                                             I attest to the accuracy and
                                              integrity of this document
                                                New Mexico Compilation
                                              Commission, Santa Fe, NM
                                             '00'04- 11:36:29 2016.06.15

         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: 2016-NMSC-017

Filing Date: May 23, 2016

Docket No. S-1-SC-35248

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE,
COUNTY & MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES,
COUNCIL 18, AFL-CIO, LOCALS 1461,
2260 and 2499,

       Plaintiffs-Petitioners,

v.

BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
OF BERNALILLO COUNTY,

       Defendant-Respondent.

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI
Valerie A. Huling, District Judge

Youtz & Valdez, P.C.
Shane C. Youtz
Stephen Curtice
James A. Montalbano
Albuquerque, NM

for Petitioners

Office of the County Attorney
Randy M. Autio
Michael I. Garcia
Albuquerque, NM

for Respondent

                                 OPINION

NAKAMURA, Justice.


                                    1
{1}     Petitioners, American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees,
Council 18, AFL-CIO, Locals 1461, 2260 and 2499 (AFSCME), brought a declaratory-
judgment action challenging the grandfather status of Respondent’s, Board of County
Commissioners of Bernalillo County (County Commission), local labor relations board. The
merits of AFSCME’s claims were considered and rejected by both the district court and the
Court of Appeals. We focus on the statutory jurisdictional prerequisites of New Mexico’s
Declaratory Judgment Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 44-6-1 to -15 (1975), and hold that AFSCME
failed to satisfy those prerequisites. AFSCME’s claims are not ripe, and AFSCME failed
to assert an injury-in-fact. Accordingly, the district court lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate
AFSCME’s declaratory-judgment action. We remand to the district court to dismiss for lack
of jurisdiction. As the Court of Appeals also lacked jurisdiction, its opinion is vacated.

I.      BACKGROUND

{2}     AFSCME is the exclusive bargaining representative under the Public Employee
Bargaining Act (PEBA), NMSA 1978, §§ 10-7E-1 to -26 (2003, as amended through 2005),
for unionized public employees in Bernalillo County. The County Commission is the public
employer of unionized public employees in Bernalillo County under the PEBA.

{3}      In 1975, the County Commission enacted Labor-Management Relations Ordinances
(LMROs) for the purpose of allowing “county employees to organize and bargain
collectively with the county government.” Bernalillo County, N.M., Ordinances, ch.2, art.
III, div.5, § 2-201 (1975). By these ordinances, the County Commission established a labor
relations board (the County Labor Board) to adjudicate workplace disputes between the
County Commission and its employees. See Bernalillo County, N.M., Ordinances, ch.2, art.
III, div.5, § 2-210(f) (1975) (stating that “[a]ny allegation that a prohibited practice has been
committed will be submitted to the [County Labor Board]” and describing the procedures
the County Labor Board shall follow); Bernalillo County, N.M., Ordinances, ch.2, art. III,
div.5, § 2-214 (1975) (establishing and defining the function and membership of the County
Labor Board as well as the process for appointment of its members and their term lengths).

{4}      The County Labor Board functions as the local equivalent of the Public Employee
Labor Relations Board (PELRB) and derives legal status from Section 10-7E-26(A), a
provision of the PEBA this Court has previously referred to as the “grandfather clause.” See
Regents of Univ. of N.M. v. N.M. Fed’n of Teachers, 1998-NMSC-020, ¶ 8, 125 N.M. 401,
962 P.2d 1236. Section 10-7E-26(A) is “a special provision for those public employers that,
prior to October 1, 1991, had already voluntarily adopted a collective-bargaining system and
had successfully negotiated collective-bargaining agreements with their employees.”
Regents of Univ. of N.M., 1998-NMSC-020, ¶ 8. The provision permits “those public
employers to continue to operate under their pre-existing provisions and procedures.” Id.

{5}     In July of 2013, AFSCME filed a complaint for declaratory judgment and permanent
injunctive relief in the Second Judicial District Court under New Mexico’s Declaratory
Judgment Act. At the heart of this complaint were two allegations: first, AFSCME

                                               2
contended that the County Commission had engaged in a prohibited practice by allegedly
refusing to engage in labor negotiations in April and May of 2013 even though a collective
bargaining agreement between the parties purportedly required the County Commission to
do so. Second, AFSCME alleged that four employees at the Bernalillo County Juvenile
Detention Center had been wrongly designated as supervisors, and that these employees
were entitled to be accreted into the bargaining unit.

{6}      AFSCME acknowledged that these claims would typically be heard by the County
Labor Board; however, AFSCME argued that it should not be required to proceed in front
of that entity but should be permitted to file its claims with the PELRB because the LMROs
deprive it and its members of due process. AFSCME offered the following argument to
support this contention. While the LMROs designate the neutral County Labor Board as the
initial adjudicator of prohibited-practice complaints, Bernalillo County, N.M., Ordinances,
ch.2, art. III, div.5, Section 2-211(a) (1975) of the LMROs designates the County
Commission as the final arbiter of any “violations” identified by the County Labor Board,
and states that the County Commission is not bound by the County Labor Board’s findings
and conclusions but is empowered to engage in independent review of the evidence and
arguments. Id. According to AFSCME, the County Commission is self-evidently biased
because it is the employer and is, therefore, necessarily opposed to employee interests.
AFSCME claims that requiring it to proceed before a biased adjudicator violates its and its
members’ due process rights. Accordingly, AFSCME concludes that the County Labor
Board is not entitled to grandfather status under Section 10-7E-26(A). In its answer to
AFSCME’s complaint, the County Commission denied having engaged in any unlawful
conduct and claimed, as an affirmative defense, that AFSCME’s action is not ripe and,
therefore, should be dismissed.

{7}     The parties stipulated that the district court could decide AFSCME’s declaratory-
judgment action on briefs only, and a briefing schedule was issued. AFSCME’s brief
restated and clarified the arguments laid out in its complaint. The County Commission’s
response brief focused on what it described as AFSCME’s central error: AFSCME failed
to provide any evidence to support the contention that the County Commission is biased,
and, therefore, AFSCME’s contention that the LMROs are not entitled to grandfather status
fails. The County Commission argued that, in New Mexico, it is presumed that public
officials properly perform their duties, see City of Albuquerque v. Montoya,
2012-NMSC-007, ¶ 20, 274 P.3d 108, and AFSCME wrongly presumes the opposite.
AFSCME’s claims also fail to acknowledge, the County Commission noted, that the County
Commission has a significant interest in ensuring harmonious relations with its employees.
Finally, the County Commission argued that AFSCME failed to identify any harm resulting
from the alleged bias and, for this reason, contended that AFSCME’s claims were not ripe
for review.

{8}     The district court entered an opinion and order in which it addressed the merits of the
parties’ dispute, rejected AFSCME’s argument that the County Labor Board was not entitled
to grandfather status, and dismissed AFSCME’s complaint. The district court characterized

                                              3
AFSCME’s claim that the County Commission was self-evidently biased against employees
as unsupported by facts or law. The Court of Appeals also reached the merits of the dispute
and affirmed. Am. Fed’n of State v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of Bernalillo Cty.,
2015-NMCA-070, ¶¶ 14-15, 352 P.3d 682, cert. granted, 2015-NMCERT-006 (No. 35,248,
June 19, 2015). In attempting to articulate what precisely AFSCME found objectionable
about the LMROs, the Court of Appeals was required to carefully parse AFSCME’s
arguments and engage in guesswork. Id. ¶¶ 7-8. The lower courts’ reactions to AFSCME’s
arguments are entirely understandable. As we clarify in the discussion below, AFSCME’s
claims are speculative and contingent.

{9}     We granted certiorari, exercising our jurisdiction under Article VI, Section 3 of the
New Mexico Constitution and NMSA 1978, Section 34-5-14(B) (1972). After careful
review of the briefs and consideration of the parties’ presentations at oral argument, it is
clear that the operative question in this case is whether AFSCME satisfied statutory
jurisdictional prerequisites to bring suit under New Mexico’s Declaratory Judgment Act.

II.     DISCUSSION

A.      Standard of Review

{10} The standard of review for jurisdictional issues is de novo. Smith v. City of Santa Fe,
2007-NMSC-055, ¶ 10, 142 N.M. 786, 171 P.3d 300.

B.      Declaratory-Judgment Actions

{11} The Declaratory Judgment Act (the Act), §§ 44-6-1 to -15, grants jurisdiction to the
district courts to determine questions of the construction or validity of local laws and
municipal ordinances. Smith, 2007-NMSC-055, ¶ 14. Section 44-6-4 states, in pertinent
part, that “[a]ny person . . . whose rights, status or other legal relations are affected by a
statute, [or] municipal ordinance . . . may have determined any question of construction or
validity arising under the . . . statute, [or] ordinance . . . and obtain a declaration of rights,
status or other legal relations thereunder.” Given the specific nature of AFSCME’s
claim—that the LMROs violate AFSCME’s due process rights and, thus, the LMROs are not
entitled to grandfather status—it appears Section 44-6-4 was the provision under which
AFSCME should have proceeded.

{12} In its complaint, AFSCME relied on another provision of the Act, Section 44-6-13.
This provision deals with the circumstances under which “the State of New Mexico, or any
official thereof, may be sued and declaratory judgment entered . . . ” Id. We have addressed
this provision in the context of waiver of state sovereign immunity and concluded that the
provision “permits parties to sue the state when the state’s consent to be sued otherwise
exists.” Gill v. Pub. Emps. Ret. Bd., 2004-NMSC-016, ¶ 11, 135 N.M. 472, 90 P.3d 491.
It is unclear whether Section 44-6-13 has any application here. It is unnecessary, however,
to resolve this complication. AFSCME was required to fulfill certain jurisdictional

                                                4
prerequisites to proceed under any provision of the Act.

{13} In 1935, the Legislature enacted New Mexico’s first declaratory-judgment act, which
was patterned on the federal act and provided that “[i]n cases of actual controversy, the
courts of record of the State of New Mexico shall have power, upon petition, declaration
complaint, or other appropriate pleadings, to declare rights and other legal relations of any
interested party petitioning for such declaration . . . .” 1935 N.M. Laws, ch. 143, § 1.
Shortly thereafter, in Taos County Board of Education v. Sedillo, this Court held that “under
section 1 of our [declaratory judgment] act an actual controversy must exist to confer
jurisdiction.” 1940-NMSC-026, ¶ 22, 44 N.M. 300, 101 P.2d 1027. As early as Sedillo, this
Court already considered it well-settled that a justiciable controversy is a necessary
precondition to invoke a court’s jurisdiction to decide a declaratory-judgment action. See
id. ¶¶ 22-26. The current version of the Act is significantly similar to the first version. It
grants the district courts “power to declare rights, status, and other legal relations” in “cases
of actual controversy.” Section 44-6-2; see also New Energy Econ., Inc. v. Shoobridge,
2010-NMSC-049, ¶ 17, 149 N.M. 42, 243 P.3d 746 (“The [Act] itself requires the presence
of an ‘actual controversy’ before a district court can assume jurisdiction in a declaratory
judgment action.” (quoting § 44-6-2)).

{14} Article VI, Section 1 of the New Mexico Constitution vests the “judicial power” in
the courts “as may be established by law . . . .” The Legislature may establish a right and
predicate a court’s power of review on the fact that suit is brought by one of a particular
class of plaintiffs or petitioners. If a statute creates a right and provides that only a specific
class of persons may petition for judicial review of an alleged violation, then the courts lack
the jurisdiction to adjudicate that alleged violation when the petition is brought by a person
outside of that class.

{15} From the foregoing, we reach the following conclusions. Under the Act, courts in
New Mexico have jurisdiction to adjudicate and declare rights and legal relations only in
cases of actual controversy. A case of actual controversy exists only where a plaintiff
satisfies justiciability requirements. If a party fails to meet these requirements, then, under
the Act, the district court lacks jurisdiction to decide the merits of the action.

{16} Issues of justiciability were raised in the proceedings below. The County
Commission asserted ripeness as an affirmative defense in its answer to AFSCME’s
complaint. It raised the issue again in its response in opposition to AFSCME’s brief in
support of its complaint. The Commission argued in its answer brief in the proceedings
before this Court that AFSCME failed to show that it suffered any harm. And at oral
argument, the Commission argued that AFSCME’s claims were non-justiciable. Regardless,
we may consider the justiciability of AFSCME’s claims sua sponte. It is well settled that
“[j]urisdiction of the subject matter cannot be conferred by consent of the parties, much less
waived by them.” State ex rel. Overton v. N.M. State Tax Comm’n, 1969-NMSC-140, ¶ 8,
81 N.M. 28, 462 P.2d 613. “If sensed by the court, even though not raised by the parties, the
question of jurisdiction compels an answer.” Id. Cf. Gunaji v. Macias, 2001-NMSC-028,

                                                5
¶ 20, 130 N.M. 734, 31 P.3d 1008 (observing that lack of standing “is a potential
jurisdictional defect, which may not be waived and may be raised at any stage in the
proceedings, even sua sponte by the appellate court” (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted)).

{17} We are here concerned with two requirements of justiciability: ripeness and the
injury-in-fact component of standing. An actual controversy is not present unless the issue
raised by the litigant is ripe for judicial determination, Sanchez v. City of Santa Fe,
1971-NMSC-012, ¶ 7, 82 N.M. 322, 481 P.2d 401, and the litigant has standing. State ex
rel. Overton, 1969-NMSC-140, ¶ 16. One essential component of standing is injury-in-fact.
ACLU of N.M. v. City of Albuquerque, 2008-NMSC-045, ¶ 19, 144 N.M. 471, 188 P.3d
1222. For the reasons discussed below, we hold that AFSCME’s declaratory-judgment
action is not ripe for review and AFSCME has not asserted an injury-in-fact.

1.     Ripeness

{18} The purpose of the ripeness requirement “is and always has been to conserve judicial
machinery for problems which are real and present or imminent, not to squander it on
abstract or hypothetical or remote problems.” N.M. Indus. Energy Consumers v. N.M. Pub.
Serv. Comm’n, 1991-NMSC-018, ¶ 25, 111 N.M. 622, 808 P.2d 592 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). The core policy concerns animating the ripeness doctrine are
avoidance of unnecessary constitutional determinations and the establishment and
maintenance of proper relationships between the judiciary and other branches of
government. 13B Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3532.1 at
394 (3d ed. 2008). See also ACLU of N.M., 2008-NMSC-045, ¶ 10 (observing that analysis
of justiciability principles in New Mexico have long been guided by federal practice). The
importance of these concerns cannot be overemphasized. As one leading treatise correctly
notes, “courts should not render decisions absent a genuine need to resolve a real dispute.
Unnecessary decisions dissipate judicial energies better conserved for litigants who have a
real need of official assistance.” Wright, Miller & Cooper, supra, § 3532.1 at 372-73
(footnote omitted).

{19} Ripeness analysis involves a two pronged inquiry. We “evaluate both the fitness for
the issues for judicial decision and the hardship to the parties of withholding court
consideration.” N.M. Indus. Energy Consumers, 1991-NMSC-018, ¶ 25 (quoting Abbott
Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 149 (1967), abrogated by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99
(1977)). When, as in the present case, constitutional questions are at issue, courts are
particularly vigilant to ensure that the matter is ripe. 15 Moore’s Federal Practice § 101.79
at 101-340 (3d ed. 2015); see also City of Las Cruces v. El Paso Elec. Co.,
1998-NMSC-006, ¶ 21, 124 N.M. 640, 954 P.2d 72 (“[I]t is an enduring principle of
constitutional jurisprudence that courts will avoid deciding constitutional questions unless
required to do so.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). For the reasons that
follow, AFSCME’s claims are not fit, and it will suffer little hardship if we dismiss.


                                             6
{20} Fitness is concerned with “whether the claim involves uncertain and contingent
events that may not occur as anticipated or may not occur at all.” 15 Moore’s Federal
Practice § 101.76[1][a] at 101-312.2; accord Wright, Miller & Cooper, supra, § 3532.2 at
459 (“Many cases deny ripeness on the straight-forward ground that the anticipated events
and injury are simply too remote and uncertain to justify present adjudication.”). We have
previously observed that the “mere possibility or even probability that a person may be
adversely affected in the future by official acts” is insufficient to establish ripeness. New
Energy Econ., 2010-NMSC-049, ¶ 18 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). This
is because:

        “[i]f the facts are uncertain and the court is being asked to make a legal ruling based
        on the possibility that certain facts will be found to exist at some point in the future,
        then a decision would constitute nothing more than an advisory opinion based on a
        hypothetical scenario.”

15 Moore’s Federal Practice § 101.75 at 101-312.1.

{21} Decisions of administrative entities are fit for review only when the agency’s
decision is final. See N.M. Indus. Energy Consumers, 1991-NMSC-018, ¶ 26 (indicating that
the ultimate question, when considering ripeness in the administrative context, “is whether
agency action is sufficiently final or definitive so that there is no judicial interest in awaiting
a more concrete formulation of the issues”). This proposition serves to prevent “judicial
interference until an administrative decision has been formalized and finalized and its effects
felt in a concrete way by the parties.” 15 Moore’s Federal Practice § 101.76[1][c] at 101-
317 to 101-318. Moreover, the proposition serves an important role in preserving separation
of powers. See New Energy Econ., 2010-NMSC-049, ¶ 19 (“Judicial action that disrupts the
administrative process before it has run its course intrudes on the power of another branch
of government.”).

{22} AFSCME’s injury is based on two underlying claims: (1) the County Commission
refused to negotiate and (2) it is entitled to accrete into the bargaining unit four employees
at the Bernalillo County Juvenile Detention Center. As noted, AFSCME asserts that it need
not file these claims with the County Labor Board because the Board is not entitled to
grandfather status. According to AFSCME, the Board is not entitled to this status because
its decisions are subject to a biased review by the County Commission which would deprive
AFSCME and its members of due process.

{23} With respect to the allegation that the County Commission refused to negotiate,
AFSCME’s due-process injury would materialize only if the County Labor Board found that
refusal to bargain was in fact a prohibited practice. If the County Labor Board makes no
such finding, the County Commission has no right of review. See Bernalillo County, N.M.,
Ordinances, ch. 2, art. III, div.5, § 2-211(a) (stating that the County Commission shall
exercise independent review only where the County Labor Board finds a party guilty of a
violation). Where the Commission has no right to review, there can be no opportunity for

                                                7
the Commission to exercise an alleged bias and deprive AFSCME and its members of due
process. And even if the County Labor Board found the County Commission’s refusal to
negotiate to be a prohibited practice, AFSCME’s injury still would only actualize if the
Commission reversed the Board’s findings. Only then would AFSCME allege a non-
hypothetical injury.

{24} With regard to the accretion issue, it is not clear whether the County Commission is
even adverse to AFSCME’s request to accrete the employees. According to AFSCME, these
employees were wrongly designated as supervisors when they are not. At oral argument,
AFSCME contended that the County Commission would necessarily oppose the accretion
of these employees in light of the fact that the employees would, after accretion, be entitled
to additional rights and benefits. But this is speculation. Does the County Commission
oppose AFSCME’s argument that the employees were wrongly designated? Will the County
Labor Board agree with AFSCME about the errant designation of these employees? If the
Board does agree, will it permit accretion and will it find a prohibited practice or other
violation as defined in Bernalillo County, N.M., Ordinances, ch.2, art. III, div.5, § 2-211(a)
such that the Board shall request the Commission to enter an order? Will the County
Commission ignore the Board’s finding, engage in bias, and then enter an order contrary to
the Board’s order? We do not know the answer to any of these questions. AFSCME asks
us to speculate.

{25} Additionally, the LMROs and the proceedings they establish function, for all
purposes and effect, as administrative proceedings. AFSCME’s declaratory-judgment action
involved the district court in those proceedings well in advance of any final adjudication at
the county level. AFSCME does not contest the neutrality or legitimacy of the County Labor
Board; yet, even that entity was not given the opportunity to rule on the refusal-to-bargain
and accretion issues. In this instance, there was no county-level adjudication at all. No
concrete formulation of the issue was permitted to develop.

{26} If any doubt existed that AFSCME’s claims were not fit, those doubts dissipated at
oral argument. There, AFSCME conceded that allowing the County Labor Board an
opportunity to rule on the refusal to negotiate and accretion issues would help determine
whether a “real dispute” exists in this case. AFSCME further conceded that there has been
no single instance, in the forty-plus years the LMROs have existed, where the County
Commission overruled the County Labor Board’s determination regarding a prohibited-
practice violation. AFSCME attributed this positive state of affairs to the parties’ “good
relationship.”

{27} Based on the foregoing, we conclude that AFSCME’s alleged injury is speculative
and contingent. Accordingly, under the Declaratory Judgment Act, it is not fit for review.
See Rio Grande Kennel Club v. City of Albuquerque, 2008-NMCA-093, ¶ 24, 144 N.M. 636,
190 P.3d 1131 (rejecting as premature, under ripeness principles, a facial claim against a
regulation that the city had yet to enforce); 15 Moore’s Federal Practice § 101.80[4] at 101-
345 (“The existence of a contingency is sufficient to elicit a finding that the issue is not yet

                                               8
ripe for review.”).

{28} The second step in the ripeness analysis is whether, and to what extent, the parties
will endure hardship if a decision is withheld. See N.M. Indus. Energy Consumers,
1991-NMSC-018, ¶ 25. “The hallmark of cognizable hardship is usually direct and
immediate harm.” 15 Moore’s Federal Practice § 101.76[2] at 101-331; accord Morgan v.
McCotter, 365 F.3d 882, 891 (10th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he hardship inquiry may be answered by
asking whether the challenged action creates a direct and immediate dilemma for the
parties.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). “In assessing this possibility of
hardship, we ask whether the challenged action creates a direct and immediate dilemma for
the parties. The mere possibility of future injury, unless it is the cause of some present
detriment, does not constitute hardship.” N.Y. Civil Liberties Union v. Grandeau, 528 F.3d
122, 134 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

{29} The hardship AFSCME faces here is speculative. As noted, AFSCME conceded at
oral argument that further adjudication at the county level will help clarify whether a real
dispute exists in this case, and also conceded that, if the type of biased administrative
adjudication it fears does in fact manifest, then it can return to court and seek review of that
decision. Accordingly, AFSCME will not be imminently injured by dismissal. Cf. Morgan,
365 F.3d at 891 (“[P]ostponing decision on this case until [p]laintiff has suffered some
concrete harm cannot itself constitute an independent harm to [p]laintiff.”).

{30} AFSCME’s claims are not fit for review, and declining to review them works no
hardship on AFSCME. Accordingly, AFSCME’s claims are not ripe.

2.     Injury-In-Fact

{31} Under New Mexico’s Declaratory Judgment Act, standing—like ripeness—is a
jurisdictional prerequisite. State ex rel. Overton, 1969-NMSC-140, ¶ 16. “The standing
question ‘bears close affinity to questions of ripeness—whether the harm asserted has
matured sufficiently to warrant judicial intervention.’” Miss. State Democratic Party v.
Barbour, 529 F.3d 538, 544-45 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 499
n.10 (1975)). “In some cases, the issues of standing and ripeness will completely overlap.”
15 Moore’s Federal Practice § 101.71 at 101-308 to 101-309. This is particularly true “in
cases involving pre-enforcement review, the standing and ripeness inquiries may tend to
converge. This is because claims for pre-enforcement review involve the possibility of
wholly prospective future injury, not a prayer for relief from damages already sustained.”
Elend v. Basham, 471 F.3d 1199, 1205 (11th Cir. 2006).

{32} To obtain standing in New Mexico, litigants must allege an injury-in-fact, i.e., that
“they are directly injured as a result of the action they seek to challenge” in court. See
ACLU of N.M., 2008-NMSC-045, ¶ 1; N.M. Right to Choose/NARAL v. Johnson,
1999-NMSC-005, ¶ 12, 126 N.M. 788, 975 P.2d 841. The litigant must show “that he is
imminently threatened with injury, or, put another way, that he is faced with a real risk of

                                               9
future injury, as a result of the challenged action or statute.” ACLU of N.M., 2008-NMSC-
045, ¶ 11 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Requiring the party bringing suit
to show a concrete injury or threat of injury “serves well-established goals of sound judicial
policy.” Id. ¶ 19. This requirement prevents our courts from making unnecessary
constitutional determinations and ensures that the judiciary maintains a proper relationship
with other branches of government. Id. Hypothetical possibilities of injury “will not suffice
to establish the threat of direct injury required for standing.” Id. ¶ 29; see also 15 Moore’s
Federal Practice § 101.40[4][b][i] at 101-60 (“An injury that is merely conjectural,
speculative, or hypothetical will not satisfy the injury-in-fact component of standing.”).

{33} For reasons already stated, AFSCME asserts only the possibility of a hypothetical
injury and, therefore, has not established an injury-in-fact.

III.   CONCLUSION

{34} AFSCME did not establish the existence of an “actual controversy.” Its claims fail
to satisfy the justiciability requirements of ripeness and the injury-in-fact component of
standing. Therefore, the district court did not possess jurisdiction over AFSCME’s
declaratory-judgment action. As the district court did not possess jurisdiction, its decision,
as well as the decision of the Court of Appeals, must be vacated. We remand this matter to
the district court for dismissal for lack of jurisdiction.

{35}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                              ____________________________________
                                              JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Justice

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
CHARLES W. DANIELS, Chief Justice

____________________________________
BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice

EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ and PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justices, concurring in part
and dissenting in part

CHÁVEZ, Justice (concurring in part, dissenting in part).

{36} I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part with the majority opinion. I agree
with the majority opinion that the AFSCME complaint for declaratory judgment is not ripe
because AFSCME did not file with the County Labor Board. Maj. op. ¶ 23. After all, if the
County Labor Board does not find a prohibited practice under Bernalillo County, N.M.,

                                             10
Ordinances Chapter 2, Article III, Section 2-210(a) (1975), AFSCME will not have to argue
its case before the Bernalillo County Commission (Commission).1 However, if the County
Labor Board finds that either the Commission or AFSCME are guilty of a prohibited
practice, the County Labor Board “shall request that the county commission enter an order
against the party guilty of the violation.” Bernalillo Cty., N.M., Ordinances ch. 2, art. III,
§ 2-211(a) (1975). The majority holds that under such circumstances “AFSCME’s injury
still would only actualize if the Commission reversed the Board’s findings.” Maj. op. ¶ 23.
I cannot agree with this portion of the majority opinion. An actual controversy regarding the
significant due process concerns with the procedures in the LMRO would exist once the
County Labor Board found a prohibited practice violation.

{37} The Commission is a party to the collective bargaining agreement. If the County
Labor Board finds the Commission guilty of a prohibited practice, the Commission
independently decides whether it was guilty of such a violation. If the County Labor Board
finds AFSCME guilty of a prohibited practice violation, the Commission independently
decides whether AFSCME was guilty of such a violation. When a party to a contract gets
to decide whether either it or the other party breached the contract, this in and of itself raises
significant due process concerns. The United States Supreme Court recognized long ago that

        [a] fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process. Fairness
        of course requires an absence of actual bias in the trial of cases. But our
        system of law has always endeavored to prevent even the probability of
        unfairness. To this end no man can be a judge in his own case and no man
        is permitted to try cases where he has an interest in the outcome. That
        interest cannot be defined with precision.

In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955). How can a party to a contract who adjudicates
whether either it or the other party breached the agreement not have an interest in the
outcome? The Commission is the adjudicator in its own case.

{38} Especially in this case, where the Commission independently makes its decision–the
Commission’s review is not tethered to any standards of review. The Commission gives the
evidence the weight it chooses. The Commission does not give any deference to the County
Labor Board. The Commission is not limited to deciding whether the County Labor Board
was arbitrary. In addition, once the Commission makes its decision, it “may petition the
appropriate district court to enforce its decision on the issue.” Bernalillo Cty., N.M.,
Ordinances ch. 2, art. III, § 2-211(a). The ordinance does not address any appeal rights that
AFSCME might have.



        1
        AFSCME should be able to appeal directly to district court under Rule 1-075
NMRA. See Mills v. N.M. Bd. of Psychologist Exam’rs, 1997-NMSC-028, ¶ 10, 123 N.M.
421, 941 P.2d 502.

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{39} The ordinances under review are one-sided and is unlike any other Bernalillo County
ordinances affecting employment relations. For example, a hearing officer is the final arbiter
regarding employee discipline matters. See Bernalillo Cty., N.M., Ordinances ch. 2, art. III,
§ 2-99(a) (1998). The hearing officer’s decision is appealable to “district court pursuant to
the provisions of the Uniform Arbitration Act, NMSA 1978 § 44-7-22 et. seq.” Section 2-
99(i). Code of Conduct Review Board decisions are also appealed directly to the district
court. Bernalillo Cty., N.M., Ordinances ch. 2, art. III, § 2-134 (2012) (“Any decision of the
review board finding a violation of this code, with respect to an elected official, candidate
or volunteer may be appealed to the Second Judicial District Court. Any decision regarding
an employee shall be covered by the terms of the employment rules and regulations or
collective bargaining agreement, as applicable.”).

{40}   For the foregoing reasons, I concur in part and dissent in part.

                                              ____________________________________
                                              EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice

I CONCUR:

____________________________________
PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice




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