                            This opinion will be unpublished and
                            may not be cited except as provided by
                            Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                                 STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                 IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                       A16-0058

                        In re the Marriage of: Maria Suljic, petitioner,
                                          Appellant,

                                              vs.

                                        Ibrahim Suljic,
                                         Respondent.

                                  Filed September 6, 2016
                                   Affirmed as modified
                                       Jesson, Judge

                               Hennepin County District Court
                                  File No. 27-FA-14-2995

Melanie P. Persellin, Jensen Sondrall Persellin & Woods, P.A., Brooklyn Park, Minnesota
(for appellant)

Elizabeth M. Pierce, Pierce Richard Law Office, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

         Considered and decided by Jesson, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and Hooten,

Judge.

                           UNPUBLISHED OPINION

JESSON, Judge

         Appellant-wife Maria Suljic (wife) challenges the district court’s order vacating its

marriage-dissolution judgment that divided marital property in Illinois. Because the

marriage-dissolution judgment is void for a lack of personal jurisdiction, we affirm. But

because the district court also lacked personal jurisdiction when it divided the parties’
property in the legal-separation judgment, we modify the district court’s order to also

vacate the legal-separation judgment.

                                           FACTS

       Wife and respondent-husband Ibrahim Suljic (husband) married in 1964, in

Chicago, Illinois, and own a house in Cook County, Illinois. In January of 2013, wife

moved to Minnesota to live with her daughter. On September 6, 2013, wife filed a

summons and petition for legal separation in Hennepin County district court; husband was

personally served with the petition in Illinois. Husband did not file an answer after he was

served with notice that wife would seek a default judgment. Husband’s former attorney

only contacted wife’s lawyer once, and they discussed placing the marital homestead in a

trust to benefit the parties’ grandchildren.

       In December 2013, the district court found that husband was in default and issued a

judgment and decree of legal separation. The district court divided the parties’ property

and ordered that the marital homestead in Illinois be held by the parties as tenants in

common and that it be placed in an irrevocable trust created by the parties to benefit their

grandchildren.1 To no avail, wife’s attorney attempted to contact husband and his former

attorney numerous times so that husband would sign the trust document.




1
  In addition to ordering the homestead into a trust, the district court awarded wife
annuities, an IRA, checking account balances, and one-half of all personal and tangible
property located in the marital home and garage in Illinois. The district court awarded
husband annuities, an IRA, checking account balances, a 2000 Lexus, and one-half of all
personal and tangible property located in the marital home and garage.

                                               2
       In March 2014, wife filed a summons and petition for dissolution of marriage in

Hennepin County district court; husband was personally served with the petition for

dissolution in Illinois. Wife again sought a default judgment because husband did not

respond. On July 28, 2014, the district court issued a dissolution-of-marriage judgment

and decree, awarding the marital homestead in Illinois to wife and ordering husband to

execute a quit-claim deed to convey the house to wife.2

       Husband’s former attorney died on March 9, 2015.

       Wife’s attorney registered the dissolution judgment in Cook County circuit court in

Illinois in August 2014. In May 2015, a Cook County judge signed the judge’s deed

transferring the Illinois homestead to wife.

       In July 2015, after retaining new counsel, husband filed a motion to vacate the legal-

separation and dissolution-of-marriage default judgments in Hennepin County district

court. Husband argued that the judgments should be vacated because the legal-separation

and marriage-dissolution judgments were void for lack of personal jurisdiction and because

husband’s failure to answer was based on “excusable neglect.” In regards to jurisdiction,

husband swore in an affidavit that he had never lived in or owned property in Minnesota

and that he only traveled to Minnesota to visit his daughter. On husband’s excusable-

neglect claim, husband swore in an affidavit that he does not have a good understanding of

English and that he took all legal documents and correspondence from wife’s attorney to

his former attorney, paying him $10,000 in legal fees, plus an additional $5,000 for a


2
  All other terms of the property division in the marriage-dissolution judgment and decree
remained the same as the legal-separation judgment and decree.

                                               3
Minnesota attorney. Husband swore that he did not understand the nature or meaning of

the legal documents. Husband also swore he suffered a stroke in April of 2015. Husband

alleged that his former attorney acted unethically by not working on his case and that

husband responded as soon as he recovered from his stroke.3

       The district court held a motion hearing in October 2015, where both parties were

heard. In November 2015, the district court denied husband’s motion to vacate the legal

separation but granted husband’s motion to vacate the terms of the default judgment for

dissolution of marriage. The district court concluded that husband’s motion to vacate the

legal-separation judgment based on “excusable neglect” was untimely and that the legal-

separation judgment was not void because the court possessed both subject-matter

jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction to issue the legal separation. But the district court

vacated the marriage-dissolution judgment finding that all four of the factors in Finden v.

Klaas, 268 Minn. 268, 271, 128 N.W.2d 748, 750 (1964), were met to show “excusable

neglect.” In its analysis of the first Finden factor—whether husband had a “reasonable

defense on the merits”—the district court concluded that Minnesota courts lacked personal

jurisdiction over husband and that husband did not waive his lack-of-personal-jurisdiction

defense.


3
  Husband’s son swore in an affidavit that his father was fully aware of the meaning of the
legal documents served on him. Husband’s daughter swore in an affidavit that her father
has a good verbal understanding of English and communicates in English. Both husband’s
daughter and son stated that husband was angry at wife for leaving Illinois and had a
strategy to do nothing when confronted with the legal separation and divorce. Both also
assert that husband did not have a stroke in April 2015, although they say he does suffer
from hypertension and high blood-sugar levels. The daughter also notes he has “stroke-
like symptoms.”

                                             4
       Wife now appeals the district court’s order vacating the dissolution-of-marriage

judgment.

                                      DECISION

       Wife argues that the district court abused its discretion in vacating the terms of its

dissolution-of-marriage judgment and that the district court properly denied husband’s

motion to vacate the legal-separation judgment because the district court had personal

jurisdiction over husband to divide the couple’s property and because husband did not

demonstrate “excusable neglect.” Husband argues that the district court properly vacated

the marriage-dissolution judgment because the district court lacked personal jurisdiction

and because husband demonstrated “excusable neglect.” Despite not briefing the issue,

counsel for husband asked this court at oral argument to vacate the legal-separation

judgment arguing it is also void for lack of personal jurisdiction.

       While the district court analyzed the issue of whether it had personal jurisdiction

over husband under the factors to determine if husband showed “excusable neglect,” we

believe the jurisdictional issue is central in this case. Thus, we first address whether the

district court possessed personal jurisdiction over husband to divide property in the

marriage-dissolution judgment. We next address whether husband waived his personal-

jurisdiction defense. As part of this waiver discussion, we will consider whether husband

made his motion to vacate the judgments in a reasonable time.

       We conclude that the district court did not err in determining it lacked personal

jurisdiction over husband to issue the marriage-dissolution judgment. We also conclude

that the legal-separation judgment is void for the same reason.


                                              5
I.     The District Court Did Not Have Personal Jurisdiction Over Husband

       A district court may grant relief from a final judgment and decree involving the

terms of a dissolution of marriage or legal separation if “the judgment and decree or order

is void” and a motion to vacate is brought within a “reasonable time.” Minn. Stat.

§ 518.145, subd. 2(4) (2014). A judgment is void if the issuing court lacked personal

jurisdiction over a party. Peterson v. Eishen, 512 N.W.2d 338, 339–41 (Minn. 1994),

abrogated in part by Bode v. Minn. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 612 N.W.2d 862, 870 (Minn. 2000)

(Bode II) (holding that a motion to vacate a void judgment under Minnesota Rule of Civil

Procedure 60.02(d),4 based on a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, must be brought within

a “reasonable time”); Bode v. Minn. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 594 N.W.2d 257, 261 (Minn. App.

1999) (Bode I), aff’d, 612 N.W.2d 862 (Minn. 2000). This court reviews de novo legal

issues concerning jurisdiction. Reed v. Albaaj, 723 N.W.2d 50, 55 (Minn. App. 2006). A

district court’s findings of fact will not be set aside unless “clearly erroneous.” Kornberg

v. Kornberg, 525 N.W.2d 14, 19 (Minn. App. 1994), aff’d, 542 N.W.2d 379 (Minn. 1996).

       Minnesota Statutes section 518.07 (2014) provides that no dissolution shall be

granted unless one of the parties has resided in the state for not less than 180 days. This

statute gives district courts subject-matter jurisdiction over a marriage, and a dissolution

granted in violation of the section is void. Jones v. Jones, 402 N.W.2d 146, 148 (Minn.

App. 1987). Thus, the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction to issue a decree on the


4
 Minnesota Statutes section 518.145, subdivision 2 (2014), which applies to dissolution-
of-marriage and legal-separation judgments and decrees closely mirrors rule 60.02, which
applies to civil judgments in general. Shirk v. Shirk, 561 N.W.2d 519, 522 n.3 (Minn.
1997). Thus, case law interpreting rule 60.02 is applicable to this case.

                                             6
status of the marriage because wife had lived in Minnesota for more than 180 days at the

time of the divorce decree.

       But for a district court to render judgments with respect to property or spousal

maintenance, it must also have personal jurisdiction over both of the parties. See Mahoney

v. Mahoney, 433 N.W.2d 115, 116–17, 119 (Minn. App. 1988) (affirming a district court’s

order finding it did not have personal jurisdiction over a nonresident in order to render

judgments over property), review denied (Minn. Feb. 10, 1989). The district court has

personal jurisdiction over wife as she is a resident of the state and consented to the court’s

jurisdiction. In regard to a nonresident party, such as husband, two requirements must be

met: satisfaction of the long-arm statute and a demonstration of minimum contacts between

husband and the state. As this court stated in Impola v. Impola:

                      In order for a Minnesota court to exercise personal
              jurisdiction over a nonresident [respondent], two criteria must
              be satisfied. First, the long-arm statute . . . must be satisfied.
              Second, sufficient “minimum contacts” must exist between the
              [respondent] and the State of Minnesota such that assertion of
              jurisdiction does not violate due process.

464 N.W.2d 296, 297–98 (Minn. App. 1990).

       Regarding the first requirement, Minnesota’s long-arm statute provides in part:

                       As to a cause of action arising from any acts enumerated
              in this subdivision, a court of this state with jurisdiction of the
              subject matter may exercise personal jurisdiction over . . . any
              nonresident individual . . . in the same manner as if . . . the
              individual were a resident of this state. This section applies if
              . . . the . . . nonresident individual:
                       (1) owns, uses, or possesses any real or personal
              property situated in this state; or
                       (2) transacts any business within the state; or



                                              7
                     (3) commits any act in Minnesota causing injury or
              property damage; or
                     (4) commits any act outside Minnesota causing injury
              or property damage in Minnesota[.]

Minn. Stat. § 543.19, subd. 1 (2014).

       None of these long-arm-statute requirements are satisfied in this case. As the district

court found: “Respondent has never lived in Minnesota, and does not own property in

Minnesota. He has never done business in Minnesota, nor has he ever caused any harm to

anyone within this State.”

       In addition to meeting long-arm requirements, due process and “traditional notions

of fair play and substantial justice” also require that a nonresident have “minimum

contacts” with a state for a court in that state to have personal jurisdiction over the party.

Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154, 158 (1945) (quotation

omitted); Mahoney, 433 N.W.2d at 118 (quotation omitted). Appellate courts examine five

factors to determine whether minimum contacts exist between a nonresident and this state:

(1) the quantity of contacts with the state, (2) the nature and quality of those contacts,

(3) the connection or relationship between the contacts and the cause of action, (4) the

state’s interest in providing a forum, and (5) the relative convenience of the parties.

Marquette Nat’l Bank of Minneapolis v. Norris, 270 N.W.2d 290, 295 (Minn. 1978).

       Husband’s only contacts with Minnesota are his visits with his daughter. The record

does not reflect how many times husband visited Minnesota, but there is no evidence his

stays in Minnesota were extensive. In examining the nature and quality of contacts, this

court reviews whether the nonresident “purposefully availed” him or herself of the



                                              8
“benefits and protections of Minnesota law.” Mahoney, 433 N.W.2d at 118–19 (quotation

omitted). This court determined in Mahoney that summer vacations and periodic visits in

this state were a “weak basis for jurisdiction” and did not show that the respondent availed

himself of the laws of Minnesota. Id. at 119. Likewise here, husband’s visits to Minnesota

to see his daughter do not show that he purposefully availed himself of Minnesota law.

There is also no connection between husband’s visits to Minnesota and the legal-separation

or marriage-dissolution proceedings. While Minnesota has an interest in providing a forum

for its residents to change the legal status of their marriages, on the record presented to this

court, Minnesota’s interest in dividing marital property located in another state is less so,

especially where one of the parties is a nonresident. Finally, as to the relative convenience

of the parties, this weighs in favor of husband because he was ill, he lives in Illinois, and

the marital property is in Illinois. Therefore, we conclude that husband did not have

sufficient minimum contacts with Minnesota to satisfy “traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co., 326 U.S. at 316, 66 S. Ct. at 158 (quotation omitted).

       In response, relying on an unpublished opinion of this court, wife argues that the

fact that real estate is situated beyond the jurisdiction of a court does not prevent the district

court from compelling a transfer of the real estate.           Unpublished opinions are not

precedential, Minnesota Statutes section 480A.08, subdivision 3(c) (2014), and district

courts err “both as a matter of law and as a matter of practice” by relying on an unpublished

opinion of this court. Vlahos v. R&I Constr. of Bloomington, Inc., 676 N.W.2d 672, 676

n.3 (Minn. 2004). In addition to being unpublished, that case is factually distinguishable.

In it, the husband waived his personal-jurisdiction defense, was served process in


                                                9
Minnesota, and had an address in Minnesota.5 Rondeau v. Rondeau, No. A10-1556, 2011

WL 1642606, at *3 (Minn. App. May 3, 2011).

       Because the long-arm statute was not satisfied and because husband lacked

minimum contacts with Minnesota, the district court did not have personal jurisdiction over

husband to divide the parties’ property in a marriage-dissolution judgment and decree.

II.    Husband Did Not Waive His Right to Contest Personal Jurisdiction

       Having concluded that the district court lacked personal jurisdiction over husband

does not end our analysis because the lack of personal jurisdiction is a defense that may be

waived.6 Mesenbourg v. Mesenbourg, 538 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Minn. App. 1995). Wife

argues that, even if the district court did not have personal jurisdiction, husband waived his

challenge to personal jurisdiction by not raising the defense earlier in the proceedings and

because husband’s motion to vacate was not brought in a reasonable time. We disagree.



5
  Other cases cited by wife are also inapposite. In Pavelka v. Pavelka, 116 Minn. 75, 78,
133 N.W. 176, 177 (1911), the district court could compel conveyance of property located
out of state because both husband and wife were citizens of Minnesota. In Thompson v.
Nesheim, 280 Minn. 407, 421, 159 N.W.2d 910, 920 (1968), the district court determined
ownership of farmland in Iowa, but the parties submitted to the personal jurisdiction of the
court.
6
  Recently the Minnesota Supreme Court began to distinguish between “waiver” and
“forfeiture” of rights. Weitzel v. State, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, No. A14-1186, slip op. at 2
n.1 (Minn. Aug. 10, 2016). “Forfeiture is the failure to make a timely assertion of a right,”
while “waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” Id. In
the past Minnesota appellate courts often used the term “waiver” to refer to what would
now be called a “forfeiture.” See, e.g., State v. Beaulieu, 859 N.W.2d 275, 278 n.3 (Minn.
2015) (acknowledging prior use of “waive” to refer to “forfeiture”), cert. denied, 136 S.
Ct. 92 (2015). Because the parties briefed and argued this case using the term “waiver”
referring to both concepts, and because we would find that husband neither waived nor
forfeited his jurisdictional defense, we use the term “waiver” to refer to both concepts, as
the distinction does not affect the outcome of this case.

                                             10
       Ordinarily, a challenge to personal jurisdiction must be raised in the district court

early in the proceedings in a responsive pleading. Minn. R. Civ. P. 12.02, 12.08(a);

Majestic Inc. v. Berry, 593 N.W.2d 251, 258 (Minn. App. 1999), review denied (Minn.

Aug. 18, 1999). For example, in Mesenbourg, this court found that a personal-jurisdiction

defense was waived where an appellant requested and was granted by a district court an

opportunity to contest jurisdiction but then failed to do so. 538 N.W.2d at 493. A party’s

failure to provide the district court with an opportunity to determine the validity of a

jurisdictional defense, challenging jurisdiction for the first time on appeal, is a waiver of

that defense. Reed, 723 N.W.2d at 56.

       Here, the district court found that husband acted with due diligence and had a

reasonable excuse for not responding to the summonses and petitions.7 The district court

based its legal conclusion on the factual finding that husband did not have the opportunity

to raise the jurisdiction defense before entry of judgment because husband relied on his

attorney to handle his case and his attorney neglected the matter. The district court further

found that husband exercised due diligence because he responded to the marriage-

dissolution summons and petition after he recovered from a stroke.




7
  Wife’s reliance on Mesenbourg, Reed, and Majestic Inc. is misplaced. First, unlike in
Mesenbourg, husband did not fail to contest jurisdiction after the district court granted him
permission. 538 N.W.2d at 493. Second, unlike Reed, husband properly challenged
jurisdiction for the first time at the district court level, and not on appeal. 723 N.W.2d at
56. Nor is this like Majestic Inc., where the appellant failed to raise his objection to
jurisdiction in motion papers during the district court proceedings or in his appellate brief.
593 N.W.2d at 258.

                                             11
       The Minnesota Rules of Civil Procedure are not to the contrary. While rule 12.08

specifies that a defense of lack of jurisdiction must be made in responsive pleadings or else

is waived, the rule presupposes that both parties are participating in the litigation. This was

not the case here as husband did not participate in the litigation until after the district court

issued the default judgments.

       Further, Minnesota Statutes section 518.145, subdivision 2(4), provides a

mechanism for challenging a void judgment based on a lack of jurisdiction after a judgment

is entered. Section 518.145, subdivision 2, provides that a motion to vacate a judgment for

lack of jurisdiction must be brought in a “reasonable time.”

       Wife argues that husband’s personal-jurisdiction defense was waived through

husband’s inaction and that his motion to vacate was not brought in a reasonable time.

Relying on Peterson, husband argues that a void judgment cannot gain validity with the

passage of time. 512 N.W.2d at 341. The traditional rule in Peterson that a judgment void

for lack of personal jurisdiction may be vacated at any time, was partially abrogated in

Bode II, 612 N.W.2d at 867, 870, where the Minnesota supreme court concluded that

countervailing considerations of finality can sometimes outweigh the validity of a

judgment and that a motion to vacate a judgment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

must be made within a “reasonable time.” The supreme court in Bode II, determined that

the motion to vacate was not brought within a reasonable time when it was made 18 years




                                               12
after the initial appeal and the judgment was presumed valid and relied on for 12 years. Id.

at 870.8

       This case is far from the 18-year delay in Bode II. Here, husband filed a motion

contesting jurisdiction around 19 months after the legal-separation judgment was entered

and just under 12 months after the dissolution-of-marriage judgment. Wife asserts that

husband made a choice not to answer the petitions as a strategy and only chose to become

involved once the marital homestead was transferred to wife by a judge’s deed. But

husband’s affidavit states that he was ill, that he relied on his attorney to handle his case,

and that he did not understand the legal nature of the documents served on him. The district

court credited husband’s affidavit by incorporating many of his statements in its findings

of fact. We defer to a district court’s credibility determination. Vangsness v. Vangsness,

607 N.W.2d 468, 472 (Minn. App. 2000). Thus, the district court’s findings were not

clearly erroneous. Based on the district court’s factual findings, we conclude that husband

brought his motion to vacate the legal-separation and marriage-dissolution judgments in a

reasonable time.

       In summary, because husband filed a motion to vacate the legal-separation and

marriage-dissolution judgments and decrees for lack of personal jurisdiction within a

reasonable time and because husband acted on the first opportunity after realizing his

attorney was neglecting his case, husband did not waive his right to contest personal

jurisdiction.


8
  We also note that Bode II may be distinguished because it dealt with subject-matter
jurisdiction, not the personal-jurisdiction issues raised by this case.

                                             13
III.   The Legal-Separation Judgment Is Void for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

       Despite failing to file a notice of related appeal regarding the district court’s order

denying husband’s motion to vacate the legal-separation judgment, husband’s attorney

requested, at oral argument before this court, that we vacate the legal separation on the

same grounds we affirm the district court’s order vacating the marriage-dissolution

judgment: that the district court lacked personal jurisdiction over husband to divide the

parties’ property.

       In general, “a party’s failure to address an argument in its brief results in waiver of

that argument,” Frank v. Winter, 528 N.W.2d 910, 913 (Minn. App. 1995), review denied

(Minn. Apr. 27, 1995), and ordinarily, “we would not address an argument raised for the

first time on appeal, particularly when it was not included in the brief.” Majestic Inc., 593

N.W.2d at 257. But even where an issue is not raised by the parties, appellate courts may

review the issue sua sponte when the interests of justice so require, and “when the reasoning

relied upon by the appellate court is neither novel nor questionable.” Minn. R. Civ. App.

P. 103.04; State v. Jones, 516 N.W.2d 545, 548 n.5 (Minn. 1994) (quotation omitted); State

v. Glidden, 455 N.W.2d 744, 746 (Minn. 1990). “[I]t is the responsibility of appellate

courts to decide cases in accordance with law, and that responsibility is not to be diluted

by counsel’s oversights, lack of research, failure to specify issues or to cite relevant

authorities.” State v. Hannuksela, 452 N.W.2d 668, 673 n.7 (Minn. 1990) (quotation

omitted).

       Here, the issue of whether the district court lacked personal jurisdiction to divide

property in the legal-separation judgment was raised by husband in the district court.


                                             14
Although husband did not file a notice of related appeal, we conclude it is in the interest of

justice for us to review the issue, as we have already determined that the district court

lacked personal jurisdiction to divide the property in the marriage-dissolution judgment.

Law concerning personal jurisdiction is well established, and addressing the issue would

not require us to use reasoning that is novel or questionable. Finally, both parties had the

opportunity to brief the question of personal jurisdiction extensively in terms of the

marriage-dissolution judgment. Thus wife is not prejudiced by us addressing the issue.

       Here, the district court lacked personal jurisdiction to divide the parties’ Illinois

property in the legal-separation judgment for the same reasons it lacked jurisdiction in the

marriage-dissolution judgment: the long-arm statute is not satisfied, and husband did not

have minimum contacts with Minnesota. Furthermore, as discussed, husband did not waive

his defense on personal jurisdiction.      Therefore, the district court erred in denying

husband’s motion to vacate the legal-separation judgment.

       Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order vacating the marriage-dissolution

judgment and modify the order to also vacate the legal-separation judgment. For the sake

of clarity, we note that all portions of the judgments dealing with the parties’ property are

vacated, but because the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction over the status of the

marriage, the parties’ marriage remains dissolved.

       Affirmed as modified.




                                             15
