     In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                           No. 11-216V
                                    Filed: September 28, 2016
                                          For Publication


*************************************
JEFFREY DAVID SIMMONS,                      *
                                            *
               Petitioner,                  *
                                            *       Interim attorneys’ fees and costs
 v.                                         *
                                                    decision; reasonable attorneys’
                                            *
                                                    fees; net present value
SECRETARY OF HEALTH                         *
AND HUMAN SERVICES,                         *
                                            *
               Respondent.                  *
                                            *
*************************************
Clifford J. Shoemaker, Vienna, VA, for petitioner.
Justine E. Walters, Washington, DC, for respondent.

MILLMAN, Special Master


          DECISION AWARDING INTERIM ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS 1

        On December 18, 2015, petitioner filed an application for interim attorneys’ fees and
costs, requesting $5,892.73 in petitioner’s interim costs and a total of $162,847.25 in interim
attorneys’ fees and costs. On March 6, 2016, petitioner filed an amended application for interim
attorneys’ fees and costs. In his amended application, petitioner reduced the amount of personal
costs he requested to $5,462.65. Petitioner also asked for $169,807.15 in interim attorneys’ fees
and costs. In his reply to respondent’s response to his application for interim attorneys’ fees and
costs on March 27, 2016, petitioner requested an additional $3,868.70 in costs. Finally,
petitioner filed a supplemental motion for interim attorneys’ fees and costs on June 5, 2016,
requesting an additional $5,190.95 in interim attorneys’ fees and $4,026.00 in interim attorneys’
costs. In sum, petitioner requests a total of $188,355.45 in interim attorneys’ fees and costs.

1
  Vaccine Rule 18(b) states that all decisions of the special masters will be made available to the public
unless they contain trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged and
confidential, or medical or similar information whose disclosure would constitute a clearly unwarranted
invasion of privacy. When such a decision is filed, petitioner has 14 days to identify and move to redact
such information prior to the document’s disclosure. If the special master, upon review, agrees that the
identified material fits within the categories listed above, the special master shall redact such material
from public access.
       For the reasons set forth below, the undersigned awards petitioner $185,077.20 in interim
attorneys’ fees and costs incurred up to and including June 5, 2016, when petitioner filed his
supplemental application for interim attorneys’ fees and costs.

                                         PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On April 7, 2011, petitioner filed a petition under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury
Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-10–34 (2012) (“Vaccine Act”) alleging his receipt of the tetanus-
diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (“Tdap”) vaccine on April 11, 2008 caused him to develop
anaphylaxis, immune dysregulation, and autoimmune disease leading to Addison’s disease.

        The undersigned held a two-day entitlement hearing beginning on July 9, 2015. On
October 30, 2015, the undersigned issued a ruling on entitlement, finding that petitioner was
entitled to compensation under the Vaccine Act. The parties have been negotiating damages in
this case since the undersigned issued her ruling on entitlement.

        On December 18, 2015, petitioner filed an application for interim attorneys’ fees and
costs, requesting $5,892.73 in interim costs, $91,265.40 in interim attorneys’ fees, and
$71,581.85 in interim attorneys’ costs.

        On March 6, 2016, petitioner filed another application for interim attorneys’ fees and
costs. He reduced the amount of the personal costs he requests to $5,462.65, explaining that his
counsel calculated his costs incorrectly in his first application for interim attorneys’ fees and
costs. Petitioner also requested $95,529.35 in interim attorneys’ fees and $70,999.55 in interim
attorneys’ costs. Petitioner further requested that the undersigned add an additional $3,278.25
to the award of interim attorneys’ fees based on the argument that the 2016 McCulloch rates
should be retroactively applied to petitioner’s counsel’s earlier work on the case. See
McCulloch v. Sec'y of HHS, No. 09-293V, 2015 WL 5634323 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 1,
2015). This amount represents an additional $3,123.00 in fees for Mr. Shoemaker’s work and
$155.25 for Ms. Gentry’s work.

        Respondent filed a response to petitioner’s application for interim attorneys’ fees and
costs on March 25, 2016. Respondent made several objections to petitioner’s interim attorneys’
fees and costs request which will be discussed below.

         On March 27, 2016, petitioner filed a reply to respondent’s response, in which he
requested an additional $3,868.70 in costs related to retaining a life care planner. Petitioner
filed a supplemental interim attorneys’ fees and costs request on June 5, 2016, requesting an
additional $5,190.95 in interim attorneys’ fees and $4,026.00 in interim attorneys’ costs. In
total, petitioner has requested a total of $188,355.45 in interim attorneys’ fees and costs. 2

2
  This figure includes the additional $155.25 petitioner requested for Ms. Gentry’s work in the application for
interim attorneys’ fees filed on March 6, 2016. Petitioner’s application for additional interim attorneys’ fees and
costs filed on June 5, 2016 does not include the $155.25 for Ms. Gentry’s work. Because petitioner included the
                                                          2
        The matter of petitioner’s interim attorneys’ fees and costs is now ripe for adjudication.


                                                DISCUSSION

  I.         Reasonableness of Requested Attorneys’ Fees and Costs

        A. Reasonable Attorneys’ Fees

        Counsel must submit fee requests that include contemporaneous and specific billing
entries indicating the task performed, the number of hours expended on the task, and who
performed the task. See Savin v. Sec’y of HHS, 85 Fed. Cl. 313, 316–18 (Fed. Cl. 2008).
Counsel must not include in their fee requests hours that are “excessive, redundant, or otherwise
unnecessary.” Saxton v. Sec’y of HHS, 3 F.3d 1517, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (quoting Hensley v.
Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)). It is “well within the special master’s discretion to reduce
the hours to a number that, in [her] experience and judgment, [is] reasonable for the work done.”
Id. Furthermore, the special master may reduce fees sua sponte, apart from objections raised by
respondent and without providing petitioner notice and opportunity to respond. See Sabella v.
Sec’y of HHS, 86 Fed. Cl. 201, 208–09 (Fed. Cl. 2009). A special master need not engage in a
line-by-line analysis of petitioner’s fee application when reducing fees. Broekelschen v. Sec’y
of HHS, 102 Fed. Cl. 719, 729 (Fed. Cl. 2011).

        In her response to petitioner’s application for interim attorneys’ fees and costs,
respondent explains she is satisfied that this case meets the statutory requirements for an award
of attorneys’ fees and costs under 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1)(A)-(B). Resp’t’s resp. at 3.
However, respondent states that her “estimation of reasonable [interim] attorneys’ fees and costs
for the present case roughly falls between $145,000.00 and $149,750.00.” Id. at 5. Respondent
bases this estimate on her “judgment and experience in similar cases under the Vaccine Act.”
Id.

        The undersigned does not find respondent’s argument that she should base her award on
respondent’s range persuasive. It is not necessarily instructive to compare cases involving
similar procedural histories in order to determine the appropriate amount of interim attorneys’
fees and costs. Each case in the Vaccine Program is different. Even petitioners alleging the
same vaccine injury may have vastly dissimilar medical histories, and, consequently, different
numbers of medical records petitioners’ attorneys need to locate, file, and review.

       Based on her experience and review of the billing records submitted by petitioner, the
undersigned is satisfied that the number of hours billed by petitioner’s counsel is reasonable.

requested adjustment of $3,123.00 for Mr. Shoemaker’s work in his application for additional interim attorneys’ fees
and costs, the omission of an adjustment of $155.25 for Ms. Gentry’s fees using petitioner’s “net present value”
argument appears to be an error on petitioner’s part. Therefore, the undersigned included the $155.25 in her
calculation of the total fees requested by petitioner.
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However, as explained below, the undersigned will reduce petitioner’s award of interim
attorneys’ fees because he calculated his requested interim fee award using hourly rates based on
an inappropriate understanding of § 300aa-15(f)(4)(A) of the Vaccine Act.

               i. Retroactive application of petitioner’s attorneys’ current hourly rates

        In petitioner’s amended application for interim attorneys’ fees and costs, petitioner argues
that because his attorney, Mr. Shoemaker, is entitled to an hourly rate of $430.00 for his work in
2016 under McCulloch, this rate should be retroactively applied to all previous years that Mr.
Shoemaker worked on the case. For example, petitioner requests a rate of $430.00 for Mr.
Shoemaker’s work in 2013, although Mr. Shoemaker’s hourly rate that year was $385.00.
Petitioner likewise requests an additional $155.25 be added to the amount awarded for Ms.
Gentry’s work on the case, explaining that her 2016 hourly rate of $415.00 should be applied to
the 10.35 hours she billed in 2015.

         Petitioner contends that the retroactive application of his attorneys’ 2016 hourly rate to
all of the years they worked on the case accords with the language of § 300aa-15(f)(4)(A) of the
Vaccine Act, which states, “payment of compensation under the Program shall be determined on
the basis of the net present value of the elements of the compensation . . . .” Am. Fee App. at 1.
The language of § 300aa-15(f)(4)(A) suggests, petitioner argues, that “past lost earnings should .
. . be ‘increased’ to present value,” just like “future lost earnings need to be ‘reduced’ to present
value.” Id. at 1-2.

        In her response, respondent argues that the retroactive application of petitioner’s
attorneys’ current hourly rate to the work they performed in previous years is “tantamount to
demanding prejudgment interest for past expenses” which, respondent contends, is not permitted
under the Vaccine Act Resp. at 4. In support of her argument, respondent cites Brown v.
Secretary of Health and Human Services, in which Special Master Abell concluded “the phrase
‘net present value’ applies only to future elements of compensation” in relation to calculating
petitioner’s damages in that case. No. 00-182V, 2005 WL 2659073, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Sept. 21, 2005) (emphasis in original). Special Master Abell based his decision, in part, on
United States Shoe Corporation v. United States, in which the Federal Circuit held “[i]nterest
may only be recovered in a suit against the government if there has been a clear and express
waiver of sovereign immunity by contract or statute, or if interest is part of compensation
required by the Constitution.” 296 F.3d 1378, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citing Library of Congress
v. Shaw, 478 U.S. 310, 311 (1986); Boston Sand and Gravel Co. v. United States, 278 U.S. 41,
47 (1928)). Special Master Abell rejected petitioner’s argument that the language of §
15(f)(4)(A) saying payment shall be based on “the net present value of the elements of the
compensation” is an express waiver of sovereign immunity, explaining that the doctrine of
sovereign immunity required him to construe the statute narrowly. Brown 2005 WL 2659073,
at *3 (citing Martin v. Sec’y of HHS, 62 F.3d 1403, 1405 (Fed. Cir. 1995); Holihan v. Sec’y of
HHS, 45 Fed. Cl. 201, 207 (Fed. Cl. 1999)).

       In his reply to respondent’s response, petitioner argues that adjusting his requested
attorneys’ fees to net present value is allowed under the Vaccine Act, because net present value
                                                  4
represents the “time value of money,” not interest. Reply at 1. To illustrate his point,
petitioner provides the example of buying a house for $100,000.00 in 1960 being the equivalent
of paying $804,506.80 in 2016 due to inflation. Id.

         Petitioner also disagrees with respondent’s reliance on Brown. He correctly notes that
 Brown is not binding on the undersigned. See Hanlon v. Sec’y of HHS, 40 Fed. Cl. 625, 630
 (Fed. Cl. 1998), aff'd, 191 F.3d 1344 (Fed. Cir. 1999). He further argues that Brown was
 incorrectly decided, particularly in light of recent case law. First, petitioner distinguishes the
 cases upon which Special Master Abell relied in reaching his decision, explaining that United
 States Shoe Corporation, Library of Congress v. Shaw, and Boston Sand and Gravel Company
 v. United States involved provisions that are very different from the Vaccine Act. 478 U.S.
 310; 278 U.S. 41; 296 F.3d 1378. Petitioner then argues that under recent case law, §
 15(f)(4)(A) of the Vaccine Act should be interpreted using a liberal standard, citing Special
 Master Hastings’ 2010 decision in Burch v. Secretary of Health and Human Services. No. 99-
 946V, 2010 WL 1676767 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 9, 2010). In Burch, Special Master
 Hastings examined the history of the doctrine of sovereign immunity and found that in recent
 years, the Supreme Court has been moving towards a less restrictive approach to statutory
 construction involving sovereign immunity issues. Id. at *5 (citing Richlin Sec. Serv. Co. v.
 Chertoff, 553 U.S. 571 (2008)). Special Master Hastings used the more relaxed standard when
 interpreting § 300aa-11(c)(1)(A) of the Vaccine Act to mean a fetus in utero “received” a
 vaccine when her mother did. Id. at *7.

         Petitioner argues that using a more relaxed approach to interpreting § 300aa-15(f)(4)(A)
 “may not seem important when talking about [attorneys’] fees, but it is highly significant when
 talking about the generous ‘compensation’ that a petitioner receives under the VICP.” Reply at
 3. Petitioner then gives examples of how significant the difference in damages payments
 would be for hypothetical petitioners receiving payments based on the actual expense per year
 versus the present value of the expense in the year the payment is made. Id. He points out
 that the amount of the present value is different from the amount that would be paid if petitioner
 put the expenses on a credit card, which would represent interest. Id.

         The undersigned cannot adopt petitioner’s calculation of attorneys’ fees using his
 understanding of net present value. The Federal Circuit recently ruled on the very argument
 petitioner raises in Biery v. United States. 818 F.3d 704, 714-15 (Fed. Cir. 2016). In Biery, a
 Rails to Trails case, the Federal Circuit affirmed Judge Firestone’s decision not to award current
 hourly rates for work that the attorneys in that case completed in the past. Id. Relying on a
 previous Federal Circuit case on the same issue, Chiu, the Federal Circuit decided that awarding
 current hourly rates for past work is “barred by the no-interest rule” in Shaw, explicitly
 rejecting the argument made by petitioner in the instant case. Id. (citing Shaw, 478 U.S. at
 322); Chiu v. United States, 948 F.2d 711, 719 (Fed. Cir. 1991). The undersigned is “bound . .
 . by the decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.” Guillory v.
 Sec’y of HHS, 59 Fed. Cl. 121, 124 (Fed. Cl. 2003), aff'd, 104 F. App'x 712 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
 The undersigned must follow the Federal Circuit’s express rejection of petitioner’s argument in
 both Biery and Chiu. 818 F.3d at 714-15; 948 F.2d at 719.

                                                 5
           Therefore, the undersigned will not award the additional $3,278.25 in interim
    attorneys’ fees petitioner requests.

          B. Reasonable Attorneys’ Costs

        Attorneys’ costs must be reasonable as well. See Perreira v. Sec’y of HHS, 27 Fed. Cl.
29, 34 (Fed. Cl. 1992) (“The conjunction ‘and’ conjoins both ‘attorneys’ fees’ and ‘other costs’
and the word ‘reasonable’ necessarily modifies both. Not only must any request for
reimbursement of attorneys’ fees be reasonable, so also must any request for reimbursement of
costs.”).

                   i.   Cost of retaining a life care planner

        In his amended application for interim fees and costs filed on March 6, 2016, petitioner
requested that the undersigned award $5,000.00 for the cost of retaining a life care planner. In
her response, respondent argues that the undersigned should not award this amount because it
represents “advanced payment of [petitioner’s] life case planner’s costs . . . for services not yet
rendered,” which is not permitted under the Vaccine Act. Resp’t’s resp. at 4. In his reply to
respondent’s response, petitioner explained that since the time the amended application was
submitted, petitioner’s life care planner has billed for services performed for petitioner.
Therefore, respondent’s objection is moot. The undersigned will award the full $5,000.00
requested by petitioner as reimbursement for the cost of retaining a life care planner.

                                           CONCLUSION

       The undersigned finds that the amount petitioner asks for in his application for interim
attorneys’ fees and costs is reasonable. Accordingly, the court awards:

          a. $185,077.20, representing interim attorneys’ fees and costs. The award shall be in the
             form of a check made payable jointly to petitioner and Shoemaker, Gentry &
             Knickelbein in the amount of $185,077.20; and

          b. $5,462.65, representing petitioner’s costs. The award shall be in the form of a check
             for $5,462.65 made payable to petitioner.

        In the absence of a motion for review filed pursuant to RCFC Appendix B, the clerk of the
court is directed to enter judgment herewith. 3


IT IS SO ORDERED.


3
  Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), entry of judgment can be expedited by each party, either separately or
jointly, filing a notice renouncing the right to seek review.
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Dated: September 28, 2016       /s/ Laura D. Millman
                                    Laura D. Millman
                                      Special Master




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