MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
                                                                         FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                               Sep 15 2016, 8:20 am

regarded as precedent or cited before any                                CLERK
                                                                     Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing                            Court of Appeals
                                                                          and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Raymond P. Dudlo                                         Gregory F. Zoeller
Bamberger, Foreman, Oswald, and                          Attorney General of Indiana
Hahn, LLP
                                                         Robert J. Henke
Evansville, Indiana                                      Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Abigail R. Recker
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana




                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of:                                        September 15, 2016
K.S., I.S., D.S., S.S., M.S., and                        Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         26A01-1601-JC-241
G.S., (Minor Children)
                                                         Appeal from the Gibson Circuit
Children in Need of Services and                         Court
T.S. (Mother) and J.S. (Father),                         The Honorable Jeffrey F. Meade,
Appellants-Respondents,                                  Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause Nos.
        v.                                               26C01-1508-JC-165
                                                         26C01-1508-JC-166
The Indiana Department of                                26C01-1508-JC-167
                                                         26C01-1508-JC-168
Child Services,
                                                         26C01-1508-JC-169
Appellee-Petitioner.                                     26C01-1508-JC-170



Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016     Page 1 of 13
      Bailey, Judge.



                                          Case Summary
[1]   T.S. (“Mother”) and J.S. (“Father”) (collectively, “Parents”) appeal the trial

      court’s order adjudicating K.S., I.S., D.S., S.S., M.S., and G.S. (“Children”) as

      Children in Need of Services (“CHINS”), upon the petition of the Gibson

      County Department of Child Services (“DCS”). Parents present a single,

      consolidated issue: whether the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions

      thereon are clearly erroneous. We reverse.



                            Facts and Procedural History
[2]   In January of 2015, DCS received a report that M.S. had been hospitalized and

      diagnosed with failure to thrive. DCS caseworkers went to the home shared by

      Parents and their six children and found it to be “in disarray,” with piles of

      dirty diapers, spoiled food on dishes, vomit covered by a towel, and a lingering

      odor. (Tr. at 24.) The caseworkers had “safe sleep” concerns because G.S., an

      infant, was covered with a heavy blanket. (Tr. at 24.)


[3]   DCS and Parents entered into an informal adjustment, and DCS provided a

      parent aide for the months of January 2015 through June 2015. By June, there

      “were still several concerns,” including feces embedded in carpet. (Tr. at 26.)

      DCS decided to provide a Home Builders representative five days per week.

      The home was organized, decluttered, and cleaned; services were concluded on

      July 27, 2015.
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 2 of 13
[4]   On August 20, 2015, family case manager Brittany Culp (“FCM Culp”) made

      an unannounced visit to the home. FCM Culp observed dishes with spoiled

      food on the counter. She went into the boys’ bedroom and found M.S.

      “covered in loose feces,” as was his “Pack n Play.” (Tr. at 30.) A second FCM

      was present, and discovered G.S. soaked in urine. There were soiled diapers on

      the floor and feces on the wall. Both G.S. and M.S. had severe diaper rash. In

      the girls’ room, there were bowls of old ramen noodles. In the laundry room,

      clothing was piled in a cat litter box. FCM Culp, two other case managers, and

      law enforcement officers removed Children from the home.


[5]   On August 24, 2015, DCS requested authorization to file a Verified Petition

      Alleging that Children were CHINS. DCS alleged that Children needed the

      coercive intervention of the court due to the conditions of the home and further

      alleged that DCS representatives had observed Children to be suffering from

      significant developmental delays. DCS’s request for authorization was granted

      on the same day and Children continued in placement outside Parents’ home.

      Parents were not court-ordered to participate in services, but did so voluntarily.


[6]   A fact-finding hearing was conducted on November 30, 2015. On December

      29, 2015, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions thereon, and

      adjudicated Children to be CHINS. Parents now appeal.



                                 Discussion and Decision


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 3 of 13
                                           Standard of Review
[7]   A CHINS proceeding is a civil action, and thus the State must prove by a

      preponderance of the evidence that a child is a CHINS. In re N.E., 919 N.E.2d

      102, 105 (Ind. 2010) (citing Ind. Code § 31-34-12-3). In reviewing a CHINS

      adjudication, we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of the

      witnesses. In re K.D., 962 N.E.2d 1249, 1253 (Ind. 2012). We consider only the

      evidence that supports the court’s decision and the reasonable inferences drawn

      therefrom. Id. We will reverse only upon a showing that the trial court’s

      decision was clearly erroneous. Id.


[8]   In this case, the trial court sua sponte entered findings of fact and conclusions

      thereon,1 and thus our review is governed by Indiana Trial Rule 52(A). In re

      S.D., 2 N.E.3d 1283, 1287 (Ind. 2014). As to issues covered by the findings, we

      apply a two-tiered standard of review: first we consider whether the evidence

      supports the factual findings, and then whether those findings support the

      court’s judgment. Id. We review the remaining issues under the general

      judgment standard where we will affirm the judgment if it can be sustained on

      any legal theory supported by the evidence. Id.




      1
       The CHINS statutes do not require that findings of fact and conclusions thereon be entered as part of a
      CHINS fact-finding order. Here, neither party made a written request for Trial Rule 52 findings and
      conclusions.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016         Page 4 of 13
                            Adjudication of Children as CHINS
[9]   For the trial court to adjudicate a child a CHINS, DCS must prove three

      elements: (1) the child is under the age of eighteen; (2) one of eleven statutory

      circumstances (codified in Indiana Code sections 31-34-1-1 to -11) exist that

      would make the child a CHINS; and (3) the child needs care, treatment, or

      rehabilitation that he or she is not receiving and that is unlikely to be provided

      or accepted without the coercive intervention of the court. In re K.D., 962

      N.E.2d at 1253 (citing In re. N.E., 919 N.E.2d at 105). DCS alleged that

      Children were CHINS under Section 31-34-1-1, the general neglect provision,

      which states:

              A child is a child in need of services if before the child becomes
              eighteen (18) years of age:


              (1) the child’s physical or mental condition is seriously impaired
              or seriously endangered as a result of the inability, refusal, or
              neglect of the child’s parent, guardian, or custodian to supply the
              child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, medical care,
              education, or supervision; and


              (2) the child needs care, treatment, or rehabilitation that:


                  (A) the child is not receiving; and


                  (B) is unlikely to be provided or accepted without the coercive
                  intervention of the court.


      I.C. § 31-34-1-1.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 5 of 13
[10]   Not every endangered child is a CHINS, permitting the State’s parens patriae

       intrusion into private family life. In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1287. The proper focus

       is upon the best interests of the child and whether the child needs help that the

       parent will not be willing or able to provide – not whether the parent is guilty or

       deserving of a CHINS adjudication. Id. at 1285.


[11]   A CHINS adjudication under the general neglect provision “requires three basic

       elements: that the parent’s actions or inactions have seriously endangered the

       child, that the child’s needs are unmet, and (perhaps most critically) that those

       needs are unlikely to be met without State coercion.” Id. at 1287. The coercive

       intervention prong exists to protect families from unnecessary state intrusion.

       Id. A CHINS finding should consider the family’s condition when the case was

       filed, but also when the case is heard. Id. at 1290.


                                                Findings of Fact

[12]   Parents contend that DCS failed to show that Children’s needs are unlikely to

       be met without State coercion.


[13]   The trial court entered findings of fact regarding the birth dates of Children, the

       informal adjustment, the conditions of the home on August 20, 2015, the

       removal, and the procedural history. As for findings of fact based upon the

       testimony presented at the fact-finding hearing, the trial court found that

       Parents had expressed a preference for “unschooling,” Children exhibited

       developmental delays, a “parenting stress index” revealed low scores, and

       “decisions made by the parents indicate that they are either unwilling or unable

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 6 of 13
       to sustain a safe and sanitary environment or provide consistent, attentive

       supervision and care for the children.” (App. at 42-43.)


[14]   The court entered the following conclusions:


               3. The Court finds that DCS has proven by a preponderance of
               the evidence the following pursuant to I.C. § 31-34-1-1:


               a. The children’s mental or physical health is seriously impaired
               or seriously endangered as the result of the inability, refusal, or
               neglect of the parents to provide the children with necessary
               supervision.


               b. The children are in need of care, treatment, or rehabilitation
               which the children are not receiving and are unlikely to receive
               without the coercive intervention of the Court.


       (App. at 44.)


[15]   As the State observes, Parents do not – for the most part – dispute the accuracy

       of the factual findings. Parents concede that they did not place Children (all of

       whom were under age seven when removed) in public schools. Mother had

       made reference to “unschooling,” a method relying heavily upon field trips and

       specific requests from a child to be taught something. (Tr. at 217.) Moreover,

       Parents do not contest the fact that they participated in testing administered by

       Art Therapist Anna Durbin (“Durbin”), and that Durbin testified that she

       concluded each parent had essentially the same “maladaptive behaviors” such




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 7 of 13
       as spousal over-dependence, a preference for being alone, sleep difficulties,

       anxiety, and a lack of interest in life activities. (Tr. at 152.)2


[16]   In short, Parents do not dispute the fact that their home was unsanitary and in

       disarray at the time of Children’s removal. Nor do they challenge findings that

       subsequent testing has revealed some child developmental delays or parental

       stressors. Rather, they argue that they cooperated fully with DCS services to

       address concerns, even without a court order, and have remedied each

       condition identified to them. They maintain that the State did not establish the

       critical element for a CHINS adjudication, that is, “needs unlikely to be met

       without State coercion.” In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1287. They claim that this case

       is analogous to In re S.D., wherein our Indiana Supreme Court concluded in

       relevant part: “S.D. and her sibling were legitimately in need of services when

       DCS filed its petitions. But by the fact-finding hearing, Mother had voluntarily




       2
         Parents strenuously objected, without success, to the admission of Durbin’s mental health opinion
       testimony. Durbin testified that she is not a licensed social worker and holds a master’s degree in art therapy.
       She testified that her home-based services employer had taught her to administer a test she called “parenting
       stress index” and “the results are then overlooked [sic] by a licensed clinical social worker” who “writes the
       report” that Durbin “drew from.” (Tr. at 137.) According to Durbin, someone she identified as Shirley
       Pryer “wrote what the interpretation of it was” and then Durbin had “the quotes from her report of what she
       said, and then what the report says in certain criteria, certain scoring elements.” (Tr. at 139.) As described
       by Durbin: “The report has different recommendations like if these are the scores, it says these things are
       possible.” (Tr, at 139.)
       When the trial court inquired whether the “PSI” is “a full-blown psych evaluation,” Durbin responded that
       she was “unsure.” (Tr. at 140.) She explained: “I’ve never done a psych eval. I do parenting stress index. I
       do the safe assessment with clients and the Vineland Adaptive Assessment. I also do the substance abuse
       assessment as well. It just depends on the referral, what things are included in that.” (Tr. at 140.) The trial
       court then sustained Parents’ hearsay objection and struck the parenting stress index report from evidence.
       Nonetheless, Durbin was permitted to testify as to the results of the Vineland Adaptive Assessment, which
       she “did score” personally. (Tr. at 145.) It concerns adaptive or mal-adaptive behaviors.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016           Page 8 of 13
       addressed all but one of those concerns to the trial court’s satisfaction.” Id. at

       1290.


[17]   Here, the findings are silent on Parent’s satisfaction of DCS goals post-removal.

       However, the record is replete with evidence of parental cooperation. In

       relevant part, FCM Culp testified:

               Question: Were [Parents] always willing to cooperate with your
               recommendations on [sic] the service providers?


               Culp: Yes, they were.


               Question: Did that remain true to this day?


               Culp: Yes.


       (Tr. at 54.) FCM Culp acknowledged that Parents were “participating in

       services of their own volition,” had made improvements to their home, and had

       regularly visited with Children (bringing along appropriate supplies). (Tr. at

       94.) She testified that Parents agreed to First Steps services for the younger

       children, had not opposed enrollment of the older siblings in public school,

       “agreed to use a parent aide,” and had cooperated with drug screens despite no

       indication of illegal drug use by either parent. (Tr. at 99.)


[18]   According to FCM Culp, “[Parents] have completed all the services that [DCS]

       requested,” but she also noted that psychological evaluations were not

       completed by the time of the fact-finding hearing. (Tr. at 113.) She explained

       that Mother had texted to ask when that would take place. FCM Culp
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 9 of 13
       responded that she didn’t know when, but that she had sent the referral. There

       was no suggestion that any delay was attributable to either parent. Also, FCM

       Culp acknowledged that Mother had requested a meeting with the DCS

       educational liaison, but the meeting had not been arranged.


[19]   FCM Culp testified that she had not been notified of any concerns arising

       during parental visits. Lead parenting time supervisor Kirsti Hicks testified that

       Parents and Children exhibited bonding, Parents posed no danger to Children,

       and the parent-child interactions during three-hour visits appeared appropriate.


[20]   Despite her acknowledgment that Parents were fully cooperative, Parents had

       “rectified home conditions” obviating danger, and Parents had behaved

       appropriately during parenting time, FCM Culp insisted that Children should

       remain out of the home. (Tr. at 110.) This opinion stemmed from her

       “concern that something may happen.” (Tr. at 109.) Ultimately, FCM Culp

       agreed that Parents “didn’t need to change anything they’re doing; they need to

       continue what they’re doing.” (Tr. at 112.)


[21]   In sum, Parents fully cooperated with service providers, participated in

       appropriate visits with Children, rectified home conditions, and, at times,

       proactively inquired about other services. In light of the history of parental

       participation, we hope appropriate services can continue cooperatively as

       necessary for the benefit of the children and maintenance of the family unit.

       Regardless, the concerns of DCS personnel, without specific evidentiary

       foundation, do not justify continued State coercive intrusion into Parents’ and


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 10 of 13
       Children’s family life. “The intrusion of a CHINS judgment … must be

       reserved for families who cannot meet those needs without coercion—not those

       who merely have difficulty doing so.” In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1285 (emphasis in

       original). Here, the evidence does not establish a critical element for a CHINS

       adjudication, that is, the need for State coercion.



                                               Conclusion
[22]   The trial court’s order, unsupported by evidence that Children’s needs are

       unlikely to be met without State coercion, is clearly erroneous.


[23]   Reversed.


       Riley, J., concurs.
       Barnes, J., dissents with separate opinion.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 11 of 13
                                                 IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      In the Matter of:
      K.S., I.S., D.S., S.S., M.S., and                        Court of Appeals Cause No.
      G.S., (Minor Children),                                  26A01-1601-JC-241

      Children in Need of Services and

      T.S. (Mother) and J.S. (Father),
      Appellants-Respondents,

              v.

      The Indiana Department of
      Child Services,
      Appellee-Petitioner.




      Barnes, Judge, dissenting.


[1]   I believe the CHINS petition was appropriate and proved by DCS by a

      preponderance of the evidence. The services extended here have been plentiful,

      constant, and needed. I see no realistic hope that the children will receive the

      services and protection they deserve without “the coercive intervention of the

      court.” Ind. Code § 31-34-1-1. The parents here may have made recent

      improvements, but the trial court was permitted to consider their history of

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 12 of 13
failure to maintain such improvements. I cannot say that the trial court’s

decision was clearly erroneous. The majority’s decision to the contrary, I

believe, is a reweighing of the evidence. Given the significant deference we give

to trial courts in such matters, I would affirm.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 26A01-1601-JC-241 | September 15, 2016   Page 13 of 13
