                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                        File Name: 09a0305p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                   X
                                                    -
 CLARENCE BRYANT (08-6375);

                         Plaintiffs-Appellants, --
 JOHN C. TURNER (08-6378),

                                                    -
                                                        Nos. 08-6375/6378

                                                    ,
                                                     >
                                                    -
           v.

                                                    -
                          Defendant-Appellee. -
 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
                                                    -
                                                  N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Eastern Districts of Kentucky at Lexington and London.
             Nos. 07-00209, 06-00450—G. Wix Unthank, District Judge.
                                       Argued: July 28, 2009
                              Decided and Filed: August 24, 2009
                                                                                            *
             Before: COLE and COOK, Circuit Judges; COHN, District Judge.

                                       _________________

                                             COUNSEL
ARGUED: Wolodymyr Iwan Cybriwsky, LAW OFFICE, Prestonsburg, Kentucky, for
Appellants. Jeffrica Jenkins Lee, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Wolodymyr Iwan Cybriwsky, LAW
OFFICE, Prestonsburg, Kentucky, for Appellants. Jeffrica Jenkins Lee, William Kanter,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.
                                       _________________

                                              OPINION
                                       _________________

         COLE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs-Appellants Clarence Bryant and John C. Turner
(collectively, “Plaintiffs”) appeal from separate cases awarding attorney fees directly to
Plaintiffs rather than to their attorneys under the Equal Access to Justice Act (the

         *
           The Honorable Avern L. Cohn, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan,
sitting by designation.


                                                    1
Nos. 08-6375/6378             Bryant, et al. v. Comm’r of Social Security            Page 2


“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d). This Court consolidated Plaintiffs’ appeals. Plaintiffs,
who are both represented by the same counsel, argue that the district court’s decision to
award fees to Plaintiffs is contrary to the past practices of the Social Security
Administration, at odds with a recent decision of this Court, and deleterious to the ability
of Social Security claimants to obtain legal representation. Specifically, Plaintiffs argue
that awarding attorney-fee payments directly to plaintiffs subjects those payments to
administrative offset under the Debt Collection Improvement Act of 1996 (the “DCIA”),
31 U.S.C. § 3716, reducing or completely eliminating Plaintiffs’ ability to pay for legal
services. Plaintiffs also argue that the district court erred in refusing to increase the
EAJA compensable hourly rate from $125 to $150.

        We share Plaintiffs’ concern that awarding attorney fees to successful parties,
rather than to their attorneys, will prevent some successful plaintiffs from paying their
lawyers and, ultimately, may prevent future claimants from obtaining counsel in the first
place. However, the plain language of the EAJA, as well as Supreme Court case law
interpreting similar language in other statutes, convinces us that we must AFFIRM the
district court’s decisions.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

        Plaintiffs filed separate applications for Social Security Disability Insurance
Benefits. Their applications were both denied by the Commissioner of Social Security
(“Commissioner”). After exhausting their administrative remedies, Plaintiffs filed
appeals in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky. In both
cases, the Plaintiffs prevailed in that the district court found the Commissioner’s
decisions unsupported by substantial evidence and remanded the cases to the
Commissioner.

        Plaintiffs then moved for attorney fees under the EAJA at an hourly rate of $150
and requested payment directly to counsel. The Commissioner objected to the requested
fee rate and argued that any fee award should be paid to Plaintiffs, rather than to their
attorney. The district court awarded attorney fees but held that only the $125 per hour
Nos. 08-6375/6378          Bryant, et al. v. Comm’r of Social Security                   Page 3


fee-rate set by Congress was warranted. The court also held that EAJA attorney fees are
payable to the party, and not the party’s attorney. These appeals followed.

                                     II. ANALYSIS

A.      Standard of review

        Plaintiffs raise two issues on appeal. The first issue, whether attorney fees are
payable to Plaintiffs or Plaintiffs’ attorney, is an issue of statutory interpretation, which
the Court reviews de novo. United States v. Gagnon, 553 F.3d 1021, 1025 (6th Cir.
2009). The second issue, whether the Plaintiffs were entitled to an increase in the hourly
attorney-fee rate, is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886,
898 (1984); Townsend v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 415 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2005). “A district
court abuses its discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or when
it improperly applies the law or uses an erroneous legal standard.” Deja Vu of Nashville,
Inc. v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson County, 274 F.3d 377, 400 (6th Cir. 2001)
(quotation marks and citation omitted).

B.      The Plaintiffs, and not their attorney, are the proper recipient of attorney
        fees under the EAJA
        1.      The history

        The EAJA, enacted in 1980, provides for an award of attorney fees to a party
prevailing against the United States in a civil action when the position taken by the
Government is not substantially justified and no special circumstances exist warranting
a denial of fees. 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A); see also Perket v. Sec. of H.H.S., 905 F.2d
129, 132 (6th Cir. 1990). The purpose of the statute is described in its legislative
history:

        The [EAJA] rests on the premise that certain individuals . . . may be
        deterred from seeking review of . . . unreasonable governmental action
        because of the expense involved in securing the vindication of their
        rights. The economic deterrents to contesting governmental action are
        magnified in these cases by the disparity between the resources and
        expertise of these individuals and their government. The purpose of the
        bill is to reduce the deterrents and disparity by entitling certain prevailing
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       parties to recover an award of attorney fees, expert witness fees and other
       expenses against the United States, unless the Government action was
       substantially justified.
H.R. Rep. No. 96-1418, at 5-6 (1980), reprinted in 1980 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4984, 4984. This
statement indicates that Congress intended to make challenges to unreasonable
government action more accessible for certain individuals by allowing them to recoup
reasonable attorney fees and costs, should they prevail.

       Since 1980, the Commissioner has paid attorney fees under the EAJA directly
to attorneys, and not to Social Security claimants. As noted by the Fourth Circuit, “[i]n
fact, the Commissioner created a direct deposit system for attorneys and issued I.R.S.
1099 forms directly to the attorneys who received awards as taxable attorney income.”
Stephens v. Astrue, 565 F.3d 131, 135 (4th Cir. 2009). Recently, however, the
Commissioner changed this practice, partly in response to the DCIA, taking the position
that attorney-fee awards under the EAJA were the property of claimants and not their
attorneys. The result of this change is that fee awards are now subject to administrative
offset if the claimant owes a debt to the federal Government.

       2.      The EAJA

       Plaintiffs argue that attorney fees under the EAJA are the property of and are
payable directly to their attorney. A review of the relevant case law on attorney fees
under the EAJA involving Social Security benefits reveals a split among our sister
circuits. Compare Stephens, 565 F.3d at 139 (4th Cir. 2009) (concluding that EAJA fees
are payable to the party, not the attorney); Reeves v. Astrue, 526 F.3d 732, 738 (11th Cir.
2008) (same) cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 724 (2008); Manning v. Astrue, 510 F.3d 1246,
1252-55 (10th Cir. 2007) (same), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 486 (2008); with Ratliff v.
Astrue, 540 F.3d 800, 802 (8th Cir. 2008) (concluding the EAJA fee award was payable
to the attorney, not to the party). In an unpublished opinion, this Circuit took the
position in dicta that “attorney’s fees awarded under the EAJA are payable to the
attorney; they are awarded for the benefit of the party, but the money is not the party’s
to keep.” King v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 230 F. App’x 476, 481 (6th Cir. 2007).
Nos. 08-6375/6378          Bryant, et al. v. Comm’r of Social Security                   Page 5


        Plaintiffs’ argument relies heavily on King, but “as an unpublished decision,
[King] is not precedentially binding under the doctrine of stare decisis,” and is
considered by us only for its persuasive value. United States v. Sanford, 476 F.3d 391,
396 (6th Cir. 2007). The above-quoted language was not a central issue of the case. See
King, 230 F. App’x at 481. King involved a challenge to a district court order denying
attorney fees under the EAJA because the motion was filed on behalf of King’s attorney,
rather than on behalf of King himself. Id. Although it was improper to bring the motion
in the attorney’s name, we reversed because the motion on the whole “was not made by
counsel as the real party in interest, but was on behalf of the Plaintiff.” Id. at 482
(internal quotations omitted) (emphasis in original). The King Court was not tasked with
considering the proper recipient of the EAJA attorney fees so it did not examine the
EAJA’s text or look to case law bearing on that question from the Supreme Court or
other circuits. As such, King’s analysis did not address the question at hand.

        Thus, we consider for the first time whether attorney fees awarded under the
EAJA are payable to the party or the party’s attorney.

        When we . . . are called upon to review and interpret Congress’s
        legislation, “[i]t is elementary that the meaning of a statute must, in the
        first instance, be sought in the language in which the act is framed, and
        if that is plain, and if the law is within the constitutional authority of the
        lawmaking body which passed it, the sole function of the courts is to
        enforce it according to its terms.”
Thompson v. N. Am. Stainless, LP, 567 F.3d 804, 807 (2009) (en banc) (quoting
Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 485 (1917)). “The meaning of a statute is
determined by reference to the language itself, the specific context in which that
language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Nat’l Cotton
Council of Am. v. United States EPA, 553 F.3d 927, 935 (6th Cir. 2009). “If the words
are plain, they give meaning to the act, and it is neither the duty nor the privilege of the
courts to enter speculative fields in search of a different meaning.” Caminetti, 242 U.S.
at 490. Accordingly, when the statutory language is plain, the “function of the
courts—at least where the disposition required by the text is not absurd—is to enforce
it according to its terms.” Lamie v. United States Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 534 (2004); see also
Nos. 08-6375/6378         Bryant, et al. v. Comm’r of Social Security                 Page 6


Thompson, 567 F.3d at 807. “[W]e give the words of a statute their ordinary,
contemporary, common meaning, absent an indication Congress intended them to bear
some different import.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 431 (2000).

       Thus, our inquiry begins with the language of the EAJA, which provides:

       a court shall award to a prevailing party other than the United States fees
       and other expenses . . . incurred by that party in any civil action (other
       than cases sounding in tort), including proceedings for judicial review of
       agency action, brought by or against the United States in any court
       having jurisdiction of that action, unless the court finds that the position
       of the United States was substantially justified or that special
       circumstances make an award unjust.
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court recently explained
when considering another provision of the EAJA—governing fees and expenses in the
administrative context—that the above “prevailing party” language should “leave[] no
doubt” that Congress intended that EAJA awards be considered from “the perspective
of the litigant” and not from that of her attorney. Richlin Sec. Serv. Co. v. Chertoff, 128
S. Ct. 2007, 2013 (2008).         Three circuits—the Fourth, Tenth, and Eleventh
Circuits—find that “‘this statutory language . . . provides that the prevailing party, who
incurred the attorney[] fees, and not that party’s attorney, is eligible for an award of
attorney[] fees.’” Stephens, 565 F.3d at 137-38 (quoting Manning, 510 F.3d at 1249-50).
Though the Eighth Circuit reached the opposite conclusion, it felt it was constrained by
prior precedent, stating that had it considered the issue in the first instance the Circuit
“may well [have] agree[d] with our sister circuits and be persuaded by a literal
interpretation of the EAJA, providing that ‘a court may award reasonable fees and
expenses of attorneys . . . to the prevailing party.’” Ratliff, 540 F.3d at 802 (citation
omitted) (emphasis in original). In fact, Judge Gruender wrote a separate concurring
opinion to emphasize that “[the Eighth Circuit’s] holding today, as compelled by
[precedent], is inconsistent with the language in two Supreme Court opinions, the
EAJA’s plain language and the holdings of most other circuit courts.” Id. at 803
(Gruender, Circuit J., concurring). Like the Fourth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits, we are
Nos. 08-6375/6378         Bryant, et al. v. Comm’r of Social Security              Page 7


persuaded by the plain language of the EAJA and conclude that the prevailing party, and
not her attorney, is the proper recipient of attorney fees under the EAJA.

       Other sections of the EAJA support our conclusion. In it, Congress defines
“party” as an individual whose net worth does not exceed $2,000,000 or an owner of a
corporation or other organization with fewer than 500 employees and a net worth of
$7,000,000 or less. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(B). Thus, Congress’s concept of “party”
plainly does not include the claimant’s attorney. Moreover, the EAJA specifically states
that a fee application must demonstrate that “the party”—not the party’s attorney—is
both a “prevailing party” and is financially “eligible to receive an [EAJA] award.” Id.
§ 2412(d)(1)(B). It would make no sense to condition the receipt of attorney-fee awards
on the size of law practice, firm, or non-profit legal corporation that represents
claimants. Simply put, Plaintiffs’ argument that the EAJA fees are payable to the party’s
attorney, rather than to the party, cannot be read harmoniously with these provisions.
Rather, the EAJA allows “attorney[] fees reimbursement to financially eligible parties,
who make a proper application, and not to their attorneys.” Manning, 510 F.3d at 1251.

       Moreover, the EAJA distinguishes between the “prevailing party” who is eligible
to receive fees and the attorney who is one of the party’s many litigation expenses.
Specifically, the EAJA requires that in order to apply for fees and other expenses, “the
party” must submit an itemized statement “from any attorney or expert witness” stating
her “actual time expended and the rate at which fees and other expenses were
computed.” Id. § 2412(d)(1)(B) (emphasis added). This use of the directional “from”
language indicates that the fee applicant would be receiving the fee calculations from the
attorney or expert witness rather than the attorney or expert witness as a fee applicant
submitting her own figures. Thus, in defining “fees and other expenses,” which
“includes the reasonable expenses of expert witnesses, the reasonable cost of any study,
analysis, engineering report, test, or project which is found by the court to be necessary
for the preparation of the party’s case, and reasonable attorney fees,” Congress
categorizes attorneys along with other persons necessary for the preparation and
execution of a case. Id. § 2412(d)(2)(A). Nothing in the EAJA suggests that all persons
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performing services for the “prevailing party” may separately assert claims for
compensation from the Government. Rather, Congress appears to have intended that
these persons—including the party’s attorney—receive their compensation from the
party who utilizes their services. See Panola Land Buying Ass’n v. Clark, 844 F.2d
1506, 1511 (11th Cir. 1988).

        If Congress had intended for EAJA fees to be awarded to the party’s attorney, it
could have explicitly done so. In other statutes, Congress has explicitly provided for the
award of attorney fees to the attorney rather than the party. For instance, in § 406(b) of
the Social Security Act, Congress provided for the direct payment of attorney fees to the
attorney, stating that the “court may determine and allow . . . a reasonable fee for . . .
representation” and the Commissioner may “certify the amount of such fee for payment
to such attorney . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 406(b)(1)(A) (emphasis added). The foregoing
language demonstrates that Congress clearly understands how to award attorney fees
directly to the attorney. Because Congress did not use such language in the EAJA, we
conclude that it did not intend attorney fees under the EAJA to be payable directly to the
party’s attorney.

        Our conclusion is further supported by the Supreme Court’s attorney fee
decisions concerning claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. The Court explained,
albeit in dicta, that, in “allow[ing] the prevailing party . . . a reasonable attorney[] fee as
part of costs,” 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b), § 1988 makes clear that “the party, rather than the
lawyer,” is eligible for fee awards. Venegas v. Mitchell, 495 U.S. 82, 87 (1990); see also
Evans v. Jeff D., 475 U.S. 717, 730-32 (1986) (concluding that plaintiffs in a § 1988
class action settlement could waive attorney fees). The Supreme Court “rejected the
argument that the entitlement to a § 1988 award belongs to the attorney rather than the
plaintiff.” Venegas, 495 U.S. at 89 (citing Jeff D., 475 U.S. at 731-32). The EAJA uses
the same “prevailing party” language as §1988, and adopting Plaintiffs’ position that the
EAJA fee awards are payable directly to attorneys would be inconsistent with the
Supreme Court’s precedent.
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       3.      The DCIA

       Plaintiffs contend that awarding fees directly to the party and subjecting those
payments to the DCIA will dissuade counsel from taking these and similar cases in the
future. It is true that because the EAJA awards are payable to plaintiffs rather than to
plaintiffs’ counsel, those awards are subject to administrative offset. Awarding these
fees to plaintiffs arguably makes it less certain that attorneys taking these cases will be
paid. These are legitimate concerns worthy of Congressional consideration. In the
meantime, as the Tenth Circuit explained, “[a]ll federal payments, including ‘fees,’ are
subject to administrative offset,” except for payments that are explicitly excepted from
the DCIA. Manning, 510 F.3d at 1255 (citing 31 C.F.R. § 285.5(e)(1), (2)). Nothing in
the EAJA or the applicable statutory and regulatory provisions governing the
administrative-offset process currently exempts the attorney-fee awards at issue here
from offset. As the Supreme Court stated in discussing § 1988 fee awards,

       while it is undoubtedly true that Congress expected fee shifting to attract
       competent counsel to represent citizens deprived of their civil rights, it
       [did not] bestow[] fee awards upon attorneys nor render[] them
       nonwaivable or nonnegotiable . . . .
Jeff D., 475 U.S. at 731. The same applies in the EAJA award context. EAJA fee
awards are intended to attract competent counsel to represent citizens contesting
governmental action and to level the litigatory playing field.             Our decision,
unfortunately, may have the contrary effect. If Congress intended to exempt EAJA fee
awards from administrative offset, it can amend either the EAJA or the DCIA, but the
current statutory language leads us to conclude that attorney fees under the EAJA are
subject to administrative offset.

C.     The district court did not abuse its discretion in limiting fees to the EAJA’s
       statutory cap
       Under the EAJA, the amount of attorney fees awarded

       shall be based upon the prevailing market rates for the kind and quality
       of services furnished, except that . . . attorney fees shall not be awarded
       in excess of $125 per hour unless the court determines that an increase
Nos. 08-6375/6378          Bryant, et al. v. Comm’r of Social Security               Page 10


        in the cost of living or a special factor, such as the limited availability of
        qualified attorneys for the proceedings involved justifies a higher fee.
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A). In requesting an increase in the hourly-fee rate, Plaintiffs
bear the burden of producing appropriate evidence to support the requested increase. See
Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 898 (1984) (considering attorney fees under § 1988, the
Court stated,“[t]he burden of proving that such an adjustment is necessary to the
determination of a reasonable fee is on the fee applicant”). Plaintiffs must “produce
satisfactory evidence—in addition to the attorney’s own affidavits—that the requested
rates are in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers
of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation.” Id. at 895 n.11.

        Plaintiffs contest the district court’s refusal to award fees above the EAJA’s $125
statutory cap. Plaintiffs argue that evidence submitted by their counsel in previous
EAJA petitions and statistical data submitted to the district court justifies the requested
$25 per hour increase in fees. Plaintiffs also make policy arguments that the low hourly
rate provided by the EAJA as well as increases in filing fees have led to a decrease in the
number of qualified attorneys pursuing Social Security claims.

        The Commissioner responds that based on the evidence submitted in each case,
the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying an increase in the EAJA hourly-
fee rate. The Commissioner argues that the district court properly noted that Plaintiffs
failed to produce evidence supporting a fee increase, and thus denied Plaintiffs’ requests.

        Here, Plaintiffs failed to meet their burden of proof, and the district court, in each
case, appropriately noted the lack of proffered evidence. In fact, in both cases, Plaintiffs
submitted only the Department of Labor’s Consumer Price Index, arguing that the rate
of inflation supported an increase in fees. This is not enough, and the district court did
not abuse its discretion in denying Plaintiffs’ requests. Moreover, Plaintiffs’ policy
arguments arguably justifying a legislative increase to the EAJA’s statutory cap are not
relevant to this Court’s review for abuse of discretion. For these reasons, we affirm the
decisions of the district court limiting the hourly-fee rate in these cases to $125.
Nos. 08-6375/6378      Bryant, et al. v. Comm’r of Social Security           Page 11


                              III. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the decisions of the district court.
