                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Humphreys, Huff and AtLee
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia


              DESHAWN HOLLY, S/K/A
               DESHAWN LEON HOLLY
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1791-18-1                                  JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR.
                                                                               DECEMBER 27, 2019
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS
                                              C. Peter Tench, Judge

                               Jessica E. B. Crossett, Chief Deputy Public Defender (Robert Moody,
                               IV, Deputy Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                               Eugene Murphy, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Deshawn Holly was convicted, after a bench trial, of possession of cocaine in violation of

              Code § 18.2-250. He was sentenced to two years of incarceration, with ten months suspended.

              Holly appeals his conviction, arguing that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress

              because the initial warrantless entry into his hotel room was unlawful. For the following

              reasons, we disagree and affirm the trial court.

                                                        I. BACKGROUND

                     On September 24, 2017, police officers responded to a reported robbery at a motel in

              Newport News. Officer Potts of the Newport News Police Department was the first officer to

              arrive on the scene. As soon as he arrived, he was approached by a woman, later identified as

              Cindy Braxton-Hicks, who informed him that she had been robbed in Room 48 of the motel.



                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
She claimed that her friend, Holly, had put her in a headlock and stole her money from her bra.

She also told Officer Potts that she had not seen Holly come out of the motel room and that he

might still be in there.

        Officer Potts, with a second officer, approached the room with their weapons drawn and

discovered the door to the room was open. Potts yelled, “Newport News Police. Come out with

your hands up.” Receiving no response, Officer Potts called out two more times before he

entered the room. The officers conducted a quick sweep of the room, less than thirty seconds in

duration, and checked under the bed and in the bathroom to ensure that no one was hiding there.

        During the sweep, Officer Potts saw a broken glass tube laying on the bathroom floor.

He did not touch it. The officers then exited the room and closed the door, and Officer Potts

went to the motel office to find out who the registered guest was and to obtain a key. After

obtaining the key, Officer Potts went back up to talk to Braxton-Hicks.1

        Officer Potts attempted to locate Holly, who eventually came back to the motel and

approached the officers in the motel parking lot. After questioning both Holly and

Braxton-Hicks, the officers concluded that no robbery had occurred.2

        Officer Potts accompanied Holly back to the room to obtain his identification. Once in

the room, Officer Potts handcuffed Holly and placed him in a chair in the motel room.

Braxton-Hicks was also handcuffed and left near the motel room door. Law enforcement

informed them that they were both being detained for a narcotics investigation, and Officer Potts

read them their Miranda rights. Holly then consented to a search of the room.




        1
        Two other officers entered the room for a second time while Officer Potts was talking to
Braxton-Hicks. This entry was not challenged.
        2
            The officers discussed whether to charge Braxton-Hicks with making a false report.
                                                 -2-
       The officers thoroughly searched the room. Officer Potts examined the glass tube he had

previously seen in the bathroom. He saw burnt residue on it and found it was consistent with use

for smoking crack cocaine. Testing later confirmed that the residue was cocaine residue.

       Officer Potts questioned Holly and Braxton-Hicks about the glass tube. Eventually,

Holly confessed it was his and made a number of incriminating statements.

       Before trial, Holly filed a motion to suppress the glass tube and the statements made to

the police while detained, arguing that the initial entry was unlawful and that everything flowing

from that entry should be suppressed. Holly argued that exigent circumstances did not justify the

warrantless entry, focusing primarily on the fact that no weapons or force were used.

       The Commonwealth responded that robbery is a serious and violent offense and that the

officer had been informed that Holly had placed Braxton-Hicks in a chokehold. Further, the

Commonwealth pointed out that the officers had been told Holly was probably still in the room.

       The trial court relied on Hargraves v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 299 (2002), which

allows a “prompt, warrantless search” to see if there are victims or if a criminal is on the

premises after a report of a possible crime. Because of the limited duration and the officer’s

reasonable belief that the suspect could still be hiding in the room, the trial court determined that

the search was reasonable and denied the motion to suppress. Holly now appeals to this Court.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

       Holly argues that the “trial court erred by denying [his] motion to suppress because the

warrantless entry into his hotel room was unlawful as was the resulting detention and consent.”

       “On appeal of the denial of a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth.” Carlson v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 749, 757 (2019)

(quoting McCracken v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 254, 258 (2002)). “We give deference to




                                                -3-
the trial court’s factual findings and review de novo the application of law to those facts.” Id. at

758.

          “The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.” Id.

“[T]he general rule with regard to hotel and motel rooms is that a registered occupant has a

reasonable expectation of privacy ‘equivalent to [that] of the rightful occupant of a house.’”

Salahuddin v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 190, 204-05 (2017) (second alteration in original)

(quoting McCary v. Commonwealth, 36 Va. App. 27, 36 (2001)). Generally, “searches and

seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable.” Kentucky v. King,

563 U.S. 452, 459 (2011) (quoting Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403 (2006)). “Despite

the absence of a warrant, however, police may lawfully enter a home . . . if they have probable

cause coupled with exigent circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Campbell, 294 Va. 486, 493

(2017).

          “No fixed legal definition fully captures the meaning of exigent circumstances. Police

officers find themselves in a myriad of situations with varied fact patterns. No court could

provide an exhaustive enumeration of factors that would distinguish circumstances that qualify

as exigent from those that would not.” Evans v. Commonwealth, 290 Va. 277, 283 (2015). The

Supreme Court has, however, compiled a non-exhaustive list of factors to consider when

evaluating exigent circumstances:

                 (1) the degree of urgency involved and the time required to get a
                 warrant; (2) the officers’ reasonable belief that contraband is about
                 to be removed or destroyed; (3) the possibility of danger to others,
                 including police officers left to guard the site; (4) information that
                 the possessors of the contraband are aware that the police may be
                 on their trail; (5) whether the offense is serious, or involves
                 violence; (6) whether officers reasonably believe the suspects are
                 armed; (7) whether there is, at the time of entry, a clear showing of
                 probable cause; (8) whether the officers have strong reason to
                 believe the suspects are actually present in the premises; (9) the
                 likelihood of escape if the suspects are not swiftly apprehended;

                                                  -4-
                and (10) the suspects’ recent entry into the premises after hot
                pursuit.

Verez v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 405, 410-11 (1985). A court looks to “the circumstances as

they reasonably appeared to the law enforcement officers on the scene.” Id. at 411. Officers are

“not required to possess either the gift of prophecy or the infallible wisdom that comes with

hindsight.” Washington v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 427, 438 (2012) (quoting Hill v.

Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 1, 3 (1994)).

        We addressed the application of exigent circumstances in Washington. There, police had

received a report of a burglary at a particular location and followed footprints in fresh snow to a

trailer. Id. The trailer door immediately swung open when the officers knocked on it. When

officers entered, they discovered items stolen from the first location, and the home turned out to

be the defendant’s. Id. at 433. Nonetheless, this Court held that the facts were sufficient to

justify a reasonable officer in believing that the home may have recently been or was in the

process of being burglarized. Id. at 438. “If it is possible the burglar is still at the scene, the

police may look in places where he might be hiding.” Id. at 437 (quoting 3 Wayne R. LaFave,

Search & Seizure § 6.6(b), at 474 (4th ed. 2004)). Thus, this Court concluded exigent

circumstances justified the warrantless entry.

        Here, the information known by the officers at the time of the entry supports the trial

court’s denial of the motion to suppress. The reported crime had just occurred. The purported

victim told the officers that she had been robbed—a serious offense. Though no weapons were

involved, the officers reasonably believed physical force was used as Braxton-Hicks did inform

them that Holly had put her in a headlock and stolen money hidden in her bra. Furthermore,

officers had reason to believe that Holly was still inside the room because Braxton-Hicks, who

was waiting outside, told them she had not seen Holly leave. Though the door was open, there



                                                  -5-
were still places in the room where a person could hide. Therefore, officers had a strong reason

to believe that Holly was still inside the room.

        Importantly, the officers limited the search to those places where a person could hide

before immediately leaving the room and securing the premises. See Hargraves, 37 Va. App. at

310 (A “warrantless search must be ‘strictly circumscribed by the exigencies which justify its

limitation.’” (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 393 (1970))). After being notified of a

violent crime and told that the suspect may be on the scene, police were authorized to “make a

prompt warrantless search of the area to see if . . . a [criminal] is still on the premises.” Id. at

311 (second alteration in original) (quoting Mincey, 437 U.S. at 392). The police did not

conduct a more extensive search, which would have required either a warrant or consent.

        Because probable cause and exigent circumstances existed, the initial entry did not

violate the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, the trial court correctly denied the motion to

suppress.3

                                           III. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                                                                              Affirmed.




        3
         Holly did not argue that he did not consent to the third search of his motel room or that
his consent was involuntary. He challenges his consent only as fruit of the initial unlawful entry.
Because we determined that the initial entry was lawful, we need not address the third search.
                                               -6-
