MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                               FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
                                                                          Jul 26 2018, 6:04 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any                                      CLERK
                                                                           Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing                                  Court of Appeals
                                                                                and Tax Court

the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Renee M. Ortega                                           Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Crown Point, Indiana                                      Attorney General of Indiana
                                                          Tyler G. Banks
                                                          Deputy Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

N.L.,                                                     July 26, 2018
Appellant-Respondent,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                          45A05-1712-JV-2879
        v.                                                Appeal from the Lake Superior
                                                          Court
State of Indiana,                                         The Honorable Thomas P.
Appellee-Petitioner.                                      Stefaniak, Jr., Judge
                                                          The Honorable Robert G. Vann,
                                                          Magistrate
                                                          Trial Court Cause No.
                                                          45D06-1502-JD-137



Riley, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018               Page 1 of 13
                                STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellant-Respondent, N.L., appeals the juvenile court’s order, modifying his

      probation and ordering him to be a ward of the Department of Correction

      (DOC).


[2]   We affirm.


                                                   ISSUES
[3]   N.L. raises two issues, which we restate as:


          (1) Whether the juvenile court’s dispositional order complied with the

              statutory requirements; and

          (2) Whether the juvenile court abused its discretion when modifying N.L.’s

              placement from probation to wardship at the DOC.


                      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   On April 25, 2015, at age fourteen, N.L. incurred his first delinquency referral

      after he was charged with battery resulting in bodily injury, a Class A

      misdemeanor if committed by an adult. While at school, N.L. had grabbed

      another student by the neck and choked him to the point the student lost

      consciousness and fell to the ground, hitting his head on the classroom floor.

      N.L. entered into an agreement with the State, in which he admitted to the

      battery and was placed on Intensive Probation Level 2. On July 16, 2015, after

      making improvements in his behavior, N.L.’s probation was modified and

      lowered to Intensive Probation Level 1.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 2 of 13
[5]   Almost immediately after modifying his probation, N.L. began to accumulate

      unreported absences at school. Despite beginning to “revert[] back to some of

      his previous behaviors in the home setting,” N.L. remained “in compliance

      with services[.]” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 89). After October 2015, N.L.

      began attending day treatment rather than regular high school. However,

      “shortly after his enrollment [the day treatment facility] discharged [N.L.]

      alleging he was threatening students and incited overall several fights in one

      day.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 100). Attempts to place N.L. at another day

      treatment facility failed “due to [an] alleged gang affiliation.” (Appellant’s

      App. Vol. II, p. 100). Eventually, N.L. participated in services through Choices

      and enrolled in another day treatment program. On February 17, 2016, N.L.

      was again discharged from the day treatment program because he had engaged

      in a fight with another student. Despite being ordered by probation to attend

      yet another day treatment facility, N.L. refused to do so. As of April 1, 2016,

      “[t]hree out of four programs [N.L.] has attended have reported physical

      aggression.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 144).


[6]   When not in school, N.L. “appears to be enthused with gang activities[,]” and

      his “gang involvement has placed himself and [his] family in grave danger.”

      (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 134, 135). In fact, N.L.’s “enthusiasm and

      participation with gang related activities through Facebook has prompt[ed] his

      current residency to be targeted by gang members.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II,

      pp. 134-35). When asked about gang membership, N.L. admitted to being

      affiliated with the Vice Lords gang.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 3 of 13
[7]   On April 7, 2016, the juvenile court conducted a hearing on the State’s petition

      to modify N.L.’s probation after violating his terms of probation by being

      expelled from the day treatment program for fighting. N.L. admitted to the

      violation and was ordered to remain detained in the county’s detention facility

      pending disposition. Despite probation’s search to secure a placement for N.L.,

      only one residential treatment facility was willing to accept him but could not

      for a period of multiple months. At the end of May 2016, the juvenile court

      released N.L. from detention to live with his mother and placed him back on

      Intensive Probation Level 2.


[8]   Within a month, the Indiana Department of Child Services (DCS) was called to

      N.L.’s mother’s house. Upon their arrival, N.L.’s mother advised them that her

      boyfriend had broken up a fight between N.L. and a girl. Afterwards, N.L.

      threatened mother’s boyfriend, yelling “I’ll kill you where the fuck you stand”

      and that when the boyfriend was asleep, N.L. would “slit his fucking throat.”

      (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 181). Shortly after this incident, N.L. absconded

      from mother’s residence. A verified petition to detain N.L. was granted but he

      was not detained until nearly a month later. During his intake, N.L. reported

      that he had first gone to Texas for less than a week and then spent some time in

      Indianapolis before returning to northwest Indiana.


[9]   On July 21, 2016, the State filed another petition for modification for violating

      his conditions of probation by absconding. N.L. admitted to the allegation, and

      on August 4, 2016, the juvenile court ordered N.L. committed to the DOC for

      six months. In a report to the juvenile court upon N.L.’s release, the probation

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 4 of 13
       officer reported that N.L. had accumulated “12 major disciplinary conduct

       reports while at the DOC.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 23). The day after he

       was released, N.L. informed his probation officer that he had “gotten ‘dummy

       high’” and that he was “still high” the following morning. (Appellant’s App.

       Vol. III, p. 26). In the month between his release and his July 2017 hearing,

       N.L. again fled the state for 10 days while telling his mother and probation

       officer that he had secured employment for which he needed to live with his

       father. Also, N.L. posted photographs of himself holding firearms on social

       media. During this time, “it appear[ed] that [N.L.’s] behaviors [] escalated

       since his release from the” DOC. (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 26).


[10]   On July 25, 2017, finding that N.L. was a danger to himself and the

       community, the juvenile court placed N.L. back on Intensive Probation Level

       2, mandated him to wear a location monitor, and ordered him detained at

       Alternative House. On August 8, 2017, N.L. was released from Alternative

       House and resumed living with his mother. Although his behavior improved

       for several weeks, N.L. again began posting photos of himself brandishing

       firearms on social media. He sent a selfie holding a firearm to another juvenile,

       threatening “Biitch iima smoke yo ass just like liil John.” (Appellant’s App.

       Vol. III, p. 78) (spelling and capitalization unaltered).


[11]   By the end of September 2017, N.L.’s therapist observed


               The adolescent is not only dangerous[,] he is deeply and
               profoundly mentally ill. By his own admission he has committed
               or was directly involved in the murder of two people in the past

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 5 of 13
               and exhibits no reservations with regards to harming not only the
               youth cited above but even members of his own family. . . It is to
               be remembered there is still a $4000.00 street bounty on [N.L.’s]
               head because he robbed a known drug dealer in Hammond, IN.
               several months ago . . . [N.L.] constitutes a viable danger to
               others and to himself and should be removed from the home in
               order to preclude any further unnecessary bloodshed, this must
               be initiated as expeditiously as is possible for the safety of
               [N.L.’s] family and the public at large.


       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 72). On September 20, 2017, the State petitioned

       the juvenile court to modify N.L.’s probation, and the juvenile court ordered

       N.L. detained pending the hearing.


[12]   In anticipation of the modification hearing set for October 26, 2017, N.L.’s

       probation officer submitted a detailed hearing report, describing the progress of

       the case. The report included a narrative of the progression of N.L.’s behavior

       while on probation, but also entailed diagnoses resulting from a psychological

       evaluation, the diagnostic criteria associated with the diagnoses, and noted that

       N.L.’s parents “ha[d] complied with the Order of Participation.” (Appellant’s

       App. Vol. II, p. 32).


[13]   At the modification hearing, N.L.’s mother, primary therapist, case manager,

       and probation officer were present. During the proceeding, N.L.’s mother

       advised the juvenile court that her son “needs mental help.” (Transcript p. 9).

       She informed the juvenile court that she will not allow N.L. to return home as

       he is putting the “other kids in jeopardy.” (Tr. p. 10). N.L.’s therapist

       recommended placement at the DOC, where the psychiatric services and the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 6 of 13
       educational caveat [sic] could be easily met.” (Tr. p. 10). N.L.’s probation

       officer noted that no residential placement would accept N.L. and that because

       of his violent provocation of gang members on social media, “if he has to go to

       the DOC to keep him safe and keep him from getting killed on the streets, then

       that’s the recommendation that I will make.” (Tr. p. 16). At the conclusion of

       the hearing, the juvenile court took its disposition under advisement to allow

       probation to investigate one other possible placement. On November 9, 2017,

       the juvenile court issued its dispositional order, ordering N.L. to be a ward of

       the DOC.


[14]   N.L. now appeals. Additional facts will be provided if necessary.


                                    DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                              I. Standard of Review


[15]   When a person under the age of eighteen commits an act that would be a crime

       if committed by an adult, the person is adjudicated a ‘delinquent child’ and the

       juvenile court issues a dispositional decree providing for placement, sanctions,

       and treatment of the child. R.J.G. v. State, 902 N.E.2d 804, 806 (Ind. 2009).

       Dispositional decrees are intended to promote rehabilitation, consistent with

       the expressed legislative intent to “ensure that children within the juvenile

       system are treated as persons in need of care, protection, treatment, and

       rehabilitation.” Ind. Code § 31-10-2-1(5). Thus, the juvenile court is given a

       myriad of alternatives and is accorded great latitude and flexibility to allow the



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 7 of 13
       disposition that “best fits the unique and varying circumstances of each child’s

       problems.” A.A.Q. v. State, 958 N.E.2d 808, 813-14 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).


[16]   The choice of the specific disposition of a juvenile adjudicated a delinquent

       child is a matter within the sound discretion of the juvenile court, subject to

       certain statutory considerations. D.A. v. State, 967 N.E.2d 59, 64 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2012). Indiana Code section 31-37-18-6 provides that the juvenile court shall

       choose a disposition that is “in the least restrictive . . . and most appropriate

       setting available,” consistent with the safety of the community and the best

       interest of the child. We will reverse only if there has been an abuse of

       discretion, which occurs when the juvenile court’s action is clearly erroneous

       and against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court

       or the reasonable, probable, and actual inferences that can be drawn therefrom.

       D.A., 967 N.E.2d at 64.


                                             II. Dispositional Order


[17]   N.L. contends that the juvenile court’s order did not conform with the statutory

       requirements contained in Indiana Code section 31-37-18-9(a). Complaining

       that the court’s order is “rote and merely statutory in form,” N.L. asserts that

       the disposition is insufficient, fails to contain tailored written findings and

       conclusions, and omits the reasons for the disposition. (Appellant’s Br. p. 8).


[18]   When ordering an order modifying a juvenile disposition, the court must

       comply with the requirements governing dispositional orders. See Ind. Code §

       31-37-22-3(c). Indiana Code section 31-37-38-9(a) requires a dispositional

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 8 of 13
       decree to include “written findings and conclusions,” as well as “specific

       findings” as to


               (1) The needs of the child for care, treatment, rehabilitation, or
                   placement.
               (2) The need for participation by the parent, guardian, or
                   custodian in the plan of care for the child.
               (3) Efforts made, if the child is removed from the child’s parent,
                   guardian, or custodian, to:
                   (A) Prevent the child’s removal from; or
                   (B) Reunite the child with;
                   The child’s parent, guardian, or custodian.
               (4) Family services that were offered and provided to:
                   (A) The child; or
                   (B) The child’s parent, guardian, or custodian.
               (5) The court’s reasons for the disposition.
               (6) Whether the child is a dual status child under [I.C. §] 31-41.

       The statute allows the juvenile court to “incorporate a finding or conclusion

       from a dispositional report as a written finding or conclusion upon the record in

       the court’s dispositional decree. I.C. § 31-37-18-9(c).


[19]   At the outset, the juvenile court’s order noted that “[t]he statements in the

       Probation Officer’s Report and all attachments are adopted as findings,

       including any and all statements of reasonable efforts to provide services, and

       are incorporated by reference herein.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 27).

       Subsequently, the order addressed all the requirements imposed by statute. It

       spoke to N.L.’s best interest in being removed from the home because

       remaining there "would be contrary to the welfare of the child” and “because

       the home environment is unable to meet” N.L.’s “basic needs.” (Appellant’s

       App. Vol. II, p. 27). It noted that the parents had complied with the Order of


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 9 of 13
       Participation. The order further found that “[e]fforts made to provide family

       services did not prevent removal of the child(ren) because the family services

       were refused or ineffective[,]” and the probation officer’s report contained

       extensive documentation of the unsuccessful placements and treatments

       provided to N.L. (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 27). The probation officer’s

       report explained the justification for the DOC disposition referring to N.L.’s

       escalating behavior, his past violent threats, his absconding from his mother’s

       home, and his history of expulsion from academic and treatment programs.

       While the order fails to include a specific finding as to N.L.’s dual status, the

       record evidences that a dual status team was convened in July of 2017,

       recommending that the juvenile court should solely proceed with delinquency

       proceedings.


[20]   N.L. points to K.A. v. State, 775 N.E.2d 382 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied,

       in support of his argument that the probation officer’s report cannot be used to

       constitute specific findings. However, as pointed out by the State, K.A. was

       decided in 2002 when the statute governing dispositional orders did not contain

       the language permitting the juvenile court to incorporate the findings of a

       dispositional report. 1


[21]   Accordingly, the Probation Officer’s Hearing Report, as incorporated in the

       juvenile court’s order, together with the court’s findings, comply with the




       1
           The current version of I.C. § 31-37-18-9 became effective in 2006. See Pub. L. 146-2006, S.E.C. 56.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018              Page 10 of 13
       statutory requirements of I.C. § 31-37-18-9(a). The incorporated documents,

       together with the court’s findings, extensively describe N.L.’s prior placements,

       behavioral problems, attempts at treatment, and recommend a specific course of

       action based on these facts. Therefore, the juvenile court did not abuse its

       discretion when entering its disposition.


                                               III. DOC Wardship


[22]   N.L. also disputes the severity of the juvenile court’s disposition to the DOC.

       As the current cause is N.L.’s first juvenile adjudication, N.L. maintains that

       this second referral to the DOC is more punitive in nature than rehabilitative.


[23]   Without question, I.C. § 31-37-18-6 requires the juvenile court to select the least

       restrictive placement in most situations. However, the statute contains

       language which reveals that under certain circumstances a more restrictive

       placement might be appropriate. That is, the statute requires placement in the

       least restrictive setting only “[i]f consistent with the safety of the community

       and the best interest of the child.” I.C. § 31-37-18-6. Thus, the statute

       recognizes that in certain situations the best interest of the child is better served

       by a more restrictive placement. See Madaras v. State, 425 N.E.2d 670, 672 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 1981) (“[W]hile the juvenile code creates a presumption in favor of

       disposing of juvenile matters using the least severe disposition available to the

       court which will serve the needs of the case, the code explicitly recognizes that

       in some instances commitment may be in the best interests of the child and

       society in general.”) (citation omitted); M.R. v. State, 605 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 11 of 13
       Ct. App. 1992) (noting that while commitment to the Indiana Boys School

       “should be resorted to only if less severe dispositions are inadequate, there are

       times when such commitment is in the best interests of the juvenile and society

       in general.”). “In some instances, confinement may be one of the most effective

       rehabilitative techniques available” when a juvenile is exposed to the type of

       placement he would encounter were he to continue with his poor behavior.

       Madaras, 425 N.E.2d at 672.


[24]   The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion by ordering N.L. to be placed at

       the DOC. While we agree that this is N.L.’s first juvenile adjudication, given

       N.L.’s history, previous failed treatment attempts, and escalating behavior, the

       juvenile court’s dispositional alternatives had become limited. He had already

       been placed once at the DOC—during which time he incurred 12 major

       disciplinary reports. When on probation, N.L.’s behavior became increasingly

       more threatening, ranging from posting photos of himself brandishing weapons

       on social media, to hurling threats to his mother’s boyfriend, and getting into

       physical fights. He had been expelled from all previous treatment programs and

       is yet to successfully complete any court-imposed treatment. Several treatment

       programs have refused to admit him due to his escalating conduct and his self-

       proclaimed gang association. His mother has now declined to have N.L. reside

       in the family home in order to safeguard the other children. He has absconded

       from probation for a significant time and removed his tracking monitor. N.L.’s

       therapist and probation officer recommended placement at the DOC where he

       could be provided with the necessary rehabilitative services.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 12 of 13
[25]   Accordingly, based on N.L.’s history and to safeguard the community, we

       refuse to disturb the juvenile court’s disposition, ordering N.L. to the only

       facility that is still willing to admit him.


                                             CONCLUSION
[26]   Based on the foregoing, we hold that the juvenile court did not abuse its

       discretion by ordering N.L.’s placement at the DOC.


       Affirmed.


       May, J. and Mathias, J. concur




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1712-JV-2879 | July 26, 2018   Page 13 of 13
