                           Court of Appeals, State of Michigan

                                           ORDER
                                                                       Thomas C. Cameron
People of MI v Marcell Djon Davis; People of MI v Derabian B            Presiding Judge
Carthell
                                                                       Douglas B. Shapiro
Docket Nos.   343734; 346123
                                                                       Brock A. Swartzle
LC Nos.       17-000114-FC; 17-000110-FC                                Judges


              The Court orders that the January 21, 2020 opinion is hereby VACATED, and
a new opinion is attached.



                                                      /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




                             February 4, 2020
               If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                    revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                              COURT OF APPEALS


    PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      February 4, 2020
                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v                                                                 No. 343734
                                                                      Ingham Circuit Court
    MARCELL DJON DAVIS,                                               LC No. 17-000114-FC

                  Defendant-Appellant.


    PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v                                                                 No. 346123
                                                                      Ingham Circuit Court
    DERABIAN B. CARTHELL,                                             LC No. 17-000110-FC

                  Defendant-Appellant.


Before: CAMERON, P.J., and SHAPIRO and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In Docket No. 343734, defendant Marcell Djon Davis appeals his convictions by jury of
first-degree felony murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b); armed robbery, MCL 750.529; and possession of
a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. The trial court
sentenced Davis to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for murder, to 300 to 500
months’ imprisonment for robbery, and to two years’ imprisonment for felony-firearm. In Docket
No. 346123, defendant Derabian B. Carthell appeals his convictions by jury1 of first-degree felony
murder; armed robbery; second-offense felony-firearm (“felony-firearm”), MCL 750.227b;
carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), MCL 750.227; and felon in possession of a firearm (felon-


1
    Davis and Carthell were tried separately.


                                                 -1-
in-possession), MCL 750.224f. The trial court, applying a second-offense habitual offender
enhancement under MCL 769.10, sentenced Carthell to life imprisonment without the possibility
of parole for murder, to 281 to 880 months’ imprisonment for robbery, to five years’ imprisonment
for felony-firearm, to 46 to 90 months’ imprisonment for CCW, and to 36 to 90 months’
imprisonment for felon-in-possession. We affirm in both appeals.

         The convictions arise from a shooting death and robbery in Lansing, Michigan, on
November 21, 2016. Evidence showed that the homicide victim and the robbery victim were
sitting in a Jeep in front of a marijuana dispensary when Davis and Carthell approached the vehicle.
The robbery victim was in the driver’s seat and the homicide victim was in the front passenger
seat. The prosecutor’s theory was that Carthell approached the passenger side of the vehicle and
dragged the homicide victim from the vehicle while Davis opened the rear, driver’s-side door,
briefly entered the vehicle, and shot the homicide victim from inside the vehicle as he was bent
over and turned away.2 After the murder, Davis and Carthell robbed the robbery victim, and fled
the scene. At Davis’s trial, Davis’s attorney argued that Davis had been misidentified as a
perpetrator, and Carthell’s attorney argued at Carthell’s trial that Carthell had been misidentified
as a perpetrator. Carthell and Davis were both convicted as charged and sentenced to terms of
imprisonment. These appeals followed.

                       I. DEFENDANT DAVIS (DOCKET NO. 343734)

                                A. LAY OPINION TESTIMONY

        Davis first argues that Detective Quincy Scroggins improperly identified Davis on
surveillance footage from the marijuana dispensary and improperly invaded the province of the
jury by giving an opinion on the ultimate issue to be decided in the case, i.e., the identity of the
shooter. According to Davis, the improper opinion testimony violated MRE 701.3 Davis did not
object below to the testimony by Detective Scroggins that he now deems improper. As such, the
issue of its admission is not preserved, People v Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App 376,
382; 741 NW2d 61 (2007), and we review the issue for plain error affecting substantial rights,
People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).

       Under the plain-error doctrine, reversal is warranted if a “clear or obvious” error occurred




2
  The robbery victim provided identification testimony, but he was not entirely sure which of the
two perpetrators—Davis or Carthell—shot the homicide victim. The robbery victim testified
that both perpetrators had guns. The juries at both trials were given an aiding-and-abetting
instruction.
3
 Davis also argues that admission of the opinion testimony into evidence violated his right to
due process and denied him a fair trial. However, because Davis has fully abandoned the
constitutional argument on appeal, we need not address the argument. See Prince v MacDonald,
237 Mich App 186, 197; 602 NW2d 834 (1999).


                                                -2-
that “affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. And even if this standard is
satisfied,

       an appellate court must exercise its discretion in deciding whether to reverse.
       Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction
       of an actually innocent defendant or when an error seriously affected the fairness,
       integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings independent of the defendant’s
       innocence. [Id. at 763-764 (quotation marks and brackets omitted).]

        Davis contends that the alleged identification by Detective Scroggins of Davis on the
surveillance footage was improper opinion testimony because the jury was in just as good of a
position as Detective Scroggins to make an identification. Consequently, Davis argues that
Detective Scroggins’s testimony invaded the province of the jury.

         MRE 701 provides that “[i]f the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’
testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which
are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of
the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” However, “a witness cannot express
an opinion on the defendant’s guilt or innocence of the charged offense.” People v Bragdon, 142
Mich App 197, 199; 369 NW2d 208 (1985). “ ‘[W]here a jury is as capable as anyone else of
reaching a conclusion on certain facts, it is error to permit a witness to give his own opinion or
interpretation of the facts because it invades the province of the jury.’ ” People v Drossart, 99
Mich App 66, 80; 297 NW2d 863 (1980) (citations omitted); see also People v Perkins, 314 Mich
App 140, 161-162; 885 NW2d 900 (2016) (citing Drossart for the same proposition), superseded
in part on other grounds sub nom People v Hyatt, 316 Mich App 368; 891 NW2d 549 (2016).

        In People v Fomby, 300 Mich App 46, 49-53; 831 NW2d 887 (2013), a police officer’s
narrative description of a surveillance video and the identification of suspects in still images
captured from the video were held to be admissible lay testimony. On appeal, the defendant argued
that because his identity was at issue, the officer’s testimony invaded the province of the jury. Id.
at 48. This Court disagreed, explaining that the testimony was “rationally based on [the officer’s]
perception” of the video because he had watched the video multiple times and had used it to
produce the still images. Id. at 50-51. Furthermore, this Court held that the officer’s testimony
was “intended to provide a clearer understanding” of whether the suspects had visited the scene
before the crime, noting that the original video was approximately six hours long and that the
officer reached his conclusions only after scrutinizing the entire video several times. Id. at 51-52.
Finally, this Court explained that the testimony did not invade the province of the jury because the
officer did not identify a suspect in the video as the defendant. Id. at 53. Rather, he merely opined
that the individuals seen in a video of the crime were the same individuals seen in the still
photographs he created from earlier surveillance footage. Id.

        Conversely, in Perkins, this Court held that the trial court’s decision to allow an officer’s
opinion testimony was an abuse of discretion. Perkins, 314 Mich App at 160. The officer in
Perkins affirmatively identified the defendant as the person shown in a surveillance photograph
after the prosecutor asked the officer, “[C]an you tell us who is coming down these stairs when
you can see them?” Id. at 160-161. Citing MRE 701 and Fomby, this Court held that the officer’s
testimony “invaded the province of the jury” because the officer “affirmatively identified [the

                                                 -3-
defendant] as the individual in the stairwell.” Id. at 161. This Court distinguished the officer’s
testimony from “the witness in Fomby who testified that the individual in the video footage was
the same individual in still images but did not specifically identify the defendant as the individual
in the images . . . .” Id. The Perkins Court explained:

              [The officer] could properly comment that, based on his experience, the
       individual appeared to be concealing a weapon, but [the officer] should not have
       been allowed to identify [the defendant] as that individual. “[W]here a jury is as
       capable as anyone else of reaching a conclusion on certain facts, it is error to permit
       a witness to give his own opinion or interpretation of the facts because it invades
       the province of the jury.” [Drossart, 99 Mich App at 80.] There was nothing about
       the images (i.e. poor quality of the images, defendant wearing a disguise) that
       necessitated [the officer]’s opinion. This is evidenced by the trial court’s own
       statement during defense counsel’s objection that “I would have no trouble making
       an identification myself.” [Perkins, 314 Mich App at 161-162.]

       However, because evidence of the defendant’s guilt was “overwhelming” and his identity
was not in dispute, the Perkins Court held that the error was “ultimately of no consequence.” Id.
at 162-163.

        The surveillance footage at issue in this case shows that the homicide victim and the
robbery victim were sitting in a car parked in front of the marijuana dispensary and that they
remained there for close to 40 minutes. The robbery victim was seated in the driver’s seat and the
homicide victim was seated in the front, passenger seat. After more than 38 minutes passed, the
individual identified as Carthell was seen walking across the parking lot and away from the
vehicle.4 Later, the rear, driver’s side door was opened. Because of the camera angle and the
manner in which the vehicle was parked, only a portion of the rear, driver’s side door was visible.
The surveillance footage showed that the rear, driver’s side door was opened, but it did not show
what happened behind the door or in the backseat of the vehicle. Almost immediately after the
rear door was opened, the suspect identified as Carthell approached the front, passenger side door.
The front, passenger side door was opened, and a physical struggle between the homicide victim
and the individual identified as Carthell ensued, resulting in the removal of the homicide victim
from the Jeep. After the homicide victim fell to the ground, the rear, driver’s side door closed and
the individual identified as Davis walked from the rear of the vehicle toward the passenger side,
where the homicide victim was located.

         Detective Scroggins investigated the crimes at issue in this case. Before Detective
Scroggins testified at trial, the surveillance video was played for the jury. Detective Scroggins
testified that he had viewed the surveillance video several times and had observed enhanced images
from the footage. During Detective Scroggins’s direct examination, the prosecutor showed
Detective Scroggins a series of photograph stills from the surveillance video. Detective Scroggins
described the sequence of events based on the photograph stills. More specifically, he noted that
the rear, driver’s side door of the vehicle had been opened and that the suspect later identified as


4
  Carthell’s girlfriend identified him after she was shown photograph stills from the surveillance
footage.

                                                 -4-
Carthell had approached the passenger side of the vehicle. Detective Scroggins testified that the
homicide victim had his back to Davis at certain points in the video. Detective Scroggins described
the struggle that took place between the individual identified as Carthell and the homicide victim,
including the moment Detective Scroggins believed that the homicide victim was shot. Detective
Scroggins believed that the “shot was actually taken from Marcell Davis at this particular time or
during this period.” Detective Scroggins noted that the rear, driver’s side door of the vehicle closed
at one point. Detective Scroggins then stated “At this point it appears that Marcell Davis is
approaching the passenger side of the vehicle.”

        Davis argues that Detective Scroggins’s identification testimony impermissibly invaded
the province of the jury because the jury was equally positioned to identify Davis. We agree. Like
the testimony of the officer in Fomby, Detective Scroggins’s testimony was rationally based on
his familiarity with the photograph stills because he testified that he had observed the video footage
several times. See Fomby, 300 Mich App at 50-51. Thus, narration was helpful in providing the
jury with a clearer understanding of what it was viewing and therefore helped them to understand
the relevance of the photographs. See id. at 51-52. However, the photograph stills admitted at
trial were of high quality. The events that transpired, including the struggle that ensued between
the person identified as Carthell and the homicide victim and the opening of the rear, driver’s side
door, was depicted clearly in the footage. After the homicide victim fell to the ground, a tall,
slender individual was seen moving from the rear of the vehicle to the front, passenger side door,
where Carthell was located. Unlike in Fomby and like in Perkins, Detective Scroggins specifically
identified Davis as the individual who moved to the passenger side of the vehicle after the homicide
victim was shot. Therefore, we agree that Detective Scroggins’s testimony identifying Davis as
the person depicted in the photograph stills impermissibly invaded the province of the jury. MRE
701; Fomby, 300 Mich App at 53. Indeed, “the issue of whether the defendant in the courtroom
was the person pictured in a surveillance photo [is] a determination properly left to the jury.” Id.
at 52. There is no support in the record that Detective Scroggins was in any better position than
the jury to make the identification. See id. at 52-53.

        Even so, we disagree that this error affected Davis’s substantial rights. “Substantial rights
are affected when the defendant is prejudiced, meaning the error affected the outcome of the trial.”
People v Jones, 297 Mich App 80, 83; 823 NW2d 312 (2012). The primary purpose of Detective
Scroggins’s testimony was to explain the events depicted in the photograph stills, not to establish
Davis’s identity. Although Detective Scroggins did identify Davis, he only did so on two discrete
occasions. Furthermore, before Detective Scroggins testified at trial, the robbery victim identified
Davis as the man who opened the rear, driver’s side door of the vehicle. The robbery victim
indicated that Davis was holding a gun and wearing a black hooded sweatshirt and a hat. After
viewing the surveillance video in the presence of the jury, the robbery victim identified Davis as
the individual who could be seen walking from the rear of the vehicle to the passenger side after
the homicide victim was shot. The robbery victim identified Davis as the suspect in the video
wearing a dark colored shirt and a hat. The robbery victim testified at trial that he was 100 percent
certain that Davis was the individual “ in the black hoodie . . . .” In fact, the robbery victim also
identified Davis in a photographic lineup, at the preliminary examination, and at trial. The robbery
victim testified that he saw Davis’s face, that it was “hard to scratch [it] out [of his] memory,” and
that he saw Davis in his nightmares. Unlike Detective Scroggins, the robbery victim was in a
better position than the jury to identify Davis in the surveillance video because he was present at
the scene and testified that he was able to observe Davis. See Fomby, 300 Mich App at 52-53.

                                                 -5-
Given these circumstances, we conclude that Detective Scroggins’s references to Davis, although
improper, did not substantially affect Davis’s substantial rights. Therefore, this argument must
fail.

         Davis next argues that his trial attorney was ineffective for failing to object to Detective
Scroggins’s identification testimony because it usurped the role of the jury on the ultimate issue,
i.e., the identity of the shooter. Davis failed to raise an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in
the trial court in connection with a motion for a new trial or a Ginther5 hearing. Therefore, our
review of this issue is limited to mistakes apparent on the record. People v Heft, 299 Mich App
69, 80; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). “To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must show that his or her attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms and that this performance caused him or her
prejudice.” People v Nix, 301 Mich App 195, 207; 836 NW2d 224 (2013). “To demonstrate
prejudice, a defendant must show the probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the
proceedings would have been different.” Id. As already discussed, Detective Scroggins’s
testimony did not affect the outcome of trial. Therefore, there is not a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s failure to object to the testimony, the result of the proceedings would have been
different. Because Davis cannot establish that he was prejudiced, his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel in relation to defense counsel’s failure to object to Detective Scroggins’s
identification testimony must fail.

        Davis next argues that Detective Scroggins provided improper testimony when he
explained that his investigation led him to believe that Davis was the shooter because this was the
ultimate issue to be determined by the jurors. We disagree. Although “a witness cannot express
an opinion on the defendant’s guilt or innocence of the charged offense,” Bragdon, 142 Mich App
at 199, “[t]estimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not
objectionable because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact,” MRE 704.
In this case, the ultimate issue was whether Davis was present at the scene and shot the homicide
victim. When Detective Scroggins was asked why he concluded that Davis shot the homicide
victim, Detective Scroggins noted that Davis’s DNA was located on 9-millimeter bullets that were
found at a residence associated with Davis. Detective Scroggins also noted the statements of the
robbery victim regarding the murder and robbery, the robbery victim’s identification of Davis
following a photo lineup, and the fact that a 9-millimeter bullet entered “the back side of [the
homicide victim] and . . . exited from the chest area. . . .” Thus, Detective Scroggins’s testimony
was that, in light of all of this information, it was Davis, and not Carthell, who shot the homicide
victim. Detective Scroggins did not testify that Davis was guilty of the charged crimes, all of
which entailed consideration of legal criteria and elements other than discharge of a gun. Thus,
because the evidence was not objectionable under MRE 704, we conclude that plain error did not
occur.

       Furthermore, even if plain error occurred with respect to this testimony, we conclude that
Davis cannot establish that his substantial rights were affected given the overwhelming evidence
of his guilt. Evidence at trial supported that Davis, Davis’s brother, and Carthell made



5
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

                                                 -6-
arrangements for Carthell and Davis to be present at the marijuana dispensary in order to rob the
homicide victim. Prior to his death, the homicide victim identified Davis as the person who shot
him, and the autopsy report revealed that his death was caused by a gunshot wound. More
specifically, a 9-millimeter bullet entered in his right, lower back and exited on the left side of his
chest. Testimony at trial supported that the trajectory of the bullet could have been caused by a
shooter firing at the homicide victim’s back, while he was bent over and leaning forward. The
robbery victim testified at trial that Davis was the person who entered the rear, driver’s side of the
vehicle. The robbery victim further identified Davis as holding a gun at that time. After the
homicide victim was shot, Carthell was identified as the person on the surveillance video going
through the homicide victim’s pockets. Davis held the robbery victim at gunpoint and took his
wallet, cell phone, and keys. Davis and Carthell then fled the scene. The robbery victim identified
Davis in a photographic lineup, at the preliminary examination, and at trial. The robbery victim
testified that he saw Davis’s face, that it was “hard to scratch [it] out [of his] memory,” and that
he saw Davis in his nightmares.

        Forensic evidence further established Davis’s involvement in the murder. A single, spent
Luger 9-millimeter shell casing was located in the backseat of the vehicle. After executing a search
of a residence associated with Davis, law enforcement located 15 Luger 9-millimeter cartridges.
Davis’s DNA was found on some of the 9-millimeter cartridges. Furthermore, tool marks on the
spent shell casing recovered in the back seat of the Jeep matched tool marks on two of the Luger
9-millimeter cartridges that were found at the residence associated with Davis. Marks on the spent
casing and two of the unfired cartridges were consistent with having been loaded into the same
firearm magazine and chambered in the same firearm. Finally, as discussed below, after the crimes
occurred, Davis fled from law enforcement on two separate occasions before he was finally
apprehended. See People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 226; 749 NW2d 272 (2008) (holding that
evidence of flight is admissible to show consciousness of guilt).

        Because Davis cannot establish plain error affecting his substantial rights, this argument
must fail. Consequently, Davis’s claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
to Detective Scroggins’s testimony that he believed that Davis shot the homicide victim must also
fail. See People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010) (holding that trial
counsel is not ineffective for failing to make a futile objection).

                                      B. FLIGHT EVIDENCE

       Davis contends that evidence and arguments about Davis’s evasion of police should not
have been allowed at trial because it was irrelevant and violated MRE 403.6 We review this
unpreserved issue under the plain-error doctrine of Carines, 460 Mich at 763-764.

       A witness testified that the suspects ran from the scene of the shooting. Evidence was
introduced that Davis fled from police in a vehicle and on foot on two occasions in the weeks after


6
 Davis also argues that admission of the flight evidence violated his right to due process and
denied him a fair trial. However, because Davis has fully abandoned the constitutional argument
on appeal, we need not address the argument. See Prince, 237 Mich App at 197.

                                                 -7-
the murder-robbery. Also, a former police officer testified that Davis stated that, on the day of his
arrest, he had intended to run from the arresting officers but did not flee because he saw a police
dog. The prosecutor elicited testimony that multiple agencies had been looking for Davis. During
closing arguments, the prosecutor argued:

                How does the evidence that [Davis] ran from the police on November 30,
       December 2nd fit in? How does the fact that he was planning to run on December
       10 when he was located at 915 North Walnut fit in? Well, people can certainly run
       or hide for innocent reasons, such as panic, mistake, or fear. People may also run
       because they know they are guilty of the crimes that they are wanted for. People
       can also run and hide because they are conscious of their own guilt, and in this case
       that is exactly what the defendant did.

                The defendant has no duty to prove his innocence or do anything at all, but
       ask yourself, from a common sense perspective, who goes to such lengths to run
       and hide like this when so many people are looking for him? Is it the person who
       is just making a small mistake or is a little bit afraid or is having a small panic? Is
       it the person who is conscious of his own guilt, who knows what he did and knows
       what’s coming next? Marcell had a good reason to run because the evidence did
       catch up to him.

       The trial court gave the following instruction regarding flight:

               There has been some evidence that defendant tried to hide, ran away, or hid
       after the alleged crime or after the police tried to arrest him. This evidence does
       not prove guilt. A person may run or hide for innocent reasons such as panic,
       mistake, or fear.

              However, a person may also run or hide because of a consciousness of guilt.
       You must decide whether the evidence is true, and if true, whether it shows that the
       defendant had a guilty state of mind.

         Evidence of flight is admissible to show consciousness of guilt. Unger, 278 Mich App at
226. Contrary to Davis’s implication, there was indeed evidence of actual flight in the present
case. Davis relies on the case of People v Hall, 174 Mich App 686, 691; 436 NW2d 446 (1989),
in support of his argument that the trial court should not have allowed evidence of him fleeing the
police. However, in Hall, the evidence showed that the defendant did not “fear apprehension” but
rather “merely walked away” from the crime scene after allegedly committing arson. The Court
in Hall concluded that a flight instruction was therefore unwarranted. Id. In this case, a witness
testified that the suspects “took off running,” and there was additional evidence of Davis’s attempts
to evade police. Thus, Hall is clearly distinguishable.

        Davis also relies on People v Cammarata, 257 Mich 60; 240 NW 14 (1932). In that case,
the defendant had failed to appear before the trial court and had forfeited his bond on a number of
occasions, and the prosecutor argued that this was “not consistent with innocence.” Id. at 65. The
defendant argued that the improper introduction of evidence of the forfeited bonds, “coupled with
the argument of the prosecuting attorney,” required reversal. Id. at 65-66. The Cammarata Court

                                                -8-
stated that “[e]vidence of flight is admissible,” and it discussed various cases dealing with flight
and with bond forfeiture. Id. at 66-72. The Court ruled, “Standing alone, evidence of bail
forfeiture would not be admissible. In view of defendant’s flight and arrest, which was not
disputed, it was admissible as showing [the] defendant’s subsequent conduct indicating
consciousness of guilt.” Id. at 74. Thus, Cammarata does not support Davis’s position; rather, it
supports the prosecution’s position. Indeed, evidence of Davis’s separate acts of flight was
relevant to show consciousness of guilt. Id.; Unger, 278 Mich App at 226.

        Davis contends that even if otherwise admissible, the evidence of flight should have been
excluded under MRE 403, which states, in pertinent part, “Although relevant, evidence may be
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice[.]”
The Supreme Court has explained that evidence is “probative” if it makes the existence of a
consequential fact more probable than it would be without the evidence. People v Feezel, 486
Mich 184, 197; 783 NW2d 67 (2010). The Michigan Supreme Court has noted that MRE 403
does not prohibit prejudicial evidence but only prohibits evidence that is unfairly prejudicial. Id.
at 198. This unfairness arises if there is a danger that marginally probative evidence will be given
undue weight by the jury. Id. “[T]he prosecution does not have to use the least prejudicial
evidence to make out its case.” People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 611; 806 NW2d 371
(2011).

        Given that Davis’s defense was misidentification, the evidence of consciousness of guilt
made it more probable that Davis was the perpetrator. This evidence was highly probative, as
opposed to merely marginally probative, and we therefore conclude that the evidence was not
barred by MRE 403. Furthermore, any danger of unfair prejudice was lessened by the trial court’s
clear instruction that flight alone “does not prove guilt” and that a person may run for innocent
reasons. Id. at 612. The prosecutor, too, noted that people sometimes run for innocent reasons,
but then went on to argue that in this case, Davis’s multiple fleeing incidents showed a
consciousness of guilt. Given all the circumstances, there was no plain error with regard to the
introduction of the flight evidence and the prosecutor’s arguments about flight. Carines, 460 Mich
at 763. Furthermore, for the reasons already discussed, given the overwhelming evidence of guilt,
Davis would not be able to establish that his substantial rights were affected by the admission of
the flight evidence. See id.

        In addition, Davis has not established ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with
this issue, given the admissibility of the evidence and the propriety of the prosecutor’s arguments
about the evidence. Indeed, an attorney is not required to make futile objections. Ericksen, 288
Mich App at 201.

                    II. DEFENDANT CARTHELL (DOCKET NO. 346123)

                   A. ALLEGED EXTRANEOUS INFLUENCES ON JURY

       Carthell argues that the trial court erred by failing to remove jurors and by denying his
motion for a mistrial because his jury was exposed to extraneous influences that were not harmless.

       We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a mistrial for an abuse of discretion.
People v Alter, 255 Mich App 194, 205; 659 NW2d 667 (2003). Likewise, we review for an abuse

                                                -9-
of discretion a trial court’s decision regarding whether to remove jurors. Unger, 278 Mich App at
259. “An abuse of discretion occurs when the court chooses an outcome that falls outside the
range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id.

         “A mistrial is warranted only when an error or irregularity in the proceedings prejudices
the defendant and impairs his ability to get a fair trial.” People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634,
708; 780 NW2d 321 (2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted). A defendant’s right to a fair
trial includes a right to a jury that is “fair and impartial.” People v Budzyn, 456 Mich 77, 88; 566
NW2d 229 (1997). “Where the jury considers extraneous facts not introduced in evidence, this
deprives a defendant of his rights of confrontation, cross-examination, and assistance of counsel
embodied in the Sixth Amendment.” Id. Consequently, “[t]he trial court must take appropriate
steps to ensure that jurors will not be exposed to information or influences that could affect their
ability to render an impartial verdict based on the evidence admitted in court.” People v Jackson,
292 Mich App 583, 592; 808 NW2d 541 (2011).

        However, a new trial is not required every time a juror “has been placed in a potentially
compromising situation.” Id. at 592-593. Rather, a defendant requesting reversal based on
extraneous influences on the jury must establish two points. “First, the defendant must prove that
the jury was exposed to extraneous influences. Second, the defendant must establish that these
extraneous influences created a real and substantial possibility that they could have affected the
jury’s verdict.” Budzyn, 456 Mich at 88-89 (citations omitted). “Generally, in proving this second
point, the defendant will demonstrate that the extraneous influence is substantially related to a
material aspect of the case and that there is a direct connection between the extrinsic material and
the adverse verdict.” Id. at 89. If the defendant meets this initial burden, the burden shifts to the
prosecution to show that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Fletcher,
260 Mich App 531, 540; 679 NW2d 127 (2004).

        In this case, before the third day of trial, Juror No. 7 reported that a motor vehicle passed
by her and Juror No. 57 when they were leaving the courthouse the night before; the driver of the
vehicle honked the horn. Juror No. 7 thought that the car might have contained supporters of
Carthell. Juror No. 7 said that she briefly discussed the incident with Juror No. 5 in the jury room.
Carthell contends that this honking incident was prejudicial. Carthell also mentions that a spectator
in the courtroom, who was a supporter of Carthell, had expressed discomfort that a supporter of
the robbery victim had taken photographs of his truck.

        On these facts, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to grant a mistrial, or to
take other action, based on Juror No. 7’s disclosure to the court. Specifically, Juror No. 7 and
possibly Juror No. 5 were exposed to an extraneous influence insofar as the honking incident which
occurred outside the trial court proceedings. However, we conclude that the incident was not
related to a material aspect of the case and, viewed objectively, this isolated incident did not create
a real and substantial possibility of affecting the jury’s verdict. See Budzyn, 456 Mich at 89 & n
10. After the trial court was notified about the incident, it questioned all of the jurors individually


7
  Juror No. 7 never specifically identified Juror No. 5 as the juror who was with her when the
honking incident occurred. However, the trial court’s law clerk believed that Juror No. 7 was
referring to Juror No 5.

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and outside of the presence of the other jurors. The questioning of Juror No. 5 and Juror No. 7 did
not reveal any information or circumstances that suggested that their ability to render a fair and
impartial verdict had been compromised. In fact, Juror No. 5 did not even disclose the honking
incident, and Juror No. 7 was not even sure if the person who honked at her was a supporter of
Carthell, and she actually indicated that she did not believe that Carthell “had anything to do with
it.” In addition, Juror No. 7 indicated under oath that she spoke about the incident only with Juror
No. 5. When asked if it was “possible” that other jurors overheard the conversation, Juror No. 7
said, “Yes.”

         Importantly, Juror No. 5 and Juror No. 7 did not participate in deliberations; rather, they
were excused as unnecessary alternates before deliberations pursuant to an agreement between the
attorneys. The only evidence of an extraneous influence on deliberating jurors, therefore, was the
possibility that other jurors overheard Juror No. 5 and Juror No. 7 discussing the honking incident.
The specifics of any discussion are not apparent from the record. We conclude that the mere
possibility of jurors having overheard a discussion about the honking incident—which even Juror
No. 7 was not sure came from a supporter of Carthell—is not sufficient proof of an extraneous
influence. See Fletcher, 260 Mich App at 540 (discussing the defendant’s burden to prove an
extraneous influence). Even if we were to assume, arguendo, that the possibly overheard
discussion constituted an extraneous influence, Carthell has not demonstrated that it created a real
and substantial possibility of affecting the jury’s verdict. Id.; People v Stokes, 501 Mich 918; 903
NW2d 194 (2017). It would be a stretch indeed to conclude that jurors—none of whom expressed
any concerns to the trial court upon specific questioning regarding the honking incident, but all of
whom expressed the ability to be fair and impartial—were somehow materially influenced by the
discussion between Juror No. 5 and Juror No. 7 about a honking incident that may or may not have
been caused by supporters of Carthell. In addition, there is no indication or allegation that a
supporter of Carthell who was in the courtroom had any interactions with any of the jurors. In
fact, after learning of the honking incident, the trial court instructed everyone in the courtroom
who was not court personnel to stay away from the jurors. Under these circumstances, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion when it failed to declare a mistrial.

        Carthell argues that the trial court erred by failing to engage in an analysis of whether the
incident was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. But this analysis is necessary only if a defendant
first meets his or her burden of showing that there was an extraneous influence that created a real
and substantial possibility of affecting the jury’s verdict. See Fletcher, 260 Mich App at 540.
Because Carthell did not meet this burden, this harmless-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt analysis was
unnecessary.

                 B. DEFENDANT CARTHELL’S STANDARD FOUR BRIEF

       In a pro se supplemental brief filed pursuant to Supreme Court Administrative Order No.
2004-6, Carthell raises additional issues on appeal. We conclude that these issues have no merit.

                                    1. DOUBLE JEOPARDY

       Carthell contends that his convictions and sentences for both felony murder and the
predicate felony of armed robbery violate protections against double jeopardy and that the armed-


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robbery conviction and sentence must be vacated. We review this unpreserved issue under the
plain-error doctrine of Carines, 460 Mich at 763-764.

        The United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution both provide protections
against double jeopardy. US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 15. One such protection is the
protection against multiple punishments for the same offense. People v Nutt, 469 Mich 565, 574;
677 NW2d 1 (2004). In People v Miller, 498 Mich 13, 17-18; 869 NW2d 204 (2015), the Michigan
Supreme Court stated that “[t]he multiple punishments strand of double jeopardy is designed to
ensure that courts confine their sentences to the limits established by the Legislature and therefore
acts as a restraint on the prosecutor and the [c]ourts.” (Quotation marks and citation omitted.)

         Carthell relies on People v Gimotty, 216 Mich App 254; 549 NW2d 39 (1996), in support
of his argument on appeal. It is true that in Gimotty, id. at 259, this Court concluded that the
defendant’s convictions and sentences for both felony murder and “the predicate felony of first-
degree retail fraud” violated double-jeopardy protections. The Court, therefore, vacated the retail-
fraud conviction and sentence. Id. at 260. In People v Ream, 481 Mich 223, 240-241; 750 NW2d
536 (2008), however, the Michigan Supreme Court overruled earlier Court precedent and
concluded “that convicting and sentencing a defendant for both first-degree felony murder and the
predicate felony does not violate the ‘multiple punishments’ strand of the Double Jeopardy Clause
if each offense has an element that the other does not.” The defendant in Ream was convicted of
first-degree felony murder and the predicate felony of first-degree criminal sexual conduct. Id. at
241. The Court upheld both convictions and their sentences. Id. at 241-242. The Court stated that
felony murder “contains an element not included in first-degree criminal sexual conduct, namely,
the killing of a human being.” Id. at 241. It then stated that “first-degree criminal sexual conduct
contains an element not necessarily included in first-degree felony murder, namely, a sexual
penetration.” Id. The Court explained that a sexual penetration was not a necessary element of
felony murder because any number of felonies, not just those involving sexual penetration, can
support a conviction of felony murder. Id.

       The present case is analogous to Ream. Felony murder requires the killing of a human
being, and armed robbery does not. In addition, armed robbery requires a larceny, see MCL
750.259 and MCL 750.530, but felony murder does not necessarily require a larceny, MCL
750.316(1)(b). In light of the Supreme Court precedent of Ream, Carthell’s appellate argument is
without merit.

               2. VERDICT FORM AND ACCOMPANYING INSTRUCTIONS

         Carthell contends that the verdict form used at his trial was defective because it did not
have a “not guilty” option for second-degree murder, even though there was a “not guilty” option
for all of the other charged offenses. However, this argument was waived. More specifically, the
trial court asked if defense counsel was “satisfied with the reading of the jury instructions and the
verdict form.” Carthell’s attorney answered, “Yes, Your Honor.” Carthell is therefore not entitled
to relief in relation to this argument. See People v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 209; 612 NW2d 144
(2000) (holding that waiver extinguishes the right to appeal an alleged error).

       At any rate, no error occurred. The trial court instructed the jury regarding both first-degree
felony murder and second-degree murder. The trial court stated, “If you find defendant guilty of

                                                -12-
murder, you must state in your verdict whether it is first degree felony murder or second degree
murder.” The verdict form listed five charges, the first of which was “Count 1 (Murder).” For
Count 1, the options listed were “Not Guilty,” “Guilty of First Degree Felony Murder,” and “Guilty
of Second Degree Murder.” The remaining four counts had “Guilty” and “Not Guilty” options.
The trial court instructed the jury that “[t]here’s a line in front of each so one line will be filled out
per count, just one.” The jury convicted Carthell of all five offenses, choosing the first-degree
felony murder option for Count 1.

         MCL 750.318 states, in part, “The jury before whom any person indicted for murder shall
be tried shall, if they find such person guilty thereof, ascertain in their verdict, whether it be murder
of the first or second degree[.]” The court’s oral instructions and the verdict form complied with
this statute. The jurors were told that, with respect to murder, they could find Carthell guilty of
first-degree murder, guilty of second-degree murder, or not guilty. The verdict form and
instructions were not erroneous. Contrary to Carthell’s argument on appeal, the verdict form in
this case is not analogous to the flawed verdict form at issue in People v Wade, 283 Mich App 462,
465-468; 771 NW2d 447 (2009), wherein the verdict form and instructions provided a “not guilty”
versus “guilty” option only for first-degree murder and then failed to provide a “not guilty” option
for second-degree murder and manslaughter.

        Although ineffective assistance of counsel is not mentioned in Carthell’s statement of
questions involved, he makes a brief argument regarding ineffective assistance in the body of his
brief, contending that if this Court does not order a retrial, a remand is necessary to ascertain why
defense counsel did not object to the jury instructions and the verdict form. Given, however, that
the instructions and verdict form were proper, any objection would have been futile. Counsel is
not required to raise a futile objection. Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 201. Because Carthell has not
set forth any facts that would require the development of a record to determine if defense counsel
was ineffective, remanding the matter for a Ginther hearing is not necessary. People v Williams,
275 Mich App 194, 200; 737 NW2d 797 (2007), citing MCR 7.211(C)(1)(a).

        We affirm in both appeals.



                                                                 /s/ Thomas C. Cameron
                                                                 /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                                 /s/ Brock A. Swartzle




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