                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                    File Name: 17a0130p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 MISO TRANSMISSION OWNERS,                             ┐
                                         Petitioner,   │
                                                       │
                                                       │
 MIDCONTINENT INDEPENDENT SYSTEM OPERATOR,             │
 INC.,                                                  >      No. 16-3791
                                     Intervenor,       │
                                                       │
                                                       │
        v.                                             │
                                                       │
 FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION,                 │
                                                       │
                                   Respondent,
                                                       │
                                                       │
 DUKE ENERGY OHIO, INC. and DUKE ENERGY                │
 KENTUCKY, INC.; FIRSTENERGY SERVICE COMPANY,          │
                                      Intervenors.     │
                                                       ┘

       On Petition for Review of Orders of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
                     Nos. ER12-715-001; ER12-715-003; ER12-715-004.

                             Decided and Filed: June 21, 2017

              Before: KEITH, BATCHELDER, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.
                                _________________

                                        COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Michael J. Thompson, Wendy N. Reed, Patrick L. Morand, WRIGHT
& TALISMAN, P.C., Washington, D.C., for Petitioners. Carol J. Banta, FEDERAL ENERGY
REGULATORY COMMISSION, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.                    Noel Symons,
MCGUIRE WOODS LLP, Washington, D.C., Matthew Allen Fitzgerald, MCGUIRE WOODS
LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for Duke Intervenors. Morgan E. Parke, Stacey Burbure, Karen Anita
Sealy, FIRSTENERGY CORPORATION, Akron, Ohio, John Lee Shepherd, Jr., Timothy T.
Mastrogiacomo, James P. Daly, SKADDEN, ARPS, SLATE, MEAGHER & FLOM LLP,
Washington, D.C., for Intervenor FirstEnergy.
 No. 16-3791                  MISO Transmission Owners v. FERC                             Page 2


                                       _________________

                                            OPINION
                                       _________________

       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc., is a non-
profit association of utilities that manages electrical transmission facilities on behalf of its
members. Under its well-earned acronym, MISO approves infrastructure projects and allocates
the costs among its member utilities in order to maintain the electrical grid and increase its
capacity.   Duke Energy and American Transmission Systems own utilities in Ohio and
Kentucky, and they withdrew from MISO in 2011. At stake is whether the utilities must pay for
projects that MISO approved after they announced their departure but before they left. The
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ruled in favor of the utilities. Because the Commission
correctly interpreted the terms of MISO’s Tariff, we deny the petition for review of its order.

                                                 I.

       MISO is a regional “association[] of utilities that own electrical transmission lines
interconnected to form a regional grid and that agree to delegate operational control of the grid to
the association.” Ill. Commerce Comm’n v. FERC, 721 F.3d 764, 769 (7th Cir. 2013). It
oversees the electrical grid in all or part of fifteen states in the Midwest and South, including
Michigan and Kentucky, as well as the Canadian province of Manitoba.                Id. at 769–70.
Beginning in 2006, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved changes to MISO’s
Tariff that enabled it to authorize network expansion projects and divide the costs among the
member utilities. See Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Wis. v. FERC, 545 F.3d 1058, 1059 (D.C. Cir.
2008). The Tariff initially had just two project categories: Baseline Reliability Projects and
Market Efficiency Projects.

       In July 2009, American Transmission Systems gave notice that it planned to withdraw
from MISO and integrate its Ohio facilities with PJM Interconnection, a neighboring
transmission organization. Duke Energy’s Ohio and Kentucky utilities followed suit in May
2010. Under the Tariff, a utility cannot withdraw from MISO any earlier than the last day of the
year following the year it gives notice. Art. Five, § 1, App’x 635.
 No. 16-3791                  MISO Transmission Owners v. FERC                            Page 3


       Two months after Duke announced its intention to withdraw, MISO proposed a new
category of more expensive expansion projects—Multi-Value Projects—most of which would
carry wind power to urban markets. Ill. Commerce Comm’n, 721 F.3d at 771. The Commission
approved this revision to the Tariff.       Midwest Indep. Transmission Sys. Operator, Inc.,
133 FERC ¶ 61,221 (2010). In August 2010, MISO authorized the first Multi-Value Project.

       American Transmission withdrew from MISO in May 2011 before it approved any more
Multi-Value Projects.    But in early December 2011, just weeks before Duke’s scheduled
departure, MISO approved a portfolio of sixteen projects, estimated to cost billions of dollars in
total. MISO proposed adding a provision to the Tariff, given the harmless-sounding label of
Schedule 39, which provided that ex-members could be charged for the costs of Multi-Value
Projects approved before their departure.

       The Commission approved Schedule 39, but only prospectively.                Midwest Indep.
Transmission Sys. Operator, Inc., 138 FERC ¶ 61,140 (2012). The Commission determined that
MISO could apply Schedule 39 to Duke and American Transmission only to the extent it was
consistent with their preexisting obligations under the Tariff.     Id. at P 74.     In a separate
proceeding, the Commission ruled that Schedule 39 imposed new obligations on withdrawing
members. Midwest Indep. Transmission Sys. Operator, Inc., 153 FERC ¶ 61,101 P 40 (2015).
That meant the filed-rate doctrine and the rule against retroactive ratemaking prevented MISO
from applying Schedule 39 to Duke and American Transmission and charging them for the
Multi-Value Projects. A group of other MISO Transmission Owners appealed, claiming that the
Commission incorrectly interpreted the Tariff and departed from the reasoning of its prior orders.
Duke and American Transmission intervened to support the Commission’s order.
 No. 16-3791                   MISO Transmission Owners v. FERC                            Page 4


                                                 II.

       Venue. In earlier litigation over the MISO Tariff, the parties filed their appeals in the
Seventh Circuit, in which MISO has its headquarters, or the D.C. Circuit. That’s in keeping with
the Federal Power Act’s judicial review provision, which provides for venue in “any circuit
wherein the licensee or public utility to which the [Commission’s] order relates is located or has
its principal place of business, or in the [D.C. Circuit].” 16 U.S.C. § 825l(b).

       But is venue appropriate in our circuit? An initial answer is that no one has challenged
venue here. The Commission, it is true, hinted in that direction, asking the utilities “to explain
why the instant dispute . . . is properly before this Court.”        Respondent Br. 5.     But the
Commission did not move to dismiss or transfer the appeal. The Supreme Court has held that an
identical provision in the Natural Gas Act, also administrated by FERC, “invest[s] all
intermediate federal courts with the power to review orders of the Commission, provided [that]
the parties may object that the particular circuit lacks the specified qualifications.” Panhandle E.
Pipe Line Co. v. Fed. Power Comm’n, 324 U.S. 635, 638–39 (1945). Absent such an objection,
the Transmission Owners have no obligation to prove that the Sixth Circuit is an appropriate
venue for their appeal.

       We may transfer the appeal on our own initiative, it is true. See Brentwood at Hobart v.
NLRB, 675 F.3d 999, 1005 (6th Cir. 2012). But we see no good reason to do so here. Venue lies
in the Sixth Circuit because all of MISO’s members are “public utilit[ies] to which the order
relates,” and at least one of them has its principal place of business in this circuit. Even though
the Commission’s order concerned MISO’s Tariff, the petitioners are MISO’s members, not
MISO itself.    That’s important because “[v]enue relates to the convenience of litigants.”
Panhandle, 324 U.S. at 639. The case also has legitimate ties to the circuit, as the spark that lit
the controversy was the withdrawal from MISO of Ohio and Kentucky utilities.                Judicial
efficiency weighs against transferring the case as well. The appeal has been pending since June
2016, and has been fully briefed.      The MISO Transmission Owners, Duke, and American
Transmission all support proceeding with the case here.
 No. 16-3791                  MISO Transmission Owners v. FERC                           Page 5


       It’s possible, we suppose, that the Transmission Owners filed this appeal in the Sixth
Circuit to take advantage of our less deferential review of the Commission’s tariff
interpretations. But we need not worry about rewarding circuit shopping because that issue does
not affect the outcome of this case, as we next suggest and eventually show.

        Standard of Review. We generally review the Commission’s orders under the arbitrary-
and-capricious standard, but we give fresh review to questions of law, such as the interpretation
of tariffs and other contracts. See FERC v. Elec. Power Supply Ass’n, 136 S. Ct. 760, 782
(2016); Cincinnati Gas & Elec. Co. v. FERC, 724 F.2d 550, 554 (6th Cir. 1984). Unlike the
D.C. and Seventh Circuits, we do not automatically give deference to the Commission’s
interpretations of tariffs. Compare Cincinnati Gas & Elec., 724 F.2d at 554, with Koch Gateway
Pipeline Co. v. FERC, 136 F.3d 810, 814–15 (D.C. Cir. 1998); City of Kaukauna v. FERC,
214 F.3d 888, 895 (7th Cir. 2000). We instead defer only when the Commission bases its
interpretation on its “factual findings or technical expertise.” Cincinnati Gas & Elec. Co.,
724 F.2d at 554.

       The Commission and the MISO Transmission Owners offer competing accounts of
whether the Commission based its interpretation of the Tariff on its technical expertise in
ratemaking. But we need not take sides. Either way, we would affirm the Commission’s
interpretation, whether under fresh review or deferential review.

        Pre-Schedule 39 Tariff. The filed-rate doctrine prohibits MISO from charging Duke and
American Transmission higher rates than those included in its filed Tariff, and the rule against
retroactive ratemaking prohibits the Commission from ordering utilities to pay such a rate. See
Ark. La. Gas Co. v. Hall, 453 U.S. 571, 573, 578–79 (1981). That means MISO can bill Duke
and American Transmission for a share of the Multi-Value Projects only if the pre-Schedule
39 Tariff authorized those charges.

       When the two utilities announced their withdrawal from MISO, the Tariff stated that “a
Party that withdraws from [MISO] shall remain responsible for all financial obligations incurred
pursuant to [the Tariff] while a Member.” Attachment FF, § III.A.2.j, App’x 840. The pre-
 No. 16-3791                    MISO Transmission Owners v. FERC                           Page 6


Schedule 39 Tariff thus authorizes this charge only if the utilities “incurred” a financial
obligation to contribute to the Multi-Value Projects before they withdrew. They did not.

       In setting out the framework for network expansion projects, the Tariff says that
transmission owners “will bear cost responsibility for [expansion projects] as and to the extent
provided by any applicable provision of the Tariff, including . . . any applicable cost allocation
method ordered by the Commission.” Id., Introduction to Section III, App’x 826. It then
explains how to allocate costs for each type of project. Plans for Market Efficiency and Baseline
Reliability Projects allocate cost responsibility up front, when MISO approves the project. For
both types of projects, the Tariff allocates twenty percent of the total “Project Cost” “on a
system-wide basis to all Transmission Customers and recovered through a system-wide rate.”
Id., § III.A.2.c.ii, App’x 829; § III.A.2.f.i, App’x 837. It allocates the remaining eighty percent
of the costs to designated pricing zones and sub-regions, with utilities in those zones paying
annual charges calculated under a formula set forth in the Tariff.

       Cost responsibility for Multi-Value Projects works differently.         Section III.A.2.g.i
provides that:

                 Costs of Multi Value Projects will be allocated as follows:

              i) One hundred percent (100%) of the annual revenue requirements of the
       Multi Value Projects shall be allocated on a system-wide basis to Transmission
       Customers that withdraw energy, including External Transactions sinking outside
       the Transmission Provider’s region, and recovered through an MVP Usage
       Charge pursuant to Attachment MM.

App’x 839.

       Two distinctions jump out between cost allocation for the first two categories and cost
allocation for Multi-Value Projects. First, the provisions governing Market Efficiency and
Baseline Reliability Projects allocate the total “Project Cost” all at once, while the Multi-Value
Projects provision allocates “annual revenue requirements” instead. If costs were allocated in
full at the time of project approval, the word “annual” would serve no purpose. Second, for
Market Efficiency and Baseline Reliability Projects, twenty percent of costs are allocated “on a
system-wide basis to all Transmission Customers.” But for Multi-Value Projects, the costs are
 No. 16-3791                    MISO Transmission Owners v. FERC                           Page 7


allocated only to “Transmission Customers that withdraw energy.” Accordingly, the “[Multi-
Value Project] Usage Charge” is updated monthly based on transmission owners’ energy
withdrawals from MISO. See Attachment MM, § 3, App’x 930–33. The only way to give these
deliberate distinctions any effect is to reallocate a project’s costs each year based on energy
usage. Both distinctions support the conclusion that the relevant Tariff provision reallocates
costs for Multi-Value Projects based on the utilities’ actual usage of the MISO system, not up
front.

         Another section of the Tariff points in the same direction. It says that transmission
owners who join MISO have no liability for Market Efficiency and Baseline Reliability Projects
that the association approved before their arrival. Attachment FF, Section III.A.2.k, App’x 840.
That makes sense because MISO allocates the costs for those projects up front. But for Multi-
Value Projects, the Tariff says that new members must pay for project costs based on actual
usage, which would not be possible with up-front cost allocation. Id.

         In view of this language and our interpretation of it, Duke and American Transmission
did not incur any financial obligations in the short time between approval of the Multi-Value
Projects and their withdrawal from MISO for two basic reasons. One: All parties agree that,
when Duke and American Transmission left MISO, there were no revenue obligations to allocate
because construction had not started yet. Two: Duke and American Transmission ceased to
“withdraw energy” from MISO when they joined a new association and thus could not be
responsible for future costs.

         The Transmission Owners’ contrary arguments do not work. In particular, they cannot
square their alternative understanding of cost allocation for Multi-Value Projects with the text of
the Tariff.   The Owners claim that the Commission’s interpretation ignores the distinction
between cost allocation (assigning liability for a share of a project’s eventual cost to each
transmission owner) and cost recovery (determining the charges each owner has to pay each
year). According to the Owners, the first part of § III.A.2.g.i allocates costs to all “Transmission
Customers that withdraw energy”—a group that included Duke and American Transmission at
the time MISO approved the slate of Multi-Value Projects—and we should assume (absent a
provision saying otherwise) that all costs are allocated at the time of approval, just like Market
 No. 16-3791                   MISO Transmission Owners v. FERC                            Page 8


Efficiency and Baseline Reliability Projects. Charges may change annually based on energy
withdrawals, they add, but that doesn’t alter the fact that each transmission owner present when
MISO approved a project remains responsible for part of the bill.

       But this interpretation does not account for the language of the Multi-Value Projects’
cost-allocation provisions. Why refer to “annual revenue requirements” rather than “Project
Cost” if the Tariff meant to allocate costs up front, as it did for the Market Efficiency and
Baseline Reliability Projects? Why restrict allocation to customers “that withdraw energy”?
And why not provide an allocation rate that isn’t updated based on energy usage? This argument
raises many questions. And the answers to all of them cut against it.

       The Owners’ interpretation has an uncomfortable relationship with the text of the Tariff
in other ways. It is hard to say that a provision beginning “[c]osts of Multi Value Projects will be
allocated as follows” is about anything other than allocation. True, the provision goes on to refer
to “recover[y] through an [Multi-Value Project] Usage Charge,” as does Attachment MM, but
that shouldn’t surprise us. The Tariff reallocates each year’s revenue requirements in proportion
to each transmission owner’s annual usage, which means that allocation and recovery amount to
the same thing for Multi-Value Projects. It makes no difference that a separate part of the Tariff,
Appendix K, distinguishes between the right to challenge a rate and the right to challenge
allocation of costs. Those two things may often be distinct. But they need not always be. The
Transmission Owners try to introduce a rigid distinction between two concepts that § III.A.2.g.i
puts together.

       Contrary to the Owners’ assertions, there’s no background presumption that costs should
be allocated up front. The Tariff says that, for Market Efficiency Projects, “cost allocations as a
percentage of project cost shall be determined one time at the time that the project is presented to
[MISO] for approval.” Attachment FF, § II.B.1.c, App’x 818–19. And the allocation to each
pricing zone for Baseline Reliability Projects happens one time, on the basis of a formula that
can be calculated in advance. Id., § III.A.c.ii, App’x 830. By contrast, it’s not even clear how
shares of responsibility for the costs of Multi-Value Projects could be allocated up front, given
that the only rate referred to in § III.A.2.g.i is the continually updated Usage Rate.
 No. 16-3791                  MISO Transmission Owners v. FERC                            Page 9


        The Transmission Owners do not even attempt to answer some of the points made above.
They instead object that the Commission did not make some of these arguments in its order, and
that we therefore may not consider them on appeal. See SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 95
(1943). But Chenery tells us not to sustain an administrative order on a different ground from
the one the agency offered; it does not forbid us from noting additional reasons that support the
agency’s position. See Penn-Cent. Merger and N & W Inclusion Cases, 389 U.S. 489, 526 n.14
(1968). Here, at any rate, we agree with the basis for the Commission’s decision: the Tariff
provides that the costs of Multi-Value Projects are reallocated year-to-year, not at the time MISO
approves them.

        In a related argument, the Transmission Owners suggest that we should remand the order
to the Commission because it did not lay out enough reasons to support its interpretation of the
Tariff and thus did not engage in “reasoned decision-making.”            But the Commission’s
explanation was “clear enough that its path may reasonably be discerned,” and thus was not
arbitrary and capricious. Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 136 S. Ct. 2117, 2125 (2016)
(quotation omitted).

        Prior Orders. The Transmission Owners also object that the Commission departed
without explanation from the reasoning of two prior orders concerning the MISO Tariff. But
those orders said nothing about the timing of cost allocation for Multi-Value Projects. The
Transmission Owners lift phrases out of context and incite conflict where none exists. That the
order approving the Multi-Value Projects provisions rightly referred to Attachment MM’s
formula for the Usage Rate as “rate design” respects the Commission’s later conclusion that the
Usage Rate doubles as an allocation rate. And the Multi-Value Projects provisions did not even
exist when the Commission approved the procedures for Market Efficiency and Baseline
Reliability Projects, so nothing in that order could conflict with the Commission’s decision in
this case.

        For these reasons, we deny the petition for review.
