            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



In re ESTATE OF JOEL SOLOMON WEINGRAD


CONSTANCE L. JONES, Personal Representative                       UNPUBLISHED
of the ESTATE OF JOEL SOLOMON                                     December 17, 2019
WEINGRAD, and BARBARA L. ROTH,

              Appellees,

v                                                                 Nos. 343398; 345939
                                                                  Washtenaw Probate Court
PERI ROANNE WEINGRAD,                                             LC No. 15-000890-DE

              Appellant.


Before: LETICA, P.J., and GADOLA and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In Docket No. 343398, appellant, Peri Weingrad, proceeding in propria persona, appeals
as of right the probate court’s March 27, 2018 order approving fiduciary fees and attorney fees
with respect to the estate of Weingrad’s father, decedent Joel Solomon Weingrad. In Docket No.
345939, appellant appeals as of right the probate court’s September 24, 2018 order approving the
personal representative’s second account and authorizing payment of claims.1

                                     I. BACKGROUND

        Decedent died intestate on June 17, 2015. Following his death, appellant filed an
application for informal probate and sought to be appointed the personal representative of the
estate. Appellant’s two surviving siblings objected, and the court appointed appellee Constance


1
  We granted appellant’s motion to consolidate these two appeals. In re Weingrad Estate,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 19, 2019 (Docket Nos. 343398 and
345939).



                                              -1-
L. Jones as the personal representative and entered an order of formal supervised administration
of the estate. The sole asset of the estate was a condemned house and real property in Ann
Arbor, which was allegedly encumbered by liens, including a 1990 mortgage and promissory
note from decedent to his parents and the lien of Barbara L. Roth. While the probate case was
pending, appellant filed a separate complaint in November 2016 in Washtenaw Circuit Court
alleging that she held a mortgage and promissory note on decedent’s home. Appellant sought to
foreclose on the property and quiet title in her name. The circuit court property dispute was
transferred to the probate court and consolidated with the estate proceedings.

        On February 16, 2017, the probate court entered an order allowing the property to be sold
free and clear of encumbrances and ordered that the proceeds from the sale could not be
distributed until appellant’s forfeiture action concluded. On August 8, 2017, the probate court
entered an order concluding that appellant had not shown that she was entitled to enforce the
note and mortgage, which decedent had actually given to his parents. The probate court held that
appellant failed to demonstrate that she had acquired any rights under the note and mortgage.
Accordingly, the probate court rejected appellant’s request to foreclose and to quiet title to the
property in her name. We dismissed appellant’s claim of appeal from the August 8, 2017 order
for lack of jurisdiction because she failed to timely file it. In re Weingrad Estate, unpublished
order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 20, 2017 (Docket No. 340452). The probate
court did not dispose of any cross- or third-party claims made by Roth in the forfeiture action at
that time. On October 26, 2017, the probate court granted a default judgment in favor of Roth on
the claims made in her cross- and third-party complaints. Appellant was not a cross- or third-
party defendant to any of Roth’s claims. We dismissed appellant’s appeal of the October 26,
2017 order under MCR 7.211(C)(2) “for the reason that the appeal is not within the Court of
Appeals jurisdiction because appellant is not an aggrieved party to the October 26, 2017 default
judgment.” In re Weingrad Estate, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, issued December
13, 2017 (Docket No. 341107).2

        After the sale of the property closed on December 15, 2017, the personal representative
filed a petition for approval of fiduciary fees and appellate attorney fees and requested that the
appellate attorney fees be paid by appellant because the fees were necessitated by her actions and
not the actions of the estate beneficiaries. On March 27, 2018, the probate court approved the
fiduciary fees and the fees incurred by the appellate attorney with respect to appellant’s two
applications for leave to appeal in this Court, and ordered that appellant pay the fees for the
appellate attorney and the first $10,000 of the fiduciary fees out of her share of the proceeds. On
September 24, 2018, the probate court approved the personal representative’s second account
and approved a supplemental claim for appellate attorney fees related to the defense of
appellant’s application for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, as well as two claims of
unsecured creditors that had been timely filed but had inadvertently been omitted from the first
accounting.




2
 Appellant’s application for leave to appeal in Docket No. 341107 was denied. In re Weingrad
Estate, 502 Mich 903; 913 NW2d 288 (2018).


                                                -2-
                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                    A. DOCKET NO. 334398

        Appellant first raises a claim of judicial bias with respect to the August 8, 2017 order that
disposed of her civil claim to foreclose on the mortgage and promissory note. Under MCR
5.801(A)(2)(o), the August 8, 2017 order was a final order. Appellant filed a claim of appeal
from that order that we dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. In re Weingrad Estate, unpublished
order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 20, 2017 (Docket No. 340452). We lack
jurisdiction to consider this claim. Similarly, we lack jurisdiction over appellant’s claim that the
probate court did not have subject-matter jurisdiction with respect to the August 8, 2017 order.

        Appellant also raises claims with respect to the February 16, 2017 order allowing the sale
of the real property and the subsequent February 28, 2017 order allowing the sale to a different
buyer under the same terms from the February 16 order. The probate court denied appellant’s
motion for reconsideration of the orders in its April 30, 2017 order. Under MCR 5.801(A)(2)(j),
the February 16 order to sell the property involved the sale of an asset of the estate and was a
final order. The claim of appeal with respect to the February 16 order was not timely filed as it
was not filed within 21 days after entry of the April 30, 2017 order denying appellant’s motion
for reconsideration. MCR 7.204(A)(1)(b). Thus, we lack jurisdiction over the claims arising
from the February 16, 2017 order.

        Appellant next argues that the probate court lacked jurisdiction to assess sanctions against
her under MCR 2.625(A)(2) and MCL 600.2591 because the civil action was still pending. She
also argues that the probate court lacked jurisdiction to sanction her for costs incurred in the
Court of Appeals. “Whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law reviewed
de novo.” Hillsdale Co Senior Servs, Inc v Hillsdale Co, 494 Mich 46, 51; 832 NW2d 728
(2013).

         Here, the probate court also approved the personal representative’s fiduciary fees and the
appellate attorney fees under MCL 700.3720 and MCL 700.3715. MCL 700.3720 provides that
“[i]f a personal representative or person nominated personal representative defends or prosecutes
a proceeding in good faith, whether successful or not, the personal representative is entitled to
receive from the estate necessary expenses and disbursements including reasonable fees
incurred.” MCL 700.3715(1)(w) allows a personal representative, acting reasonably for the
benefit of interested persons, to “[e]mploy an attorney to perform necessary legal services or to
advise or assist the personal representative in the performance of the personal representative’s
administrative duties, even if the attorney is associated with the personal representative, and
act[s] without independent investigation upon the attorney’s recommendation. An attorney
employed under this subdivision shall receive reasonable compensation for his or her
employment.”

        Appellant does not dispute the court’s award of fiduciary fees and attorney fees under
MCL 700.3720 and MCL 700.3715(1)(w). Even assuming the probate court erred by finding an
alternative reason to award appellate attorney fees under MCR 2.625(A)(2), the court’s
alternative reference to awarding the fees under MCR 2.625(A)(2) is of no consequence. See
Detroit Int’l Bridge Co v Commodities Export Co, 279 Mich App 662, 668; 760 NW2d 565

                                                -3-
(2008) (“we will not reverse a trial court if it reached the right result for an alternative reason.”).
Accordingly, appellant cannot demonstrate error.

                                     B. DOCKET NO. 345939

        Appellant argues that the probate court judge was biased. Appellant’s first claim of
judicial bias pertains to the February 6, 2017 motion hearing and the resulting February 16, 2017
order allowing the real estate to be sold free and clear of liens. Under MCR 5.801(A)(2)(j), the
February 16, 2017 order allowing the sale of an asset of the estate was a final order. As
discussed above, we lack have jurisdiction to consider this issue because appellant did not file a
claim of appeal within the initial 21-day period, MCR 7.204(A)(1); therefore, it is not timely
under MCR 7.204(A).

        Appellant’s second claim of judicial bias pertains to her argument that the judge’s
“prejudgment of the case” during the February 6, 2017 hearing carried over to the March 9, 2018
hearing on the personal representative’s petition for payment of fiduciary fees and attorney fees
and the resulting order of March 27, 2018. Appellant has filed a separate claim of appeal from
that order in Docket No. 343398. However, appellant has not raised a claim of bias with respect
to the March 27, 2018 order. Rather, in the appeal of that order in Docket No. 343398, appellant
raises an argument that the judge was biased with respect to the August 8, 2017 order entered in
the foreclosure action. Thus, we also lack jurisdiction to consider this claim in Docket No.
345939.

        Appellant’s third claim of judicial bias involves the September 24, 2018 order approving
$3,640 in legal fees incurred on behalf of the estate in responding to appellant’s application for
leave to appeal in the Supreme Court from our dismissal of her claim of appeal of the October
26, 2017 default judgment. We would have jurisdiction to consider this claim of judicial bias,
but, because appellant failed to file a motion for disqualification below, this issue is unpreserved.
See MCR 2.003(D)(1)(a); Meagher v Wayne State Univ, 222 Mich App 700, 726; 565 NW2d
401 (1997). In general, we will not review an issue that was not raised in the lower court.
Walters v Nadell, 481 Mich 377, 387; 751 NW2d 431 (2008). And, more specifically, we will
not consider an unpreserved claim of judicial bias absent unusual circumstances. Meagher, 222
Mich App at 726. We do not find these unusual circumstances here as appellant has not
demonstrated that the adverse rulings were the result of any impropriety or bias against her. See
In re Contempt of Henry, 282 Mich App 656, 680; 765 NW2d 44 (2009) (“The mere fact that a
judge ruled against a litigant, even if the rulings are later determined to be erroneous, is not
sufficient to require disqualification[.]”).

       Appellant next raises a claim pertaining to the October 26, 2017 default judgment. We
previously dismissed appellant’s appeal of the October 26, 2017 default judgment because she
was not an aggrieved party. In re Weingrad Estate, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals,
issued December 13, 2017 (Docket No. 341107). Thus, this claim is not properly before us.




                                                 -4-
        Next, appellant argues that her claim for exempt property under MCL 700.2404 was
improperly denied. We review issues of statutory interpretation de novo. In re Temple Marital
Trust, 278 Mich App 122, 128; 748 NW2d 265 (2008). Under MCL 700.2404(1),3 a decedent’s
surviving spouse, or if there is no surviving spouse, the decedent’s children who are not excluded
under MCL 700.2404(4), are entitled to household furniture, automobiles, furnishings,
appliances, and personal effects from the estate up to a value not to exceed $10,000 more than
the amount of any security interests to which the property is subject. “If encumbered assets are
selected and the value in excess of security interests, plus that of other exempt property, is less
than $10,000.00, or if there is not $10,000.00 worth of exempt property in the estate, the spouse
or children who are not excluded under subsection (4) are entitled to other assets of the estate, if
any, to the extent necessary to make up the $10,000.00 value.” MCL 700.2404(2). A decedent’s
child has a right to claim exempt property. In re Jajuga Estate, 312 Mich App 706, 719; 881
NW2d 487 (2015).

        Appellant argues that MCL 700.2404 imposes no procedural or time limitations on the
right to claim exempt property and that the probate court erred by finding that appellant’s claim
was untimely. However, the estate had no exempt assets under § 2404(1), and, after the payment
of the two unsecured claims, the estate had sufficient assets to make up a deficiency of exempt
property under § 2404(2). In other words, the estate had assets available for distribution to the
heirs in an amount greater than the statutory exemption of $10,000 set forth in MCL 700.2404.
The disallowance of a claim for exempt property therefore had no effect on the amount of money
remaining in the estate for distribution to the heirs. Consequently, any error in disallowing the
claim for exempt property was harmless.

        Lastly, appellant argues she was denied due process of law when the probate court
approved the personal representative’s first and second account without allowing her to read her
objections on the record under MCR 5.310(2)(c). We interpret court rules de novo. In re
Burnett Estate, 300 Mich App 489, 494; 834 NW2d 93 (2013). The principles of statutory
interpretation apply to the interpretation and application of court rules. Haliw v Sterling Hts, 471
Mich 700, 704-705; 691 NW2d 753 (2005). Accordingly, the interpretation of court rules begins
with the language of the rules at issue. Id. at 705. “Court rules are to be interpreted to give
effect to the intent of the Supreme Court, the drafter of the rules.” Vyletel-Rivard v Rivard, 286
Mich App 13, 21; 777 NW2d 722 (2009). We enforce clear language as written. Velez v Tuma,
492 Mich 1, 16-17; 821 NW2d 432 (2012).

        MCR 5.310(C)(2)(c), titled “Contents,” as in effect at the time of the September 24, 2018
order at issue,4 stated:



3
    MCL 700.2404 was amended by 2018 PA 143, effective August 8, 2018.
4
  MCR 5.310 was amended March 20, 2019, effective May 1, 2019. 503 Mich cxl (2019).
According to the staff comment to the 2019 amendment, the amendments to MCR 5.310 and
several other court rules were “an expected progression necessary for design and implementation
of the statewide electronic-filing system.”


                                                -5-
       All accountings must be itemized, showing in detail receipts and disbursements
       during the accounting period, unless itemization is waived by all interested
       persons. A written description of services performed must be included or
       appended regarding compensation sought by a personal representative. This
       description need not be duplicated in the order. The accounting must include
       notice that (i) objections concerning the accounting must be brought to the court’s
       attention by an interested person because the court does not normally review the
       accounting without an objection; (ii) interested persons have a right to review
       proofs of income and disbursements at a time reasonably convenient to the
       personal representative and the interested person; (iii) interested persons may
       object to all or part of an accounting by filing an objection with the court before
       allowance of the accounting; and (iv) if an objection is filed and not otherwise
       resolved, the court will hear and determine the objection.

        The above rule clearly addresses only what information the accounting must include, not
the manner in which an objection must be raised. It is specifically headed with the word
“Contents” and is intended merely to direct the preparer of the accounting of the necessary
inclusions. In any event, it is implicit in the term “filing” used in the rule that objections should
be in writing. This is particularly true given that the form for the second account, which
appellant received, specified that any interested persons could “object to all or part of an account
by filing a written objection with the court before the court allows the account.” Thus, the
probate court did not err when it required appellant to submit her objections in writing.

        Moreover, the court is required to hold a hearing where there is an unresolved objection.
MCR 5.310(C)(2)(c)(iv). Here, appellant argued at the hearing that she wanted to state her
objections by reading them into the record to insure that they were on the record. She also stated
that “we can decide whether I have the right to do that, or whether we would simply agree to
look at what I’ve written.” Appellant did not object when the court stated it was suspending oral
argument and would issue a written opinion. Appellant does not dispute that the court reviewed
her written objections and addressed the objections by way of a written order before allowing the
accounting. “[T]he fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a
meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” In re Adams Estate, 257 Mich App 230, 234; 667
NW2d 904 (2003) (quotation marks and citations omitted). Appellant has not identified any new
objections that she would have raised at the hearing. Rather, appellant disagrees with the probate
court’s determination of the objections. Under these circumstances, appellant has not shown that
she was denied due process because the court did not allow her to read her objections into the
record.




                                                -6-
        In conclusion, we affirm the probate court’s March 27, 2018 order approving fiduciary
and attorney fees in Docket No. 343398 and affirm the probate court’s September 24, 2018 order
approving second account and authorizing payment of claims in Docket No. 345939.

       Affirmed.



                                                         /s/ Anica Letica
                                                         /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                         /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




                                             -7-
