                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________                  FILED
                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             No. 11-10886                ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                          DECEMBER 23, 2011
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                                                              JOHN LEY
                       ________________________
                                                               CLERK

                   D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-01371-TCB

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                     Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

$688,670.42 SEIZED FROM REGIONS BANK
ACCOUNT NO. XXXXXX5028; AND
$49,603.68 SEIZED FROM REGIONS BANK
ACCOUNT NO. XXXXXX5955,

                                                     Defendants,

OMAR L. TOLEDO,
PCPS CORPORATION,

                                                     Claimants-Appellants.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Georgia
                      ________________________
                           (December 23, 2011)

Before TJOFLAT, CARNES and COX, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

      Omar L. Toledo and PCPS Corporation (“PCPS”) appeal the district court’s

grant of the Government’s motion for summary judgment in its civil forfeiture action

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A) and (C) and the district court’s refusal to

recognize PCPS as an innocent owner of the forfeited property. Toledo also contests

the court’s determination that he lacked standing to challenge the forfeiture. After

thorough review, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

      PCPS is a Florida-based check cashing business owned and operated by Beatriz

Sardinas. PCPS processed checks issued to four medical services companies as

payment for fraudulent Medicare claims. Jack Henry and Associates, a check

clearing corporation, facilitated the processing of these checks into bank accounts in

the name of NV Professional Services, Inc. (“NVPS”). Toledo, President of NVPS

and Sardinas’s spouse, agreed to allow these checks to be deposited into the accounts.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation seized two of these accounts: Regions Bank

account xxxxxx5540, which contained $49,603.68; and Regions Bank account

xxxxxx5028, which contained $688,670.42. The Government claims the seized funds

are subject to forfeiture under 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A) because the accounts contain

property involved in or traceable to a money laundering transaction and 18 U.S.C. §

981(a)(1)(C) as proceeds of unlawful activity.

                                          2
      Claimants raise three issues on appeal: whether Toledo established standing to

contest the forfeiture of defendant property; whether the Government met its burden

to show the property was subject to forfeiture under either § 981(a)(1)(A) or (C); and

whether PCPS is an innocent owner of defendant property protected from forfeiture

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 983(d). We review de novo the district court’s grant of

summary judgment, applying the same familiar standards as the district court. Walker

v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 286 F.3d 1270, 1273 (11th Cir. 2002) (citation

omitted).

      As an initial matter, we are considering what amounts to an unopposed motion

for summary judgment. The district court deemed admitted all of the facts contained

in the Government’s Statement of Material Facts as to Which There Is No Dispute

because the claimants failed to support their denials of some of these facts with

citations to record evidence in violation of Northern District of Georgia Local Rule

56.1(B)(2). This court has recognized that when a non-moving party fails to comply

with this local rule “the court has before it the functional analog of an unopposed

motion for summary judgment.” Reese v. Herbert, 527 F.3d 1253, 1268 (11th Cir.

2008). Of course, the movant still bears the burden to show “that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c), and the motion must be supported

by the evidence submitted. See United States v. One Piece of Real Prop. Located at

                                          3
5800 SW 74th Ave., Miami, Fla., 363 F.3d 1099, 1101-02 (11th Cir. 2004)

[hereinafter One Piece of Real Prop.].

         Because standing is a threshold jurisdictional question, we address this issue

first.   A claimant disputing a civil forfeiture action must establish both the

requirements of Article III standing and statutory standing.         United States v.

$38,000.00 Dollars in U.S. Currency, 816 F.2d 1538, 1543-44 (11th Cir. 1987). The

district court found Toledo failed to carry this burden because he did not show he was

a bailee of the funds and he lacked a sufficient ownership interest to establish

standing. On appeal, Toledo contends that as the sole individual with signature

authority over the accounts he has standing to contest their forfeiture.           The

Government argues that Toledo cannot meet the standing requirements because he

fails to qualify as a bailee of the funds and was a mere nominee who exercised little

dominion or control over the property.

         We agree with the district court that Toledo failed to carry his burden to

establish standing. The Article III standing inquiry focuses on the existence of an

injury. Via Mat Int’l S. Am. Ltd. v. United States, 446 F.3d 1258, 1262 (11th Cir.

2006). Ownership of property may be evidence of the existence of an injury, but non-

owners like bailees may also have a sufficient injury to establish standing. Id. To

support his claim for constitutional standing, Toledo relies on his signature authority

                                            4
for both Regions accounts. Toledo’s signature authority does little to prove he had

a possessory or ownership interest in the accounts. In fact, the Government presented

evidence that monies in these accounts were actually paid out pursuant to instructions

from Sardinas in the normal course of PCPS’s business. (R.3-103, Ex. 1 at 7-8.) As

we have said, “‘straw owners’ and persons who might have unknowingly been in

possession of property that is seized do not necessarily suffer an injury that is

sufficient to demonstrate standing.” Via Mat at 1262 n.5 (citing United States v.

Cambio Exacto, 166 F.3d 522, 527-28 (2d Cir. 1999)). Toledo’s evidence failed to

show he possessed a sufficient ownership interest in the property and did not

establish a constitutional injury. The district court properly held he lacked Article III

standing to contest the forfeiture of the bank accounts making it unnecessary for us

to resolve whether he had statutory standing. Thus, we affirm the dismissal of Toledo

from this action and turn to the merits of the forfeiture.

      In a civil forfeiture action, the burden of proof is on the Government to

establish that the property is subject to forfeiture. 18 U.S.C. § 983(c)(1). Here, its

complaint for forfeiture proceeds on two theories. The Government contends the

accounts are forfeitable under both 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A) and 18 U.S.C. §

981(a)(1)(C). The district court order does not specify which statute it relied upon

in granting summary judgment. Yet, the two statutes differ in significant respects.

                                           5
       Section 981(a)(1)(A) provides for forfeiture of property involved in money

laundering transactions, while § 981(a)(1)(C) allows forfeiture of the proceeds of a

wide range of unlawful activities. Under § 981(a)(1)(A), “[a]ny property, real or

personal, involved in a transaction or attempted transaction in violation of section .

. . 1957 . . . of this title, or any property traceable to such property” is subject to

forfeiture. 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A). Section 981(a)(1)(C) permits forfeiture of

“[a]ny property, real or personal, which constitutes or is derived from proceeds

traceable to a violation of section . . . 1028, . . . of this title or any offense constituting

‘specified unlawful activity’ (as defined in section 1956(c)(7) of this title), or a

conspiracy to commit such offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C). Specified unlawful

activity includes violations of § 1341 (pursuant to § 1956(c)(7)(A)), § 1343 (pursuant

to § 1956(c)(7)(A)), and health care fraud (pursuant to § 1956(c)(7)(F)).

       We agree with the district court that the Government has carried its burden to

show these bank accounts contain property derived from proceeds traceable to a

violation of one of the enumerated sections in § 981(a)(1)(C). We also agree that the

claimants’ argument that they no longer hold unlawful proceeds because they cashed

the fraudulently obtained checks lacks merit. The Government has shown, and the

claimants do not dispute, that PCPS processed checks obtained as part of schemes to

defraud the Medicare program. Violations of §§ 1028, 1341, 1343, and 1347

                                              6
occurred as part of these schemes. There is no dispute that fraudulently obtained

checks from these schemes totaling $220,721.15 were deposited in Regions account

xxxxxx5028. The Government also has shown fraudulently obtained checks totaling

over $130,000.00 were deposited into a Wachovia Bank account in the name of

NVPS before those funds were transferred to Regions account xxxxxx5540.

      The Government’s theory breaks down, however, when it seeks forfeiture of

the entire balance of these two Regions accounts based on § 981(a)(1)(C). The

statute states explicitly that the only property forfeitable under the section is property

“which constitutes or is derived from proceeds traceable to [a violation of one of the

enumerated sections].” Section 981(a)(2)(A) defines proceeds: “In cases involving

illegal goods, illegal services, unlawful activities, and telemarketing and health care

fraud schemes, the term ‘proceeds’ means property of any kind obtained directly or

indirectly, as the result of the commission of the offense giving rise to forfeiture, and

any property traceable thereto, and is not limited to the net gain or profit realized

from the offense.” Here, applying § 981(a)(1)(C), the offenses giving rise to

forfeiture are those that occurred as part of the Medicare fraud schemes. The

proceeds of those violations consist only of the amount of the fraudulent checks the

government has traced to the Regions accounts. We have not said that the proceeds

forfeiture envisioned by § 981(a)(1)(C) amounts to forfeiture of any property

                                            7
commingled with the illegal proceeds. Thus, to the extent the district court relied on

§ 981(a)(1)(C) in granting the Government’s motion to forfeit the entire balance of

the accounts, it was in error. Section 981(a)(1)(C) only permits forfeiture of the

proceeds of the Medicare fraud schemes.

      We now consider whether summary judgment was proper under

§ 981(a)(1)(A). This subsection allows forfeiture of property “involved in” a

transaction in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957. A violation of § 1957 occurs when one

“knowingly engaged or attempted to engage in a monetary transaction in criminally

derived property that is of value greater than $10,000 and is derived from specified

unlawful activity.’ A ‘monetary transaction’ includes ‘the deposit, withdrawal,

transfer, or exchange, . . . of funds or a monetary instrument by, through, or to a

financial institution . . . .” United States v. Johnson, 440 F.3d 1286, 1289 (11th Cir.

2006) (alteration in original) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The term “specified unlawful activity” is defined according to § 1956(c)(7).

      As discussed above, the Government has shown the checks procured from the

Medicare fraud were derived from “specified unlawful activity” as defined in §

1956(c)(7). Many of the criminally derived checks from Medicare at issue in this

case exceeded $10,000. Finally, a monetary transaction involving these checks




                                          8
occurred when they were deposited into the Regions and Wachovia accounts

respectively.

       However, an offense under § 1957 also requires that Sardinas, acting on behalf

of PCPS,1 knew she was engaging in a monetary transaction in criminally derived

property. The Government’s motion highlights that Sardinas knew about check

cashing schemes in South Florida and that Medicare checks had a high indicia of

fraud. The value of the fraudulent Medicare checks exceeded the value of those

checks typically cashed by her business. PCPS also deposited the checks into the

bank account of a third party, misstated the business purpose of those accounts, and

failed to investigate possible red flags on the checks. The Government suggests this

evidence proves Sardinas knew or was willfully blind to the source of the checks.

       But, the exhibits attached in support of the Government’s motion,2 also contain

evidence that Sardinas did not know the checks processed by PCPS were criminally

derived. For example, Toledo testified that Sardinas never instructed him to put

       1
           “Knowledge of an illegal activity may be attributed to a corporation only when the
knowledge was obtained by an agent acting within the scope of his or her employment and for the
benefit of the corporation.” United States v. Route 2, Box 472, 136 Acres More or Less, 60 F.3d
1523, 1527 (11th Cir. 1995). No one disputes Sardinas was acting within the scope of her
employment with PCPS in this case.

       2
          Even though this court is considering what amounts to an unopposed motion for summary
judgment, we still must consider the merits of the motion. One Piece of Real Prop., 363 F.3d at
1101. In so doing, we review the materials submitted by the United States in support of its motion.
Id. at 1102 n.4.

                                                9
fraudulently obtained funds from Medicare into NVPS’s accounts. (R.3-103, Ex. 2

at19.) He also stated Sardinas never asked him to launder funds from Medicare, (id.

at 21), and that Sardinas does not operate multiple businesses to launder the proceeds

of unlawful activity. (Id. at 30.) Furthermore, the Government admits that PCPS’s

typical monthly volume of checks transacted approached $1 million. (R.3-103 at 33.)

      We are wary of resolving the issue of Sardinas’s knowledge regarding the

source of the checks PCPS processed at the summary judgment stage especially when

the Government presented no direct evidence that Sardinas knew the checks

processed by PCPS were criminally derived. See Chanel, Inc. v. Italian Activewear

of Fla., Inc., 931 F.2d 1472, 1476 (11th Cir. 1991) (“As a general rule, a party’s state

of mind (such as knowledge or intent) is a question of fact for the factfinder, to be

determined after trial.” (citing Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 274, 72 S.

Ct. 240, 255 (1952))); Overstreet v. Ky. Cent. Life Ins. Co., 950 F.2d 931, 937 (4th

Cir. 1991) (“Where states of mind are decisive as elements of a claim or defense,

summary judgment ordinarily will not lie.” (citing Charbonnages de France v. Smith,

597 F.2d 406, 414 (4th Cir.1979))). In essence, the Government asks the court to

infer from Sardinas’s general knowledge about fraudulent activities in Florida a

specific knowledge of fraud in this case. But on summary judgment, we draw

inferences in favor of the non-moving party, Sardinas. Cast Steel Prods., Inc. v.

                                          10
Admiral Ins. Co., 348 F.3d 1298, 1301 (11th Cir. 2003) (“We ‘view the evidence and

all factual inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the party opposing the

motion.’” (quoting Burton v. City of Belle Glade, 178 F.3d 1175, 1187 (11th

Cir.1999)). A reasonable jury might be unwilling to attribute Sardinas’s general

knowledge of fraudulent schemes in Florida to a specific knowledge that the checks

at issue in this case were fraudulent, or a juror might conclude the volume of checks

processed by PCPS precluded any specific knowledge about these checks.

Alternatively, a reasonable juror could decide to give weight to Toledo’s testimony.

These other explanations raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding Sardinas’s

knowledge that the Medicare checks were fraudulent. Because the evidence at the

summary judgment stage does not prove a § 1957 violation by PCPS,3 the

Government may not rely on the § 981(a)(1)(A) forfeiture provision.

       Without the benefit of § 981(a)(1)(A), forfeiture of the entire balance of the

Regions accounts was not proper. This court has interpreted “involved in” in 18




       3
          Neither the Government’s brief, its motion for summary judgment, nor the district court’s
order make clear whether forfeiture under § 981(a)(1)(A) was based on PCPS committing a § 1957
money laundering transaction or whether forfeiture was based on a money laundering transaction by
the Medicare fraudsters. Because the Government’s motion focused most on showing that PCPS
was involved in a § 1957 violation, (R.3-103 at 22), we do not decide whether the money was
forfeitable under § 981(a)(1)(A) based on money laundering violations by the Medicare fraudsters.

                                                11
U.S.C. § 982(a)(1), which contains language nearly identical to § 981(a)(1)(A),4 to

allow forfeiture of not only the money which was actually laundered but also property

used to facilitate the laundering offense. United States v. Seher, 562 F.3d 1344, 1368

(11th Cir. 2009). This “involved in” language does not appear in § 981(a)(1)(C), and

we uphold the district court’s grant of summary judgment only as to the §

981(a)(1)(C) forfeiture. Section 981(a)(1)(C) confines the forfeiture to the proceeds

of unlawful activity. Here, the Government has traced $220,721.15 of unlawful

proceeds into Regions account xxxxxx5028 and $130,000.00 into Regions account

xxxxxx5540. Because the Government has not shown the entire balance of Regions

account xxxxxx5028 contains the proceeds of unlawful activity, the entire account

may not be forfeited using § 981(a)(1)(C).

        We agree with the district court that PCPS failed to carry its burden of proving

it was an innocent owner of the property in the Regions accounts. 18 U.S.C. § 983(d)

states that an innocent owner’s property “shall not be forfeited under any civil

forfeiture statute.” 18 U.S.C. § 983(d)(1). The statute also places the burden of


       4
          Compare 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A) (“The following property is subject to forfeiture to the
United States: (A) Any property, real or personal, involved in a transaction or attempted transaction
in violation of section 1956, 1957 or 1960 of this title, or any property traceable to such property.”),
with 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1) (“The court, in imposing sentence on a person convicted of an offense
in violation of section 1956, 1957, or 1960 of this title, shall order that the person forfeit to the
United States any property, real or personal, involved in such offense, or any property traceable to
such property.”)

                                                  12
proving this defense by a preponderance of the evidence on the claimant. Id. The

standard for satisfying the innocent owner defense depends on whether the property

interest existed at the time of the illegal activity. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 983(d)(2)(A),

with 18 U.S.C. § 983(d)(3)(A). We find it unnecessary to resolve at this stage of the

case whether § 983(d)(2)(A) or § 983(d)(3)(A) applies. In either case PCPS did not

discharge its burden on this defense because it failed to cite to any evidence to

support the defense.5

       The district court correctly found Toledo lacked standing to contest the

forfeiture action and that PCPS failed to carry its burden to qualify as an innocent

owner and we affirm those conclusions. We also affirm the district court’s grant of

summary judgment to the Government in so far as it rested upon § 981(a)(1)(C), but

we reverse its decision to the extent it rested upon § 981(a)(1)(A).

       AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.




       5
         In the district court, the Government argued that PCPS failed under the test established in
§ 983(d)(2)(A), which applies to owners who have a property interest at the time of the illegal
conduct giving rise to forfeiture. The district court, however, applied § 983(d)(3)(A), which applies
to owners who acquire a property interest after the illegal conduct giving rise to forfeiture.

                                                 13
