                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A15-1451

                                   State of Minnesota,
                                        Appellant,

                                           vs.

                                    Antonio Freeman,
                                      Respondent.

                               Filed February 1, 2016
                                      Affirmed
                                   Stauber, Judge
                         Concurring specially, Randall, Judge*

                              Ramsey County District Court
                                File No. 62-CR-15-391

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Thomas R. Ragatz, Assistant County Attorney, St.
Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Sharon E. Jacks, Assistant State
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

         Considered and decided by Cleary, Presiding Judge; Stauber, Judge; and Randall,

Judge.




*
 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                            UNPUBLISHED OPINION

STAUBER, Judge

          Appellant State of Minnesota argues that the district court abused its discretion by

sentencing respondent to a downward dispositional departure that included probation

without first finding that respondent was “particularly” amenable to probation. We

affirm.

                                             FACTS

          St. Paul police responded to a “shots-fired” call at a gas station during the late

afternoon of December 31, 2014. A surveillance video from the gas station showed

respondent Antonio Freeman being shot at from the corner of the gas station as he

returned to his vehicle from inside the station. Freeman walked toward the shooter and

returned fire, then got in his vehicle and shot toward the gas station a few more times

before driving off. At the time of the offense, Freeman was 23 years old and known to

police as a suspected gang member. He was charged with two felonies, thus subject to

presumptive 60-month executed sentences: drive-by discharge of a firearm for the

benefit of a gang and reckless discharge of a firearm at an occupied building.

          Freeman pleaded guilty to both charges; his plea petition stated that he intended to

move for a downward dispositional departure at sentencing. During Freeman’s

presentence investigation (PSI), he explained that the offenses occurred in response to

someone shooting at him. He also expressed remorse, stating that “he knows what he did

was wrong and is glad no one got hurt.” Freeman moved for a downward dispositional

departure based on his amenability to probation, as demonstrated by his “acceptance of


                                                 2
responsibility early in the process, lack of a criminal record, the cooperation and attitude

he has displayed, and his support network.”

       At the sentencing hearing, Freeman’s attorney informed the district court that

Freeman had moved to a suburban residence to avoid bad influences and was attending

school. The attorney argued for imposition of restrictive probation terms recently

recommended for young offenders convicted of gang-related charges in Ramsey County.

Freeman apologized again at sentencing, saying: “I’d like to apologize for the decision I

made. I’ve been trying to change my life and be law-abiding, working trying to get a job,

moved away from the city, trying to change my life and hope you all can see the good in

me.” The district court imposed a stayed 60-month sentence and placed Freeman on

probation, the terms of which included a 365-day jail term and other rigorous measures.1

The district court’s given reason for granting Freeman’s motion for a dispositional

departure was that he was “amenable to probation.” The district court also mentioned

Freeman’s youth, demeanor, remorse, and lack of a criminal-history score. The state

appeals.

                                      DECISION

       The district court has broad discretion at sentencing, and an appellate court

“generally will not interfere with the exercise of that discretion.” State v. Kindem, 313

N.W.2d 6, 7 (Minn. 1981). Sentencing departures must be based on “substantial and


1
 Key among Freeman’s special probationary requirements are that he have no contact
with gang members, maintain a 7 p.m. curfew for 120 days, report any police contact
within 24 hours, and prove that he has engaged in 40-hours per week of “constructive
activity” such as attending school or work.

                                              3
compelling circumstances.” Minn. Sent. Guidelines 2.D.1 (2014); Kindem, 313 N.W.2d

at 7. “[A]s long as the record shows the sentencing court carefully evaluated all the

testimony and information presented before making a determination,” this court will “not

interfere with the sentencing court’s exercise of discretion.” State v. Pegel, 795 N.W.2d

251, 255 (Minn. App. 2011) (quotation omitted). Even “[i]f the reasons given [for a

sentencing departure] are improper or inadequate, but there is sufficient evidence in the

record to justify departure, the departure will be affirmed.” Williams v. State, 361

N.W.2d 840, 844 (Minn. 1985).

       As support for a dispositional departure, a defendant must show “particular

amenability to individualized treatment in a probationary setting.” State v. Soto, 855

N.W.2d 303, 308 (Minn. 2014) (emphasis omitted); State v. Trog, 323 N.W.2d 28, 31

(Minn. 1982). Typically, amenability to probation is demonstrated by such factors as

“the defendant’s age, his prior record, his remorse, his cooperation, his attitude while in

court, and the support of friends and/or family.” Trog, 323 N.W.2d at 31. Here, the

district court determined that Freeman was “amenable to probation” rather than

“particularly amenable to probation.” The state argues that this finding is insufficient to

support a dispositional departure.

       In Soto, the Minnesota Supreme Court interpreted the “particularly amenable to

probation” phrase as follows:

                     Our consistent use of the words “particular” and
              “particularly” in this context is not accidental. “Particular”
              means “exceptional” or “distinctive among others of the same
              group,” and “particularly” means “especially” or
              “specifically.” By requiring a defendant to be particularly


                                              4
              amenable to probation, therefore, we ensure that the
              defendant’s amenability to probation distinguishes the
              defendant from most others and truly presents the
              “substantial[] and compelling circumstances” that are
              necessary to justify a departure. At the same time, insisting on
              particular amenability to probation limits the number of
              departures and thus fosters uniformity in sentencing, which is
              a primary purpose of the Sentencing Guidelines.

855 N.W.2d at 309 (quotations and citations omitted).

       In Soto, the district court relied on the defendant’s age, 37, limited criminal record,

consumption of alcohol before the offense, out-of-character conduct, and respectful court

demeanor to support a downward dispositional departure for a conviction of first-degree

criminal sexual conduct described as a “violent rape” that lasted over two hours. Id. at

305-307. The supreme court ruled that examination of those factors “provide[d] very

little support for the . . . conclusion that Soto had any particular amenability to probation

relative to other defendants,” id. at 312, and concluded that the district court abused its

discretion in sentencing Soto. Id. at 313.

       In this case, the district court failed to use the word “particularly” or “particular”

as a qualifier in reference to Freeman’s amenability to probation. But, as compared to

Soto, the record in this case also demonstrates a much stronger basis for finding Freeman

particularly amenable to treatment. Freeman has satisfied nearly every one of the Trog

factors. He has recently reached the age of majority, has no prior record other than an

underage-drinking-and-driving offense, expressed remorse, apparently cooperated

throughout the proceedings and demonstrated a respectful attitude while in court, and has

the support of his girlfriend, with whom he has an apparently stable, long-term



                                              5
relationship.2 Examination of some of these factors is hampered to a degree by the state’s

refusal to order the plea hearing transcripts, which might have shed further light on

Freeman’s court demeanor and cooperation. Further, the district court took into

consideration the new restrictive probation policy recommended for gang-related

offenses. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing a

dispositional departure in this case. See Pegel, 795 N.W.2d at 255 (stating that an

appellate court will not reverse a sentencing decision “as long as the record shows the

sentencing court carefully evaluated all the testimony and information presented before

making a determination”). Although the district court failed to use the word

“particularly” in its sentencing determination, the court’s analysis of Freeman’s

amenability to probation and the underlying support for its decision fully demonstrate

that Freeman meets the particularly-amenable-to-probation standard.

       Finally, the state argues that the seriousness of Freeman’s offense mitigates

against a probationary sentence. The Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines rank offense-

severity levels in relation to criminal-history scores in determining presumptive

sentences. Minn. Sent. Guidelines 4 (2014). Neither the guidelines nor the caselaw

prohibit a sentencing departure based solely on the severity level of an offense.

       Affirmed.




2
 After Freeman’s mother’s death, his aunt became his legal guardian. His brother is
deceased, and his younger sister lives in Chicago.

                                             6
RANDALL, Judge (concurring specially).

       I concur, in both the reasoning and the result. I write separately to point out that, to

me, this appeal by the state is frivolous, a waste of judicial time, and a waste of taxpayers’

money.

       The state stridently argues for upward departures, sometimes even more than double

the presumptive sentence, whenever it gets the chance. On a defendant’s appeal, the state

invokes “judicial discretion in sentencing” like a talisman.          Here, the district court

prudently ordered a dispositional departure, and now on appeal, the state stridently argues

that if this departure is allowed to stand, the republic will fall.

       All this over the semantics of “particular” and “particularly” modifying the phrase

“amenable to probation” when it is clear from the record we have that Freeman “has

satisfied nearly every one of the Trog factors,” as noted by the majority. See State v. Trog,

323 N.W.2d 28, 31 (Minn. 1982).

       I also note, as the majority did, that “examination of some of these factors is

hampered to a degree by the state’s refusal to order the plea hearing transcripts, which

might have shed further light on Freeman’s court demeanor and cooperation.”

       This appeal should never have been brought.




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