[Cite as Cundall v. U.S. Bank, 122 Ohio St.3d 188, 2009-Ohio-2523.]




             CUNDALL, TRUSTEE, APPELLEE, v. U.S. BANK, TRUSTEE;
      CAUDILL, EXR., ET AL., APPELLANTS; CUNDALL ET AL., APPELLEES.
      [Cite as Cundall v. U.S. Bank, 122 Ohio St.3d 188, 2009-Ohio-2523.]
Trusts — Trustees — Action alleging fraud, self-dealing, and other breaches of
        fiduciary duty by trustees in sale of stock — Four-year limitations period
        in R.C. 2305.09 applies — Limitations period begins to run when alleged
        breaches should have been discovered by complainants — Action time-
        barred.
    (No. 2008-0314 — Submitted January 14, 2009 — Decided June 4, 2009.)
              APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Hamilton County,
      Nos. C-070081 and C-070082, 174 Ohio App.3d 421, 2007-Ohio-7067.
                                 __________________
        O’CONNOR, J.
        {¶ 1} This appeal presents an array of legal questions that arise from the
sale of shares of stock in a closely held corporation 25 years ago. Appellee
Michael K. Cundall filed a complaint in 2006 alleging fraud, self-dealing, and
other breaches of fiduciary duties by trustees of certain family trusts in transacting
the sale.    He sought a constructive trust over the proceeds of the sales, a
declaration of rights under the trusts, and $300 million in compensatory and
punitive damages. We find that all of these claims are barred by the applicable
statute of limitations and remand this cause to the trial court to enter judgment in
favor of appellants.
                                 Relevant Background
                           A. The “Share A/Share B Trust”
        {¶ 2} In 1976, John F. Koons Sr. and his wife, Ethel Bolan Koons,
created a trust for the benefit of their grandchildren. The trust was funded with
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thousands of shares of stock from their company, the Central Investment
Corporation (“CIC”), a profitable enterprise that had owned a brewery and soft-
drink bottling companies. The Koonses named their sole son, John F. Koons III
(“Bud”), as trustee of the trust.
        {¶ 3} The trust document directed the trustee to divide the trust’s assets
into two equal funds: “Share A,” for the benefit of Bud’s children, and “Share B,”
for the benefit of the children born to the Koonses’ sole daughter, Betty Lou
Koons Cundall. The trust document instructed that any amounts contributed to
the trust were to be divided equally unless otherwise directed.
        {¶ 4} Although the trust document gave Bud broad power to sell any
assets of the trust for cash “without being subject to the laws of the state or
nation,” it directed that he could not distribute the trust’s income or principal for
his own benefit.
                           B. The Betty Lou Cundall Trust
        {¶ 5} The following year, Mrs. Cundall created her own trust for the
benefit of herself, her husband, and their four children, appellee Michael K.
Cundall (“Michael”), Peter B. Cundall, Richard Cundall III, and Sara Cundall
Kersting. That trust’s assets included more than 10,000 shares of Koons-Cundall-
Mitchell Corporation, a closely held corporation that apparently served as a
holding company for CIC stock, which was its only asset.
        {¶ 6} A predecessor of appellant U.S. Bank, First National Bank of
Cincinnati, was named trustee of the Betty Lou Cundall Trust at the trust’s
inception. U.S. Bank continued to serve as trustee until 1996. U.S. Bank also
served as the commercial banker for CIC, which was led by Bud as CIC’s
president and chief executive officer at that time.
              C. The Offers for and Sale of CIC Stock from the Trusts




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                               January Term, 2009




       {¶ 7} In 1983, Bud offered to buy the Cundall families’ shares of CIC,
including the shares held in Share B and the Betty Lou Cundall Trust. The initial
offer was $155 per share. That offer was refused.
       {¶ 8} Around this time, CIC purchased its company stock from another
shareholder, Lloyd Miller. The purchase price was $328 per share – more than
double the price that was offered to the Cundall beneficiaries.
       {¶ 9} Michael alleges that after Miller sold his shares of CIC, Bud acted
improperly by using undue influence, duress, and overreaching to coerce Michael
and other members of the Cundall families to sell their shares of CIC back to CIC.
More specifically, Michael charges that as trustee for the 1976 trust, Bud “used
his economic and legal power and authority to improperly acquire [CIC] shares
for his benefit” and for the benefit of Bud’s own children and grandchildren, and
that he engaged in self-dealing.     According to Michael, the self-dealing was
“accomplished through a transparent subterfuge: the stock was acquired by the
company, not [Bud], but the net effect was to increase [Bud’s] ownership
percentage and value.” Michael further alleges that U.S. Bank knowingly assisted
Bud in these efforts.
       {¶ 10} When the beneficiaries of the Share B Trust and the Betty Lou
Cundall Trust sold back the shares of CIC held in those trusts, they received $210
per share – a figure more than Bud’s initial offer but far less than the price paid
for Miller’s shares. Nevertheless, the Cundall beneficiaries received more than
$2,100,000 from the sale.
       {¶ 11} At the time of the sale of the shares, the Cundall beneficiaries
executed releases that provided that they would not hold the trustees (Bud and
U.S. Bank) liable for the sale in exchange for the trustees’ consent to the sale.
Michael contends that “[u]nder various threats and cajoling, [Bud] and U.S. Bank
obtained releases and/or consents from the Cundall trust beneficiaries who were
forced to sell out,” but the record indicates that the release for U.S. Bank was




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prepared by an attorney working for Michael’s father, Richard Cundall Jr. In any
event, the releases state that the beneficiaries agree to release both Bud and U.S.
Bank from any and all liability that may arise in connection with the sale of the
stock.
                     D. The Purported Discovery of Inequity
         {¶ 12} Michael claimed that although Share A and Share B of the 1976
trust should have been about equal at the time of Bud’s death, the value of the
shares was quite disparate. At that time, he claims, Share A was valued at more
than $30,000,000, but Share B was valued at only $800,000.
         {¶ 13} Michael alleged that he did not discover the “fraud and
malfeasance” by Bud and U.S. Bank until after Bud’s death in 2005, when he
claims he learned that CIC was sold for approximately $400,000,000. Similarly,
he averred that he did not learn of the “misrepresentations” of the true value of the
stock until after Bud’s death.
                                  E. The Lawsuit
         {¶ 14} Michael was appointed successor trustee for the 1976 trust in
November 2005. Four months later, he brought a four-count complaint against
numerous defendants, including Bud’s estate, U.S. Bank, trustees of related trusts
(“the trustees”), and more than 20 members of the Koons and Cundall families.
         {¶ 15} The gravamen of Michael’s claims is that Bud breached his
fiduciary duties as trustee by acquiring shares of CIC from beneficiaries through
intimidation, coercion, and misrepresentations of the true value of the shares. He
further claims that U.S. Bank breached its fiduciary duties to the beneficiaries “by
participating in and enabling the sale of CIC stock it held as trustee to CIC for
[Bud’s] benefit and enhanced ownership” and by knowingly concealing the true
value of the CIC shares. Michael sought a constructive trust against the trustees
and those beneficiaries he claims were unjustly enriched (the Koonses), and a
declaration of the rights of the beneficiaries he claims were defrauded (the




                                         4
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Cundalls), including Michael’s own children (appellees herein), who cross-
claimed against the estate, the trustees, and the Koonses. A flurry of motions to
dismiss followed.
       {¶ 16} U.S. Bank moved to dismiss under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) based on the
statute of limitations and the releases signed by the beneficiaries. The Koonses,
also arguing that the action was time-barred and that the trial court lacked
personal jurisdiction over them as nonresidents of Ohio, moved for dismissal
under Civ.R. 12(B)(2) and (B)(6). The trustees also asserted statute-of-limitations
defenses; they argued further that dismissal was warranted because Michael had
not tendered back the consideration he and his family received from the 1984 sale
of CIC stock before filing suit. Michael moved to amend his complaint for a
second time, but the trial court denied the motion as futile and granted the
motions to dismiss.
       {¶ 17} The trial court found that the “tender rule” set forth at paragraph
two of the syllabus in Haller v. Borror Corp. (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 10, 552
N.E.2d 207, required dismissal: “[B]ecause a releasor may not attack the validity
of a release for fraud in the inducement unless he first tenders back the
consideration he received for making the release, all claims related to the 1984
stock sale are barred as a matter of law.”
       {¶ 18} The First District affirmed in part and reversed in part, and
remanded. It affirmed the dismissal as to U.S. Bank on statute-of-limitations
grounds. As to the remaining defendants, the court found that the tender rule in
Haller was inapplicable. The appellate court described Haller as “a personal-
injury case involving an arm’s length transaction, [in which] there was no
fiduciary relationship between the parties.” 174 Ohio App.3d 421, 2007-Ohio-
7067, 882 N.E.2d 481, ¶ 22. The lack of a fiduciary relationship in Haller is a
crucial distinction, the court held, because the ordinary rules of fraud do not apply




                                             5
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when such a relationship exists, and no court has ever required a “tender back”
when there is self-dealing by a fiduciary. Id. at ¶ 23-25.
         {¶ 19} The First District also found that releases such as those signed by
the Cundalls are “highly suspect” because they purport to release a fiduciary from
liability arising from a transaction that occurred during the fiduciary relationship.
Id. at ¶ 34. It concluded that “[i]f the releases and stock sales are to be proved
valid in this case, the burden is on the fiduciaries to show that they acted with the
utmost good faith and exercised the most scrupulous honesty toward the
beneficiaries, placed the beneficiaries’ interests before their own, did not use the
advantage of their trustee positions to gain any benefit at the beneficiaries’
expense, and did not place themselves in a position in which their interests might
have conflicted with their fiduciary obligations.” Id. at ¶38.
         {¶ 20} Further, the First District found that although the trial court
correctly concluded that Michael’s claim against U.S. Bank was barred by the
statute of limitations, the claims against Bud and the successor trustees were not.
Id. at ¶ 58, 60-61.
         {¶ 21} We exercised discretionary jurisdiction over various propositions
set forth in the appeals.1 Cundall v. U.S. Bank, 118 Ohio St.3d 1432, 2008-Ohio-
2595, 887 N.E.2d 1201. For the reasons that follow, we find that the statute of
limitations bars all claims against appellants.
                                          II. Analysis


1. In total, appellees and appellants asserted 24 propositions of law in their merit briefs filed in
this court. The propositions of law raise the following issues: whether the common pleas court
had personal jurisdiction over those beneficiaries who reside outside Ohio, whether R.C.
5802.02(B) can be applied retroactively, whether the beneficiaries were required to tender back
the consideration given for the releases before they may demand that a constructive trust be
imposed, whether a presumption of fraud arises in a case of “double dealing” and whether any
such presumption can be overcome, whether a transaction is voidable by a beneficiary if the
trustee engages in self-dealing, and whether releases signed by parents of minor beneficiaries are
binding absent probate court approval. In light of our disposition, we need not address those
claims, and we express no opinion about their merits, if any.




                                                 6
                                  January Term, 2009




           {¶ 22} Statutes of limitations foster important public policies: ensuring
fairness to the defendant, encouraging prompt prosecution of causes of action,
suppressing stale and fraudulent claims, and avoiding the inconvenience
engendered by delay and by the difficulty of proving older cases. See, e.g.,
O’Stricker v. Jim Walter Corp. (1983), 4 Ohio St.3d 84, 88, 4 OBR 335, 447
N.E.2d 727. We apply them consistently to ensure the proper administration of
justice.
           {¶ 23} Statutes of limitations attach to causes of action.   Peterson v.
Teodosio (1973), 34 Ohio St.2d 161, 172, 63 O.O.2d 262, 297 N.E.2d 113. In
determining the appropriate statute of limitations for a given case, we look to the
“essential character” of the plaintiffs’ claims. Doe v. First United Methodist
Church (1994), 68 Ohio St.3d 531, 536, 629 N.E.2d 402.
           {¶ 24} Here, the appellees clearly asserted claims grounded in fraud and
breach of fiduciary duty against the trustees and successor trustees. Claims for
fraud and breach of fiduciary duty based on fraud are governed by the four-year
statute of limitations set forth in R.C. 2305.09, unless the claim is not discovered
despite reasonable diligence. See Investors REIT One v. Jacobs (1989), 46 Ohio
St.3d 176, 546 N.E.2d 206, paragraph 2b of the syllabus (“by the express terms of
R.C. 2305.09(D), the four-year limitations period does not commence to run on
claims presented in fraud or conversion until the complainants have discovered, or
should have discovered, the claimed matters”); State ex rel. Lien v. House (1944),
144 Ohio St. 238, 29 O.O. 399, 58 N.E.2d 675, paragraph two of the syllabus
(action against trustees for breach of trust involving tortious conduct such as bad
faith, negligence, and double-dealing is one that accrues, “in the absence of
undiscovered fraud,” when the trusteeship is terminated, and the action is barred
in four years).
           {¶ 25} With this law in mind, we now turn to the claims presented by
Michael against the appellants.




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                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




                                  A. The Trustees
       {¶ 26} The appellate court applied R.C. 2305.09 to the claims against the
individual trustees and successor trustees in this case. 174 Ohio App.3d 421,
2007-Ohio-7067, 882 N.E.2d 481, ¶ 52. But for those defendants, the appellate
court summarily found that “[f]or a trustee, the statute of limitations will not
begin running until the fiduciary relationship has ended.” Id., citing Lien, 144
Ohio St. at 247, 29 O.O. 399, 58 N.E.2d 675. The appellate court concluded that
because Bud continued to serve as trustee until 2005, when he died, the four-year
statute of limitations began to run at that time, and had thus not expired when suit
was commenced in 2006. Cundall at ¶ 60. We disagree.
       {¶ 27} Central to the First District’s analysis is its myopic focus on the
date of Bud’s death, which, of course, is the date he ceased to be trustee.
According to Michael, that date controls because it is the last date on which Bud
failed to correct his wrongful acts, including his alleged self-dealing and other
alleged breaches of fiduciary duties.     That reading of the rule from Lien is
accurate only when the trustee’s misconduct is surreptitious or obscured and
remains so until the trustee’s death or removal. In such cases, the beneficiary is
unlikely to know of a trustee’s clandestine acts until after the trustee has been
removed. Our decisions thus hold that “[u]ntil the trustee repudiates his trust
obligation, to the knowledge of the cestui que trust, no cause of action exists
against which a statute of limitation could operate.” (Emphasis added.) Peterson,
34 Ohio St.2d at 168, 63 O.O.2d 262, 297 N.E.2d 113. Knowledge of the
beneficiary is the critical factor because when the beneficiary knows of the
misconduct, he has knowledge that the trustee has repudiated his trust obligation.
Upon learning of the repudiation, the time for the beneficiary to act begins to run.
       {¶ 28} As Professor Bogert explains, “[i]f the trustee violates one or more
of his obligations to the beneficiary * * *, there obviously is a cause of action in
favor of the beneficiary and any relevant Statute of Limitations will apply from




                                         8
                                January Term, 2009




the date when the beneficiary knew of the breach or repudiation, or by the
exercise of reasonable skill and diligence could have learned of it.” (Footnotes
omitted and emphasis added.) George Gleason Bogert, The Law of Trusts and
Trustees (2d Ed.Rev.1995) 630-634, Section 951.
       {¶ 29} We have recognized this principle and Ohio courts of appeals have
applied it in cases in which the beneficiaries knew of a trustee’s misdeeds. As
one court of appeals summarized our jurisprudence, “Legal claims for fraud,
conversion, and breach of fiduciary duty, which can be brought prior to the
termination of the trust, are barred by the statute of limitations if not timely filed.
Paschall v. Hinderer (1876), 28 Ohio St. 568, 576. A cause of action for fraud or
conversion accrues either when the fraud is discovered, or [when] in the exercise
of reasonable diligence, the fraud should have been discovered. Investors REIT
One v. Jacobs (1989), 46 Ohio St.3d 176, 546 N.E.2d 206, paragraph 2b of the
syllabus; Burr v. Stark Cty. Bd. of Commrs. (1986), 23 Ohio St.3d 69, 76 [23
OBR 200], 491 N.E.2d 1101.           When determining whether the exercise of
reasonable diligence should have discovered a case of fraud, the relevant inquiry
is whether the facts known ‘ “would lead a fair and prudent man, using ordinary
care and thoughtfulness, to make further inquiry * * * .” ’ Hambleton v. R.G.
Barry Corp. (1984), 12 Ohio St.3d 179, 181 [12 OBR 246], 465 N.E.2d 1298,
quoting Schofield v. Cleveland Trust Co. (1948), 149 Ohio St. 133, 142 [36 O.O.
477], 78 N.E.2d 167.” Stokes v. Berick, Lake App. No. 98-L-094, 1999 WL
1313668, *5.
       {¶ 30} As the First District has recognized, “this standard does not require
the victim of the alleged fraud to possess concrete and detailed knowledge, down
to the exact penny of damages, of the alleged fraud; rather, the standard requires
only facts sufficient to alert a reasonable person of the possibility of fraud.”
(Emphasis added.) Palm Beach Co. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. (1995), 106 Ohio
App.3d 167, 171, 665 N.E.2d 718. “[C]onstructive knowledge of facts, rather




                                          9
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than actual knowledge of their legal significance, is enough to start the statute of
limitations running under the discovery rule.” (Emphasis sic.) Flowers v. Walker
(1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 546, 549, 589 N.E.2d 1284.
        {¶ 31} As is abundantly clear from Michael’s complaint, the beneficiaries
recognized that the alleged fraud and wrongdoing took place in 1984. At that
time, the beneficiaries were aware of the price paid for Miller’s shares of stock.
And, of course, they were aware of the price for which they sold their shares.
Thus, they knew then, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have
known, of the possibility that the true value of the stock was being, or had been,
misrepresented to them.
        {¶ 32} If the beneficiaries were in fact coerced into selling the stock, as
they claim, those efforts clearly were known to them at that time as well. If Bud
bullied them so aggressively that they felt coerced, they cannot claim ignorance.
Indeed, it is difficult to envision “bullying” that is unnoticed by its victims.2
        {¶ 33} At best, Michael suggests that he and the other aggrieved
beneficiaries were afraid to resist Bud. That allegation may explain why he and
the beneficiaries signed the releases, but it does not change the statute of
limitations, which focuses not on whether coercion was involved, but on whether
the beneficiaries recognized that they had, or might have, claims against Bud and
U.S. Bank.
        {¶ 34} Assuming the truth of Michael’s allegations, this is not a case of
covert wrongdoing committed against unsuspecting beneficiaries. The closest
averment of that kind is Michael’s suggestion that Bud used “subterfuge.” But his
allegation, as set forth in the complaint, was that the “subterfuge” by Bud was
“transparent.”     If it was “transparent” then it was “easily detected or seen
through,” “obvious,” “readily understood,” and “guileless.” Webster’s Third New

2. We render no opinion as to whether any of the allegations presented in the complaint are true.
We assume they are true solely for purposes of our analysis.




                                               10
                                January Term, 2009




International Dictionary (1986) 2430, and the beneficiaries knew, or should have
known, of the subterfuge.
       {¶ 35} We thus find that the statute of limitations began to run on the
claims against Bud in 1984, when the alleged wrongs were committed, not in
2005, when Bud died. Given that the complaint was not filed until 2006, it was
well beyond the four-year statute of limitations and is barred. Accordingly, we
reverse the appellate court’s judgment as it applies to Bud.
                                   B. U.S. Bank
       {¶ 36} Applying R.C. 2305.09 and the rule from Lien, 144 Ohio St. 238,
29 O.O. 399, 58 N.E.2d 675, to U.S. Bank, the appellate court found that if
Michael and the Cundalls “had exercised reasonable diligence, they would have
discovered any alleged fraud that U.S. Bank had perpetrated against them. In
1984, they knew that CIC had purchased Miller’s shares at a much higher price.
They also knew that U.S. Bank was CIC’s commercial banker.”               174 Ohio
App.3d 421, 2007-Ohio-7067, 882 N.E.2d 481, ¶ 54.              The appellate court
concluded that because U.S. Bank was removed as trustee in 1996, and because
the Cundalls knew of the alleged fraud at the time of the removal, the statute
began to run at the time of the trustee’s removal and that it ended in 2000. Id. at ¶
55. It thus found those claims time-barred. We agree with the outcome, but for a
different reason.
       {¶ 37} The complaint suggests that the bank assisted Bud in his deception
and misrepresentations of the true value of the stock and that it thereby breached
its own fiduciary duties to the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries knew, or in the
exercise of reasonable diligence should have known, of the possibility that the
bank might have been working with Bud in committing the wrongs complained
of. Like the claims against Bud, the statute of limitations against U.S. Bank
began to run in 1984. They are thus barred by the statute of limitations. We




                                         11
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therefore affirm the appellate court’s judgment as it applies to U.S. Bank, but we
do so for the reasons stated here.
                   C. The Koons Beneficiaries and the Trustees
        {¶ 38} Insofar as the complaint asserts claims against the Koonses and the
trustees, those claims fatally omit any allegations that they acted fraudulently or
committed any breach. Rather, the complaint asserts only that they were unjustly
enriched by the purported fraud. Michael thus argues that a constructive trust
should be imposed over the funds that they received and any funds remaining in
the corpus of the trusts.
        {¶ 39} As we reiterated recently, a constructive trust is a “ ‘ “trust by
operation of law which arises * * * against one who, by fraud, actual or
constructive, by duress or abuse of confidence * * * or who in any way against
equity and good conscience, either has obtained or holds the legal right to
property which he ought not, in equity and good conscience, hold and enjoy.” ’ ”
Estate of Cowling v. Estate of Cowling, 109 Ohio St.3d 276, 2006-Ohio-2418,
847 N.E.2d 405, ¶ 18, quoting Ferguson v. Owens (1984), 9 Ohio St.3d 223, 225,
9 OBR 565, 459 N.E.2d 1293, quoting 76 American Jurisprudence 2d (1975) 446,
Trusts, Section 221. The constructive trust is an equitable remedy that protects
not only against fraud, but also unjust enrichment, “ ‘where it is against the
principles of equity that the property be retained by a certain person even though
the property was acquired without fraud.’ ” Cowling at ¶ 19, quoting Ferguson at
226, 9 OBR 565, 459 N.E.2d 1293.
        {¶ 40} In Ohio, the rule of “universal application” is that statutes of
limitations apply to actions seeking to impose a constructive trust. Peterson, 34
Ohio St.2d at 172, 63 O.O.2d 262, 297 N.E.2d 113. “Constructive trusts, by their
very nature, are not technical direct trusts cognizable solely in equity, and,
therefore, are not continuing and subsisting trusts exempted [under former R.C.




                                        12
                                 January Term, 2009




                                                3
2305.22] from the statutes of limitation.”          Id. at 171-172, 63 O.O.2d 262, 297
N.E.2d 113. Thus, “[i]f the cause of action in which imposition of a constructive
trust is sought as a remedy is barred by a statute of limitation, the imposition of a
constructive trust is likewise barred.” Id. at 172, 63 O.O.2d 262, 297 N.E.2d 113.
        {¶ 41} The court of appeals correctly recognized that a statute of
limitations applies to the constructive trust.           But it repeated its error of
misapplying the rule in Lien to this case by holding that the statute of limitations
had not yet run. 174 Ohio App.3d 421, 2007-Ohio-7067, 882 N.E.2d 481, ¶ 52.
For the reasons described previously, Lien does not apply in this case. We find
that the claim for a constructive trust is also time-barred because the cause of
action underlying that claim arose in 1984, more than four years before the action
was filed. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court as it
applies to the Koonses and the trustees. The cause is remanded to the trial court
for entry of judgment for appellants.
                                                             Judgment affirmed in part
                                                                   and reversed in part,
                                                                  and cause remanded.
        MOYER, C.J., and LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’DONNELL, LANZINGER, and
CUPP, JJ., concur.
        PFEIFER, J., dissents.
                                 __________________
        PFEIFER, J., dissenting.
        {¶ 42} I dissent and would affirm the decision of the court of appeals.
This appeal emanates from a motion to dismiss brought pursuant to Civ.R.
12(B)(6). The majority inappropriately relies on facts and inferences not in the



3. See 2006 Sub.H.B. No. 416 (ending exemption of “continuing and subsisting” trusts from
operation of statute of limitations).




                                           13
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complaint in arriving at its decision, holding in favor of the appellants upon a
basis none of them raised in their appeals to this court.
       {¶ 43} A trial court may not rely on allegations or evidence outside the
complaint in considering motions for dismissal brought pursuant to Civ.R.
12(B)(6). State ex rel. Fuqua v. Alexander (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 206, 207, 680
N.E.2d 985. The trial court, reviewing the complaint and nothing else, may
dismiss the case only if it appears beyond a doubt that the plaintiff can prove no
set of facts entitling the plaintiff to recover. O'Brien v. Univ. Community Tenants
Union, Inc. (1975), 42 Ohio St.2d 242, 71 O.O.2d 223, 327 N.E.2d 753, syllabus.
The court must presume that all factual allegations in the complaint are true and
draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Mitchell v.
Lawson Milk Co. (1988), 40 Ohio St.3d 190, 192, 532 N.E.2d 753.
       {¶ 44} The trial court in this case did not decide this case on the basis of
the expiration of the statute of limitations. None of the parties has raised in a
proposition of law that the claims against “Uncle Bud” Koons should be decided
in their favor because the statute of limitations for claims against Uncle Bud had
begun to run in 1984. The majority develops that argument itself.
       {¶ 45} I do agree with the majority that the limitations period for claims
relating to Uncle Bud began to run when the plaintiffs knew or should have
known that Uncle Bud had committed fraud.             The majority cites Professor
Bogert’s statement that “[i]f the trustee violates one or more of his obligations to
the beneficiary * * *, there obviously is a cause of action in favor of the
beneficiary and any relevant Statute of Limitations will apply from the date when
the beneficiary knew of the breach or repudiation, or by the exercise of
reasonable skill and diligence should have learned of it.” True enough.
       {¶ 46} But Professor Bogert did not read the complaint here. Keeping in
mind that we must draw all inferences in favor of the plaintiffs, the complaint
does not establish that the plaintiffs knew in 1984 that Uncle Bud had committed




                                          14
                               January Term, 2009




fraud. The majority says that in 1984 “the beneficiaries were aware of the price
paid for Miller’s shares of stock.” If they were aware, they did not so state in the
complaint. If it is true that the plaintiffs knew the purchase price of Miller’s
shares, neither the majority nor the complaint tells us how many shares Miller
held. Is it not possible that Miller’s fewer shares might garner more per share
than the 10,077 shares held by the Cundalls’ portion of the trust? Is it not
possible that Miller’s shares had a higher nuisance value than market value?
       {¶ 47} Here is what is in the complaint: The plaintiffs plainly allege that
they were misled as to the value of the stock, that both U.S. Bank and Uncle Bud
had concealed its true value. The plaintiffs learned in 2005 that CIC was sold for
$400 million, which led them to finally learn what Uncle Bud may have been up
to.
       {¶ 48} Nothing in the complaint indicates that the plaintiffs should have
known that Uncle Bud would seek to loot their portion of the trust. True, the
plaintiffs allege coercion by Uncle Bud, but they could well have believed that he
was pressuring them to sell their shares for the good of the trust. As CEO of CIC,
he would be in a position to know the right time to sell. And U.S. Bank backed
Uncle Bud up as to the value of the stock.
       {¶ 49} Most preposterously, the majority states that the complaint’s use of
the word “transparent” to characterize Uncle Bud’s subterfuge means that the
subterfuge was obvious when it occurred. The majority uses the complaint’s
“third-person omniscient” point of view against the plaintiffs. But the complaint
does not allege that the subterfuge was transparent to the plaintiffs at the time it
happened; it alleges that looking back, Uncle Bud’s subterfuge was transparent.
       {¶ 50} Now, I am in no way convinced that the plaintiffs would ultimately
be able to prove a valid claim. I am not convinced that the stock price paid in
1984 for CIC, a Pepsi bottler, was unfair. Much has happened in the “Cola Wars”
since then, and a lot of carbonated water has gone under the bridge. We have




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seen the advent of Diet Pepsi, Pepsi Free, Crystal Pepsi, Pepsi AM, Pepsi Blue,
Pepsi Holiday Spice, Pepsi Lime, Pepsi Raging Razzberry, Pepsi Twist, Pepsi
One, and Pepsi Jazz. A generation has passed. Moreover, the value of a share of
stock in numerous companies could have made amazing leaps from 1984 to 2005.
       {¶ 51} Be that as it may, the majority has ignored that this case is in this
court due to the trial court’s granting of a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss. It
ignores our jurisprudence regarding the deference to be given to nonmoving
parties in ruling on motions to dismiss.       This case may be appropriate for
summary judgment one day, but if one looks at the complaint and draws all
reasonable inferences in the favor of the plaintiffs, one cannot conclude that the
plaintiffs knew in 1984 that Uncle Bud had committed fraud. Yes, today’s result
nips in the bud a lawsuit that could become a real-life Jarndyce and Jarndyce, but
that is no reason to artificially end the case now. We do our jurisprudence no
favors by ending a bad lawsuit in a way that is contrary to law. The majority
liberally cites Professor Bogert in its opinion. I think “Professor” Bogart is more
applicable here: “Things are never so bad they can’t be made worse.”
                               __________________
       The Ward Law Firm, L.L.C., and Richard G. Ward, for appellee Richard
K. Cundall, individually and as successor trustee.
       Helmer, Martins, Rice & Popham Co., L.P.A., James B. Helmer Jr., Julie
W. Popham, Robert M. Rice, and Erin M. Campbell, for appellants Richard W.
Caudill, Keven E. Shell, William P. Martin II, G. Jack Donson Jr., Michael
Caudill, and D. Scott Elliot, Trustees.
       Beckman Weil Shepardson, LLC, Peter L. Cassady, and Brian G.
Dershaw, for appellants Deborah Koons Garcia, John F. Koons IV, James B.
Koons, Caroline M. Koons, Kathleen M. Koons, Maura L. Koons, Jeremy B.
Koons, and Morgan N. Koons.




                                          16
                              January Term, 2009




         Ulmer & Berne, L.L.P., Donald J. Mooney Jr., and Pamela A. Ginsburg,
for appellants Christina Koons, Nicholas Koons Baker, and Carson Nye Koons
Baker.
         William H. Blessing, for appellees Michael K. Cundall Jr., Courtney
Fletcher Cundall, and Hillary Cundall.
                           ______________________




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