Opinion issued March 8, 2016




                                      In The
                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The
                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                               NO. 01-14-00914-CV
                            ———————————
                             JAY COHEN, Appellant
                                         V.
          MIDTOWN MANAGEMENT DISTRICT, GREATER
      SOUTHEAST MANAGEMENT DISTRICT, HARRIS COUNTY,
       THE HARRIS COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
     THE PORT OF HOUSTON AUTHORITY OF HARRIS COUNTY,
        THE HARRIS COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT,
      AND THE HARRIS COUNTY HOSPITAL DISTRICT, Appellees


                    On Appeal from the 133rd District Court
                             Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 2013-16814


                                   OPINION

      In this tax delinquency suit, Jay Cohen challenges the enforceability of two

judgments nunc pro tunc that the trial court entered after it lost its plenary power.
Cohen asks for reinstatement of the original final judgment, claiming that the

revisions were judicial and not clerical and, as a result, are void. We vacate the

May 21, 2014 judgment nunc pro tunc, reinstate the July 25, 2014 judgment nunc

pro tunc, and as reinstated, affirm.

                                       Background

      Cohen is the record owner of several parcels of real property within Harris

County. Beginning in 2004, Cohen became delinquent on the taxes he owed on

five of his tracts. In March 2013, the Greater Southeast Management District and

the Midtown Management District, on behalf of themselves and all other taxing

units for whom they collect, brought suit against Cohen for the taxes, penalties,

and interest he owed, as well as attorney’s fees and costs.

      Harris County timely intervened on behalf of itself and other county-wide

taxing authorities, namely, the Harris County Department of Education, the Port of

Houston Authority of Harris County, the Harris County Flood Control District, the

Harris County Hospital District, the City of Houston, Houston Independent School

District (HISD), and Houston Community College System (HCCS) (collectively,

the Harris County Taxing Units).

      Trial was set for November 2013. The taxing unit parties appeared. Cohen

failed to appear. The trial court proceeded with trial. The taxing unit parties

proffered the following evidence:



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    Certified delinquent tax records from the Tax Assessor/Collector for
     the Greater Southeast Management District showing the tax
     delinquencies on three of Cohen’s properties; and

    A certified delinquent tax statement prepared by the Harris County
     Tax Assessor-Collector for Cohen’s remaining two properties
     specifying the amount of delinquent taxes, penalties, and interest
     owed to each of the Harris County Taxing Units for the corresponding
     property.

The trial court admitted the evidence and announced, “Judgment for Plaintiffs.”

      On November 15, 2013, the trial court signed a final judgment that

incorporated descriptions of each of the five properties and charts corresponding to

each parcel identifying the amounts that Cohen owed to each taxing unit,

designated as “Gt. Southeast Mgt. Dist.,” “Midtown Mgt. Dist.,” “Harris County,”

“City of Houston,” and “Houston ISD.”

      In June 2014, the Greater Southeast Management District moved for an

order to amend the judgment nunc pro tunc. It explained that, although the trial

court’s November 2013 judgment contained an award for the Houston Independent

School District, it was not specifically identified, other than generally as a

“Plaintiff Taxing Unit” on the first page of the judgment. The trial court granted

the motion and signed the judgment nunc pro tunc on July 25, 2014. Like the

November judgment, this judgment nunc pro tunc closes with the following

paragraph:




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      IT IS ORDERED that all parties named in any pleadings filed by any
      party and not included in the judgment, and any property set out in
      previous pleadings not included in this judgment, are hereby
      dismissed without prejudice to the right to refile their claims. All
      relief previously requested and not herein granted is expressly denied.
      This judgment finally disposes of all parties and all claims and is
      appealable.
      Both the original final judgment and the first judgment nunc pro tunc also

contain a provision that declares:

      IT IS ORDERED that the following taxing units, having been joined
      herein but having failed to plead and prove their claims for delinquent
      taxes on the above described real property, shall have their tax liens
      on such property extinguished for all delinquent taxes due, as of the
      date of this judgment, pursuant to the provisions of the Texas Property
      Tax Code, to wit

      NONE[.]

      Cohen invoked our jurisdiction by appealing the judgment nunc pro tunc.

Approximately 18 months later, during the pendency of this appeal, Greater

Southeast Management District moved for a second judgment nunc pro tunc. It

explained that neither the original final judgment nor the first judgment nunc pro

tunc showed the amounts that the trial court awarded to the Houston Community

College System, despite it having been identified as a Plaintiff Taxing Unit on the

first page of both judgments.        The District also requested amendment of the

adjudged market values stated in the judgment for each property to correspond to




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the amounts shown in the certified tax statements admitted at trial. The trial court

granted the motion and signed that nunc pro tunc final judgment on May 21, 2015.

                      Validity of Judgments Nunc Pro Tunc

A.    Applicable Law and Standard of Review

      Once a trial court has lost plenary jurisdiction over a case, it may enter a

judgment nunc pro tunc to correct any mistakes or misrecitals in the judgment only

if the errors to be corrected are clerical rather than judicial. Dep’t of Transp. v.

API Pipe & Supply, 397 S.W.3d 162, 167 (Tex. 2013); JG Wentworth

Originations, LLC v. Freelon, 446 S.W.3d 426, 433 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2014, no pet.). A clerical error is a discrepancy between the judgment

entered into the record and the terms of the judgment that was actually rendered.

Barton v. Gillespie, 178 S.W.3d 121, 126 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005,

no pet.).

      Conversely, a judicial error is an error arising from a mistake of law or fact

in the judgment as rendered that requires judicial reasoning to correct. Butler v.

Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 31 S.W.3d 642, 647 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000,

pet. denied). If an error is determined to be judicial rather than clerical, the change

is void. API Pipe & Supply, 397 S.W.3d at 167.

      Whether an error in the judgment is clerical or judicial is a question of law.

Escobar v. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d 230, 232 (Tex. 1986). In deciding this issue, we



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look to the judgment actually rendered and not to the judgment that should or

might have been rendered. Id. at 231. “Judgment is rendered when the trial court

officially announces its decision in open court or by written memorandum filed

with the clerk.” S & A Rest. Corp. v. Leal, 892 S.W.2d 855, 857 (Tex. 1995). We

consider as fact issues whether the court pronounced judgment orally and the terms

of the pronouncement. Hernandez v. Lopez, 288 S.W.3d 180, 185 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.).

       We affirm the judgment nunc pro tunc if the evidence clearly and

convincingly shows that it corrects a clerical error. See id.

      Cohen challenges the trial court’s corrections as judicial in part because the

evidence supporting them was not incorporated, either by attachment or reference,

into the judgment. Incorporation, however, is not required. For the purpose of

determining whether entry of a nunc pro tunc judgment is proper, a court may rely

on the oral testimony of witnesses, written documents, previous judgments, docket

entries, or the trial judge’s personal recollection. Id.

B.    Analysis

      Cohen contends that both judgments nunc pro tunc are void because they

attempted to correct judicial errors. We consider each of the three amendments—

one in the first judgment nunc pro tunc and two in the second judgment nunc pro

tunc—in turn.



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      Cohen challenges the first amendment, which inserts “HISD” into the list of

“Plaintiff Taxing Units” as judicial because the trial court’s oral rendition of

“Judgment for Plaintiffs” did not include “all Plaintiffs and Intervenors.” We

disagree. The Management Districts’ original petition brought the tax delinquency

claims for themselves and “on behalf of all other taxing units.” The trial court

rendered judgment for all plaintiffs, without exclusion, based on the evidence of

tax delinquencies, including those owed to HISD.

      The original final judgment supports the conclusion that the trial court’s

reference to “Plaintiffs” includes HISD.        It provides: “On the 15th day of

November, 2013, this cause being called in its regular order, came the Plaintiff

Taxing Unit(s) whether Plaintiff(s), Intervenor(s) or Impleaded Plaintiff(s)”

(emphasis added). Following that prefatory language appears a list of all plaintiffs

and intervenors except for HISD. The second page of the judgment identifies and

awards compensation to HISD as a taxing unit.

      No evidence supports a finding that the trial court meant to exclude HISD in

its use of the term “Plaintiffs.” We hold that the trial court’s correction in the first

judgment nunc pro tunc to list HISD among the plaintiffs on the first page of its

judgment is a clerical one.

      The second amendment corrects the omission of the amounts awarded to

HCCS. HCCS is identified as a “Plaintiff Taxing Unit” on the first page of the



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original final judgment, and the amounts that Cohen owed HCCS are included in

the uncontroverted evidence before the trial court. The amendment is consistent

with the trial court’s broad oral rendition of judgment.

      But the record more strongly supports the conclusion that this amendment is

not merely clerical. An error in drafting a judgment, even one that omits a party’s

name, may become part of the judgment the court renders. See LaGoye v. Victoria

Wood Condo. Ass’n, 112 S.W.3d 777, 784 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003,

no pet.) (holding that judgment erroneously drafted to include named party as

summary judgment movant contained judicial error that could not be corrected

after trial court’s jurisdiction expired) (citing In re Fuselier, 56 S.W.3d 265, 268

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, orig. proceeding)). “[E]rrors in rendered

and entered judgments are not clerical merely because they are based upon or grow

out of clerical errors.” Finlay v. Jones, 435 S.W.2d 136, 138 (Tex. 1968) (citing

Love v. State Bank & Trust Co., 90 S.W.2d 819 (Tex. 1936)). “[P]rovisions

alleged to have been inserted by mistake of the attorney nevertheless become a part

of the court’s judgment and therefore are judicial errors when thus rendered in

writing by the court.” Dikeman v. Snell, 490 S.W.2d 183, 185–86 (Tex. 1973)

(orig. proceeding), quoted in In re Daredia, 317 S.W.3d 247, 249 (Tex. 2010) (per

curiam) (orig. proceeding).




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      The final judgment in this case follows an oral rendition, but that oral

rendition by no means captured all of the specifics that are essential to the

judgment.    The final written judgment, signed the same day the trial court

pronounced “Judgment for Plaintiffs,” specifies the plaintiffs’ pro rata shares of the

tax debt, penalties, and interest.     The written judgment thus constitutes an

extension of the rendition, not merely a clerical recording of the oral

pronouncement.

      The first page of the judgment, while identifying HCCS as a plaintiff, does

not identify it as a recovering plaintiff. The judgment declares that no joined

plaintiff failed to plead and prove its claims for delinquent taxes on Cohen’s

property, but the last page of the judgment dismisses any party set out in previous

pleadings but not included in the judgment. This dismissal can be read to include

HCCS without doing violence to the judgment’s other provisions. Further, with

respect to HCCS, the first judgment nunc pro tunc contains the same language as

the original judgment.

      The second amendment purports to make a substantive change, increasing

the amount of the judgment against Cohen by an additional $4058.06. The record

lacks clear and convincing evidence that this alteration is clerical. We therefore

hold that the second amendment is void.




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      Likewise, the change to the adjudged market values for four of the five tracts

listed in the judgment is not a clerical change. It does not comport with the record

evidence the trial court relied on in rendering judgment for the taxing units. Under

the Property Tax Code, the adjudged value refers to the trial court’s determination

of market value on the date of trial. See TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 33.50 (West 2015)

(providing that “[t]he appraised value of the property according to the most recent

appraisal roll approved by the appraisal review board is presumed to be its market

value on the date of trial”). The certified delinquent tax statement for each tract

identified its 2013 value, and these values were included in the original judgment

and first judgment nunc pro tunc. The entry for only one of the tracks contains the

market value reflected in the record, and that entry remains unchanged from both

the original judgment and the first judgment nunc pro tunc. The record contains

neither evidence nor explanation for any increase in values for the remaining four

tracts. Accordingly, the changes to the market values for those tracts are void.

                                    Conclusion

      We hold that the judgment nunc pro tunc entered on May 21, 2015, insofar

as it purports to award damages to HCCS and change the adjudged market values

for Tracts 1, 2, 3, and 5 is void. We further hold that the July 25, 2014 judgment

nunc pro tunc, which corrects the judgment to include HCCS in the list of plaintiffs

appearing on the first page, is valid. We therefore vacate the May 21, 2015



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judgment nunc pro tunc, reinstate the July 25, 2014 judgment nunc pro tunc, and

affirm that judgment.




                                             Jane Bland
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Keyes, and Bland.




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