                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 15–0848

                         Filed October 21, 2016

                       Amended December 30, 2016


STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER,

      Plaintiff,

vs.

IOWA DISTRICT COURT,

      Defendant.


      Certiorari to the Iowa District Court for Story County, Stephen A.

Owen, District Associate Judge.



      The state public defender challenges a district court order taxing

court and travel costs against the state public defender for withdrawing

from the representation of a child prior to a detention hearing without

taking steps to secure alternative representation for the child.   WRIT

SUSTAINED.


      Adam C. Gregg, State Public Defender, for plaintiff.


      No appearance for defendant.
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HECHT, Justice.

       The Iowa District Court for Story County assessed court and travel

costs against the state public defender in a juvenile detention proceeding

because it concluded the local defender improperly refused to represent

the juvenile in the proceeding. The state public defender brought this

certiorari action pursuant to Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.107(1).

We must determine whether the district court exceeded its jurisdiction or

otherwise acted illegally in taxing the costs against the state public

defender. We conclude the district court erred and sustain the writ.

       I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Around 9:00 a.m. on April 7, 2015, the district court issued an

order appointing the local public defender of Nevada, Iowa, to represent

S.J., a juvenile who had been detained the night before on a burglary

charge in Story County. 1         At 10:07 a.m., the public defender filed a

motion to withdraw from representing S.J., citing concurrent conflicts of

interest between S.J. and other clients.

       At 2:20 p.m. on the same day, the court held a hearing in

Marshalltown on S.J.’s detention and the local public defender’s motion

to withdraw.      After counsel for the state made his opening statement,
Katherine Flickinger, an attorney with the local public defender’s office,

informed the court that S.J.’s interests were directly adverse to the

interests of three of the local public defender’s other current clients.2

Flickinger argued she was ethically bound to withdraw from representing

S.J. because of the concurrent conflicts of interest. See Iowa R. Prof’l



       1The  order also scheduled a detention hearing to be held at 2:00 p.m. that
afternoon in Marshalltown.
       2Two  of the other current clients were potential witnesses against S.J. while the
third was a codefendant.
                                         3

Conduct 32:1.7(a)(1)–(2) (providing that except in specific circumstances,

an attorney “shall not represent a client if the representation involves a

concurrent conflict of interest”). Following a brief colloquy between the

court and Flickinger about the public defender’s policies and procedures

on handling withdrawals in such circumstances, the court took the

motion to withdraw under advisement and continued questioning

Flickinger:

             Q. Ms. Flickinger, what’s [S.J.]’s position today? A.
       Well, Your Honor, I cannot take a position on [S.J.]’s behalf
       because I cannot represent [S.J].

             Q. Okay. So the child is here today without an
       attorney. Is that essentially the public defender’s position?
       A.   Your Honor, it’s our position that we just cannot
       represent [S.J.] underneath the rules. It’s a “shall not”
       provision in the ethical rules, so we would ask that we be
       withdrawn and [S.J.] be appointed an attorney that can
       represent [S.J].

       After briefly consulting with others in the courtroom about an

appropriate placement, the court ordered S.J.’s transfer from detention

to shelter care and closed the hearing.

       Less than two hours after the hearing, the court entered orders

withdrawing the local public defender’s appointment and appointing new
conflict-free counsel for S.J. 3
       Ten days later, the court issued an order concluding that although

the local public defender avoided conflicts of interest in the case by

withdrawing, she took “absolutely no action to mitigate the consequences

to [S.J.] in its effort to withdraw.”        In particular, the court found no

evidence that the local public defender sought competent conflict-free

counsel to represent S.J. prior to the April 7 hearing despite having


       3The  order of April 7 withdrawing the public defender’s appointment stated a
“ruling on the . . . motion to withdraw will be forthcoming.”
                                           4

resources to do so at its immediate disposal. The court further found the

local public defender ignored her ethical duty prior to the hearing to

“take all reasonable steps to mitigate the consequences [of withdrawal] to

[S.J.],” see Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.16 cmt. [9], and determined the

state public defender failed to meet his statutory duty to “coordinate the

provision of legal representation” in this juvenile proceeding as required

by Iowa Code section 13B.4(1). 4 The court further concluded the local

public defender’s failure to comply with these ethical and statutory

directives wasted the time of those involved in S.J.’s April 7 detention

hearing. For these reasons, the court taxed to the state public defender

the court costs related to the April 7, 2015 hearing. The court’s order

also taxed “the costs associated with travel for the public defender, the

county attorney, and the Ames police officer appearing in [the April 7]

proceedings . . . .”

       On May 15, the state public defender filed a petition for writ of

certiorari in this court, claiming the district court acted illegally when it

taxed the court and travel costs against the state public defender. We

granted certiorari on July 24, 2015.

       II. Standard of Review.

       In a certiorari case, we review a district court’s ruling for correction

of errors at law. State Pub. Def. v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Plymouth Cty., 747

N.W.2d 218, 220 (Iowa 2008). When reviewing for correction of errors at

law, we are bound by “the district court’s well-supported factual findings”

but not its legal conclusions. State Pub. Def. v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Clarke

       4Following the April 7 detention hearing, the court made three telephone calls
seeking replacement counsel for S.J. from a list of attorneys with whom the state public
defender contracts for court appointments in juvenile court matters. The court’s
April 17 order concluded the state public defender, acting through a local designee,
should have used his resources to identify conflict-free counsel for S.J. before the
April 7 hearing.
                                     5

Cty., 745 N.W.2d 738, 739 (Iowa 2008) (quoting State Pub. Def. v. Iowa

Dist. Ct. for Johnson Cty., 663 N.W.2d 413, 415 (Iowa 2003)).

      “A writ of certiorari lies where a lower board, tribunal, or court has

exceeded its jurisdiction or otherwise has acted illegally.” State Pub. Def.,

747 N.W.2d at 220 (quoting State Pub. Def. v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Black

Hawk Cty., 633 N.W.2d 280, 282 (Iowa 2001)). “Illegality exists when the

court’s findings lack substantial evidentiary support, or when the court

has not properly applied the law.” Id. (quoting Christensen v. Iowa Dist.

Ct., 578 N.W.2d 675, 678 (Iowa 1998)).

      III. Analysis.

      As a general rule, court costs “are taxable only to the extent

provided by statute.” City of Cedar Rapids v. Linn County, 267 N.W.2d

673, 673 (Iowa 1978); see also City of Des Moines v. State ex rel. Clerk of

Ct., 449 N.W.2d 363, 364 (Iowa 1989).        Absent statutory authority, a

court lacks authority to tax costs against a party. Woodbury County v.

Anderson, 164 N.W.2d 129, 133 (Iowa 1969).              The Iowa General

Assembly has prescribed a detailed scheme for the payment of costs and

expenses in juvenile proceedings. The statutes provide that “[a] county

shall pay the costs incurred in connection with the administration of

juvenile justice under section 232.141.” Iowa Code § 602.1303(5) (2015).

Section 232.141 allocates the cost of juvenile proceedings to the county

in which they are held; however, that county “may recover the costs and

expenses from the county where the child has legal settlement.” Id.

§ 232.141(2)–(3), (7). Notably, the legislature did not authorize courts to

tax court costs or travel expenses of witnesses, parties, or their counsel

to attorneys representing parties in juvenile proceedings.       Finding no

statutory authority for taxing such costs or expenses to the state public
                                            6

defender, we conclude the district court erred in its application of the law

to the facts before it.

      Neither can the district court’s taxation of court costs and travel

expenses under the circumstances of this case be sustained if viewed as

a sanction for the local public defender’s conduct in moving to withdraw

as S.J.’s counsel and declining to represent her at the April 7 hearing.

The April 17 order taxing costs purported to sanction a nonparty—the

state public defender—for the local public defender’s withdrawal.                   It

imposed this sanction without prior notice and without giving the state

public defender an opportunity to be heard, in violation of due process.

See Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70

S. Ct. 652, 657, 94 L. Ed. 865, 873 (1950) (“An elementary and

fundamental requirement of due process in any proceeding which is to be

accorded    finality    is    notice     reasonably   calculated,   under   all    the

circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action

and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.”).

      Although the general rule under the Iowa Rules of Professional

Conduct     is   that        appointed     counsel    may   not     withdraw      from

representation without permission from the appointing authority, see

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.16(c) & cmt. [3], the general assembly has

expressly prescribed the duty of local public defenders confronting

conflicts of interest: “If a conflict of interest arises . . . , the local public

defender shall return the case to the court.”            Iowa Code § 13B.9(4)(a).

The record reveals the local public defender complied with this statutory

directive by notifying the court of the concurrent conflicts of interest

approximately one hour after the appointment and by appearing at the

hearing upon short notice to answer the court’s questions. The district

court’s order entered shortly after the April 7 hearing withdrew the
                                             7

appointment, implicitly acknowledging the existence of the local public

defender’s concurrent conflicts.

       The district court nonetheless concluded in its April 17 order that

the local public defender breached a statutory duty in failing to identify

and arrange for conflict-free substitute counsel to represent S.J. at the

April 7 hearing.       See id. § 13B.4(1) (“The state public defender shall

coordinate the provision of legal representation of all indigents . . . in

juvenile proceedings . . . .”). Although we understand the district court’s

sense of urgency in securing counsel for S.J. under the tight time

constraints established for holding juvenile detention hearings, 5 we find

no evidence in the record supporting a finding that either the state public

defender or the local public defender breached a statutory duty under

the circumstances of this case.

       Iowa Code section 13B.9(4)(a) prescribes the procedure for

appointing substitute counsel when a local public defender “return[s] the

case to the court” because of a conflict of interest:

       If the case is returned and the state public defender has filed
       a successor designation, the court shall appoint the
       successor designee. If there is no successor designee on file,
       the court shall make the appointment pursuant to section
       815.10. As used in this subsection, “successor designee”
       may include another local public defender office, or a
       nonprofit organization or a person admitted to practice law
       in this state that has contracted with the state public
       defender under section 13B.4, subsection 3.



       5The  urgency under the circumstances of this case arose from the applicable
statutory framework allowing twenty-four weekday hours from the time at which a child
is taken into custody to hold a detention hearing; otherwise, the child must be released.
Iowa Code §§ 232.22(4), .44(1). In this case, the court stated in its April 17 order that it
received notice of S.J.’s alleged involvement in criminal activity around 10:30 p.m. on
April 6, 2015, and the court gave verbal permission for the detention at that time. As
noted above, the court promptly issued its written order at 9:04 a.m. the next morning,
appointing the local public defender and scheduling a hearing for 2:00 p.m. that day
because of the twenty-four hour limit for conducting a detention hearing.
                                        8

Id. § 13B.9(4)(a). We conclude the plain language of the statute allocated

to the court—not the public defender—the responsibility of selecting and

appointing a successor counsel for S.J. See id.

      The record reveals the state public defender had provided the

district court a list of private contract attorneys from which to choose a

replacement for the local public defender in this case.             In light of the

statute’s unequivocal directives and the state public defender’s provision

of a list of contract attorneys, the district court’s finding that the local

public   defender   disregarded   its       statutory   duty   to     ensure   the

representation of S.J. is not supported by the statutory framework or by

substantial evidence in the record.

      We now turn to the district court’s conclusion in the April 17 order

that the public defender breached an ethical duty to mitigate S.J.’s

damages arising from withdrawal. Although the court acknowledged the

principle that “[t]he lawyer’s statement that professional considerations

require termination . . . ordinarily should be accepted as [a] sufficient

[ground for withdrawal],” see Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.16 cmt. [3], it

reasoned that S.J.’s strong constitutional right to counsel augured in

favor of permitting representation by the local public defender at the

April 7 hearing, especially because “[d]etention hearings are not hearings

on the merits.”

      The district court correctly recognized that S.J.’s right to counsel is

well-established.   Since the 1960s, Iowa courts have recognized that

children have the right to counsel in delinquency proceedings. See In re

Henderson, 199 N.W.2d 111, 115 (Iowa 1972) (noting counsel was

appointed under a provision of the 1966 Iowa Code); see also In re Gault,

387 U.S. 1, 35–37, 87 S. Ct. 1428, 1448, 18 L. Ed. 2d 527, 550–51

(1967) (recognizing a child’s right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment
                                        9

of the United States Constitution).         Children in detention hearings are

entitled to this representation regardless of their parents’ ability to pay.

Iowa Code § 232.11(1)(b), (3) (2015). Importantly, S.J. is guaranteed the

right to conflict-free counsel. See State v. Smitherman, 733 N.W.2d 341,

349 (Iowa 2007) (“The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to conflict-

free counsel . . . .”).

       When appointed to represent a client in a juvenile proceeding, a

local public defender must continue to represent that person “unless

other counsel is appointed to the case.”             Iowa Code § 13B.9(1)(b).

However, appointed counsel’s obligation to continue the representation

must be viewed in conjunction with his or her duty to avoid conflicts of

interest. See id. § 13B.9(4)(a) (“If a conflict of interest arises . . . the local

public defender shall return the case to the court.”); see also id.

§ 13B.9(4)(b) (“If a conflict of interest arises in any case, [the local public

defender’s duty under section 13B.9(1) to represent an indigent party in

delinquency proceedings pursuant to chapter 232] does not affect the

local public defender’s obligation to withdraw as counsel or as guardian

ad litem.”); Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.7(a) (“Except as provided in

paragraph (b), a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation

involves a concurrent conflict of interest.”). These statutory and ethical

rules clearly establish the local public defender had a statutory and

ethical duty to withdraw due to its conflicts of interest in this case. In

furtherance of its statutory and ethical duties, the local public defender

promptly filed a motion to withdraw notifying the court of the concurrent

conflicts and appeared at the April 7 hearing to answer the court’s

questions pertaining to the grounds for withdrawal.           We conclude the

district court erred in concluding the local public defender violated an

ethical duty when she declined to represent S.J. at the April 7 detention
                                     10

hearing and failed to expedite the district court’s selection and

appointment of successor designee for S.J.

      IV. Conclusion.

      We conclude the district court made an error of law and exceeded

its authority in determining the state public defender or the local public

defender   violated   either   statutory   or   ethical   duties   under   the

circumstances of this case. Accordingly, we sustain the writ and vacate

the district court’s April 17 order taxing court costs and travel expenses

to the state public defender. The state public defender complied with its

statutory and ethical duties to avoid conflicts of interest.       The district

court therefore exceeded its lawful authority when it assessed court and

travel costs against the state public defender for refusing to represent the

child-in-interest at the detention hearing.

      WRIT SUSTAINED.
