Filed 10/8/13 P. v. Price-Stewart CA1/4
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION FOUR


THE PEOPLE,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                     A136332
v.
EMMA PRICE-STEWART,                                                  (San Francisco City & County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. 12007830)
         Defendant and Appellant.


                                                             I.
                                                INTRODUCTION
         Following the denial of a motion to suppress evidence (Pen. Code, § 1538.5)1,
appellant Emma Price-Stewart entered a guilty plea to possession of a firearm by a felon
(Pen. Code, § 29800, subd. (a)(1)), and admitted one prior felony conviction (Health &
Saf. Code, § 11351.5). On appeal, Price-Stewart’s sole contention is that the seizure of
her purse during a police investigation was unconstitutional because there were no
particularized facts showing that she was armed or dangerous. As such, Price-Stewart
argues the police officer’s observation of the gun after the illegal seizure must be
suppressed as tainted evidence. We disagree and affirm.




         1
        Section 1538.5 allows a defendant to move to suppress evidence obtained in an
improper search and seizure. (People v. Williams (1999) 20 Cal.4th 119, 125.)


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                                            II.
                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUNDS
       On the afternoon of March 21, 2012, San Francisco Police Officer Donald Lockett
received a call regarding the attempted fraudulent use of a credit card at the Louis
Vuitton store in the Westfield San Francisco Centre mall. Officer Lockett testified that
upon his arrival, a store employee told him that one male and one female, both of whom
were African-American, attempted to purchase over $4,000 worth of merchandise. The
store employee told Office Lockett that she suspected that the male was going to use a
fraudulent credit card because she recognized him from a bulletin regarding suspected
fraud. The store employee then consulted her manager in the back of the store. When
the employee returned to the counter, a manager from another Louis Vuitton store
arrived, at which time the suspects immediately exited the store.
       When the suspects left, San Francisco Police Officer Lee Dahlberg received a
dispatch call concerning the credit card fraud. Officer Dahlberg was directed to street
level outside the mall to await details of the suspects’ location. As Officer Dahlberg was
waiting, loss prevention officer Adam Ferla told Officer Dahlberg that the female suspect
was heading towards Fifth and Market Streets. Looking in that direction, Officer
Dahlberg observed a tall African-American female with red hair wearing a brown jacket.
This exactly matched the description of the female suspect given in the dispatch call.
Officer Dahlberg and another officer then detained the female suspect, later identified at
the preliminary hearing as Emma Price-Stewart, appellant in the instant case.
       When the officers began questioning Price-Stewart, she was “fidgety” and
“flailing” about, moving her arms around “quite a bit” before she calmed down. She was
carrying a large purse at the time of the detention. During the officers’ questioning,
Price-Stewart’s purse was wide open. Officer Dahlberg testified that large purses can
present safety problems because they can be swung against police officers, and that in his
experience as a police officer, people have swung items including purses at officers.
Therefore, due to Price-Stewart’s fidgety motions and her large purse, Officer Dahlberg
explained that he was “always concerned for weapons.” Price-Stewart’s rapid and quick


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motions put Officer Dahlberg on edge, so he decided to take her purse and to hold it so it
could not be used as a weapon.
       When Officer Dahlberg told Price-Stewart that he would be holding her purse until
the investigation was complete, she requested to have it zipped up because she did not
want to lose anything. Officer Dahlberg agreed, allowing her to close her purse. Then,
while Officer Dahlberg was holding the purse, he received information through his police
radio that Price-Stewart needed to show a form of identification.
       Upon being asked for her identification, Price-Stewart answered that it was in her
purse. Officer Dahlberg allowed Price-Stewart to obtain her identification from inside
the purse, but only while he was holding it. As Price-Stewart searched in her purse for
her identification, Officer Dahlberg held the purse by two handles and spread it open.
Officer Dahlberg testified that as Price-Stewart opened the purse, he was watching to see
if there were any weapons that could be used against the police. While Price-Stewart was
reaching for her wallet, Officer Dahlberg noticed a black nylon woven item at the bottom
of the purse. He recognized it to be a gun holster, because it resembled the nylon gun
holsters used in the police department. Officer Dahlberg became concerned that there
was a gun in the holster.
       Price-Stewart gave the identification to the officers, and wanted to put the wallet
back in her purse. She unzipped the purse again, and this time Officer Dahlberg opened
it a bit wider, observing the black nylon holster at the bottom of the purse, and the butt of
a gun sticking out of the holster.
       Then, Price-Stewart put the wallet back in her purse, which she zipped up one last
time. After the background check on Price-Stewart was performed, her purse was placed
in the trunk of police sergeant Lisa Frazer’s car. At that time, Officer Dahlberg opened
the purse and observed a handgun in a holster. He also discovered that the gun was
loaded.
       When the suppression motion was heard, Price-Stewart’s counsel argued that the
seizure of Price-Stewart’s purse was unconstitutional because the police had no warrant,
thus violating her reasonable expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment. The


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prosecutor argued that the officers had probable cause to arrest appellant, and were
justified in searching Price-Stewart’s purse because it was large enough to hold a
weapon. The prosecutor also stated that because the handgun was in plain view, the plain
view doctrine justified the search and seizure of Price-Stewart’s purse.
       The court denied Price-Stewart’s motion to suppress, finding that Officer
Dahlberg had probable cause to take the weapon out of Price-Stewart’s purse, because he
initially saw the weapon during the valid investigation of Price-Stewart in connection
with the fraudulent credit card charge. The court made a credibility determination to
resolve the conflicting factual accounts given by Officer Dahlberg and Price-Stewart,
finding that Officer Dahlberg observed all or part of the weapon when Price-Stewart was
placing items back into her purse. The court found that Officer Dahlberg acted
reasonably during the investigation, saw a weapon in plain view in Price-Stewart’s purse,
and thus, his actions did not violate the Fourth Amendment.
       After the denial of her motion to suppress, the trial court accepted Price-Stewart’s
guilty plea to one count of violating Penal Code section 29800, subdivision (a)(1)
(possession of a firearm by a felon), along with Price-Stewart’s admission of one prior
felony conviction (Health & Saf. Code, § 11351.5). On August 13, 2012, Price-Stewart
was granted three years probation, with a condition requiring a six-day jail term with
credit for time served. This timely appeal followed.
                                            III.
                                      DISCUSSION
       A. Standard of Review
       In reviewing the ruling on a motion to suppress, the appellate court defers to the
trial court’s factual findings, whether express or implied, when supported by substantial
evidence. (People v. Hoyos (2007) 41 Cal.4th 872, 891; People v. Ayala (2000) 23
Cal.4th 225, 255; People v. James (1977) 19 Cal.3d 99, 107.) The power to judge
credibility, weigh evidence and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court.
(People v. James, supra, at p. 107.) However, in determining whether, on the facts
found, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, we exercise


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our independent judgment. (People v. Hoyos, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 891; People v.
Ramos (2004) 34 Cal.4th 494, 505.)
       B. Denial of the Motion to Suppress
       In her appeal of the trial court’s motion to suppress, Price-Stewart does not
challenge the legality of her initial stop or questioning. Rather, she challenges only the
seizure of her purse, arguing that Officer Dahlberg lacked legal grounds to take her purse
in the first place. Price-Stewart asserts that Officer Dahlberg’s seizure of the purse was
unconstitutional because it was not supported by a reasonable belief that appellant was
armed or dangerous. We disagree.
       At the outset, we must note that the appellant mischaracterizes the Terry holding
(Terry v. Ohio (1968) 392 U.S. 1 (Terry)), stating that the standard for protective seizures
require a court to find that officers have “reason to believe that the individual detained
was presently armed and dangerous.” This reading is incorrect. Rather, Terry’s two-part
test requiring officers’ reasonable suspicion that (1) criminal activity may be afoot, and
(2) that persons be armed and dangerous, applies to warrantless patdown searches. (Id. at
p. 30.) Indeed, the Terry court took care to note that, “We need not develop at length in
this case, however, the limitations which the Fourth Amendment places upon a protective
seizure and search for weapons. These limitations will have to be developed in the
concrete factual circumstances of individual cases.” (Id. at p. 29.) Accordingly, this
court must look to the specific facts in the instant case and independently adjudge
whether Officer Dahlberg’s protective seizure was reasonable given the totality of the
circumstances. We find that it was.
              1. Officer Dahlberg’s Actions Were Reasonable and Justifiable Under
              the Circumstances

       This case centers on an important aspect of the landmark Terry ruling: the
immediate interest of a police officer to take steps assuring that suspects with whom they
are dealing are not armed with a weapon that could unexpectedly be used against the
police. (Terry, supra, 392 U.S. at p. 23.) California courts have adhered to this principle,
explaining that it would be unreasonable to require that police officers take unnecessary


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risks in the performance of their duties. (See, e.g., People v. Collier (2008) 166
Cal.App.4th 1374, citing Pennsylvania v. Mimms (1977) 434 U.S. 106, 110; People v.
Ledesma (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 857, 867; People v. Wilson (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th
1053, 1061.) A principle underlying the Terry decision is that law enforcement officers
must be able to protect themselves and other prospective victims of violence, even in
situations where they may lack probable cause for an arrest. (Terry, supra, at p. 24.)
According to this principle, officers have the power “to take necessary measures to
determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon and to neutralize the threat of
physical harm.” (Ibid.)
       In this case, the initial seizure of Price-Stewart’s purse was a necessary measure to
neutralize the threat of physical harm. First, Officer Dahlberg recognized Price-Stewart
as exactly matching the physical description of the female suspect stated in the dispatch
call. While Price-Stewart was being questioned, she was “fidgety” and moving her arms
about, while her large purse was wide open. Large purses also could be carrying
weapons that could be used against police officers. Due to his concern for weapons,
Officer Dahlberg took Price-Stewart’s purse. These facts clearly justified Officer
Dahlberg’s decision to take the purse and to hold it during the questioning.
       Moreover, it was reasonable that, while holding Price-Stewart’s purse, Officer
Dahlberg would visually follow the movement of Price-Stewart’s hands to ensure she
would not use the purse as a weapon, or reach for a weapon inside. In balancing the
interest of officer safety against individual freedom from unreasonable searches, police
officers are limited by a reasonableness test regarding their actions. (Terry, supra, 392
U.S. at pp. 20-21.) Central to the Terry court’s understanding of reasonableness is the
requirement that “in justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to
point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from
those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” (Id. at p. 21, fn. omitted; People v. Glaser
(1995) 11 Cal.4th 354, 363.) This is a totality of the circumstances evaluation, in light of
the officer’s training and experience. (People v. Osborne (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1052,
1058, citing United States v. Cortez (1981) 449 U.S. 411, 417-418.) This interest in


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officer safety continued through the investigation, including when Price-Stewart reached
into her purse to obtain identification.
              2. During the Investigation, the Gun Was in Plain View and Thus
              Admissible Evidence

       During the valid stop and investigation, Price-Stewart’s gun came into Officer
Dahlberg’s plain view. The “plain view” doctrine has been applied where a police officer
is not searching for evidence against the accused, but nonetheless inadvertently comes
across an incriminating object. (Horton v. California (1990) 496 U.S. 128, 135; see also
People v. Turner (1994) 8 Cal.4th 137, 182 [“The observation and seizure of evidence in
plain view from a position where the officer has a right to be is not constitutionally
prohibited”].) To admit the warrantless seizure of incriminating evidence seen in plain
view, there are two requirements. First, the incriminating character of the item in plain
view must be "immediately apparent.” (Horton v. California, supra, at p. 135.) Second,
the officer must be lawfully located in a place from which the object can be plainly seen,
and also have a lawful right of access to the object itself. (Id. at p. 137.)
       As discussed above, it was not unlawful or unreasonable for Officer Dahlberg to
hold the purse to neutralize the threat of physical harm. It also is reasonable for an
officer to require that a defendant produce identification as part of a proper investigation.
(People v. Long (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 77, 86.) Officer Dahlberg was standing by Price-
Stewart when she reached for her identification in her purse. Thus, Officer Dahlberg did
not violate the Fourth Amendment to arrive at the vantage point from which the gun was
plainly viewed. It was only when Price-Stewart reached for her identification that Officer
Dahlberg observed what he believed to be a black nylon gun holster, and the butt of a
gun.
       Notably, Officer Dahlberg did not search Price-Stewart’s purse, rather, he was
merely keeping visual contact with her hands as she was reaching for her identification.
The incriminating character of the gun in plain view was immediately apparent, as
Officer Dahlberg was undergoing a valid investigation and had a lawful right to seize the
gun, a dangerous weapon. Because the investigation itself was lawful, the holster and


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butt of the gun were in plain view, and Officer Dahlberg had a right to seize the gun, the
evidence of the gun in Price-Stewart’s purse is admissible.
                                            IV.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.




                                                  _________________________
                                                  RUVOLO, P. J.


We concur:


_________________________
RIVERA, J.


_________________________
HUMES, J.




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