                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       APR 14 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NATASHA PORTEOUS,                               No.    18-16336

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No.
                                                2:17-cv-02866-JCM-GWF
 v.

CAPITAL ONE SERVICES II, LLC,                   MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Nevada
                    James C. Mahan, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted March 3, 2020
                            San Francisco, California

Before: SILER,** WARDLAW, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

      Natasha Porteous appeals from the district court’s dismissal of her putative

class action claim against Defendant Capital One Services II, LLC. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo, Dougherty v. City of

Covina, 654 F.3d 892, 897 (9th Cir. 2011), and we reverse.


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
      1.     We decline to consider the declarations and exhibits attached by

Defendant in response to Plaintiff’s motion for circulation of notice, which do not

fall within the bounds of the incorporation-by-reference doctrine. See Khoja v.

Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 998 (9th Cir. 2018); Marder v. Lopez,

450 F.3d 445, 448 (9th Cir. 2006). With regard to the declarations, the complaint

neither refers to nor relies on these declarations, nor could it have given that the

declarations postdate the complaint. See Marder, 450 F.3d at 448–49. Therefore,

it would be inappropriate for this court to consider them in reviewing Defendant’s

12(b)(6) motion.

      With regard to the exhibits, the complaint likewise does not “refer[] to” any

of these documents.1 Id. at 448; see also Khoja, 899 F.3d at 1002 (whether “the

plaintiff refers extensively to the document”) (quoting United States v. Ritchie, 342

F.3d 903, 907 (9th Cir. 2003)). The exhibits do not “form[] the basis of the

plaintiff’s claim” because the complaint concerns what Plaintiff actually had to do

in practice, not whether a written policy facially required something. Khoja, 899

F.3d at 1002 (quoting Ritchie, 342 F.3d at 907); see also Marder, 450 F.3d at 448


1
  Although the complaint uses some phrases like “agreement” and “practices,
plans, and/or policies,” it does not reference any specific document, nor does it
allege that a written document is even at issue. Cf. Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d
616, 623 (9th Cir. 1997) (rejecting conference call transcripts where complaint
alleged facts about calls but did not refer to transcripts thereof; also rejecting
internal projections where complaint referred to faxed internal projections but not
necessarily to the ones proffered by defendants).

                                           2
(whether “the document is central to the plaintiff’s claim”). And although Plaintiff

does not presently “question[] the authenticity” of the various exhibits, Plaintiff

does contest the facts purportedly shown by those documents, i.e., whether

Defendant actually paid employees appropriately for all work performed. Marder,

450 F.3d at 448. Cf. Sgro v. Danone Waters of N. Am., Inc., 532 F.3d 940, 942 n.1

(9th Cir. 2008) (where the complaint referenced a disability benefits plan, the court

found it proper to consider the plan documents, but did not assume the truth of the

documents’ contents because the parties disputed whether the defendant was

actually implementing the plan according to its terms).

      The district court erred in considering these documents. By doing so, the

district court engaged in impermissible factfinding at the pleadings stage, failed to

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff, and impermissibly assumed the

truth of extrinsic documents for the purpose of contesting the allegations in the

complaint. See Khoja, 899 F.3d at 1002–03, 1006; Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250

F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001). Furthermore, the district court violated Fed. R. Civ.

P. 12(d) by failing to then treat Defendant’s 12(b)(6) motion as a motion for

summary judgment and afford Plaintiff an opportunity to present all pertinent

evidence. See Khoja, 899 F.3d at 1003.

      2.     Plaintiff has plausibly alleged claims under the Fair Labor Standards

Act (FLSA) for failure to pay overtime compensation and failure to correctly


                                          3
calculate Plaintiff’s overtime rate. The complaint meets the Landers requirement

of alleging a “given workweek” in which the Plaintiff worked more than 40 hours

without getting paid overtime for the additional hours. Landers v. Quality

Comms., Inc., 771 F.3d 638, 644–45 (9th Cir. 2015); see 29 U.S.C. §§

203(g), 207(a)(1). The complaint plausibly alleges that Defendant failed to include

nondiscretionary bonuses in the calculation of Plaintiff’s “regular rate” for

purposes of determining her overtime rate. 29 U.S.C. § 207(e); see 29 C.F.R. §§

778.211, 778.331. These allegations constitute “sufficient allegations of

underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself

effectively,” and, “taken as true,” “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such

that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of

discovery and continued litigation.” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir.

2011).

      3.     Plaintiff has plausibly alleged claims under NRS 608.016, .018, and

.020–.050. The Nevada Supreme Court has clearly interpreted NRS 608.016 and

608.018 to authorize a private right of action, and Plaintiff’s claims under NRS

608.020–.050 are derivatives thereof. See Neville v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court,

406 P.3d 499, 501–04 (Nev. 2017). “[W]e are bound to follow the decisions of a

state’s highest court in interpreting that state’s law.” Olympic Sports Prods., Inc.

v. Univ. Athletic Sales Co., 760 F.2d 910, 913 (9th Cir. 1985); see also Knievel v.


                                           4
ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1072–73 (9th Cir. 2005).2 The complaint plausibly alleges

that Plaintiff worked hours for which she should have been but was not paid, see

NRS 608.016, that she worked hours for which she was legally entitled to but did

not receive overtime compensation, see NRS 608.018, and that these wages earned

and owing remain unpaid after termination of service, see NRS 608.020–.050. See

Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216.

      4.     Plaintiff has plausibly alleged a claim under Nevada’s Minimum

Wage Amendment (MWA). Nev. Const. Art. 15, § 16. Absent contrary authority

from the Nevada Supreme Court, we think the MWA is best interpreted to

guarantee a minimum wage for each individual hour worked, rather than as an

average over a workweek. While the FLSA employs a time-averaging approach,

see Douglas v. Xerox Business Servs., LLC, 875 F.3d 884, 885 (9th Cir. 2017), the

Nevada Supreme Court “has signaled its willingness to part ways with the FLSA

where the language of Nevada’s statutes has so required.” Terry v. Sapphire

Gentlemen’s Club, 336 P.3d 951, 956 (Nev. 2014). The MWA uses the language

“$[] per hour worked,” Nev. Const. Art. 15, § 16, in contrast to the FLSA’s “$[] an


2
  We reject Defendant’s extraordinary argument that we ought to second-guess the
Nevada Supreme Court in Neville. Even if we were to consider the merits of that
decision, we would conclude that it was consistent with Baldonado v. Wynn Las
Vegas, LLC, 194 P.3d 96 (Nev. 2008), and consistent with the statutory scheme.
See id. at 104 n.33. Federal district court decisions reaching a contrary
interpretation of the state statutory scheme are irrelevant. See Knievel, 393 F.3d at
1072–73; Olympic Sports, 760 F.2d at 912–13.

                                          5
hour,” 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1). In addition, background Nevada wage and hours law

requires payment “for each hour the employee works.” NRS 608.016; see also

NAC 608.115(2) (exempting hourly wage earners from a time-averaging rule

applicable to salary and other workers). Plaintiff plausibly alleges that she was

paid $0 for each hour worked pre- and post-shift, which is less than minimum

wage for those individual hours. See Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216.

      5.     Plaintiff has plausibly alleged a breach of contract claim under

Nevada law for unpaid wages. Although an at-will employee has no breach of

contract claim for termination, Martin v. Sears, Roebuck and Co., 899 P.2d 551,

554 (Nev. 1995), nor for unilateral modifications to the at-will employment

arrangement made in prospective fashion, Baldonado, 194 P.3d at 105–06, we see

no reason that an at-will employee should be unable to assert a breach of contract

claim for nonpayment of agreed-upon wages that were earned during the course of

employment.3 Plaintiff plausibly alleges that Defendant promised to pay Plaintiff a

specific wage for each hour worked and that Defendant then broke its promise by

not paying Plaintiff for certain hours she then worked. See Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216.

      We REVERSE the dismissal of Plaintiff’s complaint as to all counts, and



3
  We note that if Martin had dictated that at-will employees may never assert a
breach of contract claim of any kind, see 899 P.2d at 554, then Baldonado’s entire
discussion of an employer’s right to modify employment terms in prospective
fashion, see 194 P.3d at 105–06, would have been superfluous.

                                          6
REMAND for further proceedings.




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