               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                 No. COA19-977

                               Filed: 5 May 2020

New Hanover County, No. 17 CVS 3321

ANTHONY L. REGISTER, Administrator CTA of the ESTATE OF WILLIAM
CURTIS ROGERS, Plaintiff,

              v.

WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS, LLC, d/b/a AZALEA HEALTH AND
REHAB CENTER, and SABER HEALTHCARE HOLDINGS, LLC, Defendants.


      Appeal by Defendants from order entered 13 June 2019 by Judge R. Kent

Harrell in New Hanover County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 18

March 2020.


      Henson Fuerst, P.A., by Rachel Fuerst, Carmaletta Henson, and Shannon
      Gurwitch, and Hall and Green, LLP, by John F. Green and Alex Hall, for the
      Plaintiff.

      Young Moore and Henderson, P.A., by Madeleine M. Pfefferle, Dana H.
      Hoffman, and Angela Farag Craddock, for the Defendants.


      BROOK, Judge.


      Wrightsville Health Holdings, LLC, doing business as Azalea Health and

Rehab Center, and Saber Healthcare Holdings, LLC (collectively, “Defendants”),

appeal from an order denying Defendants’ motion to stay the proceedings and compel

arbitration on 13 June 2019. Because we hold that Defendants failed to prove the
                     REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                     Opinion of the Court



existence of a valid arbitration agreement and, in the alternative, that they waived

any contractual right to arbitrate, we affirm.

                         I. Factual and Procedural Background

       Anthony L. Register (“Plaintiff”), administrator of the estate of William S.

Rogers, initiated this suit on 28 August 2017, alleging that Defendants were

negligent in their treatment and care of Mr. Rogers while he was a patient and

resident at Defendants’ skilled nursing facility. Plaintiff is married to Mr. Rogers’s

daughter, Lisa Register, who had the authority to make healthcare decisions on

behalf of Mr. Rogers under a health care power of attorney. Plaintiff brought claims

for medical negligence, administrative/corporate negligence, ordinary negligence, a

survival action and wrongful death action, and asserted a claim for punitive

damages.1

       Defendants filed an answer to Plaintiff’s complaint on 30 October 2017; their

answer included a motion to compel arbitration. Plaintiff served discovery requests

on Defendants, including requests for production of information and documents

related to the alleged arbitration agreement. A hearing was set on the motion to

compel arbitration; however, on 15 February 2018, Defendants withdrew their

motion to compel arbitration. In Defendants’ responses to Plaintiff’s first set of



       1 Plaintiff’s initial suit included as defendants Jeffrey D. Seder, M.D., and Brunswick
Cardiology, P.C. Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his claims against Dr. Seder and Brunswick
Cardiology without prejudice on 30 April 2019.

                                            -2-
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



interrogatories and requests for production, Defendants objected to questions

relating to the alleged arbitration agreement, noting they had withdrawn their

motion to compel arbitration.

      Prior defense counsel filed a motion to withdraw as counsel on 6 March 2019,

and the trial court allowed the motion the same day. Defendants then filed an

amended Rule 15 motion and motion to stay the proceedings and compel arbitration

on 29 May 2019; the motion included an electronic record that Defendants alleged

was an arbitration agreement signed by Ms. Register when Mr. Rogers was admitted

to Defendants’ facility. On 4 June 2019, Plaintiff responded to Defendants’ motion

and included affidavits of Plaintiff and Ms. Register denying that Ms. Register signed

the alleged arbitration agreement.

      A hearing was held on Defendants’ new motion to compel arbitration before

Judge Harrell on 5 June 2019. At the hearing, Defendants objected to the affidavits

as untimely because they were served on the eve of the hearing. The trial court

offered Defendants a continuance to a later hearing date so that Defendants could

prepare a response to the affidavits; Defendants declined the trial court’s offer. The

trial court accepted the affidavits.

      The trial court denied Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration by written

order on 13 June 2019 and made the following relevant findings of fact:

             1. That this action was commenced by the filing of the
             complaint by the Plaintiff on August 28, 2017.


                                          -3-
      REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                     Opinion of the Court



2. That the defendants filed their answer on October 30,
2017. As part of that answer, the defendants included a
motion to compel arbitration.

3. Plaintiff served discovery requests on defendants which
included requests for information and documents directly
related to the alleged arbitration agreement.

4. The [first] motion to compel arbitration was noticed for
hearing by the defendants on January 11, 2018 to be heard
February 28, 2018

5. On February 9, 2018 counsel for the defendants emailed
counsel for the plaintiff and stated “We do not intend to
move forward with our motion to compel arbitration . . . I
think you had served some discovery with respect to the
arbitration issue. Please let me know if we still need to
respond to that in light of our motion withdrawal.”

6. That on February 14, 2018, the defendants filed with the
court a Withdrawal of Motion which stated that defendants
were withdrawing their motion to compel arbitration.

7. In response to plaintiff’s first set of interrogatories and
request for production of documents, the defendants lodged
objections to the relevancy of questions relating to the
alleged arbitration agreement and noted that it had
withdrawn its motion to compel arbitration.

8. Plaintiff did not seek orders to compel productions to
those specific discovery requests based on the defendant
having withdrawn the motion to compel arbitration.

9. Following their withdrawal of the motion to compel
arbitration, the defendants took the following actions:

      a. Defendants served written interrogatories and
      request for production of documents on plaintiff on
      February 20, 2018.

      b. Defendants circulated their proposed revised
      discovery scheduling order on February 26, 2018.

                            -4-
      REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                      Opinion of the Court



      c. Defendants filed a motion requesting court
      involvement in the preparation of the discovery
      scheduling order on March 27, 2018.

      d. Defendants noticed the depositions of Lisa
      Register and Tina Glisson on May 30, 2018. In
      defendants [sic] deposition of Lisa Register, counsel
      did not address any issues relating to the purported
      arbitration agreement which forms the basis of this
      motion.

      e. Defendants took part in and questioned [ten]
      witnesses at depositions . . . .

             ...

      f. Defendants agreed to terms of a consent order
      compelling it to respond to certain discovery
      requests of the plaintiff on December 3, 2018.

10. On March 6, 2019, counsel for the defendants filed a
motion to withdraw due to issues that had arisen in their
representation of the defendants. Counsel informed the
court that Dana Hoffman (present counsel) had been
retained, had been provided all discovery and was prepared
to take over representation. In statements to the court,
counsel indicated that “[h]er involvement will not change
anything in terms of discovery scheduling order, the trial
date, would not prejudice the administration of this case in
any way. We’re not asking for any modification to DSO
[Discovery Scheduling Order], any attempt to move the
trial date, so I don’t think it’s in any way prejudicial to the
plaintiffs in this case.”

11. Following the appearance of Ms. Hoffman as counsel for
the defendants, interrogatories and requests for production
of documents were sent by defendants to Dr. Jeffrey Seder
and Brunswick Cardiology . . . on April 4, 2019.

12. Defendants then forwarded their second set of
interrogatories and request for production of documents to
the plaintiff on April 5, 2019.

                             -5-
      REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                     Opinion of the Court



13. On April 29, 2019 defendants filed a motion for
protective order to quash the 30(b)(6) Notice of Deposition
served by plaintiff on Defendant Saber Healthcare
Holdings, LLC and noticed the same for hearing.

14. On May 8, 2019 in a hearing before the Honorable Paul
Quinn on plaintiff’s motion to compel, defendants admitted
to violation of the prior order of the Court on December 3,
2018 compeling [sic] production of certain discovery. An
order from that hearing addressing sanctions is still
outstanding.

15. The defendants were also ordered by Judge Quinn in a
written order entered May 13, 2019 to compel production
of information which defendants had failed to provide in
response to other discovery requests. . . .

16. In support of their motion to compel arbitration,
defendants produced a copy of an electronic record which
purports to be an Arbitration Agreement signed at the time
of the decedent’s admission to the defendant’s facility. The
agreement purports to bear the signature of Lisa Register
who was the health care power of attorney for the decedent.

17. Lisa Register and plaintiff in this action have filed
affidavits in opposition to the motion to compel arbitration
which deny that the signature shown on the electronic
record is the signature of Lisa Register.

18. Defendants have failed or refused to provide
information about the employee who purportedly signed
the arbitration agreement on behalf of defendants.
Plaintiff has been unable to complete discovery on issues
relating to the arbitration agreement and reasonably relied
on the defendants [sic] withdrawal of the motion and
defendants [sic] statements that they would not move
forward with the motion in not pursuing a motion to compel
production of the information objected to in discovery
requests.




                            -6-
             REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                           Opinion of the Court



      19. As part of their preparation for litigation, counsel for
      the plaintiff retained a medical records expert who has
      reviewed the audit history for electronic records provided
      by defendants. The purported arbitration agreement was
      not provided in discovery and plaintiff was not able to have
      their expert review the audit trail for this document.

      20. Plaintiffs have incurred $75,000.00 in litigation
      expenses including retention of expert witnesses and costs
      of discovery. Those expenses would not have been incurred
      if defendants had pursued its motion to compel arbitration
      at the earlier stage of this proceeding.

      21. Counsel for the plaintiff is not paid hourly but have
      expended substantial time in preparation for and
      completion of numerous depositions, court hearings
      including motions to compel production of discovery
      responses, and completion of discovery responses.

      ...

      25. More than 15 months elapsed after defendants
      withdrew the motion to compel arbitration before
      attempting to resurrect this issue.

The trial court then entered the following conclusions of law:

      2. At an early stage of the litigation, defendants notified
      plaintiff of its intent to enforce a purported arbitration
      agreement but rather than simply removing the motion
      from a hearing calendar, the defendant withdrew the
      motion entirely.

      ...

      5. Defendants have failed to carry their burden of
      establishing the validity of an enforceable arbitration
      agreement.

      6. Even if the arbitration agreement were valid,
      withdrawing the motion to compel arbitration, indicating
      to the plaintiff that the motion would not be pursued,

                                  -7-
      REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                     Opinion of the Court



objecting to discovery responses from the plaintiff on the
basis that the motion had been withdrawn and express
assertions to the court that no impact on the course of
litigation would be caused by withdrawal of counsel
constitute actions inconsistent with arbitration.

7. That defendants [sic] actions have resulted in prejudice
to the plaintiff in the expense of over $75,000.00 in costs
incurred in pursuit of claims, completion of a large number
of depositions that would have otherwise been unavailable
in arbitration, and hundreds of hours of attorney time
incurred in conducting hearings to compel defendants to
respond to discovery and to seek sanctions for defendants
[sic] failure to comply with [a] court order to compel that
production.

...

9. The length of delay in asserting the right to arbitrate has
been a factor considered in determining if waiver has
occurred. Elliott v. KB Home N.C., Inc., 231 N.C. App. 332,
337, 752 S.E.2d 694, 698 (2013)[.]

10. When a party has allowed significant time to pass,
participated in litigation involving judicial intervention
and participation, and thereby caused the expenditure of
significant expense, including attorneys’ fees, the strong
public policy in favor of arbitration is thereby diminished
because the primary benefit of arbitration, namely
expedited hearing of issues at a reduced cost to the parties,
has been lost. Elliott v. KB Home N.C., Inc., 231 N.C. App.
332, 338, 752 S.E.2d 694, 698 (2013)[.]

11. Defendants cannot engage in protracted litigation and
then assert a right to arbitrate when the course of that
litigation has not been favorable to them, particularly
where they are subject to contempt and sanction orders
from the court for their failure to comply with prior court
orders.




                            -8-
                      REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                  Opinion of the Court



Concluding that Defendants had failed to meet their burden to establish the existence

of a valid arbitration agreement, and in the alternative that Defendants had waived

any right to compel arbitration, the trial court denied Defendants’ motion to compel

arbitration on 13 June 2019. Defendants filed notice of appeal on 20 June 2019.

                                   II. Jurisdiction

       An appeal to this Court is proper from an order denying a motion to compel

arbitration. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-569.28 (2019).

                                    III. Analysis

       Defendants allege that the trial court erred in finding that Defendants failed

to establish a valid and enforceable arbitration agreement and in finding that

Defendants waived any right to compel arbitration. We disagree and affirm the order

of the trial court.

                           A. Existence of Valid Agreement

                                i. Standard of Review

       “The trial court’s findings regarding the existence of an arbitration agreement

are conclusive on appeal where supported by competent evidence, even where the

evidence might have supported findings to the contrary.” Sciolino v. TD Waterhouse

Investor Servs., 149 N.C. App. 642, 645, 562 S.E.2d 64, 66 (2002).       “Competent

evidence is evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support the

finding.” Eley v. Mid/East Acceptance Corp. of N.C., Inc., 171 N.C. App. 368, 369,



                                         -9-
                     REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



614 S.E.2d 555, 558 (2005) (internal marks and citation omitted). “Accordingly, upon

appellate review, we must determine whether there is evidence in the record

supporting the trial court’s findings of fact and if so, whether these findings of fact in

turn support the conclusion that there was no agreement to arbitrate.” Sciolino, 149

N.C. App. at 645, 562 S.E.2d at 66.

                                        ii. Merits

       Defendant, as the party seeking to compel arbitration, bears the burden of

showing that a valid arbitration agreement exists. Routh v. Snap-On Tools Corp.,

108 N.C. App. 268, 271-72, 423 S.E.2d 791, 794 (1992). “The law of contracts governs

the issue of whether an agreement to arbitrate exists.” Brown v. Centex Homes, 171

N.C.   App.   741,   744,   615   S.E.2d    86,     88    (2005).   In   North   Carolina,

“a valid contract requires (1) assent; (2) mutuality of obligation; and (3) definite

terms.” Charlotte Motor Speedway, LLC v. County of Cabarrus, 230 N.C. App. 1, 7,

748 S.E.2d 171, 176 (2013). Arbitration will not be compelled in the absence of such

a showing. Routh, 108 N.C. App. at 271, 423 S.E.2d at 794.

       Defendants first argue that the trial court’s finding that they failed to meet

their burden was unsupported by competent evidence. Chiefly, they contend, “Ms.

Register’s act of signing the Arbitration Agreement is sufficient to establish that the

agreement is a valid agreement to arbitrate and Plaintiff is bound by the obligation

to do so.” However, Plaintiff contests whether Ms. Register actually signed the



                                           - 10 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



agreement, not whether the agreement would have been valid had she done so. As

explained below, because competent evidence supports a finding that Defendants

failed to establish assent—an essential element of a valid contract—we affirm the

trial court’s finding that Defendants did not show that a valid arbitration agreement

exists, and thus we affirm its order denying Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration.

      Defendant concedes that the trial court admitted the affidavits of Plaintiff and

Ms. Register in a proper exercise of its discretion under North Carolina Rules of Civil

Procedure, Rule 6(d). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 6(d) (2019) (granting trial courts

the discretion to accept affidavits in support or opposition of motions even when not

served upon opposing counsel two days in advance of hearing).           Once admitted,

affidavits disputing a fact material to Defendant’s burden—here, whether Ms.

Register assented to the contract—are competent evidence to support a trial court’s

conclusion that a defendant has not met its burden, even though “the evidence might

have supported findings to the contrary.” Sciolino, 149 N.C. App. at 645, 562 S.E.2d

at 66. Further, Defendants did not produce any witnesses or affidavits attesting that

Ms. Register did in fact read and sign the arbitration agreement. The trial court was

therefore entitled to determine the credibility of the affidavits and to rely on them, as

well as to consider the lack of rebuttal evidence from Defendants beyond the

purported instrument, to come to the conclusion it did.




                                          - 11 -
                   REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Defendants contend, however, that the affidavits were “inherently incredible”

such that they did not constitute “competent evidence.” Specifically, and relying on

In re Foreclosure of Real Prop. Under Deed of Trust from Brown, 156 N.C. App. 477,

577 S.E.2d 398 (2003), Defendants argue that parties should be apprised of the

contents of affidavits submitted by their opponents and allowed to object. In that

case, this Court listed several potential ways in which a party could be prejudiced by

the admission into evidence of untimely affidavits. Id. at 485, 577 S.E.2d at 403-04.

But it then upheld the trial court’s admission of affidavits because it appeared the

appellants had not been so prejudiced—that is, they had been made aware of the

affidavits’ contents and had the opportunity to challenge them. Id., 577 S.E.2d at

404. It is therefore not enough, as Defendants suggest, that there may be abstract

“concerns about the ability the [sic] of opposing party’s ability to effectively refute

new allegations and the inherent credibility of untimely affidavits.”

      As Plaintiff notes, the trial court offered Defendants more time to respond to

the untimely affidavits pursuant to the discretion Rule 6(d) affords. Once Defendants

declined that offer, the trial court in its discretion refused to grant Defendants’

motion to strike the affidavits. In a nearly identical case—one that also concerned

the enforcement of an alleged arbitration agreement by an assisted living facility in

the wake of an alleged wrongful death—we held that although it was “undisputed

that plaintiff failed to serve her opposing affidavit on defendants within two days



                                         - 12 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



prior to the trial court’s hearing[,] . . . [t]he trial court did not abuse its discretion

when it ‘[took] such other action as the ends of justice require’ and proceeded with

the hearing.” Raper v. Oliver House, LLC, 180 N.C. App. 414, 418, 637 S.E.2d 551,

554 (2006) (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 6(d)).

      Defendants also point to Johnson v. Crossroads Ford, Inc., 230 N.C. App. 103,

108-09, 749 S.E.2d 102, 106-07 (2013), where this Court reversed a trial court’s

decision to strike an affidavit offered five days before a hearing. Even putting aside

the trial court’s offer here to Defendants to continue the hearing to ensure that

Defendants had a chance to fully consider and respond to the affidavits, this Court’s

previous holding that a trial court was wrong to exclude affidavits that were timely

served would not require us to now find that a trial court committed reversible error

by including affidavits entered with less notice. See id. at 108, 749 S.E.2d at 106

(“[T]he trial court erred by finding that because Woods’ affidavit was presented at the

‘11th hour,’ it was inherently incredible.”).        We therefore do not agree with

Defendants that “this Court has previously determined that affidavits are inherently

incredible when served at the eleventh hour to raise entirely new contentions of which

defendants had never been made aware.”

      Defendants further argue that the trial court erred in failing to make

affirmative findings that the affidavits are true or that the signature on the alleged

arbitration agreement is not that of Ms. Register. North Carolina law requires that



                                          - 13 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



the trial court determine whether a valid arbitration agreement exists as a matter of

law. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-569.6(b) (2019). We have also required that “the trial court

[] state the basis for its decision in denying a defendant’s motion to stay proceedings

in order for this Court to properly review whether or not the trial court correctly

denied the defendant’s motion [to compel arbitration].” Steffes v. DeLapp, 177 N.C.

App. 802, 804, 629 S.E.2d 892, 894 (2006).

      The trial court has done so here.         It concluded as a matter of law that

“Defendants have failed to carry their burden of establishing the validity of an

enforceable arbitration agreement.” It made findings of fact acknowledging both the

contents of the affidavits and Defendants’ failure to produce either the purported

agreement or the employee who allegedly signed the agreement on Azalea’s behalf

until 29 May 2019, approximately a year and a half after the initiation of the suit.

The trial court thereby stated adequate bases for its decision. Because the trial court

adequately supported its finding, an affirmative finding that the affidavits were in

fact truthful is not required to support the conclusion that Defendants’ burden

remains unmet. See Evangelistic Outreach Ctr. v. Gen. Steel Corp., 181 N.C. App.

723, 728, 640 S.E.2d 840, 844 (2007) (holding that “competent evidence supported the

trial court’s finding that there was no agreement to arbitrate” without the trial court’s

accepting a party’s denial as a fact per se).




                                          - 14 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



      Finally, Defendants argue that state and national public policies in favor of

arbitration must lead to a conclusion that the trial court erred in denying their motion

to compel arbitration. But public policy favoring the enforcement of arbitration

agreements and broad constructions of their scope depends on a predicate finding

that there exists an arbitration agreement to be enforced and construed. See Sears

Roebuck v. Avery, 163 N.C. App. 207, 211, 593 S.E.2d 424, 428 (2004) (“[T]his public

policy does not come into play unless a court first finds that the parties entered into

an enforceable agreement to arbitrate.”). Defendants’ lengthy appeals to public policy

therefore put the cart before the horse. Policy plays no part in the trial court’s

otherwise routine determination of whether there is a valid contract at all.

      We therefore hold the trial court correctly concluded that Defendants failed to

meet their burden of proving the existence of a valid arbitration agreement.

                      B. Waiver of Right to Compel Arbitration

      Defendants further contend that the trial court erred in concluding, in the

alternative, that Defendants waived any right to compel arbitration. We conclude

that the trial court did not so err, and we affirm its order.

                                 i. Standard of Review

      Whether a party has engaged in conduct that constitutes waiver of its

contractual right to arbitration is a question of fact. Cyclone Roofing Co. v. David M.

LaFave Co., 312 N.C. 224, 229, 321 S.E.2d 872, 876 (1984). “[T]he trial court’s



                                          - 15 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



findings of fact are binding on appeal when supported by competent evidence.”

Herbert v. Marcaccio, 213 N.C. App. 563, 567, 713 S.E.2d 531, 535 (2011). We apply

a “general presumption of correctness [] to a trial court’s findings of fact to its waiver

determinations.” Elliott v. KB Home N.C., Inc., 231 N.C. App. 332, 337, 752 S.E.2d

694, 698 (2013). “[T]he question of whether those actions, once found as fact by the

trial court, amount to waiver of the right to arbitrate a dispute is a question of law

subject to de novo review.” IPayment, Inc. v. Grainger, 257 N.C. App. 307, 315, 808

S.E.2d 796, 802 (2017).

                                        ii. Merits

      Public policy favors arbitration because it represents “an expedited, efficient,

relatively uncomplicated, alternative means of dispute resolution, with limited

judicial intervention or participation, and without the primary expense of litigation—

attorneys’ fees.” Nucor Corp. v. Gen. Bearing Corp., 333 N.C. 148, 154, 423 S.E.2d

747, 750 (1992). “Because of the strong public policy in North Carolina favoring

arbitration, courts must closely scrutinize any allegation of waiver of such a favored

right.” Cyclone, 312 N.C. at 229, 321 S.E.2d at 876 (internal citation omitted). “[A]

party has impliedly waived its contractual right to arbitration if by its delay or by

actions it takes which are inconsistent with arbitration, another party to the contract

is prejudiced by the order compelling arbitration.”         Id.   “[T]he party opposing




                                          - 16 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



arbitration bears the burden of proving prejudice.” HCW Ret. & Fin. Servs. v. HCW

Emp. Ben. Servs., 367 N.C. 104, 109, 747 S.E.2d 236, 240 (2013).

      Our courts have found parties to have taken actions inconsistent with a right

to arbitrate when they participate in lengthy litigation while doing “nothing to assert

any right to arbitrate.” Elliott, 231 N.C. App. at 342, 752 S.E.2d at 700 (involving a

three-year period of litigation absent any assertion of a right to arbitrate).

      And our courts have indicated that there are several ways in which a party can

show prejudice. These include a “delay in the seeking of arbitration” resulting in a

party’s “expend[ing] significant amounts of money” in litigation. Cyclone, 312 N.C.

at 229-30, 321 S.E.2d at 877. The reason is clear enough: “when a party has allowed

significant time to pass, participated in litigation involving judicial intervention and

participation, and thereby caused the expenditure of significant expense, including

attorneys’ fees, the strong public policy in favor of arbitration is thereby diminished.”

Elliott, 231 N.C. App. at 338, 752 S.E.2d at 698.

      We consider below whether Defendants’ actions were inconsistent with a

claimed right to arbitration and whether Plaintiff was prejudiced by those actions.

Deciding both of these issues in the affirmative, we conclude that Defendants waived

any right to arbitrate they may have had.

      Here, Defendants filed a withdrawal of their motion to compel arbitration.

They also sent an email to Plaintiff’s counsel stating, “[w]e do not intend to move



                                          - 17 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



forward with our motion to compel arbitration.” Further, they objected to Plaintiff’s

requests for admission regarding the alleged agreement to arbitrate. These actions

go beyond merely doing “nothing to assert any right to arbitrate” that our Court found

sufficient to waive a right to arbitrate in Elliott and are entirely “inconsistent with

[a] right to arbitration.” Id. at 342, 752 S.E.2d at 700.

      Having concluded that Defendants took actions “inconsistent with arbitration,”

we turn to whether Plaintiff was prejudiced by Defendants’ actions. Cyclone, 312

N.C. at 229, 321 S.E.2d at 876. Plaintiff asserts that Defendants’ delay in reasserting

an alleged right to arbitrate prejudiced Plaintiff because Plaintiff was forced to

expend significant amounts in litigation. As explained below, we agree.

      First, the delay at issue here was consequential. While our Supreme Court

found a one-month delay, in which no discovery was conducted and no evidence was

lost, did not support a conclusion of prejudice, id. at 233, 321 S.E.2d at 878, our Court

in Herbert concluded that litigation over a two-year period was significant and

contributed to our conclusion that there was prejudice to the non-moving party, 213

N.C. App. at 569, 713 S.E.2d at 536. The delay here in asserting a right to arbitrate—

after renouncing the same—is substantial, and, as such, bears more in common with

Herbert than Cyclone. Specifically, competent evidence supports the trial court’s

finding that “[m]ore than 15 months elapsed after [D]efendants withdrew the motion

to compel arbitration before attempting to resurrect this issue.” This finding in turn



                                          - 18 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                  Opinion of the Court



supports the trial court’s conclusion that Defendants waived their alleged right to

arbitrate this dispute.

             When considering whether a delay in requesting
             arbitration resulted in significant expense for the party
             opposing arbitration, the trial court must make findings (1)
             whether the expenses occurred after the right to
             arbitration accrued, and (2) whether the expenses could
             have been avoided through an earlier demand for
             arbitration.

Elliott, 231 N.C. App. at 343, 752 S.E.2d at 701.        Because the party opposing

arbitration bears the burden of proving prejudice, the non-moving party must present

to the trial court actual evidence of the expenses incurred as a result of the moving

party’s failure to timely assert a right to arbitration. See Herbert, 213 N.C. App. at

569, 713 S.E.2d at 536 (affirming trial court’s finding of significant expense where

trial court relied on attorney affidavit and superior court record evidence that the

litigation required “significant resources,” although trial court did not find any

“specific dollar amounts” of the expense). Our Court has considered fees and other

litigation expenses as low as $10,000 to be prejudicial. Prime South Homes, Inc. v.

Byrd, 102 N.C. App. 255, 261, 401 S.E.2d 822, 826-27 (1991); see also Elliott, 231 N.C.

App. at 343, 752 S.E.2d at 701 (concluding $100,000 in legal fees to be prejudicial);

Moose v. Versailles Condo. Ass’n, 171 N.C. App. 377, 385, 614 S.E.2d 418, 424 (2005)

(affirming trial court’s finding that $32,854 showed prejudice).




                                         - 19 -
                   REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Here, the record supports the trial court’s findings that the delay caused

Plaintiff to incur expenses and, thus, the court’s conclusion regarding waiver.

Plaintiff’s counsel submitted a sworn affidavit averring that counsel expended

approximately $75,000 in litigation, and that “[a]lmost half of the money has been

spent o[n] preparation and taking depositions, travel, and preparation for and travel

to multiple Court hearings.” Counsel further averred that Plaintiff would not have

hired seven different expert witnesses, participated in four superior court hearings,

reserved over a dozen witnesses to appear for a peremptory trial setting on 9

December 2019, taken 12 depositions, or participated in mediation had Defendants

not withdrawn their motion to compel arbitration. The trial court assessed this

record evidence as credible and found that Plaintiff incurred significant litigation

expenses that would not have accrued had Defendants not withdrawn the motion.

The trial court further concluded as a matter of law that Plaintiff was prejudiced by

expending

             $75,000.00 in costs [] in pursuit of claims, completion of a
             large number of depositions that would have otherwise
             been unavailable in arbitration, and hundreds of hours of
             attorney time incurred in conducting hearings to compel
             defendants to respond to discovery and to seek sanctions
             for defendants [sic] failure to comply with [a] court order to
             compel that production.




                                         - 20 -
                    REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                                   Opinion of the Court



We therefore conclude that competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings.

These findings, in turn, support the court’s conclusion that the Defendants’ delay

caused Plaintiff to suffer significant expense.

      Competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings that Defendants acted

inconsistent with any claimed right to arbitrate. Competent evidence also supports

the court’s findings that these actions were to Plaintiff’s detriment. These findings

support the trial court’s conclusion of a waiver of any purported right to arbitrate.

“Holding otherwise would defeat, rather than promote, the public policy behind the

favor with which the courts of this state generally view arbitration—expediting an

efficient and relatively simple means of resolving disputes without the multitude of

costs, in both time and money, generally associated with litigation.” Elliott, 231 N.C.

App. at 347, 752 S.E.2d at 703.

                                    IV. Conclusion

      We conclude that the trial court did not err in concluding that Defendants

failed to prove the existence of a valid arbitration agreement. We further conclude

that the trial court did not err in finding that, even if there was a valid arbitration

agreement, Defendants waived any right to arbitrate. We therefore affirm the order

below denying Defendants’ second motion to compel arbitration and stay the

proceedings.

      AFFIRMED.



                                          - 21 -
          REGISTER V. WRIGHTSVILLE HEALTH HOLDINGS

                      Opinion of the Court



Judges DILLON and COLLINS concur.




                             - 22 -
