                             NOT FOR PUBLICATION                         FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        APR 25 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: BENJAMIN LEE TAYLOR and                  No.    17-60000
JANET LOUISE TAYLOR,
                                                BAP No. 15-1316
             Debtors,
______________________________
                                                MEMORANDUM*
BENJAMIN LEE TAYLOR,

                Appellant,

 v.

KAREN GOOD, DBA Judgment
Enforcement Bureau,

                Appellee.

                         Appeal from the Ninth Circuit
                          Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
             Kirscher, Dunn, and Faris, Bankruptcy Judges, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted February 5, 2018
                               Pasadena, California

Before: WARDLAW and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN,** District
Judge.


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Edward R. Korman, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
       Benjamin Taylor appeals from a decision of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel

(“BAP”) affirming the bankruptcy court’s denial of discharge under both 11 U.S.C.

§ 727(a)(2)(A) and § 727(a)(4). We affirm.

       “We review decisions of the BAP de novo and apply the” same standard of

review as it did to the bankruptcy court’s decision. In re Retz, 606 F.3d 1189, 1196

(9th Cir. 2010). We review the bankruptcy court’s factual determinations for clear

error, and its legal conclusions––as well as its determinations of mixed questions

of law and fact––de novo. In re Searles, 317 B.R. 368, 373 (B.A.P. 9th Cir 2004).

       1. The bankruptcy court did not err in denying discharge under

§ 727(a)(2)(A), which permits denial if “the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or

defraud a creditor . . . has transferred . . . or concealed . . . property of the debtor,

within one year before the date of the filing of the petition.” In the months leading

up to the filing of his Chapter 7 petition, Taylor used a closely held corporation’s

Bank of America account––of which he was an authorized signer––to deposit

checks made out to him personally and to pay various personal expenses. Taylor

not only failed to disclose the account in his bankruptcy filings but also testified

that the relevant corporation was dissolved and that it did not have a Bank of

America account. The record thus supports the conclusion that Taylor transferred

and concealed his property.




                                             2                                      17-60000
       Relying on In re Thurman, 901 F.2d 839, 841 (10th Cir. 1990), Taylor

argues that he did not dispose of “property of the debtor” or “property of the

estate,” as required by § 727(a)(2)(A), because the account was in the

corporation’s name, not his own. But Taylor, unlike the debtors in Thurman and

the other cases he cites, transferred and concealed his own, personal funds, not

assets of a corporation in which he merely had a derivative interest. See id.

       Moreover, the bankruptcy court did not clearly err in finding that Taylor

acted with the intent to hinder, delay, and defraud his creditors. See In re

Woodfield, 978 F.2d 516, 518 (9th Cir. 1992) (“The existence of this intent is a

finding of fact reviewable for clear error.”). “[I]ntent may be established by

circumstantial evidence, or by inferences drawn from a course of conduct.” In re

Adeeb, 787 F.2d 1339, 1343 (9th Cir. 1986) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Taylor used his closely held corporation’s account for personal purposes, and he

explained that he did so because of various liens and levies on his other accounts.

See Woodfield, 978 F.2d at 518 (listing various “badges of fraud”). Moreover, he

only admitted to the account’s existence after a creditor had discovered it on her

own.

       2. The bankruptcy court also did not err in denying discharge based on

Taylor’s intentional and fraudulent omission of the corporate account from his

bankruptcy schedules. Section 727(a)(4) provides for a denial of discharge when


                                          3                                      17-60000
“the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case . . . made

a false oath or account.” And “[a] false statement or an omission in the debtor’s

bankruptcy schedules or statement of financial affairs can constitute a false oath.”

Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196 (quoting In re Khalil, 379 B.R. 163, 172 (B.A.P. 9th Cir.

2007)).

       Taylor argues that his omission was immaterial because the account itself

was not the property of the estate and contained little to no value. See id. at 1197

(holding that the debtor’s false oath must relate to a material fact). But materiality

is “broadly defined,” and “[a] false statement is material if it bears a relationship to

the debtor’s business transactions or estate, or concerns the discovery of assets,

business dealings, or the existence and disposition of the debtor’s property.” In re

Wills, 243 B.R. 58, 62 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1999); see also Retz, 606 F.3d at 1198.

Thus, “[e]ven if the debtor can show that the assets were of little value or that a full

and truthful answer would not have directly increased the estate assets, a discharge

may be denied if the omission adversely affects the trustee’s or creditors’ ability to

discover other assets or to fully investigate the debtor’s pre-bankruptcy dealing and

financial condition.” Wills, 243 B.R. at 63 (quoting 6 King, Collier on Bankruptcy

¶ 727.04[1][b]). That is so because “[t]he fundamental purpose of § 727(a)(4)(A) is

to insure that the trustee and creditors have accurate information without having to

conduct costly investigations.” Id.


                                           4                                     17-60000
      By concealing the bank account, Taylor provided the trustee and creditors

with an inaccurate picture of his financial condition and prevented them from

learning that, in the months before his bankruptcy filing, he had access to

thousands of dollars, which he used to pay personal bills and expenses. Moreover,

as the BAP correctly observed, “the flow of money in and out of the [account] not

only reveals concealed assets, but also shows that Mr. Taylor was working and

earning.” His omission was thus material.

      AFFIRMED.




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