                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                           No. 103 / 05–1996

                         Filed February 1, 2008


ROBERT M. SPEIGHT and BEVERLY E. SPEIGHT,

      Appellants,

vs.

WALTERS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LTD.,

      Appellee.


      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert A.

Hutchison, Judge.



      Third-party purchasers of home appeal from summary judgment

for builder in suit for breach of implied warranty of workmanlike

construction.       DECISION   OF   COURT   OF    APPEALS   VACATED;

JUDGMENT OF DISTRICT COURT REVERSED; CASE REMANDED.


      Harley C. Erbe of Erbe Law Firm, West Des Moines, for appellants.



      Brian P. Rickert and Michael J. Green of Brown, Winick, Graves,

Gross, Baskerville & Schoenebaum, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellee.
                                      2

LARSON, Justice.

         The plaintiffs, Robert and Beverly Speight, appeal from a summary

judgment entered against them in their suit for breach of implied

warranty of workmanlike construction against the builder of their home.

The court of appeals affirmed. Both the district court and the court of

appeals expressly declined to recognize an implied-warranty claim in

favor of third-party purchasers, deferring for such a decision to this

court.    We now extend our common law of implied warranty to cover

such parties and therefore vacate the decision of the court of appeals,

reverse the judgment of the district court, and remand for further

proceedings.

         I. Facts and Prior Proceedings.

         The Speights are the present owners of a home in Clive, Iowa,

which was custom-built in 1995 by the defendant, Walters Development

Company, Ltd. It was built for use by the original buyers, named Roche.

The Roches sold the home to people named Rogers, who in turn sold it to

the Speights on August 1, 2000. Sometime after purchasing the home,

the Speights noticed water damage and mold.           A building inspector

determined that the damage was the result of a defectively constructed

roof and defective rain gutters. Nothing in the record indicates that any

of the owners between the original builder and the Speights had actual or

imputed knowledge of these defects.

         The Speights filed suit against Walters on May 23, 2005, alleging a

breach of implied warranty of workmanlike construction and general

negligence in construction of the home. Both the Speights and Walters

moved for summary judgment, raising the issue of whether the Speights,

as remote purchasers, could pursue a claim for breach of an implied

warranty of workmanlike construction. Walters also raised the issue of
                                        3

whether the plaintiffs’ claim for breach of implied warranty was barred by

Iowa Code section 614.1(4) (2005), the applicable statute of limitations.

The district court concluded that, under the present state of the law, the

Speights could not maintain an implied-warranty claim, and in any

event, such claim would be barred by the statute of limitations.                The

district court also concluded that the Speights could not bring a general

negligence claim because they did not assert an accompanying claim for

personal injury—a ruling the plaintiffs do not challenge on appeal.

      II. The Implied-Warranty Claim.

      The implied warranty of workmanlike construction is a judicially

created doctrine implemented to protect an innocent home buyer by

holding   the   experienced   builder       accountable   for   the   quality    of

construction. See 17 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 50:30 (4th

ed. 2007) [hereinafter Lord]. Home buyers are generally in an inferior

position when purchasing a home from a builder-vendor because of the

buyer’s lack of expertise in quality home construction and the fact that

many defects in construction are latent. These defects, even if the home

were inspected by a professional, would not be discoverable.                    See

Sean M. O’Brien, Note, Caveat Venditor: A Case for Granting Subsequent

Purchasers a Cause of Action Against Builder-Vendors for Latent Defects

in the Home, 20 J. Corp. L. 525, 529 (Spring 1995).

      The implied warranty of workmanlike construction addresses the

inequities between the buyer and the builder-vendor by requiring that a

building be constructed “in a reasonably good and workmanlike manner

and . . . be reasonably fit for the intended purpose.” Kirk v. Ridgway,

373 N.W.2d 491, 492 (Iowa 1985). In Kirk this court applied the doctrine

of implied warranty of workmanlike construction to the sale of a home by

the builder to the first owner. 373 N.W.2d at 496. In doing so, we noted
                                     4

that interest in consumer protection had increased, and the complexity

of homes had increased, making it difficult for a buyer to discover defects

in the construction. Id. at 493–94. In Kirk we rejected the application of

the doctrine of caveat emptor under which “it has been observed, courts

considered purchasing as a game of chance.” Id. at 493 (citing Roberts,

The Case of the Unwary Home Buyer: The Housing Merchant Did It, 52

Cornell L.Q. 835, 836 (1967)).      We noted that home buyers are ill-

equipped to discover defects in homes, which are increasingly complex,

and therefore must rely on the skill and judgment of the vendor. Id. at

494.

       In Kirk we held that, in order to sustain a claim that a builder-

vendor has breached the implied warranty of workmanlike construction,

the buyer must show:

             (1) [t]hat the house was constructed to be occupied by
       the [buyer] as a home;
            (2) that the house was purchased from a builder-
       vendor, who had constructed it for the purpose of sale;
              (3) that when sold, the house was not reasonably fit
       for its intended purpose or had not been constructed in a
       good and workmanlike manner;
             (4) that, at the time of purchase, the buyer was
       unaware of the defect and had no reasonable means of
       discovering it; and
             (5) that by reason of the defective condition the buyer
       suffered damages.

Id. at 496; see also Flom v. Stahly, 569 N.W.2d 135, 142 (Iowa 1997).

       In Kirk we defined a “builder” as

       “a general building contractor who controls and directs the
       construction of a building, has ultimate responsibility for
       completion of the whole contract and for putting the
       structure into permanent form thus, necessarily excluding
       merchants, material men, artisans, laborers, subcontractors,
       and employees of a general contractor.”
                                             5

373 N.W.2d at 496 (quoting Jeanguneat v. Jackie Hames Constr. Co., 576

P.2d 761, 762 (Okla. 1978)).

       The plaintiffs ask this court to take the cause of action recognized

in Kirk one step further by applying it to the case of a subsequent

purchaser. Jurisdictions outside of Iowa are split on this issue.

       Many jurisdictions do not permit subsequent purchasers to recover

for a breach of the implied warranty of workmanlike construction.1 This

holding stems from the lack of a contractual relationship between the

subsequent purchaser and the builder-vendor. Michael A. DiSabatino,

J.D., Annotation, Liability of Builder of Residence for Latent Defects

Therein as Running to Subsequent Purchasers from Original Vendee, 10

A.L.R.4th 385, 388 (1981) [hereinafter DiSabatino].                        The implied

warranty of workmanlike construction is contractual in nature, and

because privity is traditionally required in order to maintain a contract

action, some courts have concluded that the lack of privity between the

subsequent purchaser and the builder-vendor prevents the subsequent

purchaser’s implied-warranty claim. O’Brien, 20 J. Corp. L. at 537; see

also Mary Dee Pridgen, Consumer Protection and the Law § 18:19 (2006)

[hereinafter Pridgen] (discussing the holding in Crowder v. Vandendeale,

       1See,  e.g., Lee v. Clark & Assocs. Real Estate, Inc., 512 So. 2d 42 (Ala. 1987); Aas
v. Super. Ct., 12 P.3d 1125 (Cal. 2000) (superseded by statute on other grounds);
Cosmopolitan Homes, Inc. v. Weller, 663 P.2d 1041 (Colo. 1983); Coburn v. Lenox Homes,
Inc., 378 A.2d 599 (Conn. 1977); Council of Unit Owners of Sea Colony East, Phases III,
IV, VI & VII v. Carl M. Freeman Assocs., Inc., 1989 WL 48568 (Del. Super. 1989); Drexel
Props., Inc. v. Bay Colony Club Condo., Inc., 406 So. 2d 515 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981),
disapproved of on other grounds by Casa Clara Condo. Ass’n, Inc. v. Charley Toppino &
Sons, Inc., 620 So. 2d 1244 (Fla. 1993); Dunant v. Wilmock, Inc., 335 S.E.2d 162 (Ga.
Ct. App. 1985); Miles v. Love, 573 P.2d 622 (Kan. Ct. App. 1977); Real Estate Mktg., Inc.
v. Franz, 885 S.W.2d 921 (Ky. 1994); Tereault v. Palmer, 413 N.W.2d 283 (Minn. Ct.
App. 1987); John H. Armbruster & Co. v. Hayden Co.—Builder Developer, Inc., 622
S.W.2d 704 (Mo. Ct. App. 1981); Butler v. Caldwell & Cook, Inc., 505 N.Y.S.2d 288 (N.Y.
App. Div. 1986); Brown v. Fowler, 279 N.W.2d 907 (S.D. 1979); Briggs v. Riversound
Ltd. P’ship, 942 S.W.2d 529 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Schafir v. Harrigan, 879 P.2d 1384
(Utah Ct. App. 1994); Northridge Co. v. W.R. Grace & Co., 471 N.W.2d 179 (Wis. 1991).
                                            6

564 S.W.2d 879, 881 (Mo. 1978)); 2 James Acret, Construction Law

Digests § 14:12 (2007) [hereinafter Acret] (“The implied warranty of

habitability arises out of a contract between the builder and the initial

buyer. There is no hint in the case law that it arises out of the general

duty to build a reasonably fit house, by reason of which the builder

would be liable to remote purchasers, that is, the general public, having

no privity with it.” (discussing the holding in Foxcroft Townhome Owners

Ass’n v. Hoffman Rosner Corp., 449 N.E.2d 125 (Ill. 1983))).                   Further,

because there is a lack of privity between the subsequent purchaser and

the builder-vendor, there is no reliance by the subsequent purchaser on

any representations made by the builder-vendor regarding the quality of

construction. See Pridgen, § 18:19. Finally, some courts have concluded

that the justifications for eliminating the privity requirement in products

liability cases do not exist in the sale of real estate. See DiSabatino, 10

A.L.R.4th at 397–98 (“The court reasoned that a house which is not the

product of a mass marketing scheme or which is not designed as a

temporary dwelling differs from the usual item to which the principles of

strict liability have generally been applied, in that it is not an item which

generally changes owners or occupants frequently.” (discussing Coburn v.

Lenox Homes, Inc., 378 A.2d 599 (Conn. 1977))).

       Other jurisdictions do permit subsequent purchasers to recover for

a breach of the implied warranty of workmanlike construction.2                       The

       2See, e.g., Richards v. Powercraft Homes, Inc., 678 P.2d 427 (Ariz. 1984); Blagg v.

Fred Hunt Co., 612 S.W.2d 321 (Ark. 1981); Tusch Enters. v. Coffin, 740 P.2d 1022
(Idaho 1987); Redarowicz v. Ohlendorf, 441 N.E.2d 324 (Ill. 1982); Barnes v. Mac Brown
& Co., 342 N.E.2d 619 (Ind. 1976); Degeneres v. Burgess, 486 So. 2d 769 (La. Ct. App.
1986); Dunelawn Owners’ Ass’n v. Gendreau, 750 A.2d 591 (Me. 2000) (citing 33
M.R.S.A. § 1604–113(f)); Keyes v. Guy Bailey Homes, Inc., 439 So. 2d 670 (Miss. 1983);
Moglia v. McNeil Co., 700 N.W.2d 608 (Neb. 2005); Lempke v. Dagenais, 547 A.2d 290
(N.H. 1988); Hermes v. Staiano, 437 A.2d 925 (N.J. 1981); Gaito v. Auman, 327 S.E.2d
870 (N.C. 1985); Baddour v. Fox, 2004 WL 1327925 (Ohio Ct. App. 2004); Elden v.
Simmons, 631 P.2d 739 (Okla. 1981); Nichols v. R.R. Beaufort & Assocs., Inc., 727 A.2d
                                          7

purpose of the implied warranty of workmanlike construction is to

ensure that innocent home buyers are protected from latent defects.

This principle is “ ‘equally applicable to subsequent purchasers’ ” who

are in no better position to discover those defects than the original

purchaser. Acret, § 14:12 (discussing and quoting the holding in Lempke

v. Dagenais, 547 A.2d 290 (N.H. 1988)); see also Pridgen, § 18:19 (“ ‘The

purpose of a warranty is to protect innocent purchasers and hold

builders accountable for their work.           With that object in mind, any

reasoning which would arbitrarily interpose a first buyer as an

obstruction     to   someone      equally     as    deserving     of   recovery     is

incomprehensible.’ ” (quoting Moxley v. Laramie Builders, Inc., 600 P.2d

733, 736 (Wyo. 1979))).           Thus, the public policy justifications for

eliminating the doctrine of caveat emptor for original purchasers of new

homes similarly support allowing subsequent purchasers to recover on a

theory of a breach of the implied warranty of workmanlike construction.

See O’Brien, 20 J. Corp. L. at 531–32 (“[B]y definition, latent defects are

not discoverable by reasonable inspection. Thus, home buyers are left

with the choice of relying on a builder-vendor’s expertise, or not buying a

home at all. As one court stated, ‘(t)o apply the rule of caveat emptor to

an inexperienced buyer, and in favor of a builder(-vendor) who is daily

engaged in the business of building and selling houses is manifestly a

denial of justice.’ ” (Internal citations omitted.)). Further, the purpose of

the implied warranty of workmanlike construction is to ensure the home

“ ‘will be fit for habitation,’ a matter that ‘depends upon the quality of the



174 (R.I. 1999); Terlinde v. Neely, 271 S.E.2d 768 (S.C. 1980); Gupta v. Ritter Homes,
Inc., 646 S.W.2d 168 (Tex. 1983), overruled in relevant part in Amstadt v. U.S. Brass
Corp., 919 S.W.2d 644 (Tex. 1996); Sewell v. Gregory, 371 S.E.2d 82 (W. Va. 1988);
Moxley v. Laramie Builders, Inc., 600 P.2d 733 (Wyo. 1979).
                                     8

dwelling delivered’ not the status of the buyer.” Pridgen, § 18:19 (quoting

Tusch Enters. v. Coffin, 740 P.2d 1022 (Idaho 1987)).

      The lack of privity between the subsequent purchaser and the

builder-vendor is not an impediment, in these jurisdictions, to allowing a

subsequent purchaser to recover on an implied-warranty claim. Though

the implied warranty of workmanlike construction “ ‘has roots in the

execution of the contract for sale,’ ” it exists independently of the

contract by its very nature.   O’Brien, 20 J. Corp. L. at 538 (citations

omitted). Additionally, requiring privity to sue for a breach of an implied

warranty has been disfavored in products liability cases in some

jurisdictions.    Many    jurisdictions   find   similar   justifications   for

extinguishing the privity requirement in the purchase of a home. See

O’Brien, § 50:30 (“[T]he builder was in the same position as a

manufacturer who sells an article which, if defective, will be imminently

dangerous to persons who come in contact with it, ‘and liability is not

limited to those with whom the manufacturer contracts.’ ” (quoting Leigh

v. Wadsworth, 361 P.2d 849 (Okla. 1961))). From a practical perspective,

these jurisdictions note that many latent defects “are often not

discoverable for some time after completion of the house. By the time

the defects come to light, the original purchasers may have sold the

home. For that reason, subsequent purchasers need protection for faulty

construction.”   Pridgen, § 18:19.   Additionally, the reality is that our

society is increasingly mobile, and as a result, a home’s ownership is

likely to change hands a number of times. See O’Brien, 20 J. Corp. L. at

526 (noting that, at the time the note was written, “[n]early four million

single-family used homes [were] sold in the United States every year”). A

blanket rule prohibiting subsequent purchasers from recovering for a

breach of the implied warranty of workmanlike construction would do
                                    9

injustice to those who purchase a home from a previous buyer shortly

after the home was constructed when the subsequent purchaser later

discovers that the home was defectively constructed. See id. at 538.

Finally, one author posits that the doctrine of assignment allows for the

transfer to the subsequent purchaser of the original purchaser’s right to

sue for breach of the implied warranty of workmanlike construction. Id.

at 538–40.

      We believe that Iowa law should follow the modern trend allowing a

subsequent purchaser to recover against a builder-vendor for a breach of

the implied warranty of workmanlike construction.            As in many

jurisdictions, this court has eliminated the privity requirement in

products liability cases raising a breach-of-implied-warranty claim. See

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Anderson-Weber, Inc., 110 N.W.2d 449,

456 (Iowa 1961).    As the court discussed in State Farm, the privity

requirement was eliminated in other jurisdictions to “ ‘ameliorate the

harsh doctrine of caveat emptor,’ ” and because “ ‘the [implied warranty]

obligations on the part of the seller were imposed by operation of law,

and did not depend for their existence upon express agreement of the

parties,’ ” privity was not necessary. Id. at 454 (quoting Henningsen v.

Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 161 A.2d 69 (N.J. 1960)). The same is true in a

case such as the present one in which a home buyer raises an implied-

warranty claim.      Further, the implied warranty of workmanlike

construction is a judicial creation and does not, in itself, arise from the

language of any contract between the builder-vendor and the original

purchaser.   Thus, it is not extinguished upon the original purchaser’s

sale of the home to a subsequent purchaser.           The builder-vendor

warrants that the home was constructed in a workmanlike manner, not

that it is fit for any particular purpose the original owner intended. As
                                       10

such, there is no contractual justification for limiting recovery to the

original purchaser.

       Additionally,   the   public   policy   justifications   supporting   our

decision to recede from the doctrine of caveat emptor in the sale of new

homes by builder-vendors equally apply to the sale of used homes to

subsequent purchasers.         As discussed above, latent defects are, by

definition,   undiscoverable    by    reasonable    inspection.     Thus,    the

subsequent purchaser is in no better position to discover those defects

than the original purchaser.          It is inequitable to allow an original

purchaser to recover while, simultaneously, prohibiting a subsequent

purchaser from recovering for latent defects in homes that are the same

age.

       Walters contends that allowing the recovery the Speights seek

would lead to increased costs for builders, increased claims, and

increased home prices. However, builder-vendors are currently required

to build a home in a good and workmanlike manner.                  The implied

warranty of workmanlike construction reasonably puts the risk of

shoddy construction on the builder-vendor. The builder-vendor’s risk is

not increased by allowing subsequent purchasers to recover for the same

latent defects for which an original purchaser could recover.                As

discussed more fully below, the statute of limitations and statute of

repose are the same for original purchasers and subsequent purchasers,

thus eliminating any increased time period within which a builder-

vendor is subject to suit.

       Walters argues that allowing subsequent purchasers to recover for

a breach of the implied warranty of workmanlike construction would

subject builder-vendors to unlimited liability; however, we are not

persuaded. Iowa Code section 614.1(11) provides a safety net—a statute
                                    11

of repose for potential plaintiffs seeking to recover for breach of an

implied warranty on an improvement to real property.         A statute of

repose works to “ ‘terminate[] any right of action after a specified time

has elapsed, regardless of whether or not there has as yet been an

injury.’ ” Bob McKiness Excavating & Grading, Inc. v. Morton, 507 N.W.2d

405, 408 (Iowa 1993) (quoting Hanson v. Williams County, 389 N.W.2d

319, 321 (N.D. 1986)). Section 614.1(11) applies to an action for breach

of the implied warranty of workmanlike construction in the purchase of a

building. See id. at 409. That section provides

      an action arising out of the unsafe or defective condition of
      an improvement to real property based on tort and implied
      warranty . . . and founded on injury to property, real or
      personal, or injury to the person or wrongful death, shall not
      be brought more than fifteen years after the date on which
      occurred the act or omission of the defendant alleged in the
      action to have been the cause of the injury or death.

Iowa Code § 614.1(11).    Pursuant to section 614.1(11), the period of

repose begins to run on the date of the act or omission causing the

injury. In cases involving the construction of a building, such as this

home, that period begins upon completion of the construction of the

building. See Bob McKiness Excavating & Grading, Inc., 507 N.W.2d at

409. As a result, builder-vendors are not liable on an implied-warranty

claim after the statute of repose has run, regardless of who owns the

home.   In summary, we adopt what we view to be the emerging and

better view that subsequent purchasers may recover for breach of

implied warranty of workmanlike construction against a builder-vendor

as recognized in Kirk for first-party purchasers. Subsequent purchasers,

of course, may not be afforded greater rights of recovery than the original

purchasers.
                                    12

      III. The Statute of Limitations.

      The defendant contends that, even if we recognize a cause of action

under these circumstances, it would be barred by the statute of

limitations under Iowa Code section 614.1(4). The district court and the

court of appeals agreed and concluded that this suit was time-barred.

We disagree.

      Under Iowa Code section 614.1,

            [a]ctions may be brought within the times herein
      limited, respectively, after their causes accrue, and not
      afterwards, except when otherwise specially declared:
            ....
             4. Unwritten contracts—injuries to property—fraud—
      other actions. Those founded on unwritten contracts, those
      brought for injuries to property, or for relief on the ground of
      fraud in cases heretofore solely cognizable in a court of
      chancery, and all other actions not otherwise provided for in
      this respect, within five years . . . .

(Emphasis added.)

      The question in this case is when the plaintiffs’ cause of action

accrued.   The defendant argues, and the district court held, that the

cause of action accrued in 1995, when the house was sold by the

defendant to the original purchasers.      The Speights filed this suit in

2005, which was well beyond the five-year statute of limitations,

according to the defendant. The defendant’s time-bar argument relies on

Iowa Code section 554.2725(2), under which all actions for breach of

implied warranty accrue at the time of delivery, not at the time the

damage is discovered. The Speights counter that their claim is not based

on the sale of goods and, therefore, section 554.2725(2), which is part of

the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), does not apply. We agree with the

Speights’ position.   Article 2 of the UCC applies only to transactions

involving the sale of goods. Iowa Code § 554.2102. Goods are “all things
                                       13

. . . which are movable at the time of identification to the contract for

sale.”    Id. § 554.2105(1). Clearly, the construction of a home is not a

transaction for the sale of goods to which the UCC applies. Therefore,

the limitation provided in section 554.2725(2) does not apply to cases

such as the present one. We made that clear in Brown v. Ellison, 304

N.W.2d 197 (Iowa 1981), in which we distinguished cases involving

breach of implied warranties of workmanship from those under the UCC.

               We hold that the discovery rule is applicable to cases
         arising from express and implied warranties. This holding,
         of course, does not apply to situations in which statutes
         expressly provide that a cause of action accrues when the
         breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party’s lack of
         knowledge of the breach.           See, e.g., Iowa Uniform
         Commercial Code, § 554.2725 . . . . The trial court was,
         therefore, correct in applying the discovery rule.

Brown, 304 N.W.2d at 201.

         We reject the defendant’s argument that the plaintiffs’ cause of

action accrued in 1995 when the house was originally sold. Under the

discovery rule, a cause of action does not accrue until the injured party

has actual or imputed knowledge of the facts that would support a cause

of action. We have said:

                “Knowledge is imputed to a claimant when he gains
         information sufficient to alert a reasonable person of the
         need to investigate. As of that date he is on inquiry notice of
         all facts that would have been disclosed by a reasonably
         diligent investigation.”

Perkins v. HEA of Iowa, Inc., 651 N.W.2d 40, 44 (Iowa 2002) (quoting

Ranney v. Parawax Co., 582 N.W.2d 152, 155 (Iowa 1998)).                   The

Speights’ suit was filed on May 23, 2005, which was within five years of

their purchase of the home. It cannot, therefore, be credibly argued that

the plaintiffs had knowledge—either actual or imputed—of the defect
                                   14

more than five years before their suit was filed because they did not even

own the property at that time.

      We adopt and apply the doctrine of implied warranty of

workmanlike construction to subsequent, as well as initial, purchasers.

We conclude as a matter of law that the plaintiffs could not have gained

actual or imputed knowledge of the defect in their home more than five

years prior to commencing this action, and their suit is therefore not

time-barred under Iowa Code section 614.1(4). We vacate the decision of

the court of appeals, reverse the judgment of the district court, and

remand for further proceedings.

      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; JUDGMENT OF

DISTRICT COURT REVERSED; CASE REMANDED.

      All justices concur except Appel, J., who takes no part.
