                            PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


CAROLINA TRUCKS & EQUIPMENT,           
INCORPORATED,
                Plaintiff-Appellee,
                 v.                             No. 06-1263
VOLVO TRUCKS    OF   NORTH AMERICA,
INCORPORATED,
                Defendant-Appellant.
                                       
CAROLINA TRUCKS & EQUIPMENT,           
INCORPORATED,
                Plaintiff-Appellant,
                 v.                             No. 06-1321
VOLVO TRUCKS    OF   NORTH AMERICA,
INCORPORATED,
                 Defendant-Appellee.
                                       
           Appeals from the United States District Court
          for the District of South Carolina, at Columbia.
            Matthew J. Perry, Jr., Senior District Judge.
                        (3:02-cv-02605-MJP)

                        Argued: May 24, 2007
                         Decided: July 6, 2007

  Before WILKINSON, MOTZ, and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded by published opin-
ion. Judge Wilkinson wrote the opinion, in which Judge Motz and
Judge Traxler joined.
2                 CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS
                              COUNSEL

ARGUED: Clarence Davis, NELSON, MULLINS, RILEY & SCAR-
BOROUGH, L.L.P., Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant/Cross-
Appellee. Marcus Angelo Manos, NEXSEN PRUET, Columbia,
South Carolina, for Appellee/Cross-Appellant. ON BRIEF: William
H. Latham, NELSON, MULLINS, RILEY & SCARBOROUGH,
L.L.P., Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
Manton M. Grier, Jr., NEXSEN PRUET, Columbia, South Carolina,
for Appellee/Cross-Appellant.


                               OPINION

WILKINSON, Circuit Judge:

   This case explores the extent to which a state has regulated — or
may regulate — the auto dealer/manufacturer relationship beyond its
own borders. The question is whether a South Carolina statute provid-
ing that a vehicle manufacturer generally "may not sell, directly or
indirectly, a motor vehicle to a consumer in this State," except
through its authorized franchises, forbade sales to South Carolina con-
sumers by an out-of-state manufacturer that were consummated in
Georgia. S.C. Code Ann. § 56-15-45(D) (2006). Plaintiff Carolina
Trucks & Equipment, Inc. argues that the South Carolina law did for-
bid the Georgia sales. We disagree, and reverse the judgment in Caro-
lina Trucks’ favor, because the language of the South Carolina act
will not support the broad extraterritorial scope that plaintiff would
give to it. We also reject plaintiff’s cross-appeal, and affirm the deter-
mination that Volvo did not breach its contract with Carolina Trucks.

                                    I.

   Plaintiff Carolina Trucks & Equipment, Inc. was a dealer of Volvo
trucks in South Carolina from 1987 until November of 2002. Defen-
dant Volvo Trucks of North America, Inc. ("Volvo") is a Delaware
corporation that manufactures trucks and tractors. Its headquarters is
in Greensboro, North Carolina.
                 CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS                    3
                                 A.

   This appeal is from a judgment against Volvo under the South Car-
olina Regulation of Manufacturers, Distributors and Dealers Act
("Dealers Act"). It concerns the activities of Arrow Trucks, a used
truck distributor that is a Volvo subsidiary. Arrow Trucks had no
locations in South Carolina. However, Arrow had a branch in Atlanta,
Georgia, which sold used trucks, including Volvo models.

   Arrow’s Atlanta location had some contacts within South Carolina.
The company placed an advertisement for its Atlanta branch in the
Columbia, South Carolina phone book. In addition, Arrow advertised
in regional trade publications, at least one of which was sent into
South Carolina. Carolina Trucks’ principal Robert Beatty said that he
received a brochure for Arrow Trucks with an industry monthly
mailed to Beatty’s South Carolina address. Beatty also testified with-
out objection that some customers of Carolina Trucks told him that
they had seen Arrow advertising.

   From 1998 until 2002 — a period throughout which Carolina
Trucks’ profits from used truck sales fell — Arrow’s Atlanta location
sold seventy-eight trucks to consumers who listed residential
addresses in South Carolina. Carolina Trucks presented evidence that
fifty-four of those sales were to customers who resided in counties
designated as Carolina Trucks’ "exclusive" dealership area in the
agreement between Carolina Trucks and Volvo.

   Carolina Trucks does not allege that Arrow employees traveled to
South Carolina to make these sales or that the sales were consum-
mated at a location other than Arrow’s Atlanta lot. In fact, Robert
Beatty testified at trial that he had no evidence that any of Arrow’s
sales to South Carolina residents were made outside Atlanta. Carolina
Trucks also presented no direct evidence that any of the South Caro-
lina consumers who purchased trucks from Arrow saw the company’s
advertisement in the Columbia phone book or saw Arrow advertise-
ments that were mailed into South Carolina. Nor did it present direct
evidence that any consumers would have purchased trucks from
plaintiff if they had not purchased them from Arrow in Atlanta.
4                 CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS
                                   B.

   Carolina Trucks filed suit against Volvo on August 5, 2002 in the
District of South Carolina, raising eleven claims under state and fed-
eral law. With the exception of one claim under the Dealers Act, the
claims were either rejected as a matter of law by the district court,
voluntarily dismissed, or rejected by the jury. The jury found in favor
of Carolina Trucks, however, on plaintiff’s claim that Volvo violated
the provision of the Dealers Act prohibiting manufacturers from
directly or indirectly selling motor vehicles to South Carolina custom-
ers except through a dealer licensed in South Carolina. It awarded a
total of $583,245 in lost profits, statutory damages, and punitive dam-
ages to Carolina Trucks.

   Volvo now challenges this verdict. It argues that South Carolina
law did not apply to the sales by Arrow Trucks that formed the basis
for the jury’s verdict, because there was no evidence that those sales
occurred within South Carolina. Volvo argues that as a result, the dis-
trict court should have granted it judgment as a matter of law on this
claim.

   Carolina Trucks cross-appeals the disposition of two claims that
were rejected by the jury: its claim of breach of contract and its claim
of breach of contract accompanied by a fraudulent act. It argues that
the district court should have entered judgment for it on the first
claim, and ordered a new trial on the second.

   We review de novo the denial of a motion for judgment as a matter
of law. In re Wildewood Litig., 52 F.3d 499, 502 (4th Cir. 1995). We
examine "whether there is substantial evidence in the record" upon
which the jury could find for the prevailing party, viewing the evi-
dence in the light most favorable to that party. Id. We review the
denial of a motion for a new trial for clear abuse of discretion. Bristol
Steel & Iron Works, Inc. v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 41 F.3d 182, 186
(4th Cir. 1995).

                                   II.

  We turn first to Volvo’s appeal of the judgment against it under
South Carolina’s Dealers Act. The Dealers Act limits competition
                  CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS                      5
with local vehicle dealerships from both manufacturers and other
dealers. See S.C. Code Ann. §§ 56-15-45. It provides that except
under circumstances not relevant here, manufacturers may not them-
selves "own, operate, or control" a new motor vehicle dealer in South
Carolina, id. § 56-15-45(A), and "may not sell, directly or indirectly,
a motor vehicle to a consumer in this State, except through a new
motor vehicle dealer holding a franchise for the line make that
includes the motor vehicle," id. § 56-15-45(D).

   Volvo argues as a matter of law that it did not violate this provi-
sion. It contends that while its Atlanta subsidiary, Arrow Trucks, sold
vehicles to South Carolina consumers, there was no evidence that any
of these sales took place in South Carolina, or at any location other
than Arrow’s Atlanta sales lot. Carolina Trucks does not dispute the
state of the evidence, but argues that even if the South Carolina cus-
tomers traveled to Atlanta to buy their vehicles, the resulting sales ran
afoul of South Carolina law. It advances two theories to this effect.
First, it argues that the Dealers Act should be read to prohibit sales
to South Carolina residents regardless of where the sales occur. Sec-
ond, it argues that the sales to South Carolina consumers occurred in
part within South Carolina, and were forbidden by the state statute,
because Arrow Trucks advertised in South Carolina. We take each
theory in turn.

                                   A.

   Carolina Trucks first argues that Arrow’s sales to South Carolina
residents in Georgia were unlawful, because the Dealers Act prohibits
manufacturer-to-consumer sales to South Carolina buyers without
regard to the state in which the sales took place. Carolina Trucks
argues that this is the best reading of statutory language providing that
a manufacturer "may not sell, directly or indirectly, a motor vehicle
to a consumer in this State" except through the franchises that manu-
facturers are generally prohibited from owning themselves. S.C. Code
Ann. § 56-15-45(D). In particular, plaintiff claims, the modifier "in
this State" must be taken to refer to the "consumer," not the entire sale
that the statute proscribes. "In other words, the statute prohibits sales
to South Carolina consumers."

  We cannot agree that this result is compelled by the text. Carolina
Trucks’ broad reading is certainly not the only — and probably not
6                 CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS
the best — interpretation of the statutory language. The statute is
ambiguous as to what "in this State" modifies. Carolina Trucks
observes that if the legislature had meant for "in this State" to refer
to the entire sales transaction, it could have made this clearer by pro-
hibiting, for example, "sales in South Carolina." But the legislature
could also have spoken more clearly if it intended the statute to have
the broader meaning Carolina Trucks advances, by prohibiting, for
example, "sales to consumers who reside in South Carolina." That the
statute does not specify whether "in this State" refers to the consumer
or the transaction does not favor one reading over another.

   We find it more revealing that even if "in this State" modifies "con-
sumer," the most natural reading of the phrase would not reach sales
outside South Carolina’s borders. A "consumer in the State" is not the
same as a "consumer of the State" or "consumer from the State." Once
a South Carolinian travels to Georgia, he is no longer a "consumer in
the State," and thus appears not to be a person to whom vehicle manu-
facturers are forbidden to make sales. At a minimum, nothing in the
language of South Carolina’s statute compels interpreting the state’s
law to forbid transactions in the other forty-nine states.

   Since the text of the Dealers Act in no way compels Carolina
Trucks’ reading, we must not adopt it in light of South Carolina rules
of statutory construction that forbid giving the state’s laws extraterri-
torial reach. In construing a state law, we look to the rules of con-
struction applied by the enacting state’s highest court. See Liberty
Mut. Ins. Co. v. Triangle Indus., Inc., 957 F.2d 1153, 1156 (4th Cir.
1992). South Carolina rules of construction provide that statutes must
not be read to operate outside the state’s borders. The South Carolina
Supreme Court has written repeatedly that South Carolina statutes
"have no extraterritorial effect," Ex Parte First Pa. Banking & Trust
Co., 148 S.E.2d 373, 374 (S.C. 1966) (internal citation omitted); see
also Robertson v. Bumper Man Franchising Co., Inc., 612 S.E.2d
451, 452 (S.C. 2005), because "the general rule is that no state or
nation can, by its laws, directly affect, bind, or operate upon property
or persons beyond its territorial jurisdiction," First Pa. Banking &
Trust Co., 148 S.E.2d at 374 (internal citation omitted).

   This rule is fatal to Carolina Trucks’ reading of the Dealers Act.
In assessing whether a statute is extraterritorial, "The critical inquiry
                  CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS                     7
is whether the practical effect of the regulation is to control conduct
beyond the boundaries of the State." Healy v. Beer Inst., 491 U.S.
324, 336 (1989). Since reading South Carolina’s statute to cover
Arrow’s sales in Georgia would interpret the statute to "control con-
duct" — sales — "beyond the boundaries of the State," id., we find,
contrary to Carolina Trucks’ construction, that the Dealers Act forbids
only manufacturer-to-consumer sales within South Carolina.

   By reaching this holding as a matter of statutory construction, we
avoid constitutional problems inherent in a broader interpretation of
South Carolina law. The principle that state laws may not generally
operate extraterritorially is one of constitutional magnitude. One state
may not "project its legislation" into another, Baldwin v. G.A.F.
Seelig, Inc., 294 U.S. 511, 521 (1935), as the Commerce Clause "pre-
cludes the application of a state statute to commerce that takes place
wholly outside of the State’s borders, whether or not the commerce
has effects within the State," Healy, 491 U.S. at 335 (quoting Edgar
v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624, 642-43 (1982) (plurality opinion)); see
also Bigelow v. Virginia, 421 U.S. 809, 822-23 (1975) ("The Virginia
Legislature could not have regulated the advertiser’s activity in New
York, and obviously could not have proscribed the activity in that
State.").

   This rule reflects core principles of constitutional structure. It
derives in part from the structure of federalism, which is built upon
"the autonomy of the individual states within their respective
spheres." Healy, 491 U.S. at 336; see also Doctors Hosp. of Augusta,
LLC v. CompTrust AGC Workers’ Comp. Trust Fund, 636 S.E.2d
862, 864 (S.C. 2006). It also reflects "the Constitution’s special con-
cern" with "the maintenance of a national economic union unfettered
by state-imposed limitations on interstate commerce." Healy, 491
U.S. at 335-36. As the Supreme Court has indicated, extraterritorial
laws disrupt our national economic union just as surely as "customs
duties." Seelig, 294 U.S. at 521. The compliance costs that such laws
impose undermine the Commerce Clause’s objective of a "national
common market." See Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Adver. Comm’n, 432
U.S. 333, 350 (1977) (internal citation omitted). As a result, they
jeopardize the benefits of a unified national market for the entrepre-
neur, who "shall be encouraged to produce by the certainty that he
will have free access to every market in the Nation," and for the con-
8                 CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS
sumer, who "may look to the free competition from every producing
area in the Nation to protect him from exploitation by any." H.P.
Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond, 336 U.S. 525, 539 (1949). That is the
case here, where the plaintiff’s view of South Carolina’s statute
would inhibit entrepreneurial activity nationwide and undermine the
ability of South Carolina consumers to purchase trucks at competitive
prices even outside the state’s borders.

   These costs should not be minimized, because one extraterritorial
burden can easily lead to another. When one state reaches into another
state’s affairs or blocks its goods, "the door has been opened to rival-
ries and reprisals that were meant to be averted by subjecting com-
merce between the states to the power of the nation." Id. at 532
(internal citation omitted). South Carolina’s framework of statutory
construction gives voice to these structural interests as surely as our
constitutional framework, and by interpreting the Dealers Act in
accordance with the state’s rule against extraterritorial applications,
we avoid these constitutional harms.

                                   B.

   We turn next to Carolina Trucks’ second argument. Plaintiff argues
that South Carolina’s rule that a manufacturer itself "may not sell,
directly or indirectly, a motor vehicle to a consumer in this State," not
only prohibited sales by Arrow to South Carolina customers on Geor-
gia soil. Plaintiff claims additionally that since Arrow advertised
within South Carolina, any "sales" to South Carolina residents should
be presumed to have occurred in part within the state. S.C. Code Ann.
§ 56-15-45(D). It contends that "the sales took place partly on South
Carolina soil" because "[a]lthough Arrow is physically located in
Georgia, it entered South Carolina through direct mailings and phone-
book advertisements." We reject this argument because plaintiff’s cre-
ative definition of the location of a sale for purposes of the Dealers
Act is just as problematic as plaintiff’s first gloss on the statute: It
would not necessarily avoid problems of extraterritoriality, and it
threatens an obstruction of trade that may violate the dormant com-
merce clause and that invites First Amendment problems.

                                   1.

   First, there is every reason to conclude that a plaintiff cannot seek
to apply one state’s statute to transactions in another state through an
                  CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS                       9
expansive definition of the site of the regulated conduct. The plaintiff
would hold that if a vehicle manufacturer advertised in Car & Driver
or Motor Trend, or operated a direct mailing list open to all subscrib-
ers, all fifty states might properly assert that the manufacturer made
"sales" within their borders. Each state could thus seek to regulate the
company’s out-of-state conduct as connected to the sale without being
held to regulate extraterritorially. This approach would take the com-
mercial speech that is vital to interstate commerce and use it as a basis
to allow the extraterritorial regulation that is destructive of such com-
merce.

   The Supreme Court, however, has indicated that the rule against
extraterritorial application of state law is not a technicality to be so
readily evaded. It has deemed extraterritorial statutes that seize upon
a company’s in-state commercial activities, such as the mailings and
phone book advertising in this case, to regulate the companies’ out-
of-state conduct, here the Georgia truck sales. For instance, the Court
found extraterritorial a New York law requiring milk sellers to com-
ply with a minimum-price schedule in purchasing milk from Vermont
farmers that they later resold in New York. Seelig, 294 U.S. at 527.
Since the pricing statute applied only to milk that would eventually
be sold to New York consumers, it could be defined as a regulation
of sales within New York. The statute was nonetheless deemed extra-
territorial, however, because the police power may not "be used by
the state of destination with the aim and effect of establishing an eco-
nomic barrier against competition with the products of another state
or the labor of its residents." Id. "What is ultimate," the Court wrote,
"is the principle that one state may not place itself in a position of
economic isolation." Id.

   Similarly, the Supreme Court twice deemed state laws to be uncon-
stitutional regulations of out-of-state conduct when they required
alcohol distillers or distributors to post prices within the regulating
state that were no higher than certain prices out-of-state. These stat-
utes, too, could easily be framed as requirements for sales within the
regulating state. Healy, 491 U.S. at 335-40; Brown-Forman Distillers
Corp. v. N.Y. State Liquor Auth., 476 U.S. 573, 583 (1986). But the
Supreme Court refused to view them in those terms. That such a law
"is addressed only to sales of liquor in" the regulating state "is irrele-
vant if the ‘practical effect’ of the law is to control liquor prices in
10                CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS
other States." Id. If a state could leverage contacts within its borders
to control a company’s conduct elsewhere without being held to regu-
late extraterritorially, this would be the national market’s undoing.
Indeed, it would impose "just the kind of competing and interlocking
local economic regulation that the Commerce Clause was meant to
preclude." Healy, 491 U.S. at 337.1

   In light of these cases, we cannot accept Carolina Trucks’ broad
conception of the location of Arrow’s sales. Arrow’s advertising is an
even more tenuous link between South Carolina and Arrow’s sales in
Atlanta than the links between the regulated transactions and the regu-
lating state in Seelig, Healy, and Brown-Forman. This is particularly
so because plaintiff proffered no direct evidence that Arrow’s adver-
tisements were even seen by any of the fifty-four residents of South
Carolina who bought trucks from Arrow in Atlanta. Far better then to
conclude that these sales took place where in fact they did take place:
at Arrow’s lot in Georgia. Concluding that Arrow’s Atlanta sales
occurred within South Carolina on the basis of such advertising con-
tacts would transform the rule against extraterritoriality from a protec-
tion of commerce into a formality easily evaded. Companies would
be faced with a Hobson’s choice between complying with extraterri-
torial regulations of their out-of-state activities, and foregoing their
participation in interstate trade due to the silencing of their speech. As
the Court wrote in rejecting an analogous argument, "This would be
to eat up the rule under the guise of an exception." Seelig, 294 U.S.
at 523.2
  1
     Tousley v. North American Van Lines, Inc., relied on by Carolina
Trucks, does not persuade us otherwise. That case indicated that South
Carolina business laws could be applied to a transaction on the grounds
that it occurred partially within the state’s borders and partially else-
where. The transaction at issue, however, could far more readily be clas-
sified as occurring within the state than the transaction at hand: The
business arrangement giving rise to suit arose after the plaintiff saw the
defendant’s advertisement in a South Carolina newspaper, attended the
defendant’s seminar in the state, and finally made payment to the defen-
dant in South Carolina. See 752 F.2d 96, 99, 103 (4th Cir. 1985).
   2
     Our analysis in this matter parallels that of the Seventh Circuit in
Dean Foods Co. v. Brancel, 187 F.3d 609 (7th Cir. 1999). Wisconsin
sought to apply to an out-of-state milk processor a statute that prohibited
                  CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS                     11
                                   2.

   Our view of the South Carolina Dealers Act avoids what would
otherwise be serious constitutional difficulties. The Supreme Court
has written that "there is no clear line" separating state laws that are
"virtually per se invalid under the Commerce Clause," including those
with forbidden extraterritorial reach, from the state laws that are
invalid because they impermissibly burden interstate commerce under
a balancing approach. Brown-Forman, 476 U.S. at 579. "In either sit-
uation the critical consideration is the overall effect of the statute on
both local and interstate activity." Id.

   Carolina Trucks’ broad reading of "sale" in the Dealers Act is thus
impermissible, whether our lens be one of extraterritorial effect, see
supra, or one that balances under the dormant commerce power
"whether the State’s interest is legitimate and whether the burden on
interstate commerce clearly exceeds the local benefits." Brown-
Forman, 476 U.S. at 579 (citing Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc., 397 U.S.
137, 142 (1970)).

   A statute interpreted to ban advertising of out-of-state goods or ser-
vices — on the theory that the advertisements led to otherwise lawful
out-of-state sales — would pose grave problems under the most tradi-
tional Commerce Clause analysis. It is not clear that a state has any
legitimate objective in suppressing speech within its borders that
advertises these legal transactions outside the state. Cf. Bigelow, 421
U.S. at 827-28 (describing Virginia’s "interest in shielding its citizens
from information about activities outside Virginia’s borders, activities
that Virginia’s police powers do not reach" as one that was "entitled
to little, if any, weight under the circumstances"). Such restrictions

paying dairy producers volume-based premiums. Id. at 611-12. The Illi-
nois milk processor purchased milk from Wisconsin dairy producers, and
had field representatives in Wisconsin, but the producers were responsi-
ble for transporting their milk from Wisconsin to the processing plant in
Illinois. Id. at 611, 619. The Seventh Circuit concluded that because "no
contracts were formed in Wisconsin," and the contacts in the state
amounted to "preliminary negotiations," Wisconsin could not prohibit the
milk purchases at issue. Id. at 619.
12                 CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS
could well be seen as seeking to prevent indirectly through gag orders
the interstate commerce that states may not forbid directly. And
because they would exert this preventative effect regardless of their
purpose, the "burden upon interstate commerce" would be great.
Brown-Forman, 476 U.S. at 579. Finally, the Supreme Court has
made clear that the reading of South Carolina law proffered by Caro-
lina Trucks would threaten First Amendment problems as well, hold-
ing on First Amendment grounds that a state "may not, under the
guise of exercising internal police powers, bar a citizen of another
State from disseminating information about an activity that is legal in
that State." Bigelow, 421 U.S. at 824-25.3

   We thus have no difficulty rejecting Carolina Trucks’ reading of
South Carolina law to regulate transactions by manufacturers any-
where in the country, so long as the manufacturer engaged in advertis-
ing within the state. Whether this view is regarded as infirm because
it would read the statute to be extraterritorial or because it would read
the statute to raise grave constitutional questions under the closely
  3
    Avoidance of serious constitutional questions under the dormant com-
merce clause and First Amendment likewise bars an even broader read-
ing of the Dealers Act than Carolina Trucks urges, as prohibiting vehicle
manufacturers from advertising within South Carolina on the grounds
that advertisements by themselves constitute sales. While the Dealers Act
defines the term "sale" to include "any option, subscription or other con-
tract, or solicitation, looking to a sale, or offer or attempt to sell in any
form, whether spoken or written," S.C. Code Ann. § 56-15-10(l) (2006)
(emphasis added), in order to avoid First Amendment and dormant com-
merce clause difficulties, "solicitation, looking to a sale" is best con-
strued to refer to solicitations of the sales that would otherwise be illegal
under the statute — sales within South Carolina — rather than the extra-
territorial transactions that South Carolina may not directly regulate.
   Nor can we find any substantive cause of action in the provision of
South Carolina law which states that "[a]ny person" is "subject to the
provisions" of the Dealers Act if the person "engages directly or indi-
rectly in purposeful contacts within this State in connection with the
offering or advertising for sale or has business dealings with respect to
a motor vehicle within this State." S.C. Code Ann. § 56-15-20 (2006).
This provision establishes that a defendant with sufficient South Carolina
contacts is subject to the Dealers Act, but does not resolve what obliga-
tions the Act imposes with respect to out-of-state (or in-state) conduct.
                  CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS                       13
related dormant commerce clause doctrines and under the First
Amendment, respect for both state and constitutional law requires us
to eschew plaintiff’s view. South Carolina’s law stating that manufac-
turers "may not sell, directly or indirectly, a motor vehicle to a con-
sumer in this State, except through a new motor vehicle dealer
holding a franchise for the line make that includes the motor vehicle,"
id. § 56-15-45(D), is best and naturally read to have no application to
transactions in which South Carolina consumers travel outside the
state to purchase trucks, and the fact that the out-of-state seller in this
case engaged in commercial speech within South Carolina does not
change this result.

                                    C.

   Our interpretation of South Carolina law requires overturning the
jury verdict in Carolina Trucks’ favor. The only conduct by Arrow
within South Carolina concerning which Carolina Trucks presented
evidence was the company’s advertisement in a South Carolina phone
book and in a trade publication that was mailed into the state. There
was no evidence, let alone "substantial evidence," see Wildewood
Litig., 52 F.3d at 502, that sales to South Carolina residents occurred
anywhere other than Arrow’s Atlanta dealership. Indeed, Carolina
Trucks’ principal Robert Beatty conceded as much on the stand.
Volvo was therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law that it did
not violate South Carolina’s provision that a vehicle manufacturer
"may not sell, directly or indirectly, a motor vehicle to a consumer in
this State," except through authorized franchises. S.C. Code Ann.
§ 56-15-45(D).

   Volvo raises a variety of other challenges to the jury award against
it under the Dealers Act. These include the question of whether the
jury could override Carolina Trucks’ contractual waiver of the dam-
ages in this case; the question of whether lost profits were proven
with adequate certainty; and questions surrounding the basis for puni-
tive and special damages. We need not address any of these questions
because we conclude the appellee’s argument falters at the first step.

                                   III.

   Carolina Trucks challenges the verdict below on cross-appeal,
arguing the district court should have granted it judgment as a matter
14                CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS
of law on its claim that Volvo breached its contract with the dealer-
ship. Under South Carolina law, a plaintiff claiming breach of con-
tract has the burden "to prove the contract, its breach, and the
damages caused by such breach." Fuller v. E. Fire & Cas. Ins. Co.,
124 S.E.2d 602, 610 (S.C. 1962). Plaintiff argues that there was no
dispute that the parties had a contract stating that "so long as the
Dealer complies with its obligations under this Agreement, the Com-
pany will not give any other dealer rights to locate a facility in the
Dealer’s Area of Responsibility" (emphasis added). Plaintiff further
argues that Volvo violated this provision, because it was undisputed
that Volvo allowed a franchise of Petro Stopping Centers to sell
Volvo parts, repair Volvo trucks, and provide Volvo warranty ser-
vices within Carolina Trucks’ Area of Responsibility.

   We think this claim was properly rejected. While the contract
established that Volvo was generally forbidden to allow another
Volvo "Dealer" to operate within Carolina Trucks’ Area of Responsi-
bility, it also made clear that Volvo was free to sell parts to other
companies and to let those companies perform warranty service and
other repairs. The agreement defined Carolina Trucks’ Area of
Responsibility as the region in which the company exercises "pri-
mary" — rather than exclusive — "sales, service, and customer sup-
port responsibilities." It also stated that Volvo reserved the right to
sell "Products" within Carolina Trucks’ Area of Responsibility, and
defined "Products" to include "Parts," "Volvo Components," and "ser-
vice products, including extended warranty, contract maintenance,
financial offerings, customer support memberships, and other services
provided from time to time." The agreement said that if Volvo "deter-
mines that it is appropriate in a particular case, it may sell Products
directly to any purchaser regardless of where the purchaser is located
or takes delivery."

   The jury had ample basis to conclude that Volvo’s arrangement
with Petro comported with the contract. It could well have decided
that the Petro franchise was not a "Dealer," because it did not sell new
or used vehicles. The jury was free to conclude that the Petro fran-
chise was instead merely a filling station that performed repair and
service work as a secondary line of business. A member of Petro’s
board, Eddie Brailsford, gave evidence to support this conclusion, tes-
tifying that Petro locations sell neither new nor used trucks and that
                  CAROLINA TRUCKS v. VOLVO TRUCKS                    15
he did not consider the truck stops to be "dealers." Since substantial
evidence supported the jury’s determination that Volvo did not breach
its contract, we reject Carolina Trucks’ cross-appeal on this claim. See
Wildewood Litig., 52 F.3d at 502.

   This decision compels us to reject Carolina Trucks’ second claim
on cross-appeal, that it was entitled to a new trial on its claim of
breach of contract accompanied by a fraudulent act. A claim for
breach of contract accompanied by a fraudulent act requires that the
plaintiff first establish a breach of contract. Conner v. City of Forest
Acres, 560 S.E.2d 606, 612 (S.C. 2002). Since Volvo committed no
breach of contract, plaintiff’s claim of breach of contract accompa-
nied by a fraudulent act fails at the outset.

                                  IV.

   For the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the district court
is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions to
enter judgment for defendant.

                                                AFFIRMED IN PART,
                                                REVERSED IN PART,
                                                   AND REMANDED
