United States Court of Appeals
         For the Eighth Circuit
     ___________________________

             No. 15-1857
     ___________________________

         In re: LaToya L. Steward

           lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

         ------------------------------

            James C. Robinson

          Critique Services, LLC

         lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

 Elbert A. Walton, Jr.; Debra Lynne Wilson

                       v.

        LaToya L. Steward, Debtor

          lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee

              E. Rebecca Case

        lllllllllllllllllllllU.S. Trustee
     ___________________________

             No. 15-1988
     ___________________________

         In re: LaToya L. Steward

           lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor
                          ------------------------------

                             James C. Robinson

                          lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

                           Critique Services, LLC

                            Elbert A. Walton, Jr.

                          lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

                            Debra Lynne Wilson

                                       v.

                        LaToya L. Steward, Debtor

                          lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee

                              E. Rebecca Case

                        lllllllllllllllllllllU.S. Trustee
                                 ____________

                 Appeals from United States District Court
               for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                               ____________

                        Submitted: January 12, 2016
                            Filed: July 7, 2016
                             ____________

Before LOKEN, GRUENDER, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________



                                       -2-
KELLY, Circuit Judge.

      Attorney James Robinson, Attorney Elbert Walton, and Critique Services, LLC,
appeal from the judgment of the district court1 affirming the judgment of the
bankruptcy court2 on LaToya Steward’s motion to disgorge attorney’s fees. Upon
careful review of all issues raised, we affirm.

                                    I. Background

       The issues in this case arose out of an extensive and chaotic procedural history,
recounted here in the necessary detail. LaToya Steward filed a petition for Chapter
7 bankruptcy on June 17, 2011. She was represented by James C. Robinson, d/b/a
Critique Services, LLC. Steward received a discharge on November 21, 2011, but
before the discharge she reaffirmed a debt of $10,966.60 to Ford Motor Credit
Company. Steward sought to rescind the reaffirmation agreement, but Robinson
apparently abandoned his representation and did not assist her in doing so. On
November 16, 2012, Steward filed a pro se motion to reopen her bankruptcy
proceedings in order to discharge her debt to Ford. On December 4, 2012, Steward
filed an adversary complaint against Ford, in which she asserted that Robinson’s poor
representation had caused her to miss the deadline to rescind the reaffirmation
agreement. At a hearing on this complaint, the bankruptcy court advised Steward that
she should amend her complaint, and on April 5, 2013, Steward filed an amended
complaint against Robinson and Critique Services. On April 8, 2013, the bankruptcy
court entered an order deeming Steward’s complaint to be a motion to disgorge

      1
        The Honorable Rodney W. Sippel, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri.
      2
       The Honorable Charles E. Rendlen III, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri.

                                          -3-
attorney’s fees based on Robinson’s inadequate representation, and set a hearing for
May 8, 2013. On May 7, 2013, Elbert Walton entered his appearance on behalf of
Robinson, d/b/a Critique Services,3 and filed an untimely response to Steward’s
motion.

        The hearing was eventually reset as a status conference for September 18,
2013. As the case progressed in advance of the September 18 hearing, the
parties—Steward now represented by counsel—had extensive discovery disputes.
Robinson moved to quash Steward’s requests for discovery, and the bankruptcy court
denied the motion as frivolous. Status conferences on the discovery issues were held
on August 14, September 4, and September 11. Steward was eventually forced to file
a motion to compel. After the September 18 status conference, the bankruptcy court
noted Robinson’s “willful noncompliance” with his discovery obligations,4 granted
Steward’s motion to compel, ordered Robinson to pay the attorney’s fees incurred in
litigating the motion to compel, and warned both Robinson and Walton that further
obfuscation would be met with sanctions. The court also ordered Robinson to
provide information about his affiliation with Critique Services (i.e., whether Critique

      3
       For clarity in this recitation of facts, we refer to Robinson, d/b/a Critique
Services, as a single unit under the name “Robinson.” Critique Services much later
in the proceedings sought to be treated as an independent party, rather than as
Robinson’s corporate alter ego.
      4
        Among other things, Robinson failed to timely respond to Steward’s
interrogatories and requests for production, repeatedly raised waived objections to the
discovery requests, falsely represented to the bankruptcy court that he had provided
complete responses when in fact he had declined to respond to most of the discovery
requests, ignored communications from Steward’s counsel, stated to Steward’s
counsel that he would provide no discovery without an order compelling him to, and,
failing all that, accused Steward of perjury and the bankruptcy court of personal bias.
Robinson refused to respond to such basic discovery requests as an interrogatory
asking him to describe bar complaints filed against him and a request for production
of tax and financial information.

                                          -4-
Services had a corporate identity independent of Robinson or whether it was simply
Robinson’s corporate alter ego).

       In the days following the September 18 status conference, Robinson filed
multiple motions, including a motion to recuse the bankruptcy judge, a motion for
judgment on the pleadings, a motion to set aside the order granting Steward’s motion
to compel, a motion for a protective order, and a motion to dismiss for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction. The bankruptcy court denied all of Robinson’s motions. At a
status conference on October 1, 2013, the court determined that Robinson had not
complied with the order compelling discovery and that he had no intention of doing
so. On October 2, the bankruptcy court entered an order imposing sanctions on
Robinson, which began to accrue on October 9, 2013. Consistent with the court’s
advisory to the parties at the September 18 status conference, the court sanctioned
Robinson $1000 for each subsequent day of non-compliance with his discovery
obligations.

      On November 13, 2013, the bankruptcy court entered a second order on
sanctions. The court ended the accrual of the daily monetary sanction, ordered
payment of the accrued sanctions, and found Robinson in contempt of court pursuant
to Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A)(vii). Robinson attempted to appeal, characterizing the
bankruptcy court’s order as a final order for criminal sanctions, so the bankruptcy
court entered a clarifying notice on December 2, 2013. The court stated that
Robinson could purge the sanctions by complying with the order compelling
discovery and participating appropriately in the discovery process.

      Early in 2014, the parties engaged in settlement negotiations. However, on
March 22, 2014, Steward notified the court that attempts to settle the case had failed.
On April 3, the bankruptcy court entered a notice advising Robinson that the
discovery deadline was April 11, 2014, and that if Robinson did not meet his
discovery obligations by that date the court would impose further sanctions. The

                                         -5-
court also advised Walton that it was considering imposing sanctions against him, for
facilitating Robinson’s obstreperous behavior and participating in such behavior
himself, and set a deadline for him to file a brief on the matter. On April 10, Walton
filed a motion to withdraw and Robinson filed a notice of dismissal of counsel. The
bankruptcy court did not allow Walton to end his representation of Robinson,
believing this to be an attempt to delay the case and avoid consequences for their joint
ongoing refusal to comply with the court’s orders.

       Also on April 10, 2014, Steward filed a motion for approval of a settlement
agreement. Steward also filed a notice stating that she believed she could no longer
accept discovery from Robinson, given their settlement. On April 11, the bankruptcy
court ordered Steward to accept discovery should Robinson attempt to provide it, on
the basis that providing such discovery would allow Robinson to purge the sanctions
he had accrued. That same day, Robinson filed a second motion to recuse the
bankruptcy judge. Walton also filed a motion to substitute counsel based on an
alleged conflict of interest with Critique Services. The bankruptcy court denied both
motions on April 14, 2014.

        Walton then sued the bankruptcy judge in his personal capacity, raising various
claims of tortious interference. The suit was dismissed. On April 21, 2014, the
bankruptcy court entered a notice directed to both Robinson and Walton, advising
them that the court intended to impose sanctions based on false statements made over
the course of the litigation and giving them an opportunity to respond. On April 22,
Walton filed a third motion to recuse the bankruptcy judge on behalf of both
Robinson and himself. The bankruptcy court denied that motion on April 23.
Finally, on April 28, 2014, the bankruptcy court denied Steward’s motion for
approval of the settlement without prejudice, based on the fact that such a motion
must be filed by the Chapter 7 Trustee rather than by the debtor. The Trustee did not
refile the motion for settlement approval.



                                          -6-
       On June 10, 2014, the bankruptcy court entered judgment in favor of Steward.
The court found Robinson in contempt, struck Robinson’s claims and defenses, made
final $30,000 in accrued monetary sanctions, ordered that Walton be jointly and
severally liable for the $30,000 in sanctions, and imposed additional sanctions on
Robinson and Walton in the amount of $19,720 for attorney’s fees incurred by
Steward’s counsel in litigating discovery. The court also sanctioned Robinson and
Walton for making false statements to the court by suspending them from practice
before the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, and
ordered that Robinson and Walton’s actions be referred to the U.S. District Court for
the Eastern District of Missouri, the Office of the U.S. Trustee, and the Office of
Chief Disciplinary Counsel of the Missouri Supreme Court for any appropriate
investigation and disciplinary action. Finally, the court awarded Steward a refund of
the $495 in fees she paid to Robinson, but denied relief as to damages related to the
reaffirmation of Steward’s debt to Ford.

       Robinson, Walton, and Critique Services (now acting as an independent party
and represented by separate counsel) appealed to the district court. On March 31,
2015, the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s judgment in all respects.
Robinson, Walton, and Critique Services (collectively, Appellants) timely appealed,
raising numerous issues, with varying degrees of merit, before us.5 We address each
issue in turn.




      5
        Robinson and Walton appeal together, while Critique Services appeals
separately, raising slightly different sets of issues. To minimize confusion, we treat
the issues as having been raised by all appellants collectively, distinguishing them
only when necessary.

                                         -7-
                II. Steward’s Standing to Bring Motion to Disgorge

        Appellants first argue that Steward did not have standing to bring a motion to
disgorge attorney’s fees, because that claim properly belonged to the Chapter 7
Trustee.6 A bankruptcy estate includes all of a debtor’s legal and equitable interests
as of the time of the commencement of the case. 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1); United States
ex rel. Gebert v. Transp. Admin. Servs., 260 F.3d 909, 913 (8th Cir. 2001). The
parties appear to agree on this much: To the extent Steward’s claim for disgorgement
existed at the time her bankruptcy petition was filed, it was included in the
bankruptcy estate and could properly be brought only by the Trustee; but if the
Trustee had abandoned the claim, Steward had the right to bring it on her own behalf.
See Vreugdenhil v. Hoekstra, 773 F.2d 213, 215 (8th Cir. 1985). The district court
found that the Trustee abandoned any interest in Steward’s bankruptcy estate,
returning to Steward the right to file a motion for disgorgement of attorney’s fees.
We review this factual determination for clear error. In re Reynolds, 425 F.3d 526,
531 (8th Cir. 2005).

       Assuming that Steward’s claim was property of her Chapter 7 bankruptcy
estate, we find no clear error in the district court’s conclusion that the Trustee
abandoned this property. On July 26, 2011, before Steward filed her motion for
disgorgement, the Chapter 7 Trustee certified that the bankruptcy estate was fully
administered and requested that she be discharged from any further duties. On
July 26, 2013, after Steward had filed her motion to disgorge attorney’s fees and the
case was reopened for adjudication of the motion, the Trustee again certified that the
estate had been fully administered and asked to be discharged from any other duties.

      6
       Appellants did not raise this issue before the bankruptcy court, and it was
therefore considered by the district court in the first instance. In re Foster, 516 B.R.
537, 544 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2014), aff’d, 602 F. App’x 356 (8th Cir. 2015) (“Standing
is a component of subject matter jurisdiction that may be challenged at any time
during the proceeding.”).

                                          -8-
Though no explicit order of abandonment was entered in this case, there is sufficient
evidence in the record from which the district court could have concluded that the
requirements of abandonment were met. See 11 U.S.C. § 554(a) (“After notice and
a hearing, the trustee may abandon any property of the estate that is burdensome to
the estate or that is of inconsequential value and benefit to the estate.”). The record
supports a conclusion that the parties had notice of the Trustee’s intent to abandon
Steward’s disgorgement claim, and that a hearing under 11 U.S.C. § 341 (a meeting
of creditors) took place at which the abandonment could presumably have been
contested. Id.; cf. Vreugdenhill v. Navistar Int’l Transp. Corp., 950 F.2d 524, 526
(8th Cir. 1991) (holding that for property to be abandoned by operation of law
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 554(c), the property must be formally scheduled).
Appellants’ failure to raise this issue before the bankruptcy court did result in some
inconsistency in the record. But Appellants do not articulate how this inconsistency
rendered the district court’s factual finding of abandonment clearly erroneous, and the
mere fact of the inconsistency alone is insufficient for us to so conclude—particularly
where the Trustee did not take any actions that were incompatible with abandonment.

                                     III. Recusal

       Appellants next argue that the bankruptcy court should have granted one of
their three motions to recuse Bankruptcy Judge Rendlen from this case. They argue
that Judge Rendlen’s impartiality in this case “might reasonably be questioned,”
based on his service as United States Trustee for the Eastern District of Missouri from
June 2003 to May 2006. During that time, the Trustee’s Office pursued two
adversary proceedings against Critique Services. Appellants assert that Judge
Rendlen was aware of facts outside the record about Critique Services, and
demonstrated bias by making various negative remarks about Robinson, Walton, and
Critique Services. The district court, however, found that nothing in the record
supported a finding that Judge Rendlen’s impartiality “might reasonably be
questioned by an objective, neutral observer,” and upheld his denial of the motions

                                         -9-
to recuse. We review the lower courts’ decisions on recusal for abuse of discretion.
Moran v. Clarke, 296 F.3d 638, 648 (8th Cir. 2002).

       Though their positions on the basis for recusal have shifted as this case has
progressed, Appellants now argue only that Judge Rendlen should have recused
himself under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a).7 Section 455(a) requires “[a]ny justice, judge, or
magistrate judge of the United States [to] disqualify himself in any proceeding in
which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” As an initial matter, motions
for recusal under § 455(a) must be timely. Tri-State Fin., LLC v. Lovald, 525 F.3d
649, 653 (8th Cir. 2008). “The timeliness doctrine under § 455 ‘requires a party to
raise a claim at the earliest possible moment after obtaining knowledge of facts
demonstrating the basis for such a claim.’” Id. (quoting Fletcher v. Conoco Pipe Line
Co., 323 F.3d 661, 664 (8th Cir. 2003)). Here, Appellants did not file their first
motion to recuse until September 24, 2013, more than four months after their
participation in the case began—and most notably, immediately after the bankruptcy
court entered an order compelling discovery and indicated an unwillingness to
tolerate further obfuscation.8 The timeliness requirement under § 455 is intended “to



      7
       Appellants have, at various times, argued for recusal pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 455(a), 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(1), and 28 U.S.C. § 144. Other than a passing reference
to § 144—which does not apply to bankruptcy judges—Appellants provide specific
argument only as to § 455(a).
      8
        Appellants attempt to explain their untimeliness by asserting that they were
not aware that Critique Services was considered a party to this case. We discuss
Critique Services’ status in this litigation further infra, at Section V. Insofar as this
issue is relevant to the motions for recusal, suffice it to say that Robinson identified
himself as “d/b/a Critique Services” from the very beginning of this litigation, and
refused to provide discovery that would have clarified his affiliation with Critique
Services. Based on the record before us, it is implausible that Appellants only
realized the supposed conflict between Judge Rendlen and Critique Services in
September 2013.

                                          -10-
avoid the risk that the party might hold its application as an option in the event the
trial court rules against it,” which appears to be what happened here. Id.

       Even if the motions to recuse were timely, Appellants have not demonstrated
that Judge Rendlen’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned. “A party
introducing a motion to recuse carries a heavy burden of proof; a judge is presumed
to be impartial and the party seeking disqualification bears the substantial burden of
proving otherwise.” Fletcher, 323 F.3d at 664 (quoting Pope v. Fed. Express Corp.,
974 F.2d 982, 985 (8th Cir. 1992)). Moreover, a party is not entitled to recusal
merely because a judge is “exceedingly ill disposed” toward them, where the judge’s
“knowledge and the opinion it produced were properly and necessarily acquired in
the course of the proceedings . . . .” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 551
(1994). Appellants have supplied no evidence from which we could conclude that
Judge Rendlen was not impartial. The only information in the record supporting
such a conclusion comes from the allegations in Appellants’ motions. And Judge
Rendlen’s orders contravene those allegations: In the orders denying the motions to
recuse, Judge Rendlen explained that he was not personally involved with the United
States Trustee’s investigations into Critique Services and was exposed to no
information relevant to Steward’s motion to disgorge attorney’s fees. On this record,
we cannot find that Appellants “[bore] the substantial burden” of proving that Judge
Rendlen was not impartial. Neither the bankruptcy court nor the district court abused
its discretion in denying Appellants’ multiple motions for recusal.

            IV. Construing Steward’s Complaint as Motion to Disgorge

      Appellants assert that the bankruptcy court erred in docketing Steward’s pro
se complaint as a motion to disgorge attorney’s fees. But pro se pleadings are to be
construed more liberally than those prepared by counsel. See Wishnatsky v. Rovner,
433 F.3d 608, 610 (8th Cir. 2006) (citing Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520
(1972)). In the case, as the district court correctly determined, the bankruptcy court

                                        -11-
properly exercised its authority to construe Steward’s pro se complaint as a motion
to disgorge and to order that the improperly docketed pleading be docketed correctly.

       Appellants cite to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9005 as the source of
error. Rule 9005 adopts the concept of harmless error in bankruptcy proceedings,
stating that “[w]hen appropriate, the court may order the correction of any error or
defect or the cure of any omission which does not affect substantial rights.” But Rule
9005 is inapplicable to this docketing issue, because the concept of harmless error
does not affect the court’s inherent authority to control proper docketing of pro se
pleadings. To conclude otherwise would be to suggest that Appellants had a
substantive right not to face a motion for disgorgement based on the allegations that
they had provided inadequate representation to Steward. Such a suggestion finds no
support in our case law, and would be fundamentally incompatible with the purpose
of liberally construing pro se pleadings. See Castro v. United States, 540 U.S. 375,
381 (2003) (“Federal courts sometimes will ignore the legal label that a pro se litigant
attaches to a motion and recharacterize the motion in order to place it within a
different legal category. They may do so in order to avoid an unnecessary dismissal,
to avoid inappropriately stringent application of formal labeling requirements, or to
create a better correspondence between the substance of a pro se motion’s claim and
its underlying legal basis.” (citations omitted)).

          V. Critique Services’ Status and Participation in the Litigation

        Appellants make three related arguments regarding Critique Services’ status
as a litigant in this case. First, Critique Services argues that it was never properly
served as an independent party, and so the bankruptcy court did not have jurisdiction
to compel it to comply with discovery requests. Second, Critique Services argues that
because no discovery requests were directed to it, the bankruptcy court erred in
imposing sanctions for failure to participate in discovery. Finally, Robinson and
Walton argue that they cannot be held accountable for Critique Services’ failure to

                                         -12-
provide discovery, because they had no control over Critique Services’ actions. We
review the lower courts’ factual findings for clear error and legal conclusions de
novo. Reynolds, 425 F.3d at 531.

        Appellants did not make the first two arguments before the bankruptcy court,
raising them for the first time before the district court. Noting this failure, the district
court nevertheless addressed the substance of Appellants’ arguments, ultimately
concluding that Critique Services had been properly served and that discovery
requests were properly directed to it. We agree. Appellants’ continued refusal to
disclose the nature of Robinson’s affiliation with Critique Services was a significant
barrier to the progress of the litigation before the bankruptcy court. If Critique
Services had genuinely wanted to act as an independent party, it could at any time
have made its intention clear by complying with the bankruptcy court’s order to
explain or clarify its relationship with Robinson. We find no error in the district
court’s finding that the bankruptcy court correctly determined that Robinson and
Critique Services were properly treated as a single entity, or its conclusion that
Critique Services waived its challenge to the bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction through
its conduct in the litigation. See Yeldell v. Tutt, 913 F.2d 533, 539 (8th Cir. 1990).
Appellants raise the third argument for the first time in this court, and we decline to
consider it. Ames v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 760 F.3d 763, 770 (8th Cir. 2014),
cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 947 (2015) (we do not generally consider issues raised for the
first time on appeal, except in the limited circumstances where failing to consider
such an issue would result in a clear miscarriage of justice).

                                      VI. Mootness

      Appellants assert that the bankruptcy court should have dismissed Steward’s
claim sua sponte for lack of subject matter jurisdiction after Appellants directed a
payment of $199 to Steward’s counsel in October 2013. They argue that this payment
was the amount of the attorney’s fee that Steward had paid to Robinson and Critique

                                           -13-
Services, and that its refund mooted her claim for disgorgement of attorney’s fees.
Because mootness is jurisdictional, we consider this issue despite Appellants’ failure
to raise it before the bankruptcy court. Ali v. Cangemi, 419 F.3d 722, 724 (8th Cir.
2005).

        Appellants have failed to show that Steward’s claim was moot. A case is not
moot so long as the parties retain any “concrete interest, however small, in the
outcome of the litigation.” Chafin v. Chafin, 133 S. Ct. 1017, 1023 (2013) (quoting
Knox v. Serv. Employees Int’l Union, Local 1000, 132 S. Ct. 2277, 2287 (2012)).
Here, Steward’s motion to disgorge sought significantly more than a mere refund of
the $199 fee she had paid to Robinson and Critique Services. The bankruptcy court
ultimately found that Steward was entitled to disgorgement of $495, a finding that
appears to be uncontested by Appellants and was not clearly erroneous. Moreover,
the record does not show that it was Robinson and Critique who in fact made the
$199 payment to Steward. And Steward’s counsel indicated that Steward would not
accept this amount in settlement of the issues raised by the motion to disgorge. Even
if we considered the payment of $199 a partial refund, Steward claimed more than
that in damages. She therefore retained a concrete interest in the outcome of the
litigation, and the bankruptcy court retained the power to grant effectual relief. See
Chafin, 133 S. Ct. at 1023. The district court correctly concluded that Steward’s
claim was not mooted by the alleged refund of $199 in attorney’s fees.

                   VII. Denial of Motion to Approve Settlement

       Next, Appellants argue that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in
denying Steward’s motion to approve the parties’ settlement agreement. Appellants
did not raise this argument before the district court. We therefore do not reach the
question of whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in rejecting the
settlement, see Ames, 760 F.3d at 770, and note only in passing that the bankruptcy
court rejected the settlement without prejudice based on the parties’ failure to meet

                                        -14-
a procedural requirement,9 an action highly unlikely to constitute an abuse of
discretion. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9019 (the bankruptcy court may approve a
settlement only “[o]n motion by the trustee and after notice and a hearing”); In re
Cockhren, 468 B.R. 838, 844 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2012) (we review the bankruptcy
court’s decision to approve or reject a settlement for abuse of discretion, which
“occurs if the court bases its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly
erroneous assessment of the evidences”).

       Appellants did, however, raise a related issue before the district court, arguing
that the bankruptcy court erred by ordering Steward to accept discovery and by
sanctioning Appellants for their failure to meet their discovery obligations after the
parties had ostensibly reached an agreement that did not require the discovery process
to continue. They argue that when the parties settled, the bankruptcy court no longer
had authority to impose sanctions based on their refusal to comply with the court’s
prior orders. This issue is easily resolved based on the fact that, as the district court
correctly determined, the case was never actually settled. See In re Petters Co., 455
B.R. 166, 172 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2011) (settlement is contingent on the bankruptcy
court’s approval). Though Steward had filed a motion for approval of the parties’
settlement agreement, the bankruptcy court denied that motion without prejudice
based on Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9019’s requirement that such a motion be filed by the
Chapter 7 Trustee. Appellants cite no authority to support the proposition that merely
filing a motion to approve a settlement divests the bankruptcy court of authority to
manage the progress of a case. Because settlement in this case was never completed,



      9
        We again note some inconsistency in both requiring that the trustee file the
motion to approve settlement and finding that the trustee had previously abandoned
Steward’s claim for disgorgement on behalf of the estate. However, the bankruptcy
court correctly applied the letter of Rule 9019 based on the circumstances of the case
before it at the time, and any inconsistency is the result of Appellants’ failure to raise
their claims before the lower courts.

                                          -15-
the bankruptcy court retained authority to order Steward to accept discovery and to
sanction Appellants for failing to comply with the court’s orders.

                                VIII. Unclean Hands

       In their final, and perhaps most frivolous, effort to argue that Steward’s claim
for disgorgement should have been dismissed, Appellants assert that the bankruptcy
court should have applied the doctrine of unclean hands to her claim. The doctrine
of unclean hands is equitable, intended “to serve the interests of public policy and
protect the integrity of the courts.” Pony Express Cmty. Bank v. Campbell, 206
S.W.3d 399, 402 (Mo. Ct. App. 2006). The doctrine is applied when its application
would “promote[] right and justice . . . considering all of the facts and circumstances
of a particular case.” Id. (quoting Sangamon Assoc. Ltd. v. Carpenter 1985 Family
P’ship Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 141, 145–46 (Mo. 2005) (en banc)). It is not intended to “aid
wrongdoers who attempt to use it as a shield for their own misconduct.” Id. (quoting
Nelson v. Emmert, 105 S.W.3d 563, 569 (Mo. App. 2003)).

       Steward admittedly made several false statements in her initial petition for
bankruptcy, including falsely stating her address and falsely claiming her three
nephews as dependents. However, she voluntarily corrected these false statements
in 2013, explaining that Robinson and his staff had directed her to include the false
information in her petition and that she did not understand the consequences of doing
so until the first meeting of creditors in 2011. The district court found that, given
Robinson and Critique Services’ role in Steward’s wrongdoing, Appellants were not
entitled to benefit from the doctrine of unclean hands, and the bankruptcy court did
not err in refusing to dismiss Steward’s claim on this basis. We agree. Moreover, we
note that the unclean hands doctrine is properly used to bar a claim only when the
wrongful conduct at issue is the source of that claim, which is not the case here.
Graham Const. Servs. v. Hammer & Steel Inc., 755 F.3d 611, 620 (8th Cir. 2014).



                                         -16-
                                   IX. Sanctions

        Finally we reach the crux of this case: the significant sanctions imposed on
Appellants by the bankruptcy court. We review the imposition of sanctions by the
bankruptcy court for abuse of discretion. In re Kujawa, 270 F.3d 578, 581 (8th Cir.
2001). Appellants make three separate arguments as to the sanctions imposed in this
case. First, they argue that the monetary sanctions—$30,000 plus $19,720 in
attorney’s fees—were excessive in light of the small sum at issue in the case. This
argument was not raised before either the bankruptcy court or the district court, and
Appellants have made no argument that manifest injustice will result if we decline to
consider it. See Ames, 760 F.3d at 770. We therefore will not deviate from our
general rule that we do not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal.
Even if we did reach this issue on the merits, we would be disinclined to find an
abuse of discretion. Though $49,720 in monetary sanctions is a significant sum, it
is proportionate to Appellants’ repeated and drawn-out bad faith conduct in this case.
Appellants repeatedly ignored the bankruptcy court’s orders despite being warned of
the consequences, persistently refused to comply with the most basic requirements
of litigation, and prejudiced Steward by forcing her to remain involved in the case
while Appellants engaged in a protracted power struggle with the bankruptcy court.

      Second, Appellants argue that the bankruptcy court improperly imposed
penalties for criminal contempt, because they had no opportunity to purge themselves
of contempt, and that the court’s contempt order failed to comply with applicable
procedural rules. Civil contempt is distinguished from criminal contempt by the
presence of a purgation provision, which allows the contemnor to purge himself of
contempt by complying with the court’s orders. In re Mayex II Corp., 178 B.R. 464,
470 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. 1995). “It is well established that bankruptcy courts have the
authority to exercise civil contempt power,” which is intended to coerce compliance
with court orders or to compensate for damages associated with non-compliance. Id.
at 469–70. In this case, the bankruptcy court explicitly indicated that the contempt

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sanctions imposed were civil in nature, explained exactly how Robinson and Walton
might purge themselves of the sanctions, and gave them multiple opportunities to do
so. In fact, this was the reason for the court’s order requiring Steward to accept any
discovery provided by Appellants even after a motion for settlement approval was
filed—simply by providing discovery, Appellants could have purged themselves of
contempt. The mere fact that Appellants’ failure to comply with the court’s orders
caused the contempt sanctions to ultimately come due does not render those sanctions
criminal in nature. Furthermore, Appellants fail entirely to explain how the
bankruptcy court’s finding of contempt failed to comply with the procedural rules
requiring notice and a hearing. The record shows that Appellants had multiple
notices of the impending sanctions and multiple opportunities to respond, and
appeared before the court on multiple occasions before the sanctions were made final.
We agree with the district court that the bankruptcy court’s imposition of sanctions
for civil contempt was proper.

       Third, Robinson and Walton argue that the bankruptcy court did not have the
authority to unilaterally suspend them from practice under the local rules governing
attorney discipline. The district court found that the suspension was proper under the
bankruptcy court’s inherent authority to discipline attorneys appearing before it and
pursuant to the local rules authorizing exercise of that authority, and we agree.
Bankruptcy courts have the authority to sanction persons appearing before them, and
this authority includes the right to “control admission to [their] bar.” In re Burnett,
450 B.R. 116, 132 (Bankr. E.D. Ark. 2011) (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501
U.S. 32, 43 (1991)); Law v. Siegel, 134 S. Ct. 1188, 1194 (2014); In re Clark, 223
F.3d 859, 864 (8th Cir. 2000). Local Rule 12.02 for the Eastern District of Missouri
states that

      [a] member of the bar of this Court and any attorney appearing in any
      action in this Court, for good cause shown and after having been given
      an opportunity to be heard, may be disbarred or otherwise disciplined
      ....

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and Rule IV-A of the Rules of Disciplinary Enforcement for the Eastern District of
Missouri states that

      [f]or misconduct defined in these Rules, and for good cause shown, and
      after notice and opportunity to be heard, any attorney admitted to
      practice before this court may be disbarred, suspended from practice
      before this court, reprimanded or subjected to such other disciplinary
      action as the circumstances may warrant.10

As the district court found, the bankruptcy court carefully and thoroughly detailed the
misconduct that was the basis for Robinson and Walton’s suspension, and provided
ample notice and opportunities to be heard. We conclude, as did the district court,
that the bankruptcy court’s suspension of Robinson and Walton from practice in the
Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Missouri was a proper exercise of its
authority and did not constitute an abuse of discretion.

                                   X. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




      10
        Though Robinson and Walton attempt to rely on Rule V of the Rules of
Disciplinary Enforcement, that rule simply states that a judge may refer disciplinary
matters to counsel appointed by the district court if such a referral is warranted.

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