                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________           FILED
                                                U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             No. 09-13833         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                     MARCH 9, 2010
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                                                       JOHN LEY
                       ________________________
                                                        CLERK

                 D. C. Docket No. 08-00187-CR-CAP-1-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

JOSEPH MANN PROPST,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Georgia
                     _________________________

                              (March 9, 2010)




Before CARNES, BARKETT and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Joseph Mann Propst appeals his convictions and sentences for two counts of

possession of heroin with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a),

(b)(1)(B), and (b)(1)(C), and two counts of possession of a firearm in furtherance

of a drug offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).

                                           I.

      Propst challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress

evidence seized from his apartment by law enforcement, acting pursuant to a

search warrant, on March 9, 2006. He contends that the affidavit in support of the

search warrant failed to establish a connection between his apartment and any

criminal activity and omitted material information.

      “In reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we review the

findings of fact for clear error and the application of law to those facts de novo.”

United States v. Lee, 586 F.3d 859, 864 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks

omitted). We construe all facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing

party—in this case, the government. See United States v. Steed, 548 F.3d 961, 967

(11th Cir. 2008).

      To be valid, a search warrant must be supported by probable cause. U.S.

Const. amend. IV. The affidavit underlying the search warrant must “state facts

sufficient to justify a conclusion that evidence or contraband will probably be



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found at the premises to be searched.” See United States v. Martin, 297 F.3d 1308,

1314 (11th Cir. 2002). “Specifically, the affidavit should establish a connection

between the defendant and the residence to be searched and a link between the

residence and any criminal activity.” Id.

      The search warrant affidavit stated that on March 9, 2006 police responded

to a call that shots were fired in the area of Propst’s apartment. The responding

officer talked to Propst who stated that he had been shot in the left hand. He told

the officer that after being shot he retrieved a gun from his apartment and fired

several times at the person who shot him. The responding officer observed a trail

of blood leading from the street to the door of Propst’s apartment, corroborating

his story. Although Propst contends otherwise, those factual allegations were

sufficient to establish a connection between Propst’s apartment and criminal

activity. Propst’s argument that the affidavit omitted material information because

it did not state that the police had recovered a gun from his brother’s car is without

merit. That “omission” does not undermine the district court’s finding that

probable cause existed to search his apartment. See United States v. Kapordelis,

569 F.3d 1291, 1309 (11th Cir. 2009) (stating that “even intentional or reckless

omissions will invalidate a warrant only if inclusion of the omitted facts would

have prevented a finding of probable cause”) (internal quotation marks and



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alterations omitted). Even if Propst used the gun recovered from his brother’s car

to return fire at the person who shot him, additional evidence of the shooting

reasonably could have been found in his apartment. The district court properly

denied his suppression motion.

                                          II.

      Propst also contends that the district court erred in failing to suppress

evidence seized from his apartment on October 19, 2007. A bail bondsman entered

Propst’s apartment on October 19 to apprehend him—after a security guard

employed by his apartment complex opened his apartment door. While in the

apartment looking for Propst, the bail bondsman saw weapons, drug paraphernalia,

and what he believed to be heroin. The bail bondsmen contacted law enforcement

and, based on that information, they obtained a warrant to search Propst’s

apartment. Propst argues that the bail bondsman was a state actor because the

security guard who opened his apartment door was allegedly an off-duty sheriff.

Because the bail bondsman did not have a warrant, Propst contends that his entry

of the apartment was illegal and thus all evidence recovered as a result of his entry

should have been suppressed.

      “A search by a private person does not implicate the Fourth Amendment

unless he acts as an instrument or agent of the government.” United States v.



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Steiger, 318 F.3d 1039, 1045 (11th Cir. 2003). To determine whether a private

person was acting as an instrument or agent of the government, we consider two

factors. Those factors are: “(1) whether the government knew of and acquiesced in

the intrusive conduct, and (2) whether the private actor’s purpose was to assist law

enforcement efforts rather than to further his own ends.” Id.; see also United States

v. Ford, 765 F.2d 1088, 1090 (11th Cir. 1985) (holding that the district court

properly denied motion to suppress where there was no evidence that the

government “had any pre-knowledge of the search [or] that the agents openly

encouraged or cooperated in the search”).

      The district court properly denied Propst’s suppression motion because the

bail bondsman was acting as a private individual when he entered Propst’s

apartment. The bail bondsman’s purpose in entering the apartment was to

apprehend Propst—not to assist law enforcement. Even if the security guard who

opened the door for the bail bondsman was an off-duty sheriff, he was acting in his

capacity as a security guard—not in his capacity as a sheriff—at the time he

opened the door. Because all the parties involved in the entry were acting as

private individuals, Propst’s suppression motion was properly denied. See Steiger,

318 F.3d at 1045.

                                         III.



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      Propst also contends that the district court erred in failing to suppress

statements he made during custodial interviews on October 19 and 22, 2007. He

argues that he invoked his right to counsel during the October 19 interview, but the

interrogating officers ignored his request and continued questioning him. Propst

asserts that his subsequent statements, including statements he made during a

separate interview on October 22, should have been suppressed.

      “When a suspect undergoing a custodial interrogation asserts his right to

counsel, the interrogation must cease.” Mincey v. Head, 206 F.3d 1106, 1131–32

(11th Cir. 2000). The suspect’s request for counsel must be unambiguous and

unequivocal. See United States v. Acosta, 363 F.3d 1141, 1152–53 (11th Cir.

2004); see also Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 461–62, 114 S. Ct. 2350,

2356 (1994) (“If the suspect’s statement is not an unambiguous or unequivocal

request for counsel, the officers have no obligation to stop questioning him.”);

Acosta, 363 F.3d at 1152 (“If the statement is ambiguous or equivocal, then the

police have no duty to clarify the suspect’s intent, and they may proceed with the

interrogation.”). The suspect “must articulate his desire to have counsel present

sufficiently clearly that a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would

understand the statement to be a request for an attorney.” Davis, 512 U.S. at 459,

114 S. Ct. at 2355. If the suspect’s request is subject to “two reasonable,



                                           6
competing interpretations,” it is ambiguous, and the interrogation may continue.

See Acosta, 363 F.3d at 1155.

      During the October 19 interview after signing a written waiver of his

Miranda rights and agreeing to answer the officers’ questions, Propst asked the

officers whether they could make a deal with him in exchange for his cooperation

and inquired about the sentence he would receive if convicted of the charged

offenses. In response, one of the officers stated:

      I don’t know offhand . . . . I am not a judge . . . . I am not making you
      any promises. I am not making you any guarantees that I can get you
      out of something. Cause that is not something that is going to happen.
      I do not have any control over that.

Propst responded “I mean, I’d rather have a lawyer around to talk or, you know

what I am saying, have some papers saying something, you know.” After one of

the officers explained that written deals for cooperation were only available on

television, Propst continued answering the officers’ questions.

      After a careful review of the record, we conclude that Propst’s request for

counsel during the October 19 interview was ambiguous and thus the interrogating

officers were not required to cease questioning. Propst made a reference to a

lawyer after asking the officers whether they could make a deal with him. He

qualified his reference to a lawyer by saying: “you know what I am saying, have

some papers saying something.” Under the circumstances, a reasonable officer

                                           7
could have concluded that Propst was not requesting to have a lawyer present

during the interview but rather was requesting a written deal in exchange for his

cooperation. The district court did not err in denying Propst’s motion to suppress

his October 19 statements. Because Propst waived his Miranda rights and never

invoked his right to counsel during the October 22 interview, the district court also

properly admitted those statements.

                                         IV.

      Propst contends that the government improperly commented on his right to

remain silent during closing arguments. He takes issue with the prosecutor’s

comment that:

      If [Propst] were truly an innocent victim on March 9, 2006, why
      wouldn’t he cooperate more? Why wouldn’t he have done everything
      in his capacity to help the police find Memphis, give them a last name,
      give them about this girl who was driving the car allegedly who may
      have been a girl friend depending on the story that he is telling the
      police?

He also takes issue with the prosecutor’s comment that “he asked, well, what do

you want—he asked for some paper. He wanted some sort of deal and wouldn’t

even tell them anything unless he protected himself. Again, always protecting

himself and his business.”

       Because Propst did not object to the prosecutor’s comments until he filed

his motion for a new trial, we review only for plain error. See United States v.

                                          8
Newton, 44 F.3d 913, 920–21 (11th Cir. 1995). “For there to be plain error, there

must (1) be error, (2) that is plain, (3) that affects the substantial rights of the party,

and (4) that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of a

judicial proceeding.” United States v. Foley, 508 F.3d 627, 637 (11th Cir. 2007)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       “We subject allegations of prosecutorial misconduct to a ‘two-part test.’ ”

United States v. Campa, 529 F.3d 980, 997 (11th Cir. 2008). We determine “(1)

whether the challenged comments were improper and (2) if so, whether they

prejudicially affected the substantial rights of the defendant.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted). After a defendant has been arrested and advised of his

right to remain silent, there is an implicit assurance that his “silence will carry no

penalty.” Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 618, 96 S. Ct. 2240, 2245 (1976).

However, “a defendant who voluntarily speaks after receiving Miranda warnings

has not been induced to remain silent,” and the prosecution may comment on those

statements to challenge a legal theory asserted by the defendant or to highlight

material omissions in the statements. United States v. Dodd, 111 F.3d 867, 869–70

(11th Cir. 1997). The prosecution may also comment on a defendant’s silence if it

occurred prior to the time that the defendant was arrested and given a Miranda

warning. See United States v. Rivera, 944 F.2d 1563, 1568 (11th Cir. 1991).



                                             9
      Neither of the prosecutor’s comments challenged by Propst were improper.

The prosecutor’s statement regarding his lack of cooperation on March 9, 2006

was not improper because it related to Propst’s behavior before being arrested and

advised of his Miranda rights. See Rivera, 944 F.2d at 1568. The prosecutor’s

statement regarding Propst’s request for a deal during his October 19, 2007

custodial interview also was not improper. Propst did not invoke his right to

remain silent during that interview, and the prosecutor’s comment challenged

Propst’s assertion during closing that he was only a drug user—not a drug dealer.

See Dodd, 111 F.3d 869–70. We conclude that no error occurred, plain or

otherwise.

                                          V.

      Finally, Propst contends that the district court erred in concluding that it was

required under § 924(c)(1) to impose mandatory consecutive sentences for each of

his firearm convictions. He argues that his second firearm conviction in Count 7

required a mandatory minimum 25-year sentence under § 924(c)(1)(C)(i), and

therefore the district court erred in imposing an additional 5-year consecutive

sentence under § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) for the firearm conviction in Count 5. He asserts

that under the “except” clause in § 924(c)(1)(A) the district court should have only

sentenced him to 25 years imprisonment for both firearm convictions. We rejected



                                          10
this argument in United States v. Tate, 586 F.3d 936 (11th Cir. 2009). See id. at

947 (holding that district court did not err in sentencing the defendant to

consecutive terms of imprisonment for his three firearm convictions). As in Tate,

the district court did not err in imposing the mandatory minimum sentence for each

of Propst’s firearm convictions and running them consecutive to each other.

      AFFIRMED.




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