     Case: 13-20274      Document: 00512823025         Page: 1    Date Filed: 11/03/2014




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                      No. 13-20274
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                                                FILED
                                                                         November 3, 2014
                                                                           Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                       Clerk

                                                 Plaintiff–Appellee,

versus

THUONG THOMAS-MORE VO, Also Known as Tom Tom;
HUNG VAN DANG, Also Known as Mark,

                                                 Defendants–Appellants.




                  Appeals from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Texas
                            USDC No. 4:11-CR-340-3




Before REAVLEY, SMITH, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*


       Thuong Thomas-More Vo and Hung Van Dang appeal convictions of



       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
    Case: 13-20274     Document: 00512823025      Page: 2   Date Filed: 11/03/2014



                                  No. 13-20274
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute ecstasy, cocaine, and marihuana
in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C). They contend that
incriminating audio recordings and text messages should have been sup-
pressed as the fruits of an unlawful GPS search. Vo also claims that the dis-
trict court erred by prohibiting him from cross-examining a witness about a
more than ten-year-old felony conviction and that the evidence is insufficient
to support his conviction. For the following reasons, we affirm.


                                        I.
      The convictions arose from the FBI’s “Operation Iron Hide.”            After
receiving a tip from a confidential informant, two confidential sources bought
cocaine and ecstasy from Tay Luangpanh. As a result of the purchases, the
FBI obtained authorization to wiretap Luangpanh’s phone. The intercepts led
to Luangpanh’s supplier, Tai Nguyen (“Tai”), and his supplier, Thuong Nguyen
(“Thuong”).   The FBI received authorization to wiretap Tai’s phones and,
without a warrant, attached GPS tracking devices to Tai’s and Thuong’s cars.
      The FBI intercepted twenty-three phone calls and twenty text messages
between Tai and Vo. Officers testified that code-words such as “phone” and
“food” were used to discuss the sale and purchase of ecstasy. For example, Vo
told Tai that he needed to exchange “three defective phones for three new
phones,” and Tai replied, “Okay. But right now I have no more phones.” In
other conversations, Vo told Tai that “I need . . . a tiny little phone” and that
“[Dang] said that he needs five phones to repair. . . . He needs to repair it right
away.” After one of Vo’s acquaintances was stopped by police, Vo called Tai
and said “Stop everything. Don’t cook anymore. No one will eat it.”
      Officers observed meetings between Tai and Vo a few days after conver-
sations about “repairing phones.” Tai was never involved in the telephone or
food business. Tai died before trial, but Thuong entered into a plea agreement
                                        2
     Case: 13-20274        Document: 00512823025          Page: 3     Date Filed: 11/03/2014



                                        No. 13-20274
and testified that he supplied Tai with marihuana and between 1,000 and
8,000 pills of ecstasy each week.


                                               II.
       Because defendants did not argue in the district court that the GPS
search was unconstitutional, 1 we review their claim only for plain error.
United States v. Andres, 703 F.3d 828, 834 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct.
2814 (2013). To demonstrate plain error, appellants must show an error that
is clear or obvious and that affected their substantial rights. Id. (citing Puckett
v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009)).
       The government contends that defendants cannot challenge the place-
ment or use of the GPS devices because they had no legitimate expectation of
privacy in Tai’s and Thuong’s cars. 2 “[C]apacity to claim the protection of the
Fourth Amendment depends . . . upon whether the person who claims [it] has
a legitimate expectation of privacy in the invaded place.” Rakas v. Illinois, 439
U.S. 128, 143–44 (1978). “The proponent of a motion to suppress has the bur-
den of establishing that his own Fourth Amendment rights were violated by
the challenged search or seizure.” Id. at 130 n.1.
       In Rakas, the Court held that mere passengers, “who asserted neither a
property nor a possessory interest in the automobile searched nor . . . any legit-
imate expectation of privacy in the [areas of the car that were searched], were
not entitled to challenge a search of those areas.” Id. at 129. Furthermore, “a


       1 See United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945, 949 (2012) (“[T]he Government’s installa-
tion of a GPS device on a target’s vehicle, and its use of that device to monitor the vehicle’s
movements, constitutes a ‘search.’” (footnote omitted)).
       2 “This requirement is typically referred to as ‘standing,’ although the term is used ‘for
brevity’s sake’ and exists apart from the question of Article III standing. See United States
v. Pack, 612 F.3d 341, 347 (5th Cir. 2010).” United States v. Hernandez, 647 F.3d 216, 219
(5th Cir. 2011).
                                               3
    Case: 13-20274    Document: 00512823025     Page: 4   Date Filed: 11/03/2014



                                 No. 13-20274
person who is aggrieved by an illegal search and seizure only through the intro-
duction of damaging evidence secured by a search of a third person’s premises
or property has not had any of his Fourth Amendment rights infringed.” Id.
at 134.
      Vo and Dang have failed to establish that their own Fourth Amendment
rights were violated by the challenged search. Other than claiming the GPS
assisted the FBI in identifying potential co-conspirators, they do not explain
how they had a legitimate expectation of privacy in Tai’s and Thuong’s cars;
they do not claim to have owned, traveled in, possessed, or even touched them.
Because they have failed to assert any possessory or property interest that
would result in a legitimate expectation of privacy, they cannot claim the pro-
tections of the Fourth Amendment.
      Even if a defendant has standing, “searches conducted in objectively rea-
sonable reliance on binding appellate precedent are not subject to the exclu-
sionary rule.” Davis v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2419, 2423–24 (2011). In
Andres, 703 F.3d at 834, the defendant contended for the first time on appeal
that “the warrantless placement and use of the GPS device to monitor the truck
he was driving violated the Fourth Amendment.” We held that “[i]n December
2009, it was objectively reasonable for agents operating within the Fifth Cir-
cuit to believe that warrantless GPS tracking was permissible under circuit
precedent,” and “the district court did not err in refusing to suppress the drug
evidence.” Id. at 834–35. The GPS search in this case took place between 2008
and 2009; Vo and Dang concede that Andres forecloses relief on their Fourth
Amendment claim.


                                      III.
      Vo claims that the district court erred by prohibiting him from cross-
examining Thuong about 1997 felony convictions for armed robbery and
                                       4
    Case: 13-20274     Document: 00512823025     Page: 5   Date Filed: 11/03/2014



                                  No. 13-20274
extortion.   “An alleged violation of the Confrontation Clause is reviewed
de novo, subject to harmless error review. If there is no constitutional viola-
tion, then the court reviews limitations on cross-examination for abuse of dis-
cretion, ‘which requires a showing that the limitations were clearly prejudi-
cial.’” United States v. Heard, 709 F.3d 413, 432 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 134
S. Ct. 470 (2013) (citations omitted).
      “The Confrontation Clause is satisfied where defense counsel has been
allowed to expose the jury to facts from which the jury ‘could appropriately
draw inferences relating to the reliability of the witness.’” Id. (citation omit-
ted). Evidence tending to show bias or motivation of a witness to testify is “of
particular importance to the Confrontation Clause.” Id. The right to cross-
examination, however, is not unlimited—“[t]he district court has wide latitude
. . . to impose reasonable limits on . . . cross-examination based on concerns
about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the
witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.”
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
      Vo’s Confrontation Clause rights were not violated. On direct examina-
tion, Thuong admitted that he was a drug trafficker and had served seven
months for being a felon in unlawful possession of a firearm. He testified that
he pleaded guilty of possession with intent to distribute ecstasy, was debriefed
with the government, and was cooperating in the prosecution of Vo with an eye
toward securing a reduction in his sentence.
      Each defendant at trial, including Vo, subjected Thuong to extensive
cross-examination. Thuong admitted to lying to his wife, children, mother, and
co-workers about dealing drugs; to Tai, his close friend, about money and
drugs; and to the government about the amount of drugs he had. He admitted
to selling 30,000–40,000 pills of ecstasy and that he was testifying in hope that
his potential twenty-year sentence and $1 million fine would be reduced.
                                         5
    Case: 13-20274     Document: 00512823025      Page: 6   Date Filed: 11/03/2014



                                  No. 13-20274
      It was clearly established that Thuong had served seven months for
being a felon in possession of a firearm, that he was a drug dealer and a liar,
and that he was testifying purely out of self-interest.        The district court
instructed the jury that Thuong’s testimony was “to be received with caution
and weighed with great care.” Vo’s Confrontation Clause claim fails because
“[a] reasonable jury would not ‘have received a significantly different impres-
sion of [Thuong’s] credibility had [Vo] been permitted to pursue his proposed
line of cross-examination.’” Id. (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673,
680 (1986)).
      Vo also maintains that the district court abused its discretion in refusing
to admit the 1997 convictions under Federal Rule of Evidence 609(b), which
sharply limits the admissibility convictions that are over ten years old. “[T]he
probative value of a conviction over ten years old is outweighed by its prejudi-
cial effect.” United States v. Estes, 994 F.2d 147, 149 (5th Cir. 1993) (per cur-
iam). “The general rule is inadmissibility.” Id. “Congress intended that trial
judges be extremely cautious in admitting evidence of remote convictions.”
United States v. Cathey, 591 F.2d 268, 275 (5th Cir. 1979) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
      Vo’s argument is premised on incorrect interpretations of Rule 609 and
the cases interpreting it. See United States v. Charles, 366 F. App’x 532, 541–
42 (5th Cir. 2010). First, he claims that a “crime of moral turpitude [is] not
subject to the 10-year exclusionary rule for prior convictions.” This is incorrect.
Id. at 541. Rule 609(b) applies a separate test for all convictions, even where
“it readily can be determined that establishing the elements of the crime
required proof or admission of an act of dishonesty or false statement by the
witness.” Rule 609(a)(2).
      Second, Vo claims that “where the admissibility of a remote conviction
under Rule 609(b) is at issue, the weighing of probative value and prejudicial
                                        6
     Case: 13-20274       Document: 00512823025          Page: 7     Date Filed: 11/03/2014



                                       No. 13-20274
effect must be made on the record.” This is also incorrect. Charles, 366 F.
App’x at 541–42. “It is only when the court admits evidence of a conviction
over ten years old that the court must engage in a balancing test on the record.”
Estes, 994 F.2d at 149. 3
       Finally, Vo’s conclusional assertion that extortion is a crime of moral tur-
pitude does not explain how “the probative value of the conviction supported
by specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial
effect.” Rule 609(b). The district court did not abuse its discretion. See
Charles, 366 F. App’x at 541–42. 4


                                              IV.
       Vo preserved his sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge “by moving for a
judgment of acquittal at the close of the Government’s case and at the close of
all evidence . . . .” United States v. Shum, 496 F.3d 390, 391 (5th Cir. 2007).
Accordingly, we review the record de novo “to determine whether, considering
the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the



       3  In any event, the record shows that the court did perform a Rule 609(b) balancing
test after considering the defense’s argument that the 1997 convictions were indicative of
untruthfulness. The court stated that “I just don't find that the exceptional circumstances
exist in this case. And your ability to put before the jury the impact of sentencing exposure
on his motivation to be truthful or not is not hampered in the slightest because it really
doesn’t matter that it is a prior conviction that increases his exposure. What matters is that
his exposure is what it is.”
       4  Vo, who is represented by counsel, cursorily makes the following arguments: The
district court’s certification of the case as complex resulted in a delay that pushed the 1997
convictions passed the ten-year mark but “did not tip the prejudice versus probative balance
beyond that which would otherwise have mandated admission . . . under Rule 609(a)(1)(A)”;
Vo should be allowed to expose the underlying felony because the government “opened the
door by introducing evidence of [Thuong’s] felon-in-possession offense”; and Vo’s failure to
provide reasonable written notice as required by Rule 609(b) was “because it was not known
that [Thuong] would be a Government witness until a week before the trial.” Because Vo
fails to identify any legal authority in support of these contentions, they are waived. See
United States v. Scroggins, 599 F.3d 433, 446 (5th Cir. 2010) (collecting cases on our appellate
briefing requirements).
                                               7
     Case: 13-20274       Document: 00512823025         Page: 8    Date Filed: 11/03/2014



                                      No. 13-20274
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 5 “The essential elements of a drug
conspiracy are (1) an agreement by two or more persons to violate the narcotics
laws; (2) a defendant’s knowledge of the agreement; and (3) his voluntary parti-
cipation in the agreement.” Vargas-Ocampo, 747 F.3d at 303 (citing United
States v. Misher, 99 F.3d 664, 667 (5th Cir. 1996)). 6
       The government presented numerous conversations in which Vo asked
Tai for “phones” and “food.” The government presented evidence that Tai’s
business was not distributing telephones or food, but rather, ecstasy. FBI offi-
cers testified that these terms referred to drugs and corroborated this evidence
with testimony from Thuong, one of Tai’s ecstasy suppliers. Officers observed
Vo and Tai meeting on two occasions shortly after conversations using these
terms. The jury was entitled to believe or disbelieve the testimony interpreting
these terms, drawing inferences for or against Vo’s knowing and voluntary
participation in a conspiracy with others. A reasonable jury could have found
beyond a reasonable doubt that Vo conspired to violate narcotics laws.
       The judgment is AFFIRMED.




       5 United States v. Vargas–Ocampo, 747 F.3d 299, 303 (5th Cir.) (en banc) (citing Jack-
son v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)), cert. denied, 2014 U.S. LEXIS 5760 (2014). Vo’s
brief notwithstanding, we abandoned the “equipoise” rule in Vargas–Ocampo. Id. at 301.
       6Vo repeatedly points out that he was never observed in possession of drugs. Posses-
sion, however, is not a required element of a drug conspiracy.
                                             8
