                                  Illinois Official Reports

                                         Appellate Court




     Mansfield v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 2013 IL App (2d) 120909WC




Appellate Court              CINDY MANSFIELD, Appellant and Cross-Appellee, v. THE
Caption                      ILLINOIS WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION et al.
                             (Naperville Park District, Appellee and Cross-Appellant).



District & No.               Second District
                             Docket No. 2-12-0909WC



Filed                        November 21, 2013



Held                         The Workers’ Compensation Commission’s award of 10% loss of the
(Note: This syllabus         person as a whole for the back injury claimant suffered in a
constitutes no part of the   work-related fall was not against the manifest weight of the evidence,
opinion of the court but     but the portion of the judgment modifying the calculation of
has been prepared by the     claimant’s average weekly wage to include her income from teaching
Reporter of Decisions        piano lessons from her home was reversed and the cause was
for the convenience of       remanded for redetermination of the average weekly wage and
the reader.)                 benefits to which claimant was entitled.



Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Du Page County, No. 11-MR-1459;
Review                       the Hon. Terence M. Sheen, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                     Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded with directions.
     Counsel on                Anthony L. Russo, Sr., of Russo & Russo, Ltd., of Wheaton, for
     Appeal                    appellant.

                               Jeffrey B. Huebsch, of Power & Cronin, Ltd., of Oak Brook, for
                               appellee.



     Panel                     JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                               Presiding Justice Holdridge and Justices Hoffman, Hudson, and
                               Stewart concurred in the judgment and opinion.




                                                   OPINION


¶1          On March 19, 2004, claimant, Cindy Mansfield, filed two applications for adjustment of
       claim pursuant to the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act) (820 ILCS 305/1 through 30 (West
       2002)), seeking benefits from the employer, Naperville Park District, for injuries suffered to
       her low back, legs, neck, and arms on July 23, 2003 (No. 04WC13562), and on September 9,
       2003 (No. 04WC13563).
¶2          Following a consolidated hearing, an arbitrator issued a separate decision for each case.
       Regarding the injury suffered on July 23, 2003, the arbitrator found that claimant proved she
       sustained injuries arising out of and in the course of her employment with the employer on that
       date. Specifically, the arbitrator found claimant “suffered a lumbar strain as a result of the
       initial injury on July 23, 2003, and that a causal relationship existed between said work injury
       and her condition of ill-being up through the date of the second injury on September 9, 2003,
       the subject of claim 04 WC 13563.” However, the arbitrator found claimant failed to prove she
       was entitled to temporary total disability (TTD) benefits and medical expenses from July 23,
       2003, the date of the first accident, to September 9, 2003, the date of the second accident. The
       arbitrator stated his intent to address the issue of the nature and extent of claimant’s injuries in
       his order in case No. 04WC13563. Neither party sought review of the arbitrator’s decision (No.
       04WC13562) before the Commission.
¶3          Regarding the injury suffered on September 9, 2003 (No. 04WC13563), the arbitrator
       found claimant proved she sustained injuries arising out of and in the course of her
       employment with the employer on September 9, 2003, and “a causal relationship existed
       between the accident on September 9, 2003 and Petitioner’s current condition of ill-being,
       including the need for the surgery she eventually underwent on December 13, 2004.” The
       arbitrator determined claimant’s average weekly wage was $437.50, and awarded claimant
       TTD benefits in the amount of $291.67 per week, from September 9, 2003, through July 5,
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       2005; permanent partial disability (PPD) benefits in the amount of $262.50 per week for 125
       weeks, representing 25% loss of her person as a whole; and medical expenses in the amount of
       $108,554.15.
¶4         The employer filed a petition for review of the arbitrator’s decision (case No. 04WC13563)
       before the Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission (Commission). On review, the
       Commission modified the arbitrator’s decision finding claimant failed to prove a causal
       relationship between her injury on September 9, 2003, and her condition of ill-being after April
       30, 2004. The Commission awarded claimant TTD benefits in the amount of $291.67 per
       week, from September 11, 2003, through April 12, 2004; PPD benefits in the amount of
       $262.50 per week for 50 weeks, representing 10% loss of her person as a whole; and medical
       expenses in the amount of $5,416.54. The Commission otherwise affirmed and adopted the
       arbitrator’s decision.
¶5         Thereafter, both claimant and the employer filed petitions seeking judicial review in the
       circuit court of Du Page County. The circuit court modified the Commission’s decision,
       finding claimant’s average weekly wage was $517.56 and directing the Commission “to
       recalculate the average weekly wage and the benefits allowed in conformity with this
       Opinion.” The court otherwise confirmed the Commission=s decision.
¶6         Claimant appeals, arguing the Commission’s findings regarding causation, average weekly
       wage, TTD benefits, PPD benefits, and medical expenses are against the manifest weight of the
       evidence. The employer cross-appeals, arguing the Commission incorrectly calculated
       claimant’s average weekly wage as including profits from claimant’s self-employment
       providing piano lessons in her home.

¶7                                         I. BACKGROUND
¶8         The following factual recitation is taken from the evidence presented at the consolidated
       arbitration hearing.
¶9         The 47-year-old claimant testified that she began work teaching various preschool classes
       for the employer in approximately 1999. Claimant worked between 12 and 20 hours each week
       depending on class offerings and student enrollment. Claimant also taught piano in her home.
       She worked approximately the same number of hours from home as for the employer.
¶ 10       On July 23, 2003, claimant assisted two-year-olds with a program for their parents. Near
       the end of the program, claimant felt a child standing immediately behind her. In an effort to
       avoid falling on the child, claimant leaped back and fell on her low back, bottom, and arm. As
       a result, claimant experienced soreness in her back, arms, and shoulders. According to a wage
       statement prepared by the employer, claimant continued to work, reporting 9.75 hours worked
       for the pay period including July 26, 2003, through August 8, 2003. Claimant testified she did
       not seek immediate treatment because she thought she had bruised something and it would
       heal.
¶ 11       Claimant testified she had never injured her back prior to July 23, 2003, and did not have
       chronic problems with her back. Claimant identified her family doctor as Dr. Brian O’Leary,
       an internist. Claimant first treated with Dr. O’Leary in approximately 1994. Dr. O’Leary’s

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       treatment notes on April 18, 1994, reference claimant’s 15-year history of muscle pain in the
       low back, and at times, in the neck and upper back. The treatment notes from 1994 through
       approximately 2008 make multiple references to claimant’s fibromyalgia.
¶ 12       Claimant remained sore and at the direction of the employer sought treatment on August 7,
       2003, with Dr. Vimal Patel, a doctor of osteopathy at Edward Corporate Health. Dr. Patel
       noted (1) tenderness bilaterally over the SI joint and (2) the lumbar spine X-rays were normal.
       Dr. Patel diagnosed lumbar strain and bilateral SI strain. He prescribed naproxen and a course
       of physical therapy. Dr. Patel’s medical notes state that claimant was off of school and, thus,
       did not require specific work restrictions. A physical therapy evaluation prepared on August 8,
       2003, states claimant suffered from chronic right knee pain, fibromyalgia, and hypertension,
       and had multiple abdominal surgeries. Claimant returned to Dr. Patel on August 21, 2003. She
       reported attending four physical therapy sessions and that it had helped significantly. Dr.
       Patel’s treatment note states that claimant “for the most part *** feels better.” Dr. Patel
       recommended one more week of physical therapy and no restrictions. Claimant was to resume
       work in September 2003, with the fall programming session. Claimant last attended physical
       therapy through Edward Hospital on September 4, 2003. A physical therapy summary noted
       claimant had attended four of nine visits.
¶ 13       The employer began new class offerings on September 8, 2003, and claimant resumed
       teaching for the employer. On September 9, 2003, claimant reached for a toddler who was
       running toward a classroom door and “fell into the door and made [her] back worse.” Claimant
       sought treatment from chiropractor Dr. Brad Pins on September 11, 2003. Claimant gave a
       history of the work accident on July 23, 2003. Dr. Pins’ treatment notes reference a
       “continuing trauma” following the work accident on July 23, 2003, and include a reference to
       the work accident on September 9, 2003. Dr. Pins recommended “extreme limited duty” on
       September 11, 2003, and removed claimant from work on February 12, 2004. Dr. Pins treated
       claimant two or three times a week until April 12, 2004. Claimant experienced pain throughout
       her treatment with Dr. Pins and reported minimal improvement.
¶ 14       Claimant underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of her lower back on September
       16, 2003, read by chiropractic radiologist Dr. John A. Aikenhead. Dr. Aikenhead’s impression
       was L5-S1 left lateral herniation compromising the canal and the foramen and small Modic
       changes at the adjacent endplates.
¶ 15       On September 22, 2003, claimant completed an initial patient history with the Synergy
       Institute, a physical therapy provider. Claimant identified fibromyalgia as a previous injury.
       Further, claimant wrote she was unable to work for the employer because she could not pick up
       the children but she was teaching piano at home, although in pain. Claimant identified a
       herniated disc as her major complaint and reported losing work days since her July 2003
       accident.
¶ 16       On October 28, 2003, claimant was examined by Dr. David Spencer, at the request of the
       employer. Dr. Spencer is an orthopedic surgeon with a spine surgery practice at Lutheran
       General Hospital, Park Ridge, Illinois. According to his treatment notes, claimant reported
       work accidents on July 23, 2003, and September 9, 2003. Claimant did not seek immediate
       treatment following the July 2003 accident because she had a history of back pain and
                                                    -4-
       fibromyalgia and based on that history, believed she would get better. In a pain diagram,
       claimant noted occasional right leg “pins and needles,” constant stabbing pain across the low
       back, and constant low back aching on the left side. The September 16, 2003, MRI showed
       degenerative changes and a small disc herniation on the left at L5-S1 without neurologic
       compromise. Dr. Spencer recommended claimant remain off work and prescribed four
       additional weeks of physical therapy. Dr. Spencer anticipated claimant would return to full
       activities without limitations following therapy.
¶ 17       Dr. Spencer’s medical notes dated November 25, 2003, state claimant was improving and
       should continue physical therapy and remain off work until January 1, 2004. In a physical
       therapy reevaluation dated December 28, 2003, claimant reported she felt better overall but
       had regressed since her last session because she had cared for her sick children at home and
       stood in heels while attending a Christmas party. Dr. Spencer’s medical notes dated January 8,
       2004, state claimant was improving and would participate in a work-hardening program for
       three to four weeks, and then return to full-duty work. Claimant did not return to work.
¶ 18       At his deposition, Dr. Spencer opined that claimant “had a chronic pain syndrome and that
       she had suffered a back sprain or strain when she had misadventures at work and aggravated
       her back pain, and then it had largely resolved and that she would be left with her chronic
       fibromyalgia pain.” Dr. Spencer characterized as “rather unbelievable” and “not physiologic”
       a report by claimant that sometime after she last treated with Dr. Spencer on January 8, 2004,
       she fell 6 to 8 times over the course of approximately 10 days due to a sharp pain in her back
       and leg. Claimant attributed her pain to a herniated disc. Dr. Spencer knew of no individual
       who “fell down uncontrollably because they had a disc herniation.” Further, claimant=s
       complaints were not consistent with a left-sided disc herniation. Dr. Spencer stated that the
       surgery claimant ultimately underwent in December 2004 was not related to the July 2003 and
       September 2003 work accidents.
¶ 19       Dr. O’Leary referred claimant for treatment with board-certified neurosurgeon Dr. Michael
       Rabin. In a report dated December 5, 2003, Dr. Rabin found claimant=s September 2003 MRI
       “largely unremarkable.” He noted some degeneration but no focal areas of compression and no
       disc herniations. Dr. O’Leary recommended claimant resume chiropractic manipulations
       “since that appeared to be leading to improvement.”
¶ 20       Claimant testified she worked light duty for the employer from April 13, 2004, through
       November 12, 2004.
¶ 21       Dr. Pins referred claimant for treatment with Dr. Steven Mather, an orthopedic surgeon. In
       treatment notes dated April 15, 2004, Dr. Mather noted his review of claimant’s September
       2003 MRI, showing “a markedly degenerative disc at L5/S1 with a small left-sided herniation
       present.” At the direction of Dr. Mather, claimant underwent a second MRI on April 22, 2004,
       which confirmed degenerative disc disease at L5-S1, with a circumferential disc bulge and
       moderate bilateral neural foraminal stenosis.
¶ 22       On April 30, 2004, claimant was examined by Dr. Andrew Zelby at the request of the
       employer. Dr. Zelby testified that he is a board-certified neurologist and reviewed the cervical,
       thoracic, and lumbar spine X-rays, and the MRI scans. Dr. Zelby found that claimant had
       degenerative disc disease at L5-S1. He did not agree with the chiropractic radiologist’s
                                                    -5-
       interpretation of the 2003 MRI scan. According to Dr. Zelby, the 2003 MRI scan did not show
       a herniated disc. He opined that based upon claimant’s medical records, claimant was
       symptomatic before her July 2003 injury and the accident did not accelerate her degenerative
       disc disease beyond its normal progression. Upon physical examination, Dr. Zelby found many
       aspects of the exam were consistent with symptom amplification. He stated that claimant had
       likely reached maximum medical improvement three to four months following the July 2003
       accident.
¶ 23        Claimant next sought treatment with Dr. Aruna Ganju, a neurosurgeon affiliated with
       Northwestern Memorial Hospital. In a treatment note dated June 10, 2004, Dr. Ganju
       diagnosed claimant with lumbar spondylosis at L5-S1 and recommended an epidural steroid
       injection and aquatic therapy. In treatment notes dated July 22, 2004, Dr. Ganju diagnosed
       claimant with degenerative disc disease, severe at L5-S1. On August 12, 2004, claimant
       reported to Dr. Ganju that she had been undergoing aquatic therapy and had three epidural
       steroid injections. Claimant reported her pain level as not tolerable. On September 23, 2004,
       claimant underwent a discogram and postdiscogram computed tomography (CT) scan of the
       lumbar spine, which revealed moderate to severe disc degeneration at the L5-S1 level.
¶ 24        Dr. Ganju referred claimant to Dr. John Liu, a neurosurgeon also affiliated with
       Northwestern Memorial Hospital who specializes in artificial disc replacement. On November
       4, 2004, Dr. Liu noted that claimant had undergone “extensive conservative treatments” for
       more than a year and continued to experience severe low back pain. Dr. Liu recommended
       claimant undergo surgery. Claimant underwent an anterior discectomy and fusion of the L5-S1
       disc space on December 13, 2004, and was returned to full-duty work on July 7, 2005. In his
       evidence deposition on November 6, 2007, Dr. Liu opined that claimant’s low back pain
       worsened after her July 2003 accident and, thus, contributed to claimant’s current state of
       ill-being. Dr. Liu stated he did not have any information regarding the second accident on
       September 9, 2003.
¶ 25        Following the consolidated hearing, the arbitrator found claimant proved her current
       condition of ill-being was causally related to her work accidents on July 23, 2003, and
       September 9, 2003. Specifically, the arbitrator found the accidents aggravated claimant’s
       preexisting degenerative condition necessitating surgery on December 13, 2004. The arbitrator
       determined claimant’s average weekly wage was $437.50, and awarded claimant benefits
       through July 5, 2005. The employer sought review only of the arbitrator’s decision regarding
       the injury suffered on September 9, 2003. The Commission modified the arbitrator’s decision,
       relying on the opinions of Dr. Spencer and Dr. Zelby that claimant had suffered a temporary
       aggravation of a chronic condition and was at maximum medical improvement on April 30,
       2004. The Commission awarded claimant TTD benefits through April 12, 2004, “the period
       she was authorized off work by chiropractor Dr. Pins,” and found claimant permanently
       disabled to the extent of 10% of the person as a whole. Thereafter, both claimant and the
       employer filed petitions seeking judicial review in the circuit court of Du Page County. The
       circuit court modified the Commission’s decision, calculating claimant’s average weekly wage
       as $517.56 and directing the Commission “to recalculate the average weekly wage and the
       benefits allowed in conformity with this Opinion.” The court otherwise confirmed the
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       Commission’s decision and this appeal and cross-appeal followed.

¶ 26                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 27        On appeal, claimant argues the Commission erred in finding her condition of ill-being after
       April 30, 2004, was not causally related to her September 9, 2003, workplace accident. In a
       workers’ compensation case, the claimant has the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the
       evidence, some causal relation between her employment and her injury. Caterpillar Tractor
       Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 129 Ill. 2d 52, 63, 541 N.E.2d 665, 669 (1989). Compensation may
       be awarded under the Act for a claimant’s condition of ill-being even though the conditions of
       his or her employment do not constitute the sole, or even the principal, cause of injury. Brady
       v. Louis Ruffolo & Sons Construction Co., 143 Ill. 2d 542, 548, 578 N.E.2d 921, 924 (1991);
       Fierke v. Industrial Comm’n, 309 Ill. App. 3d 1037, 1040, 723 N.E.2d 846, 849 (2000). In
       order for an injury to constitute an accidental injury within the meaning of the Act, the
       claimant need only show that some act or phase of the employment was a causative factor of
       the resulting injury. Fierke, 309 Ill. App. 3d at 1040, 723 N.E.2d at 849. The relevant question
       is whether the evidence supports an inference that the accidental injury aggravated the
       condition or accelerated the processes that led to the claimant’s current condition of ill-being.
       Mason & Dixon Lines, Inc. v. Industrial Comm’n, 99 Ill. 2d 174, 181-82, 457 N.E.2d 1222,
       1226 (1983); Freeman United Coal Mining Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 318 Ill. App. 3d 170,
       173-74, 741 N.E.2d 1144, 1147 (2001).
¶ 28        Whether a causal relationship exists between a claimant’s employment and his injury is a
       question of fact to be resolved by the Commission. Certi-Serve, Inc. v. Industrial Comm’n, 101
       Ill. 2d 236, 244, 461 N.E.2d 954, 958 (1984). The Commission’s determination on a question
       of fact will not be disturbed on review unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
       Orsini v. Industrial Comm’n, 117 Ill. 2d 38, 44, 509 N.E.2d 1005, 1008 (1987). For a finding of
       fact to be contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence, an opposite conclusion must be
       clearly apparent. Caterpillar, Inc. v. Industrial Comm’n, 228 Ill. App. 3d 288, 291, 591 N.E.2d
       894, 896 (1992).
¶ 29        In support of her assertion of a causal relationship between her September 9, 2003,
       workplace accident and condition of ill-being after April 30, 2004, claimant contends a
       medical journal article and medical treatises support a claim that Modic changes in the spine
       are indicative of an acute injury. At his deposition, Dr. Liu read from the September 2003 MRI
       report prepared by Dr. Aikenhead. Dr. Aikenhead noted “mild marrow edematous changes” at
       L5-S1. Dr. Liu volunteered that “mild marrow edematous changes” are “the swelling within
       the bone marrow” and “[t]hat’s what’s called a [M]odic change.” Dr. Liu did not comment
       further regarding Modic changes.
¶ 30        In this case, the Commission relied on the opinions of Drs. Spencer and Zelby to find that
       claimant’s condition of ill-being after April 30, 2004, was not causally related to her
       employment on September 9, 2003. Dr. Spencer testified that claimant reported to him a
       history of back pain and fibromyalgia. Dr. Spencer opined that claimant “had a chronic pain
       syndrome and that she had suffered a back sprain or strain when she had misadventures at work
       and aggravated her back pain, and then it had largely resolved and that she would be left with
                                                     -7-
       her chronic fibromyalgia pain.” Dr. Spencer stated that claimant’s condition of ill-being after
       April 30, 2004, was not causally related to her September 2003 work accident. Dr. Zelby
       examined claimant on April 30, 2004. He reviewed claimant’s cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
       spine X-rays, and the MRI scans. He opined that claimant’s condition on April 30, 2004, was
       not related to her September 2003 work accident. Dr. Zelby found claimant had likely reached
       maximum medical improvement three to four months following the July 2003 accident.
¶ 31        Although Dr. Liu opined claimant’s current condition of ill-being was causally related to
       her work accident on July 23, 2003, he did not have any information regarding the second
       accident on September 9, 2003. Claimant offered no medical opinion to support a causation
       finding regarding the work accident on September 9, 2003. Further, despite claimant’s
       testimony that she had never injured her back prior to July 23, 2003, and did not have chronic
       back problems, Dr. O’Leary’s treatment notes reference a 15-year history of low back pain.
¶ 32        In this case, there is sufficient evidence supporting the Commission’s finding that
       claimant’s low back condition after April 30, 2004, was not causally related to the September
       9, 2003, workplace accident. It is not our function to reweigh the evidence, and based on the
       record, we cannot say that an opposite conclusion is clearly apparent. Accordingly, the
       Commission’s finding that claimant’s condition of ill-being after April 30, 2004, was not
       causally related to her September 9, 2003, workplace accident was not against the manifest
       weight of the evidence.
¶ 33        Claimant also argues that the award of TTD benefits and medical expenses was against the
       manifest weight of the evidence. However, since these arguments are based upon the premise
       that the Commission’s causation finding was erroneous, these contentions can be rejected
       without further analysis. Tower Automotive v. Industrial Workers’ Compensation Comm’n,
       407 Ill. App. 3d 427, 436, 943 N.E.2d 153 (2011).
¶ 34        Claimant next argues the Commission’s finding with regard to permanency is against the
       manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.
¶ 35        A determination of the nature and extent of a claimant’s permanent disability is a question
       of fact to be resolved by the Commission, and its finding in this regard should be given
       substantial deference and will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is against the manifest
       weight of the evidence. Jewel Food Cos. v. Industrial Comm’n, 256 Ill. App. 3d 525, 534, 630
       N.E.2d 865 (1993). However, a claimant is entitled to a disability award only for the nature and
       extent of his disability that was caused by employment exposure. Fitts v. Industrial Comm’n,
       172 Ill. 2d 303, 310, 666 N.E.2d 4, 7 (1996).
¶ 36        In this case, the arbitrator awarded claimant permanent disability of 25% after finding “a
       causal relationship existed between the accident on September 9, 2003 and Petitioner’s current
       condition of ill-being, including the need for the surgery she eventually underwent on
       December 13, 2004.” The Commission modified the arbitrator’s decision, finding no causal
       connection between claimant’s work accident on September 9, 2003, and condition of ill-being
       after April 30, 2004. Although finding no causal connection after April 2004, the Commission
       still awarded claimant permanent disability of 10%, stating:


                                                  -8-
                    “In companion case 04 WC 13562, the Arbitrator chose to decide the issue of
               nature and extent of permanent disability with this case. Case 04 WC 13562 was not
               reviewed and became final. The Commission modifies the Arbitrator’s Decision
               finding that Petitioner is permanently disabled to the extent of 10% of the person as a
               whole.”
¶ 37       In case No. 04WC13562, the arbitrator found claimant “suffered a lumbar strain as a result
       of the initial injury on July 23, 2003, and that a causal relationship existed between said work
       injury and her condition of ill-being up through the date of the second injury on September 9,
       2003, the subject of claim 04 WC 13563.” As the Commission stated, neither party sought
       review of the arbitrator’s decision in case No. 04WC13562, and it became final. Given the
       arbitrator’s findings in case No. 04WC13562, the Commission’s permanency award of 10%
       loss of the person as a whole was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 38       Claimant next argues the Commission incorrectly calculated her average weekly wage.
       Claimant argues that her actual earnings should be construed to include the gross profit of her
       business, SCATHOME. On cross-appeal, the employer argues the Commission incorrectly
       calculated claimant’s average weekly wage as including profits from claimant’s
       self-employment, providing piano lessons in her home.
¶ 39       Section 10 of the Act sets forth the method of calculating compensation as follows:
                    “The compensation shall be computed on the basis of the ‘Average weekly wage’
               which shall mean the actual earnings of the employee in the employment in which he
               was working at the time of the injury during the period of 52 weeks ending with the last
               day of the employee’s last full pay period immediately preceding the date of injury,
               illness or disablement excluding overtime, and bonus divided by 52; but if the injured
               employee lost 5 or more calendar days during such period, whether or not in the same
               week, then the earnings for the remainder of such 52 weeks shall be divided by the
               number of weeks and parts thereof remaining after the time so lost has been deducted.
               Where the employment prior to the injury extended over a period of less than 52 weeks,
               the method of dividing the earnings during that period by the number of weeks and
               parts thereof during which the employee actually earned wages shall be followed.
               Where by reason of the shortness of the time during which the employee has been in the
               employment of his employer or of the casual nature or terms of the employment, it is
               impractical to compute the average weekly wages as above defined, regard shall be had
               to the average weekly amount which during the 52 weeks previous to the injury, illness
               or disablement was being or would have been earned by a person in the same grade
               employed at the same work for each of such 52 weeks for the same number of hours per
               week by the same employer. *** When the employee is working concurrently with two
               or more employers and the respondent employer has knowledge of such employment
               prior to the injury, his wages from all such employers shall be considered as if earned
               from the employer liable for compensation.” 820 ILCS 305/10 (West 2002).
¶ 40       The employer contends claimant’s business income should not be included in the
       calculation of the average weekly wage because it does not represent “wages” earned while

                                                  -9-
       working for an “employer.” We agree. We find the very similar case of Paoletti v. Industrial
       Comm’n, 279 Ill. App. 3d 988, 996, 665 N.E.2d 507, 512 (1996), to be dispositive.
¶ 41        In Paoletti, the claimant sustained an injury to his back while working as a refuse
       scavenger for the employer. Paoletti, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 991, 665 N.E.2d at 509. The claimant
       also owned a landscaping business operated as a subchapter S corporation for which he
       performed both administrative work and manual labor. Paoletti, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 995-96,
       665 N.E.2d at 511-12. As in this case, the claimant’s tax returns showed the business did not
       pay him any wage or salary, but he did receive the net profits. Paoletti, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 996,
       665 N.E.2d at 512. This court noted that “[t]he question of whether net profits should be
       considered in calculating a claimant’s average weekly wage is of first impression in Illinois.”
       Paoletti, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 996, 665 N.E.2d at 512. In holding that the claimant’s business
       profits should not be included in the calculation of his average weekly wage, this court stated
       that it “would be legislating from the bench if [it] were to hold that ‘actual earnings’ should be
       construed to include net profit.” Paoletti, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 996, 665 N.E.2d at 512.
¶ 42        Citing to a Tennessee Supreme Court decision, the Paoletti court went on to suggest an
       exception might exist such that business income could be included in the calculation of
       average weekly wage where evidence was presented of the wage of another employee
       performing similar duties as claimant. Paoletti, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 996, 665 N.E.2d at 512
       (citing 2 Arthur Larson, Law of Workmen’s Compensation § 60.12(e), at 10-684 through
       10-685 (1992), and P&L Construction Co. v. Lankford, 559 S.W.2d 793, 795 (Tenn. 1978)). In
       Lankford, the claimant sought benefits under the Tennessee workmen’s compensation law
       from his employer, a closely held corporation of which the claimant and his wife held a 50%
       interest. Lankford, 559 S.W.2d at 794. The claimant, however, received no direct
       compensation for his labor. The Tennessee Supreme Court rejected the trial court’s holding
       that Lankford’s average weekly wage should be based on one-half of the net income of the
       corporation and instead held “[a] better measure of the employee’s earnings would be the
       compensation paid by the same company to another employee performing the same or similar
       duties.” Lankford, 559 S.W.2d at 795.
¶ 43        The Paoletti court stated the claimant’s business income could not be considered as wages
       even under the Lankford analysis “because the claimant did not present evidence of what the
       wage would be of another employee performing similar duties as claimant alleged he
       performed for his landscaping business.” Paoletti, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 997, 665 N.E.2d at 512.
¶ 44        We note the significant differences between Paoletti and Lankford. In Paoletti, as in the
       present case, the issue was whether income from the claimant’s concurrent employment could
       be included in computing average weekly wage. In Lankford, the claimant was not
       concurrently employed and the issue related only to the method to be used in calculating his
       earnings. In fact, Tennessee’s workmen’s compensation law did not allow for the inclusion of
       wages from concurrent employment in calculating average weekly wage. In short, we question
       the relevance of the analysis utilized in Lankford to the issues presented in Paoletti or here.
¶ 45        Therefore, while we adhere to Paoletti’s holding that a claimant’s business income should
       not be included in the calculation of average weekly wage, we decline to further recognize an
       exception to this holding based on Lankford. Accordingly, to the extent the Commission
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       included net profits of claimant’s business in its calculation of her average weekly wage, the
       Commission erred.
¶ 46       We note the Commission affirmed and adopted the arbitrator’s finding that claimant
       earned from the employer an average weekly wage of $247.97 in the year preceding her injury.
       Claimant was paid in 19 biweekly installments during the year preceding her injury and had
       earned $9,422.86. There was no indication in the record regarding how many days she worked
       during those weeks or how many hours per day she worked. The claimant’s average weekly
       wage was properly calculated by dividing $9,422.86 by 38 (19 biweekly payments) for an
       average weekly wage of $247.97. We therefore reverse that portion of the circuit court’s
       judgment modifying the Commission’s determination of the claimant’s average weekly wage,
       set aside the Commission’s decision on the issue of average weekly wage, and remand to the
       Commission for recalculation of the claimant’s average weekly wage and the benefits to which
       she is entitled which are dependent thereon, and for further proceedings.

¶ 47                                      III. CONCLUSION
¶ 48       We reverse that portion of the circuit court’s judgment modifying the Commission’s
       calculation of claimant’s average weekly wage, vacate the Commission’s calculation of
       claimant’s average weekly wage, and remand the cause to the Commission for determination
       of claimant’s average weekly wage and the weekly benefits to which she is entitled; and we
       affirm the circuit court’s judgment in all other respects.

¶ 49      Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded with directions.




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