      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON



CHERYL STREMKE, a single person;                       No. 71424-4-1
and TYE PANZONE and JAMI
PANZONE, husband and wife; and
UNITRIN, INC., dba UNITRIN AUTO
AND HOME INSURANCE COMPANY,
dba KEMPER, a foreign corporation,

              Respondents,                             DIVISION ONE




FISHER & PAYKEL APPLIANCES,
INC., a California corporation,

              Appellant,                               UNPUBLISHED OPINION


       and


LOWE'S HIW, INC., a Washington
Corporation,

               Defendant.                              FILED: September 14. 2015



       Spearman, C.J. — Cheryl Stremke, her family, and her subrogating

insurer, Unitrin Auto and Home Insurance Company (Unitrin),1 brought this

consumer protection and product liability action to recover losses sustained when

a dryer manufactured by Fisher & Paykel Appliances, Inc. (F&P) caught fire and

damaged Stremke's home and property therein. The jury found in Stremke's

favor and the court entered judgment on her behalf and against F&P. F&P


       1 For ease of reference, the respondents are referred to as "Stremke," except where
necessary.
No. 71424-4-1/2


challenges the judgment, arguing that the trial court erred when it (1) refused

F&P's request for a jury instruction on spoliation; (2) excluded the testimony of

F&P's expert witness on damages; (3) incorrectly instructed the jury on the

measure of damages; and (4) denied its motion for directed verdict. K&P also

argues that the award of attorney fees and costs was improper. We find no error

and affirm.


                                              FACTS


        On the evening of July 1, 2008, Cheryl Stremke, her son, Tye Panzone,

daughter-in-law Jami Panzone, and Tye's2 and Jami's children were preparing for

bed at their home in Auburn, Washington. Around midnight, Jami smelled smoke

inside the home. After investigating, she discovered smoke coming from the

dryer in the family's laundry room. Jami called her husband and her mother-in-

law for help. They found her in the laundry room, where the dryer was flaming

and smoking badly. The family made an unsuccessful attempt to extinguish the

fire with water, but the flames emerging from behind the dryer began to engulf

the room. As the fire grew out of control, the family called 911 and fled from the

home.


        The City of Kent Fire Department responded to the 911 call and

extinguished the blaze. Once it was safe to enter the house, an investigator with

the fire department, Fritz Wininger, set about determining the cause of the fire.

Wininger interviewed Stremke and her family and conducted a walk-through of



        2The Panzones are referred to by their first names for clarity.
No. 71424-4-1/3


the house, during which he observed burn patterns and other evidence related to

the source and cause of the fire. Based on his investigation, Wininger concluded

that the fire had originated in the laundry room inside the dryer. He eliminated all

other possible sources, including the dryer's ventilation system and other

components in the wall behind the dryer, the dryer's power cord, the electrical

outlet near the dryer, clothing inside the dryer drum, and cigarettes located in the

laundry room.

       The next day, Stremke notified her insurer, Unitrin. Unitrin sent its fire

investigator, Thomas Miller, to the residence to determine the cause of the fire.

Based on his investigation, Miller also concluded that the fire started inside the

dryer and, like Wininger, he ruled out other possible sources for the fire. Miller

arranged the transportation of the dryer from Stremke's house to Unitrin's

Whidbey Island storage facility for testing. But, because he did not view any other

items from the laundry room as relevant to the investigation, he made no effort to

preserve things such as the dryer's ventilation system or electrical components.

       Following Miller's investigation, Unitrin released the home back to Stremke,

who arranged for repairs to the house, which commenced five to six weeks later.

The fire and smoke damage to the home and the resulting restoration work were

extensive. Parts of the house were gutted to the bare framing and many of

Stremke's personal belongings were lost in the fire. Stremke submitted a claim to

Unitrin, which paid $538,571.55 in dwelling repair and personal property costs.

       Stremke and Unitrin, as the subrogating insurer, brought this product

liability and consumer protection action against F&P, the manufacturer of the
No. 71424-4-1/4


dryer, to recover the $538,071.55 paid to Stremke by Unitrin, additional damages

claimed by Stremke that her insurance company declined to pay, and claims for

treble damages and attorney fees under Washington Consumer Protection Act

(CPA). At the end of trial, the jury determined that a defect in F&P's dryer

proximately caused Stremke's damages. It awarded $537,612 on the subrogation

(product liability) claim and $537,612 on the CPA claim, but concluded that the

entire CPA award was duplicative of the subrogation award. The trial court

declined to award treble damages under the CPA, but awarded Stremke attorney

fees and costs in the amount of $627,982.62. F&P appeals.

                                           DISCUSSION

        A. Spoliation

        F&P contends the trial court erred when it refused to instruct the jury

regarding the alleged spoliation of evidence by Stremke.3 We review the trial

court's decision regarding spoliation for abuse of discretion. Henderson v. Tyrrell,

80 Wn. App. 592, 604, 910 P.2d 522 (1996). A trial court abuses its discretion


        3 Specifically, F&P assigns error to the trial court's refusal to give the following instruction:
        You have heard testimony regarding the destruction of or failure to
        preserve evidence. If you find that Fisher & Paykel has shown that a
        plaintiffs have destroyed evidence which was in their control, and they
        have not provided a satisfactory explanation for doing so, the only
        inference you may draw is that the evidence, if produced, would have
        been unfavorable to them.

        In determining whether a party's explanation for destroying or failing to
        produce evidence is satisfactory, you may consider the relevance of the
        missing evidence to the issues in the case, whether the loss or
        destruction of the evidence has resulted in an advantage for one party
        over another, and whether the party not controlling the evidence was
        afforded an adequate opportunity to examine the evidence. You may
        also consider whether the party destroying or failing to produce the
        evidence acted in conscious disregard of the importance of the evidence,
        or whether there is some innocent explanation for the destruction.
Brief of Appellant at 22-23.
No. 71424-4-1/5


80 Wn. App. 592, 604, 910 P.2d 522 (1996). A trial court abuses its discretion

when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or

reasons. Will v. Frontier Contractors. Inc.. 121 Wn. App. 119, 128, 89 P.3d 242

(2004). In deciding whether to provide a remedy for spoliation, a trial court's

discretion must be guided by consideration of (1) the potential importance or

relevance of the missing evidence and (2) the culpability or fault of the adverse

party. Taval v. Walmart Stores, Inc., 176 Wn. App. 122, 135, 307 P.3d 811

(2013); Homeworks Const.. Inc. v. Wells, 133 Wn. App. 892, 899, 138 P.3d 654

(2006).

       "In weighing the importance of the evidence, we consider whether the

adverse party was given an adequate opportunity to examine it." Tavai. 176 Wn.

App. at 135 (citing Henderson 80 Wn. App. at 605). Evidence is relevant if it is

probative of a material fact in the litigation. ER 401. Here, the missing evidence

(i.e., the dryer's ventilation system and related parts, as well as other items from

the laundry room) was undisputedly probative of the central issue in the case—

the cause of the fire—even if only to rule out possible alternative causes. And,

since F&P had no opportunity to examine this evidence before it was destroyed,

it was, at least arguably, important under the standard in Tavai.

          F&P's argument that it was entitled to a spoliation instruction still fails,

however, because it cannot show that Stremke was culpable in the destruction of

the evidence at issue. In determining a party's culpability or fault in the

destruction of evidence, "[w]e examine whether the party acted in bad faith or
No. 71424-4-1/6


conscious disregard of the importance of the evidence or whether there was

some innocent explanation for the destruction." Tavai. 176 Wn. App. at 135.

       In this case, approximately three weeks passed between the fire and

Stremke's notice to F&P that the suspected cause of the fire was a dryer it

manufactured. F&P received the notice no later than August 5, 2008 and, that

same day, made arrangements to inspect the dryer, which had been moved to

Unitrin's storage facility. But F&P did not inquire about any other evidence from

the home, ask that any items related to other possible sources of the fire be

preserved, or request that repairs to the home be postponed pending an

independent evaluation. Thus, while F&P had the opportunity to advise Stremke

of the potential importance of the dryer's ventilation system and other missing

evidence before it was destroyed or otherwise take steps to preserve the

evidence, it failed to do so.

       In addition, F&P presented no evidence that Stremke had reason to know

of the importance or relevance of the evidence. Her decision to not preserve

additional items from the laundry room, followed determinations by two fire

investigators that the fire began in the dryer and that the other items were

irrelevant to the investigation. In light of this information, as well as F&P's own

inaction and the passage of time, Stremke had a reasonable basis to conclude

that any additional evidence in the laundry room was irrelevant to the cause of

the fire and any future litigation. On these facts, F&P fails to show that Stremke

acted in bad faith or in conscious disregard of the importance of the evidence

when she failed to preserve it.
No. 71424-4-1/7


        Another factor related to the culpability of a party who destroys evidence is

whether the party violated a duty to preserve the evidence. Tavai. 176 Wn. App.

at 135. F&P asserts that even if Stremke did not act in bad faith when she failed

to preserve the missing evidence, she is nevertheless culpable because of an

independent legal duty to preserve evidence, apart from the general duty to avoid

spoliation. But F&P offers no authority for the proposition that such a duty

existed.4 In Washington, potential litigants have no general duty to preserve

evidence. See Homeworks Construction, 133 Wn. App. at 901. Accordingly, we

reject F&P's argument on this issue.

        Because F&P failed to establish that Stremke was culpable in the

destruction of the missing evidence, it was not entitled to a spoliation instruction.

The trial court did not err in refusing to give one.

        B. Consumer Protection Claim

        At the conclusion of Stremke's case-in-chief, F&P moved for a directed

verdict on her CPA claim. F&P assigns error to the trial court's denial of this

motion. We review a trial court's decision to deny a motion for a directed verdict

in favor of allowing a claim to be considered by a jury de novo. Hizev v.

Carpenter. 119 Wn.2d 251, 271-72, 830 P.2d 646 (1992). "A directed verdict is


          In its brief, F&P argued:
        Unitrin assumed an independent duty to preserve the fire scene when it
        sent an investigator to the fire scene one day after the fire to determine
        the cause and origin of the fire. In addition, that on-the-scene investigator
        had an independent duty under the applicable 'NFPA 921' standards of
        professional fire investigation to preserve the evidence at the fire scene.
Brief of Appellant at 21. Although the NFPA 921 published by the National Fire Protection
Association may be the "'authoritative treatise on fire investigation,'" as the parties assert, F&P
offers no authority for the proposition that a standard set forth in this guide is tantamount to a
legally enforceable duty. Brief of Appellant at 21 And, F&P conceded the point in oral argument.
No. 71424-4-1/8


appropriate if, as a matter of law, there is no substantial evidence or reasonable

inference to sustain a verdict for the nonmoving party." Chanev v. Providence

Health Care. 176 Wn.2d 727, 732, 295 P.3d 728 (2013) (citations omitted).

       Stremke's consumer protection claim is governed by the CPA, which

prohibits "'[ujnfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or

practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce . . . ." RCW 19.86.020. To

prevail in an action under the CPA, a plaintiff must prove five elements: (1) the

conduct is unfair or deceptive; (2) occurs in trade or commerce; (3) affects the

public interest; (4) causes injury and (5) to plaintiffs business or property.

Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co.. 105 Wn.2d 778,

780, 719 P.2d 531 (1986). F&P contends it was entitled to a directed verdict

because Stremke provided insufficient evidence of the fourth element—

causation—to support a favorable jury verdict on their consumer protection claim.

We disagree.

       Stremke presented several internal memos from F&P that demonstrated

the corporation's awareness that its dryers experienced malfunctioning

thermostats and heating elements, which could lead to dangerously high levels of

heat within the dryers. She also presented evidence that the fire originated inside

a dryer manufactured by F&P as a result of failed thermostats and heating

elements, which overheated, igniting dryer lint. Thus, Stremke's theory of the

case was that the fire and related property damage were the proximate result of

design defects known to F&P at the time of the fire. Viewed in the light most

favorable to Stremke, as is proper on a motion for directed verdict, the evidence


                                           8
No. 71424-4-1/9


is sufficient to support this theory. Thus, the trial court properly refused to grant

F&P's motion for directed verdict on the consumer protection claim.

       C. Personal Property Damages

       F&P challenges Stremke's personal property damages award on two

grounds. First, it argues the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded

expert Michael Larkin's testimony on personal property damages. We disagree.

       The trial court conducted an ER 104 hearing to determine whether Larkin

had admissible expert testimony regarding the value of Stremke's destroyed

personal and real property. At the hearing, Larkin testified that he had assessed

the value of Stremke's destroyed personal property based on photographs of the

scene and the several inventories that had been performed by Shawn Slings, the

appraisal company employee who inventoried Stremke's personal property after

the fire. Larkin admitted that he had not done a line by line analysis of the

inventories to assess the value of each item listed therein. Nor had he conducted

market research or otherwise investigated the prices listed in the inventories.

       Instead, Larkin's opinion on the value of the damaged personal property

was based entirely on changes between two versions of Slings' inventory and "a

lack of documentation to support the change between the two documents. .. ."

Verbatim Report Proceeding (VRP) at 955-56. He noted that comparison of the

inventories indicated price discrepancies, with later inventories showing

additional line items and price increases when compared to earlier versions. He

also testified that, based on his review of these documents, he could not find

justification for the discrepancies. And he testified that some of the items listed as
No. 71424-4-1/10


personal property on the inventories, particularly kitchen appliances, were also

listed in the building repair estimate, which was one basis for the damages

asserted in Stremke's real property damage claim. Based on these alleged

accounting issues, Larkin testified that the personal property value claimed in the

inventories was unreasonable. In his opinion, Stremke sustained only

approximately $40,000 in property damage.

        Based on this offer of proof, the trial court properly concluded that Larkin's

testimony was improper opinion evidence. First, as the court noted, there was no

foundation for Larkin's opinion on the value of Stremke's destroyed property.

Larkin did not testify that his conclusion was based on experience, knowledge of

the market, research, or any empirical method. Instead, he simply concluded that

"because there's more than one [inventory and more than one estimate for

repairs to the home], it can't be reasonable." VRP at 962. Second, as the trial

court correctly observed, the proffered testimony was not so much an opinion on

the value of the lost property as an opinion "as to credibility [Stremke's evidence]

which is a jury['s] job to do." VRP at 962. The trial court did not err when it

excluded the testimony.5

        Next, F&P argues that Stremke's personal property claim should be

dismissed as a matter of law because she failed to present sufficient evidence to

permit the jury to determine the value of the destroyed property.


         5 F&P's contention that Larkin's testimony was excluded because of an order in limine
prohibiting the parties from referencing evidence of insurance coverage or payments made
thereunder lacks merit. As discussed above, the trial court expressly excluded Larkin's testimony
based on its determination that Larkin's testimony lacked foundation, was unhelpful to the jury,
and was irrelevant.



                                               10
No. 71424-4-1/11


        In Washington, damages are recoverable if a plaintiff can establish both

the "fact of loss" and the measure of damages by competent evidence.

Washington State Physicians Ins. Exch. & Ass'n v. Fisons Corp.. 122 Wn.2d 299,

331, 858 P.2d 1054 (1993); Lewis River Golf. Inc. v. P.M. Scott & Sons. 120

Wn.2d 712, 717-18, 845 P.2d 987 (1993). Our Supreme Court has recognized

that:


        [0]nce the [plaintiff] establishes the fact of loss with certainty (by a
        preponderance of the evidence), uncertainty regarding the amount
        of loss will not prevent recovery. Thus, a [plaintiff] will not be
        required to prove an exact amount of damages, and recovery will
        not be denied because damages are difficult to ascertain. .. .
        Generally, whether the [plaintiff] has proved his loss with sufficient
        certainty is a question of fact.

Lewis River Golf, Inc.. 120 Wn.2d at 717-18 (quoting Anderson, Incidental and

Conseguential Damages. 7 J.L. & Com. 327, 395-96 (1987). In cases involving

destroyed personal property, once the fact of loss is established, the measure of

damages to the plaintiff is the value of the property at the time of loss. See,

Herberg v. Swartz. 89 Wn.2d 916, 930, 578 P.2d 17 (1978); McCurdv v. Union

Pac. R.R. Co.. 68 Wn.2d 457, 413 P.2d 617 (1966).

        The determination of the amount of damages is primarily and peculiarly

within the province of the jury and under proper instructions, appellate courts are

reluctant to interfere with the conclusion of a jury when fairly made. Fisons Corp..

122 Wn. 2d at 329-30. Here, the jury was properly instructed that in determining

the amount of any loss attributable to the destroyed property it should take "into

consideration all the circumstances and conditions," including "the cost of the

items, the extent of their use, whether worn or out of date, and their condition at


                                           11
No. 71424-4-1/12


the time of the fire, to determine what they were fairly worth."6 Clerk's Papers

(CP) at 2392-93; see also Herberg. 89 Wn.2d at 931. F&P contends, however,

that because Stremke's evidence failed to specifically address each of the factors

set out in the court's instruction, the verdict is fatally flawed and should be

vacated. We disagree.

         Although Shawn Slings did not expressly testify as to the value of the

destroyed property, his testimony, in conjunction with the inventory he prepared

that was admitted into evidence, included a description of each item, its age, and

its location within the Stremke home. The inventory also noted the stores where

many of the items had been purchased.

        Stremke's testimony also bore on the value of the personal items

destroyed in the fire. She testified that she had worked with Slings to compile the

inventory and that it was a "fairly accurate" list of the clothing, toiletries, antiques,

and other personal effects destroyed in the fire. She testified to the value of

several "Highwaymen" paintings that had been lost in the fire. She also testified

that the items listed in the inventory had been in good repair prior to the fire,

aside from normal wear and tear. It is true, as F&P points out, that Stremke could

not recall the purchase prices of the listed items, but she explained to the jury

that although she kept receipts for a number of the items, which would have




        6 "When goods of this character are destroyed, a proper method of arriving at their value
at the time of loss is to take into consideration the cost of the articles, the extent of their use,
whether worn or out of date, their condition at the time, etc., and for them to determine what they
were fairly worth." Herberq. 89 Wn.2d at 931 (quoting Kimball v. Betts, 99 Wash. 348, 352, 169 P.
849(1918)).

                                                   12
No. 71424-4-1/13


established the dates of purchase and amounts paid, they were also destroyed in

the fire.7

        In addition to this testimonial evidence, the jury considered dozens of

photographs of the personal property destroyed in the fire. Although some of the

items depicted had been reduced to ash and rubble, in most of the photographs,

the items were still recognizable, despite smoke and/or heat damage.

        When the fact of loss is certain, and here it is undisputed that Stremke

sustained a loss of the destroyed property, uncertainty as to the precise amount

of the loss will not prevent recovery. Lewis River. 120 Wn.2d at 717-18. Here,

when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to Stremke, there is a

sufficient basis for the jury to determine the amount of damages to which

Stremke was entitled for personal property destroyed in the fire, if any.

        D. Real Property Damages

        F&P also challenges the jury's award of damages to Stremke for damaged

real property, arguing that the jury was improperly instructed about the measure of

damages. Where the refusal to give a jury instruction is based on a ruling of law,

we review de novo. State v. Ponce. 166 Wn. App. 409, 415-16, 269 P.3d 408

(2012). Jury instructions must be supported by substantial evidence. ]d.

        F&P contends that the jury should have been instructed that an award of

damages for damaged real property could not exceed the lesser of either the cost

of restoring Stremke's home or the diminution of the value of the home caused by


         7 Stremke also testified regarding the cost to replace the items listed in the inventory.
F&P contends that this testimony was improperly permitted and, by itself, is insufficient to sustain
a verdict in Stremke's favor. But because there was other relevant evidence before the jury
regarding this issue, any error in admitting the testimony was harmless.
                                                 13
No. 71424-4-1/14


the fire (the so-called "lesser than" rule). See, CP at 2315-16 (F&P's proposed

"lesser than" instruction). F&P's proposed instruction mirrors the language of 6

Washington Practice: Washington Pattern Jury Instructions: Civil 30.11 (6th

ed. 2009). It is clear from the language of the instruction, the Note on Use, and

caselaw interpreting the "lesser than" rule, that the rule is inapplicable in cases

involving negligent destruction of real property. See e.g.. Thompson v. King Feed

& Nutrition Service. Inc.. 153 Wn.2d 447, 454, 105 P.3d 378 (2005). However, in

cases like this one, where real property and improvements thereon are only

damaged,8 not destroyed, the rule still applies. Id. at 456.

        In this case, however, F&P offered no admissible evidence of the pre-fire

value of Stremke's home.9 Because this evidence was lacking, the jury could not

reasonably determine either the diminution in value to the home caused by the

fire or whether the diminution in value exceeded the reasonable cost of

restoration. Thus, a "lesser than" instruction would have improperly invited the

jury to speculate on this issue. See Chunyk & Conlev/Quad C v. Bray, 156 Wn.

App. 246, 255, 232 P.3d (2010). As such, the trial court properly declined to give

F&P's proposed instruction.



        8 Despite Stremke's assertions, there was no evidence that the Stremke home was
destroyed by the fire. On the contrary, the numerous photographic exhibits and the witness
testimony show that, while the home was severely damaged, it was still standing and, at least in
some areas, livable. See, e.g., Ex. 8:1-8:26.

        9 Although F&P notes on appeal that Stremke's home had an appraised value of
$190,000 at the time of the fire, and it represented, in motions in limine, that defense expert,
Larkin would testify to this valuation, as discussed previously, Larkin's testimony was excluded.
F&P also proffered an appraisal report, which showed a market value of $190,000 for the
Stremke home. However, this report was also excluded from evidence. Thus, F&P offered no
admissible evidence of the pre-fire value of the Stremke home at trial. And no such evidence was
introduced by Stremke.

                                                14
No. 71424-4-1/15


       E. Attorney Fees

       Over F&P's objection, the trial court awarded $624,354.75 in attorney fees

to Stremke as the prevailing party in a CPA claim. For several reasons, F&P

argues that the trial court's entry of this award was an abuse of discretion. We

disagree.

       First, F&P argues that it was the prevailing party on the CPA claim and,

therefore, Stremke was not entitled to an award of attorney fees under the CPA.

But the jury found by special verdict that F&P violated the CPA, proximately

causing damage to Stremke in the amount of $537,612. F&P argues that

Stremke did not actually prevail on the CPA claim because the jury found her

damages on this claim to be duplicative of those awarded under her product

liability claim and Stremke is limited to one recovery. But F&P cites no authority

for this proposition and we decline to ignore the jury's explicit finding in Stremke's

favor on this issue.

       Next, F&P contends that naming Unitrin a judgment creditor was error

because Unitrin did not advance a CPA claim against F&P and because a

subrogating insurer has no right to recover attorney fees. The former contention

is not borne out by the record, as Unitrin expressly joined in the CPA claim in

Stremke's fourth amended complaint. And F&P offers no authority for the latter.

       F&P cites Davton v. Farmers Ins. Group. 124 Wn.2d 277, 281, 876 P.2d

896 (1994), in support of its argument that Unitrin, as a subrogating insurer, was

not entitled to attorney fees under the CPA. The case is unhelpful. Davton

involved a plaintiff's attempt to recover attorney fees incurred in an Uninsured


                                         15
No. 71424-4-1/16


Motorist (UIM) arbitration from an UIM insurance carrier, pursuant to Ch. 7.04

RCW. Our Supreme Court held that, since the plaintiff would not have been able

to recover attorney fees from an insured tortfeasor in litigation arising from an

auto accident, a fee award in a UIM arbitration would amount to a windfall. Such

an award was held improper because the UIM statute had the sole purpose of

placing the insured in the same position as ifthe tortfeasor carried liability

insurance. Id. But the present case does not involve a UIM arbitration or a fee

award under Ch. 7.04 RCW. Thus, Davton is inapposite.

       Furthermore, F&P's assertion that a subrogating insurer is not entitled to

bring a CPA claim in its own right or collect attorney fees in conjunction with that

claim is contrary to the language of the CPA and caselaw interpreting it. See.

RCW 19.86.090 (allowing "[a]ny person [including, natural persons, corporations,

trusts, unincorporated associations and partnerships) see, RCW 19.86.010)] who

is injured in his or her business or property by a violation" of the act to bring a

CPA claim); Panag v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Washington. 166 Wn.2d 27, 43-44,

204 P.3d 885 (2009) ("a private CPA action may be brought by one who is not in

a consumer or other business relationship with the actor against whom the suit is

brought.")

       F&P also challenges the amount of the fee award in this case, arguing (1)

that the award included fees incurred for work on Stremke's other, non-CPA

claims; (2) that the trial court's use of a multiplier was unreasonable; and (3) that

the amount requested was patently unreasonable, given the amount in

controversy. Each argument lacks merit.


                                          16
No. 71424-4-1/17


       Trial courts must independently determine what is a reasonable fee using

the lodestar methodology. Collings v. City First Mortgage Servs., LLC. 177 Wn.

App. 908, 927, 317 P.3d 1047 (2013). review denied sub nom. Collings v. City

First Mortgage Servs.. 179Wn.2d 1028, 320 P.3d 718 (2014). "Under the

lodestar methodology, a court must first determine that counsel expended a

reasonable number of hours in securing a successful recovery for the client." ]g\

at 927-28. "The lodestar fee, calculated by multiplying the reasonable hourly rate

by the reasonable number of hours incurred in obtaining the successful result,

may be adjusted upward or downward in the trial court's discretion." ]cL at 928.

       F&P challenges the trial court's determination of the lodestar amount in

this case: $416,235.50. At trial, F&P objected to Stremke's petition for

$832,316.50 in attorney fees, in part, because the bills submitted in support of

this amount included bills for work on issues unrelated to the CPA claim against

F&P. The trial court agreed that only hours billed for work on the CPA claim

against F&P were recoverable under the CPA; accordingly, the trial court

conducted an independent examination of Stremke's bills to segregate the fees.

After examining "every entry on the billing records submitted with the plaintiffs'

motion," the trial court found that Stremke's fee petition should be reduced by

more than $140,000, to reflect billings that could be segregated from the CPA

claim and excluded from the lodestar amount.


       F&P argues that Stremke failed to meet her burden to establish that she

was entitled to the $416,235.50 in fees as claimed in her petition. It appears to

suggest that this is because the trial court undertook the task of segregating the


                                         17
No. 71424-4-1/18


recoverable fees from the non-recoverable fees, rather than requiring Stremke to

submit segregated billing records to the court. But F&P does not challenge the

trial court's factual findings regarding the nature of Stremke's billing records, the

rates and hours listed therein, the particular billable hours that the court found

were recoverable under the CPA, or the court's determination of the lodestar

amount. Thus, these findings are verities on appeal. In re Estate of Jones. 152

Wn.2d 1, 8, 93 P.3d 147 (2004).

       Moreover, it is apparent from the record that granting F&P's desired relief

on appeal—"remand for a re-calculation of attorney fees, reflecting deductions in

the more than 300 pages of invoices for tasks that Stremke failed to prove are

eligible for a CPA fee award"—would only require the trial court to engage in the

same inquiry it undertook in response to F&P's opposition to the petition for

attorney fees and costs, presumably to the same end. Brief of Appellant at 38.

       Next, F&P challenges the trial court's decision to apply a 1.5 multiplier to

the lodestar amount in this case. Although the general rule is that the lodestar

fee, without any upward adjustment, is presumed to adequately compensate an

attorney for his or her services, the trial court has discretion to apply a multiplier

to the lodestar, if appropriate, to reflect the contingent nature and/or quality of the

representation. Henningsen v. Woldcom. Inc., 102 Wn. App. 828, 847, 9 P.3d

948 (2000).

       In this case, the trial court found that Stremke's attorneys handled the

case on a contingent basis. F&P seemingly assigns error to this finding, arguing

that Stremke was represented by "her insurance company's attorneys, working at


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typical hourly rates actually charged by their law firm." Brief of Appellant at 39.

But this assertion is directly contradicted by the declaration of Stremke's

attorney, submitted in support of her motion for attorney fees and costs. The

declaration attested that all the attorneys working on Stremke's case listed their

time working on the case with a specific billable rate for record keeping purposes,

but, "[d]ue to the contingency fee agreement between Unitrin and Bullivant

Houser Bailey, Bullivant Houser Bailey never actually received these fees." CP at

3653. This evidence is sufficient to sustain the trial court's finding regarding a

contingent fee agreement.

       We also conclude that this finding, taken with the trial court's unchallenged

findings that:

   •   Plaintiffs' attorneys "put in thousands of hours necessitated by
       the parties' thorough litigation" and "carried the fees for over
       three years with no assurance of recovery;"
   •   "Plaintiffs' and their counsel undertook a great deal of risk in this
       case;"
   •   The case's long duration "complicated the case for Plaintiffs'
       counsel and kept Plaintiffs' counsel from working on other less
       risky cases;"
   •   and the plaintiffs' fee petition sought fees at an hourly rate "well
       below the rates charged in the Seattle legal market for the type
       of case here."

provides sufficient evidence to support the trial court's imposition of a 1.5

multiplier on the lodestar amount. CP at 4192-93; 4187.

       Finally, F&P argues that the amount of the attorney fee award requested

by Stremke—$818,000—was patently unreasonable given the amount in

controversy in this case-$571,000. But the fact that the amount at stake in the

case was small, or that the amount of the fee award significantly exceeds the


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 No. 71424-4-1/20


 amount at stake, is not dispositive of whether a fee award unreasonable.

 Collings. 177 Wn. App. at 929 (affirming an attorney fee award of over $600,000,

 where the plaintiffs' recovery for claims under the CPA and Credit Services

 Organization Act was only about $120,000); see also. 25 WPI: Contract Law

 and Practice 14:23 (3d ed. 2014). Accordingly, we reject F&P's argument on this

 issue.


          Affirmed.




 WE CONCUR




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