                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        AUG 30 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    16-10343

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                4:15-cr-01118-FRZ
 v.

OSCAR LEDEZMA-ORTIZ,                            MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Arizona
                    Frank R. Zapata, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted August 17, 2018**
                            San Francisco, California

Before:      BEA and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and MCLAUGHLIN,***
District Judge.

      Oscar Ledezma-Ortiz appeals his conviction after jury trial of possession

with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Mary A. McLaughlin, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
(b)(1)(C); and importation of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a),

960(a)(1), and 960(b)(3). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we

affirm.

      The government gave notice pretrial of its intent to introduce inculpatory

statements Ledezma-Ortiz made when he was interviewed at the border. Ledezma-

Ortiz objected that his entire statement should be admitted under the rule of

completeness. At trial, the entire statement was played to the jury without

objection, and without limiting instructions. On appeal, Ledezma-Ortiz challenges

the district court’s failure, sua sponte, to instruct the jury on a variety of issues

having to do with his recorded interview, and challenges the sufficiency of two of

the jury instructions given by the district court.

Jury Instructions

      1. Ledezma-Ortiz first contends that the district court erred by failing sua

sponte to instruct the jury based on Ninth Circuit Manual of Model Criminal Jury

Instructions § 4.3:

      You have heard evidence that the defendant committed other acts not
      charged here. You may consider this evidence only for its bearing, if
      any, on the question of the defendant’s knowledge and for no other
      purpose. You may not consider this evidence as evidence of guilt of
      the crime for which the defendant is now on trial.

When admitting relevant evidence under F.R.E 404(b), the trial judge should

ordinarily instruct the jury as to the limited purpose for which the evidence is



                                            2                                      16-10343
admitted. United States v. Sangrey, 586 F.2d 1312, 1314 (1978). However, “[i]t

is well-settled that where no limiting instruction is requested concerning evidence

of other criminal acts, the failure of the trial court to give such an instruction sua

sponte is not reversible error.” United States v. Multi-Management, 743 F.2d

1359, 1364 (9th Cir. 1984). As a result, Ledezma-Ortiz’s claim fails.

      2. Ledezma-Ortiz next contends the district court erred in failing to provide

the jury with Ninth Circuit Manual of Model Jury Instructions 3.10, “Activities

Not Charged.” Ledezma-Ortiz’s failure to request the instruction when it was

omitted from the district court’s draft jury instructions means we review this claim

for plain error. United States v. Jayavarman, 871 F.3d 1050, 1061 (9th Cir. 2017).

The purpose of this jury instruction, as the comment explains, is to avoid

constructive amendment of the indictment where evidence of other uncharged

conduct could be interpreted by the jury as satisfying an element of the offense

charged. Here, given the evidence and arguments at trial, which were focused

entirely on the May 12 border crossing and subsequent detention, there is no

reasonable possibility that the jury relied on passing references to prior border

crossings when convicting Ledezma-Ortiz. See United States v. Freeman, 498

F.3d 893, 907 (9th Cir. 2007). There was no plain error in failing to give the

instruction.




                                           3                                     16-10343
      3. Ledezma-Ortiz next contends the trial court should have sua sponte

provided a limiting instruction advising the jury that the agent’s out-of-court

statements during the interview could be used only for non-hearsay purposes, and

not as evidence of guilt. Ledezma-Ortiz has waived this argument as to several of

the statements of which he now complains, including: statements about how drug

cartels work; that drug dealers in Mexico would not have provided a vehicle laden

with a large quantity of drugs to a driver they could not control; and the agent’s

statement to Ledezma-Ortiz that the vehicle contained a large quantity of drugs.

Defense counsel stated that after considering the issue, he was not requesting a

limiting instruction with regard to those statements, and that he did not believe that

a limiting instruction was in his client’s best interests. This exchange establishes a

waiver, precluding plain error review of the failure to give a limiting instruction

with respect to these statements. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-33

(1993).

      Even if not waived, Ledezma-Ortiz cannot establish that admission of any of

the agent’s statements in the interview affected his substantial rights because

defense counsel re-elicited from the agent the bulk of the statements he now

complains of, in a non-hearsay format, during cross-examination. And as to the

two categories of statements that were not re-elicited, they did not affect Ledezma-

Ortiz’s substantial rights. First, the agent suggested that one of Ledezma-Ortiz’s



                                          4                                       16-10343
text messages “could be a code” in which the “groceries” referred to the drugs in

the car. But none of the agent’s statements during the interview affirmatively

asserted that he knew this was a coded message; instead, they were questions to

Ledezma-Ortiz, who disclaimed knowledge. The agent’s questions about code

were not hearsay at all, and the failure sua sponte to limit their use to prove the

truth of the matter asserted could not have affected Ledezma-Ortiz’s substantial

rights. Second, Ledezma-Ortiz contends that the agent’s statements that he had

crossed the border with drugs on other occasions required a limiting instruction.

Even if the statement could be read to suggest that the agent actually knew, rather

than that he was merely asserting a belief as an interrogation tactic in order to elicit

a response, the evidence would nevertheless be inconsequential. The focus of the

trial was on Ledezma-Ortiz’s transport of drugs across the border on May 12,

2015, and the agent’s assertion that he believed, or knew, that Ledezma-Ortiz had

carried drugs over during prior crossings was inconsequential in the context of the

case as a whole.

      4. Ledezma-Ortiz next contends the trial court plainly erred when it omitted

language about evidence admitted for a limited use from the “What Is Not

Evidence” jury instruction at the end of the trial. He claims that the court’s

instruction to the jury about the distinction between the investigating agent’s

testimony as a lay witness and an expert witness constituted a “limiting



                                           5                                      16-10343
instruction.” This was not error. Before admitting the agent’s expert testimony,

the district court properly instructed the jury about the distinction between

testimony of a percipient witness and expert opinion testimony. Contrary to

Ledezma-Ortiz’s argument, the record reflects that the district court did not limit

the purpose for which the jury could consider the expert testimony. Because the

testimony was not admitted for a limited purpose, the district court did not err

when it decided not to instruct the jurors about their obligation to abide by any

limitation with respect to this evidence. And even if the expert instruction was

construed as limiting, there is no showing that the absence of the “What is Not

Evidence” instruction prejudiced Ledezma-Ortiz, or would have undermined the

district court’s earlier instruction.

       5. Ledezma-Ortiz next contends that the district court erred in failing to

instruct the jury with his proffered “blind mule” instruction. There was no error.

Because the jury was adequately instructed that it could not convict without proof

that Ledezma-Ortiz acted “knowingly,” was instructed in detail on the meaning of

“knowingly,” and was alerted by the court’s “blind mule” instruction that the

defense theory was that Ledezma-Ortiz did not act knowingly, the jury was

adequately instructed concerning the theory of defense. United States v. Romero-

Avila, 210 F.3d 1017, 1023 (9th Cir. 2000) (“It is true that the judge did not use

[defendant’s] precise words in giving these instructions. But ‘[a] defendant is not



                                          6                                     16-10343
entitled to any particular form of instruction’”). Consequently, Ledezma-Ortiz’s

claim fails.

      6. Ledezma-Ortiz argues that the cumulative impact of trial court errors

requires reversal. We reject this contention.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      Ledezma-Ortiz claims that defense counsel was ineffective at trial and

sentencing, depriving him of the right to a fair trial. “[A]s a general rule, we do not

review challenges to the effectiveness of defense counsel on direct appeal.” United

States v. Jeronimo, 398 F.3d 1149, 1155 (9th Cir. 2005), overruled on other grounds

by United States v. Jacobo Castillo, 496 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc).

This is because “a [c]hallenge [to effectiveness of counsel] by way of a habeas

proceeding is preferable as it permits defendant to develop a record as to what

counsel did, why it was done, and what, if any, prejudice resulted.” Id. at 1156

(quoting United States v. Laughlin, 933 F.2d 786, 788-89 (9th Cir. 1991). Ledezma-

Ortiz’s ineffective assistance claims require further development of the record. We

therefore dismiss Ledezma-Ortiz’s ineffective assistance claims, without prejudice

to his raising them in a properly filed motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. United States

v. McGowan, 668 F.3d 601, 606 (9th Cir. 2012).

      AFFIRMED.




                                          7                                    16-10343
