                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    December 27, 2016
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 329273
                                                                    Ottawa Circuit Court
DEDRICK DESHAWN GREEN,                                              LC No. 15-039271-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SAWYER and MARKEY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

     Defendant appeals as of right his bench trial conviction of failure to pay child support,
MCL 750.165. The trial court sentenced defendant to 365 days’ imprisonment. We affirm.

      This case arises from defendant’s failure to pay child support from January 1, 2007, to
December 31, 2007. The operative statute during this time frame, MCL 750.165, as amended by
2004 PA 570, provided, in pertinent part:

       (1) If the court orders an individual to pay support for the individual’s former or
       current spouse, or for a child of the individual, and the individual does not pay the
       support in the amount or at the time stated in the order, the individual is guilty of
       a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 4 years or by a fine of not
       more than $2,000.00, or both.

       (2) This section does not apply unless the individual ordered to pay support
       appeared in, or received notice by personal service of, the action in which the
       support order was issued . . . .

This Court interpreted the notice requirement in the former MCL 750.165(2) to be an element of
the offense of felony nonsupport. People v Herrick, 277 Mich App 255, 258; 744 NW2d 370
(2007). Therefore, the elements of failure to pay child support are:

       (1) the defendant was required by a decree of separate maintenance or divorce
       order to support a child or current or former spouse, (2) the defendant appeared in
       or received notice by personal service of the action in which the order was issued,
       and (3) the defendant failed to pay the required support at the time ordered or in
       the amount ordered. [Id. at 257 (citation and quotation marks omitted).]
                                               -1-
        At trial, both parties stipulated that defendant was ordered to pay child support and that
he failed to pay the amount owed at the time owed. As such, the remaining element of the
charged crime of failing to pay child support necessary to be determined at trial was whether
defendant was personally served or appeared in the action against him. In this case, the trial
court authorized and defendant was served by alternate service, whereby the summons and
complaint were posted and mailed to the last known address on file. As defendant was served
through alternate service, the sole issue on appeal is whether the prosecution demonstrated
beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant appeared in the action.

       This Court reviews a defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo.
People v Meissner, 294 Mich App 438, 452; 812 NW2d 37 (2011). In reviewing sufficiency of
the evidence claims, this Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecutor
and determines whether a rational trier of fact could find that the essential elements of the crime
were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Nowack, 462 Mich 392, 399-400; 614 NW2d
78 (2000). This Court must also “draw all reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in
support of the [trier of fact’s] verdict.” Id. at 400.

       Although “appearance” is not specifically defined by statute, this Court has defined it as
“any act of a party acknowledging jurisdiction of a court or invoking court action on his behalf.”
Deeb v Berri, 118 Mich App 556, 563-564; 325 NW2d 493 (1982). “Two requirements must be
met to render an act adequate to support the inference that it is an appearance: (1) knowledge of
the pending proceedings and (2) an intention to appear.” Id. at 564.

        In the present case, there is sufficient evidence in the record for a reasonable trier of fact
to conclude that defendant appeared in the action against him. First, after the court issued an
order requiring defendant to pay a portion of the birthing expenses for his child, defendant
objected and a hearing was held accordingly. Defendant now argues that sufficient evidence
does not exist to establish that the objection was made, specifically emphasizing the failure of the
prosecution to produce the written objection itself. However, a notice to appear and a hearing
summary were produced at trial. The notice to appear indicated that an objection to the
confinement expense order was received by the Friend of the Court (FOC). A hearing was held
on the objection, as demonstrated by the hearing summary document. Additionally, an FOC
caseworker testified that, during the time frame in question, the FOC would set objection
hearings when individuals would make an oral complaint via the telephone. It is probable, then,
that defendant’s original objection was made orally, which would explain the lack of written
documentation of the objection in the FOC record. Defendant’s objection to the expense order
demonstrates that he was aware of the action and that he intended to appear to defend himself
against the action. Id.

        In addition to the objection, defendant also corresponded with the FOC three times
concerning the court’s subsequent child support order and possible extensions of time to pay.
Defendant also made voluntary payments per the child support order in 2004 and 2006.
Defendant must have known of the action in order to communicate regarding the details of the
action. His acquiescence to the child support order via the making of support payments and
correspondence asking to alter the payments also demonstrate an acknowledgement of the
court’s jurisdiction over the matter. Id. at 563-564.


                                                 -2-
        Defendant argues that child support payments and correspondence with the FOC cannot
prove defendant’s intent to appear in the matter because they do not involve attorneys or the
court itself. However, the focus of the courts’ analysis is the timing of the communication and
whether the defendant acknowledged the court’s jurisdiction or asked the court to act on his
behalf. The FOC correspondence took place after the action had been initiated and when
defendant was aware of the action. In the correspondence, defendant also acknowledged the
court’s jurisdiction by asking for alterations to his child support payments. See Ragnone v
Wirsing, 141 Mich App 263, 265; 367 NW2d 369 (1985).

        Finally, defendant’s knowledge of the action and his intent to appear is also supported by
defendant’s voluntary presence at two show-cause hearings and defendant’s signing of two
separate consent orders. Although the signing of consent orders may have taken place at the
FOC office or the Ottawa County Jail and not in front of a judge in the courtroom, the consent
orders adjourned proceedings so that defendant could have time to file motions to lower support
and improve his financial status. In this way, defendant invoked court action on his behalf.
Deeb, 118 Mich App at 563-564. Considering the evidence that defendant objected to the
confinement expense order, communicated with the FOC at least three times concerning
payments, voluntarily paid the child support as directed six times in 2004 and 2006, was present
for show-cause hearings, and signed consent orders, sufficient evidence existed to demonstrate
that defendant knew of the action against him and intended to appear in it. Taken together with
the parties’ stipulation to the satisfaction of all other elements, viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, there was sufficient evidence for the trier of fact to return a
guilty verdict for failure to pay child support.

       Affirmed.



                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                              /s/ Jane E. Markey




                                                -3-
