                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 13-3105
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                     Terri Killen

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines
                                  ____________

                              Submitted: May 12, 2014
                                Filed: August 5, 2014
                                   ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BEAM and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

      Terri Killen pleaded guilty to one count of making a false statement to the
government, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2), in connection with her receipt of
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits from the Social Security Administration
(SSA). The district court1 sentenced Killen to 18 months' imprisonment followed by
three years of supervised release. On appeal, Killen challenges the district court's use
of intended loss rather than actual loss when calculating her offense level at
sentencing. We affirm.

                                    I. Background
       In 2006, Killen applied for SSI and ultimately began receiving it in 2008. SSI
recipients have a duty to report any changes in living arrangements, income, or
support to the SSA. After conducting disability reviews on Killen in 2010 and 2011,
the SSA discovered that Killen had falsely claimed that she had no bank accounts.
Killen and her husband actually owned a bank account where Killen had withdrawn
up to $217,250 while simultaneously receiving SSI. She never reported the bank
account or the withdrawals to the SSA. She also failed to report over $100,000 in
gambling winnings, income from minor services that she had performed, and changes
in her living arrangements.

      In August 2012, a grand jury indicted Killen with one count of concealing her
living arrangement and support from the SSA, in violation of 42 U.S.C.
§ 1383a(a)(3)(A), and two counts of making a false statement, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2). On January 4, 2013, Killen pleaded guilty to one count of
making a false statement. The government agreed to dismiss the remaining charges.

      In calculating the amount of loss that Killen cost the government, the
presentence report (PSR) noted that Killen fraudulently received $14,840 in SSI
benefits. It also provided that, if her concealment remained undiscovered, Killen
would have continued to receive $674 each month until she turned 65. Killen would
have received benefits for almost 14 more years, accruing an additional $110,536 in


      1
      The Honorable Stephanie M. Rose, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa.

                                          -2-
illegal benefits. Thus, if her scheme were fully realized, the government would incur
a total loss of $125,376. Using that figure, Killen's PSR recommended a ten-level
increase in her offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(F).

       Both the government and Killen objected to using the intended loss for
calculating the amount of loss. The government contended that the loss should reflect
only the actual loss, which would have resulted in only a four-level increase pursuant
to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(C). However, the government never objected to the
calculation of the actual and intended losses. Killen "object[ed] to the calculation of
the amount of the loss as being $132,636.002 and join[ed] with the Government in its
response to said paragraphs of the [PSR]." She added no additional argument.

      Despite both parties' objections, the district court determined that intended loss
governed rather than actual loss. The district court explained:

      The first question is whether the loss or the intended loss governs, and
      there's Eighth Circuit case law on this that talks about intended loss in
      scenarios like this one, including up to the point where the benefits
      would have stopped.

             Now, I know the Government and the defendant both have urged
      a different calculation than the presentence report contained, and I have
      previously, in other cases, gone with a different calculation, but only in
      cases where the person who was obtaining falsely those benefits made
      some effort to notify the agency that they were getting those benefits in
      error and in those kinds of cases continued to get benefits.




      2
       It is unclear how Killen and the government arrived at $132,636.00 when the
PSR calculated a total loss of $125,376. This difference does not affect Killen's
sentence because any amount between $120,000 and $200,000 results in a ten-level
increase under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1).

                                          -3-
             And so my analysis was, well, that person really didn't intend to
      continue getting benefits forever, they took some steps to try and stop
      the benefits, and it was Social Security in that case as well continued to
      give them the benefits anyway. But we don't have that here. We have no
      reason to believe that Ms. Killen ever intended to stop those benefits.

              She wasn't going to let them know that the husband moved back
      in, if he was ever out. She made no effort to advise them of the various
      scenarios that impacted them, like enormous gambling winnings, over
      $137,000 in gambling winnings during the same time she was taking
      these benefits. You know, the putting liens on her friends' houses to
      make them pay her, you know, that didn't get recorded anywhere. This,
      you know, fraud that's happening with the food cards, the food stamps,
      she didn't report any of that. You know, she tells them, at least according
      to the information in the presentence report, that her daughter is living
      with them—or with her and her daughter's not.

             But, essentially, there's nothing here that would indicate to me
      that she intended that loss to stop. I think she intended to continue
      collecting, and I find by a preponderance of the evidence that it was
      reasonably foreseeable to her and she intended to continue collecting
      money as long as she could and so that the intended loss from her
      standpoint was as calculated in the Presentence Investigation Report.

             And I rely on the Frisch case being the primary one here on that
      analysis . . ., and it's a case that was cited by the probation office in the
      Presentence Investigation Report. And so I find that the amount of loss
      or intended loss here is $110,156.3

Thus, unlike the PSR, the district court considered the amount of loss here as the
intended loss rather than the sum of the actual and intended losses. The district court's
calculation resulted in an eight-level offense level increase pursuant to U.S.S.G.

      3
       The district court likely meant $110,536 as noted in the PSR. Again, the
difference of a few hundred dollars does not affect the offense level here. See
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1).

                                          -4-
§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(E), leading to an offense level of 14 and a criminal history category of
I. The resulting Guidelines range was 15–21 months' imprisonment. The district court
sentenced Killen to 18 months' imprisonment followed by three years of supervised
release. The district court also ordered her to pay $14,840 in restitution to the SSA.
Had the district court sustained the parties' objection to the use of intended loss,
Killen's offense level would have been 8, resulting in a Guidelines range of 0–6
months' imprisonment.

                                     II. Discussion
       "We review the district court's interpretation of loss as used in the Guidelines
de novo, and its calculation of loss for clear error." United States v. Hodge, 588 F.3d
970, 973 (8th Cir. 2009) (quotation and citation omitted). "The district court's method
for calculating the amount of loss must be reasonable, but the loss need not be
determined with precision." Id. (quotation and citation omitted). We will affirm a loss
calculation "unless it is not supported by substantial evidence, was based on an
erroneous view of the law, or we have a firm conviction that there was a mistake after
reviewing the entire record." Id. (quotation, alteration, and citations omitted). We
"give the district court particular deference on the issue of loss calculation." United
States v. Levine, 477 F.3d 596, 604 (8th Cir. 2007) (quotation and citation omitted).
The government shoulders the burden to prove the amount of loss by a preponderance
of the evidence. Hodge, 588 F.3d at 973.

       For crimes involving theft, which can include violations of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1001(a)(2), the Guidelines provide that a defendant's offense level varies based on
the amount of loss involved in the crime. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b). The Guidelines
also provide that, as a general rule, "loss is the greater of actual loss or intended loss."
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A). The comment note defines "actual loss" as "reasonably
foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense" and "intended loss" as "the
pecuniary harm that was intended to result from the offense." U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt.
n.3(A)(i)–(ii).

                                            -5-
       The district court relied on one of our recent decisions involving the amount
of loss in disability-benefit cases. See United States v. Frisch, 704 F.3d 541 (8th Cir.
2013). In that case, Frisch pleaded guilty to concealment from the SSA when he
wrongfully obtained disability benefits. Id. at 542. Frisch received $86,160 in
wrongful benefits. Id. The PSR writer noted that Frisch would have continued to
receive wrongful benefits until age 66, so he would have received an additional
$38,610 if he had escaped detection. Id. at 542–43. This resulted in an intended loss
of $124,770. Id. at 543. The government asked the district court to apply the intended
loss amount rather than the actual loss. Id. The district court used the intended loss
in its offense level calculation. Id. We affirmed, noting that "[w]hen calculating
intended loss, the appropriate inquiry is what the loss would have been if the
defendant had not been caught." Id. at 544 (citing United States v. Henderson, 416
F.3d 686, 695 (8th Cir. 2005); United States v. Rettenberger, 344 F.3d 702, 708 (7th
Cir. 2003)). We concluded that the intended loss calculation applies because
"[n]othing beyond Frisch's statements indicate that he would have ceased accepting
payments before [he was caught], and the district court could reasonably conclude
that he intended to continue doing so. Thus, the district court did not procedurally err
in accepting the government's intended loss calculation." Id.

       Killen attempts to distinguish Frisch by arguing that the government there "did
not stand silent" but actually proved the intended loss amount. Here, the government
agreed with Killen before the district court that the actual loss should apply. In other
words, Killen argues that the district court improperly shifted the government's
burden of proving loss to Killen to disprove the loss.

      We reject Killen's attempt to distinguish Frisch. First, Frisch demonstrates that
we have allowed use of intended loss in this factual context. Second, although the
government argued for a different result below, we have recognized that the
government may argue in support of a district court's decision despite its earlier
objections to such a decision. See United States v. Winters, 411 F.3d 967, 975 (8th

                                          -6-
Cir. 2005). Third, the district court did not shift the burden of proof to Killen. The
district court merely based the amount of intended loss on PSR's calculation. See
United States v. Douglas, 646 F.3d 1134, 1137 (8th Cir. 2011) ("If a defendant
objects only to the PSR's recommendation, but not to the facts themselves, the court
may accept the facts as true and rely on the unobjected-to facts in determining
whether to impose an enhancement.").

       Here, Killen objected only to the use of intended loss and not the actual
calculation of that intended loss; therefore, the district court could appropriately use
that calculation in determining the amount of loss. Consequently, the district court did
not err in using the calculated intended loss.

       Killen also argues that the government, arguing in favor of actual loss below,
never proved that Killen subjectively intended to continue to receive SSI benefits. See
United States v. Manatau, 647 F.3d 1048, 1056 (10th Cir. 2011) ("[W]e hold that the
mens rea standard for 'intended losses' is just what the plain language and structure
of the guidelines suggest—requiring an inquiry into the defendant's purpose.").
However, we have recognized in this context that a district court may reasonably
conclude that the defendant intended continued receipt of illegal benefits until
retirement without additional mens rea evidence. Frisch, 704 F.3d at 544. Even
Manatau notes that "'intended loss' can be shown by looking to what loss was
'expected' because . . . a person is presumed to have 'intended the natural and probable
consequences of his or her actions.'" Manatau, 647 F.3d at 1055 (quoting United
States v. McCoy, 508 F.3d 74, 79 n.6 (1st Cir. 2007)).

       Killen received a continuous, routine amount each month—$674.The district
court needed no additional evidence. She intended to keep every dollar of the monthly
payment. Thus, unlike in Manatau, the district court properly inferred from Killen's
conduct that she intended continued receipt of these benefits until retirement without
additional mens rea evidence.

                                          -7-
       Finally, Killen contends that Comment Note 3(F)(ii), which applies specifically
in government-benefits cases, results in a loss that is "not less than the value of what
was obtained." See United States v. Tupone, 442 F.3d 145 (3d Cir. 2006). We reject
this argument. Comment Note 3(F)(ii) provides that

      [i]n a case involving government benefits (e.g., grants, loans,
      entitlement program payments), loss shall be considered to be not less
      than the value of the benefits obtained by unintended recipients or
      diverted to unintended uses, as the case may be. For example, if the
      defendant was the intended recipient of food stamps having a value of
      $100 but fraudulently received food stamps having a value of $150, loss
      is $50.

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(F)(ii). Comment Note 3(F)(ii) applies in a specific
government-benefits circumstance—where the defendant receives both proper and
improper payments. Here, all of Killen's payments were improper, so 3(F)(ii) does not
apply. Or, if it does apply, we would subtract the proper payments ($0) from the
improper payments ($14,840) to obtain an actual loss of $14,840. Comment Note
3(F)(ii) does not mandate an actual loss calculation rather than an intended loss
calculation. Furthermore, the district court's intended loss calculation is consistent
with Killen's argument that the amount of loss "is not less than the value of what was
obtained."

      For these reasons, the district court properly determined that it could calculate
Killen's offense level using intended rather than actual loss. This position is
consistent with the Guidelines and our precedent.

                                III. Conclusion
      We affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________



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