             United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                        FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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                                   No. 12-6039
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In re: Mark Troy Turpen                 *
       Debtor                           *
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Mark Troy Turpen
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       Debtor – Appellant               *          Appeal from the United States
                                        *          Bankruptcy Court for the
v.                                      *          Western District of Missouri
Norman E. Rouse                         *
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       Trustee – Appellant              *
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                             Submitted: October 9, 2012
                              Filed: November 2, 2012
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Before KRESSEL, Chief Judge, SALADINO and NAIL, Bankruptcy Judges
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KRESSEL, Chief Judge


      Mark Troy Turpen appeals from a May 29, 2012 bankruptcy court1 order
sustaining the trustee’s Objection to Debtor’s Claim of Exemptions and granting
the trustee’s Motion to Compel Turnover.         The bankruptcy court ruled that
Turpen’s claimed exemption of $1,050.00 for three unrelated children ($350.00
each) living in his house did not fall within the ambit of Missouri Revised Statute §
513.440 and that an amount to be calculated and agreed upon by the parties based
on the sustained objection was property of the estate and must be turned over to the
trustee, Norman E. Rouse. We affirm.

                                 BACKGROUND

      Turpen is single and lives with his two minor children, an unrelated woman,
and the woman’s three minor children. He filed a voluntary chapter 7 petition on
October 12, 2011. Turpen filed amended schedules B and C on February 20, 2012.
The amended schedule B listed a 2011 tax refund of $8,491.00, and the amended
schedule C listed claimed exemptions in that refund totaling $3,600.00: $600.00
under § 513.430.1(3) and $3,000.00 under § 513.440, $1,250.00 for Turpen as
head of the family, and $350.00 each for his two minor children and the woman’s
three minor children. The trustee objected to the $1,050.00 exemption for the




1
 The Honorable Jerry W. Venters, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.

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woman’s three minor children on the basis that they are not related to the debtor;
and requested an order compelling turnover of $4,072.98.2

      A hearing was held on May 24, 2012 on both motions. The parties disputed
whether § 513.440 allows the head of a family to claim exemptions for unrelated
children. The bankruptcy court ruled that the language of § 513.440 is plain and
unambiguous and held that to fall within the compass of the exemption, children
must be related to the head of the family either biologically or by adoption.

                                 JURISDICTION

      We have jurisdiction over this appeal from the final order of the bankruptcy
court. See 28 U.S.C. § 158(b).

                           STANDARD OF REVIEW

      The interpretation of a statute is a question of law which we review de novo.
Kolich v. Antioch Laurel Veterinary Hospital (In re Kolich), 328 F.3d 406, 408
(8th Cir. 2003).




2
  We are confused by the trustee’s math. An $8,491.00 refund minus $1,950.00 in
valid § 513.440 claimed exemptions equals $6,541.00; minus another $600.00 in
claimed exemptions under § 513.430.1(3) results in property of the estate of
$5,941.00. Had the trustee not objected to the claimed exemptions for the
woman’s children, subtracting the additional $1,050.00 would result in property of
the estate equaling $4,891.00. By our calculations, if Turpen had simply turned
over the requested $4,072.98 he would have retained more than he could properly
exempt under Missouri’s exemption statutes. Fortunately, it seems the parties have
agreed on the amount that needs to be turned over to the trustee if his exemption
objection is sustained.

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                                  DISCUSSION

        The sole issue on appeal is whether MO. REV. STAT. § 513.440 provides an
exemption for children who are not related—either biologically or through
adoption—to the head of a family. Section 513.440 states in pertinent part:

        Each head of a family may select and hold, exempt from execution,
        any other property, real, personal or mixed, or debts and wages, not
        exceeding in value the amount of one thousand two hundred fifty
        dollars plus three hundred fifty dollars for each of such person’s
        unmarried dependent children3 under the age of twenty-one years4 …
MO. REV. STAT. § 513.440.

Plain and unambiguous

        Turpen’s primary argument is that the word “children” as used in § 513.440
is ambiguous, demanding a broader interpretation of the statute. He asserts that the
Merriam-Webster online dictionary provides four definitions for the word child
and that because the definition “a son or daughter of human parents” is listed
fourth numerically, prioritized below three other meanings, the statute does not
plainly refer only to the children of the head of the family—but includes all
children of the family.

        Creative as it is, Turpen’s argument is unfounded. First, we doubt the
Missouri legislature consulted this dictionary, or any other for that matter, as it


3
    Emphasis added.
4
  The Missouri legislature adopted a change to the statute increasing the age of a
child who qualifies for the exemption from under the age of 18 years to under the
age of 21 years. The legislation was approved on July 14, 2012 and went in to
effect 90 days later on October 12, 2012. The change is immaterial because the
three children in question were ages 1, 3, and 5 as of March 23, 2012.
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crafted the statute. Plus, the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary explains in
its “Explanatory Notes” that the enumerated definitions are “senses” of the word.
See MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 20a (11th ed. 2007). The note
goes on to say that “[t]he system of separating the various senses of a word by
numerals … is a lexical convenience. It reflects something of their semantic
relationship, but it does not evaluate senses or set up a hierarchy of importance
among them.” Id. In other words, the sense of the word child listed first is no
more plain than the sense listed fourth.

      Proper statutory analysis demands that we assume a statute says what it
means and means what it says. Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Ass’n, Inc.
v. Supervalu, Inc., 651 F.3d 857, 862 (8th Cir. 2011). We begin our analysis with
the plain language of the statute. Id. If the words of the statute are unambiguous,
our inquiry is complete. Id. (citing Conn. Nat’l Bank v. Germain, 503 U.S. 249,
254 (1992)).    Here, the plain language of the statute—specifically the use of the
possessive form of person—indicates that the plain meaning of children is “a son
or daughter belonging to such person.” For that matter, any of the definitions
listed by the debtor5, when combined with the possessive form of person, lead to a
plain and ordinary meaning of “son or daughter belonging to such person”, e.g.
“recently born person belonging to such person.” Or when stated in common
parlance: a father’s child. We agree with the bankruptcy court. The language of §
513.440 plainly states that only a child belonging to the head of the family—by
either blood or adoption—qualifies for the unmarried dependent child exemption.



5
  1. “an unborn or recently born person”; 2. “a young person especially between
infancy and youth”; 3. “a youth of noble birth”; 4. “a son or daughter of human
parents.”

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In loco parentis

        Turpen argues alternatively that the statute permits exemptions for children
of which the head of the family is in loco parentis. The case Turpen cites is State
v. Smith, 485 S.W.2d 461 (Mo. Ct. App. 1972). Smith is a child abuse case
analyzing the following statute:

        If any mother or father of any infant child under the age of sixteen
        years, … or any other person having the care and control6 of any
        such infant, shall unlawfully and purposely assault, beat, wound or
        injure such infant, whereby its life shall be endangered or its person or
        health shall have been or shall be likely to be injured, the person so
        offending shall, upon conviction, be punished …
MO. REV. STAT. 559.3407

        In Smith, the defendant was charged with beating his step-daughter. His
defense was that he was neither the father nor a person with care and control over
her.    After analysis, the Smith court concluded that the language “‘any other
person’ includes one standing in loco parentis to the child.” Smith, 485 S.W.2d at
467. Contrary to Turpen’s argument, the court in Smith was not interpreting the
word “child” but rather the phrase “any other person having the care and control.”
The statute at issue here contains no comparable language regarding “any other
person with care and control of such infant.” Section 513.440 plainly states that
$350.00 exemptions are available only for the head of the family’s unmarried

6
    Emphasis Added.
7
  § 559.340 has since been repealed and partially replaced by § 568.050 which
provides an even broader description of who can commit the act of endangering a
child by removing the parental and care and control elements: “A person commits
the crime of endangering the welfare of a child … if [h]e or she with criminal
negligence acts in a manner that creates a substantial risk to the life, body or health
of a child less than seventeen years old.” Mo. Rev. Stat. 568.050.
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dependent children. There is no additional phrase such as, “or for any other
children of the family.” Section 559.340, although since repealed, demonstrates
that the Missouri legislature understands how to draft a statute broad enough to
include relationships outside of the traditional parental relationship. It chose not to
do so when drafting § 513.440. We decline the debtor’s invitation to do it
judicially.

                                  CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the order of the bankruptcy court is affirmed.

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