                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED


              Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and Alston
              Argued at Richmond, Virginia


              COLLEEN BETH HIGGINS
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
              v.      Record No. 1965-16-2                                   JUDGE ROSSIE D. ALSTON, JR.
                                                                                 NOVEMBER 28, 2017
              LAURIE JOHN PEARCE


                                    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY
                                                 L.A. Harris, Jr., Judge

                                Amanda Padula-Wilson (Parental Rights Law Center, on briefs),
                                for appellant.

                                (Laurie John Pearce, on brief), pro se.

                                Lauren A. Caudill (Jacobs, Caudill & Gill, on brief), Guardian ad
                                litem for the minor child.


                      Colleen Higgins (“appellant”) appeals the decision of the Circuit Court of Henrico

              County (“trial court”), awarding sole physical and legal custody of the parties’ minor child to

              Laurie Pearce (“appellee”), and argues that the trial court committed constitutional and

              procedural error by denying her the right to a fair trial, requiring reversal and remand for a new

              trial. We find that the trial court did not err and affirm.

                                                          BACKGROUND1

                      Z.H. is a minor child, parented jointly by the parties up until their separation in 2015. In

              late 2015, custody and visitation proceedings began in the Juvenile and Domestic Relations


                      
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                      1
                       On appeal, appellant raises allegations of constitutional and procedural error in the trial
              court, but does not assert that the trial court incorrectly considered the factors enumerated in
              Code § 20-124.3. Thus, we include only the facts relevant to appellant’s assignments of error.
District Court of Henrico County (JDR court), and the parties agreed to a temporary custody and

visitation schedule pending an adjudicatory hearing. After the adjudicatory hearing, the JDR

court ordered joint legal custody between the parties but primary physical custody with appellee.

In February 2016, appellant appealed to the trial court. The parties initially set the case for a

one-day trial, a lengthier period of time than the hearing in the JDR court. In August 2016,

approximately one month before the trial date, appellant filed and argued a continuance motion,

requesting two days to present the case. The trial court stated that it would only approve a

continuance if both parties agreed to follow a temporary custody and visitation plan based on the

guardian ad litem’s (“GAL”) recommendations. The parties did not agree, and trial commenced

in September 2016, during which appellant repeatedly renewed her continuance request. During

the trial, the trial court frequently reminded the parties how much time each had remaining to

present its case. Both parties sought primary physical custody of the child. At the conclusion of

the parties’ evidence, the trial court awarded sole legal and physical custody to appellee. This

appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

                       I. Appellant Received a Full and Fair De Novo Trial

       In appellant’s first assignment of error, she argues that the trial court erred by limiting her

time to present her evidence and by hampering her ability to cross-examine appellee, denying

appellant her constitutional due process right to a full and fair de novo trial. We disagree.

       This issue presents purely legal questions of statutory and constitutional interpretation

that we review de novo. Copeland v. Todd, 282 Va. 183, 193, 715 S.E.2d 11, 16 (2011).

       Appellant begins by stating the statutory standard by which the circuit courts entertain

appeals from the juvenile courts, but provides no specific allegation that the trial court

misapplied it here. Code § 16.1-296(A) states: “[f]rom any final order or judgment of the

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juvenile court affecting the rights or interests of any person coming within its jurisdiction, an

appeal may be taken to the circuit court within 10 days from the entry of a final judgment, order

or conviction and shall be heard de novo.”

       Appellant relies on Andrews v. Flowers, 51 Va. App. 404, 413, 658 S.E.2d 355, 359

(2008) (quoting Fairfax Cty. Dep’t of Family Servs. v. D.N. and S.N., 29 Va. App. 400, 406, 512

S.E.2d 830, 832-33 (1999)), which states that “[a] de novo hearing means a trial anew, with the

burden of proof remaining upon the party with whom it rested in the juvenile court.” Here, the

record reflects that appellant received a new trial in the trial court, that all necessary parties were

present, and that evidence was presented in the trial court without any influence from the JDR

court. Notably, appellant did not direct the Court to anything within the record to purportedly

show that the trial was not de novo. Thus, appellant’s claim that the trial court did not properly

conduct a de novo trial under the statute is without merit.

       Appellant next argues that she was denied her right to due process because the trial court

did not allow her sufficient time to present her evidence. The Fourteenth Amendment to the

United States Constitution provides that no state “shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or

property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. “The relationship between

a parent and child is a constitutionally protected liberty interest under the Due Process Clause of

the Fourteenth Amendment.” L.F. v. Breit, 285 Va. 163, 182, 736 S.E.2d 711, 721 (2013)

(quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). The Supreme Court of Virginia has held

that “[a] day in court, an opportunity to be heard, is an integral part of due process of law,

everywhere recognized.” Moore v. Smith, 177 Va. 621, 626, 15 S.E.2d 48, 49 (1941). “Absent

clear evidence to the contrary in the record, the judgment of a trial court comes to us on appeal

with a presumption that the law was correctly applied to the facts.” Yarborough v.

Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 978, 234 S.E.2d 286, 291 (1977).

                                                 -3-
       In support of this claim, appellant cites numerous cases but relies primarily on Gregory v.

Martin, No. 0431-14-3, 2014 Va. App. LEXIS 312 (Va. Ct. App. Sept. 16, 2014). However,

Gregory is inapplicable because there, the trial court did not hear any evidence or make any

findings regarding the statutory requirements for an adoption. Id. at *10. Therefore, this Court

held that the mother’s due process rights were violated when the trial court denied her motion for

visitation. Id. at *10-11.

       Here, in contrast, appellant called multiple witnesses and presented an abundance of

evidence to the trial court. Recognizing the principle of the presumption of regularity, we

assume that the trial court considered appellant’s evidence when rendering its custody and

visitation determination. The record also reflects that the trial court properly considered the

statutory factors in Code § 20-124.3 in reaching its decision. The trial court properly adjudicated

custody and visitation, and therefore, did not deprive appellant of her right to due process.

       Finally, appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying her the right to

cross-examine appellee. Virginia has recognized a fundamental right to cross-examination on a

matter relevant to the litigation. Campbell v. Campbell, 49 Va. App. 498, 504, 642 S.E.2d 769,

772 (2007). Code § 8.01-401(A) provides that “[a] party called to testify for another, having an

adverse interest, may be examined by such other party according to the rules applicable to

cross-examination.” We are mindful that “the latitude permissible in cross-examination of

witnesses is largely within the sound discretion of the trial court.” Basham v. Terry, 199 Va.

817, 824, 102 S.E.2d 285, 290 (1958). “Yet cross-examination on a matter relevant to the

litigation and put in issue by an adversary’s witness during a judicial investigation is not a

privilege but an absolute right.” Id. (quoting 20 Michie’s Jurisprudence Witnesses § 36).

       The trial court limited the amount of time each party had to present its case because the

parties themselves had set the trial for one day. Both parties were aware of the time constraints,

                                                -4-
and were repeatedly advised by the trial court to determine the best use of their time. While

appellant argues that she did not have sufficient time to thoroughly cross-examine appellee, the

record shows that the trial court gave her additional time beyond what she was originally

allotted. Appellant asserts that the trial court informed her that “it would be limiting

[appellant’s] cross-examination of [appellee’s] witnesses,” but that is not an accurate

representation of what occurred. Rather, the trial court frequently apprised appellant of her

overall time budget, stating, for example, “the way you use your time is certainly up to you. I’m

just trying to help you . . . [y]ou’ve got 15 minutes left . . . like every other decision we need to

make the decisions of what’s important or not.”

       Appellant relies on Campbell v. Campbell, 49 Va. App. 498, 642 S.E.2d 769, for the

principle that the trial court improperly prohibited the presentation of her case. In Campbell,

however, the trial court had entirely prohibited the husband from cross-examining two material

witnesses due to the depletion of his allocated time. See id. at 505, 642 S.E.2d at 773. Because

those witnesses testified on material issues, the trial court had abused its discretion by not

allowing any cross-examination. Id. Here, the trial court provided appellant with substantial

latitude to cross-examine appellee, even though her allotted time had already expired. Appellant

correctly points out that the right to cross-examine witnesses on material issues is fundamental,

but that does not require trial courts to not require adherence to the schedule the parties agreed to

or completely defer to the litigants’ trial prerogatives, for that would nullify the authority and

responsibility of trial courts to facilitate and control their proceedings. See Basham, 199 Va. at

824, 102 S.E.2d at 290. The trial court in Campbell “abused its discretion by its arbitrary refusal

to allow any cross-examination whatsoever.” Campbell, 49 Va. App. at 505, 642 S.E.2d at 773

(emphasis added). That scenario is not present here.

       Accordingly, the trial court did not violate appellant’s constitutional right to a fair trial.

                                                 -5-
        II. The Trial Court Did Not Violate Appellant’s Constitutional Rights as a Parent

       In her second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court violated appellant’s

constitutional rights as a parent, relying on much of the same reasoning as in her first assignment

of error. We disagree.

       Again, we are confronted with a question of constitutional interpretation that we review

de novo. Copeland, 282 Va. at 193, 715 S.E.2d at 16.

       Appellant asserts that the trial court violated her right to due process by granting sole

legal and physical custody to appellee because it removed appellant’s right to parent her

children. We recognize that the relationship between a parent and child is a constitutionally

protected liberty interest under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See

Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65 (citing Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944); Pierce v. Society of

Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 534-45 (1925); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399 (1923)). However,

“[i]n matters of custody, visitation, and related child care issues, the court’s paramount concern

is always the best interests of the child.” Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 327-28, 387 S.E.2d

794, 795 (1990).

       Appellant cites to Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645 (1972), wherein the Supreme Court of

the United States wrote:

               [t]he State’s interest in caring for Stanley’s children is de minimis if
               Stanley is shown to be a fit father. It insists on presuming rather than
               proving Stanley’s unfitness solely because it is more convenient to
               presume than to prove. Under the Due Process Clause that advantage is
               insufficient to justify refusing a father a hearing when the issue at stake
               is the dismemberment of his family.

Id. at 657-58. However, Stanley is inapplicable because it involved an unwed biological father

who was never accorded legal-parent status under state law. Id. at 649. In contrast, Virginia law

has made appellant a legal parent, this proceeding in no way removed that status from her, and

the trial court afforded her a hearing on the question of whether she would have physical custody
                                               -6-
or visitation. The trial court determined that legal and physical custody should be granted to

appellee pursuant to the factors within Code § 20-124.3. In her brief, appellant repeatedly states

that her parental rights were terminated, however, no Code § 16.1-283 hearing occurred in either

the JDR court or the trial court, so the trial court never considered that disposition. This was a

custody and visitation dispute between parents in which appellant was awarded specific

visitation rights, thus allowing her to spend time with her child, a result that would not occur in a

termination proceeding. The trial court correctly focused on the best interests of the minor child

in rendering its decision, and did not violate appellant’s due process rights.

       Appellant next argues that the trial court violated the Equal Protection Clause by

improperly determining custody based on the best interests of the child standard. The Fourteenth

Amendment of the United States Constitution provides, in pertinent part, that “no state shall

make or enforce any law which shall . . . deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal

protection of the laws.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. “Absent clear evidence to the contrary in

the record, the judgment of a trial court comes to us on appeal with a presumption that the law

was correctly applied to the facts.” Yarborough, 217 Va. at 978, 234 S.E.2d at 291.

       Appellant relies on Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246 (1978), in asserting that the trial

court violated her equal protection rights by awarding custody to appellee. Quilloin involved a

biological father who, like Peter Stanley, had been denied legal-parent status altogether. Id. at

249 (“the mother is the only recognized parent”). The Supreme Court of the United States

affirmed the denial of the father’s efforts. In dicta, the Court stated:

               We have little doubt that the Due Process Clause would be
               offended “[i]f a State were to attempt to force the breakup of a
               natural family, over the objections of the parents and their children,
               without some showing of unfitness and for the sole reason that to
               do so was thought to be in the children’s best interest.”




                                                 -7-
Id. at 255 (quoting Smith v. Organization of Foster Families, 431 U.S. 816, 862-63 (1977)

(Stewart, J., concurring in judgment)). Appellant relies on Quilloin’s reference to “the children’s

best interest” in attempting to analogize the standard applied in this case. However, Quilloin is

inapplicable because it concerned adoption, hence a permanent termination of parental rights.

When a trial court determines custody and visitation disputes between parents, it is axiomatic

that it must consider the best interests of the child. See Griffin v. Griffin, 41 Va. App. 77, 83,

581 S.E.2d 899, 902 (2003). Here, the trial court considered the best interests of this child and

determined that appellee should have full legal and physical custody.

       Furthermore, we previously addressed this issue in Wiencko v. Takayama, 62 Va. App.

217, 228, 745 S.E.2d 168, 173 (2013), in which we held that a trial court did not violate the

Equal Protection Clause in granting custody of the children to the mother rather than to the

father. We noted that the trial court had carefully weighed the evidence and based its decision on

the individual facts of the case and the factors listed in the statute. Id. at 229, 745 S.E.2d at 174.

The same is true in this case, where the trial court reviewed the evidence and awarded custody to

appellee.

       Appellant has not persuaded us that the trial court’s custody determination violated her

constitutional rights as a parent, either under the Due Process Clause or the Equal Protection

Clause. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s ruling.

                 III. The Trial Court Did Not Abdicate Its Authority to the GAL

       In her final assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred when it denied

appellant’s continuance motion and that it abdicated its judicial authority to the GAL. We

disagree.

               The decision to grant a motion for continuance is within the sound
               discretion of the trial court and must be considered in view of the
               circumstances unique to each case. The trial court’s ruling on a motion

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               for continuance will be rejected on appeal only upon a showing of abuse
               of discretion and resulting prejudice to the movant.

Haugen v. Shenandoah Valley Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 274 Va. 27, 34, 645 S.E.2d 261, 265 (2007).

The Virginia Supreme Court has established a two-pronged test for determining whether a trial

court’s denial of a continuance request is reversible error. See Lebedun v. Commonwealth, 27

Va. App. 697, 712-13, 501 S.E.2d 427, 434 (1998). We may reverse a trial court’s denial of a

continuance motion only if it appears from the record that: (1) the court abused its discretion and

(2) the movant was prejudiced by the court’s decision. Id.

       The trial court thus possesses substantial discretion when considering whether to grant or

deny a continuance motion. See Haugen, 274 Va. at 34, 645 S.E.2d at 265. In this case, nothing

indicates that the trial court abused its discretion; it entertained argument by both parties and

determined that a continuance was not warranted. Appellant did not point to sufficient evidence

within the record showing that she was prejudiced by the trial court’s decision or that the trial

court acted unreasonably. Thus, the trial court’s denial of the continuance motion was not an

abuse of discretion.

       Additionally, the record does not support appellant’s contention that the trial court

abdicated its judicial authority to the GAL. When the trial court heard argument on the

continuance motion, it stated that it would not grant a continuance unless both parties agreed to

follow the custody and visitation plan formulated by the GAL in the interim until trial. Trial

courts are expected to consider the recommendations of the GAL. See Bottoms v. Bottoms, 249

Va. 410, 420, 457 S.E.2d 102, 108 (1995).

       Appellant posits that this case involves the same issues presented in Reilly v. Reilly, No.

1369-15-2, 2016 Va. App. LEXIS 343, at *15-17 (Va. Ct. App. Dec. 13, 2016), in which this

Court specifically condemned a trial court’s improper reliance on a GAL. In Reilly, the trial

court entered a custody order stating that “[s]upervision can be altered IN WRITING by the
                                                -9-
Guardian ad Litem based on Mother’s strict compliance with the conditions and other provisions

set forth in this Order.” Id. at *16. The Court recognized that this language allowed the GAL to

amend custody and visitation without any notice to the trial court and without a hearing or ruling

from the trial court. Id. at *16-17. There, the GAL possessed independent authority to gauge

whether or not the mother complied with the order. Id. Here, we are unable to find that the GAL

had the same independent authority to control custody and visitation as was the case in Reilly,

but even if it had, any error would have been harmless because the trial court rendered the final

custody and visitation adjudication at the conclusion of the de novo trial.

        In her brief, appellant highlights the trial court’s characterization that visitation would

continue “as outlined by the [GAL].” Appellant asserts that this amounts “to allowing the [GAL]

to determine visitation.” We disagree. A trial court does not abdicate its authority by merely

ordering the parties to consider a GAL’s recommendations or plan. This case differs

significantly from Reilly because at no point did the trial court ever indicate, explicitly or

implicitly, that the GAL could unilaterally amend the conditions of custody and visitation based

solely on the GAL’s determination of compliance. The routine language utilized by the trial

court pending trial does not in any respect rise to the level of an abdication of judicial authority.

        As such, the trial court did not err in denying the continuance motion or by requiring the

parties to comply with the GAL’s plan, pending the upcoming trial and the trial court’s decision

at trial on custody and visitation.

                             IV. Attorney’s Fees and Costs on Appeal

        Both parties seek an award of attorney’s fees and costs on appeal. We deny both

requests.

                The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum to
                determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts
                expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the
                opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine
                                                - 10 -
               whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for
               requiring additional payment.

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). Upon

consideration of the entire record on appeal, we find that neither party’s position was so

unreasonable as to entitle the other party to an award of attorney’s fees incurred in this appeal.

See Estate of Hackler v. Hackler, 44 Va. App. 51, 75, 602 S.E.2d 426, 438 (2004) (“[W]e find

the litigation addressed appropriate and substantial issues and that [appellee did not] generate[]

unnecessary delay or expense in pursuit of [his] interests.”). We also decline to award either

party additional payment for preparation of this appeal. For these reasons, we deny both parties’

requests for an award of attorney’s fees and costs on appeal.

                                           CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we are unpersuaded by appellant’s arguments and hold that the

trial court did not err. The trial court properly conducted a fair and de novo trial, and reasonably

acted within its discretion in electing to deny appellant’s continuance motion. Furthermore, the

trial court did not abdicate its judicial authority by requiring the parties to conform to the GAL’s

recommendations on custody and visitation. Accordingly, the judgment of the Circuit Court of

Henrico County is affirmed.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




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