                                   RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                        Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                                 File Name: 04a0434p.06

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                            FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                              _________________


                                                         X
                                                          -
 MAUREEN DEAL; PHILLIP DEAL, Parents, On Behalf of

                                 Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
 Zachary Deal,
                                                          -
                                                          -
                                                              No. 03-5396

                                                          ,
           v.                                              >
                                                          -
                                                          -
                                  Defendant-Appellee. -
 HAMILTON COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION,

                                                          -
                                                         N
                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
                     No. 01-00295—R. Allan Edgar, Chief District Judge.
                                              Argued: August 12, 2004
                                     Decided and Filed: December 16, 2004
                Before: MOORE and COLE, Circuit Judges; MARBLEY, District Judge.*
                                                 _________________
                                                      COUNSEL
ARGUED: Gary S. Mayerson, MAYERSON & ASSOCIATES, New York, New York, for Appellants.
Charles L. Weatherly, THE WEATHERLY LAW FIRM, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Gary S. Mayerson, MAYERSON & ASSOCIATES, New York, New York, Theodore R. Kern, Knoxville,
Tennessee, for Appellants. Charles L. Weatherly, Thomas W. Dickson, Jennifer R. Fain, Kathleen A.
Sullivan, THE WEATHERLY LAW FIRM, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellee.
                                                 _________________
                                                     OPINION
                                                 _________________
        ALGENON L. MARBLEY, District Judge. This case arises under the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq. (“IDEA”), and corresponding Tennessee laws and rules.
Plaintiffs-Appellants, Maureen and Phillip Deal (the “Deals”), bring this action for and on behalf of their
autistic son, Zachary. Defendant-Appellee is the Board of Education of Hamilton County, Tennessee (the
“School System”). Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal the decision of the district court reversing in part and
affirming in part the decision of the administrative law judge (“ALJ”) who presided over the administrative
hearing. Plaintiffs-Appellants assert that the School System failed to provide Zachary with a “free and


   *
    The Honorable Algenon L. Marbley, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.


                                                             1
No. 03-5396                  Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                         Page 2


appropriate public education” (“FAPE”) in Zachary’s “least restrictive environment” (“LRE”) and that they
therefore are entitled to reimbursement from the School System for the education that they provided Zachary
at their own expense. The ALJ found several procedural and substantive violations of the IDEA and ordered
the School System to pay some of the reimbursement sought by the Deals. The district court found no IDEA
violations and reversed the reimbursement ordered by the ALJ. Based on the following analysis, the Court
AFFIRMS in part and REVERSES in part.
                                                     I. BACKGROUND
                                                  A. Factual Background
         In 1997, when Zachary was three years old, the School System and the Deals developed Zachary’s
first “individualized education program” (“IEP”).1 Pursuant to the terms of the IEP, Zachary attended a
preschool comprehensive development class (“CDC”) at Ooltewah Elementary School. While Zachary was
assigned to Ooltewah, his parents, in September 1997, began to teach Zachary outside of school using a
program developed by the Center for Autism and Related Disorders (“CARD”). According to the ALJ, this
program is patterned after a methodology2 for treating autistic children developed by Dr. Ivar Lovaas at the
University of California at Los Angeles. The CARD program consists of one-on-one applied behavioral
analysis (“ABA”) that relies heavily on extremely structured teaching and comprehensive data collection
and analysis.
        On May 11, 1998, an IEP team met to consider extended school year (“ESY”) services for Zachary.
The Deals, convinced that Zachary was making exceptional progress because of the one-on-one ABA
program they were funding in their home, requested that the School System fund a 40-hour per week home
based ABA program for the summer, as well as provide for year-round speech therapy. The School System
refused to fund the parents’ program and likewise refused to provide the Deals with data regarding the
efficacy of the School System’s approach to teaching autistic children. Instead, the agreed upon IEP
provided for ESY services consisting of three 45 minute speech therapy sessions per week.
        On October 9, 1998, an IEP meeting was held to develop Zachary’s 1998-1999 IEP. The 95-page
IEP, dated October 15, 1998, provided,  among other things, for 35 hours per week of special education
instruction, with many explicit goals.3 Zachary also was to receive related services, including physical
therapy and speech therapy. The Deals filed a “minority report” requesting that the School System fund
their private ABA program in the home. The School System convened additional IEP meetings that were

    1
        Zachary has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, hereinafter referred to as “autism”:
                    “Autism” means a developmental disability, which significantly affects verbal and nonverbal
                    communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three (3), that adversely
                    affects a child’s educational performance. Other characteristics often associated with autism
                    are engagement in repetitive activities and stereotyped movements, resistance to
                    environmental change or change in daily routines, and unusual responses to sensory
                    experiences.
TN Bd. Educ. R. 0520-1-9-.01(15)(a). Zachary exhibits certain of the characteristics associated with autism, including deficits
in communication and social interaction.
    2
      Dr. Lovaas, in his seminal research conducted in the 1980s on methodologies for teaching autistic children, achieved
extraordinary results. Virtually all students in his study group showed significant improvement, and his best outcome students
exhibited dramatic gains in IQ and in their ability to function within a regular educational setting. A follow up study published
in 1993 found that 47% of the students who had received Dr. Lovaas’s intervention went on to become “indistinguishable” in their
regular education classrooms. he ALJ found that Lovaas style interventions of ten hours per week or less have no effect.
    3
       The School System informed the Deals that several teaching methodologies would be utilized for Zachary, including discrete
trial teaching, incidental teaching, activity-based learning, and structured teaching.
No. 03-5396            Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                            Page 3


attended by the Deals in November 1998, December 1998, February 1999, and March 1999 to discuss
Zachary’s progress and the Deals’ concerns. During the 1998-1999 school year, Zachary attended the
School System’s program only 16% of the time.
       At a May 24, 1999, IEP meeting, the Deals requested an ESY program of 43 hours per week of one-
on-one ABA therapy and 5 hours per week of speech therapy. The IEP team determined that it could not
document any regression Zachary would suffer without ESY services due to his lack of attendance at the
School System’s program, so the School System declined to offer any ESY services.
        On August 20 and again on August 25, 1999, an IEP team met to develop an IEP for Zachary for the
1999-2000 school year. The School System proposed that Zachary would, in addition to his CDC classes,
attend a regular kindergarten classroom three times per week for 15 minutes each. He would also have
lunch with a regular kindergarten class. The time spent with the regular class would increase as Zachary
was able to tolerate it. Zachary would have with him a classroom assistant familiar with and trained to meet
his needs. The proposal included specific goals and objectives. Teaching methods would include one-on-
one discrete trial teaching; the use of picture cues; incidental teaching to provide an opportunity for carry
over and application of learned skills; continual use of functional communication techniques; activity-based
instruction; the use of music, story telling, and reading; and other techniques. The proposal also provided
for speech and language therapy for 30 minutes five times per week, occupational therapy two times per
month, and physical therapy for 30 minutes once a week.
        On September 2, 1999, Zachary began attending a private preschool, the Primrose School, at which
his parents had enrolled him. Zachary attended a regular pre-K class at the Primrose School for 3 hours per
day, 2 days per week, with a personal aide paid for by the Deals. On September 7, 1999, the Deals informed
the School System of their rejection of the IEP in favor of the private program. The Deals’ disagreement
with the IEP stemmed from their belief that Zachary should spend more time in a regular education
classroom, as well as their desire to have the School System pay for the CARD program or offer similar
ABA therapy. On September 16, 1999, the Deals requested a due process hearing under the provisions of
the IDEA. Zachary did not attend public school at all during the 1999-2000 school year.
        On August 11, 2000, an IEP meeting was held to develop an IEP for Zachary for the 2000-2001
school year. The proposed IEP called for Zachary to be placed primarily in a regular education kindergarten
class at Westview Elementary School. The IEP included specific goals and objectives and provided for
various support services, including pre-teaching and re-teaching sessions. The full school day and week
program included related services of speech therapy and occupational therapy. The Deals rejected the IEP
and continued to insist that the School System pay for their private ABA program for Zachary. Zachary did
attend Westview that year, but only part time.
                                         B. Procedural History
        The administrative hearing requested by the Deals on September 16, 1999, began on March 15,
2000, and concluded on February 13, 2001. The hearing encompassed 27 full days of testimony from 20
fact and expert witnesses. The ALJ also reviewed tens of thousands of pages of exhibits, viewed several
video tapes, and personally observed Zachary in a number of settings.
       In an opinion and order dated August 20, 2001, the ALJ made explicit credibility findings as to all
20 witnesses and provided 191 findings of fact. He also announced the following legal conclusions:
No. 03-5396                Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                         Page 4


         (1)               The School System violated the procedural requirements of the IDEA by
                           predetermining, pursuant to an unofficial policy of refusing to consider “Lovaas style
                           ABA,” that the School System’s extant program was appropriate for Zachary.4
         (2)               The School System’s failure to have regular education teachers attend the IEP team
                           meetings also constituted a procedural violation.
         (3)               These procedural violations themselves amounted to denial of a FAPE.
         (4)               The School System had substantively violated the IDEA by failing to 5provide a
                           proven or even describable methodology for educating autistic children.
         (5)               An additional substantive violation resulted from the School System’s failure to
                           provide Zachary with 30 hours per week of the intensive Lovaas style ABA that had
                           been proven to be effective for him.6
         (6)               The School System also substantively violated the IDEA by failing to provide
                           Zachary with ESY services in 1999.
         (7)               The Deals were not entitled to reimbursement for private evaluations of Zachary.
         (8)               The Deals were entitled to reimbursement for up to 30 hours per week of the home
                           based ABA services they had provided to Zachary, and the School System was to
                           continue to reimburse the Deals for such services until a properly constituted IEP
                           team, which must include at least one expert in and advocate for Lovaas style ABA,
                           had developed an IEP for Zachary that included at least 30 hours per week of Lovaas
                           style ABA.
         (9)               The School System did not sufficiently consider the LRE requirement of the IDEA
                           in developing Zachary’s 1999-2000 IEP, but the Deals nonetheless were not entitled
                           to reimbursement for Zachary’s tuition at the Primrose School because they failed
                           to provide the School System with the required statutory notice.


    4
      The ALJ concluded that the School System’s refusal to offer Lovaas style ABA was based largely on cost considerations.
Indeed, the School System had never funded an intensive Lovaas style ABA program, despite the dramatic difference in results
between such a program and the standard School System program: under the strongest evidence offered by the School System,
only 14% of autistic children receiving only the School System program went on to become “indistinguishable” from the children
in regular education classrooms. School System representatives even acknowledged the effectiveness of Zachary’s ABA program:
one representative told the Deals that there were things she wished she could recommend for Zachary but then she would have
to give them to everyone. The ALJ found that the School System should, at the very least, have informed the Deals about the
Lovaas style of ABA and explained why it would recommend against such a program.
    5
      The School System methodology, described as an “eclectic” approach, involved the use of various components from other
methodologies, primarily Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (“TEACCH”).
In his factual findings, the ALJ found TEACCH to be “a cradle to grave support system based on the assumption that the core
clinical problems in autism are lifelong.” The ALJ found TEACCH, a less expensive program than Lovaas style ABA, to be “a
humane and effective methodology for addressing the needs of older autistic children and younger autistic children who have not
shown or who are incapable of making the progress and IQ gains demonstrated by Lovaas style ABA.” The ALJ credited the
expert testimony of Dr. James A. Mulick, who stated that, out of almost 2,000 autistic children he had evaluated, the only ones
he had seen who had become “indistinguishable” in a regular education setting were those who received intensive Lovaas style
ABA.
    6
      The ALJ described the “remarkable” progress that Zachary had achieved through the Lovaas style ABA and found that the
continuation of such a program was appropriate because any other methodology would actually retard his education or
development.
No. 03-5396             Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                               Page 5


        (10)    The School System had mishandled its obligation to provide the related services of physical
                therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy to Zachary and therefore was required to
                reimburse the Deals for any out of pocket costs they had incurred in providing such related
                services to Zachary.
        (11)    The Deals have no right to veto competent providers of services called for in a properly
                constituted IEP.
        (12)    Zachary Deal was the prevailing party.
        On October 1, 2001, the Deals initiated review of portions of the ALJ’s decision in the district court.
They sought reimbursement of certain expenses that the ALJ had declined to award, as well as attorney’s
fees for the administrative hearing. The School System filed a counterclaim seeking reversal of the ALJ’s
determinations that the failure to offer Zachary a “Lovaas style” program violated Zachary’s right to a FAPE
and that the Deals were entitled to reimbursement for privately obtained related services.
         On May 30, 2002, the School System requested that the district court hear additional evidence
pursuant to the IDEA’s “additional evidence” provision, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(B)(ii). By opinion and
order dated August 16, 2002, the district court granted the School System’s request to discovery and/or
submit testimony from 11 witnesses, including 4 expert witnesses who had not testified before the ALJ and
who had had no dealings with the School System or Zachary until after the ALJ rendered his decision. The
district court permitted discovery of the testimony of four additional witnesses who were able to provide
knowledge of Zachary gained subsequent to the administrative hearing and three witnesses who had testified
before the ALJ, though it cautioned the School System that it would only hear evidence limited to the issue
before the court–whether the IEP proposed for the 1999-2000 school year was reasonably calculated to lead
to educational benefits. The School System also received permission to submit Zachary’s complete
educational records as well as the complete records of Dr. Susan Speraw, the Deals’ expert.
        After a series of nationwide depositions and substantial additional document discovery conducted
by the School System, the “additional evidence” trial was held on January 23 and 24, 2003. The district
court heard testimony from two School System lay witnesses and four expert witnesses and received 24
exhibits into evidence. The Deals did not offer any additional evidence, despite the district court having
indicated that they would be permitted to do so.
        In an opinion and order dated March 4, 2003, the district court reversed in part and affirmed in part
the ALJ’s decision. The court ruled that there had been no procedural or substantive violations of the IDEA
and that the Deals were not entitled to any reimbursement relief. The district court held that the ALJ had
erred in exalting the Deals’ preferred educational methodology above other appropriate methods. This
appeal followed. Plaintiffs-Appellants argue that the district court erred by (1) allowing and relying upon
Defendant-Appellee’s additional evidence; (2) failing to take judicial notice of federal court filings
challenging the credibility of one of Defendant-Appellee’s experts; (3) reversing those aspects of the ALJ’s
decision that found violations of the IDEA and granted reimbursement to Plaintiffs-Appellants; and (4)
awarding costs to Defendant-Appellee.
                                      II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
         In an IDEA action, the district court “(i) shall receive the records of the administrative proceedings;
(ii) shall hear additional evidence at the request of a party; and (iii) basing its decision on the preponderance
of the evidence, shall grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(B).
The Supreme Court has construed this provision to mean that an initial reviewing court should make an
independent decision based on the preponderance of the evidence but also should give “due weight” to the
determinations made during the state administrative process. Bd. of Educ. of the Hendrick Hudson Cent.
Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 206 (1982). Although reviewing courts must not “simply adopt the state
administrative findings without an independent re-examination of the evidence,” Doe ex rel. Doe v.
No. 03-5396             Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                             Page 6


Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools, 133 F.3d 384, 387 (6th Cir. 1998), neither may they “substitute their
own notions of sound educational policy for those of the school authorities which they review,” Thomas v.
Cincinnati Board of Education, 918 F.2d 618, 624 (6th Cir. 1990) (quoting Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206). The
amount of weight due to administrative findings depends on whether the finding is based on educational
expertise. McLaughlin v. Holt Pub. Sch. Bd. of Educ., 320 F.3d 663, 669 (6th Cir. 2003). “Less weight is
due to an agency’s determinations on matters for which educational expertise is not relevant because a
federal court is just as well suited to evaluate the situation.” Id. “More weight, however, is due to an
agency’s determinations on matters for which educational expertise is relevant.” Id.
        According to this “modified de novo” standard of review, “a district court is required to make
findings of fact based on a preponderance of the evidence contained in the complete record, while giving
some deference to the fact findings of the administrative proceedings.” Knable ex rel. Knable v. Bexley City
Sch. Dist., 238 F.3d 755, 764 (6th Cir. 2001). This Court, in turn, applies a clearly erroneous standard of
review to the district court’s findings of fact and a de novo standard of review to its conclusions of law. Id.
Mixed questions of law and fact, including the question of whether a child was denied a FAPE, are reviewed
de novo. Id. at 766 (citing Tucker v. Calloway County Bd. of Educ., 136 F.3d 495, 503 (6th Cir. 1998), and
W.G. v. Bd. of Trustees of Target Range Sch. Dist. No. 23, 960 F.2d 1479, 1484 (9th Cir. 1992)). This Court
also must accord due deference to the state administrative hearing officer’s decision. McLaughlin, 320 F.3d
at 669.
        A district court’s decision regarding additional evidence in an IDEA case will be reviewed for abuse
of discretion. Knable, 238 F.3d at 772 (citing Metro. Gov’t v. Cook, 915 F.2d 232, 234 (6th Cir. 1990)).
A district court’s refusal to take judicial notice likewise will be reviewed for abuse of discretion. Toth v.
Grand Trunk R.R., 306 F.3d 335, 349 (6th Cir. 2002). An award of costs to a prevailing party also is
considered under an abuse of discretion standard. Jefferson v. Jefferson County Pub. Sch. Sys., 360 F.3d
583, 591 (6th Cir. 2004).
                                            III. DISCUSSION
                                          A. Additional Evidence
          This Court has taken an expansive view of the scope of additional evidence that may supplement
the administrative record. See, e.g., Metro. Bd. of Pub. Educ., Metro. Gov’t v. Guest ex rel. Guest, 193 F.3d
457, 463 (6th Cir. 1999); Cook, 915 F.2d at 234. This Court has declined to adopt the narrow position of
other circuits “that additional evidence is admissible only in limited circumstances, such as to supplement
or fill in the gaps in the evidence previously introduced.” Cook, 915 F.2d at 234 (rejecting central holding
of Town of Burlington v. Dep’t of Educ., 736 F.2d 773 (1st Cir. 1984), aff’d on other grounds, 471 U.S. 359
(1985)). Rather, “‘[a]dditional,’ in its ordinary usage, implies something that is added, or something that
exists by way of addition. To ‘add’ means to join or unite; the limitation on what can be joined inherent in
the term ‘supplement’ is not present in the term ‘add.’” Id. While the determination of which additional
evidence to allow rests within the sound discretion of the district court, Knable, 238 F.3d at 772, the court
should take care to limit additional evidence to what is necessary for consideration of whether the original
IEP was reasonably calculated to afford some educational benefit. Guest, 193 F.3d at 463 (finding that the
district court exceeded its jurisdiction to the extent it used additional evidence to rule upon issues beyond
those presented to the ALJ).
         Here, Plaintiffs-Appellants have not given this Court any basis for concluding that the district court
abused its discretion in permitting (1) the testimony of four additional expert witnesses who addressed the
Lovaas study and accepted principles for educating autistic students; (2) the testimony of two additional fact
witnesses who had worked with Zachary in the 2001-2002 school year, limited in scope to the extent to
which their observations were relevant to the challenged decisions for the 1999-2000 school year; or (3) the
introduction of new documentary evidence, consisting of the curricula vitae of the expert witnesses who
testified, records regarding Zachary’s educational progress, and the results of psychological evaluations
No. 03-5396                  Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                              Page 7


conducted by certain experts. There is no evidence, for example, that the district court used the additional
evidence to go beyond the scope of the matters before the ALJ; indeed, the district court took great care to
limit testimony to matters relevant to the 1999-2000 IEP.
        Plaintiffs’ main argument seems to be that, under the Burlington factors, the allowance of so much
additional evidence was simply unfair. This Court, however, has rejected the narrowness of the Burlington
analysis, choosing instead to give great latitude to district courts, and 7has recognized that additional expert
testimony, in particular, might be especially helpful to district courts. Cook, 915 F.2d at 234. There is no
prohibition, in either the statute or the case law of this Circuit, against the district court allowing even a
large amount of additional evidence    if it will add something to the administrative record or assist the court
in deciding the issues before it.8 See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(B) (stating that the district court “shall hear
additional evidence at the request of a party”). This Court therefore AFFIRMS the district court’s
allowance of additional evidence.
         Plaintiffs-Appellants also contend that the district court failed to exercise its “gatekeeper” function
under Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999), and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), by allowing allegedly unreliable expert testimony. In particular, Plaintiffs-
Appellants attack the district court’s failure to exclude the “plainly erroneous” testimony of Dr. David
Rostetter and the “after-the-fact” testimony of Dr. B.J. Freeman. Plaintiffs-Appellants provide no legal
arguments, however, and instead argue facts going to the witnesses’ credibility: they contend that the
district court gave undue weight to the testimony of Dr. Rostetter and, to a lesser extent, Dr. Freeman. But
see Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596 (“Vigorous cross-examination [and] presentation of contrary evidence . . . are
the traditional and appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible evidence.”).
        In Daubert, the Supreme Court held that district courts must act as “gatekeepers” to protect juries
from misleading or unreliable expert testimony by assessing the reliability of the expert’s principles and
methodologies used to reach the expert opinion or conclusion. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589, 592-93. Factors
to be considered in assessing reliability include whether the expert’s theory may be tested or refuted, the
degree of acceptance of the theory or technique within the relevant community, and whether the theory has
been a subject of peer review or publication. Id. at 593-94.
        The problems with Plaintiffs-Appellants’ argument are manifold. The “gatekeeper” doctrine was
designed to protect juries and is largely irrelevant in the context of a bench trial. Furthermore, this Court
is not in the business of dictating to district courts the amount of weight they must give to certain expert
opinions. Plaintiffs-Appellants simply have not demonstrated either that the district court abused its
discretion by hearing this testimony, General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 138-39 (1997), or that
any of the district court’s factual findings based upon these expert opinions were clearly erroneous, Knable,
238 F.3d at 764.9 Even if this Court were to analyze the admissibility of Dr. Rostetter’s and Dr. Freeman’s

    7
      Plaintiffs-Appellants cite to Knable, where this Court upheld a district court’s refusal to allow into evidence the deposition
testimony of a psychologist in part because the testimony was developed after the administrative hearing. Knable, 238 F.3d at
771-72. What Plaintiffs-Appellants do not mention is that the district court in Knable had also found the proffered testimony to
be duplicative of evidence presented at the administrative hearing, id. at 771, whereas here, the district court took pains to avoid
repetitive testimony. Regardless, Knable does not control this case because the Court in Knable merely held that the district court
had not abused its discretion. Id. at 772.
    8
       A district court could, of course, be found to have abused its discretion if it allowed additional evidence “to change the
character [of] the hearing from one of review to a trial de novo” or if, for example, one party unfairly reserved its best evidence
for trial. Cook, 915 F.2d at 234-35 (quoting Burlington, 736 F.2d at 791). There is no evidence, however, that such was the case
here.
    9
      Indeed, Plaintiffs-Appellants are not able to point to any real reliance by the district court on the opinions of these experts.
Dr. Rostetter, for example, is mentioned only once in the district court’s opinion. Plaintiffs-Appellants express particular concern
that the district court relied on and applied the “unprecedented and impermissibly low standard” articulated by Dr. Rostetter.
No. 03-5396                   Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                           Page 8


testimony under the Daubert factors, the testimony readily would meet the threshold for admissibility. Dr.
Rostetter is a nationally recognized expert in the field of IDEA compliance who has published and presented
extensively in the field, who assisted in drafting the original IDEA regulations, and who has served as a
court appointed and court approved expert in numerous IDEA cases throughout the country. With respect
to Dr. Freeman, the mere fact that she was not involved in the case until after the ALJ’s decision was
entered is not determinative on the issue of the admissibility of her testimony. See, e.g., Guest, 193 F.3d
at 463 (finding after the fact evidence to be admissible in IDEA cases as long as it is helpful in determining
the validity of the original IEP). In sum, this Court will not disturb the district court’s decision to admit the
testimony of the School System’s experts.
                                                       B. Judicial Notice
        Plaintiffs-Appellants sought to have the district court take judicial notice, pursuant to Federal Rule
of Evidence 201,10 of declarations filed by Dr. Rostetter in an unrelated California case that allegedly
“strongly suggest that the positions Dr. Rostetter advances can turn on which party is paying his bill.”
Defendant-Appellee argues that Plaintiffs-Appellants confuse a district court’s determination of a witness’s
credibility with judicial notice of adjudicative facts.
       In United States v. Bonds, 12 F.3d 540 (6th Cir. 1993), this Court refused to take judicial notice of
a National Research Committee report:
                    While defendants’ request that we merely take judicial notice of this report
                    pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence 201(f) and 104(a) has a certain facial
                    appeal, Federal Rule 201 permits a court to take judicial notice only of facts
                    “not subject to reasonable dispute . . . .” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). There is no
                    dispute that the [report] exists, but there is considerable dispute over the
                    significance of its contents.
Bonds, 12 F.3d at 553 (footnotes omitted); see also United States v. Collier, 68 Fed. App. 676, 2003 U.S.
App. LEXIS 13629, at *16 (6th Cir. July 2, 2003) (finding no error in district court’s refusal to take judicial
notice of bankruptcy court judgment beyond acknowledgment that proceeding had occurred), cert. denied,
124 S.Ct. 1094 (2004).
        Here, too, there is no dispute that the California proceeding occurred or that the declarations in that
case existed. The Deals, however, essentially were attempting to get the district court to take judicial notice
of Dr. Rostetter’s lack of credibility, a fact that is very much in dispute. The proper use of the allegedly
contradictory declarations was in cross-examination of Dr. Rostetter, and, indeed, Plaintiffs-Appellants did


According to the Deals, Dr. Rostetter urged the district court to assess the School System’s conduct based on “standards of
acceptable practice,” i.e., what other school districts do. There is no evidence, however, that the district court utilized any such
standard.
    10
         Federal Rule of Evidence 201 reads, in pertinent part, as follows:

                        (a) Scope of rule. This rule governs only judicial notice of adjudicative facts.
                        (b) Kinds of facts. A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable
                    dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial
                    court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy
                    cannot reasonably be questioned.
                        ....
                        (d) When mandatory. A court shall take judicial notice if requested by a party and
                    supplied with the necessary information.
Although Rule 201 is phrased in mandatory language, courts of appeals review a district court’s refusal to take judicial notice for
abuse of discretion. Toth v. Grand Trunk R.R., 306 F.3d 335, 349 (6th Cir. 2002).
No. 03-5396                  Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                        Page 9


cross-examine Dr. Rostetter about the California litigation. There was no abuse of discretion in the district
court’s refusal to take judicial notice of the declarations. That decision therefore is AFFIRMED.
                                                C. Violations of the IDEA
                                              1. Standards Under the IDEA
        The purpose of the IDEA is to give children with disabilities a free appropriate public education
designed to meet their unique needs.11 Burilovich ex rel. Burilovich v. Bd. of Educ. of the Lincoln Consol.
Sch., 208 F.3d 560, 565 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing 20 U.S.C. §§ 1401(25), 1412). As part of providing a FAPE,
school districts receiving funds under the IDEA are required to establish an IEP for each child with a
disability. Knable ex rel. Knable v. Bexley City Sch. Dist., 238 F.3d 755, 762 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing 20
U.S.C. § 1414(a)(5)). The IEP must “contain a specific statement of the child’s current performance levels,
the child’s short-term and long-term goals, the educational and other services to be provided, and criteria
for evaluating the child’s progress.” Id. at 763 (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1401(a)(20)).
        There are two parts to a court’s inquiry in suits brought pursuant to the IDEA. First, the court must
determine whether the school system has complied with the procedures set forth in the IDEA. Bd. of Educ.
of the Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 206 (1982); McLaughlin v. Holt Pub. Sch.
Bd. of Educ., 320 F.3d 663, 669 (6th Cir. 2003). Second, the court must assess whether the IEP developed
through those procedures was reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits.
Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206-07; McLaughlin, 320 F.3d at 669. “If these requirements are met, the State has
complied with the obligations imposed by Congress and the courts can require no more.” Rowley, 458 U.S.
at 207; accord Kings Local Sch. Dist., Bd. of Educ. v. Zelazny, 325 F.3d 724, 729 (6th Cir. 2003). Parties
challenging an IEP have the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the IEP devised by
the school district is inappropriate. Zelazny, 325 F.3d at 729; Dong ex rel. Dong v. Bd. of Educ. of the
Rochester Cmty. Sch., 197 F.3d 793, 799 (6th Cir. 1999).
        With regard to procedural matters, a court should “strictly review an IEP for procedural
compliance,” although technical deviations will not render an IEP invalid. Dong, 197 F.3d at 800; see
Cleveland Heights-Univ. Heights City Sch. Dist. v. Boss ex rel. Boss, 144 F.3d 391, 398 (6th Cir. 1998)
(noting that “minor technical violations may be excused”). A finding of procedural violations does not
necessarily entitle appellants to relief. Knable, 238 F.3d at 764. Only if a procedural violation has resulted
in substantive harm, and thus constitutes a denial of a FAPE, may relief be granted. Id. The Supreme Court
has emphasized the importance Congress attached to the IDEA’s procedural safeguards:
                    [T]he congressional emphasis upon full participation of concerned parties
                    throughout the development of the IEP, as well as the requirements that state
                    and local plans be submitted to the Secretary for approval, demonstrates the

    11
         The term “free appropriate public education” is defined in the IDEA as follows:
                         The term “free appropriate public education” means special education and related
                    services that–
                         (A) have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction, and
                    without charge;
                         (B) meet the standards of the State educational agency;
                         (C) include an appropriate preschool, elementary, or secondary school education in the
                    State involved; and
                         (D) are provided in conformity with the individualized education program required under
                    section 1414(d) of this title.
20 U.S.C. § 1401(8). According to the Supreme Court, a FAPE “consists of educational instruction specially designed to meet
the unique needs of the handicapped child, supported by such services as are necessary to permit the child ‘to benefit’ from the
instruction.” Bd. of Educ. of the Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 188-89 (1982).
No. 03-5396            Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                           Page 10


               legislative conviction that adequate compliance with the procedures
               prescribed would in most cases assure much if not all of what Congress
               wished in the way of substantive content in an IEP.
Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206. “If the procedural requirements of the IDEA are met, greater deference is to be
afforded to the district’s placement decision.” Dong, 197 F.3d at 800.
        As for substantive compliance, “[t]he ‘preponderance of the evidence’ language in the [IDEA] ‘is
by no means an invitation to the courts to substitute their own notions of sound educational policy for those
of the school authorities which they review.’” Thomas v. Cincinnati Bd. of Educ., 918 F.2d 618, 624 (6th
Cir. 1990) (quoting Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206). The Supreme Court has cautioned,
               In assuring that the requirements of the Act have been met, courts must be
               careful to avoid imposing their view of preferable educational methods upon
               the States. The primary responsibility for formulating the education to be
               accorded a handicapped child, and for choosing the educational method most
               suitable to the child’s needs, was left by the Act to state and local educational
               agencies in cooperation with the parents or guardian of the child.
Rowley, 458 U.S. at 207 (footnote omitted). “Indeed, federal courts are generalists with no expertise in the
educational needs of handicapped children and will benefit from the factfinding of a state agency, which
is presumed to have expertise in the field.” Burilovich, 208 F.3d at 566.
       The Supreme Court has spoken on the level of education that the states are required to provide to
disabled children:
               Implicit in the congressional purpose of providing access to a “free
               appropriate public education” is the requirement that the education to which
               access is provided be sufficient to confer some educational benefit upon the
               handicapped child. . . . We therefore conclude that the “basic floor of
               opportunity” provided by the Act consists of access to specialized instruction
               and related services which are individually designed to provide educational
               benefit to the handicapped child.
Rowley, 458 U.S. at 200-01. The Court explicitly rejected the argument that school districts are required
to provide services “sufficient to maximize each child’s potential commensurate with the opportunity
provided other children.” Id. at 198 (internal citation omitted) (finding no congressional intent to achieve
strict equality of opportunity or services); see Renner v. Bd. of Educ. of the Pub. Sch., 185 F.3d 635, 644
(6th Cir. 1999).
        Parents may receive retroactive reimbursement for private educational services they unilaterally
provide to their child in certain circumstances. Sch. Comm. of Burlington v. Dep’t of Educ., 471 U.S. 359,
370 (1985); Knable, 238 F.3d at 763. Parents are entitled to such reimbursement if a court concludes both
that the public placement violated the IDEA and that the private placement was proper under the IDEA.
Florence County Sch. Dist. Four v. Carter ex rel. Carter, 510 U.S. 7, 15 (1993); Knable, 238 F.3d at 763.
A private placement is proper under the IDEA if the education provided in the private placement is
reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits. Knable, 238 F.3d at 770 (citing
Florence County, 510 U.S. at 11).
No. 03-5396            Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                        Page 11


                                        2. Procedural Violations
                                          a. Predetermination
       The ALJ found that the School System “clearly” had an unofficial policy of refusing to consider
Lovaas style ABA for autistic children and that School System personnel consistently attended IEP meetings
having “pre-selected” the extant School System program regardless of Zachary’s demonstrated individual
needs. The ALJ’s conclusion of predetermination was based on the following findings of fact:
               24.    Ms. Jane Dixon, an HCDE Special Education Supervisor, met with
                      Mrs. Deal on May 19, 1997 and at the meeting she discussed
                      programs available for autistic children without mentioning the
                      Lovaas style ABA as a methodology for the parents to explore.
               ....
               56.    At the May 11, 1998 IEP meeting, Sandra Jerardi told the Deals that
                      there were certain things she would like to give (Zachary) but that she
                      could not because she could not give the same service to everybody.
               ....
               63.    The HCDE has consistently rejected providing Lovaas style ABA
                      services to Zachary or any other student in their system. . . .
               ....
               85.    HCDE rejects the validity of the Lovaas study and its results and
                      embraces the position of the professionals in the field who have
                      published articles critical of the Lovaas style ABA approach to
                      treating children with autism.
               ....
               105.   Jane Dixon told the Deals that they could not ask questions during the
                      March 3, 1999 IEP meeting.
               ....
               111.   Ms. Dixon investigated Zachary’s parents’ dispute with the IEP and
                      interviewed various teachers and providers without interviewing any
                      of the ABA providers even though Lovaas style ABA formed the
                      bulk of Zachary’s educational program at that time.
               112.   HCDE denied the Deal’s request for Lovaas style ABA for Zachary
                      in part because HCDE believes it is more expensive than HCDE’s
                      current approach.
               ....
               126.   Prior to the Deals requesting funding for Zachary’s ABA program
                      from the HCDE, Ms. Sandra Jerardi authored an internal memo in
                      which she described Zachary’s program under IDEA as a “sensitive
                      case with regards to school program and/or Lovaas.”
No. 03-5396                  Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                           Page 12


                  127.      Based on other testimony in the record supporting the proposition
                            that the HCDE rejects meaningful consideration of the Lovaas style
                            ABA intervention at least in large part because of its perceived cost,
                            the court finds that Ms. Jerardi was flagging Zachary Deal’s
                            education program as sensitive because of its probable cost and
                            adverse impact on the HCDE policy of rejecting any and all requests
                            for Lovaas style ABA for young autistic children.
                  128.      At the May 11, 1998 IEP meeting, the Deals outlined the impressive
                            results Zachary had achieved with the Lovaas style ABA
                            methodology and asked the HCDE to fund a continuation of the
                            program over the summer.
                  129.      HCDE personnel informed the Deals that “the powers that be” were
                            not implementing ABA programs.
                  130.      Ms. Jerardi, an HCDE representative and IEP team member in the
                            May 11, 1998 IEP team meeting told the Deals that she wished
                            people would pay their taxes so that HCDE could provide ABA for
                            Zachary.
                  ....
                  156.      Jane Dixon believes that the parents’ proposed goal to make Zachary
                            independent in society with as normal a life as possible is unrealistic.
                  157.      HCDE has a policy of not considering Lovaas style ABA for autistic
                            children. Sandra Jerardi admits to being impressed by Zachary’s
                            present levels of performance yet steadfastly refuses to give any
                            credit to Zachary’s intensive Lovaas style ABA program for these
                            achievements. Ms. Jerardi refuses to concede that any progress is
                            attributable to the ABA program even when the progress was
                            obtained over the course of a summer in which the school system
                            provided no services.
                  ....
                  174.      HCDE refused the Deal’s offer to help train HCDE personnel on
                            Zachary’s ABA program and protocols.
J.A. at 37-49 (citations to administrative hearing record omitted).12
        The district court did not explicitly reject any of the ALJ’s findings of fact on the issue of
predetermination. Relying on Ms. C. ex rel. N.L. v. Knox County Schools, 315 F.3d 688 (6th Cir. 2003), the
court simply concluded that “[t]he facts of this case do not add up to predetermination on the part of


    12
        The Deals point to two additional pieces of evidence that they claim support a finding of predetermination. First, Donna
Palmer, a School System psychologist, testified at the administrative hearing regarding her familiarity with a publication entitled,
“How to Avoid Parents’ Demands for Lovaas.” Second, a letter from the School System’s counsel regarding, inter alia, the
representation in the Deals’ administrative hearing stated, “I previously briefed the Board in executive session regarding this
litigation and its importance to the system and received its backing in our proposal to defend this litigation vigorously.” The Deals
contend that this statement is compelling evidence that the School System is being driven by its fear of this case setting a
precedent that will require it to provide similar ABA services to other autistic children.
No. 03-5396            Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                           Page 13


HCDE.” The court found persuasive the fact that the Deals were present at every IEP meeting convened
and at every meeting took the opportunity “to forcefully advocate their position.” The court stated,
               HCDE could come to IEP meetings with pre-formed opinions regarding the
               best course of action for Zachary so long as school officials were willing to
               listen to the Deals, and the Deals had the opportunity to make objections and
               suggestions. . . . There is nothing in IDEA which requires school systems to
               accept the parents’ point of view, or suffer a procedural violation of the
               statute.
        This Court’s review of the predetermination decision is de novo, since it is a mixed question of law
and fact. See Knable ex rel. Knable v. Bexley City Sch. Dist., 238 F.3d 755, 766 (6th Cir. 2001). The
evidence reveals that the School System, and its representatives, had pre-decided not to offer Zachary
intensive ABA services regardless of any evidence concerning Zachary’s individual needs and the
effectiveness of his private program. This predetermination amounted to a procedural violation of the
IDEA. Because it effectively deprived Zachary’s parents of meaningful participation in the IEP process,
the predetermination caused substantive harm and therefore deprived Zachary of a FAPE.
        The leading case on predetermination is Spielberg ex rel. Spielberg v. Henrico County Public
Schools, 853 F.2d 256 (4th Cir. 1988). There, the district court had concluded, based on a series of letters
written before the IEP meeting that focused on a change in placement, that the school district had decided
to change the disabled student’s placement before developing an IEP to support the change. Id. at 258-59.
The Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court’s determination that a procedural violation had occurred that
deprived the student of a FAPE:
               Under the EHA [the predecessor to the IDEA], the general rule is that
               placement should be based on the IEP. 34 C.F.R. § 300.552. The appendix
               interpreting the EHA regulations states that “IEP objectives must be written
               before placement.” 34 C.F.R. Part 300, App. C., Question 42. The decision
               to place Jonathan at Randolph before developing an IEP on which to base
               that placement violates this regulation as interpreted by the Secretary of
               Education. It also violates the spirit and intent of the EHA, which
               emphasizes parental involvement. After the fact involvement is not enough.
Id. at 259 (footnote omitted). The relevant regulation provides that, in determining the educational
placement of a disabled child, the public agency must ensure that the placement “[i]s based on the child’s
IEP.” 34 C.F.R. § 300.552.
       W.G. v. Board of Trustees of Target Range School District No. 23, 960 F.2d 1479 (9th Cir. 1992),
was a similar case. There, the Ninth Circuit agreed with the district court that the school district had
independently developed a proposed IEP that would place the student in a preexisting, predetermined
program. Id. at 1484. At the IEP meeting, no alternatives to that program were considered. Id. The court
held that in order to fulfill the goal of parental participation in the IEP process, the school district was
required to conduct, not just an IEP meeting, but a meaningful IEP meeting. Id. at 1485.
        Courts often have declined to find predetermination; however, such cases are distinguishable from
the case sub judice. See, e.g., Knox County Sch., 315 F.3d at 694-95 (finding no predetermination where
parent was not involved in initial, ex parte determination of eligibility but was active participant in final
determination); Fuhrmann ex rel. Fuhrmann v. E. Hanover Bd. of Educ., 993 F.2d 1031, 1036 (3d Cir. 1993)
(finding parents had opportunity to participate in IEP formulation in meaningful way); Hanson ex rel.
Hanson v. Smith, 212 F. Supp. 2d 474, 486 (D. Md. 2002) (noting credible evidence that school board came
to IEP meetings with open mind, and that several options were discussed and considered before final
recommendation was made); Doyle v. Arlington County Sch. Bd., 806 F. Supp. 1253, 1262 (E.D. Va. 1992)
No. 03-5396                 Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                          Page 14


(holding that school system had merely proposed a placement before IEP was completed and had not “fully
made up its mind before the parents ever [got] involved,” thereby denying the parents “the opportunity for
meaningful input”), aff’d, 39 F.3d 1176 (4th Cir. 1994). In Knox County Schools, this Court emphasized
that school officials are permitted to form opinions and compile reports prior to IEP meetings. Knox County
Sch., 315 F.3d at 693-94 n.3. The Court cautioned, however, that such conduct is only harmless as long as
school officials are “willing to listen to the parents.” Id. at 694-95 (noting that school system
representatives should “come to the meeting with suggestions and open minds, not a required course of
action”).
         The facts of this case strongly suggest that the School System had an unofficial policy of refusing
to provide one-on-one ABA programs and that School System personnel thus did not have open minds and
were not willing to consider the provision of such a program. This conclusion is bolstered by evidence that
the School System steadfastly refused even to discuss the possibility of providing an ABA program, even
in the face of impressive results. Indeed, School System personnel openly admired and were impressed with
Zachary’s performance (presumably13attained through the ABA program), until the Deals asked the School
System to pay for the ABA program. Several comments made by School System personnel suggested that
they would like to provide Zachary with ABA services, i.e., they recognized the efficacy of such a program,
but they were prevented from doing so, i.e., by the School System policy. The clear implication is that no
matter how strong the evidence presented by the Deals, the School System still would have refused to
provide the services. This is predetermination.
        The district court erred in assuming that merely because the Deals were present and spoke at the
various IEP meetings, they were afforded adequate opportunity to participate. Participation must be more
than a mere form; it must be meaningful. W.G., 960 F.2d at 1485; see also Knox County Sch., 315 F.3d at
694-95 (stating that school officials must be willing to listen to the parents and must have open minds).
Despite the protestations of the Deals, the School System never even treated a one-on-one ABA program
as a viable option. Where there was no way that anything the Deals said, or any data the Deals produced,
could have changed the School System’s determination of appropriate services, their participation was no
more than after the fact involvement. See Spielberg, 853 F.2d at 259.
        The School System noted, at oral argument, that the Deals’ participation in the IEP process is
evidenced by their contributions to the descriptions of Zachary’s present levels of performance and to the
stated goals and objectives contained within the IEPs. The School System was unable to point to any
evidence, however, that the Deals contributed to the operative portions of the IEP–that their opinions were
considered in determining the services that would be provided to Zachary. In short, nothing offered by the
School System suffices to surmount the Golconda of circumstantial evidence adduced by Plaintiffs-
Appellants to establish the existence of an unofficial School System policy of rejecting any requests for an
intensive, one-on-one ABA program. This evidence includes the internal memorandum by Sandra Jerardi
flagging Zachary’s education program as a “sensitive case with regards to school program and/or Lovaas,”
as well as various comments from School System personnel, including a statement that “the powers that be”
were not funding ABA programs.
        The School System seemed to suggest, at oral argument, that it is entitled to invest in a program such
as TEACCH and then capitalize on that investment by using the TEACCH program exclusively. But this
is precisely what it is not permitted to do, at least without fully considering the individual needs of each
child. A school district unquestionably may consider cost in determining appropriate services for a child.
E.g., Clevenger v. Oak Ridge Sch. Bd., 744 F.2d 514, 516-17 (6th Cir. 1984). The school district is required,

    13
       As discussed in depth by the ALJ, the Deals’ preference for the CARD program over the School System program was not
the result of a mere dispute over educational methodology but, rather, was based on extensive data regarding Zachary’s progress
under the CARD program. Zachary exhibited significant IQ gains, as well as practical improvement in daily tasks. One of the
School System’s experts, Dr. Taubman, testified before the district court that after reviewing numerous boxes of data on Zachary’s
progress, he was unable to point to a single error or inaccuracy.
No. 03-5396             Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                               Page 15


however, to base its placement decision on the child’s IEP, 34 C.F.R. § 300.552, rather than on the mere
fact of a pre-existing investment. In other words, the school district may not, as it appears happened here,
decide that because it has spent a lot of money on a program, that program is always going to be appropriate
for educating children with a specific disability, regardless of any evidence to the contrary of the
individualized needs of a particular child. A placement decision may only be considered to have been based
on the child’s IEP when the child’s individual characteristics, including demonstrated response to particular
types of educational programs, are taken into account. See Polk v. Cent. Susquehanna Intermediate Unit
16, 853 F.2d 171, 177 (3d Cir. 1988) (noting that the “system of procedural protection only works if the
state devises an individualized program and is willing to address the handicapped child’s ‘unique needs’”)
(quoting 20 U.S.C. § 1401(16)). A “one size fits all” approach to special education will not be
countenanced by the IDEA.
        A procedural violation can cause substantive harm when it seriously infringes upon the parents’
opportunity to participate in the IEP process. Knable, 238 F.3d at 765; see also Bd. of Educ. of the Hendrick
Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 208 (1982) (“Congress sought to protect individual
children by providing for parental involvement . . . in the formulation of the child’s individual educational
program.”). Because the School System deprived the Deals of a meaningful opportunity to participate, the
predetermination amounts to denial of a FAPE for Zachary. The Court accordingly REVERSES the district
court’s decision on this basis.
                      b. Presence of Regular Education Teachers at IEP Meetings
        The ALJ found (1) that no regular education teacher attended the February 19, 1999, IEP meeting;
(2) that no regular education teacher of Zachary’s attended the October 15, 1998, IEP team meeting “even
though it was clear that whether or not it would be appropriate for Zachary to participate in the regular
education setting would be a subject of the meeting”; (3) that the regular education teacher who attended
the August 25, 1999, meeting left before the 1999-2000 goals and objectives were developed and before the
issue of placement was decided; and (4) that no regular education teacher attended the August 20, 1999, IEP
meeting. The ALJ found that the failure of the School System to have regular education teachers attend the
IEP meetings was a “troubling procedural violation,” as well as “strong evidence that the decision to place
Zachary in a special education classroom for the 1999-2000 school year had been made before the IEP team
convened.”
       The district court erroneously stated that “the ALJ’s findings only catalog two IEP meetings
(October 1998 and February 1999) where a regular school teacher was not present.” The district court then
explained that the absence of a regular school teacher at these two meetings did not cause substantive harm
to Zachary or his parents and thus did not deny Zachary a FAPE:
                In October 1998, Zachary was four years old. He would not have been
                attending regular school during the 1998-1999 school year because he had
                not reached age five. It is difficult to see what meaningful contribution a
                regular school teacher could have made to this meeting. The February 1999
                IEP meeting was held at a time when the IEP for the 1999-2000 school year
                had long been formulated, and during a time when Zachary was not even
                attending an HCDE school. Again, it risks stating the obvious to conclude
                that this had no effect on the welfare of Zachary or the Deals.
        A school district is required to “ensure that the IEP team for each child with a disability includes . . .
[a]t least one regular education teacher of the child (if the child is, or may be, participating in the regular
education environment).” 34 C.F.R. § 300.344(a). There appears to be no dispute that the School System
technically violated the IDEA by failing to include regular education teachers at certain IEP meetings. The
question is whether these violations caused substantive harm to either Zachary or his parents. There is little
No. 03-5396                 Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                         Page 16


case law directly on point.14 The Supreme Court clearly recognized the importance of the IDEA’s
procedural requirements in ensuring that a disabled student receives a FAPE. See Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206
(“[A]dequate compliance with the procedures prescribed would in most cases assure much if not all of what
Congress wished in the way of substantive content in an IEP.”). The Court is mindful, however, that mere
“technical deviations” do not render an IEP invalid. Dong, 197 F.3d at 800.
        The district court unaccountably failed to consider the violations relating to the two August 1999
meetings–the meetings at which the 1999-2000 IEP that is the subject of this lawsuit was prepared. The
Court agrees that the School System’s failure to ensure the attendance of regular education teachers at the
October 1998 and February 1999 meetings did not cause substantive harm. The very purpose of this
requirement is implicated, however, by the August 1999 failures. The rationale for requiring the attendance
of a regular education teacher is closely tied to Congress’s “least restrictive environment” mandate. The
input provided by a regular education teacher is vitally important in considering the extent to which a
disabled student may be integrated into a regular education classroom and how the student’s individual
needs might be met within that classroom. One of the Deals’ main objections to the 1999-2000 IEP
developed for Zachary is that it did not provide for sufficient integration. The absence of the unique
perspective that could have been provided by a regular education teacher therefore had a real impact on the
decision-making process.15 The Court therefore REVERSES the district court’s decision based on this
procedural violation, as well.
                                                3. Substantive Violations
        The ALJ held that the School System had denied Zachary a FAPE by offering its standard, “eclectic”
program for teaching autistic children rather than 30 hours per week of “Lovaas style ABA.” The ALJ cited
to extensive evidence tending to suggest that the approach offered by the School System provides little or
no chance of self-sufficiency for an autistic child while, under the Lovaas approach, self-sufficiency is a real
possibility. The district court found that it could not conclude that the private school placement and ABA
services provided by the Deals were inappropriate, but that the proper focus was on the program offered by
the School System. The court determined that there are a number of effective ways to deal with autism, and
that the School System’s program utilized an acceptable methodology.
        Defendant-Appellant argues that the ALJ improperly shifted the burden of proof by requiring it to
prove that its program was better than what was provided by the Deals and that the ALJ misapprehended
the Lovaas study and failed to comprehend that the School System’s program was consistent with best
practices in the field.
        The district court had the benefit of testimony from four experts offered by the School System to
correct the ALJ’s alleged misapprehensions. As a result, the ALJ and the district court ultimately took
different views of the facts. Their respective opinions, however, evince a fundamental legal disagreement
regarding the level of education that must be provided to a disabled child.
       The facile answer to the question raised by this disagreement is that a school district is only required
to provide educational programming that is reasonably calculated to enable the child to derive more than
de minimis educational benefit. Doe ex rel. Doe v. Smith, 879 F.2d 1340, 1341 (6th Cir. 1989). This Court
and others faced with essentially the same question have decided that school systems are not required to


    14
       In W.G. v. Board of Trustees of Target Range School District No. 23, 960 F.2d 1479, 1484-85 (9th Cir. 1992), the court
pointed to the school district’s failure to obtain any input or participation from the student’s regular classroom teacher as one
aspect of the school district’s serious procedural violations.
    15
       Defendant-Appellant’s argument that the school principal and others familiar with the regular education program were
present at these meetings misses the mark. The regulation explicitly requires the attendance of a “regular education teacher of
the child.” 34 C.F.R. § 300.344(a). The regulation does not state an exception where other knowledgeable people are present.
No. 03-5396             Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                           Page 17


provide autistic children with the sort of intensive (and expensive) educational program pioneered by Dr.
Lovaas. Burilovich ex rel Burilovich v. Bd. of Educ. of the Lincoln Consol. Sch., 208 F.3d 560 (6th Cir.
2000) (“Lovaas-style” discrete trial training vs. mainstream kindergarten); Dong ex rel. Dong v. Bd. of Educ.
of the Rochester Cmty. Sch., 197 F.3d 793 (6th Cir. 1999) (“Lovaas intervention method” vs. TEACCH);
Adams ex rel. Adams v. Oregon, 195 F.3d 1141 (9th Cir. 1999) (early intervention services consisting of
40 hours per week of “Lovaas-type discrete trial training” vs. 12.5 hour school program incorporating that
and other methodologies); Renner v. Bd. of Educ. of the Pub. Sch., 185 F.3d 635 (6th Cir. 1999) (40 hours
per week of one-on-one discrete trial training vs. school based program including some discrete trial
training); Popson ex rel. J.P. v. W. Clark Cmty. Sch., 230 F. Supp. 2d 910 (S.D. Ind. 2002) (Lovaas based
“ABA/DTT program” vs. “eclectic approach”).
        At some point, however, this facile answer becomes insufficient. Indeed, there is a point at which
the difference in outcomes between two methods can be so great that provision of the lesser program could
amount to denial of a FAPE. A school district clearly is not required to “maximize each child’s potential
commensurate with the opportunity provided other children,” Rowley, 458 U.S. at 198 (internal citation
omitted), i.e., to provide all children with equal educational opportunity. The Third Circuit, however, has
held that an IEP must confer a “meaningful educational benefit.” T.R. ex rel. N.R. v. Kingwood Township
Bd. of Educ., 205 F.3d 572, 577 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing Polk v. Cent. Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16, 853
F.2d 171, 182 (3d Cir. 1988), and Ridgewood Bd. of Educ. v. N.E., 172 F.3d 238, 247 (3d Cir. 1999)).
Further, that benefit “must be gauged in relation to a child’s potential.” Kingwood, 205 F.3d at 578 (quoting
Ridgewood, 172 F.3d at 247). Based on the analysis set forth below, we agree that the IDEA requires an
IEP to confer a “meaningful educational benefit” gauged in relation to the potential of the child at issue.
        In Polk, the issue was the provision of physical therapy as a “related service.” Rather than providing
direct physical therapy from a licensed physical therapist, the school district shifted to a “consultative”
model whereby a physical therapist did not provide any therapy directly, but instead trained the classroom
teacher to integrate physical therapy with the disabled student’s education. Polk, 853 F.2d at 173-74. The
parents alleged that the failure to provide direct physical therapy at least once a week had hindered their
child’s progress in meeting his educational goals. Id. at 172. The Third Circuit first held that there was a
genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the defendants had failed to provide individualized
educational programs due to their refusal, as a blanket rule, even to consider providing handicapped students
with direct physical therapy from a licensed therapist. Id. The court next concluded that the lower court
had erred in evaluating the disabled child’s educational program by a standard under which even trivial
educational advancement could satisfy the substantive requirements of the statute. Id.
        The court held that a FAPE must provide “more than a trivial educational benefit.” Id. at 180.
Noting that Rowley was a narrow decision and that the precise issue of how much educational benefit must
be provided had not been squarely before the Court in that case, the Polk court relied on Rowley’s use of
the word “meaningful,” as well as legislative history emphasizing the importance of self-sufficiency, to find
that the educational benefit must be more than de minimis. Id. at 179-82 (noting that Congress must have
contemplated “significant learning” in special education classrooms). The court chose to read expansively
its previous decision in Board of Education v. Diamond, 808 F.2d 897, 991 (3d Cir. 1986), in which it had
rejected the argument that when the Rowley Court referred to “some benefit,” it meant any benefit at all,
even if the child nevertheless regressed. Polk at 183.
        Later Third Circuit cases have affirmed that IEPs must be tailored to provide a meaningful benefit.
For example, in Ridgewood, the court held that a mere finding that an IEP had provided “more than a trivial
educational benefit” was insufficient to establish that the IDEA’s standards had been met. Ridgewood, 172
F.3d at 247-48. The court found that because the benefit provided “must be gauged in relation to a child’s
potential,” Polk at 185, the determination of “meaningful benefit” requires “a student-by-student analysis
that carefully considers the student’s individual abilities.” Ridgewood at 248. The Kingwood court, in turn,
emphasized that the educational benefit must be “meaningful,” and acknowledged that a district court must
“analyze the type and amount of learning” of which a student is capable in order to determine how much
No. 03-5396                   Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                       Page 18


of an educational benefit must be provided. Kingwood, 205 F.3d at 577-78 (quoting Ridgewood, 172 F.3d
at 248).
        Rowley is the only Supreme Court decision to have addressed the level of educational benefit that
must be provided pursuant to an IEP. Nothing in Rowley precludes the setting of a higher standard than the
provision of “some” or “any” educational benefit; indeed, the legislative history cited in Rowley provides
strong support for a higher standard in a case such as this, where the difference in level of education
provided can mean the difference between self-sufficiency and a life of dependence. As noted by the Third
Circuit, “Rowley was an avowedly narrow opinion that relied significantly on the fact that Amy Rowley
progressed successfully from grade to grade in a ‘mainstreamed’ classroom.” Polk, 853 F.2d at 180. Since
Amy Rowley was receiving passing grades and otherwise succeeding in school, the only question before
the Court was whether the school was required to give Amy sufficient assistance to allow her to receive the
same educational benefit as her non-disabled peers. The Rowley Court did not have occasion to consider
the question of what level of educational benefit the school district would have been required to provide
Amy Rowley had she not been progressing successfully through school in a regular education classroom.
        The Court in Rowley rejected the idea that self-sufficiency was the substantive standard that
Congress imposed on the states, “[b]ecause many mildly handicapped children will achieve self-sufficiency
without state assistance while personal independence for the severely handicapped may be an unreachable
goal.” Rowley, 458 U.S. at 201 n.23. The Court recognized, however, that a key concern of and primary
justification for the IDEA’s predecessor was the desire to foster self-sufficiency in handicapped children.
The Court quotes, for example, the following Senate Report excerpt:
                    The long range implications of these statistics are that public agencies and
                    taxpayers will spend billions of dollars over the lifetimes of these individuals
                    to maintain such persons as dependents and in a minimally acceptable
                    lifestyle. With proper education services, many would be able to become
                    productive citizens, contributing to society instead of being forced to remain
                    burdens. Others, through such services, would increase their independence,
                    thus reducing their dependence on society.
S. Rep. No. 94-168, at 9 (1975), reprinted in 1975 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1425, 1433 (quoted in Rowley, 458 U.S.
at 201 n.23). The Court also quotes one of the principal Senate sponsors of the legislation stating,
“Providing appropriate educational services now means that many of these individuals will be able to
become a contributing part of our society, and they will not have to depend on subsistence payments from
public funds.” Rowley, 458 U.S. at 201 n.23 (quoting 121 Cong. Rec. 19492 (1975) (remarks of Sen.
Williams)).16



    16
         Similar ideas were expressed in Polk:
                    The EHA’s sponsors stressed the importance of teaching skills that would foster personal
                    independence for two reasons. First, they advocated dignity for handicapped children.
                    Second, they stressed the long-term financial savings of early education and assistance for
                    handicapped children. A chief selling point of the Act was that although it is penny dear, it
                    is pound wise–the expensive individualized assistance early in life, geared toward teaching
                    basic life skills and self-sufficiency, eventually redounds to the benefit of the public fisc as
                    these children grow to become productive citizens. . . .
                         . . . . [T]he emphasis on self-sufficiency indicates in some respect the quantum of
                    benefits the legislators anticipated: they must have envisioned that significant learning would
                    transpire in the special education classroom–enough so that citizens who would otherwise
                    become burdens on the state would be transformed into productive members of society.
Polk, 853 F.2d at 181-82.
No. 03-5396                 Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                          Page 19


         The current version of the IDEA provides further support for such sentiments. Congress explicitly
found that shortcomings of the previous act, the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975,
included low expectations for disabled children and “an insufficient focus on applying replicable research
on proven methods of teaching and learning for children with disabilities.” 20 U.S.C. § 1400(a)(4).
Congress has declared that the school personnel who work with disabled children should receive high
quality professional development in order to provide such personnel with the skills necessary to “ensure that
[all disabled children] have the skills and knowledge necessary to enable them . . . to be prepared to lead
productive, independent, adult lives, to the maximum extent possible.” 20 U.S.C. § 1400(a)(5)(E). Indeed,
one of the stated purposes of the IDEA is “to ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them
a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet
their unique needs and prepare them for employment and independent living.” 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A)
(emphasis added).
         At the very least, the intent of Congress appears to have been to require a program providing a
meaningful educational benefit towards      the goal of self-sufficiency, especially where self-sufficiency is a
realistic goal for a particular child.17 Indeed, states providing no more than some educational benefit could
not possibly hope to attain the lofty goals proclaimed by Congress. In evaluating whether an educational
benefit is meaningful, logic dictates that the benefit “must be gauged in relation to a child’s potential.” Polk,
853 F.2d at 185. Only by considering an individual child’s capabilities and potentialities may a court
determine whether an educational benefit provided to that child allows for meaningful advancement. In
conducting this inquiry, courts should heed the congressional admonishment not to set unduly low
expectations for disabled children.
        The obvious objection to the meaningful benefit standard is the expense involved. As the Supreme
Court has noted, however, “There is no doubt that Congress imposed a significant financial burden on States
and school districts that participate in the IDEA.” Florence County Sch. Dist. Four v. Carter ex rel. Carter,
510 U.S. 7, 15 (1993) (rejecting argument that excessive cost of reimbursement could excuse school district
from reimbursing parents in accord with IDEA’s mandate). School districts are permitted to consider cost
in devising an appropriate educational program. E.g., Clevenger v. Oak Ridge Sch. Bd., 744 F.2d 514, 516-
17 (6th Cir. 1984). A case such as Zachary Deal’s, however, is precisely the sort of situation where judicial
intervention is necessary to fulfill congressional intent and serve the public interest. Left to its own devices,
a school system is likely to choose the educational option that will help it balance its budget, even if the end
result of the system’s indifference to a child’s individual potential is a greater expense to society as a whole.
        It has often been said that “courts must be careful to avoid imposing their view of preferable
educational methods upon the States.” Rowley, 458 U.S. at 207-08 (stating that courts lack the specialized
knowledge and experience necessary to resolve persistent and difficult questions of educational policy).
“[F]ederal courts are generalists with no expertise in the educational needs of handicapped children, and will
benefit from the factfinding of a state agency with expertise in the field.” Renner, 185 F.3d at 641 (quoting
Smith, 879 F.2d at 1343); see Metro. Bd. of Pub. Educ., Metro. Gov’t v. Guest ex rel. Guest, 193 F.3d 457,
462 (6th Cir. 1999) (noting that federal courts “are given the benefit of expert factfinding by a state agency
devoted to this very purpose”) (quoting Crocker v. Tenn. Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 873 F.2d 933, 935
(6th Cir. 1989)). What seems to have been overlooked by the district court in this case is that the ALJ is
a representative of the state presumed to have both the educational expertise and the ability to resolve
questions of educational methodology that the federal courts do not have. While the district court always
is required to give due deference to administrative findings in an IDEA case, even greater weight is due to
an ALJ’s determinations on matters for which educational expertise is relevant. McLaughlin v. Holt Pub.
Sch. Bd. of Educ., 320 F.3d 663, 669 (6th Cir. 2003). The district court here does not appear to have



    17
       The implication from these manifestations of congressional intent might be that, where self-sufficiency is a realistic goal
for a child, a program that maximizes the possibility of self-sufficiency could be required.
No. 03-5396                Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                                       Page 20


accorded due deference to the ALJ’s findings, especially in areas touching upon the ALJ’s presumed
educational expertise.
        The Court is cognizant, however, that the ALJ did not have the benefit of the additional evidence
provided to the district court at trial. On remand, the district court must carefully consider all of the
evidence in this case, giving due deference to the ALJ’s findings, in determining whether a substantive
IDEA violation occurred under the meaningful benefit standard. In conducting this inquiry, the court should
“carefully consider[] the student’s individual abilities.” Ridgewood, 172 F.3d at 248. The district court’s
decision regarding substantive violations is REVERSED, and this case is REMANDED to allow the court
to determine whether the School System provided Zachary with a meaningful educational benefit.
                                                   4. Reimbursement
        The ALJ awarded the Deals reimbursement for their home-based ABA program and for “related
services,” such as physical, speech, and occupational therapy. The ALJ found that the 1999-2000 IEP did
not offer an education in the least restrictive environment, and that the parents’ placement at the Primrose
School did. He refused, however, to award the Deals reimbursement for that placement because they failed
to give the School System the statutorily required notice. The district court reversed the ALJ’s decision
insofar as it required the School System to reimburse the Deals for any of the costs incurred by them in
providing any educational services to Zachary.    It affirmed the ALJ’s decision to the extent that the decision
denied reimbursement for other costs.18
       Once an IDEA violation is found, the court is authorized to “grant such relief as the court determines
is appropriate.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(B)(iii). Parents are entitled to retroactive reimbursement if the
school district failed to provide the student with a FAPE and if the private placement chosen by the parents
was reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits. Florence County, 510 U.S.
at 11-16; Knable ex rel. Knable v. Bexley City Sch. Dist., 238 F.3d 755, 763 (6th Cir. 2001). “‘[E]quitable
considerations are relevant in fashioning relief,’ and the court enjoys ‘broad discretion’ in so doing.”
Florence County, 510 U.S. at 16 (quoting Sch. Comm. of the Town of Burlington v. Dep’t of Educ., 471 U.S.
359, 374, 369 (1985)); see Knable, 238 F.3d at 771 (“[I]t is the district court’s role in the first instance to
weigh the equities in this case to determine the appropriate level of reimbursement to be awarded.”).
         Here, the Deals are entitled to reimbursement. The School System deprived Zachary of a FAPE by
predetermining his placement and by failing to ensure the attendance of regular education teachers at certain
IEP meetings. Furthermore, the district court has the opportunity, on remand, to find an additional,
substantive, IDEA violation by the School System. The private educational services provided by the Deals
clearly were proper under the IDEA. See Florence County, 510 U.S. at 11-16; Knable, 238 F.3d at 770-71.
The district court’s task on remand thus is to determine the level of reimbursement that is “appropriate” in
light of the IDEA’s purpose. Burlington, 471 U.S. at 369; see Florence County, 510 U.S. at 16 (stating that
the district court “must consider all relevant factors, including the appropriate and reasonable level of
reimbursement that should be required”). For the reasons previously stated, the district court’s
reimbursement decision is REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED for the court to weigh the equities
and determine the appropriate level of reimbursement.




    18
      Plaintiffs-Appellants do not seek relief from this Court on the basis of the district court’s denial of related services
reimbursement, so the Court need not reach that issue. The Court also need not analyze the LRE issue since, even if the Court
were to find that the 1999-2000 IEP violated the LRE requirement, there would be no basis upon which to reverse the ALJ’s
determination regarding the statutory notice.
No. 03-5396             Deal, et al. v. Hamilton County Board of Education                             Page 21


                                             D. Award of Costs
        The district court ordered that the School System “shall recover of the plaintiffs its costs of action.”
Plaintiffs-Appellants argue that this imposition of costs is “wholly erroneous and ‘chilling.’” Because,
pursuant to this Court’s instant rulings, Plaintiffs-Appellants are the prevailing parties, the district court’s
order on costs is MOOT, and the Court need not further consider the issue.
                                            IV. CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, the Court AFFIRMS the district court’s decisions on the additional
evidence and judicial notice issues. The Court REVERSES the district court’s determinations regarding
procedural and substantive violations of the IDEA, as well as reimbursement relating to those violations.
Because Plaintiffs-Appellants are now the prevailing parties, the issue of costs is MOOT. This case is
REMANDED for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
