                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                          444444444444
                                            NO . 16-0431
                                          444444444444



                           STARWOOD MANAGEMENT, LLC
                   BY AND THROUGH NORMA G ONZALEZ, PETITIONER ,

                                                  v.


                DON SWAIM AND ROSE WALKER, L.L.P., RESPONDENTS

           4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
                             ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                      COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
           4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

                                          PER CURIAM


       The question in this legal malpractice case is whether an expert witness affidavit is

conclusory regarding causation. The trial court concluded that it is. The court of appeals affirmed.

We disagree. We reverse and remand to the court of appeals for further proceedings.

       Norma Gonzalez, an American citizen, is the owner and sole managing member of Starwood

Management, LLC, a charter aircraft company. Ed Nunez, a Starwood employee who was not a U.S.

citizen, registered a 1982 Gulfstream aircraft in Starwood’s name and signed the application as

Starwood’s “Manager.” The aircraft was seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

pursuant to a federal statute that prohibits a business entity that is owned or controlled by less than

75% U.S. citizens from registering an airplane. 49 U.S.C. §§ 40102(a)(15)(C), 46306(b). Because

Nunez signed as manager, the DEA concluded that the aircraft’s registration violated the relevant
statutory provisions. Starwood’s insurer, Chartis Aerospace Insurance, retained attorney Don Swaim

of the Rose Walker, L.L.P. firm to attempt to recover the aircraft.

        After the seizure, the DEA sent Starwood a notice containing procedures for challenging the

seizure and seeking return of the airplane. There were three options: (1) file suit in federal court, (2)

file a Petition for Remission or Mitigation with the DEA Forfeiture Counsel, or (3) do both. Swaim

chose to do both.

        If the option to challenge the seizure in federal court is pursued, the DEA bears the initial

burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the seizure was proper. 18 U.S.C.

§ 983(c)(1). In order to pursue relief in court, however, notice of claim must be filed with the DEA

Forfeiture Counsel within thirty days of receipt of the seizure notice. 28 C.F.R. § 9.4(a). Swaim did

not file such a notice on behalf of Starwood. Instead, he simply filed suit to contest the seizure.

Because the notice requirement was not met, the case was dismissed.

        Swaim did, however, comply with requirements for the alternative procedure of petitioning

for remission or mitigation. This procedure involves an in-house review process by the DEA in

which the petitioner has the initial burden of establishing a vested legal right to the property and the

innocent owner defense. See 28 C.F.R. § 9.5. But even if a petitioner such as Starwood establishes

both, the DEA has complete discretion to return or retain the aircraft. See In re Matter of

$67,470.00, 901 F.2d 1540, 1543 (11th Cir. 1990). After Swaim filed the petition, the DEA

subpoenaed Gonzalez for an interview. She invoked her Fifth Amendment rights and refused to

testify. In light of her refusal, the DEA denied Starwood’s Petition for Remission.



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       At that point the only avenue to recover the airplane was a motion for the DEA to reconsider

its denial of the Petition for Remission, which Swaim filed. After he did so, the DEA again sought

to interview Gonzalez. This time she agreed to be interviewed, provided the interview would be

limited to the events and issues surrounding seizure of the aircraft. The DEA insisted that she waive

her Fifth Amendment privileges, however, and she refused to be interviewed. Following her refusal,

the DEA denied Starwood’s motion.          Having lost its challenges both in court and in the

administrative process, Starwood lost the aircraft.

       As it happens, the DEA had seized not only the 1982 Gulfstream aircraft referenced above

from Starwood, but six more besides. Chartis retained attorney George Crow to represent Starwood

in regard to the other seizures. Crow complied with the notice requirements for filing suit in federal

court. In the five cases Crow was handling that had been disposed of at the time summary judgment

was sought in this case, three airplanes had been recovered for nominal settlement payments and two

were recovered without conditions. Gonzalez was not subpoenaed or asked to submit to an interview

with the DEA in any of the proceedings where Crow represented Starwood.

       After these events unfolded, Starwood sued Swaim and Rose Walker (collectively, Swaim)

for legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the loss of its 1982 Gulfstream.

Swaim filed traditional and no-evidence motions for summary judgment, challenging the causation

element of the legal malpractice claim and arguing that the breach of fiduciary duty claim was simply

an alternative label for the malpractice claim and thus was precluded by the anti-fracturing rule.

       In response to the motions for summary judgment, Starwood presented affidavits from

attorneys Crow and Steve Jumes. Crow opined in his affidavit that “the five (5) aircraft were

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recovered quickly (between 6 to 10 months) because the [DEA’s] case for seizure was weak.” He

concluded that had Swaim, “faced with the same set of facts,” “properly file [sic] the verified claim

with the DEA Forfeiture Counsel . . . , then the aircraft would have been returned in the same manner

as the five” that had been recovered so far. Thus, Crow opined that Swaim’s negligent failure to

comply with the notice requirements “caused the forfeiture” of the aircraft. Jumes’s affidavit largely

tracked Crow’s. Jumes came to essentially the same conclusions as did Crow, based on Crow’s

experience regarding the planes he recovered.

        Swaim objected to both affidavits on various grounds, including that they were speculative,

hearsay, and “not competent expert witness summary judgment evidence.” The trial court ruled that

the affidavits would not be considered for summary judgment purposes, granted Swaim’s motions

for summary judgment, dismissed the breach of fiduciary duty claim, and rendered judgment that

Starwood take nothing.

        The court of appeals affirmed. ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (Tex. App.—Dallas 2016). In

considering the affidavits, the court cited our opinion in Elizondo v. Krist and held that the Crow

affidavit was conclusory because Crow made “no case-by-case comparison of the facts in other

aircraft seizures cases” with “the facts that are the subject of this case.” Id. at ___ (citing Elizondo

v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259, 265 (Tex. 2013)). The court concluded that the Crow affidavit “says no

more than that Crow, an experienced attorney, has considered the relevant facts and concluded that

the aircraft would have been returned had [Swaim] filed a verified claim with the DEA Forfeiture

Counsel.” Id. at ___. The court held that the Jumes affidavit was also conclusory because it, too,

was “unsupported by any factual allegations.” Id. at ___. The court affirmed the dismissal of the

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breach of fiduciary duty claim because the claim violated the anti-fracturing rule. Id. at ___ (“The

anti-fracturing rule ‘prevents plaintiffs from converting what are actually professional negligence

claims against an attorney into other claims . . . .’” (quoting Won Pak v. Harris, 313 S.W.3d 454, 457

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. denied))).         Starwood challenges only the court of appeals’

determination that the Crow affidavit is conclusory.

       We review the rendition of summary judgments de novo. Mid-Century Ins. v. Ademaj, 243

S.W.3d 618, 621 (Tex. 2007). But we review a trial court’s decision to exclude evidence for an

abuse of discretion. Nat’l Liab. & Fire Ins. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527–28 (Tex. 2000). We

necessarily begin our review by considering whether the trial court, in striking the Crow affidavit,

abused its discretion by acting “without reference to any guiding rules and principles.” Downer v.

Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985).

       To prove a legal malpractice claim, the former client must show (1) the existence of a duty

of care owed to the client, (2) that the duty was breached, and (3) that the breach proximately caused

damage to the client. Stanfield v. Neubaum, 494 S.W.3d 90, 96 (Tex. 2016). It is the former client’s

burden to prove proximate cause, which includes proof of cause in fact. See, e.g., Rogers v. Zanetti,

518 S.W.3d 394, 402 (Tex. 2017). The evidence of cause in fact is tested, in part, by means of the

but-for test: would the harm alleged have occurred absent the attorney’s alleged breach. Id. at 403.

In legal malpractice cases, this is a suit-within-a-suit inquiry—the actual result with the alleged

misconduct or omission is compared to a hypothetical result the plaintiff claims would have occurred

absent the misconduct or omission. Id. at 411–12.



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       Generally, in a legal malpractice case, expert witness testimony is required to rebut a

defendant’s motion for summary judgment challenging the causation element. See, e.g., id. at 405.

To defeat such a motion, an expert affidavit must be probative and raise a fact issue. Ryland Grp.

v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 121–22 (Tex. 1996). Conclusory affidavits are not probative. Id. To

avoid being conclusory, the affidavit must explain “how and why the negligence caused the injury.”

Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 536 (Tex. 2010). To that end, an expert’s opinion must set out

a “demonstrable and reasoned basis on which to evaluate [the] opinion.” Elizondo, 415 S.W.3d at

265.

       Swaim argues that Crow’s affidavit is conclusory on its face because it does not provide a

demonstrable and reasoned basis for his conclusion. The court of appeals agreed, observing that the

affidavit made no “case-by-case comparison of the facts in the other aircraft seizure cases [with] the

facts that are the subject of this case.” ___ S.W.3d at ___. We disagree with that conclusion.

Recently, in Rogers v. Zanetti—which we decided after the court of appeals issued its opinion—we

explained that the relevant question when addressing the adequacy of expert opinion affidavits in

legal malpractice cases is “‘Why’: Why did the expert reach that particular opinion?” Rogers, 518

S.W.3d at 405. To demonstrate “why,” the affidavit must explain the link between the facts the

expert relied upon and the opinion reached. See id.; Elizondo, 415 S.W.3d at 266.

       Crow’s affidavit could have set out a more detailed basis for his opinion. But the extent of

the detail into which the affidavit delved goes to quality, not adequacy. Crow’s ultimate conclusion

was that had Swaim complied with the notice provisions required for the federal court proceedings,

Starwood’s aircraft would have been recovered. So the inquiry becomes why did Crow come to that

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conclusion? See Rogers, 518 S.W.3d at 405. The basis for the conclusion was that Crow followed

the prescribed methodology six times and had a perfect track record on the five cases disposed of

as of the time the trial court granted summary judgment. The facts he relied on are both

demonstrable and reasonable. They are demonstrable—as set out in his affidavit, he followed the

method he says Swaim should have followed, and in five of the cases the result was recovery of the

aircraft. The other case remained pending at the time he executed his affidavit. And his reliance on

the high rate of success resulting from his complying with the DEA’s procedures to come to that

conclusion is reasonable.

        Swaim asserts that the sixth plane Crow attempted to recover was ultimately lost to the

government. Starwood responds that the loss was because its insurer stopped providing a defense,

but in any event the disposition of the sixth case was not part of the summary judgment evidence.

And when appellate courts review no-evidence summary judgments, review is of “the evidence

presented by the motion and response.” Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex.

2009) (quoting Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006)).

        Swaim argues that the Crow affidavit says nothing more than “Take my word for it, I know,”

and is thus a conclusory ipse dixit. See Elizondo, 415 S.W.3d at 264. We disagree. The relevant

inquiry regarding the question of whether an affidavit is an ipse dixit turns on the inferences, if any,

required to bridge the gap between the underlying data and the expert’s rationale and conclusion.

“[I]f there is ‘simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered,’” the

testimony fails. Id. (quoting Gammill v. Jack Williams Chevrolet, Inc., 927 S.W.2d 713, 726 (Tex.

1998)). Here, the gap is not great. Crow did not simply state that Swaim would have succeeded had

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he followed the proper procedure. See Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 236 (Tex. 1999). Rather,

based on his experience in following the DEA-prescribed procedures five times with success, as was

set out in his affidavit and its attachments, Crow concluded that Swaim would have succeeded had

he done likewise.

       Swaim also argues that Crow’s affidavit is conclusory because it fails to address Gonzalez’s

failure to testify and reasons why her testimony would not be necessary in this case. That argument

likewise fails. The case-within-a-case inquiry requires a comparison between the actual result and

a hypothetical result. Rogers, 518 S.W.3d at 407–08. The hypothetical result Crow expressed is that

the airplane would have been returned without trial and without the necessity of Gonzalez’s

testimony. Crow’s affidavit sets out the fact that Gonzalez’s testimony was not requested in the five

cases he handled successfully. Thus, it was reasonable for Crow to conclude that her testimony

would not have been required in this case.

       Swaim also claims that Crow’s opinion that the DEA’s case was probably weak renders the

affidavit conclusory. But Crow’s main conclusion is supported by a demonstrable and reasoned

basis. Thus, an intermediate conclusion or subjective comment does not render the affidavit

conclusory as a whole.

       Next, Swaim argues—and the court of appeals implicitly agreed—that our opinions in

Elizondo and Burrows require expert affidavits to provide a factual analysis of the comparators on

which the expert relies. Thus, he posits, the Crow affidavit should have addressed differences and

similarities between the seizure in this case and the other seizures such as differences in the

registered owners, the planes’ values, and the jurisdictions of registration.       We reject that

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interpretation. First, “different cases involve different injuries and different causal links.” Rogers,

518 S.W.3d at 404. Thus, in each suit-within-a-suit inquiry, the comparison is dictated by the

context of the alleged misfeasance. Burrow and Elizondo concerned inadequate settlement amounts

obtained by the defendant-attorneys. Elizondo, 415 S.W.3d at 259; Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 229. In

both cases we concluded that the affidavits were conclusory because they did not explain the factual

differences between the injuries of the underlying comparators and the malpractice plaintiff’s

injuries. In contrast, the Crow affidavit sets up the hypothetical inquiry as between mutually

exclusive results: success or failure—either the plane is recovered or it is not. While the seized

airplanes were different models, with disparate values, seized in different states, and with different

registered owners, differences between the airplane at issue here and the six others are not material

because the basis for Crow’s conclusion is rooted in procedure, not qualitative facts as to the aircraft.

Further, the circumstances surrounding the other six seizures are demonstrated by the documents

attached to Crow’s affidavit. Swaim claims that attaching the relevant documents generated in the

six other cases was not enough; Crow was required to specifically discuss and reference them in

order to show that the facts in the other six seizures validate the comparison and Crow’s conclusion.

        While Swaim’s argument has appeal, we think it reaches too far. Crow referenced the

attached documents and a chart reflecting the disposition of the seizures in paragraph 13 of his

affidavit. And he noted in his affidavit that his comparison to the other six cases was proper because

the other seizures arose from “the same set of facts.” See Allbritton v. Gillespie, Rozen, Tanner &

Watsky, P.C., 180 S.W.3d 889, 893 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied) (concluding that the trial

court abused its discretion by striking an expert affidavit as conclusory when the affidavit provided

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a reasoned basis and listed the documents the expert reviewed in forming his opinion). In this

instance, Crow’s references to and attachment of documentation concerning the comparators was

sufficient. More importantly, and as discussed above, the reason for Crow’s conclusion is not that

the particular airplanes and facts surrounding the seizures make the seizures similar, but that they

are similar because the airplanes were all seized under the same statute and those he recovered were

recovered by following the same procedures.

       Next, Swaim argues that Crow’s affidavit is conclusory because it does not address certain

reasons why Starwood could not have prevailed if the DEA had chosen to aggressively pursue the

case in federal court. First, Swaim points to the affidavit’s failure to conclusively establish

Gonzalez’s citizenship. Second, he references a number of other statutory violations that might have

applied and been relied on by the DEA at trial and that Starwood might not have been able to

overcome. Essentially, Swaim’s position would require expert witnesses to set out the factual and

legal rationale for every possible exigency for hypothetical comparisons in their causation analyses.

But this argument also misses the mark.

       “[E]vidence of causation must show that the result in the hypothetical case would, more

likely than not, be different than the result in the actually litigated case because of the additional

evidence.” Rogers, 518 S.W.3d at 408. And as discussed above, the case-within-a-case analysis

requires a comparison of scenarios: the actual result and the hypothetical result advanced by the

plaintiff. Here, the hypothetical result is the airplane’s successful recovery because the DEA would

not have pursued the matter in federal court. The basis for that hypothetical result is the DEA’s

decision not to do so in the five other seizures Crow handled. Under this hypothetical result,

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Gonzalez’s citizenship and the likelihood of overcoming trial burdens and other allegations are

irrelevant because the claim is that the case would not have gone to trial. The DEA did not meet the

burden to prove that the seizures were proper in any of the comparators. Thus, analysis regarding

ultimate victory on the merits is unnecessary because, as the affidavit sets out, “more likely than

not,” those issues would have never come up.

        It is unnecessary for an expert in a case such as this to provide a legal analysis of every

possible exigency, no matter how remote. Indeed, in Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesma, we held that a

party’s complaints that an opposing expert’s testimony did not consider all the relevant facts “go to

its weight, not its admissibility.” 242 S.W.3d 32, 40–41 (Tex. 2007). Had the summary judgment

evidence shown that Crow was successful in recovering some of the airplanes but not others, then

a more detailed analysis of the merits might have been necessary. But this affidavit, on these facts,

only asserts that had Swaim challenged the seizure by complying with the notice requirements, the

DEA likely would have yielded as it did in the other cases.

        Because the affidavit is not conclusory, we grant the petition for review. Without hearing

oral argument, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand the case to the court of appeals

for it to consider the issues that it did not reach. See TEX . R. APP. P. 59.1.



OPINION DELIVERED: September 29, 2017




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