                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                        September 16, 2009 Session

  NATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY AND REMINGTON
                COLLEGE -- MEMPHIS CAMPUS
                             v.
          TENNESSEE HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

               An Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
                   No. 08-2105-III   Ellen Hobbs Lyle, Chancellor


                 No. M2009-00137-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 18, 2010


This appeal involves subject matter jurisdiction and exhaustion of administrative remedies.
The petitioners filed an administrative petition with the defendant commission challenging
a newly promulgated rule. Before the commission took action on the administrative petition,
the petitioners filed a complaint for declaratory judgment in the trial court, making essentially
the same allegations. The commission filed a motion to dismiss in the trial court, arguing
that the trial court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the complaint, because the
petitioners failed to exhaust their administrative remedies before filing the declaratory
judgment lawsuit. The trial court granted the motion and dismissed for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. The petitioners now appeal. We reverse, finding that the trial court had subject
matter jurisdiction over the petition.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court is
                            Reversed and Remanded

H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID. R. F ARMER, J., and
J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

W. Brantley Phillips, Jr., and Russell S. Baldwin, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants,
National College of Business & Technology and Remington College -- Memphis Campus.

Robert E. Cooper, Attorney General & Reporter, Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General, and
Blind Akrawi, Assistant Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee
Higher Education Commission.
                                                  OPINION

                                   F ACTS AND P ROCEEDING B ELOW

In 2006 and 2007, the Respondent/Appellee Tennessee Higher Education Commission
(“THEC”) amended its rules by adopting the Rulemaking Hearing Rules of the Division of
Postsecondary School Authorization, which amended Chapter 1540-01-02 of the Tennessee
Rules and Regulations (“the Rules”). These amendments became effective on August 20,
2008.

On August 26, 2008, the Petitioner/Appellants National College of Business & Technology
and Remington College – Memphis Campus (“Petitioners”) filed an administrative petition
with THEC for a declaratory order pursuant to Tennessee’s Uniform Administrative
Procedures Act (“UAPA”). The administrative petition alleged that THEC’s amended rules
were void because they were promulgated in violation of the UAPA. The petitioners also
alleged that THEC was required to set aside the amendments because they were procedurally
flawed, arbitrary, and capricious. THEC did not take immediate action on the petition.

The Petitioners were concerned that the applicable thirty-day statute of limitations 1 on a
declaratory judgment lawsuit on THEC’s amended rules would run from August 20, 2008,
the date on which the amendments were approved. If the Petitioners waited to file a lawsuit
until after the administrative proceedings were resolved, they might be time-barred from
filing a lawsuit in the event the administrative petition with THEC was unsuccessful.
Consequently, before THEC took action on the administrative petition, on September 19,
2008, the Petitioners filed the instant lawsuit in the trial court below, seeking the same
declaratory relief as in the administrative petition filed with THEC.

On October 24, 2008, THEC filed its answer in the trial court, in which it asserted that the
trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over the petition. It also asserted, however, that the


1
    Tennessee Code Annotated § 49-7-2012 provides:

          (a) Any person aggrieved or adversely affected by any final commission action, or by any
          penalty imposed by the commission, may obtain judicial review of the action as provided
          in this section.

          (b)(1) An action for judicial review may be commenced in any court of competent
          jurisdiction in accordance with the Tennessee rules of civil procedure within thirty (30) days
          after the commission action becomes effective.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-7-2012(a), (b)(1) (2009).

                                                       -2-
petition should be dismissed for, inter alia, the Petitioners having “failed to avail themselves
of all administrative remedies.”

Meanwhile, THEC still took no action on the Petitioners’ administrative petition. Under
Tennessee statutes, if an agency such as THEC does not set a petition for a declaratory order
for a contested case hearing within sixty days, the petition is deemed denied by operation of
law. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-223(c). The sixty-day period on the Petitioners’
administrative petition with THEC expired on October 27, 2008, and the administrative
petition was then deemed denied by operation of law. Thereafter, on November 10, 2008,
the Petitioners filed a motion in the trial court to have their lawsuit set for a hearing on the
merits.

On November 20, 2008, THEC filed a motion in the trial court to dismiss the complaint for
declaratory judgment pursuant to Rule 12.02(1) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.
THEC asserted that the trial court did not have subject matter jurisdiction because the
Petitioners had failed to exhaust their administrative remedies before filing the chancery
court action. In the memorandum filed in support of its motion to dismiss, THEC claimed
that it had intended to convene a contested case hearing prior to the expiration of the
statutory sixty-day window, but that the filing of the Petitioners’ lawsuit precluded THEC
from doing so because the commission lost jurisdiction to convene a contested case hearing
when the Petitioners’ lawsuit was filed.

In response, the Petitioners argued that, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 4-5-225,
the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over their complaint for declaratory judgment.
They conceded that, even if the lawsuit was not ripe for adjudication on the date it was filed,
it became ripe for adjudication once THEC’s administrative petition was deemed denied by
operation of law. The Petitioners contended that no authority supports THEC’s assertion that
the administrative agency lost jurisdiction to convene a contested case hearing on the
administrative petition once the declaratory judgment lawsuit was filed in the trial court.
Therefore, they argued, at the time the lawsuit was filed, both the trial court and the
administrative tribunal had jurisdiction to adjudicate Petitioners’ respective petitions for
declaratory relief.

On December 23, 2008, apparently without conducting a hearing on the matter, the trial court
entered an order granting THEC’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
In its order, the trial court explained:

       . . . T.C.A. § 4-5-223(c) must be read in conjunction with § 4-5-225(b). When
       these 2 sections are construed together, the Court concludes that by not waiting
       for the 60 day period to lapse for the agency to set a contested case hearing,


                                              -3-
       specified in § 4-5-223(c), the petitioners violated the requirement of § 4-5-
       225(b) that administrative remedies be exhausted before a declaratory
       judgment can be rendered by this Court.
               Accordingly, this matter is dismissed without prejudice, and the
       petitioners are required to repetition the agency for a declaratory order to
       restart the 60-day period provided by § 4-5-223(c).

Thus, in addition to dismissing the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the trial court
also directed the Petitioners to file a new administrative petition with THEC to “restart” the
sixty-day period. From this order, the Petitioners now appeal.

                             I SSUES AND S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

On appeal, the Petitioners maintain that, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 4-5-225(a),
the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate its complaint for declaratory
judgment.

Because this case was dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction on the face of the
complaint pursuant to Rule 12.02(1) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, the
allegations in the complaint are taken as true for purposes of this appeal. See Anderson v.
Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc. of New York, Inc., No. M2004-01066-COA-R9-CV, 2007
WL 161035, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 14, 2007). Whether a court has subject matter
jurisdiction presents an issue of law. Issues of law are reviewed de novo with no
presumption of correctness. Tenn. Envtl. Council v. Water Quality Control Bd., 250
S.W.3d 44, 55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).

The concept of subject matter jurisdiction involves the power of a court to hear a given case:

       The concept of subject matter jurisdiction involves a court’s power to
       adjudicate a particular controversy brought before it. Northland Ins. Co. v.
       State, 33 S.W.3d 727, 729 (Tenn. 2000); Turpin v. Conner Bros. Excavating
       Co., 761 S.W.2d 296, 297 (Tenn. 1988); First Am. Trust Co. v.
       Franklin-Murray Dev. Co., 59 S.W.3d 135, 140 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).
       Courts derive their subject matter jurisdiction exclusively from the
       Constitution of Tennessee or from legislative act, Meighan v. U.S. Sprint
       Communications Co., 924 S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tenn. 1996); Kane v. Kane, 547
       S.W.2d 559, 560 (Tenn. 1977), and cannot exercise jurisdictional powers that
       have not been conferred directly on them expressly or by necessary
       implication. Dishmon v. Shelby State Cmty. College, 15 S.W.3d 477, 480
       (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). Accordingly, neither the actions nor inactions of the


                                               -4-
       parties can confer subject matter jurisdiction on a court. State ex rel. Dep’t of
       Social Servs. v. Wright, 736 S.W.2d 84, 85 n. 2 (Tenn. 1987); Caton v.
       Pic-Walsh Freight Co., 211 Tenn. 334, 338, 364 S.W.2d 931, 933 (1963).

Campbell v. Tenn. Dep’t Correction, No. M2001-00507-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 598547,
at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 19, 2002). “Judgments or orders entered by courts without subject
matter jurisdiction are void.” First Am. Trust Co. v. Franklin-Murray Dev. Co., 59 S.W.3d
135, 141 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (citations omitted).

                                          A NALYSIS

We first set out the provisions of the UAPA that are applicable to the issues in this appeal.
Tennessee Code Annotated § 4-5-223 confers jurisdiction on an agency such as THEC over
administrative petitions for a declaratory order:

           (a) Any affected person may petition an agency for a declaratory order as
       to the validity or applicability of a statute, rule or order within the primary
       jurisdiction of the agency. The agency shall:
               (1) Convene a contested case hearing pursuant to the provisions
               of this chapter and issue a declaratory order, which shall be
               subject to review in the chancery court of Davidson County,
               unless otherwise specifically provided by statute, in the manner
               provided for the review of decisions in contested cases; or
               (2) Refuse to issue a declaratory order, in which event the
               person petitioning the agency for a declaratory order may apply
               for a declaratory judgment as provided in § 4-5-225.
          (b) A declaratory order shall be binding between the agency and parties on
       the state of facts alleged in the petition unless it is altered or set aside by the
       agency or a court in a proper proceeding.
          (c) If an agency has not set a petition for a declaratory order for a contested
       case hearing within sixty (60) days after receipt of the petition, the agency
       shall be deemed to have denied the petition and to have refused to issue a
       declaratory order. . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-223 (2005). Thus, when an administrative petition is filed pursuant
to this statute, the administrative agency may either “[c]onvene a contested case hearing,”
or “[r]efuse to issue a declaratory order.”

Section 4-5-225 provides that a suit for declaratory relief may also be filed in the Chancery
Court of Davidson County:


                                               -5-
       (a) The legal validity or applicability of a statute, rule or order of an agency to
       specified circumstances may be determined in a suit for a declaratory judgment
       in the chancery court of Davidson County, unless otherwise specifically
       provided by statute, if the court finds that the statute, rule or order, or its
       threatened application, interferes with or impairs, or threatens to interfere with
       or impair, the legal rights or privileges of the complainant. The agency shall
       be made a party to the suit.

       (b) A declaratory judgment shall not be rendered concerning the validity or
       applicability of a statute, rule or order unless the complainant has petitioned
       the agency for a declaratory order and the agency has refused to issue a
       declaratory order.

       (c) In passing on the legal validity of a rule or order, the court shall declare the
       rule or order invalid only if it finds that it violates constitutional provisions,
       exceeds the statutory authority of the agency, was adopted without compliance
       with the rulemaking procedures provided for in this chapter or otherwise
       violates state or federal law.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-225 (2005) (emphasis added). Thus, under subsection (a), the trial
court has jurisdiction over declaratory judgment actions challenging the validity of an
administrative rule. Under subsection (b), the trial court may not render a declaratory
judgment “unless the complainant has petitioned the agency for a declaratory order and the
agency has refused to issue a declaratory order.” Id.

On appeal, the Petitioners argue that the plain language of Section 4-5-225(a) clearly vests
the trial court with subject matter jurisdiction over their complaint for declaratory judgment.
They argue that the “exhaustion of administrative remedies” requirement in subsection (b)
does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction, but rather requires the trial court to hold the
lawsuit in abeyance until the administrative tribunal has resolved the administrative petition
for a declaratory order. This distinction is important, the Petitioners maintain, because the
existence of subject matter jurisdiction means that the trial court was permitted to wait until
the administrative tribunal had refused to issue a declaratory order, and then proceed to
adjudicate the Petitioners’ lawsuit on the merits.

In response, THEC insists that the trial court did not have jurisdiction when the Petitioners’
lawsuit was filed because the Petitioners failed to exhaust their administrative remedies
before filing their declaratory judgment action. THEC contends that the exhaustion
requirement in Section 4-5-225(b) is jurisdictional in nature, and that the Petitioners’ failure
to comply with that subsection deprived the trial court of jurisdiction over the lawsuit the


                                               -6-
moment it was filed. Alternatively, THEC argues, even if the trial court did have subject
matter jurisdiction, the trial court should have dismissed the complaint for declaratory
judgement for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

Petitioners cite Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Morgan, 263 S.W.3d 827 (Tenn. 2008), and Coe
v. City of Sevierville, 21 S.W.3d 237 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). THEC cites Davis v. Sundquist,
947 S.W.2d 155 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Both parties rely on Campbell v. Tenn. Dept. of
Correction, No. M2001-00507-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 598547 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 19,
2002). We will discuss each of these cases in our analysis.

The exhaustion of administrative remedies doctrine arose as a discretionary rule in courts of
equity, an exercise of judicial prudence under which parties are not entitled to judicial relief
until their prescribed administrative remedy has been exhausted. Colonial Pipeline, 263
S.W.3d at 838-39. The exhaustion doctrine promotes judicial efficiency and recognizes the
authority of administrative agencies. Id. at 838. It allows the agency to correct its own
errors, permits the agency to conduct specialized fact-finding and technical review in cases
involving its subject matter, and allows the agency to develop a more complete
administrative record for judicial review. Id. at 838-39.

While the exhaustion doctrine was originally a discretionary rule in equity, it is now
frequently incorporated into legislation. Id. at 839. In Colonial Pipeline, the Tennessee
Supreme Court explained how the exhaustion doctrine is applied when it is mandated by
legislation:

       When a statute provides specific administrative procedures, “one claiming to
       have been injured must first comply with the provisions of the administrative
       statute.” State v. Yoakum, 201 Tenn. 180, 297 S.W.2d 635, 641 (1956) (citing
       State ex rel. Jones v. City of Nashville, 198 Tenn. 280, 279 S.W.2d 267
       (1955)). The mere fact that an agency probably will deny relief is not a
       sufficient excuse for failure to exhaust available remedies. Id. Exhaustion of
       administrative remedies is not an absolute prerequisite for relief, however,
       unless a statute “ ‘by its plain words' ” requires exhaustion. Thomas v. State
       Bd. of Equalization, 940 S.W.2d 563, 566 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting Reeves v.
       Olsen, 691 S.W.2d 527, 530 (Tenn. 1985)). Thus, a statute does not require
       exhaustion when the language providing for an appeal to an administrative
       agency is worded permissively. Id. Absent any statutory mandate, whether to
       dismiss a case for failure to exhaust administrative remedies would be a matter
       of “ ‘sound judicial discretion.’ ” Reeves, 691 S.W.2d at 530 (quoting Cerro
       Metal Prod. v. Marshall, 620 F.2d 964, 970 (3d Cir.1980)).



                                              -7-
Id. In addressing one of the UAPA provisions at issue in the instant appeal, the Colonial
Pipeline Court commented: “In no uncertain terms, [Section 4-5-225] requires a prospective
plaintiff to make a request for a declaratory order with an agency before bringing an action
for a declaratory judgment in the Chancery Court.” Id. at 842 (citing Watson v. Tenn. Dep’t
of Corr., 970 S.W.2d 494 (Tenn. Ct. App.1998)). Colonial Pipeline went on, however, to
find that Section 4-5-225 did not preclude the Chancery Court from considering a
constitutional challenge to the facial validity of a statute even where the petitioner did not
file an administrative petition before filing its declaratory judgment lawsuit, because the
constitutional principle of separation of powers reserves such constitutional challenges for
the judiciary. Id. at 842-45. Therefore, the Court in Colonial Pipeline did not address the
issue presented in this appeal, namely, subject matter jurisdiction.

The question of whether the exhaustion requirement in Section 4-5-225(b) is jurisdictional
was specifically addressed by this Court in Campbell v. Tennessee Department of
Correction. Campbell involved a petition for declaratory judgment filed pro se by a
prisoner, in which the prisoner challenged the calculation of his sentencing credits. The trial
court dismissed the petition, holding that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction because the
petitioner had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. Campbell, 2002 WL 598547,
at *1.

In outlining the proceedings below, the appellate court in Campbell noted that the Attorney
General had filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction with the trial court without
expressly stating the basis for the motion. Id. The Court surmised that the basis for the
motion must have been the prisoner’s failure to state in his complaint that he had exhausted
his administrative remedies. Id. As observed by THEC in its appellate brief in this case, the
Campbell Court then explained: “By virtue of Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-225(b), exhaustion of
remedies is a necessary precondition to filing a petition for declaratory judgment under Tenn.
Code Ann. § 4-5-225(a).” Id. After making this statement, however, the Campbell Court
went on to address the issue of the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction in some detail.

Displaying a measure of pique at the Attorney General’s apparent repeated assertion of lack
of subject matter jurisdiction in response to prisoner lawsuits, the Campbell Court
commented that the case “was yet another example of the Attorney’s General’s remarkable
determination to assert this ‘lack of subject matter jurisdiction’ defense in circumstances
where it is not warranted.” Id. at *2. The Court explained:

       Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-225(a) clearly gives the Chancery Court of Davidson
       County subject matter jurisdiction over suits for declaratory judgment. Thus,
       any argument that the trial court somehow lacks subject matter jurisdiction
       over these suits is misplaced. Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-225(b)’s exhaustion


                                              -8-
       requirement does not affect the court’s subject matter jurisdiction conferred in
       Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-225(a). Rather, it is a requirement that persons seeking
       a declaratory judgment must satisfy before the trial court will consider
       exercising its subject matter jurisdiction. Wilson v. Sentence Information
       Servs., No. M1998-00939-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 422966, at *3 (Tenn. Ct.
       App. April 26, 2001) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed); Watson v.
       Tennessee Dep’t of Corr., 970 S.W.2d 494, 497 (Tenn. Ct. App.1998). Thus,
       persons who fail to allege that they have exhausted their statutorily required
       administrative remedies have failed to state a claim upon which relief can be
       granted. They have not divested the court of the jurisdiction expressly
       conferred by Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-5-225(a).

Id. Because the petitioner in that case did not allege in his petition that he had attempted to
exhaust his administrative remedies, the appellate court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal
on a different ground, namely, that the petitioner prisoner had failed to state a claim on which
relief could be granted. Id. at *3.

A similar analysis is contained in Coe v. City of Sevierville. In Coe, the petitioner filed a
complaint for declaratory judgment in the trial court, seeking a declaration that she was
entitled to a permit from the respondent city allowing her to demolish and rebuild an
advertising display. At the time the petitioner filed the lawsuit, she had not applied for such
a permit with the city, because a city representative had told her that the permit would not be
granted. Coe, 21 S.W.3d at 239.

The city filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the petitioner’s lawsuit in Coe
should be dismissed because she had failed to exhaust her administrative remedies prior to
bringing the lawsuit. At a hearing on the motion, the trial court suggested to the petitioner
that she file an application with the city to obtain the desired permit, indicating that the
judicial proceedings would be held in abeyance pending resolution of the permit application.
As suggested, the petitioner filed a building permit application with the city. However,
instead of acting on the permit application, the city held the application in abeyance pending
resolution of the judicial proceedings. Id. at 240. At that point, the trial court determined
that the petitioner had exhausted her administrative remedies and adjudicated the complaint
for declaratory judgment on the merits. Ultimately, the trial court held in favor of the
petitioner and ordered the city to issue the permit. The city then appealed. Id.

On appeal, the city argued that the trial court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the
case because the petitioner had failed to exhaust her administrative remedies before she filed
her lawsuit. Recognizing that “exhaustion is not statutorily required unless the statute ‘by
its plain words’ requires it,” the appellate court in Coe held that the trial court had


                                               -9-
jurisdiction to hear the petitioner’s claim, despite the fact that she did not file her permit
application until after the lawsuit was filed. Id. at 241-42. The appellate court explained
that, by her conduct, the petitioner had not “flouted” the administrative process:

        We conclude that the Trial Court had the discretion to hear Plaintiff's case after
        Defendant refused to make a decision on her application. In so holding, we
        acknowledge and apply the purposes of the exhaustion doctrine, as enumerated
        in Thomas [v. State Bd. of Equalization, 940 S.W.2d 563 (Tenn. 1997)].
        Defendant is correct that Plaintiff did not file her application until after the
        filing of her lawsuit, she did file an appropriate application upon the Trial
        Court's suggestion that she do so. The Defendant simply refused to act on the
        application. Plaintiff did not “flout” the administrative process. Upon the Trial
        Court’s suggestion, Plaintiff tried to comply with the administrative process.
        If any party flouted the administrative process, it was Defendant by refusing
        to act on Plaintiff’s application despite the fact that she had filed the
        application at the urging of the Trial Court. We conclude that, under these
        facts, the complaint was properly before the Trial Court.

Id. at 242. Thus, the Coe court held that the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over
the petitioner’s complaint for declaratory judgment, but under the exhaustion doctrine, had
properly exercised its discretion not to act on the complaint until the petitioner exhausted her
administrative remedies.

THEC relies on Davis v. Sundquist, 947 S.W.2d 155 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997), in support of
its position that the exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional. Like Campbell, Davis involved
a complaint for declaratory judgment filed by three pro se prisoners, challenging the
constitutionality of a Tennessee statute. Prior to instituting the judicial proceedings, none
of the petitioner prisoners had properly filed a petition with an administrative agency.2 In
affirming the trial court’s dismissal of the petitions, the appellate court in Davis stated:

        The [UAPA] provides the jurisdictional prerequisites for seeking review of an
        agency’s actions through a declaratory judgment proceeding. “A declaratory
        judgment shall not be rendered concerning the validity or applicability of a
        statute, rule or order unless the complainant has petitioned the agency for a
        declaratory order and the agency has refused to issue a declaratory order.”


2
 Actually, one of the three prisoners had filed a petition for declaratory relief with an administrative agency,
albeit with the wrong agency, and that administrative petition had not been adjudicated at the time that the
prisoner’s petition for declaratory relief was filed with the trial court. The other two prisoner petitioners “did
not even attempt to file a petition for declaratory order.” Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 156.

                                                      -10-
        Tenn. Code Ann. [now § 4-5-225(b)]. . . . Before seeking judicial review of
        the agency’s action, the petitioner must attempt to resolve his or her grievances
        through agency procedures. A declaratory judgment action is premature if the
        petitioner proceeds directly to judicial review without seeking an
        administrative determination.

Id. at 156. The Davis Court noted that the petitioner prisoners did not allege that they had
filed an appropriate administrative petition with the correct agency before the trial court ruled
on the motion to dismiss. Id. Therefore, it affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of the
prisoners’ complaint for declaratory judgment.

With these cases in mind, we now consider the issue presented in the case at bar. As noted
in Colonial Pipeline, this appeal involves application of the exhaustion doctrine as it is
incorporated into legislation. Colonial Pipeline, 263 S.W.3d at 839. Specifically, we are
required to interpret and apply the exhaustion doctrine as stated in Tennessee Code
Annotated § 4-5-225. As held in Campbell, discussed above, the plain language of Section
4-5-223(a) “clearly gives the Chancery Court of Davidson County subject matter jurisdiction
over suits for declaratory judgment.” Campbell, 2002 WL 598547, at *2. That jurisdiction
is not taken away in subsection (b) of Section 4-5-225; subsection (b) states only that
declaratory judgment “shall not be rendered” unless an administrative petition for a
declaratory order has been filed and the agency has refused to issue such an order. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 4-5-225(b) (emphasis added). Thus, as held in Campbell and Coe, the failure
to exhaust administrative remedies does not leave the trial court without subject matter
jurisdiction over a complaint for declaratory judgment. Rather, the trial court should not
“consider exercising its subject matter jurisdiction” over a case until the exhaustion
requirement has been satisfied. Campbell, 2002 WL 598547, at *2; see also Colonial
Pipeline, 263 S.W.3d at 842 (recognizing that Section 4-5-225(b) “requires a prospective
plaintiff to make a request for a declaratory order with an agency before bringing an action
for declaratory judgment in the Chancery Court”). Therefore, the trial court below had
subject matter jurisdiction over the Petitioners’ complaint for declaratory judgment even
though the administrative proceedings had not been resolved when the lawsuit was
commenced. Under Section 4-5-225(b), however, the trial court was not permitted to render
declaratory judgment until the statutory exhaustion requirement had been met.3

We recognize the Court’s comment in Campbell that exhaustion “is a necessary precondition
to filing a petition for declaratory judgment.” Campbell, 2002 WL 598547, at *1 (emphasis
added). We note, however, that the use of the phrase “filing a petition” is at odds with not


3
 The trial court may, for example, have held the judicial proceedings in abeyance until the administrative
petition was resolved.

                                                  -11-
only the language of the statute, which makes exhaustion a precondition only to the
rendering of declaratory judgment, it is also inconsistent with the subsequent in-depth
analysis by the Campbell Court. In Davis, the Court did not engage in the type of in-depth
analysis of subject matter jurisdiction that was conducted in Campbell. Thus, to the extent
that Davis may be read as indicating that the Petitioners’ failure to exhaust administrative
remedies means that the trial court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over the
Petitioners’ lawsuit seeking declaratory judgment, we must respectfully decline to follow it,
as it is contrary to the plain language in Section 4-5-225.

Accordingly, we must conclude that the trial court below had subject matter jurisdiction over
this case, and that its dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction must be reversed. The
case must be remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.4

On appeal, THEC argues in the alternative that the trial court’s dismissal should be affirmed
on the basis that the Petitioners’ complaint for declaratory judgment fails to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted. The trial court did not reach this issue, but dismissed only
on the basis of subject matter jurisdiction. For this reason, we decline to address this issue
on appeal.

The decision of the trial court is reversed and the cause is remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this Opinion. Costs on appeal are to be taxed to Appellee Tennessee Higher
Education Commission, for which execution may issue, if necessary.




                                                           _________________________________
                                                           HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE




4
 On appeal, THEC argued that the filing of the Petitioners’ complaint for declaratory judgment left it unable
to convene a contested hearing on the administrative petition, even though it had intended to do so. We are
not required in this appeal to address THEC’s contention and we decline to do so.

                                                    -12-
