                    United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                  ___________
                                   No. 08-2165
                                   __________

John Semple,                          *
                                      *
            Plaintiff-Appellant,      *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the
                                      * District of South Dakota.
Federal Express Corporation,          *
                                      *
            Defendant-Appellee.       *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: December 12, 2008
                                 Filed: May 29, 2009
                                  ___________
Before COLLOTON and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges, and GOLDBERG,1 Judge
                                  ___________
GOLDBERG, Judge.
      John Semple (“Semple”) appeals the district court’s grant of Federal Express
Corporation’s (“Federal Express”) motion for summary judgment. For the following
reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court.2


      1
       The Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, United States Court of International
Trade, sitting by designation.
      2
        The Honorable Andrew W. Bogue, United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota.
                               I. BACKGROUND

     Semple began working for Federal Express in 1990. At the time he was hired,
Semple signed an employment contract which included the following statement:

      I do hereby agree . . . (11) That during the time of my employment,
      which I understand is indefinite, I will comply with the guidelines set
      forth in the Company’s policies, rules, regulations and procedures . . .
      I ALSO AGREE THAT MY EMPLOYMENT AND COMPENSATION
      CAN BE TERMINATED WITH OR WITHOUT CAUSE AND
      WITHOUT NOTICE OR LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AT ANY
      TIME, AT THE OPTION OF EITHER THE COMPANY OR MYSELF.
Semple v. Federal Express Corp., No. 06-5056, 2008 WL 1793481, at *1 (D.S.D. Apr.
17, 2008). In addition to his employment contract, Semple received an employment
manual.3 This manual included specific provisions governing: (1) acceptable conduct
(Section 2-5);4 (2) termination (Section 4-90);5




      3
       Semple received multiple versions of the manual over the course of his
employment, but the parties reference the 2005 version. Each time Semple
received a manual, he signed for its receipt. This signed receipt certified that he
had read the handbook, and that the handbook was not contractual in nature as its
contents were intended only as guidelines for managers and employees.
      4
        Section 2-5 defines “Misconduct” and includes a “not all-inclusive” list of
actions potentially meriting termination. This section also contains a “discharge
approval” provision which states that two levels of management and a human
resources staff member must approve terminations based on employee misconduct.
 Appellant’s App. at 34-37.
      5
      Section 4-90 establishes a discharge process and provides an “Employment
Termination Chart” which also states that two levels of line management and a
human resources staff member must approve terminations based on employee
misconduct. Appellant’s App. at 40-44.

                                         -2-
(3) harassment (Section 5-55);6 and (4) a Guaranteed Fair Treatment Procedure
(GFTP) and EEO Complaint Process.7

        By 2004, Semple was working as a delivery courier at Federal Express’s Rapid
City, South Dakota branch. Around this time, his relationship with his direct
supervisors began to deteriorate as Semple allegedly experienced offensive and
harassing conduct. In September 2005, he filed a formal harassment complaint.
Shortly after this complaint was filed, Semple’s supervisors investigated his delivery
records due to suspicious delays and gaps between deliveries. During this
investigation, Semple admitted to scanning at least one package as delivered prior to
delivery in order to meet scheduled delivery times. After this investigation, Semple
was terminated. Federal Express’s stated basis for terminating Semple was for the
intentional and deliberate falsification of delivery records in violation of company
policies. Semple, however, claims that this was pretextual, and that he was really
terminated for filing a harassment complaint. Semple appealed his termination within
Federal Express’s internal appeals process, and when this appeal was denied, he filed
suit in district court. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Federal
Express. Semple now appeals the decision of the district court.

                          II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Nitsche v. CEO of Osage Valley Elec. Coop., 446 F.3d 841, 845 (8th Cir. 2006). A
motion for summary judgment should be granted “if the pleadings, the discovery and


      6
        Section 5-55 defines “harassment” and states that the policy “prohibits all
inappropriate language and conduct – regardless of whether that behavior would
legally constitute ‘harassment.’” The policy also prohibits retaliation against an
employer for reporting a harassment claim. Appellant’s App. at 53-54.
      7
       The GFTP/EEO Complaint Process establishes Federal Express’s
“procedure for handling employee complaints, problems, concerns, and allegations
of employment discrimination. . . .” Appellant’s App. at 45-52.

                                         -3-
disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “In making this determination, the Court is required to
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and to give that
party the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts.”
AgriStor Leasing v. Farrow, 826 F.2d 732, 734 (8th Cir. 1987).

                                 III. DISCUSSION

       Semple raises two arguments on appeal: (1) that the district court erred in
granting Federal Express summary judgment on his wrongful termination claims; and
(2) that the district court erred in denying his request for company-wide discovery.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court.

   A. Semple’s Wrongful Termination Claim

       Semple concedes that his employment with Federal Express was at-will, but
argues that an exception to the at-will-employment doctrine places his termination
outside its application. Under South Dakota law, “[a]n employment having no
specified term may be terminated at the will of either party on notice to the other,
unless otherwise provided by statute.” S.D.C.L. § 60-4-4 (2004). The at-will
employment doctrine applies to wrongful termination claims. Bass v. Happy Rest,
Inc., 507 N.W.2d 317, 320 n.5 (S.D. 1993). Accordingly, for Semple to have a valid
claim for wrongful termination, his claim must fit within one of the limited exceptions
South Dakota has recognized to the at-will employment doctrine. To date, South
Dakota has only exempted terminations: (1) that violate public policy; (2) of
employees with “for cause only” agreements or implied “for cause only” agreements;
and (3) of employees who accept employment after promises of a promotion. Zavadil
v. Alcoa Extrusions, Inc., 363 F. Supp. 2d 1187, 1191 (D.S.D. 2005). Semple argues
his termination fits into one of the first two categories, and these arguments are
addressed in turn.


                                         -4-
1. Semple’s Public Policy Claim

       In South Dakota, courts have recognized that three types of terminations merit
application of the public policy exception, terminations for: (1) whistleblowing; (2)
filing workers’ compensation claims; and (3) failing to commit a requested crime.
Dahl v. Combined Ins. Co., 621 N.W.2d 163, 166-67 (S.D. 2001). Semple does not
attempt to fit his termination within these categories, but instead argues that his
termination in response to filing a harassment complaint also violates substantial
public policy and merits exemption. This argument, at least in the circumstances of
the current case, lacks merit.

       To state a cause of action under the public policy exception, the employee must
plead that a substantial public policy may have been violated. Johnson v. Kreiser’s,
Inc., 433 N.W.2d 225, 227 (S.D. 1988). Whether the act complained of ultimately
violates “a clear mandate of a substantial public policy is a question of law.” Niesant
v. Homestake Mining Co., 505 N.W.2d 781, 783 (S.D. 1993). Substantial public
policies are “found in the letter or purpose of a constitutional or statutory provision
or scheme, or in a judicial decision.” Id. Semple argues that Federal Express’s
employment manual essentially adopts the protections set forth by Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”) and the South Dakota Human Rights Act
(“SDHRA”), and to the extent that Federal Express provided any additional
protections, the company contractually modified its at-will statutory power. In short,
Semple argues that “[i]f FedEx violated its own policy, which is based in large part
upon well-established South Dakota and federal law and public policy, then that
conduct . . . would also constitute a violation of public policy.” Appellant’s Reply
Brief at 3.

      There is no basis for this Court to expand the public policy exception to the at-
will employment doctrine in South Dakota to include the alleged harassment in the
current case. This potential harassment, while reprehensible, does not fall within a
category protected by either Title VII or the SDHRA, but only Federal Express’s


                                         -5-
employment manual. Even if Section 5-55 of Federal Express’s employment manual
provided additional workplace protections, Semple’s remedy is in contract, not in the
public policy exception. In short, as Federal Express cannot modify the public policy
of the state of South Dakota, Semple has failed to plead or prove that a substantial
public policy was violated. Johnson, 433 N.W.2d at 227.

2. Semple’s Breach of Contract Claim

       Semple’s second wrongful termination argument is that Federal Express’s
employment manual created an employment contract which the company breached in
terminating him from his delivery courier position. However, a contract based upon
an employee handbook will only be implied “where the handbook contains [1] a
detailed list of exclusive grounds for employee discipline or discharge and [2] a
mandatory and specific procedure which the employer agrees to follow prior to any
employee’s termination.” Hollander v. Douglas County, 620 N.W.2d 181, 185 (S.D.
2000) (citing Butterfield v. Citibank of South Dakota, N.A., 437 N.W.2d 857, 859
(S.D. 1989). In order to establish an implied contract, both prongs of the Butterfield
test must be met. Federal Express’s employment manual does not create an implied
for cause contract because it fails to satisfy either prong.

       Semple first claims that Section 2-5 of Federal Express’s employment manual
constitutes a “detailed list of exclusive grounds for termination.” However, Section
2-5 prefaces its list of potential grounds for termination with the following disclaimer:
“[a]lthough the following list is not all-inclusive, the following specific violations may
result in severe disciplinary action up to and including termination for employees or
dismissal for vendors. This list is not all-inclusive.” Appellant’s App. at 36. Section
2-5 then concludes with another disclaimer, reiterating that “the policies and
procedures set forth in this manual provide guidelines for management and employees
during employment but do not create contractual rights regarding termination or
otherwise.” Id. at 39.



                                           -6-
       As far as a mandatory and specific termination procedure is concerned, Semple
points to Section 4-90 of the employment manual. Section 4-90 provides that “[t]he
Employment Termination Table [Table 1] must be referenced . . . .” Id. at 40. Table
1 provides that two levels of line management and a Human Resources staff member
must approve a termination. Id. at 43. Section 4-90 also contains a disclaimer
providing that this provision does not create contractual rights but only constitutes
internal guidelines for management and employees needing to terminate an employee.

      Overall, the provisions and disclaimers referenced by Semple mirror those
discussed in Zavadil v. Alcoa Extrusions, Inc., 363 F. Supp. 2d 1187, 1191-92
(D.S.D. 2005); see also Aberle v. City of Aberdeen, 718 N.W.2d 615 (S.D. 2006). In
Zavadil, the court noted the employee handbook contained disclaimers stating that the
handbook did not “constitute a contract of employment,” nor “represent a binding
agreement or promise.” Id. at 1192. The court then concluded that these disclaimers
were sufficient to “reserve to the employer the right to discharge an employee at will.”
Id. As we find no substantive difference between these disclaimers and those found
in Federal Express’s Employee Handbook, we similarly find that Federal Express
preserved its right to discharge employees at-will.8

8
 Semple separately argues that Federal Express contractually modified its right to
terminate its employees at-will through several mandatory procedures which the
company included in its employment manual. Semple’s argument is based upon
Zavadil v. Alcoa Extrusions, Inc., 363 F. Supp. 2d 1187 (D.S.D. 2005), and
Meyers v. American States, 926 F. Supp. 904 (D.S.D. 1996). In both cases, the
district courts found that although the companies preserved their overall at-will
rights, they had contractually agreed to follow specific procedures established in
their handbooks. Zavadil, 363 F. Supp. 2d at 1193; Meyers, 926 F. Supp. at 912.
In both cases, the district courts utilized the Butterfield analysis to determine that
specific procedures provided detailed and exclusive lists of the grounds for
termination and specific and mandatory termination procedures. Zavadil, 363 F.
Supp. 2d at 1192; Meyers, 926 F. Supp. at 912-13. Semple’s case differs from
both Zavadil and Meyers, however, as even assuming that it is appropriate to look

                                          -7-
   B. Semple’s Discovery Request

       Last, Semple argues that the district court erred in not granting him company-
wide discovery. At the time of his termination, Semple was an employee at Federal
Express’s Rapid City, South Dakota branch. Semple was terminated by the manager
of this local branch, along with other representatives of the company’s Northland
District. After filing his wrongful termination suit, Semple requested company-wide
discovery to examine how Federal Express interpreted and applied Section 2-5 of its
employment manual, which governs document falsification, in all of its branches.
Federal Express objected to the scope of this request, but agreed to furnish all
materials from the Northland district. The district court, upon consideration of this
concession, limited the scope of Semple’s discovery. Semple now argues that the
district court erred in limiting his discovery because Federal Express’s policy applied
nationwide, and because managers at the company’s corporate offices were involved
in reviewing the termination decision.

       District court decisions limiting discovery are reviewed for abuse of discretion.
LaSalle v. Mercantile Bancorporation, Inc., 498 F.3d 805, 811 (8th Cir. 2007).
Generally, a plaintiff in a wrongful termination case is not entitled to company-wide
discovery absent a showing of a particular need for the requested information.
Carman v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 114 F.3d 790, 792 (8th Cir. 1997). Here,
Semple cannot establish a particular need for the materials requested throughout
Federal Express. For instance, in Finch v. Hercules Incorporated, company-wide
discovery was only appropriate because the employee was terminated due to a
corporate-level downsizing decision, a decision only implemented at the company’s
local level. 149 F.R.D. 60, 62 (D. Del. 1993). There are no facts in the current case


at individual handbook procedures in isolation, Semple is unable to point to any
single procedure which meets both prongs of the Butterfield analysis.
Accordingly, Semple’s argument on this point also fails.


                                          -8-
indicating that Federal Express’s management beyond the Northland District was
involved in Semple’s termination beyond review through the company’s internal
appeals process. The fact that this policy applied nationally has little bearing on its
application by local management within the Northland District, and as a result, Semple
is unable to establish a particular need for his broad discovery request. Thus, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Semple company-wide discovery.

                                IV. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                              __________________




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