Reversed and Rendered and Opinion filed May 19, 2016.




                                     In the

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                             NO. 14-14-00986-CV

 THE PENN INSURANCE AND ANNUITY COMPANY, AND THE PENN
        MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellants
                                       V.

                         CHAD KURIGER, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 151st District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. 2013-59559

                                OPINION


      This appeal concerns an engagement letter involving the law firm Drinker
Biddle & Reath LLP, appellant The Penn Insurance and Annuity Company
(“PIA”), and appellee Chad Kuriger. The letter stated PIA agreed that Drinker
Biddle would jointly represent PIA and Kuriger as defendants in connection with a
matter, which had been removed from state court to federal district court. This
matter proceeded to final judgment, resulting in the dismissal of Kuriger as
improvidently joined and a take-nothing judgment in favor of PIA. After PIA
refused to assume Kuriger’s defense in connection with another state court matter
where PIA was not named, Kuriger sued PIA and its parent company, appellant
The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company (“Penn Mutual”), for breach of
contract. After a bench trial, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of Kuriger.
Because PIA did not agree to represent Kuriger in the second matter under the
terms of the unambiguous engagement letter, we reverse and render judgment in
favor of PIA and Penn Mutual.

               I.      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Kuriger started working for Penn Mutual as a Regional Manager in
December 2005. At the time his employment was terminated in August 2008,
Kuriger held the position of Associate Regional Director.         Kuriger and Penn
Mutual executed a Separation of Employment Agreement and General Release in
September 2008.

      In January 2011, Ronnie Buster Rogers and Nola Claudette Rogers,
individually and in their capacities as trustees of the Rogers Family Irrevocable
Trust, filed a lawsuit against PIA and Kuriger in state district court in Harris
County.    This lawsuit was styled Ronnie Buster Rogers and Nola Claudette
Rogers, Individually and as Trustees of the Rogers Family Irrevocable Life
Insurance Trust v. The Penn Insurance and Annuity Co. and Chad Kuriger, with
cause number 2011-04416, in the 234th District Court of Harris County, Texas.
We refer to this lawsuit as Rogers I. In Rogers I, the plaintiffs alleged that PIA and
Kuriger committed fraud, fraudulent inducement, and Insurance Code violations,
and made negligent misrepresentations in connection with a $21,000,000 PIA life
insurance policy. The Rogers I plaintiffs alleged that PIA was liable for both its
own and Kuriger’s actions under the theories of principal-agent, vicarious liability,

                                          2
and respondeat superior.

      Kuriger initially was represented by attorney John O’Neill pro bono. PIA
was represented by the law firm Drinker Biddle. Gregory Star was the primary
Drinker Biddle attorney representing PIA. PIA requested that Kuriger consent to
the removal of the lawsuit to federal district court. Kuriger agreed, and PIA
removed Rogers I to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
The lawsuit’s cause number in federal district court was 4:11-cv-00673.

      After Rogers I was removed, in March 2011, Drinker Biddle sent Kuriger a
letter on law firm letterhead. This letter provided:

      Chad Kuriger
      [address]
      Re:    Ronnie Buster Rogers and Nola Claudette Rogers,
             Individually and as Trustees of the Rogers Family
             Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust v. The Penn Insurance
             and Annuity, Co. and Chad Kuriger, 4:11-cv-00673 (S.D.
             Tex)
      Dear Mr. Kuriger:
            Penn Insurance and Annuity Co. (“PIA”) has agreed that
      Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP will jointly represent you and PIA in the
      above captioned matter. The purpose of this letter is to confirm the
      terms of our engagement.
             1. Scope of Representation. We will represent you in
      connection with the claims asserted against you in the above-
      captioned matter. The representation will not extend to any claims
      that do not arise out of your role as an Assistant Regional Director for
      PIA.
            2. Charges For Our Services. Charges for services by our
      lawyers and legal assistants will [sic] billed directly to PIA.
            3. Term of Engagement. Our engagement will continue until
      completion of our work on to [sic] the substantive matter for which
      we were engaged. However, you may terminate this engagement at
      any time for any reason upon written notice, and we may terminate
                                          3
      the engagement at any time in any context permitted under the
      applicable Rules of Professional Conduct.
             If we perceive that a conflict has arisen in the course of our
      joint representation of you and PIA, we may withdraw from our
      representation of you. In the event that we withdraw from our
      representation of you, you agree not to object to our continued
      representation of PIA or raise any conflict of interest issues.
            Please sign below and return a signed copy to me to
      acknowledge your assent to the terms of this engagement letter. If
      you have any question, feel free to contact me at [phone number].

This letter was signed for Star by another Drinker Biddle attorney (John Bloor)
with permission. Kuriger signed that he agreed and accepted.

      The record reflects that “the trust” filed a motion to remand, and the federal
district court denied the motion. In May 2011, the federal court signed an order
dismissing Kuriger without prejudice.

      In June 2011, Ronnie Buster Rogers and Nola Claudette Rogers,
individually and in their capacities as trustees of the Rogers Family Irrevocable
Trust, filed another lawsuit—this time against Kuriger, Charles Haden, Renascence
Corporation, and Executive Compensation Concepts, Inc., in Harris County district
court. This lawsuit was styled Ronnie Buster Rogers and Nola Claudette Rogers,
Individually and as Trustees of the Rogers Family Irrevocable Life Insurance
Trust, and Charles Schwab & Co. v. Chad Kuriger, Charles Haden, Renascence
Corporation, and Executive Compensation Concepts, Inc[.], with cause number
2011-33520, in the 127th District Court of Harris County, Texas. We refer to this
lawsuit as Rogers II. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants were engaged in a
partnership or joint venture and that each defendant was vicariously liable for the
others’ actions based on respondeat superior. In addition to the fraud, fraudulent
inducement, negligent misrepresentation, and Insurance Code claims asserted in

                                         4
Rogers I in connection with the $21,000,000 life insurance policy, the plaintiffs
alleged breach of fiduciary duty. Neither PIA nor Penn Mutual was named as a
defendant. PIA and Penn Mutual refused to assume Kuriger’s defense in Rogers
II.

      In July 2011, the federal district court signed its final judgment in Rogers I,
which stated that “Chad Kuriger is dismissed as improvidently joined.” The final
judgment also stated that “[o]n the motion of the parties,” Ronnie Buster Rogers,
Nola Claudette Rogers, The Woodlands Dental Group PC Savings and Investment
Plan and Trust, The Rogers Family Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust, The Rogers
Family 2010 Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust, Ronnie Buster Rogers as trustee of
the three trusts, and Nola Claudette Rogers as trustee of the three trusts “take
nothing from” PIA.

      Kuriger was represented by attorney David Ayers in Rogers II. Kuriger
ultimately entered into a settlement agreement with the Rogers II plaintiffs.

      Kuriger filed this lawsuit for breach of contract against PIA and Penn
Mutual. The trial court held a bench trial. Kuriger and Scott Raynes, an attorney
with the firm that represented Kuriger in Rogers II, testified.        Franklin Best,
general counsel for PIA and for Penn Mutual, also testified. Appellants presented
Star by deposition. The trial court issued a final judgment, as well as findings of
fact and conclusions of law, in favor of Kuriger. The trial court awarded Kuriger
damages in the amount of $30,477.19. The trial court denied PIA’s and Penn
Mutual’s request for additional specified findings of fact and conclusions of law.

      This appeal followed. Appellants assert that “the evidence presented at trial
was both legally and factually insufficient to establish PIA or Penn Mutual had a
contractual obligation to defend Kuriger in Rogers I, much less Rogers II.”
Appellants specifically raise six issues: (1) the trial court erred in finding that the
                                          5
engagement letter was an enforceable contract due to lack of consideration, lack of
a meeting of the minds, and because PIA and Penn Mutual were not parties to the
letter; (2) the trial court erred in rewriting the engagement letter to improperly
extend PIA’s assumption of Kuriger’s defense; (3) the trial court erred in
disregarding Kuriger’s release of appellants from all civil liability within his
severance agreement; (4) Kuriger failed to establish that Drinker Biddle was
authorized to extend Kuriger a defense beyond Rogers I; (5) the letter was not a
contract but instead was designed to discharge Drinker Biddle’s obligations under
the Texas Rules of Professional Conduct; and (6) the trial court erred in concluding
Rogers I and Rogers II were fundamentally the same lawsuit.

                               II.      ANALYSIS

      For purposes of this analysis, we will presume, without deciding, that the
engagement letter represented an enforceable agreement obligating PIA to provide
a defense to Kuriger pursuant to the terms of the letter. We consider appellants’
related issues two and six together because we conclude they are dispositive.

A. Standard of review and governing law

      In a nonjury trial, findings of fact have the same force and dignity as a jury’s
verdict. Green v. Alford, 274 S.W.3d 5, 23 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2008, pet. denied) (en banc) (citing Dallas Cty. Constable Precinct No. 5 v.
Garden City Boxing Club, Inc., 219 S.W.3d 613, 615–16 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2007, no pet.)). When a complete reporter’s record is filed, we review the trial
court’s findings for legal and factual sufficiency under the same standards we
apply to jury verdicts. Id. (citing Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. 1996)
(per curiam)).

      We review the evidence for legal sufficiency under the City of Keller v.


                                          6
Wilson, 169 S.W.3d 802 (Tex. 2005), standard—crediting evidence favoring the
verdict if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless
a reasonable factfinder could not. Green, 274 S.W.3d at 16, 22–23 (citing City of
Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 825–26, 827). We consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the challenged finding, and we indulge every reasonable inference that
would support the finding. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. In reviewing a
factual sufficiency challenge, we consider and weigh all the evidence in a neutral
light and may set aside the finding only if the evidence is so weak or the finding is
so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly
wrong and unjust. Green, 274 S.W.3d at 23 (citing Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46
S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001)).

      The standard of review for conclusions of law is whether they are correct.
Zieba v. Martin, 928 S.W.2d 782, 786 n.3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996,
no writ). We review a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo, and we will uphold
the conclusions if the judgment can be sustained on any legal theory supported by
the evidence. BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex.
2002); Dickerson v. DeBarbieris, 964 S.W.2d 680, 683 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.).

      The construction of an unambiguous written contract is a question of law.
See Matagorda Cty. Hosp. Dist. v. Burwell, 189 S.W.3d 738, 740 (Tex. 2006) (per
curiam). “Whether a contract is ambiguous is also a question of law; one that must
be decided by examining the contract as a whole in light of the circumstances
present when the contract was entered.” Saba Zi Expl., L.P. v. Vaughn, 448
S.W.3d 123, 131 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (citing Anglo–
Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C., 352 S.W.3d 445, 449–50
(Tex. 2011)).

                                          7
      When interpreting a contract, our primary concern is to ascertain and give
effect to the written expression of the parties’ intent. Italian Cowboy Partners,
Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 333 (Tex. 2011) (citing J.M.
Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex. 2003)). By this approach,
we “strive to honor the parties’ agreement and not remake their contract by reading
additional provisions into it.” Gilbert Tex. Constr., L.P. v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s
London, 327 S.W.3d 118, 126 (Tex. 2010). “[I]t is objective, not subjective, intent
that controls.” Burwell, 189 S.W.3d at 740. We give words and phrases their
ordinary and generally accepted meaning, reading them in context and in light of
the rules of grammar and common usage. See Gilbert Tex. Constr., 327 S.W.3d at
126; Dynegy Midstream Servs., Ltd. P’ship. v. Apache Corp., 294 S.W.3d 164, 168
(Tex. 2009). We examine the writing as a whole to harmonize and give effect to
all of the contract’s provisions so that none is rendered meaningless or surplusage.
J.M. Davidson, 128 S.W.3d at 229; Forbau v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 876 S.W.2d 132,
134 (Tex. 1994) (“long-established rule” is that “[n]o one phrase, sentence, or
section [of a contract] should be isolated from its setting and considered apart from
the other provisions”); Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393–94 (Tex. 1983). We
also bear in mind the particular business activity to be served, and when possible
and proper, we avoid a construction that is unreasonable, inequitable, and
oppressive. Frost Nat’l. Bank v. L & F. Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312 (Tex.
2005) (per curiam).

      If a contract is not ambiguous, courts must enforce it as written without
considering parol evidence for the purpose of creating an ambiguity or giving the
contract “a meaning different from that which its language imports.” David J.
Sacks, P.C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447, 450 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam). The contract
is unambiguous if it can be given a certain or definite meaning as a matter of law.


                                         8
El Paso Field Servs., L.P. v. MasTec N. Am., Inc., 389 S.W.3d 802, 806 (Tex.
2012) (citing Italian Cowboy Partners, 341 S.W.3d at 333). A contract is not
ambiguous simply because the parties advance conflicting interpretations.
Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587, 589
(Tex. 1996). If the contract is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation
after applying the pertinent rules of contract construction, then the contract is
ambiguous and there is a fact issue regarding the parties’ intent. El Paso Field
Servs., 389 S.W.3d at 806 (citing J.M. Davidson, 128 S.W.3d at 229).

      As explained by the Supreme Court of Texas in Anglo-Dutch Petroleum
International, in the particular context of a “lawyer-client contract,” we construe
the agreement as a reasonable person in the circumstances of the client would have
construed it. See 352 S.W.3d at 451 (recognizing that “reasonable clarity” but “not
perfection” is required to inform client). With this standard in mind, we first
consider the text of the engagement letter, and then the circumstances surrounding
its execution. See id. at 449.

B. The unambiguous March 10, 2011 engagement letter

      The letter begins with an “re:” or “in the matter of” subject line. See New
Oxford American Dictionary 1450 (3d edition 2010). This bold-face subject line
consists of a particular case style, cause number, and court: “Ronnie Buster
Rogers and Nola Claudette Rogers, Individually and as Trustees of the Rogers
Family Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust v. The Penn Insurance and Annuity,
Co. and Chad Kuriger, 4:11-cv-00673 (S.D. Tex).” In its opening sentence, just
after the salutation, the letter states that “[PIA] has agreed that Drinker Biddle &
Reath LLP will jointly represent you and PIA in the above captioned matter.”
“Represent” means to act or speak on behalf of another, in an official capacity,
such as a lawyer on behalf of a client. See New Oxford American Dictionary

                                         9
1481; Black’s Law Dictionary 1494 (10th ed. 2014) (“representation”). “Jointly”
means “with another person or people; together.”            New Oxford American
Dictionary 938; see id. (“joint” means “shared, held or made by two or more
people, parties, or organizations together”).        The plain-usage definition is
consistent with the legal definition of “joint representation,” which dates back to
1947: “The simultaneous representation of more than one person in the same
matter; esp. a lawyer’s representation of two or more clients with potentially
conflicting interests.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1494. “Caption” essentially means
the introductory portion of a court paper or legal document stating the name of the
parties, name of the court, the docket number, and the title or heading of the
document. See New Oxford American Dictionary 259; Black’s Law Dictionary
254. “Matter” means “something that is to be tried or proved in court; a case.”
New Oxford American Dictionary 1080; see Black’s Law Dictionary 1126 (“a
subject under consideration, esp. involving a dispute or litigation; case”). In other
words, PIA agreed that Drinker Biddle would represent Kuriger with PIA together
in the named case as reflected in the above subject line. The letter then states that
its “purpose . . . is to confirm the terms of our engagement.”

      Next, within the “Scope of Representation” section, the letter states that “We
will represent you in connection with the claims asserted against you in the above-
captioned matter.” “Claim” means “a demand or request for something considered
one’s due.” New Oxford American Dictionary 318; see Black’s Law Dictionary
301 (“a demand for money, property, or a legal remedy to which one asserts a
right; esp., the part of a complaint in a civil action specifying what relief the
plaintiff asks for”). Drinker Biddle’s representation “will not extend to any claims
that do not arise out of your role as an Assistant Regional Director for PIA.”
“Arise” means “occur as a result of,” originate, or stem from.         New Oxford


                                          10
American Dictionary 85; Black’s Law Dictionary 129. In other words, Drinker
Biddle would represent Kuriger in connection with the claims asserted against him
by the plaintiffs in the referenced case, but only to the extent such claims stemmed
from his position as an Assistant Regional Director for PIA, i.e., a course and
scope of employment-type limitation.

      Within the “Charges For Our Services” section, the letter states that
“Charges for services by our lawyers and legal assistants will billed [sic] directly to
PIA.” In other words, PIA would be responsible for paying the charges for work
done by Drinker Biddle lawyers and legal assistants in connection with Kuriger’s
representation.

      Within the “Terms of Engagement” section, the letter states that:

             Our engagement will continue until completion of our work on
      to [sic] the substantive matter for which we were engaged. However,
      you may terminate this engagement at any time for any reason upon
      written notice, and we may terminate the engagement at any time in
      any context permitted under the applicable Rules of Professional
      Conduct.
             If we perceive that a conflict has arisen in the course of our
      joint representation of you and PIA, we may withdraw from our
      representation of you. In the event that we withdraw from our
      representation of you, you agree not to object to our continued
      representation of PIA or raise any conflict of interest issues.

“Engage” means “arrange to employ or hire,” and here “engagement” refers to the
arrangement of a lawyer-client relationship. See New Oxford American Dictionary
1574–75; Black’s Law Dictionary 646. “Substantive” means “having a firm basis
in reality and therefore important, meaningful, or considerable” or “having a
separate and independent existence.” New Oxford American Dictionary 1746.
“Completion” means “the action or process of finishing something.” Id. at 355. In
other words, the engagement would continue until Drinker Biddle finished its work
                                          11
on the existing case. The letter goes on to describe possible termination of the
engagement by either Kuriger or Drinker Biddle. “Terminate” means “bring to an
end” or “conclude.” Id. at 1791; Black’s Law Dictionary 1700. The letter also
states that Drinker Biddle may withdraw from representing Kuriger if it becomes
aware of a conflict arising during Drinker Biddle’s joint representation of Kuriger
and PIA. “Withdraw” means cease to participate or discontinue. New Oxford
American Dictionary 1985; see Black’s Law Dictionary 1836 (“to terminate one’s
representation of a client before a matter is complete”). Kuriger agreed not to
object to or raise issues concerning Drinker Biddle’s continuing to represent PIA.

      Appellants and Kuriger advance conflicting interpretations of what the
engagement letter covered. Appellants’ position is the parties intended for PIA to
assume Kuriger’s defense only in Rogers I. According to appellants, the trial court
failed to enforce the unambiguous contract as written and created a contract where
one did not exist with regard to defending Kuriger in any matter beyond Rogers I.
Appellants contend that Kuriger’s—and the trial court’s—interpretation of the
engagement letter “fundamentally dodges the terms of the letter, which was
restricted to one identified, identifiable, pending action—Rogers I.” Appellants
further assert that the trial court disregarded key distinctions between Rogers I and
Rogers II in finding that Rogers II was, in effect, a continuation of Rogers I.
Appellants contend that Rogers II was predicated on the assertion of a conspiracy
among the codefendants to create and commoditize a particular type of life
insurance policy not permitted by appellants. They also emphasize that Rogers I
was still an active lawsuit with Kuriger an active defendant when Rogers II was
filed, and Rogers II did not allege any tortious conduct by appellants or that
Kuriger was acting on their behalf.

      Although Kuriger acknowledges Rogers II “is silent as to Penn Mutual and

                                         12
PIA,” his position is that the parties intended to defend Kuriger with regard to all
claims arising out of his work in the course and scope of his employment with
appellants. In other words, appellants’ duty to defend should be based on a straight
comparison of the claims asserted in the Rogers I and Rogers II petitions, and there
is no dispute that the claims were generally the same.

      Within its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court stated:

      Ultimately Kuriger was dismissed from the [Rogers I] case, without
      prejudice, based on the theory of fraudulent joinder. While the
      litigation was still pending against PIA/Penn Mutual, Rogers sued
      Kuriger again in state court based on the same facts and six of the
      identical legal theories as he had before. In short, Kuriger had been
      sued again on the same substantive legal claims that PIA/Penn Mutual
      had agreed to defend. It was the same transaction and occurrence.
      The Court finds it merely fortuitous that the lawsuit was split into
      more than one part, and that it is not credible for Defendants to
      contend that they had intended to merely represent Kuriger in that
      very precise captioned federal matter. For one thing, that matter
      started its existence with a different, state-court style and cause
      number. Defendants did not complain about that nor withdraw their
      defense based upon that. Further, Defendants’ counsel had no real
      response when asked by the Court during trial about what would have
      happened in if the federal lawsuit had been severed into two causes
      (one with Kuriger as a defendant, and one with PIA/Penn [Mutual] as
      a defendant). Would their argument have been the same? The Court
      finds it not credible to contend that the representation could have or
      would have been discontinued in such a circumstance. The fact
      pattern in this case is not logically or meaningfully distinguishable.
The trial court further stated:

      Kuriger tendered his defense to PIA/Penn Mutual through the lawyers
      at Drinker Biddle for the second, refiled state court lawsuit. Drinker
      Biddle failed and refused to continue Kuriger’s defense.

      Kuriger signed a letter agreement with PIA/Penn Mutual.[1] Kuriger

      1
          This “letter agreement” refers to what we have termed the engagement letter on Drinker
                                               13
       performed all of his responsibilities under his agreement with
       PIA/Penn Mutual. PIA/Penn Mutual breached their agreement with
       Kuriger by abandoning his defense after Kuriger had assisted in
       defending the Rogers I defense group resulting in PIA/Penn [Mutual]
       being let out of all the litigation. As the result of PIA/Penn Mutual’s
       breach of their agreement with Kuriger, Kuriger has suffered damages
       as the result of attorney’s fees paid and incurred and litigation
       expenses paid and incurred.

       Based on a plain reading of the engagement letter, however, we cannot agree
with the trial court that PIA and Penn Mutual intended to defend Kuriger in Rogers
II. The engagement letter clearly states that PIA agreed that Drinker Biddle would
“jointly represent [Kuriger] and PIA in the above captioned matter.” The letter
does not indicate PIA agreed that Drinker Biddle would solely represent Kuriger in
other, differently captioned matters. The trial court emphasized that Rogers II was
filed while Rogers I was still pending against PIA and that Rogers II involved
many of the same facts and legal claims as Rogers I. While admittedly there is
significant overlap between the claims asserted in Rogers I and Rogers II,
comparing the claims asserted in each matter fails to take into account the plain
and consistent language of the engagement letter providing the requisite context to
“the substantive matter for which [Drinker Biddle] was engaged.” The context of
the agreed engagement was the “joint” representation of Kuriger and PIA. The
context was a then-pending lawsuit brought by the Rogers plaintiffs in state court
against both defendants Kuriger and PIA that had been removed by consent to
federal court—the “captioned” matter in the subject line.

       The trial court found that Rogers I and Rogers II were “the same transaction
and occurrence” and it was mere fortuity that Rogers I was “split into more than
one part.” Perhaps it was not credible for appellants “to contend that they had


Biddle letterhead dated March 10, 2011 signed by Kuriger and for Star by Bloor.

                                              14
intended to merely represent Kuriger in that very precise captioned federal matter”
given that the matter had been removed from state court. And we tend to agree
with the court that appellants “did not complain about . . . nor withdraw their
defense based upon” the fact “that matter started its existence with a different,
state-court style and cause number.”2 But intent still must be tethered to the words
as expressed within the entirety of the engagement letter so that no provision or
phrase is rendered meaningless. See J.M. Davidson, 128 S.W.3d at 229; Coker,
650 S.W.2d at 393–94. Rogers II was not the Rogers I matter remanded back to
state court. Instead, the federal court found improper joinder and denied the
plaintiff’s request for remand.3 Rogers I proceeded to final judgment. Nor was
Rogers II a “part” of Rogers I “severed into two causes” in federal court, “one with
Kuriger as a defendant, and one with PIA/Penn [Mutual] as a defendant.” Rather,
Rogers II was a separate lawsuit involving some different parties, which began
after Rogers I was filed and removed and before a final judgment was issued in
Rogers I, and therefore was not tied to the existence of the “captioned” matter.

       Additionally, the engagement letter states that Drinker Biddle “will represent

       2
          Of course, there did not seem to be any need for the engagement letter to otherwise refer
to the original state court cause number since the matter had since been removed with Kuriger’s
consent to federal court and assigned a federal cause number by the time of the letter.
       3
          The removing party bears the burden of demonstrating improper joinder, and this
burden is a heavy one. See Travis v. Irby, 326 F.3d 644, 649 (5th Cir. 2003). Improper joinder
can be established in two ways: “(1) actual fraud in the pleading of jurisdictional facts, or (2)
inability of the plaintiff to establish a cause of action against the non-diverse party in state
court.” Smallwood v. Illinois Cent. R.R. Co., 385 F.3d 568, 573 (5th Cir. 2004) (en banc)
(quoting Travis, 326 F.3d at 646–47). The second way requires the defendant to demonstrate
“there is no possibility of recovery by the plaintiff against an in-state defendant, which stated
differently means that there is no reasonable basis for the district court to predict that the plaintiff
might be able to recover against an in-state defendant.” Id. Rogers I proceeded to final
judgment resulting in dismissal without prejudice of Kuriger and a take-nothing judgment in
favor of PIA. The record does not reflect any appeal by the Rogers I plaintiffs of the federal
court’s denial of the motion to remand based on improper joinder. See In re 1994 Exxon Chem.
Fire, 558 F.3d 378, 384 (5th Cir. 2009). According to Star, Rogers I terminated.

                                                  15
[Kuriger] in connection with the claims asserted against [him] in the above-
captioned matter” not to extend beyond his role as an Assistant Regional Director.
Focusing on the phrase “claims asserted,” Kuriger and the trial court interpret this
statement as including a promise to continue representing Kuriger if those same
claims are later reasserted in another matter. However, we cannot isolate this
description of the scope of representation from its setting and consider it apart from
PIA’s agreement that Drinker Biddle “will jointly represent [Kuriger] and PIA in
the above captioned matter.” See Forbau, 876 S.W.2d at 134. The trial court’s
interpretation fails to afford the “jointly represent” and “joint representation”
phrases used within the engagement letter any consequence.           See Coker, 650
S.W.2d at 394 (“Courts must favor an interpretation that affords some consequence
to each part of the instrument so that none of the provisions will be rendered
meaningless.”). Not only was Rogers II a different matter in terms of its “caption,”
but also there was no need for “joint representation” because—regardless of the
facts or claims at stake—there is no dispute that only Kuriger, with several other
defendants but not including PIA or Penn Mutual, was sued by the plaintiffs. We
therefore cannot agree with the trial court that the circumstances presented in
Rogers II were not “logically or meaningfully distinguishable” from those in
Rogers I.

      To the extent that the trial court concluded that the engagement letter was
ambiguous, it was incorrect. Because the plain language of the engagement letter
unambiguously expresses the parties’ intent that PIA agreed Drinker Biddle would
jointly represent Kuriger and PIA as defendants in the “captioned” case, it was not
reasonable for the trial court to conclude that the parties instead intended that PIA
provide and pay for Drinker Biddle’s singular representation of Kuriger in a later-
filed state court case separate and differently-captioned from the original state


                                         16
court case removed to federal court. Considering the engagement letter “from the
perspective of a reasonable client in the circumstances” does not affect our
conclusion because such reasonable client would not read the letter’s plain
language as expressing the intent urged by Kuriger and accepted by the trial court.
See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 451, 453.

C. Extrinsic evidence

       We next consider the circumstances surrounding the engagement letter’s
execution because “[u]derstanding the context in which an agreement was made is
essential in determining the parties’ intent as expressed in the agreement.” See id.
at 451.    However, because we have concluded that the engagement letter is
unambiguous, parol evidence of intent is “of limited relevance.” See id. at 452
(“Given our conclusion that the agreement was not ambiguous, this evidence is of
limited relevance. It cannot be used to show the parties’ motives or intentions
apart from the Fee Agreement; it can only provide the context in which the
agreement was reached.”).4 We conclude that the circumstances in which the
engagement letter was executed do not indicate the parties intended anything
different from what was plainly stated. See id. at 453.

       The record shows that some months after the Rogers I plaintiffs sued both
PIA and Kuriger in state court, after PIA removed the case to federal court with

       4
          We note that the parties have taken conflicting, at times inconsistent, positions with
regard to the role of parol evidence. At trial, Kuriger insisted that the letter agreement was
unambiguous and objected to appellants’ admission of parol evidence in an attempt to change or
alter any of the agreement’s terms. Appellants argued that parol evidence of the surrounding
circumstances would inform the text of the contract. The trial court overruled Kuriger’s
objections. On appeal, however, it is appellants that stress the letter agreement must be
interpreted by its own unambiguous terms. Kuriger, in contrast, states that “there is no
contractual bar to the consideration of extrinsic evidence such as the phone conversation between
Kuriger and Star preceding the letter.” Where all the parties offered extrinsic evidence relating
to the engagement letter in this bench trial, we will apply the standard provided in Anglo-Dutch
Petroleum International.

                                               17
Kuriger’s consent, and while Kuriger was still represented by O’Neill, Star and
Bloor called Kuriger. According to Kuriger, PIA’s attorneys reached out to him
“out of nowhere” because they needed help defending the case. Kuriger testified
that they “[s]aid that they would defend me too. So we—you know, got together.”
There was no negotiation or other explanation or discussion regarding the terms of
the letter agreement. Star testified that his intention, as clearly laid out in the
engagement letter, was to undertake “a joint representation of both PIA and Mr.
Kuriger” “in connection with ‘the above captioned matter.’” According to Star,
Kuriger’s then-attorney O’Neill reviewed and approved the letter. Kuriger “never
asked any questions.” Best testified that PIA made the decision to have Drinker
Biddle represent PIA and Kuriger in Rogers I because appellants “have a practice
of sharing counsel with a codefendant who is an employee or former employee.”
Best stated that he was involved in the issuance of the engagement letter and “the
intent was to and the authorization was to represent [Kuriger] only in that lawsuit
that was captioned in the letter.” Nothing about the parties’ interactions preceding
and up to the engagement letter indicated that PIA intended anything other than
what was plainly expressed in the letter—Drinker Biddle would defend “together”
PIA and Kuriger jointly as “codefendants” in the as-captioned Rogers I. See
Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 452–53.

      Nor do events following the engagement letter cast the situation in a
different light. See id. at 453. After the federal court issued its order dismissing
Kuriger from Rogers I without prejudice, Kuriger had “congratulatory phone calls
with Star and Bloor that it was all over.” After Kuriger was served with the
petition in Rogers II, he called Star and informed him, “Hey, I got named again,”
and asked him, “Okay, what do we do?” Email correspondence reflects Kuriger
requested that appellants “assume” his defense in Rogers II and that Star call


                                        18
attorney David Ayers to coordinate. Star responded that there was no current
insurance coverage for Kuriger under any PIA program and advised him that PIA
was “not assuming [his] defense” in Rogers II. Ayers responded back that Kuriger
had asked Ayers “to assist him in this matter” and requested that Star “confirm that
PIA is fully aware that [Kuriger’s] defense will include course and scope and that
it has nevertheless decided to let [Kuriger] go it alone.” At that time, Kuriger and
Ayers did not raise any obligation of PIA to represent Kuriger in Rogers II based
on the engagement letter. According to Best, the reasoning behind appellants’
decision to not defend Kuriger in Rogers II was that neither PIA nor Penn Mutual
was named as a defendant.

       Overall, the circumstances in which the engagement letter was executed “do
not suggest that the parties must have intended something different from what they
plainly stated.” See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, 352 S.W.3d at 453.

       Based on the plain language of the unambiguous engagement letter and
consistent with the extrinsic evidence, we conclude as a matter of law that the
terms of the parties’ agreement do not extend to the legal defense of Kuriger in
Rogers II. As a result, there was no breach of the engagement letter by PIA or
Penn Mutual based on the abandonment of Kuriger’s defense. Nor can we affirm
the judgment based on any other legal theory. We sustain appellants’ second and
sixth issues.5




       5
        Because sustaining appellants’ second and sixth issues results in reversal and rendition,
we need not reach appellants’ other issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

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                           III.     CONCLUSION

      Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and instead render
judgment that Kuriger take nothing from PIA and Penn Mutual on his breach-of-
contract claims.



                                     /s/    Marc W. Brown
                                            Justice



Panel consists of Justices Boyce, Busby, and Brown.




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