 1      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number: __________

 3 Filing Date: February 15, 2016

 4 NO. 34,185

 5 ERIC TRUJILLO,

 6       Worker-Appellant,

 7 v.

 8 LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY,

 9       Employer/Self-Insured-Appellee.


10 APPEAL FROM THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION ADMINISTRATION
11 Leonard J. Padilla, Workers’ Compensation Judge

12 Annie-Laurie Coogan LLC
13 Annie-Laurie Coogan
14 Santa Fe, NM

15 for Appellant

16 Camp Law, LLC
17 Minerva Camp
18 Albuquerque, NM

19 for Appellee
 1                                        OPINION

 2 WECHSLER, Judge.

 3   {1}   Worker Eric Trujillo seeks review of a Workers’ Compensation Administration

 4 ruling that denied reinstatement of temporary total disability (TTD) and medical

 5 benefits. The Workers’ Compensation Judge (WCJ) dismissed Worker’s claims after

 6 ruling that Worker failed to prove causation to a reasonable degree of medical

 7 probability. Because substantial evidence does not support the WCJ’s ruling, we

 8 reverse.

 9 BACKGROUND

10   {2}   Worker was employed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)

11 (Employer)1 as a laborer and labor foreman beginning in July 1994. Worker’s duties

12 included trenching, snow removal, tree cutting, moving furniture, construction, and

13 demolition work. Over the years, Worker suffered various work and non-work related

14 injuries. Several of these injuries affected Worker’s back and neck. Worker did not

15 miss significant time at work due to any of these injuries, although he did file a

16 workers’ compensation claim for an ergonomic injury in 2006 that was denied.


17         1
            Prior to a transition to in-house management of labor services at LANL in
18   2008, Worker was employed by Johnson Controls and KSL. Previous on-the-job
19   injuries/accidents referred to in this opinion may have occurred during employment
20   with these entities. Because there is no legal significance as to which entity employed
21   Worker prior to 2008, we refer simply to Employer or LANL throughout.
 1   {3}   On November 30, 2012, Worker was participating in the installation of

 2 electrical equipment when he fell approximately six feet to the ground from a

 3 scaffolding. Worker testified that he was carrying a chipping hammer down from the

 4 scaffolding platform, stepped on an oily or slick spot on the scaffolding, and landed

 5 flat on his back. Worker also testified that the chipping hammer weighed

 6 approximately twenty-five pounds and that his hard hat cracked when he hit the

 7 ground. Worker’s testimony as to the circumstances of the accident are not in dispute.

 8   {4}   Several hours later, Worker arrived at Occupational Medicine (Occ Med),

 9 which is Employer’s in-house medical facility. Occ Med is the initial medical

10 provider for on-the-job injuries and also provides interim care for on-the-job injuries

11 and clearance for employees to return to work from injuries or extended absences.

12 Worker was diagnosed with (1) multiple contusions to the back, neck, and upper-

13 extremities; (2) tenderness in the mid-back and C-spine; and (3) tingling in both

14 elbows. Worker’s examination was described as “unremarkable,” and he was given

15 anti-inflammatory medication and allowed to return to work without restrictions.

16   {5}   Worker finished his shift without further incident. After returning home,

17 Worker became very stiff and was making nonsensical statements, at which point his

18 wife drove him to Los Alamos Medical Center. Worker was diagnosed with similar

19 conditions noted at Occ Med, as well as a head injury.


                                              2
 1   {6}   Worker returned to Occ Med for follow-up care on December 3, 2012, and he

 2 was seen by Dr. Sara Pasqualoni. Dr. Pasqualoni diagnosed Worker with (1) a

 3 concussion; (2) cervical, thoracic, and lumbar strains; (3) chronic pain syndrome; and

 4 (4) elevated blood pressure. At the conclusion of the appointment, Worker stood to

 5 exit and fell directly onto his face. Worker was transported back to Los Alamos

 6 Medical Center and was re-admitted. During a follow-up to Worker’s December 3,

 7 2012 appointment, Dr. Pasqualoni also referred Worker to his primary care physician,

 8 Dr. Kidman, for continued management of Worker’s chronic pain.

 9   {7}   Worker returned to Occ Med on December 10, 2012 for follow-up care.

10 Worker was ordered to continue physical therapy and to return to Occ Med for

11 additional evaluation.

12   {8}   Worker again reported to Occ Med on December 20, 2012, and he was

13 evaluated by Dr. Sandra Scher. During this visit, Dr. Scher conducted a physical

14 evaluation and reviewed CT scans of Worker’s cervical spine, thoracic spine, and

15 lumbar spine; a CT scan of Worker’s head; an MRI of Worker’s cervical spine; and

16 X-rays of Worker’s thoracic spine and lumbar spine. The resulting assessment was

17 “chronic pain, unknown at this time whether it continues to be due to fall or

18 underlying chronic pain syndrome.”




                                             3
 1   {9}    At this point, Worker was referred to Dr. Theresa Elliott for additional pain

 2 management. Dr. Elliott specializes in occupational medicine, chronic pain

 3 management, and interventional spine medicine. Occ Med periodically refers

 4 “complex pain patients [for whom] we can’t find something identifiable” to Dr.

 5 Elliott.

 6   {10}   Dr. Elliott evaluated Worker on January 9, 2013. Following review of Worker’s

 7 medical records and radiologic studies, Dr. Elliott took an oral history and conducted

 8 a physical examination. Dr. Elliott diagnosed Worker with injuries, including (1)

 9 cervical strain, (2) thoracic strain, (3) lumbar strain, (4) bilateral elbow strains, and

10 (5) preexisting cervical and lumbar pain that was “possibly aggravated” by the

11 accident. Dr. Elliott also conducted a drug test that was positive for benzodiazepines,

12 opioids, oxycodone, and THC. Dr. Elliott referred Worker for additional imaging

13 studies and physical therapy.

14   {11}   Worker returned to Occ Med on January 11, 2013, and he was evaluated by Dr.

15 Pasqualoni. Dr. Pasqualoni reviewed Worker’s radiologic imaging and conducted a

16 physical exam but was unable to determine the cause of Worker’s pain. Dr.

17 Pasqualoni did not make any additional recommendations, electing to see if Dr.

18 Elliott’s examination resulted in objective findings directly associated with Worker’s

19 accident.


                                               4
 1   {12}   Worker’s final visit to Occ Med occurred on February 6, 2013. After a physical

 2 examination with Dr. Pasqualoni, Worker was ordered to continue physical therapy

 3 and continue pain management with Dr. Elliott. Worker was also cleared to return to

 4 work with restrictions, including no driving, climbing, or lifting items over ten

 5 pounds. Dr. Pasqualoni did not place Worker at maximum medical improvement

 6 (MMI) given her interest in the results of Worker’s treatment with Dr. Elliott.

 7 Following his appointment at Occ Med, Worker was improperly ordered to undergo

 8 a drug test.2 Worker failed to complete the drug test and was subsequently terminated.

 9 Worker’s TTD and medical benefits were also terminated at that time.

10   {13}   Nearly one year later, on March 4, 2014, Dr. Belyn Schwartz evaluated Worker

11 in connection with lingering injuries associated with Worker’s November 30, 2012

12 accident. Following a physical examination, Dr. Schwartz made various conclusions

13 as to the causal relationship between Worker’s fall and his injuries. Dr. Schwartz

14 prescribed a course of physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medication.

15   {14}   After a series of hearings, the WCJ issued a compensation order denying

16 Worker’s claims based upon a finding that Worker failed to prove causation between


            2
17          The Workers’ Compensation Administration’s order found, as a matter of law,
18   that “Employer violated its own policies and federal regulations by ordering Worker
19   to undergo a reasonable suspicion drug test when Employer did not have reasonable
20   suspicion.” This portion of the Workers’ Compensation Administration’s order has
21   not been appealed at this time.

                                               5
 1 the November 30, 2012 accident and injuries to a reasonable degree of medical

 2 probability.

 3 STANDARD OF REVIEW

 4   {15}   We apply whole record review to appeals of workers’ compensation

 5 determinations in order to determine whether substantial evidence supports the WCJ’s

 6 ruling. Henington v. Tech. Vocational Inst., 2002-NMCA-025, ¶ 19, 131 N.M. 655,

 7 41 P.3d 923. In doing so, we “view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the

 8 agency decision, but may not view favorable evidence with total disregard to

 9 contravening evidence.” Grine v. Peabody Nat. Res., 2006-NMSC-031, ¶ 28, 140

10 N.M. 30, 139 P.3d 190 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). After

11 reviewing all the evidence, both favorable and unfavorable, we “disregard that which

12 has little or no worth” and then “decide if there is substantial evidence in the whole

13 record to support the agency’s finding or decision.” Tallman v. ABF (Arkansas Best

14 Freight), 1988-NMCA-091, ¶¶ 9-10, 108 N.M. 124, 767 P.2d 363.

15 CAUSATION UNDER THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION ACT

16   {16}   The Workers’ Compensation Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 52-1-1 to -70 (1929, as

17 amended through 2015), provides that injuries caused by on-the-job accidents are

18 compensable if the worker proves a disability that is a “natural and direct result of the




                                               6
 1 accident.” Section 52-1-28(A)(3). To prove causation, the worker must present expert

 2 medical testimony by a qualified health care provider. Section 52-1-28(B).

 3   {17}   The testimony of a qualified health care provider must establish, to a

 4 reasonable medical probability, that a causal relationship exists between the accident

 5 and disability. Archuleta v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 1986-NMCA-092, ¶ 6, 104 N.M.

 6 769, 727 P.2d 77. The language required to convey a reasonable medical probability

 7 “need not [be offered] in positive, dogmatic language or in the exact language of the

 8 statute[,]” but it must permit “a reasonable inference that the disability is the natural

 9 and direct result, as a medical probability, of the accident.” Gammon v. Ebasco Corp.,

10 1965-NMSC-015, ¶¶ 22-23, 74 N.M. 789, 399 P.2d 279.

11 THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION ADMINISTRATION’S ORDER
12 DENYING BENEFITS

13   {18}   Three health care providers offered opinion testimony: Dr. Sara Pasqualoni, Dr.

14 Theresa Elliott, and Dr. Belyn Schwartz. Our administrative rules require that medical

15 doctors testify by deposition during workers’ compensation proceedings.

16 11.4.4.12(G)(4) NMAC (12/31/12). Based upon these three depositions, the WCJ

17 made the following findings related to causation.

18 Dr. Pasqualoni

19   {19}   (1) Dr. Pasqualoni diagnosed Worker with cervical, thoracic, and lumbar

20 strains, and a concussion; (2) Dr. Pasqualoni deferred narcotic treatment of chronic

                                               7
 1 pain in Worker’s upper back, neck, and shoulders to Worker’s primary care

 2 physician; and (3) Dr. Pasqualoni intended to release Worker to work on February 6,

 3 2013.

 4 Dr. Elliott

 5   {20}   (1) Dr. Elliott completed a Form Letter to Health Care Provider on March 18,

 6 2014, indicating that Worker’s cervical, thoracic, and lumbar strains are related to an

 7 on-the-job injury; (2) Dr. Elliott testified that Worker’s pre-existing cervical and

 8 lumbar pain were “possibly aggravated” by the accident; (3) Dr. Elliott testified that

 9 Worker’s problems are pre-existing; and (4) Dr. Elliott testified that Worker’s

10 accident “could have” aggravated his pre-existing condition.

11 Dr. Schwartz

12   {21}   (1) Dr. Schwartz testified that Worker’s accident “likely” aggravated some

13 underlying, degenerative process; (2) Dr. Schwartz testified that “it is very difficult

14 to say” whether the accident caused Worker’s complaints; (3) Dr. Schwartz testified

15 “I could opine” when asked about causation; and (4) Dr. Schwartz testified that

16 Worker’s accident aggravated his pre-existing condition.

17   {22}   The above findings led the WCJ to conclude that “[w]orker fail[ed] to prove

18 by a preponderance of competent medical evidence, as required by [Section] 52-1-28,




                                              8
 1 that the accident of November 30, 2012, caused Worker’s condition, or aggravated

 2 a pre-existing condition.”

 3 REOPENING OF EVIDENCE

 4   {23}   As a threshold matter, we must consider Employer’s argument that the WCJ

 5 improperly reopened the evidence following the close of Worker’s case. This matter

 6 was initially set for trial on February 5, 2014. Worker presented his case in chief and

 7 rested. During Employer’s case, the WCJ elected to recess in order to allow for

 8 depositions to be taken of certain witnesses called by Employer. Worker moved to

 9 reopen his case at that time. Employer objected.

10   {24}   During the recess, various motions and responses were filed, including

11 Worker’s response to Employer’s motion for summary judgment, to dismiss, and for

12 judgment as a matter of law. A medical record related to Worker’s physical

13 examination by Dr. Belyn Schwartz on March 4, 2014 was attached to this response.

14 In a hearing on March 24, 2014, Employer opposed the admission of documents that

15 did not exist at the time of the initial trial, arguing that admission would amount to

16 a new trial.

17   {25}   The WCJ, relying on 11.4.4.12(L)(5) NMAC (12/31/2012), ordered that

18 discovery be reopened “in the interests of justice” and in accordance with the New

19 Mexico Administrative Code and New Mexico Rules of Civil Procedure. “[A] court


                                              9
 1 may re-open the evidence in a case at its discretion.” DiMatteo v. Doña Ana Cty.,

 2 1985-NMCA-099, ¶ 27, 104 N.M. 599, 725 P.2d 575. However, it is also “well

 3 settled that a motion to reopen must cross a threshold of showing a good reason for

 4 the requesting party not presenting its case at the first hearing.” State v.

 5 McClaugherty, 2007-NMCA-041, ¶ 57, 141 N.M. 468, 157 P.3d 33 (Kennedy, J.,

 6 concurring in part and dissenting in part). In this case, our review of the hearing

 7 transcript reveals that the “interests of justice” are triggered by allegations of

 8 discovery abuses or violations by Worker. See 11.4.4.12(L)(5) NMAC (12/31/2012)

 9 (“Under exceptional circumstances and in the interest of justice, within ten (10) days

10 of the close of the adjudication hearing, the judge has discretion to direct or allow

11 supplementation of evidence.”).

12   {26}   Given established precedent granting broad discretion to trial courts in similar

13 circumstances, the WCJ’s determination to reopen this case for the purpose of

14 admitting additional evidence did not constitute an abuse of discretion in this case.

15 See Foreman v. Myers, 1968-NMSC-138, ¶ 17, 79 N.M. 404, 444 P.2d 589 (holding

16 that a trial court’s determination to reopen a case is “within the sound discretion of

17 the trial court and will not be lightly overturned.”).




                                               10
 1 BALANCING OF ADMISSIBLE DEPOSITION TESTIMONY

 2   {27}   Our standard of review requires that the expert witness testimony be balanced

 3 to determine “if there is substantial evidence in the whole record to support the

 4 agency’s finding or decision.” Tallman, 1988-NMCA-091, ¶ 10. The Tallman Court

 5 discussed McMillian v. Schweiker, 697 F.2d 215 (8th Cir. 1983), as an example of

 6 when an administrative determination is not supported by substantial evidence.

 7 Tallman, 1988-NMCA-091, ¶ 10.

 8   {28}   In McMillian, the appellant suffered a stroke and was diagnosed with a brain

 9 tumor. 697 F.2d at 217. Following his surgery, the appellant applied for social

10 security disability based on symptoms including difficulty walking, difficulty using

11 his left hand, fatigue after physical exertion, difficulty concentrating, and recurring

12 headaches. Id. at 218. At his disability determination hearing, the appellant presented

13 expert testimony from five health care providers. This testimony included: (1)

14 opinions from two doctors that the appellant was “totally and permanently disabled;”

15 (2) an opinion from a third doctor that the appellant was “prevented from engaging

16 in full time employment;” and (3) opinions from two additional doctors that discussed

17 medical findings but failed to offer opinions as to the appellant’s ability to return to

18 the workforce in any capacity. Id. at 218-19. Additional testimony was offered by the

19 appellant’s witnesses, including his wife, friends, and former co-workers, as well as


                                              11
 1 additional expert testimony by a vocational expert. Id. at 219. The administrative law

 2 judge (ALJ), relying “principally” on the testimony of the vocational expert, found

 3 that the appellant’s physical limitations “would not preclude the performance of

 4 sedentary job activity[.]” Id. at 219-20 (internal quotation marks and citation

 5 omitted). This determination was upheld by the district court but was reversed by the

 6 Eighth Circuit. Id. at 217. In reversing, the court noted that “nothing in the medical

 7 reports specifically contradicts [the appellant’s] complaints of difficulty in

 8 concentration and fatigue[,]” and that the ALJ’s finding “discredited” the appellant’s

 9 physical complaints and departed from the medical evidence. Id. at 221. (“[T]he

10 medical reports reveal that three examining physicians . . . concluded that [the

11 appellant] could not engage in substantial gainful employment due to his stroke and

12 brain surgery, while the two other examining physicians refrained from expressing

13 an opinion on the matter.”).

14   {29}   The present case is largely analogous to McMillian. Both cases examine agency

15 decisions that are predicated largely on expert testimony by health care providers.

16 Both cases examine whether the agency determination was supported by substantial

17 evidence. In McMillian, the court held that the ALJ’s ruling was not supported by the

18 vocational or medical evidence. By implication, the court determined that medical

19 testimony that fails to offer an opinion as to an ultimate issue is merely balanced


                                              12
 1 against less equivocal testimony. Id. (“[T]he cursory observation made by two

 2 examining physicians that [the appellant’s] mental and verbal functions ‘were not

 3 visibly abnormal’ does not detract from [the appellant’s] complaint of difficulty in

 4 concentration.”).

 5   {30}   In the present case, Worker was involved in an on-the-job accident on

 6 November 30, 2012 and, at least as recently as March 4, 2014, had pain in his lower

 7 back, left shoulder, and extremities that he attributes to the accident. Expert testimony

 8 was offered by Drs. Elliott, Pasqualoni, and Schwartz for the purpose of establishing

 9 whether a causal relationship existed between Worker’s accident and injuries. See

10 § 52-1-28(A). We review the testimony of each doctor to determine whether

11 substantial evidence supports the WCJ’s determination.

12 The Deposition Testimony of Dr. Elliott

13   {31}   Dr. Elliott examined Worker on January 9, 2013, and her deposition testimony

14 was taken on two separate occasions: January 30, 2014, and May 27, 2014. On

15 January 30, 2014, she testified:

16          Q:    What were your diagnoses?

17          A:    There were five, well, basically four: cervical strain; No. 2,
18                thoracic strain; No. 3, lumbar strain; No. 4, bilateral elbow strains
19                with questionable ulnar neuritis. And then the fifth impression
20                was preexisting cervical and lumbar pain, possibly aggravated.



                                               13
 1        Q:     With regard to all five of those, were you able to come to an
 2               opinion as to the cause of those diagnoses or whether they were
 3               preexisting?

 4        A:     Well, as I said, the only thing that I mentioned was preexisting
 5               was the cervical and lumbar pain, and I felt that it was possibly
 6               aggravated.

 7 Dr. Elliott repeated these diagnoses in her second deposition, in which she testified:

 8        Q:     [In] your deposition, you gave some diagnoses to a reasonable
 9               degree of medical probability . . . .

10        A:     Yes. I stated that there were four to five diagnoses, one was his
11               cervical strain, number two was a thoracic strain, number three
12               was a lumbar strain, number four was bilateral elbow strain with
13               questionable ulnar neuritis, and the fifth impression was
14               preexisting cervical and lumbar pain, possibly aggravated.

15        ....

16        Q:     And the only condition you felt might be preexisting was the
17               cervical and lumbar pain possibly aggravated?

18        A:     That is correct.

19 Dr. Elliott went on to testify,

20        Q:     Do you feel confident based on what you saw on January 9
21               [, 2013] to render the opinions that you rendered in your
22               deposition?

23        ....

24        A:     If you’re asking me if I still uphold all of my opinions that I stated
25               in my original deposition, yes, I do.



                                               14
 1          Q:    And it’s your opinion that [Worker] did suffer a work-related
 2                injury and various medical conditions resulting from that fall?

 3          A:    Correct.

 4 Additionally, on March 18, 2014, Dr. Elliott answered “yes” and signed the form

 5 letter referenced, though incompletely, in the WCJ’s compensation order, which

 6 stated:

 7          In your opinion, are the conditions or complaints for which you have
 8          treated the Worker causally related to an on-the-job injury . . . based
 9          upon a reasonable medical probability?

10   {32}   The WCJ’s order downplayed both the unequivocal nature of the March 18,

11 2014 form letter and the substance of the above quoted testimony. Instead, the WCJ’s

12 order focused on more equivocal portions of Dr. Elliott’s testimony that relate

13 exclusively to Worker’s pre-existing cervical and lumbar pain. For example, Dr.

14 Elliott testified that Worker’s pre-existing cervical and lumbar pain was “possibly

15 aggravated” by the accident. Dr. Elliott also testified that a fall from a scaffolding

16 “could have” aggravated pre-existing back pain. These comments do not, however,

17 indicate that the newly diagnosed injuries, including cervical strain, thoracic strain,

18 lumbar strain, and bilateral elbow strain were pre-existing or merely aggravated by

19 Worker’s accident. In the workers’ compensation context, a health care provider must

20 be allowed to equivocate with respect to certain injuries about which he or she is

21 unsure as to causation while still offering positive statements as to others. A contrary

                                              15
 1 holding would set up an all-or-nothing requirement for health care providers making

 2 causation determinations. To elaborate, by way of example, a health care provider can

 3 testify that a causal relationship exists between a workplace accident and a worker’s

 4 concussion but that he or she is unsure as to whether a causal relationship exists with

 5 respect to the same accident and the worker’s sprained ankle. The lack of certainty

 6 as to the second injury does not negate the certainty as to the first.

 7   {33}   This is the scenario that played out here. Worker was referred to Dr. Elliott

 8 following initial treatment at Occ Med. Dr. Elliott reviewed Worker’s medical history

 9 and conducted a physical exam. She noted that he had pre-existing cervical and

10 lumbar pain. This pre-existing pain did not prevent Worker from completing daily

11 tasks. Because Worker claimed that he could no longer perform daily tasks after the

12 November 30, 2012 accident, Dr. Elliott presumably attributed the injuries Worker

13 complained of and his inability to complete daily tasks to that accident.

14   {34}   Dr. Elliott’s inability to determine to a reasonable medical probability whether

15 Worker’s fall aggravated pre-existing injuries is largely immaterial to this analysis.

16 Dr. Elliott diagnosed Worker with four “new” injuries after the November 30, 2012

17 accident. She did so to a reasonable medical probability. Whether Worker’s fall

18 “possibly” or “could have” aggravated pre-existing injuries in addition to causing




                                               16
 1 Worker’s cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and bilateral elbow strains does not logically

 2 lead to the WCJ’s conclusion that all of “Worker’s problems are pre-existing.”

 3   {35}   During her deposition, Dr. Elliott was asked whether it was possible that

 4 diagnoses one through four were entirely pre-existing, to which she answered, “It’s

 5 possible, yes.” Employer seizes upon this point as an example of equivocation by Dr.

 6 Elliott on the matter of causation. We disagree. The statement does not represent

 7 acceptance of the premise; it merely reflects acknowledgment of the possibility that

 8 the injuries are pre-existing. The statement is not sufficient to negate the clear

 9 assertions of causation previously discussed. See White v. Land Valley Co., 1957-

10 NMSC-100, ¶ 14, 64 N.M. 9, 322 P.2d 707 (“[T]he verdict must rest upon

11 probabilities and not upon mere speculation, conjecture, surmise, or bare

12 possibilities[.]”), overruled in part by Mascarenas v. Kennedy, 1964-NMSC-179, 74

13 N.M. 665, 397 P.2d 312.

14   {36}   In summary, Dr. Elliott’s testimony provides clear evidence of causation to a

15 reasonable degree of medical probability between Worker’s November 30, 2012

16 accident and diagnosed injuries including (1) cervical strain; (2) thoracic strain; (3)

17 lumbar strain; and (4) bilateral elbow strain. Dr. Elliott’s testimony does not provide

18 evidence of causation to a reasonable degree of medical probability as to (1) any




                                              17
 1 aggravation of pre-existing cervical or lumbar pain, or (2) any injuries caused by

 2 Worker’s secondary fall at Occ Med on December 3, 2012.

 3 The Deposition Testimony of Dr. Pasqualoni

 4   {37}   Dr. Pasqualoni’s testimony is difficult to reconcile, in part, because neither

 5 party actually posed to her a question about causation to a reasonable medical

 6 probability. While Occ Med providers diagnosed Worker with numerous injuries and

 7 treated Worker for them, nowhere in Dr. Pasqualoni’s 107-page deposition does she

 8 positively affirm or deny that Worker’s injuries were causally related to the

 9 November 30, 2012 accident to a reasonable medical probability.

10   {38}   During Worker’s December 3, 2012 appointment at Occ Med, Dr. Pasqualoni

11 diagnosed Worker with a concussion; cervical, thoracic, and lumbar strains; chronic

12 pain syndrome; and elevated blood pressure. Dr. Pasqualoni further testified that

13 Worker’s chronic pain was centralized in his neck, shoulders, and upper back.

14 Additionally, Dr. Pasqualoni adopted the diagnoses of Los Alamos Medical Center

15 staff that included muscular back pain and spasms and chronic myofascial neck pain

16 and shoulder pain. These diagnoses, when viewed in the aggregate, indicate a

17 combination of new injuries and chronic pain. In an attempt to resolve these dual

18 diagnoses, Dr. Pasqualoni and Occ Med staff debated whether Worker’s specific

19 complaints were causally related to the November 30, 2012 accident or were the


                                              18
 1 result of pre-existing chronic pain. Relevant excerpts from Dr. Pasqualoni’s

 2 deposition highlighting this debate include the following:

 3       Q:     Can you tell us what Dr. Scher found in her notes in terms of
 4              [Worker’s] condition? . . .

 5       A:     So she, doing his exam and reviewing all of his radiologic studies,
 6              basically puts in her Assessment “chronic pain, unknown at this
 7              time whether it continues to be due to fall or underlying chronic
 8              pain syndrome[.]”

 9       ....

10       Q:     Based on your treatment of [Worker], your clinical training as an
11              occupational provider, and the last time you saw him, same
12              question, would an I[ndependent] M[edical] E[xam] be
13              helpful[?] . . .

14       A:     I believe that a chronic pain specialist would be the best person
15              to do the IME, because it’s very complex differentiating between
16              [Worker’s] underlying chronic pain syndrome, which is the
17              fibromyalgia, and whatever injury [Worker] incurred when he fell
18              off the scaffold.

19 Similarly, when asked to explain how Worker’s symptoms and radiologic studies

20 conform with her medical expectations, Dr. Pasqualoni stated the following:

21        Q:    Could those findings account for some of the numbness and
22              paresthesias he felt in his arms? . . .

23       A:     So, in general, the thecal sac effacement should not cause any
24              symptoms or paresthesia, so it should not cause any neurologic
25              deficits. . . . So on the thoracic spine, there was no canal or
26              foraminal stenosis. And if you’re talking about arm numbness and
27              tingling, usually it’s going to be lower cervical, upper thoracic


                                            19
 1              spine that would account for those symptoms. . . . The cervical
 2              spine, there was no canal or foraminal stenosis.

 3        Q:    Okay. But there is disc protrusions in the thoracic spine that
 4              efface the thecal sac. . . . And you’re saying that that does not
 5              ever cause numbness in the arms.

 6        A:    It should not. . . .

 7        Q:    So you’re saying that under no circumstances mild effacement of
 8              thecal sacs does not affect the pressure on the nerve.

 9        A:    No, not unless it’s concurrent with canal stenosis, as well.

10        Q:    All right. So let’s look at the cervical, . . .

11        A:    So he had a mild annular bulge at C3-4, smaller bulges at C4-5
12              and C5-6, and he had facet arthropathy at C5-6, no resulting
13              spinal stenosis or neural foraminal narrowing.

14        Q:    Would any of those conditions, mild annular bulges or regular
15              bulges or facet arthropathy, cause numbness or paresthesia in his
16              hands and arms?

17        A:    Not without stenosis.

18        Q:    So those findings in no way explained why he has some
19              numbness in his arms and shoulders?

20        A:    No.

21 We are in no position to question Dr. Pasqualoni’s conclusions about Worker’s

22 radiological image studies. At the same time, we are compelled to note that none of

23 her testimony states that Worker’s accident was not causally related to the numbness

24 in Worker’s arms and shoulders, or other complained of symptoms. Dr. Pasqualoni’s

                                               20
 1 testimony also fails to indicate, or establish to a reasonable medical probability, that

 2 Worker’s symptoms are somehow related to a chronic or pre-existing injury.

 3   {39}   As the Eighth Circuit did in McMillian, this Court declines to give substantial

 4 weight to expert opinion testimony that fails to speak to the ultimate issue in the case.

 5 See Tallman, 1988-NMCA-091, ¶ 9 (holding that a whole record review empowers

 6 appellate courts to “analyze and examine all the evidence and disregard that which

 7 has little or no worth”). As such, Dr. Pasqualoni’s testimony failed to provide a

 8 medical opinion as to causation that is sufficient to (1) contradict the opinion of Dr.

 9 Elliott, or (2) independently support the WCJ’s determination.

10   {40}   We further note that Dr. Pasqualoni’s testimony did not factor significantly in

11 the WCJ’s order in this case. The WCJ made only four findings based on Dr.

12 Pasqualoni’s testimony, and two of those related to Worker’s previous prescription

13 drug regimen. The other two findings outline Dr. Pasqualoni’s (1) initial diagnoses

14 and (2) clearance for Worker to resume employment. Given the breadth of Dr.

15 Pasqualoni’s testimony, we presume that the absence of findings based upon Dr.

16 Pasqualoni’s testimony in the WCJ’s order is correlated with the absence of positive

17 statements as to causation in her deposition.




                                              21
 1 The Deposition Testimony of Dr. Schwartz

 2   {41}   Dr. Schwartz examined Worker on two occasions beginning in March of 2014

 3 and was deposed on May 20, 2014. Relevant excerpts of Dr. Schwartz’s deposition

 4 testimony include the following:

 5          Q:     If you could just give me your opinion on which diagnoses you
 6                 believe are causally related to the [November 30, 2012] alleged
 7                 industrial accident.

 8          A:     So in my general take on what I think happened, I think he has
 9                 increased or additional low back pain following this fall injury on
10                 November 30, 2012. It is my sense that he likely aggravated some
11                 underlying degenerative process that was already at play and/or
12                 injured some soft tissues in his low back, sometimes referred to
13                 as a strain injury; but the concept of additional low back pain, I
14                 believe, is a result of this fall. He also had chronic neck pain that
15                 I did not attribute to this, and his overweight status I do not
16                 attribute to this.

17          Q:     So the one diagnosis you causally relate to the 2012 accident is a
18                 strain to the low back?

19          A:     Strain and likely aggravation of degenerative disc disease of the
20                 lumbar spine.

21          ....

22          Q:     [T]o a reasonable degree of medical probability based on your
23                 review of the medical records and your examination of [Worker],
24                 do you believe he aggravated any preexisting condition as a result
25                 of this fall off a scaffold on November 30, 2012?

26          A:     It’s very difficult to say that to a reasonable degree of medical
27                 probability given information alluded to in the context of this
28                 deposition with preexisting issues that I have not [been] able to

                                                22
 1                 review whatsover. By his reporting, he was functional and able to
 2                 work consistently, and since his accident, due to back pain, he is
 3                 not able to. So from his reporting and the scant records that I did
 4                 have, I would say that I could opine that, but more questions have
 5                 been raised[.]

 6          ....

 7          Q:     Would you have any reason to disagree with [the] assessment
 8                 done by Dr. Elliott on January 9, 2013? . . . .

 9          A:     No, I have no reason to disagree with Dr. Elliott’s assessment at
10                 that time.

11 As discussed above, Dr. Elliott’s testimony states, to a reasonable degree of medical

12 probability, that a causal relationship exists between Worker’s diagnosed conditions,

13 including (1) cervical strain, (2) thoracic strain, (3) lumbar strain, and (4) bilateral

14 elbow strain with questionable ulnar neuritis. Dr. Schwartz’s testimony appears

15 consistent with respect to these injuries. Additionally, Dr. Elliott noted pre-existing

16 cervical and lumbar pain, which was possibly aggravated by Worker’s accident. We

17 have already concluded that Dr. Elliott’s testimony does not establish, to a reasonable

18 degree of medical probability, that Worker’s accident was causally related to the

19 aggravation of pre-existing back injuries. Therefore, we must determine whether Dr.

20 Schwartz’s testimony does establish a causal relationship in this regard.

21   {42}   The testimony of a medical provider must establish, to a reasonable medical

22 probability, that a workplace accident and injuries claimed are causally related.


                                               23
 1 Gammon, 1965-NMSC-015, ¶ 22. Dr. Schwartz’s testimony presents a somewhat

 2 unique twist on conventional analysis in this area given that her testimony appeared

 3 to shift during the course of the deposition.

 4   {43}   Dr. Schwartz’s testimony begins with a relatively certain pronouncement that

 5 Worker’s accident resulted in “[s]train[s] and likely aggravation of degenerative disc

 6 disease of the lumbar spine.” However, over the course of her testimony, Dr.

 7 Schwartz was confronted by Employer’s counsel with information related to

 8 numerous prior injuries to Worker’s neck and back about which Dr. Schwartz was

 9 apparently unaware.3 After being confronted with this information, Dr. Schwartz was

10 again asked whether Worker’s accident and the aggravation of pre-existing injuries

11 were causally related. At this time, Dr. Schwartz conceded that “[i]t’s very difficult

12 to say that to a reasonable degree of medical probability” that Worker’s accident and

13 injuries are causally related.

14   {44}   Review of our workers’ compensation jurisprudence related to this issue

15 indicates that Dr. Schwartz’s equivocation during the deposition supports the WCJ’s


            3
16          Various lines of questioning by Employer’s counsel during Dr. Schwartz’s
17   deposition clearly contemplate a Neiderstadt challenge to Dr. Schwartz’s expert
18   opinions. See Niederstadt v. Ancho Rico Consol. Mines, 1975-NMCA-059, ¶ 11, 88
19   N.M. 48, 536 P.2d 1104. Because this argument was not specifically made on appeal,
20   we decline to apply the analysis sua sponte. See Kreischer v. Armijo, 1994-NMCA-
21   118, ¶ 10, 118 N.M. 671, 884 P.2d 827 (declining to review issues not raised in
22   appellate briefing).

                                             24
 1 determination that her testimony does not indicate a causal relationship between

 2 accident and injury to a reasonable medical probability. See, e.g., Montano v.

 3 Saavedra, 1962-NMSC-095, ¶ 9, 70 N.M. 332, 373 P.2d 824 (affirming a denial of

 4 compensation when the expert witness “admitted it would be difficult to say with any

 5 degree of probability” that claimant’s condition at the time of trial was probably

 6 caused by the accident); Renfro v. San Juan Hosp., Inc., 1965-NMSC-067, ¶ 9, 75

 7 N.M. 235, 403 P.2d 681 (affirming a denial of compensation when the expert witness

 8 testimony “only establishes that the fall could, rather than that it did, as a medical

 9 probability, cause the disability”). Absent unequivocal and uncontradicted testimony

10 establishing causation, a workers’ compensation judge is charged with weighing

11 expert witness opinion. Montano, 1962-NMSC-095, ¶ 13. Because Dr. Schwartz’s

12 testimony does not establish causation to a reasonable medical probability, we find

13 no error in the WCJ’s determination as to the persuasiveness of Dr. Schwartz’s

14 testimony.

15 LACK OF SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTING                                 WORKERS’
16 COMPENSATION ADMINISTRATION’S ORDER

17   {45}   When undertaking whole record review, this Court is not empowered to choose

18 “between two fairly conflicting views, even though the court would justifiably have

19 made a different choice had the matter been before it de novo,” and we have not done

20 so here. Tallman, 1988-NMCA-091, ¶ 14 (internal quotation marks and citation

                                             25
 1 omitted). We are well-aware of the difficult position in which our systemic legal

 2 requirements place medical practitioners. See, e.g., Renfro, 1965-NMSC-067, ¶ 13

 3 (“An examination of the medical testimony in its entirety, even recognizing the

 4 natural reluctance of a medical expert to make positive statements, fails to reveal

 5 testimony which requires . . . that as a medical probability the disability of the

 6 appellant was the natural and direct result of the fall.” (Emphasis added)). However,

 7 Dr. Pasqualoni’s testimony simply cannot be read to offer an opinion, to a reasonable

 8 degree of medical probability, as to the nature of the relationship, if any, between

 9 Worker’s accident and injuries. See Tallman, 1988-NMCA-091, ¶ 16 (“While the

10 administrative agency’s findings are entitled to respect, they must nonetheless be set

11 aside when the record before the reviewing court clearly precludes the agency’s

12 decision from being justified by a fair estimate of the worth of the testimony of

13 witnesses[.]” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

14 CONCLUSION

15   {46}   Dr. Elliott’s testimony indicates the existence of a causal relationship between

16 Worker’s accidental fall of November 30, 2012 and his cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and

17 bilateral elbow strains. Dr. Pasqualoni’s testimony neither confirms nor denies a




                                               26
 1 causal relationship. As a result, the WCJ’s ruling is not supported by substantial

 2 evidence.4

 3   {47}   We therefore remand this case to the Workers’ Compensation Administration

 4 for additional evaluation of Worker’s entitlement to TTD and medical benefits in

 5 light of this opinion.

 6   {48}   IT IS SO ORDERED.


 7                                                 ________________________________
 8                                                 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge


 9 WE CONCUR:


10 ________________________________
11 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge


12 ________________________________
13 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge




            4
14          The WCJ’s conclusions of law applied only to causation. It is unclear to us
15   whether Workers’ injuries resulted in a disability as required to trigger compensation
16   under our workers’ compensation statute. See Tom Growney Equip. Co. v. Jouett,
17   2005-NMSC-015, ¶ 22, 137 N.M. 497, 113 P.3d 320 (“Compensation is paid only
18   when a work-related accidental injury becomes disabling.” (alteration, internal
19   quotation marks, and citation omitted)). The parties have not briefed this matter, and
20   we decline to surmise.

                                              27
