                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Frank, Clements and Senior Judge Fitzpatrick
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


ERIC FITZGERALD JONES
                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v.     Record No. 0412-06-4                                JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
                                                                    JULY 17, 2007
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA
                           Richard J. Jamborsky, Judge Designate

                 Dennis M. Mersberger (Schmergel & Mersberger, PLC, on briefs),
                 for appellant.

                 Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
                 McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


       Eric Fitzgerald Jones (appellant) was convicted in a jury trial of second-degree murder, in

violation of Code § 18.2-32, and use of a firearm in the commission of murder, in violation of

Code § 18.2-53.1. On appeal, he contends the trial court erred in (1) finding the evidence

sufficient, as a matter of law, to support his convictions; (2) allowing an expert in the field of

firearms and tool mark identification to give an opinion regarding the probable distance a shell

casing would be ejected by a Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter pistol; and (3) allowing the expert

witness to use a Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter pistol as demonstrative evidence where no

weapon was recovered in the case. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment and appellant’s convictions.

       As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and

       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of

this appeal.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       “Under familiar principles of appellate review, we view the evidence and all reasonable

inferences fairly deducible from that evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,

the party that prevailed below.” Banks v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 539, 543, 586 S.E.2d

876, 877 (2003). So viewed, the evidence established that, around 10:30 p.m. on March 8, 2005,

Corey Hargrow was fatally shot in the back while standing outside an apartment building in the

700 block of Fayette Street in Alexandria. Hargrow, whose nickname was “C. Bear,” died

before he could communicate to authorities the identity of the person who shot him. The murder

weapon was never recovered.

       At about 10:30 p.m. that night, Tina Williams, who had known appellant for about nine

months, heard a noise outside that drew her to a second-story window of the apartment she was

visiting. That apartment was adjacent to a paved walkway known locally as “the cut.” When

she looked out the window, she saw appellant standing near the end of “the cut” by Fayette

Street pointing a gun at Hargrow, who was wearing a black hoodie. As she looked out at

appellant, she heard a gunshot and saw appellant lower his arm. She then observed appellant

raise his arm again and fire three more gunshots at Hargrow, who had turned and was trying to

get away. Williams saw Hargrow slump over and saw appellant run away after firing the shots.

       Eva Duncan, who lived two doors down from “the cut,” was in her second-story bedroom

with her window open on the night of March 8, 2005. She had known appellant for about a year

and had talked to him numerous times. Around 10:30 p.m. that night, she heard the sound of an

argument. Looking out the window, she saw several people standing in the vicinity of “the cut.”

Duncan recognized appellant, who was shouting and holding a gun by his side while Hargrow

                                               -2-
attempted to calm him. The two men were “face to face.” Not thinking it was serious, Duncan

returned to her bed. “A couple of minutes later,” she heard about five gunshots. Returning to

the window, she saw all but two of the people scattering. As she continued to watch, she saw

Hargrow stumble toward the front door of the house next to “the cut” and saw appellant turn,

tuck the gun into the waistband of his pants, and flee the scene.

       Claudia Jenkins, who had known appellant for “a couple years,” observed appellant and

Hargrow arguing during the day of March 8, 2005. Later that night as she was walking home

from a friend’s house, she passed appellant and Hargrow on “the cut” near Fayette Street and

again observed that they were arguing. After walking past them, Jenkins heard a gunshot behind

her. She turned and saw appellant pointing a gun at Hargrow. She saw “fire” coming from the

gun. She then heard several more shots as she fled.

       Melissa Talbert, who lived three doors away from “the cut,” was in her second-story

bedroom on March 8, 2005, when she heard the sound of arguing through her partially open

window around 10:30 p.m. Looking out the window, she saw five or six people standing near

“the cut.” She recognized the voices of appellant and Hargrow coming from the group. She

heard appellant say in a loud voice to the person in the group wearing a hoodie, “[Y]ou are going

to make me kill you.” Talbert returned to bed. Three to five minutes later she heard gunshots.

She returned to the window and saw someone slumped over by the front door of the house next

to “the cut” and appellant running away.

       On March 12, 2005, Dawit Meshesha, who had known appellant for more than three

years, encountered appellant on North Henry Street. He thought appellant was “acting real

nervous” and asked him what was wrong. In response, appellant said, “I just shot my man.”

When Meshesha asked him whom he had shot, appellant said it was someone Meshesha did not




                                               -3-
know, a person “named Bear.” When Meshesha asked him what had happened, appellant said,

“He got me so heated, that I came back and shot him.”

       At appellant’s trial, Julian J. Mason, Jr., a forensic scientist employed by the Virginia

Division of Forensic Science, qualified, without objection, as an expert witness in the field of

firearms and tool mark identification. He testified that all four shell casings recovered from the

scene of the murder came from the same weapon, a Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter

auto-loading pistol. He further testified that all three of the bullets recovered were also fired

from a single firearm, a Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter auto-loading pistol.

       Over appellant’s objection, Mason used an unloaded Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter

auto-loading pistol as a demonstrative exhibit as he described the firearm’s casing-ejection

process. The trial court gave a cautionary instruction to the jury that the firearm used by Mason

was not the murder weapon and was being used solely to demonstrate how a Smith & Wesson

nine-millimeter auto-loading pistol “works so far as ejecting casings.” Mason also testified, over

appellant’s objection, that, if a Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter auto-loading pistol is held

upright when fired, the shell casings generally eject three to five feet away from the pistol.

       Testifying on his own behalf, appellant admitted having been with Hargrow, his longtime

friend, immediately before the shooting. He testified that a group of men approached them near

the end of “the cut” by Fayette Street and that one of the men pointed a gun at them in an

apparent robbery attempt. Appellant stated that he turned and ran, hearing gunshots as he fled.

       At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found appellant guilty of second-degree murder

and use of a firearm in the commission of murder. Imposing the sentences fixed by the jury, the

trial court sentenced appellant to ten years in prison on the murder conviction and three years in

prison on the use of a firearm conviction.

       This appeal followed.

                                                -4-
                              II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

          On appeal, appellant contends the evidence was insufficient, as a matter of law, to

support his convictions because the testimony of the “witnesses most crucial to the government’s

case [was] inherently unreliable.” We disagree.

          In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, “we determine whether

the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, the Commonwealth, and the

reasonable inferences fairly deducible from that evidence support each and every element of the

charged offense.” Haskins v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 145, 149-50, 521 S.E.2d 777, 779

(1999). “In so doing, we must discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the

Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all

fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” Cirios v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 292, 295, 373

S.E.2d 164, 165 (1988). We will affirm the conviction “unless it is plainly wrong or without

evidence to support it.” Shackleford v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 196, 209, 547 S.E.2d 899, 906

(2001).

          We are further mindful that “[c]onflicts in the evidence are resolved by the fact finder,

and such conflicts are not revisited on appeal unless ‘the evidence is such that reasonable

[persons], after weighing the evidence and drawing all just inferences therefrom, could reach but

one conclusion.’” Molina v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 338, 369, 624 S.E.2d 83, 98 (quoting

City of Bedford v. Zimmerman, 262 Va. 81, 86, 547 S.E.2d 211, 214 (2001)), aff’d, 272 Va. 666,

636 S.E.2d 470 (2006). “Thus, if the evidence is conflicting on a material point, if reasonable

persons may draw different conclusions from the evidence, or if a conclusion is dependent on the

weight the fact finder gives to the testimony, a judge is not permitted to substitute his or her

conclusion for that of the jury . . . .” Jenkins v. Pyles, 269 Va. 383, 388, 611 S.E.2d 404, 407

(2005).

                                                  -5-
        Moreover, “[t]he credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are

matters solely for the fact finder who has the opportunity to see and hear that evidence as it is

presented.” Sandoval v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 133, 138, 455 S.E.2d 730, 732 (1995).

Hence, “[d]etermining the credibility of witnesses who give conflicting accounts is within the

exclusive province of the jury, which has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the

witnesses as they testify.” Lea v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304, 429 S.E.2d 477, 479

(1993). “‘[W]hen two or more witnesses introduced by a party litigant vary in their statements

of fact, such party has the right to ask the court or jury to accept as true the statements most

favorable to [that party].’” Ravenwood Towers, Inc. v. Woodyard, 244 Va. 51, 55, 419 S.E.2d

627, 629 (1992) (quoting Massie v. Firmstone, 134 Va. 450, 462, 114 S.E. 652, 656 (1922)). “In

its role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the self-serving

testimony of the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his guilt.” Marable v.

Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998). We will not disturb the

fact finder’s determination of the credibility of witness testimony unless, “as a matter of law, the

testimony is inherently incredible.” Walker v. Commonwealth, 258 Va. 54, 70-71, 515 S.E.2d

565, 575 (1999).

        For testimony to be inherently incredible, as a matter of law, “it ‘must be either so

manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to believe it, or it must be shown to be false by

objects or things as to the existence and meaning of which reasonable men should not differ.’”

Cardwell v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 412, 414, 164 S.E.2d 699, 701 (1968) (quoting Burke v.

Scott, 192 Va. 16, 23, 63 S.E.2d 740, 744 (1951)). In other words, it must be “so contrary to

human experience as to render it unworthy of belief.” Fisher v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 296,

300, 321 S.E.2d 202, 204 (1984).




                                                   -6-
       In this case, the identity of the perpetrator was at issue. The Commonwealth’s evidence

at trial included direct evidence in the form of eyewitness testimony from Williams and Jenkins.

Williams testified that she saw appellant fire four gunshots at Hargrow. Jenkins also testified

that she observed appellant fire a gun in Hargrow’s direction and heard several more shots as she

ran from the scene. Appellant admitted to having been present moments before the shooting, but

testified he fled before Hargrow was fatally shot by someone else. The members of the jury,

who had the opportunity to observe and evaluate these witnesses, credited Williams’s and

Jenkins’s testimony and rejected appellant’s testimony. We are bound by the jury’s credibility

determination unless the testimony of the Commonwealth’s witnesses was inherently incredible,

as a matter of law. See Walker, 258 Va. at 70-71, 515 S.E.2d at 575.

       Appellant claims the inconsistencies and conflicts in Williams’s testimony, her delay in

reporting her observations to the police, and her status as a convicted felon rendered her

testimony inherently incredible. Appellant also claims Jenkins’s admission that she had been

drinking and might have used drugs prior to the shooting rendered her testimony inherently

incredible. We find both claims to be without merit.

                       The fact that a witness makes inconsistent statements in
               regard to the subject matter under investigation does not render
               [her] testimony nugatory or unworthy of belief. It is the province
               of the trier of the facts—jury or judge—“to pass upon such
               inconsistent statements and give or withhold their assent to the
               truthfulness of the particular statement.” It is firmly imbedded in
               the law of Virginia that the credibility of a witness who makes
               inconsistent statements on the stand is a question for the jury, or
               for the trial court as a trier of the facts sitting without a jury.

               *          *          *          *          *           *          *

                       . . . So long as a witness deposes as to facts which, if true,
               are sufficient to maintain [the jury or judge’s] verdict, then the fact
               that the witness’[s] credit is impeached by contradictory statements
               affects only the witness’[s] credibility; contradictory statements by
               a witness go not to competency but to the weight and sufficiency

                                                -7-
               of the testimony. If the trier of the facts sees fit to base the verdict
               upon that testimony there can be no relief in the appellate court.

Swanson v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 376, 378-79, 382 S.E.2d 258, 259 (1989) (quoting

Shelton v. Mullins, 207 Va. 17, 22, 147 S.E.2d 754, 758 (1966)).

       In this case, defense counsel cross-examined Williams about the purported conflicts and

inconsistencies in her testimony that appellant raises on appeal. During closing argument,

defense counsel highlighted those conflicts and inconsistencies in Williams’s testimony for the

jury. As previously mentioned, however, the jury found Williams’s testimony credible,

“resolving the conflicts and inconsistencies [therein] against [appellant] and finding ultimately

that the evidence constituted proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Lockhart v.

Commonwealth, 34 Va. App. 329, 343, 542 S.E.2d 1, 7 (2001). Finding nothing in Williams’s

testimony so contrary to human experience as to render it inherently incredible as a matter of

law, we uphold the jury’s determination that the conflicts and inconsistencies in Williams’s

testimony did not render it unworthy of belief. See id. at 343, 542 S.E.2d at 7-8.

       Moreover, “[t]he mere fact that a witness may have delayed in reporting knowledge of a

case . . . does not necessarily render the testimony unworthy of belief.” Juniper v.

Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415, 626 S.E.2d 383, 417 (2006). Nor is testimony from a

convicted felon inherently incredible. Yates v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 140, 144, 355 S.E.2d

14, 16 (1987). Likewise, we are aware of no authority for the proposition that a witness’s mere

admission that she had been drinking and might have used drugs prior to the incident about

which she testifies automatically renders that testimony inherently incredible. These

circumstances are “appropriately weighed as part of the entire issue of witness credibility, which

is left to the [fact finder] to determine.” Juniper, 271 Va. at 415, 626 S.E.2d at 417.

       Furthermore, Williams’s and Jenkins’s testimony was corroborated by other testimony

and the physical evidence. Talbert and Duncan both offered evidence placing appellant at the
                                                 -8-
scene of the murder. Talbert also testified she heard appellant in a heated discussion shortly

before the shooting, and Duncan testified she saw a gun in appellant’s hand prior to the shooting

and saw him tuck the gun into his waistband moments after the shooting. Meshesha testified that

appellant admitted to him four days after the murder that he had gotten angry and shot his “man”

“Bear.” Mason, a firearms expert, opined that all four shell casings recovered from the scene of

the murder came from the same nine-millimeter pistol and that all three bullets recovered were

also fired from a single nine-millimeter pistol.

       We conclude, therefore, that the direct eyewitness testimony of Williams and Jenkins

identifying appellant as the gunman was not inherently incredible as a matter of law and was,

thus, sufficient to support appellant’s convictions. See Kelly v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App.

347, 354-55, 592 S.E.2d 353, 357 (2004) (“When the Commonwealth offers direct evidence

from eyewitnesses whose testimony is not inherently incredible, the jury may accept that

testimony as credible and reject all conflicting evidence, thereby determining, in essence, that no

reasonable hypotheses of innocence remain.”); Floyd v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 193, 198,

522 S.E.2d 382, 384 (1999) (“Direct evidence is evidence that, if believed [by the trier of fact],

resolves a matter in issue.”). Accordingly, we hold the trial court did not err in finding the

evidence sufficient, as a matter of law, to support appellant’s convictions.

                                   III. EXPERT TESTIMONY

       Appellant also contends the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Mason to give an

opinion regarding the probable distance a shell casing would be ejected by a Smith & Wesson

nine-millimeter auto-loading pistol. In support of that contention, he argues exclusively that,

because the witness’s expertise was in the field of firearms and tool mark identification, he was

not qualified to offer an expert opinion with regard to the ejection range of shell casings from a

specific firearm. Such a matter, he argues, was “outside of his qualified field and purpose for

                                                   -9-
which he was accepted as an expert by the trial court.” As the Commonwealth points out,

however, appellant never raised this specific argument below.

          Rule 5A:18 provides in pertinent part that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be

considered as a basis for reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds therefor

at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the

ends of justice.” Pursuant to Rule 5A:18, we “will not consider an argument on appeal [that] was

not presented to the trial court.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484,

488 (1998).

                  Under this rule, a specific argument must be made to the trial court at
                  the appropriate time, or the allegation of error will not be considered
                  on appeal. A general argument or an abstract reference to the law is
                  not sufficient to preserve an issue. Making one specific argument on
                  an issue does not preserve a separate legal point on the same issue for
                  review.

Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 760, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc). Thus,

“though taking the same general position as in the trial court, an appellant may not rely on reasons

which could have been but were not raised for the benefit of the lower court.” West Alexandria

Properties, Inc. v. First Va. Mortgage & Real Estate Inv. Trust, 221 Va. 134, 138, 267 S.E.2d 149,

151 (1980). In short, we will not consider an argument on appeal that is different from the specific

argument presented to the trial court, even if it relates to the same issue. See Buck v.

Commonwealth, 247 Va. 449, 452-53, 443 S.E.2d 414, 416 (1994) (holding that appellant’s failure

to raise the same specific arguments “before the trial court precludes him from raising them for the

first time on appeal”). The main purpose of this rule is to ensure that the trial court and opposing

party are given the opportunity to intelligently address, examine, and resolve issues in the trial court,

thus avoiding unnecessary appeals and reversals. Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 514, 404 S.E.2d

736, 739 (1991) (en banc); Kaufman v. Kaufman, 12 Va. App. 1200, 1204, 409 S.E.2d 1, 3-4

(1991).
                                                    - 10 -
        At trial, when Mason was asked on direct examination how far he would expect a shell

casing to be ejected by a Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter auto-loading pistol, appellant’s

counsel stated only as follows: “Your honor I’m going to object. I would say that that is

speculation as to how or what it would do, eject.” No other grounds for the objection were

given. It is clear, therefore, that, despite having had the opportunity to do so, appellant did not raise

below, and the trial court was not given the opportunity to address, the claim appellant now raises

on appeal.

        Moreover, our review of the record reveals no reason to invoke the “ends of justice” or

“good cause” exceptions to Rule 5A:18. See Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 221,

487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (“In order to avail oneself of the [ends of justice] exception, a

defendant must affirmatively show that a miscarriage of justice has occurred, not that a

miscarriage might have occurred.”); M. Morgan Cherry & Assocs. v. Cherry, 38 Va. App. 693,

702, 568 S.E.2d 391, 396 (2002) (en banc) (holding that the “good cause” exception to Rule

5A:18 will not be invoked where appellant had the opportunity to raise the issue at trial but did

not do so).

        We hold, therefore, that appellant is barred by Rule 5A:18 from raising this claim for the

first time on appeal.

                               IV. DEMONSTRATIVE EVIDENCE

        Appellant further contends the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Mason to use a

Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter auto-loading pistol as demonstrative evidence even though no

weapon was recovered in this case. We disagree.

        “Admission of items of demonstrative evidence to illustrate testimonial evidence is . . . a

matter within the sound discretion of a trial court.” Mackall v. Commonwealth, 236 Va. 240,

254, 372 S.E.2d 759, 768 (1988).

                                                 - 11 -
       Here, the firearm used in the instant crimes was never recovered. However, Mason, a

firearms expert, testified that the bullets and shell casings recovered from the murder scene were

all from a Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter auto-loading pistol. Over appellant’s objection that

such evidence was prejudicial, Mason used an unloaded Smith & Wesson nine-millimeter

auto-loading pistol to demonstrate how a firearm of the same type used by the perpetrator ejected

the spent cartridges. In offering that evidence, the Commonwealth sought to show that the

location of the recovered casings and bullets was consistent with the testimony of the

Commonwealth’s witnesses.

       The trial court gave the jury the following instruction:

               [I]n just a few minutes, we’re going to see a weapon. I want to
               make it as clear to you as I possibly can that this is not the gun that
               was used in this case. The reason that the Commonwealth is doing
               this is to give you an example of the kind of gun that it was.

                      The weapon in this case has never been found, so this is not
               that weapon. This, according to the Commonwealth, is the kind of
               weapon that was used. And from what I understand, the
               Commonwealth wants you to see how it works so far as ejecting
               casings.

       Thus, the court explicitly advised the jury that the demonstration gun was not the actual

gun used during the charged crimes and instructed the jury that the demonstration gun was being

used solely to demonstrate how such a gun ejects shell casings. See LeVasseur v.

Commonwealth, 225 Va. 564, 589, 304 S.E.2d 644, 657 (1983) (“Unless the record shows to the

contrary, it is to be presumed that the jury followed an explicit cautionary instruction promptly

given.”). Moreover, the use of the gun could reasonably be expected to facilitate the jury’s

understanding of evidence not within its common experience. Under these circumstances, we

cannot say the challenged demonstrative evidence was so prejudicial as to outweigh its probative

value. See Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 178, 203, 590 S.E.2d 520, 534 (2004) (finding

no abuse of discretion where the trial court allowed the Commonwealth to use a pillow that was
                                               - 12 -
not the actual pillow used in the charged crime to demonstrate the length of time the accused

held a pillow over the victim’s face, where accompanied by an explanatory instruction to the

jury); Mackall, 236 Va. at 254, 372 S.E.2d at 768 (finding the trial court did not abuse its

discretion when it permitted the Commonwealth’s medical expert witness to demonstrate bullet

trajectory with knitting needles and a Styrofoam head because the demonstration made it easier

for the jury to understand the expert testimony).

       We hold, therefore, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the

expert’s demonstration.

                                        V. CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and appellant’s convictions.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                               - 13 -
