               IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Neil Jessen,                                      :
                                Appellant         :
                                                  :
                        v.                        :    No. 250 C.D. 2019
                                                  :    Submitted: June 21, 2019
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,                     :
Department of Transportation, Bureau              :
of Driver Licensing                               :



BEFORE:          HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
                 HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
                 HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge


OPINION NOT REPORTED


MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
JUDGE COHN JUBELIRER                                  FILED: December 4, 2019


       Neil Jessen (Licensee) appeals from the January 14, 2019 Order of the Court
of Common Pleas of Monroe County (common pleas) dismissing his appeal from a
one-year suspension of his operating privilege imposed by the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing (DOT)
pursuant to Section 1547(b)(1)(i) of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(b)(1)(i),
commonly referred to as the Implied Consent Law.1 Licensee avers common pleas


       1
           Section 1547(b)(1)(i) of the Vehicle Code provides in relevant part:

      (1) If any person placed under arrest for violation of section 3802 [(relating to
          driving under the influence of alcohol or controlled substance)] is required to
          submit to chemical testing and refuses to do so, the testing shall not be
(Footnote continued on next page…)
erred in dismissing his appeal because: (1) DOT failed to establish that there were
reasonable grounds for the state trooper to suspect that Licensee was driving under
the influence (DUI) and to request Licensee submit to a chemical test of his blood;
(2) DOT failed to establish that Licensee refused a chemical test; and (3) Licensee
was advised he had no right to consult with an attorney before deciding whether to
submit to a chemical test, contrary to his right to counsel under the United States
(U.S.) Constitution.


   I. Factual Background and Procedure
       On May 25, 2018, Licensee was arrested for DUI and transported to the
Monroe County DUI Processing Center.                He arrived at the DUI Center after
midnight, at which time State Trooper Andrew Imperati read Licensee the
warnings outlined in DOT Form DL-26B.                   The warnings in Form DL-26B,
commonly referred to as the O’Connell2 warnings or the Implied Consent
warnings, read, in pertinent part, as follows:

       1. You are under arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol or a
          controlled substance in violation of Section 3802 of the Vehicle
          Code [,75 Pa. C.S. § 3802].

       2. I am requesting that you submit to a chemical test of blood.

       3. If you refuse to submit to the blood test, your operating privilege
          will be suspended for at least 12 months. If you previously refused
_____________________________
(continued…)
          conducted but upon notice by the police officer, [DOT] shall suspend the
          operating privilege of the person as follows:
             (i)     Except as set forth in subparagraph (ii), for a period of 12 months.

75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(b)(1)(i).
       2
         Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Traffic Safety v. O’Connell, 555 A.2d 873 (Pa. 1989).



                                               2
           a chemical test or were previously convicted of driving under the
           influence, your operating privilege will be suspended for up to 18
           months. If your operating privilege is suspended for refusing
           chemical testing, you will have to pay a restoration fee of up to
           $2,000 in order to have your operating privilege restored.

       4. You have no right to speak with an attorney or anyone else before
          deciding whether to submit to testing. If you request to speak with
          an attorney or anyone else after being provided these warnings or
          you remain silent when asked to submit to a blood test, you will
          have refused the test.

(Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 121a.) After being read the foregoing warnings,
Trooper Imperati asserted that Licensee did not consent to a chemical test of his
blood. Trooper Imperati treated this as a refusal to consent to the test. Thereafter,
by letter dated August 15, 2018, DOT suspended Licensee’s operating privilege for
a period of one year, pursuant to the Implied Consent Law, for Licensee’s refusal
to submit to the chemical test on May 26, 2018.3 (Id. at 9a-12a.)
       Licensee appealed the suspension to common pleas, which held a hearing on
November 29, 2018. At the hearing, Trooper Imperati, the sole witness, testified
as follows. On May 25, 2018, he conducted a traffic stop of Licensee for speeding.
(Id. at 88a.) When he approached the vehicle, he “detected the odor of alcoholic
beverage, to which [Licensee] related he himself had drank earlier in the evening.”
(Id. at 89a.) Based upon this, Trooper Imperati asked Licensee to exit his vehicle,
at which time he had Licensee perform numerous field sobriety tests, including
“[t]he horizontal gaze nystagmus [(HGN)] test, the walk-and-turn test, and the one-
leg stand test.” (Id. at 90a-91a.) On the HGN test Licensee had six out of six


       3
         The letter dated August 15, 2018, lists the date of Licensee’s refusal as March 26, 2018.
This error was corrected in a subsequent notice dated February 1, 2019, which reflects that
Licensee’s refusal occurred on May 26, 2018. (R.R. at 75a-77a.)



                                                3
indicators of intoxication, on the walk-and-turn test he had more than two
indicators, and on the one-leg stand test Licensee had multiple indicators. (Id. at
91a-92a.) Trooper Imperati could not remember what the specific indicators were
because he did not have his report with him at the hearing. (Id. at 99a.) Based
upon the results of the tests, Trooper Imperati “believed [Licensee] to be under the
influence of alcohol.” (Id. at 92a.)
      Trooper Imperati further testified that at this point he arrested Licensee for
DUI and transported Licensee to the DUI Center. (Id. at 93a.) The transport took
approximately 15 minutes, during which time Trooper Imperati informally “went
over the DL-26 [Form].” (Id. at 93a-94a.) Upon arrival at the DUI Center,
Trooper Imperati read Licensee the DL-26B Form verbatim at 12:07 a.m. (Id. at
94a.) After looking over the form, Licensee signed it around 12:15 a.m., indicating
he had been provided with the warnings contained therein. (Id. at 95a.) According
to Trooper Imperati, Licensee “chose not to supply a chemical test result.” (Id.)
On cross-examination, Counsel for Licensee timed Trooper Imperati as he read the
warnings contained in Form DL-26B.           By Counsel’s own timing, it took 57
seconds for Trooper Imperati to read Form DL-26B, surmising that approximately
8 minutes passed between when Trooper Imperati read the form and when
Licensee refused the chemical test. (Id. at 104a-05a.) Trooper Imperati indicated
that during this eight-minute timespan, Licensee reviewed the DL-26B Form and
asked a few questions. Trooper Imperati could not recall what specific questions
Licensee asked. (Id. at 105a.) Trooper Imperati then told Licensee that he needed
a decision on whether Licensee would consent to a chemical test.            Trooper
Imperati stated that Licensee refused the test “[b]ecause he did not provide the
blood because he said he was not providing the blood draw [sic].” (Id. at 106a.)



                                         4
      In its Opinion issued after the hearing, common pleas found Trooper
Imperati to be credible, noting that while it would have been helpful if he had had
his notes with him in court, he was convincing and believable nonetheless.
(Common Pleas’ Opinion (Op.) at 7.) Relying on that testimony, common pleas
found that “there were reasonable grounds for [T]rooper [Imperati] to suspect[]
Licensee could have been under the influence of alcohol while driving and for
placing him under arrest for suspension of DUI.” (Id.) Common pleas concluded
that DOT met its burden regarding the requirements for imposing an operating
privilege suspension, specifically finding that Trooper Imperati “warned []
Licensee that a refusal [to submit to chemical testing] would result in a suspension
of his driver’s license . . . [and] asked [] Licensee to submit to a chemical blood
test,” which Licensee refused.      (Id.)       Common pleas further concluded that
pursuant to the reasoning set forth in Birchfield v. North Dakota, 136 S. Ct. 2160
(2016), and Boseman v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 157 A.3d 10 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017), Licensee had no constitutional right to
counsel before deciding whether to submit to the chemical test of his blood.
Accordingly, by Order dated January 14, 2019, common pleas dismissed
Licensee’s appeal of DOT’s suspension.4


   II. Discussion
      As set forth above, on appeal,5 Licensee presents the following three issues:
(1) DOT failed to establish that there were reasonable grounds for Trooper

      4
         By order dated March 8, 2019, common pleas granted an unopposed motion for
supersedeas pending this Court’s adjudication of the present appeal. (R.R. at 80a.)
       5
         “Our standard of review is whether [common pleas’] findings are supported by
competent evidence and whether [common pleas] committed an error of law or an abuse of
(Footnote continued on next page…)


                                            5
Imperati to suspect that Licensee was DUI and to request Licensee submit to a
chemical test of his blood; (2) DOT failed to establish that Licensee refused a
chemical test; and (3) Licensee was advised he had no right to consult with an
attorney before deciding whether to submit to a chemical test, contrary to his right
to counsel under the U.S. Constitution.
       Preliminarily, before we turn to the parties’ arguments, we note that in order
to sustain the operating privilege suspension against Licensee, DOT bears the
burden of demonstrating that Licensee:

       (1) was arrested for DUI by a police officer with reasonable grounds
       to believe . . . [L]icensee was operating a vehicle while under the
       influence of alcohol or a controlled substance; (2) was requested to
       submit to chemical testing; (3) refused to submit to chemical testing;
       and, (4) was warned by the officer that [his] license will be suspended
       if [he] refused to submit to chemical testing.

Park v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 178 A.3d 274, 280 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2018). Once DOT demonstrates the foregoing, the burden then shifts to
Licensee to prove he “was physically incapable of performing the test or that [his]
refusal was not knowing and conscious.” Id.
       Further, we also note that in reviewing common pleas’ Opinion and Order in
this matter we are guided by the well-established principle that “it is not the
province of this Court to make new or different findings of fact.” Reinhart v.
Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 954 A.2d 761, 765 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2008). Our role here is limited to reviewing common pleas’ findings of fact “to

_____________________________
(continued…)
discretion.” Drudy v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 795 A.2d 508, 510 n.5 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2002). For questions of law, our scope of review is plenary. Whitaker v. Wetzel, 170
A.3d 568, 572 n.3 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017).



                                              6
determine if they are supported by substantial, competent evidence.”         Id.   If
common pleas’ factual findings are supported by substantial evidence, “we are
precluded from overturning those findings.” Id. “Substantial evidence is such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Helwig v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 99 A.3d
153, 159 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). We must view the evidence in this matter in a light
most favorable to DOT, “the party that prevailed before” common pleas. Bradish
v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 41 A.3d 944, 945 n.3 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2012). Additionally, “[d]eterminations as to the credibility of witnesses
and the weight assigned to the evidence are solely within the province of the trial
court as fact-finder.” Reinhart, 954 A.2d at 765.

      A. Whether DOT established that Trooper Imperati had reasonable grounds
         to suspect Licensee was DUI and to request Licensee consent to a
         chemical test.
      Licensee avers common pleas erred by concluding DOT met its burden of
demonstrating that Trooper Imperati had reasonable grounds to suspect Licensee
was DUI and to request Licensee to submit to a chemical test of his blood.
Specifically, Licensee argues that Trooper Imperati’s testimony that Licensee “was
exceeding the speed limit and exhibited the odor of alcohol or an alcoholic
beverage falls well short of establishing reasonable grounds to believe that he
could be operating his vehicle under the influence of alcohol or a controlled
substance.” (Licensee’s Brief (Br.) at 10.) Licensee further argues that Trooper
Imperati’s testimony regarding the field sobriety tests is not enough to establish he
had reasonable grounds to suspect that Licensee was DUI because Trooper
Imperati’s testimony “was conclusory as he was unable to describe even a single
detail of the field sobriety result.” (Id. at 9.) Lastly, Licensee argues that he was

                                         7
not involved in an accident like the licensee in Department of Transportation
Bureau of Traffic Safety v. O’Neill, 514 A.2d 1008 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986), did not
have glassy eyes like the licensees in Stancavage v. Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Driver Licensing, 986 A.2d 895 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009), or Sisinni v.
Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 31 A.3d 1254 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2011), nor was there evidence that he was following too closely while
driving, staggering, or slurring his speech. As such, Licensee contends Trooper
Imperati did not have reasonable grounds to suspect he was DUI and to request the
chemical test; therefore, his operating privilege suspension should be overturned
because DOT did not meet its burden to sustain the suspension.
      DOT responds by arguing that Trooper Imperati’s testimony before common
pleas established that he had reasonable grounds to suspect Licensee was DUI.
DOT asserts that Trooper Imperati’s detection of the odor of alcohol, coupled with
Licensee’s admission that he had been drinking and the fact that Licensee showed
several indicators of intoxication when performing the field sobriety tests, is
sufficient evidence to establish Trooper Imperati had reasonable grounds to suspect
Licensee was DUI.
      “The question of whether an officer had reasonable grounds to arrest a
licensee is a question of law fully reviewable by this [C]ourt on a case-by-case
basis.” Yencha v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 187 A.3d 1038,
1044 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018).       In considering whether DOT met its burden of
demonstrating that Trooper Imperati had reasonable grounds to suspect Licensee
was DUI, “we consider the totality of the circumstances and determine, as a matter
of law, whether a person in the position of the arresting officer could have




                                        8
reasonably reached this conclusion.” Helt v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 856 A.2d 263, 266 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004). In DUI cases,

      “[r]easonable grounds” exist when a person, in the position of the
      police officer, viewing the facts and circumstances as they appeared at
      the time of the arrest, could have concluded that the licensee was
      operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or controlled
      substances. [Banner v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing,
      737 A.2d 1203, 1207 (Pa. 1999).] This test, as a whole, is not very
      demanding. In fact, the arresting officer need not even be correct in
      his belief that the licensee was intoxicated. Dep[’t] of Transp[.],
      Bureau of Traffic Safety v. Dreisbach, [] 363 A.2d 870, 872 ([Pa.
      Cmwlth.] 1976).

      The question of whether reasonable grounds exist is reviewed on a
      case[-]by[-]case basis. Banner, [] 737 A.2d at 1207. All of the facts
      and circumstances, as they appeared at the time of the arrest, must be
      considered. Schindler v. Dep[’t] of Transp[.], Bureau of Driver
      Licensing, 976 A.2d 601, 605 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). There is not a set
      list of behaviors that must be exhibited in order for an officer to have
      reasonable grounds. Stancavage . . . , 986 A.2d [at] 899 []. Our case
      law has identified factors that constitute reasonable grounds. They
      include: a licensee who staggers or sways; has slurred speech;
      exhibits uncooperative behavior; or emits an odor of alcohol. Id.
      Where the arresting officer cites a driver’s glassy eyes, there must be
      at least one other obvious physical sign of intoxication in order for the
      officer to have reasonable grounds for arrest. Id.

      On the other hand, the absence of one or more of the above-listed
      Stancavage factors does not mean the officer lacks reasonable
      grounds to believe a motorist has driven while intoxicated.

Farnack v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 29 A.3d 44, 48 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2011) (footnote omitted). The “reasonable grounds” standard “used to




                                         9
support a license suspension is a lesser standard than the probable cause standard [6]
required for criminal prosecution.” Id. at 48 n.4.
       In Stancavage, we reviewed a trial court’s finding that a police officer did
not have reasonable grounds to suspect a licensee was DUI.                       The officer in
Stancavage pulled over a licensee “allegedly for speeding and following too
closely behind another vehicle.” 986 A.2d at 896. The officer “noticed that [the
licensee’s] eyes were glassy, but that there was no smell of alcohol emitting from
him.” Id. At that point, the officer had the licensee exit the vehicle and perform
several field sobriety tests. The officer asserted the licensee failed these tests.
After conducting a search of the licensee’s car, the officer arrested the licensee for
DUI. Thereafter, the officer requested the licensee consent to a chemical test of his
blood and read the licensee the DL-26 Form. The licensee refused to consent to a
blood test. As a result of his refusal, DOT suspended the licensee’s operating
privilege pursuant to the Implied Consent Law. The licensee appealed, and as
stated above, the trial court found the officer lacked reasonable grounds to suspect
the licensee was DUI. The trial court reasoned that speeding and following too
closely were not indicators of intoxication and that while glassy eyes were an
indicator, they are, without more, insufficient to establish reasonable grounds to
suspect intoxication.       As to the field sobriety tests, the trial court found the
officer’s testimony on this subject to be “weak and unconvincing in that he could
not remember exactly the extent of [the licensee’s] failure.” Id. at 897. Based
upon the trial court’s determinations as to weight of the evidence and credibility of


       6
           “[P]robable cause is a reasonable ground of suspicion supported by circumstances
sufficient to warrant that an ordinary prudent person in the same situation could believe a party is
guilty of the offense charged.” Turano v. Hunt, 631 A.2d 822, 825 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993).



                                                10
the officer’s testimony, we affirmed. We concluded that the trial court “did not
abuse its discretion[] given that its determination is supported by the record.” Id.
at 899.
      Before common pleas, Trooper Imperati testified, among other things, that
when he approached Licensee he detected the odor of an alcoholic beverage, which
Licensee admitted to consuming earlier that evening. Trooper Imperati further
testified that he administered three field sobriety tests and, on each test, Licensee
presented multiple indicators of intoxication. However, Trooper Imperati could
not remember what the specific indicators were because he did not bring his report
of the incident with him to court. Common pleas credited Trooper Imperati’s
testimony. We are bound by common pleas’ credibility determinations. Reinhart,
954 A.2d at 765. The question then becomes, did Trooper Imperati, based upon
the foregoing facts, have reasonable grounds, at the time of the incident, to suspect
Licensee was DUI. Common pleas concluded that, based upon the foregoing
testimony, Trooper Imperati had reasonable grounds to suspect Licensee was DUI.
We agree.
      A person, in the same position as Trooper Imperati, that detects the odor of
an alcoholic beverage on a licensee, observes the licensee admit that he had been
drinking, and views indicators of intoxication while the licensee is performing field
sobriety tests could conclude that the “licensee was operating a vehicle while under
the influence of alcohol or controlled substances,” Banner, 737 A.2d at 1207. As
such, based on the facts of this case, Trooper Imperati had reasonable grounds to
suspect Licensee was DUI. Licensee asserts that reasonable grounds do not exist
in this case because there is no evidence that he had glassy eyes, slurred speech, or
that he was staggering. However, “the absence of one or more” indicators of



                                         11
intoxication outlined by this Court in prior decisions does not mean that Trooper
Imperati did not have reasonable grounds to suspect that Licensee was DUI.
Farnack, 29 A.3d at 48. Rather, we review questions of reasonable grounds on a
case-by-case basis because “[t]here is not a set of behaviors that must be exhibited
in order for an officer to have reasonable grounds.” Id. Therefore, Trooper
Imperati did not lack reasonable grounds simply because he did not observe every
indicator of intoxication that this Court has previously outlined in prior decisions.
      To the extent that Licensee argues this case is similar to Stancavage because
Trooper Imperati could not recall, with specific detail, the indicators of
intoxication that Licensee demonstrated on the field sobriety tests, we disagree.
While we agree with common pleas that it would have been helpful for Trooper
Imperati to have his report with him when testifying so he could recount the
specific indicators of intoxication, there are other indicators of intoxication in this
matter besides Licensee’s performance on the field sobriety tests. Here, Trooper
Imperati detected the odor of alcoholic beverage on Licensee and Licensee
admitted to Trooper Imperati that he had been drinking earlier that evening.
Licensee’s argument that Trooper Imperati did not have reasonable grounds to
suspect he was DUI because he did not have glassy eyes, was not in an accident,
etc., omits the fact that Licensee admitted to Trooper Imperati that he had been
drinking earlier that evening. Therefore, as set forth above, based upon Trooper
Imperati’s testimony, which was credited by common pleas, we conclude Trooper
Imperati had reasonable grounds to suspect Licensee was DUI. Accordingly, we
conclude common pleas did not err as a matter of law in reaching the same
conclusion.




                                          12
      B. Whether DOT failed to demonstrate that Licensee refused to submit to a
         chemical test of his blood.
      Licensee avers common pleas erred by concluding DOT met its burden of
demonstrating that Licensee refused a chemical test. Licensee asserts that “[t]here
is no evidence in th[e] record describing how [he] allegedly refused to submit to
chemical testing,” and therefore, he cannot properly “defend against a refusal that
has not been proven” to have occurred. (Licensee’s Br. at 12.) Pointing to the
approximately eight-minute delay between when the DL-26B Form was read and
when Licensee allegedly refused the chemical test, Licensee contends that this
timespan “makes no sense as it would not take [eight] minutes for an individual to
affirmatively or implicitly refuse to submit to chemical testing of blood.” Id. As
such, Licensee contends that DOT did not meet its burden to sustain the
suspension.
      DOT responds by arguing it met its burden of demonstrating that Licensee
refused a chemical test of his blood. Specifically, DOT points to the testimony of
Trooper Imperati as sufficient evidence to demonstrate that Licensee refused to
submit to the chemical test. As for the approximately eight-minute timespan
between when Trooper Imperati read the DL-26B Form and when Licensee refused
the chemical test, DOT asserts that Trooper Imperati was giving Licensee a
meaningful opportunity to comply with the request by allowing him to review the
DL-26B Form and by answering Licensee’s questions.
      “The question of whether a licensee refuses to submit to a chemical test is a
legal one, based on the facts found by the trial court.” Nardone v. Dep’t of
Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 130 A.3d 738, 748 (Pa. 2015). “The trial
court initially finds the facts surrounding the licensee’s response to a request to
submit to chemical testing and the facts surrounding the performance of the test.


                                        13
The issue of whether there was a refusal is a question of law and reviewable by this
Court.” Mueller v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 657 A.2d 90, 92
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1995).     This question turns on whether the licensee’s “overall
conduct demonstrates an unwillingness to assent to an officer’s request for
chemical testing.”    Nardone, 130 A.3d at 749.         “A ‘refusal’ is ‘anything
substantially less than an unqualified, unequivocal assent to [submit to] a
[chemical] test . . . . A refusal need not be expressed in words, but can be implied
from a motorist’s actions.’”    Lanthier v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 22 A.3d 346, 348 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) (quoting Dep’t of Transp.,
Bureau of Traffic Safety v. Mumma, 468 A.2d 891, 892 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983)).
      Here, as stated above, common pleas credited the testimony of Trooper
Imperati. We are bound by this credibility determination. Reinhart, 954 A.2d at
765. Our role is limited to determining whether, based upon the facts found by
common pleas, Licensee refused a chemical test of his blood. Based upon Trooper
Imperati’s testimony, common pleas found

      [T]rooper [Imperati] [] read the DL-26 [F]orm verbatim to [] Licensee
      upon arrival at the DUI Center. [] [T]rooper [Imperati] gave []
      Licensee time to review the DL-26 [F]orm and the Licensee
      acknowledged and signed that the refusal warnings were given to him.
      [] Licensee was asked to submit to a chemical blood test and he
      refused. Trooper Imperati recalled that Licensee either verbally
      refused, or gave no indication he would submit to the test. Either
      way, [] Licensee signaled a refusal.

(Common Pleas’ Op. at 7-8.) We cannot agree with Licensee that the record is
devoid of evidence of how Licensee refused the chemical test. Trooper Imperati
testified, and common pleas found, that Licensee either verbally refused or gave no
indication he would submit.     Under the law, either a verbal refusal or non-



                                        14
responsiveness constitutes a refusal because “anything substantially less than an
unqualified, unequivocal assent” is a refusal. Lanthier, 22 A.3d at 348 (internal
quotation marks omitted). In light of the above factual findings, by which we are
bound, we must agree with common pleas and conclude that Licensee refused to
consent to the chemical test.
      As to Licensee’s argument regarding the approximately eight-minute lapse
in time, that argument only serves to support common pleas’ factual findings. In
arguing that it would not take eight minutes for Licensee to refuse the chemical
test, Licensee ignores the inverse, which is that it would not take eight minutes to
consent to the test. Trooper Imperati explained the eight-minute timespan in his
testimony before common pleas by indicating that he allowed Licensee to read the
DL-26B Form and, following this, Licensee asked Trooper Imperati some
questions. Viewing this testimony in a light most favorable to DOT, the inference
drawn therefrom is that Trooper Imperati gave Licensee a meaningful opportunity
to consent to the requested chemical test and that Licensee did not provide his
“unqualified, unequivocal assent,” Mueller, 657 A.2d at 93, because the passage of
such a lengthy period of time “demonstrates an unwillingness to assent,” Nardone,
130 A.3d at 749. We note that Licensee did not present any evidence to rebut
Trooper Imperati’s testimony. Therefore, based upon the foregoing, we affirm
common pleas’ conclusion that Licensee refused the chemical test.

      C. Whether common pleas erred in dismissing Licensee’s appeal from the
         suspension because he was advised he had no right to speak to an
         attorney before deciding whether to submit to the chemical test.
      Licensee avers common pleas erred by dismissing his appeal because he was
“advised, contrary to the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, that he had no
right to consult with an attorney prior to deciding whether to submit to testing.”

                                        15
(Licensee’s Br. at 14.) Licensee contends that while he understands the current
state of the law is that a licensee does not have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel
before deciding whether to submit to chemical testing, Licensee should have this
right and, therefore, he is asserting this argument here “to preserve it for further
review.” (Id.) As support for his argument that a licensee should have the right to
counsel when deciding whether to submit to a chemical test, Licensee cites to the
Supreme Court’s decision in Birchfield and our Supreme Court’s grant of the
petition for allowance of appeal in Commonwealth v. Bell, 183 A.3d 978 (Table)
(Pa. 2019), aff’d, 211 A.3d 761 (Pa. 2019).
       DOT responds by arguing that, under the current state of the law, a licensee
does not have a right to counsel when deciding whether to submit to a chemical
test. Citing this Court’s decision in Boseman, DOT asserts that Birchfield does not
alter our precedent regarding the right to counsel in these circumstances. As to
Bell, DOT argues that based upon the petition for allowance of appeal in that case,
it does not appear “that the Supreme Court’s decision in Bell will have any impact”
on our precedent regarding the right to counsel. (DOT’s Br. at 27.)
       As we explained in Collons v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of
Driver Licensing (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1186 C.D. 2018, filed July 2, 2019),7 the
current state of the law in Pennsylvania is as follows:

       As do other states, Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle Code provides that
       “[a]ny person who drives . . . a vehicle . . . shall be deemed to have
       given consent to one or more chemical tests of breath or blood for the
       purpose of determining the alcoholic content of blood . . . .” 75 Pa.
       C.S. § 1547(a). This “implied consent” provision also grants

       7
         Pursuant to Section 414(a) of this Court’s Internal Operating Procedures, an unreported
panel decision issued by this Court after January 15, 2008, may be cited “for its persuasive value,
but not as binding precedent.” 210 Pa. Code § 69.414(a).



                                                16
licensees the right to refuse such testing. Commonwealth v. Myers,
164 A.3d 1162, 1164 (Pa. 2017). Refusal “comes with its own set of
consequences.” Id. Section 1547 of the Vehicle Code sets forth the
civil penalties for refusing to take chemical tests, which include
mandatory suspension of operating privileges (drivers’ licenses), see
75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(b), and provides that a licensee’s refusal to submit
to chemical testing is admissible in evidence in criminal proceedings,
see 75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(e). Police officers who request a chemical test
are required by statute and precedent to inform a licensee, who has
been arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence, of the
consequences of refusal. See 75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(b)(2); . . . O’Connell,
555 A.2d [at] 878 []. In O’Connell, the Supreme Court specified that:

      where an arrestee requests to speak to or call an attorney,
      or anyone else, when requested to take a breathalyzer
      test, we insist that in addition to telling an arrestee that
      his license will be suspended for one year if he refuses to
      take a breathalyzer test, the police instruct the arrestee
      that such rights are inapplicable to the breathalyzer test
      and that the arrestee does not have the right to consult
      with an attorney or anyone else prior to taking the test.

Id. at 878 (emphasis added). The Court explained that a licensee “is
entitled to this information so that his choice to take a breathalyzer
test can be knowing and conscious and we believe that requiring the
police to qualify the extent of the right to counsel is neither onerous
nor will it unnecessarily delay the taking of the test.” Id. This
clarification was necessary because “the course of conduct of the
police[,]” in giving [] warnings [pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384
U.S. 436 (1966),] when arresting the licensees, created the arrestees’
confusion over their Miranda rights. Id. O’Connell has been applied
to requests for all chemical tests including blood. Dep’t of Transp.,
Bureau of Driver Licensing v. Ingram, 648 A.2d 285, 294-95 (Pa.
1994).

As a result of this decision, the “O’Connell” warning is included in
Form DL-26. We have held that reading Form DL-26 to a motorist
“is sufficient as a matter of law to meet the warning requirement
under Vehicle Code Section 1547(b) . . . .” Quigley v. Dep’t of
Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 965 A.2d 349, 354 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2009).



                                  17
Implied consent provisions in states’ motor vehicle codes were
recently addressed in Birchfield, a United States Supreme Court
opinion. At issue was whether the search incident to arrest and
consent exceptions to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement
allowed for warrantless breath and blood tests when the refusal
subjected the licensee to criminal penalties. Weighing the privacy
rights of individual motorists against the governmental interest of
ensuring safety on the roadways, the Court concluded that the search
incident to arrest exception to the warrant requirement allowed police
to administer breath tests. [Birchfield, 136 S. Ct.] at 2177-78. The
Court found the impact of breath tests on privacy interests is slight
compared to the need of the government to conduct alcohol testing to
ensure safety on the public roadways. Id. at 2184. However, the
Court concluded that blood tests are highly intrusive and that, in light
of the availability of less intrusive breath tests, warrantless blood tests
could not be justified, absent consent or exigent circumstances. Id.
The Court next examined whether implied consent laws can be found
to provide the necessary consent, and determined “that motorists
cannot be deemed to have consented to submit to a blood test on pain
of committing a criminal offense.” Id. at 2186 (emphasis added).
Important to the present matter, the Court noted that:

      Our prior opinions have referred approvingly to the
      general concept of implied-consent laws that impose civil
      penalties and evidentiary consequences on motorists who
      refuse to comply. Petitioners do not question the
      constitutionality of those laws, and nothing we say here
      should be read to cast doubt on them.

Id. at 2185 (citations omitted).

This Court has subsequently examined the impact of Birchfield on the
civil penalty of license suspension under our Implied Consent Law.
In Boseman . . . , after the licensee refused to submit to a chemical test
of her blood, the licensee’s operating privileges were suspended
pursuant to the Implied Consent Law. Citing Birchfield, licensee
argued her suspension should be overturned based on the police
officer’s failure to obtain a warrant to collect a blood sample. We
denied licensee’s appeal, concluding “Birchfield does not apply to
implied consent laws that merely impose civil penalties.” Boseman,
157 A.3d at 21. Additionally, we noted that “although Birchfield may
have some impact in criminal DUI proceedings in Pennsylvania where
enhanced penalties based on refusal of a blood test are imposed, such

                                    18
       is not the case before us in this civil license suspension appeal under
       the Implied Consent Law.” Id.

Collons, slip op. at 5-8.
       After the briefs were filed in the present matter, our Supreme Court issued
its decision in Bell. In Bell, the Supreme Court

       granted discretionary review to determine whether Section 1547(e) of
       the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(e), which expressly allows the
       Commonwealth to introduce evidence at trial that a defendant charged
       with . . . []DUI[] refused to submit chemical testing, violates the
       Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or Article I,
       Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.

211 A.3d at 763 (footnote omitted). Specifically, our Supreme Court examined
whether Section 1547(e) of the Vehicle Code was in violation of the U.S. Supreme
Court’s decision in Birchfield.              Our Supreme Court concluded that “the
‘evidentiary consequence’ provided by [the Implied Consent Law] for refusing to
submit to a warrantless blood test . . . remains constitutionally permissible post-
Birchfield.” Bell, 211 A.3d at 776. In reaching this conclusion, our Supreme
Court noted that while the U.S. Supreme Court “rejected criminal prosecution as a
valid consequence for refusing a warrantless blood test” in Birchfield, “the Court
did not break away from its prior approval of other kinds of consequences for
refusal, such as ‘evidentiary consequences.’” Id. at 775.
       After reviewing Birchfield and Bell, it is clear that neither case discusses or
interprets an individual’s right to counsel under article I, section 9 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution8 or the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.9 As

       8
         Article I, section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution provides, in relevant part, that “[i]n
all criminal prosecutions the accused hath a right to be heard by himself and his counsel.” PA.
CONST. art. I, § 9.



                                                19
such, Licensee’s citation to these cases is not persuasive. Licensee boldly asserts
that he “should have had a Sixth Amendment right to counsel prior to deciding
whether to consent to a blood draw.”                (Licensee’s Br. at 14.)      However, as
Licensee recognizes, this is not consistent with our precedent, which holds that a
licensee does not have a right to counsel before deciding whether to submit to a
chemical test. Accordingly, while Licensee raises this issue to preserve it for
further review, (see Licensee’s Br. at 7), we conclude that common pleas did not
err in following our precedent on this issue.

   III.    Conclusion
       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that DOT met its burden of
demonstrating that Trooper Imperati had reasonable grounds to suspect that
Licensee was DUI and to request Licensee to consent to a chemical test of his
blood. Additionally, we conclude that DOT met its burden of demonstrating that
Licensee refused a chemical test.              Licensee does not challenge the other
requirements for DOT to sustain the suspension of Licensee’s operating privilege.
Accordingly, we affirm common pleas’ dismissal of Licensee’s appeal of the
suspension.


                                            _____________________________________
                                            RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge




_____________________________
(continued…)
       9
         The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]n all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall . . . have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”
U.S. CONST. amend. VI.



                                               20
        IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Neil Jessen,                             :
                        Appellant        :
                                         :
                  v.                     :   No. 250 C.D. 2019
                                         :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,            :
Department of Transportation, Bureau     :
of Driver Licensing                      :


                                    ORDER


      NOW, December 4, 2019, the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of
Monroe County, dated January 14, 2019, is AFFIRMED.



                                       _____________________________________
                                       RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
