         [Cite as State v. Shalash, 2014-Ohio-5006.]


                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
             FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
                  HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO



STATE OF OHIO,                                     :   APPEAL NOS. C-130748
                                                                   C-130749
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                        :   TRIAL NOS. B-1207436B
                                                                  B-1208349
  vs.                                              :
                                                          O P I N I O N.
AHMAD SHALASH,                                     :

    Defendant-Appellant.                           :




Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 12, 2014


Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Judith Anton Lapp,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,

Blake P. Somers LLC, Blake P. Somers and Sarah Mosher, for Defendant-Appellant.




Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar.
                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



F ISCHER , Judge.

             {¶1}   Defendant-appellant Ahmad Shalash was charged with four counts

of robbery and two counts of aggravated robbery stemming from his involvement in

four separate bank robberies. The aggravated-robbery counts included both one-year

and three-year firearm specifications. A jury found Shalash guilty of all six counts

and the accompanying specifications. The trial court sentenced Shalash to 44 years

in prison.

             {¶2}   In this appeal, Shalash argues that (1) his convictions are not

supported by the sufficiency and the weight of the evidence; (2) multiple instances of

prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments denied him a fair trial; and (3) the

trial court erred in failing to specifically instruct the jury that the state had to prove the

firearm specifications beyond a reasonable doubt. Finding none of Shalash’s arguments

meritorious, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

     The Charges against Shalash and the State’s Evidence at Trial

             {¶3}   Shalash was charged in two separate indictments with robbery and

aggravated robbery in connection with four bank robberies that had occurred over a six-

week period from September 7, 2012, to October 22, 2012. In the case numbered B-

1207436-B, the Hamilton County grand jury indicted Shalash on three counts of

robbery and two counts of aggravated robbery. The robbery charge in count 1

concerned a theft at the Fifth Third Bank on Harrison Avenue. The aggravated-

robbery charge in count 3 and the robbery charge in count 4 concerned a theft at the

Cheviot Savings Bank. The aggravated-robbery and robbery charges in counts 5 and

6 concerned a theft at the First Financial Bank in Deer Park. The aggravated-robbery

charges in counts 3 and 5 were accompanied by one-year and three-year firearm

specifications. Shalash was also indicted in the case numbered B-1208349, for one



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count of robbery in connection with a theft at the Emery Federal Credit Union. The

following is a summary of the evidence presented at Shalash’s trial with respect to

each of the charges.

                                    Fifth Third Bank

           {¶4}   On September 7, 2012, around 5:00 p.m., Teresa Hellman, Valerie

Turchinn, and Debbie Merkel were working at the Fifth Third Bank on Harrison

Avenue in Cheviot when a man wearing a baseball hat, sunglasses, and gloves

entered the bank. The man was carrying a long white bag and yelled, “Give me all

your money. This isn’t a joke. I’ve got a gun.” The man used his hand to block his

face. He then threw the bag at Hellman, who grabbed money from a cash drawer and

put it in the bag. She also placed some $100 bills on top of the bag. The man

snatched the bag and ran out of the bank. Hellman hit the alarm button and locked

the doors. Some of the $100 bills fell on the bank floor. Hellman testified that $860

was missing from her cash drawer. The three women’s descriptions of the robbery

was consistent with video of the robbery taken from the bank’s surveillance system

that was played during the trial.

           {¶5}   Minutes after the robbery, Cheviot police officer James Dietrich

arrived at the scene. He saw several $100 bills on the ground. He took written

statements from the three bank employees and photographed the scene. Officer Jeff

Patton arrived shortly thereafter with a K-9, Charlie. Charlie tracked the scent of the

robber to the street. Officer Patton testified that the robber had likely entered a

vehicle and fled from the scene.

                                Emery Federal Credit Union

           {¶6}   On October 11, 2012, around 10:22 a.m., Sharon Haney, Ken Jones,

and Stephanie Ash were working at the Emery Federal Credit Union when a man



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entered the front door of the bank, yelling. The man was wearing a hoodie, a

bandana over his nose, and gloves. He walked to Haney’s window, told her he had a

gun, and demanded that she give him the money in her cash drawer. The man told

Ash and Jones to get down on the floor or he would shoot them.

           {¶7}   The man passed a bag to Haney and told her to give him all of the

$100 and $50 bills. She opened her drawer, gave him the bills, and handed the bag

back to him. The man then handed the bag back to Haney and demanded that she

give him all the money in the drawer.         Haney took the bag and gave him the

remaining cash in the drawer. Haney gave the robber approximately $13,000. The

man then fled from the bank. Haney testified that the man had placed a gloved hand

over his mouth during the robbery.

           {¶8}   Ash testified that a day or two prior to the robbery a woman had

entered the bank and had asked for information on opening an account. The day of

the robbery, this same woman had entered the bank prior to the robbery and had

spoken with another bank employee. Ash’s, Jones’s, and Haney’s testimony was

consistent with surveillance video of the robbery and surveillance video taken the day

prior to the robbery.

           {¶9}   Officer Mark Peters testified that he had responded to a robbery at

the Emery Federal Credit Union. When he arrived at the bank, uniformed officers

were already there. He interviewed the bank employees and reviewed video from the

bank’s surveillance system. During his investigation, he had contacted the Green

Township and Cheviot police. They had provided with him the names of two possible

suspects, one of whom was Jennifer Neitz. When he returned to the Emery Federal

Credit Union with a photograph of Neitz, the bank employees recognized her as

having entered the bank both the day prior to and the day of the robbery. By working



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with the two police agencies, Officer Peters testified he had developed a pattern for

the bank robberies.

                                  Cheviot Savings Bank

          {¶10} On October 19, 2012, around 4:30 p.m., Sheila Linemann and

Maureen Monahan were working at the Cheviot Savings Bank when a man walked

through the front door and yelled, “This is a robbery.” The man was wearing blue

jeans, a dark hooded sweatshirt, a “beanie-type” hat, a medical mask, sunglasses, and

gloves. The man pointed a gun at Monahan, the bank’s manager, who was in her

office, and yelled, “Don’t move.” He then pointed the gun at the drive-through

teller’s head, and ordered her not to move. The man then ran up to Linemann’s teller

window, handed her a dingy pillowcase, and told her he wanted “large bills.”

Linemann gave the man $400 from her cash drawer.

          {¶11} When Monahan moved, he pointed the gun at her again and said,

“Don’t move.” Then he pointed the gun at the drive-through teller and Linemann

and yelled, “More, I want more.” When Linneman told the man that she didn’t have

any more money, he bolted through the door. Linemann activated the bank’s alarm

system. The police arrived five minutes later.

          {¶12} Monahan testified that although the robbery lasted 45 seconds, it

seemed like forever. She was very scared and thought that the robber “was going to

blow her brains out.”    Monahan testified that the bank’s surveillance system had

captured a white van leaving the parking lot of the bank 20 seconds after the robbery

had occurred. She further testified that prior to the robbery, a woman had come to

the bank inquiring about opening a business checking account. The woman had

come into her office, but she had appeared nervous and would not sit down. She

spoke with the woman for a minute or two before she left the bank.



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           {¶13} Monahan identified a still photograph from the bank’s surveillance

system, which showed her speaking with the woman. Monahan’s and Linemann’s

testimony was consistent with bank surveillance video of the robbery.             The

surveillance video depicted a white van in the back parking lot of the bank during the

robbery.

           {¶14} Nancy Wabnitz, a secretary at St. James Elementary School, and

Constance Lanter, a nurse at the school, testified that around 1:15 p.m. on October

19, 2012, a suspicious man had entered the school and said he was looking for his

brother. When the name the man gave Wabnitz and Lanter did not match the name

of any current student at the school, Wabnitz asked him to leave the building. The

man was captured on the school’s surveillance video. He was wearing a gray hooded

sweatshirt.

           {¶15} Lanter testified that she followed the man outside the building and

watched as he walked towards a credit union in front of the school. As the man

approached the credit union, Lanter saw a woman walking back and forth behind the

credit union. The man and woman both entered the front passenger side of a white

van. Lanter testified that another man was sitting in the front seat of the van, and a

young child was standing between the front seats of the van. The driver of the van,

whom Lanter identified as Shalash, waved at her. Lanter waved back. The van then

pulled out of the parking lot. The van had a Florida license plate. Lanter wrote down

the van’s license plate number and gave it to the police. She identified both the van

and the woman at the credit union from still photographs taken from the

surveillance video at the Cheviot Savings Bank.




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                                   First Financial Bank

          {¶16} Andy Kunkel testified that on October 22, 2012, he was working as

a teller at the First Financial Bank in Deer Park, Ohio. He heard a clanking noise on

the glass of the bank’s front door around 4:00 p.m., and saw a man enter the bank

with a gun. The man pointed the gun at him and yelled, “Give me the money” before

handing him a bag. Kunkel grabbed the money from his cash drawer and placed it

on top of the bag. The man grabbed the cash and started towards the door. He then

came back and grabbed the bag before fleeing from the bank. Kunkel testified that

the robbery lasted roughly 15 seconds, and that video from the bank’s surveillance

system accurately depicted the robbery.

          {¶17} Kunkel was shown a still photograph from the bank’s surveillance

system, which showed Kunkel speaking with a woman prior to the robbery, but

Kunkel could not recall talking to her. Richard Ambrose, a loan originator at the

bank, testified that he had walked to the front door of the bank after the robbery had

occurred. As he looked out the door, he saw a white van on the left side of the street

pulling out and driving away from the bank.

              Police Investigation Leads to Shalash, Neitz, and Pfalz

          {¶18} During their investigation of the First Financial Bank robbery, the

police obtained surveillance video from a United Dairy Farmers (“UDF”) and a Dairy

Mart located near the First Financial Bank the day the robbery had occurred. Vijay

Harsh, the owner of the Dairy Mart, testified that sometime around 3:00 p.m., two

men had exited from a white van, entered the store, inquired about the price of a

package of cigarettes and left. He identified Shalash from still photographs taken

from the store’s surveillance system as the man who had exited from the driver’s side

of the van and had entered the store. Alicia Banks, the store manager at the UDF,



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testified that the store’s surveillance video had captured a white van entering the

UDF parking lot at 3:56 p.m. A man in a white t-shirt got out of the van, entered the

store, and purchased a package of cigarettes.

          {¶19} Detective Mike Lampe testified that he investigated the robbery at

the Cheviot Savings Bank. He responded to the bank the day of the robbery. He was

able to develop a lead in the investigation when surveillance video showed a white

van leaving the scene of the robbery, and a patrol officer had recalled being

dispatched to the St. James Elementary School earlier in the day for a report by a

school nurse of a suspicious white van. Detective Lampe testified that the patrol

officer had obtained the van’s license plate number from the school nurse. The van

was registered to Neitz. Detective Lampe testified that the van had discoloration and

peeling paint that was visible in the surveillance video taken at the Dairy Mart the

day of the First Financial Bank robbery, and in surveillance video taken from a

Kroger store the day of the Cheviot Savings Bank robbery.

          {¶20} Detective Lampe testified that through his investigation of Neitz,

he became familiar with Pflaz and Shalash. Pfalz had remained in Ohio following the

robberies. He had been arrested and interviewed by police. Pfalz gave a statement

implicating himself, Neitz, and Shalash in the robberies. Detective Lampe then

traveled to North Carolina to interview Neitz and Shalash, both of whom had been

arrested there on unrelated charges. Shalash invoked his Miranda rights and chose

not to speak with Detective Lampe. Neitz, however, provided him with a detailed

statement admitting her, Shalash’s, and Pflaz’s involvement in the four robberies.

Detective Lampe denied coercing Neitz, or threatening her in any manner to obtain

her statement.     He testified that Neitz’s statement was consistent with the

surveillance video relating to each of the four robberies and with Pfalz’s statement.



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                         Testimony of Shalash’s Codefendants

           {¶21} At trial, Neitz testified that she, Shalash, and Pfalz were addicted to

heroin. One day as they were driving around in a white van with Pflaz’s mother, Pfalz

suggested that they rob a bank to obtain money to support their heroin habit. They

traveled to the Fifth Third Bank on Harrison Avenue. Neitz walked inside the bank

to report how many people were inside. When Neitz returned, Pfalz jumped out of

the van, went inside the bank, and then returned to the van yelling, “Go, go, go.”

Once Shalash had driven the van from the area, Neitz became aware that Pfalz had

robbed the bank. According to Neitz, Pfalz had divided the money among him, his

mother, Shalash, and her. Neitz identified herself and Pfalz from still photographs

taken from Fifth Third Bank’s surveillance system just prior to and during the

robbery.

           {¶22} Neitz testified that on October 10, 2012, Pfalz had contacted

Shalash and asked him to bring a gun with him so they could rob another bank.

Neitz testified that she had previously purchased a gun. It was registered in her

name, but the gun belonged to Shalash. Shalash, Neitz, and their four-year-old son,

picked up Pfalz and his mother. As they drove around in the van, the four adults

planned to rob the Emery Federal Credit Union. They agreed that Neitz would enter

the credit union to ensure no customers were inside. While Neitz was inside the

bank, Shalash drove the van around the bank’s parking lot to see who was in the

area. Just as Pfalz was about to enter the credit union, a man exited from his car and

entered the credit union. When he did not come out of the credit union, the four

decided to abandon their plan to rob the credit union. Neitz testified that still

photographs from the surveillance system at the credit union showed her walking out




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of the credit union on October 10, 2012, at 10:59 a.m. According to Neitz, the four

adults agreed that they would return to the credit union the next day.

           {¶23} The following day, Shalash drove back to the credit union. Neitz

went inside the credit union again to “check things out.” She identified herself from

still photographs taken from surveillance video at the bank the day of the robbery.

Neitz testified that Shalash had driven around the parking lot to see if a police car

had left the area. As Pfalz robbed the credit union, Shalash circled the parking lot in

the van. When Pfalz came out, he jumped in the van with the money. They drove to

Pfalz’s apartment, which was near the credit union, and divided the money from the

robbery.

           {¶24} Neitz testified that although the van was titled in her name, it

belonged to Shalash. After each robbery, Shalash would drive Pfalz to a dumpster, so

he could dispose of the clothing used in the robbery. The third robbery took place

on October 19, 2012. That day, Neitz and Shalash picked up Pfalz and drove around

in the van. Neitz testified that they had a gun with them, but it was not a real gun.

Neitz was shown her prior statement to police in which she had said that they had a

real gun with them, which was registered in her name, but that the gun really

belonged to Shalash.

           {¶25} They ended up at a credit union in front of St. James Elementary

School. Neitz went into the credit union and Pfalz went into the school. When Pfalz

came out of the school, she and Pfalz got into the van and left. They decided not to

rob the credit union because Shalash was concerned that people inside the school

could identify them. Neitz further testified that they were also concerned about the

feasibility of robbing the credit union, because the door to the credit union was

secured and had to be opened from the inside. So they drove around in the van for a



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couple of hours, got high from heroin, and discussed robbing another bank. They

ended up at the Cheviot Savings Bank. Neitz went inside the bank to check things

out, Pfalz robbed the bank with the gun and a white bag from the van, and Shalash

drove the van away from the bank. Pfalz came back with $400 that they used to buy

“dope.”

           {¶26} On October 22, 2012, they robbed the First Financial Bank in Deer

Park. Neitz testified that it was Shalash’s idea to rob that particular bank, because he

owned a building in the area and had been to the bank once before. They had picked

up Pfalz, and were driving around in the van. Pfalz was nervous and wanted to get

high before the robbery. They did not have any heroin, so Shalash told her to give

Pfalz some of her pills. Neitz gave Pfalz the pills.

           {¶27} Prior to robbing the bank, they stopped at two convenience stores

to buy cigarettes. Neitz identified photographs of Shalash and Pfalz leaving the van,

entering the convenience stores, and returning to the van. Following those stops,

they traveled to the First Financial Bank. She entered the bank to see if there were

any customers inside. Pfalz went into the bank with a gun and robbed it. Pfalz came

out with money in his pockets, which they divided.       They put Pfalz’s clothing and

gun in a Kroger bag and threw it in a dumpster in Kentucky.

           {¶28} A few days later, Neitz and Shalash drove to North Carolina where

they were arrested on unrelated charges. Neitz spoke with Detective Lampe while

she was in custody in North Carolina. She gave him a statement implicating herself,

Pfalz, and Shalash in the four robberies. She and Shalash were extradited to Ohio

two months later. While in jail, she gave another statement to police. She also wrote

Shalash letters trying to reassure him that she was going to help him. She was scared

to tell him that she had spoken with police. Neitz admitted that she had testified



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against Shalash to get a plea deal from the state, but she told the jury that she had

not lied in order to receive better treatment.

           {¶29}   On cross-examination, Neitz testified that she had been under the

influence of drugs when she had given her first statement, so her statement was

inaccurate. Detective Lampe was insinuating that he could get her out of jail, if she

would talk to him. Neitz was shown two letters that she had written to Shalash while

in jail. Neitz admitted that in those two letters she had stated that Shalash had

nothing to do with the robberies. On redirect examination, Neitz admitted that she

had not been under the influence of drugs during either statement she had given

police, she had not been coerced to give her statements, and she had lied in her

letters when she had stated that Shalash had not been involved in the robberies.

           {¶30} Pfalz testified that he was friends with Neitz and Shalash. During

the course of their friendship, they had become addicted to pills and heroin. They

started stealing things so they could continue to buy drugs. In September 2012, they

were driving around high when they decided to rob a bank to feed their drug habit.

They drove to a Fifth Third Bank. They decided that Neitz would go into the bank to

check things out, Pfalz would rob the bank, and Shalash would drive the getaway van.

Neitz went into the bank. When she came out, she told him that there were two

people in the bank, it was closing time, and they were counting money. He went into

the bank and robbed it. He did not have a gun. He ran to the van, and Shalash drove

off. They split the approximately $900 he stole from the bank, using the money to

buy heroin, gasoline, and cigarettes. He identified still photographs of himself and

Neitz in the bank the day of the robbery.

           {¶31} Pfalz testified that by October 10, 2012, they had run out of money

and were driving around broke. They decided to rob the Emery Federal Credit Union



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because it was close to Pfalz’s grandma’s house. They went to the credit union two or

three times before they robbed it. They had planned to rob the credit union on

October 10, but an older man had walked into the credit union and they had decided

to abandon their plan. They returned the next day, October 11, 2012, and decided to

proceed with the robbery. They agreed that Shalash would drive the van, Neitz

would go in the bank and look around, and Pfalz would rob it. Pfalz identified

himself and Neitz in still photographs taken from the bank’s surveillance system

before and during the robbery. He testified that he split the money from the robbery

with Neitz and Shalash.     Pfalz testified that he wore clothing that belonged to

Shalash, and he used pillowcases and a bag from the van during the robberies. He

further testified that he, Neitz, and Shalash wanted to get high before the robbery.

           {¶32} Eight days later, on October 19, 2012, Neitz, Shalash, and Pfalz

discussed robbing another bank. Pfalz testified that they drove to a credit union near

a school. Pfalz went into the school, but he left when he was confronted by school

employees. He got back in the van, and they drove to another bank, Cheviot Savings

Bank. Pfalz testified that Neitz had entered the bank at 3:46 p.m. to “case it.” He

entered the bank shortly thereafter and robbed it. He admitted that he had pointed a

gun and threatened to shoot the bank employees. He testified the gun was only a toy,

but that he had acted like it was a real gun. He stole $500, and they split the money

among them. Pfalz testified that Shalash drove the white van through a Kroger

parking lot after the robbery.

           {¶33} Three days later, Pfalz, Neitz, and Shalash robbed the First

Financial Bank in Deer Park. Prior to the robbery, they had stopped at a couple of

convenience stores. Pflaz identified himself and Shalash from still photographs

taken from one of the store’s surveillance videos. Pfalz testified that Neitz had



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“checked out” the bank prior to the robbery, and that he had robbed the bank

wearing clothing that Shalash kept in the van. Shalash had spray painted the toy gun

he had brandished during the robbery. Pfalz admitted that during the robbery he

had left the bag inside the bank and had to return to get it. Pfalz testified that he

stole $1500, which he split with Shalash and Neitz.

            {¶34} After the robbery, Pfalz threw the clothing and gun into a dumpster

in Kentucky. He decided to stay in Ohio following the robberies so as to not draw

suspicion to himself. Pfalz admitted that he had prior felony convictions for theft

and that he had been promised leniency if he testified against Shalash.

                          Jury Verdict and Shalash’s Sentence

            {¶35} The jury found Shalash guilty of all the aggravated-robbery and

robbery charges, as well as the accompanying firearm specifications. The trial court

merged the aggravated-robbery and robbery charges that related to the Cheviot

Savings Bank and First Financial Bank. The court sentenced Shalash to eight years

for each of the robbery charges and 11 years for each of the aggravated-robbery

charges, and it ordered that the terms be served consecutively. The trial court also

merged the one-year firearm specifications with the three-year firearm specifications

for each of the aggravated robberies, and ordered that these terms be served

consecutively to each other and to the prison terms for the aggravated-robbery and

robbery offenses, for a total prison term of 44 years.

                         Sufficiency and Weight of the Evidence

            {¶36} In his first assignment of error, Shalash argues that his convictions

for robbery, aggravated robbery, and the accompanying firearm specifications were

supported by insufficient evidence and were contrary to the manifest weight of the

evidence.



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           {¶37} To reverse a conviction for insufficient evidence, the reviewing

court must be persuaded, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, that no rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of

the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.        State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d

380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). To reverse a conviction as against the manifest

weight of the evidence, the reviewing court must weigh the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and conclude that in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created a

manifest miscarriage of justice. Id. at 387.

           {¶38} The state argued that Shalash was guilty as either a principal or as

a complicitor to the four bank robberies. Complicity is defined as when a person

“acting with the kind of culpability required for the commission of an offense * * *

aid[s] or abets another in committing the offense.” R.C. 2923.03(A)(2). To support a

conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting, the state must show that the

defendant assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in

the commission of the crime and that the defendant shared the criminal intent of the

principal. State v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 754 N.E.2d 746 (2001), syllabus.

Aiding and abetting can be inferred by presence, companionship, and conduct before

and after the offense is committed. Id. at 243-245.

           {¶39} Shalash was charged with robbery under R.C. 2911.02(A)(2). In

order to prove the robbery counts, the state was required to prove that Shalash or his

accomplice, in committing a theft offense, inflicted, attempted to inflict, or

threatened to inflict physical harm on another. He was also charged with aggravated

robbery under R.C. 2911.01(A)(1). To convict Shalash of the aggravated-robbery

counts, the state was required to prove that Shalash or his accomplice, in committing



                                           15
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a theft offense, had a deadly weapon on or about his person or under his control and

either displayed the weapon, brandished it, indicated that he possessed it, or used it.

To establish the three-year firearm specification, the state was required to prove that

Shalash or his accomplice had a firearm on or about his person or under his control

while committing the offenses and displayed it, brandished it, indicated that he

possessed it, or used it to facilitate the offenses. See R.C. 2941.145.

           {¶40} Shalash primarily argues the state failed to prove his involvement

in the offenses. He contends that Neitz’s and Pfalz’s credibility was undermined by

the state’s promises of leniency, and by conflicts in their testimony. He further

argues that the state failed to present any physical evidence directly linking him to

the offenses.

           {¶41} But based upon our review of the evidence, we conclude the jury

could have found that Shalash had participated in the robberies as either a principal

or as an accomplice. Neitz and Pfalz testified that Shalash had conspired with them

to rob the four banks to feed their heroin habits. Neitz’s role was to “case” the banks,

Pfalz’s role was to rob the banks, and Shalash’s role was to supply the disguises and

the gun and to drive the getaway van. Neitz and Pfalz described the four bank

robberies in detail. Pfalz testified that he had threatened to use a gun and that he

had displayed a gun at the Cheviot Savings and First Financial Banks.

           {¶42} Neitz’s and Pfalz’s testimony was supported by surveillance video

from the four banks, surveillance video from St. James Elementary School near the

Cheviot Savings Bank, and by surveillance video from a UDF and Dairy Mart near the

First Financial Bank. Their testimony was also consistent with the testimony of the

four banks’ employees, and with Lanter’s testimony that she had seen Pfalz, Neitz,

and Shalash in a white van outside the St. James School, a couple of hours before the



                                            16
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Cheviot Savings Bank had been robbed. Neitz and Pfalz testified that the money

from each robbery had been divided among Pfalz, Neitz, and Shalash. Thus, a

rational jury could find that Shalash had actively participated in the offenses.

           {¶43} Shalash also argues that the jury’s verdict was against the manifest

weight of the evidence. He argues that neither Neitz nor Pfalz were credible given

that they had admitted to either being less than truthful on prior occasions or had

demonstrated an inability to testify consistently under oath at trial, and they had

agreed to testify against him for leniency in their own cases. But the jury was in the

best position to evaluate their credibility and to determine the weight to be afforded

their testimony. Given that the totality of the evidence established that Shalash had

aided and abetted Neitz and Pfalz in the four offenses, and that Shalash has not

demonstrated any basis for disturbing the jury’s determination, we cannot conclude

that Shalash’s convictions were contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. See

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541. We, therefore, overrule his first

assignment of error.

                                 Prosecutorial Misconduct

           {¶44} In his second assignment of error, Shalash argues that multiple

instances of prosecutorial misconduct denied him a fair trial. Shalash argues the

prosecuting attorney committed misconduct during closing argument when he

presented extensive evidence of the robberies, focused on the scary nature of the

crimes, argued that the crimes had been committed during a “heroin-induced

frenzy,” made inflammatory remarks about Shalash’s religion, and improperly

vouched for the credibility of a witness.

           {¶45} A prosecuting attorney has wide latitude to summarize the

evidence and zealously advocate the state’s position during closing argument. See



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State v. Richey, 64 Ohio St.3d 353, 362, 595 N.E.2d 915 (1992). The propriety of a

specific remark by a prosecutor must not be judged in isolation, but in light of the

tenor and context of the entire closing argument. See State v. Slagle, 65 Ohio St.3d

597, 607, 605 N.E.2d 916 (1992). Improper remarks during closing argument are

grounds for reversal when the remarks serve to deny the defendant a fair trial. See

State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 266, 473 N.E.2d 768 (1984).

           {¶46} As Shalash admits, he did not object to any of the prosecutor’s

comments during closing argument. He, therefore, has waived all but plain error.

See State v. D’Ambrosio, 73 Ohio St.3d 141, 143-44, 652 N.E.2d 710 (1995). Based

upon our review of the record, we cannot conclude that the prosecutor’s comments

during closing argument rose to the level of plain error.

           {¶47} The prosecutor’s statements extensively summarizing the evidence

against Shalash were not improper. The prosecutor’s comments focusing on the “scary

nature” of the robberies were based upon testimony from bank employees that they had

been threatened with a gun, and their fear that Pfalz could have fatally shot them had he

chosen to do so. Likewise, the prosecutor’s statement that the robberies were the result

of a “heroin-induced frenzy,” was based upon testimony from Neitz and Pfalz that they

had committed the robberies to feed their heroin habit, and that they had robbed the

banks while “high” on heroin.

           {¶48} Shalash next argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct

when he repeatedly made inflammatory remarks about Shalash’s religion. He points

to three references to religion in the state’s closing argument. The first reference

occurred when the prosecuting attorney stated that Shalash and Neitz had been married

at a mosque in Clifton.   But nothing about this statement would serve to inflame the




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jury’s passions. The second reference occurred during the prosecutor’s discussion of

Neitz’s and Pfalz’s credibility, when he said,

           Is it common sense? Is it believable? Do you believe that a Muslim

           wife is going to somehow be driving around town with an outsider,

           Pfalz, a stranger to the family, robbing banks, and the husband has

           been with him just moments before and somehow he leaves the

           picture with the kids in the van?

The third reference occurred during the rebuttal portion of the state’s closing argument

when the prosecutor stated,

       Are you kidding me? Give me a break. And a Muslim wife on top of that.

       In that culture the women aren’t even supposed to be out without a male

       relative and we got her robbing banks with a non-male relative with the

       kids in the truck. Give me a break. Give me a break.

           {¶49} Although the comments were arguably inappropriate, they were not

so inflammatory that we can conclude that Shalash’s convictions resulted from passion

and prejudice instead of the state’s proof of his guilt. The state produced overwhelming

evidence of Shalash’s guilt, and none of the cited comments were so prejudicial or

outcome determinative as to constitute plain error and to deny Shalash a fair trial.

           {¶50} Finally, Shalash argues that the prosecuting attorney improperly

vouched for the credibility of the school nurse when he said, “Obviously she’s not going

to lie to you.” It is improper for an attorney to express a personal belief or opinion as to

the credibility of a witness. State v. Williams, 79 Ohio St.3d 1, 12, 679 N.E.2d 646

(1997). Here, the prosecutor did not improperly vouch for the nurse’s credibility as a

witness. He merely argued that she was a reliable witness and that she lacked any

motive to lie. Therefore, we overrule Shalash’s second assignment of error.



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                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



                     Jury Instruction on the Firearm Specifications

             {¶51} In his third assignment of error, Shalash maintains the trial court

erred by failing to separately instruct the jury that the state had to prove the firearm

specifications beyond a reasonable doubt.

             {¶52} Shalash did not object to any of the jury instructions at trial. He

argues, nonetheless, that under the United States Supreme Court’s decision in

Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 281, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993), the

trial court’s failure to give this instruction is a “structural error” requiring automatic

reversal. The state argues, on the other hand, that the trial court’s failure to instruct

the jury is a trial error amenable to a “plain error” analysis.            See State v.

Blankenship, 102 Ohio App.3d 534, 546, 657 N.E.2d 559 (12th Dist.1995); State v.

Norman, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-920202, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 133, *8-9 (Jan.

20, 1993).

             {¶53} After reviewing the case law and the record, we agree with the state

that a plain-error analysis applies. The structural error at issue in Sullivan was the

denial of the right to trial by jury by giving a defective reasonable doubt instruction.

Sullivan at 279. The instruction the trial court gave to the jury suggested that the

jury had to have a higher degree of doubt than is required for acquittal under the

reasonable-doubt standard. Id. at 276-277. The Sullivan court held that a “beyond-

a-reasonable-doubt instruction” that misdescribes the burden of proof requires per

se reversal. Id. at 281.

             {¶54} Here, however, the trial court properly instructed the jury on the

reasonable-doubt standard at multiple times during the jury charge.               At the

beginning of the jury charge, the trial court stated:




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          [t]here is no requirement that the defendant present any evidence.

          The duty of proof rests entirely with the state of Ohio. The

          defendant must be acquitted unless the state produces evidence

          which convinces you beyond a reasonable doubt of every essential

          element of the crime charged in the indictment.

          Reasonable doubt. Reasonable doubt is present when the jurors

          after they have carefully considered and compared all the evidence

          cannot say they are firmly convinced of the truth of the charge. It

          is a doubt based on reason and common sense. Reasonable doubt

          is not mere possible human doubt because everything relating to

          human affairs or depending on moral evidence is open to some

          possible or imaginary doubt. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is

          proof of such character that an ordinary person would be willing to

          rely and act upon it in the most important of his or her own affairs.

At the end of each count of the indictment, the trial court instructed the jury that the

state was required to prove the elements of the offense listed in that count of the

indictment beyond a reasonable doubt.

          {¶55} The trial court specifically instructed the jury that the aggravated-

robbery charges in counts 3 and 5 of the indictment included the necessity of finding

that Shalash, while committing the robbery, or immediately fleeing thereafter, “had a

deadly weapon on or about his person, or under his control, and displayed,

brandished, indicated possession or used the deadly weapon, to wit: a firearm.” The

court also instructed the jury that it specify on counts 3 and 5 whether it found that

Shalash “did have on or about his person, or under his control, a firearm, while

committing the offense of aggravated robbery.”



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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



           {¶56} When taken together, these jury instructions satisfied the

requirement of instructing the jury that the firearm specifications had to be proven

beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, the trial court did not commit plain error by

failing to separately instruct the jury that the state had to prove the firearm

specifications beyond a reasonable doubt. See Blankenship, 102 Ohio App.3d at 546,

657 N.E.2d 559; State v. Norman, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-920202, 1993 Ohio App.

LEXIS 133, at *8-9; State v. Dubose, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 00-CA-60, 2002-Ohio-

3020, ¶ 20-35; State v. Penson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 9193, 1990 Ohio App.

LEXIS 732, *32 (Feb. 26, 1990); State v. Small, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 68167, 1995

Ohio App. LEXIS 4844, *19-20 (Nov. 2, 1995). We, therefore, overrule Shalash’s

third assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.


                                                                  Judgment affirmed.

CUNNINGHAM, P.J, and DEWINE, J., concur.


Please note:
       The court has recorded its own entry this date.




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