                                                                   [PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                    FILED
                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                          ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                             AUGUST 14, 2001
                                No. 99-12623
                                                           THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                CLERK
                   D.C. Docket No. 96-00096-CV-GET-1


MICHAEL T. BYRNE,

                                                      Movant-Appellant,

DEBRA MANOV,

                                                      Plaintiff-Appellant,


                              versus


CAMRAN NEZHAT, M.D.,
FARR NEZHAT, M.D., et. al.,


                                                      Defendants-Appellees.



                Appeals from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Georgia

                              (August 14, 2001)

Before TJOFLAT, BIRCH and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:

      Stripped to its essentials, this is a simple medical malpractice case. It was

brought, however, as a multi-count RICO prosecution. Suspecting that the claims

in the complaint lacked factual bases, the district court took an unusual step and

granted the defendants leave to conduct discovery for the purpose of determining

whether plaintiff’s counsel had violated Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. The discovery was to determine whether plaintiff’s counsel had

conducted an “inquiry reasonable under the circumstances” into the factual support

for the claims presented in the complaint.1 After the court took this step, the


      1
          Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 states:

      (b) Representations to Court. By presenting to the court (whether by signing,
      filing, submitting, or later advocating) a pleading, written motion, or other paper,
      an attorney or unrepresented party is certifying that to the best of the person’s
      knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the
      circumstances, –
               (1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass or
      to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;
               (2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted
      by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or
      reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law;
               (3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support
      or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a
      reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and
               (4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or, if
      specifically so identified, are reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.

      (c) Sanctions. If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court
      determines that subdivision (b) has been violated, the court may, subject to
      conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon attorneys, law
      firms, or parties that have violated subdivision (b) or are responsible for the

                                                2
plaintiff moved the court to recuse pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455.2 The court denied

the motion.

       During the Rule 11 discovery, the court dismissed the plaintiff’s claims

against one of the defendants for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be

granted. After the discovery was completed, the defendants moved the court to

sanction the plaintiff and one of her attorneys pursuant to Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. §

1927,3 and the court’s inherent power. They contended that, with the exception of

the plaintiff’s medical malpractice claim, none of the claims presented had a

factual basis and the claims had been brought in bad faith for the sole purpose of

harassment. The court agreed. In two orders issued sixteen months apart, the court

dismissed the remainder of plaintiff’s claims, except for the malpractice claim. In

addition, it required the plaintiff and her attorney to pay the attorneys’ fees and


       violation.

       2
          The plaintiff’s motion did not specify the subsection of section 455 on which it was
based. Only two were conceivably applicable, subsections (a) and (b)(1). Subsection (a) states:
“Any justice, judge, or magistrate of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding
in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” Subsection (b) states: “He shall also
disqualify himself in the following circumstances: (1) Where he has a personal bias or prejudice
concerning a party, or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the
proceeding[.]” See infra note 40.
       3
          28 U.S.C. § 1927 states: [a]ny attorney or other person admitted to conduct cases in any
court of the United States or any Territory thereof who so multiplies the proceedings in any case
unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs,
expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.

                                                3
costs incurred in defending the dismissed claims. Two months after the first order

issued, the plaintiff renewed her motion for recusal; as before, the court denied the

motion.

      These consolidated appeals came after the district court issued its second

sanctions order. Appellants – plaintiff and one of her attorneys – challenge the

denials of the plaintiff’s motions for recusal, the dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims

(except the malpractice claim), and the imposition of monetary sanctions in the

form of attorneys’ fees and costs.

      We organize this opinion as follows. In Part I, we recite the events that led

the defendants to seek Rule 11 sanctions early in the case. In Part II, we address

the plaintiff’s argument that the district court should have recused. In Part III, we

consider the propriety of the court’s dismissal of all but the plaintiff’s malpractice

claim as well as the court’s imposition of monetary sanctions against the plaintiff

and her attorney under Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and the court’s inherent power.

Finally, in Part IV, we discuss the tools a district court should use in dealing with

the types of pleadings filed by the attorneys in this case.



                                           I.

       In September 1992, Debbie Manov (“Manov”), a New Jersey resident


                                           4
suffering from endometriosis,4 traveled to the Atlanta Center for Fertility and

Endocrinology (“the Center”)5 for corrective laparoscopic surgery. Drs. Farr

Nezhat and Camran Nezhat, two of the Center’s specialists,6 performed the surgery

at Northside Hospital (“Northside”). Prior to the surgery, the doctors told Manov

that her appendix might be infected and that, if infected, it should be removed. She

agreed. During the surgery, the doctors determined that the appendix was infected

and removed it. Following the surgery, Manov developed an infection, which

necessitated her readmission to Northside. Drs. Nezhat treated the infection with

antibiotics, which Manov claims contributed to her loss of hearing.7

       In August 1994, Manov, represented by Atlanta attorney Edward Kellogg,


       4
          Endometriosis is “a condition in which tissue containing typical endometrial granular
and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity or some other
area of the body.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary (28th ed. 1994). According to
Merriam Webster's Medical Dictionary 205 (1995), endometriosis is defined as "the presence
and growth of functioning endometrial tissue in places other than the uterus that often results in
severe pain and infertility."



       5
           The Center is located in Atlanta, Georgia.
       6
           Throughout this opinion, we refer to the Nezhat defendants and the Center defendant
jointly in that (1) the Nezhats are employed by the Center, and (2) all allegations against the
Center are based solely on their conduct.
       7
          According to Manov, her appendix was not infected; its removal therefore constituted
negligence on the part of the Drs. Nezhat. She claims that their negligence also caused the post-
operative infection. Finally, she claims that in performing the appendectomy, the doctors only
removed part of her appendix; this caused feces to leak into her abdomen and pelvic cavity
which in turn led to an E. coli bacteria infection.

                                                 5
filed a medical malpractice suit in the Superior Court of Fulton County, Georgia.

Named as defendants were Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat and the Center. The

alleged malpractice was the removal of a healthy appendix (during the laparoscopic

procedure) which, in turn, caused an infection requiring further hospitalization.

       Shortly after filing suit, Manov consulted James Neal (“Neal”), a

Pennsylvania lawyer practicing out of his residence in Ohio. At the time, Neal and

Michael Mixson (“Mixson”), an attorney from Monroe, Georgia, were prosecuting

two other medical malpractice cases in Atlanta, both filed in December 1993, on

behalf of Mary Mullen (“Mullen”). The first lawsuit, brought against Drs. Farr and

Camran Nezhat, Dr. Earl Pennington, the Center, and Northside, was pending in

the Fulton County Superior Court.8 The second suit, brought against the members

of Northside’s board of directors in their individual capacities, was pending in the

United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.9 Because


       8
          On February 11, 1994, the defendants moved the superior court to disqualify Neal from
representing the plaintiff because he had not been granted leave to represent her pro hac vice.
The court denied the defendants’ motion and granted Neal pro hac vice status on July 12, 1995.
See infra note 9.
       9
         Neal petitioned the district court for admission to appear pro hac vice on January 18,
1994. The record does not indicate whether the court granted his petition at that time. What the
record does reveal is that on February 11, 1994, the defendants moved to disqualify Neal from
appearing as Mullen’s co-counsel, and that on May 1, 1994, the court denied the motion. Mullen
v. Spanier, No. 1:93-CV-2882-RHH (N.D. Ga.) (May 11, 1994). The defendants renewed their
motion to disqualify Neal on September 27, 1995. According to an order the district court issued
in Manov’s case on February 23, 1998, Neal withdrew from Mullen’s case on October 27, 1995,
before the court could rule on the defendants’ renewed motion to disqualify. Manov v. Nezhat et

                                               6
Mullen’s cases are of central importance to the instant case, we relay the history of

her cases as follows.

       In her superior court complaint, Mullen alleged that on December 18, 1991,

the Drs. Nezhat and Pennington negligently performed a bowel resection procedure

to alleviate rectal endometriosis. Mullen alleged that the procedure was

experimental, caused severe physical complications, and that it was performed

without her informed consent. Mullen’s complaint contained seven counts, each

proceeding on a tort law theory predicated on the bowel resection procedure.10 In

her district court complaint, framed in one count, Mullen alleged that members of

Northside’s board were negligent in permitting the doctors to perform an

experimental bowel resection without the patient’s informed consent.11


al., No. 1:96-CV-0096-GET (N.D. Ga.) (February 23, 1998).
       10
           The counts were as follows: Count I, the negligence described in the above text; Count
II, surgery performed without the patient’s informed consent; Count III, battery committed
because the surgery was performed without the patient’s informed consent; Count IV, negligence
committed by Northside when it granted the defendant physicians surgical privileges; Count V,
fraud on the part of the physicians when they induced Mullen to undergo the bowel resection by
misrepresenting or omitting material facts; Count VI, the “tort of outrage”; Count VII, punitive
damages. Counts II and III were duplicative, both alleging an unauthorized touching, i.e., a
battery. Count VII did not allege a separate cause of action; rather, it merely sought punitive
damages in the previous counts.
       11
         In its January 23, 1997 order granting the defendants’ renewed motion for summary
judgment, the district court described the medical services rendered to Mullen by Drs. Farr and
Camran Nezhat, Dr. Pennington, the Center, and Northside as follows:

              Mullen, a California resident, was referred to Dr. Camran Nezhat
              and Dr. Farr Nezhat of Atlanta for treatment of pelvic pain. In

                                                7
       By the time Manov spoke to Neal, he had amended the allegations in

Mullen’s state court suit to add two causes of action, for a total of nine.12 Counts

VIII and IX, brought against the Drs. Nezhat and the Center,13 sought

compensatory and punitive damages for violations of the Georgia RICO14 statute,

O.C.G.A. § 16-14-4. Count VIII alleged that the defendants were operating a

“criminal enterprise” and engaging in “a pattern of racketeering activity,” and that

such racketeering activity had caused Mullen injury. The “acts of racketeering”

were, among others, that the Drs. Nezhat (1) made false statements in medical


              connection with his treatment of [Mullen], in December 1988, Dr.
              Camran Nezhat performed video laserscopy upon [Mullen] for
              treatment of endometriosis. [Mullen] subsequently returned to
              Atlanta in December 1991 for further treatment by Drs. Nezhat.
              She was admitted to Northside . . . and underwent the surgery that
              is the basis of this action on December 18, 1991. Drs. Nezhat,
              apparently with the assistance of one of the named Defendants [Dr.
              Pennington], performed a bowel resection upon [Mullen]. Shortly
              after the surgery, [Mullen’s] rectum and bowel prolapsed while she
              was using the bathroom. [Mullen] contends that since that time,
              she has had continuous medical problems as a direct result of this
              surgery.
Mullen v. Spanier et al., No. 1:93-CV-2882-CC (N.D. Ga.) (January 23, 1997).

       12
           The information regarding Mullen’s claims is taken from the decision of the Georgia
Court of Appeals in Mullen v. Nezhat, 477 S.E. 2d 417, 419 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996), which affirmed
the partial summary judgment entered against Mullen by the Fulton County Superior Court.

       13
          Dr. Pennington and Northside, the other defendants in the lawsuit, were not sued in
Count VIII. We cannot determine from the record whether Pennington or Northside were named
in Count IX.
       14
            RICO is an acronym for Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations.

                                               8
journal articles; (2) failed to obtain valid consent for surgical procedures from

Mullen and other patients at the Center, thereby committing aggravated battery on

the patients; (3) improperly billed insurance companies for experimental surgeries;

and (4) improperly used experimental drugs. Mullen v. Nezhat, 477 S.E. 2d 417,

419 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996). Count IX alleged aggravated battery, and federal mail

and wire fraud as acts of racketeering. Count IX asserted that the Drs. Nezhat

committed aggravated battery by failing to obtain “‘valid informed consent . . .by

fraudulently misrepresenting the true nature of their experimental surgery, [and] by

repetitively performing non-indicated unnecessary surgery’ on Mullen and other

patients, thereby ‘deliberately and maliciously causing bodily harm’ amounting to

aggravated battery.” The mail and wire fraud allegedly occurred when the

defendants “engage[ed] in experimental and non-consensual medical treatment by

implanting Estradiol pellets into ‘hundreds if not thousands of women without their

knowledge that this hormonal implant was not approved.’” Id.

      Apparently, Manov was impressed with the manner in which Neal was

handling Mullen’s cases, so she decided that Neal should take over her lawsuit

against Drs. Nezhat and the Center. Neal said he would take the case, but would

need to associate local counsel. Manov agreed. Neal thereafter searched the

records of the Fulton County Superior Court for the names of other attorneys who


                                          9
had sued the Nezhats or the Center. He found one, Michael T. Byrne (“Byrne”),

one of the appellants now before us.15 In the spring of 1995, Byrne appeared as

Manov’s counsel in the state court suit, and Edward Kellogg withdrew.

       Unbeknownst to Manov, the continuation of Neal’s pro hac vice status in

Mullen’s state and federal court cases was being challenged on the grounds that he

had violated the courts’ discovery rules and the Code of Professional

Responsibility by engaging in malicious and harassing conduct against the Nezhats

and the Center. These challenges began in February 1994, when the defendants in

both of Mullen’s cases moved the courts to revoke Neal’s pro hac vice status. In

each case, the court denied the motion, but nonetheless condemned Neal’s

behavior. The district court’s May 11, 1994 order stated that, although Neal’s

“conduct did not conclusively violate the Code of Professional Responsibility . . . .

[his] actions bordered on conduct unbecoming an officer of the Court.”16 The

superior court’s order, issued July 11, 1994, was more explicit. It stated that

“Neal’s communication with various counsel for Defendants borders on

unprofessional, scurrilous, and distasteful conduct. . . . [His] conduct has come as

close to the line as one could possibly come to violating the Georgia Code of

       15
          Byrne had litigated an employment discrimination case against the Nezhats on behalf
of a former Center employee.
       16
            Mullen v. Spanier, No. 1:93-CV-2882-RHH (N.D. Ga.) (May 11, 1994).

                                              10
Professional Responsibility.”17 He communicated with defense counsel “in a

cavalier and ‘half-cocked’ manner in an effort to bully the Defendants into a quick

and favorable settlement.”18 As part of his bullying tactics, he “threatened criminal

prosecution to gain a civil advantage;19 threatened to use the media as a sounding


       17
            Mullen v. Nezhat, No. E-23339 (Ga. Sup. Ct) (July 11, 1994).
       18
            Id.
       19
            Id. During his litigation of Mullen’s claims, Neal informed counsel for the Nezhats
that they may be subject to criminal prosecution. In a February 1, 1994 letter to their lawyers,
Neal represented that he “served as an agency special assistant to a U.S. Attorney for a number
of years . . . know[s] attorneys within the Government and know[s] . . . that medical fraud cases
are very high on the Government’s prosecution list due to health care reform concerns”
(emphasis in original). Neal’s letter implied that the Nezhats, during the course of their medical
practice, had engaged in criminal activity which could lead to a federal RICO prosecution and
the confiscation of their business assets. The chances of such a prosecution, Neal opined, would
be increased if members of the press learned of the allegations he had made on Mullen’s behalf.
After informing counsel of the risk their clients would run if they persisted in contesting
Mullen’s claims, Neal’s letter reminded counsel that they had “an awesome responsibility. If
you make a wrong decision, then things could quickly move out of all of our control.” Neal
closed his letter with the following warning: “If you make the mistake of handling this case like
any other, then all hell may break loose, to both our detriments. If you choose to ignore the risks
involved – if you choose to simply accept the denials of your clients, then we will go forward. If
we do go forward, then we will spare no expense or effort in proving our case and in making it
the largest case that we possibly can. It is on your shoulders.”
         From the Spring of 1994 to June 1996, Neal sent letters to federal prosecutors, the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Food and Drug Administration. Each letter accused the
Nezhats of fraud and other criminal conduct. For example, in a May 1, 1994 letter to the United
States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia, Neal wrote: “I am writing concerning two
Iranian surgeons (brothers/Naturalized Citizens), who I have become convinced are dangerous
and amoral men, capable of and perhaps even inclined to harm Ms. Stacy Mullen, my client.”
Neal represented that the Nezhats had “committed a series of criminal maimings by deception.”
The May 1 letter was the first of several Neal directed to that United States Attorney. Neal’s
letters to the FBI contained similar allegations of criminal wrongdoing. Among other things,
Neal told the FBI that the Nezhats were preparing to move their assets “off shore.” As indicated
in the text infra, the Fulton County Superior Court eventually barred Neal from participating in
Mullen’s case against the Nezhats and the Center, and shortly thereafter, he voluntarily withdrew
from representing Mullen in her district court case against the directors of Northside.

                                                11
board in order to gain a civil advantage; . . . engaged in activities to subvert justice;

. . . [and] threatened to be the causing agent to send some of the Defendants [i.e.,

the Nezhats] back to their home country.”20 Notwithstanding such conduct, the

court permitted Neal to continue his representation of the plaintiff because “a party

should be represented by an attorney of [her] choice whenever possible.”21

       According to the defendants in Mullen’s cases, Neal failed to heed the

courts’ admonitions. They therefore renewed their motions to revoke Neal’s pro

hac vice status and to have him disqualified as co-counsel in Mullen’s cases.22 On

August 16, 1995, the superior court barred Neal from further participation in the

case. In its order, a part of which we quote in the margin, the court found that

“Neal’s continued unethical behavior, . . . despite the earlier admonitions, has

tipped the balance in favor of ensuring ethical conduct on the part of lawyers over

the right of the Plaintiff to have her chosen counsel.”23 The superior court issued a

Notwithstanding his withdrawal from Mullen’s cases, Neal’s letters to the United States
Attorney and the FBI continued unabated. In fact, Neal’s letter-writing campaign against the
Nezhats continued into the prosecution of the instant case on behalf of Manov.
       20
            Id.
       21
            Id.
       22
           The defendants renewed their motion in the Georgia Superior court on April 10, 1995
and in the district court on September 27, 1995.
       23
           The court balanced a party’s right to counsel of her choice against the court’s, and the
public’s, interest in “maintaining the integrity of the judicial process.” Referring to its order of
July 11, 1994, admonishing Neal about his conduct, the court described Neal’s “current conduct”

                                                12
in these words:
               Neal’s ‘informal discovery procedures’ and his continued requests
               for information from Georgia Baptist Hospital and Northside
               Hospital concerning allegations that Dr. Camran Nezhat engaged
               in inappropriate sexual conduct with his patients. The ‘informal’
               discovery procedures complained of include requests by [Neal] for
               information concerning Dr. Nezhat from Stanford University
               Hospital in Palo Alto, California; Millard Fillmore Hospital in
               Buffalo, New York; and St. Joseph’s Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.
               The information requested by Mr. Neal was contained in various
               hospitals’ credentialing files. The information was not released by
               the hospitals as the information is either privileged or would not be
               released without written authorization by Dr. Nezhat. See Parker
               v. St. Clares Hospital, 159 A.2d 919 (1990) and Matchett v.
               Superior Court, 40 Cal.3d 623, 115 Cal. Reptr. 317 (1974).
                        [Neal] justifies his actions by claiming that he only
               requested information concerning application forms filled out by
               Dr. Nezhat for the hospitals. This is simply semantics. It is clear
               that Plaintiff’s counsel was attempting to subvert the system and
               hopefully discover information to which he may not otherwise
               have been entitled. Mr. Neal, as a former Hospital Counsel,
               understands the privileges that accompany medical credential files.
               However, he attempted to undermine this privilege. No where in
               his letters to these institutions did he identify himself as an
               attorney involved in litigation against Dr. Nezhat.
                        Further evidence that [Neal] knew his conduct was
               deceitful comes from the fact that the same day he sent the letters
               to the hospitals requesting information about Dr. Nezhat, he sent a
               letter to Defendant’s counsel, Mr. Greeen, requesting that Dr.
               Nezhat sign a broad authorization for the release of his credential
               files at the various institutions at which he practiced. [Neal]
               obviously anticipated that Dr. Nezhat would not sign such a
               request and therefore, before even receiving a response to the
               request for authorization. Mr. Neal was already requesting the
               same information from those same hospitals, knowing of their
               privileged nature. This violates Georgia Code of Professional
               Responsiblity DR 1-102 (A)(4): ‘A lawyer shall not engage in
               professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or
               misrepresentation.’ [Neal] was deceitful and dishonest in his
               attempts to gain privileged and protected information in Dr.
               Nezhat’s credential files.
                        The second activity complained of by the Defendants is

                                                13
[Neal’s] repeated attempts to discover information concerning Dr.
Nezhat’s alleged sexual misconduct with his patients. [Neal] based
those allegations on a telephone conversation with Mr. Michael
Frick, general counsel for Georgia Baptist. In that conversation
Mr. Frick claimed there were rumors that Dr. Nezhat engaged in
sexual improprieties with his patients. In an attempt to clear up
any misunderstanding, Mr. Frick has checked the docket of the
Superior Court House of Fulton County and the records at Georgia
Baptist Hospital. He determined there was nothing on the dockets
or in the hospital records concerning any improprieties by Dr.
Nezhat. Mr. Frick also examined the file of Dr. Nezhat kept at
Georgia Baptist on Dr. Nezhat and found no complaints against
Dr. Nezhat concerning sexual misconduct. Mr. Frick has
subsequently filed an affidavit on this matter outlining the steps he
took in the course of his investigation and concluded that he was
mistaken in believing Dr. Nezhat was involved in sexual
misconduct. Further, Georgia Baptist has responded to Plaintiff’s
request for Production of Documents indicating that there are no
records at their hospital that support the allegations of sexual
misconduct.
        Despite the affidavit of Mr. Frick and the response of
Georgia Baptist, [Neal] is undeterred. He has filed a Motion to
Compel directed to Georgia Baptist for documents concerning any
misconduct by Dr. Nezhat and has used the telephone conversation
with Mr. Frick as the basis for Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel in the
United States District Court action against the Board of Directors
at Northside Hospital.
        [Neal] contends that he is justified in this course of action
due to his firm belief in these allegations. He has stated that these
allegations are supported by other people, but has provided no
proof of such. Mr. Neal also claims that Mr. Frick is not credible
due to his current position as Counsel for Georgia Baptist. Mr.
Frick has filed an affidavit under oath and penalty of perjury
stating that as a result of his investigations, Dr. Nezhat has not
been involved in any sexual misconduct. Further, Georgia Baptist
has stated it has no such records concerning this matter. [Neal’s]
continued attempts to gain this information in the face of such
denials is a violation of Georgia Code of Professional
Responsibility DR 7-102(A)(1): ‘(A) In representing his client, a
lawyer shall not: (1) . . . assert a position . . . or take other actions
on behalf of his client when he knows or it is obvious that such
action would serve merely to harass or maliciously injure another.’

                                   14
second order on August 16, 1995 granting the defendants summary judgment on

Mullen’s RICO claims. Mullen, now represented solely by Mixson, appealed the

judgment.24

       The defendants in Mullen’s district court case also sought Neal’s

disqualification. On September 27, 1995, they renewed their motion to revoke his

pro hac vice status. Neal promptly withdrew from the case, thereby mooting




             In this case it is obvious that there is no information concerning
             Dr. Nezhat’s alleged sexual misconduct. The unrelenting fashion
             in which [Neal] has attempted to acquire this information is
             harassing and malicious.
                     It is well established that: ‘The rules of disqualification of
             an attorney will not be mechanically applied; rather we should
             look to the facts peculiar to each case in balancing the need to
             ensure ethical conduct on the part of lawyers appearing before the
             court and other special interests, which include the litigants right
             to freely chosen counsel.’ Stoddard v. Board of Tax Assessors,
             173 Ga. App. 467 (1985). [Neal] has already received a stern
             warning from this Court concerning ethical violations, particularly
             conduct that could be viewed as malicious and harassing. [Neal]
             was walking on thin ice when admitted pro hac vice to practice in
             Georgia. Admission was explicitly conditional on Mr. Neal
             following the Code of Professional Responsibility to the letter.
             Mr. Neal’s continued unethical behavior in this case, despite the
             earlier admonitions, has tipped the balance in favor of ensuring
             ethical conduct on the part of lawyers over the right of the Plaintiff
             to have her chosen counsel. Mr. Neal has left no option for this
             Court other than to disqualify him as Plaintiff’s counsel.
Mullen v. Nezhat, No. E-23339 (Ga. Sup. Ct.) (August 16, 1995).

       24
           The Georgia Court of Appeals affirmed the summary judgment on October 22, 1996,
while the instant case was still pending. See Mullen v. Nezhat,, 477 S.E.2d 417 (Ga. Ct. App.
1996).

                                                15
defendants’ motion.25

       As Neal’s privilege to represent Mullen in her state and federal court cases

was coming to an end, Byrne, on July 13, 1995, voluntarily dismissed Manov’s

superior court lawsuit.26 Six months later, on January 12, 1996, one day before the

Georgia renewal statute would have barred refiling of Manov’s case,27 Byrne

brought Manov’s malpractice claim to the district court, filing the lawsuit now

before us.28 Although he was Manov’s lawyer, Neal neither signed the complaint

nor sought leave to appear pro hac vice.29 In addition to Drs. Farr and Camran


       25
          See supra note 9. Neal was replaced by Edward T.M. Garland and Robin N. Loeb of
Atlanta. On January 24, 1997, the district court granted the defendants summary judgment.
Mullen appealed, and we affirmed. See 11th Cir. R. 36-1. Mullen v. Spanier, 131 F.3d 156 (11th
Cir. 1997) (unpublished table decision).
       26
          While Byrne had filed an appearance as Manov’s counsel of record, Mixson is the
attorney who signed the voluntary dismissal. In a September 25, 2000 letter to this court,
Mixson indicated that he only made a brief appearance on behalf of Manov in her state court
case and did not become involved in her federal court case until after the district court’s
February 23, 1998 order sanctioning Byrne and Manov.
       We note also that on April 10, 1995, the defendant renewed their motion to disqualify
Neal in Mullen’s superior court case. This motion was pending resolution when Byrne
voluntarily dismissed Manov’s superior court case.

       27
            See O.C.G.A. § 9-2-61.
       28
           Manov’s case was initially assigned to Judge Charles A. Moye, Jr. According to the
case’s docket sheet, on January 18, 1996, Judge Moye entered an “ORDER transferring [the]
case to another district judge on the regular rotation list.” That same day, the district court clerk
assigned the case to Judge G. Ernest Tidwell, who presided over the case until its conclusion. In
this opinion, in referring to the district court, we refer to Judge Tidwell.
       29
          In his deposition taken by the defendants pursuant to the district court’s order
permitting them to engage in Rule 11 discovery, Byrne testified that, even though both he and

                                                 16
Nezhat and the Center, the complaint named as defendants Dr. Ceana Nezhat, Ali

Nezhat,30 and Northside.

       As noted above, Manov’s state court complaint contained only one count:

the medical malpractice claim. The complaint Manov filed in the district court,

however, which consisted of 78 pages and 299 paragraphs, contained eight

additional counts. Its centerpiece was Manov’s claims for damages under the state

and federal RICO statutes, O.C.G.A. § 16-14-631 and 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c),32 Counts

Neal were representing Manov, they purposely omitted Neal’s name from Manov’s complaint.
Byrne explained that they did not want Neal to become an issue in Manov’s case.
       30
         Drs. Farr, Camran, and Ceana Nezhat and Ali Nezhat are brothers. The physicians are
employed by the Center; Ali Nezhat is the Center’s office manager.
       31
           Section 16-14-6(c), “Available civil remedies,” provides: “Any person who is injured
by reason of any violation of Code Section 16-14-4 shall have a cause of action for three times
the actual damages sustained and, where appropriate, punitive damages.” Section 16-14-4,
“Prohibited activities,” provides:
        (a) It is unlawful for any person, through a pattern of racketeering activity or
        proceeds derived therefrom, to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any
        interest in or control of any enterprise, real property, or personal property of any
        nature, including money.
        (b) It is unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise to
        conduct or participate in, directly or indirectly, such enterprise through a pattern
        of racketeering activity.
        (c) It is unlawful for any person to conspire or endeavor to violate any of the
        provisions of subsection (a) or (b) of this Code section.
Neither Count III nor any other part of Manov’s complaint cited the subsection(s) of section 16-
14-4 the defendants allegedly violated.

       32
          Section 1964(c) provides, in pertinent part, that:
       Any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of [18
       U.S.C. §] 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in any appropriate United States
       District Court and shall recover threefold the damages he sustains and the cost of
       the suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee.

                                               17
III and IX, respectively. The allegations of the two RICO counts were essentially

the same. According to Manov, each defendant was an “enterprise” which was

conducted “through a pattern of racketeering activity.”

        Each count of the complaint incorporated by reference the allegations of

each preceding count.33 Count I, sounding in negligence, was brought against

Northside for failing to monitor and investigate the Nezhats’ practice of surgery at

the hospital. Count II alleged medical malpractice on the part of Drs. Farr and

Camran Nezhat. Count III sought recovery under the Georgia RICO statute against


Section 1962 contains four subsections, (a)-(d). Subsection (a) makes it a crime for anyone who
has derived income from “a pattern of racketeering activity . . . in which such person has
participated as a principal . . . to use or invest, directly or indirectly, any part of such income . . .
in acquisition of any interest in, or the establishment or operation of, any enterprise . . . engaged
in . . . interstate . . . commerce.” Subsection (b) imposes criminal liability on anyone, who
“through a pattern of racketeering activity . . . acquire[s] or maintain[s], directly or indirectly,
any interest in or control of any enterprise . . . engaged in . . . interstate . . . commerce.”
Subsection (c) makes it a crime for any person “employed by or associated with any enterprise
engaged in . . . interstate . . . commerce . . . to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the
conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity.” Subsection (d)
makes it a crime for anyone to conspire to violate the substantive offenses of sections 1962(a)-
(c).
Neither Count IX nor any other part of Manov’s complaint cited the subsection(s) of section
1962 the defendants allegedly violated.

        33
           Each count explicitly referred to one or more named defendants. For example, the
allegations appearing under the heading “Count V” focused on Dr. Farr Nezhat:
                                          Count V – Fraud
                                       Defendant Farr Nezhat
Because each count incorporated each preceding count, however, Count V actually sought
recovery against the defendants who had been named in one or more of the preceding counts. In
the Part III.B.2, we filter out the incorporated allegations that are obviously irrelevant to the
theory of recovery stated in the title of the count.


                                                    18
all of the defendants. Count IV alleged that Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat

committed battery by performing an appendectomy without Manov’s consent.

Count V alleged that Dr. Farr Nezhat fraudulently misrepresented that Manov’s

appendix might be infected and require removal. Count VI alleged that the manner

in which Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat, the Center, and Northside billed Manov

and other patients for services rendered constituted “theft by deception.” Count

VII alleged that Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat failed to obtain Manov’s “informed

consent” to perform an appendectomy. Count VIII sought punitive damages

against all defendants.34 Count IX alleged violations of the federal RICO statute by

Drs. Farr, Camran, and Ceana Nezhat, Ali Nezhat, and the Center.

       The defendants answered Manov’s complaint, asserting several affirmative

defenses, including that the complaint failed to state a claim for relief.35 On May 3,

1996, before any significant discovery had taken place, defense counsel wrote the


       34
           We note that a prayer for punitive damages is not an independent cause of action.
Instead, certain causes of action, such as intentional torts, may provide for the recovery of
punitive as well as compensatory damages.
       35
            After answering the complaint, Northside moved the court to dismiss Manov’s claims
against it pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The motion was in effect a nullity since Northside
had asserted in its answer as an affirmative defense that the complaint failed to state a claim for
relief. Had Northside wished to file a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim for relief,
it should have done so before filing its answer containing the same defense. See Rule 12(b) (“[a]
motion making any of these defenses shall be made before [answering the complaint].”)
Northside followed the same procedure after Manov filed an amended complaint. First, it
answered the amended complaint and asserted the affirmative defense of failure to state a claim
for relief; then, sometime later, it filed a motion which presented the same defense.

                                                19
district court asking leave to engage in Rule 11 discovery. They contended that

Neal was Manov’s lawyer; that he had ghost-written Manov’s complaint; that

Byrne had signed it merely in his capacity as local counsel and had not conducted

the requisite pre-filing investigation of the facts underpinning the complaint’s

claims; that the complaint’s RICO allegations were similar to those Neal had made

in the Mullen cases,36 and that the superior court had barred Neal from further

participation in Mullen’s case. Counsel attached to their letter a copy of the

superior court’s August 16, 1995 orders (removing Neal from the case and granting

the defendants summary judgment on Mullen’s RICO claims), and represented that

Neal, through Byrne, was using Manov’s case as a vehicle to continue his vendetta

against the Nezhats. Counsel pointed out that Manov’s case had begun as a simple,

one-count medical malpractice case in the Fulton County Superior Court, but that


       36
           For instance, both Mullen’s state court complaint and Manov’s complaint in the
instant case alleged that the defendants violated the Georgia RICO statute. As incidents of
racketeering activity, both complaints alleged that the Drs. Nezhat had committed medical
journal fraud and had improperly prescribed experimental medications. Similarly, both
complaints alleged that the Drs. Nezhat failed to obtain the plaintiff’s informed consent to
perform the surgery at issue. Based on the lack of such consent, the complaints alleged that the
Drs. Nezhat committed battery when they operated on Mullen and Manov. Furthermore, both
complaints contained allegations of sexual misconduct. Mullen’s state court complaint, at
paragraph 258, alleged that Camran Nezhat had exhibited a “propensity to violence against
women.” Manov’s complaint in the instant case, at paragraph 158, alleged that “Camran Nezhat
was represented by counsel relating to matters of sexual improprieties upon patients.” Finally,
in her district court case, Mullen moved the court for a protective order on the ground that the
Drs. Nezhat were intimidating her witnesses. The district court denied the motion because there
was no evidence to support it. This intimidation-of-witnesses claim was repled in Manov’s
complaint as an incident of racketeering activity.

                                               20
after Neal entered the picture, it became a “blunderbuss” RICO prosecution aimed

at extorting a quick settlement.

       On June 5, 1996, the district court granted the defendants leave to conduct

Rule 11 discovery.37 Three weeks later, on June 26, Manov moved the court to

permit her to engage in Rule 11discovery as well. The requested discovery related

to Count I titled, “Negligence against Northside”: specifically, the allegation in

paragraph 158 stating that “Dr. [Camran] Nezhat has been represented by counsel

relating to matters of sexual imposition upon patients,”38 and Counts III and VIII,

       37
           The defendants’ intent to seek Rule 11 discovery was disclosed to Manov’s counsel
and the district court in the Joint Planning Report and Scheduling Order the parties filed with the
court on April 26, 1996. On May 16, 1996, Byrne responded to defense counsels’ May 3 letter,
and defense counsel replied on May 23. In ordering Rule 11 discovery, the court explained that
it was treating the May 3 letter as a motion by the defendants for leave to conduct discovery
limited to the question of whether Manov’s complaint had been filed in violation of Rule 11.
Although the court required such discovery to be completed within 45 days, it took 13 months to
complete.
       38
            The discovery Manov requested was in the form of interrogatories and requests for
production of documents directed to the Center, Northside, and 19 hospitals and medical
facilities. A proposed interrogatory to the 19 hospitals read as follows:
                                       [Interrogatory No.] 5.
    Have there been any incident reports or other documentation generated at your institution
                            concerning Camran, Farr or Ceana Nezhat:
                     A. That have involved the striking of nurses/physicians?
              B. That have involved operating outside specialty/surgical privileges?
                       C. That have involved sexual contact with patients?
                            D. That have involved any other incident?

(emphasis added). Proposed interrogatories nos. 36 and 37 asked Northside whether it received
“any information from Georgia Baptist Hospital to the effect that Camran Nezhat has beaten a
female physician in a stairwell at Georgia Baptist Hospital . . . or concerning providing fee [sic]
vaginal examinations to employees of Georgia Baptist or was making inappropriate comments to
said individuals during vaginal examinations.” Proposed interrogatory no. 50 asked Northside

                                                21
alleging violations of the Georgia and federal RICO statutes.

       On June 28, Manov moved the court for leave to file an amended complaint.

At this time, she also filed a “Motion for an Order Directing Defendant Ceana

Nezhat to provide Sworn Testimony to this Court Within Three Days that He is a

Bona Fide Physician.39 On July 8, while the foregoing motions were pending,


whether Camran Nezhat “was ever referred to as ‘Hands On’ Nezhat . . . while he was a resident
in Buffalo.” In the Proposed Findings of Fact the defendants submitted to the court on July 10,
1997, in support of their motions for sanctions, the defendants represented that Camran Nezhat
served his residency in Buffalo, New York “twenty years ago.”
       39
            As indicated in the text infra, the court granted Manov’s motion for leave to amend her
complaint. Manov’s September 6, 1996 amended complaint alleged that Ceana Nezhat was not a
medical doctor, in that he “has not been awarded a medical degree.” That allegation appeared in
Count IV, “Georgia RICO,” as an act of racketeering, and in Count V, “Battery,” as part of
Manov’s claim that the appendectomy the Nezhats performed constituted a battery. In Manov’s
June 19, 1996 motion for reconsideration of the court’s June 5 order granting the defendants
leave to conduct Rule 11 discovery, Byrne represented that he had a “reasonable belief” that
Ceana Nezhat was not a physician. In Byrne’s view, as he stated on deposition, (see supra note
37), every time Ceana Nezhat “touche[d] a woman in the practice and t[old] people he [wa]s a
doctor, there [wa]s a lack of informed consent and that’s a battery under Georgia law and that
would be a felony.”
         Byrne based his belief that Ceana Nezhat was not a medical doctor on the following
information obtained by Neal: On January 23, 1996, Neal wrote the Swiss Embassy in Tehran to
inquire about Ceana Nezhat’s medical training. Because the United States did not have
diplomatic relations with Iran, Neal directed his correspondence through the Swiss Embassy. In
his letter, he stated his belief that Ceana had not graduated from the University of Tehran
Medical School in 1981 and asked the Swiss Embassy to confirm this belief . Neal received four
documents in response. The first was a letter handwritten in Persian. The second, a translation
of the letter, indicated “non-attendance” at the medical school by Ceana Nezhat after the first
semester of 1978-79. The third document was a letter from Dr. G. Pourmand, Vice-Chancellor
for Research and International Relations at Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health
Services, which, purporting to rely on information received from another part of the university,
stated that Ceana Nezhat did not complete the 1978/79 period “due to no reference,” and was not
awarded a doctoral degree in medicine. The fourth document, a Swiss Embassy transmittal
accompanying the first three, interpreted them only as stating that “Mr. Nezhat has no record of
completing his medical course at the said University” (emphasis in original).
         Apparently, there is a dispute about whether the language translation contained in the

                                                22
Manov moved the court to recuse, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455(a), on the ground

that one of its law clerks, Dan McDevitt (“McDevitt”), had been formerly employed

by the law firm representing the Nezhats and the Center.40 On July 9, after

entertaining the arguments of counsel, the district court ruled on these motions. The



second document was accurate. The defendants contend – based on an unverified search and in
the face of the ambiguity created by the fourth document, which indicated that there was simply
no record of Ceana Nezhat completing his degree – that it was irresponsible for Byrne to allege
in Manov’s amended complaint that Ceana Nezhat was not a medical doctor. The lack of a
record, they submit, does not parlay into the lack of a degree; rather, in light of the
overwhelming evidence to the contrary, the allegation appears baseless. Ceana Nezhat holds a
license to practice medicine and surgery from the State of Georgia. Furthermore, the
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (“ECFMG”), the lawfully designated
agency for investigating and determining whether foreign medical graduates can be certified to
practice medicine in the United States, certified that Ceana Nezhat satisfied all of its
requirements and successfully passed its examinations. The defendants assert that, in certifying
Ceana Nezhat, the ECFMG determined that he had a medical degree. Finally, Byrne ignored
Ceana Nezhat’s graduate work in medicine at the Nassau County Medical Center, a major
affiliate of the State University of New York at Stoney Brook, and at the University of Illinois.
         In addition to using Ceana Nezhat’s purported lack of a medical degree as a basis for
Manov’s claims in Count IV and Count V of her amended complaint, the defendants contended
that, in an effort to extort a settlement, Byrne and Neal informed the media and the medical
community that Ceana Nezhat was not a physician. Northside’s counsel represented to the
district court that Manov’s attorneys had sent a copy of their motion questioning Ceana Nezhat’s
credentials to a reporter, Linda Carroll, because, hours after the motion was filed, Carroll called
Northside’s counsel to ask “How can you allow persons not a doctor to be practicing there?” In
his deposition (taken as part of the Rule 11 discovery), Byrne admitted speaking with Carroll a
“dozen or less” times about the Nezhats.

       40
           As indicated in note 2 supra, Manov’s motion did not specify the subsection of 28
U.S.C. § 455 on which it was based. Only two were conceivably applicable, subsections (a) and
(b)(1). In none of her submissions to the court regarding recusal pursuant to section 455 did
Manov cite subsection (b)(1) or any of the language thereof. Rather, all of her submissions cited
the language of subsection (a), specifically the words “impartiality might reasonably be
questioned.” Moreover, in her second motion for recusal, filed April 23, 1998, Manov used the
term, section “455(a).” Hence, we treat Manov’s motions as having sought the court’s recusal
pursuant to section 455(a).

                                                23
court granted Manov leave to amend her complaint, but denied her other motions.

       Two months later, on September 6, Byrne filed an amended complaint.41 The

amended complaint contained the same claims as Manov’s original complaint with

the exception of Count VI (theft by deception), Count VII (the claim that Drs. Farr

and Camran Nezhat had not obtained Manov’s informed consent prior to surgery),

and Count IX (the federal RICO claim), which had been deleted.42 On September

23, 1996, the defendants answered the complaint; their answers once again included

the affirmative defense of failure to state a claim for relief.

       Four days later, on September 27, Byrne, apparently anticipating the

defendants’ motions for Rule 11 sanctions, filed a memorandum in support of

Manov’s claims.43 On October 15, Northside moved the court to dismiss Manov’s



       41
         Byrne styled the pleading “First Amended Complaint.” We refer to it as the amended
complaint.
       42
           The amended complaint consisted of 32 pages and 126 paragraphs. It rearranged and
restated in part the remaining six counts of the original complaint, so that Count I of the original
complaint became Count III, Count II became Count I, Count III became Count IV, Count IV
became Count V, Count V became Count II, and Count VIII became Count VI.
        Thus, the amended complaint read as follows: Count I alleging medical malpractice by
the Center and Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat; Count II alleging fraud by the Center and Drs. Farr
and Camran Nezhat; Count III alleging negligence by Northside; Count IV alleging violations of
Georgia RICO by all defendants; Count V alleging battery by Drs. Camran, Farr, and Ceana
Nezhat; Count VI, “Punitive Damages [Against] All Defendants.”

       43
          The memorandum contained 45 pages and 92 exhibits, which, Byrne represented,
constituted evidentiary support for Manov’s several claims.

                                                 24
claims against it in Counts III and IV for failure to state a claim for relief.44 On

November 5, Byrne filed a memorandum in response to Northside’s motion, and on

November 11, Byrne and Neal filed a memorandum supplementing Byrne’s

September 27 memorandum in support of Manov’s amended complaint.45 The

court granted Northside’s motion to dismiss on December 11, 1996.46 The court

dismissed Count III on the ground that it was time barred, and the claim against

Northside in Count IV on the ground that it failed to allege a violation of the

Georgia RICO statute by the hospital.47 Following this ruling, the defendants,


       44
            Northside’s motion merely replicated its affirmative defense of failure to state a claim
for relief and therefore was a nullity. See note 35 supra.
       45
            The memorandum contained 146 pages.
       46
            As we have noted, see notes 35 and 44 supra, Northside’s motion to dismiss for failure
to state a claim for relief was a nullity because, prior to filing its motion, Northside had answered
the amended complaint and had included therein the affirmative defense of failure to state a
claim for relief. If Northside wished the court to pass on the sufficiency of that affirmative
defense, it should have moved the district court for a judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed.
R. Civ. P. 12(c). We therefore treat the court as having considered Northside’s motion to
dismiss as a motion filed pursuant to Rule 12(c). As indicated in the following text, in
dismissing Count III, as time barred, the court considered a fact not alleged in the complaint, to-
wit: that Manov’s malpractice complaint in the Fulton County Superior Court did not name
Northside as a defendant. The court had to consider this fact in order to conclude that the statute
of limitations on the Count III negligence claim had run and that the claim was not saved by the
Georgia renewal statute. Because the court considered a matter outside the four corners of the
complaint, it should have treated Northside’s motion as one for summary judgment and disposed
of it as provided in Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. See Rule 12(c) (“the motion shall be treated as one for
summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given
reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.”).
       47
          Stripped to its essentials, Count III charged Northside with negligent supervision of
the Drs. Nezhat; Count IV alleged that Northside (and the other defendants) had violated the
Georgia RICO statute. In dismissing Count III as time barred, the court considered matters

                                                 25
including Northside, continued their Rule 11 discovery.

       On July 8, 1997, Northside moved the district court to sanction Manov and

Byrne pursuant to Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and the court’s inherent power. Two

days later, the Center and Nezhat defendants filed a similar motion. On July 14,

Manov moved the court to defer ruling on the defendants’ motions until she could

conduct “Rule 11 defense discovery.” Manov’s motion did not describe the

defensive discovery she wished to conduct. The court denied Manov’s motion on

July 30. On July 31, Manov supplemented her motion with a request that she be

granted leave to obtain (1) records pertaining to the Drs. Nezhats’ medical

credentials, (2) reports relating to appendectomies performed by the Nezhats during

1992, and (3) reports relating to bowel resection procedures performed on sixteen

patients. Manov contended that these records and reports would demonstrate that

Count IV, alleging violations of the Georgia RICO statute, had evidentiary support.

On August 6, 1997, the court denied Manov’s motion.




beyond the four corners of the amended complaint and, thus, in effect, granted Northside
summary judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 (c). See note 46 supra.
        The court dismissed Count IV on the ground that, under the Georgia RICO statute, a
corporation is not amenable to suit; rather, the plaintiff must sue the corporation’s board of
directors. Manov failed to do that. The court therefore concluded that Northside should be
dropped from Count IV.
        The court did not enter final judgment for Northside until September 1, 1999, when,
pursuant to court order, “judgment [was] entered for the defendants against plaintiff on all claims
and the action [was] dismissed.”

                                                26
       On October 15, 1997, Neal, still lacking pro hac vice status but nonetheless

appearing for Manov, moved the district court to impose sanctions against two of

the Nezhats’ lawyers, Henry D. Green and David F. Walbert, pursuant to the court’s

inherent power. Neal’s motion represented that these attorneys had made “25

misrepresentations/material concealments in a May 3, 1996 letter to the Court,

which in turn resulted in unilateral [Rule 11] discovery.”48

       On February 23, 1998, the court granted the defendants’ motions for

sanctions and denied Neal’s motion for sanctions. Drawing on its authority under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and its inherent power, the court found that

Byrne’s “pre-filing investigation [did] not support the filing of a RICO claim

against the Nezhats . . . [and that] the claim against the Nezhats was brought

without a reasonable factual basis.” The court held Manov and Byrne liable for the

defendants’ attorneys’ fees and costs, the amounts to be fixed in a subsequent

order.49 The court also dismissed Manov’s amended complaint with prejudice –

       48
          An additional ground for the imposition of sanctions, according to Neal, was the
attorneys’ use of “German phrases and commands at the deposition of a Jewish physician.”
       49
          The court considered imposing sanctions against Neal (even though the defendants’
had not pressed the court to sanction Neal). In its February 23 order, the court chose not to
sanction Neal for the following reasons:
       Although Neal has clearly had an involvement in this matter, Neal is not the
       attorney of record. Further, Neal has not been deposed about the extent of his
       involvement and the extent of his pre-filing investigation. However, due to the
       grossly intemperate nature of Neal’s allegations, there is a strong suspicion that
       Neal’s assumptions and suspicions are not reasonable or factually supportable.

                                               27
save for the medical malpractice claim against the Nezhats and the Center – on the

ground that Manov had failed to establish a cognizable claim for relief. The court

did so even though the legal sufficiency of Manov’s (dismissed) claims was not

formally before it.50 Finally, on its own initiative, the court ordered Neal “not to

participate in any form or fashion” in the prosecution of Manov’s malpractice claim

against the Nezhats and the Center.51

       On April 23, 1998, Manov again moved the district court to recuse pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). In addition to the circumstance of McDevitt’s former

employment with the lawfirm representing the Nezhats and the Center (the basis for

Manov’s first motion to recuse), Manov contended that the court’s rulings


       However, Neal has not been deposed and has not had the opportunity to support
       and defend his position relative to sanctions. Unlike Byrne, the discovery to
       determine the extent of Neal’s investigation in this matter has been limited. Thus,
       defendants have failed to make a sufficient showing to convince this court that
       under the record as it now stands, Neal is subject to sanctions.

       50
            The defendants did not move the district court to dismiss Manov’s complaint or
amended complaint (or any of the claims therein) pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure
to state a claim for relief. Instead, they included in their answers the affirmative defense of
failure to state a claim for relief. The sufficiency of the affirmative defense was not before the
court because (1) Manov had not moved to strike it, and (2) the court had not informed the
parties that it would consider the sufficiency of the defense on its own intiative in the context of
ruling on the parties’ respective motions for sanctions.
       51
            The record does not indicate whether the court directed that Neal be served a copy of
its order, or whether Neal otherwise received actual notice that the order had been entered. After
entry of the February 23 sanctions order, the defendants took Manov’s deposition regarding her
medical malpractice claim. During this deposition, she stated that she did not know that the
court had banned Neal from further participation in the case.

                                                 28
demonstrated an apparent bias against her. Thus, the court’s “impartiality might

reasonably be questioned.” The district court denied the motion on June 1, 1998.

      After the district court dismissed Manov’s claims against Northside under

Rule 12(c), as part of the February 23, 1998 sanctions order, struck all of Manov’s

claims against the Nezhats and the Center except the medical malpractice claim, the

Nezhats and the Center commenced discovery on the merits of that claim. When

Manov refused to comply with a court order requiring her to provide the Nezhats

and the Center with the basis for the opinion of her medical expert, they moved on

April 21, 1998 to strike the expert from Manov’s list of witnesses.52 The court

granted the motion on May 26, 1998. This left Manov without a medical expert to

support her malpractice claim. Since Georgia law requires that a plaintiff suing for

medical malpractice produce expert testimony that the physician defendant deviated

from the pertinent standard of care, Manov had no case. Accordingly, on July 21,

1998, she moved the court to dismiss her medical malpractice claim with prejudice.

The court granted the motion.

      The district court’s February 23, 1998 sanctions order required the

defendants to present “documentation” evidencing the attorneys’ fees and costs they

had incurred in defending against Manov’s claims (except her malpractice claim)


      52
           See generally, Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2) (pertaining to disclosure of expert testimony).

                                                 29
and conducting their Rule 11 discovery. After the defendants submitted such proof,

the court, on February 17, 1999, ordered Byrne and Manov to present evidence of

their ability to pay the fees and costs the defendants were requesting.53 Having

received their submissions, on June 24, 1999, the court entered an order setting the

amount of monetary sanctions to be levied against Byrne and Manov. The order

awarded attorneys’ fees and costs in the amounts of $50,378.22 to Northside, and

$332,500.00 to the Nezhats and the Center.54 On September 1, 1999, the court

entered final judgment for the defendants and against Manov and Byrne on all

claims and closed the case. These consolidated appeals followed.

       Manov appeals (1) the two orders denying her motions to recuse pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 455(a), (2) the court’s dismissal of her claims against Northside, (3) the

court’s dismissal of all of her claims, except her medical malpractice count, against

       53
          The court’s instructions were in accord with Baker v. Alderman, 158 F.3d 516 (11th
Cir. 1998) (holding that a court should take into account a party’s ability to pay when
determining the amount of monetary sanctions to be awarded).
       54
            Because her financial affidavits had not been notarized and were unintelligible, the
district court found that Manov failed to comply with its February 17, 1999 order. The court,
therefore, held that Manov waived her right to have the court consider her financial ability to
pay. Accordingly, the court found Manov liable for 100% and Byrne for 50% of Northside’s
fees and costs, which the court fixed at $50,378.22. Specifically, the court provided that Byrne
and Manov were jointly and severally liable to Northside for $25,189.11 and that Manov was
liable to Northside in the additional amount of $25,189.11. Similarly, the court found Manov
liable for 100% and Byrne for 50% of the Nezhats and Center’s fees and costs. It provided that
Byrne and Manov were jointly and severally liable to the Nezhats and the Center for
$166,250.00 and that Manov was liable to the Nezhats and the Center in the additional amount of
$166,250.00. The amounts awarded by the order were to be paid in equal quarterly installments
over a seven year period with interest at the rate of 7% per annum on the unpaid installments.

                                               30
the Nezhats and the Center, and (4) the court’s imposition of monetary sanctions.

Byrne appeals the district court’s imposition of monetary sanctions as well. We

consider first Manov’s argument that the district court should have recused.

                                                II.

       Section 455(a) of the United States Code states: “Any justice, judge, or

magistrate of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which

his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”55 On July 8, 1996, one month

after the court ordered Rule 11 discovery, Manov moved the district court to recuse

pursuant to this statute. The court denied the motion the next day, following a

hearing on various matters.56 Manov renewed the motion on April 23, 1998, two

months after the court entered the first sanctions order. The court denied this

motion as well. Both of Manov’s motions for recusal were based on the notion that

the district court created an appearance of impartiality by having in its chambers a

law clerk, McDevitt, who had been employed by one of the law firms representing

the Nezhats and the Center in this case and in Mullen’s state court case.57 Manov’s

       55
            See supra notes 2 and 40.
       56
           At the hearing, the court considered, among other things, Manov’s motions for the
district court’s recusal; for leave to file an amended complaint; for leave to conduct Rule 11
discovery; and for an order directing Ceana Nezhat to provide sworn testimony that he was a
bona fide physician.
       57
         The record does not indicate when Manov’s attorneys, Byrne and Neal, learned of
McDevitt’s former employment. In their brief opposing Manov’s renewed motion to recuse, the

                                                31
second motion added another basis for recusal – the court’s rulings against Manov

demonstrated that the court’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned. Due to

this additional alleged ground for recusal, we address the motions separately. Our

standard of review is whether the district court abused its discretion when it denied

Manov’s motions. Jaffree v. Wallace, 837 F.2d 1461, 1465 (11th Cir. 1988).

                                                A.

       At some time prior to the commencement of his law clerk’s duties with the

district court, McDevitt was employed by Sullivan, Hall, Booth & Smith, an Atlanta

law firm. The firm served as co-counsel for the Nezhats and the Center in the

instant case.58 The firm also represented the Nezhats and the Center in Mullen’s

state court case. The record does not indicate when McDevitt was employed by the

Sullivan firm or when he came to work in the district court’s chambers. All we

know is that, on January 18, 1996, when Judge Tidwell received the case on



Nezhats and the Center asserted that Manov’s counsel moved to recuse “long after” they knew
the identity of the district judge to whom the case had been assigned. Defense counsel did not,
unfortunately, provide the date on which they contend Manov’s attorneys first learned of
McDevitt’s former employment. In her reply brief, Manov refuted the contention that she knew
of the law clerk’s former employment long before she moved for recusal and claimed that she
moved for recusal as soon as she learned of it. We note that the basis for Manov’s recusal
arguments regarding McDevitt – a defense motion filed in Mullen’s state court case and signed
by McDevitt as co-counsel – was dated December 29, 1994. Nonetheless, we assume that
Manov learned of McDevitt’s former involvement in Mullen’s state court case around July 8,
1996, the date she moved for recusal.
       58
            Walbert & Mathis, an Atlanta law firm, also represented the Nezhats and the Center.

                                                32
reassignment,59 McDevitt was one of his law clerks.

      Judge Tidwell recognized immediately that McDevitt had worked for one of

the law firms involved in the case; therefore, he isolated McDevitt from the case

and assigned the matter to another law clerk, Nancy Chapman. On July 8, 1996,

Judge Tidwell learned from reading Manov’s motion for recusal that McDevitt,

while working as a Sullivan associate, had done some work on Mullen’s state court

case. After entertaining Manov’s motion for recusal at a hearing the next day,

Judge Tidwell said:


      [I]t seems to have become both fashionable and a fad that when any
      party is faced with an adverse decision that a motion to recuse follows
      almost as a matter of course. In this case when the case was filed it
      was assigned to my law clerk Nancy Chapman because I was aware
      that Dan McDevitt had been with a firm that had some connection with
      either this case or with a prior connection. Dan – I didn’t find out until
      yesterday that I believe it is correct that Dan had worked on some
      aspect of this case before he came to work for me. But he has not, will
      not have any connection with this case. He is and has been and will be
      completely and totally separated from this case.
             It is not unusual for me to separate these cases. Many times law
      clerks have accepted a job offer at the conclusion of the law clerk
      tenure, and when that happens as similar to the situation in this case, I
      merely just assign any case to be worked on to the other law clerk.
      And in this case Dan has not, will not have any part, will not play any
      part, has not had any input or any connection with this case since it
      was filed and assigned to me or any rulings that I have made or will
      make for that matter.


      59
           See supra note 28.

                                          33
          The record before us reveals that McDevitt’s involvement in Mullen’s state

court case was limited to the following: McDevitt, as a Sullivan associate, worked

for Henry D. Green, a Sullivan partner and co-counsel of record for the Nezhats and

the Center. In this capacity, McDevitt signed a “Brief in Support of Defendants’

Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s Supplemental Affidavits Filed after October 23, 1994.”

The brief addressed the issue of whether, under Georgia law, untimely affidavits,

filed in opposition to a motion for summary judgment, could be considered by the

court in ruling on the motion. In addition to this, McDevitt was shown, along with

Green, to have received a copy of one of the orders entered in Mullen’s state court

case.60

          The test for determining whether a judge should disqualify himself under

section 455(a) is whether a reasonable person knowing all the facts would conclude

that the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned. See Hepperle v.

Johnston, 590 F.2d 609, 614 (5th Cir. 1979). Stated another way, the question is

“whether an objective, disinterested, lay observer fully informed of the facts



          60
           An earlier order in that case, titled “Order on Defendants Motion to Deny Pro Hac
Vice Admission to Practice and Order on Motion of James J. Neal to be Admitted Pro Hac Vice
to Practice in the State of Georgia” (and granting Neal pro hac vice status), lists in a preamble to
the order the names of the attorneys for each party as follows: “[t]he Plaintiff was represented
by Attorney Michael K. Mixson and James J. Neal; the Defendants were represented by Henry
D. Green, Sidney F. Wheeler, Robert D. Roll, Stephen L. Goldner, and Susan V. Sommers.”
McDevitt’s name is not on the list.

                                                 34
underlying the grounds on which recusal was sought would entertain a significant

doubt about the judge’s impartiality.” Carter v. West Pub. Co., No. 99-11959-EE

(11th Cir. November 1, 1999). Reduced to its essentials, Manov’s argument is that,

notwithstanding the district court’s statements at the July 9 hearing, such an

observer would entertain a significant doubt as to the court’s impartiality. In other

words, the observer would either (1) doubt the court’s statement that McDevitt had

been isolated from the case from the outset, or (2) conclude that, despite such

isolation, there was a substantial likelihood that McDevitt would impart to the court

information he had gleaned while working on Mullen’s state court case, thereby

prejudicing the court against Manov.61

       The record contains nothing that would cause a reasonable observer to doubt

the truth of the court’s statement that McDevitt had been, and would continue to be,

isolated from the case. Moreover, there is nothing in the record that could cause a


       61
          Manov’s second (renewed) motion for recusal made a similar argument. Manov
complained about the court’s refusal to allow her to depose McDevitt. Underlying her request to
depose McDevitt are the inferences (1) that Manov did not believe Judge Tidwell’s statement
that McDevitt had not worked on Manov’s case and therefore had not passed information to him
regarding Mullen’s case, and (2) that Manov and her attorneys were uninformed about the extent
of McDevitt’s involvement in Mullen’s case. Given the court’s repeated, unambiguous
statements about McDevitt’s isolation, we find no credence in Manov’s position that McDevitt
needed to be deposed to find out whether he had passed information about Mullen’s case to the
court. Moreover, Neal was Mullen’s attorney when McDevitt co-signed the December 29, 1994
Brief in Support of Defendants’ Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s Supplemental Affidavits filed after
October 23, 1994. Accordingly, Neal was aware of the extent of McDevitt’s involvement in the
Mullen litigation.

                                               35
reasonable observer to draw the opposite conclusion – that McDevitt had been

serving, and would continue to serve, as the court’s elbow law clerk on the case.

This brings us to the second inference Manov would have us draw: McDevitt’s

mere presence in the court’s chambers created the appearance that the court was,

and would continue to be, partial to the defendants.

       As an initial matter we note that “[i]f a clerk has a possible conflict of

interest, it is the clerk, not the judge who must be disqualified.” Hunt v. American

Bank & Trust Co., 783 F.2d 1011, 1016 (11th Cir. 1986). Manov contends that

because the instant case concerns a law clerk’s former employment, cases, such as

Hunt, involving a possible conflict of interest due to a law clerk’s future

employment, are inapplicable. Whereas the isolation of a law clerk when future

employment is involved alleviates the significant doubt an objective observer would

have about the court’s impartiality, Manov says that the same is not true when the

case involves former employment.62

       62
           Manov relies on Hall v. Small Bus. Admin., 695 F.2d 175 (5th Cir. 1983), in which a
magistrate judge’s law clerk worked on a sex discrimination case brought against her former
employer, the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). Prior to accepting the clerkship, the law
clerk had worked for the SBA during the same time period as the plaintiff. See id. at 176. The
law clerk had resigned from the SBA because she felt she was the victim of sexual
discrimination. See id. Thereafter, as the magistrate judge’s law clerk, she participated in the
pre-trial process, prepared bench memoranda, and worked on the order disposing of the case on
the merits. See id. at 176-79. While Hall mentioned the law clerk’s former employment, the
event that triggered the magistrate judge’s obligation to recuse or isolate the law clerk was her
acceptance of employment with plaintiff’s counsel while working on the case for the court. See
id. at 179. Therefore, although Manov correctly noted in her brief to the district court that the

                                                36
       We disagree for two reasons. First, we reject the underlying assumption of

Manov’s argument, namely, that when a court employs a law clerk whose former

employer appears before the court, there is a stronger basis for questioning the

court’s impartiality than when a court employs a law clerk who has accepted future

employment with a firm appearing before the court. A law clerk has little incentive

to influence a judge in an effort to “curry favor” with a former employer.

Conversely, a law clerk has a financial incentive to benefit a future employer.

Given this financial incentive, if ever a law clerk were of a mind to influence his

judge, it would likely be for the benefit of a future rather than a former employer.

Because precedent approves the isolation of a law clerk who has accepted future

employment with counsel appearing before the court (see e.g., Hunt, 783 F.2d at

1015-16) it follows that isolating a law clerk should also be acceptable when the

clerk’s former employer appears before the court.

       Second, we note that a law clerk has no incentive to violate a court’s

instruction that he isolate himself from the case and thereby subject himself to

discharge. In this case, the district judge explained that, as a matter of course, he


law clerk in Hall worked for the defendant (the SBA) before her employment with the court, this
fact was not the basis for the Hall court’s decision. Hall is, therefore, inapposite. Consider that
the court of appeals explained that “[w]hether or not the law clerk actually affected the
magistrate’s decision, her continuing participation with the magistrate in a case in which her
future employers were counsel gave rise to an appearance of partiality.” Id. at 179 (emphasis
added).

                                                 37
isolates law clerks from cases involving past or future employers. The obvious

purpose of this procedure is to ensure that the appearance of impartiality does not

arise; as such, only a foolhardy law clerk would purposely circumvent the court’s

instruction by attempting to pass on information about a case. In sum, we hold that

the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Manov’s first motion for

recusal.

                                           B.

         As noted, Manov’s second motion for recusal cited the district court’s

rulings against Manov and asserted that such rulings would lead a reasonable

observer to harbor a significant doubt about the court’s impartiality. We are not

persuaded. Precedent clearly holds that adverse rulings alone do not provide a party

with a basis for holding that the court’s impartiality is in doubt. Carlsen v. Duron,

229 F.3d 1162, No. 99-4065 (10th Cir. 2000) (unpub. disp.). Given this precedent,

Manov’s argument, that the court’s refusal to recuse was an abuse of discretion,

fails.

                                          III.

         We now turn to the remaining issues in this appeal. First, we determine de

novo whether the district court erred as a matter of law in dismissing Manov’s

claims against Northside in Counts III and IV. See Haitian Refugee Ctr. v. Baker,


                                           38
949 F.2d 1109, 1110 (11th Cir. 1991) (“[I]f the trial court misapplies the law we

will review and correct the error without deference to that court’s determination.”).

Second, we determine whether the court abused its discretion in imposing sanctions

against Manov and Byrne, which, except for Manov’s medical malpractice claim,

included the dismissal of the remaining counts of the complaint. See United States

v. Sigma Intern., Inc., 244 F.3d 841, 852 (11th Cir. 2001) (In determining whether

the court abused its discretion we ask whether it “applie[d] the wrong legal standard

or ma[de] findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.”) (internal citations omitted).

      Both of these determinations – whether the court erred as a matter of law in

dismissing the claims against Northside or abused its discretion in awarding

sanctions – are guided by the fact that the root of this litigation is the medical

malpractice claim that Manov brought against Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat and the

Center in the Fulton County Superior Court in August 1994. Manov alleged that

she came to the Center in September 1992 for laproscopic surgery to alleviate

endometriosis. The surgery was to be performed by Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat.

Prior to surgery, they informed her that her appendix may be infected and, if so, it

should be removed when they performed the laproscopy. Manov agreed, and

executed a consent both to the laproscopic procedure and a “possible appendectomy

and any other procedure deemed necessary.” During the laproscopic procedure, the


                                           39
doctors decided that Manov’s appendix was infected and performed the

appendectomy. Manov contended that the appendix was not infected and that the

doctors were negligent in removing it. They were also negligent, she asserted, in

the manner in which they performed the appendectomy because they left a portion

of the appendix in her abdomen. This, in turn, caused an infection, which required

further hospitalization and caused other complications.

      As our discussion unfolds, it will become clear that the allegedly botched

appendectomy and the resulting complications constitute the sum and substance of

the injury Manov suffered in this case. Every count of the complaint, including

Manov’s Georgia RICO claim, derives from the appendectomy. With this

background in mind, we address the issues posed above. We begin with the

dismissal of Manov’s claims against Northside in Counts III and IV.

                                          A

                                          1.

      Count III alleged that Northside breached its “duty of due care to monitor and

investigate the . . . practice of surgery [by the Drs. Nezhat] at Northside.” Among

other things, Northside failed to check the Nezhats’ credentials, protect the Nezhats’

patients from experimental and unnecessary surgery, and prevent the Nezhats from

ordering nurses to perform medical procedures required by law to be performed by


                                         40
physicians. But for such negligence, argued Manov, Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat

would not have performed the appendectomy at issue.

        The district court dismissed Count III pursuant to Rule 12(c) of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure as time barred.63 As noted supra, Byrne voluntarily

dismissed Manov’s state court suit against Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat and the

Center on July 13, 1995, and refiled it in the district court on January 12, 1996, one

day before the six month period under Georgia’s renewal statute expired. O.C.G.A.

§ 9-2-61. When Byrne refiled the case in the district court, he added Northside as a

defendant.

      Georgia’s renewal statue provides that when an action is commenced in state

court within the proper statute of limitations period, and the plaintiff voluntarily

       63
           Although Northside moved, and the district purported, to dismiss Count III pursuant to
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), we treat the court as having made the ruling pursuant to Rule 12(c).
See notes 46, and 47 supra. In order to conclude that the statute of limitations on Manov’s Count
III negligence claim had run and that the claim was not saved by the Georgia renewal statute, the
court considered a fact not alleged in the complaint, to-wit: that Manov’s malpractice complaint
in the Fulton County Superior Court did not name Northside as a defendant. Because it
considered a fact not alleged in the complaint, the court should have treated Northside’s motion
as one for summary judgment and disposed of it as provided by Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. Because the
court did not do so, Manov contends that we should vacate the court’s judgment on Count III and
remand the case for further proceedings so that she may “be given reasonable opportunity to
present all material made pertinent by such a motion by Rule 56.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b) and (c).
        The court’s error was harmless. See Denis v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 791 F.2d 846, 850
(11th Cir. 1986); Boateng v. Interamerican Univ., Inc., 210 F.3d 56, 60 (1st Cir. 2000). As the
record amply demonstrates, at the time the court entertained Northside’s motion to dismiss, the
record was replete with references – some made by Manov’s counsel – to the complaint in
Manov’s state court case, to the fact that the complaint did not name Northside, and to the date
Byrne dismissed the case. In sum, Manov acknowledged, albeit tacitly, that there was no dispute
concerning the facts relating to the time-bar issue.

                                               41
dismisses the action, the plaintiff may recommence the proceeding in federal court

within six months after the dismissal. O.C.G.A. § 9-2-61. The district court found

that the statute of limitations had expired on Manov’s negligence claim against

Northside. Under Georgia law, a plaintiff must bring a negligence action within two

years of the act giving rise to the claim. O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33. Since Manov

underwent surgery at Northside in September 1992, her negligence claim against

Northside should have been brought by September 1994. She did not bring the

claim until January 1996 – thus, it was barred by the statute of limitations. The

claim was not saved by Georgia’s renewal statute because the statute only suspends

the running of the statute of limitations against defendants named in the original

complaint. Cornwell v. Williams Bros. Lumber Co., 229 S.E.2d 551, 552 (Ga. Ct.

App. 1976); Wagner v. Casey, 313 S.E.2d 756, 758 (Ga. Ct. App. 1984).64 We agree

with the district court’s holdings that the statute of limitations had run on Manov’s

Count III claim against Northside and that the renewal statute did not save it.

Accordingly, the court did not err in dismissing the count.

                                               2.

      Count IV alleged that the defendants, including Northside, violated Georgia’s


       64
         Manov contends that the statute of limitations was tolled on the theory that Northside
somehow defrauded her. The district court rejected the theory as patently frivolous, and we do
as well.

                                               42
RICO law by engaging in racketeering activity. The district court dismissed

Northside as a Count IV defendant on the ground that Northside was not capable of

committing a crime. Under Georgia law, a corporation qua corporation, cannot be

held to answer for a crime, and therefore could not violate the Georgia RICO statute.

O.C.G.A. § 16-2-22(a)(2); Cobb County v. Jones Group, 460 S.E.2d 516, 521 (Ga.

Ct. App. 1995). This is not to say that a corporation may disregard the law with

impunity. If a crime has been committed, the agents of the corporation who are

responsible are subject to prosecution. Manov’s amended complaint, however,

neither alleges nor mentions which Northside agent was responsible for Northside’s

violation of the Georgia RICO statute. We, therefore, find no error in the district

court’s dismissal of the RICO claim against Northside.65

                                              B.

      Having disposed of the first issue posed above, we turn to the second issue:

whether the district court abused its discretion when it granted both Northside’s and

the Nezhats and Center’s motions for sanctions, required Byrne and Manov to pay

the defendants’ attorneys’ fees and costs, and dismissed all but one of Manov’s

claims against the Nezhats and the Center. The district court took this action



       65
           Given this disposition, we defer discussion of whether Count IV alleged a RICO
violation against any defendant.

                                              43
pursuant to three separate sources of authority: Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927,

and the court’s inherent power.

      In reviewing the award of sanctions, we first discuss these sources of

authority. After that, we examine the award of sanctions against Byrne and Manov.

Specifically, we determine whether the district court abused its discretion because,

as Manov contends, the court erred in concluding that the claims it dismissed

(against the Nezhats and the Center) lacked a factual foundation. We have already

determined that the court did not err in dismissing her claims against Northside;

hence, as to that defendant, the question is whether the court abused its discretion in

awarding Northside attorney’s fees and costs. We defer answering that question at

this juncture because the answer becomes self-evident after we examine Manov’s

complaint as a whole and find it (except for Count I) baseless.66

                                                  1.

      In considering a motion for sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 11,67 a court

conducts a two-step inquiry: “(1) whether the party’s claims are objectively

       66
           Although the district court, in handing down its February 23, 1998 sanctions order, did
not formally have before it the Nezhats and Center’s affirmative defense of failure to state a
claim for relief, see supra notes 35, 44, 46 and 47, it had to examine Manov’s claims and find
them either legally insufficient or factually unsupported in order to impose the sanctions at issue
– both the dismissal of the claims and the award of attorney’s fees and costs. Therefore, in order
to hold that the court’s action did not constitute an abuse of discretion, we must satisfy ourselves
that the dismissed counts lacked a legal or factual basis.
       67
            See supra note 1 for the pertinent text of Rule 11.

                                                  44
frivolous; and (2) whether the person who signed the pleadings should have been

aware that they were frivolous.” Baker v. Alderman, 158 F.3d 516, 524 (11th Cir.

1998). When filing a pleading in federal court, an attorney “certifies that he or she

has conducted a reasonable inquiry and that the pleading is well-grounded in fact,

legally tenable, and ‘is not presented for any improper purpose.’” Id. (quoting Fed.

R. Civ. P. 11(b)). Thus, if, after dismissing a party’s claim as baseless, the court

finds that the party’s attorney failed to conduct a reasonable inquiry into the matter,

then the court is obligated to impose sanctions even if the attorney had a good faith

belief that the claim was sound. Mroz v. Mroz, 65 F.3d 1567, 1573 (11th Cir. 1995).

Although typically levied against an attorney, a court is authorized to issue Rule 11

sanctions against a party even though the party is neither an attorney nor the signor

of the pleadings. See Souran v. Travelers Ins. Co., 982 F.2d 1497, 1508 n.14 (11th

Cir. 1993) (“‘Even though it is the attorney whose signature violates the rule, it may

be appropriate under the circumstances of the case to impose a sanction on the

client.’” (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 advisory committee’s note)).

       The second source of authority for the sanctions levied in this case is 28

U.S.C. § 1927, which states:

      [a]ny attorney or other person admitted to conduct cases in any court of
      the United States or any Territory thereof who so multiplies the
      proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be required
      by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and

                                           45
      attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.


As the express language of section 1927 indicates, this sanctioning mechanism is

aimed at the unreasonable and vexatious multiplication of proceedings. Unlike Rule

11, which is aimed primarily at pleadings, under section 1927 attorneys are obligated

to avoid dilatory tactics throughout the entire litigation. Also unlike Rule 11,

“awards pursuant to § 1927 may be imposed only against the offending attorney;

clients may not be saddled with such awards.” United States v. Int’l B’hd of

Teamsters, Chauffeurs, 948 F.2d 1338, 1345 (2d Cir. 1991).

      The third source of authority for the award of sanctions in this case is the

district court’s inherent power. This power is derived from the court’s need “to

manage [its] own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of

cases.” Chambers v. Nasco, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43, 111 S. Ct. 2123, 2132, 115 L. Ed.

2d 27 (1991). The “inherent power of a court can be invoked even if procedural

rules exist which sanction the same conduct.” Chambers, 501 U.S. at 46, 111 S. Ct.

at 2133.

      One aspect of a court’s inherent power is the ability to assess attorneys’ fees

and costs against the client or his attorney, or both, when either has “acted in bad




                                           46
faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons.”68 Id. at 45-46, 111 S. Ct. at

2133. This court has explained that “[t]he key to unlocking a court’s inherent power

is a finding of bad faith.” Barnes v. Dalton, 158 F.3d 1212, 1214 (11th Cir. 1998);

see also Mroz, 65 F.3d at 1575 (“Invocation of a court’s inherent power requires a

finding of bad faith.”). A court should be cautious in exerting its inherent power

and “must comply with the mandates of due process, both in determining that the

requisite bad faith exists and in assessing fees.” Chambers, 501 U.S. at 50, 111 S.

Ct. at 2132. Because the court’s inherent power is so potent, it should be exercised

“with restraint and discretion.”69 Id.

                                               2.

      The district court awarded sanctions against Byrne and Manov because the

claims in the amended complaint, apart from the malpractice claim, lacked either a

legal or a factual basis and because Byrne had failed to conduct a reasonable inquiry

into the factual bases of the claims. As we have concluded, the district court

       68
           This is sometimes referred to as the bad faith exception to the American Rule against
fee shifting. United States v. Int’l B’hd of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, 948 F.2d 1338, 1345 (2d Cir.
1991).
       69
           In Chambers, the Supreme Court indicated that the district court made detailed factual
findings concerning the sanctioned party’s involvement in the events of the case. See id. at 58,
111 S. Ct. at 2139. Recognizing the need for caution, some circuits require that a district court
make a particularized showing of bad faith to justify the use of its inherent power. See, e.g.,
United States v. Int’l B’hd of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, 948 F.2d 1338, 1345 (2d Cir. 1991) (citing
Oliveri v. Thompson, 803 F.2d 1265, 1272 (2d Cir. 1986) (requiring “a high degree of specificity
in the factual findings of [the] lower courts”)).

                                               47
properly dismissed Manov’s claims against Northside. Our ensuing discussion,

therefore, concerns Manov’s claims against the Nezhats and the Center. The district

court found those claims – in Counts II, IV, V70 – lacking because “plaintiff and

plaintiff’s counsel have failed to conduct an investigation that is reasonable,

objective and proper under the circumstances before filing . . . the complaint[]; the

[complaint] [is] replete with false and baseless claims and allegations, which

plaintiff and her counsel knew or with reasonable investigation should have know

[sic] to be irresponsible and baseless.” Reading this language in the light of (1) the

defendants’ May 3, 1996 letter to the court, asserting that Byrne had not conducted

the sort of independent pre-filing investigation required by Rule 11, and (2) the

court’s June 5, 1996 order granting the defendants leave to conduct Rule 11

discovery to determine “if [Byrne had conducted an] appropriate pre-filing

investigation of the facts underlying the allegations [of the complaint],” we conclude

that the court did not dismiss Counts II, IV, and V because they failed to state claims

recognized by the law. Rather, the court dismissed those counts because the Rule 11

discovery revealed that Byrne had not conducted the requisite pre-filing

investigation to determine the truth of the factual allegations contained in Manov’s


       70
           As noted supra, the amended complaint contained six counts. Count VI was a claim
for punitive damages. Count VI did not state an independent cause of action; instead, it only
sought punitive damages for the preceding claims, Counts I through V.

                                              48
complaint.

      Our review of the district court’s award of sanctions necessarily begins with

an analysis of the complaint, here the amended complaint. We note that, if the facts

as pled failed to state a claim for relief, it was irrelevant whether Byrne conducted

the requisite Rule 11 pre-filing factual investigation. Identifying Manov’s claims –

in terms of their legal underpinnings – is not difficult; the heading of each count

announces whether the claim is for negligence, fraud, and so forth. The problem lies

in determining which factual allegations of the complaint relate to which cause of

action. The amended complaint, containing 6 counts, consists of 32 pages and 126

paragraphs. The amended complaint was drafted like the original complaint, in that

each of the counts following Count I incorporated by reference every paragraph, and

therefore every count, preceding it. Each count added a few paragraphs, which, in

turn, were incorporated into the next count. In drafting a complaint this way, the

pleader inevitably incorporates into a count factual allegations, and even defendants,

that are not germane to the cause of action purportedly stated in that count.

Accordingly, to determine whether a claim was legally cognizable, we must strip the

claims to their essentials, which, in this case, requires considerable weeding. Having

done so, we conclude that Count II, fraud, Count IV, Georgia RICO, and Count V,

battery were properly dismissed because they lacked factual support. Moreover,


                                           49
even if we accept Count IV’s factual allegations as true, the count still fails because

it failed to state a cause of action.

                                           a.

       The district court had no difficulty, and neither do we, in discerning the

allegations that relate to Count I, the medical malpractice claim. Given the

circumstances set forth above surrounding the September 1992 surgery performed

by Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat at Northside, the court properly held that Count I

stated a claim for relief.

                                           b.

       Count II – fraud on the part of Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat and the Center –

and Count V – battery on the part of Drs. Farr, Camran, and Ceana Nezhat – are

based almost exclusively on the facts giving rise to Count I. In Count II, Manov

alleged that the defendants Nezhat obtained her consent to the appendectomy by

fraudulently misrepresenting the potential presence of endometriosis on her

appendix. In other words, the doctors knew that her appendix was healthy and lied

when they told Manov that it might be infected. Their motive for lying, Manov

alleged, was their “desire for continued financial gain at the expense of [Manov’s]

health and safety.” In Count V, Manov alleged that the above fraudulent

misrepresentation “vitiated” her consent; thus, in performing the appendectomy, the


                                           50
doctors committed a battery.71

      The district court properly found that Manov consented to the appendectomy.

Manov does not dispute that she signed a consent form agreeing to the procedure.

Thus, a contract between Manov and Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat (the defendants

who performed the appendectomy) was formed. Mattair v. St. Joseph’s Hospital,

Inc., 234 S.E.2d 537, 598 (Ga. Ct. App. 1977). In entering into the contract, the

physicians implicitly promised to exercise the care and skill required by the medical

profession in the community. Id. Count I of the complaint alleged that the Drs. Farr

and Camran Nezhat and the Center breached this duty of care.

      Under Georgia law, one who consents to a surgical procedure cannot

thereafter sue the surgeon for battery. Battery is an unlawful touching, so one who

consents to being touched cannot claim a battery. Manov, however, attempted to

circumvent this bar by contending that the physicians procured her consent through

fraud – by stating falsely that her appendix might be infected. The district court

rejected Manov’s attempt because there is nothing in the record – save a bald

assertion in her complaint – to support her allegation that the doctors knew in


       71
          The Count V claim against Ceana Nezhat has nothing to do with the laproscopy or
appendectomy. The count alleges that Ceana Nezhat lacked a medical degree; consequently,
when he performed a medical examination on Manov two months after the surgery, he
committed a battery. As we indicate infra, the contention that Ceana Nezhat lacked a medical
degree has no factual basis in the record.

                                              51
advance that her appendix was healthy and should not be removed. In any event, the

doctors statements constituted reasoned medical opinions about what they might find

once the laproscopic procedure was underway. Such statements do not amount to

fraud. Cannon v. Smith, 370 S.E.2d 529, 531 (Ga. Ct. App. 1988) (“At best, [such]

allegations might establish negligence but not fraud.”). In sum, both Count II- Fraud

and Count V-Battery were nothing more than thinly veiled attempts to recast the

malpractice claim. As such, these counts were not factually supportable.

                                               c.

      Finally, we turn to the meat of Manov’s amended complaint: Count IV

alleging the violation of the Georgia RICO statute by all defendants.72 The statute

makes it “unlawful for any person”

      (a) . . . through a pattern of racketeering activity or proceeds derived
      therefore, to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or
      control of any enterprise, real property, or personal property of any
      nature, including money.
      (b) . . . employed by or associated with any enterprise to conduct or
      participate in directly or indirectly, such enterprise through a pattern of
      racketeering activity.
      (c) . . . to conspire or endeavor to violate any of the provisions of subsection
      (a) or (b) of the Code section.

O.C.G.A. § 16-14-4. Neither Count IV nor any other part of the amended complaint

cites which of these provisions the defendants allegedly violated. We rule out a


       72
            Count IV consisted of 18 pages and 60 paragraphs.

                                               52
violation of subsection (c) because neither the count nor the amended complaint

speaks of a conspiracy. Due to the pleader’s failure to track any of the statutory

language – with the exception of the words “enterprise” and “pattern of racketeering

activity” – we cannot say with confidence whether Manov meant to allege a

violation of subsection (a) or (b) or both.

      While never identifying which subsection of O.C.G.A. § 16-14-4 the

defendants allegedly violated, both the original complaint and the amended

complaint alleged that each defendant was an “enterprise” and engaged in a “pattern

of racketeering activity.” The racketeering activity pled in the amended complaint

consisted of eleven separate acts. The ensuing discussion depicts these acts in

greater detail; we list them briefly here by means of an introduction. The

racketeering acts were introduced with headings. The first was “18 U.S.C. 1341.” It

was followed by “FALSE/FRAUDULENT BILLIING,” “$200.00 INITIAL

HOSPITAL CHARGE,” “SERVICES PROVIDED BY ONLY ONE PHYSICIAN,”

“SERVICES PROVIDED BY NON-PHYSICIANS,” “SEVERITY OF

DISEASE/‘22' MODIFIERS,” “INSURANCE FORM INFORMATION,”

“ESTROPEL,” “HOSPITAL COMPLICITY,” “EVIDENCE TAMPERING,” and

“INFLUENCING WITNESSES.”

       Finally, we note that Count IV incorporates by reference all prior counts;


                                              53
therefore, it includes Count I-Malpractice, Count II-Fraud, and Count III-

Negligence by Northside. Counts II and III do double service in that Count IV

explicitly states that they also constituted acts of racketeering. Count V, the battery

count, while not incorporated by reference, nonetheless serves as the basis for an act

of racketeering as well. With these observations in mind, we examine the legal

sufficiency of Count IV, specifically, each act of racketeering.

      We dispose easily of the alleged acts of racketeering that amount to nothing

more than the same fraud and battery charged in Counts II and V. Our prior

discussion of these counts demonstrates they were pled without a factual basis.

Similarly, the act of racketeering entitled “Hospital Complicity” is legally

insufficient because, as discussed supra Part III.A.2, the pleader did not identify the

Northside agent(s) responsible for the allegedly unlawful conduct.

      The remaining acts of racketeering are all anchored on the federal mail fraud

statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1341. To determine if these acts of racketeering were pled with

legal or factual sufficiency, we review this circuit’s requirements for pleading mail

fraud in civil RICO cases. Mail fraud occurs when a person (1) intentionally

participates in a scheme to defraud another of money or property and (2) uses the

mails in furtherance of that scheme. See Pelletier, 921 F.2d at 1449-50; United

States v. Downs, 870 F.2d 613, 615 (11th Cir. 1989). Pelletier explains that in a


                                           54
criminal prosecution “the government . . . is not required to show that the intended

victim was actually deceived and suffered injury. Id; United States v. Dynalectric

Co., 859 F.2d 1576 (11th Cir. 1988). A private plaintiff, however, such as Manov,

must show not only that the mail fraud statute has been violated, “but also that [she]

has suffered injury as a result of the violation.” Pelletier, 921 F.2d at 1499-50

(stating that “when the alleged predicate act is mail . . . fraud, the plaintiff must have

been a target of the scheme to defraud and must have relied to his detriment on

misrepresentations made in furtherance of that scheme”).

      In that the mail fraud statute “has been interpreted by the Supreme Court and

lower courts to include a proximate cause requirement – the plaintiff’s injury must

have been proximately caused by the commission of the predicate acts.” Pelletier,

921 F.2d at 1499. This court’s restrictive view of the proximate cause requirement73

means that a plaintiff has standing to sue only if his injury flowed directly from the

commission of the predicate acts. Id; see also Gentry v. Volkswagen of America,

Inc., 521 S.E.2d 13, 19 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999). As such, a plaintiff lacks standing to

assert, as the basis for mail fraud, misrepresentations directed toward another person


       73
           In Pelletier, we explain that the circuit courts hold differing views on whether the
proximate cause requirement “limits damages recoverable to those caused directly by the
predicate act (e.g., by reliance on the defendant’s fraudulent representations) or to those caused
indirectly by the predicate act (e.g., by purchasing property at a price that has been artificially
inflated by a scheme to defraud).” Id. at 1499. We adhere to the more restrictive view.

                                                 55
or entity. See Johnson Enter. v. FPL Group, Inc., 162 F.3d 1290, 1313 (11th Cir.

1998); see also Gentry v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 521 S.E.2d 13, 19 (Ga. Ct.

App. 1999) (citing Pelletier and Johnson Enterprises for the proposition that, “[t]he

question is whether the injury was directly caused by any RICO violation, not

whether the injury was reasonably foreseeable . . . In this case, the alleged

misrepresentations were directed to [a non party, not the plaintiff]. . . [Therefore,]

[t]he [plaintiff] lacks standing to pursue a RICO claim based on those

misrepresentations”).

      The following analysis of the remaining acts of racketeering reveals that they

fail for either or both of the following reasons: (1) they do not state an injury to

Manov or (2) they assert injuries allegedly suffered by third persons (namely

Mullen). We consider these acts of racketeering in turn.

      One alleged act of racketeering, pled in paragraphs 59-65 of the amended

complaint, was that the defendants Nezhat committed medical journal fraud. The

crux of this allegation is that the Nezhats used their medical journal articles as part

of a marketing scheme to obtain money by false pretenses. In short, the amended

complaint alleged that the defendants Nezhat used “the popular media” to advertise

falsely their credentials and success rates. In particular, it alleged that the Nezhats

falsely advertised that they developed the use of “surgery via laparoscope with a


                                           56
picture on a television screen” and that their work produced the highest pregnancy

rates ever reported. The amended complaint further alleged that the Nezhats hired a

public relations firm to ensure that their surgical successes were published in the

popular media and that they authored a series of medical journal articles in which

they claimed to have developed new, successful procedures.

      According to the amended complaint, the Nezhats’ representations to the

media and in their journal articles were false because (1) the Nezhats could not

produce a list of patients referenced in their articles without considerable effort, and

(2) potential co-authors withdrew from the articles because the Nezhats were unable

to verify patient data. Manov alleged that the Nezhats devised this marketing

scheme to entice patients to travel to Atlanta, and that they executed the scheme in

violation of the federal mail fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1341. Manov alleged that she

“was attracted to Atlanta by virtue of the aforementioned scheme, which included

the use of the U.S. mails in furtherance of the scheme, and was injured thereby.”

      Manov is not a victim of a fraudulent misrepresentation. She sought the

services of the Nezhats so they could surgically alleviate her endometriosis. The

Nezhats represented to Manov that they would perform surgery to rectify her

endometriosis and remove her appendix if it was infected. Any alleged injury

Manov suffered as a result of this representation would be the result of malpractice,


                                           57
not fraud. In an attempt to recover treble damages under the Georgia RICO statute,

however, the amended complaint’s allegations about the Nezhats’ purported

misrepresentations reach far beyond her surgery to alleviate her endometriosis – the

allegations encompass utter irrelevancies. For instance, Manov’s surgery was

conducted with a laparoscope; beyond this fact, there is no connection between her

surgery and an allegation that the Nezhats falsely claimed to have invented

laparoscopic surgery.

      Furthermore, claims of surgical success in medical journals and popular

magazines seem more akin to puffing than actionable misrepresentations. The label

attributed to the Nezhats’ statements, however, is unimportant because (1) none of

the alleged misrepresentations were made to Manov, and (2) the alleged

misrepresentations were unrelated to any harm suffered by Manov. Thus, insofar as

Manov’s mail fraud claim is based on medical journal and media fraud, it fails as a

matter of law because the facts do not support a prima facie case for fraud.

      Finally, we note that Neal asserted this same medical journal fraud claim as an

act of racketeering in Mullen’s state court case. The Fulton County Superior Court

dismissed Mullen’s RICO claim on summary judgment, and the Georgia Court of

Appeals affirmed on October 22, 1996, shortly after Manov filed the amended




                                          58
complaint now before us.74

      Paragraphs 66-68 of the amended complaint bore the heading

“FALSE/FRAUDULENT BILLING.” None of the eleven instances of fraudulent

billing listed under this heading, however, injured Manov. The amended complaint

never specified how the supposed acts of fraudulent billing even related to Manov.

Because “a civil RICO plaintiff must show . . . that he was injured by reason of the

defendant’s acts of deception,” Pelletier, 921 F.2d at 1499, this allegation fails as a

matter of law.

      Paragraphs 69-71 of the amended complaint bore the heading “$200.00

INITIAL HOSPITAL CHARGE.” While these paragraphs alleged an injury to

Manov in that she contends she was billed for a service she did not receive, this

claim fails as an act of racketeering, because the allegations did not demonstrate how

the billing constituted mail fraud. “When the alleged predicate act is mail . . . fraud,

the plaintiff must have been a target of the scheme to defraud and must have relied to

his detriment on misrepresentations made in furtherance of that scheme.” Tom’s

Amusement Co., Inc. v. Total Vending Serv., 533 S.E.2d 413, 419 (Ga. Ct. App.

2000) (citing Pelletier, 921 F.2d at 1499). The amended complaint neither alleged

that Manov was a target of the Nezhats’ scheme to defraud patients by billing an


       74
            See supra note 12.

                                           59
initial hospital charge, nor that Manov relied on the misrepresentation to her

detriment and suffered harm as a result. In fact, in her deposition (taken during Rule

11 discovery), she admitted that regarding “the monies she was charged for the

services that were performed by the Nezhats, . . . she was not out of pocket for any

of those medical services.” Furthermore, Manov’s allegations that Mullen and a

Judy Glatzer, another Nezhat patient, may have been billed an initial hospital charge

for care they did not receive is of no moment. A plaintiff lacks standing to seek

damages for mail fraud perpetrated on another person or entity. See Johnson Enter.

v. FPL Group, Inc., 162 F.3d 1290, 1313 (11th Cir. 1998).

      Paragraphs 72-73 of the amended complaint bore the heading “SERVICES

PROVIDED BY ONLY ONE PHYSICIAN.” Manov believed that only Dr. Farr

Nezhat was present for one of her surgeries, but she received a bill for the services of

both Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat. The district court found that there was no factual

basis for this allegation and that Byrne would have realized that the claim was

frivolous had he conducted a reasonable investigation. But, whether or not there was

a factual basis, the allegation was flawed because it failed to include the elements of

fraud. Paragraphs 72 and 73 are not saved by Manov’s assertion that Mullen also

believes that she was billed for the services of both Drs. Farr and Camran Nezhat

when only one of them was present at her surgery. As explained above, Manov


                                          60
lacks standing to bring a claim based on an alleged misrepresentation to a third

party. See Johnson Enter. v. FPL Group, Inc., 162 F.3d 1290, 1313 (11th Cir. 1998).

      Paragraphs 74-75 of the amended complaint bore the heading “SERVICES

PROVIDED BY NON-PHYSICIANS.” These paragraphs alleged that the Center

routinely billed for physician services when the services were actually “performed

by a non-physician, such conduct in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1341 (Mail Fraud),

O.C.G.A. § 16-8-3 (Theft by Deception), and O.C.G.A. §16-5-23 (Battery).” Manov

based this allegation on her lawyers’ belief that Ceana Nezhat had not been awarded

a medical degree.75 Because he was not a licensed physician, the amended complaint

asserted that his vaginal examination of Manov two months after her appendectomy

constituted a battery.76

      We agree with the district court that this allegation was frivolous because it

lacked a factual basis. Moreover, it typified the harassing, bad faith nature in which

Manov’s attorneys prosecuted this case. Cf. Pelletier, 921 F.2d at 1514 (stating that

Rule 11 sanctions are warranted when a party files a pleading in bad faith for an

improper purpose). The factual inadequacies aside, the allegation was legally


       75
            See supra note 39. Manov also alleges that the defendants forced nurses to perform
artificial inseminations, a procedure they claim Georgia law authorizes only physicians to
perform.
       76
         We note that Manov repeats this allegation in Count V as another instance of battery
committed by the Drs. Nezhat.

                                               61
frivolous because the simple battery alleged in this case was not, and could not have

been, an act of racketeering.

      The amended complaint cited simple battery, O.C.G.A. § 16-5-23, as an act of

racketeering. Simple battery is a misdemeanor. O.C.G.A. § 16-5-23(b). While

Georgia RICO’s definition of racketeering activity includes a crime “in Article 2 of

Chapter 5, relating to bodily injury” (O.C.G.A. § 16-14-3(9)(A)(v)), the precatory

language at the beginning of the definition clearly states that racketeering activity

constitutes “any crime which is chargeable by indictment” (O.C.G.A. § 16-14-3(9)).

At issue, then, is whether “chargeable by indictment” means must be charged by

indictment or may be charged by indictment. Article 2 of Chapter 5 of Georgia’s

statutory code contains seven assault and battery laws. Some of these laws are

misdemeanors (such as the simple battery alleged in this case), and some are

felonies.77 The reference in the definition of racketeering activity to “the laws in

Article 2 of Chapter 5" (O.C.G.A. § 16-4-3(9)(A)(v)) seems to indicate that a

violation of any of “the laws in Article 2 of Chapter 5" constitutes racketeering


       77
           Article 2 of Section 5 of Georgia’s statutory code lists the following crimes: 16-5-20
Simple Assault (a misdemeanor with exceptions), 16-5-21 Aggravated Assault (a felony), 16-5-
22 Conviction of assault with intent to commit a crime if the intended crime is actually
committed, 16-5-23 Simple battery (a misdemeanor unless against a person who is 65 years of
age or older, in a public transit vehicle, against a police officer, against a family member, against
a person licensed as a long term or health care professional), 16-5-23.1 Battery (a misdemeanor
with exceptions), 16-5-24 Aggravated battery (a felony), 16-5-25 Opprobrious or abusive
language as justification for simple assault or simple battery.

                                                 62
activity without regard to whether the violation is a misdemeanor or a felony.

Consider that all crimes, including misdemeanors, may be charged by indictment.

O.C.G.A. § 17-7-71. Felonies, however, must be charged by indictment unless the

right to an indictment is waived. O.C.G.A. § 17-7-70. If “chargeable by

indictment” means may be charged by indictment, every crime would constitute

racketeering activity. We do not think the scope of Georgia RICO is so broad.

      The Georgia Supreme Court has held that misdemeanors are not included in

the definition of racketeering activity. In Clark v. Security Life Insur. Co., 509

S.E.2d 602, 605 (Ga. 1998), it stated:

      O.C.G.A. § 16-14-3(9)(A) meticulously defines ‘racketeering activity’
      by reference to specific state and federal statutes. O.C.G.A. § 16-14-
      3(9)(B) provides that ‘racketeering activity’ shall also include various
      crimes punishable as federal or state crimes by imprisonment for more
      than one year. Violations of the insurance code, which are
      misdemeanors, are not included in this definition.

(emphasis added). Although interpreting the catch-all provision in the definition of

racketeering activity, O.C.G.A. § 16-4-3(9)(B), Clark clearly evidences the Georgia

Supreme Court’s unwillingness to import misdemeanor conduct into the definition

of racketeering activity.

      The [Georgia] General Assembly enacted RICO
      “to impose sanctions against [the] subversion of the economy by
      organized criminal elements and to provide compensation to private
      persons injured thereby. It is not the intent of the General Assembly
      that isolated incidents of misdemeanor conduct be prosecuted under this

                                           63
      chapter but only an interrelated pattern of criminal activity, the motive
      or effect of which is to derive pecuniary gain.”

Sevcech v. Ingles Markets, Inc., 474 S.E.2d 4, 6 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996) (second

alteration in original) (citing O.C.G.A. § 16-14-2(b)). Finally, Georgia RICO’s

version of a catch-all provision, which makes out-of-state and federal offenses acts

of racketeering, requires that the offenses be felonies, i.e., crimes “chargeable under

the laws of the United States or any of the several states and . . . punishable by

imprisonment for more than one year.” O.C.G.A. § 16-14-3(9)(B).

      Pretermitting the question of whether Georgia RICO’s definition of

racketeering activity includes the misdemeanor of simple battery,78 we find that

Georgia RICO does not include the type of isolated, simple battery alleged in this

case. See Larson v. Smith, 391 S.E.2d 686, 688 (Ga. Ct. App. 1990) (stating that

“[i]t is not the intent of the General Assembly that isolated incidents of misdemeanor

conduct be prosecuted under [this chapter] but only an interrelated pattern of

criminal activity, the motive or effect of which is to derive pecuniary gain”) (first

alteration in original) (emphasis added). The amended complaint did not indicate

that Ceana Nezhat committed this alleged battery on Manov on more than one

occasion. Moreover, the amended complaint failed to state a claim under Georgia


          78
               Such a determination is not necessary to our decision and is better left to the Georgia
courts.

                                                     64
RICO because it alleged an isolated instance of simple battery rather than an

interrelated pattern of activity intended to derive pecuniary gain.79

      The other alleged acts of racketeering were similarly flawed. Consider

paragraphs 76-79 of the amended complaint which bore the heading “SEVERITY

OF DISEASE/ ‘22' MODIFIERS.”80 In these paragraphs, Manov alleged that the

procedure to remove her healthy appendix was labeled with a 22 modifier code prior

to surgery. Byrne, in his deposition, explained that 22 modifier codes were used on

insurance forms for surgery if, after the surgery in question, the surgeon determined

that a higher bill was justified because the surgery was more complex than usual.

Manov also alleged that Mullen’s surgical procedure was labeled with a 22 modifier

code. This conduct did not constitute an act of racketeering under Georgia RICO for

two reasons. First, the use of a 22 modifier code to describe Manov’s surgery did

not injure Manov, and, under Pelletier, a plaintiff must suffer a direct injury as a

result of a defendant’s violation of the mail fraud statute. 921 F.2d at 1499. Second,

the use of a 22 modifier code in Mullen’s case caused Manov no harm, and, under


       79
           We note that all of the alleged incidents of racketeering activity are similarly deficient;
as such, plaintiff has failed to allege an “interrelated pattern of activity intended to derive
pecuniary gain.”
       80
           The amended complaint does not allege which Georgia or federal law was violated by
the use of a “22 MODIFIER CODE” or by the following act of racketeering, “INSURANCE
FORM INFORMATION.” Giving Manov the benefit of the doubt, we assume that the amended
complaint alleged that these acts were part of a mail fraud scheme.

                                                 65
Johnson Enterprises, a plaintiff lacks standing to assert a misrepresentation made to

another person. See 162 F.3d at 1313.

      Paragraphs 80-81 of the amended complaint bore the heading “INSURANCE

FORM INFORMATION.” Manov alleged that the Nezhat defendants submitted

forms to insurance companies indicating that patients had not pre-paid for services

even though some patients, such as Manov, had pre-paid for services. Nowhere did

the amended complaint indicate how this was an intentional misrepresentation upon

which Manov relied to her detriment; nowhere did it allege that Manov was harmed

by this practice. This allegation, therefore, was insufficient (1) because the

complaint failed to allege the elements of fraud, see Tom’s Amusement Co., Inc. v.

Total Vending Servs., 533 S.E.2d 413, 419 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000) (explaining that

when the alleged predicate act is mail fraud, the plaintiff must allege that he was a

target of the scheme to defraud and that he relied to his detriment on

misrepresentations made in furtherance of that scheme), and (2) because it failed to

allege harm to Manov, see Pelletier, 921 F.2d at 1499 (“A civil RICO plaintiff must

show . . . that he was injured by reason of the defendant’s acts of deception.”).

      Finally, paragraphs 111-116 of the amended complaint bore the heading

“INFLUENCING WITNESSES.” The thrust of this allegation was that the Nezhat

defendants had persuaded a physician not to testify about the Nezhats’ medical


                                           66
journal fraud. The physician, Dr. Harry Reich, would have testified that “Camran

Nezhat could not produce patient data to verify [his] claims that he had

laparoscopically treated 42 ectopic pregnancies, with no complications.”81

Assuming that Dr. Reich would have produced such testimony, we fail to

comprehend its relevance here.

      The final acts of racketeering bear the headings “ESTROPEL” and

“EVIDENCE TAMPERING.” Like the other acts of racketeering, these acts fail for

want of a showing that they somehow injured Manov.

      In conclusion, we concur with the district court that Count IV lacked a basis in

fact. More importantly, it also lacked a legal basis. The court, therefore, had no

alternative but to strike the count as frivolous.

                                               3.

      Having distilled Manov’s amended complaint to its essentials, we find that it

remains what it was when Manov first brought suit in the Fulton County Superior

Court: a garden variety medical malpractice claim. By expanding her case to include

the RICO charge and the other baseless claims discussed above, Byrne subjected

       81
           According to the amended complaint, the Nezhats had intimidated expert witnesses in
cases brought against them by others. Once again, Manov failed to demonstrate how such
conduct injured her. Moreover, these allegations are clearly nothing more than an attempt to
reassert the witness intimidation arguments made by Neal in Mullen’s federal court case in a
motion for a protective order. The federal court denied the motion for protective order because
Mullen had no evidence to support her claims. See supra note 36.

                                              67
himself to sanctions. Pelletier, 921 F.2d at 1514 (stating that sanctions are proper

“(1) when a party files a pleading that has no reasonable factual basis; (2) when a

party files a pleading that is based on a legal theory that has no reasonable chance of

success and that cannot be advanced as a reasonable argument to change existing

law; and (3) when a party files a pleading in bad faith for an improper purpose”).

      Byrne’s professional responsibilities in this case required him to perform a

reasonably thorough and objective investigation of the facts before asserting them as

the bases for these causes of action. Byrne did not speak to a single person, apart

from Neal, who had actual knowledge regarding the facts that purportedly supported

the fraud charges. What is more, Byrne failed to research the law. Had he done so,

he would have learned that Manov’s RICO claims were doomed to failure. Byrne’s

responsibility to act with professional judgment only after a thorough, reasonable,

and objective investigation of the claims at issue was heightened (1) because

Mullen’s RICO claims were pending appeal of an adverse summary judgment ruling

and (2) because of the extraordinary nature of the RICO allegations in this case. See

id. at 1522 (emphasizing that “[p]articularly with regard to civil RICO claims,

plaintiffs must stop and think before filing them”). In short, we affirm the district




                                           68
court’s imposition of monetary sanctions against Byrne pursuant to Rule 11.82

      Not only were sanctions justified under Rule 11, but the record is replete with

instances of bad faith and dilatory tactics – thereby justifying sanctions under 28

U.S.C. § 1927 and the court’s inherent power. Before he filed the case at hand,

Byrne was aware of the orders issued by the judges presiding over Mullen’s state

and federal cases, which, collectively, labeled Neal’s conduct as “deceitful and

dishonest,” “unethical,” “malicious and harassing,” and “unbecoming of an officer

of the court.” We find it telling that even though Byrne knew that Neal “was

walking on thin ice when admitted [by the Fulton County Superior Court] pro hac

vice to practice in Georgia”, that the superior court had disqualified Neal from

participating in Mullen’s case, and that the judge in Mullen’s federal court case was



       82
            Upon reviewing the history of this case as it was presented to the district court,
including defendants’ request for Rule 11 discovery and Manov’s response, we find that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in directing Rule 11 discovery at the outset of the case,
particularly since the court envisioned that discovery would be completed in forty-five days.
Due in large part to Manov’s attorneys’ dilatory tactics, discovery was not completed, however,
until over one year later. Rule 11 sanctions “normally will be determined at the end of
litigation,” but “the timing of sanctions rests in the district judge’s discretion.” Baker v.
Alderman, 158 F.3d 516, 523 (11th Cir. 1998).
         Similarly, the court properly denied Manov’s July 14 and 31, 1997 motions to engage in
limited Rule 11 discovery. Specifically, Manov’s discovery requests sought discovery of (1) the
appendectomy surgeries performed by Drs. Nezhat and the Center during 1992; (2) the Center’s
records of sixteen patients who had bowel resection surgeries; (3) discovery as to the
authenticity of the medical credentials of Drs. Farr, Camran, and Ceana Nezhat; and (4) the
depositions of the defendant doctors. In that Manov’s requests were neither relevant to
defendants’ motions for sanctions nor related to Rule 11, the district court properly denied the
motions.

                                                 69
on the brink of doing so when Neal withdrew from the case, Byrne got involved in

the case and continued to advance Neal’s arguments. Moreover, shortly after filing

Manov’s case, Byrne was forewarned that Rule 11 sanctions were looming. Despite

concerns expressed by the defendants and the court regarding the baseless

allegations in the complaint, Byrne realleged and repled most of those allegations in

the amended complaint, thereby forcing the defendants to respond to the same

claims a second time.

      Any doubt as to the meritless nature of the Georgia RICO count was removed

when the Georgia Court of Appeals affirmed the summary judgment dismissal of

Mullen’s RICO claims. See Mullen v. Nezhat, 223 Ga. App. 278, 477 S.E.2d 417

(Ga. Ct. App. 1996). Manov’s Georgia RICO count was essentially a repleading of

Mullen’s RICO claims that the Fulton County Superior Court had rejected. At the

time Byrne filed the complaint in this case, the summary judgment in Mullen’s case

had been appealed to the Georgia Court of Appeals. When Byrne filed Manov’s

amended complaint on September 6, 1996, the Georgia court had the appeal under

advisement. Very disturbing to us is that Byrne failed to notify the district court

after the Georgia Court of Appeals affirmed the summary judgment dismissal a few




                                          70
weeks later on October 22, 1996, effectively gutting his client’s RICO claim.83 See

Atwood v. Singletary, 105 F.3d 610, 612 (11th Cir. 1997) (explaining that in the

context of establishing in forma pauperis status, “a party is responsible for

reaffirming all contentions in papers filed before the court and informing the court of

any changes in circumstances that would render a contention meritless”). Further, he

neither withdrew the claim nor sought leave to file a repleader. Instead, he

continued to prosecute the RICO claim with vigor until the court disposed of the

claim in its February 23, 1998 order granting the defendants’ motions for sanctions.

Pressing on with Manov’s RICO claim after the Georgia Court of Appeals’ adverse

decision in Mullen is but one of the acts of bad faith Byrne committed during the

course of this litigation. Given such conduct, we would be remiss if we did not

affirm the district court’s imposition of monetary sanctions against Byrne under

section 1927 and the court’s inherent power as well as under Rule 11.

      The conclusion is inescapable that, with the exception of Manov’s medical



       83
           Defense counsel notified the district court of the court of appeals’ decision on
November 6, 1996. The canons of ethics required that Byrne, himself, inform the court. The
Fourth Circuit described the duty of candor in United States v. Shaffer Equipment Co., 11 F.3d
450, 457 (4th Cir. 1993), “as that duty attendant to the attorney’s role as an officer of the court
with a ‘continuing duty to inform the Court of any development which may conceivable affect
the outcome of litigation.’ . . . ‘Thus, attorneys are expected to bring directly before the Court all
those conditions and circumstances which are relevant in a given case. . . . we are confident that
a general duty of candor to the court exists in connection with an attorney’s role as officer of the
court.’” (internal citations omitted).

                                                 71
malpractice claim – which the district court’s sanctions order left undisturbed –

Byrne filed a frivolous lawsuit, in bad faith, for the purpose of extorting a settlement

from the defendants. As a willing participant in Neal’s continuing vendetta against

the Nezhats, Byrne abused the judicial process. As such, sanctions against Byrne

were wholly warranted.

                                           C.

                                           1.

      We turn now to the award of sanctions against Manov. The district court’s

February 23, 1998 order granted both Northside’s and the Nezhats and Center’s

motions for sanctions against Byrne and Manov, finding them jointly and severally

liable for attorneys’ fees and costs, and dismissed the remaining claims (except the

malpractice claim) in the amended complaint. As in the award of sanctions against

Byrne, the district court cited Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and its inherent power as

the authority for the sanctions against Manov. In this subpart, we address the

monetary sanctions imposed against Manov. In subpart 3, we consider the dismissal

of her claims.

      While the district court did not consider Manov’s conduct separately from

Byrne’s conduct, it thoroughly analyzed each of the counts of the amended

complaint. The court concluded from its analysis that the amended complaint (apart


                                           72
from the malpractice claim) was filed in violation of Rule 11, because there was “no

factual or legal basis for the claims” against Northside, and that “had Byrne

conducted the reasonable, open-minded investigation required of him, he should

have concluded that the Georgia RICO claims against the Nezhats and the Center

fell beyond the scope of what could be properly pled within the confines of Rule

11.”84

         Sanctions against Manov under Rule 11 were proper if she knew or should

have known that the allegations in the complaint were frivolous. See Worldwide

Primates, Inc. v. McGreal, 26 F.3d 1089, 1093 (11th Cir. 1994) (remanding the case

to impose an appropriate sanction because the client pursued the claim “when it

knew, or should have known, that its claim was legally and factually baseless”).

That Manov was a represented party, not an attorney, does not insulate her from

sanctions under Rule 11. A client may be sanctioned under Rule 11 even if the

client did not sign the frivolous pleadings. See Souran v. Travelers Ins. Co., 982

F.2d 1497, 1508 n.14 (11th Cir. 1993) (“‘Even though it is the attorney whose

signature violates the rule, it may be appropriate under the circumstances of the case

to impose a sanction on the client.’” (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 advisory



         84
         The court made similar comments in disposing of Manov’s other counts against the
Nezhats and the Center.

                                             73
committee’s note)). Rule 11 does not permit sanctioning a client, however, when the

basis for the sanction is that the pleading was legally frivolous.85 See, e.g., Shrag v.

Simpson, 141 F.3d 1185 (10th Cir. 1998) (unpublished table decision) (stating “such

legal matters as the frivolousness of a claim or the impropriety of a discovery

request, which are ‘peculiarly [within] the province of lawyers,’ would not, without

specific findings implicating knowing participation, support Rule 11 sanctions

against a party” (citing White v. General Motors Corp., 908 F.2d 675, 686 (10th Cir.

1990)). Typically, sanctions are levied against a client when he misrepresents facts

in the pleadings. See id. (“[A] knowing factual misrepresentation warrants

sanction.”). A client is also subject to sanctions when it is clear that he is the

“mastermind” behind the frivolous case. See, e.g., Pelletier, 921 F.2d 1465

(discussing the client’s scheme to institute frivolous litigation to extort settlement

and noting that the client was skilled in the law).

      The defendants contend that Manov’s deposition testimony contradicted the

allegations in the complaint, that her amendments to her deposition demonstrated

that she was trying to change her testimony, and that she continued to rely on Neal


       85
           Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2)(A) provides that “Monetary sanctions may not be awarded
against a represented party for a violation of subdivision (b)(2)”; subdivision (b)(2) provides “the
claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or a
nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the
establishment of new law.”

                                                74
after she learned of his disqualification in Mullen’s state court case. Even if these

allegations and other like-styled arguments set forth by the defendants are true, they

do not indicate that Manov knew the complaint filed on her behalf was factually or

legally baseless. Further, there is no evidence in the record indicating that Manov

provided false information to her attorneys, thereby facilitating a factually

groundless complaint. See Calloway v. Marvel Entm’t Group, 854 F.2d 1452, 1474-

75 (2d Cir. 1988) (noting that a factual misrepresentation is an example of wrongful

conduct for which a party may be sanctioned in addition to, or instead of, counsel)

rev’d on other grounds, Pavelic & LaFlore v. Marvel Entm’t Group, 493 U.S. 120,

110 S. Ct. 456, 107 L. Ed. 2d 438 (1989); see also Elliott v. M/V Lois B., 980 F.2d

1001, 1007 (5th Cir. 1993) (affirming a sanction against a party for

misrepresentations in the pleadings).

      There is no indication that Manov was anything but truthful in relaying to

counsel facts about her surgeries and post-operative complications. The

inadequacies in the RICO and other counts in the amended complaint stemmed

directly from her attorneys. The district court recognized that Neal and Byrne, not

Manov, were responsible for the frivolous complaint. For example, consider the

court’s reasoning regarding the RICO claim brought against Northside:

      [p]laintiff’s counsel did not have any specific factual support for the
      RICO claims against Northside prior to the time the original and

                                           75
      amended complaints were filed. This is evidenced by plaintiff’s
      testimony, which indicates that plaintiff’s counsel was the author of the
      RICO claim against Northside. Plaintiff testified that she was not even
      aware that racketeering allegations had been included in the complaint.
      Plaintiff admitted that she did not understand the meaning of
      ‘racketeering.’ Plaintiff has no personal knowledge to support the
      allegations that Northside knowingly permitted the Nezhats to perform
      ‘unnecessary, unwarranted, non-consensual and experimental surgeries’
      on patients for Northside’s own benefit. Further, plaintiff has no
      personal knowledge that any nurses at Northside committed battery.
      Further, plaintiff admits that no Northside agent, employee or
      representative ever touched her or performed treatment on her without
      consent. Finally, plaintiff admits that she has no personal knowledge of
      any criminal activity committed by an officer, board member, or other
      individual in a managerial capacity at Northside. . . . It was the decision
      of plaintiff’s counsel in this matter to file this action and to radically
      expand the scope of the allegations far beyond those pled by plaintiff’s
      original attorney.

Similarly, the court stated the following regarding the Nezhats and the Center’s

motion for sanctions:

      Byrne did not have any evidence to support a claim against the Nezhats
      for RICO. Byrne did not talk to a single person – and apparently did
      not even have second hand knowledge through Neal – of anyone who
      had actual knowledge regarding the matters at issue here who had
      ventured the view that there were facts to support the charge of fraud.
      The fact that the alleged ‘scheme’ is unsupported by any evidence
      should have led reasonable counsel to the conclusion that no scheme
      existed. It should also have caused Byrne to be put on notice that
      further inquiry was required, particularly in light of the past
      adjudications and demonstration of Neal’s past behavior. . . . Therefore,
      had Byrne conducted a reasonable, objective and open-minded
      investigation, . . . he should have concluded that the claim for Georgia
      RICO fell beyond the scope of what could be properly pled within the
      confines of Rule 11. It was the decision of plaintiff’s counsel in this
      matter to file this action and to radically expand the scope of the

                                          76
      allegation far beyond those pled by plaintiff’s original attorney, in order
      to take advantage of what Byrne had hoped would be more expansive
      discovery, among other reasons. Further, because plaintiff and
      plaintiff’s counsel have acted with bad faith86 in pursuing this RICO
      claim against the Nezhats, this court is authorized pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
      § 1927 and the inherent power of this court to GRANT defendants’
      motion for sanctions. Accordingly, the defendants have complied with
      all of the appropriate requirements in order to establish their entitlement
      to Rule 11 sanctions.

Implicit in the district court’s reasoning is the understanding that Manov’s attorneys,

not Manov, were responsible for the frivolous claims and pleadings. Accordingly,

insofar as the monetary sanctions levied against Manov were based on the court’s

authority under Rule 11, they cannot be upheld.

      The district court’s failure to specify her sanctionable conduct is not what

gives rise to our conclusion that the court abused its discretion in imposing monetary

sanctions on Manov under Rule 11. See, e.g., White, 908 F.2d at 681(explaining

that “[w]hile the court’s method of imposing sanctions was not optimal, neither was

it an abuse of discretion, [because t]he court’s findings and conclusions, which we

have extensively quoted, were detailed enough to assist in appellate review, help

assure the litigants [] that the decision was the product of thoughtful deliberation,

and [] enhance[] the deterrent effect of the ruling.”) (final alteration in original);

Independent Fire Ins. Co. v. Lea, 979 F.2d 377, 379 (5th Cir. 1992) (noting that the


       86
            We address the court’s finding of bad faith on the part of Manov in Part III.C.2, supra.

                                                 77
trial court “clearly identified the many grounds and circumstances on which it felt

that actions taken by [one of the clients] failed to satisfy the requirements of Rule

11; but no where did the Trial Court identify any similar actions as having been

taken by [the other clients]”). The reason we cannot affirm the Rule 11 monetary

sanctions against Manov is that to do so based on the district court’s reasoning or the

evidence in the record before us would be to impose strict or vicarious liability,

neither of which is warranted under Rule 11. See Independent Fire Ins. Co. v. Lea,

979 F.2d at 379 (“There is nothing in the express language of Rule 11 that all parties

at interest on a particular side of a given lawsuit shall be subject to sanctions on a

pro rata or joint and several liability or in solido basis; and we do not think that the

basic policies of ‘deterrence and education’ behind Rule 11 require an interpretation

of the Rule which creates such forms of vicarious liability.”); Southern Leasing

Partners, Ltd. v. McMullan, 801 F.2d 783, 789 (5th Cir. 1986) (“Rule 11 is not a rule

of strict liability.”).

       The court expressly stated that “it was the decision of plaintiff’s counsel to

expand this litigation beyond the scope of that pled by her original attorney in state

court”; as such, it is clear that Manov was not involved in the management of her

case or the decisions that resulted in the actions the court found improper under Rule

11. See Independent Fire Ins. Co., 979 F.2d at 379 (explaining that “[w]hile Rule 11


                                            78
. . . does contemplate that sanctions can be levied against a ‘represented party’, we

are constrained to hold under the facts of this case that the ‘represented party’

against which sanctions are levied must be a party who had some direct personal

involvement in the management of the litigation and/or the decisions that resulted in

the actions which the court finds improper under Rule 11”). Moreover, the court’s

statements demonstrate that, unlike the client in Pelletier, 921 F.2d 1465, Manov

was not the mastermind behind the frivolous litigation. See also In re Big Rapids

Mall Assocs. v. Mutual Life Ins. Co., 98 F.3d 926, 932 (6th Cir. 1996).87 In sum,

because “Rule 11 directs that the sanction should fall upon the individual responsible

for the filing of the offending document,” Chevron, USA, Inc. v. Hand, 763 F.2d

1184, 1187 (10th Cir. 1985), we cannot affirm the Rule 11 monetary sanctions

against Manov.88

       87
           In Big Rapids, the Sixth Circuit reviewed the bankruptcy court’s conclusion “that ‘the
attorneys and clients shared responsibility for the litigation strategy.’” 98 F.3d at 932. As in the
instant case, the bankruptcy court in Big Rapids imposed sanctions jointly and severally on the
clients and the attorneys. While in the instant case the court did not detail the client’s (Manov’s)
conduct and the court in Big Rapids failed to detail the attorneys’ conduct, this difference is of
no moment. Big Rapids stands for the general proposition that Rule 11 is not a rule of vicarious
liability. See id. (“Without any findings to support the imposition of sanctions on appellants, the
bankruptcy ruling amounts to vicarious liability on the part of appellants for the perceived
unreliability of their clients’ testimony.”). Like the court in Big Rapids, we find “no facts to
support a conclusion of ‘shared responsibility’” to justify the award of Rule 11 sanctions against
Manov. Id.
       88
          A line of cases holds that dismissal of a case for an attorney’s neglect does not unfairly
prejudice the client because the client is responsible for the actions of his attorney. These cases
have been used to support the general proposition that a client is liable for the actions of his
attorney. Most case law in this area stems from Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 82 S.

                                                 79
                                                2.

      Although we find that monetary sanctions against Manov were not justified

under Rule 11, the award of these sanctions may still be affirmed if the sanctions

were proper under the court’s inherent power.89 As explained supra Part III.B.1, a

federal court may resort to its inherent power to sanction an attorney or a party for

bad faith conduct. “A finding of bad faith is warranted where an attorney [or a

client] knowingly or recklessly raises a frivolous argument, or argues a meritorious

claim for the purpose of harassing an opponent. A party also demonstrates bad faith

by delaying or disrupting the litigation or hampering enforcement of a court order.”



Ct. 1386, 8 L. Ed. 2d 734 (1962), in which the district court dismissed the client’s case because
the client’s attorney failed to attend a scheduled pretrial conference. Link reasoned:

       [T]here is certainly no merit to the contention that dismissal of petitioner’s claim
       because of his counsel’s unexcused conduct imposes an unjust penalty on the
       client. Petitioner voluntarily chose this attorney as his representative in the
       action, and he cannot now avoid the consequences of the acts or omissions of his
       freely selected agent. Any other notion would be wholly inconsistent with our
       system of representative litigation, in which each party is deemed bound by the
       acts of this lawyer-agent and is considered to have “notice of all facts, notice of
       which can be charged upon the attorney.”

Id. at 633-34, 82 S.Ct. at 1390 (citation omitted). We agree with the Eighth Circuit that “[t]he
principle enunciated by the Supreme Court [in Link] simply does not apply in a Rule 11 sanction
context. Otherwise every award against an attorney under Rule 11 could also be assessed against
the client.” Kirk Capital Corp. v. Bailey, 16 F.3d 1485, 1492 (8th Cir. 1994).
       89
          We note that 28 U.S.C. § 1927 does not authorize sanctioning a client, such as Manov.
We presume, therefore, that the district court relied on the authority derived from its inherent
power to sanction Manov and the authority of both section 1927 and its inherent power to
sanction Byrne.

                                                80
Barnes, 158 F.3d at 1214 (11th Cir. 1998) (citing Primus Automotive Fin. Servs.,

Inc. v. Batarse, 115 F.3d 644, 649 (9th Cir. 1997)). In its February 23, 1998

sanctions order, the district court discussed each defendant’s motion separately but it

reached virtually the same legal conclusion: “because plaintiff and plaintiff’s

counsel have acted with bad faith in pursuing [these] claim[s], this court is

authorized pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and the inherent power of this court to grant

. . . defendants’ motion for sanctions.” Because a finding of bad faith is “the key to

unlocking the inherent power,” we consider each of the district court’s findings that

Manov acted in bad faith.

                                           a.

      In granting Northside’s motion for sanctions, the district court repeatedly

emphasized that

      Plaintiff’s counsel did not have any specific factual support for the
      RICO claims against Northside prior to the time the original and
      amended complaints were filed. This is evidenced by plaintiff’s
      testimony, which indicates that plaintiff’s counsel was the author of the
      RICO claim against Northside. Plaintiff testified that she was not even
      aware that racketeering allegations had been included in the complaint.
      Plaintiff also admitted that she did not understand the meaning of
      ‘racketeering.’ . . . It was the decision of plaintiff’s counsel in this
      matter to file this action and to radically expand the scope of the
      allegations far beyond those pled by plaintiff’s original attorney.


The district court went on to support its finding of bad faith by listing the following


                                           81
egregious acts: (1) plaintiff’s counsel brought a negligence claim one-and-a-half

years after the statute of limitations had run; (2) plaintiff’s counsel argued that the

statute was tolled as a result of Northside’s fraudulent acts even though the

complaint failed to allege any fraudulent acts on the part of Northside; (3) plaintiff’s

counsel had no evidence that Northside had engaged in any racketeering activity; (4)

plaintiff was not aware at the time of filing that her counsel had alleged a RICO

claim; (5) plaintiff’s counsel repled and repeated the frivolous arguments in the

amended complaint, forcing Northside to respond to the amended complaint and

renew its motion to dismiss – in this regard plaintiff and plaintiffs’s counsel

unreasonably and vexatiously multiplied this action. Despite its cognizance that

plaintiff’s counsel, not plaintiff, were behind both the baseless RICO allegations and

the untimely filing of the negligence claim against Northside, the district court

summarily stated that “Northside has shown that plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel

have acted with bad faith so as to recover sanctions pursuant to section 1927 and the

inherent power of the court.” The court concluded that “sanctions are proper under

the court’s inherent power because plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel have abused the

judicial process by using the court as a vehicle to continue Neal’s pursuit of the

Nezhats.”

                                            b.


                                            82
      The district court followed similar reasoning in granting the Nezhats and the

Center’s motion for sanctions. Regarding the Georgia RICO claim, the district court

stated: “It was the decision of plaintiff’s counsel in this matter to file this action and

to radically expand the scope of the allegations far beyond those pled by plaintiff’s

original attorney, in order to take advantage of what Byrne had hoped would be

more expansive discovery, among other reasons.” After emphasizing that it was

plaintiff’s counsel who expanded the scope of this litigation, the district court stated

that plaintiff’s counsel and plaintiff acted in bad faith in pursuing the RICO claim

against the Nezhats. Therefore, according to the court, it was authorized under 28

U.S.C. § 1927 and the inherent power of the court to sanction plaintiff and her

counsel.

      Similarly, regarding Manov’s battery count it stated:

      had Byrne conducted a reasonable, objective and open-minded
      investigation required by the professional responsibility of an attorney,
      counsel should have concluded that the claim of battery fell beyond the
      scope of what could be properly pled within the confines of Rule 11.
      Further, it was the decision of plaintiff’s counsel in this matter to file
      this action and to radically expand the scope of the allegation far
      beyond those pled by plaintiff’s original attorney. Finally because
      plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel have acted with bad faith in pursuing
      this battery claim against Camran, Farr and Ceana Nezhat, this court is
      authorized pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and the inherent power of this
      court to grant . . . defendants’ motion for sanctions.


Again, regarding Manov’s fraud count, the district court stated:

                                            83
      [n]o evidence has been presented that the Nezhats made fraudulent
      misrepresentations to plaintiff or that the Nezhats concealed material
      information. Thus, plaintiff’s counsel has no reasonable factual bases
      upon which to bring a claim against the Nezhats for fraud. Further,
      plaintiff’s fraud claim is objectively frivolous because counsel has no
      evidence of fraudulent activity on behalf of the Nezhats. Finally,
      because plaintiff and plaintiffs’s counsel have acted with bad faith in
      pursuing this fraud claim against Camran, Farr and Ceana Nezhat, this
      court is authorized pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1927 and the inherent power
      of this court to grant . . . defendants’ motion for sanctions.


                                          c.

      The above analysis of the asserted bases for sanctioning Manov evidences a

distinct and erroneous trend in the district court’s reasoning. As a sanction against

Manov and Byrne, the court awarded attorney’s fees and dismissed all but the

malpractice count. To justify these sanctions, the court cited Byrne’s conduct from

which it inferred bad faith. Then, the court summarily stated that both Byrne and

Manov acted in bad faith. To support its findings of bad faith and otherwise

sanctionable conduct, the court impermissibly relied solely on the actions of counsel.

See Primus Automotive Financial Servs. Inc., 115 F.3d at 650 (citing Martin v.

Brown, 63 F.3d 1253, 1256 (3d Cir. 1995) (explaining that “any sanctions imposed

against [an attorney] should be based solely on his ‘own improper conduct without

considering the conduct of the parties or any other attorney’”) (quoting Martin v.

Brown, 63 F.3d 1252, 1265 (3d. Cir. 1995)). Sanctionable conduct by a party’s


                                          84
counsel does not necessarily parlay into sanctionable conduct by a party. See

Donaldson v. Clark, 819 F.2d 1551, 1557 n.6 (11th Cir. 1987) (explaining that it is

advisable to avoid a sanction that penalizes the parties for the offenses of their

counsel); M.E.N. Co. v. Control Fluidics, Inc., 834 F.2d 869, 873 (10th Cir. 1987)

(“Where sanctions are concerned, . . . we have cautioned that ‘[i]f the fault lies with

the attorneys, that is where the impact of the sanction should be lodged.’” (citation

omitted)).

      While bad faith is the “key to unlocking the court’s inherent power,” Barnes,

158 F.3d at 1214, a court must do more than conclude that a party acted in bad faith;

it should make specific findings as to the party’s conduct that warrants sanctions.90


       90
            The Sixth Circuit explained the ideal inquiry undertaken by a district court when
deciding to implement sanctions:
         [W]hat information about the client’s business did the attorneys have? Was the
         information verified? How involved had these attorneys been in their client’s
         business? For how long? Were other professionals, such as accountants, or
         bankers consulted? What independent investigation, if any, did the attorneys
         undertake prior to the filing? What did their clients tell them? Were they
         justified in believing what their clients told them? Did a time problem exist when
         a decision to file was made? What was the business (and legal) sophistication of
         the clients and the attorneys? These along with a myriad of other factual details
         would be crucial to have in hand before determining whether the action taken or
         not taken by the attorneys prior to filing . . . was or was not reasonable.
In re Big Rapids Mall Assocs., 98 F.3d at 930. In the case before us, the district court conducted
this type of extensive review of Byrne’s pre-filing investigation. As to Manov, however, the
district court’s analysis is flawed in that
         [t]he court merely stated that ‘misrepresentations’ existed in various pleadings
         made to ‘improperly or abusively delay and hinder the [defendant].” . . . The court
         did not identify these “misrepresentations’ nor the pleadings containing them, and
         no facts in the record exist to reflect that appellants knew or should have known
         that there were any misrepresentations.

                                                85
This is not a case in which sanctions can be upheld despite the lack of specificity in

the district court’s order. See generally Barber v. Int’l Bhd,778 F.2d 750, 756 (11th

Cir. 1985) (“‘In some cases if [the trial court] fails to make a finding on a particular

fact it has been assumed that . . . [it] impliedly made a finding consistent with [the]

general finding.’” (quoting Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal

Practice and Procedure § 2579 at 712-13 (1971)); Clinkenbeard v. Central S.W. Oil

Corp., 526 F.2d 649 (5th Cir. 1976)). Unless the evidence on the issue of bad faith

is uncontroverted, a district court should examine a party’s conduct and make

findings on that issue.

                                           d.

      Nothing in the record indicates that Manov knew that a baseless claim had

been brought on her behalf or that she was pursuing the Nezhats for a harassing or

other impermissible purpose. See Barnes, 158 F.3d at 1214 (“A finding of bad faith

is warranted where an attorney [or a client] knowingly or recklessly raises a

frivolous argument, or argues a meritorious claim for the purpose of harassing an

opponent. A party also demonstrates bad faith by delaying or disrupting the

litigation or hampering enforcement of a court order.”). In fact, the minimal

findings regarding Manov in the February 23, 1998 sanctions order directly


Id.

                                           86
undermined any conclusion of bad faith on her part. The court stated that “plaintiff

testified that she was not even aware that racketeering allegations had been included

in the complaint. Plaintiff also admitted that she did not understand the meaning of

‘racketeering.’ . . . It was the decision of plaintiff’s counsel in this matter to file this

action and to radically expand the scope of the allegations far beyond those pled by

plaintiff’s original attorney.” The district court’s statement that Manov was not even

aware that racketeering allegations had been included in the complaint precludes the

conclusion that she knowingly or recklessly filed a frivolous claim. As such, the

court’s findings that Manov acted in bad faith are clearly erroneous.

       Not only does the court’s own statement undermine a conclusion of bad faith,

but its failure to specify Manov’s sanctionable conduct renders us unable to affirm.

This was brought to the court’s attention in plaintiff’s March 12, 1999 Response to

Submission of Nezhat Defendants and Northside Hospital Regarding Baker v.

Alderman, 158 F.3d 516 (11th Cir. 1998).91 Manov argued that the court never

made a finding that she herself participated in any wrongdoing. The court


       91
           See supra note 53, explaining that Baker requires a court to consider a party’s ability
to pay when fashioning an award of monetary sanctions. We note that in her March 9, 1998
motion for reconsideration of the court’s order awarding sanctions, Manov did not argue that the
district court failed to specify her misconduct. The court denied her motion on June 1, 1998.
Manov’s argument regarding the district court’s failure to specify wrongdoing on her part was
not brought to the court’s attention until her March 5, 1999 response to the court’s February 17,
1999 order directing Manov and Byrne to comply with Baker by submitting financial
information on their respective abilities to pay monetary sanctions.

                                                87
acknowledged plaintiff’s argument in its June 24, 1999 order setting the amount of

monetary sanctions to be awarded.

             [T]he court made specific findings regarding plaintiff’s
             personal wrongdoing in its February 23, 1998 sanctions
             order. Not only does it appear that plaintiff has made
             several false assertions in affidavits, depositions and sworn
             statements filed with the court, see Nezhat Defendants
             Proposed Findings of Fact [docket number 109-11], pages
             151-76, but incredibly, plaintiff continues to rely on
             attorney Neal for counsel despite this court’s specific
             admonitions regarding his involvement in this litigation.
             Irrespective of the overwhelming evidence of
             unprofessional conduct by Neal, plaintiff has never
             disavowed either her relationship with him or his conduct.


These above quoted statements demonstrate that the court considered plaintiff’s

argument and rejected it. The statements also constitute an attempt to clarify or

issue the following findings: (1) plaintiff made false statements in documents filed

with the court and (2) plaintiff continued to rely on Neal after he was barred from

the case. Finally, the court’s statements demonstrate that it relied on a portion of the

Defendants’ Proposed Findings of Facts.

                                            e.

      At first glance, it seems as if the district court, in its June 24, 1999 order,

“cured” the failure of its February 23, 1998 sanctions order to cite Manov’s

sanctionable conduct. We must, nonetheless, reverse because the findings set forth


                                            88
in the June 24 order are irrelevant and could not serve as a basis for sanctions.

Consider the finding that Manov made several false assertions in affidavits,

depositions, and sworn statements filed with the court. Even if we accept this

finding as true, false statements alone do not indicate bad faith. Without a “smoking

gun” statement from the plaintiff, i.e., “I know my claim is frivolous and I am

pursuing this claim to harass the defendants,” a district court makes a determination

of bad faith by drawing inferences from the conduct before it. Standing alone, a

false or inconsistent statement in a deposition does not compel the conclusion of bad

faith. A false statement can be evidence of bad faith, if, for instance, there is other

evidence in the record indicating that the statement was made for a harassing or

frivolous purpose. The record in this case, however, does not yield the inference that

Manov knew her claim was frivolous or that she sought to harass the Nezhats. For

instance, in their Proposed Findings of Fact, the defendants asserted (and the district

court implicitly adopted)92 that Manov was happy with the Nezhats after her surgery

because her pain had subsided. As defendants pointed out, an underlying premise of

this case is that she was unhappy with the care she received from the Nezhats. Even

if viewed as “false,” this latter statement is not evidence that Manov knew her claim


       92
          In its June 24, 1999 order, the district court explicitly refers to pages 151-76 of the
Defendants’ Proposed Findings of Fact to support its finding that Manov made false assertions in
statements filed with the court.

                                               89
was frivolous and therefore acted in bad faith in pursuing the Nezhats.93

                                                 f.

      The district court also found that Manov acted in bad faith because she

continued to rely on Neal despite the court’s specific admonition regarding his

involvement in the litigation.94 Once again, standing alone, the finding that Manov

relied on Neal does not compel the inference that she knew her claim was frivolous

or that she was pursuing her claim for a harassing purpose.95 In her deposition,


       93
            That Manov did not knowingly make false assertions to further this baseless litigation
is evident from the following example cited in the Defendants’ Proposed Findings of Fact. One
aspect of her lawyers’ theory of the case is that in their medical journal articles, the Nezhats
concealed complications, such as those in Manov’s and Mullen’s surgeries. At her lawyers’
behest, Manov executed an affidavit stating that the Nezhats reported an absence of
complications in 100 consecutive appendectomies. Her counsel prepared the affidavit which
stated, “They must have forgotten about me.” At her deposition, counsel for the Nezhats
informed Manov that the article claiming that the Drs. Nezhat had encountered no complications
in their last 100 appendectomies was published one year before her surgery. Upon learning of
this discrepancy, she said she was unaware of the date of the article, acknowledged that it was
impossible for her to be included in the article, and admitted that this argument should not have
been presented to the court. Rather than demonstrating a bad faith attempt to pursue frivolous
litigation, this example demonstrates that Manov was unaware of the frivolous nature of the
claims made on her behalf and that she was not pursuing the Nezhats in bad faith.
       94
          Given Neal’s repeated unethical and unprofessional behavior, the district court took
the proper course in barring him from “participating in any form or fashion” in the case.
       95
           This case is unlike Baker, 158 F.3d 516 (a case decided under the pre-1993
amendments to Rule 11), in which the plaintiff argued that he should not have been sanctioned
because he relied on the advice of his attorney and never signed any papers filed with the court.
In Baker, we noted that while the district court stated that “ignorance of the law is no excuse,” it
did not respond to plaintiff’s argument that he relied on the advice of counsel. Id. at 526. We
affirmed the district court based on its findings that “Plaintiff should have believed the pleadings
he filed were not well-grounded in facts and law.” Id. The plaintiff had also read important
documents filed by the defendants informing him his case was frivolous. Moreover, the plaintiff
knew that “the Second District Court of Appeal[] ruled on [his case and that] the Florida

                                                 90
Manov indicated that she wanted Neal to represent her because she believed that he

cared about her, that he listened to her, and that he had her best interests in mind.

She stated, “I think from my dealing with him he’s a very caring person, genuine and

trying to do the right thing for people.” This demonstrates that Manov relied on

Neal because he was nice to her rather than because she wanted to join a vexatious

pursuit of the Nezhats. Indeed, her deposition revealed that she did not believe that

whatever the Nezhats had done was so bad that they should be driven out of

business. She expressly stated that ruining the Nezhats was not the goal or purpose

of her suit. Even the Defendants’ Proposed Findings of Fact, upon which the court

relied, stated that Manov was nothing but a pawn in Neal’s zealous pursuit against

the Nezhats.96 Despite this clear evidence regarding Manov’s role in this litigation,

the district court repeatedly concluded that Manov acted in bad faith.

                                                 g.

      Moreover, instead of supporting the conclusion of bad faith, the Defendants’

Proposed Findings of Fact, upon which the district court relied, further evidence that



Supreme Court denied hearing, and so did [the federal district court] in its order granting
summary judgment to Defendants.” Id.
       96
           Unlike Chambers v. Nasco, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 111 S. Ct. 2123, 115 L. Ed. 2d 27
(1991), in which the district court found that the sanctioned plaintiff was the strategist behind the
fraud committed on the court, in this case the district court did not find, and the record does not
demonstrate, that Manov was the mastermind behind the baseless claims.

                                                 91
Manov was unaware of the frivolous and vexatious nature of this litigation.

Consider the following statements from the Defendants’ Proposed Findings of Fact:

(1) none of Manov’s lawyers informed her that Neal had been disqualified from

Mullen’s case in Fulton County Court or that Neal had been found unethical,

malicious, relentless, harassing, and to be conducting a vendetta against the Nezhats;

(2) in Manov’s April 27, 1998 deposition, she stated she was unaware that the

district court had ordered Neal not to participate “in any form or fashion in this

case”;97 (3) Manov was never shown a copy of the complaint before it was filed in

the district court; (4) Manov’s lawyers told her that the racketeering allegations

would be supported by Mullen’s allegations – no one informed Manov that Mullen’s

allegations had been dismissed on summary judgment and that the Georgia Court of

Appeals affirmed the dismissal; (5) Manov had not been told that the medical journal

allegations in her complaint had been dismissed on summary judgment in Mullen’s

state court case; (6) Manov’s lawyers did not inform her that the witness

intimidation claims made in her case had been rejected in Mullen’s federal court

case; (7) Manov did not know that Neal never appeared as counsel of record in her

case.


        97
           During this deposition, the parties telephoned the district court, informing it that
Manov had testified that she had not been shown the court’s order instructing Neal not to
participate in the case.

                                                 92
      It is clear from the record – indeed, from the Defendants’ Proposed Findings

of Fact upon which the district court relied – that Manov’s lawyers did not inform

her of developments in her case.98 Because she was kept uninformed about her case,

it is hard to say that she knowingly filed and continued to prosecute the case in bad

faith. Finally, we emphasize that even if the limited findings in the June 24, 1999

sanctions order yield an inference of bad faith, this inference is undermined by the

court’s only findings as to Manov in the February 23, 1998 sanctions order – the

findings that Manov was unaware of the RICO allegations pled on her behalf and

that she did not know the meaning of the term “racketeering.”

                                                 3.

      Although monetary sanctions against Manov pursuant to Rule 11 and the

court’s inherent power were not proper, the court’s dismissal of all counts except her

malpractice claim was justified. As noted in Part I of this opinion, the district court

entered its sanctions orders without explicitly passing on the sufficiency of the

Nezhats and the Center’s affirmative defense of failure to state a claim for relief.

The court determined that some of the counts of the complaint – Count IV, Georgia


       98
           In M.E.N. Co., 834 F.2d at 873-74, the Tenth Circuit remanded the case for specific
findings as to the attorneys’ misconduct, and advised the district court that if it found that the
attorneys failed to communicate with their clients during the course of litigation, particularly if
they failed to inform their clients of critical matters in court orders, the district court should
consider discipline and possible referral to state licensing authorities.

                                                 93
RICO and Count II, fraud – lacked factual support, and that one count – battery –

should be dismissed because the deposition testimony of record, coupled with the

count’s allegations, demonstrated that the count was both legally and factually

frivolous. That the court considered the adequacy, as well as the frivolity, of

Manov’s claims is evident from its decision not to dismiss the malpractice claim, as

it was pled with a legal and factual basis. Moreover, our review of the complaint,

particularly the RICO count, reveals that Manov’s claims are insufficient as a matter

of law, see supra Part III.B.c. As such, the court did not err in dismissing all but the

malpractice count of the complaint.99

                                                 IV.


       99
           While in their answer the Nezhats and the Center asserted as an affirmative defense
that the complaint failed to state a claim for relief, we recognize that such defense was not before
the court when it entered the first sanctions order. That is, these defendants had not moved the
court pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 (c) for a judgment on the pleadings, which would have
required the court, in light of the above affirmative defense, to determine whether any of the
counts were legally cognizable. This is of no moment, however, because a court may dismiss a
complaint sua sponte assuming the court exercises caution. See Clorox Co. v. Proctor & Gamble
Commercial Co., 228 F.3d 24, 30 (1st Cir. 2000) (stating that “it is occasionally appropriate for a
district court to note the inadequacy of the complaint and, on its own initiative, dismiss the
complaint [,] a court may not do so without at least giving plaintiffs notice of the proposed action
and affording them an opportunity to address the issue.”) (alteration in original)(internal citation
omitted)). Given the numerous hearings, motions, and voluminous memoranda filed by both
sides regarding the adequacy of the complaint, we find that the parties knew the court was
considering the complaint’s sufficiency. Even if the parties did not have such knowledge, we
could still find that the court properly treated the claims as if ruling on a Rule 12(c) motion
because reversal of a sua sponte dismissal without notice may not be “mandated if amendment
[of the complaint] would be futile or if it is patently obvious that the plaintiff could not prevail.”
Wyatt v. City of Boston, 35 F.3d 13, 15 n.1 (1st Cir. 1994). It is patently obvious, given the
legal and factual inadequacies of the complaint, that Manov could not prevail. Accordingly,
reversal of the district court’s order dismissing the claims is not warranted.

                                                 94
      This case began in the Fulton County Superior court as an ordinary medical

malpractice case. When the plaintiff switched lawyers, so did the scope and tenor of

the case. Instead of simple medical malpractice, the case burgeoned into a broad-

based RICO prosecution. The plaintiff’s new lawyers were determined that the

defendants would either settle or suffer professional ruin. They used every tool they

could conceive of to extort settlement: going to the press, the United States Attorney,

and even the FBI. The defendants refused to cave in. The case dragged on for three

and a half years ending in the dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims – including her

malpractice claim – and the imposition of close to $400,000 in monetary sanctions

against the plaintiff and one of her lawyers. One must ask, “how could it take so

long and cost so much to dispose of such a case?” We would be remiss if we

concluded this opinion without explaining how this could happen, and, more

importantly, how it could have been avoided.

                                          A.

      Manov’s original complaint contained 78 pages, 299 paragraphs, 139

subparagraphs, and nine counts. Counts II through IX incorporated by reference all

antecedent paragraphs, such that Count IX was an amalgamation of everything in the

complaint. To say that the allegations of the complaint were vague and ambiguous –

leaving the reader to guess at precisely what the plaintiff was claiming – is an


                                           95
understatement.100 Nonetheless, the district court treated Manov’s complaint as

having stated, in each count, a claim for relief. Manov’s amended complaint was

just as vague and ambiguous as the initial complaint. The court, however, continued

to treat Manov’s claims against the Nezhats and the Center as legally cognizable and

sufficiently pled, even after it granted Northside’s motion to dismiss Count III and

struck Northside from Count IV. In fact, the claims against the Nezhats and the

Center remained undisturbed for two years, until the court passed on their

sufficiency in granting the defendants’ motions for sanctions.101

                                               B.

      Rule 12(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states:

      If a pleading to which a responsive pleading is permitted is so vague or
      ambiguous that a party cannot reasonably be required to frame a
      responsive pleading, the party may move for a more definite statement
      before interposing a responsive pleading. The motion shall point out
      the defects complained of and the details desired. If the motion is
      granted and the order of the court is not obeyed . . . the court may strike
      the pleading to which the motion was directed or make such order as it
      deems just.



       100
          For example, and as our previous discussion reveals, neither the federal nor the state
RICO count of Manov’s initial complaint cited the provision(s) of the RICO statute on which the
count was based. The amended complaint, which contained only the Georgia RICO count, had
the same deficiency.
       101
          Manov filed her initial complaint on January 12, 1996. She filed her amended
complaint on September 6, 1996. The district court issued its first sanctions order on February
23, 1998.

                                               96
      The complaints in this case were “so vague and ambiguous that [the

defendants] [could] not reasonably be required to frame a responsive pleading.”

None of the defendants, however, moved the court to order the plaintiff to file a

more definite statement; instead, the defendants simply answered the complaints. In

their answers, they responded to the numbered paragraphs of the complaints,

admitting or denying the allegations thereof, and then asserted a variety of

affirmative defenses. With minor exception, none of the affirmative defenses

responded to a particular count of the complaint; rather, the affirmative defenses

addressed the complaint as a whole, as if each count was like every other count.

Northside’s answer to the amended complaint asserted twenty-six affirmative

defenses, most of which were pled in one sentence. They included “estoppel,”

“statute of limitations,” “failure to state a claim for relief,” “consent,” “accord and

satisfaction,” “payment and release,” “waiver,” that the Georgia RICO statute is

“unconstitutionally vague,” and that plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages

“violate[ed] the Eighth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution

of the United States of America.” The Nezhats and the Center’s answer was pled in

a similar fashion; their affirmative defenses totaled fourteen and mimicked many of

Northside’s defenses.

      Although the defendants’ affirmative defenses were comprehensible in a


                                           97
literal sense, because they addressed the amended complaint as a whole they were, as

a practical matter, as vague and ambiguous as the amended complaint. By

eschewing a Rule 12(e) motion for a more definite statement and choosing to answer

the amended complaint in this fashion, the defendants in effect joined the plaintiff in

setting the stage for the immense and unnecessary expenditure of resources evident

in this case.102

       We have labeled pleadings such as Manov’s complaints and the defendants’

answers “shotgun” pleadings. See, e.g., Malguta v. Samples, No. 00-12540 (11th

Cir. July 13, 2001); Ebrahimi v. City of Huntsville Bd. of Ed., 114 F.3d 162, 168

(11th Cir.1997) (per curiam); Cesnik v. Edgewood Baptist Church, 88 F.3d 902, 905

(11th Cir.1996); Anderson v. Dist. Bd. of Trs. of Cent. Fla. Comm. Coll., 77 F.3d

364, 366-67 (11th Cir.1996); Pelletier v. Zweifel, 921 F.2d 1465, 1517-18 (11th Cir.

1991); Fullman v. Graddick, 739 F.2d 553, 557 (11th Cir. 1984). Unless the court

requires a repleader – under Rule 12(e) or on its own initiative – a shotgun complaint

leads to a shotgun answer. Where, as here, each count incorporates every antecedent

allegation by reference, the defendant’s affirmative defenses are not likely to

respond to a particular cause of action but, instead, to the complaint as a whole.



        102
           The parties wasted their own resources as well as the resources of the district court
and this court.

                                                98
Such disjointed pleadings make it difficult, if not impossible, to set the boundaries

for discovery. Hence, discovery disputes are inevitable.103 Resolving them can be

time-consuming. If the court does not intervene and require the parties to narrow the

issues, the discovery disputes continue unabated – until a motion for summary

judgment or a pretrial conference brings them to a halt. At that point, the court is

confronted with the time-consuming tasks it avoided earlier – rearranging the

pleadings and discerning whether the plaintiff has stated a claim, or claims, for

relief, and whether the defendant’s affirmative defenses are legally sufficient.104 If

the court performs these tasks, it will have to strike all of the allegations of the

complaint and answer that are insufficient, immaterial, or impertinent105 – so that,

when the tasks are finished, the complaint consists of a “short and plain statement of

the claim,” or claims, for relief, and the answer states “in short and plain terms the

[defendant]’s defenses to each claim asserted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) and (b).106

       103
          Lawyers being compensated by the hour may have little incentive to curb the use of
shotgun pleadings and the discovery disputes that inevitably result.
       104
           In short, the court must do what the litigants have not done as required by Rules 8
and 10(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
       105
           Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f), which is a codification of part of the district court’s inherent
power to manage pending litigation, states, in pertinent part: “[u]pon the court’s own initiative at
any time, the court may order stricken from any pleading any insufficient defense or any
redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.”
       106
           It is obvious that the “judicial work that results from shotgun pleadings is far more
time consuming than the work required up front to prevent the case from proceeding beyond the
pleadings until the issues are reasonably well defined. Johnson Enter. v. FPL Group, Inc., 162

                                                99
      Unfortunately, many district judges opt to do nothing; they simply let the case

proceed to trial on the pleadings as they stand. They do so for two reasons. First,

given a day-certain trial date, the case may settle. Second, narrowing the issues by

effectively rearranging the pleadings in the style required by Rules 8 and 10, and

then striking the insufficient claims and defenses, may render superfluous much of

the parties’ discovery. If that happens, the judge is effectively reversing his earlier,

albeit tacit, position that the pleadings were legally sufficient, and saying to the

parties: “You have needlessly expended time and money, and I allowed it.”

Consequently, it is unlikely that the issues will be narrowed to the point that only the

meritorious claims and defenses remain. If the case does not settle, it proceeds to

trial with the issues unnarrowed. There, the potential for error – and an unjust result

and a subsequent appeal – is considerable.

      Litigating a case framed by shotgun pleadings obviously harms one or both of

the parties.107 Why, then, would a lawyer engage in shotgun pleading? Plaintiffs file

shotgun complaints and include frivolous claims to extort the settlement of a



F.3d 1290, 1333 (11th Cir. 1998).
       107
            In a case framed by shotgun pleadings, the transaction costs are disproportionately
high. Such costs may cause the plaintiff or the defendant to settle an open and shut claim or
defense, thereby watering down the litigant’s rights. And, if the case proceeds to trial without a
careful delineation of the issues, the potential for an unjust result is heightened, further diluting
the litigant’s rights.

                                                 100
meritorious claim; worse yet, they file shotgun complaints to extort the settlement of

unmeritorious claims, as demonstrated in this case. Extortion cuts both ways.

Depending on his financial resources, a defendant may use a shotgun answer to

obtain a settlement that waters down a meritorious claim. In either situation, the

extorted settlement provides a financial benefit to the “prevailing” party and a

windfall in the form of fees for the “prevailing” lawyer.108

      In addition to watering down the rights of the parties to have valid claims

litigated efficiently – whether the plaintiff’s or the defendant’s – shotgun pleadings

wreak havoc on the judicial system. Cases framed by shotgun pleadings consume an

inordinate amount of a court’s time. As a result, justice is delayed, if not denied, for

litigants who are standing in the queue waiting to be heard. Their impression of the

court’s ability to take care of its business can hardly be favorable. As the public

becomes aware of the harm suffered by the victims of shotgun pleading, it, too,

cannot help but lose respect for the system. Moreover, the consequence of a trial

court’s inability, or apparent unwillingness, to halt the use of shotgun pleadings may

prompt parties to turn to non-judicial forums to resolve their disputes.109


       108
          It goes without saying that a plaintiff with a solid case does not need to file a shotgun
complaint. By the same token, a defendant with a strong defense need not file a shotgun answer.
       109
           Another consequence of judicial tolerance of shotgun pleadings is that the transaction
costs generated by such pleadings may effectively close the court house doors to some citizens
whose rights can be enforced only in a United States district court.

                                               101
      Shotgun pleadings, if tolerated, harm the court by impeding its ability to

administer justice. The time a court spends managing litigation framed by shotgun

pleadings should be devoted to other cases waiting to be heard. “[W]ast[ing] scarce

judicial and parajudicial resources . . . impedes the due administration of justice”

and, in a very real sense, amounts to obstruction of justice. United States v.

Silverman, 745 F.2d 1386,1395 (11th Cir. 1984). See also United States v. Essex,

407 F.2d 214, 218 (6th Cir. 1969). Although obstruction of justice is typically

discussed in the context of criminal contempt, the concept informs the rules of law –

both substantive and procedural – that have been devised to protect the courts and

litigants (and therefore the public) from abusive litigation tactics, like shotgun

pleadings.110 If use of an abusive tactic is deliberate and actually impedes the

       110
              From the time they were established, Article III courts have had an assortment of
“inherent powers,” all derived from the common law. While never specified in the Constitution
or legislative enactments, these powers assisted courts in exercising their enumerated judicial
powers, such as managing their cases and courtrooms. See United States v. Kouri-Perez, 187
F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 1999). “These implicit powers include the judicial authority to sanction
counsel for litigation abuses which threaten to . . . disrupt its efficient management of the
proceedings. Chambers, 501 U.S. 32, 43, 111 S. Ct. 2123, 2132 (1990) (noting that inherent
district court powers include the authority to ‘control admission to its bar and to discipline
attorneys who appear before it’); Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 766, 100 S. Ct.
2455, 65 L.Ed.2d 488 (1980) (‘The power of a court over members of its bar is at least as great
as its authority over litigants.’).” Id.
         Some of these inherent powers are made explicit by the enactment of procedural,
disciplinary, and ethical rules. Id. For instance, 18 U.S.C. § 401 codified a court’s implicit
power to hold litigants in criminal contempt: “[a] court . . . shall have power to punish by fine or
imprisonment, at its discretion, such contempt of its authority, and none other, as – (1)
Misbehavior of any person in its presence or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of
justice; . . . (3) Disobedience or resistance to its lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or
command.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927 authorizes the imposition of costs and fees upon counsel “who so

                                                102
orderly litigation of the case,111 to-wit: obstructs justice, the perpetrator could be

cited for criminal contempt.112

multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously.” Likewise, the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure include provisions authorizing courts to punish counsel for abuse in
pleading and discovery. For instance, the following rules provide for the imposition of
attorney’s fees as a sanction: Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 (certification requirement for papers), 16(f)
(pretrial conferences), 26(g) (certification requirement for discovery requests), 30(g) (oral
deposition), 37 (sanctions for failure to cooperate with discovery), 56(g) (affidavits
accompanying summary judgment motions). See also Chambers v. Nasco, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 42
n.8 (1990). Although they differ by context, sanctioning mechanisms are similar in that they are
all rooted in the same basic goals – protecting the court and the public from litigation which
impedes the administration of justice.
        Besides being aimed at redressing obstruction of justice, sanctioning mechanisms are also
similar in that
                [i]n each instance, the sanctions are punitive in nature, see Horn,
                29 F.3d at 765 n.13 (‘[C]ontempt . . . continues to serve essentially
                ‘the same purpose’ as do sanctions imposed under the supervisory
                power.’) (citation omitted), in that the court intends to penalize
                counsel for an earlier failure to conform to some threshold of
                professional conduct imposed by court order, statute or rule. See,
                e.g., Peterson v. BMI Refractories, 124 F.3d 1386, 1395 (11th Cir.
                1997) (noting that 28 U.S.C. § 1927 is ‘penal in nature’); Cooper
                v. Salomon Bros., 1 F.3d 82, 85 (2d Cir. 1993) (‘Rule 11 sanctions
                are often punitive or aimed at deterrence.’); Hamilton v. Ford
                Motor Co., 636 F.2d 745, 747 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (‘The principal
                purpose of Rule 37(b) is punitive, not compensatory.’).

Id. In short, rules and procedures designed to redress obstruction of justice are “designed not
only to protect participants in judicial proceedings but also to prevent miscarriages of justice.”
United States v. Walasek, 527 F.2d 676, 680 (3d Cir. 1975).
       111
             We note that to convict a person of criminal contempt, it is not necessary to establish
“that the defendant harbored the specific purpose of obstructing the due administration of justice;
all [that] has to [be] establish[ed] is that the defendant should have reasonably forseen that the
natural and probable consequences of the success of his scheme would achieve precisely that
result.” Silverman, 745 F.2d at 1393. “An ordinary lawyer engaging in the conduct [the
defendant] was charged with here would know [what] would come to pass [and that these
consequences] would adversely impinge upon the due administration of justice.” Id. at 1395.
       112
           “In considering appropriate sanctions for attorney misconduct, the district court has
an array of options, ranging from criminal contempt to non-contempt measures.” Kouri-Perez,

                                                103
                                               C.

      As the district court stated in its February 23, 1998 order granting the

defendants’ motions for sanctions, the plaintiff and her lawyers “abused the judicial

process” when they invoked the court’s jurisdiction for the purposes of extorting a

settlement from the defendants and, in the process, ruining the Nezhats’ professional

reputations. The defendants, of course, were aware of these purposes from the

outset; the Nezhats, in particular, had been suffering the same abuse in Mullen’s

state court lawsuit. Unsure of what course to take to bring an end to the litigation,

and thus the abuse, the defendants’ lawyers turned to the court. After answering the

plaintiff’s complaint, they wrote a letter to the court describing their plight and

suggesting that the court consider allowing them to conduct Rule 11 discovery to

determine whether Byrne had conducted a pre-filing “inquiry reasonable under the

circumstances” into the facts of the case, as required by Rule 11(b). In pursuing this



187 F.3d at 8 (citing Eash v. Riggens Trucking, Inc., 757 F.2d 557, 564 (3d Cir. 1985) (noting
that district judges have “a[] wide range of tools to promote efficiency in their courtrooms”)).
See note 115 (discussing procedural, disciplinary, and ethical rules, such as 18 U.S.C. § 401, 28
U.S.C. § 1927, Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, 16, 26, 30, 37, and 56, which codify aspects of the court’s
inherent power to address litigation abuses). Because its potency necessitates that it be used
with restraint and discretion, there are often “sound grounds for not invoking the court’s
criminal-contempt power.” Kouri-Perez, 187 F.3d at 8. “[T]here is much to be said for
deploying the least extreme sanction reasonably calculated to achieve the appropriate punitive
and deterrent purposes.” Id. “[T]he criminal contempt power is to be reserved for conduct that
bespeaks of criminal mens rea (i.e., intentional or reckless conduct) and has been proven beyond
a reasonable doubt, whereas non-contempt sanctions usually suffice in circumstances involving
‘less culpable states of mind.’” Id.

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course, defense counsel chose not to employ the tools provided by the Rules of

Procedure, such as Rules 12(e) and (f), for stripping a complaint of bogus claims and

scandalous allegations. The court, in turn, allowed itself to be guided by counsels’

suggestion and similarly chose to allow the shotgun pleading to stand. Foregoing

use of the tools provided by the Rules, the court granted the defendants leave to

discover whether Byrne had investigated the factual underpinnings of his claims as

required by Rule 11.

                                                D.

      The importance of using the Rules to uncover bogus claims and defenses,

thereby reducing the parties’ dispute to its bare essentials, cannot be

overemphasized. As we have stated on several occasions over the past twelve years,

if, in the face of a shotgun complaint, the defendant does not move the district court

to require a more definite statement, the court, in the exercise of its inherent power,

must intervene sua sponte and order a repleader.113 Implicit in such instruction is the

notion that if the plaintiff fails to comply with the court’s order – by filing a


       113
            Discharging this duty ensures that the issues get defined at the earliest stages of
litigation. The district court “should [strike] the complaint[] and instruct[] counsel to replead
the[] case[] – if counsel could in good faith make the representations required by Fed. R. Civ. P.
11(b).” Cramer v. Florida, 117 F.3d 1258, 1263 (11th Cir. 1997) citing Ebrahimi v. City of
Huntsville Bd. of Ed., 114 F.3d 162 (11th Cir.1997) (per curiam); Cesnik v. Edgewood Baptist
Church, 88 F.3d 902, 905 (11th Cir.1996); Anderson v. Dist. Bd. of Trs. of Cent. Fla. Cmty.
Coll., 77 F.3d 364, 366-67 (11th Cir.1996); Pelletier v. Zweifel, 921 F.2d 1465, 1517-18 (11th
Cir. 1991); Fullman v. Graddick, 739 F.2d 553, 557 (11th Cir. 1984).

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repleader with the same deficiency – the court should strike his pleading or,

depending on the circumstances, dismiss his case and consider the imposition of

monetary sanctions.114

      District court intervention in this fashion accomplishes several objectives.

First, it conserves judicial and parajudicial resources and thereby benefits litigants

standing in the queue waiting to be heard.115 Second, it curtails the need for satellite

litigation under Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, or the court’s inherent power. Third, it

minimizes counsel’s and his client’s exposure to a criminal contempt citation.

Fourth, it limits the potential for post-litigation tort actions for abuse of process or



       114
          The same duty to intervene sua sponte applies whether the court is faced with a
shotgun complaint or a shotgun answer.
       115
             In Malguta v. Samples, No. 00-12540 (11th Cir. July 13, 2001), a panel of this court
reviewed a case exemplifying the waste of judicial resources shotgun pleadings are capable of
producing. Because the litigation and subsequent district court order dismissing the complaint
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) were spawned by a shotgun complaint, the panel declined to
parse through the incoherent complaint to determine whether it stated a claim for relief. Instead,
taking its lead from our decision in Cesnik v. Edgewood Baptist Church, 88 F.3d 902, 910 (11th
Cir. 1996), the panel vacated the judgment and remanded the case to the district court with the
instruction that it strike the complaint and require the plaintiff to replead his case. The panel
explained: “[w]e are unwilling to address and decide serious constitutional issues on the basis of
this complaint. . . . [T]oleration of complaints such as this one ‘does great disservice to the
administration of civil justice’” (citing Johnson Enter. v. FPL Group, Inc., 162 F.3d 1290, 1332
(11th Cir. 1998)).
         After hearing oral argument and wading through the voluminous record in this case, our
first thought was to return the case to the district court and instruct it to narrow the issues by
ordering the plaintiff to redraft the complaint so that it conformed with the pleading requirements
of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 and 10. However, given the vast resources the parties and the district court
had invested in the case thus far, as well as the need to bring this bitter controversy to an end, we
opted to perform this narrowing exercise ourselves and conclude this torturous case.

                                                106
malicious prosecution.116 Fifth, early sua sponte intervention – coupled with the

imposition of punitive measures when the use of abusive litigation tactics is

deliberate – operates as both a specific and a general deterrent. And, finally, early

sua sponte intervention will ensure public confidence in the court’s ability to

administer civil justice.

                                                V.

      For the reasons we have stated, the imposition of monetary sanctions against

Byrne is AFFIRMED; the court’s dismissal of the claims against Northside and the

claims against the Nezhats and the Center (except Count I which Manov voluntarily

dismissed) is AFFIRMED; and the imposition of monetary sanctions against Manov

is VACATED.

      SO ORDERED.




       116
            A district judge who tolerates shotgun pleading effectively leaves to the tort law the
job of redressing the abuse. A suit for abuse of process or malicious prosecution may
compensate the injured party. The tort law is not aimed, however, at redressing the injury to the
court and the judicial system as a whole. While successful completion of a meritorious abuse of
process or malicious prosecution claim is predicated on the misuse of the judicial system, these
torts only vindicate the court’s integrity indirectly. As such, they should not be viewed as a
viable alternative to the court’s inherent power or ability to impose sanctions under Rule 11.
Unlike the tort law, these tools are aimed directly at redressing the harm suffered by the judicial
system.

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