     Case: 17-30069      Document: 00514232175         Page: 1    Date Filed: 11/09/2017




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                      No. 17-30069                              FILED
                                                                         November 9, 2017
                                                                           Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                       Clerk

              Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.

ANTHONY DARTEZ,

              Defendant–Appellant.




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Western District of Louisiana
                            USDC No. 2:07-CR-20009-1


Before JONES, SMITH, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Anthony Dartez appeals the revocation of his supervised release,
asserting that his confrontation right was violated when the district court did
not allow him to cross-examine United States Probation Officer Gregory Clark
during his revocation hearing. For the reasons given below, we AFFIRM.




       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                  I. BACKGROUND
      On November 14, 2007, Anthony Dartez pleaded guilty to one count of
possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). He
was subsequently sentenced to 120 months of imprisonment and 10 years of
supervised release. Dartez’s term of supervised release began December 29,
2015. One supervised release condition prohibited Dartez from “hav[ing] access
to any computer that is capable of internet access without specific permission
of the probation officer.” He was also required to reside in a halfway house and
abide by that facility’s rules.
      On June 17, 2016, Dartez’s probation officer, Officer Gregory Clark, filed
a petition for a warrant and revocation hearing, alleging that Dartez possessed
a cell phone and ignored orders from the halfway house’s staff members. The
district court found that Dartez had violated the conditions of his supervised
release, but deferred action on the petition. Instead, the court admonished
Dartez to comply with the rules of the halfway house.
       On December 7, 2016, Officer Clark filed a second petition for a warrant
and revocation hearing. The petition alleged that Dartez violated the
conditions of his supervised release by: (1) failing to attend mandatory classes
at the halfway house; (2) failing to report his movements to the halfway house;
(3) possessing unauthorized cell phones; (4) possessing a cell phone on
November 18, 2016, that was connected to free wireless internet; and
(5) possessing a portable gaming system, a PlayStation Portable, that was
capable of connecting to the internet. Most relevant here, Officer Clark
personally observed the November 18 incident. On that day, Officer Clark
visited the Dairy Queen where Dartez was working. Upon arriving, he noticed
Dartez sitting near a dumpster behind the Dairy Queen, holding a cellular
phone. Officer Clark inspected the cell phone and determined it was connected
to the internet.
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      On January 24, 2017, the district court conducted a revocation hearing
on Officer Clark’s second petition. Dartez denied the petition’s allegations and
requested an evidentiary hearing. The Government began its presentation of
evidence by proffering the testimony of Officer Clark because of the district
court’s policy of not “put[ting] the probation officer under oath.” In its proffer,
the Government summarized the allegations set forth in the revocation
petition and emphasized that Officer Clark “has specific information that he
has direct knowledge of,” particularly his observations at Dairy Queen. Dartez
objected to the proffer as violating his constitutional and statutory right to
confront an adverse witness.
      The district court and Dartez’s counsel then engaged in a lengthy
exchange over whether he could cross-examine Officer Clark. The court noted
that Officer Clark was an eyewitness to one of the violations, but explained
that its policy of not placing probation officers under oath derived from the
position that a probation officer is “an arm of the court” who “provides to [the]
Court information of a variety of natures” and “monitor[s] [the supervisee] and
report[s] to the Court as to what he or she has found.” From this, the court
reasoned that Officer Clark was not an “adverse witness” within the meaning
of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1(b)(2)(C). The district court noted
the “relaxed” evidentiary rules of revocation hearings and emphasized that the
“interest of justice” provided grounds for prohibiting cross-examination of a
witness in a revocation hearing.
      The district court then proposed an alternative to cross-examination: the
court would assist defense counsel in eliciting information from Officer Clark
by posing questions to the probation officer and by letting counsel ask
questions “in an informal fashion.” The district court noted that “in 26 years
[it had] never allowed [cross-examination of a probation officer]” and stated,
“[w]hat I’m not going to let you do is cross-examine him under oath about how
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                                  No. 17-30069
he did his job unless the Court tells me I must.” Dartez’s counsel stated he was
“prepared to proceed the way [the court] would like to today” and appreciated
the opportunity to present his argument.
      The district court then began questioning Officer Clark, which occurred
as follows. Defense counsel would ask the court a question, and then the court
would repeat the question to Officer Clark. At times, the court would pose its
own questions to Officer Clark. At other times, the court would decline to ask
Dartez’s questions because it believed the information sought was not relevant
to its decision. Defense counsel also asked a few questions directly to Officer
Clark. During this initial exchange, Officer Clark was not placed under oath.
      After a brief recess, the district court retroactively placed Officer Clark
under oath, stating “[h]e was under oath when you asked those questions,
albeit retroactively, but I think that probably, for these purposes, it is
sufficient, and you can get your detail.” At this time, defense counsel noted that
his intent in questioning Officer Clark was “to provide more details in context
about what’s contained in the reports in ways that . . . would benefit [Dartez].”
The court responded that cross-examination was not the exclusive means to
obtain information about the violations because Dartez could have suspended
the hearing to gather additional information or spoken with Officer Clark
before the proceeding. The court also explained Fifth Circuit and Supreme
Court precedent as to the confrontation rights of a parolee facing revocation of
supervised release. The questioning of Officer Clark then resumed.
      After the questioning ended, the district court explained with regards to
Dartez’s objection to the Government’s proffer:
      This Court also, in making the specific findings that good cause
      exists not to allow any further confrontation than that which has
      already been allowed, in the fact that the defendant claimed . . .
      that what was desired here was additional detail and context for
      mitigation. That information could have been obtained readily,

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                                 No. 17-30069
      openly, from the probation officer because of the open-door policy
      as to the probation officers in the Western District of Louisiana.

The district court continued:
      Therefore, this Court finds that there is good cause not to go
      beyond what has already happened here because of the
      countervailing consideration of the interests of justice if we change
      the nature of a revocation proceeding. Therefore, the Court has
      ruled on that point. Objection is noted.

The district court then heard the testimony from three staff members of the
halfway house, and the defense recalled one of those witnesses. Dartez also
made a personal statement.
      The district court found by a preponderance of the evidence that Dartez
had violated the conditions of his supervised release. The advisory guidelines
range placed Dartez at four to ten months of imprisonment, but the court
imposed a one-year term of imprisonment and a nine-year term of supervised
release. Judgment was entered on January 27, 2017. Dartez filed a timely
notice of appeal.
                                II. DISCUSSION
      We have jurisdiction “to review the revocation of a defendant’s
supervised release pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.”
United States v. Justice, 430 F. App’x 274, 277 (5th Cir. 2011). “A claim that
the district court violated a defendant’s right to confrontation in a revocation
proceeding is reviewed de novo, subject to harmless error analysis.” United
States v. Jimison, 825 F.3d 260, 262 (5th Cir. 2016) (citing United States v.
Minnitt, 617 F.3d 327, 332 (5th Cir. 2010)).
      “The defendant’s rights in a revocation hearing include a qualified right
to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses.” United States v. Grandlund,
71 F.3d 507, 510 (5th Cir. 1995). This confrontation right “flows from the Due
Process Clause” and “can be overcome by a showing of ‘good cause.’” Jimison,
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825 F.3d at 262 (quoting Minnitt, 617 F.3d at 332–33). “Determining whether
good cause exists requires ‘weigh[ing] the defendant’s interest in confrontation
of a particular witness against the Government’s proffered reasons for
pretermitting the confrontation.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Minnitt,
617 F.3d at 333). “[A] district court is required to make ‘an explicit, specific
finding of good cause’ for not allowing confrontation of a particular witness.”
Id. (quoting Grandlund, 71 F.3d at 510 n.6).
       Dartez argues on appeal that the district court violated his right to
confrontation in his supervised release revocation proceeding because the
district court did not allow him to cross-examine his probation officer, Officer
Clark, whose testimony introduced facts detrimental to his case. 1 Dartez
argues that his “interest in cross-examining Probation Officer Clark far
outweighed” the Government’s interest and that “the district court’s failure to
make a sufficient finding of good cause is not harmless error.”
        It is an open question as to whether Dartez’s probation officer is an
“adverse witness,” triggering Dartez’s right “to confront and cross-examine”
him. 2 See Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 487 (1972). Nevertheless, we need


       1  The Government argues that Dartez abandoned his objection when he acquiesced to
the district court’s modified questioning procedure. “Waiver is the ‘intentional
relinquishment of a known right.’” United States v. Dodson, 288 F.3d 153, 160 (5th Cir. 2002)
(quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993)). The record here does not indicate
that Dartez intentionally relinquished his confrontation right. Indeed, Dartez’s counsel
objected at the outset when the Government proffered Officer Clark’s testimony. Dartez’s
counsel also engaged in a lengthy exchange with the district court and responded to the
court’s initial assessment that cross-examination was unnecessary. Furthermore, the district
court acknowledged even after implementing its alternative questioning that Dartez’s
objection was “noted.”
        2 If he was an adverse witness, then the district court’s policy of not placing probation

officers under oath would not be sufficient to find good cause for preventing cross-
examination existed. “We cannot sanction a finding of good cause based on the mere
recitation of a blanket agency policy without any assessment of the strength of the parolee’s
competing interest in examining the witness.” Williams v. Johnson, 171 F.3d 300, 306–07
(5th Cir. 1999) (footnote omitted). The balancing of interests requires a “particularized
inquiry.” See id. at 306.
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not reach this question because any potential failure by the district court in
denying Dartez’s right to confront Officer Clark would be harmless. See
Justice, 430 F. App’x at 280 (considering whether the error was harmful). First,
the Dairy Queen incident observed by Officer Clark did not trigger mandatory
revocation. Cf. Jimison, 825 F.3d at 264 (“[A]ll this should be considered in the
context of the heightened interest in confrontation that a defendant has when
facing violations like the ones here that result in mandatory revocation”);
Justice, 430 F. App’x at 280 (finding harmful error when the out-of-court
statements were the only evidence linking defendant to a Grade A violation
that required mandatory revocation of supervised release). Moreover, the
Dairy Queen incident was not Dartez’s only violation. Dartez failed to attend
classes at the halfway house, possessed unauthorized cell phones, and
possessed an internet-enabled portable gaming system, all of which
contributed to the district court’s decision. Testimony from other witnesses and
evidence presented at the hearing substantiated these violations. Finally,
Dartez articulates no specific inquiries that were foreclosed by the district
court’s alternative questioning. In sum, there were multiple other violations of
the terms of Dartez’s supervised release, and these were sufficient to justify
the revocation.
                             III. CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, we hold any error by the district court was
harmless. We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s revocation of Dartez’s
supervised release.




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