            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   January 7, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 347265
                                                                   Oakland Circuit Court
DARELL RAMON BROWN,                                                LC No. 2018-268144-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and METER and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant was charged with one count of assault with intent to murder, MCL 750.83, one
count of carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227, and two counts of possession of a firearm
in the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Following a motion by
defendant, the trial court gave defendant $2,000 to hire an expert witness for his defense.
Defendant subsequently sought an additional $3,000 required by the expert to prepare a report,
assist defendant’s attorney, and testify. The trial court denied the request. Defendant now
appeals, as on leave granted,1 the trial court’s order denying his motion for additional funds for
his expert. This Court vacates and remands for further proceedings.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       On the day of the incident, defendant went to a rehearsal for a play in which he was
acting. The play was directed by the victim. After rehearsal concluded, defendant and the
victim got into an argument, which devolved into a physical fight, over comments the victim had


1
 This Court initially denied defendant’s application for leave to appeal. People v Brown,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, March 7, 2019 (Docket No. 347265). Our Supreme
Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, remanded this case for consideration as on leave
granted and directed us to decide this case on an expedited basis. People v Brown, 503 Mich
1008; 924 NW2d 887 (2019).



                                               -1-
made to defendant the previous night. The altercation seemingly ended when defendant’s wife
intervened, and both men walked to their vehicles. However, defendant then returned to the
victim’s vehicle before the victim left the parking lot. According to the victim, defendant placed
his hand on the victim’s vehicle, whereupon the victim reversed quickly before putting his car in
drive to exit the parking lot. As the victim left the parking lot, defendant took out a gun and shot
at the victim’s vehicle three times. The fact that defendant shot at the victim’s vehicle is
undisputed for purposes of this appeal. However, defendant’s wife asserted that the victim had
not merely attempted to leave the lot, but rather attempted to hit defendant with the vehicle.
Defendant likewise maintains that he shot at the rear tire of the victim’s vehicle because he
believed the victim was trying to hit him.

                              II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        The district court held a preliminary examination in which five witnesses provided
testimony. In relevant part, the trial court qualified Specialist Steven Hendricks (Hendricks), an
officer with the Southfield Police Department, as “an expert witness in firearms and firearm
training.” Hendricks photographed the bullet holes in the victim’s vehicle and analyzed the
photographs. He determined that the three bullet holes appeared to have entered the vehicle from
different trajectories. He therefore deduced that either the vehicle had been moving or the
shooter had been moving when the shots were fired. Hendricks clarified that he did not know
which of the vehicle or shooter had been moving, nor did he know in which order the shots were
fired. He further remarked that one of the shots might have missed the vehicle entirely “had it
been a millisecond later.” Hendricks opined that there were too many factors to be certain
whether any of the bullets could have been “a kill shot,” but he noted that one of the bullets
“could potentially do quite a bit of damage if it – if it hit a person.” Hendricks agreed with the
prosecutor that the bullet holes “would be consistent with” the vehicle moving away from the
shooter. He did not, however, express any opinion whether the vehicle was moving away from
the shooter.

       After defendant was bound over, defendant moved to appoint a ballistics expert for his
defense. Defendant argued that he and his family had exhausted their resources retaining
defense counsel and were therefore functionally indigent. Defendant complained that Hendricks
should not have been qualified as an expert, whereas

       a ballistics expert has the experience, training, and scientific knowledge that the
       police officer that testified at the preliminary exam lacked. Most of all, a
       ballistics expert would help clear up facts at issue in this case. Also, a ballistics
       expert would show that [defendant] acted in self-defense.

Defendant expressly declined to explain in any greater detail how his proposed expert would be
helpful, stating that he “would prefer not to reveal to the prosecutor any information regarding
trial theories or the reasons for [his] use of an expert at this stage of the case” and that “it would
be problematic if he had to reveal the purpose for the expert because it implicates potential
violation of the attorney-client privilege, the work product doctrine, and the privilege against
self-incrimination.”




                                                 -2-
        Over the course of several hearings, the trial court and prosecution repeatedly expressed
disbelief that defendant and his family could afford to retain an attorney but could not afford to
retain an expert. Nevertheless, the prosecution eventually conceded that defendant appeared to
have “substantiate[d]” his “lack of funds.” Defendant explained that his proposed expert would
be able to help his case because:

                  The ballistics expert will be able to show again, through his independent
          experiments, the angle of the bullet. That would be – like, that would be contrary
          to the expert from the preliminary exam, the trajectory, directionality of the
          bullets that would be contrary to the expert on the preliminary exam. . . . He is
          trained in – he does his – he does experiments – like I said, he told me how he
          would approach the case, your Honor.

Further discussion on the record suggested that defendant’s proposed expert would receive the
actual firearm used, perform experiments upon that firearm, and prepare a report.2 The trial
court observed to defendant that “some concerns” had been raised regarding the expert, including
several other courts’ refusals to qualify him, which “might be something that you need to address
or maybe decide on somebody else.” Defendant explained that at least one other expert had been
contacted, but that expert was “not very helpful” and “didn’t know how he could help.”

         Defendant’s proposed expert’s fee was discussed, and at one point defendant stated that
the expert had “quoted [defendant] a deposit of $2,500 down” but had not provided a “quote
total.” Defense counsel offered to “call the expert and get a total.” At the next hearing, defense
counsel apparently submitted to the court an email from the expert “listing out his expenses and
what he anticipates the fee would be.” However, the contents of the email were not further
discussed, and no copy of any such email can be found in the record. The trial court ultimately
granted defendant’s motion, but warned that it would “grant no more than $2,000 for this expert
in total.” Defendant did not object to that dollar amount. The trial court entered an order
appointing Steven Howard (Howard) as defendant’s ballistics expert and approving “$2,000 in
total” in funds for defendant to pay Howard.

        Approximately a month later, defendant filed a motion requesting an additional $3,000
for Howard. Defendant largely reiterated his previous position; but he added that the previously
approved funds were inadequate to permit Howard to finish the report, prepare and assist defense
counsel, and testify. Defendant contended that without his expert’s ballistics testimony, he
would be deprived of “the heart of this case” and denied a fair trial. Furthermore, without the
additional funds, he would lack an expert altogether. Defendant provided an invoice from
Howard showing that Howard had already exceeded the funds allocated.3 However, defendant
did not further explain the specific nature of Howard’s expected testimony. The trial court held a


2
  The prosecution expressed concern that the expert might fail to prepare a report, to which the
trial court responded that the expert would not be permitted to testify if he did not prepare a
report, and “it’s as simple as that.”
3
    The invoice states the total bill to be $203.20, but the actual line items do add up to $2,203.20.



                                                   -3-
hearing at which it expressed skepticism that defendant had adequately shown himself to be
indigent, and it stated that in its prior order “I did cap it off at $2,000.00.” The trial court
therefore denied defendant’s request for additional funds. This appeal followed, and the trial
court stayed the proceedings pending the outcome of this appeal.

                  III. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES

        The “trial court’s decision whether to grant an indigent defendant’s motion for the
appointment of an expert witness” is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Carnicom,
272 Mich App 614, 616; 727 NW2d 399 (2006), citing MCL 775.15. “An abuse of discretion
occurs when the trial court chooses an outcome falling outside the range of principled
outcomes.” People v Buie, 491 Mich 294, 320; 817 NW2d 33 (2012). A trial court abuses its
discretion if it fails to exercise discretion when called upon to do so. Rieth v Keeler, 230 Mich
App 346, 348; 583 NW2d 552 (1998). An abuse of discretion also occurs when “a trial court
premises its decision on an error of law.” People v Parker, 319 Mich App 664, 669; 903 NW2d
405 (2017); see also Ronnisch Constr Group, Inc v Lofts on the Nine, LLC, 499 Mich 544, 552;
886 NW2d 113 (2016). “Questions of constitutional and statutory interpretation present
questions of law reviewed de novo.” People v Hall, 499 Mich 446, 451; 884 NW2d 561 (2016).

        “[W]hen a State brings its judicial power to bear on an indigent defendant in a criminal
proceeding, it must take steps to assure that the defendant has a fair opportunity to present his
defense.” Ake v Oklahoma, 470 US 68, 76; 105 S Ct 1087; 84 L Ed 2d 53 (1985). Providing an
indigent defendant with a fair opportunity to present his or her defense requires the state to
provide the defendant with “an adequate opportunity to present their claims fairly within the
adversary system,” and “the basic tools of an adequate defense.” Id. at 77 (citations and
quotation marks omitted). When an indigent defendant requests an expert witness, he or she is
entitled to an expert witness paid for by the state if he or she can “show the trial court that there
exists a reasonable probability both that an expert would be of assistance to the defense and that
denial of expert assistance would result in a fundamentally unfair trial.” People v Kennedy, 502
Mich 206, 228; 917 NW2d 355 (2018) (citation and quotation marks omitted). However, a
defendant is not entitled to an expert merely upon request. Id. at 227. The defendant must show
“more than a mere possibility of assistance” from the expert, must explain “why the particular
expert is necessary,” and must “provide the court with as much information as possible
concerning the usefulness of the requested expert to the defense’s case.” Id. (internal quotation
omitted).

                                        IV. INDIGENCY

        As an initial matter, the prosecution and trial court repeatedly expressed doubt about
defendant’s indigency, relying significantly on the fact that defendant and his family were able to
accumulate the funds with which to retain counsel. It is unreasonable to presume that purely
because a person was able to find the money to retain an attorney, they must necessarily be able
to find the additional money to also retain an expert. See, e.g., People v Propp, ___ Mich App
___, ___ n 2; ___ NW2d ___ (2019) (Docket No. 343255, slip op at p 3). Furthermore, the
prosecution apparently conceded at the hearing on defendant’s motion to appoint Howard that
defendant’s indigency had been properly substantiated. Therefore, a majority of this panel
deems defendant’s indigency to be established.


                                                -4-
                                   V. EXPERT NECESSITY

        Defendant argued that an expert witness was necessary in this case to support his
argument of self-defense. A defendant can use deadly force, like a gun, in self-defense if he or
she has “an honest and reasonable belief that death or great bodily harm is imminent.” People v
Wilder, 307 Mich App 546, 562; 861 NW2d 645 (2014). The gravamen of the matter is that if
the victim was driving toward defendant when the shots were fired, defendant may have had an
honest and reasonable belief at the time that death or great bodily harm was imminent. In
contrast, if the victim was driving away from defendant when the shots are fired, it is highly
unlikely defendant could have had an honest and reasonable belief that death or great bodily
harm was imminent.

       Defendant’s motion provided the trial court with very little explanation of exactly how
Howard’s testimony would help him or of the probable substance of that testimony. Defendant’s
references at the hearing to the trajectory, directionality, and angle of the bullets were only
marginally less vague. Defendant’s concerns about not disclosing trial strategy are sound and
appropriate, even if the expert’s ultimate conclusions or report would eventually be discoverable.
Nevertheless, the courts need not fund a “fishing expedition,” so they must be given some basis
for being able to conclude that an expert will “reasonably probably” be useful. Defendant’s
explanations to the trial court were disappointing in this regard. Nevertheless, it is possible to
make a reasonably likely guess at the substance and significance of Howard’s proposed
testimony.

        Defendant first argues that Howard could rebut testimony from Hendricks. However,
Hendricks never testified that the victim was driving away from defendant when the shots were
fired. Rather, he testified only that the bullet holes were consistent with the victim driving away.
Hendricks explicitly testified that he had no way to know the order in which the shots were fired,
or even whether it was the vehicle or the shooter that was moving. Furthermore, Hendricks
never rendered an opinion that any of the bullet holes demonstrated an intent to kill, but only that
the victim could have been injured if he had been struck. The fact that the vehicle was in motion
is undisputed, and the fact that bullets tend to be harmful to living beings is obvious. Therefore,
defendant’s concern with rebutting Hendricks’s testimony is excessive.

        In contrast, given the known facts and the obvious nature of defendant’s self-defense
argument, Howard’s probable testimony must be to the general effect of either (1) that the
victim’s vehicle was travelling toward defendant when the shots were fired, rather than away
from defendant; or (2) that the bullet trajectories were inconsistent with an intent to kill the
victim. In contrast to Propp, in which there was no record evidence supporting the defendant’s
theory of exoneration, the record here does contain evidence that, if believed by the trier of fact,
could tend to show that defendant shot in self-defense and without intent to kill. See Propp, ___
Mich App at ___ (slip op at pp 5-6). Assuming an expert could competently testify as to the
direction in which the car was travelling when the shots were fired, or that the bullet trajectories




                                                -5-
were inconsistent with an intent to kill, 4 that testimony would obviously significantly bolster
defendant’s self-defense claim, irrespective of whether defendant expressly provided a specific
summary. The courts generally avoid elevating form over substance. See Hurtford v Holmes, 3
Mich 460, 463 (1855); Norris v Lincoln Park Police Officers, 292 Mich App 574, 582; 808
NW2d 578 (2011). Presuming Howard would be qualified and his testimony admitted, it is at
least reasonably possible that Howard’s expert testimony would be of assistance to defendant
and that a denial of Howard’s assistance could result in a fundamentally unfair trial. See
Kennedy, 502 Mich at 228.

                                  VI. HOWARD’S NECESSITY

        However, even when indigent defendants have demonstrated that they are entitled to
expert witnesses, they only have a constitutional right to a “competent” expert, not the right to
choose any expert witness that they wish.5 See Ake, 470 US at 83. The Ake Court compared an
indigent defendant’s right to an expert witness provided at the court’s expense to the right to
appointed counsel, and the Court left “the decision of how to implement this right” to the states.
Id. Michigan courts have not specifically set forth standards courts should follow when
determining how much money to give an indigent defendant to hire an expert witness, but by
analogy, an indigent defendant “receiving counsel at public expense” is “not entitled to choose
his attorney.” People v Ackerman, 257 Mich App 434, 456; 669 NW2d 818 (2003) (quoting
People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 441; 212 NW2d 922 (1973)). Accordingly, an indigent
defendant is not entitled to choose any expert he or she wishes when the state is paying for the
expert witness.

        Defendant does appear to have looked into the possibility of alternative expert witnesses
in ballistics. The record only indicates that defendant inquired of one alternative expert, but I
will give defendant the benefit of the doubt that no other ballistics experts are realistically
available to him. Nevertheless, when an indigent defendant has established that he or she is
entitled to an expert witness at public expense and seeks additional funds for an expert witness of
his or her choosing, the defendant must show that denial of the particular expert witness “would
result in a fundamentally unfair trial.” Kennedy, 502 Mich at 228 (citations and quotation marks
omitted). My concurring colleague and I agree that defendant has demonstrated the necessity for
an expert witness, but cannot go so far as to agree that defendant has established the necessity for
Howard specifically.

        I have some doubt whether a denial of Howard’s assistance would result in a
fundamentally unfair trial. Notably, testimonial evidence from eyewitnesses will likely be
introduced, the forensic evidence against defendant is weaker than he appears to believe, and this
will not be a “battle of the experts.” Hendricks implicitly testified that he could not determine in


4
 I share the prosecution’s serious doubt that any expert, especially Howard, could competently
draw such conclusions. However, that is a separate analysis. See footnote 7.
5
  As I will discuss further, the obvious corollary is that a defendant does not have a right to an
incompetent expert.



                                                 -6-
which direction the victim’s car was travelling, although that testimony falls far short of
affirmatively bolstering defendant’s defense. Cf. Propp, ___ Mich App at ___ (slip op at pp 7-
8). I also share the trial court’s concerns regarding Howard’s qualifications. Trial courts are not
gatekeepers of absolute truth or scientific acceptance, but the courts are nevertheless charged
with determining the methodological soundness of an expert’s opinion. People v Muhammad,
326 Mich App 40, 52-53; 931 NW2d 20 (2018). A defendant is not entitled to unreliable expert
testimony. See People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 93-96; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). Inadmissible
expert testimony could not possibly be “of assistance to the defense.” Kennedy, 502 Mich at
228. When determining the reasonableness of a fee allocation and whether a defendant’s trial
will be unfair in the absence of additional funding, I think it proper to take such concerns into
account.

         I have examined Howard’s curiously formatted curriculum vitae, and I was able to verify
that he was qualified as an expert in some Michigan cases, although not without some difficulty,
especially regarding his prepared reports or the lack thereof.6 The prosecution contended,
although I have been unable to verify, that Howard was precluded from testifying in at least one
case because the trial court found Howard to be a “fraud.” Finally, Howard’s C.V. is unhelpfully
vague regarding his qualifications, suggesting that he has been considered a “firearms/weapons/
ballistic/GSR/knife expert” many times, but without obvious explanation of what such expertise
means or how he came by that expertise. I do not believe it was unreasonable for the trial court
to have concerns regarding Howard’s qualifications and the potential for his testimony to be
found inadmissible.7

        Furthermore, defendant’s motion for expert witness funds shows that defendant had
communicated with Howard, and it implies that defendant had some understanding of Howard’s
expected testimony. The motion noted that Howard was “aware of [defendant’s] financial
situation and has agreed to assist him in this case on an appointment bases [sic] if allowed by the
court,” making it difficult to believe that no discussion of Howard’s fees had occurred. Indeed,
the transcripts of the several motion hearings show that defendant had already been quoted a
mere deposit of $2,500, defendant was aware that the total cost would be higher, and defendant


6
 See People v George, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued July 3,
2018 (Docket No. 335641, op at pp 7-8); People v Butler, unpublished opinion of the Court of
Appeals, issued August 27, 2015 (Docket No. 319548, op at pp 3-6). It also appears that Howard
was at most a proposed expert in one case he cites. See People v Herndon, unpublished per
curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued December 20, 2005 (Docket No. 256120, op at
pp 2-3).
7
  I emphasize, however, that an inquiry into the necessity and reasonableness of an expert’s fees
is not an inquiry into scientific reliability under MRE 702. Thus, notwithstanding the
reasonableness and relevance of a trial court’s concerns regarding an expert’s probable
qualifications, care must be taken to avoid conflating the two inquiries. Howard’s qualifications
have not actually been vetted in this matter, and no presumption should be made in advance that
he will ultimately not be qualified in this matter. Either party may bring a proper motion to
examine the qualifications and methodology of a putative expert before trial.



                                                -7-
had been provided with some kind of further fee schedule. I cannot find a copy of this fee
schedule in the record, but it was apparently provided to the trial court. Thus, defendant and the
trial court must both have known from the outset that $2,000 would be insufficient.

         Unfortunately, defendant failed to articulate any reason why Howard should command
such a price, offer an estimated total to the trial court, or object to the trial court’s award.
However, the trial court was seemingly aware that its initial award would be insufficient, and,
equally unfortunately, the trial court provided almost no record of its reasoning for the amount of
its initial award. More importantly, the trial court apparently rejected defendant’s request for
additional funds entirely on the grounds that it had previously imposed a $2,000 cap and its
suspicions regarding defendant’s indigency. As discussed, defendant’s indigency is properly
established. Because an indigent defendant may properly seek additional funds for an expert, the
trial court erred in rejecting defendant’s request on the basis of having capped its initial award.
A trial court necessarily abuses its discretion if its decision is premised on an error of law or a
failure to exercise its discretion. I respectfully disagree with my dissenting colleague primarily
because notwithstanding the deficiencies in defendant’s requests for funding, the trial court’s
denial of subsequent funds, on the basis of the trial court’s stated reasoning, was erroneous.

                                 VII. HOWARD’S AFFIDAVIT

        After the trial court denied defendant’s motion for additional funds to pay Howard,
defendant attached an affidavit from Howard to his motion to stay proceedings. This Court
generally may only consider “what was properly presented to the trial court before its decision
on the motion.” Peña v Ingham Co Rd Comm, 255 Mich App 299, 310; 660 NW2d 351 (2003).
Because Howard’s affidavit was not presented to the trial court until after the trial court denied
defendant’s motion for additional funds, it need not be considered on appeal. See id. However,
the trial court’s analysis of the affidavit is entirely proper and correct. The trial court observed
that Howard’s affidavit appeared to be more of an unprofessional rant than an accounting or
explanation. The trial court found it “offensive,” and I am inclined to agree. Indeed, the
affidavit consists largely of invective and thus tends to support the trial court’s doubts regarding
Howard’s qualifications to render expert testimony. Had Howard’s affidavit been submitted to
the trial court at the outset, it would be difficult to regard the trial court’s award as either
arbitrary or improper. See People v Williams, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2019)
(Docket No. 341703, slip op at pp 3, 5).

                                      VIII. CONCLUSION

       A majority of this panel agrees that defendant adequately established his need for an
expert, that defendant adequately established his indigency, that defendant inadequately
supported his request for expert witness fees for Howard in particular, and that the trial court
inadequately supported either the amount of its initial award or its refusal to grant additional
funds. In light of the seriousness of the crime with which defendant is charged, a majority of this
panel therefore concludes that the interests of justice require us to vacate the trial court’s
decision not to grant defendant additional funds, and remand for further consideration.

      If defendant again seeks additional funding on remand, he must provide to the trial court
a proper and reasonably complete explanation of the general nature of Howard’s expected


                                                -8-
testimony, how defendant expects that testimony to benefit his defense, why Howard specifically
is necessary, why Howard should command such a price, and why it is reasonably likely that
Howard will be qualified at trial to provide his expected testimony. The prosecution shall be
entitled to a reasonable opportunity to respond. On remand, the trial court shall take defendant’s
indigency as established and shall provide on the record or in a written order an explanation of
why it either grants or denies additional funds for Howard, and it may not rely on the fact that it
previously stated a cap on those funds. However, nothing in this opinion should be construed as
directing or expecting the trial court to arrive at any particular outcome.

        Under the circumstances, it is unnecessary to consider defendant’s argument concerning
the effectiveness of his counsel.

        The trial court’s order is vacated, and the matter is remanded for further proceedings. We
retain jurisdiction.

                                                            /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




                                                -9-
                              Court of Appeals, State of Michigan

                                                ORDER
                                                                              Amy Ronayne Krause
People of MI v Darell Ramon Brown                                               Presiding Judge

Docket No.     347265                                                         Patrick M. Meter

LC No.         2018-268144-FC                                                 Cynthia Diane Stephens
                                                                                Judges


               Pursuant to the opinion issued concurrently with this order, this case is REMANDED for
further proceedings consistent with the opinion of this Court. We retain jurisdiction.

                Proceedings on remand in this matter shall commence within 28 days of the Clerk’s
certification of this order, and they shall be given priority on remand until they are concluded. The
proceedings on remand are limited to this issue as stated in the accompanying opinion.

              The parties shall promptly file with this Court a copy of all papers filed on remand.
Within seven days after entry, appellant shall file with this Court copies of all orders entered on remand.

               The transcript of all proceedings on remand shall be prepared and filed within 21 days
after completion of the proceedings.




                                             /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




                                January 7, 2020
