                              NUMBER 13-09-00183-CV

                             COURT OF APPEALS

                   THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                     CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


VANESSA CAHILL, ET AL.,                                                       Appellants,

                                             v.

MIKE BERTUZZI, ET AL.,                                                         Appellees.


                     On appeal from the 94th District Court
                           of Nueces County, Texas.


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

    Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Benavides
            Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez

       In this accelerated interlocutory appeal, appellants, Vanessa Cahill, Joe Cavazos,

Kay Fischer, Darryl Smith, Stacy Smith, Judson Smith, and Maria Hultgren, complain about

the trial court’s order granting a plea to the jurisdiction filed by appellees, Mike Bertuzzi,

Michael Bergsma, Joel Yowell, Kendall Peterson, Roe Lear Machem, Ted Raub, Phyllis
Capps, Carmen Pinzon, Pedro Pinzon, Nilza Gonzales, Ruby Arkadie, Horace Arkadie,

Elisabeth Diemert, Diana Escamilla, James Michael Posey, Katharine Robinson, Arlan

Andrews, and Tana Benevidez. By one issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred

in granting appellees’ plea to the jurisdiction. We affirm.

                                               I. BACKGROUND 1

         This dispute pertains to the election of delegates to the 2008 Nueces County

Republican Party Convention and the 2008 Texas Republican Party Convention. In the

trial court and on appeal, appellants allege that appellees engaged in several violations of

the Texas Election Code in the election of these delegates.2

         On August 21, 2008, appellant filed a declaratory judgment action and an

application for temporary and permanent injunctive relief, alleging that appellees violated

sections 162.012,3 162.013,4 162.014,5 and 174.0036 of the election code in the election

of delegates from Senatorial District 20 and Congressional District 27 of the Republican



         1
         On October 27, 2009, appellants filed a m otion for accelerated consideration of this case, which was
carried with the case. Having reviewed the contents of the m otion, we GRANT appellants’ request.

         2
         W e acknowledge that am ong the purposes of the election code is to prevent election fraud or, in
other words, to obtain a “just and reasonable result.” In re Bell, 91 S.W .3d 784, 787 (Tex. 2002).

         3
            Section 162.012 of the election code provides that: “A person who is affiliated with a political party
is ineligible to becom e affiliated with another political party during the sam e voting year.” T EX . E LEC . C O DE
A N N . § 162.012 (Vernon 2010).

         4
          Section 162.013 of the election code states that: “A vote in a prim ary election is void if the voter
previously voted in a prim ary election of another party or participated in a convention of another party during
the sam e voting year.” Id. § 162.013 (Vernon 2010).

        5
          Section 162.014, entitled “Unlawful Participation in Party Affairs,” crim inalizes the act of knowingly
voting or attem pting to vote in a prim ary election or participating or attem pting to participate in a convention
of a party after having voted in a prim ary election or participated in a convention of another party during the
sam e voting year. Id. § 162.014(a) (Vernon 2010). The legislature prescribed that such an offense
constitutes a class C m isdem eanor. Id. § 162.014(b).

         6
           Section 174.003 of the election code requires that, in addition to the requirem ent of party affiliation,
to be eligible to serve as a county delegate, “a person m ust be a qualified voter of the territory that the person
is selected to represent or a resident of that territory who is eligible to vote a lim ited ballot.” Id. § 174.003
(Vernon 2010).
                                                         2
State Convention.7 See TEX . ELEC . CODE ANN . §§ 162.012-.014, 174.003 (Vernon 2010).

On August 25, 2008, appellants filed their first amended petition for declaratory judgment

and application for temporary and permanent injunctive relief. In this filing, appellant

characterized the dispute as follows:

         36. On [sic] March 4, 2008 was [the] Texas Primary Election day[,] and
         precinct conventions were held throughout Nueces County in order to elect
         county and senatorial district convention delegates who[,] in turn[,] elect state
         convention delegates.

         37. On March 29, 2008, Mr. Mike Bertuzzi chaired the Nueces County
         Republican Party Convention (county convention). Many individuals were
         added as delegates and alternates to the convention registration list who
         were neither present at the precinct convention[,] nor validly elected as
         delegates to the county convention by [unregistered] voters or [voters who]
         voted in the Democratic primary.[8]

         38. During the county convention[,] Mr. Bertuzzi refused to acknowledge
         points of order and points of information called by the legally elected
         delegates challenging the addition of illegally included individuals.
         Specifically, at the request of Mr. Bertuzzi, the sergeant of arms . . . escorted
         out two legal delegates, Paul Hunt and Pascual Cavazos, who were calling
         for point [sic] of orders [sic] and information.

         39. Some of those illegally added as delegates were placed on the
         Temporary Credentials Committee of the convention. Mr. Bertuzzi stated
         that the Temporary Credentials Committee would address any discrepancies
         in the registration list and ruled in favor of approval of the Credentials
         Committee Report despite a resounding “no” by the convention delegates.
         Bertuzzi blatantly disregarded the Republican Party of Texas Rules for all




         7
            In addition to this dispute, appellants also filed a related petition for writ of m andam us in this Court,
wherein appellants argued that the county chair was not entitled to refuse to provide copies of precinct m inutes
and records to delegates. In re Cahill, 267 S.W .3d 104, 105 (Tex. App.–C orpus C hristi 2008, orig.
proceeding). This Court conditionally granted appellants’ writ, holding that the precinct m inutes and records
were a m atter of public record or public inform ation under section 161.004 of the election code and that the
county chair had a duty to provide a m echanism for the review of these records. Id. at 108 (citing T EX . E LEC .
C OD E A N N . § 161.004 (Vernon 2010)).

         8
           In support of their argum ent that appellees im properly seated ineligible delegates for the county
convention, appellants attached, am ong other things, affidavits from Jam es Michael Schneider, Chantal
Slattery, and Antonio Fratila, M.D., stating that each were elected as delegates from precinct 65 and that none
of them observed Bertuzzi attending the precinct 65 convention or being elected a delegate to the Nueces
County Republican Party Convention.
                                                          3
        Conventions and Meetings as well as Robert’s Rules of Order.[9]

        40. Due to the unlawful handling of the county convention by Mr. Bertuzzi,
        legally elected delegates in attendance chose to leave the Nueces County
        Republican Convention and hold a Rump Convention. Forty-seven (47)
        individuals were elected as local delegates and alternates to the state
        convention.

        41. Plaintiffs obtained the Nueces County Republican Party Convention
        minutes from the state[,] which lists the names of the delegates that illegally
        attended the county convention and were chosen to attend the state
        convention.

        42. Plaintiffs also reviewed precinct convention minutes to determine which
        individuals were elected delegates at the primaries, which is a necessary
        requirement of participation at the county convention. Upon comparison of
        the county convention minutes and records of the primaries, a substantial
        number of discrepancies appeared. In total, one hundred thirty[-]six
        delegates (136) were illegally elected to the state convention from the
        Nueces County Republican Party Convention.

In addition, appellants asserted that the trial court had jurisdiction over this matter pursuant

to section 273.081 of the election code. See id. § 273.081 (Vernon 2010).

        On September 4, 2008, Escamilla, one of the named defendants, filed a pro se

original answer denying all of the allegations contained in appellants’ first amended

petition. Subsequently, on September 19, 2008, appellants non-suited the following

named defendants: Elisabeth Diemert, Carmen Pinzon, Pedro Pinzon, Ruby Arkadie, and

Horace Arkadie.10 On October 8, 2008, the remaining defendants, Bertuzzi, Bergsma,

Yowell, Peterson, Machen, Posey, Raub, Andrews, Robinson, Escamilla, Benevidez and

Gonzales, filed their third amended plea to the jurisdiction, plea in abatement, special

exceptions, original answer, and counterclaim. In this filing, appellees asserted, among
        9
            Robert’s Rules of Order is a procedural m anual guiding parliam entary process. See H. R O BER T ,
R O BER T ’S R U LES O F O RD ER , N EW LY R E V ISED (S. Robert ed., 10th ed. 2000); see also The Official Robert’s
Rules of Order W eb Site, Short History of Robert’s Rules, http://www.robertsrules.com /history.htm l (last visited
Apr. 28, 2010).

        10
          The trial court was also notified of counterclaim s brought by Diem ert and Carm en and Pedro Pinzon
against appellants and that appellants had been non-suited as to the counterclaim s that were allegedly filed.
The record before us does not contain a copy of the counterclaim petition filed by Diem ert and the Pinzons
against appellants.
                                                         4
other things, that: (1) the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the dispute; (2)

appellants failed to join necessary parties to the suit, including the Republican Party of

Texas, the National Republican Party, as well as the officials elected from the Senatorial

District 20 Caucus at the State Convention and the National committeemen elected at the

State Convention; (3) appellants’ request for declaratory relief is unwarranted because the

trial courts are not empowered to interfere with the political process, and, thus, there is no

justiciable conflict; and (4) appellants’ suit is frivolous and brought in bad faith and for the

purpose of harassment.

       On December 12, 2008, the trial court conducted a hearing in this matter. At the

hearing, appellants’ counsel asserted, for the first time, that the trial court had jurisdiction

over this matter under section 163.007 of the election code. See id. § 163.007 (Vernon

2010) (“A rule on electoral affairs is enforceable by writ of mandamus in the same manner

as if the rule were a statute.”). After hearing arguments from both parties and some

testimony, the trial court concluded that there was not a justiciable controversy in this

dispute and, therefore, granted appellees’ plea to the jurisdiction. Appellants filed motions

for new trial and to modify the judgment on January 16, 2009. These motions were

overruled by operation of law. See TEX . R. CIV. P. 329b(c). This appeal ensued.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea used to defeat a cause of action without

regard to whether the asserted claims have merit. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34

S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000).         The plea challenges the trial court’s subject-matter

jurisdiction. Id.; see Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999).

Whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de

novo. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004); Tex.

                                               5
Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex. 2002).

       The plaintiff has the burden to plead facts affirmatively showing that the trial court

has jurisdiction. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex.

1993); Univ. of N. Tex. v. Harvey, 124 S.W.3d 216, 220 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2003, pet.

denied). We assume the truth of the jurisdictional facts alleged in the pleadings unless the

defendant presents evidence to negate their existence. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227 (citing

Blue, 34 S.W.3d at 555). If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges jurisdictional facts, we

consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties to resolve the jurisdictional issues

raised. City of Waco v. Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex. 2008) (citing Miranda, 133

S.W.3d at 227); see Blue, 34 S.W.3d at 555. If that evidence creates a fact issue as to

jurisdiction, then it is for the fact-finder to decide. Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d at 622; Miranda,

133 S.W.3d at 227-28. “However, if the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise

a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction

as a matter of law.” Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228.

       After the defendant “asserts and supports with evidence that the trial court lacks

subject[-]matter jurisdiction, we simply require the plaintiffs, when the facts underlying the

merits and subject[-]matter jurisdiction are intertwined, to show that there is a disputed

material fact regarding the jurisdictional issue.” Id. This standard “generally mirrors” that

of a traditional motion for summary judgment. Id. When reviewing a plea to the jurisdiction

in which the pleading requirement has been met and evidence has been submitted to

support the plea that implicates the merits of the case, we take as true all evidence

favorable to the non-movant. Id.; see County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555

(Tex. 2002). We do not “weigh the claims’ merits but must consider only the plaintiffs’

pleadings and the evidence pertinent to the jurisdictional inquiry.” Brown, 80 S.W.3d at

                                                6
555.

       A plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff the opportunity

to amend its pleading if the pleading affirmatively negates the existence of jurisdiction.

Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Ramirez, 74 S.W.3d 864, 867 (Tex. 2002); Cameron County v.

Ortega, 291 S.W.3d 495, 497 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.). However, if the

plaintiff’s pleadings are insufficient to demonstrate jurisdiction but do not show incurable

defects in jurisdiction, the proper remedy is to allow the plaintiff an opportunity to amend

before dismissal. Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 555; Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t v. Morris, 129

S.W.3d 804, 807 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.).

                                        III. ANALYSIS

       By their sole issue, appellants contend that the trial court erred in granting

appellees’ plea to the jurisdiction because the trial court had jurisdiction to hear the matter

under article V, section 8 of the Texas Constitution; section 24.008 of the government

code; and section 273.081 of the election code. See TEX . CONST . art. V, § 8; TEX . GOV’T

CODE ANN . § 24.008 (Vernon 2004); TEX . ELEC . CODE ANN . § 273.081 (Vernon 2010).

Appellees respond by arguing that the trial court does not have jurisdiction “over the

internal workings of political parties” and that appellants’ complaints challenging the

election of delegates to the 2008 Nueces County Republican Convention do not create a

justiciable controversy and are moot.

A.     Applicable Law

       Article V, section 8 of the Texas Constitution and section 24.008 of the government

code are general grants of jurisdiction to the trial court. In particular, article V, section 8

of the Texas Constitution provides that: “District Court jurisdiction consists of exclusive,

appellate, and original jurisdiction of all actions, proceedings, and remedies, except in

                                              7
cases where exclusive, appellate, or original jurisdiction may be conferred by this

Constitution or other law on some other court, tribunal, or administrative body.” TEX .

CONST . art. V, § 8 (emphasis added). In addition, section 24.008 of the government code

states that: “The district court may hear and determine any cause that is cognizable by

courts of law or equity and may grant any relief that could be granted by either courts of

law or equity.” TEX . GOV’T CODE ANN . § 24.008 (emphasis added). Both of these

generalized grants of jurisdiction to the trial court exclude, either implicitly or explicitly,

claims that are relegated by case law or statute to another reviewing body. Thus, the most

relevant jurisdictional provision that appellants pleaded is section 273.081 of the election

code, which provides that: “A person who is being harmed or is in danger of being harmed

by a violation or threatened violation of this code is entitled to appropriate injunctive relief

to prevent the violation from continuing or occurring.”11 TEX . ELEC . CODE ANN . § 273.081.

B.       Discussion

         Appellants: (1) allege that appellees added names to the delegate roll of the county

convention who had not been elected county convention delegates at precinct conventions

and falsified precinct convention minutes to increase the delegate composition of the

county convention; and (2) complain about the selection of State Republican Party

committeemen. Appellants also argue that they continue to suffer harm as a result of

appellees’ purported actions because the selection and seating of the delegates resulted

in “the continued enjoyment of the fruits of that unlawful conduct” and that they were

deprived of an internal party remedy at the county and state conventions because of the

alleged continued violations of party rules. In support of these allegations, appellants

called Robert H. Johnson, Arlen Kendall Peterson, and Roe Lear Machen to testify at the
         11
           As noted earlier, at the Decem ber 12, 2009 hearing, appellants also asserted that section 163.007
of the election code also vested jurisdiction with the trial court. See T EX . E LEC . C OD E A N N . § 163.007 (Vernon
2010).
                                                          8
December 12, 2009 hearing.

       Johnson, a self-professed parliamentarian professional and active participant in

Republican Party politics, testified that: (1) appellees violated several provisions of the

election code and Robert’s Rules of Order; (2) Robert’s Rules of Order are legally binding;

and (3) the selection of the delegates in this matter is null and void for failure to follow

Robert’s Rules of Order. Johnson later admitted that “we disrupted the State Convention

using proper forums, points of order, appeal, making motions, reconsider motions, all

the—the ways you do these things, we exhausted every possible mechanism, and we did

it in a timely fashion, at the right juncture.” Johnson testified that he objected to the

certification of the Nueces County delegates, made a motion to reconsider the credential

report, and appealed to the chair. Johnson recalled that when he appealed to the chair,

he was “gaveled [sic] down” and the “mics were turned off.” As a result of these actions,

Johnson stated that there was “a little bit of pandemonium” at the Convention and that

there was nothing more he could do to challenge the seating and selection of the

delegates.

       Peterson, the former Credentials Committee Chairman for the Nueces County

Republican Party Convention, testified that he was responsible for the certification of

County Convention delegates and that party officials made some mistakes in improperly

nominating some people as delegates to the convention. Apparently, as a result of these

mistakes, Peterson was stripped of his credentials to the 2008 Texas Republican Party

Convention. On the other hand, Machen, the chair of the precinct 65 convention of the

Republican Party, stated that several delegates were selected even though those people

were not physically present at the convention meeting. This group allegedly included

Bertuzzi and State Representative Todd Hunter. Machen also testified that Bertuzzi

                                             9
directed him to add several names to the list of delegates.

       Appellees called one witness, Bergsma, to testify at the December 12, 2009

hearing. Bergsma, the chairman for Republican Party precinct 116, stated that he was

unaware that anyone had been improperly seated as a delegate or that any delegates to

the conventions had voted in the Democratic Party primary. Bergsma then described the

situation at the Nueces County Republican Party convention, which is the basis of the

dispute:

       Yes. At the—after the introductory proceedings to the convention and so on,
       that was the order—first order of business essentially was presentation of the
       credentials report by Kendall Peterson, the chairman of that committee for
       the County Party. And—and during the presentation of his report began
       a—a—I don’t know how to describe it, a dust-up within the convention by
       those who objected to the report.

              ....

       Well, they—screams of point of order were made during the presentation of
       the report that—before any vote was held, before any discussion was
       allowed, screams of point of order. The Chairman ruled that out of order,
       and—and allowed the report to continue. The disruption continued at the
       same time. And eventually—and the details—I don’t remember the details
       exactly, but eventually the people that were most disruptive, the sergeant [at]
       arms asked them to leave.

       In their live pleading, appellants seek injunctive relief for the purported election code

violations under section 273.081, and appellants argue that this provision vests jurisdiction

in the trial court. Texas courts have specifically held that section 273.081 of the election

code gives the trial court jurisdiction to enjoin violations of the election code, but the relief

requested must: (1) be timely to correct the alleged violations; (2) not seek to delay or

cancel an election; (3) not interfere with the elective process; and (4) not inquire into or

declare the validity of the election. See Blum v. Lanier, 997 S.W.2d 259, 263 (Tex. 1999);

Ex parte Barrett, 120 Tex. 311, 37 S.W.2d 741, 742 (1931); see also Dallas County

Democratic Exec. Comm. v. Dallas County, No. 05-02-01686-CV, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS
                                               10
7858, at **2-3 (Tex. App.–Dallas Nov. 1, 2002, no pet.) (mem. op.).

       Here, the election of the delegates was completed on March 29, 2008, and

appellants did not file suit until August 21, 2008, more than 140 days after the close of the

Convention. However, the delay in filing suit was attributable to Bertuzzi’s refusal to allow

appellants the right to review the minutes and records from the precinct minutes for every

precinct in Nueces County. See In re Cahill, 267 S.W.3d 104, 107 (Tex. App.–Corpus

Christi 2008, orig. proceeding). In fact, this Court’s June 3, 2008 writ ordered Bertuzzi to

turn over the minutes and records by 5 p.m. on June 4, 2008. Id. at 108. The information

contained in the minutes and records from the precincts was vital to appellants’ assertions

of election code violations. Therefore, even though approximately two-and-a-half months

elapsed from our June 3, 2008 writ and appellants’ August 21, 2008 filing, we cannot say

that appellants’ complaints were untimely due to neglect or a lack of diligence.

       However, in their live pleading, appellants seek injunctive relief and a declaration

that the seating of delegates at the Nueces County Republican Convention was illegal and

resulted in a null and void senatorial caucus. Moreover, on appeal, appellants state the

following:   “[t]he trial court has jurisdiction to enjoin that unlawful conduct of

Appellees . . . and to enjoin the continued enjoyment of the fruits of that unlawful conduct.”

Based on our review of appellants’ pleadings and arguments on appeal, it appears that

appellants seek to, in effect, cancel the results of the 2008 election and, therefore, impede

the elective process. See Blum, 997 S.W.2d at 263; Ex parte Barrett, 37 S.W.2d at 742;

see also Dallas County Democratic Exec. Comm., 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 7858, at **2-3.

Such a request for relief prevents the trial court from exercising jurisdiction under section

273.081 of the election code. See TEX . ELEC. CODE ANN . § 273.081; Blum, 997 S.W.2d at

263; Ex parte Barrett, 37 S.W.2d at 742; see also Dallas County Democratic Exec. Comm.,

                                             11
2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 7858, at **2-3.

       Moreover, we note that the crux of appellants’ complaints pertain to an election

contest for the positions of party committeemen and convention delegates, which the

supreme court has held is not within the jurisdiction of the trial court but, rather, within the

sphere of authority of the political party—the Republican Party here. See In re Cahill, 267

S.W.3d at106; see also Dick v. Kazen, 156 Tex. 122, 292 S.W.2d 913, 916 (1956); Wall

v. Currie, 147 Tex. 127, 213 S.W.2d 816, 817 (1948). In fact, it is well settled that

separation of powers and the judiciary’s deference to the legislative branch require that

judicial power ought not to interfere with the elective process, and the supreme court has

held that:

              Except to the extent that jurisdiction is conferred by statute or that the
       subject has been regulated by statute, the courts have no power to interfere
       with the judgments of the constituted authorities of established political
       parties in matters involving party government and discipline, to determine
       disputes within a political party as to the regularity of the election of its
       executive officers, or their removal, or to determine contests for the position
       of party committeemen or convention delegates.

In re Cahill, 267 S.W.3d at 106 (quoting Wall, 213 S.W.2d at 817 (quoting with approval

29 C.J.S. ELECTIONS § 88, at 121-22); and citing Dick, 292 S.W.2d at 916 (“The holding of

elections and the election procedure is a part of the political power of the State, and except

as provided by statute, the judiciary has no control over them.”); Runyon v. Kent, 239

S.W.2d 909, 910 (Tex. Civ. App.–San Antonio 1951, writ ref’d)) (emphasis added).

Moreover, the supreme court has recognized that “[a] Texas political party is a free and

voluntary association of citizens of the state. Such parties cannot operate if the courts

entertain the suit of every member who concludes that he is in disagreement with its

decisions.” Holland v. Taylor, 153 Tex. 433, 270 S.W.2d 219, 221 (1954); see Carter v.

Tomlinson, 149 Tex. 7, 227 S.W.2d 795, 799 (1950) (holding that “the contest of an

                                              12
election, lacking the elements of a civil suit, is a political rather than a judicial question, and

the courts under their general powers, legal and equitable[,] have no jurisdiction o[ver] such

a controversy”).

       Therefore, based on the foregoing, we have no power to interfere with the

judgments made by the “constituted authorities” of the Nueces County Republican Party.

See Wall, 213 S.W.2d at 817; Dick, 292 S.W.2d at 916; In re Cahill, 267 S.W.3d at 106;

see also Holland, 270 S.W.2d at 221; Carter, 227 S.W.2d at 799.

       Furthermore, appellants’ insistence at the December 12, 2009 hearing that section

163.007 of the election code allows for the trial court to exercise jurisdiction over this

matter is unfounded. See TEX . ELEC . CODE ANN . § 163.007. As stated earlier, section

163.007 allows for the review of rules on electoral affairs by petition for writ of mandamus.

See id. Here, appellants have not filed a petition for writ of mandamus asserting the

arguments made in this appeal. In addition, appellants do not challenge any party rules

in this appeal; instead, they complain about the actions of the Nueces County Republican

Party leadership, which takes this matter out of the purview of section 163.007 of the

election code. See id. Accordingly, we conclude that appellants’ pleadings affirmatively

negated the existence of jurisdiction, and the trial court, therefore, did not err in granting

appellees’ plea to the jurisdiction. Appellants’ sole issue on appeal is overruled.

                              IV. FRIVOLOUS APPEAL SANCTIONS

       In their appellate brief, appellees assert that appellants’ appeal of this dispute is

frivolous and warrants the imposition of sanctions against appellants under Texas Rule of

Appellate Procedure 45. See TEX . R. APP . P. 45. However, having reviewed the entire

record and the appellate briefs on file, we disagree with appellees’ assertion that this

appeal is frivolous; thus, we decline to impose rule 45 sanctions against appellants.

                                                13
                                    V. CONCLUSION

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.


                                                   ROGELIO VALDEZ
                                                   Chief Justice


Delivered and filed the
27th day of May, 2010.




                                           14
