                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           JUN 7 1999

                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                       No. 98-7130
 v.
                                                  (D.C. No. 98-CR-14-B)
                                                      (E. Dist. Okla.)
 AARON KEITH HUBBARD, also
 known as Aron Keith Hubbard,

          Defendant-Appellant.



                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, EBEL and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.


      Aaron Keith Hubbard was charged in a five count indictment for possession

of a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g); possession of

explosive material as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 842(i) and

844(a); possession of an unregistered firearm in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5841,

5861(d), and 5871; construction of a destructive device in violation of 26 U.S.C.

§§ 5822, 5861(f), and 5871; and possession of methamphetamine in violation of


      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
21 U.S.C. § 844(a). He made a motion to suppress, arguing that the search

warrant resulting in the discovery of the contraband was issued without probable

cause because it was based on stale information and was lacking in particularity.

The district court denied the motion. After entering a conditional guilty plea to

all five counts, Mr. Hubbard was sentenced to 180 months incarceration and 36

months supervised release. He appeals and we affirm.

      The story begins with a burglary on the night of August 20, 1997, of

Muskogee Metal Fabricators, Inc., which included the theft of thirteen firearms, a

number of them recovered during subsequent investigations. On January 21,

1998, Johnny Brooks, arrested on other charges, stated that he, Jimmy Tucker and

Mr. Hubbard were the Muskogee Metal burglars. He advised that he had taken a

.45 derringer from the Muskogee Metal robbery and had given it to Mr. Hubbard,

who traded it to Alfred Lee Alley for drugs. Mr. Brooks also advised that Mr.

Hubbard himself had taken several firearms during the robbery, including a

Ruger, 9mm pistol and a .38 caliber revolver. Mr. Brooks stated that Cheryl

Woodall had sold a Mini 14, .223 caliber semi-automatic rifle to Mr. Hubbard for

bail money, and that Mr. Brooks had seen the rifle at Mr. Hubbard’s residence in

November 1997. Mr. Brooks advised that Mr. Hubbard was “very fond” of the

Mini and that it “would probably remain in his possession.” Rec., vol. I, doc. 1,

Affidavit at 3. Cheryl Woodall corroborated that she had sold “some rifles” to


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Mr. Hubbard to obtain bail money for Alfred Lee Alley. Id. at 4.

      Based on the investigation and, in particular, the information provided by

Mr. Brooks, Agent Sandoval made an affidavit and an application for a search

warrant for Mr. Hubbard’s residence. The application described the property to

be seized as, among other items, “[a]ny and all firearms, to include but not limited

to, one (1) Ruger, mini 14, .223 caliber semi-automatic rifle. An unknown make

or model .38 caliber revolver. Any items pertaining to the possession and/or

disposition of any firearm, including gun case, ammunition, spare parts for

firearms.” Rec., vol. I, doc. 1, Attachment B. A search warrant was issued on

February 3, 1998, a search conducted on February 12, and two guns, a hand

grenade, explosive materials and various types and quantities of ammunition were

seized.

      Mr. Hubbard contests the validity of the search warrant. In reviewing the

district court's denial of a motion to suppress, we review the district court's

findings of fact for clear error, and we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the government. See United States v. Sanchez, 89 F.3d 715, 717

(10th Cir.1996). The overall reasonableness of a search is a question of law that

we review de novo. Id. To assess the validity of a search warrant under the

Fourth Amendment, we review whether the totality of the circumstances set forth

in the affidavit “provided the judicial officer a substantial basis for finding a fair


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probability that contraband or other evidence of a crime would be found at the

searched premises.” United States v. McCarty, 82 F.3d 943, 947 (10th Cir. 1996)

(quotations omitted); United States v. Sturmoski, 971 F.2d 452, 457 (10th Cir.

1992).

         Mr. Hubbard first contends the search warrant lacked probable cause

because the evidence leading to the warrant was stale. He argues that any

evidence of guns he had taken during a robbery in August, six months before the

search warrant, or any evidence he had traded bail money for rifles in November,

did not sufficiently suggest that he would be in possession of guns in February.

We disagree. In reviewing for staleness, we look at the nature of the offense and

the length of criminal activity, “not simply the number of days that have elapsed.”

United States v. Myers, 106 F.3d 936, 939 (10th Cir. 1997). Indeed, “[w]here the

offense in question is ongoing and continuing, the passage of time is not of

critical importance.” United States v. Le, ___ F.3d ___, 1999 WL 176192, at *6

(10th Cir. Mar. 31, 1999) (quotations omitted) (citing Sturmoski, 971 F.2d at

457). The statements from Mr. Brooks on January 21 that Mr. Hubbard probably

still possessed the Mini and that Mr. Hubbard engaged in an on-going pattern of

exchanges for firearms, viewed in the totality of the circumstances, convinces us

there was sufficient probability of existing evidence of a crime to support the

search warrant.


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      Mr. Hubbard next contends that the search warrant was deficient because it

failed to state the items to be seized with sufficient particularity, its main flaw

being the inclusion of an “unknown” .38 that the government should have

specified as the missing .38 from the robbery. Mr. Hubbard cites United States v.

Leary, 846 F.2d 592, 600 (10th Cir. 1988), for the proposition that the

government’s failure to list this specific gun makes the warrant deficient.

Contrary to Mr. Hubbard’s interpretation, Leary stands for the more flexible

proposition that “[t]he test applied to the description of the items to be seized is a

practical one” where specificity or generality must be customized to the nature of

the activity under investigation. Id. In the instant case, the listing of the general

make of the gun was appropriately particular. Since Mr. Hubbard was a felon,

any firearm in his possession would constitute an offense. Moreover, evidence

was proffered that he engaged in ongoing firearm trading. The warrant, asking

for all firearms while listing specific makes, was generic enough to fit the

purposes of the investigation of a felon possessing guns while also being

particular enough to assure no general rummaging by police.

      In conclusion, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.


                                                ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                                Stephanie K. Seymour
                                                Chief Judge

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