                                                                     [PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________              FILED
                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                     No. 98-9334                JULY 06, 2001
                             ________________________        THOMAS K. KAHN
                      D.   C. Docket No. 96-00161-1-CR-2-CC       CLERK



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                        Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                       versus

TAM TRAN NGUYEN,
BINH HOA LE, a.k.a. “Binh Ba,” et al.,

                                                        Defendants-Appellants.

                            ________________________

                 Appeals from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Georgia
                       _________________________

                                   (July 6, 2001)

Before BLACK, RONEY and COX, Circuit Judges.

COX, Circuit Judge:
       The grand jury for the Northern District of Georgia returned a twenty-nine

count indictment against Tam Tran Nguyen, Binh Hoa Le, Be Van Le, Thang Doan,

Quoc Thai Minh Thuy, Son Van Pham and twenty other defendants. The indictment

alleges, inter alia, that the defendants operated an interstate racketeering enterprise in

violation of the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”),

18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), and conspired to do the same in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

1962(d).1 The defendants, all young men born in Vietnam, are alleged to have

committed fifty predicate acts in furtherance of the racketeering enterprise, including

multiple acts of murder, attempted murder, theft, extortion, home-invasion robbery,

and kidnapping.

       Ten of the defendants proceeded to trial. After the close of a more than three-

month trial and nearly two months of deliberation, the jury found that a racketeering

enterprise had existed and that all of the defendants had been associated with the

enterprise. The jury also found that the defendants had committed some of the alleged




       1
                The indictment also alleges that the defendants conspired to take property
consisting of jewelry and United States currency by actual and threatened force in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1951(a) and committed twenty-four acts of business extortion in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1951(a) and 2. The indictment’s penultimate count alleges that defendants Tam Tran Nguyen
and Binh Hoa Le, along with four others, obtained United States currency from an auto repair
shop in contravention of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) and 2. The final count of the indictment alleges
that Nguyen and Hoa Le knowingly used a firearm in the commission of the auto repair shop
robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) and (2).

                                                2
predicate acts, but, acquitted the defendants or failed to reach a verdict on other acts.2

All of the defendants who are parties to this appeal were convicted on the RICO

conspiracy count. Nguyen was also convicted on the substantive RICO count.

       The United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual (the

“Guidelines”) provides that a defendant’s sentencing level for a RICO violation

should be the greater of nineteen or the “offense level applicable to the underlying

racketeering activity.” United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, §

2E1.1 (Nov. 1997). In determining the predicate acts for which each defendant should

be held responsible, the court relied both on conduct that the jury had found the

defendant had committed and conduct the court concluded that the defendant had

committed. The court determined that the correct standard it should apply was

whether a preponderance of the evidence presented at trial supported a finding that the

defendant should be held accountable for the conduct. Because the defendants

objected to the application of the preponderance standard, the court made findings


       2
               The indictment alleges that Nguyen committed thirty-three predicate acts in
furtherance of the enterprise. The jury found that Nguyen committed two of the charged acts,
extortion and kidnapping. Of the nineteen acts Be Van Le is alleged to have committed, the jury
found he committed two, both of which were robberies. Hoa Le is alleged to have committed
twenty-six predicate acts. The jury found he committed two, attempted kidnapping and
conspiracy. The indictment alleges that Thang Doan committed thirteen predicate acts. The jury
found he committed four: kidnapping, attempted murder, and two acts of conspiracy. Of the six
predicate acts Quoc Thai Minh Thuy is alleged to have committed, the jury found him
responsible for two, kidnapping and conspiracy. Son Van Pham is alleged to have committed
eleven predicate acts. The jury, however, failed to find that he committed any of them.

                                              3
using the reasonable doubt standard where it found the Government had met the

higher standard of proof.

       Once the court had determined the predicate acts attributable to each defendant,

it applied the so-called “grouping rules” of § 3D1.1 of the Guidelines to further

enhance the defendants’ offense levels. The grouping rules are designed to “prevent

multiple punishment for substantially identical offense conduct” by placing multiple

counts that are closely related into groups.3 U.S.S.G. Ch.3, Pt.D, intro. comment.

Where the grouped counts were connected by a common objective or were part of

common scheme or plan, each group is then assigned an offense level that is equal to

the offense level of the most serious count in the group. See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.3(a). A

defendant’s offense level will thereafter be adjusted upward, depending on the extent

and severity of the defendant’s remaining conduct. See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4. This

“combined offense level” will then be used to calculate the defendant’s proper

sentence. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.5. In the instant case, the district court grouped together

the underlying acts of the RICO enterprise, including both acts that the jury found

each defendant committed and acts for which the court found the defendant should be

held responsible. The court thereafter determined each defendant’s combined offense


       3
              The Guidelines require that “counts involving substantially the same harm” be
grouped together. United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 3D1.2 (Nov.
1997).

                                              4
level. The defendants objected to the application of the grouping rules to RICO

predicate acts.4

       After determining the conduct attributable to each defendant and applying the

grouping rules, the district court sentenced the defendants. Nguyen was sentenced to

concurrent life sentences on both the substantive RICO count and the RICO

conspiracy count. Van Le was also sentenced to life imprisonment for the RICO

conspiracy count. The court sentenced Hoa Le to 364 months, Doan to 320 months,

Thuy to 200 months, and Pham to 312 months on their conspiracy convictions. The

court further ordered that the defendants be deported after they had served their

sentences. The court both directly ordered the deportations and alternatively ordered

that the defendants be turned over to the INS for appropriate deportation proceedings

as a condition of supervised release. The defendants appeal both their convictions and

their sentences.

                                      Issues on Appeal

       The defendants raise multiple issues involving the conduct of the trial. After

carefully considering the issues, however, we conclude that all but one of these




       4
              Although some of the defendants failed to raise an objection during their
sentencing hearings, the Government has conceded that the district court agreed to treat every
objection made at trial or sentencing as if it were made on behalf of all the defendants.

                                                5
arguments may be rejected without further discussion.5 We will discuss a single issue

raised in relation to the defendants’ convictions (the jury instruction issue) as well as

all issues involving the defendants’ sentences. The defendants argue that: (1) the

district court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offenses of the

RICO predicate acts alleged; (2) the court erred in enhancing their sentences using

predicate acts that the court found using the preponderance of the evidence standard;

(3) the court erred in enhancing their sentences beyond RICO’s statutory maximum

by using conduct that the jury failed to find they committed; (4) the court erred in

applying the multiple count section of the Guidelines when calculating the defendants’

offense levels; (5) the court erred in not characterizing Thuy as a minor participant in

the RICO enterprise; and (6) the court erred in ordering the defendants deported. We

will address each of these arguments in turn.

                                            Discussion



       5
                We conclude that the following arguments challenging the defendants’
convictions are without merit: (1) the district court erred in admitting in-court identifications that
were tainted by unduly suggestive photo arrays; (2) the court abused its discretion in excluding
the testimony of an expert witness on the unreliability of eyewitness identification and the use of
photographic arrays by law enforcement; (3) the court abused its discretion in excusing a juror
who stated she no longer could be impartial in her deliberations instead of granting a mistrial; (4)
the court erred in denying motions for a mistrial after government witnesses testified that several
of the defendants were in custody prior to trial; (5) the court abused its discretion in denying the
defendants an opportunity to cross examine government witnesses about illegal businesses they
may have been operating; (6) the court abused its discretion in denying Hoa Le’s motion for a
severance; and (7) the court erred in denying Thuy’s motion for acquittal based on insufficiency
of the evidence.

                                                  6
      The defendants argue that the district court erred in refusing to instruct the jury

on the lesser included offenses of certain RICO predicate acts that are state law

offenses.   For example, Thuy requested a jury charge on the crime of false

imprisonment, which is a lesser included offense of kidnapping under Georgia law.

The defendants maintain that it was an abuse of discretion to refrain from giving the

instructions when the facts at trial would have permitted a rational jury to find that the

defendants committed the lesser included offenses. The Government argues, in

response, that an instruction about a lesser included offense is meaningless in the

RICO context because a RICO conviction cannot stand unless the Government has

proven the underlying predicate acts beyond a reasonable doubt. We review a court’s

refusal to instruct the jury on a lesser included offense for abuse of discretion. See

United States v. Cornillie, 92 F.3d 1108, 1109 (11th Cir. 1996).

      Whether a trial court is obligated to instruct a jury on the lesser included

offenses of RICO predicate acts is a question yet to be addressed by this circuit. The

Third Circuit addressed the issue in United States v. Forsythe, 594 F.2d 947 (3d Cir.

1979), and concluded that such instructions are simply not applicable in the RICO

context. The defendants in Forsythe, all state magistrate judges responsible for fixing

bail in criminal cases, were convicted of RICO violations for agreeing to receive

kickbacks from a bail bond agency. See Forsythe, 594 F.2d at 948. One of the


                                            7
defendants argued on appeal that the district court had erred in not permitting an

instruction on a lesser included offense of the predicate act of bribery. See id. at 952.

      The Third Circuit rejected this argument, reasoning that “the state law

misdemeanor offense is not included in the RICO offense since, if the defendant is not

guilty of a state law felony, he is guilty of no federal crime.” Id. (emphasis in

original). The Third Circuit further noted that the purpose of a lesser included offense

instruction is to afford the defendant the opportunity to be found guilty of a crime that

carries a lesser sentence than the charged offense. See id. A defendant cannot be

convicted of either the state law felonies alleged as predicate acts or the lesser

included offenses of those felonies when he is tried for a RICO violation in federal

court. See id. The Third Circuit therefore concluded that a “charge respecting an

offense of which the defendant could not be found guilty was not required.” Id. We

are persuaded by the reasoning of the Third Circuit and adopt it here. Accordingly,

we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying a jury

instruction that would have permitted conviction on state law felonies alleged to be

predicate acts.

      The defendants next contend that the court erred in failing to apply the beyond

a reasonable doubt standard in determining the predicate acts that formed the bases

of their sentences on the RICO conspiracy count. They argue that the law of this


                                           8
circuit required the district court to use only conduct of which the jury convicted them

or conduct that the court found beyond a reasonable doubt that they committed. The

Government argues that preponderance of the evidence is the correct standard. The

Government also contends that, for every defendant except for Hoa Le, the district

court found they committed the predicate act that controlled their sentences using the

beyond a reasonable doubt standard. We review the court’s interpretation of the

Guidelines de novo. See United States v. Pelaez, 196 F.3d 1203, 1205 (11th Cir.

1999).

      As noted above, the base offense level for a violation of the RICO statute is the

greater of nineteen or “the offense level applicable to the underlying racketeering

activity.” U.S.S.G. § 2E1.1. The Guidelines further advise that, if there was more

than one activity underlying a RICO violation, that the court should “treat each

underlying offense as if contained in a separate count of conviction” to determine

which predicate act, or group of acts, would lead to the greater offense level. U.S.S.G.

§ 2E1.1, comment. (n.1). In determining the proper base offense level for the

defendants in the instant case, the district court relied on predicate acts that the jury

had found the defendants committed, predicate acts that the court found beyond a

reasonable doubt that the defendants had committed, and acts that the court found that

the defendants had committed by a preponderance of the evidence. The defendants


                                           9
maintain that the district court erred in relying on acts that it found they committed by

a preponderance of the evidence when sentencing them on the RICO conspiracy

charge. We agree.

       In United States v. McKinley, 995 F.2d 1020 (11th Cir. 1993), we addressed the

question of how a court should determine the appropriate offense level when a

defendant is convicted of a multi-object conspiracy by a general verdict. The trial

court in McKinley had refused a defense request for a special verdict that would

specify which of the object offenses the defendants conspired to commit. See

McKinley, 995 F.2d at 1023. The jury thereafter returned a general verdict finding the

defendants guilty of conspiracy.          See id.     On appeal, we concluded that the

commentary to the Guidelines made it clear that when a jury verdict is ambiguous as

to the offenses that are the object of a conspiracy, the court must find that an offense

was such an object using the reasonable doubt standard before the offense can be the

basis for a defendant’s sentence. See id. at 1026. We recently extended the McKinley

rule to RICO conspiracies in United States v. DiGiorgio, 193 F.3d 1175 (11th Cir.

1999).6 As in McKinley, the jury in DiGiorgio returned a general verdict finding the



       6
              The district court relied on a case from the First Circuit, United States v.
Carrozza, 4 F.3d 70 (1st Cir. 1993), in concluding that the McKinley rule should not apply to
RICO conspiracies. DiGiorgio remains the law of this circuit and must be applied here. We
stress, however, that DiGiorgio did not address the standard that a sentencing court must apply
when a defendant is being sentenced for a substantive RICO violation.

                                               10
defendants guilty of RICO conspiracy but not indicating which predicate acts the jury

had found the defendants had committed. See DiGiorgio, 193 F.3d at 1177-78.

Because the jury verdict was ambiguous as to which acts supported the conspiracy

conviction, we held that the court properly based the defendants’ offense level upon

predicate acts that the court found the defendants had committed beyond a reasonable

doubt. See id.

      The jury verdicts in this case are similarly ambiguous. In order to be guilty of

a RICO conspiracy, a defendant must either agree to commit two predicate acts or

agree to participate in the conduct of the enterprise with the knowledge and intent that

other members of the conspiracy would commit at least two predicate acts in

furtherance of the enterprise. See United States v. Carter, 721 F.2d 1514, 1531 (11th

Cir. 1984). The verdict form supplied to the jury in this case polled the jury on each

predicate act the Government alleges that the defendants committed in furtherance of

the RICO enterprise. The jury was instructed to find a defendant responsible for a

predicate act if the defendant “knowingly and willfully committed, or knowingly and

willfully aided and abetted the commission” of the act. (R.119 at 9992). The jury was

not instructed, however, to find which predicate acts each defendant had agreed to

commit or which acts each defendant knew and intended would be committed as part

of the pattern of racketeering activity. Because the jury was not specifically polled


                                          11
on the predicate acts underlying the RICO conspiracy count, the jury’s verdict was

necessarily ambiguous as to which predicate acts supported the guilty verdicts on the

conspiracy count. The court was therefore required to determine the predicate acts

underlying each defendant’s conspiracy conviction using the reasonable doubt

standard.7

       The offense levels of two defendants, Hoa Le and Pham, were based on findings

by the court using the preponderance standard.8 Moreover, the court’s application of

the grouping rules to predicate acts it found using the preponderance standard led to

Doan’s offense level being increased by two levels, changing his guideline range from

188 to 235 months to 262 to 327 months imprisonment.9 For this reason, the

       7
               As noted above, the jury found the defendants “not guilty” of many predicate acts.
Because the jury was not instructed to find a defendant responsible for a predicate act if the
defendant agreed to commit the act or if the defendant participated in the enterprise with the
knowledge and intent that the predicate act would be committed, the jury’s finding that a
defendant did not commit a specific act did not foreclose the court’s opportunity to hold the
defendant responsible for the act when sentencing him on the conspiracy count.
       8
                The Government’s assertion that Hoa Le was the only defendant whose offense
level was based on conduct found using the preponderance standard is incorrect. The predicate
act that controlled Pham’s sentence was a felony murder resulting from a shooting at a billiards
club. The jury did not find that Pham was responsible for this act. Instead, the district court
found that Pham should be held responsible for the murder using the preponderance of the
evidence standard. (R.122 at 31).
       9
               Once closely related counts have been grouped together, the Guidelines require a
sentencing court to single out the group with the highest offense level. See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4.
That highest group is counted as one “unit.” See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4(a). The court is then required
to assign one unit to each of the other groups that carries an offense level equal to or from one to
four levels lower than the highest group. See id. Groups that are five to eight levels less serious
than the highest group are counted as one-half units and those groups nine or more levels below
the highest group are disregarded. See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4(b) and (c). Once the court has added

                                                 12
sentences of defendants Hoa Le, Pham and Doan must be vacated. The court’s use of

offenses that it found using the preponderance standard did not affect Thuy or Be Van

Le’s offense levels. Nguyen’s offense level was enhanced due to the grouping rules

being applied to conduct found using the preponderance standard. However, even

absent the enhancement, Nguyen would have received the statutory maximum on the

RICO conspiracy charge. Therefore, any error was harmless in his case. See Fed. R.

Crim. P. 52(a).

       The defendants further argue that the recent Supreme Court decision in

Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000) clearly indicates that

a jury must find that a defendant committed a racketeering act carrying a potential life

sentence before a court can impose a sentence of greater than twenty years for a RICO

violation. Because the jury in the instant case failed to find that the defendants

committed such a predicate act, the defendants contend that the court erred in

sentencing them to terms longer than twenty years.10 The Government has conceded




the units together, it computes the defendant’s combined offense level using a table provided in
the Guidelines manual. See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4. The court’s calculations of Doan’s combined
offense level included one unit that was the product of a preponderance finding. The removal of
this unit would limit the increase in Doan’s offense level to one level instead of three.
       10
                As noted above, every defendant except for Thuy received sentences in excess of
twenty years.

                                               13
that the defendants preserved the Apprendi issue. We therefore will review the issue

de novo. See United States v. Candelario, 240 F.3d 1300, 1306 (11th Cir. 2001).11

       The Apprendi Court held that “any fact [other than a prior conviction] that

increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be

submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Apprendi, 530 U.S. at

490, 120 S. Ct. at 2362-63. The maximum penalty for either violating the RICO

statute or conspiring to violate the statute is twenty years imprisonment unless the

“violation is based on a racketeering activity for which the maximum penalty includes

life imprisonment . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 1963 (1999). The jury failed to find that any of

the defendants had committed a predicate act that had a potential penalty of life

imprisonment.12 Therefore, the maximum penalty any of the defendants could have


       11
              The Government also conceded at oral argument that the sentences of at least
some of the defendants did not comply with the Apprendi standard and therefore must be
vacated.
       12
                The jury found that Nguyen had committed two of the charged predicate acts,
extortion and kidnapping. The maximum penalties for the Georgia state law crimes of extortion
and kidnapping are ten years and twenty years imprisonment, respectively. See O.C.G.A. §§ 16-
8-16(d) and § 16-5-40(b) (1999). Georgia law does provide for a mandatory sentence of life
imprisonment or the death penalty for the offense of kidnapping if the defendant demanded a
ransom or the kidnapping victim received bodily injury. See O.C.G.A. § 16-5-40(b). The jury in
the instant case did not make a specific finding as to whether a ransom was demanded or the
victim suffered bodily injury in any of the alleged acts of kidnapping. Therefore, the potential
sentence for the Georgia kidnapping offenses would be twenty years. See Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 2362-63 (2000). The acts that the jury found Hoa Le
had committed, attempted kidnapping and conspiracy, both had maximum sentences of ten years.
See O.C.G.A. §§ 16-5-40(b), 16-4-6(b) and 16-4-8. The maximum sentence for the inchoate
crime of attempt in Georgia is either one-half of the potential sentence of the crime attempted or
ten years if the attempted crime was punishable by death or life imprisonment. See O.C.G.A. §

                                               14
received on each RICO count was twenty years. Because defendants Hoa Le, Van Le,

Doan, and Pham were sentenced to terms of greater than twenty years on the

conspiracy count, their sentences must be vacated.13 Nguyen’s sentences must

similarly be vacated because they exceeded forty years, the combined maximum

sentences of the substantive count and the conspiracy count. See United States v.

Smith, 240 F.3d 927, 930 (11th Cir. 2001) (concluding that a sentence that did not

exceed the aggregate statutory maximum of multiple counts of conviction had no

effect on substantial rights). On remand, the court must sentence defendants Hoa Le,

Van Le, Doan and Pham to no more than 240 months and Nguyen to no more than

480 months imprisonment.



16-4-6(a) and (b). The penalties for conspiracy are identical. See O.C.G.A. § 16-4-8. The jury
found that Hoa Le had attempted to commit one kidnapping and conspired to commit another. If
convicted of the crime of kidnapping, Hoa Le could have received a maximum sentence of
twenty years. See O.C.G.A. § 16-5-40(b). Accordingly, his maximum sentence for the crimes of
conspiracy or attempt would have been ten years. The jury found that Van Le committed two of
the alleged predicate acts, conspiring to commit a home invasion robbery and robbery, which
both carried maximum sentences of twenty years under Pennsylvania law. See 18 Pa. Cons. Stat.
Ann. §§ 3701, 905(a) and 1103(1) (2000). The jury found that Doan had committed the
predicate acts of kidnapping and attempted murder, as well as conspiracy to commit kidnapping
and murder. The maximum terms of imprisonment for the predicate acts were ten years for each
conspiracy charge, ten years on the kidnapping charge, and forty years on the attempted murder
charge. See O.C.G.A. § 16-4-8; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2905.01 and 2929.14(A)(1) (2000); 18
Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 1102(c). The jury found that Thuy had committed the predicate acts of
conspiring to commit kidnapping and kidnapping. The maximum sentences for each of these
crimes would have been ten and twenty years, respectively. See O.C.G.A. §§ 16-4-8 and 16-5-
40. As noted above, the jury failed to find that Pham had committed any predicate acts.
       13
              Because Thuy was not sentenced to a term exceeding the statutory maximum, his
sentence does not run afoul of Apprendi.

                                             15
      The defendants also contend that the court erred in applying the Guidelines’

grouping rules to enhance their sentences. They argue that the court improperly

treated the RICO predicate acts as if they were separate counts of conviction and then

combining them to establish each defendant’s total offense level. The defendants

maintain that the grouping rules apply only to counts of an indictment that result in

convictions. The Government responds that the Guidelines require a sentencing court

to apply the multiple count rules to RICO predicate acts.

      As noted above, the offense level for a RICO offense is the greater of nineteen

or the offense level of the underlying racketeering activity. See U.S.S.G. § 2E1.1.

The Guidelines further provide that a sentencing court is to “treat each underlying

offense as if contained in a separate count of conviction. . . .” U.S.S.G. § 2E1.1,

comment. (n.1). To determine the offense level of the underlying conduct, the

sentencing court must “apply Chapter Three, Parts A, B, C, and D” of the Guidelines.

Id. Part D of Chapter Three includes the grouping provisions. See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.1.

The plain language of the Guidelines therefore clearly indicates that a sentencing court

must apply the grouping rules, where applicable, to determine a defendant’s offense

level for underlying racketeering conduct.

      Hoa Le alternatively argues that, even if the Guidelines’ multiple count rules

can properly be applied to RICO predicate acts, the court erred in its application of the


                                           16
rules in his sentencing. He contends that the district court erred in “prematurely”

granting him a downward departure that reduced his offense level for the act of felony

murder from forty-three to thirty-seven and thereafter applying the grouping rules.

The application of the grouping rules resulted in his combined offense level rising

back to forty-one. In Hoa Le’s view, the proper method would have been for the court

to apply the grouping rules to the original offense level and add any enhancements

that would be the product of grouping before making a downward departure. We

disagree.    The first step in determining a sentence under the Guidelines is to

determine the applicable offense guideline section. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1(a). Next,

a sentencing court is instructed to “[d]etermine the base offense level and apply any

appropriate specific offense characteristics, cross references, and special instructions”

of the appropriate offense guideline. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1(b). After making such

adjustments, a sentencing court must apply the grouping rules and determine the

combined offense level. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1(d). The application notes of the

murder guideline provide that a court may adjust the base offense level downward if

“the defendant did not cause the death intentionally or knowingly . . . .” U.S.S.G. §

2A1.1, comment. (n.1). The court found that Hoa Le did not intentionally or

knowingly cause the death and therefore departed six levels downward. The court

then proceeded to apply the grouping rules. Because the court followed the procedure


                                           17
established in Guidelines § 1B1.1, it did not err in first departing downward from the

base offense level for murder and then applying the grouping rules to determine Hoa

Le’s combined offense level.

      Thuy also challenges the court’s refusal to grant him a two-point downward

adjustment in his offense level because of his minor role in the RICO enterprise. He

contends that the court improperly looked to his role in each of the predicate acts in

which he is alleged to have taken part instead of his place in the overall racketeering

conspiracy. It is clear from the record, however, that the court did make specific

findings as to Thuy’s role in the enterprise. The court found that, although Thuy may

have been a member of the RICO enterprise for a short period compared to most of

the other participants, he knew and understood the scope of the enterprise’s activities.

Thuy’s knowledge of the operation, coupled with his conduct, led the court to

conclude that his role in the enterprise was not so minor as to warrant a departure

pursuant to § 3B1.2(b) of the Guidelines. A district court’s finding that a defendant

is not entitled to a minor role reduction will not be disturbed unless clearly erroneous.

See United States v. Houser, 70 F.3d 87, 90 (11th Cir. 1995). After a careful review

of the record, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in finding that

Thuy was not a minor participant in the enterprise.




                                           18
       Finally, the defendants argue that the district court erred in ordering them

deported upon completion of their sentences. The district court’s judgment both

ordered that each defendant be “deported in accordance with the [INS] after service

of his sentence” and, as a condition of the defendant’s supervised release, ordered that

he be turned over to the INS for “appropriate removal proceedings” pursuant to 18

U.S.C. § 3583(d). The defendants argue that the court did not have the statutory

authority to order deportation as a condition of supervised release. They further

contend that the deportation orders are also invalid because the Government failed to

comply with the procedural prerequisites of 8 U.S.C. § 1228(c), the statute that

permits a district court to order a defendant’s deportation as part of a criminal

sentence.

        The law of this circuit was clear at the time of sentencing that district courts no

longer had the authority to order judicial deportation as a condition of supervised

release. See United States v. Romeo, 122 F.3d 941, 943 (11th Cir. 1997). The court

therefore erred in doing so. However, the district court was still empowered to order

the deportation of the defendants at sentencing pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1228(c).14 The

defendants concede that the district court had the authority to order them deported as


       14
                In ordering the defendants’ deportation, the court inadvertently referred to the
applicable statute as 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(c). The relevant provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a) were
reclassified as 8 U.S.C. § 1228(c) in 1996.

                                               19
part of their sentences. They maintain, however, that the Government failed to

provide them with the requisite notice of its intent to seek deportation.

      The Government must meet two procedural prerequisites before a defendant can

be deported pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1228(c). First, the Government must file with the

court and serve upon the defendant before trial a notice that it will seek judicial

removal.   See 8 U.S.C. § 1228(c)(2)(A).        Second, the Government, with the

concurrence of the Commissioner of the INS, must file a “charge containing factual

allegations regarding the alienage of the defendant and identifying the crime or crimes

which make the defendant deportable” at least thirty days prior to the date set for

sentencing. 8 U.S.C. § 1228(c)(2)(B). The notice provided by the Government was

timely and informed the court and defendants of the crimes that, in the Government’s

view, made the defendants deportable. However, the notice did not include the

Government’s allegations as to the alienage of each defendant. The defendants

suggest that the Government’s failure to inform them of its position that each

defendant was a deportable alien requires this to court vacate each order of

deportation.

      None of the defendants raised an objection to the sufficiency of the

Government’s notice below. Our review is therefore for plain error. See United

States v. Chisholm, 73 F.3d 304, 307 (11th Cir. 1996). We will only find plain error


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where (1) there is an error; (2) the error is plain or obvious; (3) the error affected the

defendants’ substantial rights or, in other words, was prejudicial and not harmless; and

(4) the error would seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of

judicial proceedings. See id. In this case, the defendants have failed to demonstrate

how the Government’s failure to inform them of its position on their alienage affected

their substantial rights. No defendant has suggested that he was unable to mount a

potentially successful defense to the deportation order because of the Government’s

action or that the Government’s position as to his immigration status was incorrect.

Because the defendants have not demonstrated that the Government’s failure to

comply with 8 U.S.C. § 1228(c)(2)(B) affected their substantial rights, we reject the

defendants’ challenges to the orders of deportation.

                                      Conclusion

      The defendants’ convictions and the orders of deportation are affirmed. For the

foregoing reasons, however, Hoa Le, Van Le, Doan, and Pham’s sentences on the

conspiracy count are vacated. Nguyen’s sentences on both the substantive RICO and

conspiracy counts are also vacated. On remand, the district court must base each

defendant’s offense level for the RICO conspiracy conviction solely on predicate acts

that either the jury found the defendants committed or acts that the court finds were

proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreover, the court must sentence Hoa Le, Van


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Le, Doan, and Pham to no more than 240 months imprisonment and Nguyen to no

more than 480 months. Thuy’s sentence was not affected by the court’s errors and is

therefore affirmed.

      AFFIRMED        IN   PART;    VACATED        AND     REMANDED         WITH

INSTRUCTIONS IN PART.




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