Filed 8/8/16 P. v. Adib CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                         (Butte)
                                                            ----




THE PEOPLE,                                                                            C077338/C077149

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                                         (Super. Ct. Nos.
                                                                                   CM040896/CM034671)
         v.

PARHAM ADIB,

                   Defendant and Appellant.




         Found guilty of possessing a controlled substance for sale, defendant Parham Adib
appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, prosecutorial misconduct, the lack of
a unanimity instruction, and the admission of what he claims was irrelevant evidence.
Finding no merit in any of his arguments, we affirm.
                         FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         In May 2011, after being stopped by Chico police, defendant was found to have 16
bindles of a crystalline substance in his jacket pocket. The substance turned out to be
MDMA. He was charged with and convicted of possessing a controlled substance for

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purpose of sale. The trial court suspended imposition of sentence on that conviction and
placed defendant on three years’ probation. Defendant timely appealed.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                              I
                                Sufficiency Of The Evidence
       Defendant contends the People “failed to present sufficient evidence that MDMA
is an analog of MDA.” We disagree.
       “The Health and Safety Code lists the various substances it controls in five
extensive schedules. (§§ 11054–11058.) The listings include ‘official, common, usual,
chemical, [and] trade name[s].’ (§ 11053.) The code also regulates ‘analogs’ of listed
controlled substances (analogs) . . . .” (People v. Davis (2013) 57 Cal.4th 353, 358.)
“Section 11054 sets out Schedule I substances. It identifies ‘3,4–methylenedioxy
amphetamine’ (MDA) as a controlled substance. (§ 11054, subd. (d)(6).) It further
defines as a controlled substance ‘any material, compound, mixture, or preparation’
containing ‘any quantity’ of any listed hallucinogenic substances, including MDA, or any
‘salts, isomers, and salts of isomers’ of such substances. (§ 11054, subd. (d).) [¶] In
1988, the Legislature added chapter 6.5 to the code to regulate analogs. (Stats. 1988, ch.
712, § 4, p. 2364.) It found that controlled substance laws were being circumvented by
the use of analogs which ‘have, are represented to have, or are intended to have effects on
the central nervous system which are substantially similar to, or greater than, the
controlled substances classified in Sections 11054 and 11055 . . . . These analogs present
grave dangers to the health and safety of the people of this state. Therefore, it is the
intent of the Legislature that a controlled substance analog . . . be considered identical,
for purposes of the penalties and punishment . . . to the controlled substance in
Section 11054 or 11055 of which it is an analog.’ (§ 11400.) [¶] An analog is defined as
a substance that: (1) has a substantially similar chemical structure as the controlled
substance, or (2) has, is represented as having, or is intended to have a substantially

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similar or greater stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous
system as the controlled substance. (§ 11401, subd. (b)(1) & (2).)” (Davis, supra, 57
Cal.4th at p. 358.)
       Based on the foregoing, as we will explain, the question here is whether the People
presented sufficient evidence that MDMA has a substantially similar chemical structure
as MDA. We conclude they did.
       Where, as here, a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support
his conviction, “[t]he standard of review is well settled: On appeal, we review the whole
record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses
substantial evidence -- that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible and of solid value --
from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt. [Citations.] ‘ “[I]f the verdict is supported by substantial evidence, we must
accord due deference to the trier of fact and not substitute our evaluation of a witness’s
credibility for that of the fact finder.” ’ ” (People v. Snow (2003) 30 Cal.4th 43, 66.)
“Before the judgment of the trial court can be set aside for the insufficiency of the
evidence, it must clearly appear that on no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient
substantial evidence to support the verdict of the [finder of fact].” (People v. Hicks
(1982) 128 Cal.App.3d 423, 429.)
       Here, the People offered the expert testimony of Edmond Combatalade -- a
forensic toxicologist and criminalist with Valley Toxicology Services -- regarding the
similarity between the chemical structures of MDMA and MDA. Combatalade has a
bachelor of science degree in chemistry from U.C. Davis. He drew a diagram for the jury
of an MDMA molecule, then drew a diagram of an MDA molecule. Comparing the two
diagrams, Combatalade testified that both molecules have a six carbon structure that has
two dioxenes (a dioxy is two oxygen atoms) on the far left. When asked if there were
other similarities between the two molecules, Combatalade testified that everything was
the same except that in MDMA, the nitrogen atom is connected to “hydrogen and

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methedrine,” while in MDA the nitrogen atom is connected to “just two hydrogens.”
Stated another way, MDA does not have a “methyl group.” In Combatalade’s opinion,
MDMA and MDA have a substantially similar structure, making them analogs, because
of “the differences of only one methyl group.”
       On cross-examination, defense counsel elicited Combatalade’s testimony that a
water molecule (an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms) differs from a methanol
(methyl alcohol) molecule in the same manner that MDA differs from MDMA -- because
of the substitution of a methyl group for one of the hydrogen atoms. Combatalade
expressed his opinion that the substitution of a methyl group for one of the hydrogen
atoms in a water molecule makes water not substantially similar to methanol and thus the
change of a methyl group for a hydrogen atom can substantially affect the chemical
structure of a substance. He explained, however, that the substitution of a methyl group
for a hydrogen atom can substantially affect a chemical structure “[d]epending on the
size of the chemical structure,” (italics added) and water and methanol are, in their
chemical structures, “much, much smaller than . . . MDA or MDMA.” Because of the
size of a water molecule -- three atoms -- that substitution constitutes “a very large
change,” because “you exchange one atom for another four,” “[w]hereas if you deal with
a much larger molecule, the change is much smaller.” Combatalade drew a comparison
between adding the number one to the number one and adding the number one to the
number 100: “The difference between 1 and 2 is twice as much; between 100 and 101,
it’s not twice as much.” Defense counsel then asked, “But isn’t it true that a change in
even a larger molecule can substantially alter the characteristics of the substance or even
change the substance into something else altogether” to which Combatalade responded,
“I don’t know.”
       On redirect, Combatalade testified there are 29 atoms in MDMA and 26 atoms in
MDA.



                                              4
       Combatalade’s expert testimony constitutes substantial evidence that MDMA and
MDA have substantially similar chemical structures such that MDMA qualifies as an
analog of MDA. On appeal, the crux of defendant’s argument to the contrary is that
because Combatalade “admitted that he did not know whether a change in a larger
molecule could substantially alter the characteristics of a substance into something else,
altogether,” he essentially admitted that he “did not know whether the additional methyl
group could change a larger chemical (such as MDMA, or MDA) [into something else
and thus] his opinion that [the addition of the methyl group] did not create a significant
change in this case amounted to speculation.”
       We find no merit in that argument. Combatalade persuasively explained that
despite the substitution of a four-atom methyl group for a singular hydrogen atom, which
is what differentiates MDMA from MDA, in his opinion the chemical structures of the
two substances are substantially similar because the remaining 25 atoms the two
molecules have in common are identical. His testimony that he did not know whether, in
general, “a change in even a larger molecule can substantially alter the characteristics of
the substance or even change the substance into something else altogether” does not turn
Combatalade’s opinion about the substantial similarity between the chemical structures of
MDMA and MDA into speculation or undercut it in any way. Accordingly, defendant’s
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is without merit.
                                             II
                                 Prosecutorial Misconduct
       Defendant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct by quantifying the
reasonable doubt standard. Again, we disagree. Moreover, we find defendant forfeited
his argument that the trial court should have done more than reread the pattern instruction
to the jury following the prosecutor’s comment because defense counsel expressly
acquiesced to that course of action.



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       The trial court instructed the jury with the pattern instruction on reasonable doubt,
CALCRIM No. 220. This included telling the jury that “[p]roof beyond a reasonable
doubt is proof that leaves you with an abiding conviction that the charge is true. The
evidence need not eliminate all possible doubt because everything in life is open to some
possible or imaginary doubt.”
       In closing argument, defense counsel compared the reasonable doubt standard of
proof to other standards -- specifically, probable cause, preponderance of the evidence,
and clear and convincing evidence -- and suggested that if the People had met only those
lesser standards, the jury should find defendant not guilty.
       In rebuttal, the prosecutor told the jury, “[t]here is absolutely no law before you or
analysis on [the lesser burdens of proof]. So [it] probably wouldn’t be a good idea to
refer back to things that you don’t have an explanation of. [¶] Focus on things you do
have an explanation of: Beyond a reasonable doubt. As you know, it’s not beyond all
possible doubt; okay? So don’t hold me to a higher standard; it’s not a hundred percent.”
       At that point, defense counsel objected, asserting that the prosecutor was
“misstating the law.” The court told the jurors that “if either counsel misstates the
evidence or the law, rely on the evidence that was presented in the trial and the law that
was -- that is presented to you by me.” At a sidebar conference immediately thereafter,
defense counsel asserted that it was “improper for Counsel to try this at a percentage
standard of proof” and asked that the court “instruct the jury that they cannot consider
this on a percentage basis.” The court asked defense counsel, “Would you agree that a
hundred percent is beyond any doubt whatsoever?” Rather than answer the question,
counsel asserted his belief that “referring to any percentage basis is improper.” When the
court asked defense counsel what he wanted the court to do, counsel responded, “I’m
asking the Court to instruct the jury that they must determine whether, whether the case is
beyond a, beyond a reasonable doubt” and that “applying a percentage standard would be



                                              6
improper.” The court told counsel, “[w]hat I intend to do is reread [CALCRIM No.] 220.
Is that going to be sufficient?” Defense counsel replied, “Yes.”
       On appeal, defendant contends “[t]he prosecutor committed misconduct by
suggesting to the jury that it could quantify the reasonable doubt standard as a
percentage.” The People contend defendant forfeited this argument because he “failed to
object on the ground of prosecutorial misconduct and failed to request a jury
admonition.” The People further argue that “the prosecutor’s comments were not
inappropriate,” and even if they were, “there is absolutely no indication that the
prosecutor’s statement rendered the trial fundamentally unfair.”
       Case law has held that suggesting “a quantitative measure of reasonable doubt” in
a manner that “convey[s] an impression of a lesser standard of proof than the
constitutionally required standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt” constitutes
misconduct. (People v. Katzenberger (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 1260, 1268.) In
Katzenberger, the prosecutor used a slide show of an eight-piece puzzle of the Statue of
Liberty in explaining the reasonable doubt standard to the jury. “When the sixth puzzle
piece of the slide show was in place, leaving two missing pieces, the prosecutor told the
jury, ‘this picture is beyond a reasonable doubt’ . . . .” (Id. at pp. 1267-1268.) The
appellate court concluded that, by doing so, the prosecutor committed misconduct by
“inappropriately suggesting a specific quantitative measure of reasonable doubt, i.e., 75
percent.” (Id. at p. 1268.)
       The argument in this case is distinguishable from that in Katzenberger because
here the prosecutor did not suggest to the jury that any particular percentage less than 100
was equivalent to “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Instead, the prosecutor merely informed
the jury that “beyond a reasonable doubt” was not “a hundred percent” conviction. This
was the equivalent of the statement in CALCRIM No. 220 that “[t]he evidence need not
eliminate all possible doubt.” Thus, in contrast to the prosecutor in Katzenberger, the
prosecutor here did not convey an impression of a lesser standard of proof than the

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constitutionally required standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt and for that reason
there was no misconduct.
                                             III
                                   Unanimity Instruction
       Defendant contends the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury sua sponte
that unanimity was required as to what qualified MDMA as an analog of MDA.
Defendant is wrong.
       As we have noted, “[a]n analog is defined as a substance that: (1) has a
substantially similar chemical structure as the controlled substance, or (2) has, is
represented as having, or is intended to have a substantially similar or greater stimulant,
depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system as the controlled
substance. (§ 11401, subd. (b)(1) & (2).)” (People v. Davis, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 358.)
Defendant contends the trial court had a duty to instruct the jurors that they had to
unanimously agree on the basis on which MDMA was an analog of MDA -- either
because MDMA has a substantially similar chemical structure as MDA or because
MDMA is represented as having, or is intended to have a substantially similar or greater
stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system as MDA.
       In a criminal case, “the jury must agree unanimously the defendant is guilty of a
specific crime. [Citation.] Therefore, cases have long held that when the evidence
suggests more than one discrete crime, either the prosecution must elect among the
crimes or the court must require the jury to agree on the same criminal act.” (People v.
Russo (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1124, 1132.)
       Here, defendant cites Russo, but he ignores what the case says. The evidence here
suggested only one criminal act -- defendant’s possession of MDMA, an analog of MDA,
for purposes of sale. The fact that there were two possible theories as to why MDMA
qualified as an analog of MDA did not mean there was more than one discrete crime.



                                              8
Accordingly, defendant’s argument that a unanimity instruction was required has no
merit.
                                               IV
                                       Evidentiary Error
         Defendant contends the trial court erred in permitting a witness to testify to the
meaning of the term “club drug.” We find no error.
         In the People’s case-in-chief, the prosecutor asked Chico Police Officer Marcello
Escobedo, who the court had accepted as an expert in the sale or transfer of street drugs,
the meaning of the term “club drug.” Defense counsel objected on the ground of
relevance, but the court overruled the objection. Officer Escobedo answered as follows:
“What I learned, club drug is more toward the club scene, the bar scene. In other words,
usually the club drug is more used at such things as rapes or somewhere where you want
to keep the party going in a sense; where you would take a certain kind of drug in order
for you to continue either dancing or staying up to late hours and have the party keep on
going, in that sense. Where other drugs are more focused on the -- for example, like
Vicodin or prescription medication, where it let’s you kind of cool down, just have that
relaxed feeling.”
         Apparently conceding that MDMA qualifies as a “club drug” as Officer Escobedo
defined that term, defendant contends “MDMA’s usage as a ‘club drug’ had nothing to
do with the allegation that [defendant] possessed MDMA for sale” because
“[defendant’s] intent to sell was entirely detached from what the potential buyers would
do with MDMA.” Thus, defendant contends, “[t]he definition of a club drug did not tend
to prove intent, or any other fact of consequence; it was irrelevant.”
         The People first contend defendant forfeited this argument because he did not
object to Officer Marcello’s answer, only to the prosecutor’s question. The People are
wrong. By objecting to the prosecutor’s question on the ground of relevance, defendant



                                               9
properly preserved the argument that the definition of the term “club drug” was
irrelevant, which is the point he pursues on appeal. No further objection was required.
       The People next contend that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing
Officer Escobedo to define the term “club drug” because the officer’s “description and
explanation of MDMA as a club drug connected with [defendant]’s claim that, on the
night he was stopped, he was going downtown to ‘hang out’ ” and “demonstrated a
manner in which [defendant] might be able to sell the drug in a group setting.”
       Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any
disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.” (Evid. Code,
§ 210.) “We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s rulings on relevance . . . .”
(People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 578.)
       Here, there was no abuse of discretion because the trial court could have
reasonably determined that the meaning of the term “club drug” -- which both parties
agree applied to the MDMA that defendant possessed -- had a tendency in reason to
prove that defendant possessed the MDMA that was found on him for the purpose of
selling it. Defendant’s story was that he had purchased the MDMA for personal use and
that he did not mean to have bindles in his pocket when the police stopped him. He also
admitted, however, that when he left his home with the MDMA in his pocket it was “late
at night” on a Friday and he was “going downtown” because he “wanted to get out” and
“be like everybody else.” Given this evidence, the definition of the term “club drug” had
a tendency in reason to prove that defendant was taking the MDMA downtown to sell it
to others who were drinking and partying and, in the words of Officer Escobedo, wanted
to “have the party keep on going.”
       Defendant contends that under this theory of relevance, “the relevant question is
where MDMA is distributed, not what it is used for.” We disagree. Testimony that club
drugs like MDMA are used to “have the party keep on going” was relevant to show that
defendant intended to sell the drug when he went to downtown Chico late at night on a

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Friday. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling defendant’s
relevance objection.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.



                                                 /s/
                                                 Robie, J.



We concur:



/s/
Raye, P. J.



/s/
Mauro, J.




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