                             NUMBER 13-09-00040-CV

                             COURT OF APPEALS

                   THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                     CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

                     IN RE: HELENA CHEMICAL COMPANY


                     On Petition for Writ of Mandamus and
                         Motion for Emergency Relief


                                    OPINION
     Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Benavides
                        Opinion by Justice Garza
       Relator, Helena Chemical Company (“Helena”), has filed a petition for writ of

mandamus alleging that respondent, the Honorable Mario E. Ramirez Jr., presiding judge

of the 332nd Judicial District Court of Hidalgo County, Texas, abused his discretion by

denying Helena’s motion to strike the plea in intervention of real parties in interest,

Vincente Perez, Evarado Perez, Claudio Perez, and Gerardo Perez (collectively “the

Perezes”) and by denying Helena’s motion to reconsider. We conditionally grant the

petition.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       This petition arises from “toxic soup” litigation in which thousands of plaintiffs (the

“original plaintiffs”) sought damages from over thirty defendants, alleging that they were

harmed as a result of pesticides emanating from the former Hayes-Sammons chemical
plant in Mission, Texas. We have been asked on several occasions to grant mandamus

relief in connection with this case. See In re Allied Chem. Corp., Nos. 13-08-00206-CV &

13-08-00678-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 557 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi Jan. 27, 2009,

orig. proceeding); In re Allied Chem. Corp., No. 13-08-00554-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS

242 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi Jan. 15, 2009, orig. proceeding); In re Allied Chem. Corp.,

No. 13-04-00491-CV, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 9931 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi Nov. 4, 2004,

orig. proceeding).

        On November 16, 2004, having been denied relief in this Court, the defendants in

the underlying suit—including Helena—filed a petition for writ of mandamus with the Texas

Supreme Court, contending that the trial court had abused its discretion by consolidating

the claims of five plaintiffs and failing to compel those plaintiffs to respond to certain

interrogatories within a reasonable time before trial. See In re Allied Chem. Corp., 227

S.W.3d 652, 655 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding). Accompanying the petition was a motion

to stay the underlying proceedings. The supreme court granted the motion to stay on

March 28, 2005, ordering that “[a]ll underlying proceedings are stayed in Cause No. C-

4885-99-F, styled Alicia Acevedo, et al. v. Union Pacific Railroad Company, et al., in the

332nd District Court of Hidalgo County, Texas, pending further order of this Court.”

        While the petition for writ of mandamus was pending before the supreme court, and

prior to the supreme court’s granting of the motion to stay, Helena reached a settlement

agreement with the original plaintiffs. The parties to the settlement agreement then sought

the trial court’s approval of the agreement with respect to the minor and non compos

mentis plaintiffs. On March 11, 2005, after hearing argument and testimony, the trial court

announced its approval of the settlement agreement. The trial court subsequently signed

final judgments1 on March 28, 2005, the same day that the supreme court imposed a stay

of the proceedings.


       1
         The trial court signed one final judgm ent with respect to the m inor and non compos mentis plaintiffs
and one for the rem aining plaintiffs.

                                                      2
       Taking note of the “procedural anomaly,” and acting “in the exercise of caution,”

Helena filed a “Motion to Lift Stay for Limited Purpose” with the supreme court on August

21, 2005, in which it asked that the Court “lift its stay order entered on March 28, 2005, for

the express purpose of entering final judgment” pursuant to the settlement between Helena

and the original plaintiffs. On August 25, 2006, the supreme court granted the motion and

lifted the stay in part. Amended final judgments2 approving the settlement agreements

were signed by the trial court on September 22, 2006.

       The Perezes filed their plea in intervention in trial court cause number C-4885-99-F

on April 20, 2006, after the stay was imposed but before the amended final judgments

were entered with respect to Helena. In the plea, the Perezes made claims as wrongful

death beneficiaries of Amparo Perez, who resided near the Hayes-Sammons pesticide

plant and died of cancer on April 20, 2004.

       On June 15, 2007, by a five-to-four decision, the supreme court granted the petition

for writ of mandamus filed on November 16, 2004 by Helena and the other defendants.

In re Allied, 227 S.W.3d at 655. The majority held that “in mass tort cases involving

hundreds of parties and complicated causation questions, a trial judge could not postpone

responses to basic discovery until shortly before trial.” Id. (citing Able Supply Co. v. Moye,

898 S.W.2d 766, 772 (Tex. 1995)); but see id. at 664 (Jefferson, C.J., dissenting) (noting

that plaintiffs had already supplemented their discovery responses and mandamus was

inappropriate because the case was moot). Accompanying the ruling was an order lifting

the stay of the trial court proceedings for all purposes.

       Helena subsequently filed a motion with the trial court to strike the Perezes’ plea in

intervention, contending that it is void because it was filed while the supreme court’s stay

was in effect. The trial court denied the motion to strike on October 27, 2008, and denied

a motion to reconsider on January 21, 2009. Helena then filed the instant petition for writ

of mandamus on January 22, 2009, challenging both of those rulings. On January 23,

       2
           See supra note 1.

                                              3
2009, we granted Helena’s emergency motion for stay and ordered all trial court

proceedings stayed as to Helena only until further order of this Court.

                                   II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Mandamus will issue to correct a clear abuse of discretion for which the remedy by

appeal is inadequate. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex.

2004). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts in an unreasonable or arbitrary

manner; or, stated differently, when it acts without reference to guiding rules and principles.

See, e.g., Beaumont Bank, N.A. v. Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991). Additionally,

an abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court clearly fails to analyze or apply the law

correctly. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992).

        In the context of determining whether a party has an “adequate” appellate remedy,

“‘adequate’ . . . has no comprehensive definition; it is simply a proxy for the careful balance

of jurisprudential considerations that determine when appellate courts will use original

mandamus proceedings to review the actions of lower courts.” In re Prudential, 148

S.W.3d at 136. Whether an appellate remedy is “adequate” so as to preclude mandamus

review depends heavily on the circumstances presented and is better guided by general

principles than by simple rules. Id. at 137. In In re Prudential, the supreme court noted

that:

        Mandamus review of significant rulings in exceptional cases may be
        essential to [1] preserve important substantive and procedural rights from
        impairment or loss, [2] allow the appellate courts to give needed and helpful
        direction to the law that would otherwise prove elusive in appeals from final
        judgments, and [3] spare private parties and the public the time and money
        utterly wasted enduring eventual reversal of improperly conducted
        proceedings.

Id. at 136.

        Helena claims that, should it be improperly compelled to remain as a party to the

underlying litigation, it would be subject to “extreme prejudice” because it “would be

required to participate in burdensome discovery and trial of potentially . . . 1,900 plaintiffs.”

We agree. The trial court’s orders compel Helena to defend against the claims made by

                                               4
the Perezes, despite the fact that Helena already settled with all of the original plaintiffs.

Considering the fact that over nine years have elapsed since the original plaintiffs first filed

suit, we find good reason to believe that the instant case is “exceptional” in that much “time

and money” would be “utterly wasted” if the trial court erred. See id. In such a situation,

Helena would be required to litigate the case to its conclusion and, if an error occurred,

could pursue a remedy only on direct appeal. We conclude that the level of harm

potentially suffered by Helena in such a situation is sufficient to merit mandamus review.

                                       III. DISCUSSION

       Helena claims that the Perezes’ plea in intervention violated the supreme court’s

stay, and therefore that the trial court’s orders of October 27, 2008, denying Helena’s

motion to strike the plea, and January 21, 2009, denying Helena’s motion to reconsider,

constitute clear abuses of discretion. According to Helena, the plea in intervention must

either be (1) void, or (2) deemed filed as of the date the stay was completely and finally

lifted. The Perezes assert that their plea is not void because they were not parties to the

suit on March 28, 2005, the date the supreme court imposed the stay.

       Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 60 provides that “[a]ny party may intervene by filing

a pleading subject to being stricken out by the court for sufficient cause on the motion of

any party.” TEX . R. CIV. P. 60; In re Union Carbide Corp., 273 S.W.3d 152, 154 (Tex. 2008)

(orig. proceeding). The rule authorizes a party with a justiciable interest in a pending suit

to intervene in the suit as a matter of right. In re Union Carbide Corp., 273 S.W.3d at 154

(citing Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank v. Horseshoe Operating Co., 793 S.W.2d 652, 657 (Tex.

1990)).

       However, the Perezes’ plea was filed while the trial court proceedings were stayed

by the supreme court’s order. Helena cites several cases in which courts have held that

a pleading or motion filed during the pendency of a stay constitutes a violation of that stay

and is void. See City of Houston v. Swinerton Builders, Inc., 233 S.W.3d 4, 8-9 (Tex.

App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (construing TEX . CIV. PRAC . & REM . CODE ANN . §

                                               5
51.014(b) (Vernon 2008)) (party filed amended petition during pendency of automatic stay

imposed by statute due to filing of interlocutory appeal); Oryx Capital Int’l, Inc. v. Sage

Apartments, L.L.C., 167 S.W.3d 432, 438 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2005, no pet.) (party

filed notice of non-suit while stay imposed by appellate court was pending); In re Martinez,

77 S.W.3d 462, 464 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2002, orig. proceeding) (same); In re

Consol. Freightways, 75 S.W.3d 147, 149 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2002, orig. proceeding)

(party filed motion to enforce agreement during pendency of stay automatically imposed

by insurance code due to other party’s insurer being declared “impaired”); Paine v. Sealey,

956 S.W.2d 803, 806 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.) (party served requests

for admissions while automatic bankruptcy stay was in effect); Burrhus v. M & S Mach. &

Supply Co., Inc., 897 S.W.2d 871, 873 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1995, no pet.) (holding that

appellate deadlines are stayed during pendency of automatic stay imposed by insurance

code); see also Harrell v. NationsBank of Tex., No. 07-00-0179-CV, 2000 Tex. App. LEXIS

5038, at *3 (Tex. App.–Amarillo July 27, 2000, no pet.) (not designated for publication)

(noting that party intervened and moved to lift a court-imposed stay).

        All of these cases, however, involve pleadings filed by individuals or entities that

were already parties to the suit at the time the stay was imposed. The question of whether

an intervenor is subject to a stay imposed before the intervenor became a party to the suit,

on the other hand, is a matter of first impression for this Court.3 Still, we agree with the


        3
            The Perezes note correctly that Helena points to no direct authority specifically holding that an
intervening party cannot join a lawsuit in which a stay has been im posed. However, the Texas Suprem e Court
has considered this issue at least once in dicta. In Terrazas v. Ramirez, 829 S.W .2d 712 (Tex. 1991) (orig.
proceeding), the suprem e court considered whether the trial court abused its discretion in approving a
settlem ent agreem ent regarding legislative redistricting. After finding that the trial court’s judgm ent was
im proper, the Court discussed whether the relators, two registered voters that were not parties to the
underlying proceeding, were entitled to m andam us relief. Id. at 723-26. In concluding that they were so
entitled, a three-justice plurality noted incidentally that “[r]elators had no reasonable opportunity to intervene
in” the underlying case and that “[o]f course, relators could not intervene at [the tim e the settlem ent agreem ent
was reached] because of our stay.” Id. at 724. Helena points to this passage and suggests that the Perezes
sim ilarly “could not intervene” during the pendency of a stay. See id. The Perezes, on the other hand, point
to Justice Mauzy’s dissenting opinion in Terrazas which suggests the opposite:

        The stay issued by this court would not have prevented the filing of a m otion to intervene by
        Relators, who were not parties at the tim e the stay was issued nor covered by its express
        term s. Moreover, there is no reason they could not, as did the State, petition this court to lift
        the stay to allow consideration of such a m otion.

                                                         6
general rule that a pleading filed during the pendency of a court-imposed stay must be

considered ineffective for as long as the stay is in effect, regardless of whether the entity

filing the pleading was a party to the suit at the time the stay commenced. That is

particularly the case here, where the stay imposed by the supreme court applied by its own

terms to the underlying case itself, and not to any particular party or parties. Cf. 11 U.S.C.

§ 362 (providing generally for an automatic stay in cases involving a particular party; i.e.,

a bankruptcy debtor or estate).

        Nevertheless, in the present circumstances, a declaration that the Perezes’ plea in

intervention is entirely void and of no effect would be unjust. Parties to the suit at the time

the stay is imposed are notified of the stay; any actions subsequently made by such parties

in the trial court are rightfully considered violations of the stay and are void as a matter of

law. But a party attempting to intervene during the pendency of a stay should not be held

to the same standard as a party that is already part of the suit, because the intervenor

does not receive formal notice of the stay.4 A plea in intervention made by an entity or

individual that was not a party to the suit at the time the stay was imposed ought not to be




Id. at 743 (Mauzy, J., dissenting). In any event, we do not consider Terrazas persuasive in either direction
because (1) the com m ents m ade on the availability of intervention during a court-im posed stay were dicta,
and (2) neither com m ent was endorsed by a m ajority of the Court.
         4
           Helena asserts that, because the suprem e court’s stay order was in the trial court’s records, the
Perezes had constructive knowledge of the stay— and an irrebuttable presum ption arose that the Perezes had
actual knowledge thereof— prior to intervening. See Trousdale v. Henry, 261 S.W .3d 221, 236 n.6 (Tex.
App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. filed). However, the doctrine of constructive notice has lim ited
application, and when the rationale behind application of the doctrine does not exist, public records will not
be held to create an irrebuttable presum ption of actual notice. Salinas v. Gary Pools, Inc., 31 S.W .3d 333,
336-37 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2000, no pet.) (citing HECI Exploration Co. v. Neel, 982 S.W .2d 881, 887
(Tex. 1998)).

          In Trousdale, the Fourteenth District Court of Appeals considered whether the lim itations period for
a legal m alpractice suit was tolled under the discovery rule when the defendant was accused of fraudulent
concealm ent. 261 S.W .3d at 234. The court held that the lim itations period was not tolled, and plaintiff’s suit
was therefore barred, because the plaintiff had constructive knowledge of the dism issal of her probate action.
See id. at 235 (noting that “the estoppel effect of fraudulent concealm ent ends when a party learns of facts,
conditions, or circum stances which would cause a reasonably prudent person to m ake inquiry, which, if
pursued, would lead to discovery of the concealed cause of action”). The rationale behind the application of
the constructive notice doctrine in this case was to preclude stale actions that would otherwise be barred by
lim itations. Helena does not explain how this rationale is applicable in the instant case; thus, we do not
consider the Perezes to have had constructive knowledge of the suprem e court’s stay. See Salinas, 31
S.W .3d at 336-37.

                                                        7
considered entirely void, but rather must be considered effective as of the date the stay is

eventually lifted. See In re Consol. Freightways, 75 S.W.3d at 153 (ordering that all

pleadings “not directly related to the applicability of the [insurance code] stay” be deemed

filed on the day after the stay expires); Gould v. Sea Link Helicopters, Inc., 982 S.W.2d 29,

31 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.) (considering notice of appeal filed during

insurance code stay to be filed on the date the stay is lifted); see also TEX . R. APP. P. 8.2

(“A document filed by a party while the proceeding is suspended [due to automatic

bankruptcy stay] will be deemed filed on the same day, but after, the court reinstates or

severs the appeal and will not be considered ineffective because it was filed while the

proceeding was suspended.”).

        We therefore conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by denying (1)

Helena’s motion to strike the Perezes’ plea in intervention and (2) Helena’s motion to

reconsider.5 Instead, the plea in intervention became effective on June 15, 2007, the date

the supreme court lifted its stay of the proceedings in trial court cause number C-4885-99-

F. Because final judgments had already been entered on September 22, 2006 approving

the settlements between Helena and the original plaintiffs, the plea in intervention must be

struck as against Helena. See First Alief Bank v. White, 682 S.W.2d 251, 252 (Tex. 1984)

(orig. proceeding) (“[A] plea in intervention comes too late if filed after judgment and may

not be considered until the judgment has been set aside.”) (citing Comal County Rural High

Sch. Dist. No. 705 v. Nelson, 158 Tex. 564, 314 S.W.2d 956 (1958)).6 The Perezes’ plea

in intervention remains in effect with respect to the remaining, non-settling defendants.

                                              IV. CONCLUSION

        We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus, and order the trial court to

        5
             The Perezes assert that “the trial court cannot have abused its discretion in ruling on an issue of
first[ ]im pression.” However, it is well-established that a trial court has no discretion in determ ining what the
law is, even when the law is unsettled. In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney’s Office, 224 S.W .3d 182,
185 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding); Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W .2d 920, 928 (Tex. 1996).
        6
         Because we find that the plea in intervention m ust be struck as against Helena, we need not address
Helena’s additional claim that the doctrine of laches prohibits the Perezes’ intervention in the underlying suit
because it occurred over six years after the suit was initiated. T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.

                                                        8
grant Helena’s motion to strike by: (1) considering the Perezes’ plea in intervention to be

effective as of June 15, 2007; and (2) striking the plea in intervention as to Helena. The

writ will issue only if the trial court fails to comply. Further, the emergency stay imposed

by this Court’s order of January 23, 2009 is hereby lifted.




                                                 _________________________
                                                 DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
                                                 Justice

Opinion delivered and filed
this the 31st day of March, 2009.




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