Cumi Kelly WOOD, individually, and as parent and next of kin of Clark Mitchell Thomas, Deceased, and
as Personal Representative of the Estate of Clark Mitchell Thomas, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                      v.

                CITY OF LAKELAND, FL, a municipality, et al., Defendants-Appellants.

                                                No. 98-3171.

                                      United States Court of Appeals,

                                              Eleventh Circuit.

                                               Feb. 16, 2000.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.(No. 97-00305-CTV-t-23E),
Thomas B. McCoun, III, Magistrate Judge.

Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and OWENS*, Senior District Judge.

        OWENS, Senior District Judge:

        Plaintiff Cumi Kelly Wood as the mother of her deceased son, Clark Mitchell Thomas, filed a

complaint1 alleging 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims against the City of Lakeland, Florida and its Police Officer Tye

Darron Thompson in which she contended that Officer Thompson, in violation of her deceased son's

constitutional rights, unnecessarily shot and killed him. Officer Thompson moved for summary judgment,

contending that qualified immunity shields him from individual liability for the constitutional claims asserted

against him, citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982).

A United States magistrate judge denied Officer Thompson's motion for qualified immunity, finding that

genuine issues of material fact prevent the granting of Officer Thompson's motion. Officer Thompson filed

this interlocutory appeal in which he contends the magistrate judge erred in finding the existence of a genuine

issue of material fact.




   *
    Honorable Wilbur D. Owens, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge for the Middle District of Georgia, sitting
by designation.
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   Plaintiff's complaint alleged various federal and state claims. Since this appeal concerns only Count One
and 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the other claims will not be summarized.
        The denial of summary judgment for a qualified immunity claim is immediately appealable as a final

decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530, 105 S.Ct. 2806, 2817, 86

L.Ed.2d 411 (1985). Our review in determining entitlement to qualified immunity is de novo. See Pickens

v. Hollowell, 59 F.3d 1203, 1205 (11th Cir.1995). In reviewing denials of summary judgment based on

qualified immunity, our inquiry is limited to deciding if the facts, viewed in the plaintiff's favor, show a

genuine dispute on facts material to the qualified immunity analysis. Post v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 7 F.3d

1552, 1557 (11th Cir.1993)(citing Daniel v. Taylor, 808 F.2d 1401, 1402 (11th Cir.1986)).

        The following portion of the magistrate judge's findings of undisputed fact are not contested by

Officer Thompson, the City of Lakeland or plaintiff Wood:

                 The undisputed facts in this cause establish that on February 12, 1995, Officer Tye
        Thompson shot and killed Clark Mitchell Thomas (hereinafter "Mr. Thomas") at a residence in
        Lakeland, Florida. The Lakeland Police Department had been summoned to the residence by
        members of Mr. Thomas's family, who reported that he was injuring himself and threatening suicide.
        When the police were unable to talk Mr. Thomas into exiting from the residence, a rescue/entry team
        consisting of five officers was assembled with the intention of securing Mr. Thomas for commitment
        under the "Baker Act." By the entry plan, Officer Smith was to enter first, carrying a ballistic shield.
        He was following by Officer Tye Thompson, who was designated to be the shooter in the event a
        firearm was necessary. These officers were followed by two officers who were to effect the rescue
        of Mr. Thomas. The final officer to enter the room was Sergeant Link, who carried a gas canister in
        the event it was necessary to use gas to subdue Mr. Thomas. Upon entering the residence, the
        officers observed evidence of blood. In the rear bedroom where Mr. Thomas was located, entry was
        made by Officer Smith kicking open the door. Mr. Thomas was observed to be sitting on a dresser
        at the end of a bed. The officers observed that his arms were covered with blood and that he was
        clenching some type of object, which he held to the right side of his neck. He yelled to the officers
        to get out of the room. The officers identified themselves as Lakeland police officers and ordered
        Mr. Thomas to drop the knife numerous times. When Mr. Thomas declined to do so and thereafter
        slid off the dresser, he was shot three times in the chest by Officer Thompson, from a distance of
        approximately eight feet.

but the remainder of the magistrate judge's findings are contested by Officer Thompson and the City of

Lakeland, to wit:

                 Mr. Thomas's actions immediately before the shooting are dramatically in dispute. By the
        officers' versions, Mr. Thomas was shot because he posed a threat of injury to the officers. By their
        version, when he slid off the dresser, he moved toward them with the knife extended in a threatening
        manner. By Plaintiff's version, the decedent posed no immediate threat to any of the officers and in
        fact was shot while his hand was still in a position threatening injury to himself. This conclusion is
        derived chiefly from the autopsy report of the county medical examiner. By his matching of bullet


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        wounds, the physical evidence suggests that Mr. Thomas's right arm was flexed and somewhat raised
        when the bullets passed through the arm into his chest. Such forensic evidence materially contradicts
        the officers' versions by which the decedent had lowered the knife and had extended it toward the
        officers in a threatening manner. Plaintiff also relies upon the expert opinion of a Hillsborough
        County, Florida sheriff's detective who opines that from a review of the shooting scene, the
        decedent's path to the officers was obstructed at the time of the shooting and in any event, the entry
        and exit wounds reveal that he was making no threatening gesture to the officers at the time he was
        shot.

        Reviewed de novo this record indicates that the only persons who were in the bedroom and in position

to see or hear the events that resulted in the death of Mr. Thomas were Officer Thompson and other officers

of the City of Lakeland Police Department. Neither the plaintiff mother nor any other family member was

in position to see or hear what happened in the bedroom, and they do not contend they were. With due

respect for the views of the magistrate judge, the autopsy report also reviewed de novo is not evidence

indicating that the deceased did or did not pose a threat to any of the police officers at the time of the

shooting. Likewise, the after-the-fact opinion of a Hillsborough County sheriff's detective that the entry and

exit wounds reveal the deceased was making no threatening gesture to the officers at the time he was shot,

is not supported by or based upon any evidence in the record. See, Hayes v. Douglas Dynamics, Inc., 8 F.3d

88, 93-94 (1st Cir.1993). Concerned with these findings of the magistrate judge, this court at oral argument

asked the parties to submit supplemental briefs identifying evidence in the record that could possibly show

the deceased was not the aggressor and was not moving towards the officers when he was shot. Plaintiff

Wood's counsel did not identify any such evidence.

        Qualified immunity protects government officials who have acted within their discretionary authority

from civil trials and other litigation burdens "if their conduct violates no 'clearly established statutory or

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.' " Lassiter v. Alabama A & M Univ.,

28 F.3d 1146, 1149 (11th Cir.1994)(en banc)(quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct.

2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982)).          The qualified immunity defense "embodies an 'objective

reasonableness' standard, giving a government agent the benefit of the doubt," provided that the conduct was

not "so obviously illegal in the light of then-existing law that only an official who was incompetent or who


                                                      3
knowingly was violating the law would have committed" the acts. Crosby v. Paulk, 187 F.3d 1339, 1344

(11th Cir.1999)(quoting GJR Invs., Inc. v. County of Escambia, 132 F.3d 1359, 1366 (11th Cir.1998)).

Because "we have 'rejected the inquiry into [an official's] state of mind in favor of a wholly objective

standard,' " the government actor's intent and motivation are insignificant in determining entitlement to

qualified immunity. Id. at 1344. (quoting Flores v. Satz, 137 F.3d 1275, 1277 n. 4 (11th Cir.1998)(per

curiam)(alteration in original) (citation omitted)).

         For a constitutional right to be clearly established, it "must be sufficiently clear [so] that a reasonable

official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Id. at 1345. (quoting Anderson v.

Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 3039, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987)). General rules, propositions,

or abstractions, such as acting with probable cause, do not determine qualified immunity. Id. (citing Lassiter,

28 F.3d at 1150). Instead, the circumstances that confronted the government actor must have been "materially

similar" to prior precedent to constitute clearly established law because "public officials are not obligated to

be creative or imaginative in drawing analogies from previously decided cases." Id. (citations omitted). "For

qualified immunity to be surrendered, pre-existing law must dictate, that is, truly compel (not just suggest or

allow or raise a question about), the conclusion for every like-situated, reasonable government agent that what

defendant is doing violates federal law in the circumstances." Id.

         The plaintiff opposing summary judgment has the burden of showing that a genuine dispute on a

material issue of fact exists. Post v. City of Ft. Lauderdale, 7 F.3d 1552, 1557 (11th Cir.1993)(citing Hutton,

919 F.2d at 1536). Conclusory allegations such as those we have rejected or evidence setting forth legal

conclusions are insufficient to meet the plaintiff's burden. Id. (citing Bennett v. Parker, 898 F.2d 1530, 1534

(11th Cir.1990)).

        The proper test for qualified immunity as set out by this court is:

        The objective nature of qualified immunity defines what fact issues are material for summary
        judgment purposes. To avoid summary judgment it is not enough for a plaintiff to produce evidence,
        which—if believed (for summary judgment its truth is assumed)—would allow a fact-finder to find
        just that the government-agent defendant was, in reality, wrong about the facts on which the


                                                         4
        defendant acted. Instead, to defeat summary judgment because of a dispute of material fact, a
        plaintiff facing qualified immunity must produce evidence that would allow a fact-finder to find that
        no reasonable person in the defendant's position could have thought the facts were such that they
        justified defendant's acts. See Sims v. Metropolitan Dade County, 972 F.2d 1230, 1234-35 (11th
        Cir.1992)(illustrating what kinds of fact issues are material to qualified immunity).

Post v. City of Ft. Lauderdale, 7 F.3d 1552, 1557 (11th Cir.1993).

         The Supreme Court, in Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985), held

that the use of deadly force is warranted only if the suspect takes action to present an immediate risk of

serious harm to others or the officer. This Court held that the decision in Garner provided a bright line that

established when an officer may use deadly force in apprehending a suspect. Harrell v. Decatur County, Ga.,

22 F.3d 1570, 1573 (11th Cir.1994). Where the suspect is not a fleeing felon and poses no immediate threat

to the officer or others, the use of deadly force is a violation of the suspect's Fourth Amendment Rights and,

therefore, unconstitutional. Id. In Florida, the use of deadly force is governed by statute and, as noted by the

parties, the statute is part of the Lakeland Police Department's policies. That statute provides, "any person

is justified in using deadly force 'only if he ... reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent

imminent death or great bodily harm to himself ... or another....' " Fla. Stat. ch. 776.012.

         In sum, in order for the plaintiffs in this case to survive summary judgment on the basis of qualified

immunity they must produce evidence that would allow a fact-finder to find that no reasonable person in the

defendant's position could have thought the facts were such that deadly force was necessary to prevent

imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another. With this standard in mind, we examine the

circumstances under which defendant Tye Darron Thompson acted in view of the clearly established law at

that time to decide if his conduct was objectively reasonable.

         The undisputed facts, as known to the defendant at the time of the incident, are that the officers were

faced with confronting a known drug abuser, who had threatened to commit suicide, and who had attempted

to commit suicide in the past. When they arrived at the scene, the officers were informed that Thomas had

already cut his wrists. Upon entering the residence, the officers observed blood on the sidewalk outside, as



                                                       5
well as throughout various rooms on the inside of the house. Ultimately locating Thomas in a small bedroom

of the residence, the officers identified themselves as officers of the Lakeland Police Department. Thomas

was repeatedly told to drop his weapon. Thomas, however, failed to drop the object clenched in his fist, and

instead, hurled loud obscenities towards the five officers. Thomas eventually "slid off the dresser real quick

with his momentum forward" toward the officers, box-cutter still in hand. Thomas came within six to eight

feet of Officer Smith. Officer Thompson fired three shots in rapid succession mortally wounding Thomas.

        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, a fact finder could not find that no

reasonable person in the defendant's position could have thought the facts were such that they justified

defendant's acts. To the contrary, Defendant Thompson acted as a reasonable officer would in light of the

facts and circumstances facing him at the time. Defendant Thompson made a reasonable split-second

judgment call, in light of Thomas' volatile, emotional, and aggressive state, to use deadly force in order to

prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another. Defendant Thompson is therefore entitled

to qualified immunity. The judgment of the lower court denying summary judgment on the issue of qualified

immunity is therefore REVERSED.




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