                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   July 16, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 316913
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
INDIA RENEE COUNTRYMAN,                                            LC No. 13-001730-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 316919
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
JAMES LAMONT COUNTRYMAN,                                           LC No. 13-001222-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: HOEKSTRA, P.J., and JANSEN and METER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Following a bench trial, in Docket No. 319613, defendant India Countryman (“India”)
appeals as of right her conviction for gambling activities – cheating at gambling, MCL
432.218(2)(f). Following a bench trial, in Docket No. 316919, defendant James Countryman
(“James”) appeals as of right his conviction for gambling activities – cheating at gambling, MCL
432.218(2)(f). Both defendants were sentenced to three years’ probation for their convictions.
For the reasons explained in this opinion, we affirm in both cases.

       India and James are brother and sister, and James worked as a dealer at the Motor City
Casino in Detroit, MI. On July 25, 2012, in violation of casino policies prohibiting a dealer from
allowing family members to gamble at that dealer’s table, James failed to alert the floor person
of India’s presence at his roulette table. Then, during one spin in particular, contrary to the




                                               -1-
manner in which roulette is played, James failed to make a “wave-off;” that is, he failed to
indicate that “no more bets” were allowed.1 When the wheel stopped spinning, the ball had
landed on red 14. James then made a “small hand gesture with his right hand towards the
layout.” He then reached for the marker to mark the winning number on the layout, but hesitated
before placing the marker and he looked over his shoulder toward the pit supervisor. At that
time, India placed a winning bet of $4,700 on red, as a result of which she won another $4,700.
Video surveillance footage showed that India placed her bet after the ball landed on red 14.
Contrary to casino policies, James also failed to callout India’s large bet.2

        When interviewed by police, India and James denied any wrongdoing. James claimed
that the ball stopped before he had expected it to land, which he is why he did not indicate that
no more bets were allowed. Inconsistent with James’s version of events, however, India initially
claimed that James waived his hand over the layout, and she placed her bet under his arm as he
was doing so, meaning that, according to India, her bet was legitimate and James had indicated
no more bets. Notably, both India and James denied their sibling relationship. Specifically,
India denied even knowing James, and James indicated that India was a distant relative.

         India and James were both charged with conspiracy to cheat at a gambling game, MCL
750.157a; MCL 432.218(2)(f), and cheating at a gambling game, MCL 432.218(2)(f). They
were tried in a joint bench trial. India testified in her own behalf. Inconsistent with her earlier
statements, India claimed at trial that James had not indicated that no more bets were allowed
and that she simply did not realize that she placed her bet after the ball fell into red 14. She
testified that she did not intend to cheat.

        The trial court determined that the prosecutor had not presented sufficient evidence to
establish a conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt because there was no indication that
defendants spoke to one another ahead of time. Nonetheless, the trial court convicted both
defendants of cheating at a gambling game under MCL 432.218(2)(f). The trial court sentenced
defendants as noted above. Both defendants now appeal as of right.

                                  I. TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS

        On appeal, India contends that the trial court failed to sufficiently articulate its findings of
facts and conclusion of law as required by MCR 6.403 and MCR 2.517. Specifically, India
faults the trial court for failing to enumerate the elements of cheating at a gambling game and for
failing to particularly find that India intentionally placed a bet knowing the outcome of the game.




1
  According to the testimony offered at trial, when playing roulette, players may continue to
make bets until the dealer makes a wave-off, which the dealer does when the ball “starts to lose
momentum,” usually when the dealer believes there are only three more rotations left in the
wheel. At that time, to indicate that no more bets are allowed, the dealer may wave his hand
across the layout and/or verbally announce “no more bets.”
2
    Casino policy required that dealers callout any bet over $100.


                                                  -2-
        In actions tried without a jury, the trial court shall find the facts specifically, state
separately its conclusions of law, and direct entry of the appropriate judgment. MCR
2.517(A)(1); MCR 6.403. “Brief, definite, and pertinent findings and conclusions on the
contested matters are sufficient, without overelaboration of detail or particularization of fact.”
MCR 2.517(A)(2).3 Moreover, this Court reviews a trial court’s findings “in the context of the
specific legal and factual issues raised by the parties and the evidence.” People v Lanzo Constr
Co, 272 Mich App 470, 479; 726 NW2d 746 (2006) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “If
the trial court was aware of the issues in the case and correctly applied the law to the facts, its
findings are sufficient.” Id. In other words, a trial court’s failure to find every element does not
necessarily render a trial court’s findings insufficient, particularly when “it is manifest that he
was aware of the factual issue, that he resolved it and it would not facilitate appellate review to
require further explication of the path he followed in reaching the result . . . .” People v Jackson,
390 Mich 621, 627 n 3; 212 NW2d 918 (1973).

        In this case, the trial court’s findings are sufficient. In particular, among other factual
findings, the trial court concluded that James never made a “wave-off” and that India made her
bet after “the ball had already fallen.” Apparently responding to India’s testimony that she was
unaware the ball had fallen when she placed her bet, the trial court also plainly rejected any
assertion that India’s late bet was unintentional, concluding it was significant that James failed to
alert the casino of his sister’s presence at the table and that both defendants denied their sibling
relationship when questioned. The trial court found that the “denial speaks volumes for the fact
that they both knew that at that time they were going to cheat the casino . . . and that’s what they
did.” In short, the trial court was plainly aware of India’s assertion that her delayed betting was
unknowing, and it rejected her testimony by instead finding that she cheated at a gambling game.
In these circumstances it is clear that the trial court was aware of the factual issues, the trial court
resolved the issues, and it would not facilitate appellate review to require further explanation.
Jackson, 390 Mich at 627 n 3. Therefore, the trial court made sufficient finds of fact and
conclusions of law pursuant to MCR 2.517(A)(1) and MCR 6.403.

                             II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        Both India and James argue that insufficient evidence was presented to support their
convictions. In particular, India maintains that cheating must be done knowingly and with an
intent to defraud. She argues that there was insufficient evidence in this case to establish that she
intentionally placed her bet knowing the outcome of the game. In comparison, James contends
that there is no evidence he cheated because he had no control over where the ball landed and he
did nothing more than to allow India to make a bet “as the ball dropped.”




3
  MCR 6.403 pertains to bench trials in criminal cases involving a waiver of trial by jury, but this
Court has explained that MCR 6.403 “incorporates MCR 2.517 and implicitly incorporates the
existing body of decisional law. . . addressing issues such as the sufficiency of fact findings and
the appropriate remedy when findings are insufficient.” People v Legg, 197 Mich App 131, 134
n 1; 494 NW2d 797 (1992), quoting comments to MCR 6.403.


                                                  -3-
        Following a bench trial, we review a defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence de novo. Lanzo Const Co, 272 Mich App at 473. When reviewing the sufficiency of
the evidence, this Court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecutor and
determine whether any trier of fact could find that the essential elements of the crime were
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Eisen, 296 Mich App 326, 331; 820 NW2d 229
(2012). Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from that evidence can
constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of the crime. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 757;
597 NW2d 130 (1999). Additionally, this Court will not interfere with the factfinder’s role of
determining the weight of evidence or the credibility of witnesses. Eisen, 296 Mich App at 331.
Given the difficulty in proving knowledge or intent, “minimal circumstantial evidence will
suffice to establish the defendant’s state of mind.” People v Kanaan, 278 Mich App 594, 622;
751 NW2d 57 (2008).

       Both defendants were convicted of cheating under MCL 432.218(2)(f), which provides:

       (2) A person commits a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 10
       years or a fine of not more than $100,000.00, or both, and, in addition, shall be
       barred for life from a gambling operation under the jurisdiction of the board if the
       person does any of the following:

                                               * * *

       (f) Cheats at a gambling game.

As defined by statute, to “cheat” is to “alter the selection of criteria which determine the result of
a gambling game or the amount or frequency of payment in a gambling game, in violation of [the
Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act, MCL 432.201 et seq.].” MCL 432.202(k). The
term “gambling game” specifically includes roulette. MCL 432.202(v).

       Regarding the mens rea required under MCL 432.218(2)(f), India argues that cheating
requires knowledge and an intent to defraud, and that the prosecution was specifically required to
prove that she intentionally placed a bet after she knew the outcome of the game.4 To determine
the criminal intent required, we begin by looking to the mental state set forth in the statute.
People v Fennell, 260 Mich App 261, 266; 677 NW2d 66 (2004). In this case, MCL
432.218(2)(f) is silent on the required mental state. Nonetheless, although the statute does not


4
  In making this argument, India relies in part on MCL 432.218(2)(i), which prohibits a person
from placing “a bet after acquiring knowledge, not available to all players, of the outcome of the
gambling game that is the subject of the bet . . . .” India also analogizes to MCL 432.218(2)(j),
which states, in part, that an individual may not claim or take money or anything of value from
the gambling games, “with an intent to defraud,” without having made a wager contingent on
winning a gambling game. However, India was not convicted under MCL 432.218(2)(i) or (j);
rather, she was convicted under MCL 432.218(2)(f). Consequently, her reliance on MCL
432.218(2)(i) and (j) is misplaced, and we decline to incorporate the mens rea requirements of
MCL 432.218(2)(i) and (j) into MCL 432.218(2)(f).


                                                 -4-
specify a mens rea, we see no indication, express or implied, that the Legislature intended to
create a strict liability crime and thus “inferring some type of guilty knowledge or intent is
necessary . . . because without it innocent conduct could be criminalized.” People v Kowalski,
489 Mich 488, 499 n 12; 803 NW2d 200 (2011). When considering the required mental state,
“[a] crime requiring a particular criminal intent beyond the act done is generally considered a
specific intent crime; whereas, a general intent crime merely requires the intent to perform the
physical act itself.” Fennell, 260 Mich App at 266 (citation and quotation marks omitted).

        Turning to MCL 432.218(2)(f), given the Legislature’s use of the verb “cheats,” it is clear
that the statute requires intentional conduct by a defendant. Cf. Kowalski, 489 Mich at 500
(concluding that, in the absence of an express mens rea requirement, statutory use of the verb
“encourages” contemplates intentional conduct by a defendant). Specifically, the statute
envisions that the actor have an intent to cheat, i.e., an intent to alter the selection of criteria
which determine the result of a gambling game or the amount or frequency of payment in a
gambling game. See MCL 432.202(k); MCL 432.218(2)(f). Because no specific intent beyond
that necessary to cheat is contained in the statute, it also seems plain that the statute envisions a
general criminal intent. See Fennell, 260 Mich App at 266. Contrary to India’s arguments, there
is no specific intent, such as a specific intent to defraud, required above and beyond the mental
state necessary to cheat.

         When viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, sufficient evidence was
presented to convict India of cheating at a gambling game. Evidence was presented that India
went to the casino and sat at the roulette table where her brother James was dealing. While India
was sitting at James’s roulette table, James spun the ball in the roulette wheel and other gamblers
at the table placed their bets. As the ball began to lose momentum, James did not indicate to the
players that no more bets were allowed. After the ball landed in the red 14 slot, James made a
small hand gesture towards the layout, reached for the marker to mark the winning number,
hesitated, and looked over his shoulder. At that point, India placed her bet on red, after the ball
had stopped. By placing her bet after the ball landed, India eliminated, and thus altered, the
element of chance that otherwise selects the criteria to determine the winner in a game of roulette
or the amount or frequency of payment in roulette. See MCL 432.202(k). That she intended to
cheat in this manner can be reasonably inferred from her actions and words, including the fact
that she sat at her brother’s table, that she placed a bet after the ball stopped following a spin
during which her brother failed to wave-off, and the fact that she subsequently denied her
relationship with James. In short, her conduct was such that a rational trier of fact could find that
she cheated and that she intended to cheat. Therefore, sufficient evidence was presented to
support India’s conviction under MCL 432.218(2)(f).

        James contends that insufficient evidence was presented to convict him of cheating at a
gambling game because no evidence was presented that James was able to control where the ball
would land on the roulette wheel and the evidence only demonstrated that James allowed India to
bet “as the ball dropped.” Although no evidence was presented that James had control of where
the ball would land, evidence was presented that James was an experienced dealer but allowed
his sister to sit at his roulette table despite the casino’s policy, and he spun the wheel but did not
indicate to the players that no more bets were allowed. James subsequently made “a small hand
gesture with his right hand towards the layout,” reached for the marker to mark the winning
number, hesitated, and looked over his left shoulder after the ball had landed on the red 14 slot

                                                 -5-
and then allowed India to make a $4,700 bet on red. Despite James’s contention that he only
allowed India to place a bet “as the ball dropped,” the surveillance video indicates that James
allowed India to make a bet after the ball fell into the red 14 slot. James also failed to callout
India’s large bet, and when confronted about India’s bet, James then denied their sibling
relationship. Given the evidence presented, a rational trier of fact could find that, by allowing
India to place a bet after the ball landed, James altered the selection of criteria which determine
the result of a gambling game or the amount or frequency of payment in a gambling game.
Therefore, when viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, sufficient evidence was
presented that James cheated at a gambling game.

                             III. ADMISSION OF PHOTOGRAPHS

       India next contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted five
photographs of the roulette wheel and table, which were taken by Michigan State Police Officer
Jennifer Schlaufman shortly before trial. According to India, these photographs constituted
“reenactment” evidence and the photographs were inadmissible for this purpose because they
were inaccurate, misleading, and non-probative. Further, because the photographs were not
taken until a few days before trial, India claims her late notice of the photographs constituted a
Brady5 violation and deprived her of due process. Alternatively, India complains that defense
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the photographs or move for a continuance.

        At trial, defense counsel offered an initial objection to the photographs, arguing that the
photographs failed to accurately depict the scene. To the extent India reiterates this argument on
appeal, her claim is preserved and reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See People v Gayheart,
285 Mich App 202, 227; 776 NW2d 330 (2009). However, an objection on one ground is not
sufficient to preserve an objection on a different ground, meaning that the majority of India’s
challenges relating to the photographs are unpreserved and reviewed for plain error affecting her
substantial rights. See People v Bulmer, 256 Mich App 33, 35; 662 NW2d 117 (2003). Because
India’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is unpreserved our review is limited to errors
apparent on the record. People v Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342 (2004).

        First, India contends that, as an evidentiary matter, the five photographs of the roulette
table and wheel were inadmissible because the photographs constituted reenactment evidence
that was not “identical with or substantially similar to the conditions” of the crime scene at the
time of the offense. India’s claim is without merit because the photographs were not offered as
an attempt to recreate the event; rather, the photographs were admitted as an aid to illustrate
Officer Schlaufman’s testimony. That is, “re-creation” evidence is only admissible if it
“faithfully reproduces the conditions that existed at the time in question.” Lopez v Gen Motors
Corp, 224 Mich App 618, 627-628 n 13; 569 NW2d 861 (1997). In contrast, when evidence is
offered, not in an effort to recreate an event, but as an aid to illustrate a witness’s testimony
regarding issues related to an event, “there need not be an exact replication of the circumstances
of the event.” Bulmer, 256 Mich App at 35. Instead, demonstrative evidence is generally



5
    Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963).


                                                -6-
admissible as long as it is relevant, MRE 401, and not unduly prejudicial, MRE 403. People v
Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 247; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).

        As described on the record at trial, the photographs were taken from the chair occupied
by India and they depict the roulette wheel as well as the layout. Officer Schlaufman testified
that she went to the casino and sat in the chair to see if the seat had a vantage point of the wheel.
The photographs served as nothing more than an illustration of what Officer Schlaufman
described. See People v Mills, 450 Mich 61, 76; 537 NW2d 917 (1995), mod 450 Mich 1212
(1995) (“Photographs may also be used to corroborate a witness' testimony.”); see also Bulmer,
256 Mich App at 35. There was no suggestion that the photographs were intended as a
recreation of the conditions at the time of the offense and there was in fact ample discussion of
the differences in the conditions present at the time of the offense as compared to when Officer
Schlaufman took the photographs. Additionally, the photographs were relevant and not unduly
prejudicial. Consequently, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the
photographs. Moreover, even supposing some error, it is not more probable than not that the
introduction of these photographs was outcome determinative, particularly given the video
evidence of the offense and the conditions at the time of the offense. See People v Lukity, 460
Mich 484, 496; 596 NW2d 607 (1999).

         Second, relying in part on Brady, India asserts that her late notice of the photographs
denied her due process and inhibited her ability to present a defense. In particular, according to
India, the late notice prevented her from investigating the accuracy of the photographs,
formulating a proper motion to suppress, and taking her own photographs of the scene. To the
extent India’s argument relies on Brady, to state such a claim a defendant must show that: “(1)
the prosecution has suppressed evidence; (2) that is favorable to the accused; and (3) that is
material.” People v Chenault, 495 Mich 142, 150; 845 NW2d 731 (2014). India’s purported
Brady claim fails on all counts because (1) the prosecution provided India with the photographs
at trial, (2) the photographs were not favorable to India, and (3) given the other evidence
supporting India’s conviction, there was not a reasonable probability that the result of the
proceeding would have been different if the evidence had been disclosed to India sooner,
meaning that the photographs were not “material” within the meaning of Brady. See id.; United
States v Fields, 763 F3d 443, 458 (CA 6) (recognizing that there is no Brady violation where
evidence is made available for a defendant’s use in time for trial).

        Far from establishing a Brady violation, at most, India’s argument suggests that the
prosecutor delayed in its discovery disclosures under MCR 6.201. However, contrary to India’s
framing of the issue, a discovery violation would not give rise to a due process claim because
“[t]here is no general constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case.” People v Elston, 462
Mich 751, 765; 614 NW2d 595 (2000). In any event, even if the prosecutor should have
disclosed the photographs sooner, this potential discovery violation would not entitle India to
relief because a more appropriate remedy would have been a continuance and India failed to
move for a continuance at trial. See id. at 764. Further, given the other evidence of her guilt, she
has not shown prejudice from the photographs’ admission, meaning she is not entitled to relief
on this basis. See People v Greenfield, 271 Mich App 442, 454 n 10; 722 NW2d 254 (2006).

        Third, to the extent India contends that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by
failing to move for a continuance or to object at trial, her claim is without merit. As discussed,

                                                -7-
the photographs were admissible and no Brady violation occurred, meaning that any objection on
these bases would have been futile, and counsel is not ineffective for failing to make a futile
objection. People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450, 457; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). Further, we note
briefly that counsel did offer an initial objection to the photographs based on the assertion that
they were not an accurate representation of the scene, and defense counsel then questioned
Officer Schlaufman as well as India regarding whether the photographs portrayed the conditions
at the time of the offense in question. We see nothing unreasonable in adopting this trial strategy
as opposed to moving for a continuance, cf. Elston, 462 Mich at 763-764; and India has not
overcome the presumption that counsel provided effective assistance. People v Heft, 299 Mich
App 69, 83-84; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). Given the other evidence of her guilt, including the
video evidence, India has also failed to show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
alleged errors, there was a reasonable probability of a different outcome. Id. at 84-85. Thus, she
was not denied the effective assistance of counsel.

                               IV. RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT

       India also contends that the prosecutor committed prosecutorial error when it elicited
testimony from Officer Schlaufman regarding India’s post-Miranda6 silence, and when the
prosecutor then commented regarding India’s post-Miranda silence during closing arguments.
Alternatively, India argues that counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to object.

        India failed to object to the prosecutor’s conduct at trial or to request a curative
instruction, meaning that her prosecutorial misconduct claim is unpreserved and reviewed for
plain error. People v Callon, 256 Mich App 312, 329; 662 NW2d 501 (2003). When reviewing
a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, we consider the record as a whole and evaluate a
prosecutor’s remarks in context to determine whether defendant was denied a fair trial. People v
Hicks, 259 Mich App 518, 522; 675 NW2d 599 (2003). “Prosecutors are typically afforded great
latitude regarding their arguments and conduct at trial.” Unger, 278 Mich App at 236. And, a
good faith effort to introduce evidence the prosecutor legitimately believes will be accepted does
not constitute prosecutorial misconduct. People v Noble, 238 Mich App 647, 660; 608 NW2d
123 (1999). Typically, a prosecutor may not, however, reference a defendant’s post-Miranda
silence when the defendant’s silence is attributable to an invocation of his Fifth Amendment
privilege or a reliance on Miranda warnings. People v Shafier, 483 Mich 205, 212-213; 768
NW2d 305 (2009); People v McReavy, 436 Mich 197, 201; 462 NW2d 1 (1990).

        In this case, Officer Schlaufman read India her Miranda rights, and India waived those
rights and agreed to speak with Officer Schlaufman. It appears, however, that India then revoked
that waiver by telling Officer Sclaufman that she “no longer wanted to talk,” and the interview
ceased at that time. See Berghuis v Thompkins, 560 US 370, 388-389; 130 S Ct 2250; 176 L Ed
2d 1098 (2010). Because India revoked her earlier waiver, the prosecutor could not introduce
evidence of her subsequent silence or comment on it during closing. See McReavy, 436 Mich at
218 n 22; People v Gallon, 121 Mich App 183, 188; 328 NW2d 615 (1982).



6
    Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; L Ed 2d 694 (1966).


                                                -8-
       On appeal, India challenges a colloquy between Officer Schlaufman and the prosecutor,
during which Officer Schlaufman referred to the fact that India “no longer wanted to talk to”
Officer Schlaufman. This exchange was as follows:

               [The Prosecutor]: And you confronted her with that information [about
       the fact that her car was registered to James’s address], is that correct?

               [Officer Schlaufman]: That’s correct

               [The Prosecutor]: Okay, and what was her response?

                [Officer Schlaufman]: She indicated to me that she’d only registered it for
       her, for the father of her child, that he wanted the vehicle, but I explained to her
       that it was registered in her name and at the dealer’s address and I found it ironic
       that she doesn’t know this man but she’s registering the vehicle in her name to his
       address. She told me that was the address that her, that the father of the baby
       wanted her to register it to.

               [The Prosecutor]: Okay. That ended the third interview, is that correct?

               [Officer Schlaufman]: Well, I pointed out to her that you can’t just
       register a vehicle to any address you want to, you have to prove that you reside at
       that address, and at that point she no longer wanted to talk to me.

        Contrary to India’s arguments, we see no misconduct in the prosecutor’s questions to
Officer Schlaufman. The prosecutor did not solicit a comment on whether India invoked her
right to remain silent. Cf. People v Sain, 407 Mich 412, 415; 285 NW2d 772 (1979). Rather, it
appears that the prosecutor believed the interview ended with India’s explanation for her
registration of the vehicle, and, in good faith, the prosecutor merely wanted to elicit the officer’s
confirmation that this statement ended the third interview. In response to a yes or no question,
Officer Schlaufman instead volunteered the information that India had invoked her right to
remain silent. Because the remark was volunteered by Officer Schlaumfman, and we see no
indication that the prosecutor encouraged this testimony or conspired to bring it forth, we discern
no prosecutorial misconduct in the prosecutor’s good faith questioning. See Noble, 238 Mich
App at 660; People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634, 710; 780 NW2d 321 (2009). Moreover,
even assuming some error, this brief remark was offered without objection from defendant and,
given the evidence of India’s guilt, this evidence did not affect the outcome of the proceedings,
meaning India has not shown plain error entitling her to relief. Callon, 256 Mich App at 329.

        Aside from Officer Schlaumfman’s testimony, India also contends that prosecutorial
error occurred during closing argument when the prosecutor referenced her silence and stated:

              But what do we find out? We find out that she is the beneficiary on his
       insurance.    He names two beneficiaries:           Christine Country and India
       Countryman. Clearly, there’s more than simply a distant relationship there. They
       have the same address. Well, at least they use the same address for something;
       and she’s on his insurance policy as a beneficiary.


                                                -9-
               When Detective Schlaufman confronts India Countryman with this fact,
       [India] goes silent. She doesn’t want to speak anymore.

         We agree that the prosecutor should not have referred to India’s post-Miranda invocation
of her right to remain silent. See Shafier, 483 Mich at 212-213; McReavy, 436 Mich at 218 n 22.
Nonetheless, India has not shown that this prosecutorial error affected the outcome of the
proceedings. The prosecutor’s remark was relatively brief and there was other substantial
evidence of India’s guilt, including the surveillance video which was played at trial. Cf. People
v Borgne, 483 Mich 178, 196; 768 NW2d 290 (2009). Further, defendant was tried in a bench
trial, and a judge is presumed to know the law, including “the difference between admissible and
inadmissible evidence or statements of counsel.” People v Wofford, 196 Mich App 275, 282;
492 NW2d 747 (1992). Consequently, the trial court would have known to ignore any improper
remarks by counsel, see id., and, in fact India’s silence was not referenced at all in the trial
court’s explanation of its findings. On this record, India has failed to demonstrate she was
prejudiced by the prosecutor’s brief reference to India’s silence.

        To the extent India contends that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by
failing to object to Officer Schlaufman’s testimony or the prosecutor’s closing argument, her
claim is unavailing. While counsel might have offered a successful objection, counsel could
reasonably have determined that it was unnecessary to offer an objection in a bench trial, given
that the court is presumed to know the law. Wofford, 196 Mich App at 282. Thus, India has not
overcome the presumption that counsel provided effective assistance. Heft, 299 Mich App at 83-
84. Further, given the other evidence of her guilt, including the video evidence, India has also
failed to show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s alleged errors, there was a
reasonable probability of a different outcome. Id. at 84-85. Thus, she was not denied the
effective assistance of counsel.

                            V. IMPROPER OPINION TESTIMONY

        Next, India argues that Officer Schlaufman impermissibly invaded the province of the
fact-finder by identifying India in the surveillance video and opining that India placed her bet
after the outcome of the game was known. In a related argument, India contends that the
prosecutor impermissibly “testified” by describing the contents of the video. Alternatively, India
argues that she was denied the effective assistance of counsel because counsel failed to object.

        Generally, opinion testimony by a lay witness is permitted if the testimony is “(a)
rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the
witness' testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” MRE 701. However, “a witness
cannot express an opinion on the defendant's guilt or innocence of the charged offense.” People
v Fomby, 300 Mich App 46, 53; 831 NW2d 887 (2013) (citation omitted). Moreover, when “a
jury is as capable as anyone else of reaching a conclusion on certain facts, it is error to permit a
witness to give his own opinion or interpretation of the facts because it invades the province of
the jury.” People v Drossart, 99 Mich App 66, 80; 297 NW2d 863 (1980). For example,
typically, if a jury is equally capable of identifying the individual shown in a video or
photograph, a lay witness who has viewed a video may not identify a defendant as the individual
depicted in the video or photograph. See Fomby, 300 Mich App at 52-53.


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        India contends that Officer Schlaufman offered impermissible opinion testimony when
Officer Schlaufman testified, based on her viewing of the video, that India placed a bet “after the
outcome of the game was known.” Any claim of error in this regard is unavailing, however,
because the trial court is presumed to know the law when conducting a bench trial and would
thus have known that Officer Schlaufman could not invade the province of the fact-finder. See
Wofford, 196 Mich App at 282. Indeed, India’s claim of error in this respect is wholly
disingenuous given that the trial court interrupted Officer Schlaufman’s testimony, and stated
that this testimony “invaded the province” of the fact-finder. Aside from the fact that a trial
court is presumed to know the law, this sua sponte interruption and recognition that the trial
court would decide whether India placed a bet after the conclusion of the game cured any
conceivable error and India is not entitled to relief. To the extent Officer Schlaufman identified
India in the video, this identification impermissibly invaded the province of the fact-finder,
Fomby, 300 Mich App at 52-53, but we fail to see how India was prejudiced given that India’s
identity was not at issue at trial. That is, there has been no suggestion that India did not appear
on the video playing roulette at James’s table. Indeed, India fully admitted at trial that she
played roulette at James’s table. Therefore, India was not prejudiced by the error.

        Insofar as India contends that the prosecutor “testified” by describing the video on the
record, this claim is equally without merit. We see nothing wrong in the prosecutor verbally
describing something for transcription in the record. Further, it is axiomatic that the remarks of
counsel are not evidence. Thomas, 260 Mich App at 454. The trial court viewed the video for
itself and is presumed to know that the prosecutor’s remarks were not evidence. See Wofford,
196 Mich App at 282. Indeed, again it is obvious that the trial court understood this matter of
law because the trial court admonished the prosecutor that she could not testify. India has not
shown prejudice from the prosecutor’s remarks and is not entitled to relief on this basis.

       Finally, to the extent India claims counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
prosecutor’s remarks or Officer Schlaufman’s allegedly improper opinion testimony, her claim is
without merit. Because the trial court is presumed to know the law and the trial court in fact
offered sua sponte interjections regarding these challenged remarks, it is clear that India suffered
no prejudice. Heft, 299 Mich App at 83-84. Thus, she was not denied the effective assistance of
counsel.

       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
                                                             /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                             /s/ Patrick M. Meter




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