         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                              Assigned on Briefs August 2, 2005

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. NAKOMIS JONES

                   Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                    Nos. 02-02917, -02918, -04286 Joseph B. Dailey, Judge



                     No. W2004-01583-CCA-R3-CD - Filed October 5, 2005


A Shelby County Criminal Court jury convicted the appellant, Nakomis Jones, of two counts of first
degree felony murder, one count of second degree murder, two counts of especially aggravated
kidnapping, and three counts of being a felon in possession of a weapon. The trial court merged the
murder convictions, merged the especially aggravated kidnapping convictions, and merged the
convictions for being a felon in the possession of a weapon and sentenced the appellant to
consecutive sentences of life, thirty-five years, and three years, respectively. In this appeal, the
appellant claims (1) that the evidence is insufficient to support the convictions, (2) that the trial court
erred by refusing to allow him to impeach a victim to show bias; (3) that the trial court erred by
refusing to allow him to impeach a victim with prior bad acts; and (4) that the trial court erred by
ordering consecutive sentencing. Based upon the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court are Affirmed.

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID H. WELLES and J.C.
MCLIN , JJ., joined.

Joshua Spickler and Autumn Chastain, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Nakomis Jones.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Blind Akrawi, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Robert Carter and Paul Hagerman, Assistant
District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                               OPINION

                                       I. Factual Background

         Kevin Wiseman testified that he and Jesse Windom were brothers and sold used cars together
at Just for You Auto Sales in Memphis. On August 7, 2001, Windom had been working at the car
lot, which closed at 5:00 p.m. About 6:00 p.m., Windom telephoned Wiseman and asked him to
come to the lot in order for Windom to get a set of keys from Wiseman. Wiseman went to the lot
and met Windom, who was driving a black Lexus. A white Dodge Stratus with three African-
American men inside pulled into the lot, and the driver of the Stratus got out and began talking to
Windom. Wiseman related that the man appeared to know Windom but that Wiseman did not know
any of the men in the Stratus. A second man got out of the Stratus and approached Wiseman, and
Wiseman saw that the man had a gun. The third man remained in the Stratus but pointed a sawed-off
shotgun out of the car and told Wiseman that he would shoot if Wiseman tried to run. The first man,
who had been talking to Windom, pulled up his shirt and showed that he had a gun in his pants.
Wiseman identified codefendant Norris Ray as the first man and the appellant as the second man.
Wiseman related that the third man, who remained in the Stratus, was never identified.

         Ray got into Windom’s Lexus and started the engine. The appellant then ordered Wiseman
to get into the Lexus’ trunk. The car started moving, and Wiseman heard a man tell Windom, “[T]ell
me where the money is or I’m going to kill you.” Wiseman then heard Windom say, “I don’t have
any money, the police done took it all.” After five or ten minutes, Wiseman heard a gunshot and
heard Windom yell. He then heard a car door close and heard a man say, “[T]here go the police.
You know they’re coming.” Wiseman recalled that the car began making a lot of turns and that he
was sliding around in the trunk. He then heard the car engine cut off and heard the car doors close.
Wiseman waited ten or fifteen minutes and began pounding on the trunk. As he was wiping sweat
off his face, he hit the inside trunk latch and the trunk popped open. Wiseman said that the men
were gone and that he was in the Southwood apartment complex, which is next to the Flairwood
apartment complex. He got out of the trunk and saw a friend, who agreed to drive him back to the
used car lot. As they were driving, they saw an ambulance at a Mapco convenience store. They
stopped at the store and learned that Windom had been shot and was in the ambulance. Windom
later died. Wiseman testified that he went to the police department, looked at a photographic array,
and identified Norris Ray as the driver of the Stratus. Two days later, he looked at another
photographic array and picked out the appellant’s photograph. Wiseman testified that he was certain
Ray and the appellant were the men who pulled guns on him and his brother. He acknowledged
having prior misdemeanor theft convictions.

         On cross-examination, Wiseman acknowledged that he initially told police he could only
identify the driver of the Stratus. However, two days later he picked out the appellant’s photograph
and identified him as the second man who ordered him into the trunk. Wiseman also acknowledged
that in his initial description of the second man, he stated that the man had a “medium fade” haircut.
He acknowledged that in the appellant’s photograph, the appellant had braided hair. He said that he
recognized the appellant by his face and that the appellant did not have braided hair at the time of
the robbery. He acknowledged that while the appellant was pointing the gun at him, he was not
focusing on the appellant’s face. He also acknowledged that he never saw who actually got into the
Lexus with his brother.

        Officer Gary Claxton of the Memphis Police Department testified that on August 7, 2001,
at about 6:30 p.m., he was off duty and driving his Nissan Maxima westbound on Winchester Road.
He noticed a black Lexus in the lane to turn south onto Tchulahoma Street. Suddenly, a white Dodge


                                                 -2-
Stratus pulled out and nearly hit him. Claxton stated that he swerved to avoid hitting the Stratus and
pulled into the turn lane behind the Lexus. He related that all three cars were in the turn lane waiting
to turn left onto Tchulahoma and that the Lexus was in front, that his Maxima was behind the Lexus,
and that the Stratus was behind the Maxima. While the cars were waiting to turn left, a man jumped
out of the backseat of the Lexus and ran into a nearby Mapco parking lot. Claxton stated that the
man appeared to be having a panic attack and fell down. The Lexus made a u-turn and drove into
the Mapco lot. When the traffic light turned green, Claxton pulled over to let the Stratus pass him.
He then wrote down the Stratus’ license plate number. The Lexus drove out of the Mapco parking
lot and traveled south on Tchulahoma. Claxton began following the Lexus and called a dispatcher
to give her the Stratus’ license plate number and tell her that “something strange” was going on in
the area. Claxton stated that he followed the Lexus for three or four minutes but lost sight of it. He
then returned to the Mapco parking lot.

        Chandra Jones, Norris Ray’s ex-fiancé, testified that she owned a 1998 Dodge Stratus. About
5:00 p.m. on August 7, 2001, she loaned the car to Ray and Ray returned the car later that night.
About midnight, the police called Jones’ apartment and asked her to come outside. Jones met the
police outside and told them that Ray was asleep in her apartment. The police asked her to telephone
Ray and ask him to come outside, and she did so. On cross-examination, Jones testified that she did
not know the appellant and had never seen him before. She stated that about 6:45 p.m. on August
7, she called her cellular telephone, which was in her car, and a man named Geno answered.

        Kim Hughes testified that in August 2001, she lived in the Flairwood apartment complex.
On the evening of August 7, the appellant came to her door, told her that his car had broken down
on Tchulahoma Street, and asked to use her telephone. Hughes did not know the appellant but
handed him her cordless telephone. The appellant appeared nervous and tried dialing a couple of
telephone numbers but never completed the calls. While he was using the telephone, Norris Ray
walked up to the appellant, and the appellant handed him the telephone. Ray made a telephone call
and said, “Geno, come get us.” Ray also told Geno that he was at the Flairwood apartment complex.
The next day, Hughes saw information on the news about Jesse Windom’s shooting and called
Crime Stoppers. As a result of her call, a police officer came to her apartment and showed her
photographic arrays. Hughes picked out Ray’s and the appellant’s photographs. She said that the
appellant had braided hair when he came to her apartment. On cross-examination, Hughes testified
that Crime Stoppers paid her money for her information.

        Lieutenant Prentiss Jolly of the Memphis Police Department testified that about 7:35 p.m.
on August 7, 2001, he responded to a call at the Mapco convenience store at the intersection of
Winchester and Tchulahoma. When he arrived, Jesse Windom had already been transported to the
hospital. About 8:15 p.m., Jolly learned that Windom had died. Jolly investigated the case and
interviewed Kevin Wiseman and Officer Gary Claxton. As a result of the investigation, the police
began looking for a white Dodge Stratus and a black Lexus. Jolly also checked the license plate
number that Claxton had provided and learned that the car was registered to Nanny Harris and
Chandra Jones. Jolly learned Ms. Jones’ address and went to her apartment complex, where he saw
a white Dodge Stratus. Jolly telephoned Ms. Jones and asked her to come outside. Ms. Jones came


                                                  -3-
out of the apartment and told Jolly that Norris Ray was her boyfriend and that he was asleep inside
the apartment. Ms. Jones then called Ray and asked him to come outside. Ray came out of the
apartment, and the police arrested him.

        Sergeant Joe Stark of the Memphis Police Department testified that on August 8, 2001, he
helped process a white Dodge Stratus and a black Lexus. Stark obtained a fingerprint from the
Lexus’ outside rear passenger door window. The print was in a downward position, meaning that
the person who left the print was either on top of the car or had his hand on the window while the
door was open.

        Investigator Don Carpenter of the Memphis Police Department testified that he also dusted
the Stratus for fingerprints. He recovered a fingerprint from the driver’s side window of the Stratus.
The print was in a downward position. He also recovered a palm print from the Stratus’ outside rear
door panel. On cross-examination, Carpenter testified that it was impossible to know how long the
prints had been on the car.

        Latent Print Examiner Martin Milner of the Memphis Police Department testified that he
received the prints that Stark and Carpenter recovered. He submitted the prints to the Automated
Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), a fingerprint database. AFIS gave Milner the names of
twenty-five possible matches for the prints. Milner then compared the recovered prints with prints
that were on file for those individuals. He concluded that the palm print recovered from the rear
door panel of the Stratus matched the appellant and that the fingerprint recovered from the Stratus’
driver’s side window matched Norris Ray. Two fingerprints recovered from the Lexus matched
Jesse Windom.

        Tom Deering, the Interim Medical Examiner for Shelby County, testified that O.C. Smith
performed Windom’s autopsy. According to Dr. Smith’s autopsy report, the victim was shot once
in the abdomen. The bullet entered Windom’s right flank area and exited his left hip. The bullet cut
through Windom’s right common iliac artery and right common illiac vein, causing extensive
bleeding and death. The victim’s blood tested negative for alcohol and drugs.

       Kimbery Tanzy testified that she worked for the Shelby County Criminal Court Clerk’s
Office. The appellant was convicted of three felony drug offenses in 1996.

       Norris Ray testified on his own behalf that about 4:15 p.m. on August 7, he drove Chandra
Jones’ Dodge Stratus to Geno’s apartment. Ray stayed at Geno’s apartment for about thirty minutes.
Ray’s brother, Marvin Jackson, came to Geno’s apartment and Ray and Jackson left and went to
Jackson’s apartment in Frayser. Ray left the Stratus and its keys at Geno’s house. About 5:15 p.m.,
Daphne Love came to Jackson’s apartment and Love and Ray drove to Dyersburg. There, they
smoked marijuana, had sex, and visited Ray’s other brother, Anthony Jackson. Love drove Ray back
to Geno’s apartment in Memphis about 10:00 p.m. Ray got the Stratus’ keys from Geno’s girlfriend,
drove the Stratus to Chandra Jones’ apartment, and went to sleep. At some point, the police called
Ms. Jones’ apartment and Ray answered the telephone. The police asked to speak with Ms. Jones


                                                 -4-
and told Ray that Ms. Jones’ car had been involved in a hit-and-run accident. Ray thought the call
was a joke and hung up. The police called back repeatedly, and Ray hung up each time. Finally, he
gave the telephone to Ms. Jones and Jones went outside to speak with the police. The police then
called Ray and asked him to come outside. Ray left the apartment, and the police arrested him. Ray
related that he had seen the appellant previously but did not know him. He also stated that he did
not know Kim Hughes and had never seen her before.

        On cross-examination, Ray acknowledged having prior convictions for sexual battery and
burglary. He stated that he knew Jesse Windom but that they did not “hang out” together. Ray
stated that he was not disputing that Ms. Jones’ white Stratus was used during Windom’s killing.
However, he stated that Geno and two other men must have used Ms. Jones’ car and kidnapped
Windom and Wiseman.

        The appellant was charged with two counts of first degree felony murder, one count of first
degree premeditated murder, two counts of especially aggravated kidnapping against Kevin
Wiseman, and three counts of being a felon in possession of a handgun. The jury convicted him of
one count of felony murder during the perpetration of especially aggravated kidnapping, one count
of felony murder during the perpetration of especially aggravated robbery, and the lesser included
offense of second degree murder. The jury also convicted the appellant of two counts of especially
aggravated kidnapping, a Class A felony, and three counts of being a felon in possession of a
weapon, a Class E felony. The trial court merged the murder convictions, merged the especially
aggravated kidnapping convictions, and merged the possession of a weapon convictions. The trial
court sentenced the appellant as a Range II offender to consecutive sentences of life for the murder
conviction, thirty-five years for the especially aggravated kidnapping conviction, and three years for
the possession of a weapon conviction.

                                            II. Analysis

                                  A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The appellant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions because there
were no eyewitnesses to the crimes and no evidence to prove that the appellant was present when
the crimes were committed. In addition, he argues that the evidence is insufficient because Kevin
Wiseman initially told police that the man who forced him into the trunk had a medium fade haircut
but later picked out the appellant’s photograph, which showed that the appellant had braided hair.
The appellant also argues that Kim Hughes’ testimony only proves that the appellant was with Norris
Ray on the evening of the crimes. The State claims that the evidence is sufficient. We agree with
the State.

        When an appellant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, the standard for
review is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Tenn. R. App. P.


                                                 -5-
13(e). On appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all
reasonable or legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d
832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Questions concerning the credibility of witnesses and the weight and value
to be afforded the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence, are resolved by the
jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). This court will not reweigh
or reevaluate the evidence. Id. Because a jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence
with which a defendant is initially cloaked at trial and replaces it on appeal with one of guilt, a
convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating to this court that the evidence is insufficient.
State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

         When viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence reveals that about 6:00
p.m. on August 7, three men in a Dodge Stratus pulled into the used car lot. Norris Ray, who had
been driving the Stratus, got out of the car and began talking to Jesse Windom. A second man got
out of the Stratus, approached Kevin Wiseman, and pulled a gun. Although Wiseman told the police
and testified at trial that the second man had a medium fade haircut, he later identified the appellant,
who had braids, as the second man. Wiseman saw Ray start Windom’s Lexus, and the appellant
forced Wiseman into the car’s trunk. The car started moving, and Wiseman heard someone
questioning his brother. He then heard a gunshot, heard his brother yell, and heard a car door close.
Gary Claxton testified that Windom got out of the Lexus, ran into a Mapco parking lot, and
collapsed.

        When the Lexus stopped, Wiseman heard the car doors open and close. Wiseman was able
to get out of the trunk, saw that no one was around, and realized that he was in the Southwood
apartment complex, which is next to the Flairwood complex. Kim Hughes testified that about 6:45
p.m., she was in her Flairwood apartment when the appellant approached and asked to use her
telephone. Hughes related that the appellant appeared nervous and tried to make a telephone call but
could not complete the call. Shortly threafter, Norris Ray arrived, called Geno, and asked Geno to
come to the apartment complex to pick them up. The police later found Ray and the white Dodge
Stratus at Chandra Jones’ apartment, and a fingerprint expert determined that the appellant’s palm
print was on the Stratus. Although no one saw the appellant get into the Lexus with Windom or
shoot Windom, the jury obviously accredited the testimony of the State’s witnesses. The evidence
was sufficient for a jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the appellant committed the
crimes.

                                      B. Impeachment for Bias

        Next, the appellant claims that the trial court erred by refusing to allow him to question Kevin
Wiseman about a felony theft charge and two felony drug charges that were pending against him at
the time of the crimes in question. Before the trial in the instant case, Wiseman pled guilty to
misdemeanors, and the appellant contends that he should have been allowed to question Wiseman
about the reduced charges in order to show that Wiseman was biased in favor of the State. The State
claims that the trial court did not err by refusing to allow the appellant to question Wiseman about
the potential bias. We conclude that the trial court erred but that the error was harmless.


                                                  -6-
         The record reflects that after Wiseman testified for the State, the jury left the courtroom and
the appellant requested that he be allowed to question Wiseman about “some settlements of some
cases that Mr. Wiseman has had since this incident happened.” The appellant told the trial court that
Wiseman had been charged with one felony theft and at least two felony drug offenses but had plead
guilty before the trial in the instant case to misdemeanors. The State responded that it did not know
which prosecutor handled the appellant’s misdemeanor convictions and that to its knowledge, the
appellant’s pleading guilty to the misdemeanors was unrelated to the present case. The trial court
ruled that there was nothing to suggest that the appellant received favorable treatment in return for
his testimony. It also noted that the felony drug offenses were not violent offenses and that reducing
felony drug offenses to misdemeanors is “done everyday for reasons related to evidence and proof
or lack thereof.” The trial court ruled that the appellant could not question Wiseman about the
reduced charges but could ask Wiseman in front of the jury if Wiseman had been promised anything
in exchange for his testimony. Before the jury returned to the courtroom, the appellant asked
Wiseman if he had been promised anything in return for his testimony, and the appellant replied,
“No.”

         Tennessee Rule of Evidence 616 provides that a party “may offer evidence by cross-
examination, extrinsic evidence, or both, that a witness is biased in favor of or prejudiced against
a party or another witness.” As noted by the Advisory Commission Comment, “[b]ias is an
important ground for impeachment.” “The right to explore or examine witnesses for bias is a
fundamental right.” State v. Sayles, 49 S.W.3d 275, 279 (Tenn. 2001). Furthermore, “[a]n undue
restriction of this right may violate a defendant’s right to confrontation under the Sixth Amendment
of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 9, of the Tennessee Constitution.” Id. We
will uphold the trial court’s decision absent an abuse of discretion. Id.

         The appellant argued to the trial court and argues in his brief to this court that Sayles is
persuasive. In Sayles, the defendant was charged with second degree murder. Id. at 277. Before the
State called its first witness to testify, one of the State’s witnesses told the trial court that he would
not testify because the defendant had threatened him and had warned him not to testify. Id. The trial
court allowed one of the prosecutors to talk with the witness privately. Id. When they returned to
the courtroom, the prosecutor announced that the witness would testify. Id. At the end of the
witness’ testimony, the State asked him if the State had promised him anything in return for his
testimony and the witness said no. Id. at 278. In a jury out hearing after the witness’ testimony, the
State asked that the witness’ bond in an unrelated case be reduced to one thousand dollars and that
a charge against him for aggravated robbery be reduced to robbery. Id. The trial court agreed, and
the defendant asked to question the witness regarding this apparent deal with the State. Id.
However, the trial court refused to allow the defense to question the witness further and refused to
allow the defense to make an offer of proof. Id. Our supreme court held that “the trial court’s failure
to allow such an examination was error.” Id. at 280. The court also stated that the defendant’s “right
to a fair trial entitled him to probe witnesses under oath. The trial court, therefore, erred in refusing
to allow Sayles’s counsel to delve deeper into the reasons for [the witness’] turnaround.” Id.




                                                   -7-
        Initially, we note that unlike Sayles, in which an apparent deal had been struck between the
witness and the State, there is no indication that the State had promised Wiseman anything in return
for his testimony. Nevertheless, we agree with the appellant that the defense should have been
allowed to question Wiseman about whether there was a connection between his allegedly reduced
charges and his testimony because such a connection could infer to the jury that Wiseman was biased
in favor of the State.

        Nevertheless, we hold that such error was harmless. In order to determine whether the
constitutionally improper denial of a defendant’s opportunity to impeach a witness is harmless,

               “[t]he correct inquiry is whether, assuming that the damaging
               potential of the cross-examination were fully realized, a reviewing
               court might nonetheless say that the error was harmless beyond a
               reasonable doubt. Whether such an error is harmless in a particular
               case depends upon a host of factors, all readily accessible to
               reviewing courts. These factors include the importance of the
               witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case, whether the testimony
               was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or
               contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the
               extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the
               overall strength of the prosecution’s case.”

Id. (quoting Deleware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 1438 (1986)). In the
instant case, Wiseman identified the appellant and Ray as the men who pulled up in the white Stratus
about 6:00 p.m. and kidnapped him and his brother. The appellant’s palmprint was recovered from
the Stratus. Wiseman saw Ray start Windom’s Lexus, and the appellant forced Wiseman into the
trunk. After the car started moving, Wiseman heard a man demand money from Windom, heard a
gunshot, and heard the Lexus’ door close. He also testified that the Lexus began making many turns
and that he was sliding around in the trunk. Gary Claxton saw the Lexus and the Stratus driving
erratically and saw Windom get out of the Lexus and collapse in the Mapco parking lot,
corroborating some of Windom’s testimony. Shortly after Claxton witnessed these events, the
appellant and Ray arrived at Kim Hughes’ apartment. She testified that the appellant acted nervous,
that he asked to use her telephone, that Ray made a telephone call, and that Ray said, “Geno, come
get us.” Chandra Jones loaned her Dodge Stratus to Ray on the evening of the crimes, and when she
called her cellular telephone, which was in the car, a man named Geno answered. Based upon the
entire record in this case, we conclude that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

                               C. Impeachment with Prior Bad Acts

       The appellant also claims that the trial court erred by refusing to allow him to impeach Kevin
Wiseman with prior bad acts pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 608. During a jury out
hearing, the appellant asked that he be allowed to question Wiseman about allegations that he and
Windom had knowingly sold carjacked cars from their used car lot. The appellant told the trial court


                                                -8-
that as a result of the allegations, Wiseman had been indicted for theft of property valued over ten
thousand dollars and had pled guilty to misdemeanor theft. The appellant argued that he should be
allowed to question Wiseman about the allegations because they were relevant “to his believability,
credibility, and trustworthiness.” The trial court ruled that because the allegations had resulted in
Wiseman’s pleading guilty to the lesser offense of misdemeanor theft, the appellant could ask
Wiseman about the theft conviction. However, the trial court ruled that the appellant could not ask
Wiseman about the specific facts underlying the conviction. The appellant claims that the trial court
erred because the underlying facts of the misdemeanor theft conviction were probative to Wiseman’s
truthfulness.

       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 608(b) provides,

               Specific instances of conduct of a witness for the purpose of attacking
               or supporting the witness’s credibility, other than convictions of
               crime as provided in Rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic
               evidence. They may, however, if probative of truthfulness or
               untruthfulness . . ., be inquired into on cross-examination.

Rule 609 provides that if certain procedures are satisfied, the credibility of an accused may be
attacked by evidence of prior convictions if the prior convictions were punishable by death or
imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was convicted or involved
dishonesty or false statement. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(2). A trial court’s ruling under Rule 609 will
not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661, 675
(Tenn. 1999).

          In the instant case, the record reveals that Wiseman’s selling carjacked cars from his used
car lot resulted in his pleading guilty to misdemeanor theft. Therefore, Tennessee Rule of Evidence
609 is the applicable rule. Pursuant to Rule 609, the trial court properly allowed the appellant to ask
Wiseman if he had been convicted of misdemeanor theft because theft is a crime of dishonesty. See
State v. Addison, 973 S.W.2d 260, 268 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (stating that theft is a crime of
dishonesty). However, the underlying facts of the conviction were inadmissible. See Long v. State,
607 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980); see also Neil P. Cohen, et al., Tennessee Law of
Evidence, § 6.09[11][f] (4th ed. 2000) (citing Long and stating that “[i]f a criminal conviction is
used to impeach under Rule 609, counsel . . . is precluded from inquiring about the details of the
offense”). Therefore, the appellant’s questioning Wiseman about the underlying facts of the
conviction would have been improper, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ruling that
the facts underlying the conviction were inadmissible as impeachment evidence.

                                    D. Consecutive Sentencing

       Finally, the appellant claims that the trial court erred by ordering him to serve his sentences
consecutively. The State argues that the trial court properly ordered consecutive sentencing. We
agree with the State.


                                                 -9-
        No witnesses testified at the sentencing hearing. However, the State introduced the
appellant’s presentence report into evidence. According to the report, the then twenty-nine-year-old
appellant dropped out of school in the twelfth grade. He stated in the report that his mental and
physical health were good but that he smoked marijuana from ages seventeen to twenty-four. The
appellant also reported that he began drinking alcohol when he was thirteen but that he stopped
drinking when he was twenty-four. The appellant reported that he worked for McDonald’s for four
months in 1992, Sysco for two months in 1993, and Logan’s Brick Mason for twelve months in
1999. The report shows that the appellant has three prior felony convictions for possession of a
Schedule II drug; three convictions for misdemeanor possession of marijuana; three convictions for
driving on a suspended, cancelled, or revoked license; and one conviction for misdemeanor assault.
The appellant also stated in the report that he was wanted in Dyersburg for violating probation.

         The trial court determined that the appellant should be sentenced as a Range II offender and
applied enhancement factors (2), that the appellant “has a previous history of criminal convictions
or criminal behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range,” and (9), that
the appellant “has a previous history of unwillingness to comply with the conditions of a sentence
involving release in the community.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(2), (9). The trial court also
applied enhancement factor (6), that the appellant “treated or allowed a victim to be treated with
exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense,” on the basis that Wiseman’s being forced
to hear the shooting of his brother constituted exceptional cruelty. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
114(6). In mitigation, the trial court applied factor (13) because the appellant got out of the Stratus
after Norris Ray and, therefore, may have hesitated about committing the crimes. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-113(13). The trial court sentenced the appellant to life for the murder conviction,
thirty-five years for the especially aggravated kidnapping conviction, a Class A felony, and three
years for being a felon in possession of a weapon, a Class E felony. Regarding consecutive
sentencing, the trial court ruled that the appellant had an extensive criminal history and was a
“dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation
about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
115(b)(2), (4).

         The appellant argues that consecutive sentencing was improper in this case. Specifically, he
contends that he does not have an extensive criminal history because he only has three prior felony
convictions and they were drug convictions, not crimes of violence. The appellant also argues that
the trial court erred by finding that he was a dangerous offender and that the trial court “did not point
out any specific findings to support its position.”

        Appellate review of the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence is de novo. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). In conducting its de novo review, this court considers the
following factors: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the
presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4)
the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered
by the parties on enhancement and mitigating factors; (6) any statement by the appellant in his own
behalf; and (7) the potential for rehabilitation or treatment. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102, -103,


                                                  -10-
-210; see also State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 168 (Tenn. 1991). The burden is on the appellant
to demonstrate the impropriety of his sentences. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing
Commission Comments. Moreover, if the record reveals that the trial court adequately considered
sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances, this court will accord the trial court’s
determinations a presumption of correctness. Id. at (d); Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.

        Although not raised by the appellant, we initially note that the trial court improperly applied
enhancement factor (6) regarding the appellant’s treating Kevin Wiseman with exceptional cruelty
during the commission of the offenses. This factor is generally applied to cases involving abuse or
torture. State v. Williams, 920 S.W.2d 247, 259 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Before a trial court may
apply enhancement factor (6) to increase a sentence, the facts of the case must support a “finding of
cruelty under the statute ‘over and above’ what is required to sustain a conviction for [the] offense.”
State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 258-59 (Tenn. 2001). We do not believe the facts of this case
support the trial court’s application of enhancement factor (6). Nevertheless, the proper application
of the remaining two factors supports the length of the appellant’s sentences.

       Turning now to the issue of consecutive sentencing, Tennessee Code Annotated section
40-35-115(b) provides that a trial court may impose consecutive sentences if the defendant is
convicted of more than one offense and the trial court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that:

                      (1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has
               knowingly devoted such defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major
               source of livelihood;

                       (2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal
               activity is extensive;

                      (3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person so
               declared by a competent psychiatrist . . . ;

                       (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior
               indicates little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation about
               committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high;

                      (5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory
               offenses involving sexual abuse of a minor . . . ;

                      (6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while
               on probation; or

                       (7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.




                                                 -11-
        Regarding the appellant’s having an extensive criminal history, the appellant’s presentence
report shows that he has been committing crimes since he was twenty years old. He has three prior
felony drug convictions, six misdemeanor convictions, and has violated probation. He also admitted
to drinking under age and smoking marijuana for seven years. We conclude that the appellant’s prior
convictions and his drug use demonstrate an extensive criminal history that justifies consecutive
sentencing.

         The trial court also found the appellant to be a dangerous offender who has no hesitation
about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-335-
115(b)(4). In State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 938 (Tenn. 1995), our supreme court held that
satisfying Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b)(4), by itself, was not sufficient to sustain
consecutive sentences. If the defendant is found to be a dangerous offender under the statute, the
trial court must also determine whether the sentences imposed are reasonably related to the severity
of the offenses and necessary to protect the public from further criminal activity by the defendant,
the “Wilkerson factors.” Id. Moreover, trial courts must make specific findings regarding these
factors before imposing consecutive sentences. State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 461 (Tenn. 1999).

       In the instant case, the trial court stated as follows:

                        I think what’s most troubling about this case is the brazen
               nature of how it was carried out - pulling up to this car lot, broad
               daylight, walking up to these men, putting guns on them, putting them
               in the trunk of the car and the backseat of the car, and off they go and
               boom, they kill the one they wanted to kill, dumped him out on the
               lot, and off they go. I mean, it’s just - it would almost lead one to
               believe that it was a contract killing. I mean, according to the verdicts
               that the jury has returned, it was so methodically carried out that it’s
               pretty unsettling. It’s not like some argument erupted and somebody
               got shot in the middle of an argument. This was just a real planned
               methodically-executed execution. So that’s very troubling to me as
               a citizen of Shelby County. So I do think that consecutive sentences
               are necessary in this case; that they reasonable relate to the severity
               of the offenses committed and that they’re necessary in order to
               protect the public from further serious criminal conduct of each of
               these defendants.

        The trial court in the instant case specifically addressed the Wilkerson factors. Moreover,
despite the appellant’s claim to the contrary, the trial court made specific findings regarding the
factors, stating that the brazenness and methodical planning of the crimes was “unsettling” and “very
troubling.” We agree with the trial court that the appellant qualified as a dangerous offender and that
consecutive sentencing was proper in this case.




                                                 -12-
                                 III. Conclusion

Based upon the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                               ___________________________________
                                               NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE




                                        -13-
