                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 19-1592
                               Filed May 13, 2020


DANIEL JAY TALLMAN,
     Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

VALARIE ANN LEVY,
     Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Guthrie County, Richard B. Clogg,

Judge.



      A father appeals the district court order establishing child custody, physical

care, and support for his child. AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED.



      Jessica L. Morton of Bruner, Bruner, Reinhart & Morton, LLP, Carroll, for

appellant.

      Joseph W. Fernandez of Fernandez Law Firm, West Des Moines, for

appellee.



      Considered by Tabor, P.J., and May and Greer, JJ.
                                          2


GREER, Judge.

       Daniel Tallman appeals provisions of the court order focused on custody

and child support for his and Valarie Levy’s child, E.G.T. He contends their

informal joint physical care schedule should have continued and the child support

award did not account for the dependent social security benefit paid to help support

the child. Finally both parties request appellate attorney fees. We agree with

Daniel’s reasoning, affirm the trial court ruling as modified and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Daniel and Valarie never married; they had E.G.T. in 2009. After the child’s

birth, the parties resided together with the child for about three years in the home

Daniel still owns. When they separated in 2012, they informally agreed to share

physical care of E.G.T. under an alternating care schedule. Living only a block

apart from each other in Guthrie Center helped with the plan. Valarie cared for the

child every Sunday and Monday; Daniel took every Tuesday and Wednesday; and

they alternated every Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.

       By way of background, at trial, Valarie was thirty-one years old and Daniel

was forty-one years old. Their child was ten years old. Over eighteen years ago,

after an injury on the job, Daniel applied and received social security disability

payments. It is his primary income source, with annual income of $13,260.00.1

His disability does not limit to his ability to care for his child. Having achieved two



1 Daniel works odd jobs for family members. Because of a car accident, Daniel
had previous payments from an annuity and entitlement to a future lump sum that
is not relevant to this appeal.
                                           3


associate degrees (liberal arts and administrative assistant), Valarie worked a

series of temp-to-hire jobs in the past in various industries but, at the time of trial,

operated an in-home daycare arrangement for one seven-year-old child. Valarie

earned $2693.50 in 2018. Based on Daniel’s disability, the government allotted

E.G.T. dependent social security benefit payments of $545.00 each month. When

the parties lived together, each monthly payment went into Valarie’s bank account.

After separating, the dependent social security benefit deposit continued as

previously designated. The parents never established a child support obligation.

As with the care plan, they informally agreed to split the child’s expenses.

       By all accounts, the child is healthy, active, and doing well educationally. In

reviewing an exhibit showing text messages over almost four years, the child

experienced activities with each parent, the parents supported each other, they

communicated about various topics related to the child, and they mainly agreed on

parenting. As an additional benefit, Daniel’s nearby family members have strong

relationships with the child. Both parents were involved in the child’s day-to-day

care, but Daniel conceded that Valarie carried primary responsibility over the

child’s medical treatments. And Valarie criticized Daniel’s lack of concern over the

child’s health. Yet the overall picture reflected a complementary arrangement that

allowed the child extended contact with each parent.               The district court

characterized each parent as “active” in the care of the child. Noting no mental

health, educational, or other problems, the child appeared to thrive under the long-

standing schedule.

       For many years the co-parenting arrangement worked with few disputes.

At trial, Daniel described several conflicts that arose more in relationship to topics
                                          4


other than the child. For example, Daniel requested law enforcement help when

Valarie angrily demanded the child during Daniel’s care period because she

mistakenly believed he stopped the deposit of the dependent social security

monthly payment to her account. That dispute resolved with Valarie leaving alone.

Daniel called law enforcement once again to remove Valarie from his property

when she angrily demanded the child return to her upon learning that Daniel’s

girlfriend, Bryann Marsh, had met E.G.T.2 That incident also resolved with Valarie

leaving alone. At trial, Daniel’s relative, Julie Tallman, also confirmed Valarie’s

erratic behavior over the girlfriend issue based on conversations she had with

Valarie.

       Valarie testified on her own behalf, arguing there were significant

communication problems between the parents, the child was afraid of Daniel, and

that he called the child derogatory names.          Yet other evidence called the

allegations into question. Daniel called an Iowa Department of Human Services

(DHS) child protection worker, Tammy Dorscher, to testify. A 2018 wellness check

came after a report by the child to her school counselor that Valarie shoved Daniel

and had also threatened to kill Daniel, his girlfriend, and the child with a gun. After

the child reported the incident, Valarie became upset and locked her in the home

until the child apologized to Valarie. While the investigation confirmed the child

was safe, the report authored by Dorscher identified the child’s fear of going on

vacation with Valarie because she did not know if her mother would bring her back.


2 Daniel and Valarie informally agreed to not introduce E.G.T. to any potential
suitors until a six-month dating period passed. It had not yet been six months when
Bryann met the child. Valarie expressed that it was “immoral” for Daniel to date
Bryann because she was her “aunt.” But Bryann is only Valarie’s aunt’s friend.
                                          5


And the child reported not feeling safe at Valarie’s home after this incident as well

as being sad, mad, and disappointed because of how her mother spoke to her.

The family assessment report noted that by the child’s report, Valarie called the

child names and that the child had no concerns at the father’s home. And instead

of complaining about Daniel’s care, in the phone interview with Dorscher, Valarie

admitted that she and Daniel were the “most civil co-parents out there.”

         Wanting a formalized custody arrangement, in July 2018 Daniel petitioned

for joint legal custody and physical care of the child or, in the alternative, joint

physical care. Valarie filed a pro se answer requesting sole legal custody and

physical care or in the alternative “primary legal custody.” On June 7, 2019, the

custody case was tried. The district court entered a decree on August 28 and

found the parties should share joint custody but granted Valarie physical care of

the child. The court awarded Valarie child support of $30 per month and Valarie

retained the monthly social security payment for the child’s benefit.         Daniel

appeals.

         II. Scope of Review and Preservation of Error.

         Our review of matters involving child custody and child support is de novo.

Phillips v. Davis-Spurling, 541 N.W.2d 846, 847 (Iowa 1995). “[W]e examine the

entire record and decide anew the issues properly presented.” In re Marriage of

Rhinehart, 704 N.W.2d 677, 680 (Iowa 2005). While we are not bound by the fact-

findings of the district court, we give them weight, especially as to credibility

determinations. In re Marriage of Dean, 642 N.W.2d 321, 323 (Iowa Ct. App.

2002).
                                            6


       Valarie argues that Daniel failed to preserve error by failing to file a motion

to enlarge the court’s findings to explain the custodial decision. Valarie asserts

that since the district court failed to detail “specific findings of fact and conclusions

of law that the awarding of joint physical care is not in the best interest of the child,”

Daniel failed to preserve error by not asking for those findings.            Iowa Code

§ 598.41(5)(a) (2018) (directing that if the court denies the request for joint physical

care, the determination shall be accompanied by specific findings of fact and

conclusions of law that the awarding of joint physical care is not in the best interest

of the child).

       We agree that the district court failed to explain the refusal to award joint

physical care, but Daniel did not waive his pursuit of that option. Thus, it is not a

case in which we can review “the court’s resulting reasoning and conclusions

rejecting joint physical care,” so we are left with our de novo review of the record

and what findings the court detailed. In re Marriage of Ellis, 705 N.W.2d 96, 102

(Iowa Ct. App. 2005); see also Evans v. Stanerson, No. 05-1601, 2006 WL

1230023, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 26, 2006) (deciding that even though court

findings and conclusions were not developed to comply with Iowa Code section

598.42(5)(a), the record was adequate for de novo review).

       III. Discussion.

       A. The Physical-Care Determination. As with any physical-care question,

our primary concern is what is best for the child. Hensch v. Mysak, 902 N.W.2d

822, 824 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017). The same criteria applies whether parents have

never married or if they are dissolving the marriage. Jacobson v. Gradin, 490

N.W.2d 79, 80 (Iowa Ct. App.1992). Daniel requested an award of joint physical
                                          7


care. Key factors to determine whether joint physical care is appropriate “include

an overriding interest in stability and continuity, the degree of communication and

mutual respect, the degree of discord and conflict prior to dissolution [or breakup],

and the extent to which the parties agree on matters involving routine care.” In re

Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 700 (Iowa 2007). We consider these criteria

to determine what arrangement works here to achieve the best interests of this

child.

         For over seven years under a shared time schedule, E.G.T. moved

seamlessly between her parents’ homes. Daniel proposed the same schedule

continue.    Valarie argued for a change, placing physical care with her and

establishing a more restrictive visitation schedule for Daniel. She desired flexibility

to move with the child, suggesting at the time of trial the new home location might

be in the Des Moines area or possibly in a trailer in Jefferson, Iowa. No concrete

housing or job was in place at the time of trial. Yet Valarie reasoned these options

offered better housing, better paying jobs, and more opportunities for the child.

After observing the parents and hearing from various witnesses, mainly supporting

Daniel, the district court opined, “The parties have communicated well enough to

demonstrate that joint legal custody would be in the best interests of the child.”

(Emphasis added.)      Yet, after positively describing each parent, in the next

paragraph the court ruled that “[j]oint physical care is not in the best interests of

the child.” (Emphasis added.) Then the district court awarded physical care to

Valarie with no further explanation, except to note the mother was “the most

consistent parental figure in the child’s life.” The order switched Daniel’s equal
                                           8


care time to visits on the first and third weekends of every month, three non-

consecutive weeks in the summer, and alternating holiday visitation.

       The district court observed that these parents “demonstrated the ability to

co-parent focusing on the best interest of their child.” Their text communications

over a four-year span reinforce their exceptional co-parenting skills. While not all

communication was positive, overall the text messages focused on the best

interests of their child. Even the court confirmed that their disagreements were

“short-lived and handled civilly.” Here, with no evidence of any negative effect on

the child, the status quo schedule offers stability and a continued environment for

growth and development. See Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 696 (“[P]ast caretaking

patterns likely are a fairly reliable proxy of the intangible qualities such as parental

abilities and emotional bonds that are so difficult for courts to ascertain.” (citation

omitted)).

        Under this record, we are left without the benefit of the district court’s

reasoning for the denial of joint physical care. And if we defer to the district court’s

credibility determinations, Valarie fares poorly. See Clinton v. Morrow, No. 09-

0268, 2009 WL 3064200, at *1–2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 17, 2009) (noting that with

a “close case,” deference was given district court’s “very strong credibility

findings”). Here the court found Valarie’s testimony not credible. The district court

listed specific inconsistencies balanced against credible evidence. First, even with

years of respectful parent-focused text communications, Valarie characterized the

co-parent relationship as not healthy. Next, she asserted that Daniel failed to

inform her adequately about the child, again in spite of the detailed text messages

about activities, health, and events. Then, unlike her testimony that Daniel was
                                          9


mentally and physically abusive to her and the child and abused substances, the

testimony of the DHS worker confirmed that as recently as 2018, Valarie reported

no concerns about Daniel or his parenting to the DHS worker in a phone interview.3

       Communication difficulties and tension are expected during litigation over

the custody and physical care of a child, but the continuity of care before the stress

of litigation reveals more about the future. See Ellis, 705 N.W.2d at 102–03

(emphasizing the successful ten month shared physical care arrangement, the

court favored a joint physical care award despite some failure to communicate

during dissolution process); Hensch, 902 N.W.2d at 825 (concluding the long-

standing care arrangement mitigated in favor of joint physical care where personal

conflict did not interfere with their child-rearing). And where the subject of the

current communication disputes centered on Daniel’s new girlfriend, it is doubtful

that tension will exist long term. The reported communication difficulties failed to

rise to the level to impact joint physical care. See In re Marriage of Ertmann, 376

N.W.2d 918, 920 (Iowa Ct. App. 1985) (denial of joint physical care not warranted

where parties communicated for the child’s sake even with some conflict). Even

more than the testimony, the text messages confirm this conclusion.

       Based on key factors to consider, joint physical care is preferred here.

When we examine the “interest in stability and continuity,” a shared physical care

schedule approximates the parties’ prior equal care arrangement under which the

child has thrived. See Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 690. When discussing subjects

related to the care and health of this child, the parents historically have


3Likewise, Valarie made no calls or reports to any authority reporting domestic
abuse at the hands of Daniel.
                                         10


communicated and shown mutual respect. And the conflicts described at trial

appear to be more short-term confrontations associated with tensions unrelated to

the general upbringing of the child. Under the Hansen criteria, the continuity of

continuing a joint physical care arrangement is in the best interests of this child.

See id. at 697–99. For these reasons, we reverse the district court and award the

parents joint physical care of E.G.T., consistent with the schedule proposed by

Daniel.

       B. The Child Support Determination. Daniel maintains that his social

security disability benefits are income to him. He argues that the trial court erred

by calculating a child support obligation that allowed Valarie to retain the child’s

benefit payment and without providing a credit against his support. Daniel relies

on In re Marriage of Hilmo to require a revamp of the support obligation. 623

N.W.2d 809, 811–813 (Iowa 2001) (considering child’s social security benefit as

income to disabled parent for child support purposes but applying it as a credit

against the obligation).

       The district court calculated a $30 child support obligation after considering

Daniel’s monthly disability payment of $1363.50 and attributing monthly earnings

of $1017.00 to Valarie (less than the minimum wage calculation suggested by

Daniel). The order also allowed Valarie to retain the $545.00 dependent social

security payment, which was not factored into the child support calculation. Given

our ruling on joint physical care, on remand, the district court shall recalculate the

appropriate child support obligation and follow the direction of Hilmo. Id. at 813.

Daniel shall receive a credit for any dependent disability benefit retained by

Valarie, and the benefit should be factored into Daniel’s gross income when
                                          11


calculating each party’s respective child support obligation under the child support

guidelines. See In re Marriage of Hansen, 465 N.W.2d 906, 910 (Iowa Ct. App.

1990), abrogated on other grounds by In re Marriage of Dawson, No. 01-1088,

2002 WL 531532, at *1–2 (Iowa Ct. App. March 27, 2002).

       C. The Appellate Attorney Fee Request. “In a proceeding to determine

custody or visitation, or to modify a paternity, custody, or visitation order under this

chapter, the court may award the prevailing party reasonable attorney fees.” Iowa

Code § 600B.26. After reviewing the relative ability of the parties to pay and the

merits of the appeal, we decline to award appellate attorney fees.

       IV. Conclusion.

       Based on the long-standing and historical shared care arrangement used

over seven years, we find that an award of joint physical care meets the best

interests of E.G.T. We modify to award joint physical care and remand for further

proceedings to determine the physical care schedule, with consideration of the

previous arrangement, and to establish the child support obligations.

       AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED.
