Filed 2/4/14 Drimmer v. Hankin CA2/4
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION FOUR




STEVEN DRIMMER,                                                         B246408

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                       (Los Angeles County
                                                                        Super. Ct. No. BC450623)
         v.

MARC E. HANKIN et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.




         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Terry A.
Green, Judge. Reversed.
         Krane & Smith, Marc Smith and Cynthia R. Hodes for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Waxler♦Carner♦Brodsky, Andrew J. Waxler and Christopher L. Wong for
Defendants and Respondents.
       Steven Drimmer appeals from the grant of summary judgment in favor of his
former attorneys, Marc E. Hankin and Hankin Patent Law, APC (sometimes referred to
collectively as Hankin). Because there are triable issues of material fact as to whether
Drimmer’s action is barred by the statute of limitations, we reverse.


                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


I.     The Underlying Action
       Mark Baker and others sued Drimmer, Fred Lowe, Derek Goldberg, and Varitalk,
Inc. (Varitalk) for patent infringement in September 2007 (the infringement action). The
action was removed to federal district court. (Baker et al. v. Varitalk, Inc. et al.,
CV-07-6622 VBF (FFM).) Drimmer, Lowe, Goldberg, and Varitalk retained Hankin to
represent them.
       On May 4, 2009, the day before the infringement action was set for trial, Varitalk
filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, temporarily staying the infringement action.
The bankruptcy court granted relief from the stay to allow the infringement action to
proceed on October 5, 2009.
       On November 6, 2009, Hankin filed a motion to withdraw as counsel of record. In
his declaration, Hankin said a conflict of interest had arisen among his clients, and that he
had filed a claim against Varitalk for unpaid legal fees. Thus, Hankin said he could no
longer represent Varitalk or any of the individual defendants. Further, Hankin said he
was informed that “Drimmer, Lowe, and Goldberg all are being advised by other counsel,
and that, sooner or later, one or more of those counsel will be seeking to Substitute me
out as Counsel of Record for each of the Individual Defendants.” Although Hankin had
met with his clients about his request to withdraw, “no other attorney has yet stepped in,
through formal Substitution of Counsel, to relieve the undersigned and Hankin Patent
Law, APC, of its obligation to defend the Defendants and to prosecute the Counterclaims
on their behalf.”



                                               2
       Drimmer did not oppose the motion to withdraw. On December 4, 2009, the trial
court granted Hankin’s motion and ordered that Hankin was “permitted to withdraw as
Counsel of Record on behalf of each of the Individual Defendants.”


II.    The Present Action
       A.     The Complaint
       Drimmer filed the present action for legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty
against Hankin and others on December 3, 2010. The operative second amended
complaint, filed September 28, 2011, alleged that Hankin failed to exercise reasonable
care by “[failing to disclose that] their simultaneous representation of [Drimmer], on the
one hand, and Varitalk, Lowe and Goldberg, on the other, constituted a conflict of
interest since each of the parties represented by them had different and conflicting
objectives, rights and liabilities,” “failing to adequately defend and represent [Drimmer]
in the Varitalk Action,” “failing to pursue [Drimmer’s] claims against prior patent
counsel,” “failing to advise [Drimmer] that rejection of reasonable settlement demands
made to the Varitalk Parties in the Varitalk Action could expose [Drimmer] to substantial
liability,” “failing to advise [Drimmer] that such settlement would have resolved the
claims against [Drimmer] at no expense to him,” and “placing the interests of Varitalk
and the other represented parties ahead of [Drimmer].” As a result of Hankin’s actions,
Drimmer “was forced to retain independent counsel, at his own expense, to litigate and
settle the claims against him in the Varitalk Action.”


       B.     Hankin’s Summary Judgment Motion
       Hankin moved for summary judgment, claiming Drimmer’s malpractice action
was time-barred. Hankin conceded that the one-year statute of limitations applicable to
attorney malpractice actions was tolled while he represented Drimmer, but urged that he
ceased representing Drimmer at least a month before the district court granted his motion
to withdraw on December 4, 2009. In support of his summary judgment motion, Hankin
relied on the following facts:


                                             3
          • On October 21, 2009, after the automatic bankruptcy stay had been lifted and the
infringement action returned to the active calendar, Drimmer sent an email to Hankin that
said in relevant part: “I need to hire my own attorney — need to know what the
deadlines are, etc.”
          • On October 22, 2009, Drimmer sent Hankin an email that said: “Yes, who is
representing whom is important to discuss. As for me personally, I elect not to be
represented by any of the current team, and I intend to hire my own attorney, perhaps in
conjunction with Derek [Goldberg] and/or Fred [Lowe].”
          • On October 29, 2009, Drimmer sent Hankin an email that said: “A Trustee has
been appointed by the Bankruptcy Court. It is my understanding that the Trustee is now
in charge of the litigation against Varitalk. I am sure that Bill Factor would put you in
touch with the Trustee in order to address your concerns. As for me, I am in the process
of looking for counsel to represent me as an individual.”
          • On November 4, 2009, Drimmer retained George Belfield “for the purpose of his
getting into the case, analyzing, reviewing all the documents, trying to settle the case,
et cetera.” On November 24, 2009, Belfield attended a settlement meeting with
Drimmer, plaintiff Baker, and Marc Smith (Baker’s attorney), which Hankin did not
attend. On November 30, 2009, Belfield billed Drimmer $52,592 in fees “for services
rendered . . . in connection with the Baker matter for that month,” and estimated that it
would cost $339,390 to $415,290 to take the infringement action to trial. Belfield
subsequently agreed to try the case for a flat fee of $200,000.
          • On November 6, 2009, Hankin filed a motion to withdraw as counsel of record.
After filing the motion, Hankin did no further substantive work on the infringement
action.


          C.    Drimmer’s Opposition to Summary Judgment
          Drimmer opposed the summary judgment motion, claiming the one-year
limitations period was tolled until the court granted Hankin’s motion to withdraw as trial


                                               4
counsel on December 4, 2009. He contended that although he hired Belfield in
November 2009 to evaluate the infringement action, he did not retain Belfield to
represent him in that action until January 11, 2010. In support, he submitted his
declaration stating that in November 2009 he asked Belfield, a long-time acquaintance, to
review his file in the infringement action to “analyze the case as it stood up until that
point and to recommend to me what I should do.”1 With Drimmer’s permission, Belfield
also spoke to Hankin and with Baker’s counsel about matters including the possibility of
settlement. However, there is no evidence that at any time prior to December 4, 2009,
Belfield was the attorney of record for or appeared on behalf of Drimmer in the
infringement action.


       D.     Court’s Order Granting Summary Judgment
       The trial court granted Hankin’s motion for summary judgment on December 7,
2012, concluding that Drimmer’s causes of action for legal malpractice and breach of
fiduciary duty were barred by the one-year statute of limitations. The trial court found
that Hankin’s representation of Drimmer ended as a matter of law when Drimmer
retained Belfield in November 2009.
       Drimmer appealed.


                                       DISCUSSION


I.     Appealability
       Drimmer’s January 3, 2013 notice of appeal purported to appeal from the trial
court’s December 7, 2012 order granting summary judgment. However, an order
granting summary judgment is not an appealable order; the appeal is from the judgment.
(Mukthar v. Latin American Security Service (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 284, 288.)

1
       The trial court sustained Hankin’s objection to this statement in Drimmer’s
declaration. However, Drimmer said precisely the same thing at his deposition, the
transcript of which Hankin included in support of his motion for summary judgment.

                                              5
       On December 31, 2013, Drimmer provided the court with a copy of a final
judgment, entered December 30, 2013. We therefore exercise our discretion to treat the
premature notice of appeal as a timely appeal from the judgment. (See Claudio v.
Regents of University of California (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 224, 241, fn. 10; Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 8.104(d).)


II.    Standard of Review
       “‘“A defendant seeking summary judgment has met the burden of showing that a
cause of action has no merit if that party has shown that one or more elements of the
cause of action cannot be established [or that there is a complete defense to that cause of
action]. . . . Once the defendant’s burden is met, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show
that a triable issue of fact exists as to that cause of action. . . . In reviewing the propriety
of a summary judgment, the appellate court independently reviews the record that was
before the trial court. . . . We must determine whether the facts as shown by the parties
give rise to a triable issue of material fact. . . . [T]he moving party’s affidavits are strictly
construed while those of the opposing party are liberally construed.” . . . We accept as
undisputed facts only those portions of the moving party’s evidence that are not
contradicted by the opposing party’s evidence. . . . In other words, the facts [supported
by] the evidence of the party opposing summary judgment and the reasonable inferences
therefrom must be accepted as true.’ (Jackson v. County of Los Angeles [(1997)] 60
Cal.App.4th [171,] 178-179, citations omitted.)” (Zamora v. Lehman (2013) 214
Cal.App.4th 193, 204.)


III.   The Trial Court Erred in Concluding That Drimmer’s Claims Were Time-
       Barred as a Matter of Law
       A.     The “Continuing Representation” Tolling Provision of Code of Civil
              Procedure Section 340.6
       Code of Civil Procedure section 340.6 sets forth the statute of limitations for legal
malpractice. Subdivision (a)(2) states that “[a]n action against an attorney for a wrongful


                                                6
act or omission . . . arising in the performance of professional services shall be
commenced within one year after the plaintiff discovers, or through the use of reasonable
diligence should have discovered, the facts constituting the wrongful act or omission, or
four years from the date of the wrongful act or omission, whichever occurs first. . . . [I]n
no event shall the time for commencement of legal action exceed four years except that
the period shall be tolled during the time that . . . [t]he attorney continues to represent
the plaintiff regarding the specific subject matter in which the alleged wrongful act or
omission occurred.”2 (Italics added.)
       Quoting the legislative history, the California Supreme Court in Laird v. Blacker
(1992) 2 Cal.4th 606, 618, stated that the purposes of tolling based on continuous
representation are “to ‘avoid the disruption of an attorney-client relationship by a lawsuit
while enabling the attorney to correct or minimize an apparent error, and to prevent an
attorney from defeating a malpractice cause of action by continuing to represent the client
until the statutory period has expired.’” The latter purpose “reflects the understanding
that a client who relies on an attorney ordinarily is not able to evaluate the attorney’s
professional services and should be entitled to rely on the attorney’s competence and
good faith while the representation continues. (O’Neill [v. Tichy (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th
114,] 120; see Greene v. Greene (1982) 56 N.Y.2d 86 [436 N.E.2d 496, 451 N.Y.S.2d 46,
50].)” (Gonzalez v. Kalu (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 21, 28, fn. omitted (Gonzalez).)
       An attorney’s representation of a client ordinarily ends when the client discharges
the attorney or consents to a withdrawal, the court consents to the attorney’s withdrawal,
or the attorney completes the tasks for which the client retained him or her. (See
Gonzalez, supra, 140 Cal.App.4th at p. 28.) In contested cases, however, courts have
looked to a variety of factors to determine when an attorney’s representation ends—and
thus the statute of limitations commences to run—within the meaning of the statute.




2
       Drimmer does not contend that he discovered Hankin’s alleged professional
negligence or sustained actual injury less than one year before he filed suit.

                                              7
       B.     Triable Issues of Material Fact Exist as to Whether Drimmer Expressly
              Discontinued Hankin’s Representation Before December 4, 2009
       Hankin asserts that Drimmer explicitly terminated him in late October 2009, when
Drimmer advised Hankin by email that “I elect not to be represented by any of the current
team, and I intend to hire my own attorney.” By this time, Hankin says, “both sides had
agreed that Hankin and HPL [(Hankin Patent Law)] were done representing Drimmer; in
Drimmer’s own words, by this same email correspondence, ‘Mr. Hankin made it clear
that he would not continue to represent any of the current Defendants and Cross-
Complainants [and stated that] “unless and until I am paid for the work I have done thus
far, and also given a deposit towards whatever future work is required, I am NOT going
to represent any of the Defendants-Counterclaimants in this case.”’” Thus, “[i]n applying
the undisputed evidence to the ‘objective’ standard used for determining when
‘continuing representation’ terminates [citations], the only reasonable conclusion is that
Hankin and HPL’s representation had ceased more than a year before the Complaint was
filed. The email correspondence wherein Drimmer ‘elects’ (present tense) not to be
represented by Hankin or HPL—and Hankin ‘made it clear that he would not continue to
represent’ Drimmer—demonstrate both Drimmer’s decision to discharge Hankin and
HPL, as well as a mutual agreement to terminate the representation.” (Internal record
references omitted.)
       We do not agree that the record supports a finding that Drimmer terminated the
attorney-client relationship with Hankin, as a matter of law, prior to December 4, 2009.
Although some evidence may be susceptible of that inference, there is other evidence
from which a trier of fact reasonably could conclude that the attorney-client relationship
was not severed until the trial court granted the motion to withdraw on December 4,
2009. Among this evidence are the following:
       Hankin’s declaration in support of his motion to withdraw. Hankin filed a
declaration in support of his motion to withdraw on November 6, 2009. Although that
declaration detailed several reasons why Hankin should be permitted to withdraw as
attorney of record in the infringement action—including conflicts of interest among


                                             8
Hankin’s clients and the clients’ failure to pay Hankin’s fees—it did not suggest that
Drimmer had terminated Hankin. A fact finder reasonably could conclude that if
Drimmer had already terminated Hankin, Hankin would have said so.
       Drimmer had not signed a substitution of counsel. Hankin’s declaration said that
before filing his motion, he “met and conferred” with Drimmer and Drimmer’s
codefendants about his request to withdraw as counsel, but “despite making some
progress, no other attorney has yet stepped in, through formal Substitution of Counsel, to
relieve the undersigned and Hankin Patent Law, APC, of its obligation to defend the
Defendants and to prosecute the Counterclaims on their behalf.” A finder of fact
reasonably could conclude that Drimmer’s failure to sign the substitution of attorney
form indicated that he had not yet decided how he intended to proceed.
       Discussions concerning Hankin’s possible continued involvement in the
infringement action. Evidence produced in connection with the summary judgment
motion suggests that even after Drimmer told Hankin on October 22, 2009, that he
elected “not to be represented by any of the current team,” Drimmer continued to discuss
Hankin’s possible continued involvement in the infringement litigation. Specifically, on
November 30, 2009, Belfield stated in a letter to Drimmer that “[y]ou [Drimmer] have
suggested that Marc Hankin stay on as trial counsel on the patent issues . . . . Let’s
discuss how you want to staff this case.” A trier of fact reasonably could conclude that
this letter suggests that even as late as November 30, 2009, Drimmer had not decided
whether Hankin would continue to have a role in representing Drimmer in the
infringement action.
       Taken together, this evidence creates a triable issue as to whether Drimmer
terminated Hankin before December 4, 2009. (See Laclette v. Galindo (2010) 184
Cal.App.4th 919, 928-929 [attorney-client relationship had not terminated as a matter of
law because “this is not a case in which the client consented to termination or in which
the trial court granted an application by counsel for withdrawal”; thus, “we cannot say as
a matter of law that [client] could not reasonably expect [attorney] to represent her in the



                                             9
event of issues arising concerning the performance of the settlement”].) The trial court
erred in concluding otherwise.


       C.     Triable Issues of Material Fact Exist as to Whether Drimmer Retained New
              Counsel to Replace Hankin in the Infringement Action Before December 4,
              2009
       Hankin’s motion for summary judgment asserted, and the trial court agreed, that
Hankin’s representation of Drimmer ended as a matter of law when Drimmer retained
Belfield to represent him in November 2009. According to Hankin, by November 4,
2009, “the ‘die was cast’ when Belfield began working on the Underlying Action on
Drimmer’s behalf. . . . [¶] [T]he nature, volume, timing, and breadth of legal services
provided by Drimmer’s new attorney make it indisputable that Plaintiff had switched
allegiances and was no longer represented by [Hankin] by November 2009.”
       Drimmer disagrees. While he concedes that he retained Belfield in early
November 2009, he says that the scope of that initial representation was limited to
“analyz[ing] the case as it stood up until that point and to recommend to me what I
should do,” not to replace Hankin as trial counsel. Drimmer contends he did not retain
Belfield to represent him as trial counsel in the infringement action until January 11,
2010, after receiving Belfield’s analysis and negotiating a fee for that purpose. We
consider these issues below.
       Hankin’s summary judgment motion assumed that his representation of Drimmer
necessarily terminated as a matter of law when Drimmer initially retained Belfield in
early November 2009, but the case law does not support that conclusion. In Nielsen v.
Beck (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1041 (Nielsen), clients retained new counsel, Beck, to assist
with the bankruptcy of their business, and later to defend an unlawful detainer action.
After a trial of the unlawful detainer action, a substantial judgment was awarded against
the clients, and Beck attempted to help the clients settle the action and avoid enforcement
proceedings. (Id. at pp. 1044-1045.) The clients became unhappy with Beck’s
representation and met with a new attorney, Zack. On August 26, 2004, the clients and


                                             10
Beck executed a substitution of attorney form, which was filed with the court on
September 3. Notwithstanding the substitution, on September 9, 14, and 18, the clients
contacted Beck about tactics and procedures in resolving the unlawful detainer action,
and on October 14, Beck billed the clients for “professional services rendered” on those
dates. (Id. at pp. 1045-1046.) On September 2, 2005, the clients sued Beck for legal
malpractice. (Id. at p. 1047.)
       The trial court granted Beck’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that
Beck had ceased to represent the clients more than one year before they filed the legal
malpractice action. (Nielsen, supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 1047.) The Court of Appeal
disagreed and reversed. It explained that a “strong argument can be made” that the
statute of limitations began to run at least by August 26, 2004, when the substitution of
attorney form was executed, because it demonstrated that the ongoing relationship
between Beck and the clients had ended, and Beck would no longer be rendering legal
advice. However, “there is contrary evidence from which a trier of fact could conclude
that the relationship between Beck and the Nielsens had not been severed at the time the
substitution of attorney form was signed, but rather, the statute was tolled through
September 18, 2004. [¶] On September 9, 14, and 18, 2004, Robert Nielsen placed
telephone calls to Beck asking for advice. There is evidence that during these three
telephone calls, Beck rendered professional services. Beck’s October 2004 billing
statement requested payment for ‘professional services rendered’ and described the
services Beck rendered as ‘negotiations, options and strategy.’ Beck testified in his
deposition that during these telephone calls, Robert Nielsen asked for advice as to
procedure, negotiations, and tactics to resolve the [unlawful detainer] case, and Beck was
responsive to those requests. Thus, there is evidence from which a trier of fact could
conclude that there was an ongoing mutual relationship and activities in furtherance of
that relationship through September 18, 2004. If the trier of fact so concludes, then the
statute of limitations would not have expired because the lawsuit was filed on
September 2, 2005.” (Id. at p. 1051.)



                                            11
       In so concluding, the court said that the proper inquiry in a continuing
representation case is “whether, using an objective standard, there are triable issues of
fact about whether there was an ongoing relationship and activities in furtherance of the
relationship.” (Nielsen, supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 1050.) Further, because it found
that consulting another attorney “‘is not tantamount to ending a prior relationship,’” the
court “‘will not use that occurrence as a benchmark which, standing alone, signals the
termination of the attorney and client’s relationship.’” (Id. at p. 1049.)
       The court reached a similar conclusion in Worthington v. Rusconi (1994) 29
Cal.App.4th 1488 (Worthington). There, the client retained Rusconi in May 1988 to
probate her mother’s estate. (Id. at p. 1492.) In early 1991, the client’s siblings filed a
petition to remove her as executrix; in response, the client sought new counsel, Allen. On
April 5, 1991, Rusconi sent the client a letter in which he outlined his “‘new thoughts’”
about the probate action. (Id. at pp. 1492-1493.) On May 1, 1991, the client and Allen
signed a substitution of attorney form, which Rusconi signed the following day. Eleven
months later, on April 2, 1992, the client sued Rusconi for legal malpractice. (Id. at
p. 1494.)
       The trial court granted Rusconi’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that
the client’s action was time-barred. (Worthington, supra, 29 Cal.App.4th at p. 1493.)
The Court of Appeal reversed. It explained that the language of section 340.6 requires an
“objective determination” of whether the representation has ended. Further,
“‘[o]rdinarily, an attorney’s representation is not completed until the agreed tasks or
events have occurred, the client consents to termination or a court grants an application
by counsel for withdrawal.’ (2 Mallen & Smith, Legal Malpractice [(3d ed. 1989)]
Statutes of Limitations, § 18.12, p. 120.) ‘The rule is that, for purposes of the statute of
limitations, the attorney’s representation is concluded when the parties so agree, and that
result does not depend upon formal termination, such as withdrawing as counsel of
record.’ (Id. at p. 121; accord, Shapero v. Fliegel [(1987)] 191 Cal.App.3d [842,] 848
[the failure to formally withdraw as attorney of record, standing alone, will not toll the
statute of limitations under the rubric of continued representation]; Hensley v. Caietti


                                              12
[(1993)] 13 Cal.App.4th [1165,] 1173 [‘[t]he period of tolling should not turn upon the
fortuity of the time of delivery of notice of discharge to counsel . . .’].)
       “. . . In the instant case . . . the attorney-client relationship was not in obvious
jeopardy. Although plaintiff admitted she had lost confidence and trust in her attorney by
the time she first met with Mr. Allen, she did not manifest a desire to end Rusconi’s
representation of her at that point. . . . [¶] Continuity of representation ultimately
depends, not on the client’s subjective beliefs, but rather on evidence of an ongoing
mutual relationship and of activities in furtherance of the relationship. Here plaintiff
provided evidence of the ongoing nature of her attorney-client relationship with
Rusconi—his April 5, 1991 letter advising her how to proceed on the probate action.
Although not every contact between an attorney and his or her client will amount to
representation [citation], the language Rusconi employed in his April 5th letter clearly
manifested an ongoing mutual relationship and the giving of legal advice in furtherance
of that relationship.” (Worthington, supra, 29 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1497-1498, fns.
omitted.) Thus, the court concluded, triable issues of material fact existed as to when
Rusconi’s representation ended, and summary judgment should not have been granted.
(Id. at pp. 1498-1499.)
       Taken together, these cases stand for the proposition that retaining new counsel—
and even substituting new counsel in as counsel of record—is not determinative of when
former counsel’s representation ceases. Instead, a trier of fact must consider whether,
using an objective standard, there was an ongoing relationship and activities in
furtherance of that relationship. Retaining new counsel, although relevant, is not a
benchmark that “‘standing alone, signals the termination of the attorney and client’s
relationship.’” (Nielsen v. Beck, supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 1049.)
       Applying these principles to the present case, we conclude that there are triable
issues of fact that preclude summary judgment. Although, like the clients in Nielsen and
Rusconi, Drimmer hired new counsel more than one year before filing the present legal
malpractice action, there are triable issues of fact as to what legal services Drimmer hired
Belfield to perform and, specifically, whether Drimmer asked Belfield to replace Hankin


                                               13
as trial counsel prior to December 4, 2009. Relevant to these issues are the following
items of evidence:
       Belfield’s November 30, 2009 letter. In a November 30, 2009 letter to Drimmer,
Belfield said Drimmer had asked him to prepare a “budget for the preparation and trial of
this action” and set out a detailed estimate of the anticipated costs to take the case to trial.
Nothing in the letter suggested that Drimmer had asked Belfield to try the case, or that
Belfield had already begun to do so. The letter concluded: “[T]he more I learn about
your lawsuit, the more I think I would enjoy trying, and hopefully winning, this case.”
Had Belfield already been retained to try the case, he presumably would have said that he
“will enjoy” trying the case; his use of “would” instead of “will” suggests that his role in
the litigation had not yet been defined.
       Drimmer had not yet executed a substitution of counsel. Drimmer’s contention
about the limited scope of Belfield’s initial representation also is supported by the fact
that, as of December 4, 2009, Belfield had not substituted into the infringement action as
counsel of record. His failure to do so appears not to have been an oversight; according
to Hankin’s declaration in support of his motion to withdraw as counsel, although Hankin
“met and conferred” with Drimmer and his codefendants before filing the motion, “no
other attorney has yet stepped in, through formal Substitution of Counsel, to relieve the
undersigned and Hankin Patent Law, APC, of its obligation to defend the Defendants and
to prosecute the Counterclaims on their behalf.” This fact supports the inference that as
of December 4, 2009, Drimmer had not yet decided whether to replace Hankin as trial
counsel on the patent issues.
       December 31, 2009 letter from Belfield to Drimmer. On December 31, 2009,
Belfield sent Drimmer a letter regarding “Engagement as Counsel.” As relevant here, the
letter says: “Thank you for agreeing to engage us as your attorneys in the above
action. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . Our representation of each of the three of you (the ‘Clients’)
relates . . . to your defense and counterclaims . . . in the above referenced action entitled
Mark Baker, Eclipse, LLC v. Varitalk, Inc., Steve Drimmer, Fred Lowe, Anthony James,
Derek Goldberg and Richard Davis (the ‘Subject Action).’” It continues: “At your


                                               14
request, we have agreed to represent the three of you at the trial of this action for a non-
refundable flat fee of $200,000 . . . if the trial lasts up to five court days, and $225,000 if
the trial lasts more than five court days. The $200,000 flat fee must be paid in full before
we begin our representation including making any appearance as your counsel of record,
e.g., by filing any papers or making any appearances in court. As you know, there is a
Trial Setting Conference set for January 11, 2010, and if we are to appear for you as your
counsel on that day, the $200,000 fee must be paid in full before that appearance.” Taken
as a whole, this letter—and particularly the statement that Belfield and his firm required
payment “before we begin our representation” (italics added)—supports an inference that
as of the date of the letter, Belfield had not yet begun representing Drimmer in the
infringement action.
       The evidence cited above demonstrates that, as in Nielsen and Worthington, there
are triable issues of fact in the present case as to when Drimmer terminated his
relationship with Hankin—and, specifically, whether Drimmer’s retaining of Belfield
“manifest[ed] a desire to end [Hankin’s] representation.” (Worthington, supra, 29
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1498-1499.) The trial court erred in concluding otherwise.3


       D.     The Present Case Is Distinguishable From Hensley v. Caietti
       Both in his motion for summary judgment and on appeal, Hankin relied
extensively on Hensley v. Caietti, supra, 13 Cal.App.4th 1165 (Hensley), for the
proposition that “the undisputed facts lead to only one conclusion: that Hankin and
HPL’s representation of Drimmer in the [infringement action] terminated more than a




3
       The trial court considered it dispositive that Belfield, not Hankin, accompanied
Drimmer to a November 24 meeting with Baker and his counsel during which settlement
was discussed. We do not agree. It is not uncommon to have counsel other than trial
counsel negotiate settlement. In any event, while Belfield’s participation in settlement
discussions may be a fact relevant to whether Hankin remained Drimmer’s counsel, it is
not the only relevant fact. Because triable issues of fact remain, summary judgment
should not have been granted.

                                              15
year before his Complaint was filed.” For the following reasons, we disagree with
Hankin.
        In Hensley, an attorney, Caietti, represented Hensley in a marital dissolution
action. Hensley and her husband reached a settlement on spousal support and property
division, and the court directed the husband’s counsel to prepare the judgment. On
November 3, 1989, Hensley met with Caietti, told him she had not been fully aware of all
the terms of the settlement, and refused to sign the proposed judgment, prompting a
“terrible argument.” Caietti yelled at Hensley to get out of his office, and she
“considered their attorney-client relationship terminated at this point.” (Hensley, supra,
13 Cal.App.4th at p. 1168.) Three days later, on November 6, Hensley asked a new
attorney, Parker, to replace Caietti, and Parker said she could not do so unless Caietti
executed and filed a substitution of attorney form. Hensley executed the form on
November 13; Caietti received it on November 16 and signed it November 20, 1989. (Id.
at pp. 1168-1169.) Hensley sued Caietti for legal malpractice on November 15, 1990.
(Id. at p. 1169.)
        Caietti moved for summary judgment, contending that Hensley’s action was time-
barred. The trial court granted the motion, and the Court of Appeal affirmed. It
explained: “Hensley contends the trial court erred in failing to toll the limitations period
under this provision. She argues that Caietti continued to represent her until
November 16, 1989, when he received notification of his discharge from her new
attorney, Parker, a date within one year of the filing of the malpractice action. Caietti
argues for an earlier date outside the one-year limitations period, fixed by the point at
which ‘the attorney-client relationship disintegrates to the extent that there is no
continuity of professional services from which the alleged malpractice stems . . . .’ . . .
[¶] . . . [¶]
        “Hensley did state that in her view the attorney-client relationship was over at the
point of her acrimonious departure from Caietti’s office. However, bare opinions are
variable in firmness and susceptible to reconsideration. We need not decide whether such
an opinion ends the period of representation until that opinion is acted upon. Hensley’s


                                              16
opinion was acted upon more than a year before she filed this action. She asked Parker to
serve as replacement counsel on November 6, 1989. At this point the die was cast and
the tolling afforded under Code of Civil Procedure section 340.6, subdivision (a)(2)
ended. [Citation.]
       “The client has an absolute right to discharge counsel. [Citations.] Having
discovered the alleged negligent act and unmistakably acted to end the attorney-client
relationship, Hensley has no equitable claim for a limitations period longer than that
afforded a person who discovers negligence after the discharge or withdrawal of counsel.
The period of tolling should not turn upon the fortuity of the time of delivery of notice of
discharge to counsel, a matter entirely within Hensley’s control. [Citation.]” (Hensley,
supra, 13 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1169-1173.)
       Hensley is distinguishable from the present case. As an initial matter, we note that
the conflict between Drimmer and Hankin was far less explosive—and far more
ambiguous—than the conflict between Hensley and her attorney. According to the
Hensley opinion, Hensley and her attorney had a “terrible argument” that ended with
counsel ordering Hensley out of his office, and she “considered their attorney-client
relationship terminated at this point.” In the present case, in contrast, notwithstanding
Drimmer’s statement that “I elect not to be represented by any of the current team,”
Drimmer subsequently suggested to Belfield that Hankin “stay on as trial counsel on the
patent issues.” By any measure, the scene between Hensley and her attorney was
unmatched in this case—and, in any event, that scene was judged by the Hensley court
insufficient to terminate the attorney-client relationship because “bare opinions are
variable in firmness and susceptible to reconsideration.” (Hensley, supra, 13 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1172.)
       Further, and most significantly for our purposes, in Hensley there was no factual
dispute as to the purpose for which Hensley retained Parker. The Hensley parties
apparently agreed that on November 6, 1989, Hensley asked Parker to serve as
“replacement counsel” (Hensley, supra, 13 Cal.App.4th at p. 1172, italics added); several
days later, Hensley executed a substitution of attorney form (id. at p. 1169). In the


                                             17
present case, in contrast, there is a factual dispute as to the scope of Belfield’s
representation of Drimmer in November 2009: Hankin urges that even as early as
November 2009, Drimmer hired Belfield to replace him, while Drimmer points to
evidence suggesting that he initially retained Belfield only to evaluate the case and advise
him how to proceed. Further, as of November, Drimmer had not executed a substitution
of attorney form. In light of the factual disputes between the parties as to (1) the scope of
Belfield’s role in November 2009, and (2) when Drimmer decided to hire Belfield to try
the infringement action, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that Drimmer had
replaced Hankin at any time prior to December 4, 2009.


IV.    There Is No Other Basis on Which to Affirm the Trial Court’s Grant of
       Summary Judgment
       Hankin contends that even if we do not conclude that Drimmer’s action is time-
barred as a matter of law, we may affirm the grant of summary judgment on one of two
alternative grounds. We do not agree.
       First, Hankin contends that because all Drimmer’s claims are premised on
purported conflicts of interests between Drimmer and his codefendants, they fail as a
matter of law because Drimmer executed a comprehensive conflicts waiver on January 5,
2009. We need not consider the scope of Drimmer’s conflicts waiver because Hankin’s
underlying assertion is wrong: Drimmer’s claims are not all premised on purported
conflicts of interest. In addition to conflicts of interest, Drimmer alleges that Hankin
failed “to adequately defend and represent [Drimmer] in the Varitalk Action,” “to pursue
[Drimmer’s] claims against prior patent counsel,” “to advise [Drimmer] that rejection of
reasonable settlement demands made to the Varitalk Parties in the Varitalk Action could
expose [Drimmer] to substantial liability,” and “to advise [Drimmer] that such settlement
would have resolved the claims against [Drimmer] at no expense to him.” Hankin makes
no showing why any of these claims fail because Drimmer executed a conflicts waiver.
       Second, Hankin contends that Drimmer cannot prove damages, an essential
element of his claims. In support, he notes that Drimmer settled the underlying


                                              18
infringement action for less than he had agreed to pay Belfield to try the case, and he thus
suggests that Drimmer “can never show that he would have obtained a ‘better result’ in
the Underlying Action.” But Hankin’s contention assumes that Drimmer’s only two
possible options were (1) settling the infringement action for $150,000, or (2) incurring
legal fees of $200,000 to try the case. Drimmer’s second amended complaint suggests
otherwise, asserting that because of Hankin’s negligence, “the Varitalk Action did not
settle, Varitalk filed [for] bankruptcy and [Drimmer] was forced to retain independent
counsel, at his own expense, to litigate and settle the claims against him in the Varitalk
Action.” Hankin has not shown that this theory of damages is without merit, and thus he
cannot prevail on summary judgment on this basis.


                                      DISPOSITION


       Because Hankin failed to show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact
and he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment. We therefore reverse the judgment and order granting summary judgment.
Drimmer shall recover his costs on appeal.


       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS



                                                              *
                                                  EDMON, J.

We concur:




       WILLHITE, Acting P. J.                     MANELLA, J.


*
        Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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