               In the Missouri Court of Appeals
                                  Western District

 STATE OF MISSOURI,                       )
                             Respondent, )             WD82663
 v.                                       )
                                          )
 THOMAS J. SAVAGE,                        )            FILED: November 12, 2019
                               Appellant. )

        APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CLAY COUNTY
               THE HONORABLE JANET L. SUTTON, JUDGE

  BEFORE DIVISION FOUR: KAREN KING MITCHELL, CHIEF JUDGE, PRESIDING,
        LISA WHITE HARDWICK AND THOMAS N. CHAPMAN, JUDGES
      Thomas Savage appeals from the circuit court’s denial of his motion to retax

costs to the State. Savage contends the court erroneously denied his motion because:

(1) after originally ordering him to pay costs, the court made a subsequent finding that

he was insolvent; and (2) he should not have been taxed any costs as an indigent

person represented by the Public Defender’s Office. For reasons explained herein, we

find no error and affirm the judgment denying the motion to retax costs.

                           FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      After a jury trial, Savage was convicted and sentenced to six years imprisonment

for second-degree burglary and 180-days for misdemeanor stealing. At the sentencing

hearing on November 30, 2018, Savage argued that costs should not be taxed against

him as a “clearly indigent” person who was represented by the Public Defender’s Office
and lacked a high school diploma or current employment. The court stated the objection

was “duly noted” before taxing costs against Savage in the amount of $371.50 (“original

costs”). 1 The court, however, granted Savage’s motion to appeal in forma pauperis. 2

          Nearly three months later, on February 20, 2019, the circuit court certified a bill of

costs to the Department of Corrections (“DOC”), which included a $6.00 “Felony Clerk

Fee,” a $75.00 “Sheriff’s Fee,” and a $6,629.68 board bill for the period of time Savage

was detained in the Clay County Jail. Savage thereupon filed a motion to retax the

original costs to the State, alleging that the circuit court, in certifying the bill of costs to

the DOC, necessarily determined that he was insolvent and unable to pay court costs.

Savage argued that the court was required to correct its previous judgment assessing

costs against him.

          The circuit court denied Savage’s motion to retax costs and stated during the

hearing on the motion that it was doing so because “finding [Savage] insolvent for

paying $6,000 in a board bill is entirely different than [the court] find[ing] him indigent for

purposes of assessing $300 in court costs. . . . There’s a huge distinction in finding

somebody indigent based on the difference in what [the court is] assessing against

him.” Savage appeals the denial of his motion to retax costs.


1   The $371.50 in court costs were assessed as follows:

          (1) CVC-$46 Other: 46.00
          (2) LET-County: $2.00
          (3) Dom Viol-Crim/County Ordinance: $2.00
          (4) Inmate Pris Detainee Security: $2.00
          (5) Felony Costs w/SRF: $279.50
          (6) Court Reporter: $15.00
          (7) Time Payment Fee: $25.00

These court costs were authorized by statute. See State v. Richey, 569 S.W.3d 420, 424 n.7 (Mo.
banc 2019).
2   Savage’s direct appeal of his criminal convictions is now pending in a separate case filing in our court.

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                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “Statutory interpretation is an issue of law that [appellate courts] review[] de

novo.” State v. Richey, 569 S.W.3d 420, 423 (Mo. banc 2019). “When interpreting a

statute, the primary goal is to give effect to legislative intent as reflected in the plain

language of the statute.” State v. Moore, 303 S.W.3d 515, 520 (Mo. banc 2010).

                                           ANALYSIS

       Savage’s points on appeal assert that the circuit court erred in denying his

motion to retax costs to the State. In Point I, Savage contends the court should have

reassessed the original costs against the State in light of its later determination that

Savage was insolvent for purposes of the board bill and other costs. In Point II, Savage

argues that he should not have been taxed any costs as an indigent person represented

by a legal aid society or legal services organization. As both of Savage’s points fail for

the same reason, we will address them together.

       “[C]ourts have no inherent power to award costs,” as they are creatures of

statute, “which can only be granted by virtue of express statutory authority.” State ex

rel. Merrell v. Carter, 518 S.W.3d 798, 800 (Mo. banc 2017) (citation and quotations

omitted). “Express statutory authority must be clear, definite, and unambiguous.”

Richey, 569 S.W.3d at 423 (footnote omitted). Indeed, “[t]here is no power to tax costs

‘unless a finger can be put upon a statute permitting it.’” Id. (quoting Jacoby v. Mo.

Valley Drainage Dist., 163 S.W.2d 930, 931 (Mo. banc 1942)). We, therefore, strictly

construe the statutes authorizing the taxation of costs. Gene Kauffman Scholarship

Found., Inc. v. Payne, 183 S.W.3d 620, 627 (Mo. App. 2006).




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          In the normal course, a defendant “convicted of any crime or misdemeanor [ ]

shall be adjudged to pay the costs, and no costs incurred on his part, except fees for the

cost of incarceration, including a reasonable sum to cover occupancy costs, shall be

paid by the state or county.” § 550.010, RSMo 2016. 3 The General Assembly,

however, codified an exception to this rule in Section 550.020, which states, in pertinent

part, “in all cases in which the defendant shall be sentenced to imprisonment in the

penitentiary . . . the state shall pay the costs, if the defendant shall be unable to pay

them, except costs incurred on behalf of defendant.” Section 514.270 provides a

mechanism by which persons aggrieved by the taxing of costs may have such costs

retaxed:

          Any person aggrieved by the taxation of a bill of costs may, upon
          application, have the same retaxed by the court in which the action or
          proceeding was had, and in such retaxation all errors shall be corrected by
          the court; and if the party aggrieved shall have paid any unlawful charge,
          by reason of the first taxation, the clerk shall pay the costs of retaxation,
          and also to the party aggrieved the amount which he may have paid by
          reason of the allowing of such unlawful charge.

          In its recent decision in Richey, the Supreme Court of Missouri cited Section

514.270 as support for the proposition that defendants “may challenge the taxation of

board bills as court costs without affecting the finality of their judgments.” 569 S.W.3d

at 423 n.2. In an explanatory parenthetical following a citation to Herson v. Chicago &

A.R. Co., 18 Mo. App 439, 443 (Mo. App. 1885), contained in the same footnote, the

Court stated that an appeal could be sustained following an adverse ruling to such

taxation challenges. See id. Savage contends that this explanatory parenthetical




3   All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri 2016.

                                                       4
grants him the right to challenge both the amount and inter-party allocation of any court

cost through the use of a post-judgment motion and, if that motion is denied, to file an

appeal unencumbered by other statutory provisions or the rules of appellate procedure.

We disagree.

       “[O]nce judgment and sentencing occur in a criminal proceeding, the trial court

has exhausted its jurisdiction. The trial court can take no further action in that case

except when otherwise expressly provided by statute or rule.” State v. Joordens, 347

S.W.3d 98, 100 (Mo. App. 2011) (quoting Simmons v. White, 866 S.W.2d 443, 445 (Mo.

banc 1993)). While Richey recognized that, pursuant to Section 514.270, the circuit

court had the authority to entertain a motion to retax certain costs after final judgment

and that an appeal could properly be undertaken from a ruling adverse to a party, it did

not grant defendants an unfettered right to challenge the court’s determination about

which party is liable for court costs at any time.

       For at least 133 years, Missouri courts have recognized the principle that a circuit

court’s determination as to which party should be taxed costs is part of the judgment

itself. Mann v. Warner, 22 Mo. App. 577, 579-80 (Mo. App. 1886); see also Bosley v.

Parle, 35 Mo. App. 232, 236 (Mo. App. 1889); Beecham v. Evans, 117 S.W. 1190, 1191

(Mo. App 1909). And, while courts have acknowledged that an appeal could be

sustained from a motion to retax costs, they have also indicated that this principle

“applies only where the duty of taxing the costs in the first instance devolves on the

clerk.” Bosley, 35 Mo. App. at 236. The retaxation of costs “is generally a ministerial

duty performed by [the clerk] after the entry of the final judgment; and for the purpose of

giving the parties an opportunity to object to any error or mistake of the clerk in the



                                              5
taxation of costs, the law permits the motion to retax to be filed at any time.” Id.

Consequently, it was understood that a motion to retax would not lie “where the costs

complained of have been directly adjudicated by the order and judgment of the court.”

Id.

       This understanding formed the basis for the Missouri Supreme Court’s

discussion in Aetna Ins. Co. v. O’Malley, 118 S.W.2d 3, 11 (Mo. banc 1938), regarding

the manner in which obligations in the taxation of costs were allocated between the

circuit court and the clerk of the court:

       Where the costs are definite and fixed by statute, the clerk in the first
       instance is by law required to tax the costs of the case, which of course is
       purely a ministerial duty, and, when the court is requested to review the
       clerk's action in that regard, it is exercising a similar duty, simply correcting
       errors made by the clerk in trying to obey the statutes; but not so in regard
       to the taxation of costs, which requires judicial investigation and
       determination. In such a case, the clerk has no authority whatever to act,
       except as ordered by the court; in that case the court alone can order the
       costs taxed or retaxed, which must be done upon judicial investigation and
       determination, and must be done during the term of the court at which the
       final judgment in the cause is rendered, for it is elementary that with the
       lapse of the term at which the final judgment is rendered the jurisdiction of
       the court over the cause ceases.

(emphasis added).

       While terms of court have been abolished since Aetna, the general principle that

the allocation of costs, i.e., which party is liable for costs, can only be challenged while

the court retains jurisdiction over the cause has not been questioned. See Quality Bus.

Accessories, Inc. v. Nat’l Bus. Prods., Inc., 880 S.W.2d 333, 335 (Mo. App 1994)

(continuing to apply Aetna formulation of ministerial and discretionary powers in the

taxation of costs). Thus, Richey’s brief mention of appealability merely recognized that



                                              6
an adverse ruling from a motion to retax costs asserting errors in the amount assessed

by the clerk presents a cognizable claim, see 569 S.W.3d at 423 n.2, which exists

outside the generally applicable maxim that “[n]early all such rulings in criminal cases

denying motions requesting various types of relief after the judgment and sentence are

not appealable.” State v. Goldsby, 579 S.W.3d 242, 244 (Mo. App. 2019) (citation and

quotations omitted). It is the necessary corollary, then, that a party seeking to shift the

costs from itself to the untaxed party must do so on direct appeal of the final judgment

because the alleged error affects the finality of that judgment. 4 See Bush v. Norman,

226 S.W. 1028, 1029 (Mo. App. 1920); see also Aetna, 118 S.W.2d at 11; Bosley, 35

Mo. App. at 236.

        Savage cites the decision of the Southern District of this court in State v.

Banderman, 570 S.W.3d 670, 672 (Mo. App. 2019), as support for his expansive

interpretation of Section 514.270. In Banderman, the court interpreted the text of

Richey’s second footnote “to mean: (1) a defendant in a criminal case can challenge the

taxation of costs via a post-judgment motion; and (2) if the motion is overruled, the

defendant can obtain appellate review of that adverse ruling by direct appeal.” Id. This

interpretation, however, is not inconsistent with our discussion supra, as the Banderman

court was not asked to retax costs to the State; instead, the court was tasked only with

determining whether, following the decision in Richey, Missouri statutes allow the clerk

to tax board bills attributable to the defendant as court costs. Id. at 671-73. That

question simply concerns the parameters of the circuit court and clerk’s statutory



4The circumstances of Savage’s appeal presents a unique procedural posture, in that it “leapfrogged” his
direct appeal of the court’s judgment of conviction. His direct appeal is in the briefing stage and has not
been scheduled for argument or submission.

                                                     7
authority to tax jail board bills as costs. Richey, 569 S.W.3d at 423-426. Nothing in

Richey or Banderman expresses support for Savage’s new contention that he should be

able to challenge the circuit court’s inter-party allocation of costs in a post-judgment

motion to retax costs.

       At sentencing, Savage argued that costs should not be taxed against him due to

his indigent status as a person represented by the Public Defender’s office. The circuit

court acknowledged the objection before entering a final judgment of conviction that

taxed costs against Savage. The court also granted Savage’s motion to appeal in

forma pauperis, wherein he could challenge the conviction and the allocation of costs

against him. The allocation decision was part of the final judgment subject to appeal,

but any subsequent determination as to the amount and types of costs to be assessed

could be challenged in a motion to retax costs. Accordingly, we find no error in the

circuit court’s denial of Savage’s motion to retax costs against the State because it was

an improper effort to revisit the allocation directly adjudicated by the final judgment of

conviction.

                                        CONCLUSION

       We affirm the judgment denying Savage’s motion to retax costs to the State.




                                           _____________________________
                                           LISA WHITE HARDWICK, JUDGE
ALL CONCUR.




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