                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA for the
  use and benefit of MILESTONE
  TARANT, LLC,

          and

  HIGHLAND ORNAMENTAL IRON                                Civil Action 08-02186 (RCL)
  WORKS, INC.,

                         Plaintiffs,

                        v.

  FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

                         Defendant.


  MILESTONE TARANT, LLC,

          and

  HIGHLAND ORNAMENTAL IRON
  WORKS, INC.,
                                                          Civil Action 09-01941 (RCL)
                         Plaintiffs,

                        v.

  MANHATTAN CONSTRUCTION
  COMPANY

                         Defendant.


                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

       This matter is before the Court on several separate motions in two related actions which

the Court will consider together for the sake of expediency. In Milestone Tarant, LLC v. Federal

Insurance Company, Civ. No. 08-2186 (or “Miller Act case”), Milestone Tarrant, LLC/Highland
Ornamental Iron Works, Inc., a Joint Venture (“Joint Venture”) filed suit against surety bond

issuer Federal Insurance Company (“FIC”) under the Miller Act, 40 U.S.C. § 3133 et seq. In

that action, Joint Venture seeks $7,791,475 that is allegedly owed to it by the Manhattan

Construction Corporation (“Manhattan”) for work Joint Venture engaged in to enhance the

Capitol Visitor Center in Washington, D.C. Manhattan later filed for arbitration with the

American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) and served its demand on Joint Venture. In

Milestone Tarant, LLC v. Manhattan Construction Co., Civ. No. 09-1941, Joint Venture filed a

motion for a preliminary injunction against Manhattan to halt the parties’ arbitration [#2]. In

response, Manhattan filed a motion to compel arbitration [#7] and a motion to dismiss Joint

Venture’s complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) [#11]. Subsequent to

Manhattan’s demand for arbitration, FIC moved for a stay in the Miller Act case pending the

resolution of arbitration between Manhattan and Joint Venture [#8]. Upon consideration of the

motions, the oppositions thereto, and the records of these cases, the Court concludes that

Manhattan’s motions to dismiss and compel arbitration and FIC’s motion to stay must be granted

and Joint Venture’s motion for a preliminary injunction must be denied as moot.

                                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       In 2003, Manhattan awarded a subcontract to Joint Venture for the fabrication and

installation of bronze railings, windows, and doors at a construction project known as the

“Capitol Visitor’s Center.” 2008 Compl. ¶ 5, 7, Ex. 2 at 1-3 (Subcontract).1 Earlier that year,



       1
                 Joint Venture filed two different complaints. For the sake of clarity, the Court
will refer to the complaint filed against FIC on December 16, 2008, as the 2008 complaint
(“2008 Compl.”) and the complaint filed against Manhattan on October 2009, as the 2009
complaint (“2009 Compl.”).

                                                 2
FIC had issued a payment bond naming Manhattan as the principal and the United States as the

obligee. 2008 Compl. ¶ 6, Ex. 1 at 1 (Bond). Under the payment bond and pursuant to the

Miller Act, FIC agreed to compensate any subcontractor for labor and materials furnished for the

subcontract in the event Manhattan was unable to pay. Id.

       The payment due to Joint Venture under the original contract was $8.3 million, and the

work was to be completed by December of 2005. 2008 Compl. ¶ 7-8, Ex. 2 at 1, 7 (Subcontract).

For reasons that are disputed and not relevant to resolving the motions currently before the

Court, the project was not completed until late in 2008. 2008 Compl. ¶ 8. In total, Joint Venture

alleges that it spent over $16 million in completing the project as a result of the delay, id. ¶ 13,

but has only been paid $11 million by Manhattan, id. ¶ 14.

       In December 2008, Joint Venture initiated a lawsuit against FIC pursuant to its rights

under the Miller Act. In Milestone Tarant, LLC v. Federal Insurance Company, Joint Venture

seeks to recover from FIC the reasonable value of its services performed but not yet paid by

Manhattan, 2008 Compl. ¶ 19, and has asked for a jury trial. Neither party has sought to join

Manhattan, the general contractor, to the case. Both parties have engaged in limited discovery

since the inception of the suit roughly 11 months ago.

       On September 30, 2009, Manhattan, pursuant to what it contends were its rights under

the subcontract with Joint Venture, filed for arbitration with the AAA and served its demand on

Joint Venture. In its demand for arbitration, Manhattan asserts that Joint Venture’s delays and

defective performance constituted a breach of the subcontract, and that they are owed “no less

than $3 million” by Joint Venture. The “Settlement of Disputes” section of the subcontract

between Manhattan and Joint Venture contains the following provision:


                                                  3
       All other disputes between the parties shall be resolved by litigation, in a court of
       competent jurisdiction, except that Manhattan may, at its sole option, require that
       any dispute be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the Construction Industry
       Rules of the American Arbitration Association except that all arbitrators shall be
       attorneys with at least ten (10) years experience in construction law. The election
       by Manhattan shall be made no later than thirty (30) days following receipt of
       service of process of any such litigation from Subcontractor or, if the claim is
       asserted by Manhattan, shall be made upon the filing of a demand for arbitration
       by Manhattan. Notwithstanding the above, Manhattan shall not be deemed to
       have waived any right it may have to arbitrate its dispute with Subcontractor by
       the filing of litigation against Subcontractor and its surety.

Def.’s Mot. to Stay at 4, Ex. A at 5, § 3.5 (Subcontract).

       Subsequent to Manhattan’s demand for arbitration, FIC moved for a stay in Milestone

Tarant, LLC v. Federal Insurance Company pending the resolution of arbitration between

Manhattan and Joint Venture. Joint Venture then filed suit against Manhattan on October 14,

2009, seeking to stay the arbitration with Manhattan. 2009 Compl. at 9. On the same day, Joint

Venture filed a motion for a preliminary injunction against Manhattan to halt the parties’

arbitration. Manhattan thereafter filed a motion to compel arbitration on October 22, 2009 and a

motion to dismiss the complaint on October 28, 2009. Joint Venture seeks to resolve the

contract dispute through its Miller Act suit against FIC. Manhattan and FIC both seek to resolve

the dispute through arbitration between Manhattan and Joint Venture.

                                    II. LEGAL STANDARD

       When considering “a motion to stay proceedings and/or compel arbitration, the

appropriate standard of review for the district court is the same standard used in resolving

summary judgment motions” pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c). Brown v.

Dorsey & Whitney, LLP, 267 F. Supp. 2d 61, 67 (D.D.C. 2003) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Therefore, it is appropriate to grant such motions when the pleadings and the evidence


                                                 4
demonstrate that “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

       The party seeking to compel or stay arbitration bears the initial responsibility of

demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477

U.S. 317, 323 (1986). In determining whether there is a genuine issue of material fact sufficient

to preclude summary judgment, the non-movant's statements should be accepted as true and all

inferences should be drawn in his favor. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255

(1986). The non-moving party, however, must establish more than the “mere existence of a

scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. “If the evidence is merely colorable,

or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Id. at 249-50 (internal

citations omitted).

               II. MANHATTAN’s MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION2

A.     Legal Standard for Motion to Compel Arbitration

       The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides that “[a] written provision in . . . a

contract evidencing a transaction involving interstate commerce to settle by arbitration a

controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction . . . shall be valid, irrevocable,

and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any

contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. The question of whether a particular dispute is arbitrable is “undeniably

an issue for judicial determination.” AT&T Techs. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643,

649 (1986) (citations omitted). The basis for judicial authority to make this determination lies in



       2
                Because the analysis of Manhattan’s motion to compel arbitration is crucial in
resolving all the other motions, the Court will address this motion first.

                                                   5
the fact that arbitration agreements are separable from the agreements in which they are

incorporated. See Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg. Co., 388 U.S. 395, 403–04

(1967); Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440, 445–46 (2006).

       A strong policy favoring alternative means of dispute resolution through arbitration

supports a presumption of arbitrability. Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr.

Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24–25 (1983); see also Buckeye Check Cashing, 546 U.S. at 440. However,

“the FAA does not require parties to arbitrate when they have not agreed to do so.” Volt Info.

Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Jr. Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 478 (1989) (citation

omitted). Indeed, the overriding purpose of the FAA is not judicial economy or the expeditious

resolution of claims, but the enforcement of agreements into which parties have entered. Dean

Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 219–20 (1985). As articulated by the Supreme

Court, “arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration

any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.” AT&T Techs., 475 U.S. at 648.

       Relying on the language of the FAA, which states that arbitration agreements “shall be

valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds that exist at law or in equity for the

revocation of any contract,” 9 U.S.C. § 2, federal courts have applied “ordinary state-law

principles that govern the formation of contracts” when determining arbitrability, First Options

of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995). Thus, while mindful of the federal policy

favoring arbitration, it is the court’s task to determine the parties’ intent. Nat’l R.R. Passenger

Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp., 850 F.2d 756, 760–61 (D.C. Cir. 1988).

       Such questions of arbitrability are usually brought before the court pursuant to section 4

of the FAA, which allows a party to petition any United States District Court which would


                                                  6
otherwise have subject-matter jurisdiction “for an order directing that such arbitration proceed in

the manner provided for in such agreement.” 9 U.S.C. § 4. When deciding a motion to compel

arbitration, a district court must “determine the enforceability of the agreement [to arbitrate] and

decide whether arbitration should be compelled.” Nelson v. Insignia/Esg. Inc., 215 F. Supp. 2d

143, 146 (D.D.C. 2001). In determining whether arbitration should be compelled, the court

analyzes the arbitration agreement under the FAA and applicable state law to determine whether

(1) the parties entered into a valid and enforceable arbitration agreement and (2) whether the

arbitration agreement encompasses the claims raised in the complaint. Hughes v. CACI, Inc.,

384 F. Supp. 2d 89, 95 (D.D.C. 2005) (citing Nelson v. Insignia/ESG, Inc., 215 F. Supp. 2d 143,

149–50 (D.D.C. 2002)).

B.     Legal Analysis

       There is no dispute that Manhattan and Joint Venture entered into a binding arbitration

agreement. See Manhattan’s Mot. to Compel Arbitration (“Mot. to Compel”) at 5; Pl.’s Mot. for

Prelim. Inj. at 2-3. Both parties signed the Subcontract, which contained an arbitration clause,

and “a signature on a contract indicates mutuality of assent and a party is bound by the contract

unless he or she can show specific circumstances relieving him or her of such an obligation.”

Emeronye v. CACI Intern., Inc, 141 F. Supp. 2d 82, 86 (D.D.C. 2001) (applying District of

Columbia and Virginia law) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Nor do the parties

dispute that the underlying breach of contract claims are encompassed within the arbitration

agreement. The arbitration agreement is a broad one and covers “any dispute” between Joint

Venture and Manhattan. Mot. to Compel, Ex. 1 (Subcontract) at 4, § 3.5.2.

       Instead, the parties dispute whether Manhattan complied with the requirements


                                                 7
enumerated in the arbitration agreement, and hence whether it was within Manhattan’s right to

invoke the arbitration agreement at all with respect to the parties’ breach of contract claims.

Whereas Joint Venture argues that Manhattan’s arbitration demand was untimely, and that it

therefore waived its right to arbitration, Manhattan contends that based on the language of the

arbitration clause its demand for arbitration was timely under the Subcontract. The arbitration

provision in the Subcontract provides that “[a]ll other disputes between the parties shall be

resolved by litigation . . . except that Manhattan may, at its sole option, require that any dispute

be submitted to arbitration. . . . The election by Manhattan shall be made no later than thirty (30)

days following receipt of service of process of any such litigation from subcontractor . . . .” Mot.

to Compel, Ex. 1 (Subcontract) at 4, § 3.5.2. As is often the case in contract disputes, the parties

disagree regarding the proper interpretation of this language. According to Manhattan, the 30-

day election period applies only when there is a dispute between Manhattan and the Joint

Venture and when Manhattan has received service of process. But, because Joint Venture has

never filed a complaint against Manhattan seeking to resolve “disputes between the parties

[Manhattan and the Joint Venture]” and because “Manhattan has never received ‘service of

process’ of the Joint Venture’s suit against Federal Insurance,” Manhattan claims that Joint

Venture’s suit against FIC did not trigger Manhattan’s 30-day election period. Mot. to Compel

(citing Exhibit A ¶ 3.5.2.) (alteration in original). Therefore, Manhattan argues that the

arbitration agreement covers Manhattan’s claims against Joint Venture.

       Joint Venture claims that arbitration is not proper because the arbitration initiated by

Manhattan is plainly outside of the terms of the parties’ limited arbitration agreement.

According to Joint Venture, the Subcontract’s “‘Settlement of Disputes’ clause explicitly states


                                                  8
that litigation is the agreed form of dispute resolution” except under the following limited

circumstances: (1) Manhattan can elect arbitration after it initiates litigation against the Joint

Venture or (2) Manhattan can elect arbitration within 30 days after service if Joint Venture

initiates litigation. Pl.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 9. Because Manhattan waited ten months until

“after Manhattan’s attorneys (who also act as FIC’s attorneys) were served with the Joint

Venture’s complaint in the Miller Act case,” Joint Venture argues that it failed to make a timely

election of arbitration,” and therefore Manhattan and FIC waived their right to arbitration. Id.

        Joint Venture further argues that the distinction made by Manhattan, namely that Joint

Venture sued FIC and not Manhattan, is irrelevant. According to Joint Venture, the entire basis

of FIC’s defense in the Miller Act case is that it stands in the shoes of Manhattan, and will assert

any defenses Manhattan has; their liability is intertwined, and FIC is liable only to the extent

Manhattan is liable. Therefore, under the same principle, FIC should have made the election of

arbitration within the 30-day time limit that was specified in the contract. Because both FIC and

Manhattan failed to do so, the Joint Venture contends that Manhattan cannot now elect to

arbitrate its claims.

         Joint Venture’s arguments are unpersuasive. Joint venture provides no textual or legal

support for its proposition that Manhattan’s 30-day time limit was triggered by the service of

process on FIC, and its effort to arbitrate is therefore untimely. To the contrary, the plain

language of the arbitration clause provides that Manhattan’s 30-day time limit to elect arbitration

is triggered by (1) a “dispute between the parties” and (2) “receipt of service of process of any

such litigation from Subcontractor.” First, FIC is not a party to the Subcontract; therefore, any

disputes against FIC should not trigger the 30-day time limit. The language of the contract


                                                  9
makes this clear. Section 3.5.1 begins by describing what will happen “[i]n case of any disputes

between Manhattan and Subcontractor.” Mot. to Compel, Ex. 1 (Subcontract) at 4. Section

3.5.2 continues, “[a]ll other disputes between the parties shall be resolved by litigation . . .

except that Manhattan may, at its sole option, require that any dispute be submitted to arbitration

. . . . The election by Manhattan shall be made no later than thirty (30) days following receipt of

service of process of any such litigation from Subcontractor.” The phrase “[a]ll other disputes

between the parties” in section 3.5.2 refers back to the discussion of disputes between Manhattan

and Subcontractor, in section 3.5.1. Because Manhattan and the Joint Venture are the only

parties contemplated in sections 3.5.1 and 3.5.2, the disputes between Manhattan and the Joint

venture are the only disputes that can trigger Manhattan’s 30-day time limit to elect arbitration.

Furthermore, because Manhattan never received service of process, neither of the two triggering

factors can be said to have occurred.3

       Furthermore, the Court is not convinced by the Joint Venture’s contention that FIC

should have made an election of arbitration when it was served with process. The Joint Venture

seems to argue that if a surety can assert the defenses of the general contractor when it is sued by

the subcontractor, it should also be bound by the specific terms of the Subcontract between the


       3
                 In its opposition to Manhattan’s motion to dismiss the complaint, Joint Venture
presents an additional argument that it did not raise in its opposition to compel arbitration or in
its motion for preliminary injunction. It argues that because the arbitration clause states that
“[t]he election by Manhattan shall be made no later than thirty (30) days following receipt of
service of process of any such litigation from Subcontractor,” Manhattan has 30 days to elect
arbitration if Joint Venture initiates “any litigation” – not just litigation against Manhattan. Pl.’s
Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss at 2. This reading, however, is misplaced. The terms “any
such litigation” seems to refer to the opening sentence of 3.5.2, which states “All other disputes
between the parties shall be resolved by litigation . . . .” Mot. to Compel, Ex. 1 (Subcontract) at
4 (emphasis added). As mentioned above, however, FIC is not a party to the subcontract.
Therefore, Joint Venture’s litigation against FIC does not trigger Manhattan’s 30 day time-limit.

                                                  10
general contractor and the subcontractor. Joint Venture, however, has provided no case support

for this argument and the specific terms of the Subcontract seems to refute such an assertion.

Section 1.1.2.2 states that “[t]he Subcontract may not be construed to create any contractual

relationship of any kind between . . . any persons or entities other than Manhattan and

Subcontractor.” Mot. to Compel, Ex. 1 (Subcontract) at 1. Further refuting Joint Venture’s

argument is the fact that many courts have found that an agreement to arbitrate in the

Subcontract does not by itself bind the surety to arbitration. See e.g., Employers Ins. of Wasusau

v. Bright Metal Specialties, Inc., 251 F.3d 1316 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that surety for general

contractor could not be compelled to arbitrate subcontractor’s claims against it, where the surety

had not contractually agreed to arbitrate any claims arising out of its surety relationship with the

general contractor); U.S. for Use and Benefit of Capital Elec. Const. Co., Inc., v. Pool and

Canfield Inc., 778 F. Supp. 1088, 1090 (W.D.Mo. 1991) (stating that by issuing a bond, surety

did not agree to arbitrate claims despite arbitration agreement between contractor and

subcontractor).

       Based on the foregoing interpretation of the arbitration clause, the Court finds that

Manhattan’s arbitration claim is timely and, therefore, is covered by the Subcontract’s arbitration

provision. The Court’s interpretation is reinforced by well-settled case law directing it to

construe the Subcontract “with a healthy regard for the federal policy favoring arbitration.”

Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp., 460 U.S. at 24. “An order to arbitrate [a] particular grievance

should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is

not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.” AT & T Technologies, Inc.




                                                 11
v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1968) (quoting Steelworkers v.

Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 363 U.S. 574, 582-83 (1960)).

       Accordingly, the Court concludes Manhattan’s motion to dismiss and motion to compel

arbitration should be granted and Joint Venture’s motion for preliminary injunction should be

denied as moot.

                                 III. FIC’s MOTION TO STAY

       Occurring simultaneously to the suit between Joint Venture and Manhattan is Joint

Venture’s suit against FIC, initiated in December of 2008. In that case, Joint Venture seeks to

recover money unpaid by Manhattan under the Miller Act. The Miller Act “requires contractors

doing work with the federal government to furnish payment bonds with a surety in order to

protect those who provide work or material on the government project.” United States ex rel.

Walker Seal Cos., Inc. V. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 356 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2005) (citing 40

U.S.C. § 3131). Further, the Miller Act provides a civil cause of action against the surety for

subcontractors doing work on a government project who have not received payment within 90

days within completion of work. See Walker Seal Cos., 356 F. Supp. 2d at 1-2 (citing 40 U.S.C.

§ 3133). FIC has moved to stay the case, arguing that the court is obligated to grant such a stay

under the FAA. Def.’s Mot. to Stay at 4-5. By contrast, Joint Venture argues that a stay in a

case such as the instant one lies within the discretion of the court, and that the court should

utilize its discretion and refuse to grant a stay pending arbitration with Manhattan. Pl.’s Opp. at

6.

A.     Whether to stay the instant case is a matter of judicial discretion

       Under certain circumstances, the FAA requires a district court to stay a federal suit


                                                 12
pending arbitration. U.S. ex rel. MPA Const., Inc. v. XL Specialty Ins. Co., 349 F. Supp. 2d 934,

940 (D.Md. 2004). In pertinent part, the FAA reads:

        If any suit or proceeding be brought in any of the courts of the United States upon
        any issue referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for such
        arbitration, the court in which such suit is pending, upon being satisfied that the
        issue involved in such suit or proceeding is referable to arbitration under such an
        agreement, shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action
        until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

9 U.S.C. § 3. Where the issues are not “referable to arbitration,” however, the courts have

discretionary power to stay civil proceedings pending the resolution of arbitration. See DSMC,

Inc. v. Conerva Corp., 273 F. Supp. 2d 14, 30 (D.D.C. 2002) (citing Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp.

v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 21 n. 23 (1983) (“In some cases, of course, it may be

advisable to stay litigation among the non-arbitrating parties pending the outcome of the

arbitration. That decision is one left to the district court . . . as a matter of its discretion to control

its docket.”).

        Whereas FIC urges the Court that a stay is mandatory in this case under the FAA, Def.’s

Mot. to Stay at 4-5, Joint Venture argues that the stay is discretionary because the underlying

issue is not “referable to arbitration.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6. The Court agrees with Joint Venture. As

noted above, FIC was not a party to the agreement to arbitrate between Joint Venture and

Manhattan. Therefore, Joint Venture’s Miller Act suit against FIC is not an “issue referable to

arbitration under an agreement in writing for such arbitration,” and whether or not to stay such a

suit pending resolution of arbitration is within the court’s discretion. See DSMC, 273 F. Supp.

2d at 30 n. 5 (holding that it is within court’s discretion to grant stay because “[t]he mandatory

stay provision of the Act applies only to parties to the arbitration agreement” (citing IDS Life Ins.

Co. v. SunAmerica, Inc., 103 F.3d 524, 529-30 (7th Cir. 1996))).

                                                    13
       In moving for a stay, FIC argues that because the factual and legal questions to be settled

in the arbitration between Joint Venture and Manhattan are the same questions that would be

litigated in Joint Venture’s present suit against FIC, allowing both to proceed simultaneously

would be an inefficient use of resources. Furthermore, they suggest, Joint Venture’s suit against

FIC on the surety bond was simply a way for it to avoid arbitrating the question of contractual

liability vis-à-vis Manhattan. Joint Venture counters that in fact its Miller Act suit is a separate

and distinct cause of action from its contractual claims against Manhattan, and therefore should

not be barred from pursuing a remedy against FIC. Moreover, they suggest, staying the instant

case would only delay further the resolution of the dispute.

       In light of the concerns over judicial economy and the possibility of inconsistent results,

coupled with the strong federal presumption in favor of enforcing arbitration agreements and the

underlying purpose of the Miller Act, the Court finds in favor of FIC and stays Joint Venture’s

Miller Act claim against FIC pending the resolution of arbitration between Joint Venture and

Manhattan.

               1. Staying plaintiff’s suit against the surety comports with judicial economy
               and consistency

       As a matter of this Court’s discretion to “control its docket,” there are important

considerations of judicial economy and consistency involved in the claims and defenses at issue

here. As FIC points out, its liability to Joint Venture is dependent upon whether Manhattan is

liable under its contract with Joint Venture. See Def.’s Mot. to Stay at 4-5. Thus, FIC and Joint

Venture would be litigating substantially the same issues being arbitrated between Manhattan

and Joint Venture, namely the liability between Manhattan and Joint Venture under the




                                                 14
Subcontract.4 As one court stated, “It seems grossly inefficient to have the parties arbitrate and

litigate at the same time or bear unnecessary expense and the risk of inconsistent results.” United

States ex rel. MPA Constr., Inc. v. XL Specialty Ins. Co., 349 F. Supp. 2d 934, 941 (D. Md.

2004) (quoting United States ex rel. Tanner v. Daco Constr., Inc., 38 F. Supp. 2d 1299, 1304-05

(N.D. Okla. 1999). This Court agrees. It would be an inefficient use of both the Court’s and the

parties’ resources to simultaneously debate the same issues in two distinct forums.5

       It is also true that issuing a stay in this case will not result in “indefinite delay,” as Joint

Venture suggests. Pl’s Opp’n at 10. If Joint Venture prevails at arbitration, its award will be

enforceable against Manhattan. Insofar as Joint Venture is unable to enforce against Manhattan,

Joint Venture need not reinstate its litigation against FIC because FIC has already agreed to be

bound by the arbitration.

       In the opposite scenario, were Manhattan to prevail at arbitration, Joint Venture would

likely be bound by the result, foreclosing further litigation with FIC. At the very least, Joint

Venture would likely be bound by the doctrine of collateral estoppel, also known as issue

       4
                Presumably FIC would not seek to establish Joint Venture's liability under the
Subcontract, as Manhattan seeks to do in arbitration. Nevertheless, Manhattan's liability would
be at issue in both the litigation and arbitration proceedings. Manhattan could have moved to
intervene pursuant Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 24(b), see United States ex. rel. MPA Constr., Inc. v. XL
Specialty Ins. Co., 349 F. Supp. 2d 934, 938-39 (D. Md. 2004) (granting prime contractors 24(b)
motion to intervene in Miller Act suit by subcontractor against surety), but instead chose to
pursue its claims under the agreed upon arbitration provision in the Subcontract. This Court will
not require Manhattan to intervene in the present suit to assert its claims against Joint Venture
where the two parties have agreed such claims are arbitrable. To do so would cut against what
the parties assented to, as well as the enunciated policy in favor of arbitration. See Moses H.
Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983).
        5
                It should also be noted, once again, that Manhattan is not a party to this suit
because Joint Venture chose not to assert Manhattan as a defendant. As a result, unless
Manhattan were to intervene in this suit, litigation of Joint Venture's claims under the
subcontract would occur through FIC. Arbitration between Joint Venture and Manhattan,
therefore, would be far more efficient.

                                                  15
preclusion. In federal court, a claimant may be barred from relitigating an issue decided in a

previous proceeding even where one of the parties in the new litigation was not a party in the

previous proceeding. See Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313

(1971) (abolishing the requirement of mutuality when decideding whether a party is collaterally

estopped from relitigating an issue already decided). Where a plaintiff attempts to litigate an

issue already decided against a new party, the plaintiff is foreclosed from relitigating the issue if:

1) the issue was actually litigated with a full and fair opportunity to litigate, 2) the issue was

actually decided on the merits, 3) the disposition was sufficiently final, and 4) the resolution of

the issue was necessary to the disposition of the first action. Am. Train Dispatchers Ass’n v.

Burlington Northern R. Co., 784 F. Supp. 899, 903 (D.D.C. 1992) (citing Nat’l Post Office Mail

Handlers v. Am. Postal Workers Union, 907 F.2d 190, 192 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). The Court cannot

decide the issue here, but suffice it to say that FIC could likely preclude Joint Venture from

relitigating the issue of contractual liability after arbitration. First, “[t]he decisions of binding

arbitration proceedings are final decisions on the merits for the purposes of res judicata.” Cent.

Itn’l Arms, Ltd. v. Fed. State Unitary, 172 F. Supp. 2d 79, 95 (D.D.C. 2001) (citing Schattner v.

Girard, Inc., 668 F.2d 1366, 1368 (D.C. Cir. 1981)). Second, Joint Venture will have had a full

and fair opportunity to litigate the underlying issue between it and FIC in arbitration with

Manhattan, i.e. whether Manhattan is liable for Joint Venture’s contractual claims. Finally, the

resolution of the issue of liability will have been necessary to the disposition of the arbitration.

Thus, at the very least Joint Venture would likely be barred from relitigating in this suit the

underlying issue that will be decided in its arbitration with Manhattan. Even if Joint Venture




                                                   16
were to not prevail at arbitration, therefore, it is unlikely that any significant delay will result

from a stay in this suit.

                2. Staying plaintiff’s suit against the surety accords with the federal policy
                favoring the enforcement of valid arbitration agreements and does not
                contravene the purpose of the Miller Act

        Allowing litigation to proceed in this suit alongside arbitration would disserve the

“liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements.” See Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v.

Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983). This is true for two interrelated reasons. First, as

previously noted, allowing this case to proceed would force prime contractors with claims

against subcontractors—who have agreed to arbitrate disputes with subcontractors—to join

litigation initiated by subcontractors against the surety. In effect, it would draw Manhattan into

litigation with Joint Venture despite the fact that the two parties agreed to settle disputes through

arbitration in certain circumstances. Second, as the court noted in Tanner, not staying litigation

under these circumstances would allow any public works subcontractor to “circumvent” its

agreements to arbitrate with the prime contractor simply by suing the surety in federal court. See

Tanner, 38 F. Supp. 2d at 1306. Thus, not staying the proceeding would render the arbitration

provision in the subcontract, and Manhattan’s resulting right to arbitrate with Joint Venture,

“meaningless.” Id. Such a negation of the agreement to arbitrate in the subcontract cannot be

allowed in light of the overriding purpose of the FAA to “enforce [arbitration] agreements into

which parties have entered.” Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 220 (1985).

        Joint Venture also argues that “a payment bond claim under the Miller Act is a distinct

remedy and a distinct cause of action, and it is not simply an alternative form of a breach of

contract claim or a way of ‘circumventing’ an arbitration clause.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 9. Therefore,


                                                   17
Joint Venture asserts, it is not circumventing contract law or the arbitration clause but merely

utilizing the remedy Congress intended to provide through the Miller Act. Id. There are two

problems with Joint Venture’s argument.

       First, although the Court is staying its Miller Act claim against FIC, Joint Venture will

not lose the benefit that the Miller Act was intended to provide. The Miller Act undoubtedly

provides subcontractors with a distinct cause of action by allowing subcontractors to sue sureties

on payment bonds, and is not simply an alternative to contract law claims. Joint Venture is

correct in so asserting, but recognizing that fact does not end the inquiry. The purpose behind

the Miller Act suggests a distinct reason for providing a separate cause of action. Because an

aggrieved subcontractor cannot secure a mechanic’s lien on public property, and therefore may

be unable to recover from the general contractor on a contract claim, the purpose of the Miller

Act was to “afford the subcontractor [working on public construction projects] the financial

protection of an action against the surety.” See United States ex. rel. Mariana v. Piracci Constr.

Co., Inc., 405 F. Supp. 904, 906 (D.D.C. 1975); see also F.D. Rich Co. v. United States ex. rel.

Indus. Lumber Co., Inc., 417 U.S. 116, 122 (1974) (“The Miller Act was intended to provide an

alternative remedy to protect the rights of these suppliers.” (emphasis added)). The Miller Act is

thus designed to ensure that subcontractors can secure a remedy against general contractors on

public projects.

       Here, however, FIC has agreed to be bound by the result of arbitration. Were Joint

Venture to succeed at arbitration but be unable to secure its remedy against Manhattan, it could

still immediately collect on the bond against FIC. Stated differently, because FIC has agreed to

be bound by any arbitration award, Joint Venture has the protection Congress intended to


                                                18
provide through the Miller Act. Although the Miller Act undoubtedly provides subcontractors

with a federal cause of action and remedy apart from a state law mechanic’s lien, that remedy is

not foreclosed by the arbitration the parties have agreed to in this case. In light of the purpose

behind the cause of action in the Miller Act, Joint Venture will not be harmed by staying that

cause of action pending arbitration.

       Second, it is true that the Miller Act is not generally “a way of ‘circumventing’ an

arbitration clause.” Recognizing that circumvention is not the Miller Act’s purpose does not

negate the fact that that is undoubtedly what Joint Venture seeks to do in this case. Having

agreed to arbitrate contractual issues with Manhattan, Joint Venture cannot now avoid its

obligation by only suing the surety on the payment bond. Cf. United States ex. rel. Capolino

Sons, Inc. v. Electronic & Missile Facilities, Inc., 364 F.2d 705, 706-07 (2d Cir. 1966) (“Though

[the subcontractor] would otherwise be free . . . to sue the prime contractor and the surety on the

contractor’s payment bond, there is no inconsistency in requiring that an arbitration precede

resort to the courts if the [subcontractor] and the contractor had previously agreed to arbitrate

disputes.”).

       Indeed, staying this case pending arbitration is in accord with the opinions of several

other courts faced with the task of resolving tensions between the Federal Arbitration Act and

the Miller Act. Tanner, 38 F. Supp. 2d at 1304 (stating that there is “a long history of Miller Act

cases which resolve the tension between the Miller Act and the Federal Arbitration Act by

staying the Miller Act claim pending arbitration of the underlying dispute”); see United States

ex. rel. Newton v. Neumman Caribbean Int’l, Ltd., 750 F.2d 1422, 1426-27 (9th Cir. 1985)

(holding the district court did not abuse its discretion where it granted subcontractor’s motion to


                                                 19
compel arbitration with contractor and surety and motion to stay pending arbitration); United

States ex. rel. Portland Constr. Co. v. Weiss Pollution Control Corp., 532 F.2d 1009, 1013 (5th

Cir. 1976) (staying Miller Act proceeding pending resolution of arbitration between prime

contractor and subcontractor); United States ex. rel. Capolino Sons, Inc. v. Electronic & Missile

Facilities, Inc., 364 F.2d 705, 709 (2d Cir. 1966) (holding Miller Act claims arbitrable and

affirming the district court’s decision to stay Miller Act proceeding pending arbitration);

Agostoni Bros. Building v. United States ex. rel. Virginia-Carolina Elec. Works, Inc., 142 F.2d

854, 855 (4th Cir. 1944) (reversing district court’s denial of stay pending arbitration in Miller

Act suit). But see United States ex. rel. Pensacola Constr. Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins.

Co., 705 F. Supp. 306, 309 (W.D. La. 1988) (denying general contractor’s motion to stay

because the motion would not damage the general contractor but would harm the subcontractor

by stripping it of its Miller Act remedy).6

       DSMC, Inc. v. Convera Corp., 273 F. Supp. 2d 14 (D.D.C. 2002), a case heavily relied

upon by plaintiffs, is factually distinct from the case at bar.7 The court’s reasoning in DSMC


       6
                The court’s holding in Pensacola is unpersuasive both generally and in the
context of the instant case. In general, if a court grants a stay pending arbitration and the
subcontractor prevails at arbitration, the subcontractor still retains the protection of the Miller
Act. Where a subcontractor prevails at arbitration but the general contractor is unable to pay, the
subcontractor can simply restart its Miller Act suit against the surety in federal court.
Furthermore, in this case FIC has agreed to be bound by the outcome of the arbitration. Joint
Venture, therefore, has not lost the protection the Miller Act was meant to provide and will not
be harmed in the way the Pensacola court feared.
       7
                In DSMC, DSCMi contracted with National Geographic Television Library
(NGTL) to provide digitizing and cataloguing services to organize NGTL's film footage archive.
DSMC, Inc., F. Supp. 2d at 17. DSMCi initiated arbitration against NGTL, pursuant to their
contract, alleging breach of the confidentiality agreement, and simultaneously sued a third party,
Conerva, in federal court for state tort law and federal copyright violations. Id. at 17-18. NGTL
moved to intervene in the federal court proceeding and stay the action pending its arbitration
with DSMCi. Id.

                                                 20
does not apply in this case. Here, the concern is not that the issues could simply be narrowed by

arbitration. Rather, arbitration would decide the relevant issues completely. FIC’s liability is

completely dependent upon whether Manhattan breached its contract with the plaintiffs, the issue

currently pending in arbitration. FIC has also consented to be bound by the arbitration result.

Furthermore, whereas DSCMi would still have to litigate whether Convera violated federal

copyright laws if it prevailed at arbitration against NGTL, no litigation would be necessary in

this case after a final decision in arbitration. Thus, this is not a case where litigation would

simply be delayed, as in DSMC. Instead, the court is simply deferring to the arbitration which

both parties consented to in the subcontract.

       To the extent that plaintiffs rely on the court’s decision in United States ex. rel. Walker

Seal Cos., Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 356 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2005), that case is inapposite

in two ways.8 First, the subcontractor in that case expressly reserved the right not to arbitrate

any Miller Act claims.9 Id. at 2. The court’s decision, therefore, did not offend the federal

presumption in favor of arbitration because the parties specifically agreed not to arbitrate such

claims. Second, the general contractor in Walker Seal had not initiated arbitration to assert its

own claims against the subcontractor, as Manhattan did in this case. Id. at 1-2. As a result,



       8
                Similar to the circumstances here, the contractor and subcontractor in Walker Seal
agreed to arbitrate contractual claims prior to initiating suit in court. Id. at 2. Once a dispute
arose, the subcontractor initiated suit in federal court against the surety pursuant to the Miller
Act. Id. The surety then moved to dismiss, and in the alternative, stay the case pending
arbitration of the matter. Id. The court denied the motions. Id. at 3.
        9
                An addendum to the contract stated that “[n]othing herein shall limited the
Subcontractor’s rights under [the general contractor’s] payment bond or the Miller Act.” Id. at 2.
The president of the subcontractor also submitted an affidavit stating that the intention behind
the addendum was to nullify the general arbitration requirement with respect to the bond claim.
Id.

                                                 21
there would have been no concurrent litigation and arbitration, and thus no potential for

duplicate proceedings and no concern about judicial economy.

       Weighing the federal policy favoring the enforcement of arbitration agreements, taking

into consideration the purpose behind the Miller Act and the risk of inconsistency and inefficient

use of resources, the Court exercises its discretion to stay the Joint Venture’s Miller Act claim

pending the resolution of arbitration between Joint Venture and Manhattan.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, in the case of Milestone Tarant, LLC v. Manhattan

Construction Co., Civ. No. 09-1941, Manhattan’s motions to compel arbitration [#7 ] and to

dismiss [#11] are GRANTED and Joint Venture’s motion for a preliminary injunction [#2] is

DENIED as moot. In Milestone Tarant, LLC v. Federal Insurance Company, Civ. No. 08-2186,

FIC’s motion to stay pending arbitration [#8] is GRANTED. Appropriate orders accompany

this memorandum opinion.

                                                     ROYCE C. LAMBERTH
                                                     Chief Judge
                                                     United States District Court




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