                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Appellate Court




                            People v. Love, 2013 IL App (2d) 120600




Appellate Court            THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                    ABDUL M. LOVE, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.             Second District
                           Docket No. 2-12-0600


Filed                      December 19, 2013


Held                       The denial of defendant’s request for leave to file a successive
(Note: This syllabus       postconviction petition could not be affirmed on the ground that his
constitutes no part of     petition was not verified or that defendant’s failure to file a notice of
the opinion of the court   appeal or a motion against the dismissal of the petition within 30 days
but has been prepared      deprived the appellate court of jurisdiction to consider whether the initial
by the Reporter of         petition was a petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act or a
Decisions for the          petition under section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure; further, in
convenience of the         the absence of a showing that defendant met the cause prong of the
reader.)
                           cause-and-prejudice requirement for filing a successive postconviction
                           petition, the trial court’s denial of leave for the filing of defendant’s
                           amended petition was affirmed.


Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County, No. 06-CF-160; the Hon.
Review                     Fred L. Foreman, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Affirmed.
Counsel on                  Alan D. Goldberg and Emily E. Filpi, both of State Appellate Defender’s
Appeal                      Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                            Michael G. Nerheim, State’s Attorney, of Waukegan (Lawrence M. Bauer
                            and Joan M. Kripke, both of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s
                            Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel                       PRESIDING JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with
                            opinion.
                            Justice Zenoff concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                            Justice Schostok specially concurred, with opinion.




                                              OPINION

¶1          Defendant, Abdul M. Love, and codefendant, Michael Nelson, were each indicted on one
        count of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. While
        incarcerated and awaiting trial on the possession charge, defendant was charged with
        solicitation of murder for hire of two of the State’s witnesses in his possession case, Nelson
        and Sergeant Domenic Cappelluti. Defendant was convicted of both offenses and his
        convictions were affirmed on direct appeal. See People v. Love, 2011 IL App (2d) 091274-U.
        On July 18, 2011, defendant filed a pro se “Petition for Post Conviction Relief” (initial
        petition), challenging the solicitation convictions pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing
        Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2010)), which the trial court summarily
        dismissed.1 Defendant did not appeal the summary dismissal of the petition within 30 days.
        Instead, on February 15, 2012, defendant filed a second pro se postconviction petition and
        on March 1, 2012, defendant filed an “Amended Second Post Conviction Petition for Relief”
        (amended petition). The trial court treated the amended petition as a successive
        postconviction petition, and it denied defendant leave to file it.
¶2          On appeal, defendant disputes the trial court’s ruling on the amended petition. He
        maintains that the initial petition should be construed as a petition pursuant to section 2-1401
        of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2010)), which would then
        effectively make the amended petition his first postconviction petition. Thus, defendant
        asserts, the cause should be remanded for second-stage postconviction proceedings. If,
        however, we agree with the trial court that the initial petition was, in fact, a postconviction
        petition, defendant contends that we should remand for second-stage postconviction

                1
                 On October 6, 2011, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition challenging his
        possession conviction and sentence, which the trial court summarily dismissed and which dismissal
        we recently affirmed. People v. Love, 2013 IL App (2d) 120030-U.

                                                  -2-
     proceedings on the basis that he has demonstrated cause and prejudice for filing a successive
     postconviction petition. We deem the amended petition successive and affirm the trial court’s
     denial of leave to file it.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND
¶4        At a hearing on a motion to suppress statements in the solicitation case, the evidence
     revealed that, after defendant signed a Miranda waiver form, police officers informed
     defendant that he was under investigation for solicitation of murder and that officers had
     spoken with Charles Newcomb, a jailhouse informant, and Nelson, who were cooperating
     in the investigation. Defendant either volunteered or was asked to give his side of the story
     and he admitted that he wanted to hire someone to murder Nelson and Cappelluti so they
     could not testify against him in the possession case.
¶5        The State elected to proceed on the solicitation charges before proceeding on the
     possession charge. Following a bench trial, the trial court found defendant guilty of both
     counts of solicitation. The judgment was entered on October 30, 2008. After a stipulated
     bench trial on the possession charge, the trial court found defendant guilty. On November 20,
     2009, defendant filed separate motions for a new trial in both cases, which were denied. On
     November 23, 2009, the trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent prison terms of 25
     years for the solicitation convictions, to be served consecutively to a 15-year sentence on the
     possession conviction.
¶6        In the direct appeal of both cases, which we consolidated for review, defendant raised one
     issue: whether the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to suppress statements,
     where the police interrogated defendant outside the presence of counsel. We affirmed. People
     v. Love, 2011 IL App (2d) 091274-U.
¶7        Prior to the decision in his direct appeal, on July 18, 2011, defendant filed a pro se
     “Petition for Post Conviction Relief” in his solicitation case, alleging that he was denied a
     hearing on the anticipated testimony of Newcomb, which was required by section 115-
     21(7)(d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/115-21(7)(d) (West 2010)).
¶8        On the same day that this court affirmed defendant’s convictions in the direct appeal, the
     trial court summarily dismissed defendant’s initial petition. Relying on the plain language
     of section 115-21(7)(d), which provides that the statute applies only to capital cases, the trial
     court found that defendant’s claim had no arguable basis in law or fact and was not
     cognizable under the Act. Because section 115-21(7)(d) was not applicable, the trial court
     found that defendant was not entitled to a hearing on the anticipated testimony of Newcomb.
     The court further noted that defendant alleged the deprivation of “a statutory right and not
     a constitutional right, and an allegation in a postconviction petition concerning the
     deprivation of this right is not proper because it does not give rise to a constitutional
     deprivation.” The court concluded that, because of the limiting language of section 122-1(a)
     of the Act, alleged violations of statutes, such as section 115-21(7)(d), have no remedy under
     the Act.
¶9        Defendant did not file a motion attacking the judgment. Instead, he filed a motion for
     leave to file a late notice of appeal, which we denied without prejudice, allowing him the

                                               -3-
       opportunity to refile the motion in conformance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 606(c)
       (eff. Mar. 20, 2009). Defendant never refiled the motion.
¶ 10       Defendant subsequently filed a pro se “Second Post Conviction Petition for Relief” on
       February 15, 2012, and a pro se “Amended Second Post Conviction Petition for Relief” on
       March 1, 2012. In the amended petition, defendant alleged, inter alia, that his appellate
       counsel in the direct appeal was ineffective for failing to argue that (1) his due process rights
       were violated when the prosecutor allowed Newcomb to testify falsely that he faced a
       sentence of “zero to eight years probation,” when the prosecutor knew that Newcomb was
       actually facing a sentencing range of 20 years’ to life imprisonment on federal charges; (2)
       the State committed a Brady violation by failing to disclose exculpatory evidence that at the
       time of defendant’s trial Newcomb was facing a charge of theft of over $1,800 worth of
       government property while he was working as a confidential government informant; (3) trial
       counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate Newcomb’s criminal history and activities
       and for failing to impeach Newcomb with this information; (4) the prosecutor engaged in
       misconduct when he failed to disclose material evidence about Nelson’s work as a
       confidential informant; (5) defendant’s sixth amendment right to confront witnesses against
       him was violated when the trial court limited cross-examination of Newcomb; and (6) the
       solicitation-of-murder-for-hire statute is unconstitutional.
¶ 11       Defendant pointed out that, at trial, Newcomb testified that he was in federal custody and
       facing a sentence of “[f]rom zero to eight years probation.” Defendant attached documents
       showing that Newcomb was actually facing a sentencing range of 20 years’ to life
       imprisonment. Defendant attached a motion from Newcomb’s federal case that he “came into
       possession of” on February 26, 2009, in which the assistant United States Attorney sought
       an enhanced sentence of 20 years’ to life imprisonment based on Newcomb’s criminal
       history. Defendant also attached Newcomb’s motion to continue his trial, which noted that
       Newcomb was working with the prosecution in defendant’s case in the hope of obtaining a
       sentence below the 20-year minimum. Defendant also alleged that the prosecutor was aware
       of Newcomb’s false testimony at defendant’s trial. Defendant appended a two-page transcript
       from an in camera discussion between the prosecutor and the trial judge, in which the
       prosecutor informed the judge that, at the time of defendant’s trial, Newcomb was facing a
       minimum sentence of 20 years’ imprisonment. Defendant alleged that, despite knowing the
       actual sentencing range, the prosecutor failed to correct Newcomb’s testimony at trial.
¶ 12       Defendant also attached the government’s response to Newcomb’s motion for severance
       of his charges, in which the government discussed that Newcomb was charged with
       distribution of drugs and theft of $1,800 of government “buy money” while he was working
       with the government as a confidential informant in a controlled buy of narcotics. Among
       other documents, defendant also attached an affidavit in which a special agent with the
       Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives detailed an investigation through
       which Newcomb was caught selling crack cocaine. Defendant alleged that his trial counsel
       did not have any knowledge of the documents from Newcomb’s federal case.
¶ 13       Relying on People v. Flores, 153 Ill. 2d 264, 280 (1992), defendant argued cause for not
       including these issues in his initial petition in that they would have been premature. In
       support, defendant included a detailed time line showing that when he filed his initial petition

                                                 -4-
       appellate counsel was representing him in his direct appeal and this court had not yet issued
       its decision. Defendant noted that he had filed the amended petition less than two months
       after the conclusion of his direct appeal.
¶ 14        On May 14, 2012, the trial court issued a memorandum opinion and order denying
       defendant leave to file the amended petition as a successive postconviction petition. The trial
       court, applying the cause-and-prejudice test, found that defendant failed to identify an
       objective factor that impeded his ability to raise in his initial petition the claims of ineffective
       assistance of appellate counsel or the underlying due-process claims. Given defendant’s
       failure, the trial court found that defendant did not satisfy the “cause” prong of the cause-and-
       prejudice test and thus failed to meet the Act’s requirements for filing a successive
       postconviction petition. Accordingly, the trial court denied defendant leave to file the
       amended petition. Defendant timely appeals.

¶ 15                                        II. ANALYSIS
¶ 16                       A. Failure to Verify the Postconviction Petition
¶ 17        We initially address the State’s contention that we should affirm the denial of leave to
       file the amended petition on the basis that the petition was not verified by affidavit. We
       rejected the same argument raised by the State in defendant’s appeal of the dismissal of his
       postconviction petition in the possession case. See People v. Love, 2013 IL App (2d) 120030-
       U, ¶¶ 30-34.
¶ 18        In People v. Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d 89, 98 (2002), the supreme court held that it was
       improper for the trial court to dismiss a petition as untimely at the first stage of
       postconviction proceedings. The court reasoned that, since the burden is on the State to argue
       that a petition is untimely, the State could forfeit that claim by failing to raise it at the second
       stage of the proceedings. Id. Because the State is not entitled to any input at the first stage
       of the proceedings, the court found that it would be improper for a trial court to summarily
       dismiss a petition based on a ground that could be raised only by the State. Id. at 98-102.
¶ 19        Recently, in People v. Cruz, 2013 IL 113399, a postconviction petition was summarily
       dismissed as untimely, but following an appeal the supreme court remanded for further
       proceedings in light of Boclair. On remand, the petition proceeded to second-stage
       proceedings. Cruz, who had waived counsel, filed a supplemental petition asserting his lack
       of culpable negligence in filing an untimely petition, but he did not attach a notarized
       verification affidavit to the petition. Id. ¶¶ 9-12, 19. The State responded, arguing against the
       merits of Cruz’s claim of lack of culpable negligence, and the trial court dismissed the
       petition. The State did not argue that the petition was deficient for failing to include a
       notarized verification affidavit. However, on appeal it did raise this claim, and the appellate
       court agreed, affirming the dismissal of the petition on that ground. Id. ¶ 16.
¶ 20        The supreme court held that, by not raising that issue in the trial court, the State forfeited
       its argument regarding Cruz’s failure to attach a notarized verification affidavit. Id. ¶ 20. The
       court favorably cited People v. Turner, 2012 IL App (2d) 100819, where we applied Boclair
       to hold that the lack of a notarized verification affidavit is a nonjurisdictional procedural
       defect that easily may be remedied if raised in a timely manner in the trial court and thus

                                                   -5-
       could not be raised for the first time on appeal. Cruz, 2013 IL 113399, ¶¶ 20-21 (citing
       Turner, 2012 IL App (2d) 100819, ¶¶ 41, 44). The Cruz court then similarly held that the
       State’s failure to raise the lack of a notarized verification affidavit in the trial court deprived
       Cruz of the opportunity to correct the “alleged pleading deficiency” and deprived the trial
       court of the opportunity to consider the issue. Id. ¶ 22.
¶ 21       In comparing Boclair’s timeliness argument and in holding that the State forfeited its
       right to make the argument on appeal, Cruz instructs that the failure to include a notarized
       verification affidavit is not a proper ground for dismissal at the first stage of postconviction
       proceedings. See People v. Cage, 2013 IL App (2d) 111264, ¶ 14 (holding that the
       defendant’s failure to attach a notarized verification affidavit to his postconviction petition
       was not an appropriate reason to summarily dismiss the petition and rejecting People v. Carr,
       407 Ill. App. 3d 513 (2011), People v. McCoy, 2011 IL App (2d) 100424, and People v.
       Hommerson, 2013 IL App (2d) 110805, appeal allowed, No. 115638 (Ill. May 29, 2013).
       Likewise, it cannot be a proper ground for denying leave to file a successive petition.
       Accordingly, we reject the State’s argument that the denial of leave to file defendant’s
       amended petition may be affirmed on the basis that his petition was not verified.

¶ 22                     B. Characterization of Defendant’s Initial Petition
¶ 23       To obtain postconviction relief, a petitioner must establish a substantial deprivation of
       a federal or state constitutional right in the proceedings that produced the judgment being
       challenged. See People v. Moore, 189 Ill. 2d 521, 533 (2000). The Act provides a three-stage
       process for adjudication of postconviction petitions. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 10
       (2009). “The Act is not a substitute for an appeal, but rather, is a collateral attack on a final
       judgment.” People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21. All issues actually decided on direct
       appeal are res judicata, and all issues that could have been raised on direct appeal, but were
       not, are considered forfeited. People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 443 (2005). Furthermore, the
       Act provides that any claim of a substantial denial of a constitutional right that is not raised
       in the original or amended postconviction petition is forfeited. People v. Erickson, 183 Ill.
       2d 213, 223 (1998). Thus, a ruling on a postconviction petition “has res judicata effect with
       respect to all claims that were raised or could have been raised in the initial petition.” Id.
¶ 24       Though only one postconviction proceeding is contemplated under the Act, the Illinois
       Supreme Court has provided two grounds upon which the bar against successive proceedings
       will be relaxed. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22. The first basis for relaxing the bar is when
       a petitioner can establish “cause and prejudice” for the failure to raise the claim earlier.
       People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 459 (2002) (now codified in section 122-1(f) of the
       Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2010))). The second basis by which the bar may be relaxed
       is what is known as the “fundamental miscarriage of justice” exception. Edwards, 2012 IL
       111711, ¶ 23 (citing Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 459). “In order to demonstrate a miscarriage
       of justice to excuse the application of the procedural bar, a petitioner must show actual
       innocence.” Id. This case involves only cause and prejudice and not a claim of actual
       innocence.
¶ 25       Regardless of the basis, a petitioner seeking to institute a successive postconviction


                                                  -6-
       proceeding must first obtain “leave of court.” Id. ¶ 24. It is the petitioner’s burden to obtain
       leave of court, and he or she must submit enough in the way of documentation to allow a
       court to determine whether leave should be granted; further proceedings will not follow until
       leave is granted. Id.
¶ 26       Under the cause-and-prejudice test, leave of court will be denied if the petitioner is
       unable to demonstrate “cause” for his failure to bring the claim in his initial postconviction
       proceedings as well as “prejudice” resulting therefrom. People v. Wrice, 2012 IL 111860,
       ¶ 48. A petitioner “shows cause by identifying an objective factor that impeded his ability
       to raise a specific claim during his initial post-conviction proceedings.” (Internal quotation
       marks omitted.) Id. A petitioner “shows prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised
       during his initial post-conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting
       conviction or sentence violated due process.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. Leave
       of court should be granted when the petitioner can demonstrate both cause and prejudice with
       respect to each claim raised. People v. Britt-El, 206 Ill. 2d 331, 339 (2002).
¶ 27       Unlike an initial petition for postconviction relief, the “frivolous or patently without
       merit” standard is inapplicable to a successive petition for postconviction relief. Edwards,
       2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 25-29. In Edwards, the supreme court stated that applying such a
       standard to a successive petition “would render the ‘leave of court’ language in section 122-
       1(f) superfluous.” Id. ¶ 26. The court noted that the first-stage standard set forth in section
       122-2.1(a)(2) of the Act is conspicuously absent from section 122-1(f) of the Act, which
       governs successive petitions. Id. ¶ 27. “Where language is included in one section of a statute
       but omitted in another section of the same statute, we presume the legislature acted
       intentionally and purposely in the inclusion or exclusion.” Id. We review de novo a trial
       court’s denial of leave to file a successive postconviction petition. People v. Edwards, 2012
       IL App (1st) 091651, ¶ 25.
¶ 28       The trial court treated the amended petition as a successive postconviction petition and
       denied defendant leave to file it. Defendant contends that, under the unique circumstances
       of this case, his amended petition should not be considered a successive postconviction
       petition. He maintains that the initial petition, filed while his direct appeal was pending, did
       not constitute a petition under the Act because its substance did not assert a violation of a
       constitutional right. Rather, he argues, even though it was labeled a postconviction petition,
       the initial petition should be characterized or construed as a section 2-1401 petition, which
       would then make the amended petition his first postconviction petition. Thus, he concludes,
       the cause-and-prejudice test is not applicable and the cause should be remanded for second-
       stage proceedings. Alternatively, if we find that the amended petition is a successive
       postconviction petition, then, he asserts, he has demonstrated cause and prejudice for filing
       the petition.
¶ 29       The State maintains that we lack jurisdiction to address the propriety of the trial court’s
       order dismissing defendant’s initial petition, including whether the trial court properly should
       have treated it as a section 2-1401 petition rather than a petition under the Act.
¶ 30       Section 122-7 of the Act provides that any “final judgment” entered upon a
       postconviction petition “shall be reviewed in a manner pursuant to the rules of the Supreme


                                                 -7-
       Court.” 725 ILCS 5/122-7 (West 2010). To preserve review of a judgment entirely disposing
       of a postconviction proceeding, Illinois Supreme Court Rules 651(d) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) and
       606(b) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) require the party seeking review to file a notice of appeal within
       30 days of the entry of the judgment or within 30 days of the entry of the order disposing of
       a timely filed motion attacking the judgment. The dismissal of a postconviction petition after
       first-stage review is a final judgment. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2010); People v.
       Dominguez, 366 Ill. App. 3d 468, 472 (2006).
¶ 31        When defendant filed the initial petition, the trial court treated it as a petition under the
       Act and entered a first-stage dismissal. This order resolved all issues raised in the petition
       and was a final disposition under the Act. As such, the order was immediately appealable,
       and Rule 606(b) required that a notice of appeal be filed within 30 days of either the order
       or the disposition of a timely filed motion attacking it. Defendant failed to file either a notice
       of appeal or a motion directed against the order within 30 days of the order’s entry.
¶ 32        On October 3, 2011, defendant filed a motion for leave to file a late notice of appeal, but
       we denied that motion on November 1, 2011, without prejudice, allowing defendant the
       opportunity to refile the motion in conformance with Rule 606(c). Defendant did not refile
       the motion. Defendant’s failure to timely file a notice of appeal deprives this court of
       jurisdiction to consider issues relating to any part of the ruling dismissing his initial petition,
       including whether the petition was, in fact, a petition filed under the Act or a petition filed
       under section 2-1401 of the Code.
¶ 33        Nevertheless, during oral argument defendant clarified that he was not contending that
       the trial court should have characterized the initial petition as a section 2-1401 petition.
       Rather, he contends that we should look to the substance of the initial petition to determine
       whether the amended petition, at issue in this appeal, was a successive postconviction
       petition. Defendant cites federal habeas corpus cases to support his premise that we must
       consider the substance of the initial petition, without regard to the title, to determine whether
       the amended petition was successive. We do not find those cases persuasive here.
¶ 34        During oral argument, defendant specifically cited Vasquez v. Parrott, 318 F.3d 387 (2d
       Cir. 2003), and Chambers v. United States, 106 F.3d 472 (2d Cir. 1997), in support of his
       argument. In Vasquez, a state prisoner filed a motion for leave to file a successive habeas
       corpus petition brought under title 28, section 2254, of the United States Code (28 U.S.C.
       § 2254 (2000)). If a petition is a successive habeas corpus application within the meaning
       of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (28 U.S.C. § 2244 (2000)), it
       may not be filed without leave of court under the stringent standards set by section 2244.
       There was no question that Vasquez previously filed a section 2254 petition. However, that
       petition did not seek to set aside Vasquez’s conviction. Rather, his first petition claimed that
       his due process rights were being violated because he was being held in jail without being
       permitted to defend himself against the charge, as guaranteed by the Constitution. The United
       States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that, because the first petition “did not
       challenge the lawfulness of his conviction,” which is the basis of a habeas corpus challenge,
       it “did not count under the second or successive petition rule of § 2244.” Vasquez, 318 F.3d
       at 392. Therefore, the court found that the second petition was “not a second petition within
       the meaning of” section 2244 and thus could be freely filed without leave of the court. Id.

                                                  -8-
¶ 35        In Chambers, a federal prisoner filed a pro se petition challenging, inter alia, the lower
       court’s finding that his petition brought under title 28, section 2255, of the United States
       Code (28 U.S.C. § 2255 (1994)) was successive. Chambers, 106 F.3d at 475. A parallel
       “second or successive” petition rule governs petitions under section 2255, under which a
       federal prisoner may seek to be released upon the ground that the sentence was imposed in
       violation of the Constitution or the laws of the United States, or other grounds similarly
       attacking the legality of the imposition of the sentence. See Vasquez, 318 F.3d at 392 n.1.
       Chambers had previously filed multiple petitions labeled as seeking relief under section
       2255. Chambers, 106 F.3d at 475. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
       held that, if a prisoner erroneously labels a petition as a section 2255 petition when relief is
       available only under section 2241 (28 U.S.C. § 2241 (1994)), the mislabeling must be
       disregarded. Id. The court found that, because the prior petitions did not seek any relief
       cognizable under section 2255, Chambers’ current section 2255 petition should be
       considered an initial section 2255 petition and therefore Chambers did not need authorization
       to file it.
¶ 36        Unlike in the present case, in Chambers the district court had relabeled the section 2255
       petitions as section 2241 petitions. Here, the trial court did not relabel the initial petition,
       which was clearly captioned as a postconviction petition. Moreover, Chambers and Vasquez
       (and other federal cases cited by defendant such as Ruth v. United States, 266 F.3d 658, 660
       (7th Cir. 2001), Corrao v. United States, 152 F.3d 188, 191 (2d Cir. 1998), and Stantini v.
       United States, 140 F.3d 424, 426 (2d Cir. 1998)), which hold that the substance of the
       petition should be considered without regard to the label, are contrary to People v.
       Shellstrom, 216 Ill. 2d 45, 51-58 (2005), wherein our supreme court, though noting that the
       substance of a petition generally controls its identity, held that a court is under no obligation
       to recharacterize a petition. Clearly, the initial petition was filed pursuant to the Act. The fact
       that it was not meritorious because it did not meet the requirements of the Act is irrelevant.
       The trial court appropriately treated it as a postconviction petition. Accordingly, we agree
       with the trial court that the amended petition was a successive petition.
¶ 37        Defendant points out that, recently, the Fifth District Appellate Court applied federal
       habeas corpus law in People v. Little, 2012 IL App (5th) 100547, and held that a defendant
       should not be denied the opportunity to mount a collateral attack where he has been forced
       to file a postconviction petition or a petition for habeas relief to reinstate his right to a direct
       appeal. Id. ¶ 17. Little is distinguishable because in this case, unlike in Little, defendant was
       not denied his right to a direct appeal. He filed his initial petition while his direct appeal was
       pending.
¶ 38        Defendant also relies on the Third District Appellate Court’s holding in People v.
       Cheeks, 318 Ill. App. 3d 919, 922 (2001), where the court recharacterized the defendant’s
       postconviction petition as raising a perjury claim under section 2-1401 and remanded the
       cause to the trial court. Cheeks was based on the dissent in People v. Brown, 169 Ill. 2d 94
       (1995).
¶ 39        In Brown, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition alleging that his
       convictions were based on false testimony, and the trial court summarily dismissed it. Id. at
       95-96. The supreme court affirmed that dismissal, finding that, in the absence of an

                                                   -9-
       allegation that the State knowingly used false testimony, the defendant failed to present a
       constitutional perjury claim cognizable under the Act. Id. at 106. The court noted that its
       ruling did not leave defendants who claim that their convictions are based on perjured
       testimony without a remedy, as they could seek relief under section 2-1401. Id. at 107. The
       defendant argued that, if the court found that the appropriate remedy for his claim was
       through a petition under section 2-1401, then “equity” required the trial court to consider his
       petition under that section. Id. at 108. The supreme court, however, held that the defendant
       had forfeited this argument because he raised it for the first time in his reply brief. Id.
¶ 40        The dissent in Brown believed that the defendant had raised a constitutional issue in his
       postconviction petition and that, at a minimum, the trial court should have treated the petition
       as having been brought under section 2-1401. Id. at 108-09 (Harrison, J., dissenting, joined
       by McMorrow and Nickels, JJ.). The dissent thus believed that the decisions of the trial and
       appellate courts should have been reversed and the cause remanded for a hearing on the
       defendant’s petition. Id. at 109.
¶ 41        In Cheeks, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition alleging that the primary
       basis for his home invasion conviction was the false testimony of the complaining witness,
       but he did not assert the State’s knowing use of perjured testimony. Cheeks, 318 Ill. App. 3d
       at 920. The trial court dismissed the petition as patently without merit, observing that the
       petition did not raise a constitutional claim upon which postconviction relief could be
       granted. Id. at 921. The defendant claimed on appeal that the trial court should have
       considered his petition as raising a perjury claim under section 2-1401. Id. The appellate
       court noted that to invoke postconviction relief the defendant was required to assert the
       State’s knowing use of perjured testimony, but that the defendant could pursue this claim in
       a section 2-1401 petition without asserting the State’s knowing use of perjured testimony.
       Id. (citing Brown, 169 Ill. 2d at 107). The court then observed that the defendant did not have
       the forfeiture problem that was noted in Brown and, citing the dissent in Brown, remanded
       the cause for consideration of the defendant’s claim under section 2-1401, even though his
       petition was drafted in terms of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 921-22 (citing Brown,
       169 Ill. 2d at 109 (Harrison, J., dissenting, joined by McMorrow and Nickels, JJ.)). The court
       stated that it would be inappropriate to deny the defendant an opportunity to pursue the
       applicable remedy merely because he did not understand the law well enough to bring his
       claim under the Code instead of the Act. Id. at 922.
¶ 42        We decline to follow Cheeks. First, in remanding, Cheeks relied on the dissent in Brown,
       which has no precedential value. See People v. Smythe, 352 Ill. App. 3d 1056, 1061 (2004).
       Thus, Cheeks is unpersuasive. Moreover, Cheeks is distinguishable from the present case in
       that the Third District Appellate Court was not recharacterizing an earlier filing in order to
       avoid a cause-and-prejudice analysis.
¶ 43        In sum, by failing to file a notice of appeal or a motion directed against the order within
       30 days, defendant deprived this court of jurisdiction to consider whether the initial petition
       was, in fact, a petition under the Act or a petition under section 2-1401 of the Code.
       Moreover, this court is not obligated to recharacterize the initial petition as a section 2-1401
       petition. As such, defendant must demonstrate cause and prejudice for filing a successive
       postconviction petition.

                                                -10-
¶ 44                       C. Application of the Cause-and-Prejudice Test
¶ 45        We note that defendant cites Pitsonbarger to suggest that, because the proceedings on
       the initial petition were fundamentally deficient, the amended petition should not be
       subjected to the cause-and-prejudice test. After thoroughly reviewing Pitsonbarger, we find
       no such holding. The supreme court held that the cause-and-prejudice test is to be used to
       determine whether fundamental fairness requires that an exception be made to the forfeiture
       provision of section 122-3 of the Act so that a claim raised in a successive petition may be
       considered on its merits. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 459. The court did state that, even if a
       petitioner cannot show cause and prejudice, his failure to raise a claim in an earlier petition
       will be excused if necessary to prevent a fundamental miscarriage of justice. However, as
       stated above, to demonstrate such a miscarriage of justice, a petitioner must show actual
       innocence, not that the proceedings on the initial petition were fundamentally deficient. Id.
       In the present case, because defendant made no claim of actual innocence in the amended
       petition, the claims raised in the petition must be considered forfeited unless application of
       the cause-and-prejudice test dictates otherwise.
¶ 46        Defendant asserts that he has established both cause and prejudice. To reiterate, “cause,”
       for purposes of the cause-and-prejudice test, has been defined as some objective factor,
       external to the defense, that impeded the petitioner’s ability to raise a specific claim in the
       initial postconviction petition. People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 329 (2009); Pitsonbarger, 205
       Ill. 2d at 460 (citing Flores, 153 Ill. 2d at 279); see also 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2010).
       A petitioner shows “prejudice” by demonstrating that the claims not raised during his initial
       postconviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or sentence
       violated due process. Britt-El, 206 Ill. 2d at 339; see also 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2010).
¶ 47        Defendant argues that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise on direct
       appeal the following issues: (1) the alleged violation of defendant’s constitutional right to
       due process through the State’s presentation of Newcomb’s false testimony; (2) the alleged
       violation of due process through the State’s failure to disclose exculpatory evidence
       regarding Newcomb’s background; and (3) the alleged ineffective assistance of trial counsel
       for failing to impeach Newcomb with the information related to his federal charges. Further,
       he asserts that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to ask this court on appeal to
       review transcripts sealed by the trial court about Newcomb’s activities as an informant.2
¶ 48        Defendant explains that the claims he raised in his amended petition could not have been
       raised in the initial petition because his direct appeal was pending when he filed it. The initial


               2
                 The amended petition did not specifically raise some of the issues that defendant now
       advances on appeal. Defendant did not allege that trial counsel failed to impeach Newcomb with
       information related to his federal charges; rather, he alleged that counsel failed to investigate
       Newcomb’s and Nelson’s backgrounds and failed to challenge the sufficiency of an application for
       a search warrant. Moreover, defendant did not allege that appellate counsel was ineffective for
       failing to request that this court review the sealed transcripts about Newcomb’s activities as an
       informant.

                                                 -11-
       petition was dismissed on August 31, 2011, the same day that we affirmed his convictions
       on direct appeal. Defendant concludes that he could not have raised the claims of ineffective
       assistance of appellate counsel in the initial petition because his direct appeal had not been
       decided yet and thus he did not know whether we would grant him any relief. Defendant cites
       Flores in support.
¶ 49        In Flores, the defendant could not raise the issue of ineffective assistance of appellate
       counsel in his first postconviction petition, because the same attorney represented him on
       direct appeal and in the postconviction proceedings. Flores, 153 Ill. 2d at 271-72. Here,
       while it might have been premature to allege ineffective assistance of appellate counsel while
       defendant’s direct appeal was pending, the underlying issues alleged in his amended petition
       were not premature and defendant was not relying on counsel’s advice or assistance in filing
       pro se the initial petition. Defendant’s amended petition did not identify any objective factors
       that impeded his ability to raise in his initial petition the claims that he now identifies. He
       had the information concerning Newcomb’s criminal history, and the appellate briefs had
       been filed before he filed his initial petition. As the trial court noted, defendant’s initial
       petition was filed “months after all of the briefs in his direct appeal were submitted,” so
       defendant knew which issues had been raised by his appellate counsel on direct appeal. So,
       “the litany of allegations in this successive post-conviction petition appears to be nothing
       more than the Petitioner’s attempt to get a proverbial second bite at the apple following this
       [trial court’s] rejection of the meritless theory in this initial petition.”
¶ 50        Defendant has failed to demonstrate that he has met the cause prong of the cause-and-
       prejudice requirement for filing a successive postconviction petition, and because he has not
       demonstrated cause, we need not address whether he has demonstrated prejudice.
       Accordingly, we find that the trial court properly denied defendant leave to file his amended
       petition.

¶ 51                                    III. CONCLUSION
¶ 52       For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County is affirmed.

¶ 53       Affirmed.

¶ 54       JUSTICE SCHOSTOK, specially concurring.
¶ 55       For the reasons set forth in this court’s decisions in Carr, McCoy, and Hommerson, I
       agree with the State that this court should affirm the denial of leave to file the defendant’s
       amended petition on the basis that the petition was not verified by affidavit. The majority’s
       reliance on People v. Cruz, 2013 IL 113399, to depart from those cases is unpersuasive, as
       Cruz does not specifically address the underlying analysis of any of those cases. Accordingly,
       I would affirm the trial court’s judgment on the ground that the defendant failed to verify the
       amended petition rather than on those grounds articulated by the majority.




                                                -12-
