                                                                           F I L E D
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Tenth Circuit
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            MAY 6 1999
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                       PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ,

           Plaintiff - Appellee,
 vs.                                                     No. 98-5152
                                                    (D.C. No. 96-CV-1068)
 JOE EARL RODGERS,                                       (N.D. Okla.)

           Defendant - Appellant.


                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before ANDERSON, KELLY, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges. **


       Defendant-Appellant Joe Earl Rodgers, an inmate appearing pro se, appeals

from the district court’s denial of his motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his

sentence, brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, and seeks a certificate of

appealability (COA). We deny Mr. Rodgers’ application for COA and dismiss

this appeal.


       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
       **
         After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
      Mr. Rodgers was convicted after a jury trial of conspiring to distribute five

kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and

841(b)(1)(A)(ii), and use or carrying of firearms during drug trafficking, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). We affirmed his conviction and sentence in

United States v. Rodgers, No. 92-5029, 1993 WL 181445 (10th Cir. May 26,

1993) (unpublished).

      In his § 2255 motion, Mr. Rodgers argued that (1) trial counsel provided

ineffective assistance by (a) failing to object to jury instructions which did not

require the jury to find “interdependency” as an essential element of the

conspiracy charge and (b) failing to object to the use of drug addicts’ statements

at sentencing; and (2) there was insufficient evidence to support a finding that he

used or carried a firearm within the meaning of Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S.

137 (1995). In addition to these arguments, he asserts in this appeal that 18

U.S.C. § 201(c)(2) was violated by the government’s practice of offering leniency

or immunity to “drug addict” witnesses in exchange for their testimony. This

assertion is answered by our decision in United States v. Singleton, 165 F.3d 1297

(10th Cir. 1999) (en banc). As to Mr. Rodgers’ other arguments, we have

thoroughly reviewed the record, and affirm for substantially the reasons stated by

the district court in its order dated July 13, 1998. Because Mr. Rodgers has failed

to make “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” 28 U.S.C.


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§ 2253(c)(2), we deny his application for COA and dismiss his appeal.

      AFFIRMED.




                                     Entered for the Court


                                     Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                     Circuit Judge




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