                                                                         F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          June 3, 2005
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                       PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                  Plaintiff-Appellee,                   No. 04-7135
          v.                                           (E.D. of Okla.)
 SERGIO M. GOVEA-SOLORIO,                        (D.C. Nos. CV-04-416-S &
                                                        02-CR-41-S)
                  Defendant-Appellant.


               ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY                 *




Before KELLY , O’BRIEN , and TYMKOVICH , Circuit Judges.          **




      Defendant-Appellant Sergio Govea-Solorio, a federal inmate appearing pro

se, seeks a certificate of appealability (“COA”) allowing him to appeal the district

court’s order denying relief on his motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Govea-

Solorio makes four arguments on appeal. For the following reasons, we deny

COA and dismiss the appeal.


      *
         This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders; nevertheless, an order may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      **
         After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
       Govea-Solorio pled guilty to one count of possession of methamphetamine

with intent to distribute under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) and (b)(1)(A). The facts giving

rise to Govea-Solorio’s arrest and conviction are detailed in the opinion we issued

on direct review of his sentence.   See United States v. Solorio   , 78 Fed. Appx. 696,

2003 WL 22407523 (10th Cir. Oct. 22, 2003). The parties are familiar with the

facts, and we will not recite them again here.

       On direct review, Govea-Solorio made two arguments to a panel of this

court. First, he alleged his detention during a traffic stop violated the Fourth

Amendment because the arresting officer exceeded the permissible scope of the

traffic stop. Second, he alleged his prior conviction for vehicular manslaughter

with gross negligence was not a “crime of violence” within the meaning of USSG

§ 4B1.1, and therefore he should not have been sentenced as a career criminal.

Id. at **1. We disagreed on both grounds and affirmed his 262-month sentence.

Id.

       Govea-Solorio then filed a habeas corpus petition in the district court under

§ 2255. In addition to the two arguments he brought on direct review, his § 2255

petition raised two additional claims. First, he alleged that the arresting officer

violated the Fourth Amendment by towing Govea-Solorio’s car to the station

house and conducting a warrantless search, and second, that his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to protect him from the aforementioned allegations of


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constitutional error. The district court denied Govea-Solorio any relief and

declined to issue a COA. This appeal followed.

                                             A.

       This court may grant a COA and entertain Govea-Solorio’s appeal only if

he “has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28

U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); see also Slack v. McDaniel , 529 U.S. 473, 483–84 (2000).

To make the necessary showing, “a petitioner must show that reasonable jurists

could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have

been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to

deserve encouragement to proceed further.”        Miller-El v. Cockrell , 537 U.S. 322,

336 (2003) (internal citations omitted). We do not engage in full consideration of

the factual or legal bases adduced in support of the claims, but rather conduct an

“overview of the claims in the habeas petition and a general assessment of their

merits.” Id. Having done so, we hold that Govea-Solorio’s claims lack merit.

                                             B.

       Regarding the two claims that we considered on direct review, Govea-

Solorio has not made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.

Our conclusion in this regard is based on the same reasoning expressed in our

earlier opinion addressing those claims.     Solorio , 2003 WL 22407523 at **2–6.




                                           -3-
       With respect to the warrantless search claim, Govea-Solorio did not raise

this claim on direct review. Thus, Govea-Solorio has procedurally defaulted

unless he can show cause and prejudice, or a fundamental miscarriage of justice.

Bousley v. United States , 523 U.S. 614, 621–22 (1998);        see also United States v.

Walling , 982 F.2d 447, 448 (10th Cir. 1992) (“[Section] 2255 is not available to

test the legality of matters which should have been raised on appeal.”) (quotation

omitted). Nevertheless, we may, in our discretion, address the merits of

procedurally defaulted claims,        see United States v. Allen , 16 F.3d 377, 379 (10th

Cir. 1994), and we choose to do so here.

       Govea-Solorio’s warrantless search claim lacks merit for two independent

reasons. First, as we found in his direct appeal, his detention was reasonable and

he consented to the initial search.      Solorio , 2003 WL 22407523 at **4.     Because

Govea-Solorio gave his consent for the initial search of his car, which he does not

dispute, the detention and warrantless search at the station house was justified on

this ground as well. See, e.g., United States v. Pena, 920 F.2d 1509, 1514–15

(10th Cir. 1990).

       Second, Govea-Solorio’s warrantless search claim is closely analogous to

the issue presented in United States v. Brown , 24 F.3d 1223 (10th Cir. 1994). In

Brown , the arresting officer suspected that the defendant’s automobile contained

illegal drugs based on suspicious movements and statements by the defendant.


                                               -4-
The officer therefore detained the automobile until a drug-sniffing dog arrived at

the scene. Id. at 1224. The defendant argued the detention and subsequent search

of his automobile violated the Fourth Amendment.        Id. at 1225. We held,

however, that the police officer’s actions were permissible under     United States v.

Place , 462 U.S. 696 (1983), which states:

      In sum, we conclude that when an officer’s observations lead
      him reasonably to believe that a traveler is carrying luggage
      that contains narcotics, the principles of Terry and its progeny
      would permit the officer to detain the luggage briefly to
      investigate the circumstances that aroused his suspicion,
      provided that the investigative detention is properly limited in
      scope.

Id. at 706. Applying the constitutional principle announced in      Place to the facts

in Brown , we held that “any investigative detention of the [plaintiff’s automobile]

was based on reasonable suspicion and was properly limited in scope . . . .” 24

F.3d at 1226.

      The reasoning of Place and Brown are directly applicable to Govea-

Solorio’s case. Here, the record contains the following evidence: (1) Govea-

Solorio appeared nervous during the initial traffic stop; (2) he did not have a valid

driver’s license; (3) he gave inconsistent information regarding his travel

schedule; (4) although he stated the car belonged to his girlfriend, the car was

registered in the name of a married woman; (5) there was a strong odor of Bondo

and fresh paint emanating from the car; (6) there were indications the car’s


                                           -5-
interior had recently been altered to accommodate a secret compartment; and (7)

the car smelled of fabric softener, which according to the testimony of the officer,

is often used to mask the odor of illegal drugs.

       This evidence, taken together, provided reasonable suspicion to detain the

car for further investigation. Of course, once the drug-sniffing dog alerted to

Govea-Solorio’s car, the authorities had probable cause to impound and

disassemble the car.    Brown , 24 F.3d at 1226; see also United States v. West , 219

F.3d 1171, 1178–79 (10th Cir. 2000) (holding warrantless search of vehicle was

permissible because officers had probable cause it contained illegal contraband).

We therefore hold that Govea-Solorio is not entitled to a COA on this ground.

       Finally, regarding the ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Govea-

Solorio cannot satisfy the familiar two-part test outlined in    Strickland v.

Washington , 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Because we have already held that Govea-

Solorio is not entitled to relief on the substantive claims, his counsel was not

deficient for failing to protect him from the alleged Fourth Amendment violations

and enhanced sentence. We agree with the district court that “Petitioner’s

allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel is frivolous.”    Govea-Solorio v.

United States , No. CIV-04-417-S, slip op. at 4 (E.D. Okla. Nov. 16, 2004).




                                             -6-
For the aforementioned reasons, we DENY COA and DISMISS the appeal.



                            Entered for the Court

                            Timothy M. Tymkovich
                            Circuit Judge




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