                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 17-1820
                         ___________________________

Davis Neurology PA, on behalf of itself and all other entities and persons similarly
                                    situated,

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant,

                                            v.

                 DoctorDirectory.com LLC; Everyday Health Inc.,

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,


 John Does, 1-10, intending to refer to those persons, corporations or other legal
Entities that acted as agents, consultants, Independent contractors or representatives,

                             lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants.
                                     ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: January 11, 2018
                               Filed: July 23, 2018
                                  ____________

Before COLLOTON, BENTON, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________
COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

       The district court entered judgment on the pleadings for the defendants in this
case, and the plaintiff appeals. There is a preliminary issue, however, concerning
whether the lawsuit was properly removed from Arkansas state court to federal court.
We conclude that the removal was untimely, and that the district court thus lacked
jurisdiction to rule on the merits, so we vacate the judgment on the pleadings and
remand with directions to return the case to state court.

       Ordinarily, a defendant must file a notice of removal in a civil action within
thirty days of the date on which the defendant received a copy of the complaint. 28
U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1). But “if the case stated by the initial pleading is not removable,
a notice of removal may be filed within 30 days after receipt by the defendant,
through service or otherwise, of a copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or
other paper from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has
become removable.” Id. § 1446(b)(3) (emphasis added). The parties in this case
dispute when it was first ascertainable that the action was removable.

       In January 2016, Davis Neurology, PA, brought a putative class action in
Arkansas state court, alleging that defendants DoctorDirectory.com, LLC and
Everyday Health, Inc. (collectively, “Doctor Directory”), violated the Telephone
Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227 (TCPA). The alleged violation occurred
when the defendants sent Davis Neurology an unsolicited facsimile that contained an
invitation to participate in a research study. Doctor Directory promptly removed the
case to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas.

      At that time, the law of this circuit took a broad view of Article III standing.
One decision held that the injury-in-fact requirement could be met “solely by the
invasion of a legal right that Congress created.” Hammer v. Sam’s E., Inc., 754 F.3d
492, 498 (8th Cir. 2014). Therefore, a bare allegation that Doctor Directory violated

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the procedures of the TCPA likely would have been sufficient to establish a case or
controversy in a district court of this circuit.

       Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016), however, clarified that Article
III “requires a concrete injury even in the context of a statutory violation,” and that
a plaintiff cannot “allege a bare procedural violation, divorced from any concrete
harm.” Id. at 1549; see also Braitberg v. Charter Commc’ns, Inc., 836 F.3d 925, 930
(8th Cir. 2016). After Spokeo, Doctor Directory moved in the district court for
judgment on the pleadings. The motion argued that Davis Neurology lacked Article
III standing because it had pleaded only a technical violation of the TCPA and not a
concrete injury in fact.

       Rather than rule on the motion, the district court remanded the case to state
court sua sponte on June 29, 2016. The court thought Doctor Directory had taken a
“contrarian position” by removing the case to federal court and then arguing that the
federal court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Citing doubt as to whether Davis
Neurology had Article III standing, the district court concluded that remand was the
proper course.

       Back in state court, Doctor Directory moved for a more definite statement
about whether Davis Neurology was seeking damages for a concrete and
particularized injury. Davis Neurology opposed the motion, but included the
following footnote: “Like other TCPA ‘junk fax’ cases, plaintiff’s Complaint makes
clear that it seeks recovery of actual injury-in-fact in addition to its statutory remedy.”
This pleading was filed on September 2, 2016.

       On September 26, 2016, Doctor Directory filed a second notice of removal,
claiming that the footnote in Davis Neurology’s state-court filing was the first
definitive notice that Davis Neurology was alleging an injury in fact that was separate
and distinct from the alleged statutory violation. Doctor Directory argued that its

                                           -3-
ability to remove the action was first ascertainable from the pleading filed on
September 2, and that the notice of removal filed twenty-four days later was timely
under § 1446(b)(3). Davis Neurology responded that the removal was untimely
because the September 2 footnote added nothing to allegations of injury in the
complaint or in earlier briefing, and urged the district court to remand the case to state
court again.

        The district court denied the motion for remand, concluding that “the Article
III standing question was cured” when Davis Neurology filed its state-court pleading
on September 2, 2016. The court eventually granted judgment on the pleadings for
Doctor Directory on the ground that the challenged facsimile was not an “unsolicited
advertisement” governed by the TCPA.

       Davis Neurology appeals the judgment. Before addressing the merits, Davis
Neurology continues to maintain that the second notice of removal was untimely, and
that the district court thus lacked jurisdiction over the action. We review that issue
de novo. Knudson v. Sys. Painters, Inc., 634 F.3d 968, 973 (8th Cir. 2011).

       The removal statute provides that an action brought in state court may be
removed if “the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction.” 28
U.S.C. § 1441(a). The time limit on removal in § 1446(b)(3) depends on the date
when it may “first be ascertained” that a case is “removable.” The parties do not
address whether Article III standing is an element that makes a case “removable,” or
whether the statute refers only to ascertainment of the bases for “original jurisdiction”
in the district courts, such as a federal question under § 1331 or diversity of
citizenship under § 1332. But assuming for the sake of analysis that § 1446(b)(3)
allows removal within thirty days of the date on which a party’s Article III standing
is first ascertainable, we conclude that Davis Neurology’s September 2 footnote
cannot serve as the basis for removal under § 1446(b)(3).



                                           -4-
       Davis Neurology made a nearly identical statement of injury in fact more than
three months earlier. On May 23, 2016, Davis Neurology and Doctor Directory filed
a revised joint report pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f). In that
report, Davis Neurology stated that “consistent with other TCPA ‘junk fax’ cases,
plaintiff here seeks recovery of actual injury-in-fact in addition to its statutory
remedy.” Then, on June 23, in its response to the motion for judgment on the
pleadings, Davis Neurology referred to “lost time and spent resources” caused by the
allegedly offending facsimile. That pleading argued that “operational costs for the
machine, paper, and the risk of losing legitimate business while the machine is tied
up with unsolicited advertisements” constituted injuries in fact.

       These two filings in May and June provided Doctor Directory with information
about Davis Neurology’s alleged injury that was at least equivalent to the statement
set forth in the September 2 footnote. So even if Doctor Directory was entitled to
additional time for removal based on uncertainty about Davis Neurology’s standing
to sue, the clock started to run no later than June 23. The second notice of removal
filed September 26 was well outside the thirty-day time limit established by
§ 1446(b)(3). Accordingly, the district court erred when it denied Davis Neurology’s
motion for remand.

       Because second notice of removal was untimely, the district court should have
remanded the case to state court without reaching the merits of the action. We
therefore vacate the judgment, and remand to the district court with instructions to
return the case to state court.
                         ______________________________




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