                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0802n.06
                                                                                           FILED
                                            No. 11-5635
                                                                                       Jul 24, 2012
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


LUCILLE M. COLLINS,                                  )
                                                     )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                          )
                                                     )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                   )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                     )       COURT FOR THE WESTERN
MEMPHIS GOODWILL INDUSTRIES,                         )       DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
INC.,                                                )
                                                     )
       Defendant-Appellee.                           )



BEFORE: SUTTON, McKEAGUE, and RIPPLE,* Circuit Judges.

       RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. Lucille Collins brought this action against her former employer,

Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc. (“Goodwill”). Ms. Collins alleged that Goodwill: (1) had

discriminated against her based on her sex in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,

42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and of the Tennessee Human Rights Act (“THRA”), Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 4-21-101 et seq.; (2) had retaliated against her for engaging in protected activity in violation of

Title VII and the THRA; and (3) had intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon her in violation

of the common law of Tennessee. Goodwill moved for summary judgment on all counts, and the




       *
         The Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit,
sitting by designation.
No. 11-5635
Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


district court granted Goodwill’s motion.1 Ms. Collins has appealed, and we now affirm the

judgment of the district court.2

                                                  I

                                           BACKGROUND

A. Facts

       Goodwill is a non-profit organization that provides job training and employment to

individuals with severe physical or mental disabilities. To that end, Goodwill enters into contracts

with various governmental offices in the Memphis area to provide janitorial services. Over three-

fourths of the workers that Goodwill employs to perform these duties are disabled. Willie Walker

is Goodwill’s president, and Tony Martini is its CEO.

       1. Ms. Collins’s Employment

       In 2004, Goodwill acquired the contract for janitorial services at the federal building in

Jackson, Tennessee. Ms. Collins had been the previous contractor’s project supervisor, and

Goodwill retained her as a project manager. This position required her to “manage the workforce,

inspect the buildings, handle customer complaints, and also interact with the customers to make sure

that their needs were met according to contract standards.”3 Her work was inspected by Layne King,




       1
       The district court’s jurisdiction was predicated on 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1367(a), as well as
on 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3).
       2
           Our jurisdiction is secure under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
       3
           R.25-2 at 7 (Walker Dep. 19).

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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


who was responsible for Goodwill’s quality control. King testified that “[t]he work that [Ms.

Collins] supervised was well done.”4 It does not appear from the record that Ms. Collins supervised

individuals with disabilities in this position.

        According to King, someone “complain[ed] about the way that [Ms. Collins] addressed the

tenants” at the Jackson facility, which caused him to “talk[] to [Ms. Collins] about softening her

approach a bit.”5 Thereafter, someone from the Jackson federal building requested that Ms. Collins

“be removed from the facility due to the fact that she was intimidating the ones that were working

within the federal building.”6 In an affidavit, however, Ms. Collins testified that she “worked

without incident” during this period and that she “had no notice of any problems regarding how [she]

spoke to employees” until several years later.7 Nevertheless, in August 2006, Ms. Collins was

transferred by Goodwill to work at the IRS building in Memphis, Tennessee. Walker testified that

this transfer came at the request of the federal building employee noted above. Walker had not




        4
            R.31-1 at 3 (King Dep. 17); see also R.31-2 at 2 (Walker Dep. 21); R.25-2 at 8 (Walker Dep.
22).
        5
            R.25-3 at 9 (King Dep. 18).
        6
            R.25-2 at 8 (Walker Dep. 22).
        7
         R.28-1 at 2. Although Ms. Collins’s affidavit does not indicate precisely when she was put
on notice that Goodwill had problems with the manner in which she spoke to employees, the charge
of discrimination she filed with the EEOC makes clear that she had such notice by February 2009.
See R.1-1 (Charge of Discrimination).

                                                   -3-
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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


terminated Ms. Collins at that time because the customer had not provided names, details or

“anything documented as to what [Ms. Collins] had done.”8

       Upon her transfer, Ms. Collins served as a trainer and was later named a quality control

inspector. In her quality-control capacity, Ms. Collins “inspected the building to ensure that

[Goodwill] w[as] meeting the contract requirements in [its] cleaning work.”9 Ms. Collins’s work

in Memphis was “meticulous[,] . . . thorough and extremely well[-]documented.”10

       At some point in mid- to late-January 2009, the chief of the Building Delegation Section at

the IRS building called Walker and “complained that some [Goodwill] employees had come to him

and complained about Ms. Collins and also that some of the Internal Revenue [Service] staff had

reported to him that they had observed her speaking harshly to some of [the] Goodwill employees.”11

Walker told the IRS representative that he “would look into the matter and get back with him.”12

Within the next few days, Walker asked “Ms. Collins . . . if there were any issues or any problems

that [they] needed to talk about, and she said no.”13 Walker did not bring up any of the complaints

against her because he did not believe that he had enough details about what she was alleged to have



       8
           R.25-2 at 10 (Walker Dep. 26).
       9
           R.25-3 at 10-11 (King Dep. 19-20).
       10
            Id. at 13 (King Dep. 23).
       11
            R.25-2 at 16 (Walker Dep. 53).
       12
            Id. at 17 (Walker Dep. 54).
       13
            Id.

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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


done. Walker then asked another supervisor whether there were any issues, and she also said that

there were none.

       Walker informed the IRS representative that he “didn’t find anything that was out of the order

[sic].”14 Thereafter, the IRS representative sent Walker an email that “made it clear [to Walker] that

there were issues as far as [the IRS representative] was concerned.”15 The email provided, in

pertinent part:

       I wanted to inform you that my manager was approached by some Goodwill
       employees who were upset about the harsh manner in which Ms. Collins has been
       speaking with them. Early this month a similar report was levied by an IRS
       employee, where that IRS employee overheard Ms. Collins speaking harshly to a
       Goodwill employee.[16]

Walker later described his reaction to the email: “Now, I will take some action because he had

actually put something in writing for me to refer back to.”17

       Walker spoke with approximately eight to ten employees on February 13 and asked, without

mentioning anyone by name or accusing any individual of misbehavior, whether anyone had said

anything harsh or cruel to them. The employees said that they had not experienced such behavior.




       14
            Id. at 19 (Walker Dep. 56).
       15
            Id.
       16
            R.25-5 at 2.
       17
            R.25-2 at 19 (Walker Dep. 56).

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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


Walker then “talked with [Ms.] Collins about the accusation that she was talking to other employees

harshly” and “inform[ed] her that this would not be tolerated by [anyone] working for Goodwill.”18

          After this investigation, Walker sent the IRS representative an email explaining that he “did

not find anything that verifies that [Ms.] Collins missed treated [sic] any of the employees.”19 Within

two weeks of that email, the IRS representative informed Walker “that the problem still exists, and

it has not been cared for.”20 Walker replied “that due to [his] investigation, once again, [he] found

nothing improper about Ms. Collins as far as doing any wrongdoing, and [he could not] discipline

her.”21

          Thereafter, the IRS representative brought his complaints to Martini, who, as Goodwill’s

CEO, was Walker’s supervisor. Various IRS officials then met with Martini and a representative

from the National Institute for the Severely Handicapped. Walker was not at this meeting; he was

told that the IRS no longer wanted him to investigate this matter “because they felt that the

employees were afraid of [him].”22 When the meeting was over, Martini asked King to investigate

the allegations.



          18
        R.25-5 at 1; accord R.1-1 (Charge of Discrimination) (indicating that “on February 13,
2009, Willie Walker, President (Male)[,] stated that he would not tolerate anyone being hostile
toward employees”).
          19
               R.25-5 at 1.
          20
               R.25-2 at 24 (Walker Dep. 66).
          21
               Id. at 25-26 (Walker Dep. 71-72).
          22
               Id. at 29 (Walker Dep. 76).

                                                   -6-
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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


       King was aware that the IRS believed that Walker’s investigation had not “gotten to the

truth,” which King suspected “may have been because of the way that the questions were asked and

by whom they were asked, considering the population” at issue.23 He therefore was assisted by a

case manager, whose job was to act as an advocate for Goodwill’s disabled employees. King

believed that the case manager’s involvement would facilitate his investigation because the

employees were very comfortable with her. As this investigation was getting underway, Ms. Collins

sent the following email to King, with Walker and Martini copied thereon:

       I feel threaten [sic] when I go to work by Project Manager, Asst. Project Manager,
       Employees and Internal Revenue Management and Staff. I can not [sic] sleep at
       night, I can not [sic] do my work to the best of my ability because I have to watch my
       back at all time [sic] because of the lies that these people are telling I am very
       nervous when I come and leave from work.[24]

       With the case manager’s assistance, King interviewed approximately 29 employees during

the course of his investigation. After doing so, he determined that “approximately 11 people . . . felt

that [Ms. Collins] created a hostile work environment for them, and that is hard to fix, if not

impossible.”25 These eleven employees “stated that Lucille Collins made them feel uncomfortable

on the job due to her use of profanity, rude comments, and intimidation.”26 Several employees said

that Ms. Collins had threatened their jobs, and one employee said that Ms. Collins had threatened



       23
            R.25-3 at 23 (King Dep. 41).
       24
            R.25-7.
       25
            R.25-3 at 28 (King Dep. 51).
       26
            R.25-6 at 10 (King Report).

                                                  -7-
No. 11-5635
Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


to “have her husband . . . do something to [him],”27 a comment that was corroborated by another

supervisor.28 Furthermore, many employees told King that Ms. Collins would curse in the

workplace, and three said that Ms. Collins would say that the employees could tell their “mammies”

or “mommas and daddies” for all she cared.29 Several employees also informed King that she would

scream or holler at them.

       Ms. Collins attended an interview with King and the case manager during this investigation.

Although she refused to answer any of King’s questions, she now emphasizes that King’s

“investigation did not include a statement from [her] and several additional employees that [she]

wanted to include.”30 However, she has put forward no evidence of what steps, if any, she took to

provide King with her side of the story after she refused to speak with him.

       At some point, apparently during King’s investigation, Ms. Collins was suspended for three

days. After Martini received King’s report, Martini decided that her employment with Goodwill

should be terminated, which the report recommended. This decision was communicated to Ms.

Collins on March 19 or 20, 2009.




       27
            Id. at 5.
       28
        Id. at 3; see also id. at 4 (describing statement of the corroborating supervisor who said that
Ms. Collins “makes comments of physical threats and idle threats”).
       29
            Id. at 1-5.
       30
            R.28-1 at 2 (Collins Aff.) (emphasis in original).

                                                   -8-
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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


       2. Proposed Comparators

       Ms. Collins’s sex discrimination claim made reference to two male co-workers who allegedly

engaged in similar conduct. The first of these employees was Clarence Hampton. Ms. Collins and

a janitor each complained that Hampton had cursed on the job. Walker testified that Hampton was

not disciplined as a result of Ms. Collins’s complaint because the complaint could not be

corroborated. However, the janitor’s complaint was corroborated, and Hampton was suspended for

three days as a result. Walker testified that one corroborated incident of cursing did not rise to the

level of terminable conduct.

       The second comparator that Ms. Collins proposed was Robert Shaw, another supervisor. The

record reveals that three employees raised complaints about Shaw. During King’s investigation, a

blind employee said: “Robert [Shaw] has been telling me that I can’t see. He tells me that I am

blind and I know I can’t see, but I don’t need him to tell me this.”31 Two other employees indicated

that Shaw had hollered or yelled at them.32 In his report, King noted these incidents and concluded

that Shaw “has created or is in the process[] of creating a hostile work environment for at least three

employees.”33 He recommended: “At a minimum, counsel Robert Shaw on appropriate interaction




       31
            R.25-6 at 2 (King Report).
       32
         One of these two employees also had made her concerns known to Walker, who did not
discipline Shaw at the time because there was “[n]o proof . . . except for her making the allegation.”
R.25-2 at 43 (Walker Dep. 112).
       33
            R.25-6 at 12 (King Report).

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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


with disabled employees and the proper methods of communicating with employees.”34 Ms. Collins

has put forward no evidence as to whether Martini followed this recommendation.

B. District Court Proceedings

       Ms. Collins filed a charge of discrimination35 with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (“EEOC”), asserting that Goodwill had discriminated against her based on her sex and

retaliated against her for reporting what she perceived to be a hostile work environment to Goodwill

and to the EEOC. The EEOC issued Ms. Collins a right to sue letter, and she instituted this action

on October 28, 2009, alleging sex discrimination, retaliation and the intentional infliction of

emotional distress. After discovery, Goodwill moved for summary judgment on all three counts.

       The district court granted the motion and entered judgment in favor of Goodwill. The court

first determined that Ms. Collins could not establish a prima facie case of sex discrimination because

she was not qualified for her position and because neither Shaw nor Hampton were similarly situated

to her. It then rejected Ms. Collins’s retaliation claim, concluding that the threat Ms. Collins

referenced in her email was a “generalized statement” that was “not sufficient to constitute protected




       34
            Id.
       35
         Although it is not clear precisely when the charge that appears in the record was filed, it
bears a “RECEIVED” stamp from the EEOC office dated April 15, 2009. R.1-1. The EEOC’s
Notice of charge of discrimination that was subsequently sent to Goodwill is dated April 16, 2009.
R.31-3.

                                                -10-
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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


activity under the statute.”36 Finally, the district court summarily rejected Ms. Collins’s claim of

intentional infliction of emotional distress.

                                                 II

                                           DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

       Our review of an entry of a summary judgment is de novo. Berryman v. SuperValu Holdings,

Inc., 669 F.3d 714, 716 (6th Cir. 2012). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant

shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). All reasonable inferences must be drawn in the light most

favorable to Ms. Collins. Berryman, 669 F.3d at 719. We “may affirm on any grounds supported

by the record.” Pahssen ex rel. Doe v. Merrill Cmty. Sch. Dist., 668 F.3d 356, 362 (6th Cir. 2012).

B. Sex Discrimination

       Ms. Collins claims that Goodwill violated Title VII by terminating her on account of her sex,

and she proceeds under the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411

U.S. 792 (1973).37 To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, Ms. Collins must show that:


       36
         R.33 at 12. The district court did not consider whether Goodwill was entitled to summary
judgment on Ms. Collins’s claim that Goodwill retaliated against her for filing a charge of
discrimination with the EEOC.
       37
            Neither party has addressed Gossett v. Tractor Supply Co., 320 S.W.3d 777, 785 (Tenn.
2010), in which the Supreme Court of Tennessee “h[e]ld that the McDonnell Douglas framework
is . . . incompatible with Tennessee summary judgment jurisprudence.” Because the parties rely
exclusively on Title VII cases, and because pre-Gossett cases from both Tennessee courts and this
court “evaluated claims brought under the THRA in the same manner as Title VII claims,” our

                                                -11-
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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


(1) “she was a member of a protected class;” (2) “she suffered an adverse employment action;” (3)

“she was qualified for the position;” and (4) “she was replaced by someone outside the protected

class or was treated differently than similarly-situated, non-protected employees.” Wright v. Murray

Guard, Inc., 455 F.3d 702, 707 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). If she does so,

Goodwill then will “bear[] the burden of production to put forth a legitimate, nondiscriminatory

reason for the complained of adverse treatment.” Id. at 706 (internal quotation marks omitted). If

Goodwill satisfies its burden, the burden shifts to Ms. Collins to show that Goodwill’s reason was

pretexual. Id. at 706-07.

        We assume without deciding that Ms. Collins has made out a prima facie case. Additionally,

we observe that Goodwill has put forth a nondiscriminatory reason for Ms. Collins’s termination:

the IRS, one of Goodwill’s most important clients, complained about Ms. Collins’s conduct, and

eleven employees confirmed that she had cursed at them or otherwise intimidated them. Therefore,

Ms. Collins has the burden of proving that this reason is pretextual, which she may do by showing:

“(1) that the proffered reasons had no basis in fact, (2) that the proffered reasons did not actually

motivate the employer’s action, or (3) that they were insufficient to motivate the employer’s action.”




disposition of Ms. Collins’s Title VII claims “appl[ies] with equal force to her THRA-based
claim[s].” Sybrandt v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., 560 F.3d 553, 557 (6th Cir. 2009); see Blandford
v. Exxon Mobile Corp., No. 10-5795, 2012 WL 1994734, at *6 (6th Cir. June 5, 2012) (declining to
address the effect of Gossett where the case was first called to this court’s attention in a reply brief);
Theus v. GlaxoSmithKline, 452 F. App’x 596, 602 n.8 (6th Cir. 2011) (treating the holding of Gossett
as procedural rather than substantive where the plaintiff “ma[de] no argument to the contrary”).

                                                  -12-
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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


Romans v. Michigan Dep’t of Human Servs., 668 F.3d 826, 839 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

       We begin by observing that Goodwill “made its decision to terminate [Ms. Collins] based

on an honestly held belief in a nondiscriminatory reason supported by particularized facts after a

reasonably thorough investigation.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). King’s report, which

Martini ordered and then considered before terminating Ms. Collins, described the answers that

twenty-nine Goodwill employees gave to various questions regarding their work environments. The

report also contained a summary of King’s findings, which included the following with respect to

Ms. Collins: that “[e]leven of the employees stated that [she] made them feel uncomfortable on the

job due to her use of profanity, rude comments, and intimidation;” that “one employee stated [she]

made a physical threat of having her husband . . . do something to [the employee];” that “[s]even

employees stated that [she] directly or indirectly threatened their jobs;” that “[t]hree employees

stated that [she] used profanity[ but] did not curse directly at them;” that “[t]hree employees stated

that [she] spoke to them in an excessively loud voice;” and that “[n]ine employees stated that [she]

makes them uncomfortable at work and creates a hostile work environment due to her negative

attitude with employees and the brusque way in which she speaks to employees.”38 Therefore, the

report “includes particularized facts in the form of statements from several” of Goodwill’s

employees indicating that Ms. Collins was harassing them, which gave rise to “an honestly held

belief in a nondiscriminatory reason” for terminating her after conducting “a reasonably thorough


       38
            R.25-6 at 10-11 (King Report).

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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


investigation.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Although Ms. Collins faults King’s report

for not including a statement from her, she refused to speak with King when he attempted to

interview her, and she provides no evidence about what steps, if any, she took to submit her side of

the story to King.39

        Moving beyond the results of the second investigation, Ms. Collins asserts that Goodwill’s

motivation for undertaking this investigation was improper; that is, she suggests that Goodwill

ordered this second investigation because Walker’s earlier investigation did not reach the desired

result. This theory finds no support in the record. What the record does reveal is that a

representative from the IRS--Goodwill’s largest and most important customer--addressed a

complaint directly to Martini because he believed “that the problem still exist[ed]”40 and “that the

employees were afraid of”41 Walker, who conducted the first investigation. When King was asked

by Martini to conduct another investigation, King took steps to avoid the problem that the IRS had

perceived with the first investigation by bringing in a case manager whose “job is to make sure the[

employees] are treated fairly” and who “helps them resolve problems either on the job or often in




        39
           Cf. Carson v. Ford Motor Co., 413 F. App’x 820, 824 (6th Cir. 2011) (concluding that
plaintiff failed to establish pretext, even though “he was never fully able to tell his side of the story,”
because there was no evidence that the investigation into his conduct was insufficient); Haughton
v. Orchid Automation, 206 F. App’x 524, 533 (6th Cir. 2006) (concluding that plaintiff failed to
establish pretext where employer interviewed the complainants and other employees who were
present and offered the plaintiff two opportunities to explain himself).
        40
             R.25-2 at 24 (Walker Dep. 66).
        41
             Id. at 29 (Walker Dep. 76).

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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


[their] own lives.”42 The record establishes, moreover, that the decision to conduct a second

investigation was well-founded. During the course of that second investigation, it was revealed that

Walker had been ineffective in his conduct of the first investigative effort and that employees had

been treated inappropriately by Ms. Collins. For instance, during the course of that investigation,

an employee confirmed “that Willie Walker scared the employees and created a hostile work

environment while addressing the situation with Lucille Collins.”43 And, as we have noted earlier,

“[e]leven of the employees stated that Lucille Collins made them feel uncomfortable on the job due

to her use of profanity, rude comments, and intimidation.”44 We have held previously that it is

“entirely appropriate” for an employer to conduct a second investigation when it learns of new

evidence. Wright, 455 F.3d at 709 n.2. That principle applies with equal force where the employer

learns of problems with the first investigation and that a customer believes the problem about which

it complained still exists.

        Finally, Ms. Collins appears to assert that Goodwill’s stated reasons were insufficient to

justify her termination because Shaw and Hampton, the two male supervisors that she proposes as

similarly situated comparators, were, in her view, treated less harshly than she was for engaging in

similar conduct. See, e.g., Russell v. Univ. of Toledo, 537 F.3d 596, 607 (6th Cir. 2008). There is

no merit to this contention.


        42
             R.25-3 at 22 (King Dep. 40).
        43
             R.25-6 at 10 (King Report).
        44
             Id.

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       The record reveals only two complaints about Hampton, both of which were directed to, and

handled by, Walker. However, it was Martini, not Walker, who made the decision to terminate

Ms. Collins.45 See Smith v. Leggett Wire Co., 220 F.3d 752, 762-63 (6th Cir. 2000) (indicating that

a comparison was “inapt” where, among other things, the plaintiff and the proposed comparator were

disciplined by different decisionmakers). Furthermore, Ms. Collins’s abusive language was

overheard by employees of an important client, the IRS, while Hampton’s was not. Cf. Romans, 668

F.3d at 838 (holding that a school employee whose foul language was overheard by a student could

not be compared to other employees whose foul language was not overheard by students). Indeed,

it was the IRS that called Ms. Collins’s behavior to the attention of Martini. Additionally, Walker

was able to corroborate only one incident of cursing by Hampton,46 while eleven employees told

King about Ms. Collins’s ongoing intimidating behavior. Furthermore, King’s report contained a

corroborated account indicating that Ms. Collins had threatened to have her husband “do something”

to one of the employees.47 There is no evidence of Hampton ever making a statement in the

workplace that could be perceived as a physical threat. When presented with this evidence, no

reasonable jury could conclude that Ms. Collins and Hampton “engaged in the same conduct without

such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would distinguish their conduct or the


       45
            R.25-2 at 38 (Walker Dep. 99).
       46
        Cf. Romans v. Michigan Dep’t of Human Servs., 668 F.3d 826, 838 (6th Cir. 2012)
(concluding that two employees were not similarly situated because, inter alia, one employee’s
malfeasance had been substantiated while the other’s had not).
       47
            R.25-6 at 4, 5, 10 (King Report).

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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


employer’s treatment of them for it.” Russell, 537 F.3d at 607 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Therefore, Ms. Collins was not similarly situated to Hampton.

       Nor has Ms. Collins produced sufficient evidence that she was similarly situated to Shaw.

Significantly, the record does not reveal whether Martini terminated Shaw for the conduct that King

described in his report.48 Ms. Collins’s claim that Shaw was treated more favorably than she was

is therefore a “bare assertion,” which “is plainly insufficient” to survive summary judgment. See

Silverman v. Bd. of Educ., 637 F.3d 729, 734 n.2 (7th Cir. 2011).49

       Therefore, Ms. Collins has failed to establish that Goodwill’s proffered reason was a pretext

for sex discrimination. Accordingly, Goodwill is entitled to summary judgment on this claim.

C. Retaliation

       Ms. Collins also asserts that she was subjected to retaliation for sending the February 26

email and for filing a charge of discrimination with the EEOC. However, Ms. Collins has produced

no evidence that Goodwill knew that she had filed a charge with the EEOC before it terminated her.50


       48
         The record contains only King’s “[r]ecommendation[]” that, “[a]t a minimum,” Martini
counsel Shaw regarding how to interact properly with disabled employees. Id. at 12. Ms. Collins
has introduced no evidence of what Martini did with this recommendation.
       49
          We note that one of the employees who complained about Shaw during King’s investigation
previously had raised a similar complaint to Walker. R.25-2 at 41-42 (Walker Dep. 110-11).
Walker testified that he did not discipline Shaw for this alleged misconduct because there was “[n]o
proof . . . except for her making the allegation.” Id. at 43 (Walker Dep. 112). This evidence is
similar to what Ms. Collins introduced with respect to Hampton, and it suffers from the same
infirmities. Accordingly, this evidence does not merit separate discussion.
       50
        The only evidence of record as to when Goodwill learned of the charge is the Notice of
Charge of Discrimination that the EEOC sent to Goodwill on April 16, 2009, well after Goodwill

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Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


Of course, Goodwill could not have retaliated against Ms. Collins for filing a charge unless it was

aware that she actually had done so. See Mulhall v. Ashcroft, 287 F.3d 543, 551-52 (6th Cir. 2002).

Furthermore, in her email to her supervisors at Goodwill, Ms. Collins complained only about

“feel[ing] threaten[ed].”51 Because the email did not reference any alleged act of sex discrimination

or sexual harassment, it did not amount to protected activity for purposes of Title VII’s

anti-retaliation provision. See Fox v. Eagle Distrib. Co., 510 F.3d 587, 591 (6th Cir. 2007) (“In

order to receive protection under [a retaliation provision], a plaintiff’s expression of opposition must

concern a violation of the [statute].”). A “vague charge that [the employer’s] management [i]s out

to get [the employee] is insufficient to constitute opposition to an unlawful employment practice.”

Id. at 592 (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, these claims fail as well.

D. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

        Ms. Collins’s final claim is that Goodwill intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon her.

As with the previous claims, Ms. Collins has failed to produce sufficient evidence to allow a rational

trier of fact to find in her favor on this claim. A defendant’s conduct will give rise to liability under

this tort only if it is “so outrageous that it cannot be tolerated by civilized society.” Lourcey v. Estate

of Scarlett, 146 S.W.3d 48, 51 (Tenn. 2004). The conduct in this case does not rise to that level.

See Jones v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 948 F.2d 258, 266 (6th Cir. 1991) (affirming summary

judgment where the “plaintiff’s supervisors intimidated him by assigning him to menial tasks,



had terminated Ms. Collins. See R.31-3.
        51
             R.25-7.

                                                   -18-
No. 11-5635
Collins v. Memphis Goodwill Industries, Inc.


unfairly reprimanded him, gave him [a] low performance appraisal, monitored [certain of] his

communications . . . , attempted to gain his medical records, and barred him from promotions,

bonuses and raises”). “To hold otherwise would result in every discrimination claim also being an

outrageous conduct claim.” Bellomy v. AutoZone, Inc., No. E2009-00351-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL

4059158, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 24, 2009).

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




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