                                                                       F I L E D
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                     February 21, 2007
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                        Clerk of Court

 LEONID DM ITRUK, Administrator of
 the Estate of Alexander Bugaychuk,
 deceased; Y ELEN A BU G A Y CHUK,
 an individual; NATALIA M ELNIK, an
 individual; IR IN A MO R O ZO V ,
 Personally and as Administrator of the
 Estate of Yevgeniy M orozov, deceased
 and as Guardian for Sara M orozov a
 minor and Eleanna M orozov a minor,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants,
 v.                                                      No. 06-1188
 GEORGE AND SONS’ REPAIR                         (D.C. No. 03-cv-2355-RPM )
 SHOP, INC., D.B.A. “G EORGE’S                           (D . Colo.)
 TOWING;” and GEORGE ROSLER,

          Defendants-Appellees.


                             OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before O ’BRIEN, BALDO CK , and HO LM ES, Circuit Judges.


      Plaintiffs brought this negligence action after their relatives, Yevgeny

M orozov and Alexander Bugaychuk, were killed when their vehicle crashed into the

back of a semi-truck parked on an exit ramp along Interstate 70 in Colorado. The



      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
district court granted Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’

claims. Plaintiffs now appeal that judgment. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 1291.     After studying the briefs and the record, and hearing oral

argument, we affirm the district court’s judgment because Plaintiffs failed to present

sufficient evidence of proximate cause.

                                           I.

      On the morning of November 26, 2001, an Angel Express semi-truck Jorge

Lage was driving became stuck in the snow on the eastbound side of Interstate 70 in

eastern Colorado. Colorado Highway Patrol called Defendant George and Sons

Repair Shop, seeking a tow-truck to pull the Angel Express semi-truck back onto the

road. Defendant George Rosler responded, hooked up his tow-truck to the semi-

truck, and pulled it back onto the pavement. Rosler then unhooked the tow-truck and

asked Lage to follow him to the next exit to settle the bill. The two trucks traveled

eastbound on Interstate 70 approximately one mile, and then exited out of the tw o

main lanes of travel on Interstate 70, merging into a third exit lane. The exit lane,

which led only to pasture land, was snow packed. The two trucks came to a stop, the

tow-truck in the front and the Angel Express directly behind the tow-truck, as far

right in the exit lane as possible w ithout going into the ditch. B oth trucks had their

hazard lights flashing, but neither driver placed warning triangles out on the highway

beside or behind their vehicles.

      Rosler stayed in his tow-truck w hile Lage telephoned his company to arrange

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for payment. A few minutes after the trucks came to a stop, a Budget-Rent-A-Van

(a small moving van), driven by Y evgeny M orozov slammed into the back of the

semi-truck. Police determined M orozov did not brake or otherwise attempt to avoid

the A ngel Express truck. Also, police estimates indicate M orozov was traveling at

least 43 m.p.h., a high rate of speed for the road conditions. M orozov died instantly.

His passenger, Alexander Bugaychuk, died several hours later.

      Plaintiffs, M orozov and Bugychuk’s family members and estate administrators,

first filed suit for wrongful death and personal injuries against Angel Express and

Jorge Lage in W ashington state court. W hile that action was pending, Plaintiffs filed

suit against Rosler and George and Sons in the United States D istrict Court in

Colorado. Plaintiffs claimed Rosler was negligent in failing to place triangular

warning devices behind the stopped trucks. Plaintiffs eventually added Lage and

Angel Express as Defendants in the Colorado action. Plaintiffs subsequently settled

the W ashington state suit with Lage and A ngel E xpress and dismissed them as

defendants in the Colorado action, leaving only the claims against Rosler and George

and Sons.    M eanw hile, Bugaychuk’s heirs and the administrator of his estate

(Plaintiffs Yelena Bugaychuk, Natalia M elnik and Leonid Dmitruk) recovered from

Budget Van Rental’s insurance company under the theory that M orozov was

responsible for the accident.    In so doing, these Plaintiffs signed a “Release,”

releasing M orozov’s estate, Budget, the insurance company, “and all other persons,

firms, corporations, associations and partnerships” from any future claims.

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      Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment arguing they were not

responsible for the accident, or, in the alternative, Plaintiffs’ Washington state

lawsuit acted as a bar to their Colorado lawsuit inasmuch as Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-

21-203(1) permits only one wrongful death action of any one decedent. Defendants

also argued Plaintiffs Yelena Bugaychuk, Natalia M elnik, and Leonid Dmitruk

released their claims against Defendants when they signed the “Release” after

settling with Budget Van Rental’s insurance company.         Plaintiffs filed a cross-

motion for partial summary judgment.          Plaintiffs argued Defendants failure to

comply with Colo. Rev. Stat. § 42-4-230 and a similar federal regulation, which

require placement of warning triangles behind vehicles parked along highw ays,

constituted negligence per se.   The district court agreed with Defendants in all

respects, granted their motion for summary judgment and denied Plaintiffs’ motion

for partial summary judgment.

                                         II.

      W e review the district court’s summary judgment order de novo, “using the

same standards applied by the district court.” Stover v. M artinez, 382 F.3d 1064,

1070 (10th Cir. 2004). Essentially, the inquiry is “whether the evidence presents a

sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided

that one party must prevail as a matter of law .” A nderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986). This is a diversity case and the parties agree Colorado




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negligence law governs the liability aspect of Plaintiffs’ claims. 1



                                          A.

       To succeed in a negligence action in Colorado, a plaintiff must show the

existence of a duty on the part of the defendant; a breach of that duty; a causal

connection between defendant’s breach and plaintiff’s injury; and injury to the

plaintiff. Oliver v. Amity M ut. Irrigation Co., 994 P.2d 495, 497 (Colo. Ct. App.

1999). Plaintiffs allege Rosler’s failure to place warning triangles behind his vehicle

as required by Colorado law and federal highway regulations, establishes negligence.

In particular, Plaintiffs charge Defendants with violating the following Colorado

statute:

       [W ]henever a motor vehicle . . . is stopped upon the traveled portion of
       a highway or the shoulder of a highway for any cause other than
       necessary traffic stops, the driver shall, as soon as possible, but in any
       event within ten minutes, place the bidirectional emergency reflective
       triangles in the following manner:

       a) One at the traffic side of the stopped vehicle, w ithin ten feet of the
       front or rear of the vehicle;

       b) One at a distance of approximately one hundred feet from the
       stopped vehicle in the center of the traffic lane or shoulder occupied by
       the vehicle and in the direction of the traffic approaching in that lane;



       1
         The parties disagree about whether W ashington or Colorado law applies
as to the rules of recovery, including whether Colorado’s w rongful death statute
prohibits multiple wrongful death actions and whether punitive damages are
available to Plaintiffs. W e need not reach these issues in light of our conclusion
that Plaintiffs failed to present sufficient evidence of proximate cause.

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      and

      c) One at a distance of approximately one hundred feet from the stopped
      vehicle in the opposite direction from those placed in accordance with
      paragraphs (a) and (b) of this subsection (3) in the center of the traffic
      lane or shoulder occupied by the vehicle[.]

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 42-4-230(3). Plaintiffs also allege Defendants violated a similar

federal regulation requiring commercial motor vehicles engaged in interstate

comm erce to place warning devices up to 500 feet from a stopped vehicle. See 49

C.F.R § 392.22.

      In granting Defendants’ motion for sum mary judgm ent, the district court

determined nothing in the record suggested absence of the warning triangles behind

the trucks caused the collision. 2 Defendants argued below, and now on appeal, that

they complied w ith Colo. Rev. Stat. § 42-4-230 because the accident occurred less

than ten minutes after Rosler and the Angel Express truck came to a stop.

Defendants also argue they were under no obligation to comply with the federal

regulation because G eorge and Sons is not engaged in interstate commerce. A s

demonstrated below, we need not determine whether Defendants violated Colo. Rev.




      2
         In addition to this ruling, the district court decided Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-
21-203 barred Plaintiffs from bringing a second wrongful death action in
Colorado as they already brought a similar action in W ashington. Additionally,
the district court broadly read the “Release,” signed by Bugaychuk’s heirs when
they settled with Budget Van Rental’s insurance company, to bar all subsequent
claims for recovery for Bugaychuk’s death. Like the issues surrounding the
parties’ disagreement over the rules of recovery, see supra n.1, we need not reach
these issues because w e agree with the district court’s proximate cause analysis.

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Stat. § 42-4-230 or whether Defendants were obliged to com ply with the federal

regulation.

                                          B.

      U nder Colorado law, violation of a statute, ordinance, or regulation adopted

for the public’s safety may be negligence per se. In Hageman v. TSI, Inc., 786 P.2d

452, 453-454 (Colo. App. 1989), the Colorado Court of Appeals stated:

      Violation of a statute or ordinance adopted for the public’s safety may
      be negligence per se and establish the violator’s civil liability for all
      damages proximately caused thereby. Before the doctrine can apply,
      the injured party must show that he or she is a member of the class that
      the statute or ordinance was intended to protect, that the injuries
      suffered were of the kind the statute was enacted to prevent, and that
      the statute or ordinance prescribes or proscribes specific conduct. If
      these criteria are met, the legislation establishes the standard of conduct
      of a reasonable person, subject in some cases to the violator’s
      affirmative defense that compliance was impossible or would have
      created a greater risk of danger or injury.

Even if the violation of a statute supports a negligence per se claim, the plaintiff

must still show the defendant’s negligence was the cause of the plaintiff’s injuries.

Lombard v. Colo. Outdoor Educ. Ctr., Inc., -- P.3d --, 2007 W L 177686, at *4 (Colo.

App. January 25, 2007) (noting that plaintiffs alleging negligence per se must show

that defendant’s statutory violation proximately caused the injuries at issue). Here,

even assuming Defendants violated Colo. Rev. Stat. § 42-4-230 and 49 C.F.R §

392.22, and such violations constituted negligence per se, Plaintiffs failed to present

evidence that such violations were the proximate cause of the accident.

      Plaintiffs do not cite to instances in the record indicating they raised a

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question of fact as to the proximate cause of the accident; instead, they insist

proximate cause is an issue for the jury to decide, not a question of law for the judge

to decide at summary judgm ent. As a general rule, Plaintiffs are correct and the

question of proximate cause in a negligence case is one of fact for the jury.

Bannister v. Noble, 812 F.2d 1265, 1267 (10th Cir. 1987). But, the proximate cause

of an injury becomes a question of law “w here the evidence together with all

inferences which may be properly deduced therefrom is insufficient to show a causal

connection betw een the alleged wrong and the injury. Id. (quoting Gates v. United

States, 707 F.2d 1141, 1145 (10th Cir. 1983)); see also Jones v. Jefferson County

School Dist., 392 P.2d 165, 167 (Colo. 1964) (when the facts are undisputed and

reasonable minds can draw but one inference from them, then the question of

proximate cause is one of law to be decided by the court). In other words, to survive

sum m ary judgment, the party bearing the burden of proof at trial on a dispositive

issue must go beyond the pleadings and designate specific facts so as to make a

showing sufficient to establish the existence, as a triable issue, of an element

essential to that party’s case. See M cKnight v. Kimberly Clark Corp., 149 F.3d

1125, 1128 (10th Cir. 1998).

      W e agree with the district court that Plaintiffs failed to show the absence of

the warning triangles proximately caused the collision. The undisputed facts reveal

that November 26, 2001 was a clear day, and both trucks had their emergency hazard

lights flashing. Trooper Jason Bandy, the state police officer who responded to the

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accident, testified that minutes before the accident he drove past the trucks sitting

on the exit ramp and he could easily see them. The trucks w ere pulled off into the

exit lane or the exit ramp and not in the main two lanes of eastbound travel on the

interstate. Despite clear visibility, the display of hazard lights and the placement of

the trucks off the traveled portion of the highway, M orozov inexplicably slammed

into the rear of the semi-truck without slowing down and without sw erving to avoid

it.

      Based on these undisputed facts, we agree with the district court that nothing

suggests placement of the triangles would have prevented the collision. In other

words, absolutely nothing in the record suggests Rosler’s failure to put out the

warning triangles was the proximate cause of the accident. Because Plaintiffs failed

to present any evidence that Defendants caused the accident, an essential element of

their claim, the district court correctly granted summary judgment in this case.

      A FFIR ME D.

                                        Entered for the Court,



                                        Bobby R. Baldock
                                        United States Circuit Judge




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