                                                                                         05/31/2019
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                              February 21, 2018 Session

      JOHN PATRICK KONVALINKA, JR. v. CRAIG FULLER ET AL.

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hamilton County
                  No. 12C211 Robert E. Lee Davies, Senior Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2017-00493-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________


In this retaliatory discharge action, the plaintiff filed suit against his former employer
under both the common law and the Tennessee Public Protection Act. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 50-1-304 (2014). The plaintiff claimed that he was terminated for voicing his
concerns about, or refusing to participate in, illegal activities. The former employer
moved for summary judgment arguing, in part, that the plaintiff could not identify a
specific illegal activity or a violation of a clearly established public policy. The trial
court granted the summary judgment motion and dismissed the plaintiff’s claims.
Discerning no reversible error, we affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and THOMAS R. FRIERSON II, J., joined.

Joshua H. Jenne, Cleveland, Tennessee, for the appellant, John Patrick Konvalinka, Jr.

Rosemarie L. Hill and Justin L. Furrow, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellees, Craig
Fuller, TransCard, LLC, Ryan Rogers, and Max Fuller.
                                              OPINION

                                                    I.

      Many of the underlying facts are undisputed.1 On January 5, 2009, John Patrick
Konvalinka, Jr. began working at TransCard, LLC as the director of corporate sales.
TransCard provided prepaid debit card services to clients, including corporations, banks,
and government entities. During Mr. Konvalinka’s employment, Max and Craig Fuller
owned and managed TransCard. Craig Fuller served as chief executive officer of the
company.

       Max Fuller also had a partial ownership interest in a separate company, U.S.
Xpress, Inc. In 2010, he asked Ryan Rogers, vice president of treasury and finance for
U.S. Xpress, to become the chief strategy officer for TransCard. Mr. Rogers was never
employed by TransCard; he remained at all times an employee of U.S. Xpress. Max
Fuller tasked Mr. Rogers with improving TransCard’s operations, efficiencies, quality
control, and financial performance. Mr. Rogers’s responsibilities included things such as
“reviewing the accounting, finance [and] cash flow of the business” and ensuring that
projects for TransCard clients were “set up properly and completed properly and clean,
with as few errors as possible.”

       Shortly after beginning his new job responsibilities, Mr. Rogers met with
Mr. Konvalinka to discuss TransCard’s operations. At the time, Mr. Konvalinka worked
primarily in sales. According to Mr. Konvalinka, Mr. Rogers invited him to disclose any
problems he perceived in the company’s operations. Mr. Rogers assured him that he
could speak freely because there would be no repercussions from his disclosures. During
this meeting, Mr. Konvalinka reported a number of activities or procedures that he
believed were illegal, noncompliant, or simply inefficient. Mr. Rogers thanked him for
his “candid and informative” input and promised to address his concerns.

       Mr. Rogers recommended that Mr. Konvalinka move from sales to a business
analyst position. The business analyst position focused on improving various aspects of
TransCard’s operations. Mr. Konvalinka reported to Mr. Rogers and “essentially [did]
whatever [Mr. Rogers] instructed [him] to do.” According to Mr. Konvalinka, he also
continued to handle his previous card management duties and to assist with sales.

     As a business analyst, Mr. Konvalinka repeatedly voiced his concerns about the
company’s operations to Mr. Rogers, other members of management, and his co-workers.

        1
         Except as otherwise indicated, the facts are taken from the plaintiff’s response to the statement
of undisputed material facts. In some instances, the facts are undisputed only for the purposes of ruling
on the motion for summary judgment. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03.
                                                    2
Mr. Konvalinka agreed that the company took steps to correct some of the deficiencies he
identified. His main concerns, as later outlined in his complaint, were

             1. TransCard action and inaction running afoul of the US Patriot
                 Act;
             2. Violations of and/or non-compliance with the Payment Card
                 Industry Security Standards Regulations;
             3. Non-compliance with or violation of SAS 70 Type II card
                 industry auditing standards;
             4. TransCard action and/or inaction in violation of contracts with
                 sponsors, partners, clients, and network associations;
             5. TransCard actions and inactions constituting non-compliance
                 with or violation of cardholder agreements;
             6. Insurance fraud related to misrepresentations made by Craig
                 Fuller;
             7. False deposit, account balance and financial verification provided
                 to sponsoring banks;
             8. Affirmative instruction given to TransCard employees by
                 TransCard executives in attempt to misrepresent, conceal or
                 fabricate specifics regarding TransCard financials, operations and
                 industry compliance, the purpose and design of which was to
                 avoid or alleviate concerns of clients, auditors, and/or company
                 owners;
             9. Providing incorrect financial figures to prospective investors and
                 clients;
             10. Improper use of MasterCard symbols; [and]
             11. Coercion and/or intimidation of TransCard staff and employees
                 to perform tasks which they considered unethical, illegal,
                 inappropriate and/or improper.

       Mr. Konvalinka also discussed his concerns with an outside attorney. Following
his attorney’s suggestion, on January 20, 2011, Mr. Konvalinka memorialized his
concerns in a written memorandum that he gave to Mr. Rogers. In large part, his
memorandum reflected the same eleven concerns.

      In July 2011, Mr. Rogers recommended to Craig Fuller that Mr. Konvalinka’s
employment be terminated. According to Mr. Rogers and Craig Fuller, the decision to
terminate Mr. Konvalinka’s employment was based on his inadequate job performance.
They claimed Mr. Konvalinka was difficult to manage and did not work well with other
employees or customers. On July 20, 2011, Craig Fuller informed Mr. Konvalinka that
his employment was terminated.


                                           3
       In the Circuit Court for Hamilton County, Tennessee, Mr. Konvalinka filed a
complaint and an amended complaint against TransCard, Ryan Rogers, Craig Fuller, and
Max Fuller alleging multiple causes of action.2 Mr. Konvalinka alleged that his
employment was terminated “because of [his] refusal to participate in or remain silent
about illegal practices and policies being exercised . . . by TransCard.” Relevant to this
appeal, the complaint sought damages from TransCard for common law retaliatory
discharge and violation of the Tennessee Public Protection Act (“TPPA”). See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 50-1-304 (2014).

       TransCard, along with the other defendants, moved for summary judgment on
multiple grounds relying on deposition testimony and Mr. Konvalinka’s discovery
responses. TransCard argued that Mr. Konvalinka could not establish a prima facie case
of retaliatory discharge under the common law or the TPPA and that Mr. Konvalinka
could not demonstrate that TransCard’s proffered reason for his termination was a
pretext. In opposition, Mr. Konvalinka submitted an affidavit from a former co-worker
and additional deposition testimony.

        The trial court dismissed the plaintiff’s claims, concluding that TransCard was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law for three reasons. First, the court found that
Mr. Konvalinka failed to identify an illegal activity within the meaning of the TPPA or a
clear violation of a well-defined and established public policy as required for a common
law retaliatory discharge claim. Second, he did not report the alleged wrongdoing to an
outside person or entity. Third, the record contained no evidence that Mr. Konvalinka
feared dismissal or was threatened with dismissal for reporting illegal activities.

                                                   II.

        Although his appeal primarily concerns the grant of summary judgment,
Mr. Kovalinka also raises as an issue the trial court’s denial of a motion to compel
discovery. During discovery, he requested production of numerous documents,
including: copies of all “SAS 70 reports” and “compliance documents” for the previous
five years; copies of all contracts with sponsoring banks; network associations, and
cardholders for the same time period; copies of all contracts between TransCard and 67
listed companies for a three year period; internal email communications from 2008 to the


        2
           In addition to the retaliatory discharge claim, the complaint included claims against the
company for breach of contract and vicarious liability and a civil conspiracy claim against the individual
defendants. The trial court dismissed both the breach of contract and vicarious liability claims on a
motion to dismiss. Mr. Konvalinka does not challenge the dismissal of these claims on appeal. The court
granted the defendants summary judgment on the civil conspiracy claim, which Mr. Konvalinka describes
as being predicated on the two claims addressed in this appeal. He offers no argument on the dismissal
of the civil conspiracy claim, so we consider that issue waived. See Newcomb v. Kohler Co., 222 S.W.3d
368, 401 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).
                                                    4
present; and copies of customer verifications during Mr. Konvalinka’s employment.
TransCard objected to these requests, and others, as irrelevant and unduly burdensome.

       Mr. Konvalinka then filed a motion to compel. In a temporary order, the trial
court denied the motion, in part, ruling that the documents described above were
irrelevant. But the court expressly stated that “[u]pon request by either party, the Court
will revisit the issues making the basis of this Temporary Order following the completion
of additional discovery, including depositions.”

       The temporary order was filed on January 7, 2014. TransCard moved for
summary judgment on December 30, 2016, over two years later. During this time,
Mr. Konvalinka never asked the trial court to revisit the temporary order. We conclude
that he has waived his right to pursue this issue on appeal. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a)
(“Nothing in this rule shall be construed as requiring relief be granted to a party
responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was reasonably available to
prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.”). Parties are not entitled to relief on
appeal if they “failed to take whatever steps were reasonably available to cure an error.”
Id. 36(a) cmt. Perhaps as importantly, Mr. Konvalinka, in response to the motion for
summary judgment, did not request a delay so that further discovery could be conducted.
See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.07.

                                            III.

        Summary judgment may be granted only “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. The party moving for summary
judgment has “the burden of persuading the court that no genuine and material factual
issues exist and that it is, therefore, entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Byrd v.
Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 211 (Tenn. 1993). If the moving party satisfies its burden, “the
nonmoving party must then demonstrate, by affidavits or discovery materials, that there is
a genuine, material fact dispute to warrant a trial.” Id.

        Here, the party moving for summary judgment does not bear the burden of proof
at trial. Thus, the burden of production on summary judgment could be satisfied “either
(1) by affirmatively negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim or (2)
by demonstrating that the nonmoving party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is
insufficient to establish the nonmoving party’s claim or defense.” Rye v. Women’s Care
Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 264 (Tenn. 2015); see also Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 20-16-101 (Supp. 2018). Satisfying this burden requires more than a “conclusory
assertion that summary judgment is appropriate,” rather the movant must set forth
specific material facts as to which the movant contends there is no dispute. Rye, 477
S.W.3d at 264.
                                             5
       If a motion for summary judgment is properly supported, the nonmoving party
must then come forward with something more than the allegations or denials of its
pleadings. Id. at 265. The nonmoving party must “by affidavits or one of the other
means provided in Tennessee Rule 56, ‘set forth specific facts’ at the summary judgment
stage ‘showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Id. (quoting Tenn. R. Civ. P.
56.06).

        A trial court’s decision on a motion for summary judgment enjoys no presumption
of correctness on appeal. Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn. 2008);
Blair v. W. Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tenn. 2004). We review the summary
judgment decision as a question of law. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 84; Blair, 130 S.W.3d at
763. Accordingly, we must review the record de novo and make a fresh determination of
whether the requirements of Rule 56 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure have
been met. Eadie v. Complete Co., 142 S.W.3d 288, 291 (Tenn. 2004); Blair, 130 S.W.3d
at 763.

                                                  A.

       Tennessee is an employment-at-will state. Stein v. Davidson Hotel Co., 945
S.W.2d 714, 716 (Tenn. 1997). The employment-at-will doctrine preserves the “right of
either the employer or the employee to terminate the employment relationship at any
time, for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all, without being guilty of a legal wrong.”
Id. But Tennessee law also recognizes certain restrictions on an employer’s right to
terminate an at-will employee. Id. Mr. Konvalinka has asserted claims under both the
common law and the TPPA.3 While the statutory and common law claims are similar and
often examined jointly, they are not identical.4 See Guy v. Mut. of Omaha Ins. Co., 79
S.W.3d 528, 537 (Tenn. 2002).

       The common law retaliatory discharge cause of action restricts an employer’s
ability to discharge an employee-at-will “for attempting to exercise a statutory or
constitutional right, or for any other reason which violates a clear public policy.” Stein,

       3
          Effective July 1, 2014, the TPPA was amended to preclude a plaintiff such as Mr. Konvalinka
from seeking recovery under both the common law and the TPPA for retaliatory discharges based on the
refusal to remain silent about, or participate in, illegal activities. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304(g)
(“This section abrogates and supersedes the common law with respect to any claim that could have been
brought under this section.”); Williams v. City of Burns, 465 S.W.3d 96, 109 n.11 (Tenn. 2015). Because
this case accrued before July 1, 2014, Mr. Konvalinka could pursue both remedies. See Guy v. Mut. of
Omaha Ins. Co., 79 S.W.3d 528, 537 (Tenn. 2002) (holding that previous version of TPPA did not
preempt the common law tort remedy for retaliatory discharge claims).
       4
          The TPPA differs from the common law in two respects. The TPPA includes public employees
within its protection and has a more stringent causation standard. Williams, 465 S.W.3d at 110.
                                                   6
945 S.W.2d at 717. This cause of action “defines the balance point between the
employment-at-will doctrine and rights granted employees under well-defined public
policy.” Anderson v. Standard Register Co., 857 S.W.2d 555, 556 (Tenn. 1993),
overruled on other grounds by Perkins v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville, 380 S.W.3d 73
(Tenn. 2012). Often called the public policy exception, it protects an at-will employee’s
right to “tak[e] an action that public policy encourages or . . . [to] refus[e] to do
something that is inconsistent with public policy.” Williams v. City of Burns, 465 S.W.3d
96, 109 (Tenn. 2015). But the exception must be narrowly construed to prevent it from
“consum[ing] or eliminat[ing] the general rule.” Chism v. Mid-S. Milling Co., 762
S.W.2d 552, 556 (Tenn. 1988).

       Our courts have repeatedly emphasized that a retaliatory discharge claim requires
evidence of a well-defined, unambiguous, and clearly expressed public policy. See id.;
Stein, 945 S.W.2d at 717. Courts do not establish public policy. Stein, 945 S.W.2d at
717. Legislatures do. Id. We will not “engage in hypothetical guessing” or look to
common law to discern public policy. Id. Public policy in Tennessee is usually
“evidenced by an unambiguous constitutional, statutory or regulatory provision.” Chism,
762 S.W.2d at 556. Examples of cases in which the employee’s discharge violated a
clearly defined public policy include an employee who was discharged for refusing to
commit perjury or for honoring a lawful subpoena. See id. (citing examples). Beyond
these obvious examples, our courts have required identification of “very specific statutory
violations” that personally exposed the employee to possible civil or criminal sanctions.
Id.

       The TPPA also restricts an employer’s ability to terminate at-will employees.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304. The TPPA prohibits the discharge of an employee “solely
for refusing to participate in, or for refusing to remain silent about, illegal activities.” Id.
§ 50-1-304(b). An illegal activity is defined by the TPPA as an “activit[y] that [is] in
violation of the criminal or civil code of this state or the United States or any regulation
intended to protect the public health, safety or welfare.” Id. § 50-1-304(a)(3).

        The TPPA “essentially codified the common-law cause of action for retaliatory
discharge.” Williams, 465 S.W.3d at 110. “[U]nder both the statute and the common
law, the plaintiff must assert that his or her whistleblowing activity ‘serves a public
purpose [that] should be protected.’” Guy, 79 S.W.3d at 537 n.4 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting
Wagner v. City of Globe, 722 P.2d 250, 257 (Ariz. 1986)). It is not enough for a plaintiff
to show that the employer violated a law or regulation. See Franklin v. Swift Transp. Co.,
210 S.W.3d 521, 533 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). The plaintiff must also demonstrate that the
illegal activity implicated important public policy concerns. Id.

      A successful common law retaliatory discharge claim requires proof of four
elements: (1) an employment-at-will relationship; (2) termination of employment; (3) the
employee was discharged because of an attempt to exercise a statutory or constitutional
                                           7
right, or the discharge was motivated by “any other reason which violates a clear public
policy evidenced by an unambiguous constitutional, statutory, or regulatory provision;
and” (4) the improper motive was a substantial factor in the employer’s decision. Crews
v. Buckman Labs. Int’l, Inc., 78 S.W.3d 852, 862 (Tenn. 2002). Similarly, under the
TPPA, a plaintiff bears the burden of proving: (1) employment status; (2) his or her
refusal to participate in or remain silent about illegal activity; (3) discharge; and (4) “the
defendant terminated the plaintiff’s employment solely for the plaintiff’s refusal to
participate in or remain silent about the illegal activity.” Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat
for Humanity, Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422, 437 (Tenn. 2011).

                                             B.

       Although TransCard moved for summary judgment on multiple grounds, we
conclude that one ground is dispositive. Mr. Konvalinka was required to demonstrate
that his discharge violated a clear public policy for his common law claim or was based
on his refusal to participate in or remain silent about an illegal activity as defined by the
TPPA. See Franklin, 210 S.W.3d at 528 (noting the similarities between these elements).
He cannot establish these elements “simply by claiming that he believed his employer’s
actions were ‘wrong’ or against ‘public policy.’” Sanders v. Henry Cty., No. W2008-
01832-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 1065916, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 21, 2009). Rather,
he must identify a specific statutory or regulatory provision that was implicated by his
employer’s conduct. See Gossett v. Tractor Supply Co., 320 S.W.3d 777, 788-89 (Tenn.
2010) (discussing identification requirement); Mason v. Seaton, 942 S.W.2d 470, 472
(Tenn. 1997) (concluding that plaintiff’s identification of specific code violations was
sufficient evidence of illegal activities).

       On appeal and in the court below, Mr. Konvalinka contended that TransCard was
estopped from arguing that he failed to identify a specific violation because of the
“contrary” position TransCard took during discovery. See Cracker Barrel Old Country
Store, Inc. v. Epperson, 284 S.W.3d 303, 315 (Tenn. 2009) (clarifying that when a “party
is attempting to gain an unfair advantage by maintaining inconsistent legal positions,”
equitable estoppel applies). We conclude that equitable estoppel does not apply here
because TransCard never took inconsistent positions in this litigation. See id. at 316
(concluding that equitable estoppel did not apply when defendants had not taken
inconsistent positions). During discovery, TransCard maintained that Mr. Konvalinka
was not required to prove that TransCard actually violated the law, but only that he had
reasonable cause to believe that the law had been violated. We agree. See Mason, 942
S.W.2d. at 472 (holding that the TPPA’s protection “extends to employees who have
reasonable cause to believe a law, regulation, or rule has been violated or will be violated,
and in good faith report it”). Even so, Mr. Konvalinka was still required to identify a
specific statute or regulation that he believed was violated. See Sanders, 2009 WL
1065916, at *8 (rejecting similar argument).

                                              8
        The issue before us is not whether the identified law was violated but whether the
plaintiff can show that an “important public policy interest embodied in the law has been
furthered by [his actions].” Guy, 79 S.W.3d at 538 (quoting Gutierrez v. Sundancer
Indian Jewelry, 868 P.2d 1266, 1273 (N.M. 1993)). The identification requirement
operates to limit “the retaliatory discharge cause of action to only those cases in which a
discharge violates public policy.” Gossett, 320 S.W.3d at 789; see also Hodges v. S.C.
Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 899 (Tenn. 1992) (expressly limiting the retaliatory
discharge cause of action in Tennessee to those cases “where an employer violates a clear
public policy evidenced by an unambiguous statutory provision”). To succeed,
Mr. Konvalinka needed to identify the unambiguous constitutional, statutory, or
regulatory provision that was implicated here. See VanCleave v. Reelfoot Bank, No.
W2008-01559-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 3518211, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2009)
(seeking identification of specific statutory or regulatory provision for either common
law claim or TPPA claim).

        The only constitutional, statutory, or regulatory provision identified by
Mr. Konvalinka in the trial court was his general allusion to the USA Patriot Act. See
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to
Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-
56, 115 Stat 272 (2001) (codified in scattered sections of the U.S. Code). The remaining
“violations” he reported involved questionable business practices, breaches of contracts,
or failure to comply with industry standards established by private organizations.5 These
violations do not implicate public policy or constitute illegal activities under the TPPA.
See Burnett v. Am.’s Collectibles Network, Inc., No. E2009-00591-COA-R3-CV, 2010
WL 669246, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2010) (holding complaints about use of
company time and resources did not rise to the level of a public concern); Gager v. River
Park Hosp. and Se. Emergency Servs., P.C., No. M2007-02470-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
112544, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 14, 2009) (concluding that complaints about company
policy did not trigger a common law retaliatory discharge claim); Voss v. Shelter Mut.
Ins. Co., 958 S.W.2d 342, 345 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (holding corporate management
dispute did not implicate public policy); Robins v. Flagship Airlines, Inc., 956 S.W.2d 4,
        5
          What Mr. Konvalinka referred to as the “Payment Card Industry Security Standard Regulations”
was promulgated by a private organization founded by the major credit card companies. See About Us,
PCI SECURITY STANDARDS COUNCIL, https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/about_us/ (last visited May
14, 2019); PCI SECURITY STANDARDS COUNCIL LLC, PAYMENT CARD INDUSTRY SECURITY
STANDARDS,          STANDARDS         OVERVIEW       (2008),     https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/pdfs/
pcissc_overview.pdf. Although Mr. Konvalinka argues that these standards “provide a comprehensive
method whereby third party providers such as TransCard can insure [sic] that they are in compliance with
governmental regulations,” he provides no authority for his contention. Similarly, the “SAS 70 Type II
card industry auditing standards” were published by another private organization, the American Institute
of     Certified      Public    Accountants.          See     Standards    and      Statements,    AICPA,
https://www.aicpa.org/research/standards.html (last visited May 14, 2019). Mr. Konvalinka has not cited
to a federal or state law or regulation requiring TransCard to comply with these standards.

                                                    9
7 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (determining that discharged employee’s complaints that the
maintenance department was poorly run “do not even approach the subject of statutory or
regulatory violations”).

        As for the USA Patriot Act, Mr. Konvalinka did not provide specific citations to
provisions that were violated or allege the particular activities that were prohibited by the
law. In his complaint, he merely alleged that TransCard through its “action[s] and
inaction[s] r[an] afoul of the US Patriot Act.” The USA Patriot Act is more than 90
pages in length and includes 165 sections covering a variety of subjects. See Charles
Doyle, USA Patriot Act: A Sketch, CRS REPORT FOR CONGRESS (2002),
https://fas.org/irp/crs/RS21203.pdf. Mr. Konvalinka later explained that TransCard
violated “the part about knowing your customer and verifying them with the Office of
Foreign Asset Control.”6 But he did not know whether the Patriot Act required an entity
such as TransCard to verify customers with OFAC.7

        This case is similar to the scenario presented in Chism v. Mid-South Milling Co.,
762 S.W.2d 552, 556 (Tenn. 1988). In Chism, the plaintiff claimed he was discharged for
insisting that his employer comply with the Internal Revenue Code. 762 S.W.2d at 554.
No specific section of the Code was referenced in the complaint. Id. Rather, the
complaint detailed various actions by the employer that the plaintiff believed to be in

        6
          OFAC is an office within the U.S. Treasury Department that administers and enforces economic
sanctions against foreign countries, entities, and individuals as mandated by our foreign policy and
national security. About, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (2009) https://www.tresury.gov/
about/organizational-structure/offices/pages/office-of-foreign-assets-control.aspx (last updated Apr. 5,
2019). OFAC maintains a list on its website of “blocked persons, blocked vessels, specially designated
nationals, specially designated terrorists, specially designated global terrorists, foreign terrorist
organizations, and specially designated narcotics traffickers whose property and interests in property are
blocked pursuant to the various economic sanctions programs administered by OFAC.” 31 C.F.R.
§ Ch. V, App. A (2018). Section 326 of the USA Patriot Act directed the Secretary of the Treasury to
issue regulations requiring financial institutions to implement customer identification programs. 31
U.S.C. § 5318(l) (Supp. 2018). A procedure for comparing new customers to OFAC’s list of known or
suspected terrorists is a mandatory component of a customer identification program. 31 U.S.C.
§ 5318(l)(2)(C). But only specific types of financial institutions, such as banks, are required to implement
these programs. See 31 C.F.R. §§ 1020.220, 1026.220, 1024.220; see generally 31 C.F.R. § 1010.100(t)
(defining financial institutions).
        7
          In his appellate brief, Mr. Konvalinka belatedly attempted to identify the specific statutory and
regulatory provisions he believed were violated. Because he failed to identify these statutory and
regulatory provisions in the trial court, we decline to consider them on appeal. See Powell v. Cmty.
Health Sys., Inc., 312 S.W.3d 496, 511 (Tenn. 2010) (“It is axiomatic that parties will not be permitted to
raise issues on appeal that they did not first raise in the trial court.”). To establish his retaliatory
discharge claims, Mr. Konvalinka was required to identify the specific statutes and regulations at issue.
See Gossett, 320 S.W.3d at 788-89. The proper time to come forward with these provisions was when he
was confronted with a motion for summary judgment based on a failure to identify the specific statutes
and regulations at issue. See Bradley v. McLeod, 984 S.W.2d 929, 932 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)
(“[S]ummary judgment motions should not be taken lightly.”).
                                                    10
violation of the Internal Revenue Code. Id. Emphasizing that this exception to the
employment-at-will doctrine is a narrow one, the supreme court concluded that the
plaintiff’s general reference to the Internal Revenue Code was insufficient. Id. at 556.
“[T]o state a claim for relief for this very exceptional tort action, the pleader must show
clear violation of some well-defined and established public policy.” Id. While
Tennessee’s general public policy favors obeying the tax laws, “facts more specific and
clear” were required to state a claim for retaliatory discharge. Id. at 557.

       Likewise, Mr. Konvalinka has alleged that he was discharged for insisting that
TransCard comply with the USA Patriot Act. But he did not identify a specific statute or
regulation that he believed had been violated, and he merely assumed that the USA
Patriot Act required TransCard to verify its customers with OFAC. As our supreme court
has stated, “[m]ere generalizations and conclusions . . . will not suffice.” Id. Our courts
have emphasized that the retaliatory discharge cause of action is a narrow exception to
the employment-at-will doctrine. Stein, 945 S.W.2d at 717 & n.3; Franklin, 210 S.W.3d
at 530. We will only interfere with an employer’s right to terminate an at-will employee
when the employer’s decision violates a clear mandate of public policy. Chism, 762
S.W.2d at 556. Mr. Konvalinka’s proof falls short. See, e.g., Whitaker v. Verizon
Wireless, No. 2:10-CV-260, 2012 WL 4507725, at *14 (E.D. Tenn. Sept. 28, 2012)
(concluding that the plaintiff did not meet burden of proof by alleging a violation of the
“laws of Tennessee”); Clark v. Hoops, LP, 709 F. Supp. 2d 657, 670 (W.D. Tenn. 2010)
(determining that general reference to “continual violation of building and safety codes”
was insufficient); Little v. Keystone Continuum, LLC, No. 3:07-0241, 2008 WL 2901854,
at *5 (M.D. Tenn. July 22, 2008) (concluding that the plaintiff “failed to link any of that
conduct with any criminal or civil code or any regulation”); Williams v. Columbia Hous.
Auth., No. M2007-01379-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 4426880, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept.
30, 2008) (noting that plaintiff did not specify which HUD regulations the defendant
allegedly violated).

       We conclude that TransCard was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because
Mr. Konvalinka failed to identify a specific statutory or regulatory provision that he
believed had been violated or would be violated. See Chism, 762 S.W.2d at 556; Mason,
942 S.W.2d at 472. “This omission is fatal” Quinn-Glover v. Reg’l Med. Ctr. at
Memphis, No. W2011-00100-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 120209, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Jan. 17, 2012). The trial court properly dismissed his retaliatory discharge claims under
the common law and the TPPA.

                                           IV.

        For both his common law retaliatory discharge claim and his TPPA claim,
Mr. Konvalinka was required to identify a specific statutory or regulatory provision that
he believed had been violated by TransCard. Because he failed to do so, TransCard was
entitled to summary judgment in its favor. So we affirm the dismissal of his claims.
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     W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JUDGE




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