[Cite as State v. Donley, 2017-Ohio-562.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                  :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                       :  C.A. CASE NOS. 26654; 26655;
                                                  :                    26656
 v.                                               :
                                                  :  T.C. NOS. 14CR1142; 14CR2391
 ISREAL DONLEY                                    :             14CR3312
                                                  :
         Defendant-Appellant                      :  (Criminal Appeal from
                                                  :   Common Pleas Court)
                                                  :
                                                  :
                                             ...........

                                            OPINION

              Rendered on the ___17th ___ day of _____February_____, 2017.

                                             ...........

MEAGAN D. WOODALL, Atty. Reg. No. 0093466 and HEATHER N. JANS, Atty. Reg.
No. 0084470, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, 301 W. Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton,
Ohio 45422
      Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellee

ROBERT ALAN BRENNER, Atty. Reg. No. 0067714, 120 W. Second Street, Suite 706,
Dayton, Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                            .............

FROELICH, J.

        {¶ 1} Isreal E. Donley appeals from three separate judgments of the Montgomery

County Court of Common Pleas. After Donley was found guilty by a jury of possession

of cocaine and having weapons while under disability in Case No. 2014 CR 1142, he
                                                                                           -2-


entered no contest pleas to 27 counts of having weapons while under disability in Case

No. 2014 CR 2391 and a guilty plea to illegal conveyance of drugs of abuse into a

detention facility in Case No. 2014 CR 3312. In a joint sentencing hearing, the trial court

ordered that the sentences in Case Nos. 2014 CR 1142 and 2014 CR 2391 run

concurrently, but that the sentence in Case No. 2014 CR 3312 run consecutively to the

sentences in the other cases. Donley’s aggregate sentence was 13 years in prison.

       {¶ 2} Donley appeals from his convictions in all three cases. For the following

reasons, the trial court’s judgments in Case Nos. 2014 CR 2391 and 2014 CR 3312 will

be affirmed. The trial court is instructed to file a nunc pro tunc entry correcting the nature

of defendant’s plea in Case No. 2014 CR 2391. The trial court is also instructed to file

a nunc pro tunc entry in Case No. 2014 CR 3312, correcting its judgment entry so that it

accurately reflects the trial court’s consecutive sentencing findings.           Defendant’s

conviction and sentence for possession of cocaine in Case No. 2014 CR 1142 will be

affirmed; his conviction in that case for having weapons while under disability will be

vacated.

                            I. Factual and Procedural History

       {¶ 3} Donley’s convictions stem from separate incidents on three dates in 2014:

March 26 (Case No. 2014 CR 1142), May 14 (Case No. 2014 CR 3312), and July 8 (Case

No. 2014 CR 2391).

       {¶ 4} On March 26, 2014, Detective Patrick O’Connell of the Montgomery County

R.A.N.G.E. Task Force observed a suspected drug transaction between the resident of a

home and the driver of a white GMC Yukon. O’Connell relayed information about the

transaction and the fact that the Yukon had a “very dark” window tint to Deputy Frederick
                                                                                       -3-


Zollers, a uniformed officer with the Task Force. After the Yukon left the residence,

Deputy Zollers initiated a traffic stop of the Yukon. Donley was the driver and sole

occupant of the vehicle. Zollers ran Donley’s identification through his computer system

and arrested Donley on an outstanding juvenile court warrant. The vehicle was later

towed by Sandy’s Towing to a lot in Moraine. There, the Sandy’s tow truck driver found

a brown knit hat with a firearm under the hood of Donley’s vehicle, and another Sandy’s

driver located a brown knit glove on the gas cap. Cocaine was discovered inside the

glove.

         {¶ 5} On April 4, 2014, Donley was indicted in Case No. 2014 CR 1142 for

possession of cocaine (equal to or greater than 27 grams, but less than 100 grams) and

for having weapons while under disability (prior felonious assault conviction in 2003)

related to events on March 26, 2014. Donley was released on bond on April 9, 2014.

         {¶ 6} At approximately 2:15 a.m. on May 14, 2014, State Highway Patrol Trooper

Brenton stopped Donley for traffic violations. The trooper discovered that Donley had a

misdemeanor warrant from juvenile court for a “DNA parenting evaluation.” Trooper

Brenton arrested Donley on the warrant and transported him to the Montgomery County

Jail. While en route to the jail, Brenton asked Donley if he any illegal contraband on his

person. Donley denied having any drugs. Upon being searched at the jail, a corrections

officer found a clear plastic baggie rolled up in the front part of Donley’s underwear.

Inside the baggie were 27 capsules of suspected cocaine and 46 capsules of heroin.

The amount of confiscated cocaine was 0.054 grams, and the amount of confiscated

heroin was 1.009 grams. Donley was released from jail later that same day.

         {¶ 7} At approximately 4:50 p.m. on July 8, 2014, Detective O’Connell obtained a
                                                                                          -4-


search warrant for Donley’s DNA, and the Task Force set up surveillance on Donley’s

residence based on its belief that Donley was trafficking in narcotics. A vehicle stopped

at Donley’s residence, and the officers observed Donley engage in conduct consistent

with a drug transaction. When Donley left his residence in a Chevy Suburban, officers

stopped the vehicle to obtain Donley’s DNA sample. At 9:05 p.m. on the same day (July

8), Detective O’Connell obtained a second search warrant for Donley’s residence. A

search of the residence uncovered nine guns and several bulletproof vests hidden in an

L-shaped enclosure above the kitchen cabinets.

       {¶ 8} On July 17, 2014, Donley was indicted in Case No. 2014 CR 2391 for 27

counts of having weapons while under disability based on the nine weapons found on

July 8.   In Counts 1 through 9, the disability resulted from an aggravated assault

conviction in 2000; in Counts 10 through 18, the disability resulted from a felonious assault

conviction in 2003; and in Counts 19 through 27, the disability resulted from being under

indictment for possession of cocaine in Case No. 2014 CR 1142 (above).

       {¶ 9} On November 6, 2014, Donley was indicted in Case No. 2014 CR 3312 for

illegal conveyance of drugs of abuse onto the grounds of a detention facility, possession

of heroin, possession of cocaine, trafficking in cocaine, and trafficking in heroin based on

events that occurred at the Montgomery County Jail on May 14, 2014.

       {¶ 10} Donley filed motions to suppress in each of his cases. After separate

hearings, the trial court denied the motions to suppress in Case Nos. 2014 CR 1142 and

2014 CR 2391. As discussed below, the motion in Case No. 2014 CR 3312 was later

withdrawn.

       {¶ 11} In February 2015, a jury trial was held on the charges of possession of
                                                                                        -5-


cocaine and having weapons while under disability, based on the cocaine and weapon

found in the Yukon (Case No. 2014 CR 1142). The jury found him guilty on both charges.

       {¶ 12} On March 9, 2015 (while the motion to suppress in Case No. 2014 CR 3312

was still pending), Donley entered pleas in his two remaining cases. In Case No. 2014

CR 2391, Donley pled no contest to the 27 counts of having weapons while under

disability, all felonies of the third degree. The State agreed that the sentences would run

concurrently with the sentence imposed in Case No. 2014 CR 1142.

       {¶ 13} With respect to Case No. 2014 CR 3312, Donley pled guilty to illegal

conveyance of drugs of abuse on the grounds of a detention facility, in violation of R.C.

2921.36(A)(2), a felony of the third degree. In exchange for the plea, the State dismissed

the remaining four charges in that case. Donley also moved to withdraw his motion to

suppress, which the trial court granted.

       {¶ 14} On March 18, 2015, the trial court conducted a joint sentencing hearing for

each of Donley’s three cases. In Case No. 2014 CR 1142, the trial court imposed ten

years in prison for possession of cocaine and three years for having weapons while under

disability, to be served concurrently. The court also suspended Donley’s driver’s license

for five years and imposed a mandatory fine of $7,500. In Case No. 2014 CR 2391, the

trial court merged, as allied offenses of similar import, all 27 counts of having weapons

while under disability, and the court imposed a single sentence of 36 months in prison, to

be served concurrently with Case No. 2014 CR 1142. In Case No. 2014 CR 3312, the

trial court imposed a sentence of 36 months in prison for illegal conveyance, to be served

consecutively to the sentences imposed in two other cases (2014 CR 1142 and 2014 CR

2391). Donley’s aggregate sentence was 13 years in prison.
                                                                                           -6-


        {¶ 15} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court made the statutory findings under

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) to support the imposition of consecutive sentences in Case No. 2014

CR 3312, but those findings were not included in the court’s judgment entry for that case.

On March 30, 2015, the trial court filed a “supplemental termination entry” in Case No.

2014 CR 3312, setting forth the statutory findings for imposing consecutive sentences.

        {¶ 16} Donley appeals from the trial court’s judgment entries in his three cases,

raising a combined twelve assignments of error. We will address the cases separately.

                                II. Case No. 2014 CR 1142

              (Possession of Cocaine and Having Weapons under Disability)

        {¶ 17} Donley’s first through seventh assignments of error relate to his convictions

in Case No. 2014 CR 1142 for possession of cocaine and having weapons while under

disability.

        A. Motion to Suppress

        {¶ 18} Donley’s first assignment of error claims that the trial court erred in

overruling his motion to suppress evidence.

        {¶ 19} In ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court “assumes the role of the

trier of fact, and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate

the credibility of the witnesses.” State v. Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 592, 639

N.E.2d 498 (2d Dist.1994); State v. Knisley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22897, 2010-Ohio-

116, ¶ 30. Accordingly, when we review suppression decisions, we must accept the trial

court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Retherford

at 592. “Accepting those facts as true, we must independently determine as a matter of

law, without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether they meet the applicable
                                                                                        -7-

legal standard.” Id.

         {¶ 20} The State’s evidence at the suppression hearing established the following

facts.

         {¶ 21} On March 26, 2014, Deputy Zollers, in uniform and a marked cruiser, was

assisting the R.A.N.G.E. Task Force by performing traffic stops at the task force’s request

and assisting with its drug investigations. Detective O’Connell, a member of the Task

Force, informed Zollers that he was watching a white GMC Yukon that was parked in the

driveway of a “target residence.” O’Connell reported that the Yukon had a very dark

window tint, and he later stated that he had observed a suspected drug transaction

between a person at the residence and an occupant of the Yukon. Another detective

followed the Yukon after it left the residence. The Yukon drove past the location where

Zollers was parked, and he also noticed the dark window tint. At 2:20 p.m., Zollers

initiated a traffic stop based on the window tint. The Yukon stopped in the left turn lane

of the street; the driver did not pull over. Because of the drug investigation, Zollers

immediately called for a K-9 unit.

         {¶ 22} Donley was the driver and sole occupant of the vehicle. Deputy Zollers

obtained Donley’s identification, and after running his information through his computer,

discovered that Donley had an active warrant for his arrest. After confirming the warrant,

Zollers advised Donley that he was being placed under arrest for the warrant. While

Zollers was completing paperwork, Deputy Joseph Caito arrived with his canine, and the

dog performed a sniff of the vehicle. The dog alerted to the presence of drugs. Zollers

conducted a “probable cause search” of the vehicle, but did not locate any drugs. Zollers

testified that he did not look under the hood or check the gas cap. Zollers wrote a ticket
                                                                                       -8-


for the window tint violation.

       {¶ 23} At the request of a Montgomery County sheriff’s deputy, Ronald Brocar, a

tow truck driver for Sandy’s Towing, came to the scene to tow the Yukon. Brocar placed

the Yukon on a dolly (off the ground). Before he left with the vehicle (and after Zollers

had left to take Donley to jail), a man pulled up and asked Brocar to allow him into the

Yukon. Brocar responded that he could not allow it, and the vehicle was towed to the

Sandy’s lot in Moraine.

       {¶ 24} At the Sandy’s lot, Brocar lowered the vehicle back onto the ground and

went to start the vehicle. The vehicle would not start. Brocar then popped the hood to

jump start the vehicle, at which time he discovered a brown knit hat sitting on top of the

battery.   Brocar picked up the hat and discovered a firearm inside of it.         Brocar

contacted the Sheriff’s Office to retrieve the gun. Deputy Zollers was notified, and he

asked for an evidence technician to respond to the Sandy’s lot. Deputy James Gisewite

responded to Sandy’s lot and began to photograph and collect evidence. Deputy Zollers

also returned to Sandy’s.

       {¶ 25} According to Brocar, after both deputies had arrived, Doug Franklin, another

Sandy’s driver, noticed something sticking out of the gas tank. Franklin took a pen,

opened the gas tank’s lid, and discovered a brown glove on top of the gas cap. Deputy

Gisewite told Franklin not to touch it. The deputy photographed and removed the glove

from the vehicle. Inside the glove was a white substance, which was later found to be

cocaine.

       {¶ 26} The trial court denied Donley’s motion to suppress. The trial court credited

Deputy Zollers’s testimony and concluded that Deputy Zollers had a reasonable suspicion
                                                                                              -9-


to stop the Yukon for the suspected window tint violation. The court further concluded

that, after Donley’s arrest, the officers were entitled to search the vehicle. The court

stated:

       Deputy Zollers could have searched under the hood or inside the gas tank

       during the traffic stop, and the fact that the gun and narcotics were

       discovered after the vehicle was lawfully impounded does not necessitate

       suppression of the evidence. The Court notes that it was within Deputy

       Zollers’ authority to have the vehicle towed because the driver was under

       arrest, and the vehicle would have otherwise been left unattended.

       Further, once the vehicle reached the impound lot, Mr. Brocar lawfully

       opened the trunk [sic] in order to jump the battery and move the vehicle into

       a parking spot. During the discovery of the gun, as well as the narcotics,

       Defendant’s vehicle was in police custody and could be searched.

       {¶ 27} On appeal, Donley challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to

suppress in two respects. First, he argues that Deputy Zollers was not justified in having

the Yukon towed. Second, he claims that Deputy Zollers lacked a reasonable basis for

stopping the vehicle Donley was driving. We will address these arguments in reverse

order, and will not address other aspects of the trial court’s decision.

       {¶ 28} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects

individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88

S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). Under Terry, police officers may briefly stop and/or

temporarily detain individuals in order to investigate possible criminal activity if the officers

have a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot, including a
                                                                                          -10-

minor traffic violation. Id.; State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406, 2008-Ohio-4539, 894

N.E.2d 1204, ¶ 7-8; State v. Martin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20270, 2004-Ohio-2738, ¶

10, citing Terry. A traffic violation gives an officer a reasonable articulable suspicion

justifying a traffic stop, notwithstanding that the traffic stop may also have been a pretext

to investigate suspected drug activity. Mays at ¶ 22; State v. Wilcox, 177 Ohio App.3d

609, 2008-Ohio-3856, 895 N.E.2d 597, ¶ 13 (2d Dist.); State v. Cole, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 26576, 2015-Ohio-5295, ¶ 17.

       {¶ 29} “ ‘Reasonable, articulable suspicion’ is a ‘less demanding standard than

probable cause and requires a showing considerably less than preponderance of the

evidence.’ ” State v. Fears, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94997, 2011-Ohio-930, ¶ 5, citing

Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000); State v.

Scott, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013 CA 104, 2014-Ohio-4963, ¶ 12.              The existence of

reasonable suspicion is determined by evaluating the totality of the circumstances,

considering those circumstances “through the eyes of the reasonable and prudent police

officer on the scene who must react to events as they unfold.” State v. Heard, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 19323, 2003-Ohio-1047, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Andrews, 57 Ohio St.3d

86, 87-88, 565 N.E.2d 1271 (1991).

       {¶ 30} In this case, Deputy Zollers was informed by Detective O’Connell that

O’Connell had observed the occupant of a white Yukon with dark tinted windows engage

in a suspected drug transaction with another person. When the Yukon drove by Zollers’s

parked cruiser, Zollers “was able to clearly see that there was a violation being window

tint, because I could not see inside the vehicle, being the driver’s window or the back

passenger window.” We have repeatedly held that a traffic stop for a suspected window-
                                                                                          -11-

tint violation is lawful. See, e.g., State v. Hall, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26694, 2016-

Ohio-3273, ¶ 13; State v. Cole, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26576, 2015-Ohio-5295, ¶ 16;

State v. Carson, 2d Dist Montgomery No. 26505, 2015-Ohio-4110. Thus, based on

Deputy Zollers’s testimony, the trial court reasonably concluded that the deputy had a

reasonable and articulable suspicion to justify a traffic stop for the suspected window tint

violation.

       {¶ 31} Donley further claims that Deputy Zollers was not justified in ordering the

Yukon towed, because the vehicle was registered to Donley’s wife and Zollers did not try

to contact the wife to have the vehicle removed while the traffic stop was in progress.

       {¶ 32} We have discussed when a vehicle may lawfully be impounded, stating:

       “In determining the lawfulness of the impoundment, authority to impound

       should never be assumed. A car may be impounded if it is evidence in a

       criminal case, used to commit a crime, obtained with funds derived from

       criminal activities, or unlawfully parked or obstructing traffic; or if the

       occupant of the vehicle is arrested; or when impoundment is otherwise

       authorized by statute or municipal ordinance. * * * An impoundment implies

       some public policy purposes being served; a legitimate purpose should not

       be assumed.” State v. Taylor, 114 Ohio App.3d 416, 422, 683 N.E.2d 367

       (2d Dist.1996), citing Katz, Ohio Arrest, Search and Seizure (1996), 224-

       25. “An impoundment is lawful if it is conducted pursuant to standardized

       police procedures.      Standardized procedures for impoundment are

       required to ensure that a subsequent inventory search is not ‘a ruse for

       general rummaging in order to discover incriminating evidence.’ ” [State
                                                                                       -12-

      v.] Clancy, [2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18844, 2002 WL 628124, *3 (Apr. 19,

      2002)], quoting Florida v. Wells, 495 U.S. 1, 4, 110 S.Ct. 1632, 109 L.Ed.2d

      1 (1990).

State v. Jackson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25960, 2015-Ohio-3607, ¶ 14.

      {¶ 33} At the suppression hearing, Deputy Zollers testified regarding the

Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office’s tow policy, which was admitted as State’s Exhibit

1, and he testified that he was permitted to tow the Yukon pursuant to that policy.

According to the policy, Sheriff’s Office employees may “remove and/or impound, or

cause to be removed to the nearest garage or other place of safety, a vehicle found upon

a street/highway * * * [w]hen the employee takes the driver of such vehicle into custody

and the vehicle would by that, be left unattended.” (State’s Ex. 1, ¶ 2.c.)

      {¶ 34} The Yukon was stopped in the roadway, not in a lawful parking location,

and Donley, the sole occupant, was under arrest. Zollers testified that he did not contact

Donley’s wife, but he explained, “We did not have the time to sit there and * * * try and

find someone to come and tow the vehicle for * * * the person. We’ve got * * * several

other tasks to do.” We decline to hold that Deputy Zollers was required to attempt to

locate an individual to retrieve the Yukon rather than have it towed. And, there was no

evidence that Donley’s wife would have been available to retrieve the vehicle before the

traffic stop was completed, even if she had been contacted. Based on the tow policy,

the deputy was authorized to have the Yukon towed.

      {¶ 35} Donley’s first assignment of error is overruled.

      B. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence

      {¶ 36} Donley’s second and third assignments of error claim that his convictions
                                                                                         -13-


were based on insufficient evidence and were against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

       {¶ 37} A sufficiency of the evidence argument disputes whether the State has

presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to sustain the verdict as a

matter of law. State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 10,

citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “The relevant

inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution,

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven

beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991),

paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 38} An argument challenging the weight of the evidence differs from one

challenging its sufficiency; an argument based on the weight of the evidence “challenges

the believability of the evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested

by the evidence is more believable or persuasive.” Wilson at ¶ 12. When evaluating

whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the appellate court

must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider

witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier

of fact “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Thompkins at 387, citing State v.

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

       {¶ 39} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must defer

to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of

particular witnesses.   State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL
                                                                                        -14-


476684 (Aug. 22, 1997).      However, we may determine which of several competing

inferences suggested by the evidence should be preferred.          Id.   The fact that the

evidence is subject to different interpretations does not render the conviction against the

manifest weight of the evidence. Wilson at ¶ 14. A judgment of conviction should be

reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence only in exceptional

circumstances. Martin at 175.

      {¶ 40} On appeal, Donley claims that there was insufficient evidence to establish

that he possessed the gun and the cocaine located in the Yukon, and he asserts that his

convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶ 41} At trial, the State presented the testimony of four law enforcement officers

(Detective O’Connell and Deputies Zollers, Caito, and Gisewite), the two Sandy’s tow

truck drivers (Brocar and Franklin), and two forensic scientists from the Miami Valley

Regional Crime Lab (Jennifer Watson and Amy Dallaire).          Donley did not offer any

witnesses. The State’s evidence established the following facts.1

      {¶ 42} On March 26, 2014, Detective O’Connell and other officers were surveilling

the home of an upper-level drug dealer as part of a R.A.N.G.E. Task Force investigation.

In the early afternoon, a white GMC Yukon approached the residence and parked in the

driveway. The resident came out of his front door, approached the Yukon, and opened

the passenger door. The resident and the driver, later identified as Donley, had a brief

conversation.

      {¶ 43} Leaving the passenger door open, the resident went back into his home for


1
  The evidence at trial generally expanded upon the testimony presented at the
suppression hearing. However, there are some minor discrepancies in the facts
presented at the two hearings.
                                                                                        -15-


a minute or two and then returned to the passenger door. Donley appeared to direct the

resident to close the door. The resident walked around to the rear driver’s side of the

Yukon (near the gas tank), and Donley exited the vehicle and met him there. Detective

O’Connell saw the resident lean forward toward Donley, but much of his view was

obstructed by the Yukon. O’Connell did not see any transaction occur, and he could see

only Donley’s feet. After five to ten seconds, the resident returned to his home, and

Donley re-entered his vehicle and drove away. O’Connell contacted Task Force officers

in marked cruisers and requested that they conduct a traffic stop of the Yukon based on

a window tint violation. An unmarked police vehicle followed the Yukon until a marked

cruiser initiated a stop.

       {¶ 44} Deputy Zollers, a uniformed officer in a marked cruiser, received the radio

call from Detective O’Connell at approximately 2:20 p.m. Soon thereafter, he saw the

Yukon drive by, and Zollers observed the dark tinted windows. At approximately 2:30

p.m., Zollers initiated a traffic stop based on the window tint. Donley stopped his vehicle

in the left turn lane of the road.

       {¶ 45} Zollers had Donley step out of the vehicle and obtained Donley’s driver’s

license. After running Donley’s information, he learned that the vehicle belonged to

Donley’s wife, Alma, and that there was an arrest warrant for Donley from juvenile court

for a child support issue. Zollers placed Donley under arrest, called for a K-9 unit to do

a sniff of Donley’s vehicle, and began paperwork. Deputy Caito arrived with his dog

within a few minutes. Caito began to walk his dog around the vehicle, starting at the front

driver’s side of the Yukon; the dog alerted to the odor of drugs at the area between the

front and rear driver’s side doors. Caito terminated the sniff and returned his dog to his
                                                                                         -16-


cruiser.

       {¶ 46} Deputy Zollers searched the interior of the Yukon, including behind loose

panels, under consoles, in the dashboard, and in the glove box; Deputy Caito initially

assisted with the search of the passenger side of the vehicle, but left the scene before

the search was completed.        At one point, the officers could not open the glove

compartment to look inside, and Zollers asked Donley why the compartment would not

open. Donley responded that the glove compartment was like that when he bought the

vehicle, and he gave Zollers permission to break it open. The deputy was able to pry the

glove box open a little bit and shine a flashlight inside. No drugs were found inside the

vehicle.

       {¶ 47} Because Donley (the sole occupant of the vehicle) was under arrest, Deputy

Zollers requested a tow truck to tow the Yukon. Brocar, a driver for Sandy’s Towing,

testified at trial that he received a call from the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office to tow

a vehicle. When he arrived, Brocar placed the Yukon on the flatbed of his tow truck.

Before he drove off with the Yukon, a man who identified himself as “his [presumably

Donley’s] brother” asked if he could get something out of the vehicle. Brocar responded,

“It’s a police impound. There’s no way.” Brocar took the Yukon to the Sandy’s lot in

Moraine.

       {¶ 48} Brocar testified that he unhooked the Yukon and went to start it up to put it

in a parking spot, however the Yukon would not start. Brocar looked under the hood to

see if there were a mechanical problem, and he found a brown wool knit hat lying on top

of the battery. The hat felt heavy, and Brocar discovered a gun with a mazagine inside

of the hat. Brocar placed the gun and hat where he had found them and called the
                                                                                        -17-


Sheriff’s Office.   (Brocar later discovered that there was a loose connection to the

battery.) Franklin, another Sandy’s driver, was standing with Brocar when he discovered

the gun.

       {¶ 49} Deputy Gisewite, an evidence technician, responded to the Sandy’s lot.

He spoke with Brocar and took photographs of the Yukon. He identified the gun that

Brocar found as a Glock 26 with a 33-round magazine. He collected the hat, gun, and

magazine. Gisewite took four DNA swabs of the gun and collected 24 9mm bullets.

The parties stipulated to the operability of the firearm.

       {¶ 50} While Deputy Gisewite was collecting evidence related to the gun, Franklin,

“out of curiosity,” flipped open the lid to the gas tank with a pen to see if anything were

there, too. (The gas tank was on the rear driver’s side panel of the Yukon.) Franklin

saw a pair of brown jersey gloves wadded up on top of the gas cap. Gisewite told

Franklin not to touch them, and the deputy took the gloves out. The deputy found a

baggie with a white powdery substance inside a glove; Gisewite swabbed the baggie for

DNA. Jennifer Watson of the Miami Valley Regional Crime Lab (MVRCL) identified the

substance inside the glove as an off-white chunky powder containing cocaine. The total

weight of the substance was 70.22 grams, plus or minus 0.02 grams.

       {¶ 51} Detective O’Connell testified that Donley could not lawfully possess a

firearm due to a prior conviction for felonious assault in 2003. O’Connell identified the

judgment entry for that conviction (State’s Exhibit 6).

       {¶ 52} Detective O’Connell testified that, on July 8, 2014, he obtained a sample of

Donley’s DNA pursuant to a search warrant. At that time, officers conducted searches

on other vehicles registered to Alma that Donley used. During a search of a white
                                                                                       -18-


Cadillac located in front of Donley’s residence, officers found brown gloves underneath

the hood in the engine compartment. O’Connell testified that these gloves were “similar”

to the garments found on March 26, and a photograph of these gloves was admitted into

evidence.

      {¶ 53} Amy Dallaire, a forensic scientist in the serology DNA section of MVRCL,

testified that law enforcement submitted for analysis DNA swabs from the baggie, 24 9mm

rounds, a brown knit hat, a firearm and a magazine, and a standard from Brocar. The

lab already had the DNA sample from Donley. Dallaire testified that the gun swab did

not contain sufficient DNA to analyze. Dallaire got a partial mixed profile from the swabs

from the baggie, but she was able to exclude Donley as a possible contributor to that mix.

There was no testimony regarding any DNA testing of the bullets or the hat.

      {¶ 54} Donley was convicted of having weapons while under disability, in violation

of R.C. 2923.13, and possession of cocaine, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A).         R.C.

2925.11(A) prohibits a person from knowingly possessing drugs; possession of a drug

may be either actual physical possession or constructive possession. State v. Mabry,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21569, 2007-Ohio-1895, ¶ 18. R.C. 2923.13, the weapons

under disability statute, states in pertinent part: “Unless relieved from disability under

operation of law or legal process, no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use

any firearm or dangerous ordnance * * *.” In order to “have” a firearm for purposes of

R.C. 2923.13, a person must actually or constructively possess it. State v. Fleming, 2d

Dist. Clark No. 2014-CA-136, 2015-Ohio-5382, ¶ 26.

      {¶ 55} “A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware

that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a
                                                                                         -19-


certain nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances when the person is aware that

such circumstances probably exist.” R.C. 2901.22(B).

       {¶ 56} “ ‘Possess’ or ‘possession’ means having control over a thing or substance,

but may not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing or substance through

ownership or occupation of the premises upon which the thing or substance is found.”

R.C. 2925.01(K).     “A person has constructive possession of an item when he is

conscious of the presence of the object and able to exercise dominion and control over

that item, even if it is not within his immediate physical possession.” (Citations omitted.)

Mabry at ¶ 18. “Establishment of ownership is not required.” State v. Rastbichler, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 25753, 2014-Ohio-628, ¶ 33. In determining whether an individual

possessed an item, it is necessary to consider all of the facts and circumstances

surrounding the incident. Mabry at ¶ 20.

       {¶ 57} Here, neither the gun nor the drugs was found on Donley’s person. Rather,

the gun and the cocaine were found hidden in a vehicle, the Yukon, that was registered

to Donley’s wife. Donley was the driver and sole occupant of the Yukon at the time the

vehicle was stopped by Deputy Zollers, and no one other than deputies and the tow truck

driver had access to the vehicle after Donley was stopped.

       {¶ 58} The pivotal issue is whether the State established that Donley “knowingly”

possessed the drugs and the gun in the Yukon.          Donley contends that the State’s

evidence was insufficient, because no DNA or fingerprint evidence tied him to the drugs

or gun, the vehicle was not registered to him, and no one saw him place the drugs or gun

in the vehicle.

       {¶ 59} The State responds that the jury could have reasonably concluded that
                                                                                         -20-


Donley constructively possessed the drugs and the gun in the Yukon. It emphasizes that

all of the vehicles registered at Donley’s address were registered to his wife, and Donley

had no vehicles registered in his name; Donley was the sole occupant of his wife’s Yukon

when it was stopped on March 26, 2014. The State further argues that, while no one

saw Donley place the gun or drugs in the Yukon, the jury could have reasonably believed

that Donley placed the drugs on the gas cap during what appeared to be a hand-to-hand

drug transaction at the home of a reported upper-level drug dealer. And, the State

argues that the gun and drugs found on March 26 were located in similar brown knit winter

attire (hat and glove, respectively), and that the hat and gloves were similar to brown knit

gloves recovered at Donley’s residence on July 8 under the hood of another vehicle

registered to Donley’s wife.

       {¶ 60} We find the sufficiency issue to be a close call. Nevertheless, construing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the State presented sufficient

evidence to prove that Donley knowingly possessed the drugs. In contrast, we conclude

that there was insufficient evidence to establish that Donley knowingly possessed the gun

in the Yukon.

       {¶ 61} With respect to the drugs, Detective O’Connell testified that he had been

part of “several hundred” investigations involving drugs and firearms, and that on March

26, 2014, he was investigating an individual “who we knew as an upper-level narcotics

trafficker [who] may be in possession of a large quantity of cocaine.” From O’Connell’s

vantage point, he was unable to see the reported drug dealer provide drugs to Donley;

neither man’s hands were visible. However, O’Connell did observe the man approach

Donley’s vehicle, talk briefly with Donley, return to his house, come back out to the Yukon,
                                                                                       -21-


and meet with Donley toward the rear driver’s side of Donley’s vehicle near where the

gas tank was located; the dealer had leaned forward toward Donley. O’Connell testified

that this interaction “appeared to be a hand-to-hand” drug transaction.

      {¶ 62} Later that same day, after the Yukon was stopped by the police and towed

at the deputy’s request, drugs were located behind the gas cap; no individuals other than

the deputies and the Sandy’s employees had access to the Yukon between the suspected

drug transaction and the discovery of the drugs. Construing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the State, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Donley had

purchased drugs from the drug dealer and placed them behind the gas cap of the Yukon.

Thus, there was sufficient evidence that Donley knowingly possessed the drugs behind

the gas cap.

      {¶ 63} Constructive possession of the gun poses a more difficult issue, because

there was no evidence that Donley was seen with a gun or near the front of the Yukon,

where the gun was located. The fact that the gun was hidden in a brown knit hat, similar

to the method (brown knit gloves) used to hide the baggie of cocaine, may suggest that

the gloves and gun were hidden by the same person. However, there is no evidence to

support this inference, particularly given the paucity of evidence about the garments and

the vehicles owned by Donley’s wife. It is unknown whether Donley and his wife shared

the use of any or all of her vehicles and whether anyone else routinely used the vehicles.

While a hat was found in the engine compartment of the Yukon and another pair of gloves

(without any testimony concerning drugs or contraband) was found approximately three

months later in the engine compartment of another vehicle owned by Donley’s wife, there

was no evidence that Donley placed either of these items in the respective vehicles or
                                                                                      -22-


knew of their existence. In addition, there is no evidence that Donley wore or owned

brown knit hats and/or gloves. In fact, we can only speculate whether Donley or another

person provided the gloves and hat in which the drugs and gun were found on March 26.

Based on the State’s evidence, we conclude that the evidence was insufficient to prove

that Donley knowingly possessed the gun under the hood of the Yukon.

       {¶ 64} Donley further claims that his convictions were against the manifest weight

of the evidence. In his brief, he supports his claim with the following argument:

       Deputy Zollers searched the vehicle and did not find the gun or drugs.

       There was no DNA or fingerprint evidence tying Donley to the gun or drugs.

       The State presented no evidence that anyone saw Donley put the gun in

       the engine compartment or the drugs near the gas cap. While Donley was

       driving the vehicle, it was registered in his wife’s name. The tow driver,

       Ronald Brocar, was approached by a man who wanted to get into Donley’s

       vehicle before the gun or drugs were found. That man was never identified

       and it is unknown what happened to him.

(Citations omitted.)

       {¶ 65} Donley’s manifest-weight argument emphasizes the weaknesses in the

State’s case. While we agree with Donley that the State did not present a strong case,

the jury could have reasonably interpreted the evidence in the manner argued by the

State and found that Donley possessed the drugs. We cannot conclude that the jury

“lost its way” based solely on the fact that the jury could have also reasonably rejected

the State’s interpretation of the evidence.

       {¶ 66} Donley’s second and third assignments of error are overruled with respect
                                                                                          -23-


to the drugs. With respect to the gun, Donley’s second assignment of error is sustained,

and his third assignment of error is overruled as moot.

       C. Destruction of Evidence by the State

       {¶ 67} Donley’s fourth assignment of error claims that his “right to due process of

law was violated when the State destroyed the cruiser video of the traffic stop.”

Specifically, Donley complains that the State destroyed the March 26, 2014 cruiser video

from Deputy Zollers’s cruiser.

       {¶ 68} The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

Constitution protects a criminal defendant from being convicted when the State either fails

to preserve materially exculpatory evidence or destroys, in bad faith, potentially useful

evidence.   E.g., State v. White, 2015-Ohio-3512, 37 N.E.3d 1271, ¶ 58 (2d Dist.).

Evidence is “materially exculpatory” if it (1) possesses “an exculpatory value that was

apparent before the evidence was destroyed” and (2) is “of such a nature that the

defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably available

means.” California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 489, 104 S.Ct. 2528, 81 L.Ed.2d 413

(1984); State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 74.

       {¶ 69} “In contrast, evidence is not materially exculpatory if it is merely potentially

useful. Potentially useful evidence indicates that the evidence may or may not have

incriminated the defendant. The failure to preserve evidence that by its nature or subject

is merely potentially useful violates a defendant’s due process rights only if the police or

prosecution acted in bad faith.” State v. Cox, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25477, 2013-

Ohio-4941, ¶ 88.     “The term ‘bad faith’ generally implies something more than bad

judgment or negligence. ‘It imports a dishonest purpose, moral obliquity, conscious
                                                                                           -24-


wrongdoing, breach of a known duty through some ulterior motive or ill will partaking of

the nature of fraud.’ ” (Citations omitted.) Powell at ¶ 81.

       {¶ 70} The defendant bears the burden to prove that the evidence in question was

materially exculpatory, not merely potentially useful. Id. at ¶ 74.

       {¶ 71} There is no indication in the record that the cruiser video recording was

materially exculpatory, much less that it would have any significant evidentiary value in

this case. No evidence was found during the traffic stop, and the charges were not based

on anything that occurred during the traffic stop.

       {¶ 72} Even assuming that the recording was potentially useful, there is no

indication that the video was destroyed in bad faith. Deputy Zollers testified the cruiser

video of the March 26, 2014 traffic stop was categorized as a traffic stop and was

destroyed in accordance with the Sheriff Office’s retention policy. He stated:

       With our cruisers, the new system that we have, everything is internal. It’s

       saved on the car and it’s downloaded via Wi-Fi when we pull into the district.

       The retention period at the time was 30 days on a traffic stop. Because of

       the size of the server it would take to save everything that we did, we decide

       what we’re going to save and what we’re not going to save. This traffic

       stop, because I failed to lift the hood and find the gun and everything, it had

       no evidentiary value regarding it turned in to be a traffic stop [sic], yielded a

       warrant arrest, and that was it. So I didn’t save it. It was 30 days and the

       retention period lapsed and the video disappeared. That’s what happens.

       Now, if there was evidentiary value of it our policy is that we either have the

       detective or if we were able to do it ourself [sic] we’d burn it onto a disk and
                                                                                           -25-


       submit it as evidence. So that’s why there’s nothing on this traffic stop.

       {¶ 73} Defense counsel asked, as a follow-up question: “So you’re telling me

somehow because it wound up as a tint case instead of a major narcotics case and a

major gun case, a 30 day window occurred and the thing was erased. Is that what you're

telling the people on the jury?” Deputy Zollers responded affirmatively.

       {¶ 74} Based on the record before us, Donley has not demonstrated that his right

to due process of law was violated when the State destroyed Deputy Zollers’s cruiser

video of the traffic stop. Donley’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       {¶ 75} Donley’s fifth assignment of error claims that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel at trial.

       {¶ 76} In general, we review alleged instances of ineffective assistance of trial

counsel under the two-pronged analysis set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the Supreme Court of Ohio

in State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). Pursuant to those cases,

trial counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that his or her conduct falls within the wide

range of reasonable assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.

       {¶ 77} To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must

demonstrate both that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness and that the errors were serious enough to create a reasonable

probability that, but for the errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different. See

id.; Bradley at 142. Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment of what was

reasonable in light of counsel’s perspective at the time, and a debatable decision
                                                                                       -26-


concerning trial strategy cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective assistance of

counsel. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524-525, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992); State v.

Rucker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24340, 2012-Ohio-4860, ¶ 58.

      {¶ 78} Donley claims that his trial counsel should have objected to the prosecutor’s

characterization of constructive possession during jury selection. Donley states that the

prosecutor used an example that implied to the prospective jurors that a defendant did

not need to know that the item was in his or her possession in order to constructively

possess it. Donley claims that the jury may have been misled by this example and that

he could have been found guilty of constructively possessing the drugs and/or gun even

without proof that he knowingly possessed those items.

      {¶ 79} During jury selection, the prosecutor discussed possession with the

prospective jurors. He stated:

      [PROSECUTOR:] * * * Now, one of the things that we’re going to talk about

      and one of the things that you’re going to hear instructions from the Judge

      and arguments from us is about what it means to have possession of

      something. Now, there are two types of possession. And the Judge is

      going to instruct you on this. The first one would be actual possession.

      This is a pen.    I hold it in my hand.    Does anybody doubt that I am

      possessing this pen right now? Okay.

             Now, another type of possession is what’s called constructive

      possession. And again, the Judge is going to instruct you about what that

      specifically means. But it basically means that you have dominion over or

      control over an item even if you don’t actually have it in your hand. Now, if
                                                                                          -27-


      I put this pen down and I walk away, does anybody doubt that that is still

      my pen? Okay.

             Now let’s pick on somebody here. [Juror #1], do you have a purse

      with you?

      [JUROR #1]: Yes.

      [PROSECUTOR]:         Okay. I’m not going to go through it.        Don’t worry.

      Now, let’s say I walk over to you and I take this pen and I put it in your purse.

      You pick up your purse, you walk out the courtroom with that pen in your

      purse. Do you agree with me that you possess that pen now?

      [JUROR #1]: Yes.

      [PROSECUTOR]: Does anybody disagree that [Juror #1] possessed that

      pen at that point? All right.

      {¶ 80} We agree with Donley that the prosecutor’s example of placing a pen in the

prospective juror’s purse did not clearly address whether constructive possession

required knowledge of the presence of the item, i.e., the pen. Regardless, the trial court

properly instructed the jury on the charged offenses following closing arguments. As part

of these instructions, the court defined “knowingly” and “possession” for the jury. The

court instructed that “[c]onstructive possession exists when an individual is able to

knowingly exercise dominion or control over an object even though he is not within

immediate physical possession.”        Any misstatement by the prosecutor regarding

constructive possession was cured by the trial court’s proper jury instructions prior to

deliberations. See, e.g., State v. Dean, 146 Ohio St.3d 106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54 N.E.3d

80, ¶ 293 (trial court’s proper final instructions cured any misstatements by defense
                                                                                          -28-

counsel during closing argument about standard to apply); State v. Thompson, 141 Ohio

St.3d 254, 2014-Ohio-4751, 23 N.E.3d 1096, ¶ 236-237 (trial court’s correct instructions

of law cured any incorrect “shorthand references to legal concepts” by defense counsel

during voir dire); State v. Ahmed, 103 Ohio St.3d 27, 2004-Ohio-4190, 813 N.E.2d 637,

¶ 147 (“trial court’s correct instruction of the law with regard to the weighing process cured

counsel’s much earlier misstatements” during voir dire).

       {¶ 81} Donley’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       E. Batson Challenge

       {¶ 82} In his sixth assignment of error, Donley claims that the trial court erred in

denying his Batson challenge to the State’s use of a peremptory challenge.

       {¶ 83} In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986),

the United States Supreme Court held that the Equal Protection Clause forbids the State

from exercising a peremptory challenge to excuse a juror solely because of that juror's

race. See also State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001) (applying

Batson). “The Equal Protection Clause guarantees the defendant that the State will not

exclude members of his race from the jury venire on account of race, or on the false

assumption that members of his race as a group are not qualified to serve as jurors[.]”

(Citations omitted.) Batson, 476 U.S. at 86. The Supreme Court has extended Batson

to criminal defendants who are not of the same race as the excluded jurors. Powers v.

Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 111 S.Ct. 1364, 113 L.Ed.2d 411 (1991). Neither the effectiveness

of Batson nor the wisdom of allowing peremptory challenges is before us. Compare,

e.g., State v. Saintcalle, 178 Wash.2d 34, 309 P.3d 326 (2013) (discussing racial

discrimination in jury selection and the shortcomings of Batson ).
                                                                                           -29-

       {¶ 84} A Batson question involves a three-step analysis:

       First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor

       has exercised a peremptory challenge on the basis of race. Batson, 476

       U.S. at 82, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69. * * * The remaining stages are

       whether the prosecutor has met his burden of articulating a race-neutral

       reason for the peremptory challenge, and, if the prosecutor does so, then

       the trial court must decide whether the prosecutor’s race-neutral

       explanation is credible, or is instead a pretext for unconstitutional

       discrimination. State v. Carver, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21328, 2008-

       Ohio-4631, ¶ 49-50.

State v. Russell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24443, 2012-Ohio-422, ¶ 55. “Review of a

Batson claim largely hinges on issues of credibility. Accordingly, we ordinarily defer to

the findings of the trial court. * * * Whether a party intended to racially discriminate in

challenging potential jurors is a question of fact, and in the absence of clear error, we will

not reverse the trial court’s determination.” Hicks v. Westinghouse Materials Co., 78

Ohio St.3d 95, 102, 676 N.E.2d 872 (1997).

       {¶ 85} Here, defense counsel objected to the State’s third peremptory challenge,

which sought to remove Juror 11, an African-American woman. Defense counsel argued

that Juror 11 had “said or done nothing on that juror (sic) to indicate in any way that there

would be a legitimate challenge for her, including peremptorily. She indicated that her

car had been broken into and that’s about the only significant thing that she said.” Upon

inquiry from the trial court, the State stated that its use of a peremptory challenge on Juror

11 had “nothing to do with race” and was based on the juror’s “demeanor.”                The
                                                                                         -30-


prosecutor explained:

       It – it’s her demeanor on the stand -- or sitting up there, the observations in

       watching her, she seemed a little lacksadaisical (sic) like not wanting to be

       here. She didn’t seem to be paying attention like the others, just kind of

       not all there.    She just didn’t strike me as somebody who would pay

       attention to the details that this case needs to have with it for a potential

       juror.

Defense counsel was provided an opportunity to respond. He argued that the State’s

objection was “nebulous” and that he “saw none of the things that the Government claims

they are seeing with this [juror].”

       {¶ 86} The trial court found the State’s explanation to be credible. It stated:

                [Defense counsel], I agree with what you said, that the Court

       observed her, but I disagree with the Court’s -- your accession [sic] of the

       Court’s observations. I actually noticed the same thing the State did in her

       behavior in the jury box. In fact, I was making a note of it as we [were]

       going along. She seemed to, at one point in time, almost want to doze off.

       Her head was down. She wasn’t making eye contact. She seemed to be

       very bored with the process and lacked attention of the matter. And she

       was the only one, at least the Court noted, that was behaving in that

       manner.

                I will also note that of the 12 jurors in the box, four are African-

       American. She is one of four African-Americans in the jury panel. I’m just

       noting that for the record. But I think the State has made a legitimate
                                                                                       -31-


       concern because it’s not necessarily all is [sic] the questions that the jury

       would respond to, it’s also how they respond and their behavior and their

       actions during the voir dire process.

              And based upon that, I'm going to allow the peremptory challenge

       and overrule the Batson ruling at this time.

       {¶ 87} Based on the record, the trial court did not err in denying Donley’s Batson

challenge to the State’s use of a peremptory challenge on Juror 11. The State set forth

a race-neutral reason for its use of the peremptory challenge, and the trial court found

that reason to be credible. The trial court’s acceptance of the State's proffered race-

neutral grounds for its preemptory challenge is not clearly erroneous.

       {¶ 88} Donley’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

       F. Imposition of Fine

       {¶ 89} Donley’s seventh assignment of error claims that the trial court erred in

imposing a mandatory fine of $7,500.           Donley states that he had filed a financial

disclosure form and an affidavit of indigency, and he asserts that the trial court did not

consider his present and future ability to pay the fine.

       {¶ 90} On March 3, 2015, which was after his jury trial, but before the sentencing

hearing, Donley filed a financial disclosure/affidavit of indigency form, using the form

usually used to request appointed counsel. Donley indicated that he was unemployed

and that he had no income, expenses, or assets. At sentencing, the court imposed a

fine of $7,500, the mandatory minimum, for possession of cocaine. The court stated to

defense counsel that he “certainly can file a motion with the Court” to consider Donley’s

indigence.   Defense counsel indicated that “we already have filed it.”         The court
                                                                                            -32-


responded that it would “consider that. But right now * * * I will impose that [fine], and

we’ll consider that.”

       {¶ 91} The trial court’s judgment entry provided: “The Court hereby determines that

the defendant is not an indigent person for the purpose of paying the statutory mandatory

fine. Therefore, the defendant is ORDERED to pay a mandatory fine of $7,500 through

the Montgomery County Clerk of Court’s Office.” (Emphasis sic.)

       {¶ 92} R.C. 2929.18(B)(1) provides:

       For a first, second, or third degree felony violation of any provision of

       Chapter 2925., 3719., or 4729. of the Revised Code, the sentencing court

       shall impose upon the offender a mandatory fine * * *.            If an offender

       alleges in an affidavit filed with the court prior to sentencing that the offender

       is indigent and unable to pay the mandatory fine and if the court determines

       the offender is an indigent person and is unable to pay the mandatory fine

       described in this division, the court shall not impose the mandatory fine

       upon the offender.

       {¶ 93} “For purposes of the statute, being ‘indigent’ and being ‘unable to pay’ are

not the same. Indigency concerns a defendant’s current financial situation, whereas an

inability to pay encompasses his future financial situation as well.” State v. Plemons, 2d

Dist. Montgomery Nos. 26434, 26435, 26436 & 26437, 2015-Ohio-2879, ¶ 7.                     The

defendant bears the burden of proving that he or she is indigent and unable to pay the

mandatory fine. Id. at ¶ 8.

       {¶ 94} “[A] hearing is not required on a defendant’s ability to pay a mandatory fine,

and a trial court need not make specific findings on the issue. A trial court need only
                                                                                          -33-


consider the issue, which it frequently can do by reviewing a pre-sentence investigation

report that contains enough pertinent information.”        Id.   We review the trial court’s

decision for an abuse of discretion. Id.

       {¶ 95} In Plemons, we emphasized that the fine was mandatory unless the

defendant alleged in a presentence affidavit that he was indigent and was unable to pay

the mandatory fine. Id. at ¶ 9. As with Donley, Plemons had completed a financial

disclosure/affidavit of indigency form utilized for determining whether the defendant was

entitled to appointment of counsel. The form did not mention Plemons’s ability to pay

the mandatory fine. We found the affidavit in Plemons to be insufficient, saying:

       Merely alleging indigency and an inability to afford private counsel does not

       establish an inability to pay a fine. Indeed, “[a] finding of indigence for

       purposes of appointed counsel does not shield the defendant from paying

       a fine.”   “ ‘This is because the ability to pay a fine over a period of time is

       not equivalent to the ability to pay legal counsel a retainer fee at the onset

       of criminal proceedings.’ ” Plemons’ failure to file a pre-sentence affidavit

       alleging that he is indigent and is unable to pay the mandatory fine is, alone,

       a sufficient reason to affirm the trial court’s decision.     Absent such an

       affidavit, R.C. 2929.18(B)(1) made the fine mandatory.

(Citations omitted.) Plemons at ¶ 9.

       {¶ 96} Donley’s presentence affidavit addressed his current indigence, but failed

to indicate that he was unable to pay the mandatory fine. Based on this deficiency alone,

we could affirm the trial court’s imposition of a fine.

       {¶ 97} Nevertheless, the trial court indicated that it would consider Donley’s
                                                                                          -34-


request for waiver of the mandatory fine.        Upon review of the record, including the

presentence investigation, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in

imposing the fine.

       {¶ 98} At the time of his presentence investigation, Donley was 41 years old, was

indigent, and had no assets. However, Donley reported to the presentence investigator

that he was in good physical health and that, prior to being incarcerated for the instant

offenses, Donley had been employed at P and K Productions for seven years. The

report does not indicate his income from that employment.           Donley had worked for

Wendy’s for one year in 1999.           Donley claimed to have been diagnosed with

schizophrenia by an unknown doctor in 2014, and he reported that he receives $700 per

month in Social Security disability payments due to a mental health disability; the

investigator was unable to verify that report.

       {¶ 99} Given the information before it, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

imposing a $7,500 fine. The presentence investigation report reflects that Donley was

in good physical health and, prior to the instant offenses, was able to maintain steady

employment for several years. Donley’s claim that he was receiving Social Security

disability income for a mental health condition was unsubstantiated.

       {¶ 100} Donley’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.

                               III. Case No. 2014 CR 2391

                          (Having Weapons under Disability)

       {¶ 101} Donley raises four assignments of error related to Case No. 2014 CR

2391, in which he pled no contest to 27 counts of having weapons while under disability.

They state:
                                                                                         -35-


       [8.] The termination entry incorrectly states that Donley pleaded guilty.

       [9.] The trial court erred when it overruled Donley’s motion to suppress in

       2014 CR 2391.

       [10.] The trial court erred when it overruled Donley’s motion to re-open the

       motion to suppress hearing in 2014 CR 2391.

       [11.] The trial court erred by finding Donley guilty of counts nineteen through

       twenty-seven in 2014 CR 2391.

       A. Judge’s Signature

       {¶ 102} Although not an assigned error, Donley states that the judge who wrote

the decision denying his motion to suppress was a different individual than the judge who

presided over the suppression hearing. The record belies that assertion. The transcript

reflects that Judge Singer presided over the suppression hearing for Judge Adkins.

Although Judge Adkins’s name is listed in the caption of the decision, the signature line

has Judge Singer’s name and notes that he was sitting for Judge Adkins. Judge Singer

electronically signed the decision.

       B. Typographical Error in Judgment Entry

       {¶ 103} Donley’s eighth assignment of error raises that the judgment entry

incorrectly states that he pled guilty, as opposed to no contest, to 27 counts of having

weapons while under disability. Donley is correct that the judgment entry should reflect

no contest pleas. However, this typographical error may be corrected by a nunc pro tunc

entry. See Crim.R. 36 (“Clerical mistakes in judgments, orders, or other parts of the

record, and errors in the record arising from oversight or omission, may be corrected by

the court at any time.”). The trial court’s error in referring to Donley’s pleas as guilty
                                                                                        -36-


pleas does not constitute reversible error.

       C. Motion to Suppress Rulings

       {¶ 104} In his ninth and tenth assignments of error, Donley claims that the trial

court erred in denying his motion to suppress and in failing to reopen that issue after the

court denied the motion to suppress. The motion to suppress in this case concerned the

search of Donley and of his residence on July 8, 2014.

       {¶ 105} Detectives Samuel Hemingway and O’Connell, both R.A.N.G.E. Task

Force members, testified at the suppression hearing on behalf of the State. Donley and

his wife, Alma, testified on Donley’s behalf.

       {¶ 106} At approximately 4:50 p.m. on July 8, 2014, Detective O’Connell obtained

a search warrant for Donley’s DNA based on the events of March 26, 2014. Beginning

at approximately 5:00 p.m. that same day (July 8), the Task Force began surveillance of

Donley’s residence based on its belief that Donley was trafficking in narcotics.

Detectives O’Connell, Hemingway, and Patrick Craun were in plain clothes, watching

Donley’s house.

       {¶ 107} After about 30 minutes of surveillance, a maroon Hummer stopped in front

of Donley’s residence. Donley came out of his house and got into the back seat of the

vehicle. After one to two minutes, Donley exited the vehicle and returned to his house.

The Hummer left the residence.

       {¶ 108} Detective Hemingway followed the Hummer in an unmarked vehicle, and

he noticed several traffic violations. Hemingway relayed his observations to uniformed

deputies in marked cruisers. At approximately 5:30 p.m., Deputy Zollers got behind the

Hummer and initiated a traffic stop. Hemingway observed the traffic stop for a while.
                                                                                        -37-


      {¶ 109} Shortly after 6:00 p.m., Detective Craun advised Hemingway that Donley

had gotten into a Chevy Suburban and was getting ready to leave his residence.

Hemingway returned to Donley’s residence. At approximately 6:15 p.m., Detectives

Craun, Hemingway, and O’Connell stopped Donley’s vehicle a short distance from

Donley’s residence to execute the warrant for Donley’s DNA. Donley was driving, and

three passengers were inside.        Hemingway “personally addressed” one of the

passengers, and that individual was arrested for possession of heroin.

      {¶ 110} While Donley was detained at his vehicle, Deputy Zollers radioed that one

of the individuals in the Hummer was in possession of crack cocaine.             Detective

O’Connell went to the Hummer and spoke with a passenger, Victor Ojezua, after Ojezua

waived his Miranda rights.    Ojezua admitted to O’Connell that he (Ojezua) had just

obtained crack cocaine and powder cocaine from Donley prior to his leaving Donley’s

residence.   The officers believed that additional drugs might still be in Donley’s

residence.

      {¶ 111} Detectives Hemingway and O’Connell and several uniformed deputies

walked to Donley’s residence and spoke with Donley’s wife, whom they asked to come

out onto the front porch. O’Connell believed that there was probable cause for a search

warrant for the house, but he wanted to secure the house before obtaining the warrant.

O’Connell and other deputies performed a protective sweep of the home. Two people,

who were not identified, were in the living room and were permitted to leave the residence;

Donley’s small child was also at the home. No other individuals were present inside.

      {¶ 112} More than two hours elapsed between the protective sweep and when the

search warrant was obtained at approximately 9:00 p.m. During that time, Donley was
                                                                                       -38-


detained, handcuffed, in the back of a cruiser.     Mrs. Donley and the Donleys’ child

remained on the porch with Hemingway. Donley’s mother came to the residence and

waited with Donley’s wife.

       {¶ 113} When the search warrant was executed, Detective Hemingway searched

the kitchen area. He noticed above the cabinets that there were some boards “that

appeared to be * * * like a home-remodeling type situation where it was apparent they

weren’t probably originally there. I noticed that one of the boards on the end that hung

over a set of cabinets was loose.” Hemingway said that it looked “odd” and “out of place.”

Hemingway advised O’Connell that they should look behind the board.            O’Connell

removed the board and noticed a large caliber long-rifle hidden there. The boards were

arranged around the top of the cabinets in an L shape. The officers removed all of the

boards, and discovered several more guns and bulletproof vests. Detective O’Connell

testified that drug paraphernalia and cocaine residue was also found at the house.

       {¶ 114} According to O’Connell, the search of the residence pursuant to the

warrant lasted between one and three hours; Donley remained in the cruiser the entire

time. Donley was transported to jail at 1:00 a.m.

       {¶ 115} At a later time, Hemingway and O’Connell went to the firing range and

determined that all of the guns were operable.

       {¶ 116} Donley’s witnesses presented a different version of events related to the

officers’ entry in to Donley’s home.

       {¶ 117} Alma Donley testified that she lived at her residence with Donley, her

three-year-old daughter, and Donley’s mother, who owned the house. Alma and Donley

had lived there since early 2008. She stated that around 3:30 p.m. on July 8, 2014,
                                                                                       -39-


Donley left to go to the store. Immediately afterward, a female friend, who Alma knew

as Shorty, and Shorty’s husband (whose name Alma did not know) came to the door and

told Alma that the police had stopped Donley’s vehicle down the street. Alma stepped

outside and saw that her husband was surrounded by the police. She also saw four

officers walking up the street toward her house. Alma went inside and locked her front

screen door.

      {¶ 118} As Alma was locking the front door, two of the officers, O’Connell and

Hemingway, came to her front door, asked if she was Donley’s wife, and told her that they

needed to come inside to check to see if anyone was in the house. Alma asked if the

officers had a warrant. O’Connell responded that they did not, but they needed to check

the house. When Alma indicated that she was not going to let the officers inside, the

officers responded that they were going to come in, and they pulled on her screen door

and took out their guns. Alma testified that she agreed to come outside to talk with them,

and they “pushed me out of my house.”

      {¶ 119} Alma stated that she called her mother-in-law on the phone, asking her

(the mother-in-law) to come and get the Donleys’ young daughter. Alma stated that

Detective Hemingway held her arms and told her that she needed to get off of the phone.

Hemingway let go when Alma hung up the phone. At that point, the officers went into

the house.

      {¶ 120} Alma testified that officers provided her with a search warrant at

approximately 9:30 p.m. Alma remained on her porch until approximately 2:00 a.m. At

some point during the evening, officers had permitted her to go into the house

(accompanied by an officer) to get snacks for her child.
                                                                                        -40-


      {¶ 121} Alma testified that she did not know that there were guns in the house, and

she was “shocked” when the police told her what they had found. Alma stated that

Donley records music, works in a studio, and was doing well.

      {¶ 122} Donley testified that on July 8, 2014, he had made arrangements for a

friend and the friend’s girlfriend to come over regarding the possible sale of Alma’s

Cadillac to the friend for $1,800. Donley stated that the couple came by between 2:30

and 3:00 p.m.; they brought another man, who Donley later learned was Randy Heard,

with them. When the four were together, Donley stated that he needed to retrieve the

key for the Cadillac from his cousin, and the group got into Donley’s Suburban to get the

key. Donley drove around the block, and approximately eight houses from his residence,

Donley was stopped by the police. Donley stated that he was boxed in by unmarked

police cars, and he recognized Deputy Zollers in a marked cruiser.

      {¶ 123} Donley testified that he was held for approximately seven hours. He sat

on the side of the road for approximately one and one-half hours until an evidence

technician came to take his DNA. After his DNA was taken, he was handcuffed behind

his back and placed in the rear of a cruiser. Donley stated that he was detained based

on the Hummer’s visit to his house; Donley denied being involved in the sale of drugs.

He also stated that he was unaware that there were weapons behind the boards in the

kitchen.

      {¶ 124} Donley filed a motion to suppress, challenging his stop and detention on

July 8, the officers’ entry and subsequent search of his residence, and the validity of the

search warrants.

      {¶ 125} The trial court denied the motion to suppress on November 11, 2014. The
                                                                                      -41-


court concluded that the initial stop and detention of Donley based on the search warrant

for DNA was not unreasonable. The court found that Donley was detained for the time

necessary to obtain a warrant for his home and that Donley’s detention “was a reasonable

balance of public and individual concerns where police have received probable cause of

criminal activity.” The court thus concluded that Donley’s detention and the protective

sweep of Donley’s home were lawful. Next, the court concluded that the police had

probable cause to obtain a warrant for Donley’s home. Finally, the court concluded that

the police had probable cause to arrest Donley based on the items found at the house.

      {¶ 126} On November 12, the day after the trial court denied the motion to

suppress, Donley moved to reopen his motion to suppress, claiming that O’Connell’s

affidavit in support of the warrant for Donley’s house included false and misleading

information. Donley attached an affidavit from Victor Ojezua, who stated that he never

told any police officer that he had bought drugs from Donley and that O’Connell’s

statement in the affidavit about his conversation with Ojezua was false.

      {¶ 127} The trial court overruled the motion to reopen the suppression motion,

reasoning:

      Upon review of the evidence in support of the search warrant for

      Defendant’s home, it is clear to the Court that Mr. Ojezua’s statements were

      not necessary to establish probable cause. Even if Mr. Ojezua did not

      speak to anyone about Defendant, the detectives still observed behavior

      indicating drug trafficking at Defendant’s home, and Mr. Ojezua was found

      with drugs after leaving Defendant’s property and engaging in what

      appeared to be a drug transaction.
                                                                                       -42-


      {¶ 128} On appeal, Donley claims that the police arrested him on July 8 without

probable cause after they obtained his DNA sample, and that the police illegally searched

his home without a warrant and had no basis for the protective sweep. Donley also

claims that the police lacked probable cause to obtain a warrant for his home and that the

search warrant did not authorize the police to pull off the boards in the kitchen. Donley

further asserts that O’Connell’s affidavit contained false information, and that the trial

court abused its discretion in denying the motion to reopen the suppression motion.

      {¶ 129} Based on the evidence presented at the suppression hearing, we agree

with the trial court’s denial of Donley’s motion to suppress. The Task Force officers went

to Donley’s residence to execute a warrant for Donley’s DNA and to conduct additional

surveillance. During their surveillance, Detectives Hemingway and O’Connell observed

Donley exit his home and apparently conduct a drug transaction in a Hummer that had

driven to his house.

      {¶ 130} When the officers later stopped and detained Donley soon after he left his

home in a Chevy Suburban, they did so lawfully pursuant to the search warrant for his

DNA. The trial court found that, “[w]hile Defendant was detained in order to allow a

technician to arrive to take the DNA swab, * * * this detention was not longer than

reasonably necessary.”

      {¶ 131} While Donley was detained pursuant to that warrant, the officers learned

that Victor Ojezua, a passenger in the Hummer, told Deputy Zollers that he had just

received the crack cocaine and powder cocaine from Donley. After being informed of

his Miranda rights, Ojezua repeated this information to Detective O’Connell. Based on

the officers’ observations at Donley’s residence and Ojezua’s statements, the officers had
                                                                                         -43-


probable cause to arrest Donley for trafficking in cocaine, and they had probable cause

to believe that additional cocaine might be present in Donley’s residence.

       {¶ 132} The officers were also entitled to secure Donley’s residence pending the

issuance of a search warrant and to conduct a protective sweep.

       {¶ 133} The United States Supreme Court has held that “[s]ecuring a dwelling, on

the basis of probable cause, to prevent the destruction or removal of evidence while a

search warrant is being sought is not itself an unreasonable seizure of either the dwelling

or its contents.” Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 810, 104 S.Ct. 3380, 82 L.Ed.2d

599 (1984).

       When officers secure a residence pending a search warrant, they may enter

       that residence. However, this intrusion must be limited in time and scope.

       Therefore, any entry based upon exigent circumstances is “ ‘strictly

       circumscribed by the exigencies which justif[ied] its initiation.’ ” Thus, when

       a residence must be secured in order to preserve evidence, “the scope of

       the intrusion is limited to that necessary to secure the evidence.” This may

       include securing “the people inside and any evidence in plain view.”

(Citations omitted.) State v. Burns, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22674, 2010-Ohio-2831, ¶

22.

       {¶ 134} Moreover, “[a] protective sweep is a reasonable exception to the Fourth

Amendment’s warrant requirement.” State v. Mathews, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26326,

2015-Ohio-1047, ¶ 10, citing Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108 L.Ed.2d

276 (1990). A protective sweep, however, is not a full search of the premises. Id. It is

only a “cursory inspection of those areas where a person who possesses a threat of
                                                                                         -44-

danger to the police may be found.” State v. Young, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24537,

2011-Ohio-4875, ¶ 17. A protective sweep is permitted when “ ‘articulable facts which,

taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, would warrant a reasonably

prudent officer in believing that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger

to those on the * * * scene.’ ” State v. Sharpe, 174 Ohio App.3d 498, 2008-Ohio-267,

882 N.E.2d 960, ¶ 36 (2d Dist.), quoting Buie, 494 U.S. at 334, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108

L.Ed.2d 276.

       {¶ 135} Having concluded that there was probable cause to seek a search warrant

for Donley’s home, the Task Force officers reasonably sought to secure the residence to

prevent the destruction of any evidence and to ensure that no one remained in the

residence that might pose a danger to them while they awaited a warrant. When the

officers arrived at the house, Mrs. Donley was at the front door and two individuals were

present in the living room of the house. The officers reasonably conducted a protective

sweep to ensure that the officers would not be endangered by any additional occupant of

the house while awaiting the warrant. There is no evidence that the officers conducted

a search beyond what was permitted by a protective sweep, and no evidence was seized

before the search warrant was obtained.

       {¶ 136} Next, Donley claims that the search warrant for his home was not

supported by probable cause.

       {¶ 137} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution provide that search warrants may only be issued upon

probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the person and/or things to be seized. See also State v. Jones, 143 Ohio
                                                                                         -45-


St.3d 266, 2015-Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d 123, ¶ 11.

       {¶ 138} In authorizing a search warrant, the issuing magistrate’s duty is to

determine whether “there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will

be found in a particular place * * *.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317,

76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983); Jones at ¶ 13. “[T]he duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure

that the magistrate had a ‘substantial basis for * * * conclud[ing]’ that probable cause

existed.” Gates at 238-239, quoting Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 271, 80 S.Ct.

725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960); State v. Castagnola, 145 Ohio St.3d 1, 2015-Ohio-1565, 46

N.E.3d 638, ¶ 35. Ordinarily, “a probable cause inquiry must be confined to the four

corners of the affidavit.” State v. Klosterman, 114 Ohio App.3d 327, 333, 683 N.E.2d

100 (2d Dist.1996). In reviewing whether a search warrant has been issued upon

probable cause, courts must examine the totality of the circumstances. Jones, 143 Ohio

St.3d 266, 2015-Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d 123, at ¶ 15.

       {¶ 139} Trial courts and appellate courts “should accord great deference to the

magistrate’s determination of probable cause, and doubtful or marginal cases in this area

should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.” State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d

325, 544 N.E.2d 640 (1989), paragraph two of the syllabus; Jones, 143 Ohio St.3d 266,

2015-Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d 123, at ¶ 14.

       {¶ 140} Detective O’Connell’s affidavit in support of the search warrant described

his extensive experience investigating drug trafficking and drug trafficking organizations.

O’Connell stated in the affidavit that on July 8, 2014, the Montgomery County R.A.N.G.E.

Task Force, to which he was assigned, conducted surveillance on Donley’s residence in

an attempt to locate Donley pursuant to a signed DNA search warrant.
                                                                                      -46-


      {¶ 141} The affidavit stated that, during the surveillance, two vehicles approached

Donley’s residence. First, O’Connell observed a white pick-up truck with two individuals

arrive at Donley’s residence, and the two individuals “made brief contact with Donley on

the porch” of Donley’s house. Within two to three minutes, the pick-up and its occupants

left the area without being contacted by law enforcement.       The second encounter

involved the Hummer. O’Connell’s affidavit described this encounter as follows:

      d. * * * The Hummer parked in front of the residence and Det. Craun

      observed Isreal Donley exit his residence and enter the rear passenger seat

      of the vehicle.

      e.   Donley remained in the rear passenger seat of the Hummer for

      approximately 2 minutes which was consistent with drug transactions.

      f. Your affiant had prior contact with Donley on March 26, 2014 at which

      time Donley was found in possession of a large quantity of cocaine and a

      firearm.

      g. Detective Craun then observed Donley exit the vehicle and re-enter [his

      residence]. The Hummer and two (2) occupants then left the area.

      h. Deputy Zollers observed the Hummer violate traffic laws and initiated a

      traffic stop. Deputy Zollers and Deputy Shiverdecker made contact with

      the driver, Raphael Ojezua, and the passenger, Victor Ojezua.

      i. Deputy Shiverdecker performed a search of Victor Ojezua and located a

      large quantity of suspected crack cocaine and power cocaine concealed on

      his person.

      j. The driver, Raphael Ojezua was found to be on parole and had a large
                                                                                         -47-


      quantity of cash on his person.

      k. Your affiant interviewed Victor Ojezua, post Miranda and he stated he

      received the crack cocaine and powder cocaine from Isreal AKA: Izzy who

      resides at [Donley’s address] on July 8, 2014 as observed by detectives.

      {¶ 142} O’Connell’s affidavit further described how Donley exited his residence

and entered a dark blue Chevy Suburban, that was also occupied by two additional men

and a woman. This vehicle was stopped to execute the search warrant for Donley’s

DNA. O’Connell stated in the affidavit that the rear passenger was found to have heroin

in his right pants pocket, and the front seat passenger was known to O’Connell from a

prior drug investigation in which drugs were seized.

      {¶ 143} Based on the four corners of the affidavit, the magistrate had a “substantial

basis” for concluding that there was probable cause to believe that evidence of drug

possession and drug trafficking would be found in Donley’s residence. O’Connell was

experienced in drug trafficking investigations, and shortly before seeking the search

warrant, he observed Donley come out of his residence and engage in conduct that was

consistent with drug transactions. One of the occupants of the Hummer, Victor Ojezua,

told the detective that he (Ojezua) had just received crack cocaine and powder cocaine

from Donley, as observed by the detective. Approximately three months before, Donley

was found to be in possession of a large quantity of cocaine and a firearm.           The

magistrate reasonably concluded that there was probable cause to believe that drugs,

firearms, and other evidence of drug trafficking would be found in Donley’s residence.

      {¶ 144} We also conclude that the officers were permitted to look behind the

boards above the kitchen cabinets as part of their search.             Courts employ a
                                                                                           -48-


“reasonableness” standard to determine whether destruction of property was “reasonably

necessary to effectively execute a search warrant.” E.g., United States v. Church, 823

F.3d 351, 364 (6th Cir.2016) (officers did not act unreasonably in using a prying ram to

open defendant’s safe while executing search warrant).          “Excessive or unnecessary

destruction of property in the course of a search may violate the Fourth Amendment, even

though the entry itself is lawful and the fruits of the search are not subject to suppression.”

United States v. Ramirez, 523 U.S. 65, 71, 118 S.Ct. 992, 140 L.Ed.2d 191 (1998). But,

“officers executing search warrants on occasion must damage property in order to

perform their duty.” Dalia v. United States, 441 U.S. 238, 258, 99 S.Ct. 1682, 60 L.Ed.2d

177 (1979).

       {¶ 145} The search warrant authorized the officers to search Donley’s residence

and the surrounding curtilage for controlled substances, firearms, and other specified

items connected with the commission of possession of drugs and drug trafficking. In

executing the warrant, Officer Hemingway noticed a loose board above some kitchen

cabinets that looked that it was not original to the house and was “odd” and “out of place.”

The officers reasonably suspected that drugs, guns, or other evidence of drug trafficking

could be located behind the boards. Accordingly, the officers were entitled to look behind

the boards in the kitchen, where guns were found. The discovery of the guns provided

an additional basis for Donley’s arrest.

       {¶ 146} In summary, the trial court did not err in denying Donley’s motion to

suppress.

       {¶ 147} Finally, Donley’s tenth assignment of error claims that the trial court

abused its discretion in denying his motion to reopen the suppression motion. Donley
                                                                                          -49-


claims that, because O’Connell’s testimony that Victor Ojezua said that he had received

cocaine from Donley was a key point in the decision to overrule the motion to suppress,

the trial court should have reopened the motion to suppress in light of Ojezua’s affidavit.

        {¶ 148} At the outset, the State asserts that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to

reconsider its suppression ruling. The State cites to precedent holding that a motion for

reconsideration of a final judgment is a nullity. While we do not dispute that a trial court

may not reconsider its final judgment, the trial court’s suppression ruling was an

interlocutory ruling, not the final judgment in Donley’s criminal case. The trial court did

not lack authority to reopen the suppression motion.

        {¶ 149} The reopening of a motion to suppress for the presentation of additional

testimony is within the sound discretion of the trial court.       State v. Black, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 17384, 2000 WL 192258 (Feb. 18, 2000).

        {¶ 150} During the suppression hearing, Detective O’Connell testified that Victor

Ojezua “indicated that he had just obtained crack cocaine and powdered cocaine from

Isreal Donley at [Donley’s residence] -- as the detectives observed previously.” On

cross-examination, O’Connell emphasized that Ojezua said that he obtained, not

purchased, crack and powder cocaine from Donley.               O’Connell testified, “Victor

Ojoezuea [sic] indicated that he had been fronted crack cocaine and powder cocaine from

Isreal.”    O’Connell’s search warrant affidavit, quoted above, was consistent with his

testimony at the suppression hearing.

        {¶ 151} Victor Ojezua’s affidavit in support the motion to reopen stated, in relevant

part:

           2. On July 8, 2014, l was a passenger in a vehicle that was pulled over
                                                                                             -50-


       for a traffic stop. I was with my brother, Raphael Ojezua.

       3. lt is my understanding that during a Suppression Hearing in the above

       cited matter, a police officer stated that I voluntarily gave a statement to the

       Police on July 8, 2014. The Police Officer-witness stated that I went to

       meet lsreal Donley. I did not even know Mr. Donley until I met him that

       date for the first time. That “his people” contacted Donley for the purpose

       of a delivery of crack-cocaine and that I “fronted” him a quantity of crack

       cocaine. I neither bought nor sold Mr. Donley any cocaine or crack cocaine

       on that date or ever. This is all false. lt just never happened.

       4. That statement, that the Deputy told on the stand in the suppression

       hearing, is false. I never told any police officer or detective that I bought

       drugs from lsreal Donley.

       {¶ 152} “A search warrant affidavit that is facially sufficient may nevertheless be

successfully attacked if the defendant can show by a preponderance of the evidence that

the affiant made a false statement intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth.”

State v. Stropkaj, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18712, 2001 WL 1468905, * 2 (Nov. 16, 2001),

citing Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-156, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978)

and State v. Waddy, 63 Ohio St.3d 424, 441, 588 N.E.2d 819 (1992).            But, “[e]ven if the

affidavit contains false statements [or omissions] made intentionally or recklessly, a

warrant based on the affidavit is still valid unless, ‘with the affidavit's false material set to

one side [or with the omissions included], the affidavit’s remaining content is insufficient

to establish probable cause[.]’ ” State v. Waddy, 63 Ohio St.3d 424, 441, 588 N.E.2d

819 (1992), citing Franks at 156.
                                                                                       -51-


      {¶ 153} Ojezua’s affidavit misstates Detective O’Connell’s testimony, and it is

unclear whether Ojezua’s denial encompasses O’Connell’s statement that Ojezua

indicated that he had “received” crack cocaine and powder cocaine from Donley on July

8.

      {¶ 154} Regardless, we agree with the trial court that, excluding the paragraph in

Detective O’Connell’s affidavit regarding Ojezua’s alleged post-Miranda statements, the

affidavit still established probable cause to believe that evidence of drug possession and

drug trafficking would be found in Donley’s home.        As stated above, the affidavit

indicated that Donley had previously been found to be in possession of a large amount of

cocaine and a firearm. On July 8, the date of the affidavit, experienced Task Force

officers observed Donley engage in conduct at his residence that was consistent with

drug transactions. After leaving Donley’s residence, the individuals in the Hummer were

found to be in possession of crack cocaine, powder cocaine, and a large quantity of cash.

Although Ojezua’s alleged statements added to the quantum of evidence in support of

the search warrant, the warrant was based on probable cause, even without those

statements. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Donley’s

request to reopen the motion to suppress.

      {¶ 155} Donley’s ninth and tenth assignments of error are overruled.

      D. Counts 19 through 27

      {¶ 156} In his eleventh assignment of error, Donley claims that his convictions on

Counts 19 through 27 should be reversed, because Donley was not convicted of

possession of cocaine in Case No. 2014 CR 1142 until after he was indicted in Case No.

2014 CA 2391 for having weapons while under disability.
                                                                                        -52-


        {¶ 157} R.C. 2923.13, which sets forth the offense of having weapons while under

disability, states, in relevant part:

         (A) Unless relieved from disability under operation of law or legal process,

        no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use any firearm or

        dangerous ordnance, if any of the following apply:

        ***

        (2) The person is under indictment for or has been convicted of any felony

        offense of violence or has been adjudicated a delinquent child for the

        commission of an offense that, if committed by an adult, would have been

        a felony offense of violence.

        (3) The person is under indictment for or has been convicted of any felony

        offense involving the illegal possession, use, sale, administration,

        distribution, or trafficking in any drug of abuse or has been adjudicated a

        delinquent child for the commission of an offense that, if committed by an

        adult, would have been a felony offense involving the illegal possession,

        use, sale, administration, distribution, or trafficking in any drug of abuse.

(Emphasis added.)

        {¶ 158} Donley was indicted on 27 counts of having weapons while under

disability.   Counts 1 through 18 alleged violations of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), based on

convictions for a felony offense of violence. Counts 1 through 9 cited his conviction for

aggravated assault (deadly weapon) on April 5, 2000, and Counts 10 through 18 cited his

conviction for felonious assault (deadly weapon) on May 8, 2003.

        {¶ 159} Unlike Counts 1 through 18, Counts 19 through 27 alleged a violation of
                                                                                         -53-


R.C. 2923.13(A)(3). They alleged, in part, that Donley

       did knowingly acquire, have, carry or use any firearm or dangerous

       ordnance, while the defendant was either under indictment for any felony

       offense involving the illegal possession, use, sale, administration,

       distribution, or trafficking in any drug of abuse and the defendant knew she

       or he was under such an indictment or was reckless in that regard or, having

       been previously convicted of any felony offense involving the illegal

       possession, use, sale, administration, distribution, or trafficking in any drug

       of abuse, or has been adjudicated a delinquent child for the commission of

       a felony offense which if committed by an adult would have been a felony

       offense involving the illegal possession, use, sale, administration,

       distribution, or trafficking in any drug of abuse, being Possession of

       Cocaine, on April 8, 2014, in the case of [State] versus Isreal Donley, being

       Case Number 2014 CR 1142, in the Common Pleas Court of Montgomery

       County[.]

(Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 160} Donley was indicted for possession of cocaine in Case No. 2014 CR 1142

on April 4, 2014. He was indicted in this case (Case No. 2014 CR 2391) for having

weapons while under disability on July 17, 2014. Counts 19 through 27 of his indictment

in this case, which were based on his being under indictment for possession of cocaine

in Case No. 2014 CR 1142, were consistent with the language of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3).

The trial court did not err in finding Donley guilty, upon his no contest plea, to Counts 19

through 27.
                                                                                         -54-


       {¶ 161} Donley’s eleventh assignment of error is overruled.

                               IV. Case No. 2014 CR 3312

 (Illegal Conveyance of Drugs of Abuse onto the Grounds of a Detention Facility)

       {¶ 162} Donley’s twelfth assignment of error relates to 2014 CR 3312. It states:

“The trial court erred when it imposed the maximum sentence in 2014 CR 3312.”

       {¶ 163} On appeal, Donley claims that the record did not support the trial court’s

decision to impose the maximum 36-month sentence for his conviction for illegal

conveyance of drugs of abuse onto the grounds of a detention facility. He states, “[I]n

light of the ten years imposed in 2014 CR 1142, the record does not support any more

than a minimum term in 2014 CR 3312.”

       {¶ 164} In reviewing felony sentences, appellate courts must apply the standard of

review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), rather than an abuse of discretion standard. See

State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 9. Under

R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), an appellate court may increase, reduce, or modify a sentence, or it

may vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing, only if it “clearly and convincingly”

finds either (1) that the record does not support certain specified findings or (2) that the

sentence imposed is contrary to law.

       {¶ 165} “The trial court has full discretion to impose any sentence within the

authorized statutory range, and the court is not required to make any findings or give its

reasons for imposing maximum or more than minimum sentences.” State v. King, 2013-

Ohio-2021, 992 N.E.2d 491, ¶ 45 (2d Dist.). However, in exercising its discretion, a trial

court must consider the statutory criteria that apply to every felony offense, including

those set out in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12. State v. Leopard, 194 Ohio App.3d
                                                                                          -55-

500, 2011-Ohio-3864, 957 N.E.2d 55, ¶ 11 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio

St.3d 54, 2006-Ohio-855, 846 N.E.2d 1, ¶ 38.

       {¶ 166} R.C. 2929.11 requires trial courts to be guided by the overriding purposes

of felony sentencing. Those purposes are “to protect the public from future crime by the

offender and others and to punish the offender using the minimum sanctions that the court

determines accomplish those purposes without imposing an unnecessary burden on state

or local government resources.” R.C. 2929.11(A). The court must “consider the need

for incapacitating the offender, deterring the offender and others from future crime,

rehabilitating the offender, and making restitution to the victim of the offense, the public,

or both.” Id. R.C. 2929.11(B) further provides that “[a] sentence imposed for a felony

shall be reasonably calculated to achieve the two overriding purposes of felony

sentencing * * *, commensurate with and not demeaning to the seriousness of the

offender’s conduct and its impact upon the victim, and consistent with sentences imposed

for similar crimes committed by similar offenders.”

       {¶ 167} R.C. 2929.12(B) sets forth nine factors indicating that an offender’s

conduct is more serious than conduct normally constituting the offense; R.C. 2929.12(C)

sets forth four factors indicating that an offender’s conduct is less serious than conduct

normally constituting the offense. R.C. 2929.12(D) and (E) each lists five factors that

trial courts are to consider regarding the offender’s likelihood of committing future crimes.

Finally, R.C. 2929.12(F) requires the sentencing court to consider the offender’s military

service record.

       {¶ 168} Prior to imposing sentence, the trial court indicated that it had reviewed

the State’s sentencing memorandum, the purposes and principles of sentencing in R.C.
                                                                                          -56-


2929.11, and the seriousness and recidivism factors in R.C. 2929.12 for all of the cases,

as well as the mandatory sentencing provisions of R.C. 2929.13 for Case No. 2014 CR

1142. The court noted that the cases before it constituted Donley’s seventh, eighth, and

ninth felony convictions, that his criminal history reflected drugs, weapons, and violence

over a number of years, and that Donley had not taken responsibility for his actions. The

court indicated that it believed Donley to be a danger to society. Donley was 41 years

old.

       {¶ 169} The record reflects that the trial court considered the statutory policies that

applied to his felony offense and that the trial court imposed a sentence within the

statutory range. We find nothing in the record to support Donley’s contention that a

maximum sentence was unlawful and unsupported by the record.

       {¶ 170} Donley’s twelfth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 171} Although not specifically raised on appeal, we note that the trial court failed

to include its consecutive sentencing findings in its judgment entry. Instead, on March

30, 2015, the trial court filed a separate entry with those findings after the judgment entry

had been filed. We addressed this issue in State v. Friend, 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos.

26867, 26868, 2016-Ohio-5868, stating:

              In order to impose consecutive terms of imprisonment, a trial court is

       required to make the appropriate findings at the sentencing hearing and to

       incorporate those findings into its sentencing entry. State v. Bonnell, 140

       Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶ 26 (“R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)

       requires the trial court to make statutory findings prior to imposing

       consecutive sentences, and Crim.R. 32(A)(4) * * * directs the court to state
                                                                                         -57-


       those findings at the time of imposing sentence.”) Because the trial court

       speaks through its journal entries, it must incorporate the statutory findings

       into its sentencing entry. Id. at ¶ 30, 16 N.E.3d 659.

              We have held that a “trial court’s inadvertent failure to incorporate

       the statutory findings in the sentencing entry after properly making those

       findings at the sentencing hearing does not render the sentence contrary to

       law; rather, such a clerical mistake may be corrected by the court through a

       nunc pro tunc entry to reflect what actually occurred in open court.” State

       v. Horobin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26639, 2015-Ohio-5300, ¶ 8, citing

       State v. Graham, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25934, 2014-Ohio-4250, ¶ 36.

       Such a correction of the final entry is required here in each case. The

       supplemental termination entries do not accomplish this purpose, because

       all of the required elements, including the sentence and findings relevant to

       it, must be incorporated into the judgment, and only one document can

       constitute a final appealable order. State v. Baker, 119 Ohio St.3d 197,

       2008-Ohio-3330, 893 N.E.2d 163, ¶ 17; State v. Horobin, 2d Dist.

       Montgomery No. 26639, 2015-Ohio-5300, ¶ 8.

Friend at ¶ 27-28.

       {¶ 172} As in Friend, the trial court made the statutory findings at sentencing, but

its supplemental entry did not accomplish the purpose of including the consecutive

sentencing findings in the court’s judgment entry.       Accordingly, the matter must be

remanded for the trial court to correct its judgment entry so that it accurately reflects the

trial court’s consecutive sentencing findings.
                                                                                          -58-


       {¶ 173} The trial court’s online docket reflects that on October 6, 2016, the court

filed, nunc pro tunc, an amended termination entry which includes the consecutive

sentencing findings. This Court has repeatedly held that, “[a]lthough a court generally

may issue a nunc pro tunc entry any time,2 * * * a notice of appeal divests a trial court of

jurisdiction to do so.” (Footnote in original.) State v. Smith, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2010-

CA-63, 2011-Ohio-5986, ¶ 7; State v. Alford, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24368, 2012-Ohio-

3490, ¶ 11. While we commend the trial court for attempting to correct its error, the trial

court lacked jurisdiction to file its amended judgment entry while this appeal was pending,

and the trial court’s nunc pro tunc entry had no legal effect. However, nothing precludes

the trial court from simply refiling its amended judgment entry upon remand.

                                      V. Conclusion

       {¶ 174} The trial court’s judgment in Case No. 2014 CR 1142 will be affirmed with

respect to Donley’s conviction and sentence for possession of cocaine; Donley’s

conviction and sentence in that case for having weapons while under disability will be

vacated.

       {¶ 175} The trial court’s judgment in Case No. 2014 CR 2391 will be affirmed.

The trial court is instructed to file a nunc pro tunc entry in Case No. 2014 CR 2391,

correcting its judgment entry so that it reflects that Donley pled no contest in this case.

       {¶ 176} The trial court’s judgment in Case No. 2014 CR 3312 will be affirmed.

The trial court is instructed to file a nunc pro tunc entry in Case No. 2014 CR 3312,

correcting its judgment entry so that it includes the trial court’s consecutive sentencing


2
  See, e.g., Crim.R. 36 (“Clerical mistakes in judgments, orders, or other parts of the
record, and errors in the record arising from oversight or omission, may be corrected by
the court at any time.”).
                                                                                           -59-


findings.

                                           .............

DONOVAN, P.J., concurs.

WELBAUM, J., dissenting:
         {¶ 177} I very respectfully dissent from the majority’s holding that there was

insufficient evidence for the jury to find Donley guilty of having weapons under disability

in Case No. 2014 CR 1142. While it is certainly a close call, unlike the majority, I believe

that when construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, there was

sufficient circumstantial evidence for the jury to conclude that Donley constructively

possessed the firearm that was discovered inside the brown wool knit hat underneath the

hood of the Yukon on March 26, 2014.

         {¶ 178} “In reviewing sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims, courts must remain

mindful that the elements of an offense may be established by direct evidence,

circumstantial evidence, or both.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Crossley, 2d Dist. Clark

No. 2015-CA-60, 2016-Ohio-3196, ¶ 16. Circumstantial evidence is “ ‘proof of facts or

circumstances by direct evidence from which [the factfinder] may reasonably infer other

related or connected facts that naturally and logically follow according to the common

experience of people.’ ” State v. Shabazz, 146 Ohio St.3d 404, 2016-Ohio-1055, 57

N.E.3d 1119, ¶ 18, quoting Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 409.01(4) (Rev. Aug. 17,

2011).

         {¶ 179} The Supreme Court of Ohio has stressed that “[i]t is * * * well-settled under

Ohio law that a defendant may be convicted solely on the basis of circumstantial

evidence.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 151, 529 N.E.2d
                                                                                        -60-


1236 (1988). Accordingly, “[t]he State may prove constructive possession solely through

circumstantial evidence.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Peterson, 2d Dist. Champaign No.

2014-CA-1, 2015-Ohio-789, ¶ 20.       “[I]n determining whether a person constructively

possessed an item, we examine the totality of the relevant facts and circumstances.”

State v. Harris, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26810, 2016-Ohio-7097, ¶ 50. As noted by the

majority, “[a] person has constructive possession of an item when he is conscious of the

presence of the object and able to exercise dominion and control over that item, even if it

is not within his immediate physical possession.”      Mabry, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

21569, 2007-Ohio-1895 at ¶ 18.

      {¶ 180} Under the totality of the circumstances in this case, I believe there is

sufficient circumstantial evidence in the record for a reasonable juror to conclude that

Donley had constructive possession of the firearm discovered inside the brown wool knit

hat underneath the hood of the Yukon.        The majority found that there is sufficient

evidence for a reasonable juror to conclude that Donley placed drugs inside a brown glove

located behind the gas-tank door of his Yukon. Accordingly, there is also sufficient

evidence to find that Donley knew of and/or placed the firearm in the hat underneath the

hood of his Yukon. These facts establish a modus operandi of hiding contraband in

winter apparel and placing said apparel in peculiar spaces of a vehicle. This method

was not only used in the Yukon driven by Donley on March 26, 2014, but also in a Cadillac

parked at Donley’s residence on July 8, 2014.

      {¶ 181} Similar to the Yukon, a pair of brown gloves were discovered underneath

the hood in the engine compartment of the Cadillac. Because the Cadillac and Yukon

were titled in the name of Donley’s wife, the majority concludes it is unknown whether
                                                                                           -61-


Donley shared use of the vehicles. However, a reasonable juror could infer from the

facts that Donley used the vehicles titled in his wife’s name given that it is undisputed that

he was the sole driver of the Yukon during the traffic stop in question, the Cadillac was

parked at Donley’s residence while he was out on bond, and both vehicles had winter

apparel hidden in peculiar compartments.

       {¶ 182} Finally, it should be stressed that in conducting our review, the facts in

evidence are required to be construed in the light most favorable to the State. State v.

Dennis, 79 Ohio St.3d 421, 430, 683 N.E.2d 1096 (1997), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). (Other citation omitted.) In my

opinion, a rational factfinder viewing the aforementioned evidence in a light most

favorable to the State could have concluded that Donley constructively possessed the

firearm at issue. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision holding

otherwise.

                                        ..........

Copies mailed to:


Meagan D. Woodall
Heather N. Jans
Robert Alan Brenner
Hon. Dennis J. Adkins
