                                  COURT OF APPEALS
                               EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                    EL PASO, TEXAS

                                               §
 HEIKE INGRID CURLEY,                                          No. 08-12-00257-CV
                                               §
                       Appellant,                                   Appeal from
                                               §
 v.                                                            388th District Court
                                               §
 MICHAEL RICHARD CURLEY,                                     of El Paso County, Texas
                                               §
                       Appellee.                             (TC # 2011DCM05843)
                                               §

                                         OPINION

       Heike Ingrid Curley challenges a default judgment of divorce on the basis of personal

jurisdiction. For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand.

                                    FACTUAL SUMMARY

       Heike and Michael Richard Curley were married in 2002 and had one child, Z.J.C., born

in 2004. After an event in 2011 during which Michael was arrested for domestic violence, Heike

moved from El Paso to Wisconsin with the child In October 2011, Michael filed for divorce

which included a suit affecting the parent-child relationship. After unsuccessful attempts to

serve Heike with process at the address of her previous ex-husband in Kenosha, Wisconsin,

Michael’s attorney filed an affidavit in support of service by publication. The citation was

published in a newspaper in Kenosha, where Michael believed Heike to be, in February of 2012.
The citation described the nature of the suit only as a petition for divorce. It made no mention of

Z.J.C. or Heike’s relationship with him.

         Following a final hearing, the trial court entered a default decree of divorce on March 29,

2012. The court awarded Michael the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of

Z.J.C., possession of the family’s home, and several other significant rights. With the court’s

order in hand, Michael traveled to Wisconsin, located Z.J.C., and took possession of him just

seventeen days after the final decree was entered. Michael located Z.J.C. by looking for Heike’s

address on the internet. Heike filed a motion for new trial in May of 2012, which the trial court

orally denied during a hearing on the motion held on July 10, 2012. This appeal follows.

         On appeal, Heike argues that service was deficient in three respects: (1) the citation

failed to give notice that the suit involved the parent-child relationship with her son, (2) Michael

was not sufficiently diligent in attempting to ascertain her residence or whereabouts before

serving her by publication, and (3) the publication of the citation failed to comply with the Texas

Rules of Civil Procedure because it was published outside of the State of Texas and in a county

other than where the suit was pending. Heike contends that each of these defects deprived the

trial court of personal jurisdiction over her, and thus that the default judgment was void. We

agree with her first and second arguments and thus do not reach the third.

                                WAS CITATION SUFFICIENT?

         Section 102.010 of the Texas Family Code establishes the requisites of a published

citation in a suit affecting a parent-child relationship. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 102.010 (West

2014); see also Wiebusch v. Wiebusch, 636 S.W.2d 540, 542 (Tex.App.--San Antonio, 1982, no

writ).    Among other things, Section 102.010 requires that the citation be published in

“substantially” the following form:



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       You have been sued. You may employ an attorney. If you or your attorney do
       (does) not file a written answer with the clerk who issued this citation by 10 a.m.
       on the Monday next following the expiration of 20 days after you were served this
       citation and petition, a default judgment may be taken against you. The petition
       of ____________, Petitioner, was filed in the Court of _____________ County,
       Texas, on the ___ day of _________, _____, against __________, Respondent(s),
       numbered _____, and entitled ‘In the interest of __________, a child (or
       children).’ The suit requests (statement of relief requested, e.g., ‘terminate the
       parent-child relationship’). The date and place of birth of the child (children) who
       is (are) the subject of the suit: ____________.

[Emphasis added]. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 102.010(c). Authority for citation by publication

derives solely from the statute. Wiebusch, 636 S.W.2d at 542. As such, failure to show

compliance with the statute renders service by publication invalid and requires setting default

judgment aside. Id.; see also Uvalde Country Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co., Inc., 690 S.W.2d

884, 885 (Tex. 1985)(per curiam).

       The citation published here provided no notice that the suit affected rights of

conservatorship and possession. Indeed, the citation made no mention of Z.J.C. whatsoever; nor

did it contain the word “child.” Additionally, the citation incorrectly captioned the suit as

follows: “In the matter of a Marriage Michael Curley vs. Heike Curley.” The correct caption of

the suit is instead: “In the Matter of a Marriage Michael Richard Curley and Heike Ingrid

Curley, And in the Interest of Z.J.C., a Child.” [Emphasis added]. See TEX.R.CIV.P. 114

(requiring citation by publication to “contain the names of the parties”).

       Michael counters that when a suit seeks both divorce and modification of the parent-child

relationship, the form for published citation outlined in Section 102.010 may properly be

combined with the form listed in Section 6.409 of the Family Code. See TEX.FAM.CODE ANN.

§ 6.409(b), (c)(West 2006)(outlining form for published citation in divorce actions and stating

that it “may be combined” with the form outlined in Section 102.010 in “appropriate situations”).

This argument assumes, of course, that publication was appropriate in the first instance.

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Temporarily setting that consideration aside, the citation Michael published did not combine the

language of Sections 6.409 and 102.010. Indeed, the only language contained in the citation that

arguably stems from Section 102.010 is that which recites Heike’s deadline to answer the suit.

But this elementary language is outlined in both Section 102.010 and Section 6.409, and the

citation Michael published contains nothing that is particular to Section 102.010.              See

TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 6.409(b), § 102.010(c). In short, the citation did not effect the purpose of

Section 102.010(c) in any way.

       “[N]otice of the nature of the suit is essential to a valid citation by publication.”

Wiebusch, 636 S.W.2d at 542. At a minimum, this includes notice that the suit seeks to alter the

parent-child relationship. Id. (reversing a default judgment modifying a parent-child relationship

where the published citation incorrectly characterized the suit as seeking termination of the

relationship). See also TEX.R.CIV.P. 114 (requiring citation by publication to contain a “brief

statement of the nature of the suit”). We hold that the citation failed to substantially comply with

the form prescribed for published citations by Section 102.010(c).

                                      DUE DILIGENCE?

       Citation by publication is appropriate upon the affidavit of a party or his attorney or agent

affirming that a diligent effort to locate the whereabouts of the party to be served has been

unsuccessful. TEX.R.CIV.P. 109; see also In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 564 (Tex. 2012). The trial

court must inquire into the diligence of the search before granting any judgment based upon

service by publication. Id. A lack of diligence renders service by publication ineffective,

thereby depriving the litigant of due process and the trial court of personal jurisdiction. In re

E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 564, 566. A judgment rendered under such circumstances is thus void. Id.

at 566.   Even if the instant citation had been given substantially in the form of Section



                                                 4
102.010(c), the record establishes that Michael was not duly diligent in attempting to locate

Heike before resorting to service by publication.

       During the final hearing conducted on March 26, 2012 (three days before the trial court

entered its final decree of divorce), it was adduced that Michael’s efforts to locate Heike

included telephone calls, emails to her ex-husband, and efforts to personally serve her at her ex-

husband’s address in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Michael testified that Heike had brothers and sisters

living in Germany, but that he did not have their contact information and had not attempted to

contact them. Michael further testified that he knew where Z.J.C. attended school in Kenosha,

that he regularly spoke to Z.J.C.’s teacher, and that he knew Z.J.C. took the bus to and from

school each day.    But he did not use any of this information to attempt to locate Heike,

explaining that the teacher “kind of avoid[ed] the question [of Heike’s whereabouts].”

       During the hearing on Heike’s motion for new trial, Heike testified that Michael knew

how to contact several persons who knew her whereabouts, including her family in Germany, her

ex-husband in Kenosha, and her ex-mother-in-law in Kenosha. She also testified that Michael

could have obtained her current address from her telephone service provider, which listed

Michael as an authorized user on the account, as well as her military insurance provider. Heike

had searched her own name on the internet in September of 2011 and had found her correct

address. Michael also testified during the hearing. His last effort to find Heike’s address on the

internet was in November of 2011. The citation was published on February 22, 2012; Although

that internet search was unsuccessful, Michael quickly and easily found Heike’s correct address

via the internet when he found and took possession of Z.J.C. on April 15, 2012, seventeen days

after the default judgment had been entered.




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        Based on this record, we conclude that Michael was not sufficiently diligent in attempting

to locate Heike before resorting to service by publication. “A diligent search must include

inquiries that someone who really wants to find the defendant would make, and diligence is

measured not by the quantity of the search but by its quality.” In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 565,

citing Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 315, 70 S.Ct. 652, 94 L.Ed.

865 (1950). Even disregarding the contested evidence regarding Michael’s ability to locate

Heike’s whereabouts, Michael neglected “obvious inquiries” that a diligent litigant would have

made. Id., quoting In the Interest of S.P., 672 N.W.2d 842, 848 (Iowa 2003). As such, the trial

court lacked personal jurisdiction over Heike, and the final decree it entered against her by

default is void.

        Because the record does not show proper service of citation, we need not determine good

cause, meritorious defense, or whether Heike had actual knowledge of the suit. In re E.R., 385

S.W.3d at 563 (holding that if service is invalid the party is “entitled to a new trial without

showing good cause”); Caldwell v. Barnes, 154 S.W.3d 93, 96-97 (Tex. 2004)(per curiam)(“if a

plaintiff was not served, constitutional due process relieves the plaintiff from the need to show a

meritorious defense”); and Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. 1990)(actual notice to a

defendant, without proper service, is not sufficient to convey jurisdiction upon a court to render

default judgment). Accordingly, the judgment is reversed and remanded for trial.


August 6, 2014
                                      ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Rodriguez, JJ.




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