                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                    JULY 11, 2002 Session

    PATRICIA PAULETTE FULGHUM GRICE v. LARRY RANDOLPH
                          GRICE

               Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Humphreys County
                 No. 27-016; The Honorable Leonard W. Martin, Chancellor



                  No. M2001-02105-COA-R3-CV - Filed November 20, 2002


This appeal arises from a divorce proceeding initiated by the wife. The trial court, holding that both
parties contributed to the demise of the marriage, granted the parties a divorce. The trial court then
granted the wife rehabilitative alimony for a period of eighteen months, as well as alimony in solido,
but denied the wife’s request for alimony in futuro. The primary issue on appeal is whether the trial
court erred in granting the wife rehabilitative alimony as opposed to alimony in futuro. For the
following reasons, we affirm, as modified.


    Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

ALAN E. HIGHERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S.,
and HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J., joined.

G. Sumner R. Bouldin, Jr., Murfreesboro, TN, for Appellant

Clifford K. McGown, Jr., Waverly, TN, for Appellee

                                             OPINION

                                 I. Facts and Procedural History

         Patricia Paulette Fulghum Grice (“Ms. Grice”) and Larry Randolph Grice (“Mr. Grice”) were
married on March 19,1982. This was the third marriage for both parties. At the time of the marriage,
Mr. Grice had two children from a previous marriage and Ms. Grice had custody of her three
children from a previous marriage. After approximately one year of marriage, Ms. Grice gave birth
to the parties’ only child, a daughter, Mary Beth. After the birth of their daughter, Ms. Grice chose
to remain home, continuing in her role as mother and homemaker.
        At the time of the marriage, Mr. Grice was employed by Inland Container Paper Board and
Packaging (“Inland”), where he had worked for approximately ten years. Mr. Grice maintained his
employment with Inland throughout the marriage, while Ms. Grice did not work outside of the home
with the exception of running an antique and gift store for a brief period of time and occasional retail
work for a friend.

        In December of 1999, after approximately seventeen years of marriage, Ms. Grice filed a
complaint seeking an absolute divorce from Mr. Grice. As grounds for divorce, Ms. Grice alleged
that the parties had irreconcilable differences and that Mr. Grice was guilty of inappropriate marital
conduct. In January of 2000, Mr. Grice filed an answer and counterclaim, admitting that there were
irreconcilable differences, but denying inappropriate marital conduct on his part. In his
counterclaim, Mr. Grice asserted that irreconcilable differences existed and that Ms. Grice was guilty
of inappropriate marital conduct.

        On March 8, 2001, the chancery court entered an order appointing the Clerk and Master to
serve as Special Master for the purpose of ascertaining the origin, value and ownership of the parties’
personal property. By agreement, the parties enlarged the scope of the proceeding as to allow the
Special Master to consider the parties’ real property, their marital indebtedness and other facts
pertinent to the equitable distribution of the marital property. The Special Master filed his report on
May 8, 2001. The record shows no objection to this report from either party.

        At trial, Ms. Grice testified that she had feelings of depression which affected her ability to
interact with people and resulted in her desire to stay at home. Ms. Grice further claimed that her
emotional state hindered her from being employed. However, as noted by the trial court, other
evidence in the record belied Ms. Grice’s testimony. Evidence was presented which showed that at
the same time Ms. Grice was claiming to be unable to leave her home, she was going on trips and
was shopping very frequently.

        The court, after equally dividing the parties’ assets and liabilities and assessing a greater
portion of fault to Mr. Grice, awarded Ms. Grice alimony in solido in the amount of $10,000 and
rehabilitative alimony in the amount of $21,000 to be distributed over a period of eighteen months.
Ms. Grice was to receive the $10,000 lump sum payment on the front end and was to receive the
$21,000 award in increments of $2,000 per month for a period of six months, thereafter receiving
$1,000 per month for the following six months, then $500 for another six months. At the end of this
time, the rehabilitative alimony would cease. The court then declared the parties divorced pursuant
to T.C.A. § 36-4-129 based on its finding that both parties contributed to the demise of the marriage.
 Ms. Grice filed a notice of appeal and this case is now properly before this court.

                                               II. Issue

        The parties have raised the following issue for our review:




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       1.      Whether the trial court erred in granting Ms. Grice rehabilitative alimony as opposed
               to alimony in futuro.

                                     III. Standard of Review

       Our review of the trial court’s findings of fact is de novo upon the trial court’s record,
accompanied by a presumption of correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance of the
evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). See also Crabtree v. Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d 356, 360
(Tenn. 2000). With respect to the trial court’s conclusions of law, however, our review is de novo
with no presumption of correctness. Walker v. Walker, No. E2001-01759-COA-R3-CV, 2002 Tenn.
App. LEXIS 374, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 29, 2002) (citing Ganzevoort v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d
293, 296 (Tenn. 1997)). This court gives great weight to the trial judge’s factual findings which rest
on determinations of witness credibility. Sullivan v. Sullivan, No. M2001-03025-COA-R3-CV,
2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 641, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 5, 2002) (citing Randolph v. Randolph,
937 S.W.2d 815, 819 (Tenn. 1996)). Accordingly, absent clear and convincing evidence to the
contrary, we will not reassess the trial court’s determinations of witness credibility. Id. (citing
Wells v. Tenn. Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn. 1999)).

        In making its alimony determination, the trial court must consider the factors enumerated at
Tennessee Code Annotated 36-5-101(d)(1)(A)-(L). Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 360. Where the trial
court has made no findings of fact regarding the relevant factors, the appellate court must conduct
its “own independent review of the record to determine where the preponderance of the evidence
lies.” Id. (citing Brooks v. Brooks, 992 S.W.2d 403, 405 (Tenn. 1999)).

                                      IV. Law and Analysis

        Ms. Grice contends that the trial court erred in awarding her rehabilitative alimony as
opposed to alimony in futuro due to her inability to be rehabilitated. She further contends that the
trial court failed to apply the appropriate factors in making its alimony determination, requiring this
court to make a de novo review of the trial court’s findings. Finally, Ms. Grice contends that she
should be awarded further alimony in solido to cover her attorney’s fees. Mr. Grice submits that the
findings of the trial court are evident and that the factual findings are entitled to a presumption of
correctness on appeal.

        This court reviews matters of alimony under an abuse of discretion standard. Sullivan, 2002
Tenn. App. LEXIS 641, at *5-6. If the discretionary decision of the trial court falls within a range
of acceptable alternatives, appellate courts will not second-guess the trial court’s decision simply
because the appellate court would have chosen another alternative. White v. Vanderbilt Univ., 21
S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). Reviewing courts will interfere with a trial court’s
discretionary decision only where the trial court has incorrectly applied or misconstrued the
applicable legal principles or has acted against the substantial weight of the evidence. Id. (citing
Overstreet v. Shoney’s, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 695 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)). Thus, we review the trial
court’s discretionary decision to determine: “(1) whether the factual basis for the decision is


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supported by the evidence, (2) whether the trial court identified and applied the applicable legal
principles, and (3) whether the trial court’s decision is within the range of acceptable alternatives.”
Id. (citing BIF v. Service Constr. Co., 1988 Tenn. App. LEXIS 430, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13,
1988)).

        There are no hard and fast rules for determining whether spousal support should be awarded.
Crain v. Crain, 925 S.W.2d 232, 234 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (citing Cranford v. Cranford, 772
S.W.2d 48, 50 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989)). Rather, the decision to award alimony is dependent on the
facts and circumstances of each case. Sullivan, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 641, at *6. In making its
alimony determination, the trial court must consider the factors enumerated at Tennessee Code
Annotated 36-5-101(d)(1)(A)-(L).1           Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 360.             While all of


       1
           Section 36-5-101 (d)(1) of the Tennessee Code Annotated provides:

       It is the intent of the general assembly that a spouse who is economically disadvantaged, relative to the other
       spouse, be rehabilitated whenever possible by the granting of an order for payment of rehabilitative, temporary
       support and maintenance. Where there is such relative economic disadvantage and rehabilitation is not feasible
       in consideration of all relevant factors, including those set out in this subsection, then the court may grant an
       order for payment of support and maintenance on a long-term basis or until the death or remarriage of the
       recipient except as otherwise provided in subdivision (a)(3). Re habilitative support and maintenance is a
       separate class of spousal support as distinguished from alimony in solido and p eriod ic alimo ny. In determining
       whether the gran ting of an order for p ayment of support and m aintenance to a party is appropriate, and in
       determining the nature, amount, length of term, and manner of payment, the court shall consider all relevant
       factors, including:

       (A) The relative earning capacity, obligations, needs, and financial resources of each party, including income
       from pen sion, profit sharing or retirement plans and all other so urces;

       (B) The relative educ ation and training of ea ch pa rty, the ability and opportunity of each party to secure such
       education and training, and the necessity of a party to secure further education and training to improve such
       party’s earning capa city to a reasonable level;

       (C) The duration of the marriage;

       (D) The age and m ental co ndition of each party;

       (E) The physica l cond ition of each p arty, including, but not limited to, physical disability or incapacity due to
       a chronic debilitating disease;

        (F) The extent to which it would be undesirable for a party to seek employment outside the home because such
        party will be custodian of a minor child of the marriage;

        (G) The separate assets of each party, both real and personal, tangible and intangible;

        (H) The provisions made with regard to the marital property as defined in § 36-4-121;

        (I) The standard of living of the parties established during the marriage;

                                                                                                            (continued...)

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the relevant factors must be considered, the need of the recipient spouse and the obligor’s ability to
pay are the primary considerations. Walker, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 374, at *8-9 (citing Anderton
v. Anderton, 988 S.W.2d 675, 683 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)); Goodman v. Goodman, 8 S.W.3d 289,
295 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). The trial court has “‘broad discretion to determine whether spousal
support is needed and, if so, its nature, amount, and duration.’” Walker, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS
374, at *6 (quoting Anderton, 988 S.W.2d at 682). Generally, appellate courts are disinclined to
interfere with a trial court’s determination regarding spousal support except where there has been
an abuse of discretion. Robertson v. Robertson, 76 S.W.3d 337, 342 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Goodman,
8 S.W.3d at 293).

       Our Supreme Court, in Crabtree v. Crabtree, held that there is a legislative preference for
an award of rehabilitative alimony and that alimony in futuro should be awarded only after
determining that rehabilitation is not feasible. Robertson, 76 S.W.3d at 340 (citing Crabtree v.
Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d 356, 358-359 (Tenn. 2000)). The purpose of rehabilitative alimony is to
“support an economically dependent spouse ‘through a limited period of re-education or retraining
following divorce, thereby creating incentive and opportunity for that spouse to become self-
supporting.’” Walker, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 374, at * 11 (citing Robertson, 76 S.W.3d at 340-41).

       An award of rehabilitative alimony is appropriate where the trial court finds that the recipient
spouse can be economically rehabilitated. Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 360. Where the court determines
that economic rehabilitation is not feasible, the court may then award alimony in futuro. Id.
Provided that the trial court considers the factors enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-
101(d)(1) and the purposes behind an award of alimony, it is afforded wide discretion in making its
determination whether to award alimony in futuro or rehabilitative alimony. Burlew v. Burlew, 40
S.W.3d 465, 472 (Tenn. 2001) (citing Crabtree, S.W.3d at 360).

        Turning to the case sub judice, the trial judge, in his order, affirmatively found that Ms. Grice
was not entitled to alimony in futuro based upon the evidence presented and witness credibility. The
court, stating that Ms. Grice needed a “period of time for adjustment,” awarded Ms. Grice
rehabilitative alimony in the amount of $21,000 to be awarded over an eighteen month period. Ms.
Grice was also awarded alimony in solido in the amount of $10,000.




        1
         (...continued)
        (J) The extent to which each party has made such tangible and intangible contributions to the marriage as
        monetary and homem aker contributions, and tangible and intangible contribution s by a party to the education,
        training o r increa sed earning pow er of the other p arty;

        (K) The relative fault of the p arties in ca ses whe re the court, in its discretion, deems it appropriate to do so; and

        (L) Such other factors, including the tax consequences to each party, as are necessary to consider the equities
        between the parties.

        Tenn. Code Ann. 36-5-101(d)(1) (Supp. 2001 ).

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        In denying the request for alimony in futuro, the court found that Ms. Grice’s testimony
regarding her inability to be employed was not credible. The court found that Ms. Grice did not have
a mental disorder that would “debilitate her and prevent her from doing anything gainful.” The trial
judge stated that after observing Ms. Grice’s testimony, he noticed nothing about her that “prevents
her from doing the things that all other ordinary people do; that is, getting out and going to work and
trying to make a living.”

        Our review of the record shows that the parties were married for a period of nineteen years
and that both parties were at fault to some degree in contributing to the demise of the marriage.2
The record further reveals that the parties are close in age and have a similar level of formal
education. Even though Ms. Grice is not currently employed, the trial court found that she does not
suffer from a mental condition and there appears no reason that she cannot be gainfully employed.
Neither party suffers from a physical condition that would prevent employment and there are no
minor children of the marriage that would prevent employment.

        The record shows that Ms. Grice received separate property in the amount of $2,360, with
Mr. Grice receiving $940 in separate property. The division of marital property was essentially
equal. The report of the Special Master indicates that there was no proof that either party contributed
to the education, training or increased earning power of the other party. As to the extent of tangible
and intangible monetary and homemaker contributions made by each party during the marriage, the
Special Master found that Mr. Grice was the primary wage earner, while Ms. Grice was primarily
a homemaker while at times contributing as a wage earner. The trial judge’s order states that the
incentive savings plan (401K) should be divided equally between the parties and that Ms. Grice is
entitled to a fractional share of Mr. Grice’s defined benefit pension. No evidence was presented
regarding tax consequences to either party, therefore the Special Master found none to exist.

       As to the relative earning capacity of each spouse, Mr. Grice makes approximately $74,000
per year, whereas Ms. Grice is currently unemployed. It is notable that from January 1, 2000 until
the time of trial, Ms. Grice has chosen not to look for employment. Also notable, evidence was
presented which showed that Ms. Grice made deposits to her bank accounts which could not be
accounted for, creating the appearance that Ms. Grice has undisclosed sources of income.

        After reviewing the appropriate statutory factors and the record in this case, we affirm the
trial court’s award of rehabilitative alimony. We conclude that an award of alimony in futuro is
unwarranted and would not further the legislative goal of encouraging self-sufficiency following
divorce. We shall, however, modify the amount of rehabilitative alimony in light of the present
disparity in earning capacity, the length of the marriage and Ms. Grice’s sporadic work history. In
the divorce decree, the trial court awarded Ms. Grice rehabilitative alimony in the amount of
$21,000. As modified, Ms. Grice shall receive an additional award of $6,000 in rehabilitative
alimony, payable in installments of $500 per month for a period of 12 months to begin on November


         2
          The cou rt found that M r. Grice was guilty of marita l infidelities and that Ms. Grice was guilty of acts that
would constitute inap propriate marital conduct.

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20, 2002.3 As modified, Ms. Grice will receive rehabilitative alimony in the total amount of
$27,000. The increase in rehabilitative alimony should assist Ms. Grice in becoming gainfully
employed before the cessation of alimony payments.

        Ms. Grice also requested additional alimony in solido to cover her attorney’s fees. The lower
court awarded Ms. Grice alimony in solido in the amount of $10,000. Ms. Grice contends that one
can infer from the court’s ruling that this amount was intended to cover her attorney fees, however
the purpose of this award is not expressly stated in the court’s ruling nor is its purpose explained in
the Final Judgment.

        Ms. Grice contends that, if the trial court’s award of alimony in solido was intended to be an
award of attorney fees, her argument regarding her need for alimony in futuro is even more
compelling because she would be left with no liquid assets with which to support herself.
Alternatively, if the lower court intended the award to be a source of future income and not to be an
award of attorney’s fees, Ms. Grice contends that the failure to award her attorney’s fees was an
abuse of discretion. Ms. Grice further contends that the preponderance of the evidence indicates that
she is without sufficient assets to pay her attorney fees.

        An award of attorney’s fees is treated the same as an award of alimony. Kinard v. Kinard,
986 S.W.2d 220, 235 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). In making its determination whether to award attorney
fees, the trial court must consider the same factors that are used when considering a request for
alimony. Kincaid v. Kincaid, 912 S.W.2d 140, 144 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). As with alimony, need
is the primary factor to consider in awarding attorney fees. Herrera v. Herrera, 944 S.W.2d 379,
390 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). An award of attorney’s fees is proper when one spouse is disadvantaged
and does not have sufficient funds to pay his or her attorney’s fees. Id. The decision to award
attorney fees is within the discretion of the trial court and this court will not interfere with a trial
court’s decision regarding attorney fees unless the trial court abused its discretion. Aaron v. Aaron,
909 S.W.2d 408, 411 (Tenn. 1995).

       The trial court awarded Ms. Grice alimony in solido in the amount of $10,000. It appears
from his comments in the record that the trial court intended the award to cover attorney fees. In
making the award of alimony in solido, the trial judge did not expressly state whether or not the
award was to cover attorney’s fees, nor is an explanation given in the Final Judgment. Prior to
making the award, however, the trial judge stated, “[s]he’s going to need a period of time for
adjustment. You’ve had sizeable attorney fees, and she’s had sizeable attorney fees. And Mr.
Bradley [Ms. Grice’s attorney] had, I think, been paid about $2,000, he says, and this figure is a total,



         3
            In the trial court’s final divorce decree, Mr. Grice was to pay Ms. Grice the sum of $2,000 p er month for a
period of six months beginning on May 20, 2001. Thereafter, Mr. Grice was to pay $1,000 per month for a period of
six months beginning on November 20, 2001. Then beginning on May 20, 2002, Mr. Grice was to pay Ms. Grice the
sum of $5 00 p er mo nth for a perio d of six m onths. After this period, alimony was to cease. As modified by this Court,
beginning on November 20, 2002, Mr. Grice shall pay to Ms. Grice the sum of $500 per month for an additional period
of twelve months. At the end of this period, all rehabilitative alimony shall cease.

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right?” The judge then stated “[a]ll right. And so I’m going to award her alimony in solido, that is,
in a lump sum, in the amount of $10,000.”

        While not expressly stated, we infer from the above language that the trial court intended the
award of alimony in solido to cover attorney fees. Upon review of the entire record and for the
reasons noted supra in the determination of alimony, we do not believe the trial court abused its
discretion in awarding Ms. Grice a substantial portion of her attorney fees. Ms. Grice’s request for
attorney fees incurred on appeal is denied.

                                          V. Conclusion

        Based on the proof contained in the record and the trial judge’s determinations of witness
credibility, we find the statutory factors enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-
101(d)(1)(A)-(L) are satisfied and we affirm the trial court’s award of rehabilitative alimony as
modified.

       Ms. Grice is not entitled to attorney fees incurred on appeal. Costs on appeal are assessed
equally against the Appellant, Patricia Paulette Fulghum Grice, and her surety, and the Appellee,
Larry Randolph Grice, for which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE




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