                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 17a0392n.06

                                          No. 15-6299

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                 Jul 03, 2017
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
  FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE                             ) 
  CORPORATION, as receiver for Tennessee                ) 
  Commercial Bank,                                      ) 
                                                        ) 
      Plaintiff – Appellee,                                  ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                        )    UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                        )    COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
  v.                                                    )    DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE AT
                                                        )    NASHVILLE
  JAMES ASHMORE,                                        ) 
                                                        ) 
      Defendant – Appellant.
   

BEFORE:       KEITH, BATCHELDER, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge.                   Defendant-Appellant James Ashmore

(“Ashmore”) appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Plaintiff-

Appellee, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), in the FDIC’s suit seeking to

recover damages for breach of contract in connection with Ashmore’s defaulted loan. Ashmore

signed a promissory note (the “Note”) in favor of Citizens Corporation (“Citizens”) for

$5,875,000 plus interest in exchange for a loan in that amount. Citizens subsequently entered

into a series of participation agreements with Tennessee Commerce Bank (the “Bank”) which

gave the Bank the right to receive funds paid by Ashmore to Citizens pursuant to the loan.

Subsequently, the Bank and Citizens entered into a Transfer, Assignment, and Assumption

Agreement (the “Assignment”) that would transfer all right, title, and interest in Ashmore’s loan

to the Bank. Several months later, the Bank closed and the State of Tennessee appointed the

FDIC as the Bank’s receiver. The Note on Ashmore’s loan was in the Bank’s files when the
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


FDIC took over as receiver. The FDIC delivered a notice of default to Ashmore demanding

payment-in-full for the loan. Ashmore never paid the FDIC, and the FDIC filed an action for

breach of contract and unjust enrichment to recover.        The district court granted summary

judgment in favor of the FDIC. On appeal, Ashmore claims that the district court’s entry of

summary judgment was improper because genuine issues of material fact remain as to whether

Commerce properly transferred the Note to the Bank. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.

                                        I.     Background

       On November 30, 2009, Ashmore executed a promissory note in favor of Citizens in the

amount of $5,875,000.      The Note provided for Ashmore to make scheduled semi-annual

payments with interest, and the holder of the Note held the right to “declare all principal and

unpaid interest then outstanding immediately due and payable” if Ashmore was late with any

scheduled payment by more than ten days. The Note was secured by a Pledge and Security

Agreement in which Ashmore pledged shares of stock in three corporations as collateral.

       Citizens and the Bank thereafter entered into several participation agreements by which

the Bank obtained certain rights to receive payments made by Ashmore pursuant to the Note. On

December 15, 2009, the Bank obtained a participation in the Note for the amount of $4,875,000.

On January 4, 2010, the Bank obtained another participation in the Note in the amount of

$1,000,000. Three subsequent participation agreements were entered moving back the maturity

date, with the final maturity date set for November 4, 2011. Following these participation

agreements, the Bank obtained all of the remaining participation interests in the Note but did not

have the right to enforce the Note. Under these participation interests, the Bank was “without

recourse” if Ashmore failed to pay the Note.




                                                2
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


         On August 11, 2011, Citizens and the Bank entered into an Assignment agreement. The

Assignment states that, “[Citizens] now desires to transfer, assign and delegate to [the Bank], and

[the Bank] desires to assume, all of [Citizens’] remaining right, title and interest in and to the

Notes, Loans and the other Loan Documents, including, without limitation, all Administrative

Agent Rights under the Participation Certificates or any other Loan Documents.” Further, the

Assignment states that:

         [Citizens] hereby transfers, assigns, and conveys unto [the Bank], and delegates to
         [the Bank], its successors and assigns, without recourse, representation or
         warranty . . . all of [Citizens’] right, title, and interest in, to and under the Loans,
         Notes and Loan Documents, including, without limitation, all Administrative
         Agent Rights under the Participation Certificates or otherwise, and any and all
         interests of [Citizens] in any of the collateral and/or security provided for the
         Loans.

The Assignment further states that: “[the Bank] hereby assumes all of [Citizens’] right, title, and

interest in and to the Assigned Interests and Documents, including without limitation, the

immediate right to collect the Loans and pursue enforcement of the Loan Documents, all as may

be done in [the Bank’s] sole discretion.” The Assignment also provides that delivery of any

notes associated with the loans referenced in the agreement would occur “within ten (10) days

from the date of this Agreement . . . in order to effect the purposes of this Agreement.”

         The attached “Exhibit A” to the Assignment specifically listed the “[l]oan by Citizens

Corporation to James D. Ashmore evidenced by a $5,875,000 Promissory Note dated November

30, 2009.” The Chairman of Citizens, Ed Lowery (“Lowery”), signed an allonge on August 11,

2011—the same day he signed the Assignment.1 The allonge specifically references Ashmore’s

promissory note, the amount of the loan, and the date it was entered. The allonge states: “[p]ay

to the order of [the Bank] . . . without recourse, and without representations and without

         1
           An allonge is “[a] slip of paper sometimes attached to a negotiable instrument for the purpose of receiving
further indorsements when the original paper is filled with indorsements.” Allonge, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th
ed. 2014).

                                                          3
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


warranties, express or implied, except as may be set forth in [the Assignment Agreement] by and

between [Citizens] and [the Bank] of even date herewith [August 11, 2011].” The Assignment

was duly signed by Lowery and the Senior Vice President of the Bank, Thomas Crocker

(“Crocker”).

        On the same day, Citizens and the Bank also entered into a Letter of Intent (“LOI”)

relating to a prospective debt-previously-contracted transaction (“DPC Transaction”) that would

exchange the indebtedness of Citizens and some of its minority shareholders for pledged stock.

Ashmore was among the indebted parties involved in the LOI and prospective DPC transaction.

The LOI stated that it is “intended only to set forth the primary terms of the DPC Transaction

and the basic outline for completing same.” It additionally stated that the LOI “shall not bind

[the Bank] to close the DPC transaction in any manner.”                  Several of the indebted parties

referenced in the LOI did not sign it. The LOI makes no reference to delivery of notes to the

Bank, and it makes no express reference to the Assignment.

        The Bank obtained possession of Ashmore’s note, although it is not entirely clear from

the record who delivered it or when it was delivered.2 An officer of Citizens, Richard Moody

(“Moody”), stated that he delivered a box to the Bank sometime prior to September 1, 2011.

After returning from a trip, Lowery asked Moody about the whereabouts of “my loan file to

Citizens Corp.” Moody reported that Crocker (from the Bank) told him that the Assignment

called for the Bank “to control the notes with stock pledged.” However, Moody did not know

whether the loan notes were included in the box that he delivered to the Bank. Moody also

stated that the Bank assured him that it would send along trust receipts and allonges the next day,

and Moody confirmed to Lowery that he did not sign any allonges.


        2
          Ashmore does not claim that anyone other than an agent of Citizens delivered the Note to the Bank. In
fact, Lowery’s declaration fairly definitively admits that it was Moody who delivered the Note to the Bank.

                                                      4
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


       On February 19, 2015, Lowery signed a declaration regarding the events and

understandings surrounding the execution of the Assignment, the LOI, and the DPC Transaction.

In the declaration, Lowery stated that “the sole purpose of the Assignment was to implement the

LOI.” He further stated that, “I was the only person who could authorize Citizens to transfer the

Borrower Party loan documents to [the Bank].”          He claims that he did not endorse the

promissory notes, including Ashmore’s, to the Bank, and did not authorize delivery of the notes.

Further, he claims that the Bank took possession of the notes without his “knowledge, consent or

endorsement.”

       Lowery also stated in the declaration that Crocker assured him that the Bank “had only

possession and not ownership” of the loan notes, including Ashmore’s Note. Crocker also

allegedly stated to Lowery after delivery of the Note that the Bank would complete the LOI and

DPC Transaction, in addition to providing Citizens with a trust receipt for the Note.

       The LOI and DPC Transaction were never executed, and, on January 27, 2012, the

Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions closed the Bank and appointed the FDIC as

receiver. The FDIC-R (“FDIC”) took possession of the Note, and issued a default letter to

Ashmore, but Ashmore never made a payment on the Note to the FDIC.

                                    II.   Procedural Posture

       The FDIC filed a complaint against Ashmore in the district court on May 29, 2013.

Following discovery, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The district court

entered an order granting the FDIC’s motion and denying Ashmore’s motion. Judgment was

entered in the amount of $5,875,000 in principal, $1,339,211.73 in interest up until October 15,

2014, and $925.5137 per day from October 16, 2014 until the date of judgment.




                                                5
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


                                   III.    Standard of Review

       “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.” Hamilton v. Gen.

Elec. Co., 556 F.3d 428, 433 (6th Cir. 2009). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the

movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). At the summary judgment stage, we

must “view the facts and draw reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the party

opposing the summary judgment motion.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007) (internal

citations and marks omitted).

                                          IV.   Discussion

       It is undisputed that the note to Ashmore’s loan is a negotiable instrument that is

“governed by the laws of[] the State of Tennessee.” See Thompson v. Bank of Am., N.A.,

773 F.3d 741, 749 (6th Cir. 2014) (“[U]nder Tennessee law, a promissory note is a negotiable

instrument, unless it contains a conspicuous statement that it is not negotiable.”). The right to

enforce a negotiable instrument is conferred to: (1) holders of an instrument and (2) non-holders

with the rights of a holder. Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-301. Negotiation to a new holder “requires

transfer of possession of the instrument and its indorsement by the holder.” Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 47-3-201(b). Here, Ashmore’s note was payable to Citizens. Thus, for the Bank, or the FDIC

(as its successor-in-interest), to obtain the right to enforce the Note through negotiation, the Note

had to be endorsed by Citizens (the holder). The problem with any attempted negotiation in this

case is that the Note was not properly endorsed by Citizens. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-204(a).

The Note was not signed on its face by Citizens. See id. Nor was there an allonge affixed to the




                                                 6
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


note that was delivered to the Bank.3 See id. Therefore, the Note in this case was not properly

negotiated to the Bank.

         However, enforcement rights in a negotiable instrument can also vest through transfer.

         Although negotiation requires endorsement of the instrument, ‘[t]ransfer of an
         instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any
         right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in
         due course.’ Tenn.[]Code Ann. § 47–3–203(b). An instrument is transferred
         when it is delivered ‘for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the
         right to enforce the instrument.’ Id. § 47–3–203(a). Comment 1 to § 47–3–203
         clarifies that ‘[t]he right to enforce an instrument and ownership of the instrument
         are two different concepts,’ and Comment 2 explains that ‘[i]f the transferee is not
         a holder because the transferor did not indorse, the transferee is nevertheless a
         person entitled to enforce the instrument.’

Donaldson v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P., 813 F. Supp. 2d 885, 895 (M.D. Tenn. 2011).

             A. Citizens delivered the Note to the Bank for the purpose of giving the Bank
                the right to enforce the Note.

                       1. The Assignment provides overwhelming evidence that Citizens
                          intended to deliver Ashmore’s Note for the purpose of granting the
                          Bank the right to enforce it.

         On appeal, Ashmore’s sole argument is that there is a genuine dispute of material fact in

regard to whether Citizens properly transferred the Note to the Bank pursuant to Tenn. Code

Ann. § 47-3-203(a). It is undisputed that Ashmore’s note was delivered to the Bank by an agent

of Citizens. It is also undisputed that the FDIC was the Bank’s successor-in-interest following

the Bank’s closure.4 Therefore, our only inquiry is whether a genuine dispute of material fact




         3
           The FDIC produced an allonge signed by Citizens Chairman Lowery that was dated August 11, 2011—
the same day that the parties executed the Assignment. However, the FDIC could not prove that this allonge was
“affixed” to the Note, as required for negotiation. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-204(a).
         4
           The FDIC states that it is more than merely a successor-in-interest because “[t]he FDIC, as receiver of a
failed bank, does ‘not simply step into the private shoes of local banks,’ but most often stands in a litigation position
substantially superior to that which a failed bank would have occupied had it met with the same claim.” First State
Bank of Wayne Cty., Kentucky v. City & Cty. Bank of Knox Cty., Tennessee., 872 F.2d 707, 718 (6th Cir. 1989)
(quoting D'Oench, Duhme & Co. v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 315 U.S. 447, 472 (1942) (Jackson, J., concurring)).

                                                           7
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


exists regarding whether Citizens delivered the Note “for the purpose of giving [the Bank] the

right to enforce the instrument.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-203(a).

        Ashmore argues that “there is virtually no evidence” that could support the FDIC’s

contention that the Note was delivered with the intent to give the Bank the right to enforce the

Note.   However, the duly executed Assignment provides overwhelming evidence that the

delivery of the Note by Citizens to the Bank was for the purpose of giving the Bank the right to

enforce the Note. The Assignment itself recites that, “[Citizens] now desires to transfer, assign

and delegate to [the Bank], and [the Bank] desires to assume, all of [Citizens’] remaining right,

title and interest in and to the Notes, Loans and the other Loan Documents, including, without

limitation, all Administrative Agent Rights under the Participation Certificates or any other Loan

Documents.” Further, the agreement states that:

        [Citizens] hereby transfers, assigns, and conveys unto [the Bank], and delegates to
        [the Bank], its successors and assigns, without recourse, representation or
        warranty . . . all of [Citizens’] right, title, and interest in, to and under the Loans,
        Notes and Loan Documents, including, without limitation, all Administrative
        Agent Rights under the Participation Certificates or otherwise, and any and all
        interests of [Citizens] in any of the collateral and/or security provided for the
        Loans.

The Assignment further states that: “[the Bank] hereby assumes all of [Citizens’] right, title, and

interest in and to the Assigned Interests and Documents, including without limitation, the

immediate right to collect the Loans and pursue enforcement of the Loan Documents, all as may

be done in [the Bank’s] sole discretion.” The Assignment also explicates an express intent to

deliver any notes associated with the loans referenced in the agreement “within ten (10) days

from the date of this Agreement . . . in order to effect the purposes of this Agreement.”

        The attached “Exhibit A” to the Assignment specifically listed the “[l]oan by Citizens

Corporation to James D. Ashmore evidenced by a $5,875,000 Promissory Note dated November



                                                   8
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


30, 2009.” The FDIC also produced an allonge that was signed and dated by Lowery, as

Chairman of Citizens, on August 11, 2011, the same day he signed the Assignment. The allonge

specifically references Ashmore’s promissory note, the amount of the loan, and the date it was

entered. The allonge states: “[p]ay to the order of [the Bank] . . . without recourse, and without

representations and without warranties, express or implied, except as may be set forth in [the

Assignment Agreement] by and between [Citizens] and [the Bank] of even date herewith

[August 11, 2011].”

       Under Tennessee law, “[t]he intent of the parties is presumed to be that specifically

expressed in the body of the contract.” Planters Gin Co. v. Fed. Compress & Warehouse Co.,

78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002). The Assignment could not be clearer that Citizens intended to

transfer all right, title, and interest in Ashmore’s note, including the right of enforcement, to the

Bank. The Assignment specifically denotes the intent to transfer “All Administrative Agent

Rights” in the Note and the right to “pursue enforcement of the Loan Documents” at the Bank’s

“sole discretion,” in addition to the intent to deliver the Note within ten days “in order to effect

the purposes of this Agreement.” The language is unambiguous, unqualified, and universal as to

the purpose of the Assignment—that Citizens would assign all right, title, and interest in

Ashmore’s note to the Bank.

       Ashmore asks this Court to ignore contract law and focus solely on the UCC issue of

whether delivery by Citizens was “for the purpose of giving [the Bank] the right to enforce the

instrument.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-203(a). Indeed, Ashmore is correct that an Assignment

contract does not per se compel a finding that a transfer occurred because “[t]he right to enforce

an instrument and ownership of the instrument are two different concepts.” Id., cmt. 1. And

while the Assignment clearly gives the Bank ownership rights in the Note, it does not necessarily



                                                 9
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


meet the requirements to complete a transfer of enforcement rights under Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-

3-203(a). However, when, as here, there is a contract between the parties that unambiguously

states the unqualified intent of the parties to transfer all right, title, and interest in Ashmore’s

loan to the Bank, the parties’ intent at the time of contracting is exceedingly strong evidence

regarding their intent at the time of delivery.

         Ashmore cites no case law supporting the proposition that we must ignore the plain

language of a facially valid, signed agreement between the parties when evaluating whether the

delivery was “for the purpose of giving the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the

instrument” under Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-203(a).5 Nor does it make logical sense to do so.

This is particularly true when, as here, “the person receiving delivery” is a presently defunct

bank in receivership by the FDIC because the likelihood of a paper trail relating specifically to

the purpose of the parties at the time of the delivery is minimal. Therefore, the assignment

contract should not be disregarded merely because the question presented involves a statutory

question about the parties’ intent at the time of delivery.

                      2. The evidence produced by Ashmore does not raise a genuine dispute
                         of material fact that Citizens delivered the Note for a purpose other
                         than granting the Bank a right to enforce it.

         Ashmore presents a list of thirteen points in the record that he claims raise genuine issues

of material fact regarding the purpose of the delivery of the Note. Ashmore claims that the

purpose underlying delivery of the Note was for “the Bank to hold the Note in trust until the

DPC Transaction was consummated.”                   However, even assuming arguendo that the parol


         5
           It should be noted that another individual involved in the Assignment transaction, David S. Myers
(“Myers”), also faced an enforcement action brought by the FDIC as receiver to the Bank for a loan taken in the
same amount as Ashmore’s. In that case, Myers made the same argument as Ashmore—that the transfer failed to
comply with Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-203(a) because the Note was not delivered for the purpose of enforcement.
There, the district court rejected this argument, saying, “[t]he problem with this argument is it ignores the language
of the Transfer Assignment.” Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Myers, No. 3:12-1241, 2016 WL 927438, at *8 (M.D.
Tenn. Mar. 10, 2016).

                                                         10
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


evidence rule is inapplicable, as Ashmore claims, the evidence in the record is insufficient to

create a genuine issue of material fact as to the purpose of the delivery.

       Ashmore’s primary evidentiary support is Lowery’s February 19, 2015 declaration. In

his declaration, Lowery asserts that only he was authorized to endorse the Note to the Bank and

that he did not endorse the Note. However, the record shows that Lowery did endorse an allonge

referencing Ashmore’s note that stated: “[p]ay to the order of [the Bank] . . . without recourse,

and without representations and without warranties, express or implied, except as may be set

forth in [the Assignment agreement] by and between [Citizens] and [the Bank] of even date

herewith [August 11, 2011].”       Further, the Assignment plainly contains no statement that

specifically designates Lowery or any other agent of Citizens as the sole authorizer of delivery.

If Lowery did not want to authorize delivery of the Note to the Bank, he presumably would not

have signed the Assignment and the allonge on August 11, 2011, which required delivery of the

Note “within ten (10) days from the date of this Agreement . . . in order to effect the purposes of

this Agreement.” While it may be true that the allonge Lowery signed was insufficient to

comply with Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-201 for the purpose of negotiating the Note to the Bank,

the fact that he signed the allonge on the same day that he signed the Assignment remains

virtually conclusive as to Citizens’ intent to transfer the Note to the Bank for the purpose of

giving it authority to enforce the Note.

       Next, Ashmore argues that the Lowery declaration proves that only Lowery could

authorize delivery of the Note to the Bank and that he did not authorize the delivery. However,

because the provided time for Citizens to effectuate delivery was “within ten (10) days,” the

plain language of the Assignment contract left no room for Lowery to exercise discretion once

the Assignment was executed. Citizens could have been subjected to an action for breach of



                                                 11
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


contract if it failed to deliver the Note within that timeframe. Therefore, Ashmore’s evidence

raises no genuine issue of material fact as to the purpose underlying delivery of the Note to the

Bank.

        Next, Ashmore cites several email exchanges between Lowery and Moody, another

officer of Citizens, to support his contention that genuine issues of material fact remain as to the

purpose of the Note’s delivery. On August 31, 2011, Lowery sent an email to Moody asking,

“[w]here is my loan file to Citizens Corp.[?]” Moody responded that the Bank told him that the

Assignment called for the Bank “to control the notes with stock pledged,” but that Moody did

not know whether the notes were included in the box delivered to the Bank. Moody stated to

Lowery that, “I delivered the box late in afternoon” after another Citizens employee compiled

the documents in the box. Moody also stated that the Bank assured him it would send along trust

receipts and allonges the next day and confirmed that he did not sign any allonges.

        At the summary judgment stage, we must “view the facts and draw reasonable inferences

in the light most favorable to the party opposing the summary judgment motion.”               Scott,

550 U.S. at 378 (internal citations and marks omitted). Here, viewing the facts presented in the

emails in the light most favorable to Ashmore, there was some confusion surrounding the

delivery of the Note to the Bank. However, this string of emails does not present any fact from

which a juror could reasonably infer that the delivery of the Note was for any purpose other than

to allow the Bank to execute it. The mere fact that Moody did not sign any allonges does not

refute the fact that Lowery did sign an allonge twenty days prior to the email in connection with

the Assignment. While there is a vague reference to the Bank’s promise to provide “trust

receipts,” there is nothing in the record that would allow a jury to draw a reasonable inference

that the purpose underlying the delivery was to allow the Bank to hold the Note in trust. In fact,



                                                12
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


the email chain further confirms that an agent of Citizens delivered a box to the Bank shortly

after signing the Assignment, which only weakens Ashmore’s argument that Citizens did not

deliver the Note to the Bank for the purpose of enforcement. No genuine dispute of material fact

is raised by these emails.

       Finally, Ashmore references oral assurances made by Crocker, the Bank’s Senior Vice

President, to Lowery regarding the LOI and his understanding of the legal effect of the Bank’s

possession of the Note. However, the statements and beliefs of an executive from the Bank

could have no effect on whether Citizens effectuated the delivery of the Note “for the purpose of

giving [the Bank] the right to enforce the instrument.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-203(a). Neither

Crocker nor Lowery delivered the Note, and, in any case, these statements cannot raise a genuine

dispute regarding the purpose of the Assignment and allonge Lowery signed on August 11, 2011,

which clearly articulate Citizens’ intent to transfer enforcement rights of the Note to the Bank.

       Additionally, none of the evidence Ashmore produced to support his theory regarding the

purpose of the delivery occurred prior to, or contemporaneously with, the delivery of the Note.

Rather, the only evidence in the record regarding events that occurred before or during delivery,

and is probative to the intent of the parties at or before delivery, is presented by the Assignment

agreement.

       Therefore, there is no genuine dispute of material fact in regard to whether the Note was

delivered for the purpose of allowing the Bank to enforce it.

                   3. The district court did not err when it applied Tennessee’s Parol
                      Evidence Rule to bar consideration of Lowery’s declaration.

       The district court held that “consideration of the assertions made in Lowery’s declaration

would, indeed, constitute a violation of the parol evidence rule.” Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v.

Ashmore, No. 3:13-CV-00519, 2015 WL 12469189, at *5 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 21, 2015). Under

                                                13
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


Tennessee law, the parol evidence rule “does not permit contracting parties to use extraneous

evidence to alter, vary, or qualify the plain meaning of an unambiguous written contract.” Dick

Broad. Co. of Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 672 (Tenn. 2013) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Here, Ashmore argues that the parol evidence rule is not relevant

because the rule only applies when such evidence is offered “in order to hold [a party] on a

promise or contract obligation not in the writing or contradictory of the writing.” Huddleston v.

Lee, 284 S.W.2d 705, 710 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1955). He also asserts that the issue of intent at the

time of delivery is not a matter of contract law. However, as stated above, the apparent assertion

that prior contracts must be ignored when evaluating the intent of the parties at the time of

delivery under Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-203(a) is completely unsupported. Further, Ashmore

does not explain how Citizens was not contractually obligated to deliver the Note when the

Assignment specifically stated that any notes associated with the loans referenced in the

agreement would be delivered “within ten (10) days from the date of this Agreement . . . in order

to effect the purposes of this Agreement.”

       Ashmore does not otherwise argue that the district court’s analysis or application of the

parol evidence rule was erroneous. Therefore, the district court did not erroneously apply the

parol evidence rule.

           B. The district court’s application of 12 U.S.C. § 1823 and the D’Oench
              Doctrine are not at issue in this appeal.

       In granting summary judgment, the district court applied a common law estoppel rule

called the D’Oench doctrine codified in part by 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e). In D’Oench, the Supreme

Court stated that, “[p]ublic policy requires that a person who, for the accommodation of the

bank, executes an instrument which is in form a binding obligation, should be estopped from

thereafter asserting that simultaneously the parties agreed that the instrument should not be

                                               14
No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


enforced.” D’Oench, Duhme & Co. v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 315 U.S. 447, 459 (1942)

(quoting Mount Vernon Trust Co. v. Bergoff, 272 N.Y. 192, 196 (1936)). The subsequent statute

partially adopting the D’Oench doctrine states that:

       No agreement which tends to diminish or defeat the interest of the [FDIC] in any
       asset acquired by it under this section or section 1821 of this title, either as
       security for a loan or by purchase or as receiver of any insured depository
       institution, shall be valid against the [FDIC] unless such agreement—

               (A) is in writing,
               (B) was executed by the depository institution and any person claiming an
               adverse interest thereunder, including the obligor, contemporaneously
               with the acquisition of the asset by the depository institution,
               (C) was approved by the board of directors of the depository institution or
               its loan committee, which approval shall be reflected in the minutes of
               said board or committee, and
               (D) has been, continuously, from the time of its execution, an official
               record of the depository institution.


12 U.S.C. § 1823(e)(1). While the district court held that Ashmore’s evidence raised no genuine

dispute of material fact, it also applied the D’Oench doctrine and 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e)(1) to bar

Ashmore’s defenses. Ashmore has not appealed that determination, but instead claims only that

the Bank was not a valid transferee under Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-203(a). Even assuming

arguendo that a genuine dispute of material fact remains on that question, Ashmore has waived

his right to challenge the district court’s application of the D’Oench doctrine. See Kuhn v.

Washtenaw Cty., 709 F.3d 612, 624 (6th Cir. 2013) (“This court has consistently held that

arguments not raised in a party’s opening brief, as well as arguments adverted to in only a

perfunctory manner, are waived.”).

       Because a substantial portion of Ashmore’s argument rests on allegations made in

Lowery’s declaration, and based on private conversations that he had with Crocker from the

Bank, it is unclear how Ashmore’s lone argument on appeal might circumvent the application of



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No. 15-6299, Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Ashmore


D’Oench and 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e)(1). Rather, “[i]t is well settled that an oral ‘side agreement’ to

an asset, tending to diminish the FDIC's interest in that asset, cannot defeat or diminish an

otherwise valid obligation contained in the Bank’s records.” Abrams v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp.,

944 F.2d 307, 310 (6th Cir. 1991) (citing D’Oench, 315 U.S. at 458–460)). If Crocker and

Lowery did in fact hold private conversations in which the Bank agreed to hold the Note without

enforcement rights, then that agreement falls squarely within the statute as “an agreement which

tends to diminish or defeat the interest of the [FDIC] in any asset acquired by it” because it

conflicts with the plain language of the Assignment granting the Bank the right to “pursue

enforcement of the Loan Documents.” 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e)(1). Therefore, the D’Oench doctrine

applies to bar any remaining defense that Ashmore might raise to avoid his liabilities on the

Note. See Langley v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 484 U.S. 86, 93 (1987) (“[O]ne who signs a

facially unqualified note subject to an unwritten and unrecorded condition upon its repayment

has lent himself to a scheme or arrangement that is likely to mislead the banking authorities.”).

                                         V.    Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.




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