[Cite as Tuslaw Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. CT Taylor Co., Inc., 2019-Ohio-1731.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                       STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                              JUDGES:
BOARD OF EDUCATION OF                                 :       Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
TUSLAW LOCAL SCHOOL                                   :       Hon. John W. Wise, J.
DISTRICT                                              :       Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
                                                      :
                        Plaintiff-Appellant           :
                                                      :       Case No. 2018CA00099
-vs-                                                  :
                                                      :
CT TAYLOR COMPANY, INC, ET AL                         :       OPINION

                   Defendants-Appellees




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                                  Civil appeal from the Stark County Court of
                                                          Common Pleas, Case No. 2018CV00086


JUDGMENT:                                                 Affirmed


DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                                   May 6, 2019

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant                                   For Defendant-Appellee – CT Taylor
CHRISTOPHER MCCLOSKEY                                     PATRICIA TROMBETTA
100 South Third Street                                    312 Walnut Street, Suite 2530
Columbus, OH 43215-4291                                   Cincinnati, OH 45202

For Defendant-Appellee                                    For Defendant-Appellee
Hartford Insurance                                        MKC Architects
ROYCE REMINGTON                                           THOMAS ROSENBERG
200 Public Square, Suite 2800                             41 South High Street
Cleveland, OH 44114                                       Huntington Center, 21st Floor
                                                          Columbus, OH 43215
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                      2

Gwin, P.J.

      {¶1}   Appellant appeals the June 26, 2018 judgment entry of the Stark County

Court of Common Pleas granting appellees’ motions to dismiss.

                                   Facts & Procedural History

      {¶2}   On January 16, 2018, appellant the Board of Education of the Tuslaw Local

School District (“Board”) filed a complaint against appellees CT Taylor Company, Inc.

(“CT Taylor”), Hartford Casualty Insurance Company (“Hartford”), and MKC Architects,

Inc. (“MKC”). The Board alleges in its complaint that, as part of Ohio’s Expedited Local

Partnership Program, the Tuslaw New High School (“the Project”) was constructed. The

Board avers all construction and design of the Project was required to conform to the

standards set forth in the Ohio School Design Manual (“OSDM”) published by the Ohio

Facilities Construction Commission. The Board alleges the OSDM provides, “school

building structures and exterior enclosures shall be designed and constructed of materials

which will perform satisfactorily for 40 years with only minor maintenance and repairs,

and for 100 years before major repairs or replacement of primary structural or exterior

enclosure elements is required.”

      {¶3}   The Board alleges it entered into a written agreement, identified as the

“Design Contract,” with MKC to serve as the design professional for the Project and

entered into a written agreement, identified as the “General Trades Contract,” with CT

Taylor to serve as the general contractor for the Project. Further, the Board avers that

Hartford is the surety for CT Taylor on the Project and issued a bid guarantee and a

contract bond, identified as the “General Trades Bond.” The Board claims that various

alleged deficiency issues such as condensation, moisture intrusion, heat loss, excess
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                         3


humidity, premature deterioration, in areas of the roof and building envelope “of the

Project exist, which on information and belief, arise from deficiencies with the design,

construction, installation, and materials of the roof and building envelope” and will require

major repairs, including removal and replacement of the existing roof.

       {¶4}   Based upon the alleged deficiencies in the design and construction of the

roof and building envelope, the Board asserts three causes of action in its complaint. The

first cause of action (Count One) is a breach of contract claim against MKC. The Board

alleges MKC had a duty to comply with the express written terms of the Design Contract,

including the requirements of the ODSM and a duty to provide design professional

services for the Project conforming to the standard of care set forth in the Design Contract.

The Board avers MKC has failed to perform its obligations under the terms of the Design

Contract and such failure is a material breach of the Design Contract.

       {¶5}   The second count of action (Count Two) is a breach of contract claim

against CT Taylor. The Board alleges CT Taylor breached the General Trades Contract

by failing to properly install the roof system and building envelope in accordance with the

General Trades Contract and that CT Taylor’s work does not meet the requirements of

the OSDM. The Board avers the failure of CT Taylor to perform its work pursuant to the

terms of the General Trades Contract is a material breach. The third count of action

(Count Three) is a claim against the General Trades Surety Bond – Hartford. The Board

alleges CT Taylor is in material breach and default of its obligations under the General

Trades Contract and Hartford is liable to the Board to the same extent as CT Taylor.

       {¶6}   Attached to the complaint is a copy of one page of the ODSM; a copy of the

Design Contract dated July 15, 2002; five pages of the General Trades Contract dated
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                         4


September 5, 2003; a copy of the Consent of Surety to Final Payment issued on

November 4, 2005; a copy of the Contractor’s Payment of Debts and Claims dated

December 5, 2005 stating all payments had been made on the project, all obligations had

been satisfied, and all work, labor, and services had been performed on the project; and

a copy of the Contractor’s Affidavit of Release of Liens dated December 5, 2005.

       {¶7}   On February 20, 2018, MKC filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. The

Board filed its memorandum contra on March 2, 2018. On March 22, 2018, CT Taylor

and Hartford filed motions to dismiss the complaint. The Board filed memoranda in

opposition on April 9, 2018. The parties filed replies and sur-replies to the motions to

dismiss.

       {¶8}   The trial court issued a judgment entry on June 26, 2018 granting the

motions to dismiss. The trial court cited this Court’s case of State by and through Wray

v. Karl R. Rohrer Associates, Inc., 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2017AP030008, 2018-Ohio-

65 and our holding that Ohio’s construction statute of repose bars the Board’s breach of

contract claims. The trial court found the Project in this case was completed no later than

2005, but the complaint was filed in January of 2018, more than ten years later. The trial

court further found the statute of repose allows bringing an action against those involved

in the construction industry to be extended by two years should issues be discovered

within the last two years of the statute of repose, but noted the complaint in this case does

not state a date of discovery. The trial court stated even if the two-year extension applies,

the Board’s claims expired in 2017 under the statute of repose.

       {¶9}   Appellant appeals the June 26, 2018 judgment entry of the Stark County

Court of Common Pleas and assigns the following as error:
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                       5


      {¶10} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE MOTION TO DISMISS

OF MKC ARCHITECTS, INC.; CT TAYLOR, INC.; AND HARTFORD CASUALTY

INSURANCE COMPANY BECAUSE IT ERRONEOUSLY HELD THAT R.C. 2305.131(A)

APPLIES TO TORT AND BREACH-OF-CONTRACT CLAIMS.

      {¶11} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE MOTIONS TO

DISMISS OF MKC ARCHITECTS, INC; CT TAYLOR, INC; AND HARTFORD

CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY BECAUSE IT ERRONEOUSLY HELD THAT THE

BOARD’S BREACH-OF-CONTRACT CLAIMS DID NOT ACCRUE WITHIN THE 10-

YEAR STATUTE OF REPOSE PROVIDED BY R.C. 2305.131.

      {¶12} “III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE MOTIONS TO

DISMISS OF MKC ARCHITECTS, INC.; CT TAYLOR, INC.; AND HARTFORD

CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY BECAUSE IT ERRONEOUSLY HELD THAT THE

BOARD’S BREACH-OF-CONTRACT CLAIMS DO NOT FALL WITHIN THE EXPRESS-

WARRANTY EXCEPTION FOUND IN R.C. 2305.131(D).

      {¶13} “IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING HARTFORD CASUALTY

INSURANCE COMPANY’S MOTION TO DISMISS BECAUSE IT ERRONEOUSLY

HELD THAT THE BOARD DID NOT HAVE AN INDEPENDENT RATHER THAN SOLELY

DERIVATIVE CLAIM AGAINST THE CONTRACTOR’S SURETY.”

                                      Standard of Review

      {¶14} We review a trial court order granting a motion to dismiss pursuant to Civil

Rule 12(B)(6) de novo. Greeley v. Miami Valley Maintenance Contractors, Inc., 49 Ohio

St.3d 228, 551 N.E.2d 981 (1990). A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted tests the sufficiency of the complaint. State ex rel. Hanson v.
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                        6

Guernsey County Bd. of Commrs., 65 Ohio St.3d 545, 605 N.E.2d 378 (1989). Under a

de novo analysis, we must accept all factual allegations of the complaint as true and all

reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor the nonmoving party. Byrd v. Faber, 57

Ohio St.3d 56, 565 N.E.2d 584 (1991). In order for a court to grant a motion to dismiss

for failure to state a claim, it must appear “beyond a doubt that the plaintiff can prove no

set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” O’Brien v. Univ.

Community Tenants Union, Inc., 42 Ohio St.2d 242, 327 N.E.2d 753 (1975).

                                              I. & II.

       {¶15} In its first and second assignments of error, the Board argues the trial court

erred in granting appellees’ motions to dismiss based upon this Court’s prior decision in

State by and through Wray v. Karl R. Rohrer Associates, Inc., 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No.

2017AP030008, 2018-Ohio-65. The Board contends Rohrer should be overruled as

wrongly decided and this Court should hold that only tort claims are subject to R.C.

2305.131 statute of repose provisions.

       {¶16} R.C. 2305.131(A)(1) provides,

              Notwithstanding an otherwise applicable period of limitations

       specified in this chapter or in Section 2125.02 of the Revised Code and

       except as otherwise provided in divisions (A)(2), (A)(3), (C), and (D) of this

       section, no cause of action to recover damages for bodily injury, an injury

       to real or personal property, or wrongful death that arises out of a defective

       and unsafe condition of an improvement to real property and no cause of

       action for contribution or indemnity for damages sustained as a result of

       bodily injury, an injury to real or personal property, or wrongful death that
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                     7


       arises out of a defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real

       property shall accrue against a person who performed services for the

       improvement to real property or a person who furnished the design,

       planning, supervision of construction, or construction of the improvement to

       real property later than ten years from the date of substantial completion of

       such improvement.

       {¶17} In Rohrer, the appellee signed an agreement with the Ohio Department of

Administrative Services to provide design services related to structural engineering and

related supervision for the construction of an Ohio Department of Transportation garage.

Id. The appellants filed a complaint for negligence and breach of contract when there

were issues with the brick and windows in the building. Id. The appellee argued the

complaint was barred by Ohio’s statute of repose, R.C. 2305.131. Id. We held that R.C.

2305.131 applies to breach of contract claims. Id.

       {¶18} We find the facts in this case analogous to the facts in Rohrer. The instant

action is an action for damages to property caused by allegedly defective design and/or

construction of an improvement to real property. Pursuant to the complaint, the Project

in this case was completed no later than December 5, 2005. However, the instant action

was filed in January of 2018, more than ten years after substantial completion of the

project. Thus, R.C. 2305.131(A)(1) applies to bar the Board’s complaint. We decline to

overrule or re-visit our decision in Rohrer.

       {¶19} We again emphasize that the rationale for our decision in this case and in

Rohrer is based upon the plain language of R.C. 2305.131 and the uncodified law

demonstrating the General Assembly’s intent in reenacting R.C. 2305.131. In R.C.
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                             8


2305.131(F), the statute itself sets forth the legislature’s intention that it apply to any civil

action in which it is relevant, regardless of any prior rule of law. Further, the legislature

clearly set forth its purposes for reenactment of the statute of repose following the Ohio

Supreme Court’s declaration that the prior version was unconstitutional. In Section 3 of

2004 Am. Sub. S.B. No. 80, the General Assembly specifically states as follows:

              (B) In enacting section 2305.131 of the Revised Code in this act, it is

       the intent of the General Assembly to do all of the following:

              (1) To declare that the ten-year statute of repose prescribed by

       section 2305.131 of the Revised Code, as enacted by this act, is a specific

       provision intended to promote a greater interest than the interest underlying

       the general four-year statute of limitations prescribed by section 2305.09 of

       the Revised Code, the general two-year statute of limitations prescribed by

       section 2305.10 of the Revised Code, and other general statutes of

       limitation prescribed by the Revised Code;

              (2) To recognize that, subsequent to the completion of the

       construction of an improvement to real property, all of the following

       generally apply to the persons who provided services for the improvement

       or who furnished the design, planning, supervision of construction, or

       construction of the improvement:

              (a) They lack control over the improvement, the ability to make

              determinations with respect to the improvement, and the opportunity

              or responsibility to maintain or undertake the maintenance of the

              improvement.
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                    9


            (b) They lack control over other forces, uses, and intervening causes

            that may cause stress, strain, or wear and tear to the improvement.

            (c) They have no right or opportunity to be made aware of, to

            evaluate the effect of, or to take action to overcome the effect of the

            forces, uses, and intervening causes * * *

            (3) To recognize that, more than ten years after the completion of the

     construction of an improvement to real property, the availability of relevant

     evidence pertaining to the improvement and the availability of witnesses

     knowledgeable with respect to the improvement is problematic;

            (4) To recognize that maintaining records and other documentation

     pertaining to services provided for an improvement to real property or the

     design, planning, supervision of construction, or construction of an

     improvement to real property for a reasonable period of time is appropriate

     and to recognize that, because the useful life of an improvement to real

     property may be substantially longer than ten years after the completion of

     the construction of the improvement, it is an unacceptable burden to require

     the maintenance of those types of records and other documentation for a

     period in excess of ten years after that completion;

            (5) To declare that section 2305.131 of the Revised Code, as

     enacted by this act, strikes a rational balance between the rights of

     prospective claimants and the rights of design professionals, construction

     contractors, and construction subcontractors and to declare that the ten-

     year statute of repose prescribed in that section is a rational period of
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                        10


       repose intended to preclude the pitfalls of stale litigation but not to affect

       civil actions against those in actual control and possession of an

       improvement to real property at the time that a defective and unsafe

       condition of that improvement causes an injury to real or personal property,

       bodily injury, or wrongful death.

       {¶20} As we noted in Rohrer, concerns underlying the reenactment of the statute

such as lack of control of the improvement, intervening causes, availability of evidence,

and availability of witnesses, apply to an action whether the action sounds in tort or

contract. 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2017AP030008, 2018-Ohio-65.

       {¶21} The Board further argues stare decisis requires this Court to follow the

Kocisko v. Charles Shutrump & Sons Co., 21 Ohio St.3d 98, 488 N.E.2d 171 (1986) case

issued by the Ohio Supreme Court. In Kocisko, the Supreme Court held that a prior

version of R.C. 2305.131 applies only to actions which sounded in tort. However, as we

stated in Rohrer, “the current statute is clearly not a statute of limitations as the Kocisko

court characterized the prior version of R.C. 2305.131. Rather than limiting the time in

which the action may be brought, the current statute prevents the cause of action from

accruing after ten years has passed * * * we find Kocisko is not binding authority on this

Court for interpreting the current version of the statute.” 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No.

2017AP030008, 2018-Ohio-65. Accordingly, following our rationale in Rohrer, we find we

are not bound by the Kocisko case.

       {¶22} Also in its second assignment of error, the Board contends Rohrer fails to

accord the word “accrues” its proper meaning. Specifically, that R.C. 2305.131 only

requires a claim to “accrue” within ten years of substantial completion and a claim is still
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                        11


subject to the breach of contract fifteen (15) year statute of limitations as to when the

action must be commenced after it accrues and the Board had fifteen years from the

substantial completion date of December 5, 2005 to bring its claims. In this argument,

the Board alleges R.C. 2305.131 is not a true statute of repose, in that while it bars a

cause of action from accruing more than ten years after substantial completion, it does

not bar a plaintiff from commencing a claim more than ten years after substantial

completion.

       {¶23} However, in Rohrer, this Court did address the “accrual” language

contained in R.C. 2305.131 and found that R.C. 2305.131 is not a statute of limitations,

but is a true statute of repose that is a declaration of when a cause of action no longer

exists. Id. We stated, “R.C. 2305.131 prevents the cause of action from accruing” and

“extinguishes all claims ten years after completion of the project, irrespective of whether

the plaintiff has filed a complaint in a timely manner.” Id.

       {¶24} Additionally, we find the Board’s interpretation contradicts the plain

language of R.C. 2305.131(A)(2). R.C. 2305.131(A)(2) states as follows:

              Notwithstanding an otherwise applicable period of limitations

       specified in this chapter or in section 2125.02 of the Revised Code, a

       claimant who discovers a defective and unsafe condition of an improvement

       to real property during the ten-year period specified in division (A)(1) of this

       section but less than two years prior to the expiration of that period may

       commence a civil action to recover damages as described in that division

       within two years from the date of the discovery of that defective and unsafe

       condition.
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                        12


       {¶25} Thus, the statute allows the time for bringing an action against those

involved in the construction industry to be extended by two years should issues be

discovered within the last two years of the statute of repose. R.C. 2305.131(A)(2) would

be unnecessary if the statute were to be applied as the Board suggests, as (A)(2) would

have no effect on any claimant because once a claimant’s cause of action accrued, the

statute of repose would no longer apply and the statute of limitations would apply. We

must assume that the legislature does not use words unnecessarily, especially not entire

statutory provisions, and avoid construing a statute in a manner that would render some

portion of the provision “meaningless or inoperative.” State v. Moore, 154 Ohio St.3d 94,

2018-Ohio-3237, 111 N.E.3d 1146, citing State ex rel. Myers v. Spencer Twp. Rural

School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 95 Ohio St. 367, 116 N.E. 516 (1917).

       {¶26} Based on the foregoing, we find R.C. 2305.131(A)(1) applies to bar the

Board’s complaint. The Board’s first and second assignments of error are overruled.

                                                III.

       {¶27} In its third assignment of error, the Board argues the trial court erred in

granting the motions to dismiss because it erroneously held the Board’s breach of

contract claims do not fall within the express warranty exception. The Board contends

that even if R.C. 2305.131 is applicable to breach of contract claims, MKC and CT Taylor

breached an express warranty to the Board, allowing the Board to bring its claims within

the length of the warranty pursuant to R.C. 2305.131(D). The Board alleges the ODSM

creates a forty (40) year warranty that has not yet expired and it is thus permitted to bring

claims within that forty year period.

       {¶28} R.C. 2305.131(D) provides:
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                       13


              Division (A)(1) of this section does not prohibit the commencement

       of a civil action for damages against a person who has expressly warranted

       or guaranteed an improvement to real property for a period longer than the

       period described in division (A)(1) of this section and whose warranty or

       guarantee has not expired as of the time of the alleged bodily injury, injury

       to real or personal property, or wrongful death in accordance with the terms

       of that warranty or guarantee.

       {¶29} Upon review of the complaint, we find the Board did not allege breach of

warranty claims against appellees. In its complaint, the Board alleges three causes of

action: breach of contract against MKC, breach of contract against CT Taylor, and a claim

against the surety bond issued by Hartford. In each count, the Board alleges MKC and/or

CT Taylor had a duty to comply with their respective contracts and the failure to perform

under the contracts constitutes a material breach. The Board did not include breach of

express warranty claims or allege that (1) a warranty existed; (2) the product failed to

perform as warranted; (3) plaintiff provided the defendant with reasonable notice of the

defect; and (4) plaintiff suffered injury as a result of the defect. See Hubbard v. AASE

Sales, LLC, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 17CAE070051, 2018-Ohio-2363.

       {¶30} Additionally, we find that the Board did not make the warranty argument as

to CT Taylor or Hartford before the trial court, as the Board’s memoranda in opposition to

CT Taylor and Hartford’s motions to dismiss did not contain an argument that its claims

against CT Taylor and Hartford were breach of express warranty claims that were allowed

to be brought for forty years pursuant to R.C. 2305.131(D). Because the Board did not

present this argument to the trial court, it has waived this argument for purposes of appeal
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                                       14

as to CT Taylor and Hartford. Large v. Lilley, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 17 CAE 06 0043,

2018-Ohio-1017; Huntsman v. State, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2016CA00205, 2017-Ohio-2622.

       {¶31} Accordingly, the Board’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                                                IV.

       {¶32} In its fourth assignment of error, the Board contends the trial court erred in

granting Hartford’s motion to dismiss. The Board argues Hartford is liable on the bond

irrespective of whether its principle has a legal defense to the claim and the bond is an

independent obligation owed to the Board. We disagree.

       {¶33} In general, a surety’s liability “is dependent upon, and can be no greater

than, that of the principal.” State v. Herbert, 49 Ohio St.2d 88, 358 N.E.2d 88 (1976). In

this respect, it has been held that “a surety can assert the defenses of its principal,” and

thus whatever “amounts to a good defense to the original liability of the principal, is a

good defense for the sureties when sued upon the collateral undertaking.” Holben v.

Interstate Freight Sys., 31 Ohio St.3d 152, 509 N.E.2d 938 (1987). The surety’s liability

is derived from that of the principal and the surety may plead defenses available to the

principal. Cain v. Panitch, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-758, 2018-Ohio-1595. In this

case, Hartford is entitled to assert, on its own behalf, any non-personal defense available

to its principal, CT Taylor. The complaint alleges, “CT Taylor is in material breach and

default of its obligations under the General Trades Contract and Hartford is liable to the

Board to the same extent as CT Taylor.” Thus, since the Board’s claim against CT Taylor

is barred by the statute of repose, the claim against Hartford must also fail. Id. The

Board’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶34} Based on the foregoing, the Board’s assignments of error are overruled.
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00099                                           15


      {¶35} The June 26, 2018 judgment entry of the Stark County Court of Common

Pleas granting appellees’ motions to dismiss is affirmed.




By Gwin, P.J.,

Wise, John, J., and

Delaney, J., concur
