       DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                              FOURTH DISTRICT

    PETRI POSITIVE PEST CONTROL, INC., a Florida corporation,
                          Appellant,

                                     v.

    CCM CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, INC., a Florida non-profit
     corporation, d/b/a COUNTRY CLUB MANOR CONDOMINIUM
                          ASSOCIATION,
                             Appellee.

                              No. 4D18-1290

                               [May 1, 2019]

   Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Marina Garcia-Wood, Judge; L.T. Case No. CACE13-
27168(18).

  Thomas L. Hunker of Cole, Scott & Kissane, P.A., Plantation, for
appellant.

  Steven J. Hammer and Zane Berg of Schlesinger Law Offices, P.A., Fort
Lauderdale, Celene H. Humphries and Maegen P. Luka of Brannock &
Humphries, Tampa, and Thomas P. Angelo of Angelo & Banta, P.A., Fort
Lauderdale, for appellee.

WARNER, J.

   We are asked to decide whether it was error for the trial court to include
post-offer prejudgment interest in calculating the statutory threshold
amount to trigger an award of attorney’s fees pursuant to the offer of
judgment statute, section 768.79, Florida Statutes (2014).                The
prejudgment interest was part of the judgment entered for the plaintiff,
and the amount of the judgment exceeded, by 25%, the offer made by the
plaintiff to settle the case, entitling it to attorney’s fees. The appellant,
defendant below, contends that the supreme court has already decided
this issue in its favor, and post-offer interest must be excluded in
calculating the amount recovered by the plaintiff. Language in supreme
court opinions does suggest that result, although the court has never
squarely addressed this issue. Were we writing on a clean slate, we would
interpret the statute as written and include post-offer prejudgment
interest. But as the supreme court opinions appear to exclude post-offer
prejudgment interest in the judgment obtained, we are bound to follow the
supreme court. Therefore, we reverse, but certify conflict with a district
court of appeal opinion and also certify a question of great public
importance.

   In 2013, the appellee/plaintiff, CCM Condominium Association, Inc.,
sued the appellant/defendant, Petri Positive Pest Control, Inc., for
negligence and breach of contract regarding the parties’ contract for Petri
to address a termite problem at CCM’s property. Petri answered, denying
the allegations. CCM served an amended offer of judgment in 2014,
pursuant to section 768.79, Florida Statutes. It offered to settle all of
CCM’s claims for damages, including punitive damages, attorney’s fees,
costs, and interest, for $500,000. Petri rejected the offer.

   Following a trial in 2016, the jury found in favor of CCM on its breach
of contract claim, and it awarded CCM $551,881 in damages. CCM
submitted a proposed final judgment, requesting $551,881 in damages,
and an additional $84,295.60 in prejudgment interest calculated by an
accountant, with a per diem rate for each day. This amount included both
pre-offer of settlement and post-offer of settlement interest. The court
entered judgment based on those calculations for a total of $636,326.90.
CCM then moved to tax costs, which the court granted in the amount of
$73,579.21.

   CCM moved for attorney’s fees pursuant to section 768.79, Florida
Statutes, the offer of judgment statute, contending that its judgment of
$636,326.90, inclusive of interest, exceeded the offer by more than 25%.
Thus, CCM was entitled to an award of attorney’s fees incurred. Petri
objected, contending that in accordance with White v. Steak & Ale of
Florida, Inc., 816 So. 2d 546 (Fla. 2002), the amount of the plaintiff’s total
recovery included only its attorney’s fees, costs, and prejudgment interest
accrued up to the date of the offer of judgment. Without the post-offer
prejudgment interest and costs, CCM had not met the threshold amount
of $625,000.

   The court granted CCM’s motion for attorney’s fees. It concluded that
White addressed only pre-offer costs in relation to a plaintiff’s “judgment
obtained,” not prejudgment interest. Relying on Perez v. Circuit City Stores,
Inc., 721 So. 2d 409 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998), the court ruled that prejudgment
interest is included in the “judgment obtained” for section 768.79
purposes. The court held a hearing to determine the amount of attorney’s
fees, and the parties ultimately agreed on the amount, leaving the issue of
entitlement for this appeal.

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   Two principles of review apply to this case. On the one hand, we review
de novo issues of statutory interpretation. Diamond Aircraft Indus., Inc. v.
Horowitch, 107 So. 3d 362, 367 (Fla. 2013). Appellate courts first analyze
the plain meaning of the language of a statute, finding the legislative intent
from the statute’s actual text. Id. If the statute’s language is clear, the
court need not resort to the rules of statutory interpretation or
construction. Id. On the other hand, it a longstanding principle of law
that the district courts of appeal must follow the opinions of the supreme
court. State v. Hayes, 333 So. 2d 51, 53 (Fla. 4th DCA 1976), cited with
approval in Pardo v. State, 596 So. 2d 665, 666 (Fla. 1992). In this case,
these two principles of appellate review collide.

   Section 768.79, Florida Statutes (2014), governs offers of judgment and
provides:

      (1) In any civil action for damages filed in the courts of this
          state, if a defendant files an offer of judgment which is not
          accepted by the plaintiff within 30 days, the defendant
          shall be entitled to recover reasonable costs and attorney's
          fees incurred by her or him or on the defendant's behalf
          pursuant to a policy of liability insurance or other contract
          from the date of filing of the offer if the judgment is one of
          no liability or the judgment obtained by the plaintiff is at
          least 25 percent less than such offer, and the court shall
          set off such costs and attorney's fees against the award.
          Where such costs and attorney's fees total more than the
          judgment, the court shall enter judgment for the defendant
          against the plaintiff for the amount of the costs and fees,
          less the amount of the plaintiff's award. If a plaintiff files
          a demand for judgment which is not accepted by the
          defendant within 30 days and the plaintiff recovers a
          judgment in an amount at least 25 percent greater
          than the offer, she or he shall be entitled to recover
          reasonable costs and attorney's fees incurred from the
          date of the filing of the demand. If rejected, neither an
          offer nor demand is admissible in subsequent litigation,
          except for pursuing the penalties of this section.

            ....

      (6) Upon motion made by the offeror within 30 days after the
          entry of judgment or after voluntary or involuntary
          dismissal, the court shall determine the following:


                                      3
      (a) If a defendant serves an offer which is not accepted by the
          plaintiff, and if the judgment obtained by the plaintiff is at
          least 25 percent less than the amount of the offer, the
          defendant shall be awarded reasonable costs, including
          investigative expenses, and attorney's fees, calculated in
          accordance with the guidelines promulgated by the
          Supreme Court, incurred from the date the offer was
          served, and the court shall set off such costs in attorney's
          fees against the award. When such costs and attorney's
          fees total more than the amount of the judgment, the court
          shall enter judgment for the defendant against the plaintiff
          for the amount of the costs and fees, less the amount of
          the award to the plaintiff.

      (b) If a plaintiff serves an offer which is not accepted by the
          defendant, and if the judgment obtained by the plaintiff is
          at least 25 percent more than the amount of the offer, the
          plaintiff shall be awarded reasonable costs, including
          investigative expenses, and attorney's fees, calculated in
          accordance with the guidelines promulgated by the
          Supreme Court, incurred from the date the offer was
          served.

         For purposes of the determination required by paragraph
         (a), the term “judgment obtained” means the amount of the
         net judgment entered, plus any postoffer collateral source
         payments received or due as of the date of the judgment,
         plus any postoffer settlement amounts by which the verdict
         was reduced.       For purposes of the determination
         required by paragraph (b), the term “judgment
         obtained” means the amount of the net judgment
         entered, plus any postoffer settlement amounts by which
         the verdict was reduced.

(emphasis added). The statute requires the plaintiff to “recover[] a
judgment” exceeding a threshold amount, and the “judgment entered” is
the amount from which to calculate whether a plaintiff or defendant has
met the respective threshold for an award of attorney’s fees. The
“judgment entered” is easily understood—the final judgment entered in the
case by the court, its plain meaning. The statute does not refer to the
amount of the offer except to state that the judgment “recovered” must be
more (or less) than the offer by a certain percentage. It is easy to calculate.
Included in that judgment are all of the elements of damages recovered in
a case. This includes prejudgment interest where applicable. “[S]ince at

                                      4
least before the turn of the century, Florida has adopted the position that
prejudgment interest is merely another element of pecuniary damages.”
Argonaut Ins. Co. v. May Plumbing Co., 474 So. 2d 212, 214 (Fla. 1985)
(footnote omitted); Phillips v. Parrish, 585 So. 2d 1038, 1039 (Fla. 1st DCA
1991) (approving the inclusion of prejudgment interest to the date of the
final judgment in determining whether the threshold amount of section
768.79, Florida Statutes, was met). In this case, the amount of the
judgment entered was $636,326.90, inclusive of prejudgment interest to
the date of judgment, none of which was contested or appealed. That
amount was more than 25% greater than CCM’s offer of judgment. Based
upon the plain meaning of the statute, CCM was entitled to its award of
attorney’s fees.

   Petri, however, contends that for purposes of determining whether CCM
met the threshold, the post-offer prejudgment interest should not be
considered, even though it is part of the “judgment entered.” There is
nothing in the statute about deductions from the “judgment entered,”
except for “postoffer settlement amounts by which the verdict was
reduced.” § 768.79(6)(b), Fla. Stat. Post-offer prejudgment interest does
not meet that definition. Instead, Petri argues that the supreme court has
created its own formula for calculating whether a plaintiff or defendant
has met the threshold, something which is not contained in the text of the
statute. A review of the supreme court case law shows that the court does
appear to have gone beyond the statutory language to create a different
threshold for attorney’s fee awards under the statute.

    In White v. Steak & Ale of Florida, Inc., 816 So. 2d 546, 548 (Fla. 2002),
the court considered “whether, under the offer of judgment statute, section
768.79, Florida Statutes (1993), pre-offer taxable costs are included in
calculating the ‘judgment obtained’ for the purpose of determining whether
the party making the offer is entitled to attorneys’ fees under section
768.79.” During the case, a personal injury suit, 1 the defendant, Steak
and Ale, made an offer of judgment of $15,000, which was rejected. Id. At
trial, the jury awarded the plaintiff $8,025, for which judgment was
entered. Id. White also obtained a judgment for his pre-offer costs of
$4,243. Id. The combined total of the two judgments of $12,268 was more
than 75% of the offer of $15,000 (with a 25%-of-offer threshold of $11,250).
Id. If the cost judgment were not included, then Steak and Ale would be
entitled to an award of attorney’s fees. Id.



1  Prejudgment interest is not authorized for damages awarded for personal
injuries. Argonaut, 474 So. 2d at 214 n.1.

                                      5
    The supreme court resolved a conflict among the districts by holding
that the cost judgment for pre-offer costs was part of the “judgment
obtained” under the statute, approving Perez v. Circuit City Stores, Inc.,
721 So. 2d 409 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998), rev. dismissed, 729 So. 2d 390 (Fla.
1999). Id. at 548-50. It then determined that “common sense, fairness,
and the purpose of the offer-of-judgment statute” led the court to the
conclusion that the judgment for costs should be included in the net
judgment entered for purposes of section 768.79. Id. at 550. In White,
where there were judgments entered for both the costs and the jury verdict,
the combined “judgment entered” or “judgment obtained” exceeded the
offer by more than the statutory threshold. Id. at 551.

   Had the court simply stated that the cost judgment together with the
judgment for damages exceeded the threshold, the opinion would have
been consistent with the plain meaning of “judgment entered” or
“judgment obtained.” The opinion went further, however. It relied on
Danis Industries Corp. v. Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc., 645 So. 2d
420, 421-22 (Fla. 1994), in which, considering section 627.428 regarding
attorney’s fees awardable to a prevailing insured in an action against an
insurance company, the court said:

      [A]ny offer of settlement shall be construed to include all
      damages, attorney fees, taxable costs, and prejudgment
      interest which would be included in a final judgment if the
      final judgment was entered on the date of the offer of
      settlement.

Id. at 550-51. The court in White further found:

      We reaffirmed this principle in our recent decision in
      Scottsdale Insurance. Co. v. DeSalvo, 748 So. 2d 941, 944 n.3
      (Fla. 1999), where we explained that the plaintiff’s “recovery”
      must be added to its “attorney fees, costs, and prejudgment
      interest” accrued up to the date of the “offer” to determine the
      total “judgment.” It is this judgment to which the offer must
      be compared in determining whether to award fees and costs.
      Id.

Id. at 551 (footnote omitted). The White court then concluded:

      [T]he “judgment obtained” pursuant to section 768.79
      includes the net judgment for damages and any attorneys’ fees
      and taxable costs that could have been included in a final
      judgment if such final judgment was entered on the date of the

                                     6
      offer. Thus, in calculating the “judgment obtained” for
      purposes of determining whether the party who made the offer
      is entitled to attorneys’ fees, the court must determine the
      total net judgment, which includes plaintiff’s taxable costs up
      to the date of the offer and, where applicable, the plaintiff’s
      attorneys’ fees up to the date of the offer.

Id. (emphasis added). Thus, the court did not use the judgment actually
entered or recovered in accordance with the statutory language, but it
directed the calculation of a different amount based upon what might have
been a final judgment at the time that the offer was made. However, the
court did not include in this calculation any direction regarding
prejudgment interest.

   While the court relied on Danis and Scottsdale Insurance Co., section
627.428 is not the same as section 768.79. Danis established that under
section 627.428, an insured is a prevailing party only when the insured
obtains a judgment in excess of any offer of settlement tendered by the
insurer. Danis, 645 So. 2d at 421. The court was defining what it meant
to prevail in suits against an insurance company; it was not construing
what “judgment entered” or “judgment obtained” meant under section
768.79.

    Nevertheless, in Shands Teaching Hospital and Clinics, Inc. v. Mercury
Insurance Co. of Florida, 97 So. 3d 204, 214 (Fla. 2012), the court added
to the White formula in briefly determining that an insurer was not entitled
to attorney’s fees pursuant to an offer of judgment. It noted that, “We have
interpreted the ‘judgment obtained’ under section 768.79 to include ‘the
total net judgment, which includes the plaintiff’s taxable costs up to the
date of the offer and, where applicable, the plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees up to
the date of the offer.’” Id. (citing White, 816 So. 2d at 551). The court then
quoted with approval the trial court’s final judgment in which the court
had applied the formula of White, “adding to the amount of damages
recovered the attorney’s fees, costs and pre-judgment interest accrued up
to the date of the proposal for settlement.” Id. (emphasis added). Based
upon that calculation, the plaintiff had exceeded the threshold amount,
and the insurer was not entitled to attorney’s fees. Id. The supreme court
appears to have approved the inclusion of pre-offer prejudgment interest
in the calculation of “judgment obtained” under the statute, even though
neither discussed this, noted that prejudgment interest was not included
in White’s formula, nor specifically held that post-offer prejudgment
interest was excluded.



                                      7
   In Shands, the supreme court’s approval of the trial court’s denial of
fees rested on the inclusion of pre-offer prejudgment interest in the White
formula. Thus, we conclude that this cannot be treated as mere dicta. We
are therefore bound to follow the supreme court’s opinion. See Pardo.
Nevertheless, we are troubled by how far the formula created in White
strays from what we believe is the plain meaning of the statute.

   Our opinion, that prejudgment interest may only be included in the
White formula up to the time of the offer, is based on our tenuous
conclusion that Shands allows for inclusion of only pre-offer prejudgment
interest in the threshold calculation for purposes of section 768.79. As
such, our opinion now conflicts with Perez, which the supreme court
approved in White, albeit on the issue of inclusion of costs in the judgment.
In Perez, the court included prejudgment interest without limiting it to the
pre-offer portion of the judgment. Perez, 721 So. 2d at 410 n.2. It also
conflicts with Phillips, which directly held that all prejudgment interest
was included in the threshold amount. Phillips, 585 So. 2d at 1039.

    We also think that the proper interpretation of the offer of judgment
statute is a question of great public importance, as it is so widely used and
is an important tool for settlement of litigation. We therefore certify conflict
with both Perez and Phillips. We also certify the following question to the
supreme court:

      FOR PURPOSES OF CALCULATING WHETHER A PLAINTIFF
      HAS MET THE THRESHOLD AMOUNT OF DIFFERENCE
      BETWEEN AN OFFER OF JUDGMENT AND THE JUDGMENT
      ENTERED FOR PURPOSES OF SECTION 768.79, FLORIDA
      STATUTES, MUST POST-OFFER PREJUDGMENT INTEREST
      BE EXCLUDED FROM THE AMOUNT OF THE “JUDGMENT
      OBTAINED”?

GROSS, J., and WEISS, DALIAH, Associate Judge, concur.

                             *         *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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