Filed 7/10/18
                      CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*


                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     DIVISION ONE

                                STATE OF CALIFORNIA



JOSE LUIS MORALES et al.,                          D072378

        Plaintiffs and Appellants,

        v.                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2013-00040938-
                                                   CU-OE-CTL)
22nd DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION,

        Defendant and Respondent.


        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,

Joel R. Wohlfeil, Judge. Affirmed.

        Law Offices of David J. Gallo and David J. Gallo for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

        Gordon & Rees, James J. McMullen, Jr., Matthew G. Kleiner and Justin M.

Michitsch for Defendant and Respondent.

        League of California Cities and California State Association of Counties, as

Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Respondent.




*      Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for
publication with the exception of part III.D.
                                             I.

                                    INTRODUCTION

       In this appeal, we must determine whether a state entity whose employees are

exempt from state law requiring the payment of overtime compensation is nevertheless

required to pay overtime compensation to such employees when the state entity jointly

employs the employees with a non-state employer. Although we concluded in a prior

appeal in this case that the matter should be remanded to the trial court to permit the

plaintiffs to amend their complaint to attempt to state a cause of action premised on such

a theory (Morales v. 22nd Dist. Agricultural Assn. (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 504, 542–544

(Morales)), we now conclude that such a cause of action would not be legally viable. We

further conclude that the law-of-the-case doctrine does not require that we reverse the

trial court's order sustaining a demurrer to the plaintiffs' second amended complaint.1

                                             II.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Proceedings in the case prior to our decision in Morales2

       Defendant 22nd District Agricultural Association of the State of California (the

DAA) is a California agency that owns and manages the Del Mar Fairgrounds and the

Del Mar Horsepark. Plaintiff Jose Luis Morales and a group of other seasonal employees

1       In an unpublished portion of this opinion, we conclude that plaintiffs have not
adequately alleged a separate theory of overtime compensation liability against the state
entity. (See pt. III.D, post.)
2       We base our description of the proceedings in the case prior to Morales on the
"Factual and Procedural Background" section of that opinion. (See Morales, supra, 1
Cal.App.5th at pp. 513–514.)
                                             2
of the DAA filed a putative class action alleging that the DAA failed to pay plaintiffs

overtime compensation required by state law under Labor Code section 5103 and federal

law under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq.) (FLSA).

       The trial court sustained, without leave to amend, the DAA's demurrer to

plaintiffs' section 510 cause of action. After the trial court conditionally certified the case

as a collective action, the DAA asserted an affirmative defense to plaintiffs' FLSA claim.

Specifically, the DAA alleged that the employees were exempt from the FLSA overtime

compensation requirements pursuant to a statutory exemption (29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(3))

commonly referred to as the "amusement exemption."4 The trial court held a jury trial on

the DAA's affirmative defense to plaintiffs' FLSA claim. The jury rendered a verdict in

favor of the DAA and the trial court entered a judgment in favor of the DAA. Plaintiffs

timely appealed.

B. Morales

       The primary issues on appeal in Morales related to plaintiffs' claim under the

FLSA. (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 513.) The Morales court concluded that the

trial court properly granted judgment for the DAA on the FLSA claim. (Ibid.) The

present appeal presents no issues with respect to that claim.




3     Unless otherwise specified, all subsequent statutory references are to the Labor
Code.
4     The Morales court explained, "Under this exemption, an employee of an
amusement or recreational establishment is not entitled to overtime compensation
[mandated by the FLSA] if certain criteria are met." (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p.
513.)
                                              3
       The Morales court also rejected plaintiffs' contention that the trial court erred in

sustaining the DAA's demurrer to plaintiffs' section 510 claim. (Morales, supra, 1

Cal.App.5th at p. 542.) After reviewing relevant case law,5 statutory law, and

administrative regulations, we concluded, "when section 510 and [W]age [O]rder No. 10-

2001 are viewed together, the inescapable conclusion is that public employees in the

amusement and recreation industry are exempt from state overtime requirements."

(Morales, supra, at p. 541.) However, the Morales court concluded that the trial court

erred in denying plaintiffs leave to amend to attempt to state a claim for section 510,

subdivision (a) overtime "under the joint employee doctrine." (Morales, at p. 543.)

       In reaching this latter conclusion, the Morales court noted that plaintiffs contended

that "the DAA is required to comply with section 510 when it loans out its employees to

outside promoters to support 'interim events,' . . . and charges the outside promoters the

labor costs of employing the employees, plus a markup." (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th

at p. 542.) We further noted that "[plaintiffs] assert that they can amend the complaint to

allege that when they work on interim events, the DAA is a joint employer with the

outside promoters and must therefore comply with section 510." (Id. at pp. 542–543.)

After observing that "where joint employment exists, all employers are individually



5       The Morales court relied on Johnson v. Arvin-Edison Water Storage Dist. (2009)
174 Cal.App.4th 729 (Johnson). In Johnson, the Court of Appeal concluded that "a
public entity, was exempt from section 510." (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 538.)
The Morales court noted that the Johnson court had relied in part on "the established rule
that public entities are not subject to a general statute unless expressly included." (Ibid.)
Section 510, subdivision (a) does not refer to public entities or public employees. (See
pt. III.A.2, post.)
                                              4
responsible for compliance with the FLSA," (id. at p. 543) and that "joint employment is

also recognized under California law," (ibid.) we concluded that plaintiffs should be

granted leave to amend their complaint, reasoning:

          "We conclude that [plaintiffs] should be permitted to amend their
          section 510 claim since they have shown how they can potentially
          amend their complaint to state a valid claim under the joint
          employee doctrine. Accordingly, we reverse that part of the order
          sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend and direct the trial
          court to grant [plaintiffs] leave to amend the complaint. In so doing,
          we express no view as to the ultimate merits of [plaintiffs'] section
          510 claim." (Id. at pp. 543–544.)

      We remanded the matter to the trial court with directions to grant

plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint. (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at

pp. 543–544.)

C. Plaintiffs' second amended complaint

      On remand, plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint as a putative class action

for the recovery of unpaid overtime compensation. In their second amended complaint,

plaintiffs alleged that they had worked as joint employees of the DAA and certain

"Outside Promoters." Plaintiffs further alleged that the DAA had failed to pay plaintiffs

overtime compensation required by section 510, subdivision (a). Specifically, plaintiffs

alleged the following:

          "12. [DAA] employs numerous persons to whom [DAA] refers as
          '119- day Employees'.

          "13. [DAA]'s 119-day Employees perform tasks such as cleaning
          out stables, manually sorting trash for recycling, digging and filling
          trenches, parking lot security, ticket-taking, etc.



                                             5
"14. [DAA] loans out, leases, and/or seconds, its 119-day
Employees to unaffiliated, private 'promoters' (hereinafter 'Outside
Promoters') to support events (hereinafter 'Interim Events') such as
gun shows, bridal bazaars, private parties, weddings, Christmas tree
sales, hot tub sales, home and garden shows, etc.

"15. [DAA] charges the Outside Promoters the labor costs of
employing the 119-day Employees, plus a 'markup'.

"16. When [DAA]'s 119-day Employees are loaned out, leased,
and/or seconded, to perform work in support of Outside Promoters'
Interim Events, the 119-day Employees are subject to the control of
both [DAA] and the Outside Promoter.

"17. When [DAA]'s 119-day Employees are loaned out, leased,
and/or seconded, to perform work in support of Outside Promoters'
Interim Events, [DAA] is a joint employer with the Outside
Promoters, and must therefore comply with Labor Code section 510,
subdivision (a).

"18. Separate and in addition to the foregoing, when the 119-day
Employees are loaned out, leased, and/or seconded, to perform work
in support of Outside Promoters' Interim Events, the 119-day
Employees are not directly employed by the State or any political
subdivision thereof, for purposes of Wage Order No. 10.

"19. Many of [DAA]'s 119-day Employees work overtime hours in
support of Outside Promoters' Interim Events.

"20. [DAA] does not pay its 119-day Employees any overtime
compensation.

"21. [DAA]'s above-described policies and practices are in
contravention of law.

"22. Each Plaintiff herein has been employed as a 119-day
Employee at some point in time subsequent to 25 March 2010.

"23. Each Plaintiff herein is informed and believes he or she (as
applicable) has performed work in support of Outside Promoters'
Interim Events, and worked overtime hours in connection with such
work."


                                  6
       Based on these allegations, plaintiffs brought a single cause of action for recovery

of overtime compensation, attorney fees, and costs pursuant to section 510, subdivision

(a) and section 1194, subdivision (a)6 on behalf of themselves and a putative class of

"119 day employees."7

D. The DAA's demurrer

       The DAA filed a demurrer to the second amended complaint. In its demurrer, the

DAA argued that in Morales, this court concluded that it was exempt from paying

overtime compensation as specified in section 510, subdivision (a). The DAA further

argued that it was not liable to plaintiffs for overtime compensation under section 510,

subdivision (a) by virtue of its alleged status as plaintiffs' joint employer. The DAA

argued that Noe v. Superior Court (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 316, 333–334 (Noe) "confirms

that the joint employer doctrine does not extend California's overtime laws to a joint

employer who is otherwise exempt from that law."8

E. Plaintiffs' opposition

       Plaintiffs filed an opposition in which they argued that the second amended

complaint stated a cause of action for overtime violations under section 1194, subdivision

6      Section 1194, subdivision (a) provides a cause of action to employees to recover
legally mandated overtime and minimum wage compensation. (See III.B, post.)
7      The second amended complaint contained a series of class action allegations
through which plaintiffs asserted their claim on behalf of a class of similar situated "119-
day employees."
8      While the DAA's argument suggested that Noe involved an employer that was
exempt from the relevant labor law, Noe did not involve an exempt employer. (See Noe,
supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at pp. 331–334.) Thus, as discussed in part III.B, post, we view
the Noe court's discussion of the joint employment doctrine and section 1194 as
inapposite.
                                             7
(a), which, as the Noe court recognized, " 'imposes a duty on every employer (i.e.,

including all co-employers)," (boldface omitted) to ensure that that employees receive

overtime compensation mandated by section 510, subdivision (a). Plaintiffs further

argued that "[t]he Morales decision precludes [the DAA]'s current argument, because

Morales held that plaintiffs' then-proposed amendment would state a claim if joint

employment were to be properly pleaded." Finally, plaintiffs argued that "if [the trial

court] were to conclude that Noe cannot be harmonized with Morales, [the trial court]

would be required to follow Morales under the law-of-the case doctrine."

F. The trial court's ruling

       After further briefing and a hearing,9 the trial court sustained the DAA's demurrer

without leave to amend. The trial court reasoned:

          "[The DAA] is exempt from the state overtime requirements of
          Labor Code section 510. Morales[, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at pp. 537–
          538] (citing Johnson[, supra, 174 Cal.App.4th 729]). In an attempt
          to avoid this prohibition, paragraph 17 of the SAC alleges:
          ' . . . [DAA] is a joint employer with the Outside Promoters, and
          must therefore comply with Labor Code section 510, subdivision
          (a).' However, there exists 'no authority for the proposition that a
          joint employer may be held liable for Labor Code violations
          committed by a cojoint employer based on principles of agency or
          joint and several liability. Rather, whether an employer is liable
          under the Labor Code depends on the duties imposed under the
          particular statute at issue.' Noe[, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at pp. 333–
          334]. In short, the alleged joint employment of plaintiffs by the
          DAA and the private employers does not serve to transfer the
          liability of the private employers to the DAA. Labor Code section
          510 does not contain language from which such joint liability can be
          inferred.



9      The record does not contain a reporter's transcript from the hearing.
                                             8
          "Plaintiffs argue that the appellate decision in Morales issued after
          Noe, such that the Morales decision controls and constitutes 'law of
          the case.' This argument lacks merit. Morales does not hold that
          joint employers are jointly and severally liable for the wrongdoing of
          co-joint employers. Instead, the narrow issue that Morales decided
          was whether Plaintiffs could potentially amend their Complaint.
          Morales[, supra, at pp. 514, 542–543]. Although leave to amend
          was permitted, the appellate court 'express[ed] no view as to the
          ultimate merits of [plaintiffs'] section 510 claim.' Id. at 544."
          (Emphasis altered.)

       The trial court thereafter entered a judgment in favor of the DAA.

G. The appeal

       Plaintiffs timely appeal from the judgment.10

                                             III.

                                       DISCUSSION

                 The trial court properly sustained the DAA's demurrer to
               plaintiffs' second amended complaint without leave to amend

       Plaintiffs claim that the trial court erred in sustaining the DAA's demurrer to their

second amended complaint without leave to amend. Specifically, plaintiffs contend that

the trial court erred in concluding that the second amended complaint did not adequately

state a claim against the DAA for overtime compensation pursuant to sections 510,

subdivision (a) and 1194, subdivision (a).




10     While this appeal was pending, we granted an application of the League of
California Cities and California State Association of Counties (the League) to file an
amicus brief on behalf of the DAA. We have considered the League's amicus brief, as
well as the plaintiffs' answer to that brief, in determining the issues presented on appeal.
                                              9
A. Governing law and standard of review

       1. The law governing demurrers and the standard of review

       In Hamilton v. Greenwich Investors XXVI, LLC (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1602, the

court outlined the following well-established law governing the review of an order

sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend:

           "A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. We review
           the complaint de novo to determine whether it alleges facts sufficient
           to state a cause of action. For purposes of review, we accept as true
           all material facts alleged in the complaint, but not contentions,
           deductions or conclusions of fact or law. We also consider matters
           that may be judicially noticed. [Citation.] When a demurrer is
           sustained without leave to amend, 'we decide whether there is a
           reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: if
           it can be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we reverse; if
           not, there has been no abuse of discretion and we affirm.' [Citation.]
           Plaintiff has the burden to show a reasonable possibility the
           complaint can be amended to state a cause of action." (Id. at pp.
           1608–1609, fn. omitted.)

       In considering a trial court's order sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend,

" 'we review the trial court's result for error, and not its legal reasoning.' " (Bains v.

Moores (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 445, 478.) "On appeal from a judgment of dismissal

entered after a demurrer has been sustained without leave to amend . . . the appellate

court must affirm the judgment if it is correct on any theory." (Hendy v. Losse (1991) 54

Cal.3d 723, 742 (Hendy).)

       2. Relevant substantive law

       Section 510, subdivision (a) provides:

           "Eight hours of labor constitutes a day's work. Any work in excess
           of eight hours in one workday and any work in excess of 40 hours in
           any one workweek and the first eight hours worked on the seventh

                                               10
          day of work in any one workweek shall be compensated at the rate
          of no less than one and one-half times the regular rate of pay for an
          employee."

       Section 1194, subdivision (a) provides:

          "Notwithstanding any agreement to work for a lesser wage, any
          employee receiving less than the legal minimum wage or the legal
          overtime compensation applicable to the employee is entitled to
          recover in a civil action the unpaid balance of the full amount of this
          minimum wage or overtime compensation, including interest
          thereon, reasonable attorney's fees, and costs of suit."

       While section 1194, subdivision (a) does not expressly state "who is liable" for a

cause of action based on that statute (Martinez v. Combs (2010) 49 Cal.4th 35, 49

(Martinez)), the Martinez court held that "only an employer can be liable" (ibid., italics

added) for a wage claim under section 1194, subdivision (a) since "no generally

applicable rule of law imposes on anyone other than an employer a duty to pay wages."

(Martinez, supra, at p. 49.)

       Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order 10-2001 (Wage Order No. 10)11

provides that "[e]ight (8) hours of labor constitutes a day's work," and specifies that

employment beyond eight hours is "permissible provided the employee is compensated

for such overtime."12 (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11100 (3)(A)(1).) While Wage Order

No. 10 generally applies to "all persons employed in the amusement and recreation




11     The Industrial Welfare Commission "ha[s] constitutional and statutory authority to
adopt wage orders prescribing, among other things, maximum hours of employment for
employees in California." (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 539.)
12     The order specifies various rates of compensation to be paid based on the amount
of overtime worked. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11100 (3)(A)(1)(a), (b), (c).)
                                             11
industry" (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11100(1)), the order exempts from its scope certain

public employees pursuant to the following provision:

          "[T]he provisions of this order shall not apply to any employees
          directly employed by the State or any political subdivision thereof,
          including any city, county, or special district." (Cal. Code Regs., tit.
          8, § 11100(1)(C).)13

B. Plaintiffs may not hold the DAA liable for overtime compensation by virtue of the
   DAA's status as plaintiffs' joint employer

       Plaintiffs claim that the trial court erred in sustaining the DAA's demurrer to their

section 1194, subdivision (a) claim for overtime wages allegedly due under section 510,

subdivision (a) by virtue of the DAA's status as plaintiffs' joint employer14 with various

"Outsider Promoters."15 Notwithstanding that the Morales court concluded that "public

employees in the amusement and recreation industry are exempt from state overtime

requirements," (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 541) plaintiffs contend that the DAA

is jointly liable with the Outside Promoters for all wages due to plaintiffs under section

510, subdivision (a) because the DAA acted as plaintiffs' joint employer.

       Plaintiffs correctly note that the DAA does not dispute that they adequately

alleged that the DAA is their joint employer. Thus, we assume for purposes of this


13     It is undisputed that plaintiffs are employed in the amusement and recreation
industry and would be subject to Wage Order No. 10, but for the public employee
exemption. (See Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 540.)
14     As we explained in Morales, " 'Joint employment occurs when two or more
persons engage the services of an employee in an enterprise in which the employee is
subject to the control of both.' " (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 543.)
15     We consider plaintiffs' additional claim that they have adequately stated a cause of
action against the DAA under the theory that they are not "directly employed," (Wage
Order No. 10) by the DAA in part III.D, post.
                                             12
decision that plaintiffs' second amended complaint adequately alleges that the DAA acted

as their joint employer. Thus, the question we must determine is whether, under

California law, the DAA may be held liable for overtime wages due under section 510,

subdivision (a) when the DAA acted as plaintiffs' joint employer, even though this court

concluded in Morales "public employees in the amusement and recreation industry are

exempt from state overtime requirements." (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 541.)

       In Morales, we concluded that the matter should be remanded to the trial court

because the plaintiffs had "shown how they [could] potentially amend their complaint to

state a valid claim under the joint employee doctrine." (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at

p. 543, italics added.) However, for the reasons stated below, we now conclude that

section 510, subdivision (a) does not require the DAA to pay its employees overtime

compensation, and that is true whether the DAA is acting as plaintiffs' sole employer or

plaintiffs' joint employer. Thus, the trial court properly sustained the DAA's demurrer to

the second amended complaint.16

       To begin with, we are aware of no authority, and plaintiffs have cited none, in

either this appeal or in Morales, that supports the counterintuitive proposition that a

public employee who is not entitled to overtime compensation when employed solely by

a public entity, is entitled to such overtime compensation from the public entity when the




16     We address plaintiffs' argument that the law-of-the-case doctrine requires that we
reverse the trial court's order in part III.C, post.
                                             13
employee is jointly employed by the public entity and a private entity.17 Further, there is

nothing in the text of either section 510 or Wage Order No. 10 that would support such an

anomalous result. Section 510, subdivision (a) makes no reference to public entities. As

the Johnson court observed, in the context of wage and hour provisions, "the Legislature

expressly refers to public entities when it intends them to be included." (Johnson, supra,

174 Cal.App.4th at p. 737.) Wage Order No. 10 in turn expressly "exempts 'any

employees directly employed by the State or any political subdivision thereof, including

any city, county, or special district.' " (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 540, quoting

Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11100(1)(C).) Thus, there is nothing in the text of either section

510, subdivision (a) or Wage Order No. 10 that suggests that the DAA may be liable for

overtime obligations when it acts as the plaintiffs' joint employer.

       Further, plaintiffs have offered no plausible reason why the DAA could

nevertheless be liable for paying overtime compensation pursuant to section 510,

subdivision (a), when the DAA jointly employs the plaintiffs with Outside Promoters.

The plaintiffs contend that the Morales court must have concluded that "[the DAA's]

employees do not qualify as public employees performing exempt work when they are

leased out to support private-sector businesses.' "18 (Italics & boldface omitted.) This

rationale might be plausible if Morales were based solely on the sovereign powers



17     Whether the employee would be entitled to overtime compensation from the
private entity is not a question presented in this appeal.
18     Plaintiffs advanced this same argument in the prior appeal. (See Morales, supra, 1
Cal.App.5th at p. 542 ["[Plaintiffs] assert that when they are performing work for these
outside entities, they are not public employees performing exempt work"].)
                                             14
cannon of statutory construction. Under that cannon, a statute that does not expressly

refer to a public entity is deemed not to apply to the public entity if such application

"would result in an infringement upon sovereign governmental powers." (Morales,

supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 538.) As applied here, if the Morales court had concluded that

plaintiffs were exempt from overtime requirements solely because applying the statute

would infringe upon the sovereign powers of the DAA when the plaintiffs performed

work on behalf of the DAA, then a reasonable argument could be made that the employees

are entitled to overtime compensation from the DAA when they are "leased out to

support private-sector businesses." However, neither Morales, nor Johnson on which the

Morales court relied, concluded that section 510, subdivision (a) did not apply to public

employees solely because such application would violate public entities' sovereign

powers.

       On the contrary, as the Morales court recognized, the Johnson court concluded

that the sovereign powers cannon of statutory interpretation provided an additional and

alternative basis for concluding that section 510, subdivision (a) did not apply to public

employees. (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 538 ["indicia of legislative intent led

the Johnson court to conclude that a water district was exempt from section 510, but '[i]n

any event, the [water] District [was] also exempt' under the sovereign powers canon of

statutory interpretation" (italics added)].)19



19     The Johnson court was clear that the sovereign powers cannon of interpretation
was not the exclusive basis for the court's conclusion that section 510 does not apply to
public entities:
                                                 15
       The Morales court, in turn, based its interpretation of section 510 almost entirely

on Wage Order No. 10, which broadly exempts state employees from overtime

compensation irrespective of the nature of the employees' work. (See Cal. Code Regs.,

tit. 8, § 11100(1)(C) ["[T]he provisions of this order shall not apply to any employees

directly employed by the State or any political subdivision thereof . . . "].) The Morales

court reasoned, "[W]hen it enacted section 510, the Legislature was aware that [Wage

Order No. 10] exempted public employees in the amusement and recreation industry

from overtime compensation."20 (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 541.)

       In sum, there is nothing in either Morales or Johnson indicating that public

employees' exemption from section 510, subdivision (a) overtime compensation applies

solely when the employees are performing work that furthers the sovereign purposes of

the state. We therefore see no basis for concluding that the applicability of the public

employees' exemption from section 510, subdivision (a) turns on the type of work they

are performing. Stated differently, we see no basis for concluding, as plaintiffs contend,

that public employees are exempt from the overtime compensation mandates of section

510, subdivision (a) if the employees are performing work that furthers the DAA's

sovereign purposes, but that such employees become entitled to overtime compensation if



            "As discussed above, the indicia of legislative intent lead to the
            conclusion that the District, as a public entity, is exempt from
            section[ ] 510 . . . . In any event, the District is also exempt under
            the 'sovereign powers' maxim." (Johnson, supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at
            p. 738, italics added.)
20      As noted in footnote 5, ante, section 510, subdivision (a) does not refer to public
entities or public employees.
                                             16
they are performing work that furthers the interests of "Outside Promoters." On the

contrary, as the Morales court concluded, without qualification, "[P]ublic employees in

the amusement and recreation industry are exempt from state overtime requirements."

(Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 541.)

       Finally, while both parties and the trial court extensively discussed Noe, supra,

237 Cal.App.4th 316, we view that decision as inapposite because Noe did not involve, as

does this case, a group of employees' section 1194, subdivision (a) claim against an

employer based on a joint employment theory where the employees are exempt from the

Labor Code provision at issue. Thus, whatever may be said about the legal

responsibilities of joint employers pursuant to principles of joint and several liability or

section 1194, subdivision (a) generally,21 those principles have no application in this

case since plaintiffs are exempt from section 510, subdivision (a).



21       The DAA and the trial court emphasize that the Noe court stated, "We are aware of
no authority suggesting that, under California law, joint employers are generally treated
'as if they were each other's agents' or that joint employers are normally held jointly liable
for Labor Code violation[s] committed by a coemployer." (Noe, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th
at p. 332; Serrano v. Aerotek, Inc. (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 773, 784 (Serrano) ["Noe made
clear that whether an employer is liable for a coemployer's violations depends on the
scope of the employer's own duty under the relevant statutes, not 'principles of agency or
joint and several liability' "].)
         However, plaintiffs properly note that the Noe court suggested that a joint
employer may be liable pursuant to section 1194 for a cojoint employers' wage
violations. (See Noe, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 333 ["section 1194 permits an
employee with multiple employers to seek recovery of unpaid wages from any of them"];
id. at p. 334 ["if plaintiffs prove defendants were their joint employers, those defendants
may be held liable under section 1194 for any unpaid minimum wage and overtime
compensation resulting from plaintiffs' misclassification"].)
         The Serrano court disagreed with the Noe court's statement that certain provisions
of the Labor Code impose liability on an employer for the acts of a joint employer "by
                                              17
       In sum, we conclude that the DAA may not be liable for overtime compensation

mandated by section 510, subdivision (a) when the DAA acts as a joint employer with

another entity. Accordingly, we reject plaintiffs' claim that they properly stated a section

1194, subdivision (a) claim for section 510, subdivision (a) overtime compensation

against the DAA pursuant to a joint employment theory of liability.22

C. The law-of-the-case doctrine does not mandate reversal

       Plaintiffs claim that the law-of-the-case doctrine requires that we reverse the trial

court's order sustaining the DAA's demurrer. Specifically, plaintiffs contend that the

Morales court held that, if plaintiffs could adequately allege that the DAA was their joint

employer, they would state a valid claim against the DAA for section 510, subdivision (a)

overtime compensation and that the law-of-the-case doctrine requires that we adhere to

this conclusion in this appeal.23



virtue of employer status." (Compare Noe, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 334, fn.10
["many sections of the Labor Code do impose employer liability 'by virtue of employer
status,' " and stating "[b]ecause sections 512 and 226.7 impose a duty on every employer
to provide meal periods, an employee with multiple employers who is denied a meal
period may pursue a section 226.7 claim against any of his or her employers"] with
Serrano, supra, 21 Cal.App.5th at p. 784 [disagreeing with "Noe's statement that 'an
employee with multiple employers who is denied a meal period may pursue a section
226.7 claim against any of his or her employers' "].)
22      While the trial court relied on Noe in sustaining the demurrer, we must affirm a
judgment entered after an order sustaining a demurer if the order is correct on any theory.
(Hendy, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 742.)
23      While, plaintiffs did not refer to the law-of-the-case doctrine as a separately
captioned argument in their opening brief, we conclude that the argument was adequately
raised on appeal. To begin with, plaintiffs clearly raised the argument in the trial court,
and the trial court expressly discussed the doctrine in its order. Further, plaintiffs
asserted in their opening brief that "the law-of-case doctrine is fully applicable . . . ." In
addition, plaintiffs' opening brief contained a section entitled, "The court's holding in
                                             18
       1. Governing law

       " ' "The decision of an appellate court, stating a rule of law necessary to the

decision of the case, conclusively establishes that rule and makes it determinative of the

rights of the same parties in any subsequent retrial or appeal in the same case." ' "

(Leider v. Lewis (2017) 2 Cal.5th 1121, 1127.) " '[Q]uestions presented and decided by

[an] appellate court upon appeal from a judgment on demurrer become the law of the

case, and are not open to question on a subsequent appeal' unless the evidence ' "is

substantially different in a material respect." ' " (Bigbee v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co. (1983)

34 Cal.3d 49, 57.)

       In Morohoshi v. Pacific Home (2004) 34 Cal.4th 482 (Morohoshi), the Supreme

Court outlined the "unjust decision" exception to the law-of-the case doctrine as follows:

          "The law of the case doctrine applies to [the Supreme Court] even
          though the previous appeal was before the Court of Appeal, and it
          applies even though this court may conclude the previous Court of
          Appeal opinion was erroneous. [Citation.] 'Indeed, it is only when
          the former rule is deemed erroneous that the doctrine of the law of
          the case becomes at all important.' [Citation.] The doctrine is, we
          have recognized, harsh. [Citation.] Accordingly, we have declined
          to adhere to it where its application would result in an unjust
          decision, e.g., where there has been a manifest misapplication of
          existing principles resulting in substantial injustice . . . . The unjust
          decision exception does not apply when there is a mere disagreement
          with the prior appellate determination." (Id. at p. 491–492.)

Morales." (Boldface & some capitalization omitted.) In that section, plaintiffs argued
that Morales established that "[plaintiffs] then-proposed amendment would state a claim
if joint employment were to be properly pleaded." Further, the DAA included a
separately headed argument in its brief captioned, "Law of the case doctrine is not
applicable." (Some capitalization omitted.) Finally, plaintiffs offered a separately
captioned law-of-the-case argument in their reply brief. Under these circumstances, we
conclude that plaintiffs adequately raised the contention that the law-of-the-case doctrine
requires reversal of the trial court's order.
                                              19
       2. Application

       The trial court concluded that the law-of-the-case doctrine did not apply because

the Morales court concluded only that the "[p]laintiffs could potentially amend their

Complaint." (Italics added.) The trial court reasoned further, "Although leave to amend

was permitted, the [Morales] court, 'express[ed] no view as to the ultimate merits of

[plaintiffs'] section 510 claim.' " The DAA echoes this reasoning on appeal, contending,

"[T]he issue that Morales decided was whether Plaintiffs could potentially amend their

complaint." We agree with this reasoning. The Morales court did not expressly hold

that, if plaintiffs could adequately allege that the DAA was their joint employer, they

would state a valid claim against the DAA for section 510, subdivision (a) overtime

compensation.

       The two key portions of the Morales opinion are as follows. In a paragraph

summarizing the plaintiffs' claim for overtime due under section 510, subdivision (a), the

Morales court stated:

          "We agree that section 510 does not apply to the
          DAA. Nevertheless, we conclude that the trial court erred
          in sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend because
          [plaintiffs] have shown how they can amend their complaint to
          allege a potentially valid claim for overtime compensation."
          (Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 538.)

In addition, the final paragraph of a section of the opinion entitled "Leave to Amend,"

(Morales, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 543, italics omitted) states:

          "We conclude that [plaintiffs] should be permitted to amend their
          section 510 claim since they have shown how they can potentially
          amend their complaint to state a valid claim under the joint

                                             20
          employee doctrine. Accordingly, we reverse that part of the order
          sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend and direct the trial
          court to grant [plaintiffs] leave to amend the complaint. In so doing,
          we express no view as to the ultimate merits of [plaintiffs'] section
          510 claim." (Id. at pp. 543–544.)

       In light of such equivocal language, we conclude that the Morales court did not

hold that plaintiffs yet-to-be pleaded joint employment theory adequately stated a cause

of action against the DAA. Even if we were to agree with plaintiffs that the Morales

court did hold that exempt public employees could sue their public employer for overtime

compensation to the extent the public employer jointly employed such employees with a

private employer, the law-of-the-case doctrine would not require that this court adhere to

this erroneous conclusion. (Morohoshi, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 491–492.)

       We explained in part III.B, ante, that the DAA cannot be liable for section 510,

subdivision (a) overtime compensation when the DAA is an employee's joint employer

with another entity. Further, neither of the two cases that we cited in Morales in support

of our decision to remand the matter to permit the plaintiffs to amend their complaint to

attempt to state a claim pursuant to the joint employment doctrine—Bonnette v.

California Health & Welfare Agency (9th Cir. 1983) 704 F.2d 1465 (Bonnette) and

Guerrero v. Superior Court (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 912, 955 (Guerrero)—supports

application of the doctrine in this context. Specifically, neither Bonnette nor Guerrero

applied the joint employment doctrine to a public employer to require that the employer

comply with a law that, as in this case, exempts its employees from the relevant law.

Rather, in both cases, courts concluded that the public entity could be liable as a joint

employer (Bonnette, supra, at pp. 1469–1470; Guerrero, supra, at p. 955), where the

                                             21
relevant public entity was not exempt from the relevant law. (See Bonnette, at p. 1472

[concluding that "the tenth amendment is not a bar to the application of the FLSA's

minimum wage provisions"]; Guerrero, at p. 955 [interpreting wage order and stating

"IWC did not intend to exempt public agencies or political subdivisions generally from

[wage order's] provisions"].) Further, plaintiffs have not cited—in this case or in

Morales—and our own research has not uncovered, any case in which a court has applied

the joint employment doctrine in such an unorthodox manner. Under these

circumstances, to reverse the trial court's ruling and permit the plaintiffs' action to

proceed would constitute "a manifest misapplication of existing principles resulting in

substantial injustice," (Morohoshi, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 491–492 [outlining unjust

decision exception to law-of-the-case doctrine]).

       Accordingly, we conclude that the law-of-the-case doctrine does not require that

we reverse the trial court's order sustaining the demurrer.

D. Plaintiffs failed to adequately state a claim for overtime compensation based on the
   theory that the DAA is not their direct employer

       Plaintiffs also contend that they properly stated a claim for section 510,

subdivision (a) overtime compensation against the DAA because they properly alleged

that they were not "directly employed" by the DAA. (Wage Order No. 10.)24 Plaintiffs

argue that "when they are leased out to support private-sector businesses," they are not

"directly employed," by the DAA under Wage Order No. 10.



24      Unlike the joint employment doctrine discussed in part III.B, ante, this theory of
liability was not addressed in Morales.
                                              22
       As discussed in part III.A.2, ante, the exemption at issue provides, "[T]he

provisions of this order shall not apply to any employees directly employed by the State

or any political subdivision thereof, including any city, county, or special district." (Cal.

Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11100(1)(C).) Plaintiffs have not provided any authority as to the

meaning of the term "directly employed" in Wage Order No. 10 (italics added), and our

own research has not uncovered any such authority. Nor have the plaintiffs offered any

interpretation of that term in their briefing on appeal.

       One reasonable interpretation of Wage Order No. 10 is that "employees directly

employed by the State" refers to employees of the State of California, and that Wage

Order No. 10 also exempts employees indirectly employed by the State, i.e., employees

of the State's political subdivisions. Under this interpretation, the terms " 'employees

directly employed by the State or any political subdivision thereof,' " means " 'employees

of the state or political subdivisions of the state.' " (See Guerrero, supra, 213

Cal.App.4th at p. 953 [stating that wage order that provided exemption for "employees

directly employed by the State or any political subdivision thereof," exempted

"employees of the state or political subdivisions of the state"].)25 If this is the correct

interpretation of Wage Order No. 10, then plaintiffs claim fails as a matter of law because


25     Similarly, Labor Code section 220 uses the term "directly employed" in
"distinguish[ing] between, on the one hand, employees of state agencies, departments,
and other components of state government . . . and, on the other, persons employed by
counties, incorporated cities, and other political subdivisions of the State . . . . (Compare
§ 220, subd. (a) [referring to 'employees directly employed by the State of California']
with § 220, subd. (b) [referring to 'employees directly employed by any county,
incorporated city, or town or other municipal corporation'].)" (McLean v. State of
California (2016) 1 Cal.5th 615, 629.)
                                              23
even under plaintiffs' indirect employer theory, plaintiffs would still be employees of a

state agency, the DAA.

       However, we need not definitively interpret the meaning of the term "directly

employed" (Wage Order No. 10) in order to affirm the judgment. Even assuming, strictly

for purposes of argument, that plaintiffs are correct in suggesting that, under Wage Order

No. 10, indirect employees of the State and its subdivisions are entitled to recover

overtime compensation from the State, plaintiffs have not demonstrated that they have

adequately alleged that they are indirectly employed by the DAA.26

       The second amended complaint affirmatively alleges that the DAA is the

plaintiffs' employer, albeit at times, plaintiffs' joint employer. Specifically, the second

amended complaint alleges:

          "12. [DAA] employs numerous persons to whom [DAA] refers as
          '119- day Employees.' "

          "17. When [DAA]'s 119-day Employees are loaned out, leased,
          and/or seconded, to perform work in support of Outside Promoters'
          Interim Events, [DAA] is a joint employer with the Outside
          Promoters."

          "22. Each Plaintiff herein has been employed as a 119-day
          Employee at some point in time subsequent to 25 March 2010."

       Further, the second amended complaint alleges that "loaned out, leased, and/or

seconded, to perform work in support of Outside Promoters' Interim Events, the 119-day

Employees are subject to the control of both [DAA] and the Outside Promoter," (italics


26     Plaintiffs have not suggested in their briefing on appeal that they could allege
additional facts supporting the allegation that they are not directly employed by the State
such that a remand for further leave to amend would be warranted.
                                              24
added) an allegation that appears inconsistent with plaintiffs' claim that the DAA was not

their direct employer.27 Plaintiffs have failed to explain how such factual allegations

sufficiently state a claim based on the theory that the DAA is not their direct employer.

Moreover, plaintiffs point to no other allegations in their second amended complaint

demonstrating that they are not directly employed by the DAA.

       Under these circumstances, we conclude that the plaintiffs have failed to

demonstrate how they have sufficiently stated a claim under section 1194, subdivision (a)

for overtime compensation due under section 510, subdivision (a) based on the theory

that the DAA was not the plaintiffs' direct employer. (See Rakestraw v. California

Physicians' Service (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 39, 43 ["On appeal, a plaintiff bears the

burden of demonstrating that the trial court erroneously sustained the demurrer as a

matter of law"].)




27     The second amended complaint alleges that when plaintiffs were "loaned out,
leased, and/or seconded, to perform work in support of Outside Promoters' Interim
Events, [they] are not directly employed by the State or any political subdivision thereof,
for purposes of Wage Order No. 10." (Italics added.) This allegation, however, is a mere
legal conclusion, which we disregard in reviewing the adequacy of plaintiffs' complaint.
(See e.g., Tracfone Wireless, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1359,
1368.)
                                            25
                                           IV.

                                     DISPOSITION

      The judgment is affirmed. In the interests of justice, each party is to bear its own

costs on appeal.



                                                                      AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

IRION, J.




                                            26
