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             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 14-AA-910

                             ERIC DALY, PETITIONER,

                                         v.

                          DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
             DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICES, RESPONDENT,

                                        and

                       RJ REYNOLDS, ET AL., INTERVENORS.

   Petition for Review of a Decision of the Compensation Review Board of the
             District of Columbia Department of Employment Services
                                  (CRB-048-14)

(Submitted June 23, 2015                                    Decided August 6, 2015)

      Michael J. Kitzman was on the brief for petitioner.

      Karl A. Racine, Attorney General, Todd S. Kim, Solicitor General, and Loren
L. AliKhan, Deputy Solicitor General, were on the statement in lieu of brief for
respondent.

      Tony D. Villeral was on the brief for intervenors.

     Before BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY and EASTERLY, Associate Judges, and
STEADMAN, Senior Judge.

      BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Associate Judge: Petitioner Eric Daly challenges the

Compensation Review Board’s (“CRB”) decision affirming the denial of his
                                         2

request for a twenty-percent penalty to be levied on intervenors RJ Reynolds and

ACE ESIS, Inc. (“ACE”), the employer and insurer, respectively. Daly claims that

a penalty is warranted because intervenors failed to pay him the amount owed

within ten days after it became due as required by the District of Columbia

Workers’ Compensation Act (“Workers’ Compensation Act” or “Act”). See D.C.

Code § 32-1515 (f) (2012 Repl.) (“If any compensation . . . is not paid within 10

days after it becomes due, there shall be added to such unpaid compensation an

amount equal to 20% thereof . . . .”). We affirm.



                             I.    Factual Background



      Daly claimed to have suffered a work-related injury during the course of his

employment with RJ Reynolds. The parties entered into a settlement agreement in

which intervenors agreed to pay Daly a lump sum amount in exchange for Daly

releasing intervenors from further liability.   On July 31, 2012, the Office of

Workers’ Compensation (“OWC”) approved the settlement agreement, and copies

of OWC’s approval order were mailed by certified mail to the parties the next day

on August 1, 2012. Daly received his lump sum payment from intervenors on

August 17, 2012. On August 20, 2012, Daly filed a motion requesting OWC to

assess a twenty-percent penalty on top of the lump sum payment because
                                         3

intervenors had failed to pay him within ten days of payment being due as required

by D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f). Specifically, he claimed that payment was due by

August 10th, ten days after OWC mailed the approval order. He also claimed that

his counsel emailed a copy of the order to intervenors’ counsel on August 3rd, and

sent a follow-up email on August 13th regarding the status of payment.

Intervenors opposed, chiefly arguing that, by law, payment was due within ten

days of them receiving the approval order, not ten days upon OWC’s issuance of

the order. In support of their claim that payment was timely, intervenors submitted

a date stamped copy of the approval order marked August 7, 2012, as proof of

when they received the order from OWC.            Consequently, no penalty was

warranted, intervenors argued, because the date of payment, August 17th, was

within ten days of intervenors receiving notice on August 7th.



      In a written order, OWC denied Daly’s motion to assess a penalty on

intervenors. The claims examiner implicitly agreed with intervenors’ argument

that the clock started to run upon intervenors’ receipt of the approval order, not

upon issuance of the order as Daly had argued. Thus, because intervenors did not

receive a certified copy until August 7, 2012, their payment on August 17th was

not untimely. Notably, the claims examiner admitted that OWC could not find the

“certified card” indicating the date of receipt within its own records, but
                                         4

nonetheless found it “reasonable” that the document would have been received by

intervenors “on or about August 6th or 7th since the 4th and 5th of August 2012

fell on a Saturday and Sunday.” 1



      Daly appealed the decision to the CRB.         On appeal, Daly essentially

abandoned his argument that payment was due within ten days upon OWC’s

issuance of the approval order. Rather, Daly argued that intervenors received

actual notice of the order on August 3, 2012, the date Daly’s counsel had emailed

intervenors’ counsel a copy of the order, and that the date of payment, August

17th, was thus still outside of the ten-day statutory period. Alternatively, he also

argued that the claims examiner’s conclusion that it was “reasonable” that

intervenors would not have received notice until August 7th was not supported by

evidence and an arbitrary decision.




      1
          Moreover, even assuming payment was late, the claims examiner
concluded that no penalty was warranted because any delay was due to
circumstances outside intervenors’ control, an alternative basis for denying the
penalty. See D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f) (“The Mayor may waive payment of the
additional compensation after a showing by the employer that owing to conditions
over which he had no control such installment could not be paid within the period
prescribed for the payment.” (emphasis added)). Specifically, the claims examiner
credited intervenors’ reason that their claims representative, who was responsible
for issuing payments, was unexpectedly out of the office due to a family death, and
did not personally receive notice until August 16, 2012.
                                        5

      The CRB affirmed the OWC’s decision, concluding that the time for

payment does not begin to run until service of the approval order is made, which it

concluded to be the “date of receipt by service of delivery from either OWC or the

Administrative Hearings Division.” To support this conclusion, the CRB cited to

the Workers’ Compensation Act regulation explaining that OWC shall effectuate

service by hand delivery or certified mail, see 7 DCMR § 228.1, and some of its

prior decisions in which the CRB came to the same conclusion. See, e.g., Lytes v.

District of Columbia Water and Sewer Auth., CRB No. 07-029, at *2-3 (May 29,

2007). Accordingly, because in this case the only evidence in the record showed

intervenors receiving the certified copy of the approval order on August 7, 2012,

the CRB concluded that time did not begin to run until that date, and that the date

of payment, August 17th, was thus timely. The CRB further concluded that it was

“irrelevant if or when [Daly] provided a copy of the approval order to

[intervenors],” in reference to the August 3rd email sent to intervenors’ counsel,

because the “only relevant date” is when the certified copy of the approval order

was received by intervenors. This petition for review followed.
                                         6

                                  II.    Discussion



      On petition for review, Daly principally challenges the CRB’s legal

conclusion that the clock does not start to run for purposes of the statutorily

defined ten-day payment period until service of the approval order is made, that is,

in this case, the date intervenors received the order by certified mail from OWC.

The issue raised requires us to determine when payment by the employer becomes

“due,” pursuant to D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f). Essentially, Daly contends that the

clock starts to run the moment intervenors “actually received,” i.e., had knowledge

of, the approval order, not when OWC effectuated service, as the CRB had

determined. In support of this argument, Daly cites to 7 DCMR § 228.4, which

states that “[w]henever the Act . . . provides a time period during which an action

is to be taken, unless otherwise expressly provided, the time period shall run from

the actual receipt of a document.” (emphasis added). Thus, in Daly’s view,

because there is no real dispute that Daly’s counsel had notified intervenors about

the approval order and provided them a copy via email on August 3rd, intervenors

“actually received” the approval order on that date, and thus payment was due

within ten days of August 3rd, not August 7th, as the CRB had concluded.2


      2
         Daly raises two other claims which we address summarily. He argues
that, even assuming RJ Reynolds received the order on August 7, 2012, the CRB
                                                                 (continued…)
                                        7

      Preliminarily, we note that this is a statutory construction issue of first

impression, as we recently remanded the same legal issue in another case back to

the CRB to explain why the term “actual receipt,” as defined under 7 DCMR

§ 228.4, should be read “in conformance” with the service provisions of the

regulation, 7 DCMR § 228.1. See Romero v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t

Servs., No. 14-AA-342, Mem. Op. & J. at 2 (D.C. Mar. 11, 2015). However,

because this court “remain[s] the final authority on issues of statutory

construction,” Nunnally v. District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Dep’t, 80

A.3d 1004, 1011 (D.C. 2013) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted), and

because this case hinges on the CRB’s interpretation of the Act and associated

regulations, we now decide to answer this question. We hold that, for purposes of

(…continued)
erred by failing to remand the order for the claims examiner to factually determine
when the third copy of the approval order was received by ACE, the insurer in this
case. However, our review of Daly’s memorandum in support of his application
for review reveals that this particular argument and request was never presented
before the CRB. Specifically, he only made two arguments in his memorandum:
(1) that the approval order was received on August 3, 2012; and (2) alternatively,
the claims examiner’s conclusion that the approval order was not received until
August 7, 2012, was unsupported by the evidence and arbitrary in nature. Daly
presents no reasons as to why this remand argument was not raised before the
CRB, and therefore we need not consider it now. See, e.g., Oparaugo v. Watts,
884 A.2d 63, 75 (D.C. 2005) (“Points not raised and preserved [below] will not be
considered on appeal, except in exceptional circumstances that are not present
here.”). Second, he argues that intervenors’ claim that any delay was outside their
control is an insufficient ground to annul the penalty. We take no position on this
argument because the CRB did not appear to address it and, based on our decision
infra, we conclude the payment was timely.
                                         8

when compensation becomes “due” under D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f), the ten-day

period for payment shall begin to run from the date the employer is served with the

compensation order by the OWC or the Hearings and Adjudication Section. This

can be done either by hand delivery or via certified mail/registered mail, return

receipt requested. See D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f); 7 DCMR § 228.1 (a)-(b). We

explain our reasons below.



      “Our standard of review of agency decisions in workers’ compensation cases

is governed by the District [of Columbia’s] Administrative Procedures Act.”

Fluellyn v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 54 A.3d 1156, 1159 (D.C.

2012) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The CRB’s interpretation of

an administrative statute is reviewed de novo, “recognizing that this court is the

final authority on issues of statutory interpretation.” Fluellyn, supra, 54 A.3d at

1160 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). However, in recognition of

the agency’s expertise, if a statutory provision is subject to interpretation, “we

[will] accord great weight to any reasonable construction of a statute by the agency

charged with its administration.”     Id. (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). Accordingly, “[w]e must sustain [the CRB’s] interpretation even if a

petitioner advances another reasonable interpretation . . . .” Smith v. District of

Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 548 A.2d 95, 97 (D.C. 1988).
                                          9

      An employer’s obligation to pay an injured employee under the Workers’

Compensation Act is governed by statute. D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f) states:

             If any compensation, payable under the terms of an
             award, is not paid within 10 days after it becomes due,
             there shall be added to such unpaid compensation an
             amount equal to 20% thereof, which shall be paid at the
             same time as, but in addition to, such compensation
             unless review of the compensation order making such
             award is had as provided in § 32-15223 and an order
             staying payments has been issued by the Mayor or court.
             The Mayor may waive payment of the additional
             compensation after a showing by the employer that
             owing to conditions over which he had no control such
             installment could not be paid within the period prescribed
             for the payment.


(Emphasis added). The sole issue before us is whether the lump sum payment

approved by the OWC in this case was “paid within 10 days after it becomes due”

for purposes of determining whether intervenors incurred a statutorily mandated

twenty-percent penalty. Determining this issue is more difficult than it may first

appear because it requires answering two questions:       (1) when does payment

become “due;” and (2) when is payment deemed “paid?” In other words, what are

the start and stop times of this ten-day period?




      3
       D.C. Code § 32-1522 (2012 Repl.) pertains to the review procedures for
compensation orders that are challenged.
                                         10

      We answered the second question in Orius Telecomm., Inc. v. District of

Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 857 A.2d 1061 (D.C. 2004) (“Orius”). We held

that the term “paid” in this context means money actually received, not the date

payment was posted, i.e., the “mail-box rule,” as petitioner had argued. Id. at

1067. In particular, we noted that the agency had “longstanding precedent on the

proper imposition of the late payment penalty[,]” holding that “compensation must

be received by the party during the requisite period to avoid the imposition of the

penalty,” id. at 1066, and that because this interpretation was “neither unreasonable

nor contrary to law, we must sustain it.”      Id. at 1067.    Here, Daly received

payment, and therefore was “paid,” on August 17, 2012.



      Notably, in Orius, we did not explicitly answer the first question: when is

payment “due,” such that the ten-day time limit for payment begins to run. The

phrase “after it becomes due” is ambiguous because the statute does not explain or

define how the ten-day payment period is first triggered. We did not clearly decide

this question in Orius, not because it was unnecessary to resolve the issue, id. at

1070 (“[T]he case could not have been sum totaled until the court ascertained when

the ten-day time limit for payment began to run.”), but because counsel for

petitioners (the employer/insurer) essentially conceded during oral arguments that

the time period commenced when petitioners received the compensation order
                                        11

from the administrative law judge via certified mail. Id. at 1063, 1070-71. We

further appeared to reject the argument that the ten-day time limit began to run the

day on which the compensation order was mailed to the parties. Id. at 1070.

Specifically, we observed that such a conclusion would “run[] glaringly contrary to

both DOES regulation and prior administrative decisions . . . determining that a

compensation order becomes due on the date on which the employer/carrier

receives the compensation order via certified postal mail.” Id. (emphasis added)

(citing 7 DCMR § 228.4).



      While the court’s observations in Orius on this point are not binding

precedent, given the concession in that case, we have no problem in now formally

holding that payment becomes “due,” under D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f), within ten

days of the employer/insurer receiving notice of either OWC’s or the Hearings and

Adjudication Section’s order via certified mail or registered mail, return receipt

requested, if that is the method on which the administrative agency decided to

serve the party. See 7 DCMR § 228.1 (listing both hand delivery and certified

mail/registered mail delivery with return receipt requested as acceptable forms of

service). We find persuasive the observations made by the court in Orius, and our

own review confirms that the CRB has in prior instances determined that an order

becomes due within ten days from the date on which the employer/issuer received
                                           12

notice of the order via certified mail from the agency. See Orius, supra, 857 A.2d

at 1066; Lytes, supra, CRB No. 07-029, at *2-3.



      This interpretation is also reasonable. As the CRB explained in Lyte, there is

a reason why the clock starts running only once the employer is served by the

agency: “The obligations and conditions of the agreement were not in effect until

both parties received proper notice from OWC, as there is no authority under the

Act or regulations for OWC to delegate its obligation to provide proper notice to

[the employee] in this matter.” Lyte, supra, CRB No. 07-029, at *2-3. In other

words, because the agency administers the Workers’ Compensation Act, including

payments of compensation and the decision of whether or not to levy a twenty-

percent penalty for late payments, the employer’s legal obligation to pay is

triggered upon agency action. See D.C. Code § 32-1502 (a) (2012 Repl.) (“The

Mayor shall administer the provisions of this chapter . . . .” (emphasis added));

D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f) (“The Mayor may waive payment of the additional

compensation . . . .” (emphasis added)).



      Daly’s reliance on 7 DCMR § 228.4 (to argue that time begins to run

whenever a party alerts an employer/insurer of the payment order) does not

dissuade us from affirming the CRB’s interpretation of when payment is deemed
                                         13

“due.” 7 DCMR § 228 pertains to the serving, filing, and posting of documents

under the Workers’ Compensation Act. 7 DCMR § 228.1 states that service by

OWC or the Hearings and Adjudication Section:

            [S]hall be accomplished by . . . (a) Hand deliver[ing] the
            document to each interested party and secur[ing] the
            signature of the recipient; or (b) Mail[ing] the document
            by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, to
            the last known record address of each party; and (c)
            Retain[ing] a copy for the official record.

It is within these regulations pertaining to service that we find 7 DCMR § 228.4,

which states that, “Whenever the Act or this chapter provides a time period during

which an action is to be taken, unless otherwise expressly provided, the time period

shall run from the actual receipt of a document.” (emphasis added).



      Daly argues that the emphasized text above means that the ten-day time

period under D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f) began to run the day intervenor had “actual

notice,” essentially, knowledge, of the approval order, which Daly argues began on

August 3rd when Daly’s counsel forwarded a copy of the order to intervenors’

counsel via email. However, other than a “plain reading” of this term, Daly has

provided little legal support for this argument. While we note at the outset that

Daly’s interpretation of the phrase “actual receipt” is not unreasonable if read in

isolation, see, e.g., Jones v. Hersch, 845 A.2d 541, 546 (D.C. 2004) (explaining

“actual notice” as when a party has actual knowledge of the action even if there
                                         14

was legally ineffective service), it is well-established that we must read the statute

or regulation “as a whole” to see if there are alternative constructions of the

challenged language. See District of Columbia v. Place, 892 A.2d 1108, 1111

(D.C. 2006). Reading 7 DCMR § 228 as a whole, and keeping in mind that

payment orders are directed by agency action, we think that it is reasonable to

interpret § 228.4 as requiring payment orders to be served by either OWC or the

Hearings and Adjudication Section in order for the parties to be in “actual receipt”

of it. Because there is a reasonable interpretation of “actual receipt” consistent

with the CRB’s interpretation that time begins to run for payment purposes on the

date service is made by the agency, we must affirm the CRB’s interpretation, even

though Daly advanced another interpretation. See Smith, supra, 548 A.2d at 97

(“[w]e will sustain [the CRB’s] interpretation even if a petitioner advances another

reasonable interpretation . . . .”).



       Having concluded that, under D.C. Code § 32-1515 (f), payment was “due”

within ten days upon intervenors receiving the approval order via certified mail

from OWC, the CRB did not err in further concluding that there was substantial

evidence supporting the claims examiner’s decision to deny the penalty. See

generally Reyes v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 48 A.3d 159, 164

(D.C. 2012).     As the CRB noted, the sole evidence presented to the claims
                                          15

examiner concerning when the approval order was received was the date stamped

copy provided by intervenors bearing August 7, 2012. Thus, because there was no

other evidence to suggest a different date of receipt, there was substantial evidence

supporting the CRB’s affirmance of the claims examiner’s decision that payment

on August 17, 2012, was not untimely.



                                   III.   Conclusion



      We affirm the CRB’s decision sustaining the claims examiner’s order to

deny Daly a penalty award of twenty-percent of the lump sum payment owed by

intervenors under the terms of their settlement agreement. The payment on August

17, 2012, was not untimely because the ten-day time period for payment did not

start to run until intervenors received notice of the approval order by certified mail

from OWC, which the evidence reflects was on August 7, 2012.



                                               So ordered.
