             This opinion is subject to revision before final
                  publication in the Pacific Reporter

                             2014 UT 41

                                IN THE

   S UPREME C OURT OF THE S TATE OF U TAH

                         CHRISTY BUTLER
                           Appellant,
                                   v.
         CORPORATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE
      CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS,
                       Appellee.

                         CHRISTY BUTLER
                           Petitioner,
                                   v.
              THE HONORABLE THOMAS L. KAY
                      Respondent.

                   Nos. 20130612, 20130709
                    Filed October 3, 2014

                Second District, Farmington
               The Honorable Thomas L. Kay
                 No. 110701349, 110701349

                             Attorneys:
   Linda M. Jones, Lindy W. Hamilton, Troy L. Booher,
  Erin Bergeson Hull, Robert W. Gibbons, Salt Lake City,
               for appellant and petitioner
Stephen J. Trayner, Peter H. Christensen, Alexander Dushku,
 Swen R. Swenson, Kathryn Tunacik Smith, Salt Lake City,
                         for appellee
      Brent M. Johnson, Salt Lake City, for respondent

     JUSTICE PARRISH authored the opinion of the Court,
 in which CHIEF JUSTICE DURRANT, ASSOCIATE CHIEF JUSTICE
           NEHRING and JUSTICE DURHAM joined.
           JUSTICE LEE filed a dissenting opinion.
                    BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                        Opinion of the Court

   JUSTICE PARRISH , opinion of the Court:
                         INTRODUCTION
    ¶1 This case comes before us on cross-motions for summary
disposition and on a petition for an extraordinary writ. The issues
presented in the motions and the petition are (1) whether an
interlocutory decision is subject to the implementing order require-
ments of rule 7(f)(2) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure and, if so,
(2) whether a rule 54(b) certification can satisfy the rule 7(f)(2)
requirements for an interlocutory decision. We answer both
questions in the affirmative but explain that for a single order to
satisfy both rule 54(b) and rule 7(f)(2), it must meet the requirements
of both rules.
       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    ¶2 This appeal stems from Christy Butler’s personal injury suit
against Lauren K. Ford and the Corporation of the President of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (COP). Butler filed a
complaint alleging that she was injured in an automobile accident
caused by Ford’s negligent driving. The complaint also alleges that
Ford was an agent of COP acting within the scope of the agency
relationship at the time of the accident. Thus, Butler seeks to hold
COP vicariously liable for Butler’s injuries under a theory of
respondeat superior.
    ¶3 COP moved for summary judgment, seeking dismissal of
all of Butler’s claims against it. The district court granted COP’s
motion in a memorandum decision titled “Ruling and Order on
Motion for Summary Judgment” (Summary Judgment Ruling). COP
did not submit a proposed implementing order with its motion for
summary judgment, nor did it serve Butler with a proposed order
within fifteen days of the district court’s Summary Judgment Ruling,
as required by rule 7(f)(2) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure. And
the Summary Judgment Ruling itself did not state that no further
order was required. As a result, the district court did not enter an
order implementing the Summary Judgment Ruling.
    ¶4 Approximately a month after the district court issued its
Summary Judgment Ruling, COP filed a motion for rule 54(b)
certification of final judgment, in which it requested that the court
certify the Summary Judgment Ruling as final for purposes of
appeal. COP included with its motion a proposed “Order Directing
Entry and Certification of Final Judgment under Rule 54(b),” but did
not serve the proposed order on Butler prior to filing it with the


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                        Opinion of the Court

court. Butler did not oppose the motion, and the district court
subsequently signed and entered the proposed order (Certification
Order). The order stated:
       IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that
       Plaintiffs’ [sic] claims against COP be and are dis-
       missed with prejudice and that . . . [t]he Summary
       Judgment in Favor of Defendant COP . . . is a final
       judgment of the court under Rule 54(b) of the Utah
       Rules of Civil Procedure, and the Court expressly
       directs entry and certification of final judgment to that
       effect.
(Emphasis added.) The clerk of the court thereafter made a docket
entry stating, “Case Disposition is Dismd w [sic] prejudice.”
     ¶5 COP did not serve the signed Certification Order on Butler
as required by rules 5(b)(2)(A) and 58A(d) of the Utah Rules of Civil
Procedure. And Butler alleges that although her counsel “regularly
monitored” the online docket through “one of the court’s approved
e-filing providers,” the Certification Order did not appear on the e-
filing provider’s system until over a month after it had been entered.
Thus, according to Butler, she was unaware that the Certification
Order had been signed and entered until more than thirty days had
passed from its entry.
    ¶6 Operating under the assumption that two orders were still
forthcoming—a rule 7(f)(2) order implementing the court’s Sum-
mary Judgment Ruling and a rule 54(b) certifying order (as opposed
to an order “direct[ing] entry and certification”)—Butler did not file
a notice of appeal upon learning of the Certification Order. Instead,
Butler filed what she titled a “Motion to Proceed with Her Appeal.”
In the motion, Butler explained that she believed her time to appeal
the Summary Judgment Ruling had not begun to run because
neither party had filed an implementing order for the Summary
Judgment Ruling and the Certification Order alone did not consti-
tute a final order.
    ¶7 Butler alternatively argued that if the time for appeal had
begun to run on the day the Certification Order was entered, the
court should grant Butler an extension of time to appeal pursuant to
rule 4(e) of the Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure. Butler argued
that “the unusual actions” that had taken place following the
Summary Judgment Ruling “violated the Rules of Civil Procedure”
and had been “beyond Plaintiff’s control.” Butler filed a proposed


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                        Opinion of the Court

order with her motion, which she alleged was both rule 7(f)(2) and
rule 54(b) compliant.
     ¶8 COP opposed Butler’s motion, arguing that “[a] final Rule
56 Order has been entered and a Rule 54(b) motion has been granted
certifying that Order as final. Nothing more was necessary to start
the running of time for Plaintiff to file a notice of appeal.” COP
further argued that Butler should not be granted additional time to
file a notice of appeal because Butler had not demonstrated excus-
able neglect or good cause as required by rule 4(e) of the Utah Rules
of Appellate Procedure. Specifically, COP alleged that, contrary to
Butler’s assertion that there had been a glitch in the e-filing service
provider’s system, Butler had simply failed to diligently check with
the clerk of the court to determine whether the rule 54(b) order had
been entered.1 COP also opposed Butler’s proposed order, arguing
that “[t]he court has already issued a final [rule 7 compliant] order


   1
      During the hearing on Butler’s motion to proceed with her
appeal, COP presented evidence that the reason the Certification
Order did not appear on Butler’s e-filing account until over a month
after it had been entered was because Butler’s counsel had failed to
refresh the electronic docket. Therefore, even though Butler’s
counsel regularly monitored the e-filing account, counsel’s negligent
failure to hit the “refresh” button each time it returned to monitor
the electronic docket resulted in counsel not realizing that the
Certification Order had been entered.
    While user error may have played a role in Butler’s lack of notice
of the Certification Order, other circumstances beyond Butler’s
control contributed to the problem. Specifically, although Butler had
voluntarily chosen to use the court’s e-filing system prior to the
court-imposed mandatory e-filing deadline, see UTAH R. JUD . ADMIN .
4-503, COP had not. Because COP filed its motion for rule 54(b)
certification and its proposed rule 54(b) order through traditional
filing procedures, COP was required to use traditional means (i.e.,
U.S. mail, hand delivery, overnight mail, facsimile, or email) to serve
Butler with a copy of the signed Certification Order. See UTAH R.
CIV . P. 58A(d) (2013) (“A copy of the signed judgment shall be
promptly served by the party preparing it in the manner provided
in Rule 5.”). But COP never served Butler with the signed order as
required by rule 58A(d). And while failure to comply with rule 58A
does not affect the timing for filing a notice of appeal, it is relevant
to a determination of whether there is good cause to extend the time
for appeal under rule 4(e) of the Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure.

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on Defendant COP’s Motion for Summary Judgment” through its
Summary Judgment Ruling.
    ¶9 The court held a hearing on Butler’s motion to proceed with
her appeal. After the parties presented their arguments, the district
court ruled from the bench. Without addressing Butler’s argument
that the time for appeal had not yet begun to run, the court ruled
that Butler had shown neither good cause nor excusable neglect for
an extension of time to appeal under rule 4(e). Although the district
court declined to address the interplay between rules 7(f)(2) and
54(b), it acknowledged that the issue “really . . . hasn’t been clearly
decided.” The court also stated that this case would provide an
opportunity for “the appellate courts [to] clarify who’s right.”
Despite its acknowledgment that the rules were unclear, the district
court denied Butler’s motion to either proceed with her appeal or to
extend the time to appeal and entered an order consistent with its
ruling. Within one month of the district court’s ruling, Butler filed
a notice of appeal in which she stated her intent to appeal both the
ruling on her motion to proceed with her appeal and the underlying
Summary Judgment Ruling.
    ¶10 One day after Butler filed her appellate docketing state-
ment, COP filed a motion for summary disposition. See UTAH R. APP.
P. 10(a)(2) (explaining that a party may move for summary disposi-
tion within ten days after the docketing statement is filed). COP
argues that Butler’s appeal should be summarily dismissed because
Butler failed to timely file a notice of appeal of the district court’s
Summary Judgment Ruling. Although COP no longer contends that
the Summary Judgment Ruling alone meets the requirements of rule
7(f)(2), it argues that the subsequent Certification Order rendered the
Summary Judgment Ruling a “final, appealable order and
judgment . . . even if the original summary judgment decision was
not in the form prescribed by rule 7(f).” COP further argues that the
district court acted within its discretion in denying Butler’s motion
for an extension of the time to appeal. In short, COP argues that this
court lacks jurisdiction to hear Butler’s appeal and that her appeal
must therefore be dismissed with prejudice.
    ¶11 Butler also filed a motion for summary disposition. She
argues that the Summary Judgment Ruling lacked a necessary rule
7(f)(2) implementing order and that, although the district court
subsequently directed entry of final judgment under rule 54(b) in its
Certification Order, final judgment was never actually entered.
Butler urges this court to dismiss her appeal without prejudice and


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                    BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                        Opinion of the Court

asks us to direct the district court to enter a rule 7(f)(2) order and a
final rule 54(b) judgment.
    ¶12 Butler simultaneously filed a petition for an extraordinary
writ. Relying on the same arguments presented in her motion for
summary disposition, Butler’s petition asks this court to issue an
order “compelling the [district court] to enter a rule 7(f)(2) order and
a final rule 54(b) judgment.”
    ¶13 We consolidate the motions for summary disposition and
the extraordinary writ and hold that neither the Summary Judgment
Ruling nor the Certification Order satisfied rule 7(f)(2) for purposes
of triggering the time to appeal the Summary Judgment Ruling. We
therefore dismiss this appeal without prejudice. We decline to grant
Butler’s petition for extraordinary writ because this is not a case
where “no other plain, speedy and adequate remedy is available.”
UTAH R. CIV . P. 65B(a). Instead, having clarified the law, we
conclude that the district court is now equipped to provide the
appropriate remedy.
   ¶14 We have jurisdiction over Butler’s appeal under Utah Code
section 78A-3-102(3)(j) and over Butler’s petition for extraordinary
writ under Utah Code section 78A-3-102(2).
                     STANDARD OF REVIEW
    ¶15 The issue presented in this case is whether the district court
has entered a final appealable order, which is an issue of appellate
jurisdiction. Miller v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co., 2002 UT 6, ¶ 18, 44 P.3d
663. Whether appellate jurisdiction exists is a question of law,
which we review for correctness. Id.
                             ANALYSIS
  I. ALL ORDERS, INCLUDING INTERLOCUTORY ORDERS,
      MUST SATISFY RULE 7(f)(2) OF THE UTAH RULES
                  OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
    ¶16 An appeal as of right may only be taken from a final order
or judgment. UTAH R. APP. P. 3(a). Rule 7(f)(2) of the Utah Rules of
Civil Procedure prescribes the procedure for obtaining an order from
which an appeal may be taken. It states that “[u]nless the court
approves the proposed order submitted with an initial memoran-
dum, or unless otherwise directed by the court, the prevailing party
shall, within fifteen days after the court’s decision, serve upon the
other parties a proposed order in conformity with the court’s



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                        Opinion of the Court

decision.” UTAH R. CIV . P. 7(f)(2) (2013).2
    ¶17 In Central Utah Water Conservancy District v. King, we
clarified the requirements of rule 7(f)(2) and held that compliance
with rule 7(f)(2) dictates the timing for filing a notice of appeal. 2013
UT 13, ¶ 15, 297 P.3d 619. We explained that under rule 7(f)(2), one
of three events must occur before the time to appeal begins to run:
“(1) the court approves an order submitted with an initial memoran-
dum; (2) the court enters an order prepared by counsel and served
on opposing counsel pursuant to rule 7(f)(2); or (3) the court
explicitly directs that no additional order is necessary.” Id. The
second of these three options is the default mechanism for satisfying
rule 7(f)(2) and will apply “unless the district court approves the
proposed order submitted with a party’s initial memorandum or
when the district court explicitly directs that no additional order is
required.” Id. ¶ 10 (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore,
“if neither of the two exceptions to the default is present, the
prevailing party has fifteen days in which to submit a proposed
order.” Id. ¶ 26. “If the prevailing party fails to submit” a proposed
order in this time frame, “any party interested in finality—generally,
the nonprevailing party—may submit an order.” Code v. Utah Dep’t
of Health, 2007 UT 43, ¶ 7, 162 P.3d 1097.3
    ¶18 Satisfaction of one of these events is necessary not only for
establishing finality of a judgment that resolves an entire case, but
also “for ascribing finality to an interlocutory decision.” Houghton


   2
     As of May 2014, rule 7(f)(2) gives the prevailing party twenty-
one days from the court’s decision to serve a proposed order on the
other parties. UTAH R. CIV . P. 7(f)(2) (2014). But we apply the rule
that was in effect as of the relevant events in this case, which
prescribed a fifteen-day time frame for the prevailing party to serve
a proposed order. UTAH R. CIV . P. 7(f)(2) (2013).
   3
     As we explained in Code v. Utah Department of Health, 2007 UT
43, ¶ 6 n.1, 162 P.3d 1097, and reiterated in Central Utah Water
Conservancy District v. King, “when the prevailing party neglects its
obligations under the rule, the appeal rights of the nonprevailing
party will extend indefinitely.” 2013 UT 13, ¶ 26, 297 P.3d 619 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Because we recognize that “[s]uch an
indefinite extension is contrary to notions of judicial efficiency and
finality,” we have asked “that our advisory committee review rule
7(f)(2) and address the possibility of endlessly hanging appeals.” Id.
¶¶ 26–27.

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                    BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                        Opinion of the Court

v. Dep’t of Health, 2008 UT 86, ¶ 11, 206 P.3d 287. Thus, an appeal
from an interlocutory decision is ripe “only after strict compliance
with rule 7(f)(2).” Cent. Utah Water Conservancy, 2013 UT 13, ¶ 17.
Requiring rule 7(f)(2) compliance in the interlocutory context
comports with our judicial policy that when parties intend to appeal
interlocutory rulings, there is “no benefit to a system in which
parties must guess, on a case-by-case basis, whether a judge’s
language in a memorandum decision implies, invites, or contem-
plates further action by the parties.” Code, 2007 UT 43, ¶ 6 (alter-
ations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    ¶19 Compliance with rule 7(f)(2), though necessary, is not
sufficient to trigger the time to appeal an interlocutory ruling.
Interlocutory rulings must also satisfy one of two additional
conditions to be eligible for immediate appeal: (1) the district court,
in its discretion, certifies the order as final under rule 54(b) of the
Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, or (2) an appellate court grants
permission to appeal an interlocutory order under rule 5 of the Utah
Rules of Appellate Procedure.4 Therefore, the time period for
appealing an interlocutory ruling begins to run only after (1)
compliance with rule 7(f)(2) and (2) satisfaction of either civil
procedure rule 54(b) or appellate procedure rule 5.
     ¶20 In this case, the district court’s Summary Judgment Ruling
constituted an interlocutory ruling because, although it ended the
litigation between Butler and COP, Ford remained a defendant in
the case. To be appealable, therefore, the Summary Judgment
Ruling must have (1) complied with rule 7(f)(2) and (2) been certified
as final under rule 54(b) or been granted interlocutory review under
appellate procedure rule 5.
   ¶21 Looking first to whether the Summary Judgment Ruling
was rule 7(f)(2) compliant, it is clear that none of the three events
described in Central Utah Water occurred. COP did not submit and
serve a proposed order with its initial summary judgment memoran-
dum, the court did not enter an order prepared by COP and served
on Butler within fifteen days after the court’s decision, and the
court’s written ruling did not explicitly direct that no additional


   4
     We have also recognized that in some instances, “orders and
judgments that are not final can be appealed if such appeals are
statutorily permissible.” Bradbury v. Valencia, 2000 UT 50, ¶ 12, 5
P.3d 649. But in this case, no statute exists that would have made the
Summary Judgment Ruling immediately appealable.

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                         Opinion of the Court

order was necessary. Although Butler later lodged a proposed rule
7(f)(2) order with the district court as permitted by Code, the district
court declined to sign and enter it.
    ¶22 The district court did, however, subsequently enter a
Certification Order pursuant to rule 54(b). The determinative issue
in this case is therefore whether the district court’s Certification
Order satisfied the requirements of both rule 7(f)(2) and rule 54(b)
for the Summary Judgment Ruling. If so, the time for appealing the
Summary Judgment Ruling began to run when the Certification
Order was entered, and Butler’s appeal of the Summary Judgment
Ruling is untimely. We hold that although a district court may enter
a single order that satisfies both rule 7(f)(2) and rule 54(b), it must do
so by strictly and expressly complying with the requirements of both
rules.
 II. ENTRY OF AN ORDER THAT IS RULE 7(f)(2) COMPLIANT
      IS A PREREQUISITE TO RULE 54(b) CERTIFICATION
    ¶23 Having addressed the requirements of rule 7(f)(2), we turn
to the requirements of rule 54(b). Prior to the adoption of Rule 54(b),
courts followed the “single-judicial-unit theory” to determine which
orders were final and thus appealable. 10 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ,
ARTHUR R. MILLER & MARY KAY KANE, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND
PROCEDURE § 2653 (3d ed. 1998); see also Sears, Roebuck & Co. v.
Mackey, 351 U.S. 427, 431–32 (1956) (discussing the judicial unit
theory). Under this theory, any action—regardless of the number of
parties or claims—was treated as a single unit and “only one appeal
was permitted from any one action.” WRIGHT, MILLER & KANE, supra
§ 2653. After promulgation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
which allow for liberal joinder of parties and claims, “a need for
relaxing the restrictions upon what should be treated as a judicial
unit for purposes of appellate jurisdiction” became apparent. Sears,
Roebuck, 351 U.S. at 432. Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure was adopted “[l]argely to meet this need.” Id. at 432–33.
Rule 54(b) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure is “modeled after
and is identical in all material respects” to its federal counterpart.
Pate v. Marathon Steel Co., 692 P.2d 765, 767 (Utah 1984).
   ¶24 Rule 54(b) (of both the Federal and Utah Rules of Civil
Procedure) “facilitate[s] the entry of judgments upon one or more
but fewer than all the claims or as to one or more but fewer than all
the parties in an action involving more than one claim or party.”
WRIGHT, MILLER & KANE, supra § 2654. The rule does this by
granting district courts the discretion to “direct the entry of a final


                                    9
                     BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                         Opinion of the Court

judgment[5] as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or
parties . . . upon an express determination by the court that there is
no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry
of judgment.” UTAH R. CIV . P. 54(b); see FED . R. CIV . P. 54(b) (same).6
    ¶25 Not all interlocutory rulings qualify for rule 54(b) certifica-
tion. As we first explained in Pate v. Marathon Steel Co., 692 P.2d 765,
767 (Utah 1984), and more recently in Powell v. Cannon, there are


   5
     Rule 54(a) clarifies that a judgment “includes a decree and any
order from which an appeal lies.” (Emphasis added.) Because an appeal
lies only from a rule 7(f)(2) compliant order, see supra ¶¶ 17–18,
satisfaction of rule 7(f)(2) is required in order to obtain a judgment.
   6
      According to the final judgment rule, a judgment or order is
final and thus appealable if it “dispose[s] of the case as to all the
parties, and finally dispose[s] of the subject-matter of the litigation
on the merits of the case.” Powell v. Cannon, 2008 UT 19, ¶ 11, 179
P.3d 799 (internal quotation marks omitted). Interlocutory rulings
that do not end the controversy between the litigants are generally
not appealable until a final judgment has been entered. Moreover,
when a case consists of multiple claims or multiple parties, a
decision that disposes of less than all of the claims or all of the
parties is generally not appealable until “the entry of judgment
adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the
parties.” UTAH R. CIV . P. 54(b). Once final judgment is entered, all
preceding interlocutory rulings that were “steps towards final
judgment” merge into the final judgment and become appealable at
that time. Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546
(1949); see also 10 JAMES WM . MOORE , MOORE ’S FEDERAL PRACTICE
§ 54.25[5] (3d ed. 2014) (explaining that under the merger rule, an
interlocutory order “merges into the final judgment that disposes of
all the claims and parties and becomes appealable at that time”).
    But where an interlocutory order is certified as final under rule
54(b), that order does not merge into the final judgment that resolves
the entire case. Instead, it stands alone as a final appealable order,
and all prior interlocutory rulings that were steps toward the rule
54(b) certified interlocutory order merge into that final order.
    Under the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, therefore, when a rule
7(f)(2) compliant interlocutory order is certified as final under rule
54(b), all prior rulings that were steps toward the final interlocutory
order merge into that order and become appealable at the time the
rule 54(b) certification is entered.

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                        Opinion of the Court

three prerequisites to rule 54(b) certification: (1) “there must be
multiple claims for relief or multiple parties to the action,” (2) “the
judgment appealed from must have been entered on an order that would
be appealable but for the fact that other claims or parties remain in the
action,” and (3) “the trial court, in its discretion, must make a
determination that there is no just reason for delay of the appeal.”
2008 UT 19, ¶ 26, 179 P.3d 799 (emphasis added) (internal quotation
marks omitted). This interpretation of Utah’s rule 54(b) is consistent
with interpretations of the parallel federal rule. Pate, 692 P.2d at 767;
see also WRIGHT, MILLER & KANE, supra § 2656 (explaining that federal
rule 54(b) sets forth the same three “basic conditions on its applicabil-
ity”).
    ¶26 The second rule 54(b) prerequisite—that the judgment be
entered on an otherwise appealable order—is most relevant to our
resolution of this case. This prerequisite requires a district court to
finally decide “at least one claim or the rights and liabilities of at
least one party” prior to granting rule 54(b) certification. Id. § 2656.
In the federal system, a claim is not finally decided unless and until
(1) it “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the
court to do but execute the judgment,” and (2) “it is set out separately
and entered as required by Rule 58.” Id. (emphasis added) (internal
quotation mark omitted).
    ¶27 The federal rule 58, which serves a similar purpose to
Utah’s rule 7(f),7 requires that “[e]very judgment and amended
judgment must be set out in a separate document.” FED . R. CIV . P.
58(a); cf. UTAH R. CIV . P. 7(f)(3) (“Unless otherwise directed by the
court, all orders shall be prepared as separate documents . . . .”).
Therefore, in the federal system, unless an interlocutory ruling
satisfies rule 58’s separate document requirement, that ruling does
not qualify for rule 54(b) certification. Similarly, in Utah, unless an
interlocutory decision satisfies rule 7(f)’s order requirements (both
the procedural requirements of rule 7(f)(2) and the form require-
ments of rule 7(f)(3)), it does not qualify for certification under rule
54(b).
  ¶28 In sum, to qualify for rule 54(b) certification, a judgment
must meet three requirements. First, it must be entered in an action


   7
     Cent. Utah Water Conservancy Dist. v. King, 2013 UT 13, ¶ 27, 297
P.3d 619 (asking the Utah Committee on the Rules of Civil Procedure
to look to federal rule 58(c) as an example for how Utah rule 7(f)(2)
might address its finality conundrum).

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                     BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                         Opinion of the Court

involving multiple claims or multiple parties. Second, it must have
been entered on an order that would otherwise be appealable but for
the fact that other claims or parties remain in the action. An
interlocutory order will only meet this “otherwise appealable”
requirement if it ends the litigation on the merits as to at least one
claim or one party and satisfies the requirements of rule 7(f). Third,
the trial court, in its discretion, must make a determination that there
is no just reason for delay of the appeal.
III. A SINGLE ORDER MAY SATISFY BOTH RULES 7(f)(2) AND
54(b), BUT TO DO SO IT MUST STRICTLY COMPLY WITH THE
             REQUIREMENTS OF BOTH RULES
    ¶29 We now clarify the overlap between rule 7(f)(2) and rule
54(b). Because interlocutory decisions must comply with rule 7(f)(2),
see supra Part I, and because an interlocutory decision does not
qualify for rule 54(b) certification unless rule 7(f)(2) has been
satisfied, see supra Part II, a district court may not certify as final an
interlocutory ruling that has not met the requirements of rule 7(f)(2).
Under this construction, the time for appeal begins to run only after
both rules 7(f)(2) and 54(b) are satisfied.
    ¶30 This relationship between rule 7(f)(2) and rule 54(b) is
similar to the relationship between rule 7(f)(2) and rule 3 of the Utah
Rules of Appellate Procedure, which dictates how an appeal as of
right may be taken. Giusti v. Sterling Wentworth Corp., 2009 UT 2,
¶ 34, 201 P.3d 966, holding modified by Cent. Utah Water Conservancy
Dist. v. King, 2013 UT 13, 297 P.3d 619. Replacing the references to
“rule 3” with “rule 54(b)” in our Giusti decision illustrates this point:
“[W]hile [rule 54(b)] provides the substantive requirement for [an
interlocutory] decision’s finality . . . [rule 54(b)] does not eviscerate
the procedural requirements of rule 7 for triggering the appeal
period once a final decision is rendered.” Id. Like rule 3 of the Utah
Rule of Appellate Procedure, rule 54(b) works in concert with rule
7(f)(2).
    ¶31 Although, strictly speaking, rule 7(f)(2) compliance is a
prerequisite to rule 54(b) certification, a district court may issue an
order that satisfies both rules simultaneously. That is, a district
court may issue a rule 7(f)(2) order for an interlocutory ruling and in
the same order certify the ruling as final for purposes of appeal. But
the combined order must strictly comply with the requirements of
both rules.
    ¶32 For the combined order to comply with rule 7(f)(2), one of
the three conditions discussed in Central Utah Water must occur. To

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                        Opinion of the Court

satisfy the first condition, a party must submit and serve a proposed
combined order with its initial memorandum in support of or in
opposition to the underlying motion and must include as part of the
initial memorandum a motion for rule 54(b) certification. The
second condition requires that the party who prevails on the
underlying motion prepare and serve on the opposing parties a
combined order in the manner provided by rule 7(f)(2).8 This will
generally require the party preparing and filing the combined order
to also file a motion for rule 54(b) certification.9 If the prevailing
party fails to serve the proposed combined order within fifteen days
after the court’s decision, the nonprevailing party (or any party
interested in finality), may then prepare and serve a proposed
combined order as provided by rule 7(f)(2). The third rule 7(f)(2)
condition is satisfied when the district court, in its ruling on the
underlying motion, certifies the ruling as final under rule 54(b) and
explicitly directs that no additional order is necessary. Until one of
these conditions is satisfied, the appellate clock does not begin to
run.
    ¶33 Looking specifically to the first rule 7(f)(2) option, the
dissent would have us read rule 7(f)(2)’s reference to “an initial
memorandum” to encompass later memoranda relating to motions
other than the underlying motion to which the order applies (in this
case, a memorandum in support of a motion for rule 54(b) certifica-
tion). But this interpretation of “an initial memorandum” contra-
dicts our precedent and is inconsistent with the language of rule
7(f)(2) as a whole. See Aequitas Enters., LLC v. Interstate Inv. Grp.,
LLC, 2011 UT 82, ¶ 17, 267 P.3d 923 (“[W]e read the plain language
of our rules of civil procedure as a whole.” (alterations omitted)


   8
      Rule 7(f)(2) instructs the prevailing party to “serve upon the
other parties a proposed order in conformity with the court’s
decision” “within fifteen days after the court’s decision.” UTAH R.
CIV . P. 7(f)(2) (2013). Upon receiving service, the other parties have
five days to make any objections to the proposed order. Id. After the
expiration of the five days or upon being served with an objection,
“[t]he party preparing the order shall file the proposed order.” Id.
   9
     Such a motion would be unnecessary in a situation where the
district court rules on the initial motion, either from the bench or in
a memorandum decision, simultaneously rules that rule 54(b)
certification is appropriate, and then directs the prevailing party to
prepare an order in conformity with its ruling.

                                  13
                    BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                        Opinion of the Court

(internal quotation marks omitted)). As we explained above, supra
¶ 17, among the three options for satisfying rule 7(f)(2), the default
is the second: requiring the prevailing party, within fifteen days of
the court’s decision, to serve on the other parties an order in
conformity with the court’s decision. Cent. Utah Water, 2013 UT 13,
¶ 10.
    ¶34 The critical point for determining whether a prevailing
party must prepare and serve a proposed order on the other parties
is the moment when the district court makes its decision in the
underlying matter. At that point, if the district court neither
indicated in its ruling that no further order was required nor
approved a proposed order submitted with the prevailing party’s
initial memorandum the only remaining option is for the prevailing
party to prepare an order and serve it on the other parties within
fifteen days of the district court’s decision. Id. ¶ 26 (“Under rule
7(f)(2), if neither of the two exceptions to the default rule is present,
the prevailing party has fifteen days [from the date of the court’s
decision] in which to submit a proposed order.”).
   ¶35 The option of submitting a proposed order with “an initial
memorandum” therefore cannot take place after the district court
has ruled on the underlying matter. Thus, under rule 7(f)(2), the
only “initial memorandum” with which a proposed order may be
submitted is either the memorandum in support of or the memoran-
dum in opposition to the underlying motion. See Kilpatrick v. Bullough
Abatement, Inc., 2008 UT 82, ¶ 12, 199 P.3d 957 (“[T]he time for
appeal begins to run with the entry of the prepared order, unless the
court either approves a proposed order submitted with the initial
memorandum or explicitly directs that no order is required.”).
    ¶36 The dissent contends that this interpretation of rule 7(f)(2)
creates “traps for unwary litigants.” Infra ¶ 55. But by limiting the
meaning of “initial memorandum” to only the memorandum in
support of or opposition to the underlying motion, our interpreta-
tion promotes certainty in identifying the applicable memoranda.
This not only allows the district court and the parties to know
whether the default rule 7(f)(2) procedure is necessary, but it also
prevents the possibility that a party will fail to realize that a
proposed order submitted with a subsequent memorandum
triggered the time to appeal a previous ruling (which is precisely
what happened in this case under the dissent’s interpretation of rule
7(f)(2)).



                                   14
                         Cite as: 2014 UT 41
                        Opinion of the Court

    ¶37 The dissent also asserts that our construction of interplay
between rules 7(f) and 54(b) “undermines the doctrine of merger.”
See infra ¶¶ 45–55. We agree with the dissent’s characterization of
how merger operates in the context of an interlocutory ruling
certified as final under rule 54(b). See supra ¶ 24 n.6. As the dissent
explains, “[a]n appeal from a judgment made final under Rule 54(b)
opens up the record [and permits review of all rulings that led up to
the judgment] as to the parties involved in the appeal in the same
way as an appeal from a final judgment that disposes of the entire
action.” Infra ¶ 49 (alteration in original) (quoting 15A CHARLES
ALAN WRIGHT, ARTHUR R. MILLER & EDWARD H. COOPER, FEDERAL
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 3905.1 n.22 (2d ed. Supp. 2014)).
    ¶38 But we fail to see how our decision disrupts this doctrine.
As we have explained, if a district court erroneously certifies as final
an interlocutory ruling for which no rule 7(f)(2) order exists, that
certification will not be valid. And where an interlocutory ruling is
not validly certified under rule 54(b), that ruling and all rulings
leading up to it remain nonfinal for purposes of appeal, and merger
does not occur. But once a valid rule 7(f)(2) order is entered and that
order is properly certified as final under rule 54(b), the doctrine of
merger takes full effect such that all rulings that led up to the
certified order merge into that order and become reviewable on
appeal.
    ¶39 Contrary to the dissent’s assertion, infra ¶ 53, an appellant
need not “secure [independent] compliance with rule 7(f)(2) for each
and every interlocutory order encompassed by the rule 54(b)
certification,” because the ultimate rule 7(f)(2) order that is properly
certified as final under rule 54(b) satisfies rule 7(f)(2) for all prior
interlocutory rulings that merge into it (i.e., all interlocutory rulings
that led up to the ultimate order). This is so regardless of which of
the three rule 7(f)(2) methods the district court employs. So long as
one of the methods has been strictly complied with at the time the
district court grants rule 54(b) certification, all interlocutory rulings
leading up to the ruling made final under rule 54(b) merge and
become appealable at that time.
  IV. THE CERTIFICATION ORDER DID NOT MEET THE RE-
    QUIREMENTS OF A COMBINED RULE 7(f) AND RULE
                      54(b) ORDER
   ¶40 We now turn to the facts of this case. COP argues that the
Certification Order satisfied both rule 7(f)(2) and rule 54(b), thereby
rendering the Summary Judgment Ruling final for purposes of


                                   15
                     BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                          Opinion of the Court

appeal. We disagree. None of the three rule 7(f)(2) events occurred
with respect to the Summary Judgment Ruling. The Certification
Order was not submitted with COP’s initial summary judgment
memorandum. Therefore, while that order may have constituted a
final order on the rule 54(b) certification itself,10 it did not satisfy the
first rule 7(f)(2) option for purposes of the Summary Judgment
Ruling. Furthermore, the Certification Order did not satisfy the
second rule 7(f)(2) option because COP did not serve it on Butler
within fifteen days after the Summary Judgment Ruling. In fact,
COP served the proposed rule 54(b) order on Butler at the same time
COP filed it with the district court, thereby denying Butler a
meaningful opportunity to object to the proposed order. And
because the Summary Judgment Ruling did not explicitly direct that
no further order was required, the third rule 7(f)(2) option was not
satisfied. In short, the Certification Order did not bring the Sum-
mary Judgment Ruling into compliance with rule 7(f)(2). Certifica-
tion under rule 54(b) was therefore inappropriate.11
    ¶41 Since the parties did not submit a proposed order with their
initial summary judgment memoranda, and since the district court
did not state in the Summary Judgment Ruling that no further order
was required, before Butler can appeal the Summary Judgment
Ruling, either COP or Butler must prepare and serve on the oppos-


   10
      If one of the parties had intended to appeal the propriety of the
district court’s ruling on the motion for rule 54(b) certification, the
entry of the Certification Order would have triggered the time to
appeal that ruling.
   11
      Butler also argues that the Certification Order was deficient in
that it “directed” entry and certification of final judgment under rule
54(b). According to Butler, by including the verb “direct,” the
Certification Order contemplated further action. We acknowledge
that use of this language gives rise to some uncertainty as to whether
an additional order was required. Language such as “the court
hereby certifies the ruling as final” would be clearer. However, we
also recognize that the language used in the Certification Order
appears to have been borrowed from the text of rule 54(b) itself,
which reads, “[w]hen more than one claim for relief is presented in
an action . . . the court may direct the entry of a final judgment.”
(emphasis added.) Because we find that the Certification Order
failed to comply with the applicable rules on other grounds, we need
not determine whether this language was deficient.

                                    16
                         Cite as: 2014 UT 41
                        JUSTICE LEE, dissenting

ing party a proposed order that complies with both rule 7(f)(2) and
rule 54(b) and file it with the district court upon expiration of the
time for any objections. When the district court signs and enters
such a proposed order, the time for appeal will then begin to run.12
                           CONCLUSION
    ¶42 The district court’s “Order Directing Entry and Certification
of Final Judgment Under Rule 54(b)” did not trigger the deadline for
appealing the earlier Summary Judgment Ruling. Because the
Certification Order failed to satisfy the requirements of rule 7(f)(2)
with respect to the Summary Judgment Ruling, it also fell short of
satisfying the requirements of rule 54(b). We therefore lack jurisdic-
tion to hear this premature appeal and dismiss it without prejudice.


   JUSTICE LEE, dissenting:
    ¶43 The order on appeal is an order of certification under Utah
Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). That order complied with Utah Rule
of Civil Procedure 7(f)(2) because it was a “proposed order submit-
ted with an initial memorandum” in support of a motion for
certification under rule 54(b). On that threshold point the majority
apparently agrees. See supra ¶ 40 (conceding that the 54(b) certifica-
tion order “may have” satisfied rule 7(f)(2)).
    ¶44 Yet despite its apparent concession on this narrow point, the
majority dismisses the appeal on the basis of a purported problem
of finality under rule 7(f)(2). It holds, specifically, that the proposed
order submitted by the Corporation of the President and signed by
the court went only to the matter of 54(b) certification, and did not
encompass the summary judgment decision that preceded it. The
majority’s analysis, in other words, proceeds in two steps: (1) the
order granting summary judgment did not itself comply with rule
7(f)(2); and (2) the subsequent 54(b) order was itself final under rule
7(f)(2), but not in a manner encompassing—or curing the lack of
finality regarding—the prior summary judgment decision. Supra
¶ 40.



   12
     Because we dismiss this appeal as premature, and Butler will
therefore have an opportunity to file a timely appeal, we need not
address whether the district court erred in denying Butler an
extension of time to appeal under rule 4(e) of the Utah Rules of
Appellate Procedure.

                                   17
                     BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                        JUSTICE LEE, dissenting

    ¶45 I respectfully dissent. The court’s analysis purports to be
rooted in the terms of rule 7(f)(2). But although there may be a
plausible basis in the abstract terms of the rule for the majority’s
approach, the rule also leaves ample room for a contrary construc-
tion. And because that contrary approach is more consistent with the
longstanding doctrine of merger of judgments and with the policy
and purpose of both rule 7(f)(2) and 54(b), I would interpret the rule
to sustain the finality and appealability of the order in question. And
in so doing I would reject what appears to me to be an unduly
restrictive construction of rule 7(f)(2) that will yield troubling results
in future cases.
   ¶46 The operative terms of rule 7(f)(2) accord finality to a
“proposed order submitted with an initial memorandum.” UTAH R.
CIV . P. 7(f)(2). In this case, the relevant order was the proposed order
that the church submitted with its opening memorandum in
connection with its motion for certification under Utah Rule of Civil
Procedure 54(b). And the memorandum submitted in support of that
order was accordingly an “initial memorandum” for purposes of
rule 7(f)(2). That conclusion seems to me to follow from the very
nature and function of a 54(b) order, which is to bundle a package of
separate motions together to create one merged and appealable
package subject to an appeal of right. With that in mind, the court’s
signature on the proposed 54(b) order should be deemed to fulfill
the finality requirements of rule 7(f)(2)—as that order was then
complete for rule 7(f)(2) purposes and thereafter subject to appeal.
    ¶47 The key question is the scope of the court’s final decision on
its 54(b) order. Again, the majority appears to concede this much,
acknowledging, at least, that an appeal as to the propriety of “the
district court’s ruling on the motion for rule 54(b) certification” was
appropriate. Supra ¶ 40, n.10. But the court proceeds to conclude that
the scope of the 54(b) certification is somehow limited by the terms
of rule 7(f)(2)—that the issues encompassed in the “initial memoran-
dum” are limited to the issues specifically addressed by the motion
attached to that memorandum, and do not encompass issues
resolved on prior motions leading up to it.1 And since the proposed


   1
    The majority agrees that at least in some circumstances, a 7(f)(2)-
compliant 54(b) order “satisfies rule 7(f)(2) for all prior interlocutory
rulings that merge into it.” Supra ¶ 39. But it appears to limit the
application of the doctrine of merger to circumstances where the
                                                            (continued...)

                                   18
                         Cite as: 2014 UT 41
                       JUSTICE LEE, dissenting

order was filed with the 54(b) memorandum, and not the prior
summary judgment memorandum, the majority concludes that the
summary judgment decision is not final and thus not before us on
appeal. Supra ¶ 40.
    ¶48 This strikes me as an unduly wooden application of the
terms of rule 7(f)(2). In the context of a 54(b) motion, I would read
rule 7(f)(2) to encompass the natural, ordinary understanding of a
proposed order and initial memorandum—to encompass the 54(b)
certification order and the memorandum in support of the motion for
certification, whose obvious purpose is to render appealable all prior
interlocutory orders relevant to the 54(b) certification.2 And in this
context, I would interpret the certification order that is before us on
appeal—an order proposed by the Corporation of the President and
signed by the district court—to encompass the underlying summary
judgment order as a matter certified as final and appealable. That is
the whole point of a 54(b) motion for certification, after all. To read
rule 7(f)(2) to require the proposed order to be attached to the very
first initial memorandum in the motion for summary judgment
briefing—or risk excluding that decision from the ultimate certifica-
tion for appeal—is to ignore the obvious point of certification under
rule 54(b).




   1
    (...continued)
method of 7(f)(2) compliance is service of an order by the prevailing
party. I see no legal or logical basis for this limitation, or for not
extending the principle of merger to the method of 7(f)(2) compli-
ance at issue here (of attachment of an order to an initial memoran-
dum. For reasons explained below, I see no basis in 7(f)(2) for
privileging one method of compliance over another.
   2
     This is not to say that any other initial memorandum filed in the
trial court would make the summary judgment order 7(f)(2)-
compliant. See supra ¶ 33 (suggesting that my position “would have
us read rule 7(f)(2)’s reference to ‘an initial memorandum’ to
encompass later memoranda relating to motions other than the
underlying motion to which the order applies”). I would agree that
an attached memorandum generally renders 7(f)(2)-compliant only
the order it leads up to. But a 54(b) order is different. For reasons
explained below, a final 54(b) order—as informed by the doctrine of
merger—cures any lack of finality in any pre-existing interlocutory
orders.

                                  19
                    BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                        JUSTICE LEE, dissenting

    ¶49 The court’s construction of rule 7(f)(2) also flies in the face
of the longstanding doctrine of merger of judgments. This is an
important doctrine of judicial economy and convenience. It fore-
closes the need for separate appeals from individual orders by
establishing an administrative principle of merger—that interlocu-
tory decisions merge into final, appealable ones. See supra ¶ 24, n.6
(citing 10 JAMES WM . MOORE , MOORE ’S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 54.25[5]
(3d ed. 2014) (noting that under merger doctrine an interlocutory
order “merges into the final judgment that disposes of all the claims
and parties and becomes appealable at that time”)); Richardson-
Merrell, Inc. v. Koller, 472 U.S. 424, 430 (1985) (noting that merger
avoids “having litigation punctuated by piecemeal appellate review
of trial court decisions which do not terminate the litigation.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)). The final judgment rule and the
principle of merger apply with equal force where the appealable
judgment is a 54(b) certification; “[a]n appeal from a judgment made
final under Rule 54(b) opens up the record [and permits review of all
rulings that led up to the judgment] as to the parties involved in the
appeal in the same way as an appeal from a final judgment that
disposes of the entire action.” 15A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT &
ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE & PROCEDURE § 3905.1, n.22
(2d ed. Supp 2014) (citing Bowdry v. United Airlines, Inc., 58 F.3d 1483,
1488–89 & n.11 (10th Cir. 1995)). Thus, a 54(b) certification reaches
back to all prior interlocutory orders encompassed by the certifica-
tion. In so doing it bundles those orders together and makes them
subject to a final appeal of right. A 54(b) certification that satisfies
rule 7(f)(2) accordingly renders those same separate orders
appealable for 7(f)(2) purposes as well.
     ¶50 The majority challenges this construction of 7(f)(2) on the
ground that the “initial memorandum” option for complying with
7(f)(2) is time-limited—that under Central Utah Water this option
must be satisfied at the time the underlying ruling is made, or not at
all. See supra ¶ 17 (citing Cent. Utah Water Conservancy Dist. v. King,
2013 UT 13, ¶ 26, 297 P.3d 619 (“[I]f neither of the two exceptions to
the default rule is present, the prevailing party has fifteen days in
which to submit a proposed order.”)). This contention is based on
the notion that service by the prevailing party is the “default” way
of complying with 7(f)(2) if the underlying order has no initial
memorandum or explicit mention of finality, and the prevailing
party is thereafter obligated to submit a 7(f)(2) order within fifteen
days of the court’s ruling. UTAH R. CIV . P. 7(f)(2).



                                   20
                          Cite as: 2014 UT 41
                        JUSTICE LEE, dissenting

    ¶51 Again this strikes me as an unduly wooden construction of
the rule. We have expressly held that the order to be filed by the
prevailing party is not the end of the road under rule 7(f)(2); there
must be a safety valve in the event the prevailing party fails to serve
the order. Otherwise, the “appeal rights of the nonprevailing party
[would] extend indefinitely.” Cent. Utah Water, 2013 UT 13, ¶ 26
(emphasis omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). We have
crafted one such safety valve already, holding that if the prevailing
party fails to serve the 7(f)(2) order within the required time, “any
party interested in finality—generally, the nonprevailing
party—may submit an order.” Code v. Utah Dep’t of Health, 2007 UT
43, ¶ 7, 162 P.3d 1097; supra ¶ 17. I see no reason to conclude that an
initial memorandum submitted with a request for a 54(b) certifica-
tion could not also operate as such a safety valve—establishing
7(f)(2) finality where it was not fulfilled at the time of the underlying
order and no subsequent order has been filed by the parties. And
because of 54(b)’s inherent purpose in bundling orders into one
merged package, it seems to me a natural point at which to cure a
7(f)(2) deficiency for all orders within the 54(b) package.
    ¶52 The court’s contrary decision undermines the doctrine of
merger by establishing limitations not required by the text of rule
7(f)(2). And in so doing it introduces substantial uncertainty into the
appellate process—and potential land mines for both appellants and
appellees.
    ¶53 For appellants, the uncertainty will concern the scope of a
final order of certification. An appellant who secures a rule 7(f)(2)-
compliant order of certification would logically presume that such
order preserves the right to appeal any interlocutory order leading
up to it. But under today’s decision that will not necessarily be the
case. If the appellant has failed to secure compliance with rule 7(f)(2)
for each and every interlocutory order encompassed by the rule
54(b) certification order, the 54(b) appeal will fail to deliver on its
promise3—and the appellant will be foreclosed from challenging


   3
     The majority demurs on this point, asserting that “the ultimate
rule 7(f)(2) order that is properly certified as final under rule 54(b)
satisfies rule 7(f)(2) for all prior interlocutory rulings that merge into
it.” Supra ¶ 39 (emphasis added). But the italicized basis for the
court’s response underscores the conflict between my approach and
that of the majority. Specifically, the court does not conclude that “all
                                                            (continued...)

                                   21
                    BUTLER v. CORP. OF THE PRES.
                        JUSTICE LEE, dissenting

individual interlocutory decisions in the 54(b) appeal.
    ¶54 This also implicates a parallel problem for appellees. After
a final 54(b) certification order is entered and the time for appeal has
passed, the prevailing party will logically conclude that the 54(b)
judgment is safe from appellate attack. Yet under the majority’s
approach that will not be true in some cases. After today’s decision,
a party holding an unappealable 54(b) judgment may nonetheless be
subject to a subsequent appeal on any underlying interlocutory
orders that were not rendered individually compliant with rule
7(f)(2). The majority, in fact, expressly acknowledges this possibility.
See supra ¶ 39.
   ¶55 These are problematic traps for unwary litigants. And these
traps will also undermine the important goals of finality and judicial
economy. We should avoid these problems if at all possible. I would
do so by reading rule 7(f)(2) in a manner incorporating the doctrine
of merger and informed by the nature of a 54(b) certification, as
explained above.
    ¶56 For these reasons I dissent from the majority’s dismissal of
the appeal on jurisdictional grounds. And on the merits, I would
affirm the denial of Butler’s motion for extension of time to appeal
under Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure 4(e).
     ¶57 Butler offered three grounds for excusing her neglect in not
filing a timely notice of appeal: (1) her counsel’s e-filing service
failed to indicate that a Rule 54(b) order had been entered; (2)
opposing counsel failed to mail a copy of the Rule 54(b) order; and
(3) her counsel misunderstood the law of finality as it affected the
appealability of the order. The district court rejected the latter two
grounds as legally deficient, and understandably so. See Serrato v.
Utah Transit Auth., 2000 UT App 299, ¶ 9, 13 P.3d 616

   3
    (...continued)
prior interlocutory rulings” merge into a 7(f)(2)-compliant 54(b)
order. (If it did, I would have no objection; that is my position.)
Instead the court’s holding is that only those “prior interlocutory
rulings” that themselves satisfied rule 7(f)(2) “at the time the district
court grants rule 54(b) certification” are merged into the 54(b) order.
Supra ¶ 39 (emphasis added). Therein lies the problem as I see it. For
reasons explained herein, I would not require independent compli-
ance with rule 7(f)(2) for each interlocutory order leading up to a
54(b) certification. I would instead deem the final 54(b) order to cure
any 7(f)(2) problems by operation of the doctrine of merger.

                                   22
                         Cite as: 2014 UT 41
                        JUSTICE LEE, dissenting

(“[I]nadvertence, ignorance of the rules, or mistakes construing the
rules do not usually constitute ‘excusable neglect.’”(quoting Pioneer
Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs., 507 U.S. 380, 392 (1993))); UTAH
R. CIV . P. 58A(d) (“[T]he time for filing a notice of appeal is not
affected by this [service] requirement.”). And as to the former, the
court credited evidence that the failure of the e-filing service was not
in the service itself but in counsel’s own inexcusable neglect—in
“fail[ing] to refresh the page on the service provider’s webpage,
which step, if taken, would have provided a current version of the
docket.”
    ¶58 The district court’s denial of Butler’s motion is reviewed
under the deferential “abuse of discretion” standard of review. See
Reisbeck v. HCA Health Servs. of Utah, Inc., 2000 UT 48, ¶ 6, 2 P.3d 447.
I would affirm under that standard, recognizing the district court’s
firsthand familiarity with the evidence and the parties and its
“broad” discretion to resolve fact-intensive matters such as the
determination of “excusable neglect.” Id. Among other things, it
should be noted that Butler’s counsel admitted to having seen a
January 3 minute entry suggesting that an order had been entered.
In light of that undisputed fact, the district court was well within its
broad discretion in concluding that Butler’s failure to file a timely
notice was not excusable, but instead a result of counsel’s negli-
gence. I would defer to that judgment, and I would affirm.




                                   23
