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                   THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

                              ___________________________


Grafton
No. 2018-0495


                                 DENIS GIRARD & a.

                                          v.

                                TOWN OF PLYMOUTH

                               Argued: May 16, 2019
                          Opinion Issued: August 30, 2019

      Cleveland, Waters and Bass, P.A., of Concord (William B. Pribis on the
brief and orally), for the plaintiffs.


      Donahue, Tucker & Ciandella, PLLC, of Exeter (John J. Ratigan and
Brendan Avery O’Donnell on the memorandum of law, and Mr. O’Donnell
orally), for the defendant.

       DONOVAN, J. The plaintiffs, Denis Girard and Florence Leduc, appeal
an order of the Superior Court (MacLeod, J.) upholding a decision of the Town
of Plymouth Planning Board denying their subdivision application. They argue
that the trial court erred in upholding the planning board’s denial of their
application because: (1) the board “engaged in impermissible ad hoc rule” and
“decision making” when it relied upon an “overly broad” subdivision regulation;
(2) the board relied on a subdivision regulation that does not specifically
authorize the board to regulate wetlands; (3) the board’s regulation of wetlands
is preempted by State statute; (4) the trial court unreasonably relied on certain
evidence provided by a wetlands scientist; (5) the board’s decision to reject the
application based upon the proposed subdivision’s impact on the wetlands was
unreasonable; and (6) the board violated New Hampshire law by discussing the
application at a hearing without notice to the applicants or the public. We
address each of these arguments and affirm.

                                     I. Facts

      The following facts are drawn from the trial court’s order or are otherwise
evident from the certified record. The plaintiffs own an undeveloped parcel of
land in Plymouth with four other people (co-owners). The property’s southwest
border abuts Fairgrounds Road. Vehicles access the property through a
“woods road,” which originates from Fairgrounds Road near the property’s
southwest corner and runs northerly through the property.

       In 2009, the plaintiffs sought to partition the property in probate court.
Pursuant to a settlement stipulation, the parties agreed to subdivide the
property into a southerly 50-acre parcel, to which the plaintiffs would take title
after the subdivision approval, and a northerly 199-acre parcel, to which the
co-owners would take title. Attached to the stipulation was a hand-drawn
sketch of the property that depicts the proposed lot lines separating the two
parcels.

       As portrayed in the sketch, the smaller lot would encompass the
southern portion of the woods road and most of the southwest boundary along
Fairgrounds Road, while the larger parcel would retain a narrow corridor of
land abutting Fairgrounds Road in the southwest corner of the property. The
sketch also depicts a proposed new access to the larger parcel, wholly confined
within its boundaries, beginning at Fairgrounds Road and running northerly
until it intersects with the existing woods road. The settlement stipulation
states, “It is understood that the sketch/plan is conceptual in nature and has
not received State or Local Approvals.” The stipulation required that the
parties exchange quitclaim deeds within 30 days of receiving final subdivision
approval.

      The Probate Court (Boyle, J.) approved the settlement stipulation. For
several years, however, the parties disputed the requirements of the settlement
stipulation and, in 2016, the plaintiffs filed a motion for contempt against the
co-owners in the probate division of the circuit court for failure to submit a
subdivision application. The Circuit Court (Rappa, J.) denied the motion but
ordered the parties to file a subdivision application with the Plymouth Planning
Board no later than December 1 of that year. The parties submitted a
subdivision application to the planning board in November. The proposed
subdivision map was consistent with the sketch attached to the settlement


                                        2
stipulation, including the proposed access way. The subdivision map also
demarcated several wetlands areas.

       During four public hearings between February and June 2017, the
planning board heard from the parties to the application. At the initial hearing,
planning board members, an abutter, and the co-owners raised concerns about
the impact the proposed access way would have on the wetlands. As a result,
the board and the parties discussed possible alternative locations for the
access way. The board continued the hearing and asked the parties to
renegotiate the proposed lot lines to permit the relocation of the access way
east of the wetlands. At the next hearing on the application, which occurred in
April, the plaintiffs informed the board that they would not agree to relocate the
access way and asked the board to approve the application as submitted. The
co-owners and abutter again expressed concern about the impact of the
proposed access way on wetlands. The board decided to conduct a site visit
and solicit a written “synopsis” from a wetlands scientist before reaching a
decision.

       In May, the board visited the property and, thereafter, received a letter
from a certified wetlands scientist who had also inspected the property. At a
subsequent public hearing that month, the board chair read the wetlands
scientist’s letter into the record, which stated, in relevant part, that the location
of the proposed access way “has several large areas of wetlands and areas of
high water table” and was not “suitable for the construction of a driveway.”
The letter further stated that another possible location for the access way,
which has one large wetlands and “small areas with a high water table,” would
provide a “better alternative,” and that the “best option would be to grant an
easement on the existing access roadway.” The letter also noted that the New
Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (DES) would not “approve a
wetlands crossing when there is an alternate location for an access or driveway
with less wetlands impact.” Based upon this information, the board continued
the hearing and again asked the parties to “seriously consider” three options:
(1) allow the co-owners to use the existing woods road; (2) relocate the
boundary lines of the subdivision to accommodate the relocation of the access
way “east of the major wetland,” consistent with the wetlands scientist’s second
alternative; or (3) “run[] a right of way that accomplishes the same thing.”

       At the last hearing on the matter, on June 15, the plaintiffs informed the
board that they would not agree to any of the proposed alternatives. The board
voted unanimously to deny the application and subsequently issued a written
decision, citing the concerns the board raised about the wetlands, the board’s
site visit, the wetlands scientist’s letter, and the plaintiffs’ rejection of the three
alternatives presented to them as reasons for the denial. The decision further
stated that the board relied upon Article VIII, Section B of the Town’s
subdivision regulations, which allows the planning board to “impose
requirements upon the subdivider in order to preserve and protect the existing


                                           3
features, . . . [and] other natural resources.” Plymouth, N.H., Subdivision
Regulations (PSR) art. VIII, § B (2002). The decision noted that the board
considered wetlands to constitute “other natural resources” under the
regulation.

      The plaintiffs appealed the planning board’s decision to the superior
court, which upheld the decision. This appeal followed.

                             II. Standard of Review

       At the outset, we first explain the applicable standard of review. The trial
court’s review of a planning board’s decision is governed by RSA 677:15 (2016),
which provides that the trial court “may reverse or affirm, wholly or partly, or
may modify the decision brought up for review when there is an error of law or
when the court is persuaded by the balance of probabilities, on the evidence
before it, that [the board’s] decision is unreasonable.” RSA 677:15, V. Thus,
the trial court’s review is limited. Trustees of Dartmouth Coll. v. Town of
Hanover, 171 N.H. 497, 504 (2018). The trial court must treat the factual
findings of the planning board as prima facie lawful and reasonable and cannot
set aside its decision absent unreasonableness or an identified error of law. Id.
The appealing party bears the burden of persuading the trial court that, by the
balance of probabilities, the board’s decision was unreasonable. Id. The trial
court determines not whether it agrees with the planning board’s findings, but
whether there is evidence upon which its findings could have reasonably been
based. Id.

      Our review is similarly limited. We will reverse a trial court’s decision on
appeal only if it is not supported by the evidence or is legally erroneous. Id.
We review the trial court’s decision to determine whether a reasonable person
could have reached the same decision as the trial court based upon the
evidence before it. Id.

                                   III. Analysis

                      A. Statutory and Regulatory Claims

       We now address the plaintiffs’ statutory and regulation-based claims,
which require that we interpret the statutes and regulations governing the
planning board’s decision. We review the interpretation of statutes and
regulations de novo, Petition of Sawyer, 170 N.H. 197, 203 (2017), and,
accordingly, we are not bound by the interpretation of the planning board,
Trustees of Dartmouth Coll., 171 N.H. at 508. We use the same principles of
construction when interpreting both statutes and regulations. Petition of
Guillemette, 171 N.H. 565, 568 (2018). Thus, in construing rules, as in
construing statutes, where possible, we ascribe the plain and ordinary meaning
to the words used. Id. We interpret legislative or administrative intent from


                                        4
the statute or rule as written and will not consider what the legislature or
administrative agency might have said or add language that the legislature or
administrative agency did not see fit to include. Id. We construe all parts of a
statute or regulation together to effectuate its overall purposes and to avoid
absurd or unjust results. Id. at 568-69. Moreover, we do not consider words
and phrases in isolation, but rather within the context of the statute or
regulation as a whole. Id. at 569. When the language of a statute or regulation
is plain and unambiguous, we need not look beyond the statute or regulation
itself for further indications of legislative or administrative intent. Id.

      The plaintiffs first argue that the trial court erred in upholding the
planning board’s reliance upon Article VIII, Section B of the subdivision
regulations. Under Section B, captioned “Preservation of Existing Features,”
the planning board “may impose requirements upon the subdivider in order to
preserve and protect the existing features, trees, scenic points, views, brooks,
streams, rock out-croppings, water bodies, stone walls, boundary markers,
other natural resources and historic landmarks.” PSR art. VIII, § B. The board
considered wetlands to fall within the phrase “natural resources” in Section B.
The trial court agreed, concluding that wetlands are comparable to the other
items enumerated in the regulation. The plaintiffs argue that the trial court’s
interpretation of the regulation is erroneous. We disagree.

       The subdivision regulations define “wetlands” as “lands containing soils
that are hydric, including freshwater and saltwater marshes . . . .” PSR art. III,
§ B; see also RSA 482-A:2, X (2013) (defining “[w]etlands” as “an area that is
inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater . . . .”). Although
Article VIII, Section B does not include the term “wetlands,” it does include the
phrase “other natural resources and historic landmarks.” PSR art. VIII, § B.

       When viewed in isolation, “natural resources” is broader than the
specifically enumerated items in the regulation. See Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary 1507 (unabridged ed. 2002) (defining “natural
resources” as “materials (as mineral deposits and waterpower) supplied by
nature”); PSR art. III, § B. However, the term, along with “historic landmarks,”
is accompanied by the word “other” and is preceded by the specifically
enumerated features. PSR art. VIII, § B. This construction implies that the
specifically enumerated features are either “natural resources” or “historic
landmarks.” PSR art. VIII, § B. These features include items found in nature
that share similarities with wetlands: brooks, streams, and water bodies. PSR
art. VIII, § B. In construing “other natural resources” as “embrac[ing] only
objects similar in nature to those enumerated by the specific words,” State v.
Beauchemin, 161 N.H. 654, 658 (2011) (quotation omitted), we conclude that
wetlands are similar in nature to the specifically enumerated natural resources
in the regulation, and therefore fall within the phrase “other natural
resources.” See Home Gas Corp. v. Strafford Fuels, Inc., 130 N.H. 74, 82



                                        5
(1987) (explaining that a statute’s broader term “takes on the more specialized
character of its neighbors”).

       Our conclusion is supported by another provision of the subdivision
regulations. See Appeal of Old Dutch Mustard Co., 166 N.H. 501, 506 (2014)
(“[W]e interpret statutes and regulations in the context of the overall statutory
and regulatory scheme and not in isolation.”). Article VI, Section M(12)
includes “wetlands” under a category similar to “natural resources”:
“[s]ignificant natural features.” PSR art. VI, § M(12) (requiring final subdivision
plats to show “[s]ignificant natural features such as . . . wetlands”). In addition
to wetlands, Article VI, Section M identifies items similar to the items identified
in Article VIII, Section B. Compare PSR art. VIII, § B (naming “trees, scenic
points, views, brooks, streams, rock out-croppings, [and] water bodies”) with
PSR art. VI, § M(12) (naming “woods, wetlands, streams, ponds, ledges, mines,
scenic views, parks, [and] public open spaces”). Thus, our interpretation of
“natural resources” as including wetlands is consistent with the regulations’
inclusion of wetlands as a “[s]ignificant natural feature.”

       The plaintiffs, however, assert that Article VIII, Section B is so broad that
it authorizes the planning board to deny an application “for any reason [it]
deems fit” whenever the board identifies any kind of “existing feature” that may
be disturbed by a proposed development. However, as discussed above, the
enumerated items in the regulation limit the scope of “natural resources” to
items similar in nature, which, we conclude, includes wetlands. Contrary to
the plaintiffs’ argument, the regulation confers only limited authority upon the
board. Article VIII, Section B does not permit the board to unconditionally
deny an application based upon its perceived impact on wetlands; rather, it
states that the board may impose “requirements” on a subdivision application
“to preserve and protect” wetlands. Thus, the regulation does not provide the
planning board with unbridled discretion to deny an application on any basis,
as the plaintiffs maintain.

       The plaintiffs next argue that the planning board “effectively wrote a rule
that does not exist,” and therefore engaged in impermissible ad hoc
rulemaking, by denying the application based upon a criterion not expressly
identified in the regulation. Because “wetlands” does not expressly appear in
the regulation, the plaintiffs contend it provides no notice to a subdivision
applicant that wetlands would be a factor considered by the board. In essence,
the plaintiffs argue that the planning board was not permitted to base its
decision on a term that does not expressly appear in the regulation. We
disagree.

      We have never held that a planning board cannot act upon criteria that
do not expressly appear in a regulation when the criteria fall within the plain
and ordinary meaning of other terms within the regulation. See Dolbeare v.
City of Laconia, 168 N.H. 52, 55 (2015). To the contrary, we have held that,


                                         6
pursuant to the principle of ejusdem generis, when a general term is preceded
by specific terms, then specific terms not expressly stated in the statute or
regulation, but similar in nature to the specifically-enumerated ones, may fall
within the general term. See Beauchemin, 161 N.H. at 658. Furthermore,
given the nature of the specific terms within the regulation and the express
inclusion of wetlands as a “significant natural resource” in another section of
the regulations, we conclude that the regulation provides notice that wetlands
could be considered by the board. See PSR art. VIII, § B, art. VI, § M(12).

       The plaintiffs further contend that, in order for a municipality to have the
authority to regulate wetlands, RSA 674:55 (2016) requires “wetlands” to be
explicitly identified in the applicable regulation. Again, we disagree. RSA
674:55 provides:

      Wherever the term “wetlands” . . . is used in regulations and
      ordinances adopted pursuant to this chapter, such term shall be
      given the meaning in RSA 482-A:2, X and the delineation of
      wetlands for purposes of such regulations and ordinances shall be
      as prescribed in rules adopted under RSA [chapter] 482-A.

Although the statute defines the word “wetlands” when it appears in a
municipal regulation, the statute contains no language that prohibits a
municipality from regulating wetlands merely because the applicable regulation
does not contain the term “wetlands.” This conclusion, however, does not
suggest that, outside the limited application of Article VIII, Section B, the Town
may regulate wetlands without first enacting an ordinance or regulation
pertaining to wetlands pursuant to the relevant enabling legislation. See, e.g.,
Derry Sr. Development, LLC v. Town of Derry, 157 N.H. 441, 447-48 (2008).

                              B. Preemption Claim

       We now consider the plaintiffs’ preemption argument which asserts that
state law preempts municipalities from regulating wetlands. The preemption
doctrine flows from the principle that municipal legislation is invalid if it is
repugnant to, or inconsistent with, state law. Forster v. Town of Henniker, 167
N.H. 745, 756 (2015). Preemption may be express or implied. Id. Here, the
plaintiffs’ argument is based upon implied preemption, which may be found
when the comprehensiveness and detail of the State statutory scheme evinces
legislative intent to supersede local regulation. Id. State law also impliedly
preempts local law when there is an actual conflict between the two. Id. A
conflict exists when a municipal ordinance or regulation permits that which a
state statute prohibits or vice versa. Id. Moreover, even when a local
ordinance does not expressly conflict with a state statute, it will be preempted
when it frustrates the statute’s purpose. Id. Because preemption is essentially
a matter of statutory interpretation and construction, whether a state statute
preempts local regulation is a question of law, which we review de novo. Id.


                                        7
       The plaintiffs do not argue that an actual conflict exists between Article
VIII, Section B and a state statute. Cf. Lakeside Lodge v. Town of New London,
158 N.H. 164, 173-74 (2008). Instead, they argue that the planning board’s
interpretation of Article VIII, Section B “is contrary to, and frustrates the
purpose of,” the comprehensive regulatory scheme that governs the regulation
of wetlands by DES. See RSA ch. 482-A (2013 & Supp. 2018). We disagree.

       In enacting RSA chapter 482-A, the legislature gave DES the authority to
regulate excavation, removal, fill, dredge, or construction in or on wetlands
through a comprehensive permitting process. See RSA 482-A:3, :6, :11 (2013
& Supp. 2018). The legislature “found [it] to be for the public good and welfare
of this state to protect and preserve its submerged lands under tidal and fresh
waters and its wetlands . . . from despoliation and unregulated alteration.”
RSA 482-A:1 (2013). Article VIII, Section B allows the planning board to
impose requirements on an application “in order to protect and preserve”
existing natural resources, which, we have concluded, includes wetlands. The
record demonstrates that the planning board requested that the plaintiffs
adopt an alternative access way location to protect wetlands. We conclude that
Article VIII, Section B, and the planning board’s action pursuant to that
regulation, serves, rather than frustrates, the purpose of RSA chapter 482-A.

       Nevertheless, the plaintiffs point to provisions of RSA chapter 482-A that
reference municipalities’ involvement in the wetlands permitting and
designation process. See RSA 482-A:11, III(a) (Supp. 2018); RSA 482-A:15,
I(a)-(b), II (2013). They argue that, by specifically setting forth a municipality’s
involvement in these procedures, RSA chapter 482-A limits a municipality’s
regulation of wetlands to those provisions. We disagree.

      RSA 482-A:11, III(a) states that, upon receiving written notification from
a municipal body that the municipality “intends to investigate any notice
received by it pursuant to RSA 482-A:3,” DES cannot render a decision on a
permit application until it “receive[s] and acknowledge[s] receipt of a written
report” from the municipality or until 40 days from the date of filing of the
notice. We agree with the plaintiffs that, pursuant to the statute, DES
ultimately decides whether to approve or deny the application, even if that
decision is contrary to the municipality’s position. See RSA 482-A:11, III(a).
However, we disagree that this provision implies that a municipality cannot
also consider the impact to wetlands when determining whether to approve a
subdivision application in accordance with the municipality’s statutory
authority. See RSA 674:35, I-II.

       To be clear, the municipal action at issue here is the planning board’s
decision to condition its approval of the subdivision application upon the
relocation of the access way, pursuant to the municipality’s statutory authority
over subdivisions and the placement of roads therein. See RSA 674:36, II(c)
(allowing planning boards to adopt regulations to “[r]equire the proper


                                         8
arrangement and coordination of streets within subdivisions in relation to
other existing or planned streets or with features of the official map of the
municipality”); see also RSA 674:36, II(e) (allowing planning boards to adopt
regulations to “[r]equire suitably located streets of sufficient width to
accommodate existing and prospective traffic”). The fact that RSA 482-A:11,
III(a) gives a municipality the opportunity to investigate and comment on a
wetlands permit — a procedure completely separate from municipal
subdivision approval under RSA chapter 674 — does not, by itself, preempt the
planning board’s authority to regulate the development of subdivisions under
RSA 676:35, I, and :36.

      We reach a similar conclusion as to RSA 482-A:15. RSA 482-A:15, I(a)
and II allow a municipality to “undertake to designate, map, and document
prime wetlands lying within its boundaries,” which it may then submit to DES.
The statute provides procedures the municipality must follow if it chooses to
designate prime wetlands. RSA 482-A:15, I to I-b. The plaintiffs contend that,
because the statute requires a municipality to follow DES’s regulations when
designating prime wetlands, the statute prohibits the municipality from
enacting any regulations relating to wetlands. To the extent that this provision
preempts a municipality from enacting its own regulations, this preemption is
narrow — by requiring a municipality to follow DES’s rules when designating
prime wetlands, this provision may prohibit a municipality from enacting
procedures for designating prime wetlands that differ from DES’s. It does not,
however, expressly or implicitly prohibit a municipality from enacting and
applying regulations relating to wetlands generally. Accordingly, we conclude
that these two provisions in RSA chapter 482-A do not demonstrate an intent
to preempt a municipality from considering wetlands in its subdivision
approval process.

       The plaintiffs identify another statutory provision that they argue
“reaffirms the State’s authority over wetlands” — RSA 482-A:11, IV(a) (2013).
This provision states: “This paragraph shall not be construed so as to relieve
[DES] of its statutory obligations under this chapter to protect wetlands not so
mapped and designated.” RSA 482-A:11, IV(a). This paragraph, however,
details the strict procedures DES must follow when granting a permit over
prime wetlands. See RSA 482-A:11, IV(a). Read in the context of the entire
paragraph, RSA 482-A:11, IV(a) simply clarifies that the statute does not
absolve DES of its responsibilities with respect to wetlands that are not
designated as “prime.” Nothing in this provision implies that DES has the sole
authority to regulate wetlands in any manner, as the plaintiffs suggest.

       The plaintiffs identify no other statutory provision that demonstrates a
legislative intent to preempt municipalities from considering wetlands when
determining whether to impose conditions upon a subdivision application.
Accordingly, based upon the provisions cited by the plaintiffs, we conclude that



                                       9
the planning board was not preempted from imposing a condition to protect
wetlands here.

                              C. Evidentiary Claims

       Next, we address the plaintiffs’ argument that the trial court improperly
relied upon the wetlands scientist’s letter to uphold the board’s decision. The
trial court determined that, “[o]n the basis of the [letter] alone, the Board could
reasonably conclude [the proposed access way] would harm the wetlands at
issue.” The plaintiffs contend, however, that “there is nothing in the record
demonstrating that, in its deliberations or otherwise, the Board relied in any
manner” on the letter.

       We have held that the superior court’s review is not to determine whether
it agrees with the planning board’s findings, but to determine whether there is
evidence upon which the findings could be reasonably based. CBDA Dev., LLC
v. Town of Thornton, 168 N.H. 715, 720 (2016). Thus, a trial court’s task is
limited to determining whether the record contains evidence that reasonably
supports the board’s findings. See id. Nevertheless, the plaintiffs, relying upon
our decision in Dartmouth College, claim that a trial court may not rely upon
evidence in the record to uphold a planning board’s decision when the record
demonstrates that board members did not, in fact, rely upon that evidence
when reaching their decision. See Trustees of Dartmouth Coll., 171 N.H. at
505-08. This argument mischaracterizes our decision in Dartmouth College.

       In Dartmouth College, the planning board denied the college’s
application for site plan approval by issuing a conclusory decision that set
forth only the regulations upon which it relied in reaching its decision. Id. at
502. In upholding the board’s decision, the trial court concluded that the
board could have based its decision upon a finding that the plaintiff’s proposed
building “‘would block an unreasonable amount of sunlight from reaching
abutting homes.’” Id. at 503. We determined that the trial court’s conclusion
was unreasonable because the record, which included a transcript of the
board’s deliberations, did not support the trial court’s finding that the board
rejected the application based upon this “particular concern.” Id. at 505-06.
Thus, our decision in Dartmouth College focused on whether, in the absence of
any express findings or reasoning in the board’s written decision, the record
supported the trial court’s conclusion that the board based its decision on a
particular concern — not whether the record demonstrated that the board
considered a particular piece of evidence in the record that would support that
concern. See id.

      Unlike in Dartmouth College, the board’s written decision in this case,
and its members’ comments during the public hearings, expressly explain the
basis for its decision to impose the condition to relocate the access way and its
subsequent denial of the application — specifically, its concern about the


                                        10
proposed access way’s impact on the property’s wetlands. Evidence in the
record — including the wetlands scientist’s letter — supports this concern.
Given the trial court’s limited review, see CBDA Dev., 168 N.H. at 720, it was
not unreasonable for the trial court to rely upon this evidence, which was
relevant to the board’s stated concern, to conclude that the evidence supports
the board’s decision.

       The plaintiffs further argue that the trial court’s reliance on the letter
was unreasonable because one of the author’s conclusions — that DES “will
not approve a wetlands crossing when there is an alternate location for an
access or driveway” — did not contradict the “uncontested evidence” that DES
would have approved a permit allowing the proposed access way to cross over
the wetlands if the board approved the application. The plaintiffs cite no
authority, nor are we aware of any, that would prohibit the trial court from
relying upon this evidence for such a reason. Moreover, the plaintiffs do not
identify any evidence submitted to the planning board that supports their bald
conclusion that DES would have issued a wetlands permit for the proposed
access way, and we fail to see why such evidence would render the trial court’s
consideration of the letter unreasonable. This is not a case where an
applicant’s receipt of a state agency’s approval creates a presumption that the
application meets the regulation’s requirements. Cf. Derry Senior Dev., LLC,
157 N.H. at 449-50 (concluding that the receipt of DES permit approval created
a presumption that a septic system met the municipality’s regulations where
the regulations expressly allowed for such a system if it met the requirements
of the State administrative code and if the applicant obtained the requisite DES
permits). Thus, the trial court’s reliance upon the letter as support for the
board’s decision was not unreasonable.

       The plaintiffs next argue that the trial court erred in upholding the
board’s decision because the decision itself was unreasonable, given that the
“uncontroverted evidence” before the board “was that the [proposed access
way]’s potential impact upon the overall wetlands on the property was so small
as to be virtually non-existent.” More specifically, the plaintiffs assert that the
board should have considered evidence that: (1) the nature of the anticipated
use of the access way “would likely never affect wetlands,” and, even if it did,
such use would affect only a negligible fraction of the wetlands on the property;
and (2) the settlement stipulation limited the use of the access way to that of a
“woods road,” which would have little impact on wetlands.

       On appeal, our review of a trial court’s decision is limited — we
determine whether a reasonable person could have reached the same decision
as the trial court based upon the evidence before it. Trustees of Dartmouth
Coll., 171 N.H. at 504. It is undisputed that the proposed access way would
traverse some portion of the wetlands on the property. Furthermore, the
evidence included the opinion of a certified wetlands scientist — based upon
her personal observations of the property — that the proposed location for the


                                        11
access way was not appropriate due to the presence of the wetlands, and that
other alternatives that would have a less significant impact on the wetlands
existed. These facts, in addition to the board members’ personal observations
of the property and the testimony of the concerned abutter, reasonably support
the trial court’s conclusion.

       Although the settlement stipulation provided that the co-owners’ “access
over [the proposed access way] shall be in the form of a ‘woods road,’” the
plaintiffs identify no evidence that supports any of their assertions that the
proposed access way would have no effect, or only a negligible effect, on the
wetlands. We acknowledge that the record includes a statement from the
surveyor who drafted the proposed subdivision map suggesting that the
anticipated use of the access way “is a forest route primarily, but a woods road
could also be constructed,” but this statement fails to address the question of
whether the construction of a “forest route” or “woods road” would affect the
wetlands. Nor does it necessarily inform a fact finder as to how the access way
would be used in the future. Regardless of the representations made by
plaintiffs’ counsel to the board as to the limited nature of the future use of the
proposed access way, these representations were not supported by any
evidence and were disputed by the co-owners. Thus, the plaintiffs’
unsupported assertions as to the future use of the proposed access way fail to
demonstrate that the trial court’s decision was not supported by the evidence.

                              D. Procedural Claims

       Finally, the plaintiffs argue that the trial court should have reversed the
planning board’s decision because the board discussed the application at a
public hearing on June 1 without providing notice to the plaintiffs, in violation
of RSA 676:4 (Supp. 2018). RSA 676:4, I(d)(1) requires the planning board to
notify a subdivision applicant of a public hearing on the application. However,
RSA 676:4, IV provides that judicial review of the planning board’s procedures
“shall not be subjected to strict scrutiny for technical compliance.” The statute
requires “the reversal of a planning board’s actions by judicial action only when
such defects create serious impairment of opportunity for notice and
participation.” RSA 676:4, IV. The trial court found that the board’s lack of
notice did not treat the plaintiffs unfairly or unreasonably, nor did it “seriously
impair [the plaintiffs’] participation in the Board’s consideration of the
application.”

       The transcript of the June 1 hearing reveals that the board members
engaged in an informal discussion relating to the access way alternatives the
board had proposed to the parties at the prior hearings. While board members
briefly expressed their opinions on the matter, the board did not request or
hear any comment from members of the public on the application and did not
render a decision on the application. We agree with the trial court that the
plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that the lack of notice seriously impaired their


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participation in the proceedings. RSA 676:4, IV. The board members did not
reveal any information or opinions during the June 1 hearing that they did not
communicate at the public hearings at which the plaintiffs or their counsel
were present. Moreover, the board did not render its decision until the end of
the public hearing on June 15, after hearing the plaintiffs’ arguments that
related to the very concerns discussed by the board on June 1. Given that the
board held four public hearings on the application in which the plaintiffs had
the opportunity to present arguments and evidence in response to the board’s
concerns, we conclude that the trial court reasonably declined to reverse the
planning board’s decision upon this procedural ground.

                                IV. Conclusion

      Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s decision upholding the planning
board’s denial of the subdivision application. All arguments the plaintiffs
raised in their notice of appeal, but did not brief, are deemed waived. In re
Estate of King, 149 N.H. 226, 230 (2003).

                                                 Affirmed.

      HICKS and HANTZ MARCONI, JJ., concurred.




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