[Cite as State/Toledo v. Neal, 2018-Ohio-2596.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      LUCAS COUNTY


State of Ohio/City of Toledo                          Court of Appeals No. L-17-1193

        Appellee                                      Trial Court No. TRC-17-2729

v.

Kevin Marvin Neal                                     DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                     Decided: June 29, 2018

                                                  *****

        David Toska, City of Toledo Chief Prosecutor, and
        Henry Schaefer, Assistant Prosecutor, for appellee.

        Eric Allen Marks, for appellant.

                                                  *****

MAYLE, P.J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Kevin Neal, appeals the June 27, 2017 judgment of the Toledo

Municipal Court sentencing him for a misdemeanor conviction of operating a vehicle
under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them. For the

following reasons, we reverse.

                                 I. Background and Facts

       {¶ 2} On February 6, 2017, Neal was driving on Alexis Road in Toledo when he

was stopped by an Ohio State Highway Patrol trooper. The trooper arrested Neal and

issued him a uniform traffic ticket charging him with operating a vehicle while “[u]nder

the influence of alcohol/drug of abuse” (“OVI”) in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)

and a marked lanes violation under R.C. 4511.33. The ticket indicates that Neal

submitted to a urine test, but does not include the results of the test. The ticket also states

that Neal had a prior OVI in “16.”1

       {¶ 3} That same day, the trooper initiated criminal proceedings against Neal in

the Toledo Municipal Court by filing the uniform traffic ticket, which served as the

complaint and summons under Traf.R. 3.

       {¶ 4} On May 18, 2017, Neal entered a plea of no contest to the OVI charge. In

exchange, the city agreed to “off docket” the marked lanes violation. At the hearing,

Neal’s counsel stated that Neal agreed to plead “[n]o contest, we would consent to a



1
  In addition to the complaint, the record also contains a “Report of Law Enforcement
Officer Administrative License Suspension/Notice of Possible CDL
Disqualification/Immobilization/Forfeiture,” commonly known as a “BMV Form 2255,”
indicating that Neal was served with a notice of administrative license suspension
(“ALS”) when the controlled substance or metabolite test result was received on March 3,
2017. The BMV Form 2255, however, is neither file-stamped nor entered on the docket.
Regardless, the ALS is not at issue on appeal.



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finding, waive any reading or call for explanation of circumstances.” Counsel also drew

the court’s attention to Neal’s prior OVI conviction. The court responded, “Well, there’s

a prior noted on the ticket. I don’t know whether or not he was convicted or it was

amended unless I pull it up.” The court then addressed Neal, saying, “A no contest plea

is not an admission of guilt, but you’re allowing the Court to accept as true the facts

contained in the complaint. Usually that results in a finding of guilt.” After Neal

tendered his plea, the court said, “The Court will accept the no contest plea. Reading and

explanation of circumstances waived. Based upon the complaint, the Court will make a

finding of guilt.”

         {¶ 5} On June 27, 2017, the court held a sentencing hearing. After hearing

counsel’s argument in mitigation of punishment, the court sentenced Neal to 180 days in

jail with 157 days suspended; one year of probation, including the terms that Neal

commit no other offenses and follow any recommendations resulting from a substance

abuse assessment; an 18-month driver’s license suspension; a $525 fine; and court costs.

         {¶ 6} Neal now appeals the trial court’s decision, raising two assignments of

error:

               FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR: THE TRIAL COURT

         VIOLATED APPELLANT’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS BY FINDING

         HIM GUILTY AFTER A NO CONTEST PLEA WITHOUT REQUIRING

         AN EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES FROM THE CITY.




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              SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR: THE TRIAL COURT

       LACKED SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO FIND APPELLANT GUILTY

       FOLLOWING HIS NO CONTEST PLEA, AND HE SHOULD BE

       ACQUITTED OF THE OVI OFFENSE.

                                  II. Law and Analysis

       {¶ 7} In his first assignment of error, Neal argues that the trial court violated his

due process rights by finding him guilty based on his no contest plea without calling for

an explanation of the circumstances of the charge, as required by R.C. 2937.07. Neal

claims that the explanation of the circumstances is mandatory, and therefore any

purported “waiver” of this requirement by the defendant is irrelevant. In his second

assignment of error, Neal argues that, even if this court determines that he waived his

right to an explanation of circumstances under R.C. 2937.07, his conviction for OVI is

based on insufficient evidence because the complaint―i.e., the uniform traffic ticket―is

devoid of the information necessary to find him guilty of violating R.C.

4511.19(A)(1)(a).

       {¶ 8} In response, Toledo argues that a defendant may waive the required R.C.

2937.07 explanation of circumstances, but that this court’s case law has left some

uncertainty regarding how such a waiver should occur. The city urges us to overrule our

prior decision in State v. Arnold, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-15-1292, 2017-Ohio-5674, in

which we found that the appellant’s conviction under R.C. 4511.19(A)(1) was based on

insufficient evidence even though he had waived the explanation of circumstances, and to



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follow State v. Kern, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-14-1173, 2015-Ohio-1988, in which we

found that the appellant’s waiver of the requirements of R.C. 2937.07 precluded him

from asserting insufficiency of the evidence as error on appeal. Toledo also argues that,

even if we continue to follow Arnold, the language of the complaint was sufficient to

support Neal’s OVI conviction.

          {¶ 9} Our standard of review is de novo. State v. Korossy, 2017-Ohio-7275, 96

N.E.3d 941, ¶ 10 (6th Dist.) (“We conduct a de novo review of a trial court’s finding of

guilt following a no contest plea.”).

               A. Neal Waived the R.C. 2937.07 Explanation of Circumstances

          {¶ 10} As an initial matter, we note that Neal was charged with, and convicted of,

a violation of a traffic ordinance, so the Ohio Traffic Rules (rather than the Ohio Rules of

Criminal Procedure) apply to his case. State v. Watkins, 99 Ohio St.3d 12, 2003-Ohio-

2419, 788 N.E.2d 635, ¶ 10; Traf.R. 2(A) (defining a “traffic case” as “any proceeding,

other than a proceeding resulting from a felony indictment, that involves one or more

violations of a law, ordinance, or regulation governing the operation and use of vehicles *

* *.”).

          {¶ 11} “A defendant may plead not guilty, guilty or, with the consent of the court,

no contest.” Traf.R. 10(A); see also Crim.R. 11(A). A no contest plea “is not an

admission of defendant’s guilt, but is an admission of the truth of the facts alleged in the

complaint * * *.” Traf.R. 10(B)(2); see also Crim.R. 11(B)(2). In traffic cases, the




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complaint and summons is the Ohio Uniform Traffic Ticket, which is filed by the law

enforcement officer. Traf.R. 3.

       {¶ 12} Under R.C. 2937.07,

              A plea to a misdemeanor offense of “no contest” or words of similar

       import shall constitute an admission of the truth of the facts alleged in the

       complaint and that the judge or magistrate may make a finding of guilty or

       not guilty from the explanation of the circumstances of the offense.

The Supreme Court of Ohio has determined that R.C. 2937.07 confers a substantive right

and “a no contest plea may not be the basis for a finding of guilty without an explanation

of circumstances.” City of Cuyahoga Falls v. Bowers, 9 Ohio St.3d 148, 150, 459 N.E.2d

532 (1984). This protection ensures that the prosecution establishes all of the elements of

a charge and prevents the trial court from finding a defendant guilty in a “perfunctory

fashion.” Id., citing Springdale v. Hubbard, 52 Ohio App.2d 255, 259-260, 369 N.E.2d

808 (1st Dist.1977).

       {¶ 13} Although R.C. 2937.07 does not define “explanation of the circumstances,”

we have held that “the explanation ‘necessarily involves, at a minimum, some positive

recitation of facts which, if the court finds them to be true, would permit the court to

enter a guilty verdict and a judgment of conviction on the charge to which the accused

has offered a plea of no contest.’” State v. Czech, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1141, 2015-

Ohio-458, ¶ 18, quoting State v. Pugh, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-11-014, 2012-Ohio-829, ¶ 11.

The explanation must be more than a bare recitation of the elements of the offense



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charged. Id. Documents can provide the explanation of circumstances as long as the

record demonstrates that the trial court actually considered the documents in determining

the defendant’s guilt. Id. at ¶ 15, citing State v. Muhammad, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-00-

1263, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 5782 (Dec. 21, 2001).

       {¶ 14} This court has repeatedly recognized that a defendant can waive his right to

have the facts supporting the charges against him presented to the court. Korossy, 2017-

Ohio-7275, 96 N.E.3d 941, at ¶ 12, citing Kern, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-14-1173, 2015-

Ohio-1988, at ¶ 12. The waiver must be explicit. Id. Here, at the plea hearing, Neal’s

counsel expressly stated that he was pleading “[n]o contest, we would consent to a

finding, waive any reading or call for explanation of circumstances.” (Emphasis added.)

This was an explicit waiver of Neal’s right to an explanation of circumstances under R.C.

2937.07. Accordingly, Neal’s first assignment of error is not well-taken.

                      B. Neal’s Conviction Lacks Sufficient Evidence

       {¶ 15} Next, we consider whether Neal’s waiver of an explanation of

circumstances under R.C. 2937.07 means that he invited any error relating to the alleged

insufficiency of the evidence, as we found in Kern. As explained further below, we find

that Neal did not invite the error, and that the facts of this case are distinguishable from

Kern and analogous to Arnold, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-15-1292, 2017-Ohio-5674.

       {¶ 16} It is important to remember that a no contest plea to a misdemeanor offense

under R.C. 2937.07, Crim.R. 11(B)(2), and Traf.R. 10(B)(2) has three major

implications: (1) the no contest plea is an admission of the truth of the facts alleged in



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the complaint; (2) the trial court may make a finding of guilty or not guilty from the

“explanation of the circumstances of the offense”; and (3) the plea or admission cannot

be used against the defendant in any subsequent civil or criminal proceeding. The

hallmark of a no contest plea is that the government is relieved of its burden to prove

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but it must still provide some facts supporting each

element of the offense. City of Columbus v. Kiner, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-21,

2011-Ohio-4479, ¶ 8, citing State v. Gilbo, 96 Ohio App.3d 332, 337, 645 N.E.2d 69 (2d

Dist.1994).

       {¶ 17} Although a defendant may waive the R.C. 2937.07 requirement of an

explanation of circumstances, such a waiver does not alter the essential nature of a no

contest plea―i.e., the defendant is still admitting the truth of the facts alleged in the

complaint, and asking the court to determine guilt based on those facts. Crim.R.

11(B)(2); Traf.R. 10(B)(2); R.C. 2937.07. Thus, where the explanation of circumstances

has been waived but the facts as alleged in the complaint are nonetheless insufficient to

establish each element of the offense, a conviction based on nothing more than the

complaint lacks sufficient evidence. Or, in other words, because a no contest plea

“leaves the finding of guilt in the hands of the trial court,” the trial court is still bound to

make an independent determination regarding whether the facts are sufficient to sustain a

conviction. See State v. Brown, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-16-37, 2017-Ohio-678, ¶ 11;

Arnold at ¶ 8 (finding that, despite appellant’s waiver of the explanation of

circumstances, his conviction lacked sufficient evidence because the complaint



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“contained no information to assist in determining whether appellant operated a vehicle

on the date in question while under the influence of alcohol.”); State v. Williams, 6th

Dist. Lucas No. L-17-1120, 2018-Ohio-1954, at ¶ 29 (finding that appellant’s conviction

lacked sufficient evidence, despite a waiver of the explanation of circumstances, because

the complaint was “silent as to any proof of the elements of the charge.”).

       {¶ 18} If, however, the defendant’s waiver of the explanation of circumstances is

accompanied with an express statement that the defendant “consents to a finding of

guilty,” or expressly stipulates that the admitted facts provide a “sufficient” or “actual”

basis for a finding of guilt, then the defendant cannot assert insufficient evidence as error

on appeal because he invited the error. See Kern, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-14-1173, 2015-

Ohio-1988, at ¶ 12. That is because, by making such explicit statements, the defendant

goes beyond a bare admission of the facts of the complaint and admits that the facts, as

alleged, are sufficient to establish guilt.

       {¶ 19} In Kern, the appellant pleaded no contest to reckless operation, a violation

of R.C. 4511.20. Kern at ¶ 4. At the plea hearing, the appellant’s attorney stated that “he

would enter a plea of no contest with a consent to finding of guilty and waive a reading.”

Id. at ¶ 10. On appeal, the appellant claimed that his conviction lacked sufficient

evidence. We noted that although the officer’s notes on the ticket contained “barely more

than a recitation of the statute,” the appellant had “invited the error and may not raise the

issue on appeal.” Id. at ¶ 11, 12. See also State v. Howell, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 04

MA 31, 2005-Ohio-2927, ¶ 20 (no error where the court found the defendant guilty



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without an explanation of circumstances or reading of the complaint when the prosecutor

stated that the defendant “waived presentation of evidence and stipulated to a finding of

guilt” and the defendant’s attorney expressly agreed with the prosecutor’s

representation).

       {¶ 20} But, the invited error doctrine will not apply unless the defendant’s waiver

of the explanation of circumstances and stipulation to a finding of guilty are both explicit.

If the defendant merely waives the explanation of circumstances and the admitted facts of

the complaint are insufficient to establish guilt, the trial court may acquit the defendant,

call for additional facts from the state, or reject the plea. See State v. Beasley, 152 Ohio

St.3d 470, 472, 2018-Ohio-16, 97 N.E.3d 474, ¶ 11 (“[a] trial court has discretion to

accept or reject a no-contest plea.”). Alternatively, if the defendant merely stipulates to a

finding of guilty, that “does not relieve the trial court of its duty to obtain an explanation

of the circumstances * * *.” Korossy, 2017-Ohio-7275, 96 N.E.3d 941, at ¶ 15.

       {¶ 21} Here, Neal pleaded no contest to OVI in violation of R.C.

4511.19(A)(1)(a), which provides, “No person shall operate any vehicle * * * within this

state, if, at the time of the operation, * * * [t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a

drug of abuse, or a combination of them.” “Under the influence” means that the

defendant’s consumption of alcohol, drugs of abuse, or both “adversely affects his

actions, reactions, conduct, movement or mental processes or impairs his reactions to an

appreciable degree, thereby lessening his ability to operate a motor vehicle.” Toledo v.

Starks, 25 Ohio App.2d 162, 166, 267 N.E.2d 824 (6th Dist.1971). The defendant’s



10.
behavior—his “ability to perceive, make judgments, coordinate movements, and safely

operate a vehicle * * *”—is the crucial issue in a prosecution for a violation of R.C.

4511.19(A)(1). City of Newark v. Lucas, 40 Ohio St.3d 100, 104, 532 N.E.2d

130 (1988).

       {¶ 22} At the plea hearing, Neal’s counsel stated that Neal agreed to plead “[n]o

contest, we would consent to a finding, waive any reading or call for explanation of

circumstances.” While Neal explicitly waived the R.C. 2937.07 explanation of

circumstances, he did not expressly state that he consented “to a finding of guilty,” nor

did he stipulate that the admitted facts provided a “sufficient” or “actual” basis for a

“finding of guilt.” Compare Kern, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-14-1173, 2015-Ohio-1988, at ¶

10 (finding invited error where the appellant expressly “consent[ed] to a finding of

guilty”) with Arnold, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-15-1292, 2017-Ohio-5674, at ¶ 4 (addressing

the merits of the assigned error regarding insufficiency of the evidence where the

appellant merely “consented to a finding.”). Thus, as the trial court correctly recognized,

Neal’s no contest plea merely “allow[ed] the Court to accept as true the facts contained in

the complaint.” The trial court then based its finding of guilt on the complaint alone.

But, as in Arnold, the complaint against Neal was the uniform traffic ticket, which

“contained no information to assist in determining whether appellant operated a vehicle

on the date in question while under the influence of alcohol.” Arnold at ¶ 8.

       {¶ 23} Because the complaint does not contain facts sufficient to support each

element of the offense, the trial court lacked sufficient evidence to find Neal guilty of



11.
violating R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and Neal’s conviction must be vacated. State v. Lloyd,

2016-Ohio-331, 58 N.E.3d 520, ¶ 28 (6th Dist.) (when a defendant is found guilty after a

no contest plea and the finding of guilt is based on insufficient evidence, the conviction

must be vacated and the defendant discharged); Korossy, 2017-Ohio-7275, 96 N.E.3d

941, at ¶ 20. Therefore, Neal’s second assignment of error is well-taken.

                                      III. Conclusion

       {¶ 24} Under R.C. 2937.07, Neal was entitled to have the trial court call for an

explanation of circumstances before it found him guilty of OVI. Neal waived that right,

however, which is permissible under Sixth District case law. Accordingly, Neal’s first

assignment of error is not well-taken.

       {¶ 25} Although Neal waived the explanation of circumstances, he did not explicitly

consent to a finding of guilty or expressly admit that the facts, as alleged, provide a

sufficient or actual basis for a finding of guilt. Thus, the trial court was still required to

determine whether the facts of the complaint, as admitted, established guilt. The trial court

found Neal guilty of OVI in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) based on its review of the

complaint. The complaint, however, failed to allege facts sufficient to support each

element of the offense. The conviction was therefore based on insufficient evidence.

Neal’s conviction must be vacated and he must be discharged. Neal’s second assignment

of error is well-taken.




12.
       {¶ 26} Accordingly, the June 27, 2017 judgment of the Toledo Municipal Court is

reversed and Neal’s conviction is vacated. Toledo is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal

pursuant to App.R. 24.

                                                                        Judgment reversed.




       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.




Mark L. Pietrykowski, J.                       _____________________________
                                                          JUDGE
Arlene Singer, J.
                                               _____________________________
Christine E. Mayle, P.J.                                  JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                               _____________________________
                                                          JUDGE



       This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
  Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
       version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.




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