           Case: 18-11569   Date Filed: 02/14/2019   Page: 1 of 9


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 18-11569
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 0:16-cv-61085-JAL


AURORA LOAN SERVICES, LLC,

                                                          Plaintiff - Appellant,

                                  versus

LORENZO ALLEN,

                                                         Defendant - Appellee.


                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Florida
                     ________________________

                            (February 14, 2019)

Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       Plaintiff-Appellant Nationstar Mortgage LLC 1 appeals the dismissal for lack

of prosecution of its foreclosure action against Defendant-Appellee Lorenzo Allen,

which Allen purported to remove to federal district court in May 2016 despite the

entry of final judgment in state court in 2013. Holding that removal was improper,

we vacate and remand.

                                                 I.

       Nationstar obtained a final foreclosure judgment against Allen in Florida

state court in January 2013. A judicial foreclosure sale was held in June 2013, and

Nationstar purchased the property. A few days after the foreclosure sale, Allen

filed a motion to vacate the judgment and set aside the foreclosure sale, which the

court denied. Allen appealed the final judgment and the order denying the motion

to vacate to the Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal (“Fourth DCA”), which

affirmed in November 2014. The mandate issued in December 2014, and it does

not appear that Allen sought further review from the Florida Supreme Court.

       On April 25, 2016, Nationstar filed a motion to direct the clerk to issue

certificate of title in accordance with the June 2013 foreclosure sale. About a

month later, Allen filed a notice of removal, which was entered on the state court’s

docket on May 23. Then, on July 27, the trial court granted Nationstar’s motion.


       1
           Nationstar advises that, while the case caption names Aurora Loan Services, LLC, as
plaintiff, Nationstar was substituted as party plaintiff in the state-court action in November 2012.

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Allen appealed that order on August 19, and the Fourth DCA sua sponte stayed the

appeal in September pending a decision in federal district court. In early October,

Nationstar filed a confession of error with the Fourth DCA, stating that the state

trial court lacked jurisdiction from the time of removal until the federal district

court entered a remand order. The Fourth DCA reversed and remanded, and the

trial court vacated the order on December 6.

      Meanwhile, in federal court, Nationstar, which had not filed an appearance,

missed a deadline to file a joint scheduling report and another document. So the

district court entered a show-cause order directing it to file the required documents

within seven days or the case would be dismissed for want of prosecution. When

that deadline came and went with no action by Nationstar, the court dismissed the

case without prejudice on August 10.

      Counsel appeared on Nationstar’s behalf on November 2 and filed a motion

to reopen the case and remand to state court. Denying the motion, the district court

found that diversity jurisdiction existed and that the defects in removal identified

by Nationstar were not jurisdictional. The court acknowledged that “the Plaintiff

has spent eight years litigating this foreclosure action in state court and would like

to return there,” but it found that Nationstar could have filed a motion to remand

and neglected to do so, and its “current quandary is entirely of its own making.”

The court further noted that “Plaintiff has yet to acknowledge, much less explain


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why, it failed to comply with the Court’s Beginning Order and Order to Show

Cause.”

      Nationstar moved for reconsideration, arguing for the first time that subject-

matter jurisdiction was lacking because there was no pending state-court action to

remove. Nationstar further asserted that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine barred the

action, since Allen indicated in the notice of removal that he sought to challenge

the Florida state foreclosure scheme and Nationstar’s legal right to foreclose.

Finally, Nationstar contended that it had good cause for failing to comply with the

court’s orders, stating that it lacked notice because all records in the case had been

sent to a prior attorney whose firm had dissolved.

      Without addressing the jurisdictional arguments, the district court refused to

grant relief. The court found that Nationstar had notice because other attorneys—

Albertelli Law and Akerman LLP—were listed as counsel of record in the state

case at the time of removal, the state docket reflected an entry for Allen’s notice of

removal, and Allen indicated that he emailed the notice to Albertelli on May 23,

2016. Finding no good reason for Nationstar’s failure to respond to court orders,

the court denied the motion to reopen. Nationstar now appeals.

                                         II.

      We review a decision to dismiss for lack of prosecution for an abuse of

discretion. McKelvey v. AT&T Techs., Inc., 789 F.2d 1518, 1520 (11th Cir. 1986).


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“Discretion means the district court has a range of choice, and that its decision will

not be disturbed as long as it stays within that range and is not influenced by any

mistake of law.” Betty K Agencies, Ltd. v. M/V MONADA, 432 F.3d 1333, 1337

(11th Cir. 2005).       We may consider jurisdictional issues at any time during

litigation, and we review those issues de novo. Belleri v. United States, 712 F.3d

543, 547 (11th Cir. 2013).

                                             III.

       In this case, Allen purported to remove Nationstar’s foreclosure action more

than three years after a state court entered final judgment in the case.2 And the

district court appears to have treated that removal as effective, noting in an order

that the “Plaintiff has spent eight years litigating this foreclosure action in state

court and would like to return there.” Nationstar now raises the jurisdictional issue

of whether a case can be removed to federal court after the case has completely

concluded before the state court. We hold that it cannot under the circumstances of

this case.




       2
         Allen’s notice of removal was clearly untimely, but “the timeliness of removal is a
procedural defect—not a jurisdictional one.” Moore v. N. Am. Sports, Inc., 623 F.3d 1325, 1329
(11th Cir. 2010). And Nationstar failed to file a timely motion to remand, so the district court
was not permitted to remand sua sponte on that basis.
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       This Court has, in limited circumstances, allowed post-judgment removal.3

See Jackson v. Am. Sav. Mortg. Corp., 924 F.2d 195, 198–99 (11th Cir. 1991)

(involving financial institution receiver cases); see also Resolution Trust Corp. v.

Bakker, 51 F.3d 242, 244–46 (11th Cir. 1995). According to Jackson,

       when a case removed to a federal court has in it at the time of removal
       an order or judgment of the state trial judge which, had it been entered
       by a district judge, would be appealable to this court, it shall be
       incumbent on the party seeking an appeal first to move that the district
       judge modify or vacate the order or judgment.

924 F.2d at 199. “Under Jackson, the exclusive procedure parties must follow

upon the removal of a state appeal is the filing of a timely Rule 59(e) motion.”

Bakery Centre Assocs. v. Orientations Gallery, Inc., 54 F.3d 688, 689 (11th Cir.

1995). Federal courts cannot review a state judgment absent a timely Rule 59

motion. Id.; Bakker, 51 F.3d at 246.

       While this case law does not add much to the jurisdictional analysis, it does

suggest that the district court erred in dismissing the case for lack of prosecution

by Nationstar. Assuming the final judgment was properly removed, the burden to

act was not on Nationstar. Rather, as the party seeking removal, it was incumbent

on Allen “first to move that the district judge modify or vacate the order or


       3
          Because it is not material to our decision, we assume without deciding that our case law
regarding post-judgment removal is not strictly limited to the context of financial-institution-
receiver cases. See Resolution Trust Corp. v. Bakker, 51 F.3d 242, 244 (11th Cir. 1995) (“In
Jackson, this Court set forth the procedure to be followed in financial institution receiver cases
that are removed to federal court after there has been a judgment entered in state court.”).

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judgment.” Jackson, 924 F.2d at 199; see Bakker, 51 F.3d at 246. Because the

court’s decision to dismiss for lack of prosecution appears to have been influenced

by a mistake of law, we vacate that ruling. See Betty K, 432 F.3d at 1337.

      We do not remand for the court to analyze this case under Jackson’s

procedures, however, because we do not believe that the final judgment was

actually before the court.     In Jackson, we recognized that “where a party’s

opportunities for relief from the state court judgment are exhausted, either because

the time for relief by motion or appeal has run, leave to appeal has been denied, or

the state’s highest court has rendered a judgment[,] . . . removal itself may be

improper.” Jackson, 924 F.2d at 198 n.8. Several of sister circuits agree that

removal is improper and ineffective to vest jurisdiction in the district court after a

truly final state judgment. See, e.g., Oviedo v. Hallbauer, 655 F.3d 419, 423–24

(5th Cir. 2011) (“Removal is simply not possible after a final judgment and the

time for direct appellate review has run.”); Ohio v. Doe, 433 F.3d 502, 507 (6th

Cir. 2006) (“We agree with the reasoning of our sister circuits in ruling that when

all that remains of an action is the enforcement of a judgment, removal to federal

court is not authorized.”); Four Keys Leasing & Maint. Corp. v. Simithis, 849 F.2d

770, 774 (2d Cir. 1988) (“[I]t would be a perversion of the removal process to

allow a litigant who is subject to a final judgment to remove that final judgment to

the federal courts for further litigation.”); Ristuccia v. Adams, 406 F.2d 1257, 1258


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(9th Cir. 1969) (“It would seem obvious that to remove an action to the federal

courts from a state court, it must first be pending in the state court.”).

      We find the reasoning of our sister circuits persuasive and hold that, insofar

as Allen attempted to remove the foreclosure action and final judgment, there was

no state-court action pending at the time to remove, inasmuch as nothing remained

for the state courts to do but execute the judgment. See Oviedo, 655 F.3d at 425

(“[N]o case remains pending in the state court to ‘remove’ once the case is final for

purposes of direct review in the state court system.”). The 2013 final judgment

was affirmed on appeal in November 2014, the mandate issued in December 2014,

and the time to seek review from the Florida Supreme Court has long since passed.

Because Allen’s “opportunities for relief from the state court judgment are

exhausted,” Jackson, 924 F.2d at 198 n.8, removal was improper and did not vest

jurisdiction over the underlying case in the United States District Court for the

Southern District of Florida, see Oviedo, 655 F.3d at 425–26.

      Left unresolved is the question of whether Allen intended to or could have

removed Nationstar’s post-judgment motion to issue certificate of title in

accordance with the final judgment and foreclosure sale—which, we note, had no

bearing on the finality of the underlying judgment. This motion was the only

matter pending in state court at the time of removal in May 2016. We express no

opinion on these matters and leave them for the district court to address, as


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appropriate, on remand.4 Cf. Ohio, 433 F.3d at 506–07; Oviedo, 655 F.3d at 424

n.5.

       Although we agree with Nationstar that the district court lacked subject-

matter jurisdiction over the underlying foreclosure action, and we understand

Nationstar’s frustration with Allen’s dilatory actions in this case, we also see no

fault in the court’s observation that the complications of this case could easily have

been avoided had Nationstar promptly responded to the notice of removal. While

Nationstar asserts that it lacked notice of removal, nothing in the record convinces

us that the district court made a mistake in finding that it did.5

       For the reasons stated, we vacate the decision to dismiss for lack of

prosecution and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       VACATED AND REMANDED.




       4
          To the extent the motion to issue certificate of title could have been removed on its own,
a dismissal without prejudice does not appear as though it would preclude Nationstar from
simply filing a new motion in state court. See Preston v. Allstate Ins. Co., 627 So.2d 1322, 1324
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1993) (“Once the federal court dismissed the case without prejudice, the
plaintiffs were free (among other things) to file another lawsuit in state or federal court.”).
       5
           Nor did Nationstar act promptly even after it clearly had notice, waiting nearly a month
after filing its confession of error with the Fourth District—in which it referenced the notice of
removal and federal case—to make an appearance in federal court.
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