                         NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                 To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1



                United States Court of Appeals
                                  For the Seventh Circuit
                                  Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                 Argued November 14, 2019
                                 Decided December 10, 2019

                                          Before

                            DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

                            MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

                            DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 18-3347

LOUIS PHILLIPS,                                  Appeal from the United States District
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                        Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
                                                 Eastern Division.
       v.
                                                 No. 15-cv-05721
RICHARD V. SPENCER,
Secretary, Department of the Navy of
                                                 Andrea R. Wood,
the United States,
                                                 Judge.
       Defendant-Appellee.

                                         ORDER

       Louis Phillips, a former Navy police officer, sued the United States Navy for race
discrimination and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He
now appeals the district judge’s entry of summary judgment for the Navy. Because no
reasonable jury could find that Phillips was fired because of his race or as retaliation for
opposing race discrimination, we affirm.

                                       I. Background

        From 2003 until his termination in 2012, Phillips, who is black, worked as a police
officer at Naval Station Great Lakes, a navy base located near North Chicago. (Although
No. 18-3347                                                                          Page 2

a military base, Great Lakes employs a civilian police force.) He was assigned to the
night shift, during which his primary duty was to patrol the base. His shift, like all
shifts, was supervised by a watch commander, who in turn reported to the deputy
police chief.

       In 2010, James Pittman became the night shift’s watch commander. At some
point between 2010 and 2012 (the record is not more specific), Phillips complained to
Deputy Chief James Knapp and other supervisors that Pittman mistreated black
detainees and that other officers regularly used racial slurs. Phillips asserts that Pittman
was aware of these complaints, as well as unrelated race-discrimination complaints
against other defendants that Phillips filed in 2007 and 2009 with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission.

       The collective bargaining agreement between the Navy and the police officers’
union included a leave policy. The policy required officers who were going to miss
work to request leave from a supervisor. In practice, however, watch commanders had
long allowed officers simply to call the police dispatcher and report their planned
absence without obtaining permission from a supervisor. But when Pittman became
watch commander, he strictly enforced the written policy. Phillips nonetheless
continued to follow the old practice of calling the dispatcher to report his absence,
without obtaining a supervisor’s permission.

       Pittman marked Phillips “Absent Without Leave” each time that he violated the
written policy. Between December 2010 and February 2011, Phillips accumulated 15
leave violations. Pittman met with Phillips to discuss the absences. The parties dispute
whether Pittman explained at the meeting that Phillips was required to request leave
from a supervisor. But they agree that Pittman recommended a 14-day suspension,
which Knapp issued. Pittman also wrote to Phillips that the reason for his suspension
was that he had “repeatedly been late to work, failed to call in to request leave, and
been AWOL on numerous occasions.” Pittman listed 15 dates on which Phillips “did
not follow the procedures for requesting leave.”

       After Phillips returned from the suspension, he was marked AWOL five more
times: twice for calling dispatch instead of requesting leave from a supervisor; once for
not requesting leave until after missing his shift; once when he was stuck in traffic and
went home instead of following a supervisor’s orders to come in late; and once for
missing a mandatory training. As for the last incident, Phillips knew that he was
scheduled for training but disputes being told that the training was mandatory.
No. 18-3347                                                                                         Page 3

       Pittman also cited Phillips for two other incidents. First, Pittman cited Phillips for
leaving his post while assigned to “late car” duty. Officers on late-car duty must remain
on duty after their shift typically ends and until a supervisor relieves them. This ensures
that someone is on patrol while officers from the next shift complete roll call. Toward
the end of one of Phillips’s late-car shifts, a burglar alarm on the base went off. Phillips
did not respond, leaving the other officer assigned to late-car duty to respond alone, in
violation of the base’s policy that two officers must respond to every burglar alarm.
Records showed that Phillips had signed out before the alarm, about a half hour before
the other officer eventually did.

        Second, Pittman cited Phillips for personal use of the office copier. Another
officer had complained to Pittman that Phillips was using the copier for about two
hours while he was supposed to be on patrol. Pittman checked the copier’s print
history, which showed that Phillips had used it to print more than 1,375 pages.
Phillips’s use of the printer was also recorded on security cameras. Phillips maintained
that another supervisor had given him permission to use the copier for personal use,
but when Pittman asked other supervisors whether this was true, they denied it.

       Pittman sent two memos to the human-resources department regarding
Phillips’s infractions. After each memo, the base’s director of public safety met with
Phillips. At both meetings, Phillips told the director that he believed Pittman singled
him out because of his race and treated non-black employees more favorably, though he
could not give any examples. At the director’s recommendation, the base’s executive
director fired Phillips for reasons outlined in Pittman’s memos.

       Phillips sued the Secretary of the Navy, alleging that he was fired because of his
race and because he complained of discrimination. He presented his claims using the
burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corporation v. Green, 411 U.S. 792
(1973), contending that non-black coworkers who had acted similarly were not
disciplined, and that the infractions listed in Pittman’s memos were pretextual because
Phillips’s actions complied with common practices on the base. Phillips fingered
Pittman as the decisionmaker responsible for his discharge and argued that other
supervisors acted as Pittman’s “cat’s paw.” 1




        1  Cat’s paw theory is that someone (in this case, Pittman) who wished to retaliate against the
plaintiff duped supervisors into taking adverse action against the plaintiff. See Robinson v. Perales,
894 F.3d 818, 832 (7th Cir. 2018).
No. 18-3347                                                                         Page 4

       The district court entered summary judgment for the Navy. The judge first
concluded that Phillips had failed to establish a prima facie case under McDonnell
Douglas because none of his proposed comparators was similarly situated—each
reported to a different supervisor and engaged in less egregious conduct than Phillips.
Even if Phillips had carried his initial burden, the judge added, Phillips failed to
provide evidence that Pittman’s reasons for disciplining him were pretextual. Phillips
appealed.

                                      II. Discussion

       Title VII prohibits workplace discrimination on the basis of race, 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e–2(a), as well as employer retaliation against employees who oppose workplace
discrimination, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a). For both types of claims, the ultimate question at
the summary-judgment stage is essentially the same: whether the evidence, taken as a
whole, would permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude that Phillips’s race, or his
complaints about discrimination, caused his discharge. See Abrego v. Wilkie, 907 F.3d
1004, 1012, 1014 (7th Cir. 2018) (citing Ortiz v. Werner Enters., Inc., 834 F.3d 760, 765
(7th Cir. 2016)). As in the district court, Phillips invokes on appeal the burden-shifting
framework of McDonnell Douglas. Because McDonnell Douglas remains a useful tool for
focusing the evidence in discrimination cases, and because both parties frame their
arguments using it, we too address the parties’ arguments under this framework.
See Johnson v. Advocate Health & Hosps. Corp., 892 F.3d 887, 894 (7th Cir. 2018). And
because Phillips relied on the same evidence for both claims, we analyze the claims
together.

       Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, Phillips bears the initial burden to
show that: (1) he is a member of a protected class or engaged in protected activity; (2) he
was meeting his employer’s legitimate expectations; (3) his employer took a materially
adverse action against him; and (4) at least one similarly situated employee, who was
not in his protected class or who did not engage in protected activity, was treated more
favorably. David v. Bd. of Trs. of Cmty. Coll. Dist. No. 508, 846 F.3d 216, 225 (7th Cir.
2017); Hutt v. AbbVie Prod. LLC, 757 F.3d 687, 694 (7th Cir. 2014). If Phillips makes this
showing, the burden shifts to the Navy to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory
reason for the termination, at which point the burden shifts back to Phillips to prove
that the Navy’s proffered explanation is pretextual. David, 846 F.3d at 225.

       Phillips contends that the district judge erred in concluding that he failed to
identify a similarly situated employee. He points to five non-black officers who, he
argues, engaged in similar behavior but were not disciplined. He argues that the judge
No. 18-3347                                                                                        Page 5

applied the wrong standard by focusing on minor differences between him and the
other employees, while ignoring similarities.

        A similarly situated employee, however, must be directly comparable in all
material respects, Barbera v. Pearson Educ., Inc., 906 F.3d 621, 629 (7th Cir. 2018), and the
judge identified several material differences between Phillips and his proposed
comparators. From the outset, none reported to Pittman, and employees who were
treated more favorably by a different decisionmaker are not similarly situated.
See Moreland v. Nielsen, 900 F.3d 504, 507–08 (7th Cir. 2018). Phillips argues that Knapp
ultimately supervised the whole police department, but this is irrelevant because the
decisionmaker—not the supervisor—is what matters. Coleman v. Donahoe, 667 F.3d 835,
848 (7th Cir. 2012). The parties do not dispute that Knapp simply adopted Pittman’s
recommendations, and Phillips has consistently argued that Pittman, not Knapp, was
the decisionmaker who discriminated against him.

       Furthermore, Phillips has not established that any of his proposed comparators
engaged in similar conduct. None repeatedly violated policies like he did, and
employees without similar disciplinary histories and performance records are generally
not similarly situated. See Simpson v. Franciscan All., Inc., 827 F.3d 656, 662 (7th Cir.
2016). To the extent Phillips identifies other employees’ misconduct, there are material
differences that justify the lack of employer discipline:

        Adrian Rivera, a Hispanic man, used the copier for personal use and was not
disciplined. But none of Rivera’s supervisors knew about his copier use, so we cannot
infer intentional discrimination from his lack of discipline. See Lane v. Riverview Hosp.,
835 F.3d 691, 697 (7th Cir. 2016). At oral argument, Phillips argued for the first time that
he told Pittman about Rivera’s copier use when Pittman questioned him about his own
copying. But in the district court, he alleged only that he complained to Pittman that his
discipline was unfair because “other officers” had used the copier. There is no evidence
that Pittman, or anyone else, knew about Rivera’s copier use.

       Robert Schultz, a white man, was caught waiting in the parking lot for his
late-car shift to end instead of finishing his patrol. But unlike Phillips, who punched out
early and left the base, Schultz remained on duty. And whereas Phillips failed to
respond to a burglar alarm, there is no evidence that Schultz would have been
unavailable had an alarm gone off. 2 Because Phillips and Schultz did not engage in


        The only information about this incident comes from the proposed findings that Phillips
        2

submitted to the district court, which in turn cited Schultz’s deposition. Although both parties
No. 18-3347                                                                                       Page 6

conduct of comparable seriousness, their different treatment is not evidence of
discrimination. See Coleman, 667 F.3d at 850.

       Three non-black officers missed the same mandatory training as Phillips.
Phillips speculates that they were not reprimanded for missing the training, but he
provides no evidence to support this assumption—nor evidence that these officers
lacked prior approval from a supervisor to miss the training. A plaintiff cannot survive
summary judgment by merely asserting that other employees were similarly situated
without providing sufficient evidence for the court to conduct a meaningful
comparison. McDaniel v. Progress Rail Locomotive, Inc., 940 F.3d 360, 369 (7th Cir. 2019).

        Even if Phillips could identify a similarly situated employee (and otherwise
make out a prima facie case of discrimination), he still would need to provide evidence
that the Navy’s explanation for his termination was pretextual. See David, 846 F.3d
at 225. He cannot do so.

        To establish that Pittman’s enforcement of the written leave policy was
pretextual, Phillips relies on evidence that (1) other commanders did not enforce it; and
(2) Knapp did not order commanders to enforce it before 2012. But, at most, this
evidence shows only that Pittman was out of step with the other watch commanders.
Phillips points to no evidence that Pittman applied the policy inconsistently and, as the
Navy points out, Pittman also recommended termination for white officers who
violated the policy. Even if Pittman was mistaken about how to enforce the policy, that
is not evidence of discriminatory intent. Pretext is “more than just faulty reasoning or
mistaken judgment on the part of the employer; it is [a] lie, specifically a phony reason
for some action.” Burton v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Wis. Sys., 851 F.3d 690, 698 (7th Cir.
2017) (quoting Harden v. Marion Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 799 F.3d 857, 864 (7th Cir. 2015))
(alteration in original).

       Phillips also argues that Pittman’s decision to discipline him for leaving early
from late-car duty was pretextual because “past practice was that an officer could leave
after he saw two other officers dressed and ready to go.” But the evidence he cites—his
own deposition testimony—does not support this assertion. He testified that officers
could wait inside the station for their late-car shifts to end, but only if they remained
available to respond to emergency calls. Assuming this was true, Phillips still violated



represented to the district court that the deposition was included with the Navy’s judgment filings,
neither party actually submitted it.
No. 18-3347                                                                                             Page 7

the policy because he left the base early and was unavailable to respond to the burglar
alarm.

        Phillips’s four remaining arguments about pretext warrant only brief mention.
First, he argues that Pittman did not tell him that he was required to comply with the
written leave policy. But when Phillips was suspended in 2011, Pittman sent him a
memo explaining that he had failed to “follow the procedures for requesting leave.” Yet
he continued to violate the policy. There is no evidence that anyone misled Phillips or,
more importantly, lied about why he was being disciplined. See Burton, 851 F.3d at 698.
Second, Phillips argues that he should not have been marked AWOL for missing
training because, he says, doing so did not violate any rules and other officers missed
training “all the time.” But he provides no evidence in support of these assertions. 3
Third, he argues that when he used the copier for personal use in the past, a different
supervisor chose not to discipline him. But this is irrelevant to whether Pittman’s reason
for enforcing the copier policy—after another officer complained—was pretextual.
Fourth, Phillips argues that Pittman could not have known whether his use of the
copier was work-related. But another officer had reported Phillips for excessive
personal use of the copier. No reasonable factfinder could conclude that Pittman did not
know that Phillips was printing personal documents.

       In sum, Phillips has failed to submit evidence showing that the Navy’s
explanation for his termination was pretextual. Without any other evidence that the
Navy’s actions were motivated by race or a desire to retaliate, his Title VII claims for
race discrimination and retaliation fail. See Abrego, 907 F.3d at 1012, 1014.

                                                    III. Conclusion

        Because no reasonable jury could find that Phillips was fired because of his race
or as retaliation for opposing race discrimination, we AFFIRM the district judge’s entry
of summary judgment.




         3   Phillips cited depositions of the trainer and Knapp, but he failed to submit them to the district
court.
