                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                    File Name: 16a0046p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                  _________________


 KARON JACKSON,                                        ┐
                                Plaintiff-Appellant,   │
                                                       │
                                                       │
       v.                                              │
                                                        >      No. 15-1802
                                                       │
 VHS DETROIT RECEIVING HOSPITAL, INC.,                 │
                           Defendant-Appellee.         │
                                                       ┘
                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                  No. 2:14-cv-11600—Stephen J. Murphy III, District Judge.

                                 Argued: January 13, 2016

                           Decided and Filed: February 23, 2016

                Before: SILER, CLAY, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

                                    _________________

                                        COUNSEL

ARGUED: David A. Hardesty, GOLD STAR LAW, P.C., Troy, Michigan, for Appellant.
Kevin J. Campbell, THE ALLEN LAW GROUP, P.C., Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: David A. Hardesty, GOLD STAR LAW, P.C., Troy, Michigan, for Appellant. Kevin J.
Campbell, THE ALLEN LAW GROUP, P.C., Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee.

                                    _________________

                                         OPINION
                                    _________________

      CLAY, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Karon Jackson (“Jackson”) appeals from the district
court’s order granting Defendant Detroit Receiving Hospital’s (“DRH”) motion for summary
judgment and dismissing Jackson’s claim that DRH terminated her employment because of her




                                              1
No. 15-1802               Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                    Page 2


sex in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. For the reasons
set forth below, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND for further
proceedings.

                                        BACKGROUND

       In 1998, Jackson began working at DRH’s Mental Health Crisis Center (“Crisis Center”)
as a mental health technician (“MHT”). As an MHT, Jackson’s duties generally involved
assisting registered nurses (“RN”) with the treatment and processing of psychiatric patients.
Particularly relevant here were the MHTs’ duties with regard to patient discharge. Although
RNs were required to authorize the discharge of a patient, MHTs assisted in the discharge
process by, inter alia, gathering paperwork and retrieving the patient’s personal property. Once
the discharge was fully processed, MHTs were responsible for physically escorting the patient
out of the Crisis Center. At some point prior to the patient being escorted out of the Center, both
the RN and the MHT were required to check the patient’s identification wristband (“ID band”)
and bloodwork to verify that the correct patient was being discharged.

       On September 6, 2013, Jackson was assigned to work the morning shift as an MHT in the
Crisis Center. At the beginning of the shift, Jackson’s manager, Leorea Heard, held a meeting
with Crisis Center staff. The purpose of the meeting, as indicated on a sign-in sheet circulated at
the beginning of the meeting, was to emphasize the importance of checking patients’ ID bands
prior to discharge. Although it is undisputed that Jackson signed the sign-in sheet for the
meeting, the parties disagree on the extent to which Jackson actually participated in that meeting.
At her deposition, Jackson testified that she did not read the sign-in sheet, and that she missed
the meeting entirely because a disruptive patient required assistance. Heard, on the other hand,
recalled that Jackson attended the entire meeting.

       In any case, it is undisputed that later that same morning, Jackson assisted an RN named
Christine Moore with the discharge of an incorrect patient; both Moore and Jackson failed to
check the patient’s ID band prior to his discharge. Fortunately, the wrongly discharged patient,
who had checked himself into the Crisis Center the previous night complaining of depression and
suicidal thoughts, returned to the Center on his own roughly seven hours after being mistakenly
No. 15-1802                        Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                             Page 3


discharged. At an emergency meeting with DRH administrators held that afternoon, Jackson
admitted that she had made a mistake. She explained, however, that she made the mistake while
acting on the instructions of RN Moore, and that “[i]t was a fast, busy morning.” (R. 14-11,
PageID 161.) At her deposition, Jackson clarified that she had just finished assisting a different
agitated patient when RN Moore instructed her to escort the wrong patient out of the Crisis
Center.

          Three days after the discharge incident, DRH issued a memorandum terminating
Jackson’s employment.1 The memorandum stated that Jackson had violated “major infractions”
“k” and “q” of DRH’s disciplinary policy, which prohibit:

          k. Any action or conduct that endangers or may be detrimental to the well being
          of a patient, co-worker, physician, contractor or visitor.
          ...
          q. Any violation of health and/or safety standards established by law or DMC
          policy.

(R. 14-11, PageID 160.)                DRH’s disciplinary policy defines major infractions as “those
violations of policy or misconduct which are generally considered more serious and could
therefore result in immediate dismissal or disciplinary suspension without having a prior
disciplinary record.” (R. 15-5, PageID 230.) The termination memorandum was signed by four
persons in Jackson’s supervisory chain of command, all of whom are female.

          During her employment as an MHT at DRH, Jackson consistently received high ratings
on her performance evaluations. In her final evaluation before her termination, Jackson received
an overall rating of 3.63 on a four-point scale. On this scale, a score of three corresponded to
“very good/above expectations;” a score of four corresponded to “exceptional/exceeds
expectations.” (R. 14-1, PageID 101.) The record contains no evidence of Jackson having been
disciplined for any infraction prior to the incident leading to her termination. At her deposition,
Heard testified that she could not recall Jackson ever receiving a “final warning” or being placed
on a “last chance agreement.” (R. 14-2, PageID 122.)



          1
              RN Christine Moore was also terminated as a result of the September 6, 2013 incident.
No. 15-1802                  Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                  Page 4


       At the time of Jackson’s termination, fourteen of the Crisis Center’s eighteen nurses were
female; nine of its twelve social workers were female. However, Jackson was the only female
out of fourteen MHTs. As explanation for this disparity, Jackson alleges that the Crisis Center’s
staff preferred male MHTs for their ability to physically handle unruly patients.

       On April 23, 2014, Jackson filed suit against DRH alleging a single claim of
discrimination on the basis of sex in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e. In the litigation that followed, Jackson argued that although her failure to check
the wrongly discharged patient’s ID band constituted a terminable infraction, other
circumstances surrounding her termination indicated that she was fired because she is a woman.
Specifically, Jackson argued that DRH did not terminate two male MHTs who made mistakes of
comparable seriousness. These male MHTs (collectively “comparators”) were Ronald Duncan
and Lester Little.

       Ronald Duncan was employed by DRH as an MHT beginning in August 2008. In July
2011, Duncan was placed on “final warning” status for being absent from his work area (a minor
infraction) and for improper personal use of DRH computers (a major infraction). In February
2012, Duncan was again placed on “final warning” status, this time for testing positive for drug
use (a major infraction). As a result of that drug infraction, Duncan entered into a year-long “last
chance agreement,” under which he could be terminated for violating any of DRH’s “standards
of conduct and work performance, including any minor or major infraction . . . .” (R. 15-8,
PageID 246.)         At her deposition, Leorea Heard testified that under this agreement, any
infractions would result in Duncan’s termination.

       In April 2012, while still subject to the last chance agreement, Duncan walked the wrong
patient out of the Crisis Center because he failed to check the patient’s ID band. The patient that
Duncan walked out was also disabled and required crutches, but Duncan walked him out without
his crutches.   Leorea Heard cited Duncan’s conduct as constituting two major infractions,
including the health and safety violation for which Jackson was terminated. That same day,
Duncan walked off the job without punching out, which was cited as a minor infraction. As a
result of these infractions, Duncan was suspended pending an investigation.             During the
investigation, Leorea Heard watched a video of the discharge incident that showed that Duncan
No. 15-1802                   Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                            Page 5


        was already going down the hallway with two patients [to discharge], and [a]
        nurse called him back . . . gave him the papers and waved her hand like, you
        know, here’s the patient. . . . [H]e came back to get the patient that she
        acknowledged was okay to take out of there. But he was already out the door
        with two patients, so he couldn’t just leave them in the hallway. So he came
        back, got the patient and took the papers on the word of the nurse.

(R. 14-2, PageID 128.) Based on this video, Heard and other DRH administrators determined
that discharge of the wrong patient was not Duncan’s fault. Duncan received no discipline for
his actions that day apart from the initial five-day suspension.

        Lester Little was employed by DRH as an MHT beginning in January 2011. On October
22, 2012, Little was issued a written warning for violating DRH’s attendance policy. On April
16, 2013, Little was given “verbal counseling” for walking a patient out of the Center on the
instructions of a social worker. Little had been informed the previous week that he was not to
discharge any patient without instructions from the attending nurse. On July 24, 2013, Little
failed to perform a complete search of a newly admitted patient. It was later discovered that the
patient was wearing a waist pouch containing three knives. Little’s disciplinary write-up for the
incident determined that his actions violated the same two major infractions for which Jackson
was terminated—infractions k and q.2 Little’s supervisor, Leorea Heard, was on vacation at the
time of this incident, but later signed off on the disciplinary form that suspended Little for five
days and placed him on “final warning” status; Little was not terminated.

        On February 26, 2015, DRH filed a motion for summary judgment in Jackson’s civil suit.
After determining that oral argument was unnecessary, the district court entered an opinion and
order granting DRH’s motion for summary judgment and dismissing Jackson’s case with
prejudice. The court reasoned that, although Jackson had established a prima facie case of
discrimination, Jackson had not proffered evidence sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to infer
that DRH’s purported reason for terminating her was pretextual. Specifically, the court held that
the comparators’ mistakes were not similar enough to Jackson’s to raise an inference that her
differential treatment was due to discrimination. Jackson timely appealed.
        2
          When asked during her deposition what would constitute a “major incident” at the Hospital that would
necessitate a staff-wide training session, Heard responded with two examples: “[m]ajor incident of injury of the
patient,” and “[a]ny incident that might have put the unit in danger. The patient getting an improper search.”
(R. 14-2, PageID 119.)
No. 15-1802                 Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                   Page 6


                                           DISCUSSION

I.      Standard of Review

        We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Little v. BP
Expl. & Oil Co., 265 F.3d 357, 361 (6th Cir. 2001). A grant of summary judgment will be
upheld only where no genuine dispute of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute of a material fact is genuine so
long as “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving
party.” Ford v. Gen. Motors Corp., 305 F.3d 545, 551 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)).

        “The district court, and this Court in its review of the district court, must view the facts
and any inferences reasonably drawn from them in the light most favorable to the party against
whom judgment was entered.” Kalamazoo Acquisitions, L.L.C. v. Westfield Ins. Co., 395 F.3d
338, 342 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,
587 (1986)). In other words, “at the summary judgment stage[,] the judge’s function is not
himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether
there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249; see also Arban v. W. Publ’g Corp.,
345 F.3d 390, 400 (6th Cir. 2003) (“This court does not weigh the evidence, evaluate the
credibility of witnesses, or substitute its judgment for that of the jury.”).

II.     Analysis

        Under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), an employer may not “discharge any individual . . .
because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin . . . .” A plaintiff
alleging that her employer violated this prohibition may prove her claim using either direct or
circumstantial evidence. White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 533 F.3d 381, 391 n.5 (6th Cir.
2008). Where a plaintiff relies on circumstantial evidence, courts typically apply the three-part
burden-shifting framework developed by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.
Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), and Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S.
248 (1981), to determine whether the plaintiff has proffered sufficient evidence to survive
summary judgment. White v. Columbus Metro. Hous. Auth., 429 F.3d 232, 240 (6th Cir. 2005).
No. 15-1802               Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                    Page 7


       Under the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework, the plaintiff bears the initial burden
of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination. White, 533 F.3d at 391. “Once the plaintiff
establishes this prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to offer evidence of a
legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.” Id. If the defendant
meets this burden, “the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s proffered
reason was not its true reason, but merely a pretext for discrimination.”         Id. at 391–92.
Importantly, at the summary judgment stage of litigation, courts should not allow “th[is] burden-
shifting analysis [to] obfuscate the appropriate question—whether there exists a genuine issue of
material fact.” Provenzano v. LCI Holdings, Inc., 663 F.3d 806, 813 (6th Cir. 2011); Cline v.
Catholic Diocese of Toledo, 206 F.3d 651, 661 (6th Cir. 2000) (“On a motion for summary
judgment, a district court considers whether there is sufficient evidence to create a genuine
dispute at each stage of the McDonnell Douglas inquiry.”).

       Below, the district court held that Jackson was sufficiently similarly situated to MHT
Duncan—but not MHT Little—to establish a prima facie case. Even so, the district court
granted DRH’s motion for summary judgment on the grounds that Jackson had not proffered
sufficient evidence to create a genuine dispute as to whether DRH’s justification for firing her
was pretextual. Before us, therefore, are two issues: (1) whether Jackson’s proffered evidence
was sufficient to establish a prima facie case as to MHTs Duncan and Little; and (2) whether
Jackson’s evidence was sufficient to create a triable dispute of fact as to whether DRH’s
justification for Jackson’s termination was pretextual. We address these issues below.

       A.      Prima Facie Case

       In Burdine, the Supreme Court stated that the purpose of the prima facie stage of the
burden-shifting framework is to

       eliminate[] the most common nondiscriminatory reasons for the plaintiff’s
       [termination]. . . . [T]he prima facie case raises an inference of discrimination
       only because we presume these acts, if otherwise unexplained, are more likely
       than not based on the consideration of impermissible factors. Establishment of
       the prima facie case in effect creates a presumption that the employer unlawfully
       discriminated against the employee.
No. 15-1802                 Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                   Page 8


Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Because “[t]he prima
facie case is meant simply to force a defendant to proceed with its case,” Provenzano, 663 F.3d
at 813, we have admonished that the plaintiff’s burden “at the prima facie stage is ‘not onerous’
and ‘poses a burden easily met.’” Id. (quoting Cline, 206 F.3d at 660).

       To establish a prima facie case of sex discrimination, a plaintiff must demonstrate that:
“(1) she is a member of a protected group; (2) she was subjected to an adverse employment
decision; (3) she was qualified for the position; and (4) . . . similarly situated non-protected
employees were treated more favorably.” Peltier v. United States, 388 F.3d 984, 987 (6th Cir.
2004). In this case, DRH does not dispute that Jackson meets the first three elements of the
prima facie case. We therefore focus on the final element: whether Jackson has established that
similarly situated, non-protected employees were treated more favorably.

       In Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577 (6th Cir. 1992), we noted three factors relevant
to determining whether employees are “similarly situated” in the context of cases alleging
differential disciplinary action:

       to be deemed “similarly-situated”, the individuals with whom the plaintiff seeks
       to compare his/her treatment must have [1] dealt with the same supervisor,
       [2] have been subject to the same standards and [3] have engaged in the same
       conduct without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would
       distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them for it.

Id. at 583; see also Johnson v. Kroger Co., 319 F.3d 858, 867 (6th Cir. 2003) (“the weight to be
given to each [Mitchell] factor can vary depending upon the particular case”); Ercegovich v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir. 1998) (observing that the Mitchell
factors “generally are all relevant considerations in cases alleging differential disciplinary
action”). As we later explained in Ercegovich, the Mitchell factors do not require a plaintiff to
“demonstrate an exact correlation with the employee receiving more favorable treatment in order
for the two to be considered ‘similarly-situated;’ rather, . . . the plaintiff and the employee with
whom the plaintiff seeks to compare himself or herself must be similar in ‘all of the relevant
aspects.’” 154 F.3d at 352 (quoting Pierce v. Commonwealth Life Ins. Co., 40 F.3d 796, 802
(6th Cir. 1994)).
No. 15-1802                    Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                               Page 9


        Jackson and DRH largely focus on Mitchell’s third factor: whether Jackson’s conduct
was sufficiently similar to her comparators’ such that DRH’s differential discipline creates an
inference of discriminatory motive.3              In evaluating this factor, we look to whether the
comparators’ actions “were of ‘comparable seriousness’ to the conduct for which Plaintiff was
discharged.” Mitchell, 964 F.2d at 583 (quoting Lanear v. Safeway Grocery, 843 F.2d 298, 301
(8th Cir. 1988)). A plaintiff “is not required to show that his proposed comparator’s actions were
identical to his own.” Colvin v. Veterans Admin. Med. Ctr., 390 F. App’x 454, 459 (6th Cir.
2010); see also Bobo v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 665 F.3d 741, 751–52 (6th Cir. 2012). Even
so, a plaintiff cannot establish a reasonable inference of discriminatory motive based on her
“employer’s more severe treatment of more egregious circumstances.” Clayton v. Meijer, Inc.,
281 F.3d 605, 612 (6th Cir. 2002); see also Colvin, 390 F. App’x at 458–59 (holding plaintiff
and coworkers’ conduct not sufficiently similar to create an inference of discrimination based on
differential discipline); Simpson v. Vanderbilt Univ., 359 F. App’x 562, 569 (6th Cir. 2009)
(holding same); Ruth v. Children’s Med. Ctr., 940 F.2d 662, at *7 (6th Cir. 1991) (table)
(holding same).

        We conclude that Jackson sufficiently demonstrated that Duncan’s and Little’s actions
were of “comparable seriousness” to the conduct for which Jackson was discharged to establish a
prima facie case.        Mitchell, 964 F.2d at 583.           Duncan’s actions were nearly identical to
Jackson’s: he escorted the incorrect patient out of the Crisis Center because he failed to check the
patient’s ID band. It is undisputed that Duncan was subject to the same requirement that he
check patients’ wristbands before discharge, and that his failure to do so constituted a major
infraction. Similarly, as a result of his improper search, MHT Little was cited for violation of the
same two major infractions for which Jackson was terminated.4 Leorea Heard herself described

        3
           It is undisputed that Jackson, Duncan, and Little were subject to the same standards and that Leorea Heard
served as their supervisor during the relevant time period. DRH does note that because she was on vacation, Heard
did not make the initial recommendation regarding discipline for MHT Little’s incomplete search infraction.
However, Heard ultimately signed off on the proposed discipline for the infraction. Without any developed
argument by DRH as to why Heard should not qualify as the final decision-maker for the purposes of Little’s
discipline, we conclude that Jackson has established the first and second Mitchell factors as to both comparators.
See Brindley v. McCullen, 61 F.3d 507, 509 (6th Cir. 1995) (“We consider issues not fully developed and argued to
be waived.”).
         4
           Below, the district court rejected MHT Little as a possible comparator because “Little never discharged
the wrong patient.” (R. 21, PageID 293 n.1.) This was error. Jackson was “not required to show that [Little’s]
No. 15-1802                    Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                               Page 10


“[t]he patient getting an improper search” as a “major incident” that would necessitate a staff-
wide training session. (R. 14-2, PageID 119.) And importantly, neither Duncan nor Little was
terminated for his mistake.

         On appeal, DRH argues that Jackson’s mistake was so much more egregious than those
of her comparators as to prevent her from being able to establish a prima facie case. See
Clayton, 281 F.3d at 612. We disagree. Certainly, differences exist between Jackson, Duncan,
and Little. But thorough explication of those differences is unnecessary for “eliminat[ing] the
most common nondiscriminatory reasons for the [employer’s termination of the plaintiff].”
Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253–54; see also Provenzano, 663 F.3d at 813 (“One common
misapplication [of the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework] is the tendency to push all of the
evidence into the prima facie stage and ignore the purpose for and application of the three
stages.”). Stated differently, those differences do not render Jackson and her comparators so
facially distinguishable as to obviate the need for DRH to provide any explanation for its
differential treatment. See Provenzano, 663 F.3d at 813 (“The prima facie case is meant simply
to force a defendant to proceed with its case.”). Thus, we reserve discussion of those differences
for the later stages of the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework, in which “the factual inquiry
proceeds to a new level of specificity.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255.

         Based on the obvious similarities between Jackson, Duncan, and Little—and the fact that
neither Duncan nor Little was terminated—we conclude that Jackson has sufficiently
demonstrated “circumstances giving rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination.” Blair,
505 F.3d at 529. Thus, Jackson has met her “not onerous” and “easily met” preliminary burden
of establishing a prima facie case. Provenzano, 663 F.3d at 813.

         B.       Legitimate Reasons and Pretext

         “Once the plaintiff establishes [her] prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to
offer evidence of a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.”
White, 533 F.3d at 391. “This is a burden of production; although ‘[t]he defendant need not

actions were identical to [her] own” to establish a prima facie case, Colvin, 390 F. App’x at 459; rather, she needed
to show that Little’s actions were of “comparable seriousness.” Mitchell, 964 F.2d at 583. Jackson provided ample
evidence in that regard.
No. 15-1802                Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                    Page 11


persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered reasons,’ it must raise ‘a
genuine issue of fact as to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff.’” Cline, 206 F.3d at 666
(quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254); see also Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256 (“the employer’s burden is
satisfied if he simply ‘explains what he has done’ or ‘produc[es] evidence of legitimate
nondiscriminatory reasons.’”).

       Once the employer has come forward with a nondiscriminatory reason for firing the
plaintiff, “the plaintiff must identify evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that
the proffered reason is actually a pretext for unlawful discrimination.” Provenzano, 663 F.3d at
812 (quoting Macy v. Hopkins Cnty. Sch. Bd. Of Educ., 484 F.3d 357, 364 (6th Cir. 2007)).
Notably, this burden on the plaintiff “merges with the ultimate burden of persuading the court
that she has been the victim of intentional discrimination.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256. Thus, on
summary judgment, “[i]n evaluating pretext and the plaintiff’s ultimate burden, the court should
consider all [probative] evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, including the
evidence presented in the prima facie stage.” Provenzano, 663 F.3d at 812; see also Reeves v.
Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 147 (2000) (“Proof that the defendant’s
explanation is unworthy of credence is simply one form of circumstantial evidence that is
probative of intentional discrimination”).

       DRH’s justification for its allegedly differential treatment of Jackson is that the mistake
for which she was fired was more egregious than either Duncan’s or Little’s mistakes. The
parties also offer additional circumstantial evidence that they argue tends to support or weaken
any inference of a discriminatory motive for Jackson’s termination. We conclude that when all
relevant evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to Jackson, and all reasonable inferences
are drawn in her favor, the circumstances surrounding her termination would permit a reasonable
jury to infer that DRH’s justifications for her termination were pretextual, and that she was
instead terminated because of her sex.

               1.      Differences Between Jackson and Her Coworkers

       Where an employer argues that the plaintiff’s differential discipline was justified by
material differences in context, we evaluate whether that justification is pretextual by looking to
No. 15-1802               Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                    Page 12


the same or similar factors as when evaluating the “similarly situated” element of the prima facie
case. See, e.g., Johnson, 319 F.3d at 867 (using the Mitchell/Ercegovich “similarly situated”
analysis to evaluate pretext); Smith v. Leggett Wire Co., 220 F.3d 752, 762 (6th Cir. 2000)
(same); see also McCarthy v. Ameritech Pub., Inc., 763 F.3d 469, 482 (6th Cir. 2014) (“The
district court held that McCarthy failed to meet each of her burdens: She did not adduce evidence
of the fourth element of her prima facie case, nor did she adduce evidence of pretext. The same
evidence is germane to each inquiry.”).

       Cases from this Circuit also provide guidance specific to the pretext inquiry. In Dews v.
A.B. Dick Co., 231 F.3d 1016, 1021 (6th Cir. 2000), we held that “[a] plaintiff can demonstrate
pretext by showing that the [employer’s] proffered reason [for the adverse action] (1) has no
basis in fact, (2) did not actually motivate the defendant’s challenged conduct, or (3) was
insufficient to warrant the challenged conduct.” On appeal, Jackson cites this three-pronged
approach and states that she “relies . . . only on the third method.”          (Pl.’s Br. at 18.)
Demonstrating pretext using this method “ordinarily . . . consists of evidence that other
employees, particularly employees not in the protected class, were not fired even though they
engaged in substantially identical conduct to that which the employer contends motivated its
discharge of the plaintiff.” Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co., 29 F.3d 1078, 1084 (6th
Cir. 1994), overruled on other grounds by Geiger v. Tower Auto., 579 F.3d 614 (6th Cir. 2009).

       We pause to note that Manzer’s “substantially identical” language should not be read to
increase the weight of Jackson’s burden of proof at the pretext stage. To do so would obfuscate
the ultimate question: whether Jackson has adduced enough evidence to allow a reasonable jury
to draw the inference that she was terminated because of her sex. See Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256.
In other words, requiring Jackson bear a greater burden of proof at the pretext stage “would
mistakenly ‘apply[] legal rules which were devised to govern “the basic allocation of burdens
and order of presentation of proof” in deciding this ultimate question.’” Cline, 206 F.3d at 661
(quoting U.S. Postal Serv. Bd. of Governors v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 716 (1983)).

       Rather, we read Manzer as merely restating Burdine’s principle that at the pretext stage,
“the factual inquiry proceeds to a new level of specificity.” 450 U.S. at 255. This is a change in
the rigor with which we evaluate Jackson’s similarity to her comparators; it is not an increase in
No. 15-1802                 Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                   Page 13


the weight of her evidentiary burden. See Provenzano, 663 F.3d at 813–14 (“a general weighing
of the qualifications of [plaintiff] and [her coworker] is necessary at the prima facie stage;
however, this light review must be distinguished from the more rigorous comparison conducted
at the later stages of the McDonnell Douglas analysis”).

       When conducting this more rigorous comparison, we again focus on the severity of the
differently treated employees’ actions. See Chattman v. Toho Tenax Am., Inc., 686 F.3d 339,
350 (6th Cir. 2012) (comparing the “severity” and “commonality” of the employees’ conduct).
The relative severity of two actions is not determined solely by whether those actions violated
the same company rule or policy. See, e.g., Perez v. Illinois, 488 F.3d 773, 777 (7th Cir. 2007)
(“although in this case the same rules were implicated, the offenses . . . are of significantly
different severity such that they are not comparable.”).       Instead, employers—and therefore
courts—are free to consider both the actual and potential consequences of the employee’s
actions. See, e.g., Clayton, 281 F.3d at 612 (holding differential discipline could not create
inference of discrimination where, although several employees violated the same rule, only
plaintiff’s violation led to the injury of his coworker); Ruth, 940 F.2d 662, at *7 (holding same
where “[plaintiff’s] error differed in both type and severity of potential consequences”).

       DRH argues that substantive differences in the circumstances of Jackson’s mistake—
including the potential consequences of that mistake—render her mistake more egregious than
Duncan’s and Little’s. Thus, it is DRH’s contention that Jackson’s harsher punishment could not
lead a reasonable jury to infer that she was treated differently on the basis of sex. We address
these arguments as they apply to each of Jackson’s comparators.

                       i.      MHT Duncan

       As discussed above, Jackson argues that male MHT Ronald Duncan was treated more
favorably despite committing the same mistake for which she was fired—namely, escorting the
wrong patient out of the Crisis Center as a result of failing to check that patient’s ID band. DRH
provides two justifications for its more severe punishment of Jackson’s mistake: first, Jackson’s
failure to check her patient’s ID band was a mistake with more severe potential consequences
because her patient was suicidal; second, Jackson had that morning participated in a staff
No. 15-1802                 Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                   Page 14


meeting, the sole purpose of which was to reinforce the importance of checking patients’ ID
bands prior to discharge.

       In support of its first argument, DRH cites Ruth, 940 F.2d 662, at *7, and Colvin, 390 F.
App’x at 459–60.      Yet, both of those cases involved facially obvious differences in the
egregiousness of the employees’ mistakes. In Ruth, the plaintiff pharmacist dispensed a drug at
ten times the prescribed dosage; the comparator dispensed the proper dose of an incorrect but
effectively similar antibiotic. 940 F.2d 662, at *3. And in Colvin, the plaintiff pharmacist
“erroneously dispensed ten times the ordered amount of a controlled substance, failed to include
relevant dosage information on a prescription, and neglected to catch a physician’s error
regarding how a drug should be administered;” the comparator had problems processing orders
on time. See 390 F. App’x at 459. Here, unlike Ruth and Colvin, the employees violated the
same rule, the results of that violation were the same, and the harm that ultimately befell the
patients because of that violation was the same. Any perceived differences in egregiousness,
therefore, are based on DRH’s speculation over what might have come to pass.

       DRH’s reliance on such speculation is problematic for two reasons. First, given the
record currently before us, we find that speculating on the likelihood and relative severity of
injuries that might have befallen Jackson’s and Duncan’s patients—and whether differences in
those hypothetical injuries justified differential discipline—is a task better suited to a jury. See
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255 (“the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury
functions, not those of a judge”). Second, were we inclined to engage in such speculation, the
record would not compel us to come down on DRH’s side: Duncan’s mistakenly-discharged
patient was disabled and required crutches, but Duncan walked him out without his crutches.
Viewing these facts in the light most favorable to Jackson, we could reasonably conclude that
Duncan’s patient might have suffered a serious injury—or even died—had he fallen as a result of
not having his crutches. Indeed, the likelihood of this potential harm to Duncan’s patient was
obvious, given that the patient was wearing a surgical shoe at the time Duncan discharged him
without his crutches. Presumably, this is the same potential harm that DRH believes makes
Jackson’s mistake more egregious.
No. 15-1802               Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                    Page 15


       DRH’s second attempt to distinguish Duncan—by noting that Jackson’s mistake took
place on the same day as a meeting emphasizing the importance of checking ID bands—is
similarly unpersuasive.   Although the extent of Jackson’s participation in the meeting is
disputed, it is undisputed that MHT Duncan was subject to the same requirement that he check
patients’ ID bands before escorting them out of the Crisis Center. Duncan was suspended
pending investigation after failing to follow that rule, indicating that even before the September
6, 2013 meeting, DRH administrators considered failure to check ID bands to be a serious
offense. On review of the record, it appears to us that the September 6, 2013 morning meeting
did not announce any substantive changes in DRH’s policy. Rather, drawing all reasonable
inferences in Jackson’s favor, the meeting appears to have been intended merely to remind
employees about the ID band rule and to emphasize its importance.

       Certainly, this conclusion still permits the inference that DRH disciplined Jackson more
harshly not because of her sex, but to make an example of her. But this is only one of several
possible inferences: a jury could also reasonably infer that DRH should have been more lenient
towards Jackson, given that DRH had shown considerable leniency when dealing with Duncan’s
violation of the same rule, despite the numerous aggravating circumstances in his case. At the
time of his violation of the ID band rule, Duncan had been working at DRH for only four years;
in that time, he had twice been placed on “final warning” status for committing various major
and minor infractions. Indeed, at the time of his violation, Duncan was under a “last chance
agreement” for drug use, under which any infractions would result in his termination. And on
the same day that he violated the ID band rule, Duncan walked off the job without clocking
out—itself a minor infraction. Yet, Duncan was not terminated. Jackson, a well-reviewed
veteran employee with no disciplinary record, was terminated for making the same mistake as
Duncan, but without any of the above aggravating circumstances.

       DRH responds that Duncan was shown leniency for his violation because, after an
investigation, Manager Heard concluded that Duncan was not at fault.            Heard based her
conclusion on a video recording of Duncan’s incident showing that he discharged his patient “on
the word of the nurse” while he was already engaged in escorting a different group of patients
out of the Crisis Center. (R. 14-2, PageID 128.) But Jackson relayed a similar story: she was
No. 15-1802                      Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                              Page 16


ordered to escort her patient out after she had just finished assisting a different agitated patient;
Jackson took it on faith that the RN had checked the patient’s ID band. From these facts, a jury
could reasonably infer that DRH was predisposed to accepting Duncan’s excuse and/or rejecting
Jackson’s.

         In sum, we conclude that Duncan was treated differently under circumstances that could
allow a reasonable jury to reject DRH’s explanation for Jackson’s differential treatment.

                           ii.      MHT Little

         Jackson argues that male MHT Lester Little was treated more favorably despite
committing an infraction of comparable severity: Little failed to perform a complete search of a
newly admitted patient, and it was later discovered that the patient was wearing a waist pouch
containing three knives. As justification for its more severe punishment of Jackson’s mistake,
DRH argues that (1) Little’s mistake was not comparable because he did not violate the Patient
Identification Policy for which Jackson was terminated, and (2) that “there is no record evidence
that [Little’s] patient presented an imminent risk of harm to himself . . . or to others at the Crisis
Center.” (Def.’s Br. at 26.)

         To begin, DRH cites no authority for the proposition that a plaintiff and her comparator
must commit exactly the same mistake in order to permit a reasonable inference of intentional
discrimination from their differential discipline. As we noted in the context of our discussion on
Jackson’s prima facie case, supra, our cases make clear that the relevant inquiry is whether the
comparator’s conduct was substantially identical “in all of the relevant aspects.” Ercegovich,
154 F.3d at 352 (internal quotation marks omitted). Ercegovich’s relevancy requirement is no
less applicable in the pretext stage of our analysis than it was in the prima facie case stage.5 See
Johnson, 319 F.3d at 867 (applying Ercegovich’s relevancy requirement in the context of pretext
analysis); Weigel v. Baptist Hosp. of E. Tennessee, 302 F.3d 367, 378–79 (6th Cir. 2002) (same);
Smith, 220 F.3d at 762 (6th Cir. 2000) (same). Viewed in the light most favorable to Jackson,


         5
           Put differently, Manzer’s “substantially identical” language cannot be read to require a plaintiff to prove
substantial identity with her comparators in even the irrelevant aspects of their employment and mistakes. Such a
high degree of identity is not required to create a reasonable inference of discrimination; creating such an inference
is the plaintiff’s ultimate burden. See Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256.
No. 15-1802                Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                   Page 17


the facts indicate that Little’s mistake was substantially identical to Jackson’s in the relevant
aspects.

       Several facts in the record can be used to draw the inference that DRH considered
Jackson’s and Little’s infractions substantially identical in terms of severity of potential
consequences. That their mistakes were cited as violating the same two major infractions
indicates that those mistakes were substantially identical in terms of potential disciplinary
consequences: DRH’s discipline policy defines major infractions by the potential for immediate
termination. Similarly, that Jackson’s and Little’s mistakes were cited as violations of major
infraction “k,” which is defined as “[a]ny action or conduct that endangers or may be detrimental
to the well being of a patient, co-worker, physician, contractor or visitor” (R. 14-11, PageID
160), suggests that DRH considered the potential harm resulting from those mistakes to be
similar. Indeed, Leorea Heard provided “[t]he patient getting an improper search” as an example
of an “incident that might have put the unit in danger.” (R. 14-2, PageID 119.)

       The facts also indicate that the circumstances of the mistakes themselves were
substantially identical. Both employees violated well-established rules intended to prevent injury
to patients or staff. Both employees’ violations resulted in the circumstances that the rule was
presumably intended to prevent: in Little’s case, a patient was able to possess weapons within the
Crisis Center; in Jackson’s case, an incorrect patient was escorted out of the Center. Moreover,
Jackson’s and Little’s actions were identical in the severity of their actual consequences: neither
employees’ violation resulted in harm to patients or staff.

       In response, DRH again argues that its decision to terminate Jackson was based on its
own speculation regarding what might have come to pass. Specifically, it notes that, whereas
Jackson’s “patient presented an imminent risk of harm to himself,” there was no such evidence
regarding Little’s patient (see Def.’s Br. at 26); rather, any speculation regarding what might
have come to pass as a result of Little’s patient sneaking knives into a mental ward would
necessarily be “based on conjecture and stereotyping.” (Id.) We disagree. A jury could
reasonably infer that allowing a mental health patient to carry three knives into a mental health
crisis center had self-evidently severe potential consequences. Indeed, substantial evidence in
the record, including DRH’s own disciplinary policy and Heard’s testimony, suggests that DRH
No. 15-1802                 Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                Page 18


itself considers the dangers posed by an improper search to be more than mere “conjecture and
stereotyping.”

          For these reasons, we conclude that Little was treated differently under circumstances
that could allow a reasonable jury to reject DRH’s explanation for Jackson’s differential
treatment.

                 2.     Other Circumstances Bearing on the Reasonableness of an Inference
                        of Discrimination

          Jackson and DRH argue that other facts in the record bear on the reasonableness of an
inference of discrimination. See Reeves, 530 U.S. at 147. Most notably, both parties cite the
ratio of females working in various positions within the Crisis Center in support of their
positions. Jackson argues that an inference of discriminatory motive can be drawn from the fact
that at the time of her termination, she was the only female out of fourteen MHTs working in the
Crisis Center. DRH responds that the opposite inference is more properly drawn from its
employment statistics: 77% of the Crisis Center’s eighteen nurses and 75% of its twelve social
workers were female. In total, DRH argues, the Crisis Center was a majority female workplace,
thus reducing the reasonableness of an inference that DRH terminated Jackson because she is
female.

          We reiterate that on review of a motion for summary judgment, we are required to “view
the facts and any inferences reasonably drawn from them in the light most favorable to the party
against whom judgment was entered.”         Kalamazoo Acquisitions, L.L.C., 395 F.3d at 342.
So viewed, the composition of the Crisis Center’s staff weighs in Jackson’s favor. In a majority
female workplace, the fact that Jackson was the only female out of fourteen MHTs supports her
contention that DRH preferred males for that particular position.

          DRH also argues that “[a]ll of the decision-makers involved in Plaintiff’s termination
were female, like Plaintiff, and it is unreasonable to conclude that gender motivated their
decision-making.” (Def.’s Br. at 28–29.) But the Supreme Court has explicitly rejected this
argument:
No. 15-1802                     Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.                                Page 19


         “Because of the many facets of human motivation, it would be unwise to presume
         as a matter of law that human beings of one definable group will not discriminate
         against other members of their group.” Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 499.
         . . (1977). . . . If our precedents leave any doubt on the question, we hold today
         that nothing in Title VII necessarily bars a claim of discrimination “because of . . .
         sex” merely because the plaintiff and the defendant (or the person charged with
         acting on behalf of the defendant) are of the same sex.

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 78–79 (1998).

         Certainly, Oncale does not prohibit any consideration of the fact that the decision-maker
was the same sex as the plaintiff. See id. But that case makes clear that a mere conclusory
assertion to that effect does not, on its own, render unreasonable an inference of discriminatory
intent. We find this maxim especially true here, where the primary inference Jackson attempts to
draw from the record is that Crisis Center management preferred males for the position of MHT,
perhaps “because they thought females could not physically handle unruly patients.” (Pl.’s Br. at
1.)6 Jackson’s case is thus largely unaffected by the fact that her managers were female.

         Finally, DRH points to Jackson’s consistently positive performance reviews as evidence
that her managers harbored no ill will against her on account of her being female. As we
discussed above, however, a jury could draw the opposite inference from this fact: if Jackson
was an exemplary employee, DRH should have given Jackson the same second chance that it
provided to her less-than-exemplary male coworkers.

                                                 CONCLUSION

         In sum, when “the facts and any inferences reasonably drawn from them [are viewed] in
the light most favorable to” Jackson, Kalamazoo Acquisitions, L.L.C., 395 F.3d at 342, a
reasonable jury could conclude that DRH terminated her because of her sex. See Ford, 305 F.3d

         6
          DRH’s argument that this assertion should be ignored as mere “conjecture” finds no support in the law.
(Def.’s Br. at 29 n.23.) DRH would have Jackson provide “deposition testimony, affidavit[s], or other admissible
evidence in support of it.” (Id.) Yet, the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework was specifically developed for
those cases in which a plaintiff alleges discrimination without such direct evidence to support her claim. See, e.g.,
Lindsay v. Yates, 498 F.3d 434, 440 n.7 (6th Cir. 2007) (“The McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework applies only
when discrimination plaintiffs rely on circumstantial evidence to prove their claims.”). By proceeding under that
framework, it is clear that Jackson is relying on circumstantial evidence to prove DRH’s discriminatory intent.
Wexler v. White’s Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 570 (6th Cir. 2003) (“Circumstantial evidence . . . is proof that
does not on its face establish discriminatory animus, but does allow a factfinder to draw a reasonable inference that
discrimination occurred.”).
No. 15-1802            Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp.          Page 20


at 551. We therefore REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND this case for
further proceedings.
