                                                            FILED
 1                          ORDERED PUBLISHED                APR 09 2012
                                                        SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                         U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                           O F TH E N IN TH C IR C U IT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )       BAP No.    CC-11-1189-HKiMk
                                   )
 6   HUMBERTO CEDANO,              )       Bk. No.    SV 10-18618 GM
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )       Adv. No.   SV 10-01534 GM
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     HUMBERTO CEDANO,              )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )       O P I N I O N
11                                 )
     AURORA LOAN SERVICES, LLC;    )
12   DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY   )
     AMERICAS; THE RALI SERIES     )
13   2007-QH8 TRUST; SCME MORTGAGE )
     BANKERS, INC.; MORTGAGE       )
14   ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION       )
     SYSTEMS, INC.; CAL-WESTERN    )
15   RECONVEYANCE CORP.,           )
                                   )
16                  Appellees.     )
     ______________________________)
17
                    Argued and Submitted on February 24, 2012
18                           at Pasadena, California
19                            Filed - April 9, 2012
                       Ordered Published - April 17, 2012
20
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
21                 for the Central District of California
22         Honorable Geraldine Mund, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
23
     Appearances:      Richard Tobin Baum argued for Appellant Humberto
24                     Cedano. Justin Donald Balser, of Akerman
                       Senterfitt LLP, argued for Appellees Mortgage
25                     Electronic Registration Systems, Inc.; Deutsche
                       Bank Trust Company Americas; Aurora Loan Services
26                     LLC; and The RALI Series 2007-QH8 Trust.
27
     Before:   HOLLOWELL, KIRSCHER, and MARKELL, Bankruptcy Judges.
28
 1   HOLLOWELL, Bankruptcy Judge:
 2
 3        This appeal challenges the bankruptcy court’s dismissal,
 4   pursuant to Civil Rule 12(b)(6),1 of the debtor’s adversary
 5   proceeding alleging wrongful foreclosure of his residence,
 6   slander of title, professional negligence by the foreclosing
 7   trustee in failing to ascertain the validity of the underlying
 8   loan documents, and seeking cancellation of the trustee’s deed
 9   upon sale and to quiet title.         We AFFIRM.
10                                    I.    FACTS
11   A.   Background
12        On January 25, 2007, the Debtor executed a $444,000
13   promissory note in favor of SCME Mortgage Bankers, Inc. (SCME)
14   (the Note).       The Note was secured by a deed of trust (DOT) on the
15   Debtor’s residence in Canoga Park, California (the Property).
16   The DOT named Stewart Title of San Diego (Stewart Title) as the
17   trustee, and Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems (MERS) as
18   beneficiary and nominee for SCME as the lender, the lender’s
19   successors and assigns.       By the terms of the DOT, MERS could
20   exercise the rights granted to the lender (and the lender’s
21   successors and assigns), including the right to foreclose on the
22   Property.       Additionally, the DOT allowed MERS to appoint a
23   successor trustee.       The Note and DOT were recorded February 7,
24   2007.       The Note was endorsed in blank by SCME.
25
             1
26          Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532.
27   The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037, are
28   referred to as “Rules.” The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are
     referred to as “Civil Rules.”

                                           -2-
 1        SCME subsequently assigned the Note to Rali Series 2007-QH8
 2   Trust (Rali Trust) as part of a securitization process, which
 3   included a Pooling and Servicing Agreement (PSA).   Deutsche Bank
 4   Trust Company (Deutsche Bank) is the trustee of the Rali Trust.2
 5   Aurora Loan Services LLC (Aurora), servicer for Deutsche Bank,
 6   replaced Homecomings Financial, LLC as the servicer of the Note
 7   in May 2008.
 8        On August 13, 2009, MERS executed a Substitution of Trustee
 9   to substitute Cal-Western Reconveyance Corporation (Cal-Western)
10   as the trustee under the DOT.   The Substitution of Trustee was
11   subsequently recorded on September 28, 2009.   Before the
12   Substitution of Trustee was recorded, on August 18, 2009, Cal-
13   Western executed a Notice of Default and Election to Sell Under
14   Deed of Trust (NOD); the NOD was recorded the following day.    In
15   the NOD, Cal-Western identified itself as the trustee, duly
16   appointed substituted trustee, or agent for MERS as the
17   beneficiary of the DOT.
18
19        2
            It is not clear from the facts in the record whether the
20   Note was actually included in the Rali Trust. There is no
     assignment of the Note from SCME to Deutsche Bank included the
21   record. The Debtor contends that the Note was never perfected
     into the PSA and it is, therefore, “unlikely that this Trust ever
22   became the owner of [the Note] or Deutsche was properly
23   authorized to act as trustee.”
          However, because the Note was endorsed in blank, it is a
24   bearer instrument. Cal. Comm. Code § 3205(b); In re Aniel,
25   427 B.R. 811, 815-16 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 2010). Therefore, whoever
     has possession may enforce the Note. Cal. Comm. Code
26   § 1201(b)(21); (b)(5). Again, the record provides no information
     about who held the Note when nonjudicial foreclosure proceedings
27   were commenced, but as explained later in this memorandum,
28   whoever held the Note is not material to deciding the issues on
     appeal.

                                     -3-
 1        The Debtor was directed to contact MERS c/o Cal-Western to
 2   find out the payoff amount or to make arrangements to stop the
 3   foreclosure.   Additionally, the NOD provided that:
 4        the mortgagee, beneficiary or authorized agent for the
          mortgagee or beneficiary pursuant to California Civil
 5        Code § 2923.5(b) declares that the mortgagee,
          beneficiary or the mortgagee’s or beneficiary’s
 6        authorized agent has either contacted the borrower or
          tried with due diligence to contact the borrower as
 7        required by California Civil Code § 2923.5.
 8        Cal-Western recorded a Notice of Trustee’s Sale on
 9   November 20, 2009, notifying the Debtor that the Property would
10   be subject to a public auction scheduled for December 10, 2009
11   (Notice of Sale).
12        In December 2009, Aurora and the Debtor entered into a loan
13   modification agreement for a trial period, which suspended the
14   foreclosure sale.   However, after the trial period ended, Aurora
15   terminated the loan modification agreement.    The foreclosure of
16   the Property occurred on July 13, 2010.    Aurora was the
17   successful bidder at the public auction.    The Debtor filed for
18   chapter 13 relief on July 15, 2010.   Aurora obtained retroactive
19   relief from stay to validate the recording of the sale of the
20   Property.   On July 29, 2010, Cal-Western executed the Trustee’s
21   Deed Upon Sale and conveyed the Property to Aurora.
22   B.   The Adversary Proceeding
23        On December 10, 2010, the Debtor initiated an adversary
24   proceeding by filing a complaint (Complaint) against Aurora,
25   Deutsche Bank, the Rali Trust, SCME, MERS and Cal-Western
26   (collectively, the Defendants) alleging six causes of action:
27        (1) wrongful foreclosure, asserting that none of the
     Defendants were “persons entitled to enforce” the Note and
28   therefore, had no right under Cal. Comm. Code § 3301 or Cal. Civ.


                                     -4-
 1   Code § 2924 to declare a default or to foreclose on the Property;
     and, furthermore, that MERS and Cal-Western failed to comply with
 2   procedural requirements, including Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5, for
     initiating the foreclosure;
 3
          (2) cancellation of the NOD, Substitution of Trustee, Notice
 4   of Sale, and Trustee’s Deed Upon Sale based on MERS’ and Cal-
     Western’s lack of authority to initiate the foreclosure process;
 5
          (3) slander of title based on the Defendants’ wrongful
 6   recording of the NOD, Notice of Sale and Trustee’s Deed Upon
     Sale, and wrongful foreclosure;
 7
          (4) quiet title of the Property as to the Debtor and against
 8   the claims of Aurora to the Property;
 9        (5) breach of contract based on Aurora’s termination of the
     loan modification agreement;
10
          (6) professional negligence against Cal-Western for its
11   failure to ascertain the validity of the foreclosure documents to
     protect the trustor’s interest.
12
13        On January 13, 2011, Cal-Western filed a motion to dismiss
14   the Complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief
15   could be granted.   Cal-Western asserted there was no merit to
16   claims (1)-(4) and (6) because Cal-Western and the other
17   Defendants complied with applicable California law in conducting
18   the foreclosure sale and because the Debtor failed to allege an
19   ability or willingness to tender the amount of his indebtedness.
20   Additionally, Cal-Western argued that the Debtor did not have
21   standing to assert his breach of contract claim.
22        On February 2, 2011, Aurora, Deutsche Bank, and MERS also
23   filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.    Like
24   Cal-Western, Aurora, Deutsche Bank and MERS asserted that the
25   Debtor’s claims failed because the foreclosure complied with
26   applicable California law.
27        The bankruptcy court issued a tentative ruling prior to a
28   hearing on the motions to dismiss (Tentative Ruling).   In its


                                     -5-
 1   Tentative Ruling, the bankruptcy court determined that the Debtor
 2   failed to state a wrongful foreclosure cause of action because
 3   the allegations and documents demonstrated that the foreclosure
 4   was initiated by parties entitled to do so under the terms of the
 5   DOT and consistent with California’s nonjudicial foreclosure
 6   statute, Cal. Civ. Code § 2924.
 7        Nevertheless, the bankruptcy court did find that the Debtor
 8   alleged sufficient facts to support a claim that the Defendants
 9   failed to contact him prior to foreclosure as required under Cal.
10   Civ. Code § 2923.5.   In reaching its decision, the bankruptcy
11   court rejected the position, set forth by other California
12   courts, that once a foreclosure sale has occurred, a violation of
13   Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5 is not actionable.   Furthermore, the
14   bankruptcy court determined that the Debtor did not need to
15   establish tender to support a claim under Cal. Civ. Code
16   § 2923.5.   The bankruptcy court determined that the Debtor
17   alleged sufficient facts to state a cause of action to cancel the
18   Trustee Deed Upon Sale and other instruments based on its
19   conclusion that the Debtor’s Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5 claim was
20   viable.
21        Also in its Tentative Ruling, the bankruptcy court found
22   that the Debtor failed to plead all the elements required to
23   state a cause of action for slander of title or to quiet title,
24   and therefore, dismissed those claims with leave to amend.    The
25   bankruptcy court dismissed the Debtor’s breach of contract claim
26   with prejudice, holding that there was no private right of action
27   under the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP).   Finally,
28   the bankruptcy court found that the Debtor stated a sufficient


                                       -6-
 1   claim for professional negligence, again on the basis that the
 2   Debtor sufficiently alleged a claim under Cal. Civ. Code
 3   § 2923.5.
 4        The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the motions to
 5   dismiss on March 9, 2011.     At the hearing, the Debtor pressed the
 6   arguments, made in his Complaint and briefs, that the Defendants
 7   were not entitled to foreclose on the Property.            At the close of
 8   the hearing, the bankruptcy court announced its decision as
 9   outlined in the Tentative Ruling.             It allowed the Debtor leave to
10   amend but gave the Debtor the option to elect not to amend the
11   Complaint and have a final judgment of dismissal for purposes of
12   appeal.
13        On April 8, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered an order
14   granting in part the Defendants’ motions to dismiss and allowing
15   the Debtor to amend the Complaint.            On April 9, 2011, the Debtor
16   filed a notice of his election to not amend the Complaint.
17   Thereafter, on April 18, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered a
18   Judgment of Dismissal dismissing the adversary proceeding with
19   prejudice.   The Debtor timely appealed.
20                                     II.    ISSUE
21        Did the bankruptcy court err in dismissing the Complaint
22   under Civil Rule 12(b)(6)?
23                              III.    JURISDICTION
24        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
25   § 157(b)(2)(A) and § 1334.        We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
26   § 158.
27                        IV.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW
28        We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint for failure


                                             -7-
 1   to state a claim under Civil Rule 12(b)(6).      Ta Chong Bank Ltd.
 2   v. Hitachi High Techs. Am., Inc., 610 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir.
 3   2010).   De novo review means we will look at the case “anew, the
 4   same as if it had not been heard before, and as if no decision
 5   previously had been rendered,” and giving no deference to the
 6   bankruptcy court’s determinations.       McComish v. Bennett, 611 F.3d
 7   510, 519 (9th Cir. 2010).
 8                               V.   DISCUSSION
 9   A.   Standards For Dismissal
10        Under Civil Rule 12(b)(6) (made applicable by Rule 7012), a
11   court must dismiss a complaint if it fails to “state a claim upon
12   which relief can be granted.”     In reviewing a Civil Rule 12(b)(6)
13   dismissal, we accept as true all facts alleged in the complaint
14   and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.
15   Maya v. Centex Corp., 658 F.3d 1060, 1068 (9th Cir. 2011); Newcal
16   Indus., Inc. v. Ikon Office Solutions, 513 F.3d 1038, 1043 n.2
17   (9th Cir. 2008).   However, the court need not accept as true
18   conclusory allegations or legal characterizations cast in the
19   form of factual allegations.     Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
20   550 U.S. 544, 555-56 (2007); Warren v. Fox Family Worldwide,
21   Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 2003).      While the court
22   generally must not consider materials outside the complaint, the
23   court may consider exhibits submitted with the complaint.
24   Durning v. First Boston Corp., 815 F.2d 1265, 1267 (9th Cir.
25   1987).
26        To avoid dismissal under Civil Rule 12(b)(6), a plaintiff
27   must aver in his complaint “sufficient factual matter, accepted
28   as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its


                                        -8-
 1   face.’”   Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937,
 2   1949 (2009) quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (A claim survives
 3   Civil Rule 12(b)(6) when it is “plausible.”).   It is axiomatic
 4   that a claim cannot be plausible when it has no legal basis.    A
 5   dismissal under Civil Rule 12(b)(6) may be based on the lack of a
 6   cognizable legal theory or on the absence of sufficient facts
 7   alleged under a cognizable legal theory.   Johnson v. Riverside
 8   Healthcare Sys., LP, 534 F.3d 1116, 1121 (9th Cir. 2008).
 9   B.   Wrongful Foreclosure
10        The Debtor’s first cause of action alleged that the
11   Defendants wrongfully foreclosed on the Property for two reasons.
12   First, he alleged the foreclosure was initiated by parties who
13   neither had an interest in the Note nor were authorized by the
14   holders of the Note to undertake foreclosure.   Specifically, the
15   Debtor alleged that after the Note was transferred and
16   securitized into the Rali Trust, SCME and MERS had no further
17   authority to act under the DOT because they no longer had any
18   interest in the Note or DOT.
19        Second, the Debtor alleged the foreclosure was improper
20   because Cal-Western failed to comply with Cal. Civ. Code
21   § 2923.5, which requires a lender to contact a borrower prior to
22   filing a notice of default in order to assess the borrower’s
23   financial situation and explore options to avoid foreclosure.
24   For the reasons explained below, we conclude that the Debtor’s
25   allegations failed to establish a cause of action for wrongful
26   foreclosure.
27        1.    Tender
28        The Defendants argue that the Debtor’s wrongful foreclosure


                                     -9-
 1   cause of action necessarily failed because the Debtor did not
 2   allege that he had the ability to tender.    A tender is “an offer
 3   of performance made with the intent to extinguish the
 4   obligation.”   Saldate v. Wilshire Credit Corp., 686 F. Supp. 2d
 5   1051, 1059 (E.D. Cal. 2010) (internal citations omitted).
 6        California courts have held that a defaulted borrower is
 7   required to allege tender of the amount of the lender’s secured
 8   indebtedness in order to maintain a cause of action for
 9   irregularity in the sale procedure.    Id.; see also Lona v.
10   Citibank, N.A., 202 Cal. App. 4th 89, 112 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011)
11   (offer of tender is condition precedent to action to set aside
12   trustee’s sale); Alicea v. GE Money Bank, 2009 WL 2136969, at *3
13   (N.D. Cal. Jul. 16, 2009) (tender essential to cancel voidable
14   sale); Arnolds Mgmt. Corp. v. Eischen, 158 Cal. App. 3d 575, 579
15   (Cal. Ct. App. 1984) (“A cause of action ‘implicity integrated’
16   with the irregular sale fails unless the trustor can allege and
17   establish a valid tender.”); Karlsen v. Am. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 15
18   Cal. App. 3d 112, 117 (Cal. Ct. App. 1971) (valid and viable
19   tender essential to action to cancel voidable sale under a deed
20   of trust).
21        Nevertheless, there are a few recognized exceptions to the
22   tender requirement.   For example, if the borrower’s action
23   attacks the validity of the underlying debt, then tender is not
24   required because it would constitute an affirmation of the debt.
25   Lona, 202 Cal. App. 4th at 112-113.    Additionally, there is a
26   general equitable exception that “tender may not be required
27   where it would be inequitable to do so.”    Sacchi v. Mortg.
28   Electr. Registration Sys., Inc., 2011 WL 2533029, at *10 (C.D.


                                     -10-
 1   Cal. June 24, 2011) (citing Onofrio v. Rice, 55 Cal. App. 4th
 2   413, 424 (Cal. Ct. App. 1997)).     Furthermore, tender is not
 3   required when the trustor does not rely on equity to attack the
 4   deed, such as, where the trustee’s deed is void on its face.
 5   Lona, 202 Cal. App. 4th at 113; see also Dimock v. Emerald Props.
 6   LLC, 81 Cal. App. 4th 868, 878 (Cal. Ct. App. 2000) (sale under
 7   the deed of trust by a former trustee was facially void, and
 8   therefore tender was not required to sustain a cause of action).
 9        The Complaint alleged that “[a]lthough the Trustee’s Deed
10   Upon Sale appears valid on its face, it is invalid and void”
11   because the foreclosure was not authorized by the beneficiary of
12   the Note and DOT.    Although “void,” “voidable,” and “invalid” are
13   often used interchangeably, the “general rule” is that defects
14   and irregularities in a sale render it merely voidable and not
15   void.3    Little, 188 Cal. App. 3d at 1358.   However, substantially
16   defective sales have been held to be void.     Id.   We must accept
17   facts and reasonable inferences in favor of the Debtor.     Maya,
18   658 F.3d at 1068.    Therefore, to the extent the Debtor alleged
19   that the foreclosure was substantially defective because
20   unauthorized persons initiated the procedure, rendering the sale
21   void, he has met one of the exceptions to the requirement of
22   tender.    Accordingly, we address whether the Debtor has otherwise
23   stated a claim for wrongful foreclosure.
24
25
          3
26          “Void” means to have no legal or binding force; whereas,
     “voidable” is defined as “that which may be avoided, or declared
27   void.” Little v. CFS Serv. Corp., 188 Cal. App. 3d 1354, 1358
28   (Cal. Ct. App. 1987) (internal citations omitted). Something is
     “invalid” when it has no binding force or legal effect. Id.

                                       -11-
 1        2.     Authorization To Foreclose
 2        The Debtor claims that the foreclosure was improper because
 3   the Defendants failed to demonstrate they were “persons entitled
 4   to enforce” the Note pursuant to Cal. Comm. Code § 3301.
 5   Specifically, the Debtor alleged that Cal-Western did not have
 6   the authority to initiate the foreclosure because: (1) there was
 7   no evidence that MERS was appointed as a nominee by the holder of
 8   the Note prior to the execution of the Substitution of Trustee;
 9   or (2) that the current holder of the Note authorized MERS and/or
10   Cal-Western to proceed with the foreclosure.
11        However, in the context of nonjudicial foreclosure sales,
12   such as here, the Debtor’s reliance on Cal. Comm. Code § 3301 is
13   misplaced.    Gardner v. Am. Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc., 691 F.
14   Supp. 2d 1192, 1202 (E.D. Cal. 2010); Padayachi v. IndyMac Bank,
15   2010 WL 4367221, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 2010); Castaneda v.
16   Saxon Mortg. Servs., Inc., 687 F. Supp. 2d 1191, 1201 (E.D. Cal.
17   2009).    Nonjudicial foreclosure sales are governed by Cal. Civ.
18   Code § 2924.    Castaneda, 687 F. Supp. 2d at 1201; Moeller v.
19   Lien, 25 Cal. App. 4th 822, 834 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994); see also
20   Veal v. Am. Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc. (In re Veal), 450 B.R.
21   897, 917 n.34 (9th Cir. BAP 2011) (noting state law may shape the
22   boundaries of “real party in interest” status and collecting
23   cases where California law gives parties the right to foreclose
24   without interest in the note).    California’s nonjudicial
25   foreclosure statute provides a “comprehensive framework for the
26   regulation of a nonjudicial foreclosure sale pursuant to a power
27   of sale contained in a deed of trust.”    Lona, 202 Cal. App. 4th
28   at 101; Moeller, 25 Cal. App. 4th at 834 (comprehensive statutory


                                      -12-
 1   framework intended to be exhaustive).
 2        Under Cal. Civ. Code § 2924, the party initiating
 3   foreclosure proceedings is not required to have a beneficial or
 4   economic interest in the note in order to foreclose.    Lane v.
 5   Vitek Real Estate Indus. Grp., 713 F. Supp. 2d 1092, 1099 (E.D.
 6   Cal. 2010); Castaneda, 687 F. Supp. 2d at 1201 (no requirement
 7   that person or entity initiating foreclosure has physical
 8   possession of the underlying note); Candelo v. NDex W., LLC, 2008
 9   WL 5382259, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 23, 2008) (same).    Instead, a
10   “trustee, mortgagee, or beneficiary, or any of their authorized
11   agents” may commence the nonjudicial foreclosure process.    Cal.
12   Civ. Code § 2924(a)(1).
13        The Debtor’s Complaint and exhibits indicate that the DOT
14   designated MERS as the nominal beneficiary for the lender and the
15   lender’s successor’s and assigns.     The terms of the DOT expressly
16   provided MERS with the right to exercise any or all of the
17   lender’s, or the lender’s successors’ and assigns’, rights
18   including the right to foreclose and sell the Property.
19   Additionally, the allegations and documents provided with the
20   Complaint demonstrate that MERS executed a Substitution of
21   Trustee substituting Cal-Western as the trustee under the DOT,
22   which was recorded prior to the sale.    Finally, the Complaint and
23   exhibits demonstrate that Cal-Western initiated the nonjudicial
24   foreclosure process by recording the NOD.    On the NOD, Cal-
25   Western identified itself as “the trustee, the duly appointed
26   substituted trustee or an agent acting for the trustee or
27   beneficiary” under the DOT.
28


                                    -13-
 1              a)   MERS
 2        The allegations and documents establish MERS’s authority to
 3   foreclose on the Property.   As the beneficial nominee for the
 4   original lender and the lender’s successors and assigns, MERS was
 5   an authorized agent of the lender.     As one court explained:
 6        MERS facilitates the transfer of mortgage interests by
          providing an electronic tracking system for the
 7        mortgage interests registered in its system. To do
          this, MERS is the beneficiary of record in a “nominee”
 8        capacity for the mortgage lender on all security
          instruments in its system. When the lender assigns its
 9        beneficial interest to another entity within MERS’s
          electronic system, MERS remains the beneficiary of
10        record for that instrument by serving as nominee for
          the new beneficial interest holder. MERS remains the
11        beneficiary of record on the Deed of Trust or mortgage
          even as the beneficial interest is assigned repeatedly
12        within MERS’s electronic system.
13   Castaneda, 687 F. Supp. 2d at 1195; see also, Gomes v.
14   Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 192 Cal. App. 4th 1149, 1151 (Cal.
15   Ct. App. 2011) (further explaining the MERS system).     Therefore,
16   the transfer of the Note as part of a securitization process did
17   not affect MERS’s right as a nominee under the DOT.     Gomes, 192
18   Cal. App. 4th at 1157-58; Morgera v. Countrywide Home Loans,
19   Inc., 2010 WL 160348, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 11, 2010) (collecting
20   cases).   MERS was the nominee under the DOT even after SCME
21   transferred the Note.
22        The Debtor has not alleged facts that demonstrated MERS was
23   not authorized to initiate foreclosure proceedings.     Rather, he
24   argued only that MERS may not have been authorized since MERS did
25   not submit evidence that it was acting on behalf of whomever was
26   the holder of the Note.   However, as a California court recently
27   held, Cal. Civ. Code § 2924 “does not provide for a judicial
28   action” when the issue is not whether the wrong entity initiated


                                     -14-
 1   foreclosure but whether the entity was merely authorized to do so
 2   by the owner of the note.      Gomes, 192 Cal. App. 4th at 1155-56
 3   (“California’s nonjudicial foreclosure law does not provide for
 4   the filing of a lawsuit to determine whether MERS has been
 5   authorized by the holder of the Note to initiate a
 6   foreclosure.”); Cruz v. Aurora Loan Servs. LLC (In re Cruz),
 7   457 B.R. 806, 813 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 2011).      As the Gomes court
 8   noted, nonjudicial foreclosure proceedings are intended to be
 9   less expensive and more quickly concluded, therefore “[t]he
10   recognition of the right to bring a lawsuit to determine a
11   nominee’s authorization to proceed with foreclosure on behalf of
12   the noteholder would fundamentally undermine the nonjudicial
13   nature of the process and introduce the possibility of lawsuits
14   filed solely for the purpose of delaying valid foreclosures.”
15   Gomes, 192 Cal. App. 4th at 1155.
16          Furthermore, the Debtor agreed, by executing the Deed of
17   Trust, that MERS had the authority to foreclose on the Property.
18   See id. at 1157 (borrower’s agreement that MERS has the authority
19   to foreclose precludes a cause of action premised on the
20   allegation that MERS does not have the authority to do so);
21   Bascos v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 2011 WL 3157063, at *4
22   (C.D. Cal. July 22, 2011) (same).
23               b)   Cal-Western
24          The nonjudicial foreclosure process in California is
25   commenced by the recording of a notice of default and election to
26   sell.    Here, Cal-Western commenced the process by recording the
27   NOD.    “[A]n agent for the mortgagee or beneficiary, an agent of
28   the named trustee, any person designated in an executed


                                        -15-
 1   substitution of trustee, or an agent of that substituted trustee”
 2   is authorized to record the notice of default or the notice of
 3   sale.     Cal. Civ. Code § 2924b(b)(4) (emphasis added).
 4        Numerous cases have held that, as the nominee for the lender
 5   under a deed of trust, MERS has authority to substitute a
 6   trustee.     In re Cruz, 457 B.R. at 813; Bascos, 2011 WL 3157063,
 7   at *5; Lawther v. Onewest Bank, 2010 WL 4936797, at *6 (N.D. Cal.
 8   Nov. 30, 2010) (“Courts in this Circuit have repeatedly
 9   recognized that MERS, as a named nominal beneficiary to a Deed of
10   Trust, has the power to make assignments and substitutions under
11   California’s statutory foreclosure scheme.”).     Accordingly, MERS
12   had the authority to substitute Cal-Western as the trustee under
13   the DOT and the documents submitted with the Complaint
14   established Cal-Western’s right to initiate the nonjudicial
15   foreclosure process.     See, e.g., Putkkuri v. Recontrust Co.,
16   2009 WL 32567, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2009) (the trustee of a
17   deed of trust has the right to initiate the foreclosure process).
18        Nevertheless, the Debtor alleged that Cal-Western was not
19   authorized to file the NOD because the Substitution of Trustee
20   was not recorded when Cal-Western filed the NOD.       But, there is
21   no requirement that the Substitution of Trustee be recorded, only
22   that it be executed.     Cal. Civ. Code § 2924b(b)(4); Padayachi,
23   2010 WL 4367221, at *3.     Here, the Substitution of Trustee was
24   executed prior to the NOD, authorizing Cal-Western to initiate
25   the foreclosure.
26        3.      Compliance With Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5
27        As part of the Debtor’s claim for wrongful foreclosure, he
28   alleged that Cal-Western failed to satisfy Cal. Civ. Code


                                       -16-
 1   § 2923.5 because Cal-Western failed to contact him to assess his
 2   financial situation and explore options to avoid foreclosure.
 3   Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5(b) requires a notice of default to
 4   include a declaration “from the mortgagee, beneficiary, or
 5   authorized agent” of compliance, including that there was an
 6   attempt “with due diligence to contact the borrower.”
 7         The NOD included the necessary declaration to satisfy Cal.
 8   Civ. Code § 2923.5(b).   Nevertheless, the Debtor alleged that the
 9   declaration was deficient because it contained boilerplate
10   language and was not made under penalty of perjury.      However, the
11   language of the declaration may track the statute and there is no
12   requirement that it be made under penalty of perjury.      Mabry v.
13   Superior Court, 185 Cal. App. 4th 208, 233 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010).
14         The Debtor alleged that he was not contacted by the
15   Defendants prior to the filing of the NOD.      The Debtor also
16   alleged that he and Aurora agreed to a modification of the loan
17   terms, which forestalled the scheduled foreclosure.      The
18   statements are difficult to reconcile.
19         Even if the facts alleged are taken as true and the Debtor
20   sufficiently established a claim for violation of Cal. Civ. Code
21   § 2923.5, it does not follow, as the Debtor asserts, that the
22   Trustee’s Deed Upon Sale is void.      Bascos, 2011 WL 3157063, at
23   *5.   The sole remedy for a failure to comply with Cal. Civ. Code
24   § 2923.5 is “limited to postponement of an impending
25   foreclosure.”4   Nguyen v. Bank of Am., Nat’l Ass’n, 2011 WL
26
27         4
            We disagree with the bankruptcy court that a failure to
28   satisfy this section could possibly result in setting aside the
                                                        (continued...)

                                     -17-
 1   5574917, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2011); Bascos, 2011 WL
 2   3157063, at *6; Hamilton v. Greenwich Investors XXVI, LLC, 195
 3   Cal. App. 4th 1602, 1616 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011).   Because the
 4   foreclosure sale has already occurred, there is no remedy
 5   available to the Debtor.   Stebley, 202 Cal. App. 4th at 526 (Cal.
 6   Civ. Code § 2923.5 does not provide for damages or for setting
 7   aside a foreclosure sale.).   Consequently, the Debtor has failed
 8   to state a claim for relief under Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5.     In
 9   summary, the Debtor was unable to allege facts sufficient to
10   pursue a cause of action for wrongful foreclosure.
11   C.   Cancellation Of Documents
12        In his second cause of action, the Debtor alleged that the
13   NOD was invalid, and therefore, the events that followed, such as
14   the Notice of Sale and the Trustee’s Deed Upon Sale were also
15   invalid.   He sought cancellation of the documents under Cal. Civ.
16   Code § 3412.
17        “A written instrument, in respect to which there is a
18   reasonable apprehension that if left outstanding it may cause
19   serious injury to a person against whom it is void or voidable,
20
21
          4
           (...continued)
22   foreclosure absent an allegation of tender. The exceptions to
23   tender do not apply when there are allegations of mere procedural
     defects in foreclosure sale proceedings.
24        Some courts have held that tendering the indebtedness prior
25   to the enforcement of the right under Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5 is
     contradictory and would “thwart the very operation of the
26   statute.” Sacchi, 2011 WL 2533029, at *10; Mabry, 185 Cal. App.
     4th at 225. Those cases held that tender was not required to
27   delay a sale; they did not suggest that tender would not be
28   required post-sale. See Stebley v. Litton Loan Servicing, LLP,
     202 Cal. App. 4th 522, 526 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011).

                                      -18-
 1   may . . . [be] canceled.”    Cal. Civ. Code § 3412; Nguyen, 2011 WL
 2   5574917, at *5.   To support his claim, the Debtor reiterated his
 3   allegations that MERS and Cal-Western were not authorized to
 4   initiate foreclosure, making the instruments void.    However, as
 5   we determined above, the Debtor failed to sufficiently allege
 6   facts demonstrating that MERS and Cal-Western were not authorized
 7   to foreclose on the Property.    Moreover, a defect in the NOD does
 8   not corrupt all subsequent steps in the nonjudicial foreclosure
 9   proceeding such that the sale is void.
10   D.   Slander Of Title
11        Slander of title is a “tortious injury to property resulting
12   from unprivileged, false, malicious publication of disparaging
13   statements regarding the title to property owned by plaintiff, to
14   plaintiff’s damage.”    Southcott v. Pioneer Title Co., 203 Cal.
15   App. 2d 673, 676 (Cal. Ct. App. 1962).    “‘The recordation of an
16   instrument facially valid but without underlying merit will give
17   rise to an action for slander of title.’”    Nguyen, 2011 WL
18   5574917, at *7 (citing Stamas v. County of Madera, 2011 WL
19   2433633, at *14 (E.D. Cal. June 14, 2011)).    To establish a claim
20   for slander of title, a plaintiff must establish: (1)
21   publication, (2) absence of justification, (3) falsity, and (4)
22   direct pecuniary loss.    Id.
23        The Debtor alleged that the NOD, the Notice of Sale and the
24   Trustee’s Deed Upon Sale were invalid and constituted improper
25   clouds on the Debtor’s title to the Property.    The Debtor alleged
26   that the Defendants wrongfully recorded these documents in
27   violation of California law.    Because the Debtor’s slander of
28   title claim was based on the same facts relied on in his first


                                      -19-
 1   two causes of action, he has failed to establish the falsity of
 2   the NOD, Substitution of Trustee, Notice of Sale and Trustee’s
 3   Deed Upon Sale.    Consequently, the Debtor failed to establish the
 4   third element of his slander of title claim and the bankruptcy
 5   court did not err in dismissing the Debtor’s third cause of
 6   action.
 7   E.   Quiet Title
 8        To state a cause of action to quiet title under California
 9   law, a plaintiff must allege:
10        (a) A description of the property that is the subject
          of the action. . . . In the case of real property, the
11        description shall include both its legal description
          and its street address or common designation, if any.
12
          (b) The title of the plaintiff as to which a
13        determination under this chapter is sought and the
          basis of the title. . . .
14
          (c) The adverse claims to the title of the plaintiff
15        against which a determination is sought.
16        (d) The date as of which the determination is sought.
          If the determination is sought as of a date other than
17        the date the complaint is filed, the complaint shall
          include a statement of the reasons why a determination
18        as of that date is sought.
19        (e) A prayer for the determination of the title of the
          plaintiff against the adverse claims.
20
21   Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 761.020.
22        The Debtor pled each of these requirements in the Complaint;
23   however, we must also determine whether he pled facts sufficient
24   to allow us to draw a reasonable inference that he was entitled
25   to relief under his quiet title claim.   See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
26   678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949.
27        The plausibility of the Debtor’s quiet title claim depended
28   on the viability of his allegation that neither MERS nor Cal-


                                       -20-
 1   Western were authorized to foreclose on the Property.      Because we
 2   have determined that the allegations and supporting documents in
 3   the Complaint did not support a claim for wrongful foreclosure,
 4   the quiet title claim is fatally defective.      Accordingly, we
 5   conclude that the bankruptcy court properly dismissed the
 6   Debtor’s quiet title cause of action.
 7   F.   Breach Of Contract
 8        The Debtor has abandoned his claim for breach of contract.
 9   Appellant’s Opening Br. at 5-6, 7.       Therefore, we need not decide
10   whether the bankruptcy court erred in dismissing the fifth cause
11   of action alleged in the Complaint.
12   G.   Professional Negligence
13        In order to state a claim for negligence, the Debtor was
14   required to allege that (1) the defendant had a legal duty to use
15   due care; (2) the defendant breached that duty; and, (3) the
16   breach was the proximate or legal cause of the resulting injury.
17   Bascos, 2011 WL 3157063, at *7.     The Debtor alleged that Cal-
18   Western breached its duty to him by failing to ascertain the
19   validity of the foreclosure documents, which resulted in the
20   wrongful foreclosure of the Property.
21        A trustee under a deed of trust is not a true trustee that
22   owes fiduciary duties to the trustor.      Lopez v. GMAC Mortg.,
23   2011 WL 6029875, at *13 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 5, 2011).      Indeed, “a
24   trustee under a deed of trust owes Plaintiff no duty beyond its
25   duties contained in Cal. Civ. Code [§] 2924.”      Bascos, 2011 WL
26   3157063, at *7 (citations omitted).      The trustee under a deed of
27   trust has only two duties: “(1) upon default to undertake the
28   steps necessary to foreclose the deed of trust; or (2) upon


                                       -21-
 1   satisfaction of the secured debt to reconvey the deed of trust.”
 2   Lopez, 2011 WL 6029875, at *13.      As we discussed above, the
 3   Substitution of Trustee, the NOD, and the Notice of Sale complied
 4   with Cal. Civ. Code § 2924.      Cal-Western satisfied its duty by
 5   taking the necessary steps to foreclose the DOT.      As a result,
 6   the Debtor did not allege sufficient facts to demonstrate a cause
 7   of action for professional negligence.
 8                              VI.    CONCLUSION
 9        The Debtor stated his first four claims for relief were “in
10   essence one claim stated as different theories related to the
11   wrongful foreclosure.”   Appellant’s Opening Br. at 6.     For the
12   foregoing reasons, we determined that the Debtor failed to allege
13   that the foreclosure violated applicable California law and was
14   improper.    Consequently, the Debtor’s first, second, third, and
15   fourth claims for relief were properly dismissed.      The Debtor’s
16   fifth claim for relief has been abandoned.      Furthermore, we
17   determined the Debtor’s sixth claim for relief was also properly
18   dismissed.   Accordingly, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s
19   Judgment of Dismissal that dismissed the adversary proceeding
20   with prejudice.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

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