           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                            No. 18-1929C
                                       Filed: February 5, 2020

                                                 )
 BRYAN D. DOWNEY,                                )
                                                 )
                         Plaintiff,              )
                                                 )       RCFC 12(b)(1); Subject-Matter
 v.                                              )       Jurisdiction; 5 U.S.C. § 5538; Differential
                                                 )       Pay.
 THE UNITED STATES,                              )
                                                 )
                         Defendant.              )
                                                 )

      Scott A. Felder, Counsel of Record, Wesley E. Weeks, Of Counsel, Wiley Rein LLP,
Washington, DC, for plaintiff.

        Joseph A. Pixley, Trial Attorney, Steven J. Gillingham, Assistant Director, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, United States Department
of Justice, Civil Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, Washington, DC; Michael Townsend,
Jr., Of Counsel, United States Army Legal Services Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA, for defendant.

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I.      INTRODUCTION

        Plaintiff, Bryan D. Downey, brings this action challenging the government’s denial of
certain reservist differential pay that plaintiff alleges he is entitled to pursuant to 5 U.S.C. §
5538. See generally Compl. The government has moved to dismiss this action for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of
Federal Claims (“RCFC”). See generally Def. Mot. For the reasons discussed below, the Court
DENIES the government’s motion to dismiss.
II.       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

          A.      Factual Background

          In this pay action, plaintiff seeks reservist differential pay that he alleges has been
wrongfully denied for the period of time that he was mobilized to active duty service in the
United States Army, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 5538. See generally Compl. As relief, plaintiff
seeks to recover monetary damages from the government in the amount of $11,592.55. Id. at
Prayer for Relief.

                  1.      Plaintiff’s Mobilization To Active Duty

          Plaintiff serves in the United States Army (“Army”) and he currently holds the rank of
Lieutenant Colonel (O-5). Id. at ¶ 9. Plaintiff is also a civilian employee of the National
Reconnaissance Office (“NRO”). Id. at ¶ 11.

          On or about June 24, 2016, plaintiff volunteered for active duty service in the Army and
he received mobilization orders on that same date, pursuant to title 10, United States Code,
section 12301(d).2 Def. Mot. at 2; Compl. Ex. A at 1. Plaintiff began his mobilization on July
25, 2016, and he remained in active duty status until September 30, 2018. Compl. Ex. A at 1, 3.

          During his active duty service, plaintiff initially received pay at the rate of a Lieutenant
Colonel O-5 with 24 years of service—approximately $6,269.01 per bi-monthly pay period.
Compl. at ¶ 10; Def. Mot. at 3. Plaintiff later received pay at the rate of a Lieutenant Colonel O-



1
  The facts in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from the complaint (“Compl.”) and the
exhibits attached thereto (“Compl. Ex.”); the government’s motion to dismiss (“Def. Mot.”) and the
exhibits attached thereto (“Def. Ex.”); and plaintiff’s response and opposition to the government’s motion
to dismiss (“Pl. Resp.”). Unless otherwise noted, the facts recited herein are undisputed.
2
    Section 12301(d) provides that:

          At any time, an authority designated by the Secretary concerned may order a
          member of a reserve component under his jurisdiction to active duty, or retain him
          on active duty, with the consent of that member. However, a member of the Army
          National Guard of the United States or the Air National Guard of the United States
          may not be ordered to active duty under this subsection without the consent of the
          governor or other appropriate authority of the State concerned.

10 U.S.C. § 12301(d).


                                                                                                         2
5 with 26 years of experience—approximately $6,471.29 per bi-monthly pay period. Id.

        During the period of time that plaintiff was mobilized to active duty, he would have
received civilian pay at the NRO at the GG-15, Step 7 rate of pay—approximately $6,404.25 per
bi-monthly pay period—until August 2016. Compl. at ¶ 11; Def. Mot. at 3. After August 2016,
plaintiff would have been compensated at the GG-15, Step 8 rate of pay—approximately
$6,841.66 per bi-monthly pay period. Id.

                2.      5 U.S.C. § 5538

        As background, pursuant to title 5, United States Code, section 5583, federal agencies
must provide a payment to make up the difference between a civilian government employee’s
civilian and military pay to eligible employees who are activated to military duty. 5 U.S.C. §
5538. Specifically, Section 5538 requires that federal agencies pay a differential to eligible
civilian government employees who are members of the Reserve or National Guard and are
called, or ordered, to active duty under certain provisions of law. 5 U.S.C. § 5538(a). And so,
Section 5538 requires that federal agencies pay a reservist differential equal to the amount by
which an employee’s projected civilian basic pay for a covered pay period exceeds the
employee’s actual military “pay and allowances” (the “reservist differential”). Id.

                3.      Plaintiff’s Reservist Differential Pay

        Plaintiff received reservist differential pay during his mobilization to active duty during
the period July 25, 2016 to April 2017. Compl. at ¶¶ 19, 23; Def. Mot. at 3. But, it is undisputed
that the Defense Finance and Accounting Service (“DFAS”) stopped making these payments
after April 2017, based upon guidance issued by the Office of Personnel Management (“OPM”)
that plaintiff is not eligible to receive a reservist differential.3 Compl. at ¶ 23; Def. Mot. at 3.

        As a result of the OPM’s guidance, DFAS began collecting the differential pay payments
previously made to plaintiff in October 2017. Compl. at ¶ 23. Plaintiff maintains that he has
“lost approximately $11,592.55 as a result of [the government’s] wrongful failure to pay him the
differential pay to which he is entitled.” Compl. ¶ at 24.


3
  In June 2015, the OPM issued guidance regarding Section 5538 which provided, in relevant part, that
that “qualifying active duty does not include voluntary active duty under 10 U.S.C. § 12301(d).” See
OPM Policy Guidance Regarding Reservist Differential Under 5 U.S.C. § 5538 at 18 (Reissued 2015).

                                                                                                        3
       B.      Procedural Background

       Plaintiff commenced this action on December 17, 2018. See generally id. On June 17,
2019, the government filed a motion to dismiss, pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1). See generally Def.
Mot.

       On July 29, 2019, plaintiff filed a response and opposition to the government’s motion to
dismiss. See generally Pl. Resp. On August 15, 2019, the government filed a reply in support of
its motion to dismiss. See generally Def. Reply. On September 9, 2019, plaintiff filed a sur-
reply. See generally Pl. Sur-Reply.

       The government’s motion to dismiss having been fully briefed, the Court resolves the
pending motion.

III.   LEGAL STANDARDS

       A.      RCFC 12(b)(1) And Jurisdiction

       When deciding a motion to dismiss upon the ground that the Court does not possess
subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), this Court must assume that all
undisputed facts alleged in the complaint are true and must draw all reasonable inferences in the
non-movant’s favor. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); RCFC 12(b)(1). But, plaintiff
bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction, and he must do so by a
preponderance of the evidence. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748
(Fed. Cir. 1988). Should the Court determine that “it lacks jurisdiction over the subject matter, it
must dismiss the claim.” Matthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (2006).

       In this regard, the United States Court of Federal Claims is a court of limited jurisdiction
and “possess[es] only that power authorized by Constitution and statute. . . .” Kokkonen v.
Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The Tucker Act grants the Court
jurisdiction over:

       [A]ny claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution,
       or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or
       upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for
       liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1).


                                                                                                      4
       The Tucker Act is, however, “a jurisdictional statute; it does not create any substantive
right enforceable against the United States for money damages. . . . [T]he Act merely confers
jurisdiction upon [the United States Court of Federal Claims] whenever the substantive right
exists.” United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976) (alterations original). And so, to
pursue a substantive right against the United States under the Tucker Act, a plaintiff must
identify and plead a money-mandating constitutional provision, statute, or regulation; an express
or implied contract with the United States; or an illegal exaction of money by the United States.
Cabral v. United States, 317 F. App’x 979, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Fisher v. United States,
402 F.3d 1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005)); see also Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1302
(Fed. Cir. 2003).

       “[A] statute or regulation is money-mandating for jurisdictional purposes if it ‘can fairly
be interpreted as mandating compensation for damages sustained as a result of the breach of the
duties [it] impose[s].’” Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1173 (quoting United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S.
206, 217 (1983)). A statute that provides for “solely discretionary payment of money does not
give rise to a right to recover money damages from the United States.” Roberts v. United States,
745 F.3d 1158, 1163 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (quoting Adair v. United States, 648 F.2d 1318, 1322 (Ct.
Cl. 1981) (internal quotations omitted)). And so, to determine whether a statue is money-
mandating, “[t]he Court starts, and usually ends, with the text of the laws or regulations that are
in question.” Contreras v. United States, 64 Fed. Cl. 583, 592 (2005).

       B.      5 U.S.C. § 5538

       Title 5, United States Code, section 5538 entitles certain civilian government employees
who mobilize to active duty military service to differential pay. 5 U.S.C. § 5538. Specifically,
Section 5538, provides, in relevant part, that:

       Nonreduction in pay while serving in the uniformed services or National Guard

       (a) An employee who is absent from a position of employment with the
       Federal Government in order to perform active duty in the uniformed
       services pursuant to a call or order to active duty under section 12304b of
       title 10 or a provision of law referred to in section 101(a)(13)(B) of title 10
       shall be entitled, while serving on active duty, to receive, for each pay
       period described in subsection (b), an amount equal to the amount by which
       --


                                                                                                      5
               (1) the amount of basic pay which would otherwise have been
               payable to such employee for such pay period if such employee's
               civilian employment with the Government had not been interrupted
               by that service, exceeds (if at all)

               (2) the amount of pay and allowances which (as determined under
               subsection (d))--

                       (A) is payable to such employee for that service; and

                       (B) is allocable to such pay period.

5 U.S.C. § 5538(a).

       The differential pay authorized by Section 5538 is payable for each pay period that the
employee is entitled to re-employment rights and the employee does not receive basic pay. 5
U.S.C. § 5538(b). To successfully bring a claim for reservist differential pay, a civilian
government employee must show that he or she: (1) was absent from his or her employment
with the federal government to perform active duty in the uniformed service; (2) was mobilized
pursuant to section 12304b of title 10, or a provision of law referred to in section 101(a)(13)(B)
of title 10; (3) was entitled to re-employment rights pursuant to chapter 43 of title 38; and (4) did
not otherwise receive basic pay to which he or she was entitled. 5 U.S.C. § 5538(a)-(b).

       C.      The USERRA And The CSRA

       The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994
(“USERRA”) prohibits discrimination in employment upon the basis of military service. See
generally 38 U.S.C. §§ 4301-4335; see also Sheehan v. Dep’t of Navy, 240 F.3d 1009, 1012
(Fed. Cir. 2001). In this regard, Section 4311 of USERRA provides that:

       A person who is a member of, applies to be a member of, performs, has
       performed, applies to perform, or has an obligation to perform service in a
       uniformed service shall not be denied initial employment, reemployment,
       retention in employment, promotion, or any benefit of employment by an
       employer on the basis of that membership, application for membership,
       performance of service, application for service, or obligation.

38 U.S.C. § 4311(a).

       If a member of the uniformed services who is a civilian government employee asserts a
discrimination claim against a federal agency under USERRA, the Merit Systems Protection
Board (“MSPB”) has exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate this claim. 38 U.S.C. § 4324(b);
                                                                                                     6
Dziekonski v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. 806, 810 (2015) (“Because the USERRA vests the
[MSPB] with exclusive jurisdiction over veterans' employment actions against federal executive
agencies, this [C]ourt cannot exercise its jurisdiction to hear plaintiff's claims.”).

          The Civil Service Reform Act (“CSRA”) provides a framework to evaluate adverse
personnel actions taken by a federal executive agency against civilian government employees. 5
U.S.C. §§ 7511-7515; see also United States v. Fausto, 484 U.S. 439, 443 (1988). Specifically,
Section 7512 governs certain types of adverse personnel actions involving federal civilian
government employees, including reduction in pay. 5 U.S.C. §§ 7512(4); Fausto, 484 U.S. at
446-47. An employee against whom such an adverse personnel action has been taken is entitled
to appeal that adverse action to the MSPB. 5 U.S.C. §§ 7513(d), 7703; see also Fausto, 484 U.S.
at 447.

IV.       LEGAL ANALYSIS

          The government has moved to dismiss this matter for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction
upon the ground that plaintiff may only bring his claim for reservist differential pay before the
Merit Systems Protection Board, pursuant to either the Uniform Services Employment and
Reemployment Rights Act or the Civil Service Reform Act. Def. Mot. at 6-10; Def. Reply at 2-
8. Plaintiff counters that this Court may consider his claim, because 5 U.S.C. § 5538 is a money-
mandating source of law that he may rely upon to establish jurisdiction under the Tucker Act.
Pl. Resp. at 5-8.

          For the reasons set forth below, the Court agrees. And so, the Court DENIES the
government’s motion to dismiss.

          A.     The Court May Consider Plaintiff’s Claim

          As an initial matter, a careful reading of Section 5538 and the complaint makes clear that
plaintiff has met his burden to establish jurisdiction under the Tucker Act.

          It is well-established that to pursue a claim against the United States under the Tucker
Act, plaintiff must identify and plead a money-mandating constitutional provision, statute, or
regulation; an express or implied contract with the United States; or an illegal exaction of money
by the United States. Cabral v. United States, 317 F. App’x 979, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing
Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005)); see also Martinez v. United


                                                                                                     7
States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2003); 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). And so, the Court must
first consider whether plaintiff has identified a money-mandating statute, or other source of law,
to establish Tucker Act jurisdiction in this case.

          The Federal Circuit has held that “a statute or regulation is money-mandating for
jurisdictional purposes if it ‘can fairly be interpreted as mandating compensation for damages
sustained as a result of the breach of the duties [it] impose[s].’” Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1173
(quoting United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 217 (1983)). And so, to determine whether the
statute upon which plaintiff relies in this case is money-mandating, the Court starts, and usually
ends, with the text of the statute in question. Contreras v. United States, 64 Fed. Cl. 583, 592
(2005).

          Plaintiff identifies 5 U.S.C. § 5538 to establish Tucker Act jurisdiction. Compl. at ¶¶ 3-5.
As both parties appear to agree, the plain text of Section 5538 makes clear that this statute is
money-mandating. Pl. Resp. at 5-6; Def. Reply at 2.

          In this regard, Section 5538 provides, in relevant part that:

          Nonreduction in pay while serving in the uniformed services or National Guard

          (a) An employee who is absent from a position of employment with the
          Federal Government in order to perform active duty in the uniformed
          services pursuant to a call or order to active duty under section 12304b of
          title 10 or a provision of law referred to in section 101(a)(13)(B) of title 10
          shall be entitled, while serving on active duty, to receive, for each pay
          period described in subsection (b), an amount equal to the amount by which
          --

                 (1) the amount of basic pay which would otherwise have been
                 payable to such employee for such pay period if such employee's
                 civilian employment with the Government had not been interrupted
                 by that service, exceeds (if at all)

                 (2) the amount of pay and allowances which (as determined under
                 subsection (d))--

                         (A) is payable to such employee for that service; and

                         (B) is allocable to such pay period.




                                                                                                     8
5 U.S.C. § 5538(a) (emphasis supplied). Because Section 5538 requires that an eligible civilian
government employee “shall be entitled” to a reservist differential, this statute makes clear that
the government’s obligation to pay a reservist differential is mandatory.

       The text of Section 5538 also makes clear that the government has no discretion
regarding the manner and method of making such payment, by providing that the “[a]mounts
under this section shall be payable with respect to each pay period.” 5 U.S.C. § 5538(b)
(emphasis supplied). The statute similarly mandates that the reservist differential “shall be paid”
by the employee’s employing agency. 5 U.S.C. § 5538(c) (emphasis supplied).

       The plain text of Section 5538 shows that Congress intended for the government’s
obligation to pay a reservist differential to be mandatory. And so, the Court reads this statute to
be money-mandating. Agwiak v. United States, 347 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (holding
that the use of the word “shall” in a statute generally indicates that the statute is money-
mandating); see also McBryde v. United States, 299 F.3d 1357, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2002);
Contreras, 64 Fed. Cl. at 592-93.

       A review of the complaint also shows that plaintiff alleges a plausible claim for reservist
differential pay under Section 5538 in this case. Mesa Grande Band of Mission Indians v.
United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 183, 190 (2015) (citations omitted) (holding that “[i]n determining
whether the plaintiff has pled adequate facts to allow the court to infer that his or her entitlement
to relief is plausible—not merely possible—the court must draw on its judicial experience and
common sense, and must accept as true the complaint’s undisputed factual allegations and should
construe them in a light most favorable to the plaintiff.”). To bring a successful claim for
reservist differential pay, plaintiff must show four things, namely, that he: (1) was absent from
his or her employment with the federal government to perform active duty in the uniformed
service; (2) was mobilized pursuant to section 12304b of title 10, or a provision of law referred
to in section 101(a)(13)(B) of title 10; (3) was entitled to re-employment rights pursuant to
chapter 43 of title 38; and (4) did not otherwise receive basic pay to which he or she was entitled.
5 U.S.C. § 5538(a)-(b). Plaintiff plausibly alleges facts in the complaint to satisfy each of these
requirements.

       First, to show that he was absent from his civilian government employment to perform
active duty military service, plaintiff alleges that he “was absent from his federal civilian

                                                                                                      9
employment with the NRO in order to perform active duty military service in support of
contingency operations.” Compl. at ¶ 26. Plaintiff also alleges in the complaint that his
mobilization orders were issued “pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 12301(d) during a time of national
emergency declared by the President,” to show that he has been mobilized pursuant to a proper
provision of law. Id.; see also id. at ¶ 16.

        Plaintiff also alleges in the complaint that he was “entitled to re-employment rights with
respect to his position within the NRO under chapter 43 of title 38, United States Code,” to
satisfy the requirement that he show an entitlement to re-employment rights. Id. at ¶ 27. Lastly,
plaintiff alleges that he “did not receive the pay to which he was otherwise entitled by virtue of
his employment with the NRO during his mobilization,” to show that he did not otherwise
receive basic pay. Id. at ¶ 28.

        Because plaintiff identifies a money-mandating source of law to support his claim for
reservist differential pay—and he alleges a plausible claim under Section 5538 in the
complaint—the Court possesses subject-matter jurisdiction to consider his claim.

        B.        The Government’s Arguments That Plaintiff’s Claim
                  Must Be Brought Before The MSPB Are Not Persuasive

        The government’s arguments that plaintiff may only bring a claim for reservist
differential pay before the MSPB, pursuant to either the USERRA or the CSRA, are also
unpersuasive. The complaint makes clear that plaintiff is not alleging a claim under either of
these statutes.

        First, the Court simply does not read the Uniformed Services Employment and
Reemployment Rights Act to be applicable to plaintiff’s claim in this case. The USERRA
prohibits discrimination in employment upon the basis of military service. See generally 38
U.S.C. §§ 4301-4335; see also Sheehan v. Dep’t of Navy, 240 F.3d 1009, 1012 (Fed. Cir. 2001).
But, this case does not involve a claim of discrimination based upon plaintiff’s military service.
See generally Compl.; see also 38 U.S.C. § 4311; Sheehan, 240 F.3d at 1012. Rather, plaintiff
alleges that he is entitled to receive certain pay, based upon the difference between the military
pay that he received while mobilized to active duty and the pay that he would have received
during the same time period had he been working as a civilian government employee with the
NRO. Compl. at ¶ 1 (stating that “[t]his is an action for denial of pay due the Plaintiff under 5

                                                                                                     10
U.S.C. § 5538 . . . .”). And so, the government’s reliance upon the USERRA to dismiss this
action is misplaced.

       The Court is also not persuaded by the government’s contention that plaintiff must have
brought his claim for reservist differential pay pursuant to the CSRA. In its motion to dismiss,
the government argues that plaintiff’s claim involves a reduction in pay, and that such a claim
must be brought before the MSPB pursuant to the CSRA. Def. Mot. at 9-10; Def. Reply at 2-7.

       As the government correctly observes in its dispositive motion, the CSRA covers claims
based upon major adverse personnel actions against civilian government employees, including a
reduction in pay. Def. Mot. at 9-10; see also 5 U.S.C. § 7512(4); United States v. Fausto, 484
U.S. 439, 446-47 (1988). But, plaintiff does not allege in the complaint that the NRO reduced
his civilian government pay. See generally Compl. In fact, plaintiff alleges that the amount of
his civilian government pay increased while he was mobilized to active duty. Id. at ¶ 11
(alleging that “[u]ntil August 2016, LTC(P) Downey was paid as a GG-15, Step 7. Since August
2016, LTC(P) Downey has been paid as a GG-15, Step 8.”).

       As discussed above, plaintiff contends in this action that he is entitled to receive pay
based upon the difference between the amount of military pay that he received while mobilized
to active duty and the amount of pay that he would have received during the same time period
had he been working at the NRO. Id. at ¶ 1. Given this, the government simply has not shown
that plaintiff must pursue this claim before the MSPB.

V.     CONCLUSION

       In sum, a careful reading of Section 5538 and the complaint makes clear that the Court
possesses subject-matter jurisdiction to consider plaintiff’s claim for reservist differential pay.
And so, for the foregoing reasons, the Court:

       1. DENIES the government’s motion to dismiss; and




                                                                                                      11
2. DIRECTS the government to ANSWER the complaint on or before February 19,
   2020.

IT IS SO ORDERED.



                                    s/ Lydia Kay Griggsby
                                    LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY
                                    Judge




                                                                              12
