                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


FREDERICK BANKS,                              )
                                              )
               Plaintiff,                     )
                                              )
       v.                                     )       Civil Action No. 06-1950 (EGS)
                                              )
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, et al.,                )
                                              )
               Defendants.                    )


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff filed a ten-count Complaint under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), see

5 U.S.C. § 552, and the Privacy Act, see 5 U.S.C. § 552a, against various government entities,

alleging their failure to release requested information about himself, other individuals, and

corporate entities. This matter is before the Court on the parties’ cross-motions for summary

judgment with respect to plaintiff’s FOIA claims against the United States Postal Investigation

Service (“USPIS”) (Counts Five and Six) and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) (Counts

Nine and Ten). The Court will deny the motions without prejudice.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

               A. United States Postal Investigation Service (Counts Five and Six)

       According to the Complaint, “[p]laintiff[] propounded a renewed request to the [USPIS]

under the [FOIA],” Compl. ¶ 13, and the USPIS “did not provide the requested records.” Id. ¶

14. Plaintiff neither specified a particular request by tracking number, nor indicated the date on

which he submitted the request. See id.



                                                  1
       According to the USPIS, between 2005 and 2009, plaintiff submitted seven FOIA

requests, three of which are relevant to this action. See Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot.

to Dismiss and for Summ. J. [Dkt. #54], Ex. B (“Baxter Decl.”) [Dkt. #54-3] ¶ 4. These three

requests were dated December 28, 2004, July 11, 2005, and March 19, 2006, and the USPIS

assigned each a separate tracking number. Id. ¶¶ 4-5, 11 and 14.

       The Court already has granted summary judgment in the USPIS’ favor with respect to the

March 19, 2006 request (FOIA No. 2006-FPIS-00167), which the agency received on March 24,

2006. Banks v. Dep’t of Justice, 538 F. Supp. 2d 228, 234-35 (D.D.C. 2008). Remaining for this

Court’s resolution, then, are the adequacy of the USPIS’ search for records responsive to

plaintiff’s December 28, 2004, and July 11, 2005, FOIA requests (respectively, FOIA Nos. 2005-

FPIS-00020 and 2005-FPIS-00180), and the agency’s justification for withholding certain

information under Exemptions 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. See id.; Banks v. Dep’t of Justice, 605 F. Supp.

2d 131, 142 (D.D.C. 2009).

                      B. Federal Bureau of Prisons (Counts Nine and Ten)

       The Court already has concluded that the BOP’s search for records responsive to

plaintiff’s FOIA request was adequate and reasonable under the circumstances. See Banks, 605

F. Supp. at 140. Missing from the record at that time was an explanation for the agency’s

decision to withhold in full “four pages of records found in plaintiff’s Central and Medical Files”

under FOIA Exemptions 5, 6, 7(C), and 7(F). Id. For this reason, the Court denied summary

judgment without prejudice as to Counts Nine and Ten. Id.




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                                         II. DISCUSSION

                             A. Summary Judgment in a FOIA Case

       The Court may grant a motion for summary judgment “if the pleadings, the discovery and

disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating an absence of a genuine issue of

material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Factual assertions in the

moving party’s affidavits may be accepted as true unless the opposing party submits his own

affidavits, declarations or documentary evidence to the contrary. Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453,

456 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

       In a FOIA case, the Court may grant summary judgment based on the information

provided in affidavits or declarations when these submissions describe “the documents and the

justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information

withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary

evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey,

656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). Such affidavits or declarations are accorded “a presumption

of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by ‘purely speculative claims about the existence and

discoverability of other documents.’” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 926 F.2d

1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. Cent. Intelligence Agency,

692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).




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        B. The USPIS’ Motion for Summary Judgment Will Be Denied Without Prejudice

               1. The USPIS Does Not Demonstrate that its Searches for Records
                   Responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA Requests Were Adequate

       “An agency fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond material

doubt that its search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” Valencia-

Lucena v. United States Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Truitt v.

Dep’t of State, 897 F.2d 540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). “[T]he issue to be resolved is not whether

there might exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request, but rather whether the

search for those documents was adequate.” Weisberg v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d

1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (citing Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 128 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (per

curiam)). “The agency is required to set forth the search terms used and the search conducted, . .

. as well as to describe the structure of the file systems searched[.]” Int’l Counsel Bureau v.

United States Dep’t of Defense, 657 F. Supp. 2d 33, 38 (D.D.C. 2009) (citations omitted). The

agency “may rely upon reasonably detailed, nonconclusory affidavits submitted in good faith” to

demonstrate the adequacy of its search. Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 128 (citations omitted). In the

absence of contrary evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to demonstrate an

agency’s compliance with the FOIA. Id. at 127; see Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d

724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). If the record “leaves substantial doubt as to the sufficiency of the

search, summary judgment for the agency is not proper.” Truitt, 897 F.2d at 542.

                             a. The USPIS Investigative File System

       The USPIS is the “law enforcement component of the United States Postal Service[.]”

Baxter Decl. ¶ 1. “The Chief Postal Inspector is the official custodian of all Inspection Service



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records, including records relating to criminal investigations that are maintained by the [USPIS].”

Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summ. J. [Dkt.

#20], Decl. of Lawrence Katz (“Katz Decl.”) [Dkt. #23-1] ¶ 2. Files containing records of the

USPIS’ active criminal, civil and administrative investigations generally are located “in the

responsible Inspection Service field division office[,] and closed case files are stored in

Inspection Service Operations Support Centers until transferred to a Federal records center.” Id.

       Investigative files “may contain investigative reports, notes and memoranda, background

data including arrest records, statements of informants and witnesses, laboratory reports of

evidence analysis, search warrants, [and] summons[es] and subpoenas,” and also may contain

records pertaining to consensual electronic surveillance. Katz Decl. ¶ 18. In addition, the

Investigative File System may contain personal data such as fingerprint and handwriting samples,

voiceprints, photographs, and individual personnel and payroll information. Id. In order to

retrieve personal data from these files, one uses an individual’s name or Social Security number

as a search term. Id. Two systems of records, the Inspection Service Database Information

System (“ISDBIS”) and the Inspection Service’s Integrated Information System (“ISIIS”),

“contain additional or summary duplicative case files and other information in support of

investigations.” Id. For example, the ISIIS “contains the case management system utilized by

postal inspectors to track and document USPIS criminal investigative cases.” Baxter Decl. ¶ 5.

                                 b. Request No. 2005-FPIS-00020

       In his December 28, 2004 request, plaintiff sought information pertaining to himself and

entities called Vampire Nation, Hexagon, LLC, Hexagon Records, Search Syndicate, Inc.,

Merakesh Armano, HLLC, and HLC. Katz Decl., Ex. A at 1. In addition, plaintiff requested


                                                  5
records pertaining to nine individuals. Id. at 1-2. He specified that “[t]he searches should not be

limited to criminal files.” Id. at 1. The USPIS acknowledged receipt of the request, and assigned

the matter a tracking number, FOIA No. 2005-FPIS-00020. Id., Ex. B (January 7, 2005 letter

from L. Freeman, Information Disclosure Technician, Office of Counsel, USPIS). Staff

conducted “an electronic record search . . . of . . . ISIIS[,]” which yielded two files: “an open

case 0583-1407269-ECMT(1) in the [USPIS] Pittsburgh Division[,] and a closed case[,] 0472-

1163144-FC(2).” Baxter Decl. ¶ 5. USPIS staff obtained from the Procurement and

Administrative Service Center in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, a photocopy of the original case

file for closed Case No. 0472-1163144-FC(2). Id. ¶ 9. From this closed case file, the USPIS

released 99 pages of redacted records on April 15, 2005. Id. ¶ 9.

                                 c. Request No. 2005-FPIS-00180

       In his July 11, 2005 FOIA request, plaintiff sought “every record that [the USPIS has] in

every database” pertaining to the following corporate entities and individuals: VCD Street,

Intelli-Soft, Matt Anderson, Claudio Lopez, Global Business System, GHS Systems, Microsharp,

ebay@meetyourprice.com, meetyourprice.com, ADW International, Inc., Dan Wash, and Rob

Morgan. Katz Decl., Ex. M (FOIA/PA Request) at 1. The USPIS acknowledged receipt of the

request, and assigned the matter a tracking number, FOIA No. 2005-FPIS-00180. Id., Ex. N

(August 5, 2005 letter from T.A. Warner, Information Disclosure Technician, Office of Counsel,

USPIS) at 1. Staff interpreted the request as one for “all database records . . . regarding VCD

STREET, Intelli-Soft, Global Business System, GHS Systems, Microsharp, ADW International,

Inc., and four individuals.” Baxter Decl. ¶ 11. An electronic search of ISIIS for records yielded

one open case, No. 0583-1407269-ECMT(1). Id. ¶ 12.


                                                  6
                          d. Plaintiff’s Challenge to the USPIS’ Searches

       Plaintiff contends that the USPIS did not conduct adequate searches for records

responsive to his requests because the agency “only searched certain databases[,]”

notwithstanding his request that “all databases . . . be searched.” Pl.’s Reply to Defs. United

States Postal Investigation Serv. and Fed. Bureau of Prisons Mot. for Summ. J. and Pl.’s Mot. for

Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Opp’n and Cross-Mot. for Summ. J.”) at 3.

       “The [C]ourt applies a ‘reasonableness’ test to determine the ‘adequacy’ of a search

methodology[.]” Campbell v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 27 (D.C. Cir. 1998)

(quoting Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 1351). Although an agency need not search every record system,

see Oglesby v. United States Dep’t of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990), an “agency

cannot limit its search to only one record system if there are others that are likely to turn up the

information requested.” Id. In this case, the USPIS, through its supporting declarations, explains

the manner by which the searches were conducted, and suggests the search terms used.

However, in light of plaintiff’s explicit request that the USPIS’ searches not be limited to

criminal files, the agency does not explain why plaintiff’s requests for information about himself

are presumed to implicate investigative files maintained in the ISIIS. Moreover, the USPIS does

not explain sufficiently its interpretations of plaintiff’s FOIA requests. With respect to Request

No. 2005-FPIS-00020, the USPIS does not explain a rationale for “routinely interpret[ing]” a

request such as plaintiff’s for information about himself and specified corporate entities as one

from “an individual seeking records maintained in the Inspection Service Investigative File

System.” Baxter Decl. ¶ 5. Nor does the USPIS explain its interpretation of Request No. 2005-

FPIS-00180 to include VCD STREET, Intelli-Soft, Global Business System, GHS Systems,


                                                  7
Microsharp, ADW International, Inc., and four individuals, id. ¶ 11, while excluding

ebay@meetyourprice.com and meetyourprice.com. The USPIS, then, does not demonstrate that

it has searched the files or systems of records most likely to contain records responsive to

plaintiff’s FOIA requests.

            2. The USPIS Does Not Justify Its Decisions to Withhold Records Under
                     Exemptions 2, 3, 5, and 6, 7(A), 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E)

       Under the FOIA, an agency may withhold documents responsive to a FOIA request only

if they fall within one of nine enumerated statutory exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). An

agency must demonstrate that “each document that falls within the class requested either has

been produced, is unidentifiable, or is wholly [or partially] exempt from the [FOIA’s] inspection

requirements.” Goland v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 607 F.2d 339, 352 (D.C. Cir. 1978); see

also Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001). “[W]hen

an agency seeks to withhold information, it must provide a relatively detailed justification,

specifically identifying the reasons why a particular exemption is relevant and correlating those

claims with the particular part of a withheld document to which they apply.” Morley v. Cent.

Intelligence Agency, 508 F.3d 1108, 1122 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting King v. United States Dep’t

of Justice, 830 F.2d 210, 219 (D.C. Cir. 1987)) (internal quotation marks omitted). For example,

“[b]arren assertions that an exempting statute has been met cannot suffice to establish that fact.”

Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824,

831 (D.C. Cir. 1979). Nor can an agency meet its obligation simply by quoting the statutory

language of an exemption. See, e.g., Army Times Pub. Co. v. Dep’t of the Air Force, 998 F.2d

1067, 1070 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (remarking that affidavits “[p]arroting the case law” were



                                                 8
insufficient); Voinche v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 412 F. Supp. 2d 60, 69 (D.D.C. 2006)

(concluding that the FBI did not justify its decision to withhold information under Exemption

7(E) where the declaration “merely quote[d] the statutory language of Exemption (E)”); Scott v.

Cent. Intelligence Agency, 916 F. Supp. 42, 48 (D.D.C. 1996) (finding a declaration inadequate

because it failed to provide the date of the documents, the number of documents withheld, and

the nature and type of material contained in the documents).

                          a. Exemptions 2, 3, 5, 6 , 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E)

       In support of its motion, the USPIS relies on the declaration of Lawrence Katz to explain

the agency’s decision to disclose 99 pages of records in part and to withhold 187 pages of records

in full under Exemptions 2, 3, 5, 6, 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). See Katz Decl. ¶¶ 20-39; see id., Ex.

(“Vaughn index”). The Court has reviewed the declaration and Vaughn index, and finds the

agency’s submission inadequate. The Vaughn index dutifully lists each document by number,

offers a brief description of the nature of the document (such as “internal report” or “warrant

affidavit”), indicates whether the entire document or only a portion of the document is withheld,

and sets forth the exemption or exemptions on which it relies. The index falls short, however,

both in its failure to discuss the nature or type of information withheld and its tendency to restate

the statutory language of the exemptions claimed as its sole justification for withholding the

relevant information. The accompanying declaration offers no additional information to

compensate for the Vaughn index’s deficiencies.

       For example, the USPIS relies on Exemption 2 to withhold “personal identification

information” from Documents 3, 25, 37, 38, 50, and 64-67. Katz Decl. ¶ 23. Although the

declarant explains that information such as employees’ telephone numbers and e-mail addresses


                                                  9
may fall within the scope of Exemption 2, see id. ¶ 22, it is unclear from the declaration and

corresponding Vaughn index entries that information such as telephone numbers and e-mail

addresses is, indeed, the information withheld under the claimed exemption. Nor does the

USPIS’ submission establish that the withholding of information under Exemption 2 otherwise is

permissible under the prevailing law.

        In another example, the USPIS withholds Document 49, described as a warrant affidavit,

in its entirety under Exemption 3 in conjunction with Rule 6(e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal

Procedure, which regulates the disclosure of matters before a grand jury. Katz Decl. ¶ 26;

Vaughn index at 20 (Doc. No. 49). In this Circuit, the grand jury exception is limited to material

which, if disclosed, would “tend to reveal some secret aspect of the grand jury’s investigation,

such . . . as the identities of witnesses or jurors, the substance of testimony, the strategy or

direction of the investigation, the deliberations or questions of jurors, and the like.” Senate of

Puerto Rico v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 823 F.2d 574, 582 (D.C. Cir. 1987). The phrase

“grand jury” does not appear in the Vaughn index explanation, and the declaration does not state

expressly that this warrant affidavit qualifies as grand jury material within the scope of

Exemption 3.

          A third example is the USPIS’ explanation for withholding Document Nos. 5, 9, 29-31,

33-36, 56, 58-59, 73-74 and 83 under Exemption 5. The declarant states that these documents

“contain information related to the deliberative process of the USPIS in its consideration of

possible criminal actions against [plaintiff] or are documents protected by the attorney client

privilege.” Katz Decl. ¶ 28. With respect to documents withheld under the deliberative process

privilege, neither the declaration nor the corresponding Vaughn index entries indicates “what


                                                  10
deliberative process is involved, and the role played by the documents at issue in the course of

that process.” Heggestad v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 182 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 2000)

(quoting Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 868 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). The

USPIS is no more successful in establishing that any of these records, including the draft

pleading withheld in its entirety, see Vaughn index at 3 (Doc. No. 5), are materials prepared by

an attorney in anticipation of litigation, see Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495 (1947), or contain

the “mental impressions, conclusions, opinions or legal theories of an attorney.” FED . R. CIV . P.

26(b)(3). The deficiencies of the USPIS’ submissions are not limited to these three examples, as

its purported justification for withholding information under Exemptions 6 and 7 offers little

more than a repetition of the statutory language.

                                        b. Exemption 7(A)

       Exemption 7(A) protects law enforcement records “to the extent that production of . . .

records or information [] could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement

proceedings.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A). “The principal purpose of Exemption 7(A) is to prevent

disclosures which might prematurely reveal the government’s cases in court, its evidence and

strategies, or the nature, scope, direction, and focus of its investigations, and thereby enable

suspects to establish defenses or fraudulent alibis or to destroy or alter evidence.” Maydak v.

United States Dep’t of Justice, 218 F.3d 760, 762 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (citing Nat’l Labor Relations

Bd. v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 241-42 (1978)), cert. denied, 533 U.S. 950

(2001). An agency “must show, by more than [a] conclusory statement, how the particular kinds

of investigatory records requested would interfere with a pending enforcement proceeding.”

Campbell v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 682 F.2d 256, 259 (D.C. Cir. 1982). “[T]he


                                                 11
government need not justify its withholdings document-by-document; it may instead do so

category-of-document by category-of-document.” Crooker v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco &

Firearms, 789 F.2d 64, 67 (D.C. Cir. 1986). Accordingly, the agency must define its categories

functionally, determine, document-by-document, the category into which each document falls,

and explain “how the release of each category would interfere with enforcement proceedings.”

Bevis v. Dep’t of State, 801 F.2d 1386, 1389-90 (D.C. Cir. 1986).

       The USPIS withholds under Exemption 7(A) all records pertaining to open Case No.

0583-1407269-ECMT(1). Katz Decl. ¶¶ 7, 15; Baxter Decl. ¶¶ 6-8. The declarants offer no

justification for this decision beyond two conclusory statements: that these “investigatory records

[were] compiled for law enforcement purpose[s,]” and that their release “could reasonably be

expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.” Katz Decl. ¶ 7; see id. ¶ 15. The mere fact

that the underlying investigation remains open is not a sufficient basis for withholding the entire

case file; such a decision is justified only on a showing that the release of each category of

documents could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.

        C. The BOP’s Motion for Summary Judgment Will Be Denied Without Prejudice

       “[I]n keeping with recent developments in government FOIA policy, and in consultation

with Department of Justice employees, [the] BOP re-examined the four . . . withheld

documents.” Defs.’ Mem., Ex. A (“Herbin-Smith Decl.”) ¶ 8. The BOP since has released in its

entirety a one-page Victim Notification Record, id. ¶¶ 7-8, and has released in part “a one-page

Notification Report print out from the Victim Notification System (VNS) which allows federal

agencies to share victim information (the ‘Notification Report’)[,]” and a two-page letter from

the BOP “concerning victim-witness procedures which includes sensitive victim information (the


                                                 12
‘letter’),” id. ¶ 7, after having redacted information under Exemptions 7(C) and 7(F). Id. ¶¶9-12;

see id., Ex. 4.

        Exemption 7 protects from disclosure “records or information compiled for law

enforcement purposes,” but only to the extent that disclosure of such records would cause an

enumerated harm. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7); see Fed. Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson, 456 U.S.

615, 622 (1982). In order to withhold materials properly under Exemption 7, an agency must

establish that the records at issue were compiled for law enforcement purposes, and that the

material satisfies the requirements of one of the subparts of Exemption 7. See Pratt v. Webster,

673 F.2d 408, 413 (D.C. Cir. 1982).

        As plaintiff notes in his opposition, see Pl.’s Opp’n and Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. at 1, the

BOP’s supporting declaration does not address the threshold requirement of Exemption 7.

Rather, the agency appears to rely solely on its status as a law enforcement agency as the premise

from which the Court should conclude that any record it maintains was compiled for law

enforcement purposes. Absent a showing that the relevant records were compiled for law

enforcement purposes, the BOP cannot justify its decisions to withhold the names of third

parties, the disclosure of which “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted

invasion of personal privacy,” 5 U.S.C. § 552 (b)(7)(C), or which “could reasonably be expected

to endanger the life or physical safety of any individual.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(F). Moreover,

with respect to the BOP’s reliance on Exemption 7(F), its supporting declaration does not explain

“whether there is some nexus between disclosure and possible harm” to such third parties. Linn

v. United States Dep’t of Justice, No. 92-1406, 1995 WL 631847, at *8 (D.D.C. Aug. 22, 1995).




                                                13
         D. Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment Will Be Denied Without Prejudice

       Plaintiff moves for summary judgment arguing that he is entitled to the release of all the

records requested from the USPIS and the BOP, and he advances three novel arguments in

support of his motion. First, he declares “that he is a Lakota Sioux Native American Indian of a

Federally recognized tribe” to whom the FOIA and the Privacy Act do not apply. Pl.’s Opp’n

and Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. at 1-2. He further argues that he “seeks to use [the requested

records] to challenge his criminal conviction,” and the withholding of the records violates his

right to due process. Id. at 3. Lastly, he argues that the withholding of the records violates his

First Amendment right to the free exercise of his religion. Id. at 4. According to plaintiff, “his

religion, Thelema, mandates that he access the records to purge all the negative energy from his

life in a religious ritual.” Id. None of these arguments is persuasive.

       Any person, whether an individual, partnership or corporate or government entity, can

make a FOIA request. See 5 U.S.C. § 551(2) (defining the term “person” for purposes of the

FOIA). The FOIA does not concern itself with the identity of a requester or his intended use of

the requested records. See Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172 (2004)

(“As a general rule, citizens seeking documents subject to FOIA disclosure are not required to

explain why they seek the information.”); United States Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for

Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 771 (1989) (stating that the requester’s identity has “no

bearing on the merits of his . . . FOIA request”); see also Willis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 581 F.

Supp. 2d 57, 76 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. at

773) (“[A]n individual’s personal interest in challenging his criminal conviction is not a public

interest under FOIA because it ‘reveals little or nothing about an agency’s own conduct.’”). Nor


                                                 14
is the FOIA a means by which plaintiff can vindicate his constitutional rights. See McGehee v.

Casey, 718 F.2d 1137, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (“A litigant seeking release of government

information under FOIA, therefore, relies upon a statutory entitlement – as narrowed by statutory

exceptions – and not upon his constitutional right to free expression.”); see also Mingo v. U.S.

Dep’t of Justice, No. 08-2197, 2009 WL 2618129, at *2 (D.D.C. Aug. 24, 2009) (rejecting

argument that the agency deliberately withheld exculpatory information in violation of the Fifth

Amendment because the government’s constitutional obligation under Brady v. Maryland, 373

U.S. 83 (1963), to disclose exculpatory material to a defendant in a criminal proceeding is not

coextensive with the agency’s statutory obligations under the FOIA). Neither plaintiff’s status as

a Native American nor his intended use of the requested records leads inexorably to the

conclusion that he is entitled to the release in full of all the records he has requested.

                                          III. CONCLUSION

        The parties have not met their respective burdens on summary judgment, and,

accordingly, the parties’ motions will be denied without prejudice. An Order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.



                                Signed:         EMMET G. SULLIVAN
                                                United States District Judge

                                Dated:          March 26, 2010




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