[Cite as State v. Easley, 2014-Ohio-575.]


STATE OF OHIO                      )               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                   )ss:            NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                   )

STATE OF OHIO                                      C.A. No.      27008

        Appellee

        v.                                         APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                   ENTERED IN THE
RAYSHAWN L. EASLEY, SR.                            COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                   COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
        Appellant                                  CASE No.   CR 12 09 2769

                                  DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: February 19, 2014



        WHITMORE, Judge.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Rayshawn Easley, Sr., appeals from the judgment of the Summit

County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.

                                               I

        {¶2}     On Friday, July 6, 2012, Calvin Riley was showing his Noble Avenue rental

property to several prospective tenants. The property had been vacant for about a month and was

completely empty. Riley left the property late that evening and did not return until Monday.

When he arrived, he noticed the basement window had been broken and could see ceiling tiles

strewn all over the basement floor. Riley entered the home through the front door to assess the

damage and discovered that the back door had been kicked in. In the basement, Riley found that

the ceiling tiles had been pulled down and copper plumbing had been removed. Riley then

called the police.
                                                 2


       {¶3}    Officer Deandria Bethune responded to the call.         When she arrived, Officer

Bethune noticed drops of blood on the back porch, in the kitchen, and in the basement. The

Crime Scene Unit was called out to collect evidence. A sample of the blood found in the kitchen

was sent to the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation (“BCI”) for DNA

testing. Ultimately, the DNA was matched to Easley, and he was indicted on breaking and

entering, in violation of R.C. 2911.13(A), a felony of the fifth degree.

       {¶4}    Easley was convicted by a jury and sentenced to two years of community control.

Easley now appeals and raises two assignments of error for our review.

                                                 II

                                Assignment of Error Number One

       THE STATE OF OHIO FAILED TO ESTABLISH BEYOND A REASONABLE
       DOUBT WHEN VIEWED BY THE MANIFEST WEIG[H]T OF THE
       EVIDENCE THAT RAYSHAWN L. EASLEY, SR. EITHER PARTICIPATED
       OR WAS AN ACCOMPLICE IN THE BREAKING AND ENTERING; THERE
       IS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT MR. EASLEY’S CONVICTION
       OF BREAKING AND ENTERING AND THUS APPELLANT’S CONVICTION
       IS AG[A]INST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND BASED
       ON INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE AS PERTAINS TO THE FINDING THAT HE
       COMMITTED THE CRIME.

       THE COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING MR. EASLEY’S RULE 29 MOTION
       FOR ACQUITTAL.

       {¶5}    In his first assignment of error, Easley argues that his conviction is not supported

by sufficient evidence and is against the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.

Sufficiency

       {¶6}    “We review a denial of a defendant’s Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal by

assessing the sufficiency of the State’s evidence.” State v. Carson, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26900,

2013-Ohio-5785, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Slevin, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25956, 2012-Ohio-2043, ¶

15. “‘[S]ufficiency’ is a term of art meaning that legal standard which is applied to determine
                                                 3


whether the case may go to the jury or whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support the

jury verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997), quoting

Black’s Law Dictionary 1433 (6th Ed.1990). “In essence, sufficiency is a test of adequacy.”

Thompkins at 386. When reviewing a conviction for sufficiency, evidence must be viewed in a

light most favorable to the prosecution. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two

of the syllabus. The pertinent question is whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

       {¶7}    “Whether the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a verdict is a question of

law.” Thompkins at 386, citing State v. Robinson, 162 Ohio St. 486 (1955).             This Court,

therefore, reviews questions of sufficiency de novo. State v. Salupo, 177 Ohio App.3d 354,

2008-Ohio-3721, ¶ 4 (9th Dist.).

       {¶8}    R.C. 2911.13(A) provides that “[n]o person by force, stealth, or deception, shall

trespass in an unoccupied structure, with purpose to commit therein any theft offense * * * or

any felony.” “A person acts purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain result,

or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of

what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific intention to engage in conduct

of that nature.” R.C. 2901.22(A). “‘Force’ means any violence, compulsion, or constraint

physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(1).

       {¶9}    A person is guilty of theft if he or she, with the purpose to deprive the owner of

property, knowingly obtains or exerts control over the property without the consent of the owner.

R.C. 2913.02(A)(1). “A person acts knowingly, regardless of his purpose, when he is aware that

his conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person
                                                 4


has knowledge of circumstances when he is aware that such circumstances probably exist.” R.C.

2901.22(B).

       {¶10} Easley admits that he was in Riley’s house without permission, but argues that

there is no evidence to support a finding that he (1) forcefully entered the house, (2) entered with

the purpose to commit a theft offense, or (3) stole the copper plumbing.

       {¶11} Riley testified that he was at his Noah Avenue home on Friday, July 6, 2012,

showing the rental property to prospective tenants, until late in the evening, around 8:00 p.m. or

9:00 p.m. Riley said that he returned to the property on Monday to cut the grass and, at that

time, noticed a basement window had been broken. Looking through the broken window, Riley

noticed broken ceiling tiles all over the basement floor. He then entered the house to assess the

damage. Upon entering the front door, Riley noticed that the back door “was kicked in.” He

then went to the basement where he discovered the ceiling tiles had been pulled down and the

copper plumbing was missing. Riley called the police to report the theft.

       {¶12} Officer Bethune testified that she responded to the call from the Noah Avenue

home. Officer Bethune explained that the back door had been “kicked in” and the copper

plumbing in the basement ceiling was missing. Officer Bethune also testified that she noticed

small drops of blood on the back porch, in the kitchen, and in the basement. According to

Officer Bethune, the blood was “leading from the kitchen into the basement.”

       {¶13} Based on Officer Bethune’s training and experience, she concluded that the point

of entry was the back door. She explained that the basement window was too small for any adult

to fit through and the glass from the broken window was found on the outside of the house. The

Crime Scene Unit was called to the scene to take photographs and samples of the blood.
                                                5


       {¶14} David Niemeyer, a forensic scientist in the DNA section at BCI, testified that he

performed a DNA analysis of the blood sample found in the kitchen of the Noah Avenue home.

The DNA sample matched a profile in the CODIS database, a DNA database of individuals.

According to Niemeyer, he requested a DNA sample from Easley to confirm that he was a match

for the blood sample tested. Easley voluntarily provided a DNA sample to the police. Niemeyer

testified that the results showed that Easley could not be excluded as a contributor of the DNA in

the kitchen and that the “the expected frequency of occurrence of the DNA profile from the

swabs from the kitchen floor * * * [was] 1 in 10,320,000,000,000,000,000,000, unrelated

individuals;” a number that exceeds the current population of the Earth, according to Niemeyer.

       {¶15} Detective Pat McMillan, of the Akron Police Department’s Burglary Unit,

testified that he was the lead investigator on the case. Detective McMillan testified that only the

blood sample taken from the kitchen was tested because, in his training and experience, he

believed the blood in the basement was “associated” with the blood in the kitchen.

       {¶16} In viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, we conclude that

Easley’s conviction is supported by sufficient evidence. There is no dispute that Easley was

inside the home on the same weekend that the copper plumbing was stolen. A rational juror

could have reasonably inferred that Easley forcefully entered the back door of the Noah Avenue

home for the purpose of stealing the copper plumbing.

Manifest Weight

       {¶17} A conviction that is supported by sufficient evidence may still be found to be

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. “Weight of the

evidence concerns ‘the inclination of the greater amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial,
                                                 6


to support one side of the issue rather than the other.’” (Emphasis sic.) Thompkins at 387,

quoting Black’s at 1594.

       In determining whether a criminal conviction is against the manifest weight of the
       evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence
       and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine
       whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way
       and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
       reversed and a new trial ordered.

State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). “When a court of appeals reverses a

judgment of a trial court on the basis that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the

appellate court sits as a ‘thirteenth juror’ and disagrees with the fact[-]finder’s resolution of the

conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387, quoting Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42 (1982). An

appellate court should exercise the power to reverse a judgment as against the manifest weight of

the evidence only in exceptional cases. Otten at 340.

       {¶18} Easley admits that he was trespassing in the Noble Avenue home on the same

weekend that copper plumbing was stolen from the house. Easley argues, however, that his

conviction is against the weight of the evidence because the house is located in a high crime area

and there is no evidence that he was in the basement or that he sold the copper plumbing to a

scrap yard. According to Easley, it is just as likely that a prospective tenant broke into the house

and stole the copper plumbing.

       {¶19} Detective McMillan testified that he has worked for the Akron Police Department

for twenty-four years. The last two years, Detective McMillan has worked in the Burglary Unit,

and the previous thirteen years he worked robbery and homicide. Although there is photographic

evidence of the blood found on the back porch and in the basement, Detective McMillan testified

that the Crime Scene Unit only collected a sample of the blood found in the kitchen. Detective

McMillan explained that, based on his training and experience, he believed the blood in the
                                                   7


basement was “associated” with the blood in the kitchen. Additionally, Officer Bethune testified

that the blood was “leading from the kitchen into the basement.”

       {¶20} Detective McMillan also testified that, as part of his investigation, he visited two

area scrap yards to see if Easley had sold any scrap metal. According to Detective McMillan, the

City of Akron requires scrap yards to ask anyone attempting to sell scrap metal for a photo id and

that most scrap yards comply with this requirement and even retain a copy for their records.

However, Detective McMillan also explained that, in his experience, the person that steals metal

is usually not the same person that sells it to a scrap yard.

       {¶21} Having reviewed the record, we cannot conclude that a greater amount of credible

evidence supports Easley’s theory over the State’s. See Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387.

“Where ‘the State relies on circumstantial evidence to prove any essential element of an offense,

it is not necessary for such evidence to be irreconcilable with any reasonable theory of innocence

in order to support a conviction.’” State v. Smith, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25869, 2012-Ohio-335,

¶ 15, quoting State v. Tran, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22911, 2006-Ohio-4349, ¶ 13.

       {¶22} The jury concluded that Easley, by force or stealth, unlawfully entered the vacant

home with the purpose to commit a theft offense. See R.C. 2911.13(A). Weighing the evidence,

and all reasonable inferences, we cannot conclude that “the trier of fact clearly lost its way and

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new

trial ordered.” Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d at 340. Easley’s conviction is not against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

       {¶23} Easley’s first assignment of error is overruled.
                                                  8


                                Assignment of Error Number Two

       THE PROSECUTOR COMMITTED PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
       SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE PREJUDICE AGAINST DEFENDANT
       RAYSHAWN L. EASLEY, SR. SUCH THAT HE DID NOT RECEIVE A FAIR
       TRIAL.

       {¶24} In his second assignment of error, Easley argues that, because of prosecutorial

misconduct, he was deprived of his right to receive a fair trial.

       {¶25} “The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether remarks are improper and, if so,

whether they prejudicially affected substantial rights of the accused.” State v. Lott, 51 Ohio

St.3d 160, 165 (1990). “The touchstone of the analysis ‘is the fairness of the trial, not the

culpability of the prosecutor.’” State v. Jones, 135 Ohio St.3d 10, 2012-Ohio-5677, ¶ 200,

quoting Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219 (1982).

       {¶26} “In the context of criminal proceedings, the Fifth Amendment privilege secures to

the accused the right not to testify.” State v. Georgeoff, 9th Dist. Medina No. 3195-M, 2002 WL

58003, *2 (Jan. 16, 2002), citing Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 426 (1984). A prosecutor

may not make “direct comments upon the accused’s failure to take the stand.” State v. Ferguson,

5 Ohio St.3d 160, 162 (1983). However, “the prosecution is not prevented from commenting

upon the failure, on the part of the defense, to offer any other evidence in support of its case.”

Id., quoting State v. Lane, 49 Ohio St.2d 77, 86 (1976).

       {¶27} In his opening statement, defense counsel stated:

       what we will respectfully submit to you is that, yes, on July 6th Mr. Easley    did
       enter the home, but that was after getting into a drunken argument with         his
       fiancée, he was trying to get away from her, and he saw this empty house,       the
       door was already kicked in, he went in and in his drunken state, yes, he        cut
       himself on something. He’s curious and looking around and he cut himself.

       {¶28} The defense, however, presented no such evidence at trial.            In its closing

argument, the State said, “You heard in Defense’s opening that you were going to hear a story
                                                  9


about how the Defendant got into a fight with his girlfriend, that’s the only place you heard that

from. That did not come from that witness stand.” Defense counsel asked for a sidebar and

moved for a mistrial. The court overruled the motion.

       {¶29} In his closing argument, defense counsel also addressed the comments he made in

his open statement.

       Yes, I may have made statements in opening, but part of my strategy, I may
       change my mind on things, because as I look at it, until Mr. Easley’s guilt is
       proven beyond a reasonable doubt, he has no obligation to present any evidence.

       He has no burden to meet. That burden rests squarely with the Prosecutor.

       {¶30} Reading the transcript, we cannot conclude that the State was directly

commenting on Easley’s decision not to testify. Easley could have presented evidence through

his girlfriend, or perhaps, another witness to the alleged fight. Easley, in his opening statement,

told the jury that he entered the house after a drunken fight with his girlfriend, and the State, in

its closing argument, simply told the jury that the evidence presented did not support that version

of the events. See State v. Anderson, 191 Ohio App.3d 110, 2010-Ohio-6234, ¶ 4-6 (1st Dist.)

(Prosecutor’s comments not improper when “reminding the jury that any possible alibi, as

mentioned by [the Defendant] himself in his opening statement, had not been demonstrated”).

       {¶31} The prosecutor’s comment, that no evidence was presented to support Easley’s

version of the events as described in his opening statement, was not improper. Easley’s second

assignment of error, as it relates to that comment, is overruled.

       {¶32} Easley additionally argues that misconduct occurred when the prosecutor

improperly referenced testimony in his closing argument that had been objected to and sustained.

       {¶33} “[T]he prosecution is entitled to a certain degree of latitude in summation.” Lott,

51 Ohio St.3d at 165, quoting State v. Liberatore, 69 Ohio St.2d 583, 589 (1982). “A prosecutor
                                                      10


may comment upon the evidence in his closing argument and state the appropriate conclusions to

be drawn therefrom.” State v. Haynes, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2012-A-0032, 2013-Ohio-2401,

¶ 77. However, “[a] closing argument that goes beyond the record may constitute prejudicial

error.” State v. Moritz, 63 Ohio St.2d 150, 157 (1980). A reviewing court “will not deem a trial

unfair if, in the context of the entire trial, it appears clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury

would have found the defendant guilty even without the improper comments.” State v. Jackson,

107 Ohio St.3d 300, 2006-Ohio-1, ¶ 142.

        {¶34} The following exchange took place during the direct examination of Detective

McMillan.

        [PROSECUTOR:] When you investigated to see if Mr. Easley had ever scrapped,
        what did you find?

        [DETECTIVE MCMILLAN:] I actually found one time where he scrapped.

Defense counsel objected, and a side bar discussion was had off the record. The court then

sustained the objection. A little bit later, a juror asked the court if he was to ignore any answer

that might come after an objection is sustained. The court responded, “Yes,” and informed the

jury that it would get instructions to that effect.

        {¶35} In his closing argument, defense counsel stated, “We did not see any evidence of

Mr. Easley ever having scrapped anything, but [the State] want[s] you to assume that.” The

State responded to this statement in its rebuttal.

        Defense counsel says that you didn’t hear that [Easley] scrapped. In fact, I asked
        that question, and it was objected to. * * * So you didn’t hear the answer to it.

Defense counsel objected and, at side bar, moved for a mistrial, which the court overruled.

        {¶36} Easley argues that the prosecutor’s statement “misrepresent[ed] [] the testimony”

and caused “confusion to the jury when reviewed against the whole trial.” Assuming arguendo
                                               11


that the State’s comment in rebuttal was improper, viewing the record in its entirety, we cannot

conclude that Easley was prejudiced.

       {¶37} Detective McMillan testified that, in his experience, a person that steals metal is

usually not the same person that takes it to a scrap yard to sell it. According to Detective

McMillan, “[o]nce they find out that * * * their ID is going to be required, a lot of times they

will send somebody else in with a new ID other than themselves. Many times we see a * * *

person go into the scrap yard while the individual that is going to be paid is actually waiting in

the side yard waiting for payment.”

       {¶38} Easley admitted to being in the home on the same weekend that the copper

plumbing was stolen. His blood was found in the kitchen. Detective McMillan testified that in

his opinion, based on his training and experience, he believed the blood in the kitchen and the

blood in the basement were “associated.” Officer Bethune also testified that the blood drops led

from the kitchen down to the basement.

       {¶39} Additionally, the jury was instructed that evidence

       does not include the answers to questions you were instructed to disregard, or the
       opening or closing statements of counsel.

       The opening and closing statements of counsel were designed to assist you, but
       they are not evidence.

       You must not speculate as to the reason why the [c]ourt sustained an objection to
       any question, or what the answer to that question might have been.

       You must not draw any inference or speculate on the truth of any suggestion
       included in a question that was not answered.

       {¶40} Reviewing the entire transcript, we conclude that the evidence, without the

alleged improper comment, supports Easley’s conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.             See

Jackson, 107 Ohio St.3d 300, 2006-Ohio-1, at ¶ 142. Easley’s second assignment of error,

therefore, is overruled.
                                                12


                                                III

       {¶41} Easley’s assignments of error are overruled.          The judgment of the Summit

County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

                                                                              Judgment affirmed.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellant.




                                                      BETH WHITMORE
                                                      FOR THE COURT




CARR, P. J.
CONCURS.
                                                13


MOORE, J.
CONCURRING.

       {¶42} I concur in the opinion of the majority. I write separately to address the issue of

the prosecutor’s comment in closing argument that the jury did not hear evidence of Mr. Easley’s

scrapping metal because the court sustained the defense objection. Even after a second objection

was sustained, the prosecutor offered to the jury again, “So you didn’t hear the answer to it.”

The trial court instructed the jury that statements by counsel in opening and closing arguments

are not evidence, and that the jury was not to speculate as to the reason why an objection was

sustained or what the answer might have been, if given.           What concerns me is that the

prosecutor’s repeated insistence that the jury did not hear evidence regarding scrapping because

the court sustained the defense’s objection flies in the face of the court’s instruction in that it

implies that the answer to the question would have been favorable to the State. Clearly, such an

inference is improper. However, after reviewing the entire transcript, I agree with the majority

that Mr. Easley was not entitled to a mistrial and his conviction should be sustained.


APPEARANCES:

RICHARD P. KUTUCHIEF, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN DIMARTINO, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.
