                               UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                               FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


    FIGG BRIDGE ENGINEERS,                 INC.    &
    WILLIAM DENNEY PATE,
           Plaintiffs,

           v.                                                 Civil Action No. 20-2188 (CKK)

    FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
    and HARI KALLA,
             Defendants.


                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                        (August 17, 2020)

          Upon consideration of the briefing, the relevant authorities, and the record, 1 the Court

DENIES Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order (“Plaintiffs’ Motion”), ECF No.

2.

                                          I.    BACKGROUND

          This action arises out of the tragic collapse of the Florida International University (“FIU”)

pedestrian bridge (referred to herein as the “FIU Bridge Collapse”). Compl. ¶¶ 2–3. In 2016, “the

FIU Board of Trustees entered into a design-build contract with prime contractor, Munilla

Construction Management (“MCM”), to construct a pedestrian bridge that connected the

university campus in Miami, Florida, with the City of Sweetwater.” Id. ¶ 17. Months later, MCM

entered into a subcontract with Plaintiff Figg Bridge Engineers, Inc. (“Figg”) “to provide design


1
    The Court’s consideration has focused on the following:
      • Compl., ECF No. 1;
      • Pls.’ Mem. of Law in Supp. of Its Mot. for a Temp. Restraining & Preliminary Injunction (“Pls.’
         Mot.”), ECF No. 2-1;
      • Defs.’ Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for a Temp. Restraining & Injunction (“Defs.’ Opp’n”), ECF 10;
      • Administrative Record (“AR”), ECF Nos. 11-14; and
      • Pls.’ Reply in Supp. of Application for a Temp. Restraining Order & Preliminary Injunction (“Pl.’s
         Reply”), ECF No. 15.
                                                       1
and engineering services, including final design, construction drawings and specifications

associated with the pedestrian bridge.” Id. ¶ 18. Plaintiff William Denney Pate, “an employee of

Figg, served as the designated Engineer of Record” for the project.        Id.   Funding for the

construction of the FIU pedestrian bridge came from multiple sources, including the U.S.

Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration (“FHWA”). Id. ¶ 25; see also

AR 30-31.

        On March 15, 2018, while construction remained ongoing, the bridge collapsed. Compl.

¶¶ 44–46. Notably, substantial cracking was observed on the bridge in the days immediately

preceding the collapse. Id. ¶¶ 37–42; see also AR 141. Mr. Pate and other Figg employees

participated in remedial discussions regarding these cracks on the morning of March 15th, but the

bridge collapsed just a few hours later. Compl. ¶¶ 37–42. Plaintiffs allege that the collapse was

triggered by failed connections “between the Members 11 and 12 and the deck” of the bridge itself.

Id. ¶ 45. As a result of the FIU Bridge Collapse, six individuals died, and ten more were injured.

Id. ¶ 46.

        As would be expected, multiple investigations of the FIU Bridge Collapse ensued

thereafter. Id. ¶ 47. On July 19, 2019, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(“OSHA”) issued a report summarizing its investigation of the collapse. Id. ¶ 50; see also AR

3417–3551. Among other findings, the OSHA report stated that “Figg, though not onsite, failed

to recognize that the bridge was in danger of collapsing.” Compl. ¶ 52. Additionally, the OSHA

report found that “MCM was aware that the cracks were getting larger and failed to immediately

inform Figg’s EOR,” Mr. Pate. Id.

        The National Transportation Safety Board (“NTSB”) also conducted an investigation of

the FIU Bridge Collapse. See AR 1–157. The NTSB initiated its investigation on May 23, 2018,

shortly after the collapse occurred. Compl. ¶ 70. During the investigative process, the NTSB
                                                2
accepted external reports from both the FHWA, see id. ¶ 59, and Figg, see id. ¶ 69. Figg’s external

report, submitted to the NTSB, “concluded that Figg’s design was to code, was not flawed, but

was improperly executed.” Id. ¶ 68. The final NTSB report, however, which was released on

October 22, 2019, found that:

       [T]he probable cause of the Florida International University (“FIU”) pedestrian bridge
       collapse was the load and capacity calculation errors made by Figg Bridge Engineers, Inc.
       in its design of the main span truss member 11/12 nodal region and the connection of the
       bridge deck. . . . Further contributing to the collapse was the failure of the Figg engineer of
       record to identify the significance of the structural cracking observed in this node before
       the collapse and to obtain an independent peer review of the remedial plan to address the
       cracking.

AR 22. The NTSB report made two specific safety recommendations for Figg to implement in

future projects, both of which Figg has allegedly acted upon. Compl. ¶ 81.

       Following the NTSB report’s release, Figg engaged in technical discussions with the

FHWA regarding the NTSB’s assessment of the FIU Bridge Collapse. Id. ¶¶ 82–96; see also AR

3713-3748.    The parties disagreed over the investigative results surrounding the event and

continued a correspondence addressing their disagreements through January 2020. Compl. ¶¶ 82–

96; see also Defs.’ Opp’n, Ex. A (Hartmann Decl.), ¶ 4. The correspondence between Figg and

the FHWA, however, ended on January 28, 2020. Compl. ¶ 96. Months later, on July 14, 2020,

Plaintiffs Figg and Mr. Pate received notices of suspension and proposed debarment from the

FHWA. Id. ¶ 97; see also Pls.’ Mot., Exs. B–D. The FHWA suspension and proposed debarment

determinations relied upon the NTSB report and its conclusion that Plaintiffs’ actions were the

probable cause of the FIU Bridge Collapse. See id., Ex. D at 10–13. The suspensions had the

immediate effect of precluding Plaintiffs from participation in future federal contracting. See id.,

Ex. D at 1.

       Following the July 14, 2020 notices, Plaintiffs engaged in preliminary discussions with the

FHWA regarding the suspension and debarment determinations. Compl. ¶¶ 115–17. On July 30,
                                                 3
2020, the parties participated in a conference call and specifically addressed the legality of the

suspensions issued to Figg and Mr. Pate.            Id. ¶ 118.     The FHWA, however, stated that

“overwhelming” evidence supported the need for these suspensions. Id. In response, Plaintiffs

submitted a formal letter to the FHWA on August 4, 2020, requesting that the agency lift the

suspensions immediately. Id. ¶ 119. But the agency did not respond to this request, and on August

10, 2020, Plaintiffs filed their complaint with this Court. The next day, Plaintiffs filed a motion

for injunctive relief, seeking a temporary restraining order “lifting Defendants’ decision to suspend

Plaintiffs from participating in any federally-funded government program and/or contract.” Pls.’

Mot. at 2.

        As of August 14, 2020, the parties have completed their briefing on Plaintiffs’ Motion, and,

pursuant to Local Rule 7(n) the FHWA has filed the appropriate administrative record with the

Court. The Court has also held a hearing regarding Plaintiffs’ Motion. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’

Motion is now ripe for review. 2

                                      II.    LEGAL STANDARD

        A temporary restraining order (“TRO”) is an extraordinary form of relief. An application

for a TRO is analyzed using factors applicable to preliminary injunctive relief. See, e.g., Gordon

v. Holder, 632 F.3d 722, 723–24 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (applying preliminary injunction standard to a

district court decision denying motion for TRO and preliminary injunction); Sibley v. Obama,

810 F. Supp. 2d 309, 310 (D.D.C. 2011) (articulating TRO elements based on preliminary


2
   This Court has jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ APA claim. See 5 U.S.C. § 704; FCC v. Fox Television
Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 513 (2009). The FHWA suspensions now under review are final agency
actions, which, upon their issuance, immediately curtailed Plaintiffs’ participation in certain federal
projects. See Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 177–78 (1997); 2 C.F.R. § 180.710 (“A suspension is effective
when the suspending official signs the decision to suspend.”). Moreover, this is not the “rare circumstance”
where there exists “no meaningful standard against which to judge the agency’s exercise of discretion.”
Make The Rd. New York v. Wolf, 962 F.3d 612, 631 (D.C. Cir. 2020). Finally, the government’s decision
not to contest this Court’s jurisdiction reinforces the conclusion that jurisdiction is proper in this case.
                                                     4
injunction case law).

       Preliminary injunctive relief is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon

a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392

(D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008)); see also

Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (per curiam) (“[A] preliminary injunction is an

extraordinary and drastic remedy, one that should not be granted unless the movant, by a clear

showing, carries the burden of persuasion.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). A plaintiff

seeking preliminary injunctive relief “must establish [1] that he is likely to succeed on the merits,

[2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, [3] that the

balance of equities tips in his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in the public interest.” Aamer v.

Obama, 742 F.3d 1023, 1038 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Sherley, 644 F.3d at 392 (internal

quotation marks omitted)). When seeking such relief, “the movant has the burden to show that all

four factors, taken together, weigh in favor of the injunction.” Abdullah v. Obama, 753 F.3d 193,

197 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1292 (D.C.

Cir. 2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The four factors have typically been evaluated on

a ‘sliding scale.’” Davis, 571 F.3d at 1291. Under this sliding-scale framework, “[i]f the movant

makes an unusually strong showing on one of the factors, then it does not necessarily have to make

as strong a showing on another factor.” Id. at 1291–92.

       It is unclear whether the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia

Circuit’s (“D.C. Circuit”) sliding-scale approach to assessing the four preliminary injunction

factors survives the Supreme Court’s decision in Winter. See Save Jobs USA v. U.S. Dep't of

Homeland Sec., 105 F. Supp. 3d 108, 112 (D.D.C. 2015). Several judges on the D.C. Circuit have

“read Winter at least to suggest if not to hold ‘that a likelihood of success is an independent, free-



                                                  5
standing requirement for a preliminary injunction.’” Sherley, 644 F.3d at 393 (quoting Davis,

571 F.3d at 1296 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring)). However, the D.C. Circuit has yet to hold

definitively that Winter has displaced the sliding-scale analysis. See id.; see also Save Jobs USA,

105 F. Supp. 3d at 112. In light of this ambiguity, the Court shall consider each of the preliminary

injunction factors and shall only evaluate the proper weight to accord the likelihood of success on

the merits if the Court finds that its relative weight would affect the outcome.

                                      III.    DISCUSSION

         Plaintiffs present overlapping, yet partially distinctive claims for injunctive relief.

Accordingly, the Court will address each part of Plaintiffs’ claims separately where appropriate.

For the reasons provided herein, the Court will DENY both Figg’s and Mr. Pate’s application for

a TRO.

         A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

         The Court must first consider whether Plaintiffs have demonstrated a “substantial

likelihood of succeeding on the merits.” Mills v. District of Columbia, 571 F.3d 1304, 1306 (D.C.

Cir. 2009). “[T]o determine whether plaintiffs have demonstrated a likelihood of success . . . it

will ordinarily be enough that the plaintiff has raised questions going to the merits so serious,

substantial, difficult and doubtful, as to make them a fair ground for litigation and thus for more

deliberative investigation.” Monument Realty LLC v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 540

F. Supp. 2d 66, 76 (D.D.C. 2008) (quotation omitted). A plaintiff’s success on the merits is, of

course, tied to the specific claim asserted, see Mills, 571 F.3d at 1308, and, accordingly, the Court

will focus directly on Plaintiffs’ APA claim regarding their FHWA suspensions.

         The APA requires courts to “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and

conclusions” that are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance



                                                 6
with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). “This is a ‘narrow’ standard of review as courts defer to the

agency’s expertise.” Ctr. for Food Safety v. Salazar, 898 F. Supp. 2d 130, 138 (D.D.C. 2012)

(quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29,

43 (1983)). Moreover, the Court begins with a presumption that agency action is valid. See Ethyl

Corp. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 541 F.2d 1, 34 (D.C. Cir. 1976). Nonetheless, courts must still

consider whether an agency decision was appropriately “based on a consideration of the relevant

factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment.” Dep’t of Homeland Sec. v. Regents

of the Univ. of California, 140 S. Ct. 1891, 1905 (2020) (quoting Citizens to Preserve Overton

Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971)). Here, Plaintiffs argue that the FHWA’s suspension

determination under 2 C.F.R. § 180.700 was arbitrary and capricious. See Compl. ¶ 136; Pls.’

Mot. at 16–27.

       Upon review of the record, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not shown a substantial

likelihood of success on the merits of their APA claim. Under § 180.700, the FHWA may issue a

suspension when (1) “[t]here exists adequate evidence to suspect [a] cause for debarment” and (2)

“[i]mmediate action is necessary to protect the public interest.” 2 C.F.R. § 180.700(a), (c). As an

initial matter, Plaintiffs’ Motion does not raise a direct challenge to the “adequate evidence” prong

of the § 180.700 analysis. See Pls.’ Mot. at 19, n.3. And for good reason. The record presents

two agency reports, from OSHA and NTSB respectively, which attribute responsibility to Figg

and Mr. Pate for the FIU Bridge Collapse. Notably, the NTSB report, relied upon by the FHWA,

expressly identifies Figg as the “probable cause” of the collapse, and further explains that Mr. Pate,

as engineer of record, failed to recognize structural cracking on the bridge before it fell. See AR

22.   These factual conclusions from the NTSB report are noteworthy, particularly when

considering that the FIU Bridge Collapse is “the most serious safety case that FHWA has



                                                  7
considered in the last decade.” Pls.’ Mot., Ex. D at 19. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the

FHWA did not act “arbitrarily” in determining that “adequate evidence” existed to support a

suspension prior to the potential debarment of either Figg or Mr. Pate. See 2 C.F.R. § 180.700(b).

       Plaintiffs’ Motion instead focuses on the “immediate action” prong of § 180.700, and

argues that the FHWA “fail[ed] to demonstrate the need for ‘immediate action’” in its suspension

determinations. Pls.’ Mot. at 19, n.3. The Court, however, disagrees with this conclusion. Here,

the FHWA supported its suspension assessment with a 23-page memorandum, explaining that

“[s]ince FIGG and Mr. Pate could work on Government projects in the future, [the FHWA] find[s]

immediate action is necessary to protect the public interest and preserve the integrity of future

Government contracts.” Id., Ex. D at 19. While this language, in and of itself, leaves room for

further explanation, see Inchcape Shipping Servs. Holdings Ltd. v. United States, No. 13-953 C,

2014 WL 12838793, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Jan. 2, 2014), Plaintiffs’ decision to focus exclusively on this

language divorces the agency’s assessment from its overall context. See Pls.’ Mot. at 20. Indeed,

the agency’s evaluation of immediate need expressly incorporates the FHWA’s detailed factual

assessment of the FIU Bridge Collapse and the NTSB report, which identified several “failures by

FIGG that contributed to the collapse of the bridge.” Id., Ex. D at 10. Such reasoning does not

fall to the level of hollow agency rationale that this Court may overturn in its deferential review of

agency action. See Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 286

(1974) (“[W]e will uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity if the agency’s path may reasonably

be discerned.”).

       The inquiry, however, does not end there. The FHWA’s reliance on the NTSB report raises

an interrelated question: Why did the FHWA wait until July 14, 2020 to issue the suspensions?

Following the issuance of the report on October 22, 2019, the FHWA allowed Figg time to submit



                                                  8
supplemental materials, which contested the NTSB’s conclusions. See AR 3540 (November 22,

2019, Email from L. Figg). The Court does not fault the agency for providing Figg with an

opportunity to dispute the NTSB findings. By December 6, 2019, however, the FWHA had

rejected Figg’s position and “closed” the case. AR 3715–3721. The agency then provided its final

correspondence on the matter in a January 23rd letter from the FHWA Director of the Office of

Bridges and Structures, Dr. Joseph Hartmann:

       I have found no new data or information in the material from FIGG/WJE that was not
       previously considered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in advising and
       supporting NTSB as it analyzed the facts and reached a determination of probable cause. .
       . . In this case, no uncertainty exists. The FHWA fully supports the findings and
       determinations of probable cause made by NTSB. The design errors by FIGG were the
       probable cause of the collapse of FIU pedestrian bridge, with the FIGG Engineer of Record
       contributing to the collapse by not appropriately recognizing the significance of the
       cracking that resulted from those errors.

AR 3745. This record indicates that the FHWA had definitively accepted the NTSB report and its

conclusions by January 2020. Yet, the agency did not issue Plaintiffs’ suspensions until July 14,

2020, over five months later. This timing is of concern, as some courts have found that a “delay

casts serious doubt on the government’s claim that immediate action was necessary.” Inchcape

Shipping, 2014 WL 12838793, at *2.

       The Court cannot conclude here, however, that the FHWA’s delay renders their finding of

an immediate need to suspend Plaintiffs arbitrary and capricious. As an initial matter, the FHWA

expressly wields “wide discretion” when “deciding whether immediate action is needed to protect

the public interest.” 2 C.F.R. § 180.705(c). Plaintiffs have not definitively established that the

agency abused this “wide discretion” by waiting until July 14, 2020 to issue the suspensions in

question. Indeed, the FHWA explains that it needed time to “carefully review[ ] the voluminous

information” in the record. Defs.’ Opp’n at 15. While five months’ time is not insignificant, the

administrative record in this case comprises over 4,000 pages. See ECF Nos. 11–14. Moreover,

                                                9
it is understandable that the FHWA would undertake careful deliberations before issuing a

suspension, which Plaintiffs acknowledge “is a serious action” that is rarely imposed. 2 C.F.R. §

180.700. The length of the agency’s review is also partially explained by the 90-day period

provided by Department of Transportation guidance for fact-based investigations opened by the

Office of Inspector General or the FHWA. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 3 (citing USDOT Order 4200.5G

at 9).

         Furthermore, the FHWA’s deliberative period here is distinguishable from the

impermissible delays discussed in the cases Plaintiffs rely upon in their motion. In Lion Raisins,

for example, the USDA waited over 18 months, following the close of its investigation into

falsified certifications, before suspending the offending party from federal contracting. Lion

Raisins, Inc. v. United States, 51 Fed. Cl. 238, 247 (2001). Similarly, in Inchcape Shipping, the

United States Navy suspended a federal contractor for audit violations that were discovered over

a year earlier. Inchcape Shipping, 2014 WL 12838793, at *2. The Federal Court of Claims found

that both of these delays undermined the respective agency’s demonstration of an immediate need

for suspension. But here, the FHWA reached its suspension decision only nine months after the

NTSB report was issued, and less than six months after it conclusively rejected Figg’s response to

the report contesting its conclusions. See Pls.’ Mot. at 23. The FHWA’s period of review in this

case is, therefore, less dilatory than in Lion Raisins and Inchcape Shipping, particularly in light of

the FHWA’s administrative considerations noted above. Additionally, Plaintiffs have presented

no evidence that Figg received any federal contracts after the FHWA accepted the findings of fault

set forth in the NTSB report. See Pls.’ Mot. at 24–25. This is distinct from a case like Lion Raisins,

where the USDA “awarded plaintiff five contracts between the completion of its investigation in

May 1999 and its decision to suspend plaintiff in January 2001.” Lion Raisins, 51 Fed. Cl. at 247



                                                 10
(emphasis added).

       Finally, it is not clear that the public safety threat posed by Plaintiffs “had ceased before

the issuance of the suspensions.” Sloan v. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 231 F.3d 10, 17 (D.C.

Cir. 2000). While the FIU Bridge Collapse itself occurred in 2018, the FHWA suspension

memorandum directly references Figg’s ongoing refusal to accept responsibility for the collapse

after the release of the NTSB Report. Pls.’ Mot., Ex. D at 14. In fact, the record shows that even

into February 2020, Figg’s CEO was arguing publicly that “misinformation” existed regarding the

FIU Bridge Collapse. AR 4137. The Engineer of Record from the FIU project, Mr. Pate, also

remains presently employed at Figg to this day. See Pls.’ Mot., Ex. G (Pate Decl.), ¶ 4.

Accordingly, it was reasonable for the FHWA to view Plaintiffs’ continued participation in federal

contracting as a public safety concern that had not yet abated. In this context the agency’s July

14, 2020 suspensions do not fall clearly outside of its “wide discretion” in assessing the need for

immediate action.

       For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that neither Plaintiff has established a

substantial likelihood of success on the merits of their individual APA claim. See Monument

Realty, 540 F. Supp. 2d at 76.

       B. Irreparable Harm

       Next, the Court will consider the issue of irreparable harm. In the preliminary injunction

and temporary restraining order context, both the United States Supreme Court and the D.C.

Circuit have emphasized that a movant must show at least some likelihood of irreparable harm in

the absence of an injunction. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 22; CityFed Fin. Corp. v. Office of Thrift

Supervision, 58 F.3d 738, 747 (D.C. Cir. 1995). To constitute “irreparable harm,” the injury

alleged must be “both certain and great, actual and not theoretical, beyond remediation, and of



                                                11
such imminence that there is a clear and present need for equitable relief.” Mexichem Specialty

Resins, Inc. v. E.P.A., 787 F.3d 544, 555 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quotation omitted). Because Figg and

Mr. Pate present disparate claims of irreparable harm, the Court will address them individually.

                1. Plaintiff Figg

        Figg presents three potential sources of irreparable harm arising from the FHWA

suspension: (1) economic damage, (2) reputational damage, and (3) damage per se. See Pls.’ Mot.

at 27–32. The Court concludes, however, that Figg has not made an adequate showing of

irreparable harm on any of these grounds.

        To begin, Figg’s principal theory of irreparable harm derives from the economic loss it

expects the FHWA suspension to cause. See Pls.’ Mot. at 28–32. While “economic loss does not,

in and of itself, constitute irreparable harm,” Alcresta Therapeutics, Inc. v. Azar, 755 F. App’x 1,

5 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (quoting Wisc. Gas Co. v. F.E.R.C., 758 F.2d 669, 674 (D.C. Cir. 1985)), Figg

contends here that the FHWA suspension threatens its very existence as a company. See Patriot,

Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 963 F. Supp. 1, 5 (D.D.C. 1997). Relatedly, Figg argues

that the FHWA suspension immediately deprives it of a fair opportunity to compete for business

on a level playing field. See Pls.’ Mot. at 28–29. Even accepting these arguments, however, Figg

must still demonstrate that the economic harm it faces because of the FHWA suspension is “actual

and not theoretical.” League of Women Voters of United States v. Newby, 838 F.3d 1, 8 (D.C. Cir.

2016) (quotation omitted). At this stage, Figg’s purported economic damages are too speculative

to satisfy this standard.

        To show economic harm, Figg first points to three existing contracts, respectively with the

Maine Department of Transportation (federally-funded), the Texas Harris County Toll Road

Authority (“HCTRA”) (state-funded), and the South Dakota Department of Transportation (state-



                                                12
funded). See Pls.’ Mot. at 29–30. The Court is not convinced, however, that these pre-existing

contracts demonstrate any concrete harm posed by the FHWA suspension. As an initial matter,

counsel for the FHWA explained on the record that Figg’s July 14, 2020 suspension does not affect

the company’s existing federal contracts. Neither is the FHWA suspension directed at Figg’s state-

funded contracts. See 2 C.F.R. § 180.125(b). Accordingly, the formal nexus between the FHWA

suspension and Figg’s pre-existing contractual arrangements, either state or federal, is unclear.

       Moreover, even the informal effect of the FHWA suspension on Figg’s contracts is

uncertain. For example, as of August 11th, HCTRA had already terminated its contract with Figg.

See Pls.’ Mot., Ex. A (Figg Decl.), ¶¶ 18–22; Defs.’ Opp’n at 11. And even if HCTRA were to

reconsider Figg’s contract, the record shows that HCTRA has independent reasons to terminate

Figg, aside from the FHWA suspension in July 2020. Notably, HCTRA was aware of concerns

with Figg’s “design work on their project” as early as March 2020, and, before that, in November

2019, the Texas Department of Transportation had suspended Figg from a similar bridge project.

See Defs.’ Opp’n, Ex. B (Budd Decl.), ¶¶ 6–10. Consequently, there is no certainty that an order

lifting the FHWA suspension now will help Figg avoid the harm caused by the termination of the

HCTRA contract. See Air Transp. Ass’n of Am., Inc. v. Exp.-Imp. Bank of the United States, 840

F. Supp. 2d 327, 338 (D.D.C. 2012) (“Plaintiffs have not established with any certainty that this is

a harm the Court could prevent with the issuance of a preliminary injunction.”).

       The two additional existing contracts Figg relies upon also fail to support a sufficiently

certain likelihood of harm. Here, Figg complains of a temporary suspension of its contract with

the South Dakota Department of Transportation, but ascribes no monetary value to the damage

arising from this contract. See Pls.’ Mot. at 30. In fact, counsel for Figg indicated that no work

had yet been performed on this contract, and the record confirms that this is a state-funded project



                                                13
involving only a prospective retainer agreement. See Defs.’ Opp’n, Ex. C. Figg also cites to a

contract with the Maine Department of Transportation. See Pls.’ Mot. at 30. While this contract

has a total value of $800,000, Figg does not specify what immediate impact the FHWA suspension

would have on this contract or what effect the termination of that contract would have on the

company. See id. The Court cannot conclude, therefore, that complications with these contracts

present a clearly imminent threat to the company’s viability. See Nat'l Ass’n of Mortg. Brokers v.

Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve Sys., 773 F. Supp. 2d 151, 181 (D.D.C. 2011) (“[P]laintiff has

failed to adequately describe and quantify the level of harm its members face.”).

       Finally, Figg’s purported inability to compete for future contracts also fails to present a

sufficiently concrete source of irreparable harm. While Figg presents a list of potential federal

contracts it would like to consider, it also indicates that the company has neither participated in

the development of a bid nor submitted a bid for any of these projects. See Pls.’ Mot., Ex. A (Figg

Decl.), at Ex. A. And there is no guarantee that Figg, particularly as a likely subcontractor, would,

in fact, participate or succeed in a bid for any given contract. Accordingly, Figg’s allegation of

prospective harm is more attenuated than that of a party with “active bids pending.” Inchcape

Shipping, 2014 WL 12838793, at *3. Even if Figg did submit bids, however, the likelihood of

success is unclear, particularly in light of the October 2019 NTSB report, which publicly faulted

Figg for the FIU Bridge Collapse. The removal of the FHWA suspension could not entirely erase

the industry stigma associated with this NTSB report, nor could it prevent that report from serving

as an impediment to securing prospective contracts. For these reasons, Figg’s economic theory of

harm is simply too speculative, as the company’s “allegations of what is likely to occur” offer

inadequate assurances regarding what “harm is certain to occur in the near future.” Wisc. Gas,

758 F.2d at 674.



                                                 14
       In addition to economic damage, Figg argues that the FHWA suspension immediately

threatens irreparable harm to its reputation. See Pls.’ Mot at 32–33. Reputational damage can, in

certain circumstances, constitute a sufficient basis for irreparable harm. See Beacon Assocs., Inc.

v. Apprio, Inc., 308 F. Supp. 3d 277, 288 (D.D.C. 2018). In the context of temporary injunctive

relief here, however, the Court questions the nexus and “imminence” of the reputational damage

specifically arising from the challenged FHWA suspension. Mexichem Specialty, 787 F.3d at 555.

Notably, the FIU Bridge Collapse has been a well-publicized disaster since its occurrence in March

2018, and, as outlined above, the NTSB report in October 2019 ascribed responsibility for the

collapse to Figg. In fact, Figg acknowledges that it was publicly identified as the probable cause

of the disaster well before the July 14, 2020 FHWA suspension notice. See Pls.’ Mot. 10–12. The

fact the FIGG had “launched a public relations campaign denying responsibility for the accident”

before the FHWA suspension confirms that the company was suffering reputational harm

independent of the suspension itself. Id., Ex. D at 14.

       Consequently, Figg’s case is distinguishable from cases in which the enjoined agency

action is the principal source of the reputational harm in question. See, e.g., Beacon Assocs., 308

F. Supp. 3d at 288. Indeed, Figg’s allegations of reputational harm lack a necessary element of

causality. The D.C. Circuit has made clear that to secure temporary relief, the “movant must show

that the alleged harm will directly result from the action which the movant seeks to enjoin.” Wisc.

Gas, 758 F.2d at 674. Here, however, the FHWA suspension has only augmented a pre-existing

reputational problem that Figg has encountered since at least the release of the NTSB report in

October 2019. A TRO lifting the FHWA suspension might help Figg’s cause, but the Court is not

persuaded that it could unring the bell. As such, the reputational damage threatened by Figg’s

FHWA suspension cannot support a finding of irreparable harm.



                                                15
       Finally, Figg argues that any economic damage it sustains as a result of the FHWA

suspension is irreparable per se. See Pls.’ Mot. at 28. There is some support for this per se rule,

particularly where an offending agency’s sovereign immunity precludes the recovery of money

damages that might result from the purported agency violation. See Feinerman v. Bernardi, 558

F. Supp. 2d 36, 51 (D.D.C. 2008). This Court has rejected, however, the broad assertion that “any

damages in a suit against a defendant with sovereign immunity are irreparable per se,” because

“not only is such a rule not the law of this Circuit, but it would also effectively eliminate the

irreparable harm requirement.” Air Transp. Ass’n, 840 F. Supp. 2d at 335; see also N. Air Cargo

v. United States Postal Serv., 756 F. Supp. 2d 116, 125 n.6 (D.D.C. 2010). Instead, to establish

irreparable harm, “the injury must be more than simply irretrievable, it must also be serious in

terms of its effect on the plaintiff.” Gulf Oil Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 514 F. Supp. 1019, 1026

(D.D.C. 1981). And, for the reasons stated above, the Court cannot conclude that the specific

effect of the FHWA suspension on Figg will be sufficiently severe to merit relief. The purported

effects of the FHWA suspension on Figg’s economic status and its reputation are simply too

speculative, particularly in light of the industry headwinds the company faces independent of the

suspension itself. See Save Jobs USA v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 105 F. Supp. 3d 108, 115

(D.D.C. 2015) (rejecting a per se theory of irreparable harm where “[t]he court [wa]s left to

speculate as to the magnitude of the injury”). Accordingly, Figg’s per se argument of irreparable

harm falls short.

               2. Plaintiff Pate

       The Court also finds that Mr. Pate has made an inadequate showing of irreparable harm to

justify injunctive relief. As discussed, irreparable harm must be “actual and not theoretical” and

“of such imminence that there is a clear and present need for equitable relief.” Mexichem Specialty,



                                                16
787 F.3d at 555. Mr. Pate’s theory of harm, however, is even more speculative than Figg’s, and,

therefore, cannot satisfy this standard.

       Mr. Pate received an independent FHWA suspension notice on July 14, 2020. See Pls.’

Mot., Ex. C at 1. Unlike Figg, however, Mr. Pate does not even attempt to tie the alleged harm

arising from this suspension to his immediate financial viability or tangible contract prospects. See

disc. supra, at Section III.B.1. Instead, Mr. Pate contends that this “suspension would ‘completely

end’ his engineering career.” Pls.’ Mot. at 32 (quoting Ex. G (Pate Decl.), ¶ 13). But the factual

record does not support this proposition. Indeed, Mr. Pate certifies that he remains presently

employed at Figg, see id., Ex. G (Pate Decl.), ¶ 4, and provides no clear indication that Figg intends

to terminate him as a result of the FHWA suspension. This fact alone belies the conclusion that

the FHWA suspension imminently threatens Mr. Pate’s career. See id. at 32.

       To the contrary, Mr. Pate’s career concerns relate to his longer-term industry prospects.

For example, Mr. Pate explains that he possesses a highly specialized engineering skill-set, which

would be largely inapplicable outside of the bridge-building context. See id., Ex. G (Pate Decl.),

¶¶ 5–9. Mr. Pate further contends that he would be unmarketable in the industry as a bridge

engineer barred from federally-funded projects. See id., Ex. G (Pate Decl.), ¶¶ 12–13. This may

be true, but such concerns are speculative in the near-term, while Mr. Pate remains employed with

Figg. Id., Ex. G (Pate Decl.), ¶ 4. And Mr. Pate’s concern with his potential 10-year debarment

is entirely speculative, as the FHWA has not yet rendered a final debarment determination. Id.,

Ex. G (Pate Decl.), ¶¶ 13–14. Accordingly, Mr. Pate has failed to identify any specific and

imminent form of harm derived from his FHWA suspension, the agency action now at issue.

Without such a showing, he has failed to demonstrate the irreparable harm necessary to merit

injunctive relief. See Cardinal Health, Inc. v. Holder, 846 F. Supp. 2d 203, 213 (D.D.C. 2012).



                                                 17
        C. The Balance of Hardships and the Public Interest

        Lastly, the Court evaluates the final two factors to be considered in granting a temporary

restraining order—the balance of the equities and the public interest. In this case, where the

FHWA is a government entity and party to the suit, the harm to the agency and the public interest

“are one and the same, because the government’s interest is the public interest.” Pursuing

America’s Greatness v. FEC, 831 F.3d 500, 511 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (emphasis in original).

        Within this framework, the Court disagrees with Plaintiffs that the public interest weighs

in favor of granting injunctive relief. See Pls.’ Mot. at 33–34. Of course, Plaintiffs are correct that

“[t]he public interest is served when administrative agencies comply with their obligations under

the APA.” N. Mariana Islands v. United States, 686 F.Supp.2d 7, 21 (D.D.C. 2009); see also

Texas Children’s Hosp. v. Burwell, 76 F. Supp. 3d 224, 246 (D.D.C. 2014). But, as explained

above, Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the FHWA suspensions constituted a clear violation

of that statute. See disc. supra at Section III.A. Moreover, Plaintiffs’ Motion discounts the public

safety interest at issue in this case. See Pls.’ Mot. at 33–34. Here, both Figg and Mr. Pate have

been found responsible for a fatal bridge collapse, and, consequently, there is a credible public

safety interest reflected in their respective FHWA suspensions. Finally, the Court notes that Mr.

Pate has a uniquely weak case on the equities at this stage in the litigation, as he continues to be

employed at Figg, notwithstanding the FHWA suspension. See Pls.’ Mot., Ex. G (Pate Decl.), ¶

4. For these reasons, neither Plaintiff has demonstrated that the FHWA suspensions are inequitable

or against the public interest.

                                      IV.     CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order, ECF No.

2., is DENIED. Plaintiffs have not demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits, irreparable



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harm absent preliminary relief, or that the balance of the hardships and the public interest weigh

in their favor. Accordingly, Plaintiffs are not entitled to the injunctive relief requested.

       An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.


Date: August 17, 2020
                                                              /s/
                                                       COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                       United States District Judge




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