      [Cite as In re L.S., 2016-Ohio-5582.]
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
               FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
                    HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO




IN RE: L.S.                                   :   APPEAL NO. C-150526
                                                  TRIAL NO. 15-4931z
                                              :

                                              :      O P I N I O N.




Appeal From: Hamilton County Juvenile Court

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: August 31, 2016




Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Alex Scott Havlin,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee State of Ohio,

Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Julie Kahrs Nessler,
Assistant Public Defender, for Appellant L.S.
                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS




MOCK, Judge.

       {¶1}     L.S. appeals an adjudication of delinquency for acts that, if committed

by an adult, would have constituted the offense of carrying a concealed weapon

under R.C. 2923.12. We find no merit in his two assignments of error, and we,

therefore, affirm the adjudication.


                                 I. Facts and Procedure

       {¶2}     The record shows that Officer Ben Moore of the Green Township

Police Department was on routine patrol when he saw a vehicle run a stop sign at a

high rate of speed while turning off of a side street. When Officer Moore turned his

cruiser around, the vehicle increased to “an extreme high rate of speed.” He stated

that he believed that “they were attempting to get away.” As Officer Moore followed

the vehicle, it kept increasing its speed. He turned on his lights and sirens, but the

car did not stop. Instead, it ran a red light.

       {¶3}     Officer Moore’s partner, Officer Biggs, who happened to be sitting in a

nearby parking lot, attempted to intercept the vehicle.          The vehicle “made a

correction” to avoid him. It then crashed into a stop sign, and finally stopped about

300 yards away from the sign.

       {¶4}     Officer Biggs was the first to approach the vehicle. He ordered the

driver out of the vehicle and detained him. Officer Moore then approached the

driver’s side of the vehicle with his gun drawn.          A third officer arrived and

approached the passenger side of the vehicle.

       {¶5}     L.S. was sitting in the front passenger seat of the vehicle. Officer

Moore told L.S. that he needed to see L.S.’s hands and that L.S. should not move.

Officer Moore noticed a book bag located on the floor between his legs. He saw L.S.

reach for the bag and lift it “slightly” off of the floor. Officer Moore told him, “[Y]ou


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need to keep the bag on the ground * * *, do not touch that bag.” L.S. responded,

“[I]t’s my bag, I’m taking my bag.” Moore again told him, “I need to see your hands,

do not grab that bag.”

       {¶6}    By that time, the third officer had also approached the vehicle. Moore

told L.S. to “step out to my partner, leave the bag where it is, and you’re being

detained right now for investigation.” L.S. was put in handcuffs and placed in the

squad car. Another female passenger was also detained. The car was subsequently

towed due to the driver’s arrest and the occupants’ curfew violations. Inside the

book bag at L.S.’s feet, the officers found a loaded firearm.

       {¶7}    L.S. was charged with carrying a concealed weapon.         L.S. filed a

motion to suppress evidence regarding the contents of the book bag, which the trial

court overruled.     Following a trial, a magistrate recommended that L.S. be

adjudicated delinquent. The trial court denied L.S.’s objections and adopted the

magistrate’s decision. This appeal followed.


                                II. Search and Seizure

       {¶8}    L.S. presents two assignments of error for review.         In his first

assignment of error, he contends that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to

suppress. He argues that the search of his book bag violated his Fourth Amendment

rights. This assignment of error is not well taken.

       {¶9}    Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of

law and fact. We must accept the trial court’s findings of fact as true if competent,

credible evidence supports them. But we must independently determine whether the

facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152,

2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8; State v. Ojile, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-110677

and C-110678, 2012-Ohio-6015, ¶ 61.



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       {¶10} In overruling L.S.’s motion to suppress, the trial court stated that the

search was justified as an inventory search.      An inventory search of a lawfully

impounded vehicle is an exception to the general prohibition against warrantless

searches. State v. Hathman, 65 Ohio St.3d 403, 405-406, 604 N.E.2d 73 (1992).

       {¶11} To satisfy constitutional requirements, the inventory search must be

conducted in good faith and “in accordance with reasonable standardized

procedure(s) or established routine.” Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus; Ojile at ¶

66. While those procedures need not be in writing, the state must show that the

police department has a standardized routine policy, and that the officer’s conduct

conformed to that policy. Ojile at ¶ 66. If, during a valid inventory search, a law-

enforcement official discovers a closed container, the container may be opened as

part of the inventory process if a standardized policy or practice exists governing the

opening of closed containers. Hathman at paragraph two of the syllabus; Ojile at ¶

66.

       {¶12} Moore testified that the officers could not let any of the individuals in

the car drive it away, so they were forced to tow it. He stated that when a vehicle is

towed, police officers must conduct an inventory of the contents of the vehicle “to

account for any personal belongings” and to protect all involved. He stated that he

followed the Green Township Police Department’s inventory search policies “one

hundred percent.”

       {¶13} A written copy of those procedures was introduced into evidence. But

it contained no specific written policy or procedure about the opening of closed

containers during an inventory search. Further, when Office Moore was specifically

asked about such a policy or procedure, he could not provide an answer.

       {¶14} The Ohio Supreme Court has stated that “the existence of a reasonable

policy or procedure governing inventory searches in general is insufficient to justify



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the opening of closed containers encountered during the inventory search.”

Hathman, 65 Ohio St.3d at 408, 604 N.E.2d 743. It went on to state that “[r]ather,

some articulated policy must also exist which regulates the opening of containers

found during the authorized inventory search.” Id. Consequently, we hold that the

inventory exception does not apply in this case.

       {¶15} Nevertheless, the search was justified under the automobile exception

to the warrant requirement. Under that exception, police may conduct a warrantless

search of an entire vehicle if the officers have probable cause to believe that they will

discover evidence of a crime. State v. Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d 47, 51, 734 N.E.2d 804

(2000); State v. Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130069, 2014-Ohio-1201, ¶ 6; State

v. Lopez, 166 Ohio App.3d 337, 2006-Ohio-2091, 859 N.E.2d 781, ¶ 18 (1st Dist.). An

officer who has probable cause to search an automobile may search all packages and

containers inside the car if he has probable cause to believe that the package or

container contains contraband. Wyoming v. Houghton, 526 U.S. 295, 302, 119 S.Ct.

1297, 143 L.Ed.2d 408 (1999); State v. Salvato, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-980939,

1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 3716, *4 (Aug. 13, 1999).

       {¶16}    Probable    cause      to   search   exists   where   “known   facts   and

circumstances are sufficient to warrant a [person] of reasonable prudence in the

belief that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found.” Jones at ¶ 16, quoting

Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996).

Whether probable cause existed depends on the objective factors articulated by the

officer. If the search is objectively reasonable, the officer’s stated reason for the

search is irrelevant. Salvato at *5.

       {¶17} In this case Officer Moore and the other police officers observed a

vehicle driving at a high rate of speed and running a stop sign. When he put on his

lights and siren, the vehicle sped up and engaged in a high-speed chase with the



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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



officers. When another officer tried to stop the vehicle, it attempted to evade the

police and only came to a stop when it crashed through a stop sign.

       {¶18} Officers approached the car with guns drawn.             While guns were

pointed at him, L.S. ignored Officer Moore’s repeated commands to put his hands up

and not to touch the book bag. He acknowledged it was his book bag and told the

officers that he was taking his bag. Under the totality of the circumstances, the

police officers had probable cause to believe that the book bag contained contraband

or evidence of a crime. Therefore, the search was justified under the automobile

exception to the warrant requirement.

       {¶19} Unlike a purely protective search or a search incident to arrest, it is

irrelevant under the automobile exception that the police officers had removed the

occupants of the car from the vehicle and were not going to allow them to return. See

Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 341-344, 129 S.Ct. 1710, 173 L.Ed.2d 485 (2009);

Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1048-1050, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201

(1983); State v. Smith, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-110727, 2013-Ohio-2208, ¶ 16-17.

As long as the officers had probable cause to search the car, they could conduct a

warrantless search of every part of the vehicle and its contents, including all movable

containers and packages that could contain the object of the search. State v. Welch,

18 Ohio St.3d 88, 92, 480 N.E.2d 384 (1985). “From a constitutional perspective,

there is no difference between seizing and holding a vehicle while waiting for a

search warrant and immediately searching the vehicle, so long as probable cause

exists.” State v. Ward, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-040379, 2005-Ohio-3036, ¶ 31. No

special exigency is required as long as probable cause exists due to the lesser

expectation of privacy in an automobile. Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 466, 119

S.Ct. 2013, 144 L.Ed.2d 442 (1999); State v. Miller, 4th Dist. Washington No.

06CA57, 2007-Ohio-6909, ¶ 19.



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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



       {¶20} The trial court can be right for the wrong reasons. See Greenacres

Found. v. Bd. of Bldg. Appeals, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120131, 2012-Ohio-4784, ¶

15; State v. Gipson, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-960867 and C-960881, 1997 Ohio App.

LEXIS 4404, *24-25 (Sept. 26, 1997). The search of L.S.’s book bag did not violate

his Fourth Amendment rights, and the trial court did not err in overruling his motion

to suppress. Consequently, we overrule his first assignment of error.


                         II. Physical Restraints during Trial

       {¶21} In his second assignment of error, L.S. contends that the trial court

erred in holding him in physical restraints during his trial. He argues that the court

made no individual determination of the need to restrain him during trial. While we

agree that the trial court erred, we find that the error was harmless.

       {¶22} The decision whether to impose restraints on a defendant lies within

the trial court’s discretion. State v. Jackson, 141 Ohio St.3d 171, 2014-Ohio-3707, 23

N.E.3d 1023, ¶ 153. But that discretion is not unfettered. The violent nature of the

crimes for which the defendant is being tried will not alone justify the use of

restraints. The defendant’s specific behavior must justify the restraints. See State v.

Adams, 103 Ohio St.3d 508, 2004-Ohio-5845, 817 N.E.2d 29, ¶ 104-105; Sate v.

Leonard, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-061025, 2007-Ohio-7095, ¶ 6-7.

       {¶23} L.S.’s counsel filed a written motion to have L.S. appear free from

restraints and renewed that motion orally at the start of the adjudicatory hearing.

The juvenile court summarily overruled the motion. We agree that the trial court

erred in doing so without a showing of a particularized need. See Jackson at ¶ 153.

The Ohio Supreme Court has stated that “no one should be tried while shackled,

absent unusual circumstances.” Adams at ¶ 104, quoting State v. Kidder, 32 Ohio

St.3d 279, 285, 513 N.E.2d 311 (1987). One of the justifications for this rule is that



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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



trying a defendant in shackles presents a risk that jurors will be influenced by the

shackles in their deliberations, which undermines the presumption of innocence.

Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 630, 125 S.Ct. 2007, 161 L.Ed.2d 953 (2005); Adams

at ¶ 108. Because this case was tried to the court, any physical restraints were not

visible to a jury. In a bench trial, unlike in a jury trial, the court is presumed to be

able to disregard the defendant’s appearing in shackles. See Jackson at ¶ 154.

       {¶24} L.S. also argues that the shackles interfered with his ability to

communicate with his counsel because he could not lift his hands to the table to

write. See Jackson at ¶ 157. But the record is devoid of any evidence to support this

claim. At no point did L.S. inform the court that he was hampered in his ability to

communicate with his counsel.

       {¶25} Under the circumstances, we find that there was no reasonable

possibility that the error contributed to the adjudication of delinquency. Therefore,

it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Bayless, 48 Ohio St.2d 73,

357 N.E.2d 1035 (1976), paragraph seven of the syllabus; State v. Brundage, 1st Dist.

Hamilton No. C-030632, 2004-Ohio-6436, ¶ 33.              We overrule L.S.’s second

assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                   Judgment affirmed.



C UNNINGHAM , P.J., and S TAUTBERG , J., concur.


Please note:
       The court has recorded its own entry this date.




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