Filed 6/19/15 P. v. Richardson CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.



                                                       COPY

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                         (Yolo)
                                                            ----




THE PEOPLE,                                                                                  C064678

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    (Super. Ct. No. CRF076688)

         v.

GREGG ALLEN RICHARDSON,

                   Defendant and Appellant.




         Defendant Gregg Allen Richardson appeals his convictions for (1) assault with a
deadly weapon or by means of force likely to inflict great bodily injury, with an
allegation that he personally inflicted great bodily injury, (2) battery with serious bodily
injury against Chad Humphries, with an allegation that defendant used a deadly weapon,
and (3) possession of an unlawful weapon, a billy club. He contends: (1) there was
insufficient evidence he was in possession of a “billy” within the meaning of Penal Code
section 12020, subdivision (a)(1) (unless otherwise stated, statutory references that follow


                                                             1
are to the Penal Code); (2) his sentence for possession of a “billy” should have been
stayed under section 654, because the possession was not independent from the assault
with a deadly weapon and the battery; and (3) the trial court abused its discretion when it
denied him access to the mental health records of the victim.
       We affirm the judgment.

                                 FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

       Early in the morning on November 10, 2007, Tiffany Henry and her common law
husband, Chad Humphries, were driving her Chrysler from North Sacramento to a
friend’s house in West Sacramento. While on the freeway, the car’s transmission began
to malfunction. The car would slip out of gear, slow down to about 30 or 40 miles per
hour at which point the transmission would re-engage and the car would accelerate. The
longer they drove, the worse the problem became, with the car repeatedly slowing down
and then accelerating. Because of the car’s problems, they drove in the far right (slow)
lane of the freeway.
       As they were driving, Henry and Humphries noticed a large semi-truck driving
close behind them with its high beams on. The truck passed them and pulled in front of
them. As the truck passed, the driver looked at Henry. Henry testified that once
defendant’s truck was ahead of them, defendant slammed on the truck’s brakes and
Henry had to brake and swerve to avoid hitting the truck. Henry passed the truck and left
the freeway. As they were waiting at a red light in the far left lane at the end of the ramp
off the freeway, Henry and Humphries saw the truck had also left the freeway and was
now next to them in the far right lane.
       Henry and Humphries testified that defendant jumped down from the driver’s seat
of the truck, swinging a pipe with a leather strap attached to it. He ran toward the
Chrysler and said, “It’s on.” Humphries and Henry got out of the Chrysler to explain
their transmission problems. Henry told defendant to stop because she was ill and


                                             2
Humphries was disabled. As Humphries was getting out of the car, he said to defendant,
“Stop. What’s your problem?”
         Before Humphries was fully out of the car, defendant started beating him on the
head with the metal bar. Defendant continued to beat Humphries about the head and
body. Humphries tried to ward off the blows with his hands and Henry tried to pull
defendant away from Humphries. When she could not, she got into the cab of his truck
to try to release the air brakes and divert defendant’s attention from Humphries.
Defendant responded immediately by hitting her and pulling her out of the truck by her
ankle.
         At the time of the assault, officer Anthony Herrera was a police officer with the
West Sacramento Police Department. Herrera was driving near the off-ramp when he
saw the fight. As he got near the fight, he saw defendant hit Humphries six or seven
times in the head and back with what appeared to be a pipe. Humphries was retreating as
he was being hit. Herrera turned on his lights and siren and pulled up to the off-ramp.
Humphries was standing, but hunched over, covering his bloody head with his hands.
Humphries was unarmed and defendant had no injuries. Officer Ryan Lukins of the West
Sacramento Police Department soon arrived at the place of the assault.
         Herrera believed Humphries’s life might be in danger, so he drew his weapon,
identified himself as a law enforcement officer, and ordered defendant to stop.
Defendant began to swing the pipe again, but stopped mid-swing. The officers told
defendant to drop his weapon and get down on his knees. Defendant did not comply until
after the third demand. Lukins ordered defendant to lie flat on the ground. When he did
not comply, Herrera tackled him and forced him to the ground. The only visible injury to
defendant came as a result of that tackle.
         Defendant testified. He said when Humphries and Henry were stopped at the off-
ramp, they were both yelling at him, as Humphries approached the truck. Defendant had
been carjacked in 1992 and at that point, testified he was thinking, “this is where in 1992,

                                               3
December, I was carjacked at knife point and got caught while I was inside my vehicle
and it ended up being a knife fight and I was stuck inside the car defending myself.”
Defendant thought Henry and Humphries were going to try to carjack him. He was
“getting nervous because I finally [made] a decision, my God, this is them. This is the
same people that tried to jackknife me.” Despite his fear, he testified, he initially got out
of his truck without a weapon. But once he saw the driver’s side door open, he was
concerned for his safety so he “reached back and got my tire thumper.” Defendant
explained a “tire thumper” is a “stick you use that has a little bit of weight so when you
do your pre-trip or post-trip and you conduct your inspection, you thump it to see if the
tire pressure is correct or at least close to it.” Most truckers use a tire thumper rather than
a tire gauge, because it is faster.
       Defendant testified Henry ran at him, screaming, and climbed into the cab of his
truck. He tried to pull her out but she kicked him in the chest. Meanwhile, Humphries
continued to approach, put defendant in a headlock and took him to the ground.
Defendant got up and started swinging with the tire thumper. He hit Humphries in the
head three times because Humphries kept coming at him. He did not hit Henry.
       The object used to beat Humphries was a “heavy” metal pipe, with a hole drilled
into one end to which a leather strap was fastened. The strap was used as a wristband,
although defendant did not put it on his wrist during this incident. The pipe was
produced at trial and entered into evidence. The metal pipe is 11 and one-half inches
long and three inches round. (See attachment A.) Herrera recognized the object as a “tire
thumper,” an instrument commonly used by truckers to “thump” tires to check the air
pressure.) Lukins identified the object as a metal pipe.
       Defendant had hit Humphries in the head, ribs, and back. Humphries had
defensive wounds on his hands. Paramedics and law enforcement personnel gave
Humphries treatment at the site of the assault and, later an ambulance took Humphries to



                                               4
the hospital. He received 16 staples to close his head wounds. At the time of trial, he
still had scars on his scalp. He also had back pain and his ability to work was reduced.
       About six months after the incident, Tom Bracamonte, an expert in transmission
repairs, examined Henry’s Chrysler. The car was in the same condition at that time as it
had been on the night of the assault. Bracamonte found the overdrive wires were frayed,
the transmission mount was in poor condition, there was a transmission fluid leak, and
there was no coolant in the radiator. These conditions could have caused the car to jump
in and out of overdrive, caused the car to decelerate or stall, or caused the transmission to
drop out of gear.
       An information charged defendant with assault with a deadly weapon or by means
of force likely to inflict great bodily injury against Humphries (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)--
count 1), with an enhancement allegation that defendant personally inflicted great bodily
injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)), battery with serious bodily injury against Humphries (§ 243,
subd. (f)(4)--count 2), with an enhancement allegation that defendant used a deadly
weapon (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)), assault with a deadly weapon or by means of force likely
to inflict great bodily injury against Henry (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)--count 3), and possession
of an unlawful weapon, a billy club (§ 12020, subd. (a)(1)--count 4). The jury found
defendant guilty on counts 1, 2, and 4 and found the enhancement allegations true. The
jury acquitted defendant on count 3.
       The trial court sentenced defendant to three years on count 1 plus three years for
the great bodily injury enhancement. On count 2, the court sentenced defendant to three
years plus one year for the weapon enhancement but stayed the sentence pursuant to
section 654. As to count 4, the court sentenced defendant to two years in prison to be
served concurrently with the sentence on count 1.




                                              5
                                         DISCUSSION

                                               I

                     Sufficiency of the Evidence of Possession of a Billy

       Defendant contends the evidence was insufficient to prove that he was in
possession of a “billy” pursuant to section 12020, subdivision (a)(1). Specifically, he
argues there was no evidence presented that the tire thumper had the characteristics of a
club or heavy stick or a short, thick cudgel or a baton, nor did any expert testify that the
tire thumper fit within the rubric of a “billy.”
       “The proper test for determining a claim of insufficiency of evidence in a criminal
case is whether, on the entire record, a rational trier of fact could find the defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citations.] On appeal, we must view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the People and must presume in support of the judgment the
existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.” (People v.
Jones (1990) 51 Cal.3d 294, 314.)
       We note that section 22210 now outlaws the possession of a billy. For ease of
reference here, we will refer to the prior enactment, section 12020.
       We quote the pertinent provisions of section 12020 as they were set forth in the
statute at the time of this offense.
       Section 12020, subdivision (a) provided, in pertinent part: “Any person in this
state who does any of the following is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not
exceeding one year or in the state prison: [¶] (1) . . . possesses . . . [an] instrument or
weapon of the kind commonly known as a blackjack, slungshot, billy, sandclub, sap, or
sandbag.” The section does not outlaw the possession of any precise objects but rather
outlaws the possession of a broad range of instruments or weapons used for clubbing.
(See People v. Fannin (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 1399, 1401-1402, 1405; see also People v.
Barrios (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 501, 505.) Although the term “billy” is not defined in


                                               6
section 12020, subdivision (a), our Supreme Court addressed the subject of a billy in
People v. Grubb (1965) 63 Cal.2d 614, 621 (Grubb). In Grubb, the defendant was found
to possess a small baseball bat in his car. The last few inches of the bat were broken off
at the handle and the handle was taped. Defendant was convicted of possession of a billy
in violation of section 12020.
       On appeal, defendant claimed the statute was unconstitutionally vague in that it
failed to sufficiently describe what the statute outlawed, that is, what constituted a
“billy.” Our state high court upheld the constitutionality of the statute.
       Through this statute “the Legislature obviously sought to condemn weapons
common to the criminal’s arsenal; it meant as well ‘to outlaw instruments which are
ordinarily used for criminal and unlawful purposes.’ [Citations.] The Legislature’s
understandable concern with the promiscuous possession of objects dangerous to the
lives of members of the public finds manifestation in section 12020. Easy access to
instruments of violence may very well increase the risk of violence. Hence we must, if
possible, sustain the constitutionality of a statute designed for the salutary purpose of
checking the possession of objects subject to dangerous use. [¶]
       “ . . . The Legislature here sought to outlaw the classic instruments of violence and
their homemade equivalents; the Legislature sought likewise to outlaw possession of the
sometimes-useful object when the attendant circumstances, including the time, place,
destination of the possessor, the alteration of the object from standard form, and other
relevant facts indicated that the possessor would use the object for a dangerous, not
harmless, purpose. [Citation.]
       “Thus we hold that the statute embraces instruments other than those specially
created or manufactured for criminal purposes; it specifically includes those objects ‘of
the kind commonly known as a billy.’ (Pen. Code, § 12020; italics added.) The
concomitant circumstances may well proclaim the danger of even the innocent-appearing
utensil. The Legislature thus decrees as criminal the possession of ordinarily harmless

                                              7
objects when the circumstances of possession demonstrate an immediate atmosphere of
danger. Accordingly the statute would encompass the possession of a table leg, in one
sense an obviously useful item, when it is detached from the table and carried at night in
a ‘tough’ neighborhood to the scene of a riot. On the other hand the section would not
penalize the Little Leaguer at bat in a baseball game.” (Grubb, supra, at pp. 620-621.)
       Consistent with the holding of Grubb, the trial court instructed the jury, “A billy is
a club or heavy stick. A sometimes useful object can be considered a billy when the
attendant circumstances, including the time, place, destination of the possessor, the
alteration of the object from standard form, and other relevant facts indicate that the
possessor would use the object for a dangerous, not harmless, purpose.”
       In People v. Davis (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1322 (Davis) defendant carried a bat
with a number of holes drilled partially through the handle and a leather wrist strap in the
back seat of his pickup truck. Although defendant and his friends testified that defendant
used the bat to play with his dog, defendant also testified that he supplemented his
income repossessing automobiles and that it was a “security blanket” that he kept
available in case he was threatened during a repossession.
       The Court of Appeal held that under those facts and the applicable law “the jury
could reasonably find the bat was a billy for purposes of section 12020.” (Davis, supra,
at p. 1328.)
       So too here. The weapon in this case is a piece of pipe with a hole drilled in it
through which a leather strap is attached. The pipe is approximately 11 and one-half
inches long, three inches around and three and one-half inches around at the end. Pipe of
a larger diameter than the handle is threaded onto one end of the pipe. At one end the
inside of the pipe is smooth, at the other it is threaded. (See attachment A.)
       While we recognize the object here at issue could be used for an innocent purpose,
that is, as a tire thumper, given all the attendant circumstances, the pipe also could be
used equally as a weapon, specifically, a billy, as indeed it was used on this occasion.

                                              8
The jury could conclude, as it did here, the object was a billy even though it could also be
used for a harmless purpose.
       We note that defendant testified that he kept the pipe handy in the event that he
was carjacked, as he had been some 15 years before this incident, thus admitting that he
carried it, at least in part, for use as a weapon. Tellingly, that was exactly the use he put
it to during the assault on Humphries.
       We also note that as defendant got out of his truck to confront Henry and
Humphries he immediately grabbed for the object to carry with him into the altercation,
certainly suggesting that he intended to use the item as a weapon whenever a weapon was
needed.
       We are of the opinion the jury could reasonably conclude the pipe may have been
an ordinarily harmless object when used as a tire thumper but that the “circumstances of
possession [here] demonstrate[d] an immediate atmosphere of danger.” (Grubb, supra, at
p. 621.) The jury could further have concluded that the relevant facts indicated the
defendant planned to use the object as a weapon, that is, for dangerous, as opposed to
harmless, purposes.
       The evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of a violation of section 12020,
subdivision (a)(1).

                                              II

                                         Section 654

       Defendant contends the sentence for possession of the billy should have been
stayed pursuant to section 654, since the possession was not independent of the
commission of assault with a deadly weapon and the battery with infliction of serious
bodily injury.
       Section 654, subdivision (a) provides, in pertinent part, “[a]n act or omission that
is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the


                                              9
provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case
shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision. . . .” Section 654 is
intended “to insure that a defendant’s punishment will be commensurate with his [or her]
culpability.” (People v. Perez (1979) 23 Cal.3d 545, 552.) The statute bars multiple
punishment for both a single act that violates more than one criminal statute and multiple
acts, where those acts comprise an indivisible course of conduct incident to a single
criminal objective and intent. (People v. Latimer (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1203, 1208; Neal v.
State of California (1960) 55 Cal.2d 11, 19, disapproved on another ground in People v.
Correa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 331, 334, 338.)
       Conversely, where a defendant commits multiple criminal offenses during a single
course of conduct, he or she may be separately punished for each offense that he or she
committed pursuant to a separate intent and objective. (People v. Beamon (1973)
8 Cal.3d 625, 637-639.) Multiple criminal objectives may “be a predicate for multiple
punishment only in circumstances that involve, or arguably involve, multiple acts. The
rule does not apply where . . . the multiple convictions at issue were indisputably based
upon a single act.” (People v. Mesa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 191, 199.) Whether multiple
convictions were part of an indivisible transaction is primarily a question of fact for the
trial court. (People v. Coleman (1989) 48 Cal.3d 112, 162; People v. Avalos (1996)
47 Cal.App.4th 1569, 1583.) Moreover, the purpose of section 654 is to ensure a
defendant’s punishment is commensurate with his culpability. (People v. Saffle (1992)
4 Cal.App.4th 434, 438.)
       We review a challenge under section 654 for substantial evidence to support the
trial court’s determination. (People v. Racy (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1327, 1336-1337.)
“Whether section 654 applies in a given case is a question of fact for the trial court,
which is vested with broad latitude in making its determination. [Citations.] Its findings
will not be reversed on appeal if there is any substantial evidence to support them.
[Citations.] We review the trial court’s determination in the light most favorable to the

                                             10
respondent and presume the existence of every fact the trial court could reasonably
deduce from the evidence. [Citation.]” (People v. Jones (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1139,
1143.)
         The parties correctly observe defendant had possession of the billy prior to the
assault. We have concluded above that the evidence was sufficient for the jury to decide,
as it did, that even though the object at issue could be used for a lawful purpose,
defendant carried it also for use as a weapon if that use became necessary. The object
was therefore an illegal billy throughout the time defendant possessed it. Given the
uncontroverted fact that defendant possessed the billy in his truck for some unspecified
time before the actual assault on Humphries, that possession occurred at a time prior to
the billy’s use as a weapon against Humphries. The trial court obviously and reasonably
concluded that the object did not become a billy only once it was used in the assault at
issue here. There is substantial evidence the possession of a billy was a separate criminal
offense and the trial court did not err in refusing to stay the punishment under section
654.

                                               III

                                    Mental Health Records

         Defendant’s final contention is that the trial court abused its discretion in denying
him access to the mental health records of Humphries. Defendant contends he had
rebutted the statutory presumption of confidentiality and made a sufficient showing the
records were relevant at trial. He also contends the trial court erred in failing to conduct
an in camera review of the records.
         During an interview with a Yolo County investigator, Tanya Souza, Humphries
admitted he had mental health issues and was seeking treatment for them. Humphries
specified he was a manic depressive, had extreme anxiety, and was bipolar. His
disability rendered him unable to work. He also had a sleep disorder, lacked motivation,


                                               11
and took longer to complete tasks due to a lack of understanding. Based on this
information prior to trial, defense counsel moved to discover the medical and/or mental
health records relating to Humphries for the prior 10 years. The People opposed the
motion and the judge hearing the motion deferred resolution of the motion to the time of
trial.
         On the first day of trial, the trial judge ordered that Humphries’s mental health
records that the court had received would remain under seal.
         After opening statements the jurors were excused from the courtroom and the
court and counsel again addressed the question of the mental health records. At this
point, the People moved to exclude any evidence of the victims’ mental health
conditions.
         Defense counsel then referred to the statements Humphries made to Souza
regarding his mental health. Defense counsel argued that the bizarre behavior defendant
would describe could be explained by Humphries being “under the influence of a manic
depressant [sic] state,” and claimed “it explains the erratic driving, and it explains if we
have two people that are manic at the same time, they have this mental condition, that
someone who flashes the high beams at them, they go off and they act in this bizarre
fashion.”
         Counsel continued that the records he sought might be relevant to show “what is
the make up of the complaining witnesses in this case.” He further contended the People
could not “pass these guys off as just ordinary citizens when they are telling us, hey,
we’ve got some mental issues.” Defense counsel argued there was a jury instruction
delineating issues to test credibility of a witness. Accordingly, he argued he should be
able to examine how the manic depression affected the victims. Defense counsel also
argued that, if the victims were on psychotropic medications, whether they were taking
them or not taking them could affect their ability to perceive, recollect, and recall.



                                               12
       Finally, defense counsel took the position the information in the records was no
longer privileged, as Humphries had revealed the information to the investigator thereby
waiving the privilege.
       The People replied Humphries had not waived the privilege and the information
about his mental illness was not relevant to any issue in trial. The People asserted there
was no causal connection made between manic depression or bipolar disorder as to the
“makeup” of the victims, nor did the jury instruction on assessing credibility of witnesses
address mental illness. The People noted defense counsel had been asked for an offer of
proof as to relevance and could offer none. Moreover, manic depression is not a
commonly understood term that would require expert testimony. In sum, the People
argued the privilege had not been waived, the information about the victim’s mental
health was irrelevant and defendant had failed to show the compelling need required for
disclosure or even an in camera inspection of the records.
       The court held Humphries had not waived the psychotherapist-patient privilege.
The court also found the material the defense sought was not relevant to the proceedings.
The court ruled, however, that defendant could ask about types of medication, if any, the
victims were taking the night of the incident, but could not discuss the diagnosis for
which the medications were taken. On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred
in deciding that Humphries had not waived the privilege and in deciding Humphries’s
mental health condition and records relating thereto were not relevant to the proceedings.
He also argues that the trial court was, and this court is, obligated to review the records to
determine whether they contain any information that would have been material to the
proceedings.
       In Davis v. Alaska (1974) 415 U.S. 308 [39 L.Ed.2d 347], the U.S. Supreme Court
held that a criminal defendant’s right to confront the witnesses against him sometimes
requires witnesses to answer questions that call for information protected by state
evidentiary privileges.

                                             13
         Even so, in California, the right of confrontation does not extend to the discovery
of mental health records prior to trial. In People v. Hammon (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1117,
1123-1124 (Hammon) the Calfornia Supreme Court held the right of confrontation does
not require the trial court, “at the pretrial stage of the proceedings, to review or grant
discovery of privileged information in the hands of third party psychotherapy providers.”
(Id. at p. 1119.) Rejecting the contention that the Sixth Amendment grants the right to
pretrial discovery of psychiatric information, the Hammon court held that there was no
“adequate justification for taking such a long step in a direction the United States
Supreme Court has not gone. Indeed, a persuasive reason exists not to do so. When a
defendant proposes to impeach a critical prosecution witness with questions that call for
privileged information, the trial court may be called upon, as in Davis, to balance the
defendant’s need for cross-examination and the state policies the privilege is intended to
serve. [Citation.] Before trial, the court typically will not have sufficient information to
conduct this inquiry; hence, if pretrial disclosure is permitted, a serious risk arises that
privileged material will be disclosed unnecessarily.” (Hammon, supra, at p. 1127;
accord, People v. Gurule (2002) 28 Cal.4th 557, 592 (Gurule).)
         Thus, defendant here had no right to Humphries’s mental health records prior to
trial.
         Nonetheless, “the mental illness or emotional instability of a witness can be
relevant on the issue of credibility, and a witness may be cross-examined on that subject,
if such illness affects the witness’s ability to perceive, recall or describe the events in
question.” (Gurule, supra, at pp. 591-592.)
         In the trial court, defendant failed to explain how any supposed mental illness
suffered by Humphries adversely affected Humphries’s ability to perceive, recall or
describe the events of the evening of November 10, 2007. Indeed, defendant could offer
nothing more than speculation and the trial court found that such speculation was
insufficient. The trial court did not err in its ruling.

                                               14
       Defendant claimed both in the trial court and now on appeal that Humphries’s
statement to the investigator about his mental illness waived the psychotherapist-patient
privilege.
       The psychotherapist-patient privilege may be waived when the patient voluntarily
discloses confidential information, or the patient tenders their mental state as an issue in
the trial. “[B]ecause of the potential encroachment upon constitutionally protected rights
of privacy by the compelled disclosure of confidential communications between the
patient and his psychotherapist [citation], trial courts should carefully control compelled
disclosures in this area. Thus, the psychotherapist-patient privilege is to be liberally
construed in favor of the patient.” (Roberts v. Superior Court (1973) 9 Cal.3d 330, 337
(Roberts).) The waiver of the psychotherapist-patient privilege “must be a voluntary and
knowing act done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely
consequences.” (Id. at p. 343.)
       The psychotherapist-patient privilege “may only be waived through a clear
manifestation of an intent to waive. (Evid. Code, § 912, subd. (a); Palay v. Superior
Court (1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 919, 926, fn. 7[].) Waiver occurs if the person holding the
privilege, without coercion, discloses a significant portion of the communication or has
consented to disclosure. Consent to disclosure is manifested by any statement or other
conduct of the holder of the privilege indicating consent to the disclosure. (Evid. Code,
§ 912, subd. (a).)” (Los Angeles Gay & Lesbian Center v. Superior Court (2011)
194 Cal.App.4th 288, 309.) Privileged communications may include the diagnosis,
nature of the treatment received, and the content of communications. Neither admitting
the existence of a psychotherapist-patient relationship nor disclosing the purpose of the
psychiatric treatment discloses a significant portion of the communication as to other
elements of the communication. (In re Lifschutz (1970) 2 Cal.3d 415, 429-430; Roberts,
supra, 9 Cal.3d at p. 340.) “There is, of course, a vast difference between the disclosure
of a general description of the object of . . . psychotherapeutic treatment, and the

                                             15
disclosure of all or a part of the patient’s actual communications during psychotherapy.”
(Roberts, supra, at p. 340.) Finally, even if the privilege is waived, “a patient retains the
more general right to privacy protected by the state and federal Constitutions. [Citation.]
Thus, any waiver must be narrowly construed and limited to matters ‘as to which, based
upon [the patient’s] disclosures, it can reasonably be said [the patient] no longer retains a
privacy interest.’ ” (San Diego Trolley, Inc. v. Superior Court (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th
1083, 1092.)
       With these considerations in mind, we do not believe the statements by Humphries
to the investigator disclosed “a significant portion of the communication” between him
and his psychotherapist. All that was disclosed by Humphries was a diagnosis and some
of the consequences of that illness. The disclosure did not include any of the contents of
the communications between himself and his therapist, symptoms experienced or any
treatment received. Moreover, there was no indication Humphries disclosed this
information to the investigator with any awareness that he was waiving a privilege or
with any understanding of the likely consequences of such a waiver. In fact, when faced
directly with the question of whether he would knowingly waive the privilege,
Humphries refused to do so. The trial court correctly found Humphries had not waived
his privilege as to the contents of his mental health records.
       Finally, relying on Pennsylvania v. Ritchie (1987) 480 U.S. 39 [94 L.Ed.2d 40]
(Ritchie), defendant argues that the trial court had an obligation to review Humphries’s
mental health records, in camera, and its failure to do so was error.
       First we note that defendant never made a request at trial for the trial court to
review Humphries’s mental health records in camera. But in any event, defendant’s
reliance on Ritchie is misplaced. While, under the circumstances in that case, the Court
ordered an in camera review of the records at issue there, it certainly did not hold that a
trial court is obligated to review such records, in camera, in every circumstance. Further,
the Ritchie court observed that such a review was only necessary, if at all, after a

                                             16
defendant first establishes a basis for his claim that the records contain material evidence.
(Ritchie, supra, at p. 58, fn. 15.) This, as we said above, defendant failed to do. There
was no error.

                                        DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.



                                                        HULL                   , J.



We concur:



      BLEASE                , Acting P. J.



      MAURO                 , J.




                                             17
Attachment A
