
463 F.Supp.2d 1138 (2006)
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff,
v.
Emilio REYES-BOSQUE (1), Jose Luis Ramirez-Esqueda (2), Jose Angel Rivas-Pozos (3), Defendants.
No. 05CR2239 BEN.
United States District Court, S.D. California.
November 21, 2006.
*1139 *1140 Carol C. Lam, United States Attorney, Andrew G. Schopler and Mark R. Rehe, Assistant United States Attorneys, San Diego, CA, for plaintiff United States of America.
Steven L. Barth, Federal Defenders of San Diego, Inc., San Diego, CA, for defendant Emilio Reyes-Bosque.
Timothy A. Scott, Law Office of Timothy A. Scott, San Diego, CA, for defendant Jose Luis Ramirez-Esqueda.
Anthony E. Colombo, Jr., Law Office of Anthony E. Colombo, Jr., San Diego, CA, for defendant Jose Angel Rivas-Pozos.
BENITEZ, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION
Defendant Emilio Reyes-Bosque ("Reyes-Bosque") moves to suppress evidence and statements collected by United States Border Patrol Agents on December 2, 2005 when they arrested him along with defendants Jose Luis Ramirez-Esqueda ("Ramirez-Esqueda") and Jose Angel Rivas-Pozos ("Rivas-Pozos") (collectively, "defendants"). The defendants are charged with six counts each of "bringing in aliens for financial gain" in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2)(B)(ii) and aiding and abetting in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 2; and *1141 "harboring illegal aliens" in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii) and aiding and abetting in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(v)(II). Defendants Ramirez-Esqueda and Rivas-Pozos join the motions to suppress. On June 23, 2006, August 4, 2006 and October 26, 2006, an evidentiary hearing was held where the Court heard the testimony of several witnesses, as well as extensive arguments from counsel for the government and the defendants.

II. FACTS
On December 2, 2005, Border Patrol Agents observed two men and one woman walking on Main St. in Brawley, California. The individuals appeared to be lost and were walking aimlessly. When they saw the Border Patrol Agents, they turned in the opposite direction. The agents followed them to Garcia's Market, where the two men sat outside while the woman went inside. The agents identified themselves to the men, who then went inside the market. The agents followed them in, where they again identified themselves in English and in Spanish and asked the men and the woman to step outside. Once outside, the agents questioned the individuals about their documentation and whether they were here legally. The three admitted they were not here legally, and they were Mexican citizens. The agents then arrested them.
Once they were in the agents' vehicle, the woman informed the agents that they had escaped from a house a few miles away, and that there were approximately 20 more people there. The woman directed the agents to the house where she indicated they had been held, located at 362 Wilson Avenue in Brawley. When they arrived, she informed the agents that she didn't want to get out of the car because she was scared. The agents called for backup, and when the additional agent arrived, they drove around so they would have a view of the residence at 362 Wilson Ave. When they had a view of the residence from the car, the woman told the agents that an individual outside the residence was the caretaker of the apartment from which they had escaped. The individual she pointed out was defendant Rivas-Pozos.
Agent Martinez approached Rivas-Pozos, identified himself in English and in Spanish, and began to question him. Rivas-Pozos informed Agent Martinez that he lived in El Centro, California, but provided an LD. with the address 362 Wilson Avenue, arousing the agent's suspicion. Upon further questioning, Rivas-Pozos told the agent that he was visiting his godfather at 362 Wilson Avenue, Unit 3. At that point, Agent Perez, who had arrived as backup, accompanied Rivas-Pozos to Unit 3 to verify his story, while the other agents went to Unit 4 where they had been informed the aliens were being held.
At Unit 3, Rivas-Pozos and Agent Perez knocked on the door repeatedly until a woman answered the door. Agent Perez identified himself, and told her he was trying to verify Rivas-Pozos's story. He then asked the woman for identification, in response to which she produced what the agent believed to be a Mexican border card. He inquired whether she had immigration documents and she admitted that she did not. She told Agent Perez that her husband, defendant Reyes-Bosque, was inside the house, and he then came to the door. When Agent Perez questioned Reyes-Bosque about Rivas-Pozos, Reyes-Bosque informed him that Rivas-Pozos was a friend, not his godson. Agent Perez asked Reyes-Bosque for identification and then immigration documents, in response to which he provided a California driver's license and a valid immigration document. Upon receipt of the immigration documents, Agent Perez performed a record *1142 check and was informed that Border Patrol had stopped vehicles in the past that had taken them to 362 Wilson Avenue, and the occupants of those vehicles said they had made arrangements with a man named Emilio.
Agent Perez then informed Reyes-Bosque that he was arresting his wife because she lacked immigration documents. Reyes-Bosque's wife had recently given birth to the couple's son. Agent Perez then told her that if she wished to take the baby with her, he would have to search the house to make sure she wasn't going to grab any weapons. Otherwise she would have to leave the baby with her sister, who was also in the house. She decided to take the baby, and Agent Perez proceeded to search the house. He discovered defendant Ramirez-Esqueda in one of the bedrooms, covered up in the bed. When asked for I.D., Ramirez-Esqueda produced a Mexican passport with a valid visa. In response to questioning, he told Agent Perez he was a family friend and was just visiting. Agent Perez instructed him to stay put, performed a record check, and discovered that Ramirez-Esqueda had been arrested by Border Patrol in 2001 for alien smuggling.
Once Reyes-Bosque's wife collected her belongings, Agent Perez took Ramirez-Esqueda outside and began questioning him again. Ramirez-Esqueda repeated that he was just visiting, then after Agent Perez brought up his previous arrest and asked if he was smuggling again, Ramirez-Esqueda admitted that he worked for "him", and that he got paid $100 to check if the checkpoint was up or down.
At the same time that Agent Perez was at Unit 3 with Rivas-Pozos, Agents Martinez and Rodriguez approached Unit 4, where they understood the aliens to have escaped from, and where the other aliens were being held. Agent Martinez positioned, himself at the back of the house, while Agent Rodriguez proceeded to the front where he knocked and identified himself as a border patrol agent in English and in Spanish. When Agent Rodriguez knocked at the front door, Agent Rodriguez observed a small window in the back open and a man pop his head out, as if he was trying to escape. As soon as the individual observed Agent Martinez there, he withdrew and shut the window. Agent Martinez informed Agent Rodriguez of what he had just seen, after which Agent Rodriguez entered the premises, identified himself, and Agent Martinez followed him in. The agents questioned the individuals in Unit 4 and ascertained that they were aliens, then did a room to room sweep to gather everyone into one area while awaiting transport. While Agent Martinez was processing the aliens, another agent searched Unit 4 and seized a ledger, a list of what he suspected to be alien names, California maps and a paper document that appeared to be instructions for divers of aliens.
The defendants were transported back to the Border Patrol station, where they were read their Miranda rights in Spanish.

III. DISCUSSION
Defendants ask the Court to suppress the evidence and statements resulting from the searches of Units 3 and 4 at 362 Wilson Avenue. Reyes-Besque also asks the Court to suppress any fruits of his arrest on the basis that the agents lacked probable cause when they arrested him.
A. Unit 4
1. Standing
To invoke the protection of the Fourth Amendment, a person must show that he or she has a legitimate expectation of privacy. A legitimate expectation of privacy encompasses two requirements: *1143 (1) the individual's subjective expectation that his activities would be private; and (2) that this expectation is one that society recognizes as reasonable. United States v. Bautista, 362 F.3d 584, 589 (9th Cir.2004) (citing United States v. Nerber, 222 F.3d 597, 599 (9th Cir.2000)). This Court has been skeptical that any defendant actually has standing to assert a Fourth Amendment violation with regard to Unit 4. Prior to the filing of supplemental briefing, of the three defendants, only Rivas-Pozos made any claim of an expectation of privacy in Unit 4. In response to that claim, the Court made substantial efforts to elicit from Rivas-Pozos the basis for his assertion of standing. No offer of testimony was made, and only after counsel engaged in extensive argument would Rivas-Pozos agree to submit a sworn declaration of the basis for his assertion of standing. The Court bent over backwards to allow Rivas-Pozos to make his best claim of standing, in spite of his refusal to support the claim in any way that could be cross-examined by the government.
Rivas-Pozos argues that he stayed in Unit 4 from time to time, that his California identification listed his address as 362 Wilson Avenue, and that at some point prior to his arrest he obtained a cable subscription at that address. Additionally, he argues that the material witness identified him as the "caretaker" of Unit 4 when she and the other aliens were being held there. However, at the time of the search, he informed the Border Patrol Agents that he lived in El Centro, and was staying with his godfather in Unit 3, not Unit 4. Putting aside his conflicting claims about where he was staying, Rivas-Pozos still does not establish a legitimate expectation of privacy in Unit 4.
This situation is strongly analogous to that in Minnesota v. Carter, 525 U.S. 83, 90-91, 119 S.Ct. 469, 142 L.Ed.2d 373 (1998). In that case, defendants attempted to assert Fourth Amendment standing over an apartment in which they were bagging cocaine. Defendants were present in the apartment for a short time, and solely for that commercial purpose. The Court held that while the apartment was somebody's home, the defendants were not there as overnight guests, but solely for a commercial purpose and therefore had no legitimate expectation of privacy in the apartment. Id. Here, all indications are that Unit 4 was used as a load house for alien smuggling. While Unit 4 is technically a residence, it was not Rivas-Pozos's residence, and its use was purely commercial in nature. Even if Rivas-Pozos stayed in Unit 4 the night before, he did so not as an overnight guest, but as "caretaker" of the aliens being stashed there  in the context of alien smuggling, this is the equivalent of bagging cocaine  he was supervising the merchandise. The Court therefore finds that he did not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in Unit 4. See Minnesota v. Carter, 525 U.S. at 90-91, 119 S.Ct. 469.
In addition to Rivas-Pozos's claim, Reyes-Bosque for the first time also asserts standing with respect to Unit 4 in his September 8, 2006 Supplemental Memorandum. Reyes-Bosque's newly asserted claim rests on his payment of rent for Unit 4 from January 2005 through August 2005. Payment of rent can be a "significant" factor in whether a subjective expectation of privacy exists, and whether that expectation is one recognized by society as reasonable. See U.S. v. Davis, 932 F.2d 752, 757 (9th Cir.1991) (finding assumption of ongoing obligation to pay rent a "significant" factor in determining legitimate expectation of privacy). In this case however, for several reasons it is not sufficient to provide Reyes-Bosque with standing to challenge the search of Unit 4.
*1144 First, Reyes-Bosque submits no evidence that he was paying rent for Unit 4 at the time of the search. The evidence he submits in fact establishes that someone by the name of Contreras was paying the rent at that time. If anything, the evidence submitted by Mr. Reyes-Bosque indicates that any expectation of privacy he may have had no longer existed in December 2005 and supports a finding that Unit 4 was being used as a safe house, not a residence. Second, payment of rent by itself does not establish a legitimate expectation of privacy when the person paying rent clearly does not live in the residence. It is undisputed that Reyes-Bosque resides in Unit 3. He does not claim to also live in Unit 4, or to stay overnight there, nor does he give any other explanation of what he does there that would garner a legitimate expectation of privacy. Reyes-Bosque does not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in Unit 4, and therefore lacks standing to challenge the search.
Because none of the three defendants have established standing under the Fourth Amendment to challenge the search of Unit 4, all evidence seized from Unit 4 will be admitted.
2. Exigency
Even if the Court did find that either Reyes-Bosque or Rivas-Pezos had standing to challenge the search of Unit 4, the search would still be reasonable because the agents entered the premises on the basis of exigent circumstances. "As a general rule, `we define exigent circumstances as those circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to believe that entry . . . was necessary to prevent physical harm to the officers or other persons, the destruction of relevant evidence, the escape of the suspect, or some other consequence improperly frustrating legitimate law enforcement efforts.'" United States v. Brooks, 367 F.3d 1128, 1135 (9th Cir.2004) (quoting United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1199 (9th Cir.1984)) (en banc).
In this case, the cause of the exigency was a fear of harm to other persons, namely the approximately 20 aliens the agents believed to be captive in Unit 4. When the agents picked up the three aliens in downtown Brawley, the woman informed them that the three had escaped from a house where there were another 20 aliens being held, and when the agents brought her back to the site, she told them she was scared to go in. These facts alone are enough to cause a reasonable person to believe that entry into Unit 4 would be necessary to prevent harm to others. "An action is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, regardless of the individual officer's state of mind, `as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify [the] action.'" Brigham City, Utah v. Stuart, ___ U.S.___, ___, 126 S.Ct. 1943, 1948, 164 L.Ed.2d 650 (2006) (quoting Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128, 138, 98 S.Ct. 1717, 56 L.Ed.2d 168 (1978)) (emphasis in original). The Court finds that the circumstances indicated a hostage situation was likely, and the agents' actions were therefore objectively reasonable. The evidence obtained from Unit 4 is therefore admissible on the basis of the exigency exception to the warrant requirement.[1]
B. Unit 3
1. Entry
Defendants Ramirez-Esqueda and Reyes-Basque challenge the initial entry into Unit 3 by Agent Perez. They claim *1145 that the entry was a search for Fourth Amendment purposes, the agents had no warrant, and the entry does not fall under any exception to the warrant rule. The government argues that the entry was consensual.
In United States v. Winsor, 846 F.2d 1569, 1572-73 (9th Cir.1988) (en banc), the Ninth Circuit held that police conducted a search for Fourth Amendment purposes when they demanded the defendant open the door, and then visually inspected his hotel room through the open door. The court found that whether they entered the room was irrelevant. This holding was recently confirmed in United States v. Bautista, 362 F.3d 584, 591 (9th Cir.2004). In Bautista, the court held that when the officers stated "San Diego police. Open the door.", they were commanding that the door be opened under claim of lawful authority. Compliance with that demand cannot be considered consent, and the search was therefore illegal. Id.
In this case, Agent Perez approached the door of Unit 3 with defendant Rivas-Pozos in order to verify Rivas-Pozos's story that he was staying there with his godfather. Rivas-Pozos was the first to knock on the door, followed by Agent Perez, who stated "Border Patrol, open the door." or words to that effect. After several minutes of knocking, Reyes-Bosque's wife opened the door. Initially, this would appear to be factually similar to the situation in Bautista. However, one critical fact sets it apart  the record is undisputed that Reyes-Bosque's wife did not speak English. Unlike all other initial interactions between the agents and the defendants or material witnesses, Agent Perez's testimony does not indicate that he made his command in any language other than English. Therefore, unlike in Winsor or Bautista, she was not opening the door in response to the claim of lawful authority, because she didn't understand it. Rather, she simply opened the door in response to the repeated knocking, which is a voluntary action. See United States v. Winsor, 846 F.2d at 1573 (citing Davis v. United States, 327 F.2d 301, 303 (9th Cir. 1964)) (occupant opening the door in response to police knocking is consensual). The initial entry into Unit 3 did not run afoul of the Fourth Amendment.
Alternatively, Agent Perez had reason to believe that the same exigent circumstances present at Unit 4 could be present at Unit 3. The material witnesses indicated that they had been held in Unit 4 with a large number of other aliens, and that Rivas-Pozos was the "caretaker". It was the job of the "caretaker" to make sure nobody left. (Def. Ex. O at 0032). When the agents first spoke with Rivas-Pozos, after he was identified by the material witnesses, he told them he was staying in Unit 3, not Unit 4. Having already been informed that people were being held against their will in Unit 4, and then being told by the person doing the holding that he was staying in Unit 3, a reasonable agent would come to the conclusion that it was likely people were being held in Unit 3 as well. See U.S. v. Black, 466 F.3d 1143, 2006 WL 3026026 at *1 (9th Cir.2006) (finding that exigent circumstances justified warrantless entry and search when police might have reasonably believed injured woman was inside apartment).
Even if the initial entry did constitute a potential Fourth Amendment violation, exclusion would not be the appropriate remedy in this case. Whether exclusion is the appropriate sanction is a separate question from whether a Fourth Amendment violation has occurred. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 906 (1984). As articulated in the Supreme Court's recent decision in Hudson v. Michigan, "[s]uppression of evidence, however, has always been our last resort, *1146 not our first impulse." ___ U.S. ___, ___, 126 S.Ct. 2159, 2163, 165 L.Ed.2d 56 (2006). The exclusionary rule is only to be applied where "its deterrence benefits outweigh its substantial social costs". Id. (citing Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and Parole v. Scott, 524 U.S. 357, 363, 118 S.Ct. 2014, 141 L.Ed.2d 344 (1998)).
In this case, the Court must consider what behavior it would be deterring by excluding the evidence found after entry into Unit 3. When Agent Perez approached Unit 3 with Rivas-Pozos, his stated purpose was to follow-up on Rivas-Pozos's claim that he was staying there with his godfather. Rivas-Pozos had been identified by the material witness as the "caretaker" who kept the illegal aliens in Unit 4. When the agents discovered Rivas-Pozos outside, they could have arrested him. However, instead of arresting him immediately, the agents chose to follow up on his claim, which had it turned out to be true, could have exculpated him on the spot. The Court finds it difficult to fathom how this is behavior on the part of law enforcement that we would want to deter. Common sense dictates that giving a suspect an opportunity to clear himself before arresting him is better for the suspect than arresting him, putting him through booking, and then attempting to corroborate his story later. Exclusion of the initial entry into Unit 3 therefore provides no deterrence benefits, particularly when weighed against the tremendous social costs.
2. Search of Unit 3
After Reyes-Bosque's wife opened the door, Agent Perez asked her for identification. He then realized that she did not speak English and questioned her in Spanish regarding immigration documents. She admitted to not having any, and then Reyes-Bosque came to the door. Agent Perez informed Reyes-Bosque he would have to arrest his wife. The agent told her that if she wished to take her baby with her, instead of leaving him with her sister, he would have to search the apartment for officer safety. She chose to take the baby with her, and Agent Perez walked into one of the bedrooms, where he discovered defendant Ramirez-Esqueda in bed.
Ramirez-Esqueda challenges the search that led to his discovery in the bedroom on the basis that Agent Perez lacked a warrant or an exception to the warrant requirement to search the house. The government argues that having placed Reyes-Bosque's wife under arrest, Agent Perez had the right to accompany her into the house while she collected whatever belongings she wished to take with her. Under Washington v. Chrisman, 455 U.S. 1, 6, 102 S.Ct. 812, 70 L.Ed.2d 778 (1982), an arresting officer has a right "to remain literally at [the arrested person's] elbow at all times" including when the arrested person returns to a private area to obtain identification or anything else. The Court found that this authority did not depend on the degree of potential danger, the likelihood of escape, or the nature of the offense. Id. Had Agent Perez actually accompanied Reyes-Bosque's wife into the apartment while she collected her belongings, there would be little question that his actions fell under the allowance created by Washington v. Chrisman. Id. But Agent Perez's testimony does not support that interpretation of the facts. Rather, it appears that Agent Perez independently conducted a sweep of the apartment to check for weapons for his safety.
The Court finds that while this does not fit into the rubric of Washington v. Chrisman, it does qualify as a protective sweep, and is therefore allowable under the Fourth Amendment. A protective sweep is defined as "a quick and limited *1147 search of premises, incident to an arrest and conducted to protect the safety of police officers and others." Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 327, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108 L.Ed.2d 276 (1990). The rationale for allowing such a search flows from the Court's decisions in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) and Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983), which allowed for a brief intrusion of personal privacy that was no more than necessary to protect the officer from harm. Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. at 333, 110 S.Ct. 1093. The protective sweep allows officers to conduct a warrantless cursory inspection of those places where a person may be found, during or after an arrest. Id. at 335, 110 S.Ct. 1093. In order to conduct a protective sweep, "there must be articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, would warrant a reasonably prudent officer in believing that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene." United States v. Paopao, 465 F.3d 404, 410 (9th Cir.2006) (quoting Buie, 494 U.S. at 334, 110 S.Ct. 1093). It does not matter whether the arrest takes place inside or immediately outside the home. United States v. Hoyos, 892 F.2d 1387, 1397 (9th Cir.1989) ("[a] bullet fired at an arresting officer standing outside a window is as deadly as one that is projected from one room to another.").
In this case, Agent Perez explained to Reyes-Bosque's wife that if they were not going to immediately leave the premises, he would have to search the apartment for his safety. "The totality of the circumstances create a reasonable suspicion of danger on the part of Agent Perez. When Reyes-Bosque came to the door, Agent Perez ran a record check and discovered that he had an extensive criminal and immigration history. (Def. Ex. O at 0033). Agent Martinez testified that before arriving at 362 Wilson Ave., he had been informed that it was dangerous, and the block had been the site of a shootout recently. Further, Agents Castro and Leyba were aware that 362 Wilson Ave. had been used to harbor aliens in the past, and that several people had previously stated that Reyes was the person in charge of the smuggling operation. While some of this information was known initially to individual agents, it is considered to be collective knowledge. See Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 772 n. 5, 103 S.Ct. 3319, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003 (1983) ("where law enforcement authorities are cooperating in an investigation, as here, the knowledge of one is presumed shared by all."); see also United States v. Jensen, 425 F.3d 698, 705 (9th Cir.2005) (reaffirming "collective knowledge doctrine"). When taken together, these facts, as well as the inferences that may be drawn from them, create a reasonable suspicion that there could be another individual in the residence posing a danger to the agent. See Paopao, 465 F.3d at 410. The protective sweep of Unit 3 was therefore justified, and the evidence in Unit 3, including the discovery of Ramirez-Esqueda, will not be suppressed.
C. Ramirez-Esqueda's Statements
Ramirez-Esqueda made several statements while still at 362 Wilson Ave. that he now moves to suppress. He claims that he was in "de facto custody" at the time, and he was not given Miranda warnings. The record is undisputed that Agent Perez did not administer Miranda warnings while speaking with Ramirez-Esqueda at 362 Wilson Ave. What is disputed is whether the situation required them.
The Supreme Court held in Miranda v. Arizona that a person questioned by law enforcement officers after being "taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his *1148 freedom of action in any significant way" must first "be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed." 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). In the years since the Court's ruling in Miranda, it has clarified that those requirements only apply to a custodial interrogation. "In determining whether an individual was in custody, a court must examine all of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation, but the ultimate inquiry is simply whether there [was] a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest." Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322, 114 S.Ct. 1526, 128 L.Ed.2d 293 (1994) (internal quotations and citations omitted). As noted by the Ninth Circuit, there are many situations in which a person is detained but not in custody, including inter alia, traffic stops, border crossings, and Terry stops. See United States v. Butler, 249 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir.2001). Not every situation in which an individual does not feel free to leave is the equivalent of custody, but rather may fall somewhere "in the twilight zone between detention and custody," thereby triggering an inquiry into the objective circumstances of the interrogation. Id. at 1099.
Factors relevant to whether an individual is in custody include: "(1) the language used to summon the individual; (2) the extent to which the defendant is confronted with evidence of guilt; (3) the physical surroundings of the interrogation; (4) the duration of the detention; and (5) the degree of pressure applied to detain the individual." United States v. Beraun-Panez, 812 F.2d 578, 580 (9th Cir.1987) (internal citations omitted); see also United States v. Hayden, 260 F.3d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir.2001) (same). These five factors help to create an objective picture of the circumstances under which an individual was interrogated, and whether, regardless of the individual's subjective feelings or the officer's intentions, the situation was sufficiently akin to formal arrest as to trigger the need for Miranda warnings.
In this case, the "language used to summon" Ramirez-Esqueda is not particularly aggressive or custodial in nature. Agent Perez discovered Ramirez-Esqueda in bed, so he was not initially summoned, in a traditional sense. Ramirez-Esqueda removed the covers of his own volition, and Agent Perez instructed him to keep his hands visible. Agent Perez also instructed him to stay seated on the bed while he called in a records check. After the initial interaction in the bedroom, Agent Perez instructed Ramirez-Esqueda to come with him, and then "told him to step outside so we could talk." (Govt. Ex. 8 at 678). They went out into the driveway of Unit 3, where in response to questioning, Ramirez-Esqueda made the statements at issue. There is no indication in the record that Agent Perez's tone was threatening or domineering. The Court finds that the language used to summon Ramirez-Esqueda was not indicative of a custodial situation.
The second factor the Court may consider is the extent to which Ramirez-Esqueda was confronted with evidence of guilt. It appears from the record that the only reference to any crime made by Agent Perez was to Ramirez-Esqueda's previous arrest for alien smuggling in 2001. Agent Perez initially confronted him about the arrest in the bedroom after calling in the record check. Ramirez-Esqueda did not seem distressed by the confrontation, as he admitted the arrest and stated that he had been released. When Agent Perez questioned him in the driveway, Agent Perez again asked about the previous arrest for smuggling, and asked him if he *1149 was doing it again, at which point Ramirez-Esqueda said, "Yeah, I work for him, and I check the checkpoint just to see if it's up or down, and I get paid $100." (Govt. Ex. 8 at 678). During this exchange, Agent Perez did not tell him that they had discovered the illegal aliens in Unit 4, nor that anyone had been arrested. He did not inform Ramirez-Esqueda of his knowledge regarding Reyes-Bosque's criminal record, or that Reyes-Bosque had been identified to Border Patrol previously as a possible smuggler. In fact, the agent did not mention any evidence that had been collected with respect to the charges that were eventually filed against Ramirez-Esqueda. The Court therefore finds that this factor does not support an inference of a custodial interrogation.
The third factor the Court will consider is the physical surroundings of the interrogation. Ramirez-Esqueda was initially questioned in the bedroom of Reyes-Bosque's home, then brought to the living room, and outside in the driveway. In considering the physical surroundings, the Court first finds it important to note that at no point was Ramirez-Esqueda physically restrained. He was not handcuffed, nor was he locked up in a separate room. Although even if he had been, this would not automatically create a custodial situation. See United States v. Bautista, 684 F.2d 1286, 1289 (9th Cir.1982) (holding that use of handcuffs during a Terry stop is permissible, and does not turn the stop into an arrest); see also United States v. Cervantes-Flores, 421 F.3d 8251, 830 (9th Cir.2005) (use of handcuffs justified and did not convert Terry stop into arrest). In addition to not being physically restrained, Ramirez-Esqueda was questioned in a private residence, and immediately outside of the residence. He was not in a traditionally custodial setting, i.e., a police station. The surroundings could not be considered physically uncomfortable, because Ramirez-Esqueda claimed he was staying there overnight, visiting his friend. The fact that he was questioned in a private residence, where he claims to have been staying as a guest, weighs against a finding that he was in custody. See United States v. Eide, 875 F.2d 1429, 1437 (9th Cir.1989) (giving substantial weight to the fact that questioning took place in a private residence when deciding Miranda warnings were unnecessary).
The fourth factor for the Court's consideration is the duration of detention. The agents were unsure of how much time passed, and the defendants argue it was approximately 30-40 minutes. The Court will therefore assume 30-40 minutes. Defendant Ramirez-Esqueda argues that the duration of the detention was sufficient by itself to convert the situation from investigatory to custodial. The Court disagrees. In United States v. Sharpe, the Supreme Court reiterated its previous rejection of a hard and fast time limit for a Terry stop. 470 U.S. 675, 686-87, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985). Instead, the Court endorsed an approach where the court would examine "whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the defendant." Id. That is exactly what happened here. During the time that Ramirez-Esqueda was detained, the agents were investigating three suspects in two separate units on the premises. They were also dealing with approximately twenty illegal aliens in Unit 4, and the arrest of Reyes-Bosque's wife for immigration violations. Considering the amount of activity taking place, the 30-40 minute detention strikes this Court as rather expeditious.
Finally, the Court considers the degree of pressure applied to detain Ramirez-Esqueda. As discussed above, Ramirez-Esqueda was not handcuffed, nor otherwise *1150 physically restrained. He was told by Agent Perez to come with him, and then to go outside so they could talk. He was not threatened or spoken to in an abusive manner. Nobody attempted to trick him into staying. In sum, minimal pressure was applied to detain him.
In applying the above five factors to the questioning of Ramirez-Esqueda at 362 Wilson Ave., the Court finds that all factors weigh against a determination that he was in "de facto custody" or that he was subject to "restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest." Stansbury v. California, 511. U.S. at 322, 114 S.Ct. 1526. Agent Perez therefore was not obligated to administer Miranda warnings before questioning Ramirez-Esqueda, and his statements made at 362 Wilson Ave. are admissible.
Defendant Ramirez-Esqueda also argues that his statements made post-Miranda at the Border Patrol station should be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree. Because the Court has found no violation of Ramirez-Esqueda's constitutional rights, the post-Miranda statements made at the station are clearly admissible.
D. Arrest of Reyes-Bosque and Post-Arrest Statements
Defendant Reyes-Bosqus challenges his arrest without a warrant as well as any post-arrest statements. An arrest without a warrant is valid if the arresting officer has probable cause. Probable cause exists when "at the moment of arrest the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the arresting officers and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the [defendant] had committed or was committing an offense." United States v. Bernard, 623 F.2d 551, 559 (9th Cir.1980) (internal quotation and citation omitted).
At the time the agents arrested Reyes-Bosque, he had been incriminated by Ramirez-Esqueda's statement that he was watching the checkpoint for "him", which the agent reasonably understood to refer to Reyes-Bosque. Additionally, the agents had discovered approximately 20 undocumented aliens being held in Unit 4, and when they searched Unit 4, discovered suspicious driving directions signed by "Emilio". Further, they were aware of Reyes-Bosque's criminal record and previous involvement in alien smuggling. And finally, when agents questioned Rivas-Pozos, who had been identified as the caretaker by the material witness, he brought them not to Unit 4, but to Reyes-Bosque's home, thereby cementing a connection between Reyes-Bosque and the smuggling activity taking place in Unit 4. Taken together, these facts and circumstances are sufficient to create probable cause. Reyes-Bosque's arrest was therefore valid. There is no dispute that Reyes-Bosque received proper Miranda warnings. Any statements he made after arrest are therefore also admissible.
Finally, Reyes-Bosque challenges the length of time from arrest to a probable cause determination. Reyes-Bosque was arrested on Friday, December 2, 2005 between 9:30 and 10:30 a.m. The probable cause statement attached to the Complaint in this case indicates it was signed by Magistrate Judge Leo S. Papas at 5:52 p.m. on Saturday, December 3, 2005, which was approximately 32 hours later. During that time, the agents processed 21 undocumented aliens, as well as three suspects. There is no indication in the record that they created any unreasonable delay. The Court finds that the probable cause determination was made in a reasonable amount of time.


*1151 IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the defendants' motions to exclude evidence and statements resulting from the searches and arrests at 362 Wilson Ave. are denied.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  The Court notes that the evidence regarding exigent circumstances was sufficiently strong that it arrives at its conclusions without need for consideration of Agent Rodriguez's declaration or testimony.
