Affirmed; Opinion Filed December 4, 2019.




                                               In The
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       No. 05-18-00900-CV

     METROMARKE MULTIFAMILY DEVELOPMENT FUND I, L.P., Appellant
                                V.
    RRAC DEVELOPMENT GP, LLC AND GFD MARKET RATE GROUP I, LLC,
                             Appellees

                      On Appeal from the 192nd Judicial District Court
                                   Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. DC-16-08666

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
                       Before Justices Pedersen, III, Reichek, and Carlyle
                                   Opinion by Justice Carlyle

       This is a dispute over the transfer of an interest in a limited partnership (the “Partnership”).

Both sides asserted competing claims for breach of contract and declaratory judgment. Following

a bench trial, the trial court (1) ruled in favor of appellees RRAC Development GP, LLC and GFD

Market Rate Group I, LLC; (2) awarded appellees damages and appellate attorney’s fees; and

(3) ordered appellant MetroMarke Multifamily Development Fund I, L.P. to convey its Partnership

interest to RRAC with an indemnity containing certain specified terms.

       On appeal, MetroMarke contends (1) the trial court erred by concluding MetroMarke “had

to release its legal claims relating to management under the indemnity for conveyance of its
partnership interest” and (2) there is legally insufficient evidence of MetroMarke “causing

damages to RRAC and GFD.”1 We affirm in this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.

I. Background

            In 2015, the Partnership had three owners: general partner RRAC owned .1%; limited

partner MetroMarke owned 90%; and limited partner GFD owned 9.9%. During that year, the

Partnership acquired land in Round Rock, Texas, on which it planned to develop an apartment

complex (the “Project”).

            Under section 13.1 of the Partnership Agreement, each partner had the right, under certain

circumstances, to issue a “Buy-Out Notice” to any other partner requiring that partner to either

(1) sell its partnership interest to the issuing partner, or (2) buy out the issuing partner’s interest.

Upon receiving a Buy-Out Notice, the responding partner had thirty days to elect one of those

choices. The Partnership Agreement (1) required that the closing date for any buy-out be within

sixty days of the responding partner’s election and (2) set the purchase price based on the selling

partner’s total capital contributions. Further, section 13.1 stated, “The interest being conveyed

shall be transferred free and clear [of] any and all Claims, and shall include an indemnity from the

Partner conveying its interest in a form acceptable to the Partner acquiring such interest.”2

            In July 2016, MetroMarke filed this lawsuit against RRAC, alleging Partnership

Agreement violations and requesting a declaratory judgment regarding its rights to remove RRAC




     1
       MetroMarke also contends on appeal that if this court sustains either of those two issues, we should remand the case for reconsideration of
attorney’s fees. We do not sustain either of those issues.
     2
         The Partnership Agreement defined “Claim” as

            any and all claims, costs (including attorneys’ fees and court costs), damages, debts, demands, expenses, liabilities, losses,
            actual or derivative obligations, agreements, express or implied warranties, sums of money, fines, penalties, accounts, bills,
            covenants, contracts, claims of indemnity, claims of contribution, promises, representations, trespasses, damages, harm,
            injuries, judgments, executions, controversies, suits, proceedings, actions or causes of action of any kind or character
            whatsoever, whether at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise, whether known, unknown, suspected or unsuspected.



                                                                        –2–
as general partner.3 While the lawsuit was pending, MetroMarke issued a Buy-Out Notice to

RRAC. RRAC elected on March 30, 2017, to buy out MetroMarke’s Partnership interest and sent

MetroMarke a proposed buy-out agreement that contained an indemnity. MetroMarke responded

by sending RRAC its own proposed buy-out agreement, which contained a differently-worded

indemnity.4

            RRAC rejected MetroMarke’s proposed buy-out agreement, stating (1) RRAC “has been

categorically informed by its lenders that [MetroMarke’s proposed buy-out agreement] renders

them unable and unwilling to proceed to provide the necessary funds to close the transaction” and

(2) by insisting on the terms in its proposed buy-out agreement, MetroMarke is “in default of its

obligations under the Partnership Agreement including section 13.1 thereof,” and has caused the

buy-out “to be impossible to consummate.”

            RRAC and GFD then asserted counterclaims against MetroMarke for breach of contract—

for failing, in essence, to provide an indemnity “in a form acceptable to” RRAC—and for

declaratory judgment—again, in essence, that section 13.1 required MetroMarke to provide RRAC

an indemnity acceptable to it and allowed RRAC to reject an indemnity that did not indemnify it

against those claims or causes of action MetroMarke had brought against RRAC in the lawsuit.

RRAC and GFD also requested an order specifically enforcing RRAC’s right to acquire


     3
         MetroMarke added GFD as a defendant in early 2017.
       4
         MetroMarke’s proposed buy-out agreement stated (1) “Seller shall indemnify Buyer . . . from and against all claims, judgments, damages,
liabilities, settlements, losses, costs, and expenses, including attorneys’ fees and disbursements (a “Loss”), arising from or relating to Seller’s failure
to transfer the Partnership Interests free and clear of all Claims; provided, however, nothing anything [sic] contained in this Agreement to the
contrary, Seller’s indemnity obligations shall not (under any circumstances) include any obligation by Seller or any of its Affiliates to indemnify,
defend or otherwise hold Buyer or any other Indemnified Parties harmless from any Loss arising out of, related to, or in connection with, the
Lawsuit or any Retained Rights and Claims, all of which shall survive the Closing”; (2) “Retained Rights and Claims” includes “any Claims which
Seller has or may have against Buyer . . . arising out of, related to, or in connection with the breach of the terms of this Agreement, the Partnership
Agreement or otherwise, including without limitation, any Claims which are now or hereafter alleged by Seller in [the lawsuit]”; and (3) “Claim”
means “any and all claims, costs (including attorneys’ fees and court costs), damages, debts, demands, expenses, liabilities, losses, actual or
derivative obligations, agreements, express or implied warranties, sums of money, fines, penalties, accounts, bills, covenants, contracts, claims of
indemnity, claims of contribution, promises, representations, trespasses, harm, injuries, judgments, executions, controversies, suits, proceedings,
actions or causes of action of any kind or character whatsoever, whether at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise, whether known, unknown,
suspected or unsuspected.”
       Also, MetroMarke’s proposed buy-out agreement required RRAC to “acknowledge, stipulate, and agree” that “the sale of the Partnership
Interests does not include the sale, assignment, transfer or conveyance of [the Retained Rights and Claims], and . . . Seller is entitled to all right,
title and interest in and to the Partnership Interests, and all rights and benefits as a Limited Partner and as [MetroMarke] which accrued, or otherwise
arose under or in connection with, the terms of the Partnership Agreement, on or before the Effective Date of this Agreement.”
                                                                          –3–
MetroMarke’s interest in the Partnership for the agreed price, $3,311,468.01, and requiring an

indemnity in a form acceptable to RRAC.

       MetroMarke filed an amended petition, asserting (1) it “timely and properly” delivered its

indemnity “in strict accordance with the Partnership Agreement” and (2) RRAC “wrongfully

rejected” MetroMarke’s indemnity and “unlawfully demanded that MetroMarke end this lawsuit

and waive all claims of whatever nature that MetroMarke has against RRAC and the other

defendants,” which “is not required by the Partnership Agreement.”

       Following a four-day bench trial, the trial court signed a judgment in which it (1) declared

that under section 13.1, “MetroMarke was required to agree to indemnify RRAC against any and

all claims or causes of action MetroMarke had brought against RRAC in this lawsuit” and “RRAC

had the contractual right to reject as unsatisfactory an indemnification that did not indemnify it

against those claims or causes of action and to insist on an indemnification that protected it from

those claims or causes of action”; (2) awarded RRAC and GFD $2,764,555.00 in damages against

MetroMarke; (3) ordered that MetroMarke transfer its Partnership interest to RRAC “for the price

of $3,311,468.01 (less offsets for any amounts adjudged against [MetroMarke] in this Judgment)”

and provide RRAC with “an indemnity in form acceptable to [RRAC]”; and (4) provided for

attorney’s fees to RRAC in the event of an unsuccessful appeal by MetroMarke.

II. The indemnity obligation

       In reviewing declaratory judgments, we look to the procedure used to resolve the issue at

trial to determine the appropriate standard of review. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.010;

Castille v. Serv. Datsun, Inc., No. 01-16-00082-CV, 2017 WL 3910918, at *13 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 7, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.). Thus, in this case, we review the trial court’s

declarations under the standard applicable to contract interpretation, which is de novo. See

Compass Bank v. Calleja-Ahedo, 569 S.W.3d 104, 108 (Tex. 2018).

                                                 –4–
        Our primary objective in construing contracts is to give effect to the written expression of

the parties’ intent. Pathfinder Oil & Gas, Inc. v. Great W. Drilling, Ltd., 574 S.W.3d 882, 888

(Tex. 2019). “[A] contract’s plain language controls, not what one side or the other alleges they

intended to say but did not.” Id. We therefore look to “[o]bjective manifestations of intent” and, in

doing so, we must “‘presume parties intend what the words of their contract say’ and interpret

contract language according to its ‘plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning’ unless the

instrument directs otherwise.” Id. If the contract’s language can be given a definite legal meaning

or interpretation, then it is not ambiguous, and we will construe the contract as a matter of law.

See El Paso Field Servs., L.P. v. MasTec N. Am., Inc., 389 S.W.3d 802, 806 (Tex. 2012); see also

E.I. DuPont Nemours & Co. v. Shell Oil Co., 259 S.W.3d 800, 805 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (“Indemnity agreements must be strictly construed, pursuant to the usual

principles of contract interpretation, in order to give effect to the parties’ intent as expressed in the

agreement.”).

        In its first issue, MetroMarke contends the trial court “erroneously interpreted the

requirement of acceptable form as empowering the purchasing partner to expand the scope of

indemnity to embrace claims and risks unrelated to the interest being conveyed.” According to

MetroMarke, (1) the only “common-sense reading” of section 13.1’s indemnity provision is

“[h]aving paid for the interest, the acquiring partner was entitled to receive it without worrying

about anyone coming forward with a competing claim of ownership”; (2) “[t]hus, the selling party

would indemnify the acquiring party against the risk of any claim associated with ownership of

the conveyed interest”; (3) “[t]he indemnity is for ownership of the interest being conveyed—not

legal claims having nothing to do with ownership of that interest”; (4) “RRAC was entitled to

indemnification against claims on the interest—not a get-out-of-jail-free card for all manner of




                                                  –5–
legal claims that might exist between partners”; and (5) “RRAC’s argument would mean it could

require MetroMarke to indemnify it against lawsuits totally unrelated to the partnership.”

       We disagree, because the plain language of the contract guides us. Section 13.1 does not

require indemnification only against “a completing claim of ownership.” Nothing in the provision

describes such a limitation. See Pathfinder, 574 S.W.3d at 888. It is only by adding words and

importing meaning that MetroMarke’s argument could prevail. Further, we disagree with

MetroMarke’s position that the claims it sought to reserve were not “associated with ownership of

the conveyed interest.” Regardless of whether standing would have existed for any of the claims

in question, those claims pertained directly to rights and obligations under the Partnership

Agreement. The contract defined the “claims” a buyer was required to indemnify against, and that

definition included “actions or causes of action of any kind or character whatsoever, whether at

law, in equity, by statute or otherwise, whether known, unknown, suspected or unsuspected.” See

supra note 2. The trial court did not err by concluding section 13.1’s indemnity provision required

MetroMarke to agree to indemnify RRAC against all claims in the lawsuit.

III. Damages

       The amount of evidence necessary to affirm a judgment is far less than that necessary to

reverse a judgment. Pulley v. Milberger, 198 S.W.3d 418, 427 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet.

denied). When, as here, the trial court does not file express findings of fact and conclusions of law,

we presume the trial court made all necessary findings to support the judgment. See Ad Villarai,

LLC v. Chan Il Pak, 519 S.W.3d 132, 135 (Tex. 2017). If those implied findings are supported by

the evidence, we must uphold the judgment on any theory of law applicable to the case. Sink v.

Sink, 364 S.W.3d 340, 344–345 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.).

       In reviewing a trial court’s findings of fact, we apply the same legal sufficiency standard

used when determining if sufficient evidence exists to support an answer to a jury question. Sheetz

                                                 –6–
v. Slaughter, 503 S.W.3d 495, 502 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2016, no pet.). When an appellant

challenges the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on which he did not have the burden of proof

at trial, he must demonstrate there is no evidence to support the adverse finding. Id. If more than a

scintilla of evidence exists to support the finding, the legal sufficiency challenge fails. Id.; see also

King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003) (“More than a scintilla of evidence

exists when the evidence ‘rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to

differ in their conclusions.’” (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711

(Tex. 1997)). As long as the evidence falls “within the zone of reasonable disagreement,” we will

not substitute our judgment for the fact-finder’s decisions. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d

802, 822 (Tex. 2005).

        To recover damages for breach of contract, a plaintiff must prove the defendant’s breach

caused the damages. See, e.g., Southwell v. Univ. of the Incarnate Word, 974 S.W.2d 351, 354–55

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). The evidence must show the damages were the

natural, probable, and foreseeable consequence of the defendant’s conduct. Mead v. Johnson Grp.,

Inc., 615 S.W.2d 685, 687 (Tex. 1981).

        In its second issue, MetroMarke asserts the trial court’s damages award “lacks legally

sufficient supporting evidence” regarding causation. According to MetroMarke, (1) “[t]he

damages were increased construction costs due to project delays”; (2) although RRAC “blamed

[MetroMarke] for preventing the start of construction in 2017,” RRAC “failed to introduce any

evidence of its ability to close the necessary construction loan in 2017”; and (3) the testimony

appellees rely on is “speculative.”

        At trial, Andrew Carnahan testified he is an owner and partner of RRAC’s operating entity.

He has a business degree “in real estate finance” and his “main focus” is “locating debt and equity

for our projects.” He stated that in 2017 he “arranged financing for the full price of the buyout.”

                                                  –7–
That financing included a $1.8 million loan from investment group EMPAC Capital Partners that

“was convertible to equity at a later date.” Further, he stated that in May 2017, RRAC planned that

after closing the buy-out, “we were going to move to . . . start construction on the apartments.”

Carnahan testified,

       Q. Had you—what did—or had you done anything as far as the real estate financing
       aspect of that plan?

       A. Yes. We spoke to another lender and we were going to—we were going to use
       them to obtain a HUD insured loan. And EMPAC, of course, their loan was
       convertible and their interest was to convert their loan to equity. And they had the
       right put [sic] in the remainder of the equity to complete the construction loan
       closing.

       Q. And what was the timing?

       A. Our estimate was about four months, which would have been September of
       2017.
       ....
       Q. Who was lender?

       A. Gershman Mortgage.

       Q. And had they committed to make the loan for construction in September—to
       close in September 2017?

       A. Yes. They—they need approval from HUD and then they will close the loan.
       ....
       Q. Okay. Now, did you have a plan at this point about the equity and debt
       component?

       A. Yes. As we just discussed, HUD was the—HUD was—HUD was insuring the
       loan for the lender. And then, EMPAC, who was involved in the buyout, their plan
       was to convert their loan to the equity and provide the rest.

       RRAC’s president Justin Bailey testified,

       Q. Would there have been any requirements of any additional funding or any
       additional loans to be made for the HUD loan to close?

       A. There would have been additional equity required above and beyond what the
       partnership had in it. If that’s what you’re asking.
       ....
       Q. How much more equity would have been needed?

                                               –8–
          A. . . . I want to say it was in the neighborhood of just under 2 million.

          Also, EMPAC’s representative, Thomas Harnsberger, testified via video deposition. He

stated that EMPAC was “potentially going to be involved” in the Project and was “going to provide

a mezzanine loan convertible to equity in the acquisition by the sponsor of the transaction.”

          MetroMarke cites Nelson v. Sheedy, No. 05-16-01262-CV, 2018 WL 2434389 (Tex.

App.—Dallas May 30, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.), which it contends is “no different” from this

case. In Nelson, a party to a failed transaction testified he would have obtained the financing

necessary to consummate the transaction had it proceeded. Specifically, in response to the question

of whether he “had financing available,” the Nelson witness stated, “I mean, I explored that. I

would have gone to the banks if the offer was accepted, yes.” Id. at *8. Then, that witness was

asked, “Did you feel confident that you could get that accomplished?” He stated, “I think so;

otherwise I wouldn’t have stated the offer sir.” Id. This court concluded that evidence was

speculative and, therefore, no evidence of the witness’s ability to fund the transaction. Id. at *8–9.

          Nelson does not compel reversal here. Unlike Nelson, the evidence here goes beyond

having “explored” available financing. We disagree with MetroMarke’s assertion that “neither

Bailey nor Carnahan testified that EMPAC intended to exercise its right to provide the equity.” To

intend is “to have in mind as a purpose; plan.” See Intend, WEBSTER’S NEW WORLD COLLEGE

DICTIONARY (3rd ed. 1997). Carnahan testified in part, “. . . HUD was insuring the loan for the

lender. And then, EMPAC, who was involved in the buyout, their plan was to convert their loan

to the equity and provide the rest.” This testimony, at least, differentiates this case from Nelson.5

In our role, reviewing the record for sufficiency, we conclude there is more than a scintilla of



     5
       We note that in Nelson, the panel affirmed the grant of summary judgment. See id. at *9. To reverse a fact-finder’s conclusion based on
Nelson, our record would have to be both far more like the Nelson exchange and far less supportive of a conclusion that “reasonable and fair-
minded people” could “differ in their conclusions” based on it. See King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751.



                                                                    –9–
evidence to support causation regarding the damages awarded. See Mead, 615 S.W.2d at 687; see

also King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751.6

IV. Conclusion

           We decide against MetroMarke on its first and second issues. Consequently, we need not

reach MetroMarke’s third issue. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.


                                                                                 /Cory L. Carlyle/
                                                                                 CORY L. CARLYLE
                                                                                 JUSTICE




180900F.P05




       6
         For the first time at oral argument, appellant articulated a contention that the rule against inference-stacking rendered the damages evidence
insufficient. Appellant cited Nelson, which, as noted, was cited in appellant’s reply brief. Though Nelson does discuss inference-stacking, appellant
never relied on it in that respect, instead analogizing it because we concluded summary judgment evidence in that case was speculative. Assuming
it was appropriate for counsel to argue against sufficiency on a brand-new basis at oral argument (cf. TEX. R. APP. P. 39.2, “Oral argument should
emphasize and clarify the written arguments in the briefs.”), we see no impermissible inference-stacking. What counsel described as inferences the
trial court must have stacked were independent facets of the evidence sufficiently supporting the trial court’s damages finding.

                                                                       –10–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       JUDGMENT

 METROMARKE MULTIFAMILY                              On Appeal from the 192nd Judicial District
 DEVELOPMENT FUND I, L.P., Appellant                 Court, Dallas County, Texas
                                                     Trial Court Cause No. DC-16-08666.
 No. 05-18-00900-CV          V.                      Opinion delivered by Justice Carlyle.
                                                     Justices Pedersen, III and Reichek
 RRAC DEVELOPMENT GP, LLC AND                        participating.
 GFD MARKET RATE GROUP I, LLC,
 Appellees

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

     It is ORDERED that appellees RRAC DEVELOPMENT GP, LLC and GFD MARKET
RATE GROUP I, LLC recover their costs of this appeal from appellant METROMARKE
MULTIFAMILY DEVELOPMENT FUND I, L.P.


Judgment entered this 4th day of December, 2019.




                                              –11–
