                        NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 17a0697n.06
                                                                                     FILED
                                          No. 17-1323                          Dec 20, 2017
                                                                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

AMELITA MANDINGO                                        )
                                                        )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                             )
                                                        )
v.                                                      )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                        )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
PNC BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION                          )      COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                        )      DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
       Defendant-Appellee.                              )
                                                        )
                                                        )



BEFORE:       GUY, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

       ROGERS, Circuit Judge. This case presents several state-law claims arising out of PNC

Bank’s alleged mishandling of Amelita Mandingo’s mortgage and the subsequent foreclosure of

her property. She claims common-law and statutory slander of title, quiet title, innocent and

negligent misrepresentation, and fraud. Her claims all boil down to allegations that PNC falsely

represented to the bankruptcy court and other parties that she was three months in default,

provided her with false information regarding her account balances, and did not comply with two

Michigan statutes when foreclosing on its mortgage interest. Because each of Mandingo’s

claims suffers from a fatal defect, the district court was correct to grant summary judgment to

PNC.

       PNC held a mortgage interest in Mandingo’s home and property. In 2009, Mandingo

filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 13, and the resulting bankruptcy plan required her to continue
No. 17-1323
Amelita Mandingo v. PNC Bank, N.A.

making monthly payments to PNC. In October 2011, she began to fall behind on her payments.1

On March 13, 2012, PNC moved the bankruptcy court to lift the automatic stay preventing

foreclosure, alleging that Mandingo was “three (3) months in default[.]”         On August 2,

Mandingo and PNC stipulated that she owed $18,263.75, which “include[d] the June-August

2012 payments at $2,811.90 each, plus property inspections of $63.00, the escrow shortage of

$8,639.05, $300 in prior Bankruptcy fees and the current fees and costs of $826.” As part of the

stipulation, Mandingo agreed to pay, starting on September 1, an additional $3,043.96 per month

on top of her regularly scheduled payments. Mandingo also agreed that if she failed to make the

payments, PNC could file a notice of default and the bankruptcy court would then lift the

automatic stay on the property so that PNC could foreclose its interest. Mandingo made her first

set of payments in September 2012 but none after.

       PNC allowed Mandingo to apply for several loan modifications, which were all

ultimately rejected. PNC later filed a notice of default, and on May 31 the bankruptcy court

lifted the automatic stay from Mandingo’s property, leaving PNC free to pursue its “federal

and/or state law rights to the property.”

       In June 2013 Mandingo applied for assistance from Step Forward Michigan, a program

that helps people avoid foreclosure by paying up to $30,000 of their outstanding balance.

Mandingo’s application was initially denied because her assets were greater than the program

allowed. Munai Nawash, the housing counselor who assisted Mandingo, advised Mandingo to

pay $13,600 to PNC, which, according to Nawash, would reduce Mandingo’s assets enough to

qualify for the program. Relying on that advice, Mandingo made the $13,600 payment by

       1
         Mandingo made her October 2011 payment on November 1, 2011; her November 2011 payment
on December 23, 2011; her December 2011 payment on January 27, 2012; her January 2012 payment on
March 12, 2012; her February 2012 payment on March 23, 2012; her March 2012 payment on April 16,
2012; her April 2012 payment on May 29, 2012; and her May 2012 payment on July 6, 2012.

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No. 17-1323
Amelita Mandingo v. PNC Bank, N.A.

telephone, but her subsequent application was again denied because her arrearage exceeded the

$30,000 allowed by Step Forward Michigan.

       PNC notified Mandingo that she was in default and had to pay $46,516.47 to cure, which

she did not do. PNC accelerated the loan balance of $245,524.03 and referred the matter to its

foreclosure attorneys. PNC posted notice of the sale at the property and four times in the Detroit

Legal News, and PNC eventually purchased the property at a sheriff’s sale. The statutory

redemption period expired without Mandingo’s attempting to redeem the property.

       Mandingo instead brought this suit, alleging common-law and statutory slander of title,

quiet title, innocent and negligent misrepresentation, and fraud, including silent fraud and “bad

faith promises.” At the close of discovery, PNC moved for summary judgment, which the

district court granted on all counts, finding that each of Mandingo’s claims failed as a matter of

law.   The district court rejected Mandingo’s slander-of-title claims, which were based on

statements made by PNC to the bankruptcy court and in unspecified chain-of-title documents.

With respect to the bankruptcy-court statements, the court held them to be absolutely privileged

under Michigan law and stipulated to by Mandingo.            With respect to the chain-of-title

statements, the court held that Mandingo had not shown any of PNC’s statements to be false.

With respect to the quiet-title claim, the district court held that “Mandingo presents no facts or

evidence to show that her interest in the property is superior to PNC’s interest,” noting that

Mandingo had admitted in her deposition that she does not own the property and did not

otherwise rebut PNC’s proof of ownership (the sheriff’s deed). The district court also rejected

Mandingo’s innocent- and negligent-misrepresentation claims, which were based on “a false

notice of a non-existent corporation in the notices published and sent pursuant to [Mich. Comp.

Laws §] 600.3205” and PNC’s having provided false or inconsistent information as to who


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No. 17-1323
Amelita Mandingo v. PNC Bank, N.A.

acquired the property from the sheriff’s sale. Regarding the former, the district court determined

that the law cited by Mandingo had been repealed a year prior to her foreclosure, and the district

court found that the latter allegation was unsupported by the record. The district court also

rejected Mandingo’s argument that PNC had made an actionable misrepresentation to the

bankruptcy court:

       In her response, Mandingo apparently abandons this line of argument altogether
       by failing to address PNC’s notification-of-purchase evidence, or to identify
       PNC’s allegedly false statement. Instead, she argues that PNC made false
       representations to the bankruptcy court that Mandingo was three months behind
       on her mortgage. But, apart from her personal testimony that she was not in
       arrears, Mandingo offers nothing to rebut the compelling record evidence offered
       by PNC. Mandingo stipulated that she had a “[d]elinquincy of $18,263.75” for
       her “June–August 2012 [mortgage] payments.” Her claim that the stipulation was
       a “lie” is unavailing. Thus, Mandingo fails to show a genuine issue of fact as to
       her misrepresentation claims.

Finally, the district court rejected Mandingo’s fraud claims, finding them substantially similar to

her innocent- and negligent-misrepresentation claims.          The district court also rejected

Mandingo’s silent-fraud theory:

       In response, Mandingo appears to abandon her fraud and bad-faith arguments and
       instead argues that PNC “failed to disclose it did not apply Plaintiff’s payments
       for approximately seven months” and “failed to disclose for years that it did not
       do an escrow analysis for the time period of 2010–12.” But “mere nondisclosure
       of information is insufficient” to state a claim for silent fraud. Am. Furukawa,
       Inc. v. Isthihar Hossain, HT Wire & Cable Americas, LLC, No. 14-CV-13633,
       2016 WL 3444079, at *9 (E.D. Mich. June 23, 2016). Instead, Mandingo must
       show that PNC had a “pre-existing legal or equitable duty to disclose.” Tocco v.
       Richman Greer Prof’l Ass’n, 553 F. App’x 473, 476 (6th Cir. 2013). Mandingo
       makes no showing that PNC had a legal duty to disclose any information, or that
       PNC ever denied her any information that she had requested. Thus, her fraud
       claims fails [sic] as a matter of law.

Thus, the district court granted summary judgment on all of the claims and dismissed the case.




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No. 17-1323
Amelita Mandingo v. PNC Bank, N.A.

       Mandingo now appeals, continuing to assert each of the claims rejected by the district

court. But that rejection was correct because each claim has a fatal defect, and Mandingo does

not address those deficiencies on appeal. Each of her claims fails as a matter of law.

       The district court correctly granted summary judgment to PNC on Mandingo’s slander-

of-title claims. Mandingo claims that PNC slandered her title to the foreclosed property by

making false statements about her loan delinquency to the bankruptcy court and by publishing

notices in the chain of title, including a statement that “falsely represented [PNC’s] authority” to

foreclose by “falsely alleging compliance with” Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 600.3204 and 600.3205.

Both claims fail.

       First, Mandingo’s claim that PNC slandered her title by making false statements to the

bankruptcy court fails because any such statement would have been absolutely privileged.

Under Michigan law, “[s]tatements made during the course of judicial proceedings are

absolutely privileged, provided they are relevant, material, or pertinent to the issue being tried,”

Maiden v. Rozwood, 597 N.W.2d 817, 830 (Mich. 1999), and absolute privilege precludes a

claim for “damages in a civil action for slander,” Schlinkert v. Henderson, 49 N.W.2d 180, 183

(Mich. 1951). Thus any statement made by PNC to the bankruptcy court could not have been

slanderous.

       Second, Mandingo’s slander-of-title claims with respect to the chain-of-title statements

fail because Mandingo has put forward no evidence showing that PNC ever made a false

statement. Statutory and common-law slander of title both require, among other things, a

published false statement. See B & B Inv. Grp. v. Gitler, 581 N.W.2d 17, 20 (Mich. Ct. App.

1998); see also Mich. Comp. Laws § 565.108. Because it is hard to tell which statements

Mandingo means to call slanderous, the district court considered the clearest example: PNC’s


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No. 17-1323
Amelita Mandingo v. PNC Bank, N.A.

notice-of-foreclosure statement, which was reprinted in the sheriff’s deed and said, “Default has

been made in the conditions of a mortgage made by Amelita L. Mandingo.” Mandingo calls

that statement false, and she supports that argument only with the conclusory assertion that she

was not actually in default. But Mandingo has put forward no evidence disputing that she was

in default when PNC published the notice-of-foreclosure statement. Mandingo’s claim that

PNC falsely claimed compliance with Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 600.3204 and 600.3205 is also

meritless. The sheriff’s deed—the most likely thing to have slandered Mandingo’s title—does

not mention either statute, and Mandingo has not explained, let alone put forward evidence

showing, how PNC violated either statue. In sum, the district court rightly concluded that

Mandingo has failed to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact that PNC slandered her

title.

         The district court likewise properly granted summary judgment to PNC on Mandingo’s

quiet-title claim.   A quiet-title claim requires the plaintiff to show “facts establishing the

superiority of the plaintiff’s claim.” Khadher v. PNC Bank, N.A., 577 F. App’x 470, 478 (6th

Cir. 2014) (citing Mich. Ct. R. 3.411(B)(2)). Mandingo has pointed to no such facts. PNC

acquired title at a sheriff’s sale, and Mandingo admitted in her deposition that she did not own

the property. Mandingo makes a few arguments to attack her default and the foreclosure sale,

but they are not persuasive.     Mandingo asserts that the default and foreclosure sale were

improper under Mich. Comp. Law § 600.3204 because “no escrow analysis had been performed”

by PNC and that therefore PNC “could not provide an accurate payment amount.” PNC has

admitted as much, but Mandingo does not explain how these facts relate to the Michigan statute

that PNC purportedly violated, how they render her title superior to PNC’s, or how they

otherwise relate to a quiet-title action. Because Mandingo has put forward no facts showing that


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No. 17-1323
Amelita Mandingo v. PNC Bank, N.A.

her claim to the property is superior to PNC’s, the district court correctly granted summary

judgment on her quiet-title claim.

       The district court also properly granted summary judgment to PNC on Mandingo’s

innocent- and negligent-misrepresentation claims. The thrust of Mandingo’s argument on appeal

is that Mandingo was not actually in default, but only appeared that way because PNC had

applied funds that she had paid to the wrong accounts, and so it was an actionable

misrepresentation for PNC to tell the bankruptcy court that Mandingo was in default. These

claims cannot succeed. A claim for innocent misrepresentation requires that a misrepresentation

be made “in a transaction between [the parties],” McKind v. Palms Invs., L.L.C., No. 273138,

2007 WL 1342557, at *5 (Mich. Ct. App. May 8, 2007), and to claim negligent

misrepresentation a plaintiff must show that a false representation was made in connection with

the formation of a contract, see, e.g., Yaldu v. Bank of Am. Corp., 700 F. Supp. 2d 832, 845 (E.D.

Mich. 2010) (citing Sipes v. Kinetra, LLC, 137 F. Supp. 2d 901, 910 (E.D. Mich. 2001)). Here,

PNC made the allegedly tortious false representation, identified by the forensic-accounting report

attached to Mandingo’s complaint, in its March 13 motion in Mandingo’s bankruptcy case.2

That statement—made in a bankruptcy-court filing—was not part of a transaction, nor did it give

rise to a contract between PNC and Mandingo, and Mandingo has pointed to no Michigan

precedent suggesting that a false statement made in a court filing can give rise to a claim for

innocent or negligent misrepresentation. The facts of this case are far outside the ambit of any




       2
          PNC’s March 13 motion apparently did contain a technically false representation. That motion
said that Mandingo was “currently three (3) months in default, due and owing for January 1, 2012[.]”
The payment-history log shows that Mandingo made her January 1 payment on March 12, which means
that on March 13 she was only two months behind, owing her February 1 and March 1 payments. Thus, it
appears that PNC’s March 13 motion did contain a false representation because Mandingo was, as of the
day before, only two months in default, rather than three as stated in the motion.

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No. 17-1323
Amelita Mandingo v. PNC Bank, N.A.

legally cognizable innocent- or negligent-misrepresentation claim, so those claims fail as a

matter of law.

       Lastly, the district court was correct to reject Mandingo’s fraud claims. On appeal,

Mandingo presses a silent-fraud theory that PNC “failed to disclose it did not apply [her]

payments for approximately seven months,” “failed to disclose for years that it did not do an

escrow analysis for the time period of 2010-2012,” and “failed to disclose the accurate and

correct arrearage on Appellant’s account.” To be sure, PNC has admitted that it did not conduct

an escrow analysis during that period, and Mandingo’s expert concluded that PNC’s failure

resulted in “flawed and inaccurate reporting,” presumably referring to her arrearage amount. But

to claim silent fraud, a plaintiff must show that the defendant “failed to disclose a material fact,”

knowing “that the failure to disclose would create a false impression,” and with the “inten[t] that

the plaintiff rely on the resulting false impression.” City of Dearborn v. Burton-Katzman Dev.

Co., No. 309758, 2014 WL 7212895, at *10 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 18, 2014) (citing Hord v.

Envtl. Research Inst. of Michigan, 579 N.W.2d 133, 136–37 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998)). Even if

PNC’s failures were material nondisclosures, Mandingo’s claim still fails because a reasonable

jury could not conclude, on the record before this court, that PNC intended those omissions to

defraud Mandingo. Therefore Mandingo’s silent-fraud claim fails as a matter of law, so the

district court was correct to grant summary judgment on it.


       We affirm the judgment of the district court.




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