                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 07-3434
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * Western District of Missouri.
Brent O. Trower,                        *
                                        * [UNPUBLISHED]
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: April 18, 2008
                                Filed: July 18, 2008
                                 ___________

Before WOLLMAN, BEAM, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

PER CURIAM

       Brent Trower conditionally pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a firearm
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Having reserved his right to do so, Trower
appeals from the district court’s1 denial of his motion to suppress the firearm as the
fruit of an unlawful search. We affirm.



      1
        The Honorable Dean Whipple, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri, who adopted the report and recommendation of the Honorable
John T. Maughmer, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western District of
Missouri.
                                   I. Background

       Late on the afternoon of September 14, 2006, Trower reported that his fiancee,
April Aguilar, was missing. Aguilar was in this country on a 90-day marriage visa
from the Philippines. Trower called the Trenton, Missouri, Police Department and
made several calls to the Grundy County Sheriff’s Department in an effort to obtain
their assistance in locating Aguilar. Aguilar had left a note for Trower and had
apparently taken all her belongings that she had brought with her from the Philippines,
but had left the things she had acquired here. Trower believed that a local couple
named Vernon and Nandit Jones either was harboring her or had helped her leave.

       Upon being contacted by the county sheriff’s office, Vernon Jones asked a
deputy sheriff to come to his home. Deputy Clint Griswold responded and was told
by Vernon that Aguilar was not happy with her relationship with Trower and that she
was frightened of him because he kept a pistol and a large amount of marijuana in his
house. Earlier that day while Trower was at work, Aguilar had invited the Joneses
over and had showed them the large amount of marijuana that Trower kept in the
freezer and the marijuana that he kept on a plate underneath a recliner in the living
room. Griswold called Officer Seth Rorebeck of the Trenton Police Department, who
was at Trower’s house at the time, telling him that Aguilar was not at the Joneses’
home. He also told Rorebeck about the drugs and gun and then drove to Trower’s
home, accompanied by another deputy sheriff.

       Upon Griswold’s arrival, Trower told the officers that Aguilar had left a note,
but that he had misplaced it in his distress. Trower consented to the officers’ request
for permission to search for the note and led them through the house to where
Aguilar’s remaining items were located. Rorebeck, whom Trower had earlier led
throughout the house, stopped briefly in the living room, bent down a few feet from
the recliner, and shined his flashlight underneath, revealing a plate containing
marijuana and rolling papers as described by Vernon Jones. In response to Griswold’s

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inquiry whether they could freely search the house for evidence of a crime or of
Aguilar’s current location, Trower said that he had showed the officers everything
there was to see. Rorebeck informed Griswold that he had seen the marijuana,
whereupon they arrested Trower. A search warrant was obtained for the home,
leading to the seizure of the firearm that formed the basis of the present charge.

                                    II. Discussion

       When reviewing the outcome of a motion to suppress, we review de novo a
district court’s conclusions of law and review for clear error its findings of fact.
United States v. Pruneda, 518 F.3d 597, 603 (8th Cir. 2008). “We must affirm an
order denying a motion to suppress unless the decision is unsupported by substantial
evidence, is based on an erroneous view of the applicable law, or in light of the entire
record, we are left with a firm and definite conviction that a mistake has been made.”
Id. (internal quotation omitted).

       Officer Rorebeck’s view of the marijuana under the recliner gave the officers
probable cause to arrest Trower for possession of a controlled substance and to obtain
a warrant to search his home. Trower contends, however, that because his consent to
the officers’ entry to the home was obtained by deception, Rorebeck was not in a
position in which he could lawfully view the marijuana beneath the recliner.
Alternatively, Trower contends that Rorebeck expanded the scope of the search
beyond that to which Trower had consented, rendering the search illegal.

      Whatever deception the officers may have used to gain entry into the home was
not so extensive that it can be considered to have amounted to coercion. Consent
obtained through deceit or trickery can constitute evidence of coercion that may in a
given case vitiate the consent. United States v. Reinholz, 245 F.3d 765, 780 (8th Cir.
2001). Standing alone, however, deception generally will not invalidate consent.
United States v. Carter, 884 F.2d 368, 374-75 (8th Cir. 1989); see United States v.

                                          -3-
Yang, 345 F.3d 650, 654-55 (8th Cir. 2003). But cf. Bumper v. North Carolina, 391
U.S. 543, 546-49 (1968) (holding that consent given after an officer falsely claims to
have a warrant is not voluntary because it is given only in acquiescence to authority).
The deception, if indeed it was that, consisted of the officers’ failure to tell Trower
what Vernon Jones had told them about the marijuana and the gun. Accordingly,
Trower’s consent was not given in acquiescence to any claim of authority. Trower
actively solicited law enforcement’s assistance in finding Aguilar, and he had already
showed Rorebeck around his home before Griswold and the other deputy arrived. The
officers testified that part of their purpose in entering the house was to locate the note
and help resolve the situation. Thus, there are no other circumstances that warrant a
finding that Trower was coerced into inviting the officers into his home.

       Rorebeck’s view of the object beneath the recliner did not constitute a search,
for police officers do not conduct a search in the Fourth Amendment sense merely by
using their eyes. United States v. Banks, 514 F.3d 769, 773 (8th Cir. 2008)
(“Observing objects in plain view violates no reasonable expectation of privacy,
which obviates the need for a search warrant.”) (citing Horton v. California, 496 U.S.
128, 133 (1990)). We attach no importance to the fact that Rorebeck used a flashlight.
See United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 305 (1987); United States v. Garner, 907
F.2d 60, 62 n.2 (8th Cir. 1990). Rorebeck employed no nonpublic, sense-enhancing
technology, see Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 40 (2001), nor did he manipulate
the physical environment within the home with the intent to uncover information. See
Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 324-25 (1987).

       Even if we assume that Rorebeck’s act of bending over to look beneath the
recliner constituted a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, we reject
Trower’s contention that the officers expanded the scope of the search beyond that
which he had granted. See United States v. Ferrer-Montoya, 483 F.3d 565, 568 (8th
Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (holding that the scope of a search is measured by what a
reasonable person would understand it to be). Trower invited the officers into his

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home for the express purpose of searching for a misplaced note from his fiancee. It
was not unreasonable for Rorebeck to look for a lost piece of paper underneath
furniture that is raised a few inches off the floor.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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