                                                                   NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ______________

                                       No. 18-1080
                                     ______________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


                                             v.

                                      SANNY CHIP,
                                                       Appellant

                                     ______________

               APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                No. 2:17-cr-00227-001
                        District Judge: Hon. Harvey Bartle, III
                                   ______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  January 17, 2019
                                  ______________

           Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SHWARTZ, and PORTER, Circuit Judges.

                                 (Filed: January 29, 2019)
                                     ______________

                                        OPINION
                                     ______________




       
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
PORTER, Circuit Judge.

       Federal law prohibits someone from persuading, inducing, enticing, or coercing a

minor to engage in illegal sexual activity. Here, the appellant, Sanny Chip, and an

undercover agent posing as a minor met on a smartphone app and exchanged sexually

charged messages. Ultimately, they agreed to meet up to have sex. Chip was arrested at

the scene of the planned encounter. A jury found him guilty and the District Court

sentenced him to ten years in prison. On appeal, Chip argues that because the purported

minor was a willing participant in the planned sexual encounter, he did not entice the

minor and thus the evidence was insufficient to convict him.

       Because a rational juror could consider the evidence sufficient to support Chip’s

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, we will affirm.

                                             I

       The background facts are largely undisputed. Over the course of several days in

March 2017, Chip exchanged hundreds of messages with “Henry Gia”—supposedly a 14-

year-old boy, but actually an undercover agent with the Pennsylvania Attorney General’s

Office. The conversation started on Jack’d, “an app where men meet to have quick sexual

contact with each other.” 2 J.A. 43.

       Under an anonymous username, Chip initiated contact with Henry. Early in the

conversation, Henry asked Chip how old he was. Chip reported that he was 26 years old.

Henry revealed that even though his Jack’d profile listed his age as 18, he was really only




                                             2
14. Despite this revelation, Chip continued messaging with Henry—first on the Jack’d

app, and later on Kik, another messaging app that anonymizes user information.

       Chip and Henry quickly started discussing sex. Henry revealed that he was

sexually inexperienced, while Chip recounted his more substantial sexual history. The

two made plans to meet over the coming days. Chip advised Henry—often, in graphic

detail—on what to expect in the upcoming encounter. Less than a week after the first

messages were sent, Chip drove about 20 minutes to a Rite Aid to meet Henry for a

sexual encounter. Law-enforcement agents arrested Chip at the scene.

       Federal prosecutors charged Chip with a single count of enticing a minor to

engage in sexual activity in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), as the statute criminalizes

illegal sexual activity and Chip’s conduct was illegal under Pennsylvania law. At trial,

the transcript of the messages between Henry and Chip formed the central evidence

against Chip. After hearing that evidence, a jury found Chip guilty and the District Court

sentenced Chip to the statutory minimum of ten years in prison. On appeal, Chip argues

that the evidence was insufficient to support the enticement conviction.1

                                             II

       “We apply a deferential standard in determining whether a jury’s verdict rests on

sufficient evidence.” United States v. Ozcelik, 527 F.3d 88, 93 (3d Cir. 2008). We have

stated that “[t]he burden on a defendant who raises a challenge to the sufficiency of the



       1
         Chip was charged with violating federal criminal law, so the District Court had
jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. This appeal is from a final decision of the District
Court, so we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                             3
evidence is extremely high,” United States v. Iglesias, 535 F.3d 150, 155 (3d Cir. 2008)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and “a decision to reverse a conviction on

grounds of insufficiency should be confined to cases where the prosecution’s failure is

clear,” Government of the Virgin Islands v. Brathwaite, 782 F.2d 399, 404 (3d Cir. 1986).

We review the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, and will uphold

the verdict if “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Ozcelik, 527 F.3d at 93 (quoting United States v.

Voigt, 89 F.3d 1050, 1080 (3d Cir. 1996)).

                                             III

       It is a federal crime if someone “knowingly persuades, induces, entices, or

coerces” a minor to engage in criminal sexual activity, “or attempts to do so.” 18 U.S.C.

§ 2422(b). While “§ 2422(b) does not define the terms ‘persuade,’ ‘induce,’ ‘entice’ and

‘coerce,’ they ‘have a plain and ordinary meaning that does not need further technical

explanation.’” United States v. Tykarsky, 446 F.3d 458, 473 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting

United States v. Dhingra, 371 F.3d 557, 562 (9th Cir. 2004)). Three of the terms—

“persuade,” “induce,” and “entice”—are “effectively synonymous, conveying the idea of

one person leading or moving another by persuasion or influence, as to some action [or]

state of mind.” United States v. Clarke, 842 F.3d 288, 296 (4th Cir. 2016) (alteration in

original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Chip argues that he did not violate this statute because enticement is impossible on

these facts. He admits that he messaged with Henry and planned to have sex with him.

Chip freely concedes that this conduct was inappropriate and potentially violated state

                                              4
law and other federal statutes. Chip maintains, however, that his conduct does not violate

the enticement statute because Henry demonstrated an “unwavering” interest in a sexual

encounter, and thus the evidence does not show an attempt by Chip to persuade, induce,

entice, or coerce a minor to engage in sexual activity. Appellant’s Br. at 18. Based on the

messages, Chip rightly characterizes Henry as an interested participant. But § 2422(b)

focuses on Chip’s conduct, and Chip attempted to persuade Henry to meet for a sexual

liaison. Specifically, Chip urged Henry to meet in person, reassured Henry that he had

nothing to fear from what would be his first sexual experience, and made the prospect of

a sexual liaison more attractive to an apparently hesitant Henry.

       From the outset, Chip pushed Henry to meet in person. Chip first broached the

subject, asking Henry if he had “any plans today?” 2 J.A. 253. Chip disclosed that he

lacked plans, and was “looking to make friends and hang out.” 2 J.A. 254. Chip asked

Henry what he was “looking for” on the app. 2 J.A. 260. A seasoned Jack’d user, Chip

suggested that an in-person meeting was the “next part” that follows chatting on the app

and explained the typical protocol for such a meeting. 2 J.A. 272. Later in the

conversation, Chip again volunteered that he “[k]inda want to hang out” and pressed the

subject. 2 J.A. 275. When Henry had to postpone the initial scheduled meeting, Chip

pivoted and asked Henry about his weekend availability. Overall, while Henry indicated a

willingness to meet, Chip consistently returned to the practical logistics of obtaining the

meeting.

       Chip also reassured the inexperienced Henry that he had nothing to fear from a

meeting once one was scheduled. When Henry asked if it was “bad” that he lacked sexual

                                             5
experience, Chip assured him “that’s ok.” 2 J.A. 252. When Henry similarly asked if it

was “bad” that he watched gay pornography, Chip encouragingly advised: “You’re still

learning it’s normal.” 2 J.A. 256. When Henry asked if anal sex hurt, Chip assured him

that “[i]t feels good when you get use to it.” 2 J.A. 258. More explicitly, when Henry

asked how to make sure it did not hurt, Chip explained “You can use lube … [i]t’s gonna

help slide the cock in.” 2 J.A. 296, 298. When Henry said that he did not have lube, Chip

said he would bring it to their meeting (and he did). In discussing these topics, Chip told

Henry “[y]ou can be honest with me.” 2 J.A. 264. Such reassurances provide ample

evidence of persuasion.

       Chip portrays these reassurances differently, arguing that they came in response to

Henry’s questions. But Chip’s soft-sell approach made strategic sense in the context of

the exchange. Henry made clear that he was concerned about meeting a “creeper” on the

app. 2 J.A. 268–69. Henry confided that he “would be scared” about meeting a bad guy. 2

J.A. 269–70. And he revealed he would “be nervous” if he met someone from the app in

person. 2 J.A. 271. Given Henry’s reservations, Chip had to allay Henry’s fears for a

meeting to occur—and he did. Chip assured Henry that there was no need to be

apprehensive. After Henry described himself as “shy,” Chip agreeably characterized both

of them as shy. 2 J.A. 324, 329. Assuaging a minor’s fears, like Chip did here, may show

enticement. See United States v. Farley, 607 F.3d 1294, 1306 (11th Cir. 2010) (noting

defendant sent purported minor “an email reassuring her” that sex would not be painful).

       Beyond these general reassurances, Chip specifically portrayed sex as enjoyable

and enticing to the inexperienced Henry. When Henry asked about doing “top n bottom

                                             6
stuff” at the planned meeting, Chip suggested that Henry watch pornography but

instructed him not to masturbate because “you will need to be in the mood later and you

can’t spoil that.” 2 J.A. 289–92. Chip’s messages sometimes appeared to make Henry

feel as though he were somehow missing out. For instance, when Henry said he had not

received oral sex, Chip sympathized, “Awe poor Henry.” 2 J.A. 359. “[P]romising [a]

minor that sex would be pleasurable,” among other things, will support a conviction

under § 2422(b). United States v. Dye, No. 09-3410, 2010 WL 4146187, at *3 (3d Cir.

Oct. 22, 2010).

       When Henry inquired what he should expect from their planned encounter, Chip

responded in graphic detail, intending to pique Henry’s interest: “I’d like to do you from

the back while you’re leaning on the counter and sit you up on the counter when I make

out with you while fucking you. Lastly, you can ride my cock until you cum over my

chest.” 2 J.A. 342. And when Henry broached sexual subjects, Chip escalated them. For

instance, when Henry asked Chip to define the terms “top” and “bottom,” Chip asked:

“Do you watch gay porn?” 2 J.A. 256. Chip continued: “When you watch gay porn which

turns you on the most. When the guy is fucking the other guy ass or when the other guy is

being fucked?” 2 J.A. 257. These explicit messages can be construed as making the

prospect of sex more alluring and enticing.

       Indeed, Chip’s graphic encouragement of Henry’s sexual interest mirrors the

behavior of defendants in other cases in which courts have found enticement. See, e.g.,

Tykarsky, 446 F.3d at 461–62 (affirming enticement conviction because defendant sent

purported minor detailed and explicit descriptions of planned sexual acts and appeared at

                                              7
the agreed-upon location to engage in them); see also United States v. Rounds, 749 F.3d

326, 333 (5th Cir. 2014) (“Evidence can establish that a defendant intended to induce,

persuade, entice, or coerce a minor by sending the minor sexually explicit messages.”);

United States v. Goetzke, 494 F.3d 1231, 1237 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[W]hen a defendant

initiates conversation with a minor, describes the sexual acts that he would like to

perform on the minor, and proposes a rendezvous to perform those acts, he has crossed

the line toward persuading, inducing, enticing, or coercing a minor to engage in unlawful

sexual activity.”).2

       Whatever the details of these messages, Chip’s larger point is that they show

Henry’s interest in sex, making enticement effectively impossible. Summarizing a

handful of decisions involving § 2422(b), Chip asserts that “[o]ther courts, while not

stating the test in as many words, have upheld convictions only upon confirming the

defendant sought to engage a minor in sexual activity the minor was not already pursuing

independently.” Appellant’s Br. at 23–24. Chip over-reads these cases. While

overcoming a minor’s unwillingness to engage in sexual activity can certainly support an



       2
         See also United States v. Brand, 467 F.3d 179, 203–04 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding
that “statements regarding the sex acts that [defendant] planned to perform on” minor
were evidence of enticement, even if undercover agent posing as minor first mentioned
the word “sex,” and the “sexually explicit conversations … provided overwhelming
evidence to support the jury’s finding that [defendant] attempted to entice a minor”);
United States v. Patten, 397 F.3d 1100, 1102–03 (8th Cir. 2005) (holding that inquiring
into minor’s sexual preferences and whether she would like to “hook up” constitutes
sufficient evidence under § 2422(b)); United States v. Munro, 394 F.3d 865, 869 (10th
Cir. 2005) (holding that defendant’s “statements and questions regarding virginity, sexual
experiences, and his desire to perform oral sex” constitute sufficient evidence under
§ 2422(b)).
                                             8
enticement conviction, so can less stark instances of inducement. In fact, some language

in those cases directly contradicts Chip’s argument. See, e.g., United States v. Kaye, 451

F. Supp. 2d 775, 784 (E.D. Va. 2006) (“No degree of interest, curiosity, or mutual

enticement from a thirteen-year-old is enough to find that Defendant’s aggressive

language and actions are not an attempt to persuade, induce, and entice the individual to

engage in sexual activity.”). A fairer reading of those cases—themselves just a smattering

of decisions involving § 2422(b)—is that while it may be easier to show persuasion when

a defendant badgers an unwilling minor into eventually acquiescing to sexual activity,

enticing an already-curious minor to do so is also prohibited. It was not necessary to

prove that Chip initially kindled a desire for sex in an otherwise-disinterested Henry; it

was sufficient to prove that Chip knowingly persuaded (or attempted to persuade) Henry

to engage in sexual activity.

       In fact, several decisions have expressly or impliedly rejected Chip’s argument.

See, e.g., Dye, 2010 WL 4146187, at *2–3 (determining that jurors had good reason to

reject a “‘hot to trot’ defense” that argued that undercover agent’s “role playing made it

clear from the outset that he was ready to go,” thus making enticement impossible);

United States v. Lundy, 676 F.3d 444, 449 (5th Cir. 2012) (rejecting argument “that

because [the fictitious minor] was willing, there was no enticement, inducement, or

persuasion involved”); Dhingra, 371 F.3d at 567 (“The victim’s willingness to engage in

sexual activity is irrelevant, in much the same way that a minor’s consent to sexual

activity does not mitigate the offense of statutory rape or child molestation.”); United

States v. Myers, 575 F.3d 801, 809 (8th Cir. 2009) (“That [the minor] acted as though

                                             9
they were ready and willing to engage in various sex acts does not vitiate [defendant’s]

attempted enticement.”).

       Even were we to accept Chip’s standard—holding enticement impossible when a

minor independently shows interest in sexual activity—Henry’s occasional hesitation

means that Chip would fail his own test. Chip describes Henry’s interest in a sexual

encounter as unwavering, but the record paints a more complicated picture.3 While Henry

exhibited curiosity about sex, he also expressed concern about meeting a “creeper,”

feared that anal sex could be painful, and threatened to break off communications at

certain points. See, e.g., 2 J.A. 368–69 (stating, in response to Chip’s frustration over

Henry’s refusal to provide his home address, “I don’t get u. Bye.”). This does not qualify

as unwavering interest; rather, it shows that Chip had to continue pursuing Henry to

induce him to go forward with the planned encounter.

       In sum, Chip’s conviction stands if a rational juror could have found him guilty

under § 2422(b), and the messages at issue provide a basis for the jury’s guilty verdict.

Chip’s argument to the contrary is undercut by both the record and other decisions

upholding § 2422(b) convictions on similar facts.

                                             IV

       For these reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.



       3
         See, e.g., Appellant’s Br. at 18 (“[A] person must do more than take advantage of
an underage minor’s expressed and unwavering intention to engage in sexual activity.”);
id. at 19 (“[I]t is not a violation of the statute to engage in sexual activity with a minor
who wished from the outset to participate and never wavered in that intention.”); id. at 20
(“At no point did Henry hesitate in that pursuit [of a sexual encounter].”).
                                             10
