16-199-cv
Leonard, et al. v. Planning Board of the Town of Union Vale, et al.

                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                      SUMMARY ORDER
        Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary
order filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in
a document filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 2nd day of September, two thousand sixteen.

PRESENT:           JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
                   JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
                   RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
                                Circuit Judges.



E. DEANE LEONARD, ROBERT O. DRYFOOS, STEVEN
HABIAGUE,

                           Plaintiffs-Appellants,                     No. 16-199-cv

                           v.

PLANNING BOARD OF THE TOWN OF UNION VALE,
PAUL HESLIN, ALL SUCH NAMED TOWN OFFICIALS
JOINED HERE IN THEIR PERSONAL CAPACITY,
EUGENE SIMCO, ALL SUCH NAMED TOWN OFFICIALS
JOINED HERE IN THEIR PERSONAL CAPACITY, ARTHUR
F. BROD, JR., ALL SUCH NAMED TOWN OFFICIALS
JOINED HERE IN THEIR PERSONAL CAPACITY,

                           Defendants-Appellees. *




    *   The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the official caption to conform to the caption above.
FOR PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS:                                       STEVEN HABIAGUE, Poughquag, New
                                                                 York.

FOR AMICUS CURIAE:                                               Jonathan Wood (Raymond Nhan, on the
                                                                 brief), for Amicus Curiae Pacific Legal
                                                                 Foundation, Sacramento, California, in
                                                                 support of Plaintiffs-Appellants.

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES:                                        TERRY RICE, Suffern, New York.

     Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Nelson S. Román, Judge).

        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the January 6, 2016 judgment of the District Court is
VACATED in part, insofar as plaintiffs-appellants’ due process claims were dismissed with
prejudice, and the cause is REMANDED to the District Court with directions to dismiss the
second amended complaint without prejudice as to plaintiffs-appellants’ due process claims,
consistent with this order.

          Plaintiffs appeal from a January 6, 2016 judgment of the District Court, dismissing their
second amended complaint (the “complaint”) with prejudice as to plaintiffs’ substantive and
procedural due process claims.1 Plaintiffs brought these claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that
defendants, the Planning Board of the Town of Union Vale and two of its members (jointly, the
“Board”), violated plaintiffs’ due process rights by rescinding a “negative declaration” relating to
plaintiffs’ proposed subdivision of real property located in Union Vale, New York. The District
Court held that the due process claims must be dismissed because plaintiffs lacked a cognizable
property interest in the negative declaration. This appeal followed.

       On appeal, plaintiffs contend that the District Court erred in holding that they did not have
a property interest in the negative declaration rescinded by the Board, and that their substantive and
procedural due process claims should therefore be reinstated. We assume the parties’ familiarity with
the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

        For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that plaintiffs’ due process claims are not ripe
for adjudication because the Board’s rescission of the negative declaration does not constitute a
“final decision” on plaintiffs’ subdivision application, and plaintiffs’ allegations do not demonstrate
that seeking a final decision from the Board would be futile.


    1 The District Court dismissed plaintiffs’ amended complaint without prejudice as to plaintiffs’ takings

claim, which plaintiffs had moved to voluntarily dismiss, and which is not at issue on appeal.

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        A.       Background and Procedural Posture

         Plaintiffs allege that, in 1987, in connection with their proposal to designate a 950-acre parcel
of real property as an “open development area,” the Board issued a “negative declaration” under
New York’s State Environmental Quality Review Act (“SEQRA”). A “negative declaration” is “a
written determination by a lead agency that the implementation of the action as proposed will not
result in any significant adverse environmental impacts.” 6 N.Y.C.R.R. § 617.2(y). Following the
issuance of the negative declaration, the Board approved plaintiffs’ application to subdivide a
portion of the property. Plaintiffs allege that in 2009, however, they applied for preliminary plat
approval to subdivide the remainder of the property, but the Board adopted a resolution, in 2012,
rejecting their application as incomplete because the Board concluded that the 1987 negative
declaration was not applicable to the application. Plaintiffs sued in New York Supreme Court, which
annulled the resolution after holding that the negative declaration was applicable to the application,
but that the Board was nonetheless responsible under SEQRA for assessing whether the negative
declaration should be amended or rescinded.2

         In light of this ruling, the Board held a public hearing and a workshop to consider whether
the negative declaration should remain in place, or, in the alternative, should be amended or
rescinded. On June 19, 2013, the Board held a public meeting during which it sought comments
from interested parties. At the close of the meeting, the Board adopted a resolution rescinding the
1987 negative declaration due to “substantial changes to the project and the substantial changes in
regulations [since 1987, which] were not previously considered and may result in a significant
adverse environmental impact.” J.A. 54. Plaintiffs allege that the resolution “identifie[d] no change in
the Project or its circumstances that may give rise to a significant adverse impact,” however, and that
“in all cases the changes in laws and regulations result in a lower environmental impact.” J.A. 17.
Plaintiffs’ complaint addresses the specific assertions in the Board’s resolution and explains why
each is erroneous.

        In August 2014, plaintiffs again filed suit in New York Supreme Court, this time challenging
the rescission of the negative declaration, alleging federal substantive and procedural due process
violations as well as violations of state law. That suit is the subject of the instant appeal. After
defendants removed the action to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
York, the Court remanded the state-law “supplemental” claims3 and ultimately dismissed plaintiffs’



    2 The Appellate Division has since affirmed this decision. See Leonard v. Planning Bd. of Town of Union Vale,

136 A.D.3d 868, 871–72 (2d Dep’t 2016).
    3 On October 15, 2015, the New York Supreme Court denied plaintiffs’ petition seeking to annul the
Board’s resolution rescinding the negative declaration, concluding that plaintiffs failed to establish that the
rescission was the result of an error of law or was arbitrary and capricious or a violation of lawful procedure.
Plaintiffs have appealed.

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due process claims because plaintiffs did not have a cognizable property interest in the negative
declaration, which was issued under the Board’s substantial discretion. See Leonard v. Planning Bd. of
the Town of Union Vale, 154 F. Supp. 3d 59, 68 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (Román, J.).

        B.       Whether Plaintiffs’ Due Process Claims Are Ripe

         In Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City, the Supreme
Court articulated a two-prong ripeness test applicable to Takings Clause claims arising from local
land-use disputes. 473 U.S. 172, 186–87 (1985). The Court held that, before a plaintiff may bring suit
in federal court, (1) the local regulatory body must render a “final decision” on the matter, and (2)
the plaintiff must have sought compensation through available state procedures for obtaining
compensation. Id. at 186–87, 194. In cases involving local land-use disputes, we have held that
Williamson’s final-decision requirement applies to substantive due process claims, see Southview Assocs.,
Ltd. v. Bongartz, 980 F.2d 84, 96–97 (2d Cir. 1992), as well as to “procedural due process claims
arising from the same circumstances as a taking claim,” Kurtz v. Verizon New York, Inc., 758 F.3d 506,
516 (2d Cir. 2014).

        As the District Court pointed out in its opinion, this Court has recognized a “futility
exception” to the final-decision requirement. We have held that the futility exception applies when
an “agency lacks discretion to grant variances or has dug in its heels and made clear that all such
applications will be denied,” or when an agency imposes “repetitive or unfair land-use procedures in
order to avoid a final decision.” Sherman v. Town of Chester, 752 F.3d 554, 561 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal
quotation marks omitted).4

                      1. Final Decision

         We conclude that, in the circumstances presented here, the Board’s rescission of the negative
declaration was not a final decision under Williamson. The rescission sounds no death knell to
plaintiffs’ application, which is still pending, and indeed SEQRA charts a path forward for plaintiffs.
After the Board publishes a positive declaration identifying potential significant adverse
environmental impacts, see 6 N.Y.C.R.R. §§ 617.7(f)(3), 617.12(a)(2)(ii), plaintiffs will have an
opportunity to file an Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”), responding to the Board’s
concerns, see id. § 617.2(n). The EIS presents an appropriate forum for plaintiffs to challenge the
Board’s assertions—which they have instead done in the federal complaint in this action—and
assuage the Board’s concerns. The Board must then decide whether to issue a negative declaration,
based on the draft EIS, or await the final EIS and decide in light of that document whether to
approve the application. See id. §§ 617.9(a)(5)(i)(b), 617.11. “The law is well-settled in New York that


    4  Notably, the futility exception is permissible in part “[b]ecause Williamson County is a prudential rather
than a jurisdictional rule, [and] we may determine that in some instances, the rule should not apply and we
still have the power to decide the case.” Sherman, 752 F.3d at 561 (internal quotation marks omitted).

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[even] a positive declaration pursuant to SEQRA is not a final agency decision that is reviewable
under New York law.” Homefront Org., Inc. v. Motz, 570 F. Supp. 2d 398, 406 (E.D.N.Y. 2008)
(collecting cases). In sum, by rescinding the negative declaration, the Board has not “arrived at a
final, definitive position regarding . . . the particular land in question.” Williamson, 473 U.S. at 191.

                    2. Futility Exception

         We further conclude that the “futility exception” to the final-decision requirement does not
apply in the circumstances presented here. The District Court held that the exception applies
because “it would be futile to require Plaintiffs to seek a final determination” in light of plaintiffs’
allegations that the Board had improperly rescinded the negative declaration. Leonard, 154 F. Supp.
3d at 66–67. In reaching this conclusion, the District Court relied extensively upon Westchester Day
School v. Village of Mamaroneck, 236 F. Supp. 2d 349, 355 (S.D.N.Y. 2002), where the Board rescinded
a negative declaration based on issues that “ha[d] already been thoroughly studied and found
appropriate by professionals reviewing the project” and where the refusal to approve the project
prior to the completion of the EIS would “significantly delay the Project and dramatically increase
its cost to plaintiff.” Though the court in Westchester was perhaps correct to note that the plaintiffs
would incur additional expenses and delays due to the Board’s rescission, the action there did not
qualify for the futility exception as the Board could still have approved the project following the
completion of the EIS. Here, plaintiffs allege, inter alia, that the Board, without providing proper
notice, rescinded the negative declaration against the recommendation of the Conservation Advisory
Council and without identifying any changes in the Project that would result in a significant adverse
environmental impact. Plaintiffs’ challenges to the substance of the Board’s concerns are appropriate
for consideration by the Board—for example, during its EIS review—before they become ripe for
adjudication by a federal court. The Board could be convinced by a draft EIS that a negative
declaration should be reissued; if not, the Board could be convinced by a final EIS that the
application should nevertheless be approved.

        In sum, the allegations in the complaint do not compel the conclusion that the Board has
already determined that it will deny plaintiffs’ subdivision application. Nor are we convinced that the
Board has used repetitive or unfair land-use procedures in order to avoid a final decision on the
application, notwithstanding the application’s prolonged pendency (due in part to litigation). We
therefore conclude that plaintiffs have not established that it would be futile for them to seek a final
determination by the Board regarding their subdivision application.

        Accordingly, because plaintiffs’ substantive and procedural due process claims are not ripe
for adjudication, the judgement of the District Court dismissing those claims with prejudice must be
vacated, and the claims dismissed without prejudice.




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                                          CONCLUSION

        We have considered all of the plaintiffs-appellants’ remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, we VACATE so much of the January 6, 2016 judgment of the District
Court as dismissed plaintiffs-appellants’ due process claims with prejudice, and we REMAND the
cause to the District Court with directions to dismiss the second amended complaint without
prejudice as to plaintiffs-appellants’ due process claims, consistent with this order.

        Costs related to this appeal are to be assessed equally between the appellants and the
appellees.


                                                       FOR THE COURT:
                                                       Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




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