                            154 T.C. No. 13



                   UNITED STATES TAX COURT



             VIVIAN RUESCH, Petitioner v.
    COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



Docket No. 6188-19P.                           Filed June 25, 2020.



       P failed to pay assessed penalties under I.R.C. sec. 6038 total-
ing $160,000. R certified P’s liability for those penalties to the Secre-
tary of State as a “seriously delinquent tax debt” within the meaning
of I.R.C. sec. 7345(b). P filed a petition challenging the correctness
of R’s certification as well as her underlying liability for the penalties.

       R subsequently discovered that P had timely requested a col-
lection due process hearing with respect to the I.R.C. sec. 6038 penal-
ties. That request suspended collection of her tax debt so that it was
no longer “seriously delinquent.” See I.R.C. sec. 7345(b)(2)(B)(i). R
accordingly reversed his certification as erroneous and so notified the
Secretary of State.

       R filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction insofar as P
seeks to challenge in this case her underlying liability for the penal-
ties. Because the certification that P disputed has been reversed, R
filed a separate motion to dismiss on the ground of mootness. P ob-
jected to the granting of both motions.
                                        -2-

             Held: We do not have jurisdiction, under I.R.C. sec. 7345 or
      otherwise, to consider in this case petitioner’s challenge to her under-
      lying liability for the penalties.

             Held, further, we have jurisdiction to review P’s challenge to
      R’s certification of her liabilities as “seriously delinquent.” See
      I.R.C. sec. 7345(e). However, because R has reversed that certifi-
      cation as erroneous and so notified the Secretary of State, P’s chal-
      lenge in that respect is moot.

            Held, further, because there remains no live controversy be-
      tween P and R over which we have jurisdiction, this case is moot.



      Frank Agostino, Phillip J. Colasanto, and Andrew D. Lendrum, for

petitioner.

      Christina L. Holland, Douglas S. Polsky, and Christopher D. Davis, for

respondent.



                                     OPINION


      LAUBER, Judge: This passport case is before the Court on dispositive mo-

tions filed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS or respondent). Section 7345, en-

acted in 2015, is captioned “Revocation or Denial of Passport in Case of Certain
                                         -3-

Tax Delinquencies.”1 It provides that, if the Commissioner certifies that an indi-

vidual has a “seriously delinquent tax debt,” the Secretary of the Treasury “shall

transmit such certification to the Secretary of State for action with respect to deni-

al, revocation, or limitation of a passport.” Sec. 7345(a). A taxpayer aggrieved by

such action may petition this Court “to determine whether the certification was

erroneous or whether the Commissioner has failed to reverse the certification.”

Sec. 7345(e)(1). If this Court “determines that such certification was erroneous,

then the [C]ourt may order the Secretary to notify the Secretary of State that such

certification was erroneous.” Sec. 7345(e)(2).

      The IRS assessed $160,000 of penalties against petitioner under section

6038, and she did not pay that liability upon notice and demand. The Commis-

sioner subsequently certified that petitioner was an individual owing a “seriously

delinquent tax debt.” See sec. 7345(b). Petitioner filed a petition seeking three

forms of relief: (1) redetermination of the penalties assessed against her, which

she contends were illegally assessed; (2) a determination that the Commissioner

erred in certifying her as a person having a seriously delinquent tax debt; and (3) a

determination that the Commissioner erred in failing to reverse his certification.


      1
        All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect at
all relevant times. We round all monetary amounts to the nearest dollar.
                                          -4-

      The IRS thereafter discovered that petitioner had timely requested a collec-

tion due process (CDP) hearing. Her request for a CDP hearing suspended col-

lection of her tax debt, so that it was no longer “seriously delinquent.” See sec.

7345(b)(2)(B)(i). The IRS accordingly reversed its certification as erroneous and

so notified the Secretary of State. See sec. 7345(c)(1), (2)(D).

      Respondent has filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and a mo-

tion to dismiss on grounds of mootness. Respondent contends that we lack juris-

diction to decide, in this passport case, petitioner’s underlying liability for the

penalties. With respect to the passport claims over which we do have jurisdiction,

respondent contends that petitioner has already received all of the relief that she

requested in her petition, that this Court can provide no further relief at this junc-

ture, and that the case is therefore moot. We agree with respondent in both re-

spects and accordingly will grant both of his motions.

                                     Background

      The following facts are derived from the pleadings, the parties’ motion

papers, and the exhibits attached thereto. Petitioner resided in New York when

she petitioned this Court.

      On February 12, 2018, the IRS assessed against petitioner $160,000 in pen-

alties under section 6038 for failing to file information returns with respect to for-
                                         -5-

eign corporations for tax years 2005-2010. On April 16, 2018, the IRS issued pe-

titioner a Notice CP504, Notice of Intent to Seize (Levy) Your Property or Rights

to Property, notifying her of its intent to levy on a State income tax refund. In re-

sponse to that notice petitioner submitted, on May 15, 2018, an appeal under the

IRS Collection Appeals Program (CAP appeal). Because of a computer coding er-

ror, the IRS misclassified petitioner’s CAP appeal as a request for a CDP hearing.2

      In September 2018 the IRS filed a notice of Federal tax lien (NFTL) with

respect to petitioner’s penalty liability, and on September 20, 2018, it sent her a

Notice of Federal Tax Lien Filing and Your Right to a Hearing (lien notice). On

October 11, 2018, petitioner timely submitted a Form 12153, Request for a Collec-

tion Due Process or Equivalent Hearing, with respect to the lien notice. The IRS

did not properly record petitioner’s hearing request and did not immediately afford

her a CDP hearing.

      On December 17, 2018, the IRS sent petitioner a Notice CP508C, Notice of

Certification of Your Seriously Delinquent Federal Tax Debt to the State Depart-


      2
        The Notice CP504 instructed petitioner that she could submit an appeal by
filing a Form 9423, Collection Appeal Request. Petitioner appears to have respon-
ded by sending a Form 9423 and concurrently requesting a CDP hearing. See In-
ternal Revenue Manual (IRM) pt. 8.24.1.2 (Sept. 3, 2019) (distinguishing between
CAP and CDP appeal rights); see also id. pt. 5.1.9.2 (Aug. 30, 2018). Petitioner’s
submission of both forms seems to have triggered the coding error.
                                         -6-

ment. This notice advised petitioner that the IRS had certified to the State Depart-

ment that she was a person owing a “seriously delinquent tax debt,” namely, her

liability for the section 6038 penalties plus interest thereon.3 On April 8, 2019,

petitioner filed a petition with this Court. In her petition she challenged the cor-

rectness of the Commissioner’s certification, as well as her underlying liability for

the penalties.

      A “seriously delinquent tax debt” is defined to exclude a debt with respect

to which a CDP hearing has been requested or is pending. Sec. 7345(b)(2)(B)(i).

On May 13, 2019, relying on its erroneous coding of petitioner’s CAP appeal as a

CDP hearing request, the IRS reversed its certification of petitioner’s tax debt as

“seriously delinquent.” The IRS discovered its coding error several days later. On

May 20, 2019, the IRS again certified petitioner to the State Department as a per-

son owing a seriously delinquent tax debt and issued a new notice of such certifi-

cation to petitioner.




      3
        Section 7345 outlines a two-step procedure whereby the Commissioner
sends certification to the Secretary of the Treasury, who then transmits the
certification to the Secretary of State. In practice, the IRS follows a one-step
procedure whereby the Commissioner, as the Secretary’s delegate, transmits the
certification directly to the State Department. See sec. 7701(a)(11); IRM pt.
5.1.12.27.1, 6, 8 (Dec. 20, 2017).
                                          -7-

      On May 24, 2019, respondent filed a motion to dismiss this case for lack of

jurisdiction insofar as petitioner seeks redetermination of her underlying liability

for the penalties. Respondent noted petitioner’s allegation, set forth in her peti-

tion, that she had requested a CDP hearing with respect to the lien notice. Re-

spondent represented that the IRS was investigating whether it had actually re-

ceived such a request. If the answer to that question was yes, respondent repre-

sented that the IRS “will reverse the certification of these liabilities as seriously

delinquent Federal tax debts to the State Department and move to dismiss the re-

maining claims as moot.”

      On September 26, 2019, respondent filed a motion to dismiss on grounds of

mootness. He represented that IRS records “did not reflect receipt of * * * [peti-

tioner’s] CDP hearing request” regarding the lien notice when she initially submit-

ted that request on October 11, 2018. However, the IRS subsequently determined

that “the CDP hearing request was in fact timely,” that the IRS had received it on

October 12, 2018, and that the IRS had “processed it accordingly.” Respondent

represents that petitioner has now been offered the CDP hearing that she requested

and that her underlying liability claims are currently pending before a settlement

officer with the IRS Appeals Office in New York City.
                                         -8-

      Given the pendency of the CDP proceeding, the IRS reversed, on September

2, 2019, its certification of petitioner as a person owing a “seriously delinquent tax

debt.” Respondent represents that “the Secretary of State has been accordingly

notified.” Urging that petitioner has received with respect to her passport claims

the relief she requested in her petition, and that this Court can afford her no further

relief, respondent contends that this case has become moot.

      Petitioner opposed both of respondent’s motions, asserting that her under-

lying liability claims may properly be considered in this passport proceeding and

that the reversal of the certification does not moot her case. We held a hearing on

the motions during the Court’s trial session in New York City on January 13,

2020. Petitioner has not disputed, in her written submissions or in oral argument,

that the IRS has reversed its certification, that the IRS has notified the State De-

partment of that reversal, or that her underlying liability claims with respect to the

penalties are currently pending before the IRS Appeals Office.

                                     Discussion

A.    Section 7345 Overview

      Section 7345(a) provides that, if the IRS certifies that a taxpayer has “a seri-

ously delinquent tax debt,” that certification shall be transmitted “to the Secretary

of State for action with respect to denial, revocation, or limitation of the taxpayer’s
                                         -9-

passport.” The IRS is responsible for notifying the taxpayer contemporaneously

with the making of such certification. Sec. 7345(d).

      A “seriously delinquent tax debt” is a Federal tax liability that has been as-

sessed, exceeds $50,000 (adjusted for inflation), is unpaid and legally enforceable,

and with respect to which a lien notice has been filed or levy made. Sec.

7345(b)(1), (f). However, a seriously delinquent tax debt excludes “a debt with

respect to which collection is suspended * * * because a due process hearing under

section 6330 is requested or pending.” Id. subsec. (b)(2)(B)(i). If a certification

“is found to be erroneous or if the debt with respect to such certification * * *

ceases to be a seriously delinquent tax debt by reason of subsection (b)(2),” the

IRS must reverse its certification and notify the Secretary of State and the taxpay-

er. Id. subsecs. (c)(1), (d). “In the case of a certification found to be erroneous,

such notification shall be made as soon as practicable after such finding.” Id.

subsec. (c)(2)(D).

      Section 7345(e)(1) permits a taxpayer who has been certified as having a

seriously delinquent tax debt to petition this Court to determine “whether the certi-

fication was erroneous or whether the * * * [IRS] has failed to reverse the certifi-

cation.” If we find that a certification was erroneous, we “may order the Secretary

[of the Treasury] to notify the Secretary of State that such certification was erron-
                                         - 10 -

eous.” Sec. 7345(e)(2). The statute specifies no other form of relief that we may

grant.

B.       Jurisdiction

         The Tax Court is a court of limited jurisdiction and may exercise jurisdic-

tion only to the extent authorized by Congress. See sec. 7442; Wright v. Commis-

sioner, 571 F.3d 215, 219 (2d Cir. 2009); Estate of Young v. Commissioner, 81

T.C. 879, 881 (1983). We are “without authority to enlarge upon that statutory

grant.” Kasper v. Commissioner, 137 T.C. 37, 40 (2011). Respondent’s motion to

dismiss for lack of jurisdiction requires that we determine whether we have juris-

diction, in this case, to address petitioner’s challenge to her underlying liability for

the section 6038 penalties.

         Our jurisdiction over passport cases is defined by section 7345(e), captioned

“Judicial review of certification.” It provides that a taxpayer who has received a

notification under section 7345(d) “may bring a civil action against the United

States in a [Federal] district court * * * or against the Commissioner in the Tax

Court.” Sec. 7345(e)(1). The statute specifies no time limit for the commence-

ment of such a civil action. Cf. sec. 6213(a) (requiring that a petition in a defici-

ency case be filed within 90 days of the mailing of a notice of deficiency). Peti-

tioner filed her petition on April 8, 2019, which was 112 days after the Notice
                                         - 11 -

CP508C was sent to her. Section 7345(e)(1) supplies no basis for finding her

petition untimely.

      Section 7345(e)(1) circumscribes quite narrowly our jurisdiction in passport

cases. The only determination we are authorized to make is whether the Commis-

sioner’s certification of a taxpayer as a person having a seriously delinquent tax

debt (or his failure to reverse a certification) “was erroneous.” Sec. 7345(e)(1).

And the only relief we are authorized to grant is to order respondent “to notify the

Secretary of State that such certification was erroneous.” Sec. 7345(e)(2).

      The statute’s legislative history emphasizes the narrow scope of our juris-

diction in such cases. The conference report stated that section 7345 provides

“limited judicial review of the certification or a failure to reverse a certification.”

H.R. Conf. Rept. No. 114-357, at 532 (2015). The Joint Committee on Taxation

similarly described the statute as “allow[ing] limited judicial review of a wrongful

certification (or failure to decertify).” Staff of J. Comm. on Taxation, General

Explanation of Tax Legislation Enacted in 2015, at 93 (J. Comm. Print 2016). It

explained that the Court, upon determining that a certification was erroneous,

“may order the Secretary of the Treasury to notify the Secretary of State of the

error. No other relief is authorized.” Ibid.
                                        - 12 -

      In short, section 7345(e) limits our jurisdiction to determining whether the

Commissioner erred in certifying (or in failing to reverse a certification) that a tax-

payer owes a “seriously delinquent tax debt” as defined in section 7345(b). We

are thus authorized to consider (for example) whether the taxpayer’s assessed

Federal tax liability exceeds $50,000 (as adjusted for inflation), whether the IRS

has commenced collection action with respect to that liability, whether collection

of the tax debt is suspended because a CDP hearing is pending, or whether the

taxpayer is paying the tax debt in a timely manner under a collection alternative.

See sec. 7345(b). We are also authorized to consider whether the tax debt “has

been fully satisfied or has become legally unenforceable.” Sec. 7345(c)(2)(A).

The latter would be true where the collection period of limitations had expired.

See sec. 6502(a).4

      There is nothing in the text of section 7345 that authorizes us to redetermine

petitioner’s underlying liability for the penalties the IRS has assessed. Where

Congress has authorized us to consider a taxpayer’s underlying liability for an


      4
       Cf. sec. 6325(a)(1) (cross-referenced in sec. 7345(c)(2)(A)) (providing that
the Secretary shall release a tax lien if “the liability for the amount assessed * * *
has been fully satisfied or has become legally unenforceable”); sec. 6402(e)(5)(B)
(defining a “past-due, legally enforceable State income tax obligation,” for pur-
poses of authorizing intercept of a taxpayer’s Federal income tax refund, to in-
clude an assessed tax “which has not been delinquent for more than 10 years”).
                                        - 13 -

assessed tax when reviewing IRS administrative action in other contexts--for ex-

ample, in CDP cases--Congress has made this clear in the statute’s text. See sec.

6330(c)(2)(B) (authorizing review of “challenges to the existence or amount of the

underlying tax liability” in specified circumstances). Congress included no such

authorization in section 7345.5

      Nor has petitioner cited any other Code provision that grants us jurisdiction

to determine, at this juncture, her underlying liability for the section 6038 penal-

ties. After the IRS mails a taxpayer a timely notice of deficiency, this Court has

jurisdiction to redetermine deficiencies in income, estate, and gift taxes “imposed

by subtitle A or B” and deficiencies in certain excise taxes imposed by “chapter

41, 42, 43, or 44.” Secs. 6212(a), 6213(a). The section 6038 penalties assessed

against petitioner are imposed by subtitle F, chapter 61, and thus lie outside our

deficiency jurisdiction. Petitioner does not contend that she received a notice of

      5
        Petitioner urges that the statute authorizes us to exercise de novo review to
consider “the law and evidence necessary to determine whether the underlying as-
sessment made is legally enforceable” within the meaning of section 7345(b)(1).
Petitioner cites no authority for the proposition that this Court would exercise de
novo review of the Secretary’s certification (or refusal to reverse a certification).
The statute is silent on that point, and this Court has not yet decided the proper
standard or scope of review in passport cases. In any event, our review would ex-
tend only to considering whether an assessed tax “has been fully satisfied or has
become legally unenforceable,” sec. 7345(c)(2)(A) (emphasis added), e.g., by
expiration of the collection period of limitations. Nothing in the statute authorizes
us to redetermine the taxpayer’s underlying liability for the tax that was assessed.
                                         - 14 -

deficiency with respect to these penalties. The notice she received, upon which

this case is based, was the Notice CP508C.

      In CDP cases we have jurisdiction to consider a taxpayer’s challenge “to the

existence or amount of the underlying tax liability * * * if the person did not re-

ceive any statutory notice of deficiency for such tax liability or did not otherwise

have an opportunity to dispute [it].” Sec. 6330(c)(2)(B), (d)(1). But our jurisdic-

tion to consider such a challenge is conditioned on the IRS’ issuance of a notice of

determination following completion of a CDP hearing and the taxpayer’s timely

petition in response to that notice. See sec. 6330(d)(1); Weber v. Commissioner,

122 T.C. 258, 261 (2004); Sarrell v. Commissioner, 117 T.C. 122, 125 (2001). Pe-

titioner does not contend (nor does the record establish) that she has received a

notice of determination rejecting a challenge to the section 6038 penalties. Quite

the contrary--a CDP hearing is currently pending before the IRS Appeals Office at

which she is making that very argument.

      We accordingly conclude that neither section 7345 nor any other Code pro-

vision grants us jurisdiction to consider, at this time and in this case, petitioner’s

contention that the section 6038 penalties were “illegally assessed.” Petitioner

may have a prepayment forum in this Court for contesting those penalties upon her

receipt of a notice of determination following completion of her CDP proceeding.
                                         - 15 -

See Flume v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2017-21 (reviewing an underlying liabi-

lity challenge to section 6038 penalties in CDP case where taxpayer properly

raised that issue during the CDP hearing). Otherwise her remedy is to pay the

liability, file a claim for refund, and file a refund suit in Federal District Court or

the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. See Bedrosian v. United States, 912 F.3d 144,

149 n.1 (3d Cir. 2018) (“[C]laims brought by taxpayers to recover penalties asses-

sed under section 6038(b) * * * are brought under the tax refund statute[.]”);

Dewees v. United States, 272 F. Supp. 3d 96, 102 (D.D.C. 2017) (“Full payment

of the amount owed followed by a lawsuit in a district court seeking a refund is a

proper procedure for challenging penalties assessed under § 6038.”), aff’d, 767 F.

App’x 4 (D.C. Cir. 2019).6




      6
        This case represents petitioner’s second premature attempt to challenge the
section 6038 penalties in this Court. In Ruesch v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No.
2177-18L, aff’d by order, 805 F. App’x 12 (2d Cir. 2020), petitioner sought to
challenge these penalties in a CDP case involving collection action for her 2010
tax year. We held that we lacked jurisdiction to address her penalty challenge,
noting that the IRS Appeals Office had as yet made “no determination with respect
to the section 6038(b) penalty.” Id. (order dated Jan. 30, 2019). The U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed, stating: “[T]he Tax Court lacked juris-
diction over the § 6038(b) penalty and therefore properly dismissed the case. Of
course, * * * [Mrs. Ruesch] may continue to challenge the § 6038(b) penalty at
another CDP hearing * * * . It is in that proceeding, not here, that * * * [she]
should press her argument * * * [against] the § 6038(b) penalty.” Ruesch, 805 F.
App’x at 14.
                                       - 16 -

C.    Mootness

      Petitioner properly invoked our jurisdiction to determine whether the IRS

erred in certifying that she was a person owing a seriously delinquent tax debt.

See sec. 7345(e). Jurisdiction, once properly invoked, generally remains with the

Court until we dispose of the controversy. See Naftel v. Commissioner, 85 T.C.

527, 530 (1985); Dorl v. Commissioner, 57 T.C. 720, 722 (1972), aff’d, 507 F.2d

406 (2d Cir. 1974). Respondent contends that there remains no justiciable case or

controversy between the parties with respect to petitioner’s passport claims be-

cause the IRS has reversed its certification and so informed the Secretary of State.

We agree.

      Although the Tax Court is an Article I court, the “case or controversy” re-

quirement under Article III applies to the exercise of our judicial power. See

Battat v. Commissioner, 148 T.C. 32, 46 (2017) (citing cases); Anthony v. Com-

missioner, 66 T.C. 367, 370 (1976) (“Without a ‘case’ or ‘controversy’ before us,

we would be exercising nonjudicial powers, and our opinions would not be re-

viewable[.]” (fn. ref. omitted)), aff’d without published opinion, 566 F.2d 1168

(3d Cir. 1977). Accordingly, we will dismiss a case as moot if the parties’ subse-

quent actions have produced a situation in which neither party retains any “legally

cognizable interest in the outcome.” City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277, 287
                                        - 17 -

(2000) (quoting Cty. of Los Angeles v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631 (1979)). A case

becomes moot when “the court can provide no effective remedy because a party

has already ‘obtained all the relief that [it has] sought.’” Conservation Force, Inc.

v. Jewell, 733 F.3d 1200, 1204 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting

Monzillo v. Biller, 735 F.2d 1456, 1459 (D.C. Cir. 1984)).

      In the case at hand, the IRS certified petitioner as a person owing a seriously

delinquent tax debt. Petitioner, believing that certification to be erroneous, peti-

tioned this Court for review. The relief that she sought--and the relief that the sta-

tute authorizes us to grant, if we determine a certification to have been improper--

is an order directing respondent to “notify the Secretary of State that such certifi-

cation was erroneous.” Sec. 7345(e)(2). Here, the IRS has conceded that its certi-

fication was erroneous, has reversed its certification, and has so notified the State

Department. Because petitioner has received all of the relief that she requested

and that we could grant, we are unable to afford her any further relief with respect

to her passport claims. As to those claims this case is therefore moot.

D.    Petitioner’s Arguments

      Petitioner advances several arguments in support of a contrary conclusion.

Her principal contention is that this case will not become moot unless and until the
                                         - 18 -

IRS “unconditionally abates the [p]enalties and withdraws the * * * [NFTL filing]

with prejudice.” We address her arguments in turn.

      1.     “Voluntary Cessation”

      Petitioner relies on the general principle that voluntary cessation of an acti-

vity by an offending party does not necessarily render a case moot. See Davis,

440 U.S. at 631. The rationale supporting “voluntary cessation as an exception to

mootness is that, while the defendant’s unilateral cessation of the challenged con-

duct may grant the plaintiff relief, the defendant is ‘free to return to [its] old ways’

--thereby subjecting the plaintiff to the same harm but, at the same time, avoiding

judicial review.” Qassim v. Bush, 466 F.3d 1073, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (alter-

ation in original). To investigate this question we normally ask (1) whether there

is no reasonable expectation that the alleged violation will recur and (2) whether

interim relief or events have completely eradicated the effects of the alleged viola-

tion. Davis, 440 U.S. at 631. “When both conditions are satisfied it may be said

that the case is moot because neither party has a legally cognizable interest in the

final determination of the underlying questions of fact and law.” Ibid.

      Both conditions are satisfied here. Two intervening events--the Commis-

sioner’s reversal of his certification and his notification to the Secretary of State

that the certification was erroneous--have afforded petitioner all of the relief that
                                        - 19 -

she requested with respect to her passport claims. Those actions by respondent

have completely eradicated the effect of the erroneous certification, which is the

violation that petitioner alleged with respect to these claims.

      Nor is there any reasonable expectation that the alleged violation will recur.

Petitioner’s challenge to her liability for the penalties is now pending in the IRS

Appeals Office. Under section 7345(b)(2)(B), the IRS is barred from recertifying

petitioner as a person with a seriously delinquent tax debt during the pendency of

that CDP proceeding. If petitioner in that proceeding is determined to have no lia-

bility for the penalties, there is no reason to believe that the IRS would defy the

law by recertifying her anyway. And if she is ultimately determined to be liable

for the penalties, a certification by the IRS at that point would not be a “violation,”

assuming that the other requirements for a “seriously delinquent tax debt” are then

met. See sec. 7345(b). If petitioner believed that those other requirements were

not met, she would be free to seek review of that future certification in this Court

at that time. Any future violation, should it occur, will not escape judicial review.

      Petitioner errs in relying on Vigon v. Commissioner, 149 T.C. 97 (2017), a

CDP case, to support her contention that this case is not moot. The IRS in that

case assessed penalties under section 6702 and filed an NFTL; the taxpayer re-

quested a CDP hearing and challenged his underlying liability. Id. at 98-99. The
                                        - 20 -

IRS subsequently abated the penalties, released the lien, and filed a motion to

dismiss the case as moot. Id. at 100-101. We held that the case was not moot

because the IRS, regarding the penalties as subject to no period of limitations,

reserved the right to reassess those same penalties at any time. Id. at 108, 111.

      This case differs from Vigon in two respects. First, section 6330(b)(2) pro-

vides that a taxpayer “shall be entitled to only one [CDP] hearing * * * with re-

spect to the taxable period.” This provision created a risk that, if we dismissed the

CDP case and the IRS later reassessed the penalties, the taxpayer would not be en-

titled to a second CDP hearing and would thus have no prepayment forum in

which to dispute the penalty liability. See Vigon, 149 T.C. at 109 n.6. This idio-

syncracy of CDP litigation does not exist here: Petitioner will be perfectly free to

seek judicial review of any future certification if and when it should occur.

      Second, there is no reasonable expectation here that the alleged violation

will recur. The IRS reversed its first certification, due to a computer coding error.

Having discovered that error, it recertified petitioner one week later, at a time

when her CDP hearing request with respect to the lien notice was not properly re-

corded. Once the IRS discovered that petitioner had filed a timely CDP hearing

request, it promptly reversed its certification a second time.
                                         - 21 -

      This track record suggests some deficiencies in respondent’s computerized

recordkeeping systems. But we see no indication that the IRS is intentionally

seeking “to return to [its] old ways” by subjecting petitioner “to the same harm

but, at the same time, avoiding judicial review.” Qassim, 466 F.3d at 1075. In

reversing its certification of petitioner--the first time because of a coding error, the

second time after discovering petitioner’s CDP hearing request--and then notifying

the State Department, the IRS complied with its obligations under section 7345.

Congress required that the Secretary of State must be notified “if such certification

is found to be erroneous.” Sec. 7345(c)(1). And Congress required that, “[i]n the

case of a certification found to be erroneous, such notification shall be made as

soon as practicable after such finding.” Sec. 7345(c)(2)(D). In both instances the

IRS sought to comply with its statutory obligations as it (perhaps imperfectly)

understood them. There is nothing to suggest that the IRS is lying in wait, intend-

ing to pounce on petitioner improperly.

      Petitioner’s challenge to her underlying liability for the penalties will be ad-

dressed during the CDP proceeding, and it is reasonable to expect that any future

IRS action regarding certification will be consistent with the outcome of that pro-

ceeding. If the IRS again certifies petitioner following the conclusion of that pro-
                                        - 22 -

ceeding, and if she believes that such certification is erroneous, she will be free to

seek judicial review by commencing a new passport action at that time.7

      2.     Other Arguments

      Petitioner contends that a “seriously delinquent tax debt” can be certified

and challenged only once, and that res judicata would prevent a taxpayer from

contesting a second certification if one were made. Petitioner cites no authority

for this proposition, which makes no sense to us. A certification that a taxpayer

has a seriously delinquent tax debt is made at a particular time. If the IRS reverses

an initial certification and subsequently makes a second certification, the correct-

ness of the latter would depend on the facts existing at that time, e.g., whether the

debt exceeded the $50,000 liability threshold (as adjusted for inflation), whether


      7
        Petitioner relies on two other cases that we likewise find inapposite. In
First Rock Baptist Church Child Dev. Ctr. v. Commissioner, 148 T.C. 380 (2017),
the Court held that withdrawal of an NFTL filing did not by itself moot the entire
CDP case, because other determinations remained before the Court. See id. at
388. Here, the only issue over which we have jurisdiction is the certification of
petitioner; that certification has been reversed, the Secretary of State has been so
notified, and no other issue remains subject to our review. In Drilling v. Commis-
sioner, T.C. Memo. 2016-103, 111 T.C.M. (CCH) 1445, we held that the case was
not moot because, even though part of the liability had been paid, the issue of lien
withdrawal remained before the Court. Id. at 1462. Here, there is nothing left for
the Court to review and no further relief can be granted. See Willson v. Commis-
sioner, 805 F.3d 316, 320-321 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (dismissing a case as moot not-
withstanding a remaining dispute between the IRS and the taxpayer over which the
court did not have jurisdiction).
                                         - 23 -

the taxpayer was making payments pursuant to a collection alternative, or whether

another statutory exception applied. See sec. 7345(b). Since the correctness of

each certification would depend on the facts existing at the time it was made, res

judicata would not prevent a taxpayer from challenging a later certification in this

Court. See McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 480 (1991) (noting that res judicata

does not apply “when subsequent occurring events have changed the situation of

the petitioner so as in fact to present a new case for consideration” (quoting Ex

parte Cuddy, 40 F. 62, 66 (C.C.S.D. Cal. 1889))).

      Petitioner asks that we exercise “judicial discretion” to issue a ruling that

determines her underlying tax liability now, rather than await the outcome of the

CDP litigation. Because we currently lack jurisdiction over her underlying liabi-

lity challenge, we must demur to this request. There clearly remains a dispute be-

tween petitioner and the IRS about the penalties, but that dispute does not give rise

to a justiciable controversy in this case. “[I]f a case raises a question within the

jurisdictional purview of the [T]ax [C]ourt, and that question is subsequently re-

solved, the case is moot notwithstanding the existence of other live controversies

between the taxpayer and the IRS” that currently lie outside this Court’s jurisdic-

tion. Willson v. Commissioner, 805 F.3d 316, 320 (D.C. Cir. 2015).
                                         - 24 -

      Resolution of petitioner’s dispute with the IRS over the penalties would

have no effect whatever on the disposition of this passport litigation. The certifi-

cation petitioner challenged has already been determined to be erroneous--albeit

on a different ground than the absence of a tax debt--and the IRS has notified the

State Department that the certification was erroneous. These actions have afford-

ed petitioner 100% of the relief that she requested and that we could give. “For us

to undertake to resolve issues that would not affect the disposition of this case

would, at best, amount to rendering an advisory opinion. This we decline to do.”

Greene-Thapedi v. Commissioner, 126 T.C. 1, 13 (2006) (citing LTV Corp. v.

Commissioner, 64 T.C. 589, 595 (1975)).

      Finally, petitioner contends that dismissing this case will result in financial

hardship. We are aware of no “financial hardship” exception to the mootness doc-

trine. A claim of financial hardship may appropriately be advanced at a CDP hear-

ing. See, e.g., sec. 6323(j) (providing grounds for lien withdrawal). Petitioner’s

vague claim of hardship stemming from the collection action does not entitle her

to any relief in this case beyond reversal of the erroneous certification, relief that

she has already received.
                                - 25 -

In consideration of the foregoing,


                                         An order and order of dismissal for

                                lack of jurisdiction will be entered.
