                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                 AT JACKSON
                                      November 17, 2004 Session

                 IN RE: S.B.D.W., a minor child born, January 14, 1999

                      Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Dyer County
                             No. 03A8    J. Steven Stafford, Chancellor



                      No. W2004-00863-COA-R3-PT - Filed December 1, 2004


The trial court terminated parents’ rights based on abandonment. Father appeals. We affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed; and
                                        Remanded

DAVID R. FARMER , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S.,
and ALAN E. HIGHERS, J., joined.

Jason L. Hudson, Dyersburg, Tennessee, for the appellant.

W. Lewis Jenkins, Jr., Dyersburg, Tennessee, for the appellees.

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION1

        This is a termination of parental rights case. In March 2001, the Juvenile Court of Dyer
County awarded custody of S.B.D.W., a minor child born January 1999, to P.B., Appellant/Father’s
step-sister, and awarded Mother reasonable visitation. In March 2003, K.W., R.W., and P.B.
(collectively, Petitioners) filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of Father and Mother and
for adoption of S.B.D.W. by K.W. and R.W. The trial court terminated parental rights of both




       1
           Rule 10 of the Tennessee Court of Appeals provides:

                This Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case, may affirm, reverse
       or modify the actions of the trial court by memorandum opinion when a formal opinion would have
       no precedential value. W hen a case is decided by memorandum opinion it shall be designated
       "MEMORANDUM O PINION", shall not be published, and shall not be cited or relied on for any
       reason in any unrelated case.
parents based on abandonment and granted the petition for adoption. Father filed a timely appeal
to this Court.2

                                                 Issues Presented

       On appeal, Father contends that the trial court erred in determining Petitioners satisfied their
burden of proof and in finding that Father abandoned S.B.D.W.

                                               Standard of Review

       Our standard of review of a trial court sitting without a jury is de novo upon the record.
Wright v. City of Knoxville, 898 S.W.2d 177, 181 (Tenn. 1995). We presume the trial court’s
findings of fact to be correct unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).
However, no presumption of correctness attaches to a trial court’s conclusions on issues of law.
Bowden v. Ward, 275 S.W.3d 913, 916 (Tenn. 2000); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).

       Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113 governs the termination of parental rights. The code
provides, in pertinent part:

               (c) Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon:
               (1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that the grounds
       for termination or parental or guardianship rights have been established; and
               (2) That termination of the parent's or guardian's rights is in the best interests
       of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2001). This section also provides the grounds on which parental
rights may be terminated. The existence of any statutory basis for termination of parental rights will
support the trial court’s decision to terminate those rights. In re C.W.W., N.W.W., Z.W.W., & A.L.W.,
37 S.W.3d 467, 473 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).

        A court’s determination to terminate parental rights must be supported by clear and
convincing evidence. Id. at 474. The “clear and convincing evidence” standard is more exacting
than the "preponderance of the evidence" standard, although it does not demand the certainty
required by the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard. Id. To be clear and convincing, the evidence
must eliminate any substantial doubt and produce in the fact-finder's mind a firm conviction as to
the truth. Id. Insofar as the trial court’s determinations are based on its assessment of witness
credibility, this Court will not reevaluate that assessment absent evidence of clear and convincing
evidence to the contrary. See Wells v. Tennessee Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn.1999).




       2
           Mother has not appealed the trial court’s determination.

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      The trial court found as grounds for terminating Father’s parental rights that Father had
abandoned S.B.D.W. under Tenn. Code Ann. section 36-1-113(g)(1). The Tennessee Code defines
abandonment as:

       (1)(A) "Abandonment" means, for purposes of terminating the parental or guardian
       rights of parent(s) or guardian(s) of a child to that child in order to make that child
       available for adoption, that:
                (I) For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the
       filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the parent(s) or
       guardian(s) of the child who is the subject of the petition for termination of parental
       rights or adoption, that the parent(s) or guardian(s) either have willfully failed to visit
       or have willfully failed to support or have willfully failed to make reasonable
       payments toward the support of the child;
                (ii) The child has been removed from the home of the parent(s) or guardian(s)
       as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile court in which the child was found to
       be a dependent and neglected child, as defined in § 37-1-102, and the child was
       placed in the custody of the department or a licensed child-placing agency, that the
       juvenile court found, or the court where the termination of parental rights petition is
       filed finds, that the department or a licensed child-placing agency made reasonable
       efforts to prevent removal of the child or that the circumstances of the child's
       situation prevented reasonable efforts from being made prior to the child's removal;
       and for a period of four (4) months following the removal, the department or agency
       has made reasonable efforts to assist the parent(s) or guardian(s) to establish a
       suitable home for the child, but that the parent(s) or guardian(s) have made no
       reasonable efforts to provide a suitable home and have demonstrated a lack of
       concern for the child to such a degree that it appears unlikely that they will be able
       to provide a suitable home for the child at an early date;
                (iii) A biological or legal father has either willfully failed to visit or willfully
       failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child's mother during
       the four (4) months immediately preceding the birth of the
       child; provided, that in no instance shall a final order terminating the parental rights
       of a parent as determined pursuant to this subdivision (iii) be entered until at least
       thirty (30) days have elapsed since the date of the child's birth;
                (iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an
       action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the parent or
       guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of the four (4) months immediately
       preceding the institution of such action or proceeding, and either has willfully failed
       to visit or has willfully failed to support or has willfully failed to make reasonable
       payments toward the support of the child for four (4) consecutive months
       immediately preceding such parent's or guardian's incarceration, or the parent or
       guardian has engaged in conduct prior to incarceration which exhibits a wanton
       disregard for the welfare of the child; or



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                (v) The child, as a newborn infant aged seventy-two (72) hours or less, was
       voluntarily left at a facility by such infant's mother pursuant to § 68-11- 255; and, for
       a period of thirty (30) days after the date of voluntary delivery, the mother failed to
       visit or seek contact with the infant; and, for a period of thirty (30) days after notice
       was given under § 36-1-142(e), and no less than ninety (90) days cumulatively, the
       mother failed to seek contact with the infant through the department or to revoke her
       voluntary delivery of the infant.
                (B) For purposes of this subdivision (1), "token support" means that the
       support, under the circumstances of the individual case, is insignificant given the
       parent's means;
                (C) For purposes of this subdivision (1), "token visitation" means that the
       visitation, under the circumstances of the individual case, constitutes nothing more
       than perfunctory visitation or visitation of such an infrequent nature or of such short
       duration as to merely establish minimal or insubstantial contact with the child;
                (D) For purposes of this subdivision (1), "willfully failed to support" or
       "willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward such child's support" means the
       willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to provide monetary
       support or the willful failure to provide more than token payments toward the support
       of the child;
                (E) For purposes of this subdivision (1), "willfully failed to visit" means the
       willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to visit or engage in more
       than token visitation;
                (F) Abandonment may not be repented of by resuming visitation or support
       subsequent to the filing of any petition seeking to terminate parental or
       guardianship rights or seeking the adoption of a child; and
                (G) "Abandonment" and "abandonment of an infant" do not have any other
       definition except that which is set forth in this section, it being the intent of the
       general assembly to establish the only grounds for abandonment by statutory
       definition. Specifically, it shall not be required that a parent be shown to have
       evinced a settled purpose to forego all parental rights and responsibilities in order for
       a determination of abandonment to be made. Decisions of any court to the contrary
       are hereby legislatively overruled;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(Supp. 2004).

        At the time of the hearing, Father was incarcerated but participated in the matter by
deposition and was represented by counsel. The trial court found that for a period of greater than
four months prior to his incarceration Father willfully had failed to visit or support S.B.D.W. The
trial court further found that “no person has deprived [Father] of visitation with his child, nor kept
him from seeing the child or exercising visitation with his child.” The court additionally determined
that termination of Father’s parental rights was in the best interests of S.B.D.W. The trial court
terminated Mother and Father’s parental rights and granted K.W. and R.W.’s petition for adoption.



                                                 -4-
         Father does not deny that he failed to visit or support S.B.D.W. for at least four months prior
to his incarceration, but contends his failure to do so was not willful. Father asserts that P.B., who
had legal custody of S.B.D.W., refused to allow him onto her property, with the exception of one
visit, and refused to permit him to take the child. Father testified that he spoke to S.B.D.W. on the
telephone several times while S.B.D.W. was visiting with Mother. Petitioners, on the other hand,
assert Father has had almost no contact with S.B.D.W. practically since her birth. They assert Father
made only one attempt to visit S.B.D.W. at P.B.’s home in December 2002. P.B. testified that she
was fearful of allowing Father, who was co-habitating with his ex-wife’s much younger daughter,
whom he had raised from the age of five, to take S.B.D.W. away from her home unsupervised.
Petitioners assert Father was not prevented from visiting S.B.D.W. at P.B.’s home. They further
submit that Father never called to see S.B.D.W. or to inquire about her, never supported the child,
and failed to send her even a single piece of mail.

        Having reviewed the entire record in this case, we find clear and convincing evidence
supports the judgment of the trial court. The record establishes that Father has been incarcerated
frequently and that, before going to live with K.W. and R.W., S.B.D.W. had been in the care of P.B.
almost since birth. Father’s deposition testimony establishes that Father made no attempt to support
S.B.D.W. and, with the exception of one half-hour visit in December 2002, made no attempt to visit
her. Although Father contends that P.B. stated that he was not welcome on her property, Father does
not assert that he attempted to visit S.B.D.W. and was denied the opportunity.

        The trial court further found that termination of Father’s parental rights and adoption of
S.B.D.W. by K.W. and R.W. are in the best interest of S.B.D.W. Father does not submit that the
trial court erred in this determination and, having reviewed the record, we agree that termination of
Father’s parental rights is in S.B.D.W.’s best interest. We accordingly affirm termination of Father’s
parental rights based on abandonment as defined by Tenn. Code Ann. Section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv).

                                               Holding

         In light of the foregoing, we affirm termination of Father’s parental rights to S.B.D.W. Cost
of this appeal are taxed to the Appellant, and his surety, for which execution may issue if necessary.



                                                        ___________________________________
                                                        DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE




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