                            UNPUBLISHED

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                            No. 06-2248



DEBRA GARIETY; HORST O. BISCHOFF, as Trustee
of Bischoff Family Trust; PAMELA HANYZEWKI;
JOHN J. CLINE; THOMAS ALLEN, Individually and
on behalf of all others similarly situated;
THOMAS J. SHANNON, JR., as Trustee, Natural
Parent and Guardian of Crystal N. Shannon; SMV
HOLDING COMPANY, PLL; VINCENT PAUL; CHARLES
THORNTON, Individually and as Trustee, SEP;
FRED L. MILLNER; WARREN H. HYDE; CARYL HYDE;
TEEN RESPONSE, INCORPORATED; ELIZABETH B.
SPONSELLER; MICHAEL J. SPONSELLER; TERRY
OVERHOLSER; LAWRENCE CORMAN, on behalf of
themselves and all others similarly situated,

                                          Plaintiffs - Appellants,

          versus


NANCY VORONO; VIDA HEADRICK; EVELYN HERRON;
JEANIE WIMMER,

                                           Defendants - Appellees,

          and


GRANT THORNTON, LLP; HERMAN & CORMANY; MICHAEL
GRAHAM; BILLY JEAN CHERRY; TERRY LEE CHURCH;
ESTATE OF J. KNOX MCCONNELL; LOUIS J. PAIS;
MICHAEL F. GIBSON; ANDREW L. RAGO; JULIAN G.
BUDNICK; GARY ELLIS; J&J CONSTRUCTION COMPANY;
HERMIE CHURCH; DIVERSIFIED CAPITAL MARKETS;
MICHAEL PATTERSON, a/k/a MPI Financial; MICHAEL
PATTERSON, INCORPORATED; E.E. POWELL & COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; JOHN DOES 1-100; ROBERT WAGNER;
QUANTUM CAPITAL CORPORATION; FERRIS, BAKER,
WATTS, INCORPORATED; SCOTT & STRINGFELLOW;
GUNNALLEN FINANCIAL INCORPORATED; JACK INGOLD;
REGIS SECURITIES CORPORATION; NANCY VARGO; TOM
DOOLEY; GARVIN TANKERSLEY; ELLEN TURPIN; LORA
MCKINNEY; PHILIP C. PETTY, Administrator;
VICKIE MIKLES; DONNA DICKERSON; MARY A. WHITE;
VIRGINIA BURKS; CONSTANCE EVANS; RITA LASSAK;
DEBRA BAILEY; SUSAN DALTON; ROBBIN WHITE; TAMMY
FISHER; CITY NATIONAL BANK; UNITED NATIONAL
BANK,

                                                          Defendants,


HARGRAVE   MILITARY  ACADEMY,   a   non-profit
corporation; WAYNESBURG COLLEGE, a non-profit
corporation; MICHAEL CHERRY; TIMMY CLINE;
VICKIE CLINE; THE OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER OF
THE CURRENCY; FIRST COMMERCE OF AMERICA,

                                                 Parties in Interest,


MELISSA QUIZENBEURY; HOG PEN ENTERPRISES,
INCORPORATED;   JLT    ENTERPRISES;   KEYSTONE
HARDWARE; C&H RANCH; MARBIL,INCORPORATED; HC &
TC TRUST; DOLORES HUGHES; BILL PACK; WENDY
PACK; TAMMY FISHER; LARRY FISHER; HERMAN
FISHER; JUDY KAHL; ANDREW T. RAPOFF; DONNA
MARIE RAPOFF; MICHAEL A. RAPOFF; DANNY RAPOFF;
NANCY E. KELANON; DAVID RAPOFF; ANDREW J.
RAPOFF; MICHAEL J. CHERRY; ROSLYN A. CHERRY;
LEAH M. CHERRY; RACHEL L. CHERRY; DANIEL T.
HALSEY;     SUNRISE      AUTOMOTIVE     GROUP,
INCORPORATED; NANCY E. KELAHAN; TERRY L. ROSE,

                                           Intervenors/Defendants,

H. LYNDEN GRAHAM, JR.,

                                                            Trustee,

          versus


ADVANTA MORTGAGE CORPORATION USA; CELINK,
INCORPORATED, formerly known as Compu-link
Service, Incorporated,

                                           Third Party Defendants.


                                2
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern
District of West Virginia, at Charleston. David A. Faber, Chief
District Judge. (2:99-00992)


Argued:   October 31, 2007              Decided:   January 8, 2008


Before WILLIAMS, Chief Judge, and NIEMEYER and SHEDD, Circuit
Judges.


Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.


ARGUED: Joshua Israel Barrett, DITRAPANO, BARRETT & DIPIERO,
Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellants.     David Dale Johnson,
III, WINTER, JOHNSON & HILL, P.L.L.C., Charleston, West Virginia;
William Bernard Flanigan, SANDERS, AUSTIN, PRUDICH, FLANIGAN &
ABOULHOSN, Princeton, West Virginia; Shawn Patrick George, GEORGE
& LORENSEN, P.L.L.C., Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellees. ON
BRIEF: Sigmund S. Wissner-Gross, BROWN & RUDNICK, New York, New
York; Rudolph L. DiTrapano, Sean P. McGinley, DITRAPANO, BARRETT &
DIPIERO, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellants.       Larry A.
Winter, WINTER, JOHNSON & HILL, P.L.L.C., Charleston, West
Virginia, for Appellee Nancy Vorono.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.




                                3
PER CURIAM:

      This    appeal   marks    at    least    the    fifth    occasion   we   have

addressed the repercussions of the 1999 collapse of First National

Bank of Keystone, in Keystone, West Virginia (“Keystone”).                      See

F.D.I.C. v. Bakkebo, -- F.3d --, 05-2175 Slip Op. (4th Cir. October

25,   2007)   (civil   action     brought      by    FDIC);    Gariety    v.   Grant

Thornton, LLP, 368 F.3d 356 (4th Cir. 2004) (“Gariety I”)(class

action by persons who purchased stock prior to Keystone’s failure);

United States v. Cherry, 330 F.3d 658 (4th Cir. 2003) (criminal

appeal); United States v. Church, 11 Fed. App’x. 264 (4th Cir.

2001) (unpublished) (same).           The current action, styled “Gariety

II,” is a lawsuit filed by individuals (the “Plaintiffs”) who

purchased Keystone stock between September 28, 1998 and September

1, 1999, when Keystone was declared insolvent and closed by federal

regulators.

      The Plaintiffs filed a three-count complaint on April 15, 2002

in the United States District Court for the Southern District of

West Virginia on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C.A.

§   1332   (West   2006),   and      named    more   than     twenty   defendants,

including the following persons: Nancy Vorono, identified as the

long-time secretary of Keystone’s President, J. Knox McConnell;

Vida Headrick, a close personal friend of Billy Cherry (one of the

principal criminal conspirators); Evelyn Herron, a bank manager of

Keystone’s Bradshaw, West Virginia branch; and Jeanie Wimmer, a


                                         4
teller at the Bradshaw branch. On appeal, our inquiry centers only

on Count One of the Plaintiffs’ complaint, which alleged a claim

for unjust enrichment.        Specifically, Count One alleged that the

defendants “obtained the proceeds of the sales of their [Keystone]

stocks by fraud,” or, “that [if] any of the Defendants obtained the

proceeds of the sale of their Keystone stock without fraud, it is

against equity for any such Defendant to be permitted to continue

to hold such proceeds.”       (J.A. at 418.)

     The   district     court,   following      discovery,   granted    summary

judgment   in   favor    of   Vorono,       Headrick,   Herron,   and   Wimmer,

concluding that the Plaintiffs had put forth insufficient evidence

that the four women obtained any property by way of wrongdoing.1

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), the district

court then entered an order of final judgment as to the unjust

enrichment claim against the four women.                The Plaintiffs have

appealed, and we possess jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.A. §

1291 (West 2006).




     1
      In contrast, the district court did grant the Plaintiffs’
motion for summary judgment as to several other defendants,
including Billy Cherry, Melissa Quizenbeury, Ellen Turpin, and Lora
McKinney. Those defendants have not appealed that ruling. The
district court also calendared for trial unjust enrichment claims
against four other Keystone employees, Constance Evans, Virginia
Burkes, Susan Delton, and Deborah Bailey.

                                        5
                                  I.

     Until the early 1990s, Keystone was a community bank in the

small town of Keystone, West Virginia (population less than 1,000)

with assets of around $17 million.        The town of Keystone itself

“looks like a movie set left over from Coal Miner’s Daughter.”

Timothy Roche, Poor Town, Rich Bank, Time Magazine, November 1,

1999.   At that time McConnell, a Pittsburgh area banker who had

taken control of the bank in 1977, embarked upon a growth strategy

based upon acquiring subprime mortgage loans and Federal Housing

Authority home improvement loans.       On paper, this growth strategy

was highly successful.     In Gariety I we explained:

     To pursue its loan securitization business, Keystone
     entered into financing relationships with other banks,
     paying higher than normal interest rates.      In 1997,
     Keystone began to securitize its own high loan-to-value
     loans made to highly leveraged borrowers with little or
     no collateral. During these years, Keystone made its
     highly risky securitization business its principal
     business. From 1992, when Keystone had assets of $107
     million, to 1999, Keystone’s business grew almost
     tenfold. In 1995, Keystone was reported to be one of the
     most profitable community banks in the nation, and by
     1999, it reported assets of $1.1 billion. Keystone was
     listed No. 1 in American Banker’s June 1999 list of “the
     75 most profitable large community banks,” with a
     “whopping” 7.24% return on average assets in 1998.

368 F.3d at 359.

     During this time frame, however, Keystone was under near-

constant investigation from the Office of the Comptroller of the

Currency   (“OCC”)   for     possible     reporting   violations   and

falsification of bank records.


                                   6
      In October 1997, McConnell passed away unexpectedly.            Under

his   then-existing   will,   a   large   portion    of   his   estate    was

bequeathed   to    Waynesburg     College,   a      private     college    in

Pennsylvania. Fearful that the College would scrutinize Keystone’s

finances if it took control of McConnell’s stock, two high ranking

employees, Terry Church and Billy Cherry, forged a codicil to

McConnell’s will that devised McConnell’s stock to Cherry and

Church instead of to Waynesburg College.         In addition, the codicil

created small gifts of $20,000 for certain Keystone employees,

including Vorono. Cherry also added her name to all of McConnell’s

bank accounts, creating joint ownership with survivorship in those

accounts, and then transferring the funds from those accounts into

her own separate accounts.

      Despite the concealment efforts of Cherry and Church (which

included burying boxes of bank records on Cherry’s farm), the OCC

finally caught up with Keystone in 1999.              In 1998, Keystone,

pursuant to an agreement with the OCC, hired an outside accounting

firm, Grant Thornton, LLP, to review Keystone’s books.           Gariety I,

368 F.3d at 359.      In May 1999, Grant Thornton issued a report

declaring the bank to be on solid footing.          Id.   The OCC kept up

its investigatory vigor, however, and in August 1999, the OCC

verified that Keystone could not substantiate almost $515 million

in loan assets, nearly one-half of its total assets.            Id. at 360.

On September 1, 1999, the OCC declared Keystone insolvent and


                                    7
closed the bank.      Id.   The Federal Deposit Insurance Company

(“FDIC”) has since indicated that Keystone’s failure cost the FDIC

between $750 million and $850 million.     Id.

       Summarizing Keystone’s actual performance during the 1990s, we

noted:

       A subsequent investigation by the Office of Inspector
       General determined that Keystone had been suffering heavy
       losses early in its growth period and that by late 1996
       Keystone had become insolvent. Keystone concealed its
       financial condition by continuing to record loans as
       assets even after they had been sold to investors as part
       of a securitized loan pool.     The Office of Inspector
       General concluded that “[a]lleged fraudulent accounting
       practices, uncooperative bank management and reported
       high profitability may have all served to mask the bank’s
       true financial condition from OCC examiners.”

Gariety I, 368 F.3d at 360 (alteration in original).

       The four defendants before us obtained Keystone stock as part

of the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”).         The ESOP was

terminated in 1995.    As noted above, the FDIC viewed Keystone as

insolvent by 1996, and deposition testimony established that the

stock shares at issue in this case, i.e., those sold between

September 28, 1998 and September 1, 1999, were worthless at the

time of the sales.    According to the Plaintiffs, Vorono, Headrick,

Herron, and Wimmer sold the following amounts of stock during that

time period:



NAME                  SHARES SOLD                GROSS PROCEEDS

Nancy Vorono          11,286                     $2,321,830


                                    8
Vida Headrick         3,885                    $649,525

Evelyn Herron         1,000                    $172,500

Jeanie Wimmer         1,000                    $172,500



                                 II.

     We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of the four women, applying the same standard as

the district court.     See Laber v. Harvey, 438 F.3d 404, 415 (4th

Cir. 2006) (en banc).     Summary judgment is appropriate when “the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions

on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is

no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party

is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”     Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986).

We must construe the facts in the light most favorable to the

Plaintiffs, and we may not make credibility determinations or weigh

the evidence.   See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

255 (1986); Edell & Assoc., P.C. v. Law Offices of Peter G.

Angelos, 264 F.3d 424, 435 (4th Cir. 2001).      But there must be

“sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party for a jury to

return a verdict for that party.        If the evidence is merely

colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may

be granted.”    Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50 (internal citations

omitted).


                                  9
                                      A.

       The only claim before this court is Count One in Gariety II,

which alleged a cause of action for unjust enrichment against

Vorono, Headrick, Herron, and Wimmer.             Under West Virginia law,

which the parties agree governs these claims, an individual is

unjustly enriched “whenever the legal title to property . . . has

been     obtained       through    actual    fraud,      misrepresentations,

concealments, or through undue influence, duress, taking advantage

of one’s weakness or necessities, or through any other similar

circumstances which render it unconscientious for the holder of the

legal title to retain and enjoy the beneficial interest.” Annon v.

Lucas, 185 S.E.2d 343, 352 (W. Va. 1971) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Patterson v. Patterson, 277 S.E.2d 709, 715 (W.

Va. 1981) (noting that unjust enrichment occurs when property is

“acquired through fraud, duress, undue influence or mistake, or

through    a   breach    of   fiduciary   duty,   or   through   the   wrongful

disposition of another’s property”).

       To remedy unjust enrichment, courts in equity may create a

constructive trust over the property in question.            “A constructive

trust is imposed where a person holding title to property is

subject to an equitable duty to convey it to another on the ground

that he would be unjustly enriched if he were permitted to retain

it.”      Patterson, 277 S.E.2d at 715 (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also St. Clair v. St. Clair, 273 S.E.2d 352, 355 (W.


                                      10
Va.   1980)    (“To   invoke      .    .   .    unjust   enrichment      to   impose    a

constructive trust upon property of another, it is necessary that

it be shown that one party has been unjustly enriched.”).                       Indeed,

constructive      trusts    are       “substantially       an     appropriate    remedy

against unjust enrichment.”                Annon, 185 S.E.2d at 352.              It is

important to remember that “[a] constructive trust arises not from

agreement of parties, express or implied, but from the construction

and   operation    of   equity        in   order    to   satisfy       the   demands    of

justice.”      Id. at 353 (internal quotation marks omitted).

      On appeal, the Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred

in granting summary judgment because the evidence, viewed in the

light   most    favorable    to       them,     would    permit    a   fact-finder      to

conclude that the four women were unjustly enriched because when

they sold their stock between September 28, 1998 and September 1,

1999, they knew that the stock was worthless based upon inside

information about Keystone’s financial situation.

      A careful review of the record compels the conclusion that the

district court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of

Vorono, Headrick, Herron, and Wimmer. Under West Virginia law, the

Plaintiffs must show some form of wrongdoing--fraud, concealment,

or some other similar wrongful act--on the part of the four women.

Even drawing inferences in the Plaintiffs’ favor, as we must, no

such credible evidence exists to survive summary judgment.                             For

instance, both Wimmer and Herron sold their stock only after being


                                               11
approached by an unrelated broker and only sold a small amount

relative         to    their   holdings.2        Headrick    testified   during   her

deposition that she sold her stock at her husband’s urging and that

she believed Keystone was doing very well.                    No contrary evidence

exists in the record. In addition, while Vorono sold virtually all

of her stock, she initially only offered to sell 1,000 of her more

than 11,000 shares and was asked by the broker to sell the

remainder.            She was not, as the Plaintiffs contend, “dumping” her

stock       in   April     1999.     Moreover,      Vorono    retained   more     than

$314,000.00 on deposit at Keystone at the time of the bank’s

failure.

     At bottom, the Plaintiffs’ sole evidence in this case consists

of the timing of the stock sales by the four women.                  Such evidence

amounts solely to speculation of wrongdoing, and “as in all summary

judgments . . . the non-moving party must still provide evidence

sufficient to create an issue for trial.”                   Francis v. Booz, Allen

& Hamilton, Inc., 452 F.3d 299, 308 (4th Cir. 2006).                 Thus, “[m]ere

unsupported speculation is not sufficient to defeat a summary

judgment motion if the undisputed evidence indicates that the other

party should win as a matter of law.”                       Id.   Accordingly, the

district court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of


        2
      At the time Keystone closed its doors, Wimmer held
approximately 2,900 shares of Keystone stock and Herron held
approximately 3,500 shares.     In addition, both women kept the
proceeds from the stock they did sell in their personal accounts at
Keystone.

                                            12
Vorono, Headrick, Herron, and Wimmer on the Plaintiffs’ unjust

enrichment claim.

                                    B.

     Perhaps anticipating our decision on the unjust enrichment

claim, the Plaintiffs also argue that, in the alternative, we

should certify to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals the

question   of   whether   West   Virginia   law   recognizes     what    the

Plaintiffs refer to as the “innocent beneficiary doctrine.”              See

e.g., Pope v. Garrett, 211 S.W.2d 559, 562 (Tex. 1948) (finding

that a   “[constructive] trust should be impressed even though the

wrongful conduct because of which the title was acquired is that of

a third person” pursuant to the “policy against unjust enrichment”

because “[b]ut for the wrongful acts the innocent defendants would

not have inherited interests in the property”); Connecticut Gen.

Life Ins. Co. v. Merkel, 279 N.W.2d 715, 716-17 (Wis. Ct. App.

1979) (noting that a constructive trust is imposed against innocent

beneficiaries when there is a “finding of improper or wrongful

conduct on the part of someone”).3        According to the Plaintiffs,

the innocent beneficiary doctrine permits the Plaintiffs to recover



     3
      The Restatement     (First)   of   Restitution   §   184   gives   the
following example:

     A, on his deathbed, attempts to execute a will leaving
     all his property to B. C by force or by fraud prevents
     A from executing the will. A dies intestate. A’s heirs
     and next of kin hold upon a constructive trust for B.


                                    13
proceeds from innocent beneficiaries of a third party’s fraud or

other wrongdoing.         Thus, Plaintiffs contend that even if Vorono,

Headrick,       Herron,    and     Wimmer      committed    no   wrongdoing,    a

constructive trust should still be imposed against them because the

women were able to sell their stock for value due to the wrongdoing

of others at Keystone.

     Pursuant to W. Va. Code Ann. § 51-1A-3, “[t]he supreme court

of appeals of West Virginia may answer a question of law certified

to it by any court of the United States . . . if the answer may be

determinative of an issue in a pending cause in the certifying

court     and   if    there   is    no    controlling      appellate   decision,

constitutional provision or statute of this state.”                 W. Va. Code

Ann. § 51-1A-3 (Lexis Nexis 2000).              The Supreme Court of Appeals

has expounded upon its authority to hear certified questions,

noting that “certification requires ‘a sufficiently precise and

undisputed      factual    record    on   which    the   legal   issues   can   be

determined.’”        Zelenka v. City of Weirton, 539 S.E.2d 750, 752 (W.

Va. 2000) (quoting Bass v. Coltelli, 453 S.E.2d 350, 356 (W. Va.

1994)).     In addition, that court “will not consider certified

questions not necessary to the decision of a case.”                Zelenka, 539

S.E.2d at 752.       Indeed, § 51-1A-3 “does not impose an absolute duty

on [the Supreme Court of Appeals] to answer [certified] questions.”

Abrams v. W. Va. Racing Comm’n, 263 S.E.2d 103, 105 (W. Va. 1980).

The court does “recognize that one of the beneficial purposes of


                                          14
the certification statute is to provide foreign courts with the

benefit of [the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia’s]

determination of West Virginia law,” and that its purpose is “to

resolve ambiguities or unanswered questions” in West Virginia law.

Id. at 106 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Certification is, by its very nature, discretionary on the

part of the federal court as well.           See Lehman Bros. v. Schein, 416

U.S. 386, 391 (“[Certification’s] use in a given case rests in the

sound discretion of the federal court.”);           Powell v. U.S. Fidelity

& Guar. Co., 88 F.3d 271, 274 (4th Cir. 1996).                     Taking into

consideration the purposes underlying West Virginia’s certification

statute, and utilizing our own discretion, we believe certification

is inappropriate in this case.

       West Virginia’s law of equity has consistently required some

form    of   wrongdoing    when     imposing   constructive     trusts.      The

equitable     wrong   of   unjust    enrichment    has   existed   since   West

Virginia’s     statehood,     see,    e.g.,    Thompson    v.   Merchants’    &

Mechanics’ Bank of Wheeling, 3 W. Va. 651 (W. Va. 1869), and has

never extended as far as the Plaintiffs would have it do in this

case.    In reviewing state law, a federal court “should not create

or expand [a] State’s public policy.”           St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins.

Co. v. Jacobson, 48 F.3d 778, 783 (4th Cir. 1995).              Following that

principle, we use our discretion and decline to certify a question

of law to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.


                                        15
                               III.

     The failure of Keystone was undoubtedly tragic, and we are

certainly sympathetic to the plight of the Plaintiffs, many of whom

put significant portions of their life-savings into Keystone stock.

The real “wrongdoers,” Terry Church, Billy Cherry, and other

Keystone executives, are, according to the Plaintiffs, essentially

judgment proof, leaving the Plaintiffs to attempt to recover from

persons skirted about the periphery of the Keystone affair.     In

this case, the Plaintiffs failed to bring forth sufficient evidence

to permit a fact-finder to conclude that the four women were

unjustly enriched and, accordingly, the judgment of the district

court must be

                                                         AFFIRMED.




                                16
