[Cite as Sander v. Country Brook Homeowners’ Assn., Inc., 2020-Ohio-1555.]




                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                          WARREN COUNTY




 MICHAEL K. SANDER, et al.,                           :          CASE NO. CA2019-08-079

          Appellants,                                 :                      OPINION
                                                                              4/20/2020
                                                      :
   - vs -
                                                      :

 COUNTRY BROOK HOMEOWNERS'                            :
 ASSOCIATION, INC.,
                                                      :
          Appellee.




          CIVIL APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                              Case No. 17CV90125



Miller, Walker & Brush, LLP, Michael B. Miller, 2233 Miamisburg-Centerville Road, Dayton,
Ohio 45459, for appellants

Phillips Law Firm, Alfred William Schneble III, 11 West Monument Avenue, Suite 402,
Dayton, Ohio 45402, for appellee



          M. POWELL, J.

          {¶ 1} Appellants, Michael and Katherine Sander ("the Sanders"), appeal a decision

of the Warren County Court of Common Pleas granting judgment in favor of appellee, the

Country Brook Subdivision Homeowners' Association ("HOA"), in a declaratory judgment

action.
                                                                     Warren CA2019-08-079

       {¶ 2} The Sanders are the owners of a home located in Country Brook Subdivision,

a residential subdivision in Warren County, Ohio. The Sanders' home is subject to the

Eleventh Amended Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions for Country

Brook Subdivision (the "Declaration"). The Declaration requires prior HOA approval of

improvements, alterations, and additions upon property within the Country Brook

Subdivision. The HOA is an Ohio nonprofit corporation pursuant to R.C. Chapter 1702.

The HOA is under the direction of a board consisting of three trustees ("the Trustees").

       {¶ 3} On May 26, 2017, the Sanders submitted an application to the Trustees for

installation of solar panels on the rear slope of their home (the" Application"). At the time,

the Trustees were Tim Edmunds, Andrew Heekin, and Sheila Willhoite. After its submittal

to the Trustees, the Application was forwarded to architect Sheri Scott for review. On May

31, 2017, Scott forwarded her review to Edmunds, recommending that the Application be

approved on the condition the solar panels be installed on the "rear slopes of the home."

The Application and the architectural review were emailed to and reviewed by the Trustees.

Thereafter, Edmunds telephoned Heekin to discuss the Application. Edmunds further

spoke separately with Willhoite concerning the Application. The Trustees agreed that the

Application be disapproved. Heekin and Willhoite never spoke with each other concerning

the Application prior to the time it was decided that it would not be approved. A letter

disapproving the Application was prepared and circulated among the Trustees. The letter,

dated June 3, 2017, was sent to the Sanders (the "Denial Letter").

       {¶ 4} Thereafter, the Sanders filed a seven-count complaint against the HOA. This

appeal concerns only their first cause of action seeking declaratory relief. The Sanders

allege that the disapproval of their Application was not in accordance with the Declaration

because the HOA did not establish a Design Review Committee ("DRC") to review their

Application, and the HOA did not otherwise properly act to approve or disapprove their

                                             -2-
                                                                      Warren CA2019-08-079

Application within 14 days. As to this latter claim, the Sanders' complaint alleged that the

disapproval of their Application was not the product of a formal meeting of the Trustees and

not in accordance with the procedure set forth in R.C. 1702.25 for acting without a meeting.

       {¶ 5} On October 25, 2018, a bench trial was conducted before a magistrate upon

the Sanders' request for a declaratory judgment. The magistrate heard testimony from each

of the Trustees, Michael Sander, and Joseph Rueth, the HOA's attorney who authored the

Declaration.

       {¶ 6} On January 28, 2019, the magistrate ruled in favor of the HOA.                The

magistrate rejected each of the Sanders' arguments in support of their claim for declaratory

relief. The magistrate construed the Declaration as permitting the Trustees to review and

act upon applications for architectural changes in lieu of establishing a DRC.             The

magistrate further rejected the Sanders' argument that the Trustees did not comply with

R.C. 1702.25 when they disapproved the Application without a meeting. The magistrate

determined that email exchanges among the Trustees approving the Denial Letter satisfied

the requirements of R.C. 1702.25 for acting without a formal meeting.

       {¶ 7} The Sanders filed objections to the magistrate's decision. By judgment entry

of May 31, 2019, the trial court overruled the objections. The trial court found that the

Declaration authorized either the Trustees or the DRC to consider applications for exterior

additions or alterations. Noting that the Sanders filed their Application with the Trustees,

as opposed to a DRC, the trial court found that "the Board [of Trustees] was well within its

rights to accept or reject the application."

       {¶ 8} Regarding the Trustees' failure to comply with R.C. 1702.25 in acting without

a meeting, the trial court determined that the Trustees' Denial Letter in conjunction with their

email exchanges complied with the requirements of R.C. 1702.25.

       {¶ 9} The Sanders appeal from the trial court's May 31, 2019 judgment entry,

                                               -3-
                                                                    Warren CA2019-08-079

asserting two assignments of error.

       {¶ 10} Assignment of Error No. 1:

       {¶ 11} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY CONCLUDING THAT THE COUNTRY

BROOK HOMEOWNERS' ASSOCIATION, INC. BOARD OF TRUSTEES SATISFIED THE

STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTING OUTSIDE OF A FORMAL MEETING IN

CONNECTION WITH APPELLANTS' APPLICATION AND THEREFORE FAILED TO

APPROVE OR DISAPPROVE THE APPELLANTS' APPLICATION WITHIN FOURTEEN

DAYS OF SUBMITTAL THUS MAKING APPROVAL NOT REQUIRED.

       {¶ 12} The Sanders challenge the trial court's finding that the Trustees' disapproval

of the Application without a meeting complied with R.C. 1702.25, arguing that such finding

is not supported by the evidence. We construe this assignment of error as a manifest weight

of the evidence challenge.

       {¶ 13} "When evaluating whether a judgment is against the manifest weight of the

evidence in a civil case, the standard of review is the same as in the criminal context." Ford

v. West, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2017-11-025, 2018-Ohio-2626, ¶ 9; Eastley v. Volkman,

132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 17. Thus, a reviewing court weighs the evidence

and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of the witnesses, and determines

whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the finder of fact clearly lost its way and

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must be reversed and a

new trial ordered. Carson v. Duff, 12th Dist. Fayette Nos. CA2017-03-005 and CA2017-03-

007, 2017-Ohio-8199, ¶ 11, citing Eastley at ¶ 20. "A judgment will not be reversed as

being against the manifest weight of the evidence where the judgment is supported by some

competent, credible evidence going to all essential elements of the case." Carson at ¶ 11.

       {¶ 14} As a nonprofit corporation under Ohio law, the HOA is subject to R.C. Chapter

1702. R.C. 1702.25 provides the procedure the directors of a nonprofit corporation must

                                             -4-
                                                                      Warren CA2019-08-079

follow to take action without a formal meeting. R.C. 1702.25 states in relevant part that

              (A) Unless the articles or the regulations prohibit the
              authorization or taking of any action of * * * the directors without
              a meeting, any action that may be authorized or taken at a
              meeting of * * * the directors, as the case may be, may be
              authorized or taken without a meeting with the affirmative vote
              or approval of, and in a writing or writings signed by, all of the *
              * * directors, as the case may be, who would be entitled to notice
              of a meeting for that purpose * * * [.] Any such writing shall be
              filed with or entered upon the records of the corporation.

              (B) Any transmission by authorized communications equipment
              that contains an affirmative vote or approval of the person
              described in division (A) of this section is a signed writing for
              purposes of this section. The date on which that transmission
              by authorized communications equipment is sent is the date on
              which the writing is signed.

       {¶ 15} Subdivision (A) of the statute allows the directors of a nonprofit corporation

(the Trustees here) to take any action authorized in a meeting without holding a meeting so

long as: all Trustees agree upon the action to be taken (the unanimity requirement); there

is a "signed writing" from each Trustee containing his or her affirmative vote upon the action

to be taken (the "signed writing" requirement); and such "signed writing" is filed with or

entered upon the corporation's records (the memorialization requirement).            All three

requirements must be satisfied in order to comply with the statutory requisites for effectively

taking action without a meeting. The Sanders' first assignment of error implicates the

"signed writing" and memorialization requirements.

       {¶ 16} R.C. 1702.25(B) provides that the requirement of a "signed writing" is satisfied

by "any transmission by authorized communications equipment [containing] an affirmative

vote or approval" of a corporate officer to corporate action. "Authorized communications

equipment" is defined as "any communications equipment that provides a transmission,

including, but not limited to, by telephone, telecopy, or any electronic means, from which it

can be determined that the transmission was authorized by, and accurately reflects the

                                              -5-
                                                                                  Warren CA2019-08-079

intention of, the member of, the member or director involved and, with respect to meetings,

allows all persons participating in the meeting to contemporaneously communicate with

each other." R.C. 1702.01(Q). Thus, a vote on an issue cast by telephone or by email

would qualify as a "signed writing" under the statute.

        {¶ 17} The evidence reveals that upon receiving the Application and reviewing the

architect's review, Heekin and Willhoite spoke separately with Edmunds concerning the

Application. Edmunds and Heekin spoke by telephone.                         Edmunds' conversation with

Willhoite may have been by telephone or face-to-face.1 In these separate conversations,

the three Trustees agreed that the Application should be disapproved.                              Thereafter,

Edmunds began working with Rueth to produce the Denial Letter. At some point, Edmunds

involved Heekin and Willhoite. Edmunds acknowledged, without more specificity, that the

Denial Letter "was a product of some communication" among the Trustees. Heekins

testified that the Denial Letter was a product of an unspecified number of conversations,

some of which were "face-to-face." Willhoite testified that drafts of the Denial Letter were

circulated among the Trustees by email. When pressed upon the manner in which the

Denial Letter was produced and agreed upon by the Trustees, Willhoite testified, "There

may have been [some emails]. I don't recall at what point some emails were starting to

correspond when we got the attorneys involved." Ultimately, all three Trustees indicated in

some manner their assent to the Denial Letter. However, the Denial Letter is neither signed

by a single Trustee nor authenticated with a "signed writing" from any of the Trustees

containing their approval of the letter.

        {¶ 18} The Trustees' testimony does not support a finding that there is a "signed

writing" from each of the Trustees containing their vote to disapprove the Application as



1. Willhoite testified that "I don’t know if it was in phone or in the side yard or – it could have been face-to-
face."
                                                      -6-
                                                                                Warren CA2019-08-079

provided in R.C. 1702.25(B). The "signed writing" requirement is not satisfied by the mere

exchange of emails concerning the Application. If an email is to constitute a "signed writing"

under R.C. 1702.25, it must contain "an affirmative vote or approval" of the corporate action

to be taken. None of the emails claimed as "signed writings" were offered into evidence.

In their testimony concerning the email exchanges, the Trustees were unable to provide

specificity regarding the emails' origination and content. Absent the emails or information

concerning their origination and content, it is not possible to determine that each of the three

Trustees voted to disapprove the Application by email (i.e., by "authorized communications

equipment") as found by the trial court.

        {¶ 19} Full compliance with R.C. 1702.25 requires that the emails claimed to be

"signed writings" be "filed with or entered upon the records" of the HOA. R.C. 1702.25(A).

Thus, if the emails exist, they must be within the possession and control of the HOA if it

complied with R.C. 1702.25. The Sanders presented evidence that the purported emails

were not identified in response to their requested discovery, raising an issue as to their

existence or whether they were preserved in the corporate records.2                           Under these

circumstances, it is reasonable to expect that the HOA would have produced the documents

under its control relating to the central issue of the case. The absence of this documentation

undermines the trial court's conclusion that the R.C. 1702.25 "signed writing" and

memorialization requirements were satisfied by email exchanges among the Trustees.

        {¶ 20} There is scant case law construing R.C. 1702.25, and none that we have

discovered construing subdivision (B) of the statute. This court has observed that "R.C.

1702.25 allows for members to take action without a meeting, but, only with a signed writing


2. The HOA's responses to the Sanders' interrogatories were admitted into evidence as the Sanders' Exhibit
1. Interrogatory No. 2 requested the HOA to identify all documents supporting defenses set forth in its answer
to the complaint; interrogatory No. 13 requested the HOA to identify all documents it intended to introduce at
trial. The HOA's response in both instances was a reference to Appendices A-D. There is no Appendix A
and Appendices B-D do not identify emails satisfying the "signed writing" requirement.
                                                     -7-
                                                                                  Warren CA2019-08-079

by the members which is filed or entered in the records[.] * * * Clearly, the voting outside

of a meeting in this case did not meet this requirement as there are no signed writings by

members authorizing a vote to remove the three board members outside of a meeting."

State ex rel. Gmoser v. Village at Beckett Ridge Condominium Owners' Assn., 12th Dist.

Butler No. CA2016-02-035, 2016-Ohio-8451, ¶ 26. Although Beckett Ridge Condominium

does not involve a consideration of R.C. 1702.25(B), it confirms the necessity of a "signed

writing" if corporate officers are to act without a meeting.

        {¶ 21} As detailed above, testimony regarding the Trustees' disapproval of the

Application indicates there were in-person discussions, telephone conversations, and email

exchanges among the Trustees.3 The record suggests that these communications were so

numerous and conducted in so many mediums that the Trustees lacked a precise

recollection of the relevant events. The most which may be discerned from the Trustees'

testimony is that they determined to disapprove the Application based upon their numerous

communications, some of which were emails. Although all three Trustees indicated their

approval of the Denial Letter, the record does not reflect whether such approval was

transmitted by email or otherwise. This evidence fails the "competent, credible evidence

going to all essential elements of the case" manifest weight of the evidence standard.

        {¶ 22} Section 11.01 of the Declaration provides

                No building, swimming pool, tennis court, fence, wall, patio,
                deck or other structure or improvement shall be commenced,
                erected or maintained on the Property, nor shall any exterior
                addition to or change or alteration therein be made until the
                plans and specifications showing nature, kind, shape, color,
                height, materials and location of the same shall have been

3. In arguing how the record supports the trial court's finding that the communications among the Trustees
satisfied R.C. 1702.25, the HOA does not rely upon the trial record but upon affidavits submitted in prior
summary judgment proceedings and the deposition testimony of the Trustees and Rueth. None of those
depositions are in the trial record. Although the depositions of Edmunds and Heekin were filed in the trial court
and referred to by the Sanders' attorney during cross-examination of witnesses, the HOA objected to their
admission into evidence and the Sanders' attorney withdrew them. The depositions of Willhoite and Rueth
were not even filed in the trial court.
                                                      -8-
                                                                      Warren CA2019-08-079

              submitted to and approved in writing as to harmony of external
              design and location in relation to surrounding structures and
              topography by the Board of Trustees, or by an architectural
              committee known as the Design Review Committee, composed
              of three (3) representatives appointed by the Board of Trustees.
              In the event said Board of Trustees or its designated committee
              fail to approve or disapprove such design and location within
              fourteen (14) days after said plans and specifications have been
              submitted to it, approval will not be required and this Article will
              be deemed to have been fully, complied with.

       {¶ 23} Because the Trustees failed to comply with R.C. 1702.25 in acting to

disapprove the Application without a meeting, the disapproval is ineffective. Thus, as the

Trustees have not acted to disapprove the Application within 14 days as provided in Section

11.01 of the Declaration, approval is not required, and the Sanders may proceed with the

installation of the solar panels on their home in accordance with their Application.

       {¶ 24} In addition to claiming compliance with R.C. 1702.25, the HOA argues it was

not necessary to hold a meeting to disapprove the Application, and further argues that the

disapproval of the Application should be upheld because the Trustees acted in good faith.

       {¶ 25} The HOA cites two opinions of the Eighth Appellate District in support of its

argument that a formal meeting was unnecessary to disapprove the Application. See 2115-

2121 Ontario Bldg., L.L.C. v. Anter, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 98255 and 98296, 2013-Ohio-

2993; and Mlinarcik v. E.E. Wehrung Parking, Inc., 86 Ohio App.3d 134 (8th Dist.1993).

       {¶ 26} In Ontario Bldg., the court of appeals found that the issuance of an additional

share of stock in the corporation without a formal meeting was valid because it had been

ratified by the directors of the corporation. Setting aside the issue of whether ratification

may be used as a means to legitimize unauthorized corporate action to the detriment of

another, any ratification in the case at bar occurred well after expiration of the 14-day period

within which the Trustees were required by the Declaration to act upon the Sanders'




                                              -9-
                                                                             Warren CA2019-08-079

Application.4 In any event, the HOA does not argue that it later ratified the disapproval of

the Application.

       {¶ 27} The HOA further cites Mlinarcik, arguing that the disapproval of the Sanders'

Application should be upheld because the "[e]mphasis should be on the decision of the

majority and not that the decision was not made in a formal meeting." Mlinarcik does not

stand for such a proposition as a tenet of corporation law. Mlinarcik involved a challenge

to the compensation of two directors of the corporation and a construction of R.C.

1701.60(A)(3) which provides that "[t]he directors, by the affirmative vote of a majority of

those in office * * * shall have authority to establish reasonable compensation * * * for

services to the corporation by directors and officers[.]" Observing that a formal meeting of

the directors of the corporation had not been held since its formation in 1948, the court of

appeals found that R.C. 1701.60(A)(3) is satisfied "where two out of the three directors who

have eighty percent ownership of the corporation met and decided to pay compensation."

Mlinarcik, 86 Ohio App.3d at 140. Mlinarcik was a fact-specific ruling with little application

beyond its factual context.

       {¶ 28} The HOA cites R.C. 1702.30 in support of its good faith argument. R.C.

1702.30(B) requires that directors of a corporation act in good faith and in the best interests

of the corporation. The HOA argues the evidence clearly demonstrates that the Trustees

acted in good faith in disapproving the Sanders' Application and suggests that this is reason

to uphold the disapproval of the Application. However, there is nothing in the language of

the statute or in the case law which provides that unauthorized corporate action be upheld

because it was taken in good faith. R.C. 1702.30(A)(3) merely provides a standard of


4. On March 8, 2018, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the Sanders on Count II of their
complaint for a declaratory judgment that the Trustees must respond to the Application by identifying the
manner in which the solar panel project fails to meet the specifications for approval. The Trustees
subsequently complied with the judgment by convening a meeting and unanimously approving minutes
specifying the reasons for the denial of the Application.
                                                  - 10 -
                                                                     Warren CA2019-08-079

conduct for corporate directors.

      {¶ 29} The Sanders have established by a preponderance of the evidence that the

Trustees failed to comply with R.C. 1702.25 in disapproving their Application without a

meeting. The trial court's ruling to the contrary was against the manifest weight of the

evidence. Because the Trustees failed to act in accordance with R.C. 1702.25, their

disapproval of the Sanders' Application is not effective. Consequently, the Trustees failed

to approve or disapprove the Sanders' Application within the requisite 14-day period which,

in turn, dispenses with the need for formal approval under Section 11.01 of the Declaration.

Based upon the foregoing, we find that the Sanders may proceed with the installation of

solar panels upon their home in accordance with their Application.

      {¶ 30} The Sanders' first assignment of error is sustained.

      {¶ 31} Assignment of Error No. 2:

      {¶ 32} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT CONCLUDING THAT COUNTRY

BROOK HOMEOWNERS' ASSOCIATION, INC. HAD NO DESIGN REVIEW COMMITTEE

AND THEREFORE FAILED TO APPROVE OR DISAPPROVE THE APPELLANTS'

APPLICATION WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS OF SUBMITTAL THUS MAKING APPROVAL

NOT REQUIRED.

      {¶ 33} In view of our resolution of the first assignment of error, the second

assignment of error is moot. See App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

      {¶ 34} The trial court's judgment is accordingly reversed. Pursuant to App. R. 12(B),

judgment is rendered on behalf of the Sanders in accordance with this Opinion.

      HENDRICKSON, P.J., and RINGLAND, J., concur.




                                            - 11 -
