[Cite as State v. Thigpen, 2016-Ohio-1374.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 102467



                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                       PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                 vs.

                                  LORENZO THIGPEN
                                                       DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                              JUDGMENT:
                                               AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-12-563007-A

        BEFORE:           Stewart, J., Kilbane, P.J., and Boyle, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 31, 2016
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

R. Brian Moriarty
55 Public Square, 21st Floor
Cleveland, OH 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

Yosef M. Hochheiser
Assistant County Prosecutor
Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, OH 44113
MELODY J. STEWART, J.:

          {¶1} After following a speeding vehicle to a neighborhood area used as an illegal

dumping ground, police officers saw defendant-appellant Lorenzo Thigpen dragging

something from a vehicle. As the officers approached Thigpen, he tried to hide behind a

pile of debris and then fled on foot. The police found a badly beaten body inside the

vehicle. After apprehending Thigpen, the police learned that the vehicle he had been

driving belonged to the victim; that he may have been involved in the theft of tools from

the victim; that he was seen hours before his arrest driving at the address where the victim

lived; that the victim’s apartment had been burglarized earlier that day; that a glove found

in the victim’s apartment was stained with the victim’s blood and had Thigpen’s DNA

inside the glove; that hours before being apprehended, Thigpen tried to obtain a shovel

for digging; and that Thigpen’s own vehicle bore traces of the victim’s blood. On this

evidence, a jury found Thigpen guilty of aggravated murder, murder, burglary, grand theft

of a motor vehicle, tampering with evidence, abuse of a corpse, failure to comply with an

order or signal of a police officer, and receiving stolen property. After merging certain

counts for sentencing, the court sentenced Thigpen to a term of life in prison without

parole.

          {¶2} On appeal, Thigpen complains that the state failed to offer sufficient evidence

to establish that he committed any of the charged crimes; that the court erred by allowing

the state to offer other acts evidence in the form of testimony that he sought to use PCP
on the night of the murder; and that the state violated his right to confrontation by

delaying his access to the police statement of a state’s witness. We find no error and

affirm.

          {¶3} Thigpen’s first assignment of error is that the state failed to offer sufficient

evidence to show that he committed aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A)

by acting with prior calculation and design to cause the victim’s death as charged in

Count 1 of the indictment. However, the jury found Thigpen not guilty of Count 1 — the

jury found Thigpen guilty of Count 2 of the indictment, which charged him with felony

murder under R.C. 2903.01(B). Because the first assignment of error relates solely to a

count on which Thigpen was acquitted (a fact acknowledged by appellate counsel during

oral argument), we summarily overrule it.

          {¶4} Although the second assignment of error is styled as one challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions, Thigpen’s argument is directed to

the weight of the evidence. And while Thigpen’s fourth assignment of error purports to

raise a separate challenge to the weight of the evidence, it contains no independent

discussion, relying instead on “the same reasons as discussed in the sufficiency

assignment of error above[.]” Appellant’s brief at 20.

          {¶5} The Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution requires criminal

convictions to be based on legally sufficient evidence. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).             The evidence is considered “legally

sufficient” if, after viewing the evidence most favorably to the state, “any rational trier of
fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable

doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the

syllabus. This is a quantitative standard of evidence that looks only at whether any

rational trier of fact could find that the evidence existed; in other words, did the state

offer any evidence going to each essential element of the offense. State v. Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). If so, the evidence is legally sufficient for

purposes of the Due Process Clause. The sufficiency of the evidence standard requires

great deference to the trier of fact. A reviewing court

          faced with a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences
          must presume — even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record —
          that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution,
          and must defer to that resolution.

Cavazos v. Smith, 565 U.S.___, 132 S.Ct. 2, 6, 181 L.Ed.2d 311 (2011), quoting Jackson

at 326.

          {¶6} If the legal sufficiency of the evidence standard is quantitative, the weight of

the evidence is qualitative. Thompkins at 387. This standard requires the reviewing

court to examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the

evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of

justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Otten, 33

Ohio App.3d 339, 340, 515 N.E.2d 1009 (9th Dist.1986). This is a difficult burden for

an appellant to overcome because the trier of fact has the sole responsibility to resolve

factual issues. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph
one of the syllabus.    The deference we give to the resolution of factual issues is

underscored by our recognition that the trier of fact has the authority to “believe or

disbelieve any witness or accept part of what a witness says and reject the rest.” State v.

Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67, 197 N.E.2d 548 (1964). While it has been said that the

weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater amount of credible

evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other,”

Thompkins at 387, the use of the word “greater” does not imply a simple balancing of the

evidence such that the tipping of the scale in the appellant’s favor will result in the

reversal of a conviction. The standard of review uses the word “manifest,” indicating

that we can only reverse the trier of fact if its decision is very plainly or obviously

contrary to the evidence.

       {¶7} The difference between the sufficiency of the evidence and the weight of the

evidence standards of review are such that a criminal defendant must make independent

arguments for each. The failure to do so violates App.R. 16(A)(7), which requires an

argument “with respect to each assignment of error presented for review[.]” See State v.

Thompson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99628, 2014-Ohio-202, ¶ 16. In addition, because

the inquiry into the legal sufficiency of the evidence is based on the elements of the

offense, an assignment of error to that effect must refer to the specific element or

elements of the charged offense that were not supported by the evidence. State v. Evans,

4th Dist. Pickaway No. 06CA34, 2007-Ohio-6575, ¶ 22.
      {¶8} Thigpen’s second assignment of error does not reference any of the statutory

elements of the charged offenses as part of an argument that the state failed to offer any

evidence to prove those elements.      Thigpen argues that the state failed to present

evidence proving his identity as the killer, noting that photographs of the victim and the

crime scene showed large amounts of blood, even though the police found none of the

victim’s blood on Thigpen when they arrested him. Thipgen argues that the actual

murderer must have worn gloves to move the victim’s body. And because he was not

wearing gloves at the time of his arrest, Thigpen maintains that he could not have been

driving the vehicle in which the victim’s body was found. These arguments go to the

weight of the evidence, so we limit our discussion accordingly.

      {¶9} The state’s evidence showed that the victim lived in an upstairs room of a

house that was used as an after-hours club. He and Thigpen knew each other, not only

from frequenting the club, but because they were automobile mechanics who worked out

of the same garage. The evidence showed that at some point in time prior to the murder,

the victim’s tools were stolen from the garage and he blamed Thigpen for the theft.

Thigpen told the victim that he would give the tools back.

      {¶10} Thigpen was among those present at the after-hours club on the evening of

the murder. At about 3:30 a.m., the caretaker of the house (the owner lived out-of-state)

closed up the house. Thigpen backed his car out of the driveway and onto the street so

that the caretaker could pull his own car onto the street. As the caretaker drove away, he

saw Thigpen walking toward the driveway of the house. The caretaker returned to the
house at around 4:00 p.m. the following afternoon and discovered that the front door of

the house had been forcibly opened. Furniture on the first floor of the house and in the

victim’s second-floor room had been overturned and there was blood on the outside door.

       {¶11} It was shortly after the caretaker had discovered the break-in that police

officers on patrol happened to see a sport utility vehicle (“SUV”), later identified as

belonging to the victim, being driven at a high speed. The officers lost sight of the SUV

and turned into an area of vacant lots that they knew were used as a dumping ground for

junk and trash. Fearing that debris on the road surface might cause a flat tire, the officers

parked their cruiser and proceeded on foot to see if they could locate the SUV. They

quickly discovered the SUV and saw Thigpen “pulling or dragging something” from the

SUV. Thigpen noticed the officers and attempted to hide behind a pile of debris, but his

head remained visible to the officers. Although the officers ordered Thigpen to show his

hands, he remained behind the debris pile.        At the same time, one of the officers

approached the SUV and discovered the victim’s body. Thigpen fled but, with one

officer pursuing on foot and another police cruiser responding to join the search, he was

apprehended. Without prompting from the police, Thigpen said, “I didn’t do it.” After

being handcuffed, Thigpen started running away, but was stopped after a few steps.

       {¶12} The coroner determined that the victim’s death was caused by “[b]lunt

impacts to head, torso, and extremities with brain, skeletal and soft tissue injuries, and

neck compression.” Autopsy photographs showed that the victim had been struck with

enough force to cause his forehead to cave.      The victim’s body was covered in blood.
The police discovered blood on the stairs of the after-hours house, on the driveway near

the door that had been forced open, and on the wall of the garage and on other items

located nearby.   Cigarette butts found on the driveway near the blood stains tested

positive for Thigpen’s DNA. A work glove recovered from the driveway bore a stain

that was later determined to be the victim’s blood. The state’s expert concluded that

DNA found inside the work glove was a mixture of two individuals, and that neither the

victim nor Thigpen could be excluded as possible contributors of that DNA. A knit hat

found inside of the SUV also contained DNA matching the profile for both the victim and

Thigpen.

      {¶13} In their investigation, the police located a different vehicle that Thigpen had

been seen driving the morning of the murder. The person who owned the car testified

that she had given the car to Thigpen for repair work at least two weeks prior to the date

of the murder, but that her repeated requests for him to return the car went unanswered.

She said that she kept the interior of the car clean, but identified photographs of the car

taken immediately after the murder that showed that Thigpen had “trashed” it. The

police discovered the victim’s blood inside the vehicle.      The vehicle also contained

some personal possessions belonging to either the victim or the person who owned the

house where the after-hours club was located. Items of a mechanical nature were also

found in the car, and a mechanic at the automobile repair shop where Thigpen worked

identified some of those items as having been stolen from the shop.
       {¶14} Another witness for the state testified that he worked at an automobile shop.

 He said that on the day when the police discovered Thigpen and the victim’s body, he

saw Thigpen pull up in the victim’s SUV and inquire about a coworker. The coworker

was not present and Thigpen left the premises without exiting the SUV.             Thigpen

returned a while later, exited the SUV, and entered the shop. He and another person then

began removing some items from the back of the SUV. Thigpen then drove away, but

returned just moments later and asked the witness for a shovel. The witness brought out

a shovel with a wide blade, but Thigpen said that he could not use that kind of shovel.

       {¶15} It is true that the state’s case was based on circumstantial evidence, but that

circumstantial evidence was compelling enough that the jury did not lose its way by

finding Thigpen guilty. Thigpen was seen driving the victim’s SUV and asking for a

shovel. Not long after that, the SUV was spotted by the police because it was moving at

a high rate of speed. Although the police lost sight of the SUV as they followed it, they

did so only for about five minutes before they located it in the dumping ground. Both

officers identified Thigpen as the person they saw trying to drag something from the

SUV.    Thigpen’s immediate reaction to the police was to hide, and then to flee.

Although he denied killing the victim, he never offered any explanation to show why he

was a mere victim of circumstance, an omission that could well allow the jurors to infer

that his presence by the SUV was not innocent.

       {¶16} Evidence that items belonging to the victim and the owner of the house

where the after-hours club was operated incriminated Thigpen. The broken lock on the
front door of the house showed forcible entry. Furniture had been overturned on both

floors of the house in a manner consistent with a burglary. The vehicle that Thigpen

drove on the morning before the murder contained items that belonged to both the victim

and the person who owned the house. The owner of the vehicle did not know the victim

and said that she would not have been responsible for his property being in her vehicle.

       {¶17} Thigpen argues that the state failed to explain the lack of blood on him

given the amount of blood loss by the victim. The absence of the victim’s blood on

Thigpen went unanswered by the state, but was offset by other DNA evidence connecting

the victim and Thigpen: the victim’s blood was found in Thigpen’s car; a black knit cap

taken from Thigpen’s car contained a mixture of both his and the victim’s DNA; and

neither Thigpen nor the victim could be excluded as the source of DNA found in a glove

discovered at the scene of the beating. What is more, Thigpen’s assertion that he was a

victim of circumstance is contradicted by evidence showing that the vehicle he was

driving contained items belonging to both the victim and the owner of the house, he asked

someone for a shovel, he was discovered pulling the victim’s body from the SUV, and he

ran from the police upon being discovered attempting to remove the victim’s body from

the SUV. This evidence showed active participation in the crimes and undermined any

claim by Thigpen that he was a mere victim of circumstance.

       {¶18} Finally, Thigpen argues that the person who worked at the auto repair shop

and claimed to have seen him driving the SUV was inherently unbelievable.                  He

maintains that the witness was a career informant, had committed crimes involving
dishonesty (tampering with records and insurance fraud), and at the time of trial was

facing trial on multiple counts of forgery, grand theft, and receiving stolen property. He

also argues that the witness waited nearly two months to tell the police about seeing

Thigpen driving the SUV and asking for a shovel, suggesting that the witness was acting

opportunistically in order to curry favorable treatment in his own criminal case.

       {¶19} The jury was well aware of the witness’s past criminal record, his work as

an informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the motivation he might have to

come forward with testimony against Thigpen. No doubt the jury weighed his testimony

accordingly. However, Thigpen’s assertion that the witness lacked credibility because he

waited two months to come forward is not borne out by the record. The witness testified

that he immediately informed his FBI handler about what he had seen, and that it was two

months later when his handler took him to meet the police for an interview. There was

no indication that the witness had any direct contact with the police, so it was plausible

that the FBI handler arranged the meeting with the police consistent with the witness’s

testimony.1



        The fifth assignment of error also touches on the timing on the witness’s
       1


decision to come forward to the police. Thigpen cross-examined the witness on
inconsistencies between his direct testimony and the statement he gave to the
police regarding when he first told the police that he saw Thigpen pull into the
automotive garage. The state objected, arguing that if Thigpen were allowed to
cross-examine on the inconsistencies in the statement, it should be allowed to
introduce the entire police statement. The court agreed, causing Thigpen to cease
that line of questioning rather than allow the entire police statement into evidence.
 Thigpen argues on appeal that the court’s decision violated his right to confront
the witness, but we agree that the state could offer the witness’s police statement
on redirect examination. State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96752,
      {¶20} But even if the jury disbelieved the informant’s testimony that Thigpen had

been seen driving the SUV shortly before the murder, other evidence led to the conclusion

that he had driven the SUV to the dumping ground. Photographs of the SUV showed

that the rear seats of the vehicle had been folded down to accommodate the victim’s body.

In addition, photographs of the front passenger seat of the SUV showed it had been

hinged forward and so loaded with items that it was impossible for anyone to sit there.

In short, the SUV had space for only the driver. To believe Thigpen, the jury would have

had to conclude that the driver of the SUV abandoned the vehicle in the dumping lot and

that Thigpen just happened to be present in the lot no more than five minutes later

(accounting for the period of time in which the police said that they lost sight of the

SUV). None of that explains why he was seen pulling something from the SUV, nor

does it explain how the victim’s blood and possessions were found in the car that he had

been driving.

      {¶21} On balance, the evidence weighed in favor of Thigpen’s guilt. To the

extent that Thigpen could challenge the credibility of some aspects of the state’s case,

much of the state’s evidence went unchallenged. We cannot conclude that the jury lost

its way by finding Thigpen guilty.

      {¶22} The third assignment of error raises a claim that the court improperly

allowed the state to rely on other acts evidence in violation of Evid.R. 404(B). He


2012-Ohio-1043, ¶ 34-38;     State v. Wilson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96380,
2012-Ohio-102, ¶ 41. Rather than have the entire statement read into evidence,
Thigpen made the strategic decision to forego further impeachment.
complains that the court should not have allowed a state witness to testify that he asked

the witness if she wanted to smoke “wet”: a word commonly understood to indicate a

marijuana joint laced with PCP.2

        {¶23} Evid.R. 404(B) states that “evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not

admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity

therewith.”

        {¶24} The rule prohibits the introduction of other acts because there is the danger

that the jury will convict the defendant solely because it assumes that the defendant has a

propensity to commit criminal acts, or deserves punishment regardless of whether he or

she committed the crimes charged in the indictment. State v. Cotton, 113 Ohio App.3d

125, 131, 680 N.E.2d 657 (1st Dist.1996). And while the rule creates an exception for

the admissibility of “other acts” evidence when it is probative of a particular matter, that

matter must genuinely be at issue — the acts constituting the scheme, plan, or system

must be a part of the immediate background of the crime and inextricably related to it.

State v. Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d 66, 69, 330 N.E.2d 720 (1975).

        {¶25} Evidence of other acts may be admissible for other purposes, such as proof

of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of


           Thigpen also maintains that the court abused its discretion by allowing the owner of the
        2


vehicle that he had been driving at the time of the murder to “suggest” that he had held onto the car
for so long that he had stolen it. He makes no independent argument on this claim — the argument
for this assigned error is devoted entirely to the claim that the court abused its discretion by allowing
a witness to testify that he desired to ingest PCP. The failure to separately argue the issue of the
vehicle violates App.R. 12(A)(1)(c) and 16(A)(7). So we decline to address it.
mistake or accident. But even if admissible under Evid.R. 404(B), other acts evidence

must be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury. See Evid.R. 403(A). The

admission or exclusion of other acts evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial

court. State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987), paragraph two of the

syllabus.

       {¶26} A person who frequented the after-hours club testified that she was in the

club on the early morning of the murder. She said that the caretaker of the club was

attempting to close for the night, but Thigpen, whom she described as “kind of hyper,”

attempted to persuade him to keep the club open. Even though the caretaker refused to

keep the club open, Thigpen “turned up with another bottle and started drinking.” The

witness then heard Thigpen ask another patron if “anybody want to get high off some

wet.” The court overruled Thigpen’s objection to this statement.

       {¶27} The state maintains that evidence of PCP was relevant to bolster “the

identification at issue.”     Appellee’s brief at 29. It is unclear, however, to what

identification the state refers. The state notes that some cigarette butts recovered from

the driveway of the house near where the murder occurred contained Thigpen’s DNA;

presumably, testimony that he wished to smoke a PCP-laced marijuana joint would tie

him to the cigarette butts.

       {¶28} The difficulty with the state’s argument is that testimony that Thigpen

wanted to ingest PCP did nothing to establish his presence at the murder scene. There
was no proof that he actually ingested PCP — the testifying witness admitted that she did

not actually see Thigpen smoke anything. And the state fails to account for the fact that

there was no evidence that any of the cigarette butts found on the driveway actually

contained PCP. There was no relevance of any kind to the PCP testimony, so the court

abused its discretion by denying Thigpen’s objection to this testimony.

       {¶29} Even though the court abused its discretion by overruling Thigpen’s

objection to the PCP testimony, Thigpen must nonetheless show prejudice from the

court’s error. State v. Morris, 141 Ohio St.3d 399, 2014-Ohio-5052, 24 N.E.3d 1153, ¶

27. We determine prejudice by considering whether the error affected the outcome of

trial; or stated differently, we consider whether the verdict would stand even if we excise

the offending evidence. Id. at ¶ 28-29. If the verdict would stand even without the

offending evidence, the error is harmless.

       {¶30} Thigpen’s conviction for murder did not hinge on the erroneous admission

of testimony that he inquired about smoking PCP. The evidence we have detailed

weighed heavily against Thigpen: it placed him at the scene of the murder, it placed him

in the dumping ground where he was seen trying to move the victim’s body, and DNA

evidence tied him to the victim in several respects. His alleged desire to smoke PCP was

not the tipping point for his conviction, so the court’s error in admitting the testimony was

harmless.
       {¶31} The sixth assignment of error relates to the failure to comply count and

complains that the state failed to offer sufficient evidence to show that the order for

Thigpen to stop pertained to the control and regulation of traffic.

       {¶32} The state charged Thigpen with a violation of R.C. 2921.331(A). That

section states: “No person shall fail to comply with any lawful order or direction of any

police officer invested with authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic.”

       {¶33} Exactly what the General Assembly meant when it used the words

“authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic” has been the subject of some debate in the

appellate courts. In State v. Wagenknecht, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 2864, 1994 Ohio App.

LEXIS 2962 (June 29, 1994), the court held that R.C. 2921.311(A) does not require that a

police officer’s order “directly relate to traffic matters.” The court held that:

       The plain meaning of the statute is that a person is guilty of failure to
       comply, if, after receiving a lawful order from a police officer invested with
       authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic, that person failed to comply
       with that order. The police officer’s authority must derive from traffic
       regulation.

Id. at *5.

       {¶34} However, in State v. Redd, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20284,

2004-Ohio-4689, the court held that the violation of a “lawful order” contemplated by

R.C. 2921.331(A) is one that:

       [I]nvolves the offender’s act or omission in operating a motor vehicle
       which, by law, an officer is charged with authority to direct, control, or
       regulate. The manner of that operation need not be unlawful. It is only
       necessary that the officer be charged by law with authority to direct it and
       that the offender fails to comply with the officer’s particular direction.
Id. at ¶ 19.

       {¶35} We cannot fully agree with either Wagenknecht or Redd: neither decision

follows the unambiguous wording of R.C. 2921.311(A) when they limit the scope of the

statute to orders issued in the context of traffic regulation.

       {¶36} Rules of statutory construction state that the intent behind a statute resides in

its clear and unambiguous language, given the common and ordinary meaning of the

words used. See R.C. 1.42; Youngstown Club v. Porterfield, 21 Ohio St.2d 83, 86, 255

N.E.2d 262 (1970).       If a statute is clear and unambiguous, there is no need for

interpretation and we apply the statute as written. State ex rel. Savarese v. Buckeye

Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 74 Ohio St.3d 543, 545, 1996-Ohio-291, 660 N.E.2d 463.

       {¶37} R.C. 2921.331(A) refers to a police officer “invested” with “authority” to

direct, control, or regulate traffic. A “police officer” is defined by R.C. 4511.01(Z) as

“every officer authorized to direct or regulate traffic, or to make arrests for violations of

traffic regulations.” As used in R.C. 2921.331(A) and 4511.01(Z), the words “authority”

and “authorized” mean the power to do something — in this case, to direct, control, or

regulate traffic. For police officers, the authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic

exists by virtue of the position, regardless of whether the police officer is actually

engaging in traffic direction, control, or regulation. In other words, nothing in the plain

language of R.C. 2921.331(A) limits it solely to orders or signals of police officers

actively engaging in traffic direction, control, or regulation. If the police officer is, at the

time the order at issue is given, authorized to direct, control, or regulate traffic, and if the
order itself is “lawful,” the plain language of R.C. 2921.331(A) states that a person must

comply with the order. So this duty to comply exists even if the police officer’s order is

not made in the context of enforcing any traffic law. If the General Assembly intended a

different meaning for R.C. 2921.331(A), it could have worded the statute to apply to

police officers engaged in the direction, control, or regulation of traffic.

       {¶38} We stress two points about the statute. First, even though “authorized” by

virtue of a position as a police officer to direct, control, or regulate traffic, not all police

officers can validly enforce the traffic laws. For example, only uniformed police officers

can generally issue traffic citations. See R.C. 4549.15; Westlake v. Krebs, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 81382, 2002-Ohio-7073. And a police officer enforcing the motor vehicle

laws while using a motor vehicle must be in a vehicle “marked in some distinctive

manner or color” and “equipped with * * * at least one flashing, oscillating, or rotating

colored light mounted outside on top of the vehicle.” R.C. 4549.13. This means, for

example, that police officers in plain clothes or unmarked cars cannot issue traffic

citations.

       {¶39} Second, R.C. 2921.331(A) only requires compliance with a “lawful” order

from a police officer. So, for example, orders that violate a person’s rights against

unreasonable searches and seizures under the Fourth Amendment of the United States

Constitution, or the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, are not lawful and

cannot be the basis for a violation of R.C. 2921.331(A).
       {¶40} The police officers who issued the order for Thigpen to stop and show his

hands testified that they were in uniform and driving a marked police car. They first saw

the SUV “traveling faster than it should have been on those roads. Those roads were

really in bad shape; hardly any traveling over there, at all.” But no sooner did they

decide to follow the SUV then they lost sight of it. One of the officers testified that

losing sight of the SUV “made us more curious where this truck had gone.” The other

officer agreed that after losing sight of the SUV, “[w]e decided to investigate it[.]”

When the officers located the SUV, it was parked in the illegal dumping ground and

Thigpen was standing outside the vehicle, appearing as though he was dragging or pulling

something from it. As the officers approached the vehicle, Thigpen became alerted to

their presence and tried to hide. It was at that point that the officers told Thigpen to

come out from hiding and show his hands. When he saw that the officers had discovered

the body in the back of SUV, Thigpen fled.

       {¶41} These facts establish that the officers were authorized to direct, control, or

regulate traffic.   In addition, their testimony established that they had a reasonable

suspicion that Thigpen was engaged in illegal dumping. Their order for him to stop and

show his hands was obviously given in preparation for conducting an investigative stop.

That order was lawful.     Thigpen’s flight from the officer established his failure to

comply with the order that he stop and show his hands. The state thus offered sufficient

evidence to prove the count of failure to comply.

       {¶42} Judgment affirmed.
       It is ordered that appellee recover of said appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



______________________________________________
MELODY J. STEWART, JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J., and
MARY J. BOYLE, J., CONCUR
