            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



IMAD YATOOMA,                                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   March 21, 2019
              Plaintiff-Appellant

v                                                                  No. 340110
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
SAFA DABISH,                                                       LC No. 16-001491-CB

              Defendant-Appellee


IMAD YATOOMA,

              Plaintiff-Appellant

v                                                                  No. 341423
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
SAFA DABISH,                                                       LC No. 16-011491-CB

              Defendant-Appellee


Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and JANSEN and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In these consolidated appeals, plaintiff Imad Yatooma appeals by right the trial court’s
order granting summary disposition in favor of defendant Safa Dabish as to plaintiff’s fraud
claim pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and as to plaintiff’s conversion claim pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10). Plaintiff also appeals by right the trial court’s post-judgment order awarding case
evaluation sanctions and other sanctions in favor of defendant. This matter arises out of a
confusing series of transactions that ultimately resulted in non-party Wasim Hanna owing money
to both plaintiff and defendant. Plaintiff and defendant directed Hanna to make payments to a
company called Angel Cakes, which plaintiff and defendant co-owned at the time. Hanna
complied; however, at some point defendant bought out plaintiff’s interest in Angel Cakes.
Thereafter, plaintiff received no portion of Hanna’s payments. Plaintiff’s complaint generally
asserts that defendant wrongfully retained plaintiff’s half of Hanna’s payments. We affirm the


                                               -1-
grants of summary disposition, but we vacate the award of sanctions and remand for further
proceedings.

                                  I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        As of 2007, plaintiff and defendant were co-owners of two companies, Angel Cakes, Inc.
(Angel Cakes) and IAS, LLC (IAS). In February of 2007, plaintiff, defendant, and Wasim
Hanna entered into an agreement under which Angel Cakes and IAS sold certain real property to
another corporate entity, Dwyer Property, LLC (Dwyer). The agreement mostly refers to Hanna
by name as the buyer, but Hanna signed the document on behalf of Dwyer. The purchase price
of the property was $95,000. However, the agreement indicated that “[plaintiff] and [defendant]
shall contribute $47,500.00 of their current equity interest that they have in the selling entity
I.A.S., LLC and the balance of $47,500.00 shall be paid by Wasim Hanna, subject to
[adjustments including a $15,000.00 down payment and a payment schedule for the remainder].”

        The real estate transaction was executed on March 2, 2007. On the same day, Hanna
personally executed a promissory note in favor of IAS in the amount of $32,500.00.1 Hanna
filed a property transfer affidavit for the property, listing Dwyer as the buyer and IAS as the
seller. Notably, this promissory note was not made in favor of either plaintiff or defendant
personally; it was only made in favor of IAS.

        According to Hanna, the Dwyer business rapidly fell apart as a triumvirate, which
resulted in Hanna buying plaintiff and defendant out and becoming the sole owner of Dwyer. On
May 1, 2007, the three individuals executed a document agreeing to convey plaintiff’s and
defendant’s interests in Dwyer to Hanna, in exchange for $47,500.00 “acknowledged by way of
a promissory note.” The purchase formally occurred on August 30, 2007, and on the same day,
Hanna personally executed another promissory note, this time in the amount of $47,500.00 and
in favor of plaintiff and defendant personally. This August promissory note incorporated the
prior March $32,500.00 promissory note by reference. Also on the same day, a mortgage was
entered into between Dwyer, with Hanna signing in his corporate capacity, and plaintiff and
defendant as individuals. The mortgage secured the debt referenced in the promissory notes.

        Plaintiff and defendant verbally directed Hanna to make his payments to Angel Cakes,
whereupon plaintiff and defendant divided the money equally. There is no dispute that Hanna
did ultimately pay off the entirety of his debt and all requisite interest on that debt. In the
meantime, however, plaintiff’s and defendant’s working relationship broke down, resulting in a
settlement agreement on August 1, 2012, after litigation commenced in Macomb County. The
settlement agreement stated, in relevant part, that defendant would pay plaintiff:

         the sum of $625,000, without interest, in full resolution of all past, present, and
         future claims of whatever nature either party may have against each other from
         the beginning of time to the date of this agreement, including but not limited to:



1
    This amount presumably represents $47,500.00 less the $15,000.00 down payment.


                                                 -2-
       1. Full resolution of all past, present, and future claims of whatever nature they
       may have arising out of their business dealings and partnership with each other,

       2. Full resolution of the purchase by [defendant] of all interest [plaintiff] may
       have in ANGEL CAKES, INC, IAS LLC, and all related property both real and
       personal) [sic], and;

       3. Any and all matters which were claimed or could have been claimed in the
       above captioned litigation.

The agreement included a separate payment of $250,000 for the return by plaintiff of all Angel
Cakes inventory. Plaintiff and defendant entered into another settlement agreement a few days
later to “embod[y] the settlement” above. In relevant part, the second settlement agreement
contained the following release language:

               Except for the promises made in this Agreement, Dabish, Yatooma, Angel
       Cakes, and IAS, for themselves and their heirs, beneficiaries, representatives,
       employees, agents and assigns, and any other person who may make any claim of
       any kind by or through them, MUTUALLY RELEASE, ACQUIT and forever
       DISCHARGE one another of and from any and all actions, causes of action,
       claims and demands whatsoever, whether known or unknown, suspected or
       unsuspected, whether founded in fact or in law and from all manner of suits,
       debts, sums of money, accounts, controversies, agreements, promises, trespasses,
       damages, judgments, costs, injuries, claims and demands of any kind whatsoever
       which they or their heirs, beneficiaries, representatives, employees, agents or
       assigns have had or may have had from the beginning of time to the date of this
       Agreement, including any claim for damages, costs or attorney fees and all other
       claims asserted or which might have been asserted in the matter of Dabish v
       Yatooma et al, in the Macomb Circuit Court, Case No. 11-004776-CB. Other
       than the promises made in this Agreement, this general release extinguishes all
       obligations of any kind between the parties.

               This is a full and complete general release of any and all claims which
       either party may have against the other party or any of their heirs, beneficiaries,
       representatives, employees, agents or assigns, upon or by reason of any matter,
       cause or thing whatsoever, which has occurred prior to the date of this
       Agreement. The parties declare that no representation concerning the nature and
       extent of the legal or financial liability of the other was made by his attorney,
       agent or other representative employed by, or acting on behalf of the other which
       induced him to dismiss this case and sign this Agreement.

               This Agreement is not an admission of liability on the part of any party but
       rather a compromise of disputed claims and liability is expressly denied.

             THE INTENT OF THIS PROVISION IS FOR THE PARTIES TO RELEASE EACH
       OTHER AS BROADLY AND AS GENERALLY AS POSSIBLE, WITHOUT LIMITATION OR




                                               -3-
       EXCLUSION OF ANY CLAIMS OF ANY KIND EXCEPT AS TO THE RESPECTIVE PARTIES’
       OBLIGATIONS UNDER THIS SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT. [(emphases in original).]

       As noted, there is no dispute that Hanna continued making regular payments to Angel
Cakes. Defendant testified that as long as he and plaintiff had remained partners, he had split the
payments made by Hanna, and after he “bought out Angel Cake and IAS,” he ceased splitting
those payments. Plaintiff contends that defendant explicitly told plaintiff that Hanna had ceased
making payments, which is why plaintiff stopped receiving any portion of those payments.
Defendant contends that he and plaintiff never talked to each other at all since a year before the
2012 settlement.

       Hanna made the last payment in 2016. Plaintiff averred that “in early 2016 Wasim
Hanna’s attorney called me and requested that I sign a discharge of mortgage because his client
paid the Dwyer Property LLC promissory note in full”. Plaintiff opined that Hanna had in fact
paid off the note. However, plaintiff’s action is based generally on the contention that Hanna
made the post-2012 payments to defendant personally in some way, and defendant then retained
the entirety of those payments. Plaintiff commenced the instant suit, alleging fraud and
conversion. Neither Hanna nor any of the corporate entities were ever named parties in this
proceeding.

                              II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         Plaintiff filed his complaint on September 8, 2016. Pursuant to MCR 2.405(B),
defendant promptly filed an offer of judgment in the amount of $1, to which plaintiff made a
counteroffer of $30,000. In lieu of an answer, defendant moved for summary disposition
pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and MCR 2.116(C)(10). Defendant simultaneously moved for
sanctions pursuant to MCR 2.114(D), and for security for costs pursuant to MCR 2.109.
Defendant argued that plaintiff had failed to state a claim for fraud, because the complaint
omitted any allegation of any of the actual elements of fraud. Defendant also argued that
plaintiff had failed to factually support his claim for conversion, because Hanna’s payments were
always to Angel Cakes rather than defendant, Hanna’s payments were exclusively for the
purchase of real property from Angel Cakes, and plaintiff never raised the issue in the prior
litigation. Finally, defendant contended that the action was frivolous and sought sanctions
pursuant to former MCR 2.114.2 Defendant included an affidavit from Hanna in support.

       In response, plaintiff argued that Hanna purchased both the real property and plaintiff’s
and defendant’s interests in Dwyer. Consequently, plaintiff asserted that there existed genuine
questions of material fact. Plaintiff also attached an affidavit in which he stated that defendant
had lied about the receipt of money from Hanna, and further arguing that defendant was
continuing to make misrepresentations in his motion. Plaintiff asserted that Hanna’s affidavit
had been directed by defendant and that his claims were not frivolous. Plaintiff contended that in


2
  Former MCR 2.114 has been substantially relocated to current MCR 1.109(E). Former MCR
2.114(D)(1)-(3), (E), and (F) are identical to current MCR 1.109(E)(5)(a)-(c), (6), and (7),
respectively.


                                                -4-
the event the trial court agreed that his fraud claim was inadequately stated, he should be allowed
to amend his complaint.

        The trial court held a hearing and determined that summary disposition was inappropriate
as to the conversion claim. At the same time, the trial court concluded that plaintiff was not
“even close to a fraud claim” and granted summary disposition as to plaintiff’s fraud claim.
Plaintiff mentioned the possibility of amending his complaint, in response to which the trial court
warned plaintiff that he would need “more than just your client’s statement,” but that “if you get
something else in discovery that shows fraud then by all means, go ahead with it.”

        The trial court never made any express ruling on defendant’s request for sanctions.
However, it warned plaintiff about pursuing the fraud claim that “if you do that and lose I am
going to give them [defendant] every penny of cost.” Nonetheless, it reiterated that it would
permit plaintiff to amend the complaint. Finally, the trial court concluded that it was not
prepared to grant a motion for costs at that time. The trial court entered an order accordingly,
granting summary disposition in favor of defendant as to the fraud claim, denying summary
disposition as to the conversion claim, and taking the request for costs under advisement. There
is no indication in the lower court record file or register of actions suggesting that plaintiff ever
sought to amend his complaint. The lower court register of actions reflects that the parties both
rejected a case evaluation on July 13, 2017.

        Following discovery, defendant filed another motion for summary disposition pursuant to
MCR 2.116(C)(10), asserting that all of Hanna’s payments had been made to Angel Cakes rather
than to defendant or plaintiff personally. Defendant argued that plaintiff had sold all of his
interest in Angel Cakes pursuant to a settlement agreement, and the basis for plaintiff’s
conversion claim was the proven-incorrect allegation that Hanna made payments to defendant
personally. In response, plaintiff argued that defendant’s own testimony established that he had
been splitting Hanna’s payments until he bought plaintiff out of Angel Cakes, and thereafter he
continued to receive the payments but stopped splitting them. Plaintiff further stated that
according to the testimony, after the parties split their partnership, defendant “continued to take
the money into Angel Cake [sic], told my client that Hanna wasn’t paying anymore and he
continued to take the money into Angel Cake [sic].”

        The trial court held another hearing, during which it expressed concern about Hanna’s
obvious language barrier, to which defendant explained that Hanna’s attorney had been present,
and both Hanna’s attorney and defendant’s attorney spoke Hanna’s language. The trial court
directly asked plaintiff whether anything in the settlement agreement indicated that plaintiff was
to continue receiving proceeds from Hanna’s checks, to which plaintiff responded affirmatively
but was unable to show anything in the documents in support. Plaintiff admitted that Hanna
never had any agreement with Angel Cakes or owed anything to Angel Cakes, plaintiff and
defendant instructed Hanna to make his payments to Angel Cakes purely out of convenience, and
no documentation existed of that instruction even though all of the individuals had lawyers at the
time. Defendant reiterated that plaintiff had released any interest in Angel Cakes pursuant to the
settlement, and there was no evidence any entity other than Angel Cakes ever received any of
Hanna’s payments. Plaintiff protested that it was “an injustice” to allow defendant “to hide
behind a corporation,” but in response to a question from the trial court, he expressly and
explicitly disclaimed that he sought to pierce the corporate veil.

                                                -5-
        The trial court concluded that plaintiff would probably have a case if Hanna had made
payments to defendant in his personal capacity, or if Hanna had ever made payments to the
parties in their personal capacities, but because the payments were only ever made to Angel
Cakes, it found no proof that defendant had stolen any money from plaintiff. The trial court
entered an order granting summary disposition in favor of defendant and closing the case.
Plaintiff’s appeal in Docket No. 340110 followed.

        Defendant then filed a post-judgment motion for case evaluation sanctions, taxable costs,
and attorney fees. Defendant stated that both parties had rejected a case evaluation award of
$5,000 and observed that plaintiff had not improved upon that award amount, entitling defendant
to sanctions. Defendant also reminded the trial court that it had not yet ruled on defendant’s
prior motion for costs despite taking that motion under advisement. Defendant asked for
attorney fees in the amount of $27,862.50, for 74.30 hours at $375 an hour. Defendant also
asked for costs in the amount of $697.35. In response, plaintiff tacitly admitted to the evaluation
award and amount, but argued instead that defendant failed to provide any itemization in support
of his request for attorney fees, sanctions could only be imposed for expenditures after rejection
of a case evaluation, and almost nothing of substance occurred between the time the evaluation
was rejected and the trial court’s entry of its final order. Defendant filed a supplemental exhibit
consisting of an itemized invoice from his attorney.

         The trial court held a hearing on the motion. The trial court apparently was concerned
only that it had told plaintiff during the first motion hearing that “if you do that and lose I am
going to give them [defendant] every penny of cost.” As discussed, this is an accurate quotation
from the first motion hearing, but it is unambiguous from context that the issue under discussion
at the time had been plaintiff’s fraud claim. The trial court then told plaintiff that “I’m not going
to give him all the costs because I, far as I’m concerned what I’m going to give is enough to
make him not want to appeal me and enough to make you not want to appeal me too but you can
still do it.” The trial court granted defendant $887 in out-of-pocket costs, $8,500 for case
evaluation sanctions, and, for no further stated basis and with no analysis, $16,000 in attorney
fees. The trial court entered an order accordingly. Plaintiff’s appeal in Docket No. 341423
followed. This Court consolidated the appeals.

                                 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A grant or denial of summary disposition is reviewed de novo on the basis of the entire
record to determine if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v
Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). When reviewing a motion under MCR
2.116(C)(10), which tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint, this Court considers all
evidence submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and grants
summary disposition only where the evidence fails to establish a genuine issue regarding any
material fact. Id. at 120. A motion brought under MCR 2.116(C)(8) should be granted only
where the complaint is so legally deficient that recovery would be impossible even if all well-
pleaded facts were true and construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. at
119. Only the pleadings may be considered when deciding a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8).
Id. at 119-120.



                                                -6-
        “A reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s decision to deny leave to amend
pleadings unless it constituted an abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion occurs when the
decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” McQueer v Perfect
Fence Co, 502 Mich 276, 296; 917 NW2d 584 (2018) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
The interpretation and application of statutes, rules, and legal doctrines is reviewed de novo.
Estes v Titus, 481 Mich 573, 578-579; 751 NW2d 493 (2008).

        This Court reviews de novo whether to award case evaluation sanctions, but reviews for
an abuse of discretion the amount of sanctions and “the amount awarded as reasonable attorney
fees.” Peterson v Fertel, 283 Mich App 232, 239; 770 NW2d 47 (2009). This Court reviews for
an abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a motion for costs pursuant to MCR 2.625(A)(1),
but reviews de novo any underlying legal issues concerning the interpretation or application of
the court rule. Gentris v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 297 Mich App 354, 365; 824 NW2d 609
(2012). “We review for clear error the circuit court’s decision to impose sanctions on the ground
that an action was frivolous within the meaning of MCR 2.625(A)(2) and MCL 600.2591.” Ladd
v Motor City Plastics Co, 303 Mich App 83, 103; 842 NW2d 388 (2013). “This Court reviews
for a clear error a trial court’s decision regarding sanctions based on frivolous pleadings or
claims” pursuant to former MCR 2.114. Home-Owners Ins Co v Andriacchi, 320 Mich App 52,
75; 903 NW2d 197 (2017). Any underlying factual findings by the trial court are reviewed for
clear error. Jerico Constr, Inc v Quadrants, Inc, 257 Mich App 22, 35; 666 NW2d 310 (2003).
“An error of law necessarily constitutes an abuse of discretion.” Denton v Dep’t of Treasury,
317 Mich App 303, 314; 894 NW2d 694 (2016). A claim is not frivolous merely because it is
unsuccessful or because it is determined to be unsupported after discovery. Jerico Constr, 257
Mich App 35-36.

                                            IV. FRAUD

       Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in concluding that plaintiff failed to state a valid
cause of action for fraud. There are “several interrelated but distinct” legal doctrines “loosely
aggregated under the rubric of ‘fraud.’ ” Titan Ins Co v Hyten, 491 Mich 547, 555; 817 NW2d
562 (2012). There is no dispute that plaintiff pursues a claim of “actionable fraud,” under which:

       [t]he general rule is that to constitute actionable fraud it must appear: (1) That
       defendant made a material representation; (2) that it was false; (3) that when he
       made it he knew that it was false, or made it recklessly, without any knowledge of
       its truth and as a positive assertion; (4) that he made it with the intention that it
       should be acted upon by plaintiff; (5) that plaintiff acted in reliance upon it; and
       (6) that he thereby suffered injury. Each of these facts must be proved with a
       reasonable degree of certainty, and all of them must be found to exist; the absence
       of any one of them is fatal to a recovery. [(Id. (quotation omitted, alteration by
       the Titan Court)).]

Defendant thus correctly observes that a material misrepresentation is critical to a fraud claim.
Furthermore, the trial court granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), under
which only the pleadings may be considered. Maiden, 461 Mich at 119-120.



                                                 -7-
        A “pleading” is defined as a complaint, a cross-claim, a counterclaim, a third-party
complaint, an answer to any of the above, or a reply to an answer. MCR 2.110(A). For purposes
of review under MCR 2.116(C)(8), an attachment to a pleading is considered part of the
pleading. Laurel Woods Apartments v Roumayah, 274 Mich App 631, 635; 734 NW2d 217
(2007). Plaintiff attached numerous documents to his complaint, including the promissory notes,
the offer to purchase, the purchase agreement, and a deed. Plaintiff did not attach any affidavits
to his complaint. For purposes of MCR 2.116(C)(8), plaintiff’s affidavit may not be considered.

         Consequently, the complaint simply does not state anywhere that defendant made any
kind of representation to plaintiff at all. The only representation mentioned is that Hanna told
plaintiff that defendant received all of the payments due, which plaintiff deems accurate. The
complaint then states that defendant “defrauded plaintiff by keeping all payments due.” Simply
retaining the payments is not itself a misrepresentation, and nowhere in the complaint is any
assertion that defendant lied to plaintiff. Additionally, plaintiff contends that the element of
“reliance” is based on plaintiff failing to demand his share of the money from defendant. Again,
this is not alleged in the complaint. Fraud must be alleged with particularity. MCR 2.112(B)(1).
Because plaintiff clearly failed to state a claim of fraud in his complaint, the trial court properly
granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) as to plaintiff’s fraud claim.

                                     V. LEAVE TO AMEND

        Plaintiff’s argues that he should have been granted the right to amend his complaint
regarding his fraud claim, but he was denied the right to do so. Plaintiff discussed the possibility
of amendment with the trial court, which indicated that it would grant leave to amend in the
future if plaintiff made that request. However, the record offers no indication that plaintiff ever
sought to amend his complaint. The trial court cannot have “refused” a request that was not
made. This issue cannot be deemed “raised” before the trial court, so it is not preserved.
Polkton Twp v Pellegrom, 265 Mich App 88, 95; 693 NW2d 170 (2005). Furthermore, in light
of the trial court’s discussion, plaintiff cannot contend that he would have had any basis to deem
such a request futile. See Miller v Hensley, 244 Mich App 528, 532 n 2; 624 NW2d 582 (2001)
(“an issue is not waived by a party’s failure to make futile objections.”).

        Generally, “error requiring reversal cannot be error to which the aggrieved party
contributed by plan or negligence.” Farm Credit Services of Michigan’s Heartland, PCA v
Weldon, 232 Mich App 662, 684 591 NW2d 438 (1998). Because the trial court was never asked
to exercise its discretion, the trial court cannot possibly have abused its discretion. We
additionally note that given plaintiff’s own direction to Hanna to make payments to Angel Cakes
and the subsequent settlement agreement regarding Angel Cakes, it is unclear whether plaintiff
has any right to complain about Angel Cakes thereafter retaining the payments. See Holzbaugh v
Detroit Bank & Trust Co, 371 Mich 432, 436-437; 124 NW2d 267 (1963) (discussing estoppel
by acquiescence). It is doubtful that the trial court would have abused its discretion by denying
leave to amend even if plaintiff had ever sought to do so.

                                        VI. CONVERSION

      Plaintiff argues the trial court wrongly held that no conversion occurred because the
payments were only made to Angel Cakes, despite the fact that defendant bought plaintiff’s

                                                -8-
interest in the company. Plaintiff argues that defendant personally received Hanna’s checks after
the settlement agreement and retained half of the funds, knowing they were plaintiff’s property.
He further argues that defendant should not escape liability merely because he acted as an officer
of a corporation.

        “In the civil context, conversion is defined as any distinct act of domain wrongfully
exerted over another’s personal property in denial of or inconsistent with the rights therein.”
Foremost Ins Co v Allstate Ins Co, 439 Mich 378, 391; 486 NW2d 600 (1992). In general, “an
action cannot be maintained for conversion of money unless there is an obligation on the part of
the defendant to return the specific money entrusted to his care.” Citizens Ins Co of America v
Delcamp Truck Ctr, Inc, 178 Mich App 570, 575; 444 NW2d 210 (1989). Although the money
need not be specifically earmarked, “[t]he defendant must have obtained the money without the
owner’s consent to the creation of a debtor and creditor relationship.” Id. In contrast, “[c]hecks
are considered to be the property of the designated payee and may be the subject of a suit for
conversion.” Trail Clinic, PC v Bloch, 114 Mich App 700, 705; 319 NW2d 638 (1982).
Additionally, a person may be liable for conversion by aiding and abetting, or merely by
benefiting and subsequently approving of the act of dominion. Id. at 706.

        As an initial matter, the parties appear to dispute what exactly Hanna’s payments
represented, a dispute not helped by the obvious confusion at Hanna’s deposition. As discussed,
Hanna’s promissory note regarding the purchase of real property was in favor of IAS, not
plaintiff or defendant personally. In contrast, Hanna’s promissory note regarding the purchase of
Dwyer was in favor of plaintiff and defendant as personal individuals. Pursuant to the settlement
agreement, plaintiff released any interest in IAS, which by necessary implication includes any
interest in the real property or debt owed to IAS. Defendant is therefore necessarily correct in
concluding that the only debt that could theoretically be converted is the $47,500 debt for the
purchase of plaintiff’s interest in Dwyer.3 However, our review of the evidence in the record
reveals at least a question of fact whether Hanna’s payments to Angel Cakes represented in part a
debt due to plaintiff personally. The checks were, however, never exclusively for any debt
Hanna owed only to plaintiff.

        Whatever the nature of the debt, it is undisputed that Hanna only ever made his checks to
Angel Cakes, and never to either plaintiff or defendant personally. The act of physically
accepting Hanna’s checks made out to Angel Cakes and depositing those checks into Angel
Cakes cannot constitute an act of wrongful dominion in this context. First, plaintiff personally
directed that Hanna’s payments be handled in that manner. Secondly, plaintiff personally
participated in handling Hanna’s payments in the same manner: Hanna testified that from 2007
to 2012, he physically gave the checks to plaintiff. Finally, plaintiff apparently never asked



3
  Half of this amount is well below the trial court’s jurisdictional limit, see MCL 600.8301(1),
especially given that some of it was paid off by 2012. Nevertheless, plaintiff’s claim for triple
damages, in the absence of any alleged bad faith in the pleadings, presumably establishes proper
jurisdiction. See Hodge v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 499 Mich 211; 884 NW2d 238 (2016).
The issue was brought to the trial court’s attention but never formally determined.


                                               -9-
Hanna to stop paying plaintiff’s portion of the debt to Angel Cakes, nor did he include any
mention of Hanna’s payments in the 2012 settlement agreement. Plaintiff cannot contend that an
arrangement he created and from which he benefited is wrongful. See Pierce v Riley, 81 Mich
App 39, 48; 264 NW2d 110 (1978).

        The only real question is therefore whether defendant’s failure to redirect some portion of
Hanna’s payments to plaintiff after the 2012 settlement constitutes an act of wrongful dominion
over plaintiff’s personal property. Plaintiff points out that “where a defendant acts on his own
behalf or as an officer or agent of a corporation he is personally liable for torts in which he
actively participated.” Trail Clinic, PC, 114 Mich App at 709. However, the defendant at issue
in that case actively assisted in the conversion of specific checks by facilitating the misdirection
of those checks. Id. at 704, 709. Because defendant here never received the checks in his
personal capacity, it is difficult to say that he had an “obligation … to return the specific money
entrusted to his care.” See Citizens Ins Co, 178 Mich App at 575. Because of the 2012
settlement, it is equally difficult to say that Angel Cakes had any such obligation. Furthermore,
the receipt of the money was clearly with plaintiff’s consent, having directed the payments to be
made to Angel Cakes. Finally, as noted, the checks were never made out to plaintiff, were never
for a debt owed exclusively to plaintiff, and were therefore never plaintiff’s sole property.

        Plaintiff has failed to articulate any specific point at which defendant exercised wrongful
dominion over specific money belonging to plaintiff. The deposition of the checks into Angel
Cakes cannot be wrongful, and thus even blurring the distinction between defendant and the
company, Angel Cakes could not be considered in wrongful possession of the money. Pursuant
to the settlement agreement, plaintiff had no interest in Angel Cakes. Finally, there is no
evidence that defendant converted the money deposited into Angel Cakes for his own personal
use, and plaintiff explicitly disclaimed any interest in piercing the corporate veil. Finally,
plaintiff seemingly acquiesced by never trying to direct Hanna to discontinue paying plaintiff’s
portion of the debt to Angel Cakes. Holzbaugh, 371 Mich at 436-437.

       There is a genuine question of fact whether any of the money Hanna paid to Angel Cakes
was for a debt he owed to plaintiff personally. However, that question of fact is not material.
Because plaintiff has not identified any specific point at which defendant exercised or facilitated
an act of wrongful dominion over money belonging to plaintiff, the trial court properly granted
summary disposition in favor of defendant as to the conversion claim.

                            VII. CASE EVALUATION SANCTIONS

         Plaintiff next argues that the trial court’s award of sanctions must be reversed, because
the trial court never actually ruled that any of plaintiff’s claims were frivolous, never articulated
a legal basis for the amount or reasonableness of the sanctions awarded, and impermissibly
awarded sanctions for conduct beyond the dates permitted for a case evaluation award. The trial
court awarded case evaluation sanctions in the amount of $8,500.00; costs in the amount of




                                                -10-
$887.00; and “sanctions . . . in the amount of $16,000.00, which were previously taken under
advisement by the court.” We agree that the trial court erred.4

        There is no dispute that a unanimous case evaluation was entered and that both parties
rejected that evaluation as of July 13, 2017. There is also no dispute that defendant received a
more favorable outcome than the award, and plaintiff received a less favorable outcome than the
award. Consequently, plaintiff is obligated to pay defendant’s actual costs and reasonable
attorney fees incurred after and causally connected to that rejection, in contrast to the usual
“American rule” under which parties are responsible for their own attorney fees and costs. See
Haliw v City of Sterling Heights, 471 Mich 700, 706-707, 711 n 8; 691 NW2d 753 (2005).
According to the invoice defendant attached, defendant’s attorney charged $8,756.25 for services
between the date of the rejection and the hearing on the motion for sanctions. Consequently, it
appears that if defendant’s attorney’s hourly rate of $375 an hour is reasonable, the trial court’s
award of $8,500 for case evaluation sanctions is also reasonable. The trial court failed to make
any determination of reasonableness, however, rendering its award impermissible. See Smith v
Khouri, 481 Mich 519, 528-530; 751 NW2d 472 (2008). Likewise, the invoice reflects $783.25
in costs dating back to before the case evaluation rejection, which is also improper.

         The $16,000.00 award is presumably based on former MCR 2.114, which was the basis
for defendant’s request for sanctions in his first motion for summary disposition. The trial court
did not explicitly rule on any request for sanctions at the first hearing, although it took under
advisement defendant’s request for costs pursuant to MCR 2.109. Notwithstanding the fact that
the only mention the trial court made previously regarding frivolity pertained exclusively to the
fraud claim, the trial court apparently concluded that sanctions were appropriate because it had
previously warned plaintiff that the entire complaint was frivolous. Plaintiff correctly argued to
the trial court, and argues now, that the trial court had never previously ruled that his entire case
was frivolous. Indeed, the trial court’s threat to impose sanctions was clearly conditional upon
plaintiff continuing to pursue his fraud claim thereafter. As discussed, plaintiff never even tried
to further pursue his fraud claim.

        The trial court further openly stated that it chose an amount calculated to discourage both
parties from appealing, not based on any finding of reasonableness, and further based on a
completely wrong assumption that it had already deemed the entire case frivolous. Failure to
properly engage in a legally mandated analysis is necessarily an abuse of discretion. See Pirgu v
United Services Auto Ass’n, 499 Mich 269, 283; 884 NW2d 257 (2016); see also, In re
Yarbrough Minors, 314 Mich App 111, 137; 885 NW2d 878 (2016).

       We do not hold that defendant was not entitled to case evaluation sanctions, nor do we
hold that the trial court is not permitted to determine that any part of plaintiff’s case was


4
 Insofar as we can determine, defendant did not seek sanctions based on the offer to stipulate to
entry of judgment, so we will not discuss plaintiff’s argument pertaining to MCR 2.405(E).
Furthermore, because we do not reverse the trial court’s grants of summary disposition, we need
not consider vacating the award of sanctions on that basis. See Bank of America, NA v Fidelity
Nat’l Title Ins Co, 316 Mich App 480, 525-526; 892 NW2d 467 (2016).


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frivolous. We also do not hold that the amounts of the sanctions awarded would necessarily be
improper, if they were based on proper findings and analyses. However, the trial court failed to
make any necessary finding of reasonableness, and it may not base an award of sanctions for
frivolity on the incorrect belief that it had already made a finding. The trial court’s award of
sanctions must be vacated, and the matter must be remanded for reconsideration.

                                     VIII. CONCLUSION

        The trial court’s orders granting summary disposition in favor of defendant are affirmed.
The trial courts order awarding sanctions in favor of defendant is vacated, and the matter
remanded for further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction. Defendant may tax costs as the
prevailing party in Docket No. 340110, and plaintiff may tax costs as the prevailing party in
Docket No. 341423. MCR 7.219(A).

                                                           /s/ Colleen A. O'Brien
                                                           /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                           /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




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