[Cite as State v. Woods, 2016-Ohio-661.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


State of Ohio,                                    :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,              :
                                                                   No. 15AP-24
v.                                                :           (C.P.C. No. 14CR-4774)

Kory A. Woods,                                    :          (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Defendant-Appellant.             :



                                           D E C I S I O N

                                   Rendered on February 23, 2016


                 On brief: Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Seth L.
                 Gilbert, for appellee. Argued: Seth L. Gilbert

                 On brief: Todd W. Barstow, for appellant. Argued:
                 Todd W. Barstow

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

BRUNNER, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Kory A. Woods, appeals from a judgment of
conviction entered by the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. Because we find that
the failure to define "purpose" for the jury under the circumstances of this case constitutes
plain error, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for proceedings
consistent with this decision.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 2} On the evening of August 30, 2014, Columbus Police Officers Andrew Drake
and Andrew Rogerson were on bike patrol in The Ohio State University campus area.
They were riding their bicycles on Pearl Alley behind the Newport Music Hall just off of
North High Street. As they rode, a few men began talking to Officer Rogerson about how
No. 15AP-24                                                                                2


many miles he rides each night. Officer Rogerson slowed down to talk to the men, while
Officer Drake continued to ride ahead. Accounts vary about what happened next, but
there is no dispute that it involved a tussle between Officer Rogerson and Woods and
culminated in Woods' arrest, indictment, trial, and conviction for obstruction of official
business.
       {¶ 3} Rogerson (who is the complaining officer in this case) testified at trial that
Woods approached him, grabbed on to his gun, and pulled "violently" after saying, "Hey,
security officer * * * [l]et me get that gun." (Tr. Vol. I, 137.) Officer Drake also testified.
He testified that he heard someone say "[g]imme your gun" and when he turned around
he saw Woods bent over, his hair in Officer Rogerson's grasp, and his hand on Officer
Rogerson's waist. (Tr. Vol. I, 85.) However, the civilian witnesses testified differently.
The first witness called by the prosecution in this case, an employee with the music hall,
testified that he saw Woods gesture toward the officer's waist as Woods intoned, "Hey,
rent a cop." (Tr. Vol. I, 25.)     Whereupon, according to that witness, "[t]he officer
immediately turned to his right and he jumped off of his bike and tackled [Woods]." (Tr.
Vol. I, 26.) The second prosecution witness, who also worked at the music hall, testified
that the two bike patrol officers were stopped and talking to a couple of college students
about how many miles the officers cover in a night. Then, according to this witness,
another person (Woods) "came up behind the officer's right shoulder, and I don't know
what his intentions were. I don't know if it was just to pat up the officer on the back or to
just give him a hug kind of like this, but he reached his arm out like this, went like this,
and his hand ended up on the officer's hip." (Tr. Vol. I, 59-60.) All three of the other
witnesses who were called by the defendant (two students from The Ohio State University
and a local business manager) testified that Woods was not aggressive toward the officer
and never touched the officer's gun, but he may have tried to put an arm around the
officer's shoulder.
       {¶ 4} On September 8, 2014, following the altercation on August 30, 2014
between Officer Rogerson and Woods, a Franklin County Grand Jury indicted Woods for
a count of aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01, and a count of obstructing
official business, in violation of R.C. 2921.31. Woods entered a not guilty plea to the
charges and proceeded to a jury trial. The jury found Woods not guilty of aggravated
No. 15AP-24                                                                              3


robbery, but guilty of obstructing official business.        The trial court sentenced him
accordingly.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       {¶ 5} Woods now appeals and assigns the following errors:
               I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND DEPRIVED
               APPELLANT OF DUE PROCESS OF LAW AS GUARANTEED
               BY THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED
               STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE    ONE SECTION
               TEN OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION BY FINDING HIM
               GUILTY OF OBSTRUCTING OFFICIAL BUSINESS AS THAT
               VERDICT WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT
               EVIDENCE AND WAS ALSO AGAINST THE MANIFEST
               WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

               II. THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR BY
               FAILING TO INSTRUCT THE JURY ON THE REQUISITE
               MENTAL     STATE  FOR  OBSTRUCTING   OFFICIAL
               BUSINESS.

               III. APPELLANT'S TRIAL COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE,
               THEREBY DEPRIVING HIM [OF] HIS RIGHT TO
               EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AS GUARANTEED
               BY THE UNITED STATES AND OHIO CONSTITUTIONS.

We address the assignments of error out of order for analytical clarity.
III. DISCUSSION
       A. Second Assignment of Error – Plain Error in Failure to Define
          "Purpose"
       {¶ 6} After the close of evidence, the trial court instructed the jury in this case as
follows:
               Before you can find the defendant guilty of obstructing official
               business, you must find beyond a reasonable doubt that on or
               about the 30th day of August, 2014, in Franklin County, Ohio,
               the defendant, without privilege to do so and with purpose to
               prevent, obstruct or delay the performance by a public official
               of an authorized act within the public official's official
               capacity, did an act that hampered or impeded that public
               official in the performance of the public official's lawful duties.
               Furthermore, the offense created a risk of physical harm to
               any person.
No. 15AP-24                                                                                4


(Tr. Vol. II, 277.) However, the trial court did not define "purpose." " 'As a general rule, a
defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on all elements that must be proved to
establish the crime with which he is charged, and, where specific intent or culpability is an
essential element of the offense, a trial court's failure to instruct on that mental element
constitutes error.' " (Footnote omitted.) State v. Wamsley, 117 Ohio St.3d 388, 2008-
Ohio-1195, ¶ 17, quoting State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 153 (1980).
       {¶ 7} Here, defense counsel did not object or specifically request a purpose
instruction. Thus, we review the issue for plain error. The Supreme Court of Ohio recently
described the "plain error" inquiry:
              Crim.R. 52(B) affords appellate courts discretion to correct
              "[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights"
              notwithstanding the accused's failure to meet his obligation to
              bring those errors to the attention of the trial court. However,
              the accused bears the burden of proof to demonstrate plain
              error on the record, and must show "an error, i.e., a deviation
              from a legal rule" that constitutes "an 'obvious' defect in the
              trial proceedings[.]"However, even if the error is obvious, it
              must have affected substantial rights, and "[w]e have
              interpreted this aspect of the rule to mean that the trial court's
              error must have affected the outcome of the trial." The
              accused is therefore required to demonstrate a reasonable
              probability that the error resulted in prejudice—the same
              deferential standard for reviewing ineffective assistance of
              counsel claims.

(Citations omitted.) State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 22; see also
State v. Lynn, 129 Ohio St.3d 146, 2011-Ohio-2722, ¶ 13; State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d
21, 27 (2002). We additionally note that "in Adams, [the Supreme Court] held that the
failure to instruct on each element of an offense is not necessarily reversible as plain error.
Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.        Rather, an appellate court must review the
instructions as a whole and the entire record to determine whether a manifest miscarriage
of justice has occurred as a result of the error in the instructions. Id. at paragraph three of
the syllabus." Wamsley at ¶ 17.
       {¶ 8} The State concedes that "the trial court should have instructed on the
statutory definition of 'purposely' " but maintains that the trial court's error in this regard
was not plain error. (State's Brief, 12.) We disagree. The model jury instructions, as
No. 15AP-24                                                                              5


contained in Ohio Jury Instructions include a detailed definition of "purpose" in the
context of this offense:
              A person acts purposely when it is his/her specific intention to
              cause a certain result. It must be established in this case that
              at the time in question there was present in the mind of the
              defendant a specific intention to [prevent, obstruct, or delay
              the performance by a public official of any authorized act
              within the public official's official capacity].

Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 417.01 (Rev. Jan. 10, 2015); R.C. 2921.31(A); see also
Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 521.31; Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 417.01,
which provide respectively recommended jury instructions for obstruction of official
business for the definition of "purpose" as used within that instruction, as well as the
statutory definition of "purposely" found in R.C. 2901.22(A) ("A person acts purposely
when it is the person's specific intention to cause a certain result.").
       {¶ 9} The trial court defined the obstruction offense, itself, and many of the terms
included in the offense, including "public official," "lawful duties," and "physical harm to
persons." Yet, despite the existence of model instructions and a statutory definition, it did
not define "purpose," the mens rea of the offense, that is, the essential element that
transforms otherwise potentially innocent conduct into a criminal attempt to thwart the
course of justice. Columbus v. Hairston, 10th Dist. No. 75AP-387 (Mar. 4, 1976) (finding
no obstruction where a defendant walked in front of a patrol car, traded oral barbs with
the officer about who had the right of way, and was arrested for jaywalking and
obstruction); see also State v. Wellman, 173 Ohio App.3d 494, 2007-Ohio-2953, ¶ 12, 30
(1st Dist.) (patrons who merely asked questions of officers attempting to issue a citation in
a bar were not arrested, but Wellman, who repeatedly attempted to interrupt officers and
ultimately misled them about who managed the bar was guilty of obstruction). This
omission of the definition of "purpose" was error, and this error is obvious.
       {¶ 10} Remaining for consideration is whether the trial court's error in not
instructing the jury on the definition of "purpose," as used for the crime of obstructing,
resulted in prejudice to Woods. Rogers at ¶ 22. We hold that it did. In State v. Stevens,
5th Dist. No. 07-CA-0004, 2008-Ohio-6027, ¶ 49-50, for instance, the Fifth District Court
of Appeals found error but not plain error in a trial court's failure to instruct on purpose,
because there was no indication of how the failure to instruct might have "misled the jury
No. 15AP-24                                                                               6


to appellant's prejudice." Here, by contrast, there existed considerable ambiguity within
the evidence about Woods' purpose in approaching Officer Rogerson.
       {¶ 11} Officer Rogerson testified that Woods grabbed on to the officer's gun and
pulled "violently" after saying, "[l]et me get that gun." (Tr. Vol. I, 137.) Officer Drake
testified that he heard someone say "[g]imme your gun," and when he turned around he
saw Woods bent over, his hair in Officer Rogerson's grasp, and his hand on Officer
Rogerson's waist. (Tr. Vol. I, 85.) However, as described in the factual background from
the record, the other witnesses' testimony differed from those of the two officers. None of
the five other witnesses in the case (two called by the prosecution) testified that Woods
was attempting to grab or take the officer's gun. There is plainly a question of whether,
based on this inconsistent testimony evidence, Woods had formed a "specific intention to
[prevent, obstruct, or delay the performance by a public official of any authorized act
within the public official's official capacity]" when he approached the officer. Ohio Jury
Instructions, CR Section 417.01; R.C. 2921.31(A).
       {¶ 12} Additionally, Officer Rogerson testified that he believed Woods was high at
the time of the incident, and each of Woods' witnesses testified that Woods had been
drinking with them for a time prior to the incident (though testimony varied about the
quantities consumed). The Supreme Court has remarked that "[t]he common law and
statutory rule in American jurisprudence is that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to
any crime. An exception to the general rule has developed, where specific intent is a
necessary element, that if the intoxication was such as to preclude the formation of such
intent, the fact of intoxication may be shown to negative this element."            (Citations
omitted.) State v. Fox, 68 Ohio St.2d 53, 54-55 (1981). Effective in 2000, the Ohio
Legislature adopted a law providing that "[v]oluntary intoxication may not be taken into
consideration in determining the existence of a mental state that is an element of a
criminal offense." R.C. 2901.21(D); 1999 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 318. However, even after the
passage of that legislation, the Supreme Court has cited Fox and has continued to suggest
that there may be some utility to considering intoxication. State v. Fulmer, 117 Ohio St.3d
319, 2008-Ohio-936, ¶ 74, fn. 1. Thus, we also note that there may have been some
question as to Woods' specific intent in light of whatever the jury may have found to be his
state of inebriation. Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 417.01; R.C. 2921.31(A).
No. 15AP-24                                                                                      7


           {¶ 13} Without the detailed definition of purpose set forth by statute and in the
Ohio Jury Instructions to assist the jury in determining the facts as to this vital inquiry,
the jury did not have what it needed to determine whether Woods acted purposely when it
found him guilty of the offense of obstruction of justice. For the jury to have found from
the evidence this essential element existed for the crime of obstruction, it needed to know
that in order for Woods to be found guilty, he needed to have in his mind more than a
vague whim, but actually a "specific intention to [prevent, obstruct, or delay the
performance by a public official of any authorized act within the public official's official
capacity.]"       Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 417.01; R.C. 2921.31(A); see also
Hairston. When the trial court omitted from its instructions to the jury any legally
sufficient definition of purpose, this obvious error prejudiced Woods. Because there was
conflicting testimony and no instruction on what constituted the specific intention of
"purpose," along with a "not guilty" verdict in the trial on the indictment count of
aggravated robbery,1 we find that the outcome was affected by the error. It is reasonably
probable that the jurors did not infer from the evidence the legally required specific
intention because they were not instructed that they had to find it. Being cognizant that
"[i]nconsistent verdicts on different counts of a multi-count indictment do not justify
overturning a verdict of guilt," we still cannot completely ignore the fact that, since the
jury found Woods "not guilty" of aggravated robbery, its members similarly may not have
believed Woods had knowingly attempted to deprive Officer Rogerson of his gun as to the
obstruction count of the indictment. State v. Hicks, 43 Ohio St.3d 72, 78 (1989), citing
United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 68 (1984). Because we find a reasonable probability
that Woods was convicted of obstructing without a jury finding that he held the requisite

1   R.C. 2911.01(B) provides:

                   No person, without privilege to do so, shall knowingly remove or attempt
                   to remove a deadly weapon from the person of a law enforcement officer,
                   or shall knowingly deprive or attempt to deprive a law enforcement officer
                   of a deadly weapon, when both of the following apply:

                   (1) The law enforcement officer, at the time of the removal, attempted
                   removal, deprivation, or attempted deprivation, is acting within the course
                   and scope of the officer's duties;

                   (2) The offender knows or has reasonable cause to know that the law
                   enforcement officer is a law enforcement officer.
No. 15AP-24                                                                                8


specific intent or acted with purpose to obstruct, we find this acted to prejudice Woods at
trial and that it was a manifest miscarriage of justice.
         {¶ 14} The dissent cites State v. Blackburn, 11th Dist. No. 2001-T-0052, 2003-
Ohio-605, for the proposition that the failure to define purpose was not plain error
because some dictionary definitions of purpose are similar to the definition set forth in
the Ohio Jury Instructions and by statute. However, the jurors in this case, as in all cases,
were not permitted to conduct legal or other research independent of the judge's
instructions. They would not, therefore, have had access to a dictionary any more than
they had access to the definitions contained in the Ohio Revised Code or the Ohio Jury
Instructions. The jurors were instructed, "You are not permitted * * * to apply your own
conception of what you think the law should be." (Tr. Vol. II, 269.) Moreover, the
Blackburn case concerned a defendant who climbed through the victim's window with a
gun, ripped the telephone out of the wall as she attempted to call 911, and then held her at
gunpoint and forced her to tell the police officers who arrived in response to the abortive
911 call that everything was fine. Blackburn at ¶ 3-4. On those facts, there was little room
for confusion about whether the defendant had trespassed in the victim's home with a
purpose "to commit * * * any criminal offense." R.C. 2911.11. Thus, it is not surprising
that the Eleventh District Court of Appeals concluded that the defendant in Blackburn
had not been prejudiced by the omitted definition and that the outcome had not been
affected. See Rogers at ¶ 22. As earlier noted, the facts adduced before the jury in this
case were ambiguous as to Woods' intent when he made contact with the officer, whether
to put his arm around the officer, or to hug him, or to grab the firearm, and thus, in this
case, we believe that the erroneous omission of the definition of purpose did prejudice
Woods and did affect the outcome. See Id. at ¶ 3.
         {¶ 15} Accordingly, we find plain error and sustain Woods' second assignment of
error.
         B. Third Assignment of Error – Ineffective Assistance
         {¶ 16} To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a litigant must show
that counsel's performance was deficient and that counsel's deficient performance
prejudiced him. State v. Jackson, 107 Ohio St.3d 53, 2005-Ohio-5981, ¶ 133, citing
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). The failure to make either showing
No. 15AP-24                                                                                        9


defeats a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136,
143 (1989), quoting Strickland at 697 ("[T]here is no reason for a court deciding an
ineffective assistance claim to approach the inquiry in the same order or even to address
both components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.").
          {¶ 17} According to Rogers, the prejudice inquiry for plain error and ineffective
assistance of counsel is the same. Rogers at ¶ 22. The failure to have requested that the
jury be instructed on the legal, specific meaning of "purpose" (or to have objected to its
omission from the instruction) prejudiced Woods, assuming the trial court would have so
instructed the jury.          Therefore, according to Strickland, prejudice has been shown.
However, based on the facts in this case, we do not find that Woods' counsel's
performance was deficient under Strickland because, in addition to the obstruction
charge, Woods was facing an aggravated robbery charge. Part of proving aggravated
robbery under the facts of this case involved proof that Woods intended to deprive Officer
Rogerson of his gun when he made contact with him. See, e.g., R.C. 2911.01(B); R.C.
2913.01(C).2 Touching Officer Rogerson or his gun in circumstances where Woods did
not intend to remove or withhold the gun in the ways defined by statute, would not have
constituted aggravated robbery. R.C. 2911.01(B). Officers Rogerson and Drake testified
that Woods said, "[l]et me get that gun" or "[g]imme your gun." (Tr. Vol. I, 85, 137.)
However, this testimony differed from that of the other witnesses as detailed previously.
Under the circumstances, defense counsel could have legitimately chosen not to focus the
jury's attention on the meaning of "purpose" to avoid a conviction for aggravated robbery,
a significantly more serious offense. Accordingly, we cannot say that counsel performed
deficiently in failing to request or object to a purpose instruction.

2   R.C. 2913.01(C) "Deprive" means to do any of the following:

                   (1) Withhold property of another permanently, or for a period that
                   appropriates a substantial portion of its value or use, or with purpose to
                   restore it only upon payment of a reward or other consideration;

                   (2) Dispose of property so as to make it unlikely that the owner will recover
                   it;

                   (3) Accept, use, or appropriate money, property, or services, with purpose
                   not to give proper consideration in return for the money, property, or
                   services, and without reasonable justification or excuse for not giving
                   proper consideration.
No. 15AP-24                                                                             10


       {¶ 18} Therefore, we overrule Woods' third assignment of error.
       C. First Assignment of Error – Sufficiency and Manifest Weight
       {¶ 19} Because we reverse based on the failure to instruct the jury as to the
definition of "purpose" in the crime of obstruction, the manifest weight analysis becomes
moot. However, the Supreme Court has "carefully distinguished the terms 'sufficiency'
and 'weight' * * *, declaring that 'manifest weight' and 'legal sufficiency' are 'both
quantitatively and qualitatively different.' " Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328,
2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380 (1997), paragraph
two of the syllabus. We emphasize this distinction because "the Double Jeopardy Clause
does not preclude retrial of a defendant if the reversal was grounded upon a finding that
the conviction was against the weight of the evidence. However, retrial is barred if the
reversal was based upon a finding that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the
conviction." Thompkins at 387, citing Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 47 (1982). Since we
sustain the assignment of error relating to the jury instruction, which requires that the
conviction and sentence be vacated, there is no need to consider Woods' claim that his
conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. As to the question of whether
Woods' conviction was or was not supported by sufficient evidence we find there was
evidence which, if believed, could have permitted (though by no means required) a jury to
infer the requisite purpose on Woods' part, had the jury been instructed that the
defendant had to be found by the jury on the evidence to hold "a specific intention to
[prevent, obstruct, or delay the performance by a public official of any authorized act
within the public official's official capacity]." Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 417.01;
R.C. 2921.31(A); see also Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 521.31; R.C. 2901.22(A).
       {¶ 20} Accordingly, we find Woods' first assignment of error moot and therefore
overruled.
IV. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 21} We overrule appellant's third assignment of error as to ineffective assistance
of counsel and that portion of appellant's first assignment of error relating to sufficiency
of the evidence. We find the first assignment of error moot insofar as it addresses
manifest weight because we sustain the second assignment of error finding that the failure
No. 15AP-24                                                                                         11


to define "purpose" for the jury under the circumstances of this case constitutes plain
error upon which the decision of the trial court must be reversed.
                                                                                Judgment reversed;
                                                                                   cause remanded.
                                      HORTON, J., concurs.
                                       KLATT, J., dissents.

KLATT, J., dissenting.
        {¶ 22} While I agree with the majority decision's resolution of appellant's first and
third assignments of error, I do not agree that the trial court's failure to define the term
"purpose" in this case constituted plain error. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
        {¶ 23} The state concedes that the trial court should have provided the jury with
the statutory definition of the word purpose.               Nevertheless, because the ordinary
common-use definition of the word purpose is very similar to the statutory definition, I
would conclude that the failure to provide this instruction did not affect the outcome of
the trial so as to constitute plain error. This conclusion is supported by a number of
appellate decisions.
        {¶ 24} In an appeal from an aggravated burglary conviction, for which "purpose" is
the requisite mental state, the Eleventh District Court of Appeals concluded in State v.
Blackburn, 11th Dist. No. 2001-T-0052, 2003-Ohio-605, that the trial court's failure to
provide the legal definition of the term "purposely"3 was not plain error because that
definition is so similar to the lay definition. Id. at ¶ 18-20. The court also did not believe
that the result of the trial would have been any different if the jury had been properly
instructed. Id.; see also State v. Wilhelm, 5th Dist. No. 03CA25, 2004-Ohio-40, ¶ 30-31
(omission of "unlawful threat of harm" definition not plain error because dictionary
definition was sufficient and no demonstration that result would have been different with
definition); State v. Petty, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-716, 2012-Ohio-2989, 16-18 (same analysis
for the omission of "cause" definition).
        {¶ 25} The court in Blackburn noted that the lay definition of purpose is "1. The
object toward which one strives or for which something exists; goal; aim. 2. A result or


3 Because purposely is an adverb and purpose is a noun, the form of the word may change depending on the
context, however, the definition remains the same.
No. 15AP-24                                                                                12


effect that is intended or desired. 3. Determination, resolution. 4. The matter at hand;
point at issue."    Id. at ¶ 18, quoting The American Heritage Dictionary 1006 (2d
Ed.1991). Similarly, another dictionary defines that term as "the reason why something is
done or used; the aim or intention of something; the feeling of being determined to do or
achieve something; the aim or goal of a person; what a person is trying to do." Merrian-
Webster    Online    Dictionary,    http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/purpose
(accessed Nov. 12, 2015).       These lay definitions are consistent with the statutory
definition, which states: "A person acts purposely when it is his specific intention to cause
a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a
certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his
specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature." R.C. 2901.22(A). In light of the
similarities in the statutory and lay definitions of the word purpose, the failure of the trial
court to define that term was not plain error.
       {¶ 26} Additionally, appellant does not explain how the trial court's provision of
the legal definition of the word purpose would have affected the outcome of his trial.
Appellant's only argument in this regard is that the jury "could well have acquitted him" of
the charge, but he does not provide any analysis or rationale for that argument. The
majority's discussion of a possible intoxication defense is merely hypothetical because
appellant made no such argument at trial. Appellant presented a factual defense at trial.
He presented evidence that he did not grab the officer's gun. The majority decision
highlights this evidence in finding plain error. But this evidence is not relevant to the
plain error analysis because it has nothing to do with the purpose of appellant's conduct.
Purpose only becomes an issue after the jury determines that appellant grabbed the
officer's gun. Moreover, under either the statutory or lay definition, a reasonable jury
could conclude that appellant purposefully obstructed and impeded the officer's access to
his weapon when he grabbed the officer's gun.
       {¶ 27} In order to find appellant guilty of obstructing official business in violation
of R.C. 2921.31(A), the state had to prove: (1) an act by the defendant, (2) done with the
purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay a public official, (3) that actually hampers or
impedes a public official, (4) while the official is acting in the performance of a lawful
duty, and (5) the defendant so acts without privilege. State v. Dice, 3d Dist. No. 9-04-41,
No. 15AP-24                                                                               13


2005-Ohio-2505, ¶ 19; State v. Brickner-Latham, 3d Dist. No. 13-05-26, 2006-Ohio-609,
¶ 25. State v. Kates, 169 Ohio App.3d 766, 2006-Ohio-6779, ¶ 21 (10th Dist.). "The
proper focus in a prosecution for obstructing official business is on the defendant's
conduct, verbal or physical, and its effect on the public official's ability to perform the
official's lawful duties." State v. Wellman, 173 Ohio App.3d 494, 2007-Ohio-2953, ¶ 12
(1st Dist.).
        {¶ 28} "A person acts purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain
result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature,
regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific intention
to engage in conduct of that nature." R.C. 2901.22(A). " 'Because no one can know the
mind of another, a defendant's intent is not discernible through objective proof.' " State
v. McCoy, 2d Dist. No. 22479, 2008-Ohio-5648, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Huffman, 131 Ohio
St. 27 (1936), paragraph four of the syllabus. Rather, a defendant's intent in acting is
determined from the manner in which it is done, the means used, and all the other facts
and circumstances in evidence. Id.; State v. Puterbaugh, 142 Ohio App.3d 185, 189 (4th
Dist.2001), citing State v. Hardin, 16 Ohio App.3d 243, 245 (1984); State v. Grooms, 10th
Dist. No. 03AP-1244, 2005-Ohio-706, ¶ 18.
        {¶ 29} Although appellant's witnesses disputed that appellant grabbed the officer's
gun, Officer Rogerson testified that before appellant approached him, he heard appellant
say "let me get that gun." (Tr. 137.) Officer Rogerson then felt something pull "violently"
at his gun and put his hand on top of the hand that was on his gun. Similarly, Officer
Drake heard the appellant say "[g]imme your gun" and then saw appellant's hand on his
right side, near his gun. (Tr. 90.) This testimony allows reasonable minds to conclude
that appellant intentionally reached for and grabbed Officer Rogerson's gun.             That
intentional conduct impeded Officer Rogerson's access to his gun, thereby preventing or
obstructing him from performing his lawful duty as a police officer. See Parma v. Kline,
8th Dist. No. 83427, 2004-Ohio-6091, ¶ 43; State v. Birinyi, 8th Dist. No. 95680, 2011-
Ohio-6257, ¶ 40. Once the jury determined that appellant grabbed the officer's gun, I do
not believe the trial court's failure to provide the statutory definition of the word purpose
affected the outcome of the case because that definition is consistent with the commonly
understood meaning of the word.
No. 15AP-24                                                                              14


       {¶ 30} For the reasons previously noted, I do not believe the trial court's failure to
provide the jury the statutory definition of the word purpose affected the outcome of the
case. Therefore, I do not believe that failure constituted plain error. Because the majority
concludes otherwise, I respectfully dissent.
