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                 THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

                           ___________________________

Rockingham
No. 2019-0206

                     UNION LEADER CORPORATION & a.

                                        v.

                               TOWN OF SALEM

                          Argued: November 20, 2019
                         Opinion Issued: May 29, 2020

      Malloy & Sullivan, Lawyers Professional Corporation, of Hingham,
Massachusetts (Gregory V. Sullivan on the brief and orally), and Douglas,
Leonard & Garvey, P.C., of Concord (Charles G. Douglas, III on the brief), for
plaintiff Union Leader Corporation.


      American Civil Liberties Union of New Hampshire, of Concord (Gilles R.
Bissonnette and Henry R. Klementowicz on the brief, and Mr. Bissonnette
orally), and Richard J. Lehmann, of Manchester, on the brief, for plaintiff
American Civil Liberties Union of New Hampshire.


      Upton & Hatfield, LLP, of Concord (Barton L. Mayer and Nathan C.
Midolo on the brief, and Mr. Mayer orally), for the defendant.
      Nolan Perroni, PC, of North Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Peter J. Perroni
on the brief and orally), for the intervenor, New England Police Benevolent
Association, Local 220.


      New Hampshire Municipal Association, of Concord (Cordell A. Johnston,
Stephen C. Buckley, and Natch Greyes on the brief), as amicus curiae.

       HICKS, J. The plaintiffs, Union Leader Corporation and American Civil
Liberties Union of New Hampshire (ACLU-NH), appeal an order of the Superior
Court (Schulman, J.) denying their petition for the release of “complete,
unredacted copies” of: (1) “the 120-page audit report of the Salem Police
Department . . . dated October 12, 2018 focusing on internal affairs complaint
investigations”; (2) “the 15-page addendum focused on the [Salem Police]
Department’s culture”; and (3) “the 42-page audit report of the [Salem Police]
Department dated September 19, 2018 focusing on time and attendance
practices.” Collectively, we refer to these documents as the “Audit Report.”
The trial court upheld many of the redactions made to the Audit Report by the
defendant, the Town of Salem (Town), concluding that they were required by
the “internal personnel practices” exemption to the Right-to-Know Law, RSA
chapter 91-A, as interpreted in Union Leader Corp. v. Fenniman, 136 N.H. 624
(1993), and its progeny. See RSA 91-A:5, IV (2013).

       In a separate opinion issued today, we overruled Fenniman to the extent
that it broadly interpreted the “internal personnel practices” exemption and
overruled our prior decisions to the extent that they relied on that broad
interpretation. See Seacoast Newspapers, Inc. v. City of Portsmouth, 173 N.H.
___, ___ (decided May 29, 2020) (slip op. at 9). We now overrule Fenniman to
the extent that it decided that records related to “internal personnel practices”
are categorically exempt from disclosure under the Right-to-Know Law instead
of being subject to a balancing test to determine whether such materials are
exempt from disclosure. We overrule our prior decisions to the extent that they
applied the per se rule established in Fenniman. We vacate the trial court’s
order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. Facts

      The trial court recited the following relevant facts. The Audit Report was
prepared by a nationally-recognized consulting firm, which had been retained
by the Town’s outside counsel at the Town’s request. The Audit Report is
highly critical of the Town’s police department.

      The Town publicly released a copy of the Audit Report, but redacted
certain information pursuant to two exemptions to the New Hampshire Right-


                                       2
to-Know Law: (1) the “internal personnel practices” exemption; and (2) the
exemption for “personnel . . . and other files.” RSA 91-A:5, IV. The plaintiffs
brought the instant action to obtain an unredacted copy of the Audit Report.
On appeal, they challenge the trial court’s decision only to the extent that it
sustained the redactions made under the “internal personnel practices”
exemption. They do not challenge the trial court’s decision to sustain
redactions under the “personnel . . . and other files” exemption.

       The trial court reviewed the unredacted Audit Report in camera and
compared it, line by line, to the redacted version released to the public.
Although critical of our decision in Fenniman, the trial court properly
considered itself bound by it. Applying Fenniman, the trial court upheld the
following redactions pursuant to the “internal personnel practices” exemption:
(1) information to protect the identity of participants in particular internal
affairs investigations (names of the accused officer(s) and/or the investigator(s),
dates of investigations, specific locations, other facts that could be used to
identify a participant officer, investigator, or witness, and dates of alleged
misconduct); (2) information relating to a particular employee’s scheduling of
outside details and time off; (3) the manner by which an employee arranged for
vacation leave and other time off from work; and (4) the names of employees
who were paid for outside details during hours for which they were also
receiving regular pay.

      The trial court did not apply a balancing test to determine whether the
redacted material should be disclosed, but rather, based upon Fenniman, ruled
that the redacted material was categorically exempt from disclosure.
Nonetheless, the court observed that “[a] balance of the public interest in
disclosure against the legitimate privacy interests of the individual officers and
higher-ups strongly favors disclosure of all but small and isolated portions of
the Internal Affairs Practices section of the audit report.”

       The trial court ordered the Town to provide the plaintiffs with a copy of
the Audit Report containing only the redactions it upheld. The Town complied
with the trial court’s order on April 26, 2019, shortly after the instant appeal
was filed.

II. Discussion

      On appeal, the plaintiffs urge us to overrule Fenniman. Alternatively,
they argue that the Audit Report, in its entirety, does not relate to “internal
personnel practices” even under Fenniman, and that Part I, Article 8 of the
State Constitution requires that we employ a balancing test, rather than a per
se rule, to determine whether records relating to “internal personnel practices”
are exempt from disclosure. Finally, the plaintiffs contend that applying a
balancing test to the redacted information favors the information’s disclosure.
Because we decide this case on statutory grounds, we do not reach the


                                        3
plaintiffs’ constitutional argument. See Chatman v. Strafford County, 163 N.H.
320, 322 (2012) (explaining that “we decide cases on constitutional grounds
only when necessary”).1

       A. Standard of Review

      When interpreting the Right-to-Know Law, we apply our ordinary rules of
statutory interpretation. Union Leader Corp. v. City of Nashua, 141 N.H. 473,
475 (1996). Accordingly, we look to the plain meaning of the words used. Id.
“To advance the purposes of the Right-to-Know Law, we construe provisions
favoring disclosure broadly and exemptions narrowly.” Id. (quotation omitted).

       B. Fenniman and Stare Decisis

      At issue is the interpretation of RSA 91-A:5, IV, which exempts from
disclosure under the Right-to-Know Law

       [r]ecords pertaining to internal personnel practices; confidential,
       commercial, or financial information; test questions, scoring keys,
       and other examination data used to administer a licensing
       examination, examination for employment, or academic
       examinations; and personnel, medical, welfare, library user,
       videotape sale or rental, and other files whose disclosure would
       constitute invasion of privacy.

RSA 91-A:5, IV (emphasis added). Fenniman was the first case to interpret the
exemption for “internal personnel practices.” In that case, the plaintiff sought
“memoranda and other records compiled” during a police department’s internal
investigation of a department lieutenant who had been accused of making
harassing phone calls. Fenniman, 136 N.H. at 625, 626. We broadly
construed the “internal personnel practices” exemption to apply to those
records because “they document[ed] procedures leading up to internal
personnel discipline, a quintessential example of an internal personnel
practice.” Id. at 626 (quotation omitted). In addition, we adopted a per se rule
exempting such materials from disclosure. Id. at 627. We explained,
“Although we have often applied a balancing test to judge whether the benefits
of nondisclosure outweigh the benefits of disclosure, such an analysis is
inappropriate where, as here, the legislature has plainly made its own
determination that certain documents are categorically exempt.” Id. (citations
omitted).
1 To the extent that the plaintiffs argue that the Audit Report, as a whole, does not meet the broad
definition of “internal personnel practices” that we adopted in Fenniman, we conclude that that
issue is not properly before us. The trial court did not rule that the Audit Report, in its entirety,
was exempt from disclosure under the “internal personnel practices” exemption. Rather, because
the Town had released a redacted version of the report, the trial court looked at each redaction in
light of what the Town had already disclosed.


                                                 4
       In Reid v. New Hampshire Attorney General, 169 N.H. 509 (2016), we
criticized Fenniman, but did not decide whether to overrule it because we were
not asked to do so. See Reid, 169 N.H. at 519-22. In Reid, we observed that,
in Fenniman, we had failed to interpret the “internal personnel practices”
exemption narrowly and had adopted a per se rule of exemption, which
departed from our customary Right-to-Know Law jurisprudence under which a
balancing test applies. Id. at 519-20; see Lambert v. Belknap County
Convention, 157 N.H. 375, 382-86 (2008) (describing the balancing test used to
determine whether public records are exempt from disclosure because their
release would constitute an invasion of privacy). We also observed that, in
Fenniman, we “did not interpret the portion of RSA 91-A:5, IV at issue in the
context of the remainder of the statutory language—in particular, the language
exempting ‘personnel . . . and other files.’” Reid, 169 N.H. at 520. We further
observed that, in Fenniman, we had failed to consult decisions from other
jurisdictions, particularly federal courts interpreting “Exemption 2” under the
federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Id. at 520-21; see 5 U.S.C. §
552(b)(2) (2018) (exempting from disclosure under FOIA information “related
solely to the internal personnel rules and practices of an agency”).
Nonetheless, we declined to reconsider Fenniman sua sponte. Reid, 169 N.H.
at 522.

       Seacoast Newspapers represented our first opportunity to consider
whether to overrule Fenniman. See Seacoast Newspapers, 173 N.H. at ___ (slip
op. at 5). There, after applying our established stare decisis factors, we
overruled Fenniman to the extent that it had too broadly defined what
constitutes records related to “internal personnel practices.” Id. at ___ (slip op.
at 9). We concluded that the “internal personnel practices” exemption applies
narrowly to records relating to the “internal rules and practices governing an
agency’s operations and employee relations,” and does not apply to
“information concerning the history or performance of a particular employee.”
Id. at ____ (slip op. at 11).

       Because we concluded in Seacoast Newspapers that the arbitration
decision at issue did not meet the narrow definition of records relating to
“internal personnel practices” adopted in that case, we did not “decide . . .
whether Fenniman should also be overruled to the extent that it applied a per
se rule, as opposed to a balancing test, prohibiting the disclosure of records
that fall under the ‘internal personnel practices’ exemption.” Seacoast
Newspapers, 173 N.H. at ___ (slip op. at 10). We face that issue here.

      “We do not lightly overrule a case that has been precedent for over
twenty-five years.” Alonzi v. Northeast Generation Servs. Co., 156 N.H. 656,
659 (2008). “The doctrine of stare decisis demands respect in a society
governed by the rule of law, for when governing standards are open to revision
in every case, deciding cases becomes a mere exercise of judicial will with


                                         5
arbitrary and unpredictable results.” Id. at 659-60 (quotation omitted). “When
asked to overrule a prior holding, we do not look at the issues de novo; rather,
we review whether the ruling has come to be seen so clearly as error that its
enforcement was for that very reason doomed.” Id. at 660 (quotation omitted).

      Several factors inform our judgment, including:

      (1) whether the rule has proven to be intolerable simply by defying
      practical workability; (2) whether the rule is subject to a kind of reliance
      that would lend a special hardship to the consequence of overruling; (3)
      whether related principles of law have so far developed as to have left the
      old rule no more than a remnant of abandoned doctrine; and (4) whether
      facts have so changed, or come to be seen so differently, as to have
      robbed the old rule of significant application or justification.

Id. (quotation omitted). No single factor is dispositive “because the doctrine of
stare decisis is not one to be either rigidly applied or blindly followed.” Ford v.
N.H. Dep’t of Transp., 163 N.H. 284, 290 (2012).

        The first stare decisis factor “examines whether a rule has become
difficult or impractical for trial courts to apply.” State v. Cora, 170 N.H 186,
192 (2017) (quotation omitted). “The first factor weighs against overruling
when a rule is easy to apply and understand.” Id. (quotation omitted). The per
se rule, exempting from disclosure all material that falls within the “internal
personnel practices” exemption, is simple to apply and understand. Thus, the
first stare decisis factor weighs against overruling Fenniman’s adoption of a per
se rule. See State v. Balch, 167 N.H. 329, 335 (2015) (deciding that a rule that
“is a simple rule to apply and understand . . . has retained its practicality and
simplicity”).

       For the second factor “we inquire into ‘the cost of a rule’s repudiation as
it would fall on those who have relied reasonably on the rule’s continued
application.’” State v. Duran, 158 N.H. 146, 157 (2008) (quoting Planned
Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 855 (1992)). Reliance
interests are most often implicated when a rule operates “‘within the
commercial law context, where advance planning of great precision is most
obviously a necessity.’” Id. (quoting Casey, 505 U.S. at 856). No such interests
are implicated by overruling the Fenniman per se rule. See Seacoast
Newspapers, 173 N.H. at ___ (slip op. at 6). The Town’s assertions to the
contrary do not persuade us that the Fenniman per se rule “is subject to a kind
of reliance that would lend a special hardship to the consequence of overruling”
it. Alonzi, 156 N.H. at 660 (quotation omitted); see State v. Quintero, 162 N.H.
526, 538 (2011).

     We consider the third and fourth factors together. “The third factor
concerns whether the law has developed in such a manner as to undercut the


                                         6
prior rule.” Balch, 167 N.H. at 335; see State v. Matthews, 157 N.H. 415, 419-
20 (2008) (overruling prior holdings due to evolution of our case law). The
fourth factor concerns “whether facts have so changed, or come to be seen so
differently, as to have robbed the old rule of significant application or
justification.” Ford, 163 N.H. at 290. “‘[We] are sometimes able to perceive
significant facts or understand principles of law that eluded our predecessor
and justify departures from existing decisions.’” Duran, 158 N.H. at 154
(quoting Casey, 505 U.S. at 866) (brackets omitted).

       After considering the third and fourth factors, “[w]e believe there are
principles of law the [Fenniman] court did not consider.” Duran, 158 N.H. at
154; see Reid, 169 N.H. at 520-21; Seacoast Newspapers, 173 N.H. at ___ (slip
op. at 7). We conclude that “departure from [Fenniman] is justified because
the [court] failed to give full consideration” to: (1) our prior case law
interpreting RSA 91-A:5, IV and pertinent legislative history; and (2) whether
applying a per se rule to “internal personnel practices,” but not to other
categories of information identified in RSA 91-A:5, IV, would nullify those other
categories. Duran, 158 N.H. at 154; see Reid, 169 N.H. at 520-21; Seacoast
Newspapers, 173 N.H. at ___ (slip op. at 6-8). “[W]e owe somewhat less
deference to a decision that was rendered without benefit of a full airing of all
the relevant considerations.” Duran, 158 N.H. at 155 (quotation omitted).

      First, Fenniman failed to give full consideration to our prior cases
interpreting RSA 91-A:5, IV and to relevant legislative history. Before
Fenniman was decided, we had consistently applied a balancing test to the
disclosure of records pertaining to “confidential” and “financial information.”
See Chambers v. Gregg, 135 N.H. 478, 481 (1992); Menge v. Manchester, 113
N.H. 533, 537-38 (1973); Mans v. Lebanon School Bd., 112 N.H. 160, 162-64
(1972).

       We first adopted the balancing test in Mans. See Mans, 112 N.H. at 162.
In that case, the issue was whether a Lebanon resident was entitled to “access
to the name and salary of each schoolteacher in the Lebanon School District.”
Id. at 161. At the time, RSA 91-A:5, IV exempted from disclosure “[r]ecords
pertaining to internal personnel practices, confidential, commercial, or
financial information, personnel, medical, welfare, and other files whose
disclosure would constitute invasion of privacy.” Id. (quotation omitted). We
explained that RSA 91-A:5, IV “means that financial information and personnel
files and other information necessary to an individual’s privacy need not be
disclosed.” Id. at 162. In other words, we interpreted the phrase “whose
disclosure would constitute invasion of privacy,” as modifying all of the kinds of
information identified in RSA 91-A:5, IV, including that “pertaining to internal
personnel practices.” Id. We concluded that the phrase “whose disclosure
would constitute invasion of privacy” and the need to interpret exemptions to
the Right-to-Know Law narrowly so as to serve the law’s purposes and
objectives, required balancing “the benefits of disclosure to the public . . .


                                        7
against the benefits of nondisclosure to the administration of the school system
and to the teachers.” Id.; see Perras v. Clements, 127 N.H. 603, 605 (1986)
(explaining that in Mans we established “a balancing test in ‘right-to-know’
cases to determine whether the benefits of disclosure outweigh the benefits of
nondisclosure”); Menge, 113 N.H. at 534, 537-38 (applying the balancing test
we adopted in Mans to “a computerized tape of certain field record cards
compiled by the city of Manchester for use in arriving at its real estate tax
assessments”).

      Nevertheless, in Fenniman, we eschewed the balancing test we had
applied to the disclosure of “confidential” and “financial” information in favor of
a per se rule of exemption for records pertaining to “internal personnel
practices” because, we said, “the legislature [had] plainly made its own
determination that [internal personnel practices] documents are categorically
exempt.” Fenniman, 136 N.H. at 627. In fact, there was nothing in the plain
language of RSA 91-A:5, IV demonstrating legislative intent to treat records
pertaining to “internal personnel practices” differently from “confidential,
commercial, or financial information.” RSA 91-A:5, IV (Supp. 1992).

       The Town bases its argument that Fenniman is consistent with the plain
language of RSA 91-A:5, IV upon the fact that semicolons separate the types of
information listed therein. The Town contends that the semicolons indicate
that the phrase “whose disclosure would constitute invasion of privacy” applies
only to the last clause of the statute (“personnel . . . and other files”). See
Teeboom v. City of Nashua, 172 N.H. 301, 316 (2019) (explaining that, under
ordinary grammar rules, a modifying clause should be placed next to the
clause it modifies); In re Richard M., 127 N.H. 12, 17 (1985) (observing that
“the legislature is not compelled to follow technical rules of grammar and
composition” (quotation omitted)).

       However, our case law has consistently applied the balancing test to the
disclosure of “confidential, commercial, or financial information,” even after
semicolons were added in 1986. See Laws 1986, 83:6; see also Prof’l
Firefighters of N.H. v. Local Gov’t Ctr., 159 N.H. 699, 707 (2010); Goode v. N.H.
Legislative Budget Assistant, 148 N.H. 551, 555-56 (2002); Union Leader Corp.
v. N.H. Housing Fin. Auth., 142 N.H. 540, 552, 555-59 (1997); Chambers, 135
N.H. at 481; Brent v. Paquette, 132 N.H. 415, 426-28 (1989). Indeed, we have
construed the fact that “confidential, commercial, or financial information” is
separate from the other categories of information enumerated in RSA 91-A:5,
IV as meaning “not that the information is per se exempt, but rather that it is
sufficiently private that it must be balanced against the public’s interest in
disclosure.” N.H. Housing Fin. Auth., 142 N.H. at 553. Further, the history of
the 1986 amendment to RSA 91-A:5, IV does not demonstrate that the
legislature intended the semicolons to limit the balancing test established in
Mans to the last clause of the statute (“personnel . . . and other files”).



                                         8
       To the extent that the Town argues that we apply the balancing test to
the disclosure of confidential information only to determine whether the
material is “confidential,” the Town is mistaken. See Chambers, 135 N.H. at
481. We do not have a single test to determine whether material is
“confidential,” although we have found “instructive the standard test employed
by the federal courts.” N.H. Housing Fin. Auth., 142 N.H. at 554. To establish
that information is sufficiently “confidential” to justify nondisclosure, the party
resisting disclosure must prove that disclosure “is likely: (1) to impair the
[government]’s ability to obtain necessary information in the future; or (2) to
cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the person from whom
the information was obtained.” Id. at 554 (quotation omitted).

       The test described above is not the balancing test that we use to
determine whether the disclosure of “confidential, commercial, or financial”
information results in an invasion of privacy. That determination involves a
three-step analysis. Prof’l Firefighters of N.H., 159 N.H. at 707. First, we
evaluate whether there is a privacy interest at stake that would be invaded by
the disclosure. Id. Second, we assess the public’s interest in disclosure. Id.
Third, we balance the public interest in disclosure against the government’s
interest in nondisclosure and the individual’s privacy interest in nondisclosure.
Id. If no privacy interest is at stake, then the Right-to-Know Law mandates
disclosure. Id. Further, “whether information is exempt from disclosure
because it is private is judged by an objective standard and not a party’s
subjective expectations.” Id. (quotation and brackets omitted). Thus,
determining whether the exemption for “confidential, commercial, or financial
information” applies “require[s] analysis of both whether the information
sought is ‘confidential, commercial, or financial information,’ and whether
disclosure would constitute an invasion of privacy.” N.H. Housing Fin. Auth.,
142 N.H. at 552.

      Fenniman simply cannot be reconciled with our case law construing the
exemption for “confidential, commercial, or financial information.” Nor can it
be reconciled with the history of the 1986 amendment to RSA 91-A:5, IV and
the plain meaning of the statutory language, neither of which provides a basis
to apply a balancing test to the disclosure of “confidential, commercial, or
financial information” but not to apply the same test to the disclosure of
records related to “internal personnel practices.”

        Second, in Fenniman, we failed to consider whether adopting a per se
rule of exemption for “internal personnel practices,” while applying a balancing
test to the exemption for “personnel . . . and other files,” would render the
latter a nullity. We conclude that it does. As ACLU-NH observes, “This is
because . . . a government agency could skirt the public interest balancing
analysis required for ‘personnel file’ information by simply asserting the
categorical ‘internal personnel practices’ exemption, thus leaving the ‘personnel
file’ exemption without effect.” Cf. Shapiro v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 153 F.


                                         9
Supp. 3d 253, 280 (D.D.C. 2016) (noting that Exemption 6 under FOIA for
“personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would
constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal [privacy] . . . would have
little purpose if agencies could simply invoke Exemption 2,” which shields,
inter alia, records relating solely to the internal personnel rules and practices
of an agency).

      Because the Fenniman per se rule is inconsistent with our historical and
current interpretation of the exemption under RSA 91-A:5, IV for “confidential,
commercial, or financial information,” we are persuaded that it has become no
more than a remnant of abandoned doctrine. See Matthews, 157 N.H. at 420.
We, therefore, overrule Fenniman to the extent that it adopted a per se rule of
exemption for records relating to “internal personnel practices.”

       In arguing for a contrary result, the Town and the intervenor, New
England Police Benevolent Association, Local 220 (the Union), raise arguments
that were raised and rejected in Seacoast Newspapers. See Seacoast
Newspapers, 173 N.H. at ___ (slip op. at 9). For instance, the Town and Union
argue that we should adhere to the per se rule we adopted in Fenniman
because the legislature has not “overruled” Fenniman by legislative enactment.
See Appeal of Phillips, 165 N.H. 226, 232 (2013) (assuming that our prior
holding “conforms to legislative intent” when it had “been over four years since
we issued our [prior] decision and the legislature [had] not seen fit to amend
the statute”); cf. New Hampshire Retail Grocers Ass’n v. State Tax Comm’n, 113
N.H. 511, 514 (1973) (noting that “[i]t is a well-established principle of
statutory construction that a longstanding practical and plausible
interpretation given a statute of doubtful meaning by those responsible for its
implementation without any interference by the legislature is evidence that
such a construction conforms to legislative intent”). However, such canons of
statutory construction are not controlling. See Chagnon v. Union Leader
Corp., 104 N.H. 472, 474 (1963), superseded on other grounds by statute as
stated in Hanchett v. Brezner Tanning Co., 107 N.H. 236 (1966) (explaining
that legislative “intent, rather than any arbitrary canons of statutory
construction, is controlling”). Moreover, as we explained in Seacoast
Newspapers, “We are unwilling to mechanically apply the principles of stare
decisis to allow a decision that was wrong when it was decided to perpetuate as
a rule of law.” Seacoast Newspapers, 173 N.H. at ___ (slip op. at 9) (quotation
omitted). “Neither will we always place on the shoulders of the legislature the
burden to correct our own error.” Id. at ___ (slip op. at 9) (quotation omitted).

       Similarly, the Union argues in this case, as it argued in Seacoast
Newspapers, that we should decline to overrule Fenniman because of legislative
activity during the last legislative session. Id. at ____ (slip op. at 9). As we
explained in Seacoast Newspapers, “we will not be deterred . . . from correcting
a wrong of our own creation because the legislature considered, but did not



                                       10
enact, a bill relating to the same subject matter in a previous legislative
session.” Id. at ___ (slip op. at 9).

       Thus, for all of the above reasons, we now overrule Fenniman to the
extent that it adopted a per se rule of exemption for records relating to “internal
personnel practices” and overrule its progeny to the extent that they applied
that per se rule of exemption. In the future, the balancing test we have used
for the other categories of records listed in RSA 91-A:5, IV shall apply to
records relating to “internal personnel practices.” See Prof’l Firefighters of
N.H., 159 N.H. at 707 (setting forth the three-step analysis required to
determine whether disclosure will result in an invasion of privacy).
Determining whether the exemption for records relating to “internal personnel
practices” applies will require analyzing both whether the records relate to such
practices and whether their disclosure would constitute an invasion of privacy.
See N.H. Housing Fin. Auth., 142 N.H. at 552.

         Not surprisingly, the plaintiffs contend that, when the balancing test is
applied to the redactions the trial court upheld, it favors disclosure, and the
Town argues the opposite. However, we agree with the Union that remand is
required in this case not only for the trial court to apply the balancing test in
the first instance, but for it also to decide whether information in the
redactions it upheld satisfies Seacoast Newspapers definition of “internal
personnel practices.” To the extent that the trial court finds that a redaction
does not meet that narrow definition, it may, on remand, determine whether
the redacted information, nonetheless, is exempt from disclosure under the
exemption for “personnel . . . and other files.” RSA 91-A:5, IV. This is so
because, as the Union correctly observes, “it is not evident that the [trial] court
considered whether any of the disputed materials were exempt ‘personnel . . .
files.’”
                                                    Vacated and remanded.


      BASSETT and DONOVAN, JJ., concurred; HANTZ MARCONI, J.,
dissented.

       HANTZ MARCONI, J., dissenting. In another opinion issued today, the
court overruled our decision in Union Leader Corp v. Fenniman, 136 N.H. 624
(1993), to the extent that it too broadly interpreted the “internal personnel
practices” exemption to the Right-to-Know Law. See Seacoast Newspapers, Inc.
v. City of Portsmouth, 173 N.H. ___, ___ (decided May 29, 2020) (slip op. at 11);
see also RSA 91-A:5, IV (2013). I concurred in the result in that case because I
agreed with my colleagues that the arbitration decision at issue does not fall
within the “internal personnel practices” exemption to the Right-to-Know Law.
See Seacoast Newspapers, 173 N.H. at ___ (Hantz Marconi, J., concurring in
part and dissenting in part) (slip op. at 16). I saw no need to consider whether
to overrule Fenniman in that case because I believed that the arbitration


                                        11
decision fails to satisfy the Fenniman definition of records pertaining to
“internal personnel practices” as a matter of law. Id. (slip op. at 16).

      In the instant case, my colleagues overrule Fenniman to the extent that it
decided that records pertaining to “internal personnel practices” are
categorically exempt from disclosure under the Right-to-Know Law. For the
reasons that follow, I respectfully dissent from my colleagues’ decision to
overrule Fenniman in any respect.

       “The doctrine of stare decisis demands respect in a society governed by
the rule of law, for when governing legal standards are open to revision in every
case, deciding cases becomes a mere exercise of judicial will with arbitrary and
unpredictable results.” Jacobs v. Director, N.H. Div. of Motor Vehicles, 149
N.H. 502, 504 (2003) (quotations omitted). “[W]hen asked to reconsider a
holding, the question is not whether we would decide the issue differently de
novo, but whether the ruling has ‘come to be seen so clearly as error that its
enforcement was for that very reason doomed.’” Id. (quoting Planned
Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 854 (1992)). Several
factors inform our judgment, including: (1) “whether the rule has proven to be
intolerable simply in defying practical workability”; (2) “whether the rule is
subject to a kind of reliance that would lend a special hardship to the
consequences of overruling”; (3) “whether related principles of law have so far
developed as to have left the old rule no more than a remnant of abandoned
doctrine”; and (4) “whether facts have so changed, or come to be seen so
differently, as to have robbed the old rule of significant application or
justification.” Id. at 505 (quotations omitted).

       Unlike my colleagues, I believe that our established stare decisis factors
compel retaining Fenniman. As the majority concedes, the first factor weighs
in favor of retaining Fenniman because the Fenniman decision is easy to apply.
See State v. Cora, 170 N.H. 186, 192 (2017). As the Town asserts, Fenniman
“has been applied on numerous occasions in a rational and meaningful way,”
and, thus, “there is no basis for arguing” that Fenniman “defies practical
workability.”

      I also believe that the second factor weighs in favor of retaining
Fenniman. The second factor concerns “the cost of a rule’s repudiation as it
would fall on those who have relied reasonably on the rule’s continued
application.” Casey, 505 U.S. at 855. As the Town correctly observes,
“Thousands of employees at every level of government, retired and currently
employed, have come to rely on Fenniman, which has been the law for 26
years.” Moreover, governmental administrators also have come to understand
that their efforts to investigate, evaluate, and improve operations are protected
by Fenniman. See id. at 856 (explaining that “while the effect of reliance on [a
prior Supreme Court decision] cannot be exactly measured, neither can the



                                        12
certain cost of overruling [that decision] for people who have ordered their
thinking and living around that case be dismissed”).

       Although the majority cites factors three and four and claims to have
applied them, its actual analysis reveals that it overrules Fenniman merely
because it finds the case to have been badly reasoned. See State v Quintero,
162 N.H. 526, 544 n.1 (2011) (Lynn, J., specially concurring) (describing the
court’s analysis in State v. Duran, 158 N.H. 146 (2008)). That this is so is
demonstrated by the following passages, among others, from the decision:
“[W]e are sometimes able to perceive significant facts or understand principles
of law that eluded our predecessor and justify departures from existing
decisions”; “We believe there are principles of law the [Fenniman] court did not
consider”; “We conclude that departure from [Fenniman] is justified because
the [court] failed to give full consideration” to our prior case law and to the fact
that we apply a balancing test to the disclosure of other information covered by
RSA 91-A:5, IV; “[W]e owe somewhat less deference to a decision that was
rendered without benefit of a full airing of all the relevant considerations”; and
“We are unwilling to mechanically apply the principles of stare decisis to allow
a decision that was wrong when it was decided perpetuate as a rule of law.”
(Quotations omitted.). See id. (referring to the same or similar passages in
Duran). When considering whether to overrule a case, we should not consider
whether we would have decided it differently de novo. Jacobs, 149 N.H. at 504.
Yet, that is precisely what my colleagues have done.

      Moreover, in my view, Fenniman was soundly reasoned. Fenniman
concerned a petition by Union Leader Corporation for access to documents
compiled during an internal investigation of a police lieutenant accused of
making harassing phone calls. Fenniman, 136 N.H. at 625. The police
department released information including the lieutenant’s name and the
results of the investigation, but withheld “memoranda and other records
compiled during the investigation.” Id. at 625-26. We held that the withheld
records pertained to “internal personnel practices” because “they document
procedures leading up to internal personnel discipline, a quintessential
example of an internal personnel practice.” Id. at 626 (quotation omitted). We
also decided that the balancing test we had applied “to judge whether the
benefits of nondisclosure outweigh the benefits of disclosure” was
“inappropriate where, as here, the legislature has plainly made its own
determination that certain documents are categorically exempt” from
disclosure under the Right-to-Know Law. Id. at 627.

      Fenniman is consistent with the plain meaning of the language in RSA
91-A:5, IV. When Fenniman was decided, RSA 91-A:5, IV exempted:

         Records pertaining to internal personnel practices; confidential,
      commercial, or financial information; test questions, scoring keys,
      and other examination data used to administer a licensing


                                        13
      examination, examination for employment, or academic
      examinations; and personnel, medical, welfare, library user,
      videotape sale or rental, and other files whose disclosure would
      constitute an invasion of privacy. Without otherwise compromising
      the confidentiality of the files, nothing in this paragraph shall
      prohibit a body or agency from releasing information relative to
      health or safety from investigative files on a limited basis to persons
      whose health or safety may be affected.

RSA 91-A:5, IV (Supp. 1992).

       Pursuant to the plain meaning of the statutory language, the clause
“whose disclosure would constitute invasion of privacy” modifies only the last
category of records enumerated in the statute (“personnel, medical, welfare,
library user, videotape sale or rental, and other files”). See Teeboom v. City of
Nashua, 172 N.H. 301, 316 (2019) (explaining that, under ordinary grammar
rules, a modifying clause should be placed next to the clause it modifies); In re
Richard M., 127 N.H. 12, 17 (1985) (“Although the legislature is not compelled
to follow technical rules of grammar and composition, a widely accepted
method of statutory construction is to read and examine the text of the statute
and draw inferences concerning its meaning from its composition and
structure.” (quotation omitted)). As the amicus correctly observes:

           This is most apparent with respect to “test questions, scoring
      keys, and other examination data.” It is impossible to imagine how
      disclosure of test questions or scoring keys could constitute
      invasion of privacy, so applying the invasion-of-privacy balancing
      test would render this exemption meaningless—and yet the
      exemption is there. Clearly the reason for exempting these records
      is to prevent someone who expects to be taking an academic,
      licensing, or employment examination from gaining an unfair
      advantage—it has nothing to do with personal privacy.

          If the invasion-of-privacy element does not apply to the test
      scores exemption, there is no reason, consistent with the
      construction of the paragraph, to apply it [to] the other categories,
      either.

Although the majority makes much of the fact that we have applied our
traditional balancing test to “confidential, commercial, or financial”
information, I agree with the amicus that doing so makes sense because
“[p]rivacy and confidentiality, while not exactly the same thing, are certainly
related.” See Union Leader Corp. v. N.H. Housing Fin. Auth., 142 N.H. 540,
553-54 (1997) (providing that under one test, to establish that “commercial” or
“financial” information is sufficiently “confidential” to justify nondisclosure, the
party resisting disclosure must prove that disclosure “is likely: (1) to impair the


                                        14
[government]’s ability to obtain necessary information in the future; or (2) to
cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the person from whom
the information was obtained” (quotation omitted)). Moreover, although the
Fenniman Court did not consider federal precedent, doing so is not required
when interpreting our Right-to-Know Law for we are the final arbiter of the
legislature’s intent. Clay v. City of Dover, 169 N.H. 681, 685 (2017).

       Even if I were to agree with my colleagues that Fenniman is poorly
reasoned, which I do not, “[p]rincipled application of stare decisis requires a
court to adhere even to poorly reasoned precedent in the absence of some
special reason over and above the belief that a prior case was wrongly decided.”
Ford v. N.H. Dep’t of Transp., 163 N.H. 284, 290 (2012) (quotation omitted). In
other words, “[r]especting stare decisis means sticking to some wrong
decisions.” Kimble v. Marvel Entm’t, LLC, 135 S. Ct. 2401, 2409 (2015). “The
doctrine rests on the idea, as Justice Brandeis famously wrote, that it is
usually ‘more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it
be settled right.’” Id. (quoting Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393,
406 (1932) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)). “Indeed, stare decisis has consequence
only to the extent it sustains incorrect decisions; correct judgments have no
need for that principle to prop them up.” Id. “Accordingly, an argument that
we got something wrong—even a good argument to that effect—cannot by itself
justify scrapping settled precedent.” Id.

      “Judges are not at liberty to follow prior decisions that are well-reasoned
and discard those that are not.” Quintero, 162 N.H. at 539. “According
substantial weight to the poor reasoning of an opinion undermines stare
decisis and potentially bestows upon the court expansive authority to overrule
any prior decision it determines is poorly reasoned.” Id. at 540. “[W]hen
governing legal standards are open to revision in every case, deciding cases
becomes a mere exercise of judicial will with arbitrary and unpredictable
results.” Jacobs, 149 N.H. at 504 (quotation omitted).

       Stare decisis “is most compelling” when statutory interpretation is at
issue. Hilton v. South Carolina Public Railways Comm’n, 502 U.S. 197, 205
(1991). This is so because the legislature “may alter what we have done by
amending the statute.” Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 175
n.1 (1989), superseded by statute on other grounds, as stated in Stender v.
Lucky Stores, Inc., 780 F. Supp. 1302, 1305-06 (N.D. Cal. 1992); accord
Duran, 158 N.H. at 157 (“[S]tare decisis generally has more force in statutory
analysis than in constitutional adjudication because, in the former situation,
the legislature can correct our mistakes through legislation.” (quotations and
brackets omitted)). Toward that end, I find it persuasive that, although the
legislature has amended the Right-to-Know Law on many occasions since
Fenniman was decided, it has not seen fit to overrule Fenniman by legislative
enactment. See Appeal of Phillips, 165 N.H. 226, 232 (2013) (assuming that
our prior holding “conforms to legislative intent” when it had “been over four


                                       15
years since we issued our [prior] decision and the legislature [had] not seen fit
to amend the statute”).

      For all of the above reasons, therefore, I would not overrule Fenniman.




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