                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        MAY 12 2004
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    PATRICK FISHER
                                                                             Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,

          v.                                            No. 03-2106
                                                (D. Ct. No. CR-01-396-MV)
 OSWALDO RAMIREZ BARRON,                                 (D. N.M.)

               Defendant - Appellant.




                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, LUCERO, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.


      After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel

has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material

assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th

Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      Defendant-Appellant Oswaldo Ramirez Barron pleaded guilty to one count

of possessing with intent to distribute more than fifty grams of methamphetamine



      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(A)(viii). Mr. Barron

contends that the District Court erred in failing to grant him a downward

adjustment due to his minor role in the overall drug trafficking endeavor. See

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3B1.2 (2002) (“U.S.S.G.”). We take

jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and AFFIRM.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      In March 2001, Mr. Barron left Calexico, California for Atlanta, Georgia in

a tractor-trailer, acting as translator for the driver, Mr. Lobatos. The truck

contained 123.2 kilograms of cocaine and 2.431 kilograms of methamphetamine.

Mr. Sierra, the presumed ring-leader of the operation, followed the truck in a

separate car. Along the way, they entered the New Mexico Port of Entry in

Gallup, New Mexico. Anticipating that law enforcement officers would discover

the drugs, Mr. Barron fled on foot. Subsequently, the officers arrested Mr.

Lobatos. Mr. Barron was arrested a day later. Apparently, Mr. Sierra remains at

large and has not been charged regarding this incident.

      Mr. Barron pleaded guilty to possessing methamphetamine with intent to

distribute, in exchange for the dropping of all other charges against him.

Although Mr. Lobatos received a minor-participant reduction, the presentencing

report (“PSR”) did not recommend granting Mr. Barron a similar reduction

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. Mr. Barron’s PSR justified this differential


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treatment because he “made the arrangements to transport drugs from Calexico,

California to Atlanta, Georgia,” while Mr. Lobatos did not “direct[] any other

participants.” Mr. Barron filed an objection to the PSR, which the district court

overruled.

      Defense counsel presented the thrust of this objection during the sentencing

hearing:

      [W]e’re contending that [Mr. Barron] was a minor participant. . . .
      There was another individual, . . . Jose Luis Sierra, who is actually
      the overseer, or sort of the foreman . . . of this particular trip . . . . It’s
      our contention that [Mr. Barron] was working at the order of Mr. Jose
      Luis Sierra.


      Mr. Barron attempted to make this argument by proffer. The District Court,

in rejecting this attempt, noted: “This is too important. I don’t want your proffer,

and I won’t accept that, and I don’t have reports to the effect of what you’re

saying. So if you want to put [Mr. Barron] on the stand, that’s fine.” Mr. Barron

proceeded to testify that he was working under the direction of Mr. Sierra. Mr.

Barron’s testimony was the only evidence submitted of his minor role. The

District Court discounted this testimony, stating: “I do not find your testimony

truthful.” Instead, the District Court credited the facts as stated in the PSR as

accurate. Mr. Barron filed a timely notice of appeal.

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      On sentencing appeals, we review the sentencing court’s factual findings

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“for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.”    United States v. Shumway , 112

F.3d 1413, 1426 (10th Cir. 1997). We interpret the Sentencing Guidelines “as if

they were a statute,” United States v. Plotts , 347 F.3d 873, 876 (10th Cir. 1998)

(quotations omitted), and the commentary to the Guidelines as “authoritative

unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a

plainly erroneous reading of” the Guidelines,      Stinson v. United States , 508 U.S.

36, 38 (1993). The defendant has the burden of proving his minor or minimal

participation.   United States v. Harfst , 168 F.3d 398, 401-02 (10th Cir. 1999).

                                   III. DISCUSSION

       On appeal, Mr. Barron argues that the District Court “erred as a matter of

law in failing to consider Mr. Barron’s role in the context of other participants

[i.e., Mr. Sierra] in the relevant conduct for which he was held accountable at

sentencing.” We disagree.

       U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 instructs courts to reduce a defendant’s sentence if “the

defendant was a minimal [or minor] participant in any criminal activity.”

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(a)-(b). According to the commentary, “[t]his guideline is not

applicable unless more than one participant was involved in the offense,”

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, Application Note 2, and it provides a reduction only for “a

defendant who plays a part in committing the offense that makes him substantially

less culpable than the average participant[,]” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, Application Note


                                            -4-
3(A). The court may compare the defendant’s conduct to that of a codefendant or

that of an uncharged person who played a role in the criminal endeavor.      See

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, Application Note 3(A); U.S.S.G. Supplement to Appendix C,

Amendment 635 (2001) (amending U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, Application Note 3(A)).

      Accordingly, we have held that the minor-participant inquiry must “focus

upon the defendant’s knowledge or lack thereof concerning the scope and

structure of the enterprise and of the activities of others involved in the offense.”

United States v. Calderon-Porras   , 911 F.2d 421, 423 (10th Cir. 1990). Given the

nature of this focus, “[t]he determination whether to apply [U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2] . . .

involves a determination that is heavily dependant upon the facts of the particular

case. . . . [T]he court, in weighing the totality of the circumstances, is not

required to find, based solely on the defendant’s bare assertion, that such a role

adjustment is warranted.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, Application Note 3(C).

      The record belies Mr. Barron’s assertion that the District Court did not

consider whether Mr. Barron’s role was minor compared to that of Mr. Sierra, as

it is replete with in-court testimony regarding Mr. Barron’s subservient role in

relation to Mr. Sierra. The following questions asked of Mr. Barron by his

counsel are indicative:

      Q.     Who was Sierra, and what did he do?
      A.     Sierra was in charge of the operation. He had the contacts in
             Los Angeles to receive the drugs, and had the contacts in
             Atlanta to deliver them.

                                       -5-
      Q.     Did you know the contacts in California?
      A.     No.
      Q.     Did you know the contacts in Atlanta?
      A.     No, I didn’t.
      Q.     Okay. Who were you working for during this particular - -
      A.     Jose Luis Sierra.
      Q.     You were working by his orders?
      A.     Yes.
       ....
      Q.     - - would it be fair to say that you were functioning as an
      interpreter?
      ....
      A.     Yes. Yes.
      ....
      Q.     And who were you paid by?
      A.     Jose Luis [Sierra].

A similar discussion, albeit from a different perspective, occurred during the

government’s cross-examination.

      In the face of this record, Mr. Barron asserts that “the [district] court

focused on the slight differences between [Mr. Barron’s] role and that of his co-

defendant, Lobatos, and did not consider the significant difference between Mr.

Barron’s role and that of Sierra.” In so doing, Mr. Barron claims that the District

Court failed to conform to the dictates of U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, Application Note

3(A). See id. (a court “is not precluded” from considering an uncharged person

who played a role in the criminal endeavor when determining whether the

defendant played a minor role).

      This contention misstates the record. As the record demonstrates, the

District Court heard live testimony regarding the respective roles of Messrs.

                                         -6-
Barron and Sierra. The only reasonable conclusion one can reach from the record

is that the District Court considered the distinctions between Messrs. Barron and

Sierra, but did not find Mr. Barron’s testimony credible.

      In a nearly identical U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 case, we held:

      The only evidence that [the defendant] was not himself involved in
      any of these [non-minor] roles is the appellant’s own testimony,
      which the district court could quite reasonably have found not
      credible. . . .Where there are two permissible views of the evidence,
      the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous. A
      defendant’s own testimony that others were more heavily involved in
      a criminal scheme may not suffice to prove his minor or minimal
      participation, even if uncontradicted by other evidence.  United
      States v. Salazar-Samaniega , 361 F.3d 1271, 1278 (10th Cir. 2004)
      (internal citations and quotations omitted).

      As Salazar-Samaniega makes clear, the District Court need not have found

Mr. Barron’s testimony credible; and, absent extraordinary facts not found in this

record, we will not second-guess such a finding by the District Court.   See United

States v. Onheiber , 173 F.3d 1254, 1258 (10th Cir. 1999) (holding that the

defendant’s own testimony that he was “merely a middleman in the transaction,

hired to bring the drugs to another contact, and that he had limited knowledge of

and control over the transaction” was insufficient to prove that he was a minor or

minimal participant).

                                 III. CONCLUSION

       Because the record demonstrates that the District Court heard testimony of



                                           -7-
Mr. Barron’s role in relation to that of Mr. Sierra, but found it untruthful, we

AFFIRM.



                                        ENTERED FOR THE COURT,



                                        Deanell Reece Tacha
                                        Chief Circuit Judge




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