                        PD-1651-15                                           PD-1651-15
                                                            COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                            AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                          Transmitted 12/18/2015 3:05:37 PM
                                                           Accepted 12/19/2015 11:11:30 AM
                         No.                                                 ABEL ACOSTA
                                                                                     CLERK


                         IN THE COURT OF

                 CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS




                  FREDERICK MANUEL, Appellant

                                 VS.

                  THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



                           **********

     From the First Court of Appeals, Cause Number 01-14-00107-CR
          and the 331st District Court of Travis, County, Texas,
                    Cause Number D-1-DC-13-904096

                           **********


            PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW


                                       Ken Mahaffey
                                       Counsel for Appellant
    December 18, 2015                  P. O. Box 684585
                                       Austin, Texas 78768
                                       (512) 444-6557
                                       St. Bar No. 12830050
                                       Ken Mahaffey@yahoo.com

ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES AND COUNSEL............................................. ii

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT.............................................. iii

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY. .................................................... iii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES. .................................................................................. iv

STATEMENT OF THE CASE AND SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT. .................. 1

GROUND FOR REVIEW..........................................................................................2

        Can a search warrant be based on the affiant’s belief that criminals
        routinely keep evidence of a crime at their homes so that there is
        probable cause to search three months after the offense even though
        no person said they observed any of the items sought at that
        location?

REASONS FOR REVIEW:

        1. The Court of Appeals decision conflicts with other courts of appeal on the
        same issue, specifically Rowell v. State, 14 S.W.3d 806, 810 (Tex. App. -
        Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, affirmed 66 S.W.3d 279)(information that convicted
        felon pawned and redeemed guns, insufficient for search of residence without
        any showing firearms had ever been seen there); Robuck v. State, 40 S.W.3d
        650, 654-55 (Tex. App. - San Antonio 2001, pet. ref'd)(while dog sniff and
        other factors provided probable cause to search a box mailed to defendant, even
        evidence that he was clearly a drug trafficker did not sufficiently focus on the
        location to provide probable cause to search his residence); Ozuna v. State, 88
        S.W.3d 307, 313 (Tex. App. - San Antonio 2002, pet. ref'd) (“Information
        regarding the defendant's possession of drugs, alone, is insufficient to warrant
        the search of his home” so proof resident traded stolen items for drugs
        elsewhere did not provide basis for believing that evidence would be found in
        his home).

        2. The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of state or federal

                                                     i
        law which has not been, but should be, settled by the Court of Criminal
        Appeals.

        3. The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of state or federal
        law that is in conflict with an applicable decision of the Court of Criminal
        Appeals, in particular Cassias v. State, 719 S.W.2d 585, 589 (Tex. Crim. App.
        1986)(history of drug arrests and credible assertion that defendant seen in
        possession of marijuana elsewhere did not show the contraband was actually
        in the residence to be searched).


PRAYER FOR RELIEF. .......................................................................................... 8

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE AND WORD COUNT. .......................................... 9


APPENDIX - COURT OF APPEALS OPINION




                                                      ii
              IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES AND COUNSEL

       The following is a list of all parties to the trial court's final judgment and their

counsel in the trial court:

   1. Trial Judge                  Bob Perkins
                                   331st District Court
                                   P.O. Box 1748
                                   Austin TX 78767-1748

   2. Appellant:                   Frederick Manuel
                                   Polunsky Unit
                                   01901942
                                   3872 FM 350 South
                                   Livingston, TX 77351

   3. Defense Counsel:            Steve Brittain
                                  Attorney at Law
                                  1100 West Ave
                                  Austin, TX 78701 -2020

   4. The State of Texas:         James R. Young
                                  Travis Co. D. A.’s Office
                                  P.O. Box 1748
                                  Austin TX 78767-1748




                                            iii
                STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

         The Court of Appeals has made a sweeping change in Fourth Amendment law

asserting it its “common experience” that anyone suspected of a crime will keep

evidence of a crime in their residence. Oral argument will be useful to address the

specific allegations in the challenged warrant and authorities relied upon by the Court

of Appeals. It will also be helpful to qualify authority from other jurisdictions on this

issue.



                   STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On November 5, 2015, the First Court of Appeals issued an opinion affirming

appellant's judgment of conviction. The Court ordered the opinion published. A link

to that opinion is listed below:

http://www.search.txcourts.gov/SearchMedia.aspx?MediaVersionID=f8f740e5-56
b2-44e4-bc7d-ba3391f9ba0d&coa=coa01&DT=Opinion&MediaID=db147244-2e7
b-4f70-a4be-b5256baea72d

         A motion for rehearing was filed on November 13, 2015 and overruled on

December 8, 2015. Appellant now files this Petition for Discretionary Review with

this Court within thirty (30) days after the Court of Appeals made its final ruling on

the cause.




                                           iv
                               INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

CASES:

State Cases:

    Arrick v. State, 107 S.W.3d 710 (Tex. App. -
          Austin 2003, pet. ref’d). ....................................................................... 5

    Arrick v. State, 107 S.W.3d 710 (Tex. App. - Austin 2003, pet. ref’d).......... 5

    Cassias v. State, 719 S.W.2d 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). ........................... 4

    Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). ......................... 4

    Rowell v. State, 214 S.W.3d 806, 810 (Tex. App. -
         Houston [1st Dist.] 2000), aff’d, 66 S.W.3d 279
         (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)........................................................................ 4

    Serrano v. State, 123 S.W.3d 53 (Tex. App. -
          Austin 2003, pet. ref’d). ....................................................................... 4




Federal Cases:

    Iverson v. North Dakota, 480 F.2d 414 (8th Cir.), cert. denied,
          414 U.S. 1044 (1973)........................................................................... 6

    Stanford v. Texas, 379 U.S. 476, 481 (1965)................................................. 7

    United States v. Grubbs, 547 U.S. 90 (2006). ................................................ 3

    Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, 98 S.Ct. 1970,
         56 L.Ed.2d 525 (1978). ........................................................................ 7



                                                       v
Federal Constitution:

     U.S. CONST. AMEND. IV. ........................................................................... 3



Secondary Authority:

     2 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 3.7(d) (3d ed. 1996).................... 2




                                                 vi
                               IN THE COURT OF

                       CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS




                        FREDERICK MANUEL, Appellant

                                         VS.

                        THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



                 PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW


TO THE HONORABLE JUDGES OF THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:

      COMES NOW Frederick Manuel, appellant, through counsel, Ken Mahaffey,

and respectfully submits this Petition for Discretionary Review.

                        STATEMENT OF THE CASE
                       AND SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

      Appellant, Frederick Manuel, was convicted in jury trial of capital murder in

a convenience store robbery alleged to have been committed on January 20, 2011. The

jury assessed a sentence of life imprisonment. The Court of Appeals held a warrant

to search Appellant’s residence was supported by probable cause because common

experience showed that criminals keep evidence of their crimes in their homes. The

warrant issued three months after the offense. Appellant argues that instead affidavits

                                          1
should state particular facts showing the items to be sought were actually seen or

located at the residence to be searched and also facts showing those items are still

located there. This has long been the law and the Court of Appeals has greatly

expanded what will be sufficient to show items are in the place to be searched by

reliance on proof a crime was committed elsewhere.



                   GROUND AND REASONS FOR REVIEW

Ground for Review:

      Can a search warrant be based on the affiant’s belief that criminals
      routinely keep evidence of a crime at their homes so that there is probable
      cause to search three months after the offense even though no person said
      they observed any of the items sought at that location?

                       ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES

I. Introduction.

      “Probable cause to believe that a man has committed a crime on the street does

not necessarily give rise to probable cause to search his home.” 2 Wayne R. LaFave,

Search and Seizure § 3.7(d) (3d ed. 1996). At issue here is a residential search warrant

that focuses on appellant personally as a suspect of crime committed elsewhere but

did not articulate any facts showing the items sought had been seen at his residence.

(RR9 SX 81, p. 153). A warrant affidavit must permit the magistrate “. . . to

determine (1) that it is now probable that (2) contraband . . . will be on the described

                                           2
premises (3) when the warrant is executed.” United States v. Grubbs, 547 U.S. 90, 96

(2006)(emphasis in original); U.S. CONST. AMEND. IV. The question is whether

suspicion that one committed a crime at another location months before the warrant

application supports a search of the suspect’s home solely because the affiant thinks

there might be evidence in his residence.


II. The Court of Appeals Holding.

       The search warrant considered by the Court of Appeals focused suspicion on

Appellant personally and authorized a search of his home for evidence of a

convenience store robbery three months prior to the warrant. (RR9 SX 81, p. 153).

This affidavit contained many specifics like Appellant’s address, the type of car he

drove and information that he owned a jacket similar to the one seen in the

surveillance video. Id. However, the affidavit did not state any facts showing that the

items sought under the search warrant were actually at the residence. Id. The Court of

Appeals held that “. . . common experience tells us that there is a ‘fair probability’ that

clothing worn ‘a lot’ over a period of years will be kept at a person’s residence.” Slip

Op. p. 11.

       The Court of Appeals acknowledged that several cases from other courts,

including this Court, require there to be specific information that the items to be

sought are actually at the location at the time the warrant issued. Slip Op. pp. 7 - 9.

                                            3
The Court also noted that several cases have found the belief that criminals keep items

like drugs or firearms at their residences insufficient without some showing the items

were ever seem in the residence and were still at that location. See e.g., Cassias v.

State, 719 S.W.2d 585, 586–587 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (observance of packages

going into home did not establish that alleged drug dealer sold drugs from his home);

Rowell v. State, 214 S.W.3d 806, 810 (Tex. App. - Houston [1st Dist.] 2000), aff’d,

66 S.W.3d 279 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (other than police experience nothing showed

an actual firearm would be at the residence six months after purchase); Serrano v.

State, 123 S.W.3d 53, 63 (Tex. App. - Austin 2003, pet. ref’d) (evidence defendant

dealt in drugs did not establish probable cause that drugs would be at defendant’s

home). The Court of Appeals then concluded that clothing is different than drugs and

firearms because those items can be taken or used somewhere else. Slip Op. p. 11.


III. Court of Appeals’ Reasoning.

      The lower court based its holding on three principal cases, none of which

support such a broad conclusion. The first was from this Court, i.e., Rodriguez v.

State, 232 S.W.3d 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In Rodriguez, the Court did not rely on

“common experience” to find a sufficient probability that evidence of a crime would

be in the residence. Instead, the resident specifically told the officers there were drugs

in the residence. Id. at 57. As a result, the Court of Appeals’ reliance on Rodriguez,

                                            4
supra, to show common experience can support a probable cause determination is

misplaced. It was this admission the items were actually in the place to be searched

that supported the probable cause determination, not the belief that criminals keep

evidence in their homes. Id.

      The Court of Appeals also cited Arrick v. State, 107 S.W.3d 710 (Tex. App. -

Austin 2003, pet. ref’d). In Arrick v. State, 107 S.W.3d 710 (Tex. App. - Austin 2003,

pet. ref’d), the defendant bragged to numerous people about committing the murder

providing details concerning his transport of the body. Id. at 716. He also described

a particular gun souvenir he had made to commemorate the event. Id. The affidavit

established a probability that the suspect would have gotten blood on his clothing and

on the carpet of his home during the offense. Id. at 717. It was also reasonable to infer

the suspect would keep the souvenir since he obviously expended great effort to create

it and displayed it to others. Id. at 717. Here, the Court of Appeals does not point to

anything in suggesting appellant would have been spattered with blood that would still

be present months later or created. Nor is there any suggestion he possessed a

distinctive object that he showed to others while admitting the offense. Arrick, supra,

is simply not authority for the proposition that it is common knowledge that

murderers habitually keep items of evidentiary value in their homes.

      The Court of Appeals also reached out to another jurisdiction by citing Iverson


                                           5
v. North Dakota, 480 F.2d 414 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1044 (1973)(the day

after murder defendant admitted being in victim’s reside in last 48 hours and had

visible scratches on his body). The opinion quoted out of context certain language in

Iverson, supra, specifically that a magistrate may take into account “‘. . .

considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men act.’” Slip Op.

p. 9, citing Iverson, 480 F.2d at 418. While this phrase does appear in the Iverson

decision, the reference was to the fact that victims of the type of murder would resist.

Specifically, the Iverson opinion states as follows:

      “. . . [i]t is reasonable to assume that in a violent crime such as murder there
      would be blood present, and that female victims would fight with the weapons
      available to them-their hands and fingernails. Accordingly, it would be
      reasonable to assume that their assailant would bear scratch marks.”

Iverson, supra at 418. This case simply does not say that suspicion of a crime

committed elsewhere supports a general search warrant for the suspect’s home

because it is a known fact that criminals keep evidence in their homes. Instead, the

Iverson court found the warrant was based on timely information specifically focused

suspicion on the place to be searched because the defendant would have returned

home there soon after the offense with blood on his person. Id This quite different

from assuming items would be present three months after the offense.

      The Court of Appeals also found the information was timely because the affiant

stated he had received information within the last 24 hours. Slip Op. p. 20. However,

                                           6
this misreads the affidavit. The information relied upon by the opinion is an

observation of a car similar to Appellant’s on a video from the store. The affidavit

actually states investigators had identified Appellant’s car by color, make and license

plate number on February 1, 2011; the warrant was issued on April 28, 2011. See SX

81 p. 3 - 4. Moreover, the Court of Appeals did not explain why driving a car three

months prior to issuance of the warrant made it sufficiently probable that certain items

would be present in a remote residence.


IV. Court of Appeals Holding Authorizes General Warrants.

      This Court should grant review because the Court of Appeals has essentially

held that a warrant can be issued for the search of a suspect’s home anytime there is

probable cause to suspect him of a crime. Stanford v. Texas, 379 U.S. 476, 481

(1965)(Fourth Amendment motivated by need to prohibit “general warrants” to search

for evidence anywhere officers think they might find evidence of wrong doing). The

key element is not whether a particular person is suspected of a crime, but whether

there are articulable facts showing that the items to be seized will be found in the

place to be searched. Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, 556 - 557 n. 6, 98

S.Ct. 1970, 56 L.Ed.2d 525 (1978)(citing legal scholars to show probable cause to

arrest a particular person does not equate with probable cause to search a particular

place). The Court of Appeals has greatly expanded the scope of what will support a

                                           7
finding of probable cause to search a residence and this Court should grant review and

provide guidance on the proper standard of review for evaluating “consideration of

every day life” in probable cause determinations.



                             PRAYER FOR RELIEF

      WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, appellant respectfully prays that

this Court grant Discretionary Review and upon submission, reverse the judgment of

the Court of Appeals.

                                                    Respectfully Submitted,



                                                    Ken Mahaffey
                                                    Counsel for Appellant
                                                    P.O. Box 684585
                                                    Austin, Texas 78768
                                                    Phone & Fax (512) 444-6557
                                                    St. Bar. No. 12830050
                                                    Ken Mahaffey@yahoo.com




                                          8
             CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE AND WORD COUNT

      The above signature certifies that on this day, December 18, 2015, a true and

correct copy of the foregoing Petition this document was sent by electronic service to

the Travis County District Attorney’s Office, P.O. Box 1748, Austin TX 78767-1748

and to the State Prosecuting Attorney, P.O. Box 12405, Austin, TX 78711 and mailed

to the appellant, Frederick Manuel, Texas Department of Crim. Just., Polunsky Unit,

3872 FM 350 South, Livingston, TX 77351. The above signature also certifies that

this document contains 2695 words in compliance with Rule 9.4 (I) (2) (D), Tex. R.

App. Proc. (not to exceed 4,500 words).




                                          9
APPENDIX - COURT OF APPEALS OPINION
Opinion issued November 5, 2015




                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                         First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-14-00107-CR
                           ———————————
                     FREDERICK MANUEL, Appellant
                                        V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 331st District Court
                           Travis County, Texas1
                   Trial Court Case No. D-1-DC-13-904096


                                  OPINION


1
     The Texas Supreme Court transferred this appeal from the Court of Appeals for
     the Third District of Texas. Misc. Docket No. 14-0001 (Tex. Jan. 7, 2014); see
     TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2011) (authorizing transfer of cases). We
     are unaware of any conflict between precedent of the Court of Appeals for the
     Third District and that of this Court on any relevant issue. See TEX. R. APP. P.
     41.3.
          Frederick Manuel appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress.

Manuel was convicted of capital murder with a deadly weapon and sentenced to

life imprisonment. In his single issue, Manuel argues that the affidavit supporting

the search warrant that allowed the police to seize evidence linking him to the

shooting did not establish probable cause. We affirm.

                                      Background

          One January evening, a man walked into the store, shot the clerk, and took

money from the cash register. During the subsequent police investigation, the

police’s “main goal” was to identify the shooter shown in a security camera video

that recorded the murder. The video suggested that the shooter was a six-foot tall

“black male.” The man was wearing a blue jacket with a light stripe on the sleeves,

jeans, tan boots, and a dark mask. The Austin Police Department worked with local

Austin news media outlets to receive tips to identify him.

          The police began receiving phone calls in response to media coverage. A

few weeks after the shooting, an anonymous caller told the police that the man in

the video was Frederick Manuel. The caller also told the police the address of

Manuel’s residence, a description of his residence, and the name of Manuel’s

landlord. The police were able to verify all of the information provided by the

caller.




                                            2
      The police then interviewed Manuel’s former supervisor at an apartment

complex where Manuel worked for two years. The supervisor recognized the

jacket in the surveillance footage as a jacket Manuel wore to work over “a couple

years” when “the temperatures became cold”—a jacket she had “seen [] a lot”

during those years. A former coworker of Manuel’s at the apartment complex

identified the man in the video as Manuel based on the man’s appearance and

“gait.” The police investigation uncovered a police report on a robbery that

occurred at that complex while Manuel worked there by a six-foot tall “black

male” wearing a blue jacket with light stripes on the sleeves, similar to the one the

shooter wore in the convenience store shooting.

      After reexamining the security video, the police noticed that a white, four-

door 1989-style Chevy Caprice drove past the convenience store heading in the

direction of Manuel’s residence shortly before the murder. After the shooting, the

man in the video walked in the same direction the car had been driving. While

conducting surveillance on Manuel over three months after the murder, the police

saw Manuel driving a vehicle that appeared to match the car in the video.

      The day after observing Manuel driving the vehicle, the police obtained a

warrant to search Manuel’s residence to find, among other things, “[f]irearms” and

“[c]lothing described as blue jacket with stripe on sleeves and hood, jeans, tan

shoes, [d]ark colored masks used to cover the face area, and dark colored gloves.”



                                         3
After executing the warrant, the police seized evidence from Manuel’s residence:

tan boots, blue jeans, a glove, and a black mask—all matching the clothing of the

man in the security video.

      After being indicted, Manuel filed a pretrial motion to exclude this evidence,

arguing the search violated his constitutional rights because the warrant was not

supported by probable cause. The trial court denied the motion.

      Manuel’s first trial ended in a mistrial when, in violation of a previous trial

court order, a State witness testified to a previous extraneous offense by Manuel.

At his second trial, Manuel repeated his argument that the search warrant was not

supported by probable cause in a motion for directed verdict, which the trial court

denied. Manuel was convicted of capital murder with a deadly weapon and

sentenced to life in prison.

       Probable Cause in the Affidavit Supporting the Search Warrant

      Manuel argues that the trial court should have granted his motion to suppress

because the affidavit supporting the search warrant did not establish probable cause

for three reasons: the affidavit did not establish (1) that relevant evidence was at

his residence, (2) the police officer’s “experience and training,” or (3) a timely

connection between any evidence at Manuel’s residence and the murder.




                                         4
A.    Standard of review

      We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress using a bifurcated

standard of review and give almost total deference to the trial court’s findings of

fact while reviewing the trial court’s application of the law de novo. Id.; Hubert v.

State, 312 S.W.3d 554, 559 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Carmouche v. State, 10

S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Courts apply a highly deferential

standard because of the constitutional preference for law enforcement officials to

obtain warrants rather than conduct warrantless searches. State v. McLain, 337

S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). After-the-fact, de novo review of the

sufficiency of affidavits is disfavored. Id. at 272.

      Under Texas law, “[n]o search warrant shall issue . . . unless sufficient facts

are first presented to satisfy the issuing magistrate that probable cause does in fact

exist for its issuance” and “[a] sworn affidavit setting forth substantial facts

establishing probable cause” is filed with the search warrant request. TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01(b) (West Supp. 2011). When a trial court examines

whether there is probable cause to support a search warrant, the trial court is

constrained to the four corners of the affidavit. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271. The

sworn affidavit must set forth facts sufficient to establish probable cause:

          (1) that a specific offense has been committed, (2) that the
          specifically described property or items that are to be searched for
          or seized constitute evidence of that offense or evidence that a
          particular person committed that offense, and (3) that the property


                                           5
          or items constituting evidence to be searched for or seized are
          located at or on the particular person, place, or thing to be
          searched.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01(c) (West Supp. 2011).

      Courts employ a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis for probable-cause

determinations. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2332 (1983).

The magistrate must make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all

of the circumstances set forth in the affidavit, a fair probability exists that evidence

of a crime will be found in a particular place. Id. The reviewing court ensures that

the magistrate had a “‘substantial basis’ for . . . concluding that probable cause

existed.” Id. at 230, 103 S. Ct. at 2331 (quoting Jones v. United States, 362 U.S.

257, 271, 80 S. Ct. 725, 736 (1960)). “This ‘substantial basis’ standard of review

‘does not mean the reviewing court should be a rubber stamp but does mean that

the magistrate’s decision should carry the day in doubtful or marginal cases, even

if the reviewing court might reach a different result upon de novo review.’” Flores

v. State, 319 S.W.3d 697, 702 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Our inquiry, then, is

whether the four corners of the affidavit contain sufficient facts, and inferences

from those facts, to establish a “fair probability” that evidence of a particular crime

will likely be found at a given location. Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55, 62

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Massey v. State, 933 S.W.2d 141, 148 (Tex. Crim. App.




                                           6
1996); McKissick v. State, 209 S.W.3d 205, 212 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2006, pet. ref’d).

B.    Probable cause for items located at Manuel’s residence

      The affidavit supporting the search warrant must set forth facts sufficient to

establish probable cause “that the property or items constituting evidence to be

searched for or seized are located at or on the particular person, place, or thing to

be searched.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01(c).

      Manuel argues that the police officer’s “affidavit does not state facts

showing the evidence sought was probably in that particular residence at the time

the warrant issued.” The State replies that the security video demonstrates that

Manuel “came from his residence . . . to the [convenience store] to commit the

crime and went from the [convenience store] back to his residence with the

clothing and gun he used to commit the offense. These facts and reasonable

inferences supported the magistrate’s finding that there was a fair probability that

these items may be found at [Manuel’s] residence.”

      Being “highly deferential” to the magistrate’s findings, we conclude that

under the reasoning in Rodriguez, there was a “fair probability” that the items of

interest—clothing and firearms—were at Manuel’s residence. Rodriguez, 232

S.W.3d at 62. Assuming “an alleged murderer’s living quarters [contain] clothing”

is “reasonable” under the deference we are to give the issuing magistrate. See



                                         7
generally Bower v. State, 769 S.W.2d 887, 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), overruled

on other grounds by Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)

(noting that courts around country have found probable cause to issue search

warrants to find clothing in residences).

       The facts underlying this case are similar to those in several other cases in

which the defendant challenged a search warrant for lack of probable cause. For

example, in Arrick v. State, the defendant challenged a search warrant, arguing that

no probable cause existed to believe that the items of interest—his clothing, the

murder weapon, and the victim’s clothing and personal items—would be found at

the defendant’s residence or in his car. 107 S.W.3d 710, 716–17 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2003, pet. ref’d). The Austin Court of Appeals concluded that probable

cause existed to search the residence because the magistrate who issued the

warrant could reasonably infer that the defendant might keep clothing at his

residence. Id. at 717. There was also probable cause to believe that the other

personal items might be found at the defendant’s residence. Id.

      In Cuevas v. State, the police observed pieces of broken glass at the scene of

a murder and inferred that the glass came from a broken vehicle window. No. 13-

11-00111-CR, 2012 WL 3134325, at *5–6 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 2,

2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). After finding other

evidence linking the defendant to the murder, the police observed a car with a



                                            8
broken window outside of the defendant’s residence. Id. at *6. The police obtained

a warrant to search the defendant’s residence for any evidence of the murder,

including his clothing and the murder weapon. The court upheld the warrant,

holding that “there was a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime

would be found at appellant’s residence.” Id.

      In Iverson v. State of North Dakota, the police began investigating the

defendant after learning that he knew one of the murder victims and was with her

near the time of the murder. 480 F.2d 414, 417 (8th Cir. 1973). Because the

magistrate can “deal[] only with probabilities,” the Eight Circuit held that the

magistrate could assume that any clothing or personal items of the defendant

connecting him to the murder would be found at the defendant’s home based on

the “factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and

prudent men act.” Id. at 418. Thus, the warrant to search the defendant’s residence

was supported by probable cause.

      Here there was likewise evidence suggesting that police officers would find

evidence from the crime at Manuel’s residence. The officer’s allegation that a car,

identical to Manuel’s, was “driving north” toward Manuel’s residence “past the

store” around the time of the murder suggests that Manuel drove to his residence,

then walked from his residence to the murder scene. The security video suggests




                                         9
that he shot the clerk, took the money, and left the store walking in the direction of

Manuel’s residence.

      In addition, Manuel’s supervisor from 2008 to 2010 told the police that

Manuel wore a jacket identical to the one in the security video to work during that

time. Based on the “factual and practical considerations of everyday life,” a “fair

probability” exists that Manuel would keep clothing and any weapons he owned at

his residence. Iverson, 480 F.2d at 418.

      Manuel cites other cases in which courts of appeals did not find probable

cause that the evidence would be at the defendant’s residence. These cases can be

distinguished because they did not deal with personal property, such as clothing,

that would likely be at a residence. Most of these cases dealt with a search for

illegal drugs. See Cassias v. State, 719 S.W.2d 585, 586–587 (Tex. Crim. App.

1986) (observance of packages going into home did not establish that alleged drug

dealer sold drugs from his home); Bannister v. State, No. 07-06-0280-CR, 2008

WL 4627880, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (pictures of defendant using “marijuana pipe” to smoke

marijuana did not establish probable cause that defendant stored marijuana at

residence); State v. James, No. 03-07-00210-CR, 2007 WL 3225374, at *3–4 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2007, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (although

defendant manufactured methamphetamine, no evidence that he manufactured it at



                                           10
home); Serrano v. State, 123 S.W.3d 53, 63 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet. ref’d)

(evidence defendant dealt in drugs did not establish probable cause that drugs

would be at defendant’s home); State v. Ozuna, 88 S.W.3d 307, 313 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2002, pet. ref’d) (no probable cause that suspect who traded stolen

items and drugs conducted this trade from his home or kept any of these items at

his home); Bradshaw v. State, 40 S.W.3d 655, 661 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001,

pet. ref’d) (evidence defendant dealt in drugs did not establish probable cause that

drugs or other evidence would be at defendant’s home).

      These cases can be distinguished because, unlike clothing, drugs may not

necessarily be stored in a home. For example, drugs may be stored at the location

where the drugs are sold. See generally James, 2007 WL 3225374, at *3–4

(holding evidence of manufacture of drugs does not establish that drugs were

manufactured at home). Similarly, persons in possession of a small amount of

drugs may only possess them on their person. See generally Bannister, 2008 WL

4627880, at *3–4 (holding evidence defendant used drugs on one occasion does

not show probable cause defendant had drugs at home). On the other hand,

common experience tells us that there is a “fair probability” that clothing worn “a

lot” over a period of years will be kept at a person’s residence. See Rodriguez, 232

S.W.3d at 62; Cuevas, 2012 WL 3134325, at *5–6; see also Arrick, 107 S.W.3d at

716–17.



                                        11
      Manuel also cites two non-drug cases. The first of these is Rowell v. State, a

case in which the police obtained a search warrant to search for illegal firearms at a

convicted felon’s house.2 14 S.W.3d 806, 810 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2000), aff’d, 66 S.W.3d 279 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). This Court held that there

was no probable cause to support the search warrant because “[t]here is no

indication the appellant took the firearms to his residence . . . . The affidavit does

not indicate the location of the [store from which defendant acquired the firearms]

in relation to the appellant’s residence . . . . Other than [the police’s] past

experience with other felons, there is nothing in his affidavit from which the

magistrate could have presumed the firearms were ever at . . . the appellant’s

residence . . . much less remained there [for] six months . . . .” Id.

      This affidavit is distinguishable. In Rowell, no evidence showed that the

firearms were ever at the defendant’s residence. Here, “everyday experience” tells

us that a person would likely have kept items of clothing that he wore “a lot” over

a period of many “years” in his residence. In addition, the facts in the affidavit

suggest that Manuel came from his residence to the convenience store, shot the

clerk, robbed the store, then left the store and returned to his residence wearing the

clothes used in the robbery. Thus, there is evidence that the clothes likely came

from, and returned to, Manuel’s residence—in stark contrast to Rowell.

2
      The issue of the existence of probable cause to locate the murder weapon is not
      before us because the police did not locate any firearms at Manuel’s residence.

                                           12
      The second of the non-drug cases Manuel cites is State v. Klendworth, a case

in which the police were searching for stolen property. No. 12-09-00409-CR, 2010

WL 3003624, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Tyler July 30, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication). The police found most of the stolen property on or

near a boat by the defendant’s home. Id. at *2. But because the affidavit did not

contain any facts indicating that the remaining stolen property was in the

defendant’s residence, no probable cause existed that the stolen property was there.

Id. at *4. The Tyler court affirmed the trial court’s motion to suppress. Id. at *1.

      This case is different from Klendworth for two reasons. First, the nature of

the items to be seized is very different. In Klendworth, the police were looking for

another individual’s stolen property (most of which was found elsewhere); here,

the police were looking for the suspect’s personal clothing (for which a “fair

probability” existed that it likely was in the suspect’s residence). Second, in

Klendworth, no specific evidence pointed to the stolen property being inside the

defendant’s residence. Here, there is evidence to support an inference that Manuel

returned to his residence after the shooting, wearing the same clothing. Thus, under

the high level of deference we are to give the issuing magistrate, the “magistrate’s

decision should carry the day.” Flores, 319 S.W.3d at 702.




                                          13
C.    Police officer supported his “experience and training”

      Manuel argues that the affidavit “relies on [the officer’s experience and

training] to support his allegations that any suspect of murder will keep either

firearms or other evidence in his home. However, this ‘experience and training’

must be detailed in some form in the affidavit.” The State responds that “[t]hough

the information provided was minimal, [it] is sufficient to establish a basis of

specialized training and experience upon which a magistrate could rely.”

      A magistrate may factor “law enforcement training or experience . . . into a

reasonable-suspicion analysis . . . . [O]bjective facts, meaningless to the untrained,

can be combined with permissible deductions from such facts to form a legitimate

basis for suspicion of a particular person and for action on that suspicion. But

reliance on this special training is insufficient to establish reasonable suspicion

absent objective factual support.” Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 494 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2005).

      Thus, an officer may not “simply rel[y] on his experience and training to

arrive at [a] conclusion” if there is an “absence of such facts supporting those

opinions” that “prevents [the court] from assessing” the existence of probable

cause. Grimaldo v. State, 223 S.W.3d 429, 434 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2006, no

pet.). Some level of experience may, however, be inferred from statements within

an affidavit. For example, an affidavit identifying an officer as an “officer on



                                         14
patrol” has allowed a magistrate to infer that the officer was a “local police officer”

and had the “experience” of a typical “police officer in today’s society.” Davis v.

State, 202 S.W.3d 149, 156–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

      Here, the affidavit identifies the officer as a “peace officer under the laws of

Texas” who is working with a “homicide investigator” and other police officers in

the investigation of the shooting. We can, thus, assume that the officer has the

experience of a typical “officer in today’s society.” Id. Officers may take into

account “considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men”

rely. Iverson, 480 F.2d at 418. It is this everyday experience that would have

informed the officer that the suspect’s personal clothing was being kept at his

residence, not some level of special training or experience that would need to be

disclosed in the affidavit.

      With the high level of deference we are to give the issuing magistrate, we

conclude that a “reasonable and prudent” magistrate could reasonably infer that

Manuel’s clothes, boots, and masks would likely be kept in his residence—

especially because he wore these clothes for years. No specialized police training is

required to make that deduction.




                                          15
      Manuel cites two cases in which the appellate courts have held that an

officer did not sufficiently outline his experience. 3 Both are distinguishable

because, unlike this case, the officer claimed to rely on special training and

experience beyond that of a layman.

      In Cassias v. State, the officer claimed that, based on his experience, he

knew that a package arriving at the defendant’s residence contained marijuana. 719

S.W.2d at 589–90. The affidavit, which only described the officer’s experience as

having “observed several narcotic users,” gave “no basis” for concluding that the

officer’s specialized experience enabled him to distinguish between an innocent

package and a brick of marijuana. Id. at 586, 589.

      In Serrano v. State, the officer relied on analysis from a “test” to determine

that a “plastic baggie” contained cocaine. 123 S.W.3d at 63. The officer, however,

did not disclose what type of test he conducted or that he performed any chemical

analysis. Id. at 62. Without this information, or facts to allow the magistrate to

conclude that the officer relied on the “senses, sight or taste” of an ordinary person,

the magistrate did not have sufficient basis to evaluate facts that would establish

probable cause. Id.



3
      Manuel also cites Grimaldo v. State, a case in which the police entered the
      defendant’s residence without a warrant. 223 S.W.3d at 433–34. Grimaldo is not
      relevant because it did not deal with the sufficiency of an affidavit supporting a
      search warrant.

                                          16
      Here, the officer does not attempt to rely on any specialized experience or

training to distinguish between “innocent” looking items and illegal contraband.

The officer is relying on “considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and

prudent men” rely in making an inference that a person keeps clothing at his

residence. Iverson, 480 F.2d at 418.

D.    Connection between items and Manuel’s residence was timely

      Manuel next argues, “The affiant also does not explain why the magistrate

should conclude the items would still be there months after the offense. Search

warrant information cannot be stale.” The State responds that the warrant to gather

information was timely: “the most recent information [supporting the search

warrant] was only twenty four hours old and even the oldest information was only

three months and eight days old.”

      When issuing a warrant, the magistrate must show “(1) that it is now

probable that (2) [the items] . . . will be on the described premises (3) when the

warrant is executed.” United States v. Grubbs, 547 U.S. 90, 96, 126 S. Ct. 1494,

1500 (2006); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01(c) (providing that

affidavit to support search warrant must show “that the property or items

constituting evidence to be searched for or seized are located at or on the particular

person, place, or thing to be searched”). The facts attested to in the affidavit must

be “so closely related to the time of the issu[ance] of the warrant as to justify a



                                         17
finding of probable cause at that time.” Sgro v. United States, 287 U.S. 206, 210,

53 S. Ct. 138, 140 (1932); see Peltier v. State, 626 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Tex. Crim. App.

1981).

      “Probable cause ceases to exist when, at the time the search warrant is

issued, it would be unreasonable to presume the items remain at the suspected

place.” McKissick, 209 S.W.3d at 214; see Flores v. State, 287 S.W.3d 307, 310,

312 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009), aff’d, 319 S.W.3d 697 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). To

determine whether it would be unreasonable to presume the items remain at the

suspected place, we must consider the four Crider factors: (1) the type of crime;

(2) the type of suspect, whether a “nomadic traveler, entrenched resident, or

established ongoing businessman”; (3) the type of item to be seized, whether it be

“perishable and easily transferred . . . or of enduring utility to its holder”; and (4)

the place to be searched, that is whether it is “a mere criminal forum of

convenience or secure operational base.” Crider v. State, 352 S.W.3d 704, 708

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “[I]t may be reasonable under all the circumstances to

presume that [the relevant items] are still where they once were—even after a

considerable lapse of time.” Gonzales v. State, 761 S.W.2d 809, 813 (Tex. App.—

Austin 1988, pet. ref’d) (citing cases holding information in affidavit still timely

after as long as two years).




                                          18
      “[A] magistrate, in assessing probable cause, may draw inferences from the

facts and [find that] probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances shown

in the affidavit would warrant a [person] of reasonable [caution] in the belief that

the items to be seized were in the stated place.” Lopez v. State, 535 S.W.2d 643,

647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976) (internal citations omitted).

      An officer acting within 24-hours of receiving information establishing

probable cause acts in a timely manner. Lopez, 535 S.W.2d at 648. Even if the

information establishing probable cause is over two years old, the information may

still be timely if, based on the officer’s experience, the evidence is “usually kept”

for that amount of time. Sanders v. State, 191 S.W.3d 272, 279 (Tex. App.—Waco

2006, pet. ref’d, cert. den’d).

      The four Crider factors indicate that the warrant was timely. The first factor

does not weigh against the State: unlike an alcohol-related crime in which the

blood alcohol level falls quickly, evidence from a murder—such as clothing—can

exist for a lengthy period of time. See Crinder, 352 S.W.3d at 708 (holding that

because “[a]lcohol in a person’s bloodstream disappears quite rapidly,” timing is

more important in alcohol related offenses).

      The second and fourth factors weigh in favor of timeliness: Manuel worked

in the area for at least two years. The affidavit supported the inference that Manuel

drove to his residence before the shooting, walked from the residence to the



                                         19
convenience store, shot the clerk, and left the convenience store and returned to his

residence. The anonymous caller informed the police within a few weeks of the

shooting that Manuel lived at the residence in question. The officer obtained a

search warrant within 24-hours of receiving the last piece of evidence (that Manuel

drove a car identical to the one in the security video) linking Manuel to the

shooting and verifying that Manuel still lived at that residence. The magistrate

“may draw inferences” from these facts that Manuel was an “entrenched resident”

and his residence a “secure” base where he lived for at least a few months.

      The third factor also weighs in favor of the warrant being timely. The items

located as a result of the search warrant were of “continuous” benefit to Manuel—

he had worn the clothes “a lot” over a period of “a couple years”; thus “the passage

of time [became] less significant.” McKissick, 209 S.W.3d at 214. This evidence

weakens any concern that the items being searched for would no longer be kept at

the location.

      Manuel cites Kennedy v. State for the general rule that “search warrant

information cannot be stale.” 338 S.W.3d 84, 93 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, no

pet.). Kennedy dealt with a search warrant that relied on information over two

years old and distinguished many Texas cases because of the unique nature of the

potentially “easily moveable” firearms at issue. Id. at 97–99. Nothing in the

affidavit in that case suggested that the defendant would still have the illegal



                                         20
firearm—the affidavit’s sole basis for determining that the firearm ever existed was

a “single observation of a possibly illegal firearm.” Id. at 98. Here, the clothing

was allegedly worn during two different crimes over the period of three months

and was worn by Manuel “a lot” over the period of “a couple years” prior to the

crime. Thus, unlike Kennedy, we can infer “a high probability” that the items

“were on the property at the time of the warrant’s issuance.” Id. at 98.

        Accordingly, we hold that the search warrant was supported by probable

cause and overrule Manuel’s only issue challenging the denial of his motion to

suppress.

                                    Conclusion

        We affirm the judgment of the trial court. We deny all pending motions as

moot.



                                              Harvey Brown
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Brown.

Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).




                                         21
