J-A10041-15


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                     PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

JUAN M. VILLANUEVA

                            Appellant              No. 1284 MDA 2014


              Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 3, 2014
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-CR-0005179-2013


BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., MUNDY, J., and JENKINS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY JENKINS, J.:                          FILED APRIL 10, 2015

        Juan Villaneuva appeals from his judgment of sentence imposed for

attempted burglary1 and criminal mischief.2 We affirm.

        Following a bench trial, the trial court found Villaneuva guilty of

attempted burglary and criminal mischief.      On April 3, 2014, the court

sentenced Villaneuva to 10-20 years’ imprisonment for attempted burglary

on the ground that it was the mandatory minimum sentence under 42

Pa.C.S. § 9714 for a second “crime of violence”.      The court imposed no

further penalty for criminal mischief. On April 11, 2014, Villaneuva filed a

timely post-sentence motion challenging the weight of the evidence.      On

____________________________________________


1
    18 Pa.C.S. § 901(a).
2
    18 Pa.C.S. § 3304(a)(5).
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June 30, 2014, the trial court entered a memorandum and order denying

this motion. Villaneuva filed a timely notice of appeal, and both Villaneuva

and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Villaneuva raises three issues in this appeal:

      Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant's pretrial
      motion to proceed to trial pro se where Appellant's request
      was timely/ unequivocal, and not made for the purposes of
      delay in violation of Article 1, Section 9 of            the
      Pennsylvania Constitution and the Sixth Amendment to the
      United States Constitution?

      Whether the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient
      evidence to sustain Appellant's convictions where it failed
      to prove that Appellant possessed the specific intent to
      commit a crime within the premises he allegedly attempted
      to enter?

      Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant's Post-
      Sentence Motion where the trial court's verdict was against
      the weight of the evidence so as to shock one's sense of
      justice as the trial testimony failed to identify Appellant as
      the perpetrator of the crimes?

Brief For Appellant, p. 6.

      In his first argument, Villaneuva claims that the trial court erred in

refusing his request on the day of trial to represent himself pro se.   We

review this claim for abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. El, 977 A.2d

1158, 1165 (Pa.2009).

      On February 10, 2014, the court held a hearing on pretrial motions.

Villaneuva gave his attorney, the Public Defender, a written motion to

dismiss all charges on the ground that a witness at the preliminary hearing



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could not identify him.3 N.T., 2/10/14, pp. 4-5. The Public Defender had no

objection to submitting Villaneuva’s motion to the court.       Id. at 5.   After

brief argument, the court denied Villaneuva’s motion. Id. at 6.

       Villaneuva stated that he wanted a bench trial instead of a jury. N.T.,

2/10/14, p. 7.       The court held a colloquy on this subject and granted

Villaneuva’s waiver of a jury trial. Id. at 7-14. Villaneuva then stated that

he did not want the Public Defender to represent him because “he’s

ineffective counsel.” Id. at 14. The court inquired: “Are you telling me you

want to represent yourself?” Id. at 15. Villaneuva replied that he could not

represent himself “because … I can’t speak English very well.” Id. Moments

later, the court asked: “So you want an attorney?”              Id.   Villaneuva

answered: “Yes, I do.”        Id.    The court informed Villaneuva that he could

either have the Public Defender represent him or pay money to retain

private counsel.     Id. at 15-16.      Villaneuva admitted that he did not have

money to pay private counsel, and the court stated: “So if private counsel is

out of the question, then you have two choices, to represent yourself at this

bench trial or [have the Public Defender] represent you.”             Id. at 16.

Vilaneuva answered: “Okay, I’m going to stay with [the Public Defender].”

Id.


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3
 All of Villaneuva’s statements during both the pretrial hearing and trial
were through an interpreter.



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      Two days later, on February 12, 2014, the court convened a bench

trial. Prior to the first witness, Villaneuva objected to the Public Defender’s

services: “I don’t want him. I don’t want him. He has violated my rights … ”

N.T., 2/12/14, p. 3.      The court asked whether Villaneuva wanted to

represent himself instead of the Public Defender, and Villaneuva answered

that he would represent himself. Id. at 7. The prosecutor objected to the

timing of Villaneuva’s abandonment of counsel: “[O]nce meaningful trial

proceedings commence[,] you can no longer make the switch … to waive

counsel … and I would suggest that meaningful trial proceedings have

commenced because of what we did [at the pretrial hearing on February

10th]. Id. at 8. The court denied Villaneuva’s motion to represent himself.

Id.

      Villaneuva complains that the trial court abused its discretion in

denying his request to represent himself. We disagree. Our Supreme Court

held in El that although a criminal defendant enjoys the constitutional right

to represent himself, he must invoke this right “before ‘meaningful trial

proceedings’ have begun.” Id. at 1163 (citing Commonwealth v. Jermyn,

709 A.2d 849, 863 (Pa.1998)).          In a bench trial, “meaningful trial

proceedings” begin “when a court has begun to hear motions which have

been reserved for time of trial; when oral arguments have commenced; or

when some other such substantive first step in the trial has begun.” Id. at




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1165. Meaningful trial proceedings, the Court observed, should be “marked

by a substantive, rather than a pro forma, event.” Id.

        The defendant in El executed a written waiver of his right to a jury

trial   and   was   represented   by   counsel   during   pretrial   suppression

proceedings.     When the trial court denied the defendant’s motion to

suppress, defense counsel informed the court that the defense was ready to

proceed to trial, and the defendant confirmed on the record that he waived

his right to a jury trial. At this point, the defendant requested to represent

himself at trial. The trial court denied this request, and the case proceeded

immediately to trial.    The trial evidence consisted mainly of non-hearsay

evidence previously introduced during the suppression hearing.

        Applying the “meaningful trial proceeding” test, the Supreme Court

held that the trial court properly denied the defendant’s request to represent

himself pro se: “Appellant’s request was not merely late. His suppression

motion had been resolved, his jury trial waiver had been accepted, and the

admission of evidence against him was nearly complete.”        El, 977 A.2d at

1167.

        Here, as in El, the trial court acted within its discretion in denying

Villaneuva’s morning-of-trial request to represent himself. The court began

meaningful trial proceedings two days earlier by conducting a pretrial

hearing on Villaneuva’s motion for dismissal and his waiver of a jury trial.

The court covered the subject of representation during the pretrial hearing.


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While Villaneuva at first protested the Public Defender’s representation, he

ultimately agreed to permit the Public Defender to represent him.            The

pretrial hearing was “meaningful” under El because it involved at least one

“substantive” event: the denial of Villaneuva’s motion to dismiss.          Since

meaningful trial proceedings took place before Villaneuva’s morning-of-trial

request to represent himself, the trial court properly denied his motion.

      Moreover, the trial court properly denied Villaneuva’s motion due to its

suspect timing. During the pretrial hearing, the trial court carefully spelled

out all of Villaneuva’s options concerning representation. Villaneuva mulled

over these alternatives and selected representation by the Public Defender, a

sensible decision in view of Villaneuva’s inability to pay private counsel and

his uncertain grasp of the English language.     It appears that Villaneuva’s

change of heart moments before the Commonwealth began presenting

testimony at trial was a last-ditch gambit to stall the machinery of justice.

No reason existed for the trial court to tolerate such gamesmanship.

      Villaneuva’s second issue on appeal is a challenge to the sufficiency of

the evidence underlying his conviction for attempted burglary. Our standard

of review for such challenges is well-settled:

            [W]hether[,] viewing all the evidence admitted at
            trial   in  the   light most     favorable   to   the
            [Commonwealth as the] verdict winner, there is
            sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find
            every element of the crime beyond a reasonable
            doubt. In applying [the above] test, we may not
            weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for
            the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts

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            and     circumstances     established     by     the
            Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility
            of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s
            guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the
            evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a
            matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn
            from     the    combined      circumstances.    The
            Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving
            every element of the crime beyond a reasonable
            doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.

Commonwealth v. Troy, 832 A.2d 1089, 1092 (Pa.Super.2003) (citations

omitted).

       The following evidence was adduced during trial.   The victim in this

matter, Hendrik Van Eeden, lives at 2111 Bellevue Road in Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania, and has lived there since 1995 with his wife and two sons.

N.T., 2/12/14, p. 9. Van Eeden’s house is a ranch style house on one-third

of an acre. Id. On September 30, 2013, Van Eeden was home alone during

the morning hours, working in his home office, when he heard a noise. Id.

at 11-12. About 30 seconds to a minute later, he heard glass breaking in the

basement of the house.    Id. at 12. Van Eeden retreated to his bedroom,

where he saw Villanueva in his backyard, ten to fifteen feet away from his

house. Id. at 13-14.

       Van Eeden immediately called 911 while maintaining visual contact

with Villanueva through the windows of his house and he recalled that

Villanueva was carrying a walking cane.    N.T., 2/12/14, at 14. Villanueva

was also carrying a blue backpack and he was wearing a light tan baseball

cap.   Id. at 15. Van Eeden further described Villanueva wearing a brown

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jacket and dark slacks. Id. at 16. While he was on the phone with 911, Van

Eeden followed Villanueva as Villanueva walked out in front of Van Eeden’s

house and entered the driveway of another house.       Id.   Van Eeden also

checked his basement and found a broken window. Id. at 13.

     Police arrived at the scene three to five minutes after Van Eeden called

911. N.T., 2/12/14, at 18. Police officers apprehended Villaneuva, who told

them repeatedly that “you’re not going to get my prints.” Id. at 40. At the

time of his arrest, Villanueva was wearing a tan baseball cap, a blue denim

shirt, a brown sweatshirt, and blue jeans.   Id. at 40-41. He also was in

possession of a walking cane and a blue backpack which contained personal

items and blue latex gloves in the side compartment. Id. at 42.

     Several minutes later, a police officer took Van Eeden to 22nd Street,

one block away from his house, where other officers were holding

Villanueva.   N.T., 2/12/14, at 19-20.   Van Eeden immediately identified

Villanueva as the man he had seen earlier on his property, stating: “That’s

100 percent the guy l saw coming out of my back yard and over my fence.”

Id. at 36. Van Eeden was able to make this determination by the clothing

Villanueva was wearing at the time. Id. at 23. Prior to this incident, Van

Eeden had never seen Villanueva before, and Villanueva did not have

permission to be on Van Eeden’s property on September 30, 2013. Id. at

27. At the conclusion of Van Eeden’s direct testimony, the Commonwealth

asked if Van Eeden had any doubt as to whether the man sitting in the


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courtroom was the man he saw on his property on September 30, 2013.

Van Eeden answered: “No doubt in my mind.” Id. at 28.

     After positively identifying Villanueva, Van Eeden returned to his home

to inspect the damage. He discovered that his basement window was

broken; it had not been broken prior to this incident. N.T., 2/12/14, at 24.

Within days after the incident, Van Eeden discovered while clearing his lawn

of leaves that the screen on the window had a horizontal cut, which Van

Eeden surmised was the initial sound he heard prior to the glass breaking on

September 30, 2013.    Id. at 26.   Van Eeden testified that the sound he

heard prior to the glass breaking was consistent with the sound of a screen

cutting. Id.

     A person commits the offense of burglary “if, with the intent to commit

a crime therein, the person … enters a building or occupied structure, or

separately secured or occupied portion thereof that is adapted for overnight

accommodations in which at the time of the offense any person is present.”

18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(1).    “Once one has entered a private residence by

criminal means, we can infer that the person intended a criminal purpose

based upon the totality of the circumstances.”         Commonwealth v.

Lambert, 795 A.2d 1010, 1022 (Pa. Super. 2002).         The Commonwealth

does not need to allege or prove what particular offense the defendant

intended to commit after making forcible entry into a private residence. Id.

A person commits an attempt when, “with intent to commit a specific crime,


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he does any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the commission

of that crime.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 901(a).

      Construed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the

evidence demonstrates that on the morning of September 30, 2013,

Villaneuva entered Van Eeden’s backyard, cut the screen on Van Eeden’s

basement window and then smashed the window, all without Van Eeden’s

permission. He possessed latex gloves in order to avoid leaving fingerprints

and a backpack in order to store items stolen from Van Eeden’s house. Van

Eeden saw Villaneuva in his backyard and positively identified him mere

minutes later, following his apprehension by police officers. Villaneuva told a

police officer that “you’re not going to get my prints,” implicitly admitting his

reason for bringing latex gloves to Van Eeden’s residence.        This evidence

proves beyond a reasonable doubt that Villaneuva attempted to break into

Van Eeden’s house in order to commit a crime inside. See Commonwealth

v. Burton, 770 A.2d 771, 784-85 (Pa.Super.2001) (attempted burglary

conviction supported by evidence that someone had entered home by

pushing in window screen, that shoe impression on seat of chair under

window matched shoes defendant was wearing at time of his arrest, and that

defendant had burglarized two nearby residences on same evening);

Commonwealth v. Otto, 495 A.2d 554, 557, 560 (Pa.Super.1985)

(testimony that defendant and companion were found late at night outside

store window which had 4-5 foot break, that defendant and companion


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began to leave the scene as police officer approached, and that defendant

had blood on his hand and there was blood on the window, was sufficient to

support conviction for attempted burglary).

      Villaneuva’s third and final argument on appeal is a challenge to the

weight of the evidence. Villaneuva has waived this issue by failing to raise it

in his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement of matters complained of on appeal.

Commonwealth v. Diamond, 83 A.3d 119, 136 (Pa.2013) (defendant

waived claims in capital appeal that trial court erred in its findings of

aggravating and mitigating circumstances, where defendant failed to raise

these claims in his statement of matters complained of on appeal).

      Even if Villaneuva preserved this issue for appeal, it is devoid of merit.

The law pertaining to weight of the evidence claims is well-settled. The

weight of the evidence is a matter exclusively for the finder of fact, who is

free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the

credibility of the witnesses.   Commonwealth v. Forbes, 867 A.2d 1268,

1273–74 (Pa.Super.2005). A new trial is not warranted because of “a mere

conflict in the testimony” and must have a stronger foundation than a

reassessment of the credibility of witnesses. Commonwealth v. Bruce, 916

A.2d 657, 665 (Pa.Super.2007). Rather, the role of the trial judge is to

determine that notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so clearly of

greater weight that to ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the

facts is to deny justice. Id.   On appeal, “our purview is extremely limited


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and is confined to whether the trial court abused its discretion in finding that

the jury verdict did not shock its conscience. Thus, appellate review of a

weight claim consists of a review of the trial court’s exercise of discretion,

not a review of the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the

weight of the evidence.” Commonwealth v. Knox, 50 A.3d 732, 738

(Pa.Super.2012). An appellate court may not reverse a verdict unless it is so

contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.      Forbes, 867

A.2d at 1273–74.

      The trial court fully and satisfactorily explained why Villaneuva’s

weight of the evidence claim is unsuccessful:

            Villanueva claims that the Commonwealth failed to
            identify him as the perpetrator of the attempted
            burglary, because the individual observed in Van
            Eeden’s yard was identified based solely on Van
            Eeden’s    pre-trial   identification of   Villanueva.
            Villanueva concedes that Van Eeden identified him as
            the perpetrator, but that the failure of Van Eeden to
            positively identify Villanueva at trial is of greater
            weight.

            Here, while the only eyewitness, Van Eeden, was
            unable to directly view Villanueva’s face, he was able
            to identify the Villanueva by what he was wearing,
            the items he possessed, and his skin tone. (N.T. at
            pp. 21-24). Van Eeden was taken to identify the
            perpetrator within five minutes after his window was
            broken, and was able to positively, “a hundred
            percent,” identify Villanueva as individual he saw
            walking through his yard. (Id. at pp. 19, 22).
            Villanueva was also found to be wearing a blue shirt,
            tan baseball cap, brown sweatshirt, jeans, and was
            carrying a blue backpack and a cane. (Id. at pp. 40-
            41). All of the above clothing and items match the
            description of the clothing and items Van Eeden saw

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             on the individual walking through his yard. (Id. at p.
             15). Villanueva also had a cane during the trial.
             (Id.). This Court found that all of Van Eeden’s
             testimony was credible. In addition, latex gloves
             were discovered on Villanueva, which corroborate his
             intent to commit burglary, and he was found less
             than half a block away within minutes of the
             attempted burglary. (Id. at pp. 19, 22, 39, 42).

             After a thorough review of the record, this Court is
             satisfied that the Commonwealth proved Villanueva
             guilty of Criminal Attempt-Burglary beyond a
             reasonable doubt. Consequently, this Court’s guilty
             verdict does not shock this Court’s sense of justice.

Memorandum And Order Denying Post-Sentence Motions, pp. 2-3.

        Finally, although Villaneuva does not challenge the legality of his

mandatory     minimum    sentence,   we   raise   this   question   sua   sponte.

Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 106 A.3d 800, 801 (Pa.Super.2014) (“a

challenge to the legality of the sentence can never be waived and may be

raised by this Court sua sponte”). We conclude that Villaneuva’s sentence

does not implicate the United States Supreme Court’s recent decision in

Alleyne v. United States, -- U.S. --, 133 S.Ct. 2151 (2013).

        Alleyne held that other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact

that increases a mandatory minimum sentence for a crime is an “element” of

the crime instead of a “sentencing factor”, and this fact must be submitted

to the factfinder and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Id., 133 S.Ct. at

2153.      Here, the trial court sentenced Villaneuva to 10-20 years’

imprisonment for attempted burglary, the mandatory minimum sentence

under 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714, because it found that this was Villaneuva’s second

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conviction for a “crime of violence”.4         Alleyne did not apply here because

the mandatory minimum under section 9714 is triggered by the fact of a

prior conviction, which falls outside of the spectrum of facts that Alleyne

requires the Commonwealth to submit to the factfinder and prove beyond a

reasonable doubt.

        Judgment of sentence affirmed.

        President Judge Gantman joins in the memorandum.

        Judge Mundy concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 4/10/2015


____________________________________________


4
    Section 9714 provides in relevant part:

              Any person who is convicted in any court of this
              Commonwealth of a crime of violence shall, if at the
              time of the commission of the current offense the
              person had previously been convicted of a crime of
              violence, be sentenced to a minimum sentence of at
              least ten years of total confinement, notwithstanding
              any other provision of this title or other statute to
              the contrary…

42 Pa.C.S. § 9714(a)(1). Section 9714 defines “crime of violence” to include
both burglary and attempted burglary. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714(d).



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