                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                    File Name: 19a0033p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 ECONOMY LINEN AND TOWEL SERVICE, INC.,                ┐
                              Plaintiff-Appellant,     │
                                                       │
                                                        >      No. 18-3369
       v.                                              │
                                                       │
                                                       │
 INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD        OF    TEAMSTERS,     │
 TEAMSTERS LOCAL UNION 637,                            │
                                Defendant-Appellee.    │
                                                       ┘

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                  No. 2:16-cv-00952—Michael H. Watson, District Judge.

                             Decided and Filed: March 1, 2019

                 Before: BATCHELDER, SUTTON, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

                                    _________________

                                        COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Timothy G. Pepper, TAFT, STETTINIUS & HOLLISTER, LLP, Dayton, Ohio,
for Appellant. John R. Doll, DOLL, JANSEN & FORD, Dayton, Ohio, for Appellee.

         SUTTON, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which BATCHELDER and DONALD,
JJ., joined. BATCHELDER, J. (pg. 6), delivered a separate concurring opinion.
 No. 18-3369            Economy Linen & Towel Serv. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters             Page 2


                                        _________________

                                              OPINION
                                        _________________

        SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Economy Linen and Towel Service rents linens and apparel to
healthcare facilities near Zanesville, Ohio. In October 2015, the company faced a shortfall of
qualified truck drivers and subcontracted with another firm to provide the necessary drivers.
That did not sit well with Teamsters Local Union 637. The union filed a grievance on the
ground that the new drivers earned a higher hourly rate than the union-represented employees.
An arbitrator ruled for the union. The district court affirmed the arbitration award. We affirm.

        Federal courts review arbitration decisions with a deferential gaze. We ensure that the
arbitrator (1) did not commit fraud or other dishonesty, (2) resolved a dispute fairly committed to
arbitration, and (3) at least arguably construed the collective bargaining agreement.        Mich.
Family Res., Inc. v. Serv. Emps. Int’l Union Local 517M, 475 F.3d 746, 753 (6th Cir. 2007) (en
banc). Just as important is what we do not do. We do not ask whether the arbitrator interpreted
the contract correctly. We thus may not overturn an arbitration decision on the ground that the
arbitrator made mistakes, whether “serious” errors, id. at 756, or “improvident, even silly,”
mistakes, United Paperworkers Int’l Union, AFL-CIO v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 38–39 (1987).
That is a lenient standard.

        How lenient? Imagine two arbitrators who are not error prone but who place different
emphases on interpreting contracts, one who places more emphasis on the words of the contract,
the other who places more emphasis on the purpose of the contract. From time to time, those
different approaches will lead to different answers to the same question of interpretation. Our
standard of review permits both answers. Now imagine two arbitrators with the same differences
in emphasis but who also happen to be error prone. Our standard permits those answers as
well—and everything in between. That is a wide range of possibilities, which is why we have
described a reversible form of interpretation as the rare exception, not the rule. Mich. Family,
475 F.3d at 753. Because the parties bargained for an arbitrator’s interpretation of the contract,
not a federal judge’s interpretation of it, that is generally what they will get.
 No. 18-3369           Economy Linen & Towel Serv. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters              Page 3


       This arbitrator’s decision passes that modest test. Not one of the three disqualifying
factors applies.

       Neither side, for one, alleges fraud of any kind.

       The arbitrator, for another, did not decide any issue outside of his authority. Article
14.05 of the arbitration agreement empowers the arbitrator to decide “[a]ll grievances and
disputes between the parties as to the interpretation or application of” the contract. R. 4-1 at 13.
This was a “dispute” about the “interpretation” of the contract, nothing more, nothing less.

       Resolution of the appeal comes down to the third question: Did the arbitrator arguably
interpret the contract? The arbitrator’s award bears “the hallmarks of interpretation.” Mich.
Family, 475 F.3d at 754. He cites the relevant contract provisions, analyzes each of them, sets
out the parties’ competing arguments, and ultimately adopts one interpretation at the end of his
15-page opinion.

       Both sides to the dispute offered legitimate, if ultimately irreconcilable, readings of the
collective bargaining agreement. As the union saw it, the contract required Economy Linen to
pay full-time employees as much as temporary employees. In support of its argument, the union
relied on Article 6.08 of the collective bargaining agreement, which prohibits a “temporary or
part-time employee” from being “hired at or given a higher raise than a full-time employee.” R.
4-1 at 6. And the union offered evidence that the temporary drivers earned more than Economy
Linen’s full-time employees.

       As the company saw it, the contract allowed management to subcontract without any
restrictions. In support of its argument, Economy Linen stressed parts of Articles 3.01–.04,
which treated the company as “the exclusive judge of . . . subcontracting of all or any part of the
work activity.” Id. at 3–4.

       The dispute distilled to these questions: Which part of the contract controlled? And how
did Economy Linen treat the subcontracted drivers?          Like its own employees or like the
employees of another company?
 No. 18-3369           Economy Linen & Towel Serv. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters              Page 4


       In siding with the union, the arbitrator grounded his opinion in the words of the collective
bargaining agreement. He noted that Article 6.11 refers to “Temporary (‘on-call’) employees” as
those who “are on call to work when regular full-time employees are not available.” Id. at 6. To
him, this language described the subcontracted drivers hand in glove. He concluded that Article
6.08’s “unambiguous” language meant the wage-limits provision applied even when the
company subcontracted drivers. R. 16-5 at 11. And he examined the subcontracting agreement
itself, and found that Economy Linen exercised complete control over the subcontracted drivers.
This assessment was more than adequate, indeed quite reasonable all else considered.

       In challenging this conclusion, Economy Linen misses each attempted mark.               The
company claims that the arbitrator exceeded his authority when he concluded that the company’s
exclusive power to subcontract in Articles 3.01–.04 was limited by Article 6.08. But that begs
the question: Which provision controlled? It’s simply another way of complaining that the
arbitrator misinterpreted the contract, just the kind of “interpretive error” beyond our reach in
this setting. Mich. Family, 475 F.3d at 756. The same can be said about its argument that other
language in the contract supported its interpretation.

       The company claims that the arbitrator erred in examining its subcontracting agreement
to determine whether it exercised “total control” over the subcontracted drivers, as one would
over “a temporary employee.” R. 16-5 at 12. This was a mistake, the company says, because it
meant that the arbitrator incorrectly “determine[d] that Economy Linen was a joint employer.”
Appellant’s Br. 22–23.     But we see no problem with looking to how the company itself
implemented its duties in determining whether the drivers constituted temporary employees
under the contract.

       Last of all, the company claims that the arbitrator erred by awarding retroactive damages.
But arbitrators have long had considerable “flexibility” when “formulating remedies.” United
Steelworkers of Am. v. Enter. Wheel & Car Corp., 363 U.S. 593, 597 (1960). That’s because
“[t]he draftsmen may never have thought of what specific remedy should be awarded to meet a
particular contingency.” Id. Just so here. See also Misco, 484 U.S. at 38 (“[W]here it is
contemplated that the arbitrator will determine remedies for contract violations that he finds,
courts have no authority to disagree with his honest judgment in that respect.”). As for the
 No. 18-3369         Economy Linen & Towel Serv. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters             Page 5


company’s concern that a forward-looking award would modify the contract no less than the
backward-looking damages award given by the arbitrator, that is not true. The arbitrator’s
decision left the parties with discretion to sort out what should happen going forward—after
Economy Linen had ceased paying part-time employees more than full-time employees—while
dealing with what had already happened in the only way that seemed feasible: damages.

       We affirm.
 No. 18-3369           Economy Linen & Towel Serv. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters               Page 6


                                       _________________

                                        CONCURRENCE
                                       _________________

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge, concurring. I write separately to say that I
concur only because I am bound by law to do so. See Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White
Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 529 (2019) (“We have held that a court may not rule on the potential
merits of the underlying claim that is assigned by contract to an arbitrator, even if [the
arbitrator’s decision] appears to the court to be frivolous.” (quotation marks omitted)).

       At best, in my view, the arbitrator’s interpretation of the provisions of the CBA at issue
here is not totally implausible. That it is clearly wrong is not enough.
