                               In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 19-1505
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                 v.

MONICA HERNANDEZ,
                                               Defendant-Appellant.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
           Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
         No. 1:13-cr-00949-2 — Virginia M. Kendall, Judge.
                     ____________________

     ARGUED MARCH 3, 2020 — DECIDED MARCH 10, 2020
                ____________________

   Before EASTERBROOK, KANNE, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
    ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. A jury found Monica Hernandez
guilty of mail fraud for her participation in a fraudulent mort-
gage trust company. Hernandez appeals her conviction, argu-
ing that the government did not prove that she used the mails
in furtherance of the scheme to defraud. Her sentence also in-
cludes sizable restitution, and she contends that the district
court improperly delegated its authority to the Bureau of Pris-
ons by not entering a specific payment schedule for her to
2                                                   No. 19-1505

follow while serving her prison sentence. But suﬃcient evi-
dence supports the mail fraud convictions, and the district
court permissibly deferred Hernandez’s restitution payments
until after her release, so we aﬃrm the judgment.
                        I. Background
    Because Hernandez challenges the sufficiency of the evi-
dence supporting the jury’s verdict, we recount the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution. See United States
v. Kelerchian, 937 F.3d 895, 907 (7th Cir. 2019). Monica Hernan-
dez cofounded Washington National Trust in 2011 and mar-
keted it as a legitimate company designed to assist homeown-
ers struggling to pay their mortgages. She and her codefend-
ants promised prospective “members” that, in exchange for
fees between $3,500 and $10,000, the Trust would negotiate
with their lenders to take over their mortgages and stop or
prevent foreclosure proceedings. The Trust promised to re-
fund the fees if it could not purchase the mortgages and as-
serted that the arrangement would greatly reduce the balance
of the homeowners’ mortgages.
    More than 50 homeowners became members of the Trust.
When they agreed to work with the Trust, they signed mem-
bership documents and paid all or part of the Trust’s fees,
usually in person. (If a homeowner was unable to pay the fees
up front, he or she could make installment payments.) A
packet consisting of the membership agreement, deed, receipt
of payment, and other materials related to the Trust was then
mailed to the homeowners or made available for pick-up.
Once new members signed their paperwork, Hernandez told
them, they could be relieved that the Trust would help them
retain their homes.
No. 19-1505                                                      3

    Several homeowners paid installments to the Trust after
their membership packets arrived in the mail. Indeed, at least
three homeowners who could not afford the Trust’s fees up
front received payment schedules with their membership
packets. Two such homeowners became the basis for Count 1
and Count 4 of the indictment. A third homeowner, the sub-
ject of Count 2, received a handwritten payment schedule in
the mail, but he decided to complete his payment in one lump
sum. And though the third homeowner paid his fees to the
Trust, he received a court summons to appear for foreclosure
proceedings months after he had signed the membership
agreement. This was not unusual; but when homeowners ex-
pressed concern about the pending foreclosure proceedings,
Hernandez and her codefendants reassured them that the
Trust would abide by the agreement.
    The true nature of the Trust became known in 2013 when
Illinois authorities discovered that the Trust was not licensed.
Nor did the Trust have enough funds to purchase a single
mortgage. Instead, Hernandez and her codefendants had
spent the membership fees on meals, travel, and vehicle pur-
chases. Though it collected fees totaling over $220,000 from at
least 50 homeowners over the course of two years, the Trust
did not help any homeowners reduce their mortgage pay-
ments, and at least three homeowners who paid the Trust had
their homes foreclosed on. Later in 2013, a grand jury indicted
Hernandez and two codefendants for mail fraud.
    At trial, the government proposed a jury instruction on a
“lulling” theory of mail fraud, which stated that communica-
tions that lull a victim into a false sense of security after being
defrauded can support a finding that the defendant used the
mails in furtherance of the scheme to defraud. The court
4                                                  No. 19-1505

refused the instruction because the government had not pre-
sented evidence that the mailings lulled any victim into a false
sense of security. The court did, however, agree to instruct the
jury that communications that assist a defendant in avoiding
detection of the scheme to defraud may be sufficient to sup-
port a finding that the defendant used the mails in furtherance
of the scheme. Hernandez did not object to that proposed in-
struction.
     In its closing argument, the government urged the jury to
find Hernandez guilty of three counts of mail fraud based on
the mailing of the membership packets to three victim-home-
owners. (The government moved to dismiss one count from
the four-count indictment before the close of trial.) Hernan-
dez, in turn, argued that the mailings did not further the
scheme to defraud because they were sent after the victims
signed their membership agreements—in other words, after
the fraud was complete. The jury returned a guilty verdict on
all three counts.
    Hernandez moved for a judgment of acquittal or a new
trial. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 29, 33. She maintained her argument
about the timing of the mailings: Because the homeowners’
deals with the Trust were completed upon signing the agree-
ments, the later mailings of the membership documents were
not in furtherance of the scheme to defraud. The district court
denied Hernandez’s motions, concluding that sufficient evi-
dence supported the jury’s finding that the mailings contrib-
uted to the scheme and helped prevent its detection.
    Hernandez was sentenced to 60 months in prison, one
year of supervised release, and was ordered to pay, jointly
and severally with her codefendants, nearly $260,000 in resti-
tution to her victims. She requested that the court establish a
No. 19-1505                                                   5

payment plan for her while in prison, limiting her to paying
no more than ten percent of her monthly prison income. At
the sentencing hearing, however, the court orally declined to
order Hernandez to begin paying while in prison. The written
judgment reflected that pronouncement, as the court estab-
lished a schedule beginning upon Hernandez’s release:
       [Y]ou shall pay any financial penalty that is im-
       posed by this judgment that remains unpaid at
       the commencement of the term of supervised
       release. Your monthly payment schedule shall
       be an amount that is at least 10% of your net
       monthly income, defined as income net of rea-
       sonable expenses for basic necessities such as
       food, shelter, utilities, insurance, and employ-
       ment-related expenses.
And the check box on the judgment form that sets forth a pay-
ment schedule during imprisonment was left unchecked.
                        II. Discussion
   On appeal, Hernandez challenges her conviction on the
ground that the government presented insufficient evidence
that she used the mails in furtherance of the fraudulent
scheme. She also contends that the district court erred in fail-
ing to set a schedule of restitution payments to be made dur-
ing her term of imprisonment.
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
    We review de novo the denial of a defendant’s motion for
acquittal, asking whether any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt. See Kelerchian, 937 F.3d at 907. Hernandez challenges
the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the second element
6                                                   No. 19-1505

of mail fraud, namely, that “the use of the mailing system for
the purpose of executing the scheme.” United States v. McClel-
lan, 794 F.3d 743, 751–52 (7th Cir. 2015); see 18 U.S.C. § 1341.
She argues that no evidence shows the mailings of the mem-
bership packets were for the purpose of executing the scheme
to defraud because numerous victims testified that they be-
lieved their business with the Trust was complete once they
signed their membership agreements—before the defendants
mailed any documents.
    We have stated that “[a] mailing is not ‘in furtherance’ if
the scheme has already reached fruition at the time of the
mailing.” United States v. McClellan, 868 F.2d 210, 216 (7th Cir.
1989). But Hernandez ignores the effects of the mailings in the
charged counts. Two homeowners—the victims in Count 1
and Count 4 of the indictment—received in the mail payment
schedules for their remaining fee balances and, consistent
with those schedules, paid down the remainder of their fees.
The fruition of the scheme—receiving the fee payment in full
without actually saving the homeowners’ homes or reducing
their mortgage payments—was thus accomplished directly
by use of the mails. See United States v. Lane, 474 U.S. 438, 452
(1986) (jury could find scheme was not completed until re-
ceipt of last payment, so mailings that took place while
scheme was still continuing sufficiently supported mail fraud
conviction); McClellan, 868 F.2d at 216 (mailing of invoice to
ticket bureau, which in turn issued airline tickets, was neces-
sary step in scheme to defraud).
    The mailing to the third homeowner—Count 2 of the in-
dictment—was slightly different: He also did not pay the full
fee when he signed the agreement and he received a bill in the
mail; but he finished paying in one lump sum rather than
No. 19-1505                                                     7

follow the payment schedule. That payment still came after
receiving the mailing, however, so a reasonable jury could
find that the mailing contributed to the success of the scheme.
See Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 711–12 (1989); Lane,
474 U.S. at 452.
    Hernandez still contends that the fraud was complete
upon the signing of the membership agreement, before the
mailings. Even if the sign-up agreements were the heart of the
scheme and the mailings merely secondary, mailings occur-
ring after the fraudulent act are within the mail fraud statute
if they assisted the defendant with avoiding detection.
See Lane, 474 U.S. at 451–52; United States v. McGowan, 590 F.3d
446, 457 (7th Cir. 2009). Here, the mailings contained payment
receipts, a copy of the signed agreement that stated the Trust
would purchase the homeowner’s mortgage, and a refund
policy. The mailings falsely indicated that the Trust would
soon purchase the homeowner’s mortgage and that if the
Trust were unable to, it would refund the homeowner’s fee.
Because the mailings repeated the fraudulent promises and
lent credibility to the legitimacy of the Trust, a reasonable jury
could conclude that they helped Hernandez conceal the
fraudulent scheme.
    But, Hernandez insists, this court has said that “lulling”
and “avoiding detection” are the same thing, and since the
district court found no evidence of lulling, that necessarily
means there was no evidence that the mailings helped her
avoid detection. She relies on United States v. O’Connor, 874
F.2d 483, 486 (7th Cir. 1989), in which this court labeled as a
“lulling” theory an argument that post-conduct communica-
tion furthered a fraudulent scheme by making detection less
likely. But, here, the district court declined to give a “lulling”
8                                                             No. 19-1505

instruction only because no victims testified that the mailing
had a reassuring effect on them. Although it correctly stated
the law, the district court properly rejected the instruction be-
cause the evidence did not support it. Here, the issue of lull-
ing the victims was separate from the question of whether the
mailings helped conceal the scheme after the fact. And the
court concluded there was evidence that the mailings helped
Hernandez forestall homeowners’ inquiries and made detec-
tion of the scheme less likely. This was sound; a reasonable
jury could infer that the mailings legitimized the scheme and
therefore allowed it to continue longer.1
B. Restitution Payment Schedule
    Hernandez finally contends that the district court improp-
erly delegated its authority to the Bureau of Prisons by failing
to set a restitution payment schedule for the time she spent in
prison. It is not clear why Hernandez raises this argument—
the district court deferred mandatory payment until after her
prison term ends, so payment in prison would occur only
through the Bureau of Prison’s voluntary Inmate Financial
Responsibility Program. We have held that participation in
that program cannot be made mandatory—indeed, it is plain
error for a district court to order participation—even though
the Bureau is permitted to impose penalties on prisoners who
decline to participate. See United States v. Miller, 883 F.3d 998,

     1  Hernandez’s narrow focus on the supplemental “avoid detection”
instruction ignores that the jury was not instructed exclusively on this the-
ory of “use of the mails.” The court also gave the pattern jury instruction
that the mails must have been used for the purpose of carrying out the
scheme. Hernandez did not object to either instruction. And the preceding
discussion explains why, as to each count, a mailing directly furthered the
collection of fraudulent proceeds.
No. 19-1505                                                     9

1005 (7th Cir. 2018); United States v. Boyd, 608 F.3d 331, 335
(7th Cir. 2010); 28 C.F.R. § 545.11(d). But deference to the Bu-
reau with respect to the administration of the program is not
impermissible delegation. Boyd, 608 F.3d at 335 (error man-
dating participation in program was not one of delegation be-
cause court did not have authority to order participation). If
Hernandez has an issue with any payment plan established
by the Bureau, her remedy is through the prison’s grievance
system. See United States v. Sawyer, 521 F.3d 792, 794 (7th Cir.
2008).
    And, there is no impermissible delegation to the Probation
Office or any other entity. A restitution order must be paid
immediately unless the district court provides otherwise. See
18 U.S.C. § 3572(d)(1); United States v. Wykoff, 839 F.3d 581, 582
(7th Cir. 2016). In that case, the restitution order must include
a schedule in which restitution is to be paid. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3664(f)(2); United States v. Moeser, 758 F.3d 793, 800 (7th Cir.
2014). Here, the district court did provide otherwise—both
orally at the sentencing hearing and in the judgment—by set-
ting a schedule of payments (subject to Hernandez’s income
and expenses) commencing after Hernandez’s release from
prison. Thus, the district court did not err with the restitution
schedule.
                        III. Conclusion
   We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
