                                                                 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                              FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                               ________________________

                             No. 10-10816; 10-10819; 10-10813;
                                    10-10817; 10-10818            FILED
                                ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    MAY 23, 2011
                             D.C. Docket No.   6:06-cv-01757-GJK     JOHN LEY
                                                                      CLERK


STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY,
STATE FARM FIRE & CASUALTY COMPANY,

lllllllllllllllllllll                      Plaintiffs - Counter Defendants - Appellees,

versus

PHYSICIANS INJURY CARE CENTER, INC., et al.,

llllllllllllllllllll                                                     llDefendants,

EARL BYERS,
CARMEN BERDECIA,
ROSE CUMMINGS,
ANDRITA KING-FENN,

llllllllllllllllllll          lIntervenor Defendants - Counter-Claimants - Appellants,

MARGUERITE EVERIDGE,

lllllllllllllllllll                                    lIntervenor Defendant-Appellant,

JOHN KANZLEMAR,
lllllllllllllllll                                                        llllIntervenor.
                           ________________________

                   Appeals from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                   (May 23, 2011)

Before MARTIN, FAY, and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      After two jury trials and oral argument on appeal, the parties are familiar

with the facts of this case so we only summarize them for our purposes here. In

November 2006, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and State

Farm Fire and Casualty Company (collectively “State Farm”) filed suit against

Physicians Injury Care Center, Inc. (“PICC”), Dr. Irving Colvin, and Robert

Colvin (collectively “Defendants”). State Farm alleged that the Defendants

unlawfully obtained personal injury protection benefits (“PIP benefits”) from State

Farm by “push[ing] State Farm’s insureds through a sham course of treatment and

evaluation designed specifically to exhaust the patients’ insurance benefits.”

Under the Florida Motor Vehicle No-Fault Law, insurers are required to provide

PIP benefits up to a limit of $10,000 for losses sustained “as a result of bodily

injury, sickness, disease, or death arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or

use of a motor vehicle.” Fla. Stat. § 627.736(1). As to medical benefits, insurers

must pay “[e]ighty percent of all reasonable expenses for medically necessary
medical, surgical, X-ray, dental, and rehabilitative services.” Id. § 627.736(1)(a).

State Farm sought to recover the benefits it says were improperly paid to the

Defendants under a variety of theories, including common law fraud. State Farm

also requested a ruling by way of declaratory judgment that it was not required to

pay any charges for treatments rendered by the Defendants that were pending or

presented for payment during this litigation.

       Before the first jury trial, eight State Farm policyholders intervened in the

action as defendants.1 All the intervenors were injured in automobile accidents

and received treatment at PICC. In light of the claims made in this litigation, State

Farm declined to pay for those treatments. The intervenors asserted counterclaims

against State Farm for, among other things, breach of contract. The first jury trial

ended in a mistrial, and the case was tried again in November 2009. The second

jury found in favor of State Farm on all counts. The district court denied the

Defendants and intervenors’ post-trial motions and entered judgment in favor of

State Farm. The Defendants and intervenors now appeal.

1. State Farm’s common law fraud claim is not preempted by Fla. Stat.
§ 627.736(12).



       1
         The eight State Farm policyholders who intervened in the action as defendants are: (1)
Reidy Williams; (2) Elyse Cottle; (3) Earl Byers; (4) Carmen Berdecia; (5) Marguerite Everidge;
(6) Rose Cummings; (7) Jerlean Reed; and (8) Andrita King-Fenn.

                                               3
       The Defendants contend that the district court should have entered judgment

in their favor on State Farm’s common law fraud claim because that claim is

preempted by Fla. Stat. § 627.736(12).2 That statute creates a civil cause of action

on behalf of an insurer “against any person convicted of, or who, regardless of

adjudication of guilt, pleads guilty or nolo contendere to insurance fraud under

§ 817.234 . . . associated with a claim for personal injury protection benefits in

accordance with this section.” Fla. Stat. § 627.736(12).3 A prevailing insurer may

       2
         Before trial, the Defendants moved for summary judgment on State Farm’s common
law fraud claim on the grounds that it was preempted by Fla. Stat. § 627.736(12). At the close of
State Farm’s case, the Defendants moved for judgment as a matter of law under Fed. R. Civ. P.
50(a), which the district court denied. After the jury’s verdict in favor of State Farm, the
Defendants filed a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law under Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b),
which the district court also denied. The Defendants did not raise the preemption argument in
either motion.

         The Defendants’ Joint Notice of Appeal states that they are appealing only the Final
Judgment, the Amended Final Judgment, and the “portion of the Order filed on January 21, 2010
denying Defendants’ Amended Rule 50(b) Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law, or in the
Alternative, Rule 59(a)(1)(A) Motion for a New Trial.” (citation omitted). The Defendants did
not appeal the district court’s order denying their request for summary judgment on State Farm’s
common law fraud claim. However, in their initial appellate brief, the Defendants challenge the
district court’s ruling. State Farm argues that this issue is not reviewable on appeal because a
trial on the merits occurred. State Farm relies on Lind v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 254 F.3d
1281 (11th Cir. 2001), in which we declined to “review the pretrial denial of a motion for
summary judgment after a full trial and judgment on the merits.” Id. at 1286.

       Whether or not the district court’s order denying summary judgment is reviewable, we
conclude that this issue is subject to appellate review because it is “inextricably intertwined” with
noticed issues and State Farm is not prejudiced from its review. See Hill v. BellSouth
Telecomms., Inc., 364 F.3d 1308, 1313 (11th Cir. 2004).
       3
          Fla. Stat. § 817.234(1)(a)1 makes it a felony for a “person, with the intent to injure,
defraud, or deceive any insurer” to, inter alia:


                                                  4
recover compensatory, consequential, and punitive damages as well as attorney’s

fees and costs. Id.

       Under Florida law, “[w]hether a statutory remedy is exclusive or merely

cumulative depends upon the legislative intent as manifested in the language of

the statute.” Thornber v. City of Ft. Walton Beach, 568 So. 2d 914, 918 (Fla.

1990). “Even where the legislature acts in a particular area, the common law

remains in effect in that area unless the statute specifically says otherwise.” State

v. Ashley, 701 So. 2d 338, 341 (Fla. 1997); see also Essex Ins. Co. v. Zota, 985

So. 2d 1036, 1048 (Fla. 2008) (“A statute . . . designed to change the common law

rule must speak in clear, unequivocal terms, for the presumption is that no change

in the common law is intended unless the statute is explicit in this regard.”

(quoting Carlile v. Game & Fresh Water Fish Comm’n, 354 So. 2d 362, 364 (Fla.

1977)). “Unless a statute unequivocally states that it changes the common law, or

is so repugnant to the common law that the two cannot coexist, the statute will not

be held to have changed the common law.” Thornber, 568 So. 2d at 918.




       [p]resent[ ] or cause[ ] to be presented any written or oral statement as part of, or in
       support of, a claim for payment other benefit pursuant to an insurance policy . . . ,
       knowing that such statement contains any false, incomplete, or misleading
       information concerning any fact or thing material to such claim.

See also id. § 817.234(11).

                                                  5
       The express language of Fla. Stat. § 627.736(12) does not state that it

precludes an insurer from bringing a claim for common law fraud. Nor is that

statute “so repugnant to the common law that the two cannot coexist.” See id.;

Thornber, 568 So. 2d at 918. Accordingly, we conclude that Fla. Stat.

§ 627.736(12) does not preempt an insurer’s right to bring a claim for common

law fraud.

2. State Farm’s common law fraud claim is not barred by the economic loss rule.

       The Defendants also contend that State Farm’s common law fraud claim is

barred by Florida’s economic loss rule. The economic loss rule is a judicially

created doctrine. Generally, the doctrine prohibits tort actions when the only

damages suffered are economic losses. Indem. Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Am.

Aviation, Inc., 891 So. 2d 532, 536 (Fla. 2004). The economic loss rule applies

“when the parties are in contractual privity and one party seeks to recover damages

in tort for matters arising from the contract.”4 Id. The purpose of the rule is “to

prevent parties to a contract from circumventing the allocation of losses set forth

in the contract by bringing an action for economic loss in tort.” Id.



       4
         The economic loss rule also applies in the circumstance “when there is a defect in a
product that causes damage to the product but causes no personal injury or damage to other
property.” Indem. Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Am. Aviation, Inc., 891 So. 2d 532, 536 (Fla. 2004).
The parties agree that the products liability economic loss rule does not apply here.

                                                6
      The economic loss rule does not preclude tort actions for “intentional or

negligent acts that are independent from acts that breach the contract.” Brown v.

Chamax, LLC., 51 So. 3d 552, 556 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010). Nor does the economic

loss rule “bar tort actions based on fraud if the fraud alleged does not relate to an

act of performance under the contract but instead relates to a term in the

agreement.” Id.; see also D & M Jupiter, Inc. v. Friedopfer, 853 So. 2d 485, 487

(Fla. 4th DCA 2003) (“The test to determine if the economic loss rule applies is to

ask if the fraud alleged is an act of performance or in a term of the bargain. When

the fraud relates to the performance of the contract the economic loss doctrine will

limit the parties to their contractual remedies.” (citations and quotation marks

omitted)).

      In this case, the Defendants argue that they were in privity of contract with

State Farm because policyholders assigned their right to payment of PIP benefits

to PICC. See Price v. RLI Ins. Co., 914 So. 2d 1010, 1013 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005)

(“An assignment is a transfer of all the interests and rights to the thing assigned.

The assignee . . . stands in the shoes of the assignor and may enforce the contract

against the original obligor in his own name.” (quoting Lauren Kyle Holdings,

Inc. v. Health-Peterson Constr. Corp., 864 So. 2d 55, 58 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003))).

The Defendants assert that the economic loss rule bars State Farm’s claim for

                                           7
common law fraud because the alleged fraud related to the payment of PIP

benefits, and State Farm’s obligation to pay those benefits arose from

policyholders’ insurance contracts.

      “Under Florida law, the assignment of a contract right does not entail the

transfer of any duty to the assignee, unless the assignee assents to assume the

duty.” Shaw v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 37 So. 3d 329, 332 (Fla. 5th DCA

2010). This includes the duty of performance under the contract. Id. (“[T]he

assignee of a contract right owes no duty of performance to the obligor.”). Thus,

PICC, as the assignee of the right to payment of PIP benefits, assumed no duty of

performance under the policyholders’ insurance contracts. Because the economic

loss rule applies “[w]hen the fraud relates to the performance of the contract” and

PICC assumed no duty of performance through the assignment of benefits, the

economic loss rule does not bar State Farm’s claim for common law fraud. See

D & M Jupiter, 853 So. 2d at 487 (quotation marks omitted).

3. State Farm presented sufficient evidence to satisfy the elements of common law
                                      fraud.

      The Defendants also contend that State Farm failed to establish the elements

of common law fraud. The “essential elements” of common law fraud under

Florida law are:


                                         8
      (1) a false statement of fact; (2) known by the person making the
      statement to be false at the time it was made; (3) made for the purpose
      of inducing another to act in reliance thereon; (4) action by the other
      person in reliance on the correctness of the statement; and (5) resulting
      damage to the other person.

Gandy v. Trans World Computer Tech. Grp., 787 So. 2d 116, 118 (Fla. 2d DCA

2001); see also Tucker v. Mariani, 655 So. 2d 221, 225 (Fla. 1st DCA 1995). The

Defendants’ arguments focus on the first and fourth elements: material

misrepresentation and reliance. As for the first element, State Farm presented the

expert testimony of Dr. Root. He testified that PICC did not perform legitimate

exams on patients and gave pre-determined diagnoses, such that the treatments

that patients received were not medically necessary. Dr. Root’s testimony was

bolstered by the testimony of two former PICC patients, who stated that their

medical files did not accurately reflect their symptoms. State Farm also showed

that PICC submitted bills for the medically unnecessary treatments. That evidence

was sufficient to show that PICC made false statements of material fact.

      As for the fourth element, Timothy Banahan, a legal analyst in State Farm’s

multi-claim investigative unit, testified that State Farm only pays a claim for PIP

benefits if a bill is submitted and that a claim adjuster relies on the accuracy of the

bill in processing the claim. Banahan’s testimony showed sufficient reliance by

State Farm to support the common law fraud claim.

                                           9
      Dr. Colvin and Robert Colvin also challenge State Farm’s common law

fraud claim against them in their individual capacity. We find the defendants’

arguments unavailing. Dr. Colvin developed the treatment protocol that the staff

at PICC was required to follow. As PICC’s medical director, he also oversaw the

medical aspects of the practice, including the hiring and training of PICC’s

physicians. Although not a doctor, Robert Colvin was responsible for PICC’s

billing and played an integral role in PICC’s operations. Ordinarily, an officer

manager's role in business operations would not be sufficient to hold him liable for

fraudulent activities conducted by medical professionals. However, in this case

the jury was presented with evidence which could support a finding that Robert

Colvin actively participated in the fraud by implementing policies that made the

fraudulent activities more difficult to discover, such as the shredding of documents

and instructing therapists not to sign patients' records. Under the specific facts of

this case, we find sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict. See Howard v.

Walgreen Co., 605 F.3d 1239, 1242 (11th Cir. 2010).

   4. The district court did not err by failing to dismiss, or enter judgment as a
           matter of law on, State Farm’s declaratory judgment count.

      The Defendants and the intervenors contend that the district court erred by

failing to dismiss, or enter judgment as a matter of law on, State Farm’s



                                          10
declaratory judgment count on the grounds that no actual controversy existed.

State Farm based its request for declaratory judgment relief on PICC’s alleged

common law fraud.5 See Wendy’s Int’l., Inc. v. City of Birmingham, 868 F.2d

433, 435 (11th Cir. 1989) (“[T]he Declaratory Judgment Act does not enlarge the

jurisdiction of the federal courts but rather ‘is operative only in respect to

controversies which are such in the constitutional sense. . . . Thus, the operation

of the Declaratory Judgment Act is procedural only.’” (quoting Aetna Life Ins. Co.

v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 240, 57 S. Ct. 461, 463 (1937))). The jury found that

State Farm was entitled to a declaration that it was not required to pay PICC and

the intervenors for all unpaid charges because the charges were fraudulent.

       To establish the existence of an actual controversy within the meaning of

the Declaratory Judgment Act, the party invoking a federal court’s authority must

show: “(1) that they personally have suffered some actual or threatened injury as a

result of the alleged conduct of the defendant; (2) that the injury fairly can be

traced to the challenged action; and (3) that it is likely to be redressed by a

favorable decision.” GTE Directories Pub. Corp. v. Trimen Am., Inc., 67 F.3d

       5
          Intervenor Everidge argues that the district court erred in denying her motion for
summary judgment on State Farm’s declaratory judgment count. She asserts that the basis for
State Farm’s declaratory judgment was solely Fla. Stat. § 627.736 and maintains that statute does
not apply to her because her policy was issued during the “sunset” period of the PIP statute. The
PIP statute was not in effect from October 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007. We find no error
because State Farm’s declaratory judgment was based on common law fraud, not the PIP statute.

                                               11
1563, 1567 (11th Cir. 1995) (quotation marks omitted); see also Atlanta Gas Light

Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 68 F.3d 409, 414 (11th Cir. 1995) (showing must be

made based on the “state of affairs as of the filing of the complaint” (quotation

marks omitted)).

      The Defendants and the intervenors argue that State Farm failed to establish

the first requirement, an actual or threatened injury. Because common law fraud’s

elements include justifiable reliance and damages, they assert that State Farm was

required to pay PICC’s allegedly fraudulent bills in order for declaratory judgment

relief to be available. We disagree. “The essential distinction between a

declaratory judgment action and an action seeking other relief is that in the former

no actual wrong need have been committed or loss have occurred in order to

sustain the action.” Cnty. of Mille Lacs v. Benjamin, 361 F.3d 460, 464 (8th Cir.

2004) (quotation marks omitted); see also Canatella v. California, 304 F.3d 843,

852 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[W]hile the plaintiff must show that the feared harm is

‘actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical,’ ‘[o]ne does not have to await

the consummation of the threatened injury.’” (citations omitted)).

      We do not require State Farm to suffer the harm that it sought to avoid in

order be entitled to declaratory judgment relief. See GTE Directories, 67 F.3d at

1568 (plaintiff should not be “force[d to subject] itself to potential liability before

                                           12
allowing it to receive a declaratory judgment”). As in GTE Directories, “[State

Farm] is not required to take such action for an actual case or controversy to

exist.” Id.; cf. Michigan Millers Mut. Ins. Corp. v. Benfield, 140 F.3d 915, 923

(11th Cir. 1998) (holding that an insurer is not required to establish reliance on an

insured’s misrepresentations when asserting a fraud defense to a claim for policy

benefits). For this reason, the district court did not err in failing to dismiss, or

enter judgment as a matter of law, on State Farm’s declaratory judgment action

due to a lack of actual controversy.6

       The Defendants and the intervenors also challenge the district court’s

declaratory judgment jury instruction. Because State Farm’s request for

declaratory relief was based on common law fraud, they argue that the jury should

have been instructed regarding justifiable reliance and damages. For the reasons

we have set out above, this argument does not merit relief.

   5. The Defendants were not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on State
                      Farm’s unjust enrichment claim.

       The Defendants next argue that they were entitled to judgment as a matter of

law on State Farm’s claim for unjust enrichment. They assert that judgment


       6
          This ruling affirming the judgment on State Farm’s declaratory judgment action does
not apply to Intervenors Byers, Reed and Williams. For the reasons we set out in our discussion
of the breach of contract claims of these three intervenors, we vacate the jury’s verdict on the
Declaratory Judgment action as to Byers, Reed and Williams alone among the intervenors.

                                               13
should have been entered in their favor because State Farm had adequate remedies

at law. It is generally true that equitable remedies are not available under Florida

law when adequate legal remedies exist. Williams v. Bear Stearns & Co., 725 So.

2d 397, 400 (5th DCA 1998). However, that rule does not apply to unjust

enrichment claims. Id. “It is only upon a showing that an express contract exists

[between the parties] that the unjust enrichment . . . count fails.” Id. Thus, to the

extent that State Farm did have adequate legal remedies, those remedies did not

bar its unjust enrichment claim.

      The Defendants also assert that State Farm failed to provide sufficient

evidence of damages to support its claim. See Zaleznik v. Gult Coast Roofing Co,

576 So. 2d 776, 779 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (explaining that the appropriate measure

of damages under an unjust enrichment claim is the fair market value of the goods

or services rendered). We disagree. The jury’s award was based on competent

and substantial record evidence. See Pianeta Miami, Inc. v. Lieberman, 990 So.

2d 551, 554 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008).

      Finally, Dr. Colvin and Robert Colvin challenge State Farm’s unjust

enrichment claims against them in their individual capacity. They argue that State

Farm failed to establish that a benefit was conferred on them individually. The

Colvins were the sole shareholders of PICC and were heavily involved in PICC’s

                                          14
operations. Robert Colvin served as the chief executive officer, president, vice

president, secretary, and treasurer of PICC and was also responsible for all of its

administrative operations, including billing. Dr. Colvin served as PICC’s medical

director and was responsible for hiring and training other physicians. We

conclude that the facts presented to the jury provided sufficient evidence of a

benefit conferred to support unjust enrichment claims against the Colvins in their

individual capacities.

                   6. State Farm’s FDUTPA claim was proper.

      The Defendants also contend that judgment should have been entered in

their favor on State Farm’s claim under the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade

Practices Act (“FDUPTA”). They argue that, pursuant to Fla. Stat.

§ 501.212(4)(a), State Farm may not bring a FDUPTA claim. The Defendants also

argue that State Farm failed to prove actual damages. See Dorestin v. Hollywood

Imports, Inc., 45 So. 3d 819, 824 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (“Proof of actual damages

is necessary to sustain a FDUTPA claim.”).

      We reject the Defendants’ arguments. The express language of Fla Stat.

§ 501.212(4)(a) creates a specific exemption from suit under FDUPTA for “[a]ny

person or activity regulated under laws administered by . . . [t]he Office of

Insurance Regulation of the Financial Services Commission.” Florida courts

                                         15
resolve questions about the applicability of this provision by looking to the

activity which is the subject of the lawsuit, and whether that activity is subject to

the regulatory authority of the Office of Insurance Regulation. See W.S. Badcock

Corp. v. Myers, 696 So. 2d 776, 782–83 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996). Because the

conduct of which State Farm complains in this lawsuit is not a type regulated by

the Office of Insurance Regulation, the exemption of Fla. Stat. § 501.212(4)(a)

does not apply. We also find that State Farm presented sufficient evidence of

actual damages by its showing that the medical services rendered by the

Defendants to patients were unnecessary and thus without value to State Farm.

See Tri-County Plumbing Servs., Inc. v. Brown, 921 So. 2d 20, 22 (Fla. 3d DCA

2006).

  7. State Farm’s failure to obtain a physician’s report before the withdrawal of
  payment to PICC for claims submitted on behalf of Byers, Reed, and Williams
                 made the withdrawal ineffective and improper.

      Intervenors Byers, Reed, and Williams received treatments at PICC before

State Farm filed its complaint in this case in November 2006. For each of these

intervenors, State Farm paid at least one bill submitted by PICC and then, based

on the claims made in this litigation, declined to make future payments. The

intervenors argue that State Farm’s withdrawal of payment was ineffective and

improper because State Farm did not first obtain a physician’s report in

                                          16
accordance with Fla. Stat. § 627.736(7)(a). See Partners in Health Chiropractic v.

United Auto. Ins. Co., 21 So. 3d 858, 864 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009) (“[W]here an

insurer withdraws (that is, terminates) payments being made to a treating

physician or withdraws or terminates authorization for further treatment by a

treating physician, a section 627.736(7)(a) report must first be obtained.”); State

Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Hyma Med. Ctr., Inc., 22 So. 3d 699, 701 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2009) (“In a withdrawal case the insurer has made payments but then seeks

to withdraw all future payments for the same injury. In that situation, [Fla. Stat. §

627.736](7)(a) sets forth the necessary requirements that an insurer must satisfy

before it may withdraw future PIP benefits.” (quotation marks omitted)). That

statute provides, in relevant part:

      Whenever the mental or physical condition of an injured person covered
      by personal injury protection is material to any claim that has been or
      may be made for past or future personal injury protection insurance
      benefits, such person shall, upon the request of an insurer, submit to
      mental or physical examination by a physician or physicians. . . . An
      insurer may not withdraw payment of a treating physician without the
      consent of the injured person covered by the personal injury protection,
      unless the insurer first obtains a valid report by a Florida physician
      licensed under the same chapter as the treating physician whose
      treatment authorization is sought to be withdrawn stating that the
      treatment was not reasonable, related, or necessary.

Fla. Stat. § 627.736(7)(a) (emphasis added).




                                          17
      State Farm argues that the report requirement in Fla. Stat. § 627.736(7)(a) is

only triggered when an insured’s mental or physical condition is material to the

insurer’s decision to withdraw payment. State Farm asserts that it withdrew

payment on Byers, Reed, and Williams’ claims because of the Defendants’

fraud—not the intervenors’ individual mental or physical condition. Based on this

reading of the statute, State Farm maintains that it was not required to obtain a

physician’s report before withdrawing payment. State Farm also asserts that Fla.

Stat. § 627.736(7)(a) does not apply in this case because PICC has no right to

payment of the fraudulent bills. We address each argument in turn.

      “As always with questions of statutory interpretation, our inquiry begins

with the plain language of the statute.” United States v. Townsend, 630 F.3d

1003, 1011 (11th Cir. 2011); see also Reeves v. Asture, 526 F.3d 732, 734 (11th

Cir. 2008) (“Statutory interpretation begins and ends with the text of the statute so

long as the text’s meaning is clear.”). “In determining whether a statute is plain or

ambiguous, we consider the language itself, the specific context in which the

language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Bankston v.

Then, 615 F.3d 1364, 1367 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted). State

Farm’s argument conflates portions of Fla. Stat. § 627.736(7)(a). Nothing in the

plain language of the statute suggests that the materiality requirement in the first

                                          18
sentence is a condition precedent to an insurer’s obligation to obtain a physician’s

report before withdrawing payment.

      Our conclusion that an insurer is required to obtain a physician’s report

before withdrawing payment regardless of whether the insured’s physical or

mental condition is material to the insurer’s decision is bolstered by the title of

§ 627.736(7)(a): Mental and physical examination of injured person; reports. The

semi-colon dividing the subjects suggests that they are separate topics covered in

the statutory provision. Our reading of the statute requires State Farm to obtain a

physician’s report in accordance with § 627.736(7)(a) before withdrawing

payment on the intervenors’ claims. See United Auto. Ins. Co. v. Viles, 726 So.

2d 320, 321–22 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999) (concluding that insurer’s failure to obtain a

physician’s report as required by § 627.736(7)(a) before withdrawing payment

rendered the termination of payment ineffective).

      We also reject State Farm’s argument that § 627.736(7)(a) does not apply

here because PICC has no right to payment of the fraudulent bills. State Farm

reasons that because the intervenors are not liable for the bills submitted by PICC,

it did not have to comply with § 627.736(7)(a). Even accepting that the

intervenors have no liability for the bills, this would not obviate State Farm’s

obligation to comply with the statutory requirements for the withdrawal of

                                          19
payment. As in Viles, State Farm’s termination of payment as to Byers, Reed, and

Williams was ineffective and improper. See 726 So. 2d at 321–22.

       For the forgoing reasons, we conclude that Byers, Reed, and Williams are

entitled to judgment as a matter of law on their breach of contract counterclaims

and we remand for a determination of the issue of their damages.

8. The district court did not err in denying the intervenors’ motion for judgment as
            a matter of law on their breach of contract counterclaims.7

       The intervenors contend that the district court erred in failing to enter

judgment as a matter of law in their favor on their breach of contract

counterclaims. “The elements of an action for breach of contract are: (1) the

existence of a contract, (2) a breach of the contract, and (3) damages resulting

from the breach.” Rollins, Inc. v. Butland, 951 So. 2d 860, 876 (Fla. 2d DCA

2006).

       State Farm presented evidence at trial that all of the services rendered by

PICC were fraudulent. Dr. Root testified that he had reviewed the files of all 957

patients involved in this case and that none of the treatments provided to patients

by PICC were medically necessary. The intervenors’ insurance policies only

required State Farm to pay for medical services that were medically necessary. Dr.


       7
          In this section of the opinion, we do not address the breach of contract counterclaims
asserted by Byers, Reed, and Williams.

                                                20
Root’s testimony was sufficient to support the jury’s finding for State Farm on the

intervenors’ breach of contract counterclaims. Thus, the district court’s denial of

the intervenors’ motion for judgment as a matter of law was not error. See Nurse

“BE” v. Columbia Palms West Hosp. Ltd. P’ship, 490 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir.

2007) (explaining that when reviewing the denial of a Rule 50 motion, “we draw

all inferences in favor of the non-moving party and affirm the jury verdict unless

there is no legal basis upon which the jury could have found for [the plaintiff].”

(quotation marks omitted)).

 9. The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Reed’s post-verdict
                            motion for declaratory relief

      Intervenor Reed contends that the district court abused its discretion by

denying her motion for judgment as a matter of law, in which she sought a post-

verdict declaratory judgment that she was not entitled to any restoration of PIP

benefits paid to PICC on her behalf. The district court denied her motion,

concluding that Reed did not litigate that issue at trial and that State Farm had not

consented to the declaration. See Cioffe v. Morris, 676 F.2d 539, 541–42 (11th

Cir. 1982). After review, we conclude that the district court’s denial of Reed’s

motion was not an abuse of discretion.

                                  10. Conclusion



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      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the jury’s verdict with the exception of

Byers, Reed, and Williams’ counterclaims for breach of contract, and State Farm’s

declaratory judgment claim against these three intervenors. The district court shall

enter judgment in Byers, Reed, and Williams’ favor on these claims and determine

any damages. Finally, the Defendants and the intervenors’ motions to certify

questions to the Florida Supreme Court are DENIED.

      AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, VACATED in part, and

REMANDED.




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