                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                           Assigned on Briefs April 28, 2011

                IN THE MATTER OF: SHYRONNE D. H., et al.

                Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                 No. CT-002074-10      John R. McCarroll, Jr., Judge


                   No. W2011-00328-COA-R3-PT - Filed July 7, 2011


This is a termination of parental rights case with an unusual procedural history. Following
an incident with one of her children, Appellant Mother was charged with one count of
aggravated child neglect or endangerment and one count of aggravated child abuse of a child
under eight years of age. She pleaded guilty to aggravated assault and was sentenced to six
years’ incarceration. In a separate proceeding, the children were adjudicated to be dependent
and neglected and victims of severe child abuse. At the termination of parental rights
hearing, which is the subject of this appeal, the trial court determined that the previous
finding of severe child abuse was res judicata and did not permit the parties to relitigate the
issue. We conclude that the trial court erred in finding the issue of severe child abuse to be
res judicata because the order finding the children to be dependent and neglected and victims
of severe child abuse is not a final judgment. Consequently, Appellant should have been
permitted to present evidence and argument at the termination proceeding as to whether she
committed severe child abuse. The judgment of the trial court is vacated and remanded.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Vacated and
                                    Remanded

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J.,
W.S., and D AVID R. F ARMER, J., joined.

Andrew L. Wener, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Danielle M. H.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; and John J. Baroni, Solicitor General,
for appellee, State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services.

Kimberly Avery Patterson, Guardian Ad Litem, for Shyronne D. H., Corey H., Eriq T. H.,
Amani M. H., Dwayne M. H., and Derrix D. C., Jr.
                                                   OPINION

                                    I. Background Facts & Procedure

        This appeal involves the termination of a mother’s parental rights. Appellant,
Danielle M. H. (“Mother”)1 , is the mother of eight children, although this case involves only
six of her children: Shyronne D. H. (d.o.b. 12/13/1998), Corey H. (d.o.b. 9/5/2000), Eriq T.
H. (d.o.b. 12/8/2001), Amani M. H. (d.o.b. 3/14/2003), Dwayne M. H. (d.o.b. 9/6/2005), and
Derrix D. C., Jr. (“Derrix”) (d.o.b. 3/28/2007).2

        On October 14, 2008, the Criminal Court of Shelby County indicted Mother on one
count of aggravated child neglect or endangerment and one count of aggravated child abuse
of a child under eight years of age.3 These charges arose from an incident occurring on July
23, 2008, between Mother and her son, Derrix. As a result of the July 23 incident, the
children were placed in the custody of their maternal grandmother on August 1, 2008. The
children were then placed in the temporary custody of the Department of Children’s Services
(“DCS”) on November 12, 2008, and have remained in foster homes since that time.
Because of the criminal charges, Mother was incarcerated from October 17, 2008, to May
27, 2009. On August 16, 2010, Mother pleaded guilty to felony aggravated assault and was
sentenced to six years’ incarceration. She is currently incarcerated.

       DCS subsequently petitioned the juvenile court to adjudicate the children dependent
and neglected. On July 7, 2009, the juvenile court sustained DCS’s petition and found the
children to be dependent and neglected pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 37-
1-102(b)(12)(F) and (G).4 The juvenile court also found the children to be victims of severe


          1
         In cases involving minor children, it is this Court’s policy to redact names sufficient to protect the
children’s identity.
          2
         Mother gave birth to two more children, Deandre H. (d.o.b. 11/20/2008) and De’Juan H., after the
six children at issue were taken out of her custody. On November 10, 2010, in a separate proceeding,
Deandre H. was adjudicated dependent and neglected and ordered into his paternal grandmother’s custody.
The appellate record contains no other information regarding De’Juan H.
          3
              Specifically, Mother was indicted for alleged violations of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 39-
15-402.
          4
         In relevant part, Tennessee Code Annotated Section 37-1-102(b)(12) defines a dependent and
neglected child to be a child:

          (F) Who is in such condition of want or suffering or is under such improper guardianship or control
                                                                                               (continued...)

                                                        -2-
child abuse under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 37-1-102(b)(23)(A), due to the severe
physical abuse suffered by Derrix.5 Based on these findings, the juvenile court ordered the
children to remain in DCS’s custody and ordered that Mother could have no contact with
them. Mother appealed this order to the Circuit Court of Shelby County pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 37-1-159.

        On November 9, 2010, the Shelby County Circuit Court, Judge Karen R. Williams
presiding, conducted a de novo appeal of the juvenile court’s dependency and neglect
adjudication. Judge Williams found the children to be dependent and neglected and severely
abused, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 37-1-102(b)(1)6 , -102(b)(12)(F), and
-102(b)(23)(A). Judge Williams based her findings on the “severe injuries Derrix suffered
in the custody of his mother.” Such injuries included, “a cerebral hypoxic brain injury,
subarachnoid hemorrhage in the brain, and extensive bilateral retinal hemorrhages in his
eyes.” As found by Judge Williams, Derrix “now lives with several irreversible medical
conditions, including blindness, an inability to speak, an inability to walk, cerebral palsy, and
a seizure disorder.” Judge Williams found that Derrix’s injuries could not have occurred in
the manner claimed by Mother and found that Mother “caused life-threatening injuries to
Derrix,” which occurred while the other five children were in the home. Additionally, Judge
Williams found that it was in the children’s best interests to remain in DCS’s custody.
Mother appealed the circuit court’s finding of dependency and neglect and severe child abuse
to this Court on November 12, 2010.7


        4
         (...continued)
        as to injure or endanger the morals or health of such child or others;

        (G) Who is suffering from abuse or neglect.


        5
         Tennessee Code Annotated Section 37-1-102(b)(23)(A) defines severe child abuse as “[t]he
knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to protect a child from abuse or neglect that is likely
to cause great bodily harm or death and the knowing use of force on a child that is likely to cause great bodily
harm or death.”
        6
          Tennessee Code Annotated Section 37-1-102(b)(1) provides that, “‘Abuse’ exists when a person
under the age of eighteen (18) is suffering from, has sustained, or may be in immediate danger of suffering
from or sustaining a wound, injury, disability or physical or mental condition caused by brutality, neglect
or other actions or inactions of a parent, relative, guardian or caretaker.”
        7
         We note that Mother filed her appeal in the dependency and neglect matter, Docket No. W2011-
00037-COA-R3-JV, on November 12, 2010. However, the appellate record in that case was not filed with
this Court until May 20, 2011. We have been provided with no reason for the delay. This presents an
unusual circumstance in which an appeal of a termination of parental rights case is decided before an appeal
                                                                                               (continued...)

                                                      -3-
       On April 23, 2010, DCS filed its petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights.8 As
grounds for termination against Mother, DCS alleged: (1) abandonment by failure to
contribute to the support of the children pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 36-
1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(i); (2) abandonment by incarcerated parent pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv); (3) substantial
non-compliance with the permanency plan pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section
36-1-113(g)(2);9 (4) persistent conditions pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-
1-113(g)(3); and (5) severe child abuse pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-
113(g)(4). DCS later amended its complaint to include, as a further ground for termination
of parental rights, that Mother had been sentenced to more than two years’ imprisonment for
committing severe child abuse against Derrix pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section
36-1-113(g)(5). Further, DCS asserted that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in
the best interest of the children.

       Through appointed counsel, Mother filed an answer to DCS’s amended complaint,
denying all of DCS’s claims, asserting multiple affirmative defenses, and denying that it
would be in the best interest of the children for Mother’s parental rights to be terminated.
A termination of parental rights hearing was held in the Shelby County Circuit Court on
November 10 and 15, 2010, with Judge John R. McCarroll presiding. Mother appeared
before the court with counsel, and a guardian ad litem was present to represent the children.

      At the beginning of the termination of parental rights proceeding, DCS introduced
Judge Williams’s order from the dependency and neglect proceeding, which took place the
previous day.10 Therein, Judge Williams found the children to be dependent and neglected


          7
         (...continued)
of a dependency and neglect adjudication.
          8
          In the same petition, DCS sought to terminate the rights of Chamuse H., Corey W., Mark L. J., Erron
L., Dwayne A., Derrix D. C., Sr., and Unknown Father(s) (collectively referred to as the “Fathers”). Mother
testified that Chamuse H. is the father of Shyronne D. H.; Corey W. is the father of Corey H.; Mark L. J. is
the father of Eriq T. H.; Erron L. is the father of Amani M. H.; Dwayne A. is the father of Dwayne M. H.;
and Derrix D. C., Sr. is the father of Derrix. The Fathers’ rights were each eventually terminated and are not
at issue in this appeal.
9
    DCS later dropped this allegation against Mother.
          10
          DCS actually introduced, as trial exhibits 1 and 2, two identical orders entered by Judge Williams.
It appears that the dependency and neglect proceeding for Deandre H. proceeded in the juvenile court
separately from the other children and that both cases were consolidated in Judge Williams’s court. See
supra note 2. However, this is not conclusively established by the appellate record, and we cannot otherwise
                                                                                                 (continued...)

                                                        -4-
and severely abused pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 37-1-102(b)(1),
-102(b)(12)(F), and -102(b)(23)(A). The dependency and neglect order signed by Judge
Williams was entered on the same day that the termination proceedings began, November 10,
2010.11 In introducing this order, DCS sought to have the issue of whether Mother
committed severe child abuse conclusively established under the doctrine of res judicata.
Mother’s attorney objected, arguing that, because the dependency and neglect order had been
entered that same day, it was not a final order subject to res judicata because it could be
appealed or revised within thirty days of its entry. DCS argued that it was a final judgment
under Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 58 and that, although it was subject to
appeal, it was nevertheless a final judgment which would satisfy Tennessee Rules of
Appellate Procedure Rule 3(a). After considering the arguments of counsel, the trial court
ruled from the bench as follows:

                       I think that the issue of severe abuse was obviously
               litigated in a hearing before Judge Williams. I think her
               findings are specific on that issue[,] and I think that the
               relitigation of the issue of severe abuse would not only be
               contrary to the law that has been argued but it would be
               redundant and not a good use of the parties’ or the Court’s time.
               Therefore, based on these [i.e., dependency and neglect]
               Orders[,] I think the issue of severe abuse has been established
               and that [Mother] is estopped from claiming that it’s not.

        DCS later introduced a certified copy of the criminal court judgment in which Mother
pleaded guilty to aggravated assault. The judgment does not name the victim, but Mother
testified during the termination of parental rights hearing that the victim was Derrix. The
remaining evidence at the termination of parental rights hearing tended to establish the best
interests of the children.

      By order entered January 12, 2011, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights
based on the two following grounds:

               Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(4),


                       10
                         (...continued)
ascertain why both orders were introduced. Nevertheless, we refer to the orders singularly because this
appeal does not involve Deandre H., and, as stated, the orders are identical.
       11
         As noted above, Mother appealed this order on November 12, 2010, and her appeal is currently
pending before this Court. See supra note 7.

                                                  -5-
                the Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that [Mother]
                has been found to have committed severe child abuse as defined
                in 37-1-102 against a child who is the subject of the termination
                petition.

                Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(5),
                the Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that [Mother]
                has been sentenced to more than two (2) years’ imprisonment
                for conduct that is severe child abuse against a child who is the
                subject of the petition.

The trial court specifically found that grounds for terminating Mother’s parental rights were
not proven under Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 36-1-113(g)(1) or 36-1-113(g)(3), and
these alleged grounds are not at issue on appeal. The trial court then determined that it was
in the best interest of the children that Mother’s rights be terminated and awarded
guardianship of the children to DCS.

                                          II. Issues Presented

       Mother timely appealed from this judgment on January 5, 2011.12 We have been
presented with the following issues for review, which we restate as follows:

                1. Whether the trial court erred in precluding evidence of
                severe child abuse as res judicata by relying on a dependency
                and neglect finding entered on the first day of the termination of
                parental rights hearing.

                2. Whether clear and convincing evidence supports the
                termination of Mother’s parental rights based on her prison


        12
           Initially, the order appealed was not a final judgment under Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure
Rule 54.02 because the Petition to Terminate Parental Rights of one of the Fathers, Erron L., had not yet been
adjudicated. This Court entered an order on March 18, 2011, requiring Mother either to obtain a final
judgment or to show cause why her appeal should not be dismissed. Accordingly, the trial court entered a
Final Judgment Order pursuant to Rule 54.02. Mr. L.’s parental rights were terminated on March 7, 2011.
Thus, all claims have been adjudicated, and the order appealed is a final judgment. See Tenn. R. App. P.
3(a).

         Also, we note that while Mother’s notice of appeal was prematurely filed, we treat it as being “filed
after the entry of the judgment from which the appeal is taken and on the day thereof.” Tenn. R. App. P.
4(d).

                                                     -6-
                sentence.13

                3. Whether the trial court erred in finding clear and convincing
                evidence that terminating Mother’s parental rights was in the
                best interests of her children?

                                            III. Analysis

        Under both the United States and Tennessee Constitutions, a parent has a fundamental
right to the care, custody, and control of his or her child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645,
651 (1972); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 174 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, the state
may interfere with parental rights only if there is a compelling state interest. Nash-Putnam,
921 S.W.2d at 174-75 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)). Our termination
statutes identify “those situations in which the state's interest in the welfare of a child justifies
interference with a parent's constitutional rights by setting forth grounds on which
termination proceedings can be brought.” In re W.B., Nos. M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT,
M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005) (citing
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)). A person seeking to terminate parental rights must prove
both the existence of one of the statutory grounds for termination and that termination is in
the child's best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367
(Tenn. 2003); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

        Because of the fundamental nature of the parent's rights and the grave consequences
of the termination of those rights, courts must require a higher standard of proof in deciding
termination cases. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. Consequently, both the grounds for
termination and the best interest inquiry must be established by clear and convincing
evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546. Clear and
convincing evidence “establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable . . . and
eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn
from the evidence.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Such
evidence “produces in a fact-finder’s mind a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of
the facts sought to be established.” Id.

       In light of the heightened standard of proof in termination of parental rights cases, a
reviewing court must modify the customary standard of review as set forth in Tennessee
Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 13(d). As to the trial court's findings of fact, our review


        13
         On appeal, DCS raised this issue, as we restate from its appellate brief. We note that DCS
prevailed on this issue in the trial court, and DCS’s brief does not assert any error by the trial court.
Nevertheless, our decision herein necessitates that we discuss this issue in detail below.

                                                  -7-
is de novo with a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise.
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). We must then determine whether the facts, as found by the trial
court, or as supported by the preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly
establish the elements necessary to terminate parental rights. Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d
835, 838 (Tenn. 2002). When the resolution of an issue in a case depends upon the
truthfulness of witnesses, the trial judge who has had the opportunity to observe the witnesses
and their manner and demeanor while testifying is in a far better position than this Court to
decide those issues. See McCaleb v. Saturn Corp., 910 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995);
Whitaker v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The weight, faith, and
credit to be given to any witness's testimony lies in the first instance with the trier of fact, and
the credibility accorded will be given great weight by the appellate court. See McCaleb, 910
S.W.2d at 415; see also Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997).

        Mother argues on appeal that the trial court erred by excluding evidence of severe
child abuse under the doctrine of res judicata. As noted above, the trial court determined that
the issue had been fully litigated in the de novo dependency and neglect hearing, which had
been held in the circuit court the day before. Consequently, the trial court did not permit the
parties to relitigate the issue in the parental rights termination hearing.

        “The doctrine of res judicata, also referred to as claim preclusion, bars a second suit
between the same parties or their privies on the same cause of action with respect to all issues
which were or could have been litigated in the former suit.” Creech v. Addington, 281
S.W.3d 363, 376 (Tenn. 2009) (citing Massengill v. Scott, 738 S.W.2d 629, 631 (Tenn.
1987); Barnett v. Milan Seating Sys., 215 S.W.3d 828, 834–35 (Tenn. 2007)). Res judicata
applies when “an existing final judgment rendered upon the merits, without fraud or
collusion, by a court of competent jurisdiction, is conclusive of rights, questions[,] and facts
in issue as to the parties and their privies, in all other actions in the same or any other judicial
tribunal of concurrent jurisdiction.” Galbreath v. Harris, 811 S.W.2d 88, 90 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1990) (citing Lillard v. Yellow Mfg. Acceptance Corp., 263 S.W.2d 520, 524 (Tenn. 1953)).

       Collateral estoppel, also referred to as issue preclusion, is a species of res judicata.
State v. Thompson, 285 S.W.3d 840, 848 (Tenn. 2009); C.O. Christian & Sons Co. v.
Nashville P.S. Hotel, Ltd., 765 S.W.2d 754, 756 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). Generally, the rule
of collateral estoppel states that “[w]hen an issue of fact or law is actually litigated and
determined by a valid and final judgment, and the determination is essential to the judgment,
the determination is conclusive in a subsequent action between the parties whether on the
same or a different claim.” C.O. Christian & Sons Co., 765 S.W.2d at 756 (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27 (1982)).

       Both res judicata and collateral estoppel promote “finality in litigation, prevent

                                                -8-
inconsistent or contradictory judgments, conserve legal resources, and protect litigants from
the cost and vexation of multiple lawsuits.” Creech, 281 S.W.3d at 376 (citations omitted);
see also State v. Thompson, 285 S.W.3d at 848. Our Supreme Court has summarized the
distinctions between the two related doctrines as follows:

                  The doctrine of res judicata bars a second suit between the same
                  parties or their privies on the same cause of action with respect
                  to all issues which were or could have been litigated in the
                  former suit. Collateral estoppel operates to bar a second suit
                  between the same parties and their privies on a different cause
                  of action only as to issues which were actually litigated and
                  determined in the former suit.

Massengil, 738 S.W.2d at 631.

      Importantly, both res judicata and collateral estoppel require a final judgment from
which to take their preclusive effect.14 State v. Thompson, 285 S.W.3d at 847; Richardson
v. Tennessee Bd. of Dentistry, 913 S.W.2d 446, 459 (Tenn. 1995).

       Determining what constitutes a “final judgment” can be an elusive task because that
term is used in two closely related senses. In the first sense, a judgment is final “‘when it
decides and disposes of the whole merits of the case leaving nothing for the further judgment
of the court.’” Richardson, 913 S.W.2d at 460 (quoting Saunders v. Metro. Gov’t of
Nashville & Davidson Cnty., 383 S.W.2d 28, 31 (Tenn. 1964)). For example, an order
denying a motion for summary judgment or denying a motion to dismiss would not be a final
judgment because the suit remains for disposition. Id. (citations omitted). An appellate
court’s jurisdiction is limited to such final judgments. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a); Smith v. Potter,
No. M2008-01483-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 1162583, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 28, 2009).
This is because “[i]n the absence of an express direction of the court to the contrary, a
judgment that disposes of only some of the claims, issues, or parties is not a final judgment
and is subject to revision by the court at any time before the entry of a final judgment
adjudicating all claims and the rights and liabilities of all parties.” Creech, 281 S.W.3d at
377 (citing Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02; Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a)).

         14
          We note that, in this case, the parties refer to the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel
interchangeably. While the trial court phrased its decision using the term res judicata, it would appear to
this Court that the issue is, in fact, one of collateral estoppel. Nevertheless, it is clear that the trial court used
the term res judicata in its general sense to mean “‘a matter adjudged; a thing judicially acted upon or
decided.’” See Richardson v. Tennessee Bd. of Dentistry, 913 S.W.2d 446, 459 n.11 (Tenn. 1995) (quoting
Black’s Law Dictionary 1174 (5th ed. 1979)). We will use the term res judicata in this general sense for the
remainder of this opinion.

                                                         -9-
        Generally, “a trial court’s judgment becomes final thirty days after its entry unless a
party files a timely notice of appeal or specified post-trial motion.” Id. (citing State v.
Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. 1996); Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a)-(c)); see also
McBurney v. Aldrich, 816 S.W.2d 30, 34 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). Before that time, the
judgment lies “within the bosom of the court” and “may be set aside or amended on motion
of a party or upon the court’s own motion.” McBurney, 816 S.W.2d at 34. It is in this
slightly different, but substantially related, sense of a final judgment in which the doctrine
of res judicata is implicated here. This Court has referred to this as the concept of “final
completion.” Swift v. Campbell, 159 S.W.3d 565, 573 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); see also
Lawrence A. Pivnick, Tennessee Circuit Court Practice § 27:9 n.22 (2010). In this sense,
then, a judgment may be considered “final” in order to confer jurisdiction on an appellate
court pursuant to Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 3(a), while not being “final”
for purposes of res judicata because such an appeal is pending.

        This is, in fact, the rule in Tennessee, where a “‘a judgment is not final and res
judicata where an appeal is pending.’” Creech, 281 S.W.3d at 377-78 (quoting McBurney,
816 S.W.2d at 34); see also Freeman v. Marco Transp. Co., 27 S.W.3d 909, 913 (Tenn.
2000). Our Supreme Court, citing the Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 13 cmt. f, has
noted that Tennessee’s rule is a minority position and that the predominant view in other
jurisdictions is that the “taking of an appeal does not affect the finality of a judgment for res
judicata purposes.” Creech, 281 S.W.3d at 378 n.17 (collecting cases from other
jurisdictions). However, it is an inescapable conclusion that, in Tennessee, a judgment from
a case in which an appeal is pending is not final and cannot be res judicata until all appellate
remedies have been exhausted.15

       This issue has arisen before in the context of parental rights termination cases relying
on earlier findings of dependency and neglect and severe child abuse. In State Department
of Human Services v. Tate, No. 01-A-01-9409-CV-00444, 1995 WL 138858, at *1 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Mar. 31, 1995), this Court reviewed a judgment terminating the parental rights of
a mother to ten of her twelve children. The juvenile court found the children to be dependent


        15
          See generally Humphreys v. BIC Corp., 923 F.2d 854, 1991 WL 4705 (6th Cir. 1991). In
Humphreys, the United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals was faced with the question of whether a
verdict from a Tennessee state court pending appeal was res judicata in a federal action. Id. at *1. After
concluding that Tennessee law did not directly address the question, the court looked to the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure for guidance. Id. at *3. The court ultimately concluded that the state court judgment was
not final and that the trial court prematurely relied upon it as res judicata. Id. Nevertheless, the court
remanded the federal action to the district court pending resolution of the state court action. Id. at *4. The
court was of the opinion that the error in relying on res judicata was only realized if the state court action
was reversed on appeal. Id. We cannot agree that such a result is in keeping with the current development
of Tennessee law or the practicalities of our case.

                                                    -10-
and neglected based in part on its finding of severe child abuse by the mother. Id. at *5. The
circuit court affirmed this finding in a de novo hearing. Id. In the later termination
proceeding, the circuit court held that the previous finding of severe child abuse was res
judicata. Id. However, the circuit court’s application of res judicata was based on the fact
that the mother did not appeal the previous finding of severe child abuse. Id. In affirming the
judgment of the trial court, this Court stated that:

                     We are of the opinion the circuit court did not err in
              finding that the doctrine of res judicata barred the defendant
              from challenging the prior findings of severe child abuse.
              Defendant had a full and fair opportunity to litigate this issue in
              the prior suit. The defendant chose not to appeal the court’s
              order in the prior action, and, therefore, the finding of severe
              child abuse is a final decision, which the defendant is barred
              from challenging.

Id.

        Likewise, In re Heaven L.F., 311 S.W.3d 435 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010), contains a
similar factual scenario. In that case, a mother appealed the termination of her parental rights
to her four children, which relied on an earlier finding of dependency and neglect and severe
child abuse. Id. at 437. The juvenile court had found the children to be dependent and
neglected and found that both the mother and father had committed severe child abuse. Id.
On de novo review, the circuit court affirmed both findings. Id. Both parents appealed to
this Court, and, by our decision entered on February 4, 2009, we affirmed the circuit court’s
finding “that both parents had committed severe child abuse and that the children were
dependent and neglected.” Id. (see In the Matter of H.L.F., 297 S.W.3d 223 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2009)). The father did not appeal our decision, and we noted that, at that point, our
decision that the father had committed severe child abuse became a final judgment. Id. The
mother, on the other hand, sought permission to appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court,
which was denied on June 15, 2009. Id. In a later trial, which was the subject of In re
Heaven L.F., 311 S.W.3d 435, both the mother’s and the father’s parental rights were
terminated, and the mother appealed, asserting that the trial court erred in finding the issue
of whether she committed severe child abuse was res judicata. Id. at 439. On appeal, we
determined that “the order finding that Mother had committed severe child abuse became a
final, non-appealable judgment on June 15, 2009,” (i.e., the date on which her application for
permission to appeal to the Supreme Court was denied). Id. Thus, we concluded that the
issue was properly res judicata. Id. at 439-40.

       In both Tate and In re Heaven L.F., the underlying judgment was final and res

                                              -11-
judicata because the parent had exhausted his or her appellate remedies, either by a failure
to appeal or by a denial of permission to appeal.16 No such finality exists in the instant case.
Here, the dependency and neglect de novo hearing, in which the finding of severe child abuse
was made by Judge Williams, had been held the day before the termination hearing began;
and the resulting order was entered the morning of the first day of the termination hearing.
Presently, Mother’s dependency and neglect case is on appeal to this Court. Given this fact,
we must conclude that while the dependency and neglect order may well have been
admissible in the termination hearing, the issues decided therein were not res judicata, and
the trial court erred in giving them preclusive effect.17 We must next determine the effect of
this error.

        From our review of the transcript, the trial court ascertained that the finding of severe
child abuse made by Judge Williams was sufficient to establish a ground for termination
under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(4). The trial court then allowed DCS
to introduce the criminal court judgment in which Mother pleaded guilty to aggravated
assault in order to establish an alternative ground for termination under Tennessee Code
Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(5). We will discuss each ground in turn.

       Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(4) provides a ground for termination
of parental rights where:

                The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe
                child abuse as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a
                court or is found by the court hearing the petition to terminate
                parental rights or the petition for adoption to have committed
                severe child abuse against the child who is the subject of the
                petition or against any sibling or half-sibling of such child, or
                any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home


        16
           See also Tennessee Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. Hoffmeyer, No. M2002-00076-COA-R3-JV,
2003 WL 1092779 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2003). In Hoffmeyer, the juvenile court entered an order upon
DCS’s petition for temporary custody finding the children to be victims of severe child abuse and dependent
and neglected. Id. at *4-5. When DCS later petitioned to terminate parental rights, it sought to introduce
the prior order as conclusively establishing severe child abuse as a ground for termination. Id. at *6-8. The
juvenile court concluded that the issue of severe child abuse was res judicata. Id. On appeal, we concluded
that the juvenile court’s prior order was interlocutory in nature and not a final judgment. Id. at *8.
Consequently, we held that res judicata could not be applied and vacated the judgment terminating parental
rights. Id.
        17
          Mother has raised no issue as to the admissibility of the dependency and neglect order in the
termination hearing; therefore, we do not address this issue.

                                                    -12-
              of such parent or guardian;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4).

        As excerpted above, the trial court held, pursuant to section 36-1-113(g)(4), that
Mother “has been found to have committed severe child abuse as defined in 37-1-102.” The
trial court’s statements from the bench make clear that it was relying on the finding by Judge
Williams that the children were victims of severe child abuse pursuant to section 37-1-
102(b)(23)(A). As already discussed, the trial court could not properly rely on Judge
Williams’s order as res judicata because it was not yet final. Consequently, under the
circumstances of this case and the express statutory language, the trial court was required to
make an independent finding that Mother committed severe child abuse. Such a finding
would require that evidence and argument be allowed on the matter, which the trial court
expressly precluded. We must, therefore, conclude that the trial court erred in finding a
ground for termination based upon section 36-1-113(g)(4).

       As an alternative ground, the trial court found that Mother’s parental rights should be
terminated pursuant to section 36-1-113(g)(5), which provides that termination is warranted
where:

              The parent or guardian has been sentenced to more than two (2)
              years' imprisonment for conduct against the child who is the
              subject of the petition, or for conduct against any sibling or
              half-sibling of the child or any other child residing temporarily
              or permanently in the home of such parent or guardian, that has
              been found under any prior order of a court or that is found by
              the court hearing the petition to be severe child abuse, as defined
              in § 37-1-102.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(5).

       It is well settled in Tennessee that only one of the statutory grounds must be proven
in order to establish sufficient grounds for termination of parental rights. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(c)(1); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003); Jones v. Garrett, 92
S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002). We have already established that the trial court erred in
applying res judicata to section 36-1-113(g)(4). However, if the trial court’s finding that
section 36-1-113(g)(5) established an independent ground for termination was made without
reliance on res judicata, then we must nevertheless affirm.

       At first blush, it appears that Mother’s conviction for aggravated assault could suffice

                                             -13-
as an independent ground for termination under section 36-1-113(g)(5). She was, after all,
sentenced to six years’ imprisonment for aggravated assault, the victim of which she testified
was her son, Derrix. A close reading of section 36-1-113(g)(5), however, reveals otherwise.
That statute requires that the sentence of imprisonment be “for conduct against the child
. . . that has been found under any prior order of a court or that is found by the court hearing
the petition to be severe child abuse, as defined in § 37-1-102.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(5). Thus, a criminal conviction for aggravated assault, standing alone, is not a
sufficient ground for termination under section 36-1-113(g)(5). Rather, some court order,
either by a prior court or the court hearing the termination petition, must find that the conduct
underlying the conviction constituted severe child abuse as defined by section 37-1-102.

        In this case, Judge Williams, in the dependency and neglect hearing, made the finding
that Mother’s conduct constituted severe child abuse under section 37-1-102(b)(23)(A).18
However, as discussed in detail above, such a finding was not res judicata because the order
was not final. As a result, the trial court in the termination proceeding could not simply adopt
the findings of Judge Williams, but was required instead to make an independent finding that
the conduct underlying Mother’s conviction constituted severe child abuse.

        For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that both grounds upon which the trial court
based its decision to terminate Mother’s parental rights were tainted by its application of res
judicata regarding the issue of severe child abuse. Because the trial could not rely upon the
order of the dependency and neglect court, which was still interlocutory in nature, to
conclusively establish a finding of severe child abuse, it was required to make its own
findings. We concede that the trial court’s order of January 12, 2011, supra, could
conceivably be read to make such independent findings, particularly with regards to section
36-1-113(g)(5). However, in order to make such findings, the trial court must have heard
evidence on the issue. Here, the trial court specifically excluded all evidence and argument
on the issue of severe child abuse. Thus, any finding the trial court purportedly made on that
issue necessarily relied on Judge Williams’s previous finding of severe child abuse, which
was not a final judgment for purposes of res judicata.

        We have thoroughly reviewed the evidence in the record. While there is some
evidence from which a trial court could conclude that Mother committed severe child abuse
(i.e., Mother’s conviction for aggravated assault and her testimony that Derrix was the
victim), such a finding cannot be reached without providing Mother an opportunity to assert
a defense on that issue. As we have stated, the trial court could not simply adopt the order


        18
          We note that the criminal court judgment did not make such a finding. Also, while the juvenile
court made such a finding in its order of July 7, 2009, supra, that finding is part of the dependency and
neglect proceeding which is currently on appeal to this Court. See supra notes 7 and 11.

                                                  -14-
of the dependency and neglect court given its non-final nature. And it could not reach its
own conclusion on the issue because it had precluded any relevant evidence or argument.
The trial court simply cannot give preclusive effect to a non-final order, thereby preventing
Mother from presenting a defense on an issue which, given the procedural posture of the
case, required litigation in the trial court.

        As this Court has stated, “[a] biological parent’s right to the care and custody of his
or her child is among the oldest of the judicially recognized liberty interests protected by the
Due Process Clauses of the federal and state constitutions.” In re Giorgianna H., 205
S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (footnotes omitted) (citing Troxel v. Granville, 530
U.S. 57, 65 (2000); Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 578-79 (Tenn. 1993); Ray v. Ray, 83
S.W.3d 726, 731 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)); see also In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d
793, 809 (Tenn. 2007). “No civil action carries with it graver consequences than a petition
to sever family ties irretrievably and forever.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2004) (citing M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 119 (1996); In re Knott, 197 S.W. 1097,
1098 (Tenn. 1917); In re D.D.K., No. M2003–01016–COA–R3–PT, 2003 WL 23093929,
at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 2003)). Given the grave importance of this fundamental right,
our State has provided that the grounds for termination and the best interest inquiry must be
established by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-113(c)(1); In re
Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). Clear and convincing evidence “establishes
that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable . . . and eliminates any serious or
substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” In re
M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 653. Such evidence “produces in a fact-finder’s mind a firm belief or
conviction regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established.” Id. at 653.

       We conclude that the clear and convincing evidence standard was not met where
Mother was erroneously prevented from asserting her defense on the crucial grounds at issue.
In Conner v. Conner, No. W2007-01711-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 2219255, at *3 n.3 (Tenn.
Ct. App. May 29, 2008), this Court noted that in cases adjudicating important interests, such
as those involving parental rights, the right to present evidence is fundamental to due process.
We have stated before that “we place decrees forever terminating parental rights in the
category of cases in which the state may not bolt the door to equal justice.” Tennessee Dep’t
of Children’s Servs. v. Hoffmeyer, No. M2002-00076-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 1092779, at
*9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2003) (citations and internal quotations omitted). Under the
unique procedural circumstances of this case, it was incumbent upon the trial court to allow
Mother to fully litigate whether she committed severe child abuse sufficient to provide
grounds for termination under Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 36-1-113(g)(4)-(5).

                                       IV. Conclusion


                                              -15-
        For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the judgment and remand this case to the trial
court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. All other issues are pretermitted.
Costs of this appeal are taxed to Appellee, State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s
Services, for which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                    _________________________________
                                                    J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




                                             -16-
