           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                         November 23, 2009
                                     No. 09-10019
                                   Summary Calendar                    Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                               Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

JIMMY STEELE,

                                                   Defendant-Appellant


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Texas
                            USDC No. 4:08-CR-87-ALL


Before DAVIS, SMITH, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Jimmy Steele appeals his conviction for possession with intent to
distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine, possession of a firearm in furtherance
of a drug trafficking offense, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.
Steele argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress
evidence seized following the traffic stop and search of his vehicle that led to his
arrest.



       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
                                   No. 09-10019

      For the first time on appeal, Steele argues that the police did not have
reasonable suspicion to make the initial stop of his vehicle for a traffic offense.
He asserts that the basis for the traffic stop was not clear and that the
Government did not cite to any provision from the Texas Transportation Code
that he allegedly violated.
      Because Steele did not challenge the initial stop of his vehicle for a traffic
violation in the district court, we review this issue for plain error. See United
States v. De Jesus-Batres, 410 F.3d 154, 158 (5th Cir. 2005). To show plain error,
Steele must show a forfeited error that is clear or obvious and that affects his
substantial rights. See Puckett v. United States, 129 S. Ct. 1423, 1429 (2009).
If he makes such a showing, we have the discretion to correct the error but only
if it seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings. See id.
      The undisputed evidence presented in the district court showed that
Steele’s vehicle had an expired license plate. The expired license plate was a
traffic violation that justified the initial traffic stop. See T EX. T RANSP. C ODE
§ 502.407. That Officer Cary Walker, the officer who stopped Steele, did not
recite the specific section of the Texas Transportation Code that Steele violated
did not make the stop invalid; so long as there was an objective reason to make
the stop, “the initial stop passes constitutional muster.” United States v. Lopez-
Moreno, 420 F.3d 420, 432 (5th Cir. 2005). The district court did not commit
error, plain or otherwise, by ruling that the initial stop of Steele’s vehicle did not
violate the Fourth Amendment.
      Steele argues that even if the initial stop of his vehicle was justified, the
subsequent search of his vehicle and the compartment under the carpet in the
trunk of his vehicle violated the Fourth Amendment. He maintains that the
police did not have probable cause to believe that there was contraband in his
vehicle because the information provided by the informant did not have
sufficient indicia of reliability and was not sufficiently corroborated by the police.

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                                  No. 09-10019

He contends that instead of basing his actions upon specific and articulable
facts, Officer Jake White, the officer who instructed Officer Walker to stop and
search Steele’s vehicle, based the search of his vehicle on a hunch as Officer
White stated over the police radio. Steele further asserts that the search of his
vehicle was not justifiable based upon the traffic stop because the search of the
trunk of the vehicle was not related to the issue of whether the vehicle had an
expired license plate. He argues that pursuant to the Supreme Court’s opinion
in Arizona v. Gant, 129 S. Ct. 1710 (2009), the search of his vehicle was not a
legal search pursuant to an arrest because he had been secured in Officer
Walker’s vehicle prior to the search.
      “The automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant
requirement permits authorities to search a vehicle when they have probable
cause to believe it contains contraband.” United States v. Saucedo-Munoz, 307
F.3d 344, 351 (5th Cir. 2002). “The probable cause necessary for a warrantless
search is to be determined by the same standard as that for issuance of a
warrant.” United States v. Barbin, 743 F.2d 256, 259 (5th Cir. 1984). Whether
probable cause exists requires a “practical, common-sense” determination of
whether the circumstances, including information obtained from an informant,
establish “a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found
in a particular place.” United States v. Reyes, 792 F.2d 536, 539 (5th Cir. 1986)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
      Although the informant in this case was a first-time informant, she earned
Officer White’s trust by identifying multiple drug dealers that Officer White
already knew. In addition, the informant admitted to purchasing cocaine from
Steele, an admission against penal interest. Both of these factors added to the
informant’s credibility. See id.; United States v. McKeever, 5 F.3d 863, 865 (5th
Cir. 1993).
      The informant provided substantial details regarding Steele, including his
first name, the make and color of his vehicle, a vague physical description, the

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                                   No. 09-10019

type of drug he sold, and where he kept the drugs in his vehicle.              She
subsequently arranged to purchase cocaine from Steele, and she told Officer
White the location where the transaction was supposed to occur. She informed
Officer White that Steele would be attending a wake prior to making the
transaction. The informant later told Officer White that Steele had called her
and told her that he was on his way to the location where the transaction was
to occur.
        Officer White and other officers independently confirmed some of the
information given by the informant. By engaging in surveillance at a funeral
home and a church, Officer White and other officers spotted a vehicle matching
the description given by the informant that was driven by one or more
individuals matching the vague physical description given by the informant to
a funeral home and a church that had activity ongoing that was consistent with
a wake. At approximately the same time the informant told Officer White that
Steele was on his way, Officer White observed Steele’s vehicle leave the church
parking lot. Officer White then followed Steele’s vehicle for several miles to
make certain it was traveling in the direction of the location where the
transaction was to occur before instructing Officer Walker to initiate the traffic
stop.
        The detail of the information given by the informant, the real time updates
given by the informant, and the corroboration of the information by Officer
White were sufficient to establish probable cause that Steele’s vehicle contained
contraband. See United States v. Adams, No. 93-8290, 1995 WL 581896 at *2-*3
(5th Cir. Sept. 22, 1995) (unpublished), vacated on other grounds, 517 U.S. 1184,
1184 (1996), reinstated in part, 1996 WL 481272 at *1 n.1 (5th Cir. Aug. 12,
1996) (unpublished); Reyes, 792 F.2d at 539-40; see also 5 TH C IR. R. 47.5.3
(unpublished opinions prior to January 1, 1996, are precedential). As the police
had probable cause to search Steele’s vehicle for contraband, they had probable
cause to search the compartment under the carpet in the trunk of the vehicle.

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                                  No. 09-10019

See United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 825 (1982). While Officer White stated
that he was acting on a hunch during the early part of the surveillance of Steele,
this is immaterial as probable cause is based upon objective factors, and the
subjective belief of the police officer regarding whether he has probable cause is
irrelevant to the determination. See United States v. Cooper, 949 F.2d 737, 744-
45 (5th Cir. 1991). Contrary to Steele’s assertion, the Supreme Court’s recent
ruling in Gant is inapplicable to the present case as the Court specifically limited
its ruling to searches pursuant to an arrest, and the Court did not modify the
standards regarding searches pursuant to the automobile exception. See 129 S.
Ct. at 1721.    As the search of Steele’s vehicle was authorized under the
automobile exception, we need not determine whether the search was authorized
for any other reason. Steele has not shown that the district court erred by
denying his motion to suppress.
      AFFIRMED.




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