                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 11-1092
                        ___________________________

                                  Kimber Edwards

                       lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant

                                           v.

                                    Donald Roper

                       lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: January 10, 2012
                              Filed: August 20, 2012
                                  ____________

Before MURPHY, BYE, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

       Kimber Edwards was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death
in a Missouri trial court. The Supreme Court of Missouri affirmed the conviction and
sentence on direct appeal, State v. Edwards (Edwards I), 116 S.W.3d 511 (Mo. 2003),
and later affirmed the denial of Edwards’s motion for postconviction relief. Edwards
v. State (Edwards II), 200 S.W.3d 500 (Mo. 2006). Edwards filed a petition for writ
of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, raising thirteen grounds for relief. The
district court1 denied the petition, but granted a certificate of appealability on two of
Edwards’s claims. Edwards appeals the denial of habeas relief on these two grounds,
as well as the district court’s denial of his motion for funds to conduct a mental
examination. We affirm.
                                            I.

       Edwards was prosecuted for first-degree murder in the murder-for-hire killing
of his ex-wife, Kimberly Cantrell. Edwards and Cantrell divorced in 1990. Between
March 1999 and March 2000, Edwards failed to pay child support for the couple’s
daughter, and he was indicted for felony nonsupport. Days before a court appearance
in the nonsupport case, family members found Cantrell’s dead body. She had been
shot twice in the head.

      Cantrell’s neighbor, Christopher Harrington, told police that he saw a man with
a black backpack knocking on Cantrell’s door on the day before her body was
discovered. Harrington later identified the man as Orthel Wilson, a tenant in one of
Edwards’s rental properties. In Wilson’s apartment, officers found a backpack
matching the one described by Harrington. Wilson was charged with first-degree
murder, and he implicated Edwards in the crime. Wilson took police to a vacant
building where he had hidden the murder weapon, and officers found a gun and
ammunition.

      Police interviewed Edwards, who confessed that he had agreed to pay an
individual named “Michael” $1,600 to kill Cantrell. Edwards denied that “Michael”
was actually Wilson, but stated that “Michael” may have involved Wilson in the
crime. The State charged Edwards with first-degree murder.


      1
       The Honorable Carol E. Jackson, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

                                          -2-
       During jury selection at Edwards’s trial, the prosecution exercised peremptory
strikes against the three remaining black members of the venire: Ector Robinson,
Laverne Evans, and Ronald Burton. Edwards, who is black, objected to the strikes
based on Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). The prosecutor responded by
offering race-neutral reasons for the strikes. The trial court overruled Edwards’s
objections.

      In the guilt phase of his trial, Edwards testified that he had no involvement in
Cantrell’s death and that his confessions to the contrary were false. The jury found
Edwards guilty of first-degree murder.

        Edwards chose not to testify again in the penalty phase of his trial, and he
requested that the trial court give the jury a “no-adverse-inference” instruction. The
court denied the request. In the penalty phase, the prosecution offered the testimony
of Cantrell’s sister and brother regarding the impact of Cantrell’s death on her family.
Edwards offered testimony from nine family members, friends, and coworkers, who
testified regarding Edwards’s character and childhood and asked for mercy.

      The jury found one statutory aggravating circumstance—that Edwards had
hired Wilson and/or “Michael” to murder Cantrell—and recommended a sentence of
death. The court sentenced Edwards to death.

       On direct appeal, Edwards argued that the trial court erred in overruling his
Batson challenges with respect to prospective jurors Evans and Burton. He also
argued that the court erred in denying his request for a no-adverse-inference
instruction and that the prosecutor improperly commented on his failure to testify in
the penalty phase. The Supreme Court of Missouri rejected Edwards’s claims and
affirmed the conviction and sentence. Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 550.




                                          -3-
       In 2007, Edwards filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254. In his petition, Edwards alleged that the prosecution exercised peremptory
strikes against Evans and Burton based on their race, in violation of the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He also alleged that the trial court’s
failure to give a no-adverse-inference instruction and the prosecutor’s penalty phase
closing argument violated his rights under the Due Process Clause. The district court
denied relief, but granted Edwards a certificate of appealability on these claims.

                                           II.

       We review petitions for writ of habeas corpus under the standards set forth in
the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). Because
Edwards’s claims were “adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings,” he is
entitled to relief only if he shows that the adjudication “resulted in a decision that was
contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal
law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1), or “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.” Id. § 2254(d)(2).
                                             III.

       “[T]he Equal Protection Clause forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential
jurors solely on account of their race.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 89. Batson established
a three-step process for evaluating claims that a prosecutor exercised peremptory
strikes in violation of the Equal Protection Clause:

      First, a defendant must make a prima facie showing that a peremptory
      challenge has been exercised on the basis of race. Second, if that
      showing has been made, the prosecution must offer a race-neutral basis
      for striking the juror in question. Third, in light of the parties’


                                           -4-
      submissions, the trial court must determine whether the defendant has
      shown purposeful discrimination.

Miller-El v. Cockrell (Miller-El I), 537 U.S. 322, 328-29 (2003) (citations omitted).

       A claim that the state courts misapplied the Batson framework is a legal
question subject to the standard set forth in § 2254(d)(1). Stenhouse v. Hobbs, 631
F.3d 888, 891 (8th Cir. 2011). A contention that the state courts unreasonably
determined that the prosecutor’s strikes were not motivated by race is a factual
determination subject to the standard set forth in § 2254(d)(2). Id. “AEDPA further
mandates that a state court’s factual determinations ‘shall be presumed to be correct,’
and that the petitioner has ‘the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by
clear and convincing evidence.’” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1)).

                                          A.

       We first consider Edwards’s claims regarding the peremptory strike of Evans.
Edwards contends that the decision of the Supreme Court of Missouri rejecting a
challenge to the strike of Evans was based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts, and that it was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, Batson
and related decisions of the Supreme Court.

      In response to Edwards’s Batson objection, the prosecutor explained that he
struck Evans because she believed that her niece was a “victim of the system” and
had been treated unfairly by the police. Based on Evans’s responses during voir dire,
the prosecutor stated his belief that Evans had “some distrust of courts and
prosecutors.” Defense counsel responded by noting the prosecution’s failure to strike
a white juror, Kristin Tincu, who stated during voir dire that her nephew was in
prison for burglary. The prosecutor countered by arguing that Tincu did not believe
her nephew had been persecuted by the police, but rather thought “the system was too


                                         -5-
lenient” on the defendant in a manslaughter case in which Tincu was a witness. The
trial court agreed and overruled Edwards’s Batson objection. The Supreme Court of
Missouri affirmed, holding that the trial court did not clearly err in rejecting the
Batson challenge. Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 525.

       Edwards contends that the state court’s decision is contrary to and involved an
unreasonable application of Batson, because it rests on an “implicit finding” that a
Batson objection fails unless an allegedly similarly situated white juror is “exactly
identical” to the stricken juror. He also argues that the state supreme court’s
determination that Evans and Tincu were not similarly situated was an unreasonable
determination of the facts.

       Striking a black panelist for reasons that apply “just as well to an otherwise-
similar nonblack who is permitted to serve” is evidence tending to prove purposeful
discrimination. Miller-El v. Dretke (Miller-El II), 545 U.S. 231, 241 (2005). The
state supreme court recognized that a “key factor to be considered in determining
pretext is the existence of similarly situated white jurors who were not struck.”
Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 525 (internal quotation and alterations omitted). Edwards
argues, however, that the state court’s standard for similarity was too rigorous. He
relies on the Supreme Court’s statement in Miller-El II that a “per se rule that a
defendant cannot win a Batson claim unless there is an exactly identical white juror
would leave Batson inoperable; potential jurors are not products of a set of cookie
cutters.” 545 U.S. at 247 n.6. Because Miller-El II had not been decided at the time
of Edwards’s trial and appeal, his contention that the Supreme Court of Missouri
unreasonably applied federal law “as determined by the Supreme Court of the United
States” is without merit. Broom v. Denney, 659 F.3d 658, 663 (8th Cir. 2011).

      In any event, the record does not establish that the state supreme court thought
two jurors must be exactly identical before differential treatment may be considered
in support of a Batson claim. The state court, rather, reasonably upheld the trial

                                         -6-
court’s finding that the prosecutor perceived a race-neutral distinction between the
jurors.

       During voir dire, Evans stated that her niece had been arrested and jailed for
three months because her niece’s boyfriend was involved in a crime and her niece
could not account for her whereabouts. After the boyfriend confessed to the crime,
Evans explained, the police “just let [my niece] go” and “did not say anything else to
my niece.” According to Evans, her niece was “traumatized” by the experience and
had to see a psychologist. Although Tincu stated during voir dire that her nephew
had been in prison for five years for burglary, she also explained that she was a
witness in a vehicular manslaughter case in which the defendant was released after
serving seven years in prison. Tincu stated that she was upset that her nephew was
treated too harshly and the other individual too leniently, and that she was disturbed
by the disparity in treatment given the relative seriousness of one of the offenses.
After defense counsel proffered Tincu as similarly situated to Evans, the prosecutor
argued that Tincu did not feel that her nephew was persecuted by the police, but that
“the system was too lenient on somebody.”

       The record supports the prosecutor’s explanation that Evans, in light of her
niece’s experience with the criminal justice system, had some distrust of courts and
prosecutors. When asked if she felt that her niece was treated unfairly, Evans stated
that her niece was “traumatized” by the experience and had to see a psychologist.
Tincu, on the other hand, expressed concern about a perceived disparity in
punishment between her nephew and another man charged with a different crime.
Unlike Evans, who complained about her niece’s arrest, jailing, and subsequent
unexplained release, Tincu’s responses did not clearly suggest a belief that her
nephew had been improperly arrested or jailed. Edwards stresses that Evans stated
that she could be fair to both sides, but “peremptory strikes need not meet the
standard of a strike for cause.” Stenhouse, 631 F.3d at 892. Given the respective voir
dire testimony of Evans and Tincu, the state courts reasonably credited the

                                         -7-
prosecutor’s asserted perception of a race-neutral distinction between the jurors.
“Even fine race-neutral distinctions between [jurors] are a permissible basis for
strikes,” Taylor v. Roper, 577 F.3d 848, 866 (8th Cir. 2009), and Edwards has not
shown that “it was unreasonable to credit the prosecutor’s race-neutral explanations
for the Batson challenge.” Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 338 (2006).

        Edwards also argues that the Supreme Court of Missouri’s decision is contrary
to and an unreasonable application of Batson, because the court substituted reasons
to justify the strike that were not offered by the prosecution. After discussing the voir
dire responses of Evans and Tincu, and noting the prosecutor’s explanation that he
understood Tincu “not to be mad at the court system, . . . just unhappy with how her
nephew had been treated,” the court stated that, “[m]oreover,” the defense had tried
to strike Tincu for cause, because she said during voir dire that she might hold it
against Edwards if he did not testify. Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 525. The court also
referred to Tincu’s testimony that two of her friends were “carjacked, raped, shot, and
left for dead,” and expressed concern that she might have difficulty keeping this
experience from affecting her view of the case if it involved a shooting. Id.

        These additional observations, Edwards argues, were contrary to the command
of federal law that reviewing courts must not interject race-neutral reasons that were
not expressed by the prosecutor. He relies again on Miller-El II, a case that was
decided two years after the state supreme court’s decision in this case, and thus not
clearly established law for purposes of this case. In Miller-El II, the Court said that
“[i]f the [prosecutor’s] stated reason does not hold up, its pretextual significance does
not fade because a trial judge, or an appeals court, can imagine a reason that might
not have shown up as false.” 545 U.S. at 252. Even assuming this rule was clearly
established law in 2003, the prosecutor’s stated reason for striking Evans (and not
striking Tincu) is supported by the record. The state court’s determination that the
strike was not motivated by race was not an unreasonable determination of the facts.
This is not a case where the prosecutor’s stated reason for the strike did not “hold

                                          -8-
up.” The court’s mention of two additional facts does not render its decision contrary
to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. See Taylor v.
Sisto, 449 F. App’x 665, 668 n.3 (9th Cir. 2011).

                                          B.

       We next consider Edwards’s claims concerning the peremptory strike of
prospective juror Burton. Edwards contends that the decision of the Supreme Court
of Missouri upholding the strike was based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts, and that it was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly
established federal law.

       In response to Edwards’s Batson challenge, the prosecutor stated that he struck
Burton because he was a postal worker. The prosecutor described the post office as
“one of the biggest bureaucratic organizations in the world,” and noted that postal
workers have to follow “so many rules and regulations.” The prosecutor stated that
a postal worker might see jury service, particularly in a capital case, as a chance to
“not follow the rules.” The prosecutor also pointed out that he struck “anything close
to a postal worker,” including prospective jurors Robert Piazza, who worked for
Federal Express, and Catherine Williams, whose spouse was a letter carrier. Defense
counsel, attempting to show pretext, noted the prosecutor’s failure to strike two jurors
with “bureaucratic” occupations: Daniel Meehan, who worked for the City of
Clayton, and Thomas Schumacher, whom defense counsel mistakenly believed was
a retired member of the military.2 After hearing the prosecutor’s response, the trial
court overruled Edwards’s objection. The Supreme Court of Missouri affirmed,




      2
     The Supreme Court of Missouri noted defense counsel’s mistaken belief as to
Schumacher’s occupation, Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 526, and the record reflects that
Schumacher actually worked for the National Archives.

                                          -9-
holding that the “trial court’s determination that the strike of Juror Burton was not
pretextual was not clearly erroneous.” Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 528.

      Edwards argues that the state court decision is contrary to and involves an
unreasonable application of Batson, because the court failed to consider statistical
evidence showing that 50% of postal workers in St. Louis County are black, as
compared to just 18% of St. Louis County residents. This evidence should have been
considered, Edwards contends, at the second step of the Batson analysis to determine
whether the prosecutor articulated a race-neutral reason for the strike. This statistical
evidence, however, was not “presented in the State court proceeding,” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(2), and Edwards is not entitled to relief based on the state court’s failure
to consider evidence that was not before it. See Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388,
1398 (2011); cf. Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 241 n.2. In any event, the issue at the
second step is the “facial validity” of the prosecutor’s explanation. Unless a
discriminatory intent is inherent in the explanation, the proffered reason will be
deemed race-neutral. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768 (1995) (per curiam). The
prosecutor’s explanation was race-neutral, see Williams v. Groose, 77 F.3d 259, 261
(8th Cir. 1996), and the state courts did not act contrary to or unreasonably apply
Batson by proceeding to the third step of the Batson inquiry. See Purkett, 514 U.S.
at 767-68.

       Edwards also contends the state supreme court made an unreasonable
determination of the facts when it stated that the “trial court found that the strike [of
Burton] was not pretextual and denied the challenge.” Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 526.
According to Edwards, this statement mistakenly indicates that the trial court made
“explicit findings” regarding the prosecutor’s credibility. The trial court, in
overruling Edwards’s objection, stated only that “[t]he Batson challenge will be
denied as to [Burton].” The denial of a Batson challenge, however, “is itself a finding
at [Batson’s] third step that the defendant failed to carry his burden of establishing
that the strike was motivated by purposeful discrimination,” Smulls v. Roper, 535

                                          -10-
F.3d 853, 863 (8th Cir. 2008) (en banc), and it “includes an implicit finding that the
prosecutor’s explanation was credible.” Taylor, 577 F.3d at 856. Thus, the state
supreme court’s finding was not an unreasonable determination of the facts.

       Edwards argues that he is entitled to relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) and
(d)(2) because the Supreme Court of Missouri “ignored the fact that the prosecution
could not explain how Burton’s occupation was related to the facts of the case.” In
response to the Batson objection, the prosecutor stated that postal workers “are told
everyday that there are so many rules and regulations that they have to follow.” In
a capital case, the prosecutor explained, where there are “more rules and regulations
at the trial,” a postal worker might see it as an opportunity to “not follow the rules”
and to say, “I do that twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, I’m not going to
do that.” The prosecutor also described his experience in a prior trial where, despite
“overwhelming” evidence of guilt, he felt that a postal worker juror delayed a guilty
verdict for eight hours. In light of this record, the state supreme court reasonably
found that “the prosecutor did not merely state that he struck [Burton] because he was
a postal worker.” Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 528. Rather, the prosecutor cited a prior
negative experience with a postal worker juror, and “gave specific reasons why he felt
postal workers would not be good jurors.” Id. Edwards has not shown that the state
court’s decision was contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established
federal law. Nor has he shown that the state court’s decision was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts.

        The Supreme Court of Missouri also found that the lack of pretext was
“buttressed” by the prosecution’s use of strikes against the two jurors “most similar”
to Burton: Piazza, a Federal Express worker, and Williams, who was married to a
letter carrier. Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 528. Edwards argues, however, that Piazza
and Williams were not similarly situated to Burton because their voir dire answers,
which allegedly indicated a pro-defense bias, gave the prosecutor an independent
reason to strike them. Williams stated that her husband’s aunt and uncle had been

                                         -11-
murdered and the perpetrators were executed. She explained that she had “seen the
devastation and despair on both sides for the victim and for the people that committed
the crime.” Piazza stated that he could consider a sentence of life imprisonment even
if the defense presented no evidence of mitigating factors. Notwithstanding these
statements, the record still permits the finding of the state courts that the prosecution
struck Burton for race-neutral reasons. Piazza and Williams, while not employed by
the postal service, either worked in or were married to individuals with mail-related
occupations, and Edwards identifies no similarly-situated white juror that the
prosecution failed to strike. The record thus supports the state supreme court’s
finding that Piazza and Williams were “most similar” to Burton. Edwards, 116
S.W.3d at 528. “‘[S]imilarly situated’ for purposes of justifying the use of
peremptory strikes does not require similarity in all respects.” Smulls, 535 F.3d at
865. The jurors “are similar enough that we cannot say on this record that the
prosecutor’s stated reason—[Burton’s] occupation—was a pretext for racial
discrimination.” Id.

       Edwards also suggests that he is entitled to relief because the state supreme
court “overlooked and ignored” what he characterizes as “pattern and practice”
evidence of racial discrimination by St. Louis County prosecutors. Edwards contends
that “the vast majority of Batson reversals in the last twenty-five years from Missouri
appellate courts arose from St. Louis County.” He cites seven decisions from
Missouri appellate courts since 1988 finding that a Batson violation occurred. He
also points to a 1990 newspaper article regarding a former assistant St. Louis County
prosecutor who claimed that other attorneys advised him to strike blacks from juries.
While not going so far as to suggest that “St. Louis County had a ‘specific policy’ of
excluding African-Americans from criminal juries,” Edwards claims that this
evidence, coupled with the particular evidence in his case, shows that the prosecutor’s
explanations for the strikes are “unworthy of belief.”




                                          -12-
       “Whether a peremptory strike was motivated by race is ultimately a question
of fact,” Taylor, 577 F.3d at 854, and state court factfinding must be assessed “in
light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(2). Likewise, “review under § 2254(d)(1) is limited to the record that was
before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.” Cullen, 131 S. Ct. at
1398. Edwards’s “pattern and practice” evidence was not presented in the state court
proceedings, and this is not a case where Edwards simply offers new theories about
evidence that was presented to the state courts. Cf. Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 241 n.2.
On the record that was before the state courts, the state supreme court did not
unreasonably apply clearly established federal law by rejecting Edwards’s objection
to the strike. See Cullen, 131 S. Ct. at 1398.

       Finally, Edwards argues that the Supreme Court of Missouri unreasonably
applied Batson because it failed to consider that the prosecution struck all three
remaining black prospective jurors.3 Batson said that a “pattern” of strikes against
black jurors might give rise to an inference of discrimination that would establish a
prima facie case of discrimination at step one of the analysis. 476 U.S. at 97.
Edwards has not shown that the state supreme court failed to consider this fact. The
state court assumed that Edwards made a prima facie case and resolved the Batson
challenges at step three of the analysis. A state court, moreover, “need not make
detailed findings addressing all the evidence before it.” Miller-El I, 537 U.S. at 347.
“[F]ederal law has never required explicit fact-findings following a Batson challenge,
especially where a prima facie case is acknowledged and the prosecution presents
specific nondiscriminatory reasons on the record.” Smulls, 535 F.3d at 860. The
Supreme Court of Missouri did not unreasonably apply clearly established federal law

      3
        With respect to the third stricken juror, Robinson, the prosecutor explained
that Robinson thought that the “police lied,” that his nephew was “persecuted,” and
that the death penalty was “not applied equally in our society.” The trial court found
that the prosecutor did not act with discriminatory purpose in striking Robinson, and
Edwards did not appeal the trial court’s decision on that point.

                                         -13-
by failing to mention specifically that the prosecution struck the three remaining
black jurors.

                                        IV.

      We turn now to Edwards’s claim that his rights under the Self-Incrimination
Clause of the Fifth Amendment, as incorporated by the Fourteenth, were violated by
two “independent, but interrelated events.”

                                         A.

       Edwards argues that the prosecutor improperly commented on his failure to
testify when, during the penalty phase summation, the prosecutor stated:

             Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, we have just heard quite a bit
      about Kimber Edwards’[s] life both before the time of his arrest and
      after in terms of his contacts with his family and his friend.

            What’s the one thing we haven’t heard about that Kimber
      Edwards has expressed to anyone, remorse. Any remorse, any sadness
      about the killing of Kimberly Cantrell and why haven’t you heard about
      it? Because he hasn’t obviously expressed it to anybody.

The Supreme Court of Missouri rejected Edwards’s claim, holding that the statement
was a reference to Edwards’s lack of remorse and therefore relevant to his character,
which was “an important issue in deciding punishment.” Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at
547. Edwards contends that state supreme court’s decision was contrary to and an
unreasonable application of Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609 (1965), as well as an
unreasonable determination of the facts.




                                        -14-
       Griffin held that the Fifth Amendment forbids direct prosecutorial comment on
the accused’s failure to testify. 380 U.S. at 615. In that case, the prosecutor argued
to the jury that the defendant knew the facts, but had “not seen fit to take the stand
and deny or explain.” Id. at 611. The Court held that the prosecutor’s comment
violated the accused’s right against self-incrimination. The prosecutor’s statement
in this case was not a direct comment on Edwards’s failure to testify.

       Citing Lesko v. Lehman, 925 F.2d 1527 (3d Cir. 1991), and Laird v. Horn, 159
F. Supp. 2d 58 (E.D. Pa. 2001), Edwards argues in substance that the prosecutor’s
argument was an indirect comment on Edwards’s silence, and that it was calculated
to induce the jury to draw an adverse inference from the failure to testify. This
contention would not fare well even on direct appeal in a federal case. The
prosecutor’s comments are more naturally understood as a reference to Edwards’s
evidence at the penalty phase, where no witness testified that Edwards had expressed
remorse or sadness to any of the defense witnesses. But this claim arises under
AEDPA, and it fails for a more basic reason: the Supreme Court has never clearly
established that a prosecutor may not comment on the evidence in a way that
indirectly refers to the defendant’s silence. Diggs v. Hulick, 236 F. App’x 212, 215
(7th Cir. 2007); Yancey v. Gilmore, 113 F.3d 104, 106-07 (7th Cir. 1997). The
Supreme Court of Missouri thus did not unreasonably apply clearly established
federal law by rejecting Edwards’s claim based on Griffin.

                                          B.

       Edwards also claims that the trial court’s refusal to give a no-adverse-inference
instruction during the penalty phase violated his rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth
Amendments. At trial, Edwards’s proffered an instruction based on a Missouri model
instruction, which provided: “Under the law, a defendant has the right not to testify.
No presumption of guilt may be raised and no inference of any kind may be drawn
from the fact that the defendant did not testify.” Edwards’s proposal modified this

                                         -15-
instruction by removing the words “of guilt.” The trial court refused the instruction,
reasoning that the words “of guilt” were “substantive” and indicated that the
instruction “only applies to the guilt phase.”

        On direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Missouri held that the trial court erred
in concluding that a defendant is entitled to a no-adverse-inference instruction only
in the guilt phase. Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 540. Citing Carter v. Kentucky, 450
U.S. 288 (1981), and Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454 (1981), the state supreme court
reasoned that “a defendant’s right not to have adverse inferences drawn from his
exercise of his privilege against self-incrimination applies to the penalty as well as
to the guilt phase of a capital murder trial.” 116 S.W.3d at 540. Applying Chapman
v. California, 386 U.S. 18 (1967), however, the court determined that the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 116 S.W.3d at 541-43. Because Edwards had
testified in the guilt phase, and the jury was told that it could consider the guilt phase
evidence in deciding punishment, the court reasoned that “the jury would not draw
the same, almost automatic, negative inference from the fact that he did not testify in
the penalty phase that it draws where a defendant fails to testify at all.” Id. at 542.
The court also reasoned that, given the jury’s rejection of Edwards’s guilt phase
testimony that he was innocent, the jury would not have expected him to testify again
in the penalty phase. Id. at 543.

      Edwards claims that the Supreme Court of Missouri unreasonably applied
Chapman and unreasonably determined the facts, because the court failed to consider
the impact of the prosecutor’s allegedly improper comment. Having already
concluded that the state courts did not unreasonably apply federal law in rejecting
Edwards’s claim based on the prosecutorial argument, we likewise conclude that
Edwards is not entitled to relief based on the state court’s failure to consider the
prosecutor’s statement in its harmless error analysis.




                                          -16-
       The Supreme Court of Missouri determined that the trial court’s failure to give
a no-adverse-inference instruction was harmless under Chapman. Edwards I, 116
S.W.3d at 543. We will assume for the sake of analysis that the trial court’s decision
on the instruction was contrary to clearly established federal law. Cf. Mitchell v.
United States, 526 U.S. 314, 329 (1999). In conducting harmless-error analysis in
this § 2254 proceeding, however, we do not apply the “harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt” standard of Chapman, but rather the “less onerous standard” set forth in
Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619 (1993). Fry v. Pliler, 551 U.S. 112, 117 (2007).
Under Brecht, habeas relief is proper only if an error had a substantial and injurious
effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. See Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637.

       Essentially for the reasons given by the Supreme Court of Missouri, we
conclude that the alleged error was harmless. In Carter, the Supreme Court explained
that jurors “can be expected to notice a defendant’s failure to testify, and, without a
limiting instruction, to speculate about incriminating inferences from a defendant’s
silence.” 450 U.S. at 304. While a jury might focus on a defendant’s failure to testify
in a case where the defendant does not testify at all, the risk is diminished in this case
because Edwards did testify in the guilt phase of his trial.

       During the guilt phase, the State presented evidence of two statements Edwards
made to police shortly after Cantrell’s death. In the first statement, Edwards
confessed to hiring a man named “Mike” to kill Cantrell for $1,600. In the second,
he provided additional details of Orthel Wilson’s role in the scheme. Edwards then
took the stand in his defense and denied any involvement in Cantrell’s death. The
jury rejected Edwards’s testimony when it found that he arranged Cantrell’s murder.
Given the jury’s finding that Edwards hired a man to kill his ex-wife, and its implicit
disbelief of Edwards’s denial on the witness stand, it is unlikely that the jury would
expect Edwards to testify again in the penalty phase and that it would consider his
failure to do so in reaching a decision.



                                          -17-
       The State made only a brief presentation during the penalty phase, calling two
of Cantrell’s siblings to testify about the impact of her death. Edwards countered
with testimony from nine of his friends, family members, and coworkers. This
context would not have led the jury to expect that Edwards would return to the stand.
We agree with the Supreme Court of Missouri that “there is little more he could have
said, except repeat a story the jury had already rejected and ask for mercy, and other
witnesses asked for mercy on his behalf.” Edwards I, 116 S.W.3d at 543. We thus
conclude that the asserted error of the trial court in failing to give a no-adverse-
inference instruction during the penalty phase did not have a substantial and injurious
influence on the jury’s verdict.

                                         V.

      Finally, Edwards appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for funds to
conduct a mental examination. This order denied “a motion to enlarge the authority
of appointed counsel,” Harbison v. Bell, 556 U.S. 180, 183 (2009), so we may
consider it without a certificate of appealability.

       In his habeas petition, Edwards claimed that he was incompetent to stand trial.
Edwards’s counsel, citing “difficulties in effectively communicating” with Edwards,
also argued that Edwards “remains incompetent” to proceed in his habeas
proceedings. While Edwards’s petition was pending, his counsel sought funds under
18 U.S.C. § 3599(f) for Dr. William S. Logan to conduct a mental evaluation of
Edwards to determine his competence to proceed with the habeas petition. The
district court denied the motion, concluding that Edwards failed to show that funds
for a mental examination were reasonably necessary.

      A court may authorize defense counsel to obtain “investigative, expert, or other
services” upon a finding that the services are “reasonably necessary for the
representation of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3599(f). Upon such authorization, the

                                         -18-
court shall order the payment of fees and expenses for such services. Id.
§ 3599(f), (g)(2). Edwards bears the burden of establishing that the mental
examination is reasonably necessary, see United States v. Thurmon, 413 F.3d 752,
755 (8th Cir. 2005), and we review the district court’s decision for abuse of
discretion. See Fautenberry v. Mitchell, 572 F.3d 267, 268 (6th Cir. 2009). This
court has expressed doubts about whether a habeas petitioner has a statutory right to
competence during habeas corpus proceedings. See Paul v. United States, 534 F.3d
832, 848 (8th Cir. 2008). Cf. In re Gonzales, 623 F.3d 1242 (9th Cir. 2010), cert.
granted, 132 S. Ct. 1738 (2012) (No. 10-930); Carter v. Bradshaw, 644 F.3d 329,
336-37 (6th Cir. 2011), cert. granted, 132 S. Ct. 1738 (2012) (No. 11-218). But
assuming for the sake of analysis that the right may exist, we conclude that the district
court did not abuse its discretion in denying Edwards’s motion.

       In the motion, Edwards’s counsel stated that they had reason to believe that
Edwards’s mental condition had deteriorated in the five years since a prior evaluation.
Counsel explained that Edwards was continually involved in “petty feuds” with
prison officials, causing him to spend a majority of his time in solitary confinement.
Acknowledging that they are not “trained mental health professionals,” Edwards’s
counsel stated their “belief” that a mental evaluation was “reasonably necessary” to
determine Edwards’s competence. Aside from these assertions, Edwards cited the
“well-settled fact” that solitary confinement often causes a prisoner’s mental state to
deteriorate. As the district court noted, however, Edwards set forth no evidence
regarding the circumstances of his confinement or their effect on his mental health.
In the context of competency to stand trial, an attorney’s “express doubt” of his
client’s competence, though relevant, is not alone sufficient to raise “sufficient doubt”
to warrant a competency hearing. Reynolds v. Norris, 86 F.3d 796, 800 (8th Cir.
1996). We conclude that Edwards, relying on nothing more than his counsel’s doubts
about his competence, failed to meet his burden to show that a mental examination
was reasonably necessary. The district court thus did not abuse its discretion in
denying the motion for funds.

                                          -19-
                                 *      *      *

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Edwards’s motion to hold the
appeal in abeyance is denied.
                       ______________________________




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