         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                             Assigned on Briefs August 6, 2002

       STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHARLES E. DELAPP, JR., A.K.A.
                    CHARLES E. JACKSON, JR.

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lauderdale County
                         No. 7062    Joseph H. Walker III, Judge



                   No. W2001-02370-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 30, 2003


The defendant, Charles E. Delapp, Jr., a.k.a. Charles E. Jackson, Jr., appeals as of right his
conviction by a Lauderdale County Circuit Court jury for reckless aggravated assault, a Class D
felony, and the resulting five-year, six-month sentence. He contends (1) that the evidence is
insufficient to support his conviction and (2) that his sentence is excessive. We affirm the trial
court’s judgment of conviction.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

JOSEPH M. TIPTON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODA LL and JOHN
EVERETT WILLIAMS, JJ., joined.

Gary F. Antrican, District Public Defender; and Julie K. Pillow, Assistant District Public Defender,
for the appellant, Charles E. Delapp, Jr., a.k.a. Charles E. Jackson, Jr.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Peter M. Coughlan, Assistant Attorney General;
Elizabeth T. Rice, District Attorney General; and Tracey A. Brewer, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                            OPINION

         This case arises out of the defendant’s beating of another inmate, Albert Wayne Bishop, in
the Lauderdale County Justice Center. The twenty-three-year-old victim testified that he had been
jailed in Sullivan County for aggravated burglary, theft, and possession of marijuana. He said he and
three others, including the defendant, had been transferred to the Lauderdale County Justice Center.
The victim characterized himself as quiet and said he hardly ever spoke with the defendant. He said
that at one point, the defendant approached David McCracken, the victim’s cousin, who was also
at the Lauderdale County Justice Center, from behind as if the defendant were going to hit
McCracken. The victim said that he jumped from his bunk to aid his cousin and that the defendant
backed off but told the victim he wanted to fight. He said that the defendant continued to say he
wanted to fight for three nights and that one night, the victim overheard the defendant tell his friends
that he was going to stick the victim with a pen while the victim was sleeping. He said that he saw
the defendant get a pen but that the others talked the defendant out of harming him.

        The victim testified that on September 24, 2000, he was sitting by the window and that the
defendant approached him. He said he was paranoid and afraid the defendant would stick him with
a pen. He said he hit the defendant, and they began fighting. He said the fight lasted for about five
minutes, and then they both returned to their respective bunks. He said he considered the fight to
be over at this point. He said about twenty minutes later, he told his cousin that he was leaving and
was on his knees packing his belongings when the defendant kicked him. He said that he did not
try to hit the defendant during the second incident and that he next remembered waking up in the
hospital and being x-rayed. He said he was sent to a hospital in Memphis where he had brain surgery
and remained for two weeks. He said he stayed in the infirmary at a penitentiary for two and one-
half months until the wires and screws were removed from his mouth.

        On cross-examination, the victim agreed that he did not want to be transferred to Lauderdale
County and that he wanted to remain in Sullivan County to be near his family. He acknowledged
that he was currently incarcerated in East Tennessee. He admitted he did not tell the defendant why
he hit the defendant in the first fight but said he thought the defendant was about to do something
to him so he hit the defendant. On redirect examination, he agreed that inmates do not get to choose
where they are incarcerated and denied that he fought with the defendant in order to be sent back to
Sullivan County. He agreed that in both fights, the defendant came to him.

        James R. Taylor, Jr., testified that on September 24, 2000, he was incarcerated at Lauderdale
County Justice Center for criminal trespassing. He said he was lying on his bunk when he saw the
victim hit the defendant in the jaw. He said that they fought for two to three minutes, that the fight
mostly consisted of the defendant and victim holding each other, and that they stopped fighting on
their own. He said that an hour or two later, he overheard the defendant mumble something about
catching the victim in the shower if necessary. He said he overheard some other inmates warn the
victim that he should change cells while he could. He said the victim was squatting by the storage
area under his bunk packing his belongings when Taylor saw the defendant run over to the victim
and kick the victim in the head as if he were kicking a football. He said the victim’s head hit the
storage compartment. He said that the defendant then hit the victim four to six times in the jaw as
the victim lay on the floor and that the victim’s head kept hitting the concrete. He said that he could
hear the victim’s bones cracking and that he told the defendant that the defendant would kill the
victim if he continued.

         On cross-examination, Taylor testified that he also had two or three theft convictions. He
said that he had seen jail fights before but that the victim’s injuries were the worst he had ever seen.
He said inmates mostly argued and yelled rather than fought. He said he had never seen a shank in
the jail. He identified a photograph of cell one, which depicted clothing hanging from the inmates’
bunks. He said he believed the defendant had on headphones before the first fight and was standing
by the window because the reception was better there. He said that during the first fight, the victim


                                                  -2-
and the defendant bumped into the wall several times and were fighting on the floor at one point.
He agreed the defendant’s threat to do something to the victim after the first fight may have been idle
because inmates say things like that all the time. He said that no weapons were involved in the
second fight and that the victim’s head bounced off the floor when the defendant hit him. He said
that after a Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) agent threatened to charge everyone in the back
where the fight occurred, he told the agent what he had seen.

        Michael Cole Beasley testified that on September 24, 2000, he had been incarcerated in unit
one at the Lauderdale County Justice Center for about one month following a forgery conviction,
which was related to drug use. He said he was at a table in the front of the cell playing cards when
a fight broke out in the back. He said that he heard some licks and that everyone ran to the back
corner near the window to see what was happening. He said the defendant and the victim were
fighting and seemed evenly matched. He said the defendant was wearing headphones, the defendant
and the victim became tangled together and held each other, and two inmates pulled them apart. He
said the fight lasted one to two minutes and resulted in the defendant having a small knot on his
head. He said that this was the first fight he had seen in jail and that he did not know why the
defendant and the victim were fighting. He said no shanks or weapons were involved. He said that
after the fight, the defendant and the victim went their separate ways. He said he overheard the
defendant tell Inmate Lewis that the victim hit him unexpectedly and for no reason and that the
defendant was going to get back at the victim.

         Beasley testified that he resumed playing cards and that forty-five minutes to one hour later,
he heard another lick. He said he jumped up and ran over to the victim’s bunk where he saw the
defendant punch the victim eight to ten times in the head, “driving him into the concrete.” He said
that while the defendant was hitting the victim, several inmates told the defendant to stop. He said
the victim was already unconscious when he got there and sounded like he was suffocating on his
own blood. He said he could tell that the victim had some serious medical problems from the
beating. He said that after the second fight, he noticed the defendant holding the defendant’s hand
as if it were hurting. He said that although one person may have called for help after the second
fight, the others did not because they were threatened. He said the inmates placed a bag of ice on
the victim’s neck. He said the victim remained unconscious for one or one and one-half minutes
after the beating and was bleeding from his nose and mouth. He said that he heard the victim
respond to the nurse after he regained consciousness and that the victim walked out of the pod with
a little help.

        Beasley testified that he was interviewed by Lucian Herron and a TBI agent but that they did
not threaten him. He said he was not promised anything for his testimony. He said that after
speaking with the investigators, he, Andy Griggs, James “Junior” Taylor, and Ricky Davis were
moved out of cell one into protective custody. He said the defendant and Lewis were placed in
solitary confinement. On cross-examination, he said the tables were two or three bunks away from
the victim’s bunk. He agreed that his attention was focused on his card game.




                                                 -3-
        Andy Griggs testified that he was charged with a drug-related offense while on bond
following his arrest for aggravated assault and aggravated burglary. He said that while incarcerated
at the Lauderdale County Justice Center on September 24, 2000, he witnessed a fight between the
defendant and the victim. He said the first fight, which occurred near the window, ended in a draw.
He said that during this fight, the defendant and victim were against the concrete wall and on the
floor. He said the defendant threatened to get back at the victim when he caught the victim in the
shower with soap in his hair. He said everyone encouraged the victim to get his belongings and go
to the cell door to be moved.

        Griggs testified that about one hour after the first fight, the victim was squatting by his bunk
when the defendant kicked the victim in the head and knocked him unconscious. He said that he
heard rather than saw the kick. He said that while the victim was unconscious, he saw the defendant
straddle the victim and hit the victim seven or eight times on the jaw with his right hand. He said
that the victim’s head bounced off the concrete and that it sounded like the victim’s bones were
being crushed. He said the victim was unconscious for three to four minutes and was bleeding from
the mouth. He said someone had thrown water on the victim by the time Griggs returned with a
washcloth. He said the victim was conscious, but his head and mouth were swollen. He said that
the victim tried to communicate with the guards and walked out fifteen to thirty minutes after the
second fight. He said the victim’s injuries looked serious.

        Griggs testified that after the second fight, he talked to TBI Agent Turner. He said neither
Agent Turner nor Investigator Herron threatened him. He said that after he spoke with the
investigators, he received a threat that the same thing was going to happen to him. He said he and
the other inmates who gave statements about what they saw were moved. He said that although
inmates were not allowed to hang clothing from their bunks, they sometimes hung jumpsuits from
their bunks to dry. He said that a bunk was between him and the second fight but that nothing
obstructed his view of the fight.

         Rhonda Mullins, a nurse at the Lauderdale County Justice Center and at West Tennessee
State Penitentiary, testified that she was called at home and told that the victim had fallen from his
bunk. She said that when she saw the victim, he had an obvious facial deformity, was bleeding from
his mouth and nose, and was alert but could not speak. She said he could nod his head to indicate
yes or no. She said that his injuries did not appear to have been from a fall and that when she asked
if he had fallen from his bunk, he told her no. She said she suspected that he had a fractured jaw and
other possible head trauma. She said that he needed immediate medical help and that she told
security to send him to the emergency room. On cross-examination, she admitted that the victim was
sitting up when she arrived and that he answered her questions appropriately. She said she held the
victim’s arm while she and an officer helped him walk from the pod to the library.

       Ms. Mullins testified that the victim was discharged from the Regional Medical Center after
two to three weeks and sent to West Tennessee State Penitentiary where he stayed three to four
months. She said he stayed in the prison’s clinic for two and one-half months because his jaws were



                                                  -4-
wired shut and he was on a narcotic for severe head pain. She said he was not sufficiently competent
while on the narcotic to be in the general prison population.

       Cheryl Manns, director of health information management at Baptist Hospital in Lauderdale
County, testified that the victim was admitted on September 24, 2000, with brain swelling and
multiple facial fractures. He was transferred to the Medical Center. Linda Gilmer, a health
information administrator at the Medical Center, testified that the victim stayed in the Center for
eleven days and had surgery on his brain as well as on multiple facial fractures.

        John Toby, a health administrator at West Tennessee State Penitentiary, testified that he was
a registered nurse with a background in trauma nursing and that he maintained the medical records
at the prison. The victim’s medical records revealed that he had several cracks in the base of his
skull and deep bleeding in his brain. Mr. Toby stated that these injuries placed the victim at risk of
death and required that he have brain surgery, which is only conducted when absolutely necessary.
Treating doctors had to put holes in the victim’s skull in order to relieve pressure on the victim’s
brain and to repair the damage caused by the beating. The doctors pieced the victim’s skull back
together as well as they could and placed plates secured with screws over the broken area of the
skull. Mr. Toby stated that without the plates, a tap on the back of the victim’s head could have
caused permanent damage or even death. The records also show that the victim’s jaw and the bone
under his eye were fractured. The victim was placed on a ventilator because of the possibility that
he might stop breathing. Mr. Toby acknowledged that this was a precautionary measure. The victim
returned to the local hospital several times after he was discharged due to pain in his head and neck.
Mr. Toby agreed that the victim faced a life or death situation due to his injuries.

        TBI Agent Roger Turner testified that he became involved in the investigation of this case
due to the seriousness of the victim’s injuries. He said he was not able to interview the victim in the
days following the altercation because the victim could not speak. He said that he spoke with the
defendant at the jail, that the defendant’s right hand was noticeably swollen, and that the defendant
had a bruise on his right temple. He said only five inmates, including Taylor, Beasley, and Griggs,
gave statements about the incident. On cross-examination, he agreed that he did not question every
inmate individually and that he did not attempt to interview Inmate Lewis.

       Investigator Lucian Herron of the Lauderdale County Sheriff’s Department testified that on
September 24, 2000, he investigated a fight between the defendant and the victim at the Lauderdale
County Justice Center. He said he took statements from three jailors and interviewed thirty-two
inmates. He said that although he did not recall speaking with Inmate Lewis, he interviewed Lewis
if Lewis was in the cell block. He said he thought the TBI should be involved in the investigation
because it was an uninterested outside agency and because of the seriousness of the victim’s injuries.

         Erwin Lewis testified that he was from Sullivan County and came to the Lauderdale County
Justice Center about one and one-half months before the defendant and the victim. He said that on
the morning of September 24, 2000, the defendant let the victim smoke his cigarette. He said that
later that evening, he, the defendant, and a couple of other inmates were standing beside the window,


                                                 -5-
which was near the defendant’s bunk. He said the defendant was wearing earphones when the victim
hit the defendant for no reason. He said the victim and the defendant began fighting and that other
inmates broke up the fight. He said he was not aware of any animosity between him, the defendant,
the victim, or the victim’s cousin, whom he considered to be a friend after they shared a cell in
Sullivan County. He said that after the first fight, the defendant and the victim went to their separate
bunks. He said the defendant was startled because it was uncommon to be hit by another inmate
unexpectedly. He said that after he and some other inmates talked with the defendant, he went to
his bunk and put on his earphones.

        Lewis testified that about thirty minutes after the first fight, he noticed that the victim and
the defendant were fighting again. He said he did not see how the second fight started but saw both
the victim and the defendant swinging. He said he saw the victim hit the defendant. He said he got
between them and broke up the fight by pushing them apart. He said that the defendant got up on
his own and walked away but that the victim remained on the floor. He said that he asked the victim
if he was ok and that the victim responded, “Yeah.” He said that someone got a guard and that the
guard told the victim, who was about to get up, to stay down. He said the victim lay on the floor
until the nurse came. He said in most jails, inmates hide shanks, which are homemade knives, under
their beds. He said he had seen shanks in Lauderdale County.

       On cross-examination, Lewis testified that he had known the defendant for five or six months
before he came to Lauderdale County and that he and the defendant were now at the Hardeman
County Correctional Facility. He admitted he had never seen one inmate attack another with a shank
in Lauderdale County. He denied threatening to harm the other inmates in unit one if they told what
had happened. On redirect examination, he said that after the second fight, he was placed in
segregation and, from there, went to West Tennessee State Penitentiary. He agreed that he never
returned to unit one and had no opportunity to talk with anyone about the incident.

        The defendant testified that he was from Washington County and, at the time of trial, was
serving a sentence in the Hardeman County Correctional Facility for drug offenses. He said that he
was transferred from Sullivan County to Lauderdale County with five other inmates who were all
Caucasian. He said the other inmates talked about the jails in West Tennessee being filled with
African-Americans. He said he reassured them that it would be alright and that at least they knew
other inmates from Sullivan County whereas he knew no one because he was from Washington
County.

        The defendant testified that on September 24, 2000, he was sitting in the window with the
victim and Inmate West. He said that he and West were sharing West’s cigarette and that he asked
West if the victim could have a hit. He said the victim talked with him and West for a few minutes.
He said that later, he was standing by the window listening to earphones and singing. He said he
could tell from the way the victim looked at him that the victim wanted him to stop singing but the
victim did not ask him to stop singing. He said that although he knew that the victim wanted him
to stop singing, he continued to sing. He said the victim stood up, walked around him, and then hit
him in the side of his head. He said the earphones fell off and broke. He said that he was stunned


                                                  -6-
and that he and the victim fought for a couple of minutes, ending up on the floor with the victim on
top of him. He said both his and the victim’s heads hit the wall a couple of times during the fight.
He said other inmates broke up the fight.

        The defendant testified that he was upset by the first fight. He said he was standing by
Inmate Cobb’s bunk when he saw the victim kneeling down under the victim’s bunk. He said he had
seen three shanks in the jail. He said that when the victim went under his bed, he came through the
bunks and attacked the victim. He said he did not intend to hurt the victim and did not know that
the victim’s head was bouncing off the concrete floor. He said he hit the victim four or five times.
He said that after the fight, the victim held a rag on his face, stood up, and walked out of the cell.
He said that the nurse and another person were walking beside the victim but that they did not hold
the victim’s arm. He said that after the second fight, the victim’s cousin told him that the victim had
problems.

         The defendant testified that he had never tried to harm the victim’s cousin. He said that he
did not know anything about the alleged ink pen and that one would not attack someone with an ink
pen in a jail. He said that one could not see anything from the tables and that during the two weeks
he was at the jail, items hung from the bunks. He said that he did not intend to hurt the victim but
that if he had allowed the victim to run over him, others would have done so too. He said that if he
had gone to the guards, he would have been put in solitary confinement for being a “snitch.” He said
he spoke to a TBI agent after the fight and told the agent that he did not want to press charges against
the victim. He said he told the agent that the victim hit him and that he wanted his lawyer. He said
he had a good record in Sullivan County but had been “written up” a couple of times in Hardeman
County. He said that this incident had been blown out of proportion and that he would take it back
if he could.

        On cross-examination, the defendant agreed that he attacked the victim, that he hit the victim
four or five times, and that because of this, the victim’s head hit the concrete. He acknowledged that
the victim was not hitting him as he hit the victim. He said the victim was trying to kick the
defendant off by kicking his feet. He said the victim’s head hit the concrete only the last time he hit
the victim. He said he could not tell that the victim had serious injuries.

        On rebuttal, Andy Griggs testified that the victim did not have the opportunity to hit the
defendant during the second fight because the victim was unconscious. He said that the victim’s
head hit the concrete more than once and that the victim’s body would jump or twitch every time the
defendant hit him. He said he did not see the victim kicking. He said the state made no offer to help
him in exchange for his testimony. Michael Cole Beasley testified on rebuttal that Inmate Lewis told
most everyone in the cell that if they signed a statement, the same thing would happen to them.
Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the defendant of the lesser included offense of reckless
aggravated assault.




                                                  -7-
                            I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        The defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his reckless aggravated
assault conviction because the victim’s injuries were accidental. He argues that the victim’s injuries
were not caused by his fist but, instead, by the victim’s head hitting the concrete floor during the
fight. The state argues that the evidence is sufficient to prove that the defendant acted recklessly.
We agree with the state.

        Our standard of review when the sufficiency of the evidence is questioned on appeal is
“whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979). We do not reweigh the evidence but
presume that the jury has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences
from the evidence in favor of the state. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984);
State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Any questions about the credibility of the
witnesses were resolved by the jury. See State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

        Reckless aggravated assault, in pertinent part, is recklessly causing the victim serious bodily
injury. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-101(a)(1), -102(a)(2)(A). One acts

               recklessly with respect to the circumstances surrounding the conduct
               or the result of the conduct when the person is aware of but
               consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the
               circumstances exist or the result will occur. The risk must be of such
               a nature and degree that its disregard constitutes a gross deviation
               from the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise
               under all the circumstances as viewed from the accused person’s
               standpoint.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-302(c). In contrast, one acts intentionally “when it is the person’s
conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-
11-302(a). Serious bodily injury involves “(A) a substantial risk of death; (B) protracted
unconsciousness; (C) extreme physical pain; (D) protracted or obvious disfigurement; or (E)
protracted loss or substantial impairment of a function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(34).

        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, the defendant kicked the victim
in the head while the victim was kneeling by his bunk, causing his head to hit the storage
compartment of his bunk and knocking him unconscious. The defendant then straddled the
unconscious victim and hit the victim in the jaw multiple times. Each blow drove the victim’s head
into the concrete floor. As a result, the victim was unconscious for a period of time and suffered
bleeding and swelling of the brain and facial fractures. The victim underwent brain surgery requiring
that holes be bored in his skull and that plates and screws be used to cover the opening in the skull.


                                                 -8-
His mouth was wired shut for two and one-half months while his facial fractures healed, and he took
narcotics to manage his severe head pain. The evidence is more than sufficient to show that the
defendant caused the victim serious bodily injury.

         The defendant argues that he did not act recklessly but that, instead, the victim’s injuries were
accidental, resulting from the victim’s head hitting the concrete floor as they mutually engaged in
a fight. The evidence reveals that the defendant threatened to get revenge for the first fight at a time
when the victim would not expect it. While the victim was kneeling by his bunk engaged in packing
his belongings in order to move to another cell, the defendant approached the victim at a run and
kicked him in the head. Inmates Taylor and Griggs testified that they could hear the victim’s bones
cracking or crushing as the defendant beat him. Inmate Beasley testified that several inmates told
the defendant to stop beating the victim and that it sounded as if the victim were suffocating on his
own blood. Inmate Taylor said that he told the defendant that if he did not stop, he would kill the
victim. The defendant testified that in the second fight, he attacked the victim and that the victim
did not try to hit him while he was hitting the victim. We believe that the evidence shows that the
defendant acted intentionally. The evidence is sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction for
reckless aggravated assault.

                                          II. SENTENCING

        The defendant contends that the length of his sentence is excessive because the trial court
misapplied enhancement factors. The state contends that the sentence was appropriate. We affirm
the sentence that the trial court imposed.

         At the sentencing hearing, the defendant stipulated to the presentence report and asked the
trial court for leniency, noting that he had another year to serve in the Hardeman County Correctional
Facility and a sixty month federal sentence, eighty-five percent of which he had to serve in custody.
He asked the court to run his present sentence concurrent with either his state or federal sentence.
On cross-examination, he said that he understood the extent of the victim’s injuries and was sorry
for what he had done. He said that his actions were not intentional and that the injuries could have
happened to either the victim or himself because the floor of the jail cell was not carpeted.

        The presentence report reflects that the twenty-six-year-old defendant attended school
through the ninth grade and is divorced. The defendant reported drinking alcohol excessively from
age seventeen to age twenty-three. He reported using cocaine and marijuana on a daily basis and
receiving drug treatment. He stated that at one point, he sold drugs for a living and that he had been
continuously incarcerated since December 1998. The presentence report reflects that the defendant
was convicted in federal district court of conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine and received a
sentence of sixty months in custody and four years of supervised release. The defendant also has a
conviction for the sale or possession of more than .5 grams of cocaine and two convictions for
aggravated assault. The defendant also reported a juvenile adjudication of guilt for aggravated
assault in 1989 for which he was placed in the custody of the Department of Youth Development for
three years. The report reflects that the defendant’s probation was revoked three times.


                                                   -9-
      The trial court found the defendant to be a multiple offender. It applied the following
enhancement factors to the defendant’s sentence:

                 (1) The defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or
                 criminal behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the
                 appropriate range;
                 ....
                 (14) The felony was committed . . . while incarcerated for a felony
                 conviction;
                 ....
                 (16) The crime was committed under circumstances under which the
                 potential for bodily injury to the victim was great; [and]
                 ....
                 (19) If the lack of immediate medical treatment would have probably
                 resulted in the death of the victim under § 39-15-402[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (Supp. 2001) (amended 2002).1 It found that no mitigating factors
applied and that the enhancement factors were serious. It sentenced the defendant to five years, six
months in the Department of Correction. Finding the defendant to have an extensive criminal record
and to be a dangerous offender, it determined that his present sentence should run consecutively to
his state sentences and concurrently with his federal sentence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115
(b)(2), (4). It noted that consecutive sentences were reasonably related to the severity of the offense
and would serve to protect the public.

       Appellate review of sentencing is de novo on the record with a presumption that the trial
court’s determinations are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). As the Sentencing
Commission Comments to this section note, the burden is now on the defendant to show that the
sentence is improper. This means that if the trial court followed the statutory sentencing procedure,
made findings of fact that are adequately supported in the record, and gave due consideration and
proper weight to the factors and principles that are relevant to sentencing under the 1989 Sentencing
Act, we may not disturb the sentence even if a different result were preferred. State v. Fletcher, 805
S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

        However, “the presumption of correctness which accompanies the trial court’s action is
conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing
principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn.
1991). In this respect, for the purpose of meaningful appellate review,



        1
          The legislature’s 200 2 am endment to Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 added as the new enhancement factor (1)
that the “offense was an act of terrorism” b ut changed the existing enhan cement facto rs only in inc reasing their
designating number by one. Thus, former enhancement facto r (1) is now enhancement factor (2), factor (14) is now
factor (15), factor (16) is now factor (17), and factor (19) is now factor (20).

                                                       -10-
               the trial court must place on the record its reasons for arriving at the
               final sentencing decision, identify the mitigating and enhancement
               factors found, state the specific facts supporting each enhancement
               factor found, and articulate how the mitigating and enhancement
               factors have been evaluated and balanced in determining the sentence.
               T.C.A. § 40-35-210(f) (1990).

State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 599 (Tenn. 1994). In the present case, the trial court failed to state
any specific facts to support its application of the four enhancement factors. Furthermore, the only
indication of the weight given these factors was the court’s statement that the enhancement factors
as a group were serious. We believe this falls short of the requirements of § 40-35-210(f) and,
therefore, review the defendant’s sentence de novo without a presumption of correctness.

        In conducting our de novo review, we must consider (1) the evidence, if any, received at the
trial and sentencing hearing, (2) the presentence report, (3) the principles of sentencing and
arguments as to sentencing alternatives, (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct,
(5) any mitigating or statutory enhancement factors, (6) any statement that the defendant made on
his own behalf, and (7) the potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102,
-103, -210; see Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 168; State v. Moss, 727 S.W.2d 229, 236-37 (Tenn. 1986).

        The sentence to be imposed by the trial court is presumptively the minimum in the range for
a Class D felony unless there are enhancement factors present. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c).
Procedurally, the trial court is to increase the sentence within the range based upon the existence of
enhancement factors and, then, reduce the sentence as appropriate for any mitigating factors. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-210(d)-(e). The weight to be afforded an existing factor is left to the trial court’s
discretion so long as it complies with the purposes and principles of the 1989 Sentencing Act and
its findings are adequately supported by the record. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210, Sentencing
Commission Cmts.; Moss, 727 S.W.2d at 237; see Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.

        The defendant contends that the trial court misapplied enhancement factors (1), (16), and
(19). See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1), (16), (19) (Supp. 2001) (amended 2002). He argues that
the trial court improperly applied enhancement factor (1), relating to his history of criminal
convictions or behavior, because all of his prior convictions were used to establish his range. He was
convicted of a Class D felony and sentenced as a Range II, multiple offender. A defendant qualifies
as a multiple offender if he or she has a “minimum of two (2) but not more than four (4) prior felony
convictions within the conviction class, a higher class, or within the next two (2) lower felony
classes.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-106(a)(1). In the present case, the defendant has two convictions
for aggravated assault, Class C or D felonies. These convictions are sufficient to establish him to
be a multiple offender. He also has a conviction for the sale or possession of more than .5 grams of
cocaine, a Class B felony, and a federal drug conviction. These convictions justify the application
of enhancement factor (1). Additionally, we note that the defendant reported an extensive history
 of drug use and selling drugs as his sole form of livelihood when not incarcerated. We believe this
enhancement factor is entitled to great weight.


                                                 -11-
        The defendant does not contest and we affirm the application of factor (14). The proof at trial
and the presentence report reveal that the defendant assaulted the victim while the defendant was
incarcerated for a felony conviction. This factor is entitled to moderate weight in light of the fact
that both the defendant and the victim resorted to violence while incarcerated in order to resolve their
continuing conflict.

        The defendant contends that the trial court erroneously applied enhancement factor (16), that
the circumstances of the offense presented great potential for bodily injury to the victim, because
serious bodily injury is an element of reckless aggravated assault. The defendant is correct that a
trial court may not use enhancement factors that comprise the essential elements of the indicted
offense to enhance a sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114; Jones, 883 S.W.2d at 599-600. Our
supreme court has held that enhancement factor (16) is not an essential element of aggravated assault
caused by serious bodily injury and may be applied to enhance the sentence provided it is appropriate
under the facts of the case. Jones, 883 S.W.2d at 603. On the other hand, because proof of serious
bodily injury necessarily includes proof of bodily injury as required by factor (16), the proof must
“demonstrate a culpability distinct from and appreciably greater than that incident to the offense for
which” the defendant was convicted. Id.

         The state argues that the defendant’s repeated striking of the victim once the victim was
rendered unconscious from the initial kick dramatically increased the victim’s risk of injury and
warrants application of factor (16). In Jones, the court noted that the evidence that the defendant
knocked the victim to the ground while attempting to take her purse and, thereby, caused serious
bodily injury constituted the proof upon which he was convicted of aggravated assault causing
serious bodily injury. Id. The victim suffered severe inter-cranial bleeding and damage to her front
teeth and remained in the hospital for ten days. The injury caused the victim to lose her short term
memory and her senses of smell and taste. Her verbal skills were impaired and her equilibrium
affected. The court held that factor (16) did not apply because the victim’s injuries “were of the
nature and extent included in the offense of aggravated assault.” Id. In the present case, we believe
that the victim received the injuries supporting the serious bodily injury element of the offense from
the beating following the kick. Thus, the evidence upon which the state relies to prove factor (16)
is also the evidence that makes the offense an aggravated assault. The trial court erroneously applied
factor (16).

        The defendant contends and the state concedes that the trial court erroneously applied factor
(19). Factor (19) relates to injuries from aggravated child abuse and neglect that would have resulted
in death had the victim not received immediate medical treatment. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-
402. As such, factor (19) does not apply in this case.

       The state contends that enhancement factor (10), that the defendant did not hesitate to commit
a crime involving high risk to human life, applies because the attack upon the victim went beyond
that necessary to cause serious bodily injury. Like factor (16), factor (10) is not an element of
aggravated assault causing serious bodily injury because the state may prove serious bodily injury
without proving a high risk to life. Jones, 883 S.W.2d at 602. In order to support factor (10), the


                                                 -12-
proof must show that the defendant exhibited a distinct and appreciably greater culpability than that
associated with the offense for which the defendant was convicted. Id. at 603. We question whether
factor (10) can be applied in this case. As discussed above, the beating following the kick resulted
in the injuries that made this an aggravated offense.

        In any event, we note that enhancement factor (20) also applies in this case. This factor may
be applied if the “defendant was adjudicated to have committed a delinquent act or acts as a juvenile
that would constitute a felony if committed by an adult.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(20) (Supp.
2001) (amended 2002). The presentence report states that the defendant reported to the officer
preparing the report that he “was adjudicated guilty of aggravated assault in 1989 in Washington
County Juvenile Court and he spent three years in the custody of the Department of Youth
Development for this offense.” Aggravated assault is a felony if committed by an adult. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-13-102(d). We believe that this factor weighs heavily.

         Thus, although the trial court erroneously applied factors (16) and (19), we conclude that, at
least, enhancement factors (1), (14), and (20) apply. Factors (1) and (20) are entitled to great weight.
This is the twenty-six-year-old defendant’s fourth conviction or adjudication for aggravated assault,
evincing a sustained pattern of violence. As a Range II, multiple offender convicted of a Class D
felony, the defendant faced a sentence of four to eight years. An enhancement of one and one-half
years from the minimum is more than fair in light of the applicable enhancement factors. We affirm
the five-year, six-month sentence imposed by the trial court.

        Based upon the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the judgment of conviction.



                                                        ___________________________________
                                                        JOSEPH M. TIPTON, JUDGE




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