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              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________                 FILED
                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              No. 08-15890                ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              JUNE 15, 2009
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                                                           THOMAS K. KAHN
                        ________________________
                                                                CLERK

                  D. C. Docket No. 08-00127-CR-T-26-MAP

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    versus

RENALDO JOVON LEWIS,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.


                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Middle District of Florida
                      _________________________

                               (June 15, 2009)

Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Renaldo Jovon Lewis appeals his convictions and sentences for possession
of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and

924(e), and possession of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 844(a) and

851. He argues that (1) the evidence was insufficient to convict him of either

offense, (2) the prosecutor improperly vouched for the testimony of two

government witnesses, both Plant City Police Department detectives, in rebutting

defense counsel’s closing argument before the case went to the jury, (3) the district

court plainly erred by sentencing him to the minimum sentences prescribed by

statute, and (4) the district court plainly erred by imposing a sentence that violated

the Eighth Amendment. We consider these arguments in turn.

                                           I.

      Lewis argues that the government’s evidence was insufficient to show that

he possessed the firearm and drugs. He notes that his previous trial, which resulted

in a hung jury, was a testament to the weakness of the government’s evidence.

Further, he submits that the government’s entire case rested on the testimony of

one man, Detective Gilmore, whose testimony that he saw Lewis make an

“ambiguous action of possibly placing something under a car” was impeached on

cross-examination.

      We review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence in criminal

cases. United States v. Futrell, 209 F.3d 1286, 1288 (11th Cir. 2000). We “must



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view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, drawing all

reasonable inferences and credibility determinations in favor of the verdict,”

United States v. Simpson, 228 F.3d 1294, 1299 (11th Cir. 2000), and must uphold

the verdict “unless the jury could not have found the defendant guilty under any

reasonable construction of the evidence.” United States v. Byrd, 403 F.3d 1278,

1288 (11th Cir. 2005).

      “To obtain a conviction for being a felon in possession of a firearm, the

[government] must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was (1) in

knowing possession of a firearm, (2) a convicted felon, and (3) that the firearm

affected interstate commerce.” United States v. Glover, 431 F.3d 744, 748 (11th

Cir. 2005) (internal citations omitted). To obtain a conviction for possession of a

controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a), the government must

establish that the defendant “knowingly or intentionally” possessed a controlled

substance. 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). “Possession can be shown by circumstantial as

well as direct evidence.” United States v. Crawford, 906 F.2d 1531, 1535 (11th

Cir. 1990). “Possession can be either actual or constructive . . . and can be either

joint or sole.” Id. (internal citations omitted). “Constructive possession exists

when a defendant has ownership, dominion, or control over an object itself or

dominion or control over the premises or the vehicle in which the object is



                                           3
concealed.” United States v. Hernandez, 433 F.3d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2005).

       We are satisfied after reviewing the record that the jury had sufficient

evidence before it to convict Lewis of the charged offenses.1 Lewis was a

passenger in a car stopped for a traffic violation. As Detective Maurer approached

the driver’s side of the car, he noticed a strong odor of marijuana emanating from

the car and recognized the driver, Geddis Willis. Lewis was in the passenger’s

seat. Due to the driver’s hostile reaction, Maurer called for a backup. Two

officers, Detectives McDowell and Gilmore, eventually arrived. At some point

thereafter, Maurer asked Lewis to exit the car. Lewis did, and Gilmore saw him

kick something under the car. It turned out to be a white T-shirt wrapped around a

loaded, laser-equipped, .40 caliber Glock handgun and a pill bottle containing

cocaine base. After the officers took Willis and Lewis into custody, Lewis told

Maurer that the car (which had been rented) belonged to Willis, that Willis had

picked him up five minutes before the stop, and that the T-shirt fell out of the car

when he opened the door.2

                                                   II.

       Lewis argues that the prosecutor improperly used its position to vouch for

       1
           The fact that Lewis’s first trial ended with a hung jury is irrelevant.
       2
         At trial, Lewis stipulated that he was a convicted felon, that his civil right to possess a
firearm had not been restored, that the Glock was operational and had traveled in interstate
commerce, and that the pill bottle contained cocaine base.

                                                   4
Gilmore when she stated, during rebuttal closing argument, that Gilmore and

Maurer told the truth on the stand. The statement was in response to defense

counsel’s baseless implication that the two detectives had motive to lie. In light of

the court’s response to defense counsel’s objection and counsel’s failure to move

for a mistrial (the inference being that the court’s response cured the problem), we

find no basis for vacating Lewis’s convictions and remanding the case for a new

trial.

                                          III.

         Lewis’s challenge to mandatory minimum sentences prescribed by statute is

academic, since the court did not impose mandatory minimum sentences. The

challenge is therefore baseless.

                                          IV.

         Lewis argues that his sentence violated the Eighth Amendment because it

was grossly disproportionate to the severity of his crime. He asserts that his

participation in the crime was “negligible,” and contends that he had no ownership

interest in the drugs or the firearm. For these reasons, Lewis asserts that his

sentence was not proportionate to his level of culpability.

         When an Eighth Amendment challenge to a sentence is not raised in the

district court, we review for plain error. United States v. Raad, 406 F.3d 1322,



                                           5
1323 (11th Cir. 2005); but see United States v. Sanchez, 138 F.3d 1410, 1417 (11th

Cir. 1998) (declining to consider Eighth Amendment argument challenging non-

capital sentence which was not raised below). To establish plain error, there must

be (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights. Rodriguez, 398

F.3d at 1298. If these criteria are met, we will correct the error only if it “seriously

affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”

Olano, 507 U.S. at 736, 113 S.Ct. at 1779.

      “In non-capital cases, the Eighth Amendment encompasses, at most, only a

narrow proportionality principle.” United States v. Reynolds, 215 F.3d 1210, 1214

(11th Cir. 2000). “The Supreme Court has made it clear that, outside the context of

capital punishment, successful challenges to the proportionality of sentences are

exceedingly rare.” Raad, 406 F.3d at 1323 (internal quotations omitted). “In

general, a sentence within the limits imposed by statute is neither excessive nor

cruel and unusual under the Eighth Amendment.” United States v. Moriarty, 429

F.3d 1012, 1024 (11th Cir. 2005).

      Lewis’s sentences do not violate the Eighth Amendment because his

sentences, individually or collectively, are not disproportionate to his conduct and

are well within the statutory range.

      Lewis’s convictions and sentences are, accordingly,



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AFFIRMED.




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