                                                  ,.I
    FILE
    IN CL!!RKS OFFICE




     IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON



SUSAN CAMICIA,

                          Respondent,
                                                        NO. 85583-8
              v.

HOWARDS. WRIGHT CONSTRUCTION
CO.,                                                    ENBANC
                          Defendant,

              and
                                                        Filed    JAN 3 0 2014
CITY OF MERCER ISLAND,

                          Petitioner.



      STEPHENS, J.-This case asks us to consider the scope of Washington's

recreational use immunity statute, former RCW 4.24.210 (2003). 1 Susan Camicia

sustained severe injuries when she was thrown from her bicycle after colliding

with a wooden post on a portion of the Interstate I-90 (I-90) bicycle trail located in

the city of Mercer Island (City).       In response to Camicia's negligence action


      1
          All references to RCW 4.24.210 herein are to the former version as it was the
statute in effect at the time ofCamicia's injury in 2006.
Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




against it, the City moved for summary judgment under RCW 4.24.210, which

provides immunity from liability for unintentional injuries to landowners who

"allow members of the public to use [the land] for the purposes of outdoor

recreation ... without charging a fee of any kind therefor[ e)."

      The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court's grant of summary judgment,

holding recreational use immunity could not be determined as a matter of law

because there were disputed issues of fact as to whether the trail served a

recreational purpose as opposed to a transportation purpose. We agree and affirm

the Court of Appeals.

                     FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      On review of summary judgment, the facts are viewed in the light most

favorable to Camicia, the nonmoving party. CR 56; Jones v. Allstate Ins. Co., 146

Wn.2d 291, 300, 45 P.3d 1068 (2002).

   A. The I-90 Bicycle Trail's Origins

      The I-90 bicycle trail was built by the Washington State Department of

Transportation (WSDOT) in the mid-to-late 1980s and runs from Seattle to Mercer

Island across Lake Washington and to other areas in the Puget Sound. To prevent

motor vehicles from entering the asphalt trail, WSDOT installed wooden posts,

also called bollards, at some locations where the trail intersects city streets.

       In October 2002, WSDOT published an evaluation of whether the trail was a

public park or recreation area for purposes of federal law. Under the provision of




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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




the Department of Transportation Act of 1966 known as "Section 4(f),"2 the

Secretary of Transportation may approve a transportation project's use of a public

park or recreation area only if no reasonable alternative exists and all measures to

reduce harm are taken. 49 U.S.C. § 303(c). Consideration under Section 4(f) is

not required, however, when the officials having jurisdiction over the site

determine that recreation is not a major purpose of the land and is only a secondary

or occasional purpose. See former 23 C.F.R. § 771.135 (2002); Stewart Park &

Reserve Coal., Inc. v. Slater, 352 F.3d 545, 556 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting FED.
HIGHWAY ADMIN., SECTION 4(F) POLICY PAPER (revised June 7, 1989) (Bikeways),

available at http://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/voll/secl/chlfedlaw/4policy.txt).            In a

policy paper, the Federal Highway Administration (FHA) advised local officials

that when a bikeway "is primarily for transportation and is an integral part of the

local transportation system," Section 4(f) does not apply. Bikeways, supra,§ 13.

      Applying this standard, WSDOT determined that the I -90 trail was primarily

for transportation.     In its discussion of the trail's history, the evaluation

underscores that the trail was built "as part of a multi-modal transportation facility,

using federal and state highway funds.           No funds designated for recreational

facilities were used in constructing the path and separate accounts were used to

ensure the separation of recreational and transportation funds." Clerk's Papers


       2
         The requirements of Section 4(f) are presently codified at 23 U.S.C. § 138 and 49
U.S.C. § 303. These requirements were "originally enacted as Section 4(f) of the
Department of Transportation Act of 1966 and are still commonly referred to as 'Section
4(f)."' 23 C.P.R.§ 774.1.

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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




(CP) at 749. Although the trail is also used by pedestrians and others, it "[wa]s

designed and built primarily for use by bicycles."           !d.   While the WSDOT
recognized "the path can be used for recreational purposes," it perceived these uses

to be minimal and fairly insignificant in comparison to its transportation function.
See id.     Indeed, WSDOT noted the trail serves as "the only means for non-
motorized access to Mercer Island and across Lake Washington" and thus "is an
important link in the regional transportation system." !d.

       In accordance with these considerations, WSDOT concluded that because
the trail was neither a public park nor recreation land for purposes of federal law, it
was not a Section 4(f) resource. !d. The Federal Highway Administration found
this determination reasonable, and concurred that-at least with respect to the
portion over the Homer Hadley floating bridge-the primary use is transportation.
   B. Transfer of the I-90 Bicycle Trail to Mercer Island
       Shortly after construction, WSDOT arranged to cede ownership in the
portion of the trail running over Mercer Island. In 1987, the City and WSDOT
entered into the "I-90 Tumback and Landscape Maintenance Agreement." CP at
508.      This agreement refers to the first phase in a process whereby certain
roadways and rights-of-way would be transferred from WSDOT to the City. !d.
During this first phase WSDOT agreed to pay the City to maintain and landscape

these transit facilities. !d.




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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




      In 1991, the City created a document entitled "City of Mercer Island

Comprehensive Park, Recreation, Open Space, Arts and Trails Plan." CP at 175.

Within this document the "I-90 Trail and Linear Park" are described as follows:

      Primarily located along the north side of I-90, a multi-purpose
      pedestrian/bicycle regional trail will connect the East Channel and
      Floating bridges in 1992.... In total, there will be 8 miles of trails in
      the corridor. Both sides of I-90 and !ortions of the lids and
      overpasses will be heavily landscaped, an used as park lands. The
      linear park includes 90.5 acres along the freeway. The major portion
      of this park will buffer the Central Business District from the freeway.

CP at 178 (emphasis added).

      On April 1, 2000, WSDOT conveyed to the City a portion of the trail,

including the spot where Camicia was injured. The quitclaim deed provided:

            It is understood and agreed that the ... property is transferred
      for road/street purposes only, and no other use shall be made of said
      property without obtainingprior written approval of the grantor. It is
      also understood and agreed that the grantee, its successors or assigns,
      shall not revise either the right of way lines or the access control
      wit~out prior written approval from the grantor, its successors or
      assigns.

CP at 624 (emphasis added).

      Despite this language, the City contends it understood the trail to be

primarily recreational in nature. It points to a local ordinance prohibiting adult

entertainment facilities near the trail while allowing such facilities near other

public streets. Additionally, the city parks department maintains the I-90 Trail and

Linear Park, while city streets are maintained by a separate department.




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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




   C. Camicia's Injury and Subsequent Proceedings

      At the time of Camicia's accident, Sound Transit had retained Howard S.

Wright Construction Company as the general contractor for a construction project

at the South Transit Mercer Island Park & Ride facility. To prevent public access

during construction, the contractor installed a chain link fence around the perimeter

of the site. Some of the fence footing at this site protruded onto the I-90 bicycle

trail where North Mercer Way intersects 81st Avenue Southeast.

      The day of her accident, Camicia was bicycling along the I-90 trail as she

approached this intersection. She veered left to avoid the fence footing to her

right. She looked up just in time to see the wooden post, immediately hit it, and

was thrown from her bike. As a result of her fall, Camicia suffered serious injuries

that rendered her paralyzed.

      Camicia brought suit against the City and the construction company in King

County Superior Court. 3 CP at 1-8. The City moved for summary judgment,

asserting immunity under Washington's recreational use immunity statute, RCW

4.24.210. Under this statute, "public or private landowners or others in lawful

possession and control of any lands" who allow the public "to use them for the
purposes of outdoor recreation," without charging a fee, are immune from liability

for unintentional injuries to such users. RCW 4.24.210(1).


      3
         The claims against the construction company have been stayed by stipulation
during the pendency of this appeal.

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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




      Camicia argued immunity does not apply because the City failed to show

that (1) it owned the trail; (2) it had the legal authority to open or close its portion

of the trail; and (3) immunity otherwise applied to the trail, which Camicia

characterized as a "regional public transportation route." CP at 303.

      A hearing on the motion was held before Judge Douglas McBroom. The

hearing transcript reflects that the court was troubled by the City's position that

any recreational use on the trail, no matter how insignificant, would immunize the

City. Following the hearing on the motion, the court denied the City's motion

without prejudice. The court held that issues of fact remained as to the ownership

and control of the trail and whether the trail was sufficiently recreational in nature

for immunity to attach.
       Meanwhile, the City surveyed the accident site to determine ownership. The

case was transferred to Judge Laura Inveen, and the City renewed its motion for

summary judgment, again asserting immunity under RCW 4.24.21 0. In support of

its motion, the City submitted the quitclaim deed from WSDOT to Mercer Island,

the survey, and supplemental declarations from the City Engineer Yamashita and

its CR 30(b)(6) agent.

       The court ruled that the City had established its ownership of the accident

site. It rejected Camicia's argument that the trail's function as a transportation

route affected the immunity inquiry. CP at 865 ("Although [the I-90 bicycle trail]

is the only means of non-motorized travel across the water of Lake Washington,

bicycle commuters are quite able to use Mercer Island surface roads to traverse the


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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




north end of the island. Furthermore, no legal authority is offered for exempting

'regional transportation routes', nor for requiring the property to be a 'recreational

facility' for immunity to apply."). The court granted summary judgment in the

City's favor, and Camicia appealed.

      The Court of Appeals reversed, agreeing with Judge McBroom that disputed

factual issues precluded summary judgment. Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Constr.

Co., noted at 158 Wn. App. 1029 (2010). The court noted that the quitclaim deed

expressly transferred the property to the City "'for road/street purposes only"' and

that any other use required the grantor's advance written approval. !d., slip op. at

11. Moreover, evidence suggested that the predecessor in interest, WSDOT, had

viewed the trail as a transportation facility. See id., slip op. at 12. Because the

public purpose of the trail was disputed, the court held summary judgment was

improper and remanded for trial.

      The City petitioned for review, which we granted at 171 Wn.2d 1027, 257

P.3d 664 (2011).

                             STANDARD OF REVIEW

      Summary judgment is appropriate only when there are no genuine issues of

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. CR

56(c). We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Campbell v. Ticor Title

Ins. Co., 166 Wn.2d 466, 470, 209 P.3d 859 (2009).              When the facts are

undisputed, immunity is a question of law for the court. See Beebe v. Moses, 113

Wn. App. 464, 467, 54 P.3d 188 (2002) (noting that invitee status is question of


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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




law where facts are undisputed); Botka v. Estate ofHoerr, 105 Wn. App. 974, 983,

21 P.3d 723 (2001) (noting that invitee status "can be implied from the prior

conduct and statements of the property possessors or their agents"). But where

material facts are disputed, a trial is needed to resolve the issue.4

      Because recreational use immunity is an affirmative defense, the landowner

asserting it carries the burden of proving entitlement to immunity under the statute.

See Olpinski v. Clement, 73 Wn.2d 944, 950, 442 P.2d 260 (1968).

      In construing a statute, our "fundamental objective ... is to ascertain and

carry out the intent of the legislature." State v. Morales, 173 Wn.2d 560, 567, 269

P.3d 263 (2012). "We determine the intent of the legislature primarily from the

statutory language." !d. (citing Lacey Nursing Ctr., Inc. v. Dep 't of Revenue, 128

Wn.2d 40, 53, 905 P.2d 338 (1995)). While legislative intent cannot overcome "an

otherwise discernible, plain meaning" on the face of the statute, we must interpret

the terms of a statute in harmony with its purpose. N. Coast Air Servs., Ltd. v.

Grumman Corp., 111 Wn.2d 315, 321, 759 P.2d 405 (1988).




       4
         Amicus curiae Washington State Association of Municipal Attorneys (WSAMA)
argues that making immunity a '"question of fact' is tantamount to no immunity at all."
Br. of Amicus Curiae, WSAMA at 5. In general, whether immunity applies to a certain
set of facts is a legal question. But when material facts are disputed, as here, a court may
not determine its applicability as a matter of law. See Goodman v. Goodman, 128 Wn.2d
366, 373, 907 P.2d 290 (1995) ("Whether the statute of limitations bars a suit is a legal
question, but the jury must decide the underlying factual questions unless the facts are
susceptible of but one reasonable interpretation."); Staats v. Brown, 139 Wn.2d 757, 764,
991 P.2d 615 (2000) (noting that claims of state law immunity "are subject to the
ordinary summary judgment standard which requires all facts and inferences to be
construed most favorably to the nonmoving party" (citing CR 56)).

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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




                                   ANALYSIS

      Washington's former recreational use immunity statute, RCW 4.24.210,
provides in pertinent part:
      [A]ny public or private landowners or others in lawful possession and
      control of any lands whether designated resource, rural, or urban, or .
      water areas or channels and lands adjacent to such areas or channels,
      who allow members of the public to use them for the J?Urposes of
      outdoor recreation, which terms includes, but is not lim1ted to, . . .
      hunting, fishing, camping, picnicking, swimming, hiking, bicycling,
      skateboarding or other nonmotorized wheel-based activities,
      hanggliding, paragliding, rock climbing? the riding of horses or other
      animals, clam digging, pleasure dnving of off-road vehicles,
      snowmobiles, and other vehicles, boating, nature study, winter or
      water sports, viewing or enjoying historical, archeological, scenic, or
      scientific sites, without charging a fee of any kind therefor, shall not
      be liable for unintentional injuries to such users.

(Emphasis added.)
       The recreational use immunity statute creates an exception to Washington's
premise liability law regarding public invitees. At common law, a landowner's

duty depended upon the plaintiffs status as an invitee, a licensee, or a trespasser.
Tincani v. Inland Empire Zoological Soc'y, 124 Wn.2d 121, 128, 875 P.2d 621

(1994).   While Washington traditionally recognized only business invitees, we

broadened the invitee classification in 1966 to include the '"public invitee,"'
defined as one "'invited to enter or remain on land as a member of the public for a
purpose for which the land is held open to the public."' Mcf(innon v. Wash. Fed.

Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 68 Wn.2d 644, 650-51, 414 P.2d 773 (1966) (rejecting

economic benefit test as sole criterion defining invitee and adopting and quoting
the broader definition from the Restatement (Second) of Torts§ 332 (1965)).


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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




      In broadening the category of invitee in 1966, we followed a national trend

of courts providing greater protection to the public when welcomed onto another's

land. Compare RESTATEMENT OF TORTS § 332 (1934) (defining invitee only in

terms of a business visitor), with RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 332 (adding

the classification "public invitee"). At the same time, in accord with other state

legislatures, our legislature counterbalanced this expansion by enacting laws

limiting landowner liability where public recreational interests were at stake. See

RCW 4.24.210; see also John C. Barrett, Good Sports and Bad Lands: The

Application of Washington 's Recreational Use Statute Limiting Landowner

Liability, 53 WASH. L. REv. 1, 2 (1977); and see 62 AM. JUR. 2DPremises Liability

§ 127 (2005) (noting that states sought "to reduce the growing tendency of

landowners to withdraw land from recreational access by removing the risk of

gratuitous tort liability").

       Washington enacted RCW 4.24.210 in 1967 to immunize landowners who

allow members of the public to use certain lands "for the purposes of outdoor

recreation" from liability for most injuries. LAWS OF 1967, ch. 216, § 2. In doing

so, the legislature carved out an exception to the common law "public purpose"

invitee doctrine by exempting a particular "public purpose"-outdoor recreation.

The legislature expressly intended that the statute would "encourage owners or

others in lawful possession and control of land and water areas or channels to make

them available to the public for recreational purposes by limiting their liability

toward persons entering thereon." RCW 4.24.200 (statement of purpose).


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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




      Thus, "to be immune under RCW 4.24.210(1) the landowner must establish

that the [land in question] (1) was open to members of the public (2) for

recreational purposes and [that] (3) no fee of any kind was charged." Cregan v.

Fourth Mem 'l Church, 175 Wn.2d 279, 284, 285 P.3d 860 (2012). Because the
City did not charge the public a fee for using the I -90 traiV the only question is

whether genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether the trail was open for

recreational purposes.

   I. A landowner cannot "open" land that is already open to the public and
      which the landowner lacks authority to close

      The recreational immunity statute applies only to those landowners with

"lawful possession and control" over land who "allow members of the public" to

use it "for the purposes of outdoor recreation." RCW 4.24.210(1). A landowner

has "lawful possession and control" over land if it holds "continuing authority to

determine whether the land should be open to the public." Tennyson v. Plum

Creek Timber Co., 73 Wn. App. 550, 557-58, 872 P.2d 524 (1994) (holding
contractors could not claim recreational immunity because they "had no continuing

authority to determine whether the land should be open to the public"). Absent

      5
          Camicia submitted a 1987 document titled "1-90 Tumback and Landscape
Maintenance Agreement." CP at 508. The document reflects that the City charged an
annual fee totaling $68,000 to WSDOT for its "street and landscape maintenance and
operation" of the 1-90 trail on Mercer Island. !d. Camicia argues this arrangement
precludes immunity because the statute does not apply when a land possessor charges a
fee. Suppl. Br. ofResp't Camicia at 12 (citing RCW 4.24.210). This argument misreads
RCW 4.24.210. The only reasonable reading of the statute is that an immunity-
precluding fee is one charged to the recreating public using the land. See Plano v. City of
Renton, 103 Wn. App. 910, 913, 14 P.3d 871 (2000) ("The question under Washington's
statute ... is whether Renton charges a 'fee of any kind' for using the moorage." (quoting
RCW 4.24.210(1))). The operating fee charged to WSDOT does not preclude immunity.

                                           -12-
Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




that authority, a landowner cannot assert recreational immunity. A landowner

must have authority to close the land to the recreating public because extending

recreational immunity to landowners who lack authority to close the land to the

public "would not further the purpose behind the act," namely to encourage

landowners to open land that would not otherwise be open. !d. at 558; see RCW

4.24.200.

       Viewed in the light most favorable to Camicia, the evidence gives rise to a

material question of fact about the City's authority to close the trail to public

transportation. WSDOT conveyed the land under a deed that limits its use to

"road/street purposes only" absent "prior written approval of the grantor." CP at

624.   In addition, the FHA's Section 4(f) determination and the WSDOT's

supporting documents indicate that the I -90 trail is part of a multimodal

transportation facility.

  II Land must be opened for the purpose of recreation

       Immunity applies only when a landowner allows the public to use the land

"for the purposes of outdoor recreation." RCW 4.24.210 (emphasis added). This

reading is in accordance with the statute's plain language and the legislature's

stated purpose to "encourage" land possessors to make their land "available to the

public for recreational purposes by limiting their liability."    RCW 4.24.200.

Where land is open to the public for some other public purpose-for example as

part of a public transportation corridor-the inducement of recreational use

immunity is unnecessary. It would make little sense to provide immunity on the


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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




basis of recreational use when the land would be held open to the public even in

the absence of that use.

      We reject the City's view that recreational immunity follows from the mere

presence of incidental recreational use of land that is open to the public. See Gaeta

v. Seattle City Light, 54 Wn. App. 603, 608, 774 P.2d 1255 (1989) (distinguishing

between a road "built and maintained primarily for commercial use," which could

not benefit from recreational use immunity, and the one at issue, which was "not a

thoroughfare" but instead led only to land "left open . . . to the public for

recreational use"). In support of its view, the City cites to several cases that do not

address the question presented here. In McCarver v. Manson Park & Rec. Dist., 92

Wn.2d 370, 597 P.2d 1362 (1979), it was undisputed that the public was allowed to

enter for a recreational purpose (indeed, that was the only public purpose for the

land). Likewise, the public license to recreate was clear in Widman v. Johnson, 81

Wn. App. 110, 111-12, 912 P.2d 1095 (1996), where a private company opened its

forest land to the public exclusively for recreational purposes and posted signs

stating, '"The Forest Land Behind This Sign Is Open For RECREATIONAL USE

ONLY'" on '"virtually all entrances to its logging roads."' That the logging roads

could be used for nonrecreational uses, such as a driving shortcut by the

nonrecreating public, did not change the fact that "[ e]very reasonable person would

also believe that [the company] had opened the [roads] for recreational use." Id. at

114; see also Gaeta, 54 Wn. App. at 607 (holding that so long as Seattle City Light




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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




opened up the Diablo Dam to the public for recreation, immunity applied despite a

contractual provision compelling it to open land for public recreational purposes).
      In Chamberlain v. Department of Transportation, 79 Wn. App. 212, 214,
901 P.2d 344 (1995), recreational use immunity shielded the State from the claims
asserted after a boy was killed on the Deception Pass Bridge overlook, but the
nature of the land was not at issue. It was undisputed in Chamberlain that the
overlook was recreational in nature and that viewing scenery was an outdoor

recreational activity. See id. at 216; RCW 4.24.210 (defining "outdoor recreation"
to include "viewing or enjoying ... scenic [sites]").
      Finally, the City cites Riksem v. City of Seattle, 47 Wn. App. 506, 508, 736
P.2d 275 (1987), a case arising out of injuries sustained by a bicyclist along the
Burke-Gilman Trail in Seattle.      The Court of Appeals in that case held that
recreational use immunity applied, rejecting the plaintiffs claims premised on
public policy and a constitutional equal protection claim.           Id. at 511-13.
Significantly, Riksem did not dispute that the trail was open to the public for the
purposes of outdoor recreation or that he was a recreational user. Accordingly, the

court did not address whether immunity would apply on land that was open to the
public for nonrecreational purposes.       It did, however, recognize that "[t]he

manifest object of the recreational use statute is to provide free recreational areas
to the public on land and in water areas that might not otherwise be open to the
public." Id. at 511 (emphasis added).




                                         -15-
Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




      Extending the reach ofRCW 4.24.210 to land that is open to the public for
purposes other than recreation simply because some recreational use occurs not
only undermines the statute's plain language and the legislature's intent but would
also unjustly relieve the government of its common-law duty to maintain roadways
in a condition reasonably safe for ordinary travel. See J(eller v. City of Spokane,
146 Wn.2d 237, 249, 44 P.3d 845 (2002); see generally Berglund v. Spokane
County, 4 Wn.2d 309, 313-14, 103 P.2d 355 (1940) (collecting cases).

Recreational immunity would conceivably extend to every street and sidewalk in
downtown Seattle, as these are open to the public without charge. Indeed, many
streets and roads present some opportunity for "viewing or enjoying historical ...
sites," another recreational purpose under the statute. RCW 4.24.210(1). It would
be absurd if Seattle could assert recreational use immunity for injury to a visitor to
Pioneer Square simply because tourists are permitted to enter it without charge to

view "scenic ... sites." See id. We avoid any reading of the statute that would
result in unlikely, absurd, or strained consequences. State v. Neher, 112 Wn.2d
347, 351, 771 P.2d 330 (1989). Erasing this long-standing duty was obviously not
the purpose of the recreational immunity statute.

      On the record in this case, we conclude that reasonable minds could differ
whether the I-90 trail was opened for the purpose of recreational use. It is not
enough for the City to show that the I-90 trail was opened for bicycling. Even
though bicycling is mentioned in RCW 4.24.210, bicycling is not necessarily a
recreational activity.   We have recognized its dual status under our laws.


                                         -16-
Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




Pudmaroffv. Allen, 138 Wn.2d 55, 63 n.3, 977 P.2d 574 (1999) ("Bicyclists enjoy

an anomalous place in the traffic safety laws of Washington.... Statutes variously
treat bicycles and bike paths in a recreational context, and at other times the
statutes treat them as part of the transportation system. These statutes indicate the
Legislature has viewed bicycles and paths on a case by case basis, and without any
continuity." (citations omitted)). That these purposes can be distinct is evidenced
by RCW 35.75.060, under which certain funds may be expended on bicycle paths

on the condition that the paths "shall be suitable for bicycle transportation purposes
and not solely for recreation purposes."         Thus, proof that land is opened for
bicycling is not proof that it is opened for recreational purposes.

      The City's treatment of the I-90 bicycle trail as part of its park system is
certainly relevant. A fact finder could credit the City's evidence and find that the
City's portion of the trail serves recreational purposes rather than transportation

purposes.   On the other hand, there is evidence that WSDOT determined the
"major purpose" of the trail is transportation, finding it was built "as part of a
multi-modal transportation facility, using federal and state highway funds." CP at

749. The trail serves as "the only means for non-motorized access to Mercer
Island and across Lake Washington" and thus "is an important link in the regional
transportation system." Id. Furthermore, "[n]o funds designated for recreational
facilities were used in constructing the path and separate accounts were used to
ensure the separation of recreational and transportation funds."        Id.   While it
recognized that "the path can be used for recreational purposes," WSDOT


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Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




perceived these uses to be minimal and fairly insignificant in comparison to its

transportation function. See id.

      Furthermore, viewed in the light most favorable to Camicia, the deed

conveying portions of the trail to the City suggests the City lacks the ability to

close the trail to transportation. A factfinder could reasonably infer that the I-90

trail would be open to public bicycling for transportation purposes regardless of

any recreational use or function, and that the public invitation was therefore not

"for the purposes of outdoor recreation." 6

      In short, genuine issues of fact remain. Because the evidence relating to the

application of recreational use immunity conflicts on material points, the facts

must be determined by the fact finder, and summary judgment is precluded.

  III. A landowner's recreational use immunity does not depend on the plaintiff's
       activity at the time of injury

      As a final note, there is some suggestion that the application of recreational

use immunity turns on whether Camicia was cycling horne from work or merely

      6
         As a procedural matter, the City contends the Court of Appeals should not have
considered the language in the quitclaim deed-explicitly reserving the bike trail for
"road/street purposes only"-for two reasons: first, appellate courts should reach only
legal issues on appeal, and second, the court was required to provide notice under RAP
12.1 because the parties had not previously discussed the deed's language.
        The City mischaracterizes the decision as one of fact. Whether evidence viewed
in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party shows the absence of a genuine issue
of material fact is a legal question. Nor did the court violate RAP 12.1, which allows-
but does not require-the appellate court to notify the parties and allow supplemental
briefing on an issue not discussed by the parties. Because the City submitted the deed in
support of its motion for summary judgment, it should have expected the court to
evaluate it in determining whether material factual issues remained. At any rate, because
the City bore the burden of "showing" that there was no genuine issue of material fact,
the court on de novo review properly considered all the evidence submitted. CR 56; RAP
9.12.

                                          -18-
Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




for pleasure when she was injured. We reject this view as insufficiently protective
of landowner's who open their land for recreational purposes. Where the land at
issue is shown to be recreational, immunity does not depend on whether the
plaintiff was actually engaged in recreation at the time of injury. See Gaeta, 54
Wn. App. at 609 (holding that whether the public invitee "may have some
commercial purpose in mind" was irrelevant to recreational immunity; instead,
"[b]y opening up the lands for recreational use without a fee," the landowner
"brought itself under the protection of the immunity statute"); Howard v. United
States, 181 F.3d 1064, 1072-73 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that "the proper focus is

on the landowner's intent," and not the injured invitee's (citing Gaeta, 54 Wn.
App. at 608-09)). Washington's recreational use immunity statute modifies the
legal duty owed to public invitees by permitting landowners to invite the public
onto the land for the "public purpose" of recreation. Rather than owing these
invitees a duty of ordinary care, a landowner owes them only a duty to warn of
"known dangerous artificial latent condition[s]." RCW 4.24.210(4)(a).
      Distinguishing between recreating and nonrecreating users would strip
Washington landowners of their statutory protection by hinging recreational
immunity on the one factor not mentioned in the statute, and over which a
landowner has no control: the intent of a public invitee.     Because landowners
cannot tell the private intentions of one invitee from another, they cannot keep
those engaging in permitted activities but for nonrecreational reasons off the land,
and therefore cannot limit their liability. A rational landowner faced with such a


                                        -19-
Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City ofMercer Island, 85583-8




rule would have every incentive to close the land to the public entirely. This is
especially true because the landowner would be forced to take all the same
precautions to safeguard the land opened up for public recreation as would apply in
the absence of RCW 4.24.210, since he would still owe a greater duty of care to
those who enter but are not recreating. The legislature plainly intended statutory
immunity to apply based not on the intent of the public invitee, but on the
landowner's action in opening land to the public for recreation.
                                  CONCLUSION
      To establish entitlement to recreational use immunity, the City must prove
its portion of the I-90 trail is open to the public for outdoor recreation. Whether
the City allowed the public to use the trail for purposes of outdoor recreation is a
contested factual issue. Because the trier of fact could find that the I -90 trail is
open for the public purpose of transportation rather than recreational use, the Court
of Appeals correctly held the City was not entitled to summary judgment in its
favor. We affirm.




                                         -20-
Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Construction Co. & City of Mercer Island, 85583-8




WE CONCUR:




                                                                    -""""=···
                                                                            ---c--~--




                                        -21-
Camicia v. HowardS. Wright Constr. Co. & City of Mercer Island




                                         No. 85583-8


       MADSEN, C.J. (dissenting)-The majority holds that RCW 4.24.210 confers

immunity only if land is held open to the public solely for recreational use. Nothing in

the statute or its purpose supports this conclusion.

       The majority says that summary judgment is precluded on the issue of recreational

use immunity because there are disputed issues of fact as to whether the part of the trail

where plaintiff Ms. Susan Camicia's injuries occurred was open for transportation use or

recreational use. Nothing in the statute or its purpose requires such an either/or

determination. If land is made available for public recreation, the immunity may apply

regardless of whether the land is also available to the public for transportation use.

Nowhere does the statute say or even imply that land must be open to the public only for

recreational use in order for the immunity to apply. Contrary to the majority's assertion,

mixed uses do not preclude application of the statute when the landowner 1 has made the

land available for the public recreational use in which the injured plaintiff was engaged.

       The majority believes, however, that the recreational use immunity is unnecessary

if the landowner has opened the land for a public nonrecreational' use. The majority says

1
  The statute applies to landowners and others who are in possession and control of the land.
Although for convenience, I generally refer to the "landowner," it is important to bear in mind
the statute is more inclusive.
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


that it "make[ s] little sense to provide immunity on the basis of recreational use when the

land would be held open to the public even in the absence of that use." Majority at 13.

This rationalization is deeply flawed and contrary to the purpose underlying the statute.

The aim of the statute is not merely that land be open to the public; rather, the aim is that

land be available for public recreational use. Land that is available to the public but not

for recreational use does not meet the statutory purpose. And without the statutory

immunity, the landowner who allows nonrecreational public use has no incentive to

expand the invitation to include outdoor recreational use. In fact, under the majority a

landowner is discouraged from doing so because to invite public recreational use would

expose the landowner to liability for injuries to recreational users.

       The result is that the public suffers from loss of the outdoor recreational

opportunities that the statute is intended to gain for members of the public-space for

bicycling, skiing, hiking, snowmobiling, and other recreational activities.

       Here the recreational use at issue is bicycling. Provided that the landowner makes

the land available for recreational bicycling, bicycling is deemed to be recreational use.

No inquiry into the bicyclist's intent or purpose is required or appropriate. Here, the

plaintiff was injured while bicycling on a trail that the city of Mercer Island (City) held

open for recreational uses that include bicycling. Accordingly, she was engaged in

recreational use within the meaning of the statute.

        Under the plain terms of the recreational use statute, the City is entitled to

recreational use immunity regardless of whether the portion of the Interstate 90 (I-90)


                                               2
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C .J. (dissenting)


Trail (I-90 Trail) is open solely to recreational use or open for mixed uses consisting of

transportation and recreation that includes bicycling. The trial court's grant of summary

judgment in the City's favor should be affirmed. 2

                                           Discussion

         The majority misconstrues the recreational use statute by adding a restriction that

does not exist in the statute's language or purpose, i.e., that land has to be available to the

public solely for recreation in order for the immunity to apply.

         RCW 4.24.210(1) provides in relevant part:

         [A]ny public or private landowners ... or others in lawful possession and
         control of any lands whether designated resource, rural, or urban, or water
         areas or channels and lands adjacent to such areas or channels, who allow
         members of the public to use them for the purposes of outdoor recreation,
         which term includes ... bicycling ... , without charging a fee of any kind
         therefor, shall not be liable for unintentional injuries to such users.

(Emphasis added.)

         It is indisputable that the City is a public landowner within the meaning of the

statute. There is also no question that the City owns a portion of the I-90 Trail, which

passes through Mercer Island. The City's ownership is established by a quitclaim deed

from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), which built the I-90

Trail.


2
 To clarify the majority's description ofthe procedural course of this case, after the City's
motion for summary judgment was denied without prejudice, the City collected evidence on its
ownership and control of the portion of the trail at issue here. During this period, the judge who
heard the motion originally, Judge Douglas McBroom, retired and the case was transferred to
Judge Laura Inveen. The City then renewed its motion, which was granted. The trial court
certified this partial summary judgment as appealable under CR 54(b).
                                                 3
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


       THE CITY OPENED THE LAND TO PUBLIC RECREATIONAL BICYCLING

       Whether the City made the trail available for recreational use involves two

questions in this case: whether the City in fact made the trail available for recreation and

whether the City had the power to do so.

       Whether a landowner has opened land for public recreation should be viewed from

the standpoint of the landowner. See Cultee v. City ofTacoma, 95 Wn. App. 505, 514,

977 P.2d 15 (1999); Gaeta v. Seattle City Light, 54 Wn. App. 603, 608, 774 P.2d 1255

(1989). All of the facts and circumstances, objectively viewed, should be considered, and

here they show the City holds the land open to recreation as a public use in addition to

public use of the trail for transportation.

       The City Continued To Make the Trail Available for Recreational Use after
       the City Acquired Title

       At the time ownership was transferred to the City, the trail already served as a

pedestrian and bicycle trail. It makes no difference that the trail was already available to

the public for recreational use. The evidence establishes that after it acquired title, the

City continued to hold the trail open to the public for recreational uses that include

bicycling. The statute's purpose of encouraging landowners to make land available for

recreational use is served both when a landowner opens land to public use for the first

time and when a landowner continues to keep land available for such use and does not

withdraw permission to recreationally use the land. The immunity should apply when a

landowner's successor in interest continues to make the land available for public outdoor

recreational use, as the Court of Appeals has recognized. See Riksem v. City of Seattle,
                                               4
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


47 Wn. App. 506, 510, 736 P.2d 275 (1987) (in light of the statute's purpose "[i]t would

not make sense to provide immunity to only those owners who originally open up the

land for recreational purposes").

         There is abundant evidence in the record showing, and reasonable minds cannot

differ on this, that the City allows the public to use the portion of the trail in its ownership

for recreational uses, including bicycling.

         The City May Be Entitled to Recreational Use Immunity Notwithstanding Use
         of the Trail for Transportation,· Mixed Public Uses Do Not Preclude the Immunity

         The majority's view that a fact question remains is not an issue of whether the

public was allowed to use the trail for recreation, including bicycling, but instead is tied

to the majority's belief that mixed public uses preclude application of the recreational use

statute. The majority's premise is that if the trail is used for public transportation it

cannot be recreational land within the meaning of the statute, i.e., that when public is

allowed to use land for both transportation and recreation, the immunity statute does not

apply.

         The premise is false. Nothing in RCW 4.24.210 precludes mixed public uses on

land that was made available for public outdoor recreation. The statutory language is

plain: "any public ... landowners ... in lawful possession and control of any lands ...

who allow members of the public to use them for the purposes of outdoor recreation"




                                                5
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


may qualify for the immunity. RCW 4.24.210. There is no proviso stating that the

immunity is available only if the recreational use is the sole public use of the land. 3

        Moreover, the public policy underscoring the recreational use statute is furthered

and the purpose of the statute is met when land is held open for public recreational use,

regardless of whether it is also held open for public nonrecreational uses. The

recreational use statute was enacted because outdoor recreational opportunities were

inadequate to meet the state's expanding need and demand. Ochampaugh v. City of

Seattle, 91 Wn.2d 514, 523, 588 P.2d 1351 (1979). The legislature's intent was to meet

this need by providing immunity to "encourage landowners to open up their lands to the

public for recreational purposes." Davis v. State, 144 Wn.2d 612, 616, 30 P.3d 460

(2001); accord Swinehart v. City of Spokane, 145 Wn. App. 836, 845, 187 P.3d 345

(2008). This goal is met when the public is allowed to engage in public recreation on the

land regardless of whether the public is also allowed to engage in some other use of the

land.

        Immunity Is Needed To Encourage Land Availability for Public Recreation
        Even When the Land Is Available for Public Nonrecreational Use

        The majority announces, however, that the immunity is unnecessary to encourage

landowners to open land that is already held open for a nonrecreational purpose.

Majority at 13. The majority says that "[w]here land is open to the public for some other


3
 When land is held available for mixed public uses, the immunity does not apply in case of
every injury that might occur on the land because the statute concerns only recreational uses. If a
member of the public suffers injuries during nonrecreational activity, no immunity is available
under RCW 4.24.210.
                                                6
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


public purpose-for example as part of a public transportation corridor-the inducement

of recreational use immunity is unnecessary. It would make little sense to provide

immunity on the basis of recreational use when the land would be held open to the public

even in the absence of that use." Majority at 13.

       This is exceedingly flawed reasoning because unless the land is made available to

the public for recreational use, the legislative goal is not met. Land open for

nonrecreational public use does not meet the need for outdoor recreational

opportunities-unless the land is additionally made available for public recreation. If

the land is not available to the public for recreational use, the expanding need for outdoor

recreational land for public use is not met. The legislature has clearly decided that the

inducement of immunity is necessary to encourage recreational use, i.e., the type of

public use that is of concern under the statute.

       The court should hold that to come within the scope of the statute the landowner

must make land available for public recreational use. Whether the land is available for

some other public use does not matter. The court should also conclude that here the

evidence shows that the City held the land open for recreational use by the public as well

as for transportation.

        THE CITY HAD AUTHORITY TO OPEN THE TRAIL TO PUBLIC
        RECREATIONAL BICYCLING

        The second issue is whether the City, which did in fact allow the public to use the

trail for recreational use, had the authority to do so. This is a question of whether the

 City was a landowner in possession and control of the land with the power to make it
                                               7
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


available to the public for recreational use as contemplated by RCW 4.24.210. As noted,

the City owns the portion of the trail at issue here.

       The Recreational Use Statute Does Not Require "Continuing Authority"

       Ms. Camicia argues, and the majority agrees, that in order to have lawful

"possession and control" over land the City, as landowner, must have "'continuing

authority to determine whether the land should be open to the public."' Majority at 12

(quoting Tennyson v. Plum Creek Timber Co., 73 Wn. App. 550, 557-58, 872 P.2d 524

(1994)). In relying on Tennyson, the majority makes an unfortunate but very big mistake.

Tennyson does not purport to state a rule of law for every case under RCW 4.24.210 and

Tennyson is utterly inapposite to the present case.

       In Tennyson, the plaintiff sued contractors who had excavated the side of a gravel

mound on land owned by Plum Creek Timber Company, pursuant to a contract for the

work. The contracted-for excavation work was completed 10 months before the plaintiff

was injured when he rode his motorcycle up the mound and fell over the edge of the

drop-off created by the excavation.

       The contractors sought immunity under RCW 4.24.21 0, but they were not the

landowners. They argued entitlement to immunity under the statute on the ground they

were, in the language ofRCW 4.24.210, "others in lawful possession and control" of the

land when the alleged negligent acts occurred. The Court of Appeals rejected the claim,

concluding that the "possession and control" requirement means "a broader, more

permanent interest in the land" than the contractors' rights under their contract.

                                               8
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


Tennyson, 73 Wn. App. at 557-58. The contractors no longer had even contractual

authority after they completed the contract work, i.e., they had no "continuing authority

to determine whether the land should be open to the public." !d. at 558.

       Tennyson is not remotely applicable, and it certainly does not state an applicable

rule oflaw. Tennyson supports the proposition that "the immunity of Washington's

recreational land use statute does not apply to contractors because they have no control or

permanent interest in the land and their limited rights in the land expire when their work

is complete." 16A DAVID K. DEWOLF & KELLER W. ALLEN, WASHINGTON PRACTICE:

TORT LAW AND PRACTICE§ 18:18 (3d ed. 2013).

       Authority To Close the Trail to Transportation Is Irrelevant

       The majority also believes that for the statute to apply the landowner must have

authority to close the land to the public because extending the immunity to a landowner

lacking authority to close the land to public recreation would not further the purpose of

encouraging landowners to open land that otherwise would not be open. Majority at 12-

13 (citing Tennyson, 73 Wn. App. at 558). The majority then concludes that here there is

a question of fact about authority to close the land since, the majority says, the evidence

gives rise to a question of fact "about the City's authority to close the trail to public

transportation." Majority at 13 (emphasis added).

        There is a vast difference between authority to close land to public recreation if

the land had been open for recreational use and authority to close land to public




                                               9
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


transportation. While the former at least seems to implicate the statute's goal of

encouraging additional opportunities for outdoor recreation, the latter does not.

       Whether the City can bar the public from using the land for transportation is

irrelevant. The statute says the immunity applies when landowners "allow members of

the public to use" their land for "outdoor recreation." RCW 4.24.210(1) (emphasis

added). And RCW 4.24.200 explicitly says that the purpose of RCW 4.24.210 is "to

encourage owners or others in lawful possession and control of land and water areas or

channels to make them available to the public for recreational purposes." (Emphasis

added.) The purpose of the statute to encourage land availability for public recreation is

served when land is made available for public recreation. Thus, the relevant inquiry

under the statute is whether the landowner has authority to make the land available for

public recreation.

       An issue of fact must be genuine to preclude summary judgment. CR 56( c). A

material fact is one that affects the outcome of the litigation. Hisle v. Todd Pac.

Shipyards Corp., 151 Wn.2d 853, 861, 93 P.3d 108 (2004). Whether the City has

authority to close the land to transportation is not a question of material fact. It has no

bearing whatsoever on whether a landowner can make the land available for public

recreational use. Thus, the question whether the City had authority to close the trail to

transportation does not matter and should not preclude summary judgment. 4


4
  Ms. Camicia presents documentary evidence she argues shows the City lacked authority to
close the land to transportation use. First, the quitclaim deed to the City from WSDOT states
that the trail is to be used for road or street purposes. Even if this provision in the quitclaim deed
                                                  10
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


       The majority says, though, that extending the reach of the statute to the public for

purposes other than recreation would also relieve the government of its obligation to

were relevant in the face of the City's ownership and its actual and consistent operation of the
bicycle path to include recreational use, and even if the provision were to mean the City cannot
close the path to transportation, this does not mean that the City lacks control of the bicycle path
to make it available for recreational use. First, as mentioned, land may be used by the public for
more than one purpose. If one of the uses of the land is recreation because the landowner has
opened or holds open the land for this use, then the statutory immunity may apply. Moreover,
several cases that involve the recreational use statute have involved byways that are both routes
for transportation as well as recreational lands. E.g., Chamberlain v. Dep 't ofTransp., 79 Wn.
App. 212, 901 P .2d 344 (1995) (Deception Pass Bridge used for transportation and recreational
viewing); Gaeta, 54 Wn. App. 603 (road across Diablo Dam used for transportation to resort and
for recreation); Riksem, 47 Wn. App. 506 (mixed-use Burke-Gilman trail used for transportation
and recreation).
         Second, that the deed contains the provision stating that the I-90 Trail within the City's
ownership must be used for "road/street purposes only" does not foreclose the City's right to
open it to recreational use; nothing about recreational bicycling on the trail is inconsistent with
the trail's use for transportation as well. This is shown, for example, by state statutes that govern
funding for transportation and show that a bicycle trail integrated with a transportation route can
be for "highway purposes." RCW 47.30.005 says that for purposes of chapter 47.30 RCW,
'"trail' or 'path' means a public way constructed primarily for and open to pedestrians,
 equestrians, or bicyclists, or any combination thereof .... " RCW 47.30.060 provides that "the
 establishment of paths and trails and the expenditure of funds as authorized by RCW 47.30.030,
 as now or hereafter amended, shall be deemed to be for highway, road, and street purposes . ... "
 (Emphasis added.) RCW 47.30.030 provides for expenditure of gas tax funds by the department
 of transportation for such trails. See RCW 46.68.090. In light of these statutes, use ofthe trail
 for recreational bicycling is not inconsistent with a restriction that it be used for road/street
 purposes only.
          Ms. Camicia also submitted documents relating to federal funding for the I-90 Trail,
 indicating the trail is "part of a multimodal transportation facility." Majority at 13. These so-
 called Section 4(f) documents explicitly recognize that recreational use is a purpose of the I-90
 Trail, in addition to transportation. (In addition, most of the documents concern the I-90 Trail on
 the floating bridge and not the portion owned by the City.) WSDOT's own evaluations also note
 the path can be used for recreation. See, e.g., CP at 749. Although the majority notes that
 WSDOT recognized the pathway as a major transportation link, majority at 4, this reference is to
 a part of the I-90 Trail that is not in the City's ownership. Environmental assessment documents
 submitted by Ms. Camicia likewise show the pathway's use for recreation in addition to
 transportation. Because mixed use should not bar application of the recreational use statute, as
 both its language and purpose show, these various documents do not establish a material fact
 question that bars summary judgment in the City's favor. They show that while various agencies
 classified the pathway as a transportation route for purposes of project approvals and funding, all
 of the agencies also recognized that the pathway is a shared-use path with recreational use being
 an important use.
                                                 11
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


maintain roadways in a safe condition for ordinary travel. This is incorrect. Immunity

does not apply to every individual injured on land made available for public recreation.

Only injuries incurred during recreational use for which the land is open will trigger the

immunity. If a road were to be open to public recreation and transportation, the

government duty to maintain roads in a safe condition would still exist.

       Bicycle Paths and Trails Are Not Equivalent to Roads for Motor Vehicles
       Like Cars, Trucks, Vans, and Buses

       The majority also seems to think that activity on any road or street can qualify as

recreational use because travel on their byways could be sightseeing. Initially, it is not

true that any activity on land that is or might be recreational use under the statute

automatically qualifies for the immunity. The landowner must affirmatively make the

land available for recreation. And if a government claimed that city streets are

recreational land and therefore immunity is always available for sightseeing or pleasure

driving, a court can and should recognize the ruse and make the determination that as a

matter of law reasonable minds cannot differ that cities and other government entities do

not open their general street, road, highway, and freeway systems as recreational land.

       Moreover, this case shows a significant difference between trails and pathways on

the one hand and city streets on the other. The evidence shows that motorized vehicular

traffic that routinely travels city streets and is comprised of cars, vans, buses, trucks, and

the like is not permitted on the bicycle trail here. This is recognized in state statutes.

E.g., RCW 47.30.005 (for purposes of chapter 47.30 RCW, '"trail' or 'path' means a

public way constructed primarily for and open to pedestrians, equestrians, or bicyclists,
                                              12
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


or any combination thereof'). Trails open to pedestrian, bicycle, and equestrian uses are

thus fundamentally different from city streets. Here, as the majority explicitly notes,

motor vehicles are prevented from accessing the trail by placement of bollards. Majority

at 2. The case cited by the majority, Pudmaroffv. Allen, 138 Wn.2d 55, 63 n.3, 977 P.2d

574 (1999), is not to the contrary. It points out that state "[s]tatutes variously treat

bicycles and bike paths in a recreational context, and at other times the statutes treat them

as part of the transportation system." Id. As explained above, transportation use does not

foreclose additional use of bicycle paths and trails for recreation.

       The majority raises spectres of unlimited immunity, with the obvious purpose to

justify its exceedingly narrow interpretation of the recreational use statute. It relies on

supposed facts not before the court and imagined scenarios of expansive claims of

immunit/ to create alarm. The majority does this without any idea what arguments and

authority might be presented in future cases. Then, with these self-created fears in mind,

the majority reads the immunity out of cases where it plainly ought to apply, i.e., where a

landowner makes trails and pathways open to the public for recreational walking,

jogging, and bicycling.

        The court should hold that the City had the authority under RCW 4.24.210 to open

the portion of the I-90 Trail to recreational use, as factually it has done.




5
  In the decades since the recreational use statute was enacted, no appellant-city has claimed
claiming immunity for routine traffic on city streets.
                                                13
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


       No Inquiry Into a Bicyclist's Intent or Purpose Is Required by RCW 4.24.210

       Next, the majority says that bicycling is not necessarily a recreational activity,

referring to the legislature's treatment of bicycling in various statutes as both recreational

and for transportation purposes. While this is true as a general proposition, the majority

fails to properly consider the precise statute at issue here and how it treats bicycling.

       The City urges that because Ms. Camicia was bicycling at the time of the accident

causing her injuries, she was engaged in outdoor recreational use within the meaning of

the statute. The City is correct.

       The recreational use statute specifically lists bicycling as a recreational use. The

immunity applies when members of the public are allowed "to use" the land "for the

purposes of outdoor recreation, which term includes ... bicycling." RCW 4.24.210(1).

Provided that no fee is charged for this activity, the landowner "shall not be liable for

unintentional injuries to such users." !d. "Such users" in this context is plainly a

reference to members of the public bicycling on the land.

       There is no qualifying language that specifies that the bicyclist must be engaged in

"bicycling for the purpose of recreation" or "bicycling for pleasure." Instead, the statute

refers only to "bicycling." In contrast, when the statute refers to other devices on or in

which a person might travel, the statute limits the scope of immunity by specifically

narrowing the qualifying uses. RCW 4.24.210(1) includes in its list of recreational uses

the ''pleasure driving of off-road vehicles, snowmobiles, and other vehicles." !d.

(emphasis added).

                                               14
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


       When the legislature uses certain language in one context of a statute and different

or dissimilar language in another, a difference in intent is presumed. Millay v. Cam, 13 5

Wn.2d 193, 202, 955 P.2d 791 (1998). Thus, the physical activity of"bicycling" by a

member of the public is deemed under the statute to be recreational use, provided that the

landowner has affirmatively made the land available to the public for recreational

bicycling. No inquiry into the bicyclist's intent or purpose is necessary or appropriate.

       However, the majority is correct that just because land is opened to bicycling does

not mean it is open for recreational use. The purpose of the statute is that land be open

for public recreational uses. Accordingly, the landowner, who has the burden of proof,

must establish that it held the land open to the public for recreational bicycle use. Once

that is established, the statute then provides that if a member of the public is bicycling on

the land, it is deemed to be recreational use. Thus, there must be an inquiry into whether,

from the landowner's viewpoint, the landowner held the land open to public recreational

bicycling.

                                         Conclusion

       The majority restricts application of the recreational use immunity statute to land

that the landowner or possessor opens to the public solely for outdoor recreational use. If

the land is open for any other public use, then, according to the majority, the immunity

will not apply. Here, because the trail within the City's ownership is also open to

transportation use, the majority's view is that it cannot be open to the public for




                                              15
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)


recreational use. The majority also says that the statutory immunity is unnecessary if the

land is already open for nonrecreational public use.

       Neither of these propositions is correct. The statute does not contain any

limitation to the effect that the immunity cannot apply in the case of mixed uses of the

land and the purpose of the statute is not served by the majority's limiting construction.

If the landowner opens land to the public for recreational use in addition to a

nonrecreational use, the purpose of the statute to encourage opportunities for outdoor

recreation is met. And just because the public might be able to use the land for purposes

other than recreation does not meet the statute's goal of land for recreation.

       The trial court's grant of partial summary judgment was appropriate. Ms. Camicia

was riding her bicycle on the part of the 1-90 Trail owned by the City at the time the

accident occurred and she was injured. The City held this land open for public

recreational bicycling. The recreational use statute specifically identifies bicycling as a

recreational use within the statute, regardless of the rider's actual purpose. The injuries

to Ms. Camicia were unintentional and the City charged no fee for recreational use of the

trail. Accordingly, the statute applies and the City should be immune from suit based on

the injuries Ms. Camicia suffered while riding her bicycle on the trail.

        The Court of Appeals should be reversed and the trial court's grant of summary

judgment in favor of the City should be reinstated.




                                              16
No. 85583-8
Madsen, C.J. (dissenting)




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