







IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
 

No. 10-00-171-CR

     KENDRICK LEON JACKSON,
                                                                         Appellant
     v.

     THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                                         Appellee
 

From the 40th District Court
Ellis County, Texas
Trial Court # 24509CR
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                         
O P I N I O N
                                                                                                                

      Kendrick Leon Jackson pleaded guilty to the offense of aggravated robbery, and a jury
assessed ten years’ imprisonment.  Jackson claims in two points that the trial court erred by: 1)
denying his motion to suppress evidence; and 2) admitting a co-defendant’s and his statements,
which implicated him in an unadjudicated extraneous offense.
      Law enforcement authorities arrested Jackson and co-defendant Cornelius Jones for
aggravated robbery.  They both gave voluntary statements to the police.  In addition to admitting
that they had committed the aggravated robbery for which they were prosecuted, Jackson and
Jones stated similarly that, prior to their arrest, Jackson had attempted to rob a man in a rest stop
bathroom.  Jones stated that Jackson had pointed a gun at the man and demanded his money.  The
State did not seek to prosecute either of them for the robbery at the rest stop.
      The State offered the statements in evidence during the punishment phase.  Jackson (and
Jones)
 objected that the statements should not be admitted under article 37.07, section 3(a) of the
Code of Criminal Procedure because the State had not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the
extraneous robbery referenced in the statements had occurred.  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 37.07, § 3(a) (Vernon Supp. 2002).
Motion to Suppress Extraneous Offense Evidence
      Jackson claims in his first point that the trial court erroneously denied his motion to suppress
that part of co-defendant Jones’ and his statements that implicated them in the attempted
aggravated robbery at the rest stop.  Jackson argues in his motion to suppress that any evidence
of this unadjudicated extraneous offense should be suppressed because there is no evidence that
the alleged offense actually occurred.
      The phrase “motion to suppress” is a term of art that contemplates more than the simple
exclusion of evidence pursuant to the general rules of evidence.  See State v. Roberts, 940 S.W.2d
655, 658 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).  The purpose of a motion to suppress is to exclude evidence
which has been secured illegally in violation of the Fourth Amendment (search and seizure), Fifth
Amendment (privilege against self-incrimination), or Sixth Amendment (right to assistance of
counsel) to the United States Constitution.  Id.  In this case, a pre-trial ruling on the admissibility
of the extraneous offense evidence would be premature.
  Evidence of an unadjudicated offense
may be relevant during the guilt-innocence phase and/or the punishment phase.  See State v.
Monroe, 813 S.W.2d 701, 703 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, pet. ref’d).  Therefore, the
trial court properly overruled Jackson’s motion to suppress.  Accordingly, we overrule Jackson’s
first point.
                                 Extraneous Offense Evidence at Punishment 
      Jackson argues in his second point that the trial court improperly admitted both statements in
their entirety during the punishment phase.  We review the trial court’s decision to admit or
exclude evidence under an “abuse of discretion standard.”  Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 101-02
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)
(op. on reh’g); Barletta v. State, 994 S.W.2d 708, 713 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d)
(applying this standard to ruling on punishment evidence).  We will not reverse so long as the trial
court’s decision is within the “zone of reasonable disagreement.”  Id.  
      During the punishment phase, Jackson objected to the admission of that part of both
statements which implicated him in the extraneous offense.  He argued that the statements standing
alone do not suffice to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed the extraneous offense
and that the admission of the statements would be unfairly prejudicial.  The trial court overruled
Jackson’s objection and admitted the statements in their entirety.
      Article
 37.07, section 3(a) provides that the State may introduce “evidence of an extraneous
crime or bad act that is shown beyond a reasonable doubt by evidence to have been committed by
the defendant.”  Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07 § 3(a).  The Court of Criminal Appeals
has made clear that the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard of this statute is the same as that
applied during the guilt-innocence phase.  See Mitchell v. State, 931 S.W.2d 950, 954 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996) (“When evidence of extraneous offenses has been offered, regardless of the respective
phase of a trial, the law requires that it be proved beyond a reasonable doubt”).
      Under this statute, the trial court makes a threshold determination of whether the evidence is
relevant and thus admissible.  See Mitchell, 931 S.W.2d at 953; Thompson v. State, 4 S.W.3d
884, 886 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d).  In conducting this inquiry, the court
determines whether “the jury could reasonably find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
committed the extraneous offense.”  Thompson, 4 S.W.3d at 886 (citing Harrell v. State, 884
S.W.2d 154, 160-61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)).
  On request, the trial court must instruct the jury
that it cannot consider evidence of an extraneous offense in assessing punishment unless the jury
“is satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that [the extraneous offense is] attributable to the
defendant.”  Fields v. State, 1 S.W.3d 687, 688 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
      Because the court admitted the statements at issue in their entirety, it impliedly determined
that “the jury could reasonably find beyond a reasonable doubt that [Jackson] committed the
extraneous [robbery].”  See Thompson, 4 S.W.3d at 886.  There are two independent but
somewhat related theories under which it could be argued that the jury could not reasonably find
beyond a reasonable doubt that Jackson committed the extraneous robbery: the accomplice witness
rule and the corpus delicti rule.
      Under the accomplice witness rule (codified as article 38.14), the conviction of an accused
cannot rest solely on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice.  See Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 38.14 (Vernon 1979).  However, Texas courts have uniformly held that article
38.14 has no application to evidence of extraneous offenses offered in the punishment phase.  See
Jones v. State, 982 S.W.2d 386, 395 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Goodman v. State, 8 S.W.3d 362,
365 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.); Stevenson v. State, 997 S.W.2d 766, 770 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d); Johnson v. State, 969 S.W.2d 134, 134-35 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d).  Accordingly, the accomplice witness rule poses no bar to the
jury’s ability to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Jackson committed the extraneous robbery.
      Under the corpus delicti rule, a defendant’s extrajudicial confession will not suffice to support
a conviction absent independent evidence which tends to prove that the crime was in fact
committed.  See Rocha v. State, 16 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Gonzales v. State, 4
S.W.3d 406, 412 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, no pet.).
The independent evidence need not connect the defendant to the crime;  it need only show
that a crime was committed.  In addition, such evidence need not be sufficient by itself
to prove the offense; it need only be “some evidence which renders the corpus delicti
more probable than it would be without the evidence.”

Emery v. State, 881 S.W.2d 702, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (quoting Gribble v. State, 808
S.W.2d 65, 72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).  An accomplice’s statement can provide such
independent evidence.  See McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
      Arguably, the corpus delicti rule has no application in the punishment phase for the same
reasons the accomplice witness rule does not apply.  Cf. Rocha, 16 S.W.3d at 4 (“an extrajudicial
confession of wrongdoing, standing alone, is not enough to support a conviction”).  Even
assuming that the rule does apply, we conclude under McDuff that the statement of Jackson’s co-defendant Jones constitutes sufficient independent evidence to establish the corpus delicti of the
extraneous robbery.  See McDuff, 939 S.W.2d at 614-15; see also Wolfe v. State, 917 S.W.2d
270, 281-82 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (affirming admissibility of defendant’s confession at
punishment to establish extraneous offense).
      In light of these authorities, we cannot say that the court’s decision to admit Jones’ and
Jackson’s statements regarding the extraneous offense lies outside the “zone of reasonable
disagreement.”  See Green, 934 S.W.2d at 102; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391; Barletta, 994
S.W.2d at 713.  Therefore, we overrule Jackson’s second point.
      We affirm the judgment.
 
                                                                   REX D. DAVIS
                                                                   Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Davis,
      Justice Vance, and
      Justice Gray
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed December 5, 2001
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[CR25]
