                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                            _______________

                                 No. 09-2431
                               _______________

                       POCONO REALTY COMPANY;
                           EDWIN KRAWITZ;
                          BARBARA KRAWITZ,

                                                  Appellants

                                      v.
                    LAMAR ADVERTISING COMPANY,
                   A Corporation, Successor to Martin Media,
                       A California Limited Partnership
                              _______________

                 On Appeal from the United States District Court
                    For the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                     (D.C. Civil Action No. 3-08-cv-00165)
                 District Judge: Honorable Thomas I. Vanaskie
                               _______________

                   Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                              September 24, 2010
                              _______________

      Before: MCKEE, Chief Judge, AMBRO and CHAGARES, Circuit Judges

                       (Opinion filed: September 29, 2010)
                               _______________

                                  OPINION
                               _______________

AMBRO, Circuit Judge
       This case involves the scope of express easements. Defendant Lamar Advertising

Company (“Lamar”) operates and maintains billboards on the land of Plaintiffs Edwin

and Barbara Krawitz, or Pocono Realty Company. 1 Lamar holds express easements in

connection with the billboards. Plaintiffs claim that the use of the land on which the

billboards sit exceeds the scope of the easements. They filed this action in ejectment and

seek to recover rental income and mesne profits. 2

       The District Court granted summary judgment for Lamar and Plaintiffs appeal.

We affirm for substantially the reasons given by the District Court.

                                               I.

                           Background and Procedural History

       In 1998 Plaintiffs sold certain assets and easements to Lamar’s predecessor in

interest, Martin Media. The Purchase and Sale of Assets Agreement (the “Agreement”)

included the following relevant provisions:

       1. Purchase and Sale of Assets and Easements. Seller agrees to sell,
       transfer, assign and deliver to Buyer and Buyer agrees to purchase from
       Seller all of Seller’s right, title and interest in and to the Assets, pursuant to
       the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement.

       1.1 In addition to the Assets, Buyer shall purchase from Seller and Seller
       shall sell to Buyer permanent easements for the placement, operation and
       maintenance of specified outdoor advertising structures on the real property
       of Seller (the “Boards”), all as more fully described in the easements
       attached to this Agreement as Exhibit “B” (the “Easements”). The
       Easements shall include unrestricted access rights to each of the Boards for

1
  Mr. Krawitz owns Pocono Realty. Two of the billboards are situated on land owned by
Mr. and Mrs. Krawitz and one is located on land owned by Pocono Realty. App. at 23.
Unless otherwise stated, they are jointly and severally referred to as “Plaintiffs.”
2
  Mesne profits are “[t]he profits of an estate received by a tenant in wrongful possession
between two dates.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1329 (Bryan A. Garner ed., 9th ed. 2009).
                                               2
      construction, maintenance, operation and utilities, and the real property
      upon which the Boards are now located shall be subject in perpetuity to
      such Easements.

App. at 15. The standard Easement terms included the following provisions,

among others:

      WHEREAS, Grantor is the owner in fee simple of a certain tract of land
      situate in the Borough of East Stroudsburg, Monroe County, Pennsylvania,
      as more particularly described on Exhibit “A” attached hereto and made a
      part hereof (hereinafter “Grantor’s Property”);

      WHEREAS, Grantee is or is about to become the owner of a certain
      billboard structure situate on Grantor’s Property (“Billboard”) and requires
      a perpetual right of way for use, access and maintenance of the Billboard;
      and

      WHEREAS, Grantor has agreed to grant to the Grantee an easement for
      such use, access and maintenance, upon the terms and conditions set forth
      therein.

      NOW, THEREFORE . . . .

       1. The Grantor does hereby give and grant to the Grantee, its successors
      and assigns, a perpetual easement in gross in common with Grantor
      (“Easement”) over a portion of Grantor’s Property more particularly shown
      on Exhibit “B”.

      2. Grantee may use the Easement for the installation, servicing and
      maintenance of a 10X30 foot double faced illuminated Billboard. Grantee
      shall have the right to change the size, design and structure of the Billboard,
      as determined in Grantee’s sole discretion. Grantor may use the Easement
      for its reasonable purposes, provided Grantor’s use does not interfere or
      compete with Grantee’s use . . . .

      3. The Easement shall include ancillary rights of ingress and egress over the
      balance of Grantor’s Property for the purpose of installation, servicing and
      maintenance of the Billboard located on the Easement . . . .

      4. The Easement shall include the right to install, service and maintain
      electrical service lines under and over the Grantor’s Property for the
      purpose of supplying electricity to the Billboard located on the Easement.

                                            3
       5. Grantor covenants and agrees that no development, trees, structures,
       signs, fences or other items located on Grantor’s Property shall block or
       obscure the view of the billboard located on the Easement from traffic
       traveling in either direction along Interstate Route 80 . . . .

App. at 27-28.

       The “Krawitz Sign Inventory” was included as an attachment referenced in an

Exhibit to the Agreement. Of six locations shown on the Inventory, the three locations

at issue here are 3, 4, and 6. With respect to the placement of the remaining three

billboards (1, 2, and 5), Plaintiffs had apparently entered into leases with two other

property owners. See Pocono Realty Co. v. Lamar Adver. Co., No. 3:CV-08-0165, 2009

WL 1109837, at *2 n.3 (M.D. Pa. Apr. 23, 2009). Rental amounts were listed for

locations 1, 2, and 5; but the annual lease amount for locations 3, 4, and 6 was listed as

“0.” App. at 23.

       Mr. Krawitz wrote Lamar in November 2007 asserting a right to collect rent for

the use of the property on which the latter three billboards sit. Lamar denied any

obligation to pay rent, stating that the use of the land was within the scope of its

easements.

       In December 2007, Plaintiffs filed a complaint in the Court of Common Pleas in

Monroe County. As noted above, they sought ejectment, recovery of rents, and mesne

profits. Lamar removed the case to the District Court on the basis of the parties’

citizenship diversity. Lamar then counterclaimed for attorneys’ fees and costs. Both

parties moved for summary judgment.



                                              4
       In April 2009, the District Court granted summary judgment for Lamar and

awarded it fees and costs. The Court found that the plain and unambiguous terms of the

Agreement granted Lamar the right to use the Plaintiffs’ land to display and support the

billboards. Plaintiffs appealed.

                                             II.

                          Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       The District Court had diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have

jurisdiction over the District Court’s final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s grant of summary judgment.

Lawrence v. City of Phila., 527 F.3d 299, 310 (3d Cir. 2008). In reviewing a District

Court’s order for summary judgment, we apply the same standard used by that Court.

Jakimas v. Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 485 F.3d 770, 777 (3d Cir. 2007). Summary

judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact [such]

that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2). As a

federal court sitting in diversity, we apply the substantive law of the forum state—

Pennsylvania. Kleinknecht v. Gettysburg Coll., 989 F.2d 1360, 1365 (3d Cir. 1993).

                                            III.

                                        Discussion

       The crux of the parties’ disagreement is the type of interest granted to Lamar. It

contends that the easement included the right to place its billboards on the Plaintiffs’

property. Plaintiffs, by contrast, argue that the easements include only the right of

passage to the billboard. In their view, Lamar acquired a de facto leasehold interest,

                                              5
notwithstanding the fact that no rent was previously required or reserved in a lease. They

assert that Lamar became a tenant at will by virtue of its possession of the land, and is

now a tenant at sufferance by virtue of its failure to comply with Plaintiffs’ demand for

rent.

A. The Plain Meaning of the Parties’ Agreement

        This dispute is governed by principles of contract interpretation. See Bito Bucks in

Potter, Inc. v. Nat’l Fuel Gas Supply Corp., 449 A.2d 652, 654 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1982) (“It

is settled that the same rules of construction apply to deeds granting easements as to

contracts generally.”). With respect to easements, “[i]n the case of an express grant or

reservation, the extent of the right depends upon the terms of the instrument conveying

the interest, as interpreted by applying general principles of contract law.” Hann v.

Saylor, 562 A.2d 891, 893 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1989). In particular, in determining the scope

of an easement, courts should look to the parties’ intent, as demonstrated by the language

of the grant. Sigal v. Mfg. Light & Heat Co., 299 A.2d 646, 649 (Pa. 1973).

        Accordingly, if the language of the Agreement is unambiguous, our analysis needs

to proceed no farther. Murphy v. Duquesne Univ. of the Holy Ghost, 777 A.2d 418, 429-

30 (Pa. 2001) (“When a writing is clear and unequivocal, its meaning must be determined

by its contents alone . . . . In the absence of an ambiguity, the plain meaning of the

agreement will be enforced.” (internal citations omitted)). As explained in

Commonwealth Department of Transportation v. L.C. Anderson & Sons, Inc.,

        [t]he question of whether an ambiguity exists is to be determined by the
        Court as a question of law. A contract is ambiguous if, and only if, it is
        reasonably or fairly susceptible of different constructions and is capable of

                                              6
       being understood in more senses than one and is obscure in meaning
       through indefiniteness of expression or has a double meaning.

452 A.2d 105, 106 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1982).

       On their face, the Agreement and the Easement terms are unambiguous. We

therefore agree with the District Court that they are subject only to one reasonable

interpretation. Pocono Realty, 2009 WL 1109837, at *1.

       Section 1.1 of the Agreement belies Plaintiffs’ attempt to separate the right to

access the boards from the right to use the land under the boards. That provision

explicitly provides that “the real property upon which the Boards are now located shall be

subject in perpetuity to such Easements.” Moreover, the Easement terms make reference

to the “Billboard located on the Easement.” See App. at 28 (emphasis added). They also

refer to the rights of ingress and egress, for the purposes of maintaining the billboards, as

“ancillary” rights. App. at 28. If the parties did not intend for the land under the

billboards to be included under the easement agreement, to what else could these rights

be ancillary?

       Plaintiffs incorrectly state that Lamar’s easements are limited to rights of passage

over the land. Here, Plaintiffs granted Lamar easements in gross, as compared to

easements appurtenant. Easements in gross are personal to the grantee; they do not run

with the land, as do easements appurtenant. Easements in gross thus confer certain

benefits on the grantee, including the right to use the land for a particular purpose. See

Ariel Land Owners, Inc. v. Dring, No. Civ.A. 3:01-CV-0294, 2005 WL 2416123, at *5

(M.D. Pa. Sept. 30, 2005). As the District Court pointed out, the plain, dictionary


                                              7
meaning of “use” is “a long-continued possession and employment of a thing for the

purpose for which it is adapted.” Pocono Realty, 2009 WL 1109837, at *6 (quoting

Black’s Law Dictionary 1577 (8th ed. 2004)) (quotation marks omitted).

       We thus agree with the Court that “it is evident that the parties contemplated that

the Easements were for the particular purpose of displaying billboards—meaning, placing

the billboard structures on the property in question in order to advertise.” Id. 3

B. The Parties’ Conduct

       The parties’ conduct further confirms this conclusion. It has been nearly ten years

since the Agreement was executed. Plaintiffs have never before demanded rent from

Lamar. Plaintiffs’ claim that their complacence is irrelevant, as it does not alter their

status as landowners and their attendant rights to collect rent for the occupancy of their

land. We need not address Plaintiffs’ estoppel arguments in this regard. Their behavior

between January 1998 and November 2007 “is certainly a convincing demonstration of

[their] interpretation of the contract. It is, of course, hornbook law that what the parties

do under a contract is highly important in determining the meaning of the agreement



3
  In rejecting Plaintiffs’ effort to recast their legal relationship with Lamar as that of
landlord-tenant, we similarly reject their argument that the “open term of possession” is a
perpetuity disfavored in the law. Under Pennsylvania law, “[a]n express easement is
presumptively perpetual in duration, and will be rendered void only if circumstances
change to such a degree as to render the easement useless to the grantee.” Kapp v.
Norfolk S. Ry Co., 350 F. Supp. 2d 597, 608 (M.D. Pa. 2004) (citing Woodlawn Trs., Inc.
v. Michel, 211 A.2d 454, 456 (Pa. 1965)). Also, easements in gross may be assignable if
the granting instrument makes them so. See Rusciolelli v. Smith, 171 A.2d 802, 806 (Pa.
1961). The instrument in our case states: “[t]he Grantor does hereby give and grant to the
Grantee, its successors and assigns, a perpetual easement in gross . . . .” (emphasis
added).
                                              8
which they have made.” Am. Cyanamid Co. v. Ellis-Foster Co., 298 F.2d 244, 246 (3d

Cir. 1962). 4

                                        Conclusion

       The District Court found that the plain language of the Agreement “would suggest

that the bundle of interests acquired by [Lamar] included the right to placement of its

structures on the properties that are the subject of the easements.” Pocono Realty, 2009

WL 1109837, at *6. We fail to see how Lamar’s use of the area occupied by the

billboards has exceeded the scope of its easements. Cf. Baseball Pub. Co. v. Bruton, 18

N.E.2d 362, 363 (Mass. 1938) (finding the right to maintain an advertising sign on a wall

owned by the defendant was an easement in gross). Thus, considering the plain meaning

of the Agreement, in conjunction with the parties’ conduct, we reach the same conclusion

as the District Court.

       In light of our conclusions, Lamar is also entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs

pursuant to section 14.1 of the Agreement, which awards fees and costs to the prevailing

party in any action brought for the enforcement of the agreement. Thus, we affirm the

District Court’s order.




4
  Plaintiffs urge us to consider that rents are collected for the land on which billboards at
locations 1, 2, and 5 are situated. The owners of those properties collect these rents from
Lamar pursuant to leases that were assigned to Lamar’s predecessor in the initial
transaction. We decline to conclude that these other arrangements—whatever they might
suggest—outweigh the Agreement’s plain language and the unequivocal nature of the
parties’ conduct between January 1998 and November 2007 as to the easements for
locations 3, 4, and 6.
                                              9
