                                COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Elder, Alston and Senior Judge Clements
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


MICHELLE D. MERCURIO
                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.      Record No. 0401-09-2                                JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
                                                                   NOVEMBER 3, 2009
SCOTT M. MERCURIO


                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HOPEWELL
                                Samuel E. Campbell, Judge

                  Adrienne George-Eliades (The Eliades Law Firm, P.L.L.C., on
                  brief), for appellant.

                  No brief or argument for appellee.

                  (Rosalyn Vergara, on brief), Guardian ad litem for the infant child.
                  Guardian ad litem submitting on brief.


        Michelle D. Mercurio (mother) appeals an order of the trial court awarding sole legal and

physical custody of the parties’ child to Scott M. Mercurio (father). Mother contends the trial court

erred by (1) reading and considering evidence from the Hopewell Juvenile and Domestic Relations

District Court (the JDR court) proceedings prior to hearing this matter de novo; (2) reading and

considering the guardian ad litem’s (GAL) report(s) prior to hearing this matter de novo;

(3) applying an incorrect de novo standard of review; (4) failing to recuse itself for having read the

GAL’s report(s) and portions of the proceedings appealed from before a trial de novo; (5) taking

judicial notice of reasons why parents in pending custody cases visit their children for lunch and by

doing so without advising the parties in advance that he would apply such knowledge; (6) finding



        *
            Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
that it would be in the child’s best interests that custody remain with father 1 ; and (7) waiving the

endorsement of counsel and failing to allow counsel to state and note their objections on the record

notwithstanding counsel’s request to do so prior to entry of the order. Finding no error, we affirm

the trial court’s decision.

                                           BACKGROUND

        As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and because this

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and

incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of

this appeal.

        On December 12, 2006, the trial court awarded custody of the minor child to father. Father

and the child resided in Massachusetts. Subsequently, the Massachusetts Department of Social

Services founded an abuse complaint against father regarding the parties’ child. As a result of that

finding, mother filed a motion for a change of custody in the JDR court on August 16, 2007. The

JDR court awarded her temporary custody of the child. Mother enrolled the child in school in

Hopewell, and father moved to Virginia and began counseling. The JDR court amended the order

to award father temporary custody of the child and ordered Dr. Penny Sprecher to perform a

psychological evaluation of the child. The child remained in the same school, began counseling,

and was evaluated for ADHD medication. In May or June of 2008, father moved to Ladysmith,

Virginia. In the summer of 2008, the parties shared custody of the child. On August 27, 2008, the

JDR court awarded sole custody to father, and mother appealed.

        After hearing the evidence and argument of the parties on January 26, 2009, the trial court

awarded sole custody to father. The trial court emphasized the child’s need for stability and


        1
         The GAL also listed this issue in her brief, and argues that the trial court erred in
finding that the best interests of the child would be served by his custody remaining with father
notwithstanding the evidence and recommendation of the GAL.
                                                 -2-
security, especially because he was diagnosed with ADHD. The trial court emphasized that the

custody matter had been litigated numerous times and needed to stop. The trial court found that it

was in the child’s best interests to remain with father. Mother timely noted her appeal.

                                                ANALYSIS

                                   Issue 1 - Evidence from the JDR court

          Mother argues that the trial court erred in considering Dr. Sprecher’s report, which was

filed in the JDR court and thereafter in the trial court, prior to hearing the matter de novo. 2

During Dr. Sprecher’s testimony, the trial court stated that it had reviewed “some of the report”

and that “[s]he and I have different views.” Mother did not note her objection to this statement

until her motion for reconsideration.

          The Court of Appeals will not consider a claim of trial court error as a ground for reversal

“where no timely objection was made, except to attain the ends of justice.” Marshall v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 627, 636, 496 S.E.2d 120, 125 (1998) (citing Rule 5A:18). “To be

timely, an objection must be made when the occasion arises -- at the time the evidence is offered

or the statement made.” Marlowe v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 619, 621, 347 S.E.2d 167, 168

(1986).

          By waiting until the motion for reconsideration to note her objection, mother did not

provide the trial court with an opportunity to address the issue until after its decision on the

merits. Because the objection was not timely, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of this issue on

appeal.

          Moreover, any potential error committed by the trial court was harmless because the trial

court did not rely on Dr. Sprecher’s report in its ruling. See King v. Cooley, 274 Va. 374, 379, 650




          2
              Dr. Sprecher’s report was not admitted into evidence in the trial court.
                                                   -3-
S.E.2d 523, 526 (2007) (“Under the doctrine of harmless error, we will affirm the circuit court’s

judgment when we can conclude that the error at issue could not have affected the [result].”).

                                         Issue 2 – GAL reports

         Mother contends the trial court erred in reading and considering the GAL’s report(s) prior to

hearing this matter de novo.

         The GAL filed an “Addendum to the Report of the Guardian Ad Litem” in the trial court on

December 1, 2008, the day before the custody matter was originally scheduled to be heard. Mother

filed a motion in limine and argued that the trial court should not consider the GAL’s report.

Mother alleged that the report contained impermissible hearsay. Mother also argued that the trial

court could not consider any reports or evidence from the JDR court.

         At the hearing, the trial court stated that it had not seen or read the GAL report. The

December 8, 2008 order states, “That this is a trial de novo and therefore the Court may not consider

the filings and evidence previously introduced in the juvenile court.” The December 8, 2008 order

also states, “The issue remains as to whether or not the Court may consider, over the objection of

counsel, the current report filed by the guardian on December 1, 2008.” The trial court never ruled

on the issue.

         The GAL’s report was not submitted as evidence at the hearing, although the trial court

mentioned that the GAL had a recommendation for custody in her report, which the trial court “has

seen.”

         Rule 5A:20(e) mandates that appellant’s opening brief include “[t]he principles of law,

the argument, and the authorities relating to each question presented . . . .” Mother did not

comply with Rule 5A:20(e) because her opening brief does not contain any principles of law, or




                                                  -4-
citation to legal authorities, or the record to fully develop her argument that the trial court erred

in reviewing the GAL’s addendum filed December 1, 2008. 3

        Mother has the burden of showing that reversible error was committed. See Lutes v.

Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992). Unsupported assertions of

error “do not merit appellate consideration.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415

S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992). Furthermore this Court “will not search the record for errors in order to

interpret the appellant’s contention and correct deficiencies in a brief.” Id.

        We find that mother’s failure to comply with Rule 5A:20(e) is significant, so we will not

consider whether the trial court erred in reading and considering the GAL’s report(s). See

Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 851, 667 S.E.2d 857, 866 (2008) (“If the parties believed

that the circuit court erred, it was their duty to present that error to us with legal authority to

support their contention.”); Parks v. Parks, 52 Va. App. 663, 664, 666 S.E.2d 547, 548 (2008).

                                 Issue 3 – De novo standard of review

        Mother argues that the trial court erred in its application of the de novo standard of review.

She contends the trial court restricted her from presenting evidence prior to the JDR ruling of

August 27, 2008, even though the last custody order was December 12, 2006.

        In its December 8, 2008 order, the trial court correctly stated the de novo standard of review,

when it explained that “this is a trial de novo and therefore the Court may not consider the filings

and evidence previously introduced in the juvenile court.” However, during the trial, the following

exchange occurred between the trial court and mother’s counsel regarding the de novo standard:

                        THE COURT: She’s entitled to testify as to any change of
                circumstance since the order was entered. You’ve gone clear back
                to the whole thing, Ms. Eliades.


        3
         The trial court clearly stated in its order dated December 8, 2008 that it was not going to
consider any evidence or reports from the JDR court; therefore, the issue is limited to the GAL’s
addendum.
                                                  -5-
                       MS. GEORGE-ELIADES: No, Your Honor, if I may. I
                have covered from December ’06 until today, which is what I’m
                required to do.

                           *        *       *       *       *       *       *

                        THE COURT: In 27 August ’08, what was the order of the
                court – J & DR Court?

                        MS. GEORGE-ELIADES: Your Honor, that’s the order
                that’s been appealed. But we have to show a change in
                circumstances from December ’06.

                        THE COURT: How do you get past the 27 August ’08?

                       MS. GEORGE-ELIADES: I get past that because on trial
                de novo, this Court is required to consider all of the evidence of a
                change in circumstances since the order that’s been moved to
                amend until date of trial, which is today. We’re on trial de novo.

                           *        *       *       *       *       *       *

                      THE COURT: You’re telling me that you can skip the
                August order of Judge Waymack?

                      MS. GEORGE-ELIADES: Because it’s trial de novo, Your
                Honor. It is trial de novo. I am not –

                        THE COURT: It goes back to the original all of the time?

                        MS. GEORGE-ELIADES: Yes. Every time. I am here –

                           *        *       *       *       *       *       *

                         THE COURT: Let’s keep going. He hasn’t objected. This
                is just the Court speaking. I’d like to see what’s going on here. I
                can’t say I agree with you.

        “We have repeatedly held that an appeal to the circuit court from a court not of record

under Code § 16.1-136 annuls the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had

been no previous trial . . . and that such a trial de novo in the circuit court grants to a litigant

every advantage which would have been his had the case been tried originally in such court.”

Walker v. Department of Public Welfare, 233 Va. 557, 563, 290 S.E.2d 887, 890 (1982)

(citations omitted).

                                                  -6-
       “A party appealing to a circuit court has the right to a de novo trial ‘unhampered and

unprejudiced’ by the lower court’s ruling.” Alexander v. Flowers, 51 Va. App. 404, 414, 658

S.E.2d 355, 359 (2008) (quoting Baylor v. Commonwealth, 190 Va. 116, 120, 56 S.E.2d 77, 79

(1949)).

       Despite the trial court’s comments, the trial court allowed mother to present her evidence.

For example, mother presented evidence from the child’s previous teacher and guidance

counselor. The child was in their school during the 2007-2008 school year. There was evidence

about the mother eating lunch with the child during the 2007-2008 school year. Mother testified

about the events in August 2007 that led her to file a motion to change custody. Even after the

discussion that mother’s counsel had with the trial judge about the de novo standard, mother

testified about packing the child’s lunch during the 2007-2008 school year. When father

testified, mother asked on cross-examination about his anger management classes in October

2006 and the child’s need for medication in the fall of 2007. Mother also argued in closing

argument about events that occurred prior to August 2008. In its ruling, the trial court cited to

the teacher’s and guidance counselor’s testimony. He also mentioned Dr. Sprecher’s testimony,

yet her evaluation of the child occurred between January and March 2008. Although the trial

court seemed to misstate the de novo standard in its discussion with counsel, the trial court did

not prevent mother from presenting her evidence and making her argument. Therefore, the trial

court did not err in applying the de novo standard of review.

                                          Issue 4 – Recusal

       Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to recuse itself for having

read the GAL’s report(s) and portions of the proceedings appealed from before a trial de novo.4 At


       4
         At docket call, mother asked the trial court judge to recuse himself from hearing this case
because “this was appealed once before a while ago. There have been issues that have been brought
since and there was an issue that was brought up with respect to noting an appeal in this matter.”
                                                 -7-
no point during the hearing did mother ask the trial court to recuse itself because it allegedly read

the GAL reports and portions of the JDR proceedings. 5

        “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless the

objection was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the ruling, except for good

cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. We

“will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.” Ohree v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998). “The purpose of Rule

5A:18 is to allow the trial court to correct in the trial court any error that is called to its

attention.” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 514, 404 S.E.2d 736, 737 (1991) (en banc). There was

no miscarriage of justice in this case, and the ends of justice exception does not apply.

Therefore, we will not consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in not recusing itself

because it allegedly read the GAL report(s) and evidence from the JDR proceedings.

                                         Issue 5 – Judicial Notice

        Mother argues that the trial court erred in taking judicial notice of reasons why parents in

pending custody cases visit their children for lunch.

        During its ruling, the trial court stated:

                There’s no question that there’s been some problems about – I
                don’t want to say problems, but the mother has been able to visit
                during school times for lunches.

                The court pointed out to the teacher, isn’t that a time during
                litigation that that’s when parents pick up their interest and all of a
                sudden having lunches? 28 years of experience to the Court finds
                that’s a true statement, [sic] that they do start visiting more when
                there’s litigation going on. The teacher doesn’t have the same


The trial court initially agreed to set the case with another judge; however, due to scheduling
conflicts, the trial court judge was assigned the case. This issue of recusal is not part of the appeal.
        5
        Mother noted her objection on the final order but did not give the trial court a timely
opportunity to correct any potential error.

                                                     -8-
                experience so the Court does not weigh in one way or the other,
                other than the Court has different experiences.

        “A trial court may take judicial notice of those facts that are either (1) so ‘generally

known’ within the jurisdiction or (2) so ‘easily ascertainable’ by reference to reliable sources that

reasonably informed people in the community would not regard them as reasonably subject to

dispute.” Taylor v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 1, 7-8, 502 S.E.2d 113, 116 (1998) (quoting

Ryan v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 439, 445, 247 S.E.2d 698, 703 (1978)). “‘The taking of

judicial notice is generally within the discretion of the trial court.’” Id. at 8, 502 S.E.2d at 116

(quoting Ryan, 219 Va. at 446, 247 S.E.2d at 703).

        Mother contends the trial court erred in taking notice of how often and when parents in

custody cases visit their children for lunch. Mother took this isolated comment to argue that the trial

court erred in holding that custody should remain with father.

                   Absent clear evidence to the contrary in the record, the
                judgment of a trial court comes to us on appeal with a presumption
                that the law was correctly applied to the facts. Furthermore, we
                will not fix upon isolated statements of the trial judge taken out of
                the full context in which they were made, and use them as a
                predicate for holding the law has been misapplied.

Yarborough v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 978, 234 S.E.2d 286, 291 (1977).

        We need to consider the entire record, and not one isolated comment, to determine

whether the trial court erred in awarding custody to father. Notwithstanding the judge’s

comments about parents visiting their children for lunch during custody disputes, the trial court’s

ruling is based on facts in the record.

                                    Issue 6 – Child’s best interests

        Mother and the GAL argue that the trial court erred in finding that it was in the child’s best

interests for custody to remain with father.




                                                 -9-
         “In matters of custody, visitation, and related child care issues, the court’s paramount

concern is always the best interests of the child.” Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 327-28, 387

S.E.2d 794, 795 (1990).

         “As long as evidence in the record supports the trial court’s ruling and the trial court has

not abused its discretion, its ruling must be affirmed on appeal.” Brown v. Brown, 30 Va. App.

532, 538, 518 S.E.2d 336, 338 (1999).

         A court “shall consider” the factors in Code § 20-124.3 to determine the “best interests of

a child” for custody or visitation. Code § 20-124.3. However, a court “‘is not required to

quantify or elaborate exactly what weight or consideration it has given to each of the statutory

factors.’” Sargent v. Sargent, 20 Va. App. 694, 702, 460 S.E.2d 596, 599 (1995) (quoting

Woolley v. Woolley, 3 Va. App. 337, 345, 349 S.E.2d 422, 426 (1986)).

         Here, the trial court examined the factors in Code § 20-124.3 and found that it was in the

child’s best interest to remain in father’s custody. The child was seven years old, healthy, and

responding well to his ADHD medication. The trial court emphasized the child’s need for

stability and that the parents needed to refrain from “coming to Court every time you turn

around.” The trial court noted that each parent was involved in the child’s life and has a good

relationship with the child. Mother’s boyfriend was “questionable” due to a previous history of

abuse.

         “Where the record contains credible evidence in support of the findings made by that

court, we may not retry the facts or substitute our view of the facts for those of the trial court.”

Ferguson v. Stafford County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14 Va. App. 333, 336, 417 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1992).

         The evidence supports the trial court’s ruling. The trial court did not abuse its discretion

in awarding custody to father.




                                                 - 10 -
                      Issue 7 – Endorsement and objections to the final order

        Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion in waiving the endorsement of

counsel to the final order and failing to allow counsel to note her objections on the record.

        At the conclusion of the trial court’s ruling, the trial court announced that it would

prepare the final order. Mother requested that she be given the order prior to its entry so that she

could note her objections. The trial court agreed. However, on January 26, 2009, the trial court

entered the order prior to mother having an opportunity to note her objections. Mother filed a

motion to endorse order and motion for reconsideration. On February 12, 2009, the trial court

entered an order, nunc pro tunc January 26, 2009, granting leave to counsel to note her

objections to the custody order. Subsequently, mother filed her objections with the trial court.

Since the trial court gave mother the opportunity to endorse the order and file her objections, this

issue is moot. See United States Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 396 (1980) (holding

that “mootness has two aspects: ‘when the issues presented are no longer “live” or the parties

lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome’” (quoting Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S.

486, 496 (1969))).

                                           CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                                                Affirmed.




                                                 - 11 -
