                                                                                                 Filed
                                                                                           Washington State
                                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                                            Division Two

                                                                                             July 26, 2016




      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                           DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                               No. 47425-5-II

                         Respondent,

          v.                                                    UNPUBLISHED OPINION

    JEFFREY JEROME JOHNSON,

                         Appellant.

         MAXA, J. – Jeffrey Johnson appeals his conviction of unlawful possession of

methamphetamine with intent to deliver. He argues that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress evidence officers discovered after he consented to their search of his home.

         We hold that substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding of fact that the police

officers gave proper Ferrier1 warnings to Johnson before entering his barn to speak with him and

that Johnson voluntarily consented to the search of his trailer inside the barn. We also reject

Johnson’s assertions made in his statement of additional grounds (SAG). Therefore, we affirm

Johnson’s convictions.




1
    State v. Ferrier, 136 Wn.2d 103, 118, 960 P.2d 927 (1998).
No. 47425-5-II


                                             FACTS

       On January 22, 2014, City of Centralia police officers Adam Haggerty and Chad

Withrow and Lewis County Sheriff’s Deputy Bruce Kimsey went to Johnson’s home in Vader to

conduct a “knock and talk”2 with Johnson based on information they had received that Johnson

was selling methamphetamine from his home. Johnson lived in a trailer parked inside a barn,

adjacent to a house. When Haggerty and Withrow arrived at Johnson’s residence, they parked

their unmarked vehicle outside the barn in front of a security camera and turned their music up

loud hoping to alert Johnson. Kimsey arrived in his own patrol vehicle.

       When Johnson did not come out, Haggerty and Withrow “approached the garage and

were able to summon Johnson from within.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 29. Johnson then came

outside and the officers explained why they were there. Haggerty told Johnson that he wanted to

know Johnson’s source for the methamphetamine he had sold and that if he cooperated, Johnson

would sleep in his own bed that night. Johnson agreed to cooperate. After Kimsey left to

investigate another matter, Haggerty asked Johnson about his methamphetamine and Johnson

replied that he had about two ounces, a digital scale, and some packaging materials.

       Haggerty then presented Johnson with a consent to search form that contained Ferrier

warnings. Haggerty verbally summarized the warnings rather than read them verbatim and had

Johnson read the form himself. Johnson read the form without comment and verbally consented.




2
 During a knock and talk, officers go to a home without a warrant and ask for the resident's
consent to search the premises. State v. Budd, No. 91529-6, 2016 WL 2910207, at *3 (Wash.
May 19, 2016).



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No. 47425-5-II


He then signed the form before the officers entered the barn and trailer. Kimsey returned to the

scene at about the same time.

       Haggerty seized methamphetamine, a digital scale, and packaging materials from inside

the trailer. The State later charged Johnson with unlawful possession of methamphetamine with

intent to manufacture or deliver.

       Johnson filed a motion under CrR 3.6 to suppress the evidence that officers discovered in

the search of his trailer, arguing that the advisement of the Ferrier warnings was insufficient.

The trial court conducted a suppression hearing and heard testimony from the three officers,

Johnson, Melissa Alderman, who lived in a residence adjacent to the barn, and Alderman’s

daughter Jessica Hamilton. The trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law,

finding that the officers talked with Johnson outside the barn and gave Ferrier warnings to

Johnson and that Johnson’s consent was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Therefore, the trial

court denied Johnson’s CrR 3.6 motion to suppress.

       Johnson waived his right to a jury trial, and the trial court found Johnson guilty of

unlawful possession of methamphetamine with intent to deliver based on a stipulation to the facts

in the police report. Johnson appeals his conviction.

                                           ANALYSIS

A.     MOTION TO SUPPRESS – FERRIER WARNINGS

       1.   Legal Principles

       Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of

the Washington Constitution prohibit warrantless searches unless an exception applies. State v.

Weller, 185 Wn. App. 913, 922, 344 P.3d 695, review denied, 183 Wn.2d 1010 (2015). The



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No. 47425-5-II


State has the burden of showing that an exception to the warrant requirement applies by clear and

convincing evidence. State v. Green, 177 Wn. App. 332, 340, 312 P.3d 669 (2013).

       One exception to the warrant requirement is when the police obtain voluntary consent

while conducting a knock and talk. State v. Khounvichai, 149 Wn.2d 557, 562, 69 P.3d 862

(2003). When the police use this procedure, they must inform the resident of his constitutional

rights by giving what are commonly referred to as Ferrier warnings: that he may lawfully refuse

to give consent, revoke that consent at any time, and limit the scope of that consent to particular

areas of the residence. State v. Ferrier, 136 Wn.2d 103, 118, 960 P.2d 927 (1998).

Significantly, the officers must give these warnings before entering the home. State v. Budd, No.

91529-6, 2016 WL 2910207, at *3 (Wash. May 19, 2016).

       Even if officers properly provide Ferrier warnings before conducting a search, the State

still must show that the defendant’s consent to search was voluntary. State v. Monaghan, 165

Wn. App. 782, 789, 266 P.3d 222 (2012). For consent to be valid, a person with authority to

consent must do so freely and voluntarily. Id.

       2.   Standard of Review

       When reviewing a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law on a motion to

suppress evidence, we determine whether substantial evidence supports the findings of fact and

whether those findings of fact support the conclusions of law. State v. Russell, 180 Wn.2d 860,

866, 330 P.3d 151 (2014). Substantial evidence is evidence that is sufficient to persuade a fair-

minded person of the truth of the stated premise. Id. at 866-67. We treat unchallenged findings

of fact from a suppression hearing as verities on appeal. State v. Homan, 181 Wn.2d 102, 106,

330 P.3d 182 (2014). We review conclusions of law de novo. Id. at 867.



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No. 47425-5-II


       3.    Providing Ferrier Warnings Before Entering the Barn

       Johnson claims that the State failed to prove with clear and convincing evidence that the

police gave him Ferrier warnings before they entered the barn. We disagree.

             a.   Failure to Enter Express Finding

       Johnson argues that the trial court did not enter a finding of fact expressly stating that the

officers gave Johnson the Ferrier warnings before entering the barn. He claims that without

such an express finding, the State cannot satisfy its burden of proving that the officers gave the

Ferrier warnings before entering the barn.

       The trial court entered the following findings of fact that relate to whether the officers

entered the barn before they gave the Ferrier warnings:

       6. When nobody responded to their presence, Officers Haggerty and Withrow
       approached the garage and were able to summon Johnson from within.

       7. Johnson was asked to step outside, which he complied. While outside the barn,
       Johnson was informed of why law enforcement was contacting him.
       ....

       15. . . . . The Ferrier warnings were reviewed with Johnson, and consent was
       granted while outside the trailer and barn area.
       ....

       18. Once permission was granted, Officer Haggerty and Withrow, along with
       Johnson entered the barn area.

CP at 29-30.

       Finding of fact 6 states that the officers “approached” the garage. CP at 29. Approaching

the garage is different than entering it, and use of that word indicates that the officers did not go

into the barn. Finding of fact 6 also states that the officers summoned Johnson “from within,”

CP at 29, and finding of fact 7 states that Johnson was asked to step outside the barn. These



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No. 47425-5-II


findings indicate that Johnson was inside the barn and the officers drew him outside with them.

Finally, finding of fact 18 states that the officers entered the barn after permission was granted.

This finding implies that they had not entered the barn before speaking with Johnson.

       The trial court’s findings could have been more explicit. But we hold that these findings

are sufficient to establish that the officers did not enter the barn until after they gave Johnson the

Ferrier warnings.

             b.   Substantial Evidence

       Johnson assigns error to finding of fact 6 to the extent that it suggests that the officers did

not enter the barn until they had provided Ferrier warnings. He argues that there was conflicting

testimony at the suppression hearing about whether the officers entered the barn when they were

calling for Johnson to come out.

       Johnson is correct that some witnesses testified that officers entered the barn before

providing Ferrier warnings. Johnson himself testified that the officers walked into and through

the barn before contacting him. Haggerty testified that the officers walked into the barn before

yelling for Johnson. Hamilton testified that she saw the officers get out of their vehicle and enter

the barn through the tack room.

       However, the other two officers testified that nobody went inside the barn before Ferrier

warnings were given. Withrow testified that they contacted Johnson outside the barn. He said

they knocked on the door and asked him to come out. During cross examination, defense

counsel asked Withrow, “So if you didn’t go into the barn, how did you get Mr. Johnson out?”

Report of Proceedings (RP) (3/19/2015) at 38. Withrow responded, “Knocked on the outside

and asked and he just came out.” RP (3/19/2015) at 38. Kimsey explained that the officers



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No. 47425-5-II


called out to Johnson as they were approaching the barn and Johnson came out. Defense counsel

asked during cross-examination whether the officers went into the barn and Kimsey responded,

“No, not that I saw. . . . I remember him coming out to the doors of the barn.” RP (3/19/2015) at

52.

       As noted above, we examine challenged findings of fact to determine if substantial

evidence in the record supports them. Russell, 180 Wn.2d at 866. Here, Withrow’s and

Kimsey’s testimony supported finding of fact 6. Although there was conflicting testimony, the

trial court considered all the testimony and entered finding of fact 6.3 We do not second guess

the trial court’s resolution of conflicts in the evidence. See Homan, 181 Wn.2d at 106.

       We hold that substantial evidence supported the trial court’s finding of fact that the

officers did not enter the barn until after they had given Johnson the Ferrier warnings.

       3.   Voluntary Consent

       Johnson argues that the trial court erred in finding that he voluntarily consented to the

search of his trailer. He argues that the surrounding circumstances were too coercive to support

such a finding. We disagree.

       The trial court entered a conclusion of law that Johnson’s consent to search was

voluntary. We employ a totality of the circumstances test to determine whether a defendant

voluntarily consented. State v. Ruem, 179 Wn.2d 195, 207, 313 P.3d 1156 (2013). We consider


3
  At the sentencing hearing, Johnson objected to finding of fact 6, stating: “We had mixed
testimony, one where they went in and got him, one where they said they stayed out and he came
to them.” RP (4/1/2015) at 6. The trial court responded, “Well, just because there was
conflicting testimony, that doesn’t mean that the Court can’t make a finding. That’s what the
Court does.” RP (4/1/2015) at 6.




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No. 47425-5-II


(1) the education and intelligence of the consenting person; (2) whether Miranda4 warnings, if

applicable, were given prior to consent; and (3) whether the consenting person was advised of his

right not to consent. Id. Although these three factors are essential to the consent analysis, no

single factor is determinative and we consider other relevant facts such as coercive tactics. State

v. Dancer, 174 Wn. App. 666, 676, 300 P.3d 475 (2013).

         Here, the Ruem factors were met. First, Johnson had a 12th grade education and

Haggerty presumably assumed from this that Johnson could read and write. While it appeared to

Haggerty that it took Johnson longer than usual to read the consent form, Johnson gave no

indication that he could not read it or understand it. Second, Haggerty did not give Miranda

warnings because they were not applicable as Johnson was not under arrest. And third, Haggerty

informed Johnson both in writing and verbally that he had the right to refuse consent.

         Johnson argues that the other circumstances were coercive. He notes that it was a dark

night, multiple officers approached the barn, and the officers were persistent even though he

indicated his preference to be left alone. He claims the officers made a thinly veiled threat to

arrest and jail him by stating that if he cooperated, he could sleep in his own bed that night. And

he argues that the threat involved deception because in actuality the officers were out of their

primary jurisdiction and lacked authority to arrest him.

         We disagree that these facts undermine the voluntariness of Johnson’s consent. Although

Johnson was approached by three officers, the trial court found that Haggerty was the only

officer communicating directly with Johnson. Withrow remained in the background as did

Kimsey, who had left the scene during the time Johnson consented. Further, there was ample


4
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).


                                                 8
No. 47425-5-II


testimony that the situation was not coercive. Haggerty, Withrow, and Kimsey testified that the

conversations with Johnson were low-key, casual, cordial, and not threatening. Finally, given

the tone of the communications, we do not regard Haggerty’s statement about sleeping in his

own bed that night as a threat that could unlawfully coerce Johnson into consenting to a search.

See State v. Trout, 125 Wn. App. 403, 414-16, 105 P.3d 69 (2005) (implied promise of lenient

treatment did not render confession involuntary).

       We hold that substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding that Johnson freely,

intelligently, and voluntarily consented to the search of his trailer.

B.     SAG ASSERTIONS

       Johnson makes two assertions of error in his SAG. First, Johnson asserts that the two

Centralia officers had no jurisdiction in rural Cowlitz County to obtain his consent to search

because Kimsey had left the scene when he signed the consent form. We disagree.

       Johnson did not challenge the police officers’ authority to obtain his consent below.

Therefore, the record is inadequate to determine whether the officers acted lawfully under Title

10.93 RCW or some other mutual agency agreement. Generally, a party’s failure to raise an

issue at trial waives the issue on appeal unless the party can show the presence of a manifest

error affecting a constitutional right. State v. Robinson, 171 Wn.2d 292, 304, 253 P.3d 84

(2011); RAP 2.5(a). Johnson neither preserved this claim nor makes an adequate showing of

manifest constitutional error. Therefore, we do not address this assertion.

       Second, Johnson asserts that when an officer conducts a knock and talk, it is unlawful to

enter any areas of the property other than the residence. We disagree.




                                                   9
No. 47425-5-II


        An officer may approach a residence by entering the curtilage that is impliedly open to

the public. State v. Seagull, 95 Wn.2d 898, 902, 632 P.2d 44 (1981); State v. Ague-Masters, 138

Wn. App. 86, 98, 156 P.3d 265 (2007). A curtilage area includes an access route to a house such

as a driveway or walkway leading to a residence, or the porch of the residence itself. State v.

Ferro, 64 Wn. App. 181, 183, 824 P.2d 500 (1992). Here, the officers knew that Johnson lived

in the barn, not in the adjacent residence, and therefore approached his home directly from the

driveway. We reject Johnson’s assertion.

                                          CONCLUSION

        We affirm Johnson’s convictions.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.



                                                      MAXA, J.



 We concur:




 JOHANSON, J.




 BJORGEN, C.J.




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