           Case: 13-15827   Date Filed: 12/03/2014   Page: 1 of 18


                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 13-15827
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 2:13-cr-00055-JES-UAM-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

JAMES FRANKLIN BROOMFIELD, JR.,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (December 3, 2014)

Before HULL, JORDAN, and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      After a jury trial, James Franklin Broomfield, Jr. appeals his conviction and

180-month sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18

U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e)(1). On appeal, Broomfield argues, inter alia, that

the district court abused its discretion in determining that the video clip depicting

him in possession of a firearm was properly authenticated. He also contends that

the district court erred in sentencing him under the Armed Career Criminal Act

(“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). After review of the briefs and record, we

affirm, but remand for the limited purpose of correcting a clerical error.

                               I. TRIAL EVIDENCE

      A federal grand jury indicted Broomfield on one count of being a felon in

possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), punishable under 18

U.S.C. § 924(e) because Broomfield had three prior convictions for serious drug

offenses. Specifically, the indictment charged that Broomfield knowingly

possessed in and affecting commerce, an AR-15 rifle and PMC .223 ammunition,

on or about January 21, 2011. Broomfield pleaded not guilty and went to trial.

Below is the trial evidence relevant to the issues on appeal.

A.    The YouTube Video

      The government’s evidence of Broomfield’s possession of the AR-15 rifle

and PMC .223 ammunition included a copy of a video of Broomfield discharging

the weapon at a firearms store and shooting range called Fowler Firearms.


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         Prior to the trial, the government moved in limine for the district court to

rule on the admissibility of this video. The government detailed the circumstantial

evidence that it believed authenticated the video. The district court declined ruling

on the motion, finding that “testimony from various witnesses will be necessary

and the issue cannot be determined without a trial of the general issues.”

         At trial, Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent Ryan Davis testified

that while investigating the defendant for suspected violations of federal firearms

laws, he saw a YouTube video of Broomfield, whom Agent Davis recognized from

a previous traffic stop. Agent Davis stated that he made an exact copy of the

video, which the government presented as its Exhibit 1. When Agent Davis began

testifying to the content of the video, Broomfield objected. After viewing the

video outside the presence of the jury, the district court did not allow Agent Davis

to testify to the content of the video because it was not properly authenticated.

Agent Davis was permitted only to testify that he observed Broomfield in the

video.

         Following Agent Davis, Fowler Firearms’s manager, Jon Dezendorf,

testified that Broomfield was a Fowler Firearms member, that on January 21, 2011,

Broomfield purchased two boxes of PMC .223 ammunition, and that he had not

purchased that ammunition at any other time. Dezendorf stated that the only

firearm Fowler Firearms rented to customers at the time that used PMC .223


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ammunition was the AR-15 rifle. 1 Dezendorf also testified that he saw Agent

Davis’s copy of the YouTube video and that Dezendorf knew that the video was

filmed at Fowler Firearms’s gun range. The district court did not allow Dezendorf

to testify to the contents of the video beyond his identification in the video of

Fowler Firearms, a box of PMC .223 ammunition, a Fowler Firearms gun box, and

targets sold by Fowler Firearms. The video was still not allowed into evidence.

       Joshua Hackman, who had worked at Fowler Firearms for ten years, also

testified to establish the authenticity of the YouTube video. Hackman testified that

he recognized Fowler Firearms as the location of the video from numerous

distinguishing features. He also stated that the video showed one of Fowler

Firearms’s rifle rental bags, and he identified the rifle in the video as an AR-15

rifle, specifically, a Bushmaster. Additionally, Hackman testified that he could

discern the approximate date the video was taken. Hackman explained that the

video showed side deflectors and lights on the gun range, which Fowler Firearms

had installed in late 2010 or early 2011. Hackman also testified that Fowler

Firearms paints its floors and walls at the beginning of the season, and the freshly-

painted floor and walls seen in the video indicated that the footage was filmed

close to the start of 2011. The district court, again, did not allow the video into


       1
        Fowler Firearms did not have a receipt of the AR-15 rifle rental because on Fridays it
allows men to rent firearms for free and does not document those rentals; January 21, 2011 was a
Friday.
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evidence because it did not think the government had adequately established its

authenticity.

      The government then called Larry Jais to establish the approximate date the

video was filmed. Jais operated a maintenance business that provided repair and

maintenance to Fowler Firearms. Jais testified that he installed the lighted baffles

shown in the video, in late September or early October of 2010.

      Following this testimony, outside the presence of the jury, the government

sought to admit the video of Broomfield shooting the AR-15 rifle, contending that

video was now sufficiently authenticated by the circumstantial evidence

summarized above. The government, with further testimony of Agent Davis,

sought to admit Google records to establish the date the video was uploaded; the

district court stated it would consider the Google records only for the hearing to

determine whether to admit the video, and ultimately did not admit the records.

The district court echoed Broomfield’s concern that the government had not

presented evidence that the video had not been altered or manipulated.

      After recessing to review relevant case law, the district court admitted the

video into evidence, stating it was “satisfied, without considering the Google

records, that the government has established circumstantially”: (1) the date the

video was taken; (2) that Broomfield appears in the video; and (3) that the video is

authentic—“that is, that [the video] is what they claim it is, and that is a videotape


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of the defendant in the possession of the firearm on or about January 21, 2011.”

The government then published the copy of the YouTube video to the jury, over

Broomfield’s objection.2

       The government recalled Agent Davis to the stand and he testified that the

video showed Broomfield discharging the AR-15 rifle, with two boxes of PMC

.233 ammunition nearby.

B.     Interstate Commerce

       The government supported the interstate commerce element of 18 U.S.C.

§ 922(g)(1) with the testimony of Agent Craig Kailimai, of the Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Kailimai testified that the AR-15 rifle was

manufactured in Utah, and that, to his knowledge, Bushmaster does not

manufacture AR-15 rifles in Florida. He also testified that the PMC .223

ammunition was manufactured in South Korea, and that, to his knowledge, PMC

.233 ammunition is not manufactured in Florida.

       In moving for a judgment of acquittal and in objecting to the district court’s

jury instructions, Broomfield argued that the government needed to show his

firearm possession had a “substantial effect” on interstate commerce. Both times,

the district court rejected Broomfield’s arguments.


       2
         While the district court overruled Broomfield’s authentication objection to the admission
of the video, it sustained Broomfield’s objection to the transcription of the words spoken in the
video, which the government had inserted below the image.
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                                 II. SENTENCING

A.     The Presentence Investigation Report

       After the jury found Broomfield guilty, his probation officer prepared a

Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”). The PSI recommended a base offense

level of 24, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, and an adjusted offense level of 33,

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B), because Broomfield qualified as an armed

career criminal due to his three prior Florida convictions for serious drug offenses.

The PSI listed all of Broomfield’s prior criminal convictions, which yielded a

criminal history score of 9 and a criminal history category of IV. Based on a total

offense level of 33 and a criminal history category of IV, the PSI recommended an

advisory guidelines range of 188 to 235 months. The statutory minimum term of

imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) is 15 years, and the statutory maximum

term is life.

       Broomfield filed written objections challenging his status as an armed career

criminal under the ACCA and U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4. Specifically, Broomfield

objected: (1) to the PSI’s reliance on arrest reports to describe the underlying facts

of two of his three prior offenses; and (2) that, even if charging documents were

submitted, the government would be unable to demonstrate that his prior offenses

occurred on separate occasions because the dates of the offenses were not essential

elements of the crimes charged.


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B.    Sentencing Hearing

      At sentencing, the parties agreed that the district court could not rely upon

the PSI’s narrative facts about the prior offenses that were drawn from arrest

reports to determine whether those prior offenses were qualifying offenses under

the ACCA. To carry its burden to prove the three prior offenses qualified, the

government produced copies of the charging documents for each of Broomfield’s

three prior drug convictions.

      The charging documents showed that Broomfield was charged with: (1)

possession of cocaine with intent, in violation of Florida Statute § 893.13(1)(a), on

or about February 21, 2006; (2) sale or delivery of cocaine within 1000 feet of a

public housing facility and possession of cocaine, in violation of Florida Statute

§ 893.13(1)(f) and § 893.13(6)(a), respectively, on or about September 18, 2004;

and (3) sale/delivery of a controlled substance within 1000 feet of a school and

possession of cocaine, in violation of Florida Statute § 893.13(1)(c) and

§ 893.13(6)(a), respectively, on or about September 8, 2004.

      Broomfield did not dispute the nature of the three prior offenses, that is, that

they were “serious drug offenses,” but rather argued that the charging documents

did not show that the three offenses occurred on different occasions, as required by

the ACCA. The district court disagreed and concluded that the dates in the

charging documents established that Broomfield committed each of his three prior


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offenses on different occasions. The district court overruled Broomfield’s

objections to being sentenced under the ACCA and found that Broomfield’s

advisory guidelines range was 188 to 235 months.

      Broomfield asked the district court for a small downward variance from the

guidelines range to the statutory minimum of 180 months. The district court

granted Broomfield’s request and imposed the statutory minimum of 180 months’

imprisonment.

      The district court’s final judgment listed the date of his federal offense as

January 11, 2011 instead of January 21, 2011.

                                  III. DISCUSSION

A.    Authentication of the Video Clip

      The “admission of evidence is committed to the sound discretion of the trial

court.” United States v. Cole, 755 F.2d 748, 766 (11th Cir. 1985). Accordingly,

we review the district court’s decision to admit evidence for abuse of discretion.

Id. We will not overturn a district court’s determination that a piece of evidence

has been properly authenticated unless “there is no competent evidence in the

record to support it.” United States v. Caldwell, 776 F.2d 989, 1001 (11th Cir.

1985) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Broomfield contends that the district court abused its discretion by admitting

the YouTube video into evidence. We disagree and explain why.


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       Before an item of evidence may be admitted, Federal Rule of Evidence

901(a) requires it to be authenticated with evidence “sufficient to support a finding

that the item is what the proponent claims it is.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(a). Proper

authentication requires only that the proponent of the evidence make out a prima

facie case that the proffered evidence is what it purports to be. United States v.

Belfast, 611 F.3d 783, 819 (11th Cir. 2010).

       Evidence may be authenticated by its “appearance, contents, substance,

internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics . . . taken together with all the

circumstances.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(4). Authentication may be established

“solely through the use of circumstantial evidence.” United States v. Smith, 918

F.2d 1501, 1510 (11th Cir. 1990). Once such a showing has been made, the court

may admit the evidence, and the ultimate question of its reliability is reserved for

the fact finder. Belfast, 611 F.3d at 819.

       Thus, the question before us is whether there is any competent evidence to

support the district court’s determination that the government made out a prima

facie case that this YouTube video is what the government purports it to be—a

video of Broomfield in possession of a firearm. We conclude that there is ample

evidence in the record that the video depicted Broomfield in possession of a

firearm. The government’s evidence identified the individual in the video as

Broomfield, established where and approximately when the video was recorded,


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and then identified the specific rifle and ammunition depicted in the video.

Because authentication may occur solely through the use of circumstantial

evidence, the government met its burden of presenting a prima facie case that the

video depicted Broomfield in possession of a firearm.

       Relying on United States v. Biggins, 551 F.2d 64 (5th Cir. 1977), 3

Broomfield argues that the video was not adequately authenticated because there

was no testimony establishing that the recording equipment was reliable or that the

video was not altered or staged. Broomfield’s reliance on Biggins is misplaced.

The Court in Biggins stated that to authenticate a sound recording made by

investigators during the government’s electronic surveillance, the prosecution had

to establish: the competence of the government’s recording operator; “the fidelity

of the recording equipment”; “the absence of material deletions, additions, or

alterations” in the recording; and “the identification of the relevant speakers.”

Biggins, 551 F.2d at 66. The Court applied these factors to a recording that the

government created, and this was critical to the Court’s analysis. Id. The Court

stated that this “burden properly falls to the government because it has access to

such information in a way the criminal defendant does not.” Id.

       Here, where the government did not make the video, but merely found it on

YouTube, that particular reasoning does not apply. Indeed, if the Biggins factors

       3
       This Court adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions prior to October 1,
1981. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).
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were to apply under these circumstances, as Broomfield suggests it should, the

prosecution could seldom, if ever, authenticate a video that it did not create.

Because the government did not record the video in question, the Biggins factors

are inapposite.

      In any event, as the Biggins Court recognized, even if one or more of the

factors are not satisfied, we are “extremely reluctant to disturb” the district court’s

decision to admit the recording if other trial evidence establishes it is authentic.

See id. at 67. Given the other substantial evidence establishing where and when

the video was made and who and what appeared in the video, the district court’s

decision to admit the video clip was not an abuse of discretion even if the

government did not satisfy all of the Biggins factors.

      Accordingly, there is competent evidence in the record to support the district

court’s determination that the video was properly authenticated.

B.    The Armed Career Criminal Act

      On appeal, Broomfield does not challenge the existence of his three prior

convictions or argue that they are not “serious drug offenses” within the meaning

of the ACCA.

      Rather, Broomfield argues that he was improperly sentenced under the

ACCA because the district court erred in determining that his prior convictions

occurred on separate occasions. Broomfield posits that this is so because the


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district court was not entitled to rely on non-elemental facts contained in the

charging documents. Broomfield acknowledges that this argument is contrary to

this Court’s precedent, but argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in Descamps

v. United States, 570 U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2276 (2013), abrogates our relevant

precedent.

      Whether a defendant’s prior convictions are separate offenses under the

ACCA is a legal determination that we review de novo. United States v. Weeks,

711 F.3d 1255, 1261 (11th Cir. 2013).

      A defendant is subject to the ACCA, and to the offense-level increase in

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4, if he has three qualifying prior convictions for crimes

“committed on occasions different from one another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1);

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(a). To be considered different occasions, the crimes must be

“temporally distinct” and arise from “separate and distinct criminal episode[s].”

United States v. Sneed, 600 F.3d 1326, 1329 (11th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

      To prove that the prior offenses occurred on different occasions, the

government must use only those documents approved in Shepard v. United States,

544 U.S. 13, 125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005), such as the charging documents, plea

agreements and colloquies, jury instructions, and other comparable judicial

records. Sneed, 600 F.3d at 1332-33; see also Shepard, 544 U.S. at 16, 26, 125 S.


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Ct. at 1257, 1263. The district court, in turn, may use the Shepard-approved

documents to “determine both the existence of prior convictions and the factual

nature of those convictions, including whether they were committed on different

occasions.” Weeks, 711 F.3d at 1259.

      A district court may rely upon the dates listed in charging documents, even

if the dates are not elements of the crimes charged. See id. at 1260-61.

“Distinctions in time and place are usually sufficient to separate criminal episodes

from one another even when the gaps are small, and two offenses are considered

distinct if some temporal break occurs between them.” Id. at 1261 (internal

quotation marks omitted). Thus, where the charging documents illustrate some

temporal break between the ACCA qualifying offenses, a district court correctly

relies upon such documents to classify a defendant as an armed career criminal,

even if the dates were non-elemental facts.

      Here, the charging documents submitted by the government and properly

relied upon by the district court at sentencing establish that Broomfield committed

each of his three prior drug offenses on different occasions. Specifically, the

charging documents for each ACCA-qualifying offense revealed that the offenses

occurred on: February 21, 2006; September 18, 2004; and September 8, 2004.

Because the offenses occurred on separate dates, they were “temporally distinct”




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from one another and the district court properly concluded that the crimes occurred

on different occasions.

      Broomfield’s argument that Descamps abrogated our precedent is

unavailing. Descamps dealt only with whether a sentencing court may use the

modified categorical approach to ascertain whether a conviction is a qualifying

offense under the ACCA when the statute under which the defendant was

convicted has a single, indivisible set of elements. Descamps, 570 U.S. at ___, 133

S. Ct. at 2283-93. Because Descamps does not address the separate-occasions

inquiry, it does not overrule our precedent on that subject. See Sneed, 600 F.3d at

1332 (stating that, under the prior panel precedent rule, “a prior panel’s holding is

binding on all subsequent panels unless and until it is overruled or undermined to

the point of abrogation by the Supreme Court or by this court sitting en banc”).

       Accordingly, the district court did not err in sentencing Broomfield under

the ACCA.

C.    Arguments Foreclosed by Binding Precedent

      For the first time on appeal, Broomfield also argues that: (1) the felon in

possession statute, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), is unconstitutional; and (2) his sentence is

unconstitutional because the district court used facts not proven to the jury beyond

a reasonable doubt—his prior criminal convictions—to increase the statutory




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minimum punishment. Broomfield acknowledges, and we agree, that both of these

points are foreclosed by binding precedent.

       First, this Court has upheld the constitutionality of the felon in possession

statute, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). United States v. Nichols, 124 F.3d 1265, 1266 (11th

Cir. 1997). In rejecting a constitutional challenge to the statute, this court stated,

“the Supreme Court has held that the phrase ‘in or affecting commerce’ indicates a

Congressional intent to assert its full Commerce Clause power.” Id. at 1266. This

court has also “repeatedly held that Section 922(g)(1) is not a facially

unconstitutional exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause

because it contains an express jurisdictional requirement.” United States v. Jordan,

635 F.3d 1181, 1189 (11th Cir. 2011). 4 The jurisdictional element of the felon in

possession statute is constitutionally applied “when the firearm in question has a

‘minimal nexus’ to interstate commerce.” Id. This minimal nexus is satisfied if

the government demonstrates that the firearm has traveled in interstate commerce,

as the government did here.

       Second, under the Supreme Court’s precedent, a prior conviction may be

used to enhance a defendant’s sentence, even if the conviction was not charged in

the indictment and proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See Almendarez-Torres v.

       4
        Accordingly, Broomfield’s reliance on United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 115 S. Ct.
1624 (1995), is misplaced. See United States v. McAllister, 77 F.3d 387, 389-90 (11th Cir.
1996) (stating that the presence of the jurisdictional element precludes the argument that 18
U.S.C. § 922(g) is unconstitutional under Lopez).
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United States, 523 U.S. 224, 239-47, 118 S. Ct. 1219, 1229-33 (1998) (allowing

the district court to consider prior convictions at sentencing); Apprendi v. New

Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 489-90, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 2362 (2000) (expressly declining to

overrule Almendarez-Torres); Alleyne v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct.

2151, 2160 n.1 (2013) (declining to reconsider Almendarez-Torres). We are

bound by this precedent until the Supreme Court overrules it. See United States v.

King, 751 F.3d 1268, 1280 (11th Cir. 2014).

      Accordingly, Broomfield cannot show error, much less plain error, with

respect to these two claims. See United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708, 715 (11th

Cir. 2010) (explaining that we review only for plain error an issue raised for the

first time on appeal).

D.    Correction of a Clerical Error

      If the final judgment contains a clerical error, we have the authority to

remand the case to the district court with instructions to correct the error. See

United States v. Anderton, 136 F.3d 747, 751 (11th Cir. 1998). However, remand

for correction of the judgment is appropriate only where the mistake is a clerical

error, and correction would not prejudice the defendant in any reversible way.

United States v. Diaz, 190 F.3d 1247, 1252 (11th Cir. 1999).

      Both Broomfield’s indictment and the evidence presented at his trial

indicated that the offense occurred on or about January 21, 2011. However, the


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final judgment incorrectly states that the offense concluded on January 11, 2011.

The parties agree that this discrepancy in dates is the result of a clerical error and

that the judgment should have listed the date the offense concluded as January 21,

2011. Correcting the judgment to reflect the correct date would not prejudice

Broomfield in any way. Accordingly, we remand for the limited purpose of

correcting the clerical error.

                                   I. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm, but remand for the limited purpose of

correcting the clerical error.

      AFFIRMED and REMANDED.




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