                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                 October 6, 2010 Session

       LINDSI ALLISON CONNORS v. JEREMY PHILLIP LAWSON

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Bradley County
                    No. V-06-126     Lawrence H. Puckett, Judge


            No. E2010-00791-COA-R3-CV - FILED DECEMBER 6, 2010




Lindsi Allison Connors (“Mother”) and Jeremy Phillip Lawson (“Father”) are the parents of
a daughter (the “Child”) who currently is eight years old. Several parenting plans have been
entered over the years. Mother eventually moved with the Child to Florida, and thereafter,
Father filed a petition claiming there had been a material change in circumstances such that
it was in the Child’s best interest for him to be designated the primary residential parent.
Father also sought to have Mother held in contempt of court. Following a hearing, the Trial
Court found Mother in contempt but refused to mete out any punishment for the
contemptuous conduct. The Trial Court made no mention in its final judgment as to the
petition for a change in custody. The Trial Court then abdicated jurisdiction and instructed
the parties to take up any future matters with the Florida courts. We vacate the Trial Court’s
judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.


                Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the
                       Circuit Court Vacated; Case Remanded


D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which C HARLES D. S USANO,
J R., and J OHN W. M CC LARTY, JJ., joined.


H. Franklin Chancey, Cleveland, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Jeremy Phillip Lawson.


Lindsi Allison Connors, pro se Appellee.
                                         OPINION

                                        Background

                The record in this case begins with a petition to establish parentage filed by
Father in February 2006. In this petition, Father claimed that he believed he was the
biological father of the Child born on July 12, 2002, but he could not be certain due to
statements made by Mother. Father requested a DNA test. Mother responded to the petition
and admitted that Father was the Child’s biological father. An Agreed Order was entered
stating that the parties would undergo a DNA test and that Father would pay for this testing.
The DNA test was performed, and Father was determined to be the Child’s biological father.

              Both parties submitted proposed parenting plans to the Trial Court. In July
2006, the Trial Court entered an order adopting the plan submitted by Mother, except that
Father was given more co-parenting time than originally suggested by Mother. In this
parenting plan, Mother was designated as the primary residential parent. The Trial Court
stated, however, that Mother “will continue to live with her mother and should she desire to
move out, the parties will bring this case back to this Court for further orders regarding the
Parenting Plan.” Father was ordered to pay child support every week in the amount of
$113.08.

               In June 2007, Father filed an “Ex Parte Petition for Emergency Custody,
Petition to Prevent [Mother] from Removing the Parties’ Minor Child From Bradley County,
Tennessee and Petition for Modification.” In this petition, Father claimed that he was
abruptly informed by Mother that she had moved to Jacksonville, Florida with the Child.
Father claimed that prior to Mother’s moving, he had been exercising more parenting time
than set forth in the parenting plan because the parties intended that they both be equally
involved in the Child’s life. According to Father, Mother was vacationing in Jacksonville,
Florida and “met a guy and married him.” Father stated that Mother’s behavior had become
erratic, she could not maintain stable employment, she was unable to provide for the Child’s
emotional and physical needs, and she was in direct violation of the Trial Court’s order that
the Trial Court must be informed should Mother move out of her mother’s residence.

                The Trial Court granted the petition and entered an ex parte order vesting
temporary custody of the Child with Father and ordering Mother to immediately deliver the
Child to Father. A hearing took place soon after the ex parte order was entered. Both parties
testified at the hearing, following which the Trial Court entered a new parenting plan which
gave each parent alternating two week periods with the Child until the Child started school.
Mother was allowed to relocate to Florida. In determining child support, the Trial Court
imputed to Mother income of $5.85 per hour based on a 40 hour work week.

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               In July 2009, Mother was proceeding pro se and filed an “Ex Parte Petition for
Emergency Custody, Petition to Prevent Respondent from Keeping Minor Child and not
Returning Child at Discussed Time, Dening (Sic) Contact with Child and (Sic) the Unknown
Location of Minor Child and Knowingly Disregaurding (Sic) Parenting Plan and Judge’s
Wishes and Petition for Modification.” In this petition, Mother claimed that Father was: (1)
living with his pregnant girlfriend; (2) denying Mother her phone contact with the Child; (3)
refusing to tell Mother the location of the Child when in Father’s care; (4) refusing to allow
Mother co-parenting time on July 4th and 5th in contravention of the parenting plan; (5) not
paying child support consistently and was failing to provide health insurance for the Child;
(6) unable to maintain stable employment; and (7) unable to adequately care for the Child,
necessitating immediate action by the Trial Court.

              Father responded to the petition and acknowledged that he was behind in child
support payments but indicated he would get caught up with his income tax return. Father
denied the remaining pertinent allegations contained in Mother’s petition. Father also filed
a motion to modify child support. Father claimed that even though his income was only
$1,680 per month, he was required to pay $369 per month in child support and an additional
$339 per month for health insurance on the Child. Father noted that he only had
approximately 65 days of co-parenting time because Mother had moved out of state. Father
requested that his child support payments be reduced and his co-parenting time be increased.

               In March 2009, Father filed a petition for contempt and to change custody.
Father claimed Mother was not abiding by the terms of the parenting plan and was being
verbally and mentally abusive to the Child. Father asserted that it would be in the Child’s
best interests for him to be designated as the primary residential parent. The Trial Court
entered an order finding Mother in contempt, and she was “admonished to comply with the
Parenting Plan.” Mother was ordered to pay $500 toward Father’s reasonable attorney fees
incurred in the contempt proceedings. A final hearing was scheduled for September 2009
with respect to Father’s petition to change custody.

              Proceeding pro se, Mother filed a petition for recognition and enforcement of
order with the Circuit Court in Duval County, Florida. Mother also filed a motion with the
Bradley County Circuit Court requesting that Court “relinquish jurisdiction to the Fourth
Circuit [Court] for Duval County, Florida.”

               Following a hearing at which both parties testified and which was supposed
to resolve all outstanding issues, the Trial Court entered an order stating as follows:

                    1.     [Mother] is in Contempt of the prior Orders of this
              Court by failing to provide Summer co-parenting time to

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              [Father] as was provided in the Permanent Parenting Plan and by
              failing to provide co-parenting time with [Father] when she
              made a trip to Tennessee from her residence in Florida.

                     2.     The Court further finds that [Mother] is in
              Contempt of the prior Orders of this Court by interfering with
              reasonable telephone contact between [Father] and the minor
              child and by making derogatory comments to the minor child
              about [Father].

                    3.    The Court declines to impose any punishment
              upon [Mother] for her Contempt.

                     4.     [Father] is not awarded any attorney fees for the
              bringing of this action.

                     5.      The Court further finds that it will no longer
              exercise jurisdiction over this matter and Orders that any further
              proceedings between the parties must be filed in the State of
              Florida.

                    6.     The cost of this case are taxed to [Mother] for
              which execution may issue if necessary.

              Father appeals claiming the Trial Court erred when it failed to find that there
had been a material change in circumstances such that it would be in the Child’s best interest
for him to be designated as the primary residential parent. Father also claims that the Trial
Court erred when it failed to award him attorney fees incurred in the prosecution of the
contempt charges. Finally, Father claims the Trial Court erred when it abdicated jurisdiction
and ordered that any new matters between the parties must be filed in the Florida courts.
Mother asks that we affirm the judgment of the Trial Court.

                                         Discussion

              The factual findings of the Trial Court are accorded a presumption of
correctness, and we will not overturn those factual findings unless the evidence
preponderates against them. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Bogan v. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d 721,
727 (Tenn. 2001). With respect to legal issues, our review is conducted “under a pure de
novo standard of review, according no deference to the conclusions of law made by the lower



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courts.” Southern Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon County Bd. of Educ., 58 S.W.3d 706, 710
(Tenn. 2001).

               We first will discuss whether the Trial Court erred by not designating Father
as the Child’s primary residential parent. Existing custody arrangements are favored since
children thrive in stable environments. Aaby v. Strange, 924 S.W.2d 623, 627 (Tenn. 1996);
Hoalcraft v. Smithson, 19 S.W.3d 822, 828 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). A custody decision, once
made and implemented, is considered res judicata upon the facts in existence or those which
were reasonably foreseeable when the initial decision was made. Steen v. Steen, 61 S.W.3d
324, 327 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). Our Supreme Court, however, has held that a trial court
may modify an award of child custody “when both a material change of circumstances has
occurred and a change of custody is in the child’s best interests.” See Kendrick v. Shoemake,
90 S.W.3d 566, 568 (Tenn. 2002). According to the Kendrick Court:

              As explained in Blair [v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137 (Tenn.
              2002)], the “threshold issue” is whether a material change in
              circumstances has occurred after the initial custody
              determination. Id. at 150. While “[t]here are no hard and fast
              rules for determining when a child’s circumstances have
              changed sufficiently to warrant a change of his or her custody,”
              the following factors have formed a sound basis for determining
              whether a material change in circumstances has occurred: the
              change “has occurred after the entry of the order sought to be
              modified,” the change “is not one that was known or reasonably
              anticipated when the order was entered,” and the change “is one
              that affects the child’s well-being in a meaningful way.” Id.
              (citations omitted).

Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570. See also Tenn Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B)(“If the issue
before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree pertaining to custody, the
petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence a material change in circumstance.
A material change of circumstance does not require a showing of a substantial risk of harm
to the child.…”).

              The Kendrick Court went on to explain that if a material change in
circumstances has been proven, “it must then be determined whether the modification is in
the child’s best interests . . . according to the factors enumerated in Tennessee Code
Annotated section 36-6-106.” Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570. It necessarily follows that if no
material change in circumstances has been proven, the trial court “is not required to make a



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best interests determination and must deny the request for a change of custody.” Caudill v.
Foley, 21 S.W.3d 203, 213 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999).

               There is no question that Father filed a petition seeking to be designated as the
Child’s primary residential parent. The final judgment entered by the Trial Court, however,
makes no mention whatsoever of whether Father had proven a material change in
circumstances. We acknowledge that following the hearing, the Trial Court did state that it
was “going to deny the motion to modify” and then immediately proceeded to relinquish
jurisdiction in this case. This is insufficient to resolve the custody issue when no mention
is made of this issue in the final judgment. In Elmore v. Elmore, 173 S.W.3d 447 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2004), this Court stated that:

              It is a long-recognized rule that “a Court speaks only through its
              written judgments, duly entered upon its minutes. Therefore, no
              oral pronouncement is of any effect unless and until made a part
              of a written judgment duly entered.” Sparkle Laundry &
              Cleaners, Inc. v. Kelton, 595 S.W.2d 88, 93 (Tenn. App. 1979)
              (internal quotations and brackets omitted).

Elmore, 173 S.W.3d at 449, 450.

               Because the Trial Court did not reference in its final judgment whether Father
had established what was necessary to change custody and designate him as primary
residential parent, we vacate the Trial Court’s judgment. This cause is remanded to the Trial
Court for a determination as to whether Father had proven a material change in
circumstances and, if so, whether designating Father as the primary residential parent is in
the Child’s best interest.

               Father’s next issue is his claim that he should have been awarded attorney fees
after Mother was found to be in contempt of court. We acknowledge that trial courts have
discretion with regard to punishing a party who is in contempt. See Dhillon v. Dhillon, No.
M2009-02018-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 3025193, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 2, 2010) (citing
Robinson v. Air Draulics Eng'g Co., 214 Tenn. 30, 377 S.W.2d 908, 912 (Tenn.1964)).
Mother, however, already had been found in contempt previously and ordered to pay $500
toward Father’s attorney fees. This obviously was insufficient to convince Mother to comply
with the Trial Court’s orders because she was again found to have engaged in contemptuous
conduct on several occasions. We agree with Father that Mother should be required to pay
his reasonable attorney fees incurred in prosecuting the petition for contempt. On remand,
the Trial Court is instructed to determine Father’s reasonable attorney fees incurred in the
prosecution of the petition for contempt and to enter a judgment for Father in this amount.

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                The final issue is Father’s claim that the Trial Court erred when it abdicated
its jurisdiction over this case and instructed the parties that any future matters must be taken
up with the courts in Florida. Pursuant to the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-201, et seq., there are procedures that must be
followed before a court of this state which has proper jurisdiction over the parties can
abdicate that jurisdiction to another state due to the custodial parent and the child moving to
that state. Along this line, we note that in July of 2009, well after moving to Florida, Mother
expressly represented to the Trial Court that she was not contesting jurisdiction of the
Bradley County Circuit Court and assured the Trial Court, apparently incorrectly, that she
would comply with the orders of the court.

               Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-222, expressly addresses when a court of this state
which has jurisdiction over a child custody determination can decline to exercise continuing
jurisdiction. None of the factors set forth in the statute were discussed or otherwise
mentioned by the Trial Court when it abdicated jurisdiction. The Trial Court made no
finding as to whether a court in Florida was a more convenient forum based on the relevant
statutory factors. Father states in his brief on appeal that pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
6-219(d), the Trial Court did contact the appropriate Florida Court, but that court expressly
declined to exercise jurisdiction. There is nothing in the record either to support or contradict
this assertion. Based on the record, we are unable to conclude that the Trial Court complied
with the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-
201, et seq., and we, therefore, vacate the judgment of the Trial Court insofar as it
relinquished jurisdiction over this case.

              On remand, the Trial Court is to: (1) determine whether Father has proven a
material change in circumstances and, if so, whether it is in the Child’s best interest to
designate Father as primary residential parent; (2) determine the amount of reasonable
attorney fees incurred by Father in prosecuting the petition for contempt and award him a
judgment in that amount. After completing the foregoing, the Trial Court may relinquish
jurisdiction only after complying with the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-201, et seq.




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                                       Conclusion

               The judgment of the Trial Court is vacated and this cause is remanded to the
Circuit Court for Bradley County for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and
for collection of the costs below. Costs on appeal are taxed to the Appellee, Lindsi Allison
Conners, for which execution may issue, if necessary.




                                                  _________________________________
                                                  D. MICHAEL SWINEY, JUDGE




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