            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


VINCENT OWEN,                                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   January 7, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 345253
                                                                   Macomb County Circuit Court
DENNIS CONTO, LUTHER LOGISTIC                                      LC No. 2016-001536-NI
TRANSPORTATION LLC, and LUTHER
LEASING LLC,

               Defendants-Appellees,
and

STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE
INSURANCE COMPANY,

               Defendant.



Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and JANSEN and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff Vincent Owen (plaintiff) appeals as of right the trial court’s Order Granting No
Cause of Action after a jury verdict of no cause of action. The jury specifically determined that
plaintiff was not injured when his vehicle was sideswiped by a semi-truck driven by defendant
Dennis Conto (defendant) who was at the time working for defendant Luther Logistic
Transportation, LLC or Luther Leasing, LLC. We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       This case arises from a motor-vehicle accident that occurred on June 26, 2015. Plaintiff
was travelling in the right lane on Mound Road in a 2009 Impala when defendant, who was
driving a semi-truck, entered plaintiff’s lane, sideswiped plaintiff’s vehicle, and pushed it over
the curb onto the grass. Defendant kept driving and had to be stopped by other drivers
approximately a mile and a half away from the accident. He claimed he did not know that his
vehicle had struck plaintiff’s. Witness at the scene, Angela Jackson, and responding officer,


                                               -1-
Timothy Kulhanek, testified that plaintiff did not report being hurt in the accident. An
ambulance was not called and plaintiff proceeded to his place of employment. Plaintiff soon left
work to go to the emergency department for neck and back pain. He was discharged with a
diagnosis of strains and contusions. Plaintiff, still experiencing pain, sought chiropractic care,
physical therapy and steroid injections before eventually undergoing what would be the first of
three surgeries to his neck, back and pelvis. In May 2016, plaintiff filed a complaint against
defendant and defendant’s employer. Plaintiff alleged that defendant was negligent in his
operation of the semi-truck, that his employer Luther was negligent under a theory of vicarious
liability and negligent in hiring defendant. Plaintiff pled an additional claim for first party
benefits against State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company.1

        Defendants Conto and Luther admitted liability and the case proceeded to trial on the
issues of causation and damages. Plaintiff filed a motion in limine to strike or limit testimony
from defendants’ biomechanical expert Brian Weaver, P.E. on the basis that Weaver was
unqualified to offer an opinion as to the causation of plaintiff’s injuries because he lacked a
medical degree. Defendants responded that Weaver was to offer testimony within his expertise
concerning the physical forces at play during an accident. The court denied the motion and held
that plaintiff could challenge Weaver’s expertise at trial. Plaintiff also filed a motion in limine to
Prohibit Improper Arguments, Evidence, and Statements at Trial regarding alleged attorney
referred treatment. The court denied that motion finding that it was premature and that the issues
could be handled at trial. At trial, testimony was elicited from the parties, witnesses to the
accident, the orthopedic surgeons who treated plaintiff, the independent medical examiners, and
the testimony of biomechanical expert Weaver.

        The jury, in response to a special jury verdict form, found that plaintiff had not sustained
a physical injury and the court entered a judgment for No Cause of Action. Plaintiff moved
unsuccessfully for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV). On appeal, plaintiff raises the
same issues he raised in his motion for JNOV or a new trial. He asserts three errors: admission
of Weaver’s testimony; admission of and evidence of his bankruptcy; and denial of his motion
for JNOV. He argues that the court erred when it failed to grant him JNOV due to defendants’
theory of attorney-driven treatment which denied him a fair trial. He also argues that the jury’s
verdict of no physical injury was against the great weight of the evidence.

                            II. ATTORNEY-DRIVEN TREATMENT

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        “This Court reviews de novo the trial court's decision to grant JNOV, and, if reasonable
jurors could have reached different conclusions, the jury verdict must stand.” Nelson v Dubose,
291 Mich App 496, 499; 806 NW2d 333 (2011). We “review the evidence and all legitimate
inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Wilkinson v Lee, 463 Mich 388,
391; 617 NW2d 305 (2000). “A trial court should grant a motion for JNOV only when there was


1
  Plaintiff’s claim against State Farm was dismissed from this action and handled outside of court
through arbitration.



                                                 -2-
insufficient evidence presented to create an issue for the jury.” Attard v Citizens Ins Co of Am,
237 Mich App 311, 321; 602 NW2d 633 (1999).

       “The grant or denial of a motion for a new trial rests in the discretion of the trial court
and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” Vargo v Denison, 140 Mich
App 571, 573; 364 NW2d 376 (1985).

               When reviewing an appeal asserting improper conduct of an attorney, the
       appellate court should first determine whether or not the claimed error was in fact
       error and, if so, whether it was harmless. If the claimed error was not harmless,
       the court must then ask if the error was properly preserved by objection and
       request for instruction or motion for mistrial. If the error is so preserved, then
       there is a right to appellate review; if not, the court must still make one further
       inquiry. It must decide whether a new trial should nevertheless be ordered
       because what occurred may have caused the result or played too large a part and
       may have denied a party a fair trial. If the court cannot say that the result was not
       affected, then a new trial may be granted. Tainted verdicts need not be allowed to
       stand simply because a lawyer or judge or both failed to protect the interests of
       the prejudiced party by timely action. [Reetz v Kinsman Marine Transit Co, 416
       Mich 97, 102-103; 330 NW2d 638 (1982).]

                                         B. ANALYSIS

        Plaintiff argues that defendants’ counsel engaged in misconduct by arguing that
plaintiff’s medical treatment was attorney driven because the argument was based on
speculation. He further argues that the introduction of this speculative theory denied him a fair
trial. We disagree.

        “While a lawyer is expected to advocate his client’s cause vigorously, parties are entitled
to a fair trial on the merits of the case, uninfluenced by appeals to passion or prejudice.” Bd of
Co Rd Com’rs of Wayne Co v GLS LeasCo, Inc, 394 Mich 126, 131; 229 NW2d 797 (1975)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). “Irrelevant, disparaging and accusatory remarks divert
the attention of the jury from the merits of the case.” Id. at 138. The repetitive nature of the
attack is what creates the increased probability of prejudice. Id. at 131. When “the theme is
constantly repeated so that the error becomes indelibly impressed on the juror’s consciousness,
the error becomes incurable and requires reversal.” Reetz, 416 Mich at 111; See Steudle v Yellow
& Checker Cab & Transfer Co, 287 Mich 1, 12; 282 NW 879 (1938) (“We think the course of
misconduct was so persistently followed that a charge of the court in an effort to obviate the
prejudice would have been useless.”). In deciding whether to reverse, we look for “a deliberate
course of conduct on the part of counsel . . . aimed at preventing [the other party] from having a
fair and impartial trial.” Steudle, 287 Mich at 11-12.

       We begin our review with an analysis of the claimed error surrounding the evidence
regarding the relationship between the plaintiff’s counsel’s law firm and the plaintiff’s health
care providers. It is relevant to the case whether the plaintiff’s course of healthcare was
influenced in any way by factors other than legitimate medical judgment. Therefore, if counsel
had a good faith belief that evidence existed regarding such non-medical factors, including


                                               -3-
financial gain for the health care providers, it would not be misconduct to introduce argument
and questions in that regard. In this case, defendants had a filing from federal court that listed
105 cases in which Dr. Kornblum had both treated clients represented by the Morse law firm and
testified on the patients’ behalf over a five-year period. Thus, counsel had a basis other than
speculation for inquiry into this relevant area. Dr. Kornblum emphatically denied such
relationships.

        The conduct of defense counsel did not deny plaintiff a fair trial. The issue of attorney
referrals appeared in four ways during this trial: 1) in opening argument, 2) during plaintiff’s
cross-examination, 3) during Dr. Kornblum’s cross-examination, and 4) during closing
arguments. As we noted above, the issue of attorney referrals was relevant to the case and
counsel had a good faith basis upon which to ask questions in this regard. This line of
questioning did not, however, prove very productive for the defense. Dr. Kornblum denied the
existence of a referral relationship and an affidavit was introduced from plaintiff’s treating
chiropractor which also denied any attorney referral relationship. Additionally, plaintiff
affirmatively stated that he had no idea why he was referred by his treating chiropractor to Dr.
Kornblum’s office and that he was not referred to the chiropractor by the Morse firm. A
majority of defense counsel’s comments regarding attorney referrals was in opening and closing
arguments. The opening statements foreshadowed evidence that the defense believed would be
introduced, if only by the federal court filing, and the closing argument referred to evidence that
was in fact introduced at trial. Defense counsel drew inferences favorable to his client from that
evidence. The plaintiff argued opposite inferences. Ultimately, the jury was instructed that these
portions of the trial were not evidence. The trial court did not err in declining to grant a JNOV
based upon this line of inquiry or argument.

                           III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        “This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s decision to grant JNOV, and, if reasonable
jurors could have reached different conclusions, the jury verdict must stand.” Dubose, 291 Mich
App at 499. We “review the evidence and all legitimate inferences in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party.” Wilkinson, 463 Mich at 391. “A trial court should grant a motion for
JNOV only when there was insufficient evidence presented to create an issue for the jury.”
Attard, 237 Mich App at 321.

                                         B. ANALYSIS

       Plaintiff argues he is entitled to JNOV or alternatively a new trial because the jury
determination that plaintiff had not sustained a physical injury was contrary to the medical
evidence in this case. We disagree.

       In relevant part, MCR 2.611(A)(1) provides that

       A new trial may be granted to all or some of the parties, on all or some of the
       issues, whenever their substantial rights are materially affected, for any of the
       following reasons:



                                                -4-
       (e) A verdict or decision against the great weight of the evidence or contrary to
       law.

                                              * * *

       (g) Error of law occurring in the proceedings, or mistake of fact by the court.

        The evidence in this case did, in fact, support the existence of a significant medical
condition for which the plaintiff required surgery. However, there was evidence from which a
jury could decide that the 2015 accident did not cause that physical condition. Jackson and the
responding officer at the scene both testified that plaintiff reported he was not hurt. Plaintiff was
able to drive himself down the road where defendant was stopped, then to work, and later to the
hospital. Weaver opined that plaintiff’s diagnosed medical conditions were not from the 2015
car accident because neither the force nor the motion in that accident were consistent with the
diagnoses that necessitated his surgeries. Images of plaintiff’s cervical spine taken on April 27,
2012, showed some degenerative abnormalities, arthritis, and signs of old trauma. Plaintiff’s
MRI and CAT scan taken on the day of the accident only revealed degenerative conditions and
plaintiff was released from the hospital with a diagnosis of strains and contusions. Dr. Singer
opined that plaintiff had some preexisting arthritic or longstanding changes of the neck, thoracic
spine and lumbar spine that were jarred or rattled and that he experienced a soft tissue strain of
the neck as a result of the accident. Dr. Delano opined that there was no imaging evidence that
would suggest the body suffered trauma in the June 2015 accident. Dr. Drouillard did not find
any objective evidence of trauma in the plaintiff’s films.

        On the other hand, there was also evidence introduced that plaintiff was physically
injured by the 2015 car accident. Dr. Munk opined that more likely than not, plaintiff’s back or
SI joint pain was caused by the accident because plaintiff self-reported the pain beginning after
the June 26, 2015 car accident. Dr. Delano testified that an August 17, 2015 MRI of the thoracic
spine showed some edema or swelling at the T7 level that he believed was a disc herniation into
the bone that could have been caused by “trauma or heavy lifting or any number of things.” Dr.
Kornblum also opined that because plaintiff did not have neck problems in 2013 and 2014, he
thought the extent of the herniations in plaintiff’s neck at C4-5 and C5-6 were caused by the
2015 accident.

        The jury chose to believe the defense experts and find that the plaintiff did not sustain an
injury in the 2015 accident. The verdict was not against the great weight of the evidence and
was supported by competent evidence. JNOV or the grant of a new trial was inappropriate and
the court did not err in refusing to grant the motion.

                                   IV. EXPERT TESTIMONY

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review the trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. People
v Bergman, 312 Mich App 471, 492; 879 NW2d 278 (2015). “A trial court abuses its discretion
when it chooses an outcome that is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.”
People v Orr, 275 Mich App 587, 588-589; 739 NW2d 385 (2007).



                                                -5-
                                         B. ANALYSIS

        Plaintiff argues the trial court abused its discretion in allowing defendants’ biomechanical
expert, Brian Weaver, to testify regarding whether plaintiff sustained an injury from the accident
because the expert was not medically qualified to render an opinion as to the cause of specific
injuries and his opinion was further inadmissible under MRE 702. We disagree.

        The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by MRE 702. Notably, the court did
not make a pretrial ruling as to the admissibility of Weaver’s testimony under MRE 702. In any
event, the rule provides:

       If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
       will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in
       issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
       education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if (1) the
       testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of
       reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and
       methods reliably to the facts of the case.

“The admission of expert testimony requires that (1) the witness be an expert, (2) there are facts
in evidence that require or are subject to examination and analysis by a competent expert, and (3)
the knowledge is in a particular area that belongs more to an expert than to the common man.”
Dept of Envtl Quality v Waterous Co, 279 Mich App 346, 381; 760 NW2d 856 (2008). “The
party that proffers the expert bears the burden of persuading the trial court that the expert has
specialized knowledge that will aid the factfinder in understanding the evidence or determining a
fact in issue.” Davis v Link, Inc, 195 Mich App 70, 73–74; 489 NW2d 103 (1992). A witness
may be qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education. MRE 702;
Mulholland v DEC Int’l Corp, 432 Mich 395, 403; 443 NW2d 340 (1989). “An expert who
lacks ‘knowledge’ in the field at issue cannot ‘assist the trier of fact.’ ” Gilbert v
DaimlerChrysler Corp, 470 Mich. 749, 789; 685 NW2d 391 (2004). However, “[g]aps or
weaknesses in the witness’ expertise are a fit subject for cross-examination, and go to the weight
of his testimony, not its admissibility.” Wischmeyer v Schanz, 449 Mich 469, 480; 536 NW2d
760 (1995).

         The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Weaver’s expert testimony. The
substance of Weaver’s testimony was scientific, technical and not common knowledge to the
average person. Weaver’s testimony was probative of a fact at issue at trial, whether the
accident caused plaintiff’s injuries, specifically his herniated discs. Weaver was further qualified
to testify about how forces and motion impact the body, in this case the spine, by nature of his
knowledge, experience, training, and education on the subject. In addition to his engineering
degree in mechanics and biomechanics, Weaver had a master’s degree in the specialty of
orthopedics. He was specially trained to investigate vehicle accidents. He had studied “the
intervertebral disc as a function of both posture and muscle activation to protect the disc.” He
had published work “on the effect of strengthening the back to decrease the likelihood of
obtaining disc herniation.” Weaver was very clear to tell the jury that he was not a doctor and
that he did not diagnose injuries, but rather tried to explain their causes. Plaintiff’s contention
that Weaver was not qualified to give an opinion on causation because he lacked a medical


                                                -6-
degree highlights a weakness or gap in Weaver’s expertise that was subject to cross-examination.
Weaver was otherwise qualified to render an opinion grounded in biomechanics. His opinions
were based upon sufficient facts and data and the product of reliable principles and methods.
Weaver’s opinions began with his review of facts and data in evidence.2 Specifically, he used
photographs, police reports, depositions, medical records, and plaintiff’s biometrics, to opine that
plaintiff’s diagnosed medical conditions were not from the 2015 car accident because he did not
sustain the required motions and force consistent with his diagnoses. Weaver relied on the laws
of physics and the principles of dynamics, peer reviewed biomechanical studies, computer
models, simulated test devices, statistical data of vehicle crash testing, and his training and
experience in reaching this conclusion.

        We reject plaintiff’s request to find that in general, biomechanical engineers, as non-
physicians, are not qualified to give opinions as to causation. The only published case cited by
plaintiff for Michigan that excluded a biomechanical engineer’s expert testimony at trial was
People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). In Unger, the biomechanical
engineer’s testimony was excluded not only because he was not a physician, but also because his
theory as to how the victim’s injury occurred was “based on conjecture and [was] inconsistent
with the facts in evidence . . . .” Id. at 249. The same circumstances do not apply here where
Weaver’s opinion was not based on conjecture, multiple physicians agreed with his report, and
his conclusion that the herniations were not caused by the accident was consistent with the facts
in evidence.

                                   V. EVIDENTIARY ERROR

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We review the trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion.
Bergman, 312 Mich App at 492. “A trial court abuses its discretion when it chooses an outcome
that is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Orr, 275 Mich App at 588-
589.

                                          B. ANALYSIS

         Plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting his 2005 bankruptcy
at trial because it “had no substantial relation and is not material to this case.” We disagree.

        Generally, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible” and “[e]vidence which is not relevant is
not admissible.” MRE 402. Plaintiff’s contention that the evidence must have a “substantial
relation” to the case reads more into the rule than what is required. Relevant evidence is
evidence having “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” MRE 401. MRE 403 provides, “[a]lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the

2
 MRE 703 provides that “[t]he facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an
opinion or inference shall be in evidence.”



                                                -7-
issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence.” “Evidence bearing on a witness’s credibility is always
relevant[.]” In re Dearmon, 303 Mich App 684, 696; 847 NW2d 514 (2014). “Evidence that
shows bias or prejudice on the part of a witness is always relevant.” Powell v St John Hosp, 241
Mich App 64, 72; 614 NW2d 666 (2000). “Testimony ... which touches the bias or interest of
the witness[ ] is always admissible, and can be shown upon his cross-examination, and, if denied
by him, can be proven on rebuttal; the proper foundation being laid for such proof.” Swift
Electric Light Co v Grant, 90 Mich 469, 475; 51 NW 539 (1892).

       MRE 608(b) provides:

       Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or
       supporting the witness’ credibility, other than conviction of crime as provided in
       Rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the
       discretion of the court, if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired
       into on cross-examination of the witness (1) concerning the witness’character for
       truthfulness or untruthfulness, or (2) concerning the character for truthfulness or
       untruthfulness of another witness as to which character the witness being cross-
       examined has testified.

        In this case, evidence of plaintiff’s fraud in a prior bankruptcy was raised during
plaintiff’s cross-examination. Defendants argued the evidence was admissible under MRE
608(b) as a specific instance of a judicial determination of credibility. Plaintiff opposed
admission of the evidence on the ground that it was more prejudicial than probative because it
was over 10 years ago. The court held that it had “no choice but to allow this evidence in.” We
do not read this statement as the court believing that it had no discretion as to the admission of
the evidence but, instead as an expression that the nature of this evidence, lying in a court
proceeding, was such that it was relevant, probative and admissible in this case. The court’s
decision was not an abuse of discretion. Plaintiff’s credibility was one of the central issues in
this case. There were multiple factual determinations to be made regarding his truthfulness of
the injuries he suffered, when they occurred, and to what extent they impaired his daily activities.
Similarly, plaintiff’s credibility was central to his motive for bringing this suit and the
truthfulness of his claims for damages.

       Plaintiff further claims that the evidence unfairly prejudiced him by interjecting
extraneous considerations of greed that played off defendants’ theory of attorney driven referrals.
However, it was just as likely that the evidence garnered sympathy for plaintiff and, as decided
above, defense counsel’s conduct was not so egregious as to deny plaintiff a fair trial.

        Plaintiff also contends that “[t]he defense of this case resulted in a verdict based on bias,
sympathy (for Defendants), anger and/or shock and, as such, the verdict cannot be permitted to
stand as much as anyone seeks to give deference to a jury.” Plaintiff fails to identify in what
ways the defense created bias, sympathy, anger and shock. Accordingly, this undeveloped
contention is abandoned. See In re JS & SM, 231 Mich App 92, 98; 585 NW2d 326 (1998)
(“The failure to brief the merits of an allegation of error is deemed an abandonment of an
issue.”).



                                                -8-
       At the end of plaintiff’s brief, he argues that the combination of all the errors in his trial
amount to him being deprived of a fair trial. Sometimes, “[t]he cumulative effect of a number of
minor errors may require reversal.” Stitt v Holland Abundant Life Fellowship, 243 Mich App
461, 471; 624 NW2d 427 (2000). However, since we found no error, plaintiff’s cumulative error
argument is without merit.

       Affirmed.



                                                              /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                              /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                              /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




                                                -9-
