                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                             No. 06–0163

                           Filed May 1, 2009


KATHRYN S. BARNHILL,

      Plaintiff,

vs.

IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR POLK COUNTY,

      Defendant.


      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Douglas F.

Staskal, Judge.



      Attorney seeks further review after court of appeals upheld

sanctions ordered against her. WRIT ANNULLED.



      Kathryn S. Barnhill of Barnhill & Associates P.C., West Des
Moines, pro se.



      Wade R. Hauser III of Ahlers & Cooney, P.C., Des Moines, for

defendant.
                                   2

STREIT, Justice.

      An Iowa attorney brought a class-action lawsuit on behalf of

homeowners against the manufacturer of roofing shingles and its

president. The action asserted seven theories of recovery, most of which

were based in contract.     After the district court granted summary

judgment in favor of the manufacturer and its president, the president

requested sanctions against the attorney who filed the class action. The

president argued sanctions were appropriate because the claims against

him lacked merit both in law and in fact and cost him considerable

expense to defend. The district court agreed and sanctioned the attorney

$25,000. The attorney filed a petition for writ of certiorari challenging

the court’s sanction. The court of appeals found no error and annulled

the writ.   Because we conclude the district court did not abuse its

discretion in imposing sanctions, we agree the writ should be annulled.

      I. Facts and Prior Proceedings.

      The underlying controversy in this case arose from allegations that

Tamko Roofing Products, Inc. manufactured and sold defective roofing

shingles that were installed on the class-action plaintiffs’ homes or

structures by Jerry’s Homes, Inc. In 1998, Jerry’s Homes, represented

by attorney Kathryn Barnhill, filed suit against Tamko in the Iowa

district court. The purpose of the lawsuit was to either compel Tamko to

repair the roofs on over 400 houses built by Jerry’s Homes or, in the

alternative, recover sufficient damages for Jerry’s Homes to make the

repairs itself. Jerry’s Homes asserted Tamko promised it would repair

the damages to the shingles when problems first arose with the quality of

the shingles. The case was removed to federal court based on diversity.

Most of the claims were dismissed on summary judgment, including the

claims for breach of express and implied warranty and fraud.      A jury
                                            3

returned a verdict in favor of Jerry’s Homes for $1.6 million on the

promissory estoppel claim, but the court granted Tamko’s post-trial

motion to vacate the verdict. The district court’s ruling was affirmed on

appeal. See Jerry’s Homes, Inc. v. Tamko Roofing Prods., Inc., 40 Fed.

App’x 326 (8th Cir. 2002).

       In March 2001, Barnhill filed a class-action lawsuit in an Iowa

district court against Tamko and David Humphreys, Tamko’s president

and CEO.        The class consisted of people who had either directly or

indirectly purchased the allegedly defective shingles, including through

Jerry’s Homes. Jerry’s Homes itself was a representative plaintiff. The

petition (after four amendments) asserted the following claims against

Tamko and Humphreys:            (1) breach of express warranty, (2) breach of

implied    warranty,     (3)    fraudulent       misrepresentation,    (4)   negligent

misrepresentation,      (5)    rescission       due    to   impermissible    liquidated

damages, (6) rescission due to unconscionability of express warranty,

and (7) violation of a Missouri statute prohibiting unfair business

practices. 1 The petition asserted Humphreys “at all times relevant hereto

directed and controlled the actions of [Tamko] with respect to the

allegations herein.”          For the most part, the allegations made no
distinction between Tamko and Humphreys.

       Following discovery, the plaintiffs filed a motion for class

certification, and defendants filed motions for summary judgment on

every allegation of plaintiffs’ petition.             Before ruling on the summary


       1Tamko   is a Missouri corporation located in Joplin, Missouri. Although the
Missouri statute was not expressly pled against Humphreys, there is a reference in the
petitions that Humphreys should be liable for punitive damages for violating the
statute. Further, during the sanctions hearing, Barnhill admitted that she should have
included Humphreys’ name in the petition under that count and that she argued
Humphreys violated the statute in every hearing.
                                       4

judgment motions, the court certified the case as a class action against

both defendants.     We allowed a limited remand to permit the district

court to rule on the pending motions for summary judgment.                   On

remand, the district court dismissed six of the seven counts against

Humphreys and a substantial part of the case against Tamko.                   In

particular, the court dismissed the claims of Jerry’s Homes and another

plaintiff on grounds of res judicata. Fraudulent misrepresentation was

the only claim remaining against Humphreys.                  The appeal then

proceeded with the court of appeals affirming the dismissal of the six

claims against Humphreys and reversing the district court’s failure to

grant    summary     judgment     on       the   final   claim   of   fraudulent

misrepresentation.    Sharp v. Tamko Roofing Prods., Inc., No. 02–0728

(Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2004).             At this point, all claims against

Humphreys were dismissed on summary judgment.                The district court

subsequently granted summary judgment in favor of Tamko on the two

remaining issues. The court of appeals affirmed the dismissal of these

claims. Sharp v. Tamko Roofing Prods., Inc., No. 05–1372 (Iowa Ct. App.

Oct. 11, 2006).

        During the pendency of these appeals, Humphreys filed a motion

for sanctions against all of the named plaintiffs and their attorney,

Barnhill, pursuant to Iowa Code section 619.19 (2001) and Iowa Rule of

Civil Procedure 1.413(1). He asserted: “None of the claims pursued by

plaintiffs in this case against Humphreys were well grounded in fact or

warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension,

modification, or reversal of existing law.”
                                      5

      The district court 2 found Barnhill violated rule 1.413 with respect

to each and every claim against Humphreys, although it did not sanction

her for the fraudulent misrepresentation claim. It sanctioned Barnhill

and ordered her to pay Humphreys $25,000 of the nearly $150,000 he

had incurred in attorneys’ fees defending the case.        In its order, the

district court stated:

      In summary, the pleadings and other documents filed by
      Barnhill in this case have in general such a confusing,
      convoluted,    self-contradictory    and  elusively   vague,
      ambiguous, indirect and constantly shifting quality as to
      compel the conclusion that the case was made up as it went
      along. It is as though Barnhill said whatever needed to be
      said at each step to just get past the moment, whether there
      was a legitimate basis for saying it or not. In the process,
      Barnhill has violated Rule 1.413(1).

      Barnhill filed a petition for writ of certiorari. We transferred the

case to the court of appeals, which annulled the writ. On further review,

we do so as well.

      II. Scope of Review.

      We review a district court’s decision on whether to impose

sanctions for an abuse of discretion. Mathias v. Glandon, 448 N.W.2d

443, 445 (Iowa 1989).      The proper means to review a district court’s

order imposing sanctions is by writ of certiorari.       Id.   Certiorari is a

procedure to test whether a lower board, tribunal, or court exceeded its

proper jurisdiction or otherwise acted illegally. Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.1401.

“Relief through certiorari is strictly limited to questions of jurisdiction or

illegality of the challenged acts.” French v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 546 N.W.2d

911, 913 (Iowa 1996). Although our review is for an abuse of discretion,


      2The  motions for summary judgment and the motion for sanctions against
Barnhill were not before the same judge. Judge Rosenberg ruled on the summary
judgment motions. Judge Staskal ruled on Humphreys’ motion for sanctions and
determined the appropriate sanction.
                                     6

we will correct erroneous application of the law. Weigel v. Weigel, 467

N.W.2d 277, 280 (Iowa 1991).        The district court’s findings of fact,

however, are binding on us if supported by substantial evidence.

Zimmermann v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 480 N.W.2d 70, 74 (Iowa 1992).

      III. Merits.

      A.   Rule 1.413.      The district court found Barnhill committed

numerous violations of Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.413.        That rule

states in pertinent part:

      Counsel’s signature to every motion, pleading, or other paper
      shall be deemed a certificate that: counsel has read the
      motion, pleading, or other paper; that to the best of counsel’s
      knowledge, information, and belief, formed after reasonable
      inquiry, it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by
      existing law or a good faith argument for the extension,
      modification, or reversal of existing law; and that it is not
      interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or
      cause an unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost
      of litigation. . . . If a motion, pleading, or other paper is
      signed in violation of this rule, the court, upon motion or
      upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who
      signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate
      sanction, which may include an order to pay the other party
      or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred
      because of the filing of the motion, pleading, or other paper,
      including a reasonable attorney fee.

Iowa Code section 619.19 is identical in substance.
      The rule creates three duties known as the “reading, inquiry, and

purpose elements.”       Weigel, 467 N.W.2d at 280.         Each duty is

independent of the others, and a breach of one duty is a violation of the

rule. Harris v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 570 N.W.2d 772, 776 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).

If a document is signed in violation of rule 1.413, the court is required to

impose an appropriate sanction. See Mathias, 448 N.W.2d at 445 (“We

are mindful the rule and statute directs the court to impose a sanction

when it finds a violation.”).
                                      7

      Compliance with the rule is determined as of the time the paper is

filed. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d at 280. Counsel’s conduct is measured by an

objective,   not   subjective,   standard   of   reasonableness   under   the

circumstances.     Id. at 281.     “The test is ‘reasonableness under the

circumstances,’ and the standard to be used is that of a reasonably

competent attorney admitted to practice before the district court.”       Id.

(citations omitted) (quoting Golden Eagle Distrib. Corp. v. Burroughs

Corp., 801 F.2d 1531, 1536 (9th Cir. 1986)). The reasonableness of the

signer’s inquiry into the facts and law depends on a number of factors,

including, but not limited to:     (a) the amount of time available to the

signer to investigate the facts and research and analyze the relevant legal

issues; (b) the complexity of the factual and legal issues in question; (c)

the extent to which pre-signing investigation was feasible; (d) the extent

to which pertinent facts were in the possession of the opponent or third

parties or otherwise not readily available to the signer; (e) the clarity or

ambiguity of existing law; (f) the plausibility of the legal positions

asserted; (g) the knowledge of the signer; (h) whether the signer is an

attorney or pro se litigant; (i) the extent to which counsel relied upon his

or her client for the facts underlying the pleading, motion, or other paper;

(j) the extent to which counsel had to rely upon his or her client for facts

underlying the pleading, motion, or other paper; and (k) the resources

available to devote to the inquiries.       Mathias, 448 N.W.2d at 446–47

(citing ABA Section on Litigation, Standard and Guidelines for Practice

under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1988), reprinted in

121 F.R.D. 101, 114 (1988)).

      One of the primary goals of the rule is to maintain a high degree of

professionalism in the practice of law. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d at 282. The

rule is intended to discourage parties and counsel from filing frivolous
                                     8

suits and otherwise deter misuse of pleadings, motions, or other papers.

Hearity v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 440 N.W.2d 860, 864 (Iowa 1989). Sanctions

are meant to avoid the general cost to the judicial system in terms of

wasted time and money. Breitbach v. Christenson, 541 N.W.2d 840, 846

(Iowa 1995). “The ‘improper purpose’ clause seeks to eliminate tactics

that divert attention from the relevant issues, waste time, and serve to

trivialize the adjudicatory process.” Hearity, 440 N.W.2d at 866 (quoting

Mark S. Cady, Curbing Litigation Abuse and Misuse: A Judicial Approach,

36 Drake L. Rev. 483, 499 (1987) [hereinafter Cady]). However, a party

or his attorney need not act in subjective bad faith or with malice to

trigger a violation.   Perkins v. Gen. Motors Corp., 129 F.R.D. 655, 658

(W.D. Mo. 1990). A party or his attorney cannot use ignorance of the law

or legal procedure as an excuse. Id. The rule “ ‘was designed to prevent

abuse caused not only by bad faith but by negligence and, to some

extent, professional incompetence.’ ” Id. (quoting Gaiardo v. Ethyl Corp.,

835 F.2d 479, 482 (3d Cir. 1987)).       Moreover, because rule 1.413 is

based on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, we look to federal decisions

applying rule 11 for guidance. Mathias, 448 N.W.2d at 445.

      B.   Application.    With these principles in mind, we turn to the

claims Barnhill asserted against Humphreys on behalf of the plaintiffs.

We must determine whether the district court abused its discretion in

concluding a reasonably competent Iowa attorney would not have

brought these claims and that $25,000 is an appropriate sanction.

      1. Warranty claims. Barnhill alleged Humphreys breached express

and implied warranties made by Tamko. The district court found there

was no reasonable basis to assert a breach-of-warranty claim against

Humphreys because a corporate officer is not ordinarily liable for the

contracts of the corporation.      See Bossuyt v. Osage Farmers Nat’l
                                      9

Bank, 360 N.W.2d 769, 778 (Iowa 1985).          Barnhill never argued the

court should ignore Tamko’s corporate existence. See In re Marriage of

Ballstaedt, 606 N.W.2d 345, 349 (Iowa 2000) (discussing the factors that

must be proven in order to “pierc[e] the corporate veil”).

       Instead, she asserted these warranty claims were legitimate

against Humphreys because they were based in tort rather than contract

law. While it is true a corporate officer is individually liable for the torts

he commits in his official capacity, see Haupt v. Miller, 514 N.W.2d 905,

908 (Iowa 1994), it is not true that a breach of warranty claim is founded

in tort law.

       Barnhill quoted from Tomka v. Hoechst Celanese Corp., 528

N.W.2d 103 (Iowa 1995), to support her contention that a breach of

warranty can be based on a tort theory:

       [C]ontract law protects a purchaser’s expectation interest
       that the product received will be fit for its intended use. The
       essence of products liability law is that the plaintiff has been
       exposed, through a dangerous product, to a risk of injury to
       his person or property. As the Wisconsin Supreme Court
       summarized, “defects of suitability and quality are redressed
       through contract actions and safety hazards through tort
       actions.”

Tomka, 528 N.W.2d at 107 (citations omitted) (quoting Northridge Co. v.
W.R. Grace & Co., 471 N.W.2d 179, 185 (Wis. 1991)).

       No reasonably competent attorney would conclude, based on this

passage, that a breach of warranty can be based on a tort theory. In

Tomka, this court was simply distinguishing warranty claims, which are

based on contract, from product-liability claims, which are based on tort

law.   Id.     It was not creating or implicitly accepting “tort-warranty

theories” as Barnhill alleges.    In fact, the very next sentence of the

opinion makes clear breach-of-warranty claims are contractual claims:

“We think the damage sustained by Tomka here clearly falls within
                                     10

contract-warranty theories, not tort theories.”     Id. (emphasis added).

Thus, the district court correctly concluded Barnhill violated rule 1.413

when she asserted warranty claims against Humphreys.

      2. Claims based on rescission. Likewise, it was inappropriate for

Barnhill to allege rescission claims against Humphreys, which are

obviously contract claims.    Notably, Barnhill did not even address the

rescission claims in her brief to this court.

      3.   Fraudulent misrepresentation claim.    Barnhill also pursued a

claim for fraudulent misrepresentation against Humphreys. The district

court did not grant Humphreys’ motion for summary judgment on the

issue of fraudulent misrepresentation; however, the court of appeals did.

      Although the district court, in ruling on Humphreys’ motion for

sanctions, found “the manner in which this claim was pled against

Humphreys violated rule 1.413 because Barnhill pled facts that were

literally untrue,” the court did not sanction Barnhill for bringing the

fraudulent misrepresentation claim.       As the court noted, “Humphreys

would have had to defend against the fraudulent misrepresentation claim

in any event,” because the district court did not dismiss this claim on

summary judgment.

      4. Negligent misrepresentation claim. On behalf of the plaintiffs,

Barnhill also pursued a claim of negligent misrepresentation against

Humphreys. However, a negligent misrepresentation claim may only be

brought against “a person in the profession or business of supplying

information.” Meier v. Alfa-Laval, Inc., 454 N.W.2d 576, 581 (Iowa 1990).

The cause of action is not available against product manufacturers or

product sellers who supply information about the product in connection

with its sale.   Id.; accord Haupt, 514 N.W.2d at 910.       Humphreys’

attorney sent Barnhill a letter in August 2001 (early in the litigation
                                    11

process), advising her of the Meier case and urging her to dismiss the

negligent misrepresentation claim as it was contrary to Iowa law.

      Barnhill claimed she was justified in pursuing a negligence claim

against Humphreys because Tamko maintained an in-house testing

laboratory, which reported directly to Humphreys. To submit a warranty

claim, Tamko customers were required to send one of their shingles to

Tamko’s labs for testing.   Barnhill argued the lab committed negligent

misrepresentation when it provided plaintiffs with lab results indicating

no evidence of manufacturing defect.

      There are several problems with Barnhill’s argument.              First, she

wrongly cites Burbach v. Radon Analytical Laboratories, Inc., 652 N.W.2d

135 (Iowa 2002), for the proposition that “[t]he Iowa Supreme Court has

held testing laboratories are in the business of supplying information.”

Burbach had nothing to do with testing laboratories.             Rather, in that

case, we held a home inspection company (with a name that happened to

include   the   word   “laboratories”)   could     be   liable    for   negligent

misrepresentation despite it not knowing who “the ultimate buyer of the

property might be or when a purchase might occur.”                Burbach, 652

N.W.2d at 138.    Secondly, Barnhill claimed Tamko’s lab reports “were

intended solely to induce reliance by customers to prevent them from

filing lawsuits against Tamko.”    Assuming arguendo that statement is

true, there is still no cause of action because the plaintiffs obviously did

not rely on these reports to their detriment—they filed suit. See Beeck v.

Kapalis, 302 N.W.2d 90, 97 (Iowa 1981) (stating reliance is one of the

elements of negligent misrepresentation).        Finally, Barnhill’s argument

fails because there was no evidence to suggest Humphreys personally

took part in the lab reports.    See Haupt, 514 N.W.2d at 909 (holding
                                          12

“corporate officers can be held liable for negligence if they take part

personally in the commission of the tort against a third party”).

       In sum, a reasonably competent attorney would have ascertained

whether negligent misrepresentation is an available cause of action

against manufacturers or product sellers (and their corporate officers)

before filing suit. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

ruling Barnhill violated rule 1.413 when she brought this claim against

Humphreys.

       5.   Claim based on a Missouri statute.             Finally, Barnhill alleged

Humphreys violated Missouri’s Unfair Business Practices Act. See Mo.

Rev. Stat. § 407.020(1) (2008). Although the Act allows a private cause

of action, it requires the action be brought in a Missouri circuit court.

Id. § 407.025(1); see Foreman v. Discount Motors, Inc., 629 S.W.2d 635,

637 (Mo. Ct. App. 1982) (stating when a statute “ ‘gives a right of action,

and at the same time prescribes the means by which, or the court in

which, the right is to be enforced, resort cannot be had to any other

means or court than that prescribed’ ” (quoting Carlisle v. Mo. Pac. Ry.,

68 S.W. 898, 900 (Mo. 1902))). 3

       Although Barnhill argued in her appellate brief and application for
further review that the Missouri statute was never pled against

Humphreys, there is a reference in the petitions that Humphreys should

be liable for punitive damages for violating the statute. Further, during

the hearing to determine what sanctions should be imposed, Barnhill

admitted she should have included Humphreys’ name in the petition

under that count, and she argued he violated the statute in every

hearing.


       3Barnhill does not contend the state of Missouri cannot define the jurisdiction of

an Iowa court.
                                          13

          The district court found a reasonably competent attorney would

have discovered through research the jurisdictional requirement and not

brought such a cause of action in an Iowa district court.                We agree.

Therefore, Barnhill’s assertion of this claim violated rule 1.413.

          C.   Sanctions.    Under rule 1.413, “the court . . . shall impose

upon the person who [violated this rule] an appropriate sanction, which

may include an order to pay the other party . . . the amount of

reasonable expenses incurred . . . including a reasonable attorney fee.”

We have determined the purpose of imposing monetary sanctions is to

(1) deter attorneys from filing frivolous lawsuits, Hearity, 440 N.W.2d at

864, and (2) avoid the general cost to the judicial system in terms of

wasted time and money, Breitbach, 541 N.W.2d at 846.

          Although this case does not involve Rule 11, the federal rule is

instructive in explaining the nature of sanctions: “A sanction imposed

under this rule must be limited to what suffices to deter repetition of

such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4). Deterrence, not compensation, is the primary purpose

of Rule 11 sanctions. In re Kunstler, 914 F.2d 505, 522 (4th Cir. 1990).

A sanction is imposed with the hope a litigant or lawyer will “ ‘stop, think

and investigate more carefully before serving and filing papers.’ ” Cooter

& Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 398, 110 S. Ct. 2447, 2457, 110

L. Ed. 2d 359, 377 (1990) (quoting Amendments to Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, 97 F.R.D. 165, 192 (1983) (Letter from Judge Walter

Mansfield, Chairman, Advisory Committee on Civil Rules) (Mar. 9, 1982)).

However, as the Sixth Circuit pointed out, “although it is clear that Rule

11 is not intended to be a compensatory mechanism in the first instance,

it   is    equally   clear   that   effective   deterrence   sometimes    requires

compensating the victim for attorney fees arising from abusive litigation.”
                                    14

Rentz v. Dynasty Apparel Indus., Inc., 556 F.3d 389, 400 (6th Cir. 2009).

The Sixth Circuit has also concluded that de minimis sanctions are

“simply inadequate to deter Rule 11 violations.” Id. at 402.

      With these purposes in mind, we turn to determining the

appropriate amount of sanction.     We have yet to establish criteria to

assist the district court in determining an appropriate sanction.

      The ABA has set forth the following factors a court may consider in

assessing the amount of a monetary sanction:

            a. the good faith or bad faith of the offender;

             b. the degree of willfulness, vindictiveness, negligence
      or frivolousness involved in the offense;

            c. the knowledge, experience and expertise of the
      offender;

            d. any prior history of sanctionable conduct on the
      part of the offender;

             e. the reasonableness and necessity of the out-of-
      pocket expenses incurred by the offended person as a result
      of the misconduct;

             f. the nature and extent of prejudice, apart from out-
      of-pocket expenses, suffered by the offended person as a
      result of the misconduct;

            g. the relative culpability of client and counsel, and
      the impact on their privileged relationship of an inquiry into
      that area;

            h. the risk of chilling the specific type of litigation
      involved;

             i. the impact of the sanction on the offender, including
      the offender’s ability to pay a monetary sanction;

            j. the impact of the sanction on the offended party,
      including the offended person’s need for compensation;

            k. the relative magnitude of sanction necessary to
      achieve the goal or goals of the sanction;
                                       15
             l. burdens on the court system attributable to the
       misconduct, including consumption of judicial time and
       incurrence of juror fees and other court costs;

             m. the degree to which the offended person attempted
       to mitigate any prejudice suffered by him or her;

            n. the degree to which the offended person’s own
       behavior caused the expenses for which recovery is sought;

             o.    the extent to which the offender persisted in
       advancing a position while on notice that the position was
       not well grounded in fact or warranted by existing law or a
       good faith argument for the extension, modification or
       reversal of existing law; and

             p. the time of, and circumstances surrounding, any
       voluntary withdrawal of a pleading, motion or other paper.

ABA Section of Litigation, Standards and Guidelines for Practice under

Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1988), reprinted in 121

F.R.D. 101, 125–26 (1988). The Fourth Circuit articulated the following

four   factors   when    determining     a   monetary    sanction:    “(1)   the

reasonableness of the opposing party’s attorney’s fees; (2) the minimum

to deter; (3) the ability to pay; and (4) factors related to the severity of the

. . . violation.” Kunstler, 914 F.2d at 523; see also White v. Gen. Motors

Corp., 908 F.2d 675, 684–85 (10th Cir. 1990).            We find the Fourth

Circuit’s considerations instructive in determining an appropriate

monetary sanction for a rule 1.413 violation.              However, we also

encourage district courts to consider the ABA factors as they relate to the

issues identified in the four-factor test when determining an appropriate

monetary sanction.

       In this case, there was substantial evidence supporting a $25,000

sanction. Not only did the district court consider all four factors listed

above as well as several of the ABA considerations, but it balanced the

twin purposes of compensation and deterrence set forth in our case law.

See Breitbach, 541 N.W.2d at 846; Hearity, 440 N.W.2d at 864.                The
                                       16

court analyzed the expenses Humphreys incurred in defending himself,

the deterrence factor, and the nature and number of rule 1.413

violations. Although the district court’s order imposing sanctions does

not discuss Barnhill’s ability to pay, at the hearing to determine the

amount of sanctions, Barnhill did say, “a large sanction will put [my firm]

out of business.” The court heard Barnhill’s statement and sanctioned

her for $25,000.

        In determining the amount of the sanction, the district court noted

that Humphreys’ itemization of his fee claim ($148,596.37 4) was over

sixteen, single-spaced pages with about 400 entries and the court file for

this case (of over four years) was at least twenty-two volumes.               The

$25,000 sanction is reasonable given the legal and factual issues

involved and the sheer number of pleadings, motions, discovery, and

hearings. In total, there were six sanctionable counts asserted against

Humphreys, five petitions, more than a dozen individually-named

plaintiffs, eight motions for summary judgment against nine individually-

named plaintiffs, a class certification appeal, limited remand procedures,

and a summary judgment appeal. Even though Humphreys would have

had to defend against the fraudulent misrepresentation claim (according
to the district court), he still had to defend against six other claims.

Humphreys’ attorney had to read, research, and respond to each claim.

He had to conduct and participate in discovery and file motions for

summary judgment and respond when Barnhill repeatedly attacked

them.

        Although the court did not explain why $25,000 specifically was

necessary to deter Barnhill, it did state


       4Barnhill never contended that $148,596.37 was an unreasonable amount of

attorney’s fees.
                                              17
      [n]ot imposing a sanction in a case where an attorney
      pursues six unfounded claims along with one legitimate
      claim on the ground that the other party had to defend the
      legitimate claim anyway would reward, not deter, the filing of
      frivolous claims.

We believe a lesser sanction would not be sufficient “to deter repetition of

such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated,” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4), especially in cases like this where there is a potential

for a hefty settlement. See Rentz, 556 F.3d at 402 (determining a $2,500

sanction was not sufficient to deter where defendants incurred nearly
$30,000 in attorneys’ fees due to sanctionable conduct).

      In addition to the sanctionable conduct, the district court was also

frustrated     with    Barnhill’s     trial   tactics   and   lack   of   candor     and

forthrightness, both of which led to the extension of the proceedings and

increased legal expenses incurred by Humphreys. As the district court

pointed out, “It was as though Barnhill said whatever needed to be said

at each step to just get past the moment, whether there was a legitimate

basis for saying it or not.” 5 Further, Barnhill displayed a lack of candor
on several occasions throughout this litigation.                She repeatedly and

vehemently represented to the court that every single plaintiff in the

class action suit individually selected the specific shingles, when in fact
many of her clients did not personally select the shingles. In addition, in

her response to Humphreys’ motion for sanctions, Barnhill asserted she

never pled Humphreys violated the Missouri statute; yet Barnhill “fought

      5The   district court also stated:
      Barnhill vigorously resisted Humphreys’ counsel’s attempt to have his
      then pending motions for summary judgment heard and decided before
      class certification proceedings were undertaken. Had this procedure
      been followed, it is likely that Humphreys would have been out of this
      case before he incurred the cost of the class certification proceedings. All
      but one of the claims against him would have been dismissed by [the
      judge]. . . .
                                        18

tooth and nail . . . to preserve a claim that Mr. Humphreys violated that

act.”   The district court called her out on her actions and asked her

whether she was being “honest with the court.” As we have stated,

        “A lawyer has a very special responsibility for candor and
        fairness in all of his dealings with a court. Absent mutual
        trust and confidence between a judge and a lawyer—an
        officer of the court—the judicial process will be impeded and
        the administration of justice frustrated.”

Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Plumb, 546 N.W.2d

215, 217–18 (Iowa 1996) (quoting People v. Selby, 606 P.2d 45, 47 (Colo.

1979)); see also Iowa Code Prof’l Responsibility DR 7–102(A)(5) (2004) (“a

lawyer shall not . . . knowingly make a false statement of law or fact”).

        The test of an attorney’s actions in zealously pursuing his or her

client’s interests is one of reasonableness. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d at 281. In

looking at all of Barnhill’s efforts in pursuit of her quest, it is clear her

only reason for keeping Humphreys in the litigation was to force or

coerce a settlement of the litigation so Humphreys would avoid personal

liability. Although it would be fair to conclude corporate officers will pay

closer attention to litigation if personal liability is at issue, it is an abuse

to drag corporate officers into corporate litigation with hopes to affect
their    attitude    and   professional      judgment    involving   corporate

responsibilities and obligations. Barnhill’s lack of candor was pervasive

throughout     her   pleadings,   the     motion   for   summary     judgment

proceedings, and the sanctions proceedings.

        We conclude the district court’s factual findings are supported by

substantial evidence, and we agree with the district court’s legal

conclusions and application of law to the facts. Consequently, we hold

the court did not abuse its discretion in ordering Barnhill to pay $25,000

toward Humphreys’ attorney fees. Under the circumstances, a $25,000
                                    19

sanction is appropriate both to deter Barnhill (and other attorneys) from

similar conduct in the future and to partly compensate Humphreys for

expenses incurred.

      In sanctioning Barnhill, we note rule 1.413 is not meant to stifle

the creativity of attorneys or deter attorneys from challenging or

attempting to expand existing precedent. Our law is constantly evolving

and hopefully improving because talented attorneys are willing to fight

uphill battles.   See, e.g., Speight v. Walters Dev. Co., 744 N.W.2d 108

(Iowa 2008) (recognizing a claim of breach of implied warranty of

workmanlike construction brought by subsequent purchasers against

home builder); Comes v. Microsoft Corp., 646 N.W.2d 440 (Iowa 2002)

(recognizing a cause of action exists for all consumers, regardless of one's

technical status as direct or indirect purchaser, who are injured by

conduct prohibited by Iowa Competition Law).

      Admittedly, there is a fine line at times between zealous advocacy

and frivolous claims. Cady at 497. However, we agree with the district

court and the court of appeals this line has been crossed in the present

case. Our standard of review is appropriately deferential to the district

court because it is in the best position to evaluate counsel’s actions and

motivations. In this case, the district court found that “[n]o reasonably

competent attorney practicing in this court” would have pursued these

claims against Humphreys. See Andrews v. Bible, 812 S.W.2d 284, 293

n.4 (Tenn. 1991) (noting a violation of rule 11 could stem from

“inexperience, incompetence, neglect, willfulness, or deliberate choice”).

It specifically found Barnhill “made up [the case] as it went along.” Such

conduct will not be tolerated by our judicial system.

      An attorney making a good-faith challenge to existing law may still

rely on notice pleading. But there comes a point in every case—usually
                                     20

in response to a motion for summary judgment—when the attorney must

acknowledge controlling precedent with “candor and honesty” while

asserting reasons to modify or change existing law. Cady at 498. Such

arguments need not be successful to avoid sanctions.            Id. at 497.

However, we will not allow an attorney to act incompetently or

stubbornly persistent, contrary to the law or facts, and then later

attempt to avoid sanctions by arguing he or she was merely trying to

expand or reverse existing case law. Barnhill did not demonstrate to the

district court she knowingly made a “good faith argument for the

extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.413.

Consequently, the $25,000 sanction was warranted in light of the

number of meritless claims asserted, the expense and time necessary to

dispose of them, and most importantly, the amount necessary to deter

such conduct in the future.

      IV. Conclusion.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion when it sanctioned

Barnhill for pursuing frivolous claims against Humphreys.

      WRIT ANNULLED.

      All justices concur except Wiggins and Hecht, JJ., who dissent and

Appel and Baker, JJ., who take no part.
                                    21

                                   #63/06–0163, Barnhill v. Iowa Dist. Ct.

WIGGINS, Justice (dissenting).

      I dissent.     Although I agree with the majority that Barnhill’s

conduct is sanctionable, I disagree with the way the district court and

the majority determined the amount of the sanction.

      Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.413(1) is patterned after Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 11, as amended in 1983. See Cooter & Gell v.

Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 391–92, 110 S. Ct. 2447, 2453–54, 110

L. Ed. 2d 359, 373 (1990) (quoting Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 as

it existed after the 1983 amendment). We look to cases interpreting the

1983 amendment to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 to aid us in our

interpretation of rule 1.413(1). Weigel v. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d 277, 279

(Iowa 1991).   In Weigel, we relied on Cooter & Gell to determine the

proper standard of review. Id. at 280.

      The first error made by the majority is to say a sanction under rule

1.413 has the “twin purposes of compensation and deterrence.”         The

cases cited by the majority do not support that proposition. Hearity v.

Iowa District Court, 440 N.W.2d 860 (Iowa 1989), recognizes the intent of

the rule is “to discourage parties and their counsel from filing frivolous

lawsuits and to otherwise deter misuse of pleadings, motions, or other

court papers.” Hearity, 440 N.W.2d at 864. Breitbach v. Christenson,

541 N.W.2d 840 (Iowa 1995), does not say compensation is a purpose of

the sanction. Breitbach, 541 N.W.2d at 846. Breitbach says a sanction

is warranted because “this matter has been very costly to the opposing

litigants and the judicial system in terms of wasted time and money.” Id.

Although, the court awarded the fees expended as a sanction, it did not

say it made the award to compensate the party because this was not an

issue in the case.
                                          22

       When Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 first was enacted, the

circuits and the commentators were split on whether the purpose of a

sanction was compensation or deterrence. See 5A Charles Alan Wright &

Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1334, 541–42 (3d ed.

2004) (discussing the different schools of thought as to the purpose of

the rule).     In 1990 the Supreme Court made it clear that the central

purpose of a sanction under rule 11 is to deter baseless filings in district

court. Cooter & Gell, 496 U.S. at 393, 110 S. Ct. at 2454, 110 L. Ed. 2d

at 374. The purpose of a sanction under rule 11 or rule 1.413 is not to

compensate a party for attorney fees expended.

       Although rule 11 allows an award of attorney fees to the opposing

party, the rule’s mention of attorney fees does not create an entitlement

to full compensation when an opposing party files a frivolous pleading.

White v. Gen. Motors Corp., 908 F.2d 675, 683–84 (10th Cir. 1990). The

sanction chosen by the court should be the least severe sanction

adequate to deter a party from filing frivolous pleadings. Navarro-Ayala

v. Nunez, 968 F.2d 1421, 1426–27 (1st Cir. 1992); In re Kunstler, 914

F.2d 505, 522 (4th Cir. 1990); White, 908 F.2d at 684–85. 6

       6In   1993, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 was amended.      Rule 11(c) now
provides:
                (c) Sanctions.

               (1) In General. If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to
       respond, the court determines that Rule 11(b) has been violated, the
       court may impose an appropriate sanction on any attorney, law firm, or
       party that violated the rule or is responsible for the violation. Absent
       exceptional circumstances, a law firm must be held jointly responsible
       for a violation committed by its partner, associate, or employee.

               (2) Motion for Sanctions. A motion for sanctions must be made
       separately from any other motion and must describe the specific conduct
       that allegedly violates Rule 11(b). The motion must be served under Rule
       5, but it must not be filed or be presented to the court if the challenged
       paper, claim, defense, contention, or denial is withdrawn or appropriately
       corrected within 21 days after service or within another time the court
                                           23

       The second error the majority makes is stating the district court

followed the four-step test of the fourth and tenth circuits when it

awarded the sanction to the defendant. The four-step test referred to by

the majority is the roadmap developed by these circuits that a court

should follow when awarding sanctions under rule 11 as it existed in

1983. The first step is to determine the reasonableness of the opposing

party’s attorney fees incurred by defending the action.                  Kunstler, 914

F.2d at 523; White, 908 F.2d at 684. In determining the reasonableness,

only the time an attorney expends in response to actions that are

sanctioned      should     be   considered.         Bodenhamer        Bldg.     Corp.   v.


       sets. If warranted, the court may award to the prevailing party the
       reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred for the motion.

              (3) On the Court’s Initiative. On its own, the court may order an
       attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why conduct specifically
       described in the order has not violated Rule 11(b).

               (4) Nature of a Sanction. A sanction imposed under this rule must
       be limited to what suffices to deter repetition of the conduct or
       comparable conduct by others similarly situated. The sanction may
       include nonmonetary directives; an order to pay a penalty into court; or,
       if imposed on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order
       directing payment to the movant of part or all of the reasonable
       attorney’s fees and other expenses directly resulting from the violation.

             (5) Limitations on Monetary Sanctions. The court must not impose
       a monetary sanction:

                  (A) against a represented party for violating Rule 11(b)(2); or

                   (B) on its own, unless it issued the show-cause order under
               Rule 11(c)(3) before voluntary dismissal or settlement of the
               claims made by or against the party that is, or whose attorneys
               are, to be sanctioned.

              (6) Requirements for an Order. An order imposing a sanction
       must describe the sanctioned conduct and explain the basis for the
       sanction.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c). This amendment incorporates the principle that a sanction should
be the least severe sanction adequate to deter a party from filing frivolous pleadings. Id.
r. 11(c)(4). The amendment also requires the court to explain the basis for a sanction.
Id. r. 11(c)(6). As I point out later in this dissent, neither the district court nor the
majority explained the basis for its sanction.
                                    24

Architectural Research Corp., 989 F.2d 213, 218 (6th Cir. 1993); Kunstler,

914 F.2d at 523. As my colleague, Justice Cady, noted when he was on

the district court bench, “[w]hen a petition contains a mixture of frivolous

and founded claims, only those expenses incurred in defending the

frivolous claims may be awarded.”        Mark S. Cady, Curbing Litigation

Abuse and Misuse: A Judicial Approach, 36 Drake L. Rev. 483, 506

(1986–87).

      The second step is to determine a sanction that equals the

minimum amount necessary to deter misconduct. Kunstler, 914 F.2d at

524; White, 908 F.2d at 684–85. A court should not use a sanction to

drive an attorney out of the practice of law. Kunstler, 914 F.2d at 524.

Decisions as to whether an attorney should be practicing are better left

to our attorney discipline process.         The amount of sanction is

appropriate only “ ‘when it is the minimum that will serve to adequately

deter the undesirable behavior.’ ” Doering v. Union County Bd. of Chosen

Freeholders, 857 F.2d 191, 194 (3d Cir. 1988) (quoting Eastway Constr.

Corp. v. City of New York, 637 F. Supp. 558, 565 (E.D.N.Y. 1986)

(emphasis added)).

      The third step is to determine the ability of the sanctioned party to

pay. Rule 11 sanctions are analogous to punitive damages because of

their deterrent purpose.   Kunstler, 914 F.2d at 524.     It should be the

sanctioned party’s burden to show ability or inability to pay. Id.

      The last step is to consider other factors, such as the ABA

standards set forth by the majority in its opinion. Id. at 524–25; White,

908 F.2d at 685. I believe these four steps should be followed by a court

when it awards sanctions under rule 1.413(1).

      An examination of the district court’s thought process in awarding

the sanction reveals it failed to follow any of these steps when it awarded
                                     25

the sanction. The district court acknowledged “Humphreys would have

had to defend against the fraudulent misrepresentation claim in any

event,” but failed to determine the amount of fees actually expended by

the defendant in defending the sanctionable claims. This is contrary to

the first step in assessing a sanction.

      The majority makes the same error by not determining what fees

are attributable to the sanctioned conduct. How much time could the

defendant    have    expended     getting   claims    such   as   negligent

misrepresentation dismissed? I say not much. The court should have

requested the defendant to produce records of time and expenses spent

only attributable to the sanctioned conduct.         Upon the filing of an

affidavit setting forth the party’s time and expenses the court could

review such an affidavit, as is done in any other case, to determine a fair

and reasonable fee for the sanctioned conduct.

      The district court and the majority do not apply steps two and

three. The district court acknowledged in its ruling that the sanctioned

party stated she did not have the ability to pay a large sanction.

However, the district court and the majority fail to make any finding

regarding her ability to pay. Furthermore, both the district court and the

majority use sanctions as a fee-shifting device rather than as a deterrent.

      Finally, the district court did not consider other factors in meting

out its sanction. The majority and the district court narrowly focus on

what sanction is needed to compensate rather than apply the four-step

test. The majority’s failure to apply the four-step test and scrutinize the

district court’s award of the sanction gives the district court unlimited

power to craft a sanction without giving any explanation as to how it

arrived at the amount. As one court aptly noted,
                                    26
      because “Rule 11 sanctions have significant impact beyond
      the merits of the individual case” and can affect the
      reputation and creativity of counsel, the abuse of discretion
      standard does not mean we give complete deference to the
      district court’s decision.

Bilharz v. First Interstate Bank of Wis., 98 F.3d 985, 989 (7th Cir. 1996)

(quoting Pac. Dunlop Holdings, Inc. v. Barosh, 22 F.3d 113, 118 (7th Cir.

1994)).

      Under the majority’s analysis, this court will never have a basis to

overturn a district court’s award of sanctions. The factors used by the
majority coupled with its nonexistent abuse of discretion standard can

be used to support any award of sanctions.

      It is standard practice for defendants to raise a myriad of defenses

in their answers to petitions. These defenses include failure to state a

cause of action, statute of limitation defenses, laches, estoppels,

comparative fault, assumption of the risk, failure to mitigate damages,

unreasonable failure to avoid injury, or misuse. Many times defendants

raise these defenses without factual support.        If we abide by the

majority’s analysis in its review of the district court, the attorneys that

raise these defenses without support should be sanctioned, and that

sanction would be unreviewable.

      I suspect when a party requests sanctions this court will not

overturn a substantial award of sanctions if the nonsanctioned party can

submit records justifying the work it did in pursuing its claim. I say this

because the award of the sanction approved by the majority has no

relationship to the time actually spent by the defendant in dealing with

the sanctioned conduct. If it takes $25,000 to deter a solo practitioner

from filing frivolous claims, then is $150,000 enough to deter a fifty-

person law firm from filing frivolous claims?
                                       27

      Therefore, I would find the district court abused its discretion by:

(1) not determining the time spent by the defendant to defend against the

sanctioned activity; (2) not determining the minimum amount needed to

deter the conduct; (3) not determining the ability of the sanctioned party

to pay; and (4) not considering other factors as set forth in the ABA

standards. I would sustain the writ and remand the case to the district

court to determine the proper sanction in light of the test I have set forth

in this dissent. Maybe the sanction is too low, too high, or just right.

However, without a principled analysis by the district court supported by

substantial evidence, I can only conclude it abused its discretion in

making this award.     See State v. Millsap, 704 N.W.2d 426, 432 (Iowa

2005) (holding a court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on

untenable grounds or it acts unreasonably.        A ground or reason is

untenable when it is based on an erroneous application of law or when it

is not supported by substantial evidence.).

      Hecht, J., joins this dissent.
