                                   COURT OF CHANCERY
                                           OF THE
                                    STATE OF DELAWARE

ANDRE G. BOUCHARD                                                New Castle County Courthouse
   CHANCELLOR                                                    500 N. King Street, Suite 11400
                                                                Wilmington, Delaware 19801-3734

                              Date Submitted: August 27, 2015
                              Date Decided: September 2, 2015

  Susan Wood Waesco, Esquire                   Kevin R. Shannon, Esquire
  Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell LLP         Berton W. Ashman, Jr., Esquire
  1201 North Market Street                     Potter Anderson Corroon LLP
  Wilmington, DE 19899                         1313 North Market Street
                                               Wilmington, DE 19899
  Gregory P. Williams, Esquire
  Lisa A. Schmidt, Esquire
  Richards Layton & Finger, P.A.
  One Rodney Square
  920 North King Street
  Wilmington, DE 19801


        RE:     Shawe v. Elting, et al.
                C.A. No. 9686-CB

  Dear Counsel:

        This letter opinion resolves the motion Shirley Shawe (“Ms. Shawe”) filed on

  August 24, 2015, seeking to intervene in C.A. No. 9686-CB for the purpose of filing a

  motion to alter or amend the Order entered on August 13, 2015, dismissing the claims in

  that action with prejudice (the “Dismissal Order”). For the reasons explained below, the

  motion to intervene is denied as untimely.

        1.      Background

        On August 13, 2015, the Court issued a 104-page post-trial memorandum opinion

  (“Opinion”) adjudicating claims in four related actions (C.A. Nos. 9661-CB, 9686-CB,
Shawe v. Elting, et al.
C.A. No. 9686-CB
September 2, 2015
Page 2 of 9


9700-CB, and 10449-CB) that, although not technically consolidated, had been

coordinated and functionally consolidated for purposes of discovery, pre-trial

proceedings, trial, and post-trial proceedings. The Opinion dismissed with prejudice

certain claims Philip Shawe asserted against Elizabeth Elting in C.A. No. 9686-CB

derivatively on behalf of TransPerfect Global, Inc. (the “Company”). Ms. Shawe, Philip

Shawe’s mother and a holder of 1% of the stock of the Company, was not named as a

party in C.A. No. 9686-CB, but she has been separately represented and had actively

participated in every phase of the litigation of the four related actions for over one year

before the Opinion was issued.

       On July 16, 2014, counsel for Ms. Shawe entered an appearance in C.A. No. 9700-

CB. Since that date, according to the Court’s docket, it appears that Ms. Shawe’s

separate counsel participated in every telephonic and in-person hearing held in any of the

four related actions, including the two in which she was not named as a party (C.A. Nos.

9661-CB and 9686-CB). 1 At the conclusion of the hearing held on November 18, 2014,


1
  The hearings in which Ms. Shawe participated and the civil action(s) to which each
hearing was relevant according to the transcripts on file are as follows: September 5,
2014 (9686); September 18, 2014 (9700); September 26, 2014 (9661, 9686, 9700,
10141); November 18, 2014 (9661, 9686, 9700, 10141); December 11, 2014 (9700);
January 6, 2015 (9661, 9686, 9700); January 21, 2015 (9700); February 2, 2015 (9700);
February 11, 2015 (9661, 9686, 9700, 10141); February 19, 2015 (9700); February 20,
2015 (9661, 9686, 9700, 10141); March 9, 2015 (9661, 9686, 9700, 10449); April 28,
2015 (9661, 9686, 9700, 10449); June 3, 2015 (9661, 9686, 9700, 10449). As explained
in the Opinion, C.A. No. 10141-CB was the precursor to the stockholder deadlock claim
ultimately litigated in C.A. No. 10449-CB.
Shawe v. Elting, et al.
C.A. No. 9686-CB
September 2, 2015
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I ordered that the three then-pending cases (C.A. Nos. 9661-CB, 9686-CB, and 9700-CB)

be scheduled for an expedited trial on a consolidated basis. Discovery of the actions was

coordinated, and Ms. Shawe was deposed. Ms. Shawe then participated in the trial,

which was held over six days from February 23, 2015 to March 3, 2015.

         On August 24, 2015, Ms. Shawe filed a motion under Court of Chancery Rule

24(b) to intervene in C.A. No. 9686-CB for the purpose of filing a motion under Rule

59(e) to alter or amend the Dismissal Order. Noting that certain derivative claims Shawe

asserted in C.A. No. 9686-CB were dismissed with prejudice based on application of the

doctrines of unclean hands and acquiescence, Ms. Shawe argues that the “Dismissal

Order should be altered or amended to prevent manifest injustice that would occur if Ms.

Shawe were barred from asserting derivative claims because of equitable defenses based

on Mr. Shawe’s conduct.” 2

         2.     Analysis

         “[A]s a prerequisite to intervening under either [Court of Chancery] Rule 24(a) or

(b), the proposed intervenor must make timely application.” 3 This requirement appears

expressly in Rule 24(b):




2
    Ms. Shawe’s Mot. to Intervene, 5.
3
 Wion v. National Recreation Products, Inc., 1980 WL 268059, at *2 (Del. Ch. Dec. 5,
1980).
Shawe v. Elting, et al.
C.A. No. 9686-CB
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       Upon timely application anyone may be permitted to intervene in an action:
       (1) When a statute confers a conditional right to intervene; or (2) when an
       applicant’s claim or defense and the main action have a question of law or
       fact in common. In exercising its discretion the Court shall consider
       whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of
       the rights of the original parties.

Ch. Ct. R. 24(b) (emphasis added). Although Delaware precedent on the meaning of

“timely application” is limited, substantial case law examines the analogous requirement

(i.e., the need to file a “timely motion”) in the Rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. 4

       Courts applying Federal Rule 24 have identified four factors to consider in

determining whether an application for intervention is timely: (1) the length of time the

movant knew or reasonably should have known of her interest before she petitioned to

intervene; (2) prejudice to the existing parties due to failure to petition for intervention

earlier; (3) the prejudice the movant would suffer if not allowed to intervene; and (4) the

existence of unusual circumstances weighing either for or against intervention. 5 These



4
  See, e.g., Plummer v. Sherman, 861 A.2d 1238, 1242 (Del. 2004) (“. . . the Delaware
Rules of Civil Procedure are patterned after the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. We
therefore find certain federal cases appropriate for determining the proper interpretation
of the Delaware Rules of Civil Procedure.”).
5
  See Culbreath v. Dukakis, 630 F.2d 15, 20 (1st Cir. 1980) (citing Stallworth v.
Monsanto Corp., 558 F.2d 257, 264 (5th Cir. 1977)); U.S. v. State of N.Y., 820 F.2d 554,
557 (2d Cir. 1987); South v. Rowe, 759 F.2d 610, 612 (7th Cir. 1985). Other circuits
have applied a three-factor test: (1) how far the proceedings have gone when the movant
seeks to intervene, (2) prejudice which resultant delay might cause to other parties, and
(3) the reason for the delay. See, e.g., Com. of Pa. v. Rizzo, 530 F.2d 501, 506 (3d Cir.
Shawe v. Elting, et al.
C.A. No. 9686-CB
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four factors are not a bright-line test; instead they are a means of determining timeliness

under the totality of the circumstances of a given case. 6 I examine each factor below.

         The first factor considers when a movant knew or reasonably should have known

about the need to intervene. 7 In this case, that moment was when Ms. Shawe knew or

should have known that Shawe’s assertion of the derivative claims were subject to one or

more affirmative defenses unique to him that might not apply to Ms. Shawe. Here, the

record reflects that Elting raised the affirmative defense of unclean hands against Shawe

in C.A. No. 9686-CB as early as October 10, 2014, when opposing Shawe’s motion for a

preliminary injunction and temporary restraining order. 8      About two months later, on

December 15, 2014, Elting filed an answer in which she specifically asserted that the

derivative claims “are barred by the doctrines of acquiescence, laches, unclean hands,




1976). The two sets of guidelines are substantively similar, and having also considered
the lack of any persuasive reason for Ms. Shawe’s delay, my analysis would be the same
under either formulation.
6
    Culbreath, 630 F.2d at 20 (citing NAACP v. New York, 413 U.S. 345, 366 (1973).
7
  See, e.g., Hill v. Western Elec. Co., Inc., 672 F.2d 381, 386 (4th Cir. 1982) (cert. denied,
45 U.S. 981) (“the critical issue with respect to timeliness is whether the proposed
intervenor moved to intervene as soon as it became clear . . . that the interests of the
unnamed class members would no longer be protected by the named class
representatives.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
8
    Elting’s Opp. Br. 46, Oct. 10, 2014 (Docket Item (“D.I.”) no. 9686-102).
Shawe v. Elting, et al.
C.A. No. 9686-CB
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ratification, waiver, and/or estoppel.” 9 Thus, the record shows that Ms. Shawe knew or,

at a minimum, reasonably should have known, about the equitable defenses applicable to

Shawe long before trial (and before discovery had commenced in any meaningful sense)

and yet, inexplicably, waited for more than eight-to-ten months—until after the claims

had been fully adjudicated—to file a motion to intervene.

         The second factor considers whether permitting Ms. Shawe to intervene now

would cause prejudice to any of the existing parties to the litigation.           Allowing

intervention at this late stage plainly would cause substantial prejudice to Elting because

it would expose her to having to relitigate claims over which she already has expended

significant resources, and because she may have pursued a different litigation strategy if

Ms. Shawe had intervened earlier. Elting, for example, may have allocated more of her

trial time or devoted more of her post-trial briefing to defending against attacks that were

made against specific transactions rather than relying on global defenses.

         The third factor is the prejudice to the movant if not allowed to intervene. Ms.

Shawe argues that because Shawe was not properly able to represent her interests, it is

appropriate to dismiss the derivative claims with prejudice only as to him, “so that the

dismissal does not have preclusive effect on other stockholders.” 10 To be clear, Shawe


9
    Elting’s Ans. ¶ 129, Dec. 15, 2014 (D.I. no. 9686-147).
10
  Ms. Shawe’s Mot. to Intervene, 7. For support, Ms. Shawe cites South v. Baker, 62
A.3d 1, 26 (Del. Ch. 2012), where this Court granted a motion to dismiss derivative
Shawe v. Elting, et al.
C.A. No. 9686-CB
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and Elting account for 99% of the Company’s shares.          The only other stockholder

conceivably in the mix is Ms. Shawe. Although denial of the opportunity to intervene

would prejudice Ms. Shawe’s ability to press a Rule 59(e) motion in the hopes of

preserving her ability to relitigate the derivative claims, such prejudice should be

considered within the practical reality that stockholders holding 99% of the Company’s

shares already have fully litigated those claims.

       The final factor considers any unusual circumstances weighing for or against

intervention. Two circumstances bear mention. First, as mentioned above, this motion

was filed long after trial and after the entry of judgment, at the proverbial last minute.

Courts understandably have expressed considerable reluctance to allow intervention after

an action has gone to judgment. 11 Indeed, Court of Chancery Rule 24, which requires the

movant to submit a pleading along with the motion, contemplates that intervention will


claims asserted on behalf of Hecla Mining Company with prejudice only as to two
representative plaintiffs who had been found to be inadequate. South is inapposite. It
was decided at the pleadings stage and, unlike Ms. Shawe here, the other stockholders of
Hecla did not participate in the litigation in which the derivative claims were dismissed
and had no apparent reason to know about the inadequacy of the representative plaintiffs
until the motion to dismiss was decided.
11
   See, e.g., McDonald v. E.J. Lavino Co., 430 F.2d 1065, 1072 (5th Cir. 1970) (“an
attempt to intervene after final judgment is ordinarily looked upon with a jaundiced eye.
The rationale which seems to underlie this general principle . . . is the assumption that
allowing intervention after judgment will either (1) prejudice the rights of the existing
parties to the litigation or (2) substantially interfere with the orderly processes of the
court.”). See also 7C Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Fed.
Practice and Procedure § 1916, at 561–562 (3d Ed. 2007).
Shawe v. Elting, et al.
C.A. No. 9686-CB
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occur before trial in a manner that would not “unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication

of the rights of the original parties.” 12     Second, Ms. Shawe offers no legitimate

explanation for her decision to intervene now, rather than much earlier, when she knew or

certainly should have known about the assertion of equitable defenses against her son. In

cases where litigation already has progressed substantially, with substantive and

procedural issues settled by the time of a motion for intervention, courts have rejected

motions to intervene where litigants failed to adequately explain the reasons for their

delay. 13

         Weighing each of the factors discussed above, the totality of the circumstances

weighs decisively against permitting intervention at this late date. In short, I am hard-

pressed to see any equity to affording Ms. Shawe the opportunity to seek a “do-over” at

the last minute, much less how any manifest injustice would result from depriving her of

the chance to do so, where enormous private and judicial resources have been expended

to resolve the derivative claims in a case in which holders of 99% of the Company’s

stock fully litigated the issues and Ms. Shawe was an active participant.

                                          *****


12
     Ch. Ct. R. 24(b)–(c).
13
  See, e.g., League of United Latin Am. Citizens v. Wilson, 131 F.3d 1297, 1304 (9th Cir.
1997) (“Even more damaging to [intervenor’s] motion than the twenty-seven month
delay itself, however, is its failure adequately to explain . . . the reason for its delay.”);
Smith v. Marsh, 194 F.3d 1045 (9th Cir. 1999).
Shawe v. Elting, et al.
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       For the foregoing reasons, Ms. Shawe’s motion to intervene for the purpose of

filing a Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the Dismissal Order is denied.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                         Sincerely,

                                         /s/ Andre G. Bouchard

                                         Chancellor
AGB/gp
