            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   September 12, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 340906
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
EDWARD LEE WATKINS,                                                LC No. 15-005089-01-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 341307
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
ROBBIE DESHAWN TAYLOR,                                             LC No. 15-005089-02-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: JANSEN, P.J., and CAMERON and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In these consolidated appeals, codefendants Edward Lee Watkins and Robbie Deshawn
Taylor, who were tried jointly before a single jury, each appeal their convictions at their second
trial. Their first joint trial ended in a mistrial when the jury was unable to reach a verdict. In
Docket No. 340906, defendant Watkins appeals his convictions of first-degree premeditated
murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a), two counts of assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83,
and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL
750.227b(1). The trial court sentenced Watkins to life imprisonment without parole for his first-
degree murder conviction, 15 to 25 years in prison for each assault conviction, and two years’
imprisonment for his felony-firearm conviction. In Docket No. 341307, defendant Taylor
appeals his convictions of first-degree premeditated murder and two counts of assault with intent
to commit murder. The trial court sentenced Taylor to life imprisonment without parole for his


                                               -1-
first-degree murder conviction and 20 to 30 years in prison for each assault conviction. In both
dockets, we affirm defendants’ convictions and sentences.

                                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        Defendants’ convictions arise out of a drive-by shooting in Detroit on the evening of May
14, 2015, which wounded several people and killed one. The prosecutor’s theory of the case was
that (1) the codefendants and an accomplice, Kenneth “Kya” Burnett, were members of a gang or
rap group known as the “Turn-around Boys” or “Turn-around Gang,” (2) they planned and
committed the drive-by shooting as retaliation against Montez “Tez” Gantz and Terry Williams,
who were members of a rival group, the “Forever Boys,” (3) defendants did so because they
believed that Gantz and Williams had shot Burnett and Taylor during a prior shooting, and (4)
Taylor was the driver of the stolen minivan that was used in the drive-by shooting, while
Watkins and Burnett were shooters. Gantz and Williams both were shot and wounded during the
drive-by shooting, but a third victim, 22-year-old Paige Walker, was killed.

         Several victims and eyewitnesses provided accounts of the drive-by shooting at trial.
Like Gantz, Williams testified at trial that he did not see who shot him during the drive-by
shooting. He admitted, however, that when he was initially interviewed by the police, he
implicated defendants as the shooters, but explained at trial that he had “made some names up.”
Specifically, Williams told the police that he “saw Boss Man Teezy [i.e., Taylor] in the driver’s
seat” of an “older model” “white minivan” and that “Savage [i.e., Watkins] was armed with an
assault rifle” and was the person who shot Williams. Williams also told the police that there
might have been “other people in the van” as well, but Williams could not identify them. At
trial, Williams explained, “I mean, I was in the hospital, Dying [sic], and I just wanted to put it—
something on somebody.” When asked whether he had intended for the “wrong people to be
convicted,” Williams stated that he had not “cared,” simply wanting someone to be convicted.
Williams agreed that he was not “comfortable” with the idea of “snitching,” but he stated that his
trial testimony had “nothing to do with the code of the street” and was, instead, “about right and
wrong”—i.e., correcting his prior false statements to the police implicating defendants. Williams
admitted, however, that he had previously testified under oath that his initial statements to the
police were true.

         Williams also denied that anyone had pressured him to perjure himself or to recant his
prior testimony against defendants. However, Williams admitted that shortly before defendants’
first trial began, he had sent text messages to a police sergeant denying that he actually knew
who had been involved in the drive-by shooting. Williams’s text messages to the police sergeant
also stated:

              I don’t want to testify period. I’m done with that. I’m afraid of retaliation
       and you guys can’t save me.

                                              * * *

               They know where I live. I have no protection. My girl have no
       protection. If those guys go to jail, their friends are going to kill me.

                                              * * *
                                                -2-
               I would rather be in jail than dead.[1]

       After Williams made his initial statement to the police, he was shown several
photographic array lineups. In one, he took 20 seconds to identify Taylor as the driver from the
drive-by shooting. However, Williams was unable to identify Watkins in the first two
photographic lineups that he was shown, each of which featured an older photograph of Watkins
and photographs of five “fillers.” During the first photographic lineup, which utilized a
photograph of Watkins that had been taken when he was 16 years old, Williams “picked fillers.”
During the second lineup, which used a slightly less dated photograph of Watkins at 18 years of
age, Williams made no selection. A third lineup was subsequently conducted using a more
recent photograph of Watkins at 20 or 21 years of age, and Williams identified Watkins as the
shooter in the drive-by shooting.

       At trial, Williams testified that his identification of Watkins had been a matter of
happenstance, explaining: “On a line-up, I was just picking people. It took me, like, three tries.
They kept coming back and forth with different line-ups and I was just picking people.”
Williams further explained that he had been “in the hospital” and “drowsy” from his “meds the
whole time.”

         On the evening of December 31, 2016, which was after the defendants’ first trial but
before their second trial, the police apprehended Burnett, who was in possession of an AK-47
style weapon with a “drum-style” magazine. The AK-47’s drum magazine, which can hold 75
rounds of ammunition, was loaded with more than 50 rounds. Ballistics testing later revealed
that at least 41 of the shell casings recovered at the scene of the drive-by shooting had been fired
by the AK-47 that was seized from Burnett.2

        At the conclusion of the third day of defendants’ second trial, the trial court received a
note from a juror that it felt might have “reflect[ed] the concerns of” other jurors as well. The
note stated, “The big group of people in the back made a few of us uncomfortable eyeballing the
jury.” The trial court indicated that it would take steps to ensure that no intimidation occurred,
and promised that the court’s security staff would be particularly vigilant. After excusing the
jury, the trial court admonished defendants to contact their many in-court “supporters” and to tell
them to stop “grinning at” the jury. At the beginning of the fourth day of trial, Taylor’s trial
counsel moved to have the “tainted” juror who had sent the note the day before removed from
the sitting jury and placed, instead, as an alternate juror. The trial court denied that request
without prejudice, stating that it would reconsider the matter if it appeared that the jury
intimidation was continuing or had biased the jurors. Taylor’s trial counsel argued, “Well, then


1
  At defendants’ second trial, Williams indicated that he had not actually been afraid to testify.
Instead, he had lied about being in danger in the hope that, as a result, he “[woul]dn’t have to
come to court and lie.”
2
  Although the police believed that Burnett was a “possible suspect” who might have been
involved in the drive-by shooting, and he was still under police investigation at the time of
defendants’ second trial, he had not been questioned regarding his potential involvement.


                                                 -3-
the next appropriate remedy is a mistrial,” and the trial court responded, “I have no basis for
entertaining anything like that at this point.”

        Following the lunch recess on the fourth day of trial, one of the jurors reported that,
during the third day of trial, he had been approached in the restroom by a man, later identified as
Dominique White, whom the juror recognized as a spectator from the gallery. White asked the
juror “if it was going up or down[.]” The juror reported the incident to other members of the
jury, who advised him to inform the trial court. When the issue was discussed on the record (but
not in the presence of the jury), White admitted that he was a friend of the defendants and that he
had approached the juror and asked how the trial was going. White claimed to have been
unaware that this was inappropriate. Upon further questioning, the juror indicated that he did not
know whether White was associated with anyone in particular from the trial. Although the out-
of-court contact had made the juror feel “[a] little uncomfortable,” he felt that it would not affect
his judgment in any way.

        On the fifth day of trial, Watkins’s trial counsel objected to the introduction of images—
as against Watkins—that had been “extracted” from Taylor’s cell phone. The prosecutor
conceded that the images in question were being offered only against defendant Taylor, and the
trial court instructed the jury that the images would only be admitted as such.

       Also on the fifth day of trial, the prosecutor sought to introduce a custodial witness
statement provided to the police by Taylor on May 27, 2015. Watkins’s trial counsel objected.
Following a sidebar conference, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

               All right. Um, ladies and gentlemen, the statement . . . by Robbie Taylor
       is being offered only against Robbie Taylor. You’re not to consider it in any way
       as evidence against Watkins. There’s actually nothing in the statement that would
       indicate Watkins anyway. But just so you know it’s just as to Taylor.

                                              * * *

              Uh, [Watkins’s trial attorney] has objected for the record. Objection is
       overruled.

       Following the second jury trial, defendants were convicted and sentenced as noted earlier.
These appeals ensued.

                            II. DEFENDANT WATKINS’S CLAIMS

        On appeal, defendant Watkins first argues that the trial court erred by denying Watkins’s
motion to suppress evidence concerning the photo-array lineups and Williams’s subsequent in-
court identification. Specifically, Watkins contends that the “repeated presentation” of defendant
Watkins’s photo to Williams in three consecutive photographic array lineups made the third
lineup unduly suggestive. We disagree.




                                                -4-
          As this Court observed in People v McDade, 301 Mich App 343, 356; 836 NW2d 266
(2013):

          A trial court’s determination in a suppression hearing regarding the admission of
          identification evidence will generally not be reversed unless clearly erroneous.
          Issues of law relevant to a motion to suppress are reviewed de novo. Clear error
          exists when the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a
          mistake was made. [Citations omitted.]

“[D]ue process protects the accused against the introduction of evidence of, or tainted by,
unreliable pretrial identifications obtained through unnecessarily suggestive procedures.” People
v Hickman, 470 Mich 602, 607; 684 NW2d 267 (2004) (emphasis omitted), quoting Moore v
Illinois, 434 US 220, 227; 98 S Ct 458; 54 L Ed 2d 424 (1977). However, “the Due Process
Clause does not require a preliminary judicial inquiry into the reliability of an eyewitness
identification when the identification was not procured under unnecessarily suggestive
circumstances arranged by law enforcement.” Perry v New Hampshire, 565 US 228, 248; 132 S
Ct 716; 181 L Ed 2d 694 (2012). “When no improper law enforcement activity is involved,”
suppression is not warranted; instead, in such instances it suffices to test the reliability of the
eyewitness identification evidence “through the rights and opportunities generally designed for
that purpose, notably, the presence of counsel at postindictment lineups, vigorous cross-
examination, protective rules of evidence, and jury instructions on both the fallibility of
eyewitness identification and the requirement that guilt be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Id. at 233 (emphasis added).

        In this instance, the prosecution concedes that the use of three different photographs of
Watkins in each of the three photographic arrays was “suggestive” to some degree. However,
the prosecution argues that the process was not unnecessarily suggestive, noting that this
procedure was only utilized because the police initially only had dated photographs of Watkins.
Given the record evidence, we find the prosecution’s argument persuasive. There is no evidence
suggesting that the police employed the particular procedures purposefully or in bad faith. On
the contrary, to increase the likelihood of a reliable identification, the police would have been
motivated to use the most recent photograph of Watkins that they possibly could, not to hunt up
dated photographs of him that would not as accurately depict his age and appearance at the time
of the offense. Because this pretrial identification procedure was the result of practical
investigatory limitations—not of improper law enforcement activity—suppression was
unwarranted even if the identification procedure was, in fact, suggestive.

        In any event, “a suggestive lineup is not necessarily a constitutionally defective one.
Rather, a suggestive lineup is improper only if under the totality of the circumstances there is a
substantial likelihood of misidentification.” People v Kurylczyk, 443 Mich 289, 306; 505 NW2d
528 (1993). Accord McDade, 301 Mich App at 357 (“[a] photographic identification procedure
or lineup violates due process guarantees when it is so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to
a substantial likelihood of misidentification”). Under the totality of the circumstances in the case
at bar, the photographic array procedure utilized by the police did not lead to a substantial
likelihood of misidentification. Long before selecting Watkins’s photograph during the third
lineup, Williams had identified Watkins by his “street name,” “Savage,” and indicated that
“Savage” was associated with “Boss Man Teezy,” i.e., Taylor. There is no dispute that

                                                 -5-
Watkins’s “street name” is, in fact, “Savage,” nor is there any factual dispute about the fact that
he and Taylor are closely associated with one another. In our view, these independent “indicia of
reliability are strong enough to outweigh the corrupting effect of the . . . suggestive
circumstances[,]” such that it was proper to admit the disputed identification evidence and allow
the jury to “determine its worth.” See Perry, 565 US at 232 (alteration in original). Hence, the
trial court did not clearly err by denying Watkins’s motion to suppress the contested
identification evidence.

       Watkins also raises several claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. With regard to
each, we conclude that Watkins has failed to rebut the strong presumptions that his trial counsel
performed effectively and employed reasonable trial strategy.

        Because the trial court did not hold a Ginther3 hearing, “our review is limited to the facts
on the record.” People v Wilson, 242 Mich App 350, 352; 619 NW2d 413 (2000). “Whether
defense counsel performed ineffectively is a mixed question of law and fact; this Court reviews
for clear error the trial court’s findings of fact”—if any exist—“and reviews de novo questions of
constitutional law.” People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 47; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). The
“defendant has the burden of establishing the factual predicate for his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel. . . .” People v Hoag, 460 Mich 1, 6; 594 NW2d 57 (1999).

                 Effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a
         heavy burden of proving otherwise. To establish an ineffective assistance of
         counsel claim, a defendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was below
         an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms and
         (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the
         proceedings would have been different. [People v Lockett, 295 Mich App 165,
         187; 814 NW2d 295 (2012) (citations omitted).]

“A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 694; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). The
“reasonable probability” standard can be satisfied by less than a preponderance of the evidence.
Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 56.

         The “reviewing court must not evaluate counsel’s decisions with the benefit of
hindsight,” but should “ensure that counsel’s actions provided the defendant with the modicum
of representation” constitutionally required. People v Grant, 470 Mich 477, 485; 684 NW2d 686
(2004), citing Strickland, 466 US at 689 (“A fair assessment of attorney performance requires
that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the
circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s
perspective at the time.”). “Defense counsel is given wide discretion in matters of trial strategy
because many calculated risks may be necessary in order to win difficult cases.” People v
Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 242; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). Thus, there is a “strong presumption
that trial counsel’s performance was strategic,” and “[w]e will not substitute our judgment for


3
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).


                                                  -6-
that of counsel on matters of trial strategy[.]” Id. at 242-243. “Yet a court cannot insulate the
review of counsel’s performance by calling it trial strategy.” Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 52.
“The inquiry into whether counsel’s performance was reasonable is an objective one and requires
the reviewing court to determine whether, in light of all the circumstances, the identified acts or
omissions were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” People v
Vaughn, 491 Mich 642, 670; 821 NW2d 288 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Accordingly, the reviewing court must consider the range of potential reasons that counsel might
have had for acting as he or she did. Id.

        Relying on MCR 6.121(C) and (D), Watkins argues that his trial counsel should have
moved to sever the codefendants’ trials or, at a minimum, moved for separate juries. We
conclude that Watkins has failed to rebut the strong presumption that his trial counsel employed
reasonable trial strategy in this regard. On the whole, the evidence in this case implicating
Taylor in the drive-by shooting was far stronger than the evidence implicating Watkins.
Taylor—not Watkins—was shot in the April 17, 2015 shooting. Accordingly, Taylor had a
direct motive to seek revenge against those whom he judged responsible. Moreover, Williams
promptly identified Taylor as the driver from the drive-by shooting during his first photographic
array, whereas he was initially unable to identify Watkins, instead identifying two “fillers.”
Under the circumstances, a competent trial attorney might have reasonably decided that a joint
trial before a single jury was the best option for Watkins, even if it posed the danger that some
evidence that was otherwise inadmissible against Watkins might be placed before the jury.
Specifically, this trial format afforded the jury a culprit if it acquitted Watkins; it gave the jury
the opportunity to hold someone responsible for Paige Walker’s death—by convicting Taylor—
even if the jury was not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of Watkins’s involvement.
Because Watkins has failed to rebut the presumption that counsel’s strategy in this regard was
reasonable, we reject his claim of ineffective assistance.

        Without citing any authority or specific rule of evidence in support, Watkins next argues
that his trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to object to evidence that Taylor was
motivated to commit the drive-by shooting because of the April 17, 2015 shooting. By failing to
cite any authority in support of this claim of error, Watkins has abandoned it. See People v Hill,
221 Mich App 391, 397 n 2; 561 NW2d 862 (1997). And because he provides no specific legal
theory under which the disputed evidence might have been excluded, his instant claim of error
necessarily fails on its substantive merits as well. Without explaining how an objection would
have, or at least could have, been successful, Watkins cannot demonstrate that trial counsel
performed below an objective standard of reasonableness by failing to object to the admission of
the contested evidence. See People v Chambers, 277 Mich App 1, 11; 742 NW2d 610 (2007)
(“Counsel is not ineffective for failing to make a futile objection.”).

        Watkins also argues that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to call Kyle
Greenlaw as an alibi witness at trial. In support, Watkins relies on an affidavit that was not
notarized, purportedly executed by Greenlaw, in which Greenlaw asserts that he was with
Watkins at the time of the drive-by shooting and therefore has “personal knowledge that
[Watkins] did not commit the crimes he was convicted of” below. However, Greenlaw’s
affidavit goes on to explain that he did not testify at either of Watkins’s two trials because he
“had an outstanding warrant for CCW.” In other words, the affidavit establishes that Greenlaw
was previously unwilling to testify. Watkins has presented no evidence indicating that his trial

                                                -7-
counsel nevertheless could have compelled Greenlaw’s attendance at trial or that, had counsel
successfully subpoenaed him, Greenlaw would have offered testimony favorable to Watkins—
despite having been ordered to court against his will. Hence, Watkins’s claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel necessarily fails. Even accepting the contents of Greenlaw’s affidavit at
face value, Watkins has failed to present any record evidence overcoming the strong
presumptions that counsel performed reasonably and employed effective trial strategy with
regard to Greenlaw.

        Finally, Watkins argues that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to move for a
mistrial “when it became apparent that the jury was tainted and possibly prejudiced” as a result
of the in-court intimidation tactics and White’s out-of-court conversation with one of the jurors.
Watkins’s argument presupposes that the only reasonable conclusion for trial counsel to have
reached was that the attempts to intimidate or influence the jury had biased the jury against
defendants. But that is not so. Given the gang-violence overtones of this case, a reasonable trial
attorney might just as well have decided not to move for a mistrial because the spectators’
attempts to intimidate the jury might have been successful. In other words, counsel might have
reasonably believed that it was more likely that the intimidation tactics would work against at
least one juror than it was that those tactics would prejudice the entire jury pool to vote against
convicting Watkins. Therefore, Watkins has failed to rebut the strong presumption that his trial
counsel employed effective strategy in deciding not to move for a mistrial.

                            III. DEFENDANT TAYLOR’S CLAIMS

        Defendant Taylor also raises several claims of error on appeal. First, he contends that,
although his trial counsel did not object, the trial court abused its discretion by failing to sua
sponte prevent the prosecutor from interjecting gang-related evidence and arguments at trial,
particularly concerning gang intimidation of witnesses. We find no error warranting reversal.

       Taylor acknowledges that he raised no objection to the disputed evidence or arguments
below, and thus his instant claim of error is unpreserved, see People v Aldrich, 246 Mich App
101, 116; 631 NW2d 67 (2001), and subject to plain-error review, see People v Benton, 294
Mich App 191, 202; 817 NW2d 599 (2011). The plain-error test has “four elements”:

       1) error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) . . .
       the plain error affected substantial rights . . . [, and 4) ] once a defendant satisfies
       these three requirements, an appellate court must exercise its discretion in
       deciding whether to reverse. Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited
       error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when an error
       seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
       proceedings independent of the defendant’s innocence. [People v Randolph, 502
       Mich 1, 10; 917 NW2d 249 (2018), quoting People v Carines, 460 Mich 750,
       763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999) (alterations and ellipses in Randolph).]

“A ‘clear or obvious’ error under the second prong is one that is not subject to reasonable
dispute.” Randolph, 502 Mich at 10. The third element “generally requires a showing of
prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Carines, 460


                                                 -8-
Mich at 763. “It is the defendant rather than the Government who bears the burden of persuasion
with respect to prejudice.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Although Taylor does not cite any specific rule of evidence in support of his evidentiary
argument, the central theme is that the evidence of defendants’ gang affiliations was inadmissible
because it was admitted as improper propensity evidence and because it was more unfairly
prejudicial than probative. In other words, Taylor’s argument hinges on MRE 404(b) and MRE
403.

          As this Court explained in People v Bass, 317 Mich App 241, 259; 893 NW2d 140
(2016):

          Other-acts evidence is admissible only if

                 (1) the evidence is offered for some purpose other than under a
                 character-to-conduct theory, or a propensity theory, (2) the
                 evidence is relevant to a fact of consequence at the trial, and (3) the
                 trial court determines under MRE 403 that the probative value of
                 the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of
                 unfair prejudice. If requested, the trial court may provide a
                 limiting instruction under MRE 105.

          “ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence
          of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable
          or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” MRE 401. When
          balancing the probative value of evidence of prior bad acts against the danger of
          unfair prejudice from the evidence, a court must be cognizant that propensity
          evidence is prejudicial by nature. However, MRE 403 does not prohibit
          prejudicial evidence; only evidence that is unfairly so. Evidence is unfairly
          prejudicial when there exists a danger that marginally probative evidence will be
          given undue or preemptive weight by the jury. [Quotation marks, citations, and
          brackets omitted.]

        Our Supreme Court has acknowledged that evidence of a defendant’s gang affiliation “is
relevant . . . when there is fact evidence that the crime at issue is gang-related.” People v Bynum,
496 Mich 610, 625-626; 852 NW2d 570 (2014). On the other hand, such evidence also generally
carries improper propensity connotations. Id. at 626 n 28 (“a juror might associate a defendant
with such an affiliation as a person of bad character or someone prone to aggressive or violent
behavior”) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

        Taylor is correct that the gang evidence did tend to support an improper propensity
inference. From the evidence presented that Taylor and Watkins were members of the “Turn-
around Boys” or “Turn-around Gang,” which was sometimes described as a rap group and at
other times as a “gang,” the jury might well have inferred that defendants had a propensity to
commit drive-by shootings precisely like the one at issue here. Even so, evidence is not
inadmissible under MRE 404(b)(1) merely because it is capable of supporting an improper
propensity inference. “Put simply, the rule is inclusionary rather than exclusionary.” People v

                                                  -9-
VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 64; 508 NW2d 114 (1993) (quotation marks and citation omitted),
amended in part on other grounds 445 Mich 1205 (1994). In other words, if the disputed
evidence is admissible for some proper purpose under MRE 404(b)(1), such as proving motive or
identity, it is admissible; it will only be excluded if that is warranted under MRE 403. Id. at 74-
75.

        In this instance, the evidence concerning defendants’ membership in the “Turn-around
Boys” was relevant as proof of both motive and identity. The evidence tended to show that
Williams had not been mistaken when he identified each of the defendants, and it also tended to
show that each of the defendants, as members of the Turn-around Boys, had a motive to retaliate
against Gantz and Williams, who were members of a rival gang and whom defendants believed
were responsible for the April 17, 2015 shooting.

        Moreover, on this record, we cannot conclude that the evidence was clearly inadmissible
under MRE 403. In this instance, the danger of unfair prejudice did not substantially outweigh
the gang evidence’s probative value. In light of the fact that Williams recanted his earlier
identifications of defendants at trial, the evidence of their membership in a gang or rap group that
was familiar to both Williams and Gantz was highly probative regarding both identity and
motive. Thus, because there was a reasonable basis for admitting the gang evidence, its
introduction at trial was not plain error. See Randolph, 502 Mich at 10 (holding that “[a] ‘clear
or obvious’ error under the second prong” of the Carines plain-error test “is one that is not
‘subject to reasonable dispute’ ”).

        Taylor also contends that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to object to the
introduction of the gang-related evidence. The failure of Taylor’s direct claim of error under
plain-error review does not necessarily preclude him from prevailing with regard to his related
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Randolph, 502 Mich at 5. Regardless, that claim
of error fails on its merits under the Strickland test because, even assuming that Taylor’s trial
counsel should have objected, Taylor has failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s failure to do so, the outcome of his trial would have been different. See Lockett,
295 Mich App at 187. In the end, this case boiled down to a question of identity, namely,
whether the jury believed that Williams’s initial statements (and testimony) implicating
defendants had been true or whether, instead, it believed his trial testimony disavowing those
earlier statements. By contrast, the disputed “gang” evidence was not seemingly of much
consequence in deciding guilt or innocence. Therefore, we reject Taylor’s claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel related to the gang evidence.

        Finally, Taylor argues that the prosecutor’s “repeated interjection” of the gang-related
evidence and arguments constituted prosecutorial misconduct. Because Taylor neither objected
to nor requested a curative instruction regarding the disputed evidence or prosecutorial
arguments, this issue is unpreserved. See People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 475; 802 NW2d
627 (2010). We review unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct under the Carines plain-
error standard. Unger, 278 Mich App at 235.

       As we have already explained, the disputed “gang” evidence was admissible under MRE
404(b)(1) as proof of motive and identity. Consequently, the prosecutor’s related arguments
concerning such evidence were not plainly improper. See People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58,

                                               -10-
76, 80; 732 NW2d 546 (2007) (“A finding of prosecutorial misconduct may not be based on a
prosecutor’s good-faith effort to admit evidence”); People v Callon, 256 Mich App 312, 330;
662 NW2d 501 (2003) (“a prosecutor is free to argue the evidence and any reasonable inferences
that may arise from the evidence”).

       Affirmed.



                                                         /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                         /s/ Thomas C. Cameron
                                                         /s/ Jonathan Tukel




                                            -11-
