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            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA


ROBERT DEE NICKLIE,
                                                     Court of Appeals No. A-12179
                           Appellant,               Trial Court No. 3AN-13-461 CR

                    v.
                                                            O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,

                           Appellee.                  No. 2563 — August 18, 2017


             Appeal from the Superior Court, Third Judicial District,
             Anchorage, Michael Spaan, Judge.

             Appearances: Jane B. Martinez, Law Office of Jane B.
             Martinez, LLC, and Richard Allen, Public Advocate,
             Anchorage, for the Appellant. Elizabeth T. Burke, Assistant
             Attorney General, Office of Criminal Appeals, Anchorage, and
             Jahna Lindemuth, Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appellee.

             Before: Mannheimer, Chief Judge, and Allard and Wollenberg,
             Judges.

             Judge ALLARD.


             A jury found Robert Dee Nicklie guilty of third-degree and fourth-degree
assault based on evidence that he beat up and strangled his girlfriend. At sentencing,
both the prosecutor and the defense attorney agreed that the jury’s verdicts on these two
counts should merge into a single conviction for third-degree assault (the more serious
crime). The judge agreed with the parties, and he imposed only one sentence on Nicklie
— a sentence for third-degree assault.
              However, the judgment form that was prepared following the sentencing
hearing declares that Nicklie was “convicted” of both counts of assault and that the two
counts were merged only “for sentencing purposes.”
              On appeal, Nicklie argues that his separate conviction for fourth-degree
assault must be vacated, and the State concedes that this should occur.
              We conclude that the State’s concession is well-taken.1 As we explained
in Garhart v. State:

              [W]hen the counts of the defendant’s indictment charge
              separate theories of the same crime, or when the counts of the
              indictment charge separate crimes that will ultimately be
              treated as the “same crime” under the rule announced in
              Whitton v. State, [479 P.2d 302 (Alaska 1970),] Alaska law
              allows the government to seek a jury verdict on each count.
              The double jeopardy clause comes into operation later, when
              the sentencing court is asked to enter judgement on those
              verdicts. At that time, the court must merge one or more of
              the verdicts so that the defendant receives only the number of
              convictions and sentences allowed by the double jeopardy
              clause.2




   1
        See Marks v. State, 496 P.2d 66, 67-68 (Alaska 1972) (requiring an appellate court to
independently assess any concession of error by the State in a criminal case); see also Allain
v. State, 810 P.2d 1019, 1021 (Alaska App. 1991) (finding State’s concession that merger of
two counts should result in a single conviction to be well-taken).
   2
       Garhart v. State, 147 P.3d 746, 753-54 (Alaska App. 2006) (citing Gilbert v. State,
598 P.2d 87, 91 (Alaska 1979); Robinson v. State, 487 P.2d 681, 682 (Alaska 1971);
Atkinson v. State, 869 P.2d 486, 495 (Alaska App. 1994)).

                                            –2–                                         2563

             Thus, Alaska law does not recognize the existence of a merger “for
sentencing purposes only.” Because of the prohibition against double jeopardy
announced in Whitton, when a defendant is found guilty of counts that must merge, the
merger results in a single conviction of record (and thus a single sentence).3
             (This is distinct from situations where separate convictions are lawful under
Whitton, but the sentencing judge believes that concurrent sentences will satisfy the
Chaney sentencing criteria. In those instances, a judge must enter a separate sentence
for each conviction, but those sentences can be concurrent to the extent permitted by
AS 12.55.127.)
             We recognize, however, that the current Alaska Court System form for the
entry of criminal judgments makes it difficult for sentencing judges to issue a judgment
that complies with Whitton. Instead of beginning with the words “The defendant has
been found guilty of” various counts of the indictment, the Court System’s judgment
form begins with the words “The defendant has been convicted of ” the various counts.
(Emphasis added.) In other words, the form does not distinguish between the jury’s
guilty verdicts and the ultimate convictions of record that are later entered by the trial
court based on those verdicts. This becomes a problem for cases where the verdicts are
subsequently merged under Whitton and multiple guilty verdicts should be entered as a
single conviction of record. Often, as occurred here, the judge will try to address this
problem by indicating that the counts have merged but will then erroneously state that
the counts are merged “for sentencing purposes only,” leaving the convictions of record
for the merged counts intact.




   3
     See Newsome v. State, 782 P.2d 689, 692 (Alaska App. 1989); see also State v.
MacDonald, 872 P.2d 627, 660 n.14 (Alaska App. 1994); Allain, 810 P.2d at 1021.

                                          –3–                                        2563

              Because the current form makes it difficult for judges to comply with the
double jeopardy requirements of Whitton, we encourage the Alaska Court System to
modify this form. And, until that occurs, we urge sentencing judges not to use this form
in cases where two or more counts must merge under Whitton.
              Nicklie raises one other contention on appeal. He argues that the trial judge
committed plain error by failing to sua sponte instruct the jury on the need for factual
unanimity. To understand Nicklie’s claim, and our rejection of it, we must supply some
background on how this case was litigated.
              The State charged Nicklie with second-degree assault and fourth-degree
assault based on allegations that he strangled and beat up his girlfriend, Bernita Ballot.
At trial, the State introduced evidence that Nicklie hit Ballot and tore out a chunk of her
hair. The State also introduced evidence that Nicklie choked Ballot, resulting in bruises
to Ballot’s neck and petechia behind her eyelids and ears.
              During closing argument, the prosecutor explained that Nicklie was charged
with second-degree assault based on the strangulation and that Nicklie was charged with
fourth-degree assault based on the hair-pulling incident. The prosecutor further
explained that, to find Nicklie guilty of second-degree assault, the jury needed to find
beyond a reasonable doubt that Nicklie “intentionally caused physical injury [to Ballot]
by means of a dangerous instrument” — i.e., using his hands to impede Ballot’s
breathing and circulation. The prosecutor also explained that this second-degree assault
charge included the lesser offense of third-degree assault — an offense that would apply
if the State proved only that Nicklie “recklessly caused physical injury [to Ballot] by
means of a dangerous instrument” — again, by using his hands to impede Ballot’s
breathing and circulation.




                                           –4–                                       2563

              Following deliberations, the jury acquitted Nicklie of second-degree
assault, but convicted him of the lesser-included offense of third-degree assault. The jury
also convicted Nicklie of fourth-degree assault.
              On appeal, Nicklie argues that his conviction for third-degree assault is
flawed because the trial judge failed to instruct the jury on the need for factual unanimity.
Nicklie contends that some members of the jury may have convicted Nicklie of third-
degree assault based on the strangulation, while other members of the jury may have
convicted Nicklie of third-degree assault based on the hair-pulling.
              We find no merit to this contention, given that the prosecutor expressly told
the jury that the strangulation and the hair-pulling were charged in separate counts, and
also given the fact that the jury was specifically instructed that the phrase “dangerous
instrument” meant hands or other objects used to impede a person’s breathing.
              Nicklie also argues that a factual unanimity instruction was needed because
Ballot testified that Nicklie applied pressure to “different parts” of her throat. Nicklie
contends that his conviction for third-degree assault is flawed because some members
of the jury may have believed that the strangulation occurred when Nicklie placed his
hands “around” Ballot’s throat, while other jurors may have concluded that the
strangulation occurred when Nicklie used his hands to apply pressure to the “sides” of
Ballot’s throat.
              Even assuming that this might be true, the jury’s verdict would nevertheless
be proper. Regardless of the precise details of the strangulation, Nicklie’s strangulation
of Ballot was a single criminal act for purposes of the requirement of jury unanimity.
(Conversely, it would have been improper for Nicklie to be convicted of two separate
acts of strangulation under these facts.4)


   4
       See S.R.D. v. State, 820 P.2d 1088, 1092-93 (Alaska App. 1991).

                                             –5–                                       2563

             We therefore find no error in the trial judge’s failure to sua sponte instruct
the jury that they needed to reach factual unanimity regarding Nicklie’s precise mode of
strangling Ballot.


      Conclusion
             We REMAND this case for correction of the judgment to clarify that the
jury verdicts on third-degree assault and fourth-degree assault merged into a single
conviction for third-degree assault. The judgment of the superior court is otherwise
AFFIRMED.




                                          –6–                                        2563

