                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS



BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CITY OF                                       FOR PUBLICATION
PONTIAC POLICE AND FIRE RETIREE                                        March 17, 2015
PREFUNDED GROUP HEALTH &                                               9:05 a.m.
INSURANCE TRUST,

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                      No. 316418
                                                                       Oakland Circuit Court
CITY OF PONTIAC,                                                       LC No. 2012-128625-CZ

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and OWENS and FORT HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff Board of Trustees of the City of Pontiac Police and Fire Retiree Prefunded
Group Health and Insurance Plan (trustees) appeals by right Oakland Circuit Judge Daniel
Patrick O’Brien’s order granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition as to plaintiff’s
complaint to require the city to pay its required annual contribution to the trust for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 2012. The trust was established in 1996 as a tax exempt voluntary employees’
beneficiary association (VEBA), 26 USC 501(c)(9), to hold the contributions of police and
firefighter employees and those of the city pursuant to collective bargaining agreements (CBAs)
between the city and the various unions of the city’s police officers and firefighters. The trust
held and invested these contributions to provide health, optical, dental, and life-insurance
benefits to police and fire employees who retired on or after August 22, 1996, as required by the
various CBAs. At issue is the efficacy of Executive Order 225 issued on August 1, 2012,
pursuant to § 19(1)(k) of 2011 PA 4, MCL 141.1519(1)(k), by the city’s emergency manager
(EM), Louis H. Schimmel, which purported to amend the trust to remove the city’s annual
obligation to contribute to the trust agreement “as determined by the Trustees through actuarial
evaluations.” The trial court accepted defendant’s argument that the city’s EM properly
modified the city’s obligation to contribute to the trust for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2012,
by modifying the existing CBAs between the city and police and firefighter unions. The trial
court also ruled that plaintiff’s claim under Const 1963, art 9, § 24, was without merit pursuant to
Studier v Michigan Pub Sch Employees Retirement Bd, 472 Mich 642; 698 NW2d 350 (2005).
We conclude, even assuming that Executive Order 225 was properly adopted pursuant to
§ 19(1)(k), that it did not retroactively eliminate the city’s obligation to contribute to the trust for


                                                  -1-
the fiscal year ending June 30, 2012; consequently, we reverse and remand for further
proceedings.

                      I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         On August 8, 2012, the Board of Trustees of the City of Pontiac Police and Fire
Retirement System and plaintiff trustees filed their complaint in circuit court asserting that
defendant funded the City of Pontiac Police and Fire Retirement System (PFRS), which provided
retirement benefits to retired police and fire employees. In addition, plaintiffs asserted that
defendant funded the trust, a tax-exempt VEBA, 26 USC 501(c)(9), which provided health,
optical, dental, and life-insurance benefits to police and fire employees who retired on or after
August 22, 1996. The trust is administered by its board of trustees comprised of five members
consisting of the city’s mayor, the city’s finance director, and a firefighter, a police officer, and a
fifth trustee selected by the other trustees, who could be a participant in the trust. Art IV, § 1.
Plaintiffs alleged that defendant, through its EM, failed to pay its required contribution to the
trust for the fiscal year between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012, which was actuarially
determined to be $3,473,923.28. The trust includes the following relevant provisions:

                                             ARTICLE I

                                             Definitions

                                                ***

               Section 3: Contributions - The term Contributions as used herein, shall
       mean the payment required to be made to the Trustees and to the Trust Fund by
       the City under the authority such as ordinance or City Council resolution or
       under any applicable existing Collective Bargaining Agreements or any future
       Collective Bargaining Agreements for the purpose of providing group health,
       hospitalization and dental and optical and group life insurance for employees,
       retirees and beneficiaries covered by the Plan.

                                                ***

                                            ARTICLE II

                                       Establishment of Trust

              Section 1: The purpose of this Trust Fund . . . is to provide health and
       insurance benefits to eligible participants and beneficiaries of the Plan . . . . The




                                                 -2-
       Grantor[1] intends the benefits provided by this Trust to be considered a benefit
       guaranteed by Article IX, Section 24 of the State of Michigan Constitution.

                                               ***

                                           ARTICLE III

                                  Contributions to the Trust Fund

               Section 1: (a) The City-Employer shall be required to pay to the Trust
       Fund such amounts as the Trustees may determine are actuarially certified and are
       actuarially necessary to fund the Trust and provide benefits provided by the Plan
       consistent with actuarial valuations and calculations made by the Actuary for the
       Trust to result in a Prefunded Plan.

              Such contributions shall also be made in accordance with the Collective
       Bargaining Agreements between the collective bargaining associations and the
       employer City and this Trust Agreement, and such other regulations of the Board
       of Trustees as are not inconsistent with the aforesaid authority.

               (b) In addition to the amounts paid by the City on behalf of Participants as
       set forth above and in the Collective Bargaining Agreements, the City shall
       contribute to the Trust Fund such additional moneys which together with those
       contributions and return on investments shall be sufficient to fund the benefits
       provided on a sound actuarial basis. Participants shall contribute those amounts
       required for additional extended Family Riders in effect as of 8-22-96 and
       otherwise as determined by the trustees.

                                               ***

              Section 2. The Trustees may compel and enforce payments of
       contributions, in any manner they deem proper. The Trustees may make such
       additional rules and regulations for the enforcement of the collection payments as
       they deem proper.

                                               ***

                                           ARTICLE V

                                Powers and Duties of the Trustees

                                               ***


1
 “Grantor” is undefined but the “declaration of trust and agreement” is stated to be by the city
and the trustees of the trust and is signed by the city’s mayor and finance director in that capacity
and also in the capacity as trustees and by the other two original trustees.


                                                -3-
               Section 2: The Trustees shall carry out the purposes of this Trust
       Agreement, and may maintain any health benefit programs and insurance policy
       or policies now in force and effect and available to Police and Fire retirees of the
       City of Pontiac or may substitute other comparable or superior policies in lieu
       thereof. In providing group life insurance to the Participants of this Plan so as to
       effectuate the purposes of this Trust Agreement, the Trustees shall be bound by
       the terms of this Trust Agreement and any applicable Collective Bargaining
       Agreements between the City and the collective bargaining associations and shall
       comply with all applicable laws.

                                               ***

                                          ARTICLE VII

                                     Liabilities of the Parties

              Section 1: The City shall not be liable for payment to the Trust of any
       amounts other than those required of it by this Trust Agreement or any applicable
       Collectible Bargaining Agreement. The City shall not be liable to make
       contributions to the Trust or pay any expenses whatsoever in connection
       therewith, except as provided by the terms of the Collective Bargaining
       Agreements between the collective bargaining association and the City and the
       terms of this Trust Agreement. . . .

                                               ***

                                           ARTICLE X

                                           Amendments

               Section 1: The provisions of this Declaration of Trust and Agreement may
       be amended at any time, by (A) collective bargaining between the collective
       bargaining associations identified in Article 1, Section 8 and the City of Pontiac
       (B) by a unanimous vote of the five (5) Trustees, concurred in by the City Council
       of the City of Pontiac provided, however, that such Amendments are not
       inconsistent with any applicable Collectible Bargaining Agreements and do not
       adversely affect the tax exempt status of the 501(c)9 Trust. . . . [Declaration of
       Trust, executed January 30, 1997 (emphasis added).]

         Although the plain language of the trust does not directly state when a required
contribution is due, plaintiff asserts and defendant agrees that the actuarial required contribution
to the trust for the fiscal year commencing July 1, 2011 and ending June 30, 2012, was due on or
before June 30, 2012. It is also undisputed that during the fiscal year ending June 30, 2012, the
city’s EM entered termination collective bargaining agreements with the various police and
firefighter unions. The city also contracted to receive police services from Oakland County
effective August 1, 2011, and fire services from Waterford Township, effective February 1,
2012.


                                                -4-
        On August 1, 2012, the city’s EM issued Executive Order (EO) 225 that purported to
amend the trust pursuant to MCL 141.1519(1)(k) of 2011 PA 4, to terminate the city’s annual
actuarially required contribution to the trust for fiscal year ending June 30, 2012. The order read
with respect to its substantive provision as follows:

              Article III of the Trust Agreement, Section 1, subsections (a) and (b) are
       amended to remove Article III obligations of the City to continue to make
       contributions to the Trust as determined by the Trustees through actuarial
       evaluations.

               The Order shall have immediate effect.

        The issuance of EO 225 was preceded by the EM’s letter of July 10, 2012 to State
Treasurer Andrew Dillon, seeking concurrence in the EM’s plan to invoke the authority of
§ 19(1)(k) of PA 4 to modify the trust by modifying existing CBAs to eliminate the city’s
obligation to contribute to the trust. The letter outlined provisions of the trust regarding
contributions, art III, §§ (1)(a) & (b), and its provisions regarding amendments, art X, § (1). The
EM also stated in the letter that he “anticipated that the City will be required by the Trustees of
the VEBA to contribute $3,915,371 during the fiscal year ending June 30, 2013.”

        In further making the case for the exercise of authority under § 19(1)(k) of PA 4, the EM
wrote that he was unable to negotiate with local police and firefighter unions because the city
had contracted for police and firefighter services, and the local unions no longer existed. The
EM also noted that amendment of the trust by unanimous action of the trustees under art X
would not occur. The EM observed that “[u]nless action is taken to eliminate the VEBA
contribution obligation the City anticipates that it will not be able to make the annual
contribution required by the Trustees in June 2012, and for subsequent years thereafter.” The
EM also noted the termination of the city’s obligation to the trust for the fiscal year ending June
30 2012, would not create a hardship because the trust had sufficient assets to fund retiree
insurance benefits for “a significant number of years going forward.” The EM then stated that
the “amount saved in the fiscal year beginning July 1, 2012, by a modification of the collective
bargaining agreements obligations of the trust will significantly contribute to the City’s ability to
make the contributions to all other retirees and employees for healthcare benefits for the fiscal
year beginning June [sic] 1, 2012, and thereafter.” The EM concluded his request for authority
by noting: “Time is of the essence. The new fiscal year starts July 1, 2012. In order to have
maximum impact on the 2012/2013 fiscal year given the time frames of the notice Trustees of
this action, I urge prompt consideration for this request.”

       The State Treasurer responded to the EM’s July 10, 2012 letter in a letter dated July 16,
2012. In his letter, the State Treasurer outlined the “general economic problem” facing the city.
The State Treasurer also reviewed the requirements of § 19(1)(k) of PA 4 to “reject, modify, or
terminate one or more terms and conditions of an existing collective bargaining agreement.” The
State Treasurer also found with respect to the EM’s request that the four conditions of MCL
141.1519(1)(k) had been satisfied. The State Treasurer approved the proposed modification
without stating to which fiscal year it would commence but stated that the changes “can save the
City approximately $3.9 million annually . . . .”


                                                -5-
       The EM issued Executive Order 225 on August 1, 2012, providing that it “have
immediate effect.” On August 8, 2012, plaintiff filed its complaint alleging, with respect to
defendant’s failure to pay its actuarially required contribution to the trust, in Count II, a violation
of Const 1963, art 9, § 24; in Count IV, a violation of an ordinance; and in Count VI, breach of
contract. Plaintiff only challenged defendant’s failure to pay its required contribution to the
Trust for the fiscal year July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2012. The other counts in plaintiff’s
complaint related to defendant’s failure pay its required contribution to the Pontiac Police and
Fire Retirement System. On March 21, 2013, the parties stipulated to dismissing these claims,
apparently because the claims had been settled.

       On March 6, 2013, defendant moved for summary disposition. In relevant part,
defendant argued that Count II was meritless because our Supreme Court held in Studier, 472
Mich 642, that Const 1963, art 9, § 24 does not apply to healthcare benefits. Defendant argued
that Count IV was meritless because 2011 PA 4 authorized the emergency manager to amend
city ordinances, and Count VI was meritless because 2011 PA 4 authorized the emergency
manager to modify an existing collective bargaining agreement.

        At the conclusion of the motion hearing, the trial court decided to grant defendant’s
motion for summary disposition in accordance with defendant’s legal arguments. On May 14,
2013, the trial court entered its order granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
Plaintiff now appeals by right.

                                   II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Although the trial court did not identify under which subrule it granted summary
disposition, we review the trial court’s decision under the standard applicable to MCR
2.116(C)(10) “because the trial court’s consideration went beyond the parties’ pleadings.”
Kosmalski v St John’s Lutheran Church, 261 Mich App 56, 59; 680 NW2d 50 (2004). As with
all such motions, we review de novo a trial court’s decision regarding a motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), which tests the factual sufficiency of a claim. Corley v
Detroit Bd of Ed, 470 Mich 274, 277-278; 681 NW2d 342 (2004). The trial court in deciding the
motion must view the substantively admissible evidence submitted up to the time of the motion
in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109,
121; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). Summary disposition may be granted if there is no genuine issue of
any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. West v Gen
Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003). “A genuine issue of material fact
exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open
an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” Id.

        The proper interpretation of a contract and the legal effect of one of its clauses are legal
questions reviewed de novo. Rory v Continental Ins Co, 473 Mich 457, 461, 464; 703 NW2d 23
(2005). When determining the meaning of a contract, a court must assign undefined words in the
contract their “plain and ordinary meaning that would be apparent to a reader of the instrument.”
Id. at 464. A dictionary may be consulted to ascertain the plain and ordinary meaning of words
or phrases as they would appear to a reader of the contract. Citizens Ins Co v Pro-Seal Serv
Group, Inc, 477 Mich 75, 84; 730 NW2d 682 (2007). After ascertaining the meaning of a
contract’s terms, “a court must construe and apply unambiguous contract provisions as written.”

                                                 -6-
Rory, 473 Mich at 461. Any other legal questions relating to interpretation of the contracts at
issue or pertinent statutes are also reviewed de novo. Studier, 472 Mich at 649; Gen Motors
Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 290 Mich App 355, 369; 803 NW2d 698 (2010).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

                                       A. REPEAL OF PA 4

        2011 PA 4 was “suspended” on August 8, 2012, by the State Board of Canvassers’
certification of the sufficiency of the referendum petitions regarding the act filed on February 29,
2012. See Const 1963, art 2, § 9; MCL 168.477(2); Stand Up For Democracy v Secretary of
State, 492 Mich 588, 595 n 3, 598, 619-620; 822 NW2d 159 (2012); OAG, 2011-2012, No.
7267, p 72, 78 (August 6, 2012).2 The State Board of Canvassers’ certification on November 26,
2012, of the fall general election results disapproving 2011 PA 4 had the effect of repealing the
act and reviving the Local Government Fiscal Responsibility Act, 1990 PA 72, MCL 141.1201 et
seq., effective on the suspension of 2011 PA 4. See Martin v Murray, ___ Mich App ___; ___
NW2d ___ (Docket No. 319509, January 20, 2015), slip op at 2-3; see also In re Detroit, 504 BR
191, 216; 2013 Bankr LEXIS 5120 (Banker ED Mich, 12/5/2013), citing Davis v Roberts,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 16, 2012 (Docket No. 313297).
The revived 1990 PA 72 was repealed and replaced by 2012 PA 436, MCL 141.1541 et seq.,
effective March 28, 2013. See Martin, slip op at 2-3; In re Detroit, 504 BR at 216, 250.

       The parties do not discuss the effect of the suspension of PA 4 one week following the
issuance of Executive Order 225 on August 1, 2012. Their arguments assume, however, that the
EM’s actions pursuant to PA 4 before its suspension, provided the actions comport with the act’s
terms, remain valid and enforceable. We agree. See Minty v Bd of State Auditors, 336 Mich
370, 390-391; 58 NW2d 106 (1953), quoting Cusick v Feldpausch, 259 Mich 349; 353; 243 NW
226 (1932), quoting 1 Lewis’ Sutherland Statutory Construction (2d ed), § 284:

               A law can be repealed by the law-giver; but the rights which have been
       acquired under it while it was in force do not thereby cease. It would be an act of
       absolute injustice to abolish with a law all the effects which it had produced. This
       is a principle of general jurisprudence; but a right to be within its protection must
       be a vested right. It must be something more than a mere expectation based upon
       an anticipated continuance of the existing law. It must have become a title, legal
       or equitable, to the present or future enjoyment of property, or to the present or
       future enforcement of a demand, or a legal exemption from a demand made by
       another. [Emphasis added; see also Peters v Goulden, 27 Mich 171 (1873).]

        The legislature has similarly provided that the repeal of a statute will not affect a penalty,
forfeiture or liability incurred before the statute’s repeal.


2
 Opinions of the Attorney General are not binding, but we find OAG, 2011-2012, No. 7267, p
72, 78 (August 6, 2012) persuasive. See Martin v Murray, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___
(Docket No. 319509, January 20, 2015), slip op at 2, n 2.


                                                 -7-
                The repeal of any statute or part thereof shall not have the effect to release
       or relinquish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute or any
       part thereof, unless the repealing act shall so expressly provide, and such statute
       and part thereof shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of
       instituting or sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of
       such penalty, forfeiture or liability. [MCL 8.4a.]

        Consequently, we conclude that if the EM validly acted pursuant to the authority of 2011
PA 4 to amend existing CBAs such that the terms of trust were modified to remove the city’s
actuarially required contribution to the trust for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2012, then such
action remains valid and enforceable despite the subsequent repeal by referendum of the act.

                                  B. CONST 1963, ART 9, § 24

        Count II of plaintiff’s complaint alleges a violation of Const 1963, art 9, § 24, which
reads in its entirety as follows:

               The accrued financial benefits of each pension plan and retirement system
       of the state and its political subdivisions shall be a contractual obligation thereof
       which shall not be diminished or impaired thereby.

              Financial benefits arising on account of service rendered in each fiscal
       year shall be funded during that year and such funding shall not be used for
       financing unfunded accrued liabilities.

“These two clauses unambiguously prohibit the state and its political subdivisions from
diminishing or impairing ‘accrued financial benefits,’ and require them to fund ‘accrued
financial benefits’ during the fiscal year for which corresponding services are rendered.”
Studier, 472 Mich at 649. But the Court also held that “health care benefits are not ‘accrued
financial benefits’ and, thus, are not protected by Const 1963, art 9, § 24.” Id. at 670.

        Plaintiff does not dispute the holding of Studier, but it does argue its claim in the instant
case is distinguishable because Article II of the trust reads in relevant part: “The grantor intends
the benefits provided by this Trust to be considered a benefit guaranteed by Article 9, Section 24
of the State of Michigan Constitution.” Therefore, plaintiff argues, the plain language of the
trust elevates otherwise unprotected health-care benefits to the protection of Const 1963, art 9, §
24. Plaintiff’s argument is not premised on the first clause of Const 1963, art 9, § 24; plaintiff
asserts that defendant violated the second clause of Const 1963, art 9, § 24 by refusing to fully
fund the retirees’ future group health-care insurance benefits on an annual basis.

        The trial court correctly dismissed this claim. As explained by the Court in Studier, the
threshold question regarding whether the funding requirement of the second clause of Const
1963, art 9, § 24 applies is whether “accrued financial benefits” are at issue. Studier, 472 Mich
at 653.

       Specifically, the first clause contractually binds the state and its political
       subdivisions to pay for retired public employees’ “accrued financial benefits . . .
       .” Thereafter, the second clause seeks to ensure that the state and its political

                                                -8-
       subdivisions will be able to fulfill this contractual obligation by requiring them to
       set aside funding each year for those “financial benefits arising on account of
       service rendered in each fiscal year . . . .” [Id. at 654.]

So, because the funding requirement of the second clause of Const 1963, art 9, § 24 only applies
to “accrued financial benefits,” and prefunding insurance for future health care benefits are not
“accrued financial benefits,” Studier, 472 Mich at 654, 670, it follows that the second clause of
Const 1963, art 9, § 24 does not apply in this case. Moreover, even if it applied, the second
clause of Const 1963, art 9, § 24 does not guarantee any particular method of funding accrued
liability of future benefits. Shelby Twp Police & Fire Ret Bd v Shelby Twp, 438 Mich 247, 254;
475 NW2d 249 (1991); Kosa v State Treasurer, 408 Mich 356, 371-372; 292 NW2d 452 (1980).
The trial court correctly concluded that plaintiff’s constitutional claim lacked merit.

                                 C. ORDINANCE VIOLATION

        Count IV of plaintiff’s complaint alleges violation of an ordinance. Plaintiff does not
identify which ordinance defendant allegedly violated. Rather, plaintiff only cites the provisions
of the trust instrument obligating defendant to financially contribute to the trust. Defendant’s
alleged violation of these provisions would be properly categorized as breach of contract.
“[W]here a party fails to cite any supporting legal authority for its position, the issue is deemed
abandoned.” Prince v MacDonald, 237 Mich App 186, 197; 602 NW2d 834 (1999).

        Moreover, our research has uncovered no local ordinance concerning health care benefits
for retired police and firefighters. Chapter 92 of the Pontiac Municipal Code is titled
“Retirement.” The final article, Article IV, §§ 92-101 to 92-125, is titled “Policemen’s and
Firemen’s Retirement System.” Article IV apparently governs the PFRS. We are unable to
identify any city ordinance governing the trust or health care benefits for retired police and
firefighters, nor has plaintiff cited to one. Consequently, we must conclude that the trial court
correctly dismissed plaintiff’s claim regarding an ordinance violation with respect to defendant’s
funding of the trust.

                                  D. BREACH OF CONTRACT

        Count VI of plaintiff’s complaint asserts a claim for breach of contract regarding the
actuarial required contribution to the trust for the fiscal year commencing July 1, 2011 through
June 30, 2012, which the parties agree was due on or before June 30, 2012. There is no dispute
that art III, § 1 of the trust obligates defendant to pay annual contributions to the trust that are
determined to be “actuarially necessary” to fund the future health-care benefits of the pertinent
retirees as required by the applicable collective bargaining agreements. Indeed, it was this
significant ongoing liability that prompted the EM to seek the State Treasurer’s authorization to
modify the terms of the trust through the authority of § 19(1)(k) of PA 4, MCL 141.1519(1)(k).

        Initially we address whether the EM’s action of issuing EO 225 on August 8, 2012
retroactively eliminates the city’s obligation under the trust and various CBAs that accrued on or
before June 30, 2012. On July 1, 2012 the city’s actuarial required contribution to the trust was
past due. Consequently, without modification, the city’s obligation to fund the trust was
breached on July 1, 2012. See Tenneco, Inc v Amerisure Mut Ins Co, 281 Mich App 429, 458;

                                                -9-
761 NW2d 846 (2008) (a breach of contract occurs when a party fails to perform its contractually
required duties). We note that although a trust is generally distinguishable from a contract, a
promise to place future property in trust may be enforced as a contract right. See 76 Am Jur 2d
Trusts § 250, p 309; 2 Restatement Trusts, 3d, § 41, comment c, pp 183-184. Here, reading the
trust as whole, the city’s obligation to fund the trust flows from the pertinent collective
bargaining agreements, and the trust is not an independent contractual obligation. See art I, § 1;
art III, § 1(a), cl 2; art V, § 2. As stated in art VII, § 1, “The City shall not be liable to make
contributions to the Trust or pay any expenses whatsoever in connection therewith, except as
provided by the terms of the Collective Bargaining Agreements between the collective bargaining
association and the City and the terms of this Trust Agreement.” (Emphasis added).

        At oral argument, the parties disagreed whether the EM could retroactively modify the
city’s accrued trust liability but otherwise did not cite to pertinent authority to support their
respective positions. We agree with defendant’s position. Under PA 4, the EM may modify
collective bargaining agreements, and, hence, may modify the city’s obligation to contribute to
the trust. Moreover, the trust itself, art X, § 1 provides it may be “amended at any time” by
“collective bargaining . . . .” And, after complying with the conditions specified in PA 4, the EM
may “reject, modify, or terminate 1 or more terms and conditions of an existing collective
bargaining agreement.” MCL 141.1519(1)(k). Because the parties to a collective bargaining
agreement could apply its modified terms retroactively, we conclude that the EM also could do
so under § 19(1)(k). See Port Huron Ed Ass’n v Port Huron Area Sch Dist, 452 Mich 309, 326;
550 NW2d 228 (1996): “Generally, parties are free to take from, add to, or modify an existing
contract.” While a modification would normally require a “meeting of the minds” of the
contracting parties, id. at 326-327, this requirement is dispensed with where the EM acts
pursuant to the authority of § 19(1)(k). Consequently, assuming the EM properly invoked the
authority granted by PA 4, the EM could retroactively eliminate the city’s actuarial required
contribution to the trust for the fiscal year July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2012.

         But the question remains whether Executive Order 225, assuming it were properly
adopted under the authority of PA 4, did, in fact, eliminate the city’s actuarial required
contribution to the trust for the fiscal year July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2012. We conclude it
did not. The plain language of Executive Order 225 provides that the trust is “amended to
remove Article III obligations of the City to continue to make contributions to the Trust.”
(Emphasis added.) The term “continue” means to “go on or keep on without interruption, as in
some course or action.” Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1992). Plainly, the term
“continue” relates to present and future action. Further, Executive Order 225 provided it “shall
have immediate effect.” Because Executive Order 225 was adopted August 1, 2012, given
immediate effect and applied to the present of present or future obligations under art III, § 1, by
its own terms, it did not apply to the to the city’s already accrued actuarial required contribution
to the trust for the already ended fiscal year July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2012.

        This plain reading of EO 225 is also supported by the EM’s request for concurrence and
the State Treasurer’s approval of authority granted to the EM to adopt EO 225. In his letter to
the State Treasurer of July 10, 2012, after noting the city’s article III funding obligation, the EM
stated that it was “anticipated that the City will be required by the Trustees of the VEBA to
contribute $3,915,371 during the fiscal year ending June 30, 2013.” (Emphasis added.) While
the EM also mentioned the city’s trust obligation for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2012, he

                                               -10-
wrote that the “amount saved in the fiscal year beginning July 1, 2012, by a modification of the
collective bargaining agreements obligations of the Trust will significantly contribute to the
City’s ability to make the contributions to all other retirees and employees for healthcare benefits
for the fiscal year beginning June [sic] 1, 2012, and thereafter.” (Emphasis added.) The EM
concluded his letter with a request for timely action so as to “have maximum impact on the
2012/2013 fiscal year . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Thus, although not free of all ambiguity, the
July 10, 2012 letter, read as a whole, is a request to amend the city’s trust funding obligation
beginning with the fiscal year commencing July 1, 2012.

        Similarly, the State Treasurer’s letter of July 16, 2012, determining that the four
conditions of MCL 141.1519(1)(k) were satisfied and justified the EM’s proposed action,
supports determining that the modification applied to the city’s trust contributions for the fiscal
year of July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2013, and thereafter. The State Treasurer, in finding that MCL
141.1519(1)(k)(ii)3 was satisfied, wrote that “[t]he proposed modification of the collective
bargaining agreements as to retiree health care contributions to a VEBA is reasonable and
necessary” and “changes to language relating to retiree benefits can save the City approximately
$3.9 million annually . . . .” The EM’s July 10, 2012 letter referred to a similar amount as the
city’s anticipated required contribution to the trust for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2013.

       We reverse and remand for further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction. No
taxable costs are awarded to either party, a public question being involved. MCR 7.219.

                                                             /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                             /s/ Donald S. Owens
                                                             /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood




3
   MCL 141.1519(1)(k)(ii) provides: “Any plan involving the rejection, modification, or
termination of 1 or more terms and conditions of an existing collective bargaining agreement is
reasonable and necessary to deal with a broad, generalized economic problem.”


                                               -11-
