                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Frank, Kelsey and Alston
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued by teleconference


              RONALD RAY BURGESS
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0853-13-1                                     JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
                                                                                  MARCH 11, 2014
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY
                                              Carl E. Eason, Jr., Judge

                               Antoinette E. Tucker, Deputy Public Defender (Office of the Public
                               Defender, on briefs), for appellant.

                               Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                               Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Ronald Ray Burgess, appellant, was convicted in a bench trial of grand larceny in violation

              of Code § 18.2-95.1 On appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to

              suppress because the police had no probable cause to seize the laptop computer and its contents.

              For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                        BACKGROUND

                     When we consider a trial court’s ruling on a suppression motion, “‘we view the evidence in

              the light most favorable to the prevailing party below, the Commonwealth in this instance,’ and this

              Court’s ‘review of the record includes evidence adduced at both the trial and the suppression




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                        Upon the trial court denying his motion to suppress, appellant entered a conditional plea
              of guilty pursuant to Code § 19.2-254.
hearing.’” Fauntleroy v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 238, 244, 746 S.E.2d 65, 68 (2013) (quoting

Greene v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 606, 608, 440 S.E.2d 138, 139 (1994)).

        Franklin City Police Officer Justin Schumer investigated two incidents involving possible

larcenies from vehicles both located in the parking lot of the City’s fire department. On the first

incident, appellant matched the description of the perpetrator. Nothing was taken in the first

incident. However, on July 12, 2012, a man identified as appellant took a black and yellow toolbox

containing, among other things, a rusty red wrench, out of a truck in the parking lot.

        Schumer was also aware of another larceny from a truck in the fire department parking lot

where magnetic trailer lights were taken. These lights were round and 3” in diameter.

        Officer Schumer then obtained a search warrant for appellant’s residence,2 which authorized

a search for “[a] black and yellow tool box containing tools, to include a rusty wrench with a red

handle [and] a set of magnetic flashing lights.”

        As Schumer entered appellant’s residence to execute the search warrant, he noticed the

apartment was “extremely cluttered” and in “complete disarray” except for five items neatly

arranged side by side in the middle of the living room, one of which Schumer immediately

identified as the stolen yellow toolbox listed in the search warrant.

        While searching for the trailer lights, Officer Schumer looked into a brown computer bag,

which was one of the “lined up” items, and found a name badge for a “Mr. Bittick” in a side pocket.

The side pocket was large enough to hold the stolen magnetic lights. The badge also had a photo of

someone other than appellant. Schumer also found a laptop computer in the bag. He still had not

found the trailer lights. Schumer believed that the five items – the laptop bag and its contents, the

yellow toolbox, other tools, and a 69-piece emergency roadside kit – had been stolen, based on their




        2
            Appellant does not challenge the legality of the search warrant.
                                                 -2-
location in the apartment and the fact that all of the items were things people would typically leave

in their vehicles.

        Schumer inventoried the items and took them to police headquarters. There, he found the

computer’s serial number. He also contacted Mr. Bittick, who confirmed the theft of the computer.

        The trial court, in denying the motion to suppress, found the officer had probable cause to

seize the computer and its contents under the plain view doctrine.

        This appeal follows.

                                              ANALYSIS3

        Appellant correctly states that the computer and its contents, including the computer’s serial

number which was found at the police station,4 were not listed in the search warrant and, therefore,

the search warrant cannot form the basis for the seizure of the computer. Specifically, appellant

contends the police had no probable cause to seize the computer; thus, he argues, the plain view

doctrine does not authorize the seizure.

        The following standards apply to our review of this issue.

                         In reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, the
                 burden is upon [the appellant] to show that the ruling, when the
                 evidence is considered most favorably to the Commonwealth,
                 constituted reversible error. Ultimate questions of reasonable
                 suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless search involve
                 questions of both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal.
                 In performing such analysis, we are bound by the trial court’s
                 findings of historical fact unless plainly wrong or without evidence to
                 support them . . . . We analyze a trial judge’s determination whether
                 the Fourth Amendment was implicated by applying de novo our own
                 legal analysis of whether based on those facts a seizure occurred.




        3
        While the Commonwealth argues appellant had no expectation of privacy in stolen
goods, we need not address this issue because of our disposition of the case.
        4
            The serial number was clearly seized when the computer was originally seized.
                                                 -3-
Lawrence v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 95, 99-100, 578 S.E.2d 54, 57 (2003) (quoting McGee v.

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 197-98, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc) (footnote,

quotation marks, and citations omitted)). As such, this Court will defer to the trial court’s factual

findings, but we will independently determine whether the manner in which evidence was obtained

meets the requirements of the Fourth Amendment. McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 551-

52, 659 S.E.2d 512, 516 (2008).

        Our inquiry is whether the plain view exception to the search warrant requirement applies

here.5 The plain view doctrine “provides grounds for seizure of an item when an officer’s access to

an object has some prior justification under the Fourth Amendment.” Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S.

730, 738 (1983). Under this doctrine, if an officer is in a location legitimately and sees in plain

view what he has probable cause to believe is either contraband or evidence of a crime, he may

seize that item without violating the Fourth Amendment. Shearer v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App.

394, 403, 388 S.E.2d 828, 832 (1990).

        The United States Supreme Court has established three requirements that must be met

before the plain view doctrine applies: “1) that the officer did not violate the Fourth Amendment in

arriving at the place from which the evidence could be plainly viewed, 2) that the incriminating

character of the evidence must be immediately apparent, and 3) that the officer have a lawful right

of access to the object itself.”6 Vaughn v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 643, 648, 674 S.E.2d 558,



        5
          We note that appellant’s assignment of error is limited to the seizure, not the search of
the laptop. Therefore, pursuant to Rules 5A:12(c)(1) and 5A:20(c), we will not address the
legality of the search. See Fox v. Fox, 61 Va. App. 185, 202-03, 734 S.E.2d 662, 670 (2012)
(holding that because an appellant did not include an argument in his questions presented (now
assignments of error), the Court would not address it on appeal); see also Hillcrest Manor
Nursing Home v. Underwood, 35 Va. App. 31, 39 n.4, 542 S.E.2d 785, 789 n.4 (2001) (declining
to consider an issue on appeal because it was not “expressly stated” in the questions presented
(now assignments of error)).
        6
            Appellant does not contest the first or third prongs of the plain view doctrine.
                                                   -4-
560 (2009) (citing Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128 (1990)). Further, if “the police lack probable

cause to believe that an object in plain view is contraband without conducting some further search

of the object – i.e., ‘if its incriminating character [is not] immediately apparent,’ . . . the plain-view

doctrine cannot justify its seizure.” Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 375 (1993) (emphasis

omitted) (quoting Horton, 496 U.S. at 136) (citing Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321 (1987)).

        At trial, appellant argued that this case was analogous to Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, in which the

United States Supreme Court affirmed a judgment granting appellant’s motion to suppress due to a

Fourth Amendment violation. In that case, the Court held that the plain view exception did not

apply. However, this case is easily distinguished from Hicks.

        In Hicks, police responded to appellant’s apartment after a report of a shooting. Id. at 323.

While in the apartment, they noticed expensive stereo equipment that seemed out of place. An

officer moved the equipment to read the serial numbers, and after calling in the serial numbers to the

police station, he determined the stereo equipment was stolen. Id. The trial court granted

appellant’s motion to suppress, and the appellate court affirmed. The Supreme Court agreed and

noted that the officer had only reasonable suspicion and lacked probable cause to believe the stereo

equipment was stolen. Therefore, the probable cause prong of the plain view doctrine was not met.

Id. at 354-55.

        In the case before us, the circumstances are completely different. Police responded to

appellant’s home after two recent reports of theft. Appellant answered the door wearing a shirt that

matched the description given by the victim. The victim then drove by and identified appellant.

Police then arrested appellant and obtained a search warrant to look for stolen property. While

executing that warrant, Officer Schumer noticed that most of the apartment was in disarray, with the

exception of five items lined up neatly. Schumer immediately observed that one of those items was

the stolen toolbox, which had been specifically mentioned in the warrant. Then, while he was

                                                   -5-
searching for the small trailer lights, Officer Schumer looked in a computer bag.7 This was

appropriate, as the computer bag was large enough to hold the trailer lights and was lined up with

the other neatly arranged items in appellant’s otherwise messy apartment. In the computer bag,

Schumer found a name badge for someone other than appellant. At that point, Officer Schumer had

probable cause to conclude that the items in the computer bag did not belong to appellant. Further,

the factfinder could reasonably infer that the five items lined up together were all stolen, particularly

because the laptop bag did not belong to appellant.

        While we note that “[t]he permissible scope of a search is limited by the terms of the

warrant pursuant to which it is conducted,” Kearney v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 202, 204, 355

S.E.2d 897, 898 (1987), the “search is not invalid merely because officers seize items not named in

the warrant,” Cherry v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 132, 138-39, 462 S.E.2d 574, 577 (1995)

(citing Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443 (1971)).

        In this case, the evidence seized was discovered during a search authorized by a warrant,

and the validity of the warrant is not before us on appeal. The warrant described with particularity

the items for which appellant’s residence was to be searched. While searching in appellant’s

apartment for the stolen trailer lights, Officer Schumer observed and properly seized a laptop bag.

Although appellant’s residence was in disarray, the laptop bag was neatly arranged with a few other

items, one of which was a stolen toolbox listed in the warrant. Once he discovered identification in

the bag for someone other than appellant, Schumer had probable cause to believe that the laptop bag

and its contents had been stolen. Therefore, the trial court appropriately applied the plain view

doctrine to deny appellant’s motion to suppress.8


        7
            Appellant does not contest the search of the laptop bag.
        8
          On brief, the Commonwealth raised the issues of inevitable discovery and “right for the
wrong reason,” but we do not reach those issues, as we decided this appeal on the plain view
doctrine.
                                              -6-
                                          CONCLUSION

       The trial court properly denied appellant’s motion to suppress, because officers were in

appellant’s apartment pursuant to a valid warrant, and the evidence was lawfully seized under the

plain view doctrine. Therefore, we will uphold the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion and

affirm appellant’s conviction.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                                -7-
