                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a1271n.06

                                       Case Nos. 11-4208
                                                                                       FILED
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           Dec 11, 2012
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                         DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

 SARATA FALL KABA,                                   )
                                                     )
        Petitioner,                                  )
                                                     )
                v.                                   )      ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
                                                     )      FROM THE BOARD OF
 ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,              )      IMMIGRATION APPEALS
                                                     )
       Respondent.                                   )
 _______________________________________             )

Before: BATCHELDER, Chief Circuit Judge; DAUGHTREY and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Chief Judge. Sarata Kaba, a native and citizen of Guinea,

petitions for review of an order from the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing her appeal

of an Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s) denial of her application for asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We DENY her petition.

                                                I.

       Sarata Kaba entered the United States on May 29, 2005, at New York City, on a non-

immigrant visitor visa. She overstayed the visa and, on May 30, 2006, filed an asylum application.

She claimed that she had been subjected to female genital mutilation (FGM) at “an early age” and

that her parents or husband would subject her to a second FGM if she returned to Guinea.

       In her hand-written application, Kaba claimed that, in February 2005 — when she was 20

years old — her father had arranged for her to marry a 60-year-old, wealthy business colleague, in

exchange for money and property. On April 5, 2005, the day before the wedding, she ran away to
No. 11-4208, Kaba v. Holder



a nearby village where she stayed for two days with a family that took her in. The police found her

and, at the request of her parents, arrested her, beat her, and returned her to her parents’ home. The

wedding was held on April 11, 2005, and on the wedding night her husband discovered that she was

not a virgin and demanded return of his money and property. Because her parents could not repay

the money, they offered to instead have Kaba undergo another FGM and scheduled it for April 27,

2005. She ran away again, this time to her boyfriend’s aunt, who assisted her in getting a visa to the

United States. She left Guinea on May 28, 2005, and arrived in the United States on May 29, 2005.

        An asylum officer interviewed Kaba on July 13, 2006. Kaba recounted the foregoing story,

but the officer noted that, according to her passport, she had left Guinea and arrived in Dakar,

Senegal, on February 14, 2005, and then returned to Guinea from Senegal on May 9, 2005 (prior to

leaving Guinea for the United States on May 28, 2005). When he questioned Kaba about the

passport stamps, she “acknowledged that she had, indeed, left Guinea on February 14, 2005, and

returned to Guinea on May 9, 2005.” Based on the time stamps, he found Kaba’s story implausible

and her testimony not credible. He found her ineligible for asylum and referred her to an IJ.

        Kaba appeared before an IJ, conceded removability, and renewed her applications for asylum,

withholding, and protection under the CAT. At a hearing on June 10, 2009, she recounted her story,

with some notable discrepancies. For example, she said the FGM happened when she was five years

old, whereas she had previously said she was ten; she claimed the police took her to her would-be

husband, whereas she had previously said that they took her to her parents; she claimed that she had

run away the day after her wedding ceremony, whereas she had previously said the day before. She




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blamed the discrepancies on her inability to speak English and her reliance on the interpreter and

lawyer.

          The government submitted a complete copy of Kaba’s Guinean passport, issued on January

23, 2004. In addition to the stamps documenting the trip to Senegal in 2005, the passport revealed

two visas for temporary travel to the United States: one for August 18, 2004 (apparently unused) and

the other for May 9, 2005 (the trip at issue). Both required that she be accompanied by one “Hadja

Saran Koma.” Kaba claimed that she had misplaced her actual passport and could not produce it,

but agreed that the copies produced by the government were accurate depictions of her passport. She

acknowledged that an additional visa had been issued to her on August 18, 2004, for travel to the

United States, but could not elaborate. When asked about the trip to Senegal from February 14 to

May 9, 2005, she denied having gone to Senegal and claimed that her boyfriend’s aunt — who had

obtained the passport for her — had arranged for those stamps to be entered in her passport. She

testified that the asylum officer had asked her about traveling to Senegal and the stamps, but she did

not recall admitting to him that she had been in Senegal during the time period indicated.

          Kaba conceded that she never tried to get corroborating statements from Hadja Saran Koma,

the woman with whom she had traveled to the United States, or statements from either her boyfriend

or her boyfriend’s aunt. She also conceded that she did not seek asylum at her layover in France, on

the way to the United States, or immediately upon arrival in the United States in May 2005.

          The IJ questioned Kaba regarding why she had not submitted medical evidence to confirm

that she had undergone FGM as a child. She answered that she had undergone a medical

examination two weeks earlier, but the document was “not detailed enough,” so she had returned to

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the doctor the day before the hearing. When asked why she had waited over three years to get this

documentation, she said it was too difficult because she did not have a car. In response to this

questioning, Kaba’s attorney subsequently submitted a handwritten note on a prescription form,

asserting that an examination revealed conditions “consistent with Type I female circumcision.”

Notably, the short handwritten form refers to her as both “Sarata Kaba” and “Sarata Goba.”

        The IJ denied her applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the

CAT. The IJ determined that Kaba was not credible, based on the inconsistencies between her

application and her testimony, and her inability to explain those inconsistencies. The IJ found that

her proffered medical evidence did not prove prior FGM, as the handwritten note on the prescription

form was unusual and did not verify her identity or indicate that any identification was used by the

doctor to verify her identity. And the IJ found compelling the passport stamps indicating that she

was in Senegal rather than Guinea during the time she claimed to have been married, arrested,

beaten, and threatened by her parents.

        Kaba appealed to the BIA, arguing that the IJ’s adverse credibility determination was not

supported by substantial evidence in the record and that the objective evidence established that there

was a “pattern or practice” of harm against women in Guinea with respect to FGM. The BIA found

no clear error in the IJ’s adverse credibility determination and held that the IJ had properly

considered the totality of the circumstances in finding Kaba not credible. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s

holding that Kaba had failed to provide reasonably available corroborating evidence. And the BIA

determined that the objective evidence did not establish that there was a “pattern or practice” of harm

against women in Guinea with respect to FGM. The BIA dismissed her appeal.

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No. 11-4208, Kaba v. Holder




                                                 II.

        The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision in a separate opinion, and in so doing, adopted some of

the IJ’s reasoning. We review the BIA’s decision when the BIA issues a separate opinion. Khalili

v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). “To the extent the BIA adopted the immigration

judge’s reasoning, . . . [we] also review[] the immigration judge’s decision.” Id.

        Kaba raises two issues on appeal, claiming (1) the adverse-credibility determination was

incorrect based on the totality of the circumstances, and (2) her “pattern and practice” argument was

sufficient by itself to prove a legitimate fear of future persecution. We consider each.

                                                 A.

        We review credibility determinations under the substantial-evidence standard and will reverse

only when the evidence compels a contrary conclusion. Hachem v. Holder, 656 F.3d 430, 434 (6th

Cir. 2011). “Under the REAL ID Act, credibility determinations are based on the ‘totality of the

circumstances’ and take into account ‘all relevant factors.’” El-Moussa v. Holder, 569 F.3d 250, 256

(6th Cir. 2009) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). The IJ may base an adverse credibility

determination on, among other things, “the consistency between the applicant’s or witness’s written

and oral statements (whenever made and whether or not under oath, and considering the

circumstances under which the statements were made),” regardless of whether an inconsistency

“goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.”             8 U.S.C. §

1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) (providing the credibility standard for an asylum proceeding). “The same

credibility standard applies to claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and for relief under the

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torture convention.” El-Moussa, 569 F.3d at 256 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(4)(C), which provides

the credibility standard for removal proceedings identical to § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)).

         Kaba contends that the adverse-credibility determination was based on “minor discrepancies”

and “tangential matters,” and that the “totality of the circumstances” provides “substantial evidence”

that she was actually credible. Apt. Br. at 12-13. A careful review of the record, the IJ’s opinion,

the BIA’s opinion, and the controlling law reveals that Kaba misstates or misunderstands the

standard and has mischaracterized the IJ’s and BIA’s credibility assessment. Moreover, she has

wholly ignored the single most important discrepancy, which is that her story (i.e., she was married,

arrested, beaten, and threatened by her parents in Guinea in April 2005) is irreconcilable with her

passport (i.e., she was in Senegal in April 2005). We are presented with two possible explanations.

         The first possibility — accepted by the IJ and the BIA — is that the passport is true and

reliable and, therefore, Kaba’s conflicting story must be false. The likelihood of this possibility was

bolstered by the apparent authenticity of the passport and stamps (in the copies), her inability to

produce her actual passport for closer scrutiny, and the asylum officer’s notes asserting that she had

admitted to having been in Senegal in April 2005 as the passport depicted (though she later denied

having made that admission). If, as the IJ and the BIA determined, this story is false, the IJ and BIA

had sufficient reason to find Kaba not credible (and the record contains additional discrepancies as

well).

         The second possibility — insinuated by Kaba — is that the story is true and the stamps on

the passport are false (forged). Kaba implies this, asserting that her boyfriend’s aunt obtained the

passport for her and that she had no knowledge of the stamps or how they got into the passport, but

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No. 11-4208, Kaba v. Holder



never asserts directly or offers any proof that the stamps on the passport are forgeries. To be sure,

if these stamps are forgeries, they are good ones. This passport and these stamps fooled the agents

at her departure from Guinea, at her layover in France, and at her arrival in New York, the asylum

agent at her initial interview, and everyone since. The record does not contain substantial evidence

that would compel a finding that Kaba’s passport stamps are forgeries and, therefore, this argument

standing alone does not compel a finding that Kaba is credible.

        Based on this significant discrepancy, as well as several others, the IJ and the BIA concluded

that Kaba was not credible. We find that substantial evidence in the record does not compel a

contrary conclusion. See Hachem, 656 F.3d at 434. Kaba’s argument is without merit.

                                                 B.

        A petitioner seeking withholding of removal must demonstrate a well-founded fear of future

persecution. We review factual findings, including whether a petitioner has made that showing,

under the substantial-evidence standard and will reverse only when the evidence compels a contrary

conclusion. Lumaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574, 577 (6th Cir. 2006). A petitioner can base a

well-founded fear of future persecution on either a likelihood of harm specifically targeted at her or

on a “pattern or practice” of persecution targeted at others similarly situated. Gomez-Romero v.

Holder, 475 F. App’x 621, 625 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii); Akhtar v.

Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 404 (6th Cir. 2005)).

        Kaba’s attorney contends that she can show a well-founded fear of future persecution based

on a “pattern or practice” of FGM in Guinea, and relies on a State Department Report, declaring a

96% FGM rate in girls between the ages of four and 17. Apt. Br. at 7. But Kaba is not a girl

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No. 11-4208, Kaba v. Holder



between the ages of four and 17, and she is not claiming — nor has she ever claimed — a general

fear of FGM solely on the basis that she is a girl. Kaba is a 27-year-old woman who claims, by her

own unverified account, that she has already been subjected to FGM once and fears that her parents

and husband will subject her to FGM again because she was not a virgin at the time of her wedding.

        Kaba’s claim is that she was specifically targeted for FGM for a specific reason. But Kaba

is not credible — as demonstrated in the foregoing section — and she has offered no corroborating

evidence. Even her claim of past persecution (FGM), though supported by the pattern-or-practice

evidence in the State Department Report, is undermined by her inability or unwillingness to provide

legitimate medical proof.

        Based on Kaba’s claims and the State Department Report, the IJ and the BIA concluded that

Kaba had not shown a well-founded fear of persecution. No evidence in the record compels a

contrary conclusion. See Lumaj, 462 F.3d at 577. This argument is without merit.

                                               III.

        Based on the foregoing, we DENY the petition for review.




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