[Cite as State v. Ware, 2011-Ohio-5665.]


                Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 96327



                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                     PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                               vs.

                                    GERMAINE WARE
                                                     DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED



                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                      Case No. CR-543201

        BEFORE:          Celebrezze, P.J., Sweeney, J., and Keough, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                    November 3, 2011
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Marcus S. Sidoti
Lindner, Sidoti, Jordan, L.L.P.
2077 East 4th Street
2nd Floor
Cleveland, Ohio 44115


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Mollie Ann Murphy
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113




FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J.:

       {¶ 1} Appellant, Germaine Ware, appeals the judgment of the trial court denying

his motion to suppress and his conviction for failure to comply, in violation of R.C.

2921.331(B). After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm.

       {¶ 2} Appellant was indicted by the Cuyahoga Grand Jury in Case No.

CR-538697 on one count of felonious assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2).

Subsequently, appellant was reindicted in Case No. CR-543201 on one count of felonious

assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), and one count of failure to comply, in

violation of R.C. 2921.331(B).
       {¶ 3} On December 10, 2010, appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence and a

motion to dismiss the failure to comply charge. On December 14, 2010, the trial court

held a pretrial hearing to review appellant’s motions. At the conclusion of the hearing,

the trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress and motion to dismiss.

       {¶ 4} Appellant waived his right to a jury trial on the failure to comply violation,

and on December 15, 2010, appellant’s charge for felonious assault proceeded to a jury

trial while his failure to comply count was argued to the bench. At the conclusion of trial

on December 20, 2010, appellant was found not guilty by the jury on the felonious assault

charge. However, appellant was convicted by the trial court for failure to comply, a first

degree misdemeanor. On December 28, 2010, appellant was sentenced to four months of

community control sanctions.

       {¶ 5} Appellant’s timely appeal raises three assignments of error:

       {¶ 6} I. “The trial court erred by denying appellant’s motion to suppress where

reasonable and articulable suspicion was not present to support a Terry stop.”

       {¶ 7} II. “The trial court erred by denying appellant’s motion to dismiss where

the statutory provision is invalid as applied to the present facts and circumstances.”

       {¶ 8} III. “Appellant’s conviction for failure to comply with an order or signal

of a police officer was against the manifest weight of the evidence.”

                                        Law and Analysis

                                                 I
       {¶ 9} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred by

denying his motion to suppress where reasonable and articuable suspicion was not present

to support a Terry1 stop.

       {¶ 10} During the pretrial suppression hearing, Cleveland Police Officer Jon

Sanderson testified that he and his partner received a radio dispatch around 2:00 a.m. for

a domestic violence call involving a male, Jarrell Starks, who was reportedly outside his

ex-girlfriend’s residence making threatening statements and breaking windows. The

radio dispatcher advised the officers that a white vehicle parked in front of the residence

was related to the incident. As the officers passed the residence, they saw a white

vehicle parked directly in front of the house and saw a male, later identified as Starks,

pacing back and forth on the sidewalk in front of the house and next to the parked

vehicle. According to Officer Sanderson, the street was well lit, no other vehicles were

on the street, and no other houses were on the block.

       {¶ 11} The officers stopped their patrol car behind the white vehicle and observed

two individuals sitting in the vehicle as passengers. Appellant was later identified as the

individual sitting in the front passenger’s seat of the vehicle. Once the officers exited

their patrol car, Officer Sanderson asked Starks to slowly walk toward them, remove his

hands from his pockets, and place them on the hood of the patrol car. The officers

proceeded to pat down Starks against their patrol car. As soon as the pat down began,




       1   Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889.
Starks tried to run away, but the officers grabbed him, handcuffed him, and finished the

pat down.

       {¶ 12} Officer Sanderson testified that upon restraining Starks, he turned toward

the white vehicle and saw appellant in the passenger seat lean over towards the driver’s

seat as if he was trying to reach for something. Officer Sanderson then walked toward

the vehicle and, after taking two steps, heard the vehicle’s engine start.          Officer

Sanderson testified that, at that time, he became concerned for his safety and the safety of

his partner. When he approached the driver’s side window, he found appellant with one

of his hands turning the steering wheel. Officer Sanderson testified that he drew his

weapon and ordered appellant to “Stop. Turn the car off.” After Officer Sanderson

gave this order, appellant turned the steering wheel with his left hand and revved the

engine. Officer Sanderson then felt the car push against him, and he jumped back and

fired a round at appellant because he thought appellant was “trying to run him over and

kill him.” Appellant proceeded to flee the scene, and the officers were unable to catch

up to the speeding vehicle.

       {¶ 13} Officer Alford testified that he also saw appellant make suspicious, furtive

movements in the vehicle. According to Officer Alford, “I saw a shadow form begin to

reach over from the passenger front side toward the driver’s side and duck down

underneath the driver’s seat as if he was trying to get something.”         Officer Alford

testified that, in his experience, appellant’s movements were consistent with an individual

who “was potentially dangerous and possibly going for a weapon.”
       {¶ 14} In State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71,

¶8, the Ohio Supreme Court explained the standard of review for a motion to suppress as

follows:

       {¶ 15} “Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law

and fact. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier

of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the

credibility of witnesses. State v. Mills (1992), 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366, 582 N.E.2d 972.

Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are

supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19,

437 N.E.2d 583.       Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then

independently determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether

the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. State v. McNamara (1997), 124 Ohio

App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539.”

       {¶ 16} Appellant argues that Officer Sanderson’s investigatory stop was not

supported by a reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal behavior had occurred

or was imminent. For the reasons that follow, we disagree.

       {¶ 17} A police officer may stop or detain an individual without probable cause

when the officer has reasonable suspicion based on specific, articulable facts that criminal

activity is afoot. Terry at 16. Accordingly, an “investigatory stop does not violate the

Fourth Amendment * * * if the police have reasonable suspicion that ‘the person stopped

is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity.’” State v. Jordan, 104 Ohio St.3d 21,
35, 2004-Ohio-6085, 817 N.E.2d 864, quoting United States v. Cortez (1981), 449 U.S.

411, 417, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621.

       {¶ 18} Reasonable suspicion entails some minimal level of objective justification,

“that is, something more than an inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch,’ but

less than the level of suspicion required for probable cause.” State v. Jones (1990), 70

Ohio App.3d 554, 556-557, 591 N.E.2d 810, citing Terry at 27. Accordingly, “‘a police

officer may not rely on good faith and inarticulate hunches to meet the Terry standard of

reasonable suspicion.” Jones at 557. Reasonable suspicion requires that the officer

“point to specific, articulable facts which, together with rational inferences from those

facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion.” Id., citing Terry at 21.

       {¶ 19} “In making a determination of reasonable suspicion, the relevant inquiry is

not whether particular conduct is innocent or guilty, but the degree of suspicion that

attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts.” State v. Taylor (1995), 106 Ohio

App.3d 741, 747-749, 667 N.E.2d 60. An appellate court views the propriety of a police

officer’s investigative stop in light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances. State

v. Bobo (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 177, 524 N.E.2d 489, paragraph one of the syllabus,

approving and following State v. Freeman (1980), 64 Ohio St.2d 291, 414 N.E.2d 1044,

paragraph one of the syllabus. “Assessing the need for a brief stop, ‘the circumstances *

* * before [the officer] are not to be dissected and viewed singly; rather they must be

considered as a whole.’” Freeman at 295, quoting United States v. Hall (C.A.D.C.1976),

525 F.2d 857, 859. Officers may “draw on their own experience and specialized training
to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to

them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’” United States v. Arvizu (2002), 534

U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740, quoting Cortez at 418.

       {¶ 20} Based    on the examination of the “totality of the surrounding

circumstances,” the officers in this case were justified to engage in a brief investigatory

stop of appellant. The record reflects that the officers reasonably believed that the white

vehicle parked outside the victim’s home was connected to the reported domestic

violence altercation. However, upon arriving at the scene of the altercation, the officers

were unable to determine the extent of the white vehicle’s involvement in the purported

crime and were justified to monitor the vehicle with caution once they observed two

unidentified individuals inside the vehicle. During the suppression hearing, Officers

Sanderson and Alford testified that, in their experience, domestic violence situations

frequently involve violent and chaotic situations. Therefore, in light of the facts known

to the officers at the time they arrived at the scene, it was reasonable for them to fear the

presence of a weapon on the reported suspect and/or the individuals located within the

vehicle.

       {¶ 21} Faced with a potentially violent and unpredictable situation late at night,

coupled with Starks’s physical resistance to a pat down and appellant’s simultaneous

furtive movements in the vehicle believed to be connected to the crime, we find that the

officers had articulable grounds to suspect criminal activity. The officers testified that

appellant’s furtive movements were consistent with an individual reaching for a weapon.
In these situations, a brief investigatory stop of a suspicious individual, in order to

maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information, is reasonable and

is in the best interests of the officers’ safety. Adams v. Williams (1972), 407 U.S. 143,

145-46, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612. Accordingly, we conclude that the officers did

not abridge the protections guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment. Hence, the trial court

did not err in denying the motion to suppress.

       {¶ 22} Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                                                 II

       {¶ 23} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred

by denying his motion to dismiss where R.C. 2921.331(B) is unconstitutional as applied

to the present facts and circumstances.

       {¶ 24} Any constitutional analysis must begin with the presumption of

constitutionality enjoyed by all legislation. Groch v. Gen. Motors Corp., 117 Ohio St.3d

192, 2008-Ohio-546, 883 N.E.2d 377, ¶25. Before a court may declare an enactment of

the legislative branch unconstitutional, “it must appear beyond a reasonable doubt that the

legislation and constitutional provisions are clearly incompatible.” Id., quoting State ex

rel. Dickman v. Defenbacher (1955), 164 Ohio St. 142, 128 N.E.2d 59, paragraph one of

the syllabus. An appellate court gives no deference to a trial court’s decision regarding

the constitutionality of a statute and reviews the issue de novo. Medina v. Szwec, 157

Ohio App.3d 101, 2004-Ohio-2245, 809 N.E.2d 78, ¶4.
         {¶ 25} “A statute may be challenged as unconstitutional on the basis that it is

invalid on its face or as applied to a particular set of facts. See, e.g., United States v.

Eichman (1990), 496 U.S. 310, 312, 110 S.Ct. 2404, 110 L.Ed.2d 287. In an as-applied

challenge, the challenger ‘contends that application of the statute in the particular context

in which he has acted, or in which he proposes to act, [is] unconstitutional.’ Ada v.

Guam Soc. of Obstetricians & Gynecologists (1992), 506 U.S. 1011, 113 S.Ct. 633, 121

L.Ed.2d 564 (Scalia, J., dissenting).”          State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d 507,

2007-Ohio-606, 861 N.E.2d 512, ¶17. Thus, we focus on the statute and its particular

application in an as-applied challenge.

         {¶ 26} The challenged statute, R.C. 2921.331(B), provides that “[n]o person shall

operate a motor vehicle so as willfully to elude or flee a police officer after receiving a

visible or audible signal from a police officer to bring the person’s motor vehicle to a

stop.”

         {¶ 27} Appellant contends that, under the plain language of the statute, the trial

court unconstitutionally applied the statute to him where the state failed to establish that

he “operated” the vehicle, as defined by the Ohio Revised Code, at the time Officer

Sanderson ordered him to stop.        In doing so, appellant relies on State v. Ozinga,

Ashtabula App. No. 2008-A-0038, 2009-Ohio-181, and State v. Schultz, Cuyahoga App.

No. 90412, 2008-Ohio-4448. In Ozinga and Schultz, both the Eleventh District and this

court stated that, effective January 1, 2004, the term “operate,” as used in Ohio’s OVI

laws under Chapter 4511 of the Ohio Revised Code, was amended by the General
Assembly to mean: “to cause or have caused movement of a vehicle, streetcar, or trackless

trolley.” (Emphasis added.) Ozinga at ¶20; Schultz at ¶30. In amending the definition

of “operate” in R.C. 4511.01, a defendant can no longer be convicted of an OVI violation

if only the engine of the vehicle is on; rather, movement of the defendant’s vehicle must

be found by the finder of fact. Id.

         {¶ 28} Essentially, appellant contends that the definition of “operate” found in

R.C. 4511.01 is equally applicable to R.C. 2921.331 and, therefore, a conviction for

eluding or fleeing cannot be constitutionally applied to a situation where an officer orders

a defendant to stop a parked vehicle. However, appellant’s argument focuses solely on

Officer Sanderson’s initial order to turn off the engine of the parked vehicle and fails to

consider Officer Sanderson’s subsequent conduct once appellant attempted to flee the

scene.

         {¶ 29} In our view, Officer Sanderson’s discharge of his weapon constituted a

secondary visual signal for appellant to stop the operation of the vehicle at the time

appellant was in fact moving the vehicle. Therefore, appellant’s contention that the order

to stop the operation of the vehicle was given at a time when the vehicle was not moving

is without merit.       Accordingly, a constitutional interpretation of whether R.C.

2921.331(B) can be constitutionally applied to a factual scenario where there is no

“movement” of a vehicle, as required by the definition of “operate” in R.C.

4511.01(HHH), is unnecessary in this matter. In light of the facts and circumstances

presented at trial, we find that R.C. 2921.331(B) was constitutionally applied to appellant.
      {¶ 30} Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                                               III

      {¶ 31} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that his conviction was

against the manifest weight of the evidence. In determining whether a conviction is

against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court “must review the entire

record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of

witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction

must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Otten (1986), 33 Ohio App.3d 339,

340, 515 N.E.2d 1009.

      {¶ 32} A weight-of-the-evidence challenge indicates that a greater amount of

credible evidence supports one side of the issue than the other. State v. Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541.            Further, when reversing a

conviction on the basis that the conviction was against the manifest weight of the

evidence, the appellate court sits as the “thirteenth juror” and disagrees with the

factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.       Id.   Therefore, this court’s

“discretionary power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in the exceptional case

in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” State v. Martin (1983), 20

Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717; see, also, Otten, at id.

      {¶ 33} In challenging his conviction on manifest weight grounds, appellant relies

on the arguments raised in his constitutional challenge, claiming that he was not
“operating” the vehicle under the current state of the law. However, as discussed, we are

unpersuaded by appellant’s interpretation of the facts in this matter.

       {¶ 34} After examining the entire record, weighing the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, we are unable to conclude that the court clearly lost its way and created a

manifest miscarriage of justice in convicting appellant pursuant to R.C. 2921.331(B).

The record reflects that upon seeing appellant make a furtive movement towards the

driver’s seat of the vehicle, Officer Sanderson began to walk toward the vehicle in order

to assess the situation. At that moment, appellant started the vehicle’s engine, and

Officer Sanderson positioned himself in front of the driver’s side window and drew his

weapon. Officer Sanderson testified at trial that he then ordered appellant to “Stop.

Turn off the car.” Seconds later, appellant disobeyed Officer Sanderson’s initial order

and accelerated the car away from the officers.         Concerned for his safety, Officer

Sanderson fired a shot into the driver’s side windshield while the vehicle was moving.

The testimony of Officer Sanderson was further corroborated by Officer Alford.

       {¶ 35} In light of the testimony presented at trial, we find that, in addition to

Officer Sanderson’s initial audio signal to turn the vehicle’s engine off, Officer

Sanderson’s position at the front of the vehicle and the firing of his weapon at the moving

vehicle constituted visual signals to appellant to stop the operation of the vehicle. Rather

than comply with the officer’s order, appellant made the conscious and willful decision to

elude the officers and flee the scene of the domestic violence altercation. Accordingly,
we are not persuaded by appellant’s argument that his conduct did not violate R.C.

2921.331(B) under the plain language of the statute.

      {¶ 36} Appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.

      Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., PRESIDING JUDGE

JAMES J. SWEENEY, J., and
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR
