        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs December 9, 2015

               STATE OF TENNESSEE v. GUARY L. WALLACE

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Crockett County
                      No. 4325     Clayburn L. Peeples, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                No. W2015-00708-CCA-R3-CD - Filed August 25, 2016
                      ___________________________________

Defendant, Guary L. Wallace, was convicted in the Crockett County Circuit Court of
attempted first degree murder, especially aggravated robbery, two counts of aggravated
robbery, and two counts of especially aggravated assault, all under a theory of criminal
responsibility. Following a sentencing hearing, Defendant received the following
sentences of incarceration: 40 years for attempted first degree murder; 40 years for
especially aggravated robbery; 20 years for each aggravated robbery conviction; and ten
years for each especially aggravated assault conviction. His 40-year sentences were
ordered to run concurrently, and his remaining sentences were ordered to run
consecutively, resulting in a total effective sentence of 100 years. Defendant appeals his
convictions and sentences and argues: 1) that the evidence is insufficient to support his
convictions on a theory of criminal responsibility; 2) that the trial court failed to fulfill its
role as thirteenth juror; 3) that the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury on
criminal responsibility; 4) that the prosecutor committed prosecutorial misconduct during
closing argument; and 5) that his sentences amount to cruel and unusual punishment.
After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. GLENN
and ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

Justin P. Jones, Brownsville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Guary L. Wallace.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; James E. Gaylord, Senior
Counsel; Garry G. Brown, District Attorney General; Hillary Lawler Parham and Jerald
Campbell, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                        OPINION

Facts

       Shalanda Palmer was working at the Dollar Store in Friendship on May 18, 2012.
At approximately 8:51 p.m., Craig Barbee entered the store. He approached Ms. Palmer
and asked if there were any headscarves in the store. Ms. Palmer directed him to the aisle
where they were located, and Barbee left the store. Approximately twenty minutes later,
he returned wearing a mask and carrying a gun. Barbee pointed the gun at Ms. Palmer
and demanded she open the safe. Barbee grabbed Ms. Palmer‟s arm and pushed her
down an aisle of the store. She felt the gun pressed to the back of her head. They
encountered Bill Garrett, Chief of the Friendship Police Department, who was dressed in
plain clothes. Barbee demanded that Chief Garrett open the safe. Chief Garrett
responded that he could not open the safe. Barbee took both of them to the back storage
room. In the storage room, Barbee found Chief Garrett‟s wife, Daphne, and the assistant
manager, Angela Lumley, hiding behind the door. He demanded cell phones and money
from the victims. Ms. Garrett gave Barbee her cell phone, and he threw it on the floor
and stomped it. Chief Garrett gave Barbee his wallet, which contained his badge, and
Barbee “look[ed] at it funny.” Barbee then pointed his gun at Chief Garrett. Chief
Garrett reached for Barbee‟s gun, and there was a brief struggle. Barbee stepped back
and said, “Oh, hell no.” Barbee then shot Chief Garrett through the liver.

        Barbee pointed the gun at Ms. Palmer and demanded she give him money from the
cash register. Barbee, Ms. Palmer, and Ms. Garrett returned to the front of the store. Ms.
Palmer opened the register, and Barbee grabbed the cash out of it and ran out of the store.
Ms. Lumley looked outside after the shooting and saw a black SUV parked in the grass
beside the dumpsters in the parking lot. She testified that people did not normally park in
that location. Chief Garrett‟s wife, Ms. Garrett, did not see the black SUV parked outside
the Dollar Store. She testified that after Barbee took money from the cash register, he ran
outside, looked right and ran to the left.

        After having been shot, Chief Garrett exited the store through the delivery doors in
the storage room. He saw a vehicle parked in the grass. He saw Barbee run out of the
store and look at Deputy Perry and run towards an Exxon station. Chief Garrett began to
feel ill and laid down in the parking lot until an ambulance arrived. Chief Garrett was
hospitalized for eight days for injuries related to his gunshot wound.

      Michelle Triplett was shopping at the Dollar Store when the robbery occurred.
She ran outside when Barbee led the others to the back of the store. She heard a gunshot
while she was stopping other customers from entering the store. She drove home and

                                             2
returned to the store with her husband. When she returned, she saw a black SUV parked
in the grass beside the dumpster.

       Lori Spears was sitting in her car with her boyfriend in the parking lot of the
Dollar Store. She also saw the black SUV with its parking lights on parked beside the
dumpster. She saw two people inside the vehicle. As she approached the store, she saw a
man holding a gun to a woman‟s head, and she got back in her car and drove to the gas
station beside the Dollar Store. She called 911, and she heard a gunshot while she was
talking to the dispatcher.

       Crockett County Sheriff‟s Deputy Blake Perry responded to the scene. When he
arrived, he saw a black SUV parked beside the dumpster. The vehicle‟s parking lights
were on. Deputy Perry saw a man, whom he identified as Defendant, standing on the
driver‟s side of the vehicle. Deputy Perry shone his spotlight on Defendant, and
Defendant fled on foot. Defendant ran towards the back of the Dollar Store. Deputy
Perry focused his attention on the store because he knew that the gunman was still inside
the store. Deputy Perry described Defendant as a black male with “somewhat of a
scruffy beard, about six[-]foot, . . . roughly 200 pounds[.]”

        Defendant gave a statement to Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) Agent Jeff
Jackson. Defendant stated that he asked Barbee to drive him from Dyersburg to Jackson
so that Defendant could take a bus to Memphis. Barbee‟s cousin “Little Man” was riding
in the front passenger seat, and Barbee was driving. Defendant was riding in the back
seat on the driver‟s side. Defendant stated that Barbee entered the store and returned to
the car. Barbee told Defendant and “Little Man” that he was going to rob the store.
Barbee asked Defendant to drive his vehicle, and Defendant told Barbee, “Man, I‟m not
doing no sh** like that.” Defendant did not believe Barbee was serious. Barbee reached
under Defendant‟s seat and got something from the back of the vehicle and went back
inside the store. Defendant did not see a gun on Barbee. Defendant denied that he gave
Barbee the gun Barbee used in the robbery. Defendant stated that he wanted to leave
while Barbee was still inside the store, but “Little Man” took the keys to the vehicle.
Defendant stated that he had crawled into the driver‟s seat to leave and that he had tried
to exit the vehicle from the back of the vehicle, but the door would not open. He stated
that “a police [officer] drove up the side of the store right there and got out and I‟m pretty
sure he looked me in the face, „cause I looked him in the face.” Defendant ran from the
store and hid in a ditch. He stated that he was “scared to death.” The following day,
Defendant‟s mother told him that the police were looking for him. Defendant did not
contact the police. Defendant was apprehended in Memphis.

       TBI Agent Mark Reynolds testified that he processed the black SUV. Inside the
vehicle, police found a watch and gold chain that Barbee had worn when he cased the
                                              3
store. Police also found a UPC label from a shirt he had stolen and a pair of blue gloves.
Barbee did not have keys to the vehicle when he was apprehended. Police obtained keys
from Barbee‟s brother, who had loaned the vehicle to Barbee. Police also observed
muddy tire tracks indicating that the SUV had driven from behind the store to the
location where it was parked.

       Barbee was subsequently apprehended by police and gave a confession. At trial,
the defense introduced Barbee‟s statement to investigators. Barbee stated that Defendant
did not have any knowledge of the robbery. He stated, “Like I said, it was even – it
wasn‟t even my intention. It was just a spur of the moment thing. When I rode by [the
Dollar Store] and seen [sic] it was one car in the lot, that‟s when I decided to rob it.”
Barbee told investigators that Defendant had given him the gun he used to rob the store
and shoot Chief Garrett.

Sentencing hearing

       At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel conceded that Defendant‟s prior
convictions classified him as a multiple offender. Defendant testified at the sentencing
hearing. He denied that he had any knowledge of Barbee‟s plan to rob the store.

       The trial court found that Defendant “was playing a major role and not a minor
role.” The trial court declined to apply any mitigating factors. The trial court applied the
following listed statutory enhancement factors found in Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-114: (1) that Defendant had a previous history of criminal convictions or
criminal behavior, in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range; (3)
that the offense involved more than one victim; (6) that the personal injuries inflicted
upon the victim were particularly great; (9) that Defendant possessed or employed a
firearm; (10) that Defendant had no hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to
human life was high; and (11) that the felony resulted in death or serious bodily injury to
another person, and Defendant had previously been convicted of a felony that resulted in
death or serious bodily injury. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114. The trial court stated,

        in view of the enhancing factors that are, as I said, abundant and
        significant, in view of the seriousness of this entire situation and in view
        of the Defendant‟s record, which is unusual in this Court in terms of its
        seriousness, I think that for every[ ]one of these offenses the maximum
        sentence is appropriate.

      In ordering Defendant‟s sentences in counts 3, 4, 5, and 6 to run consecutive to
each other and consecutive to counts 1 and 2, the trial court found that Defendant‟s
criminal record indicated that he was a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted
                                             4
his life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood and that “his record is definitely
extensive.” The trial court also found that Defendant is a dangerous offender whose
behavior indicates little or no regard for human life and that he was being sentenced for
an offense committed while on parole. See T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b).

Analysis

Sufficiency of the evidence

       Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions.
Specifically, Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to establish that he was
criminally responsible for the conduct of Craig Barbee. The State responds that the
“evidence amply supports the jury‟s conclusion that Defendant served as wheel-man and
gun-provider.”

        “Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and raises a
presumption of guilt, the criminal defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that
the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict.” State v. Hanson, 279
S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009) (citing State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn.
1992)). When this court evaluates the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, the State is
entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that
may be drawn from that evidence. State v. Davis, 354 S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011)
(citing State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010)). When a defendant
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of review applied by this court is
“whether „any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.‟” State v. Parker, 350 S.W.3d 883, 903 (Tenn. 2011)
(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). Similarly, Rule 13(e) of the
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure states, “[f]indings of guilt in criminal actions
whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to
support the finding by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

        Guilt may be found beyond a reasonable doubt where there is direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686,
691 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 140 (Tenn. 1998). The standard of
review for sufficiency of the evidence “„is the same whether the conviction is based upon
direct or circumstantial evidence.‟” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011)
(quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009). The jury as the trier of fact
must evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight given to witnesses‟
testimony, and reconcile all conflicts in the evidence. State v. Campbell, 245 S.W.3d
331, 335 (Tenn. 2008) (citing Byrge v. State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1978)). Moreover, the jury determines the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence
                                             5
and the inferences to be drawn from this evidence, and the extent to which the
circumstances are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence are questions
primarily for the jury. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379 (citing State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d
646, 662 (Tenn. 2006)). When considering the sufficiency of the evidence, this court
shall not substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact. Id.

       Defendant was convicted under a theory of criminal responsibility. “A person is
criminally responsible as a party to an offense, if the offense is committed by the person‟s
own conduct, by the conduct of another for which the person is criminally responsible, or
by both.” T.C.A. § 39-11-401(a). As applicable in this case, an individual is criminally
responsible for the conduct of another person if, “[a]cting with intent to promote or assist
the commission of the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the
person solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the offense[.]”
Id. § 39-11-402(2).

       Under the theory of criminal responsibility, “an individual‟s presence and
companionship with the perpetrator of a felony before and after the commission of an
offense are circumstances from which his or her participation in the crime may be
inferred.” State v. Watson, 227 S.W.3d 622, 639 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006) (citing State v.
Ball, 973 S.W.2d 288, 293 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998)). In this situation, “[n]o particular
act need be shown, and the defendant need not have taken a physical part in the crime to
be held criminally responsible.” Id. (citing Ball, 973 S.W.2d at 293). To prove a
defendant‟s guilt under the theory of criminal responsibility, the State must establish that
the defendant “„knowingly, voluntarily and with common intent unite[d] with the
principal offender[ ] in the commission of the crime.‟” State v. Maxey, 898 S.W.2d 756,
757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (quoting State v. Foster, 755 S.W.2d 846, 848 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1988)). Criminal responsibility for the actions of another person “requires that a
defendant act with a culpable mental state, specifically, the „intent to promote or assist
the commission of the offense or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense.‟”
State v. Carson, 950 S.W.2d 951, 954 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting T.C.A. § 39-11-402(2)). “A
person acts with intent as to the nature or result of conduct when it is that person‟s
conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.” Id. (citing
T.C.A. § 39-11-302(a); Maxey, 898 S.W.2d at 757).

       Taken in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence showed that Defendant
provided Barbee with the gun Barbee used to shoot Chief Garrett and rob the Dollar
General store. In his statement to the police, Defendant acknowledged that he knew
Barbee intended to rob the store because he stated that Barbee returned to the vehicle and
told him. The jury was free to accept that portion of Defendant‟s statement and reject
Defendant‟s statement that he did not participate in the robbery. See Batey v. State, 527
S.W.2d 148 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1975). A witness saw someone sitting in the driver‟s seat
                                             6
of the black SUV that was parked in the grass beside the dumpster in the parking lot.
Deputy Perry saw Defendant standing outside the vehicle on the driver‟s side. Defendant
ran from the scene when Deputy Perry arrived. The jury could have reasonably
concluded that Defendant was the driver of the vehicle. The proof, though not
overwhelming, was sufficient to support the jury‟s verdict. Defendant is not entitled to
relief on this issue.

Thirteenth juror

       Defendant also contends that the trial court failed in its role as thirteenth juror.
Defendant argues that because the trial court found that the State had failed to establish
three enhancement factors at sentencing, the court “essentially disagreed with the legal
sufficiency of the evidence.”

        Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(d) imposes a mandatory duty on the
trial judge to serve as the thirteenth juror in every criminal case. State v. Carter, 896
S.W.2d 119, 122 (Tenn. 1995). Rule 33(d) does not require the trial judge to make an
explicit statement on the record. Instead, when the trial judge simply overrules a motion
for new trial, an appellate court may presume that the trial judge has served as the
thirteenth juror and approved the jury‟s verdict. Id. Only if the record contains
statements by the trial judge indicating disagreement with the jury‟s verdict or evidencing
the trial judge‟s refusal to act as the thirteenth juror, may an appellate court reverse the
trial court‟s judgment. Id. Otherwise, appellate review is limited to sufficiency of the
evidence pursuant to Rule 13(e) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. State v. Burlison,
868 S.W.2d 713, 718-719 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).

        Applying those principles to the record in this case, we conclude that the trial
court fulfilled its duty to act as thirteenth juror. Defendant argues that the trial court
disagreed with the weight of the evidence because at sentencing, the trial court found that
the following enhancement factors did not apply: (2) the defendant was a leader in the
commission of an offense involving two or more criminal actors; (5) the defendant
treated, or allowed a victim to be treated, with exceptional cruelty during the commission
of the offense; and (12) during the commission of the felony, the defendant intentionally
inflicted serious bodily injury upon another person, or the actions of the defendant
resulted in the death of, or serious bodily injury to, a victim or a person other than the
intended victim. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114. What Defendant ignores, however, is that the
trial court explicitly stated at the sentencing hearing, “I was convinced beyond a
reasonable doubt when I observed the case that [Defendant] was, in fact, the driver of the
car and I think the jury was correct in coming to that conclusion.” Furthermore, rejection
of the above mentioned enhancement factors, which are only advisory, T.C.A. § 40-35-
114, does not indicate that the trial court disagreed with the jury‟s verdict.
                                             7
       We could simply presume that the trial court fulfilled its duty as thirteenth juror
because the trial court denied Defendant‟s request for a new trial pursuant to Rule 33 of
the Rules of Criminal Procedure. The comment by the trial judge at sentencing, however,
further illustrates that the verdict was approved. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this
issue.

Jury instructions

       Defendant contends that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on criminal
responsibility, arguing that the proof at trial did not support the following jury charge as a
basis for guilt:

        A defendant is also criminally responsible for an offense committed by
        the conduct of another if, having a duty imposed by law or voluntarily
        undertaken to prevent commission of the offense and acting with intent
        to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, or to promote or assist
        in its commission, the Defendant failed to make a reasonable effort to
        prevent commission of the offense.

       Defense counsel objected to the jury instruction, and the following exchange
occurred:

        THE COURT: Well, it‟s in the indictment.

        [PROSECUTOR]: It is.

        THE COURT: That‟s my problem with not [sic].

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, we don‟t believe that he had a legal
        duty. He wasn‟t in a position.

        THE COURT: Well, you may have heard me ask the General why that
        [sic] charged that way, and say again for the record because we weren‟t
        on the record then. General, say again why did you charge under that
        theory.

        [PROSECUTOR]: Because [Defendant] knowing that the offense was
        going to occur would have had a legal duty imposed by law to act as a
        witness rather than an accomplice.

                                              8
        THE COURT: Now, I presume, [Defense Counsel], you think that is not
        – that he didn‟t have such a duty.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, sir.

        THE COURT: Even knowing that it was going to occur he didn‟t have a
        duty.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, sir. He wasn‟t in a – no, sir.

        THE COURT: Frankly, I think that‟s tenuous, but technically possible,
        so I‟m going to overrule your objection.

       As the trial court noted, the indictment charged Defendant with criminal
responsibility for the offenses on two alternate bases of criminal responsibility: 1) acting
with the intent to promote or assist in the commission of the offense, or to benefit in the
proceeds or results of the offense; or 2) having a duty to prevent the commission of the
offense failed to make a reasonable effort to prevent the commission of the offense. See
T.C.A. § 39-11-402.

        Defendant argues, and the State concedes, that the duty-to-act instruction applies
to “members of law enforcement agencies and others (such as care givers or custodial
parents) vested with a specific duty to prevent a crime from occurring.” See State v.
Gordon, No. 01C01-9605-CR-00213, 1997 WL 578961, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App., Sept.
18, 1997), no perm. app. filed. Defendant asserts that because the proof did not support a
finding that Defendant had a legal duty to prevent the commission of the offense, the
instruction was misleading to the jury. The State characterizes the jury instruction as
“little better than surplusage” and argues that the prosecutor‟s closing argument and the
proof presented at trial indicate that the jury‟s verdict was based on Defendant‟s
assistance in the offenses, and not Defendant‟s failure to act. The State asserts that the
instruction did not influence the jury‟s verdict, and that it was harmless error.

       The trial court has a duty “to give a complete charge of the law applicable to the
facts of a case.” State v. Harbison, 704 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tenn. 1986); see also Tenn. R.
Crim. P. 30. “[The] Defendant has a constitutional right to a correct and complete charge
of the law.” State v. Teel, 793 S.W.2d 236, 249 (Tenn. 1990). Our law requires that all
of the elements of each offense be described and defined in connection with that offense.
Subsection (3) of the criminal responsibility statute is, by its own terms, implicated only
when the accused is under a legal duty to prevent the offense, or voluntarily undertakes to
prevent it. See State v. Hatcher, 310 S.W.3d 788, 812 (Tenn. 2010). Defendant was
under no such legal duty to prevent the crimes in this case, and there is no proof in the
                                             9
record that he voluntarily undertook to prevent the crimes. Furthermore, we are aware of
no “legal duty imposed by law” for every lay witness to a crime in progress “to make a
reasonable effort to prevent the commission of the offense” or risk indictment, as argued
by the State in the trial court. Such an argument clearly is not supported by the law of
criminal responsibility in Tennessee. Accordingly, the trial court erred in giving the jury
instruction.

       We agree with the State, however, that the error was harmless. The proof
established that Defendant waited in Barbee‟s vehicle in the parking lot of the Dollar
Store while Barbee went inside to rob the store. Barbee told Defendant of his intention to
rob the store and asked Defendant to drive the vehicle. When Deputy Perry responded to
the scene, he saw Defendant standing outside the vehicle on the driver‟s side. Defendant
fled the scene when he saw Deputy Perry. In Barbee‟s statement to police, he said that
Defendant had given him the gun which he used to rob the store and shoot Chief Garrett.
In her closing argument, the prosecutor told the jury that “[t]here are two theories of
criminal responsibility[,]” including the theory that a defendant “is criminally responsible
for an offense committed by another if they had a duty imposed by law or voluntarily
undertaken[.]” However, the prosecutor then immediately told the jury:

        What I‟d like to say, is if [Defendant] helped [Barbee] commit the
        offense, he is just as guilty as the person [who] shot Bill Garrett, [who]
        waved that gun in Shay Palmer‟s face, [who] shoved it in the back of her
        head where she could feel the gun pressing against the back of her head,
        [who] waved that gun in Daphne Garrett‟s face for $253.66.

        The prosecutor did not specifically argue to the jury that Defendant had a legal
duty to prevent the offenses or mention the third theory of criminal responsibility again in
her closing argument. The proof clearly established that Defendant assisted in the
commission of the offense rather than failed to act pursuant to a legal duty to prevent the
offenses. We cannot conclude that the error in the jury instructions was so prejudicial
that it probably changed the outcome of the trial. Defendant is therefore not entitled to
relief on this issue.

Prosecutorial misconduct

       Defendant contends that the prosecutor engaged in prosecutorial misconduct
during closing arguments. Specifically, he asserts that the prosecutor improperly:

       1) misled the jury by stating that “[t]he second theory is . . . that the defendant is
       criminally responsible for an offense committed by another if they had a duty

                                             10
      imposed by law or voluntarily undertaken, they failed to make [a] reasonable
      effort to prevent the commission of the offense.”

      2) misstated the evidence by making the following contradictory statements:
      (a) “Craig Barbee planned a robbery and he got the gun from [Defendant], and he
      got [Defendant] to drive the car and Bill Garrett got in his way,” and (b) “You
      heard from the beginning, the defense said, „You‟re not going to hear the State‟s
      witnesses say [Defendant] drove off in that truck.‟ No, you‟re not. You didn‟t.”

      3) expressed her personal belief about the truth or falsity of a witness‟s testimony
      by making the following statements: (a) “[a]nd I‟m going to say he flat out lied
      about – lied to you as to where the vehicle was parked because I‟m still not sure
      where the vehicle was parked[,]” and (b) “Looked to me like it was parked there
      for a substantial period of time; not just stopped there and then taken off.”

        Defendant failed to object at trial to any of the five comments about which he
complains. Consequently, Defendant has waived the issue. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a)
(providing that an appellate court need not grant relief where party failed to take
reasonably available action to prevent or nullify an error); see also State v. Jordan, 325
S.W.3d 1, 57-58 (Tenn. 2010). Moreover, in his amended motion for new trial,
Defendant raised only one of the above comments, that Defendant had no legal duty to
prevent the commission of the offenses. The issue was neither argued by defense counsel
at the hearing on the motion for new trial, nor addressed on its merits by the trial court.
As a result, the issue is waived, and we decline to review the issue for plain error.
However, our disposition of this issue due to waiver by Defendant should not be
interpreted to mean that we condone in any fashion the prosecutor‟s remarks to the jury
that in her opinion a witness was lying.

Sentencing

        On appeal, Defendant contends that his sentence was excessive. Defendant does
not argue that his sentence is outside the appropriate statutory range, nor does he
specifically challenge the trial court‟s application of six enhancement factors. See State
v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn. 2012) (affording a presumption of reasonableness to
these determinations). Defendant also does not challenge the trial court‟s imposition of
partial consecutive sentencing. See State v. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d 851, 861 (Tenn. 2013)
(affording a presumption of reasonableness to consecutive sentencing determinations).
Rather, Defendant asserts that his effective sentence of one hundred years for being
criminally responsible for the crimes of another “is cruel and inhuman treatment and his
sentence received is disproportionate to his role” in the offenses.

                                            11
        Both the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1,
section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution prohibit the infliction of cruel and unusual
punishment. U.S. Const. amend. VIII (“Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”); Tenn. Const. art.
1, § 16 (“That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
and unusual punishments inflicted.”). Despite the nearly identical wording of the two
provisions, our supreme court has consistently afforded a more expansive interpretation
to article I, section 16 than that afforded to the Eighth Amendment. See State v. Harris,
844 S.W.2d 601, 602 (Tenn. 1992).

        Accordingly, although the United States Supreme Court has held that the Eighth
Amendment contains no proportionality guarantee outside of sentencing for a capital
offense, see Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 274, 100 S. Ct. 1133, 63 L. Ed. 2d 382
(1980) (recognizing that “for crimes concededly classified and classifiable as felonies,
that is, as punishable by significant terms of imprisonment in a state penitentiary, the
length of the sentence actually imposed is purely a matter of legislative prerogative”);
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 994, 111 S. Ct. 2680, 115 L. Ed. 2d 836 (1991)
(refusing to extend proportionality review to non-capital offenses), our supreme court has
concluded that the state constitution provides for the proportionality review of non-
capital sentences. Harris, 844 S.W.2d at 602. Reviewing courts, however, should grant
substantial deference to the broad authority legislatures possess in determining
punishments for particular crimes, “[o]utside the context of capital punishment,
successful challenges to the proportionality of particular sentences [will be] exceedingly
rare.” See Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 289-90, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637
(1983) (emphasis in original) ( quoting Estelle, 445 U.S. at 272).

       In order to determine if a sentence in a non-capital case is disproportionate and
therefore in violation of Article 1, section 16‟s guarantee from cruel and unusual
punishment, the Tennessee Supreme Court in Harris adopted the following analysis:

        [T]he sentence imposed is initially compared with the crime committed.
        Unless this threshold comparison leads to an inference of gross
        disproportionality, the inquiry ends – the sentence is constitutional. In
        those rare cases where this inference does arise, the analysis proceeds by
        comparing (1) the sentences imposed on other criminals in the same
        jurisdiction, and (2) the sentences imposed for commission of the same
        crime in other jurisdictions.

Harris, 844 S.W.2d at 603.



                                            12
       After examining the sentence imposed by the trial court in light of the seriousness
of Defendant‟s offenses, we hold that there is no inference of gross disproportionality.
The evidence showed that Defendant provided Barbee with the gun used to shoot an
unarmed off-duty police officer during a robbery. Defendant waited outside in a vehicle,
prepared to assist Barbee in making his escape. Defendant has a history of violent
felonies and was on parole for armed robbery and felony escape at the time of the
offenses in this case.

       The sentence does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth
Amendment of the United States Constitution or article I, section 16, of the Tennessee
Constitution. In State v. Sammie Lee Taylor, No. 02C01-9501-CR-00029, 1996 WL
580997, at *23 (Tenn. Crim. App., Oct. 10, 1996), a panel of this court held:

        Furthermore, a punishment imposed within the statutory limits for that
        offense and according to this state‟s sentencing principles does not
        violate constitutional proscriptions against cruel and unusual
        punishment. State v. Flynn, 675 S.W.2d 494, 499 (Tenn. Crim. App.
        1984); State v. French, 489 S.W.2d 57, 60 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1972).
        Therefore, any sentence within the statutory guidelines cannot be
        considered excessive. Additionally, the fact that the sentence imposed
        by the trial court exceeds the life expectancy of the appellant does not,
        per se, make the sentence oppressive or constitute an abuse of discretion.
        See State v. Tyler, 840 P.2d 413, 435 (Kan. 1992) (finding sentence of
        111 to 330 years is not cruel and unusual punishment). Accord. People
        v. Walker, 663 N.E.2d 148 (Ill. App. Ct. 1996) (sentence of 100 to 300
        years for rape, armed robbery, and attempted murder imposed upon
        sixty-four year old defendant not excessive); Hurt v. State, 657 N.E.2d
        112 (Ind. 1995) (ninety[-]year sentence for murder and rape not
        unreasonable); Fields v. State, 501 P.2d 1390 (Okla. Crim. App. 1972)
        (1,000[-]year sentence not excessive). Cf. State v. Wallace, 604 S.W.2d
        890, 892 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980) (sentence of 150 years not cruel and
        unusual punishment); Moore v. State, 563 S.W.2d 215 (Tenn. Crim.
        App. 1977) (two consecutive life sentences upheld); Hall v. State, No.
        01C01-911-CC-00338 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Aug. 13, 1992)
        (110-year effective sentence does not violate eighth amendment).

      Accordingly, Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.




                                            13
                                  CONCLUSION

      Having reviewed all the issues and finding no reversible error, we affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

                               ____________________________________________
                               THOMAS T. WOODALL, PRESIDING JUDGE




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