                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                         No. 04-17-00571-CV

                                IN THE INTEREST OF S.A., a Child

                      From the 57th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                   Trial Court No. 2016PA02285
                             Honorable Richard Garcia, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: January 24, 2018

AFFIRMED

           This is an accelerated appeal from the trial court’s order terminating appellant mother’s

(“Mother”) parental rights to her child, S.A. On appeal, Mother does not contest the grounds upon

which termination was granted. Rather, she contends only that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination was in the child’s best interest. We

affirm the trial court’s order of termination.

                                              BACKGROUND

           The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (“the Department”) became

involved with the family after the hospital contacted the Department to advise that S.A. was

amphetamine-addicted at birth. Soon after the birth, the Department placed the infant with a
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paternal aunt and uncle. The Department filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights.1

During the case, the Department created a service plan for Mother, which she signed in March

2017. Under the service plan, Mother was required to: (1) enroll in a family violence course for

victims; (2) submit to a psychosocial assessment and meet with a therapist to discuss her issues,

particularly her drug issues; (3) submit to random drug testing — only negative results entitled

Mother to visitation with S.A.; (4) participate in a substance abuse program; and (5) complete

parenting classes. According to the Department caseworker, Crystal Jones, the most important

items on Mother’s plan were completion of a substance abuse treatment program and domestic

violence classes. The trial court ordered Mother to comply with each requirement set out in the

plan. Once the Department determined reunification, the initial goal, was not possible, the matter

moved to a final hearing, during which the Department presented evidence in support of

terminating Mother’s parental rights.

         At the hearing, the trial court heard testimony from Department caseworker Jones, the

child’s paternal aunt — J.G., and Mother. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court

terminated Mother’s rights. Thereafter, the trial court rendered a written order of termination

finding that Mother: (1) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed S.A. with persons who engaged

in conduct that endangered S.A.’s physical or emotional well-being; (2) constructively abandoned

S.A.; (3) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the

actions necessary for her to obtain the return of S.A.; and (4) used a controlled substance in a

manner that endangered the health or safety of S.A. and failed to complete a court-ordered




1
 The Department also sought to terminate the parental rights of S.A.’s father (“Father”). In the same order, the trial
court terminated both Mother’s and Father’s parental rights. However, Father did not file a notice of appeal
challenging the termination. Accordingly, he is not a party to this appeal.

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substance abuse program. 2 See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E), (N), (O), (P) (West

Supp. 2017). The trial court further found termination of Mother’s parental rights would be in

S.A.’s best interest. See id. § 161.001(b)(2). Mother timely perfected this appeal.

                                                      ANALYSIS

         As noted above, on appeal, Mother does not challenge the evidence with regard to the trial

court’s findings under section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code (“the Code”). See id.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(E), (N), (O), (P). Rather, she merely challenges the legal and factual sufficiency

of the evidence in support of the trial court’s finding that termination was in the best interest of the

child. See id. § 161.001(b)(2).

                                                Standard of Review

         A parent’s right to her child may be terminated by a court only if the court finds by clear

and convincing evidence that the parent committed an act prohibited by section 161.001(b)(1) of

the Code and termination is in the best interest of her child. Id. § 161.001(b). “Clear and

convincing evidence” is defined as “proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm

belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Id. § 101.007.

Courts require this heightened standard of review because termination of a parent’s rights to her

child results in permanent and severe changes for both the parent and child, thus, implicating due

process concerns. In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex. 2015). When reviewing the legal and




2
  At the close of the termination hearing, the trial court orally stated it was also terminating Mother’s parental rights
based on section 161.001(b)(1)(R). That provision states that a court may order termination if it finds by clear and
convincing evidence that a parent has been the cause of a child being born addicted to alcohol or a controlled substance,
other than a controlled substance obtained with a legal prescription. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(R).
However, the trial court’s written order of termination did not include subsection (b)(1)(R) as a basis for termination.
In civil cases, when there is a conflict between a trial court’s oral pronouncements and its written judgment, the written
judgment controls. In re M.L.S., No. 11-12-00042-CV, 2012 WL 2371042, at *1 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2012, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (citing In re A.S.G., 345 S.W.3d 443, 448 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.)). Thus, we hold that
Mother’s parental rights were terminated in accordance with the trial court written order based on subsections
(b)(1)(E), (N), (O), and (P).

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factual sufficiency of the evidence, we apply the well-established standards of review. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 101.007, 161.206(a); In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (legal

sufficiency); In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006) (factual sufficiency). In sum, an

appellate court must determine whether the evidence is such that the trier of fact could reasonably

form a firm belief or conviction that determination was in the child’s best interest. In re J.F.C.,

96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). In conducting a sufficiency review, we may not weigh a

witness’s credibility because it depends on appearance and demeanor, and these are within the

domain of the trier of fact. J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573. Even when such issues are found in the

appellate record, we must defer to the fact finder’s reasonable resolutions. Id.

                                Best Interests — Substantive Law

       In a best interest analysis, we apply the non-exhaustive Holley factors. See Holley v.

Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). We recognize there is a strong presumption that

keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex.

2006). However, promptly and permanently placing a child in a safe environment is also presumed

to be in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(a). Thus, to determine whether

a child’s parent is willing and able to provide the child with a safe environment, we also consider

the factors set forth in section 263.307(b) of the Code. Id.

       Additionally, evidence that proves one or more statutory grounds for termination may be

probative to prove termination is in the child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex.

2012) (holding same evidence may be probative of both section 161.001(1) grounds and best

interest, but such evidence does not relieve State of burden to prove best interest). In conducting

a best interest analysis, a court may consider in addition to direct evidence, circumstantial

evidence, subjective factors, and the totality of the evidence. In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. denied). Finally, a trier of fact may measure a parent’s future
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conduct by her past conduct in determining whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s

best interest. Id.

                                           The Evidence

        As noted above, the Department presented three witnesses at the final hearing — the

Department caseworker, the child’s paternal aunt, and Mother. Through these witnesses, the

Department sought to establish, in addition to the grounds for termination, that termination would

be in S.A.’s best interest. In analyzing the evidence within the Holley framework, we note that

evidence of each Holley factor is not required before a court may find that termination is in a

child’s best interest. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. In other words, the absence of evidence as to some

of the Holley factors does not preclude a fact finder from reasonably forming a strong conviction

or belief that termination is in a child’s best interest. Id. Moreover, in conducting our review of a

trial court’s best interest determination, we focus on whether termination is in the best interest of

the child — not the best interest of the parent. In re D.M., 452 S.W.3d 462, 468–69 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2014, no pet.).

    1. Desires of the Children

        At the time of trial, S.A. was ten months old, and therefore, unable to express her desires

with regard to conservatorship. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1) (child’s age and

physical and mental vulnerabilities); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. However, when a child is

unable to express her desires, a fact finder may consider that she has bonded with her foster family,

is well cared for by them, and has spent minimal time with the parent. In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d 105,

118 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (citing In re J.M., 156 S.W.3d 696, 706 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.); In re U.P., 105 S.W.3d 222, 230 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2003, pet. denied)).



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         Here, there was evidence that S.A. has formed a bond with her foster parents — her paternal

aunt and uncle. See J.D., 436 S.W.3d at 118. S.A. was placed with her foster parents when she

was two months old, and has been with them for more than eight months. Ms. Jones testified she

has seen S.A. with J.G., the child’s paternal aunt. When S.A. is with J.G. she is “always happy

and smiling.” See id. Ms. Jones stated S.A. appears to love her aunt and uncle and they, along

with their own children, provide a stable environment that meets S.A.’s current needs. See id. Ms.

Jones testified she believes J.G. and her family will be able to meet S.A.’s needs in the future as

well. She concluded by stating she believes S.A. and her foster family have “a good bond.” See

id.

         Mother was granted weekly, supervised visits with S.A.          However, visitation was

contingent upon negative drug screening. Ms. Jones testified Mother visited S.A. “a few” times,

but had not seen S.A. since November 2016 — more than eight months before the final hearing.

See id. Ms. Jones went on to explain that when Mother inquired as to when she could visit S.A.,

she was told she would need to submit to a drug test and “test clean.” Ms. Jones testified that

although Mother submitted to drug testing “a few times,” she never tested clean after November

2016. Ms. Jones opined that Mother had failed to form a bond due to her lack of visitation. See

id.

      2. Emotional & Physical Needs/Emotional & Physical Danger/Parenting Abilities

         It is undisputed that S.A. was born addicted to amphetamines. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 263.307(b)(1); id. § 263.307(b)(8) (history of substance abuse by child’s family or others who

have access to child’s home); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Ms. Jones testified that after birth,

S.A. went through drug withdrawal.           See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1); id.

§ 263.307(b)(8); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. J.G. testified that when the child was placed in

her home at two months of age, she was still experiencing withdrawal symptoms. See TEX. FAM.
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CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1); id. § 263.307(b)(8); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. J.G. stated S.A.

would wake up in the middle of the night screaming and shaking. Then, at random times, she

would go into a deep sleep or stare. S.A. also experiences numbness on her left side, which

requires occupational therapy. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at

371–72.

       With regard to the emotional and physical danger to the child — now and in the future,

there is evidence Mother engages in drug use and has been a victim of domestic violence in her

relationship with Father. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(7) (history of abusive or

assaultive conduct by child’s family or other who have access to child’s home); id.

§ 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(12) (whether child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting

skills); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Mother admitted she was using illegal substances when

S.A. was born. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544

S.W.2d at 371–72. She stated she was using methamphetamines and Tylenol with codeine. See

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

Mother told the trial court that she had been using illegal substances since she was eighteen years

old, stopping only for a brief period when she gave birth to another child; Mother is now thirty

years old. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d

at 371–72. Mother also admitted she last used methamphetamines just two weeks before the final

hearing. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at

371–72. She is aware that S.A. tested positive at birth for amphetamines. Despite her drug use,

Mother failed to engage in the court-ordered services relating to drug treatment. See TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(10) (willingness and ability of child’s family to seek

out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate appropriate

agency’s close supervision); id. § 263.307(b)(11) (willingness and ability of child’s family to effect
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positive environmental and personal changes within reasonable time period); id. § 263.307(b)(12);

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. In fact, the evidence shows the Department made at least three

referrals for treatment, including one the day before the final hearing, yet Mother failed to engage.

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); id. §

263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

       The evidence also showed the existence of domestic violence between Mother and Father.

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(7); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

During her testimony, Mother admitted the existence of physical abuse in the relationship. See

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(7); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. She

stated that because of the abuse she has been “a mess.” Because of the domestic violence, Mother

was ordered, pursuant to her service plan, to complete domestic violence classes. However,

despite Mother’s admission that the domestic violence has had a significant impact on her life, she

failed to engage in the court-ordered services related to domestic violence. See TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 263.307(b)(7); id. § 263.307(b)(11); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

Evidence of domestic violence in the home supports a trial court’s best-interest finding under the

third Holley factor — emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future, as well as

subsection E of section 263.307(b)(12). See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72; see also TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(12)(E) (courts may consider whether parent has adequate skills to protect

child from repeated exposure to violence although violence may not be directed at the child); In re

J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d 841, 846 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (stating domestic

violence, even when child is not intended victim, supports finding that termination is in child’s

best interest). Simply exposing a child to the other parent’s violence is a relevant consideration in

determining a child’s best interest. See In re O.N.H., 401 S.W.3d 681, 684–85 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2013, no pet.).
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       In addition to a history of drug use and domestic violence, the evidence also showed that

Mother has had previous involvement with the Department, which ultimately resulted in

termination of her parental rights to four other children.          See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Ms.

Jones testified Mother knew, based on her prior interactions with the Department, that completion

of court-ordered services is mandated in order to avoid termination. And yet, Mother failed to

complete almost all of the service plan requirements, including drug treatment and domestic

violence classes, which the Department considered the most important aspects of her plan. See

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544

S.W.2d at 371–72. Moreover, despite the prior terminations, which the record suggests were based

at least in part on Mother’s substance abuse, Mother continued to use drugs. See TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley,

544 S.W.2d at 371–72. A trier of fact may consider a parent’s history with her other children in

considering the danger or potential danger to another child. In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 248

(Tex. 2013); In re E.A.F., 424 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet.

denied). In E.C.R., the supreme court, when conducting a best interest analysis, considered that

prior to the current termination proceeding, a mother’s rights to her four older children had been

terminated. E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 248. In its analysis, the supreme court specifically pointed out

that the mother’s rights to her oldest child had been previously terminated. Id. Accordingly, in

this case, the prior termination of Mother’s parental rights to her other children was evidence the

trial court could consider in determining whether termination was in S.A.’s best interest. See id.

       The foregoing evidence is also relevant to Mother’s parenting abilities. See TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at

371–72.   As set out above, Mother has a long history of drug use, has been involved in
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domestic violence, and had her rights to four other children terminated. See TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 263.307(b)(7); id. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); id.

§ 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Despite these serious issues, the evidence shows

Mother failed to comply with the portions of her service plan that were prescribed to deal with

drug use and domestic violence, knowing from her prior experience with the Department that

completion of services was necessary to avoid termination. The only portion of the plan completed

by Mother was her parenting class.         See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(10); id.

§ 263.307(b)(11); id. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Although Mother claimed

she had “done a 12-step program, meetings,” she did not provide proof of this to the Department

as required. On this basis, the trial court could have determined Mother lacks the abilities needed

to parent her infant daughter. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

   3. Available Programs to Assist Individual to Promote Best Interest

       As previously discussed, the Department created a service plan for Mother, which she

signed in March 2017. The service plan required that she complete services relating to parenting,

family violence, individual therapy, and drug abuse. She was also required to submit to random

drug testing. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); Holley, 544

S.W.2d at 371–72. Ms. Jones testified the most important items on Mother’s plan were completion

of a substance abuse treatment program and domestic violence classes. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. According to Ms. Jones,

Mother completed only a parenting class, although Mother claimed to have participated in a

twelve-step program. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); Holley,

544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Mother either failed to submit to drug tests or failed drug tests, and as a

result, she was denied visitation from November 2016 up to the final hearing. See TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Thus, the evidence
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shows that despite the availability of services and programs provided by the Department, Mother

chose not to engage, particularly with regard to the most important issues — drug use and domestic

violence. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); Holley, 544 S.W.2d

at 371–72.

    4. Plans for Children by Those Seeking Custody/Stability of Home or Proposed Placement

        Although Mother testified she deserves a second chance with S.A., the record is devoid of

any evidence regarding her plans for the care of her daughter should she retain custody. See

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. At the time of the hearing, Mother’s housing and employment

status were unknown. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11); Holley,

544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Moreover, she admitted using illegal drugs two weeks before the final

hearing. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(8); id. § 263.307(b)(10); id. § 263.307(b)(11);

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

        As described above, S.A. is currently residing with her paternal aunt and uncle and their

children. She has been with them for more than eight months, and Ms. Jones testified she is bonded

with the family and they are meeting her needs. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. J.G., the

paternal aunt, testified her family desires to adopt S.A. See id. When asked whether she had

spoken to Father or Mother, J.G. stated she had not had any communication with Mother, but

Father told her he “would rather just step out and let me take over the baby, because he knows he

can’t do it.”

    5. Acts or Omissions Suggesting Parent-Child Relationship is Not Proper/Excuses

        With regard to the final Holley factors, the trial court heard evidence of the following acts

and omissions by Mother, establishing the existing parent-child relationship is improper: (1)

Mother’s long-term, untreated drug use; (2) Mother’s failure to deal with domestic violence issues;

(3) evidence of the prior termination of Mother’s parental rights to four other children; and (4)
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Mother’s failure to engage in court-ordered services. See id. With regard to excuses for her acts

and omissions, Mother testified that she has been through a lot — substance abuse and physical

abuse, causing her to lose trust and “burn bridges.” See id. She stated she is “trying to get right,

not using, so — it’s not easy.” She stated she believed she deserved another chance as S.A.’s

mother. When asked why she did not engage in services, she claimed she lacked support — that

she had “been a mess.” See id. However, she stated, in the last two weeks she has “been doing

okay . . . trying to get it right.”

                                           Summation

        After reviewing the evidence above and considering the Holley factors and the statutory

factors in section 263.307(b) of the Code, we conclude the evidence was such that the trial court

could have reasonably determined termination of Mother’s parental rights was in S.A.’s best

interest. See J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108. The evidence shows Mother

has issues relating to domestic violence and drug use, which she failed to address. Mother’s failure

to address these issues subjects S.A. to a life of emotional and physical instability. The evidence

also shows that in the months leading up to the final hearing, Mother managed to complete only

one requirement of her service plan — a parenting class. This was despite Mother’s prior

involvement with the Department, from which she knew that a failure to complete services could

and did result in termination of her parental rights. Moreover, Mother has not challenged the trial

court’s findings that she (1) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed S.A. with persons who

engaged in conduct that endangered S.A.’s physical or emotional well-being; (2) constructively

abandoned S.A.; (3) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically

established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of S.A.; and (4) used a controlled

substance in a manner that endangered the health or safety of S.A. and failed to complete a court-

ordered substance abuse program. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E), (N), (O), (P).
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The grounds for termination are probative on the issue of best interest. See C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28;

B.R., 456 S.W.3d at 615; see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at

371–72.

       Accordingly, after considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to the best

interest finding, we conclude the trial court reasonably could have formed a firm belief or

conviction that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in her daughter’s best interest. See

J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.

                                           CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we hold the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to have

permitted the trial court, in its discretion, to find that termination of Mother’s parental rights was

in the best interest of S.A. Accordingly, we overrule Mother’s sufficiency complaint and affirm

the trial court’s order of termination.

                                                   Marialyn Barnard, Justice




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