                                                          FILED
                                              United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                 October 1, 2012

                                                               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court
TOMAS VAQUERO-CORDERO, a/k/a
Tomas V. Cordero, a/k/a Tomas Vauera
Cxordero, a/k/a Tomas Vaguern Cordero,

             Petitioner,                                    No. 12-9504
                                                        (Petition for Review)
v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
Attorney General,

             Respondent.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before GORSUCH, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and HOLMES,
Circuit Judge.


      Petitioner Tomas Vaquero-Cordero is a native and citizen of Mexico. He

petitions for review of the agency’s determination that his conviction for obstruction

of justice constituted a crime involving moral turpitude rendering him ineligible for



*
      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
cancellation of removal. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We

GRANT the petition for review and REMAND for further proceedings.

                                  I. Factual Background

      Petitioner unlawfully entered the United States without being admitted or

paroled after inspection and authorization by an immigration officer. At the time of

his removal hearing, he had been living in the United States for about twenty years

and was married with four children.

      The following facts are taken from petitioner’s plea agreement in the

obstruction-of-justice case. On March 19, 2011, petitioner was involved in a dispute

with his wife through text messages. He had just been informed that his wife had

been unfaithful and divorce was being discussed. He called his wife offensive names

and indicated he was angry and did not want to talk. He told her “that if she came

home at that moment a sad tragedy might occur.” Admin. R. at 513.

      Petitioner’s wife called the police. When the police came to petitioner’s home,

he “intentionally prevent[ed] his own apprehension by applying force to his front

door to keep it closed while officers attempted to enter his home. There was no

intent to injure a police officer and no police officer was injured or put at risk of

substantial bodily injury.” Id.

      Petitioner was arrested. He pleaded guilty to one count of obstruction of

justice, in violation of Utah Code Ann. § 76-8-306(1)(b), and to one count of

domestic violence in the presence of a child (his son was present when he sent the


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text messages and may have seen or heard the text messages). He was sentenced to

serve ninety days in jail total for both convictions followed by thirty-six months of

court supervised probation.

      After petitioner was arrested, the Department of Homeland Security initiated

removal proceedings against him. He applied for cancellation of removal, but the

Immigration Judge (“IJ”) concluded that he was ineligible for that form of relief

because his conviction for obstruction of justice constituted a crime involving moral

turpitude under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I). The Board of Immigration Appeals

(“Board” or “BIA”) affirmed the IJ’s decision. Petitioner now seeks review of the

Board’s decision.1

                        II. Standard of Review and Deference

      The BIA interpreted the phrase “crime involving moral turpitude” used in

§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) to include petitioner’s conviction for obstruction of justice. We

review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. See Torres de la Cruz v.

Maurer, 483 F.3d 1013, 1019 and n.5 (10th Cir. 2007), giving deference, when

appropriate, to the agency’s interpretation of ambiguous or unclear statutory terms,

Efagene v. Holder, 642 F.3d 918, 920 (10th Cir. 2011). More specifically, under the


1
       The IJ also determined that petitioner’s domestic violence conviction
constituted a crime involving moral turpitude. Petitioner also appealed that
determination to the BIA, but the BIA concluded that it did not need to address that
question because its determination on the obstruction-of-justice conviction rendered
petitioner ineligible for cancellation of removal. Accordingly, that issue is not before
this court.


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Supreme Court’s decision in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense

Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), we have observed that “a court gives deference to

an agency’s interpretation of a statute Congress charged it with administering if the

statute is silent or ambiguous on the question at hand and the agency’s interpretation

is not arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.” Efagene, 642 F.3d

at 920. “An agency interpretation only qualifies for deference . . . when the agency

acted in its ‘lawmaking pretense.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Mead Corp., 533

U.S. 218, 233 (2001)). “When the interpretation occurs in an adjudication, the

agency acts in a lawmaking capacity if the decision is binding precedent within the

agency.” Id.

      In this case, the Board’s decision was issued by a single Board member and “a

single member lacks the authority to create rules of law that bind the agency in other

cases.” Carpio v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1091, 1097 (10th Cir. 2010). This court has held,

however, that “Chevron deference may apply to a non-precedential BIA decision if it

relies on prior BIA precedent addressing the same question.” Efagene, 642 F.3d at

920. The Board’s decision in this case is not entitled to Chevron deference, however,

because it did not rely on a prior precedential decision addressing the same question.

      If Chevron deference is not appropriate, we then consider whether the Board’s

decision is entitled to deference under Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140

(1944). In doing so, we assess whether the Board’s decision “has the power to

persuade.” Carpio, 592 F.3d at 1098 (internal quotation marks omitted). This


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involves examining “the thoroughness evident in the BIA’s consideration, the

validity of its reasoning, and its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements.”

Damaso-Mendoza v. Holder, 653 F.3d 1245, 1248 (10th Cir. 2011).

                               III. The BIA’s Decision

      Section 76-8-306(1)(b) provides:

      (1) An actor commits obstruction of justice if the actor, with intent to
      hinder, delay, or prevent the investigation, apprehension, prosecution,
      conviction, or punishment of any person regarding conduct that
      constitutes a criminal offense:

            (b) prevents by force, intimidation, or deception, any person from
      performing any act that might aid in the discovery, apprehension,
      prosecution, conviction, or punishment of any person.

      The agency determined that a violation of the obstruction-of-justice statute

could not categorically be considered a crime involving moral turpitude because it

was too broad. The agency next considered petitioner’s conviction under the

modified categorical approach. Under that approach, the agency considers the

specific factual circumstances underlying the conviction and may review documents

from the criminal case such as the charging documents and the plea agreement. See

Rodriguez-Heredia v. Holder, 639 F.3d 1264, 1269 (10th Cir. 2011). After

considering petitioner’s statement in support of his guilty plea, the agency concluded

that petitioner’s conviction involved a crime of moral turpitude.

      The Attorney General has interpreted “moral turpitude” as conduct that is

“inherently base, vile, or depraved, and contrary to the accepted rules of morality and

the duties owed between persons or to society in general.” Matter of Silva-Trevino,

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24 I. & N. Dec. 687, 705 (A.G. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). In

addition, “[a] finding of moral turpitude under the Act requires that a perpetrator

have committed the reprehensible act with some form of scienter.” Id. at 706.

      The BIA focused on petitioner’s statement that he did “intentionally prevent

his own apprehension by applying force to his front door to keep it closed while

officers attempted to enter his home.” Admin. R. at 4 (internal quotation marks

omitted). The BIA determined that “any intentional use of force to prevent

apprehension of oneself is inherently base, vile, and contrary to the accepted rules of

morality . . . and the duties owed between persons or to society in general.” Id. at

4-5. The BIA also noted that “it is contrary to the generally accepted morals of our

society that any person would perform any act that would prevent a police officer

from performing his sworn duties to protect individuals and enforce the laws of the

state they serve as an official representative.” Id. at 4. The BIA therefore found

petitioner’s conviction to be a crime involving moral turpitude concluding that

      when a person, such as the respondent in the instant case, obstructs an
      authorized police officer from entering his home to investigate a crime
      which was committed or being committed within his home, in order to
      not be apprehended by law enforcement for the commission of that
      crime, he has engaged in behavior that violates the accepted rules of
      morality and the duties owed to society. See Padilla v. Gonzales,
      397 F.3d 1016 (7th Cir. 2005); Matter of Ruiz-Lopez, 25 I&N Dec. 551
      (BIA 2011).

Admin. R. at 5.




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                                     IV. Analysis

      Petitioner contends that the BIA erred in determining that his conviction for

obstruction of justice constituted a crime involving moral turpitude. He first argues

that the BIA should have analyzed his conviction using the approach it employed in

Matter of Danesh, 19 I. & N. Dec. 669 (BIA 1988), which involved a conviction for

aggravated assault on a peace officer. In Danesh, the BIA noted the distinction

between cases of simple assault of an officer, which do not involve moral turpitude,

and cases arising under the statutory language at issue in Danesh, which required that

the peace officer assaulted sustain bodily injury. See id. at 673. The BIA concluded

“that an aggravated assault against a peace officer, which results in bodily harm to

the victim and which involves knowledge by the offender that his force is directed to

an officer who is performing an official duty, constitutes a crime that involves moral

turpitude.” Id.

      Petitioner asserts that applying Danesh to his case would result in a finding

that his conviction did not involve moral turpitude because there was no element of

bodily harm in the charging document and the mens rea in the Utah statute is the

intent to prevent apprehension, not the intent to assault or cause bodily harm. He

argues that the BIA’s failure to follow this established precedent was arbitrary and

capricious.

      Petitioner further argues that the BIA’s justification for not applying Danesh is

flawed. The BIA reasoned that Danesh did not represent a comparable situation


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because the Utah obstruction-of-justice statute “contains absolutely no elements

necessitating an assault” and “does not include a specific requirement that a police,

or peace officer, be involved when this crime is committed.” Admin. R. at 5 n.2.

      The government responds that the BIA was not required to analyze petitioner’s

conviction under the Danesh precedent involving assault. We agree with the

government that the Danesh case is not factually on all fours with the instant case

and thus not controlling. However, there are no cases directly on point and we do not

find the BIA’s reasons for distinguishing Danesh to be persuasive. As petitioner

asserts “the BIA failed to explain why the absence of certain elements prevented the

application of Danesh even though these very elements were then presumed to exist

and used to justify the finding of moral turpitude in [his] case.” Pet’r Br. at 21. For

example, the BIA emphasized that petitioner was obstructing “an authorized police

officer,” Admin. R. at 5, from entering his home to investigate a crime and that he

intentionally used “force” to prevent his apprehension, id. at 4.

      Danesh arguably represents persuasive authority for determining whether there

was a crime involving moral turpitude in this case. Danesh involved an assault

against a police officer who was performing his official duty and petitioner’s case

involved the use of force to prevent a police officer from performing his official duty.

Under Danesh, more would be needed for a finding of moral turpitude than was

present in petitioner’s case where the plea agreement specifically states that “[t]here




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was no intent to injure a police officer and no police officer was injured or put at risk

of substantial bodily injury.” Id. at 513.

       The BIA’s decision in this case could also lead to inconsistent results for

aliens. In the Matter of Garcia-Lopez, 2007 WL 4699842 (BIA 2007) (unpublished),

the Board analogized the crime of interfering with a law enforcement officer to

simple assault. The Board considered Danesh and concluded that the petitioner’s

conviction for resisting arrest did not involve a crime of moral turpitude because

there was no essential element of bodily injury. Moreover, the conviction documents

showed that the petitioner “intentionally resisted arrest,” but “they [did] not establish

that he intentionally attempted to assault and cause bodily injury to a police officer.”

Id. The Board therefore found that the crime did not involve moral turpitude. We do

not see much difference in petitioner’s circumstances here–trying to avoid

apprehension by using force to hold his door closed with no intent to cause injury to

the police officer—from the circumstances in Garcia-Lopez, where the alien

intentionally resisted arrest with no intent to cause injury to the police officer.

       Petitioner next argues that, even if the BIA was not required to apply Danesh,

the cases the BIA cited concerning moral turpitude are distinguishable and do not

support its holding. After announcing its holding, the BIA included the following

citation: “See Padilla v. Gonzales, 397 F.3d 1016 (7th Cir. 2005); Matter of

Ruiz-Lopez, 25 I&N Dec. 551 (BIA 2011).” Admin. R. at 5. The BIA did not

include a reference to a specific page in either of these cited decisions, there was no


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parenthetical explanation for its reliance on these decisions, and there was no express

analysis of these decisions. The BIA has failed therefore to offer persuasive

reasoning as to why these cases support its holding.

       As petitioner explains, Padilla involved a conviction for obstruction of justice

for knowingly furnishing false information “with intent to prevent the apprehension

or obstruct the prosecution or defense of any person.” 397 F.3d at 1019 (internal

quotation marks omitted). The BIA concluded that the crime was one involving

moral turpitude, relying in part on long-standing authority that “a crime involving

dishonesty or false statement is considered to be one involving moral turpitude.” Id.

at 1020 (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, petitioner’s offense did not involve

any element of dishonesty or making a false statement. Petitioner argues that this

distinction makes Padilla inapplicable to his case and further argues that “it is telling

that the BIA did not . . . elaborate on how Padilla applies in [his] case.” Pet’r Br. at

24.

       The offense in Ruiz-Lopez involved attempting to elude a pursuing police

officer and required three elements: (1) a uniformed police officer gives the driver of

a motor vehicle a sign to stop; (2) the driver willfully fails or refuses to stop; and

(3) “while attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle, the driver must drive his

vehicle in a manner indicating a wanton or willful disregard for the lives or property

of others.” 25 I. &. N Dec. at 551. The Board noted that the Washington state courts

considered this to be a “‘resisting arrest’ statute, which, in punishing conduct that


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indicates a wanton or willful disregard for the life and property of others, punishes

unreasonable conduct in resisting law enforcement activities.” Id. (internal quotation

marks omitted). The BIA concluded that the offense was a crime involving moral

turpitude because “when a person deliberately flouts lawful authority and recklessly

endangers the officer, other drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or property, he or she is

engaged in seriously wrongful behavior that violates the accepted rules of morality

and the duties owed to society.” Id. (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      Petitioner argues that the offense in Ruiz-Lopez is distinguishable from his

offense because the statute in Ruiz-Lopez requires a “wanton or willful disregard for

the lives or property of others.” In contrast, the obstruction-of-justice statute in

petitioner’s case requires no wanton or willful endangerment of people or property

and petitioner’s plea agreement specifically states that there was no intent to injure a

police officer and no police officer was injured or placed at risk of injury. Petitioner

asserts that the BIA’s reliance on Ruiz-Lopez does not justify its holding that his

obstruction-of-justice conviction involves moral turpitude when his conviction lacks

the additional or aggravated scienter requirements in Ruiz-Lopez.

      Petitioner’s discussion of the BIA’s cited authority raises significant questions

about the persuasiveness of the BIA’s reasoning and the justification for its decision.

The cases appear to support petitioner’s argument that an aggravating factor is

required for a crime to involve moral turpitude (i.e., the false statement in Padilla or


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the reckless endangerment in Ruiz-Lopez) and the BIA has not persuasively explained

why those cases apply on the facts in petitioner’s case.

      Tellingly, the government does not respond to or address petitioner’s argument

that these cases are distinguishable and do not support the BIA’s holding. Instead,

the government’s response brief skips this section of petitioner’s argument

altogether. In response to his argument that the Board’s decision was arbitrary and

capricious and departed from its prior precedents without explanation, the

government makes the following minimal reference to the Board’s reliance on this

precedent: “The Board explained why it distinguished Matter of Danesh and applied

the proper precedents instead. A.R. 4-5 (citing Matter of Silva-Trevino, 24 I. & N.

Dec. at 690; Matter of Lopez-Meza, 22 I. & N. Dec. 1188 (BIA [1999]); Matter of

Ruiz-Lopez, 25 I. & N. Dec. 551 (BIA 2011).” Aplee. Br. at 22. The government’s

brief never mentions Padilla.

      The BIA’s analysis is truncated and offers no explanation for the authority that

it relied upon in determining that petitioner’s conviction is for a crime involving

moral turpitude. The BIA declined to rely on Danesh, but its reasons for rejecting

that case are not persuasive. Moreover, petitioner specifically challenges the BIA’s

reliance on Padilla and Ruiz-Lopez and the government offers no rebuttal to

petitioner’s argument. Because the BIA’s decision does not demonstrate thorough

consideration of petitioner’s case, offer sufficient support for its reasoning, and is

inconsistent with its earlier pronouncements on crimes involving moral turpitude, the


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BIA’s decision is not persuasive and is not entitled to Skidmore deference.

See Damaso-Mendoza, 653 F.3d at 1248.

      Under non-deferential de novo review, we conclude that the BIA erred in

determining that petitioner’s crime involved moral turpitude. As we noted

previously, the Attorney General has interpreted “moral turpitude” as conduct that is

“inherently base, vile, or depraved, and contrary to the accepted rules of morality and

the duties owed between persons or to society in general.” Matter of Silva-Trevino,

24 I. & N. Dec. at 705 (internal quotation marks omitted). Petitioner’s conduct

involved “applying force to his front door to keep it closed while officers attempted

to enter his home.” Admin. R. at 513. We disagree with the BIA’s conclusion that

this conduct is “inherently base [and] vile.” Id. at 4.

      The government tries to bolster the BIA’s characterization of petitioner’s

conduct as reprehensible by asserting that “his conduct involved the use of force as

police officers were attempting to lawfully enter his residence, a time of particular

peril for law enforcement” and then cites to two Fourth Amendment warrantless

search cases. Aplee. Br. at 18 (emphasis added). This is a post-hoc rationalization

by the government, as it was not part of the BIA’s decision. Moreover, the record of

conviction directly contradicts the government’s contention that police officers were

put in danger by petitioner’s conduct as the plea agreement states “[t]here was no

intent to injure a police officer and no police officer was injured or put at risk of

substantial bodily injury.” Admin. R. at 513 (emphasis added).


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                                      V. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we GRANT the petition for review and REMAND

to the BIA for further proceedings.


                                                   Entered for the Court


                                                   Jerome A. Holmes
                                                   Circuit Judge




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