                                                                              FILED
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                     PUBLISH                              Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      October 4, 2018

                                                                       Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          Clerk of Court
                        _________________________________

CHARLES PAYAN,

     Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                       No. 16-4188

UNITED PARCEL SERVICE; CHARLES
MARTINEZ,

     Defendants - Appellees.
                     _________________________________

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                                 for the District of Utah
                              (D.C. No. 2:14-CV-00400-JNP)
                        _________________________________


April L. Hollingsworth, Hollingsworth Law Office, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, for
Plaintiff-Appellant.

Steven M. Gutierrez, Holland & Hart, LLP, Denver, Colorado, (Bradford J. Williams,
Holland & Hart, LLP, Denver, Colorado and Cecilia M. Romero, Holland & Hart, LLP,
Salt Lake City, Utah, with him on the brief) for Defendants-Appellees.

                        _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, SEYMOUR, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.
                   _________________________________
       Charles Payan appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

United Parcel Service (“UPS”) in relation to his claims for racial discrimination and

retaliation arising under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, as well as his state law claims

for breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.



                                             I.

       Mr. Payan, who is Hispanic, has worked for UPS since 1991. He worked his way

through the ranks and in 2006 was promoted to Security Manager of the Desert Mountain

Salt Lake City Division. Around 2009, Charles Martinez, also Hispanic, became the

supervisor of UPS’s Great Basin District, which encompassed the Salt Lake City security

division. This made Mr. Martinez Mr. Payan’s direct supervisor.

       Mr. Payan was considered a “Ready Now” candidate until Mr. Martinez informed

him in early 2010 that he no longer considered him to be “ready now.” UPS uses the

“Ready Now” list to determine candidates for promotions, so Mr. Payan’s removal from

the list meant that he could no longer be considered for promotions. Mr. Martinez

continued thereafter to rate Mr. Payan’s promotion status as “Retain at Current Level,”

meaning he believed Mr. Payan needed more time to develop before being promoted.

After Mr. Payan’s downgrade, two UPS employees with similar credentials were

promoted to Security Division Managers, positions that Mr. Payan wanted but was not

eligible for in light of his promotion status downgrade.



                                             2
       Mr. Martinez also consistently gave Mr. Payan poor Quality Performance Reviews

(“QPR”). A QPR is performed biannually and is how UPS evaluates its employees. The

QPR has both an objective and subjective component, the results of which impact salary

increases and opportunities for promotion. While Mr. Payan scored incredibly well on

the objective component of his 2009 QPR, performing at 106% of his goals, Mr.

Martinez rated him very poorly on the subjective component of the QPR. For instance,

Mr. Martinez gave him a .58 out of 1 rating on the Leadership Competency Assessment.

       Mr. Payan asserts that Mr. Martinez was constantly harassing him, and he

documented most of those interactions with hand-written notes. Some of those

interactions raised allegations of harassment concerning Mr. Payan’s race or national

origin, which are the focus of this action. The district court recounted those instances:

       First, on one occasion, Martinez and Payan had a heated conversation
       during which Martinez indicated that Payan had an integrity issue and
       called him a kid who doesn’t even speak Spanish. Second, Payan asserts
       that Martinez would often correct his pronunciation of Hispanic surnames.
       Finally, Payan points to Martinez’s friendship with another Hispanic
       manager who speaks fluent Spanish as evidence of Martinez’s racial
       animus towards Payan. One of Martinez’s best friends growing up was a
       Cuban-American, and Martinez expressed his fondness for the Cuban
       accent of the other Hispanic manager.

Aplt. App. at 182-83.
       The district court documented UPS’s reaction to Mr. Payan’s claims of

racial discrimination as follows:

       In 2010, Payan contacted Human Resources Manager Carl Wesley to
       discuss his concern that Martinez was discriminating against him on the
       basis of his race. Wesley worked down the hall from Martinez in UPS’s
       Phoenix office. Wesley was good friends with Martinez and the two
       socialized together outside of work. Payan raised the issue of his poor

                                             3
      performance evaluation with Wesley, and Wesley acknowledged that
      the conflict between Payan’s objective numbers and Martinez’s rating
      were a cause for concern. In light of his continuing concerns about
      racial discrimination, Payan filed a complaint with UPS Human
      Resources in February 2012. Wesley assigned Payan’s complaint to
      Human Resources Operations Manager Darren Moore and Area
      Manager Carolee Streeper to investigate Payan’s complaint. Payan
      continued to object to Martinez’s conduct throughout 2012 and 2013.
      UPS investigated Payan’s claims but determined that Martinez had
      neither discriminated against nor harassed Payan. Following this
      investigation, UPS initiated a meeting between Payan and Martinez in
      an effort to clear the air. UPS also offered Payan an opportunity to
      participate in the Company’s Employee Dispute Resolution process, but
      Payan declined. During this timeframe, in 2012, Wesley had a
      discussion with Martinez regarding Payan. Following this discussion,
      Martinez decided to document the perceived performance issues
      intertwined with Payan’s complaints to Human Resources. Ultimately,
      Martinez recommended to Wesley that Payan be transferred and not
      retained at his current management level. As a basis for his
      recommendation, Martinez pointed to perceived integrity and
      communications issues.

Id. at 183-84.

      In November 2012, and in response to the recommendations of Mr. Martinez,

UPS put Mr. Payan through a Management Performance Improvement Process

(“MPIP”). An MPIP is designed to “help employees who are not performing well go

through a formalized training with their manager to help them improve their skill sets

so they can perform effectively and eliminate whatever those deficiencies are.” Id. at

305. “UPS tasked Payan with improving his communication, organization, and

development of subordinates.” Id. at 184.

      The MPIP required Mr. Payan to meet with Mr. Martinez and UPS’s HR

department to track his progress. These meetings took place in November 2012 and

January, February, and March 2013. After his second review, UPS determined that

                                            4
Mr. Payan was not meeting the plan’s requirements. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Payan

filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (“EEOC”). Mr. Payan alleged that he had been subjected to harassing

and degrading behavior from Mr. Martinez and that his non-Hispanic coworkers were

not treated in such a way. He also alleged that UPS retaliated against him by placing

him on an MPIP. The EEOC ultimately dismissed Mr. Payan’s charge of

discrimination and issued him a right-to-sue letter.

      After the MPIP concluded in October 2013, “UPS transferred Mr. Payan to a

Business Manager position in the operations department.” Id. at 184. The new

position had the same management authority, and he continued to lead his own team

of employees. Moreover, Mr. Payan was not required to change work locations, the

transfer came with a pay increase, and Mr. Martinez would no longer be his

supervisor. Nevertheless, Mr. Payan perceived the transfer to be a punishment, and

in May 2014 he filed the current lawsuit. He alleged hostile work environment,

disparate treatment, and retaliation claims under both Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981.

He also alleged state law claims for breach of contract, breach of the covenant of

good faith and fair dealing, and violation of Utah public policy. The district court

granted summary judgement in favor of UPS on all of Mr. Payan’s claims.




                                          II.



                                           5
       “We ‘review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the

same legal standard as the district court,’” viewing “the evidence and the reasonable

inferences to be drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party.” City of Eudora v. Rural Water Dist. No. 4, Douglas Cty., Kan., 875 F.3d 1030,

1034 (10th Cir. 2017) (quoting Parker Excavating, Inc. v. Lafarge W., Inc., 863 F.3d

1213, 1220 (10th Cir. 2017)). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows

that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).


A. Disparate Treatment Race Discrimination Under Title VII and § 1981


       “In racial discrimination suits, the elements of a plaintiff’s case are the same

whether that case is brought under §§ 1981 or 1983 or Title VII.” Carney v. City & Cty.

of Denver, 534 F.3d 1269, 1273 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Baca v. Sklar, 398 F.3d 1210,

1218 n.3 (10th Cir. 2005)). The analysis for both claims starts with the familiar burden-

shifting framework set out in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802

(1973). Under this framework, “the plaintiff must first prove a prima facie case of

discrimination.” Khalik v. United Air Lines, 671 F.3d 1188, 1192 (10th Cir. 2012).

“Only after the plaintiff clears this initial hurdle does the burden shift to the employer to

prove a ‘legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment

action.’” Barlow v. C.R. England, Inc., 703 F.3d 497, 505 (10th Cir. 2012) (quoting

Khalik, 671 F.3d at 1192). “To make out a prima facie case of discrimination, the . . .

Plaintiffs must demonstrate (1) membership in a protected class, (2) adverse employment

                                              6
action, and (3) disparate treatment among similarly situated employees.” Orr v. City Of

Albuquerque, 417 F.3d 1144, 1149 (10th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Unlike a hostile

work environment claim, where the “claim is composed of a series of separate acts that

collectively constitute one “unlawful employment practice,”’ Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp.

v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 117 (2002) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1)), a claim for

disparate treatment is based on a discrete act, id. at 114.

       The district court determined that Payan’s Title VII claim was unexhausted and

that his Section 1981 claim was untimely. We agree with both conclusions. First, the

court concluded that Payan’s EEOC charge “d[id] not allege that the downgrading of his

performance rating was discriminatory.” Aplt. App. at 192. Indeed, Payan’s EEOC

charge includes allegations of: (1) “unwarranted subjective criticism of [Payan’s] work

performance”; (2) better treatment of non Hispanic peers, including through the receipt of

higher pay raises; and (3) retaliation for reporting alleged discrimination in the form of an

MPIP. Id. at 404. The EEOC charge omits any discussion of Martinez’s downgrading of

Payan’s promotion status from “ready now” to “retain at current level,” allegations on

which Payan’s disparate treatment claim is based.

       The district court relied on our prior precedent and dismissed Mr. Payan’s claim

on jurisdictional grounds. See Shikles v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 426 F.3d 1304, 1317

(10th Cir. 2005) (stating exhaustion is a “jurisdictional prerequisite to suit under Title

VII”). This conclusion was correct at the time, but since then we have reexamined the

issue en banc and concluded that “a plaintiff’s failure to file an EEOC charge regarding a

discrete employment incident merely permits the employer to raise an affirmative defense

                                              7
of failure to exhaust but does not bar a federal court from assuming jurisdiction over a

claim.” Lincoln v. BNSF Ry., No. 17-3120, slip op. at 20-21 (10th Cir. Aug. 17, 2018).

In practical terms, this holding means that the defense of failure to timely exhaust a Title

VII claim “is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.” Zipes v. Trans. World

Airlines, 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982).

       UPS argued under the now-abrogated framework, claiming that exhaustion is a

“jurisdictional prerequisite to suit under Title VII,” Shikles, 426 F.3d at 1317, and that

Mr. Payan’s claims should be dismissed because they are unexhausted. Because UPS is

unable to predict the future, it could not have argued in a way that perfectly aligns with

our post-Lincoln treatment of exhaustion by raising Mr. Payan’s failure to exhaust as an

affirmative defense. We therefore treat UPS’s argument, which was proper under then-

existing precedent, as having “raise[d] an affirmative defense of failure to exhaust,”

Lincoln, No. 17-3120, at 20-21, and conclude that the district court did not err in

dismissing Mr. Payan’s Title VII disparate treatment claim.1

       Nor was Mr. Payan’s § 1981 claim for disparate treatment timely filed. Section

1981 has a four-year statute of limitations. See Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 541

U.S. 369, 382 (2004). The discrete discriminatory act in this case, as alleged by Mr.


       1
        We also agree with the district court’s conclusion that, even if it were
exhausted, the EEOC charge would be untimely. Under Title VII, a person must file
a charge of discrimination with the EEOC within 300 days of the alleged unlawful
employment practice before filing a lawsuit in federal court. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(a).
Mr. Payan did not file his charge of discrimination until March 2, 2013, see Aplt.
App. at 404, well after the 300-day filing restriction. In fact, Mr. Payan conceded
during oral argument that he failed to exhaust this claim. See Oral Argument at 5:55-
6:10.
                                              8
Payan, is that UPS “took adverse employment actions against [him] due to his race, by

down-grading him from a ‘Ready Now’ to a ‘Three-Year’ candidate.” Aplt. App. at 16.

That down-grade occurred in January 2010.2 Id. at 243, pp. 16-17. Mr. Payan contends

the statute of limitations clock did not begin to run until October 2010, asserting that this

was when the change in employment status actually took effect. The district court

pointed out the problem with this argument:

       Payan, however, fails to cite any evidence in the record that supports his
       claim that the status did not change at the time he was informed of it.
       Because the only evidence in the record, Payan’s own deposition testimony,
       supports UPS’s position that the change of status took place in early 2010,
       the court finds that Payan’s claims filed in May 2014 are untimely.

Aplt. App. at 193. We agree that because Mr. Payan did not file this lawsuit until May

28, 2014, after the four-year mark, he failed to timely file his § 1981 claim.


B. Hostile Work Environment Under Title VII and § 1981


       Here too “[t]he same substantive standards apply” under Title VII and Section

1981. Lounds v. Lincare, Inc., 812 F. 3d 1208, 1221 (10th Cir. 2015). To carry his

burden, Mr. Payan must show: “(1) [he] is a member of a protected group; (2) [he] was

subject to unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was based on race; and (4) [due to

the harassment’s severity or pervasiveness], the harassment altered a term, condition, or

privilege of the plaintiff’s employment and created an abusive working environment.”



       2
        Mr. Payan’s complaint stated that Mr. Martinez became his supervisor in
November 2009 and “[w]ithin two months of the time Martinez became his
supervisor, Mr. Payan dropped from ‘Ready Now’ status to a ‘Three-Year’ candidate,
meaning he was considered ready to be promoted in three years.” Aplt. App. at 12.
                                              9
Id. at 1222 (quoting Harsco Corp. v. Renner, 475 F.3d 1179, 1186 (10th Cir. 2007)

(alterations in original)).

       Mr. Payan satisfies elements one and two. He is Hispanic and thus a member of a

protected group. He was also subject to unwelcome harassment: Mr. Martinez regularly

singled Mr. Payan out during weekly conference calls, where he was “abusive, critical,

and condescending to . . . Payan.” Aplt. App. at 640.

       But Mr. Payan’s claims fail at element three. He does not “produce evidence from

which a rational jury could infer that []he was targeted for harassment because of h[is]

gender, race, or national origin.” Sandoval v. City of Boulder, 388 F.3d 1312, 1326-27

(10th Cir. 2004). He contends that Mr. Martinez harassed him because he is Hispanic. In

support, he argues that Mr. Martinez treated him differently than he treated Mr. Payan’s

colleagues. See Aplt. Br. at 33. He also points to Mr. Martinez’s comments about his

inability to speak Spanish, such as Mr. Martinez’s statement that he was a “kid that

doesn’t even speak Spanish.” Id. at 34; Aplt. App. at 243, p. 5.

       As a preliminary matter, the fact that Mr. Martinez is also Hispanic does not mean

that he cannot harbor animus toward Hispanics. See Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482,

499 (1977) (“Because of the many facets of human motivation, it would be unwise to

presume as a matter of law that human beings of one definable group will not

discriminate against other members of their group.”). The record indicates, however, that

Mr. Martinez did not display animus toward other Hispanics. For example, he was good

friends with a Cuban-American subordinate, Jorge Bertot. Aplt. App. at 675. This

undercuts Mr. Payan’s contention that Mr. Martinez’s alleged harassment of him was

                                            10
because he is Hispanic. His argument basically is that Mr. Martinez disliked him not

because he is Hispanic but because he did not speak Spanish. As the district court noted,

“the law provides no special protection for discrimination based on one’s poor grasp of a

particular language.” Id. at 190.

       Although we need not address the fourth element, the severity of the harassment,

Mr. Payan’s claims fail here as well. “Title VII does not establish ‘a general civility

code’ for the workplace.” Morris v. City of Colo. Springs, 666 F.3d 654, 663-64 (10th

Cir. 2012) (quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81 (1998)).

“Accordingly, the run-of-the-mill boorish, juvenile, or annoying behavior that is not

uncommon in American workplaces is not the stuff of a Title VII hostile work

environment claim.” Id. at 664. To survive summary judgment “a plaintiff must show

that a rational jury could find that the workplace is permeated with discriminatory

intimidation, ridicule, and insult, that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the

conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment.”

Sandoval, 388 F.3d at 1326–27 (quoting Davis v. U.S. Postal Serv., 142 F.3d 1334, 1341

(10th Cir.1998)). To do so, a plaintiff must show an environment that was both

objectively and subjectively hostile. Morris, 666 F.3d at 664. We assess the “objective

severity of the harassment from the perspective of a reasonable person in the plaintiff’s

position, considering all the circumstances.” Id. (quoting Harsco Corp. v. Renner, 475

F.3d 1179, 1187 (10th Cir. 2007)). In evaluating the circumstances, we “consider[] such

factors as the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is

physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it

                                               11
unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. (quoting Chavez v.

New Mexico, 397 F.3d 826, 832-33 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       In this case, the district court held that Mr. Payan’s handwritten notes

documenting his interactions with Mr. Martinez constituted inadmissible hearsay and

were therefore not evidence of harassment. Without that evidence, the court determined

that “while Payan has produced evidence that he subjectively perceived his work

environment to be hostile and abusive, he has not come forward with any admissible

evidence of an objectively severe or pervasive hostile work environment.” Aplt. App. at

189. We review this evidentiary ruling for abuse of discretion and “will not reverse if the

district court’s ruling ‘falls within the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances

and is not arbitrary, capricious or whimsical.’” United States v. Willis, 826 F.3d 1265,

1270 (10th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Sturm, 673 F.3d 1274, 1286 (10th Cir.

2012)).

       The district court did not abuse its discretion here because our precedents establish

that the court’s ruling falls within permissible bounds in the circumstances of this case.

For example, in Thomas v. Int'l Bus. Machs., 48 F.3d 478, 485 (10th Cir. 1995), we held

that “the nonmoving party need not produce evidence in a form that would be

admissible at trial, but the content or substance of the evidence must be admissible.”

(Internal citation omitted). As we explained, “hearsay testimony that would be

inadmissible at trial may not be included in an affidavit to defeat summary judgment

because ‘[a] third party's description of [a witness’] supposed testimony is not



                                             12
suitable grist for the summary judgment mill.’” Id. (quoting Garside v. Osco Drug,

Inc., 895 F.2d 46, 50 (1st Cir. 1990)).

       With his notes excluded, Mr. Payan was only able to offer a few examples of

alleged harassment, and those few examples do not rise to the level of “discriminatory

intimidation, ridicule, and insult” that is necessary for a hostile work environment claim.

Mr. Payan testified in his deposition about Mr. Martinez’s anger and aggression, his

comments about Mr. Payan being a liar and incompetent as a manager, his questions to

Mr. Payan about out-of-work appointments, and his grilling of Mr. Payan on work-

related matters. Mr. Payan further contends that Mr. Martinez postponed completing his

career development evaluation, did not travel from Arizona to Utah to “help him,”

“refused to call Payan to discuss issues and, Payan felt, was generally trying to ruin [his]

career.” Aplt. Br. at 32. Finally, Mr. Payan points to the declarations of Jerry Barbillon

and Dave VanGorder, other Security Managers, to support his claims. Mr. Barbillon

noted that Mr. Martinez was disrespectful, critical, condescending, and abusive toward

Mr. Payan during weekly conference calls. See Aplt. App. at 640. Mr. VanGorder said

that Mr. Martinez also regularly emphasized Mr. Payan’s poor performance during the

meetings, even though his division always did well compared to the other ones. See id. at

645. He attested that, “Martinez treated Mr. Payan the worst of all of the Security

Managers that he supervised, including myself, on our conference calls.” Id. While Mr.

Payan may have subjectively believed that Mr. Martinez’s harassment was severe, we are

not persuaded that it was objectively sufficient to create the required pervasively hostile

and abusive working environment.

                                             13
       In sum, we conclude the district court correctly held Mr. Payan failed to show

either that Mr. Martinez’s alleged harassment was due to a racial animus or that it was

sufficiently severe or pervasive to constitute a hostile work environment under either

Title VII or Section 1981.


C. Retaliation Under Title VII and § 1981


       Turning to Mr. Payan’s retaliation claim, a “prima facie case of retaliation requires

the plaintiff to show that (1) he or she engaged in protected opposition to discrimination,

(2) a reasonable employee would have considered the challenged employment action

materially adverse, and (3) a causal connection existed between the protected activity and

the materially adverse action.” Hinds v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 523 F.3d 1187, 1202

(10th Cir. 2008). Mr. Payan clearly engaged in protected opposition when he persistently

complained to HR about Mr. Martinez’s actions, which he perceived to be racially

motivated. As to the second requirement, Mr. Payan argues that his placement on the

MPIP and his subsequent transfer both constitute adverse employment actions. We

disagree.

       We “liberally define [ ] the phrase adverse employment action. . . . Such

actions are not simply limited to monetary losses in the form of wages or benefits.

Instead, we take a case-by-case approach, examining the unique factors relevant to

the situation at hand.” Hillig v. Rumsfeld, 381 F.3d 1028, 1031 (10th Cir. 2004)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). To qualify as an adverse

employment action, however, an “employer’s actions must be harmful to the point

                                            14
that they could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting a

charge of discrimination.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 57

(2006).

        For reasons we set out below, we conclude that Mr. Payan’s placement on the

MPIP did not constitute an adverse action. We find the holding in Cole v. Illinois, 562

F.3d 812 (7th Cir. 2009), instructive. There Ms. Cole, who worked as a receptionist

in the Governor’s Office of Citizen’s Assistance, was injured in a car accident one

day on her lunch break. Id. at 813. She was granted medical leave for approximately

two and half weeks under the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), 29 U.S.C.

§ 2601 et seq. Her doctor cleared her to return to work on a part-time basis after her

official leave time had elapsed, but her transition did not go well. Her supervisor

became upset at her constant absence and sent her an email stating, “I understand that

you’re going through a lot right now but this can’t keep happening.” Cole, 562 F.3d

at 814. Her supervisors ultimately decided to place her on an employee improvement

plan.

        The plan was designed to last approximately one month and identified three

areas for improvement: attendance, attitude, and job performance. The plan set forth

an explanation of her deficiencies in each category as well as suggested solutions for

correcting them. Ms. Cole declined to sign the improvement plan and was eventually

fired. Id. She filed a lawsuit alleging, inter alia, retaliation for exercising her rights

under the FMLA. She argued that her placement on the improvement plan



                                            15
constituted an adverse action. The district court disagreed and granted the

defendant’s motion for summary judgment. Id. at 815.

      The Seventh Circuit affirmed. The court first noted that “materially adverse

actions are not limited to employment-related activities but include any actions that

would dissuade a reasonable employee from exercising his rights.” Id. at 816

(quoting Breneisen v. Motorola, Inc., 512 F.3d 972, 979 (7th Cir. 2008)); see also

Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 68. But the court further noted that “it is important

to separate significant from trivial harms,” and that “[t]he decision to take FMLA

leave ‘cannot immunize that employee from those petty slights or minor annoyances

that often take place at work and that all employees experience.’” Id. (quoting

Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 68). The court reasoned that the improvement plan

would not cause a reasonable employee to forego exercising her rights:

      The most onerous aspect of the improvement plan was the requirement
      that Cole submit daily and weekly schedules to Verblen and Brown.
      Although the task of preparing daily plans would necessitate some extra
      work, this requirement is not so oppressive that a reasonable employee
      would be discouraged from taking FMLA leave. Presumably, a
      reasonable employee plans her day. The mere act of submitting a daily
      plan to one's superiors is not an additional burden of great concern.
      Rather, it can be seen as a constructive assignment that, when executed,
      could improve an employee's work habits and productivity.

             In addition to the planning requirements, the plan also obligated
      Cole to “become more aware of her tone” and to “work[ ] on becoming
      a better listener.” Such minor conditions would not dissuade a
      reasonable person from exercising her rights. Cole was not deprived of
      responsibility, hours, pay, or any other relevant accoutrement of her
      position. Indeed, “not everything that makes an employee unhappy is an
      actionable adverse action.” Accordingly, the improvement plan was not
      a materially adverse action.


                                          16
Id. at 816-17 (internal citations omitted).

       Similarly, the improvement plan in this case would not cause a reasonable

employee to forego exercising his rights under Title VII. Mr. Payan was given four

areas for improvement: written communication, verbal communication, planning and

organization, and managing of subordinates. His requirements for improvement, like

the requirements in Cole, were not onerous. They included attending one meeting

every month to check his progression, using a daily planner to improve his

organization, and coordinating developmental meetings with his subordinates. None

of these tasks were difficult or especially time-consuming, and it was all aimed at

improving Mr. Payan’s work habits and productivity. Mr. Payan’s charge of

discrimination did not immunize him from any attempt by his employer to improve

deficiencies in his job performance. Accordingly, we join the Seventh Circuit and

many others3 in concluding that placement on an employee improvement plan alone

does not qualify as a materially adverse action as defined by Burlington Northern.

       With respect to Mr. Payan’s transfer, we have previously said a reassignment does

not constitute an adverse action when it “involved no hardship to the plaintiff other than


       3
         See, e.g., Jackson v. Honeywell Int'l, Inc., 601 F. App’x 280, 286 (5th Cir.
2015) (unpublished) (citing Burlington and concluding a PIP not materially adverse
employment action where plaintiff continues to engage in protected activity);
Edwards v. Nat’l Vision Inc., 568 F. App’x 854, 862 (11th Cir. 2014) (unpublished)
(stating placement on a PIP not an adverse action); Fiero v. CSG Sys., Inc., 759 F.3d
874, 880 n.2 (8th Cir. 2014) (plaintiff’s “placement on the PIP alone does not
constitute an adverse employment action and cannot support her claim of
retaliation”); Choulagh v. Holder, 528 F. App’x 432, 438 (6th Cir. 2013)
(unpublished) (“The placement on the performance improvement plan . . . do[es] not
rise to the level of a materially adverse action.”).
                                              17
the requirement to develop new skills.” Hillig, 381 F.3d at 1033 (citing Tran v. Trs. of

State Colls. in Colo, 355 F.3d 1263, 1268 (10th Cir. 2004) (no adverse action where

unqualified plaintiff was reassigned to new department because transfer did not result in

loss of employment, compensation, or benefits)). Mr. Payan did not suffer any hardship

due to his transfer. He was transferred to a position with the same level of management

authority, was not required to change locations, was no longer under the supervision of

Mr. Martinez, and actually received a pay increase. The only piece of admissible

evidence Mr. Payan proffered for his claim that the transfer was an adverse action was a

single declaration by a former coworker who stated, “In my experience as a manager at

UPS (which was about 14 years), when a staff member is moved to Operations, it is

considered a form of discipline. I saw it happen several times.” Aplt. App. at 645. We

conclude, as did the district court, “that Payan has failed to identify sufficient evidence to

demonstrate that the reassignment would dissuade a reasonable employee from engaging

in protected opposition.” Id. at 197-98.


D. Breach of Contract and the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing


       Mr. Payan also appeals the district court’s dismissal of his claims for breach of

contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. In Utah,

courts “presume . . . employment contracts are at-will.” Giusti v. Sterling Wentworth

Corp., 201 P.3d 966, 976 (Utah 2009). “But a ‘plaintiff/employee may overcome this

presumption by showing that the parties created an implied-in-fact contract, modifying

the employee’s at-will status.’” Tomlinson v. NCR Corp., 345 P.3d 523, 527 (Utah 2014)

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(quoting Hodgson v. Bunzl Utah, Inc., 844 P.2d 331, 333 (Utah 1992)). An implied

contract “may arise from a variety of sources including personnel policies or provisions

of an employment manual.” Cabaness v. Thomas, 232 P.3d 486, 502 (Utah 2010) (citing

Canfield v. Layton City, 122 P.3d 622, 626 (Utah 2005)). But a “clear and conspicuous

disclaimer, as a matter of law, prevents employee manuals or other like material from

being considered as implied-in-fact contract terms.” Tomlinson, 345 P.3d at 529 (quoting

Johnson v. Morton Thiokol, Inc., 818 P.2d 997, 1003 (Utah 1991)).

       In this case, the alleged implied contract stems from the non-retaliation policy in

UPS’s Code of Business Conduct. In October 2012, after Mr. Payan made a complaint to

HR, UPS gave Mr. Payan a stand-alone copy of a page from its code of conduct titled

“UPS Business Code of Conduct RETALIATION.” Aplt. App. at 930. It provides, in

pertinent part, that “[a]nyone who retaliates against another employee for reporting

known or suspected violations of our legal or ethical obligations is in violation of the

Code and subject to disciplinary action, up to and including dismissal.” Id. This

language did not create an implied-in-fact contract because the same manual included a

clear and conspicuous disclaimer on its back cover:

       The Code of Business Conduct is not an express or implied contract of
       employment and does not create any contractual rights of any kind between
       UPS and its employees. In addition, all employees should understand the
       Code does not modify their employment relationship, whether at will or
       governed by contract.

Id. at 488. Not only is this disclaimer clear and conspicuous, Mr. Payan stated in his

deposition that he did not believe the Code of Business Conduct created any contractual



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rights between himself and UPS.4 We agree with the district court that “[w]hile UPS

endeavored to ensure its policies were followed by employees and made this a significant

part of its company culture, such conduct is not sufficient to create a contract under Utah

law.” Aplt. App. at 199. Because Mr. Payan had no employment contract with UPS, the

district court’s grant of summary judgment on Mr. Payan’s breach of contract and breach

of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claims was proper.5

       The decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.




4
  Mr. Payan testified:
        Q: Do you believe the Code of Business Conduct created contractual
        rights between you and UPS?
        A: No.
Aplt. App. at 222.
5
  In his opening brief, Mr. Payan also argued that a separate, stand-alone non-
retaliation policy he signed in 2013 provides a basis for his breach of contract claim.
See Aplt. Br. at 26-27. However, Mr. Payan did not rely on or cite the 2013 anti-
retaliation policy in his brief below. Any argument he makes in reliance on the 2013
policy has therefore been forfeited. See Tele-Comm., Inc. v. C.I.R., 104 F.3d 1229,
1233 (10th Cir. 1997) (“Propounding new arguments on appeal in an attempt to
prompt us to reverse the trial court undermines important judicial values. In order to
preserve the integrity of the appellate structure, we should not be considered a
‘second-shot’ forum, a forum where secondary, back-up theories may be mounted for
the first time.”)
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