[Cite as State v. Griffin, 2013-Ohio-416.]


STATE OF OHIO                      )                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                   )ss:                NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF LORAIN                   )

STATE OF OHIO                                          C.A. No.       11CA010128

        Appellee

        v.                                             APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                       ENTERED IN THE
PATRICK GRIFFIN                                        COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                       COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO
        Appellant                                      CASE No.   10CR080110

                                  DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: February 11, 2013



        WHITMORE, Judge.

        {¶1}     Defendant-Appellant, Patrick Griffin, appeals from his convictions in the Lorain

County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.

                                                  I

        {¶2}     On the morning of November 26, 2009, the police discovered the body of Alberto

“Cookie” Gutierrez in a ditch on Pratt Road in Lorain County. The police soon identified Griffin

as a person of interest. Griffin lived across the hall from Cookie in the same apartment complex

and his cell phone number was the last number dialed on Cookie’s cell phone. Through further

investigation, the police discovered that Griffin lied about his whereabouts around the time of the

murder and that his cell phone and car were in the approximate vicinity of the murder scene near

Cookie’s estimated time of death. Forensic testing also later uncovered gunshot residue on a

glove in Griffin’s car as well as primer residue in his car and on the cuff of his jacket.
                                                  2


       {¶3}    A grand jury indicted Griffin on counts of aggravated murder, murder, felony

murder, felonious assault, and having weapons under disability. All of the counts also contained

an attendant firearm specification, and four of the counts contained repeat violent offender

specifications. Griffin filed a motion to suppress certain cell phone records that the State

obtained to triangulate the position of his cell phone during and around the time of the murder,

but the trial court denied his motion. Subsequently, the matter proceeded to a jury trial, and the

jury found Griffin guilty on all counts. The trial court then sentenced Griffin to life in prison.

       {¶4}    Griffin now appeals and raises five assignments of error for our review. For ease

of analysis, we rearrange the assignments of error.

                                                  II

                                Assignment of Error Number Three

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING MR. GRIFFIN’S MOTION TO
       SUPPRESS EVIDENCE SEIZED FROM HIS CELLULAR PHONE.

       {¶5}    In his third assignment of error, Griffin argues that the trial court erred by denying

his motion to suppress. We disagree.

       {¶6}    The Ohio Supreme Court has held that:

       [a]ppellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and
       fact. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of
       trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and
       evaluate the credibility of witnesses. State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366
       (1992). Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings of
       fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Fanning, 1
       Ohio St.3d 19 (1982). Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then
       independently determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court,
       whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. State v. McNamara, 124
       Ohio App.3d 706 (4th Dist.1997).

State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. Accord State v. Hobbs, 133 Ohio

St.3d 43, 2012-Ohio-3886, ¶ 6 (Burnside applied). Accordingly, this Court reviews the trial
                                                3


court’s factual findings for competent, credible evidence and considers the court’s legal

conclusions de novo. State v. Conley, 9th Dist. No. 08CA009454, 2009-Ohio-910, ¶ 6, citing

Burnside at ¶ 8.

       {¶7}    Griffin sought to suppress certain information the State obtained about his cell

phone usage. Specifically, the State subpoenaed records from his cell phone provider that listed

all of the incoming and outgoing calls the phone had made and received around the time of the

murder. The records also contained information about the location of the cell phone at the time

those calls were made or received, as the provider recorded the particular cell phone tower and

side of the tower that the signal for any given call reached to complete the call. Griffin argues

that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress because the State was required to

obtain a warrant for his cell phone records. He relies upon State v. Smith, 124 Ohio St.3d 163,

2009-Ohio-6426.

       {¶8}    In Smith, the Ohio Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment prohibits the

warrantless search of data within a cell phone when the phone is seized incident to a lawful arrest

and no separate exigent circumstances exist. Smith at syllabus. There, officers searched the call

records and phone numbers on the defendant’s phone at some point after his arrest. The issue

before the court, therefore, was “whether the police may search data within an arrestee’s cell

phone without a warrant.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 13.

       {¶9}    Unlike the officers in Smith, the officers in this case did not search within

Griffin’s cell phone to obtain the information about his call records.       Instead, the officers

subpoenaed Griffin’s cell phone provider for that information. Smith is wholly distinguishable

and does not support Griffin’s argument that the police were required to secure a warrant before

subpoenaing his call records. See State v. Neely, 2d Dist. No. 24317, 2012-Ohio-212, ¶ 13-27
                                                4


(warrant not required when the police subpoena cell phone records from defendant’s provider).

The trial court correctly concluded that Smith does not apply.

       {¶10} The trial court determined that the State properly subpoenaed Griffin’s cell phone

records from his provider by way of 18 U.S.C. 2703. That statute “establishes a procedure that a

governmental entity is to follow in obtaining records pertaining to a subscriber to, or customer

of, an electronic communication service.” Id. at ¶ 15. Griffin does not discuss 18 U.S.C. 2703 in

his argument or suggest that the State failed to properly subpoena his records.         His only

argument is that, per Smith, the State was required to obtain a warrant before it could search his

cell phone records. As previously discussed, Smith only applies to situations where the police

actually search within a defendant’s cell phone to obtain its call records. The police did not do

so here; they relied upon 18 U.S.C. 2703. Moreover, we need not analyze whether the State

properly subpoenaed Griffin’s records through 18 U.S.C. 2703, as Griffin has not addressed that

procedure on appeal. See App.R. 16(A)(7). The trial court did not err by denying Griffin’s

motion to suppress. As such, Griffin’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                               Assignment of Error Number Two

       MR. GRIFFIN’S CONVICTIONS ARE AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT
       OF THE EVIDENCE.

       {¶11} In his second assignment of error, Griffin argues that his convictions are against

the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.

       {¶12} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence an appellate court:

       must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
       consider the credibility of witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts
       in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
       miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial
       ordered.
                                                 5


State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). A weight of the evidence challenge

indicates that a greater amount of credible evidence supports one side of the issue than supports

the other. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997). Further, when reversing a

conviction on the basis that the conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence, the

appellate court sits as the “thirteenth juror” and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the

conflicting testimony. Id. Therefore, this Court’s “discretionary power to grant a new trial

should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against

the conviction.” State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). See also Otten at

340.

       {¶13} Griffin argues that the jury lost its way by convicting him because the case against

him was highly circumstantial and no one was able to place him with Cookie at the time the

murder occurred. Griffin does not challenge the credibility of any particular witness or piece of

evidence. Instead, he simply argues that the evidence weighs heavily against his conviction.

       {¶14} Mariano Gutierrez, Cookie’s father, testified that Cookie agreed to live with him

in his apartment and help take care of him after he had to have his leg amputated. The apartment

was located across the hall from an apartment occupied by Griffin, his wife, and her two

children. Benvenita Dominguez, Cookie’s niece and Gutierrez’ granddaughter, testified that

Cookie sometimes socialized with Griffin. He also detailed Griffin’s car. John Dalton, a friend

of Cookie’s, testified that Cookie once introduced him to Griffin and described Griffin as “a

good dude” who allowed Cookie to borrow his car.

       {¶15} Ronaye Ewing, Griffin’s wife, testified that the door to the apartment she and

Griffin shared “was kicked in” on November 25, 2009, the day before Thanksgiving. Although

Ewing did not notice anything missing from the apartment, she testified that their X-box had
                                                6


been thrown to the floor and a cabinet was open. The same day, Griffin approached another

tenant regarding the break in. Aubry Brown testified that Griffin confronted her with a revolver

and demanded to know who had broken into his home. Brown testified that Griffin was angry

and pointed the gun at her during their conversation. She further testified that Griffin had the

handle of the gun wrapped in a clear bag as if he was trying to avoid leaving fingerprints on the

gun. According to Brown, when she told Griffin that she did not know anything about the break

in, he left her alone and said he would find out who was responsible.

       {¶16} Dalton testified that he picked up Cookie at his apartment building around 7:30

p.m. the night of the 25th and brought Cookie to his house for a small party. Dominguez was in

the apartment building visiting her aunt and went to check on her grandfather after Cookie left.

Dominguez testified that she saw Griffin walking into his apartment as she left her aunt’s

apartment. She further testified that Griffin came back out into the hallway and asked her if

Cookie was there at the apartment. When Dominguez told Griffin that Cookie was not there, he

went back into his apartment and closed the door.

       {¶17} Cookie remained with Dalton and his family for the rest of the evening.

Dominguez testified that she spoke with Cookie around 11:30 p.m. because he called to give her

a recipe. At some point close to 1:00 a.m. on Thanksgiving Day, Dalton testified, he dropped off

Cookie at his apartment. Nicole Booth, another tenant, was outside her apartment smoking at the

time and spoke with Cookie for a few minutes when he arrived. Booth testified that after Cookie

spoke with her she saw him walk to Griffin’s door, knock, and go inside. Booth never saw who

opened the door and returned to her apartment shortly thereafter. Gutierrez testified that he

stayed up until approximately 3:30 a.m. on Thanksgiving Day waiting for his son to arrive, but

Cookie never came back.
                                                7


       {¶18} At about 7:30 a.m. on Thanksgiving Day, Larry Eishen spotted a body lying in the

ditch alongside Pratt Road and called 911. The police found a wallet and cell phone on the body

and soon identified the body as Cookie’s. Dr. Paul Matus, the Lorain County Coroner at the time

of Cookie’s death, testified that Cookie died as a result of two gunshot wounds to his abdomen

and estimated that his approximate time of death was 2:30 a.m. Dr. Matus further testified that

one of the gunshots Cookie sustained had struck the zipper of his jacket and had knocked out

some of its teeth.

       {¶19} Detective Anthony Kovacs testified that he examined Cookie’s cell phone and

determined that the last number he had dialed was a cell phone number that the police later

traced to Ewing and Griffin. Detective Kovacs drove to Cookie’s apartment building later in the

day to assist with the death notification. At that time, the police showed Dominguez pictures of

Ewing and Griffin, and she identified them as Cookie’s neighbors. She also gave the police a

description of their cars. Detective Kovacs found Griffin’s car, an old, maroon Cadillac, parked

in the back of the apartment building. Upon inspecting the car from the outside, Detective

Kovacs observed long grass on the driver’s side floorboard, which he believed was the same type

of grass that he had observed at the murder scene. The police ultimately towed Griffin’s car and

obtained a warrant before searching it. The search uncovered a glove on the driver’s seat, more

grass on the floor, and a very small piece of metal on the front passenger floor mat. The car was

also swabbed for gunshot residue.

       {¶20} Detective Michael Lopez testified that he spoke with Griffin directly after the

police delivered the death notification to Cookie’s family. Detective Lopez testified that Griffin

hesitated when answering questions. Griffin claimed that the last time he saw Cookie was

sometime around 3:00 p.m. the day before (November 25th). He denied speaking with Cookie
                                                8


on the phone at some point later and denied having left the apartment the previous night. Later

in the same conversation, however, Griffin changed his answer and indicated that Cookie had

called him at about 1:00 a.m. that morning (November 26th) and asked him to come out for a

drink. According to Detective Lopez, Griffin appeared very nervous when the police finally told

him that they had found Cookie and he was dead. Detective Lopez testified that he specifically

asked Griffin about his car and Griffin stated that he had not used the car to give Cookie a ride

and had not gone anywhere during the late evening hours of November 25th or the early morning

hours of November 26th.

       {¶21} During their investigation, the police obtained Griffin’s cell phone records and

also conducted a search to determine whether any officer had run Griffin’s license plate number

through LEADS around the time of the murder. There was testimony that Ewing was listed as

the subscriber of three different cell phone lines, but Ewing clarified that she only used one of

the phones and Griffin and one of her children used the other two. Ewing confirmed that Griffin

used the cell phone number that appeared on Cookie’s cell phone as the last number dialed.

       {¶22} Officer Christine Roberts testified that she performed a cell phone and cell tower

analysis of Griffin’s cell phone line using the cell phone records the police subpoenaed from the

phone’s provider. Officer Roberts explained that cell phones transmit a radio frequency and

connect to a particular cell tower each time an outgoing call is made or an incoming call is

received. In addition to logging all the calls made and received on a cell phone, Officer Roberts

testified, cell phone providers also code each call by the particular tower used to transmit the

call. She explained that cell phone towers all generally have three sides with one side oriented to

the north. When a cell phone signal connects to a tower, it only connects to one of the three

sides of the tower. The signal then remains connected to that side of the tower unless the cell
                                                 9


phone is moved or the call terminates. If the phone is moved outside the range of the tower itself

or a particular side of the tower, the phone’s signal will then connect to a different tower or

different side of the same tower. Officer Roberts testified that the provider of Griffin’s cell

phone included in the coding for each outgoing and incoming call the particular tower and side

of the tower the phone’s signal connected with at the point each call was initiated and at the point

each call was terminated.      Using that information, Officer Roberts was able to plot any

movement of Griffin’s cell phone during the time in question and approximate its position.

Officer Roberts explained that she was only able to approximate position because the range of

any given tower varies. Accordingly, Officer Roberts could narrow the cell phone to being

located anywhere within the range of a particular side of a particular tower, but not precisely

where the phone was within that range.

       {¶23} Officer Roberts testified that eight calls were logged on Griffin’s cell phone

between 12:09 a.m. and 12:51 a.m. on November 26, 2009 (Thanksgiving Day). Each of the

eight calls connected to Griffin’s home cell tower; the tower that Officer Roberts identified as

the one that would be used to connect any calls Griffin made or received while at his apartment.

Officer Roberts testified that another call at 1:14 a.m. connected to a different tower that was

southeast of Griffin’s home tower, meaning that someone had taken the phone southeast at that

point. The phone continued to move south and, at 1:47 a.m., connected to a tower in Wellington

whose range covered the area of Pratt Road where Cookie’s body was found. Subsequently,

another call at 2:15 a.m. showed that the cell phone was moving back north. The phone

continued to travel north, connecting with a tower north of the murder scene at 2:25 a.m. and

different sides of another tower at 2:31 a.m., 2:38 a.m., and 2:48 a.m. Finally, Officer Roberts

testified, the phone’s signal connected to the home tower again at 3:35 a.m. She further testified
                                                10


that the phone traveled again the following morning, connecting with towers headed southeast of

Wellington before eventually returning to Griffin’s home tower.

       {¶24} Ewing testified that she remained at the apartment the night of November 25th

through the following morning. She testified that she slept on the apartment’s couch and faded

in and out as the night went on because she had taken Vicodin to cope with pain she felt from a

recent surgery. According to Ewing, Griffin kept walking in and out of the apartment while she

slept. Griffin was not there, however, at one point when Ewing awoke, so she called his cell

phone. Ewing agreed based on the cell phone records that she had called Griffin at 1:14 a.m. on

November 26th. When she was unable to get a hold of Griffin, Ewing went back to sleep. She

woke up at some point later and discovered that Griffin was home. Ewing also testified that later

that Thanksgiving morning, Griffin traveled south near Wellington to pick up her daughter from

a relative’s house.

       {¶25} Officer William Flesch of the City of Oberlin Police Department testified that he

was patrolling Oberlin Road around 1:30 a.m. on November 26th. He testified that he decided to

run the license plate of a dark colored, late model Cadillac through LEADS when he observed it

traveling down Oberlin Road. Officer Flesch followed the car for a short period, but never

stopped it because he did not detect any infractions. He never saw the driver, but remembered

watching the car turn eastbound onto Parsons Road before he drove away. Officer Flesch could

not recall the license plate number of the car, but Officer Russell Scarbrough, a supervisor in the

Communications Center of the Lorain County Sheriff’s Office, confirmed the LEADS check that

Officer Flesch had performed. The check took place at 1:31 a.m. on November 26th and the

checked plate number matched the plate number of Griffin’s Cadillac.
                                                 11


       {¶26} Several members of the Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation

(“BCI”) tested various items that were taken from Griffin’s car and his apartment. Christopher

Smith, a forensic scientist in the DNA and Forensic Biology Section, testified that he performed

a DNA analysis on the glove taken from Griffin’s car. He confirmed that DNA he found inside

the glove was consistent with Griffin’s DNA. Smith also tested a jacket taken from Griffin’s

apartment and confirmed that the DNA profile he obtained from the jacket was consistent with

Griffin’s. Martin Lewis, a forensic scientist in the trace evidence section, testified that he

performed gunshot residue testing on the glove, the jacket, and several swabs taken from

Griffin’s car. Lewis testified that he found particles highly indicative of gunshot residue on the

glove. He further found particles highly indicative of gunshot primer residue on the left cuff of

Griffin’s jacket, the steering wheel of his car, and the back of the front passenger seat of his car.

       {¶27} In addition to performing gunshot residue testing, Lewis was asked to examine

the very small piece of metal that Detective Kovacs discovered on the front passenger floor mat

of Griffin’s car. Specifically, Lewis compared the piece of metal to the zipper teeth of the jacket

Cookie was wearing when he was shot. As previously discussed, the coroner observed that one

of the gunshots inflicted upon Cookie struck the zipper portion of his jacket and dislodged some

of its teeth. Lewis opined that the small piece of metal he examined was the same color, shape,

and size as the zipper teeth on Cookie’s jacket. He also performed an infrared analysis and

determined that both the small piece of metal and the zipper teeth exhibited the same chemical

properties.

       {¶28} The police never recovered the firearm used to shoot Cookie. They also never

found any bullet casings at the scene. Michael Roberts, a forensic scientist from BCI’s Firearms

Department, noted, however, that unlike the bullet casings ejected from a semi-automatic
                                                12


weapon, bullet casings will remain in a revolver until manually removed from its chambers. As

previously discussed, one of the tenants of Griffin’s apartment testified that he had pointed a

revolver at her the day before Cookie’s murder, when questioning her about a break in.

       {¶29} The only witness presented by the defense was Amanda Varney, a resident of

Jones Road in Wellington. Varney testified that Jones Road is located within 1.5 miles of Pratt

Road, the road on which Cookie’s body was found. Varney testified that she was routinely

awake during the night for short periods of time around Thanksgiving 2009 because she was

pregnant and was not sleeping well. According to Varney, she distinctly heard three gunshots

fired at about 2:15 a.m. on Thanksgiving Day (November 26th). At that time, Griffin’s cell

phone records showed that his cell phone was no longer in the area. Varney admitted, however,

that it was quite common to hear gunshots in the area. Larry Eishan, the man who discovered

Cookie’s body on Pratt Road, also testified that there were frequent gunshots in the rural area.

       {¶30} Having reviewed the entire record, we cannot conclude that Griffin’s convictions

are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Griffin was specifically looking for Cookie on

the night of November 25th; the same night that he was carrying a revolver around questioning

tenants about the break in at his apartment. Griffin’s cell phone number was the last one dialed

on Cookie’s cell phone, and a resident of the apartment building saw Cookie go into Griffin’s

apartment just after 1:00 a.m. on the morning of November 26th. Griffin lied to the police about

his whereabouts around the time Cookie was murdered. Although Griffin denied having gone

anywhere, he was not present at the apartment when Ewing awoke. Moreover, his Cadillac was

spotted at 1:30 a.m. not far from the murder scene, and his cell phone was within the range of the

cell tower encompassing the murder scene at 1:47 a.m. Later the same morning, the cell phone
                                                13


again traveled south near Wellington when Griffin went to pick up Ewing’s daughter. Ewing

confirmed that the cell phone number at issue was Griffin’s.

       {¶31} Gunshot residue testing uncovered gunshot residue on Griffin’s glove as well as

primer residue on the cuff of his jacket and the inside of his car. The car also contained pieces of

grass that resembled the loose grass at the murder scene and a very small piece of metal that was

the same color, size, and shape and had the same chemical composition as the zipper teeth from

Cookie’s jacket. Although the murder weapon was never found, the use of a revolver would

have explained the lack of bullet casings at the crime scene. Moreover, the police never found

the revolver that Griffin pointed at Aubry Brown on November 25th.

       {¶32} Although the State’s case against Griffin was circumstantial in nature,

circumstantial evidence “inherently possess[es] the same probative value” as direct evidence.

State v. Jones, 9th Dist. No. 25986, 2012-Ohio-4256, ¶ 9, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d

259 (1991), paragraph one of the syllabus. Based on our review of the record, this is not the

exceptional case where the trier of fact lost its way by convicting Griffin. See Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d at 387. Therefore, his second assignment of error is overruled.

                                  Assignment of Error Number One

       THE PROSECUTOR COMMITTED MISCONDUCT WHEN MR. GRIFFIN’S
       EXERCISE OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS WAS USED AGAINST
       HIM AT TRIAL.

       {¶33} In his first assignment of error, Griffin argues that he was denied his right to a fair

trial because the prosecutor engaged in misconduct throughout the trial. Specifically, he argues

that he was penalized for asserting his constitutional rights because the prosecutor repeatedly

referenced his refusal to submit to gunshot residue testing and his desire to consult with counsel

after the police contacted him.
                                                 14


       {¶34} In deciding whether a prosecutor’s conduct rises to the level of prosecutorial

misconduct, a court determines if the prosecutor’s actions were improper, and, if so, whether the

defendant’s substantial rights were actually prejudiced. State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14

(1984). “[A] judgment may only be reversed for prosecutorial misconduct when the improper

conduct deprives the defendant of a fair trial.” State v. Knight, 9th Dist. No. 03CA008239, 2004-

Ohio-1227, ¶ 6, citing State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 557 (1995). The defendant must show

that, but for the prosecutor’s misconduct, the jury would not have convicted him. State v. Lollis,

9th Dist. No. 24826, 2010-Ohio-4457, ¶ 24. “The touchstone of the analysis ‘is the fairness of

the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.’” State v. Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-

6266, ¶ 140, quoting Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219 (1982).

       {¶35} The prosecutor noted in both opening and closing that Griffin had refused to

allow the police to swab his hands during their investigation. Griffin’s refusal also came to light

during the testimony of several witnesses, some of whom stated that the reason Griffin refused

was that he wanted to consult with an attorney. Additionally, the prosecutor told the jury during

opening statements that Griffin had called a lawyer before the police ever contacted him. The

statement proved untrue, as the prosecutor later determined that the lead officer’s report

contained a mistake. Subsequently, the prosecutor corrected the record during the testimony of

the lead officer, verifying that Griffin only contacted a lawyer after the police contacted him.

       {¶36} Griffin argues that it was improper for the prosecutor to draw attention to either

his refusal to allow the police to swab his hands or to his desire to consult with an attorney at any

point in time. Because he had a constitutional right to refuse a swab and to consult with a

lawyer, Griffin argues, it was inappropriate for the prosecutor to comment on the fact that he had

asserted his rights. See State v. Wiles, 59 Ohio St.3d 71, 88 (1991). Griffin avers that the
                                                  15


prosecutor’s actions amounted to misconduct because the repeated references to his having

asserted his rights created an inference that he had something to hide or that he would not have

asserted his rights if he were innocent.

       {¶37} The record reflects that Griffin did not object to any of the statements by the

prosecutor that he now argues were improper. He also never otherwise brought the issue to the

attention of the trial court (e.g., by seeking a mistrial). “[W]hen the defendant fails to object to []

purported acts of prosecutorial misconduct, he limits appellate review to that of plain error.”

State v. Veal, 9th Dist. No. 26005, 2012-Ohio-3555, ¶ 18. Yet, this Court has refused to review a

prosecutorial misconduct argument for plain error sua sponte when an appellant has failed to do

so. See, e.g., State v. Hicks, 9th Dist. No. 24708, 2011-Ohio-2769, ¶28-31, State v. Ha, 9th Dist.

No. 07CA0089-M, 2009-Ohio-1134, ¶ 61-63. Griffin has not argued plain error on appeal. As

detailed in Griffin’s manifest weight assignment of error, the State amassed a great deal of

evidence from which the jury concluded that Griffin was guilty. Griffin does not address any of

the other evidence in the case or explain why, in the absence of the prosecutor’s alleged

misconduct, the jury would not have convicted him. See Lollis, 2010-Ohio-4457, at ¶ 24. See

also Veal at ¶ 18 (decision will not be reversed for plain error “unless the defendant has

established that the outcome of the trial clearly would have been different but for the alleged

error”). As this Court has repeatedly held, “[i]f an argument exists that can support [an]

assignment of error, it is not this [C]ourt’s duty to root it out.” Cardone v. Cardone, 9th Dist.

No. 18349, 1998 WL 224934, *8 (May 6, 1998). Griffin’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                                 Assignment of Error Number Four

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO PROPERLY INSTRUCT THE
       JURORS REGARDING THE TESTIMONY OF CO-DEFENDANT RONAYE
       EWING.
                                               16


       {¶38} In his fourth assignment of error, Griffin argues that the trial court failed to

properly instruct the jury. Specifically, he argues that the court should have given the jury an

accomplice instruction with regard to the testimony of Ronaye Ewing.

       {¶39} The record reflects that Griffin never objected to the trial court’s jury instruction

or asked the court to instruct the jury on accomplice testimony. When a defendant does not

object to a trial court’s failure to give a certain jury instruction, we review the defendant’s

challenge to that alleged error on appeal for plain error. See State v. Garner, 9th Dist. No.

25771, 2012-Ohio-1439, ¶ 20-21. In determining whether the trial court committed plain error

by failing to give the jury an accomplice instruction under R.C. 2923.03, this Court generally

examines several specific factors. See State v. Simpson, 9th Dist. No. 25363, 2011-Ohio-2771, ¶

19. Here, however, Griffin has not argued plain error. See State v. Gray, 9th Dist. No.

08CA0057, 2009-Ohio-3165, ¶ 7 (“[T]his Court will not undertake a plain error analysis sua

sponte when the appellant has failed to assert such an argument in his brief.”). He also has not

explained how Ewing was, in fact, an accomplice.

       {¶40} Generally, “[a]t minimum, an accomplice must be someone who has been

indicted for the crime of complicity.” State v. Smith, 9th Dist. No. 25650, 2012-Ohio-794, ¶ 22.

Otherwise, an accomplice instruction may become necessary only in certain “rare circumstances”

where a person might have been an accomplice, but was never indicted, such as a situation in

which he or she received immunity in exchange for his or her testimony. Id. Ewing testified that

she was originally charged with obstructing justice, a third-degree felony, but that the State

reduced her charge to obstructing official business, a second-degree misdemeanor, in exchange

for a guilty plea and her testimony. Thus, Ewing was indicted, but she was never charged with

complicity. She also repeatedly informed the jury that her charges were reduced as a result of
                                                17


her plea agreement. Apart from failing to argue plain error, Griffin has not shown that Ewing

was actually an accomplice or that her status was such that this was one of the “rare

circumstances” where an accomplice instruction was warranted. See id. This Court will not

undertake an analysis on Griffin’s behalf when he has not done so. See Gray at ¶ 7. Griffin’s

fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                                Assignment of Error Number Five

       THE TRIAL COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE WHERE COUNSEL FAILED
       TO BIFURCATE THE SINGLE COUNT OF HAVING A WEAPON UNDER
       DISABILITY AND INSTEAD ALLOWED THE JURY TO LEARN OF
       APPELLANT’S PRIOR CRIMINAL HISTORY.

       {¶41} In his fifth assignment of error, Griffin argues that he received ineffective

assistance of trial counsel because his counsel never sought to bifurcate his count of having a

weapon under disability from his remaining counts for purposes of trial. We disagree.

       {¶42} To prove an ineffective assistance claim, Griffin must show two things: (1) that

counsel’s performance was deficient to the extent that “counsel was not functioning as the

‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment” and (2) that “the deficient

performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To

demonstrate prejudice, Griffin must prove that “there exists a reasonable probability that, were it

not for counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have been different.” State v. Bradley, 42

Ohio St.3d 136 (1989), paragraph three of the syllabus.          “An error by counsel, even if

professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal

proceeding if the error had no effect on the judgment.” Strickland at 691. Furthermore, this

Court need not address both Strickland prongs if an appellant fails to prove either one. State v.

Ray, 9th Dist. No. 22459, 2005-Ohio-4941, ¶ 10.
                                                 18


       {¶43} Before the jury was seated, Griffin’s attorney asked the court to order the clerk to

temporarily seal online access to Griffin’s record to prevent anyone from accessing information

about Griffin’s other convictions or cases during the trial. His counsel also stipulated to the prior

conviction relevant to the having weapons under disability charge to prevent the State from

calling the victim from the prior conviction in to testify. Nevertheless, Griffin argues that his

attorney was ineffective because he did not seek to sever his weapons charge from the trial on his

remaining charges. Griffin argues that it was inherently prejudicial for the jury to learn that he

had a prior conviction.

       {¶44} Griffin has not shown that his counsel’s performance was deficient or that there is

a reasonable probability that the outcome of his trial would have been different, but for his

counsel’s performance. “[A]n attorney’s decisions not to file certain pretrial motions [,including

a motion to sever charges for separate trials,] are ‘debatable trial tactics [that] generally do not

constitute a deprivation of effective counsel.’” State v. Aaron, 9th Dist. No. 21434, 2003-Ohio-

5159, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 85 (1995). Moreover, Griffin fails to

explain how, in light of all of the other evidence introduced at trial, the result of his trial would

have been any different had his weapons under disability count been tried separately. The fact

that Griffin’s attorney did not seek to bifurcate his weapons under disability count from the

remaining counts does not constitute per se ineffective assistance of counsel. Griffin has not

satisfied either of the Strickland prongs. Consequently, his fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                                                 III

       {¶45} Griffin’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Lorain County

Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

                                                                                Judgment affirmed.
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       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of

this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellant.




                                                     BETH WHITMORE
                                                     FOR THE COURT



MOORE, P. J.
CARR, J.
CONCUR.


APPEARANCES:

KREIG J. BRUSNAHAN, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

DENNIS P. WILL, Prosecuting Attorney, and MARY R. SLANCZKA, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for Appellee.
