        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                               December 14, 2010 Session

          STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BOBBY LEE ROBINSON AND
                     JAMIE NATHANIEL GRIMES

            Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                    No. 2007-B-968     Monte Watkins, Judge




              No. M2009-02450-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 22, 2011


A Davidson County jury convicted the Defendant, Bobby Lee Robinson, of possession of
more than 300 grams of cocaine with intent to sell, a Class A felony; and possession of
drug paraphernalia, a Class A misdemeanor. The jury convicted the Defendant, Jamie
Nathaniel Grimes, of possession of more than 300 grams of cocaine with intent to sell, a
Class A felony; possession of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor; and possession of drug
paraphernalia, a Class A misdemeanor. The trial court sentenced Robinson to seventeen
years as a standard offender for the cocaine offense, and eleven months and twenty-nine
days for the misdemeanor offense, with all of the sentences to be served concurrently.
The trial court sentenced Grimes to thirty years as a multiple offender for the cocaine
offense and to eleven months and twenty-nine days for each misdemeanor offense,
ordering all of the sentences to be served concurrently. On appeal, Robinson argues that:
(1) the trial court erred when it allowed the State to introduce a redacted tape recording
and transcript of statements he made during his arrest; (2) the trial court erred when it
denied his motion for judgment of acquittal; and (3) the evidence was insufficient to
support his convictions. Grimes argues that the trial court erred when it: (1) improperly
admitted evidence about the weight of the cocaine; (2) denied his motion for disclosure of
the confidential informant’s identity; and (3) admitted a transcript of a recorded
conversation between him and the confidential informant into evidence. After reviewing
the record, the parties’ briefs, and the applicable law, we affirm the judgments of the trial
court as to both Defendants.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D AVID H.
W ELLES, S P. J., joined. J.C. M CL IN, J., not participating.1

Willis Jones, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Bobby Lee Robinson.
Mark Chapman, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jamie Nathaniel Grimes.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Matthew Bryant Haskell, Assistant
Attorney General; Victor S. Johnson III, District Attorney General; and Hugh Ammerman
and Andrew Jackson, District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                           OPINION
                                            I. Facts

       A Davidson County grand jury indicted the Defendants for possession of more
than 300 grams of cocaine with intent to sell, possession of marijuana, and possession of
drug paraphernalia.2 At trial, the parties presented the following evidence:

       Detective Justin Fox, a Metropolitan Nashville Police Department officer, testified
that he worked on the 20th Judicial District Drug Task Force. On December 8, 2006,
Detective Fox worked on an undercover narcotic investigation with the West Crime
Suppression Unit. Detective Fox was the case officer for the investigation, and he said
that a confidential informant helped him with the case. In exchange for her assistance,
the confidential informant received monetary compensation.

       Detective Fox identified Robinson and Grimes and said that he came into contact
with them on December 8, 2006. Based on the information that the confidential
informant provided him, Detective Fox directed the confidential informant to make a
recorded phone call to Grimes. During the call, Detective Fox heard information that
confirmed Grimes’s location. Detective Fox said that, based upon that information,
police set up surveillance at 2802 McCampbell Avenue in Donelson,3 Tennessee, where
they believed Grimes to be located. Detective Fox stated that Grimes, who arranged the
meeting location, decided they should meet at the Back Yard Burgers in Donelson.


1
  The Honorable J.C. McLin died September 3, 2011, and did not participate in this opinion.    We
acknowledge his faithful service to this Court.

2
 There was a third defendant, Anthony DeAngelo Collier (“Collier”), who was indicted and tried with
Robinson and Grimes. However, Collier is not a party to this appeal.

3
 The witness testified that the address was in Donelson, Tennessee; however, the correct city is
Nashville, Tennessee. Donelson is a neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee.


                                                 2
        Detective Fox reviewed the transcripts of the recorded phone conversation and
testified that the transcript was “a fair and accurate representation . . . of the conversations
between the confidential informant and [Grimes].” Detective Fox stated, however, that a
portion of the conversation was missing, where Grimes stated to the confidential
informant “you talk too F-ing much.” Detective Fox further stated that the transcript
“assigned or attribute[d] particular statements to the correct particular individual who
would have been making them at the time.” The State published the transcript to the jury,
and the trial court advised them that “[a]lthough [they were] receiving the transcript the
actual evidence [was] the recording itself not the transcript.”

       The State played the recorded conversation in open court. While the recording
was playing, Detective Fox stated that he recognized the Robinson’s voice in the
background. Detective Fox also identified the portion of the tape where the transcript
misrepresented Grimes’s statement. Detective Fox said that Grimes saying “you talk too
much” was significant because “drug dealers tend to not really like to talk a lot on the
phone. They feel that they may be listened to or wiretapped or . . . someone might be the
police.” Detective Fox also said that an individual selling drugs might be concerned
about the phone used by someone with whom they were making a transaction because
they want to “disassociate phones that might be in their name, maybe another person’s
name, maybe a hot phone.” He explained that a “hot phone” was one that the police had
wiretapped.

       Detective Fox testified that, during the conversation, the confidential informant
said “‘You got the 4 & 2?’” which referred to four ounces of crack cocaine and two
ounces of powder cocaine. He stated that the informant was attempting to buy four
ounces of crack cocaine and two ounces of powder cocaine during the controlled
purchase. Police intended to use the drugs as evidence to arrest Robinson and Grimes, so
the aim of the undercover operation was not to complete the transaction; but, rather, to set
up the transaction.

       Detective Fox testified Robinson and Grimes arrived at the Back Yard Burgers in a
black Ford F-150 pickup truck registered to the Co-Defendant. Detective Fox stated that
they “drove around once as if they were looking for the informant and then drove around
[a] second time.”

       Detective Fox stated that officers involved in undercover drug investigations
usually did not dress in uniform. On this particular occasion, the police officers wore
vests that said “police” and depicted the police symbol. The officers involved in this
transaction also wore badges. He further stated that, while their vehicles looked like



                                               3
regular cars, they had blue lights and sirens. Detective Fox explained that, during
controlled purchases, the officers will have a “takedown signal” such as a certain phrase
or word. In this case, however, Sergeant Gene Donnegan simply gave an order for the
officers to move in on the Defendants.

       After Sergeant Donnegan gave the takedown signal, the police officers detained
and searched the Defendants. They found a “bag of white rock” in the groin area of
Collier’s pants. According to Detective Fox, after police officers recovered the drugs,
they placed them in plastic bags and labeled them. In court, Detective Fox identified the
bag of white rock recovered from Collier during the takedown.

       Detective Fox estimated that the police officers recovered approximately 160
grams of crack cocaine from the Grimes’s vehicle. He further estimated that 160 grams
of crack cocaine would be worth between $5,000 and $6,000. The police officers also
found a 9.6 gram bag of green leafy substance that they believed to be marijuana in the
center console of Grimes’s vehicle. They also recovered the vehicle’s registration that
showed Grimes as the owner of the vehicle. In addition, a receipt for a furniture payment
was in the vehicle that listed Grimes’s phone number. Detective Fox testified that the
phone number on the receipt was the same phone number that the confidential informant
dialed to speak with Grimes. The police officers also found a work-related document that
showed the same phone number for Grimes.

       Detective Fox stated that the officers searched Robinson and Grimes individually
and placed them in patrol cars while they searched the truck. The police officers placed
Robinson and Collier in a patrol car together. Detective Fox said that it was not a good
practice to place two defendants in a patrol car together because “normally they can talk
to each other about what story they are going to concoct or come up with about what they
are going to do and whatnot. Normally [they] would like to keep them separated and talk
[separately] with them.” He said that they placed Robinson and Collier in the same patrol
car because they “were stretched thin[, and they] didn’t want to hurt patrol [by] having
cars out there with [them.]”

        Detective Fox stated that he placed a recorder in the vehicle before placing the
Defendants in it. The Defendants engaged in a conversation regarding the circumstances
that lead to their arrest. Throughout the course of the conversation, the terms “whammy,”
“zip,” “bird,” and “stack” were used. Also, Robinson stated that he would have to get his
“birdman.” Detective Fox testified that, based on his experience and his knowledge of
the language used in drug trade, the terms signify different amounts of cocaine and crack:
a “whammy is a gram, [a] zip is an ounce, and [a] bird would be [a] kilo, kilogram.” He
said that when Robinson stated in the recording that he would “have to go get [his]



                                            4
birdman,” the term “birdman” signified a kilogram dealer. He further stated that a
“stack” was $1,000 in slang terms, and where the transcript stated fifteen “stacks,” it
referred to $15,000.

       After the takedown, police officers searched 2802 McCampbell Avenue, the house
from which they observed the Defendants leaving before going to the predetermined
location of the drug sale. The officers entered the house with Grimes’s consent, using a
key given to them by Grimes. Detective Fox stated that “quite a bit” of paperwork with
the name Larry Collier, Co-Defendant Collier’s uncle, was found at the residence. The
search of the residence also produced receipts for a cash deposit on the Ford F-150 and
for work done on the truck. In addition, police officers found a credit application, tax
forms, and checking account information bearing the Grimes’s name. Detective Fox said
they also found “clothes that would have fit [Grimes], large underwear and shirts of that
nature[,]” in the residence.

       Detective Fox stated that the back door of the residence, which led to a small
kitchen, served as the entry into the three-bedroom residence. Police officers recovered
drugs from the kitchen, including on top of the refrigerator, and living areas of the
residence. Total, officers found “a little over 300 grams” of cocaine and cocaine base
substance at the residence, which had an estimated street value of more than $10,000.
The officer opined that the drugs found were intended for sale rather than personal use.

        Detective Fox stated that he was familiar with the term “indicia of resale” and said
that it meant “[s]tuff that amounts for resale, packed for resale with intent.” He said that
the manner in which drugs are packaged, large amounts of drugs, large amounts of cash,
and cellular phones are all indicia of resale. Officers found $1,000, “digital scales,
measuring cups, and a pan with white residue from where crack had been cooked” at the
residence. In the kitchen they also found baking soda, a black pan, a plastic cup, a
measuring cup, a knife and bags with white residue, and a box of rubber gloves that
appeared to have been used to cook crack cocaine.

       Detective Fox said that, when officers arrested the Defendants, they recovered
three cellular phones from the vehicle and one from the Grimes’s person. Detective Fox
did not remember whether Robinson claimed ownership of any of the cellular phones. He
explained that cellular phones were indicia of resale because

       a lot of times [drug sellers] will have one line they talk to friends and family
       on and they will have other ones that are absent other people’s names or
       Cricket phones with made up names or drop phones is what they call it and
       do all of their drug business and then drop it after a short time and get a new
       phone just in case someone has wire tape or whatever else on the phone.

                                              5
Detective Fox further explained that “baggies” are considered indicia of resale because
drugs are placed in them and sold to multiple people. Rubber gloves are often used to
prevent contact with the drug base in case of drug testing.

       Detective Fox stated that he did not find any clothes identified as belonging to
Collier, and the only indication that he resided at the home were his own statements.
Detective Fox further stated that, through his investigation, he discovered that Larry
Collier, Collier’s uncle whose documents were at the home, had died.

        During further cross-examination, Detective Fox testified that the phone number
that he and the confidential informant called belonged to Grimes, and they never called
Robinson. He said that, although he heard Robinson’s voice in the background while the
confidential informant spoke to Grimes, he could not understand anything that the
Defendant had said. Neither Detective Fox nor the confidential informant spoke directly
with Robinson. When asked whether in his experience there was “ever a time when there
were co[-]defendants that may have just been associated with the . . . main person
involved in [the] crimes,” Detective Fox answered that most of the time the people
associated with the main person have either conspired with the main person, facilitated
that transaction, or done something related to the offense.

      Detective Fox stated that police officers did not find any drugs or drug
paraphernalia on Robinson; however, some officers observed him throwing away a one-
gram bag of crack cocaine. He further stated that the majority of the crack was “in the
middle console between Grimes’s and Robinson’s feet . . . and in the floor too.”
Robinson did not have any money on his person when the officers searched him.

       Detective Fox confirmed that a flex officer supervised Robinson and Collier while
he placed recording equipment in the patrol car. He was unaware of whether the flex
officer tried to “make a deal” with them. When asked why Robinson said that officers
wanted him “to set somebody up,” Detective Fox answered, “I guess one of the detectives
came to him and asked him to set someone up to help himself out.” Detective Fox said
that whenever they arrest someone, they normally “give them an opportunity to help
themselves out.” Detective Fox could not definitively say whether Robinson’s comment
regarding fifteen stacks was in reference to an offer that a police officer made to him.




                                           6
        Detective Fox testified that he was not trained to dust for fingerprints and would
have had to call for another unit to take fingerprints. He said that they did not take
fingerprints at this crime scene. He agreed that, because they did not take fingerprints
from the drugs, there was no evidence that Robinson had touched any of the evidence.
Detective Fox stated that the drugs were in a clothing basket that was on the floor, and the
paraphernalia was “just sitting out.” He later clarified that police officers found the
plastic bags with residue, the rubber gloves, and the two boxes of baking soda in a kitchen
cabinet. The police officers did not find any documents or clothing that tied Robinson to
the home. Detective Fox testified that he did not believe that Robinson lived at 2802
McCampbell Avenue, but “drug dealers tend to disassociate themselves from their store
houses or there [sic] cook houses, where they cook up the crack[.]”

       Detective Fox testified that he did not obtain a search warrant to search the home
because Grimes gave him a key to the home and consented to the search. He said that
Grimes initially denied coming from the home until the officers told him that they had
observed him at the home. When asked whether they should have fingerprinted the drugs
in the exercise of prudence, Detective Fox replied, “A lot of things could have been done
and maybe a lot of things could not have been done.”

       During the recorded conversation between Robinson and Collier, Robinson spoke
about someone “trying to flip him.” When asked on cross examination if he tried to “turn
this [Defendant],” Detective Fox said that he did not attempt to “flip” Robinson and did
not know anything about another officer trying to “flip” him. Detective Fox said that he
interpreted part of the transcript where Robinson stated,

       “Hell no. They want to try to use me because they know I know the n----s.
       They know I am the one, you know, what I am saying? I got the plug.
       They know this. They might have heard me say that I know the n----s in the
       Jamaca . . . . .”

as Robinson suggesting that he was a plug, which meant the person responsible for
obtaining the drugs. Detective Fox stated that he did not investigate whether anyone else
“had a nexus of ownership of [the] drugs” because the Defendants “were the only ones
that had physical control of being around [the] drugs[.]” Finally, Detective Fox stated
that the police are not required to record anything, but they may record a transaction to
strengthen their case




                                             7
         Sergeant Curtis Watkins, a Metropolitan Nashville Police Department officer,
 testified that he was working in the West Crime Suppression Unit on December 8, 2006.
 He stated that Detective Fox directed him to go to the McCampbell Avenue residence to
 conduct surveillance of a black pickup truck. He was to wait outside until someone left
 the residence. Sergeant Watkins waited across the street from the residence in an
 unmarked car. He saw Grimes get into the driver’s side of the pickup truck and the
 Robinson and Collier get into the passenger side. Sergeant Watkins followed the truck
 for a short period until Detective Fox advised him to return to the residence. When he
 returned to the residence, Sergeant Watkins did not see any people or cars other than
 those of the police officers.

       On cross-examination, Sergeant Watkins testified that he did not have any personal
knowledge about who lived at 2802 McCampbell Avenue. Sergeant Watkins identified a
map of the area around 2802 McCampbell Avenue and pointed out the residence, the
driveway to the home, where he had parked, and where Grimes’s truck was parked. He
said that he saw the three Defendants walk out of the residence. He did not see anyone
carrying anything to the car. Sergeant Watkins testified that there were approximately two
minutes when police officers did not watch the residence, and he could not say with
certainty whether anyone entered the residence during that time.

         Officer Joseph Simonik, a Metropolitan Nashville Police Department officer,
 testified that he was a member of the West Crime Suppression unit and assisted with the
 investigation of the Defendants. He said that Detective Fox had arranged an operation to
 investigate Grimes on December 8, 2006. He stated that he first observed the Defendants
 at Back Yard Burgers while police officers were removing them from their vehicle.
 Officer Simonik spoke with Grimes after police officers arrested him and searched 2802
 McCampbell Avenue. According to Officer Simonik, Grimes claimed only the $1,000
 that the police officers found inside the residence belonged to him.

        Officer Simonik identified a photograph of clothing that police officers took at the
 residence. He said the photograph was significant because the clothes were extra large,
 corresponding with the Grimes’s build. Officer Simonik did not recall in which room
 police officers found the clothing. He stated that police officers recovered three cellular
 phones from the vehicle and one from Grimes’s person.

        On cross-examination, Officer Simonik testified that, to his knowledge, police
 officers did not lift any fingerprints from the digital scales found in the kitchen. He




                                             8
further stated that nothing in the home suggested that Robinson resided at 2802
McCampbell Avenue.

        Officer Simonik stated that he gave the Defendants their Miranda warnings
“almost immediately when they were taken into custody.” He did not question Robinson
and did not recall Robinson making any statements while Officer Simonik gave him
Miranda warnings. Officer Simonik said that, because he arrived as police officers were
arresting Robinson, he did not see Robinson dispose of any drugs.

        Johnnie Melzoni, a Metropolitan Nashville Police Department officer, testified that
he was a member of the West Crime Suppression Unit and investigated the Defendants
alongside Detectives Fox and Watkins. He said that he was a support officer for
Detective Fox. He was “one of the takedown units” and, as such, he waited for the order
to stop the vehicle in which the Defendants rode. After receiving the order from the
unit’s supervisor, the police officers effected a stop and placed the Defendants in custody.
Officer Melzoni testified that Grimes drove the vehicle, Robinson sat in the front
passenger seat, and Collier sat in the back seat behind the passenger seat. He said that
when he attempted to stop the vehicle, they fled and side swiped a car parked in the
parking lot.

        After taking the Defendants into custody, Officer Melzoni secured the vehicle and
searched it. He stated that he found a blue bag that contained two smaller bags. One of
the smaller bags contained approximately 105.7 grams of crack cocaine, and the other bag
contained approximately 51.7 grams of powder cocaine. The blue bag was on the front
floorboard between the driver and passenger sides. Officer Melzoni also saw a bag of
crack cocaine that Robinson dropped after the police stopped him and a bag of marijuana
in the vehicle’s console.

       Officer Melzoni said that he first saw the Defendants when they attempted to flee
from the police and said he wrote it in the police report as “suspect vehicle rammed a
parked vehicle and was stopped.” He stated that the officers did not look for fingerprints
on the drugs, and the only thing that connected Collier to the drugs was that he was in the
car delivering them to the location.

        Officer Melzoni saw the black truck involved in this case pull into the Back Yard
Burgers parking lot. He then saw the truck circle the restaurant twice. He said that the
truck “side-swiped a parked car[] as the parked car was sitting . . . outside the drive-
through window.” He could see the people who occupied the truck, but he could not see
anything further. He did not know the location of the drugs inside the truck before the
collision.



                                             9
        On redirect examination, Officer Melzoni identified a photograph that showed the
black Ford F-150 truck wedged against a parked vehicle. He said that, when the truck
side swiped the other vehicle, it was not a violent collision, and the accident did not cause
the airbags in the vehicles to deploy.

        Detective Scott Cothron, a Metropolitan Nashville Police Department officer,
stated that he was working with the West Sector Crime Suppression Unit on December 8,
2006, and was involved in the undercover investigation of the Defendants. Detective
Cothron participated in the search of both the vehicle and the house. From the vehicle, he
identified a 5.3 gram bag of a white “rocklike” substance that he found underneath the
middle of the front seat of the truck. From the residence, he recovered a pipe with
residue in it and $1,000 from the second bedroom in the home.

       On cross-examination, Detective Cothron testified that he did not know whether
officers lifted fingerprints from the bag of white “rocklike” substance, the money, or the
pipe; and he was unaware of anything connecting Robinson or Collier to those items.

        Detective Ron Perkins, a Metropolitan Nashville Police Department officer
working with the West Crime Suppression Unit, testified about his involvement in the
investigation of the Defendants. Detective Perkins said that he assisted in the takedown
of the Defendants. He stated that he was in a nearby bank parking lot, facing the
passenger side of Grimes’s truck while the takedown was in progress at the Back Yard
Burgers. When he arrived, he assisted the crime suppression unit with “whatever [it]
needed.” He also went to the 2802 McCampbell Avenue. Detective Perkins searched the
residence and found a plastic bag in a laundry hamper, which contained four smaller
plastic bags. He said that three of the smaller bags contained a white rock substance and
one contained plastic baggies.

       On cross-examination, Detective Perkins stated that the vehicles were already
stopped when he arrived at the scene, and he “did not observe the ramming of any
vehicle.” He said that if his report contained anything about Grimes’s pickup truck
ramming another vehicle, he had heard it from someone else.

       Detective Perkins further testified that, to his knowledge, they did not take
fingerprints at the residence and nothing connected Robinson to the residence or the bags
of white rock substance. He stated that clothes were in the laundry basket in which police
officers found the plastic bags. He could not remember whether the clothes covered the
bags.




                                             10
       John Scott, Jr., a TBI Special Agent Forensic Scientist, testified as an expert in
forensic science. He stated that on December 14, 2006, the Metropolitan Nashville Police
Department provided him three exhibits on his first report relating to this case. He
explained that he separated exhibits based on physical appearance, because one was a
white powder substance, one was a rocklike substance, and one was a green plant
material. Agent Scott testified the first exhibit was cocaine weighing 51.2 grams. He
said that the second exhibit was 101.3 grams of cocaine base substance, and the third
exhibit was 8.6 grams of marijuana. His second report covered two different exhibits that
the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department provided him. The first was 11.4 grams of
powder-like cocaine substance, and the second was 282.1 grams of a rock-like cocaine
substance. Agent Scott stated that there was a rock-like substance that he did not test
because its weight was not significant enough to satisfy the TBI’s testing criteria.

        On cross-examination, Agent Scott testified that the rock-like substance that he did
not analyze weighed 7.3 grams. He stated that he did not analyze it because the TBI had
a 300-gram criteria: in order for substances to be analyzed, it must weigh over 26 grams
and less than 300 grams. He explained that because 7.3 grams does not meet the weight
criteria, he did not analyze it. He stated that he could not tell the jury the composition of
the 7.3 grams of white rock-like substance, but he said that it “had the same appearance as
the other rock-like substance and that is why [he] grouped it together[.]”

       Agent Scott stated that his lab report listed a substance that weighed 4.1 grams
with packaging that he did not test personally. This substance was the package that police
officers observed Robinson drop. He further stated that there was another unanalyzed
white powder substance that he estimated weighed around one gram.

        Agent Scott testified that, besides infrared spectrophotometry, he also used
chromatography-mass spectrometry to test the substances. He used two tests because he
needed two positive results to make a positive identification. He clarified that when he
tested the 51.2 gram sample, he did not test all 51.2 grams but rather “just tore off a little
small aliquot” for each of the two tests. Agent Scott said that the substance “appeared
uniform like a cake mix” and, in his professional opinion, all 51.2 grams contained
cocaine.

       On redirect examination, Agent Scott explained that besides the 26 and 300 gram
“cut-off weights” for testing controlled substances, there was also a .5 gram cut off
weight. He further explained that the cut-off weights reflected how the law differentiated




                                             11
various amounts of Schedule II controlled substances. He stated that, based on his
experience, nothing about the unanalyzed substances ruled out the possibility that they
were cocaine-based substances.

        After hearing the evidence, the jury convicted Robinson of possession of more
than 300 grams of cocaine with intent to sell and possession of drug paraphernalia. The
trial court sentenced the Defendant to a seventeen-year sentence for the cocaine offense
and a concurrent eleven-month and twenty-nine-days sentence for the drug paraphernalia
offense. The jury convicted Grimes of possession of more than 300 grams of cocaine
with intent to sell, possession of marijuana, and possession of drug paraphernalia. The
trial court sentenced Grimes to thirty years as a multiple offender for the cocaine offense
and to eleven months and twenty-nine days for each misdemeanor offense, ordering all of
the sentences to be served concurrently. The Defendants timely appealed to this Court.

                                       II. Analysis

                                 A. Defendant Robinson

       On appeal, Defendant Robinson argues that (1) the trial court erred when it
allowed the State to introduce the redacted tape recording and transcript of statements he
made during his arrest; (2) the trial court erred when it denied his motion for judgment of
acquittal; and (3) the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions.

                              1. Admissibility of Evidence

       The Defendant filed a pretrial motion in limine to prohibit the State from
introducing a recorded conversation between himself and Grimes. The trial court granted
the Defendant’s motion in limine. During the trial, the State played a redacted version of
the tape recording for the jury and gave the jury a redacted transcript of the recording.
Defense counsel contemporaneously objected to the State’s playing of the recording and
use of the written transcripts; however, the trial court overruled the objection.

       The Defendant alleges that the admission of the tape recording, even as redacted,
was “inadmissible and unreliable evidence” in violation of Rule 402 of the Tennessee
Rules of Evidence. The Defendant further alleges that the State “created an inadmissable,
unreliable redacted transcript of such recording, that was, if anything, speculative in
nature and confusing as well as misleading to the jury.” The Defendant complains that
the recording and transcript were prejudicial and violated his Fifth and Fourteenth United




                                            12
States Constitutional due process rights to a fair trial and Tennessee Rule of Evidence
403.

       In Tennessee, “trial courts have broad discretion in determining the admissibility
of evidence, and their rulings will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion.”
State v. McLeod, 937 S.W.2d 867, 871 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, it is within the trial court’s
discretion to determine whether to admit evidence of a tape or transcript of the tape, and
that discretion will not be disturbed absent abuse. See State v. Elrod, 721 S.W.2d 820,
823 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986). “[T]he tape recordings and compared transcripts are
admissible and may be presented in evidence by any witness who was present during their
recording or who monitored the conversations, if he was so situated and circumstanced
that he was in a position to identify the declarant with certainty, and provided his
testimony in whole, or in part, comports with the other rules of evidence.” State v. Reed,
845 S.W.2d 234, 238 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (quoting State v. Coker, 746 S.W.2d 167
(Tenn. 1987)).

       The Defendant attacks the admissibility of the tape because the State redacted the
tape, and portions of it were unintelligible. He argues that, because parts of the tape were
redacted and garbled, it was impossible for the jury to weigh the full context of the
conversation in a fair manner; therefore, the entire tape was inadmissible. We disagree.
If a witness has properly authenticated a tape recording, the incompleteness of it goes
only to its weight and not to its admissibility. State v. Lee, 618 S.W.2d 320 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1981) abrogated on other grounds by State v. Charles Stanley Sissom, No. 03C01-
9106-CR-00168, 1992 WL 113379, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, May 29,
1992); Aldridge v. State, 562 S.W.2d 216 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1977). Detective Fox
properly authenticated the tape in this case. Thus, we find no error with respect to either
complaint that the Defendant raises about the admission of this tape recording into
evidence. The Defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

        Regarding the introduction of the transcript, the Defendant argues that the
introduction of the redacted transcript created by the State “from the unreliable, redacted
tape recording made during the arrest of [the Defendant] . . . is untrustworthy and
inadmissable, thus making the redacted transcript as a whole, untrustworthy and
inadmissible.” It is well-settled in Tennessee that a transcript of a tape may be given to a
jury where the jury is instructed that the tape, and not the transcript, is the actual
evidence. State v. Mosher, 755 S.W.2d 464, 469 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988); State v. Smith,
656 S.W.2d 882, 888 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983). In the present case, the trial court
properly advised the jury that the “transcript is not the evidence. The evidence is the tape,
the recording itself,” and we find no error in the trial court’s instruction. Accordingly, we
conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting the tape recording and allowing the
jury to use the transcript. The Defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.


                                             13
         2. Motion for Judgment of Acquittal and Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for
judgment of acquittal because the State based the case purely on circumstantial evidence.
He asserts that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of possession of more than
300 grams of cocaine with intent to sell and possession of drug paraphernalia. Because
these issues all concern the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, we address them
together.

        In Tennessee, “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits
the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory
of the State.” State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn.1978) (quoting State v.
Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 472 (Tenn.1973)). The Tennessee Supreme Court stated the
rationale for this rule:

   This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
   jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
   demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
   instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
   to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
   atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
   written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn.1966) (citing Carroll v. State,
212 Tenn. 464, 370 S.W.2d 523 (Tenn.1963)). This Court must afford the State of
Tennessee the strongest legitimate view of the evidence contained in the record, as well
as all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. State v. Smith, 24
S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn.2000). Once a jury finds a defendant guilty, his or her
presumption of innocence is removed and replaced with a presumption of guilt. State v.
Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). Therefore, on appeal, the convicted defendant
has the burden of demonstrating to this Court why the evidence will not support the jury’s
verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). To meet this burden, the defendant must establish that no
“rational trier of fact” could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); State v. Evans, 108
S.W.3d 231, 236 (Tenn. 2003); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). In contrast, the jury’s
verdict approved by the trial judge accredits the State’s witnesses and resolves all
conflicts in favor of the State. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992).
Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, conflicts in trial testimony, the
weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues raised by the evidence
are resolved by the trier of fact and not this court. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659
                                             14
(Tenn. 1997). We do not attempt to re-weigh or re-evaluate the evidence. State v. Rice,
184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006). Likewise, we do not replace the jury’s inferences
drawn from the circumstantial evidence with our own inferences. State v. Reid, 91
S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn. 2002).

       A defendant may be convicted on the basis of direct or circumstantial evidence or
a combination of both. State v. Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 654 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003);
see also State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). In fact,
circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. State v. Tharpe,
726 S.W.2d 896, 899-900 (Tenn. 1987). Moreover, the State does not have the duty to
exclude every other hypothesis except that of guilt. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d
370,381 (Tenn. 2011) (adopting the United States Supreme Court standard that the jury is
only required to weigh evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, against the reasonable
doubt standard); see also State v. James, 315 S.W.3d 440, 455 n. 14 (Tenn. 2010) (noting
that federal courts have rejected the notion that the government has a duty to exclude
every other hypothesis save that of the defendant’s guilt). “Circumstantial evidence in
this respect is intrinsically no different from testimonial evidence.” Holland v. United
States, 348 U.S. 121, 140 (1954). Therefore, when considering the sufficiency of
evidence, we treat direct and circumstantial evidence the same.

       In the present case, to sustain the conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia,
the State had to prove that the Defendant possessed drug paraphernalia with the intent to
use it to “plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture, compound, convert,
produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store, contain, conceal, inject,
ingest, inhale, or otherwise introduce into the human body a controlled substance[.]”
T.C.A. § 39-17-425 (2010). To sustain the Defendant’s conviction for possession of
more than 300 grams of cocaine with intent to sell, the State had to prove that the
Defendant knowingly possessed the cocaine with the intent to sell it. See T.C.A. § 39-17-
417 (2010).

       “‘[P]ossession’ may be either actual or constructive” and may be proven by
circumstantial evidence. State v. Shaw, 37 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tenn. 2001) (citing State v.
Patterson, 966 S.W.2d 435, 444-45 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997); State v. Brown, 915 S.W.2d
3, 7 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)); see also State v. Bigsby, 40 S.W.3d 87, 90 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2000). Constructive possession requires proof that a person had the power and
intention at a given time to exercise dominion and control over the drugs either directly or
through others. Shaw, 37 S.W.3d at 903 (citing Patterson, 966 S.W.2d at 444 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1997)). In essence, “constructive possession is the ability to reduce an object
to actual possession.” State v. Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 845-46 (Tenn. 2001) (citations
omitted).



                                            15
       A jury may infer the intention to sell or deliver drugs from the amount of the drug
possessed by the accused along with other relevant facts surrounding the arrest. See
T.C.A. § 39-17-419 (2010); see also State v. John Fitzgerald Belew, W2004-01456-CCA-
R3-CD, 2005 WL 885106, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Apr. 18, 2005) (noting
that the jury can infer intent to sell or deliver when amount of controlled substance and
other relevant facts surrounding arrest are considered together). The amount of the drugs
and the manner in which it was packaged may also support an inference of intent to sell.
See Brown, 915 S.W.2d at 8.

       In the case under submission, the evidence presented at trial proved that the
majority of the crack recovered was located in close proximity to the Defendant. Officer
Melzoni testified that the Defendant sat in the front passenger seat of the vehicle when
police officers apprehended him and the Co-Defendants. After taking the Defendants into
custody, Officer Melzoni secured the vehicle and searched it. Officer Melzoni found a
blue bag that contained two smaller bags on the front floorboard between the driver and
passenger sides. One of the smaller bags contained approximately 105.7 grams of crack
cocaine, and the other bag contained approximately 51.7 grams of powder cocaine.
Police also observed the Defendant drop a bag of crack cocaine after police stopped him.

        As stated above, a jury may infer the intention to sell or deliver drugs from the
amount of the drug possessed by the accused along with other relevant facts surrounding
the arrest. See T.C.A. § 39-17-419 (2010). Further, the Defendant’s constructive
possession of the drugs is sufficient to sustain the conviction, which requires proof that
the Defendant had the power and intention at a given time to exercise dominion and
control over the drugs. See Shaw, 37 S.W.3d at 903. As proven in this case, the
Defendant’s position in the front passenger seat of the vehicle placed him in a position
where he could exercise dominion and control over the drugs found in the console and
front floorboard. The jury heard and weighed the testimony of witnesses and convicted
the Defendant of possession of cocaine with intent to sell and possession of drug
paraphernalia. Based on the evidence presented, we will not disturb the jury’s finding on
appeal. The evidence is sufficient to support the Defendant’s convictions, and he is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

                                 B. Defendant Grimes

       The Defendant Grimes argues that trial court erred when it: (1) improperly
admitted evidence about the weight of the cocaine; (2) denied his motion for disclosure of
the confidential informant’s basis of credibility and reliability; and (3) admitted a
transcript of a conversation between him and the confidential informant into evidence.




                                           16
                                 1. Admission of Evidence

       The Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed
“a speculative and arbitrary field test to determine that the amount of drugs was over 300
grams.” According to the Defendant, the expert used the same quantity to test 300 grams
of drugs as he did to test 7 grams of drugs, which was not representative of the amounts
contained in each cache. The Defendant asserts that the expert’s basis for limiting the
amount of drugs that he tested was unscientific and arbitrary.

        The admissibility of evidence is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the
trial court and will not be overturned on appeal without a clear showing of abuse of that
discretion. State v. Porterfield, 746 S.W.2d 441, 450 (Tenn. 1988). Evidence is relevant
if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Relevant evidence is generally admissible. Tenn. R.
Evid. 402. However, relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of delay, waste of time, or needless presentation
of cumulative evidence. Tenn. R. Evid. 403.

        In the present case, Agent Scott, an expert in forensic science, testified that he used
the same size sample to test the 300 grams and 51.2 grams of cocaine. During cross-
examination, he explained that he used the same size sample for each amount because the
substances looked uniform throughout. The expert witness’s testimony about sample
sizes used for testing did not make the testimony irrelevant, but rather went to the weight
and credibility of the expert’s testimony and was a factor for the jury to consider.
Accordingly, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the expert
witnesses’s testimony regarding the weight of the drugs. The Defendant is not entitled to
relief as to this issue.

                                 2. Motion for Disclosure

       The Defendant asserts that the trial court erred by refusing to order the State to
disclose the identity of a confidential informant. Specifically, the Defendant contends
that the disclosure was material to his defense. The Defendant argues that the trial court
denied him “the opportunity to confront the [c]onfidential informant to gauge her
credibility, reliability, and truthfulness.”




                                              17
       We review the trial court’s decision regarding the disclosure of a confidential
informant for an abuse of discretion. See State v. Ostein, 293 S.W.3d 519, 526 (Tenn.
2009). The State is generally not required to disclose the identity of confidential
informants except when the informant (1) participated in the crime, (2) witnessed the
crime, or (3) “has knowledge which is favorable to the defendant.” Id. (citing State v.
Vanderford, 980 S.W.3d 290, 397 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)). The trial court’s decision is
dependent on the peculiar circumstances of each case. See Vanderford, 980 S.W.3d at
396. The defendant must show by a preponderance of the evidence the circumstances
that entitle him to the confidential informant’s identity. Ostein, 293 S.W.3d at 528.

        In the present case, the Defendant filed a motion to compel disclosure of pertinent
facts relating to the confidential informant’s history of cooperation with police. In his
brief, the Defendant merely asserts that the trial court’s denial of the motion to divulge
the confidential informant’s identity prevented him from assessing the informant’s history
of cooperation with the police, including other cases and dates of cooperation involving
[the Defendant.]” The Defendant relies on State v. Jacumin, 778 S.W.2d 430, 437 (Tenn.
1989), to support his argument that the trial court should have allowed him to scrutinize
the confidential informant’s credibility. However, in Jacumin our Supreme Court
analyzed the informant’s credibility as to probable cause for the issuance of a search
warrant. Id. at 436-437. The record does not show that police officers sought or issued a
warrant in this case. Furthermore, the Defendant does not argue that no probable cause
existed for his arrest or any subsequent search. Likewise, the Defendant does not explain
or offer any argument about how knowledge of the confidential informant’s previous
cooperation would have been helpful to his defense or was essential to a fair
determination of the trial. See State v. Taylor, 763 S.W.2d 756, 760 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1988). Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. The Defendant
is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

                           3. Introduction of Tape Recording

       The Defendant argues that because the audio quality of the tape was “so poor,” he
was “severely prejudiced when the State was allowed to admit into evidence a contrived
transcript or a conversation, allegedly had between the [Defendant] and the [c]onfidential
[i]nformant.” The Defendant argues that the transcript was speculative and the trial court
should not have allowed the jury to use it. He asserts that both the recording and
transcript are unreliable.

      As we earlier stated, “ trial courts have broad discretion in determining the
admissibility of evidence, and their rulings will not be reversed absent an abuse of that




                                            18
discretion.” McLeod, 937 S.W.2d at 871. Thus, it is within the trial court’s discretion to
decide whether to admit evidence of a tape or transcript of the tape, and that discretion
will not be disturbed absent abuse. See Elrod, 721 S.W.2d at 823. “[T]he tape recordings
and compared transcripts are admissible and may be presented in evidence by any witness
who was present during their recording or who monitored the conversations, if he was so
situated and circumstanced that he was in a position to identify the declarant with
certainty, and provided his testimony in whole, or in part, comports with the other rules of
evidence.” Reed, 845 S.W.2d at 238 (quoting Coker, 746 S.W.2d at 167).

       Just as we concluded above, regarding introduction of the conversation between
Robinson and Collier, we conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting the tape
recording of Grimes and the confidential informant and allowing the jury to use the
transcript. Again, the incompleteness of the evidence goes only to its weight and not to
its admissibility. Lee, 618 S.W.2d at 320; Aldridge, 562 S.W.2d at 216. Detective Fox
properly authenticated the tape in this case. Thus, we find no error with respect to either
complaint that the Defendant raises about the admission of the recording. Moreover, it is
well-settled in Tennessee that a transcript of a tape may be given to a jury where the court
instructs the jury that the tape, and not the transcript is the actual evidence. Mosher, 755
S.W.2d at469; Smith, 656 S.W.2d at 888. The trial court properly advised the jury that
the transcript was not the evidence, and the evidence was the recording itself. We find no
error in the trial court’s instruction or admittance of the recording and transcript. The
Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                     III. Conclusion

      Based on the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm Robinson’s
convictions for possession of more than 300 grams of cocaine with intent to sell and
possession of drug paraphernalia; and we affirm Grimes’s convictions for possession of
more than 300 grams of cocaine with intent to sell, possession of marijuana, and
possession of drug paraphernalia.


                                          _________________________________
                                          ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




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