                                                       NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                          ___________

                               No. 19-1675
                               __________

                            RYAN KERWIN,
                                     Appellant

                                    v.

 PARX CASINO; GREENWOOD GAMING & ENTERTAINMENT LLC; HELMUT
      PERZI; JOHN/JANE DOE EMPLOYEES/OWNERS OF PARX CASINO;
SUGARHOUSE CASINO; SUGARHOUSE HSP GAMING LP; SUGARHOUSE HSP
   GAMING PROP MEZZ LP; RUSH STREET GAMING LLC; LINDA POWERS;
    JULIA SPIELER; ERIKA JOY ERB; JULES VORNDRAN; JOHN/JANE DOE
  EMPOYEES/OWNERS OF SUGARHOUSE CASINO; SANDS CASINO; SANDS
        BETHWORKS GAMING LLC; JAMES HINES; JOHN/JANE DOE
   EMPLOYEES/OWNERS OF SANDS CASINO; SANDS BETHLEHEM EVENT
CENTER; JOHN/JANE DOE EMPLOYEES/OWNERS OF SANDS EVENT CENTER;
       SMG WORLDWIDE ENTERTAINMENT & CONVENTION VENUE
      MANAGEMENT; JOHN/JANE DOE EMPLOYEES/OWNERS OF SMG
  WORLDWIDE ENTERTAINMENT & CONVENTION VENUE MANAGEMENT

               ____________________________________

              On Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                  (D.C. Civil Action No. 5:17-cv-05582)
               District Judge: Honorable Jeffrey L. Schmehl
               ____________________________________

              Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                             March 13, 2020
          Before: KRAUSE, MATEY and COWEN, Circuit Judges

                     (Opinion filed: March 18, 2020)
                                        ___________

                                         OPINION *
                                        ___________

PER CURIAM

       Ryan Kerwin, proceeding pro se, appeals the order of the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania granting the defendants’ motions to dismiss

his amended antitrust complaint. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

       As we write solely for the benefit of the parties, we set forth briefly only those facts

necessary to our analysis. Kerwin owns Xtreme Caged Combat (XCC), a mixed martial

arts (MMA) promotion company. In 2017, he filed a complaint, which he later amended,

against Parx Casino, Sugarhouse Casino, Sands Casino, and several of their employees,

alleging that they conspired to prevent him from promoting MMA events at their facilities.

In particular, in Count One, Kerwin asserted that the defendants engaged in a horizontal

group boycott “as punishment for filing [a prior] antitrust suit against Harrah’s and Valley

Forge Casino[s].” In Count Two, Kerwin claimed that the named casinos violated the

essential facilities doctrine.

       The defendants filed motions to dismiss, which the District Court granted. The

District Court concluded that Kerwin failed to state a horizontal group boycott claim

because the amended complaint did not “allege any evidence of a conspiracy that supports

an inference of collusion.” In addition, Kerwin failed to state a claim under the essential



*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
                                              2
facilities doctrine, the District Court held, because Kerwin’s “own allegations”

demonstrated that he “has access to alternative venues such as the National Guard Armory,

hotels, arenas and other venues to promote his MMA events.” Kerwin timely appealed.

       We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review

over the order granting the defendants’ motions to dismiss. In re Vehicle Carrier Servs.

Antitrust Litig., 846 F.3d 71, 79 n.4 (3d Cir. 2017). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a

complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief

that is plausible on its face.’ A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual

content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable

for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting and

citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556, 570 (2007)). It is inappropriate to

apply the “plausibility standard with extra bite in antitrust … cases.” W. Penn Allegheny

Health Sys., Inc. v. UPMC, 627 F.3d 85, 98 (3d Cir. 2010).

       “Liability under § 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1, requires a ‘contract,

combination …, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce.’” Twombly, 550 U.S. at

548. Indeed, “[t]he existence of an agreement is the hallmark of a Section 1 claim.” In re

Baby Food Antitrust Litig., 166 F.3d 112, 117 (3d Cir. 1999). Therefore, an antitrust

complaint must allege “some form of concerted action, … in other words, a unity of

purpose or a common design and understanding or a meeting of minds or a conscious

commitment to a common scheme.” In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d 300,

315 (3d Cir. 2010) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). To adequately plead

plausible concerted action, a plaintiff must allege either direct or circumstantial evidence

                                               3
of an agreement. Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 662 F.3d 212, 225 (3d Cir. 2011).

“[R]egardless of whether the plaintiff expects to prove the existence of a conspiracy

directly or circumstantially, it must plead ‘enough fact to raise a reasonable expectation

that discovery will reveal evidence of illegal agreement.’” Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig.,

618 F.3d at 324 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).

       We agree that the allegations in Kerwin’s amended complaint failed to plead direct

evidence of an agreement. Kerwin made only a vague conspiracy allegation, claiming that

“[a]ll of the Pennsylvania Casinos, acting in concert with one another, are now boycotting

plaintiff from being able to promote his mixed martial arts events at all of their casinos

….” Notably, he did not allege any facts suggesting that the defendants engaged in “some

form of ‘concerted action.’” Baby Food Antitrust Litig., 166 F.3d at 117. Kerwin did not

even claim that the defendant casinos and their employees had an opportunity to conspire,

much less that they had actual contact or communication with one another. See Burtch,

662 F.3d at 225 (holding that direct evidence of a conspiracy was lacking where the

complaint’s allegations did not “specify a time or place that any actual agreement to fix

credit terms occurred, [or] …indicate that any particular individuals or [organizations]

made such an agreement”). In short, Kerwin’s amended complaint fell well short of

pleading facts suggestive of an unlawful agreement. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557

(stating that “a conclusory allegation of agreement at some unidentified point does not

supply facts adequate to show illegality”).

       The amended complaint also failed to allege circumstantial evidence plausibly

supporting the inference that an agreement existed. According to Kerwin, the casinos’

                                              4
refusal to do business with him demonstrated the requisite concerted action.              But,

“[w]ithout more, parallel conduct does not suggest conspiracy ….” Twombly, 550 U.S. at

556-57. As the Supreme Court has explained, “when allegations of parallel conduct are

set out in order to make a § 1 claim, they must be placed in a context that raises a suggestion

of a preceding agreement, not merely parallel conduct that could just as well be

independent action.” Id. at 557; Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d at 321 (stating

that “evidence of parallel conduct by alleged co-conspirators is not sufficient to show an

agreement”). Thus, “[t]o move the ball across the goal line, a plaintiff must also show that

certain plus factors are present.” In re Chocolate Confectionary Antitrust Litig., 801 F.3d

383, 398 (3d Cir. 2015). “Although we have not identified an exhaustive list of plus factors,

they may include (1) evidence that the defendant had a motive to enter into a price fixing

conspiracy; (2) evidence that the defendant acted contrary to its interests; and (3) evidence

implying a traditional conspiracy.” Id.

       Here, as explained below, “common economic experience, [and] the facts alleged

in the complaint itself, show that independent self-interest is an obvious alternative

explanation for defendants’ common behavior.” Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d

at 326 (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, as Kerwin’s own allegations make clear,

the defendant casinos simply made independent business decisions not to work with him

in promoting MMA events.         Kerwin emphasized that the Director of Marketing at

Sugarhouse Casino sent him an email stating, “Sugarhouse is never going to let you in here.

If it wasn’t for you, we would have had MMA events here long ago. You filed that lawsuit,

now live with it.” This statement, which Kerwin concedes was made in response to his

                                              5
earlier email threatening to sue, demonstrates only that Sugarhouse Casino made a

unilateral decision not to do business with a potentially litigious individual. Kerwin also

asserted that a Parx Casino employee engaged in a dialogue with him about hosting MMA,

but ultimately informed him that the casino planned to work with another promoter. In

communicating with Kerwin, the Parx Casino employee explained that he found one of

Kerwin’s emails to be “unprofessional,” and later noted that, “[a]ll of our decisions are not

always about the best financials, but with whom we are comfortable working with and we

find synergy with to be successful together.” This allegation shows that Parx Casino made

an individual decision to not work with someone with whom it lacked “synergy.” Kerwin

further claimed that Sands Casino plotted to allow him to promote one event at their facility

in the hope that he would fail. This too, however, demonstrates only unilateral action.

Notably, Kerwin admits that, even after he filed his initial antitrust lawsuit against Harrah’s

and Valley Forge Casinos, Sands Casino permitted him to promote two MMA events and

offered him an opportunity to host another event. Kerwin stated that he declined that

opportunity because he did not like the terms offered, and he alleged that other MMA

promoters have also refused to agree to Sands Casino’s “inflated terms.” That Sands

Casino allowed Kerwin to promote two events during the alleged boycott undermines his

assertion that the casino was involved in a conspiracy. In sum, we agree that Kerwin failed

to plead evidence of an agreement between the defendants to boycott his promotion

company. See Edward J. Sweeney & Sons, Inc. v. Texaco, Inc., 637 F.2d 105, 111 (3d Cir.

1980) (stating that “the existence of concerted action” requires allegations that the



                                              6
defendants “had a conscious commitment to a common scheme designed to achieve an

unlawful objective”).

       Kerwin also failed to state a claim under § 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2, for

a violation of the essential facilities doctrine. That doctrine “imposes liability when one

firm, which controls an essential facility, denies a second firm reasonable access to a

product or service that the second firm must obtain in order to compete with the first.”

Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. United Airlines, Inc., 948 F.2d 536, 542 (9th Cir. 1991). To

establish an essential facilities claim, a plaintiff must show: “(1) control of the essential

facility by a monopolist; (2) the competitor’s inability practically or reasonably to duplicate

the essential facility; (3) denial of the use of the facility to a competitor; and (4) the

feasibility of providing the facility.” Ideal Dairy Farms, Inc. v. John Labatt, Ltd., 90 F.3d

737, 748 (3d Cir. 1996). Kerwin cannot pursue an essential facilities claim for at least two

reasons. First, he is not a competitor of the defendant casinos. Rather, Kerwin sought to

promote MMA events at venues operated by those casinos. See Garshman v. Universal

Res. Holding Inc., 824 F.2d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 1987) (rejecting essential facilities claim

because natural gas producer was not a competitor of a public utility holding company and

a gas pipeline owner); see also Thomas v. Network Sols., Inc., 176 F.3d 500, 509 (D.C.

Cir. 1999) (affirming dismissal of essential facilities claim because plaintiffs were not

competitors of defendants). Second, Kerwin has been able to hold MMA events at other

facilities. In the amended complaint, Kerwin alleged that in over eight years of existence,

XCC had held 29 events in the Philadelphia region, including 16 at the National Guard

Armory. Because it is feasible for Kerwin and XCC to do business at other venues, it

                                              7
cannot be said that the any of the defendant casinos’ facilities are “essential.” See

MetroNet Servs. Corp. v. Qwest Corp., 383 F.3d 1124, 1129-30 (9th Cir. 2004) (stating

that a facility is essential only if it is otherwise unavailable and cannot be reasonably or

practically replicated); Twin Labs., Inc. v. Weider Health & Fitness, 900 F.2d 566, 570 (2d

Cir. 1990) (holding that an essential facility claim must allege “more than inconvenience,

or even some economic loss”); Flip Side Prods., Inc. v. Jam Prods., Ltd., 843 F.2d 1024,

1034 (7th Cir. 1988) (concluding that venue was not “an essential facility for the promotion

of arena-level concerts in the Chicago metro area” where plaintiff admitted that undisputed

facts showed availability of other arena-level facilities). Accordingly, we agree that

Kerwin has failed to state an essential facilities claim.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.




                                               8
