                     United States Court of Appeals
                              FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 08-2680
                                     ___________

Rick Glorvigen, as Trustee for the       *
Next of Kin of Decedent James            *
Kosak,                                   *
                                         *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,              *
                                         *
      v.                                 *
                                         *
Cirrus Design Corporation,               *
                                         *
      Defendant - Appellant,             *
                                         *
Estate of Gary R. Prokop, By and         *
Through Katherine Prokop as              *
Personal Representative,                 *
                                         *
     Defendant - Appellee.               *
___________________________              *
                                         *   Appeal from the United States
Thomas M. Gartland, as Trustee           *   District Court for the
for the Next of Kin of Gary R.           *   District of Minnesota.
Prokop, Deceased,                        *
                                         *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,              *
                                         *
      v.                                 *
                                         *
Cirrus Design Corporation,               *
                                         *
     Defendant - Appellant.              *
_____________________________            *
                                         *
Cirrus Design Corporation,               *
                                         *
      Third Party Plaintiff - Appellant, *
                                         *
      v.                                 *
                                         *
United States of America,                *
                                         *
      Third-Party Defendant - Appellee. *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: May 14, 2009
                                Filed: September 16, 2009
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, EBEL* and CLEVENGER**, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

EBEL, Circuit Judge.

       On January 18, 2003, at 6:38 a.m., a Cirrus SR-22 aircraft with identification
number N9523P crashed near Hill City, Minnesota. The pilot and owner of the
aircraft, Gary Prokop, and his passenger, James Kosak, were both killed in the crash.
Their trustees, Thomas Gartland and Rick Glorvigen, appointed under the Minnesota
wrongful-death statute, brought claims against Cirrus, the airplane manufacturer,
alleging, among other things, that Cirrus had improperly designed the airplane and had
failed to instruct Mr. Prokop properly in its operation. Cirrus then brought a
third-party complaint against two federally employed flight service station (“FSS”)


      *
        The Honorable David M. Ebel, United States Circuit Judge for the Tenth
Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting by designation.
      **
         The Honorable Raymond C. Clevenger III, United States Circuit Judge for
the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting by designation.

                                         -2-
specialists for negligence, alleging, among other things, that they were at fault for
failing negligently to apprise Mr. Prokop adequately of the weather conditions and
weather forecast the morning of the crash. Acting pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims
Act, the United States certified that these Specialists had been acting in the scope of
their employment at the time of this incident and, based on that certification, the court
substituted the United States as the sole third-party defendant, in place of the two FSS
specialists, and removed the case to federal court. See Glorvigen v. Cirrus Design
Corp., No. 06-2661, 2006 WL 3043222 *1-*2 (D. Minn. Oct. 24, 2006) (unpublished).

       After the case was removed to federal court, the United States moved for
summary judgment, arguing that the FSS specialists had not been negligent in briefing
Mr. Prokop and that, even if they were negligent, that negligence did not cause the
crash. The district court granted the United States’s motion for summary judgment and
remanded the remaining issues to the Minnesota state courts.

        On appeal, Cirrus challenges both the grant of summary judgment for the United
States and the order remanding the remaining issues to state court. Neither of the
initial plaintiffs has weighed-in on the grant of summary judgment for the United
States. Thomas Gartland, the trustee of Mr. Prokop’s wrongful death estate, filed a
brief addressing the remand issue urging only that this court affirm the district court’s
decision to remand the remaining issues to state court.

       We hold that neither specialist was negligent in providing weather information
to Mr. Prokop. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment
for the United States. Since we hold that the specialists were not negligent, we do not
reach the separate question of causation. We also affirm the district court’s decision
remanding the remaining issues to the Minnesota state courts.




                                          -3-
I. Background

      The following factual summary is based on facts “which are either undisputed
or viewed in a light most favorable to” the non-moving third-party plaintiff Cirrus.
Vaughn v. Ruoff, 253 F.3d 1124, 1127 (8th Cir. 2001).

       On January 18, 2003, amateur pilot Gary Prokop and his passenger, James
Kosak, attempted to fly from Grand Rapids, Minnesota, to St. Cloud, Minnesota, in
order to see their sons play in an early-morning hockey game. The flight appears to
have started smoothly. They took off at 6:30 a.m., and the plane climbed fairly steadily
to about 3300 feet above mean sea level (“MSL”). However, the plane then began
moving up and down erratically, and Mr. Prokop apparently attempted to turn it
around. Those last-ditch efforts proved to be of no avail; the plane crashed into the
ground at 6:38 a.m., killing both its occupants.

      A. Mr. Prokop’s Qualifications as a Pilot

       Gary Prokop was certified to fly in “Visual Flight Rules” (“VFR”) conditions
only. In other words, he was not trained to fly simply by reading the instruments (also
called “Instrument Flight Rules” or “IFR”) and, therefore, could only fly when
visibility was fairly good.

       A VFR pilot is only permitted to fly if visibility is at least three miles and cloud
“ceilings” are at least 1,000 feet above ground.1 See Webb v. United States, 840 F.


      1
        A cloud “ceiling” is defined as the lowest elevation at which the sky is more
than 50% covered by clouds. In meteorological terms, a cloud cover that is “few” or
“scattered” describes cloud conditions that cover less than 50% of the sky. Therefore,
you could have “scattered” clouds below 1,000 feet, but still have VFR or MVFR
[marginal VFR] conditions. On the other hand, cloud conditions that are “broken” or
                                                                         (continued...)

                                           -4-
Supp. 1484, 1490 (D. Utah 1994). Additionally, when flying at night, a VFR pilot
flying in the sort of airspace Mr. Prokop flew in that morning—Class E and Class G
airspace—must maintain a minimum distance of 500 feet below any clouds, 1,000 feet
above any clouds, and 2,000 feet horizontally from any clouds. See 14 C.F.R. §
91.155(a). The sun did not rise that morning until 7:54 a.m., so it was still nighttime
when the crash occurred.

        Mr. Prokop had logged a total of 248.0 hours of flight time, only 18.9 of which
were in an SR-22, the type of plane he flew the morning of the crash. To ensure that
he only flew in conditions he was prepared to handle, Mr. Prokop and his flight
instructor developed a set of “personal minimums.” Personal minimums set forth
guidelines for the weather conditions in which a pilot will fly that are more restrictive
than the legal weather minimums for VFR flight. Mr. Shipek, Mr. Prokop’s Cirrus
flight instructor, advised Mr. Prokop to maintain personal weather minimums of
3,000-4,000 foot ceilings and visibility of at least 4-5 miles. Further, Mr. Shipek
advised Mr. Prokop not to fly at night when there was snow on the ground because it
is difficult in those conditions to distinguish between clouds and the snow-covered
ground. The parties agree that the weather reports that morning called for at least some
ceilings below 3,000 feet, some areas of visibility below four miles, and that it was still
dark with snow on the ground when Mr. Prokop crashed.

      B. The Weather Briefings

       Mr. Prokop received two weather briefings before he began his flight. He
received his first briefing, from FSS Specialist Havelka, at 4:55 am. He called in again
for an “abbreviated briefing” from FSS Specialist Hertzog at 5:41 a.m. The relevant


      1
      (...continued)
“overcast” describe clouds that cover more than 50% of the sky, and “broken” or
“overcast” conditions below 1,000 feet will render conditions IFR.

                                           -5-
portions of both of these briefings are reproduced in full in the district court’s opinion,
so we will only briefly recount the most important portions here.

       Specialist Havelka told Mr. Prokop there was an AIRMET for the area warning
of “the potential for some i f r.”2 (Aplt. Appx. at 557.) He conveyed the content of a
recent METAR3 for Grand Rapids, reporting visibility of three miles and ceilings of
1,300 feet. He further stated that “the forecast for [the Grand Rapids airport] . . .
through six or so ah occasional lower stratus and possible light snow[.] [A]s the day
goes on conditions are expected to become about five to six thousand scattered to
broken.” (Aplt. Appx. at 557.) He continued to give Mr. Prokop information about
other “lower stratus” clouds around the nearby Aitkin and Brainerd airports, the
forecast for the St. Cloud airport, where Mr. Prokop had planned to land, as well as
some additional information. (Id.) Finally, he advised Mr. Prokop that “it looks like
ah you know if you waited a couple hours ceilings should lift some for ya.” (Id.)

     Mr. Prokop received his second briefing, from FSS Specialist Hertzog, at 5:41
a.m. Early in the briefing, Mr. Prokop mentioned that he had already received a


      2
          “AIRMETs” are

      [i]n-flight weather advisories issued only to amend the area forecast
      concerning weather phenomena which are of operational interest to all
      aircraft and potentially hazardous to aircraft having limited capability
      because of lack of equipment, instrumentation, or pilot
      qualifications. . . . AIRMETs cover . . . widespread areas of ceilings less
      than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles.

Fed. Aviation Admin., Aeronautical Information Manual: Official Guide to Basic
Flight Information and ATC Procedures, at PCG A-5 (2002). (Aplt. App. at 432,
459.) There are three types of AIRMETs. Most relevant to this case, an “AIRMET
Sierra describes IFR conditions and/or mountain obscurations.” (Id. at 446.)
      3
          A METAR is a report of weather conditions at an airport at a given time.

                                           -6-
briefing that morning, after which Mr. Hertzog offered to give him an “abbreviated
briefing,” and Mr. Prokop agreed that he only wanted an abbreviated briefing.
Nonetheless, the briefing contained a lot of the information conveyed in the earlier full
briefing. For example, Specialist Hertzog warned Mr. Prokop of “the airmet for i f r”
that Specialist Havelka had mentioned. (Aplt. Appx. at 587.) However, he indicated
that although there were some reports of “marginal” conditions at Grand Rapids and
low visibility at the Aitkin airport, there were no reports of actual IFR conditions along
Mr. Prokop’s route at that time. (Id.) Finally, he informed Mr. Prokop that there were
no relevant pilot reports, and updated him on the current conditions at the airports near
his route.

      C. The District Court’s Decision

       The district court4 held that, although the Specialists could have given Mr.
Prokop some additional information, neither of them breached his duty of care to Mr.
Prokop. The district court held, in the alternative, that any breach of the duty of care
in the briefings could not have been a substantial cause of the accident.

       In a separate order, the district court remanded this case to the state courts. The
district court found that, after dismissing Cirrus’s case against the United States, there
were no remaining federal questions justifying the continued attention of the federal
courts. Further, after weighing factors of “judicial economy, convenience, fairness,
and comity,” the district court determined that remand was appropriate in part because
“the Court’s denial of summary judgment in favor of Cirrus primarily involved a legal
analysis, and the Court’s fact-intensive analysis was centered not on the remaining
claims against Cirrus but on Cirrus’s claims against the Government.” Glorvigen v.
Cirrus Design Corp., No. 06-2661 (Doc. 168 at 4) (D. Minn. June 24, 2008).


      4
        The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, United States District Court Judge for the
District of Minnesota, presiding.

                                           -7-
II. Analysis

      A. Jurisdiction

       The original plaintiffs and Cirrus do not have complete diversity of citizenship,
and the original complaints do not raise any questions of federal law. Those
complaints were, accordingly, filed in state court. Cirrus then filed a third-party
complaint against two federally employed Specialists and, pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2679(d)(2), the United States was substituted for those Specialists as a party to this
case. Section 2679(d)(2) further provides that, once the United States is substituted as
a party in a case involving its employees’ negligence, the case “shall be removed
without bond at any time before trial by the Attorney General to the district court of the
United States for the district and division embracing the place in which the action or
proceeding is pending.” Id. The district court had subject-matter jurisdiction over
Cirrus’s claims against the United States pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1) (stating,
in pertinent part, that the federal courts “shall have exclusive jurisdiction of civil
actions on claims against the United States, for money damages, . . . for injury or loss
of property, or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or
omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his
office or employment”). And the federal court had supplemental jurisdiction over the
state-law claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a).

        This court has jurisdiction to review the district court’s decision to remand the
state-law claims back to state court. See Carlsbad Tech., Inc. v. HIF Bio, Inc., 129
S. Ct. 1862, 1864-65 (2009) (holding federal court of appeals has jurisdiction to review
district court’s decision not to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state-law claims,
but instead to remand those claims to state court).

       This court also has jurisdiction, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, to review the
district court’s decision granting summary judgment for the United States when the rest

                                           -8-
of the case is remanded. “An order is severable from a remand order and subject to
appellate review [under § 1291] if (1) it precedes the order of remand ‘in logic and in
fact’ and was issued while the district court had control of the case, and if (2) the order
sought to be separated is ‘conclusive.’” Carlson v. Arrowhead Concrete Works, Inc.,
445 F.3d 1046, 1052 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting City of Waco v. United States Fid. &
Guar. Co., 293 U.S. 140, 143 (1934)). Here, the district court’s decision granting the
United States summary judgment did precede, and in fact precipitated, the court’s order
remanding the remaining state-law claims to the Minnesota courts. And this summary
judgment decision is separate from those state-law claims, conclusively resolving
instead the FTCA claims against the United States. See id. at 1053 (noting “[a] federal
court’s ruling is conclusive if it is functionally unreviewable in state court,” citing, e.g.,
City of Waco, 293 U.S. at 143, and affected the parties’ substantive rights).

       B. Standard of Review

       This court reviews the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
       standards as the district court. Summary judgment is affirmed if, viewing the
       evidence most favorably to the non-moving party, there are no genuine issues
       of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
       Summary judgment is not appropriate if the prima facie case is supported by
       specific facts sufficient to raise a genuine issue for trial. This court accepts as
       true all facts presented to the district court by the non-moving party, if properly
       supported by the record.

Thompson v. Hirano Tecseed Co., 456 F.3d 805, 808 (8th Cir. 2006) (citations
omitted). It was the United States, as the moving party, which bore “the initial burden
of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions
of the pleadings,” the discovery, disclosure materials and affidavits “which it believes
demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex v. Catrett, 477
U.S. 317, 323 (1986). But having met that burden, it was left to Cirrus, as the party

                                             -9-
with the burden of proof at trial, see, e.g.,Wear v. Buffalo-Red River Watershed Dist.,
621 N.W.2d 811, 813 (Minn. Ct. App. 2001), to present sufficient evidence to establish
the elements essential to its claims. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322-23. Thus, Cirrus,
even though the non-moving party for summary-judgment purposes, “must still
‘present[] evidence sufficiently supporting the disputed material facts [such] that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict in [its] favor.’” Pope v. ESA Servs., Inc., 406
F.3d 1001, 1003-04 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Gregory v. City of Rogers, 974 F.2d 1006,
1010 (8th Cir. 1992)). The fact that, at trial, this case would be decided by a judge, not
a jury, see 28 U.S.C. § 2402, does not increase the deference we give to the district
court’s decision at summary judgment. See Med. Inst. of Minn. v. Nat’l Ass’n of
Trade & Tech. Sch., 817 F.2d 1310, 1315 (8th Cir. 1987).

       We review the district court’s decision not to exercise supplemental jurisdiction
over the remaining state-law claims for an abuse of discretion. See Carlsbad Tech.,
129 S. Ct. at 1867.

      C. The FSS Specialists’ Duties

       This negligence case is governed by Minnesota law. See Budden v. United
States, 15 F.3d 1444, 1449 (8th Cir. 1994) (“Budden II”) (“Courts decide FTCA claims
under the law of the state where the tort occurred.”) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)).
Under Minnesota law, “[n]egligence requires ‘(1) the existence of a duty of care; (2)
a breach of that duty; (3) an injury; and (4) the breach of the duty being the proximate
cause of the injury.’” MSK EyEs Ltd. v. Wells Fargo Bank, 546 F.3d 533, 545 (8th
Cir. 2008) (quoting Engler v. Ill. Farmers Ins. Co., 706 N.W.2d 764, 767 (Minn.
2005)).

      Although state law governs in FTCA cases, because the federal courts have
exclusive jurisdiction over such claims, see 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1), the Minnesota
courts have not had an opportunity to analyze the scope of the duties that FSS

                                          -10-
specialists owe to pilots and passengers. Therefore, like other federal courts addressing
similar claims, we are forced to look primarily to other federal cases for guidance on
this question. See, e.g., Pierce v. United States, 679 F.2d 617, 620-21 (6th Cir. 1982)
(relying on federal cases to support the conclusion that FSS specialists have the
“duty . . . to advise [pilots] accurately of known and predicted weather conditions,”
although the case was actually governed by Indiana law); Gill v. United States, 429
F.2d 1072, 1075 (5th Cir. 1970) (citing federal cases in support of the court’s analysis
of an air traffic controller’s duties, and noting that “[w]hile principles of Texas law
control, federal regulations may impose duties and standards of conduct upon the
actors”).

       FSS specialists have a duty to provide pilots with an accurate and complete
summary of the relevant weather information. This court has quoted with approval the
Sixth Circuit’s statement that “‘[s]ince the FAA has undertaken to advise requesting
pilots of weather conditions, thus engendering reliance on facilities such as the
Indianapolis FSS, it is under a duty to see that the information which it furnishes is
accurate and complete.’” Norwest Capital Mgmt. & Trust Co. v. United States, 828
F.2d 1330, 1333 (8th Cir. 1987) (quoting Pierce, 679 F.2d at 621 (6th Cir.)) (emphasis
added); see also Budden v. United States, 963 F.2d 188, 194 (8th Cir. 1992) (“Budden
I”) (quoting with approval the standard articulated in Norwest Capital); Aplt. Br. at 29
(noting that the “Government agrees that the FAA, through its FSS specialists, has
assumed a general duty to provide ‘accurate and complete weather briefings to pilots’”)
(quotation omitted). These duties are rooted in both the FAA manual that instructs
specialists on how to conduct their briefings, and on the reliance that pilots and
airplane passengers place on the FAA. See Tinkler v. U.S. by F.A.A., 982 F.2d 1456,
1461 (10th Cir. 1992) (“[FSS Specialist’s] duty arose from both the dictates of the
Flight Services Manual as well as the reliance pilots place on FSS briefers.”);
Moorhead v. Mitsubishi Aircraft Int’l., Inc., 828 F.2d 278, 282 n.13 (5th Cir. 1987)
(stating that an FSS Specialist’s duties are “rooted in both general pilot reliance for the
service, and the briefers’ manual”) (citation omitted).

                                           -11-
       Although an FSS specialist must provide “accurate and complete” weather
information, a specialist does not need to recite verbatim the contents of every weather
report before him. See Moorhead, 828 F.2d at 282 (noting that “[b]riefers are
instructed not to read weather reports and forecasts verbatim, unless it is specifically
requested by the pilot”). In fact, a verbatim recitation would likely overwhelm a pilot
with information, thereby confusing rather than clarifying the prevailing weather
conditions. Further, a verbatim recitation would make FSS specialists superfluous,
since the rote recitation of weather reporting information could probably be
accomplished more effectively through the use of a computer or automated phone
system. Therefore, our statement that a specialist must provide “accurate and
complete” weather information does not mean that a specialist must provide a pilot
with every detail from every relevant weather source. Rather, it means that the
specialist must provide a complete synthesis or summary of the relevant weather
information. Inevitably, therefore, some information will be left out. However, as a
synthesis, it must be “accurate and complete” with regards to the information that
would appropriately be included in a summary report. The material information must
be included, but additional details or repetitive facts may be left out.

      D. Specialist Havelka Provided Mr. Prokop with an Accurate and
      Complete Summary of the Relevant Weather Information

       The undisputed facts establish that Specialist Havelka properly apprised Mr.
Prokop of the relevant weather information the morning of his flight. Among other
things, he warned Mr. Prokop of the possibility that he would encounter IFR
conditions, accurately conveyed the current conditions and forecast for the Grand
Rapids airport (where Mr. Prokop’s flight began), provided the current conditions and
forecast for the St. Cloud airport (where Mr. Prokop hoped to land), and provided
additional information about conditions along Mr. Prokop’s intended route.




                                         -12-
       At 2:45 a.m. on the morning of the crash, an AIRMET Sierra, which indicates
IFR conditions, was issued calling for “[o]ccasional ceiling below 1,000 feet/visibility
below 3 miles” through 9:00 a.m. (Aplt. Appx. at 546); in other words, occasional IFR
conditions. Specialist Havelka conveyed the information contained in the AIRMET
Sierra by telling Mr. Prokop there was an AIRMET for the area warning of “the
potential for some i f r.” (Id. at 557.) Specialist Havelka did not need to state
explicitly that this AIRMET called for occasional ceilings below a thousand feet and
visibility below three miles. Every VFR pilot should be familiar with the VFR cutoffs,
and it would be gratuitous and counter-productive to demand that FSS specialists
reiterate those cutoffs during every VFR weather briefing. Thus, Mr. Havelka’s
statement that there was an AIRMET warning of potential IFR conditions along Mr.
Prokop’s flight was sufficient to convey the fact that the AIRMET called for occasional
ceilings below a thousand feet and/or visibility below three miles and, if Mr. Prokop
wanted more details or clarification, the onus was on him to request them. Cf.
Moorhead, 828 F.2d at 282 (noting that weather “[b]riefers are instructed not to read
weather reports and forecasts verbatim, unless it is specifically requested by the pilot”);
(see also Affidavit of Cirrus’s Expert, W. Jeffery Edwards, Aplt. Appx. at 397
(agreeing that “[i]f Mr. Prokop did not understand what the briefers were saying to
him, it was his responsibility to say so and ask for clarification”).

       Cirrus argues that Specialist Havelka was negligent in describing the warnings
provided by this AIRMET Sierra in part because Havelka stated that there was a
“potential for” IFR conditions, and that he should, instead, have informed Mr. Prokop
that occasional IFR conditions had been forecast. The FAA’s internal memos define
the term “occasional” to describe conditions where “there is a greater than 50%
probability of a phenomenon occurring, but for less than ½ the forecast period.” (Aplt.
Appx. at 74.) This AIRMET was in effect from 2:45 a.m. through 9:00 a.m. Specialist
Havelka’s warning of the “potential for” IFR along Mr. Prokop’s route sufficiently
conveyed the AIRMET’s warning of a greater than 50% chance of IFR conditions for



                                           -13-
less than half the time between 2:45 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. over the area covered by the
AIRMET.

       Specialist Havelka also accurately conveyed the forecast for the Grand Rapids
airport, stating that Grand Rapids would have “occasional lower stratus [clouds] and
possible light snow” through 6:00 a.m., but that the ceilings were predicted to lift to
“about five to six thousand [feet]” later in the day. (Id. at 557.)

       Specialist Havelka’s description of the forecast for Grand Rapids was based, at
least in part, on the Area Forecast. An Area Forecast predicts “general weather
conditions over an area the size of several states.” (Id. at 162.) The “Chicago Area
Forecast” covers the location of Mr. Prokop’s proposed flight, as well as Illinois,
Wisconsin, the entire state of Minnesota, and other locations. The Aviation Weather
Center issued a Chicago Area Forecast at 4:45 a.m., approximately ten minutes before
Mr. Prokop’s first briefing. That forecast called for “[c]eiling overcast to broken at
1,500 feet to 2,500 feet, tops 5,000 feet.” (Id. at 547.) Although Specialist Havelka
did not specify the precise ceiling levels predicted by the Area Forecast, his description
to Mr. Prokop of “occasional lower stratus” clouds (Id. at 557), was sufficient to
convey the material information contained in the Area Forecast, given that the forecast
did not predict ceiling levels below 1,000 feet.

       Specialist Havelka also based his forecast for Grand Rapids on airport-specific
forecasts, or TAFs, for two nearby airports, Hibbing and Brainerd. Brainerd’s forecast
called for “visibilities of four statute miles in light snow with ceilings broken to 1500”
until 7:00 a.m. with visibility of six miles and scattered clouds at 5,000 feet afterwards.
(Id. at 157-58). Hibbing’s forecast called for more than six miles of visibility and
scattered clouds at 6,000 feet. These forecasts predicted conditions well within the
VFR range, and Specialist Havelka’s description of “occasional lower stratus” clouds
through 6:00 a.m. is clearly defensible in light of the forecasts for those nearby
airports.

                                           -14-
        Specialist Havelka also accurately described the current conditions at the Grand
Rapids airport. Cirrus’s meteorological expert, Dr. Elizabeth Austin, submitted a
report concerning the briefings that Mr. Prokop received that morning and the weather
that day. She stated that the “surface weather conditions at Grand Rapids” were, inter
alia, “Visibility: 3 statute miles;” “Sky Cover: 100 feet Scattered, 1,300 feet Broken,
2,900 feet Overcast.” (Id. at 81, 91.) These descriptions precisely mirror the account
that Specialist Havelka conveyed to Mr. Prokop. Havelka stated that “grand rapids is
. . . visibility three [miles] one hundred scattered [clouds] thirteen hundred broken
[clouds] and twenty nine hundred overcast.” (Id. at 557.) By Cirrus’s expert’s own
account, Specialist Havelka could not have provided a more accurate description of the
cloud conditions in Grand Rapids.5

       Finally, Specialist Havelka accurately conveyed the current conditions at airports
along Mr. Prokop’s route and the current conditions and forecast for the St. Cloud
airport (Mr. Prokop’s intended destination), and informed Mr. Prokop that some lights
were out at the St. Cloud airport. He closed by giving Mr. Prokop an opportunity to
request any additional information, suggesting that the ceilings would likely lift if Mr.
Prokop “waited a couple hours” (id. at 557), and instructing Mr. Prokop to “call back
before [he left] and get an updated briefing.” (Id. at 558.)

      Therefore, Specialist Havelka did not breach his duty to provide Mr. Prokop
with an “accurate and complete” summary of weather information.




      5
        Another expert testifying for Cirrus acknowledged that all the information
Specialists Havelka and Herzog provided was accurate. That expert opined that
“[w]hat [Specialist Havelka] didn’t provide [Mr. Prokop] was a problem.” (Aplt.
Appx. at 309.) As discussed above, however, a specialist need not provide a pilot
with every detail of every report, and none of Cirrus’s experts were able to identify
any clearly pertinent information that Specialist Havelka failed to provide Mr. Prokop.

                                          -15-
      E. Specialist Hertzog’s Abbreviated Briefing Accurately Conveyed the
      Relevant Weather Information to Mr. Prokop

        Mr. Prokop called the FSS for a second briefing at 5:41 a.m., and spoke with
FSS Specialist Hertzog. Early on in the briefing, Mr. Prokop mentioned that he had
“called earlier.” (Id. at 585.) That statement made it clear to Specialist Hertzog that
Mr. Prokop had already received a briefing that morning. It was entirely appropriate,
therefore, for Specialist Hertzog to ask if Mr. Prokop wanted a standard briefing, or if
an abbreviated briefing would be sufficient. See Budden I, 963 F.2d at 193 (“When
it is not clear initially which type of briefing is desired, provide the first one or two
items requested, and then ask the pilot: “Would you like a standard briefing?” (quoting
Fed. Aviation Admin., Flight Service Handbook, ¶ 166)). Mr. Prokop indicated that
an abbreviated briefing would be sufficient, thereby limiting Specialist Hertzog’s
duties to providing an abbreviated briefing.

       An abbreviated briefing intended to update a prior briefing should be focused,
“to the extent possible, [on] appreciable changes in the meteorological and aeronautical
conditions since the previous briefing.” Webb v. United States, 840 F. Supp. 1484,
1492 (D. Utah 1994); see also Fed. Aviation Admin., Order 7110.10P, ¶ 3-2-2.b (Feb.
21, 2002), Aplt. Appx. at 648, 657). If the pilot requests specific information only, the
specialist must provide that information, and in addition must “inform the pilot of the
existence of any adverse conditions,” Tinkler, 982 F.2d at 1462, “reported or forecast,”
Order 7110.10P, ¶ 3-2-2.a, Aplt. App. at 657).

        In this case, Mr. Prokop requested an update briefing as well as specific
information about current conditions in St. Cloud and the availability of any pilot
reports. Therefore, Specialist Hertzog was required to inform Mr. Prokop of any
significant changes in forecast or current conditions that arose since his last briefing,
to describe the current conditions in St. Cloud, to inform Mr. Prokop of any relevant
pilot reports, and to describe any adverse conditions that were present or forecast from

                                          -16-
Grand Rapids to St. Cloud or reported in any pilot reports. We hold that Specialist
Hertzog adequately fulfilled these responsibilities.

      In fact, Mr. Hertzog may have provided Mr. Prokop more detail than required.
For example, despite the fact that the AIRMET warning of the possibility of IFR
conditions had not been amended since Mr. Prokop’s earlier briefings, Mr. Hertzog
warned Mr. Prokop that the AIRMET was still in effect for the entire state. Similarly,
although conditions had improved at Grand Rapids since Mr. Prokop’s first briefing,
Specialist Hertzog warned him that there were still some “marginal” conditions there.

       Towards the end of the briefing, Specialist Hertzog provided some updates of
conditions at nearby airports. In that context, he stated that “at Aitkin it gets ah
marginal with visibility they were down to three now they’re up a little bit more . . . ah
Aitkin now is up to (unintelligible) new report just came in they’re up to seven mile
visibility with ceilings three thousand two hundred overcast some lower scattered
layers below that.” (Aplt. Appx. at 587.) At that point, Mr. Prokop interjected, stating,
“okay well good that’s improving a little bit ha.” (Id.) To which Mr. Hertzog replied,
“Ya and over in the maple lake area . . . .” (Id.)

       Cirrus argues that Specialist Hertzog was negligent for confirming Mr. Prokop’s
statement that conditions were improving. Cirrus apparently interprets Mr. Prokop’s
statement that conditions were improving to mean that the overall weather forecast was
improving. However, Mr. Prokop stated that conditions were improving immediately
after Specialist Hertzog noted that a new report indicated that conditions at Aitkin were
quite good and, in fact, it is undisputed that those conditions were an improvement over
the previous forecast. Thus, it is more likely that Mr. Prokop was merely referring to
that new report—not the overall weather report—when he stated, and Specialist
Hertzog confirmed, that conditions were “improving a little bit.” (Id.)




                                          -17-
       Further, even if that exchange was referring to an improvement in overall
weather conditions, Cirrus has failed to provide evidence indicating that overall
conditions had not improved. In fact, a brief comparison of some of the prevailing
weather conditions indicates that conditions had improved. The ceiling at Grand
Rapids had lifted from 1300 feet at the time of the first briefing to 2800 feet at the time
of the second briefing. Similarly, visibility at Aitkin, a nearby airport, had improved
from five to seven miles. Conditions at Brainerd, another nearby airport, had
deteriorated a little, but the Princeton and Maple Lake airports had both improved
significantly. Thus, it would not have been error to state that conditions were
improving. Further, even if the textual reports did not indicate improvement, Specialist
Hertzog testified that, aside from the textual weather reports, he also looked at a “loop
of the weather depiction screen” that indicated that the IFR areas were shrinking and
VFR areas expanding over time. (Id. at 601-04.) His testimony is further corroborated
by the fact that, about a half hour after this briefing, an updated AIRMET Sierra was
issued removing the entire area of Mr. Prokop’s flight route from its prior IFR
warning.6 Thus it appears that conditions that morning were, in fact, improving, and
Cirrus has provided no evidence to the contrary.

        Cirrus also argues that Specialist Hertzog was negligent for failing to inform Mr.
Prokop that he would likely violate cloud clearance minimums by flying at his
expected altitude of 2500 feet above mean sea level (“MSL”). Federal regulations
provide that even if cloud ceilings and visibility are within the range in which a VFR
pilot is allowed to fly, the pilot must also ensure that, when flying at night (i.e., in the
dark), he maintains a minimum distance of 500 feet below any clouds, 1,000 feet above
any clouds, and 2,000 feet horizontally from any clouds. See 14 C.F.R. § 91.155(a).


       6
        Of course, Specialist Hertzog did not know, at the time of this briefing, that
the AIRMET warning of IFR would be updated to indicate that IFR conditions were
no longer predicted. However, that fact supports the accuracy of Specialist Hertzog’s
interpretation of the other relevant weather information as indicative of steady
improvement.

                                           -18-
       Cirrus is correct that at 2500 MSL, Mr. Prokop would have likely been too close
to some of the clouds on his route. Cirrus fails, however, to provide any evidence that
Mr. Prokop actually intended to fly at that altitude. Mr. Prokop never indicated a
specific expected altitude, and Specialist Hertzog’s only intelligible remark on the
subject was, “anything anything you can get ha,” (Aplt. Appx. at 584), to which Mr.
Prokop replied, “yep ya.” (Id.) Specialist Hertzog then typed “2500” into his
computer before receiving the weather report for Mr. Prokop’s route, but Cirrus has
provided no explanation for that entry. Cirrus has failed, therefore, to provide evidence
that Specialist Hertzog actually expected Mr. Prokop to fly at 2500 feet MSL, so
Specialist Hertzog was not negligent for failing to inform Mr. Prokop that he may
violate federal regulations by flying at that particular altitude.

      Therefore, Specialist Hertzog also did not breach his duty to provide Mr. Prokop
with “accurate and complete” weather information.

      F. Neither Specialist was Negligent for Failing to Give Mr. Prokop a
      “Visual Flight Not Recommended” (“VNR”) Warning

       The Federal Aviation Administration instructs FSS specialists to give a VNR
recommendation when, “in [their] judgment, [conditions] would make flight under
visual rules doubtful.” See Order 7110.10P, ¶ 3-2-1(b)(2), Aplt. App. at 655. This is
followed by a note stating that “[t]his recommendation is advisory in nature. The
decision as to whether the flight can be conducted safely rests solely with the pilot.”
Id. We hold that neither specialist breached a duty to provide a VNR
recommendation.7

      7
        Neither party has addressed whether a specialist providing an abbreviated
briefing has the duty to provide a VNR recommendation in certain circumstances.
Order 7110.10P discusses the provision of a VNR recommendation in the context of
standard briefings only. However, at least one court has held that a specialist
providing an abbreviated briefing can be negligent for failing to give a VNR
                                                                    (continued...)

                                          -19-
       Summary judgment for the United States was appropriate because the current
and forecast weather conditions that morning were not so extreme that a failure to give
a VNR recommendation constituted negligence. Compare Davis v. United States, 824
F.2d 549, 554 (7th Cir. 1987) (affirming district court’s decision that an FSS specialist
was not negligent for failing to provide a VNR warning where the relevant forecasts
predicted VFR conditions), with Webb, 840 F. Supp. at 1518 (holding that a specialist
was negligent for failing to give VNR recommendation where weather conditions were
currently VFR but “barely met legal VFR minimums,” and were fluctuating rapidly).
Cirrus has failed to provide evidence supporting its claim that either Specialist Havelka
or Specialist Hertzog had a duty to provide a VNR recommendation in this case.

      H. The District Court did not Abuse its Discretion by Remanding the
      Remaining Issues to State Court

       “It is within the district court’s discretion to exercise supplemental jurisdiction
after dismissal of the federal claim.” Quinn v. Ocwen Fed. Bank FSB, 470 F.3d 1240,
1249 (8th Cir. 2006). However, “[w]here, as here, resolution of the remaining claims
depends solely on a determination of state law, the Court should decline to exercise
jurisdiction.” Farris v. Exotic Rubber and Plastics of Minn., Inc., 165 F. Supp. 2d 916,
919 (D. Minn. 2001) (citing Baggett v. First Nat’l Bank, 117 F.3d 1342, 1353 (11th
Cir. 1997)); see also Gregoire v. Class, 236 F.3d 413, 420 (8th Cir. 2000) (stating that
“[t]he judicial resources of the federal courts are sparse compared to the states. We
stress the need to exercise judicial restraint and avoid state law issues wherever
possible.”) (quoting Condor Corp. v. City of St. Paul, 912 F.2d 215, 220 (8th Cir.
1990)). In deciding whether to remand a case in this context, the courts consider



      7
        (...continued)
recommendation. See Webb, 840 F. Supp. at 1518. Since neither party has addressed
this issue, and since its resolution is not necessary to the outcome of this case, we will
assume without deciding that a specialist providing an abbreviated briefing may, in
some circumstances, have a duty to provide a VNR recommendation.

                                          -20-
“factors such as judicial economy, convenience, fairness and comity.” Quinn, 470 F.3d
at 1249.

       The district court in this case specifically mentioned the factors listed in Quinn,
and determined that remand was appropriate. We agree. This court’s analysis of the
United States’s liability will not materially affect the remaining issues which involve
state-law claims between non-diverse parties. Further, this court has not addressed
those state-law claims, so it will not unduly burden the state court if we remand those
issues back to the state court.

III. Conclusion

     For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary
judgment for the United States, and its decision to remand the remaining issues to the
Minnesota state courts.
                        ______________________________




                                          -21-
