               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 06a0519n.06
                            Filed: July 25, 2006

                                     Case No. 05-3523

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                   )
                                           )
               Plaintiff-Appellee          )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                           )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                         )       COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
                                           )       DISTRICT OF OHIO
JAMAL PUSEY,                               )
                                           )
               Defendant-Appellant.        )


BEFORE:        KENNEDY and COLE, Circuit Judges; and VARLAN, District Judge*

       VARLAN, District Judge. Defendant-appellant Jamal Pusey was convicted of

possession with the intent to distribute cocaine base, use or carrying a firearm during a drug

trafficking offense, and being a felon in possession of a firearm. On appeal, Pusey argues

that the district court erred in failing to suppress evidence seized from Pusey’s person and

residence pursuant to a search warrant on October 4, 2002, because the affidavit supporting

the search warrant was insufficient. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the judgment

of the district court.




       *
       The Honorable Thomas A. Varlan, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.
                                              I.

       In September 2002, officers of the Youngstown Police Department Vice Squad

received information from an informant that Jamal Pusey was selling cocaine base (or

“crack”) from a house located at “720 Sherwood” in Youngstown, Ohio. Previously, this

informant had provided information that police could verify by independent investigation,

and which led to several narcotics arrests.

       In response to the informant’s allegations, officers began a drug investigation that

focused on the residence at 720 Sherwood. As part of the investigation, officers began

“random surveillance” of that residence, during which they observed “several subjects go to

720 Sherwood, stay a short period of time, and leave, such activity being common in illegal

drug sales.”

       Around the same time, officers began receiving complaints from citizens in the area

about illegal drug activity in and around the residence at 720 Sherwood.

       During the week of September 23, 2002, in an effort to corroborate the informant’s

information about Pusey and the residence at 720 Sherwood, officers conducted a “controlled

buy” of cocaine base. Officers met with the informant, searched him to make sure he did not

have any hidden money or contraband, gave him money, and sent him into the residence.

While the informant was conducting the drug transaction, officers continued to watch the

residence, but did not conduct audio or video surveillance of the drug transaction. In no

more than five minutes, the informant returned to the officers with cocaine base. Officers



                                              2
searched him again and found that he no longer had the money and did not have any other

contraband. The informant told officers he had purchased the cocaine base from Pusey.

       During the week of September 30, 2002, officers repeated the controlled buy.

Officers met with the informant, searched him, gave him money, and observed him enter the

residence at 720 Sherwood. Shortly thereafter, the informant returned to the officers with

cocaine base and stated that it had been purchased from Pusey. Just as with the first

controlled buy, officers searched the informant after he gave them the cocaine base, and they

found he had no other money or contraband.

       During the searches before the controlled buys, officers checked the informant’s

pockets and mouth for money or contraband. This procedure was repeated upon the

informant’s return from the transactions. Based on these searches, officers found that the

informant did not possess any money or contraband before the transactions and that the

informant possessed no contraband or money after delivering the cocaine base to officers.

At no time did the officers search the informant’s body cavities.

       On October 4, 2002, within 72 hours of completion of the second controlled buy,

Youngstown Police Department Detective Sergeant Gerard Slattery1 applied for a search

warrant giving officers the authority to search the residence at 720 Sherwood and the person

of Jamal Pusey. Detective Slattery also completed an affidavit in which he set forth the facts

supporting probable cause to issue the search warrant.


       1
         The suppression hearing transcript erroneously identifies Gerard Slattery as “Jerard
Slattery.”

                                              3
       In the affidavit, Detective Slattery disclosed that a reliable informant told officers that

Jamal Pusey was selling cocaine base from the residence at 720 Sherwood. Based on that

information, Detective Slattery explained that officers conducted surveillance, during which

they observed people frequently coming and going from the residence in a manner that was

consistent with illegal drug activity. Detective Slattery also noted that citizens in the

neighborhood were complaining about drug activity originating at 720 Sherwood. He went

on to describe the two controlled buys. Finally, Detective Slattery explained that the

informant was reliable because he provided information in the past that had been

independently verified and had resulted in arrests and seizures of narcotics.

       Detective Slattery did not disclose the name or criminal history of the informant. He

also did not disclose that officers had no video or audio surveillance of the controlled buys.

Furthermore, Detective Slattery did not disclose that officers had not actually seen Pusey at

the residence during the weeks of the controlled buys.

       Detective Slattery presented the warrant application and affidavit to Youngstown

Municipal Court Judge Elizabeth Kobly2, who signed it on October 4, 2002.

       After issuance of the search warrant, officers went to 720 Sherwood, where they

observed Pusey standing in the doorway of the residence. The officers identified themselves

and stated that they had a search warrant. Pusey closed the front door and “attempted to

barricade” himself inside. Officers rammed the door, forcing it open, and observed Pusey



       2
           The suppression hearing transcript erroneously identifies Judge Kobly as Judge “Colby”.

                                                 4
holding a bag of cocaine base while standing next to a firearm that was on a chair. Officers

ordered Pusey to the ground, but he dropped the bag and attempted to run. A struggle

ensued, after which Pusey was placed under arrest.

       During the searches of the residence and Pusey, officers recovered money from

Pusey’s sock; the plastic bag containing cocaine base that Pusey had been holding; a pistol,

ammunition and magazine from a living room chair; and other plastic bags containing

cocaine base from a living room card table. As a result, the government charged Pusey in

a superseding indictment with possession with the intent to distribute cocaine base,

possession of a firearm during a drug trafficking offense, and possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon.3

       On January 28, 2005, Pusey moved for suppression of this evidence arguing that it

was illegally obtained because the affidavit supporting the search warrant was insufficient.

The government responded in opposition to the motion, and the district court conducted a

suppression hearing. During the hearing, Detective Slattery testified, and the government

and Pusey presented argument. At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court stated:

               I am going to deny the motion to suppress. I think there is more than
       probable cause. Even though that’s not the standard, I think there is more
       than probable cause for the issuing magistrate to issue the search warrant, and
       there is no evidence to suggest that the executing officers believed there was
       a defect in the search warrant.



       3
          The government also alleged a fourth count, which was possession with the intent to
distribute cocaine base, but that count is based on a subsequent October 29, 2002 incident and is not
a subject of this appeal.

                                                 5
                Most important in this is just the simple facts here that we have at least
       two controlled purchases where an individual goes into the premises and
       comes out from the premises with drugs that person did not have earlier, and
       the issuing magistrate – well your argument made – it may be possible, but
       it is to a degree so far[-]fetched that the issuing magistrate could well decide
       that it didn’t make sense.
                So it suggests to me that there was probable cause, and there was more
       than a substantial basis for issuance of the warrant. We had two transactions
       that occurred in this location. The person was searched before they went in.
       They were searched when they came out, and the money had been left in the
       house.
                The person had cocaine when they came out, so I think there was more
       than enough evidence for the magistrate, the municipal judge[,] to issue the
       search warrant. And to my understanding, the search warrant was issued both
       as to your client’s person but also as to the premises. So I will deny the
       motion to suppress as to that.

Following the hearing, the district court issued a written order restating its denial of Pusey’s

motion to suppress, finding that “there was more than probable cause for issuance of the

search warrant and that there was no evidence that the officers believed the warrant was

defective.”

       On February 15, 2005, after the evidence seized from Pusey and the residence at 720

Sherwood was introduced at trial, a jury convicted Pusey of possession with the intent to

distribute cocaine base, possession of a firearm during a drug trafficking offense, and

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Pusey was sentenced on April 13, 2005, final

judgment was entered on April 19, 2005, and this timely appeal followed.

                                               II.

       We review the denial of a motion to suppress for clear error with respect to the district

court’s findings of fact and de novo with respect to conclusions of law. See United States v.


                                                6
Lattner, 385 F.3d 947, 952 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing United States v. Miggins, 302 F.3d 384,

397 (6th Cir. 2002); United States v. Bradshaw, 102 F.3d 204, 209 (6th Cir. 1996)).

       An affidavit in support of a search warrant application is sufficient if it establishes

probable cause to believe that evidence of narcotics trafficking would be present at the place

to be searched at the time of the search. United States v. Davidson, 936 F.2d 856, 859 (6th

Cir. 1991). Probable cause means “reasonable grounds for belief, supported by less than

prima facie proof but more than mere suspicion,” United States v. Bennett, 905 F.2d 931, 934

(6th Cir. 1990), and it exists where “there is a ‘fair probability,’ given the totality of the

circumstances, that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.”

Davidson, 936 F.2d at 859 (quotation omitted). See also Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238

(1983); Lattner, 385 F.3d at 951 (citations omitted). A “magistrate’s determination of

probable cause is afforded great deference,” and it should be reversed only if it is “arbitrarily

made.” Lattner, 385 F.3d at 952 (quoting United States v. Greene, 250 F.3d 471, 478 (6th

Cir. 2001)) (citing United States v. Finch, 998 F.2d 349, 352 (6th Cir. 1993)).

       “An informant’s tip is considered to have greater reliability, and therefore to be more

supportive of a finding of probable cause, if the affidavit avers that the name of the

confidential informant has been disclosed to the issuing judge.” United States v. May, 399

F.3d 817, 823 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing United States v. Helton, 314 F.3d 812, 820 (6th Cir.

2003)). On the other hand, the failure to identify a confidential informant to the magistrate

does not invalidate probable cause because it is “but one ‘relevant consideration[] in the

totality-of-the-circumstances analysis that traditionally has guided probable-cause

                                               7
determinations . . . .’” Id. at 824 (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 233) (stating “a deficiency in

one [element] may be compensated for, in determining the overall reliability of a tip, by a

strong showing as to the other, or by some other indicia of reliability”). Thus, where the

magistrate had an affidavit that included an unidentified informant’s tip, probable cause may

be found “if the government established that the issuing judge had before him ‘additional

evidence [that] buttressed the informant’s information.’” Id. at 824 (quoting United States

v. Williams, 224 F.3d 530, 532-33 (6th Cir. 2000)). That additional evidence “need not be

obtained from a source unrelated to the confidential informant–e.g., an independent police

investigation or a second confidential informant–but may be any set of facts that support the

accuracy of the information supplied by the informant.” Id. at 824 (citing Jones v. United

States, 362 U.S. 257, 271-72 (1960)). In short, an affidavit is sufficient to support a finding

of probable cause as long as the magistrate is “informed of some of the underlying

circumstances . . . from which the officer concluded that the informant, whose identity need

not be disclosed, was credible, or his information reliable.” Id. at 824 (quoting Aguilar v.

Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 114 (1964)).

       In the case now before us, the totality of the circumstances support the issuing judge’s

finding that the search warrant was supported by probable cause as to both the residence and

the defendant. The evidence before the issuing judge with respect to the residence was as

follows: (i) the informant’s tip; (ii) the officers’ observations of people frequently coming

and going to and from the residence in a manner commonly associated with drug activity;

(iii) citizen complaints; and (iv) the informant’s two controlled buys at the residence. The

                                              8
evidence before the issuing judge with respect to the defendant was as follows: (i) the

informant’s tip; and (ii) the informant’s two controlled buys from the defendant at the

residence. With respect to the informant, the issuing judge was told that the informant had

provided reliable information to officers in the past, which had been verified by officers and

had led to narcotics arrests.

       The defendant argues that the information provided to the issuing judge regarding the

informant was insufficient because the informant’s name and criminal history were not

disclosed. As we made clear in May, the issuing judge need not have the informant’s name

as long as the judge had other information that tended to indicate the informant’s information

was reliable. See 399 F.3d at 824 (citing Jones, 362 U.S. at 271-72). The issuing judge was

told that the informant had provided reliable, verifiable information, as well as information

that resulted in narcotics arrests, in the past. Furthermore, the issuing judge was told of the

officers’ independent investigation, which tended to credit the informant’s information. That

information, along with the information regarding the controlled buys, police surveillance,

and neighbors’ complaints, tended to indicate that the informant’s information was reliable,

even though the issuing judge was not informed of the informant’s name and criminal

history.

       The defendant also argues that the facts related to the controlled buys were

insufficient because, although the informant’s pockets and mouth were searched for money

and drugs before and after the controlled buys, officers failed to search the informant’s body

cavities or record the buys. The defendant cites no authority for the proposition that those

                                              9
steps must be taken for a controlled buy to form a basis for a finding of probable cause, nor

does the defendant explain any specific need for such steps under the circumstances of this

case. Although taking such additional steps and disclosing them to the issuing judge

certainly would have buttressed the other information contained in the affidavit, the failure

to do so was not fatal. “The affidavit is judged on the adequacy of what it does contain, not

on what it lacks or on what a critic might say should have been added.” United States v.

Allen, 211 F.3d 970, 975 (6th Cir. 2000) (en banc). It was sufficient for the officer to

describe the sequence of events and explain that the informant had been searched both before

and after the controlled buys without finding any unauthorized money or contraband.

       Because we conclude that the affidavit was sufficient to support probable cause, we

need not determine whether the Leon good faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies.

See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 922 (1984).

                                            III.

       For the reasons discussed above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




                                             10
