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 1         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 3          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 4 v.                                                                    NO. A-1-CA-36844

 5 ALEX R. RIVERA,

 6          Defendant-Appellant.

 7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SOCORRO COUNTY
 8 Shannon Murdock, District Judge

 9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10 Santa Fe, NM

11 for Appellee

12 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
13 Aja Oishi, Assistant Public Defender
14 Santa Fe, NM

15 for Appellant

16                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

17 HANISEE, Judge.

18   {1}    Defendant Alex R. Rivera appeals from his conviction for contributing to the

19 delinquency of a minor (CDM). We previously issued a notice of proposed summary
 1 disposition in which we proposed to uphold the conviction. Defendant has filed a

 2 memorandum in opposition. After due consideration, we remain unpersuaded. We

 3 therefore affirm.

 4   {2}   Defendant raised two issues in his docketing statement, both of which are

 5 renewed. Because the relevant background information was previously set forth, we

 6 will avoid undue reiteration here. Instead, we will focus on the content of the

 7 memorandum in opposition.

 8   {3}   We will begin our discussion with Defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of

 9 the evidence. Eyewitness testimony and a video recording were presented which

10 established that Defendant pushed people away from a fight between his son and

11 another child, and Defendant also yelled active encouragement to his son to harm the

12 other child. [DS 5; CN 5; MIO 3-4] As we previously explained, [CN 4-6] this is

13 sufficient to satisfy all of the essential elements of the offense. [RP 213] See NMSA

14 1978, § 30-6-3 (1990) (defining CDM); UJI 14-601 NMRA (setting forth the essential

15 elements). See generally State v. Trevino, 1993-NMSC-067, ¶ 8, 116 N.M. 528, 865

16 P.2d 1172 (“CDM requires proof that the act of the defendant contributed to the

17 delinquency of a minor. We always have relied on juries to determine what acts

18 constitute contributing to delinquency . . . [t]he common sense of the community, as

19 well as the sense of decency, the propriety, and the morality which most people



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 1 entertain, is sufficient to apply the statute to each particular case, and point out what

 2 particular conduct is rendered criminal by it.” (footnote, internal quotation marks, and

 3 citation)). Cf. State v. Orosco, 1991-NMCA-084, ¶ 26, 113 N.M. 789, 833 P.2d 1155

 4 (noting the well-established “duty of parents to provide for the safety and welfare of

 5 their children,” and observing that “the failure of a parent who is present to take all

 6 steps reasonably possible to protect the parent’s child from an attack by another

 7 person constitutes an act of omission by the parent showing the parent’s consent and

 8 contribution to the crime being committed” (internal quotation marks and citation

 9 omitted)).

10   {4}   In his memorandum in opposition Defendant suggests he should not be said to

11 have actually encouraged delinquency, because the fight began before he arrived at

12 the scene. [MIO 6-7] We do not perceive this to be a significant consideration.

13 Whether Defendant encouraged his son to commence the fight or to continue fighting

14 is essentially immaterial; either way he committed the offense of CDM by

15 encouraging his son to conduct himself in a manner injurious to the health and welfare

16 of the child he was fighting. Cf. Trevino, 1993-NMSC-067, ¶ 17 (“The defendant is

17 punished for his own acts, not those of the juvenile.”).

18   {5}   Defendant further suggests that the absence of direct testimony about the actual

19 impact of his verbal encouragement upon his son is a deficiency. [MIO 7] However,



                                               3
 1 the jury was at liberty to draw reasonable inferences in this regard from the evidence.

 2 See id. ¶ 16 (“If the jury finds that the defendant’s conduct violated the community

 3 sense of decency, propriety, and morality, the jury may infer an adverse impact on the

 4 minor that tends to cause or encourage delinquency.”).

 5   {6}   Finally, Defendant asserts that Trevino is an outdated double jeopardy issue,

 6 and as such it should be regarded as inapposite. [MIO 7-8] We disagree. The general

 7 propositions for which Trevino has been cited remain unaffected by subsequent

 8 developments in our double jeopardy jurisprudence. And notwithstanding contextual

 9 distinctions, the New Mexico Supreme Court’s pronouncements are persuasive. See

10 State v. Salas, 2017-NMCA-057, ¶ 48, 400 P.3d 251 (commenting upon the

11 persuasive value of Supreme Court pronouncements); State v. Johnson,

12 2001-NMSC-001, ¶ 16, 130 N.M. 6, 15 P.3d 1233 (indicating that even if a

13 pronouncement by the Supreme Court might be regarded as dicta, this Court should

14 give adequate deference). Accordingly, we do not hesitate to rely on Trevino for the

15 various propositions stated.

16   {7}   In summary therefore, we reject Defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the

17 evidence to support his conviction.

18   {8}   Next, we turn to the challenge to the jury instruction, by which Defendant

19 continues to argue that the reference to his failure to prevent the fight was improper,



                                              4
 1 because he had no such duty. [MIO 9] However, the parental duty to protect children

 2 from an attack is well established. See Orosco, 1991-NMCA-084, ¶ 26 (recognizing

 3 the duty of parents to provide for the safety and welfare of their children, including

 4 intervention in attacks by other persons). And as we previously observed, the jury’s

 5 finding that Defendant yelled encouragement to his son to participate in the fight

 6 supplied an adequate independent basis for the conviction. As such, the reference to

 7 the omission is essentially superflouous. We therefore remain unpersuaded by the

 8 claim of fundamental error.

 9   {9}    Accordingly, for the reasons stated above and in the notice of proposed

10 summary disposition, Defendant’s conviction is AFFIRMED.

11   {10}   IT IS SO ORDERED.


12                                         ________________________________
13                                         J. MILES HANISEE, Judge


14 WE CONCUR:



15 _____________________________
16 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge



17 _____________________________
18 JULIE J. VARGAS, Judge

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