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                           APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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                                                     SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                     APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                     DOCKET NO. A-2844-16T3

IN THE MATTER OF HAZARDOUS
DISCHARGE SITE REMEDIATION
FUND REQUEST FOR THE INNOCENT
PARTY GRANT APPLICATION.
___________________________________

                Argued January 10, 2019 – Decided April 25, 2019

                Before Judges Whipple and DeAlmeida.

                On appeal from the New Jersey Department of
                Environmental Protection.

                George J. Tyler, argued the cause for appellant RAW,
                Inc. (Tyler & Carmeli, PC, attorneys; George J. Tyler,
                of counsel and on the brief; James Aversano III, on the
                brief).

                Bethanne S. Prugh, Deputy Attorney General, argued
                the cause for respondent Department of Environmental
                Protection (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General,
                attorney; Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney
                General, of counsel; Mark S. Heinzelmann, Deputy
                Attorney General, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
      Appellant RAW, Inc., a/k/a Roxbury Auto Wreckers (RAW), appeals

from the August 29, 2017 final agency decision of the Department of

Environmental Protection (DEP) denying its application for an innocent party

grant (IPG) from the Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (Fund). We

dismiss the appeal as moot.

                                        I.

      RAW is the owner of real property in Morris County. It is undisputed that

hazardous substances were discharged in both the soil and groundwater at the

property, necessitating remediation under the Spill Compensation and Control

Act, N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11 to -23.24. There is contamination from both historic

fill of a canal that once crossed the property and RAW's use of the parcel for

commercial purposes.

      On July 6, 2016, RAW filed an application with DEP for an IPG pursuant

to the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act (Act), N.J.S.A.

58:10B-1 through -31, in the amount of $177,850, to cover a portion of the cost

of investigating and remediating only the historic fill at the property. At the

time of the application, the Act authorized grants to an "innocent party," as that

term was defined in N.J.S.A. 58:10B-6(a)(4) (2010). To receive funding, an

applicant had to establish, among other criteria, that the hazardous substances


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                                        2
to be remediated were not used by the applicant at the property and that the

applicant did not discharge any hazardous substances at the area where the

historic discharge was discovered. N.J.S.A. 58:10B-6(a)(4) (2010). When DEP

determined that an IPG grant application was eligible for funding, it would

recommend the grant to the New Jersey Economic Development Authority

(EDA) to be funded. See N.J.A.C. 19:31-8.9. EDA had the discretion to take

final action to issue the grant. Ibid.

      On January 27, 2017, DEP denied RAW's IPG application. The agency

provided a written determination that RAW "ha[d] not shown that the

contamination from [its] operations is separate and distinct from the

contamination caused by historic fill." In addition, DEP found that RAW "ha[d]

not shown that the contaminants found in the historic fill area were not caused

by [its] operations[,]" leaving the agency "unable to determine if the

contamination that is the subject of the IPG application was caused by RAW,

Inc. operations or historic fill." In light of these findings, DEP did not review

the financial aspects of RAW's application or recommend it to EDA for funding.

On August 29, 2017, DEP denied RAW's request for reconsideration.

      This appeal followed. RAW argues that DEP's final agency decision is

contrary to a statute and DEP regulations defining historic fill. In addition,


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                                         3
RAW argues that DEP's factual determinations with respect to the contamination

at the property are not supported by substantial credible evidence.

      Before the parties filed briefs, on January 16, 2018, the Legislature

enacted L. 2017, c. 353, which amended the Act to, among other things,

eliminate the IPG program (the Amendment). Section 6 of the Amendment

provides:

            This act shall take effect immediately and shall apply
            to any application for financial assistance or a grant
            from the [Fund] pending before the [DEP] on the
            effective date of this act, or submitted on or after the
            effective date of the act, but shall not apply to any
            application determined to be technically eligible and
            recommended for funding by the [DEP] and pending
            before the [EDA] on the effective date of this act.

            [L. 2017, c. 353, § 6.]

      DEP argues that the Amendment renders RAW's appeal moot because its

application was neither recommended for funding by DEP nor pending before

EDA as of January 16, 2018. In addition, DEP argues that its technical review

of RAW's application was not completed. Once the agency determined that

RAW did not meet the statutory criteria for eligibility, it did not undertake the

"time-consuming process" of analyzing the financial aspects of the application

necessary to recommend it for funding by the EDA. Thus, the agency argues,

RAW cannot be awarded an IPG, even if successful on appeal, because there is

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                                       4
no legislative authorization for DEP to continue processing RAW's application

or to expend public funds on a grant to RAW.

      RAW argues its appeal is not moot because Section 6 does not expressly

exclude funding for applications that were denied by DEP but under judicial

review at the time the Amendment was enacted. In addition, RAW contends

that its application falls within the grandfather provision of Section 6 because

had DEP correctly applied the law, it would have recommended the application

for funding to the EDA, and the application would have been pending there on

January 16, 2018. Finally, RAW argues that applying the Amendment to its IPG

application would constitute a manifest injustice.

                                        II.

      Our courts "refrain from rendering advisory opinions, from deciding moot

cases, or generally from functioning in the abstract, and . . . decide only concrete

contested issues conclusively affecting adversary parties in interest[.]" N.J.

Tpk. Auth. v. Parsons, 3 N.J. 235 (1949) (quotation omitted); see also N.Y.

Susquehanna & W. Ry. Corp. v. Dep't of Treasury, Div. of Taxation, 6 N.J. Tax

575, 582 (Tax 1984), aff'd, 204 N.J. Super. 630 (App. Div. 1985). A case is

moot "when the decision sought in a matter, when rendered, can have no

practical effect on the existing controversy." Greenfield v. N.J. Dep't of Corrs.,


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                                         5
382 N.J. Super. 254, 258 (App. Div. 2006) (quoting N.Y. Susquehanna, 6 N.J.

Tax at 582).

      The mootness of RAW's appeal depends on whether RAW's application

falls within the grandfather provision in Section 6. It is well settled that the

primary purpose of "statutory interpretation is to determine and 'effectuate the

Legislature's intent.'" State v. Rivastineo, 447 N.J. Super. 526, 529 (App. Div.

2016) (quoting State v. Shelley, 205 N.J. 320, 323 (2011)).         We start by

considering "the plain 'language of the statute, giving the terms used therein

their ordinary and accepted meaning.'" Ibid. (quoting Shelley, 205 N.J. at 323).

Where "the Legislature's chosen words lead to one clear and unambiguous result,

the interpretive process comes to a close, without the need to consider extrinsic

aids." Ibid. (quoting Shelley, 205 N.J. at 323). We do "not 'rewrite a plainly-

written enactment of the Legislature [or] presume that the Legislature intended

something other than that expressed by way of the plain language.'" Id. at 529-

530 (alternation in original) (quoting Marino v. Marino, 200 N.J. 315, 329

(2009)).

      The plain language of Section 6 renders RAW's appeal moot.             The

Legislature exercised its prerogative to eliminate the IPG program and

grandfathered only those IPG applications that were: (1) determined by DEP to


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                                       6
be technically eligible; (2) recommended for funding by DEP; and (3) pending

before EDA on January 16, 2018. RAW's application satisfied none of these

criteria. On January 16, 2018, DEP had determined that RAW's application did

not satisfy the then-controlling statutory eligibility requirements for an IPG.

The agency, therefore, did not complete its review of the application and did not

recommend it for funding to the EDA.

      We do not agree with RAW's argument that the Legislature impliedly

included in Section 6 IPG applications erroneously denied by DEP and under

judicial review as of January 16, 2018. There is nothing in Section 6 remotely

suggesting such an interpretation of the statute was intended. To the contrary,

the Legislature defined in clear terms the category of grant applications for

which funding was preserved. Only those IPG applications that advanced to

EDA with a recommendation for funding from DEP are authorized to proceed.

We cannot rewrite the unambiguous provisions of Section 6 to say, in effect,

that funding is authorized for applications that "should have been" found

technically eligible and recommended for funding by DEP on the effective date

of the statute. Nor can we find in Section 6 authorization for DEP to expend

funds to complete its review of the financial aspects of RAW's application, were

we to determine that the agency erred in its interpretation of the statutory


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                                       7
eligibility criteria. It is reasonable to conclude that the Legislature was aware

of the possibility that at the time that Section 6 was enacted DEP had erroneously

denied one or more IPG applications and that the agency's error would be

discovered after January 16, 2018. Yet, the Legislature did not include language

in Section 6 preserving funding for those circumstances.

      Nor do we agree that dismissal of RAW's appeal would constitute a

manifest injustice.   The manifest injustice doctrine was examined by our

Supreme Court in Oberhand v. Director, Div. of Taxation, 193 N.J. 558 (2008).

Although the Court did not issue a majority opinion, three Justices held that the

doctrine allows a court to bar retroactive application of a statute as an equitable

remedy "to prevent unfair results that do not necessarily violate any

constitutional provision." Oberhand, 193 N.J. at 572 (quoting State Troopers

Fraternal Ass'n v. State, 149 N.J. 38, 54 (1997)). A fourth Justice issued a

concurring opinion stating that the doctrine allows a judicial remedy where

retroactive application of a statute would violate the constitutional right to

fundamental fairness and due process of law. Id. at 575 (Albin, J., concurring).

            Although no opinion in Oberhand was joined by four
            Justices, a majority of the Court held that the
            retroactive application of a . . . statute can be precluded
            by judicial action in circumstances where the
            retroactive [application] is manifestly unjust – whether


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                                        8
            under a common law notion of fairness or as a matter
            of State Constitutional principle.

            [Leger v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 29 N.J. Tax 354, 366
            (Tax 2016).]

Before giving relief under the doctrine a court must "weigh[] the competing

factors of the public interest in the retroactive application of the amended

statute, the affected parties' reliance on the previous law, and the consequences

of that reliance." Id. at 365. The court may block retroactive application of a

statute if doing so would be "harsh and unfair[.]" Oberhand, 193 N.J. at 574.

      Here, the Amendment does not have a provision applying the statute

retroactively. To the contrary, the removal of authorization to process and fund

IPGs is effective upon enactment of the Amendment. The Legislature did not

defund grants awarded prior to the statute's date of enactment. Instead, Section

6 authorizes DEP and EDA to process and fund IPG applications that have

advanced to an identified point in the approval process, but for which funding

was not yet finalized as of the date of enactment of the statute. RAW's IPG

application had not advanced far enough when the Amendment was enacted to

fall within Section 6.

      Moreover, prior to enactment of the Amendment, RAW did not have a

right to an IPG, even if its application technically complied with the statute.


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                                       9
Funding of an IPG was dependent on approval by the members of the EDA. A

regulation established the process for EDA review of IPGs recommended for

funding by DEP:

            Applications are processed through several layers of
            staff review, and may then be recommended for
            consideration and official action of the Authority
            Members at a public meeting. Within [forty-five] days
            of the receipt of a completed application, a
            determination will be made to recommend approval to
            the Members or deny the application. The applicant has
            no right to have its application presented to the
            Members.

            [N.J.A.C. 19:31-8.9(h).]

At the time the Amendment was enacted, RAW had only an expectation that its

application might be found to be technically complete, might be presented by

EDA staff to the authority's members, and that those authority members might

decide to approve funding.

      The Amendment, therefore, differs from the statutes at issue in Oberhand,

which applied a tax to estates of decedents who died six months before

enactment of the statute and, as a result, did not have the opportunity to revise

their wills to avoid the tax, 193 N.J. at 565-66, and Leger, which applied a tax

to lottery winnings from prizes awarded six months prior to enactment of the




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                                       10
statute when such winnings were tax exempt, 29 N.J. Tax at 359. We do not

view the manifest injustice doctrine to apply in the circumstances before us.

      We also note that the Amendment reflects the exercise of the Legislature's

fundamental constitutional authority to make fiscal decisions. The Legislature

has the sole power and responsibility to raise revenue and appropriate funds for

the operation of our State government. N.J. Const. art. VIII, §2, ¶2; see City of

Camden v. Byrne, 82 N.J. 133, 149 (1980) (holding "[t]here can be no redress

in the courts to overcome either the Legislature's action or refusal to take action

pursuant to its constitutional power over state appropriations"). The prohibition

on the expenditure of State funds without legislative authorization is "the center

beam of the State's fiscal structure." Byrne, 82 N.J. at 146. The Legislature

decided not to fund IPGs as of the effective date of the Amendment, with limited

exceptions not applicable here. Nothing in Oberhand suggests that the manifest

injustice doctrine may be applied to, in effect, authorize the expenditure of

public funds in the face of express legislative intent to the contrary.

      To the extent we have not specifically addressed any of RAW's remaining

arguments with respect to mootness, we conclude they lack sufficient merit to

warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.


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