                              Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                        No. 04-12-00669-CR

                                        Donald W. COX Sr.,
                                            Appellant

                                                  v.

                                       The STATE of Texas,
                                             Appellee

                    From the 216th Judicial District Court, Bandera County, Texas
                                     Trial Court No. CR-12-036
                           Honorable N. Keith Williams, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: May 21, 2014

AFFIRMED

           Pursuant to a plea bargain, Donald Cox Sr. pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine

(in an amount of more than one gram but less than four grams) with the intent to deliver and was

sentenced to a ten-year term of imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice—

Institutional Division. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(c) (West 2010). On

appeal, he contends the trial court erred by denying his pretrial motion to suppress. Because we

hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Cox’s motion, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.
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                                          BACKGROUND

        In January 2012, Cox was on probation in the 216th Judicial District Court of Bandera

County, Texas, for drug offenses. One of the terms of Cox’s probation provided that he would

consent to searches of his residence by probation officers. On January 17, probation officers Nick

Madrid and Jody Lange arrived at Cox’s residence for a home visit. Cox was at home, and the

officers conducted a search of his residence during which they found methamphetamine. After his

indictment for possession with the intent to deliver, Cox moved to suppress the evidence arising

from the search, alleging that it was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United

States Constitution and article 1, section 9 of the Texas Constitution.

        At the pretrial suppression hearing, Cox focused on challenging “the initial entry and

search into the home.” The State conceded the search was conducted without a warrant, but it

contended the search was lawful because Cox consented to the search. Madrid, Lange, and Cox all

testified as witnesses at the hearing. All three agreed that Cox, in response to a request by the

officers, consented to let them enter and “look around” his residence. There was evidence at the

hearing that the officers picked up and examined items in Cox’s residence prior to their discovery

of illegal drugs.

        The trial court made written findings of fact and conclusions of law. As relevant to Cox’s

appeal, the trial court found:

                10. On or about January 17, 2012, Nick Madrid and Jody Lange
                contacted [Cox] at his residence and requested to enter the residence
                to look around for the purpose of monitoring the Defendant’s
                compliance with the terms and conditions of his community
                supervision. . .

                12. On or about January 17, 2012, [Cox] freely and voluntarily gave
                consent for Nick Madrid and Jody Lange to enter his residence and
                to look around the residence.



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               13. On or about January 17, 2012, [Cox] freely and voluntarily gave
               consent for Nick Madrid and Jody Lange to search his residence.

               14. On or about January 17, 2012, [Cox] did not limit his consent to
               the search of his residence.

               15. On or about January 17, 2012, [Cox] remained present when
               Jody Lange and Nick Madrid searched his residence.

               16. On or about January 17, 2012, [Cox] did not object or attempt to
               withdraw his previously given consent when Jody Lange and/or
               Nick Madrid searched his residence.

Based on its findings, the trial court concluded that the State proved by clear and convincing

evidence that Cox consented to Madrid and Lange’s search of his residence, and the court therefore

denied Cox’s motion to suppress.

                                            DISCUSSION

       On appeal, Cox contends that his consent for the probation officers to “look around” limited

the type of search the probation officers could conduct to a visual inspection of his residence. Thus,

he argues, the officers exceeded the scope of his consent by conducting a physical search of objects

within his residence and the State failed to prove the illegal drugs were found pursuant to a consent

search. He also argues the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting its

decision are erroneous.

Consensual Searches

       “The Fourth Amendment protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures.”

State v. Weaver, 349 S.W.3d 521, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “The entry into a residence by

police officers is a ‘search’ for purposes of the Fourth Amendment, but an owner’s or occupant’s

voluntary consent makes that entry constitutionally ‘reasonable.’” Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d

442, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “A person’s consent to search can be communicated to law

enforcement in a variety of ways, including by words, action, or circumstantial evidence showing


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implied consent.” Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 458 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “The

voluntariness of a person’s consent is also a question of fact that is determined by analyzing all of

the circumstances of a particular situation.” Id. at 459. “The trial judge must conduct a careful

sifting and balancing of the unique facts and circumstances of each case in deciding whether a

particular consent search was voluntary or coerced.” Id.

        “A person is free to limit the scope of the consent that he gives.” Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at

449. “It is therefore ‘important to take account of any express or implied limitations or

qualifications attending that consent which establish the permissible scope of the search in terms

of such matters as time, duration, area, or intensity.’” Weaver, 349 S.W.3d at 526 (quoting 4

WAYNE R. LAFAVE, SEARCH AND SEIZURE § 8.1(c) at 19 (4th ed. 2004)). However, “a person’s

silence in the face of an officer’s further actions may imply consent to that further action.”

Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at 449. “‘[T]he standard for measuring the scope of consent under the Fourth

Amendment is that of “objective” reasonableness—what would the typical reasonable person have

understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect?’” Id. (quoting Florida v. Jimeno,

500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991)); see also United States v. Stewart, 93 F.3d 189, 192 (5th Cir. 1996)

(“Recitation of magic words is unnecessary; the key inquiry focuses on what the typical reasonable

person would have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect.”)

        Under the United States Constitution, voluntary consent may be proven by a preponderance

of the evidence. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 331 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The Texas

Constitution requires the State to prove voluntary consent by clear and convincing evidence. 1 Id.




1
 Although Cox complained about the search on both federal and state grounds, Cox has not identified any substantive
difference of law except for the burden of proof to justify a finding of voluntary consent.

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Standard of Review

       When we review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we accord the court’s factual

findings “almost total deference,” provided its determinations are supported by the record. State v.

Woodard, 341 S.W.3d 404, 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We thus view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and afford its ruling “‘the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.’” Id. (quoting State

v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). “And when reviewing mixed

questions of law and fact, courts afford great deference to the trial judge’s rulings, provided that

those rulings depend upon evaluations of credibility and demeanor.” Id. “But when credibility and

demeanor [are] irrelevant, courts conduct a de novo review.” Id.

Application

       Cox’s argument that he did not consent to a physical search of items in his residence heavily

relies on the fact that the officers never asked if they could perform a “search.” Instead, they only

asked whether they could “look around.” Cox argues that consent to “look around” could not have

reasonably been understood as consent for the officers to pick up and examine objects in Cox’s

residence.

       Cox’s primary authority is United States v. LeBlanc, 490 F.3d 361 (5th Cir. 2007). In

LeBlanc, the Fifth Circuit considered whether a probation officer’s home visit with a probationer

amounted to a search under the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 369–70. When the officer arrived at the

probationer’s residence, he asked if he could come inside and “look around.” Id. at 363. The

probationer consented and walked around his residence with the officer and conversed with him.

Id. at 363–64. While they walked around the residence, the officer saw a shotgun in plain view,

which was a violation of the probationer’s terms of probation. Id. at 364. On appeal, the probationer

argued that “by asking if he could ‘look around,’ [the officer] conducted a form of search that was
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not imposed as a condition of [the probationer’s] probation.” Id. at 369. The Fifth Circuit held that

the officer had not conducted a search. Id.

       LeBlanc is not on point. The issue at Cox’s suppression hearing was not whether the

probation officers conducted a search, but whether the type of search the officers conducted fell

within the scope of Cox’s voluntary consent. LeBlanc’s holding that a visual inspection of a

probationer’s residence did not rise to the level of a Fourth Amendment search does not support

Cox’s contention that his consent to “look around” did not include the physical examination of

items in his residence.

       The Dallas court of appeals has considered whether a person’s consent to “look around”

his residence limited the permissible scope of an officer’s search to a visual inspection or instead

permitted the officer to also conduct a physical search of objects within the residence. Marshall v.

State, Nos. 05-98-01989-CR, 05-98-01990-CR, & 05-98-01991, 2000 WL 816037 (Tex. App.—

Dallas June 26, 2000, no pet.) (not designated for publication). In Marshall, an investigating officer

went to the residence of the defendant’s nephew and asked to “look around,” and the nephew

consented. Id. at *1. While the officer looked around, he saw a trenchcoat on the floor. Id. The

officer seized and searched the coat, discovering a gun and crack cocaine in its pockets. Id.

       The defendant argued that his nephew’s consent to the officer only authorized the officer

to look around, not to seize and search anything. Id. at *4. The court rejected that argument

               Such a phrase, if given in the context of normal citizen interaction
               (such as a customer being given the proprietor's permission to look
               around an antique store), customarily carries with it permission to
               pick up and examine articles. “Look around” or “look over” are
               every day phrases that imply a willingness to allow examination, not
               just observation, of everything from live stock at an auction to
               accounting figures in business records. These phrases would be
               meaningless if taken literally in our society; preventing the
               examination of a horses teeth for instance or the inside of accounting
               books. Because of this commonality of usage of the phrase “look
               around” throughout daily cultural activity, we conclude [the officer]
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               acted reasonably in believing [the nephew’s] permission to look
               around included permission to pick up and examine articles found
               throughout the apartment.

Id. at *5. The Dallas court’s reasoning is persuasive and fatal to Cox’s contention that his consent

for the officers to look around could not be reasonably understood as consent for the officers to

conduct a physical search of objects in his residence, in addition to a visual inspection. We hold a

reasonable officer could readily conclude that Cox’s consent for the probation officers to “look

around” encompassed his consent for them to pick up and examine objects in his residence.

       Our conclusion is also supported by Cox’s silence in the face of his probation officers’

actions. A reasonable person could conclude that Cox’s silence after the officers began physically

searching objects in his residence implied the scope of his consent “to look around” included

consent for the officers to pick up and examine objects in his residence. See Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d

at 449. We reject Cox’s argument that his silence is not probative to whether he voluntarily

consented. See id. Therefore, based on Cox’s statement to the probation officers that they could

“look around” and his silence in the face of their subsequent actions, we hold a reasonable person

could conclude that the State showed Cox voluntarily consented to the officer’s examination of

items in his residence by clear and convincing evidence.

       In addition, Cox’s argument essentially asks that we impose a requirement that an officer

must ask for and a probationer must utter the magic words “I consent to a search” before an officer

may examine items in a probation’s residence. See Stewart, 93 F.3d at 192. Such a requirement is

inconsistent with the totality-of-the-circumstances analysis. See id.

       Most of Cox’s challenges to the trial court’s written findings of fact and conclusions of law

are based on these same arguments and they are overruled for the same reasons.

       Cox’s one remaining challenge to the court’s findings and conclusions is that the trial court

erred by concluding the terms of Cox’s community supervision that required Cox to consent to
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searches by his probation officers were reasonable. He argues that the Court of Criminal Appeals

rejected similar conditions as unconstitutional and unreasonable in Tamez v. State, 534 S.W.2d

686 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976).

       The searching officer in Tamez conducted a search of the defendant’s vehicle. Id. at 688.

The State attempted to justify the search on the basis that the defendant consented to searches at

any time under the terms of his probation for an earlier offense. Id. at 689–90. The Court rejected

the State’s reliance on the defendant’s probation conditions because the conditions were overbroad

and because the defendant’s acceptance of those conditions could not have been the result of

voluntary consent. Id. The opinion, however, does not discuss whether the defendant was asked

for or gave express consent to search his vehicle.

       Assuming arguendo that the terms of Cox’s community supervision were overly broad and

that he could properly challenge those terms at this suppression hearing (long after they were

imposed), Tamez would still not support reversal. In this case, the State does not attempt to justify

the search of Cox’s residence as reasonable solely on the basis of Cox’s terms of community

supervision. Instead, the probation officers asked for Cox’s consent to “look around,” and Cox

gave his consent. The State’s search of Cox’s residence is therefore based on his voluntary consent

at the time of the search and not on the (potentially overbroad) terms of his community supervision.

                                           CONCLUSION

       The trial court’s conclusion that Cox voluntarily consented to the search of his residence

and items within his residence is supported by the record, and we hold it was not an abuse of

discretion for the court to deny Cox’s motion to suppress. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.


                                                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Do Not Publish


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