             Case: 18-11066   Date Filed: 10/24/2018   Page: 1 of 7


                                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________

                               No. 18-11066
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                         ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 6:17-cv-00553-CEM,
                       Bkcy No. 6:16-bkc-08182-RAC


In re:

         ISRAEL OTERO,

                                                             Debtor.
________________________________________________________________

ISRAEL OTERO,
                                                              Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                    versus

SHELLPOINT MORTGAGE SERVICING,
as servicer for The Bank of New York Mellon,

                                                            Defendant-Appellee.

                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Florida
                        ________________________

                              (October 24, 2018)
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Before TJOFLAT, NEWSOM and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Israel Otero, a Chapter 7 debtor proceeding pro se, appeals the dismissal of

his appeal from the bankruptcy court’s grant of relief from the automatic stay in

favor of Shellpoint Mortgage Servicing (“Shellpoint”), as to its mortgage on

Otero’s Florida real property. We affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      Prior to Otero’s bankruptcy filing in December 2016, Shellpoint obtained a

judgment of foreclosure against him in a Florida state court. After Otero filed his

Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition, Shellpoint moved for relief from the automatic stay,

requesting that the bankruptcy court enter an order allowing it to proceed with

foreclosure and enforce its mortgage under state law. The bankruptcy court

granted the motion; Otero appealed. The same day that Otero filed his notice of

appeal, the bankruptcy court granted him a Chapter 7 discharge. The district court

later dismissed his appeal as moot after concluding that this discharge dissolved

the automatic stay by operation of law and that it could no longer afford

meaningful relief on Otero’s claim that the bankruptcy court’s grant of stay relief

was erroneous.

      On appeal, Otero argues that the district court erred in determining that his

appeal was moot. In addition to challenging the district court’s mootness


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conclusion, Otero asserts that Shellpoint was not a party-in-interest with standing

to seek relief from the automatic stay; he reiterates his previous arguments that, on

the merits, Shellpoint lacked authority to enforce the mortgage.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

      In the bankruptcy context, we sit as a “second court of review,” examining

“independently the factual and legal determinations of the bankruptcy court and

employ[ing] the same standards of review as the district court.” Brown v. Gore (In

re Brown), 742 F.3d 1309, 1315 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Torrens v. Hood (In re

Hood), 727 F.3d 1360, 1363 (11th Cir. 2013)). We review the bankruptcy court’s

legal conclusions de novo and will reverse its findings of fact only if clearly

erroneous. Id.

      Under Article III of the United States Constitution, a federal court’s

jurisdiction is limited to active “cases” and “controversies.” Already, LLC v. Nike,

Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 90, 133 S. Ct. 721, 726 (2013). An “actual controversy” must

exist through all stages of the litigation. Id. at 90-91, 133 S. Ct. at 726. One

component of this requirement is the mootness doctrine. Christian Coal. of Fla.,

Inc. v. United States, 662 F.3d 1182, 1189 (11th Cir. 2011). A case becomes moot

“when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally

cognizable interest in the outcome.” Fla. Ass’n of Rehab. Facilities, Inc. v. State of

Fla. Dep’t of Health & Rehab. Servs., 225 F.3d 1208, 1216-17 (11th Cir. 2000)


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(quoting Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496, 89 S. Ct. 1944, 1951 (1969)).

Even if the parties “vehemently . . . continue to dispute the lawfulness of the

conduct that precipitated the lawsuit, the case is moot if the dispute is no longer

embedded in any actual controversy about the plaintiffs’ particular legal rights.”

Already, LLC, 568 U.S. at 91, 133 S. Ct. at 727 (quotation omitted). “A district

court’s decision that a question is moot is subject to plenary review on appeal.”

Russo v. Seidler (In re Seidler), 44 F.3d 945, 947 (11th Cir. 1995).

      In considering whether a case is moot, we “look at the events at the present

time, not at the time the complaint was filed or when the federal order on review

was issued.” Dow Jones & Co. v. Kaye, 256 F.3d 1251, 1254 (11th Cir. 2001).

“When events subsequent to the commencement of a lawsuit create a situation in

which the court can no longer give the plaintiff meaningful relief, the case is moot

and must be dismissed.” Fla. Ass’n of Rehab. Facilities, 225 F.3d at 1217.

      In the bankruptcy context, we have held that “the dismissal of a [bankruptcy]

case moots an appeal arising from the debtor’s bankruptcy proceedings.” Neidich

v. Salas, 783 F.3d 1215, 1216 (11th Cir. 2015). In Neidich, the appellant sought

review of whether a debtor, in his Chapter 13 plan, could deduct scheduled

payments on a secured mortgage debt from disposable income even though he was

not making those payments. Id. at 1215. After the parties filed their briefs, the

debtor asked the bankruptcy court to dismiss his case without prejudice and the


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court complied. Id. at 1216. As a result, the debtor no longer had a Chapter 13

plan containing the objected-to deduction. Id. Accordingly, we concluded that

“any ruling on our part would amount to an impermissible advisory opinion

concerning the propriety of the challenged deduction,” and dismissed the trustee’s

appeal as moot. Id.

      The filing of a bankruptcy petition operates as an automatic stay against

several actions by creditors, such as actions to enforce a lien, or the continuation of

judicial actions against the debtor that were commenced prior to the bankruptcy

filing. 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1). A bankruptcy court order “granting a motion for

relief from an automatic stay made in accordance with Rule 4001(a)(1) is stayed

until the expiration of 14 days after the entry of the order, unless the court orders

otherwise.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4001(a)(3). Additionally, regardless of whether a

creditor moves for relief from the automatic stay under § 362(d), the stay expires

by operation of law upon the bankruptcy court’s grant of a Chapter 7 discharge for

the debtor. 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(2)(C). It also expires when a bankruptcy case is

dismissed. 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(2)(B).

      Finally, the filing of a timely and sufficient notice of appeal normally divests

a lower court of authority to proceed further with respect to any matters involved

in the appeal, except in aid of the appeal. See United States v. Diveroli, 729 F.3d

1339, 1341-44 (11th Cir. 2013). The general rule regarding divestiture of


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jurisdiction, however, does not apply to collateral matters not affecting the

questions presented on appeal. Weaver v. Fla. Power & Light Co., 172 F.3d 771,

773 (11th Cir. 1999).

       Otero’s challenge to the bankruptcy court’s grant of relief from the

automatic stay was rendered moot by the bankruptcy court’s discharge order. We

have specifically held that “the dismissal of a [bankruptcy] case moots an appeal

arising from the debtor’s bankruptcy proceedings.” 1 Neidich, 783 F.3d at 1216.

Although the case below was not dismissed, the automatic stay in question was

dissolved when Otero received his discharge, so any ruling on our part would

amount to “an impermissible advisory opinion concerning” the propriety of the

order granting relief from the automatic stay. Id.; see also 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(2).

       Further, Otero’s arguments that his appeal is not moot are meritless. As to

Rule 4001(a)(3), that Rule simply prevents creditors from taking stay-violative

actions during the 14-day window; it says nothing about the bankruptcy court’s

ability to continue with the proceedings following a grant of stay relief.

Additionally, although Otero’s notice of appeal divested the bankruptcy court of

jurisdiction over its grant of relief from the automatic stay, it did not prevent the

bankruptcy court from continuing to proceed with the bankruptcy case in general.

1
  Although we have not issued a published opinion applying this rule where the bankruptcy court
enters a discharge but does not dismiss the case, the Ninth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
has held that a bankruptcy discharge moots an appeal from the grant of relief from the automatic
stay. Ellis v. Yu (In re Ellis), 523 B.R. 673, 677-78 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2014).
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Weaver, 172 F.3d at 773. Finally, contrary to Otero’s arguments, issues regarding

Shellpoint’s authority to enforce the mortgage do not present a live controversy in

the context of this appeal and are instead questions for the state court in the

foreclosure proceeding, as the bankruptcy court’s only role below was to determine

whether to lift the automatic stay. 2

       Accordingly, the district court properly dismissed Otero’s appeal as moot,

and we affirm.

       AFFIRMED.




2
 Having concluded that Otero’s appeal from the grant of stay relief was moot, we decline to
consider his challenges to Shellpoint’s status as a party-in-interest or its authority to enforce the
mortgage.
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