J-S76042-17


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
                                                            OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                             Appellee

                        v.

    WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

                             Appellant                No. 110 EDA 2017


           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 17, 2016
             in the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County
               Criminal Division at No.: CP-46-CR-0009020-2013


BEFORE: PANELLA, J., STABILE, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.:                         FILED FEBRUARY 16, 2018

        Appellant, William Nicholson, appeals from the judgment of sentence

following his bench trial conviction of possession with intent to deliver

(PWID)—oxycodone, possession of a controlled substance—oxycodone, and

possession of drug paraphernalia.1 Specifically, he challenges the sufficiency

and weight of the evidence to support his conviction, and claims that the trial

judge should have sua sponte recused himself. We affirm.

        We take the factual and procedural history in this matter from our

review of the certified record and the trial court’s February 1, 2017 opinion.

        [On October 24, 2013,] Detective [Brendan] Dougherty and three
        other officers responded to a complaint from the previous night
____________________________________________


*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(30), (16), and (32) respectively.
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        that the staff at Plaza Azteca in King of Prussia, [Pennsylvania,]
        felt unsafe and thought they might have been followed. . . . While
        the police were conducting surveillance, they noticed a silver or
        gray Ford F-250. A Honda CR-V pulled in near the pickup truck
        and a male, later identified as James Peiffer, exited the Honda CR-
        V and walked to the pickup truck where he spoke to an individual
        sitting in the driver’s seat, later identified as [Appellant] . . . . Mr.
        Peiffer then entered the passenger seat and spoke with
        [Appellant] for 15-20 minutes. Police noticed that anytime a
        patron of the restaurant approached the car, [Appellant] would
        dim the dome lights in the car until the patron passed and then
        turn the lights back on. Police watched [Appellant] exit the truck,
        open a half-door also on the driver’s side, reach into the half[-
        ]door and then return to the driver’s seat.

               Police approached the vehicle and asked for ID from the
        occupants. Police saw a concealed carry permit, asked [Appellant]
        if there was a gun, and retrieved the weapon from the center
        compartment when [Appellant] . . . gave consent for police to
        retrieve it. Police then obtained a written consent to search the
        vehicle. During the search of the car, police searched the half-
        door where they had seen [Appellant] reach into earlier and found
        a clear plastic bag with forty small blue pills, suspected
        oxycodone. [Appellant] signed Miranda[2] warnings and gave a
        statement to police where he admitted that he went to Plaza
        Azteca to meet Mr. Peiffer to sell fifty pills for $15 each.
        [Appellant] refused to sign a statement to that effect. Police then
        obtained a search warrant and a subsequent search of the vehicle
        revealed thirty-two more identical pills in the cup holder of the
        center console. [All of the pills] were later tested and found to be
        oxycodone, a schedule II narcotic.

               [Appellant] told police that he was working with the Office
        of the Attorney General of Pennsylvania. Detective Dougherty
        testified that in his several years of working with confidential
        informants (CIs), he never encountered someone that would act
        under direction of a law enforcement agency without the agency
        being present. Police searched [Appellant] and recovered from
        [his] person over $5,380 in cash. Police also recovered a box of
        empty sandwich bags in the car and a cooler with keys in sandwich
        bags. A machete was also found in the backseat of the car. . . .
        Later, police reached out to the Office of the Attorney General and
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2   Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

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      learned [Appellant] was not working for them on October 24, 2013
      in the parking lot of Plaza Azteca. Detective [Martin] Menago
      testified consistent with Detective Dougherty’s testimony
      regarding what they had witnessed . . . in the parking lot. . . .

             . . . Mr. Peiffer testified that he had discussed purchasing
      one hundred Percocets from [Appellant] and that they were to
      meet on October 24, 2013[,] around 9 P.M. Mr. Peiffer testified
      that he gave [Appellant] the money but pills were not exchanged
      because [Appellant] did not have what he wanted to buy. Mr.
      Peiffer testified that he was going to buy one hundred Percocets
      for $15 or $16 each and gave [Appellant] $1,500 or $1,600 while
      he was in the car.

(Trial Court Opinion, 2/01/17, at 1-3) (record citations, quotation marks, and

unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      Appellant called Detective Timothy Deery who had worked as a narcotics

officer with the Pennsylvania Attorney General’s Office, and was responsible

for supervising Appellant’s work as a confidential informant. Detective Deery

testified that Appellant had worked for the Attorney General’s Office as a paid

informant, and was still an informant during October 2013, when he was

arrested. (See N.T. Trial, 6/30/16, at 174, 179, 198). Appellant worked as

an informational intelligence informant and was not asked to have any

interaction with actual drugs. (See id. at 197).

      Detective Deery explained that his common practice with confidential

informants was for the informant to conduct controlled buys with the officer

in close proximity and with surveillance on the informant. (See id. at 189).

He explained that informants were prohibited from being armed during

controlled buys. (See id. at 190). Detective Deery conceded that neither he

nor a member of his team were physically supervising Appellant on October


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24, 2013, at the Plaza Azteca, and that Appellant had not notified him that he

was going to engage in some sort of transaction. (See id. at 191-92).

       After the bifurcated two-day bench trial on May 31, 2016 and June 30,

2016, the court convicted Appellant on August 3, 2016. On November 17,

2016, the court sentenced him to not less than eleven and one-half nor more

than twenty-three months of imprisonment, followed by five years of

probation.     Appellant filed timely post-sentence motions challenging the

weight and sufficiency of the evidence, which the court denied on November

30, 2016. This timely appeal followed.3

       Appellant presents three questions on appeal:

       I.     Is [Appellant] entitled to an arrest of judgment where the
              evidence as here was insufficient to support the verdict as
              the evidence did not establish that [Appellant] was a
              principal, conspirator or an accomplice with regard to the
              crimes charged?

       II.    Is [Appellant] entitled to a new trial as the verdict was not
              supported by the greater weight of the evidence and where
              the verdict rested on suspicion, conjecture and surmise?

       III.   Is [Appellant] entitled to a new trial where the trial judge
              impermissibly heard this matter as a non-jury trial as the
              very same judge had taken the guilty plea of a co-
              conspirator who admitted to the essential elements of the
              crime which were facing [Appellant] including a conspiracy
              charge, and where the court should have sua sponte
              recused itself?

(Appellant’s Brief, at 3) (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

____________________________________________


3Pursuant to the trial court’s order, Appellant filed his concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal on January 19, 2017. The court entered its
opinion on February 1, 2017. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

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      In his first issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to

support the guilty verdicts for PWID, possession of a controlled substance,

and possession of drug paraphernalia. (See id. at 12-17). Specifically, he

claims that the evidence was insufficient for each because the Commonwealth

failed to prove that he had the specific intent to possess and distribute drugs.

Alternatively, he contends that the record proved that he was acting as a

government informant. (See id.). We disagree.

             In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must
      determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, as well as all
      reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light
      most favorable to the verdict winner, are sufficient to support all
      elements of the offense. Additionally, we may not reweigh the
      evidence or substitute our own judgment for that of the fact
      finder. The evidence may be entirely circumstantial as long as it
      links the accused to the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2011), affirmed,

106 A.3d 705 (Pa. 2014) (plurality decision) (case citations and quotation

marks omitted).

            To prove a defendant guilty of possession of a controlled
      substance [] and possession with the intent to deliver a controlled
      substance [], the Commonwealth was required to prove beyond a
      reasonable doubt that Appellee possessed a controlled substance
      and that he did so with the intent to deliver that substance to
      another person. The intent to deliver may be inferred from an
      examination of the facts and circumstances surrounding the case
      including the manner in which the drugs were packaged, the form
      of the drug and the behavior of the defendant. . . .

Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 947 A.2d 800, 806 (Pa. Super. 2008),

appeal denied, 980 A.2d 606 (Pa. 2009) (citation omitted).        “To sustain a

conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia[,] the Commonwealth must


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establish that items possessed by defendant were used or intended to be used

with a controlled substance so as to constitute drug paraphernalia and this

burden may be met by [the] Commonwealth through circumstantial

evidence.” Commonwealth v. Coleman, 984 A.2d 998, 1001 (Pa. Super.

2009) (citation omitted).

      Here, the Commonwealth introduced evidence that Appellant, who was

observed meeting with Mr. Peiffer in his truck in a parking lot, was in

possession of seventy-two oxycodone pills, over $5,380 in cash, and a box of

empty sandwich bags. (See N.T. Trial, 5/31/16, at 62-64, 142). Detective

Deery testified that although Appellant had worked as an informant for them,

on October 24, 2013, he was not buying, selling, or possessing drugs at the

direction of the Attorney General’s Office. (See id. at 191-92, 196-97).

      Based on the above standard of review, we view the evidence and

reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth. See Koch, supra at 1001. Therefore, we conclude that the

evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, proves

that he intended to possess and deliver oxycodone and drug paraphernalia.

See Coleman, supra at 1001; Hutchinson, supra at 806. Appellant’s first

issue does not merit relief.

      In his second issue, Appellant contends that the verdict went against

the weight of the evidence. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 17-18). Specifically,

he claims that because he thought that he was acting as an informant, the




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greater weight of the evidence supported his acquittal, not his conviction.

(See id. at 18). We disagree.

      Our scope and standard of review for a weight of the evidence claim are

well-settled.

            The finder of fact is the exclusive judge of the weight of the
      evidence as the fact finder is free to believe all, part, or none of
      the evidence presented and determines the credibility of the
      witnesses.

             As an appellate court, we cannot substitute our judgment
      for that of the finder of fact. Therefore, we will reverse a jury’s
      verdict and grant a new trial only where the verdict is so contrary
      to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice. A verdict is
      said to be contrary to the evidence such that it shocks one’s sense
      of justice when the figure of Justice totters on her pedestal, or
      when the jury’s verdict, at the time of its rendition, causes the
      trial judge to lose his breath, temporarily, and causes him to
      almost fall from the bench, then it is truly shocking to the judicial
      conscience.

             Furthermore, where the trial court has ruled on the weight
      claim below, an appellate court’s role is not to consider the
      underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight
      of the evidence. Rather, appellate review is limited to whether
      the trial court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the weight
      claim.

Commonwealth v. Boyd, 73 A.3d 1269, 1274–75 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en

banc) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “Thus, the trial court’s denial

of a motion for a new trial based on a weight of the evidence claim is the least

assailable of its rulings.” Commonwealth v. Diggs, 949 A.2d 873, 879–80

(Pa. 2008), cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1106 (2009) (citation omitted).

Furthermore, “[w]e will respect a trial court’s findings with regard to the

credibility and weight of the evidence [after a bench trial] unless the appellant


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can show that the court’s determination was manifestly erroneous, arbitrary

and capricious[,] or flagrantly contrary to the evidence.” J.J. DeLuca Co.,

Inc. v. Toll Naval Assocs., 56 A.3d 402, 410 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation

omitted).

       The trial court addressed Appellant’s weight claim as follows:

              The evidence in this case strongly supports a finding of guilt
       beyond a reasonable doubt on all charges, and any countervailing
       evidence is not supported by the record. Indeed, [Appellant’s]
       own statement contradicts evidence of innocence. The evidence
       is not so lacking as to shock the conscience. The testimony of the
       detectives, Mr. Peiffer, and the statement of [Appellant] himself
       are consistent with each other, and the drugs and money found
       corroborate the statements and text messages discussing a drug
       deal. Therefore, the claim that the verdict is against the greater
       weight of the evidence must fail, and the verdict of [the trial c]ourt
       should be affirmed.

(Trial Ct. Op., at 14) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

       The trial court was free to believe the Commonwealth’s witnesses and

disbelieve the defense’s theory of the case. See Boyd, supra at 1274-75.

Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

denying Appellant’s motion for a new trial based on the weight of the evidence.

Appellant’s second issue is without merit.

       In his final issue, Appellant contends that he is entitled to a new trial

because the trial judge failed to sua sponte recuse himself after having taken

the guilty plea of Mr. Peiffer. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 19-24).4 Specifically,
____________________________________________


4 To the extent that Appellant attempts to argue that his waiver of his right to
a jury trial was invalid, such argument is not fairly suggested by his statement



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he argues that because Mr. Peiffer pleaded guilty to conspiracy for possession

with intent to deliver, and named Appellant as his co-conspirator, the trial

judge could not base a not guilty verdict on reasonable doubt created by Mr.

Peiffer’s testimony. (See id. at 22). Thus, he claims the trial judge “had a

legal duty to remove himself sua sponte[,]” and abused his discretion by not

doing so. (Appellant’s Brief, at 23).5 We disagree.

             [Our Supreme] Court presumes judges of this
       Commonwealth are honorable, fair and competent, and, when
       confronted with a recusal demand, have the ability to determine
       whether they can rule impartially and without prejudice. The
       party who asserts a trial judge must be disqualified bears the
       burden of producing evidence establishing bias, prejudice, or
       unfairness necessitating recusal, and the decision by a judge
       against whom a plea of prejudice is made will not be disturbed
       except for an abuse of discretion.

                                       *       *   *

              [A] trial judge should recuse himself whenever he has any
       doubt as to his ability to preside impartially in a criminal case or
       whenever he believes his impartiality can be reasonably
       questioned. It is presumed that the judge has the ability to
       determine whether he will be able to rule impartially and without
       prejudice, and his assessment is personal, unreviewable, and
       final. Where a jurist rules that he or she can hear and dispose of
       a case fairly and without prejudice, that decision will not be
       overturned on appeal but for an abuse of discretion.



____________________________________________


of questions presented, and therefore will not be considered on appeal. See
Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“No question will be considered unless it is stated in the
statement of questions involved or is fairly suggested thereby.”).

5Appellant failed to provide any legal support for his claim that the trial judge
had a legal duty to recuse himself. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 23); see also
Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a).

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Commonwealth v. Kearney, 92 A.3d 51, 60–61 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal

denied, 101 A.3d 102 (Pa. 2014) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

      Furthermore, “[o]pinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts

introduced or events occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of

prior proceedings, do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motion

unless they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make

fair judgment impossible.” Kearney, supra at 61 (quoting Liteky v. United

States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994)).

      Here, in its opinion, the trial court explains that

      [T]here is no evidence that this court had any antagonism or
      favoritism regarding [Appellant]. Further, [Mr. Peiffer] plead
      guilty on April 30, 2015[,] and the [b]ench [t]rial commenced on
      May 31, 2016, more than a year after the guilty plea. This court
      would have been unlikely to remember the case, and even if [it]
      remembered the facts of the [g]uilty [p]lea, [the trial c]ourt is
      more than capable of setting aside the conviction of another
      defendant and looking at the evidence before it.

             Most importantly, even had [the trial c]ourt recused itself,
      the court hearing this case would still have been aware of the
      guilty plea as the defense itself uses the [g]uilty [p]lea
      [c]olloquy to impeach Mr. Peiffer. . . .

(Trial Ct. Op., at 17) (emphasis in original; citations omitted).

      Upon review, we discern no abuse of discretion. See Kearney, supra

at 60-61. We conclude that the trial court’s decision not to sua sponte recuse

itself from Appellant’s bench trial after having taken the guilty plea of Mr.

Peiffer a year earlier, does not evidence a settled bias against Appellant, nor

does it “display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair




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judgment impossible.” Id. at 61. Accordingly, we discern no basis for finding

an abuse of discretion. Appellant’s final issue is meritless.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 2/16/18




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