      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@akcourts.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

MICHAEL LOUIS WAGNER,                              )
                                                   )    Supreme Court No. S-15419
                      Petitioner,                  )    Court of Appeals No. A-10870
                                                   )
      v.                                           )    Superior Court No. 3AN-06-11374 CR
                                                   )
STATE OF ALASKA,                                   )    OPINION
                                                   )
                      Respondent.                  )    No. 7000 – April 24, 2015
                                                   )

              Petition for Hearing from the Court of Appeals of the State of
              Alaska, on appeal from the Superior Court of the State of
              Alaska, Third Judicial District, Anchorage, Michael L.
              Wolverton, Judge.

              Appearances: Marjorie Mock, Contract Attorney for the
              Public Defender, Anchorage, and Quinlan Steiner, Public
              Defender, Anchorage, for Petitioner. Elizabeth T. Burke,
              Assistant Attorney General, Office of Special Prosecutions &
              Appeals, Anchorage, and Craig W. Richards, Attorney
              General, Juneau, for Respondent.

              Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Stowers, Maassen, and Bolger,
              Justices. [Winfree, Justice, not participating.]

              BOLGER, Justice.

I.    INTRODUCTION
              The superior court ruled that the prosecution could use Michael Wagner’s
police interview to impeach him if he took the stand at his murder trial. Wagner contends
that the police violated his right to remain silent and that the court’s ruling prevented him
from testifying. But on this record, it is impossible to tell whether the court’s ruling
affected Wagner’s decision not to testify, whether the prosecution would have impeached
him with his police statement, or whether this evidence would have affected the jury. We
conclude that Wagner has not preserved his Miranda claim for appellate review.
II.    FACTS
              Michael Wagner shot and killed his landlord, Steven Key, in October 2006.
Wagner was living in the mother-in-law unit behind Key’s house, and Key’s body was
found in that unit. Wagner has never denied responsibility for Key’s death but has
consistently claimed that the shooting was an accident.
              On the night of the shooting, Wagner called Key reporting the smell of gas
in the mother-in-law unit. Key walked over to the unit and stayed for about 13 minutes.1
Wagner called Key again about an hour later, and Key returned to the mother-in-law unit.
Within seconds of his arrival, Key was shot once through the head.
              Wagner called 911 almost immediately. He told the dispatcher that Key had
been shot, and he claimed that the shooting “was a[n] accident. [I was] showing the
gentleman a pistol and it went off. . . . He’s on the ground. I can’t do nothing about it.
He’s in the house. . . . I don’t know what to do. . . .”
              When the police arrived at Wagner’s mother-in-law unit, they found Key’s
body on the ground by the door and Wagner sitting on a couch. An officer arrested
Wagner, placed him in the back of a patrol car, and drove him to the police station. At
the station, Wagner was taken to an interview room.




       1
              The duration of Key’s visit was recorded by a video camera Wagner had
installed outside the mother-in-law unit. In conjunction with Wagner’s phone records,
this video recording provided a timeline of the events leading up to the shooting.

                                            -2-                                        7000

             About an hour later, two homicide detectives arrived to question Wagner.
The detectives read Wagner his Miranda rights,2 and Wagner indicated that he understood
each right. The detectives then asked whether Wagner wished to talk to them, and
Wagner responded:
             Well, it sounds like if I do that you’re gonna already make up
             a decision. I’m gonna need a lawyer then. I mean, if I say a
             bunch of stuff, I mean, if I don’t know what I’m talking about
             or whatever, then I’m in a — I mean, it was a pure accident.
             You know, I mean, I — I just screwed up. I just bought the
             gun, blah, blah.
Shortly thereafter, Wagner stated:
             I’d rather have a lawyer, ’cause that would be I think the only
             way, ’cause otherwise, ’cause — I’m not there and if I say
             something, so — about — if I do, I don’t know. I mean, it
             was [a] pure accident, man.
             The detectives asked whether Wagner had an attorney or wanted a phone
book to try to contact one. Wagner responded: “Uh, [what did] you mean, [if] I don’t
have [an] attorney, then one will be appointed?” The detectives answered: “No. What
[will] happen is only if you’re charged with a crime and then once you appear in court,
you can request one or they’ll appoint one for you. Right now, somebody’s not charged
with anything. There’s nothing in the system that appoints you one.”
             Upon learning he had not yet been charged, Wagner stated, “Oh, well, then
I’ll tell you the whole thing, ’cause I’m not — I thought you had to — I thought you were
already doing something, ’cause there’s no problem for me. . . . It was a[n] accident.”
The detectives left the room for a few minutes and consulted with a prosecutor. When
they returned, the detectives reiterated that no one had been charged, and that “until
somebody is actually charged the court doesn’t appoint an attorney.” They also repeated


      2
             See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 467-73 (1966).

                                          -3-                                      7000
that “it’s still important that you understand that you do have the right to have an attorney
present.” Finally, they asked Wagner, “Would you like to contact [an] attorney or would
you like to talk to us about what occurred?” Wagner replied: “I need no attorney. Just
ask me your questions.” The detectives then interrogated Wagner for the next hour and
a half.
III.      PROCEEDINGS
              A grand jury indicted Wagner for first-degree murder, second-degree
murder, and manslaughter. The indictment was later dismissed when the superior court
ruled that Wagner had invoked his Fifth Amendment right to counsel before speaking to
the detectives, that his statement was obtained after this invocation and in violation of
Miranda, and that the indictment was based at least in part on this statement. Following
this dismissal, a second grand jury indicted Wagner on the same charges without being
presented with Wagner’s statement to police.
              Before trial, Wagner moved in limine to suppress the use of his statement
for impeachment purposes if he chose to testify at trial. The superior court denied the
motion, citing State v. Batts.3
              The superior court held a jury trial, and the jury convicted Wagner of first-
degree murder. Wagner did not take the stand at trial, but he later testified and was cross-
examined at his sentencing hearing about the circumstances of the shooting.
              Wagner appealed his conviction, claiming the superior court erred by
denying his suppression motion.        The court of appeals affirmed the conviction,
concluding that Wagner had failed to preserve his claim by declining to testify.4 Wagner



          3
              195 P.3d 144 (Alaska App. 2008).
          4
              Wagner v. State, Mem. Op. & J. No. 6008, 2013 WL 6576741 (Alaska App.
2013).

                                            -4­                                        7000
filed a petition for hearing in this court, urging us to reject the court of appeals’
preservation holding. He further argues that article I, section 9 of the Alaska Constitution
prohibits the use of his statement for impeachment. We granted the petition in whole.
IV.    DISCUSSION
              The court of appeals declined to consider Wagner’s claim that the superior
court erred by ruling that the State could use his statement to impeach his testimony. The
court of appeals concluded that, under the preservation rule of Luce v. United States5 and
State v. Wickham,6 Wagner waived this claim by failing to testify. Wagner argues that
the Luce/Wickham preservation rule should not have been applied to his case.7
       A.     The Preservation Rule Of Luce v. United States And State v. Wickham
              In Luce, the U.S. Supreme Court held, as a matter of federal procedural law,
that “to raise and preserve for review the claim of improper impeachment with a prior
conviction, a defendant must testify.”8 The Court was concerned about the amount of
speculation required to review an in limine ruling on the admissibility of impeachment
evidence that is never introduced because the defendant declines to take the stand.9 And




       5
              469 U.S. 38, 43 (1984).
       6
              796 P.2d 1354, 1357 (Alaska 1990).
       7
             Whether a claim has been preserved for appeal is a question of law, which
we review de novo. Cf. Wilkerson v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Div. of Family
& Youth Servs., 993 P.2d 1018, 1021 (Alaska 1999) (“We apply our independent
judgment when reviewing an intermediate appellate court’s finding of waiver due to
inadequate briefing.”).
       8
              469 U.S. at 43; see also Fed. R. Evid. 609(a).
       9
              Luce, 469 U.S. at 41-43.

                                            -5-                                       7000

the Court articulated four specific reasons why reviewing such rulings would require an
inappropriate degree of speculation.10
              First, in limine rulings are preliminary and “subject to change when the case
unfolds, particularly if the actual testimony differs from what was contained in the
defendant’s proffer.”11 The Court noted that this concern is particularly true regarding
evidence of a criminal conviction because Federal Rule of Evidence 609(a)(1)(B) places
a heightened burden on the prosecution, which must show that the probative value of the
conviction outweighs its prejudicial effect.12 Because it is difficult for a court to evaluate
both the probative value and the prejudicial effect of proposed evidence in a factual
vacuum, a preliminary ruling under Rule 609(a)(1)(B) is particularly likely to be
reconsidered at trial.13
              Second, “an accused’s decision whether to testify ‘seldom turns on the
resolution of one factor,’ [and] a reviewing court cannot assume that the adverse ruling




       10
              Id.
       11
              Id. at 41.
       12
               Id.; compare Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(1) (“[F]or a crime that . . . was
punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year, the evidence [of
conviction] . . . must be admitted [for impeachment use] in a criminal case in which the
witness is a defendant, if the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial
effect to that defendant . . . .”), with Fed. R. Evid. 403 (“The court may exclude relevant
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair
prejudice . . . .”). In other words, under the Federal Rules of Evidence, any evidence
may be excluded if its prejudicial effect substantially outweighs its probative value, but
prior conviction evidence to impeach a defendant’s credibility may be excluded if its
prejudicial effect equals or slightly outweighs its probative value.
       13
              Luce, 469 U.S. at 41-42.

                                             -6-                                        7000

motivated a defendant’s decision not to testify.”14       Though acknowledging that a
defendant might make a commitment to testify in an offer of proof, the Court noted that
“such a commitment is virtually risk free because of the difficulty of enforcing it.”15
              Third, a “reviewing court . . . has no way of knowing whether the
Government would have sought to impeach with the prior conviction.”16 The Court noted
that, particularly in cases where the Government’s evidence is strong and where
impeachment can be accomplished by other means, the prosecution may decide not to use
contested evidence because of the increased risk of reversal on appeal.17
              Finally, “[e]ven if these difficulties could be surmounted, the reviewing
court would still face the question of harmless error.”18 The Court noted that if in limine
rulings on the admissibility of prior conviction evidence for impeachment were
reviewable on appeal, then “almost any error would result in the windfall of automatic
reversal; the appellate court could not logically term ‘harmless’ an error that
presumptively kept the defendant from testifying.”19 The Court feared that in the absence




       14
            Id. at 42 (quoting New Jersey v. Portash, 440 U.S. 450, 467 (1979)
(Blackmun, J., dissenting)).
       15
             Id.; see also U.S. Const. amend. V (“No person . . . shall be compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against himself . . . .”).
       16
              Luce, 469 U.S. at 42.
       17
              Id.
       18
              Id.
       19
              Id.

                                           -7-                                       7000

of its preservation rule, defendants would introduce in limine motions “solely to ‘plant’
reversible error in the event of conviction.”20
              While Luce was decided on federal procedural grounds and was not binding
on the states, we concluded in Wickham that “the justifications underlying the Luce rule
apply with equal force to Alaska criminal practice.”21 We were further persuaded by the
unanimity of the Luce decision and by the fact that a majority of state courts that
subsequently addressed the issue adopted the Luce holding.22


       20
              Id.
       21
              State v. Wickham, 796 P.2d 1354, 1357 (Alaska 1990).
       22
              Id. Indeed, at least 27 other states and the District of Columbia have
similarly adopted either Luce’s basic holding or an expanded version. See State v. Allie,
710 P.2d 430, 437 (A riz. 1985) (en banc); Smith v. State, 778 S.W.2d 947, 950 (Ark.
1989); People v. Collins, 722 P.2d 173, 176-78 (Cal. 1986) (en banc); State v. Harrell,
506 A.2d 1041, 1046 (Conn. 1986); Walker v. State, 790 A.2d 1214, 1217-18 (Del.
2002); Bailey v. United States, 699 A.2d 392, 399-401 (D.C. 1997); State v. Raydo, 713
So. 2d 996, 997-1000 (Fla. 1998); Warbington v. State, 730 S.E.2d 90, 91-94 (Ga. App.
2012); State v. Garza, 704 P.2d 944, 948-49 (Idaho App. 1985); People v. Patrick, 908
N.E.2d 1, 10-11 (Ill. 2009); State v. Derby, 800 N.W.2d 52, 53-56 (Iowa 2011); State v.
Richmond, 212 P.3d 165, 432-34 (Kan. 2009); Hayes v. Commonwealth, 58 S.W.3d 879,
881-82 (Ky. 2001); State v. Gray, 755 A.2d 540, 545 (Me. 2000); Jordan v. State, 591
A.2d 875, 877-79 (Md. 1991); People v. Boyd, 682 N.W.2d 45 9, 461-66 (M ich. 2004);
State v. Bruneau, 552 A.2d 585, 592 (N.H. 1988); State v. Brown, No. 2091, 1992 WL
227940, at *1-2 (Ohio App. Sept. 16, 1992); State v. Silvia, 898 A.2d 707, 718-20 (R.I.
2006); State v. Glenn, 330 S.E.2d 285, 285-86 (S.C. 1985); State v. Means, 363 N.W.2d
565, 569 (S.D. 1985); Jackson v. State, 992 S.W.2d 469, 479-80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)
(en banc); State v. Gentry, 747 P.2d 1032, 1036 (Utah 1987); Reed v. Commonwealth,
366 S.E.2d 274, 276-77 (Va. App. 1988); State v. Brown, 782 P.2d 1013, 1022-25
(Wash. 1989) (en banc); State v. Honaker, 454 S.E.2d 96, 107-08 (W.Va. 1994); State
v. Frank, 640 N.W.2d 198, 202-04 (Wis. App. 2001); Vaupel v. State, 708 P.2d 1248,
1249-50 (Wyo. 1985). We are aware of only eight states that have rejected Luce’s
holding. See Commonwealth v. Crouse, 855 N.E.2d 391, 397 (Mass. 2006)
                                                                         (continued...)

                                            -8-                                    7000

       B.       Application Of The Luce/Wickham Rule In The Present Case
                Although the holdings of Luce and Wickham were limited to preliminary
rulings regarding evidence of a prior conviction, we conclude that the concerns articulated
in Luce and Wickham apply in the present case.
                First, as in Luce and Wickham, the contested ruling here was preliminary,
and the superior court could have revisited its decision if the State had moved to introduce
Wagner’s statement at trial. While we acknowledge that evidence of a prior inconsistent
statement is not subjected to the heightened admissibility burden for evidence of a
criminal conviction,23 all evidence must pass Alaska Evidence Rule 403’s
probative/prejudicial balancing test. Thus, at the time of the superior court’s ruling, there
remained a reasonable possibility that other evidence (such as Wagner’s 911 call) could
have been presented at trial and rendered Wagner’s statement less probative than unfairly
prejudicial. Indeed, such possibility is more likely in Alaska courts than in federal courts,
because the burden for admitting evidence is heavier under Alaska Evidence Rule 403
than its federal counterpart.24


       22
              (...continued)
(“presum[ing] . . . that a defendant who has not testified at trial may still challenge the
denial of a motion to exclude evidence of a prior conviction” and declining to adopt
Luce); State v. Swanson, 707 N.W.2d 645, 654 (Minn. 2006); Warren v. State, 124 P.3d
522, 526-28 (Nev. 2005); State v. Whitehead, 517 A.2d 373, 374-377 (N.J. 1986);
People v. Moore, 548 N.Y.S.2d 344, 346 (App. Div. 1989); State v. McClure, 692 P.2d
579, 584 n.4 (Or. 1984) (en banc); Commonwealth v. Richardson, 500 A.2d 1200, 1203­
04 (Pa. Super. 1985); State v. Galmore, 994 S.W.2d 120, 122-23 (Tenn. 1999).
       23
                Compare Alaska R. Evid. 613(a), with Fed. R. Evid. 609(a), and Alaska R.
Evid. 609(c).
       24
              Compare Alaska R. Evid. 403 (“[R]elevant[] evidence may be excluded if
its probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .” (emphasis
                                                                         (continued...)

                                            -9-                                        7000

              Second, there is no way to determine whether Wagner would have testified
if the superior court had granted his suppression motion. Wagner’s suppression motion
made no such indication, admitting that “[i]t is not known whether Mr. Wagner will
choose to testify at trial.” Wagner never filed an affidavit or other offer of proof asserting
an intent to testify. And in his briefing to this court, Wagner does not suggest that he
would testify at a retrial if we were to reverse his conviction.25
              We also find it significant that Wagner failed to mention the suppression
motion during the two LaVigne inquiries26 the superior court held. During these inquiries,
Wagner indicated that he had no questions for the court about testifying or not testifying.
And at the end of the second inquiry, Wagner said he wished to waive his right to testify
and that his waiver was not the result of any threat or promise. Wagner’s failure to


       24
             (...continued)
added)), with Fed. R. Evid. 403 (“The court may exclude relevant evidence if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice . . . .”
(emphasis added)).
       25
             Instead, Wagner argues that it is “entirely ‘reasonable to presume’ that a
defendant who asks for an advance ruling in order to preclude the admission of the
statement for impeachment purposes would have testified if his motion had been
granted.” We do not need to decide whether to adopt such a presumption, because
Wagner equivocated in his suppression motion about whether he would testify. Thus
even if we were to adopt this presumption, it would have been overcome here.
       26
              See LaVigne v. State, 812 P.2d 217, 222 (Alaska 1991) (“To avoid future
cases such as LaVigne’s, we believe that trial judges should take steps to insure that a
criminal defendant’s failure to take the stand in his or her own defense was the result of
a knowing and voluntary decision made by the defendant. To accomplish this, we
believe judges should make an on-the-record inquiry after the close of the defendant’s
case, although out of the jury’s hearing, into whether a nontestifying defendant
understands and voluntarily waives his right. Such action insures a valid waiver of the
defendant’s right. It will also assist in any subsequent appellate review of a defendant’s
claim to the contrary.”).

                                            -10-                                        7000

mention the in limine ruling at the LaVigne inquiries is far from conclusive evidence that
the ruling had no effect on his decision not to testify. However, these inquiries presented
obvious opportunities for Wagner to state on the record that he would have testified in the
absence of the threat of impeachment.
              Third, we have no way to determine whether the State could or would have
chosen to impeach Wagner with the contested statement if he had taken the stand.
Wagner claimed in his motion to suppress that “there is little chance that Mr. Wagner will
change his statement at trial.” If this claim were true, then the State could not have used
the contested statement for impeachment because there would have been no
inconsistencies to impeach. And if Wagner’s testimony at trial would have differed from
his account on the night of murder, then the State would have been able to impeach
Wagner’s trial testimony using his 911 call instead of his statement to police.27 Because
this evidence was available for impeachment, the State might have declined to use the
contested statement and reduced its risk of reversal on appeal.
              Finally, conducting a harmless error analysis in this case would be
impossible. Even if we were to conclude that the trial court’s in limine ruling was
erroneous, we could only speculate whether Wagner would have testified absent that
ruling, how he would have testified, whether the State would have impeached that
testimony, and what effect that impeachment would have had. If Wagner would not have
testified regardless, or if the State would not have used the contested statement, there
could be no harm. Even if we assume that Wagner would have testified, we do not know
the substance of his testimony. So even if he could have been impeached with the
contested statement, we cannot know whether that impeachment would have affected the
jury.

        27
           At Wagner’s sentencing hearing, the State used Wagner’s 911 call for
impeachment in addition to his statement to police.

                                           -11-                                      7000
              For these reasons, we conclude that the concerns articulated in Luce and
Wickham are present in this case. Nevertheless, Wagner presents several arguments why
we should reach the merits of his underlying claim without regard to the speculation
required in doing so. We find these arguments unpersuasive.
              First, Wagner argues that the constitutionality of impeaching a defendant’s
testimony using statements obtained in violation of Miranda is a purely legal issue.
Wagner is correct to the extent that it is a pure question of law whether the Alaska
Constitution ever permits the State to impeach a defendant’s testimony using evidence
obtained in violation of Miranda.28 But even if we were to reach this issue and decide it
in Wagner’s favor, the Luce/Wickham concerns would remain in full effect, and each of
these concerns involves highly factual determinations. We would have no way to
determine whether Wagner would have testified, whether the State could or would have
impeached Wagner’s testimony with the contested statement, and whether the
impeachment would have been prejudicial. We do not rush forward to decide even purely
legal issues in the abstract when it is impossible to determine whether a party suffered
any actual harm.29
              Next, Wagner argues that the superior court’s in limine ruling threatened his
constitutional right to testify.   But although the right to testify is an important


       28
              Under the court of appeals’ holding in State v. Batts, however, it is a mixed
question of law and fact whether evidence obtained in violation of Miranda may be used
for impeachment purposes in a particular case. See 195 P.3d 144, 158 (Alaska App.
2008) (prohibiting on constitutional grounds the impeachment use of statements obtained
by “intentional” or “egregious” violations of Miranda). Unless we were to overturn
Batts, our review of Wagner’s claim would necessarily involve factual as well as legal
questions.
       29
             Cf. Bowers Office Prods., Inc. v. Univ. of Alaska, 755 P.2d 1095, 1097-98
(Alaska 1988) (“[W]hile Alaska’s standing rules are liberal this court should not issue
advisory opinions or resolve abstract questions of law.”).

                                           -12-                                      7000

constitutional guarantee,30 that right is little more threatened in the present case than it is
in other impeachment contexts. As the Michigan Supreme Court noted when it applied
the Luce rule to a case also involving a Miranda claim,
              [T]he constitutional implications present in Luce . . . [are
              present in] every case in which a defendant alleges that a trial
              court’s ruling effectively prevented him from testifying. . . .
              Any ruling, even if on a mere evidentiary issue, necessarily
              affects a defendant’s constitutional rights if it has a chilling
              effect on the exercise of the right to testify.[31]
The court concluded, however, that this concern was outweighed by the Luce concern that
appellate review not be based on hypothetical injuries and speculative harm.32
              Similarly, in Wickham, we “recognize[d] that [the Luce] rule puts added
pressure on the defendant to testify before a potentially prejudiced jury; the alternative
being to [forgo] appeal of an in limine ruling which may be erroneous.”33 However, we
noted that “the Luce rule ha[d] not been held to be violative of the federal constitutional




       30
              See Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 49-53 (1987).
       31
              People v. Boyd, 682 N.W.2d 459, 464 (Mich. 2004).
       32
             See id. at 465-66. In addition to Michigan, at least four other jurisdictions
have expressly extended Luce’s holding to claims involving impeachment evidence
obtained in violation of Miranda. See State v. Conner, 786 P.2d 948, 953-54 (Ariz.
1990) (en banc); Bailey v. United States, 699 A.2d 392, 401-02 (D.C. 1997); Jordan v.
State, 591 A.2d 875, 877-79 (Md. 1991); State v. Bruneau, 552 A.2d 585, 592-93 (N.H.
1988). In contrast, three states that have adopted Luce have expressly rejected its
extension to this context. See State v. Cherry, 83 P.3d 123, 126 (Idaho App. 2003);
People v. Easley, 592 N.E.2d 1036, 1048-49 (Ill. 1992); State v. Brings Plenty, 459
N.W.2d 390, 394-95 (S.D. 1990).
       33
              796 P.2d 1354, 1358 n.6 (Alaska 1990).

                                             -13-                                        7000

right against self-incrimination, and we perceive[d] no conflict with the Alaska
Constitution.”34
              In addition to his right to testify argument, Wagner claims that the police
interrogation in this case violated his right to due process and the privilege against self-
incrimination. He contends that, absent the ability to appeal, he “loses all hope of
vindicating [these] claim[s].”
              But this argument ignores two judicial safeguards already provided to
Wagner as well as an additional safeguard he declined to seek. First, the superior court
dismissed the initial grand jury indictment against Wagner, which the State had obtained
using the contested statement. The State was therefore required to seek a new indictment
without the use of the contested evidence. Second, the superior court prohibited the State
from introducing Wagner’s statement to the jury at trial in its case in chief, so the jury
never heard the statement. And third, nothing prevented Wagner from filing a petition
for interlocutory review to the court of appeals after the superior court denied his
suppression motion.35 Though interlocutory review is “not a matter of right,” 36 such
review is particularly appropriate in a case such as this, involving constitutional issues




       34
              Id.
       35
              See Alaska R. App. P. 402.
       36
              Alaska R. App. P. 402(b).

                                           -14-                                       7000

that would otherwise evade review.37 Because these judicial safeguards were present, we
disagree that Wagner was precluded from vindicating his constitutional claims.
              Finally, Wagner argues that his testimony could have made a difference
because the evidence at trial did not “overwhelmingly” prove his guilt. But this argument
assumes not only that Wagner would have testified, but also that his testimony would
have helped his case. We cannot possibly determine the validity of these assumptions on
appeal, especially because Wagner has provided conflicting indications of how he might
have testified. In the memorandum accompanying his suppression motion, Wagner
claimed that there was “little chance” his testimony at trial — if he were to testify —
would be inconsistent with his statement to the police. However, Wagner’s testimony at
his sentencing hearing was markedly different from the contested statement.38 Because
we cannot know how Wagner would have testified at trial we cannot evaluate whether his



       37
               See Alaska R. App. P. 402(b)(4) (“Review . . . will be granted . . . where . . .
[t]he issue is one that might otherwise evade review, and an immediate decision by the
appellate court is needed for guidance or is otherwise in the public interest.”); see also
Wickham, 796 P.2d at 1358 n.6 (noting that in this situation “the defendant’s apparent
predicament is, to at least some extent, ameliorated by the availability of a petition for
review of the in limine ruling in the court of appeals”).
       38
               Indeed, Wagner’s testimony at his sentencing hearing was more consistent
with the prosecution’s narrative of events at trial than his trial argument in several key
respects. Wagner conceded that an undated video of him standing outside Key’s
residence holding a gun was taken the day before the shooting and showed him holding
the same gun used in the shooting. At trial, the defense had argued that the video was
taken weeks before the shooting. Wagner also conceded that the audio from the
videotape from the night of the shooting revealed that he had shown Key the handgun
during his first visit to the mother-in-law unit. The defense had argued that the noises
in the recording were inconclusive. And Wagner conceded that he shot Key as soon as
Key entered the mother-in-law unit. In contrast, the defense repeatedly emphasized at
trial that there might have been as many as 17 seconds between Key’s arrival and the
shooting.

                                             -15-                                        7000

possible testimony would have made any difference. And we decline to speculate about
these issues in a factual vacuum.
              On this record, we conclude that, by declining to testify, Wagner failed to
preserve his Miranda claim for appellate review.
V.    CONCLUSION
              We therefore AFFIRM the court of appeals’ decision affirming Wagner’s
conviction.




                                          -16-                                     7000

