[Cite as MJM Holdings Inc. v. Sims, 2019-Ohio-514.]


STATE OF OHIO                    )                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                 )ss:                      NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                 )

MJM HOLDINGS INC.                                          C.A. No.    28952

          Appellant

          v.                                               APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                           ENTERED IN THE
DAVID MICHAEL SIMS, et al.                                 COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                           COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
          Defendants                                       CASE No.   CV-2016-12-5229

          and

DICKINSON & WHEELOCK PC, et al.

          Appellees



                                DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: February 13, 2019



          CALLAHAN, Judge.

          {¶1}   Appellant, MJM Holdings Inc. (“MJM”), appeals from the judgment of the

Summit County Common Pleas Court in favor of Appellees, Thomas Dickinson and Dickinson

& Wheelock PC (collectively “the Dickinson defendants”). For the reasons set forth below, this

Court reverses.

                                                      I.

          {¶2}   On April 24, 2014, MJM, an Ohio corporation, entered into a written loan

agreement and promissory note with David Sims,1 a citizen of Nevada who had business



1
    While Mr. Sims is a defendant in the underlying case, he is not a party to this appeal.
                                                 2


interests in Texas. Thomas Dickinson, an attorney licensed in Texas (“attorney Dickinson”), and

Dickinson & Wheelock PC, a law firm based in Texas (“the Dickinson law firm”), participated

in the drafting and negotiating of various loan documents on behalf of Mr. Sims.

       {¶3}    MJM loaned Mr. Sims $275,000, plus a $5,000 loan processing fee. To secure the

loan, Mr. Sims, in his capacity as an authorized representative of Platinum Premier Corporation

Limited (“Platinum Premier Corp.”), a Gibraltar entity, executed a security agreement in which

Platinum Premier Corp. provided MJM with a first priority security interest in a yacht. Mr. Sims

also provided MJM with a Platinum Premier Corporation Limited Officers’ Certificate which

certified that Mr. Sims was the president and chief executive officer of Platinum Premier Corp.

Before entering into this loan, MJM requested, and its counsel received, an opinion letter from

the Dickinson defendants, as counsel for Platinum Premier Corp., confirming the validity of the

lien on the yacht. Mr. Sims subsequently defaulted on the note, and MJM sued Mr. Sims for

breach of contract, fraud, and rescission and the Dickinson defendants for fraud/collusion and

negligent misrepresentation.

       {¶4}    After filing an answer, the Dickinson defendants moved to dismiss, or

alternatively, for judgment on the pleadings, on three bases: 1) the trial court lacked personal

jurisdiction over the Dickinson defendants, 2) MJM failed to state a claim against the Dickinson

defendants upon which relief could be granted, and 3) MJM failed to join necessary parties.

Once the briefs were submitted, the trial court scheduled an evidentiary hearing as to the legal

issue of personal jurisdiction. Following the hearing, the trial court dismissed MJM’s complaint

as to the Dickinson defendants for lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court certified that

there was no just reason to delay an appeal of its order and stayed the remainder of the case.
                                                  3


       {¶5}      MJM timely appeals from this judgment entry, asserting one assignment of error.

The Dickinson defendants have also filed an assignment of error.

                                                 II.

                               MJM’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       THE TRIAL COURT INCORRECTLY GRANTED [THE DICKINSON
       DEFENDANTS’] MOTION TO DISMISS [MJM’S] COMPLAINT AGAINST
       THEM FOR LACK OF PERSONAL JURISDICTION.

       {¶6}      MJM argues that the trial court erred in dismissing its complaint against the

Dickinson defendants for lack of personal jurisdiction. This Court agrees.

       {¶7}      Whether personal jurisdiction exists is a question of law that is reviewed de novo.

Kauffman Racing Equip, L.L.C. v. Roberts, 126 Ohio St.3d 81, 2010-Ohio-2551, ¶ 27. Accord

Goodrich Corp. v. Polyone Corp., 9th Dist. Summit No. 27691, 2016-Ohio-1068, ¶ 12. A de

novo review encompasses an independent examination of the trial court’s decision without

deference to the underlying decision. Ohio Receivables, L.L.C. v. Landaw, 9th Dist. Wayne No.

09CA0053, 2010-Ohio-1804, ¶ 6, quoting State v. Consilio, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22761, 2006-

Ohio-649, ¶ 4.

       {¶8}      This Court applies a two-part inquiry when deciding whether an out-of-state

defendant is subject to personal jurisdiction in an Ohio court. Goodrich Corp. at ¶ 13, quoting

Fraley v. Estate of Oeding, 138 Ohio St.3d 250, 2014-Ohio-452, ¶ 12. “‘First, the court must

determine whether the defendant’s conduct falls within Ohio’s long-arm statute or the applicable

civil rule. If it does, then the court must consider whether the assertion of jurisdiction over the

nonresident defendant would deprive the defendant of due process of law under the Fourteenth

Amendment to the United States Constitution.’” (Internal citations omitted sic.). Id.
                                                 4


       {¶9}    The burden of proving that personal jurisdiction exists rests with the plaintiff.

ComDoc v. Advance Print Copy Ship Ctr., 9th Dist. Summit No. 24212, 2009-Ohio-2998, ¶ 3.

Upon the filing of a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the trial court has the

discretion to rule upon the motion with or without a hearing. See Giachetti v. Holmes, 14 Ohio

App.3d 306, 307 (8th Dist.1984). When the court decides the issue of personal jurisdiction

without a hearing, the factual allegations relevant to personal jurisdiction are construed in favor

of the plaintiff and the plaintiff must only present a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction.

See Herbruck v. LaJolla Capital, 9th Dist. Summit No. 19586, 2000 WL 1420282, *2 (Sept. 27,

2000). However, since the issue of jurisdiction is often not apparent from the face of the

pleadings, the trial court may conduct an evidentiary hearing. See Sherry v. Geissler U. Pehr

GmbH, 100 Ohio App.3d 67, 72 (8th Dist.1995). When an evidentiary hearing is held, the

plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that jurisdiction exists. Id.

Ohio’s Long-Arm Statute and Civ.R. 4.3

       {¶10} Ohio’s long-arm statute sets forth nine specific acts by a defendant which give

rise to personal jurisdiction. R.C. 2307.382(A). Civ.R. 4.3(A), which parallels the long-arm

statute, is a complementary rule governing service of process upon a person who is outside of

Ohio. See Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C., 126 Ohio St.3d 81, 2010-Ohio-2551, at ¶ 35.

       {¶11} In support of personal jurisdiction, MJM relies upon R.C. 2307.382(A)(1) and (6),

which provide as follows:

       (A) A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person who acts directly or
       by an agent, as to a cause of action arising from the person’s:

       (1) Transacting any business in this state;

       ***
                                                5


       (6) Causing tortious injury in this state to any person by an act outside this state
       committed with the purpose of injuring persons, when he might reasonably have
       expected that some person would be injured thereby in this state[.]

Additionally, MJM cites to Civ.R. 4.3(A)(1) and (9), the corresponding rules for service of

process upon nonresidents, which state:

       (A) * * * Service of process may be made outside of this state, as provided in this
       rule, in any action in this state, upon a person who, at the time of service of
       process, is a nonresident of this state or is a resident of this state who is absent
       from this state. “Person” includes an individual, an individual’s executor,
       administrator, or other personal representative, or a corporation, partnership,
       association, or any other legal or commercial entity, who, acting directly or by an
       agent, has caused an event to occur out of which the claim that is the subject of
       the complaint arose, from the person’s:

       (1) Transacting any business in this state;

       ***

       (9) Causing tortious injury in this state to any person by an act outside this state
       committed with the purpose of injuring persons, when the person to be served
       might reasonably have expected that some person would be injured by the act in
       this state[.]

MJM asserts there is personal jurisdiction over the Dickinson defendants because MJM’s claims

for fraud/collusion and negligent misrepresentation against the Dickinson defendants “grow

directly out of the letter Mr. Dickinson sent to MJM Holdings in Ohio and the transactions

negotiated by [the Dickinson defendants].”

       R.C. 2307.382(A)(1) / Civ.R. 4.3(A)(1)

       {¶12} The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized “‘transacting any business’” as being “a

broad statement of jurisdiction” and questions concerning the application of R.C. 2307.382(A)(1)

are resolved upon “‘highly particularized fact situations, thus rendering any generalization

unwarranted.’” U.S. Sprint Communications Co. Ltd. Partnership v. Mr. K’s Foods, Inc., 68

Ohio St.3d 181, 185 (1994), quoting 22 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Courts and Judges, Section 280
                                                   6


(1980).     Thus, a court must determine, case-by-case, whether a nonresident is transacting

business in the state of Ohio. U.S. Sprint at 185. Accord Herbruck, 2000 WL 1420282, at *2.

          {¶13} In light of the broad nature of the statutory phrase “transacting any business,” this

Court has applied the definition adopted by the Ohio Supreme Court. See Morgan Adhesives Co.

v. Sonicor Instrument Corp., 107 Ohio App.3d 327, 332 (9th Dist.1995), citing Goldstein v.

Christiansen, 70 Ohio St.3d 232, 236 (1994); Herbruck at *2. In Kentucky Oaks Mall Co. v.

Mitchell’s Formal Wear, Inc., 53 Ohio St.3d 73, 75 (1990), the Ohio Supreme Court determined

that the word “‘[t]ransact’” in the context of the long-arm statute means “‘to prosecute

negotiations; to carry on business; to have dealings’” and it “‘is a broader term than the word

“contract.” ’” (Emphasis deleted.) Id., quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1341 (5th Ed.1979).

          {¶14} Transacting business in Ohio does not require the nonresident party to have a

physical presence in Ohio. See Kentucky Oaks Mall Co. at 76.              One factor that may be

considered, but is not determinative as to transacting business, is whether the nonresident

initiated the business dealing. Barnabus Consulting Ltd. v. Riverside Health Sys., Inc., 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 07AP-1014, 2008-Ohio-3287, ¶ 15. Another factor relevant to transacting business

is whether the parties conducted their negotiations and communications in Ohio or based upon

terms affecting Ohio. Id. See Diversa, Inc. v. Pennsylvania Substance Abuse Information Ctr.,

11th Dist. Portage No. 95-P-0028, 1996 WL 200629, *4 (Mar. 29, 1996) (finding that a

nonresident transacted business in Ohio for numerous reasons, including that “the negotiations

were carried on by mail and telephone with [the resident] at its office in Kent, Ohio [and] the

signed contracts were sent to [the resident] in Ohio.”). “If the parties negotiated in Ohio with

provisions affecting Ohio, the non[]resident transacted business in Ohio, provided there is ‘some

continuing obligation that connects the non[]resident defendant to the state or some terms of the
                                                7


agreement that affect the state.’” Russian Collections, Ltd. v. Melamid, S.D.Ohio No. 2:09-cv-

300, 2009 WL 4016493, *3 (Nov. 18, 2009), quoting Shaker Constr. Group., LLC v. Schilling,

S.D.Ohio No. 1:08cv279, 2008 WL 4346777, *3 (Sept. 18, 2008).

       {¶15} MJM argues that the Dickinson defendants transacted business in Ohio by

sending the opinion letter containing false statements to MJM in Ohio, by communicating via

email with MJM and its counsel in Ohio, and by negotiating the terms of several agreements

governed by Ohio law involving MJM, Mr. Sims, and Platinum Premier Corp. The Dickinson

defendants respond that they did not conduct any business in Ohio because they only provided

legal services to Mr. Sims and Platinum Premier Corp. in Texas based upon Texas law and the

only business relationship was between MJM and Mr. Sims/Platinum Premier Corp.

       {¶16} The complaint alleged that the Dickinson defendants provided an opinion letter to

MJM which contained the following false statements: 1) the Dickinson defendants represented

Platinum Premier Corp. with respect to the preparation of the security agreement between

Platinum Premier Corp. and MJM, 2) the security agreement created a valid and binding

obligation upon Platinum Premier Corp., and 3) the security agreement created a valid first

priority security interest in the yacht in favor of MJM. The April 24, 2014 opinion letter,

attached as an exhibit to the complaint and admitted into evidence at the evidentiary hearing,

reflects each of these statements.

       {¶17} The opinion letter also contains statements that it was prepared at the request of

and for the sole benefit of MJM in relation to the loan transaction. Further, the opinion letter is

on letterhead from the Dickinson law firm in Texas and is addressed to MJM in Ohio.

       {¶18} At the evidentiary hearing, MJM also admitted into evidence two sets of

discovery responses: attorney Dickinson’s amended responses and objections and the Dickinson
                                                 8


law firm’s responses and objections to MJM’s first set of discovery. In these discovery

responses, attorney Dickinson admitted that he sent the opinion letter via email to MJM’s

counsel, and the Dickinson defendants admitted that they had knowledge that MJM’s counsel

was located in Ohio.

       {¶19} The discovery responses contained copies of multiple emails between attorney

Dickinson and MJM’s counsel. The emails reflect attorney Dickinson was engaged with MJM’s

counsel in drafting and revising the various loan documents and the opinion letter. The opinion

letter specifies that the Dickinson defendants “participated in the preparation and negotiation of

the [s]ecurity [a]greement and the other Loan Documents” identified as the loan agreement and

the promissory note. There is also an email from attorney Dickinson forwarding the executed

agreements to MJM’s counsel in Ohio.

       {¶20} Additionally, there were emails from attorney Dickinson to MJM’s counsel

advising that it would be necessary to use the yacht, and not the oil field, as the collateral in the

security agreement.     Attorney Dickinson indicated in emails to MJM’s counsel that he

“believe[d] the solution [was] to accept a lien on [the yacht]” as opposed to the oil field because

Mr. Sims “[did] not own [the oil field] interests personally.” Additionally, attorney Dickinson

stated that the $275,000 lien on the yacht “would be a first lien” and the lien would be “seriously

over-secured” because the yacht was “worth $4 to $5 million.” Attorney Dickinson represented

in the email that based upon his experience, “[t]he perfection process in Gibraltar is not

complex[,]” as he “just went through the process of getting a lien on [the yacht] (securing a $3

million dollar note) released last year.”

       {¶21} Also attached to the complaint were copies of the loan agreement, the cognovit

note, and the security agreement. Each of these documents contained language that Ohio law
                                                   9


would govern the documents. Further, the loan agreement indicated to whom any notices under

that agreement would be sent. On behalf of Mr. Sims, both he and his counsel, the Dickinson

defendants, were listed to receive such notices.

       {¶22} Lastly, the complaint alleged that the Dickinson defendants agreed to record the

security agreement, but had no intention of doing so. In the discovery responses, there is an

email dated ten months after the loan documents were executed from another attorney at the

Dickinson law firm to MJM’s counsel explaining that the mortgage on the yacht had not been

filed and asking to delay filing the same for another 60 days to allow Mr. Sims to come up with

the funds to repay the promissory note.

       {¶23} While the evidence supports the Dickinson defendants’ position that 1) they have

no physical presence in Ohio, 2) they did not represent MJM, 3) the underlying loan transaction

was between Mr. Sims and MJM, and 4) it was MJM who requested the opinion letter, there

nonetheless was evidence that the Dickinson defendants transacted business in Ohio. For

instance, the Dickinson defendants communicated by email with MJM’s counsel, wherein they

conducted negotiations, drafted and revised the agreements and the opinion letter, and forwarded

the executed agreements and opinion letter to Ohio. See Diversa, Inc., 1996 WL 200629, at *4.

Also, the agreements were all based upon Ohio law, which affected the forum state, and the

Dickinson Defendants had continuing duties following the execution of the agreements which

connected them to Ohio. See Russian Collections, Ltd., 2009 WL 4016493, at *3. Further, it

was alleged that the opinion letter contained false statements relative to the validity of the yacht

lien. See Goldstein, 70 Ohio St.3d at 237 (“[A]lleged dissemination of misleading financial

information to Ohio investors” by a Florida accountant and accounting firm supported finding of

transacting business in Ohio.).
                                               10


         {¶24} The Dickinson defendants also argue that the complaint failed to allege that they

were transacting business in Ohio. Because there was an evidentiary hearing held in this matter,

the evidence was not limited to the complaint and its exhibits. Also before the trial court were

the three exhibits admitted into evidence by MJM at the hearing which contained evidence of the

Dickinson defendants transacting business in Ohio.

         {¶25} Based upon a review of all of the evidence outlined above, and the Ohio Supreme

Court’s broad interpretation of the phrase “transacting any business” in Ohio’s long-arm statute,

this Court concludes that the Dickinson defendants did transact business in Ohio.

         R.C. 2307.382(A)(6) / Civ.R. 4.3(A)(9)

         {¶26} “‘Subsection (A)(6) applies when an out-of-state defendant, acting directly or

through an agent, causes a tortious injury in Ohio by an act committed outside the state, provided

that (1) the out-of-state act was committed with the purpose of inflicting an injury and (2) the

injury was reasonably expected to occur.’” Odom Industries, Inc. v. Diversified Metal Prods.,

Inc., S.D.Ohio No. 1:12-CV-309, 2012 WL 4364299, *12 (Sept. 24, 2012), quoting Coleman v.

Parra, 163 F.Supp.2d 876, 889 (S.D.Ohio 2000). Courts in Ohio have found “fraudulent

communications or misrepresentations directed at Ohio residents satisfy [R.C.] 2307.382(A)(6)’s

requirements.” Schneider v. Hardesty, 669 F.3d 693, 700-701 (6th Cir.2012), citing to Kauffman

Racing Equip., L.L.C., 126 Ohio St.3d 81, 2010-Ohio-2551, at ¶ 44 and Herbruck, 2000 WL

1420282, at *3. This includes letters and emails sent by an out-of-state attorney to a resident of

Ohio that contained “‘false, deceptive, or misleading’ representations in violation of [the Fair

Debt Collection Practices Act.]’” Vlach v. Yaple, 670 F.Supp.2d 644, 645-646, 648 (N.D.Ohio

2009).
                                                 11


       {¶27} The complaint alleged that the Dickinson defendants made two statements in the

opinion letter that “they knew [were] not true[:]” 1) the Dickinson defendants acted as counsel

for Platinum Premier Corp. in relation to the security agreement, and 2) the security agreement

created a valid security interest in the yacht. The opinion letter was on the Dickinson law firm’s

letterhead, which reflected a Texas address. Also, the opinion letter was signed by attorney

Dickinson, who is an attorney licensed in Texas. With respect to tortious injury, MJM further

alleged that MJM relied upon the false representations in the opinion letter and suffered actual

damages in the amount of $313,000, plus interest, court costs, and attorney fees.

       {¶28} In support of the elements of injurious purpose and reasonable expectation that

someone would be injured in Ohio, MJM asserted that the Dickinson defendants “intended for

MJM [] to rely on [these] false representations” when MJM decided whether to enter into the

loan agreement with Mr. Sims. Moreover, the face of the opinion letter supports that MJM’s

reliance was reasonable because the letter was drafted at MJM’s request and for its benefit only.

This is also evidence that the alleged false statements were intentionally directed toward MJM.

Further, the emails contained in the Dickinson defendants’ discovery responses reflected MJM’s

questions and concerns about the validity of the security interest in the yacht and attorney

Dickinson’s reassurance on this point.

       {¶29} Based     upon    the   foregoing    evidence   and    precedent   that   “fraudulent

communications or misrepresentations directed at Ohio residents satisfy [R.C.] 2307.382(A)(6)’s

requirements,” this Court concludes that the long-arm statute permits the exercise of personal

jurisdiction over the Dickinson defendants. See Schneider, 669 F.3d at 700.
                                                 12


Due Process

       {¶30} Having determined that the Dickinson defendants are subject to Ohio’s long-arm

statute, this Court must now turn to whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction by an Ohio

court over the Dickinson defendants comports with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment. See Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C., 126 Ohio St.3d 81, 2010-Ohio-2551, at ¶ 45.

       {¶31} “[D]ue process is satisfied if the defendant has ‘minimum contacts’ with the

forum state such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘ “traditional notions of fair

play and substantial justice.” ’ ” Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C. at ¶ 45, quoting Internatl. Shoe

Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945), quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463

(1940). Depending upon the nature of the defendant’s contacts with the forum state, personal

jurisdiction is either general or specific. Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C. at ¶ 46, citing Conti v.

Pneumatics Prods. Corp., 977 F.2d 978, 981 (6th Cir.1992). MJM has only argued specific

jurisdiction, thus we will limit our review accordingly.

       {¶32} “Specific jurisdiction applies when ‘a State exercises personal jurisdiction over a

defendant in a suit arising out of or related to the defendant’s contacts with the forum.’”

Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C. at ¶ 47, quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia,, S.A. v.

Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 (1984), fn. 8. In order to establish that specific jurisdiction is consistent

with due process, the Ohio Supreme Court has adopted the following three-part test concerning a

defendant’s contacts with Ohio:

       “First, the defendant must purposely avail himself of the privilege of acting in the
       forum state or causing a consequence in the forum state. Second, the cause of
       action must arise from the defendant’s activities there. Finally, the acts of the
       defendant or consequences caused by the defendant must have a substantial
       enough connection with the forum state to make the exercise of jurisdiction over
       the defendant reasonable.”
                                                13


Kauffman Racing Equip, LLC at ¶ 48-50, quoting S. Machine Co. v. Mohasco Industries, Inc.,

401 F.2d 374, 381 (6th Cir.1968). The first two prongs of the test address whether a defendant

has “‘minimum contacts’ with the forum[,]” while the last prong examines whether the “exercise

of jurisdiction over the defendant comports with the ideas of ‘fair play and substantial justice.’”

State ex rel. DeWine v. 9150 Group, L.P., 9th Dist. Summit No. 25939, 2012-Ohio-3339, ¶ 19.

       Purposeful Availment

       {¶33} The first prong looks to “whether the defendant purposely availed himself of the

privilege of acting in the forum state or causing a consequence in the forum state.” Kauffman

Racing Equip., L.L.C. at ¶ 51. “‘Purposeful availment’ is present when the defendant’s contacts

with the forum state ‘proximately result from actions by the defendant himself that create a

“substantial connection” with the forum State.’” (Emphasis deleted.) Id., quoting Burger King

Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985), quoting McGee Internatl. Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S.

220, 223 (1957). In other words, a defendant purposely avails himself to the forum state when

he “‘deliberately’ has engaged in significant activities within [the forum state],” Burger King

Corp. at 475-476, quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 781 (1984), “or has

created ‘continuing obligations’ between himself and residents of the forum.” Burger King Corp.

at 476, quoting Travelers Health Assn. v. Virginia, 339 U.S. 643, 648 (1950).

       {¶34} Purposeful availment considers whether “‘the defendant’s conduct and connection

with the forum State are such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’”

Burger King Corp. at 474, quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286,

297 (1980). This analysis is designed to prevent a defendant from being “haled into a jurisdiction

solely as a result of ‘random,’ ‘fortuitous,’ or ‘attenuated’ contacts,” Burger King Corp. at 475,
                                                 14


quoting Keeton at 774, or as the result “of the ‘unilateral activity of another party or a third

person.’” Burger King Corp. at 475, quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Columbia, S.A. at 417.

       {¶35} In the case at bar, many of the same facts analyzed with regard to whether the

Dickinson defendants were “transacting any business” in Ohio are also relevant to whether the

Dickinson defendants purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of acting in Ohio. “Courts

must examine the quality and nature of all the contacts a nonresident defendant makes with the

forum during the course of the parties’ contractual relationship.” (Emphasis deleted.) Barnabus

Consulting Ltd., 2008-Ohio-3287, at ¶ 22, citing Burger King Corp. at 479.

       {¶36} The Dickinson defendants deliberately conducted significant activities within

Ohio by 1) emailing MJM’s counsel, 2) drafting and revising various loan agreements, 3)

executing and forwarding the loan documents and opinion letter, 4) advising of the necessity to

use the yacht, in lieu of an oil field, as the collateral for the loan, 5) providing assurances that a

lien on the yacht was possible and the value of the collateral was in excess of the lien, and 6)

drafting an opinion letter verifying the validity of the lien. Further, the Dickinson defendants

established continuing obligations between themselves and MJM by 1) drafting loan agreements

that were governed by Ohio law, 2) agreeing to receive any future notices from MJM under the

loan agreement, 3) agreeing to file the yacht mortgage, and 4) negotiating alternatives to filing

the yacht mortgage ten months after the loan documents were executed. Viewing all of these

facts, MJM has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that the Dickinson defendants

purposely availed themselves of the privilege of acting in Ohio.

       {¶37} While MJM requested the opinion letter and it is the opinion letter that gives rise

to MJM’s causes of action, prior to the opinion letter being drafted, the Dickinson defendants

engaged in email communications, negotiations, and drafting of documents regarding the
                                                 15


collateral that contributed to the opinion letter. In essence, the opinion letter formalized attorney

Dickinson’s earlier email statements regarding the validity of the lien. Accordingly, the opinion

letter was not a result of unilateral conduct of another party, nor was it random, fortuitous, or

attenuated. See Burger King Corp. at 474-475.

       {¶38} Assuming that the statements made in the opinion letter sent to MJM’s counsel in

Ohio were false, as alleged by MJM, the Dickinson defendants should have reasonably

anticipated having to defend their actions in Ohio. See Resolution Trust Corp. v. Farmer, 836

F.Supp. 1123, 1126-1129 (E.D. Penn.1993) (A Georgia law firm was found to have purposely

availed itself to the laws of Pennsylvania when it represented clients in loan transactions and

issued opinion letters containing fraudulent misrepresentation on behalf of its clients to financial

institutions in Pennsylvania.).

       {¶39} Accordingly, MJM has demonstrated that the Dickinson defendants purposely

availed themselves to the benefits and burdens of Ohio. The first prong of the due process

analysis has been satisfied.

       Arising From

       {¶40} The second prong requires the plaintiff’s cause of action arise from the

defendant’s contacts with Ohio. Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C., 126 Ohio St.3d 81, 2010-Ohio-

2551, at ¶ 70. “‘If a defendant’s contacts with the forum state are related to the operative facts of

the controversy, then an action will be deemed to have arisen from those contacts.’” Id., quoting

CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257, 1267 (6th Cir.1996). The cause of action only

needs to “‘have a substantial connection with the defendant’s in-state activities.’” (Emphasis

deleted.) Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C. at ¶ 70, quoting Third Natl. Bank in Nashville v.
                                                16


WEDGE Group Inc., 882 F.2d 1087, 1091 (6th Cir.1989), quoting S. Machine Co., 401 F.2d at

384, fn. 27.

       {¶41} In this case, the Dickinson defendants’ activities in Ohio revolved around attorney

Dickinson 1) drafting, revising, and forwarding executed loan documents governed by Ohio law,

2) communicating by email with MJM’s counsel in Ohio regarding the negotiation of the

collateral and the assurances of the priority of the lien on the collateral, and 3) drafting an

opinion letter which formalized his email assertions regarding the validity of the lien on the

yacht. Because MJM’s claims of fraud/collusion and negligent misrepresentation are based upon

alleged false statements in the opinion letter regarding the validity of the lien on the yacht and

the Dickinson defendants’ alleged representation of Platinum Premier Corp. in this transaction,

the litigation naturally arises from the Dickinson defendants’ Ohio activities. The second prong

of the due process analysis has been met.

       Reasonableness

       {¶42} The third prong requires that there be a substantial connection between the forum

state and the nonresident defendant’s acts or the consequences of the acts in order to make the

exercise of jurisdiction over the Dickinson defendants reasonable. See Kauffman Racing Equip.,

L.L.C. at ¶ 71. If the first two prongs are satisfied, there is an inference the third prong is also

satisfied. Id. at ¶ 71, quoting CompuServe, Inc. at 1268, citing Am. Greetings Corp. v. Cohn, 839

F.2d 1164, 1170 (6th Cir.1988). “Only in unusual circumstances is the third element left

unsatisfied, and the burden is on the defendant to show it.” Vlach, 670 F.Supp.2d at 649, citing

First Natl. Bank of Louisville v. J. W. Brewer Tire Co., 680 F.2d 1123, 1126 (6th Cir.1982).

       {¶43} The factors to consider under this prong include: “‘the burden on the defendant,’

‘the forum State’s interest in adjudicating the dispute,’ ‘the plaintiff’s interest in obtaining
                                                17


convenient and effective relief,’ ‘the interstate judicial system’s interest in obtaining the most

efficient resolution of controversies,’ and the ‘shared interest of the several States in furthering

fundamental substantive social policies.’” Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 477, quoting World-

Wide Volkswagen Corp., 444 U.S. at 292.

       {¶44} The Dickinson defendants assert that “[i]t is fundamentally unfair to force them

to defend their work in Ohio.” While, as residents of Texas, the Dickinson defendants may find

litigation in Ohio burdensome, that burden is minimal in light of “modern transportation and

communications.” See Clark v. Connor, 82 Ohio St.3d 309, 315 (1998), citing Goldstein, 70

Ohio St.3d at 237.

       {¶45} Moreover, that minimal burden is outweighed by the interest of both MJM and the

state of Ohio in proceeding with litigation and obtaining relief here. A state’s interest in

resolving suits brought by its residents weighs in favor of a finding of personal jurisdiction. See

Kauffman Racing Equip, L.L.C., 126 Ohio St.3d 81, 2010-Ohio-2551, at ¶ 72. “Ohio, as the

forum state herein, has a strong interest in redressing injuries that result from torts committed

within Ohio.” Fallang v. Hickey, 40 Ohio St.3d 106, 108 (1988). Thus, the allegations that the

Dickinson defendants sent an opinion letter containing false statements to an Ohio resident and

that those false statements caused harm to an Ohio resident make it reasonable for Ohio to

exercise jurisdiction over the Dickinson defendants. The third prong of the due process analysis

has been fulfilled.

       {¶46} This Court concludes that MJM established by a preponderance of the evidence

that Ohio has personal jurisdiction over the Dickinson defendants. Accordingly, the trial court

erred in dismissing the Dickinson defendants for lack of personal jurisdiction. MJM’s

assignment of error is sustained.
                                                  18


              THE DICKINSON DEFENDANTS’ ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

        EVEN IF THE COURT OF APPEALS COULD FIND THE SUMMIT COUNTY
        COMMON PLEAS [COURT] HAS PERSONAL JURISDICTION OVER [THE
        DICKINSON DEFENDANTS], THE TRIAL COURT’S DISMISSAL OF
        [MJM’S] CLAIMS AGAINST [THE DICKINSON DEFENDANTS] SHOULD
        STILL BE AFFIRMED BECAUSE [MJM’S] COMPLAINT FAILS TO STATE
        A CAUSE OF ACTION UPON WHICH RELIEF MAY BE GRANTED.

        {¶47} The Dickinson defendants argue, in the alternative, that the trial court’s dismissal

of the complaint should be affirmed because MJM failed to state a claim upon which relief can

be granted. However, during oral argument, counsel for the Dickinson defendants conceded this

issue was not properly before this Court. This Court agrees and declines to address the Dickinson

defendants’ assignment of error because the trial court did not consider the parties’ Civ.R.

12(B)(6) arguments and this Court will not decide this issue in the first instance. See Fallang at

109. Accord Allen v. Bennett, 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 23570, 23573, 23576, 2007-Ohio-5411, ¶

21 (“Because this Court acts as a reviewing court, it should not consider for the first time on

appeal issues that the trial court did not decide.”).

                                                  III.

        {¶48} MJM Holdings Inc.’s assignment of error is sustained. This Court declines to

address Thomas Dickinson and Dickinson & Wheelock PC’s assignment of error. The judgment

of the Summit County Common Pleas Court is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                                               Judgment reversed
                                                                             and cause remanded.




        There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
                                                19


       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellees.




                                                     LYNNE S. CALLAHAN
                                                     FOR THE COURT



SCHAFER, P. J.
CARR, J.
CONCUR.


APPEARANCES:

CLAIR E. DICKINSON and CHRISTOPHER T. TEODOSIO, Attorneys at Law, for Appellant.

STEPHEN J. PRUNESKI, Attorney at Law, for Appellees.
