172 F.3d 1361
50 U.S.P.Q.2d 1385
FESTO CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.SHOKETSU KINZOKU KOGYO KABUSHIKI CO., LTD., a/k/a SMCCorporation, and SMC Pneumatics, Inc.,Defendants-Appellants.
No. 95-1066.
United States Court of Appeals,Federal Circuit.
April 19, 1999.

Charles R. Hoffman, Hoffman & Baron,of Jericho, New York, for plaintiff-appellee. with him on the brief was Gerald T. Bodner.
Arthur I. Neustadt, Oblon, Spivak, McClelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C., of Arlington, Virginia, for defendants-appellants.
Before RICH, NEWMAN, and MICHEL, Circuit Judges.
PAULINE NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.


1
This case returns to us upon grant of certiorari by the United States Supreme Court, followed by vacatur and remand for further consideration in light of the Court's decision in Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co., 520 U.S. 17, 117 S.Ct. 1040, 137 L.Ed.2d 146, 41 USPQ2d 1865 (1997).1  We now affirm the district court's judgment with respect to infringement of the Carroll patent, vacate and remand for further proceedings with respect to the Stoll patent, and reinstate our prior decision on the other issues.

BACKGROUND

2
Festo Corporation sued Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.  (also known as SMC Corporation) and SMC Pneumatics, Inc.  (collectively "SMC") in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, for infringement of two patents relating to magnetically coupled rodless cylinders.  Rodless cylinders are used to repeatedly move articles a short distance, for example in assembly lines.  By pneumatic or other fluid pressure a piston is moved within a cylinder, and the movement is translated by coupling of the piston to a yoke or other structure outside of the cylinder, which in turn carries the article to be moved.


3
For magnetic rodless cylinders the piston is not physically attached or yoked to the outer structure, but instead is magnetically coupled to a slidable outer ring or cylinder called the "follower," that carries the article to be moved.  When a burst of air or other fluid pressure moves the piston within the cylinder, by magnetic force the follower and its burden are correspondingly moved.  The device, separated into its basic components, is pictured as follows:


4
NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE


5
Trial in the district court was preceded was preceded by an eleven-day evidentiary hearing before a special master.  The master's report was followed by various motions, of which the district court granted Festo's motion for summary judgment that United States Patent No. 3,779,401 (the Carroll patent) was infringed under the doctrine of equivalents.  The court also granted SMC's motion for judgment of noninfringement by certain models of its rodless cylinders.  Literal infringement by certain other models was not disputed.


6
The remaining issues were tried to a jury.  The jury found that there was infringement of United States Patent No. 4,354,125 (the Stoll patent) on grounds of equivalency, sustained the validity of both the Carroll and the Stoll patents, and assessed damages.  The court entered judgment accordingly, denying duly made post-trial motions.  Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., No. 88-1814-PBS (D.Mass. Feb. 3, 1994).


7
On appeal of the issues of infringement of the Carroll and Stoll patents and damages, the Federal Circuit affirmed the judgments.  Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., 72 F.3d 857, 37 USPQ2d 1161 (Fed.Cir.1995).  SMC petitioned for writ of certiorari on two questions, with the following question directed to the doctrine of equivalents (the other question related to procedures involving the special master):


8
1.  In a patent case, can the statutory requirement for patent claims (35 U.S.C. § 112, p2) and the statutory restriction for correcting them (35 U.S.C. § 251, p4) be nullified by the judicially created doctrine of equivalents?


9
Following its decision in Warner-Jenkinson the Court granted SMC's petition, vacated the Federal Circuit's decision, and remanded the case for further consideration;  such a sequence of events is called a "GVR" (grant, vacate, remand).  A GVR occurs when "intervening developments, or recent developments that we have reason to believe the court below did not fully consider, reveal a reasonable probability that the decision below rests upon a premise that the lower court would reject if given the opportunity for further consideration, and where it appears that such a redetermination may determine the ultimate outcome of the litigation, ..." Lawrence v. Chater, 516 U.S. 163, 167, 116 S.Ct. 604, 133 L.Ed.2d 545 (1996).  The Court espoused the just purpose of avoiding unequal treatment among cases raising similar issues, to "improve the fairness and accuracy of judicial outcomes."  Id. at 168, 116 S.Ct. 604.   See also Stutson v. United States, 516 U.S. 193, 197, 116 S.Ct. 600, 133 L.Ed.2d 571 (1996) ("a GVR order both promotes fairness and respects the dignity of the Court of Appeals by enabling it to consider potentially relevant decisions and arguments that were not previously before it").


10
Upon remand this court invited additional briefing of the issues related to the doctrine of equivalents, Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., 117 F.3d 1385 (Fed.Cir.1997), and heard reargument as to both the Carroll and Stoll patents, including new issues of prosecution history estoppel upon which SMC submitted new evidence.


11
* THE CARROLL PATENT


12
The Carroll patent is directed to a magnetic rodless cylinder wherein several cylindrically shaped permanent magnets are disposed on the piston, and the follower is fitted with several annular permanent magnets.  The exterior of the device is shown in Figure 1, wherein the cylinder 10 is encircled by the follower bearing permanent magnets of annular shape 28, and having a gripping device 30 which grasps the article to be moved.


13
NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE


14
Relevant to this appeal is the Figure 3 section taken at Y--Y of Figure 1, showing piston end member 22 bolted to magnet 20.   The piston bears annular grooves 24 which accommodate sealing rings 26 adapted to engage the inner wall of cylinder 10 and form a fluid-tight seal.


15
NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE


16
Reexamined claim 9, the only claim of the Carroll patent in suit, is as follows, with our paragraphing and emphasis added to the subject matter relevant to infringement by equivalency:9.  A device for moving articles, which comprises:


17
a hollow cylinder formed of non-ferrous material and having opposite axial ends;


18
a piston mounted in the interior of the hollow cylinder and reciprocatingly slidable therein, the piston including a central mounting member disposed axially in the cylinder,


19
a plurality of cylindrically-shaped permanent magnets mounted on the central mounting member and spaced apart axially from each other, each magnet having a bore formed axially there-through for receiving the central mounting member,


20
at least one pair of end members mounted on the central mounting member and disposed on opposite axial sides of the plurality of magnets,


21
a pair of cushion members formed of resilient material, the cushion members being situated near opposite axial ends of the central mounting member to help prevent damage to the piston when the piston contacts an axial end of the cylinder,


22
and a pair of resilient sealing rings situated near opposite axial ends of the central mounting member and engaging the cylinder to effect a fluid-tight seal therewith;


23
a body mounted on the exterior of the hollow cylinder and reciprocatingly slidable thereon,


24
the body including a plurality of annularly shaped permanent magnets surrounding the cylinder and spaced apart from each other,


25
the permanent magnets of the piston and body being polarized so as to magnetically couple the body to the piston whereby movement of the piston inside the cylinder causes a corresponding movement of the body outside the cylinder,


26
the body further including means provided thereon for holding on the body an article to be moved;  and


27
means for controlling the admission of pressure fluid into the cylinder and exhaust fluid from the cylinder for moving the piston in the cylinder,


28
the attractive forces between the permanent magnets of the piston and the body being such that movement of the piston causes corresponding movement of the body below a predetermined load on the body and such that above said predetermined load movement of the piston does not cause corresponding movement of the body.


29
All of the subject matter of claim 9 was conceded by SMC to be literally present in the accused SMC devices, except for the pair of sealing rings.  Instead of a pair of sealing rings situated at opposite ends of the piston, the SMC devices have a single two-way sealing ring at the end of the piston that is in contact with the pressure fluid.  The SMC devices also have guide rings situated at each end of the piston.


30
In Warner-Jenkinson the Court, after concluding that the doctrine of equivalents should be preserved,2 focussed on two aspects thereof:  the all-elements rule and prosecution history estoppel.  SMC states that the all-elements rule was violated by the district court's decision, and that the Court's new presumption of prosecution history estoppel precludes a holding of infringement, whether or not the all-elements rule also requires a decision in its favor.  We reconsider the district court's judgment with respect to both of these aspects.


31
* THE ALL-ELEMENTS RULE

1. The Prior Proceedings

32
The substitution of a two-way sealing ring for the claimed pair of sealing rings was the basis of the district court's summary judgment of infringement of claim 9 under the doctrine of equivalents.  SMC did not dispute that the two-way sealing ring effects a fluid-tight seal with the cylinder, the function stated in the claim clause directed to the sealing rings.  SMC did not dispute the interchangeability of the two-way sealing ring and the pair of sealing rings, or that the claimed sealing function is achieved in the same way and with the same result.  SMC's only argument to the district court was that the all-elements rule does not permit a finding of equivalence, as a matter of law, because the accused SMC devices do not contain two sealing rings or two equivalent elements.


33
The district court did not adopt SMC's view of the all-elements rule.  Citing precedent wherein the all-elements rule was found to be satisfied when the function of the claimed element was performed but not by a direct correspondence of components, the district court held that the substitution of a two-way sealing ring, which performs the same function as the pair of sealing rings, is in compliance with the all-elements rule.  The district court explained:


34
To constitute an infringement, the accused device must contain each and every limitation of the claim or its substantial equivalent.  Vaupel [Textilmaschinen KG v. Meccanica Euro Italia S.P.A., 944 F.2d 870, 20 USPQ2d 1045 (Fed.Cir.1991) ], 944 F.2d at 879.  "An equivalent must be found for every limitation of the claim somewhere in an accused device, but not necessarily in a corresponding component, although that is generally the case."  Corning Glass Works v. Sumitomo Elec. U.S.A., Inc., 868 F.2d 1251, 1259 (Fed.Cir.1989) (adding negative dopant to the cladding is equivalent to adding positive dopant to the core in the context of the claimed invention).


35
Since equivalency was not disputed, and we agree that the claimed test is met of substantially the same function, way, and result, the district court granted Festo's motion for summary judgment of infringement.


36
On this rehearing of its appeal to the Federal Circuit SMC again does not dispute the fact of equivalency, but again argues that the all-elements rule bars a finding of infringement.  Citing Pennwalt Corp. v. Durand-Wayland, Inc., 833 F.2d 931, 4 USPQ2d 1737 (Fed.Cir.1987) (en banc) and ensuing Federal Circuit decisions, as now reinforced in Warner-Jenkinson, SMC argues that the all-elements rule precludes any liability under the doctrine of equivalents because the accused SMC devices do not contain a pair of sealing rings or two distinct elements that are the same as or equivalent to the pair of sealing rings.


37
In reviewing a grant of summary judgment the appellate court must decide, on the record presented to the trial court, whether the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).  Thus the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the non-movant, drawing factual inferences and resolving factual doubts in favor of the non-movant.  See, e.g., EMI Group North America, Inc. v. Intel Corp., 157 F.3d 887, 891, 48 USPQ2d 1181, 1184 (Fed.Cir.1998) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 254, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)).  Infringement in terms of the doctrine of equivalents is amenable to summary judgment when on the correct law, and undisputed facts or the non-movant's supportable version of the facts, the movant's position must prevail.  See Warner-Jenkinson, 520 U.S. at 39 n. 8, 117 S.Ct. at 1053 n. 8, 41 USPQ2d at 1875 n. 8 (summary judgment is proper when no reasonable jury could find the elements to be equivalent).


38
In affirming the district court's judgment we cited Dolly, Inc. v. Spalding & Evenflo Cos., 16 F.3d 394, 398, 29 USPQ2d 1767, 1769 (Fed.Cir.1994) and Intel Corp. v. United States Int'l Trade Comm'n, 946 F.2d 821, 832, 20 USPQ2d 1161, 1171 (Fed.Cir.1991) for the principle that the all-elements rule may be satisfied although there is not one-to-one correspondence between each element of the claimed invention and each component of an accused device depending on the facts of the particular substitution.  We first consider whether this principle continues to be viable in the wake of Warner-Jenkinson.

2. Precedent

39
In Warner-Jenkinson the Court reaffirmed the precept of the doctrine of equivalents that "a product or process that does not literally infringe upon the express terms of a patent claim may nonetheless be found to infringe if there is 'equivalence' between the elements of the accused product or process and the claimed elements of the patented invention."  520 U.S. at 21, 117 S.Ct. at 1045, 41 USPQ2d at 1865.   Thus the Court responded to the concerns expressed by the amici that the law continue to limit this opportunity for "fraud on the patent," the words of Graver Tank, while guarding against undue breadth of the doctrine by confirming that it is the separate claim elements for which equivalency is determined, and not the invention as a whole:


40
Each element contained in a patent claim is deemed material to defining the scope of the patented invention, and thus the doctrine of equivalents must be applied to individual elements of the claim, not to the invention as a whole.


41
520 U.S. at 29, 117 S.Ct. at 1049, 41 USPQ2d at 1871.


42
The invention-as-a-whole criterion was discarded by the Federal Circuit en banc in its decision in Pennwalt, wherein the court adopted the all-elements rule.  In the decade since Pennwalt the Federal Circuit has applied the rule in diverse factual situations and has refined its application accordingly.  Thus in Corning Glass Works v. Sumitomo Electric U.S.A., Inc., 868 F.2d 1251, 9 USPQ2d 1962 (Fed.Cir.1989) the court elaborated that the accused device must contain every claim element, but "not necessarily in a corresponding component, although that is generally the case."  Id. at 1259, 9 USPQ2d at 1968.   Discussing the all-elements rule in terms of claim limitations, the court explained:


43
A patentee is, for example, free to frame the issue of equivalency, if it chooses, as equivalency to a combination of limitations.


44
Id. at 1259 n. 6, 9 USPQ2d at 1968 n. 6.3  In Corning Glass the claim limitations were found embodied in the accused device, although there was not directed correspondence between the claimed elements.  See also Perkin-Elmer Corp. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 822 F.2d 1528, 1533 n. 9, 3 USPQ2d 1321, 1325 n. 9 (Fed.Cir.1987) ("a limitation may include descriptive terms").


45
Applying the rule in Intel v. ITC, 946 F.2d at 832, 20 USPQ2d at 1171, the court stated that:  "The doctrine of equivalents does not require a one-to-one correspondence between the accused device and that disclosed in the patent."   In Sun Studs, Inc. v. ATA Equipment Leasing Inc., 872 F.2d 978, 989, 10 USPQ2d 1338, 1347 (Fed.Cir.1989), overruled as to laches by A.C. Aukerman Co. v. R.L. Chaides Const. Co., 960 F.2d 1020, 1038-39, 22 USPQ2d 1321, 1333 (Fed.Cir.1992) (en banc), the court stated:  "One-to-one correspondence of components is not required, and elements or steps may be combined without ipso facto loss of equivalency."   In Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. v. United States Surgical Corp., 149 F.3d 1309, 1317, 47 USPQ2d 1272, 1277 (Fed.Cir.1998), the court observed that the all-elements rule was not intended to "swallow" the doctrine of equivalents, as could occur if any change in a claim element or limitation were deemed fatal to compliance with the rule.  Precedent since Pennwalt illustrates that the "all-elements rule" or "all-limitations," in limiting application of the doctrine of equivalents to each claim element or step,4 does not eliminate access to equivalency in all of the possible circumstances in which the components of an apparatus are realigned or a limitation is changed.  The court's experience of diverse claims and inventions in many different situations has imparted depth as well as rigor to the rule.


46
We discern in Warner-Jenkinson no basis for believing that the Court intended to erase this wealth of precedent.  The Court explained that in applying the rule it is appropriate to identify "the role played by each element in the context of the specific patent claim."  Warner-Jenkinson, 520 U.S. at 40, 117 S.Ct. at 1054, 41 USPQ2d at 1875.   This analysis "will thus inform the inquiry as to whether a substitute element matches the function, way, and result of the claimed element, or whether the substitute element plays a role substantially different from the claimed element."  Id.


47
Compliance with the all-elements or all-limitations rule is determined at the threshold of the equivalency analysis, based on whether each claim element has a counterpart in the accused device or process, as informed by precedent.  Compliance with the all-elements rule is a distinct inquiry from that of equivalency in fact;  it is a determination of the relationship between the combination claimed and the components of the accused device or process, element by element.  The Court in Warner-Jenkinson described this rule as a "legal limitation[ ] on the application of the doctrine of equivalents [and] to be determined by the court."  520 U.S. at 39 n. 8, 117 S.Ct. at 1053 n. 8, 41 USPQ2d at 1875 n. 8. Thus we review compliance with the all-elements rule as a question for the court, first identifying the claim elements as a matter of construction of the claim, see Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577, 38 USPQ2d 1461 (1996), and then determining the correspondence of these elements, or limitations, with the components or steps of the accused device or process.

3. Application to the Carroll Patent

48
The district court ruled, upon summary judgment, that the all-elements rule was not violated.  The threshold question, on this GVR review, is whether that ruling was correct in law.  The claim 1 "limitation" or "element" at issue in the Carroll patent is stated as follows:


49
and a pair of resilient sealing rings situated near opposite axial ends of the central mounting member and engaging the cylinder to effect a fluid-tight seal therewith;


50
The accused SMC models use, instead of a pair of sealing rings situated at opposite ends of the piston, one two-way sealing ring situated at the end of the piston that contacts the pressure fluid.  Either of these configurations effects a fluid-tight seal with the cylinder.  SMC argues that by using a single sealing ring a claim element has been eliminated, violating the all-elements rule and thus precluding access to the doctrine of equivalents, whether or not there is equivalency in fact.  Festo argues that the claim element is the pair of sealing rings, and that its substitution by a single sealing ring that performs the identical function does not completely eliminate the claim element and thus meets the requirements of the all-elements rule.  Festo states that the caution in Warner-Jenkinson that "It is important to ensure that the application of the doctrine, even as to an individual element, is not allowed such broad play as to effectively eliminate that element in its entirety," 520 U.S. at 29, 117 S.Ct. at 1049, 41 USPQ2d at 1871, recognized that there may be partial substitution for a claim element, such as by replacing the pair of sealing rings with one two-way sealing ring, in conformity with the all-elements rule.


51
Warner-Jenkinson teaches that it is appropriate to inquire into the "role" of the pair of sealing rings, and to compare that role with the role of the substituted two-way sealing ring.  520 U.S. at 40, 117 S.Ct. at 1054, 41 USPQ2d at 1875 (considering the role of each element in the context of the claim).  Applying this principle, we observe that the role of the pair of sealing rings, as stated in the claim, is to effect a fluid-tight seal with the cylinder.5  This role is preserved in the two-way sealing ring of the SMC devices, wherein the claimed function is fully performed by the two-way sealing ring.  The claimed pair of sealing rings has not been eliminated in its entirety, but has been substituted with a single two-way sealing ring that fully preserves the function stated in the claim.  We therefore again affirm the district court's ruling that the all-elements rule is met by the sealing ring structure in the SMC devices, and that consideration of equivalency vel non of this limitation is not barred.

4. Equivalency in Fact

52
The second step of the analysis, reached when the all-elements requirement has been met, is determination of whether there is in fact equivalency.  Even a directly corresponding component is not ipso facto an equivalent;  modifications that meet the all-elements requirement may nonetheless embody substantial change from the claim limitations and thus avoid equivalency in fact.  For example, in Dolly v. Spalding the court recognized that "[a]n accused device may infringe under the doctrine of equivalents even though a combination of its components performs a function performed by a single element in the patented invention," 16 F.3d at 398, 29 USPQ2d at 1770, yet the court found no equivalency on the facts of that case.


53
The factual inquiry starts with determination of the similarities and differences between the claim element and its embodiment in the accused device.  Relevant are the classical criteria of whether the function, way, and result are substantially the same.  The Court in Warner-Jenkinson directed particular attention to the factor of interchangeability, and whether a person skilled in the field of the invention would have known of the interchangeability of the substitution, at the time of the infringement.  In its submissions in response to Festo's motion for summary judgment as to the Carroll patent, SMC did not challenge Festo's evidence of technologic equivalency.  SMC did not dispute that its two-way sealing ring performs the function of providing a fluid-tight seal, in the same way, with the same result, as the pair of sealing rings.  No new material fact has been brought to our attention upon GVR. Thus the ruling of equivalency, on undisputed facts, is sustained.


54
We turn to the new issue raised by SMC, that of the Court's new presumption of prosecution history estoppel.

B
PROSECUTION HISTORY ESTOPPEL
1. The New Presumption

55
Prosecution history estoppel is an adaptation of the common law of estoppel to the processes of patent examination.  Tracing its origins to Sutter v. Robinson, 119 U.S. 530, 541, 7 S.Ct. 376, 30 L.Ed. 492 (1886), the Court in Warner-Jenkinson reinforced the equitable rule that one who takes a position in order to obtain a benefit can not later disavow or take an inconsistent position after the requested benefit is obtained based on the position taken.


56
Patent prosecution is a public record, and after grant of the patent the public has full access to the examiner's objections and the patentee's responses along the path to the grant.  The estoppel arises from the examiner's reliance on the applicant's amendments and arguments in response to the examiner's objections, and the public interest in the patent grant imparts to the public the right to invoke an estoppel on the premises of the examination.  Thus a patentee can not recover for infringement under the doctrine of equivalents when the asserted equivalent was yielded during the examination process in order to obtain the patent.  See Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 33, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966) ("claims that have been narrowed in order to obtain the issuance of a patent by distinguishing the prior art cannot be sustained to cover that which was previously by limitation eliminated from the patent") (cited with approval in Warner-Jenkinson, 520 U.S. at 31, 117 S.Ct. at 1050, 41 USPQ2d at 1876).


57
In Warner-Jenkinson the Court reaffirmed the importance of prosecution history estoppel in applying the doctrine of equivalents.  The Court explained that the estoppel arises from amendments that were required to be made for reasons of patentability, and established a new presumption that when it is not clear from the prosecution record why an amendment was made, there is a presumption that the amendment was made for reasons of patentability:


58
[W]e think the better rule is to place the burden on the patent-holder to establish the reason for an amendment required during patent prosecution.  The court would then decide whether that reason is sufficient to overcome prosecution history estoppel as a bar to application of the doctrine of equivalents to the element added by that amendment.  Where no explanation is established, however, the court should presume that the PTO had a substantial reason related to patentability for including the limiting element added by amendment.


59
520 U.S. at 33, 117 S.Ct. at 1051, 41 USPQ2d at 1873.   This new presumption of estoppel is "subject to rebuttal if an appropriate reason for a required amendment is established."  Id. Thus the burden is shifted to the patentee.  The court must consider the reason for the amendment and determine whether estoppel arises.  The Court explained:


60
[I]f the patent-holder demonstrates that an amendment required during prosecution had a purpose unrelated to patentability, a court must consider that purpose in order to decide whether an estoppel is precluded.


61
520 U.S. at 40, 117 S.Ct. at 1054, 41 USPQ2d at 1876.   The Court rejected, however, the argument that any amendment whatsoever produces an estoppel, stating that "we see no substantial cause for requiring a more rigid rule invoking an estoppel regardless of the reasons for the change."  Id. at 32, 117 S.Ct. at 1050, 41 USPQ2d at 1872.   The Court stated:


62
Where the reason for the change was not related to avoiding the prior art, the change may introduce a new element, but it does not necessarily preclude infringement by equivalents of that element.


63
Id. at 33, 117 S.Ct. at 1050-51, 41 USPQ2d at 1872.


64
Although prosecution history estoppel as to the Carroll patent was not an issue in the prior proceedings, in view of the GVR we now consider it.  Upon additional briefing, SMC raises the issue of whether the new presumption of Warner-Jenkinson arises, based on a document presented to this court by SMC for the first time on this reargument.

2. Reexamination of the Carroll Patent

65
The relevant prosecution is that of the reexamination.  The original claims of the Carroll patent did not mention the sealing rings.  Festo introduced the entire claim clause directed to the rings and their function, along with several other changes in the claims, after the Carroll patent was accepted for reexamination.  The sealing rings were depicted in Figure 3 of the original patent, see the drawing ante, and the written description described the sealing rings as effecting a fluid-tight seal, the function stated in the new claim clause.  The other new claim clauses concern subject matter not at issue.


66
Festo cited as the reason for its reexamination request its own German Patent No. 1,982,379, which had not been cited by either the examiner or the previous patent owner during the initial examination.  The German patent describes rodless cylinders having several of the features of the device described in the Carroll patent, including sealing rings.  Festo argued during the reexamination that Carroll's claimed features of the plurality of spaced magnets and the end members and cushions distinguished the Carroll invention from that described in the German patent.  The examiner agreed, and in the "Reasons for Allowance" stated:


67
Claims 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 are deemed allowable over the prior art of record, including German Patent No. 1,982,379 because the prior art does not teach or render obvious the claimed combination which includes the plurality of magnets, end members, and cushion members in the claimed relationship.


68
Carroll patent file history, Paper No. 7.


69
SMC argues that the Court's new presumption of estoppel bars all recourse to the doctrine of equivalents based on the sealing rings, because the amendment containing the sealing rings was added during reexamination.  SMC states that by presenting this amendment Festo yielded all right to assert equivalency as to this element.  Festo responds that no estoppel, and no presumption of estoppel, arises because the amendment adding the sealing rings to the claim was voluntary and was not required by an examiner's rejection.  Festo points out that such sealing rings were known in the prior art, referring to the German patent as to which the Carroll patent was reexamined.  The prosecution history is clear that neither Festo nor the examiner distinguished the German patent based on the sealing rings.


70
SMC points out that in requesting reexamination Festo made the obligatory representation that a new issue of patentability may be present, and that in granting the request for reexamination the examiner necessarily found that a new issue of patentability was present.  Festo answers that the new issue flowing from German Patent No. 1,982,379 was not related to the sealing rings, referring to the prosecution record which shows lengthy discussion of the magnets and the cushion and end members, but mentions the sealing rings only in a list of changes to the claim.  Review of the prosecution history confirms Festo's position that the sealing rings were not discussed in the prosecution of the reexamination application.


71
SMC nonetheless states that Warner-Jenkinson requires that this amendment adding the sealing rings precludes any finding of equivalency relating to the sealing rings.  SMC argues that the addition of the sealing rings clause during reexamination should be viewed as if it were required and related to patentability, on the basis that any change to claims is necessarily related to patentability.  This position was rejected in Warner-Jenkinson when, considering a similar argument, the Court stated that "petitioner reaches too far in arguing that the reason for an amendment during patent prosecution is irrelevant to any subsequent estoppel."  520 U.S. at 30, 117 S.Ct. at 1049, 41 USPQ2d at 1871.


72
The same argument was discussed in Hughes Aircraft Co. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1470, 1476, 46 USPQ2d 1285, 1290 (Fed.Cir.1998), wherein this court rejected the "contention that Warner-Jenkinson requires such a wooden approach to prosecution history estoppel."   See also Litton Systems, Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc., 140 F.3d 1449, 1455, 46 USPQ2d 1321, 1325 (Fed.Cir.1998) (the court must inquire into the reason for the amendment).  However, when an amendment is required for reasons of patentability, estoppel arises and the court must determine the extent of the estoppel.  Id. Further, as the Court noted in Warner-Jenkinson, the court may "explore the reason (right or wrong) for the objection and the manner in which the amendment addressed and avoided the objection."  520 U.S. at 33 n. 7, 117 S.Ct. at 1051 n. 7, 41 USPQ2d at 1872 n. 7.


73
In the large body of Federal Circuit precedent on various aspects of prosecution history estoppel, this court has rigorously held patent applicants to positions taken in order to establish patentability during prosecution.  See, e.g., Mannesmann Demag Corp. v. Engineered Metal Prods.  Co., 793 F.2d 1279, 1284-85, 230 USPQ 45, 48 (Fed.Cir.1986) (the court shall determine the extent of the estoppel in light of the applicant's amendments, statements to the examiner, the prior art that has been distinguished, and the effect of the amendment on the allowance of the claims).  However, a voluntary amendment, not accompanied by argument or representations relevant to patentability, does not necessarily generate an estoppel, any more than do the claims as originally filed.  See Warner-Jenkinson, supra.   SMC's position that estoppel is automatic as to any claim limitation added by amendment is not an accurate statement of the holding of Warner-Jenkinson.


74
For the Carroll patent, the voluntary amendment adding the sealing rings was not made in response to a relevant rejection.  It is not disputed that the sealing rings were known in the prior art.  The sealing rings were not at issue during the reexamination, and neither rejection nor argument was made concerning the sealing rings.  The examiner's stated reasons for grant of the reexamined claims were unrelated to the sealing rings.  We conclude that prosecution history estoppel does not affect the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the sealing rings.

CONCLUSION

75
Upon reconsideration, the district court's application of the all-elements rule to the Carroll patent has not been shown to be in error.  Prosecution history estoppel does not arise.  Equivalency in fact was not disputed.  Thus the summary judgment of infringement of the Carroll patent is affirmed.

II
THE STOLL PATENT

76
The jury found infringement of the Stoll patent in terms of the doctrine of equivalents.  On its prior review the Federal Circuit affirmed this judgment, concluding that the jury had been charged with the correct law, with special attention to the all-elements rule, and that there was substantial evidence whereby reasonable jurors could have reached the verdict of infringement.


77
Upon GVR rehearing, SMC again argues that the all-elements rule was not met.  SMC also raises new issues of estoppel, providing this court with documentary evidence not of record before the trial court.  Although we conclude, as we shall discuss, that the all-elements rule was met and that the jury verdict of equivalency was supported by substantial evidence, a new issue has been raised of possible estoppel with respect to the sealing rings element of the Stoll claims.  Although Festo cogently objects to the reopening of this issue based on documents that have long been available to SMC (the translation of German patents cited during prosecution), in full implementation of the GVR we have received this new evidence into the appeal record.  We now determine that a new issue has been raised which warrants further development, not available ab initio on appeal;  thus this issue requires remand to the district court.  The other issues are resolved upon this reconsideration, as we discuss.


78
* THE STOLL INVENTION


79
The Stoll patent describes and claims an improved magnetic rodless cylinder, illustrated as follows:


80
NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE


81
The relevant structure includes cylindrical tube 10 in which moves piston 16.  Sealing rings 26 and guide rings 24 are seated in grooves at each end of the piston.  The outer cylindrical sleeve is shown at 30.  Claim 1 of the Stoll patent follows, with our paragraphing and emphases added to show the elements relevant to this appeal:


82
1.  In an arrangement having a hollow cylindrical tube and driving and driven members movable thereon for conveying articles, the improvement comprising


83
wherein said tube is made of a nonmagnetic material,


84
wherein said driving member is a piston movably mounted on the inside of said tube, said piston having a piston body and plural axially spaced, first permanent annular magnets encircling said piston body,


85
said piston further including first means spacing said first permanent magnets in said axial spaced relation, the radially peripheral surface of said magnets being oriented close to the internal wall surface of said tube,


86
said piston further including plural guide ring means encircling said piston body and slidingly engaging said internal wall and


87
first sealing rings located axially outside said guide rings for wiping said internal wall as said piston moves along said tube to thereby cause any impurities that may be present in said tube to be pushed along said tube so that said first annular magnets will be free of interference from said impurities,


88
wherein said driven member includes a cylindrical sleeve made of a magnetizable material and encircles said tube,


89
said sleeve having plural axially spaced second permanent annular magnets affixed thereto and in magnetically attracting relation to said first permanent annular magnets,


90
and second means spacing said second permanent annular magnets in said axially spaced relation, the radially inner surface of said magnets being oriented close to the external surface of said tube,


91
said sleeve having end face means with second sealing rings located axially outside said second permanent annular magnets for wiping the external wall surface of said tube as said driven member is moved along said tube in response to a driving movement of said piston to thereby cause any impurities that may be present on said tube to be pushed along said tube so that [said] second permanent annular magnets will be free of interference from said impurities.


92
SMC argues that the all-elements rule is not met by the judgment of infringement as to two aspects;  first, because in the SMC devices the first sealing rings are substituted with a single two-way sealing ring, and second, because the cylindrical sleeve in the SMC devices is not made of a magnetizable material.  SMC also argues that the factual questions of equivalency were wrongly decided, and that prosecution history estoppel precludes infringement.  Festo disputes these arguments, states that the all-elements rule was correctly stated and applied, that there was no issue of prosecution history estoppel, and that there was substantial evidence supporting the jury verdict.  Festo argues that nothing in Warner-Jenkinson warrants rejecting this verdict and the district court's decision denying SMC's post-trial motions for judgment as a matter of law.

B
THE ALL-ELEMENTS RULE

93
SMC stated in its petition for certiorari that at the trial, and in instructing the jury, the district court applied the invention-as-a-whole standard of equivalency instead of the all-elements rule, and that this fundamental flaw pervaded the prior appeal to the Federal Circuit.  That is incorrect.  The all-elements rule was the law that was applied at trial and on appeal.  Argument as to this issue dominated the motions for summary judgment, the trial to the jury, the arguments on post-trial motions, and the prior appeal to the Federal Circuit.


94
At the trial of infringement of the Stoll patent the district court instructed the jury on the all-elements rule as follows:


95
Now, let me move on to the second step and explain that a little more.  The second step is to decide whether each limitation in the properly construed claims is found in the accused device.  Liability for infringement requires that an accused device contain every limitation of a claim or its substantial equivalent.


96
Let me repeat that.  Liability for infringement requires that an accused device contain every limitation of a claim or its substantial equivalent.


97
Here the claim of infringement is a claim under what you have now heard referred to many times as infringement under the doctrine of equivalence.  Infringement of a patent claim can be found by way of the doctrine of equivalence.


98
It is insufficient for proof of infringement under this doctrine of equivalence that the accused devices are equivalent overall to the claimed invention.


99
SMC argues that this instruction did not adequately state the law as now set forth in Warner-Jenkinson, stating in its brief on reconsideration that "the jury instruction would not be sufficient today since it does not include a caution ('special vigilance') against any theory which eliminates a claim element."   However, it is hard to imagine a clearer caution against elimination of a claim element, or a plainer statement of the all-elements rule, than was stated by the district court.  The technological facts concerning the embodiment of the claimed elements in the SMC devices were presented by witnesses and argued by counsel in the context of the all-elements rule, whose emphasis pervaded the trial.


100
We do not discern grounds for reversal or a new trial based on any error in the jury instructions or the law as applied by the district court upon post-trial motions.  The instructions state the correct law, no objection was made to these instructions at the trial, and the law as stated does not differ from that of the Court in Warner-Jenkinson.   Nor was any objection made to the presentation of this question to the jury upon these instructions.  We turn to review of the jury verdict, as did the district court, upon the principles of judgment as a matter of law.

C
THE ISSUES OF EQUIVALENCY

101
The jury verdict was that claim 1 of the Stoll patent was infringed under the doctrine of equivalents.  The district court entered judgment accordingly.  We have again reviewed the evidence to ascertain whether the jury's express or implicit findings were supported by substantial evidence, and whether the legal conclusion represented by the verdict was adequately based on supported findings, accompanied by correct application of the law to the facts.  See Shatterproof Glass Corp. v. Libbey-Owens Ford Co., 758 F.2d 613, 619, 225 USPQ 634, 636 (Fed.Cir.1985) ("In reviewing a decision denying a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, we do not approach the issues as if there had been no trial.  We review the evidence as a whole, and ascertain whether the verdict is in accordance with law, and whether there was substantial evidence in support of the jury's verdict.")

1. The Sealing Rings

102
SMC argues that the claim term "first sealing rings" designates two elements, and that the all-elements rule requires the substitution of two separate elements that are the same or equivalent elements.  As discussed in connection with the Carroll patent, the all-elements rule requires that a claim element not be "eliminated in its entirety," Warner-Jenkinson, 520 U.S. at 29, 117 S.Ct. at 1049, 41 USPQ2d at 1871, and within that framework the rule does not preclude all counterpart embodiments except one-to-one correspondence.  See Part I.A ante.


103
The issues as to the Stoll patent, with respect to the sealing rings, are not the same as for the Carroll patent.  The Stoll claimed element of the "first sealing rings" is associated with the additional function of the wiping of impurities to avert contamination of the magnets.  SMC states that when one of the sealing rings is absent this function is not performed.  The written description states that the wiping function is also performed by the adjacent guide rings:


104
any such impurities are pushed along in front of piston 16 by the sealing rings 26 or--should they manage to get past these--by the sliding guide rings 24, so that the annular magnet arrangement is invariably faced with a clean section of the internal tube wall.


105
Stoll patent, col. 3, lines 51-55.


106
SMC argues that this multiplicity of rings and functions distinguishes the Stoll invention from that of the Carroll patent, such that even if the all-elements rule was met as to Carroll, it is violated as to Stoll.  Festo states that the evidence supports the contrary conclusion.


107
Festo's witnesses testified to the correspondence between the first sealing rings and the SMC two-way sealing ring, and that the guide rings in the SMC devices also perform a wiping function as taught in the specification.  Inquiry under the all-elements rule is "[informed by] an analysis of the role played by each element in the context of the specific patent claim."  Warner-Jenkinson, 520 U.S. at 40, 117 S.Ct. at 1054, 41 USPQ2d at 1875.   The role of the sealing rings and the guide rings in wiping the cylinder was fully explored at the trial, where SMC did not dispute that the wiping function was performed in the SMC devices.


108
The verdict is in accord with the precepts of Warner-Jenkinson, for the claimed element of the "first sealing rings" was not eliminated in its entirety, and the limitation of the wiping function was shown to be performed.  See Corning Glass, 868 F.2d at 1259, 9 USPQ2d at 1968 ("An equivalent must be found for every limitation of the claim somewhere in an accused device, but not necessarily in a corresponding component, although that is generally the case").  We conclude that the threshold premise of the jury verdict, that the all-elements rule was met, was supported and must be sustained.


109
On the question of equivalency in fact, Festo's mechanical expert Dr. Barry Wolf, and the inventor Dr. Stoll, testified to the facts of interchangeability of the ring structures, and the substantial identity of function, way, and result.  SMC did not present any contrary evidence or witnesses.  We conclude that substantial evidence supported the verdict of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents with respect to the issue of the first sealing rings.

2. The Magnetizable Material of the Sleeve
The relevant claim clause is as follows:

110
wherein said driven member includes a cylindrical sleeve made of a magnetizable material and encircles said tube,


111
In the SMC devices the cylindrical sleeve is made of an aluminum alloy, a material not generally viewed as magnetizable.  SMC argues that the magnetizable material is a separate claim element, and that since the SMC sleeve is not made of magnetizable material the all-elements rule prohibits the asserted equivalency.  Thus SMC argues that it is irrelevant whether or not the sleeves are equivalent in fact.


112
Festo responds that equivalency was properly determined as to the "cylindrical sleeve made of a magnetizable material," citing Corning Glass for its explanation that "a patentee is, for example, free to frame the issue of equivalency, if it chooses, as equivalency to a combination of limitations."  868 F.2d at 1259 n. 6, 9 USPQ2d at 1968 n. 6. We agree that this precedent aptly fits the situation presented herein.  Thus although a change of the material or properties of a component may (or may not) defeat equivalency as a matter of fact, it does not bar access to the doctrine of equivalents as a matter of law.


113
Testifying on the factual question of equivalency, Festo's expert witness in the field of physics and magnetism, Dr. Schroeder, explained at the trial that the purpose of the magnetizable material was to contain any magnetic flux emanating from the cylinder, lest such flux act as a brake on the piston, thereby decreasing the efficiency of the device.  Dr. Schroeder explained that because of the small gap between the cylinder and the surrounding sleeve, substantially all of the magnetic flux is concentrated internally in the cylinder and any magnetic flux emanating from the cylinder is very small.  His tests showed that the SMC sleeve, although made of an aluminum alloy, nonetheless minimized magnetic leakage fields and reduced the leakage by 300%.  He testified that because of the very small leakage this containment of magnetic flux occurs in substantially the same way with the same result as for the sleeve made of magnetizable material.


114
SMC presented no data or test evidence on its behalf, but at the trial challenged the significance of Dr. Schroeder's testimony.  On this appeal SMC again criticizes Dr. Schroeder's testimony and the meaning of his results.  However, there was substantial evidence whereby a reasonable jury could have found equivalency between the claimed sleeve and the sleeve of the SMC devices.

3. The Verdict of Infringement

115
The verdict of infringement based on the doctrine of equivalents must be sustained.  However, SMC has raised new issues of prosecution history estoppel, to which we turn.

D
PROSECUTION HISTORY ESTOPPEL

116
The parties dispute whether prosecution history estoppel was an issue at trial.  In order fully to implement the GVR we have considered this issue, which was briefed for this reconsideration hearing.  We conclude, as we shall discuss, that the Court's new presumption of estoppel is relevant to the Stoll patent.


117
The prosecution of the Stoll patent is shown in the record before us as follows:  The patent application as filed in the United States was an English-language counterpart of the German patent application.  In the first Action the United States examiner made no rejection on prior art, although three references were listed as "believed pertinent" without further analysis.  The examiner's only substantive comment was under '112 & 1, the examiner stating: "Exact method of operation unclear.  Is device a true motor or magnetic clutch?"   The examiner objected, citing '112 & 2, to some of the claims as being in multiple dependent form, a style prohibited in United States practice.


118
In response Festo clarified the nature of the device and rewrote the claims.  In so doing, Festo included in the broadest claim (claim 1) the subject matter relating to the sealing means and the magnetizable sleeve that had been initially presented in dependent claims.  Claim 1 as initially filed recited "sealing means at each end" of the piston "for wiping engagement."   On rewriting after the examiner's initial Action, Festo replaced the "sealing means at each end" phrase with "first sealing rings located axially outside said guide rings," the text of dependent claim 4. Festo also replaced the phrase "hollow cylindrical assembly" of original claim 1 with "a cylindrical sleeve made of a magnetizable material and encircles said tube," from dependent claim 8. No explanation was given for these changes.  The district court discussed the magnetizable sleeve in its ruling on pre-trial motions, and observed that this amendment did not appear to be needed to distinguish from prior art:


119
Although the examiner identified certain "cited references believed pertinent," there is nothing in the record or the [master's] report to indicate that the limitation of a magnetizable sleeve was necessary to distinguish the claimed invention over prior art.


120
Accompanying the amendment Festo submitted two German patents that had been cited during examination of the corresponding German application and made the following statement:


121
Applicant wishes to make of record German Offenlegengsschrift No. 27 37 924 and German Gebrauchsmuster No. 19 82 379.  These references were cited in the first Office Action received in the corresponding German application.  These references are obviously clearly distinguishable over the subject matter of the claims now present in this application.  Accordingly, further comment about the subject matter of these references is believed unnecessary.  It is clear that neither of these references discloses the use of structure preventing the interference of impurities located inside the tube and on the outside of the tube while the arrangement is moved along the tube.


122
Thus Festo referred to the wiping structure and function as not being described in the prior art.  No mention was made, by applicant or examiner, of the magnetizable material or any other changes to the claims.


123
No rejection as to patentability was made by the United States examiner, and no other argument was presented by the applicant.  SMC now states that Festo obviously amended the claims in light of the two German references it had cited, and argues that Festo is estopped from asserting equivalency as to the changes that were made in the claims.  SMC states that it is irrelevant whether references were relied on by the examiner as grounds of rejection, or cited by the applicant, in order to generate an estoppel or a presumption of estoppel, against the assertion of equivalency of amended claim elements.  That theory is not in accordance with the rulings of Warner-Jenkinson, for the Court explicitly directed its presumption to amendments that were "required" during prosecution:


124
[W]e think the better rule is to place the burden on the patent-holder to establish the reason for an amendment required during patent prosecution.


125
520 U.S. at 33, 117 S.Ct. at 1051, 41 USPQ2d at 1873.   Although SMC argues that the Stoll claim was amended to avoid some possible future rejection, in Warner-Jenkinson the Court, citing Exhibit Supply Co. v. Ace Patents Corp., 315 U.S. 126, 136, 62 S.Ct. 513, 86 L.Ed. 736 (1942), dealt with a position similar to that now pressed by SMC:


126
Chief Justice Stone distinguished inclusion of a limiting phrase in an original patent claim from the "very different" situation in which [changes were made] "in order to meet objections in the Patent Office, based on references to the prior art."  [Emphasis in Warner-Jenkinson.]


127
Warner-Jenkinson, 520 U.S. at 31, 117 S.Ct. at 1049-50, 41 USPQ2d at 1872.   The Court further held:


128
Our prior cases have consistently applied prosecution history estoppel only where claims have been amended for a limited set of reasons, and we see no substantial cause for requiring a more rigid rule involving an estoppel regardless of the reasons for a change.


129
Id. at 32, 117 S.Ct. at 1050, 41 USPQ2d at 1872.   SMC's theory is thus incorrect, for Warner-Jenkinson negates the position that every voluntary amendment must be deemed "required," whatever its provenance.  However, when an amendment is accompanied by argument or explanation that distinguishes an amended portion of the claims from prior art, it is appropriate to apply the established rules of prosecution history estoppel to that subject matter.  See Id. at 33-34, 117 S.Ct. at 1050-51, 41 USPQ2d at 1872 (analyzing explained amendment under established principles).


130
SMC did not previously raise the issue of prosecution history estoppel as to the two German references that Festo filed with the PTO, and did not provide the district court with translations of those references (which were in the Stoll prosecution history only in German).  The district court discussed the amendment adding the magnetizable material to claim 1 as follows:


131
[T]he reason why the newly substituted independent claim has the limitation that the sleeve be made of magnetizable material is a mystery, for nothing seems to turn on its composition for purposes of procuring the patent.  At the very least, it is a question of fact.


132
Unlike the statements accompanying the amended claims concerning the sealing rings and the wiping function, no representation was made to the examiner concerning the magnetizable material of the sleeve.  There is no basis for overturning the finding of the district court that the amendment concerning the magnetizable material was voluntary, and not required for patentability, see Warner-Jenkinson, 520 U.S. at 32, 117 S.Ct. at 1050, 41 USPQ2d at 1872 (discussing required amendments).  We have been directed to no information in the newly cited translations that would lead us to require the district court to redo its study of the prosecution history and its comprehensive analysis of estoppel with respect to the magnetizable sleeve;  no ruling or guidance in Warner-Jenkinson suggests error in the district court's analysis.


133
However, as to the element of the sealing rings, the prosecution history raises an unresolved issue.  The applicant's reference to the wiping function, in the letter accompanying the amendment, raises the issue of whether this amendment was made for reasons of patentability, or whether the Warner-Jenkinson presumption arises and can, or can not, be rebutted.  This issue was not before the district court, and the record is insufficient for appellate determination ab initio.   In full implementation of the GVR, we remand for determination of whether such presumption has arisen, whether it can be rebutted, and the scope of any resultant estoppel.  See Litton v. Honeywell, 140 F.3d at 1455, 46 USPQ2d at 1325 (vacating the district court's grant of JMOL and remanding for determination of prosecution history estoppel).


134
Should the district court find an estoppel or a presumption thereof not previously considered and not rebutted, the district court shall redetermine the question of equivalency within the confines of that estoppel.  In the event that the district court determines that there is no estoppel affecting the finding of equivalency as to the sealing rings and their wiping function, the verdict of infringement may be reinstated.CONCLUSION


135
The judgment of infringement of the Stoll patent is vacated, and the cause is remanded for redetermination, consistent with our discussion herein.

III
OTHER ISSUES

136
The remand from the Supreme Court related only to the issues of the doctrine of equivalents.  We reinstate the other portions of our prior decision, viz. the rulings relating to the special master proceedings and the measure of damages.  See Hughes Aircraft, 140 F.3d at 1473-74, 46 USPQ2d at 1287-88 ("Vacatur and remand by the Supreme Court, however, does not create an implication that the lower court should change its prior determination.")  (citing United States v. M.C.C. of Florida, Inc., 967 F.2d 1559, 1561 (11th Cir.1992)).

Costs

137
Each party shall bear its costs.


138
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.



1
 Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. v. Festo Corp., 520 U.S. 1111, 117 S.Ct. 1240, 137 L.Ed.2d 323 (1997)


2
 The virtually unanimous views of amici curiae the United States and technology-based industry were that the doctrine of equivalents should be preserved


3
 Several Federal Circuit opinions state a preference for the usage "all limitations rule."   Although the Court in Warner-Jenkinson spoke in terms of elements, we discern no intention to overturn the "all limitations" usage, or to negate the often interchangeable use of these terms in Federal Circuit precedent


4
 In Pennwalt the omissions that gave rise to the all-elements rule were process steps


5
 In the SMC devices there are additional rings at each end of the piston, which serve the guiding function of the omitted sealing ring.  The district court did not treat this aspect in discussing the Carroll patent, and it is not essential to our decision


