Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed April 16, 2020.




                                         In The

                      Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                                NO. 14-19-00017-CV

                     FRANK EDWARD TEAMER, Appellant

                                           V.
                        GWENDOLYN MARTIN, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 257th District Court
                             Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Cause No. 2017-81908

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

      This is an appeal from a final decree of divorce in the marriage between
Gwendolyn Martin (“Wife”) and Frank Teamer (“Husband”). Wife filed the
underlying petition, and Husband filed a pro se answer. Husband then received
notice that the case had been set for a trial on the merits, but due to his incarceration,
he did not appear for the trial. After briefly hearing testimony from Wife, the trial
court granted a default judgment of divorce. Husband did not move for a new trial.
Instead, he appealed the judgment in what we construe to be four issues.
      Before reaching any of those issues, we first address Wife’s point that we lack
appellate jurisdiction. Wife argues that we should summarily dismiss the appeal
because Husband filed his notice of appeal thirty-two days after the trial court’s final
judgment. Wife correctly observes that an appeal must ordinarily be perfected within
thirty days of the judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1. But Wife fails to consider the
mailbox rule, which provides that a document is deemed timely if it is sent to the
proper clerk by first-class mail, deposited in the mail on or before the last day for
filing, and received not more than ten days tardily. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 5. Husband
complied with this rule by mailing his notice of appeal within thirty days of the day
of judgment. We therefore conclude that his notice of appeal was timely and that we
have appellate jurisdiction.

      Proceeding now to the merits, Husband argues that the trial court violated his
constitutional right to due process by rendering a default judgment “without written
order, hearing, or representation.” Insofar as Husband contends that he did not
receive notice of the trial, the record does not support his argument. The trial court
issued a scheduling order more than four months in advance of the trial date, which
served as notice that the case was set for trial on the merits. And insofar as Husband
contends that he was denied the right to counsel, the argument fails because Husband
never requested the appointment of counsel. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. Also, civil
litigants are generally not entitled to be represented by counsel absent a legislative
mandate. See In re State, 556 S.W.3d 821, 827 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding). We
are not aware of such a mandate in the divorce context. Husband could have
represented himself at his divorce trial had he requested a bench warrant, but the
record does not reveal that he ever moved for a bench warrant, which was his burden.
See In re Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d 163, 165–66 (Tex. 2003).



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      In his second issue, Husband complains that the trial court deprived him of
discovery, which he sought to obtain through a motion for mediation. This issue has
not been preserved for appellate review because Husband did not set his motion for
a ruling, nor has he shown that the trial court refused to rule on the motion. See Tex.
R. App. P. 33.1.

      Husband argues next that the default judgment should be set aside because
Wife committed a fraud on the court “by withholding information pertaining to
income held jointly in the form of income tax refunds to which she was trustee while
[Husband] was in prison and is owed to him still through the breach of fiduciary
duty.” This issue has not been preserved either because it requires the consideration
of evidence and it was never raised in a motion for new trial. See Tex. R. Civ. P.
324(b)(1) (“A point in a motion for new trial is a prerequisite to . . . a complaint on
which evidence must be heard such as . . . failure to set aside a judgment by
default.”); cf. Mamou v. Sias, No. 14-10-01154-CV, 2011 WL 2803437, at *2 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 19, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (in an appeal from a
post-answer default judgment, the defendant’s complaint that he did not receive
proper notice of the trial setting could not be considered by the appellate court
because the defendant did not preserve the complaint in a motion for new trial).

      In his final issue, Husband argues that the divorce decree is null and void
because the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter it. In support of this argument,
Husband relies solely on 28 U.S.C. § 1346(f), which provides that federal district
courts “shall have exclusive original jurisdiction of civil actions under section 2409a
to quiet title to an estate or interest in real property in which an interest is claimed
by the United States.” But that statute does not apply here because Wife’s civil action
was a simple petition for divorce, not a petition affecting real property claimed by
the federal government.

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      For the reasons stated above, we overrule each of Husband’s issues and affirm
the trial court’s judgment.




                                      /s/       Tracy Christopher
                                                Justice



Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Wise, and Zimmerer.




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