                                                                                  [PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

                         -------------------------------------------
                                                                           FILED
                                       No. 98-4922                 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                        -------------------------------------------- ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                          08/09/99
                        D. C. Docket No. 97-CV-1229-JLK THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                            CLERK
GALEHEAD, INC., an Oregon Corporation,
                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                                  Cross-Appellee,
      versus

M/V ANGLIA, in rem,
                                                                  Defendant-Appellee,
                                                                  Cross-Appellant.

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                 Appeals from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Florida
               ----------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (August 9, 1999 )

Before EDMONDSON and MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and ALARCON*,
Senior Circuit Judge.
_______________
*     Honorable Arthur L. Alarcon, Senior United States Circuit Judge for
      the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
PER CURIAM:

      This case is about maritime liens. The district court said, on cross

motions for summary judgment, that the plaintiff Galehead, Inc.

(“Galehead”) was entitled to only one of the three maritime liens it was

seeking. We affirm that determination but conclude the value of that lien
should be $24,376.00 and not--as the district court said--$20,349.29.

                                 Background

      This case is an in rem admiralty action about the efforts of the M/V

Anglia (“Anglia”) to procure fuel by means of its charterer Genesis Container

Line (“Genesis”). Anglia was fueled on three separate occasions.

      On 25 August 1995, Genesis contacted Polygon Energy Services, Inc.

(“Polygon”) to obtain fuel bunkers for Anglia at Port Everglades, Florida.

Polygon then contacted Establissment Asamar, Ltd. (“Asamar”), to supply the

fuel. Asamar engaged Coastal Refining and Marketing, Inc. (“Coastal”), who

physically fueled Anglia on 26 August 1995. The bunker confirmation

prepared by Polygon listed Coastal as the physical supplier and Asamar as the

seller. The cost of the bunkers was paid by Asamar to Coastal. Genesis failed

to pay Asamar for the bunkers, however.

      The second fueling occurred on 8 September 1995, when Genesis again

engaged Polygon to obtain bunkers for Anglia in Houston, Texas. Polygon

then contacted Asamar who contacted ChemOil Corp. (“ChemOil”) and

Marsh Distributing Company (“Marsh”) with instructions to fuel Anglia.

ChemOil and Marsh supplied the fuel on 11 September 1995. Asamar paid

ChemOil and Marsh for the bunkers but was not reimbursed by Genesis. In

                                       2
November, Asamar assigned its rights to the money from both of these

fuelings to the collection agency, Galehead.

      The third fueling incident was different. On 27 October 1995, Genesis

contacted Polygon to procure bunkers for Anglia in Houston, Texas. Polygon

then engaged ChemOil and Tesoro Petroleum Distributing Company

(“Tesoro”) to fuel Anglia. The bunker confirmation prepared by Polygon

listed ChemOil and Tesoro as the “physical suppliers” and Polygon as the

“seller.” Polygon paid ChemOil and Tesoro $20,349.29 for supplying the fuel,

but Genesis failed to pay Polygon the $24,376.00 it owed under the contract

with Polygon. In December 1995, Polygon assigned its rights under the

contract with Genesis to Galehead.

      On 24 April 1997, Galehead filed a complaint to enforce the full amount

of the three liens against Anglia. Both parties moved for summary judgment.

The district court granted each motion in part. Applying a seven-part test of

its own creation, the district court determined that Polygon had a maritime

lien against Anglia but that Asamar did not have one. The court therefore

ordered judgment for Galehead in the amount of Polygon’s lien: the contract

price of $24,376.00. The court later reduced the amount, though, to what

Polygon had paid ChemOil for the fuel in question: $20,349.20. Galehead

                                       3
appealed and Anglia cross-appealed.1

                                         Discussion

       The test for determining who is entitled to a maritime lien must come

from a plain reading of the statute itself:

       (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a person
       providing necessaries to a vessel on the order of the owner or a
       person authorized by the owner--
             (1) has a maritime lien on the vessel;
             (2) may bring a civil action in rem to enforce the lien; and
             (3) is not required to allege or prove in the action that credit
             was given to the vessel.

46 U.S.C. § 31342. Therefore, to obtain a maritime lien, a person must: (1)

provide necessaries; (2) to a vessel; (3) on the order of the owner or agent.

While Polygon satisfies all three of the elements, Asamar fails on element

number three and does not qualify for its two liens. So, Galehead is entitled to

only one lien.

A. Polygon

       About the first element, although Polygon did not physically supply the

bunkers, a party need not be the physical supplier or deliverer to have


   1
     As part of its cross-appeal maintaining that summary judgment should not have been granted
to Galehead on Polygon’s claim, Anglia makes two arguments. First, Anglia argues that its fact-
based affirmative defenses were not susceptible to summary judgment. Second, Anglia argues
that Galehead has failed to perfect proper assignments. Anglia, however, has presented no
triable issue of fact on either of these claims.

                                               4
“provided” necessaries under the statute. See The Golden Gate Knutsen v.

Associated Oil Co., 52 F.2d 397, 400 (9th Cir. 1931); A/S Dan-Bunkering LTD.

v. M/V Zamet, 945 F. Supp. 1576, 1578-79 (S.D. Ga. 1996). The bunkers were

supplied pursuant to an agreement made between Genesis and Polygon. That

agreement caused, or provided for, the delivery of the fuel to the vessel.

Therefore, Polygon “provided” necessaries to the vessel under the contract

irrespective of how, or by whom, the delivery was carried out. See generally

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 318 cmt. a, illus. 2 (1979) (“A contracts

to deliver to B coal of specified kind and quality. A delegates the performance

of this duty to C, who tenders to B coal of the specified kind and quality. The

tender has the effect of a tender by A.”).

      The second and third elements of the statute are also satisfied. On

element number two, no one disputes that the bunkers were supplied to the

vessel. About element number three, the contract was performed on the order

of the charterer Genesis. A charterer is authorized under the statute to bind a

vessel for necessaries. See 46 U.S.C. § 31341(a)(4)(B); see also Trico Marine

Operators, Inc. v. Falcon Drilling Co., 116 F.3d 159, 161-62 (5th Cir. 1997).

B. Asamar

      The work done by Asamar was not “on the order of the owner or a

                                        5
person authorized by the owner.” Therefore, Galehead is entitled to neither

of the two potential liens arising from the August and September 1995

fuelings. Summary judgment was proper for Anglia here.

       That Asamar has met the first two elements of the statutory test is not

much disputed. But the third element is a problem for Asamar. Asamar did

not provide the bunkers on order of the owner or an authorized agent.

Asamar provided the bunkers at Polygon’s request, and Polygon is not a

“person[] . . . presumed to have authority to procure necessaries[.]” 46 U.S.C.

§ 31341(a); see also Port of Portland v. M/V Paralla, 892 F.2d 825, 828 (9th

Cir. 1989) (stating the general rule that general contractors have no authority

to bind a vessel).2 In the circumstances of this case, therefore, the only way

Asamar could have performed work on the order of the owner is if the work

was somehow authorized by Genesis: that is, if Genesis was sufficiently aware

of, and involved in, Asamar’s work that it might be said that Asamar was

working for Genesis.

       The courts have considered the issue of the third-party provider a

   2
    We do not rule out that under certain circumstances an entity such as Polygon could be a
statutory agent of an entity such as Genesis even though Polygon (by itself) is not considered an
authorized party under the statute. In this case, Galehead has failed to present a triable issue of
fact on whether Polygon acted as Genesis’s authorized agent (as opposed to Polygon’s having
only a contractual relationship to supply fuel to Genesis) for the August and September 1995
fuelings.

                                                 6
number of times. Where the level of involvement between the owner and the

third-party provider was significant and ongoing during the pertinent

transaction, the courts have found a triable issue of fact about whether the

third-party deserved a lien. In Marine Coatings, Inc., of Alabama v. United

States, 932 F.2d 1370 (11th Cir. 1991), the plaintiff--a subcontractor who made

repairs on a couple of vessels at the request of the contractor--survived a

summary judgment motion; these facts were material: (1) the owner of the

vessel was aware of the subcontractor’s performance before and during the

performance; (2) the subcontractor performed between 35% and 50% of the

work performed on the vessels; (3) the owner inspected the subcontractor’s

work; (4) the owner gave provisional and final acceptance to the

subcontractor’s work; and (5) the repairs were fully accepted and

compensated for. Id. at 1376 & n.9.3

       Stevens Technical Services, Inc. v. United States, 913 F.2d 1521 (11th

Cir. 1990), involved facts similar to Marine Coatings and a similar result. In

Stevens, the owner was aware beforehand of the repairer’s role: the repairer



   3
   Although the court listed these facts in a related context, these same facts led the court to
conclude independently that a material issue of fact existed on whether the owner “procured [the
subcontractor’s] work, authorized the work, or ratified the procurement of . . . the work.” Id. at
1376. So, the owner was denied a summary judgment.

                                                7
was listed in the contract with the owner as a party performing 15% or more

of the work, and the owner also knew the principal contractor was incapable

of doing the work itself. Id. at 1534. Moreover, the owner dealt with the

repairer in terms of “discussing, testing and inspecting work done by [the

repairer.]” Id. at 1535.

      But other cases illustrate that a third-party provider is not entitled to a

lien where the degree of involvement with the owner is minimal or

nonexistent. In Bonanni Ship Supply, Inc. v. United States, 959 F.2d

1558,1559 (11th Cir. 1992), the third-party provider (a subcontractor) was not

listed on bids submitted to the owner. The undisputed facts showed no

agreement (written or oral) between the subcontractor and the owner. Id.

Moreover, the record showed no evidence that the owner was aware of the

subcontractor’s performance. Id. In those circumstances, summary

judgment for the owner was granted. Id. at 1565.

      In Tramp Oil & Marine, LTD. v. M/V Mermaid I, 805 F.2d 42, 45 (1st

Cir. 1986), the third-party fuel-broker who arranged for fueling had no

relationship with the owner, and the owner did not know of the third-party

until after the transaction when it was billed. Summary judgment was

granted to the owner in that case as well. Id. at 46.

                                        8
      This case seems much more like Bonanni Ship Supply and Tramp Oil

than like Marine Coatings or Stevens Technical. We suppose that Genesis

was, in some technical sense, aware of Asamar’s involvement by means of

bunker confirmations (dated a few days before physical delivery)4 forwarded

to Genesis by Polygon; but the contract to supply fuel was between Genesis

and Polygon. Moreover, Polygon was seemingly capable of performing its

contract with Genesis without Asamar’s aid (as it did in the third fueling).

Genesis physically received no bunkers from Asamar. Genesis did not

communicate with Asamar or inspect Asamar’s work or otherwise ratify

Asamar’s role. Even after the fueling, Asamar directed all its complaints and

requests for payment to Polygon, which in turn relayed the messages to

Genesis.

      On this record, the evidence is insufficient to show that Asamar had the

kind of relationship with Genesis that would establish that Genesis authorized

Asamar’s work on the vessel. Polygon is the party that dealt with Genesis.

That a charterer of a vessel becomes aware that some work performed was by

a party somewhere down the chain of contracting and re-contracting does not

give rise to a maritime lien.

  4
   Nothing in the record shows when Genesis received copies of the confirmations.

                                             9
                              II. Value of the Lien

            The district court initially awarded Galehead the full amount of

the contract with Anglia ($24,376.00) but then reduced that amount to

$20,349.29 on Anglia’s motion for amendment of the order. Anglia argues on

appeal that $20,349.29 is the right amount because it represents the

reasonable value of the necessaries (fuel bunkers) provided, which is all a

maritime lien claimant is entitled to. Adding a commission or profit to that

number, Anglia argues, would remove the contract from maritime

jurisdiction. We disagree.

      Anglia cites no case law that supports its contention that these profits

are of a non-maritime nature and thus outside the maritime jurisdiction of the

courts. There seems to be good reason for this dearth of precedent. If profit

on necessaries supplied to a vessel were considered non-maritime, we worry

that there could be no such thing as a maritime contract for necessaries. Very

few suppliers, repairers, or fuellers, we suspect, are going to supply goods or

services to a vessel at cost (that is, without profit or mark-up). And those that

did would likely not be in business long.

      The proper value of the maritime lien is ordinarily the value of the

underlying contract that gives rise to the lien. A maritime lien is “[a] special

                                       10
property right in a ship given to a creditor by law as security for a debt or

claim subsisting from the moment the debt arises[.]” Black’s Law Dictionary

969 (6th ed. 1990). The natural valuation of the lien then is the value of the

debt irrespective of whether a profit is part of that debt. No precedent to the

contrary has been called to our attention.

                                   Conclusion

      We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court granting partial

summary judgment to Anglia on the two Asamar liens and granting partial

summary judgment to Galehead on the Polygon lien. We VACATE the trial

court’s decision on the amount of the lien, however. The correct amount is

$24,376.00.

      AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.




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