                               UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                               FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                                          Criminal Case No. 14-030 (BAH)
                      v.                                  Judge Beryl A. Howell


FLORENCE BIKUNDI,

                      Defendant.




                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Pending before the Court is a renewed motion filed by the defendant, Florence Bikundi,

 to revoke the pre-trial detention order entered first by a Magistrate Judge and, following de

 novo review, by this Court, to impose conditions of release, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142.

 Def.’s Renewed Mot. Reconsid. Ord. Detention and Impose Conditions of Release (“Def.’s

 Mot.”) at 1, ECF No. 30. For the reasons set forth below, this motion is denied.

 I.     BACKGROUND

       The facts of this case are explained in detail in this Court’s previous Memorandum

Opinion regarding the defendant’s first motion for reconsideration of the detention order, see

United States v. Bikundi, No. 14-030, 2014 WL 2761209, at *1 (D.D.C. June 18, 2014), and thus

will be only briefly repeated here before addressing the events that have occurred since the entry

of that Order. Defendant Florence Bikundi was indicted on February 19, 2014, for one count of

health care fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347; one count of Medicaid fraud, in violation of

42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(a)(3); four counts of laundering monetary instruments, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i); and three counts of engaging in monetary transaction with monies


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derived from the specified unlawful activities of health care and Medicaid fraud, in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 1957. Indictment ¶¶ 56–65, ECF No. 1.

       According to the allegations in the Indictment, the defendant engaged in a massive fraud

spanning almost seven years, from January 2008 until her arrest in 2014, to conceal her

exclusion from participation in federal health care programs by using fraudulent forms and

thereby obtain unauthorized Medicaid payments totaling over $75,000,000. See generally

Indictment.

       Following her arrest on February 21, 2014, the defendant was ordered temporarily

detained, at the government’s request, by a Magistrate Judge. Minute Entry, Feb. 21, 2014. The

government subsequently filed a Motion for Pretrial Detention of the defendant, pursuant to 18

U.S.C. §§ 3142(d)(1)(B), (e)(1), and (f)(2)(A), “because defendant Bikundi poses a serious

flight risk and there is no release condition or combination of conditions that will reasonably

assure her appearance in court as required.” Gov’t Mot. for Pretrial Detention at 1, ECF No. 8.

The defendant did not oppose this motion and was, consequently, ordered by the Magistrate

Judge to be held without bond pending trial. Minute Entry, Feb. 25, 2014.

       The defendant thereafter, on May 28, 2014, filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the

Magistrate Judge’s detention order. See Def.’s Mot. Reconsid. Detention of Def. Florence

Bikundi at 1, ECF No. 18. After a hearing on the motion on June 16, 2014, the Court issued an

oral ruling denying the defendant’s motion without prejudice. See Minute Entry, June 16, 2014.

A Memorandum Opinion setting forth the basis of that ruling in further detail was issued on

June 18, 2014. See generally Bikundi, 2014 WL 2761209.

       The defendant and government counsel have, since June, engaged in “four months of

ongoing discovery, pre-trial motion preparation and trial preparation.” Def.’s Mem. Supp.




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Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 1, ECF No. 30-1. Although the government indicated it would

be filing a superseding indictment—and reiterated its commitment to do so at both hearings on

the instant motion—no such indictment has yet been filed, due in part to ongoing plea

negotiations. See Gov’t’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. (“Gov’t’s Opp’n.”) at 3, ECF No. 31.

       On October 28, 2014, the defendant filed the instant renewed motion for reconsideration,

and the Court heard brief argument regarding the motion at a status conference held on October

31, 2014. At the October 31 hearing, the government was granted additional time in which to

file any additional evidence or information in support of its contention that no combination of

conditions exist that provide a reasonable assurance that the defendant will appear for further

hearings and trial. See Gov’t’s Suppl. Mem. Opp’n Def. Florence Bikundi’s Renewed Mot.

Reconsider (“Gov’t’s Suppl. Mem.”) at 1, ECF No. 32. The Court heard further argument at a

hearing on the defendant’s Motion held November 6, 2014, after which decision on the Motion

was reserved.

       The following constitutes the finding of facts and statement of reasons required by 18

U.S.C. § 3142(i)(1). See United States v. Nwokoro, 651 F.3d 108, 109 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (noting

that Bail Reform Act requires pretrial detention order be supported by “a clear and legally

sufficient basis for the court’s determination” in written findings of fact and a written statement

of the reasons for the detention or in “the transcription of a detention hearing”) (quoting United

States v. Peralta, 849 F.2d 625, 626 (D.C. Cir. 1988)) (per curiam).

 II.    LEGAL STANDARD

       A motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3145(b) for review of a Magistrate Judge’s detention order

requires that the Court review de novo whether conditions of release exist that “will reasonably

assure the defendant’s appearance in court or the safety of any other person or the community.”



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United States v. Hassanshahi, 989 F. Supp. 2d 110, 113 (D.D.C. 2013) (citing 18 U.S.C. §

3142(e)(1)). “‘The Court is free to use in its analysis any evidence or reasons relied on by the

magistrate judge, but it may also hear additional evidence and rely on its own reasons.’” United

States v. Hubbard, 962 F. Supp. 2d 212, 215 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting United States v. Sheffield,

799 F. Supp. 2d 18, 20 (D.D.C. 2011)); see also United States v. Hitselberger, 909 F. Supp. 2d

4, 7 (D.D.C. 2012).

       The Bail Reform Act requires release of a defendant prior to trial unless a judicial officer

determines, after a hearing, that “no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably

assure the appearance of the person[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e)(1). In determining whether any

conditions of release will reasonably assure the appearance of the person as required, the court

must “take into account the available information concerning” four factors set out in 18 U.S.C. §

3142(g). These factors are:

       “(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense charged, . . . ;
        (2) the weight of the evidence against the person;
        (3) the history and characteristics of the person, including . . . the person’s
       character, physical and mental condition, family ties, employment, financial
       resources, length of residence in the community, community ties, past conduct,
       history relating to drug or alcohol abuse, criminal history, and record concerning
       appearance at court proceedings; and . . . ;
        (4) the nature and seriousness of the danger to any person or the community that
       would be posed by the person’s release.”

18 U.S.C. § 3142(g).

       The government is required to demonstrate the appropriateness of pretrial detention

because the defendant poses a risk of flight “by a preponderance of the evidence.” See United

States v. Simpkins, 826 F.2d 94, 96 (D.C. Cir. 1987); United States v. Vortis, 785 F.2d 327, 329

(D.C. Cir. 1986). “That preponderance must, of course, go to the ultimate issue: that no

combination of conditions—either those set out in the Bail Reform Act itself or any others that

the magistrate or judge might find useful—can ‘reasonably’ assure that the defendant will appear


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for trial.” United States v. Xulam, 84 F.3d 441, 442 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citing 18 U.S.C.

§ 3142(c)).

           A court may reconsider its decision regarding pretrial detention “at any time before trial

if the judicial officer finds that information exists that was not known to the movant at the time

and that has a material bearing on the issue” of whether there exist conditions for release that

would “reasonably assure the appearance of such person as required.” 18 U.S.C. §

3142(f)(2)(B); accord United States v. Moore, No. 13-330, 2014 WL 1273439, at *1 (D.D.C.

Mar. 31, 2014).

    III.    DISCUSSION

           At the outset, the defendant does not allege that there is any new information “that was

not known to [her] at the time” of the initial hearing on pretrial detention or the subsequent

reconsideration hearing in this Court. See generally Def.’s Mem. Aside from the passage of

time, the defendant does not assert that anything of any substance has occurred since the

defendant’s last motion. As the D.C. Circuit has noted, the mere passage of time, without a

substantial change in the “underlying reasons for this court’s prior decisions” regarding pretrial

detention is generally not sufficient to warrant reconsiderations, particularly where, as here, a

trial date has been set in the near future. See United States v. Ali, 534 F. App’x 1, 2 (D.C. Cir.

2013) (per curiam). 1 To be sure, the fact that the defendant, who is presumed innocent, has now

been held for nearly nine months pending trial is troubling. No significant change in

circumstances has occurred, however, since the Court last ruled on this issue such that

reconsideration is warranted. See id. An evaluation of each of the four factors, under 18 U.S.C.

1
  Although the D.C. Circuit’s decision not to publish a decision “means that the panel sees no precedential value in
that disposition,” D.C. Cir. R. 36(e)(2), such opinions may be cited “as precedent,” D.C. Cir. R. 32.1(b)(1)(B), and,
in any event, have persuasive value aside from any precedential value or lack thereof. See Verizon v. FCC, No. 13-
1220, 2014 WL 5487624, at *6 n.11 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 31, 2014) (finding previously unpublished opinion “persuasive”
and adopting opinion explicitly as “precedent”).


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§ 3142(g), that must be considered in determining whether pretrial detention is warranted is set

out below.

        A.       Nature and Circumstances of the Charged Offenses

        With respect to the nature and circumstances of the offense, the Indictment alleges that

the defendant engaged in a massive fraud in which she and organizations she operated obtained

over $75,000,000 in funds from the Medicaid program. See generally Indictment. These are

serious felony offenses and, if convicted, the defendant faces a substantial period of

incarceration. For example, if the defendant is convicted of the charged offenses, she would face

up to twenty years’ incarceration on the money laundering counts, under 18 U.S.C. §

1956(a)(1)(B)(ii). Counsel for the government indicated at oral argument that a superseding

indictment could contain additional charges also carrying statutory penalties of up to twenty

years imprisonment. See Hrg. Tr., Nov. 6, 2014 at 18:24–19:2 (government counsel stating “we

believe that in a superseding [indictment the defendant will] face even more time because it

would involve some twenty-year offenses as well . . . .”). 2

        Conviction on the charged offenses would also result in a substantial advisory sentencing

Guideline range under the U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual (“U.S.S.G.”).

Specifically, assuming, arguendo, that the defendant has a Criminal History Category I, 3 her

total offense level, absent any departures or mitigating circumstances, may reach 35, see

U.S.S.G. §§ 2S1.1(a)(1); 2B1.1(a)(1), (b)(1)(M), (b)(7)(iii) (using a base offense level seven,

plus twenty-four levels for the amount of the loss plus four levels for the amount of loss to the

government for health care fraud), resulting in an advisory guideline range of 168 to 210 months’

2
  The parties have not requested formal transcripts from the court reporter. Accordingly, the Court relies on the
court reporter’s rough transcript of the November 6, 2014 hearing in this Memorandum Opinion.
3
  The defendant has prior convictions which may result in a higher Criminal History Category, but this review of the
potential determination of the defendant’s advisory guideline sentencing range is merely an estimate for purposes of
evaluating the seriousness of the offense.


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incarceration on the money laundering counts, see U.S.S.G. Sentencing Table, Zone D. This

considerable punishment gives the defendant “a substantial incentive to flee the United States.”

United States v. Vo, 978 F. Supp. 2d 41, 43 (D.D.C. 2013) (finding detention appropriate for

defendant facing stiff penalties for bribery and visa fraud); United States v. Ali, 793 F. Supp. 2d

386, 391 (D.D.C. 2011) (denying release pending trial and noting lengthy sentence that would

accompany conviction was factor that increased flight risk of defendant); see also United States

v. Dupree, 833 F. Supp. 2d 241, 253–54 (E.D.N.Y. 2011) (finding, in context of due process

challenge to pretrial detention, bank fraud involving “millions of dollars” to be “serious charges”

such that pretrial release not warranted).

       Moreover, according to the description of the fraud scheme in the Indictment, the

defendant allegedly had the sophistication to set up several companies, navigate the application

process for those companies to obtain authorization for payments as a Medicaid provider, and

then to funnel monies among multiple bank accounts to conceal the unlawful activity. See

Indictment ¶¶ 10–19. The government has a valid basis for concern that “[t]he charges against

the defendant, together with access to potentially significant amounts of financial resources,

provide a strong incentive to flee the United States.” Gov’t’s Opp’n at 2 (citing United States v.

Anderson, 384 F. Supp. 2d 32, 36 (D.D.C. 2005) (finding that no condition or combination of

conditions would have reasonably assured the appearance of the defendant where the offenses

“demonstrate substantial familiarity with the commercial and financial laws of other countries,

sophistication in arranging international financial transactions and in moving money across

borders, and a facility for concealing the existence and location of significant quantities of

money and other assets”)).




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       The defendant contends that she is being detained while “the Government . . . conduct[s]

its investigation into other people and other crimes not charged in the current Indictment.”

Def.’s Mem. at 4. Even if the defendant is correct, however, the defendant does not dispute that

the government has been diligently pursuing its existing case against the defendant herself,

including engaging in substantial discovery and plea negotiations. See Gov’t’s Opp’n at 3.

       The defendant also continues to contend that, despite the huge amount of fraud loss

charged in the Indictment of “in excess of $75 million,” Indictment ¶ 59(e), the charges hinge

almost entirely on a single disputed fact: whether the defendant knew and had received notice

that her nursing license had been revoked in Virginia and that she had been excluded by the

Department of Health and Human Services from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and all

Federal Health care programs. See Def.’s Mem. at 8. As this Court found previously, however,

“this critical disputed fact does[ not] negate the seriousness of the offense.” Bikundi, 2014 WL

2761209, at *3 (internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, the fact that the government has

not submitted any “new evidence to demonstrate that Ms. Bikundi had knowledge of [her]

exclusion,” Def.’s Mem. at 7, does not weigh in favor of release, since the evidence presented at

the previous hearing was sufficiently “weighty” to continue to hold the defendant pending trial,

see Bikundi, 2014 WL 2761209, at *3.

       Thus, the defendant has not introduced any new evidence to warrant revisiting the

Court’s previous finding that the seriousness of the charges militates in favor of the defendant’s

continued detention.

       B.      Weight of the Evidence Against the Defendant

       The defendant contends that, with the benefit of the last four months of discovery, “the

evidence weighs in favor of releasing Ms. Bikundi.” Def.’s Mem. at 5. With respect to the




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weight of the evidence against the defendant, a grand jury has returned an indictment

establishing that probable cause exists to find that the defendant committed the charged offenses.

See generally Indictment. The defendant challenges the weight of the evidence, contending that,

contrary to the government’s allegations, the millions of dollars in Medicaid reimbursements

allegedly received by companies associated with the defendant were not fraudulent, but were

instead used to pay for “business expenses, overhead, and salary,” and reported on appropriate

tax forms. See Def.’s Mem. at 5.

         The defendant argues further that the “voluminous” discovery produced by the

government contains “no direct evidence that [the defendant] knew she was excluded from

participating in the Medicaid program.” Def.’s Mem. at 8. Even if the defendant is correct on

this point, the offense with which the defendant is charged that bears the highest statutory

penalty is money laundering, for which the defendant’s knowledge of her exclusion is not an

element. See 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). The defendant has also failed to introduce any new

evidence not already referenced regarding her previous motion for reconsideration about the

strength of the government’s documentary evidence. See generally Def.’s Mem.

         Thus, the defendant has not introduced any new evidence to warrant revisiting the

Court’s previous finding that the strength of the government’s evidence militates in favor of the

defendant’s continued detention. 4



4
  At the October 31, 2014 Status Conference and at the hearing on the instant motion, the government alleged that
blank “paper stock” for making fraudulent social security cards and other materials associated with false
identifications were seized from the defendant’s business. See Gov’t’s Notice Re. Nov. 6, 2014 Hrg. (“Gov’t’s
Notice”) at 1, ECF No. 33. In a subsequent notice to the Court, counsel for the government states that he “made
efforts to locate the original documents referenced at the hearing,” but was unable to locate the “blank paper stock.”
See id. at 1–2. Instead, the government notes that it was able to locate “three Social Security cards . . . found to
contain a Social Security number assigned to an individual other than the person named on the card” and an
apparently counterfeit District of Columbia nursing license. See id. at 2. Since the government asks the Court,
“[o]ut of an abundance of caution . . . not to take into account any information regarding blank paper stock,” in
resolving the instant motion, and there is no evidence that the allegedly fraudulent Social Security cards and nursing


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         C.       History and Characteristics of the Defendant

         With respect to the “history and characteristics of the [defendant],” the defendant points

out that she has “not traveled, let alone lived outside of the United States in approximately 14

years,” and has a number of relatives, including her parents, residing in this country. See Def.’s

Mem. at 9–10. These ties to the United States generally, and to this area specifically, are

substantial and would normally militate strongly in favor of release of the defendant.

         In this case, however, the defendant’s strong familial and community ties to the United

States are undercut by three salient facts. First, the defendant is not a United States citizen and,

as noted previously, “Immigration Customs and Enforcement (‘ICE’) has lodged an immigration

detainer against her.” Bikundi, 2014 WL 2761209, at *4. Thus, her release from detention in

relation to this case would trigger potential confinement at an ICE facility pending an ICE

detention hearing, which may or may not lead to her release into the community. See id.

         Second, the government proffers that it has seized from the defendant, or the companies

she controlled, only approximately $10.5 million, a fraction of the $75 million allegedly

defrauded from the Medicaid program, Gov’t’s Opp’n at 4–5, and that the defendant and the

defendant’s family may have access to substantial monetary and real property interests in the

United States and Cameroon not seized by the government, see id. at 5; Gov’t’s Suppl. Mem. at

2. The defendant challenges this proffer, noting that any bank accounts the defendant may have

had access to in Cameroon have been frozen, see Def.’s Mem. at 9, a fact that the government

concedes, see Gov’t’s Suppl. Mem. at 2. The defendant noted, however, at the hearing on the

defendant’s motion, that the defendant’s husband has long-standing business interests in

Cameroon.


license were located in close proximity to the defendant’s work station, see id. at 1–2, this evidence is accorded no
weight.


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       In addition, the government provided supplemental evidence that the defendant has a

joint bank account with her husband in Cameroon, and other members of her family have bank

accounts in that country. See Gov’t’s Suppl. Mem. Exs. 1–2, ECF Nos. 32-1, 32-2. Those

accounts have been frozen by the Cameroonian bank that maintains them, but the bank and the

defendant’s family are in litigation in Cameroon over the propriety of the banks freezing the

family accounts. See Gov’t’s Suppl. Mem. at 1–2. Moreover, the defendant’s husband owns real

property in Cameroon, some of which he has been attempting to develop for some time. See id.

Exs. 3–5, ECF Nos. 32-3, 32-4, 32-5.

       Overseas ties such as those proffered by the government, combined with a defendant’s

lack of legal status in this country militate strongly in favor of detention on grounds that the

defendant presents a flight risk. See Vo, 978 F. Supp. 2d. at 45-46 (D.D.C. 2013) (finding

defendant’s experience living overseas and extensive assets overseas favored pretrial detention);

United States v. Sheikh, 994 F. Supp. 2d 736, 742 (E.D.N.C. 2014) (finding defendant’s extended

family overseas and prior travel overseas weighed against pretrial release); United States v. Fata,

No. 13-20600, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 149168, at *8–9 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 11, 2013) (finding

pretrial release unwarranted where defendant accused of healthcare fraud had significant family

ties to Lebanon and defendant’s parents lived in a home in Lebanon purchased by defendant).

The Court finds that the defendant has continuing significant foreign ties to her country of origin,

including potential access to funds and assets located in Cameroon, and that this raises a

significant concern about her serious risk of flight.

       The defendant offers no new evidence regarding the defendant’s previous convictions for

identity fraud, see Bikundi, 2014 WL 2761209, at *5, aside from noting that the defendant

appeared at all scheduled court hearings in those cases. See Def.’s Mem. at 11. This contention




                                                        11
bears little weight, since since the instant Indictment charges the defendant with more serious

crimes, including multiple felonies that each carry substantial statutory penalties, as opposed to

her prior misdemeanor offenses. See Def.’s Mem. at 10–11.

       Thus, the defendant has not introduced any new evidence to warrant revisiting the

Court’s previous finding that the history and characteristics of the defendant militate in favor of

her continued detention.

       D.      The Nature and Seriousness of the Danger to Any Person or the Community
               That Would Be Posed by the Defendant's Release

       Finally, as this Court found previously, the government does not contend, nor does the

evidence support a finding, that the defendant would pose a danger to the community if released

pending trial. See Bikundi, 2014 WL 2761209, at *5.

                                          *      *        *

       Upon consideration of the evidence and arguments presented in connection with the

pending motion, the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g), and the possible release conditions

set forth in § 3142(c), the Court finds that the government has established by a preponderance of

the evidence that the defendant’s pretrial release would pose a serious risk that she would flee.

The defendant has presented no new evidence of any changed circumstances, aside from the

passage of time, that would warrant revisiting this Court’s prior ruling. See United States v. Ali,

534 F. App’x at 2.




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 IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the defendant shall remain in the custody of the Attorney

General for confinement in a corrections facility pending trial and the defendant’s renewed

motion is denied.

       An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
                                                                   Digitally signed by Beryl A. Howell
                                                                   DN: cn=Beryl A. Howell, o=District
                                                                   Court for the District of Columbia,
                                                                   ou=District Court Judge,
DATED: November 12, 2014                                           email=howell_chambers@dcd.usco
                                                                   urts.gov, c=US
                                                    ______________________
                                                                   Date: 2014.11.12 15:18:42 -05'00'


                                                    BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                    United States District Judge




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