Filed 1/26/16

                CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION IN OFFICIAL REPORTS


          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                          FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     DIVISION TWO



HIGHLAND SPRINGS CONFERENCE
AND TRAINING CENTER et al.,
                                                   E060915
        Plaintiffs and Appellants,
                                                   (Super.Ct.No. RIC460950)
v.
                                                   OPINION
CITY OF BANNING,

        Defendant and Respondent;

SCC ACQUISITIONS, INC. et al.,

      Real Parties in Interest and
Respondents.




        APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Thomas H. Cahraman,

Judge. Reversed.

        Chatten-Brown & Carstens, Joshua R. Chatten-Brown, Jan Chatten-Brown, and

Douglas P. Carstens for Plaintiff and Appellant Highland Springs Conference and

Training Center.
       Leibold McClendon & Mann and John G. McClendon for Plaintiff and Appellant

Banning Bench Community of Interest Association.

       Aleshire & Wynder, Anthony R. Taylor and James J. McGrath for Defendant and

Respondent.

       Voss, Cook & Thel, Francis T. Donohue III; Bruce V. Cook and Andrew P. Cook

for Real Party in Interest and Respondent SCC Acquisitions, Inc.

       No appearance for Real Party in Interest and Respondent SCC/Black Bench, LLC.

                                   I. INTRODUCTION

       In these consolidated California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) actions,

several plaintiffs, including plaintiffs and appellants Highland Springs Conference and

Training Center (Highland Springs) and Banning Bench Community of Interest

Association (Banning Bench) successfully challenged the certification by defendant and

respondent, City of Banning (the City), of an environmental impact report (EIR) for a

1,500-acre real estate development project known as the Black Bench project. (Pub.

Resources Code, § 21000 et seq.) In their writ petitions, filed in November 2006,

Highland Springs and Banning Bench named “SCC/Black Bench, LLC, dba SunCal

Companies” (SCC/BB), as the only real party in interest. (Pub. Resources Code,

§ 21167.6.5.)

       SCC/BB appealed the April 2008 judgments entered in favor of plaintiffs on their

writ petitions, but its appeal was dismissed in September 2008 after it failed to deposit the

costs of preparing the record on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.140.) By that time,
SCC/BB was in default on two purchase money loans for the Black Bench property, and

by the end of 2008 SCC/BB lost the property in foreclosure.

       In August 2008, Highland Springs and Banning Bench, along with two other

plaintiffs, jointly moved to recover their attorney fees and costs incurred in the CEQA

litigation from SCC/BB. In October 2008, the trial court awarded the moving plaintiffs

over $1 million in attorney fees and costs. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1021.5.)1 SCC/BB did

not oppose the motion. In October 2012, the four plaintiffs, including Highland Springs

and Banning Bench, jointly moved to amend the judgments to add SCC Acquisitions, Inc.

(SCCA) as an additional judgment debtor (§ 187), and make SCCA liable for paying the

attorney fees and costs awards. The plaintiffs claimed that SCCA was the alter ego of

SCC/BB, it would be unjust not to hold SCCA liable for paying the attorney fees and

costs awards, and plaintiffs did not discover until 2012 that SCC/BB had been dissolved

in 2010.

       Following initial and supplemental briefing, three hearings, and several rounds of

evidentiary submissions, the trial court, relying on Alexander v. Abbey of the Chimes

(1980) 104 Cal.App.3d 39, 47-48 (Alexander), denied the motion to amend the judgments

on the sole basis that plaintiffs failed to act with due diligence in bringing the motion.

The court reasoned plaintiffs knew, or reasonably should have known, of SCCA’s alleged

alter ego relationship to SCC/BB long before plaintiffs moved to amend the judgments in


       1 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless
otherwise indicated.
October 2012. Still, the court indicated the equities favored granting the motion and the

court “likely” would have granted it had it been filed earlier.

       In this appeal, Highland Springs and Banning Bench claim the motion to amend

their judgments was erroneously denied. They claim SCCA failed to demonstrate that it

was prejudiced by plaintiffs’ over four-year delay in filing the motion; they presented

ample evidence that SCCA controlled the CEQA litigation against SCC/BB; SCCA was

the alter ego of SCC/BB, and it would be unjust not to hold SCCA liable for paying their

attorney fees and costs awards against SCC/BB.

       We agree the motion to amend was erroneously denied based solely on plaintiffs’

delay in filing the motion, because SCCA made an insufficient evidentiary showing that

it was prejudiced by the delay. SCCA did not meet its burden of proving the motion was

barred by laches. (Miller v. Eisenhower Medical Center (1980) 27 Cal.3d 614, 624

(Miller).) We therefore reverse the order denying the motion and remand the matter to

the trial court for further proceedings. On remand, the trial court must determine whether

the judgments in favor of Highland Springs and Banning Bench should be amended to

add SCCA as an additional judgment debtor.

                                   II. BACKGROUND

A. The CEQA Litigation and the Attorney Fees and Costs Awards

       In 2006, the City certified an EIR, approved a general plan amendment and a

specific plan, and took other actions in approving the development of an approximate

1,500-acre property known as the Black Bench Ranch, located in the City and just south
of the San Bernardino National Forest. In November 2006, Highland Springs, Banning

Bench, and three other plaintiffs filed four separate CEQA actions challenging the City’s

certification of the EIR and other project approvals. The actions were later consolidated,

apparently for all purposes.

       In April 2008, the trial court issued judgments and peremptory writs of mandate,

setting aside and vacating the City’s certification of the EIR and related project

approvals. As noted, SCC/BB appealed, but its appeal was dismissed in September 2008

after it failed to deposit the costs of preparing the record on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court,

rule 8.140.) The remittitur in SCC/BB’s appeal was issued in November 2008.

       Meanwhile, in August 2008, Highland Springs, Banning Bench, and two of the

three other plaintiffs, namely the two Cherry Valley entities,2 filed motions to recover,

solely from SCC/BB, their attorney fees and costs incurred in challenging the EIR and

related project approvals. SCC/BB did not oppose the motion, and the City joined the

motion.

       By September 2008, it was apparent to all of the parties to the CEQA litigation

that SCC/BB was having financial difficulties. In a notice of nonopposition to the

attorney fees motions, filed in September 2008, the City represented that, while the City


       2 The three other plaintiffs were the Center for Biological Diversity, Cherry
Valley Pass Acres and Neighbors, and Cherry Valley Environmental Planning Group.
The two Cherry Valley entities filed a single writ petition and joined the motion to amend
the judgments. The Center for Biological Diversity did not join the motion to amend the
judgments, and the two Cherry Valley entities did not appeal the order denying the
motion.
was engaged in discussions with SCC/BB to resolve the matter of SCC/BB’s contractual

obligation to reimburse the City for the City’s attorney fees and costs incurred in the

CEQA litigation, “[i]t became readily apparent . . . that the Real Party [SCC/BB] was in

financial distress. Real Party defaulted on both its loans for the property where the

proposed project was to [be] built, and on its agreement to defend and indemnify the City

in this litigation.” (Italics added.) The City explained it was supporting plaintiffs’

motion for attorney fees and costs because a settlement agreement between the City and

plaintiffs allowed the City to be reimbursed by Banning Bench for certain attorney fees

and costs the City paid to Banning Bench, providing that Banning Bench was able to

recover those amounts from SCC/BB.

       In October 2008, the trial court awarded $1,081,545.97 in attorney fees to the four

moving plaintiffs and against SCC/BB: Highland Springs was awarded $412,819.96;

Banning Bench was awarded $288,920.01; and the two Cherry Valley entities were

awarded $379,806.

B. The Motion to Amend the Judgments

       In October 2012, Highland Springs, Banning Bench, and the two Cherry Valley

entities moved to add SCCA to the judgments as an additional judgment debtor and

render SCCA liable for paying their attorney fees and costs awards. (§ 187.) By October

2012, no part of the awards had been paid. The trial court denied the motion and later

denied plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial. Only Highland Springs and Banning Bench

appealed. (§ 904.1, subd. (a)(2).)
       In their motion to amend, plaintiffs claimed SCCA was the alter ego of SCC/BB

and it would be unjust not to hold SCCA liable for paying plaintiffs’ attorney fees and

costs awards. Plaintiffs presented evidence that both SCCA and SCC/BB conducted

business under the names “SunCal” and “The SunCal Companies,” in connection with

procuring the Black Bench property, obtaining the project approvals, and in the CEQA

litigation. Plaintiffs adduced a fictitious business name statement, recorded in Orange

County on June 1, 2006, showing that “SCC Acquisitions, Inc.,” or SCCA, conducted

business as “SunCal Companies,” and claimed that “[r]eview of documents regarding the

history of the project” showed that “SunCal” was the entity that applied to the City to

develop the property; “SunCal” was identified as the property owner in the City’s notice

of scoping meeting preceding the City’s preparation of the EIR; and reports prepared for

the EIR were prepared for “SunCal,” not SCC/BB.

       Plaintiffs also adduced letters and correspondence indicating that SunCal or SCCA

was involved in negotiating the project approvals with the City and in attempting to settle

the matter of plaintiffs’ attorney fees claims and awards. For example, in September

2006, Edward J. Casey, counsel for SCCA and the attorney of record in the CEQA

litigation for SCC/BB, wrote a letter to the City, “‘on behalf of [the] Suncal Companies

(“Suncal”),’” whom Mr. Casey identified as “‘the project applicant for the Black Bench

Specific Plan,’” urging the city council to approve the project. Plaintiffs presented

additional evidence that SCC/BB and SCCA had the same chief executive officer, agent

for service of process, and principal executive office. Over 70 other business entities,
many with “SCC” in their names, also had the same office address and agent for service

of process as SCCA and SCC/BB.

       Plaintiffs argued that common representatives of SCCA and SCC/BB, including

Mr. Casey, misled them concerning which of the two entities was the project applicant

and “real party in interest” in the CEQA litigation. (Pub. Resources Code, § 21167.6.5,

subd. (a).) Plaintiffs claimed they intended to name SCCA as a real party in interest in

their November 2006 writ petitions, along with SCC/BB, but did not do so because

counsel for SCCA and SCC/BB, Mr. Casey, confirmed in a November 16, 2006, e-mail

to counsel for Highland Springs, Jan Chatten-Brown, that “Suncal” (which plaintiffs

understood to mean SCCA) held “no interest” in the Black Bench property. Plaintiffs

claimed Mr. Casey’s representation was false, in part because SCCA, not SCC/BB, was

the party with whom the City and plaintiffs believed they were dealing in connection with

the Black Bench project approvals. Plaintiffs submitted that, had they known when they

filed their writ petitions in November 2006, that SCCA owned 65 to 70 percent of

SCC/BB—a fact not disclosed by SCCA until one of the hearings on the motion to

amend the judgments—they would have named SCCA as a real party in interest in their

petitions.

C. SCCA’s Opposition

       In opposing the motion, SCCA denied it was the alter ego of SCC/BB and claimed

SCC/BB “was formed and kept as a separate entity, with its own assets, its own bank

accounts, and its own accounting.” “All corporate formalities were followed,” and
SCC/BB “was not ‘undercapitalized.’” SCCA did not dispute that its representatives

used the names “SunCal” and “SunCal Companies” interchangeably, and to refer to

SCCA, SCC/BB, and other SunCal entities. SCCA was “one of the parent companies” of

many “SunCal entities,” and for this reason conducted business under the fictitious

business name “SunCal Companies.” “SunCal” was not a “legal entity,” but, like Coca-

Cola and McDonald’s, was a “brand name for a business that operate[d] through multiple

legal entities,” and “[a]lmost all, if not all, real estate developers and home builders

operate[d] in the same manner.”

       SCCA explained that “single purpose entit[ies],” like SCC/BB, were commonly

used in the real estate development industry. SunCal’s practice had been “to hold and

own property in a variety of wholly owned and partially owned subsidiaries and joint

ventures with equity and debt capital provided by institutional investors, including at one

time . . . Lehman Brothers [(Lehman)] . . . .” SCCA would enter into purchase contracts

with property sellers, or take an assignment of a purchase contract already in place, then

assign its purchase rights to “a newly formed single purpose entity” in which SCCA

typically had an indirect ownership interest, “at times no more than 5%.” The property

would then be purchased by the newly formed single purpose entity, and “the

development is then owned, operated and pursued by such entity.” The reasons for such

“practices and structure” included “limiting liability with respect to a real estate

development to that specific development, as is common in the real estate industry,” and

“satisfying [the] requirements of capital partners and lending sources that will not invest
in or lend to projects unless the ownership of the project is held by what is termed as a

single purpose entity, as such financing sources demand that any such entity have no

liability with respect to any other projects.”

       The Black Bench property was acquired in four separate transactions with four

property owners, and SCCA either entered into contracts with the property owners or

acquired the rights to purchase the property from unrelated third parties. After forming

SCC/BB, SCCA assigned its rights to purchase the Black Bench property to SCC/BB,

which then took title to the entire property. The acquisition of the property was financed

through “seller carry-back financing” and equity contributions from SCC/BB’s

“immediate member (not SCCA),” which member was formed as a vehicle through

which various projects, including the Black Bench project, were financed. During one of

the hearings on the motion to amend the judgments, counsel for SCCA revealed that

SCCA owned 65 to 70 percent of SCC/BB.

       After SCC/BB acquired the Black Bench property, the “development work” was

performed under a contract between SCC/BB and “SunCal Management, LLC.” As its

name suggested, SunCal Management, LLC was “affiliated with the SunCal

organization,” and had “the necessary personnel and business infrastructure to perform

such development.” This was “routine and customary” in the real estate development

industry. SCC/BB, “having no employees, could not have performed such development

services by itself.”
       Still, “[a]ll contracts for entitlement and development services” for the Black

Bench property were entered into by SCC/BB, not SCCA or SunCal Management, LLC.

SCC/BB paid all amounts owing under such contracts from its own bank accounts, using

its own funds. SCC/BB also paid its attorneys to defend the CEQA litigation from its

own funds, using its own bank accounts.

       SCC/BB “spent over $14 million of its own funds to entitle and develop” the

Black Bench property, “all of such funds being equity contributions from its member.”

This member “changed over the life of the [p]roject due to changes in financing

arrangements. The member . . . received loan proceeds, either directly or indirectly, from

lenders to finance various projects, which proceeds were then contributed as capital to the

single purpose entities that owned those projects, one of which was SCC/Black Bench.”

       SCCA also pointed out that the CEQA litigation was filed in November 2006, and

during the next two years, “the housing market in the United States generally, and in

Banning in particular, completely collapsed.” SCC/BB was “left with a partially entitled

[p]roject that was worth substantially less than what it had paid to acquire and entitle the

[p]roject. Despite the millions of dollars that SCC/Black Bench had invested in the . . .

[p]roperty, due to the collapse of the real estate market, the seller carry-back financing

went into default and the [p]roject was foreclosed on in 2008. As a result, SCC/Black

Bench lost its entire investment in the [p]roject.”

       SCCA argued it would be inequitable and would violate its due process rights to

impose alter ego liability on it and hold it responsible for plaintiffs’ attorney fees and
costs awards against SCC/BB. “Perhaps more importantly,” SCCA claimed, it was not

given the opportunity to defend the alter ego claim during the CEQA litigation. SCCA

maintained that, “[a]t the very least, if SCCA were named as a defendant in the original

action six years ago, documents would have been more readily available and memories

would have been fresh in the minds of witnesses.” SCCA did not indicate that any

documents, witness testimony, or other evidence had been lost or was no longer

available.

D. Additional Briefing and Evidence

       The motion to amend came was heard on December 12, 2012, but the hearing was

continued to March 27, 2013, then to November 20, 2013. The second continuance was

granted in order to allow the parties to pursue discovery and present additional and

rebuttal evidence. Before the continued hearings, plaintiffs and SCCA each filed

supplemental briefs and submitted additional evidence.

E. The Court’s Ruling on the Motion to Amend

       In a five-page ruling issued on January 27, 2014, the court, relying on Alexander,

denied the motion to amend based solely on plaintiffs’ delay or “lack of due diligence” in

bringing the motion. The court explained: “The motion was filed more than four years

after issuance of the orders imposing attorney’s fees, and almost six years after the

commencement of [the] action. [(Alexander, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d 39.)] While

[plaintiffs] may have been misled at the start of the litigation, there is [in]sufficient

evidence to justify such a long delay. They should have discovered the relevant facts
long ago.” The court also noted that, though SCCA did not expressly argue “lack of due

diligence” or prejudice in its opposition brief, it discussed the “same issue” in two

paragraphs of its original opposition brief under the heading “‘due process.’”

       The court next observed that: “Absent the delay this court would likely have

granted the motion. Edward Casey’s e-mail of November 16, 2006 indeed appears to be

misleading, though the court cannot tell whether he intended to mislead anyone. Further,

although $14 million is a substantial sum, it appears to represent undercapitalization for a

project of this size. One can easily infer from the administrative record that the overall

value of the completed project would have been in the range of $300-$700 million. Most

of the other points made by [plaintiffs] have merit as well, and of course it was

elucidating to learn at the hearing that the interest of SCCA in SCC/Black Bench was 65-

70%, not the 5% that was implied by the opposition brief. The opposition paperwork

talks about the business habits of major developers, and the many entities covered by the

brand name, ‘SunCal,’ but the fact that other developers may also use underfunded

subsidiaries to limit their liability, and generic brand names that create confusion,

provides no particular basis to have absolved [SCCA]. When one then considers that

SCC/Black Bench had no employees, but had a large overlap of officers with SCCA, and

further considers the role of SCCA in the underlying litigation, it seems likely that the

motion would have been appropriately granted, had it been filed earlier.”
F. Plaintiffs’ Motion for a New Trial

       Following the denial of the motion to amend, plaintiffs filed a motion for a new

trial along with additional evidence. (§ 657.) That motion was denied following a March

21, 2014, hearing.

G. The Trial Court’s Evidentiary Rulings

       SCCA made numerous evidentiary objections to plaintiffs’ evidence, principally

on foundational and hearsay grounds. The court sustained some of the objections, and

plaintiffs challenge those rulings on this appeal. For the most part, plaintiffs claim that

what would otherwise have constituted hearsay was admissible for the nonhearsay

purpose of showing why plaintiffs’ representatives did what they did at various points in

time, and ultimately waited until October 2012 to file the motion to amend their

judgments.

       We find it unnecessary to address the court’s many evidentiary rulings. All of the

excluded evidence concerned the reasons plaintiffs waited until October 2012 to file the

motion to amend and whether their delay in filing the motion was unreasonable. As will

appear, the question of whether plaintiffs unreasonably delayed in filing the motion to

amend is irrelevant to the merits of plaintiffs’ alter ego claim against SCCA. It is only

relevant to whether plaintiffs’ alter ego claim was barred by the equitable, affirmative

defense of laches. As we explain, the claim is not barred by laches because SCCA failed

to present sufficient evidence that it was prejudiced by plaintiffs’ delay in filing the

motion, even if the delay was unreasonable.
                                      III. DISCUSSION

A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

       Section 187 grants every court the power and authority to carry its jurisdiction into

effect.3 (NEC Electronics Inc. v. Hurt (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 772, 778.) This includes

the authority to amend a judgment to add an alter ego of an original judgment debtor, and

thereby make the additional judgment debtor liable on the judgment. (Toho-Towa Co.,

Ltd. v. Morgan Creek Productions, Inc. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1096, 1106.) Amending

a judgment to add an alter ego of an original judgment debtor “‘is an equitable procedure

based on the theory that the court is not amending the judgment to add a new defendant

but is merely inserting the correct name of the real defendant.’” (McClellan v.

Northridge Park Townhome Owners Assn. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 746, 752.)

       Section 187 contemplates amending a judgment by noticed motion. (Wells Fargo

Bank, N.A. v. Weinberg (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1, 9 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two] (Wells

Fargo); see §§ 1003, 1004, 1005, subd. (a)(13)].) The court is not required to hold an

evidentiary hearing on a motion to amend a judgment, but may rule on the motion based

solely on declarations and other written evidence. (Wells Fargo, supra, at p. 9.)




       3   Section 187 states: “When jurisdiction is, by the Constitution or this Code, or
by any other statute, conferred on a Court or judicial officer, all the means necessary to
carry it into effect are also given; and in the exercise of this jurisdiction, if the course of
proceeding be not specifically pointed out by this Code or the statute, any suitable
process or mode of proceeding may be adopted which may appear most comformable to
the spirit of this code.”
         To prevail on the motion, the judgment creditor must show, by a preponderance of

the evidence, that: “(1) the parties to be added as judgment debtors had control of the

underlying litigation and were virtually represented in that proceeding; (2) there is such a

unity of interest and ownership that the separate personalities of the entity and the owners

no longer exist; and (3) an inequitable result will follow if the acts are treated as those of

the entity alone.” (Relentless Air Racing, LLC v. Airborne Turbine Ltd. Partnership

(2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 811, 815-816.) The decision to grant or deny the motion lies

within the sound discretion of the trial court (id. at p. 815) and will not be disturbed on

appeal if there is a legal basis for the decision and substantial evidence supports it. (See

People ex rel. Harris v. Sarpas (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1552.)

         In determining whether there is a sufficient unity of interest and ownership, the

court considers many factors, including “the commingling of funds and assets of the two

entities, identical equitable ownership in the two entities, use of the same offices and

employees, disregard of corporate formalities, identical directors and officers, and use of

one as a mere shell or conduit for the affairs of the other. [Citation.]” (Troyk v. Farmers

Group, Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1305, 1342.) Inadequate capitalization of the

original judgment debtor is another factor. (Zoran Corp. v. Chen (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th

799, 811-812 [reciting “long list” of inexhaustive factors].) No single factor governs;

courts must consider all of the circumstances of the case in determining whether it would

be equitable to impose alter ego liability. (Troyk v. Farmers Group, Inc., supra, at p.

1342.)
       Alter ego “is an extreme remedy, sparingly used.” (Sonora Diamond Corp. v.

Superior Court (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 523, 539.) “‘The standards for the application of

alter ego principles are high, and the imposition of [alter ego] liability . . . is to be

exercised reluctantly and cautiously.’” (Mesler v. Bragg Management Co. (1985) 39

Cal.3d 290, 306 (dis. opn. of Lucas, J.).) Still, “‘[t]he greatest liberality is to be

encouraged’” in allowing judgments to be amended to add the “real defendant,” or alter

ego of the original judgment debtor, “‘in order to see that justice is done.’” (Carr v.

Barnabey’s Hotel Corp. (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 14, 20; Greenspan v. LADT LLC (2010)

191 Cal.App.4th 486, 508 (Greenspan); Wells Fargo, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 7.)

       In Kohn v. Kohn (1950) 95 Cal.App.2d 708, a marriage dissolution case discussed

in Greenspan, the court emphasized the case-specific nature of determining whether to

impose alter ego liability: “‘“The issue is not so much whether, for all purposes, the

corporation is the ‘alter ego’ of its stockholders or officers, nor whether the very purpose

of the organization of the corporation was to defraud the individual who is now in court

complaining, as it is an issue of whether in the particular case presented and for the

purposes of such case justice and equity can best be accomplished and fraud and

unfairness defeated by a disregard of the distinct entity of the corporate form.” . . . “In the

instant case there may well have been various business reasons sufficient to justify and

support the formation or continuation of the corporation on the part of defendant. For

such purposes the [corporation] still stands.” . . . However, to the extent the purpose of

the corporation was to fraudulently deprive the wife of a fair property settlement, the
corporate entity would be disregarded: “The law of this state is that the separate

corporate entity will not be honored where to do so would be to defeat the rights and

equities of third persons.” . . . .’” (Greenspan, supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at p. 511.)

B. The Order Denying the Motion to Amend the Judgments Must be Reversed

       Plaintiffs claim the court erroneously denied their motion to amend the judgments

to add SCCA as a judgment debtor based solely on plaintiffs’ lack of due diligence, or

unreasonable four- to six-year delay, in filing the motion. We agree.

       1. The Motion to Amend Was Not Barred by Laches

       Laches is an equitable, affirmative defense which requires a showing of both an

unreasonable delay by the plaintiff in bringing suit, “‘plus either acquiescence in the act

about which plaintiff complains or prejudice to the defendant resulting from the delay.’

[Citation.]” (Miller, supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 624; Mt. San Antonio Community College

Dist. v. Public Employment Relations Bd. (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 178, 188.) “If, in light

of the lapse of time and other relevant circumstances, a court concludes that a party’s

failure to assert a right has caused prejudice to an adverse party, the court may apply the

equitable defense of laches to bar further assertion of the right.” (In re Marriage of

Fellows (2006) 39 Cal.4th 179, 183.)

       The party asserting laches bears the burden of production and proof on each

element of the defense. (Miller, supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 624.) It is important to remember

that, in determining whether laches applies, “[p]rejudice is never presumed; rather it must

be affirmatively demonstrated by the defendant in order to sustain his burdens of proof
and the production of evidence on the issue. [Citation.] Generally speaking, the

existence of laches is a question of fact to be determined by the trial court in light of all

of the applicable circumstances . . . . [Citations.]” (Ibid.)

       The trial court here denied plaintiffs’ motion to amend based solely on plaintiffs

failure to exercise due diligence, or unreasonable delay, in filing the motion. The court

observed the motion was filed on October 26, 2012, slightly more than four years after

October 23, 2008, the date the most recent postjudgment attorney fee award order was

issued, and nearly six years after plaintiffs’ writ petitions were filed in November 2006.

As noted, the court found “[in]sufficient evidence to justify” plaintiffs’ “long delay” in

filing the motion, and observed that plaintiffs “should have discovered the relevant facts

long ago.”

       The court also found that SCCA was prejudiced by the delay, but insufficient

evidence supports this finding. The court reasoned that SCCA had “presumably . . .

planned its affairs” since 2006 to 2008 “without reference” to any risk that it would be

held liable for plaintiffs’ attorney fees awards. (Italics added.) But prejudice can never

be presumed; it must be affirmatively shown (Miller, supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 624), and

here, SCCA presented insufficient evidence that it was prejudiced by plaintiffs’ delay in

moving to amend the judgments to add SCCA as an additional judgment debtor. Though

it may seem fair and reasonable to presume prejudice based solely on a party’s

unreasonable delay in asserting a right, particularly when, as here, the relevant facts were
known to or should have been discovered by the party asserting the right, prejudice

simply may not be presumed based solely on an unreasonable delay in asserting the right.

       In concluding SCCA was prejudiced, the court pointed to two paragraphs on page

8 of SCCA’s original opposition brief as “discussing” “[p]rejudice from [the] delay.”

There, SCCA argued that if had it been named, along with SCC/BB, as an original

defendant or real party in interest in the CEQA litigation in November 2006, then SCCA

“could have expended its own resources to defend the litigation, including any claim of

alter ego, which resources would have been substantial in 2006 to 2008 when the

litigation was ongoing. But now, due to the collapse of the real estate housing market,

circumstances are much different. Adding SCCA now, six years after the litigation was

filed and over four years after the judgment[s] for attorneys’ fees was litigated and

entered, and with SCCA’s circumstances having materially changed in the interim, would

violate SCCA’s right to due process.”

       This was insufficient to show prejudice. It was not enough for SCCA to simply

assert, without specifics or supporting evidence, that it no longer had the same resources

it had before the real estate market “collapsed” in 2008 and that other unspecified

“circumstances [had] materially changed.” SCCA did not show that any evidence

relevant to its defense to the motion had been lost or destroyed or that any witnesses were

no longer available. (Cf. Pratali v. Gates (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 632, 644 (Pratali) [death

of key witness may constitute prejudice].) To the contrary, it appears that little to no
relevant evidence concerning SCCA’s relationship to SCC/BB, and the equities of

imposing alter ego liability on SCCA, had been lost or destroyed since 2008.

       Indeed, SCCA did not even argue it was prejudiced by plaintiffs’ four-year delay

in filing the motion to amend, or plaintiffs’ near six-year delay in attempting to bring

SCCA in as a party to the consolidated CEQA actions. Rather, SCCA claimed its due

process rights would be violated if it were forced to defend the motion so long after

plaintiffs could have asserted their alter ego claim against SCCA in the CEQA actions.

But whether SCCA’s due process rights would be violated by imposing alter ego liability

upon it—that is, whether SCCA controlled the underlying CEQA litigation and was

virtually represented in the consolidated CEQA actions—is a different question than

whether SCCA was prejudiced by plaintiffs’ delay in filing the motion to amend.

Because insufficient evidence shows that SCCA was prejudiced by plaintiffs’ four-year

delay in filing their motion to amend, the motion is not barred by laches.

       2. Alexander is Inconsistent with Settled Case Law on Laches

       In denying the motion to amend, the court relied on Alexander. Plaintiffs claim

Alexander is “an outlier; an anomalous departure from settled case law” and in relying on

it the court created an impermissible “ad hoc statute of limitation[s]” to bar their motion

to amend the judgment. We agree that Alexander is a departure from settled case law.

The plaintiffs in Alexander obtained two judgments against a corporation, Abbey of the

Chimes (Abbey), one on a promissory note signed by Abbey and another on assignment

of commissions owed by Abbey. (Alexander, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d at pp. 42-43.)
Abbey incurred the obligations before McCormac, an individual, became its sole

shareholder in 1965. (Id. at p. 43.) In 1966, the plaintiffs sued Abbey on the note and on

the assignment, without naming McCormac as a defendant, and judgments in favor of the

plaintiffs were entered in February 1971. (Id. at pp. 42-43.) Meanwhile, in 1969,

McCormac sold Abbey’s assets in a bulk sale transfer to another corporation, Skylawn,

and the sales agreement required Skylawn to assume Abbey’s liability for paying the

judgments. (Id. at p. 43.) The plaintiffs never attempted to satisfy their judgments

against Abbey or Skylawn. (Ibid.)

       In 1977, nearly seven years after the judgments were entered, the plaintiffs moved

to amend the judgments to add McCormac as a judgment debtor, claiming he was

Abbey’s alter ego. (Alexander, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d at p. 43.) The trial court granted

the motion. (Id. at p. 42.) On appeal, McCormac claimed his due process rights had been

violated because he was not present at the underlying trial. (Id. at p. 44.) The Alexander

court rejected this claim, finding there was sufficient evidence that McCormac controlled

the underlying litigation. (Id. at pp. 44-46.) The court also found sufficient evidence to

support a finding that McCormac was Abbey’s alter ego, and it would be unjust not to

hold McCormac liable for the judgments, given that he caused Abbey to sell all of its

assets, leaving Abbey it “a hollow shell without means to satisfy its existing and potential

creditors.” (Id. at pp. 46-47.) Nonetheless, the court reversed the order amending the

judgments on the sole ground that the motion was untimely, while emphasizing that the

alter ego doctrine was an equitable one and that the court’s task in applying it was to
ensure a just and equitable result. (Id. at pp. 47-48.) The court reasoned it was

inequitable to hold McCormac liable as an alter ego of Abbey, given the plaintiffs’ seven-

year delay in filing the motion to amend, when there was no explanation for the delay, the

plaintiffs never attempted to satisfy their judgments against Abbey or Skylawn, and the

plaintiffs knew that McCormac was Abbey’s sole shareholder and alleged alter ego when

they filed their complaints against Abbey. (Id. at p. 48.)

       The Alexander court did not use the term “laches” in reversing the order amending

the plaintiffs’ judgments. (Alexander, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d at pp. 47-48.) Specifically,

the court did not require McCormac to show he was prejudiced by the plaintiffs’

unexplained, seven-year delay in filing the motion to amend. (Miller, supra, 27 Cal.3d at

p. 624.) Alexander is thus inconsistent with settled case law that an action is barred by

laches only if the defendant shows the plaintiff unreasonably delayed in bringing suit, and

the defendant was either prejudiced by the delay or the plaintiff acquiesced in the actions

it complains of. (Miller, supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 624; Conti v. Board of Civil Service

Commissioners (1969) 1 Cal.3d 351, 359 & fn 8.)4

       4  Alexander relied on McIntire v. Superior Court (1975) 52 Cal.App.3d 717, 721
for the proposition that: “[T]o justify the addition of new defendants, plaintiffs must
have acted with due diligence to bring them in as parties.” McIntire involved a motion to
amend a complaint to add defendants following trial and judgment in a personal injury
action. (Id. at p. 719.) The McIntire court held that the trial court abused its discretion in
allowing the amendment, both because the court had not retained jurisdiction in the cause
and because the plaintiffs unreasonably delayed in bringing the McIntires in as
defendants, and prejudice to the McIntires, as a result of the delay, was “evident.” (Id. at
pp. 720-721.) Thus, McIntire found sufficient evidence of prejudice resulting from the
delay, but this aspect of McIntire was not noted in Alexander. Other courts have cited
Alexander for the bare proposition that a motion to amend a judgment to add a judgment
                                                                  [footnote continued on next page]
        Nor can Alexander be understood as a proper refusal by the court to apply the alter

ego doctrine based on the overall equities of the case. To be sure, whether a court should

apply the alter ego doctrine in a particular case is based on a number of factors; there is

no litmus test for determining when the alter ego doctrine should be applied; and “[t]he

essence of the alter ego doctrine is that justice be done.” (Mesler v. Bragg Management

Co., supra, 39 Cal.3d at pp. 300-301; Greenspan, supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at pp. 510-

513.) Still, the equities of applying the alter ego doctrine should not be conflated with the

separate question of whether the defendant has demonstrated prejudice resulting from the

plaintiff’s delay in asserting the alter ego claim.

        In our view, a court errs if it refuses to apply the alter ego doctrine based solely on

a plaintiff’s unreasonable delay, or lack of due diligence, in asserting the alter ego claim,

as occurred in Alexander. Barring an alter ego claim based solely on the plaintiff’s

unreasonable delay in asserting the claim allows the alleged alter ego defendant to avail

itself of the defense of laches without showing it was prejudiced by the delay. This is

contrary to the settled requirements of laches (Miller, supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 624) and

“would, in effect, revive the discredited doctrine of ‘stale claims’” which our state high



[footnote continued from previous page]
debtor must be made with due diligence, or within a reasonable time. (Mesler v. Bragg
Management Co., supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 309 (dis. opn. of Lucas, J.) [citing Alexander for
the proposition that amending a judgment to add an additional judgment debtor “is not
permitted in the absence of a showing of due diligence on the part of the plaintiff”];
Levander v. Prober (9th Cir. 1999) 180 F.3d 1114, 1121, fn. 10 [citing Alexander for the
proposition that a motion to amend a judgment must be “made within a reasonable
time”].)
court long ago repudiated (Conti v. Board of Civil Service Commissioners, supra, 1

Cal.3d at pp. 359-360; Maguire v. Hibernia S. & L. Soc. (1944) 23 Cal.2d 719, 735-736

(Maquire).) In Maquire, the court observed that, in both legal and equitable actions, the

“mere lapse of time, other than that prescribed by statutes of limitation, does not bar

relief.” (Maquire, supra, at p. 736.) Since Maguire, the court has “consistently rejected

the concept that lapse of time less than the period of limitations in itself constitutes a

defense.” (Conti, supra, at pp. 359-360; Miller, supra, at p. 624.)5

       5  Alexander also relied on section 129 of the Restatement of Judgments (1942)
and selected “comments” on section 129. (Alexander, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d at p. 48.)
Section 129 states: “Equitable relief from a judgment may be refused to a party thereto if
[¶] (a) before or after the judgment was rendered the complainant or a person
representing him failed to use care to protect his interests, or [¶] (b) after ascertaining
the facts the complainant failed promptly to seek redress.” (Rest., Judgments, § 129.)
One comment on clause (b), quoted in Alexander, explains when a party’s delay in
seeking redress will be deemed unreasonable: “‘In determining whether the delay by the
complainant in seeking relief has been unreasonable, many circumstances are to be
considered. Although length of time in itself, aside from its likelihood of producing
hardship, is not a bar, nevertheless the length of time which has elapsed from the time
when the complainant knew or should have known of the facts . . . is an important
element where no reason is suggested for the delay.’” (Alexander, supra, at p. 48, italics
added, quoting Rest., Judgments, § 129, com. on cl. (b).)
        Another comment on clause (b), not observed in Alexander, explains when a
party’s unreasonable delay in seeking relief from a judgment, or delay in seeking to
amend a judgment, is likely to produce a hardship or prejudice. It states: “Laches.
Elements to be considered. A bill for equitable relief is not barred merely by lapse of
time; relief is denied only if it would be unjust to allow it to be granted. The existence of
such injustice depends on an affirmative answer to two questions: Has the party seeking
relief been unreasonable in his delay after learning the facts; [and] has the delay made it
unfair to permit the action either because a hardship would result to the respondent or to
third persons because of a change of circumstances or because there would be a
substantial chance of reaching an erroneous decision as to the facts?” (Rest., Judgments,
§ 129, com. on cl. (b), second italics added.) This comment comports with settled case
law that laches does not apply based solely on an unreasonable delay, but prejudice from
the delay must be affirmatively shown. (Miller, supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 624.)
       In addition to absolving the defendant of proving the prejudice element of laches,

the denial of a motion to amend a judgment to add an alter ego defendant based solely on

the moving party’s unreasonable delay in filing the motion, allows the court to create, by

judicial fiat, a de facto limitations period on a section 187 motion to amend a judgment,

even though no limitations period applies to the motion. (Fahmy v. Medical Bd. of

California (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 810, 814-816 [trial court’s determination that medical

board’s three-year delay in taking disciplinary action against physician was unreasonable

as a matter of law “[flew] in the face of the Legislature’s informed refusal to impose a

statute of limitations on physician disciplinary proceedings”].) As explained in Fahmy,

statutes of limitations may not be created “‘by judicial fiat’”; they “‘are products of

legislative authority and control.’ [Citation.] By focusing solely on the passage of time,

and not on the issue of disadvantage and prejudice, a court risks imposing a de facto—

and impermissible—statute of limitations in a situation where the Legislature chose not to

create a limitation on actions.” (Id. at p. 816.)

       No statute of limitations applies to a section 187 motion to amend a judgment to

add a judgment debtor. To the contrary, the motion may be made “‘“‘at any time so that

the judgment will properly designate the real defendants.’”’ [Citation.]” (Wells Fargo,

supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 7.) “Simply put, section 187 recognizes ‘the inherent

authority of a court to make its records speak the truth.’ [Citation.]” (Greenspan, supra,

191 Cal.App.4th at p. 509, quoting Mirabito v. San Francisco Dairy Co. (1935) 8

Cal.App.2d 54, 57.) It is apparent that the Legislature, in determining not to subject a
section 187 motion to amend a judgment to any limitations period, does not wish to

hamper courts in exercising their authority to carry their jurisdiction into effect by

ensuring their judgments are enforced against the “real defendants.” (See Fahmy v.

Medical Bd. of California, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at p. 816.)

       In denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend, the court posed an analogy based on an

action for breach of a written contract: the court explained that if SCCA had breached a

written contract to pay plaintiffs their attorney fees on October 23, 2008, the date of the

latest attorney fee award, a lawsuit filed more than four years later, on October 26, 2012,

the date the motion to amend was filed, would have been time-barred. (§ 337 [four-year

limitations period applies to action on written contract].) This analogy was inapt,

because SCCA was not a party to these CEQA actions when plaintiffs obtained their

attorney fees and costs awards in October 2008, and SCCA did not have a contractual

obligation to pay the awards. Thus, the four-year limitations period on an action for

breach of a written contract (§ 337) did not apply to plaintiffs’ motion to amend the

judgments. (Cf. United States Capital Corp. v. Nickelberry (1981) 120 Cal.App.3d 864,

867 [“An action based on a judgment is an action based on contract. The judgment

becomes a debt which the judgment debtor is obligated to pay and the law implies a

contract on his part to pay it.” (Italics added.)].)

C. Laches May be Asserted as a Defense to a Section 187 Motion

       Plaintiffs alternatively claim that the equitable defense of laches may not be raised

in opposition to a section 187 motion to amend a judgment. They argue that a section
187 motion to amend a judgment is an action on a judgment (§ 683.050); an action on a

judgment is an action at law; and laches may not be asserted as a defense to an action at

law. We disagree with the premise of this argument. A section 187 motion to amend a

judgment is not an action at law; it is an “‘“‘equitable procedure based on the theory that

the court is not amending the judgment to add a new defendant but is merely inserting the

correct name of the real defendant. . . .’”’” (Greenspan, supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at p.

508.) Thus, laches may be asserted as a defense to a section 187 motion to amend a

judgment to add a judgment debtor.

       Generally speaking, a money judgment is enforceable under the Enforcement of

Judgments Law (§ 680.010 et seq.) (the EJL) for 10 years following the date of entry of

the judgment (§ 683.020). The judgment may be renewed, and its 10-year enforceability

period extended, by filing an application for renewal within 10 years after the date the

judgment was entered, or most recently renewed. (OCM Principal Opportunities Fund,

L.P. v. CIBC World Markets Corp. (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 185, 191, 195 (OCM);

Pratali, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at pp. 636-637; §§ 683.110-683.140.)

       Alternatively, the judgment may be renewed by bringing an independent action on

the judgment within the 10-year limitations period of section 337.5. (§ 683.050; Pratali,

supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at pp. 636-638; OCM, supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at pp. 193-195.)6 An

       6  The 10-year period for renewing a judgment, and the 10-year period for filing an
independent action on a judgment, are not coterminous: “[T]he period applicable to
renewals begins when judgment is entered, and may not be tolled, whereas the period
applicable to actions on a judgment begins when the judgment is final, and is subject to
tolling.” (OCM, supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at p. 195, fn. 7.)
action on a judgment is an action at law, and the defense of laches may not be raised in

actions at law, including an action on a judgment. (United States Capital Corp. v.

Nickelberry, supra, 120 Cal.App.3d at pp. 867-868; Pratali, supra, at pp. 644-645;

People v. Koontz (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1041, 1088 [laches may be asserted only in a suit in

equity].) As an alternative to filing a section 187 motion to add a judgment debtor to a

judgment, the judgment creditor may file an independent action on the judgment, alleging

that the proposed judgment debtor was an alter ego of an original judgment debtor. (See

Wells Fargo, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 7; Misik v. D’Arco (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th

1065, 1072, fn. 1; Rest. 2d Judgments, § 18(1); Ahart, Cal. Practice Guide: Enforcing

Judgments and Debts (The Rutter Group 2015), ¶ 6.1575, p. 6G-87.)

       Here, however, plaintiffs did not file an independent action on the judgments; they

filed a section 187 motion to amend the judgments. Thus, it is unnecessary to determine

whether laches may be asserted as a defense to an independent action on a judgment to

add a judgment debtor to a judgment as an alter ego of an original judgment debtor. (Cf.

Pratali, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at p. 645 [laches unavailable as defense to action on

judgment to renew the judgment against the original judgment debtor].)

       Plaintiffs cite no authority, and we have found none, to support the proposition

that a section 187 motion to amend a judgment is an “action at law,” and that laches may

not be raised in opposition to a section 187 motion. The better rule, we believe, is to treat

section 187 motions, as courts have long treated them, as equitable proceedings which

may be brought “‘“‘at any time so that the judgment will properly designate the real
defendants.’”’” (Wells Fargo, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 7, italics added; Greenspan,

supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at p. 508; Mirabito v. San Francisco Dairy Co., supra, 8

Cal.App.2d at p. 57 [“That a court may at any time amend its judgment so that the latter

will properly designate the real defendant is not open to question.”].)

       Because a section 187 motion to amend a judgment to add a judgment debtor is an

equitable procedure, and is not subject to a fixed limitations period, we discern no reason

why laches may not be raised as defense to the motion. As the United States Supreme

Court recently observed: “[L]aches is a defense developed by courts of equity; its

principal application was, and remains, to claims of an equitable cast for which the

Legislature has provided no fixed time limitation. [Citation.]” (Petrella v. Metro-

Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. (2014) ___ U.S. ___, ___ [134 S.Ct. 1962, 1973].)

D. Remand for Further Proceedings

       In denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend, the trial court observed that the equities

favored granting the motion, and the court “likely” would have granted the motion if

plaintiffs had filed it earlier. The matter must now be remanded to the trial court to

determine whether plaintiffs proved the their alter ego claim against SCCA. Specifically,

the court must determine whether plaintiffs met their burden of demonstrating, by a

preponderance of the evidence, that (1) SCCA effectively controlled the CEQA litigation

with plaintiffs and was virtually represented in the litigation, (2) there was such a unity of

interest and ownership in SCCA and SCC/BB that separate personalities of the two

entities did not exist, and (3) an inequitable result will follow unless SCCA is held liable
for paying plaintiffs’ attorney fees and costs awards. (Relentless Air Racing, LLC v.

Airborne Turbine Ltd. Partnership, supra, 222 Cal.App.4th at pp. 815-816.)

                                    IV. DISPOSITION

       The January 27, 2014, order denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend the April 2008

judgments to add SCCA as an additional judgment debtor is reversed, and the matter is

remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The

parties shall bear their respective costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278.)

       CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION


                                                                KING
                                                                                          J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ
                        P. J.

McKINSTER
                           J.
