


                                          38
      As previously noted, Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1(i) requires that

an appellant’s brief “contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made,

with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).

“It is [an] appellant’s burden to discuss [his] assertions of error,” and the appellate

court has “no duty—or even right—to perform an independent review of the record

and applicable law to determine whether there was error.” Bullock v. Am. Heart

Ass’n, 360 S.W.3d 661, 665 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet. denied) (issue waived on

appeal where appellant provided “no legal analysis”); see also Barham v. Turner

Constr. Co. of Tex., 803 S.W.2d 731, 740 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1990, writ denied)

(pro se appellant bears burden of discussing his assertions of error). An issue that is

inadequately briefed is waived on appeal. See Fredonia State Bank, 881 S.W.2d at

284–85; Morris v. Am. Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc., 360 S.W.3d 32, 36 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.)

      Here, although Henry presents this Court with a long list of purported trial

court errors, he does not provide any analysis, discussion, or support for his assertion

that such errors amounted to a denial of due process. See Thompson, 2015 WL

3981799, at *3 (issue waived where appellants did not “present[] a cogent argument

to support [their] issue”); Izen v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 322 S.W.3d 308,

321–22 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (brief containing

“conclusory statements, unsupported by legal citations” and no “clear argument”



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inadequate (internal quotations omitted)); see also Henson v. Tex. Health & Human

Servs. Comm’n, No. 03-13-00621-CV, 2015 WL 6830677, at *2 n.4 (Tex. App.—

Austin Nov. 5, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (due process issue inadequately briefed and

waived where appellant “fail[ed] to explain how her rights ha[d] been violated”);

Cruz v. Van Sickle, 452 S.W.3d 503, 512–13 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied)

(due process complaint waived where appellant did “nothing more than reference

certain constitutional provisions”).

      Accordingly, we hold that Henry has waived his due-process issue.

                                       Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court and grant Cynthia’s “Motion to

Strike [Henry’s] Supplemental Appendices and Any Reference to those

Supplemental Appendices in [His] Brief,” to the extent that she requests that we not

consider matters outside of the appellate record and strike the portions of Henry’s

appendices containing such matters as well as any references to matters outside of

the record that are contained in Henry’s briefs.




                                                Terry Jennings
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Keyes, and Bland.




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