                                                                                              Filed
                                                                                        Washington State
                                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Division Two

                                                                                         August 23, 2016
      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                            No. 47346-1-II

                                Respondent,

          v.

    DAVID JAMES KARLSON,                                      UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                Appellant.

         MELNICK, J. — We granted discretionary review of David James Karlson’s driving under

the influence conviction to determine whether the district court erred by denying his motion to

suppress evidence.1 We conclude the stop was lawful. We also find no merit to Karlson’s

challenge in his pro se statement of additional grounds for review (SAG) that the arresting officer

drove negligently. We affirm.

                                              FACTS

         Washington State Patrol Trooper Louis Worley observed a vehicle, driven by Karlson,

weaving in its lane on a state highway at approximately 2:00 AM. Worley also observed the tires

of the vehicle drift onto the fog line. He pulled behind the vehicle and observed it again cross the

fog line, drift onto the shoulder, and then veer back into its lane. After “less than a minute” of

observing Karlson’s driving, Worley activated his emergency lights to initiate a traffic stop.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 146. Karlson abruptly pulled over in a “quick jerky motion,” slamming on

his brakes. CP at 106.



1
    The motion was made pursuant to CrRLJ 3.6
47346-1-II


       As Worley approached Karlson’s vehicle, he detected a strong odor of intoxicants coming

from inside the vehicle. Karlson admitted to drinking that evening. Karlson failed several field

sobriety tests and Worley arrested him. Worley is specially trained in spotting impaired drivers.

He has stopped approximately 1,000 suspected impaired drivers and has arrested over 200 of those

individuals.

       The State charged Karlson with driving under the influence—alcohol. Prior to trial,

Karlson challenged the validity of the stop and filed a motion to suppress evidence seized

following the traffic stop. The district court denied the motion, finding that Karlson crossed the

fog line twice within 40 second at 2:00 AM and concluding that “there was [sic] observable facts

sufficient to justify the stop.” CP at 59. A jury subsequently found Karlson guilty. He appealed

to the superior court which affirmed his conviction. We granted discretionary review.

                                           ANALYSIS

       RALJ 9.1 governs review of the district court’s decision on appeal, both here and in the

superior court. State v. Daily, 164 Wn. App. 883, 886, 265 P.3d 945 (2011). Under CrRLJ 3.6(b),

the district court must “‘state findings of fact and conclusions of law’ supporting its ruling on a

motion to suppress evidence,” but is not required to enter written findings and conclusions. State

v. McLean, 178 Wn. App. 236, 243, 313 P.3d 1181 (2013) (quoting State v. Osman, 147 Wn. App.

867, 881 n.8, 197 P.3d 1198 (2008)). We review the district court’s oral findings and conclusions

to determine whether the findings are supported by substantial evidence and whether those findings

in turn support the conclusions of law. State v. O’Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 571, 62 P.3d 489 (2003).

We review conclusions of law de novo. Daily, 164 Wn. App. at 886.

       Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of the

Washington Constitution prohibit unreasonable seizures. State v. Day, 161 Wn.2d 889, 893, 168



                                                2
47346-1-II


P.3d 1265 (2007). A traffic stop is a seizure. State v. Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d 1, 4, 726 P.2d 445

(1986).

          Warrantless seizures are per se unreasonable, unless an exception to the warrant

requirement applies. State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d 343, 349, 979 P.2d 833 (1999). A traffic stop

that is based on a police officer’s reasonable suspicion of either criminal activity or a traffic

infraction is an exception. State v. Arreola, 176 Wn.2d 284, 292-93, 290 P.3d 983 (2012). We

review the totality of the circumstances, including both the subjective intent of the officer as well

as the objective reasonableness of the officer’s behavior. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 358-59.

          A reasonable suspicion exists when specific, articulable facts and rational inferences from

those facts establish a substantial possibility that criminal activity or a traffic infraction has

occurred or is about to occur. State v. Snapp, 174 Wn.2d 177, 197-98, 275 P.3d 289 (2012). We

evaluate the totality of the circumstances when reviewing the lawfulness of a traffic stop. State v.

Doughty, 170 Wn.2d 57, 62, 239 P.3d 573 (2010). Those circumstances may include the police

officer’s training and experience. State v. Glover, 116 Wn.2d 509, 514, 806 P.2d 760 (1991).

          Karlson contends crossing the fog line twice in less than a minute does not raise a

reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. State v. McLean, 178 Wn. App. 236, 313 P.3d 1181

(2013), review denied, 179 Wn.2d 1026 (2014), is instructive.

          In McLean, we upheld a traffic stop because the officer had a reasonable suspicion that

McLean was driving under the influence. 178 Wn. App. at 245. The officer observed McLean’s

vehicle weave within its lane and cross onto the fog line three times. McLean, 178 Wn. App. at

245. These observations, coupled with the officer’s training and experience in identifying driving

under the influence, led us to hold it was rational for the officer to infer that a substantial possibility

existed that McLean was driving under the influence. McLean, 178 Wn. App. at 245. That



                                                    3
47346-1-II


substantial possibility established a reasonable suspicion which permitted the warrantless traffic

stop. McLean, 178 Wn. App. at 245.

       The court in State v. Jones, 186 Wn. App. 786, 788, 347 P.3d 483, 487 (2015), recently

came to a different conclusion, but based on different facts. There, an officer, in her patrol car,

followed Jones for about one mile. Jones, 186 Wn. App. at 788. She observed Jones’s vehicle

pass over the fog line approximately an inch three times. Jones, 186 Wn. App. at 788. The officer

stopped Jones’s vehicle due to erratic lane travel. Jones, 186 Wn. App. at 788. Jones agreed to

perform field sobriety tests, which did not indicate intoxication. Jones, 186 Wn. App. at 788.

Jones challenged the stop. Jones, 186 Wn. app. at 788-89. The State presented no evidence about

the officer’s training and experience in identifying impaired drivers nor was there evidence that

the officer suspected the driver was impaired or that the officer stopped him for this reason. Jones,

186 Wn. App. at 793. The court held, “Because the State failed to justify its warrantless seizure

of Jones, the trial court should have suppressed the evidence discovered because of that seizure.”

Jones, 186 Wn. App. at 794.

       This case is more analogous to McLean than Jones. In both McLean and the present case,

the officers observed the vehicles veer on more than one occasion. In both cases, the officers were

specially trained in identifying impaired drivers. And in both, the officers stopped the drivers

because of suspected impaired driving. Jones, on the other hand, involved an officer whose

training in detecting impaired driving was not presented in evidence, and who, in fact, did not stop

the driver for impaired driving.

       Based on the totality of the circumstances, substantial evidence supports the district court’s

factual finding that Worley, based on his special training and experience, stopped Karlson’s

vehicle after observing it veer over the fog line on two occasions in less than a minute at 2:00 AM.



                                                 4
47346-1-II


The district court properly considered both Worley’s subjective intent as well as the objective

reasonableness of his behavior in making the stop. The district court’s factual findings support the

conclusion that a reasonable suspicion of impaired driving justified the warrantless traffic stop.

The district court did not err in denying the motion to suppress.

        Lastly, in his SAG, Karlson argues the arresting officer drove negligently, prior to stopping

Karlson, by tailgating and using excessively bright emergency lights. He, however, asserts facts

not in our record. Issues that involve facts or evidence outside the record on appeal may not be

raised through a statement of additional grounds. State v. Alvarado, 164 Wn.2d 556, 569, 192

P.3d 345 (2008). Nevertheless, we see no correlation between the officer’s driving and Karlson’s

conviction.

        We affirm.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.




                                                              Melnick, J.

We concur:




        Lee, P.J.




        Sutton, J.



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