             Case: 20-10219     Date Filed: 07/07/2020    Page: 1 of 11



                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________

                               No. 20-10219
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                         ________________________

                    D.C. Docket Nos. 8:19-cv-00679-SCB,
                            8:13-bk-09698-CPM



In Re: Lazarus Holdings, LLC,

                                                   Debtor.

______________________________________________________________
J.O. DELOTTO & SONS, INC.,
SAFECO INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA,

                                                   Plaintiffs - Appellants,

versus

LAZARUS HOLDINGS, LLC,

                                                   Defendant - Appellee.

                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Florida
                        ________________________

                                  (July 7, 2020)
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Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       This is an appeal from a final order of the district court affirming the

bankruptcy court’s order denying Appellants’ motion for attorneys’ fees following

the confirmation of an arbitration award made pursuant to the Federal Arbitration

Act (“FAA”). After reviewing the record and reading the parties’ briefs, we affirm

the district court’s order.

                                           I.

       The Debtor/Appellee, Lazarus Holdings, LLC (“Lazarus”) filed for

bankruptcy under Chapter 11, and Appellants, J.O. DeLotto & Sons and Safeco

Insurance Company (referred to collectively as “DeLotto”), filed a claim for

money due under their construction contract. The contract between the parties

concerned the performance of interior construction work on Lazarus’s veterinary

clinic. The contract contained an agreement to arbitrate and provided that the

prevailing party, as determined by the arbitrator, would be entitled to an award of

reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs. (R. Doc. 3 #11.) Lazarus filed an adversary

complaint against DeLotto, asserting several claims, the relevant one in this case

being a claim for breach of the construction contract by failing to correct

deficiencies in work performed by DeLotto’s original general contractor. DeLotto


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responded by filing a motion to compel arbitration, which the bankruptcy court

granted.

      The arbitrator entered an award in favor of DeLotto that stated in part the

following:

      This matter arises out of the incomplete construction of a veterinary
      clinic owned by the Claimant [Lazarus]. In November 2010,
      Claimant and DeLotto executed a construction contract (“Contract”)
      for roughly $500,000 of primarily interior finish work on the single
      story structure (the “Project”). The evidence presented at the Hearing
      showed that the Contract was fraudulently procured by Claimant’s
      managing member, Jarrod Lazarus. Therefore, based on the law as
      applied to the facts presented at the Hearing, the Contract is void ab
      initio and unenforceable. . . . Therefore, all claims against DeLotto
      and Safeco based on the Contract, together with all other claims not
      expressly addressed herein, are denied.

(R. Doc. 3-40) (internal citations omitted). The arbitrator found that the evidence

supported an award in favor of DeLotto in the amount of $137,138.14, which

represented the amount owed to DeLotto for work completed. The bankruptcy

court confirmed in part and vacated in part the arbitration award to the extent that

the arbitrator found that Lazarus fraudulently procured the construction contract.

(R. Doc. 3-85). Lazarus appealed the partial confirmation, and the district court

concluded that the arbitration award should have been confirmed in its entirety. (R.

Doc. 3-145). Thus, the district court remanded the case with instructions that the

bankruptcy court confirm the arbitration award in its entirety.


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      DeLotto then sought attorneys’ fees in connection with the appeal based on a

provision in the construction contract entitling the prevailing party to attorneys’

fees. The district court denied the motion because it was untimely and there was

no basis for an attorneys’ fee award. Specifically, the district court found that

because the arbitrator ruled that the construction contract was void ab initio and

unenforceable, Delotto could not rely on a contractual term that provided for

attorneys’ fees. DeLotto sought clarification, and the district court responded that

the ruling applied to attorneys’ fees incurred in the district court and did not

preclude DeLotto from seeking its non-appellate attorneys’ fees. (R. Doc. 3-146).

      DeLotto also moved in the bankruptcy court for an award of its post-petition

attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in connection with the arbitration proceeding as

the prevailing party under the contract with Debtor and also for an allowance and

payment of those fees and costs as an administrative expense or as an unsecured

claim. The bankruptcy court conducted a hearing, stating in part the following:

      The fee application seeks an award of attorneys’ [fees] and costs as
      the prevailing party with respect to a construction contract and
      litigation surrounding that contract that was the subject of a binding
      arbitration award. The application also seeks payment of these fees
      and costs as an allowed administrative expense claim or, alternatively,
      as a general unsecured prepetition claim. . . . I find that the law
      compels me to deny attorney’s fees and costs on all three grounds. As
      to an award of fees and costs pursuant to the parties’ construction
      contract, under both Florida and federal case law the American Rule
      applies. In accordance with this rule, each litigant pays his or her own
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attorney’s fees, win or lose, unless a statute or contract provides
otherwise.

....

[W]ith respect to the construction contract at issue here, the arbitrator
expressly ruled that the contract between the parties was void ab initio
because it was fraudulently procured by Lazarus’s managing member.
Under Florida law, a contract that is void ab initio, as if it was never
legally created, cannot form the basis for an award of fees.

....

Florida law does not follow the particular Restatement (Second) of
Contracts Section 163 that was cited by the arbitrator, though,
together with case law from jurisdictions outside of Florida. We don’t
follow those. But that’s what the arbitrator chose and that particular
conclusion of law was unchallenged. The arbitrator cited those for the
proposition that fraudulent procurement of a contract results in the
contract being void ab initio. . . . The law in this state is different – or
at least the majority position is – and that appears to provide that: A
contract procured by fraud may be subject to an election of remedies,
either rescission or ratification.

....

But nonetheless, the arbitrator’s ruling that the contract is void ab
initio was appealed; the ruling was affirmed; and that’s what
constitutes the law of the case. . . . Under the “law of the case
doctrine,” trial and appellate courts are generally bound by the factual
findings and legal conclusions made by the appellate courts in a prior
appeal of the case at issue.

Layering on top of the arbitrator’s award is also Judge Merryday’s
decision. So I have to deny relief regarding the request for recovery
of attorney’s fees and costs under the parties’ construction contract
and the attorney fee provision in there. . . . Had DeLotto not sought a
ruling that the contract was void ab initio or had the arbitrator applied
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      Florida case law, DeLotto would likely have prevailed on its claim for
      attorney’s fees.

(R. Doc. 3-170, p. 4-12). The bankruptcy court also rejected DeLotto’s other

arguments regarding its entitlement to attorney’s fees and costs: (1) allowance as

an administrative claim; and (2) allowance as fees incurred post-petition on an

unsecured pre-petition claim. DeLotto appealed the bankruptcy court’s order to

the district court, which affirmed. It is this order that is before us on appeal.

                                           II.

      When reviewing an order of the district court entered in its role as an

appellate court reviewing the bankruptcy court’s order, this court

“independently examine[s] the factual and legal determinations of the bankruptcy

court and employ[s] the same standards of review as the district court.” In re Int’l

Admin. Servs., Inc., 408 F.3d 689, 698 (11th Cir. 2005). Generally, we review de

novo any determinations of law, whether by the bankruptcy court or district court,

and we review the bankruptcy court’s findings for clear error. Id. We are reluctant

to disturb a bankruptcy court’s judgment. See In re: Optical Techns., Inc., 425

F.3d 1294, 1300 (11th Cir. 2005). We review for abuse of discretion a court’s

order denying the award of attorney’s fees. See Friends of the Everglades v. S.

Florida Water Mgmt. Dist., 678 F.3d 1199, 1201 (11th Cir. 2012).

                                          III.
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A. Fees under the construction contract

      DeLotto contends that the bankruptcy court erred by not granting its motion

for attorneys’ fees and costs under the construction contract. DeLotto relies

heavily upon the arbitration award to support is claim of entitlement to attorneys’

fees and costs. However, the language in the arbitration award does not provide

for such recovery under the contract, but rather, articulates a basis for calculating

an award of damages pursuant to an implicit quantum meruit recovery for work

performed. As such, the arbitrator awarded DeLotto $137,138.14, which

represented the amounts for certain work completed under pay applications, and

$41,786.24 that was held in escrow based on its right to recover funds for

completed work under another pay application. The arbitrator, however, denied all

claims against DeLotto and Safeco based on the contract, together with all other

claims not expressly addressed in its ruling. Thus, in finding the contract void ab

initio, the arbitrator expressly refused to attribute any award of damages to any

contractual provision. See Pruco Life Ins. Co. v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 780 F.3d

1327, 1332 (11th Cir. 2015) (finding that a “contract that is void ab initio is a

contract that never existed”). With no binding contract, there cannot be a

prevailing party attorney fee recovery under the contract. See David v. Richman,




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568 So. 2d 922, 924 (Fla. 1990) (holding that a party is precluded from claiming

attorneys’ fees under a contract which the court found never existed).

      As both courts noted, the arbitration award was confirmed, so we are all

bound by the arbitrator’s conclusions made therein. Because the arbitrator found

the construction contract to be void ab initio, DeLotto cannot enforce the

prevailing party attorneys’ fee provision of the construction contract. See Katz v.

Van Der Noord, 546 So. 2d 1047, 1049 (Fla. 1989) (finding that the distinction

between no contract at all and one that is unenforceable makes all the difference

when parties enter into a contract that contains a provision for the recovery of

attorney’s fees). We conclude, as did the district court, that the bankruptcy court

did not abuse its discretion in denying attorneys’ fees to DeLotto under the

construction contract. Therefore, we affirm the district court order affirming the

bankruptcy court’s order denying DeLotto attorneys’ fees.

B. Fees as an administrative expense

      DeLotto contends that the bankruptcy court erred in denying its motion for

attorneys’ fees as an administrative expense. DeLotto claims to be entitled, under

an alleged expansion in 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A), to an administrative expense in

the amount of $297,248.19, representing attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in the

post-petition arbitration with Lazarus. Section 503(b)(1)(A) provides, in relevant


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part, that administrative expenses include “the actual, necessary costs and expenses

of preserving the [bankruptcy] estate.” DeLotto refers to this alleged expansion as

the “Reading exception” to 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A), which it contends provides

that a bankruptcy court has the independent discretion to award attorneys’ fees as

an administrative expense claim as an element of damages in a frivolous adversary

proceeding. See Reading Co. v. Brown, 391 U.S. 471, 88 S. Ct. 1759 (1968). Like

the district court, we reject this argument.

      We find Reading to be distinguishable from the present case. In Reading,

the receiver was authorized to conduct the debtor’s business, which included

leasing an eight-story building that caught fire and destroyed the petitioner’s

adjoining property. Id. at 473, 88 S. Ct. at 1761. The petitioner filed a bankruptcy

claim for the property damage, alleging that the damage was caused by the

negligence of the receiver and the workman that the receiver employed. The issue

before the Court was whether the petitioner’s tort claim should receive priority as

an administrative expense. Id. at 476, 88 S. Ct. at 1762. The Court concluded that

it should be considered an administrative expense because the damages that

resulted from the negligence of the receiver acting within the scope of his authority

gave rise to “actual and necessary costs” of a Chapter 11 case. Id. at 485.




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      To the contrary in the present case, there is no negligence alleged by a

receiver and DeLotto is not an innocent third party on Lazarus’s property.

DeLotto’s fee motion arises out of damages that DeLotto claimed it sustained from

a breach of contract action under a construction contract with Lazarus. Lazarus’s

refusal to pay some amounts was predicated on its assertion that DeLotto breached

the contract first. As such, Lazarus’s refusal and failure to pay DeLotto some

amounts under the contract was not a consequence of Lazarus’s negligence or its

Chapter 11 filing. Moreover, DeLotto did not allege in its fee motion that such

attorneys’ fees and costs were actual, necessary costs and expenses of preserving

the estate, as required by 11 U.S.C. § 503, to be considered administrative

expenses.

      DeLotto also argues that a claimant’s attorneys’ fees that result from a

debtor’s frivolous litigation should be deemed an administrative expense. Thus,

DeLotto reasons that because the arbitrator found that Lazarus fraudulently

procured the construction contract on which it sued DeLotto, Lazarus’s claims

were obviously frivolous. However, the bankruptcy court did not agree with this

argument and so stated at the hearing. (R. Doc. 3-170, p. 12). DeLotto cannot

demonstrate that the bankruptcy court’s findings are clearly erroneous.




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      Moreover, DeLotto has not provided an independent basis for an award of

attorneys’ fees because it has not shown that courts within our circuit have found

11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A) to provide an independent basis for an award of

attorneys’ fees. In addition, DeLotto cannot show an independent basis for an

award of fees because of the arbitrator’s finding that the construction contract was

void ab initio. The arbitration award in favor of DeLotto resulted in an award of

non-contractual damages to DeLotto that are now relegated only to the status of a

pre-petition general unsecured claim. See In re Elec. Mach. Enters., Inc., 371 B.R.

549, 550 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2007) (“The majority of courts that have considered

whether an unsecured creditor is entitled to recover attorneys’ fees and other post-

petition costs and charges as part of its unsecured claim have concluded that

unsecured and undersecured creditors are not entitled to recover post-petition

attorneys’ fees and similar costs.”).

      DeLotto is unable to demonstrate that it is entitled to an award of attorneys’

fees based on the contract which the arbitrator found was void ab initio or on an

independent basis. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court properly

affirmed the bankruptcy court’s order denying DeLotto’s request for attorneys’

fees. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s order.

      AFFIRMED.


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