                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                                   October 12, 2007 Session

  FLAUTT & MANN, a Partnership v. THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
                       MEMPHIS, ET AL.

                   Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                           No. 75359-4 T.D.   Rita L. Stotts, Judge



                   No. W2006-02227-COA-R3-CV - Filed February 20, 2008


         This appeal involves protracted litigation concerning the zoning of a parcel of land located
in Memphis, Tennessee. After a bridge, which provided the only access to the property, collapsed,
the landowners planned to install and maintain billboards on the subject parcel by helicopter. The
landowners initially applied to the Memphis City Council to have the subject parcel re-zoned from
agricultural uses to commercial uses. The Memphis City Council rejected the landowners’
application. The landowners filed a petition for review by common law and statutory writ of
certiorari and an action for declaratory judgment in the circuit court. The circuit court entered an
order reversing the decision of the Memphis City Council and remanding the case to the Council for
a new hearing.
         Upon remand, the Memphis City Council once again rejected the landowners’ application.
The landowners filed a petition for contempt in the circuit court alleging the Council violated the
court's order on remand. The trial court found that the Council violated its order, but that the
Council was not in willful contempt of the court’s order because it relied on the erroneous advice
of its lawyer in interpreting the order. The trial court remanded the case to the Memphis City
Council for a new hearing. The City filed an appeal in this Court. After noting that reliance on the
advice of counsel is not a defense to contempt, we reversed the trial court’s decision and remanded
the case to the trial court to determine if the contempt was willful. On remand, the trial court found
that the City was in willful contempt of the trial court’s order and assessed daily damages of $1,500,
accruing from June 13, 2003 order, until the Council complied with the court’s order. The City filed
a second appeal in this Court. We vacate the trial court’s damages order and remand the case to the
trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Vacated;
                                      and Remanded

DAVID R. FARMER , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HOLLY M. KIRBY , J., and JOHN
EVERETT WILLIAMS, SP . J., joined.
Lori Hackleman Patterson, Allan Jerome Wade and Brandy S. Parrish, Memphis, Tennessee, for the
appellants, The Council of the City of Memphis and The City of Memphis.

William H Fisher, III, and Valerie Futris Fisher, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Appellee, Flautt &
Mann.

                                            OPINION

                         Factual Background and Procedural History

        This case is a second appeal regarding a contempt order. See Flautt & Mann v. Council of
City of Memphis, No. W2004-01188-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 940568, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr.
22, 2005). The underlying facts and pertinent procedural history set forth in our previous opinion
are reiterated below:

               In 1979, Flautt & Mann, a partnership, purchased a parcel of real property
       currently located at the intersection of Interstate 240 and Mt. Moriah Road in
       Memphis, Tennessee. The subject property, approximately 13.55 acres in size, is
       presently bounded by Interstate 240 to the north, “old” Mt. Moriah Road to the west,
       Nonconnah Creek to the south, and property owned by Shelby County to the east.
       According to Flautt & Mann, they originally intended to use the subject property to
       develop commercial office buildings. When Flautt & Mann purchased the property,
       vehicles could access the parcel by using a bridge from “old” Mt. Moriah Road, a
       public road, across Nonconnah Creek.

               At some point, the State of Tennessee (“State”) constructed a portion of
       Interstate 240 to the north of the subject parcel, and the project included the
       construction of an interchange at Mt. Moriah Road. During the course of constructing
       the new interchange, the State created a new bridge across Nonconnah Creek which,
       in turn, limited access to “old” Mt. Moriah Road. The State did, however, leave the
       “old” Mt. Moriah Road bridge intact when it completed construction of the
       interchange. Thereafter, maintenance of the “old” Mt. Moriah Road bridge ceased.
       In approximately 1984, the “old” Mt. Moriah Road bridge leading to the subject
       parcel collapsed. Following the bridge's collapse, no effort was undertaken to rebuild
       the bridge, and the subject property remained without vehicle access.FN1 In
       approximately 1990, the State filed a condemnation action against Flautt & Mann in
       the Circuit Court of Shelby County to acquire a portion of the subject property to
       widen Interstate 240. In turn, Flautt & Mann filed a claim against the City of
       Memphis (“City”) seeking a mandatory injunction ordering the City to restore access
       to the subject property.




                                                -2-
       FN1. It is estimated that the cost of restoring access to the property by
       building a new bridge across Nonconnah Creek would be
       approximately $2,000,000.00.

        Without vehicle access, the only way to reach the subject property is by
helicopter. Flautt & Mann determined, and the City agreed, that the only
economically viable use of the property was as a site for the construction and
maintenance of billboards, which could be accomplished by helicopter. The City,
however, has zoned the subject property for agricultural uses only. On May 10, 1994,
Flautt & Mann filed an application with the Memphis and Shelby County Office of
Planning and Development (“OPD”) seeking to have the property re-zoned for either
commercial or industrial uses.FN2 After reviewing the application, OPD recommended
that the application be rejected for the following reasons:

       FN2. It was necessary for Flautt & Mann to file an application for re-
       zoning due to state law, which provides:
       Restrictions on outdoor advertising on interstate and primary
       highways. – No outdoor advertising shall be erected or maintained
       within six hundred sixty feet (660') of the nearest edge of the right-of-
       way and visible from the main traveled way of the interstate or
       primary highway systems in this state except the following:
       (1) Directional or other official signs and notices including, but not
       limited to, signs and notices pertaining to natural wonders, scenic and
       historical attractions which are authorized or required by law;
       (2) Signs, displays and devices advertising the sale or lease of
       property on which they are located;
       (3) Signs, displays and devices advertising activities conducted on the
       property on which they are located;
       (4) Signs, displays and devices located in areas which are zoned
       industrial or commercial under authority of law and whose size,
       lighting and spacing are consistent with customary use as determined
       by agreement between the state of Tennessee and the secretary of
       transportation of the United States; and
       (5) Signs, displays and devices located in unzoned commercial or
       industrial areas as may be determined by agreement between the state
       of Tennessee and the secretary of transportation of the United States
       and subject to regulations promulgated by the commissioner.

       Tenn. Code Ann. § 54-21-103 (2003). All of the subject property is
       within 660 feet of Interstate 240, therefore, Flautt & Mann sought to
       qualify for the exception in section 54-21-103(4) of the Tennessee
       Code by having the property re-zoned.



                                         -3-
       1. The location of the site makes rezoning to the Highway
       Commercial District inappropriate. The property has no available
       vehicular access to support land uses permitted by the C-H District
       including billboards. No access is allowed for maintenance of signs
       from the interstate by the TN Department of Transportation.
       2. Rezoning to the C-H District cannot be justified solely for the
       purpose of allowing billboards.
       3. Billboards on the subject property may be visible over sound
       barriers erected behind single family residential properties north of
       the expressway creating an adverse visual effect on those residences.

In fact, OPD's policy is to reject applications for re-zoning to commercial or
industrial designations when the sole purpose is to construct billboards. The
Memphis and Shelby County Land Use Control Board subsequently rejected the
application based upon the recommendation of OPD. Flautt & Mann appealed the
rejection of its application to the Memphis City Council.

        On November 21, 1995, Flautt & Mann's application came before the
Memphis City Council. At the hearing, Mary Baker (“Ms.Baker”), Deputy Director
of OPD, advised the Memphis City Council that OPD recommended rejecting the
application because the property did not have adequate vehicle access. In addition,
a neighborhood association attended the meeting and offered testimony in opposition
to Flautt & Mann's application. The Memphis City Council voted five (5) to four (4)
in favor of granting Flautt & Mann's application, but the application failed because
zoning changes require the approval of a majority of the fifteen member Memphis
City Council.

        On January 17, 1996, Flautt & Mann filed a “Petition for Certiorari or, in the
Alternative, for Declaratory Judgment” in the Circuit Court of Shelby County. The
petition alleged two counts: (1) that, pursuant to a common law writ of certiorari
codified at section 27-8-101 of the Tennessee Code, the circuit court should find that
the Memphis City Council exceeded its jurisdiction or acted illegally and arbitrarily
in denying Flautt & Mann's application for re-zoning; and (2) that, since the actions
of the Memphis City Council amounted to a taking without just compensation, Flautt
& Mann is entitled to a declaratory judgment to that effect. Flautt & Mann also
requested a jury to try the issues when joined. The circuit court entered a Writ of
Certiorari on January 17, 1996, requesting that the record of the proceedings before
the Memphis City Council be certified and sent to the circuit court for review. On
March 20, 1996, the City filed a motion seeking to dismiss the declaratory judgment
count in the petition. The City alleged that the declaratory judgment count
encompassed the same relief sought by Flautt & Mann in its third-party complaint
against the City in the condemnation action filed by the State. On August 27, 2002,



                                         -4-
the circuit court entered a consent order transferring the case, which had previously
been set for trial by a jury, to the court's non-jury calendar.

       On March 18, 2003, following a hearing on the matter, FN3 the trial judge
addressed the parties in open court, stating:

       FN3. On March 10, 2003, the circuit court heard testimony from
       Judson R. TePaske, a planning consultant, and entertained ten
       exhibits introduced during the hearing. On March 11, 2003, the
       circuit court heard argument from counsel for the parties.

               I reviewed the submissions on this matter and it appears to me
       that this case should be remanded to the City Council because I do
       think their actions were arbitrary in light of evidence concerning the
       surrounding properties. It may not have been intentional on their part,
       particularly as I said I observed the majority vote was in your client's
       favor, but the ultimate result was still the same. So we'll see what
       happens upon remand. If y'all [sic] will draft the appropriate order.

That same day, the circuit court entered an order containing the following language:

       This Cause came to be heard this day . . . on the petition of . . . Flautt
       & Mann, for review by common law certioriari, statutory certiorari,
       and/or declaratory judgment of the action of the Memphis City
       Council in denying Plaintiff's request for rezoning of property owned
       by it . . . on the hearing on Plaintiff's petition in open Court; on the
       responses of the Defendants to the Plaintiff's Request for Admissions;
       on the testimony of Judson TePaske; and, on the entire record in this
       Cause, from all of which the Court makes the following findings of
       fact and conclusions of law:

                That the denial of the Plaintiff's request for a change of zoning
       from AG to CH is invalid and should be reversed for the reason that
       it violates Section 138 of the Charter of the City of Memphis FN4 in
       that the Council failed to consider the complete change in the
       character of the neighborhood in which the subject property is located
       from AG to CH, and failed to take into account the fact that the
       subject [sic] is not suitable for any economically viable use with its
       existing AG zoning and is suitable for an economically viable use
       only if zoned CH.

               FN4. Section 138 of the Charter of the City of
               Memphis provides:


                                          -5-
        For each of such districts, regulations may be imposed
        by ordinance, designating the uses for which buildings
        may or may not be erected or altered, and designating
        the trades and industries that shall be excluded or
        subjected to special regulations. Such regulations shall
        be in accordance with a plan designated to lessen
        congestion on the public streets, to promote the public
        health, safety, convenience general welfare, and shall
        be made with reasonable consideration, among other
        things, to the character of the district, its peculiar
        suitability for particular uses, the conservation of
        property values, and the direction of building
        development.
        (emphasis added).

        The denial of the zoning requested is invalid and should be
reversed for the additional reason that it denies to the Plaintiff the
same CH zoning given almost every other parcel of land in its
relevant neighborhood, and also because it deprives the Plaintiff of
the same commercial and industrial zoning necessary for the
construction of “signs” within 660 feet of an interstate highway, given
many other parcels of property located throughout the City, which are
similarly situated, i.e., which have no vehicular access and on which
“signs” are the only existing structures.

        The denial of the zoning requested is invalid and should be
reversed for the further reason that it deprives the Plaintiff of its
reasonable investment-backed expectations for its property (i.e., use
as a commercial site) and deprives the Plaintiff of the only
economically viable use of its property, which is conceded to be use
as a “sign” site.

        Since the Council made no findings of fact, it is not possible
to know the basis for its decision in denying the Plaintiff's request for
change of zoning. However, there were only six reasons for rejection
of Plaintiff's request advanced by OPD and protestors who appeared
at the Council hearing, and it may therefore be assumed that the
denial of the zoning requested by Plaintiff was based on one or more
of these reasons, which are as follows:

        1. That the CH zoning requested would constitute
        “spot zoning”;
        2. That the subject property lacked vehicular access;


                                  -6-
               3. That the construction of “signs” on the subject
               property are aesthetically displeasing;
               4. That CH zoning cannot be justified solely for the
               construction of “signs”;
               5. That “signs” on the subject property may be seen
               from the residential neighborhood to the north of the
               subject property; and,
               6. That the construction of “signs” on the subject
               property would require cutting trees, which would be
               detrimental to the environment.

               If the Council's denial of the Plaintiff's request for CH zoning
       was based on any of the grounds enumerated above, the denial is
       invalid and should be reversed . . . .
               ....
               On the basis of the foregoing, IT IS, THEREFORE,
       ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the decision of the
       Council denying the Plaintiff's requested change of zoning for the
       subject property from AG to CH be, and the same is hereby, reversed,
       and the Cause is remanded to the City Council with instructions to the
       Council to grant the Plaintiff's request for rezoning of the subject
       property from AG to CH.

Counsel for Flautt & Mann drafted the order and inserted the instruction to the
Memphis City Council to grant the requested zoning on remand.

        Additionally, the original order contained the following findings: the zoning
requested by Flautt & Mann would not constitute spot zoning; it was unreasonable
for the Memphis City Council to require vehicle access because the zoning
ordinances contain no such requirement, and other property throughout the City has
been granted commercial zoning despite lack of vehicle access; zoning based solely
on aesthetic reasons is invalid in Tennessee; the zoning ordinances permit the
construction of signs in commercial zones, therefore, a policy absolutely prohibiting
re-zoning for the purpose of constructing signs is contrary to law; pictures presented
at the hearing conclusively proved that signs, if constructed on the subject property,
could not be seen from the residential neighborhood to the north due the sound
barrier wall on the north side of Interstate 240; and, since the property is wooded, any
use of the property would involve cutting tress, therefore, a denial of zoning for this
reason is invalid.

       On April 15, 2003, the City filed a motion, pursuant to Rule 52.02 of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, asking the circuit court to clarify whether it
intended to order the Memphis City Council to grant the requested zoning on remand.


                                          -7-
Flautt & Mann subsequently filed its own motion to alter and amend the judgment,
requesting that the court enter a revised order requiring the City to pay $439.15 per
day from November 21, 1995, until the Memphis City Council granted Flautt &
Mann the requested zoning as damages for the wrongful denial of zoning. The parties
argued the motions before the circuit court over a period of two non-consecutive
days.

       At one of the hearings held on May 28, 2003, the trial judge made the
following statements to the parties:

       I don't know what the result is going to be, but the point is this, after
       hearing the proof it was The Court's intention that the matter be
       remanded to the City Council and as I indicated I don't think I have
       a vote on the City Council.... My intent was to remand the case with
       the instruction to the City Council that the import of its ruling was
       that its decision was arbitrary and capricious.
                Now, in terms of how they fix that, I don't think I have the
       choice in terms of telling them how they fix what The Court has
       already found to have been an arbitrary and capricious decision. . . .
       Certainly I'm not going to change my ruling. But I'm just trying to
       make sure that everybody understands what my ruling was or what
       my intent was when I made my decision. That's to remand the case
       to the Council. But I don't think I can tell them you must make X
       decision. I think it's kind of implicit, but I don't think that my order
       should tell them you've got to vote a particular way because then I
       think I would be infringing on their authority, but the import is the
       same. Does that make sense?
       ....
       It seems to me that the order needs to be then amended consistent
       with Nance and Hoover, and in the ordering part it seems to me that
       there needs to be some language that tracks the language in Hoover
       in terms of telling the Council, number one, there's not to be any new
       evidence adduced or whatever, but they're to make their decision
       consistent with my order, and I mean it doesn't take a rocket scientist
       I don't guess to figure out if I've already said that the previous ruling
       was arbitrary and capricious, that I don't guess it's going to take a
       rocket scientist to figure that out.

       On June 16, 2003, the circuit court granted the City's motion and denied the
motion of Flautt & Mann. That same day, the circuit entered an amended order
containing identical findings to the previous order, but the court removed the
mandatory language and inserted the following language in its place:



                                         -8-
       On the basis of the foregoing, IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED,
       ADJUDGED and DECREED that the decision of the Council
       denying the Plaintiff's requested change of zoning for the subject
       property is remanded to the City Council, which in accordance with
       the holding in Hoover v. Metropolitan Board of Zoning, 955 S.W.2d
       52 (Tenn.App.1997) is hereby instructed as follows: (1) the Council
       is to conduct a new hearing on Plaintiff's zoning application based
       solely on the record in this Court, consisting of the record of the
       initial hearing before the Council on November 21, 1995, and the
       additional evidence presented at the hearing of this cause; (2) that at
       the new hearing, it shall not consider additional evidence of any kind
       offered by anyone; (3) that following the new hearing, the Council
       shall take action which is consistent with the findings and conclusions
       contained in this order; and, (4) that the matter be expedited by the
       Council to the maximum extent possible. In making this order, the
       Court's intent is to remand this case to the City Council. The Court is
       not directing the Council to make any specific decision or to vote in
       any particular way, but is only directing that whatever action is taken
       be consistent with the findings and conclusions contained therein.FN5

               FN5. By letter dated June 12, 2003, a few days prior
               to the entry of the amended order, Mr. Fisher wrote to
               one of the City's attorneys stating that he agreed to the
               new language in the amended order based on the
               City's representations that the City would not appeal
               or attempt to sabotage his client's zoning application
               on remand.

       Neither party appealed this final order. Subsequent to the trial court's
amended order, Allan Wade (“Mr. Wade”), counsel for the Memphis City Council,
and William Fisher (“Mr. Fisher”), counsel for Flautt & Mann, began communicating
through numerous letters attempting to identify the action required by the Memphis
City Council on remand. On June 16, 2003, the same day the trial court entered the
amended order, Mr. Fisher wrote a letter to Mr. Wade stating that Flautt & Mann
took the position that, while the amended order stated that the trial court was not
ordering the Memphis City Council to take any particular action on remand, the trial
judge implicitly intended for the council to approve the requested zoning. On June
20, 2003, Mr. Wade drafted a letter to Mr. Fisher in which he stated:

       Judge Stotts' Order notwithstanding, the Council has the legislative
       discretion, exercisable for a rational basis, to approve or to deny your
       client's application. This has always been my advice to the Council
       and will continue to be my advice to the Council. I have an ethical


                                         -9-
       duty, as do you, to follow the mandates of the Constitution and the
       Tennessee Supreme Court. I believe Judge Stotts has a similar
       judicial duty.

This verbal jousting continued as Flautt & Mann's zoning application made its way
before the Memphis City Council on remand.

        On remand, the Memphis Planning and Zoning Committee initially addressed
Flautt & Mann's application on September 16, 2003. Mr. Wade appeared before the
committee and presented a verbal summary of the case to the committee members.
While he instructed the committee that the trial court ordered that reconsideration be
limited to the record before the court, Mr. Wade made the following statement:

               I am going to prepare . . . I'm going to ask them to go back out
       and look at the property and come back to you with an updated report.
       I know this is something that is technically-it may be arguable [sic]
       outside the Court's Orders, but I believe that this body has an
       obligation to investigate the public safety, health, and welfare.
               I don't care what a Court tells you to do. And I'll go back and
       argue that one, but I think we need to make sure there are no other
       issues that we are going to consider.

When the council recognized the presence of Mr. Fisher at the hearing, Mr. Wade
instructed the committee that, in order to strictly comply with the trial court's order,
they should not hear from Mr. Fisher. The committee voted to accept Mr. Wade's
recommendation for an updated report on the subject property and set the matter for
another hearing on October 21, 2003.

       Ms. Baker sent a memorandum dated October 16, 2003, to Mr. Wade
providing, in relevant part, as follows:

       This memo is meant to provide an updated analysis from the Office
       of Planning and Development (OPD) regarding an application which
       proposed to rezone a 13.55 acre site adjacent to Interstate 240 at Mt.
       Moriah Road. . . . Nine years have passed since OPD issued a report
       on the application on July 14, 1994.
               The following updated comments are based on the agency's
       current view of the file, updated zoning maps and a recent field visit.
       ...

The memorandum went on to state that the property remains inaccessible by vehicle;
that Nonconnah Parkway, not shown on the map in the 1994 report, has been
constructed; and contained current maps showing the subject property and


                                         -10-
surrounding zoning pattern, stating that the dominant pattern is residential and
agricultural.

        On October 21, 2003, the Memphis City Council first addressed Flautt &
Mann's application for re-zoning on remand. Mr. Wade once again undertook to
address the Council members and summarize the litigation. At this meeting of the
Memphis City Council, only seven of the members currently serving were serving at
the time of the original application filed by Flautt & Mann. Due to the makeup of the
existing Council, Mr. Wade stated that he asked OPD to revisit the site to “make sure
there were no safety issues or any other issues relevant.” Mr. Wade provided the
Council members with a copy of the updated OPD report. Additionally, Mr. Wade
emphasized to the Council members the discretionary nature of the language inserted
into the trial court's amended order. Referencing section 138 of the Charter of the
City of Memphis, Mr. Wade urged the Council to consider this provision and made
the following statement:

       So-and safety is an issue that this council cannot delegate, whether a
       court tells you not to do it or not. It's something that you have to do
       irrespective of whether someone tells you not to do it or not.

Mr. Fisher also addressed the Council and stated his view as to what was required of
the Council on remand. After many of the Council members expressed their
confusion about what was expected on remand, the Memphis City Council voted to
send the application back to the zoning committee for consideration and a hearing on
November 18, 2003.

        At the hearing before the zoning committee on November 18, 2003, Mr.
Wade referenced a letter he wrote to the Memphis City Council on November 4,
2003, summarizing the trial court's order and recommending that the Council
members not consider any additional evidence or arguments. In the letter, Mr. Wade
stated that, in his opinion, the trial court was not ordering the Council members to
take any particular action, but they should only reconsider the zoning request
consistent with the trial court's order. He reiterated that the Memphis City Council
should comply with and consider section 138 of the Charter of the City of Memphis,
only consider the record before the trial court, and they should not entertain
arguments from the applicant or opponents to the zoning request.

        The zoning committee refused to hear from Mr. Fisher and refused to
consider a memorandum he prepared and sent to the Council members. The
committee members once again expressed their confusion as to what was required
by the Memphis City Council on remand. The zoning committee voted to send the
matter back to the Memphis City Council without a recommendation, and the matter
proceeded to the Memphis City Council that same day. Ms. Baker of OPD addressed


                                        -11-
the Council members to give them a “brief overview” of the case. Ms. Baker referred
to the pattern of zoning in the area, and she reiterated the reasons OPD recommended
rejecting the application in 1994. The Council members then proceeded to discuss
Flautt & Mann's application for re-zoning. During their discussions, the Council
members were conflicted about exactly what action the trial court ordered them to
take on remand. Ultimately, at the November 18, 2003, hearing, the Memphis City
Council voted to reject Flautt & Mann's application for re-zoning.

         On January 20, 2004, Flautt & Mann filed a petition for contempt in the
circuit court. Flautt & Mann requested that the trial court find the Memphis City
Council in contempt of the court's amended order issued on June 16, 2003.
Additionally, Flautt & Mann sought compensatory damages in the amount of
$1,500.00 per day from the date of the amended order until such time as the Memphis
City Council granted the requested zoning and their attorney's fees. Alternatively,
Flautt & Mann noted that, in the amended order, the trial court found that the denial
of the requested zoning amounted to a confiscatory taking of its property and
requested that the trial court award damages for such taking from November 21,
1995, until the zoning is changed by the Memphis City Council. The City filed a
response to the petition for contempt asserting that, on remand, it undertook a good
faith effort to comply with the trial court's amended order and, therefore, was not in
contempt of the trial court's order.

       On April 7, 2004, the trial court entered an “Order Denying Plaintiff's Motion
for Contempt and Order Remanding Case to Council for Further Consideration.”
The court's order provided, in relevant part, as follows:

                That on remand of this case to the Council, the Council
       violated the Court's June 16, 2003[,] Order of remand in the various
       ways indicated below; but, the transcript of the proceedings before the
       Council on remand indicates that the Council, relying on advice of
       counsel, misinterpreted the meaning of the Order, and, for that reason,
       it is the opinion of the Court that the Defendants were not guilty of
       such willful contempt as would warrant the invocation against them
       of the severe monetary sanctions sought by Plaintiff. Accordingly, it
       is the opinion of the Court that this matter should be sent back to the
       Council for reconsideration with instructions to the Council to take
       action consistent with the findings and conclusions contained in the
       June 16, 2003, Order of this Court, as that Order is interpreted in this
       Order. This Order is based upon the following findings and
       conclusions of the Court:
                ....
                The case was appealed and following a two-day trial before
       this Court in March of 2003, this Court found that the evidence,


                                        -12-
       (including approximately 100 admissions of the Defendants), was
       “overwhelming” that the denial of zoning was improper for a number
       of reasons set forth in detail in the Court's June 16, 2003, Order.
               ....
               Perhaps, the most important finding of the Court for purposes
       here was that none of the evidence offered by OPD and the objectors
       at the '95 [sic] hearing before the Council justified a denial of the
       zoning requested.
               The Court directed that on remand the Council “take action
       consistent with the findings and legal conclusions contained in the
       Order.” This Order was entered on June 16, 2003.
               As required by the Court of Appeals in Hoover, (Hoover v.
       Metropolitan Bd. of Zoning, 955 S.W.2d 52 (Tenn. App. 1997) (PAD
       1997), this Court directed the Council that upon remand, it was to
       hear the case on the record at the hearing before the Council in 1995
       AND on the record before this Court at the trial in March of 2003;
       and, the Council was expressly admonished not to hear “additional
       evidence” of any kind offered by anyone.
               On remand to the Council, the evidence considered by the
       Council consisted of: a “summary” of the 1995 Council Hearing
       prepared by the Clerk of the Council under the supervision of the
       Council's attorney; an “updated” report of OPD; a “current” zoning
       map; “current” pictures of the area; the testimony of Mary Baker with
       OPD; and statements of counsel for the Council.
               ....
               The Plaintiff and its attorneys were denied an opportunity to
       be heard at the meetings of the Council and its Zoning Committee, at
       which the case was considered, based upon advice of Counsel that the
       Order of this Court prohibited the Council from permitting the
       Plaintiff or its attorneys to be heard, which is not so.

Based on these findings, the trial court concluded that the City violated the court's
order by entertaining “new evidence,” thus stepping outside the record as limited by
the trial court on remand; failed to expedite the matter as ordered; failed to give
Flautt & Mann a “new hearing” granted in the court's order; and denied the
application on remand for reasons that the trial court had already concluded were
insufficient reasons for denying the requested zoning. In turn, the trial court ordered
as follows:

       That because the Council violated the June 16, 2003, Order of this
       Court in the various ways described herein, the Council is hereby
       ordered to reconsider the Plaintiff's application at a hearing to be
       conducted pursuant to the Rules of Procedure of the Memphis City


                                         -13-
       Council and the Court's June 16, 2003 [,] order; and, at that hearing,
       the Council shall take action consistent with the findings and
       conclusions contained in this Court's Order of June 16, 2003, as
       interpreted in this Order.

        On April 27, 2004, the City filed a notice of appeal to this Court presenting
the following issue for our review:

I.     Whether the trial court, in a proceeding for contempt of the court's order in
       an action for common law certiorari, erred in remanding the matter back to
       the Memphis City Council for further action when the trial court found that
       the Appellant's conduct did not constitute contempt of the court's order.

On May 7, 2004, Flautt & Mann filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment with
the trial court contesting the court's denial of damages for contempt. The trial court
subsequently denied this motion on May 28, 2004.FN6 Flautt & Mann did not file a
notice of appeal in this case, but it has presented the following additional issues for
our review: FN7

       FN6. Pursuant to the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, a
       notice of appeal generally must be field within thirty (30) days after
       entry of the judgment appealed from. Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a) (2003).
       When a party files a post-trial motion pursuant to Rule 52.02 of the
       Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, “the time for appeal for all
       parties shall run from the entry of the order denying ... such motion.”
       Tenn. R. App. P. 4(b) (2003). “A prematurely filed notice of appeal
       shall be treated as filed after the entry of judgment from which the
       appeal is taken and on the day thereof.” Tenn. R. App. 4(d) (2003).
       Accordingly, the notice of appeal filed by the Appellants has been
       timely filed.

       FN7. The Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure provide as
       follows:
              Except as otherwise provided in Rule 3(e), any
              question of law may be brought up for review and
              relief by any party. Cross-appeals, separate appeals,
              and separate applications for permission to appeal are
              not required. Dismissal of the original appeal shall not
              preclude issues raised by another party from being
              considered by an appellate court.
       Tenn. R. App. P. 13(a) (2003). Accordingly, the issues raised by the
       Appellee are properly before the Court on appeal.



                                         -14-
       II.     Whether the trial court erred in denying the Appellee's claim for damages
               stemming from the Appellant's contempt; and

       III.    Whether the trial court erred in denying the Appellee's claim for damages for
               the unconstitutional taking of its property without compensation.

Flautt & Mann, 2005 WL 940568, at *1 - 9.

        In the first appeal, we reversed the trial court’s ruling on contempt because we found that
reliance on advice of counsel is not a defense to contempt. Flautt & Mann, 2005 WL 940568, at
*10. Because the trial court relied on this defense in refusing to find contempt, we remanded the
contempt petition to the trial court to determine whether the contempt was willful. We denied the
landowners’s appeal regarding the unconstitutional taking, finding that we were without jurisdiction
to entertain the issue since the landowners did not appeal the original order.

        On remand, the trial court held two hearings where the parties presented arguments, allowed
the parties to brief the issues, and took the matter under advisement. On October 9, 2006, the trial
court issued a Final Order Adjudging the Defendants to Be in Willful Contempt and Awarding
Plaintiff Compensatory Damages, finding:

       1. That the Defendants be, and they are hereby adjudged to be in willful contempt
       of court for their failure to take action consistent with the findings and conclusions
       contained in the order of this Court of June 16, 2003, in the various ways enumerated
       in the April 7, 2004 order of this Court[.]

       2. That the Defendants be, and they are hereby, ordered to pay to the Plaintiff as
       compensatory damages for their willful contempt the sum of $1,500 per day from the
       date of this Court’s original amended order on June 16, 2003, until such time as the
       Council complies with the June 16, 2003 and April 7, 2004 orders of this Court.

       3. That the costs of this case be, and the same are hereby, adjudged against the
       Defendants.

From this Order, the City filed a second appeal with this Court.

                                         Issues on Appeal

       The City raises three issues on appeal:

       I.      Whether the trial court was without jurisdiction or power to enter its June 16,
               2003 Order, such that any finding of contempt of this Order must be vacated?




                                                 -15-
       II.        Whether the trial court erred in finding Defendants in contempt of the June
                  16, 2003 Order.

       III.       Whether the trial court erred in awarding damages for Defendants’ alleged
                  contempt of the June 16,2003 Order?

                                              Standard of Review

         “Appellate courts review a trial court's decision to impose contempt sanctions using the more
relaxed ‘abuse of discretion’ standard of review.” McDowell v. McDowell, No. M2000-00164-COA-
R3-CV, 2001 WL 459101, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 2, 2001) (no perm. app. filed) (quoting
Sanders v. Sanders, No. 01A01-9601-GS-00021, 1997 WL 15228, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan.17,
1997) (citing Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 583 (Tenn. 1993))). The court of appeals has
“appellate jurisdiction over civil or criminal contempt arising out of a civil matter.” See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 16-4-108(b)(1994). We will set aside a court's finding of contempt only if the court abused
its discretion. State ex. rel. Flowers v. Tenn. Trucking Ass’n Self Ins. Group Trust, 209 S.W.3d 595,
610 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Hawk, 855 S.W.2d at 583). Abuse of discretion occurs only when
the court applies a wrong legal standard or reaches an illogical decision or a decision that “causes
an injustice to the party complaining.” Id. (quoting Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn.
2001)). We must not, however, substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Id. (citation
omitted).

                                                    Discussion

                                                   Jurisdiction

       A considerable portion of the parties’ arguments are dedicated to discussing the validity and
lawfulness of the trial court’s June 16, 2003 and April 7, 2004 Orders. We note that neither party
appealed the underlying orders that precede this contempt appeal.1 Both parties concede that they


       1
           See Flautt & Mann, 2005 W L 940568, at *13, where we stated that:
                 In any event, we need not address the propriety of the trial court's handling of the original
       petition filed by Flautt & Mann. Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(a) provides that “[i]n civil
       actions every final judgment entered by a trial court from which an appeal lies to the . . . Court of
       Appeals is appealable as of right.” Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a) (2003). Such appeals are initiated by filing
       a notice of appeal with the clerk of the trial court. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e) (2003). The notice of appeal
       “shall be filed with and received by the clerk of the trial court within 30 days after the date of entry
       of the judgment appealed from.” Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a) (2003) (emphasis added). The thirty-day time
       limit is mandatory and jurisdictional in civil cases. Albert v. Frye, 145 S.W .3d 526, 528 (Tenn. 2004);
       Binkley v. Medling, 117 S.W.3d 252, 255 (Tenn. 2003). The Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure
       expressly provide that this Court can neither waive, Tenn. R.App. P. 2 (2003), nor extend, Tenn.
       R.App. P. 21(b) (2003), the time for filing the notice of appeal. See Jefferson v. Pneumo Services
       Corp., 699 S.W .2d 181, 184 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985). The failure of a party to timely file a notice of
       appeal will deprive this Court of jurisdiction to hear the matter. Searle v. Pfister, No. M2000-00731-
                                                                                                           (continued...)

                                                        -16-
cannot directly appeal the underlying orders, as the time for such an appeal lapsed several years ago.
The City, however, argues that if the trial court lacked the jurisdiction to issue the orders, the City
may collaterally attack the underlying order.

        The City argues that the trial court was without jurisdiction or power to enter its June 16,
2003 order, thus making its finding of contempt void. It is well-settled law that if a court lacks
personal or subject matter jurisdiction, “its order would be void, would bind no one, and could be
disregarded by any one with impunity.” Aladdin Indus., Inc. v. Associated Transp., Inc., 323 S.W.2d
222, 229 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1958); Brown v. Brown, 281 S.W.2d 492, 497 (Tenn. 1955) (noting that
if a “judgment of the Circuit Court . . . is void for want of jurisdiction, it can bind no one and a
disobedience of it would not be a contempt.”).

        According to the City, the Council was exercising a legislative function when it refused to
amend its zoning ordinance based on the landowners’ application. The City contends that the trial
court had no power to set aside the City Council’s legislative zoning decision in 2003 unless it found
that there was not any possible reason that could be conceived to justify the City Council’s decision
to leave the ordinance as it was, citing State ex rel. SCA Chemical Waste Services, Inc. v.
Konigsberg, 636 S.W.2d 430, 437 (Tenn. 1982). The City argues that its decision not to amend its
zoning ordinance was supported by multiple and valid reasons, and that the trial court exceeded its
power and authority when it rejected all of those reasons. The City posits that because the trial court
was without jurisdiction to enter its June 16, 2003 Order, the Order is void and the City cannot be
held in contempt for violating it. Resolution of that issue lies in the distinction between a void order,
which is subject to collateral attack and a voidable order, which is not subject to collateral attack.2

         1
          (...continued)
         COA-R3-CV, 2000 Tenn.App. LEXIS 817, at *7-8, 2000 W L 1862841 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec.21, 2000)
         (citing Jefferson, 699 S.W.2d at 184).


                   Neither party filed a notice of appeal to this Court seeking to contest the trial court's amended order.
         Accordingly, this Court cannot examine the correctness of the trial court's order on the original petition filed
         by Flautt & Mann in this case. In its second issue raised on appeal, Flautt & Mann asserts that, in the amended
         order, the trial court found that the actions of the Memphis City Council amounted to an unconstitutional taking
         of its property without compensation, FN10 but the trial court erred by not awarding damages. Flautt & Mann
         states that it did not file an appeal regarding the trial court's ruling on the original petition because it “fully
         expected to get the zoning requested on remand.” The “expectations” of a party cannot change the result
         compelled by the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. Since Flautt & Mann did not file a timely notice
         of appeal, this Court is without jurisdiction to entertain this issue. See Hemontolor v. Wilson County Bd. of
         Zoning Appeals, 883 S.W.2d 613, 618 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994).

         2
           “If an action or proceeding is brought for the very purpose of impeaching or overturning a judgment, it is a
direct attack upon it. . . . On the other hand, if the action or proceeding has an independent purpose and contemplates
some other relief or result, although the overturning of the judgment may be important, or even necessary to its success,
then the attack upon the judgment is collateral.” Gentry v. Gentry, 924 S.W .2d 678, 679-680 (Tenn. 1996) (citations
omitted).

                                                                                                             (continued...)

                                                           -17-
Gentry v. Gentry, 924 S.W.2d 678, 679 - 680 (Tenn. 1996). An order is void only if the court which
issued the order lacked subject matter or personal jurisdiction, or was a violation of due process.
Magnavox Co. of Tenn. v. Boles & Hite Constr. Co., 583 S.W.2d 611, 613 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979)
(cert. den. 1979).

         We are not persuaded by the City’s arguments. While we agree that zoning ordinances and
their amendments are legislative acts, courts do have authority over such matters. McCallen v. City
of Memphis, 786 S.W.2d 633, 639 (Tenn. 1990). As a general rule, “the exercise of the zoning
powers should not be subject to judicial interference unless clearly necessary.” Id. at 641 (citations
omitted) (emphasis in original). In the McCallen case, our Supreme Court stated that “[w]hether the
action by the local governmental body is legislative or administrative in nature, the court should
refrain from substituting its judgment for the broad discretionary authority of the local governmental
body. An invalidation of the action should take place only when the decision is clearly illegal,
arbitrary, or capricious.” Id. at 641-642.

         In our previous review of this case, we condemned the practice of joining an appeal (the writ
of certiorari) with an original action (the declaratory judgment) and the consideration of both at the
trial level. In the instant case, the landowners filed a petition in the circuit court entitled “Petition
for Certiorari or, in the Alternative, for Declaratory Judgment.”

         Our Supreme Court has held that “an action for declaratory judgment, as provided
         by T.C. A. §§ 29-14-101 - 29-14-113, rather than a petition for certiorari is the proper

         2
         (...continued)
        Although the instant case was instituted in the circuit court, an excellent description of when collateral attacks
may and may not apply is described in Gibson’s Suits in Chancery, to wit:

         The Chancery Court is a Superior Court of general Equity jurisdiction, and all of its decrees are
         presumed to be valid, and this presumption is conclusive against collateral attack, unless it
         affirmatively appears, on the face of the record itself: (1) that the Court had no general jurisdiction of
         the subject matter of the litigation; or (2) that the decree itself is wholly outside of the pleadings, and
         no binding consent thereto is shown in the record; or (3) that the Court had no jurisdiction of the party
         complaining, in person or by representation of interest; in which case it is void only as to such party,
         or his privies.

                  A decree is absolutely void if it appears on the face of the record itself either that the Court
         had no general jurisdiction of the subject matter, or that the decree is wholly outside of the pleadings,
         and no consent thereto appears. A decree is void as to any person shown by the record itself not to
         have been before the Court in person, or by representation. A decree not prima facie void is valid and
         binding, until it is either (1) reversed by the Supreme Court, or by the Court of Appeals; or (2) is set
         aside on a complaint filed to impeach it.

                   All decrees not thus appearing on their face to be void are absolutely proof against collateral
         attack, and no parol proof is admissible on such an attack to show any defect in the proceedings, or
         in the decree.

W illiam H. Inman, Gibson's Suits in Chancery § 15.11 (8th ed. 2004) (footnotes omitted).

                                                           -18-
        remedy to be employed by one who seeks to invalidate an ordinance, resolution, or
        other legislative action of county, city or other municipal legislative authority
        enacting or amending zoning legislation.”

Fallin v. Knox County Bd. of Comm’rs, 656 S.W.2d 338, 342 (Tenn. 1983).

        Although the record is not entirely clear as to how the trial court handled the landowners’
Petition, it appears that the trial court treated the action as one for declaratory judgment and
proceeded accordingly, a procedure approved by our Supreme Court. See McCallen, 786 S.W.2d
at 640 (applying the Fallin rationale in the reverse by permitting a declaratory judgment to be treated
as an application for certiorari), Fallin, 656 S.W.2d at 342 (permitting an application for certiorari
to be treated as a declaratory judgment). In the instant case, the trial court’s original and amended
orders of the trial court state that the trial court considered the landowners’ petition “for common
law certiorari, statutory certiorari, and/or declaratory judgment.” Additionally, the trial court heard
additional testimony by Judson Tepaske - testimony that was not presented at the original Council
hearing. The trial court also entertained ten (10) exhibits introduced during the hearing.
Furthermore, the trial court’s order contains several findings of fact. These actions, taken as a whole,
signal the handling of this case as an original action. In both of the trial court’s orders, it made a
finding that the Council’s actions were illegal, arbitrary, and capricious.

       We find that the trial court was within its jurisdiction and exercising within the confines of
due process to hear the case and issue its order based on its review of the case. Thus, the trial court’s
amended order is not void on its face, and the City cannot collaterally attack it.

                                          Willful Contempt

         Next, we turn to the issue of whether the City was in willful contempt of the trial court’s
amended order, dated April 7, 2004. “The court of appeals also has appellate jurisdiction over
civil or criminal contempt arising out of a civil matter.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 16-4-108(b);
Freeman v. Freeman, 147 S.W.3d 234, 242-43 (Tenn. Ct. App.2003). On appeal, we review a
lower court's decision regarding the existence of contempt in a particular case for an abuse of
discretion. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 583 (Tenn. 1993)(citing Robinson v. Air Draulics Eng’g Co.,
377 S.W.2d 903, 912 (Tenn. 1964)); Freeman, 147 S.W.3d at 242 (citations omitted).

       Because we must review the trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion, an
examination of that standard of review is necessary. Justice Koch, formerly a judge on this
Court, gave one of the clearest descriptions of what this standard means:

                The meaning of the abuse of discretion standard of review has become
        muddied and imprecise with the passage of time. Appellate courts, seemingly able
        to recognize abuse of discretion when they see it, rarely attempt to define the
        standard. They are generally content to fall back on it “to shore up verdict-
        salvaging opinions” or “to avoid close analysis of hard problems.” Rosenberg,


                                                  -19-
Judicial Discretion of the Trial Court, Viewed From Above, 22 Syracuse L. Rev.
635, 667 (1971); Waltz, Judicial Discretion in the Admission of Evidence Under
the Federal Rules of Evidence, 79 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1097, 1101 (1984-85).

        Our understanding of the nature of judicial discretion and of what
constitutes an abuse of discretion has not advanced much during the thirty years
since Chief Justice Burnett borrowed the United States Supreme Court's definition
of the standard contained in Langnes v. Green, 282 U.S. 531, 541, 51 S.Ct. 243,
247 (1931). In a criminal case decided in 1959, and later, in a 1961 civil case,
Justice Burnett posed the question “What is meant by discretion?” He gave similar
answers in each case, stating:

               We think that it means a sound discretion, exercised, not
       arbitrarily or willfully, but with regard to what is right and
       equitable under the circumstances of the law, and directed by the
       Chancellor's reason and conscience to a just result.

Southern Ry. v. Atlantic Coast Line R.R., 209 Tenn. 177, 183, 352 S.W.2d 217,
219 (1961); Ivey v. State, 207 Tenn. 438, 443-44, 340 S.W.2d 907, 909 (1959).
Other than these cases and the ones following them, our published opinions state
only that judicial discretion connotes “conscientious judgment, not arbitrary
action,” Jenkins v. State, 496 S.W.2d 521, 523 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1973), and that
a court abuses its discretion when it “acts contrary to uncontradicted substantial
evidence and ignores all valid criteria.” State v. Windhorst, 635 S.W.2d 706, 708
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1982).

        Trial courts' adjudicative decision-making is never completely shielded
from appellate review. See Knaffl v. Knoxville Banking & Trust Co., 139 Tenn.
240, 244, 201 S.W. 775, 776 (1918). However, the abuse of discretion standard is
a “review constraining concept” implying less intense appellate review and,
therefore, less likelihood of reversal. Louis, Allocating Adjudicative Decision
Making Authority Between the Trial and Appellate Levels: A Unified View of the
Scope of Review, the Judge/Jury Question, and Procedural Discretion, 64
N.C.L.Rev. 993, 1045-46 (1986); Rosenberg, supra, at 637.

        The standard conveys two notions. First, it indicates that the trial court has
the authority to choose among several legally permissible, sometimes even
conflicting, answers. Louis, supra, at 1038-39; Southern Fire & Cas. Co. v.
Cooper, 200 Tenn. 283, 286, 292 S.W.2d 177, 178 (1956) (a trial court's
discretion is “very wide”). Second, it indicates that the appellate court will not
interfere with the trial court's decision simply because it did not choose the
alternative the appellate court would have chosen. Downer v. Aquamarine
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex.1985).


                                         -20-
               Appellate courts have the task of articulating the boundaries of the
       permissible range of the trial court's options. When the courts refer to an abuse of
       discretion, “[t]hey are simply saying that either the discretion reposed in the lower
       court judge was not exercised in conformity with applicable guidelines or the
       decision was plainly against the logic and effect of the facts before the court.”
       Waltz, supra, at 1104.

                Discretionary decisions must take applicable legal principles into account.
       If the trial court misconstrues or misapplies the law, its discretion lacks the
       necessary legal foundation and becomes an abuse of discretion. Title Guar.
       Escrow Serv., Inc. v. Powley, 2 Haw.App. 265, 630 P.2d 642, 645 (1981); In re
       Presentment of Bergen County Grand Jury, 193 N.J.Super. 2, 471 A.2d 1203,
       1207 (1984); Stewart v. Floyd, 274 S.C. 437, 265 S.E.2d 254, 255 (1980); Earl v.
       Gulf & Western Mfg. Co., 123 Wis.2d 200, 366 N.W.2d 160, 163 (Ct.App.1985).
       Accordingly, “abuse of discretion” may connote an error of law, an error of fact,
       or an error in the substance or form of the trial court's order. Coca-Cola Co. v.
       Tropicana Prods., Inc., 690 F.2d 312, 315 (2d Cir.1982).

               Appellate courts' deference to trial courts' “discretionary” decisions should
       not promote result-oriented opinions or seemingly irreconcilable precedents. The
       law's need for consistency, predictability, and reliability requires the elimination
       of apparently whimsical authority on both the trial and appellate levels. In order to
       ensure a rational standard of review, a trial court's discretionary decisions should
       be reviewed to determine: (1) whether the factual basis of the decision is
       supported by sufficient evidence; (2) whether the trial court has correctly
       identified and properly applied the applicable legal principles; and (3) whether the
       trial court's decision is within the range of acceptable alternatives.

BIF, a Div. of Gen. Signals Controls, Inc. v. Serv. Constr. Co., Inc., No. 87-136-II, 1988 WL
72409, at *1 -3 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 1988).

        Before we address whether the trial court abused its discretion, we must look at what the
trial court actually ordered the City and Council to do. The order stated that “[t]he Court is not
directing the Council to make any specific decision or to vote in any particular way, but is only
directing that whatever action is taken be consistent with the findings and conclusions contained
herein.” The order set aside the Council’s decision and remanded the case back to the Council.
Citing Hoover, Inc. v. Metropolitan Board of Zoning Appeals, 955 S.W.2d 52 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1997), the trial court ordered the Council to conduct a new hearing on the landowner’s




                                               -21-
applications based solely on the trial court’s record.3 The landowner’s application was to be
handled as expeditiously as possible. At that new hearing, the Council was forbidden from
considering any additional evidence and was required to take action consistent with the findings
and conclusions of the order.

        In its finding of contempt, the trial court found that the Council failed “to take actions
consistent with the findings of [the trial court].” Specifically, the trial court found that the
Council failed to handle the matter expeditiously and that the Council considered “new” evidence
consisting of: “[a] ‘summary’ of the 1995 Council Hearing prepared by the Clerk of the Council
under the supervision of the Council’s attorney; an ‘updated’ report of OPD; a ‘current’ zoning
map; ‘current’ pictures of the area; the testimony of Mary Baker with OPD; and statements of
counsel for the Council.” Additionally, the trial court found that

         [t]he Plaintiff and its attorneys were denied an opportunity to be heard at the
         meetings of the Council and its Zoning Committee, at which the case was
         considered, based upon advice of Counsel that the Order of this Court prohibited
         the Council from permitting the Plaintiff or its attorneys to be heard, which is not
         so.

Based on its finding of willful contempt, the trial court ordered the City to pay the landowners
the sum of $1,500 per day from June 16, 2003, the date of the trial court’s original amended
order, until the Council complies with the June 16, 2003, and April 7, 2004 orders.

        Citing American Chariot v. City of Memphis, 164 S.W.3d 600, 604-605 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004), the City argues the trial court erred in not allowing the Council to consider additional
evidence. The City argues that the Council “cannot delegate or abrogate its authority to preserve
the health, safety, and welfare of the general public,” and that not considering updated
information for a hearing that occurred approximately eight years prior would be violating those
duties. Additionally, the City argues that the trial court erred by requiring them to conduct a new
hearing based upon the trial court’s record because the “zoning statutes and ordinances required
notice to surrounding landowners, [making] any rezoning without such notice . . . illegal.” See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 13-7-203 (1994). While the City’s arguments may have merit, disobeying the
trial court’s order is not the proper path to a resolution of this issue. Rather, appealing the
underlying order is the proper path – a path which the City chose not to take. It is well-settled in


         3
           The trial court’s reliance on Hoover in prohibiting additional evidence is misplaced. Hoover deals with an
administrative decision, not a legislative one. In Hoover, a quarry operator applied for a conditional use permit. If he
satisfied all of the requisite conditions, his application would be granted. The main issue in Hoover was whether, at that
fixed point in time, he had met all those conditions. Thus, in Hoover, it was proper to have the Council only examine
the evidence from that fixed point in time.
          Here, the Council was acting as a legislative body. There is no concrete list of conditions that the landowners
could meet and then automatically be rezoned, like in Hoover. Rather, the Council examines the surrounding area to see
what activities are taking place in neighboring lands and makes a determination for the public welfare and safety of the
city’s people. To do this properly, current information is a necessity.

                                                          -22-
Tennessee that “[i]f the Court has jurisdiction of the person and of the subject matter, it is a valid
order though it be erroneous, and disobedience of same by a party affected is a contempt of
court.” Churchwell v. Callens, 252 S.W.2d 131, 136 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1952).


         We now address whether the factual basis of the trial court’s finding of contempt is
supported by sufficient evidence. We find that of the three reasons the trial court cites in finding
contempt, only one reason has sufficient evidence to merit such finding. Our review of the
record reveals that the Council was perplexed as to how to comply with the trial court’s order.
The Council did forbid the landowners and their counsel to speak, but it appears that this was in
effort to comply with the trial court’s prohibition of additional evidence. We note that the trial
court’s July 16, 2003 order is silent as to whether the Council may allow the landowners or their
representatives to speak. The order mandates a “new hearing” but prohibits considering new
evidence and confines the evidence that the Council may consider to the record before the trial
court. Thus, there is not sufficient evidence for finding the City in willful contempt of a mandate
that is ambiguous, at best.


        Next, we find that the matter was handled expeditiously. The first time the Council
entertained the landowners’ application for rezoning was in 1995. In 2003, many Council
members were new and unfamiliar with the eight (8) year old case. They needed time to review
the record and become educated on the issue. Our review of the record reveals that the Council
attempted to give the landowners a fair hearing by taking time to review the materials.
Additionally, the Council voted on the case at the November 18, 2003 meeting, rather than at the
December 2, 2003 meeting, as originally scheduled. Therefore, we hold that the court’s finding
that the Council’s failed to handle the matter expeditiously lacks sufficient evidence.


        We do, however, find that the trial court has sufficient evidence in finding the Council in
willful contempt for “entertaining new evidence.” The record reflects that the Council
considered updated and current information. This information is arguably “new” evidence since
it was not contained within the record before the trial court. Based on our review of the record, it
appears that the trial court has sufficient evidence to find that the Council’s actions were in
contempt of the trial court’s order.


         The next issue is whether the trial court correctly identified and applied the applicable
legal principles in finding contempt. The punishment for civil contempt is intended to be
coercive; the remedy is temporary by nature. Doe v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility of Sup. Ct., 104
S.W.3d 465, 474 (Tenn. 2003). Holding an individual in civil contempt is an available remedy
“only when the individual has the ability to comply with the order at the time of the contempt
hearing.” Ahern v. Ahern, 15 S.W.3d 73, 79 (Tenn. 2000). “[T]he one in contempt has the ‘keys
to the jail’ and can purge the contempt by complying with the court's order.” Id. In the instant
case, the Council has the “keys” because they were and still are able to comply with the trial
court’s order (whether erroneous or not) by voting on the landowners’ application after reviewing

                                                 -23-
only the evidence that was available to the trial court. While other portions of the order may
have been vague or ambiguous, the mandate to only consider the record before the trial court was
perfectly clear. It is clear from the record that the Council reviewed additional material before
voting. Holding the City in contempt for going outside of that record was an action within the
range of acceptable alternatives. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the City in
willful contempt for disobeying its order.


                                             Damages


        The final issue is whether the trial court erred in awarding damages for the City’s
contempt of court. “Fines for civil contempt may either coerce the contemnor to comply with the
court order or serve to compensate the injured party.” Overnite Transp. Co. v. Teamsters Local
Union No. 480, 172 S.W.3d 507, 511 (Tenn. 2005) (emphasis in original) (citing City of
Chattanooga v. Davis, 54 S.W.3d 248, 271 (Tenn. 2001)). The amount of damages to be
awarded is a question of fact. Beaty v. McGraw, 15 S.W.3d 819, 827 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998),
(citing Sholodge Franchise Sys., Inc. v. McKibbon Bros., 919 S.W.2d 36, 42 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1995)). Thus, the standard of review of the amount of damages awarded by a trial court sitting
without a jury is the standard generally applicable to appellate review of findings of fact. Under
that standard, we review the record de novo and afford the trial court's findings of fact a
presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d);
Murfreesboro Med. Clinic, P.A. v. Udom, 166 S.W.3d 674, 678 (Tenn. 2005).


         Here, we find that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s order that the City
pay $1,500 per day from June 16, 2003. The order requires the City to pay that sum until the
Council complies with its June 16, 2003 and April 7, 2004 orders. Because the damages stop
once the Council complies, our reading of the order reveals that the trial court intended the
damages ordered to be coercive in nature. This is an improper use of the coercive fine because it
was awarded retroactively, with accrual starting on June 16, 2003, a date that is prior to the
finding of contempt. See, e.g., Shillitani v. United States, 384 U.S. 364, 370 (1966) (holding that
to be considered remedial, sanctions must operate in a prospective manner). Assessing a daily
fine from the trial court’s finding of contempt until the Council’s compliance would be a proper
use of the coercive fine. However, ordering the Council to conduct a third hearing under the
strict adherence to the trial court’s June 16, 2003 order would be illogical and wasteful.


         Ordering the council to make a legislative decision based on stale evidence contravenes
both justice and public policy. In a city such as Memphis, many things can change in the span of
just a few years. New roads might have been constructed, areas may have been annexed, and
farmlands could have evolved into a hub of industry. Such changes would undoubtedly affect the
Council’s decision. None of this is known without examining current and updated information.
We affirm the trial court’s finding of contempt, but vacate the damages portion. In its stead, we
remand the case to the Council for a new hearing. This hearing should follow the proper

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procedure as specified by the Council’s rules and regulations, should provide a proper notice and
a hearing, and should consider current information.


       The judgment of the of the trial court is vacated, and the cause is remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this Opinion. Costs of this appeal are assessed one-half to appellant,
The Council of the City of Memphis and the City of Memphis, and their surety and one-half to
appellee, Flautt and Mann, a partnership.




                                                      ___________________________________
                                                      DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE




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