       Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                          Opinion filed August 10, 2016.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D15-1139
                          Lower Tribunal No. 12-8650
                             ________________


                                 Richard Effs,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

                Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, Inc.,
                                    Appellee.



      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Gill S. Freeman,
Judge.

      Daniels Kashtan, and Lorne E. Berkeley, for appellant.

     Shutts & Bowen LLP, and Suzanne Youmans Labrit (Tampa) and Jerel C.
Dawson, for appellee.


Before ROTHENBERG, LAGOA, and LOGUE, JJ.

      ROTHENBERG, J.

      The question presented in this appeal is whether the “continuing tort”
doctrine is applicable to Richard Effs’ (“Effs”) claim for tortious interference with

a business relationship against Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, Inc. (“Sony

Pictures”), which, if applicable, would delay the commencement of the four-year

statute of limitations. Because we conclude that the continuing tort doctrine is not

applicable, we find that Effs’ claim was barred by the expiration of the statute of

limitations, and therefore, affirm the entry of final judgment in favor of Sony

Pictures.

                      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On March 6, 2012, Effs filed suit against Sony Corporation of America

Pictures (“Sony”) and others, alleging that he had a 25% ownership interest in a

motion picture—Shottas—pursuant to an oral agreement he had with defendant

Norman “Cess” Silvera (“Silvera”) and Keith Dean, a deceased non-party. Thus,

Effs alleged that when Sony subsequently entered into a licensing agreement with

others and acquired licensing and distribution rights to Shottas, Sony tortiously

interfered with the business relationship Effs had with Silvera and Dean.

         Sony Pictures1 answered Effs’ complaint and asserted affirmative defenses,

including that Effs’ claim for tortious interference with a business relationship was

barred by the expiration of the applicable four-year statute of limitations.       §

95.11(3)(o), Fla. Stat. (2005).      Thereafter, Sony Pictures moved for summary


1   Sony Pictures was substituted for Sony as the real party in interest.

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judgment on that basis.

      When considered in the light most favorable to Effs as the non-moving

party, the record reflects that Silvera and Effs formed Access Pictures, LLC to

produce Shottas. In 2005, after the movie was produced, Silvera met with Sony

Pictures without Effs’ presence, and in May 2005, Sony Pictures entered into a

licensing agreement whereby Sony Pictures was granted exclusive distribution

rights to Shottas. Pursuant to the licensing agreement, the first payment from Sony

Pictures was due on October 30, 2005; other distribution payments were allegedly

made after that date; and in May 2007, Effs’ counsel sent Sony Pictures an email

advising it of Effs’ involvement in Shottas.

      Following a hearing, the trial court entered an order granting Sony Pictures’

motion for summary judgment. Specifically, the trial court found that Effs’ claim

for tortious interference with a business relationship accrued on October 30, 2005,

when Sony Pictures was required to make its first distribution payment, and under

the “delayed discovery doctrine,” the latest date that Effs learned of the alleged

interference was in May 2007—which is when Effs’ counsel emailed Sony

Pictures—and therefore the claim was time-barred because the lawsuit was filed on

March 6, 2012. In reaching this conclusion, the trial court rejected Effs’ argument

that Sony Pictures engaged in a “continuing tort” based on Sony Pictures’

subsequent distribution payments in the years following the execution of the



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licensing agreement. Specifically, the trial court found that “the distributions did

not constitute tortious interference.    Rather, they were part of Effs’ alleged

damages resulting from the claimed interference.” Thus, the trial court entered a

final judgment in favor of Sony Pictures.

                                    ANALYSIS

      As previously stated, the question presented in this appeal is whether the

“continuing tort” doctrine is applicable to Effs’ claim for tortious interference with

a business relationship2 filed against Sony Pictures. Under the continuing tort

doctrine, the cause of action accrues when the tortious conduct ceases. Laney v.

Am. Equity Inv. Life Ins. Co., 243 F. Supp. 2d 1347, 1357 (M.D. Fla. 2013)

(applying Florida law). “A continuing tort is ‘established by continual tortious

acts, not by continual harmful effects from an original, completed act.’”

Suarez v. City of Tampa, 987 So. 2d 681, 686 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (quoting

Horvath v. Delida, 540 N.W.2d 760, 763 (Mich. 1995)) (italics in original;

emphasis added); see also Black Diamond Props, Inc. v. Haines, 69 So. 3d 1090

(Fla. 5th DCA 2011).

      Although it appears that there are no Florida cases addressing the

2 The elements of a claim for tortious interference with a business relationship are
“(1) the existence of a business relationship . . . ; (2) knowledge of the relationship
on the part of the defendant; (3) an intentional and unjustified interference with the
relationship by the defendant; and (4) damages to the plaintiff as a result of the
breach of the relationship.” Tamiami Trail Tours, Inc. v. Cotton, 463 So. 2d 1126,
1127 (Fla. 1985).

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“continuing tort” doctrine as it pertains to a cause of action for tortious interference

with a business relationship, we find several persuasive decisions rendered from

other jurisdictions. For example, in D’Arcy & Assocs., Inc. v. K.P.M.G. Peat

Marwick, L.L.P., 129 S.W.3d 25, 30 (Mo. Ct. App. 2004), the appellate court

found as follows:

      Assuming that [the defendant] unjustifiably interfered with [the
      plaintiffs’] business relationship, [the defendant’s] tortious conduct
      was complete when it induced or caused the breach. The wrong,
      therefore, was not continuing. The damage or injury that had been
      inflicted may have continued to develop during successive tax
      periods, but it did not result from repeating wrongful conduct.

See also Elec. Bankcard Sys., Inc. v. Retriever Indus., Inc., 2003 WL 204717, *7

(Tex. App. Jan. 30, 2003) (declining to apply the continuing tort doctrine to the

plaintiffs’ claim for tortious interference with a business relationship where there is

no “ongoing wrong”; noting that the “continuing loss of residual fees that may

have resulted from that alleged wrongful conduct does not toll the statute of

limitations”).

      We therefore agree with the trial court’s determination that the continuing

tort doctrine is not applicable to Effs’ claim for tortious interference with a

business relationship. Contrary to Effs’ assertion, the tort was not continual in

nature merely because Sony Pictures made subsequent distribution payments.

These additional distribution payments were merely “harmful effects from an

original, completed act.” Suarez, 987 So. 2d at 686 (quoting Horvath, 540 N.W.2d


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at 763). Although these additional distribution payments could have potentially

increased Effs’ claimed damages, they did not delay the cause of action from

accruing. Because the “continuing tort” doctrine is not applicable in the instant

case, we conclude that the trial court properly determined that the cause of action

was barred by the four-year statute of limitations.

      We also conclude that Effs’ remaining arguments are without merit and do

not warrant discussion. Accordingly, we affirm the final judgment entered in favor

of Sony Pictures.

      Affirmed.




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