                                                                       FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                  October 16, 2009
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT




    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v.                                                    No. 08-2284
                                                (D.C. No. 2:95-CR-00353-BB-5)
    CARLOS ARMENDARIZ,                                     (D. N.M.)

                Defendant-Appellant.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before HENRY, Chief Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and HARTZ,
Circuit Judge.



         Carlos Armendariz appeals his conviction following a jury trial of

possession with intent to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine and

conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than five kilograms of

cocaine, his sentence of 324 months in prison, and the denial of his motion for



*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
acquittal under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.

Mr. Armendariz argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient, as a

matter of law, to show his knowing participation in a conspiracy or demonstrate

that he exercised constructive possession of the narcotics in question. We have

jurisdiction over this direct appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Because the evidence

presented at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

sufficiently supported the convictions, we affirm.

                                    EVIDENCE

      The evidence presented at trial showed that in late May of 1995, Richard

Orosco and Edwina Coddington were living together in a house in Las Cruces,

New Mexico, with Ms. Coddington’s two children. According to

Ms. Coddington’s testimony, Mr. Orosco was a drug trafficker, and two of his

associates in the drug trade were Carlos Armendariz (“Mr. Armendariz”) and

Alberto Armendariz (“Alberto”). Ms. Coddington traveled with Mr. Orosco to

Juarez, Mexico, so that he could meet with Mr. Armendariz and Alberto, and

make arrangements for Mr. Orosco to transport drugs. At one point, Alberto told

Ms. Coddington he never entered the United States because he was wanted by law

enforcement. Ms. Coddington testified that in the normal course of procedures,

the cocaine would be delivered to their house in Las Cruces, where it would be

put into fiberglass containers and delivered to other locations in the United States.

She testified that the loads were originally small enough to pack in a car, but then

                                         -2-
grew to the point where bigger trailers were used. She testified that Mr. Orosco

and Mr. Armendariz did most of the packing of the cocaine into the trailers for

the loads, but sometimes other people who she did not know were involved.

      On May 29, 1995, law enforcement agents were conducting surveillance of

Mr. Orosco and Ms. Coddington’s house, acting on information from various

sources. At about six o’clock at night, they saw a white panel van driven by

Mr. Orosco arrive at the house and back into the garage. Two or three minutes

later they saw Mr. Armendariz arrive in his car. Ms. Coddington testified that

after Mr. Orosco and Mr. Armendariz arrived, she went into the garage and saw

that the van was loaded with kilograms of cocaine. In the garage at the time were

Mr. Orosco, Mr. Armendariz, and Mr. Danny Golay, who evidently served as a

babysitter for Ms. Coddington’s children, did other small jobs around the house,

and also helped load and unload cocaine. Ms. Coddington testified that the men

had laid out fiberglass containers and were packing the containers with cocaine

and wrapping the containers with plastic so they could load it. After a while, the

agents saw both the van and Mr. Armendariz leave.

      About one o’clock in the afternoon on May 31, Mr. Golay and Mr. Orosco

maneuvered a pop-up camper trailer into the garage and closed the door. About

an hour and a half after that, Mr. Armendariz arrived at the house and went in the

front door. A little later, the garage door opened and Mr. Orosco and

Mr. Armendariz came out and stood in the driveway for a bit of time.

                                         -3-
Mr. Armendariz left the house at 5:40 p.m. At a little after 10:00 p.m.,

Mr. Orosco backed a black Chevrolet Blazer up to the garage and hooked the

trailer to it. He proceeded to drive around the block a number of times and also

drive one way down a street and then turn around and come back the other

direction. One of the law enforcement officers testified that he believed that

Mr. Orosco was making “heat runs” to see if law enforcement officers were

following him. R., Vol. 3, at 52. Mr. Orosco then returned to the house. A little

before midnight, he and Ms. Coddington, Mr. Golay, and Rhonda Siebenlist, who

was Ms. Coddington’s cousin, left the house in the Blazer, pulling the camper.

The Blazer eventually turned onto highway 70 and left Las Cruces headed

towards Alamogordo, New Mexico.

      As they were driving out of Las Cruces, a Toyota pickup driven by Mr.

Gerardo Ochoa joined up with the Blazer and traveled along with it. Ms.

Coddington testified that one of Mr. Armendariz’s jobs was to check to make sure

that a checkpoint in Alamogordo was open before they left the house. She

testified that Mr. Ochoa was to drive “interference” for the Blazer, making sure

checkpoints were still open and that everything was proceeding as planned. In

Alamogordo, the agents observed Mr. Ochoa pull off the highway and make a call

from a gas station. The Blazer continued on for a little ways and then pulled over

into a truck stop and waited for Mr. Ochoa to catch up. The pair of vehicles

traveled on together until the law enforcement officers following the vehicle

                                         -4-
decided to have them stopped outside of Roswell, New Mexico. A K-9 officer

had his dog conduct a sniff test that indicated the presence of drugs in the camper

and a subsequent search conducted at the state police office revealed over 1,100

pounds of cocaine in the vehicle.

      Ms. Coddington agreed to cooperate with the law enforcement officers after

her arrest. She testified that after her arrest the officers had her call

Mr. Armendariz and tell him that the men had been arrested and that she and

Ms. Siebenlist had been released. She testified that Mr. Armendariz “kind of

panicked and said he was going to get ahold [sic] of Alberto to see what to do.”

R., Vol. 3. at 99.

      Law enforcement officers searched the house in Las Cruces after the

arrests. They found forty-one fiberglass forms at the residence as well as black

bags containing resin for the fiberglass. They also found pieces of the camper

that had been removed to make room for the cocaine. In addition, they found

other trailers that had false bottoms welded onto them to hold fiberglass forms.

      Officers also conducted a search of Mr. Ochoa’s house after the arrest.

There they found a note with a number that corresponded to a pager number in

Ms. Coddington’s address book under the name “Carlos.” The officers also found

a rental agreement for a storage unit in Mr. Armendariz’ name. When officers

searched Mr. Armendariz’s residence they found more flatbed trailers with false

bottoms, one of which was registered to Mr. Orosco and showed that he had

                                           -5-
purchased it when he lived at the house in Las Cruces. Small pieces of fiberglass

were found both in the trailers and in the trunk of a car that was parked at

Mr. Armendariz’s house. The agents also seized phone records showing that

Mr. Armendariz had placed phone calls to Mr. Orosco and Ms. Coddington’s

house. They also seized an application for a vehicle registration in

Mr. Armendariz’ name for the vehicle he was seen driving when he arrived at

Mr. Orosco’s house on May 29.

      After the search, subpoenaed records showed that an individual named

“Osvaldo Casada” was listed as the subscriber for eleven or twelve pagers.

Among these pagers were the pager that Ms. Coddington called to contact

Mr. Armendariz after her arrest, a pager belonging to Mr. Ochoa that was seized,

and a pager that Mr. Orosco had on him when he was arrested.

                                     ANALYSIS

             We review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury’s
      verdict and the denial of Mr. [Armendariz’] motion for judgment of
      acquittal de novo. We ask whether a reasonable jury could find a
      defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, viewing the evidence in
      the light most favorable to the government and drawing reasonable
      inferences therefrom.

United State v. Vigil, 523 F.3d 1258, 1262 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 281

(2008) (citation omitted). “This is a restrictive standard of review, and it

provides us with very little leeway.” United States v. Hernandez, 509 F.3d 1290,

1295 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted). As noted above,


                                          -6-
Mr. Armendariz seeks review of the sufficiency of the evidence supporting both

his possession and conspiracy convictions.

               Conviction For Possession With Intent To Distribute.

      As to his conviction for possession with intent to distribute,

Mr. Armendariz argues that the evidence did not show that he exercised

constructive possession of the cocaine. Aplt. Br. at 1. Mr. Armendariz argues

that the most a reasonable juror could conclude was that he was a minor player

tasked with one job, to determine whether the checkpoint was open.

      “To sustain a conviction of possession with intent to distribute under 21

U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), the government must prove that a defendant: (1) possessed a

controlled substance, (2) knew he possessed a controlled substance, and

(3) intended to distribute the controlled substance.” United States v. Burkley,

513 F.3d 1183, 1189 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 2979 (2008) (quotation

marks omitted). Possession may be actual or constructive. United States v.

Winder, 557 F.3d 1129, 1137 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2881 (2009).

“Constructive possession may be established by circumstantial evidence and may

be joint among several individuals.” United States v. McKissick, 204 F.3d 1282,

1291 (10th Cir. 2000) (quotation marks omitted). “Constructive possession exists

where a person knowingly has ownership, dominion, or control over the narcotics

and the premises where the narcotics are found.” United States v. McCullough,

457 F.3d 1150, 1168 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks and brackets omitted).

                                         -7-
But “[w]hen the contraband may be attributed to more than one individual,

constructive possession requires some nexus, link, or other connection between

the defendant and the contraband.” United States v. Triana, 477 F.3d 1189, 1194

(10th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted). “We have alternatively defined

constructive possession of a controlled substance as an appreciable ability to

guide the destiny of the drug.” McCullough, 457 F.3d at 1168 (quotation marks

omitted).

      A jury may–and often must–consider circumstantial evidence in
      determining whether the Government has established the elements of
      a 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) offense. In considering whether the
      Government’s evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict, we
      remain mindful that circumstantial evidence is entitled to the same
      weight as direct evidence. To sustain a criminal conviction, the
      Government’s evidence must be substantial or raise more than a mere
      suspicion of guilt, but it need not disprove every other reasonable
      theory of the case.

Winder, 557 F.3d at 1137-38 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

      Here, we agree with the district court that, viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the government and drawing reasonable inferences therefrom, a

reasonable jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Armendariz

had constructive possession over the cocaine. The jury could have reasonably

inferred from the testimony presented at trial, especially the testimony of

Ms. Coddington, that, as phrased by the district court, “Mr. Armendariz was the

organizer and supervisor of the load” of cocaine. R., Vol. 1, at 85. A jury could

have reasonably inferred from Ms. Coddington’s testimony that Mr. Orosco made

                                         -8-
cocaine deliveries into the United States for Mr. Armendariz and Alberto, and that

Mr. Armendariz handled the business in the United States because Alberto never

left Mexico. Ms. Coddington testified that Mr. Orosco and Mr. Armendariz

generally handled the packaging of the cocaine shipments, that they had both

loaded the cocaine for the shipment in question, and that Mr. Armendariz had

been in charge of making sure that the checkpoint was open before the shipment

left. Further, the law enforcement officers involved testified that in their

extensive experience, the person actually transporting the narcotics is very low on

the chain of command, with the leaders of the trafficking organization avoiding

actual possession of the narcotics. From the above, a reasonable juror could have

concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that a sufficient nexus existed between

Mr. Armendariz and the cocaine, Triana, 477 F.3d at 1194, and that he had an

appreciable ability to guide its destiny, McCullough, 457 F.3d at 1168.

                               Conspiracy Conviction.

      As to his conspiracy conviction, Mr. Armendariz argues that the evidence

did not show his “knowing participation in a conspiracy,” Aplt. Br. at 1, and that

the most a reasonable jury could have concluded was that he was acquainted with

individuals who were transporting drugs, not that he had “entered into a

conspiratorial agreement regarding those drugs,” id. at 8.

      In order to prove the conspiracy charge, the government had to show that

(1) Mr. Armindariz agreed with one or more persons to import and possess with

                                          -9-
intent to distribute 5 kilograms or more of a mixture or substance containing a

detectable amount of cocaine, (2) he knew the essential objectives of the

conspiracy; (3) he knowingly and voluntarily took part in the conspiracy, and

(4) the co-conspirators were interdependent. See R., Vol. 1, at 10; 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(A); 21 U.S.C. § 846; Hernandez, 509 F.3d at 1295. As with

possession “[b]y necessity, the government may establish these elements by direct

or circumstantial evidence.” Id. (quotation omitted). “But as we have repeatedly

emphasized in our decisions in this area, we cannot sustain a conspiracy

conviction if the evidence does no more than create a suspicion of guilt or

amounts to a conviction resulting from piling inference on top of inference.” Id.

      Here, a reasonable jury could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt

that Mr. Armendariz was a knowing participant in the conspiracy. Here, the

pagers used by the various members of the trafficking ring were all tied to the

same subscriber. Mr. Armendariz helped package the cocaine in question in this

load and usually helped package the cocaine for transportation. He expressed no

surprise at being contacted by Ms. Coddington after the load of cocaine was

intercepted and the agents found more trailers with false bottoms at

Mr. Armendariz’ house and fiberglass fragments in both the trailers and the trunk

of a car parked at Mr. Armendariz’ house. Consequently, a reasonable jury could

have concluded that Mr. Armendariz “knowingly and voluntarily became a part of

the conspiracy.” Id.

                                        -10-
                          CONCLUSION

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




                                          Entered for the Court


                                          Robert H. Henry
                                          Chief Circuit Judge




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