             Case: 16-13642    Date Filed: 02/01/2019   Page: 1 of 14


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 16-13642
                          ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cr-00001-WLS-TQL-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                      versus

ELBERT WALKER, JR.,

                                                             Defendant-Appellant.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Georgia
                         ________________________

                                (February 1, 2019)

Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judge:

      Defendant Elbert Walker, Jr. appeals his convictions after a jury found him

guilty of conspiracy to commit arson, bank fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, and
              Case: 16-13642     Date Filed: 02/01/2019    Page: 2 of 14


bankruptcy fraud, to possess a forged security, and to make false declarations in

court, two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm, and possession of a

firearm with an obliterated serial number. After careful consideration, we affirm

Defendant’s convictions.

I.    BACKGROUND
      A.     The Charges

      Defendant and his relatives, Shirley and Darryl Burk, were charged with one

count of conspiracy to commit multiple objects, including arson, bank fraud, mail

fraud, wire fraud, bankruptcy fraud, possession of a forged security, and making

false declarations in court, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 in connection with

152(3), 513, and 1623; 844(n) in connection with 844(i); and 1349 in connection

with 1341, 1343, and 1344. Defendant was also charged separately with two

counts of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), and one count of possession of a firearm with an

obliterated serial number, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(k) and 924(a)(1)(B).

Defendant and the Burks elected to have the charges tried before a jury.

      B.     Conspiracy to Commit Arson

      During its case-in-chief, the Government presented evidence of a scheme

spanning more than a decade in which Defendant, the Burks, and others conspired

to acquire various properties and transfer them among each other, to obtain

insurance coverage on the properties, to set fire to the properties, and then to
                                           2
              Case: 16-13642    Date Filed: 02/01/2019   Page: 3 of 14


fraudulently make insurance claims and collect money for the fire losses. The

evidence indicated that the conspiracy involved five properties, nearly all of which

Defendant owned or managed, in Georgia.

             1.    1097 Bondvilla Drive, Cairo, Georgia
      In 1996, after securing a loan from SGE Mortgage on his property located at

1097 Bondvilla Drive, Cairo, Georgia, Defendant sold the property to Eddie

Dixon, who falsified documents to obtain a loan and then acquired insurance

coverage from State Farm. Defendant financed a part of the purchase and took a

second mortgage on the property. Three months later, the property was damaged

by fire. Dixon submitted a personal-property-loss claim and a $72,330 repair

estimate from Northside Home Remodeling, a company owned by Defendant and

Darryl Burk. State Farm denied Dixon’s claim because it concluded that the fire

was intentionally set, but it paid SGE approximately $35,000 to satisfy Dixon’s

indebtedness on the property.

      In April 2001, Shirley Burk moved into the Bondvilla property, which she

rented until October 2001, when she entered into an installment sales agreement

with Defendant. In November 2001, Burk applied for insurance on the property,

falsely declaring that she had not had any insurance losses within the past three

years. The insurance company initially granted the application, but informed Burk

on December 3, 2001 that her coverage would be cancelled effective January 4,


                                          3
              Case: 16-13642     Date Filed: 02/01/2019    Page: 4 of 14


2002. On January 1, 2002, the Bondvilla property was damaged by fire. An expert

testified that the fire was intentionally set. When the insurer refused to pay Burk’s

claim, Defendant and Burk filed lawsuits against the insurer, which were

ultimately dismissed.

      In early 2006, Defendant asked Michelle Spooner, an Atlanta-area mortgage

broker, to help Shirley Burk get a loan to buy the Bondvilla property. Defendant

faxed supporting documents to Spooner, but Spooner had concerns about the

legitimacy of the documents and was unable to verify that Burk had transferred the

down payment to Defendant. Consequently, Spooner altered money orders she had

received in another closing to make it appear that the transfer had occurred and

then sent the altered copies to the lender. To obtain insurance coverage on the

Bondvilla property, Burk again falsely represented that she had not had any

insurance losses in the past five years. When her $63,000 loan closed, she gave

Defendant at least $27,000 of the proceeds.

      The Bondvilla property was again damaged by fire in August 2006, and an

expert testified that this fire also was intentionally set. Shirley Burk submitted a

$57,740 insurance claim, and later submitted a revised claim for $81,248. To

support her claim, Burk submitted a repair estimate from Northside Home

Remodeling, the company owned by Defendant and Darryl Burk, and stated in her

proof-of-loss forms that she had purchased furniture from RJ Furniture, another


                                           4
              Case: 16-13642     Date Filed: 02/01/2019   Page: 5 of 14


company owned by Defendant. The insurance company paid Burk a settlement of

$22,000 in January 2008.

             2.    410 Oak Street, Thomasville, Georgia

      In October 2000, Defendant obtained insurance on a property he owned at

410 Oak Street in Thomasville, Georgia. In November 2000, while Shirley Burk

was renting the Oak Street property from Defendant, the property was damaged by

a fire. Defendant submitted a proof of loss and the insurance company issued a

check for $45,000 to cover the losses. Burk also received a payment from the

insurance company for her personal losses.

             3.    555 Baggs Ferry Road, Camilla, Georgia
      In June 2001, Defendant bought a trailer located at 555 Baggs Ferry Road in

Camilla, Georgia for $1,200. Darryl Burk paid the rent for the lot using a check

drawn on the bank account of a business purportedly located at the same address as

Defendant’s RJ Furniture store. He also obtained insurance on the trailer, falsely

stating in his application that he had paid $6,500 for the trailer and had made

improvements bringing its value to $10,000. A fire damaged the trailer on July 26,

2001, while Tomeka McIntyre was renting it from Defendant. An expert testified

that the fire was intentionally set. Darryl Burk claimed a loss on the trailer and

received $10,000. At trial, McIntyre testified that Defendant had discussed a plan




                                          5
             Case: 16-13642    Date Filed: 02/01/2019    Page: 6 of 14


with her, where she would move into a house for a couple months and then

Defendant would “set it afire and get some insurance money.”

            4.     3841 New Hope Road, Pelham, Georgia

      In January 2004, Shirley Burk submitted a proof of loss to her insurer,

seeking $17,377 for personal property damaged in a December 6, 2003 fire at 3841

New Hope Road, Pelham, Georgia. The insurer rejected the claim for insufficient

documentation, but it paid Burk $5,158 to compensate her for some of the claimed

losses.

            5.     605 Harney Street, Camilla, Georgia
      In August 2006, Defendant asked Spooner to help Angel Mickens get a loan

to purchase a residence at 605 Harney Street in Camilla, Georgia, which Defendant

rented out and managed for his daughter, who owned the property. While meeting

with Defendant at the residence, Spooner commented that the house smelled like

smoke, and Defendant informed Spooner that it had previously been damaged by

fire and that “sometimes I burn down houses.”

      C.    Firearms Charges

      As to the firearms charges, the Government presented evidence that law

enforcement agents found five guns in Defendant’s bedroom when they searched

his house in connection with the alleged conspiracy in 2007. During a second

search of Defendant’s home in December 2011, agents found two more guns,

including a shotgun with an obliterated serial number.
                                         6
              Case: 16-13642    Date Filed: 02/01/2019    Page: 7 of 14


      When investigating Defendant, agents found records of a 1976 New Jersey

conviction for an “Elbert Walker” on charges of welfare fraud conspiracy and

obtaining money by falsely pretending to be poor. The conviction initially resulted

in a sentence of not less than two years and not more than three years, but the

sentence was later reduced to 364 days plus three years’ probation. To establish

that Defendant was the same Elbert Walker who had been convicted in New

Jersey, the Government presented testimony showing that Defendant’s known

fingerprints matched the fingerprints on file for the Elbert Walker arrested in New

Jersey. In addition, the New Jersey fingerprint card listed Defendant’s date of birth

and wife’s name. Further, the Government introduced evidence found during the

search of Defendant’s home showing that he had lived in New Jersey at the time of

the conviction.

      D.     Verdict and Post-Trial Motions
      Following the Government’s case-in-chief, Defendant moved for a judgment

of acquittal on all counts, arguing that insufficient evidence showed that the

alleged co-conspirators entered into an agreement, that he was the same individual

who was convicted in New Jersey, and that the gun with an obliterated serial

number belonged to him. The district court reserved ruling on the motion.

      After the jury returned a guilty verdict, convicting Defendant on all counts,

Defendant renewed his motion for a judgment of acquittal. The district court


                                          7
             Case: 16-13642     Date Filed: 02/01/2019   Page: 8 of 14


denied the motion in a written order, concluding that the Government’s evidence

was sufficient to support the jury’s finding that there was a common purpose

among Defendant and the Burks to set fires and fraudulently collect insurance

money. The court noted that all of the fires alleged in the indictment followed the

same pattern: the owner or tenant obtained insurance; shortly thereafter a fire

occurred; and then an insurance loss claim was filed, usually with the same form

used in previous fire incidents. The court also found the evidence sufficient to

support Defendant’s convictions on the firearms charges.

      At sentencing, the court imposed concurrent prison terms of 121 months for

the conspiracy charge, 120 months for each of the 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) firearm

charges, and 60 months for possession of a firearm with an obliterated serial

number.

II.   DISCUSSION
      On appeal, Defendant argues that the district court erred in denying his

motion for a judgment of acquittal on the conspiracy-to-commit-arson charge. He

also argues, for the first time, that the Government committed prosecutorial

misconduct when it represented to the jury that Defendant’s prior New Jersey

conviction was for a crime punishable by more than one year’s imprisonment.

These arguments are addressed in turn.




                                         8
              Case: 16-13642     Date Filed: 02/01/2019   Page: 9 of 14


      A.     Whether the District Court Erred in Denying Defendant’s Motion
             for a Judgment of Acquittal

      Under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, a district court “must enter a

judgment of acquittal of any offense for which the evidence is insufficient to

sustain a conviction.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(a). We review the district court’s denial

of a motion for judgment of acquittal de novo, “viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the government and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of

the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Green, 873 F.3d 846, 852 (11th Cir. 2017)

(quotation marks omitted). We then ask whether the jury “reasonably could have

found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

      To support a conviction for conspiracy to commit arson, the Government

must prove that the defendant conspired to (1) maliciously damage or destroy

(2) by means of a fire or explosive (3) a building, vehicle, or other real or personal

property, and (4) that the property was used in interstate commerce or in an activity

affecting interstate commerce. 18 U.S.C. § 844(i), (n). A conspiracy occurs when

two or more individuals agree to commit a crime and the defendant knowingly and

voluntarily joins the agreement. United States v. Gonzalez, 834 F.3d 1206, 1214–

15 (11th Cir. 2016). The Government may establish a conspiracy through

circumstantial evidence. Id.

      In his appellate brief, Defendant argues that insufficient evidence showed a

conspiracy to commit arson because “there was no evidence presented at trial that

                                           9
               Case: 16-13642        Date Filed: 02/01/2019        Page: 10 of 14


[he] participated in the arsons, that he knew of the arsons prior to their occurrence,

or that he was somehow otherwise complicit in the arsons which gave rise to the

purported fraudulent issuance of insurance checks.”1 Yet, in this same brief, he

also acknowledges evidence that belies this argument: specifically, Spooner’s

testimony that Defendant had admitted “sometimes I burn down houses” and

McIntyre’s testimony that Defendant had asked her to participate in a plan where

she would move into one of his properties for a short period, after which he would

“set [the house] afire and get some insurance money.”

       In any event, even setting that testimony aside, the Government presented

substantial circumstantial evidence supporting the jury’s conclusion that Defendant

entered into an agreement with the Burks and others to use fire to damage or

destroy multiple properties in order to collect insurance proceeds. Specifically, the

evidence showed a pattern of conduct between 1996 and 2006, where Defendant,

the Burks, or a third party would acquire insurance coverage on a property owned,



1
  By failing to develop an argument on appeal, Defendant has abandoned a sufficiency-of-the-
evidence challenge regarding the other objects of the charged conspiracy, including bank fraud,
mail fraud, wire fraud, bankruptcy fraud, possession of a forged security, and making false
declarations in court. See United States v. Thomas, 242 F.3d 1028, 1033 (11th Cir. 2001)
(holding that an appellant had abandoned arguments not raised in his opening brief and only
mentioned in a cursory fashion in his reply brief). Accordingly, we confine our discussion to the
conspiracy-to-commit-arson charge. We note, however, that a sufficiency challenge to the other
objects of the charged conspiracy would be meritless because the evidence supported a finding
that arson was an object of the conspiracy and “[a] guilty verdict in a multi-object conspiracy
will be upheld if the evidence is sufficient to support a conviction of any of the alleged objects.”
United States v. Ross, 131 F.3d 970, 984 (11th Cir. 1997) (citing Griffin v. United States, 502
U.S. 46, 56–60 (1991)).
                                                 10
             Case: 16-13642     Date Filed: 02/01/2019   Page: 11 of 14


or recently sold, by Defendant. Shortly thereafter, the property would experience a

fire, and Defendant, the Burks, or an insured third party would submit an insurance

claim for alleged losses. Expert testimony established that several of these fires

were intentionally set, and at least one insurance company denied a claim after

reaching the same conclusion. Given that Defendant and his associates repeatedly

employed the same method of defrauding insurance companies—acquiring

insurance coverage, intentionally setting fires, and then making fraudulent

insurance claims—the jury reasonably could infer Defendant’s knowing and

voluntary participation in an agreement to commit arson. Accordingly, the district

court properly denied Defendant’s motion for a judgment of acquittal on the

conspiracy charge.

      B.     Whether the Government’s Closing Argument Regarding
             Defendant’s Prior New Jersey Conviction Entitles Him to a New
             Trial
      We will only reverse a conviction based on statements made during the

Government’s opening or closing if the statements were improper and prejudiced

the defendant’s substantive rights. United States v. Frank, 599 F.3d 1221, 1237

(11th Cir. 2010). If the defendant failed to object to the allegedly improper

statements below, as is the case here, we review only for plain error. Id. at 1238.

There can be no plain error unless the issue is specifically and directly resolved by

the explicit language of a statute or rule or on-point precedent from the Supreme


                                         11
             Case: 16-13642     Date Filed: 02/01/2019    Page: 12 of 14


Court or this Court. United States v. Hesser, 800 F.3d 1310, 1325 (11th Cir.

2015).

      Section 922(g) makes it unlawful for any person who has been convicted of

a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year to possess a

firearm. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). To show that Defendant violated § 922(g), the

Government presented evidence that Defendant sustained a 1976 New Jersey

conviction for welfare fraud conspiracy and obtaining money by falsely pretending

to be poor. The evidence included a New Jersey docket sheet indicating that the

trial court initially imposed a prison sentence of not less than two years or more

than three years, but later resentenced Defendant to 364 days’ imprisonment.

      In its closing argument, the Government stated that the record of the New

Jersey conviction showed that Defendant had been convicted of a crime punishable

by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year. Defendant now argues on appeal

that the Government’s statement was improper and that the district court should

have sua sponte struck it. He makes this argument even though he never objected

at trial to the Government’s remarks. As to the substance of his argument, he

contends that, even if he was the Elbert Walker convicted of welfare fraud

conspiracy in New Jersey, the New Jersey conviction did not qualify as a § 922(g)

predicate because (1) the conviction was for a misdemeanor and (2) he was

resentenced to serve less than one year’s imprisonment.


                                         12
             Case: 16-13642     Date Filed: 02/01/2019    Page: 13 of 14


      Contrary to Defendant’s suggestion, § 922(g) does not require a prior felony

conviction, but only a prior conviction for a “crime punishable by imprisonment

for a term exceeding one year.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). That Defendant’s prior

conviction was for a crime punishable by a term exceeding one year was

demonstrated by evidence that he was sentenced to a two-to-three year prison term.

The fact that Defendant was later resentenced to 364 days’ imprisonment

obviously does not speak to the length of time for which his crime was

“punishable.” Id. Further, although the statute excludes from “[t]he term ‘crime

punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year’ . . . any State offense

classified by the laws of the State as a misdemeanor and punishable by a term of

imprisonment of two years or less,” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20)(B), Defendant

nowhere explains how his misdemeanor conviction would fall within that

exception, given that his initial sentence was for two-to-three years’ imprisonment.

In short, Defendant fails to explain why his New Jersey conviction would not

qualify as a § 922(g) predicate under the statute’s plain language. More

importantly for purposes of his present claim on appeal, he offers no persuasive

argument in support of his contention that, even though he never objected, the

district court on those facts should have sua sponte struck this part of the

Government’s closing argument. Accordingly, Defendant has shown no error,

plain or otherwise.


                                          13
             Case: 16-13642    Date Filed: 02/01/2019   Page: 14 of 14


III.   CONCLUSION

       Because sufficient evidence supported the jury’s finding that Defendant

conspired to commit arson, and Defendant has not shown plain error based on

prosecutorial misconduct, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.

       AFFIRMED.




                                        14
