              Case: 16-17256    Date Filed: 08/21/2017   Page: 1 of 7


                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]



               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 16-17256
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cv-02587-MSS-MAP

MELVIN BLOUGH,

                                                         Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                      versus

NICK NAZARETIAN,
individually and in his official capacity as a Justice within the
Thirteenth Judicial Circuit in and for Hillsborough County, State of Florida,
TRACY SHEEHAN,
individually and in her official capacity as a Justice within the
Thirteenth Judicial Circuit in and for Hillsborough County, State of Florida,
LAUREL M. LEE,
individually and in her official capacity as a Justice within the
Thirteenth Judicial Circuit in and for Hillsborough County, State of Florida,
MARY ELIZABETH KUENZEL,
individually and in her official capacity as Clerk of the Court in the
District Court of Appeal of the State of Florida Second District,
JOHN A. TOMASINO,
 individually and in his official capacity as Clerk of the Court in the
Supreme Court of the State of Florida,
JAMES S. MOODY, JR.,
individually and in his official capacity as a Justice within the
United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida Tampa Division,
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                                                              Defendants-Appellees.

                           ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                         ________________________

                                 (August 21, 2017)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, MARTIN and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Melvin Blough, proceeding pro se, sued federal District Judge James S.

Moody, Jr.; Florida Circuit Court Judges Tracy Sheehan, Laurel Lee, and Nick

Nazaretian; Florida Second District Court of Appeal Clerk of Court Mary

Elizabeth Kuenzel; and Florida Supreme Court Clerk of Court John Tomasino,

asserting claims against them in their individual and official capacities under 42

U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of

Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S. Ct. 1999 (1971), for violations of his federal civil

rights. The district court dismissed Blough’s complaint for failure to state a claim

against the defendants on which relief could be granted. This is Blough’s appeal.

                                          I.




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       Blough’s claims arise from events surrounding his Florida state court

divorce proceedings.1 While that divorce case was pending, Blough filed a lawsuit

in federal court requesting that the district court issue a declaratory judgment

ordering two state court judges to enforce, among other federal statutes, the

Uniformed Services Former Spouse’s Protection Act, 10 U.S.C. § 1408. Judge

Moody presided over that federal case, found that the two state court judges were

entitled to judicial immunity, and dismissed Blough’s claims against them.

       Meanwhile, in the state court divorce proceeding, Blough filed a motion for

the court to take judicial notice of the federal statutes (including the Uniformed

Services Former Spouse’s Protection Act) that he contended preempted Florida

divorce law, which Judge Sheehan denied without comment. Blough then filed a

motion requesting that Judge Sheehan recuse herself, and she granted that motion.

       The divorce case was reassigned to Judge Lee, and Blough filed a motion

requesting that Judge Lee reconsider Judge Sheehan’s denial of his request for a

hearing on his judicial notice motion. Judge Lee denied his motion for

reconsideration, and then later recused herself from the case. After the case was

reassigned to Judge Nazaretian, Blough filed an emergency motion for



       1
          Because this is an appeal from a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) dismissal,
“we draw the facts from [Blough’s] complaint, accepting those facts as true and construing them
in the light most favorable to [him].” Butler v. Sheriff of Palm Beach Cty., 685 F.3d 1261, 1263
n.2 (11th Cir. 2012).
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reconsideration of Judge Sheehan’s and Judge Lee’s denials of his requests for a

hearing. Judge Nazaretian denied that motion.

       When Judge Nazaretian presided over hearings in the divorce proceeding, he

limited the discussion to Florida divorce law and would not permit Blough to argue

that federal law preempted state divorce law. At the final hearing in the divorce

case, Blough elected to submit written narratives and exhibits in lieu of making a

closing argument. When Judge Nazaretian issued the final judgment in the case,

the judgment order did not refer to Blough’s written narratives or exhibits and it

resolved all of the issues under Florida divorce law despite Blough’s contentions

that federal law governed the case.

                                                II.

       Blough then sued the defendants asserting claims under § 1983 and Bivens

for violations of his Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process rights. The

district court sua sponte dismissed those claims after finding that it lacked

jurisdiction over the claims against Judges Sheehan, Lee, and Nazaretian and that

Judge Moody was entitled to judicial immunity. 2


       2
         It appears that the district court did not give Blough notice of its intent to dismiss his
complaint before it entered the dismissal order. While the district court should have first given
Blough notice of its intent to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim, that failure does
not require reversal. The legal inadequacies of Blough’s claims against the defendants are
apparent from the complaint’s allegations and could not be remedied by amending the complaint.
See Byrne v. Nezhat, 261 F.3d 1075, 1127 n.99 (11th Cir. 2001), abrogated on other grounds by
Bridge v. Phoenix Bond & Indem. Co., 553 U.S. 639, 128 S. Ct. 2131 (2008) (noting that
“reversal of a sua sponte dismissal without notice may not be mandated if amendment [of the
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                                                 III.

       Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine the district court (and we) lack

jurisdiction over Blough’s claims against Judges Sheehan, Lee, and Nazaretian.

See D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 103 S. Ct. 1303 (1983);

Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 44 S. Ct. 149 (1923). “The doctrine is

a jurisdictional rule that precludes the lower federal courts from reviewing state

court judgments.” Alvarez v. Att’y Gen. for Fla., 679 F.3d 1257, 1262 (11th Cir.

2012). It is confined to “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of

injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court

proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those

judgments.” Id. The doctrine “operates as a bar to federal court jurisdiction where

the issue before the court was inextricably intertwined with the state court

judgment” such that “the federal claim would succeed only to the extent that the

state court wrongly decided the issues.” Id. at 1262–63 (quotation marks omitted).

       Blough’s claims against Judges Sheehan, Lee, and Nazaretian rely on their

alleged failure to recognize that federal law preempted Florida divorce law, which

led them to erroneously apply Florida law in his divorce proceedings. Blough

asserts in his complaint that as a result of the judges’ application of Florida law, he




complaint] would be futile or if it is patently obvious that the plaintiff could not prevail”)
(alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted).
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was denied his “Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment right to procedural and

substantive due process.” Those claims are brought by Blough (a state court loser)

who complains of injuries caused by the state court divorce judgment, and those

claims would succeed “only to the extent that the state court wrongly decided” the

preemption issue. Alvarez, 679 F.3d at 1262–63. As a result, the district court

properly found that under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine it lacked subject matter

jurisdiction over those claims. 3

       As for Blough’s claims against Judge Moody, “[j]udges are entitled to

absolute judicial immunity from damages for those acts taken while they are acting

in their judicial capacity unless they acted in the ‘clear absence of all jurisdiction.’”

Bolin v. Story, 225 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting Stump v. Sparkman,

435 U.S. 349, 356–57, 98 S. Ct. 1099, 1105 (1978)). “This immunity applies even

when the judge’s acts are in error, malicious, or were in excess of his or her

jurisdiction.” Id. Blough’s claims against Judge Moody arise from Judge

Moody’s finding that Blough’s claims against the two state court judges were

barred by judicial immunity. Judge Moody acted in his judicial capacity when he

made that finding and dismissed Blough’s claims against those two state court


       3
         While Blough contends that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not apply to his claims
against Judges Sheehan, Lee, and Nazaretian because those judges lacked jurisdiction to enter
the orders that he is challenging on appeal, he is wrong. See Fla. Stat. § 26.012; see also
Dressler v. Dressler, 967 So. 2d 1009, 1010 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007) (“There can be no dispute that
the circuit court has subject matter jurisdiction over cases involving dissolution of marriage.”).

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judges, and his actions were not taken in the “clear absence of all jurisdiction.” As

a result, the district court properly found that Judge Moody was entitled to judicial

immunity. 4

       AFFIRMED.




       4
          Blough also asserted claims against Mary Elizabeth Kuenzel and John Tomasino, which
the district court dismissed for failure to state a claim. He concedes on appeal that the district
court properly dismissed his claims against Kuenzel and Tomasino.
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