    Leonidas ORTEGA TRUJILLO, Jaime Ortega Trujillo, Luis Alberto Ortega Trujillo, Plaintiffs-
Appellees,

                                                     v.

  CONOVER & COMPANY COMMUNICATIONS, INC., Banco Central Del Ecuador, Defendants-
Appellants.

                                               No. 99-10389.

                                      United States Court of Appeals,

                                             Eleventh Circuit.

                                              Aug. 11, 2000.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.(No. 98-00373-CV-JLK),
James Lawrence King, Judge.

Before EDMONDSON, BARKETT and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

        PER CURIAM:

        The district court stayed further proceedings in this case pending the resolution of a related case in

the Bahamas. Defendants appeal the district court stay. We vacate the stay and remand.

                                                      I.

        The facts underlying this case arose during the litigation of another case—involving some of the same

parties—in the Bahamas. In 1996, Banco Central del Ecuador brought suit in a Bahamian court against

several members of the Ortega family and several companies associated with the Ortegas. The bank alleged

in that suit that the Ortegas—through the use of fraudulent loan transfers—misappropriated funds from the

bank. That case still is pending in a Bahamian court.

        In connection with the Bahamian case, the bank—through its public relations firm, Conover & Co.

Communications—issued a press release accusing the Ortegas of perpetrating a "massive fraud scheme." The

Ortegas ("Plaintiffs") then brought this suit in federal district court against the bank and Conover

("Defendants"). Plaintiffs alleged that Defendants' press release was defamatory and damaged Plaintiffs'

reputations as honest and law-abiding businessmen. Defendants pleaded several defenses to the defamation
claim, including the truth of the press release.1

        The district court—acting sua sponte—then stayed further proceedings in this case pending the

resolution of the Bahamian case. The district court explained:

        [L]itigation relating to the issues raised in these proceedings is currently pending in the courts of the
        Bahamas.... The Bahamian Litigation pre-dates these proceedings by over one year. It has been
        represented to this Court (at oral argument preceding the Order) that a trial date in the Bahamian
        Litigation has already been set. As the issues addressed by the Bahamian Litigation directly relate
        to those raised [in this case], the Court will stay the above-styled matter until such time as the
        Bahamian Courts conclude their review.

The district court directed the parties to submit status reports—reporting on the progress of the Bahamian

case—every three months. Defendants moved the district court to reconsider the stay; the district court

denied Defendants' motion for reconsideration.

                                                       II.

         Defendants contend that the district court erred in staying further proceedings in this case pending

the resolution of the Bahamian case. We agree.2 We accordingly vacate the district court's stay and remand.

         A variety of circumstances may justify a district court stay pending the resolution of a related case

in another court. A stay sometimes is authorized simply as a means of controlling the district court's docket

and of managing cases before the district court. See, e.g., Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 117 S.Ct. 1636,

1650, 137 L.Ed.2d 945 (1997) (discussing district court's "broad discretion to stay proceedings as an incident

to its power to control its own docket"). And, in some cases, a stay might be authorized also by principles

of abstention. See, e.g., Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 116 S.Ct. 1712, 1722, 135 L.Ed.2d

1 (1996) (noting that abstention principles may require district court to stay case pending resolution of related

proceedings). In this case, however, we think that neither ground upholds the stay that the district court



    1
    The bank also brought several counterclaims in this case against Plaintiffs. The district court,
however, dismissed the bank's counterclaims. The dismissal of the counterclaims is not at issue in this
appeal.

    2
    We review the district court's issuance of a stay pending the resolution of related proceedings in
another forum for abuse of discretion. See CTI-Container Leasing Corp. v. Uiterwyk Corp., 685 F.2d
1284, 1288 (11th Cir.1982).
ordered.

           When a district court exercises its discretion to stay a case pending the resolution of related

proceedings in another forum, the district court must limit properly the scope of the stay. A stay must not

be "immoderate." CTI-Container Leasing Corp. v. Uiterwyk Corp., 685 F.2d 1284, 1288 (11th Cir.1982).

In considering whether a stay is "immoderate," we examine both the scope of the stay (including its potential

duration) and the reasons cited by the district court for the stay. See Hines v. D'Artois, 531 F.2d 726, 733 (5th

Cir.1976). As the Supreme Court has explained, "[a] stay is immoderate and hence unlawful unless so framed

in its inception that its force will be spent within reasonable limits, so far at least as they are susceptible of

prevision and description." Landis v. North American Co., 299 U.S. 248, 57 S.Ct. 163, 167, 81 L.Ed. 153

(1936). We conclude that the stay ordered by the district court in this case is immoderate and, therefore, an

abuse of discretion.

           The scope of the stay ordered by the district court seems indefinite. The stay, by its own terms,

remains in effect until the "Bahamian Courts conclude their review." The stay appears to expire only after

a trial of the Bahamian case and the exhaustion of appeals in that case. In addition, contrary to the district

court's assessment of the Bahamian litigation, the record indicates that the Bahamian case is not progressing

quickly. We conclude, therefore, that the stay is indefinite in scope.3 Cf. American Manuf. Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Edward D. Stone, Jr. & Assoc., 743 F.2d 1519, 1524 (11th Cir.1984) (finding stay of federal court

proceedings pending conclusion of state court proceedings indefinite where state proceedings had been

pending for 18 months and no trial date had been set in state court); CTI-Container, 685 F.2d at 1288

(vacating district court stay where duration of stay could "safely be described as an indefinite period").




    3
      Plaintiffs argue that the stay is not indefinite because the district court ordered the parties to submit
status reports on the Bahamian litigation every three months. This requirement, however, does not make
the scope of the stay less indefinite. The district court's requirement of status reports does not guarantee
that the district court will reassess the propriety of the stay every three months. The district court could
do nothing when status reports are filed, and the stay would continue in effect until the Bahamian
litigation concluded. As the Supreme Court explained in Landis, "an order which is to continue by its
terms for an immoderate stretch of time is not to be upheld as moderate because conceivably the court
that made it may be persuaded at a later time to undo what it has done." 57 S.Ct. at 167.
         We can see from the district court's order no reason sufficient to justify the indefinite stay that the

district court ordered. The stay order does not explain in detail the district court's reasoning in staying further

proceedings in this case. The order does mention three considerations that the district court found important:

(1) that the Bahamian case and this case involve related issues; (2) that the Bahamian case predates this case

by more than one year; and (3) "that a trial date in the Bahamian Litigation has already been set."4 From the

district court's mention of these three factors, the parties suggest two possible reasons for the district court's

stay: (1) that the district court, pursuant to its inherent power to control its own docket, stayed this case for

the sake of judicial economy; and (2) that the district court stayed this case under the doctrine of international

abstention. We cannot justify the stay that the district court ordered on either ground. The case law illustrates

that, in a case like this one, the interests of judicial economy alone are insufficient to justify such an indefinite

stay. See Landis, 57 S.Ct. at 167 (vacating similar stay in like circumstances). And, we will not attempt to

justify the district court's stay on abstention grounds. The district court never mentions "abstention" in its

order. The district court's order cites no cases related to international abstention. And, the district court's

order mentions only a few of the many factors that a district court must examine in considering an

international abstention question. See Turner Entertainment Co. v. Degeto Film, 25 F.3d 1512, 1519-22 (11th

Cir.1994) (discussing factors relevant to international abstention). Abstention is the exception instead of the

rule, see id. at 1518; and "courts regularly permit parallel proceedings in an American court and a foreign

court." Id. at 1521. Abstention, therefore, is not to be undertaken lightly. So, we—when the district court

did not mention abstention at all—decline to presume that abstention motivated the district court's exercise

of its discretion to stay this case. We, therefore, do not decide today whether international abstention might

justify the stay that the district court ordered.

                                                        III.


    4
     On appeal, the parties agree that the third consideration noted by the district court—that a trial date
had been set in the Bahamian case—had no basis in fact: when the district court issued the stay, no trial
date had been set. Because we conclude that we must vacate the stay in any event, we do not reach
Defendants' argument that this apparent misapprehension of fact by the district court automatically
renders the stay an abuse of discretion.
       The stay ordered by the district court is "immoderate" and, therefore, an abuse of discretion. We

accordingly VACATE the district court stay and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

       VACATED AND REMANDED.
