                                MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                       No. 04-11-00521-CV

                              Michael HOWARD and Roger Nelson,
                                         Appellants

                                                  v.

                                     RAYCO STEEL, LTD.,
                                          Appellee

                    From the 408th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                 Trial Court No. 2008-CI-15916
                         Honorable John D. Gabriel, Jr., Judge Presiding

Opinion by:      Catherine Stone, Chief Justice

Sitting:         Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
                 Karen Angelini, Justice
                 Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Delivered and Filed: October 3, 2012

AFFIRMED

           This appeal arises from Rayco Steel, Ltd.’s suit against Mining Service & Supply

Company and its corporate officers, Michael Howard and Roger Nelson, for fraud, conspiracy,

and fraudulent transfer. Following a bench trial, the court entered judgment awarding damages

to Rayco. On appeal, Howard and Nelson generally challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to

support their liability.   Their appellate complaints specifically concern the Texas Uniform

Fraudulent Transfer Act (the “Act”), the trial court’s failure to identify a specific instance of
                                                                                   04-11-00521-CV


fraud, conspiracy, or fraudulent transfer, and the application of the res judicata and trust fund

doctrines. We overrule appellants’ issues and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                         BACKGROUND

       In March of 2001, Rayco sent a demand letter to Mining Service & Supply Company

(“MINSCO”), asserting a claim for breach of contract. An arbitrator ruled in favor of Rayco,

and the arbitrator’s ruling was incorporated into a judgment dated May 15, 2007, awarding

Rayco approximately $360,000 in damages, attorney’s fees, and pre-judgment interest.

       During post-judgment discovery, Rayco discovered that MINSCO’s corporate charter had

been forfeited and its remaining assets had been sold. Rayco also discovered various other

transfers of funds had been made after Rayco made its claim against MINSCO. Rayco sued

MINSCO and three of its principals: (1) John Bates - director/President/41% shareholder; (2)

Michael Howard – director/Vice-President/41% shareholder; and (3) Roger Nelson –

director/Treasurer-Secretary/18% shareholder. A default judgment was taken against Bates, and

Rayco’s claims against him were severed into another cause. Rayco proceeded to trial against

MINSCO, Howard, and Nelson, and the trial court awarded a judgment in favor of Rayco.

Howard and Nelson filed the instant appeal.

                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review challenges to the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial under the

same standard used in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in a jury trial. Rosas v. Comm’n

for Lawyers Discipline, 335 S.W.3d 311, 316 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2010, no pet.). When

reviewing a legal sufficiency or “no evidence” challenge, we determine “whether the evidence at

trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review.” City of

Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005); Rosas, 335 S.W.3d at 316. If the appellant



                                               -2-
                                                                                       04-11-00521-CV


is challenging the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding on which he did not have

the burden of proof at trial, the appellant must demonstrate on appeal that no evidence exists to

support the adverse finding. Rosas, 335 S.W.3d at 116. We sustain a legal sufficiency or “no

evidence” challenge when: (1) the record discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital

fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only

evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more

than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact.

Id. In any sufficiency review, the trier of fact is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses

and the weight to be given to their testimony. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819; Rosas, 335

S.W.3d at 316.

                                LEGAL SUFFICIENCY CHALLENGES

       Howard and Nelson challenge the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial

court’s liability findings as to violations of the Act, fraud, conspiracy, violation of the trust fund

doctrine, and alter ego/piercing the corporate veil. Because each of these theories independently

supports liability, we need only address the sufficiency of the evidence to support liability under

any one of these theories. See ACCI Forwarding, Inc. v. Gonzalez Warehouse P’ship, 341

S.W.3d 58, 68 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.); Checker Bag Co. v. Washington, 27

S.W.3d 625, 634 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. denied).

                          The Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act

       “The purpose of [the Act] is to prevent debtors from defrauding creditors by placing

assets beyond their reach.” Corpus v. Arriaga, 294 S.W.3d 629, 634 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2009, no pet.). With regard to a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made,

a transfer is fraudulent under section 24.006(a) of the Act if: (1) the debtor did not receive a



                                                 -3-
                                                                                      04-11-00521-CV


reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer; and (2) the debtor was insolvent at the

time of the transfer or became insolvent as a result of the transfer. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE

ANN. § 24.006(a) (West 2009). Additionally, with regard to a creditor whose claim arose before

the transfer was made, a transfer is fraudulent under section 24.005(a) of the Act if the debtor

made the transfer with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the debtor. Id. at

§ 24.005(a).

       Section 24.005(b) of the Act lists several factors or “badges” the trier of fact may

consider in determining whether actual intent to defraud exists, including: (1) the transfer was

made to an insider; (2) before the transfer was made, the debtor had been sued or threatened with

suit; and (3) the debtor was insolvent. Id. at § 24.005(b). The trier of fact may make inferences

regarding the fairness or fraudulent character of a transaction based on the facts and

circumstances of a particular case, including the existence of any “badges of fraud.” Flores v.

Robinson Roofing & Constr. Co., 161 S.W.3d 750, 755 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet.

denied) (citing Coleman Cattle Co. v. Carpentier, 10 S.W.3d 430, 434 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

2000, no pet.)). “‘Intent is a fact question uniquely within the realm of the trier of fact because it

so depends upon the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.’”

Flores, 161 S.W.3d at 754 (quoting Coleman Cattle Co., 10 S.W.3d at 433).

       “Conspiracy is a derivative tort requiring an unlawful means or purpose, which may

include an underlying tort.” Chu v. Hong, 249 S.W.3d 441, 444 (Tex. 2008). Under this theory,

Rayco was required to show that Howard and Nelson participated in a conspiracy to commit a

fraudulent transfer. See id.




                                                 -4-
                                                                                      04-11-00521-CV


                            Did Howard and Nelson Violate the Act?

       With regard to these liability theories, the trial court found that Rayco’s claim arose on

March 11, 2002, when the lawsuit was filed against MINSCO and others for breach of contract,

and that Howard, Nelson, and MINSCO were all aware of Rayco’s claim. See TEX. BUS. &

COM. CODE ANN. § 24.002(3) (West 2009) (defining claim as “a right to payment or property,

whether or not the right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent,

matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured”). In support

of this finding, the evidence established that both Howard and Nelson, who were officers of

MINSCO, knew about the lawsuit and Rayco’s claim.

       The trial court also found that Howard and Nelson knew on or before November 20, 2004

that MINSCO’s liabilities far exceeded its assets, i.e., that MINSCO was insolvent. See id. at

§ 24.003(a) (debtor is insolvent if sum of debts is greater than all of the debtor’s assets at a fair

evaluation).   This finding is supported by the affidavits of both Howard and Nelson

acknowledging that MINSCO’s liabilities far exceeded its assets in 2004.

       The trial court further found that Howard and Nelson were insiders as defined by the Act.

See id. at § 24.002(7)(B) (listing directors and officers as insiders if debtor is a corporation).

This finding is supported by evidence that Howard and Nelson were officers and directors of

MINSCO.

       The trial court further found that the bank statements contained “questionable checking

account transactions from January 2004 to November 2006, totaling $1,370,872.91, including

unexplained wire transfers [and] payments to shareholders,” and that Howard and Nelson made

“undocumented      and   unsubstantiated    transfers”   from   the   checking    account    totaling

$1,370,872.91. The bank statements and a summary of the questionable checking account



                                                -5-
                                                                                   04-11-00521-CV


transactions from those statements, including payments personally made to Bates, Nelson, and

Howard, were introduced into evidence in support of this finding. Nelson, who was the treasurer

of MINSCO, admitted that he could produce no invoices, bills, or receipts to support the validity

of these payments or to document the basis for any expenses. Although Nelson testified that

Bates had the documentation to support the expenses paid in relation to the business conducted

by MINSCO in Jamaica, Nelson admitted that he did not attempt to contact the primary

subcontractor in Jamaica in an effort to obtain any documentation because the subcontractor is

illiterate and Nelson did not have a telephone number for him. Nelson also admitted that the

records kept by a business should substantiate expenses. Although Nelson and Howard testified

that the expenses were validly documented at the time they were paid, the trial court, as the sole

judge of the credibility of the witnesses, could have chosen to disbelieve them. Nelson and

Howard complain in their brief that the trial court “labeled not one single transaction as

fraudulent” with regard to these checking account transactions; however, the trial court’s

findings that the transactions were “questionable,” “unexplained,” “unsubstantiated,” and

included “payments to shareholders” are circumstances from which the trial court could infer

that the transactions were fraudulent as a group.

       Finally, the trial court found that Howard and Nelson knowingly participated in the

fraudulent acts resulting in the fraudulent transfers and concluded that they “acted in agreement

and in concert with specific intent to defraud [Rayco] by fraudulently transferring MINSCO’s

assets.” Initially, we note that Howard and Nelson did not separately challenge the trial court’s

conspiracy findings in their brief. However, in support of those findings, we note Howard

testified that although Nelson was primarily responsible for the financial records, Howard also

had financial obligations and signed checks. Howard further testified that he “knew about



                                                -6-
                                                                                                  04-11-00521-CV


literally every one” of the questionable checking account transactions listed in the exhibit

presented to the trial court and “had no objections at all.” Nelson also testified that both he and

Howard were among the people who were signatories on MINSCO’s checking account and

wrote checks on that account. Therefore, from the evidence presented, the trial court could infer

Howard and Nelson continually acted in agreement and in concert as to all actions taken in

regard to MINSCO’s assets. 1

        Having determined the evidence is legally sufficient to support at least one liability

theory on which the trial court’s judgment could be based, we decline to evaluate the sufficiency

of the evidence in support of the other liability theories because such an evaluation is not

necessary to the final disposition of this appeal. See ACCI Forwarding, Inc., 341 S.W.3d at 68;

Checker Bag Co., 27 S.W.3d at 634; see also TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                                RES JUDICATA

        In the third issue in their brief, Howard and Nelson contend that Rayco’s attempt to

pierce MINSCO’s corporate veil was barred by res judicata. The doctrine of res judicata does

not apply to efforts to enforce a judgment such as was undertaken in the instant case. See

Matthews Const. Co. v. Rosen, 796 S.W.2d 694, 694 (Tex. 1990); Walker v. Anderson, 232

S.W.3d 899, 912 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet). Moreover, the trial court was not required to

rely on piercing the corporate veil as a basis for imposing liability on Howard and Nelson in this

case.




1
  The evidence at trial also established that both Howard and Nelson were sanctioned for failing to respond to post-
judgment discovery regarding MINSCO’s assets.

                                                       -7-
                                                                                    04-11-00521-CV


                                          CONCLUSION

       The evidence is legally sufficient to support the imposition of liability on Howard and

Nelson on at least one of the liability theories presented at trial. Accordingly, the trial court’s

judgment is affirmed.

                                                 Catherine Stone, Chief Justice




                                               -8-
