IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS FOR THE STATE OF DELAWARE
IN AND FOR NEW CASTLE COUNTY

STAGING DIMENSIONS, INC., )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
V. ) Case No.: CPU4-19-001377
)
KP WALSH ASSOCIATES, INC., )
)
Defendant. )
Submitted: January 24, 2020
Decided: March 19, 2020
Scott B. Czerwonka, Esquire R. Karl Hill, Esquire
4250 Lancaster Ave., Suite 200 222 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1500
Wilmington, DE 19806 Wilmington, DE 19801
Attorney for Plaintiff Attorney for Defendant

DECISION AFTER TRIAL

The plaintiff, Staging Dimensions, Inc., (hereinafter “Plaintiff’), filed a breach of contract
action against the defendant, KP Walsh Associates, Inc., (hereinafter “Defendant”), alleging
Defendant breached the contract and warranties associated with the purchase of a large piece of
industrial equipment. Plaintiff is in the business of providing permanent and portable stages for
different events and venues. Plaintiff contracted with Defendant — a full-service machinery
distributor selling new and used wood working machinery — for the purchase of an industrial router.
As late as May 2018, Plaintiff contacted Defendant to purchase a used Andi Stratos WFD 4x8

CNC Router (hereinafter “Andi Router”) for $26,500.00.
On September 4, 2018, the Andi Router arrived at Plaintiff's business. Plaintiff discovered
the Andi Router was damaged in transit and immediately contacted Defendant. Defendant, sent
Peter McKee (hereinafter “McKee”) out to inspect and repair the Andi Router. McKee worked
approximately forty hours to diagnose and repair the Andi Router, at no cost to Plaintiff. McKee
purchased the Andi Router replacement parts and repaired the Andi Router. Ultimately, Plaintiff
argues the machine never operated as agreed upon.

In November of 2018, Plaintiff and Defendant discussed the purchase of an additional
router, specifically a used CR Onsrud 97M12 4x8 “Mate Series” CNC Router 2013 (hereinafter
“Onsrud Router”). After the parties reached an agreement on a $50,000.00 purchase price with a
$25,000 credit, Plaintiff never purchased the Onsrud Router.

On April 4, 2019, Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit against Defendant. Plaintiff seeks
recovery of $26,500.00, plus pre- and post-judgment interest, costs for removal or disposal of the
Andi Router, costs for storing the Andi Router and attorney’s fees. Defendant counterclaims
seeking $3,400.00 in shipping costs for the Andi Router.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

At trial, the rendering of events conflicted between the parties, and at times, within a given
party’s own account. Based on the testimony and evidence presented at trial, the Court finds that
following facts:!

Plaintiff's Vice President, Kimberly Moore (“Moore”), was introduced to Defendant in
May of 2018. Plaintiff needed a larger router that could operate in three dimensions and
understood Defendant’s business sold industrial wood cutting equipment. On May 23, 2018,

Defendant provided Plaintiff a quote on the Andi Router. Defendant’s Andi Router quote shows

 

‘ Throughout this opinion the Court references various email exchanges. The emails will be quoted verbatim without
edits, to the extent practical.
“installation is an additional cost.”” On June 15, 2018, Defendant sent Plaintiff a document entitled
“quotation summation” including the purchase price for the Andi Router, dust collector and
additional prices for shipping and installation.’

On June 18, 2018, Defendant contacted Plaintiff to finalize the parties shipping agreement.
Before finalizing the shipping arrangements, Plaintiff inquired about the location of the Andi
Router.* After conducting independent research on shipping the Andi Router, Plaintiff decided to
approve Defendant’s shipping arrangements. On June 26, 2018, Defendant told Plaintiff that they
could “deal with freight and install separately.”” On June 26, 2018, Defendant emailed Plaintiff
with an invoice numbered 2464.° Defendant’s invoice 2464 details the two machines Plaintiff
purchased and the purchase price for each machine.’ The invoice indicates payment was made by
credit card and shipping was “F.O.B. CA to PA” (emphasis in original). ® On the same day,
Plaintiff asked Defendant whether the “router come with a manual and/or warranty.”? Defendant
responded to Plaintiff's inquiry stating

I am thinking manuals with it. I can get easily if something missing. Cover all for

30 days. Depending on problem will review first 90.!°
On September 4, 2018, Plaintiff received the Andi Router. Upon arrival, Moore immediately

emailed Walsh that,

 

? Joint Ex. No. 5.

3 Joint Ex. No. 6.

‘ At trial, Moore indicated Plaintiff was looking into various shipment methods and cost.

> Joint Ex. No. 19. At trial, Moore denied this language indicated shipping would be an additional costs and
Plaintiff's responsibility.

® Invoice 2464 is marked “PAID 06/27/2018” (emphasis in original).

7 Invoice 2464 includes the Andi Router for 25,000.00 dollars and the vacuum pump for 1,500.00 dollars.

8 Joint Ex. No. 16.

9 Joint Ex. No. 18.

'© Joint Ex. 18. Neither the May 23, 2018, Andi Router quote, June 15, 2018, quotation summation, or June 26,
2018, 2464 invoice mention product warranties; see also Tr. 215: 3-10, 235: 15-18 (Walsh explains that warranty
language was meant to provide parts and labor to make the Andi Router Operational).

3
[t]he router was delivered . . . and has incurred damage in transit. Please let me

know if there is anything else you need to get this claim started."!
Two weeks later on September 14, 2018, Moore received photographs of the damaged Andi Router
from Plaintiffs Shop Manager, Justin Phillips (hereinafter ‘“Phillips”). Moore sent the
photographs, evidencing the damaged Andi Router, to Walsh including a list of damages and asks
Walsh “what the next step is to being reimbursed for these damages.”!? In an email to Walsh,
Moore explains the photographs and damages to the Andi Router as follows:

Pic 1 & 2: Are showing the frame for the shield has a crack in the corner. Looks to

be from when vacuum for the table slid into the door. bending it and cracking from

along with breaking plexi/Lexan.

Pic 3: With the Z sticker, the whole shielding is bent. Looking to be from strapping

down.

Pic 4: The foot pedal guard is shattered.

Pic 5: The cable tray is broken in 2 places. It’s supposed to link back to bridge so

it doesn’t drag.”
On September 17, 2018, Walsh’s response to Moore’s email states that he would “connect [with
Plaintiff] . . . to advise when tech will be there to review.”!4 On September 26, 2018, Plaintiff
contacted Defendant and asks “are you buying the parts and repairing or are we doing it and
sending over the invoice.”!* That same day, Moore contacts Phillips to get an update on the status
of the Andi Router repairs. In response to Moore’s inquiry about the Andi Router repairs, Phillips
explains that,

[y]es [McKee] got a list of stuff to buy that needs to be fix. My understanding is

hes getting the parts and fixing it. So while he was getting parts and so forth i need

to get it powered up. I got with Brandon about getting power to it. Last we spoke
he was to get me a list of wire etc to buy... . !®

 

'l Joint Ex. 20.

12 Id.

13 Joint Ex. No. 21.
'4 Joint Ex. No. 25,
'5 Joint Ex. 23.

'6 Joint Ex No. 25.
On October 8, 2018, Walsh’s update explains when the Andi Router parts were due to arrive and
when McKee planned to conduct repairs. It is undisputed Mckee spent approximately 40-50 hours
working on the Andi Router in Plaintiffs shop. At trial, Plaintiff admitted that Defendant was

working on the Andi Router until late October.'’ The repairs were completed, and McKee’s
last day on site at Plaintiffs place of business was October 30, 2018.!8

On November 6, 2018, Plaintiff filed its first credit card claim with American Express
disputing the purchase of the Andi Router. On November 14, 2018, Walsh emailed Moore
apologizing and extending an offer for the purchase of an alternative router, specifically the Onsrud
Router.'? On December 5, 2018, Moore’s response to Walsh’s November 14th email states “Scott
[Humphrey] would like to remove the old machine from our floor and we would also like you to
email specs and pricing on machines you currently have available.”*° On December 6, 2018,
Walsh’s response to Moore’s email states,

I feel that the best solution for staging is for me to sell you the almost new Onsrud

97m and take back andi sold[.] I will lower previous prices and including the

vacuum pimp, (sic) delivery of new machine and pick up of andi and install for a

eierence of 30[,]500.00 with a 3 month warranty[.] We can do this right away . .
On December 10, 2018, Moore asks Walsh to adjust the proposal by removing the vacuum pump.”

Defendant’s invoice for the Onsrud Router includes a $25,000.00 credit, delivery, installation and

“Used ANDI machine picked up” (emphasis in original) for a total purchase price of $50,000.00.”

 

'7 Join Ex. No. 57; see also The parties stipulated facts in Plaintiffs post-trial opening brief.

18 Id.

'? Joint Ex. 29. The parties were in conversation about the Onsrud Router as early as May of 2018.
20 Joint Ex. 30.

21 Joint Ex No. 32.

22 Joint Ex No. 35.

3 Joint Ex. No. 33.
On December 10, 2018, Defendant creates an invoice numbered 2558 for the purchase of the
Onsrud Router.”4

On December 11, 2018, Walsh asks if Plaintiff had “everything [it] need[ed] and we are
good to go?””> In response, Moore states, “[y]es, we are good to go[.]” (in an email relating to the
purchase of the Onsrud Router). We will make a 25% deposit and will pay balance in full once
machine is installed and operating on our floor.”*° Walsh asks whether Plaintiff “released cc
claim” stating “that needs done right away[.] I can agree to 50% or 12500.00 with balance on
complete install asap[.]”?”

On December 12, 2018, Walsh contacted Moore regarding the status of the Onsrud Router
purchase. Moore states “we are working on getting your 25% deposit over.”® On December 13,
2018, Walsh emails Moore once again asking about the status of the Onsrud Router and whether
Plaintiff released its credit card claim. On December 14, 2018, Moore indicated Plaintiff's
“looking into purchasing a brand new router since the cost is not much more than [Defendant’s]
offer on the used router.”? In the same email, Moore instructs Walsh to refrain from contacting
the Owner of Staging Dimensions (hereinafter “Humphrey”).*°

On December 17, 2018, Defendant received a letter from Plaintiff's attorney. On
December 19, 2018, Humphrey received notice that American Express could not issue a credit on

Plaintiff's credit card dispute. On January 3, 2019, Plaintiff filed a second American Express

credit card dispute on the purchase of the Andi Router.

 

4 Joint Ex. No. 34,
25 Joint Ex. No. 38

26 Id.

27 Joint Ex. No. 41

28 Joint Ex. No. 42.
29 Joint Ex. No. 43.
30 Id.
On January 3, 2019, Phillip created a document entitled “Andi Stratos Router’?! and
detailed further down the page, “[i]ssues with router the day it arrived to now.”** Towards the end
of Phillip’s document, he explains

“[t]he [Andi Router] at this point is working but not able to run product on. The
tool changer is in still need of a part or 2 to run product. We still need to get tooling
for the machine because all of the tooling that did come with it is burnt up or
damaged around collets.” *

On January 14, 2019, McKee sent Walsh a document detailing what issues were diagnosed on the
Andi Router and what he repaired or replaced. The document reads as follows:
Staging Dimensions Anderson Stratos WFD sn 0-88016

Things to be addressed

No parts manual — received the CD

X axis Cable track mounting bracket is broken — repaired — bought new parts
Safety hood: 1- plexiglass is broken

2 ea. Plexiglass 23x21.5

2- Hood frame in cracked

3- Mounting Frame in bent

4- gas cylinders are not Working.

Items 1 2 & 3 were caused by the vacuum pump shifting during shipping and
crashing into the hood

Tool changer seams to be disabled need proximity switch LS73 and 2 flow control
valves — repaired

2 of the Grease line are broken on the spindle up/ down carriage —repaired

Rust pits on Y axis linear rail — cleaned up rails

Brush raise guides are missing the bearings bought new bearings and rod — repaired
Several air lines have patches in the cable track — repaired

Rexroth bearing 1622-213-10 Andi part # 40908102 — 2 ea. For Y

Cycle start switches and lights need to be replaced — done

Spindle tool change cylinder locked up — replaced

Had to replace Spindle VFD because it got fried from over voltage due to wired
being incorrectly labeled*4

 

3! Joint Ex. No. 2.
32 Ida.
33 la.

34 Joint Ex. No. 57. This document also includes McKee’s work hour log which totals to 58 hours.

7
On January 22, 2019, Defendant’s attorney sent a letter to Plaintiff's attorney. On January 29,
2019, Defendant’s attorney requested an opportunity to inspect the Andi Router. Plaintiff did not
respond to Defendant’s request. Defendant did not inspect the Andi Router before the instant
lawsuit was filed. On March 7, 2019, Humphrey received a letter from American Express
explaining it could not issue a credit on Plaintiff's second credit card dispute.

On April 4, 2019, Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit against Defendant. On September 17,
2019, just prior to trial, an inspection of the Andi Router took place. Trial in this matter took place
on September 26, 2019. After trial, this Court reserved the matter for decision and instructed the
parties to submit supplemental briefing to the Court. Briefing was complete on January 24, 2020.
This is a final decision and order of the Court following post-trial briefing.

PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

Plaintiff alleges the Andi Router was never operational. Plaintiff contends Defendant has
breached its express warranty, implied warranty of merchantability and implied warranty of fitness
for a particular purpose under the parties’ contract. Plaintiff alleges damages in the amount of
$26,500.00.*° Plaintiff also seeks costs associated with the removal of the Andi Router, storing
the Andi Router and attorney’s fees in this matter. Plaintiff alleges Defendant, did not repair the
Andi Router to operate at its intended purpose. Plaintiff asserts Defendant never invoiced Plaintiff
for the shipping costs associated with the Andi Router.

Defendant claims Plaintiff is in breach of contract. Defendant claims Plaintiff is
responsible for the shipping costs associated with delivering the Andi Router. Defendant further
claims the Andi Router was working after it was repaired by McKee. Defendant contends it is not

in breach of any express or implied warranty related to the purchase of the Andi Router.

 

35 $26,500.00 includes the $1,500.00 purchase price for the vacuum pump.
8
LEGAL STANDARD

As trier of fact, the Court is to assess the credibility of the witnesses and, where there is a
conflict in the testimony, to reconcile these conflicts, “if reasonably possible[,] so as to make one
harmonious story.”*° In doing so, the Court takes into consideration the demeanor of the witnesses,
their apparent fairness in giving their testimony, their opportunities in hearing and knowing the
facts about which they testified, and any bias or interest they may have concerning the nature of
the case.>’ In civil cases, “a plaintiff has the burden of proving the elements of their case by a
preponderance of the evidence.** Proof by a preponderance of the evidence means proof that
something is more likely than not.’ Therefore, “the side on which the greater weight of the
evidence is found is the side on which the preponderance of the evidence exists.”*?

DISCUSSION

After trial the Court must determine whether Defendant breached its express or implied
warranties to Plaintiff and whether Plaintiff breached its contract with Defendant.
. Express Warranty:

The statutory basis for a claim for damages based on breach of an express warranty arising
out of a sale of goods under Delaware law is found in Delaware’s counterpart to the Uniform
Commercial Code (“UCC”).*! UCC section 2-313(1) provides that express warranties of a seller
of goods are created as follows:

(a) Any affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer which relates

to the goods and becomes a basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that
the good shall conform to the affirmation or promise.

 

36 Nat’! Grange Mut. Ins. Co. v. Nelson F. Davis, Jr., et. al., 2000 WL 33275030, at *4 (Del. Com. PI. Feb. 9, 2000).
37 See State v. Westfall, 2008 WL 2855030, at *3 (Del. Com. Pl. Apr. 22, 2008).

38 Narayan v. Sutherland Global Holdings Inc., 2016 WL 3682617, at *8 (Del. Ch. Jul. 5, 2016) (internal citations
omitted).

3° Id.

“© Trumbo v. LST Investments, 2015 WL 8200712, at *3 (Del. Com. Pl. Dec. 7, 2015) (internal citations omitted).

“! Bell Sports, Inc. v Yarusso, 759 A.2d 582, 592 (Del 2000).

9
(b) Any description of the goods which is made part of the basis of the bargain
creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description.

(c) Any sample or model which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an
express warranty that the whole of the goods shall conform to the sample or
model.”

According to UCC section 2-313(2), “it is not necessary to the creation of an express warranty that

999

the seller use formal words such as ‘warrant’ or ‘guarantee,’” to form an express warranty.

An express warranty becomes a basis of the bargain*’ and provides a buyer with security
in their investment. To satisfy a breach of warranty claim, “[t]he buyer must prove: (1) the
existence of an express . . . warranty, (2) a breach of the defendant’s express . . . warranty, (3) a
causal connection between the defendant’s breach and the plaintiffs injury or damage; and (4) the
extent of loss proximately caused by the defendant’s breach.”“* “Also, ‘the buyer must first prove
compliance with any conditions precedent that the seller has imposed with respect to the
warranty.”’45

First, Plaintiff must show that a warranty exists. At trial, Defendant conceded the Andi
Router had a warranty.*© Defendant communicated to Plaintiff that Defendant would “{c]over all
for 30 days[.] Depending on the problem, will review first 90.°*7 At trial, Defendant explained
that this language was intended to provide Plaintiff with a parts and labor warranty for the Andi

Router.*® Nevertheless, a warranty was provided, however ambiguous it may have been as to the

scope of coverage.

 

” 6 Del. C. § 2-313.

83 Emmons v. Tri Supply & Equip. Inc., 2013 WL 4829272, at *5 (Del. Super. 2013).

“4 Driscoll v. Automaxx, 2016 WL 5107066, at *2 (Del. Com. PI. 2016).

45 ld.

© In Defendant’s Answer to Plaintiff's first set of interrogators, Defendant explained the 30 day warranty language
as a commitment to provide parts and service to make the Andi Router operational, not as a warranty that the Andi
Router could be returned.

47 Joint Ex No. 18.

48 Defendant states the express warranty was meant to be a parts and labor warranty in answering Plaintiff's
interrogatories.

10
Second, Plaintiff must prove that Defendant was in breach of its express warranty. Plaintiff
asserts that the “cover all” language in Defendant’s express warranty indicated to Plaintiff that
Defendant would cover everything for thirty days.” Plaintiff even takes it as far to indicate that
“cover all” meant that Plaintiff could return the Andi Router for any reason.*° Plaintiff's position
on this point is absurd. Defendant’s warranty was ambiguous, however Plaintiff, knew
Defendant’s express warranty was limited to parts and repairs. Defendant demonstrates that
Plaintiff knew the warranty was limited to parts and repairs when inquiring about the Andi Router
repairs by email on September 26, 2019. Plaintiff's email asks Defendant whether it was “buying
the parts and repairing or [is Plaintiff] doing it and sending over the invoice.”>! Plaintiff
understood that Defendant’s express warranty was for parts and repairs to get the Andi Router
working. In addition, Moore’s trial testimony indicates Plaintiff understood Defendant’s warranty
to be for parts and repairs. At trial, Moore explained Defendant’s express warranty as “cover all,
repairs, anything necessary to make the machine operational” as Plaintiff's understanding of
Defendant’s express warranty.°* In addition, Plaintiff's actions indicate that it did not believe it
had an all-encompassing blanket express warranty, which would allow it to return the purchased
equipment for any reason — or no reason at all.

Therefore, the question for the Court boils down to whether Defendant breached its express
warranty by failing to repair the Andi Router. It is undisputed that the Andi Router sustained
damage in transit. There is also no dispute that McKee spent a substantial amount of time at

Plaintiffs facility repairing the Andi Router- a point belabored at trial.°? Defendant bought $3,500

 

Joint Ex. No. 18.

50 Id.

5! Joint Ex. No. 23.

>2 Moore Tr. 19: 17-18.

33 At trial, Defendant made it very clear McKee spent a large amount of time repairing the Andi Router,

11
to $4,500 worth of parts to repair the Andi Router at no cost to Plaintiff. In addition, Phillip
indicated that the Andi Router was “working, but not able to run product on,” following McKee’s
repairs to the Andi Router.** McKee indicated at trial that he had the Andi Router spinning and
operating in all required directions as of October 30, 2018. Moreover, it was Plaintiffs
responsibility to purchase a tool holder, tool changer and program to run the Andi Router and it is
undisputed that Plaintiff never purchased the required items to run product on the Andi Router.
Accordingly, Defendant did not breach its express warranty to Plaintiff because McKee repaired

the Andi Router when Plaintiff exercised its 30 day express warranty.

. Revocation:

Plaintiff argues that it timely revoked acceptance of the Andi Router. Under the UCC,
revocation of acceptance requires a showing that any non-conformity has not been “seasonably
cured” and notice within a “reasonable time.”*° Plaintiff indicated that in its October 18, 2018,
document that it “did not want the machine anymore.” As pointed out by Defendant, there is no
trial testimony to support Plaintiff's statement as a revocation of acceptance. In the same October
18, 2018, document where Plaintiff allegedly is revoking its acceptance of the Andi Router,
Plaintiff is also asking for more information on an alternative router. Plaintiff did not provide any
further evidence that as of October 18, 2018, Plaintiff revoked its acceptance of the Andi Router.
Moreover, Plaintiff continued to permit Defendant to make necessary repairs to the Andi Router,
undermining its claim of revocation.

Plaintiff then indicates its attempt to revoke acceptance of the Andi Router in two

December 2018 correspondence with Plaintiff. In Plaintiff's email to Defendant on December 5,

 

%4 Joint Ex. No. 2.

>> Phillip testified it was Plaintiff's responsibility to replace the tool changer. Plaintiff's only explanation for not
purchasing the necessary parts and program to run the Andi Router was because Plaintiff was too busy.

© 6 Del. C. § 2-608.

12
2018, there is no indication that the Andi Router was not working or that Plaintiff was revoking
its acceptance of the Andi Router.>’

As of December of 2018, the parties were negotiating a deal for the Onsrud Router. On
December 11, 2018, Plaintiff indicated to Defendant that it was “good to go” referring to the
purchase of the Onsrud Router.*® Defendant indicated that it thought the parties had reached a
deal on the Onsrud Router and Defendant created an invoice for the purchase of the Onsrud Router.
On December 14, 2018, Plaintiff changed course and informed Defendant it was “looking to
purchase a brand new router.”*? Three days later Plaintiff's lawyer mailed a letter to Defendant
requesting the removal of the Andi Router. These December notices cannot form the basis of the
Plaintiff's revocation as by this time the Andi Router had been repaired. In addition, Defendant
started to cure the Andi Router’s damages within Defendant’s express “[c]over all for 30 days”
parts and repairs warranty.© Therefore, Plaintiff did not effectively and unequivocally revoke its
acceptance and the Defendant seasonably cured the damages sustained to the Andi Router.

. Implied Warranty of Merchantability:

Under UCC section 2-314 (1), “a warranty that the goods shall be merchantable is implied
in a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant with respects to goods of that kind.”*! In order
to be liable for breach of an implied warranty of merchantability, the party must be found to be a
merchant within the meaning of UCC section 2-314. The term merchant is defined in UCC
section 2-104 as:

[a] person who deals in good of the kind or otherwise by his occupation holds
himself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved

 

5” Plaintiff suggests that its second December revocation was indicated in its attorney’s December letter.
°8 Joint Ex. No. 41.

53 Joint Ex. No. 43.

69 Joint Ex. No. 18.

6! 6 Del. C. § 2-314.

62 Id.

13
in the transaction or to whom such knowledge or skill may be attributed by his
employment of an agent or broker or other intermediary who by his occupation
holds himself out as having such knowledge or skill.
In order to prevail on a claim for breach of warranty of merchantability, a Plaintiff must prove (1)
that a merchant sold goods; (2) which were defective at the time of sale; (3) causing injury to the
ultimate consumer; (4) the proximate cause of which were the defective nature of the goods and
(5) the seller received notice of the injury.°* Under UCC section 2-314(2),
Goods to be merchantable must be at least such as
(a) Pass without objection in the trade under the contract description; and
(b) In the case of fungible goods, are of fair average quality within the description;
and
(c) Are fit for the ordinary purpose for which such goods are used; and
(d) Run, within the variations permitted by the agreement, of even kind, quality and
quantity within each unit and among all units involved; and
(e) Are adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as the agreement may require;
and
(f) Conform to the promises or affirmations of fact made on the container or label
if any.©
There is no dispute Defendant is a merchant under the UCC. Also, Plaintiff, did document and
notify Defendant about the Andi Router damages.
Plaintiff must show that the Andi Router was not merchantable at the time of sale. In other
words, the Andi Router “must have been capable of passing without objection in the trade under
the contract description, and be fit for the ordinary purpose for which it was intended.”©* In this

case, Plaintiff has failed to prove that the Andi Router was defective at the time of sale. Defendant

provided photographs of the Andi Router to the Plaintiff prior to sale. Plaintiff was fully aware

 

63 Id.

&4 Reybold Grp., Inc. v. Chemprobe Techs., Inc., 721 A.2d 1267, 1269 (Del. 1998); see also

Strobert Tree Services, Inc. v. Kenneth Lilly Fasteners, Inc., WL 1500606 (2019).

6 6 Del. C. § 2-314.

6° Neils Business Equipment Center, Inc. v. Italo V. Monteleone, M.D., P.A., 524 A.2d 1172 (Del. 1987).

14
the Andi Router is a used machine.® Plaintiff did not have any objections to the condition of the
Andi Router. It is undisputed the Andi Router sustained damages in transit after the time of sale.
Therefore Plaintiff, does not satisfy the second element required for a claim of implied warranty
of merchantability. The Court concludes Defendant did not breach its implied warranty of
merchantability to Plaintiff.
. Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose:

Pursuant to UCC section 2-315,

“[w]here the seller . . . has reason to know any particular purpose for which the

goods are required and that the buyer is relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to

select or furnish suitable goods, there is a... implied warranty that the goods shall

be fit for such purpose.”
The implied warranty for a particular purpose is narrower than the implied warranty of
merchantability. The implied warranty for a particular purpose is a “gap-filler” provision of the
UCC which is implied in every sale of goods unless explicitly disclaimed.®* To be successful
under a claim for warranty of fitness for a particular purpose one must claim: (1) a buyer has a
special purpose for certain good; (2) the seller knew or had reason to know of that purpose; (3) the
seller knew or has reason to know that the buyer was relying on the seller’s superior skill to select
goods that fulfilled that purpose; and (4) the buyer in fact relied on the seller’s superior skill.”

In this case, Defendant knew Plaintiff intended to use the Andi Router to cut product in
connection with constructing stages for its custom staging business. There is no evidence to

support the conclusion that the Andi Router was not suitable for 3D printing at the time of

purchase. In addition, Plaintiff's employee, Phillips indicated that the Andi Router was working

 

8? At trial, Moore understood the Andi Router was a used machine but that it was functioning and capable of the

work Plaintiff needed accomplished.
68 There is no dispute that Defendant did not disclaim any implied warranties.
9 6 Del. C. § 2-315; see also Dilenno v. Libbey Glass Div., Owens-Illinois Inc., 668 F. Supp. 373 (1987).

15
after McKee conducted repairs. The Andi Router, although a used machine, is designed to cut 3D
product in the manner in which Plaintiff intended. Therefore, Defendant did not breach its implied
warranty of fitness for a particular purpose to the Plaintiff.
. Breach of Contract: Shipping Cost

It is undisputed Plaintiff and Defendant entered into a contract for the Andi Router. Under
the UCC section 2-204, “[a] contract for the sale of good may be made in any manner sufficient to
show agreement, including conduct by both parties which recognizes the existence of such a
contract.”’? In addition, “[e]ven though one or more terms are left open a contract for sale does
not fail for indefiniteness if the parties have intended to make a contract and there is a reasonably
certain basis for giving an appropriate remedy.””! Under UCC section 2-207,

A definite and seasonable expression of acceptance or a written confirmation which

is sent within a reasonable time operates as an acceptance even though it stats terms

additional or difference from those offered or agreed upon, unless acceptance is

expressly made conditional on assent to the additional or different terms.’
Under the UCC, additional terms, between merchants will become part of the contract unless; “(a)
the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer; (b) they materially alter it; or (c)
notification of objection to them has already or is given within a reasonable time after notice of
them is received.””? In addition, the UCC covers conduct between parties that forms a contract.
Under UCC section 2-207(3), “[cJonduct by both parties which recognizes the existence of a
contract is sufficient to establish a contract for sale although the writings of the parties do not

otherwise establish a contract.””4

 

26 Del. C. § 2-204(1).
71 Id. at 2-204(3).
26 Del. C. § 2-207(1).
736 Del. C. § 2-207(2).
4 Id. at 2-207(3).

16
Contracts between merchants are enforceable, “if within a reasonable time a writing in
confirmation of the contract and sufficient against the sender is received and the party receiving it
has reason to know its contents, it satisfies . . .” the requirements under the UCC’s version of the
statute of frauds “. . . against such party unless written notice of the objection to its contents is
given within ten days after it is received.”’> A breach of contract “occurs by a party’s non-
performance, repudiation, or both.””® Additionally, the breach must be “material.””’? The breach
will be deemed material if it concerns the ““‘root’ or ‘essence’ of the agreement between the parties,
or [is] ‘one which touches the fundamental purpose of the contract and defeats the object of the
parties in entering into the contract.’”78

Under UCC section 2-319 (1)(a), “when the term is F.O.B the place of shipment, the seller
must at that place ship the goods . . . and bear the expense and risk of putting them into possession
of the carrier.”” In this case, Defendant provided Plaintiff with quotes for the Andi Router’s
shipping costs. The Plaintiff looked into alternative methods of having the Andi Router shipped
to Plaintiff's shop but ultimately decided to use Defendant’s carrier for shipment. Defendant
arranged with a carrier to have the Andi Router delivered to Plaintiff's place of business. There is
no dispute Defendant paid to ship the Andi Router from California to Delaware. In addition, the
Andi Router arrived at Plaintiffs business.

In this case, On June 15, 2018, Defendant sent Plaintiff a document entitled “Quotation

Summation.”®° Defendant’s document lists the shipping costs associated with the Andi Router.

 

6 Del. C. § 2-201(2).

’® Preferred Financial Services, Inc. v. Business Builders for Entrepreneurs, LLC, 2016 WL 4537759, at *3 (Del.
Com. Pl. Aug. 30, 2016) (internal citations omitted).

” See id.

78 2009 Caiola Family Trust v. PWA, LLC, 2015 WL 6007596, at *18 (Del. Ch. Oct. 14, 2015) (internal citations
omitted).

”? 6 Del. C. § 2-319.

89 Joint Ex. No. 7.

17
On June 26, 2018, Defendant indicated that the parties “can deal with freight and install
separate.”*! Following this email conversation, Plaintiff provided Defendant with the credit card
information issued for payment of the Andi Router.

Defendant informed Plaintiff in writing that the shipping costs for the Andi Router would
be handled separately. Plaintiff also indicated at trial, through Moore’s testimony, that Plaintiff
agreed to and was generally responsible for the shipping costs associated with the Andi Router.
Defendant delivered the Andi Router to the carrier and the carrier delivered the Andi Router to
Plaintiffs business. Defendant relied on its contract for shipping costs related to the delivery of
the Andi Router. Plaintiff is in breach of contract for the shipping cost of the Andi Router because
Plaintiff has not yet paid Defendant for the shipping costs. Therefore, defendant is entitled to the
shipping cost associated with the delivery of the Andi Router.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED this 19" day of March 2020, that
judgment be entered in Defendant’s favor against Plaintiff. Judgment is also entered in favor of
Defendant on Defendant’s counterclaim in the amount of $3,400.00, plus costs, pre- and post-

judgment interest at the legal rate and attorney’s fees.

 

cc: Patricia Thomas, Judicial Case Manager

 

81 Joint Ex. No. 18.
®2 At trial, Moore’s reluctance to concede Plaintiffs responsibility for shipping costs was a factor in the Court’s
determination on credibility.

18
