                                                                                         06/22/2017
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                                 May 23, 2017 Session

  J. P. MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. V. GARY ELDON FINLEY, ET AL.

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Marshall County
                         No. 15370   J. B. Cox, Chancellor


                            No. M2016-01178-COA-R3-CV


A bank filed a complaint to reform a Deed of Trust to correct a scrivener’s error in the
legal description of a parcel of property in order to foreclose on the property. While the
litigation was pending, the mortgagors conveyed title to the property to a third party, who
claimed to be a bona fide purchaser for value without notice. The trial court concluded
that the third party did not qualify as a bona fide purchaser because he was aware of the
bank’s litigation when he obtained title to the property. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT,
JR., P.J., M.S., and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., joined.

Robert Allen Dalton, Jr., Lewisburg, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gary Eldon Finley.

Janet Strevel Hayes, Knoxville, Tennessee, and Mary Elizabeth Haltom White, Nashville,
Tennessee, for the appellee, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.

                                       OPINION

                      I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This case concerns real property in Lewisburg, Tennessee. In April 2005, Robin
and Kerry Weaver purchased a house located at 2070 Wild Cherry Drive, also known as
Lot 26 of the Duncanwood Estates Subdivision, from Dean Baxter. The Weavers also
obtained Lots 24 and 25, which were neighboring unimproved lots, from Mr. Baxter.
The Weavers conveyed Lots 24 and 25 back to Mr. Baxter at the end of 2005. They
obtained a mortgage from National Mortgage Network (“National Mortgage”) in January
2006 and transferred a Deed of Trust to National Mortgage as security for the loan. A
scrivener’s error was made in the legal description of the property attached to the Deed of
Trust. The legal description referenced Lots 24 and 25 rather than Lot 26, which was the
parcel all the parties intended to be the security for the loan. The Derivation Clause of
the Deed of Trust, however, correctly identified the encumbered property as 2070 Wild
Cherry Drive, Lewisburg, Tennessee.

        National Mortgage sold the Weavers’ loan in the normal course, and J. P. Morgan
Chase Bank, N.A. (“Chase”) became the successor mortgagee some time later. Chase did
not discover the scrivener’s error in the Deed of Trust until the Weavers defaulted on
their loan and Chase sought to initiate foreclosure proceedings. When Chase discovered
the error in the legal description, it filed a complaint to reform the Deed of Trust.

       While Chase’s case against the Weavers was pending, the Weavers conveyed Lot
26 to Gary Eldon Finley by quitclaim deed. Chase amended its complaint to add Mr.
Finley as a party defendant once it became aware of the transfer. In addition to seeking
reformation of the Deed of Trust in its amended complaint, Chase asserted that the
purported conveyance to Mr. Finley should be set aside because it was a fraudulent
conveyance.

        Chase moved for summary judgment in May 2014. The trial court denied the
motion, stating that the issue of whether Mr. Finley knew about Chase’s lawsuit when he
purchased Lot 26 was a genuine issue of material fact that precluded summary judgment.
Chase filed a renewed motion for summary judgment in April 2015 in which it asked the
trial court to hold as a matter of law that the consideration Mr. Finley gave in exchange
for the quitclaim deed was too low to qualify as “value” for the property as a matter of
law. The court denied Chase’s renewed motion, but it found the following facts were
undisputed for purposes of the motion:

       1. On January 12, 2006, the Weavers executed a Deed of Trust to Mark
       Rosser, Trustee, for the benefit of Chase, a successor in interest to National
       Mortgage Network.
       2. The Weavers intended to encumber their home located at 2070 Wild
       Cherry Drive by executing the above mentioned Deed of Trust.
       3. The Deed of Trust described another lot not owned by the Weavers and it
       did not correctly describe the real estate at 2070 Wild Cherry Drive.
       4. Chase brought this action to correct the error in the description of the
       property in the Deed of Trust.
       5. In their depositions the Weavers admitted that they intended to encumber
       2070 Wild Cherry Drive with the Deed of Trust.
       6. On June 22, 2012, while this litigation was active and ongoing, the
       Weavers quitclaimed their interest in 2070 Wild Cherry Drive (also known
       as parcel 1) to Mr. Finley.

                                           -2-
       7. The land, 2070 Wild Cherry Drive (parcel 1) originally sold in 2006 for
       $110,250.00.
       8. Parcel 1 was appraised in 2012 for $96,100.00.
       9. The consideration transferred with the quitclaim deed by Mr. Finley was
       two (2) trucks between 12 and 22 years old.
       10. The Weavers also lived in parcel 1 for some time after the quitclaim
       without the obligation to pay any rent to Mr. Finley.
       11. The Weavers now pay rent to Mr. Finley.

        Following the trial court’s order on its renewed motion, Chase filed a motion
seeking clarification of the court’s order. Specifically, Chase asked the court to state that
(1) with respect to the Weavers, the Deed of Trust “shall be reformed to properly describe
the Property” as Lot 26, 2070 Wild Cherry Drive and (2) the facts the court found
undisputed for purposes of the motion for summary judgment “are, in fact, undisputed,
and the Court need not and shall not entertain any additional proof, testimony, or
evidence on them.” The court declined to clarify its earlier order as Chase requested, but
it did clarify its ruling as follows:

       The issue of whether the Deed of Trust should be reformed with respect to
       Robin and Kerry Weaver (the “Weavers”) is premature, as such reformation
       may unfairly prejudice Defendant Gary Eldon Finley (“Mr. Finley”).
       However, based on (1) the admissions in the Weavers’ Deposition, (2) the
       Weavers’ failure to defend either of the motions for summary judgment
       filed by Chase or otherwise participate meaningfully in this litigation, and
       (3) the undisputed findings of fact by this Court, the Weavers are hereby
       estopped from asserting any position contrary to the facts found to be
       undisputed by this Court in its May 22, 2015 Order on the Motion.

        The parties tried the case on March 10, 2016, and the trial court issued a written
opinion the following month in which it concluded that Mr. Finley was not a bona fide
purchaser for value without notice of the property at issue. Specifically, the court found
the following based on the proof introduced at trial:

              It is undisputed that reformation of the Deed of Trust should occur
       as between Chase and the Weavers. Their testimony during the trial bolsters
       the Court’s prior finding that the Weavers intended to encumber 2070 Wild
       Cherry Drive when they gave a note and Deed of Trust to National
       Mortgage. The Weavers bought their home on their land and intended to be
       bound to Chase’s predecessor. They fully intended that their home would
       be subject to the Deed of Trust. Monies were extended from the mortgage
       company for the purpose of buying their home.



                                            -3-
       The problem with the Deed of Trust is that it described the wrong
property in its legal description. Subsequent to determining that the real
estate described in their Deed of Trust was incorrect, the Weavers were
sued for reformation. This litigation began with the filing of the cause of
action on December 9, 2009. While this suit was pending, the Weavers
transferred their interest in their home to Defendant, Gary Finley. This
transfer was accomplished via Quit Claim Deed dated June 22, 2012, and
recorded in the Register's Office of Marshall County, Tennessee, at 1:09
pm on the same day. Consideration listed for the transfer was ZERO. No
transfer tax was paid for the transfer. This consideration of -0- was listed
even though there was apparently a contract for the sale of real estate that
began with a price of $55,000.00 and was later amended to $50,000.00. All
the testimony at the trial supports the fact that Mr. Finley did not pay zero
to obtain this property. Further, Mr. Finley listed this property as having a
value of $100,000.00 in his Bankruptcy filings. The uncontroverted
testimony of the Weavers is that they have never received any money
toward the purchase of their home. The only thing that the Weavers
received was two trucks from the 1990’s that were worth to them only
about $4,000.00 total.

....

       . . . Mr. Finley claims that he was unaware of the controversy
between the Weavers and Chase. His own testimony belies this position.
During his testimony, he admitted that he knew that the Weavers had been
sued by the bank. In his meeting with them he promised to “take on the
fight.” The only fight the Weavers had at that time was the lawsuit to
reform the Deed of Trust. The only fight they had was with Chase. . . .

....

       Mr. and Mrs. Weaver initially testified at their deposition that Mr.
Finley knew of the dispute at the time of his purchase of their land. Only
after having been allowed to live on the property without the obligation to
pay either the mortgage they signed up for or rent to Mr. Finley did their
recollection become foggy. The Court credits their prior deposition
testimony. Mr. Finley bought the property in part based on the premise that
he would “handle” the problem with Chase. Mr. Finley was to “take on the
fight.” He knew what the fight was about. He knew that there was a
problem between the Weavers and Chase.

       The Weavers now have an economic incentive to testify the way
they did at trial. They have lived in the property for an extended period of

                                    -4-
time, ever since the transfer, without the obligation to pay rent to Mr.
Finley. All this time they were not paying the mortgage that they say they
made to buy the property in question. Clearly, Mr. Finley knew about the
controversy at the time he took title to the real estate in question. His
testimony to the contrary is simply not credible. The Court holds that he is
not a bona fide purchaser. Mr. Finley was on actual notice of a controversy
between the Weavers and the mortgage company.

       Further, the court finds that Mr. Finley is not a bona fide purchaser
because he did not give value for the purchase. First, the listed
consideration on the quit claim deed is zero. Secondly, the only
consideration that actually changed hands surrounding this real estate
transaction is the transfer of two vehicles. Mr. Finley values these vehicles
at $20,000.00. Mr. Weaver initially testified that they were worthless, but
actually ascribed a value between $2,000.00 and $5,000.00 dollars. Mr.
Finley’s valuation of these trucks is vastly inflated and also incredible. The
Court finds that the trucks were worth $5,000.00. The court credits Mr.
Weaver’s testimony. The court finds that Mr. Finley’s testimony
concerning these vehicles is not credible.

      No other consideration has been paid by Mr. Finley for the transfer
of 2070 Wild Cherry Drive. . . .

        Also, nowhere in the signed agreement is there any reference to rent
or the forbearance of collecting rent from the Weavers. The non-payment of
rent by the Weavers is a true indicator that everyone, especially Mr. Finley,
knew of the issues with Chase. No rent exchange agreement exists. No
price for rent exists. No length of term for rent in exchange for the transfer
of the real estate exists. Mr. Finley’s only argument is that he is entitled to
offset against the price of the real estate for the time the Weavers have been
there rent free.

       Despite his able counsel’s advocacy, and calculation of the “value”
given for this property, Mr. Finley has merely given $5,000.00 worth of
trucks for a piece of property worth greater than $100,000.00. Mr. Finley
has not given value for the property. Therefore, since Mr. Finley is not a
bona fide purchaser for value, and since it is uncontroverted that
reformation should occur as between Chase and the Weavers, the Court
must reform the Deed of Trust. That reformation will apply against Mr.
Finley since he is not a bona fide purchaser for value. This ruling places
Chase in the correct position as having the first and superior Deed of Trust
concerning 2070 Wild Cherry Drive.


                                     -5-
        Mr. Finley appeals from the trial court’s judgment and argues that the trial court
erred in finding that (1) he was not a bona fide purchaser without notice and (2) he was
not a bona fide purchaser for value. Chase contends that if this Court does not uphold the
trial court’s reformation of the Deed of Trust, the Weavers’ conveyance to Mr. Finley
should be set aside as a fraudulent transfer.

                                      II. ANALYSIS

      A. Standard of Review

       In cases tried without a jury, appellate courts review the trial court’s findings of
fact de novo upon the record, affording the trial court’s findings a presumption of
correctness unless the evidence preponderates to the contrary. TENN. R. APP. P. 13(d);
Milledgeville United Methodist Church v. Melton, 388 S.W.3d 280, 285 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2012). Evidence does not preponderate against a trial court’s finding of fact unless it
“support[s] another finding of fact with greater convincing effect.” Melton, 388 S.W.3d
at 285. A trial court’s conclusion of law enjoys no presumption of correctness, however,
and we review all issues of law de novo. ABN AMRO Mortg. Grp., Inc. v. S. Sec. Fed.
Credit Union, 372 S.W.3d 121, 126 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011); Estate of Darnell v. Fenn,
303 S.W.3d 269, 275 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009).

      B. Bona Fide Purchaser

      A chancery court has the authority to reform deeds that are the product of fraud or
mistake. Bingham v. Doles, No. W2002-00104-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 32335659, at *4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 17, 2002) (citing Wallace v. Chase, No. W1999-01987-COA-R3-
CV, 2001 WL 394872, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 17, 2001)). As the Court of Appeals
has explained,

      To be the subject of reformation, a mistake in a deed must have been
      mutual or there must have been a unilateral mistake coupled with fraud by
      the other party, such that the deed does not embody the actual intention of
      the parties. See Anderson v. Howard, 18 Tenn. App. 169, 74 S.W.2d 387,
      389-90 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1934); Pittsburg Lumber Co. v. Shell, 136 Tenn.
      466, 189 S.W. 879, 880 (Tenn. 1916). Reformation may be granted against
      the original parties, their privies, those claiming under them with notice,
      and third persons who will suffer no prejudice thereby. See 76 C.J.S.
      Reformation of Instruments § 54 (1994).

Bingham, 2002 WL 32335659, at *4 (quoting Wallace, 2001 WL 394872, at *3). The
court continued, however, that “a court of chancery may not reform a deed against a bona
fide purchaser for value without notice.” Id. (quoting Wallace, 2001 WL 394872, at *3).
The Court of Appeals has defined a “bona fide purchaser” as ‘“one who buys something

                                           -6-
for value without notice of another’s claim to the item or of any defects in the seller’s
title; one who has in good faith paid valuable consideration for property without notice of
prior adverse claims.”’ Fenn, 303 S.W.3d at 279 (quoting Aslinger v. Price, No. E2006-
00029-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 2521566, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 1, 2006)); see also
Rogers v. First Nat’l Bank, No. M2004-02414-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 344759, at *12
(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 14, 2006).

                1. Evidence Introduced at Trial

       Mr. Finley asserts that he was not aware of either Chase’s lien on the Weavers’
house or Chase’s lawsuit against the Weavers when he obtained title to the property
located at 2070 Wild Cherry Drive in 2012. The evidence in the record is highly disputed
and inconsistent with regard to this issue. Mr. Finley testified that he was aware of a
$40,000 lien that Dean Baxter had on the property because Mr. Baxter wanted to sell Mr.
Finley his lien. Mr. Finley explained that when he went out to look at the property, he
decided he would rather purchase the property than purchase Mr. Baxter’s lien. Mr.
Finley testified that he had someone perform a title search prior to the closing and that no
encumbrances were found on 2070 Wild Cherry Drive. Mr. Baxter told Mr. Finley he
had a $40,000 lien on the property, but Mr. Finley believed Mr. Baxter’s lien “was
bogus.”

       The evidence with regard to the value Mr. Finley transferred in exchange for the
property reveals that Mr. Finley and the Weavers entered into a “Lot/Land Purchase and
Sale Agreement” that Mr. Finley signed on September 29, 2011, and that the Weavers
each signed on October 10, 2011. The purchase price was listed at $55,000. Then, on
June 22, 2012, Mr. Finley signed a promissory note for $30,000 that included the
handwritten language “due Jan. 1, 2013.” Additional handwriting underneath the “due
Jan. 1, 2013” language reads “trade 99 Ford truck & 99 Ford 4 whl Rgs. ‒ 10,000 2-4
wks of 6/22/2012.” Mr. and Mrs. Weaver each testified that Mr. Finley transferred two
trucks to them1 but never paid them anything on the promissory note.2

      The Weavers gave their depositions in November 2012. By the time of the trial in
March 2016, they were unable to remember the course of events dating from 2011 and
2012. As a result, Chase introduced portions of their deposition testimonies into
evidence during the trial. Mr. Weaver read the following portions of his deposition into
evidence:

1
 Mr. Weaver testified that Mr. Finley gave them “the two trucks,” “nothing else,” and that the trucks “was
[sic] broke down when I got them.” He also testified that “if I would have bought them back then, it
would have been about a thousand, two thousand [dollars].”
2
 Mr. Finley filed a petition for bankruptcy in November 2012, and he failed to identify the Weavers as
creditors. Mr. Finley filed an amended schedule of real property in January 2013 in which he listed the
value of 2070 Wild Cherry Drive at $100,000.
                                                  -7-
      I’ll explain that Dean was trying to sell Mr. Finley the $40,000 lien that he
      had on our house, and Mr. Baxter sent Mr. Finley to our house to talk with
      us, and Gary was talking with us, Gary Finley. And subsequently he was
      trying to go through all this paperwork trying to figure it out, too, and he
      asked if we’d do some work for him. We was doing some work for him. He
      said, why don’t you all quitclaim the house to me, I’ll give you a little
      money out of it, and I’ll go to Chase, and I’ll settle up with Chase.

      ....

      Mr. Finley said I can fix it for you, I’ll talk with Chase, and I’m going to
      buy the house from Chase.

Following Mr. Weaver’s reading of this portion of his deposition testimony into
evidence, Mr. Weaver continued testifying:

      Q: So you believe that that’s what he was going to do at that time?

      A: Gary said he was going to take it - - he figured everything out.

      ....

      Q: Did Mr. Finley know - - did you tell Mr. Finley about this lawsuit?

      A: Mr. Finley looked over my paperwork.

      Q: And with your paperwork, did you have the complaint?

      A: I got everything in a box, and he went and done some digging at the
      courthouse.

In response to a question by his attorney, Mr. Weaver explained that Mr. Finley “went
through the paperwork, went through the paperwork. Went to the courthouse, went
through the paperwork.”

       Mrs. Weaver was shown her deposition testimony when she was on the witness
stand. When counsel inquired whether she remembered being asked during her
deposition whether Mr. Finley knew about Chase’s Deed of Trust, Mrs. Weaver
responded “yes,” “at one time I probably knew that he knew, yeah.” Referring to her
deposition transcript, Mrs. Weaver was asked:

      Q: Then it goes on: Gary’s going to talk to Chase, and they’re going to --
      Chase and Gary are going to come to an agreement.

                                          -8-
       A: That’s what I was told. That’s what Gary meant by he would take it on
       and he would handle with you all.

Mrs. Weaver continued:

       He was more willing to go through, help us with everything that he needed
       to help us with. Yes. He said he would help us any way he could.

       ....

       I felt that he was going to take the battle on. Whatever happened, you
       know, happened -- he was going to take the battle on. We were left out of
       it. You know, we washed our hands. We didn’t have to worry about it
       anymore. There wasn’t going to be any more harassment, people coming
       knocking on our door, Hey, your house is being foreclosed on, you got
       three days, blah blah blah.

              2. Mr. Finley’s Arguments on Appeal

       Mr. Finley argues on appeal that the trial court erred in relying on Mr. and Mrs.
Weaver’s deposition testimony to conclude that Mr. Finley knew about Chase’s claim to
the property in 2012, when the Weavers conveyed the title to him. Mr. Finley describes
the Weavers’ testimony as prior inconsistent statements of non-party witnesses that could
be used only to impeach the Weavers’ trial testimony and claims that the trial court erred
by treating the statements as substantive evidence.

        We disagree with Mr. Finley’s argument for the following reasons. First, although
the Weavers did not appeal the trial court’s judgment and are not parties to this appeal,
they were party defendants at trial. The Weavers were never dismissed from the case by
the trial court. They testified at the trial as parties, not non-party witnesses as Mr. Finley
asserts. Moreover, the trial court provided relief to Chase as against the Weavers when it
wrote in its Final Order that “[t]he deed of trust executed by Robin and Kerry Weaver . . .
shall be reformed to encumber the following real property . . . .”

       Second, as Chase correctly points out, the Weavers’ deposition testimony was
admissible as substantive evidence because it qualified as an admission by a party-
opponent pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(1.2). Rule 803, entitled “Hearsay
exceptions,” states that admissions by party-opponents are not excluded by the hearsay
rule. Rule 803(1.2) defines an admission by a party-opponent, in pertinent part, thusly:

       A statement offered against a party that is (A) the party’s own statement in
       either an individual or a representative capacity, or . . . (F) a statement by a
       person in privity of estate with the party.

                                            -9-
The Court of Appeals has discussed Tenn. R. Evid. 803(1.2) and explained that a party’s
assertion may never be excluded from evidence as hearsay if it is offered into evidence
by a party-opponent. Logan v. Estate of Cannon, No. E2015-02254-COA-R3-CV, 2016
WL 5344526, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2016) (citing Curtis v. Van Dusen, 723
S.W.2d 648, 650 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986)). The Logan court stated that a party’s out-of-
court assertion ‘“is always excepted to the hearsay rule as an admission of a party-
opponent.”’ Id. (quoting Curtis, 723 S.W.2d at 650)); see also Nadler v. Mtn. Valley
Chapel Bus. Trust, No. E2003-00848-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 1488544, at *5 (Tenn. Ct.
App. June 30, 2004) (“Because Mr. Lucas is a party to this action, any prior inconsistent
statements made in his deposition testimony ‘are admissible both for the purpose of
impeachment and as substantive evidence because they are admissions by a party-
opponent under Tenn. R. Evid. 803(1.2).”’) (quoting Burgess v. Harley, 934 S.W.2d 58,
68 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996)). As a result, the trial court was entitled to treat the Weavers’
deposition testimony that was read into evidence as substantive evidence under Tenn. R.
Evid. 803(1.2)(A).

        Turning now to subsection (F) of Tenn. R. Evid. 803(1.2), that portion of the rule
“was intended to allow admissions by predecessors in title to come in against a current
titleholder party.” Lohmann v. Lohmann, No. E2008-02787-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
3163141, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 2, 2009). Mr. Finley does not dispute that the
Weavers were his predecessors in title to 2070 Wild Cherry Drive. Thus, the trial court
was also entitled to consider the Weavers’ deposition testimony that was introduced into
evidence during the trial as substantive evidence against Mr. Finley, the current
titleholder to the property pursuant to Tenn. R. Evid. 803(1.2)(F).

       Third, Mr. Finley failed to object to Chase’s introduction into evidence of the
Weavers’ deposition testimony during the trial. Because of his failure to object, the
Weavers’ prior deposition testimony became admissible as substantive evidence even
without considering Tenn. R. Evid. 803(1.2). See State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 280,
283-84 (Tenn. 2000) (stating that when one party fails to object to evidence that may be
objectionable under the rules of evidence, that evidence becomes admissible as
substantive evidence); see also State v. Evans, W2005-00161-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL
1381585, at *9-10 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 17, 2006).

       The evidence in this case was inconsistent and confusing. “When the resolution of
the issues in a case depends upon the truthfulness of witnesses, the trial judge who has
the opportunity to observe the manner and demeanor of the witnesses while testifying is
in a far better position than this Court to decide those issues.” Melton, 388 S.W.3d at
285; see also Fenn, 303 S.W.3d at 275. As the trier of fact, the trial court was able to
observe the witnesses as they testified to assess their demeanor and evaluate their
credibility. Because we do not have the same opportunity as trial courts to observe
witnesses’ demeanors, “appellate courts will not re-evaluate a trial court’s assessment of
witness credibility absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.” Fenn, 303

                                          - 10 -
S.W.3d at 275; see also State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990) (“Questions
concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence
as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact, and not
in the appellate courts.”).

       In this case, the trial court found Mr. Finley’s testimony that he was not on notice
of Chase’s lawsuit against the Weavers to be “simply incredible.” The court wrote, “it is
readily apparent to the Court that Mr. Finley was aware of the controversy between the
Weavers and Chase.” Turning to the Weavers’ testimony, the trial court credited their
deposition testimony over their trial testimony. As the trial court explained, Mr. and Mrs.
Weaver testified during their deposition3 that Mr. Finley knew about their dispute with
Chase when he obtained title to 2070 Wild Cherry Drive, and their recollections became
“foggy” by the time of trial only after they were allowed to live on the property without
being required to pay either the mortgage or rent to Mr. Finley. The trial court wrote:

           Mr. Finley bought the property in part based on the premise that he would
           “handle” the problem with Chase. Mr. Finley was to “take on the fight.”
           He knew what the fight was about. He knew that there was a problem
           between the Weavers and Chase. . . . The Weavers now have an economic
           incentive to testify the way that they did at trial. They have lived in the
           property for an extended period of time, ever since the transfer, without the
           obligation to pay rent to Mr. Finley. All this time they were not paying the
           mortgage that they say they made to buy the property in question. Clearly,
           Mr. Finley knew about the controversy at the time he took title to the real
           estate in question. His testimony to the contrary is simply not credible.

Thus, the trial court held, Mr. Finley does not qualify as a bona fide purchaser because he
was on actual notice of a controversy between the Weavers and Chase.

        Mr. Finley contends that if the Weavers’ deposition testimony is accepted as
substantive evidence, the Weavers’ trial testimony cancels out their deposition testimony.
As support for this argument, Mr. Finley relies on the cases SunTrust Bank v. Best,
E2015-02122-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 4498401 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 26, 2016), and
Helderman v. Smolin, 179 S.W.3d 493 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). In SunTrust Bank, the
Court of Appeals wrote that ‘“[i]t is a rule of law in this state that contradictory
statements of a witness in connection with the same fact have the result of ‘cancelling
each other out.’” SunTrust Bank, 2016 WL 4498401, at *11 (quoting Taylor v. Nashville
Banner Publ’g Co., 573 S.W.2d 476, 482 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978)) (further quotations and
citations omitted). The Helderman court agreed, stating that if a party takes a position
during the pendency of a case, he or she ‘“must act consistently with it. One cannot play
fast and loose.”’ Helderman, 179 S.W.3d at 501-02 (quoting Stamper v. Venable, 97

3
    The record reflects that Mr. and Mrs. Weaver were deposed together rather than individually.
                                                    - 11 -
S.W. 812, 813 (Tenn. 1906)). The Helderman court further explained that ‘“if the proof
of a fact lies wholly with one witness, and he both affirms and denies it, and there is no
explanation, it cannot stand otherwise than unproven.’” Id. at 502 (quoting Johnston v.
Cincinnati N.O. & T.P. Ry. Co., 240 S.W. 429, 436 (Tenn. 1922)). The Helderman court
cautioned, however, that the rule of cancellation “only applies . . . ‘when the
inconsistency in the witness’s testimony is unexplained and when neither version of his
testimony is corroborated by other evidence.’” Id. at 502 (quoting Taylor, 573 S.W.2d at
483).

        Mr. Finley does not establish that Mr. Weaver or Mrs. Weaver’s deposition
testimony offered into evidence was contradicted by their testimony at trial. It is true that
the Weavers testified at their depositions that Mr. Finley knew about Chase’s Deed of
Trust when he obtained title to 2070 Wild Cherry Drive and that they did not give the
same testimony during trial. It is also true that Mr. Weaver was unable to remember at
trial the names of the banks with which he had mortgages. However, neither Mr. Weaver
nor Mrs. Weaver testified during the trial that Mr. Finley did not know about Chase’s
Deed of Trust or about the litigation. Rather, they were simply equivocal about what Mr.
Finley knew and seemed not to remember.

       When Mr. Weaver was asked at trial whether he told Mr. Finley about Chase’s
lawsuit before the property was conveyed, Mr. Weaver responded that Mr. Finley looked
through Mr. Weaver’s paperwork that he had in a box at his house. When asked whether
Chase’s complaint was in the box, Mr. Weaver replied, “I got everything in a box, and he
went and done some digging at the courthouse.” When Mrs. Weaver was shown her
deposition and asked whether she remembered being asked whether Mr. Finley knew
about Chase’s Deed of Trust, Mrs. Weaver responded “yes,” “at one time I probably
knew that he knew, yeah.” Also, when Mrs. Weaver was asked about the portion of her
deposition testimony where she testified, “Gary’s going to talk to Chase, and they’re
going to - - Chase and Gary are going to come to an agreement,” Mrs. Weaver testified,
“That’s what I was told. That’s what Gary meant by he would take it on and he would
handle with you all.”

       After comparing the Weavers’ deposition testimony that was offered into evidence
with the testimony provided at the trial, we do not find that they are contradictory so as to
cancel each other out, as Mr. Finley argues. In any event, the trial court explained away
any contradiction that may have been created by noting that the Weavers had an
economic incentive to testify as they did at trial. As the trial court noted, the Weavers
have been able to live in their house since they transferred title to Mr. Finley without
making mortgage or rental payments, and their situation will likely change drastically if




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Chase is granted relief and reforms its Deed of Trust. We do not find that the trial court
erred in relying on the Weavers’ deposition testimony as substantive evidence.4

       Having concluded that Mr. Finley was not a bona fide purchaser without notice of
Chase’s prior lien on 2070 Wild Cherry Drive and its complaint against the Weavers, we
need not address whether Mr. Finley was a bona fide purchaser for value. See Fenn, 303
S.W.3d at 279 (stating that one cannot be bona fide purchaser without proving both lack
of notice and transfer of value).

                                         III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s judgment that Chase is
permitted to reform its Deed of Trust and that Mr. Finley’s interest in 2070 Wild Cherry
Drive is subject to this reformation and the Deed of Trust recorded in Record Book 443,
Pages 420-38, Register’s Office of Marshall County, Tennessee. Costs of this appeal
shall be taxed to the appellant, Gary Eldon Finley, for which execution shall issue if
necessary.

                                                         ________________________________
                                                         ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE




4
 We also find Mr. Finley was on “inquiry notice” because the correct address was included in the
Derivation Clause of Chase’s Deed of Trust that was recorded in January 2006, over six years before Mr.
Finley obtained any interest in the property. See ABN AMRO, 372 S.W.3d at 131-32; Holiday Hospitality
Franchising, Inc. v. States Res., Inc., 232 S.W.3d 41, 49 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).
                                                - 13 -
