J-A04043-19

                           2019 PA Super 134


 MANAJA LIVINGSTON, DARREN              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 SHIN, ROSAURA SANCHEZ, HECTOR          :        PENNSYLVANIA
 AMADO SANCHEZ, ROSA MARIA              :
 TAPIA, SEMEN BABADZHANOV AND           :
 TATIANA LIAKH                          :
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :   No. 318 EDA 2017
                                        :
 GREYHOUND LINES INC., SABRINA          :
 ANDERSON, FIRSTGROUP AMERICA,          :
 C.A.V. ENTERPRISES, LLC, AKOS          :
 GUBICA AND KAROLLY GUBICA              :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: GREYHOUND LINES,            :
 INC. AND SABRINA ANDERSON              :

          Appeal from the Judgment Entered December 28, 2016
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                    No(s): No. 2946 April Term, 2014

 FAITHLEE BROWN AND JOSEPH              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 HOANG AND KENNETH ROTHWEILER,          :        PENNSYLVANIA
 ESQ., CO-ADMINISTRATORS OF THE         :
 ESTATE OF SON THI THANH HOANG,         :
 DECEASED AND HIREN PATEL,              :
 GUSTAV FREDERIKSEN, BRANDON            :
 OSBORN, ELORA LENCOSKI,                :
 BARBARA YERGER-DOYLE, WILLIAM          :
 KOOMSON, FNU SALFULAH, KEITH           :   No. 570 EDA 2017
 PRESSMAN, CHARLES REID,                :
 MICHAEL KATCHPAW, SURAJ                :
 BALAKRISHNAN AND AHMED                 :
 ALJAHMI                                :
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 GREYHOUND LINES, INC., AND             :
 SABRINA ANDERSON, FIRSTGROUP           :
J-A04043-19


    AMERICA, C.A.V. ENTERPRISES, LLC, :
    AKOS GUBICA AND KAROLLY GUBICA :
                                      :
                                      :
    APPEAL OF: GREYHOUND LINES,       :
    INC., AND SABRINA ANDERSON

               Appeal from the Judgment Entered January 4, 2017
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                    No(s): December Term, 2013 No. 02598


BEFORE:      LAZARUS, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and COLINS, J.

OPINION BY COLINS, J.:                                 FILED APRIL 29, 2019

        These matters are consolidated appeals filed by appellants, Greyhound

Lines, Inc. and its bus driver Sabrina Anderson (collectively, the Greyhound

defendants), from judgments entered by the Court of Common Pleas of

Philadelphia County on a jury verdict in two consolidated multi-plaintiff

personal injury cases. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

        The consolidated actions at issue here arose out of a rear-end motor

vehicle accident where a Greyhound bus carrying over 40 passengers collided

with a tractor-trailer truck.        The accident occurred on Interstate 80 in

Pennsylvania near Mile Marker 204 at approximately 1:30 a.m. on October 9,

2013, while the bus was traveling an overnight route from New York City to

Cleveland, Ohio.      Both actions are suits by bus passengers injured in the

accident against the Greyhound defendants. Seven passengers were plaintiffs

in the Livingston action; 15 passengers and the estate of a deceased

____________________________________________


   Retired Senior Judge Assigned to the Superior Court.

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passenger were plaintiffs in the Brown action. The Greyhound defendants

joined the truck driver, Akos Gubica, and the owner of the truck, C.A.V.

Enterprise, LLC, (collectively, the truck defendants) as additional defendants.

      A jury trial was held in June and July 2016 on the individual claims of

four passengers, plaintiff Tatiana Liakh in the Livingston action and plaintiffs

Faithlee Brown, Elora Lencoski, and Brandon Osborn in the Brown action.

The trial court ordered that the liability verdict at this trial would apply to all

other plaintiffs in the two actions.

      Plaintiffs and the truck defendants contended at trial that the accident

was caused by the bus driver falling asleep at the wheel. Plaintiffs asserted

that Greyhound was both vicariously liable for the bus driver’s conduct and

also independently liable for the accident because its procedures to prevent

fatigued driving were inadequate. The Greyhound defendants contended that

the accident was caused by the truck driver driving on the interstate at a

speed of only 16 miles per hour without activating his flashing hazard lights,

and disputed plaintiffs’ claims that its safety procedures were inadequate.

      The data recorder on the bus showed that it was traveling at

approximately 67 miles per hour at the time of the accident. The bus driver

testified that the last thing that she remembered before the accident was that

her right leg went numb and would not move off the accelerator and that she

reached down with her right arm and blacked out. N.T. Trial, 6/14/16 (A.M.),

at 77-81. Several passengers and another driver on the road testified that


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shortly before the accident, the bus was swerving in and out of its lane and

went onto the rumble strips. N.T. Trial, 6/2/16 (P.M.), at 90-99; N.T. Trial,

6/3/16 (A.M.), at 28-31, 62-67; N.T. Trial, 6/3/16 (P.M.), at 33-36.      Two

passengers testified that during the trip, the bus driver looked like she was

falling asleep. N.T. Trial, 6/3/16 (P.M.), at 33-34; N.T. Trial, 6/9/16 (A.M.),

at 8-13.

         The evidence was undisputed that the weather at the time of the

accident was clear with no visibility problems. The Pennsylvania State Police

accident reconstructionist who investigated the accident, Corporal Steven

Schmit, testified that there was no physical evidence that the bus driver put

on the brakes or took any evasive action before the impact.         N.T. Trial,

6/30/16 (A.M.), at 29, 39-40; N.T. Trial, 6/30/16 (P.M.), at 63. In addition,

a passenger who was awake and saw the truck through the front window of

the bus before the collision testified that the bus did not move to avoid the

truck.     N.T. Trial, 6/3/16 (A.M.), at 31-33.   Plaintiffs introduced expert

testimony that the bus driver fell into a micro-sleep, a brief episode of

involuntarily falling asleep, in the moments before the accident.   N.T. Trial,

6/9/16 (A.M.), at 41-44, 66-70, 72-73; N.T. Trial, 6/9/16 (P.M.), at 91-93.

No evidence was introduced by any party that anything other than falling

asleep caused the bus driver to black out before the collision.

         Corporal Schmit opined that the truck was traveling at approximately

16 miles per hour, a speed at which it was required to have its hazard lights


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J-A04043-19


on. The testimony of the truck driver and plaintiffs’ and the truck defendants’

experts placed the truck driver’s speed in the range of 40-45 miles per hour,

speeds at which hazard lights were not required.             The evidence was

undisputed that the truck driver did not have his hazard lights on at the time

of the accident. Plaintiffs’ human factors expert testified that even if the truck

was traveling at 16 miles per hour without its hazard lights on, a reasonably

attentive driver in the bus driver’s position could have avoided the accident

and that hazard lights would have no effect if the bus driver was asleep. N.T.

Trial, 6/7/16 (A.M.), at 50-52, 69; N.T. Trial, 6/7/16 (P.M.), at 64.         The

Greyhound defendants’ human factors expert testified that a reasonably

attentive driver would not have had sufficient reaction time to avoid the

collision if the truck was traveling at 16 miles per hour with no flashing hazard

lights, but admitted that a driver who was unconscious would not react. N.T.

Trial, 6/29/16 (P.M.), at 57, 62-84, 137.

      The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiffs and against the

Greyhound defendants, finding that both Greyhound and its bus driver were

negligent and that their negligence caused plaintiffs’ injuries.        The jury

assessed 55% of the liability to the bus driver and 45% of the liability to

Greyhound on plaintiffs’ independent liability claim. The jury found that the

truck defendants were negligent, but that their negligence was not a cause of

plaintiffs’ injuries.   The jury also found both Greyhound and its bus driver

liable for punitive damages.      The jury awarded each plaintiff $500,000 in


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punitive damages and awarded plaintiffs Liakh, Brown, Lencoski, and Osborn

compensatory damages of $75,000, $125,000, $2.5 million, and $350,000,

respectively.

      The Greyhound defendants filed post-trial motions seeking a new trial

on all issues on 12 grounds and seeking judgment notwithstanding the verdict

(JNOV) on plaintiffs’ punitive damages claims and plaintiffs’ independent

liability claim against Greyhound. The trial court denied the post-trial motions

and entered judgments on the verdict for plaintiff Liakh, who was the only

remaining plaintiff in Livingston after settlements with other plaintiffs, and

for plaintiffs Brown, Lencoski, and Osborn. Because there remained one other

plaintiff in Brown, the trial court entered an order making an express

determination that the judgment for plaintiffs Brown, Lencoski, and Osborn

was a final order under Pa.R.A.P. 341(c). The Greyhound defendants timely

appealed both judgments.

      In this Court, the Greyhound defendants raise the following six issues

for our review: 1) whether the trial court erred in excluding an alleged

admission by the truck driver that he was intoxicated; 2) whether the trial

court erred in permitting plaintiffs and the truck defendants to argue that an

internal Greyhound company rule, Rule G-40, constituted the legal standard

of care; 3) whether the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial after

plaintiffs’ counsel asked a Greyhound witness whether Greyhound had set

aside over $81 million to pay claims; 4) whether the trial court erred in ruling


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that Corporal Schmit could not testify concerning the cause of the accident;

5) whether the bus driver and Greyhound were entitled to JNOV on punitive

damages; and 6) whether Greyhound was entitled to JNOV on plaintiffs’

independent liability claim against it. Appellants’ Brief at 3-4.

       We conclude that the trial court did not commit reversible error with

respect to its exclusion of the truck driver admission, its denial of JNOV on

punitive damages, or its denial of a mistrial, and that the claim of error with

respect to Corporal Schmit’s testimony was waived.1 In light of these rulings

and Greyhound’s vicarious liability for both the compensatory and punitive

damages awards against the bus driver, the remaining two arguments,

concerning Greyhound’s internal rule and Greyhound’s independent liability,

cannot affect the validity or amount of the judgments, and we therefore do

not rule on those issues.

                   Exclusion of the Truck Driver Admission

       The Greyhound defendants argue that the trial court erred in excluding

the testimony of a witness, Matthew Welch, concerning a conversation with

the truck driver when the truck driver was detained in a State Police holding

cell after the accident for a drug influence evaluation. Our review of this ruling

is limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion. Vetter




____________________________________________


1We address these issues in a different order than they are listed and argued
by the Greyhound defendants in their brief.

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J-A04043-19


v. Miller, 157 A.3d 943, 949 (Pa. Super. 2017); Rohe v. Vinson, 158 A.3d

88, 95 (Pa. Super. 2016).

      Questions regarding the admissibility or exclusion of evidence are
      … subject to the abuse of discretion standard of review.
      Pennsylvania trial judges enjoy broad discretion regarding the
      admissibility of potentially misleading and confusing evidence.
      Relevance is a threshold consideration in determining the
      admissibility of evidence. A trial court may, however, properly
      exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed
      by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Rohe, 158 A.3d at 95 (quoting Whyte v. Robinson, 617 A.2d 380 (Pa.

Super. 1992)).

      Welch’s excluded testimony was that the truck driver asked him whether

the police could get a warrant for a blood test, that the truck driver said that

he “was fucked up and a bus ran into the back of his truck and somebody

died,” and that the truck driver told Welch that he had been “smoking pot”

and that “if they tested him he would come up hot.” Brown R. Item #485

Ex. 7 Welch Dep. at 32-36; Brown R. Item #465 Ex. G Welch Dep. at 72, 77-

79; Id. Ex. H Welch Statement. Welch testified that when the truck driver

said he was “fucked up,” that was slang for saying that he was “high” or “not

normal” and that he understood this to mean that the truck driver “was on

drugs at the time.” Brown R. Item #485 Ex. 7 Welch Dep. at 33; Brown R.

Item #465 Ex. G Welch Dep. at 79, 86.

      Welch, however, also testified that the truck driver did not say when he

smoked the pot or that he was intoxicated or impaired at the time of the

accident, stating that the truck driver “didn’t say I was impaired, like I couldn’t

                                       -8-
J-A04043-19


drive or anything.” Brown R. Item #465 Ex. G Welch Dep. at 78-79, 87.

Welch also testified that “[m]aybe he meant that he was fucked up mentally”

and that being in an accident where someone died “could fuck you up.” Id.

Ex. G Welch Dep. at 80. There was no evidence that the truck driver appeared

intoxicated or impaired at the time of the accident. Id. Ex. A Andres Dep. at

47-48; Id. Ex. B Schmit Dep. at 112.          The drug influence evaluation,

performed by the State Police over nine hours after the accident without a

urine or blood test, was negative. Id. Ex. D.

      Because of its prejudicial effect, evidence of alcohol or drug consumption

by a person involved in an accident is admissible in a civil negligence action

only where there is evidence that reasonably shows intoxication and unfitness

to engage in the activity at issue at the time of the accident. Coughlin v.

Massaquoi, 170 A.3d 399, 404, 408-10 (Pa. 2017); Braun v. Target Corp.,

983 A.2d 752, 760 (Pa. Super. 2009); McKee v. Evans, 551 A.2d 260, 281

(Pa. Super. 1988) (en banc); Hawthorne v. Dravo Corp., Keystone

Division, 508 A.2d 298, 303-04 (Pa. Super. 1986). A party’s admission that

he was intoxicated at the time of the accident to a degree that he could not

legally drive can satisfy these requirements and is admissible. Vetter, 157

A.3d at 951-52 (DUI guilty plea admissible); McKee, 551 A.2d at 281

(defendant driver’s testimony that he was “probably” intoxicated and

“probably” above the blood alcohol limit properly admitted). However,

evidence of alcohol or drug consumption, including a party’s admission of


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J-A04043-19


alcohol or drug consumption, must be excluded absent evidence of chemical

testing sufficient to show intoxication or other evidence of impairment at the

time of the accident either in the party’s admission or from the testimony of

other witnesses. Rohe, 158 A.3d at 91-92, 98-101 (admission of evidence of

plaintiff’s alcohol consumption was reversible error where his blood alcohol

level was below the legal intoxication threshold and there was no evidence

that plaintiff appeared intoxicated at the time of the accident); Hawthorne,

508 A.2d at 303-04 (trial court properly excluded evidence of alcohol and

marijuana consumption where marijuana was smoked more than four hours

before the accident and blood alcohol level was below legal intoxication

threshold).

      The Welch testimony did not satisfy the standard for admission of

evidence of alcohol or drug consumption.        Although the truck driver’s

statements to Welch are admissions and Welch’s lack of personal knowledge

concerning the truck driver’s drug consumption therefore does not make them

inadmissible, the statements were at best ambiguous and indefinite about the

truck driver’s condition at the time of the accident.    As such, they were

insufficient to show intoxication or unfitness to drive at the time of the

accident, absent other evidence that he was impaired at the time of the




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J-A04043-19


accident. Because there was no such additional evidence, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in excluding Welch’s testimony.2

                                  Punitive Damages

       The Greyhound defendants argue that they were entitled to JNOV on

plaintiffs’ punitive damages claims because plaintiffs allegedly did not show

that the bus driver and Greyhound had subjective knowledge that the bus

driver was too fatigued to drive on the night of the accident and did not show

that Greyhound knew that its fatigue prevention program was inadequate. In

reviewing this claim of error, this Court must determine whether there was

sufficient competent evidence to sustain the verdict, viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the verdict winner, giving the verdict winner the

benefit of every reasonable inference arising therefrom, and rejecting all

unfavorable testimony and inferences.          Maya v. Johnson & Johnson, 97

A.3d 1203, 1212-13 (Pa. Super. 2014).




____________________________________________


2 Indeed, given the jury’s verdict, it is questionable whether the Greyhound
defendants suffered any prejudice from the exclusion of this evidence. Proof
that the truck driver was under the influence of marijuana could only have
been relevant to the issue of whether the truck defendants were negligent,
not whether their negligence caused the accident. The Greyhound defendants’
claim that the truck defendants were liable for this accident failed on
causation, not negligence; the jury found the truck defendants negligent, but
that their negligence was non-causal. Brown R. Item #1006, Jury Verdict
Sheet at 2.




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       Under Pennsylvania law,3 punitive damages can be awarded against a

defendant only if the plaintiff shows that the defendant had a subjective

appreciation of the risk of harm to which the plaintiff was exposed and acted

or failed to act in conscious disregard of that risk. Hutchison v. Luddy, 870

A.2d 766, 772 (Pa. 2005); Dubose v. Quinlan, 125 A.3d 1231, 1240 (Pa.

Super. 2015), aff’d, 173 A.3d 634 (Pa. 2017).         The mere fact that the

defendant knew of a possibility of accidents and did not undertake additional

safety measures is not sufficient by itself to support a claim for punitive

damages. Phillips v. Cricket Lighters, 883 A.2d 439, 446-47 (Pa. 2005).

       The bus driver testified that she slept for over seven hours on October

8, 2013 before she began the New York City-Cleveland trip at issue and that

she did not feel tired. N.T. Trial, 6/14/16 (A.M.), at 67-72. Although there

was evidence that the bus driver knew that she had less than four hours of

sleep prior to driving the Cleveland-New York City route the day before the

accident, id., at 37-42, 59-63; N.T. Trial, 6/21/16 (A.M.), at 16-18, there was

no evidence that she slept less than seven hours on October 8. N.T. Trial,

6/14/16 (A.M.), at 69-71; N.T. Trial, 6/9/16 (P.M.), at 61-62. The bus driver

also testified that she was wide awake and not tired while driving and that she




____________________________________________


3The Greyhound defendants argue this issue under Pennsylvania law and do
not dispute in this appeal that Pennsylvania law applies to plaintiffs’ punitive
damages claims.

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lost consciousness suddenly. N.T. Trial, 6/14/16 (A.M.), at 77-81, 83-86; N.T.

Trial, 6/14/16 (P.M.), at 83.

      The fact that the defendant does not admit knowledge of a danger,

however, does not preclude punitive damages. The defendant’s subjective

appreciation and conscious disregard of the risk of harm can be proved by

circumstantial evidence. Dubose, 125 A.3d at 1236, 1240-41 (evidence was

sufficient to support punitive damages where plaintiff showed that nursing

home disregarded physician instructions and violated nursing statute and that

patient had numerous bed sores and suffered from malnourishment and

dehydration while in the nursing home); see also Joseph v. The Scranton

Times, L.P., 129 A.3d 404, 437 (Pa. 2015) (a defendant’s state of mind and

subjective awareness may be proved by circumstantial evidence).

      Here, there was evidence contradicting the bus driver’s claim that she

was not tired and from which the jury could conclude that the bus driver was

aware that she was in danger of falling asleep for a substantial period of time

before the accident. There was testimony from bus passengers that the bus

driver was drinking Red Bull when they were boarding the bus and that during

the trip, more than an hour before the accident, her head was “slumping” for

brief periods and “would bob up and down.” N.T. Trial, 6/3/16 (A.M.), at 25-

28; N.T. Trial, 6/9/16 (A.M.), at 8-13; N.T. Trial, 6/13/16 (P.M.), Patel

Videotaped Dep. at 3-4.     Bus passengers also testified that the bus had

swerved in and out of its lane over an hour before the accident. N.T. Trial,


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6/9/16 (A.M.), at 8-11; N.T. Trial, 6/13/16 (P.M.), at 50-52; N.T. Trial,

6/13/16 (P.M.), Reid Videotaped Dep. at 4. Plaintiffs’ fatigue expert opined

that this swerving behavior occurs when a driver is falling asleep.   N.T. Trial,

6/9/16 (A.M.), at 62-67; N.T. Trial, 6/9/16 (P.M.), at 26-28.

      This evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that the bus driver was

subjectively aware for an extended period before the accident that she was

too fatigued to safely drive and that she was in danger of falling asleep at the

wheel if she continued to drive. See Commonwealth v. Huggins, 836 A.2d

862, 869-70 (Pa. 2003) (holding that it is common knowledge that falling

asleep is ordinarily preceded by internal warnings of sleepiness of which the

driver is aware and that ignoring such warnings and continuing to drive

passengers can show recklessness). There was also evidence that the bus

driver knew that if she felt fatigued, she was to pull the bus over at a safe

location, such as a rest area, and take a rest or call Greyhound for a

replacement driver. N.T. Trial, 6/14/16 (A.M.), at 26, 29; N.T. Trial, 6/14/16

(P.M.), at 54-58; Exs. P-127, GLI-72. It was undisputed that the bus had

passed rest areas where the bus driver could have stopped in the hour before

the accident. N.T. Trial, 6/17/16 (P.M.), at 38-40. Viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to plaintiffs, as we must on this appeal from a denial

of JNOV, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that

the bus driver had a subjective appreciation of the risk that she would fall

asleep at the wheel and acted or failed to act in conscious disregard of that


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risk.   Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying JNOV on punitive

damages with respect to the bus driver.

        In contrast, there was not sufficient evidence for the jury to find that

Greyhound as a company consciously disregarded a risk that it subjectively

appreciated. There was no evidence that Greyhound knew that the bus driver

had insufficient sleep on either of the days before the accident or knew that

she was fatigued on the night of the accident.         The only evidence that

Greyhound knew of a problem with this bus driver consisted of a single

incident 10 months before the accident, where the bus driver was observed

drifting in traffic lanes on a 10-mile stretch of interstate highway, and that

Greyhound in response had reminded her of the need to get sufficient rest.

Ex. P-53A; N.T. Trial, 6/16/16, Lytle Videotaped Dep. at 6-13; N.T. Trial,

6/14/16 (P.M.), at 104-10; N.T. Trial, 6/20/16 (A.M.), at 38-48. This one

incident by itself is not sufficient to show that Greyhound had a subjective

appreciation that this bus driver, who had been driving for Greyhound for over

10 years, was likely to fall asleep at the wheel or that it was dangerous to

allow her to drive on the night of the accident.

        There was evidence that Greyhound knew that its bus drivers were not

making stops at 150-mile intervals as referenced in its internal Rule G-40 and

that it did not schedule a 150-mile stop or require drivers to make stops every




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150 miles.4      This evidence was likewise insufficient to show subjective

appreciation or conscious disregard of the risk by Greyhound. Rule G-40 on

its face does not refer to driver alertness or fatigue, and there was no evidence

that Greyhound subjectively believed that 150-mile stops should be required

to prevent fatigue accidents.5 Indeed, there was no evidence at trial that it is

necessary or appropriate as a fatigue prevention measure to require bus

drivers to stop, regardless of whether they feel tired, at 150 miles or at any

distance or length of time that had been exceeded on the night of the

accident.6    The Greyhound documents introduced at trial which referred to

____________________________________________


4 The accident occurred 178 miles after the bus left New York City, 28 miles
beyond the 150-mile point, and the bus driver had not made any stop prior to
the accident.
5 Rule G-40 provided:
       G-40 CHECKING TIRES/SAFETY STOPS: It is the driver’s
       responsibility to check the tires at all designated tire check points,
       meal and rest stops. (Abuse of tires will not be tolerated.) Drivers
       are to stop approximately every 150 miles to check tires and walk
       around the bus for a safety stop at roadside rests.
Ex. P-1 at 11. Greyhound witnesses testified that the stops required by Rule
G-40 were for tire and mechanical checks, not fatigue, and that the 150-mile
reference in the rule was based on a type of tires that is no longer in use and
on federal regulations that were repealed long before this accident. N.T. Trial,
6/10/16 (A.M.), at 23-26, 36-37; N.T. Trial, 6/10/16 (P.M.), at 45-49; N.T.
Trial, 6/13/16 (P.M.), at 17-18; N.T. Trial, 6/17/16 (A.M.), at 11, 38-44; N.T.
Trial, 6/17/16 (P.M.), at 5-8, 36-38; N.T. Trial, 6/20/16 (A.M.), at 7-8, 12-
13; N.T. Trial, 6/20/16 (P.M.), at 5-9, 104-06. There was no evidence that
there was anything wrong with the tires on the bus. N.T. Trial, 6/30/16 (A.M.),
at 62-63.
6 There was no expert testimony or other evidence at trial that mandatory
stops every 150 miles or even every 200 miles are a necessary or appropriate



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Rule G-40 in connection with driver fatigue only showed that Greyhound

recommended that drivers use the Rule G-40 stops to combat fatigue on an

as needed basis, if the driver felt less than alert. Exs. P-127, P-130.

       The absence of proof of Greyhound’s subjective knowledge and

conscious disregard, however, does not defeat plaintiffs’ punitive damages

claim against it. Under Pennsylvania law, an employer is vicariously liable for

the reckless conduct of an employee without proof that the employer’s conduct

satisfies the standard for punitive damages. Dillow v. Myers, 916 A.2d 698,

702 (Pa. Super. 2007) (employer liable for punitive damages based on its

truck driver’s reckless conduct in overloading truck and driving at high speeds


____________________________________________


method to prevent fatigued driving accidents or connecting enforcement of G-
40 to fatigue prevention. Federal motor carrier regulations permit bus drivers
to drive up to 10 hours, 49 C.F.R. § 395.5(a)(1), and there was no evidence
that any federal or state law or regulation required a bus driver to stop at 150
miles to prevent fatigue or for any other reason. N.T. Trial, 6/10/16 (P.M.),
at 46-47; N.T. Trial, 6/20/16 (P.M.), at 8; N.T. Trial, 6/15/16, at 77-78. The
only expert witness who opined on the issue of how long or what distance it
is safe to drive a bus without a break testified that there is no need for a
mandatory break at 150 miles or after three hours of driving and that 228
miles was an appropriate distance for a scheduled break, provided that drivers
are permitted to stop earlier if they feel fatigued. N.T. Trial, 7/12/16 (A.M.),
at 96-106; N.T. Trial, 7/12/16 (P.M.), at 98-99. Plaintiffs’ fatigue expert did
not opine that mandatory stops every 150 miles or at any set distance or
number of hours that had been exceeded on the night of the accident should
be required to prevent fatigue-related accidents.         Rather, his opinions
concerning Greyhound’s conduct related to its training of drivers and
supervisors and its screening of drivers, and his testimony concerning fatigue
impairment periods shorter than the period at issue here involved drivers who
had already worked an overnight shift before starting to drive. N.T. Trial,
6/9/16 (A.M.), at 45, 57-60, 70-72; N.T. Trial, 6/9/16 (P.M.), at 40-42, 93-
96.


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when he knew that he could not properly control it); Shiner v. Moriarty, 706

A.2d 1228, 1240 (Pa. Super. 1998); Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v.

Genteel, 499 A.2d 637, 643 (Pa. Super. 1985).           The amount of punitive

damages awarded against the employer may be based on the employer’s

financial condition, even though liability for punitive damages is based on

vicarious liability. Dillow, 916 A.2d at 702-03. There was no dispute that

the bus driver’s conduct was within the scope of her employment and that

Greyhound was vicariously liable for her conduct. N.T. Trial, 7/19/16 (A.M.),

at 35, 40; N.T. Post-Trial Motions Argument at 4-5.

      Because there was sufficient evidence for the jury to award punitive

damages for the bus driver’s conduct, Greyhound was liable for punitive

damages despite the lack of proof concerning its conduct as a company.

Dillow, 916 A.2d at 702; Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 499 A.2d at 643.

The trial court therefore did not err in denying Greyhound’s motion for JNOV

on punitive damages.

                     Denial of the Motion for a Mistrial

      In the examination of a Greyhound accountant who was called by

plaintiffs to testify on Greyhound’s financial condition, plaintiffs’ counsel asked

the witness: “In the year of the crash, did Greyhound contribute or set aside

$81,885,000 for claims like the one that we are here for?” N.T. Trial, 6/21/16

(P.M), at 37. The Greyhound defendants immediately objected and moved for

a mistrial. Id. at 37-40, 47-50. The trial court sustained the objection and


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instructed the jury that the question was improper, that it was to disregard

the question, and that the attorney’s question was not evidence. Id. at 37,

53. The trial court, however, denied the motion for a mistrial. Id. at 47.

      Greyhound argues that the trial court’s failure to grant a mistrial was

reversible error. This Court reviews the trial court’s denial of a motion for

mistrial for abuse of discretion.        Buttaccio v. American Premier

Underwriters, Inc., 175 A.3d 311, 321 (Pa. Super. 2017).

      A mistrial may be required where counsel makes “irrelevant remarks ...

which are reasonably likely to have a direct and prejudicial effect on the award

of damages.” Narciso v. Mauch Chunk Township, 87 A.2d 233, 235 (Pa.

1952); Buttaccio, 175 A.3d at 321-22 (quoting Narciso). Whether a trial

court has abused its discretion in refusing to grant a mistrial must be

determined by assessing the circumstances concerning the improper question

or statement and the precautions taken to prevent it from having a prejudicial

effect on the jury. Maya, 97 A.3d at 1224; Dolan v. Carrier Corp., 623 A.2d

850, 853 (Pa. Super. 1993); Rivera v. Philadelphia Theological Seminary

of St. Charles Borromeo, Inc., 580 A.2d 1341, 1346 (Pa. Super. 1990). In

determining whether misconduct by counsel is grounds for granting a new trial

where a mistrial was not granted, the court should consider whether the trial

court gave a curative instruction, the frequency and nature of the improper

questions or statements, and whether the verdict shows any prejudicial effect

from the improper conduct. Ferguson v. Morton, 84 A.3d 715, 724-26 (Pa.


                                     - 19 -
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Super. 2013) (reversing grant of new trial where trial court had taken prompt

curative action with respect to counsel’s improper statements and jury verdict

was supported by the evidence and not excessive).

       Here, the improper conduct consisted of a single question in the middle

of a seven-week trial and the trial court promptly instructed the jury to

disregard the question and gave a curative instruction. While even a single

reference to a defendant setting aside over $81 million to pay claims may in

some cases be too prejudicial to be cured by the instructions given by the trial

court, the impact was substantially tempered in this case by the fact that

evidence of Greyhound’s wealth was before the jury on plaintiffs’ punitive

damages claims and the jury heard properly admitted testimony from the

same Greyhound witness that Greyhound’s assets exceeded its liabilities by

$647 million. N.T. Trial, 6/21/16 (P.M), at 54-58, 65.

       In addition, the trial court concluded that that jury’s verdicts on

compensatory and punitive damages were reasonable under the evidence at

trial and did not appear to be affected by plaintiffs’ counsel’s improper

question. 2/22/18 Trial Court Opinion at 21.7 The Greyhound defendants do

not point to anything in the jury’s verdict that indicates that the jury was

affected; they do not contend that the compensatory or punitive damage

____________________________________________


7 While the compensatory damages awarded to plaintiffs Lencoski and Osborn
were substantial, their injuries were severe. Plaintiff Lencoski suffered head
injuries and multiple fractures and was hospitalized for 40 days and plaintiff
Osborn had claims for future medical expenses of $200,000 or more.

                                          - 20 -
J-A04043-19


awards in this case were excessive nor do they dispute that the liability verdict

against the bus driver and against Greyhound on vicarious liability was amply

supported by the evidence.

      The Greyhound defendants argue that a mistrial was nonetheless

required because the question violated a ruling that the trial court had made

before the witness’s testimony.     Denial of a motion for mistrial can be a

reversible abuse of discretion where a party intentionally violates a trial court

order by referring in front of the jury to a matter that the trial court had

excluded as prejudicial. Mirabel v. Morales, 57 A.3d 144, 151 (Pa. Super.

2012); Poust v. Hylton, 940 A.2d 380, 386-87 (Pa. Super. 2007). Here, the

trial court found that the question violated a specific ruling it had made that

the jury was not to be told that Greyhound had set aside an amount of money

to pay claims.   N.T. Trial, 6/21/16 (P.M), at 41, 45-47, 73-74; Post-Trial

Motions Argument Transcript at 81. The trial court, however, did not find that

plaintiffs’ counsel’s violation was intentional.      N.T. Post-Trial Motions

Argument at 85-86. Given the trial court’s conclusion that the violation was

not intentional, coupled with the absence of evidence of prejudice, we cannot

say that the trial court was required to order a new trial simply because

plaintiffs’ counsel violated its order. Compare Mirabel, 57 A.3d at 151 (jury’s

damage award was excessive).

      Because the improper question was a single isolated incident, a curative

instruction was given, a substantially higher figure concerning Greyhound’s


                                     - 21 -
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wealth was properly before the jury, and there is no claim that the

compensatory or punitive damage award was excessive or that the liability

case against the bus driver was weak, we cannot say that the trial court

abused its discretion in declining to set aside the jury’s verdict on this ground.

           Exclusion of Corporal Schmit’s Causation Opinion

      On May 18, 2016, in its rulings on motions in limine prior to trial, the

trial court ordered that Corporal Schmit could not give expert testimony

concerning the pre-crash speed of the truck or the cause of the accident.

Brown R. Item #826.          The Greyhound defendants filed a motion for

reconsideration seeking to vacate that order with respect to both the speed

and causation opinions. Brown R. Item #929. Following oral argument, the

trial court vacated its prior order in part and ruled that Corporal Schmit could

testify concerning the pre-crash speed of the truck if he was found qualified

as an expert on this issue at trial. Brown R. Item #951. At trial, the trial

court ruled that Corporal Schmit was qualified to testify as an accident

reconstructionist and Corporal Schmit testified at length as to his opinion that

the truck was traveling at only 16 miles per hour and as to the basis for that

opinion. N.T. Trial, 6/30/16 (A.M.), at 19, 21-32, 45-62, 70-72.

      The Greyhound defendants argue that the trial court abused its

discretion in not vacating the portion of its May 18, 2016 order that barred

Corporal Schmit from testifying as to his opinion that the truck’s low speed




                                     - 22 -
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and lack of hazard lights caused the accident and that the bus driver would

not have been able to avoid the accident. We find that this issue was waived.8

       At the pre-trial argument on their motion for reconsideration, the

Greyhound defendants repeatedly represented to the trial court that they were

no longer seeking to call Corporal Schmit to testify as to his opinions on

causation. Argument Transcript, 5/30/16, at 23-28, 33-35. Counsel for the

Greyhound defendants stated:

       He doesn’t have to talk about causation.

                            *             *        *

       We certainly will refrain from asking Corporal Schmit what his
       opinion is as to cause, who’s at fault, but he should be able to
       testify under the law and based on his education, training,
       experience, as to what his conclusions were from the science, the
       math.

Id. at 24-25. Counsel for the Greyhound defendants further represented:

       THE COURT: I mean, [Corporal Schmit] also testified as a human
       factors expert, did he not?

       MR. BARMEN [Counsel for the Greyhound defendants]: No, he is
       not a human factors expert.

       THE COURT: No. I know he’s not. But he made some opinions, he
       gave some opinions that a human factors expert would give,
       correct? So that's not what you're asking for? You’re asking simply
____________________________________________


8 The trial court found this issue waived, but on different grounds than those
on which we find waiver. 2/22/18 Trial Court Opinion at 27-28; 4/3/18
Supplemental Trial Court Opinion at 5-6. It is well established that this Court
may affirm a trial court’s decision if there is a proper basis for the result
reached, even if it is different than the basis relied upon by the trial court.
Generation Mortgage Co. v. Nguyen, 138 A.3d 646, 651 n.4 (Pa. Super.
2016); In re Estate of Rood, 121 A.3d 1104, 1105 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2015).

                                          - 23 -
J-A04043-19


      for me to allow him to testify as an accident reconstructionist,
      assuming that I believe he’s been properly qualified to testify to
      that, and applying the sound scientific principles that an accident
      reconstructionist used to determine that the speed of the tractor-
      trailer was X.

      MR. BARMEN: Yes, Your Honor.

      THE COURT: And that’s it?

      MR. BARMEN: Yes, Your Honor.

                         *           *            *

      THE COURT: …[The Greyhound defendants] don’t want me to
      consider my order with regard to anything other than his
      testimony as an accident reconstructionist based on sound
      scientific principles that he applied and that he learned through
      his experience and training to determine the speed of the tractor-
      trailer, correct? That’s the limit of your motion for reconsideration?

      MR. BARMEN: Yes, Your Honor.

Id. at 27-28. In addition, the Greyhound defendants represented to the trial

court that if the court was not excluding Corporal Schmit’s opinion on the

speed of the truck, it was unnecessary for the court to hold a hearing on the

methodology in reaching his opinions. Id. at 34.

      Following this argument, the Greyhound defendants did not seek any

further ruling on Corporal Schmit’s testimony before trial and did not argue at

trial that he should be permitted to testify as to causation of the accident or

the ability of the bus driver to avoid the accident. See Appellant’s Brief Ex. G

(stating that the only preservation of this issue before its post-trial motions

was its May 2, 2016 opposition to plaintiffs’ motion in limine). Instead, they

called another expert witness, a human factors expert, who testified that if

the truck driver was driving at a speed of 16 or 21 miles per hour without his

                                     - 24 -
J-A04043-19


hazard lights on, a reasonably attentive driver in the bus driver’s position

would not have been able to avoid the accident. N.T. Trial, 6/29/16 (P.M.),

at 57, 62-84.

       Statements by a party’s counsel that the party has no objection to a

ruling constitute an affirmative waiver that bars the party from raising that

issue in post-trial motions or on appeal, even if the party had previously fully

raised and preserved the issue.          Jones v. Ott, 191 A.3d 782, 791-92 (Pa.

2018) (claim that trial court erred in omitting requested jury charges was

barred by waiver where party’s counsel stated to trial court following the jury

charge that he had no objection to the charge).9

       Trial lawyers waive claims, objections, and issues all the time, and
       do so upon all sorts of rationales. These waivers may occur for
       countless strategic or tactical reasons, or may be based upon
       intervening developments in the trial record, or may reflect simple
       inadvertence or error. Our trial courts must be free to accept such
       unequivocal statements of counsel as consequential and binding.

Id. (footnote omitted).

       That is precisely what occurred here.            Because the Greyhound

defendants unequivocally stated to the trial court that they no longer sought

to have Corporal Schmit testify as to any opinions other than the speed of the

truck, they waived any claim of error with respect to exclusion of his testimony




____________________________________________


9While parts of this opinion are a plurality opinion, the portions cited herein
were joined in by a majority and represent an opinion of the Court. See 191
A.3d at 793 (Saylor, C.J., concurring).

                                          - 25 -
J-A04043-19


as an expert witness on other issues and are barred from seeking reversal of

the trial court’s judgments on this basis.

           Rule G-40 and Greyhound’s Independent Liability

      The only remaining issues that the Greyhound defendants have raised

in this appeal are claims that the trial court erred in permitting plaintiffs and

the truck defendants to argue that Rule G-40 constituted the legal standard

of care, and that Greyhound was entitled to JNOV on plaintiffs’ independent

liability claim because plaintiffs’ fatigue expert’s testimony was insufficient to

show that it was negligent in its fatigue management.

      Both of these issues relate solely to plaintiffs’ independent liability claim

against Greyhound.      The only prejudice that the Greyhound defendants

contend that they suffered from the extensive evidence and argument

concerning enforcement of Rule G-40 is that the jury was led to believe that

it could treat Rule G-40 as the legal standard of care and base liability solely

on the fact that Greyhound did not enforce that rule. Appellants’ Brief at 37-

38, 40-47; Appellants’ Reply Brief at 13-17.

      Whether Greyhound was erroneously found liable based on Rule G-40

and whether there was sufficient evidence to find that Greyhound was

negligent in its fatigue management have no effect on the jury’s finding that

the bus driver was negligent, that her negligence caused the accident, or that

she acted in conscious disregard of a risk that she subjectively appreciated.

Rather, the verdict against the bus driver turned on the factual questions of


                                      - 26 -
J-A04043-19


whether the bus driver fell asleep at the wheel and whether she knew that she

was too tired to drive or was in danger of falling asleep before the accident.

Regardless of whether Rule G-40 required mandatory 150-mile stops, it was

undisputed that Greyhound’s bus drivers were instructed to stop if they felt

fatigued and that the bus driver received those directions. N.T. Trial, 6/14/16

(A.M.), at 26, 29; N.T. Trial, 6/14/16 (P.M.), at 54-58; Exs. P-127, P-130,

GLI-72.

       As was discussed above, there is no dispute that the bus driver’s conduct

was within the scope of her employment and that Greyhound is vicariously

liable for her conduct. Greyhound is therefore liable to plaintiffs for the full

amount of both the compensatory and punitive damages awards and would

remain fully liable for the judgments, even if the jury’s verdict on Greyhound’s

independent liability were set aside. Dillow, 916 A.2d at 700-01 n.4, 702;

Costa v. Roxborough Memorial Hospital, 708 A.2d 490, 493 (Pa. Super.

1998). Any error with respect to Greyhound’s independent liability therefore

has no effect on the judgments.10




____________________________________________


10 We do not suggest that the vicarious liability and independent liability claims
were inherently duplicative or that plaintiffs could not properly pursue both of
these claims. See Scampone v. Highland Park Care Center, LLC, 57 A.3d
582, 591, 598 (Pa. 2012). Here, however, because the compensatory and
punitive awards on both claims are identical, the elimination of one of the
alternative bases of verdicts would have no effect on the judgments against
Greyhound.

                                          - 27 -
J-A04043-19


      As discussed above, we have found no reversible error with respect to

the judgments against the Greyhound defendants based on the bus driver’s

conduct. The Greyhound defendants have not set forth any basis from which

we could conclude that reversal with respect to Greyhound’s independent

liability would have any effect on any party.     Accordingly, we need not and

do not address whether the trial court erred in its rulings concerning Rule G-

40 or whether there was sufficient evidence to support an independent liability

claim against Greyhound for its own actions as a company.

                                  Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in its exclusion of the truck driver’s admission or its denial of a

mistrial, that the evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s punitive

damages verdict, and that the Greyhound defendants’ claim of error with

respect to expert testimony is barred by waiver. We further conclude that in

light of these rulings, the other claims of error in this appeal would have no

effect on the judgments, even if we found them meritorious. Accordingly we

affirm the trial court’s judgments.

      Judgments affirmed.




                                      - 28 -
J-A04043-19




Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 4/29/19




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