2012 VT 37


State v. Kolibas
(2012-254)
 
2012 VT 37
 
[Filed 17-May-2012]
 
NOTICE:  This opinion is
subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision
before publication in the Vermont Reports.  Readers are requested to
notify the Reporter of Decisions, Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801 of any errors in order that
corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press.
 
 

2012 VT 37

 

No. 2010-254

 

State of Vermont


Supreme Court


 


 


 


On Appeal from


     v.


Superior Court, Chittenden
  Unit,


 


Criminal Division


 


 


Robert Kolibas


December Term, 2011


 


 


 


 


Michael
  S. Kupersmith, J.

 
Thomas Donovan, Jr., Chittenden County State’s Attorney, and
Pamela Hall Johnson, Deputy
  State’s Attorney, Burlington, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
 
Matthew F. Valerio, Defender
General, and Anna Saxman, Deputy Defender General,
  Montpelier, for
Defendant-Appellant.
 
 
PRESENT:  Reiber, C.J.,
Dooley, Skoglund, Burgess and Robinson, JJ.
 
 
¶ 1.            
SKOGLUND, J.  Defendant Robert Kolibas, convicted of lewd
and lascivious conduct with a child and two counts of aggravated assault,
claims the court, in its instructions to the jury, eliminated the element of
intent from the State’s burden of proving the aggravated assault charges. 
He is correct.  We reverse and remand for a new trial on the two
aggravated assault charges.  Because defendant does not challenge his
conviction for lewd and lascivious conduct, we do not disturb that conviction. 
¶ 2.            
Defendant is the father of twelve-year-old A.K., who invited her
thirteen-year-old friend, T.F., to a sleep-over date.  That evening,
defendant made blended fruit drinks known as “smoothies” for the two girls, his
wife, and himself.  At trial, defendant testified that he placed one Ambien (a sleep aid) and half of a Valium (an anti-anxiety
medication) into his wife’s drink because she was “stressed out” and he “didn’t
want her bothering [him].”  Defendant’s wife testified that after
defendant left the kitchen to bring two smoothies to the girls, she poured her
part of her drink into defendant’s cup.  
¶ 3.            
The girls drank the smoothies as they lay on a futon in A.K.’s bedroom
and watched a movie.  T.F. testified that the smoothie did not taste
normal and described what happened as follows.  She soon felt dizzy and
tired, and fell asleep in about thirty minutes.  T.F. remembered waking up
and seeing defendant in her room.  She fell back asleep and woke to
defendant touching her chest.  She again fell back asleep and awoke as
defendant pulled down her pants and touched her vagina.  She fell back to
sleep and awoke as defendant pulled her pants back up, kissed her on the cheek,
and said, “I’m sorry” and “Don’t tell anybody.”  She fell asleep for a
final time, and when she awoke, called her mother to come pick her up.  
¶ 4.            
T.F. and her mother immediately reported the incident to the police, who
sent her to the hospital for a sexual assault evaluation and urine test. 
The following day, defendant’s wife and daughter went to the hospital and
submitted to urine testing as well.  T.F.’s urine tested positive for
benzodiazepine, a class of drug that includes Valium, and while the lab did not
specifically test for Ambien, the test results
strongly suggested Ambien was also ingested.
 Urine tests of A.K. and her mother were negative for benzodiazepine.
 The State ultimately charged defendant with lewd and lascivious conduct
(L&L), 13 V.S.A. § 2602, for his acts upon T.F., and two counts of
aggravated assault, 13 V.S.A. § 1024(a)(3), for
drugging T.F. and A.K.  The specific language of the aggravated assault
counts charged:
Robert
J. Kolibas . . .
for a purpose other than lawful medical or therapeutic treatment, intentionally
caused stupor, unconsciousness, or other physical or mental impairment or
injury to another person, to wit, T.F. . . . by administering to her, without
her consent, a drug, substance or preparation capable of producing the intended
harm, to wit, Diazepam [i.e., Valium] and Ambien, in
violation of 13 V.S.A. § 1024(a)(3). 
 
(Emphasis added.)  The State charged the assault against A.K.
identically.
 
¶ 5.            
While incarcerated awaiting trial, defendant sent his wife a letter in
which he said he had put Valium and Ambien in her
smoothie because he wanted her to relax and go to sleep.  He went on to
say he got confused while making the smoothies, and “somehow I mixed up the
damn smoothies and [T.F.] wound up with yours!  Somehow it got into all
the smoothies . . . even mine, it was
all in the same blender.”  In the letter he explained that after the girls
had gone to sleep, he heard noises upstairs and went to investigate and to
collect the empty smoothie cups.  Carrying a flashlight, he entered the
girls’ room and discovered that T.F.’s pants were off and she was
masturbating.  He claims he put T.F.’s pants back over her feet, and then
she pulled them up herself.  Finally, he wrote that he knelt down to tell
her that he would not tell anyone what had happened, and T.F. tried to kiss
him.  He then left the room.  Before trial, defendant moved to
suppress the letter as a communication between husband and wife.  The
court denied the motion, holding that while the letter would normally be
protected by the marital privilege, the exceptions found in Vermont Rules of
Evidence 504(d)(2), (3), and (4) removed the letter from this privilege.[1]  The letter was read into evidence.
¶ 6.            
Based on the expected defense contained in the letter—that A.K. and T.F.
were drugged by mistake—the State sought to introduce testimony from six girls
who were friends of defendant’s daughters and who had previously slept over at
defendant’s house, consumed his smoothies, and felt dizziness or fatigue.
 The court permitted the witnesses to testify about prior incidents in
order to rebut the claim of mistake or accident, a well-established exception
to Vermont Rule of Evidence 404(b).[2] 
Defendant then testified, presenting his claim that he had intended to drug his
wife, but that the girls were drugged by mistake.
¶ 7.            
On the first day of trial, the court asked the parties if the doctrine
of transferred intent was presented in the case and asked for briefing on the
issue. Transferred intent is an ancient doctrine in which “we attribute
liability to a defendant who, intending to kill (or injure) one person,
accidentally kills (or injures) another person instead.  The law ‘transfers’ the actor’s state of mind regarding the
intended victim to the unintended one.”  J. Dressler, Understanding
Criminal Law § 10.04(A)(3)(a), at 132 (4th ed.
2006).  Whether or not transferred intent should be adopted in Vermont and
applicable under 13 V.S.A. § 1024(a)(3) is
irrelevant to our decision because the State charged defendant with
intentionally drugging T.F. and A.K.
¶ 8.            
In response to the trial court’s request for briefing, the State
asserted that the doctrine of transferred intent was not applicable to the
aggravated assaults as charged in § 1024(a)(3)
“because the stupefying-drugs subsection requires that a defendant’s criminal
intent—the purposeful causation of stupor and the like—be accomplished by
administration of a substance ‘to the other person,’ which is to say, to
the same, specific person defendant intends to stupefy.”  It noted that
“there is some reason to suspect that transferred intent would be misapplied
vis-à-vis § 1024(a)(3).”  The State wrote
that it had chosen to advance “a theory of the case under which Defendant very
clearly did intend that T.F. and A.K. receive stupefying drugs,” and therefore
stated that it did not seek a jury instruction on transferred intent.
 Defendant also opposed a transferred intent theory, noting that Vermont
had not adopted the doctrine.  Defendant noted that this Court had ruled
that aggravated assault is a specific intent crime, which requires the state to
prove that the defendant has “acted with the conscious objective of causing
serious bodily injury or that he acted under circumstances where he was
practically certain that his conduct would cause serious bodily injury.”  State v. Kennison, 149 Vt. 643,
651, 546 A.2d 190, 15 (1987) (quotation omitted).    
¶ 9.            
Notwithstanding the parties’ agreement that transferred intent was not
appropriately applied in this case, the court instructed the jury that mistake
was not a defense and that the State was not required to prove that defendant
specifically intended to drug T.F. or A.K. The court read the State’s charging
information to the jury as stated above, which charged defendant with illegally
drugging two people, “to wit,” A.K. and T.F.  But the court then inserted
the doctrine of transferred intent, and charged the jury:
 
With respect to the [aggravated assault counts], the State must prove that
Defendant intentionally caused stupor, unconsciousness or other physical or
mental impairment to another person. . . . 
 
 
The State must prove that the Defendant’s specific intention, objective or goal
was to cause stupor, unconsciousness, or other physical impairment to another
person.  The State is not required to prove, but may prove, that the
Defendant intended that a specific person be harmed in this manner. . . .
Defendant’s intent to cause stupor, unconsciousness or physical or mental
impairment to a person other than someone who was harmed by his conduct is not
a defense to these charges.
 
(Emphasis added.)
 
¶ 10.         The
jury convicted defendant of the L&L charge and both counts of aggravated
assault.  He raises three arguments on appeal, but we need address only the
first—that the jury instructions unconstitutionally omitted the critical
element of intent in the aggravated assault charges, thereby denying defendant
a valid defense.
¶ 11.         Our
level of review of claims of error in jury instructions depends on whether the
defendant preserved the error for appeal.  “Where the defendant has made a
timely, substantive objection to an allegedly deficient instruction after the
charge and before the jury retires, we assess whether, viewing the instructions
in their entirety, they provided sufficient guidance to the jury without
introducing prejudice into their deliberations.”  State v. Viens, 2009 VT 64, ¶ 10, 186 Vt. 138, 978 A.2d 37
(quotation omitted).  We will reverse based on faulty instructions only if
the instructions, viewed in this light, “undermine confidence in the jury’s
verdict.”  Id. (quotation and brackets omitted).
 
¶ 12.         The
State concedes that defendant objected to the jury instructions on transferred
intent, but argues that the objection was not sufficiently detailed to preserve
the issue for review under the requirements of Vermont Rule of Criminal
Procedure 30.[3]
 This is simply a faulty reading of the record.  During the charge
conference there was a lengthy debate between the parties and the court over
the application of the doctrine of transferred intent to the facts of this
case.  During this discussion, defendant repeatedly objected to the
court’s proposed instructions on transferred intent.  After the
court delivered the jury charge, defendant objected as follows during a sidebar
conference: “We object to the instruction of intent regarding the aggravated
assault charges, that the state does not have to prove there was an intent to harm a specific individual.”  Defendant
made a detailed objection to the court’s instructions on transferred intent,
and this issue is clearly preserved for review. 
¶ 13.         A
specific intent crime requires “as an essential mental element that the act be
done purposefully or knowingly.”  State v. D’Amico,
136 Vt. 153, 156, 385 A.2d 1082, 1084 (1978).[4]  Defendant was charged with
aggravated assault under § 1024(a)(3), which requires the state to prove the
accused “intentionally causes stupor, unconsciousness, or other physical or
mental impairment or injury to another person by administering to the other
person without the other person’s consent a drug, substance, or preparation
capable of producing the intended harm.”  (Emphasis added.) 
 The statute specifically governs administration to “the other
person.”  In the criminal information, the State named the alleged
victims, the other persons, using “to wit” language, identifying T.F. and
A.K.  (“To wit” means “namely.”  Black’s Law Dictionary
1498 (7th ed. 1999)).  It is undisputed that the State’s theory at
trial was that defendant “very clearly did intend that T.F. and A.K. receive
stupefying drugs.” 
¶ 14.         The
purpose of a charging document is to “set forth charges with such particularity
as will reasonably indicate the exact offense the accused is charged with, and
will enable him to make intelligent preparation for his defense.”  State v. Christman, 135 Vt. 59,
60, 370 A.2d 624, 625 (1977) (citations omitted).  Prosecutors use
“to wit” to give “notice to the defendant what actions [they] are alleging
violate the statute.”  State v. Aiken, 2004 VT
96, ¶ 7, 177 Vt. 566, 862 A.2d 285 (mem.). 
Accordingly, a defendant charged with a crime that alleges specific conduct
using “to wit” language will focus his or her defense “on the specific facts
alleged in the information, vigorously contesting the claim.”  Id. ¶ 14.  A trial court errs when it tells a
jury that a criminal charge can refer to conduct other than that cited in the
charging document.  Id. ¶ 13.
¶ 15.          Despite
the State’s charge and theory of the case and the relevant statutory language,
the court eliminated the State’s burden of proving that defendant specifically
intended to drug the two named girls.  The court instructed the jury that
“[t]he State is not required to prove, but may prove, that the Defendant
intended that a specific person be harmed in this manner.”  And, of
course, defendant admitted at trial he deliberately gave “stupefying drugs” to
his wife. With the court’s instruction, it was virtually assured the jury would
find defendant guilty of aggravated assault.  This is constitutional
error.
¶ 16.         Because the State built its case around the theory that defendant
intended to drug the girls, defendant built his defense on the theory of
mistake.  The jailhouse letter to his wife explained that drugging
the girls was an accident.  The court then permitted the State to present
six witnesses to rebut the defense’s theory of mistake.  However, after defendant
testified, the court decided that the State did not have to prove that he
intended to drug a particular person, and that defendant would not be permitted
to argue to the jury a defense of mistake.[5]   
¶ 17.         Our
own cases have yielded similar results.  Because aggravated assault is a
specific intent crime, the State must show that a defendant “acted with the
conscious object of causing serious bodily injury or that he acted under
circumstances where he was practically certain that his conduct would cause
serious bodily injury.”  State v. Blakeney,
137 Vt. 495, 501, 408 A.2d 636, 640 (1979). 
Accordingly, the State has the “burden of proving defendant’s specific intent,
a necessary element of the crime of aggravated assault, beyond a reasonable
doubt.”  Kennison, 149 Vt. at 651, 546
A.2d at 195; see State v. Martell, 143 Vt. 275, 279-80, 465 A.2d 1346,
1348 (1983) (holding that shifting burden of proving intent was reversible
error), overruled on other grounds by State v. Myers, 2011 VT 43,
__ Vt. __, 26 A.3d 9.
¶ 18.         In
this case, a plain-language review of 13 V.S.A. § 1024(a)(3)
and the charging document clearly show that aggravated assault as charged
requires the specific intent to drug T.F. and A.K.  The information
“narrowed and specified the conduct for which defendant was being
charged.”  Aiken, 2004 VT 96, ¶ 11. 
By using “to wit,” the State gave notice to defendant of the precise actions it
alleged violated the statute and identified the alleged victims.  Id. ¶ 7.  And, when the information clearly
states the conduct upon which the State relies in presenting its case, the
State has the burden to prove this conduct to obtain a conviction.  State
v. Brown, 2005 VT 104, ¶¶ 41-42, 179 Vt. 22, 890
A.2d 79.
¶ 19.         The
court eliminated the element of intent from the State’s burden of proof.
 As a result, the jury could have found defendant guilty of aggravated
assault against T.F. and A.K. if they did not believe he actually intended to
drug them.  See Sandstrom v. Montana,
442 U.S. 510, 523 (1979) (“Upon finding proof of one element of the crime
(causing death), and of facts insufficient to establish the second (the
voluntariness and ‘ordinary consequences’ of defendant’s action), [defendant’s]
jurors could reasonably have concluded that they were directed to find against
defendant on the element of intent.  The State was thus not forced to
prove ‘beyond a reasonable doubt . . . every fact necessary to constitute the
crime . . . charged,’ and defendant was deprived of his constitutional
rights.”) (citation omitted).  Defendant’s
ability to defend against the specific charges brought by the State was so
substantially prejudiced that we must order a new trial.  Accordingly, we
reverse in part and remand for a new trial on the aggravated assault charges. 
Reversed and remanded for
further proceedings consistent with the views expressed 
herein.
 
 

 


 


FOR THE COURT:


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Associate
  Justice

 





[1] 
Rule 504(d) provides: 
 
Exceptions.
There is no privilege under this rule in a proceeding in which one spouse is
charged with a crime, . . . against the
person or property of (1) the other, (2) a child of either, (3) a person
residing in the household of either, or (4) a third person in the course of
committing a crime against any of them.


[2] 
Rule 404(b) provides: 
 
Evidence of other
crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in
order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be
admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
 


[3] 
V.R.Cr.P. 30 reads in relevant part: “No party may assign as error any portion
of the [jury] charge or omission therefrom unless he objects
thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the
matter to which he objects and the grounds of his objection.”
 


[4] 
While we recognize that the Model Penal Code has done away with the common law
distinction between specific and general intent crimes, “we still find the
terms useful, and not without importance in our criminal law.”  State
v. Trombley, 174 Vt. 459, 461
n.2, 807 A.2d 400, 403-04 n.2 (2002).


[5] 
The judge stated that if the defense argued that because appellant made a
mistake the jury should acquit, he would “stop [the argument] . . . and tell
the jury that’s error.”



