                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



INFORMATION SYSTEMS INTELLIGENCE,                                  UNPUBLISHED
LLC,                                                               January 16, 2018

              Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 336213
                                                                   Muskegon Circuit Court
MARK EISENBARTH,                                                   LC No. 16-003023-CZ

              Defendant-Appellee,                                  Ingham Circuit Court
and                                                                LC No. 16-1282-VJ

THE HERALD PUBLISHING COMPANY, LLC,
and THE MUSKEGON CHRONICLE
PUBLISHING COMPANY, LLC,

              Defendants.


Before: MURPHY, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In this defamation suit, plaintiff Information Systems Intelligence, LLC appeals as of
right the trial court’s order, Hon. Joyce Draganchuk presiding on reassignment,1 granting
defendant Mark Eisenbarth’s2 motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the
basis that defendant was immune from tort liability as the highest-appointed official of
Muskegon County. We affirm.



1
  Plaintiff brought the action in Muskegon Circuit Court. Because all of the judges of the
Muskegon Circuit Court disqualified themselves from hearing the case, the case was reassigned
to Judge Draganchuk and heard in the Ingham Circuit Court.
2
  Plaintiff’s original complaint included as defendants The Herald Publishing Company, LLC,
and The Muskegon Chronicle Publishing Company, LLC. Plaintiff, however, voluntarily
dismissed the claims against those defendants without prejudice. Accordingly, because
plaintiff’s dismissal left defendant Eisenbarth as the only defendant in this case, references to
“defendant” in this opinion refer only to defendant Eisenbarth.


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                                      I. BACKGROUND

        The pertinent facts underlying this dispute are straightforward. In November 2014,
defendant was appointed County Administrator by the Board of Administrators of Muskegon
County. Rule XIX of the Rules of the Muskegon County Board of Commissioners states that the
County Administrator “shall be the chief administrative officer of the county.” Additionally, the
“Statement of Policy” contained in those rules declares that the County Administrator shall
“direct and supervise the accounting and control functions necessary to insure compliance with
the budget as adopted by the board” and shall “supervise and direct all county agencies and
personnel under the jurisdiction of the Board of Commissioners.”

       Plaintiff is an information technology (IT) services provider which, in 2011, began
providing IT services to Muskegon County on a number of projects. Under the former county
administrator, in September 2013, plaintiff entered into a services agreement with Muskegon
County that was set to expire in October 2018. Plaintiff also entered into a project-specific
services agreement with Muskegon County in 2014. Plaintiff’s relationship with Muskegon
County ended, however, in April 2015 when an attorney for the County sent plaintiff a
termination letter.

       In May 2015, defendant authorized a press release to be issued to the MLive Muskegon
Chronicle (MLive). The press release stated:

              The County of Muskegon, in 2013, had entered into an agreement with an
       Information Technology (IT) company called ISI to implement changes
       recommended by Plante Moran to address both the hardware and software
       technology needs of the County. The service agreement required that the County
       pay ISI $66,000 per month to compensate them to service the IT needs of the
       County.

                In the summer of 2014, County Administration began to question ISI’s
       invoices that were being generated and began to ask for various performance
       criteria. In addition, ISI requested additional funding per month for existing
       services per “agreement” from the former Finance Director.

               The current County Administrator, Mark Eisenbarth, assumed
       organizational responsibilities as the County’s Administrator at the beginning of
       November 2014. Administrator Eisenbarth and his staff began an evaluation of
       the IT services last winter. During that process, it was learned that, while the
       Board had approved IT upgrade projects in the amount of $4.2 million dollars, it
       had paid more than $11 million dollars for software, products and services over a
       3 year period of which $9.9 million was paid to ISI. Administrator Eisenbarth
       also learned that they had prepaid $288,000 for technical support that they could
       not verify was ever accomplished. By late January, Administrator Eisenbarth
       authorized Corporate Counsel, Williams Hughes, PLLC, to obtain additional
       information, evaluate our options and recommend solutions. That process was
       completed by the beginning of April. The preliminary investigative work done by


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       Corporate Counsel and their opinion about possible solutions was shared with
       County Commissioners in a closed session.

               Once again, after being confidentially briefed by Corporate Counsel, on
       April 23, 2015 the Administrator, Corporate Counsel and the County Board
       concluded that the provisioning of IT services was an essential activity to the
       County and that immediate action needed to be taken. They then unanimously
       selected and approved the execution of an agreement for IT services with Next IT,
       a local Muskegon Company.

               The transition to Next IT has been smooth and efficient. The County’s
       Administration and Board of Commissioners took swift action to change the
       provider of IT services and thereby realized a substantial savings, i.e. $300,000.00
       per year or $900,000.00 through the balance of the agreement. The County’s
       Administrator has directed Corporate Counsel to continue to evaluate options and
       to take whatever action might be appropriate to help the County recover most, if
       not all, of the tax dollars spent without the Board of Commissioner’s [sic]
       knowledge or approval. That evaluation will include the commissioning by
       Williams Hughes, PLLC of a forensic auditor to assist in the collection of the data
       needed to make other important decisions associated with the potential litigation
       over the termination of the agreement and the unauthorized expenditures of
       millions of dollars.

Defendant followed up the press release with a phone interview with a reporter from MLive. In
June 2015, MLive published an article exploring the claimed unauthorized expenditures to
plaintiff. The article references the press release several times. Defendant was also quoted
several times in the article.

        In June 2016, plaintiff sued defendant for defamation. Plaintiff took offense to several
statements in the article attributed to defendant. Plaintiff claimed that these statements implied
that plaintiff had obtained millions of dollars in “unauthorized expenditures” from the County
and claimed that those allegations caused plaintiff to suffer reputational and sales losses in
excess of $10,000,000.

        Defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) (governmental
immunity) and (C)(8) (failure to state a claim). Regarding defendant’s (C)(7) motion, defendant
argued that he was absolutely immune from tort liability for the statements because the
statements were made within the authority granted him as the highest executive official of
Muskegon County. With regard to defendant’s (C)(8) motion, defendant argued that plaintiff
failed to state a claim for defamation because none of the statements attributed to defendant were
defamatory, as the statements did not assign blame to plaintiff, but were rather blame-neutral or
implied that the County did not do its job when authorizing and accounting for the expenditures.

        The trial court concluded that defendant was the highest executive official of Muskegon
County and that the challenged statements were made within the authority granted to him by that
position. Accordingly, the trial court concluded that defendant was immune from tort liability


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and granted defendant summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7). The trial court did not
address defendant’s (C)(8) motion. This appeal followed.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

         We review de novo a grant of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Peters v
Department of Corrections, 215 Mich App 485, 486; 546 NW2d 668 (1996). Summary
disposition is appropriate for governmental immunity when, considering all of the evidence
before the court in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, no further factual development would
justify a right of recovery against the public defendant. Id. at 486-487.

         Under Section 7 of the Governmental Tort Liability Act, MCL 691.1407(5), the “highest
appointive executive official” of any level of government is “immune from tort liability for
injuries to persons or damages to property if he or she is acting within the scope of his or her . . .
executive authority.” Although plaintiff makes much of the fact that defendant is an official
appointed and supervised by the Board of Commissioners instead of an independent elected
official, these considerations do not preclude defendant from immunity under MCL 691.1407(5).
Rather, MCL 691.1407(5) expressly contemplates that an appointed official may seek immunity.

         Further, there is no question of fact that defendant is the highest appointed executive
official in Muskegon County. Indeed, Rule XIX of the Board of Commissioner’s rules states
that the County Administrator “shall be the chief administrative officer of the county.”
Accordingly, as the highest executive official in Muskegon County, defendant enjoys immunity
from tort liability for his statements so long as those statements were made within the scope of
his executive authority.

        As the trial court noted, there are two cases in this jurisdiction instructive on the issue of
when a public official speaks within his executive authority. In American Transmissions, Inc, v
Attorney General, 454 Mich 135, 136; 560 NW2d 50 (1997), the Attorney General, Mr. Frank J.
Kelley, conducted a “ ‘sting’ operation” to determine whether several independent transmission
shops were servicing transmissions that did not actually need repair in an effort to take
“advantage of a federal consent order that required GM [General Motors] to pay for needed
repairs to one of its transmission models.” Five years after the sting became public, The Detroit
News reported that GM may have been involved in the sting operation to its own gain. Id. In a
subsequent interview with a television station, Attorney General Kelly defended the investigation
and stated that he had already completed the investigation of American Transmissions by the
time GM became involved and that he had “found them to be fraudulent.” Id. at 137. Attorney
General Kelly then went on to say that he “proved these people—these 13 of them—to be crooks
and cheats and operating crooked transmission shops” and stated that GM “was being victimized
by these crooks around the country.” Id. American Transmissions and several of its subsidiaries
sued Attorney General Kelly for defamation, and the trial court granted summary disposition in
Attorney General Kelly’s favor. Id. at 137-138.

         Our Supreme Court noted that, under MCL 691.1407(5), “the highest executive officials
of all levels of government are absolutely immune from all tort liability whenever they are acting
within their executive authority.” Id. at 139. Our Supreme Court continued that determining
whether an executive’s act is within his authority depends on several factors, including “the

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nature of the specific acts alleged, the position held by the official alleged to have performed the
acts, the charter, the ordinances, or other local law defining the officials authority, and the
structure and allocation of powers in the particular level of government.” Id. at 141 (internal
citation and quotation notation omitted). Our Supreme Court then concluded that Attorney
General Kelly was acting within the scope of his executive authority when “[d]oubts had been
expressed regarding the propriety of the department’s conduct, and Mr. Kelley was responding to
questions regarding the investigation.” Id. at 144.

        In Brown v Mayor of Detroit, 271 Mich App 692; 723 NW2d 464 (2006), reversed in part
on other grounds 478 Mich 589; 734 NW2d 514 (2007), this Court applied the American
Transmissions analysis to a claim of defamation against Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick. In that case,
Harold Nethrope was an officer in the Executive Protection Unit (EPU) of the Detroit Police
Department. Id. at 694-695. Nethrope reported allegations of illegal conduct by EPU officers,
Mayor Kilpatrick, and Kilpatrick’s wife to the Detroit Police Department’s Professional
Accountability Bureau (PAB). Id. at 695. Gary Brown, Deputy Chief of the PAB, authorized an
investigation into and prepared a memorandum regarding the allegations. Id. at 695-696, 698.
This memorandum was given to the Chief of the Detroit Police and passed along to Mayor
Kilpatrick’s office. Id. at 698. Mayor Kilpatrick then removed Deputy Chief Brown from his
position in the PAB. Id. at 701.

        A story broke over the allegations and Deputy Chief Brown’s removal, and a Detroit
television reporter questioned Mayor Kilpatrick. Id. at 702-703. Mayor Kilpatrick denied any
impropriety and called Officer Nethrope a liar. Id. at 703. Mayor Kilpatrick also told the press
that Deputy Chief Brown was removed from his position for “breach of trust, for being
unprofessional, and for conducting unauthorized investigations” and further commented that
Deputy Chief Brown leaked confidential information regarding Officer Nethrope to the press,
when, in fact, it was Mayor Kilpatrick’s office that had done so. Id. Officer Nethrope and
Deputy Chief Brown brought a variety of claims against Mayor Kilpatrick, including, as relevant
here, slander claims. Id. The trial court denied Mayor Kilpatrick’s motion for summary
disposition on the slander claims. Id. at 704.

        This Court reversed the trial court, concluding that Mayor Kilpatrick was immune from
tort liability under MCL 691.1407(5). Id. at 722-723. This Court applied American
Transmissions and determined that, because Mayor Kilpatrick was responding to an investigation
into his own public office, Mayor Kilpatrick’s comments were within his executive authority. Id
at 722-723. This Court concluded that, even if Mayor Kilpatrick made the statements knowing
that they were false, the statements were still not actionable because, under American
Transmissions, “there is no motivation or intent exception to the immunity provided by MCL
691.1407(5).” Id. at 723.

        We agree with the trial court that this case is analogous to American Transmissions and
Brown. Plaintiff argues that, unlike the Attorney General or the mayor of a city, defendant’s
authority was narrowly circumscribed by the Board of Commissioners and, because the Board of
Commissioners did not seek to place defendant in the position of press secretary, defendant’s
statements were outside the authority of his position. We disagree.



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         While it is true that defendant’s authority was more closely monitored than that of the
Attorney General or an elected official, the Board of Commissioners specifically granted
defendant the authority to “supervise and direct all county agencies,” to supervise corporate
counsel, and to “direct and supervise the accounting and control functions” of the departments to
be in compliance with the budget adopted by the Board of Commissioners. The statements
defendant made to MLive pertain to defendant’s oversight of plaintiff’s contract with Muskegon
County, defendant’s oversight of the former finance director’s alleged agreements, defendant’s
oversight of corporate counsel, and defendant’s oversight of the budget adopted by the Board of
Commissioners. That defendant, the County’s highest appointed executive, had the authority to
undertake the actions described in the challenged statements implies that defendant had the
authority to inform the public of those actions. Undoubtedly, the agencies under defendant’s
control—including Public Health, Public Works, Youth Services, and Wastewater
Management—had the power to issue statements regarding their respective services. That
defendant could direct those agencies to issue statements, but could not himself make a statement
about an operation that involved multiple agencies as well as a director of one of those agencies,
is illogical and not in accordance with defendant’s lawful responsibilities.

        Finally, plaintiff argues that American Transmissions and Brown are distinguishable
because, in those cases, the executive was responding to media questions whereas, here,
defendant preemptively sent a release to a media outlet. This is a distinction without a
difference. The import of American Transmissions and Brown is not that the executive was
responding to media questioning, but that the executive was engaging the media in public
discourse over matters concerning his public office. Under plaintiff’s reading, an executive
would be potentially liable for defamation when he gets “out front” of a news story and openly
discusses the matter with the media; however, the executive would not be liable when he harbors
information and makes a statement only when the information is otherwise uncovered. We reject
plaintiff’s interpretation as violating the open public discourse supported by American
Transmissions and Brown.

       Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order granting defendant summary disposition
under MCR 2.116(C)(7). As the prevailing party, plaintiff may tax costs under MCR 7.219.



                                                            /s/ William B. Murphy
                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Brock A. Swartzle




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