                            RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                        File Name: 06a0122p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                     X
                             Petitioner-Appellant, -
 CLARENCE CARTER,
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                          No. 99-3207
          v.
                                                      ,
                                                       >
 BETTY MITCHELL, Warden,                              -
                             Respondent-Appellee. -
                                                     N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Ohio at Cincinnati.
                No. 96-00426—Sandra S. Beckwith, Chief District Judge.
                                      Argued: April 28, 2005
                                Decided and Filed: April 6, 2006
     Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; SUHRHEINRICH and DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Linda E. Prucha, PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, OHIO PUBLIC DEFENDER
COMMISSION, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Henry G. Appel, ATTORNEY GENERAL’S
OFFICE OF OHIO, CAPITAL CRIMES SECTION, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Linda E. Prucha, PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, OHIO PUBLIC DEFENDER COMMISSION,
Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Henry G. Appel, ATTORNEY GENERAL’S OFFICE OF OHIO,
CAPITAL CRIMES SECTION, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
         SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge. Petitioner-Appellant Clarence Carter, an Ohio prisoner
under sentence of death, appeals the order of the district court dismissing his petition for a writ of
habeas corpus filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. On appeal, he raises several claims challenging trial
counsel’s effectiveness, and also challenges the prosecutor’s conduct and the sufficiency of the
evidence in light of newly discovered evidence. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the
district court’s denial of Carter’s petition.




                                                  1
No. 99-3207         Carter v. Mitchell                                                            Page 2


                               I. Facts and Procedural History
      On direct appeal, the Ohio Supreme Court made the following findings of fact:
                  In December 1988, Clarence Carter, defendant-appellant, and Johnny Allen
      were inmates in Range “E” at the Jail Annex to the Hamilton County Courthouse.
      Allen was being held on a theft offense. Carter had been found guilty of aggravated
      murder on December 9, 1988, and was awaiting sentencing. On December 28,
      Carter struck and kicked Allen numerous times over a twenty to twenty-five minute
      period, necessitating Allen’s hospitalization. On January 5, 1989, Carter was
      sentenced to life imprisonment for the prior aggravated murder. On January 11,
      1989, Allen died as a result of Carter’s assault.
                  Inmate Joseph Carroll testified that he and Allen were watching television on
      a mid-December evening when Carter came in and switched channels. Allen said
      to Carter, “Don’t we vote on this?” Without saying anything, Carter punched Allen
      in the eye, then resumed watching television. Allen left to clean up the blood
      flowing from a cut above his eyebrow. Inmates Calvin Johnson and Phillip Brewer
      confirm that Allen and Carter exchanged words, and that Carter struck Allen.
      However, Johnson and Brewer assert that Carter was watching TV, and Allen
      changed the channel. Allen did not report this incident to jail authorities.
                  Carroll further testified that about a week before December 28, Carter found
      a broken metal spoon handle in a hole in the shower ceiling. After a brief discussion
      with Brewer, Carter returned the handle to its hiding place.
                  On December 28, after lunch, Johnson saw Carter retrieve the metal handle
      from the shower ceiling. Johnson asked Carter what he was going to do. Carter did
      not reply. About ten minutes later, around 1:10 p.m., the confrontation which led to
      Allen’s death began in “E” range, a common area into which approximately twelve
      cells open.
                  According to Carroll, Allen was in his cell when Carter told him it was his
      turn to sweep the floor. As Allen walked past Carter to get a broom, Carter “jumped
      on him, punched him, [and] knocked him down.” As Allen lay on the floor, Carter
      “leaned over him, punched him, kicked him and choked him.” Several times during
      the assault Carter stopped and walked away before returning to the attack. Twice he
      used a mop to wipe blood off his tennis shoes. During the assault Carroll said to
      Carter, “[d]amn C.C., you don’t like him, do you.” Carter replied “no,” and went
      “back down to where Johnny Allen was, punched him, kicked him some more,
      stomped on him.”
                  After the second beating, Allen managed to get up and sit on a bench, but
      Carter came back, knocked him off the bench, and continued to kick and choke
      Allen. Allen never threw a punch or provoked Carter.
                  Inmate Calvin Steele described Carter’s initial blow to Allen as a “sucker
      punch,” delivered suddenly and without warning. Carter struck Allen ten or fifteen
      times. Allen never struck or attempted to strike a blow at Carter. At one point,
      Carter returned to his cell and stuck his own leg with some kind of object; he then
      came back and stomped on Allen’s head with his foot. Carter’s assault on Allen
      lasted twenty or twenty-five minutes. When Steele asked Carter to stop, Carter told
      Steele to “[g]et my ass back downstairs.” (Steele was standing outside the range in
      the “bull run,” the guard’s access way.)
                  Richard Cunningham saw Carter hit Allen four or five times, then choke
      Allen, who lay on the floor. As he was beating Allen, Carter said, “[t]hat m . . . . .
      f . . . . . tried to stab me.” Carter seemed to be in a rage, but appeared to know what
      he was doing.
No. 99-3207         Carter v. Mitchell                                                           Page 3


               Cunningham testified that “Carter started kicking him [Allen] down the range
      by his head, and by his ribs, and . . . he was pulling his head in my bars and stomping
      his head like a pop can on the floor. And his head was bouncing up off the floor.
      Blood was everywhere. Guys was on the range saying: Come on, CC, you are going
      to kill the man. Quit. Leave him alone. . . . Carter wouldn’t let up. He kept on
      doing it and doing it, he wouldn’t quit.”
               Carter claimed that Allen assaulted him with the shank and that he, Carter,
      merely defended himself, being carried away with rage. According to inmate Robert
      Chapman, a defense witness, the fight began when Allen, holding the metal spoon
      handle, began hitting Carter. However, Chapman acknowledged that he previously
      told investigators he was asleep. Howard “Tub” Burns, a high school friend of
      Carter, heard Carter yell, “Tub, get the police.”
               Brewer said he saw Carter and Allen arguing on December 28, and Allen was
      holding some kind of metal object in his hand. After a few seconds, Brewer returned
      to his cell. He explained, “[i]n a place like that you mind your own business, and
      that’s what I was doing.”
               Around 1:30 p.m., sheriff’s deputies heard unusual noises, like an object
      being banged against steel bars, and went to investigate. When they arrived at “E”
      range, they found Allen lying face down on the floor, in a pool of blood. Deputy
      Raymond J. Loebker saw Carter drop the shank. Loebker described Carter as
      sweating, breathing heavily, but without any visible signs of injury. Sheriff’s
      Lieutenant John Douglas saw the metal handle on the floor, four feet from Allen, and
      retrieved it for later examination.
               Around 5:00 p.m., on December 28, Carter showed Detective John Hinrichs
      scratches Carter said he sustained in his fight with Allen. Carter had two or three
      scratches on his right thigh, scratches on his right arm, and a cut on his chest. None
      was deep or serious, and only the chest cut showed any sign of possible bleeding.
      Carter, muscular and strong, was in excellent physical condition.
               Forensic examination revealed that Carter’s socks, pants, and tennis shoes all
      contained type “O” human blood. Allen had type “O” blood, but Carter’s blood type
      was not revealed at trial. Carter’s T-shirt also had human blood, but the stain was
      not typed. Forensic examination revealed two human blood stains on the metal
      shank–one stain was type O, the other was undetermined. The shank had no
      fingerprints on it.
               The jury had to assess the credibility of the principal witnesses under unusual
      circumstances. Only inmates witnessed the assault, and they all had prior felony
      records. Additionally, the prosecution made various beneficial arrangements with
      inmates who testified for the prosecution. Several inmates who testified for the
      defense had known Carter before they were incarcerated.
               When found, Allen was unconscious and had difficulty breathing. His ribs
      were pulsating, and blood was running out of his mouth. At University Hospital,
      Doctor Christopher Miller, a resident neurosurgeon, found bruises and lacerations
      about Allen’s head, face, and neck. Blood exuded from behind Allen’s eardrums,
      signifying probable basilary skull fractures. Allen had a low level of brain system
      reflex functioning and was neither conscious nor able to communicate. Doctors
      connected life support systems.
               Allen had suffered soft tissue swelling between his larynx and spine, but the
      cervical region was not fractured. A December 28 CAT scan revealed prominent
      soft tissue swelling over Allen’s left front temporal region, a subdural hematoma
      between the brain’s surface and the skull, and diffuse bleeding within the brain.
      Trauma was the cause of the injuries. However, deprivation of oxygen to Allen’s
      brain could have been an additional factor.
No. 99-3207               Carter v. Mitchell                                                                    Page 4


                 According to Doctor Harry J. Bonnell, Chief Deputy Coroner, Allen’s heart
         and breathing stopped on January 10th, but doctors revived him. A January 11th
         examination revealed that Allen was brain dead. Doctors then disconnected life
         support systems.
                 Dr. Bonnell performed an autopsy on January 12th. Allen was 5'10", and
         weighed 122 lbs. He died as a result of multiple bruises and swelling of the brain,
         caused either by blunt objects striking his head or by his head striking blunt objects.
         His brain had been deprived of oxygen prior to arrival at the emergency room. His
         injuries were consistent with his head having been banged against the floor or against
         steel bars. In Dr. Bonnell’s opinion, these injuries were fatal, and Allen would have
         died within twenty-four hours of the trauma without medical intervention.
State v. Carter, 594 N.E.2d 595, 596-98 (Ohio 1992) (all alterations in original).
        A jury found Carter guilty of aggravated murder with prior calculation and design. Id. at
598. Carter stipulated to the first death-penalty specification that the offense occurred while Carter
was a prisoner in a detention facility. Id. The second specification, that Carter was previously
convicted of an offense an essential element of which is the purposeful killing of another, was tried
to the court, which ultimately found Carter guilty. Id.
        The only evidence Carter submitted at mitigation was his own statement. Id. at 602. The
jury recommended a capital sentence. Id. at 598. The trial court adopted the recommendation and
sentenced Carter to death. Id.
       Carter appealed, arguing, inter alia, ineffective assistance of trial counsel, intervening cause
of death, and insufficiency of evidence. The Ohio Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction and
sentence, State v. Carter, No. C-890513, 1991 WL 17218 (Ohio Ct. App. Feb. 13, 1991), as did the
Ohio Supreme Court, State v. Carter, 594 N.E.2d at 603.
        Carter filed an application to reopen his appeal with the Ohio Court of Appeals under Ohio
Appellate Rule 26(B). That court denied the application as untimely, State v. Carter, No. C-890513
(Ohio Ct. App. Apr. 22, 1994), and the Ohio Supreme Court affirmed, State v. Carter, 640 N.E.2d
811 (Ohio 1994). In 1993, Carter filed a petition for post-conviction relief, alleging four grounds
of ineffective assistance of counsel, alleging that the prosecutor improperly presented false
testimony, and alleging that he should receive a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. In
support, he presented affidavits of family members, mental health experts, and witnesses to the
altercation with Johnny Allen. The trial court denied this petition and a successive petition. The
Ohio Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of both petitions, State v. Carter, Nos. C-940375, C-
940835 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 4, 1995), and the Ohio Supreme Court denied further review, State v.
Carter, No. 95-2361 (Ohio Mar. 6, 1996).
        On April 18, 1996, Carter filed with the district court a motion for the appointment of
counsel and notice of intent to file a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
Carter filed his habeas petition in July 1996. The district court dismissed as meritless all but two
of Carter’s seventy claims for relief. The district court held an evidentiary hearing on the remaining
two claims. The court concluded that those claims were also without merit and dismissed Carter’s
petition. Carter timely appealed to this Court.
         This Court granted a certificate of appealability on six claims in Carter’s § 2254 petition:
(1) that Carter’s trial counsel1 rendered ineffective assistance by waiving a mental examination for

         1
          Carter had more than one attorney representing him at trial. For simplicity, we will refer to them collectively
as a singular “trial counsel.”
No. 99-3207            Carter v. Mitchell                                                           Page 5


Carter and not employing a mental health expert; (2) that Carter’s trial counsel rendered ineffective
assistance by not requesting the expert assistance of a neuropsychologist; (3) that Carter’s trial
counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not presenting certain mitigating evidence and testimony
during the sentencing phase; (4) that Carter’s trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing
to present evidence that Carter’s beating of the victim lasted only ten to thirteen minutes, and that
the prosecutor withheld evidence of this fact; (5) that the prosecutor improperly presented false
testimony at trial; and (6) that Carter should receive a new trial because newly discovered evidence
reveals that insufficient evidence exists to support his aggravated murder conviction.
                                        II. Standard of Review
         The standard of review under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
(“AEDPA”), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996), applies to all § 2254 petitions filed after
the AEDPA’s effective date (April 24, 1996), even if the petitioner had filed preliminary motions
in the district court prior to the effective date. Woodford v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 210 (2003).
Although Carter filed his initial motion for the appointment of counsel and notice of intent to file
a petition for a writ of habeas corpus prior to the effective date, he did not file his petition until after
the effective date. Thus, the AEDPA governs this Court’s review of Carter’s appeal.
        In an appeal from a denial of habeas relief under the AEDPA, this Court reviews a district
court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. Hill v. Hofbauer, 337 F.3d
706, 710 (6th Cir. 2003). Where the district court does not make independent factual findings, the
factual findings are reviewed de novo. Bugh v. Mitchell, 329 F.3d 496, 500 (6th Cir. 2003).
        Under the AEDPA, a federal court may not grant a writ of habeas corpus unless it concludes
that the state court’s adjudication of the claim:
        (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,
        clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States;
        or
        (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in
        light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state court renders an adjudication “contrary to” clearly established federal
law when it “arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question
of law” or “decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13 (2000). A state court renders an
“unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law when it “identifies the correct
governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that
principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413. Mixed questions of law and fact are
reviewed under the “unreasonable application” prong. Biros v. Bagley, 422 F.3d 379, 386 (6th Cir.
2005). “Factual findings made by the state court, or by state appellate courts based upon the trial
record, are presumed to be correct but may be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence.” Id.
                            III. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
       Carter raises four claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. He alleges that trial
counsel rendered ineffective assistance by (1) waiving a mental examination and not employing a
mental health expert, (2) not requesting the expert assistance of a neuropsychologist, (3) not
No. 99-3207               Carter v. Mitchell                                                                  Page 6


presenting certain mitigating evidence and testimony during the sentencing phase,2 and (4) not
presenting evidence that Carter’s beating of the victim lasted only ten to thirteen minutes.
        To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must show deficient performance and
resulting prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Strickland requires that
reviewing courts be highly deferential of counsel’s performance. Id. at 689. Counsel renders
ineffective assistance when his performance “f[alls] below an objective standard of reasonableness,”
id. at 688, but there is a “strong presumption” that counsel’s performance was professionally
reasonable, id. at 689. Prejudice requires a showing “that there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at
694. Although this is a high burden for a petitioner to satisfy, it is even higher for a petitioner
proceeding under the AEDPA:
                 For [a petitioner] to succeed, . . . he must do more than show that he would have
         satisfied Strickland’s test if his claim were being analyzed in the first instance, because
         under § 2254(d)(1), it is not enough to convince a federal habeas court that, in its
         independent judgment, the state-court decision applied Strickland incorrectly. Rather, he
         must show that the [state] Court of Appeals applied Strickland to the facts of his case in an
         objectively unreasonable manner.
Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 698-99 (2002) (internal citation omitted).
         In its post-conviction ruling, the Ohio Court of Appeals “conclude[d], on the state of this
record, that through his evidentiary materials, Carter has failed to demonstrate that the conduct of
his trial counsel was either ineffective or prejudicial.” State v. Carter, Nos. C-940375, C-940835,
at *9 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 4, 1995). It therefore held “that the trial court [had] correctly determined
that an evidentiary hearing was not warranted regarding any of Carter’s ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claims.” Id. at *10. We now examine whether this conclusion was contrary to or involved
an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law.
     A. Waiver of Mental Examination and Failure to Employ a Mental Health Expert
      Carter claims that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by waiving a mental
examination and not employing a mental health expert.
         Carter’s waiver claim is wholly without merit. The “waiver” in question was trial counsel’s
waiver of a mental examination offered by the trial court prior to sentencing. This does not
demonstrate that trial counsel unreasonably investigated Carter’s mental state, because, by that point
in the proceedings, trial counsel had already retained the services of a psychologist, Dr. Kenneth
Manges. Carter conceded as much in his post-conviction petition and in his brief to this Court.
(Petr.’s Br. 30 n.1 (stating that “Carter noted in his post-conviction petition that correspondence in
his trial attorney’s file indicated that [trial] counsel had contacted a Dr. Manges”).)
        Thus, Carter’s only avenue for success on this claim is to show that trial counsel’s decision
to retain Dr. Manges was somehow objectively unreasonable, because, according to Carter, “Dr.
Manges, [a vocational psychologist,] was not qualified to be a mitigating expert in a capital case.”
However, as the government points out, Dr. Manges has received an advanced certification in


         2
          The district court erroneously concluded that the first three ineffective assistance claims were procedurally
defaulted and, thus, did not reach the merits. The highest state court to review the case dismissed the claims on the
merits and not on the basis of procedural default, and the government concedes that these claims are not procedurally
defaulted. (Respt.’s Br. 28.)
No. 99-3207                Carter v. Mitchell                                                           Page 7


forensic psychology from the University of Virginia3 and has testified as a mental health expert in
the Ohio state courts. See, e.g., State v. Mackey, No. CA99-06-065, 2000 WL 190033, at *4 (Ohio
Ct. App. Feb. 14, 2000) (noting Dr. Manges’s opinion that the defendant was mentally unable to
assist in her own defense). Therefore, we cannot say that the state court erred in concluding that trial
counsel did not render ineffective assistance by hiring Dr. Manges.
          While the Supreme Court has held that a criminal defendant is entitled to the assistance of
a competent psychiatrist if the defendant can demonstrate that his sanity will be a significant issue
at trial, Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 83 (1985), the Court has never stated as a per se rule that a
particular type of mental health expert is required in death penalty cases. Further, although this
court has extended Ake to require an “independent” psychiatrist rather than a neutral, court-
appointed psychiatrist when a defendant’s mental health is in issue, see Powell v. Collins, 332 F.3d
376, 392 (6th Cir. 2003), we also have never held that a defendant is entitled to a particular type of
expert. Cf. Lundgren v. Mitchell, – F.3d –, No. 02-3001, slip op. at 14-15 (6th Cir. March 13, 2006)
(“A licensed practitioner is generally held to be competent, unless counsel has good reason to
believe to the contrary.).
        Ake and Powell are inapposite nonetheless. As the Ake Court was careful to note, “[a]
defendant’s mental condition is not necessarily at issue in every criminal proceeding, . . . and it is
unlikely that psychiatric assistance of the kind we have described would be of probable value in
cases where it is not.” Ake, 470 U.S. at 82. In Ake, the defendant’s mental health was at issue
because his sole defense was insanity, his behavior was so strange that the trial court had him
examined for competency, a state psychiatrist found him incompetent to stand trial and
recommended that he be committed, Ake was competent only when sedated, the state psychiatrists
described a severe mental illness that may have existed for years, and the prosecutor submitted
evidence of Ake’s future dangerousness through the testimony of the state’s own psychiatrists. Id.
at 86. Quite simply, none of those circumstances was present in Carter’s trial.
         As for Powell, we first note that it was a pre-AEDPA decision whose holding has never been
adopted by the Supreme Court. Thus, Powell can have no legal effect on post-AEDPA habeas cases.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) (defining “clearly established Federal law” for purposes of the AEDPA
analysis as the law “as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States”). In any event,
Powell is also distinguishable on the facts. The trial court in that case granted a defense motion for
appointment of a psychiatrist because the court recognized that Powell’s “mental competency had
been placed in issue” before trial, Powell, 332 F.3d at 382, and the court-appointed psychiatrist
testified “that neither she nor any other staff member at the court’s psychiatric clinic were qualified
to conduct the type of testing and evaluation that was required to diagnose [the defendant] with
organic brain damage,” id. at 395. Carter, by contrast, has not shown that his mental health was (or
should have been) in issue, nor presented evidence that Dr. Manges was unqualified to conduct the
type of testing that Carter claims was necessary. Most importantly, trial counsel hired Dr. Manges
as an independent mental health expert, which would satisfy Powell and Ake.
        Counsel does not perform unreasonably merely by not ruling out every possible
psychological mitigator through specialized evaluations. Cf. Lundgren, No. 02-3001, slip op. at 15
(stating that the question before the court “is not whether all mental health experts would agree on
whether the defense was viable, but whether counsel’s decision not to pursue the defense was a
reasonable strategic choice”); Lorraine v. Coyle, 291 F.3d 416, 436 (6th Cir. 2002) (“It simply
cannot be said that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under
Strickland simply because the leads [of possible organic brain damage] led to nowhere.”); Thompson


         3
             See http://www.mdexonline.com/services/eda/map/edn_ohio/kennethmangesbio.cfm (last visited Feb. 21,
2006).
No. 99-3207            Carter v. Mitchell                                                         Page 8


v. Cain, 161 F.3d 802, 813 (5th Cir. 1998) (finding that defense counsel did not render ineffective
assistance by not seeking a psychiatric evaluation where there was no evidence of mental
instability); Sidebottom v. Delo, 46 F.3d 744, 753 (8th Cir. 1995) (finding that defense counsel did
not render ineffective assistance by not seeking a “second opinion” where counsel reasonably relied
on the results of a psychological examination); Poyner v. Murray, 964 F.2d 1404, 1419 (4th Cir.
1992) (“The mere fact that . . . counsel did not shop around for a psychiatrist willing to testify to the
presence of more elaborate or grave psychological disorders simply does not constitute ineffective
assistance.”). Rather, decisions as to which, if any, expert a particular defendant requires are fact
sensitive and necessarily vary from case to case. Some death penalty defendants need a
neuropsychologist, others a forensic psychologist. Still others need a social psychologist,
psychopharmacologist, or mitigation specialist. For this reason, there is not and should not be a per
se rule that trial counsel is ineffective at mitigation unless a particular type of expert is retained. On
the other hand, to establish ineffective assistance of counsel at mitigation in federal habeas
proceedings, there must always be some record evidence presented at the state post-conviction stage
(unless cause and prejudice is shown) establishing that an expert should have been, but was not,
obtained. Therefore, we again reject the argument that counsel’s decision to retain only a vocational
or industrial psychologist was per se unreasonable, under any standard of review.
                             B. Failure to Retain a Neuropsychologist
       Carter also argues that, had trial counsel retained an expert neuropsychologist, the
neuropsychologist would have concluded that Carter suffers from organic brain impairment, and that
such evidence could have been presented at mitigation to support a lower sentence. In his post-
conviction motion, Carter presented affidavits from three mental health experts: Dr. James C.
Tanley, Dr. Judith H. Skillings, and Dr. Newton L.P. Jackson. Specifically, Carter argues that a
mental health expert “could have put Mr. Carter’s life and personality in a context the jury would
have understood,” and that expert testimony was relevant to whether Carter “‘lacked substantial
capacity to appreciate the criminality of [his] conduct or to conform [his] conduct to the
requirements of the law.’” (Petr.’s Br. 39 (quoting Frazier v. Huffman, 343 F.3d 780, 793 (6th Cir.
2003)) (alterations in original)).
        Dr. Skillings is a clinical psychologist who specializes in chemical dependency and cross-
cultural issues. She concluded that Carter’s antisocial acts are the result of being subjected to
violence and alcoholism during his youth and of the trauma from racial harassment, and are not “per
se part of an antisocial personality structure.”
        However, Dr. Skillings never even met with Carter or any members of his family. Her
opinions were based entirely on the affidavits of Carter’s family members, the sentencing phase trial
transcript, and Carter’s school records. An examination of these records shows that many of her
findings are questionable, however. For example, Dr. Skillings remarked that there was “little
structure or discipline in the home.” There is no similar statement from the records Dr. Skillings
referenced. To the contrary, Carter’s step-father, William Walton, and siblings all mentioned
Walton’s attempts to strictly discipline the children. Also, Dr. Skillings concluded that Carter was
affected by the frequent “violence between his parents.” However, George, Jr. was the only family
member who mentions any violence between Brenda Walton and George, Sr., saying, “My father
may have hit my mother once or twice” (emphasis added). To the extent any such incident did
occur, it would have been when Carter was still very young, meaning its effects on Carter would be
entirely unclear, at least for someone relying entirely upon the limited information before Dr.
Skillings.
        Dr. Jackson is a forensic psychologist (like Dr. Manges, incidentally). He concluded that
Carter suffered from a type of organic brain dysfunction that causes a loss of control during violent
No. 99-3207                Carter v. Mitchell                                                                      Page 9


incidents.4 He also stated that Carter’s tests results were inconsistent with those generated by
individuals who commit premeditated acts of violence, implying that Carter’s attack was likely not
premeditated.
         Contrary to Dr. Jackson’s opinions, the prosecution presented significant evidence at trial
that prior to any violent incident, Carter had been planning to attack Allen in retaliation for changing
the channels on the jailhouse television. Further, several witnesses testified that Carter had broken
off his attack of Allen more than once, only to resume beating him. Inmate Richard Cunningham
testified that “Carter kept on beating [Allen] until he heard the [guards’] keys. He heard the keys,
he went on back to his cell.” In short, the evidence at trial completely contradicts Dr. Jackson’s
conclusions that Carter lost his self-control during the altercation and that Carter was not likely to
have committed a premeditated act of violence.
        Dr. Tanley was the only neuropsychologist Carter retained in support of his post-conviction
claim that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not hiring a neuropsychologist. Dr. Tanley
stated that Carter has difficulty understanding the spoken word and struggles with complex
information and novel situations. He ultimately concluded that “a competent clinical psychologist
should have recommended a complete neuropsychological evaluation for [Carter].”
        Despite Carter’s claim that a neuropsychologist would have diagnosed Carter as having
organic brain disorder, Dr. Tanley did not diagnose Carter as suffering from organic brain
dysfunction or brain damage. He stated only that there is a “likelihood” that Carter has “some kind
of brain related difficulty.” He even admitted that Carter’s score on the Impairment Index is “below
the normal cutoff . . . for reliably stating that brain damage exists.” Carter, then, wholly failed to
show any error relating to trial counsel’s decision not to hire a neuropsychologist. See Martin v.
Mitchell, 280 F.3d 594, 613-15 (6th Cir. 2002) (rejecting petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel where petitioner failed to point to any mitigating evidence defense counsel would have
uncovered through further investigation into his background); Campbell v. Coyle, 260 F.3d 531, 555
(6th Cir. 2001) (rejecting petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to
discover that petitioner suffered from post traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”), where petitioner
failed to point to anything in the record showing that he actually suffered from PTSD or any other
psychological disorder). Trial counsel “cannot be deemed ineffective, since even at this late date,
there is no medical proof of . . . a [mental] condition.” Lorraine, 291 F.3d at 439.
        Moreover, Dr. Tanley did not provide any temporal relationship between Carter’s possible
brain damage and his altercation with Johnny Allen. Dr. Tanley evaluated Carter nearly five years
after Carter killed Allen, but Dr. Tanley did not address what impact events in the intervening five
years could have had on his diagnosis. In other words, Carter failed to show that the brain damage,
if any, even existed at the time of the incident.
        Finally, Dr. Tanley did not make any connection between Carter’s possible brain damage and
his violent altercation with Allen. Similarly, the nebulous references in Carter’s briefs to Dr.
Tanley’s diagnosis do not establish a causal link. Carter focuses on Dr. Tanley’s statements that
Carter performs poorly in novel, complex situations that require thinking through a problem, and
has trouble understanding the spoken word. It is difficult to see how Carter’s diminished capacity
in novel, complex situations and his trouble understanding the spoken word are at all relevant to the


         4
           Dr. Jackson references a discussion he had with Dr. Tanley regarding their diagnoses of Carter. Curiously,
Dr. Jackson suggests that he and Dr. Tanley reached similar clinical conclusions “regarding the presence of indicators
of organic brain dysfunction which could have caused . . . Carter, at the time of the altercation with Johnny Allen, to have
been unable to alter or control his course of conduct at that time.” As noted infra, however, Dr. Tanley did not make
the connection between Carter’s possible brain damage and his violence against Allen, nor did he conclude that Carter
suffers from organic brain dysfunction.
No. 99-3207                Carter v. Mitchell                                                                     Page 10


events at issue. The evidence at trial showed that Carter had been planning an attack for days. At
more than one point during the altercation, Carter ceased beating Allen only to resume a short time
later. One witness recounted that at some point Carter went to his cell, stabbed himself in the leg,
and returned to continue beating Allen. Another recalled that twice Carter interrupted his beating
of Allen to clean his shoes with a mop. In other words, the evidence at trial did not show this to be
a “novel, complex situation” that Carter was incapable of thinking through, but rather the act of a
calculating, cold-blooded killer. Rather, his preparation and attempts to establish exculpatory
circumstances during the event demonstrate that he fully appreciated the situation and its potential
consequences.
        In Lorraine, like here, petitioner claimed his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to uncover evidence of organic brain damage. Id. at 436. Similarly, petitioner’s habeas
counsel did not find evidence of organic brain damage. Id. The court concluded that “if habeas
counsel could not find evidence of organic brain damage, then trial counsel cannot be deemed
ineffective . . . . Nor can there be any prejudice.” Id.
        Absent actual, probative evidence relating to Carter’s mental health that trial counsel missed,
there can be no prejudice and therefore no ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland. In
short, Carter offered no evidence to show, under the facts of his case, that trial counsel’s decision
not to retain a different specialist was objectively unreasonable. We conclude, then, that the Ohio
Court of Appeals’ decision denying Carter relief on this claims of ineffective assistance of counsel
was not contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. Thus, we
affirm the denial of the writ on this issue.
                          C. Failure to Present Certain Evidence at Mitigation
        Next, Carter claims that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not presenting certain
mitigating evidence and testimony during the sentencing phase. The only evidence presented at
sentencing was Carter’s own statement, in which he described being raised by his “troublesome”
stepfather, acknowledged his anger problems, and stated that he has since turned to prayer and
religion to control his temper and counsel troubled youths. State v. Carter, 594 N.E.2d 595, 601
(Ohio 1992). Carter argues that trial counsel should have introduced the testimony of his family
members regarding his troubled background, including his experiences with drugs and alcohol at
an early age, his history of violent behavior, his experience with racial prejudice, and the influence
of his alcoholic, philandering father. In support, Carter has submitted affidavits from his mother,
Brenda Walton; his step-father, William Walton; his sister, Marrell; his younger brother, LaMarck;
his older brother, George, Jr.; his half-sister, Melissa Walton; and his paternal aunt, Mary Carter
Coleman. All of the affiants stated they would have been willing to testify if called, and three of
them stated they were never contacted by trial counsel. Carter contends that their testimony would
have provided the jury with much more mitigating evidence      to weigh against the aggravating factors
and ultimately would have led to a lesser sentence.5
        The Ohio Court of Appeals concluded that Carter had failed to establish either ineffective
assistance of trial counsel or prejudice, finding that “the affidavits cited by Carter to support this
claim contained information which was essentially cumulative to that already presented [in his
statement] and did not present evidence sufficient to warrant an evidentiary hearing on this claim.”
State v. Carter, Nos. C-940375, C-940835, at *12 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 4, 1995).

         5
           Ohio’s death penalty statute requires that the finder of fact weigh mitigating factors against the aggravating
factors (i.e., stipulations) proved beyond a reasonable doubt. These mitigating factors include the nature and
circumstances of the offense; the history, character, and background of the offender; whether the victim induced or
facilitated the killing; likelihood that the killing occurred as a result of duress, coercion, or strong provocation; and the
offender’s lack of criminal history and delinquincy adjudications. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2929.04(B).
No. 99-3207                Carter v. Mitchell                                                                   Page 11


        Although it appears that counsel failed to contact three of Carter’s family members, his
younger brother, LaMarck; his older brother, George, Jr.; and his paternal aunt, Mary Coleman; their
testimony would have offered little insight. They do not appear to have witnessed, nor been
themselves, significant influences on Carter’s life. Conversely, there are no allegations that counsel
did not contact the four family members who appear to know more about Carter and his background
than anyone else–his mother, his step-father, his sister, and his half-sister. Also, curiously absent
from the record is any statement from trial counsel describing what he did or did not do in
investigating Carter’s background. By not detailing trial counsel’s efforts to learn of Carter’s
background, Carter has provided no basis for a finding that trial counsel’s investigation was
unreasonable.
        Even if trial counsel had rendered ineffective assistance, Carter was not prejudiced by it. The
testimony Carter’s family members were prepared to give–other than that which would have been
cumulative to Carter’s own statement–can hardly be described as mitigating. In fact, the affidavits
describe a relatively stable, although imperfect, family environment. There are no allegations of
physical or sexual abuse of Carter. While his father, George, Sr., was apparently     an alcoholic and
may have physically abused his mother, Brenda Walton, once or twice,6 he left his family around
the time Carter was three years old, and Carter has had almost no contact with him since. About the
time George, Sr. left, Brenda Walton began dating William Walton, whom she later married.
Brenda’s children lived with her and William. They were a religious family, attending weekly
church services and Bible study classes. William did his best to maintain discipline in the house,
often through the use of corporal punishment. Eventually, William and Brenda moved the family
from “the projects” in downtown Cincinnati to Mt. Healthy, Ohio, a more affluent suburb, in order
“to get the kids into a better atmosphere” and escape an area that “had become infested with drug
pushers.”
        Moreover, had the family members’ testimony been admitted, the prosecutor would have
been free to extract testimony of Carter’s criminal history, his history of drug use and alcohol abuse,
and his notoriously quick temper and violent character. There are multiple references in the
affidavits to Carter’s experience with the criminal justice system, including one incident where
Carter turned himself in after beating someone with a baseball bat. Brenda Walton stated that she
has seen Carter fight, but that “[h]e only jumped on people for a reason.” She also recounted that
at fourteen or fifteen, Carter began stealing for drug money. Marrell noted that Carter had been
expelled from school “for breaking a white kid’s jaw during a fight.” She also stated that Carter
“had a quick temper. . . . [His] temper would flare up even if he hadn’t been drinking.” Carter’s
brother LaMarck stated that he and Carter “fought with [their] fists and had reputations at [their]
schools.” He further remarked that Carter
       had a bad temper. . . . At fifteen he could still be reasoned with, but at twenty a confrontation
       usually ended in a fight. [Carter] would have to get a punch in and could not stop until he
       felt like it. As an adult, [Carter] would go off over something as simple as when I chastised
       our twin brothers.
Carter once beat a student and tried to “stuff his head down the sewer.” George, Jr. said that Carter
“would fight until he had demolished his opponent or was ready to quit.” Several family members
also mentioned Carter’s penchant for alcohol and regular use of marijuana. In short, the testimony
of Carter’s family members likely would have reinforced that he was a temperamental, violent
person despite his relatively stable background.




       6
           The only reference to any alleged abuse is found in George, Jr.’s affidavit stating that it “may” have occurred.
No. 99-3207           Carter v. Mitchell                                                      Page 12


         The Supreme Court has found more limited investigations into a defendant’s background
justified where any evidence presented would have a “double edge.” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S.
510, 535 (2003) (citing Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776 (1987); Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168
(1986)). This Court has recently stated that counsel’s “strategic decision to limit testimony about
[defendant]’s past in order to prevent ‘opening-the-door’ to evidence of [defendant]’s criminal
background” supported “the reasonableness of the Ohio Court of Appeals’ determination regarding
the performance of defense counsel.” Clark v. Mitchell, 425 F.3d 270, 286 n.6 (6th Cir. 2005).
Thus, this Court has concluded that it is “not even deficient performance, let alone prejudicial,” for
trial counsel to fail to introduce evidence of a defendant’s background that “would likely [make] him
look even worse to the jury.” Moore v. Parker, 425 F.3d 250, 254 (6th Cir. 2005).
        Given the lack of mitigating evidence available in this case and the likelihood that the
testimony of Carter’s family members would have done more harm than good, this was a sound
decision. Cf. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 672-73 (finding to be reasonable trial strategy counsel’s
decision to present only Strickland’s plea colloquy at sentencing in order to hide damaging evidence
of Strickland’s criminal history while at the same time emphasizing his remorse and acceptance of
responsibility).
        Carter’s reliance on Austin v. Bell, 126 F.3d 843 (6th Cir. 1997), is misplaced. In that case,
the court vacated Austin’s sentence and remanded the case to the district court because of defense
counsel’s ineffective assistance during sentencing. Id. at 849. Austin’s defense counsel “did not
present any mitigating evidence because he did not think that it would do any good.” Id. (emphasis
added). The court ultimately found that counsel’s “failure to investigate or present any mitigating
evidence undermined the adversarial process and rendered the death sentence unreliable.” Id.
(emphasis added); cf. Hamblin v. Mitchell, 354 F.3d 482, 490 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding ineffective
assistance where defense counsel stated in an affidavit that he did not obtain any information into
the defendant’s background nor did he contact any of the defendant’s family members). Unlike the
court in Austin, which had before it evidence of counsel’s failure to investigate, we simply have no
evidence that trial counsel did not investigate Carter’s background. Without proof to the contrary,
we must assume that counsel did investigate but ultimately decided that the best strategy at
sentencing was not to present the testimony of Carter’s family members. See Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 689 (“[T]he defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the
challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” (quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350
U.S. 91, 101 (1955))); Monzo v. Edwards, 281 F.3d 568, 582 n.6 (6th Cir. 2002) (“Petitioner bears
the burden of overcoming the presumption that the challenged action might be considered sound trial
strategy.”). In short, Carter simply failed to satisfy his burden.
        Likewise, the three other cases Carter cites as comparable to his own are not. See Wiggins,
539 U.S. 510; Hamblin, 354 F.3d 482; Frazier v. Huffman, 343 F.3d 780 (6th Cir. 2003). As this
court has already noted, those three cases “involve situations in which counsel failed entirely to seek
or present mitigating family-background evidence.” Moore, 425 F.3d at 255 (citing Wiggins,
Hamblin, and Frazier). Since Carter has not provided evidence that trial counsel wholly failed to
conduct an investigation into his family background, his reliance on Wiggins, Hamblin, and Frazier
is misplaced
        Therefore, we conclude that the Ohio Court of Appeals’ denial of relief on this claim was
neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law.
                        D. Failure to Present Certain Evidence at Trial
       Carter claims that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to present evidence
that Carter’s beating of the victim lasted only ten to thirteen minutes. The prosecution’s theory,
based on the testimony of several eye witnesses, was that the beating lasted approximately twenty
No. 99-3207                Carter v. Mitchell                                                                     Page 13


to twenty-five minutes. Carter’s basis for claiming it was shorter is the testimony of inmate Richard
Cunningham that the incident started at 1:15 p.m., combined with prison reports that security
personnel responded to the situation between 1:25 and 1:30 p.m. It is Carter’s position that trial
counsel should have emphasized the shorter time span       to show the attack occurred in a heat of
passion rather than deliberately and premeditatedly.7
        Although Cunningham did testify that the fight “probably started about quarter after 1:00,”
he also testified that he was forced to estimate the exact time because he had no clock or watch
available to him. As a result, he based his estimate on the fact that he had to end a telephone call
at 1:00 p.m. that afternoon and that he believed about fifteen minutes had passed between the end
of his phone call and the start of the fight. At the very least, then, a defense theory based on
Cunningham’s statement of time would have been tenuous.
        Moreover, Carter’s habeas theory that the fight lasted only ten to fifteen minutes lacks any
reasonable basis. First, as stated above, Cunningham had made clear that his statement of time was
a mere estimate. In other words, he had no way of knowing the exact time the fight started.
Furthermore, Cunningham testified on cross that he did not even witness the start of the fight. Since
Cunningham lacked personal knowledge, his testimony as to when the fight started is irrelevant.
Finally, Cunningham himself testified that the beating lasted much longer than fifteen minutes:
         Q.        How long did [the beating] go on?
         A.        For about 25 minutes.
         Q.        You have no watch or anything that you can tell time or anything or a clock
                   on the wall or anything?
         A.        No. You know, I estimate 25 minutes, he probably started about quarter after
                   1:00, I knew it was 1:00 o’clock I had to get off the phone, that is my time
                   to get off the phone. It took about 15 minutes before I got my cigarette lit.
                   The guards got up there about quarter to 2:00. It took about half hour to 45
                   minutes before they even got up there.
In short, then, there is no credible factual basis from which Carter can argue that reasonable counsel
would have pursued the theory that the altercation lasted no more than fifteen minutes.




         7
          He also claims that the prosecutor improperly withheld evidence that the beating lasted only ten to thirteen
minutes. The Supreme Court in Brady v. Maryland held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable
to an accused . . . violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the
good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). Constitutional error results “‘if there is a reasonable
probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’”
Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 433-34 (1995) (quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985) (opinion of
Blackmun, J.)).
         Carter’s Brady claim is wholly without merit. The information regarding the timing of the altercation was fully
extracted from witnesses at trial, and Carter had an opportunity to question them about it. Carter concedes that trial
counsel had copies of three reports detailing the time of the security response. See United States v. Todd, 920 F.2d 399,
405 (6th Cir. 1990) (stating that there is no Brady violation where the defendant “was aware of the essential facts that
would enable him to take advantage of the exculpatory evidence”); United States v. Wilson, 901 F.2d 378, 380 (4th Cir.
1990) (stating that “‘the Brady rule does not apply if the evidence in question is available to the defendant from other
sources’” (quoting United States v. Davis, 787 F.2d 1501, 1505 (11th Cir. 1986))). The two reports apparently not
handed over to trial counsel were merely cumulative to the information in the other reports and thus not material for
purposes of Brady analysis. See Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 518 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Avellino,
136 F.3d 249, 257 (2d Cir. 1998)). Therefore, the state court did not err in denying Carter relief on this claim.
No. 99-3207           Carter v. Mitchell                                                      Page 14


        Most importantly, trial counsel’s strategy with Cunningham on cross examination focused
not on Cunningham’s estimation of when the fight started but whether he saw the start of the fight
at all. Cunningham testified on direct examination that the altercation began when Carter “sucker
punched” Allen while Allen was asleep. On cross, trial counsel questioned Cunningham as to his
whereabouts when the fight began, and Cunningham admitted that he did not see what started the
altercation. Cunningham’s testimony on cross-examination preserved trial counsel’s primary
defense theory that Allen, not Carter, was the aggressor. If believed, Carter could have avoided a
jury finding that he killed Allen with prior calculation and design. At the very least, he could have
used it as a mitigating factor at sentencing. Trial counsel’s strategy to paint Allen as the aggressor
was reasonable, and to question Cunningham in a manner consistent with this theory, counsel was
not ineffective.
        Carter also was not prejudiced. Both Cunningham and inmate Steele testified that the
beating lasted approximately twenty-five minutes. There is no credible evidence to dispute their
estimates. Equally important is that there is no reason to believe that proof that the beating lasted
ten minutes instead of twenty or twenty-five minutes would have had any effect on the outcome.
The emphasis at trial was not on the duration of the beating, but on the calculated and violent
manner in which it was carried out. This included Carter’s comments and actions before and during
the altercation, along with his efforts to create exculpatory evidence. Furthermore, in this case, even
a ten-minute altercation would have been significant. The altercation at issue was nothing more than
an attack. That Carter’s continuous beating of Johnny Allen may have lasted “only” ten minutes
would hardly be seen as mitigating. Quite simply, there is no merit to Carter’s claim that he was
prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to emphasize that the attack may have lasted only ten minutes.
       Therefore, the decision of Ohio Court of Appeals denying Carter’s ineffective-assistance
claim was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law.
                                           IV. Other Issues
                               A. Presentation of False Testimony
        Carter also alleges that the prosecutor improperly presented false testimony at trial.
Specifically, he claims that the prosecution’s failure to correct the false testimony of one of its
witnesses, inmate Calvin Steele, violated Carter’s due process rights. The testimony at issue
involved Steele’s answers to trial counsel’s questions on cross-examination. During one exchange,
Steele denied having an agreement with the prosecution in exchange for his testimony, even though
he had already acknowledged having such an agreement on direct examination.
       The Ohio Court of Appeals noted
       that in order for the prosecution’s use of allegedly false testimony to state a
       constitutional claim, that use must have been knowing, i.e., the prosecution must
       have been aware that it was suborning perjury. Carter makes no attempt to establish
       that the state knew of any perjured testimony. Moreover, the affidavits offered in
       support of this claim did not support the arguments that Carter was convicted with
       false testimony or that key impeachment evidence was withheld.
State v. Carter, Nos. C-940375, C-940835, at *18 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 4, 1995) (citations omitted).
Accordingly, the court denied Carter relief on this claim. Id.
       The district court held an evidentiary hearing on the issue, during which the prosecutor
agreed that Steele’s testimony on cross-examination was inconsistent with the responses he had
given on direct examination. The court ultimately found the claim meritless, however, because
Carter had not shown that the prosecutor knowingly presented false testimony. The district court
No. 99-3207             Carter v. Mitchell                                                                 Page 15


held an evidentiary hearing on the issue, and, thus, we review the factual findings for clear error
while reviewing the ultimate conclusion de novo. Hill v. Hofbauer, 337 F.3d 706, 710 (6th Cir.
2003).
        It was well-established at the time of Carter’s trial that a defendant’s right to a fair trial may
be violated where the prosecution deliberately misleads a jury or allows misleading testimony to go
uncorrected with respect to any promise offered to a key prosecution witness in exchange for his
testimony. See Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 153-54 (1972); Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S.
264, 269 (1959). “A new trial is required if ‘the false testimony could . . . in any reasonable
likelihood have affected the judgment of the jury.’” Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154 (quoting Napue, 360
U.S. at 271)).
        On direct examination, Steele clearly indicated that he had agreed to testify in exchange for
the prosecution’s consideration in his own criminal case.8 However, on cross-examination, Steele




        8
        Q.      And on January 30, 1989, you entered into a plea to an offense known as attempted aggravated
                burglary, which you were charged with, without a specification that required a prior conviction, that
                was attached to that charge; is that correct, sir?
        A.      Yes, sir.
        Q.      And in addition to that, a charge of possessing criminal tools was dropped against you by the state;
                is that correct, sir?
        A.      Yes, sir.
        Q.      And in the course of that, Judge Sundermann ordered your sentencing continued pending the
                preparation of the presentence investigation?
        A.      Yes, sir, that’s correct.
        Q.      And also indicated that he would delay said sentencing until such time as you had appeared in this
                court and testified; is that correct?
        A.      Yes, sir.
        Q.      And this is your understanding?
        A.      Yes, sir.
No. 99-3207            Carter v. Mitchell                                                                    Page 16


denied that he was ever offered any deal by the prosecution in exchange for his testimony. 9 The
prosecutor made no attempt to correct these misstatements.
       Both the state court and the district court concluded that no constitutional violation occurred
based on the fact that Carter had not proven that the prosecutor knowingly presented false testimony.
However, neither court addressed the Giglio issue specifically, that is, whether the prosecutor
deliberately allowed misleading testimony to go uncorrected with respect to any promise offered to
a key prosecution witness in exchange for his testimony.
        Nonetheless, the state court’s decision was not “contrary to” clearly established federal law,
because the facts of Napue and Giglio are distinguishable from the facts of this case. In Napue, the
state’s sole eyewitness falsely testified that he was receiving no consideration from the state in
return for his testimony, even though the prosecutor had promised to help him if the witness’s story
“‘about being a reluctant participant’ in the robbery was borne out.” Napue, 360 U.S. at 267. In
Giglio, the prosecutor not only allowed false testimony of its key witness to go uncorrected, he
affirmatively stated in summation that the witness “‘received no promises that he would not be
indicted.’” Giglio, 405 U.S. at 152. And like Napue, the prosecution’s case in Giglio “depended
almost entirely on [that witness]’s testimony.” Id. at 154. The Court in both cases held that the
prosecution’s conduct violated the defendants’ constitutional rights. See id. at 153-54; Napue, 360
U.S. at 269.



       9
      Q.      Well, nobody ever offered you any consideration to make this statement, right?
      A.      That’s right, sir.
      ....
      Q.      How did this deal come to pass?
      A.      What deal?
      Q.      The one where your specifications were dropped and your sentencing could be continued until after this
              testimony?
      A.      I mean the specifications, they do that normally every day in courts.
      Q.      So you didn’t enter into an agreement with [the prosecutor] in order for you to testify?
      A.      No, I did not.
      Q.      And you didn’t ask that your sentencing be put over until after you testified so that the judge could give
              consideration to this?
      A.      Well, me and the judge discussed it because of the pending testimony and he didn’t say anything about
              reducing the sentence or anything of that nature.
      Q.      Now, I know the prosecutor can’t say to you specifically, we are going to do this deal for you. But did
              he tell you that if you came in and you testified that he would consider it and help you out down the
              road?
      A.      No, he didn’t.
      Q.      He never did that for you?
      A.      (Shaking head in the negative).
No. 99-3207           Carter v. Mitchell                                                     Page 17


        Unlike the witness in Napue, Steele had an agreement with the state in exchange for his
testimony generally, not in exchange for a particular version of the facts. And unlike Giglio, the
prosecutor here did not tell the jury that he had no agreement with Steele. In fact, the prosecutor
here told the jury in his opening statement that there was such an agreement, and elicited an
admission to that effect during his direct examination of Steele. Perhaps most importantly, unlike
either of those cases, Steele was not the lynchpin of the state’s case against Carter. Steele was one
of four inmate-eyewitnesses the prosecution called. All four testified to the events during the
altercation, and two of them–neither of whom was Calvin Steele–testified to events prior to the
beating that evidenced Carter’s prior calculation and design. Thus, Napue and Giglio are clearly
distinguishable from the facts of this case. Accordingly, we cannot say that the decision of the Ohio
Court of Appeals was “contrary to” clearly established federal law.
          Nor was the state court’s decision an “unreasonable application of” clearly established
federal law, because Napue and Giglio require a new trial only where “‘the false testimony could
. . . in any reasonable likelihood have affected the judgment of the jury.’” Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154
(quoting Napue, 360 U.S. at 271)). Here, there is no reasonable likelihood that the false testimony
affected the jury’s decision. Again, Steele’s testimony was not, as Carter contends, the “keystone”
of the prosecution’s case. The jury had the testimony of three other eyewitnesses from which to
conclude that Carter killed Allen with prior calculation and design. In fact, Carter does not even
argue his innocence. Instead he argues that the jury would not have recommended a death sentence
if it had not heard Steele’s tainted testimony that Carter first struck Allen. As the Ohio Supreme
Court noted, however, Joseph Carroll had testified that “[a]s Allen walked past Carter to get a
broom, Carter ‘jumped on him, punched him, [and] knocked him down.’ As Allen lay on the floor,
Carter ‘leaned over him, punched him, kicked him and choked him.’” State v. Carter, 594 N.E.2d
595, 596 (Ohio 1992) (second alteration in original). This, combined with the evidence of Carter’s
preparation for an attack, gave the jury enough evidence to find that Carter had been the aggressor.
Therefore, the state court’s decision was not an “unreasonable application” of clearly established
federal law,
        Moreover, for these same reasons, any constitutional error would have been harmless under
Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619 (1993). See Mitzel v. Tate, 267 F.3d 524, 534 (6th Cir. 2001)
(stating that Brecht harmless-error review applies under the AEDPA, “even when the ‘federal habeas
court is the first to review for harmless error’” (quoting Gilliam v. Mitchell, 179 F.3d 990, 995 (6th
Cir. 1999))).
        B. Newly Discovered Evidence/Insufficient Evidence to Support Conviction
        Finally, Carter claims that he should receive a new trial because newly discovered evidence
reveals that insufficient evidence exists to support his aggravated murder conviction. Carter bases
this claim on the affidavits of two witnesses who testified for the prosecution at trial and on the
affidavit of another inmate, Chris Isome, who did not testify at the trial. The witnesses’ affidavits
recant their trial testimony, claiming they lied because of the deals the prosecution promised them.
Isome’s affidavit states that Allen threatened revenge against Carter after their confrontation over
the television.
        The Ohio Court of Appeals concluded that this claim was procedurally defaulted. Carter,
Nos. C-940375, C-940835, at *10-11. The court also denied Carter’s claims on the merits,
concluding “that the purported ‘newly discovered evidence’ was merely cumulative of evidence
presented previously and that it did not undermine the jury’s conclusion that Carter killed Allen with
prior calculation and design.” Id. at *11. The district court found the claim procedurally defaulted
and held an evidentiary hearing on the matter to determine whether Carter had established actual
innocence to excuse the procedural default. Following the evidentiary hearing, the district court
found no reason to excuse the default and ultimately denied the claim.
No. 99-3207            Carter v. Mitchell                                                                   Page 18


        Generally, federal courts may not consider habeas claims not considered by the state courts
due to procedural default. Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 549-50 (6th Cir. 2000). This Circuit
applies the familiar test of Maupin v. Smith to determine whether a claim is procedurally defaulted:
(1) whether there is a procedural rule that the petitioner failed to follow; (2) whether the state courts
actually enforced the rule; (3) whether the procedural default is an “adequate and independent”
ground on which the state can rely to foreclose review of a federal constitutional claim; and (4)
whether the petitioner has shown “cause” for his failure to follow the rule and “prejudice” resulting
therefrom. 785 F.2d 135, 138 (6th Cir. 1985). Even where a petitioner fails to show cause and
prejudice, the court must still consider whether a miscarriage of justice would occur if the procedural
default were enforced. “Specifically, a court may notice an otherwise defaulted claim if it concludes
that petitioner has shown by clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error no
reasonable juror would have found him guilty of the crime . . . .” Greer v. Mitchell, 264 F.3d 663,
673 (6th Cir. 2001).
        Citing its decision in State v. Zuern, the Ohio Court of Appeals held that Carter’s claim was
barred under res judicata because it could and should have been raised in a motion for a new trial
under Ohio Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(B), and not in a successive petition for post-conviction
relief. Carter, Nos. C-940375, C-940835, at *15-16. Although the state court also denied Carter
relief on the merits, “[w]hen the state court relies on an independent procedural ground in order to
deny relief, its discussion of the merits of the claim will not disturb the procedural bar.” Clifford
v. Chandler, 333 F.3d. 724, 728 (6th Cir. 2003), overruled in part on other grounds by Wiggins v.
Smith, 539 U.S. 510 (2003). Thus, the first two Maupin factors are met.
         This court has consistently held that Ohio’s doctrine of res judicata is an “adequate and
independent” ground justifying default. See, e.g., Williams v. Bagley, 380 F.3d 932, 967 (6th Cir.
2004) (finding meritless petitioner’s claim that the Ohio courts do not consistently apply the doctrine
of res judicata in capital cases), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 1939 (2005); Jacobs v. Mohr, 265 F.3d 407,
417 (6th Cir. 2001) (finding that “Ohio’s doctrine of res judicata as a procedural bar is regularly
applied by the Ohio courts”); Greer, 264 F.3d at 673 (noting that “this court has rejected contentions
that Ohio has failed to apply its [doctrine of res judicata] consistently”). Carter does not argue
otherwise. Thus, we conclude that Ohio’s doctrine of res judicata is an adequate and independent
ground on which to foreclose Carter’s claim.
        Lastly, Carter does not argue “cause” to excuse the procedural default, and no cause is
apparent from the record. Having determined that no cause exists, we need not decide whether
Carter suffered any prejudice. See Lott v. Coyle, 261 F.3d 594, 609 (6th Cir. 2001).
        The final inquiry is whether a miscarriage of justice would result through enforcement of the
procedural default. A miscarriage of justice exists in the extraordinary case where the petitioner
demonstrates his actual innocence. Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986); Williams, 380
F.3d at 973. “‘[A]ctual innocence’ means factual innocence, not mere legal insufficiency.” Bousley
v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998).
       Carter cannot establish his actual innocence because he admitted killing Allen at
sentencing.10 Instead, he argues that this evidence creates reasonable doubt as to whether he killed

        10
        Q.      [Carter], do you have remorse, or do you feel sorry for what happened, for what you did to Johnny
                Allen?
        A.      Yes, I feel sorry. I have been feeling sorry for it, you know. I told people how sorry I am for it, and
                especially for his mother, you know. I feel a lot for his mother, you know, because I know that, you
                know, she had him, and that was her child, and I did take his life. But I feel sorry for it. I am sorry
                for it.
No. 99-3207               Carter v. Mitchell                                                                    Page 19


Allen with prior calculation and design. However, none of the “newly discovered evidence” casts
any doubt on Carter’s conviction or sentence. Isome’s affidavit merely provides evidence of Allen’s
state of mind prior to the altercation; it says nothing about Carter’s state of mind or whether Carter
acted with prior calculation and design. The affidavits of Steele and Johnson, both still inmates in
the Ohio correctional system, are of little value, as they merely recant their trial testimony. See
Dobbert v. Wainwright, 468 U.S. 1231, 1233-34 (1984) (Brennan, J., dissenting from denial of
certiorari) (“Recantation testimony is properly viewed with great suspicion. It upsets society’s
interest in the finality of convictions, is very often unreliable and given for suspect motives, and
most often serves merely to impeach cumulative evidence rather than to undermine confidence in
the accuracy of the conviction.”); Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 508 n.16 (6th Cir. 2000)
(“‘Recanting affidavits and witnesses are viewed with extreme suspicion by the courts.’” (quoting
Spence v. Johnson, 80 F.3d 989, 997 (5th Cir. 1996))). Moreover, Steele has since recanted his
affidavit and pled guilty to a charge of perjury. During his plea colloquy, Steele acknowledged   that
the testimony he gave at Carter’s trial was true and that his subsequent affidavit was false.11 In
short, Carter’s evidence does not establish his actual innocence or any doubt as to his sentence.
Therefore, we conclude that this claim is procedurally defaulted.
                                                           V.
         For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of district court is AFFIRMED.




         11
             Carter argues that the district court erred by not compelling Steele and Johnson to testify at the evidentiary
hearing after they had invoked their Fifth Amendment rights. “A defendant’s right to compel a witness to testify must
yield to that witness’s assertion of his or her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination when that assertion
is grounded upon a reasonable fear of prosecution.” United States v. Mack, 159 F.3d 208, 217 (6th Cir. 1998). The
district court has broad discretion in determining whether the invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege is meritorious.
Id.
          Johnson had a reasonable basis to fear prosecution for perjury based on Steele’s perjury conviction. Steele, in
turn, had a reasonable fear of prosecution based on his own perjury conviction in state court. Steele did not lose his
reasonable fear of prosecution based on his state-court conviction, see United States v. Smith, 245 F.3d 538, 543 (6th
Cir. 2001), because double jeopardy would not have protected him in federal court, see United States v. Louisville Edible
Oil Prods., Inc., 926 F.2d 584, 587 (6th Cir. 1991) (“[T]he double jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment bars only
additional prosecution by the same sovereign.”). Had Steele refuted his affidavit in federal court, he would have been
subjected to federal perjury charges based on his false affidavit. Had he recanted his plea-hearing testimony and testified
to the truthfulness of his affidavit, he would have been subjected to state perjury charges based on his false plea-hearing
testimony. Therefore, the district court did not err in refusing to compel Johnson’s and Steele’s testimony.
