                     RECORD IMPOUNDED

                  NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                 APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

                                    SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                    APPELLATE DIVISION
                                    DOCKET NO. A-5222-15T2
                                                A-5223-15T2

NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD
PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,

     Plaintiff-Respondent,             APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION

v.                                          November 22, 2016

                                          APPELLATE DIVISION
G.S. and K.S.,

     Defendants-Appellants.
______________________________

IN THE MATTER OF
A.S. and B.S., Minors.
_______________________________

         Argued October 31, 2016 – Decided November 22, 2016

         Before Judges Sabatino, Haas and Currier.

         On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
         Chancery Division, Family Part, Monmouth
         County, Docket No. FN-13-172-15.

         T. Gary Mitchell, Deputy Public Defender,
         argued the cause for appellants (Joseph E.
         Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Mr.
         Mitchell, of counsel and on the briefs).

         Deirdre A. Carver, Deputy Attorney General,
         argued the cause for respondent (Christopher
         S. Porrino, Attorney General, attorney;
         Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney General,
         of counsel; Ms. Carver, on the brief).

         Nancy P. Fratz, Assistant Deputy Public
         Defender, argued the cause for minors A.S. and
            B.S. (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law
            Guardian, attorney; Joseph F. Suozzo, Deputy
            Public Defender, of counsel; Ms. Fratz, on the
            brief).

            Theodore T. Reilly argued the cause for amicus
            curiae New Jersey State Bar Association (New
            Jersey State Bar Association, attorneys;
            Thomas H. Prol, of counsel; Christopher J.
            Carey, Mr. Reilly and Dina M. Mikulka, on the
            brief).

       The opinion of the court was delivered by

SABATINO, P.J.A.D.

       On leave granted, we review the Family Part's series of orders

that concern the potential need to disqualify one or both staff

attorneys from the Office of Parental Representation ("the OPR")

who respectively represent the father and the mother in defending

this   child     welfare   case.    The    pertinent   conflict-of-interest

questions now before us were prompted by co-defendants' advocacy

of competing parenting plans for the future care of their twin

children.

       The issues presented are of first impression.           In particular,

we     examine    under    the     applicable    Rules    of    Professional

Responsibility ("RPCs") and case law: (1) whether an actual or

potential conflict of interest arises when staff attorneys from

the same OPR regional office each represent a parent                  having

interests or positions divergent from that of the other parent;

(2) any such conflicts may be waived by the clients, and, if so,


                                       2
                                                                     A-5222-15T2
in what manner; and (3) what is the appropriate role of the court

in dealing with such representational issues when they surface.

      For     the    reasons   that   follow,        we    affirm,      with     some

modification, the trial judge's determination to conduct a hearing

to explore the conflict and waiver issues that arose in this

particular case.

      We agree with the OPR, the Office of Law Guardian ("the OLG"

or "the Law Guardian"), and the amicus New Jersey State Bar

Association that, with appropriate screening measures, the law

does not categorically prohibit or even presumptively disfavor

staff attorneys working out of the same OPR regional office from

separately defending individual parents in a Title Nine or Title

Thirty case.        In addition, when a significant divergence arises

between the parents during the course of such litigation, the

actual or potential conflict often may be mutually waivable by

those clients, with appropriate consultation with counsel and

substantiation of that waiver.

      We    also    conclude   that   the        trial    court   has    a     proper

institutional role in assuring that the zealous independence of

the   staff    attorneys   will   not       be   compromised,     and    that      the

confidentiality of client communications and attorney work product

will be scrupulously maintained.            The court retains the authority

and discretion to conduct a hearing to explore such matters on a


                                        3
                                                                             A-5222-15T2
case-by-case       basis       to   address        specific     instances      where

particularized concerns have arisen about the propriety of ongoing

representation by the staff attorneys or the sufficiency of any

client waivers and screening measures.

     Lastly,     we    recommend     that     the     representational       issues

presented here be prospectively examined in a broader context by

the Family Practice Committee or some other designated Supreme

Court Committee.       Such review may include the potential drafting

of a provision in Part V of the Rules of Court to address these

circumstances.      If adopted, those new rules might replicate some,

if not all, of the facets applicable to dual representation by

staff   attorney      public    defenders     in    criminal    cases   under     the

principles expressed in State v. Bell, 90 N.J. 163 (1982) and the

possibly analogous procedures set forth in Rule 3:8-2.

                                        I.

     Background of the Parties and This Litigation

     Defendants are the parents of twins, A.S. and B.S., born in

December 2012.        Defendants entered into an agreement in 2013 to

share joint legal custody of the children.                    Defendant G.S., the

mother, was designated as the primary residential custodian, and

defendant K.S., the father, who had more recently become involved

in the twins' lives, was afforded visitation with them supervised

by G.S.


                                        4
                                                                            A-5222-15T2
      In 2014 the Division of Child Protection and Permanency ("the

Division") received two referrals concerning these children:                        (1)

a   report    of    a   July   2014    domestic       violence     incident   between

defendants,        which   allegedly    occurred       in    the   presence    of   the

children and resulted in G.S.'s arrest for simple assault of K.S.;

and (2) a report that G.S. had been arrested in October 2014 for

engaging in shoplifting while the children were in her company.

Defendants claimed they were no longer in a relationship at that

time.     They both denied having a history of substance abuse or

domestic violence.          The Division found the allegations were not

established and at that point closed the case.

      On January 29, 2015, the Division received a third referral

concerning     this     family,   this      time      from   the   twins'     paternal

grandmother.        She reported that the children had been left in her

care ten days earlier, when defendants, who she claimed were using

heroin,      had    been   involved    in       a   physical   altercation.         The

Division's ensuing investigation revealed to it that during an

argument in the children's presence, G.S. accused K.S. of stealing

her phone, broke the top off of a glass bottle, and then stabbed

K.S. in the arm.

      G.S. was consequently charged with committing aggravated

assault with a weapon as an act of domestic violence.                   K.S. stated

to the Division that G.S. was a heroin addict.                      He denied using


                                            5
                                                                              A-5222-15T2
heroin himself, but admitted to using Xanax and Percocet.                       G.S.,

meanwhile, denied using heroin.              She did not believe that K.S.,

who had used heroin in the past, was currently using it because

he had "completed detox."         Drug screens conducted on January 30,

2015 revealed that G.S. tested positive for opiates and morphine,

and that K.S. tested positive for opiates, morphine, and oxycodone.

G.S. later admitted to using heroin.

     On February 5, 2015, the Division performed an emergency (or

"Dodd" removal1) of the children from defendants' care, based on

G.S.'s   admission   to   using    ten       bags   of   heroin   a   day;    K.S.'s

admission of misusing prescription medication; and both parents

having tested positive for opiates and morphine.                  At the request

of G.S., the children were placed by the Division with their

maternal aunt, in whose care they remain to date.                     The Division

located K.S. later that night, who said at that time he "hoped

that the children could be with their maternal aunt."

     Four days later, the Division filed an order to show cause

and a verified complaint in the Family Part seeking the care,

custody, and supervision of the children under Title Nine, N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.21 to -8.73 (regarding abuse and neglect), and also under


1
  A "Dodd removal" refers to the emergency removal of a child
without a court order, pursuant to the Dodd Act, N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21
to -8.82. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. P.W.R., 205 N.J.
17, 26 n.11 (2011).


                                         6
                                                                             A-5222-15T2
Title   Thirty,   N.J.S.A.   30:4C-12   (regarding   the   care    and

supervision of children).     The application was mainly based on

defendants having tested positive for opiates and morphine and

their admitted drug use.

     The OPR assigned two deputy public defenders from the same

regional field office, OPR-Central, to represent G.S. and K.S. at

the initial court hearing.    As we will discuss infra, there are

currently eight regional OPR offices that cover the State's twenty-

one counties. 2   The OPR-Central regional office handles cases

arising in Middlesex and Monmouth counties.

     According to her certification filed with the Family Part

after the concerns about potential conflicts in this case arose,

the staff attorney assigned to represent the father specifically

informed him before the initial post-removal hearing in February

2015 that there were safeguards within the OPR office, described

in more detail infra, to "ensure confidentiality for each client."

The staff attorney further advised K.S. that a "process of review"

had been undertaken to determine whether a potential for conflict

existed.   She explained to K.S. that the trial court "would likely

question him regarding his understanding of any possible conflict

of interest," stemming from the fact that two staff attorneys from


2
  See Office of the Public Defender, Regional Office of Parental
Representation Offices, http://www.nj.gov/defender/regional/#3
(last visited November 16, 2016).
                                 7
                                                             A-5222-15T2
the same OPR office had been assigned to represent different

clients in the case.    According to the attorney's certification,

K.S. responded that he understood her disclosures, and said that

he wanted her to represent him.        There is no indication in our

record that K.S. signed a written waiver of a potential conflict,

or that his assent was otherwise documented in any manner, aside

from his signing the generic Public Defender application form.

     The certification filed by the OPR staff attorney for the

mother did not address whether she had made similar representations

about the potential for conflict to G.S. at the outset of the

case.   However, as a separate certification from OPR-Central's

managing   attorney   attests,   the   OPR   has   a   standard   protocol

regarding the assignment of staff attorneys to co-defendants in

the same case, and the protocol was followed here.            As part of

that protocol, which we discuss more extensively, infra, the OPR

staff attorneys are required at the outset of each case to evaluate

whether it presents a potential conflict of interest that could

result in a significant likelihood of prejudice to either or both

defendants.   In any event, the two assigned OPR staff attorneys

have separately and continuously represented K.S. and G.S. since

the inception of this case in February 2015.

     At the conclusion of the February 9, 2015 hearing, the trial

court found that the Division's emergency removal was required due


                                   8
                                                                  A-5222-15T2
to imminent danger to the children's lives based on defendants'

substance abuse, but not domestic violence.             The court issued an

order to show cause granting the Division care, custody, and

supervision of the children and awarding defendants supervised

visitation.     The court further ordered:          defendants to submit to

substance abuse evaluations; G.S. to attend inpatient substance

abuse treatment; the Division to find a suitable domestic violence

program for G.S.; and K.S. to meet with the Division's domestic

violence liaison.       Defendants consented to the Title Nine removal

of the twins and agreed to the court-ordered services.

      During a compliance review hearing in September 2015, the

Division withdrew its Title Nine abuse and neglect claim against

defendants    because    it    found   that   the    allegations      were   "not

established."     By order entered on that date, G.S. and K.S.

consented to the continuing jurisdiction of the court for the

provision of substance abuse services pursuant to N.J.S.A. 30:4C-

12.    G.S.   singularly      was   ordered   to    engage   in   a   batterer's

intervention program.         G.S. subsequently received substance abuse

treatment, but she unfortunately relapsed.

      The Parents' Divergent Permanency Plans

      On February 1, 2016, after the children had been in placement

with the maternal aunt for twelve months, a permanency hearing was

scheduled before the Family Part in accordance with N.J.S.A. 30:4C-


                                       9
                                                                        A-5222-15T2
61.2(a)(2). The Division requested that the permanency goal change

from reunification to Kinship Legal Guardianship ("KLG") with the

maternal aunt pursuant to N.J.S.A. 30:4C-90.          The staff attorney

for G.S. represented to the court that her client, who was not

present in court that day because she had been incarcerated on a

separate offense, agreed with that goal and opposed reunification

of the twins with K.S.    Meanwhile, K.S., who was present in court

that day and who was pursuing substance abuse treatment, disagreed

with the mother's position.      According to the representations of

his own staff attorney, K.S. sought a goal of reunification of the

twins with him once he obtained a stable residence.

     The Law Guardian requested a three-month extension to afford

K.S. an opportunity to present an appropriate permanency plan.

The Law Guardian noted to the court that the children "very much

enjoy[ed]" their visits with their father, which were apparently

conducted at the paternal grandmother's house.           The trial judge

agreed with the request, issuing an order on that date granting a

permanency plan extension of one month to enable K.S. to find

suitable housing and continue his substance abuse treatment.

     The Conflicts Issue Identified and Addressed

     At the conclusion of the February 1 hearing, the trial judge

sua sponte raised the issue of whether a potential for prejudicial

conflict   existed   because   the   parents   had   submitted   competing


                                     10
                                                                  A-5222-15T2
permanency plans.    The staff attorneys responded that they did not

think there was a conflict, but agreed to speak to their managing

attorney about it.    Consequently, in the permanency order issued

that day, the judge directed the parties to submit briefs on the

conflicts issue.

       Later that same day, G.S.'s attorney discussed the judge's

concerns with her client.      According to her certification, she

explained to G.S. that she could continue to provide G.S. with

independent legal representation, and advocate for her position

notwithstanding that another attorney from OPR-Central would seek

a different outcome for K.S., and that each attorney operated

independently and would protect client confidences.     There is no

indication in our record that G.S. executed a written conflicts

waiver.   Nor does the record contain a conflicts waiver signed by

K.S.

       The trial judge conducted an initial oral argument on the

conflicts issue on February 25, 2016.    The staff attorneys argued

that they should be permitted to continue representing each of the

parents because there was no per se conflict of interest as a

result of their representation.    They further asserted that under

analogous principles in Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 173, the OPR was

responsible for making the determination of whether there was an

actual or potential conflict.   The staff attorneys argued that the


                                  11
                                                            A-5222-15T2
OPR's conflict assessment was subject to "substantial deference"

by the court, and was not appropriate for judicial review because

it   would   involve     the   consideration       of   potentially   privileged

communications.         Counsel admitted that they did not know what

decision-making process was used by the OPR in determining whether

to assign outside pool attorneys in multiple-representation cases.

The Division and Law Guardian took no position at that time, except

the Division argued that if the court found a conflict, defendants

should be required to place any waiver of that conflict on the

record.

      In a written decision issued on March 17, 2016, the trial

judge found that there was an actual conflict of interest between

G.S. and K.S. from which prejudice would be presumed.                  The judge

perceived that there was "very little in the way of 'identity of

interests'" between defendants.                As the judge described it, the

matter    began    as   a   result   of    domestic     violence,   and   neither

defendant had shown an effort to dispel that atmosphere through

counseling.       The judge further noted that defendants "initially

sought to portray the other as the one with an addiction to heroin,

while at the same time denying [his or her] own involvement."

      Thereafter, K.S. showed positive results to substance abuse

treatment, but G.S. relapsed.                  The judge also observed that

defendants each sought at the permanency hearing to obtain a more


                                          12
                                                                          A-5222-15T2
favorable relationship with the children at the expense of the

other, insofar as G.S. sought a permanency goal of KLG with a

relative who could "presumably be friendlier to her," whereas K.S.

sought to have the children reunified with him, thereby controlling

G.S.'s access to the children.

         As a result, the judge directed the parties, in accord with

analogous principles for criminal cases under Rule 3:8-2, to appear

at   a    hearing   to   address   the    apparent   conflicts   and   whether

defendants wanted to enter a knowing and voluntary waiver.                   The

judge held that if both parents entered conflicts waivers, the

matter would be resolved, but if either parent did not waive, "the

court will be forced to require one or both OPR attorneys to

withdraw from the case."

         Beyond this case-specific ruling, the judge announced in his

written opinion that he would institute the following procedural

framework in all cases currently on his Children-In-Court docket

where staff attorneys from the same OPR office represented co-

defendant parents:

              In the future, at the outset of any case where
              the Public Defender wishes to employ two OPR
              staff attorneys to represent the parents, the
              court will expect full compliance with State
              v. Bell and R.[]3:8-2. It will expect a motion
              to be made on the record seeking permission
              for dual representation of the parents.     It
              will hear and evaluate the motion using the
              same procedures it has outlined above.


                                         13
                                                                       A-5222-15T2
     On March 22, 2016, the judge issued an order granting K.S.'s

request to adjourn the permanency hearing, which had been scheduled

for that date, "so that [the] defense may review the [March 17,

2016] Opinion and decide whether or not to ask for a stay."

     Defendants moved for reconsideration of the court's March 17,

2016 ruling.    Defendants argued that the court erred in applying

Rule 3:8-2 to a Family Part matter and also in its application of

Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 173.        Defendants argued that different

permanency goals, standing alone, do not constitute a prejudicial

conflict     that   would   disqualify    the    public    defenders     from

representing defendants.      Defendants also expressed concern that,

in reaching its decision, the court did not have the benefit of

reviewing the measures that have been put in place by OPR-Central

to insure that each defendant was provided with independent counsel

fully able to preserve confidences and represent his or her

client's interests.

     The trial judge conducted oral argument in May 2016 on the

motion for reconsideration.      The two staff attorneys appeared on

behalf of their clients.        G.S. was present, but K.S. was not

because he had been hospitalized for a drug overdose. In addition,

an OPR appellate attorney appeared for the first time in the matter

to present oral argument on behalf of both defendants and offer

historical     background   about   how    the    OPR     shifted   from     a


                                    14
                                                                    A-5222-15T2
representation model that relied heavily on pool attorneys to a

model that now generally utilizes staff attorneys.                  The OPR

appellate attorney urged the court to allow the conflicts issues

to be addressed internally within the OPR, and that the court

should give substantial deference to the OPR's handling of these

issues.   The Division took no position on the conflicts issues.

The Law Guardian argued that there was at least a potential for

conflict, which should be addressed as quickly as possible.

      The trial judge denied the motion for reconsideration.             In a

lengthy written opinion issued on June 14, 2016, the judge again

found that defendants here were "in clear conflict" from which

prejudice may be presumed. The judge rejected the OPR's contention

that a court has no further role in a conflicts matter once it is

satisfied that the "prophylactic measures" are in place and that

the staff attorneys are committed to "fidelity and independence."

The judge expressed concern that the court and the parties might

not know if such safeguards were being followed by the OPR, and

even if they were followed, the safeguards might not address every

possible conflict.      For example, the judge was troubled by his

impression that the OPR does not currently have in place "a policy

to   require   that   each   staff   attorney   be   assigned   a   separate




                                     15
                                                                    A-5222-15T2
investigator,"   nor   would   the    OPR   "commit   to   that   being    a

requirement in the future."3

     In denying reconsideration, the judge also stated in his

opinion that he would adhere to the following protocol in all

cases where the OPR seeks to have staff attorneys from the same

office represent parents in child welfare cases.             The judge's

protocol may be summarized as follows:

          1. The OPR must first apply to the court at
          the outset for permission to represent both
          parents. During that hearing, the OPR has the
          burden to: explain why it cannot follow the
          "norm" set forth in Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at
          174, and assign co-defendants to outside pool
          counsel; and show why joint representation by
          staff attorneys is the "last resort available"
          to the OPR.   "Joint representation" will be
          denied if the OPR fails to establish either
          factor.

          2. If the OPR establishes the above threshold
          factors, the court will then conduct a
          thorough examination on the record and in the
          presence of the defendants, regarding any
          information indicating a real or potential
          conflict between the defendants.

          3. If the court is satisfied that a real or
          potential conflict exists, it may seek
          knowing, willing and voluntary waivers from
          the defendants. If a waiver is obtained, the
          court will "consider this as a part of the
          overall circumstances to be evaluated on the
          issue of joint representation."


3
  At oral argument on appeal, the OPR appellate attorney
represented to this court that separate investigators are assigned
to the attorney for each parent, although that practice was not
documented in the trial court.
                                     16
                                                                  A-5222-15T2
           4. If either parent does not waive the
           conflict, and there is evidence of a present
           conflict, the OPR will be directed to assign
           pool attorneys for the parents.     If only a
           potential conflict has been identified, the
           court will determine whether there is a
           significant likelihood of prejudice such that
           pool attorneys will be required.      And, on
           proof of no prejudice to the other parent from
           allowing opposing staff attorneys to remain
           in the case, the court may grant the OPR's
           request.

     Defendants moved again for reconsideration and other relief,

including a stay of the trial court's rulings to accommodate the

filing of a motion for leave to appeal with this court.        The trial

court granted the request for a continuation of the stay in an

order on August 2, 2016.      In an attached written statement of

reasons, submitted pursuant to Rule 2:5-6(c), the judge clarified

that he had not yet disqualified either of the OPR-Central staff

attorneys from representing defendants.          Instead, he had only

directed counsel to appear for a hearing as to "whether the

continued representation of one or both parents by staff attorneys

from the same OPR office is warranted."

     The Present Appeals

     Subsequently, we granted leave to appeal to G.S. (A-5222-

15T2) and K.S. (A-5223-15T2), consolidated and accelerated those

appeals,   granted   defendants'   application   to   extend   the   stay

pending appeal, and directed that the record shall include the

trial judge's August 2, 2016 Statement of Reasons.      Because of the

                                   17
                                                                A-5222-15T2
importance of the issues affecting the practice of law and a

lawyer's ethical responsibilities, we invited the New Jersey Bar

Association to appear as amicus curiae. The Bar Association kindly

accepted our invitation, filing a brief and also appearing at oral

argument. In the meantime, the permanency hearing for the children

in the trial court has been adjourned.

     Although there is substantial agreement among the respective

positions taken by counsel on the appeal, the Law Guardian differs

with the position taken by defendants through the OPR appellate

attorney as to whether a hearing was warranted in this case to

explore conflict issues after the parents had advocated divergent

parenting plans.       The OPR appellate attorney maintains that the

competing plans and the other circumstances here do not rise to

the level of a prejudicial conflict warranting judicial inquiry.

In any event, the OPR appellate attorney maintains that adequate

client waivers have been procured to remediate any such presumed

conflicts of interest.

     The Law Guardian, however, argues that there is a sufficient

concern of potential conflict here to justify the trial court's

inquiries into the topic and its decision to order a hearing to

explore the issue.       In that regard, the Law Guardian expresses

concerns   that   if   the   representation   of   both   staff   attorneys

continues without being judicially validated in some way at this


                                    18
                                                                   A-5222-15T2
time, the children might be disadvantaged by continued delay and

uncertainty if either or both parents claim on appeal from a final

permanency order that their trial attorney was compromised, and

the result below was thus tainted.

     The Bar Association declines to take a position on whether a

hearing is justified in this case, but instead presents broader

principles relating to the assignment of defense counsel in Title

Nine and Title Thirty cases and the importance of presumptively

deferring to the professional judgment of the attorneys involved.

     All three counsel who substantively briefed the appeal agree

that the principles for civil representation of parents in a Title

Nine or Title Thirty action are not identical with those in a

criminal defense context addressed in Bell and Rule 3:8-2.     They

all respectfully contend that the prospective guidelines announced

by the trial court – including a demonstration at the outset of a

child welfare case that no pool attorneys are available in the

county to represent the co-defendant parents – are unwarranted.

They maintain that the OPR's general arrangement of allowing two

staff attorneys in the same office to represent these parents,

with appropriate screening, should be presumptively allowed unless

a case-specific conflict emerges.    The Division and the Attorney

General continue to take no position.

                              II.


                               19
                                                          A-5222-15T2
     The Parents' Rights to Effective Representation

     Parents in New Jersey charged with civil abuse and neglect

under Title Nine or who are subject to Title Thirty termination

proceedings have a constitutional right to counsel under the due

process    guarantees   of   Article    I,   paragraph   1   of   the   State

Constitution, and a statutory right under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.43(a),

9:6-8.30(a), and 30:4C-15.4(a). N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.

v. B.R., 192 N.J. 301, 305 (2007); N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. E.B., 137 N.J. 180, 186 (1994); Crist v. N.J. Div. of

Youth & Family Servs., 135 N.J. Super. 573, 576-77 n.2 (App. Div.

1975).    The statutory and constitutional rights of the parent must

be "scrupulously protected."      N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.

v. G.M., 198 N.J. 382, 397 (2009).

     A right to counsel is "the right to the effective assistance

of counsel."    McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14, 90 S.

Ct. 1441, 1449 n.14, 25 L. Ed. 2d 763, 773 n.14 (1970).            In cases

brought against a parent by the Division, the effectiveness of

defense counsel is assessed by the two-part test set forth in

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052,

2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 693 (1984), applicable in criminal cases.

N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. B.H., 391 N.J. Super. 322,

345 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 192 N.J. 296 (2007).             That test

examines whether (1) the attorney's performance was deficient and


                                   20
                                                                    A-5222-15T2
(2) whether the deficient performances actually prejudiced the

client.    Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064,

80 L. Ed. 2d at 693.         See also RPC 1.1 (imposing on lawyers the

ethical duty of competence).

     To    be   effective,    counsel    "must      provide   the    client   with

undivided loyalty and representation that is 'untrammeled and

unimpaired' by conflicting interests."              State v. Norman, 151 N.J.

5, 23 (1997) (quoting State v. Bellucci, 81 N.J. 531, 538 (1980)).

"[A]n attorney hobbled by conflicting interests that so thoroughly

impede his ability to exercise single-minded loyalty on behalf of

the client cannot render the effective assistance guaranteed by

our constitution."     State v. Cottle, 194 N.J. 449, 467 (2008).

     Indigent parents in Title Nine and Title Thirty proceedings

are entitled to representation provided through the Office of the

Public Defender.     N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. R.D., 207

N.J. 88, 113 (2011) (citing N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.23(a),(b); N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.43(a); N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.4).                See also In re Adoption of

Child by J.E.V., 226 N.J. 90, 106 (2016) (due process guarantee

requires   appointment   of     counsel      to    some   indigent   litigants).

"Simple justice demands nothing less in light of the magnitude of

the consequences involved."       Crist, supra, 135 N.J. Super. at 575.

A child who is the subject of a Title Nine or Title Thirty

proceeding is also entitled to representation by counsel employed


                                        21
                                                                         A-5222-15T2
in a separate unit of the Public Defender's Office, referred to

as a "law guardian."     J.B. v. W.B., 215 N.J. 305, 332 (2013)

(citing N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(d); N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.23; N.J.S.A. 30:4C-

15.4(b)).

     History of the Public Defender and the Creation of the OPR

     The Office of the Public Defender was established in 1967

under the Public Defender's Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:158A-1 to -25, to

replace "the assigned counsel system with a statewide program for

the defense of indigents at public expense."            State v. Western

World, Inc., 440 N.J. Super. 175, 193-94 (App. Div. 2015), certif.

denied, 225 N.J. 221 (2016).     The Public Defender was initially

required to provide representation, and all necessary services and

facilities of representation, to indigent criminal defendants

charged with an indictable offense.      N.J.S.A. 2A:158A-5.

     Subsequent   legislation   in    1974   assigned    that   right   of

representation to abuse and neglect proceedings under Title Nine,

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.43(a),4 and in 1999 to termination cases under Title

Thirty, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.4.         Thereafter, the Public Defender

created the OPR, formerly known as the Parental Representation

Unit ("PRU"), to represent parents in both Title Nine and Title


4
  In 1974, the responsibility for providing counsel for parents in
Title Nine cases was assigned to the then-established Department
of the Public Advocate.      See Office of the Public Defender,
History, http://www.nj.gov/defender/history/ (last viewed on
November 16, 2016); E.B., supra, 137 N.J. at 186.
                                 22
                                                                 A-5222-15T2
Thirty cases.

      The Public Defender is empowered to appoint deputy public

defenders, N.J.S.A. 2A:158A-6, and also to maintain and compensate

"trial pools of lawyers" on a case-by-case basis.                       N.J.S.A.

2A:158A-7(c),(d).       Pool attorneys may be engaged "whenever needed

to meet case load demands, or to provide independent counsel to

multiple defendants whose interests may be in conflict."                N.J.S.A.

2A:158A-9 (emphasis added).

      All communications between the defendant clients and any

lawyers in the Public Defender's Office "shall be fully protected

by the attorney-client privilege to the same extent and degree as

though counsel has been privately engaged."              N.J.S.A. 2A:158A-12.

The Public Defender's Office has the ultimate responsibility to

represent the client and is the client's attorney of record,

regardless of whether the lawyers it assigns are staff or pool

attorneys.       Turner v. Dep't of Human Servs., 337 N.J. Super. 474,

478 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 168 N.J. 294 (2001).

      The statutory scheme prescribes that the Public Defender is

to   make   selections    of   staff   and    pool    attorneys   "on   a   basis

calculated to provide the respective defendants with competent

counsel     in   the   light   of   the     nature,    complexity   and     other

characteristics of the cases, the services to be performed, the

status of the matters, and other relevant factors."                     N.J.S.A.


                                       23
                                                                        A-5222-15T2
2A:158A-8. In selecting attorneys to serve as counsel for indigent

parents, the Public Defender's Office also must:                 (1) consider an

attorney's willingness to make a commitment to represent a parent;

(2) ensure that an attorney has received proper training; and (3)

provide     for    an   internal   administrative         unit   to   supervise,

evaluate,    and    select    non-staff    counsel   to    represent   indigent

parents independently from the Office of Law Guardian.                  N.J.S.A.

30:4C-15.4(c)(1)-(3). Decisions by the Public Defender concerning

the representation of parents are to be made by staff who have no

actual involvement in the day-to-day representation of children

provided by the OLG.         N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.4(c)(3).

     The Post-2004 Reforms

     From 1974 to the mid-2000s, the general practice in Title

Nine proceedings was for the Public Defender to assign an attorney

in the OLG to represent the child, and to assign separate pool

attorneys to represent the parents.           N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. E.B., 264 N.J. Super. 1, 6 (App. Div. 1993), aff'd, 137

N.J. 180 (1994).5       That practice changed, however, in 2004, when,


5
  Prior to an amendment in 1977, N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 defined an
"attorney" for an indigent parent as "a pool attorney" from the
Public Defender "appointed in order to avoid conflict between the
interests of the child and the parent[.]"        L. 1974, c. 119.
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 currently defines an "attorney" for an indigent
parent as "an attorney from the Office of the Public Defender or
an attorney appointed by the court who shall be appointed in order
to avoid conflict between the interests of the child and the parent
or guardian in regard to representation." (Emphasis added).
                                      24
                                                                        A-5222-15T2
as part of the State's comprehensive reform of the child welfare

system, the Public Defender transitioned from a model primarily

utilizing pool attorneys, which had received criticism, to a model

utilizing staff attorneys more often.

     The State's reform plan was developed as part of a settlement

reached in a federal class action filed on behalf of children in

the Division's care.6   Among other things, the plan was designed

to improve legal representation of indigent parents.    The reform

plan provided in relevant part that:

          Children are represented by the Law Guardian
          Unit of the . . . [Public Defender], which has
          a large in-house staff.      Parents are also
          represented by the [Public Defender], which
          has a small in-house staff for this purpose
          (the parental representation unit, PRU, which
          mainly handles appeals, with almost all the
          trial level representation being handled by
          pool private sector attorneys paid on an
          hourly basis for this work.)       This model
          raises several concerns.

          [A New Beginning: The Future of Child Welfare
          in New Jersey, at 146 (June 9, 2004),
          available                                  at
          http://dspace.njstatelib.org:8080
          /xmlui/handle/10929/25777 (emphasis added).]

The reform plan went on to detail those concerns, including the

following criticisms of heavy reliance on pool attorneys:

          [B]ecause most of the parental representation
          is not institutionalized, but handled by the
          individual pool attorneys, most parents are

6
  See Charlie H. v. Whitman, 83 F. Supp. 2d 476 (D.N.J. 2000)
(addressing a motion to dismiss filed in the federal class action).
                                25
                                                            A-5222-15T2
           represented by counsel without reliable access
           to ongoing training, support (from paralegals,
           investigators, or the like) or supervision,
           which cannot but affect the quality of
           parental representation.    Parents are often
           represented by different attorneys during the
           course of their cases, undermining both the
           quality of representation and the parents'
           confidence in the operation of the system as
           a whole, at a time of particular legal and
           emotional vulnerability.

           [Ibid. (emphasis added).]

      In accordance with the reform plan, the Child Welfare Panel

engaged as consultants Professor Martin Guggenheim of New York

University School of Law, and Craig Levine, Senior Counsel for the

New   Jersey    Institute   for    Social    Justice.      These    consultants

asserted   in    their   report    that     the   pool   attorney   system   had

contributed to the inadequate representation of indigent parents

because the pool attorneys were often unprepared, undertrained,

underpaid, and improperly managed.                Martin Guggenheim & Craig

Levine,    Report   to   New      Jersey    Child   Welfare    Panel   on    the

Representation of Parents in Child Welfare Cases (May 2005) at 7-

9.7   They recommended that to the extent pool attorneys would

continue to be used in conflict cases with multiple parents, it

was important to implement a meaningful evaluative tool for their




7
   Available  at   https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/bitstream/
handle/10929/40775/c5362005g.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y     (last
viewed on November 16, 2016).


                                       26
                                                                       A-5222-15T2
performance.        Id.    at   35.      Further,    they    recommended      that

representation be housed in separate institutions – one for so-

called "primary" and another for so-called "secondary" parents –

which might decrease the need for retaining pool attorneys.                     Id.

at 26-27, 35.

       In a public report submitted in June 2005, the Interagency

Council for Children and Families (the "ICCF"), the agency charged

with   ensuring    the    timely   implementation      of   the    reform    plan,

described the aim of the Public Defender's transformation to a

predominantly      staff-based        system   for   the    representation       of

indigent parents.         According to the ICCF, the transformation was

designed "both to increase the quality and accountability of legal

counsel and to ensure the presence of legal counsel for parents

from   the   earliest      possible     opportunity    in    a    child   welfare

proceeding."      Interagency Council for Children & Families, Public

Report, at 3 (June 30, 2005). 8                To that end, the OPR hired

additional staff attorneys, opened new offices, and hired new

investigators.      Id. at 3-4.       In addition, the OPR "continue[d] to

maintain a list of seasoned pool attorneys for cases with multiple

defendant parents and [to] manage such trial assignments to ensure

timely selection of legal counsel for those cases[.]"                 Id. at 5.




8
      Available      at      https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/
handle/10929/30082 (last viewed on November 16, 2016).
                                         27
                                                                          A-5222-15T2
     This transition from a predominantly pool attorney model to

a predominantly staff attorney model took longer than expected.

According to the OPR, the transition was not fully implemented on

a state-wide basis until September 2013.

     Conflicts Protocols

     Under the former system that had been in effect from 1974 to

2013,   few    issues   of   conflict-of-interest   would   have    arisen,

because parents were then mainly represented by pool attorneys

from separate firms and children were represented by the OLG, an

entirely separate office within the Public Defender.9              "OLG and

OPR are kept administratively separate to avoid any appearance of

conflict [between counsel for children and their parents] in these

cases."    Office of the Public Defender, supra, History.

     The OPR recognized that under the revised system, a potential

for conflict could arise from the fact that staff attorneys from

the same OPR office can be assigned to represent co-defendant

parents.      According to the Guggenheim report, approximately one-

third of the OPR's cases involve multiple parents and require the




9
  Separate law guardians are also appointed if there is a conflict
of interest among the children. See, e.g., N.J. Div. of Youth &
Family Servs. v. Robert M., 347 N.J. Super. 44, 61-62, 69 (App.
Div.) (appointing four separate law guardians to children in a
termination case), certif. denied, 174 N.J. 39 (2002). Although
there are parallel issues of how best to deal with client conflicts
with respect to the Law Guardian, those issues are not posed in
this appeal, and we therefore do not address them.
                                     28
                                                                   A-5222-15T2
assignment of a second attorney.           Guggenheim & Levine, supra, at

26-27.     To address that concern, the OPR chose not to adopt the

"primary"/"secondary" client model suggested by Guggenheim and

Levine, but instead established protocols for staff attorneys, to

insure confidentiality and to protect independent advocacy when

they are representing parents in child welfare cases. If, however,

a determination is made that there is a potential conflict of

interest and a significant likelihood of prejudice, representation

is assigned to a pool attorney.

       The record does not contain any written guidelines issued

internally by the OPR detailing the protocols for representation

by staff attorneys within the same office representing two parents

in the same case. However, the record does contain a certification

from   the   managing     attorney    of   OPR-Central     describing   those

existing     protocols.      The     managing   attorney    explained   that

beginning in 2013, the OPR instituted a state-wide program of

staff attorney representation of co-defendants in civil child

welfare matters.     A "critical component" of the program was to

insure that staff attorneys considered potential conflicts.

       According to the managing attorney's certification, "[s]taff

attorneys were instructed to review each case at the onset and

determine if the circumstances demonstrated a potential conflict

of interest and a significant likelihood of prejudice to either


                                      29
                                                                    A-5222-15T2
or both defendants."        If the staff attorney found a potential

conflict, the attorney was directed to immediately bring the case

to the managing attorney's attention for further assessment. Cases

in which a final determination was made "that a potential for

conflict exists that could result in a significant likelihood of

prejudice" were immediately reassigned to a pool attorney – a

result OPR-Central has had to use in only a "few" cases.

     The   managing    attorney    further   attested   that,   before     the

present case was filed by the Division, the following protocols

within   the   OPR   had   been   "continuously   implemented   to    insure

confidentiality and to preserve independent advocacy":

           • Each staff attorney representing a co-
           defendant on the same case has a separate and
           distinct office and individual filing cabinets
           to store case files.

           • Each staff attorney representing a co-
           defendant on the same case has a separate
           secretary assigned and/or must undertake
           his/her own administrative tasks.

           • Each staff attorney representing a co-
           defendant on the same case is assigned to a
           separate printer located in different rooms
           within the office.

           • All staff and secretaries are precluded from
           using the speaker phone function when speaking
           with clients.

           • All staff attorneys are precluded from
           removing documents from the copier or fax, and
           must wait for documents to be placed in
           his/her mailbox by support personnel or the
           manager.

                                     30
                                                                     A-5222-15T2
            • All staff attorneys have been directed to
            keep all files secured in cabinets and any
            work product out of plain view.

            • All staff attorneys have been instructed to
            maintain   confidentiality   and   independent
            advocacy by insuring conversations with
            colleagues regarding shared cases are limited
            to general information and only to that which
            is not protected by attorney client privilege.

       The OPR-Central managing attorney further explained in her

certification that she sometimes has conferences with individual

staff and pool attorneys about litigation issues and strategies.

She asserted that her advice and recommendations to the attorneys

are kept confidential, and that no information she learns about

the    position    or    strategy    of    a    co-defendant     is   shared.      "In

instances       where    staff   attorneys,       with     the   consent    of   their

respective clients, wish to discuss a collaborative case strategy

or shared legal question," the managing attorney "meet[s] with

both    attorneys       together    to    discuss    the    legal     considerations

related    to    their    collaborative         strategy    or   shared    question."

According to the managing attorney, even when such collaborative

approaches are pursued, "each attorney is expected to and does

independently advocate for his/her client" in the case.

       During the motion proceedings before the trial court in this

case, the OPR appellate attorney further clarified these customary

practices in his representations to the court.                      He acknowledged


                                           31
                                                                             A-5222-15T2
that the OPR does not ordinarily assign staff attorneys from other

OPR offices to represent co-defendant parents in a case because

it does not have offices in every county.               Because of logistical

impediments,    it    is    difficult    to    assign   counsel   to   such   co-

defendants from different regional offices.                 Instead, the OPR

generally utilizes two staff attorneys from the same office, with

the   screening      protocol    described      in   OPR-Central's     managing

attorney's     certification.            The    OPR's    appellate     attorney

acknowledged to the trial court that there was no "standard script"

for staff attorneys to explain to clients the risks of such

representation arrangements out of a common office.

                                        III.

      Mindful of this important history and background information,

we now address the issues raised on appeal. In essence, the issues

fall into three clusters:          (1) the identification of actual or

potential conflicts arising from OPR staff attorneys within the

same office representing co-defendant parents; (2) whether such

conflicts may be waived, and, if so, how; and (3) the appropriate

role of the court.         We examine them in turn.

                                         A.

      The Identification of Conflicts

      The OPR, Law Guardian, and amicus in this case all agree with

the fundamental principle that it is vital to safeguard against


                                         32
                                                                        A-5222-15T2
conflicts of interest that might compromise the integrity or

quality of representation of indigent parents in defending Title

Nine and Title Thirty actions.      Their arguments differ over what

precisely comprises such conflicts of interest, and over when

specifically measures must be taken to address actual or potential

conflicts.

     Fundamentally, a lawyer owes his or her client the key

responsibilities of confidentiality and loyalty.        In re Op. No.

653 of the Advisory Comm. on Prof'l Ethics, 132 N.J. 124, 129

(1993).      From   that   duty   "issues   the   prohibition   against

representing clients with conflicting interests."         Ibid.     "The

prohibition against lawyer conflicts of interest is intended to

assure clients that a lawyer's work will be characterized by

loyalty, vigor, and confidentiality."       Restatement (Third) of the

Law Governing Lawyers § 122 comment b (2000).            The risk in

representing clients with conflicting interests is that a lawyer's

divided loyalty will result in less vigorous representation of

both clients, and that the lawyer will use confidences of one

client to benefit the other.      A. v. B., 158 N.J. 51, 57 (1999).

     The Rules of Professional Conduct, which address conflicts

of interest, are indisputably applicable to lawyers assigned by

the Office of Public Defender in either a civil or criminal

context.   N.J.S.A. 2A:158A-13; Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 169; State


                                   33
                                                                A-5222-15T2
v. Noel, 386 N.J. Super. 292, 297 (Law Div. 2005).          Specifically

at issue here is RPC 1.7(a), a provision "rooted in the concept

that '[n]o man can serve two masters[.]'" State ex rel. S.G., 175

N.J. 132, 139 (2003) (quoting Raymond L. Wise, Legal Ethics 272-

73 (1970)).    RPC 1.7(a) prescribes:

            [A] lawyer shall not represent a client if the
            representation involves a concurrent conflict
            of interest.      A concurrent conflict of
            interest exists if:

            (1) the representation of one client will be
            directly adverse to another client; or

            (2) there is a significant risk that the
            representation of one or more clients will be
            materially    limited    by   the    lawyer's
            responsibilities to another client, a former
            client, or a third person or by a personal
            interest of the lawyer.[10]

     Hence, pursuant to RPC 1.7(a)(1), one lawyer cannot represent

multiple    clients   with   "directly"    conflicting     interests     or

interests   that   "materially   limit"   the   lawyer's   advocacy.      A




10
  Our Supreme Court largely adopted, with certain modifications,
the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct in 1984 "'to harmonize
New Jersey's standards with the Model Rules and to provide clear,
enforceable standards of behavior for lawyers.'" In re Op. No.
17-2012 of the Advisory Comm. on Prof'l Ethics, 220 N.J. 468, 478
(2014) (quoting State v. Rue, 175 N.J. 1, 14 (2002)). Restatement
(Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers, supra, § 121, defines a
conflict of interest as arising "if there is a substantial risk
that the lawyer's representation of the client would be materially
and adversely affected by the lawyer's own interests or by the
lawyer's duties to another current client, a former client, or a
third person."   See In re Simon, 206 N.J. 306, 316 n.5 (2011)
(citing § 121 of the Restatement).
                                   34
                                                                 A-5222-15T2
conflict   of   interest   may   thereby    preclude   a   lawyer   from

representing co-defendants.

     Under RPC 1.10, such a conflict is "imputed to all members

of a law firm, disqualifying all if any one would be disqualified."

S.G., supra, 175 N.J. at 138.          However, in New Jersey, public

defenders are not viewed for imputation purposes in exactly the

same manner as a law firm of attorneys. See Michels, N.J. Attorney

Ethics § 24:2-2 at 600 (2015); Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 171; State

v. Muniz, 260 N.J. Super. 309, 314-15 (App. Div. 1992).

     For the reasons we shall discuss, infra, the comparison with

private law firms is not perfect.      Our courts have addressed these

conflict-of-interest concerns in the somewhat analogous context

of the representation of co-defendants in a criminal case.

     For instance, in Bellucci, supra, 81 N.J. at 545, the Supreme

Court held that representation of multiple defendants in a criminal

case by a single private attorney or attorneys from the same law

firm is barred and implicates the defendants' Sixth Amendment

rights to the effective assistance of counsel "unless defendants

are fully advised of the potential problems involved."        "[O]nce a

potential conflict exists, prejudice will be presumed in the

absence of waiver . . . even if associated attorneys are involved

instead of the same attorney."    Id. at 543 (citing State v. Land,

73 N.J. 24, 30 (1977)).       As the Court explained in Bellucci,


                                  35
                                                               A-5222-15T2
prejudice is presumed when lawyers from the same law firm represent

criminal co-defendants because: (1) firm members have access to

confidential information; (2) the entire firm shares an economic

interest in the clients of each attorney; and (3) public confidence

in the integrity of the Bar would be eroded if conduct proscribed

by one lawyer could be performed by another lawyer in the firm.

Bellucci, supra, 81 N.J. at 541-42.

     Multiple representation of defendants in criminal cases by

public defenders from the same office does not, however, "in itself

give rise to a presumption of prejudice," because the same degree

of conflict risks pertaining to private law firms does not exist.

Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 171.   The Court in Bell explained that the

Public Defender differs from private law firms because public

defenders have no financial incentive in retaining clients, and

          [a]s a consequence, the public does not lose
          confidence in a rule allowing attorneys in the
          same office to represent joint defendants,
          even though a single attorney from that office
          could not handle the cases.      Because "the
          primary, if not the only, responsibility of
          an assistant public defender is to represent
          individual citizens in controversy with the
          State," Branti v. Finkel, 445 U.S. 507, 519,
          100 S. Ct. 1287, 1295, 63 L. Ed. 2d 574, 584
          (1980), we can expect the public defenders to
          withdraw   from   the  case   whenever   joint
          representation may prejudice their clients. A
          per se rule requiring counsel from separate
          offices would therefore needlessly deprive
          many defendants of competent local public
          defenders.


                                 36
                                                           A-5222-15T2
          [Id. at 168-69 (emphasis added).]

     The Court in Bell was "satisfied that although the subtle

influences that arise from public defenders practicing side by

side in the same office may present difficulties in maintaining

absolute independence, 'the inbred adversary tendencies of [public

defense] lawyers are sufficient protection.'"   Id. at 169 (quoting

People v. Robinson, 402 N.E.2d 157, 162 (Ill. 1979) (quoting ABA

Standards, The Defense Function, at 212-13 (1971))).11

     For similar reasons, we conclude that there is no per se

ethical prohibition upon staff attorneys from within the same OPR

regional office representing different parents within the same

case,   provided   that   appropriate   screening   measures     are

scrupulously implemented. There is no need for us in these appeals

to pass upon, item-by-item, the protective measures described in

the certification of OPR-Central's managing attorney.    We observe




11
  See State v. Reardon, 337 N.J. Super. 324, 330 (App. Div. 2001)
(conflict of interest based on multiple representation by
attorneys from same Public Defender's Office was not supported by
record); State v. Scherzer, 301 N.J. Super. 363, 459-60 (App.
Div.) (finding no per se conflict in co-defendants represented by
public defenders), certif. denied, 151 N.J. 466 (1997); Muniz,
supra, 260 N.J. Super. at 314-15 (holding public defender not
disqualified from representing a defendant whose victim had been
represented by another public defender in the same office on
unrelated matter); State v. Rogers, 177 N.J. Super. 365, 367 (App.
Div. 1981) (holding joint representation of co-defendants by
public defenders from same office did not constitute denial of
defendants' constitutional rights to counsel), appeal dismissed,
90 N.J. 187 (1982).
                                37
                                                           A-5222-15T2
that they appear to be appropriately designed to safeguard client

confidences, on the whole, and to promote zealous independent

representation by the respective staff lawyers for each parent.

      We do add two important points of enhancement.                First, the

described protocol should be expanded to include measures to

safeguard electronically stored confidential client information

and   attorney   work   product,   in     a   manner   conforming    with   the

recently-enacted subsection (f) to RPC 1.6 (eff. September 1,

2016) and the associated Official Comment issued on August 1,

2016.   In this digital information age, it is vital that screening

measures not be confined to physical case files.              The screening

must include the protection of electronically stored data, which,

for example, might contain confidential attorney notes on client

confidences and strategies.12

      Second, we instruct the OPR to formalize its protocol with

written guidelines that are distributed to all staff and managing

attorneys, assuming they do not already exist. The OPR's appellate

attorney   represented    that     the    procedures     described     in   the

certification of OPR-Central's managing attorney are followed in

all of the OPR's other regional offices statewide.            In any event,


12
  At oral argument, we were assured by the OPR's appellate attorney
that the OPR maintains separate log-in passwords for individual
attorneys so that access to sensitive computer files is limited.
Beyond this, we recommend that the OPR consider what additional
measures are warranted in light of the new RPC subsection.
                                     38
                                                                      A-5222-15T2
they ought to be promulgated internally in a more formal manner

to assure compliance.

     The harder questions presented here concern identifying under

what circumstances the mere theoretical possibility for conflict

advance    to    a   tangible,   case-specific   concern      that    warrants

scrutiny and potential corrective action.            This potential was

explained by the Court in a criminal context in Bell, supra, 90

N.J. at 171-73.       In that case, the Court found no conflict where,

near the end of the trial, a detective testified, without prior

disclosure, that several hours before the burglary he had seen one

of the co-defendants carrying a pair of pink pants; the pants were

later found with the stolen items.            Id. at 171-72.         The trial

judge    overruled    defense    counsels'   objection   on   the    basis   of

surprise.       Id. at 172.

     Defense counsel in Bell did not raise the conflict issue

until after cross-examination of the detective had been completed.

Ibid.    The conflict claim was based on the fact that co-defendant

Bell alone, without co-defendant Peguese, was seen carrying the

pants.     Ibid.     "No further explanation was given as to how a

conflict had developed from this alleged dissimilarity."                 Ibid.

The Court held:

            We   fail   to   see  the   conflict.     The
            confidentiality of the information was not at
            issue.    The attorney defending Peguese was
            unfettered in his ability to respond to this

                                      39
                                                                      A-5222-15T2
            new information.   Bell could hardly seek to
            claim a tactical trial problem related to his
            co-defendant. Its real burden lay not in any
            conflict but in its surprise. As noted, the
            trial court permitted an adjournment to allow
            counsel to check out the incident but denied
            a mistrial because the nondisclosure was
            inadvertent. Two privately retained lawyers
            would have faced the same problems of trial
            tactics at that time.

                 At no time, either at trial or on appeal,
            have defendants suggested what either trial
            attorney might have done differently once the
            conflict arose.   Neither defendant took the
            stand.   Peguese's attorney stated that this
            was his usual trial strategy. Contrast this
            with Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 98
            S. Ct. 1173, 55 L. Ed. 2d 426 (1978), where a
            trial court had ordered one public defender
            to represent three criminal defendants.     He
            could cross-examine none although their
            interests differed.    Cf. Glasser v. United
            States, 315 U.S. 60, 62 S. Ct. 457, 86 L. Ed.
            680   (1942)   (attorney    representing   two
            defendants voluntarily refrained from cross-
            examining prosecution witness because of
            feared adverse effect on one co-defendant).

            [Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 172-73 (emphasis
            added).]

     Thereafter, in a civil case, In re Petition for Review of

Opinion 552 of Advisory Committee on Professional Ethics, 102 N.J.

194 (1986), the Court held that in a Section 1983 civil rights

action, "a government attorney is precluded from representing co-

defendant    government   officers    or   employees   only   where   the

allegations or the facts as developed present an actual conflict

of interests or the realistic possibility of such a conflict."


                                     40
                                                                A-5222-15T2
Id. at 208 (emphasis added).             "If no such conflict is presented,

then a government attorney may simultaneously represent as co-

defendants governmental officers or employees and the government

entity."    Ibid.     The Court cautioned, however, that "[t]his joint

representation . . . is conditioned upon the continuing obligation

of   the   attorney    to    ascertain      whether      there     exist      potential

conflicts of interests among the defendants, and if, under the

circumstances, such potential conflicting interests emerge that

outweigh    the   mutuality        or   similarity      of   the   interests       among

defendants."         Id.     at    208-09      (emphasis     added).          If    that

materializes,       "the    attorney      shall    be    obligated       promptly     to

terminate such joint representation and initiate steps for the

separate representation of the defendants."                  Id. at 209.

      The Court explained in Opinion 552 that joint representation

of   co-defendants         "with    potentially         differing       interests     is

permissible provided there is a substantial identity of interests

between them in terms of defending the claims that have been

brought against all defendants.                The elements of mutuality must

preponderate over the elements of incompatibility."                       Id. at 204.

Critical to that determination is whether co-defendants "would

present consistent defenses to the claims brought against them."

Id. at 205.       Thus, "representation of multiple parties may be

permitted    even     if    the    positions      may   appear     to    be   somewhat


                                          41
                                                                               A-5222-15T2
potentially conflicting."   Ibid.

     Moreover, under the RPCs, representation of clients who are

on the same side in the same civil litigation, unlike opposing

clients with a direct conflict of interest, does not always present

a potential for a conflict of interest, and is not automatically

barred.   Michels, supra, § 19:2-1(e) at 415.      A disqualifying

conflict may arise in representing co-defendants "by reason of

substantial discrepancy in the parties' testimony, incompatibility

in positions in relation to an opposing party or the fact that

there are substantially different possibilities of settlement of

the claims or liabilities in question."   Ibid. (quoting ABA Model

Rules of Prof'l Conduct R. 1.7 (2000)).   See, e.g., Wolpaw v. Gen.

Acc. Ins. Co., 272 N.J. Super. 41, 45 (App. Div.) (requiring a

liability insurer to retain separate counsel for co-defendants

with conflicting interests), certif. denied, 137 N.J. 316 (1994).

     In identifying conflicts, "[t]he critical questions are the

likelihood that a difference in interests will eventuate and, if

it does, whether it will materially interfere with the lawyer's

independent professional judgment in considering alternatives or

foreclose courses of action that reasonably should be pursued on

behalf of the client."   ABA Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct, supra,

R. 1.7 comment 8.

     These principles came into play in a       Title Thirty case


                                42
                                                           A-5222-15T2
involving      private    representation   in    which   a   defendant    father

appealed from an order terminating his parental rights.               N.J. Div.

of Youth & Family Servs. v. V.K., 236 N.J. Super. 243, 249 (App.

Div. 1989), certif. denied, 121 N.J. 614, cert. denied, 495 U.S.

934, 110 S. Ct. 2178, 109 L. Ed. 2d 507 (1990).                  The Division

became aware of the case when the mother called a hotline because

she felt "overwhelmed" with the care of her small children.                    Id.

at 250.       The parents had "a history of emotional instability and

inability to control their behavior," and "would not agree to

voluntary placement of the children."              Ibid.     The trial court

heard "extensive testimony of physical and sexual abuse of the two

children" by the co-defendant parents in the termination case.

Ibid.     The parents were also tried on criminal charges of child

abuse and were acquitted.        Id. at 251.

     On appeal in V.K., the father argued, among other things,

that private trial counsel should not have represented both him

and his wife "as such representation constituted a conflict of

interest." Id. at 256-57. He claimed that there was "'no question

but that all of the family problems have their root'" in his wife's

alleged conduct, and that the conflict was further heightened by

the fact that he wanted the children back, while unbeknownst to

him, his wife did not.         Id. at 257.      The Division's attorney had

raised    a    possible    conflict   of   interest      concerning   the      co-


                                      43
                                                                         A-5222-15T2
defendants'   private    counsel   representing   the   husband   in    the

related criminal matter, but the husband and wife stated at the

time that they did not believe there was a conflict of interest

and wanted common trial counsel to represent them in the civil

termination trial.      Ibid.

     We found no support in the record for the father's allegations

of a conflict in V.K.     Without citing to Bell or RPC 1.7, we held

that "[o]ur careful review of the record reveals no conflict of

interests between appellant and his wife that would result in

prejudice to appellant.     Their interests were not divergent; both

sought to establish that [the Division's] claim that they had

sexually abused their children was groundless."            Ibid. (citing

United States ex rel. Smith v. New Jersey, 341 F. Supp. 268, 271

(D.N.J. 1972) (where, by comparison, the co-defendants' interests

were identical)).

     More recently, in New Jersey Division of Youth & Family

Services v. N.S., 412 N.J. Super. 593, 639-40 (App. Div. 2010),

we held that there was no per se "disqualifying conflict" when

"one attorney assumes the tandem roles of counsel for the same

defendant in both a Title Nine action and criminal proceedings

arising from the abuse or neglect of a child."            The concern in

allowing dual representation in that case centered on the release

of the Division's files under Rule 5:12-3.        Ibid.     We held that


                                   44
                                                                  A-5222-15T2
such dual representation by counsel may be allowed "subject to a

protective    order,   which   preserves   the   confidentiality     of   the

source prompting the Division's protective services litigation."

Id. at 640.

     These cases signify that a conflict of interest that warrants

attention in this multiple representation context is one that goes

beyond the mere fact that the clients have the status of co-

defendants in the same Title Nine or Title Thirty case.                   The

trigger   for   concern   is   instead   whether   there   is   a   manifest

particularized divergence between the clients' factual contentions

or legal assertions,13 or the remedies they wish their counsel to

advocate.    The latter concern implicates the standard of RPC 1.7,

i.e., whether the circumstances show "direct" adversity between

the clients, see RPC 1.7(a)(1), or, alternatively, whether there

is a "significant risk" that the representation of one client will

"materially limit" the advocacy of the other client represented

by a staff attorney in the same OPR office.         See RPC 1.7(a)(2).




13
  We refrain from using in this context the term "positional
conflict" that is used in some of the briefs on appeal. The use
of that term here is misplaced. A "positional conflict" occurs
when a lawyer takes inconsistent legal positions in different
tribunals at different times on behalf of different clients. See
ABA Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct R. 1.7 comment 24 (2000); John
S. Dzienkowski, Positional Conflicts of Interest, 71 Tex. L. Rev.
457, 460 (1993).


                                    45
                                                                    A-5222-15T2
       The American Bar Association has provided some guidance on

this subject with specific reference to the representation of

multiple parents in abuse and neglect cases by a single attorney.

In   particular,    Standard   14   of    the    American    Bar   Association

Standards of Practice for Attorneys Representing Parents in Abuse

& Neglect Cases (2006) cautions that counsel should "[b]e alert

to and avoid potential conflicts of interest that would interfere

with   the    competent   representation        of   the   client."   (Emphasis

added).      By illustration, ABA Standard 14 states:

             Action:    The parent's attorney must not
             represent both parents if their interests
             differ. The attorney should generally avoid
             representing both parents when there is even
             a potential for conflicts of interests.   In
             situations involving allegations of domestic
             violence the [same] attorney should never
             represent both parents.

             Commentary: In most cases, attorneys should
             avoid representing both parents in an abuse
             or neglect case. In the rare case in which
             an attorney, after careful consideration of
             potential conflicts, may represent both
             parents, it should only be with their informed
             consent. Even in cases in which there is no
             apparent conflict at the beginning of the
             case, conflicts may arise as the case
             proceeds. If this occurs, the attorney might
             be required to withdraw from representing one
             or both parents. This could be difficult for
             the clients and delay the case.          Other
             examples of potential conflicts of interest
             that the attorney should avoid include
             representing multiple fathers in the same case
             or representing parties in a separate case who
             have interests in the current case.


                                     46
                                                                       A-5222-15T2
            In analyzing whether a conflict of interest
            exists, the attorney must consider "whether
            pursuing one client's objectives will prevent
            the lawyer from pursuing another client’s
            objectives, and whether confidentiality may be
            compromised."

            [Ibid. (emphasis added) (citations omitted).]

The ABA Standard does not, however, address whether such conflict

problems are ameliorated when different staff attorneys within the

same   public   defender's   office    separately   represent   the   co-

defendant parents.

       Another ABA publication has recommended that, when assigning

counsel to defend parents in child welfare claims, attorneys should

ascertain whether the parents have claims or contentions against

each other, particularly domestic violence claims.         If so, then

the following questions may bear on the conflict analysis:

            • Does representing one client          foreclose
            alternatives for the other?

            • Will confidential information from Client
            A be compromised in representing Client B?

            • Can the lawyer comply with the duties owed
            to each client, including the duty to pursue
            each client's position?

            • Will the client reasonably fear that the
            lawyer will pursue that client's case less
            effectively out of deference to the other
            client?

            • Can the lawyer ask for consent?

            [Jennifer L. Renne, Legal Ethics in Child
            Welfare Cases 49 (Amer. Bar Ass'n. 2004).]

                                  47
                                                                A-5222-15T2
Although we do not necessarily adopt these five questions as

comprehensive or dispositive, they do appear to be useful points

of inquiry.

     The Law Guardian rightly stresses in its arguments that the

conflicts analysis in this child welfare context must be dynamic

rather than static.       As the Title Nine or Title Thirty litigation

progresses, the contentions and positions of the parents can often

diverge significantly, even if at the outset of the case they had

been allied in asserting that no abuse or neglect occurred and

that their children should be reunified with them. As time passes,

the capacity of each individual parent to be a fit caretaker may

improve or deteriorate, due to a multitude of factors such as

physical    or   mental    health,   substance    abuse   or   treatment,

employment, housing, incarceration, domestic violence, parenting

classes, social services, and so forth.          Likewise, the needs of

the children may evolve, and their relationships with each parent

may grow or dwindle.      The Division's factual contentions may focus

more on one parent than another as the case progresses, with

shifting degrees of culpability for past harm inflicted upon the

children.     Expert opinions about each parent may also diverge.

     For these many reasons, an initial assessment at the outset

of a case that there is no apparent conflict between the parents



                                     48
                                                                 A-5222-15T2
may become invalid with the passage of time.                Hence, it is vital

that the conflicts analysis be updated when such changes occur.

      To summarize, we conclude that there is no per se prohibition

upon,   or     any   presumptive   disallowance       of,     different     staff

attorneys within the same OPR field office separately representing

co-defendant     parents   in   Title   Nine    and   Title     Thirty    cases.

Nevertheless, greater scrutiny of the potential for conflict is

required when the parents' factual contentions, legal positions,

or remedial preferences materially diverge.                  The propriety of

continued dual representation of both clients out of the same OPR

office must be reexamined when such divergence materializes.                    In

particular, in accordance with RPC 1.7, the analysis must focus

on whether the clients are now "directly" adverse to one another,

or   whether    their   respective   staff     attorneys      are   "materially

limited" by the circumstances in being able to zealously advocate

their interests.

      With respect to whether disqualification of one or both staff

attorneys is required, the OPR appellate attorney urges that we

apply in this child welfare context the language of Bell, focusing

on whether there is a "significant likelihood of prejudice" to the

clients created by the potential conflict-of-interest.                      Bell,

supra, 90 N.J. at 171.          That standard for disqualification may

well be sensibly extended from            Bell, subject to the broader


                                     49
                                                                         A-5222-15T2
examination     of   this   general    issue   by   the    Court    itself     or   a

designated rule-making committee.

       However, for the reasons we explain more fully in Part III(C),

infra, we disagree with appellants' counsel that a trial court has

no role in inquiring into potential conflicts before that threshold

of "substantial likelihood of prejudice" is attained.                 We also do

not agree with appellants that the trial judge in this particular

case   acted    prematurely    and    precipitously       in   reacting   to    the

conflict potential once the co-defendant parents had advocated

competing parenting plans.          To the contrary, we agree with the Law

Guardian and the amicus that the conflicts concerns may be an

appropriate subject of judicial inquiry even before "a substantial

likelihood of prejudice" materializes.

                                       B.

       Client Consultation and Potential Waiver of Conflicts

       Having    attempted     to     define    what      may      constitute       a

disqualifying conflict in this Title Nine and Title Thirty setting,

we turn our attention to the related important subject of client

consultation and potential waiver.             Here again, the test of the

governing ethical rules is instructive.

       RPC 1.7(b) provides that:

            Notwithstanding the existence of a concurrent
            conflict of interest under paragraph (a), a
            lawyer may represent a client if:


                                       50
                                                                          A-5222-15T2
          (1) each affected client gives informed
          consent, confirmed in writing, after full
          disclosure   and    consultation,  provided,
          however, that a public entity cannot consent
          to any such representation. When the lawyer
          represents multiple clients in a single
          matter, the consultation shall include an
          explanation of the common representation and
          the advantages and risks involved;

          (2) the lawyer reasonably believes that the
          lawyer will be able to provide competent and
          diligent representation to each affected
          client;

          (3) the representation is not prohibited by
          law; and

          (4) the representation does not involve the
          assertion of a claim by one client against
          another client represented by the lawyer in
          the same litigation or other proceeding before
          a tribunal.

          [RPC 1.7(b) (emphasis added).]

     Multiple representation of the co-defendants by OPR staff

attorneys in the present case does not fall under any of the

categorical   exceptions   to   client     waiver   specified   in    RPC

1.7(b)(2),(3),(4).      Defendants'      trial   attorneys   have    each

certified that they are prepared to continue to provide their

respective clients with diligent representation.        RPC 1.7(b)(2).

Representation of multiple defendants in a Title Nine case is not

prohibited by law, RPC 1.7(b)(3), nor have the co-defendants in

this case asserted claims against each other in this litigation.

RPC 1.7(b)(4).   See Michels, supra, § 26:4-1 at 635 ("a lawyer may


                                 51
                                                                A-5222-15T2
not simultaneously represent adversaries in a litigation matter,

even with the consent of both parties").

     Nor does this matter entail the type of conflict of interest

that our Court has otherwise recognized as "so egregious" that it

"cannot be cured by consent."     In re Garber, 95 N.J. 597, 613-14

(1984).    The trial judge in this very case recognized that "it is

highly unlikely in abuse and neglect cases an attorney could be

involved in a conflict so serious in nature that it could not be

waived."

     By comparison, joint representation of co-defendants in a

criminal case can be subject to waiver of conflicts in appropriate

circumstances.     See Cottle, supra, 194 N.J. at 473; Bellucci,

supra, 81 N.J. at 544-45.       See also Gary T. Lowenthal, Joint

Representation in Criminal Cases: A Critical Appraisal, 64 Va. L.

Rev. 939, 956 (1978).       That said, if a court finds an actual

conflict of interest in a criminal case, "there can be no doubt

that it may decline a proffer of waiver, and insist that defendants

be separately represented."    Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153,

162, 108 S. Ct. 1692, 1698, 100 L. Ed. 2d 140, 150 (1988).      That

residual judicial authority to disqualify counsel exists here, as

well.     See, infra, at Part III(C), concerning the court's role.

     As the professional ethics rules and related authorities have

instructed, in order for client consent to a waiver of attorney


                                  52
                                                            A-5222-15T2
conflict to be effective, it must be informed and based on "full

disclosure and consultation."               RPC 1.7(b)(1).          The consent can be

reviewed      by    the    trial    court    for   fairness,         reliability,        and

compliance with the Rules of Professional Conduct. State v. Loyal,

164 N.J. 418, 440 (2000) (in which the Court disregarded a client's

consent to a conflict in a criminal case, based on the need to

maintain public confidence in the judicial system); In re Dolan,

76 N.J. 1, 13 (1978) (reaffirming that a client's consent must be

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary).

      "Sophistication"         of    the    client      is   also    a   factor     to   be

considered in determining whether his or her consent was adequate.

Advisory Comm. on Prof'l Ethics Op. 679 (July 17, 1995).                                 See

Marshall J. Berger, Disqualification for Conflicts of Interest and

the   Legal    Aid    Attorney,      62     B.U.   L.    Rev.      1115,   1130    (1982)

(observing that legal aid clients traditionally lack experience

in legal matters).          This is of particular concern in the present

context of the representation of indigent parents in Title Nine

and Title Thirty matters.             At times, such indigent parents have

limited education, mental health issues, cognitive limitations,

and other personal problems that can make it difficult for them

to fully appreciate the concepts of an attorney's conflict-of-

interest      and    the   respective       advantages       and     disadvantages       of

changing counsel.


                                            53
                                                                                  A-5222-15T2
     The   logistics   for   attorneys   obtaining   client   waivers   in

business litigation or other civil matters can be more feasible

than those confronting lawyers who represent indigent parents.

Such parents at times may be harder to locate, meet with, and

counsel than other clientele.

     Another impediment to waiver in Title Nine and Title Thirty

cases is the possibility – which can also arise in the context of

indigent criminal defendants – that a defendant parent may refuse

to waive a conflict in a deliberate, bad faith effort to stall the

case by forcing the substitution of pool counsel or a staff

attorney from a different OPR office.           A transition to such

substituted counsel will consume time, as the new attorney will

need to review the case from scratch and prepare for future

proceedings.   This prospect of delay is particularly worrisome in

light of the strong policies that favor achieving permanency of

outcomes for children who remain in limbo while Title Nine and

Title Thirty cases are litigated.        N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. K.M., 136 N.J. 546, 558 (1994).

     Consequently, the OPR and the courts have an important role

in not allowing clients to withhold conflict waivers in bad faith

as a stalling maneuver.      In extreme instances where such bad faith

exists, the client's demand for a new attorney may be rejected,

despite his or her expressed dissatisfaction.         Of course, if the


                                    54
                                                                 A-5222-15T2
assigned attorney is actually compromised and is thereby depriving

the client of effective assistance, our appellate courts are

empowered to set aside final judgments or fashion other appropriate

relief on that basis.     See B.R., supra, 192 N.J. at 306.

     We emphasize the importance of client communication about

conflict issues, particularly at the outset of the Title Nine or

Title Thirty case when the OPR staff attorneys are first assigned

to represent co-defendant parents.      Each assigned OPR attorney

must discuss with the client the arrangements for the office's

representation, including the screening procedures that will be

maintained to assure confidentiality and independent advocacy.       On

this point, we are troubled that there is no assertion in the

certification by G.S.'s staff attorney (unlike that from K.S.'s

attorney)   that   such   discussions   about   conflict   with   that

particular client took place at the outset of this case in 2015. 14

     The discussion with the client and the client's assent to the

arrangement should be documented in some uniform manner, either

by a standard form or file memorandum that can be evidential if a

future problem arises.    In this regard, we do not decide in these

appeals whether a written waiver by the client, as prescribed by

RPC 1.7(b)(1), is the best means for substantiating the OPR




14
  This omission as to G.S., which was perhaps inadvertent, should
be addressed on remand.
                                  55
                                                              A-5222-15T2
client's   acquiescence.          We    leave      that    question   to   further

consideration by the OPR itself, or by a Supreme Court Committee

if one is asked to examine these issues.

                                         C.

       The Court's Appropriate Role

       The final major subject – which perhaps is the main reason

why these particular interlocutory appeals were generated – is

defining the court's appropriate role in reviewing and taking

action on conflict issues implicated by the OPR's current post-

reform practice of relying principally on staff attorneys rather

than pool counsel to represent co-defendant parents.                       The OPR

contends that the trial court should generally defer considerably

to the OPR's professional judgment in dealing "in-house" with such

conflicts concerns, and to refrain from conducting sua sponte

inquiries into the subject.            The Law Guardian and the amicus are

more supportive of the court taking a proactive role, although

they   agree   with   the   OPR    that       it   is     generally   entitled    to

substantial deference in handling such conflicts problems.

       It is well established that an evaluation of whether a

conflict exists in multiple representation cases is initially best

addressed by the attorney or attorneys in each case.                  Opinion 552,

supra, 102 N.J. at 206; Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 173-74.                          The

attorney must be "satisfied based on objective reasonableness that


                                         56
                                                                           A-5222-15T2
there is no direct adversity between the defendants and that joint

representation      will   not    adversely     affect    the    relationship     of

either class of defendants, RPC 1.7(a), nor materially limit his

or her professional responsibilities towards any such client-

defendant, RPC 1.7(b)."          Opinion 552, supra, 102 N.J. at 206.

      "Initially, it is the attorney's obligation when he first

meets with his prospective clients to advise them of possible

conflicts and of their constitutional rights."                   Land, supra, 73

N.J. at 32.     In keeping with such principles, Bell, supra, 90 N.J.

at 175, the Court institutionally "was satisfied that the New

Jersey Public Defender is sensitive to the need to appoint outside

counsel in cases of potential conflict."

      The     reasonableness     of    a    lawyer's     initial    determination

concerning a conflict of interest is subject to subsequent review

by the court.       Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers,

supra, § 121 comment g.          "Although lawyers must engage in self-

regulation as an initial matter, when the issue of conflict of

interest arises in a disqualification context, the court has a

supervisory role to play."            Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. & W. William

Hodes, The Law of Lawyering, vol. 1 at 236.2 (2d ed. 1992).

      Here, the trial judge, who is charged with the duty to enforce

the   Rules    of   Professional      Conduct    under    Rule     1:18,   had   the

authority to both raise the potential conflict of interest, sua


                                           57
                                                                           A-5222-15T2
sponte, and to consider the issue at an evidentiary hearing, if

the issue could not be resolved on the written record.             State v.

Murray, 162 N.J. 240, 250 (2000); Dewey v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco

Co., 109 N.J. 201, 222 (1988); Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 173.                    We

reject appellants' contention that the trial judge here acted

prematurely or precipitously in ordering a hearing on the subject

and in attempting to ascertain whether sufficient informed client

waivers had been procured.

     Although we are not persuaded that the history of domestic

violence   of   both   parents   with    one   another   and   their    mutual

substance abuse posed a sufficient conflict to require client

waiver, when the defendants advocated conflicting parenting plans,

that event tipped the balance enough to justify the court's sua

sponte order for a hearing. The parenting plans were diametrically

opposed:   the mother's preferred plan was for her to maintain a

caretaking role in a KLG with her relative, whereas the father's

plan would instead have the children reunified solely with him.

     If, for example, an expert witness were called by the mother's

attorney to opine on the merits of her plan, the father's attorney

would have a strong tactical incentive to impeach that expert

through cross-examination or by proffering a competing expert to

criticize the mother's plan.      That head-on divergence of positions

triggered the need to be certain that the two staff lawyers


                                    58
                                                                       A-5222-15T2
involved were not impeded from advocating their clients' positions

and that their clients understood the arrangements within the OPR

office and assented to them.        We do not go so far as to say that

the trial court was required to investigate the conflicts problems,

but the court certainly did not abuse its discretion in raising

the issue and calling for a hearing with the clients present.

     The OPR appellate attorney has expressed concerns about the

potential   for   a   conflicts   hearing    to   reveal   confidential   or

prejudicial information inadvertently if the clients testified at

such a proceeding.        Although those disclosure risks are not

fanciful, we are confident that the trial court can structure the

inquiries at such a proceeding in a manner that minimizes that

risk.   By comparison, our criminal courts similarly deal routinely

with such disclosure risks at hearings when defendants wish to

discharge their assigned counsel and represent themselves.              See,

e.g., State v. Crisafi, 128 N.J. 499, 509 (1992) (regarding

judicial inquiries at hearings to assure a criminal defendant is

waiving     his   right    to     assigned    counsel      "knowingly     and

intelligently").

     That said, we discern the need to modify the trial court's

rulings here in one significant respect.           Although we appreciate

the judge's prophylactic good intentions in assuring that the

representation of co-defendant parents in Title Nine and Title


                                     59
                                                                   A-5222-15T2
Thirty cases is not compromised in future cases, the judge erred

by importing into this OPR context the specific procedures for

criminal representation prescribed by the Court in Bell and further

codified in Rule 3:8-215 of our Rules of Criminal Practice.

       We recognize that Bell detailed, in essence, a hierarchy of

preferred arrangements for the representation of indigent co-

defendants in criminal cases:       first, deeming the use of outside

pool counsel as "the norm"; second, "as the next preferable

course,"    assigning   deputy   public   defenders   from   an   adjoining

county; and third, as a last resort, providing counsel by multiple

staff attorneys within the same local office, with appropriate

screening.    Bell, supra, 90 N.J. at 174.

       We decline to impose an identical hierarchy in this setting,

an approach that the OPR, the Law Guardian, and the Bar Association

all likewise disfavor for application to Title Nine and Title




15
     Rule 3:8-2 provides as follows:

            No attorney or law firm shall be permitted to
            enter an appearance for or represent more than
            one defendant in a multi-defendant indictment
            without securing permission of the court.

               Such motion shall be made in the presence
            of the defendants sought to be represented as
            early as practicable in the proceedings but
            no later than the arraignment so as to avoid
            delay of the trial. For good cause shown, the
            court may allow the motion to be brought at
            any time.
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Thirty cases.     As a policy matter, the Court's opinion in Bell in

1982 could not have anticipated the reforms of the child-welfare

pool attorney system that were recommended in the early 2000s and

which have finally been fully implemented.         Those reforms conflict

with Bell's treatment of pool attorney representation in criminal

cases as "the norm."

      Second, there are qualitative differences between criminal

litigation, which tends to focus retrospectively on evidence of

past events bearing on whether a defendant committed an offense,

and child welfare litigation.     The latter tends to be more dynamic

and forward-looking, and a setting in which the lawyer-client

relationship can involve much broader concerns for trial advocacy

than disproving past wrongdoing.

      Third, the second-preferred option in Bell of using staff

attorneys from adjoining counties is not readily feasible here

since there are only eight regional OPR offices for the twenty-

one   counties.     The   defendant    parents     consequently    may   have

transportation     impediments   in    traveling    to   their    attorneys'

offices.

      Lastly, as we have already mentioned, we respectfully suggest

that a broader study of these issues by a Committee is preferable

to the adoption in these appeals of the trial court's preemptive

mandate for a demonstration of the need to use staff attorneys at


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the outset of every Title Nine and Title Thirty case.                         In that

same vein, we defer to the Supreme Court on whether a Court Rule

for Part V children-in-court cases akin to Rule 3:8-2 should be

adopted.

         For   these    reasons,      we     affirm,       with     this   important

modification, the trial court's orders calling for a hearing to

explore whether the continued representation of G.S. and K.S. by

separate staff attorneys within OPR-Central is appropriate under

the RPCs; whether the respective clients have waived any applicable

conflicts-of-interest with their informed consent; and whether

sufficient screening measures within the OPR office are being

maintained.      The remand hearing on the conflicts issues shall be

completed      within   sixty    days.           Thereafter,      depending     on   the

disposition of that hearing, the litigation may be concluded with

appropriate representation.

                                           IV.

         As a final word, we wish to make clear that our discussion

of these important representational issues should not be misread

as   a    suggestion    that    any   of     the       staff   attorneys   or    their

supervisors in this case have engaged in unethical or inappropriate

conduct.        Indeed,   the    advocacy         of    co-defendants'     competing

parenting plans by the two staff attorneys in OPR-Central provides

a strong indication of their professional independence in serving


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their respective clients.

      We likewise do not wish to suggest that the trial judge in

this case was unjustified in wanting to delve into and resolve the

conflicts issues before the case proceeded to a final hearing and

final order.     In fact, we commend the judge for conscientiously

placing an important spotlight on these vital issues, and for his

thoughtful written opinions addressing them.

      We do not presume in this opinion to resolve all of the

institutional issues that are posed here. We hope and respectfully

suggest they will be examined more comprehensively and deeply by

a   designated      Supreme    Court   Committee          with,   of   course,     the

collective input and wisdom of the OPR, other stakeholders, and

experts in the field.

                                         V.

      The   trial    court's     rulings      on    the    conflicts    issues     are

accordingly affirmed, as modified.                 The matter is remanded for a

hearing     consistent    with    this     opinion.          We   do   not    retain

jurisdiction.




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