               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 15a0686n.06

                                  Case Nos. 14-3644/15-3037
                                                                                     FILED
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Oct 08, 2015
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                       DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk



ROMAN ALVAREZ-MEJIA,                                 )
                                                     )
                                    Petitioner,
                                                     )
                      v.                             )       ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
                                                     )       FROM THE UNITED STATES
                                                     )       BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
                                                     0       APPEALS
LORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General,                  )
                                                     )                    OPINION
                                  Respondent.
                                                     )

Before: COLE, Chief Judge; DAUGHTREY and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

       BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Roman Alvarez-Mejia is a

Mexican citizen who entered the United States illegally in 1990. On March 18, 2007, the

Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) charged him with removability under U.S.C.

§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) as an alien present in the United States without admission or parole. Alvarez-

Mejia conceded removability in immigration court on February 8, 2008.           He then sought

cancellation of removal or alternatively, voluntary departure. On November 14, 2012, the

immigration judge (“IJ”) denied his request for cancellation of removal, but granted his request

for voluntary departure. The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denied his appeal on June

11, 2014. Alvarez-Mejia then filed a motion to reopen the proceedings and a request that the

BIA administratively close his case. The BIA denied both requests on December 16, 2014.

Now, Alvarez-Mejia appeals the refusal to reopen the proceedings and administratively close his
Case Nos. 14-3644/15-3037, Alvarez-Mejia v. Lynch


case to this Court. We hold that the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying the request to

reopen the proceedings or administratively close the case.

                                                I.


                                                A.

       Alvarez-Mejia has resided in the United States since 1990, and has only returned to

Mexico once in 1998 so he could marry. Appellant Br. 5. His wife resides with him in the

United States and is an undocumented immigrant. Id. at 5-6. He has three children who are

United States citizens. Id. at 6. For the past six years, Alvarez-Mejia has worked for the same

employer. Id. If he is deported, he says that he will have to take his children to Mexico with him

because no one in the United States is willing or able to care for them. Id. Alvarez-Mejia

maintains that taking his children to Mexico will diminish their educational prospects since his

hometown only has an elementary school. Id. In addition, Alvarez-Mejia worries that his

youngest child, who suffers from asthma, will receive inadequate medical attention because the

closest medical facility to his hometown is five miles away.

                                                B.

       On November 14, 2012, the IJ rejected Alvarez-Mejia’s request for cancellation of

removal for two reasons.      First, Alvarez-Mejia failed to establish ten years of continuous

presence in the country. Administrative R. 718. Second, he failed to show that his removal

would cause his children exceptional and extreme hardship. Id. at 719-720. The BIA affirmed

the IJ’s ruling on June 11, 2014. Id. at 635.

       Alvarez-Mejia subsequently filed a motion to reopen, asserting that he qualified for

asylum, protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), and

withholding of removal. Id. at 176.      In his motion, Alvarez-Mejia argued that conditions in


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Mexico had changed since 2012 and presented several exhibits to that effect. In addition,

Alvarez-Mejia argued that new decisions from the BIA defining what constitutes a “particular

social group,” Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I&N Dec. 227 (BIA 2014); Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I&N

Dec. 208 (BIA 2014), and a new Sixth Circuit decision regarding applications for asylum,

Mandebvu v. Holder, 755 F.3d 417, 427 (6th Cir. 2014), warranted reopening the case. The BIA

denied the motion on December 16, 2014.

                                               II.

       This Court reviews BIA refusals to reopen for abuse of discretion. Mezo v. Holder,

615 F.3d 616, 620 (6th Cir. 2010). The BIA can abuse its discretion if (1) it declines to reopen

without rational explanation, (2) in doing so it departs from established policies, or (3) its

decision rests on invidious discrimination against a particular group. Mezo, 615 F.3d 616 at 620.

Issues of law are reviewed de novo.           Id.     Likewise, this Court reviews refusals to

administratively close a case for abuse of discretion. Garza-Moreno v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 239,

242 (6th Cir. 2007).

                                               III.

       We begin by assessing the claim that the BIA abused its discretion by refusing to reopen

the case.

   A. Application for Asylum

       The first theory Alvarez-Mejia presented in favor of reopening was that he now qualifies

for asylum. The BIA may grant a request to reopen if the basis is a motion for asylum and is

based on changed country conditions if the evidence of changed conditions is material and was

not available at the previous hearing. 8 U.S.C. §1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8 C.F.R. 1003.2(c)(1).




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       Crucial to Alvarez-Mejia’s claim for asylum is that legal developments after the IJ issued

the original decision in 2012 allegedly now make him eligible for asylum when he had no reason

to believe he would be eligible for asylum before. The way Alvarez-Mejia sees it, there was a

different definition of what constitutes a “particular social group” in 2012 than there is now. In

2012, he alleges that the touchstone of the BIA’s inquiry in determining whether a particular

social group existed was whether would-be persecutors could visually distinguish members of

the group from the general population. Now, according to Alvarez-Mejia, the BIA’s inquiry is

whether Mexican society as a whole—and not just potential persecutors—views a group as

socially distinct. On a related note, Alvarez-Mejia argues that the BIA now does not require the

group in question to be visually distinct anymore. Because the law has changed so dramatically

since the IJ’s decision in 2012, Alvarez-Mejia maintains that refusal to reopen his case so that he

can apply for asylum under the new legal standard denies him due process.

       We disagree with Alvarez-Mejia’s characterization of the BIA decisions he cites as

meaningfully changing the requirements for proving a particular social group. Tellingly, in

Matter of M-E-V-G-, the BIA wrote “[l]iteral or ocular visibility is not, and never has been, a

prerequisite for a viable particular social group.” Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I&N Dec. 227 at 238,

emphasis added. The BIA noted too that it had recognized particular social groups that were not

visible to the naked eye. Id. For example, it held that young tribal women who opposed female

genital mutilation and Cuban homosexuals both qualified as particular social groups eligible for

asylum. Id. The BIA’s case law prior to Matter of M-E-V-G-, was therefore sufficiently clear to

put asylum applicants on notice that literal visibility was not necessary to prove a particular

social group.




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        Alvarez-Mejia is on somewhat stronger ground when he argues that Matter of M-E-V-G-

abandoned the requirement that potential persecutors perceive that a particular social group

existed. At one point, the BIA appears to accept the critique that it has been insufficiently clear

about whether the perspective of persecutors or society as a whole drove the assessment of what

makes a particular social group. Id. at 242. It wrote that it would “clarify” that the assessment

turned on the perception of society as a whole, rather than the persecutors, after citing a Ninth

Circuit case observing that neither the Ninth Circuit nor the BIA “has clearly specified whose

perspectives are most indicative of society’s perception of a particular social group.” Id., at 242,

quoting Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081, 1089 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc). However,

taken as a whole, the BIA’s opinion suggests that the BIA views itself as having never endorsed

the notion that the persecutor’s perception was the crux of the analysis of a proposed particular

social group. In fact, it writes that such a notion would conflict with its holding in a prior case

decided in 2007. Id., citing Matter of A-M-E- & J-G-U-, 24 I&N Dec. 69 (BIA 2007). Since we

reject Alvarez-Mejia’s argument that the BIA fundamentally altered its case law on what

constitutes a particular social group, we must also reject his argument that refusal to reopen his

case in light of subsequent BIA decisions denied him due process.1

        That being the case, we must now decide whether Alvarez-Mejia’s motion to reopen to

apply for asylum was based on new evidence not available in the 2012 hearing, as 8 U.S.C.

§1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii) requires. Alvarez-Mejia argues that Mexicans deported from the United

States constitute a particular social group specially targeted for violence.                    The question is

whether there was evidence available in 2012 allowing him to argue that such a group existed.


1
  Importantly, the BIA rejected Alvarez-Mejia’s argument that Mexicans deported from the United States constituted
a particular social group and cited prior authority for that proposition. Administrative R. 8. So even assuming that
the BIA fundamentally altered its case law after 2012, the BIA found that that case law still would not qualify
Alvarez-Mejia for asylum.

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Alvarez-Mejia himself concedes the existence of the evidence. One of the articles he submitted

in his brief was a Los Angeles Times article from September 8, 2012 describing how some

criminals specifically targeted Mexicans deported by the United States.         Richard Marosi,

Deportees to Mexico’s Tamaulipas Preyed upon by Gangs, L.A. TIMES (September 8, 2012)

http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/08/local/la-me-deporteedanger-20120909.      Alvarez-Mejia

admits that this article was available in time for the 2012 hearing. Alvarez-Mejia did attach

exhibits from 2013 and 2014 to his motion to reopen. Moreover, the BIA found that they

“reflect ongoing and substantially similar conditions to those that existed at the time of the

respondent’s November 2012 hearing.” Administrative R. 7. Since the BIA did not view the

evidence as demonstrating changed country conditions, it was statutorily obligated to deny the

petition to reopen to apply for asylum.

   B. CAT Claim


       Alvarez-Mejia also asserted in his motion that he qualified for relief under the CAT

because he will be singled out for torture by corrupt Mexican officials unwilling or unable to

control gang violence. He accurately pointed out that one need not be part of a particular social

group to be eligible for the CAT’s protections.

       In order to grant the petition to reopen so Alvarez-Mejia can apply for CAT relief, the

BIA had to find that Alvarez-Mejia offered material evidence that was not available at his

2012 hearing. 8 C.F.R. 1003.2(c)(1). We must first note that evidence from prior to 2012 of

gang violence and the Mexican government’s inability to stop it was abundant and could have




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been presented at the hearing.2 The BIA’s decision not to consider evidence from 1990 to 2012

was therefore correct under the regulation. See id.; Administrative R. 7.

        Alvarez-Mejia rightly points out that the BIA did not address his CAT claim explicitly.

Although it did do so implicitly in the two paragraphs prior to its discussion of why Mexicans

deported from the United States do not constitute a particular social group, we concede that its

explanation could have been clearer. The BIA did nonetheless indicate that it viewed the

evidence of violence from after 2012 as not meaningfully altering the way it would have

perceived gang violence in Mexico prior to the 2012 hearing, which we think was a rational

conclusion to draw. Id. at 7. We can infer from its decision, too, that the BIA viewed evidence

of gang violence in 2012 as not meriting CAT relief, at least in Alvarez-Mejia’s case. See id.

Accordingly, we find that the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to reopen to

apply for CAT relief.

                                                   III.

        We now address Alvarez-Mejia’s claim that the BIA abused its discretion in refusing to

administratively close his case.

        Alvarez-Mejia faulted the BIA for failing to consider the factors outlined in Matter of

Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. 688, 690 (BIA 2012), about whether to close a case administratively.

However, Matter of Avetisyan contemplates that a case in question will be open before it can be

administratively closed. In that case, the IJ never entered a final removal order. Id. at 689. The

BIA provided the factors Alvarez-Mejia references here to help an IJ determine whether to

administratively close an ongoing case when the government opposes closure. See id. at 690.

Here however, the case was closed and Alvarez-Mejia was already subject to a final removal

2
  The respondent correctly brought 2006 and 2011 Department of State reports to this Court’s attention that
discussed in detail gang violence in Mexico.

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order. This crucial distinction means that Matter of Avetisyan furnishes no support for Alvarez-

Mejia’s argument.

       Alvarez-Mejia’s next argument that the BIA abused its discretion because its refusal to

close the case administratively was inconsistent with two past decisions has some force, but is

ultimately unpersuasive. He cited two unpublished decisions where the BIA administratively

closed cases that were open and cited case law requiring agencies to treat similar cases similarly.

E.g., Rashid v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d. 438, 442-48 (6th Cir. 2008). However there are significant

factual distinctions between this case and the one Alvarez-Mejia attached to his brief. In In re

Nancy Morales-Hernandez, A# 200-676-148 (BIA Mar. 12, 2015), the United States Citizenship

and Immigration Services (USCIS) placed the woman subject to a final removal order in deferred

action pending availability of new visas for U-1 non-immigration status. Similarly in In re

Roland Cossy, 2005 Immig. Rptr. LEXIS 2009 (BIA 2015), the BIA administratively closed a

case in which there was already a final order to afford the respondent the opportunity to apply for

deferred enforced departure of certain Haitian nationals. Id. at *2. In those cases, there was

intervening government action regarding the alien to be removed that is simply not present here.

       Therefore, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in declining to administratively close

Alvarez-Mejia’s case.

                                               IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we find that the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying

Alvarez-Mejia’s motion to reopen and his request to close the case administratively.




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