                      RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                 File Name: 14a0041p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                _________________


                                                X
                           Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                     No. 12-6418
           v.
                                                 ,
                                                  >
                                                 -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 WILLIAM DALLAS ELMORE,
                                                N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville.
       No. 3:11-cr-00054-1—Joseph H. McKinley, Jr., Chief District Judge.
                       Decided and Filed: February 28, 2014
        Before: DAUGHTREY, GIBBONS, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

                                 _________________

                                      COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Dennis G. Terez, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Candace G. Hill, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S
OFFICE, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellee.
                                 _________________

                                      OPINION
                                 _________________

       MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge. Defendant William Dallas
Elmore pleaded guilty to two counts of possession of child pornography and received
a below-guidelines sentence of 51 months in prison, followed by ten years of supervised
release. On appeal, Elmore claims that this sentence is substantively unreasonable
because the district judge (1) unfairly treated Elmore’s abusive childhood as an
aggravating, rather than mitigating, factor in sentencing; (2) placed unreasonable weight
on the need to punish and deter Elmore; and (3) skewed the sentence upward by
comparing Elmore’s sentence to a harsher regional subset of cases, rather than looking


                                           1
No. 12-6418        United States v. Elmore                                         Page 2


to sentencing practices nationally, and relying on his “gut feeling,” rather than informed
reason, in doing so. For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that the district court
properly weighed the various competing sentencing objectives and, in arriving at the 51-
month result, accorded due weight to factors calling for leniency in Elmore’s case. It
follows that the district court did not abuse its discretion or arrive at a substantively
unreasonable sentence.

                FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This case arose when a University of Louisville employee discovered a Memorex
flash drive that had been left in a computer lab at the university. Seeking to reunite the
drive with its owner, the employee accessed its contents and discovered digital images
of what she believed to be child pornography. She then contacted the university police
and released the flash drive to the responding officer.

       The university police also examined the flash drive in an effort to identify the
owner. They found several class writing assignments indicating that the drive belonged
to a student named William Dallas Elmore. They also found 20-30 digital images of
young female children engaged in explicit sexual activity. Further investigation into
university records cemented the flash drive’s connection to Elmore; his classes
corresponded to the writing assignments on the flash drive, and one of these classes had
recently met in the computer lab where the drive was found.

       On the basis of this evidence, law enforcement officers obtained four federal
search warrants covering Elmore’s residence, his person, his vehicle, and the flash drive
previously discovered by the university employee. When officers executed the warrants,
they found Elmore at home with his live-in girlfriend and their young daughter. After
being advised of his constitutional rights and informed that he was not under arrest,
Elmore completed a waiver-of-rights form and admitted possessing the flash drive and
downloading the pornographic images found on it using his personal computer. He
denied any knowledge or participation on the part of his girlfriend. The police removed
several computers and digital storage devices from the apartment but did not arrest
Elmore.
No. 12-6418        United States v. Elmore                                        Page 3


       A later forensic examination of digital materials removed from Elmore’s
residence revealed a total of 155 digital child-pornography images. Following his
indictment, Elmore entered a plea agreement with the government in which he admitted
all of the facts described above. In exchange for Elmore’s guilty plea, the government
agreed to recommend a sentence at the lowest end of the applicable guidelines range,
based on an offense level of 26, which was calculated as a base offense level of 18 and
increased by the usual enhancements for use of a computer, number of images,
sadomasochistic content, and age of the victims, but then reduced as a result of Elmore’s
acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(a)-(b). The presentence report
recommended a Category II criminal history on the basis of Elmore’s 2008 conviction
for fourth-degree domestic violence, a misdemeanor. The conviction resulted from an
incident in which he held his girlfriend’s arm to prevent her from leaving during an
argument. She obtained an emergency order of protection against Elmore following the
incident, but they had resumed living together at the time the search warrants were
executed.

       In advance of sentencing, Elmore underwent evaluations by two different expert
psychologists, Dr. Christine Scronce for the prosecution and Dr. John McGregor for the
defense. Both expert reports described Elmore as a victim of sexual and physical abuse
as a child. Elmore, as well as both the experts who examined him, traced his unwanted
sexual interest in young children to this history of childhood abuse. These clinical
evaluations further indicated that he suffered from borderline personality disorder and
adjustment disorder with depressed mood.

       Despite his troubled childhood, Elmore graduated from high school with good
grades and, in 2005, joined the United States Navy. Although performing well in some
regards, Elmore’s obsessive tendencies and substance abuse problems resulted in a series
of disciplinary infractions that eventually led to discharge under honorable conditions
in 2007, due to failure to complete an alcohol rehabilitation program following an
apparent suicide attempt. His unwanted sexual feelings towards children continued after
discharge, eventually leading him to seek treatment during a 2007 visit to a Veterans
No. 12-6418         United States v. Elmore                                       Page 4


Administration medical center. Although he met with a VA counselor and attended
some classes, he eventually dropped out of the program because he felt the program
“wasn’t doing any work for [him].” The record indicates that after the search of his
residence, he again sought therapy for unwanted sexual attraction to children, but again
he failed to follow through and complete a program or remain in treatment.

        Having pleaded guilty, Elmore waived contention of all issues except the length
of his sentence.    Pursuant to the terms of the plea agreement, the government
recommended imposition of the lowest guidelines-range sentence for a level-26 offense,
or 63 months, followed by lifetime supervision. Elmore did not request a specific
sentence but argued that federal sentencing objectives listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
could be satisfied with minimal, if any, prison time. He also presented expert testimony
from Dr. McGregor, portraying Elmore as a good candidate for treatment who was
unlikely to re-offend generally, and particularly unlikely to engage in a contact-offense
with a child. The government presented testimony from the mother of Elmore’s then-ex-
girlfriend, who described his erratic mannerisms at family dinners, an angry outburst
regarding the protective order, and a menacing telephone call she received from him
after his arrest.

        The district judge admitted feeling “conflicted by all this.” At several points
during the sentencing hearing, he recognized that Elmore’s childhood “victimization
made him who he is,” and expressed misgivings about “punishing him more severely
because [of] his victimization.” The district judge also noted Elmore’s comparatively
minimal criminal record, his efforts to obtain treatment, and the fact that Elmore’s
pornography collection was “one of the smallest” he had seen. The district judge
confessed his frustration with the federal sentencing guidelines, saying that he thought
they “have sort of skewed upward these kind[s] of cases,” even for less culpable
offenders. Ultimately, the district judge imposed a sentence of 51 months, followed by
ten years of supervised release.

        In some respects, the 51-month sentence reflects the leniency factors mentioned
above – the judge reclassified Elmore’s criminal history from Category II to Category
No. 12-6418         United States v. Elmore                                           Page 5


I (to reflect what he saw as the relative insignificance of the domestic violence
conviction) and removed the two-level enhancement for use of a computer (to avoid
“double counting,” although he agreed that there “was a legal basis on that
[enhancement]”). The judge also recommended sex-offender treatment, although
“[w]hether you get into it or not will be another matter.” But the judge noted that
Elmore’s history of childhood victimization had left him “a terribly messed-up person”
with poor impulse and anger control, and he hypothesized that it could make Elmore a
comparatively greater risk to the public, while at the same time acknowledging the
apparent unfairness of imposing a harsher sentence on the basis of problems resulting
from Elmore’s childhood. Ultimately the judge was forced to conclude that the
punishment, deterrence, and public-protection objectives of § 3553(a)(2)(A)-(C)
demanded due consideration. The district judge also stressed the need to “treat[] people
the same,” which he sought to accomplish in part by “keep[ing] a list of all the child
pornography defendants . . . [and] figur[ing] out where they are in relation to my gut
level of what a reasonable sentence ought to be.” It is unclear whether the judge’s
informal list of child pornography defendants was drawn from his own docket
exclusively, or from other cases within the district or circuit.

                                      DISCUSSION

        On appeal, Elmore’s sole claim of error concerns the reasonableness of his 51-
month sentence. We review sentencing decisions for both procedural and substantive
reasonableness under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007); United States v. Benson, 591 F.3d 491, 500 (6th Cir. 2010).
Elmore challenges his sentence only for substantive unreasonableness. As a result, a
remand for resentencing is required if “the district court select[ed] a sentence arbitrarily,
base[d] the sentence on impermissible factors, fail[ed] to consider relevant sentencing
factors, or g[a]ve[ ] an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United
States v. Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 520 (6th Cir. 2008)). Although “a sentence within the
Guidelines range is presumed reasonable, a sentence outside the Guidelines range is not
presumed unreasonable.” United States v. Christman, 607 F.3d 1110, 1118 (6th Cir.
No. 12-6418        United States v. Elmore                                       Page 6


2010) (citing United States v. Houston, 529 F.3d 743, 755 (6th Cir. 2008)). “Regardless
of whether the sentence imposed is inside or outside the Guidelines range,” an appellate
court reviews for reasonableness under the same abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall,
552 U.S. at 51.

       Elmore stands convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B), possession of child
pornography, an offense that does not have a mandatory minimum. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252A(b)(2). The advisory sentencing range is set by U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 and by
reference to the statutory sentencing objectives in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Because the
district judge departed downward from the advisory § 2G2.2 guideline range and applied
the § 3553(a) factors in a procedurally and substantively reasonable manner, we
conclude that none of Elmore’s arguments justifies overturning his sentence.

Irreconcilable Reasoning and Result

       Elmore’s first argument rests on what he sees as a fatal inconsistency between
the district judge’s reasoning and the ultimate result he reached. As discussed above,
prior to pronouncing the sentence, the judge made several statements favorable to
Elmore – recognizing, for example, a concern that Elmore not be punished more harshly
for having suffered an abusive childhood, noting Elmore’s amenability to treatment, and
taking into account his minimal criminal record. Elmore claims that a 51-month
sentence does not logically follow from these premises. In particular, Elmore interprets
the district judge’s comments about his history of childhood abuse to indicate that an
even more lenient sentence would have been appropriate in his case. We conclude that
Elmore has simply misread the significance of the judge’s comments.

       Far from suggesting an arbitrary sentencing decision, the transcript of the
sentencing hearing indicates a careful and conscientious attempt to balance the “often
compelling conflicting considerations that come into play in child pornography cases.”
See United States v. Rothwell, 847 F. Supp. 2d 1048, 1050 (E.D. Tenn. 2012) (describing
competing factors in child-pornography sentencing).           That such “conflicting
considerations” arose during Elmore’s sentencing hearing is no surprise, given Elmore’s
complicated personal history. More generally, a degree of internal dissonance in
No. 12-6418         United States v. Elmore                                           Page 7


Elmore’s sentencing decision was likely unavoidable, given the inherent conflicts
between the various § 3553(a) sentencing factors that the judge was required to consider.
For instance, the requirement that courts impose a “just punishment” with regard to the
individualized “nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant” stands in some tension with their duty to “avoid
unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records.” 18 U.S.C. §§
3553(a)(1), (2)(A), (6). Scholarship has identified other internal conflicts within the
§ 3553(a) factors as well. See William W. Berry III, Discretion Without Guidance: The
Need to Give Meaning to § 3553 After Booker and Its Progeny, 40 Conn. L. Rev. 631,
632 (2008) (exploring “inherent conflicts” among § 3553(a) factors, “each of which
likely dictate a significantly different outcome and certainly invoke and likewise forbid
consideration of different criteria in sentencing”). Engaging with this tension is not a
sign of judicial arbitrariness; rather, it is part and parcel of the basic sentencing inquiry.
The record indicates that the district judge did not strike an unreasonable or arbitrary
balance between these competing factors in Elmore’s case.

        Indeed, the dispute regarding Elmore’s abusive childhood highlights the way in
which the § 3553(a) factors can pull in opposite directions. At the sentencing hearing,
defense counsel argued, and the district judge agreed, that Elmore’s tragically abusive
childhood had left him psychologically damaged and thus less able to control his
impulses. From the defense’s point of view, this proved Elmore to be less morally
culpable than a psychologically undamaged person whose choice to break the law was
fully volitional. Accordingly, the defense argued, a “just punishment for the offense”
should be correspondingly reduced. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A). However, as the
district judge noted, this circumstance cuts the other way as well. Section 3553(a)
requires consideration of additional factors, including public protection and deterrence.
See id. at § 3553(a)(2)(B)-(C). Elmore’s psychologically damaged state, manifested
through     non-contact       pedophilia,      “instability     of   [   ]   interpersonal
relationships, . . . together with episodic alcohol abuse and impulse control problems,”
may be seen to reduce his moral culpability, but it also arguably leaves Elmore at an
“elevated risk of re-offense.” This dichotomy is reflected in the district judge’s concern
No. 12-6418        United States v. Elmore                                         Page 8


about “punish[ing] him more because of how he’s been victimized,” and it was not
immediately obvious how it could be reconciled in Elmore’s case. The district judge
chose to strike a balance that gave Elmore some credit for his unfortunate past (in the
form of a below-guidelines sentence and treatment recommendation) but also accounted
for the harmful character traits produced by that past. There is no indication that the
district judge abused his discretion in doing so, and under our deferential standard of
review, we must reject Elmore’s first claim.

The Punishment And Deterrence Sentencing Factors

       Elmore next argues that his sentence was substantively unreasonable because the
sentencing judge gave “an unreasonable amount of weight to [two] pertinent factor[s]”
– namely, punishment and deterrence – to the exclusion of others. United States v.
Zobel, 696 F.3d 558, 569 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Hall, 632 F.3d 321,
335 (6th Cir. 2011)). Elmore bases this claim largely on the district judge’s comment
near the end of the sentencing hearing that, because “[Elmore]’s going to get treatment
whether he goes away for a long time or doesn’t . . . I need to concentrate on what I need
to do just to punish him and deter him . . . and deter others.”

       This argument is no more successful than the first and fails for similar reasons.
The record does not indicate that the district judge focused unreasonably on deterrence
and punishment. Instead, it shows a sentencing court engaged in a difficult balancing
act between the multiple (and sometimes conflicting) factors mandated by § 3553(a).
The district judge’s comment about punishment and deterrence came only after he had
devoted some time to the factors favorable to Elmore, ultimately incorporating several
of them into his sentencing calculus, as noted above, and assuring himself that Elmore
would receive psychological treatment regardless of the sentencing outcome. That is to
say, the district judge did concentrate on the punishment, deterrence, and public safety
elements of § 3553(a), but only after having duly considered other relevant sentencing
elements more favorable to Elmore as well. This process does not indicate that any
particular factor received “unreasonable weight.”
No. 12-6418          United States v. Elmore                                             Page 9


        In a related vein, Elmore complains that the district judge’s emphasis on
deterrence and public safety inadequately reflects the defendant’s expert testimony
showing him to be at an extremely low risk of ever committing another sexual contact
offense with a child. The expert did, in fact, testify that Elmore’s risk of committing a
contact offense is low. Less clear, however, is Elmore’s risk of re-offending with a non-
contact offense (downloading more child pornography, for instance). Dr. Scronce did
not address this particular point. Dr. McGregor touched on it in passing, but his
testimony was not altogether clear. At one point he admitted that the risk of non-contact
offending by child pornography offenders like Elmore is “unknown”; elsewhere he
stated that “Internet-only or pornography-only offenders, only about one or two percent
of these folks re-offend in any way.” Partially corroborating Dr. McGregor, a 2012
United States Sentencing Commission report, cited by Elmore in his brief, shows very
low rates of contact re-offending, but relatively higher rates for future non-contact (and
especially non-sexual) offenses.1 Taken together, the evidence in the record does not
demonstrate to a certainty the risk of non-contact re-offending posed by a defendant like
Elmore. The risk does not appear to be especially high, but neither is it so small as to
be discounted entirely. The point, however, is that the district judge did not abuse his
discretion when he considered it as one factor among several in the sentencing calculus,
and Elmore has failed to show that this consideration produced a substantively
unreasonable result.

        Elmore’s reliance on United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174 (2d Cir. 2010), does
not change this conclusion. In Dorvee, the district court presumed that the defendant
would inevitably commit a physical-contact sex crime against a child unless he was
incarcerated, and, accordingly, sentenced him to a term close to the statutory maximum.
Id. at 183-84 (invalidating sentence as substantively unreasonable). By contrast, in
Elmore’s case, the district judge expressly stated that the possibility of future contact
offenses by Elmore played no part in his sentencing calculation – a decision that did not



        1
          Child Pornography Offenses, December 2012, at 299-300 available at http://www.ussc.gov/
Legislative Public_/__and_Reports/Sex__Topics/201212__Child_Pornography_Offenses.
No. 12-6418          United States v. Elmore                                         Page 10


conflict with Dr. McGregor’s testimony that Elmore’s risk of contact offending was
small.

“Gut” Intuition Regarding Sentencing Disparities

         Finally, Elmore claims that the district judge imposed a sentence harsher than
necessary because he improperly relied on his “gut level of what a reasonable sentence
ought to be,” and, furthermore, reached this “gut level” by reference to an inappropriate
comparator group of cases from within the Sixth Circuit, rather than by reference to
national statistics. Relatedly, Elmore also suggests that because first-time child-
pornography possession rarely leads to prison, “the court below would not have created
too great a disparity – indeed, no disparity at all – if it had sentenced Mr. Elmore to
community therapy and treatment programs rather than [prison].” No aspect of this
argument has merit.

         First, there is no per se rule preventing a judge from having a “gut” reaction to
the merits of a case, so long as the term “gut” is understood to be informal shorthand for
“judicial experience and common sense.” See, e.g., Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679
(2009). In the specific context of Elmore’s sentencing hearing, it is clear that the district
judge’s comment should be taken not as a reference to capriciousness but to judicial
intuition developed from personal experience sentencing child-pornography defendants.
Further, the record shows that the district judge did not consult his “gut” for some
arbitrary or improper purpose but, instead, did so in order to satisfy § 3553(a)(6)’s
mandate for sentencing uniformity. Using judicial “gut” intuition in this way, to assess
a sentence’s substantive fairness by reference to comparable offenders, is not acting from
“instinctual preference” and does not suggest an arbitrary sentencing result.

         In addition to claiming that it is error per se to rely on judicial intuition, Elmore
contends that the district judge’s intuition led to a substantively incorrect result because
he did not consider sentencing disparities on a national level. The basis of Elmore’s
complaint is a statement by the district judge explaining that in order to “treat[ ] people
the same,” he “keep[s] a list of all the child pornography defendants . . . [and] sort of
tr[ies] to figure out where they are in relation to . . . a reasonable sentence.” As Elmore
No. 12-6418        United States v. Elmore                                        Page 11


interprets it, this comment shows that the district judge conducted his disparity inquiry
under § 3553(a)(6) by reference to a comparator group of child-pornography cases
within the Sixth Circuit only, thereby ignoring that section’s primary purpose of
guarding against “national disparities among [defendants] convicted of similar criminal
conduct.” United States v. Simmons, 501 F.3d 620, 623 (6th Cir. 2007) (emphasis
added). This consideration produced an unreasonably long sentence in his case, Elmore
argues, because the median child-pornography sentence in the Sixth Circuit exceeds the
national median by a full 12 months. The Sixth Circuit’s mean sentence, by contrast, is
actually one month below the national average.           See United States Sentencing
Commission Statistical Information Packet, Table 7 Fiscal Year 2011, Sixth Circuit,
Table      7,     available         at    http://www.ussc.gov/Data                   and
Statistics/Federal_Sentencing_Statistics/State_District        Circuit/   2011/6c11.pdf.
Significantly, Elmore does not explain how the disparity between these two statistics
impacts his argument here.

       Even on its own terms, however, Elmore’s argument cannot succeed. To begin
with, Elmore’s Sentencing Commission statistics refer without differentiation to all
child-pornography offenses and, thus, say little about median sentences for child-
pornography possession under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B), the specific offense for
which Elmore was convicted. There is no evidence in the record or submitted by the
parties indicating the median length of sentences for possession of child pornography in
the Sixth Circuit or nationally. Further, it appears that the district judge’s reference to
his “list of all of the child pornography defendants” refers to the individuals he has
sentenced personally, rather than sentencing patterns across the whole of the circuit.
Median sentences in the Sixth Circuit may well fall on the harsher side of the national
curve, but Elmore has produced nothing indicating that courts in the Western District of
Kentucky sentence at the same rate as the Sixth Circuit, or that the district judge in this
case sentences comparably to other judges in the district. In short, it is entirely
speculative to claim that higher median sentences across the entire circuit translated to
an unreasonably high sentence in Elmore’s individual case.
No. 12-6418          United States v. Elmore                                      Page 12


       Finally, and least convincingly, Elmore argues that first-time convictions for
child-pornography possession rarely lead to jail time and that, as a result, a probation-
only sentence “would not have created too great a disparity—indeed, no disparity at all.”
However, this claim is refuted by the very source on which Elmore relies, i.e., a table in
a 2011 Federal Sentencing Statistics Sourcebook showing that only 35 percent of first-
time offenders whose crime falls within a catchall “other” category receive terms of
incarceration.       United States Sentencing Commission, 2011 Sourcebook of
Federal       Sentencing          Statistics,       Figure       F,    available        at
http://www.ussc.gov/Research_and_Statistics/Annual_Reports_and_Sourcebooks/20
11/sbtoc11. htm. Offenses are listed by type, with child-pornography possession falling
in the “other” category. Id. But without a breakdown of the offenses contained within
this category, it is obvious that the general 35-percent incarceration rate tells us little
about sentencing trends for child pornography specifically. Indeed, according to a
different Sentencing Commission report (which Elmore also cites in his brief), fully 96.6
percent of first-time child-pornography-possession convictions led to at least some
prison time. U.S. Sentencing Commission, Report to the Congress: Federal Child
Pornography Offenses, Chapter 6.C, availableat          http://www.ussc.gov/Legislative
_and_Public_Affairs/Congressional_Testimonyand                                Reports/
Sex_Offense_Topics/201212_Federal_Child_ Pornography_Offenses/Chapter_06.pdf.
Hence, it is simply incorrect to assert that a probation-only sentence would create “no
disparity at all.” Indeed, in some circumstances we have rejected a probation-only child
pornography sentence as unreasonably lenient. United States v. Bistline, 665 F.3d 758,
765-66 (6th Cir.).

                                    CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set out above, we conclude that the 51-month sentence imposed
upon the defendant was, under the facts of this case, substantively reasonable. It bears
repeating that a sentence within the applicable guidelines range is presumptively
reasonable and that a defendant attacking the substantive reasonableness of a below-
No. 12-6418       United States v. Elmore                                 Page 13


guidelines sentence has an even heavier burden to overcome. Because Elmore has not
satisfied that burden, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
