Filed 12/12/13
                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                            SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                   DIVISION EIGHT


MILTON HOWARD GAINES,                              B244961

        Plaintiff and Appellant,                   (Los Angeles County
                                                   Super. Ct. No. BC361768)
        v.

FIDELITY NATIONAL TITLE
INSURANCE COMPANY et al.

        Defendants and Respondents.



        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Rolf M.
Treu, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part.
        Ivie, McNeill & Wyatt, W. Keith Wyatt and Antonio K. Kizzie, for Plaintiff and
Appellant.
        Fidelity National Law Group and Kevin R. Broersma, for Defendants and
Respondents Fidelity National Title Insurance Company and Bobbie Jo Rybicki.
        Knapp, Petersen & Clarke and Steven Ray Garcia, for Defendants and
Respondents Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. and Aurora Loan Services, LLC.
        No appearance for Defendants and Respondents Joshua Tornberg, Craig Johnson,
Ray Management Group, Inc., or A.J. Roop.


                           _______________________________
       In November 2006, Fannie Marie Gaines filed a complaint alleging causes of
action for fraud and related claims arising out of the sale of her home.1 By May 2012,
the action had not been brought to trial. In August 2012, the trial court dismissed the suit
for failure to bring the action to trial within five years, within the meaning of Code of
Civil Procedure section 583.310, et seq. On appeal, plaintiff contends the trial court erred
in failing to exclude certain periods from the computation of the five-year deadline.
Plaintiff also asserts the trial court erred in dismissing the action as to all defendants,
including ones who did not seek dismissal. We find no error in the trial court’s ruling
dismissing the action as to the defendants named in the original complaint. However, we
conclude the trial court erred in dismissing the action as to one later-named defendant.
We therefore affirm in part, and reverse in part.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Facts Underlying the Complaint
       According to plaintiff’s complaint, Milton and Fannie Marie Gaines owned a
property in Los Angeles (the Property) that, prior to February 2006, was encumbered by a
first deed of trust loan of $554,000. The loan was held by Countrywide Home Loans,
Inc. (Countrywide). The complaint alleged the Gaineses had over $500,000 in equity in
the Property. By February 2006, they had fallen two months behind in payments on the
Countrywide loan. They received a notice of default and acceleration from Countrywide
warning of foreclosure proceedings if they did not cure the default. The Gaineses began
investigating refinancing the Countrywide loan.
       In March 2006, A.J. Roop contacted the Gaineses. Roop identified herself as a
Countrywide employee and informed the Gaineses that they had been preapproved for a
refinance loan. In April 2006, the Gaineses again became delinquent in their loan
payments. They received a second notice of default and acceleration. As of June 2006,


1      Fannie Marie Gaines passed away in November 2009. Her son, Milton Howard
Gaines was substituted in as her successor in interest. Although Milton Howard Gaines
thus became the “plaintiff” during the pendency of the litigation, for simplicity and ease
of reading we will refer to Fannie Marie Gaines as plaintiff throughout.

                                               2
the Property was appraised at $1 million. In June or July 2006, Roop told the Gaineses
Countrywide had not approved their loan refinance application. Roop subsequently
contacted the Gaineses and suggested her fiancé, Joshua Tornberg, could assist them in
obtaining a refinance loan. Roop said Tornberg worked with Craig Johnson and Ray
Management to assist people who had difficulty obtaining financing. Roop had given
Tornberg and Johnson the Gaineses’ loan application and contact information.
      In June or July 2006, Tornberg, Johnson, and Ray Management (collectively the
Tornberg defendants) contacted the Gaineses and offered to help them find a refinance
loan. Another appraisal valued the property at $1.25 million. According to the
complaint, the Tornberg defendants told the Gaineses not to seek refinancing from any
other lenders. In early July 2006, foreclosure proceedings were initiated. The Gaineses
were $16,625.34 in arrears. The balance on the Countrywide loan was $554,000. In mid-
July 2006, the Tornberg defendants informed the Gaineses they were unable to obtain a
refinance loan. The Tornberg defendants proposed that they would purchase the Property
for $950,000, including $100,000 to be used for repairs they would oversee. The
Tornberg defendants also promised to lease the Property back to the Gaineses. They
represented the lease would give the Gaineses an option to re-purchase the Property.
      The Gaineses agreed to sell the Property to the Tornberg defendants. An escrow
was opened at Fidelity to complete the transaction. In early August 2006, the Gaineses
executed a warranty deed to transfer title of the Property to Tornberg. The complaint
alleged, however, that the deed recorded was an altered warranty deed, recorded without
the Gaineses’ permission. The complaint also alleged Fidelity National Title Insurance
Company (Fidelity), and its employee, Bobbie Jo Rybicki (collectively the Fidelity
defendants), improperly released $90,000 to the Tornberg defendants from the escrow
account. Further, according to the complaint, after the close of escrow, the Tornberg
defendants presented the Gaineses with a revised month-to-month lease that did not
include a purchase option. Milton Gaines died in late August 2006.




                                            3
       To purchase the Property, Tornberg took out an $855,000 loan secured by the
Property. Tornberg subsequently refinanced the loan with a new $865,000 loan (the
Tornberg loan), and procured an additional $150,000 loan secured by a deed of trust
encumbering the Property. By June 2007, Tornberg owed $25,000 in delinquent
payments for at least one of the loans secured by the Property. Fannie Marie Gaines paid
the delinquent amount to avoid foreclosure proceedings. After multiple transfers between
various entities, the Tornberg loan was eventually held or serviced by Aurora Loan
Services, LLC (Aurora) and Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. (Lehman).
Procedural Background
       On November 13, 2006, Fannie Marie Gaines filed a complaint against the
Tornberg defendants, Roop, Countrywide, and the Fidelity defendants. The complaint
also included fictitiously named Doe defendants 1 to 30. Plaintiff asserted claims for
fraud, violation of Civil Code home equity sales contract requirements, intentional
infliction of emotional distress, and negligence. The complaint sought rescission and
cancellation of the deed transferring title of the Property to Tornberg. In January 2008,
plaintiff filed a fourth amended complaint naming Aurora as a defendant, and Doe
defendants 31 to 50.2 In March 2008, the parties agreed to participate in mediation. In
early April 2008, plaintiff’s counsel filed an ex parte application for an order striking the
existing September 2008 trial date and related dates, staying the action for 120 days
except for responses to outstanding discovery requests, and directing the parties to
participate in good faith in a mediation within the next 90 days. The trial court granted
the application and set a post-mediation and trial setting conference for July 2008.



2      A series of amended complaints named other defendants: Greenpoint Mortgage
Funding, Inc., United Mortgage Loan & Investment, LLC and UM Acquisitions, LLC.
In 2008, plaintiff informed the court that Greenpoint Mortgage Funding, Inc. no longer
held an interest in the Tornberg Loan. Plaintiff reached settlements with Countrywide,
United Mortgage Loan & Investment, LLC, and UM Acquisitions, LLC. By August
2010, only the Fidelity defendants, Aurora, and Lehman were active participants. On our
own motion we have augmented the record to include the Third and Fourth Amended
Complaints.

                                              4
       The mediation was unsuccessful. The case was reassigned to a new judge. At a
November 2008 status conference, the court terminated the stay of the proceedings.
The court scheduled a trial setting conference for December 2008, and subsequently set
an August 2009 trial date. Around that time, Aurora began indicating it did not hold legal
title to the Property or have legal rights with respect to the Tornberg Loan. The trial date
was vacated as a result. In early November 2009, Aurora sought leave to file an amended
verified answer. In a declaration accompanying the motion for leave, Aurora’s counsel
declared he learned in May 2009 that Lehman owned the Tornberg Loan, and that Aurora
did not have any title to the deed of trust securing the loan. Aurora’s counsel further
declared he promptly provided this information to plaintiff’s counsel. Aurora’s counsel
also reported that, at plaintiff’s counsel’s request, he had eventually secured a declaration
from a Lehman Vice President, attesting to the ownership of the Tornberg Loan. In the
amended answer, Aurora denied having an interest in the Property or the Tornberg Loan.
Lehman had declared bankruptcy in 2008.
       On November 29, 2009, Fannie Marie Gaines passed away. Plaintiff had
scheduled a motion for leave to file a fifth amended complaint to be heard on December
18, 2009; plaintiff’s counsel sought to file an ex parte application on that date to
substitute a successor in interest as the plaintiff in the action. The hearing on the motion
and application was continued to January 28, 2010, the then-scheduled trial date.
On January 28, the court granted plaintiff’s motion for leave to file a fifth amended
complaint, and granted the application substituting Gaines’s son as the successor in
interest and plaintiff in the action. The court set a new trial date of August 30, 2010.
The fifth amended complaint did not name Lehman as a defendant.
       In mid-August 2010, Aurora filed an answer to the fifth amended complaint in
which it again denied owning the promissory note at issue, or possessing any rights as a
beneficiary of the deed of trust securing the Tornberg Loan against the Property.
Aurora alleged, on information and belief, that Lehman had rights in the loan, and was in
bankruptcy.



                                              5
       At a subsequent August 2010 status conference, Aurora’s counsel informed the
court that Lehman was still in bankruptcy. Plaintiff’s counsel suggested that the court
continue the matter to allow plaintiff time to “bifurcate” as to Lehman and proceed
against the other defendants. The court suggested it would not “look with a great deal of
favor on bifurcating things,” but also stated: “I’m not saying I’m going to deny your
motion, I’m just sending up the yellow flag.” The court continued the matter to
November 2010.
       At the November 2010 status conference, plaintiff’s counsel informed the court
they were ready to set the matter for trial. Aurora’s counsel informed the court that
Lehman was still in bankruptcy and plaintiff had not sought relief from the bankruptcy
stay. Bankruptcy proceedings were taking place in the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Southern District of New York. Aurora’s counsel suggested that without having
Lehman as a party, the case would have to be tried twice. The court said it would not do
that and asked why plaintiff had not named Lehman as a defendant. Plaintiff’s counsel
indicated plaintiff did not have proof that Lehman was a titleholder, and a declaration
was not sufficient proof of interest in the Property. The court expressed frustration with
the parties for the lack of progress on the Lehman issue. It suggested the parties come up
with a solution, and set a status conference for mid-December 2010.
       At the December status conference, Aurora indicated an assignment document
would be recorded the next day, documenting Lehman’s ownership interest in the
Tornberg Loan. Plaintiff’s counsel reported plaintiff’s next step would be to seek relief
from the bankruptcy stay. At the next status conference in February 2011, plaintiff’s
counsel indicated he had authorization to retain New York counsel to file a petition for
relief from the bankruptcy. The court continued the matter to June 20, 2011. In October
25, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered a stipulation, agreement, and order, lifting the
bankruptcy stay as to plaintiff’s claims.
       On November 15, 2011, plaintiff amended her complaint to add Lehman to the
action as previously-named Doe 31. Lehman answered the complaint in December 2011.
Trial was set for August 6, 2012. Lehman sought leave to file a cross-complaint seeking

                                             6
a declaratory judgment validating its deed of trust “or impressing and enforcing an
equitable lien against the subject property.”
         In May 2012, the Fidelity defendants moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint under
Code of Civil Procedure sections 583.310 and 583.360.3 The Fidelity defendants argued
neither the bankruptcy stay nor Fannie Marie Gaines’s death tolled the five-year period
so as to extend it beyond November 2011.
         In opposition to the motion, plaintiff argued the action was stayed for seven
months and three days in 2008 when the court granted the parties’ application for a 120-
day stay in April 2008, and the court did not lift the stay until November 2008. Plaintiff
further argued the two-month period between Fannie Marie Gaines’s death and the
substitution of a successor should be excluded from the five-year period. Plaintiff
additionally contended the five-year period was tolled for the period in which plaintiff
sought relief from the bankruptcy stay between June and October 2011, because it was
impossible, impracticable, or futile to bring the action to trial while the bankruptcy stay
was in effect as to Lehman. Plaintiff’s counsel declared it took six months to secure New
York counsel.4 Plaintiff’s counsel declared plaintiff had paid significant sums to stop
foreclosure sales on the property, and there had been “extensive litigation” of the matter.
Plaintiff noted the possibility of severing defendants from the action was not
determinative, and the court had indicated it would not sever the action to allow trial to
proceed against the Fidelity defendants first.




3        All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
noted.

4       Counsel’s declaration suggested securing local counsel was made more difficult
since, “[b]ecause of financial considerations, [counsel] attempted to obtain a firm which
would not require substantial fees to be paid as an initial retainer.”


                                                7
        In reply, the Fidelity defendants argued the 2008 mediation stay did not qualify as
a stay under section 583.340, subdivision (b). They also asserted the time it took for
plaintiff to secure relief from the bankruptcy stay and add Lehman as a defendant should
not be excluded from the five-year period.
        In a tentative ruling, the court indicated it would grant the motion to dismiss.5
The trial court agreed with plaintiff’s assessment that two months should be excluded
from the five-year period due to Fannie Marie Gaines’s death and the need to substitute a
successor in interest as plaintiff. The court also accepted plaintiff’s argument regarding
the Lehman bankruptcy and excluded a 125-day period from the time plaintiff secured
bankruptcy counsel, to the time she secured relief from the bankruptcy stay. However,
the court determined the stay of the action between April 2008 and November 2008 was a
partial stay and not a stay within the meaning of section 583.340, subdivision (b).
The court further determined plaintiff had not demonstrated she was diligent in
prosecuting the action during the stay, or that the stay made it impossible, impractical, or
futile to bring the action to trial. With the permitted exclusions, the court concluded
plaintiff should have commenced trial by May 16, 2012, to fall within the five-year
period. The scheduled trial date exceeded the adjusted 5-year-period by 82 days.
The tentative order indicated Lehman’s motion for leave to file a cross-complaint was
moot.
        At the hearing on the motion, plaintiff contended that even if the court dismissed
the action, it should be dismissed only as to the Fidelity defendants because they were the
only parties who moved for dismissal. Plaintiff’s counsel argued the failure to move for
dismissal constituted a waiver of rights under the dismissal statute. Counsel further
asserted plaintiff had been diligent in prosecuting the action, the 2008 stay was negotiated
among all parties, and defendants were estopped from arguing the 2008 stay should be
included in the five-year period. Although they had not filed or joined a motion to



5      The record includes a copy of the tentative order. It appears the order was printed
the day before the hearing.

                                              8
dismiss, counsel for Lehman and Aurora argued at the hearing. All defendants present at
the hearing argued the five-year dismissal requirement was “jurisdictional” such that if
the court granted the Fidelity defendants’ motion, it would have no jurisdiction to hear
the case against Lehman alone. On August 1, 2012, the court adopted its tentative as the
final order.
       On August 20, 2012, plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration. Plaintiff asserted
the trial court failed to take into account various factors concerning the 2008 stay, such as
that it was agreed upon by all parties, and applied to all parties. Plaintiff asserted that
because the Fidelity defendants did not explicitly argue the 2008 stay did not toll the five-
year period until their reply on the motion to dismiss, she was unable to effectively
present arguments on the issue. Further, plaintiff contended she had not been provided
notice that the non-moving defendants would be included in the motion and she was
therefore unable to offer evidence specific to those defendants. Plaintiff argued the court
failed to consider that the five-year period had not expired as to Lehman.
       On August 24, 2012, the trial court entered a judgment of dismissal.
On September 6, 2012, Aurora and Lehman served a notice of entry of judgment.
On October 22, 2012, the trial court denied the motion for reconsideration. Plaintiff filed
a notice of appeal on November 5, 2012.
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     The Trial Court Did Not Err in Dismissing the Action as to the Fidelity
       Defendants
       A. Applicable Legal Principles
       Under section 583.310, “[a]n action shall be brought to trial within five years after
the action is commenced against the defendant.” Under section 583.340, “[i]n computing
the time within which an action must be brought to trial. . . there shall be excluded the
time during which any of the following conditions existed: (a) The jurisdiction of the
court to try the action was suspended. (b) Prosecution or trial of the action was stayed or
enjoined. (c) Bringing the action to trial, for any reason, was impossible, impracticable,
or futile.”

                                               9
       If the action is not brought to trial within the time prescribed in the statute it
“shall be dismissed by the court on its own motion or on motion of the defendant, after
notice to the parties.” (§ 583.360, subd. (a).) Section 583.360, subdivision (b) provides:
“The requirements of this article are mandatory and are not subject to extension, excuse,
or exception except as expressly provided by statute.”
       To the extent a trial court ruling under section 583.340 is based on an
interpretation of the statute, we review the ruling de novo. However, the trial court has
discretion to determine whether the section 583.340, subdivision (c) exception applies.
We will uphold the ruling unless the plaintiff establishes the trial court abused its
discretion. (Bruns v. E-Commerce Exchange, Inc. (2011) 51 Cal.4th 717, 724, 731
(Bruns).)
       B. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Refusing to Exclude the 2008 Stay From
       the Five-Year Period Under Section 583.340, subdivision (b)
       Plaintiff filed her original complaint in November 2006. The trial court dismissed
the case in August 2012. In calculating the five-year deadline, the trial court excluded a
total of 185 days as periods in which it was impossible or impracticable to bring the
action to trial. Even with those exclusions, the five-year period expired in May 2012.
Plaintiff contends the trial court should have excluded either 120 or 217 additional days
from the five-year period because the case was stayed in 2008 within the meaning of
section 583.340, subdivision (b), which excludes from the five-year period any time in
which “prosecution or trial of the action was stayed or enjoined.” We find Bruns
controlling on this issue and reject plaintiff’s argument.
       In Bruns, the California Supreme Court considered whether section 583.340,
subdivision (b) applies when a stay encompasses only some of an action’s proceedings,
or “partial stays.” After reviewing the language of the statute and the legislative history,
the court concluded only complete stays fall under section 583.340, subdivision (b).
The court explained: “When the statute is read as a whole, it becomes apparent that
subdivision (b) contemplates a bright-line, nondiscretionary rule that excludes from the
time in which a plaintiff must bring a case to trial only that time during which all the

                                              10
proceedings in an action are stayed . . . . Obviously, if a complete stay is in effect,
bringing the action to trial is impossible. It makes sense for the Legislature to state a
bright-line rule in this situation. The effect of a partial stay, however, can vary from stay
to stay and from case to case. A partial stay might, or might not, make it ‘impossible,
impracticable, or futile’ to bring the action to trial.” (Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 726.)
The court thus concluded section 583.340, subdivision (b) “governs only complete stays
that are ‘used to stop the prosecution of the action altogether.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at
p. 730.)
       In this case, the trial court entered a stay in April 2008, at the request of the
parties. The court’s order took existing trial and hearing dates off calendar, but required
the parties to respond to all previously served and outstanding written discovery.
Thus some “prosecution” of the action was continuing, even during the stay. Applying
the reasoning of Bruns, the 2008 stay did not fall within section 583.340, subdivision (b).
       On appeal, plaintiff argues the parties contemplated a complete stay because they
agreed to stay everything except responses to outstanding written discovery, and no new
discovery was to be served. Plaintiff further asserts defendants have not identified any
written discovery responses exchanged during the stay which would support a conclusion
that litigation actually continued. These arguments miss the point. As Bruns clarified, a
section 583.340, subdivision (b) stay is one that stays all prosecution of the action.
The 2008 stay in this case allowed for some discovery to proceed, and was therefore not a
complete stay. Whether any party actually served discovery responses during the 2008
stay does not recharacterize the trial court order, which allowed for some discovery to
take place during the stay.
       C. Defendants Are Not Estopped From Asserting the 2008 Stay Did Not
       Extend the Five-Year Period
       Plaintiff further contends that because defendants agreed to the 2008 stay, they are
equitably estopped from arguing the stay did not toll the action within the meaning of
section 583.340, subdivision (b), or otherwise extend the five-year period. We disagree.



                                              11
       “Equitable estoppel can be found only when (1) the party to be estopped was
aware of the true facts; (2) that party either intended that its act or omission be acted
upon, or so acted that the party asserting estoppel has a right to believe it was intended;
(3) the party asserting estoppel was unaware of the true facts; and (4) the party asserting
estoppel relied on the other party’s conduct to its detriment.” (Jordan v. Superstar
Sandcars (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1416, 1422-1423 (Jordan).)
       Nothing in the record before us demonstrates or even suggests the parties intended
the stay would extend the five-year period under section 583.310. The trial court
properly rejected any argument that the parties’ agreement, entered into less than two
years after the filing of the original complaint, and which did not mention the five-year
dismissal statute, could reasonably have lulled plaintiff into believing defendants would
agree the 2008 stay tolled the five-year period. This case is not like Tresway Aero, Inc. v.
Superior Court (1971) 5 Cal.3d 431 (Tresway), upon which plaintiff relies. In Tresway,
the plaintiff’s service of a summons was invalid, but after receiving the summons and
complaint, the defendant’s attorney requested a 20-day extension to file an answer.
However, instead of filing an answer, the defendant moved to quash service of summons.
The defendant also sought dismissal for failure to serve a summons within three years of
the filing of the complaint, only days after the statutory period expired. (Id. at p. 434.)
The court concluded the defendant was estopped from arguing the dismissal statute
applied. The court found the defendant’s request for an extension to file an answer lulled
the plaintiff into a false sense of security that the defendant would answer instead of
challenging service of process. This further prevented the plaintiff from discovering the
problems with service of process, and from effecting valid service within the statutory
period. (Id. at pp. 441-442.) Plaintiff identifies no analogous conduct on the part of the
defendants in this case. The reasoning of Tresway does not apply here.
       Woley v. Turkus (1958) 51 Cal.2d 402 (Woley), is similarly unhelpful to plaintiff.
In Woley, the parties entered a written stipulation which, at the defendant’s request,
continued a plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and trial beyond the five-year
statutory period under then section 583. (Id. at p. 405.) In the stipulation, the parties

                                              12
expressly acknowledged the five-year deadline. (Ibid.) The defendant subsequently
moved to dismiss the action based on the plaintiff’s failure to bring the case to trial within
five years. The court found the defendant’s request to have the trial continued beyond the
five-year period estopped it from subsequently seeking dismissal for failure to prosecute.
       In contrast, here, neither the parties’ agreement as set forth in the correspondence
exchanged by counsel, nor the order prepared for the court, mentioned the five-year
period. Nothing included in the record identified the parties’ agreement as one for a stay
for all purposes. There is no language in any of the relevant documents from which it
could be inferred defendants caused plaintiff to believe the 2008 stay would necessarily
be excluded from any calculation of the five-year period. (Knight v. Pacific Gas & Elec.
Co. (1960) 178 Cal.App.2d 923, 926-927, 930-931 [absent language regarding five-year
period, stipulations continuing litigation dates did not estop defendant from seeking
dismissal for delay].) The evidence supports the trial court’s rejection of plaintiff’s
equitable estoppel argument. (Jordan, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1422-1423.)
       D. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Concluding the Partial
       Stay Did Not Make it Impossible, Impractical, or Futile for Plaintiff to Bring
       the Action to Trial
       Plaintiff argues that even if the 2008 stay was not automatically excludable under
section 583.340, subdivision (b), the 120-day stay rendered it impossible, impracticable,
or futile for plaintiff to bring the action to trial within five years. We find no abuse of
discretion in the trial court’s rejection of this argument. (Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at
p. 731.)
       “Under 583.340(c), the trial court must determine what is impossible,
impracticable, or futile ‘in light of all the circumstances in the individual case, including
the acts and conduct of the parties and the nature of the proceedings themselves.
[Citations.] The critical factor in applying these exceptions to a given factual situation is
whether the plaintiff exercised reasonable diligence in prosecuting his or her case.’
[Citations.] . . . . Determining whether the subdivision (c) exception applies requires a
fact-sensitive inquiry and depends ‘on the obstacles faced by the plaintiff in prosecuting

                                              13
the action and the plaintiff's exercise of reasonable diligence in overcoming those
obstacles.’ [Citation.] ‘ “[I]mpracticability and futility” involve a determination of
“ ‘excessive and unreasonable difficulty or expense,’ ” in light of all the circumstances of
the particular case.’ [Citation.]” (Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 731.)
       The subdivision (c) exception “is recognized because the purpose of the five-year
statute is to prevent avoidable delay, and the exception makes allowance for
circumstances beyond the plaintiff’s control, in which moving the case to trial is
impracticable for all practical purposes.” (De Santiago v. D & G Plumbing, Inc. (2007)
155 Cal.App.4th 365, 371 (De Santiago).)
       The question of impracticability and reasonable diligence was not limited to
plaintiff’s actions during the 2008 stay. Instead, the trial court was to consider whether,
in light of all of the circumstances of the case, the 2008 stay rendered it impossible,
impracticable, or futile for plaintiff to bring the case to trial within five years. 6 (Sanchez
v. City of Los Angeles (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1262, 1270 (Sanchez).) The court could
reasonably conclude the stay had no such effect. In Tamburina v. Combined Ins. Co. of
America (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 323 (Tamburina), the court explained a “circumstance
of impracticability will not toll the statutory five-year deadline unless the plaintiff shows
a ‘causal connection’ between the circumstance and moving the case to trial.” (Id. at
p. 333.) The trial court here could reasonably conclude plaintiff did not establish a causal
connection between the 2008 stay and her failure to satisfy the five-year requirement.
Some discovery was permitted during the stay, and there is no indication plaintiff was
ready for trial at the time of the stay. (Jordan, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 1421.)
Further, the 2008 stay was for a relatively short period, several years before the five-year


6      Some courts have reasoned the trial court must find three factors to determine
whether the impracticability exception applies: “(1) a circumstance of impracticability;
(2) a causal connection between that circumstance and the plaintiff’s failure to move the
case to trial; and (3) that the plaintiff was reasonably diligent in moving the case to trial.
[Citation.] The plaintiff has the burden of proving these factors.” (De Santiago, supra,
155 Cal.App.4th at p. 372, citing Tamburina, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 328; see also
Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 731.)

                                              14
deadline expired. Plaintiff did not establish the stay deprived her of a substantial portion
of the five-year period, or that the stay was directly related to her failure to reach trial
within five years. (Tamburina, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 335; Sanchez, supra, 109
Cal.App.4th at p. 1272 [exception inapplicable where inadequate oversight, rather than
death of defense counsel, was the reason plaintiffs missed the five-year deadline].)
       Moreover, even if plaintiff had satisfied the causal connection requirement, the
trial court justifiably concluded she failed to demonstrate she was reasonably diligent in
prosecuting the case. Reasonable diligence is required at all stages of the proceedings.
(Tamburina, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 336; Sanchez, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at p.
1270.) “ ‘ “The ‘reasonable diligence’ standard is an appropriate guideline for evaluating
whether it was impossible, impracticable, or futile for the plaintiff to comply with [the
statutory five-year constraint] due to causes beyond his or her control.” ’ [Citation.]”
(Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 731, italics in original.)
       In this case, even in plaintiff’s own timeline, there are multiple lengthy periods for
which plaintiff has proffered no argument or evidence to show she was diligently
prosecuting the case during that time.
       For example, although plaintiff filed her original complaint in November 2006,
the next date on her timeline relating to litigation is March 2008, when Plaintiff’s counsel
initiated discussions with defendants regarding a stay.7 Plaintiff did not establish diligent


7      The only intermediate date listed on plaintiff’s timeline is a June 2007 payment
Gaines made to prevent foreclosure proceedings. While this demonstrated plaintiff
continued to have an interest in the Property, this date does not address plaintiff’s efforts
to advance the litigation. Similarly, plaintiff lists dates in June 2008 and August 2009,
when she reached settlements with various parties. Although plaintiff’s attempts to settle
her claims against various defendants show she was engaged with the dispute, they are
not evidence she was acting diligently to bring non-settling parties to trial within five
years. Following the 2008 mediation, there is no mention of any further attempts at a
global settlement. Thus, plaintiff still had a responsibility to continue prosecuting the
case against those defendants not amenable to settlement. (See Berger v. McMahan
(1953) 116 Cal.App.2d 328, 331 [“Negotiations for settlement do not except an action
from the mandatory provisions of the statute.”].) Further, plaintiff has not argued that,
aside from the 2008 mediation, her settlement efforts rendered it impossible,

                                               15
prosecution during this 16-month period. In April 2008, the court granted the partial stay
of the proceedings to allow for mediation, but the stay arguably terminated on its own
after 120 days, in July 2008. Even if this was unclear, plaintiff did not seek to lift the
stay, thereby leaving it in place for an additional four months until November 2008.
The record further contains no information about plaintiff’s efforts to prosecute the case
during the approximately six-month period between November 2008 and May 2009.
(De Santiago, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at pp. 375-376 [diligence after alleged period of
impracticability is a critical factor in determining application of the exception].)
       In addition, after Aurora first indicated in May 2009 that it had no interest in the
Property or the Tornberg loan, and identified Lehman as a relevant party, plaintiff did not
hire counsel to seek relief from the bankruptcy stay until June 2011, over two years later.
Plaintiff asserts that once Aurora disclaimed an interest in the Tornberg Loan, it was
reasonable for her to demand proof that this was the case, and reasonable for her to wait
until she had received such proof before she took action to pursue Lehman as a
defendant. Yet, the court could reasonably conclude plaintiff did not establish she
exercised reasonable diligence in overcoming these obstacles. Plaintiff did not indicate,
for example, that plaintiff’s counsel served any discovery on Aurora to attempt to
determine whether Aurora’s claims were true, or whether Lehman in fact had an
ownership interest in the Tornberg loan. Instead, the only information in the record on
this issue suggests that plaintiff “asked” Aurora for proof of its lack of ownership
interest, and Lehman’s interest, but did not receive it until December 2010. Thus,
approximately 16 months passed from the time Aurora first indicated it did not own the




impracticable, or futile to bring the action to trial against non-settling defendants within
the five-year period, or that the non-settling defendants ever led her to believe, after
2008, that they would settle the case, making it unnecessary to move the case to trial.
Indeed, the record is almost entirely devoid of information establishing plaintiff was
actively engaged in the traditional hallmarks of pre-trial litigation, such as written
discovery, depositions, or motion practice. We therefore disagree with the dissent’s
assertion that the record shows the case was “extensively litigated.”

                                              16
Tornberg loan until plaintiff felt she had sufficient proof to proceed against Lehman.
Plaintiff simply did not establish that she was reasonably diligent in this period.
       Even after receiving proof that Lehman owned the Tornberg loan, there were
substantial indications that plaintiff was not reasonably diligent. She did not secure New
York counsel to seek relief from the bankruptcy for six months. (Tamburina, supra,
147 Cal.App.4th at p. 336 [level of diligence required increases as the five-year deadline
approaches].) After receiving relief from the stay, plaintiff waited another two weeks
before amending her complaint to add Lehman. She had already acquiesced in the setting
of a trial date past the nominal five-year deadline. (Jordan, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1422.)
       The dissent contends the trial court abused its discretion because it did not exclude
from the five-year calculation any of the delays caused by Aurora’s mistaken admission
that it had an ownership interest in the Tornberg loan or the Property. However, plaintiff
never asked the trial court to exclude these periods. The dissent identifies an 11-month
period of “wasted time” between Aurora’s January 2009 answer, and the November 2009
amended answer in which it denied having an interest in the Tornberg loan or the
Property. Yet, in opposing the motion to dismiss, plaintiff never identified this period to
the trial court as one that should be excluded from the five-year calculation. Nor does
plaintiff contend on appeal that the trial court should have excluded this 11-month period.
       Similarly, as the trial court noted in its ruling, plaintiff did not argue the court
should exclude from the five-year calculation the entire period during which Lehman had
been identified but was not yet named as a defendant, or the entire period of Lehman’s
bankruptcy. Instead, plaintiff contended the court should exclude only the limited period
between June and October 2011, after she had retained bankruptcy counsel and actively
sought relief from the bankruptcy stay. The court agreed and excluded this limited
period. Even on appeal, plaintiff does not contend the trial court should have excluded
more time from the five-year calculation based on the Aurora/Lehman confusion.
Plaintiff’s arguments consistently have been limited to the trial court’s failure to exclude



                                              17
the 2008 stay from the five-year period. Her assertions regarding the Aurora/Lehman
delays concerned only the question of her diligence in prosecuting the action.
       We decline to find the trial court abused its discretion in failing to rule based on
legal theories plaintiff did not advance below, or in this court. (Mansell v. Board of
Administration (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 539, 545-546.)
       In sum, it was plaintiff’s burden to prove the circumstances warranted application
of the section 583.340, subdivision (c) exception. (Tamburina, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at
p. 329.) Plaintiff did not establish a causal connection between the 2008 stay and her
failure to meet the five-year deadline. Further, the trial court could reasonably conclude
she did not exercise reasonable diligence at all stages of the proceeding. We find no
abuse of discretion in the court’s determination that the 2008 stay was not excludable
under section 583.340, subdivision (c) as a circumstance making it impossible,
impracticable, or futile for plaintiff to bring the action to trial within five years.
(Hughes v. Kimble (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 59, 67 [exception does not apply where plaintiff
has not exercised reasonable diligence in pursuing the cause of action].)
II.    The Non-Moving Defendants
       Plaintiff asserts the trial court erred in dismissing the action as to all defendants
because only the Fidelity defendants filed a motion for dismissal. Plaintiff argues the
non-moving defendants waived their rights by not joining the Fidelity defendants’
motion. Plaintiff also contends the five-year period had not expired as to Lehman, thus
the court could not dismiss the action against it. Defendants argue the five-year period
begins when the plaintiff files the original complaint and the period is not specific to each
defendant. We address these issues below.
       A. Dismissal as to One Defendant Does Not Necessarily Require Dismissal as
       to All
       We disagree with defendants’ contention that if the five-year period has elapsed as
to one defendant under sections 583.310 and 583.360, the court loses jurisdiction to
adjudicate the case against differently-situated defendants. In numerous circumstances,
courts have acknowledged dismissal may be required as to some, but not all, defendants.

                                               18
(See Larkin v. Superior Court (1916) 171 Cal. 719, 726-727; Dowling v. Superior Court
(1932) 122 Cal.App. 443, 445-446 (Dowling).)
       For example, Brunzell Constr. Co. v. Wagner (1970) 2 Cal.3d 545 (Brunzell),
involved multiple defendants. For certain periods of time it was impossible or
impracticable for the plaintiff to proceed against one set of defendants. (Id. at p. 548.)
However, the trial court dismissed the action under then section 583 as to a different set
of defendants for whom the five-year period had arguably expired. Our high court
considered whether the fact that causes of action against the defendants seeking
mandatory dismissal may have been severable from the causes of action involving other
defendants, precluded application of the impracticable and futile exception to the five-
year dismissal rule.
       The Brunzell court concluded the availability of severance is not always solely
determinative. Instead, each case requires its own analysis to determine if the
impossibility or impracticability of proceeding against one defendant within the statutory
period rendered it impracticable to proceed against other codefendants, even if severance
was legally possible. In some cases, when it is impossible or impracticable to bring one
defendant to trial within the five-year period, severing those claims to proceed against
other defendants might cause excessive expense, duplication of effort, and create such a
burden that the court might find it was impracticable to proceed against defendants in
separate suits. (Brunzell, supra, 2 Cal.3d at pp. 554-554.) But the court explained its
conclusion “in no way undermines the principle that ‘a defendant . . . asking [for
dismissal under section 583] is entitled to have his right to dismissal determined as to
himself alone.’ [Citations.] ‘Impracticability’ may vary not only as to different
proceedings but as to different parties within the same proceeding. Each individual is
entitled to have his section 583 claim evaluated with respect to his own particular role in
the litigation.” (Brunzell, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 555; see also Lane v. Newport Bldg. Corp.
(1986) 176 Cal.App.3d 870, 874-875 [one defendant in bankruptcy; affirming trial court
dismissal of action as against the remaining defendants].)



                                             19
       This analysis would make little sense if dismissal as to one defendant mandated
dismissal of the action as to all defendants. It would be inaccurate, even unfair, to
consider a defendant’s particular dismissal argument on its own terms if dismissal of that
defendant would also result in dismissal of all defendants, even when it was impossible
to bring other defendants to trial, or when the other defendants were not even subject to
dismissal under section 583.310.
       Section 583.310 provides that an action shall be brought to trial within five years
after the action is commenced against the defendant, singular. (See Dowling, supra, 122
Cal.App. at pp. 445-446 [former section 583]; [“The word ‘defendant’ was manifestly
used in the singular to tie the right of dismissal to each defendant filing his answer prior
to the five-year period. . . . [The] reasonable construction of the code section is that when
any defendant has filed his answer and has not stipulated for an extension of the time of
trial he is entitled to a dismissal of the action as to him if the cause is not brought to trial
within five years after the filing of his answer.”].) Section 583 is not “jurisdictional” in
the sense that if the five-year period has expired as to one defendant, the action must be
dismissed as to all defendants, regardless of their circumstances. (See McKenzie v. City
of Thousand Oaks (1973) 36 Cal.App.3d 426, 432 [former section 581a]; Arnold v. State
of California (1969) 273 Cal.App.2d 575, 585; Bank of America Assn. v. Superior Ct.
(1936) 15 Cal.App.2d 279, 280.)
       B. Lehman Was Not Subject to Dismissal Under Section 583.310
       In light of the above, we turn to plaintiff’s contention that the court should not
have dismissed Lehman because the five-year period had not elapsed. We agree,
although not based on plaintiff’s calculation of the applicable dates.
       Plaintiff asserts the five-year period had not expired as to Lehman because it was
not added to the action until 2011. This is incorrect. As explained in Gray v. Firthe
(1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 202 (Gray), for purposes of section 583.310, “[a]s to a defendant
either expressly named in the original complaint, or named in the original complaint by a
fictitious name, the action commences on the date of the filing of the complaint.” (Id. at
p. 209.) When a defendant is added to the action as a “doe” defendant, the five-year

                                               20
period is calculated from the filing of the original complaint. (Ibid.; see also Warren v.
Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry. Co. (1971) 19 Cal.App.3d 24, 37-38.) “But when a new party is
added to the action, the action commences as to that party on the date of the order adding
him or her as a party or on the date of filing of the pleading naming him or her as a new
party.” (Gray, at p. 209; Nelson v. A.H. Robbins Co. (1983) 149 Cal.App.3d 862, 866-
867.)
        In this case, plaintiff added Lehman to the action as a “doe” defendant. Yet,
plaintiff added Lehman as “Doe 31.” While the original complaint included fictitiously
named defendants identified as Does 1-30, Does 31-50 were not included until the Fourth
Amended Complaint, which was filed on January 28, 2008. The five-year period as to
Lehman had not expired as of May 2012, when the trial court dismissed the entire action,
and would not expire until 2013. The action was not properly dismissed as to Lehman
under section 583.310.
        C. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Dismissing the Other Non-Moving
        Defendants
        Unlike Lehman, other non-moving defendants—Roop and the Tornberg
defendants—were named in the original complaint. We disagree with plaintiff’s
contention that the non-moving defendants’ failure to file a motion under section 583.310
necessarily precluded a mandatory dismissal. Under section 583.360, subdivision (a),
“[a]n action shall be dismissed by the court on its own motion or on motion of the
defendant, after notice to the parties, if the action is not brought to trial within the time
prescribed in this article.” (Italics added.) (See Rio Del Mar Etc. Club v. Superior Court
(1948) 84 Cal.App.2d 214, 220 (Rio Del Mar) [under former section 581a requiring
service of summons within three years of filing of complaint, “[o]nce the factors
necessitating dismissal are brought to the attention of the trial court, it is the duty of the
court to dismiss regardless of any participation in the dismissal procedure by either of the
parties to the action.”]; Muller v. Coastside County Water Dist. (1960) 180 Cal.App.2d
712, 713 [accord].)



                                               21
       In their appellate briefing, the parties did not consider the court’s ability to act on
its own motion under section 583.360, subdivision (a), in addressing any alleged court
error in dismissing the action as to the non-moving parties. We invited the parties to
submit supplement letter briefs on this issue, including whether the court provided
sufficient notice under section 583.360, subdivision (a), or whether any defects in notice
were waived. In response, plaintiff argued that even if acting on its own motion, the trial
court erred because the 2008 stay should have been excluded from the five-year period.
Plaintiff further stated the question of sufficient notice would depend on whether the trial
court motion could be deemed to have been noticed at the time of the Fidelity defendants’
motion, or at the time of the issuance of the tentative ruling. Plaintiff conceded she may
have waived any defects in notice by virtue of counsel’s arguments at the hearing and in
her motion for reconsideration.
       There is no dispute that only the Fidelity defendants moved for dismissal under
section 583.310.8 We therefore view the trial court’s dismissal of the entire action, as to
all parties, as an act on its own motion. (Cf. Maguire v. Collier (1975) 49 Cal.App.3d
309, 314 [court erred in dismissing action under mandatory provisions; declining to find
court dismissed action on its own motion under discretionary dismissal statute, where
nothing in the record suggested it did so].) The trial court had express authority to do so
under section 583.360, subdivision (a).
       We recognize there are questions relating to notice, such as how much notice the
court was required to give, whether it failed to do so, or whether any such error was


8       The Fidelity defendants’ motion referred generally to “the action,” but specifically
requested that the court dismiss the Fidelity defendants from the case. At the hearing on
the motion, counsel for the Fidelity defendants argued that even if the court were inclined
to exclude 125 days from the five-year period to account for plaintiff’s efforts to seek
relief from the Lehman bankruptcy stay, that 125-day period should only apply to
Lehman. Counsel explained plaintiff should have filed a motion to sever: “Even if it was
denied, plaintiff could come here today and say, your Honor, it was impossible,
impractical, futile for me to bring the motion, it was denied by the court. . . . . So I would
argue that the 125 days does not apply to Fidelity or Rybicki or any of the non-bankrupt
defendants at all.”

                                              22
waived. (Compare § 583.360, subd. (a) [court or party may move for dismissal “after
notice to the parties”] with § 583.410, subds. (a)-(b) and Cal. Rules of Court, rule
3.1340(a)-(b) [requiring 20 days’ notice if court intends to dismiss case on its own
motion under discretionary dismissal provisions]; Eliceche v. Federal Land Bank Assn.
(2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1349, 1375-1376; Tew v. Tew (1958) 160 Cal.App.2d 141, 144.)
We do not resolve these questions because we conclude that even if the trial court erred
in failing to give proper notice, the error was not prejudicial—and therefore reversible—
as to the non-moving defendants besides Lehman.9 (In re A.D. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th
1319, 1327; In re Guardianship of Christian G. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 581, 607-608;
Rio Del Mar, supra, 84 Cal.App.2d at p. 220.)
       Plaintiff addressed the dismissal of all defendants at the beginning of the hearing
on the Fidelity defendants’ motion. But plaintiff never distinguished the defendants
named in the original complaint, or Aurora, from the Fidelity defendants.10 Although
plaintiff argued the merits of dismissal against the non-moving defendants at the
dismissal hearing, in her motion for reconsideration, and again on appeal, she has never
contended the circumstances affecting her ability to bring Aurora, Roop, or the Tornberg
defendants to trial were any different than those applicable to the Fidelity defendants.
Whereas plaintiff argued Lehman should have merited separate consideration, and
supported her arguments with specific facts and legal authorities, she advanced no such
arguments regarding the other non-moving defendants, at any time. Thus, plaintiff has
provided no basis for us to find that even had she received more notice of the court’s


9      As to Lehman the issue is moot given our conclusions above.
10     Aurora was added, not as a doe defendant, but as a new party in the Fourth
Amended Complaint. However, plaintiff has not argued the trial court erred in
calculating the five-year deadline as to Aurora because it was a later-added defendant.
To the extent plaintiff could have contended the trial court should not have dismissed
claims against Aurora because the five-year period had not expired, she has forfeited
the argument by failing to raise it below, or on appeal. To the extent she raised the
argument below, we must consider it abandoned on appeal. (Reyes v. Kosha (1998)
65 Cal.App.4th 451, 466, fn. 6.)

                                             23
intention to act on its own motion under section 583.310 as to Aurora, Roop and the
Tornberg defendants, it is reasonably probable a result more favorable to her would have
been reached. (Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 780, 800-801; Century
Surety Co. v. Polisso (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 922, 963.) We see no basis to reverse the
order dismissing the action as to any of the defendants named in the original complaint or
Aurora. For the reasons described in sections I and II above, we find no error in the trial
court’s dismissal of the action as to the Tornberg defendants, Roop, or Aurora.
III.   The Motion for Reconsideration
       Plaintiff contends the trial court erred in denying her motion for reconsideration
because she presented new circumstances showing the action should not be dismissed as
to any defendants except the Fidelity defendants.11
       Under section 1008, “[a] motion for reconsideration must be based on new or
different facts, circumstances or law [citation], and facts of which the party seeking
reconsideration was aware at the time of the original ruling are not ‘new or different.’
[Citation.] In addition, a party must provide a satisfactory explanation for failing to offer
the evidence in the first instance. [Citation.]” (In re Marriage of Herr (2009)
174 Cal.App.4th 1463, 1468.) “An order denying a motion for reconsideration is
interpreted as a determination that the application does not meet the requirements of


11     We note the court’s formal ruling on the motion for reconsideration is not properly
before us because the court lacked jurisdiction to hear it. “It is well settled that entry of
judgment divests the trial court of authority to rule on a motion for reconsideration.”
(Safeco Ins. Co. v. Architectural Facades Unlimited, Inc. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1477,
1482; Ramon v. Aerospace Corp. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1233, 1237 (Ramon).) After
entering judgment in August 2012, the court had no authority to subsequently rule on the
motion for reconsideration. However, since the motion for reconsideration was filed
before the entry of judgment, the trial court’s entry of judgment was an implied denial of
the pending motion. (Ramon, supra, 50 Cal.App.4th at p. 1238; Nave v. Taggart (1995)
34 Cal.App.4th 1173, 1176-1177.) Plaintiff included the ruling on the motion for
reconsideration in her notice of appeal, which was timely filed from the judgment.
(Code Civ. Proc., § 1008, subd. (g).) Thus, we review the implied denial of the motion
for reconsideration on appeal.


                                             24
section 1008. If the requirements have been met to the satisfaction of the court but the
court is not persuaded the earlier ruling was erroneous, the proper course is to grant
reconsideration and to reaffirm the earlier ruling. [Citations.]” (Corns v. Miller (1986)
181 Cal.App.3d 195, 202.) We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for
reconsideration under the abuse of discretion standard. (Glade v. Glade (1995) 38
Cal.App.4th 1441, 1457.)
       As to Lehman, our conclusion above renders moot the trial court’s denial of the
motion for reconsideration. As to the remaining defendants, we find no error in the trial
court ruling. In the motion for reconsideration, plaintiff asserted the trial court had not
considered evidence before it regarding the 2008 stay. Plaintiff also contended she was
unable to produce evidence “as to whether” she was reasonably diligent in prosecuting
the action against the non-moving defendants because she had “no reason to anticipate
the Court would consider dismissing the action as to all defendants.” She did not identify
or describe this evidence, except with respect to Lehman. Plaintiff also argued the non-
moving defendants waived their right to move for dismissal.
       These arguments did not present different facts, circumstances, or law. Indeed, at
the original hearing on the dismissal motion, plaintiff’s counsel argued the non-moving
defendants waived their right to move for dismissal, and extensively argued the trial court
should exclude the 2008 stay from the five-year period. (Gilberd v. AC Transit (1995) 32
Cal.App.4th 1494, 1500 [motion for reconsideration failed where proponent presented no
facts or authorities that were not considered by the trial court in its initial orders].)
Moreover, at the time of the hearing, plaintiff was aware of the possibility that the court
might dismiss the action as to all defendants. Indeed, plaintiff’s counsel opened his
remarks at the hearing with the argument that the court should not dismiss the action as to
the non-moving defendants because they had waived their right to seek dismissal.
The facts and circumstances raised in plaintiff’s motion were known to her before the
court made its dismissal order. (Corns v. Miller, supra, 181 Cal.App.3d at p. 202.)
The trial court’s denial of the motion for reconsideration was not an abuse of discretion.



                                               25
                                    DISPOSITION
      The judgment dismissing the action as to Lehman is reversed. In all other respects
the judgment is affirmed. Each party to bear its own costs on appeal.
      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION




                                                       BIGELOW, P. J.
I concur:




             GRIMES, J.




                                           26
                 FANNIE MARIE GAINES v FIDELITY NATIONAL
                  TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY et al– B244961

RUBIN, J. - Concurring and Dissenting


       I concur in the majority’s reversal of the dismissal of appellant’s action against
Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. (Lehman Brothers). I write separately to record my
disagreement with the majority’s affirmance of the dismissal as to the other defendants.
In my view, the trial court abused its discretion in that the twists and turns of this case
made appellant’s ability to bring the case to trial within five years of filing the complaint
“impossible, impracticable, or futile.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 583.340, subd. (c).)1
                                     Abuse of Discretion
       Before I consider the ruling of the trial court in this case, I discuss the abuse of
discretion standard.
       As appellate judges we are taught to consider each case in the context of the
applicable standard of review which, for the most part, is one or more of substantial
evidence, abuse of discretion, and de novo review. Many appellate decisions and some
commentators have criticized the abuse of discretion standard as the most misused and
most misunderstood of these. Our colleague in Division 6, Justice Gilbert, has said that
the “abuse of discretion standard is itself much abused.” (Ziesmer v. Superior Court
(2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 360, 363.) It is indeed.
       The most common test for determining whether discretion has been abused is to ask
whether the trial court’s ruling was “arbitrary, capricious or whimsical.” A brief review of
appellate cases reveals that this standard has been applied countless times in just the last 30
years. Another formulation is “whether [the trial court’s ruling] exceeds the bounds of

1      I agree with the majority that the stay issued in this case was a partial stay under
Bruns v. E-Commerce Exchange, Inc. (2011) 51 Cal.4th 717, 724, 731 (Bruns). Thus
appellants are not entitled to relief under the “stay” exception to the five-year rule. (Code
Civ. Proc., § 583.40, subd. (b).)
reason” (People v. Jackson (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 1009, 1018), and still another, is
whether the ruling is “patently absurd . . . resulting in a manifest miscarriage of justice.”
(Baltayan v. Estate of Getemyan (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1427, 1434; see also Blank v.
Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 331 [“miscarriage of justice”].)
       Our Supreme Court recently used the following description of the standard: “A
ruling that constitutes an abuse of discretion has been described as one that is ‘so irrational
or arbitrary that no reasonable person could agree with it.’ ” (Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v.
University of Southern California (2012) 55 Cal.4th 747, 773, citing People v. Carmony
(2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 377.) Returning to the whimsy characterization, the Supreme Court
also has relied on Witkin’s description. “ ‘The discretion of a trial judge is not a whimsical,
uncontrolled power, but a legal discretion, which is subject to the limitations of legal
principles governing the subject of its action, and to reversal on appeal where no reasonable
basis for the action is shown.’ ” (Sargon at p. 773, citing 9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed.
2008) Appeal, § 364, p. 420.) Several of these articulations are collected in Justice
Richman’s thoughtful opinion in People v. Jacobs (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 728, 736.2
       It is apparent that appellate courts formulate abuse of discretion in many ways but
it equally appears that each characterization is lacking for at least two reasons. First of
all, none of these formulations is particularly helpful to the appellate courts. As Justice
Weiner wrote in a case involving discretionary dismissals for failure to bring a case to
trial within two years: “[Abuse of discretion] is a standard, however, which is so
amorphous as to mean everything and nothing at the same time and be virtually useless as


2       In City of Sacramento v. Drew (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 1287, 1297-1298, the Third
District expressly rejected the “whimsical, arbitrary or capricious test,” concluding
instead that discretion must be considered in light of the purposes and policies of the
relevant statute. “ ‘This pejorative boilerplate’ [] is misleading since it implies that in
every case in which a trial court is reversed for an abuse of discretion its action was
utterly irrational. Although irrationality is beyond the legal pale it does not mark the
legal boundaries which fence in discretion.” (See also Department of Parks &
Recreation v. State Personnel Board (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 813, 831, fn. 3 [“Although
an act exceeding the bounds of reason manifestly constitutes an abuse of discretion, abuse
is not limited to such an extreme case.”].)

                                              2
an analytic tool.” (Hurtado v. Statewide Home Loan Co. (1985) 167 Cal.App.3d 1019,
1022 (Hurtado), disapproved on other grounds in Shamblin v. Brattain (1988) 44 Cal.3d
474, 479, fn. 4.) To put Justice Weiner’s observations in the form of a question: “How
should the appellate courts go about trying to decide whether a trial court decision is, for
example, whimsical?”
       Aside from the absence of an analytical tool, the various formulations of abuse of
discretion also have serious ramifications for the relationship between the appellate and
trial courts. The colorful “whimsical, capricious, arbitrary” standard proves the point. I
am doubtful that any judge in our state has made a ruling out of whimsy or caprice.
Whim, for example, is “a capricious or eccentric and often sudden idea or turn of the
mind.” (Merriam-Webster, Electronic Edition [2013, http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/whim] [as of December 5, 2013].) This does not describe
judicial decision making. If we are truly engaging in appellate review to weed out the
whimsical or capricious decision, I doubt we would ever find abuse of discretion.
Labeling a trial judge arbitrary is so pejorative, appellate judges would almost always be
adverse to finding abuse of discretion under that standard. Describing a trial court
decision “as an act exceeding all bounds of reason” or “patently absurd” is also inherently
inflammatory.3



3       People v. Jacobs, supra, 156 Cal.App.4th 728, provides a good example of a case
where the appellate court found that the trial court ruling was not arbitrary, whimsical or
capricious but nevertheless constituted an abuse of discretion. There, the issue was
whether the defendant was entitled to be sentenced by the judge who presided over his
jury trial. The court first held that the Arbuckle rule under which a defendant who enters
into a plea bargain is entitled to have the same trial judge impose sentence did not apply
to the defendant following a jury trial. (People v. Arbuckle (1978) 22 Cal.3d 749, 756;
Jacobs at p. 733.) The Court of Appeal then concluded that Judge No. 2 nevertheless
abused his discretion in not continuing the sentencing hearing three days to allow Judge
No. 1 to pronounce sentence. The Court of Appeal considered the issue first under the
arbitrary, whimsical, capricious test, and found no abuse of discretion under that
standard. Judge No. 2 was well informed of the factors to be considered in his decision,
heard arguments and expressed concern that delays in sentencing could contribute to
additional jail overcrowding. “In sum, we cannot conclude that [Judge No. 2] was

                                              3
       Even the word “abuse” in the “abuse of discretion standard” is incendiary, as
courts often link “abuse” to “elder” or “child” in describing heinous behavior. Would we
not be loathe to describe a judge as abusing his or her power?4 Because of these various
distasteful formulations, one commentator colorfully described a reversal for abuse of
discretion as “the noise made by an appellate court while delivering a figurative blow to
the trial judge’s solar plexus. It is a way of saying to the trial judge, ‘This one’s on you.’
The term has no meaning or idea content that I have ever been able to discern. It is just a
way of recording the delivery of a punch to the judicial midriff.” (Maurice Rosenberg,
Professor of Law, Columbia University, address to Federal Appellate Judges Sem.
(May 13-16, 1975) Appellate Review of Trial Court Discretion.)
       As intermediate appellate courts, we are bound to follow California Supreme
Court precedent in this area, as in all others. And as the authorities cited above reveal,
the various articulations of abuse of discretion are all binding on us. How do we apply
any or all of them in a way that is jurisprudentially sound? Justice Weiner has provided
some helpful guidance:
       “Focusing instead on the concept of ‘discretion,’ that term in one sense refers
generally to the power to decide. But every court – both trial and appellate – has
‘discretion’ in that sense. Whether the source of the power to decide is constitutional or
statutory, the essence of the judicial function is decisionmaking. ‘Discretion’ in the sense
of the ‘abuse of discretion’ standard refers instead to the relationship between the trial
and appellate decisionmaking processes and, more particularly, to the amount of



arbitrary. Or whimsical. And he was certainly not capricious.” (Jacobs at p. 736.) The
court nevertheless found an abuse of discretion, focusing instead on “the legal principles
governing the subject of its action” (Westside Community for Independent Living, Inc. v.
Obledo (1983) 33 Cal.3d 348, 355) and the reasonableness of the decision being
appealed. (Jacobs at p. 740.)

4     I am aware of at least one instance in which this division issued an alternative writ
suggesting the trial court had abused its discretion. The trial judge, apparently equating
abuse with actual bias, promptly recused himself.

                                              4
deference which appellate courts accord to trial court determinations. Discretion in this
sense – that is, trial court discretion – is not a sacrosanct concept. Harsh as it may sound,
the nature of the relationship between superior and inferior courts dictates that trial courts
have discretion only to the extent appellate courts perceive a reason to defer. The breadth
of trial court discretion is a function of the degree to which appellate courts exercise
deference.” (Hurtado, supra, 167 Cal.App.3d at p. 1022.)
       Justice Weiner’s deference continuum is helpful as an analytical tool because it is
based on the accepted truth that in many situations trial courts are better suited than
appellate courts to be the ultimate decision maker. He points to two areas where the
greatest deference to the trial court is warranted. First, when factual determinations are
involved.5 Second, when the judge’s position in the courtroom gives him or her a
superior opportunity to get “the feel of the case.” (Hurtado, supra, 167 Cal.App.3d at
p. 1022, quoting Noonan v. Cunard Steamship Co. (2d Cir. 1967) 375 F.2d 69, 71.)
Examples of the latter “include a host of trial and pretrial administrative rulings such as
those pertaining to continuances, pretrial conferences, many discovery matters, the
conduct of counsel, cumulativeness of evidence, the extent of voir dire and the length of
the trial day.” (Hurtado, at p. 1022.)




5      Appellate courts typically employ the substantial evidence test, not abuse of
discretion, in reviewing factual determinations, but even those two standards often
overlap. “We hold that because there was substantial evidence supporting the trial
court’s findings that common issues did not predominate and that plaintiff’s claims were
not typical of the putative class members’ claims, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying the class certification motion.” (Lopez v. Brown (2013)
217 Cal.App.4th 1114, 1118; italics added.) Even the Legislature has conflated the two
standards in its administrative writ statute: “Abuse of discretion is established if the
respondent has not proceeded in the manner required by law, the order or decision is not
supported by the findings, or the findings are not supported by the evidence.” (Code Civ.
Proc., § 1094.5; italics added; see Department of Finance v. Commission on State
Mandates (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 740, 763.)


                                              5
       In applying the abuse of discretion standard in its various formulations cited
earlier, I do so through the analytic framework suggested by Justice Weiner’s deference
continuum, and mindful of Justice Richman’s conclusion that discretion must be
exercised “in conformity with the spirit of the law” and not “defeat the ends of substantial
justice.” (People v. Jacobs, supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at p. 740.)
       Here the facts underlying the grant of respondents’ motion to dismiss for lack of
prosecution do not appear to be in dispute. The majority opinion cites the procedural
aspects of the case from the filing of the complaint to dismissal without suggesting any
controversy as to those facts. Thus as to Justice Weiner’s first point, we need not give
any particular deference to the trial court as fact finder. As to the second factor – the trial
court being in the best position to get a feel for the case – some deference is due. The
examples given in Hurtado, supra, 167 Cal.App.3d at page 1022 – continuances, pretrial
conferences, many discovery matters, the conduct of counsel, cumulativeness of
evidence, the extent of voir dire and the length of the trial day – were surely not intended
to be exhaustive. But each of them is concerned with the management of the trial, an
area where appellate courts should give the greatest deference to the trial courts. While
the issue before us is indeed procedural like many of the examples listed above, it has
very little to do with the management of the trial, except in the ultimate sense that if a
case is dismissed the trial court has managed the trial to its termination. The ruling which
the trial court made deserves some deference. But at bottom, the issue presented is: on
uncontested facts was it impossible, impracticable, or futile to get this case to trial within
five years. Using the deference continuum, I suggest that a trial court is not in a
significantly better position to decide this issue than an appellate court. Nevertheless, in
determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion, I apply the standard as
expressed by our Supreme Court, keeping in mind however that we deal with largely
undisputed facts.6



6      In Bruns, our Supreme Court stated that under the abuse of discretion standard, the
question of impossibility, impracticability, or futility is best resolved by the trial court,

                                               6
                          “Impossible, Impracticable, or Futile”
       The statutory provision we are required to interpret consists of three words. Of the
three, dictionary definitions seem to rule out “impossible” and “futile.”7 The primary
definition of “impracticable” is “difficult to do or use.” (Merriam-Webster, Electronic
Edition [2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/impracticable] [as of
December 5, 2013].) In Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at page 731, the Supreme Court stated
that impracticability (like futility) involves a determination of “ ‘ “excessive and
unreasonable difficulty or expense’ ” in light of all the circumstances of the particular
case.” With that test in mind, I turn to the procedural facts leading up to the dismissal.
       The complaint was filed in November 2006 and asserted various tort and statutory
claims. It alleged that in February of that year, Milton and Fannie Marie Gaines had over
$500,000 in equity in their home but had fallen two months behind in their mortgage


which “is in the most advantageous position to evaluate these diverse factual matters in
the first instance.” (Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 731.) I note that the factual
circumstances surrounding the delay were not set out by the Bruns court because the
record was quite lengthy – more than 1,000 pages of documents and 300 exhibits. (Id. at
p. 722, fn. 3.) Because the Court of Appeal had not reached the issue of whether the
circumstances justified a finding of impossibility, impracticability, or futility, the Bruns
court remanded the matter to the Court of Appeal with directions to determine whether
the trial court had abused its discretion in not excluding the time period of the partial stay
in calculating the statutory five years. (Id. at pp. 731-732.)
        Given the voluminous record on that issue in Bruns, I assume the factual
circumstances were numerous and in many cases disputed. Here we consider a far more
circumscribed record that contains certain key undisputed facts.

7       One definition of “impossible” is “unable to be done or happen.” (Merriam-
Webster, Electronic Edition [2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
impossible] [as of December 5, 2013].) Futile is defined as “having no result or effect;
pointless or useless.” (Ibid.) The facts of this case do not lend themselves to a finding
that bringing the case to trial within five years was impossible or futile.
        A secondary definition of impracticable is “impossible” but I exclude that from
discussion because “impossible” is an alternative basis for extending the five year rule
under Code of Civil Procedure, section 583.340, subd. (c), so “impracticable” must mean
something else.


                                              7
payments to Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (Countrywide). In June or July of 2006, at
the suggestion of a Countrywide employee, the Gaineses contacted the Tornberg
defendants, who offered to help refinance the loan. By August, the property had been
sold to Tornberg under circumstances that the Gaineses believed would allow them to
lease back the property and have an option to repurchase. Tornberg, without their
permission, recorded an altered deed. The escrow/title insurance defendants improperly
paid Tornberg $90,000 from escrow, and Tornberg obtained an additional $150,000 in
cash through a refinance. By the following year Tornberg was $25,000 - $30,000 behind
the mortgage payments, and the Gaineses paid that amount to avoid foreclosure. It could
be inferred that Tornberg, having made $240,000, was going to walk away, with the
Gaineses left to lose their home. The complaint was filed against the Tornberg
defendants, the escrow company, as well as Countrywide Home Loans, the holder of the
original note. After multiple transfers between various entities, the Tornberg loan was
eventually held or serviced by Aurora Loan Services LLC (Aurora) and Lehman
Brothers, parties who were later brought into the action.
       After the filing of the complaint, this case proceeded on a pot-hole riddled road
which made the bringing of the case to trial not impossible but impracticable. Because
the availability of section 583.340 relief depends on whether the plaintiff has exercised
“reasonable diligence” (Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 731), I start with some of the key
events and obstacles presented in this case.
           First, an additional word about the pleadings. The complaint was amended
              four times during the first 14 months of the litigation. As is common in
              many of these “financial meltdown” cases, promissory notes are separated
              from deeds of trusts, paperwork is often not complete, and the parade of
              people and entities appears endless. Apparently the entire process started
              with an unsolicited phone call from a Countrywide employee who told the
              Gaineses that Countrywide had approved them for a refinance loan. This
              was false. Later, the employee suggested that the Gaineses contact her
              fiancé Tornberg, who eventually bought the property.

                                               8
           Other defendants named in amended complaints included Greenpoint
             Mortgage Funding, Inc., United Mortgage Loan & Investment, LLC and
             UM Acquisitions, LLC. Defendants Countrywide, United Mortgage Loan
             & Investment, LLC and UM Acquisitions, LLC, settled with plaintiffs, and
             Greenpoint Mortgage Funding, Inc., appears to have been dismissed. In
             January 2008, plaintiffs added Aurora, which admitted in its January 2009
             answer that it held an $865,000 interest in the property. In November 2009,
             Aurora asserted in a motion to amend its answer that it had mistakenly
             asserted an ownership interest in its original answer when in fact Lehman
             Brothers was the owner of the loan encumbering the property. Lehman
             Brothers had filed for bankruptcy in 2008 and as events unfolded would
             become one of the largest casualties of the financial crisis. It was not until
             sometime after December 2010 that Aurora provided any proof to plaintiffs
             or the court that Lehman Brothers had succeeded to its interest.
             (Apparently the note at one time was held by MERS – Mortgage Electronic
             Registration Systems, Inc.)8 This came in the form of an “Assignment of
             Deed of Trust and Request for Special Notice” which indicated that
             Lehman Brothers had been assigned Aurora’s interest. Because of the
             pending bankruptcy and the need to obtain relief from the litigation stay
             against Lehman Brothers, the latter was not named in an amended
             complaint until November 2011.
           On March 31, 2008, before Aurora notified plaintiffs that it had no interest
             in the property, the parties agreed to a 120-day partial stay of the litigation
             – partial because certain outstanding discovery requests could be answered.
             The intent of the stay was to allow the parties to mediate their dispute. The


8      MERS was a frequent player in financial meltdown foreclosures. Its basic
structure and role was to act as nominee in a process by which successive transfers in
notes were accomplished without recordation in public records. The process is described
by the court in Fontenot v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 256, 267.

                                             9
   settlement discussions were unsuccessful, and on November 28, 2008, the
   trial court vacated the stay.
 On November 29, 2009, Fannie Marie Gaines passed away. (Her husband,
   Milton Gaines, had died in August 2006, shortly after the Gaineses had
   agreed to sell the Property to the Tornberg defendants and about 10 weeks
   before the action was filed.) On January 28, 2010, Gaines’s son was
   substituted in as a party plaintiff, an amended complaint was filed, and
   defendants were given 30 days to file answers.
 The court expressed concern that the delays in bringing Lehman Brothers
   into the action were becoming excessive. According to Aurora, Lehman
   Brothers owned the $865,000 loan and deed of trust, and obviously was the
   subject of the lion’s share of plaintiffs’ claims. At an August 20, 2010
   status conference, counsel for plaintiffs suggested that the solution to the
   Lehman Brothers situation would be to bifurcate the trial and proceed first
   against all the non-Lehman Brothers defendants. The court replied, “don’t
   hold your breath on that,” in apparent reference to the unlikelihood the
   court would agree to bifurcation. The trial court further explained: “So the
   point of it is, I’m not going to look with a great deal of favor on bifurcating
   things.” The court did make clear that its comments should not be taken as
   suggesting it definitely would refuse to bifurcate. Some of the delays
   associated with Lehman Brothers were caused by Aurora’s inability to
   provide any proof that it had transferred its interest to Lehman Brothers.
   Without such evidence plaintiffs’ ability to go after Lehman Brothers
   would be significantly compromised. As indicated above, proof in the form
   of the assignment came in December 2010. Further delays in proceeding
   against Lehman Brothers were caused by financial difficulties plaintiffs
   apparently encountered in retaining counsel in New York where the
   bankruptcy proceedings were pending. In June 2011, New York counsel



                                   10
              commenced work on the motion to vacate the bankruptcy stay, and the stay
              was lifted in October 2011.
       These facts show that the litigation course of this controversy went sideways
rather than forward for much of the time, often through no fault of plaintiffs or anyone
else for that matter. In contrast to many cases in which the trial court found no excuse for
a delay beyond five years, this case was also extensively litigated; the parties did not sit
on their hands. (Compare Mitchell v. Frank R. Howard Memorial Hospital (1992)
6 Cal.App.4th 1396, 1404-1406 [dismissal of action under five-year rule affirmed when
plaintiff filed both federal and state actions and did nothing in the state lawsuit for four
years; plaintiff “had long ago abandoned” the state court action; plaintiff’s conduct was
dilatory and the court would not reward “unreasonable procrastination”]; Ferk v. County
of Lake (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 268, 278 [action “came to a standstill” when plaintiffs
substituted themselves in pro per].)
       Turning to the statutory test, there were two stays and two other events that
significantly interfered with plaintiffs’ ability to get to trial. The first stay arose from the
Lehman Brothers’ bankruptcy, which the trial court correctly excluded from the five-year
calculation. The second stay was the partial stay the parties had agreed to in order to
attempt settlement. That stay was either 120 days (the time the parties had agreed to
stay) or 217 days (the amount of time before the trial court actually lifted the stay). As a
partial stay, under Bruns, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pages 724, 731, the stay did not entitle
plaintiffs to the automatic exclusion under section 534.40, subdivision (b). But as Bruns
itself makes clear, a partial stay is a factor to be considered under the subdivision (b)
impracticability test. The trial court did not exclude any time for the partial stay even
though it had the discretion to do so.
       The two events were: (1) the death of Fannie Marie Gaines and the necessity to
substitute her son as a party plaintiff; and (2) Aurora’s mistaken admission in its January
2009 answer that it had the right to assert an ownership interest in the Gaineses’ property,
which was not corrected by Aurora until nearly 11 months later. It would be another nine
months after that until Aurora supplied documentary proof of its claim. The trial court

                                               11
excluded an additional 60 days from the five years due to the death of Fanny Gaines and
another 125 days because of the Lehman Brothers stay. But it did not exclude any of the
Aurora/Lehman Brothers’ or partial-stay time. Under the court’s calculation, the case
was 82 days beyond the five year limitation.
       If the trial court had exercised its discretion to exclude the 120 days of the parties’
stipulated stay or the 217 days of actual stay or any significant part of the Aurora/Lehman
Brothers time, the five years would not have elapsed. Significantly the trial court found
that the partial stay did not make it impossible, impracticable or futile to bring the case
timely to trial because it did not affect “previously served and outstanding written
discovery.” The minute order did not describe whether in fact there was any discovery
completed in the interim or how the completion of discovery during the time of the stay
would have contributed in any meaningful way to the progress of the case. This was not
a partial stay against less than all parties which would enable a plaintiff to engage in all
pretrial and discovery work against other parties during the “stay.” Stated differently,
this may have been a partial stay under Bruns but it was barely so.
       Furthermore, the trial court made no allowance for the unilateral mistake of
Aurora in asserting an ownership interest in the property, which consumed approximately
11 months of the 5 year period. Whatever delays were incurred as a result should not be
chargeable to appellants. At a minimum, I believe it was error not to exclude some or all
of that wasted chunk of time. Presumably if Aurora had not made its error and instead
promptly identified Lehman Brothers, the bankruptcy stay would have been lifted
11 months earlier, well within the 5 year period. Adding further to the delay, Aurora did
not provide proof of Lehman’s ownership for another 9 months.
       Four different trial judges spent considerable time on this case. The complaint
was filed on November 13, 2006. The first trial judge initially heard the case on
February 20, 2007. The case was transferred to the second judge in approximately April
of 2007. The next reassignment was on July 16, 2008. That judge had the case for four
years until April 24, 2012 (well beyond the five year anniversary of the filing of the



                                              12
complaint). The judge who dismissed the action received the case on May 2, 2012, and
dismissed the case on August 24, 2012.9
       The foregoing discussion demonstrates that plaintiffs prosecuted this case with
reasonable diligence. It was a very serious matter, with very experienced and talented
trial counsel. I now turn to whether the trial court’s exercise of discretion not to exclude
the additional time and allow the case to proceed to trial constituted a “miscarriage of
justice.” (Blank v. Kirwan, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 331.) Or, conversely, as Justice
Richman has said, was discretion exercised “in conformity with the spirit of the law” and
not to “defeat the ends of substantial justice.” (People v. Jacobs, supra, 156 Cal.App.4th
at p. 740.)
       This case was one of hundreds, perhaps thousands of lawsuits that grew out of the
financial meltdown. This litigation is almost the paradigm case: elderly plaintiffs –
home owners with substantial equity in their house, mortgage payments two months in
arrears – are approached by an employee of their lender with an unsolicited offer to
refinance the mortgage based on the lender’s so-called, but false, “preapproval.” This is
followed by a bait and switch that sends plaintiffs to the employee’s fiancé, who offers to
help with a refinance. The fiancé ends up buying the house with a supposed offer to
include lease-back and repurchase options which fail to materialize in the final
documentation. In comes the line of assignees and transferees, including ultimate note
holder Lehman Brothers, which will not survive the financial crisis. Meanwhile the
“assister” pulls out $90,000 in cash from the deal without plaintiffs’ approval but with the
aid of the escrow/title insurance company. Later he refinances the property and obtains
another $150,000, for a tidy $240,000 fee for his “assistance.” Remarkably, the loan
goes into default because the assister does not pay “his” mortgage, and plaintiffs pay an
additional $25,000 to $30,000 to avoid foreclosure. Shortly before the lawsuit is filed,
one of the plaintiffs dies. During its pendency, the other dies.



9     The various reassignment and other dates cited in the text come from the Los
Angeles Superior Court Case Summary, BC361768.

                                             13
       I acknowledge that some of these “facts” are allegations to be decided after trial.
We do know that plaintiffs settled with Countrywide for $375,000, of which $200,000
represented lost equity, with the rest designated for noneconomic damages. This suggests
that there was some fundamental merit to at least some of plaintiffs’ claims, that this was
not a sham lawsuit, and this was a lawsuit that demanded the trial court’s exercise of
discretion under section 583.340, subdivision (b) to avoid a miscarriage of justice. In my
view the dismissal of this lawsuit under the circumstances described defeats the
substantial ends of justice. Instead, it rewards parties who, it would appear, have played
a major and unlawful role in the theft of someone’s home.
       I would reverse the trial court’s judgment in its entirety.




                                                          RUBIN, J.




                                             14
