J-A21002-17


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: T. M. S., JR., A             IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR,                                                 PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: T. M. S., JR., A MINOR
                                                     No. 1889 WDA 2016


              Appeal from the Order Entered November 16, 2016
               In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-42-JV-0000061-2016


BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OLSON, J., and STABILE, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                  FILED NOVEMBER 27, 2017

        Appellant, T.M.S., Jr., a minor, appeals from the juvenile court’s

dispositional order, imposed following his adjudication of delinquency for

rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (IDSI), and related offenses.

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, arguing that the

Commonwealth failed to prove the element of forcible compulsion common

to each of his sexual offenses. After careful review, we affirm.

        The juvenile court provided the following factual summary for this

case:
               [Victim] is a slightly built young woman, 17 years old. She
        testified she sneaked out of her parents' house around midnight
        on the evening of November 15, 2015. She walked to the
        "bottom of her road," and got into [Appellant’s] grandmother's
        car which he was driving without her permission. [Appellant]
        drove to a nearby shopping mall and parked behind a Tractor
        Supply store.

               [Victim] testified that she and [Appellant] were seated in
        bucket seats in the front seat of the car when [Appellant]
        suggested they get into the backseat. He got out of the driver
        side door, she got out of the passenger side door, and both got
        into the backseat.
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             After kissing and "making out," [Appellant] removed
       [Victim]’s clothes. She did not object but testified "it made me a
       bit uncomfortable."     N.T., 10/4/16, at 21.        At one point
       [Appellant] put his finger in her vagina and performed oral sex
       on her. She did not tell him she objected or ask him to stop.

             [Victim] testified that at that point "He got over on top of
       me and tried to have intercourse with me, and I said, 'Wait.
       Stop.' And tried, like, pushing him off me, and I said, ‘Wait.
       Stop,’ like, three times." Id. at 25. [Appellant] then proceeded
       to engage in vaginal intercourse. [Victim] testified she tried to
       stop [Appellant] "when I tried to push him off me." Id. at 25,
       26.

              Subsequently, [Appellant] told [Victim] to get out of the
       car and turn around. He then engaged in anal intercourse.
       While [Victim] testified she told [Appellant] to stop, the
       Commonwealth presented no evidence that he engaged in
       forcible compulsion in committing the act.[1] [Victim] testified
       that after she asked him to stop, [Appellant] said "Well, I
       though[t] you said you loved me. And I said that I did, and I
       just - I didn't want him doing that." Id. at 28-29.

             As noted, [Victim] is a slightly built 17-year-old of small
       frame. [Appellant], on the other hand, is an athletically built and
       strong young man, also 17. When [Victim] testified she tried to
       push [Appellant] off her, I have little doubt she would be
       physically unable to do so and would, as a result, be forcibly
       compelled to submit to his assault.

Juvenile Court Opinion (JCO), 1/6/17, at 2-3 (emphasis added).

       Following a hearing on October 4, 2016, the juvenile court adjudicated

Appellant delinquent of rape, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121(a)(1); IDSI, 18 Pa.C.S. §

3123(a)(1); aggravated indecent assault, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125(a)(2); and



____________________________________________


1 This is a legal conclusion imbedded within the juvenile court’s summary of
the facts, which we ultimately reject, as discussed infra.




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indecent assault, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)(2).2 A dispositional hearing was held

on November 15, 2016, at which time Appellant was ordered to serve 6-12

months’ probation (concurrent with other cases) and 20 hours of community

service. Appellant was also placed in a sexual offender treatment facility.

       Appellant filed a timely Notice of Appeal from the dispositional order

on December 15, 2016.               He preemptively filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)

statement on December 19, 2016, and the juvenile court filed its Rule

1925(a) opinion on January 6, 2017.

       Appellant now presents the following question for our review:

       [W]hether the [juvenile court] erred and/or committed an abuse
       of discretion when it found that the Commonwealth had
       established beyond a reasonable doubt the material element of
       forcible compulsion necessary to sustain an adjudication of
       delinquency as to count[s] one through four of the juvenile
       petition[:] rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse,
       aggravated indecent assault and indecent assault[?]

Appellant’s Brief at 5.

       As suggested by its factual summary, the juvenile court indicates that

it erred in adjudicating Appellant delinquent of IDSI, due to a slight break in

time between the first and second round of sexual assaults, but states that

the other three sexual offenses were supported by sufficient evidence of

forcible compulsion.       Appellant maintains that none of the offenses were

supported     by   sufficient    evidence      of   forcible   compulsion,   while   the
____________________________________________


2 Appellant was also adjudicated delinquent of several motor vehicle code
violations not at issue in the instant appeal.



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Commonwealth argues that all four offenses were supported by sufficient

evidence of forcible compulsion, despite the juvenile court’s change of heart.

      Our standard of review of sufficiency claims is well-settled:

             A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a
      question of law. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support
      the verdict when it establishes each material element of the
      crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused,
      beyond a reasonable doubt. Where the evidence offered to
      support the verdict is in contradiction to the physical facts, in
      contravention to human experience and the laws of nature, then
      the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law. When reviewing a
      sufficiency claim[,] the court is required to view the evidence in
      the light most favorable to the verdict winner giving the
      prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn
      from the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000) (internal

citations omitted).

      The offenses at issue in this case are defined, in pertinent part, as

follows:

                                      Rape

      (a) Offense defined.--A person commits a felony of the first
      degree when the person engages in sexual intercourse with a
      complainant:

           (1) By forcible compulsion[;]

18 Pa.C.S. § 3121.

                                         IDSI

      (a) Offense defined.--A person commits a felony of the first
      degree when the person engages in deviate sexual intercourse
      with a complainant:

           (1) by forcible compulsion;


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J-A21002-17



18 Pa.C.S. § 3123.

                         Aggravated Indecent Assault

        (a) Offenses defined.--Except as provided in sections 3121
        (relating to rape), 3122.1 (relating to statutory sexual assault),
        3123 (relating to involuntary deviate sexual intercourse) and
        3124.1 (relating to sexual assault), a person who engages in
        penetration, however slight, of the genitals or anus of a
        complainant with a part of the person's body for any purpose
        other than good faith medical, hygienic or law enforcement
        procedures commits aggravated indecent assault if:
                                   …
           (2) the person does so by forcible compulsion;

18 Pa.C.S. § 3125.

                                  Indecent Assault

        (a) Offense defined.--A person is guilty of indecent assault if
        the person has indecent contact with the complainant, causes
        the complainant to have indecent contact with the person or
        intentionally causes the complainant to come into contact with
        seminal fluid, urine or feces for the purpose of arousing sexual
        desire in the person or the complainant and:
                                        …
           (2) the person does so by forcible compulsion;

18 Pa.C.S. § 3126.

        Common to each of these crimes is the element of “forcible

compulsion.”       The    Crimes     Code     defines   “forcible   compulsion”    as

“[c]ompulsion     by   use   of   physical,   intellectual,   moral,   emotional   or

psychological force, either express or implied. The term includes, but is not

limited to, compulsion resulting in another person's death, whether the

death occurred before, during or after sexual intercourse.”            18 Pa.C.S. §

3101.


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J-A21002-17


            It is well-established that in order to prove the “forcible
     compulsion” component, the Commonwealth must establish,
     beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant “used either
     physical force, a threat of physical force, or psychological
     coercion, since the mere showing of a lack of consent does not
     support a conviction for rape ... by forcible compulsion.”
     Commonwealth v. Brown, 556 Pa. 131, 136, 727 A.2d 541,
     544 (1999). In Commonwealth v. Rhodes, 510 Pa. 537, 510
     A.2d 1217 (1986), our Supreme Court stated that forcible
     compulsion includes “not only physical force or violence, but also
     moral, psychological or intellectual force used to compel a
     person to engage in sexual intercourse against that person's
     will.” Rhodes, 510 Pa. at 555, 510 A.2d at 1226. Further, the
     degree of force required to constitute rape is relative and
     depends on the facts and particular circumstances of a given
     case. Commonwealth v. Ruppert, 397 Pa. Super. 132, 579
     A.2d 966, 968 (1990), appeal denied, 527 Pa. 593, 588 A.2d
     914 (1991).

Commonwealth v. Eckrote, 12 A.3d 383, 387 (Pa. Super. 2010).

     Instantly, Appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence to

support a finding of “forcible compulsion,” with respect to all the offenses,

not just the IDSI which occurred a short time after the first three offenses.

Appellant reasons as follows:

            The [juvenile court] found the testimony of [Victim] to be
     credible and consequently found that she did not consent to the
     sexual advance of [Appellant].          However, in reaching its
     conclusion that the Commonwealth met its burden regarding the
     element of forcible compulsion, the [juvenile court] followed only
     [its] subjective observation as to the relative size of [Victim] vis-
     a-vis that of [Appellant]. Both [Victim] and [Appellant] testified.
     The Commonwealth could have established a record as to the
     height, weight and other physical characteristics of [Victim] as
     well as [Appellant], yet did not do so. Nor, for that matter, did
     the [juvenile court]. Moreover, the Commonwealth could have
     developed how or why the size differential of [Appellant] and
     [Victim] contributed to the forcible compulsion necessary to
     sustain an adjudication as well what other factor or factors may
     have contributed to the level of restraint of force necessary. On
     this too, the record is absolutely silent.

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J-A21002-17


             The relative size of [Appellant] as compared to that of
      [Victim] is, in and of itself, insufficient to sustain a finding of
      forcible compulsion beyond a reasonable doubt. To sustain such
      a finding, something more than the size of the perpetrator as
      compared to that of the victim must be proven.

Appellant’s Brief at 12.

      First, with regard to the first three offenses in time (rape, aggravated

indecent assault, and indecent assault), Appellant’s argument is factually

inaccurate.   While Appellant claims that the juvenile court only found the

element of forcible compulsion present based on the size differential

between Appellant and Victim, that was not the case.       The juvenile court

noted that Victim testified that she repeatedly tried to stop Appellant by

attempting to push him off of her. JCO at 3.

      Indeed, the record supports that Victim was overcome by the

Appellant’s direct use of physical force.   During direct examination, Victim

testified: “He got over top of me and tried to have intercourse with me, and

I said, ‘Wait. Stop,’ and tried, like, pushing him off me, and I said, ‘Wait.

Stop,’ like, three times.” N.T., 10/4/16, at 25. When subsequently asked

how many times she tried to push Appellant off of her, Victim replied, “A

couple times.”   Id. at 26.   When she was asked if she tried to “stop the

intercourse,” Victim replied, “Yes[,] when I tried to push him off me.” Id.

      In Commonwealth v. Garaffa, 656 A.2d 133 (Pa. Super. 1995), the

appellant claimed that “factors such as the victim's admissions that she

willingly accompanied Appellant into the hotel room and failed to attempt to

leave the room when given the opportunity, coupled with the fact that [the

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J-A21002-17



a]ppellant did not verbally threaten her, shows the lack of forcible

compulsion.” Id. at 135.     We rejected his claim, because the victim had

testified that “she was pushed back on the bed, that she was ‘fightin',” and

that “she pushed him away.” Id. at 136 (emphasis added).

     We also found the element of forcible compulsion present under the

factual circumstances of Eckrote:

     Here, the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the
     Commonwealth overwhelmingly establishes that the act of
     sexual intercourse was performed by forcible compulsion.
     Eckrote drove C.B. unwillingly to an undisclosed location and
     then told her he wanted to have sex with her. After C.B.
     adamantly told Eckrote “no”, he stated he wanted to kill himself
     and subsequently ordered her to remove her pants. Eckrote
     then jumped over into the passenger side of the vehicle, pushed
     the seat back as far as it would go and climbed on top of C.B.
     Eckrote unzipped his jeans and began penetrating C.B.'s vaginal
     area. According to C.B., she attempted to push Eckrote off of
     her with her hands; however, Eckrote would not get off of her
     until he finished the sexual assault.

Eckrote, 12 A.3d at 387 (citations omitted, emphasis added).

     Here, Victim’s repeated attempts to push Appellant off her, while

verbally protesting his actions, were analogous to the scenarios presented in

both Eckrote and Garaffa. It is logical that, in order to overcome Victim’s

physical resistance (pushing), Appellant necessarily had to use some degree

of force himself to commit the act of vaginal intercourse. Accordingly, we

conclude that the evidence was sufficient to demonstrate forcible compulsion

with respect to Appellant’s delinquent adjudications for rape, aggravated

indecent assault, and indecent assault.



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J-A21002-17



      Turning to the later-in-time offense of IDSI, the juvenile court now

explains that there was insufficient evidence to support the element of

forcible compulsion at that time for the following reason(s):

             The first assault was separated by a break in time from the
      second. After T.M.S. engaged in vaginal intercourse, the victim
      testified "he laid on the back seat, and I laid on him." [N.T.,
      10/4/16,] at 27. At one point she had gotten partially dressed
      and put her shirt back on before getting out of the car and being
      subjected to anal intercourse.

             While [Victim] testified she did not feel threatened during
      her time with [Appellant], she "was worried - I was scared about
      him getting mad," or "what he would have said if I'd [have] said
      no." Id. at 49, 50, 51. This reference to him "getting mad" or
      worried about what he would have said, however, standing
      alone, provides little support for the argument T.M.S. engaged in
      forcible compulsion. Based on this limited reference in her
      testimony there is no basis to support a conclusion that she
      feared for her physical safety or that T.M.S. held any particular
      psychological advantage over her.

JCO at 4.

      We disagree with the juvenile court’s analysis. Moments prior to the

act of anal intercourse which provided the basis for the IDSI charge,

Appellant had engaged in forcible compulsion to commit a rape.        The fact

that there was a short pause between the assaults appears trivial in the

context of the totality of the circumstances of this case. In this regard, we

hold that the forcible compulsion which underpinned the initial assault was

sufficient to support the subsequent IDSI offense.

      Alternatively, we also reject the juvenile court’s analysis that Victim’s

statements were not indicative of Appellant’s use of “intellectual, moral,

emotional or psychological force, either express or implied,” especially in

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J-A21002-17



light of other testimony. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3101. Victim testified that while the

act of anal intercourse was occurring, she repeatedly told Appellant to stop.

N.T., 10/4/16, at 28. She said Appellant replied at one point, “Well, I

thought you said you loved me.” Id. at 29. This is a clear indication of the

use of moral, emotional, or psychological force, especially in the context of

the forcible rape which had occurred immediately prior to the IDSI. Thus,

even if the physical force used to commit the initial round of assaults was

not directly applicable to the IDSI offense, we hold that that it was

nonetheless a relevant circumstance to consider with regard to the IDSI

offense,   which,   in   conjunction    with    the   moral,   emotional,    and/or

psychological   force    demonstrated    by     Victim’s   testimony,   constituted,

collectively, sufficient evidence of forcible compulsion.         Accordingly, we

reject the juvenile court’s sufficiency analysis with regard to the IDSI

offense.

     Order affirmed.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 11/27/2017




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