[Cite as A.A. v. F.A., 2019-Ohio-1706.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                    DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


A. A.,                                        :      JUDGES:
                                              :      Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
         Plaintiff - Appellee                 :      Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                              :      Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs-                                          :
                                              :
F.A.,                                         :      Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079
                                              :
         Defendant - Appellant                :      OPINION



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                             Appeal from the Delaware County
                                                     Court of Common Pleas, Domestic
                                                     Relations Division, Case No. 14 DR
                                                     A 010028



JUDGMENT:                                            Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                    May 3, 2019



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                               For Defendant-Appellant

MATTHEW M. NIERMAN                                   F. A.
Nierman Law LLC                                      Pro Se
1391 W 5th Avenue, Unit 448                          8155 Appleridge Drive
Columbus, Ohio 43212                                 Lewis Center, Ohio 43035
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                             2

Baldwin, J.

       {¶1}    F.A., Mother, appeals the decision of the Delaware County Court of

Common Pleas denying her motion to Modify Decree of Divorce and for a Change in

Allocation of Parental Rights and Responsibilities. Appellee is Father, A. A.

       {¶2}    At all times during these proceedings, Mother appeared pro se. As we noted

in our prior decision in this matter, she is bound by the same rules and procedures as

litigants who retain counsel. A. A. v. F. A., 5th Dist. Delaware No. 17 CAF 12 0078, 2018-

Ohio-3376, ¶ 26.

                        STATEMENT OF FACTS AND THE CASE

       {¶3}    Appellant filed a motion to reallocate parental rights and responsibilities on

March 16, 2018, less than four months after the decree of divorce, journalized on

November 28, 2017, awarded custody to appellee. Appellant focused on the children’s

school attendance and performance as well as appellee’s purported financial difficulties

as the basis for her contention that there was a change in circumstances warranting

modification. The Magistrate disagreed and overruled her motion. Appellant did not file

objections to the magistrate’s order and did not provide the trial court with a transcript of

the hearing.

       {¶4}    The parties in this matter were divorced pursuant to a decree journalized on

November 28, 2017 and appellee was granted “sole allocation of parental rights and

responsibilities and shall be the residential parent and legal custodian of the parties’ two

minor children.” Judgment Entry, November 28, 2017, Docket #156, page 14, paragraph

5. The trial court also ordered that:
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                               3


       [u]nless otherwise agreed as allowed by Plaintiff, Defendant’s parenting

       time shall remain supervised at a third-party agency--Andrews House, or

       Welcome to Our Place--or Marion Care-Fit if there is no other alternative.

       The supervision will remain for minimum of 6 or 9 monthly sessions-until

       Plaintiff and Defendant agree otherwise/Defendant files the necessary

       modification motion with evidence of the counseling for her with an

       appropriate provider regarding the report repairing the estrangement.

Judgment Entry, November 28, 2017, Docket #156, page 14, paragraph 6.



       {¶5}    Relevant to the matter before this court is the trial court’s discussion on

pages 8 and 9 of its November 28, 2017 judgment entry regarding appellant’s failure to

provide the trial court with complete transcripts of the hearings. The trial court specifically

noted that Civ.R. 53 (D)(3)(b)(iii) and the Local Rule required that objections relating to a

finding of fact be supported by transcript of all the evidence submitted to the magistrate.

We noted the impact of a lack of a complete transcript in our prior decision in this matter.

A. A. supra at 29-35. Appellant knew or should have known of the need to file a transcript

before challenging the magistrate’s denial of her motion. Her failure to provide that

transcript to the trial court limits the extent of our review.

       {¶6}    Appellant contended in her Motion to Modify the Allocation of Parental

Rights and Responsibilities that the children were having problems in school, were

excessively absent or tardy, that appellee was not able to pay school fees or the mortgage

on the family home and that she had obtained a new residence. The facts, she alleged,

warranted a change in custody.
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                                  4


       {¶7}    The matter came on for trial on August 28, 2018 before a magistrate. On

August 30, 2018 the magistrate issued a decision including findings of fact and

conclusions of law denying appellant’s motion. The magistrate noted that one child

missed a significant amount of school, but that the evidence established that the child’s

absences and tardies were relatively consistent through the second, third and fourth

quarters of the school. These dates are significant because magistrate determined that

any change in circumstances would have had to occur from the second quarter onward.

The magistrate also found that the evidence supported the father’s testimony that the

child’s absences and tardies were the result of the child’s stomach problems and that her

attendance had improved since seeking treatment. With regard to some absences from

individual classes the magistrate accepted the father’s explanation that the child was in

the library getting caught up on her other schoolwork and has since spoken with the child

about this issue and that her attendance has improved. Magistrate’s Decision, Aug. 30,

2018, docket # 232, pages 2-3, paragraphs 9-12.

       {¶8}    The magistrate concluded that the second child’s grades had improved from

the date of the decree and that although the first child’s grade point average had dropped

throughout the school year, the underlying reason for that change was the mother’s

communication with the child and the child’s stomach issues. The magistrate noted that

father had talked with the first child and has begun tutoring her on his own. The magistrate

also found that the father was talking to school officials to assist his first child. Magistrate’s

Decision, Aug. 30, 2018, docket # 232, pages 3-4, paragraphs 13-21.

       {¶9}    With regard to the alleged financial difficulties, the magistrate found that the

father was current on both the first and second mortgages, that he has an agreement with
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                              5


both loan servicers as to the payments of late fees, the house is not in foreclosure or in

any danger of being repossessed. Regarding school fees the magistrate found the father

plans on paying those fees shortly and that he has until January 2019 to pay the fees.

Magistrate’s Decision, Aug. 30, 2018, docket # 232, page 5, paragraphs, 27-29.

       {¶10} The magistrate found that the appellee was more credible than appellant;

Magistrate’s Decision, Aug. 30, 2018, docket # 232, page 4, paragraph 23 and that

appellant did not demonstrate a change in circumstances sufficient to warrant

modification of the divorce decree. R.C. 3109.04 (B)(1)(a). The magistrate concluded that

even if a change in circumstances had occurred, reallocation of parental rights and

responsibilities would not be in either child’s best interest. Magistrate’s Decision, Aug. 30,

2018, docket # 232, page 5, paragraph 33. The magistrate further found that the harm

likely to be caused by change of environment is not outweighed by the advantages of the

change of environment to either child, and that appellant failed to establish that either

child would benefit from a change of environment. Magistrate’s Decision, Aug. 30, 2018,

docket # 232, page 7, paragraphs 37, 38. Significantly, the magistrate found that:



              Everything presented at trial indicates that only harm would come

       with a change of environment. As stated before, the children have had

       limited, to no contact with mother since the decree. None of these

       interactions have been in a supervised environment as ordered. Mother has

       not worked on the issues that were present at the time of the decree or any

       other manner other than potentially self-help.
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                              6

Magistrate’s Decision, Aug. 30, 2018, docket # 232, page 7, paragraph 39.



       {¶11} Appellant did not order the transcript for review by the trial court and did not

file objections to the magistrate’s decision. On September 19, 2018 the trial court

independently reviewed the matter and found no error of law or other defect evident on

the face of the magistrate’s decision and adopted the decision and incorporated the

findings of fact and conclusions of law by reference. Judgment Entry, September 19,

2018, Docket #235. Appellant filed an appeal from this entry and submitted two

assignments of error:

       {¶12} “I. MAGISTRATE'S DECISION IS PLAIN ERROR.(SIC).”

       {¶13} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ADOPTING THE MAGISTRATE'S DECISION IS

ABUSE OF DISCRETION.”

                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

       {¶14} Appellant argues we should review the decision sub judice for plain error

and for abuse of discretion. The application of a plain error review is limited to “* * *

extremely rare situations in which the plain-error doctrine must be invoked in order to

prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice, since the result reached by the trial court is

patently” contrary to law. Reichert v. Ingersoll, 18 Ohio St.3d 220, 223–24, 480 N.E.2d

802, 805–06 (1985). “[T]he doctrine is sharply limited to the extremely rare case involving

exceptional circumstances where the error, left unobjected to at the trial court, rises to the

level of challenging the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process itself. Goldfuss v.

Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 1997-Ohio-401, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997).
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                             7


      {¶15} In order to find an abuse of discretion, we must determine that the trial

court's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable and not merely an error

of law or judgment. Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio St.3d 217. We must look at

the totality of the circumstances in the case sub judice and determine whether the trial

court acted unreasonably, arbitrarily or unconscionably.

      {¶16} The parameters of our review are further restricted by appellant’s decision

to not file a transcript of the hearing before the magistrate with the trial court or file

objections. The appellant’s first assignment of error addresses the findings of the

magistrate, but “[t]his Court has held on numerous occasions that where an appellant fails

to provide a transcript of the original hearing before the magistrate for the trial court's

review, the magistrate's findings of fact are considered established. See State v. Leite

(April 11, 2000), Tuscarawas App. No.1999AP090054, unreported; Fogress v. McKee

(Aug. 11, 1999), Licking App. No. 99CA15, unreported; Strunk v. Strunk (Nov. 27, 1996),

Muskingum App. No. CT96-0015, unreported.” Moton v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 5th Dist.

Richland No. 01 CA 74, 2002-Ohio-2857.

      {¶17} Because appellant did not file a transcript as required by Civ.R. 53:



             The magistrate's findings of fact are considered established and may

      not be attacked on appeal.’ ” J.S. v. T.S., 5th Dist. Knox No. 16CA18, 2017-

      Ohio-1042, ¶ 22, quoting Murray v. Miller, 5th Dist. Richland No. 15CA02,

      2015-Ohio-3726, ¶ 35. “Without a transcript of the hearing, a trial court is

      required to accept all the magistrate's findings of fact as true and only review

      the legal conclusions drawn from those facts.” Bahgat v. Kissling, 10th Dist.
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                                8

       Franklin No. 17AP-641, 2018-Ohio-2317, ¶ 21, citing JPMorgan Chase

       Bank, N.A. v. Liggins, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-242, 2016-Ohio-3528, ¶ 14, fn.

       1. Even though a transcript was filed with this court, on appellate review, we

       cannot review the factual findings because we cannot consider the

       transcript that the trial court did not have the benefit of when it made its

       decision. State ex rel. Pallone v. Ohio Court of Claims, 143 Ohio St.3d 493,

       2015-Ohio-2003, 39 N.E.3d 1220, ¶ 11.


Matter of J.M., 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 18-CA-25, 2019-Ohio-520, ¶ 40.




       {¶18} Our ability to review the trial court’s decision is further restricted by

appellant’s failure to file objections to the magistrate’s decision. Because appellant did

not file objections before filing the appeal appellant is prohibited from raising factual errors

on appeal. Arthur v. Trimmer, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 02CA06029, 2003-Ohio-2034, ¶ 14.

While we have found that failure to file objections does not prohibit review for plain error,

the use of that doctrine is severely restricted. Kelley v. Holmes Cty. Sheriff's Dept., 5th

Dist. Holmes No. 99 CA 4, 2000 WL 968522, *2 ““Plain error” is often construed to

encompass “error[s] of law or other defect[s] evident on the face of the magistrate's

decision,” which prohibit the adoption of a magistrate's decision even in the absence of

objections. Ohio Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(c); cf. In re Clowtis, 11th Dist. Nos.2006-L-042 and 2006-

L-043, 2006-Ohio-6868, ¶ 13 (citations omitted). McConkey v. Roberts, 5th Dist.

Guernsey No. 06 CA 35, 2007-Ohio-6102, ¶ 22; Hull v. Hull, 5th Dist. Stark No.

2011CA00155, 2012-Ohio-970, ¶¶ 29-33. “[T]he plain error doctrine is not favored and

may be applied only in the extremely rare case involving exceptional circumstances
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                             9


where error, to which no objection was made at the trial court, *** seriously affects the

basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging

the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process itself.” Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio

St.3d 116, 1997-Ohio-401, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997). Even if we were to discover plain

error, we have “discretion to disregard the error and should correct it “only to prevent a

manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long (1978), 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 7 O.O.3d 178,

372 N.E.2d 804, paragraph three of the syllabus as quoted in State v. Wamsley, 117 Ohio

St.3d 388, 2008-Ohio-1195, 884 N.E.2d 45, ¶ 27 (2008). “This Court may not reverse the

judgment of the trial court on the basis of plain error, unless appellant has established

that the outcome of trial clearly would have been different but for the alleged error.” State

v. Kobelka, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 01CA007808, 2001 WL 1379440, *2 (Nov. 7, 2001).

       {¶19} Appellant’s first assignment of error attacks the magistrate’s decision,

asserting that the magistrate has committed plain error. Appellant apparently has

reviewed the requirements of Civ.R. 53, but has incorrectly concluded that the

magistrate’s decision is a final, appealable order subject to this court’s review. We may

only review those orders that are final and appealable and the magistrate’s decision in

this matter does not qualify as a final order as defined in R.C. 2505.02. A magistrate

cannot issue a judgment that terminates a matter, but only issues a decision upon which

a judge may base an order that can be final and appealable. “Only a judge, not a

magistrate, may terminate a claim or action by entering judgment. Harkai v. Scherba

Industries, Inc., 136 Ohio App.3d 211, 218, 736 N.E.2d 101, 106 (9th Dist.2000).
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                                10


       {¶20} Because the magistrate’s decision is not a final appealable order and

because the appellant’s first assignment of error focuses upon that decision, appellant’s

first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶21} Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by adopting the

referee’s report in her second assignment of error, but because Appellant failed to file

written objections to the magistrate's findings of fact, Appellant cannot assign this as an

error for appeal, other than under plain error review. Hull v. Hull, 5th Dist. Stark No.

2011CA00155, 2012-Ohio-970, ¶¶ 29-33.

       {¶22} Appellant does not argue plain error, but only an abuse of discretion,

referring to the alleged errors in the magistrates findings of fact with citations to the

transcript and suggesting that the entry was insufficient because the trial court “did not

provide adequate reasoning for adopting the decision and the Trial Court did not state

why or in what way the decision was valid” citing Stadler v. Earney, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 86040, 2005-Ohio-6720, ¶¶ 7-9. Appellant’s failure to argue plain error at this

juncture is fatal as we are constrained to review the trial court’s actions for plain error only

and appellant has failed to cite legal authority and develop an argument as to the

existence of an obvious defect in the proceedings that affected appellant’s substantial

rights. State v. Benitez-Maranon, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26461, 2014-Ohio-3575, ¶ 7.

       {¶23} We have reviewed the record and we hold that it does not contain any error

that would *** seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the

judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process

itself.” Goldfuss, supra.
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                              11


       {¶24} However, if we were to consider appellant’s argument our decision would

remain unchanged. The case cited by appellant in support of her contention the trial

court’s entry was insufficient is inapposite because it addressed a motion for a new trial.

That court relied upon the Supreme Court of Ohio’s ruling that “[w]hen granting a motion

for a new trial based on the contention that the verdict is not sustained by the weight of

the evidence, the trial court must articulate the reasons for so doing in order to allow a

reviewing court to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in ordering a

new trial.” Antal v. Olde Worlde Products, Inc. (1984), 9 Ohio St.3d 144, 459 N.E.2d 223,

syllabus.

       {¶25} The appellant herein did not file objections to the magistrate’s decision and

“[i]f no timely objections are filed, the court may adopt a magistrate's decision, unless it

determines that there is an error of law or other defect evident on the face of the

magistrate's decision.” Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(c). In this case the trial court found there was no

error of law or other defect evident on the face of the magistrate's decision. The Civil

Rule does not require that the trial court provide any further rationale for its decision and

we will not impose such an obligation.

       {¶26} The trial court “independently reviewed the matter and, having found no

error of law or other defect evident on the face of the Magistrate's Decision” adopted and

incorporated the findings of fact and conclusions of law by reference. Judgment Entry,

Sept. 19, 2018, Docket # 235. Therefore, the trial court properly reviewed the magistrate's

decision. Snider v. Snider, 3rd Dist. Mercer No. 10-04-06, 2004-Ohio-5764, ¶ 10. Upon

review of the case sub judice, we would find that there are sufficient factual findings within
Delaware County, Case No. 18 CAF 10 0079                                            12


the Magistrate's decision to support the conclusions of law and that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion.

       {¶27} Because appellant failed to file objections to the magistrate’s decision, we

are constrained to review the second assignment for plain error. We hold that there is no

plain error and the appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶28} The decision of the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic

Relations Division is affirmed.


By: Baldwin, J.

Hoffman, P.J. and

Wise, John, J. concur.
