                                MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                        No. 04-10-00617-CV

                                       Anita C. RENTFRO,
                                             Appellant

                                                 v.

                           Manuel CAVAZOS IV and Ernesto R. Cavazos,
                                        Appellees

                     From the 49th Judicial District Court, Zapata County, Texas
                                        Trial Court No. 5163
                             Honorable Jose A. Lopez, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Delivered and Filed: February 15, 2012

AFFIRMED

           This appeal involves a continuing dispute among family members, specifically appellant

Anita C. Rentfro (“Rentfro”) and her brothers Manuel Cavazos IV (“Manuel IV”) and Ernesto R.

Cavazos (“Ernesto”), appellees, over title to property located in Zapata County, Texas. An

appeal from a partial summary judgment involving title to the property was previously decided

by this court in Cavazos v. Cavazos, 246 S.W.3d 175 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, pet.

denied) (“Cavazos I”). In that opinion, this court affirmed a partial summary judgment in favor
                                                                                                04-10-00617-CV


of Ernesto, holding that a quitclaim deed conveyed to him certain land in Zapata County. Id. at

181. In that same opinion, however, we reversed a partial summary judgment in favor of Manuel

IV, holding the summary judgment evidence did not conclusively establish that a warranty deed

was intended to convey an expectancy interest in certain lands in Zapata County to Manuel IV.

Id. at 181-82.      This portion of the judgment was remanded to the trial court for further

proceedings. Id. at 182. We also noted the trial court had severed out several pending claims

and defenses between the parties, and that those remained pending and were not before the

appellate court. Id. at 177-78.

        After remand, the parties agreed to reconsolidate the severed claims with the remanded

issue regarding the attempted conveyance to Manuel IV. Again, Manuel IV and Ernesto filed

partial motions for summary judgment on traditional and no evidence grounds. The trial court

granted the motions without identifying the grounds upon which they were granted. The trial

court also severed pending claims by Manuel IV and Ernesto against their brother Roberto R.

Cavazos (“Roberto”) for accounting, breach of fiduciary duty, punitive damages, and attorney’s

fees, as well as Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s claims for affirmative relief against The Anita R.

Cavazos Living Trust, and their claims for attorney’s fees against Rentfro.                      Rentfro then

perfected this appeal. 1

                                               BACKGROUND

                                                 The Family

        Berta Vela Cavazos and Manuel Cavazos Jr. were married. Manuel Jr. died in 1976, and

Berta died in 1986. Berta died intestate and her property was distributed to her heirs, including

her son, Manuel.


1
 Originally, Roberto also perfected an appeal. However, he ultimately moved to dismiss his appeal, and this court
granted the motion. Accordingly, Roberto is not a party to this appeal.

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                                                                                   04-10-00617-CV


           Manuel was married to Anita R. Cavazos. They had five children: Roberto, Rentfro,

Manuel IV, Ernesto, and Gloria. 2 Manuel died on March 10, 1999, and his wife, Anita R.

Cavazos, died on May 2, 2002.

                                                  The Conveyances

           According to the summary judgment evidence, in a letter dated October 30, 1975, Manuel

wrote to Manuel IV stating he hoped Manuel IV would purchase his “future estate” because

Manuel needed to obtain funds for “business opportunities that are knocking at my door.”

Manuel IV was concerned about the validity of his father conveying his future interest in the

estate of Berta (Manuel’s mother and Manuel IV’s grandmother). In his affidavit, Manuel IV

averred that he did not want to accept the conveyance until he was assured it would be valid.

Manuel IV received those assurances from his father in the form of a legal brief dated February

8, 1976. Manuel, who had a law certificate from LaSalle University, drafted an explanatory brief

on the issue, concluding, based on supreme court authority, the assignment of an expectancy

interest was valid in equity.

           Therefore, on March 11, 1976, ten years before his mother Berta’s death, Manuel

executed a warranty deed (“the 1976 deed”) to his son Manuel IV, conveying to Manuel IV and

his wife “all that INTEREST IN THE ESTATE OF BERTA VELA DE CAVAZOS REALTY,

TRACTS OR - - SHARES OF LAND SITUATED IN ZAPATA COUNTY, TEXAS THAT

SHE IS NOW IN POSSESSION OF.” We will refer to this land as the “Vela Land.” The

summary judgment evidence shows that in exchange, Manuel IV and his wife executed a

promissory note to Manuel in the amount of $36,000.00. The evidence shows that for the next

nine and a half years, Manuel IV made monthly payments to his father on the note. On March

19, 1976, Manuel wrote to Manuel IV and his wife, who lived in California, that he had recorded
2
    It seems Gloria was never involved in the previous or current dispute.

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                                                                                   04-10-00617-CV


the deed and filed it. He enclosed a copy of the deed in the letter. The letter was signed “LOVE

& THANKS.”

       The summary judgment evidence shows that on February 2, 1982, Manuel offered to buy

back his future interest in Berta’s estate from Manuel IV and Manuel IV’s wife. By letter,

Manuel advised he would buy back the property or Manuel IV could simply stop making

payments on the note. Manuel signed the letter, “LOTS OF LOVE TO BOTH AND THE

CHILDREN.” More than three years later, Manuel IV and his wife executed a deed conveying a

life estate to Manuel and his wife Anita, in one-half of the minerals previously conveyed in the

1976 deed (“the 1985 deed”). In return, Manuel relieved Manuel IV and his wife from further

liability on the $36,000.00 promissory note, which Manuel declared paid in full.

       On February 21, 1992, Manuel executed a quitclaim deed (“the 1992 deed”) in favor of

Ernesto, which stated that he “QUITCLAIMED (subject to a life estate in the name of [the 1992

Trust]) and by these presents DOES QUITCLAIM (subject to a life estate in the name of [the

1992 Trust]) to ERNESTO REYNA CAVAZOS . . . all of [Manuel’s] right, title, and interest in

the following described property situated in Zapata County . . . .” We will refer to this land as

the “Cavazos Land.” On that same day, but after executing the quitclaim deed, Manuel and

Anita created the “Manuel V. and Anita R. Cavazos Trust” (“the 1992 Trust”). See Cavazos I,

246 S.W.3d at 181 (holding Ernesto’s uncontroverted affidavit established quitclaim deed was

executed first and was delivered to him upon execution). Manuel and Anita transferred into the

1992 Trust “ALL RIGHT/TITLE/INTEREST IN ALL ASSETS OWNED BY EITHER/BOTH.”

Pursuant to the terms of the trust, Manuel IV, Ernesto, Roberto, and Rentfro would each received

twenty-five percent of the trust assets upon the death of both parents. Manuel IV and Ernesto

were named co-trustees of the 1992 Trust.



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                                                                                  04-10-00617-CV




       After Manuel died in 1999, Anita created the “Anita R. Cavazos Living Trust” (“the

Living Trust”) into which the assets of the 1992 Trust were transferred. Roberto was named a

trustee of the Living Trust. Anita died in 2002.

                                           The Dispute

       Almost immediately after their mother’s death, Manuel IV and Ernesto sued Roberto,

individually and in his capacity as trustee of the Living Trust. Cavazos I, 246 S.W.3d at 177.

They sought: (1) a declaration that they were the owners of the Vela and Cavazos Lands, free

and clear of any claim by the estates of their parents or the Living Trust; (2) removal of any

cloud of title on the mineral interests in the Vela and Cavazos Lands; (3) an accounting; (4)

breach of fiduciary duty; (4) punitive damages; and (5) attorney’s fees. Id. Roberto answered

and filed a counterclaim by which he asked the court to declare all of the deeds to Manuel IV and

Ernesto void or voidable and to determine the true owners of the Vela and Cavazos Lands.

Rentfro then intervened, essentially seeking the same relief as Roberto. Roberto and Rentfro

also sought to set aside the deeds on grounds of fraud, duress, coercion, undue influence, and

conspiracy, and sought damages based on claims for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of the duty

of good faith and fair dealing, conversion, and interference with inheritance rights. They also

asked for an accounting. Rentfro also asserted breach of fiduciary duty claims with regard to the

Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s actions as to the 1992 Trust, of which they were co-trustees. With

regard to the claims asserted by Roberto and Rentfro regarding the deeds, Manuel IV and

Ernesto asserted the defenses of lack of standing and limitations.

       All parties moved for summary judgment, but not on all claims or defenses. The trial

court denied the motions filed by Roberto and Rentfro, thereby denying their claims for



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                                                                                     04-10-00617-CV


declaratory relief as to the deeds. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Manuel

IV and Ernesto, but only on certain grounds, declaring the 1976 deed effective to convey the

Vela Land to Manuel IV and the 1992 deed effective to convey the Cavazos Land to Ernesto.

All other claims were severed and abated at the request of Roberto and Rentfro. Thus, all of

Roberto’s and Rentfro’s claims to set aside the deeds based on fraud, etc., and their affirmative

claims for relief remained pending, as did Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s defenses to those claims.

Cavazos I, 246 S.W.3d at 178.

        Roberto and Anita appealed the trial court’s partial summary judgment in favor of

Manuel IV and Ernesto, arguing the trial court erred in determining the deeds were effective. Id.

at 177. As to the 1992 deed, which transferred the Cavazos Land to Ernesto, Roberto and

Rentfro claimed the 1992 deed was ineffective because the land subject to the deed had already

been conveyed to the 1992 Trust, and therefore the terms of the 1992 Trust governed any

conveyance. Id. at 181. In our first opinion, however, we agreed the summary judgment

evidence produced by Ernesto, which was uncontradicted, established the 1992 deed and the

conveyance of the same land to the 1992 Trust were part of a single transaction, establishing

Manuel’s intent to convey the land to Ernesto while retaining a life estate in the land via the 1992

Trust. Id. Accordingly, we affirmed the partial summary judgment in favor of Ernesto, holding

the 1992 deed effectively conveyed to him the Cavazos Land. Id. We determined that contrary

to Roberto’s and Anita’s assertions, the uncontradicted summary judgment evidence established

the 1992 deed was executed by Manuel before any other document and delivered to Ernesto

immediately after it was executed, and this was sufficient pursuant to case law to make the title

transfer effective. Id.




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                                                                                   04-10-00617-CV


       In that same opinion, however, we reversed the partial summary judgment in favor of

Manuel IV, holding the summary judgment evidence did not conclusively establish the 1976

deed was intended to convey an expectancy interest in the Vela Land to Manuel IV. Id. at 181-

82. We held that while it was clear Manuel intended to convey “an interest of some sort to”

Manuel IV, there was nothing on the face of the deed or by resort to another document that

proved as a matter of law what Manuel intended to convey. Id. at 180. We stated that if Manuel

intended to convey his mother’s property, he had no authority to do so, and if he did have such

authority, the property description was insufficient. Id. And, if Manuel intended to convey his

expectancy or future interest in his mother’s property to Manuel IV, that intention was not

clearly manifested in the deed. Id. We held these ambiguities did not render the 1976 deed void,

but the ambiguity created a fact question requiring remand. Id. This portion of the judgment

was remanded to the trial court for further proceedings. Id. at 182.

       Roberto and Anita sought review in the Texas Supreme Court, which was denied on

September 3, 2008. Our mandate, which issued on September 15, 2008, stated: “In accordance

with this court’s opinion . . . those portions of the trial court’s judgment disposing of the Vela

Lands . . . are REVERSED and the cause REMANDED for further proceedings. The judgment

is AFFIRMED in all other respects.”

       Upon remand, Manuel IV and Ernesto moved the trial court to set aside its previous

severance and abatement, and reconsolidate all matters. The trial court ultimately entered an

agreed order setting aside its prior severance and abatement order and reconsolidating all claims

and causes of action.

       Thereafter, Manuel IV and Ernesto filed separate traditional and no evidence partial

motions for summary judgment. Though the motions were filed separately, they contain, in



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                                                                                   04-10-00617-CV


essence, the same grounds: (1) Roberto’s and Rentfro’s claims are barred because they lack

standing; (2) Roberto’s and Rentfro’s claims are barred by the statute of limitations; (3)

Roberto’s and Rentfro’s claims are barred by the doctrine of ratification; and (4) there is no

evidence of Roberto’s and Rentfro’s claims for fraud, undue influence, duress, coercion, breach

of fiduciary duty, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, conversion, conspiracy,

tortious interference with inheritance rights, and no evidence to support an accounting,

imposition of a constructive trust, or the appointment of an auditor.

       In addition to the grounds listed above, Ernesto filed a supplement to his motion for

summary judgment, asserting that to the extent Roberto and Rentfro contend the 1992 deed was

not effective based on the timing of the execution and delivery of the deed, such claims are

barred as a matter of law by law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel based on our

holding in Cavazos I. Manuel IV and Ernesto did not move for summary judgment on their

claims against Roberto and Rentfro or their requests for attorney’s fees against these individuals

or the Anita R. Cavazos Living Trust. Rather, in their motions for summary judgment, they

asked the trial court to sever those claims.

       Roberto and Rentfro filed responses to the motions filed by Manuel IV and Ernesto.

After reviewing the motions, responses, and summary judgment evidence, the trial court granted

Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s motions in their entirety. Pursuant to the trial court’s summary

judgment order: (1) Roberto and Rentfro took nothing on their claims for declaratory, equitable,

and monetary relief against Manuel IV and Ernesto; (2) Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s claims for an

accounting, breach of fiduciary duty, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees against Roberto were

severed; and (3) Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s claims for attorney’s fees against Rentfro and the

Anita R. Cavazos Living Trust were severed. Ultimately, Roberto and Rentfro filed notices of



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appeal. However, Roberto later filed a motion to dismiss his appeal, which this court granted on

May 6, 2011. See Cavazos v. Cavazos, No. 04-10-00617-CV (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 6,

2011, order). Accordingly, only Rentfro’s appeal is pending before us.

                                           ANALYSIS

       We begin by noting that in her first issue, which contains a global challenge to the trial

court’s granting of summary judgment in favor of Manuel IV and Ernesto, Rentfro also contends

the trial court erred in denying her motion for summary judgment. In other words, Rentfro

contends we are reviewing competing motions for summary judgment. We disagree with this

contention.

       After remand, Rentfro did not file a new motion for summary judgment. Rather, in the

body of her response to Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s partial motions for summary judgment, she

included a statement that she was incorporating into her response several documents, one of

which was the “First and Second Traditional Motions for Partial Summary Judgment,” which she

and Roberto filed before this court’s decision in Cavazos I. We hold this is not a proper method

by which to seek summary judgment.

       In McConnell v. Southside Independent School District, 858 S.W.2d 337, 342-43 (Tex.

1993), the supreme court held that even if a nonmovant fails to except, respond, or obtain a

ruling, if the grounds for summary judgment are not expressly presented in the motion for

summary judgment itself, the motion is legally insufficient as matter of law. As stated in

McConnell, “Grounds may be stated concisely, without detail and argument. But they must at

least be listed in the motion.” 858 S.W.2d at 340 (quoting Roberts v. Sw. Tex. Methodist Hosp.,

811 S.W.2d 141, 146 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1991 writ denied) (op. on reh’g)); see Travis v.




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City of Mesquite, 830 S.W.2d 94, 100 (Tex. 1992) (holding that this court will not affirm a

summary judgment on ground not specifically presented in motion for summary judgment).

       The issue of incorporation by reference of summary judgment grounds was addressed by

the Fort Worth Court of Appeals in Camden Machine & Tool, Inc. v. Cascade Co., 870 S.W.2d

304, 310 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1993, no writ). Citing McConnell, the Camden court held a

summary judgment motion that incorporated by reference grounds from the summary judgment

motions of co-defendants was insufficient as a matter of law, noting that under McConnell, a

motion for summary judgment must stand or fall on its own merits and the motion itself must

assert the grounds relied upon. Id.

       We find the Camden Machine & Tool holding to be in accord with the supreme court’s

discussion in McConnell wherein the supreme court recognized the dangers of creating

exceptions to the rule that summary judgment grounds must be expressly stated in the motion:

       Carving exceptions to this simple requirement that the motion for summary
       judgment state the specific grounds frustrates the purpose of Rule 166a(c).
       Eventually the exceptions would consume the rule, and inject uncertainty into
       summary judgment proceedings concerning what issues were presented for
       consideration. Furthermore, it is certainly not unduly burdensome to require the
       movant to state the specific grounds in the motion for summary judgment.

McConnell, 858 S.W.2d at 341.

       Two courts of appeals have permitted summary judgment movants to incorporate by

reference grounds found in summary judgment motions filed by co-defendants. See, e.g., Lockett

v. HB Zachry Co., 285 S.W.3d 63, 72 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (“Texas

courts have recognized adoption of co-party’s motion for summary judgment as a procedurally

legitimate practice.”); Chapman v. King Ranch, Inc., 41 S.W.3d 693, 700 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi 2001), rev’d on other grounds, 118 S.W.3d 742 (Tex. 2003) (holding trial court did not

err in allowing defendants to adopt and incorporate, as their grounds for summary judgment, the

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grounds for summary judgment alleged by co-defendants). However, we believe such practice

was specifically denounced by the supreme court in McConnell. Moreover, even if such a

practice was permissible, Rentfro was not incorporating by reference a motion of a co-defendant;

rather, she was incorporating a motion she previously filed that was expressly denied by the trial

court.

         Finally, in her appellate brief, other than stating the trial court erred in denying her

motion for summary judgment, there is no specific argument concerning the denial of her motion

for summary judgment. She has, therefore, failed to properly brief this contention. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 38.1(i) (stating appellant’s brief must contain clear and concise argument for contentions

made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to record). Accordingly, we will review this

case as though only Manuel IV and Ernesto filed motions for summary judgment.

                                       Standard of Review

         Manuel IV and Ernesto filed both traditional motions for summary judgment pursuant to

rule 166a(c) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure and no evidence motions for summary

judgment pursuant to rule 166a(i). Manuel IV and Ernesto asserted multiple traditional and no

evidence grounds, and the trial court granted their motions without stating the specific grounds

upon which the motions were granted. When a movant asserts multiple grounds for summary

judgment, and the trial court grants summary judgment without specifying the grounds for its

ruling, we must affirm the summary judgment if any of the grounds are meritorious. Carr v.

Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 570 (Tex. 1989); Chrismon v. Brown, 246 S.W.3d 102, 106 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.); see also State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. S.S., 858

S.W.2d 374, 381 (Tex. 1993) (stating that when there are multiple grounds for summary




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judgment and the order does not specify the ground on which the summary judgment was

granted, appealing party must negate all grounds on appeal).

       We review traditional and no evidence summary judgments de novo. Sudan v. Sudan,

199 S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex. 2006); Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex.

2005). A traditional summary judgment under rule 166a(c) is properly granted only when the

movant establishes there are no genuine issues of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128

S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). To determine if the nonmovant raises a fact issue, we review the

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting favorable evidence if reasonable

jurors could do so, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. City

of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). A defendant who conclusively negates a

single essential element of a cause of action or conclusively establishes an affirmative defense is

entitled to summary judgment on that claim. Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494,

508 (Tex. 2010).

       A no evidence motion for summary judgment under rule 166a(i) is essentially a motion

for a pretrial directed verdict. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286

S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. 2009). After an adequate time for discovery, a party without the burden

of proof may, without presenting evidence, seek summary judgment on the ground that there is

no evidence to support one or more essential elements of the nonmovant’s claim or defense.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); All Am. Tel., Inc. v. USLD Commc’ns, 291 S.W.3d 518, 526 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied). The motion must specifically state the elements for which

there is no evidence. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Timpte Indus., Inc., 286 S.W.3d at 310; All Am.

Tel., Inc., 291 S.W.3d at 526.     The trial court is required to grant the motion unless the



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nonmovant produces more than a scintilla of summary judgment evidence that raises a genuine

issue of material fact. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the

evidence “rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their

conclusions.” Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997).

        In addition to other grounds, Manuel IV and Ernesto moved for summary judgment based

on certain affirmative defenses. When a defendant moves for summary judgment based on an

affirmative defense, it is his burden to prove conclusively all elements of the affirmative defense.

Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex. 1999).                     To accomplish this, the

defendant must present summary judgment evidence that establishes each element of his defense

as a matter of law. Ryland Group, Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 121 (Tex. 1996); Booker v.

Real Homes, Inc., 103 S.W.3d 487, 491 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, pet. denied). Manuel

IV and Ernesto both moved for summary judgment on three affirmative defenses: limitations,

ratification, and lack of standing. 3 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94; Pressure Sys. Int’l, Inc. v. Sw.

Research Inst., 350 S.W.3d 212, 215-16 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, pet. denied)

(recognizing limitations as affirmative defense); Barrand, Inc. v. Whataburger, Inc., 214 S.W.3d

122, 146 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2006, pet. denied) (recognizing ratification as affirmative

defense); Faulkner v. Bost, 137 S.W.3d 254, 259 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2004, no pet.) (recognizing

lack of standing as affirmative defense). In addition, Ernesto filed a supplement to his motion

for summary judgment, seeking summary judgment on the affirmative defenses of res judicata

and collateral estoppel. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94; Brown v. Zimmerman, 160 S.W.3d 695, 702



3
  Manuel IV and Ernesto also sought a no evidence summary judgment based on standing. However, the law is
clear that a party may not move for a no evidence summary judgment in order to prevail on his own affirmative
defense, i.e., a defense upon which he has the burden of proof at trial. Pollard v. Hanschen, 315 S.W.3d 636, 639
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.). A nonmovant need not even respond to such an assertion because it should not
have been filed. Id. Accordingly, we cannot consider Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s assertion that there was no
evidence Rentfro had standing to bring her claims. See id.

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(Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (recognizing res judicata as affirmative defense); SWEPI, L.P.

v. Camden Res., Inc., 139 S.W.3d 332, 338 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, pet. denied)

(recognizing collateral estoppel as affirmative defense). As to these defenses, it was the burden

of Manuel IV and Ernesto to establish them as a matter of law.


                                            Application


       In her brief, Rentfro asserts five appellate issues:

              $The trial court erred in granting summary judgment for
              Appellees’ and denying Appellant’s request for summary judgment
              in conflict with this Court’s prior judgment and controlling
              jurisdiction.

              $The trial court further erred in granting additional summary
              judgment requests including Appellees’ time bared [sic] claim for
              attorney’s fees against Appellant/Intervenor, Anita C. Rentfro, and
              denying Appellant/Intervenor’s request for summary judgment
              despite her submission of significant further evidence supporting a
              ruling in her favor as a matter of law and the four year statute of
              limitations against making new claims.

              $Appellant, Anita C. Rentfro, has standing as beneficiary of both
              trusts subject to this suit and legal heir to her parent’s [sic] estate.

              $Division orders do not ratify deeds and are only valid until
              controverted.

              $Mrs. Cavazos used her power as trustee of the 1992 Joint
              Revocable Trust to revoke said trust and placed trust properties in
              the Trust Agreement of Anita R. Cavazos. Said property is the
              subject of all instruments which Appellees’ [sic] had enforced in
              the trial court counter to their parents’ intentions and the final trust
              agreement which are controlling and require division of their real
              property in accordance with the trusts’ intentions.

       Upon review, however, we have determined the issues as stated do not necessarily

comport with the actual argument within the brief. We will, therefore, review the issues as

argued within the brief. See Petras v. Criswell, 248 S.W.3d 471, 475 n.1 (Tex. App.—Dallas


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2008, no pet.) (holding that where issues identified in section of brief entitled “Issues Presented”

did not comport with issues identified and briefed in section of brief entitled “Arguments and

Authorities,” court would review issues as identified in “Arguments and Authorities” section

because simply stating issues without argument does not comport with mandates of rule 38.1(h)

of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure). After reviewing appellant’s brief and reply brief we

hold Rentfro raises the following arguments on appeal:


           1. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
              Manuel IV on his request for declaratory relief as to the 1976 deed
              because (1) in Cavazos I this court held the deed was inadequate as
              a matter of law to transfer the Vela Land to Manuel IV, and (2) the
              1976 deed was ineffective to transfer any title to Manuel IV for the
              reasons previously asserted by Rentfro and Roberto in Cavazos I,
              i.e., Manuel had no interest to transfer, the property description
              was inadequate, no statement of the interest being conveyed,
              improper conveyance of an expectancy or future interest, and
              Manuel was not Berta’s agent;

           2. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment for Manuel IV
              and Ernesto based on their defense of lack of standing because
              Rentfro has standing pursuant to section 37.004(a) of the
              Declaratory Judgment Act, by virtue of admissions in documents
              filed in the federal bankruptcy court, and because she is an heir and
              beneficiary under the wills and trusts of Manuel and Anita;

           3. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
              Manuel IV and Ernesto based on the doctrine of ratification
              because the division orders were not sufficient to establish
              ratification;

           4. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
              Ernesto on his request for declaratory relief as to the 1992 deed
              because there are fact issues as to whether the deed was properly
              delivered and as to whether it was executed before the 1992 Trust
              was executed;

           5. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
              Ernesto and Manuel IV on Rentfro’s claims for breach of fiduciary
              duty and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing because
              the evidence shows Ernesto was the attorney for the 1992 Trust

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                 and he failed to prove he acted fairly with regard to trust matters
                 and both failed to prove the conveyances at issue were fair; and

             6. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
                Manuel IV and Ernesto on all Rentfro’s claims based on the statute
                of limitations because Manuel IV and Ernesto moved for summary
                judgment based on limitations originally and the trial court denied
                it, and they failed to appeal the denial in Cavazos I, and Rentfro’s
                claims did not “ripen” until after her parents’ deaths.

        Because we find the limitations defense dispositive of all of Rentfro’s claims, we need

only address this issue. See Carr, 776 S.W.2d at 570 (holding that when trial court grants

summary judgment without specifying the grounds therefore, appellate court must affirm

summary judgment if any grounds are meritorious) Chrismon, 246 S.W.3d at 106 (same).

        The primary purpose of statutes of limitations is to compel the exercise of a right within a

reasonable time so that those against whom such rights are asserted have a fair opportunity to

defend themselves while witnesses are available. Garcia v. Garza, 311 S.W.3d 28, 38 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2010, pet. denied). As stated by the supreme court, “[i]t is in society’s best

interest to grant repose by requiring disputes be settled or barred within a reasonable time.”

Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 734 (Tex. 2001).

        Manuel IV and Ernesto moved for summary judgment on the ground that all of Rentfro’s

claims–declaratory, legal, and equitable–were barred by limitations. Accordingly, they had the

burden to conclusively establish limitations. Garcia, 311 S.W.3d at 39. To discharge their

burden, Manuel IV and Ernesto produced summary judgment evidence establishing the

challenged deeds were executed and recorded in 1976, 1985, and 1992. Moreover, in her own

affidavit, which Manuel IV and Ernesto attached as part of their summary judgment proof, 4

Rentfro seems to acknowledge the deeds were executed and recorded shortly after those events


4
 Rentfro’s affidavit was also attached to her response to the motions for summary judgment filed by Manuel IV and
Ernesto.

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occurred. Rentfro’s affidavit also seems to suggest that before or soon after the deeds were

signed, she was aware of all the alleged facts upon which she later based her 2003 intervention,

which asserted claims for fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, conspiracy, etc. And, it is

undisputed that the first time Rentfro ever alleged the deeds were invalid or sought any sort of

relief arising from the execution of the deeds was May 14, 2003, when she filed her petition in

intervention. This filing occurred more than twenty-seven years after the execution of the 1976

deed, eighteen years after the execution of the 1985 deed, and more than eleven years after the

execution of 1992 deed.

       Rentfro’s complaints about the deeds raised the issue of whether the deeds were voidable

for various reasons. We note that in this appeal Rentfro seems to ask this court to declare the

1976 deed void; however, we held in Cavazos I the inadequacies of the 1976 deed did not render

the deed void. 246 S.W.3d at 180. And, it does not appear that Rentfro ever suggested the 1985

or 1992 deeds were void. Moreover, Texas law is clear that a deed allegedly procured by fraud,

duress, or undue influence, but which is otherwise regular on its face, is voidable only and not

void. Nobles v. Marcus, 533 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tex. 1976); Dyer v. Dyer, 616 S.W.2d 663, 665

(Tex. Civ. App.—Corpus Christi 1981, writ dism’d).

       Based on our review of Rentfro’s live petition, all of her claims, including those relating

to the 1992 Trust, are predicated on an attempt to set aside the deeds, i.e., unless and until the

deeds are set aside, there is nothing in the 1992 Trust to disburse and accordingly no breach of

any duty relating to the trust. The limitations period for setting aside a voidable deed is four

years. See Ford v. Exxon Mobil Chem. Co., 235 S.W.3d 615, 618 (Tex. 2007) (holding action to

set aside voidable deed for fraud or at equity is governed by four-year statute of limitations);

Trustees of Casa View Assembly of God Church v. Williams, 414 S.W.2d 697, 700 (Tex. Civ.



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App.—Austin 1967, no writ) (holding suit was one to set aside deed, not to recover real estate,

and therefore limitations period was four years); see also TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 16.051 (West 2008) (stating that every action for which there is no express limitations period

must be brought not later than four years after day cause of action accrues). However, if Rentfro

is somehow contending some of her claims were not predicated on setting aside the deeds, those

claims would be governed by either two or four-year limitations periods. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. § 16.003(a) (stating person must bring suit for trespass for injury to estate or to

property of another, conversion of personal property, taking or detaining personal property,

personal injury, forcible entry and detainer, and forcible detainer not later than two years after

date cause of action accrues); § 16.004(a)(4)(5) (stating person must bring suit for fraud or

breach of fiduciary duty not later than four years after date cause of action accrues); see also

§ 16.051 (stating that every action for which there is no express limitations period must be

brought not later than four years after day cause of action accrues). In any event, whether the

two-year or four-year limitations period applies is irrelevant given the undisputed evidence

establishes all of Rentfro’s claims regarding the validity of the deeds were filed more than four

years after the latest possible accrual date.

        Under Texas law, a beneficiary who files suit to set aside a deed executed by an ancestor

must do so within four years of the date the deed is recorded if the beneficiary had actual or

imputed knowledge of the deed. E.g., Veltmann v. Damon, 696 S.W.2d 241, 243-44 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1985), rev’d and remanded in part on other grounds, 701 S.W.2d 247 (Tex.

1985) (holding action by beneficiary to set aside deed was barred by four-year statute of

limitations where deed was recorded in 1974 and heir did not bring suit until 1980); Chapal v.

Vela, 461 S.W.2d 466, 469-70 (Tex. Civ. App.—Corpus Christi 1970, no pet.) (holding action by



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beneficiaries of grantor against two of grantor’s sons to cancel and set aside deed forty years

after deed execution was barred by four-year statute of limitations;); McKee v. Douglas, 362

S.W.2d 870, 873-74 (Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1962, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (holding beneficiaries

and devisees stand in shoes of grantor of deed and four-year statute of limitations begins to run

on date of deed execution on any claim by grantor to set aside deed); Cushenberry v. Profit, 153

S.W.2d 291, 297 (Tex. Civ. App.—Eastland 1941, writ ref’d w.o.m.) (holding beneficiaries were

barred from setting aside deeds based on incapacity or undue influence by four-year statute of

limitations); Neill v. Pure Oil Co., 101 S.W.2d 402, 403-04 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1937, writ

ref’d) (holding beneficiary was barred from setting aside deeds based on grounds grantor was of

unsound mind by four-year statute of limitations where deeds were recorded in 1916 and 1926

and suit was not filed until 1934).

       In this case, the summary judgment evidence, as noted above, shows Rentfro, a

beneficiary, had actual notice of the deeds at the time they were executed and recorded. In her

affidavit, Rentfro refers to the 1976 deed to Manuel IV, describing it as a “subterfuge for our

father to hide his future estate.” She also refers to the 1992 deed, stating that by the time it was

executed, Manuel did not have the physical or mental capability to compose such a document.

Her affidavit averments further establish she was aware of potential bases for setting aside the

deeds long before her intervention was filed in 2003, thereby establishing her claims were barred

by limitations.   See Chapal, 461 S.W.2d at 469 (holding that if the facts as set forth in

beneficiary’s affidavit prepared for lawsuit were sufficient to convince him there was an exercise

of undue influence over grantor, same facts should have been equally convincing forty years

earlier when he learned of them). Moreover, even if there was no actual knowledge, knowledge

is imputed to Rentfro because the deeds were recorded, which carries the same legal



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consequence as “conscious knowledge.” See Veltmann, 696 S.W.2d 244; Chapal, 461 S.W.2d at

469; see also Mooney v. Harlin, 622 S.W.2d 83, 85 (Tex. 1981) (holding person is charged with

constructive notice of the actual knowledge that could have been acquired by examining public

records); Champlin Oil & Refining Co. v. Chastain, 403 S.W.2d 376, 388 (Tex. 1965) (holding

imputed knowledge carries same legal consequence as “conscious knowledge”); Farias v.

Laredo Nat’l Bank, 985 S.W.2d 465, 468-69 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, pet. denied)

(holding statute of limitations began to run at time of sale where trust remaindermen were adults

who knew or should have known that sale by trustee damaged trust).

       In short, the summary judgment evidence establishes Rentfro’s claims as to the deeds

accrued in 1976, 1985, and 1992, when the deeds were recorded. So, as a practical matter, all of

her claims accrued no later than 1992 when the 1992 deed was recorded.             The summary

judgment evidence establishes as a matter of law that Rentfro did not file suit until 2003, more

than ten years after the latest of her potential claims accrued. Therefore, we hold Manuel IV and

Ernesto established their affirmative defense of limitations as a matter of law.

       Once the movants established their right to summary judgment based on limitations, the

burden shifted to Rentfro to raise a fact issue negating limitations. In her response and on

appeal, Rentfro seems to make two arguments in opposition to limitations. The first argument is

a vague contention that her claims did not “ripen” until the death of Anita in 2002. Rentfro

provides no authority or any substantive argument for this contention in either her summary

judgment response or her brief. Second, and as to the substance of her arguments, she is

incorrect at the very least with regard to her claims regarding the deeds. As set forth above,

Texas law makes it very clear that actions by a beneficiary to set aside voidable deeds accrue at

the time the deed is recorded, or at the very latest, when the beneficiary gains actual or imputed



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knowledge of grounds upon which the deeds might be set aside. See e.g., Chapal, 461 S.W.2d at

469-70; McKee, 362 S.W.2d at 873-74. Thus, we hold Rentfro’s argument that her deed claims

“ripened” only upon her mother’s death is without merit.

       As stated above, we construe all of Rentfro’s claims as attempts to set aside the deeds,

including those relating to the 1992 Trust. A careful review of Rentfro’s petition in intervention

shows she is contending the deeds should be set aside and if they are, she was entitled to

disbursements pursuant to the 1992 Trust, which she contends were not made. At oral argument,

Rentfro admitted that without the property covered by the deeds, the 1992 Trust is essentially

without a corpus. Thus, for her trust claims to succeed, she must successfully set aside the

deeds, and therefore, those claims are also barred by limitations based on our discussion relative

to the deeds. However, even if the trust claims are independent of Rentfro’s claims to set aside

the deeds, summary judgment was proper on those claims, though not on limitations grounds.

       In their limitations argument, Manuel IV and Ernesto combined Rentfro’s claims

regarding the deeds with her claims relating to the 1992 Trust, i.e., Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s

alleged breach of fiduciary duty and the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Rentfro contends

these claims did not accrue until 2002, when Anita died and Manuel IV and Ernesto allegedly

failed to make disbursements from the 1992 Trust. In other words, Rentfro contends her claims

regarding her brothers’ alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties and duties of good faith and fair

dealing with regard to the 1992 Trust did not accrue until 2002, and therefore were not barred by

limitations. This contention might have merit if the trust claims are considered independent of

the deed claims. However, in addition to moving for summary judgment as to these claims based

on limitations, Manuel IV and Ernesto also asserted there was no evidence of breach of fiduciary




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duty or breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, which were the only claims asserted by

Rentfro regarding the 1992 Trust.

       As to the claim of breach of fiduciary duty, they each asserted there was (1) no evidence

of the existence of a fiduciary duty owed by Manuel IV or Ernesto to Manuel, Anita, Roberto, or

Rentfro in connection with the 1992 Trust, (2) no evidence of any breach of fiduciary duty by

Manuel IV or Ernesto with regard to the 1992 Trust, and (3) no evidence that any breach caused

injuries to Manuel, Anita, Roberto, or Rentfro.        With regard to Rentfro’s claim that they

breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing, Manuel IV and Ernesto asserted there was (1)

no evidence of the existence of any duty to Manuel, Anita, Roberto, or Rentfro, (2) no evidence

of any breach of any such duty by Manuel IV or Ernesto, and (3) no evidence that any breach by

Manuel IV or Ernesto resulted in injuries to Manuel, Anita, Roberto, or Rentfro. Because they

filed a no evidence motion for summary judgment as to these claims, the burden was on Rentfro

to produce more than a scintilla of summary judgment evidence on each of the challenged

elements. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i).

       In her response to this portion of the no evidence motions for summary judgment,

Rentfro did produce some evidence that a duty existed, given Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s

positions as trustees, their possible status as attorneys for the 1992 Trust, or their familial

relationship to Rentfro. See Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W.2d 920, 923 (Tex. 1996) (recognizing

trustee owes trust beneficiary fiduciary duty); Thigpen v. Locke, 363 S.W.2d 247, 253 (Tex.

1962) (recognizing that fiduciary relationship may arise from “moral, social, domestic or purely

personal relationships”); Beck v. Law Offices of Edwin J. (Ted) Terry Jr., P.C., 284 S.W.3d 416,

428-29 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) (recognizing attorney owes client fiduciary duty).

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Rentfro and indulging all reasonable



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inferences in her favor, there are summary judgment documents that at least suggest the

possibility that Manuel IV and Ernesto owed Rentfro a fiduciary duty with regard to the 1992

Trust. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827. However, whether there was or was not some

evidence of a fiduciary relationship between Rentfro and her brothers with regard to the 1992

Trust is not dispositive. As noted above, Manuel IV and Ernesto challenged other elements in

their no evidence motions beyond the absence of a fiduciary duty, and with regard to the other

challenged elements–absence of evidence of breach of any duty and absence of any injury–

Rentfro did not even respond to these challenged elements in her summary judgment response or

in her brief. Rather, she insists the burden was on Manuel IV and Ernesto to prove their dealings

with the 1992 Trust and its beneficiaries was “fair.” This is incorrect. Once Manuel IV and

Ernesto asserted under rule 166a(i) there was no evidence of breach and no evidence of injury on

these claims, the burden was on Rentfro to produce more than a scintilla of evidence to raise a

fact issue, which she failed to do. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). Accordingly, even if limitations

did not bar Rentfro’s claims regarding the 1992 Trust, summary judgment was still proper on

these claims based on Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s no evidence motions for summary judgment.

       Rentfro makes a second argument regarding the limitations defense. In her summary

judgment response and in her brief, Rentfro contends that summary judgment based on

limitations was improper because Manuel IV and Ernesto moved for summary judgment on this

basis pre-Cavazos I, the trial court denied their motions on the basis of limitations, and they

failed to appeal the denial. Accordingly, she contends, they were not entitled to “relitigate” the

matter on remand or in this appeal. This contention is without merit.

       First, although Manuel IV and Ernesto moved for summary judgment in their original

motions on the ground that Rentfro’s claims were barred by limitations, the trial court did not



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“deny” any motion for summary judgment by Manuel IV and Ernesto based on limitations. As

this court specifically recognized in Cavazos I:

               The trial court rendered summary judgment on specific grounds
               . . . [t]he trial court did not render summary judgment on any claim
               asserted by [Roberto or Rentfro] . . . or any defenses asserted by
               [Manuel IV or Ernesto] (e.g., lack of standing or limitations).
               Instead, in the summary judgment, the court severed “issues and
               causes of action . . . not disposed of with the granting of the Partial
               Summary Judgment.” Thus, all of Roberto’s and Anita Rentfro’s
               claims, except those for declaratory relief on the validity of the
               deeds, and any defenses to those claims remained pending in the
               severed action.

246 S.W.3d at 178. Moreover, even if the trial court had denied Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s

motions for summary judgment based on limitations, their failure to appeal this ruling would not

preclude them from asserting it on remand. It is certainly possible that a summary judgment

movant might not have sufficient evidence to establish an affirmative defense as a matter of law

when the motion for summary judgment is first filed, but this does not mean that prior to the

entry of any final judgment such evidence might not become available, allowing the movant to

amend, refile, or reurge the motion for summary judgment based on additional evidence.

Accordingly, Rentfro’s “relitigation” argument is without merit.

       Before concluding, we note that in her statement of the issues, though not by argument in

her brief, Rentfro contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on Manuel IV’s

and Ernesto’s claims for attorney’s fees against Rentfro. She seems to suggest these claims are

barred by limitations. There are, however, at least two problems with this issue. First, this claim

was specifically severed in the trial court’s summary judgment and severance order. Thus, the

trial court did not rule upon Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s claim for attorney’s fees against Rentfro.

Second, limitations is an affirmative defense that must be specifically pled. TEX. R. CIV. P. 94.

We can find no pleading in which Rentfro asserted limitations in response to Manuel IV’s and

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Ernesto’s claim for attorney’s fees. Finally, Rentfro asserted this issue in her statement of the

issues, but failed to provide an argument or authority in support of it. In fact, she makes no

mention of it in the argument portion of her brief, and has therefore failed to properly brief it.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).

       In sum, we hold the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Manuel

IV and Ernesto on grounds of limitations. Even if we consider the claims as to the 1992 Trust

separate and find they did not accrue until Anita’s death in 2002, summary judgment was proper

because Rentfro failed to raise a fact issue in response to Manuel IV’s and Ernesto’s no evidence

motions for summary judgment on the trust claims.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we overrule Rentfro’s issues and affirm the trial court’s

judgment.


                                                 Marialyn Barnard, Justice




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