            IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Daniel Warren,                        :
                  Appellant           :
                                      :
            v.                        :
                                      :
Michael C. Potteiger, Everett A.      :
Gillison, Mark D. Koch, Linda         :
Pastroff Rosenberg, Theodore W.       :
Johnson, Leo L. Dunn, Leslie M. Grey, :
Craig R. McKay, Edward L. Burke,      :
Chris Denton, Christopher Ackerman, :                 No. 1713 C.D. 2017
Kevin Chaundy                         :               Submitted: June 29, 2018


BEFORE:        HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
               HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
               HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge


OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE FIZZANO CANNON                               FILED: September 6, 2018


               Daniel Warren (Warren) appeals, pro se, from the October 25, 2017
order of the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County (trial court) dismissing his
complaint with prejudice pursuant to Rule 240(j)(1) of the Pennsylvania Rules of
Civil Procedure, Pa.R.C.P. No. 240(j)(1).1 Upon review, we agree with the trial
court’s conclusion that Warren’s complaint is frivolous. Accordingly, we affirm.

      1
          Rule 240(j)(1) provides,

               If, simultaneous with the commencement of an action or proceeding or the
               taking of an appeal, a party has filed a petition for leave to proceed in forma
               pauperis, the court prior to acting upon the petition may dismiss the action,
               On October 24, 2017, Warren, an inmate incarcerated at a state
correctional institution, filed a complaint against current and former members of the
Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole (Board) and parole agents employed by
the Board (collectively, Appellees). Complaint ¶¶ 3-5, 39-40. In Counts I-VI and
IX of his complaint, Warren alleges that the Appellees are “de facto” officers
because, before entering their respective offices, they failed to take, subscribe and
file with the Secretary of the Commonwealth, of the Department of State the oath of
office and/or file with the State Treasurer a fidelity bond to ensure faithful
performance of their duties. Id. ¶¶ 102-07.2 Further, Warren asserts that Appellees
have, without authority and through an illegal contract, increased the maximum term
of his judicially imposed sentence. Complaint ¶¶ 106 & 110. In Count VII, Warren
alleges that Appellees pierced the corporate veil to perpetrate a fraud, id. ¶ 108, and
in Count VIII, Warren alleges that Appellees violated the Racketeer Influenced and
Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968.                                  Id. ¶ 109.
Simultaneous with the filing of his complaint, Warren filed a petition for leave to
proceed in forma pauperis. The next day, October 25, 2017, the trial court issued
an order dismissing the complaint with prejudice pursuant to Rule 240(j)(1) because
the matter “lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact and is, therefore,
frivolous.”


               proceeding or appeal . . . if it is satisfied that the action, proceeding or appeal
               is frivolous.

Pa.R.C.P. No. 240(j)(1).
       2
          In Counts I-VI and IX of the complaint, Warren alleges that Appellees engaged in various
wrongdoings including having collected unlawful salaries and compensation, published false
information regarding their positions and committed fraud against Warren as they are “de facto”
officers. Complaint ¶¶ 103-05, 107.
                                                   2
               On November 15, 2017, Warren appealed to this Court. Subsequently,
the trial court filed its opinion pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure
1925(a). Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a). In its opinion, the trial court explained that it dismissed
the complaint as frivolous because (1) Warren lacked standing to challenge
Appellees’ right to public office as he did not follow the proper process; (2) Warren
should have appealed his recalculated maximum sentence date with the Board, rather
than the trial court; (3) Warren failed to identify a corporation or corporate entity to
support his piercing the corporate veil claim; and (4) Warren failed to assert any
facts to support his RICO claim.
               On appeal,3 Warren contends that the trial court incorrectly dismissed
his complaint as frivolous. Rule 240(j)(1) provides that the trial court may dismiss
an action, prior to acting on a petition to proceed in forma pauperis, if the court is
satisfied that the action is frivolous. Pa.R.C.P. No. 240(j)(1). For an action to be
deemed frivolous, the action must lack an arguable basis in law or fact. Jones v.
Doe, 126 A.3d 406, 408 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015). An action is frivolous under Rule
240(j)(1) if, on its face, it does not set forth a valid cause of action. Id.
               First, Warren contends that the trial court erred, as a matter of law, by
dismissing Counts I-VI and IX of his complaint for lack of standing. Warren’s Brief
at 7. Relying on this Court’s decision in Bolus v. Murphy, 823 A.2d 1075 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2003), the trial court concluded that Warren failed to follow the
requirements necessary to challenge Appellees’ right to hold public office, i.e., the
“writ of quo warranto process.” Trial Court Opinion, 2/9/18, at 2. The trial court

       3
         In reviewing a decision of the trial court to dismiss a complaint pursuant to Rule 240(j)(1),
this Court is limited to determining whether the appellant’s constitutional rights were violated,
whether the trial court abused its discretion, and whether the trial court committed an error of law.
Jones v. Doe, 126 A.3d 406, 408 n.3 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015).

                                                  3
explained, in relevant part, that “Plaintiff did not attempt to require either the Lehigh
County District Attorney or Pennsylvania Attorney General to file a quo warranto
action, as [it] is a prerequisite to filing a quo warranto action in one’s individual
capacity.” 4 Id. Warren suggests that our Supreme Court in Reed v. Harrisburg City
Council, 995 A.2d 1137 (Pa. 2010) overturned Bolus and, therefore, the trial court
erred by relying on it to dismiss his claim. Warren’s Brief at 7. Warren is incorrect.
               In Reed, our Supreme Court reiterated the general rule that a quo
warranto action is the “exclusive means” of challenging the title or right to public
office and “only the Attorney General or local district attorney may institute a quo
warranto action.” Reed, 995 A.2d at 1139 (citing In re One Hundred or More
Qualified Electors of the Municipality of Clairton, 683 A.2d 283, 286 (Pa. 1996)).
Further, the Supreme Court explained,


               [A] private person, with no special right or interest in the
               public office, must first seek to have either the Attorney
               General or local district attorney file a quo warranto
               action. It is only after both the Attorney General and the
               local district attorney decline to bring such an action that
               a private person will have standing to seek the removal of
               the holder of a public office . . . .

Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting In re One Hundred, 683 A.2d at 287 n.10).
Warren did not allege in his complaint that he sought the assistance of the Attorney
General and the local district attorney and that they both declined to bring such an

       4
         In its reasoning, the trial court relied on the fact that it dismissed another complaint filed
by Warren pertaining to the same matter and noted Warren’s repeated failure to follow the proper
process, namely, Warren did not attempt to require either the Lehigh County District Attorney or
Pennsylvania Attorney General to file a quo warranto action. However, this Court’s analysis is
focused on whether the complaint filed in this case lacks an arguable basis in law or fact.

                                                  4
action. To support his argument that the Supreme Court overturned Bolus, Warren
quotes the following in Reed:

             We have never required a private party with a special
             interest to notify the Attorney General and local district
             attorney before filing a quo warranto action. Consistent
             with our long-standing precedent, we hold a private party
             with a special interest in the matter may institute a quo
             warranto action without first notifying the Attorney
             General or the local district attorney. We disapprove of
             the Commonwealth Court’s holding[] . . . in Bolus insofar
             as [i]t is inconsistent with our holding.


Id. at 1140 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). As explained by the Supreme Court,
its holding was limited to addressing the “private party with special interest”
exception. The Supreme Court specifically explained,


             Our decision today is not carte blanche for anyone
             adversely affected by a public official’s decision to bring
             a quo warranto claim against that public official. A
             private person “‘must show in himself an interest in the
             controversy . . . . He must possess some peculiar, personal
             interest aside from his general interest as a member of the
             public.’” Stroup v. Kapleau, 455 Pa. 171, 313 A.2d 237,
             238-39 (1973) (quoting Commonwealth ex rel. Schermer
             v. Franek, 311 Pa. 341, 166 A. 878, 879 (1933)).


Reed, 995 A.2d at 1140.
             Relying on this reasoning, the Supreme Court concluded in Reed that
appellees, the mayor of Harrisburg and a member of the Harrisburg Authority Board,
had standing as private parties with a special interest in their offices to bring a quo
warranto action to challenge the validity of an ordinance. Id. at 1140-41. The
                                          5
ordinance, enacted by the city council, granted the council the “sole power” to
appoint members to the Harrisburg Authority Board; previously, the mayor held this
power of appointment with the council’s advice and consent. Id. at 1138. The
Supreme Court reasoned that the mayor had a special interest in defending his
authority to appoint board members and the board member had a special interest in
retaining his position by protecting the power of the mayor to appoint him. Id.
Stated otherwise, the appellees in Reed had standing because they sought the right
to hold and to exercise the powers of their own offices by challenging the ordinance
at issue.
              Here, Warren made no allegations in his complaint that he, as a private
party, has a special interest in Appellees’ offices or employment, or that he suffered
any damages separate from damages suffered by the public generally as a result of
Appellees’ decision making. To the contrary, Warren alleges that the Appellees are
unlawfully holding public office, receiving compensation for services to which they
are not entitled, and should be required to return “all unauthorized payments to the
public treasury.” Complaint ¶¶ 35-37. Warren’s allegations and request for relief
(i.e., returning taxpayer money) are damages that, if actually incurred, apply to the
public generally, not Warren specifically. Though Warren asserts that Appellees, in
their capacity as current and former members of the Board and as parole agents, did
not have the authority to recalculate his maximum sentence date, this allegation
relates to what has already been done under Appellees’ authority rather than
Appellees’ specific right to hold and exercise their powers of office.5 As our
Supreme Court in Spykerman v. Levy, 421 A.2d 641 (Pa. 1980) explained,

       5
           As explained infra, if Warren seeks to challenge the Board’s decision regarding his
recalculated maximum sentence date, he must appeal that determination with the Board rather than
initiating a civil action in the trial court.
                                               6
            A quo warranto is addressed to preventing a continued
            exercise of authority unlawfully asserted, rather than to
            correct what has already been done under the authority . . .
            The gravamen of the complaint is the right to hold and
            exercise the powers of the office in contradistinction to an
            attack upon the propriety of the acts performed while in
            office.
Id. at 648 (emphasis added). Because Warren failed to follow the requirements to
bring a quo warranto action, the trial court appropriately concluded that Warren
lacked standing for the claims asserted in Counts I-VI and IX of the complaint.
             Second, Warren argues that the trial court erred by dismissing his
complaint because the Board recalculated his maximum sentence date without
authority and through an illegal contract. Warren’s Brief at 26-28. In his complaint,
Warren alleges that he was sentenced to incarceration for 10 to 20 years and that his
initial maximum sentence date was November 28, 2017. Complaint ¶¶ 55-57.
Warren claims that Appellees “played a part and a role” in increasing his maximum
date to February 24, 2023. Id. ¶ 57. Warren attached to the complaint a copy of the
Board’s Order to Recommit and decision setting forth the new maximum sentence
date based on his status as a technical and convicted parole violator. Complaint,
Exhibits 3-4.
             To appeal the Board’s decision to revoke his parole, the pertinent
regulation, 37 Pa. Code § 73.1(a)(1), provides that appeals “shall” be received at the
Board’s Central Office within 30 days of the mailing date of the Board’s order.
“When a timely appeal of a revocation decision has been filed, the revocation
decision will not be deemed final for purpose of appeal to a court until the Board has
mailed its decision on the appeal.” Id. To the extent that Warren asserts that the
Board erred when it recalculated his maximum date, Warren should have raised this
                                          7
issue in an appeal to the Board, not the trial court. The trial court appropriately
concluded that it was not the proper forum for Warren’s claims relating to his
recalculated maximum sentence and appropriately dismissed Count IX of his
complaint.
              Third, Warren argues that the trial court erred by dismissing Count
VII of his complaint wherein he purports to assert a claim concerning the Board
piercing the corporate veil because the Board “is an independent entity and fits the
definition of corporation.” Warren’s Brief at 17. Warren is incorrect. Warren did
not name the Board as a party to the action; he only named current and former
members of the Board and agents employed by the Board, all of whom are
individuals, not corporations. Complaint ¶¶ 3-5, 39-40. Further, even if Warren had
named the Board as a party, Warren’s claim could not stand because as the trial court
correctly explained, “[f]or there to be an attempt to pierce the corporate veil, there
must be a corporation or corporate entity to pierce.” Trial Court Opinion at 3 (citing
Lumax Indus., Inc. v. Aultman, 669 A.2d 893, 895 (Pa. 1995)). The Prisons and
Parole Code defines the Board as “an independent administrative board for the
administration of the probation and parole laws of this Commonwealth,” 61 Pa. C.S.
§ 6111(a), rather than a corporation or corporate entity. Because Warren did not
name a corporation or corporate entity in his complaint, we agree with the trial court
that this count must fail as a matter of law. Given that Warren failed to allege a fact
required to support his claim, the trial court appropriately dismissed Count VII of
the complaint.
             Finally, Warren argues that the trial court erred by dismissing Count
VIII of his complaint because he alleges violations of RICO. Warren’s Brief at 19-
20. To bring a claim under RICO, Warren must allege facts in his complaint to show

                                          8
that Appellees engaged in “racketeering activity” or that Appellees are part of an
“enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign
commerce” as set forth in 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961(1) and 1962. We agree with the trial
court that Warren failed to do so. Because Warren’s complaint did not specify, in
any manner, how Appellees engaged in racketeering activity or an enterprise
affecting commerce, the trial court appropriately dismissed Count VIII of the
complaint for failing to aver facts to support the claim.
             Based on the foregoing, Warren’s complaint does not set forth any valid
causes of action. We conclude that the trial court appropriately dismissed the
complaint as frivolous pursuant to Rule 240(j)(1) and, therefore, affirm.




                                         __________________________________
                                         CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge




                                           9
         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA



Daniel Warren,                        :
                 Appellant            :
                                      :
            v.                        :
                                      :
Michael C. Potteiger, Everett A.      :
Gillison, Mark D. Koch, Linda         :
Pastroff Rosenberg, Theodore W.       :
Johnson, Leo L. Dunn, Leslie M. Grey, :
Craig R. McKay, Edward L. Burke,      :
Chris Denton, Christopher Ackerman, :     No. 1713 C.D. 2017
Kevin Chaundy                         :



                                 ORDER


           AND NOW, this 6th day of September, 2018 the order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Lehigh County dated October 25, 2017 is AFFIRMED.




                                   __________________________________
                                   CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
