Filed 4/24/15 P. v. Goran CA4/1
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA



THE PEOPLE,                                                         D065609

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. SCD245713)

MEHRAN GORAN,

         Defendant and Appellant.


         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Melinda J.

Lasater, Judge. Affirmed.



         Robert H. Rexrode, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,

Eric A. Swenson and Allison V. Hawley, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and

Respondent.
                                    INTRODUCTION

       A jury convicted Mehran Goran of a misdemeanor charge of resisting a peace

officer (Pen. Code, § 148, subd. (a)(1)) and acquitted him of a felony charge of resisting

an executive officer (Pen. Code, § 69). The trial court sentenced him to 365 days in jail.

       Goran appeals, contending the trial court violated his federal constitutional right to

counsel by not readvising him of the right to counsel and obtaining a renewed waiver of it

from him when the prosecutor amended the information to add the resisting a peace

officer charge. We are unpersuaded by this contention and affirm the judgment.

                                     BACKGROUND

       Goran, representing himself, attempted to have a family court matter heard ex

parte. When the court informed him his matter was not appropriate for an ex parte

hearing, he became angry and began yelling. A deputy sheriff stepped in front of Goran

and repeatedly directed him to stop yelling, gather his things, and step back from the

counsel table. Goran repeatedly refused to leave even after the deputy informed him he

would be arrested if he did not.

       The deputy tapped Goran's arm, grabbed his hand and pulled him out of the

counsel chair. Using a closed fist, Goran struck the deputy's wrist at least twice to break

the deputy's grip. The deputy then attempted to take Goran to the ground to arrest him,

but Goran fought the deputy. Another deputy arrived to assist and tasered Goran, without

effect. Working together, the two deputies pushed Goran to the ground where he

continued fighting. The second deputy tasered him again and he capitulated. The



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incident lasted about 20 seconds from the time the first deputy pulled Goran out of the

chair to the time of Goran's arrest.

       A few days after the incident, the People charged Goran with resisting an

executive officer. Approximately a week later, the trial court granted Goran's request for

self-representation. Several months later, the court conducted a jury trial on the charge.

The court declared a mistrial after the jury was unable to reach a verdict.

       The following day, the People offered to allow Goran to plead guilty to the lesser

charge of resisting a peace officer. The charge had previously been discussed during the

jury instruction conference in the first trial. After receiving the offer, Goran took a week

to investigate the charge and ultimately rejected the offer because he believed he was not

guilty of anything.

       On the day of the retrial, the trial court began the proceedings by allowing Goran

to argue his pretrial motions at length. Twice during his arguments, he stated he wanted

to defend himself. Before the court ruled on his motions, the People filed an amended

information adding the lesser charge. The trial court gave Goran an opportunity to read

the amended information, after which Goran concluded his arguments on his motions.

The trial court denied Goran's pretrial motions, then arraigned him on the amended

information by reading both charges to him, informing him of the maximum penalty for

each charge, and accepting and entering his not guilty pleas.

                                       DISCUSSION

       Goran contends we must reverse the judgment on the ground he did not knowingly

and voluntarily waive his right to counsel as to the lesser charge. Goran bases this

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contention on the trial court's failure to readvise him of the detriments of self-

representation and his increased custodial exposure when the People amended the

information to add the charge. "On appeal, we review the entire record, including

proceedings after the invocation of the right to self-representation, and determine de novo

whether the defendant's waiver of the right to counsel was knowing and voluntary."

(People v. Conners (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 443, 454.)

       We have previously concluded a trial court has no "obligation to readvise the

defendant of the right to counsel at each hearing or each stage of the same criminal

proceeding, absent a specific statute requiring readvisement." (People v. Bauer (2012)

212 Cal.App.4th 150, 157, citing People v. Crayton (2002) 28 Cal.4th 346, 359-363;

People v. Goodwillie (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 695, 723.) Goran has not identified nor

have we located any statute requiring readvisement in the present circumstances.

       Moreover, we have previously rejected a contention nearly identical to Goran's in

People v. Harbolt (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 140, 144, 149 (Harbolt). Contrary to Goran's

assertion, the United States Supreme Court's decision in Iowa v. Tovar (2004) 541 U.S.

77 (Tovar) does not undermine our decision in Harbolt. Tovar addressed whether a

knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of the federal constitutional right to counsel

requires a trial court, before accepting a defendant's guilty plea, to: "(1) advise the

defendant that 'waiving the assistance of counsel in deciding whether to plead guilty

[entails] the risk that a viable defense will be overlooked'; and (2) 'admonis[h]' the

defendant 'that by waiving his right to an attorney he will lose the opportunity to obtain

an independent opinion on whether, under the facts and applicable law, it is wise to plead

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guilty'?" (Id. at pp. 81, 91-92, 94.) Tovar concluded the federal Constitution did not

require either advisement. (Id. at p. 81.) Tovar did not address whether and when a trial

court must readvise a self-represented defendant of his right to counsel and obtain a

further waiver of the right. Consequently, it is inapposite here.

       We acknowledge that, in reaching its conclusion, the court in Tovar held the

constitutional requirements for a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel in

the context of a guilty plea hearing are "satisfied when [, as occurred there,] the trial court

informs the accused of the nature of the charges against him, of his right to be counseled

regarding his plea, and of the range of allowable punishments attendant upon the entry of

a guilty plea." (Tovar, supra, 541 U.S. at p. 81.) However, the court did not state these

advisements were constitutional minimums or that its holding applied outside the guilty

plea context.1

       To the contrary, the court reaffirmed it has not "prescribed any formula or script to

be read to a defendant who states that he elects to proceed without counsel." (Tovar,

supra, 541 U.S. at p. 88.) Instead, the court's decisions indicate, "[t]he information a

defendant must possess in order to make an intelligent election . . . will depend on a range

of case-specific factors, including the defendant's education or sophistication, the

complex or easily grasped nature of the charge, and the stage of the proceeding." (Ibid.)




1       In this respect, the decision in Arrendondo v. Neven (9th Cir. 2014) 763 F.3d
1122, at pages 1131 through 1132, overstates the court's holding and Goran's reliance on
it is misplaced.
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       The court further explained, " '[T]he law ordinarily considers a waiver knowing,

intelligent, and sufficiently aware if the defendant fully understands the nature of the

right and how it would likely apply in general in the circumstanceseven though the

defendant may not know the specific detailed consequences of invoking it.' " (Tovar,

supra, 541 U.S. at p. 92.) A defendant's lack of a full and complete appreciation of all

the consequences of his waiver does not preclude the information provided to the

defendant from satisfying the constitutional minimum. (Ibid.)

       Here, the parties do not dispute Goran knowingly and voluntarily waived his right

to counsel at the outset of the case. At no place in the record is there any indication he

ever faltered in his choice. In fact, twice during the same hearing in which the People

amended the information, he stated he wanted to defend himself.

       Although Goran now claims he did not understand the nature of the lesser charge,

the record belies this claim. The People amended the information to add the lesser charge

after the charge had been discussed in the first trial and was offered to and investigated

by Goran as part of plea negotiations between the first and second trial. The lesser

charge had the same factual foundation as the greater charge and, as pleaded, was

necessarily included in the greater charge. (People v. Smith (2013) 57 Cal.4th 232, 243.)

Immediately after the People filed the amended information to include the lesser charge,

Goran complained because he had been offered and had rejected it as part of the proposed

plea agreement and felt he was being forced to accept it. Later the same day, before jury

selection, he discussed the differing mental states for the two charges, expressing concern

the lesser charge would be easier for the People to prove.
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       The record also belies Goran's claim he did not know he faced increased custodial

exposure from the new charge. The sentencing ranges for both charges appeared on the

face of the amended information, which the trial court gave him time to read, and the trial

court specifically informed him of the maximum punishment for each charge. Because

the specific factors of this case indicate that, at the time the People amended the

information, Goran understood the nature of his right to counsel, its general application in

the circumstances, the nature of the charges, and the general consequences of his waiver,

Goran has not established the trial court erred by failing to readvise him of the right and

obtain a renewed waiver of it.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.




                                                                       MCCONNELL, P. J.

WE CONCUR:


MCDONALD, J.


AARON, J.




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