                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 16-3014
                         ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                  Bradley J. Prucha

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines
                                  ____________

                              Submitted: April 7, 2017
                                Filed: May 15, 2017
                                  ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, SHEPHERD, and FENNER,1 District Judge.

FENNER, District Judge.

      Bradley J. Prucha was charged with conspiracy, mail fraud, producing child
pornography, distribution of Xanax to persons under the age of 21, producing child
pornography while required to register as a sex offender, and attempting to tamper
with witnesses. His trial commenced on February 22, 2016. On the third day of trial,
1
The Honorable Gary A. Fenner, Judge, United States District Court for the
Western District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
Prucha moved to proceed pro se for the fourth time. The district court2 denied
Prucha’s motion. At trial, a jury found Prucha guilty on all counts. Prucha now
directly appeals the district court’s order denying him leave to proceed pro se. We
affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

       In the months leading to trial, Prucha filed several pro se motions. His first set
of pro se motions was filed on November 10, 2015 and included a motion to proceed
pro se and a request for a hearing regarding access to discovery requests. On
December 14, 2016, a magistrate judge held a hearing on these motions. Following
an ex parte discussion with the court and defense counsel, Prucha withdrew his motion
to proceed pro se. The court then clarified what discovery was available to Prucha,
noting that he cannot himself have access to certain discovery under the law. The
court further granted Prucha’s request to allow a private investigator access to him
without presence of counsel.

       Later that month, Prucha filed a second motion to proceed pro se and to
establish a plan for discovery. Prucha admitted he had reviewed discovery but wanted
free access to the discovery to “check and re-check” it. A second hearing before the
magistrate judge was held and Prucha again withdrew his motion to represent himself.

       On February 22, 2016, the trial commenced with jury selection. After jury
selection had concluded, the clerk’s office docketed Prucha’s third written motion to
proceed pro se. He outlined the discovery issues addressed by the magistrate judge
and alleged that defense counsel had not done everything he wanted him to do, despite
the fact that his prior discovery requests had been provided. He stated that “he has a
slightly better defense proceeding pro se as he himself knows most of the answers the
2
The Honorable John A. Jarvey, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.

                                          -2-
witnesses will provide and can impeach them when necessary with other witnesses[’]
testimony engraved in the defendants [sic] memory and documents.” He further stated
that he planned to request to proceed pro se “for some time.”

       The next morning, the district court addressed Prucha’s motion to proceed pro
se. Through counsel, Prucha stated that he was not seeking a continuance at that time,
but wanted to know “when he can ask to be his own lawyer during the course of the
trial once the jury is sworn.” The court informed him that he could ask at any time
through defense counsel. Prucha then withdrew his motion to proceed pro se.

        Midday on the third day of trial, Prucha moved to proceed pro se for the fourth
time. This occurred just before the government was going to show damaging
evidence to the jury. When asked why he wanted to represent himself, Prucha first
said it was because “everything is in my mind and he’s just not getting all of the
questions out that I would like to get out. I write them down and they still don’t make
it out.” He then went on to complain about his access to discovery. The district court
twice asked Prucha if he was prepared to represent himself, to which he responded,
“I haven’t seen all the discovery.” The court denied his request to proceed pro se. It
is from this denial that Prucha seeks review.

       Prucha did not renew the motion during the remainder of the trial. In fact, the
next day, Prucha wrote what he stylized as a “notice to the court.” He explained that
his first three motions to proceed pro se were filed to ensure he received access to
discovery and conceded they had been addressed by the court. He differentiated his
fourth motion to proceed pro se by contending defense counsel was inadequate at trial.
However, he did not renew his motion to proceed pro se. Rather, Prucha stated that
he would like to hire new counsel.




                                         -3-
       Prucha testified at length during the trial. A jury returned a guilty verdict on
all counts on March 1, 2016. Prucha was allowed to represent himself at his
sentencing with defense counsel remaining as stand-by counsel. The court sentenced
Prucha to 840 months’ imprisonment on June 23, 2016. Prucha timely filed his notice
of appeal on June 29, 2016, arguing the court’s denial of his fourth motion to proceed
pro se violated his rights to self-representation.

II.   DISCUSSION

       “In the federal courts, the right of self-representation has been protected by
statute since the beginnings of our Nation.” Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 812,
95 S. Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975). “‘The Constitution does not force a lawyer
upon a defendant.’” United States v. Warner, 428 F.2d 730, 733 (8th Cir. 1970)
(quoting Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279, 63 S. Ct. 236,
87 L.Ed. 268 (1942)). However, the right to self-representation is not absolute.
United States v. Edelmann, 458 F.3d 791, 808 (8th Cir. 2006). “‘Once the defendant
makes a clear and unequivocal request to represent himself, a court may nonetheless
deny the request in certain circumstances,’ such as when the request is untimely, the
defendant ‘engages in serious and obstructionist misconduct,’ or the defendant is
unable to produce a ‘valid waiver’ of right to counsel.” United States v. Kelley, 787
F.3d 915, 917-18 (8th Cir. 2015) (quoting Edelmann, 458 F.3d at 808). “‘We review
the district court’s decision [to deny a request to proceed pro se] de novo.’” Id.
(quoting United States v. Mosley, 607 F.3d 555, 558 (8th Cir. 2010)).

      “[T]he right to self-representation is unqualified only if demanded before trial.”
United States v. Wesley, 798 F.2d 1155, 1155 (8th Cir. 1986). “Once trial
commences, that right is subject to the trial court’s discretion which requires a
balancing of the defendant’s legitimate interests in representing himself and the
potential disruption and possible delay of proceedings already in progress.” Id. at
1155-56. We have routinely found requests made after the commencement of trial to

                                          -4-
be untimely. See Kelley, 787 F.3d at 918 (concluding motion to proceed pro se made
on the morning of trial was not timely); United States v. Wright, 682 F.3d 1088, 1090
(8th Cir. 2012) (same); United States v. Webster, 84 F.3d 1056, 1063 n.3 (8th Cir.
1996) (stating motion to proceed pro se made during trial could have been denied by
district court as untimely). Prucha made his fourth motion to proceed pro se midway
through the third day of trial, and thus, it was not timely.

       Furthermore, Prucha’s motion to proceed pro se was untimely because he
claimed he was not prepared to represent himself. The district court twice asked
Prucha if he was prepared to represent himself to which he responded that he had not
seen all of the discovery. While Prucha now claims his statements were untruthful,
the district court was not required to challenge the statements and then force him
represent himself unprepared. See United States v. Oaks, 606 F.3d 530, 541 (8th Cir.
2010) (district court acted within its discretion in denying defendant’s motion to
represent himself after defendant expressed concern over his ability to properly
prepare for trial).

       That the district court advised Prucha he could make his motion to proceed pro
se at any time does not make his motion timely. Prucha was allowed to make his
motion, and the district court considered it. Only after the district court determined
that the motion was untimely did the court deny the motion.

       Considering that Prucha’s fourth motion to proceed pro se was made midday
on the third day of trial, we agree with the district court that Prucha’s request was
untimely. We conclude the district court properly denied Prucha’s request to proceed
pro se.




                                         -5-
III.   CONCLUSION

       We affirm Prucha’s conviction.

                      ______________________________




                                        -6-
