                          NUMBER 13-18-00011-CV

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                   THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                      CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


CITY OF PORT ARANSAS, TEXAS,
CHARLES R. BUJAN, MAYOR, AND
DAVID PARSONS, CITY MANAGER,                                              Appellants,

                                         v.

JULIE SMITH SHODROK,                                                         Appellee.


               On appeal from the County Court at Law No. 1
                        of Nueces County, Texas.


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
  Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Hinojosa and Tijerina
              Memorandum Opinion by Justice Tijerina

      Appellants, the City of Port Aransas (the City), Mayor Charles R. Bujan, and City

Manager David Parsons, appeal the trial court’s final judgment in favor of appellee Julie

Smith Shodrok. By three issues, appellants contend the trial court erred by dismissing
the City’s claims under the Texas Citizens Participation Act (TCPA) because it proved its

prima facie case by clear and specific evidence; Shodrok was not entitled to attorney’s

fees; and monetary awards are barred by governmental immunity. We reverse and

render.

                                          I.      BACKGROUND

       Shodrok is a resident of Port Aransas, Texas. On July 6, 2017, she and her

husband met with the mayor in his office to discuss issues pertaining to the City. The

mayor and Shodrok consented to recording their discussion, so Shodrok used the

recording function on her cell phone to record the meeting. At the start of the meeting,

she connected her cell phone to a charger, plugged it into an electrical outlet, began

recording, and placed her phone on the floor.

       At the conclusion of the meeting three hours later, the Shodroks left the mayor’s

office without Shodrok’s phone. The city manager then entered the mayor’s office, and

the two held a private conversation while Shodrok’s phone continued to record.

Approximately four minutes later, while the mayor and city manager continued to

converse, Shodrok returned to retrieve her phone.

       After reviewing the contents of the recording, Shodrok discovered her recorder had

recorded the mayor and city manager’s private conversation.                         Subsequently, she

“expressed her frustration” about their private conversation on a social media website and

another internet site in addition to e-mailing five city council members. 1

       On July 21, 2017, the City sued Shodrok for allegedly violating the Texas

Interception of Communications Act (TICA). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.


       1   We note that her postings on social media and e-mails are not included in the record.


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§§ 123.001–.004. Shodrok moved to dismiss on two grounds: the TCPA, also known as

the anti-SLAPP (strategic lawsuits against public participation) statute, and Texas Rules

of Civil Procedure 91a. See id. § 27.003; 2 TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a. She also requested

sanctions, court costs, and attorney’s fees under the TCPA, Rule 13 of the Texas Rules

of Civil Procedure, and Chapters 9 and 10 of Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. 3

        The City filed a “Notice of Non-Suit” on its TICA claim against Shodrok on

September 27, 2017 while Shodrok continued her pursuit for affirmative relief. See TEX.

R. CIV. P. 164. On December 14, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on Shodrok’s motion

to dismiss and her requested relief. Three days later, the trial court entered a “Final

Judgment and Order on Julie Smith Shodrok’s Attorneys Fees and Sanctions – Chapter

27 (TCPA)” awarding attorney’s fees, costs, and sanctions against the City. 4 This appeal

followed.

                           II.      TEXAS CITIZENS PARTICIPATION ACT

        The purpose of the TCPA is “to encourage and safeguard the constitutional rights

of persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise participate in

government to the maximum extent permitted by law and, at the same time, protect the

rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for demonstrable injury.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. § 27.002. It is to “be construed liberally to effectuate its purpose and


        2  The Texas Legislature recently amended the TCPA, but the amendments apply only to “an action
filed on or after” September 1, 2019. Act of May 17, 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., ch. 378, § 11, 2019 Tex. Sess.
Law Serv. 684, 687. Because this suit was filed before that date, the prior version of the statute applies
here. See id. In this memorandum opinion, citations to the TCPA are to the version in effect before the
September 2019 amendments.

        3 On April 18, 2018, Shodrok filed a nonsuit on her pending claims related to Rule 13 of the Texas

Rules of Civil Procedure and Articles 9 and 10 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
        4The City filed a “Notice of Non-Suit” on its TICA claim against Shodrok on September 27, 2017
while Shodrok continued to pursuer affirmative relief. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 164.

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intent fully,” but it “does not abrogate or lessen any other defense, remedy, immunity, or

privilege available under other constitutional, statutory, case, or common law or rule

provisions.” Id. § 27.011.

       The TCPA provides a procedure for the expedited dismissal of “retaliatory lawsuits

that seek to intimidate or silence [citizens] on matters of public concern.” In re Lipsky,

460 S.W.3d 579, 584 (Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding). The Act provides that

       [a] two-step process is initiated by motion of a defendant who believes that
       the lawsuit responds to the defendant’s valid exercise of First Amendment
       rights. Under the first step, the burden is initially on the defendant-movant
       to show “by a preponderance of the evidence” that the plaintiff’s claim “is
       based on, relates to, or is in response to the [movant’s] exercise of: (1) the
       right of free speech; (2) the right to petition; or (3) the right of association.”
       TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(b). If the movant is able to
       demonstrate that the plaintiff’s claim implicates one of these rights, the
       second step shifts the burden to the plaintiff to “establish[ ] by clear and
       specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim
       in question.” Id. § 27.005(c).

Id. And even if the nonmovant makes this showing, the trial court must dismiss the case

if the movant “establishes by a preponderance of the evidence each essential element of

a valid defense to the nonmovant’s claim.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(d).

When determining whether to dismiss the legal action, the court must consider “the

pleadings and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts on which the liability or

defense is based.” Id. § 27.006(a).

       A prima facie standard generally requires only the “minimum quantum of evidence

necessary to support a rational inference that the allegation of fact is true.” Lipsky, 460

S.W.3d at 590 (quoting In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 136 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Tex.

2004) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam)). “Prima facie evidence is evidence that, until its

effect is overcome by other evidence, will suffice as proof of a fact in issue. In other words,



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a prima facie case is one that will entitle a party to recover if no evidence to the contrary

is offered by the opposite party.” Rehak Creative Servs., Inc. v. Witt, 404 S.W.3d 716,

726 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (citation omitted), disapproved

on other grounds by In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 587–88.

       In In re Lipsky, the supreme court explained that the phrase “clear and specific

evidence” neither imposes a heightened evidentiary burden nor categorically rejects the

use of circumstantial evidence when determining the plaintiff's prima-facie-case burden

under the TCPA. 460 S.W.3d at 591. “[A] plaintiff must provide enough detail to show

the factual basis for its claim.” Id.

                                 III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “We consider de novo the legal question of whether the movant has established

by a preponderance of the evidence that the challenged legal action is covered under the

Act.” Serafine v. Blunt, 466 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.) (citing

Rehak Creative Servs., 404 S.W.3d at 725). “We also review de novo a trial court’s

determination of whether a nonmovant has presented clear and specific evidence

establishing a prima facie case for each essential element of the challenged claims.” Id.

(citing Rehak Creative Servs., 404 S.W.3d at 726).

                                IV.     PRIMA FACIE ANALYSIS

       By its first issue, the City argues that it satisfied its burden to establish by clear and

specific evidence a prima facie case for its TICA claim.

A.     Clear and Specific Evidence of Prima Facie Case—The City’s Burden

       We need not address the first step of the TCPA test as it is not dispositive. We

therefore address the second step—whether the City has met its burden of “establishing



                                               5
by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim

in question.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(c). In making this determination,

we consider the pleadings and any supporting and opposing affidavits. Lipsky, 460

S.W.3d at 587.

      In its live pleadings, the City alleged claims under TICA § 123.002(a)(1) and/or

(a)(2). To prevail on a cause of action under those provisions, a plaintiff must prove the

defendant: (1) intercepted or attempted to intercept, or employed or obtained another to

intercept or attempt to intercept a communication or (2) used or divulged information that

she knew or reasonably should have known was obtained by interception of the

communication. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 123.002(a)(1); see also Estate of

Alex through Coker v. T-Mobile US, Inc., 313 F. Supp 3d 723, 731 (N.D. Texas 2018);

City of Oak Ridge North v. Mendes, 339 S.W.3d 222, 233 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2011,

no pet.). “Communication” is defined as “speech uttered by a person or information

including speech that is transmitted in whole or in part with the aid of a wire or cable.”

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 123.001(2).

      According to the City’s pleadings, Shodrok and the mayor consented to recording

their conversation. Shodrok used the recording application on her cell phone to record

this meeting. At the conclusion of the meeting, Shodrok departed without the recording

device. The City states the city manager entered the mayor’s office and closed both office

doors in order to communicate privately.        The two held a private conversation.

Meanwhile, Shodrok’s recording device continued to record; the city manager and Mayor

were unaware their conversation was being recorded.         After Shodrok retrieved her

recording device, she discovered the communication between the city manager and



                                            6
mayor. The City asserted that she used information which she intercepted regarding the

city manager and the mayor’s private communication and broadcasted it on social media

and in an e-mail to the City’s commission. We note that Shodrok does not dispute these

facts. 5 Instead, Shodrok argues that there is no interception because “the City consented

to the recording and it was accidentally left running for four more minutes.”

        “Interception” is “the aural acquisition of the contents of a communication through

the use of an electronic, mechanical, or other device that is made without the consent of

a party to the communication . . . .” Id. § 123.001(2). 6 In this regard, Shodrok admits the

use of her cell phone as an electronic device. Although the mayor initially consented to

recording the meeting between Shodrok and himself, the evidence established that this

consent did not extend to recording a separate conversation between the mayor and city

manager at the conclusion of Shodrok’s meeting to which Shodrok was not a party. See

Allen v. Mancini, 170 S.W.3d 167, 173 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, pet. denied) (holding

that appellants “first would have to show that the tape recording was made without the

consent of a party to the communication”). In fact, Shodrok admits that her recording

device was recording “unbeknownst” to the city manager and mayor.                             Thus, it is

undisputed that neither the mayor nor the city manager consented to Shodrok recording




         5 According to Shodrok, as a result of the “unprofessional” communication between the mayor and

city manager, she “truly believe[s] that there was and is a public concern,” and “[a]ny expression by [her],
of this public concern as it relates to the additional four minute recording has been an expression of [her]
United States Constitution First Amendment right of free speech.” Similarly, Shodrok does not dispute
transmitting an e-mail to five city council members.

        6 The Texas Legislature recently amended the TICA, but the amendments took effect on January

1, 2019. Act of May 29, 2017, 85th Leg., ch. 1058, § 3.02, (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. § 123.001(2)). Because this suit was filed before that date, the prior version of the statute applies
here. See id. In this memorandum opinion, citations to the TICA are to the version in effect before the
September 2019 amendments.


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their conversation in the mayor’s office.

        Moreover, Shodrok argues that “although the mens rea element of the [TICA] is

not explicitly defined in the statute, . . . the Legislature intended to provide for liability only

when an interception is intentional,” and the fact that she left her recording device behind

“was simply an accident.” However, § 123.002 does not require proof of intent or any

other state of mind. 7 Shodrok relies on previous versions of the federal wiretapping

statute to support her argument, which requires that a person act “intentionally.” 8 TICA

contains no such requirement. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 123.002(1).

        Next, Shodrok asserts that the recorded conversation between the city manager

and the mayor is not a “protected ‘communication’ within the meaning of Chapter 123”

because they “exposed their conversation to ‘plain view’ and knew or should have known

they were being recorded.” Her argument is without merit as the statute does not require

an expectation of privacy. The conversation between the mayor and city manager was a

communication for purposes of TICA because it was “speech uttered by a person.” Id.

§ 123.001(1). In his affidavit, the city manager stated that he closed both doors to the

mayor’s office intending to have a private conversation with him and therefore the

evidence established that the communication was not in “plain view.” As he and the

mayor were privately communicating, Shodrok entered to retrieve her recording device,

and as previously stated, it is undisputed that the mayor and city manager were not aware



        7  By contrast, § 16.02 of the Texas Penal Code, entitled “Unlawful Interception, Use, or Disclosure
of Wire, Oral, or Electronic Communications,” reads: “A person commits an offense if the person . . . : (1)
intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures another person to intercept or endeavor to
intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication . . . .” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 16.02(b)(1) (emphasis
added).
        8We note that the current federal wiretapping statute requires that a person act intentionally. See
18 U.S.C.A. § 2511.

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of the recording. In any event, TICA does not require a showing that the communication

was private or that the parties to the communication believed it to be so.

       Last, Shodrok contends that § 123.002 requires the “use” or “disclosure” of the

recording, and because Shodrok did not “use” or “disclose” the contents of the recording,

the City cannot meet its burden. However, the mayor and city manager alleged in

affidavits that Shodrok “used or divulged” portions of the intercepted information in social

media posts and emails.

       Thus, based on the foregoing, we conclude that the City established by clear and

specific evidence a prima facie case that (1) Shodrok intercepted (2) a communication

uttered by the city manager and mayor (3) to which she was not a party (4) by using a

recording device. See id. § 123.002(a)(1); Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 590 (holding that a

TCPA nonmovant is only required to adduce evidence to support a rational inference that

the allegation of fact is true); Newspaper Holdings, Inc. v. Crazy Hotel Assisted Living,

Ltd., 416 S.W.3d 71, 80 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (observing

that a prima facie case requires only a minimum quantum of evidence necessary to

support the rational inference that allegation of fact is true).

B.     Valid Defense—Shodrok’s Burden

       Because the City “provided enough detail to show the factual basis for its claim,”

the burden then shifted to Shodrok, who could have still obtained dismissal if she had

“establishe[d] by preponderance of the evidence each essential element of a valid

defense to the City’s claim.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(d); see Lipsky,

460 S.W.3d at 591. As her defense, Shodrok asserted that the City’s claims were barred




                                               9
by “consent, statute, and the Constitution of the United States.” However, we have

already determined that these arguments fail. 9

        Shodrok also generally asserted waiver of governmental immunity and attorney-

client privilege. However, Shodrok provided no legal analysis to the trial court in her

response to the City’s claim.          Nonetheless, whether the City waived governmental

immunity has no bearing on whether Shodrok has a valid defense to the City’s TICA claim.

Moreover, to the extent Shodrok argued that she disclosed the communication to her

attorney and therefore the attorney-client privilege applies, that argument has no merit

because the City need not prove that Shodrok disclosed the contents of the interception

to anyone. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §123.002(a)(1). Therefore, Shodrok

has not established by a preponderance of the evidence a valid defense to the City’s

claim, we sustain the City’s first issue. See id. § 27.005(d); see Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at

591.

                               V.      ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS

        By its last issue, the City asserts the trial court erred in awarding attorney’s fees

and $1.00 in sanctions.

        Section 27.009(a)(1) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code states:

        [I]f the court orders dismissal of a legal action under this chapter, the court:
        (1) shall award to the moving party court costs and reasonable attorney’s
        fees incurred in defending against the legal action; and (2) may award to
        the moving party sanctions against the party who brought the legal action
        as the court determines sufficient to deter the party who brought the legal
        action from bringing similar actions described in this chapter.




        The mayor and city manager did not consent to the recording; the statute does not require intent;
        9

and Shodrok’s First Amendment right argument is inapplicable to the City’s TICA claim.

                                                   10
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.009(a)(1). Because the trial court erred in granting

Shodrok’s motion to dismiss, she is not entitled to attorney’s fees under the TCPA, and

the sanctions award is not authorized. See id.; Cf. Sullivan v. Abraham, 488 S.W.3d 294,

299 (Tex. 2016) (“[W]e conclude that the TCPA requires an award of ‘reasonable

attorney’s fees to the successful movant.”). Accordingly, we sustain the City’s second

issue. 10

                                           VI.      CONCLUSION

        We reverse the trial court’s judgment, and we render judgment that Shodrok take

nothing on her request for attorney’s fees and sanctions.


                                                                             JAIME TIJERINA,
                                                                             Justice

Delivered and filed the
21st day of November, 2019.




        10 Having sustained the City’s first two issues, we need not address the City’s third issue as it is not
dispositive. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

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