An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute
controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in
accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of
A   p   p    e   l   l   a    t   e       P   r    o   c   e   d    u   r   e   .




                                 NO. COA13-606

                     NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS

                          Filed:    18 February 2014

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA


     v.                                    Johnston County
                                           No. 10 CRS 057347
STEFAN ANTHONY GUDAC



      Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 23 August 2012 by

Judge James F. Ammons, Jr. in Johnston County Superior Court.

Heard in the Court of Appeals 23 October 2013.


      Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Special                Deputy    Attorney
      General Robert M. Curran, for the State.

      Appellate  Defender  Staples            S.  Hughes, by  Assistant
      Appellate Defender Katherine           Jane Allen, for defendant-
      appellant.


      McCULLOUGH, Judge.


      Defendant Stefan Anthony Gudac appeals from a conviction of

voluntary manslaughter.        Based on the following reasons, we hold

no error as to defendant’s conviction.                 We vacate the trial
                                       -2-
court’s restitution award for lack of supporting evidence and

remand for further proceedings.

                               I.     Background

    The State’s evidence tended to show that on the evening of

26 November 2010, defendant held a party at his residence in

Pine Level, North Carolina.           Several people attended the party,

including    Allison       Sherrod,    Devin    Barber,    Adam   Sutton,     and

Lawrence Mangaro.

    Sherrod, who was defendant’s cousin, had previously dated

Barber from 2006 to 2008.             Sherrod testified that during the

party, she and Barber had a private conversation outside of the

residence in which Barber stated that he still loved her.                   While

Sherrod   and     Barber   were   talking,     defendant   “looked    mad”    and

urged them to be quiet or to return inside.

    Mangaro testified that defendant was mad about the fact

that Barber and Sherrod were talking.                Defendant expressed to

Mangaro that “he wished that they would, you know, quit and come

inside with the rest of everybody.”             Mangaro opened the door and

defendant’s dog ran out of the house.               Defendant asked Mangaro

to help him find his dog and while searching, defendant stated

twice,    “this    is   really      pissing    me   off,   I   want   to    shoot
                                          -3-
[Barber].”      Defendant and Mangaro returned to the house without

finding the dog.

      Some of the guests left the party, leaving only Mangaro,

Sutton, defendant, Barber, and Sherrod at defendant’s residence.

Mangaro noticed that Sherrod and Barber were outside, sitting in

Sherrod’s vehicle.

      Sherrod testified that she became upset and began crying

while     talking     with     Barber     about   their   past      relationship.

Defendant came out of the house and walked towards Sherrod’s

vehicle.      Defendant walked to the passenger’s side of Sherrod’s

vehicle, where Barber was sitting, and told Barber to get out of

the vehicle and to come inside the residence.                  Barber exited the

vehicle and told Sherrod to go to his mother’s house where he

would meet her in fifteen minutes.

      At this point, Sherrod left defendant’s residence.                  Mangaro

testified that Barber tried to leave and asked defendant where

his   keys    were.        “[Defendant]    told   him   that   he   wasn’t   going

anywhere.     That    he    had   been   drinking   and   he   doesn’t   need   to

drive.”      Barber started to enter defendant’s residence in search

of his keys when defendant stated “[y]ou’re not going to find

your keys because your dumb*** doesn’t read books and I hid them

on my bookshelf behind a book.”
                                         -4-
    Mangaro       testified       that   Barber      came      back   out   of    the

residence.       Defendant and Barber were standing in defendant’s

carport when defendant stated, “[y]ou need to go home.                            You

know, I want you – I want you gone.”                Barber started approaching

defendant and defendant said, “don’t you make me get violent.”

Defendant pushed Barber.           Immediately thereafter, Mangaro heard

gunshots   and    saw   multiple     blasts    of    a   pistol.      Barber     said

“[y]ou shot me. You shot me” and fell to the ground in front of

where defendant was standing.            Mangaro ran inside the house and

defendant followed him inside.            Mangaro grabbed the phone, threw

it at defendant, and directed him to call 911.

    Officer Andrew Davis of the Pine Level Police Department

testified that after receiving a call at approximately 1:24 a.m.

on 27 November 2010, he arrived at defendant’s residence.                        When

Officer Davis asked defendant who had shot Barber, defendant

stated, “I did. He wouldn’t leave, so I shot him.”

    Russell       Clawson,    a    911    operator       for    Johnston    County,

testified that he received a call from defendant at 1:22 a.m. on

27 November 2010.       Defendant told Clawson that he put his hands

on Barber, Barber wouldn’t leave, so he shot him.

    Defendant was transferred to Johnston Memorial Hospital and

pronounced dead.        Dr. Jonathan Privette, the associate chief
                                           -5-
medical examiner at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in

Chapel    Hill,      North      Carolina    testified    that      he   performed   an

autopsy on Barber.              Barber’s blood alcohol content was at 0.21

percent.    Barber had suffered three gunshot wounds; one to his

right chest, one to his left upper abdomen, and one to his left

upper thigh.         The shot to his chest was the fatal wound.

       Defendant testified in his own defense.                      On 26 November

2010, defendant decided to have a party with several guests.

Among the guests was Barber, whom defendant had known for eight

years and considered his best friend.                    After arriving at the

party, Barber gave his keys to defendant to “just put them up

somewhere       so   he     wouldn’t    drive      home[.]”        Defendant     placed

Barber’s    keys       on   a   bookshelf     in   his   room.       Guests    started

leaving the party at around 10:00 p.m.

       Defendant       went     outside    and     noticed    Barber    and    Sherrod

talking    to    one      another.      Sherrod     seemed    to   be   crying    while

Barber was talking loudly.              Defendant testified that Barber told

him to go inside.               While defendant was coming back into the

house, he ran into Mangaro on the porch and expressed concern

that   Sherrod       and    Barber     were   talking.        Thereafter,      Sherrod

entered defendant’s home, noticeably upset and crying.                           Barber

seemed angry and yelled at Sherrod.
                                     -6-
      Mangaro suggested to defendant that he ask Barber to leave

but   defendant   testified   that    he   “[did    not]   want   to    do   that

because I don’t want to start a fight with him. I don’t want any

trouble with him, you know. I don’t – I said like I don’t want

to shoot him or anything.”

      At that time, Mangaro opened the front door and defendant’s

dog ran out of the house.        Before going outside to search for

his dog with the assistance of Mangaro, defendant testified that

he went into his room to get his pistol because he was afraid

his dog might get attacked by coyotes.             Defendant placed the gun

in the pocket of his shorts and went outside.               After searching

unsuccessfully for a period of time, they returned to the house.

      Defendant heard someone crying, went to the carport, and

saw that the crying was coming from Sherrod’s car.                     Defendant

approached Sherrod’s car and knocked on her window.                    Defendant

told Barber that he needed to leave.          Barber got out of the car,

yelled at Sherrod, and told her to meet him at his house in

fifteen minutes.    Sherrod left the scene.

      Defendant testified that Barber slammed Sherrod’s car door

and “started coming at me.”          Defendant told Barber to stop and

that “[i]f you love us, just please don’t get violent, but you

need to leave.”     Barber stopped and started walking towards the
                                          -7-
carport.       Once he got near the door of the house, Barber turned

around and asked defendant about his keys.                   Defendant told him

that they were in a bookcase in his room and Barber started

“coming    at”    defendant.          Barber    pushed   defendant.     Defendant

remembered the gun in his pocket and thought he needed to find a

way to get rid of the gun.

    Defendant testified that the gun came out of his pocket and

that he wanted to throw it to the side in order to get rid of it

when he felt it turn towards him.                 Defendant “freaked out” and

thought Barber was going to kill him.                Defendant testified that

“I mean, I fired it. I don’t know. He scared me so bad. I

thought    I     was    going    to     die.”      Barber    stopped    attacking

defendant, stood back, and laid down.               Defendant then ran inside

to call the police.             In his closing argument, defense counsel

argued that defendant acted in self-defense.

    On     13    December   2010,      defendant    was    indicted    for   first-

degree murder.         On 23 August 2012, a jury found defendant guilty

of voluntary manslaughter.

    The trial court found defendant’s prior record level to be

Level I and defendant was sentenced to a term of sixty-four (64)

to eighty-six (86) months imprisonment.                   Defendant was ordered

to pay $3,014.50 in costs and $10,000.00 in restitution as a
                                       -8-
civil judgment against defendant.             The trial court recommended

psychiatric and/or psychological counseling, that work release

should   not   be    granted,   and    payment    as   a    condition     of   post-

release supervision or from work release earnings.

      Defendant appeals.

                                II.    Discussion

      On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred by

(A) failing to submit the verdict of involuntary manslaughter to

the   jury;    (B)     incorrectly      submitting         the    instruction     on

voluntary manslaughter to the jury; (C) admitting evidence of

the victim’s good character through the admission of testimony

and a picture; (D) admitting photographs of the deceased victim;

(E)   admitting      evidence     of    firearms       found      in   defendant’s

residence which were unrelated to the commission of the crime;

and   (F)   ordering     restitution      where     there        was   insufficient

evidence to support the restitution amount.

               A.     Involuntary Manslaughter Instruction

      Defendant      first   argues    that   the      trial      court   erred   by

failing to submit the verdict of involuntary manslaughter to the

jury where the evidence supported this lesser-included offense

instruction.

                 [A] lesser included offense instruction
            is required if the evidence would permit a
                                    -9-
           jury rationally to find [defendant] guilty
           of the lesser offense and acquit him of the
           greater.   The test is whether there is the
           presence, or absence, of any evidence in the
           record which might convince a rational trier
           of fact to convict the defendant of a less
           grievous offense.

State v. Millsaps, 356 N.C. 556, 562, 572 S.E.2d 767, 772 (2002)

(citations and quotation marks omitted).             “Where the State’s

evidence is positive as to each element of the offense charged

and there is no contradictory evidence relating to any element,

no instruction on a lesser included offense is required.”               State

v.   Thomas,   325   N.C.   583,   594,   386   S.E.2d   555,    561   (1989)

(citation omitted).

      Involuntary manslaughter is defined as “the unintentional

killing of a human being without malice, proximately caused by

(1) an unlawful act not amounting to a felony nor naturally

dangerous to human life, or (2) a culpably negligent act or

omission.”     State v. Hudson, 345 N.C. 729, 731-32, 483 S.E.2d

436, 438 (1997) (citations omitted).

      Defendant argues that there was evidence that the killing

of Barber was unintentional and relies on the holding in State

v. Buck, 310 N.C. 602, 313 S.E.2d 550 (1984).               In Buck, the

defendant and the victim got into a disagreement.                There were

two conflicting accounts of the victim’s death.                 The victim’s
                                            -10-
girlfriend’s testimony indicated that the defendant picked up a

butcher       knife    off   the     kitchen    counter    and   advanced    on     the

unarmed victim.          The defendant stabbed the victim in the face,

tripped him, and stabbed him several times while the victim was

lying    on    the    floor.       Id.   at 603,    313    S.E.2d    at   551.      The

defendant’s account of the incident suggested that the victim,

with an open pocketknife in his hand, came from the upstairs of

the   apartment        to    where    the    defendant     was   standing    in     the

kitchen.        The victim was acting abusively and threatening to

kill his girlfriend.            The defendant became scared and tried to

discourage the victim from hurting his girlfriend, however, the

victim     came       towards      the      defendant     brandishing     the      open

pocketknife.          The defendant grabbed a butcher knife off of the

kitchen counter and a struggle ensued, with each of the men

holding a knife.             The defendant testified that he threw the

victim to the floor and fell on top of him.                         Defendant said,

“When I fell down the [butcher] knife was in my hand.                            I must

have fell [sic] on top of the knife because when I fell down I

noticed the knife had wounded” the victim.                   Id.     The Buck Court

held that the evidence “could support a verdict of involuntary

manslaughter on the theory that the killing [of the victim] was
                                        -11-
the result of [the defendant’s] reckless, but unintentional use

of the butcher knife.”         Id. at 606, 313 S.E.2d at 553.

    In the case sub judice, a review of the record establishes

that defendant never testified that he did not intend to pull

the trigger of his gun or that his gun discharged accidentally.

In fact, defendant testified to the following:

            [Defense Counsel:]         What happened?

            [Defendant:]  I mean, I fired it.  I don’t
            know. He scared me so bad. I thought I was
            going to die.

            [Defense Counsel:]         Why did you fire?

            [Defendant:]    I mean, that’s what you’re
            trained to do.    In every type of training
            I’ve had, you got to – if there’s immediate
            threat, you got to – I don’t know.

Therefore,       defendant’s     own    testimony          establishes          that   he

intended   to     discharge    his   weapon,        distinguishing        the     instant

case from Buck.

    Furthermore,        defendant      relied       upon    a      theory    of     self-

defense, arguing that he fired his gun at Barber to protect

himself.        In State v. Whitley, 311 N.C. 656, 319 S.E.2d 584

(1984),    the    defendant    argued    that       the    trial    court     erred    by

failing    to    give   an    instruction      to    the    jury     on     involuntary

manslaughter.      The Whitley Court held that there was no evidence

from which a jury could find that involuntary manslaughter was
                                          -12-
committed in the case because the defendant did not claim that

his   gun,     killing      his    son,      was     discharged    accidentally.

“Instead, [the defendant] relied upon a theory of self-defense,

stating that he shot his son to save his own life.”                     Id. at 667,

319 S.E.2d at 591.          Similarly, we reject defendant’s arguments

that there was evidence from which a jury could find that he

committed involuntary manslaughter and hold that the trial court

did not err by denying defendant’s request to submit the verdict

of involuntary manslaughter.

                B.    Voluntary Manslaughter Instruction

      Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred in its

instruction on voluntary manslaughter by instructing the jury

that defendant was not entitled to the benefit of self-defense

if he was the aggressor, leaving the determination of who was

the   aggressor      to   the     jury.          Defendant   contends     that   the

challenged jury instructions were not supported by the evidence

and asserts that there was “absolutely no evidence” defendant

was the aggressor.        We disagree.

      “[Arguments]        challenging       the      trial   court’s      decisions

regarding     jury   instructions         are     reviewed   de   novo,    by    this

Court.”      State v. Osorio, 196 N.C. App. 458, 466, 675 S.E.2d

144, 149 (2009) (citation omitted).                 “A defendant is prejudiced
                                     -13-
when there is a reasonable possibility that, had the error not

been committed, a different result would have been reached at

trial. The burden of showing such prejudice is on defendant.”

State v. McLean, 205 N.C. App. 247, 252, 695 S.E.2d 813, 817

(2010) (citations omitted).

       Defendant relies on our holdings in State v. Vaughn, __

N.C. App. __, 742 S.E.2d 276 (2013), and State v. Jenkins, 202

N.C.    App.   291,     688   S.E.2d    101        (2010),   to   support   his

contentions.       After a thorough review, we hold that neither of

these cases are controlling in the case sub judice.

       In Vaughn, our Court held that “where the evidence does not

indicate that the defendant was the aggressor, the trial court

should not instruct on that element of self-defense.”                   Vaughn,

__   N.C.   App.   at   __,   742   S.E.2d    at    278   (citation   omitted).

Vaughn is distinguishable from our present case because although

the Vaughn defendant armed herself with a knife, believing she

and her friend were in danger from the victim, the evidence

demonstrated that the victim lunged at the defendant before the

defendant was able to initiate any action.                   Id. at __, 742

S.E.2d at 280.      In the present case, however, a State’s witness,

Mangaro, testified that while defendant and Barber were standing

in defendant’s carport, Barber began approaching defendant and
                                          -14-
defendant said “don’t you make me get violent.”                    As Barber got

closer to defendant, defendant pushed Barber and thereafter shot

him.

       In    Jenkins,     there     was   no     evidence   presented     that    the

defendant was the aggressor during a fight with the victim that

resulted in the shooting death of the victim.                     Our Court held

that where there was no evidence that the defendant was the

aggressor, “it was error . . . to instruct the jury that [the

d]efendant        could   not   avail     himself    of   the   benefit   of     self-

defense.”        Jenkins, 202 N.C. App. at 299, 688 S.E.2d at 106.                 In

the present case, however, there were conflicting accounts on

who    was       the   aggressor.         Although    Mangaro     testified      that

defendant pushed Barber, defendant testified that it was Barber

that approached defendant and pushed him.

       Based on the foregoing, we hold that the facts of the case

sub judice are readily distinguishable from the cases relied

upon by defendant and reject his arguments.

            C.     Testimony about and Photographs of the Victim

       In his third argument, defendant asserts that the trial

court erred by admitting evidence regarding the victim’s good

character through the admission of (1) the victim’s father’s

testimony regarding the types of activities the victim enjoyed;
                                        -15-
(2) the State’s exhibit 11 which was a picture of the victim in

an Eagle Scout uniform; and (3) the victim’s father’s testimony

regarding the State’s exhibit 11.                   Defendant argues that the

challenged evidence was irrelevant and inadmissible pursuant to

Rule   401   and     402   of   the   North    Carolina   Rules    of   Evidence.

Further,     defendant     argues     that    any   substantive   value   of   the

evidence,     even    if   relevant,     was    substantially     outweighed   by

unfair prejudice and issue confusion in violation of Rule 403.

We hold that defendant’s arguments have no merit.

       “We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude

evidence under Rule 403 for abuse of discretion.”                       State v.

Locklear, 363 N.C. 438, 448, 681 S.E.2d 293, 302 (2009).

             Although   the  trial  court’s   rulings  on
             relevancy technically are not discretionary
             and therefore are not reviewed under the
             abuse of discretion standard applicable to
             Rule 403, such rulings are given great
             deference on appeal.     Because the trial
             court is better situated to evaluate whether
             a particular piece of evidence tends to make
             the existence of a fact of consequence more
             or less probable, the appropriate standard
             of review for a trial court’s ruling on
             relevancy pursuant to Rule 401 is not as
             deferential as the “abuse of discretion”
             standard which applies to rulings made
             pursuant to Rule 403.

Dunn v. Custer, 162 N.C. App. 259, 266, 591 S.E.2d 11, 17 (2004)

(citation and quotation marks omitted).
                                        -16-
      Relevant evidence is evidence “having any tendency to make

the   existence     of    any    fact    that       is    of      consequence          to    the

determination of the action more probable or less probable than

it would be without the evidence.”                  N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule

401   (2013).      “All    relevant     evidence          is     admissible       .    .    .    .

Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.”                                N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 402 (2013).               Rule 403 states that “[a]lthough

relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is

substantially      outweighed     by    the        danger      of    unfair    prejudice,

confusion    of    the     issues,      or        misleading        the     jury,      or       by

considerations      of    undue    delay,         waste     of      time,    or       needless

presentation of cumulative evidence.”                     N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1,

Rule 403 (2013).

      We   note    that    the    record      reflects           that     defendant         only

objected    to    the    introduction        of    the    photograph,         not      to   the

testimony surrounding the photograph or activities the victim

enjoyed.    Accordingly, we will review challenges to the admitted

testimony pursuant to plain error review since defendant failed

to properly preserve this issue for appellate review.                                 N.C. R.

App. P. 10(a)(1) and (4) (2013).

            For error to constitute plain error, a
            defendant    must    demonstrate   that    a
            fundamental error occurred at trial. To show
            that an error was fundamental, a defendant
                                         -17-
            must   establish   prejudice    that,   after
            examination of the entire record, the error
            had a probable impact on the jury's finding
            that the defendant was guilty.      Moreover,
            because plain error is to be applied
            cautiously and only in the exceptional case,
            the error will often be one that seriously
            affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public
            reputation of judicial proceedings[.]

State v. Lawrence, 365 N.C. 506, 518, 723 S.E.2d 326, 334 (2012)

(citations and quotation marks omitted).

    The State’s exhibit 11 was a photograph taken in 2008 of

the victim, wearing his Eagle Scout uniform with a sash and

several merit badges.          “[W]e have repeatedly held that showing

photographs     of   victims        made    during        their     lives     is     not

prejudicial error.”           State v. Bishop, 346 N.C. 365, 388, 488

S.E.2d 769, 781 (1997) (citations omitted).                       “Photographs are

usually    competent     to    be   used    by     a    witness     to   explain      or

illustrate anything that is competent for him to describe in

words.”     State v. Holden, 321 N.C. 125, 140, 362 S.E.2d 513, 524

(1987) (citation omitted).           “[P]hotographs used to illustrate a

witness’s    testimony    about      a    victim-relative’s         appearance       and

health prior to death have been held admissible.”                            State v.

Hope, 189 N.C. App. 309, 315, 657 S.E.2d 909, 912 (2008).                          Here,

the purpose of the photograph was to illustrate the victim’s

father’s    testimony    about      his    son’s       activities    prior    to     his
                                              -18-
death.      Based on the foregoing, we find no merit in defendant’s

argument that the trial court erred by admitting this evidence.

      Defendant also argues that the victim’s father’s testimony

regarding the State’s exhibit 11 and regarding the types of

activities the victim enjoyed amounted to error.                               The victim’s

father      testified         that    the    victim      was    interested        in   “sports,

skating, loved the water.                   Later on he was interested in music,

had some buddies that had a band and he loved to go with them

and he liked to shoot guns.”                    In addition, the victim’s father

testified that the victim was an Eagle Scout and described some

of   the    badges       he    was    wearing      in    the    photo.        Even     assuming

arguendo that this testimony was prejudicial, considering the

record      evidence,         we     are    unable      to    say    that   the    challenged

testimony      had       a    probable       impact      on    the    jury’s      finding    of

defendant’s guilt. Defendant’s argument is overruled.

                     D.        Photographs of Barber Deceased

      In his fourth argument, defendant contends that the trial

court      erred    by       admitting      photographs        of    the    victim’s     bloody

clothing      and    a        photograph      of     the      deceased      victim     in   the

emergency room in violation of Rules 401 - 403 of the North

Carolina Rules of Evidence.                   Specifically, defendant argues that
                                          -19-
the   photographs        were    grossly       inflammatory           and    were       used    to

inflame the jury.         We disagree.

      “In determining whether to admit photographic evidence, the

trial court must weigh the probative value of the photographs

against the danger of unfair prejudice to defendant [pursuant to

Rule 403].”        State v. Blakeney, 352 N.C. 287, 309, 531 S.E.2d

799, 816 (2000) (citations omitted).

      State’s exhibit 7 is a photograph of the deceased victim

with gauze over his eyes and a tube in his mouth.                                 It is well

established       that    “[p]hotographs        of       a    homicide      victim       may    be

introduced      even      if     they    are    gory,         gruesome,          horrible       or

revolting, so long as they are used for illustrative purposes

and so long as their excessive or repetitious use is not aimed

solely at arousing the passions of the jury.”                               State v. Goode,

350   N.C.    247,       258,    512     S.E.2d      414,       421    (1999)         (citation

omitted).     This photograph was relevant as it depicted the type

of medical treatment the victim received and illustrated the

testimony of witnesses who administered the medical treatment to

the   victim.        Marion      Kenny    Bass,      a       paramedic      at    Selma     EMS,

testified    to    the    treatment       he    rendered        to    the     victim      on    27

November     2010.        Bass    testified       that        the     State’s         exhibit    7

accurately      represented        how    the     victim        appeared         at    Johnston
                                               -20-
Memorial Center and that the photograph illustrated the fact

that Bass placed an airway tube in the victim’s mouth before he

expired.          Sandra   Davey,      a       registered     nurse      in    the     Johnston

Medical      Center’s      Emergency       Department,        also    used      the     State’s

exhibit       7    to    illustrate        the     medical     treatment         the    victim

received at the hospital.

       The    State’s      exhibits        6     and   41   are    photographs          of    the

victim’s bloody clothing in the street, cut off by paramedics

from the victim’s body upon arrival on the scene.                                    Defendant

failed to object to the admission of this evidence, and now

urges our Court to conduct plain error review.                            Our Courts have

held that “[b]loody clothing of a victim that is corroborative

of    the    State’s     case,   is    illustrative           of   the    testimony          of   a

witness, or throws any light on the circumstances of the crime

is relevant and admissible evidence at trial.”                           State v. Gaines,

345    N.C.       647,   666,    483       S.E.2d      396,    407    (1997)         (citation

omitted).         Here, the State’s exhibit 6 illustrated the testimony

of Bass who arrived at the scene of the crime.                                Bass testified

that the photograph represented how he cut off the victim’s

shirt.        The State’s exhibit 41 illustrated the testimony                                    of

Joelynn Marie Stallings, a field agent with the North Carolina

State Bureau of Investigation, who stated that the photograph
                                           -21-
illustrated the shirt that she collected from the driveway of

defendant’s residence.

    Defendant argues that it was plain error to admit exhibits

9, 9A, and 53, which are also photographs of the victim’s bloody

clothing,      including      jeans,     a    shirt,     and     underwear.            These

exhibits illustrated the testimony of registered nurse Davey,

who described what clothes the victim had on when he arrived at

the hospital, and Agent Stallings.

    Because        the        contested        photographs           were      used      for

illustrative      purposes       and     because      they      shed    light     on    the

circumstances of the crime, we hold that they were relevant.

Further,    the    probative        value     of   the        challenged       photographs

substantially      outweighed        the     danger      of    unfair       prejudice     to

defendant.        Defendant’s        arguments        that     the     trial    committed

error, including plain error, by admitting these photographs are

rejected.

                                    E.       Firearms

    In     his    fifth      argument,     defendant      argues       that     the    trial

court    erred     by     admitting        evidence      of      firearms       found    in

defendant’s house that were unrelated to the commission of the

crime.     Specifically, defendant argues that the State’s exhibits

42-45,   47,     and    51    and   testimony      related        to    those    exhibits
                                        -22-
violated    Rules    401     –    403   of    the   North     Carolina    Rules    of

Evidence.

    Prior to trial, on 10 August 2012, defendant filed a motion

in limine seeking to exclude the “[i]ntroduction of photographs

of firearms located at the home.”               Defendant contended that the

firearms in the photographs belonged to defendant’s father and

that introduction of this evidence would violate Rule 403.                         At

the beginning of defendant’s trial, the trial court deferred

ruling on this motion.

    Defendant then objected to the admission of the following

exhibits when they were offered at trial:                   42 – a picture of a

doorway     that     leads       into   the     storage       closet     underneath

defendant’s carport; 43 – a picture of the storage closet after

the door was opened which displays a handgun and long rifles; 44

– a view of the storage closet, which contains long rifles and

ammunition, while standing in the doorway; 45 – a picture of the

storage    closet    which       contains     two   stacked    safes     containing

ammunition;    47    –   a   picture    of    the   inside    of   a   safe,   which

contains several long rifles and handguns, located on the right

side of the storage closet; and 51 – a picture of a handgun in a

holster found in the console of defendant’s vehicle.                     The trial

court     admitted   the     challenged        exhibits     into   evidence       over
                                               -23-
defendant’s objection.                Exhibits 45, 47, and 51 were prohibited

from being shown to the jury.

      We    reiterate          that    evidence       is   relevant       if    it    has     “any

tendency     to     make        the    existence        of      any     fact     that    is    of

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or

less probable than it would be without the evidence.”                                   N.C.G.S.

§   8C-1,    Rule       401.      After       careful      review,      we     find    that    the

admission of exhibits 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, and 51 into evidence,

as well as testimony related to the exhibits, did not go to

prove      the    existence           of     any   fact      of       consequence       to    the

determination of defendant’s guilt as they had no relation to

the commission of the crime.                       Because this evidence was not

relevant, we agree with defendant that the challenged exhibits

and corresponding testimony should not have been admitted.

      Nevertheless, we hold that this error was not prejudicial,

particularly in view of the fact that evidence established that

defendant        used    the     firearm       retrieved        from     his    room     in    the

commission of the crime.                     The firearm defendant identified as

the one used on 26 November 2010, State’s exhibit 21A, fired two

bullets that matched the two bullets retrieved from the victim’s

body.       We    have     held       that    “[e]ven      if     the    admission       of   the

[challenged evidence] was error, in order to reverse the trial
                                           -24-
court, the appellant must establish the error was prejudicial.”

State v. Bodden, 190 N.C. App. 505, 510, 661 S.E.2d 23, 26

(2008) (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a)).                      Accordingly, we

conclude that the erroneous admission of this evidence was not

prejudicial in light of the overwhelming evidence of defendant's

guilt.

                              F.    Restitution Order

      Lastly, defendant contends, and the State concedes, that

the trial court erred by ordering restitution in the amount of

$10,000.00 where there was insufficient evidence to support this

amount.      We agree.

      It is well established that “[t]he amount of restitution

ordered    by    the   trial       court   must    be    supported    by     competent

evidence presented at trial or sentencing.”                     State v. Blount,

209   N.C.      App.   340,    347-48,      703    S.E.2d    921,    926-27     (2011)

(citation omitted).

      In the present case, the trial court ordered defendant to

pay   $10,000.00       in   restitution       to   the    victim’s    estate     as    a

condition of work release and ordered that the restitution be a

civil     judgment     against      defendant.           However,    there    was     no

evidence presented to support the amount of restitution ordered

by the trial court.            In addition, the 23 August 2012 Judgment
                               -25-
and   Commitment   form   refers   to   an   attached   “Restitution

Worksheet, Notice and Order (Initial Sentencing)” but no such

worksheet is found in the record.        Therefore, we vacate the

trial court’s restitution order and remand for rehearing on this

issue.

      No error in part; vacated and remanded in part.

      Judges ELMORE and DAVIS concur.

      Report per Rule 30(e).
