                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                     ___________

                                     No. 98-2291
                                     ___________

Allen Sampson,                        *
                                      *
             Appellant,               *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the
                                      * Western District of Missouri.
Kenneth S. Apfel, Commissioner of     *
Social Security Administration,       *
                                      *
             Appellee.                *
                                 ___________

                              Submitted: November 20, 1998

                                   Filed: January 12, 1999
                                    ___________

Before McMILLIAN, WOLLMAN, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Allen Sampson appeals the district court’s1 judgment affirming the denial of his
application for social security disability benefits under Title II of the Social Security
Act, 42 U.S.C. § 401 et seq. We affirm.




      1
        The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
                                          I.

       Sampson is forty-five years old and has a high-school education. His past
relevant work includes experience as an assembler for the Ford Motor Company.
Sampson has been unable to work since a head-on automobile accident on November
24, 1993. On March 23, 1994, he filed an application for disability insurance benefits,
alleging a disability onset date of November 24, 1993. He claimed to be disabled and
unable to work because of a separated disc, neck and back pain, and numbness in his
right hand, all as a result of the accident.

       The Social Security Administration denied Sampson’s application initially and
again on reconsideration. Following a hearing, an administrative law judge (ALJ)
found that Sampson had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since November 24,
1993. The ALJ also found that he presented orthopedic problems involving the low
back, pain in the neck and shoulder, and numbness in the right hand. Nonetheless, the
ALJ concluded that Sampson did not have impairments, when considered singularly
or in combination, which met or equaled the criteria found in the Listings of
Impairments. See Appendix 1, Subpart P, Regulations No. 4. The ALJ further found
that although Sampson was unable to perform work as an assembler, he had the
residual functional capacity to perform a significant number of jobs in the local and
national economies and therefore was not disabled. See Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S.
137, 140-42 (1987) (describing the five-step analysis). The ALJ also discredited
Sampson’s subjective complaints of pain after applying the factors set forth in Polaski
v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1320, 1322 (8th Cir. 1984) (subsequent history omitted).

      The Appeals Council denied Sampson’s request for further review, and the ALJ’s
decision thereby became the final decision of the Commissioner. Sampson
subsequently appealed to the district court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The district
court granted the Commissioner’s motion for summary judgment, finding that
substantial evidence supported the Commissioner’s decision to deny Sampson disability

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benefits. On appeal, Sampson contends that the ALJ improperly concluded that the
medical evidence contradicts the opinion of his treating physician and incorrectly
discounted his subjective complaints of pain as not credible.

                                          II.

       Our role on review is to determine whether the Commissioner’s findings are
supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole. See Clark v. Apfel, 141
F.3d 1253, 1255 (8th Cir. 1998). Substantial evidence is relevant evidence which a
reasonable mind would accept as adequate to support the Commissioner’s conclusion.
See Woolf v. Shalala, 3 F.3d 1210, 1213 (8th Cir. 1993). In determining whether the
existing evidence is substantial, “we must consider evidence that detracts from the
[Commissioner’s] decision as well as evidence that supports it.” Id. We may not
reverse the Commissioner’s decision merely because substantial evidence exists in the
record that would have supported a contrary outcome. See Smith v. Shalala, 987 F.2d
1371, 1374 (8th Cir. 1993).

       We first address Sampson’s argument that the ALJ improperly discredited the
opinion of his treating physician, Dr. Bowles. On October 1, 1994, Dr. Bowles
indicated that Sampson’s constant low back pain and persistent neck pain were
incapacitating for any type of work for which Sampson was trained. Dr. Bowles also
stated that Sampson was totally unable to perform any type of work that involved
bending, lifting, or squatting. The ALJ is not required, however, to adopt the opinion
of a physician on the ultimate issue of a claimant’s ability to engage in gainful
employment. See Behen v. Califano, 588 F.2d 252, 254 (8th Cir. 1978). Further, a
treating physician’s opinion is afforded less deference when the medical evidence in the
record as a whole contradicts the opinion itself. See Johnson v. Chater, 87 F.3d 1015,
1018 (8th Cir. 1996); Cruze v. Chater, 85 F.3d 1320, 1324-25 (8th Cir. 1996).




                                          -3-
      The ALJ’s decision discussed the medical evaluations and treatment notes
provided by Dr. Bowles, along with the treatment notes of Dr. Jenny and Dr. Ebelke,
who also treated Sampson. Dr. Bowles’s treatment notes state that Sampson had
“unexplained low back pain syndrome” and “unexplained refractoriness to all kinds of
therapy.” Dr. Bowles stated, however, that “when I asked him to take off his shoes and
put them back on he exhibited much better bending and flexibility of the back (when
I was not watching) than he did under a test circumstance.”

       X-rays taken of Sampson’s back in 1993 and 1994 revealed a minimal central
bulge at the C3-4 and a minimal central bulge with a small central focal disc herniation
at L4-5. Dr. Ebelke reported that, after surgery in 1995, Sampson’s medical condition
improved with the positioning of an “instrumentation with maintenance and good
development of the bone graft.” The treatment notes also indicate normal strength,
tone, and coordination levels. Sampson’s neurological examination revealed full motor
strength in his lower extremities. Dr. Ebelke also noted that Sampson performed a
complete hip rotation without pain. Moreover, Sampson was cleared to return to work
in October 1994. Thus, substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision not to abide
by the opinion of Sampson’s treating physician.

       We next consider Sampson’s argument that the ALJ improperly discredited his
subjective complaints of pain. “As is true in many disability cases, there is no doubt
that the claimant is experiencing pain; the real issue is how severe that pain is.”
Spradling v. Chater, 126 F.3d 1072, 1074 (8th Cir. 1997) (quoting Woolf, 3 F.3d at
1213). An ALJ must consider the following factors when analyzing a claimant’s
subjective complaints of pain: (1) the claimant’s daily activities; (2) the duration,
frequency and intensity of the pain; (3) dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of
medication; (4) precipitating and aggravating factors; and (5) functional restrictions.
Polaski, 739 F.2d at 1322. Other relevant factors include the claimant’s relevant work
history and the absence of objective medical evidence to support the complaints. Id.



                                          -4-
The ALJ may discount subjective complaints of pain if inconsistencies are apparent in
the evidence as a whole. See Sullins v. Shalala, 25 F.3d 601, 603 (8th Cir. 1994).

        Applying the foregoing factors, the ALJ concluded that Sampson’s complaints
of disabling pain lacked credibility. As discussed above, there is no substantial
evidence in the record of a disabling condition. Sampson stated that he can sit for ten
minutes and stand for twenty minutes at a time. He is able to walk up to three-quarters
of a mile without the use of a supporting device. Sampson reported that at one time he
was walking four to five miles each day. Sampson also acknowledged that he drives
an automobile, makes his bed, loads the dishwasher, and watches television on a daily
basis. The ALJ also noted Sampson’s unwillingness to continue with physical therapy
despite his ability to complete the therapy without many complaints. The treatment
notes indicate that he was just “going through the motions.” See 20 C.F.R.
404.1530(b); see also Kisling v. Chater, 105 F.3d 1255, 1257 (8th Cir. 1997) (“Failure
to follow a prescribed course of remedial treatment without good reason is grounds for
denying an application for benefits”). Thus, the evidence as a whole supports the ALJ’s
conclusion that Sampson’s testimony was credible to the extent that he has some pain,
but not to the extent that he cannot perform any type of work. See Woolf, 3 F.3d at
1214.

      The district court’s judgment is affirmed.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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