                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                                 September 16, 2008 Session

    BILLIE GAIL HALL, as Surviving Spouse of BILLY R. HALL
                              v.
DOUGLAS B. HAYNES, JR., M.D. and MEDSOUTH HEALTHCARE, P.C.

                        Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dyer County
                            No. 05-96 R. Lee Moore, Jr., Judge



                    No. W2007-02611-COA-R9-CV - Filed March 26, 2009


This appeal involves authority to accept service of process. The plaintiffs filed a medical
malpractice lawsuit against the defendant corporation and its employee, the defendant physician.
The plaintiffs attempted to serve process in person on both the corporation and the physician at the
corporation’s business address. Service was accepted on behalf of the physician by a co-worker,
who was not specifically authorized to accept service for him. Service was accepted on behalf of
the corporation by an employee of the corporation who was not an officer, managing agent, or chief
agent, and who was not specifically authorized to accept service for the corporation. Both
defendants received a copy of the summons and complaint. The plaintiffs then filed an amended
complaint and attempted to serve both defendants via certified mail. The return receipts for both
defendants were signed by an employee of the corporation who was not an officer, managing agent,
or chief agent of the corporation, and was not specifically authorized to accept service of process on
behalf of either the physician or the corporation. The employee who signed the return receipts was,
however, authorized to sign for certified mail. The defendants filed a motion for summary judgment
based in part on insufficiency of service of process. The trial court denied the motion for summary
judgment, relying on this Court’s decision in Boles v. Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Co.,
No. M1999-00727-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1030837 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 27, 2000). The
defendants were granted permission for interlocutory appeal. On appeal, the defendant physician
argues that service on him was not effective because he was not personally served and because the
persons who accepted service on his behalf were not authorized to do so. The defendant corporation
argues that service on it was not effective because neither the corporation’s registered agent nor its
administrator were served and the persons who accepted service on the corporation’s behalf were
not authorized to do so. After reconsidering the analysis in Boles, we reverse the trial court’s
decision, finding that service was not effective on either defendant and the trial court erred in
denying the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
         Tenn. R. App. P. 9 Interlocutory Appeal; Judgment of the Circuit Court is
                                  Reversed and Remanded

HOLLY M. KIRBY , J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S., and
DAVID R. FARMER , J., joined.

Marty R. Phillips and Ashley D. Cleek, Jackson, Tennessee, for the Defendants/Appellants Douglas
B. Haynes, Jr., M.D., and MedSouth Healthcare, P.C.

Charles M. Agee, Jr., Dyersburg, Tennessee, for the Plaintiff/Appellee Billie Gail Hall, as Surviving
Spouse of Billy R. Hall

                                              OPINION

                                FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On August 5, 2005, Plaintiffs/Appellees Billy R. Hall and Billie Gail Hall (“Plaintiffs”) filed
their original medical malpractice complaint against Defendants/Appellants Douglas B. Haynes, Jr.,
M.D. (“Dr. Haynes”) and MedSouth Healthcare, P.C. (“MedSouth”) (collectively “Defendants”).
On the same day, the Plaintiffs had summonses issued on Dr. Haynes in his name and on MedSouth
in the name of MedSouth’s registered agent for service of process, Stevens Melton, M.D. (“Dr.
Melton”). On August 9, 2005, MedSouth’s employee, Brenda Enochs (“Ms. Enochs”), a customer
service representative, accepted service of process on behalf of her co-worker, Defendant Dr.
Haynes. The complaint was placed in Dr. Haynes’ mailbox and he received it. On the same day,
another MedSouth customer service representative, Michelle Pruitt (“Ms. Pruitt”), accepted service
of process on behalf of MedSouth. The complaint was placed in the mailbox of Dr. Melton, and he
received it.

       On August 25, 2005, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. Upon doing so, they had a
second summons issued for each Defendant. The next day, the Plaintiffs attempted to serve Dr.
Haynes and MedSouth with the amended complaint via certified mail. Another MedSouth
employee, Debbie Funderburk (“Ms. Funderburk”) who worked in the administrative department,
signed the return receipt for service on both Defendants.

        In their answer, the Defendants asserted insufficiency of service of process as an affirmative
defense. The Defendants contended that service was not effective on Dr. Haynes because he was
not personally served with the summons, complaint, or amended complaint. The Defendants
contended that service on MedSouth was not effective because MedSouth’s agent for service of
process was not personally served. The Defendants also asserted as an affirmative defense the one
year statute of limitations codified at Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-26-116(a)(1), claiming that,
because the Defendants were never properly served, the Plaintiffs could not rely on the date the
complaint was filed to toll the statute of limitations.




                                                  -2-
        On March 15, 2007, the Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment based on
insufficiency of service of process and the statute of limitations. On June 22, 2007, the Plaintiff1
filed her response.

         Discovery was conducted on the issue of the authority of MedSouth employees Ms. Enochs,
Ms. Pruitt, and Ms. Funderburk to accept service of process on behalf of the Defendants. Customer
service representative Enochs testified in her deposition that, in August 2005, she was not authorized
to accept service of process on behalf of Dr. Haynes. Customer service representative Pruitt testified
in her deposition that, in August 2005, she was not an officer or managing agent of MedSouth and
was not authorized to accept service of process on its behalf. Administrative employee Funderburk
testified that, in August 2005, she was not authorized to accept service of process on behalf of Dr.
Haynes, that she was not an officer or managing agent of MedSouth, and that she was not authorized
to accept service of process on behalf of MedSouth. MedSouth’s administrator, David Alred (“Mr.
Alred”), testified that Ms. Funderburk was authorized to sign for certified mail. It is undisputed that
both Dr. Haynes and MedSouth’s registered agent, Dr. Melton, received a copy of the original
summons and complaint.

        Considering the results of this discovery, and relying on this Court’s opinion in Boles v.
Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Co., No. M1999-00727-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1030837
(Tenn. Ct. App. July 27, 2000), the trial court denied the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment
in an order entered August 1, 2007. In its Memorandum Opinion, the trial court found that the
summons and a copy of the original complaint were “left at the front desk where employees of
MedSouth who regularly handled requests for medical records were available and accepted the
summons and complaint.” It noted that both Defendants in fact received the summons and original
complaint. The trial court rejected the “narrow and technical definitions” urged by the Defendants,
finding that they were “inconsistent with the apparent purpose of [Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure] 4.04, to insure that process is served in a manner reasonably calculated to give a party
defendant adequate notice of the pending judicial proceedings,” quoting Garland v. Seaboard
Coastline Railroad Co., 658 S.W.2d 528, 530 (Tenn. 1983). Based on this, the trial court held that
Ms. Enochs and Ms. Pruitt “were authorized to receive service of process on the defendants[’]
behalf.” As to the service of the amended complaint by certified mail, the trial court found that “Ms.
Funderburk or anyone who might be handy at the time were authorized to sign for and receive
defendants’ certified mail. Consequently, pursuant to the Boles case, Ms. Funderburk was
authorized to accept service of process on behalf of the defendants.” On August 24, 2007, the
Defendants filed a motion for permission to file an interlocutory appeal, pursuant to Rule 9 of the
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. Permission was granted by the trial court and by this
Court.




         1
           It appears from the record that Mr. Hall died during the course of this litigation and that, as a result, the style
of the case changed.

                                                             -3-
                         ISSUES ON APPEAL AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Although this is a complex medical malpractice case, the issues on appeal involve only the
sufficiency of the service of process under Rule 4.04 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure,
governing service of process. The Defendants ask us to consider (1) whether an individual defendant
may be served with process by delivering copies of the summons and complaint to a co-worker who
is not specifically authorized to accept service on the individual’s behalf; (2) whether a corporate
defendant may be served with process by delivering copies of the summons and complaint to an
employee who is not an officer, managing agent, chief agent, or registered agent of the corporation,
and who is not specifically authorized to accept service on the corporation’s behalf; and (3) whether
service on either may be accomplished via certified mail if the return receipt is signed by an
employee who is authorized to accept certified mail but not specifically authorized to accept service
of process.

        We review the trial court’s denial of summary judgment de novo, with no presumption of
correctness. Johnson v. LeBonheur Children’s Med. Ctr., 74 S.W.3d 338, 342 (Tenn. 2002)
(citation omitted). The evidence must be viewed “in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party,” giving the nonmoving party the benefit of all reasonable inferences. Id. (citation omitted).

                                             ANALYSIS

       Service of process on defendants located in Tennessee is governed by Rule 4.04 of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. We discuss, in turn, (1) as to Dr. Haynes, the in-person
acceptance of process by his co-worker Ms. Enochs; (2) as to MedSouth, the in-person acceptance
of process by Ms. Pruitt; and (3) as to both Dr. Haynes and MedSouth, the acceptance of service of
process by certified mail by Ms. Funderburk.

                                In-Person Service on Dr. Haynes

        Rule 4.04(1) governs service on an individual such as Dr. Haynes. It provides that service
shall be made as follows:

       Upon an individual other than an unmarried infant or an incompetent person, by
       delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personally,
       or if he or she evades or attempts to evade service, by leaving copies thereof at the
       individual’s dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age
       and discretion then residing therein, whose name shall appear on the proof of service,
       or by delivering the copies to an agent authorized by appointment or by law to
       receive service on behalf of the individual served.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(1) (emphasis added). In this case, it is undisputed that Dr. Haynes was not
personally served and there is no allegation that he sought to evade service. Therefore, the issue is




                                                -4-
whether Ms. Enochs was an “agent authorized by appointment . . . to receive service on [Dr.
Haynes’] behalf.”2

        On this issue, the Plaintiffs argue only that the “procedure implemented by Dr. Haynes . . .
in allowing someone at the clinic to receive legal papers up front and then place those papers in the
mailbox of the appropriate doctor . . . compl[ies] with the requirements of [Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure] 4.04(1).” They assert that the fact that Dr. Haynes actually received notice of the lawsuit
“is proof that the process was adequate.” They cite Garland, which dealt with service of process on
an organization rather than an individual, and Boles, which involved service of process by certified
mail. Both of these cases are discussed below. Neither indicates that Ms. Enochs was “authorized
by appointment” to accept, in-person, service of process on behalf of Dr. Haynes under Rule 4.04(1).
The fact that Dr. Haynes actually received notice of the lawsuit from the acceptance by Ms. Enochs
does not, of course, indicate that service by this method complied with Rule 4.04(1); a defendant’s
actual knowledge of a lawsuit is no substitute for lawful personal service of process. See Frye v.
Blue Ridge Neuroscience Ctr., P.C., 70 S.W.3d 710, 715 (Tenn. 2002).

         Indeed, cases from other states with rules on service of process on individuals similar to Rule
4.04(1) have concluded that service of process by in-person delivery to a person not expressly or
impliedly authorized to accept service of process is inadequate. See also 4A CHARLES ALAN
WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1097 (2008) (construing
Federal Rule 4(e), the federal counterpart to Tennessee Rule 4.04(1), and stating that express or
implied actual authority is required). For example, in Cook v. Polineni, 967 S.W.2d 687 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1998), the plaintiff attempted to serve process on the defendant physician at the office suite that
he shared with two other physicians. Id. at 691. The deputy sheriff served process by delivering a
copy of the lawsuit to an employee of one of the other physicians, not an employee of the defendant
physician. Id. at 689. The defendant physician had authorized the employee to perform activities
for him such as “the receipt of his regular and certified mail, the answering of occasional telephone
calls, and speaking with his assistant.” Id. at 692. Neither the defendant physician nor the defendant
physician’s assistant had authorized the employee to accept service of process on the defendant’s
behalf. Id. at 691.

        The relevant Missouri rule, similar to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 4.04(1), provided
that service could be effectuated “by delivering a copy of the summons and petition to an agent
authorized by appointment or required by law to receive service of process.” Id. at 690 (quoting Mo.
R. Civ. P. 54.13(b)(1)). In order to be considered “authorized” to accept service of process on behalf
of the defendant physician, the Cook court found, the employee would have to have either express
or implied actual authority to accept service or apparent authority to do so.3 Id. at 691. The


         2
           Authorization by law is not at issue in this case. Authorization by law “refers to an agent authorized by
legislative enactment to receive process, rather than one authorized by common law, or estoppel, or the general doctrines
of agency.” 4A C H A RLES A LA N W RIG H T & A RTHU R R. M ILLER , F EDERA L P RA CTICE A N D P ROCEDURE § 1098 (2008).
         3
          The Cook court found that the employee who accepted service on behalf of the physician did not have
apparent authority to do so. Apparent authority has not been raised as an issue in this appeal and we express no opinion
                                                                                                           (continued...)

                                                          -5-
Missouri Court of Appeals found that none of the tasks that the person who accepted service was
authorized to perform for the defendant physician “encompass the power to receive service of
process on behalf of [the defendant].” Id. at 692. Moreover, it found that the employee did not have
implied actual authority to accept service on the defendant’s behalf because the power to accept
service of process was not “incidental and necessary to carry out the express authority” the defendant
had given the employee. Id. It therefore found that the attempted service of process was ineffectual.
Id. at 693.

       Similarly, in Morfessis v. Marvins Credit, Inc., 77 A.2d 178 (D.C. 1950), the Municipal
Court of Appeals for the District of Colombia addressed whether service of process on the individual
defendant was effectuated by delivery of a copy of the lawsuit to the defendant’s secretary. Id. at
180. The secretary was the individual defendant’s only office employee, and her job included
accepting all of the defendant’s “business papers and mail.” Id. at 179. The defendant had not
authorized the secretary to accept service of process on his behalf. Id.

         Like Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 4.04(1), the District of Colombia rule provided that
service could be made by delivering a copy of the summons and complaint “to an agent authorized
by appointment or by law to receive service of process.” Id. The D.C. court noted that there was
no claim that the secretary was authorized by law to accept service on the defendant’s behalf, so the
question before the court was whether the secretary was authorized by appointment. Id. It observed
that this portion of the rule contemplates an actual appointment. Id. at 179–80 (citing 2 JAMES WM .
MOORE , MOORE ’S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 4:12 (2d ed.). The court determined that the secretary’s
“authority to receive ‘business papers and mail’ cannot be construed to include authority to receive
service of process.” Id. at 180. It commented: “If it were otherwise, then almost anyone who
employs a secretary whose duties include receiving mail and business communications would find
himself having unknowingly and unintentionally appointed an agent with authority to receive service
of process. Such a result in our opinion was not intended by the rule.” Id. The Morfessis court
therefore concluded that service on the secretary was not effective. Id.

        In this case, it is undisputed that Ms. Enochs did not have express actual authority to accept
service of process on behalf of Dr. Haynes. In the affidavit submitted with his motion for summary
judgment, Dr. Haynes testified that Ms. Enochs was not authorized to accept service of process on
his behalf, and in her deposition testimony, Ms. Enochs agreed. Moreover, nothing in the record
indicates that acceptance of service of process on behalf of Dr. Haynes was incidental and necessary
to Ms. Enoch’s job duties as a customer service representative for MedSouth, which included
checking in patients, assisting patients with billing issues, and handling requests for medical records.
Therefore, Ms. Enochs did not have implied actual authority to accept service of process on behalf
of Dr. Haynes. Under all of these circumstances, we must conclude that the Plaintiffs’ service of
process on Dr. Haynes by delivering a copy of the lawsuit to Ms. Enochs did not comply with Rule
4.04(1).
                                   In-Person Service on MedSouth


         3
             (...continued)
on it.

                                                  -6-
        Rule 4.04(4) addresses the manner in which a corporation is to be served. It provides that
service shall be made as follows:

       Upon a domestic corporation, or a foreign corporation doing business in this state,
       by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an officer or managing
       agent thereof, or to the chief agent in the county wherein the action is brought, or by
       delivering the copies to any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to
       receive service on behalf of the corporation.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(4). Here, neither MedSouth’s registered agent, Dr. Melton, nor MedSouth’s
administrator, Mr. Alred, were served with process for MedSouth. Instead, in-person service of
process on MedSouth was accepted by a MedSouth customer service representative, Ms. Pruitt.

        As with Rule 4.04(1), service may be made under Rule 4.04(4) by delivering a copy of the
summons and the complaint to an “agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service”
on the corporation’s behalf. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(4). Again, authorization by appointment is the
issue. The language in Rule 4.04(4) is identical to that in Rule 4.04(1), and like the provision in
4.04(1), Rule 4.04(4) contemplates an actual appointment, either express or implied, by the
defendant corporation. See 4A WRIGHT & MILLER, supra § 1101 (construing Federal Rule 4(h), the
federal counterpart to Tennessee Rule 4.04(4)).

        It is undisputed that Ms. Enochs did not have express actual authority to accept service of
process on behalf of MedSouth. In the affidavit submitted with its motion for summary judgment,
MedSouth’s administrator Mr. Alred testified that Ms. Pruitt was not authorized to accept service
of process on behalf of MedSouth, and in her deposition testimony, Ms. Pruitt agreed. Also, nothing
in the record indicates that acceptance of service of process on behalf of MedSouth was incidental
and necessary to Ms. Pruitt’s job duties as a customer service representative for MedSouth. Like Ms.
Enochs, Ms. Pruitt’s job duties included such things as checking in patients and handling requests
for medical records. Therefore, Ms. Pruitt did not have implied actual authority to accept service
of process on MedSouth’s behalf. Under all of these circumstances, we must conclude that the
Plaintiffs’ service of process on MedSouth by delivering a copy of the lawsuit to Ms. Pruitt did not
comply with the provision in Rule 4.04(4) allowing service on a person “authorized by
appointment.”

        We now address whether delivering the lawsuit to Ms. Pruitt satisfied the provision in Rule
4.04(4) allowing for service upon “an officer or managing agent [of the corporation], or . . . the chief
agent in the county wherein the action is brought.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(4).

        In Garland, the Tennessee Supreme Court considered the requirements of Rule 4.04(3),
which is similar to Rule 4.04(4). Rule 4.04(3) provides in pertinent part that service of process can
be made on partnerships and unincorporated associations “by delivering a copy of the summons and
of the complaint to a partner or managing agent of the partnership or to an officer or managing agent
of the association, or to an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service on behalf
of the partnership or association.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(3).

                                                  -7-
        The defendant in Garland was an unincorporated association, comprised of two foreign
corporations. Garland, 658 S.W.2d at 529. After the plaintiff filed his lawsuit against the
defendant, he delivered, in person, a copy of the lawsuit to a freight agent employed by the
defendant. Id. The defendant argued that service was not effective because the freight agent was
not “an officer, executive or managing agent of [the defendant], nor is he an agent for service of
process by appointment of [the defendant].” Id. at 529–30. The Court rejected this argument, noting
that the “narrow and technical definitions urged by defendant are inconsistent with the apparent
purpose of [Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure] 4.04, to insure that process is served in a manner
reasonably calculated to give a party defendant adequate notice of the pending judicial proceedings.”
Id. at 530 (citing Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. S/S “Hellenic Challenger”, 88 F.R.D. 545, 547 (S.D.N.Y.
1980)).

        In determining whether the defendant was properly served under Rule 4.04(3), the Garland
court adopted the approach utilized by the federal courts in construing what was then Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 4(d)(3)4, the federal counterpart of Tennessee Rules 4.04(3) and (4). Id. at
530–31. The federal rule “does not require that service be made solely upon a restricted class of
formally titled officials, but rather permits it to be made ‘upon a representative so integrated with
the organization that he will know what to do with the papers. Generally, service is sufficient when
made upon an individual who stands in such a position as to render it fair, reasonable and just to
imply the authority on his part to receive service.’ ” Id. at 531. (quoting Ins. Co. of N. Am., 88
F.R.D. at 547; Top Form Mills, Inc. v. Sociedad Nationale Industria Applicazioni Viscosa, 428
F. Supp. 1237, 1251 (S.D.N.Y. 1977); Montclair Elecs., Inc. v. Electra/Midland Corp., 326 F.
Supp. 839, 842 (S.D.N.Y. 1971)).

        In Garland, the record showed that the freight agent served by the plaintiff was the “chief
agent” in charge of the defendant’s activities in Washington County. Id. The Court determined that
acceptance of service by the freight agent was effective service on the defendant because “[a]s the
highest ranking agent for [the] defendant in Washington County, [the freight agent] stood in such
a position as to render it fair, reasonable and just to imply the authority on his part to receive service
of process on behalf of the unincorporated association pursuant to [Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure] 4.04(3).” Id.




         4
             At that time, Federal Rule 4(d)(3) provided that service shall be made as follows:

         Upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association
         which is subject to suit under a common name, by delivering a copy of the summons and of the
         complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment
         or by law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute to receive service
         and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d)(3) (1983); see Garland, 658 S.W.2d at 530–31. This rule is currently codified as Federal Rule 4(h),
and although it has been amended since the Garland case was decided, the relevant provisions remain substantially the
same.

                                                            -8-
        In the case at bar, as in Garland, it is undisputed that Ms. Pruitt is not “an officer,”
“managing agent,” or “the chief agent” in Dyer County for MedSouth. However, in contrast to
Garland, Ms. Pruitt is not the highest ranking agent for MedSouth in Dyer County. We look
further, then, to determine whether Ms. Pruitt’s position as a customer service representative placed
her “in such a position as to render it fair, reasonable and just to imply the authority on [her] part to
receive service” of process on behalf of MedSouth.

         We note that, on occasion, in other jurisdictions, an employee such as a secretary or a
receptionist has been found to be in “such a position as to render it fair, reasonable and just” to imply
that the employee had authority to accept service of process on behalf of the corporation. See Direct
Mail Specialists, Inc. v. Eclat Computerized Techs., Inc., 840 F.2d 685, 688–89 (9th Cir. 1988)
(noting that the company was small, making the role of a receptionist “commensurately large in the
structure of the company,” particularly where she was the only employee in the office when the
process server arrived); Top Form, 428 F. Supp. at 1251 (service accepted by a secretary who “was
in practical effect, if not formal title, an assistant manager” of the defendant company).5

         With the Garland standard in mind, we again examine Ms. Pruitt’s job duties as a customer
service representative for MedSouth. As noted above, Ms. Pruitt’s job duties included tasks such
as checking in patients and handling requests for medical records. In her deposition, Ms. Pruitt
testified that, with the exception of this case, the only things that she signed for in the course of her
job were requests for medical records. She testified that she did not even sign for mail. Ms. Pruitt
was one of several customer service representatives, not in a position of authority at MedSouth.
Under all of these circumstances, we cannot conclude that Ms. Pruitt was in a position that rendered
it “fair, reasonable and just to imply the authority on [her] part to receive service” of process on
behalf of MedSouth, under Rule 4.04(4).

                               Service by Certified Mail on Both Defendants

        We have determined, then, that (1) under Rule 4.04(1), in-person delivery of a copy of the
summons and complaint to Ms. Enochs was not effective service of process on Dr. Haynes, and (2)
under Rule 4.04(4), in-person delivery of a copy of the summons and complaint to Ms. Pruitt was
not effective service of process on MedSouth. We now consider the Plaintiffs’ attempt to serve
process on both Defendants by certified mail.

       Rule 4.04(10) allows for service by certified mail on either an individual or a corporation.
Service by certified mail must be made as follows:

        Service by mail of a summons and complaint upon a defendant may be made by the
        plaintiff, the plaintiff’s attorney or by any person authorized by statute. After the
        complaint is filed, the clerk shall, upon request, furnish the original summons, a
        certified copy thereof and a copy of the filed complaint to the plaintiff, the plaintiff’s
        attorney or other authorized person for service by mail. Such person shall send,


        5
            Our citation of these cases indicates neither approval nor disapproval.

                                                           -9-
        postage prepaid, a certified copy of the summons and a copy of the complaint by
        registered return receipt or certified return receipt mail to the defendant. If the
        defendant to be served is an individual or entity covered by subparagraph (2), (3), (4),
        (5), (6), (7), (8), or (9) of this rule, the return receipt mail shall be addressed to an
        individual specified in the applicable subparagraph. The original summons shall be
        used for return of service of process pursuant to Rule 4.03(2). Service by mail shall
        not be the basis for the entry of a judgment by default unless the record contains a
        return receipt showing personal acceptance by the defendant or by persons designated
        by Rule 4.04 or statute. If service by mail is unsuccessful, it may be tried again or
        other methods authorized by these rules or by statute may be used.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(10).

        In this case, the certified mail copies of the summons and complaint were addressed to Dr.
Haynes and to Dr. Melton at MedSouth. When delivered to MedSouth by the postal employee, the
return receipts for both Defendants were signed by Ms. Funderburk, who held a clerical position in
MedSouth’s administrative department. Citing Boles, the trial court found that, because Ms.
Funderburk was authorized to accept certified mail for both Dr. Haynes and MedSouth, she was also
authorized to accept service of process on behalf of both Defendants. Therefore, to determine
whether the service by certified mail was effective as to the Defendants, we examine our earlier
decision in Boles.

         In Boles, the plaintiffs were homeowners whose home was destroyed by fire. Boles, 2000
WL 1030837, at *1. They sued Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company and one of its claims
investigators, Lee Brooks, for claims relating to Tennessee Farmers’ failure to pay the fire loss
claim. Id. The plaintiffs attempted to serve both defendants by certified mail under Rule 4.04(10).
Id. The plaintiffs addressed Tennessee Farmers’ summons and complaint to Tennessee Farmers’
district claims manager in Coffee County, Jack Shofner, at Tennessee Farmers’ Manchester office
in Coffee County. Id. Defendant Brooks’ copies were addressed to him at the same address. Id.
When the certified mail was delivered to the Manchester office, a Tennessee Farmers employee
named Barbara Prater signed the return receipts for the certified mail deliveries to both defendants
in the space marked “Addressee or Agent.” Id.

        The defendants then filed a motion to dismiss for insufficiency of service of process. Id. In
support of the motion, the defendants filed the affidavits of Vernon Murray, a vice president for
Tennessee Farmers, and Lee Brooks. Id. Murray’s affidavit stated that Prater was a secretary
employed by Tennessee Farmers, that she was not an officer, managing agent, or chief agent, and
that she was not authorized to accept service of process on behalf of Tennessee Farmers. Id.
Brooks’ affidavit stated that Prater was a direct service representative, that she was not authorized
to accept service of process on his behalf, and that he had never authorized anyone to accept service
of process on his behalf. Id.

        In response, the plaintiffs filed Prater’s deposition. Id. at *2. Prater testified that she was
a direct service representative for Tennessee Farmers in its Manchester office, and that she had
signed for certified mail in the past. Id. She said that any of the clerical staff or other direct service

                                                  -10-
representatives could sign for certified mail, and that certified mail was usually signed for by any
person who was “handy.” Id. Prater testified that she worked primarily for four employees of
Tennessee Farmers, two of whom were Shofner and Brooks, and that her duties included handling
mail for both men. Id.

        After an initial denial, Shofner eventually admitted that, as a district claims manager, he had
responsibility for an eight county area that included Coffee County, and that he was Tennessee
Farmers’ highest ranking official in Coffee County. Id. Shofner admitted that Prater was authorized
to sign for certified mail addressed to him and other Tennessee Farmers employees. Id. Brooks
denied that Prater was authorized to sign for certified mail addressed to him. Id. The trial court
found that service of process was not effective and granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss. The
plaintiffs appealed.

         On appeal, this Court relied on the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision in Garland to
determine that Shofner was a proper agent for service of process on Tennessee Farmers. As the
highest ranking employee of Tennessee Farmers in Coffee County, Shofner “stood in such a position
as to render it fair, reasonable and just to imply the authority on his part to receive service of process
on behalf of” Tennessee Farmers. Id. at *4 (quoting Garland, 658 S.W.2d at 531).

        As to Prater’s acceptance of service of process by certified mail for both defendants, the
Boles court agreed with the plaintiffs’ contention that, “despite the affidavits of Brooks and Murray
indicating that Barbara Prater was not authorized to receive service of process on the Defendants’
behalf, the record contains evidence that Prater was authorized to sign for and receive certified mail
addressed to Tennessee Farmers and its employees in the Manchester office.” Id. at *2. Relying on
cases from North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas, we determined that Prater was authorized to accept
service of process for both defendants because she was authorized to sign for certified mail. Id. at
*5.

        This case requires us to reconsider the analysis utilized in Boles to find that Prater was
authorized to accept service of process on behalf of Brooks and Tennessee Farmers because she
could sign for certified mail for both defendants. It is clear that Rule 4.04(10) is intended to give
plaintiffs an alternate means of effectuating service of process. We must also determine whether our
analysis of Rule 4.04(10) in Boles in effect expanded the class of persons authorized under Rules
4.04(1) and 4.04(4) to accept service of process.

       First, we must look at the cases from other jurisdictions cited in Boles to support the
conclusion that Prater was authorized to accept services of process. In Boles, we relied on Fender
v. Deaton, 503 S.E.2d 707, 710 (N.C. Ct. App. 1998); Bay Plaza Management Co. v. Estep, 525
P.2d 56, 58 (Or. 1974) (applying California law); and Hill Country Spring Water of Texas, Inc. v.
Krug, 773 S.W.2d 637, 639–40 (Tex. Ct. App. 1989) (applying Ohio law), to support that holding.
We examine these cases in turn.

        In Fender, the North Carolina Court of Appeals held that a defendant was properly served
under the North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure allowing for service by mail, where an employee
at the defendant’s office signed the return receipt. Fender, 503 S.E.2d at 707, 711. The Fender

                                                  -11-
court relied on a North Carolina rule providing that the filing of an affidavit by the plaintiff meeting
certain requirements, along with the return receipt “signed by the person who received the mail if
not the addressee raises a presumption that the person who received the mail and signed the receipt
was an agent of the addressee authorized by appointment or by law to be served or to accept service
of process.” Id. at 710 (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 4(j2)(2)). The defendant in Fender
attempted to rebut the presumption under the rule by stating in his affidavit that employees at the
office were not authorized to accept service of process on his behalf. Id. The North Carolina court
rejected this assertion, noting that the record established that the employee who accepted service of
process routinely signed for certified mail. Id. Therefore, the court found that “the defendant failed
to rebut the presumption that [the employee] was acting for him in receiving and signing for the
certified mail.” Id. at 711. In contrast to North Carolina, Tennessee has neither a statute nor a rule
establishing a presumption that a person who signs for a defendant’s certified mail is the defendant’s
agent for service of process. We must conclude, then, that Fender is distinguishable from the
situation presented in Boles.

        In Bay Plaza, the plaintiff filed a lawsuit in California. Bay Plaza, 525 P.2d at 57. Pursuant
to the California Code of Civil Procedure, the plaintiff sought to serve the defendant with process
by registered airmail, return receipt requested, at the defendant’s Oregon business address. Id. The
return receipt was signed by the defendant’s secretary, who signed the defendant’s name, as well as
her own as “addressee’s agent.” Id. A default judgment was entered against the defendant in the
California court. Id. The plaintiff then filed a petition in Oregon to register the foreign judgment,
which the Oregon trial court granted. Id. On appeal in Oregon, the defendant argued that the service
of process attempted in the original California proceeding was insufficient to give the California
court personal jurisdiction over him because the California Rule of Civil Procedure violated his due
process rights. He contended that due process requires that the return receipt for service of process
be signed by the defendant himself. Id.

        In Bay Plaza, the Oregon Supreme Court cited the California rule that allowed for service
of process by “any form of airmail requiring a return receipt” and allowed proof of such service to
be shown by “evidence satisfactory to the court establishing actual delivery to the person to be
served, by a signed return receipt or other evidence.” The Oregon court found that the California
rule satisfied federal due process rights as set forth in Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust
Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950). Id. at 57–58. We must conclude that Bay Plaza is distinguishable from
the situation presented in Boles because the California rule is substantially different from the Rules
in Tennessee,6 and because the analysis focused on due process, not authorization to accept service
of process under the Rules of Civil Procedure.

        In Hill Country, the plaintiff filed suit in Ohio against the defendant corporation. Hill
Country, 773 S.W.2d at 638. The plaintiff attempted service on the defendant via certified mail at
its business address in Texas. Id. The certified mail was signed for by a person who signed as the


        6
         In particular, the California rule provided that service could be found adequate if it was shown that the
defendant received actual notice of the lawsuit. Bay Plaza, 525 P.2d at 57 (quoting Cal. Code Civ. P. § 417.20). The
Tennessee rules have no such provision.

                                                       -12-
defendant’s “agent.” Id. at 639–40. A default judgment was entered against the defendant in Ohio.
Id. at 638.

       The plaintiff then filed a petition in Texas seeking to enforce the Ohio judgment. Id. The
Texas trial court permitted the plaintiff to enforce the Ohio judgment, and the defendant appealed.
Id.

        On appeal, the defendant corporation challenged the Ohio court’s exercise of personal
jurisdiction over it. Id. at 639. The Texas appellate court looked to the Ohio Rules of Court to
determine if service of process on the defendant was effective. Id. The relevant Ohio rule provided
that service shall be made upon a corporation “by serving the agent authorized by appointment or
by law to receive service of process; or by serving the corporation by certified mail at any of its usual
places of business; or by serving an officer or a managing or general agent of the corporation.” Id.
(quoting Ohio R. Civ. P. 4.2(6)). The Texas court found that the service of process on the defendant
corporation via certified mail at the defendant’s usual place of business “satisfied the requirements
of the Ohio service of process rule.” Id. at 640.

         We must conclude that Hill Country is distinguishable from the situation in Boles as well.
The Ohio service of process rules are considerably broader than are the Tennessee rules. In Ohio,
the only requirement for serving a corporation by certified mail is that the service be made “at any
of its usual places of business.” In contrast, in Tennessee, service upon a corporate defendant via
certified mail must be made upon an officer, managing agent, chief agent in the county where the
action is brought, or an agent authorized to receive service of process. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(4).
Consequently, the Hill Country court, in its analysis, did not discuss at all the authority of the person
who signed the return receipt purportedly as “agent” of the corporation. Thus, the Hill Country case
does not illuminate whether a person who signs a return receipt for service of process via certified
mail would be deemed “authorized” to do so under the Tennessee rules governing service of process.
Therefore, in looking again at the cases outside Tennessee upon which we relied in Boles, we must
conclude that our reliance on those cases was misplaced. This leads us to consider again the
interplay of Rule 4.04(10) with Rules 4.04(1) and 4.04(4), as it relates to authority to accept service
of process.
         Rule 4.04(10) was applied by a federal court in Massey v. Hess, No. 1:05-cv-249, 2006WL
2370205 (E.D. Tenn. Aug. 14, 2006). In Massey, the plaintiffs filed suit against the defendants in
a Tennessee federal court. Id. at *1. The plaintiffs served process on the defendant police officers
in Virginia via certified mail to the Virginia police station where the officers were employed. Id.
The summons and complaint were signed for and received by another employee of the police
department. Id. The defendants asserted insufficiency of service of process. Id. Because the
lawsuit was filed in Tennessee federal court, the federal district court looked to the Tennessee Rules
of Civil Procedure to determine if the defendant police officers were adequately served. Id. at *2.

         The district court noted that there was no evidence that the employee who signed for the
certified mail was “an authorized agent” of either of the defendants. Id. Distinguishing Boles, the
district court found that the employee who received service was not “specifically authorized to sign
for and receive certified mail on behalf of” the defendant police officers. Id. Rather, she was
“simply a person who works in the same office as Defendants.” Id. It found that the employee was

                                                  -13-
not authorized to accept service under Rule 4.04(1). Id. Applying Rule 4.04(10) on service via
certified mail, the district court found that the employee who signed the return receipt was not
authorized to accept service of process. Id. at *3.

        In a footnote, the district court commented that the language in Rule 4.04(10) “suggests
strongly service by certified mail is sufficient, outside the context of a default judgment, even if
someone other than the defendant or persons designated by Rule 4.04 or statute signs for the certified
mail.” Id. at *3 n.4. However, reading Rule 4.04(10) together with Rule 4.03(2) on completion of
service by mail,7 the district court stated that the return receipt must be signed by the defendant “or
by a person designated by Rule 4.04 or by statute regardless of whether a default judgment is at
issue.” Id.

        Reading Rule 4.04(10) in the context of the entirety of Rule 4.04 and the other rules
pertaining to service of process, we must conclude that Rule 4.04(10) is intended to provide
plaintiffs with an alternate means of effectuating service, but is not intended to expand the class of
persons who are authorized to accept service of process under Rules 4.04(1) and 4.04(4).

        For an individual, the touchstone remains whether service, by certified mail or by in-person
delivery, is made upon “the individual personally” or upon “an agent authorized by appointment or
by law to receive service on behalf of the individual served.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(1). When it is
the individual’s agent, rather than the individual, who is served, the agent must have either express
or implied actual authority to accept service of process on the individual’s behalf. See 4A WRIGHT
& MILLER, supra § 1097.

        For a corporation, service by certified mail or by in-person delivery must be made upon “an
officer or managing agent thereof, or . . . the chief agent in the county wherein the action is brought,”
or “any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service on behalf of the
corporation.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(4). Under Garland, whether the agent satisfies the first part of
Rule 4.04(4) is determined by looking at whether the person is “so integrated with the organization
that he will know what to do with the papers” and whether the person is “an individual who stands
in such a position as to render it fair, reasonable and just to imply the authority on his part to receive
service.” Garland, 658 S.W.2d at 531 (citations omitted). For an agent to satisfy the second part
of Rule 4.04(4) allowing for delivery to one “authorized by appointment” to receive service on the
corporation’s behalf, the agent must be one who is either expressly or impliedly authorized by the
corporation to receive service of process. See 4A WRIGHT & MILLER, supra § 1101.




         7
             Rule 4.03(2) provides in pertinent part as follows:

         If the return receipt is signed by the defendant, or by a person designated by Rule 4.04 or by statute,
         service on the defendant shall be complete. If not, service by mail may be attempted again or other
         methods authorized by these rules or by statute may be used.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.03(2).

                                                           -14-
        Authority to sign for certified mail may be a factor in determining whether the person who
signs the return receipt is “authorized by appointment . . . to receive service” on behalf of the
defendant or whether the person is “an individual who stands in such a position as to render it fair,
reasonable and just to imply the authority on his part to receive services.” However, to the extent
that Boles may be read as holding that the ability to sign for certified mail, in and of itself, equates
to authority to receive service of process, we find that its analysis was erroneous.

        We go on, then, to determine whether Ms. Funderburk was “authorized by appointment” to
receive service on behalf of Dr. Haynes, and whether she was either “authorized by appointment”
to receive service or whether she was “an individual who stands in such a position as to render it fair,
reasonable and just to imply the authority on [her] part to receive service” on MedSouth’s behalf.

        To determine whether Ms. Funderburk was authorized to accept service on the Defendants’
behalf, we begin by discussing her position with MedSouth. Ms. Funderburk was a MedSouth
employee who worked in the administrative office as an accounts payable and payroll clerk. While
she was authorized to sign for mail, she was not specifically authorized to accept service of process
on behalf of either Dr. Haynes or MedSouth, and she was not an “officer,” “managing agent,” or
“chief agent” of MedSouth in Dyer County.

        For service upon Ms. Funderburk to be effective against Dr. Haynes, the record must show
that he gave her either express or implied actual authority to accept service of process on his behalf.
Id. § 1097. Here, Ms. Funderburk clearly did not have express actual authority to accept service of
process on behalf of Dr. Haynes. In the affidavit submitted with his motion for summary judgment,
Dr. Haynes testified that Ms. Funderburk was not authorized to accept service of process on his
behalf, and Ms. Funderburk corroborated this in her deposition. Nothing in the record indicates that
acceptance of service of process on behalf of Dr. Haynes was incidental and necessary to Ms.
Funderburk’s job duties as an accounts payable and payroll clerk. Although she was authorized to
sign for certified mail, as we have noted, that fact in and of itself is not sufficient to support a finding
of implied authority. Therefore, Ms. Funderburk did not have implied actual authority to accept
service of process on behalf of Dr. Haynes. Under all of these circumstances, we must conclude that
service on Dr. Haynes by certified mail signed by Ms. Funderburk did not comply with Rules
4.04(10) and 4.03(2).

        We now address whether the delivery of certified mail signed by Ms. Funderburk was
effective service on MedSouth. First, we address whether Ms. Funderburk was “authorized by
appointment” to accept service of process on MedSouth’s behalf. For this to be the case, MedSouth
must have given Ms. Funderburk either express or implied actual authority to accept service of
process on its behalf. Id. § 1101. It is clear from the affidavits of MedSouth’s administrator Mr.
Alred and from Ms. Funderburk’s deposition testimony that she did not have express actual
authority. Also, as noted above, nothing in the record indicates that acceptance of service of process
on behalf of MedSouth was incidental and necessary to Ms. Funderburk’s job duties or that her
authority to sign for certified mail gave her implied authority to accept service of process. Therefore,
Ms. Funderburk did not have implied actual authority to accept service of process on behalf of
MedSouth.

                                                   -15-
        Finally, because it is undisputed that Ms. Funderburk was not an “officer,” “managing agent,”
or “chief agent” in Dyer County for MedSouth, we address whether her position in the administrative
office as an accounts payable and payroll clerk with the authority to sign for certified mail placed
her “in such a position as to render it fair, reasonable and just to imply the authority on [her] part to
receive service” on MedSouth’s behalf. The cases that we have cited that allowed clerical employees
to accept service of process on behalf of the corporation found that service was proper, despite the
employee’s job title, because of the relatively small size of the company or because the employee
had managerial responsibilities. See Direct Mail, 840 F.2d at 688–89; Top Form, 428 F. Supp. at
1251.

        The record does not detail Ms. Funderburk’s duties as an accounts payable and payroll clerk;
nothing in the record indicates that she was charged with the duties of a manager. Although Ms.
Funderburk was authorized to sign for certified mail, she was one of several employees in the
administrative office who could do so, indicating that she was not in a position of authority within
the organization. Indeed, in her deposition, Ms. Funderburk testified that certified mail is signed by
“the first person in administration [whom the postal employee] finds.”

          In this case, the record does not support a finding that Ms. Funderburk played a large role in
the structure of MedSouth or that she had responsibilities consistent with a manager. Under all of
these circumstances, we cannot conclude that Ms. Funderburk was “in such a position as to render
it fair, reasonable and just to imply the authority on [her] part to receive service” on MedSouth’s
behalf. Therefore, we must find that the service of process on MedSouth via certified mail signed
by Ms. Funderburk did not comply with Rules 4.04(10) and 4.03(2).

        We find that the delivery of certified mail signed by Ms. Funderburk was not effective
service of process on either Dr. Haynes or MedSouth. Consequently, we must conclude that the trial
court erred in denying the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment.

                                             CONCLUSION

        The decision of the trial court is reversed, and the cause is remanded for entry of summary
judgment in favor of the Defendants. The costs of this appeal are taxed to the Appellee Billie Gail
Hall, as Surviving Spouse of Billy R. Hall, for which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                         ___________________________________
                                                         HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE




                                                  -16-
