                                 NUMBER 13-06-00540-CR

                                 COURT OF APPEALS

                     THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                        CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


JUAN ANTONIO VASQUEZ,                                                     Appellant,

                                                 v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                        Appellee.


  On appeal from the 206th District Court of Hidalgo County, Texas.


                            MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Benavides
            Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides

      Appellant Juan Antonio Vasquez appeals his convictions for murder and attempted

murder. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . §§ 15.01(a), 19.02(b)(1) (Vernon 2003). After a jury

trial, Vasquez was convicted as a party to the murder of Miguel Elizondo1 and the




      1
          Miguel was also known as “Big Mike.”
attempted murder of Miguel’s wife, Marissa Elizondo.2 After Vasquez pleaded “true” to an

enhancement of a prior felony conviction, the jury sentenced Vasquez to twenty-five years’

imprisonment for murder and fifteen years’ imprisonment for attempted murder, with the

sentences running concurrently. Additionally, the trial court ordered Vasquez to pay

restitution in the amount of $20,608.93. By seven issues, Vasquez argues that the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the verdict, that the jury charge

allowed a non-unanimous verdict, and that the trial court erred by ordering restitution. We

affirm.

                                            I. BACKGROUND

          Vasquez was tried and convicted for murder and attempted murder under the law

of parties, not as a direct participant in the murder or the attempted murder. The facts

surrounding the actual murder and attempted murder are largely undisputed. Vasquez,

however, disputes that he was a blameworthy participant based on his conduct before the

murder. Specifically, his arguments on appeal attack the reliability of a statement that he

gave to the police implicating himself in the murders, discrepancies between that statement

and the ballistic evidence admitted at trial, and his lack of knowledge of any plan to murder

Marissa. Additionally, Vasquez challenges the restitution ordered by the court.

A.        The Murder and Attempted Murder

          Marissa and Miguel were originally from Dallas but had moved to San Juan in late

April or early May 2003. According to Marissa,3 on May 19, 2003, the couple were


          2
         The indictm ent spelled Mrs. Elizondo’s first nam e as “Marisa,” but the court reporter consistently
spelled her nam e “Marissa.” W e will refer to her using the latter spelling.

          3
        The following facts are drawn from Marissa’s testim ony at trial and from testim ony by the officers
to whom she gave a statem ent on the night of the m urder.

                                                     2
watching television in their home in San Juan. At around 10:00 p.m. that night, a car with

two male passengers honked its horn outside the house. Marissa told Miguel that his

friends were outside because she recognized the car.

        Miguel recognized the car’s occupant as his friend, ultimately identified as Juan

Pablo Hinojosa. Miguel went outside to talk to Hinojosa, and then they both came inside

the house. Marissa had seen Hinojosa before and knew him as “Gordo.” Miguel and

Hinojosa sat in the kitchen, had something to drink, and talked. Miguel asked Marissa for

a towel, and Marissa obliged. Miguel and Hinojosa then went outside again.

        Miguel came to the door and asked Marissa to make a phone call to check on one

of his friends. As Miguel was talking to her at the door, Marissa heard gunshots and saw

Miguel fall to the floor. She saw blood coming from his head.

        Marissa began to run towards the back door of the house. A second man, later

identified as Benjamin Piedra,4 entered the house and chased after Marissa. Marissa

claimed she heard Piedra shoot at her twice. She hid behind her kitchen table. Piedra

caught up with her, pointed the gun at her, and tried to fire it, but the gun jammed. Piedra

ran to the living area, and Marissa was able to escape out the back door to her neighbor’s



        4
          Texas Departm ent of Public Safety Sergeant Alfredo Barrera, Jr. testified that he conducted a traffic
stop on May 3, 2003. The passengers in the vehicle he stopped were not wearing seat belts. After talking
to Sergeant Barrera, the passenger of the vehicle fled through a cornfield. Sergeant Barrera arrested the
driver, but the passenger was not apprehended at that tim e. The driver was Juan Pablo Hinojosa. Sergeant
Barrera videotaped the traffic stop. Later, the passenger was identified from the video as Benjam in Piedra.
         On the night of Miguel’s shooting, Marissa did not know Hinojosa or Piedra by their actual nam es.
Marissa knew, however, that one of the shooters was called “Gordo,” and although she did not know his
nam e, she testified that Piedra had helped her m ove from Dallas to San Juan.
          After the shooting, Marissa m oved to Dallas. San Juan Police Officer Joe Martinez testified that he
traveled to Dallas and m et Marissa there at the FBI office. There, he showed Marissa a photo line up and the
video of Sergeant Barrera’s traffic stop. Marissa testified that she identified one of the m en in the lineup as
G ordo. She further identified one of the m en on the video as the m an who shot at her. San Juan Police
Sergeant Raym undo Casarez testified that the investigation revealed that Hinojosa and Piedra were the
shooters in the incident.

                                                       3
house, where she called the police.

B.     Vasquez’s Involvement

       Javier Soliz testified that he is from Dallas, Texas, where he was a member of a

gang called the “Texas Syndicate.”       Soliz testified that to become a “prospect” for

membership in the gang, the prospective gang member has to “take care of business to

kill someone.” He knew Miguel as a fellow member of the gang.

       Soliz testified that, prior to Miguel’s move to San Juan, Miguel and a man named

Nachillo were conducting a drug deal in Dallas and were supposed to “jack” the two men

with whom they were dealing. One of the men involved in the drug deal shot Nachillo, and

Miguel then killed the two men. Nachillo was the brother of one of Texas Syndicate’s

“lieutenants,” which he described as a high-ranking member of the gang. The lieutenant

believed that Miguel could have saved Nachillo’s life, but did not, and that Miguel had taken

the money that was to be used in the drug deal. Thus, Soliz testified, the gang put a hit

on Miguel.

       Soliz stated that the decision to kill Miguel was made by the Texas Syndicate at a

meeting in Dallas that Soliz attended. However, there was “too much heat” in Dallas, so

the gang sent Miguel to the Rio Grande Valley to live. Soliz said that a man named

“Gordo” was supposed to carry out the hit.

       Soliz stated that he met Vasquez in 2001 or 2002, and Vasquez was also a member

of the Texas Syndicate. At the time Soliz met Vasquez, Vasquez was a high-ranking

member of the gang. Soliz spoke to Vasquez after the murder, and he claimed that

Vasquez asked if the Dallas members were “going to pay to cleanup the mess, you know,

for the sheet rock that was damaged and blood that was, you know, the cleaning people

                                             4
he had to get to go in there, if we were going to pitch in to pay for that.”

       Texas Ranger Israel Pacheco testified that he assisted with the investigation of

Miguel’s death. He obtained a warrant for Vasquez’s arrest, and he first met Vasquez at

his arraignment on February 4, 2005. After the arraignment, Ranger Pacheco and Hidalgo

County Sheriff’s Investigator Noe Canales met with Vasquez at Ranger Pacheco’s office.

       Ranger Pacheco tape recorded the statement. He testified that the tape recording

was prepared on a recording device capable of making accurate recordings, and he

operated the machine. He testified that the recording was an accurate copy of the

conversation and had not been altered in any manner. The State then offered the tape-

recorded statement into evidence.

       Defense counsel objected that the copy was not the best evidence of the statement.

The trial court allowed the State to explore the issue with Ranger Pacheco, who testified

that the original still existed and was located on the hard drive of his computer. However,

on further questioning, Ranger Pacheco explained that the original recording was made

on a digital recorder. The digital recorder was then hooked into a docking device that was

connected to Ranger Pacheco’s computer.             He testified that he downloaded the

conversation from the digital recorder onto the computer, where it was stored in the

computer’s hard drive. Then, from the computer, he made a copy by downloading the

conversation from the hard drive onto a compact disk. He stated that there was no way

to alter the conversation that was recorded. He testified that once a conversation is

downloaded from the digital recorder onto the computer, the conversation is erased off of

the digital recorder so that the recorder can be used again. Defense counsel again urged

its best evidence objection, which the trial court overruled.


                                              5
        Vasquez’s statement was then admitted into evidence. Ranger Pacheco informed

Vasquez of his constitutional rights. Vasquez indicated that he understood his rights and

agreed to give a statement. In the statement, Vasquez admitted that he received a call

from a fellow gang member in Houston that said that Miguel had “muleta’s.”5 Vasquez was

called because he was in charge of the Texas Syndicate at the time. Later, he clarified

that Marcelino Hernandez, nicknamed “Mars,” actually received the call from Houston, and

Mars then relayed the instructions to Vasquez. Vasquez stated that the gang had decided

that Miguel had to be killed because Miguel had killed someone in Dallas. The members

of the Texas Syndicate in the Valley then held a meeting at Vasquez’s house to discuss

the hit on Miguel. At the meeting, Hinojosa volunteered to do the hit.

        During the interview, Vasquez admitted that he provided Hinojosa with a weapon

to be used in the murder:

        RANGER PACHECO:                     Did you provide the weapon that—that was used
                                            in the murder of “Big Mike”, Miguel Elizondo?

        THE DEFENDANT:                      Yes, sir.

        RANGER PACHECO:                     You gave that—what kind of gun did you give
                                            to—

        THE DEFENDANT:                      It was a .380.

        RANGER PACHECO:                     And you gave it to who?

        THE DEFENDANT:                      To Juan Pablo Hinojosa.

        RANGER PACHECO:                     And did you give it to him on the same day of the
                                            murder or—

        THE DEFENDANT:                      No, I—I just gave it to him that—you know,


        5
          Soliz testified that a “m uleta” is “an ex-m em ber” of the Texas Syndicate, and a hit is ordered to kill
that person. Defense counsel did not object to Soliz’s translation of the term .

                                                        6
                                  before that—before that happened.

             ....

      RANGER PACHECO:             At the time that you gave the .380 to Juan Pablo
                                  Hinojosa, what did you tell him what he had to
                                  do?

      THE DEFENDANT:              I didn’t—you know, for him—he, you know, what
                                  he was going to do. Take care of business.

      Vasquez denied that the plan to kill Miguel included killing his wife, Marissa, and he

denied any knowledge that Piedra had tried to kill Marissa:

      RANGER PACHECO:             Was the plan also to kill his wife?

      THE DEFENDANT:              No.

      RANGER PACHECO:             Who came up with that plan?

      THE DEFENDANT:              I don’t know.

      RANGER PACHECO:             Did Juan Pablo Hinojosa come up with that?

      THE DEFENDANT:              I believe that’s of his own will, you know.

      RANGER PACHECO:             Well, why would he do that?

      THE DEFENDANT:              I don’t know. I sure don’t know about that.

      RANGER PACHECO:             Does he suffer any consequences from the
                                  Texas Syndicate or from you if he kills the wife?
                                  Are there any consequences for that?

      THE DEFENDANT:              I guess so.

      RANGER PACHECO:             What would be the consequences by him
                                  killing—

      THE DEFENDANT:              That, you know, he would be a muleta.

      RANGER PACHECO:             There would be a muleta against him?

      THE DEFENDANT:              Of course, because the—the—the hit was not for


                                            7
                                   his wife, you know.

       RANGER PACHECO:             You sure about that?

       THE DEFENDANT:              Yes, sir.

       RANGER PACHECO:             Because the other guy who was with Juan
                                   Pablo, he tried to kill the wife?

       THE DEFENDANT:              Oh, yeah?

       RANGER PACHECO:             You didn’t know about that?

       THE DEFENDANT:              No, I didn’t know.

       Vasquez stated that after the hit, Hinojosa told Mars that it had been completed, and

Mars then told Vasquez. Vasquez stated that he did not have any further contact with

Hinojosa.

       On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Ranger Pacheco about the

reliability of the recording, asking whether the recording could be edited. Ranger Pacheco

testified that with the right training and equipment, he “imagined” that a person could edit

the digital recording. On redirect, however, Ranger Pacheco testified that he did not edit

the recording.

       The State also called Officer Noe Canales from the Hidalgo County Sheriff’s Office.

Officer Canales testified that he was present when Ranger Pacheco interviewed Vasquez.

The State played Vasquez’s recorded statement again for the jury, and then asked Officer

Canales if the recording was a fair and accurate depiction of the conversation that he

heard. Officer Canales confirmed the recording was accurate.

       The defense called William Ray Yost to testify as an expert witness about whether

a digital recording can be manipulated. Yost stated that he examined the digital recorder



                                               8
used by Ranger Pacheco to record Vasquez’s statement. Yost testified that when the

digital recording is transferred from the recorder to a computer hard drive, the original

recording remains on the recorder, and a copy is transferred to the computer in a different

format.

       He testified that there are hundreds of programs that are capable of editing these

types of recordings, and they are easy to use. Yost testified that he examined Ranger

Pacheco’s computer to determine if there were programs that would allow him to edit the

recording, and Yost did not see any. However, he noted that all computers with Windows

operating systems come equipped with Microsoft Media Player which, depending on how

it is upgraded, is capable of editing the recording. Yost did not indicate whether Ranger

Pacheco’s version of Microsoft Media Player had been upgraded so that it could edit a

digital recording. Yost explained that after a file has been edited, a person would not be

able to tell it had been edited.

C.     Ballistics Evidence

       The weapons used in the attack were never recovered. Ballistics tests were run on

several pieces of evidence recovered from the residence. Officer Homer Alafa with the

San Juan Police Department testified that he investigated the crime scene. Officer Alafa

found a bullet hole in the window of the front door and another hole by the back door.

However, he found only one bullet fragment in a hole in the entertainment center by the

stereo. Officer Alafa also testified that he found three live rounds that had not been fired:

two in the living room of the residence and one by the back door. He sent the ammunition

to Officer Jose Omar Padilla, the lead investigator. Officer Alafa explained that he did not

know if the live rounds were used in the murder, nor did he know when the bullet holes in

                                             9
the house were made. He further explained that there was no way to match the bullet

fragment to a weapon.

       Officer Padilla testified that he attended Miguel’s autopsy and collected two bullets

that were found inside Miguel’s head. He submitted those bullets, along with the bullet

fragment and the live rounds recovered at the residence, to the department of public

safety’s crime lab. Officer Padilla explained that the crime lab would test the bullets to try

to match them to a murder weapon. He never reviewed the results of the crime lab’s tests.

       Robert Hitchcox testified that he is a forensic firearms and tool marks examiner with

the Texas Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory in McAllen, Texas. Hitchcox

identified the live rounds recovered from the home as unfired nine millimeter Luger caliber

cartridges. Hitchcox determined that one fragment recovered from the house and the two

bullets recovered from Miguel’s body were fired from the same weapon. He testified that

the two bullets recovered from the body, and one fragment recovered from the residence,

were consistent with the projectiles of a .38 special and .357 magnum caliber weapon. On

cross-examination, he testified that he could not precisely say which firearm was used to

commit the offense. Rather, he could only say what was the most probable weapon to fit

the ammunition.

       Hitchcox explained that nine millimeter Luger bullets have the same diameter as a

.357 magnum and .38 caliber bullet. But, he explained, a nine millimeter Luger cartridge

will not chamber and fire in a .357 magnum or a .38 special firearm, and it can only be

used in a nine millimeter weapon. Hitchcox further testified that if a nine millimeter Luger

bullet is used in a weapon, the cartridge would eject at the scene, whereas .38 special and

.357 Magnum caliber bullet cartridges would not be expelled. He stated that if a weapon


                                             10
were to misfire, a live round could be ejected in order to load another cartridge.

       Hitchcox testified that in his experience, on numerous occasions, officers have

submitted what they believed was a .380 weapon for testing, but in fact, the weapon was

a nine millimeter. He explained that not everyone calls a .380 automatic weapon by its

name, but in fact, they are frequently referred to as “nine millimeter curves,” “9 millimeter

quarto,” and “nine millimeter Browning.”

D.     Closing Arguments

       During closing argument, defense counsel argued that the weapon that Vasquez

admitted to giving to Hinojosa was a .380 semi-automatic weapon that, if fired, would have

expelled bullet casings. Defense counsel pointed out that no casings fitting a .380 were

found at the residence, and the ballistics evidence showed that a .380 was not used to kill

Miguel. In rebuttal, the State explained the discrepancy as follows:

              Let’s talk about the .380 for a minute. Defense counsel’s right,
       Hitchcox, through his examination, did not find anything to link a .380. And
       there’s three different ways can you [sic] look at it; first of all, either when the
       Defendant gave the statement he really believed the weapon he was
       handing over to Juan Pablo Hinojosa was a .380. But maybe Juan Pablo
       Hinojosa didn’t use that in the commission of the offense. Well, ladies and
       gentlemen, mistake of fact is no defense. And in the jury charge in Count
       One it says: Did then and there acting with the intent to promote or assist
       the commission of the offense he solicited, encouraged, directed, aided or
       attempted to aid Juan Pablo Hinojosa to commit the offense by providing a
       firearm, then you will find the Defendant Juan Antonio Vasquez guilty of the
       offense of murder as charged in the indictment.

              If the Defendant—if you find the Defendant solicited, encouraged,
       directed, aided or attempted to aid Juan Pablo Hinojosa by providing a
       firearm, that is enough. It doesn’t have to be the one that was used, but
       providing a firearm. So if the Defendant when he gave his statement did give
       a .380 but Juan Pablo Hinojosa changed it up and used a different weapon,
       you can still find the Defendant guilty of murder under the law of parties.

              Now maybe he says a .380 because a .380 looks similar to the nine
       millimeter and maybe he doesn’t know the difference. And ladies and

                                               11
       gentlemen, again, if he’s mistaken—and we do know a nine millimeter was
       used because there were live rounds at the scene—you can also find him
       guilty because he provided a weapon and that was with the intent to promote
       or assist the commission of the offense. He was encouraging, soliciting,
       directing or aiding or attempting to aid Juan Pablo Hinojosa in committing the
       offense.

              Or, ladies and gentlemen, again, it’s up to you to decide the credibility.
       And I would submit to you that maybe the Defendant, again knowing a year
       and a half afterwards what weapon he provided, maybe he’s trying to
       minimize his involvement by saying a different weapon was used than the
       one that he knows was used because he knows that ballistics won’t match
       it back up. I would submit to you that you can think about that.

Defense counsel did not object to the assistant district attorney’s argument.

E.     Punishment Phase

       After hearing the above testimony and arguments, the jury found Vasquez guilty of

both counts. Vasquez elected to have the jury assess punishment. The court began the

punishment phase of the trial the same day the guilty verdict was rendered, on May 16,

2006. The State introduced a prior felony for enhancement purposes, and Vasquez

pleaded “true” to the enhancement.

       The jury heard testimony from Ricardo Rodriguez, a probation officer; Maria

Oldfield, Miguel’s younger sister; and Sylvia Vidal, Vasquez’s common law wife. Rodriguez

testified about Vasquez’s prior conviction, and Oldfield testified about Miguel’s family.

Vidal testified about Vasquez’s home life. None of these witnesses testified about funeral

expenses incurred by Miguel’s estate or his family because of his death. The jury

considered the testimony and assessed punishment. At no time during the punishment

phase of trial before the jury did the State mention restitution.

       After the jury reached its sentencing verdict and was excused, on May 22, 2006,

Vasquez appeared for formal sentencing. Defense counsel informed the trial court that


                                              12
earlier that morning, the State had shown him documents regarding restitution. The State

then told the court that it had received faxes from Miguel’s family members evidencing bills

and payments for the burial and funeral expenses and requested restitution for those

amounts. Defense counsel objected that the faxes were hearsay, and there was no

testimony to the court as to the actual amount of restitution. The State countered that

hearsay statements, such as those contained in a pre-sentence investigation report, could

be properly considered by the court in determining the amount of restitution. The State

informed the court that the “victim has just, within the last week, applied with crime victims

to—for reimbursement. The reimbursement on burial expenses does not exceed $4,500.”

The assistant district attorney then explained:

              It would be an abuse of discretion standard if the court were to
       order—or not order restitution. The appellate court will look at your ruling
       based on the court’s abuse of discretion on what we presented. We believe
       it would be an abuse of the court in making a factual finding that this is the
       amount of restitution due and owing.

Defense counsel stated that he was standing by his objection, and the court responded,

“Okay, very good.” The court then pronounced the sentence and ordered restitution in the

amount of $20,608.93. Vasquez filed a motion for new trial, but he did not attack the

restitution order.

                            II. LEGAL AND FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY

       By his first and third issues, Vasquez challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of

the evidence supporting his conviction for murder, as alleged in Count 1 of the indictment.

By his second, fourth, and fifth issues, he challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of

the evidence supporting his conviction for attempted murder, as alleged in Count 2 of the




                                             13
indictment.6

A.      Standards of Review and Applicable Law

        “In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, this Court looks at all of the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier

of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Vodochodsky v. State, 158 S.W.3d 502, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318 (1979)). When conducting a legal sufficiency review, we look

to the totality of the circumstances. Id.

        “In a factual sufficiency review, we view all the evidence in a neutral light, both for

and against the finding, and set aside the verdict if ‘proof of guilt is so obviously weak as

to undermine confidence in the jury's determination, or the proof of guilt, although

adequate if taken alone, is greatly outweighed by contrary proof.’” Id. at 510 (quoting

Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). We must consider all of the

evidence weighed by the jury, “comparing the evidence which tends to prove the existence

of the elemental fact in dispute to the evidence which tends to disprove it.” Id. While we

are authorized to disagree with the jury's determination even if there is evidence to support

the verdict, we must nevertheless avoid substituting our judgment for that of the fact-finder.

Id.

        Both legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence must be measured in terms of the



        6
          Vasquez’s legal sufficiency argum ents include a lengthy discussion of his due process right under
the Fourteenth Am endm ent to the United States Constitution to be free from a conviction based on insufficient
evidence. See U.S. C ON ST . am end. X IV. However, Vasquez’s due process argum ents do not create a
separate and distinct legal sufficiency standard. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 317-19 (1979).
Accordingly, we will review his legal and factual sufficiency argum ents under the typical standards of review
applied to these types of argum ents.

                                                     14
“elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case.”

See Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Malik v. State, 953

S.W.2d 234, 239-40 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). “Such a charge would be one that accurately

sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the

State's burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and

adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Malik, 953

S.W.2d at 240. Review of the sufficiency of the evidence under a hypothetically correct

jury charge can include the law of parties, even if the law of parties is not included in the

charge. Garza Vega v. State, 267 S.W.3d 912, 915-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

       A hypothetically correct jury charge in this case would authorize a conviction for

murder if Vasquez intentionally or knowingly caused Miguel’s death. TEX . PEN . CODE ANN .

§ 19.02(b)(1). The law of parties is also raised by the evidence in this case, which would

allow a conviction for Miguel’s murder if Vasquez, acting with intent to promote or assist

the commission of the offense, solicited, encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted to aid

another person to murder Miguel. Id. § 7.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2008). In determining whether

a defendant is a party to an offense, the court may look to events before, during, and after

the offense, and can rely on actions showing an understanding and common design to

commit the offense. Burdine v. State, 719 S.W.2d 309, 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

       The hypothetically correct jury charge for attempted murder would require proof that

(1) a person, (2) with the intent to commit murder, (3) does an act that amounts to more

than mere preparation that tends but fails to effect the commission of the murder. See

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 15.01(a); id. § 19.02(b)(1). The law of parties is raised by the

evidence regarding Count 2, which would allow conviction if (1) Vasquez conspired with

                                             15
others to murder Miguel, (2) in the attempt to carry out the conspiracy, one of the

conspirators committed the attempted murder of Marissa, (3) the attempted murder was

committed in furtherance of the unlawful purpose to kill Miguel, and (4) the attempted

murder should have been anticipated as a result of the carrying out of the conspiracy to

kill Miguel. Id. § 7.02(b) (Vernon 2008).

B.     Law of Parties Instructions in the Jury Charge

       As part of his legal and factual sufficiency arguments, Vasquez argues his due

process right to notice of the specific charges against him was violated because the jury

charge authorized his conviction under the law of parties. See U.S. CONST . amend. XIV;

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.02(a)(2), (b). Specifically, on April 21, 2005, Vasquez was

indicted for one count of murder and one count of attempted murder. The indictment

alleged that Vasquez was the principal actor in both counts.7 At the conclusion of trial, the

trial court charged the jury on the two counts of the indictment, but the jury charge included


       7
           The indictm ent alleged:

                THE GRAND JURY, for the County of Hidalgo, State of Texas, duly selected,
       im paneled, sworn, charged and organized as such at the January term A.D. 2005 of the 139 th
       Judicial District Court for said County, upon their oaths present in and to said court at said
       term that JUAN ANTONIO VASQUEZ hereinafter styled Defendant, on or about the 19 th day
       of May A.D., 2003, and before the presentm ent of this indictm ent, in Hidalgo County, Texas,
       did then and there intentionally and knowingly cause the death of an individual, nam ely,
       Miguel Elizondo, by shooting him with a firearm ;

                                               COUNT TW O

                THE GRAND JURY, for the County of Hildalgo, State of Texas, duly selected,
       im paneled, sworn, charged and organized as such at the January term A.D. 2005 of the 139 th
       Judicial District Court for said County, upon their oaths present in and to said court at said
       term that JUAN ANTONIO VASQUEZ, hereinafter styled Defendant, on or about the 19 th day
       of May A.D., 2003, and before the presentm ent of this indictm ent, in Hidalgo County, Texas,
       did then and there intentionally and knowingly with the specific intent to com m it the offense
       of m urder, did then and there attem pt to cause the death of an individual, Marisa Elizondo,
       the victim , by pointing a firearm at her and pulling the trigger, said act am ounting to m ore
       than m ere preparation that tended but failed to effect the com m ission of the offense
       intended . . . .

                                                    16
the law of parties. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.02(a)(2), (b).8

        It is well established that an indictment need not allege the law of parties for the trier

of fact to find that the defendant was guilty as a party, and the failure to allege the law of

parties in the indictment does not violate due process. TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.01(c)

(Vernon 2003) (“[E]ach party to an offense may be charged and convicted without alleging

that he acted as a principal or accomplice.”); Sorto v. State, 173 S.W.3d 469, 476 & n.23

(Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Marable v. State, 85 S.W.3d 287, 287 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002)); see also Medrano v. State, No. AP-75320, 2008 WL 5050076, at *6 (Tex. Crim.


        8
            W ith respect to count 1, the jury charge stated:

        Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about May 19, 2003,
        in Hidalgo County, Texas, the Defendant, JUAN ANTONIO VASQUEZ, did then and there
        intentionally and knowingly cause the death of an individual, nam ely MIGUEL ELIZONDO,
        by shooting him with a firearm , then you will find the Defendant, JUAN ANTONIO VASQUEZ,
        guilty of the offense of Murder as charged in the indictm ent.

        OR

                  If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about May 19,
        2003, in Hidalgo County, Texas, JUAN PABLO HINOJOSA or BENJAMIN PIEDRA, did then
        and there intentionally or knowingly cause the death of an individual, nam ely MIGUEL
        ELIZONDO, by shooting him with a firearm , and JUAN ANTONIO VASQUEZ did then and
        there acting with the intent to prom ote or assist the com m ission of the offense he solicited,
        encouraged, directed, aided or attem pted to aid JUAN PABLO HINOJOSA to com m it the
        offense by providing a firearm , then you will find the Defendant, JUAN ANTONIO VASQUEZ,
        guilty of the offense of Murder as charged in the indictm ent.

W ith respect to count 2, the charge provided:

        Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant JUAN
        VASQUEZ and JUAN PABLO HINOJOSA and or others unknown entered into a conspiracy
        to m urder MIGUEL ELIZONDO and that pursuant thereto JUAN PABLO HINOJOSA or
        BENJAMIN PEIDRA did carry out, or attem pt to carry out such conspiracy to m urder MIGUEL
        ELIZONDO in that on or about MAY 19, 2003, in HIDALGO COUNTY, TEXAS, in the course
        of com m itting the m urder of MIGUEL ELIZONDO, JUAN PABLO HINOJOSA or BENJAMIN
        PIEDRA intentionally caused the death of MIGUEL ELIZONDO by shooting him with a
        firearm , and BENJAMIN PIEDRA, pursuant to said conspiracy, if any, com m itted the
        attem pted m urder of MARISA ELIZONDO, by pointing a firearm at her and pulling the trigger,
        said act am ounting to m ore than m ere preparation that tended but failed to effect the
        com m ission of the offenses intended following in the execution of the conspiracy, if any, and
        was an offense that should have been anticipated as a result of carrying of the conspiracy,
        then you will find the Defendant guilty of the offense of Attem pted Murder.

                                                       17
App. Nov. 26, 2008) (not designated for publication) (rejecting identical due process

argument).9 This rule applies to both a general party theory under section 7.02(a)(2) of the

penal code and a conspiracy party theory under section 7.02(b). Montoya v. State, 810

S.W.2d 160, 165 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). Accordingly, because Vasquez’s argument lacks

merit, it has no bearing on our legal or factual sufficiency analysis. See Hayes v. State,

265 S.W.3d 673, 679 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d).

C.      Count 1: Murder

        Vasquez argues that, for various reasons, the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support his conviction for the murder of Miguel. Vasquez first argues that his

taped confession was unreliable and cannot support his conviction. Second, he argues

that the confession was not sufficiently corroborated. Third, he makes several arguments

regarding the discrepancy between his confession and the ballistic evidence presented at

trial. We will address each argument in turn.

        1.       Reliability of the Confession

        Without the confession, there is no evidence in the record that connects Vasquez

to the crime as a party.10 Vasquez argues that because the evidence at trial showed that

his confession was unreliable, the evidence supporting his conviction under the law of




        9
          See also Vega v. State, 198 S.W .3d 819, 825 n.3 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2006), vacated on
other grounds, 267 S.W .3d 912 (Tex. Crim . App. 2008); Martinez v. State, 841 S.W .2d 954, 957 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 1992), vacated on other grounds, 874 S.W .2d 684 (Tex. Crim . App. 1994).

        10
           Although Soliz testified that Vasquez called Dallas to inquire who would pay for the “m ess” created
by the m urder, this evidence, by itself, would be legally insufficient under Texas Penal Code section 7.02(a)
to connect Vasquez to the crim e as a party. See T EX . P EN AL C OD E A N N . § 7.02(a)(2); Blake v. State, 971
S.W .2d 451, 454 (Tex. Crim . App. 1998) (holding that a person is not an accom plice m erely because he
knows about the crim e and fails to disclose it, or even tries to conceal the crim e).

                                                      18
parties was legally and factually insufficient.11 We disagree.

        Vasquez’s argument hinges on (1) the testimony from Ranger Pacheco that the

confession played to the jury was not the original recording, and (2) testimony from his

expert witness, Yost, that the recording could have been manipulated. Contrary to this

evidence, however, Ranger Pacheco testified that he did not alter the statement in any

way, and Officer Canales confirmed that the recording was accurate.

        In a legal sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

verdict. Vodochodsky, 158 S.W.3d at 509. Evidence is not rendered insufficient merely

because contradicting evidence is introduced. Machett v. State, 941 S.W.2d 922, 936

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). “[I]ndeed, [we] must assume that the factfinder resolved conflicts

in the evidence in favor of the verdict reached.” Id. Accordingly, the jury was entitled to

credit Ranger Pacheco’s testimony, confirmed by Officer Canales, that the confession

played at trial was an accurate recording of Vasquez’s interview, and it was entitled to rely

on the confession. See id.; see also McCoy v. State, No. 05-94-01714-CR, 1996 WL

457457, at *3 (Tex. App.–Dallas Aug. 7, 1996, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication).

        Vasquez also asserts that the evidence was factually insufficient for the same

reason. Again, we disagree. Yost testified that he could not tell whether or not the

recording had been manipulated. Although Yost stated that Windows Media Player could

be used to change a recording depending on how the program was updated, he never

testified that the version of Windows Media Player on Ranger Pacheco’s computer was

updated in such a way to allow manipulation. Yost stated that other computer programs


        11
          W e note that Vasquez does not challenge the adm issibility of his confession. Even if he had,
however, a legal sufficiency review considers all the evidence, whether properly or im properly adm itted.
Conner v. State, 67 S.W .3d 192, 197 (Tex. Crim . App. 2001).

                                                   19
existed that would allow Ranger Pacheco to alter the recording, but he also testified that

he did not find any of these programs on Ranger Pacheco’s computer. At best, Yost’s

testimony was mere speculation that, under the right circumstances, the confession could

potentially be manipulated.

        While Vasquez presents a diatribe on the law of factual sufficiency review, we note

that he has not discussed a single case involving similar facts. The Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals has held that a confession can be “overwhelming evidence” supporting

a conviction, see Burdine, 719 S.W.2d at 315, and we find that to be true in this case. We

hold that the proof of Vasquez’s guilt is not so weak as to undermine our confidence in the

jury’s verdict, nor is the proof outweighed by Yost’s testimony. Vodochodsky, 158 S.W.3d

at 509.

        2.       Corroboration of the Confession

        Next, Vasquez argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient because

the confession is not corroborated by independent evidence.12                            We disagree.         An

extrajudicial confession may not be used to demonstrate the corpus delicti of a crime. See

Fisher v. State, 851 S.W.2d 298, 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Corpus delicti has been

defined as follows:

        the corpus delicti [of a crime] embraces the fact . . . that somebody did the
        required act or omission with the required mental fault, under the required (if
        any) attendant circumstances, and producing the required (if any) harmful
        consequence, without embracing the further fact (needed for conviction) that
        the defendant was the one who did or omitted that act or was otherwise
        responsible therefor.


        12
           T he C ourt of Crim inal Appeals, albeit in an unpublished opinion, recently clarified that the
corroboration requirem ent is a separate and distinct inquiry from legal and factual sufficiency, with a different
standard of review. See Gonzalez v. State, No. AP-75540, 2009 W L 1684699, at *3 (Tex. Crim . App. June
17, 2009) (not designated for publication).

                                                       20
Id. at 303 (quoting 1 W. LaFave & A. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law § 1.4 at 24 (2nd

ed.1986)). Thus, the corpus delicti of a crime consists of “the fact that the crime in

question has been committed by someone,” and it must be established by evidence

independent of the defendant’s confession. Id.

       The corroboration requirement ensures that a conviction is not obtained solely

based on a confession when there is no other evidence that a crime has actually been

committed. See id. at 303 n.3; Gribble v. State, 808 S.W.2d 65, 70 (Tex. 1990) (plurality

op.). The corroboration requirement “was designed to prevent ‘errors in convictions based

upon untrue confessions alone’ and ‘guarded against the shocking spectacle and

deleterious effect upon the criminal justice system when a murder victim suddenly

reappeared, hale and hearty, after his self-confessed murderer had been tried and

executed.’” Bible v. State, 162 S.W.3d 234, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting Salazar

v. State, 86 S.W.3d 640, 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)).

       In a murder case, the corpus delicti is (a) the death of a human being that is (b)

caused by the criminal act of another. Fisher, 851 S.W.2d at 303; McDuff v. State, 939

S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Here, Marissa testified, and the investigating

officers reiterated, that Miguel was shot at his home and died as a result. Juan Pablo

Hinojosa was identified as the shooter. There is no question that Miguel died as a result

of the criminal act of another. A confession need not be corroborated as to the identity of

the perpetrator or as to whether the perpetrator had an accomplice. See Gribble, 808

S.W.2d at 70 (“It need not be corroborated as to the person who committed it, since

identity of the perpetrator is not a part of the corpus delicti and may be established by an

                                            21
extrajudicial confession alone.”). Accordingly, we disagree that the evidence did not

sufficiently corroborate Vasquez’s confession.

       3.     Discrepancy Between the Confession and the Ballistic Evidence

       Vasquez further argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the conviction

for murder because his confession was inconsistent with the ballistics evidence presented

at trial. Specifically, Vasquez argues that the State’s ballistics expert, Hitchcox, testified

that none of the ballistic evidence pertained to a .380 firearm, which is the type of gun that

Vasquez admitted to giving Hinojosa before the murder. Additionally, Hitchcox testified

that the 9-millimeter Luger shells that were found at the scene could not be used in a .380

caliber weapon. Vasquez points to the State’s closing argument, during which the

assistant district attorney attempted to explain the discrepancy, claiming that the argument

was improper and created an impossible task for the jury by asking the jury to both believe

and disbelieve Vasquez’s confession.

       Vasquez was tried as a party to the offense of murder under section 7.02(a)(2) of

the Texas Penal Code. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.02(a)(2). Under that section,

Vasquez would be guilty as a party to the offense if he, acting with intent to promote or

assist the commission of the offense, solicited, encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted

to aid Hinojosa in killing Miguel. Id. Vasquez’s argument assumes that the State was

required to prove that Vasquez gave Hinojosa the actual weapon that was used in the

murder.     This argument effectively reads “solicited,” “encouraged,” “directed,” and

“attempted to aid” out of the statute. Even if Vasquez gave Hinojosa a weapon that was

intended to be used in the murder, but Hinojosa used a different weapon instead, Vasquez

still solicited, encouraged, directed, and attempted to aid Hinojosa by providing him with

                                             22
a weapon while harboring the requisite intent. Id.

       Moreover, the evidence is not as clear as Vasquez proclaims. Hitchcox testified that

even experienced policemen often confuse .380 caliber weapons with 9-millimeter

weapons. A rational jury could have believed that Vasquez was mistaken about the caliber

of weapon that he provided Hinojosa and that he actually provided a 9-millimeter weapon

instead of a .380. And, 9-millimeter casings were found at the scene. Thus, the evidence

was also legally sufficient to allow the jury to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that

Vasquez aided Hinojosa by providing a weapon with the intent that it be used in the

murder, even if it was eventually used by Hinojosa’s cohort during the criminal episode.

Id. The contrary evidence—that a .380 was not used in the actual murder—is not so

overwhelming that it renders the jury’s verdict manifestly unjust. Accordingly, the evidence

was legally and factually sufficient to sustain the murder conviction.

       Finally, although Vasquez spends several pages of his brief complaining about the

State’s closing argument, Vasquez has neither raised a separate issue challenging the

prosecutor’s argument as improper, see TEX . R. APP. P. 38.1(f), nor did Vasquez object to

the argument at trial. Vasquez, therefore, has not preserved a complaint for appeal

regarding the closing argument. See TEX . R. APP. P. 33.1; Cockrell v. State, 933 S.W.3d

73, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Furthermore, arguments by counsel are not evidence.

Motilla v. State, 38 S.W.2d 821, 824 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2001), rev’d on other

grounds, 78 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The allegedly improper closing argument

does not support Vasquez’s argument that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient.

Accordingly, we hold that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support

Vasquez’s conviction for murder as alleged in Count 1, and we overrule Vasquez’s first and

                                            23
third issues.

D.     Count 2: Attempted Murder

       With respect to Count 2, Vasquez argues that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the conviction for attempted murder because Piedra’s actions could

not be anticipated. Vasquez argues that the evidence showed that Piedra’s actions were

his own “independent impulse” and were not foreseeable because (1) he was not aware

that Hinojosa intended to take another person with him to commit the murder, and (2) the

attempted murder of Miguel’s wife would result in a “muleta” against Piedra.

        “‘Independent impulse’ embraces the theory that the accused, although admittedly

intent on some wrongful conduct, did not contemplate the extent of criminal conduct

actually engaged in by his fellow conspirators, and thus cannot be held vicariously

responsible for their conduct.” Fincher v. State, 980 S.W.2d 886, 888 (Tex. App.–Fort

Worth 1998, pet. ref’d) (citing Mayfield v. State, 716 S.W.2d 509, 513 (Tex. Crim. App.

1986), overruled on other grounds, Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 368 (Tex. Crim. App.

2001)). This defense to vicarious criminal liability has been incorporated into section

7.02(b) of the penal code, which requires the State to prove that the defendant “should

have anticipated” a felony committed by a co-conspirator in the course of committing the

agreed-upon felony. Mayfield, 716 S.W.2d at 515.

       The evidence showed that Vasquez participated in the plan to kill Miguel, and he

provided Hinojosa with a weapon to commit the murder. See Tippitt v. State, 41 S.W.3d

316, 324-25 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (listing cases holding that proof of the

defendant’s knowledge that a gun would be used in a crime supported finding that murder

should have been anticipated), overruled on other grounds, Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d

                                           24
9, 15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Although Vasquez testified that he did not know that

Hinojosa planned to take another person with him to kill Miguel, the jury could have

reasonably believed that this was part of the plan because Piedra complied with the plan

to kill Miguel. See Thompson v. State, 54 S.W.3d 88, 95 (Tex. App.–Tyler 2001, pet. ref’d)

(“Further, since the evidence does not indicate that any member of the group did anything

but cooperate with the terms of the plan to commit robbery, we can infer that an agreement

existed among the group members to commit robbery.”). Furthermore, given that Vasquez

and Hinojosa were part of a violent gang that planned the murder, it was certainly

foreseeable that Hinojosa would recruit another gang member to assist. Cf. id. at 97;

Queen v. State, 940 S.W.2d 781, 788 (Tex. App.–Austin 1997, no pet.) (holding evidence

sufficient to prove that defendant should have anticipated murder by cohort where cohort

was a member of a violent street gang and was known for his violent propensities).

       It was also foreseeable that Hinojosa or Piedra would attempt to kill a witness to the

crime in order to prevent their crime from being discovered, despite Vasquez’s claim that

doing so would result in a “muleta” against them. In fact, the testimony at trial established

that Miguel was killed because he killed the brother of a gang member, even though a

“muleta” would be put on him. Based on this testimony, the jury could infer that, even

though a “muleta” may be the result of certain conduct, gang members, such as Piedra,

may engage in the conduct anyway. We hold that the evidence was legally and factually

sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Vasquez should have anticipated the attempted

murder of Marissa.

       Vasquez also points out that the jury charge did not list Piedra as a known

conspirator, even though Piedra was known to the prosecution as the person who

                                             25
attempted to murder Marissa. Vasquez does not cite any relevant authority that requires

this Court to reverse his conviction for legal and factual sufficiency on this basis, nor have

we located any. See TEX . R. APP. P. 38.1(i). In fact, we are required to review this case

under the hypothetically correct jury charge, which, under the facts of this case, would have

included Piedra as a known conspirator. See Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 240. And as we

discussed above, we can infer that Piedra was part of the agreement because of his

compliance with the agreement. We overrule Vasquez’s second, fourth, and fifth issues.

                                         III. UNANIMOUS VERDICT

        By his sixth issue, Vasquez argues that the jury charge allowed a non-unanimous

verdict. Specifically, the jury charge did not require the jury to agree on whether Vasquez

solicited, encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted to aid in Miguel’s murder. We

disagree.13

        “Under our state constitution, jury unanimity is required in felony cases, and, under

our state statutes, unanimity is required in all criminal cases.” Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d

738, 745 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). All jurors must reach a consensus “on the same act for

a conviction.” Francis v. State, 36 S.W.3d 121, 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). To analyze

the unanimity requirement, we must examine the statute defining the offense “to determine

whether the Legislature ‘creat[ed] multiple, separate offenses, or a single offense’ with

different methods or means of commission.” Pizzo v. State, 235 S.W.3d 711, 714 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005) (quoting Jefferson v. State, 189 S.W.3d 305, 311 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006)). “‘[J]ury unanimity is required on the essential elements of the offense’ but is



        13
          W ithin this issue, Vasquez again asserts that the indictm ent failed to allege the law of parties. W e
have already addressed this argum ent and will not discuss it further, as the indictm ent was proper.

                                                      26
‘generally not required on the alternate modes or means of commission.’” Id. (quoting

Jefferson, 189 S.W.3d at 311). In other words, a jury charge may allege alternate modes

or means in the alternative without violating the unanimity requirement. See Kitchens v.

State, 823 S.W.2d 256, 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

       When reviewing the statute, we analyze its grammatical components:

       [I]t is necessary to identify the essential elements or gravamen of an offense
       and the alternate modes of commission, if any. This is accomplished by
       diagramming the statutory text according to the rules of grammar. The
       essential elements of an offense are, at a minimum: (1) “the subject (the
       defendant);” (2) “the main verb;” (3) “the direct object if the main verb
       requires a direct object (i.e., the offense is a result-oriented crime);” “the
       specific occasion[;]” and the requisite mental state. The means of
       commission or nonessential unanimity elements are generally set out in
       “adverbial phrases” that describe how the offense was committed. Such
       phrases are commonly preceded “by the preposition ‘by[.]’”

Pizzo, 235 S.W.3d at 714-15 (internal citations omitted).

       For example, in Kitchens, the defendant argued that the jury charge allowed a non-

unanimous verdict where it allowed the jury to find that he committed capital murder by

committing the murder either (1) in the course of committing aggravated sexual assault,

or (2) in the course of committing robbery. 823 S.W.2d at 257. The court held that the jury

was not required to agree on the mode or means of committing the capital murder, stating

that “‘there is no general requirement that the jury reach agreement on the preliminary

factual issues which underlie the verdict.’” Id. (quoting Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624

(1991) (plurality op.)).

       We have not located a case in Texas that addresses Vasquez’s specific argument.

However, in Hanson v. State, the Austin Court of Appeals held that a jury charge did not

violate the unanimity requirement when it authorized conviction for a single offense under


                                            27
either penal code section 7.02(a)(2), the provision challenged here, or 7.02(b), the

conspiracy theory of party liability. 55 S.W.3d 681, 694 (Tex. App.–Austin 2001, pet. ref’d).

The court explained:

              The law regarding jury unanimity appears to be that unanimity is
       required as to the offense committed but not as to the particular method or
       means of committing any one offense. Thus, if a jury is authorized to convict
       a defendant of either of two different offenses, the jury must unanimously
       agree as to which offense, if either, the defendant committed. But if a jury
       is authorized to convict a defendant on a finding that he committed a single
       offense in either of two different ways, the jury need not unanimously agree
       as to which method of commission the defendant actually employed.

              Here appellant was charged with the single offense of capital murder.
       The district court's jury charge, authorizing appellant's conviction on a finding
       that he either assisted another to commit the offense (section 7.02(a)(2)) or
       conspired with another who committed the offense in furtherance of the
       conspiracy (section 7.02(b)), was analogous to the charge in Kitchens. The
       two alternate theories of party liability were merely alternate methods or
       means by which appellant committed the one charged offense. Jury
       unanimity as to which theory of party liability applied was not necessary, and
       the general verdict of guilt was proper so long as either theory was proved.

Id. (emphasis added).

       Applying the logic of these cases and the grammatical approach, we hold that the

law of parties does not create a separate offense for purposes of jury unanimity. See id.

The charged offense in Count 1 of the indictment was murder.               Analyzing section

19.02(a)(2) of the penal code, the subject of the statute is the defendant. See TEX . PENAL

CODE ANN . § 19.02(a)(2); Pizzo, 235 S.W.3d at 714-15. The main verb is “cause.” TEX .

PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.02(a)(2); see Landrian v. State, 268 S.W.3d 532, 537 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2008). The direct object is “the death of an individual.” TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . §

19.02(a)(2); see Landrian, 268 S.W.3d at 537. The requisite mental state is “intentionally.”

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.02(a)(2).



                                              28
        Vasquez was charged with murder. Section 7.02(a)(2) does not provide a separate

offense, but provides the modes and means sufficient to make a person liable for an

offense as a party, including by soliciting, encouraging, directing, aiding, or attempting to

aid another in the offense. TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.02(a)(2). These modes and means

are set out in “adverbial phrases,” preceded by the word “by,” that describe how the

defendant committed the offense. Id. As such, the law of parties in section 7.02(a)(2)

merely identifies the means and modes for committing the offense, and the jury was not

required to unanimously agree on which of these means or modes occurred. Accordingly,

we overrule Vasquez’s sixth issue.14

                                              IV. RESTITUTION

        In his seventh issue, Vasquez argues that he had a right to have the jury determine

the amount of restitution and that the evidence was insufficient to support the restitution

ordered in this case. We disagree.

        First, Vasquez argues that he was entitled to present evidence on the issue of

restitution, see TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 42.037 (Vernon Supp. 2008),15 and was


        14
             Vasquez com plains that the assistant district attorney im properly denied his right to a unanim ous
verdict by arguing during closing argum ents that the jury could convict Vasquez if it found that he either
provided the firearm or participated in ordering the hit on Miguel. Vasquez has not raised a separate issue
challenging the prosecutor's argum ent as im proper, see T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(f), nor did Vasquez object to the
argum ent at trial. Vasquez has not preserved a com plaint for appeal regarding the closing argum ent. See
T EX . R. A PP . P. 33.1; Cockrell v. State, 933 S.W .3d 73, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

        15
             Subsection (k) of article 42.037 provides:

        The court shall resolve any dispute relating to the proper am ount or type of restitution. The
        standard of proof is a preponderance of the evidence. The burden of dem onstrating the
        am ount of the loss sustained by a victim as a result of the offense is on the prosecuting
        attorney. T he burden of dem onstrating the financial resources of the defendant and the
        financial needs of the defendant and the defendant's dependents is on the defendant. The
        burden of dem onstrating other m atters as the court deem s appropriate is on the party
        designated by the court as justice requires.



                                                          29
entitled to have the jury consider restitution. He reasons, therefore, that his constitutional

right to a jury trial and his statutory right to have a jury assess punishment were violated.

See U.S. CONST . amend. VI; TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 37.07 (Vernon Supp. 2008).

He argues that these rights imply a right to pre-trial notice of the State’s intent to seek

restitution, which he did not receive.

         Although Vasquez’s trial counsel mentioned to the court that he had been notified

that the State was seeking restitution on the day of formal sentencing, he never objected

and asked the trial court for a ruling or for additional time to prepare. Furthermore, he

never objected that he was entitled to a jury trial on restitution. Accordingly, Vasquez has

waived his first argument. See TEX . R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Idowu v. State, 73 S.W.3d

918, 921 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (holding defendant waived challenge to propriety of

restitution order by failing to object in the trial court); Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918

(Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (holding error was waived because trial objection did not comport

with due process argument raised on appeal); Lemos v. State, 27 S.W.3d 42, 49 (Tex.

App.–San Antonio 2000, pet. ref’d).

         Second, Vasquez argues that there is no evidence in the record to support the trial

court’s order of restitution.16 Vasquez points to the faxes that the district attorney admitted

into evidence from Miguel’s family. He does not argue that these bills establish a different

sum of money—in fact, the bills add up to the precise amount of restitution ordered by the

trial court. Rather, Vasquez argues that these faxes were hearsay, which disallowed him



T EX . C OD E C R IM . P R O C . A N N . art. 42.037(k) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

        16
           This argum ent m ay be raised on appeal despite the lack of an objection in the trial court. Meza v.
State, 153 S.W .3d 238, 245 (Tex. App.–El Paso 2004, no pet.).

                                                            30
the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses against him.17 Accordingly, Vasquez

argues this evidence did not provide a sufficient factual basis to support the award of

restitution. We disagree.

        The amount of a restitution order must be just and must have a factual basis in the

record to satisfy due process requirements. See Campbell v. State, 5 S.W.3d 693, 696

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Cartwright v. State, 605 S.W.2d 287, 289 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980).

We review the trial court’s order for an abuse of discretion. Jones v. State, 713 S.W.2d

796, 797-98 (Tex. App.–Tyler 1986, no pet.).

        In Cartwright, the trial court ordered restitution based on a pre-sentence

investigation report that mentioned the victim’s financial losses but did not contain any

documentation of those losses. Cartwright, 605 S.W.2d at 289. The court noted that the

evidence was hearsay and held that the evidence was insufficient to establish the amount

of restitution. Id. Since the Cartwright decision, however, Texas Rule of Evidence 802 was

adopted, which treats hearsay evidence admitted without a proper objection as sufficient

in all respects to support a verdict. See TEX . R. EVID . 802 (“Inadmissible hearsay admitted

without objection shall not be denied probative value merely because it is hearsay.”); Maloy

v. State, 990 S.W.2d 442, 445-46 (Tex. App.–Waco 1999, no pet.). Relying on rule 802,

several courts have held that an unobjected-to pre-sentence investigation report, though

hearsay, is sufficient to sustain an order of restitution. Maloy, 990 S.W.2d at 445-46;

Harrison v. State, 713 S.W.2d 760, 764 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, pet. ref’d)



        17
            Although Vasquez notes on appeal, without m uch argum ent, that the State’s introduction of hearsay
evidence violated his right to confront the witnesses against him , he did not m ake that objection at trial.
Accordingly, that argum ent was waived. Judd v. State, 923 S.W .2d 135, 139 (Tex. App.–Fort W orth 1996,
pet. ref’d).

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(holding that where defendant did not object to presentence report, which contained

hearsay letter from victim’s mother detailing funeral expenses, court could properly base

its restitution order on the report because it was admissible for all purposes); Buehler v.

State, 709 S.W.2d 49, 52-53 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, pet. ref’d); see also

Nugent v. State, 2006 WL 2893429, at *2 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 12, 2006,

pet. ref’d).

       Here, although Vasquez objected to the evidence as “hearsay,” he did not obtain

an express ruling on that objection. See TEX . R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). The State concedes

that this objection was implicitly overruled; however, Vasquez has not argued or cited any

authority supporting an argument that the trial court erred in overruling his objection.

Rather, he merely argues that the evidence is insufficient because it is hearsay.

Accordingly, the result is the same as if he had failed to object in the trial court. See TEX .

R. APP. P. 38.1(f), (i). Because the admissibility of the evidence has not been challenged

on appeal, the evidence is properly before this Court for all purposes, and we will consider

it.

       The evidence in this case consists of the bills for the funeral services rendered to

Miguel.    This documentary evidence is not the type that was found insufficient in

Cartwright, where the trial court relied on a pre-sentence investigation report that did not

contain any documentary evidence. Cartwright, 605 S.W.2d at 289; see Jones, 713

S.W.2d at 797-98 (distinguishing Cartwright on this ground).              We hold that the

documentary evidence was a sufficient factual basis to support the award of restitution.

Jones, 713 S.W.2d at 797-98 .

       Finally, Vasquez argues that the assistant district attorney committed misconduct


                                              32
by misinforming the court of the law that governs restitution. Again, as with his other

allegations of improper argument, Vasquez did not speak up and object to the legal

arguments, nor did he offer another explanation of the law governing restitution. TEX . R.

APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). We overrule his seventh issue.

                                     V. CONCLUSION

       Having overruled all of Vasquez’s issues, we affirm the judgment.




                                                        GINA M. BENAVIDES,
                                                        Justice

Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 6th day of August, 2009.




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