ANGELA KOELLER and                            )
JEFF HASKENHOFF,                              )
                                              )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                 )
                                              )
v.                                            )       No. SD36129
                                              )       Filed: May 22, 2020
MALIBU SHORES CONDOMINIUM                     )
ASSOCIATION, INC.,                            )
                                              )
       Defendant-Respondent.                  )

           APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CAMDEN COUNTY

                  Honorable Aaron G. Koeppen, Associate Circuit Judge

AFFIRMED

       Angela Koeller and Jeff Haskenhoff appeal from the trial court’s judgment in favor

of Malibu Shores Condominium Association, Inc. (Condo Association). Randall Koeller

was originally a plaintiff in this case. He died during the pendency of the action. His wife,

Angela Koeller, was substituted as a party plaintiff. To avoid confusion, we refer to

Randall Koeller, Angela Koeller and Jeff Haskenhoff individually by their first names. We

refer to Angela and Jeff collectively as Plaintiffs. Presenting three points, Plaintiffs

contend the trial court erred by deciding that the Condo Association’s lien on their unit was
valid and that Plaintiffs were barred from recovery pursuant to the voluntary payment

doctrine. Finding no merit in Plaintiffs’ contentions, we affirm.

                          Factual and Procedural Background

       This appeal involves a lien placed on Unit 3, Building 15 of the Malibu Shores

Condominium (the Unit) in favor of the Condo Association. Before Randall and Jeff

purchased the Unit, Michael and Wendy Halliday (the Hallidays) were the owners. The

Hallidays also leased boat slip number 11 on dock C (the boat slip) from the Condo

Association. Monthly maintenance fees for the Unit and the boat slip were billed by the

Condo Association as unit assessments and dock assessments on the statements provided

to the Hallidays.

       The Hallidays became delinquent in the payment of their unit and dock assessment

fees and charges. The Condo Association sued the Hallidays for past-due assessments and

sought forfeiture of the boat slip pursuant to the terms of the lease agreement. In March

2016, the Condo Association obtained a judgment against the Hallidays in the amount of

$6,156.46 for assessments, late-payment penalties and interest. Pursuant to the judgment,

the lease for the boat slip was terminated, and the Condo Association took possession of

the boat slip. The judgment stated that it constituted a lien on the Unit.1 At the time this

judgment was obtained, Angela and Jeff were members of the Condo Association Board.

       In May 2016, Randall and Jeff purchased the Unit at a sheriff’s sale for $52,000.

Randall and Jeff knew they were not purchasing the boat slip.




       1
          Additionally, paragraph 23 of the Condominium Declaration states that, if any
owner fails or refuses to make a payment of the common expenses when due, the amount
thereof shall constitute a lien on the interest of such owner.
                                             2
       In June 2016, Randall and Jeff asked the Condo Association about the amount of

the lien on the Unit. The Condo Association informed Randall and Jeff that they owed

$8,154 for the lien. This amount reflected unpaid assessments against the Unit, finance

charges, late fees, lien charges and attorney fees.      The amount also included dock

assessment fees for May and June 2016. While Randall questioned the amount, Jeff

insisted that the entire amount was correct and owed by them. In July 2016, Randall and

Jeff separately and voluntarily wrote checks in the amount of $4,077 to satisfy the lien. At

that time, Angela and Jeff were still members of the Condo Association Board.

       In November 2016, Randall and Jeff sold the Unit. Before selling the Unit, they

obtained a “Release of All Liens” on the Unit from the Condo Association. They sold the

Unit free of any liens or other encumbrances and made a profit.

       Randall and Jeff later filed suit against the Condo Association for, inter alia,

negligent misrepresentation and fraudulent misrepresentation with respect to the validity

and amount of the lien. After a bench trial, the court entered judgment in favor of the

Condo Association and against Randall and Jeff. One of the factual findings by the trial

court stated that the “lien asserted against [the Unit] was satisfied after receipt of the

voluntary payment” by Randall and Jeff. Another factual finding was that Randall and Jeff

“offered no credible evidence as to any material misrepresentations made by any of the

Board Members of [the Condo Association].” The trial court concluded, inter alia, that

“the lien against [the Unit] was valid and owed by [Randall and Jeff] after they purchased

[the Unit], but even if it were not, [Randall and Jeff’s] claims still fail because of the

voluntary payment rule.” This appeal followed.




                                             3
                                   Standard of Review

       In this court-tried case, our review is governed by Rule 84.13(d) and Murphy v.

Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976).2 We are required to affirm the trial court’s

judgment unless it is not supported by substantial evidence, it is against the weight of the

evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law. Murphy, 536 S.W.2d at 32. “We

review issues of law de novo.” Denny v. Regions Bank, 527 S.W.3d 920, 925 (Mo. App.

2017). With respect to factual determinations, we defer to the trial court’s credibility

determinations and assessment of the weight of witness testimony. Metzger v. Franklin,

496 S.W.3d 547, 549 (Mo. App. 2016). “The trial court is free to believe all, none, or part

of the testimony of any witness.” Id.

                                 Discussion and Decision

                                        Points 1 and 2

       In Points 1 and 2, Plaintiffs argue that the trial court misapplied the law by finding

that the lien was valid and by including dock assessment and attorney fees in the amount

of the lien. Those arguments are meritless because the trial court correctly applied the

voluntary payment doctrine.

       The voluntary payment doctrine “provides that a person who voluntarily pays

money with full knowledge of all the facts in the case, and in the absence of fraud and

duress, cannot recover it back, even though the payment is made without sufficient

consideration and under protest.” Damon v. City of Kansas City, 419 S.W.3d 162, 192

(Mo. App. 2013). In Huch v. Charter Communications, Inc., 290 S.W.3d 721 (Mo. banc

2009), our Supreme Court stated:


       2
           All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2020).

                                              4
       When evaluating the rationale behind this rule of law, courts emphasize that
       a person who, induced thereto solely by a mistake of law, has conferred a
       benefit upon another to satisfy in whole or in part an honest claim of the
       other to the performance given, is not entitled to restitution. The underlying
       reason for those requirements is that it would be inequitable to give such
       person the privilege of selecting his own time and convenience for litigation
       short of the bar of the statute of limitations, and thereby subject the payee
       to the uncertainties and casualties of human affairs likely to affect his means
       of defending the claim.

Id. at 726 (internal quotations and citations omitted; emphasis added).

       None of the arguments advanced by Plaintiffs in Points 1 and 2 involve fraud or

duress. Instead, the arguments are directed solely at the validity of the lien and its amount.

These involve only a mistake of law by Randall and Jeff in voluntarily paying a sum they

now claim they did not owe. A mistake of law occurs when a person is truly acquainted

with the existence or nonexistence of facts, but is ignorant of, or comes to an erroneous

conclusion as to, their legal effect. Edwards v. City of Ellisville, 426 S.W.3d 644, 666

(Mo. App. 2013). As members of the Condo Association Board, Angela and Jeff were

fully aware of all material facts giving rise to the assessment of the lien. Their alleged

mistake of law falls within the voluntary payment doctrine and precludes their attempt to

recover funds they voluntarily paid to the Condo Association. Therefore, Points 1 and 2

are denied.

                                           Point 3

       In Point 3, Plaintiffs argue the trial court’s finding that the Condo Association did

not misrepresent the lien amount is “not supported by substantial evidence, is against the

weight of the evidence and misapplies the law.” Because this point does not comply with

Rule 84.04(d), it preserves nothing for appellate review.




                                              5
       Point 3 presents three different legal challenges to the judgment. A point relied on

should contain only one issue, so multiple contentions about different issues should not be

combined into a single point. See City of Joplin v. Wallace Bajjali Dev. Partners, L.P.,

522 S.W.3d 327, 330 (Mo. App. 2017). The reason is each challenge involves a distinct

analysis. A not-supported-by-substantial-evidence and an against-the-weight analysis are

distinctly different. Smith v. Great Am. Assur. Co., 436 S.W.3d 700, 703-04 (Mo. App.

2014). Each of these, in turn, is different from a claim that the trial court erroneously

declared or applied the law. Id. “[T]his means each Murphy ground is proved differently

from the others and is subject to different principles and procedures of appellate review.”

Id. at 704. A point that includes multiple issues is multifarious and preserves nothing for

appellate review. State ex rel. Schmitt v. Schier Co., Inc., 594 S.W.3d 245, 253 n.15 (Mo.

App. 2020).

       Additionally, Plaintiffs’ contention that the judgment is not supported by

substantial evidence fails because they had the burden of production and persuasion on

their claim.

       When the burden of proof is placed on a party for a claim that is denied, the
       trier of fact has the right to believe or disbelieve that party’s uncontradicted
       or uncontroverted evidence. If the trier of fact does not believe the evidence
       of the party bearing the burden, it properly can find for the other party.
       Generally, the party not having the burden of proof on an issue need not
       offer any evidence concerning it. Consequently, substantial evidence
       supporting a judgment against the party with the burden of proof is not
       required or necessary.

Adoption of K.M.W., 516 S.W.3d 375, 382 (Mo. App. 2017) (internal quotations and

citations omitted).

       Plaintiffs’ contention that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence is

governed by Houston v. Crider, 317 S.W.3d 178 (Mo. App. 2010):

                                              6
        [A]n against-the-weight-of-the-evidence challenge requires completion of
        four sequential steps:

        (1) identify a challenged factual proposition, the existence of which is
        necessary to sustain the judgment;

        (2) identify all of the favorable evidence in the record supporting the
        existence of that proposition;

        (3) identify the evidence in the record contrary to the belief of that
        proposition, resolving all conflicts in testimony in accordance with the trial
        court’s credibility determinations, whether explicit or implicit; and,

        (4) demonstrate why the favorable evidence, along with the reasonable
        inferences drawn from that evidence, is so lacking in probative value, when
        considered in the context of the totality of the evidence, that it fails to induce
        belief in that proposition.

Id. at 187. Plaintiffs have not followed these mandatory requirements because they have

not identified the favorable evidence supporting the trial court’s finding or acknowledged

the trial court’s decisions about the credibility of the evidence presented. Instead, Plaintiffs

have only cited the evidence favorable to their position. “Failure to follow the applicable

framework means the appellant’s argument is analytically useless and provides no support

for his or her challenge.” In re Marriage of Adams, 414 S.W.3d 29, 34 (Mo. App. 2013).

For all of these reasons, Point 3 is denied.

        The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.



JEFFREY W. BATES, C.J. – OPINION AUTHOR

DON E. BURRELL, J. – CONCUR

MARY W. SHEFFIELD, J. – CONCUR




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