                                  In The
                             Court of Appeals
                    Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                  No. 07-14-00152-CR


      ADRIAN NATIVIDAD AKA ADRIAN NATIVIDAD-SINALOA, APPELLANT

                                           V.

                         THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                          On Appeal from the 69th District Court
                                   Moore County, Texas
                 Trial Court No. 4707, Honorable Delwin McGee, Presiding

                                    April 23, 2015

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION
                  Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.

      Appellant Adrian Natividad aka Adrian Natividad-Sinaloa appeals his conviction

for possession of marijuana. Through five issues, he contends that 1) the trial court

erred in denying his motion to suppress, 2) his warrantless arrest was illegal, 3) the

consent to search form was not supported by clear and convincing evidence, 4) the

district attorney withheld exculpatory evidence and 5) he did not receive a fair trial

because the district attorney “created” evidence. We affirm.
       Background

       A pre-trial hearing was held on February 14, 2014, in the present cause 4707

and a number of other causes which pertained to appellant. The first motion involved

disqualifying or recusing the 69th District Attorney, which motion was denied.1 A motion

to suppress was heard thereafter, and the State called Trooper Lindley with the Texas

Department of Public Safety to testify.

       Lindley testified that he worked primarily in narcotics investigations and had done

so for at least ten years. On June 25, 2010, he began working a case involving Fabian

Uribe (Uribe). The latter had been stopped by Trooper Darren Bridges due to a traffic

violation. Riding with Uribe was another individual named Elias Pando (Pando). Pando

was traveling from Oklahoma when his car malfunctioned, and Uribe met Pando to

collect Pando and the car. As the two were travelling back to Uribe’s house, Bridges

made the traffic stop.

       During the stop, Bridges “discovered a fairly large size - - amount of currency,”

being transported. The amount approximated $24,800. This discovery resulted in a

drug dog being called to the scene and alerting to the presence of drugs on the cash.

Apparently, no drugs were found, though. Lindley arrived on the scene after the drug

dog alerted, and the circumstances, which included the discovery of a driver’s license

with Uribe’s address on it, led him to travel to the address on Uribe’s license to conduct

additional investigation. Uribe told Lindley that his (Uribe’s) twenty-two year old nephew

lived at the abode, and Lindley had begun to suspect that he would find a “stash house”

at the address.


       1
          Apparently, the trial judge initially presiding over the matter recused himself and filed a
grievance against appellant’s legal counsel.

                                                 2
      Three other law enforcement officers joined Lindley at Uribe’s house. Upon their

arrival at 3:30 a.m., they walked to the front door, knocked, and waited for a response.

Appellant opened the door. At that point and while still standing outside, the officers

smelled the “overwhelming” odor of “green marijuana” coming from inside, noticed that

the rooms they could see from the doorway had no furniture, and saw three large

bundles about ten to fifteen feet from the door. One trooper immediately recognized the

bundles to be marijuana. So too did they see appellant attempt to shut the door. As he

did, the officers seized and brought him outside. Because they knew that danger and

weapons often accompanied drugs, several troopers decided to enter the abode and

perform a security sweep. No one else was found in the house. But, as they exited

they saw “chunks” of marijuana lying next to the bundles “in plain view.”

      While outside, appellant was asked for and gave consent to search the

residence. He also executed a consent form written in Spanish. Thereafter, the law

enforcement officials re-entered the house and seized the marijuana.

      Because the search was conducted without a warrant, appellant moved to have

evidence of the contraband suppressed. The motion was denied by the trial court after

conducting an evidentiary hearing. That eventually led to appellant being tried and

convicted for possessing between 50 and 2,000 pounds of marijuana.

      Issues One, Two and Three – Denial of Motion to Suppress

      We initially address the three issues encompassing the warrantless seizure of

appellant, search of the house, and the denial of appellant’s motion to suppress.

Frankly, appellant’s brief is quite rambling, and he fails to denote which issue he

attempts to address at any particular time. Nonetheless, it appears that he believes the



                                            3
troopers lacked reasonable suspicion or probable cause to arrest him, that the consent

form he executed was invalid because it was “not voluntary, was not effective, and

consent occurred approximately 45 minutes after a protective sweep of the Appellant’s

residence,” and the officers failed to properly execute an affidavit to justify a warrantless

arrest. That is, the “probable cause affidavit” of DPS trooper Lindley fails to meet the

requirements of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the

United States of America and Article 1, § 9 of the Texas Constitution. We overrule the

issues.

        The pertinent standard of review is discussed in Turrubiate v. State, 399 S.W.3d

147 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). We apply it here. And, irrespective of whether the trial

court has made express conclusions of law, we must uphold the trial court's ruling under

any theory supported by the facts since conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.

Alford v. State, 400 S.W.3d 924, 929 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Finally, “a trial court's

ruling will not be reversed based on a legal theory that the complaining party did not

present to it.” State v. Story, 445 S.W.3d 729, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). 2

        Regarding the arrest of appellant, an officer may arrest someone without a

warrant if he has probable cause to believe a crime occurred in his presence. See

Amador v. State, 275 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Probable cause arises

when an officer has knowledge of facts that would lead a reasonable person to believe

that the suspect has committed a crime or will soon do so. State v. Story, 445 S.W.3d


        2
         Normally, review of decisions like that at bar is restricted to the record developed at the
suppression hearing, unless the issue is re-litigated at trial. O'Hara v. State, 27 S.W.3d 548, 551 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000). However, both appellant and the State referred to evidence tendered during trial to
also support their respective positions on appeal, and neither litigant objected to the other doing so. This
may be because they considered the matter re-litigated at trial. Thus, we also cite to the record
developed at trial in reviewing the issue.

                                                     4
at 733; Turrubiate v. State, 399 S.W.3d at 151 (stating that probable cause “exists when

reasonably trustworthy circumstances within the knowledge of the police officer on the

scene would lead him to reasonably believe that evidence of a crime will be found.”).

And, in determining whether probable cause exists, we look to the collective knowledge

of the officers involved. Williams v. State, 440 S.W.3d 717, 720 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

2013, no pet.). Here, the record disclosed that the officers knew that Uribe and Pando

were traveling, in the middle of the night, to Uribe’s house with $24,800 cash. When the

officers knocked on the door of Uribe’s house and appellant opened it, they immediately

smelled and saw bundles of marijuana within feet of the doorway. These circumstances

would lead a reasonable person to believe that appellant was committing the crime of

possessing a controlled substance.            Thus, he was susceptible to arrest without a

warrant. So, their removal of appellant from the house as he tried to close the door,

placing him in handcuffs, and preventing him from leaving could be viewed as a

legitimate detention.

       Regarding the improper execution of an affidavit to support the warrantless

arrest, the argument was not raised below.3 Thus, it cannot be used as a basis for

reversal. State v. Story, supra.

       Regarding appellant’s consent to search, the record disclosed that appellant was

handcuffed upon being removed from the house, was twenty-two years old at the time,

spoke Spanish, and executed a written form granting the troopers permission to search

the house. The form was in Spanish and explained to him in that same language by a


       3
           We know of no authority requiring a law enforcement officer to execute a “probable cause
affidavit” before conducting a warrantless search. Nor did appellant cite us to such authority. So, the
argument was inadequately briefed and waived, in any case. McGee v. State, 342 S.W.3d 245, 247-48
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet. ref’d).

                                                  5
sheriff’s deputy at the scene who spoke fluent Spanish. During the exchange, appellant

was told of his right to refuse consent and deny permission to search. However, the

deputy could not recall when appellant was informed of his Miranda rights.           Yet,

appellant not only appeared to understand what he was told, according to the deputy,

but was also afforded opportunity to ask questions.       No questions were asked by

appellant. Nor was appellant interrogated by the deputy, who apparently happened to

be the only person capable of communicating with appellant in Spanish. And, while four

law enforcement officials were at the scene when consent was sought, none had their

guns drawn. Furthermore, two were in plain clothes.

      The record contains no evidence of appellant being coerced to sign the

document. Indeed, he represented, via the document, that his consent was not the

result of coercion. Nor does the record indicate that appellant objected to his detention

or the search in any way.

      Finally, the form was signed within an hour of appellant’s detention, though the

record is unclear on whether consent was verbally requested prior thereto. And, it must

be remembered that the officers had probable cause to detain appellant indefinitely

given the evidence of his committing a crime in their presence (as previously explained).

      One’s consent to search must be voluntary. Veleta-Hernande v. State, No. 07-

10-00460-CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 3099, at *4-5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo April 19, 2012,

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Furthermore, whether it is voluntary

is a question of fact that the State must prove by clear and convincing evidence. Id.

Many indicia are considered in assessing the matter and include 1) whether the police

displayed weapons or used physical force or other intimidating tactics, 2) whether the



                                            6
police engaged in misconduct, 3) whether the police asserted a right to search, 4) the

degree to which the detainee cooperated with the search, 5) the detainee’s age,

intelligence, education, and physical condition, 6) the detainee's attitude about the

likelihood of discovering contraband, 7) the length of detention and the nature of the

questioning, 8) whether the police administered Miranda warnings, and 9) whether the

detainee was aware of the right to refuse consent.                     State v. $217,590.00 In U.S.

Currency, 18 S.W.3d 631, 634 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).                          Yet, no single factor is

dispositive. Id. Applying the indicia mentioned in $217,590 in U.S. Currency to the

record before us and considering the evidence in a light most favorable to the trial

court’s finding, we conclude that the trial court’s implicit finding that consent was

voluntary is not clearly erroneous.4 See Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 460 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011) (stating that because issues of consent are necessarily fact intensive,

a trial court’s finding of voluntariness “must be accepted on appeal unless it is clearly

erroneous.”).

        Contrary to appellant’s suggestion, consent given after a search was conducted

does not alone render consent involuntary. See Phelper v. State, 396 S.W.2d 396, 397-

99 (Tex. Crim. App. 1965) (wherein the defendant argued that the consent was

improper because it was coerced and secured after the search and the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals upheld the jury’s finding that it was voluntary). Additionally, the sweep

conducted by the troopers was protective in nature. See Reasor v. State, 12 S.W.3d

813, 816-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (stating that a limited protective sweep may be

conducted in conjunction with an in-home arrest when the officer possesses an

        4
          When there are no written findings explaining the basis for the trial judge's decision like here, we
imply findings of fact that support his ruling so long as the evidence supports those implied findings.
Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 460 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

                                                      7
objectively reasonable belief, based on specific and articulable facts, that a person in

that area poses a danger to that police officer or to other people in the area and the

sweep must stay within the appropriate scope and be no longer than necessary to

dispel the reasonable suspicion of danger). They knew from their multiple years of

experience in law enforcement and narcotics investigation that drug trafficking, guns,

and danger went hand-in-hand. See Plummer v. State, 410 S.W.3d 855, 859 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2013) (recognizing that firearms are often present when drug trafficking

occurs). So, a protective sweep was undertaken to secure the area and ameliorate

such danger. The time spent doing that sweep was described by the deputy as “in and

out.” Those circumstances coupled with the evidence previously discussed (including

the time lapse between the detention, sweep and execution of consent) also continue to

sway us that the trial court’s finding of voluntariness was not clearly erroneous.

       Issue Four – Withholding Exculpatory Evidence

       Next appellant contends that:

       [t]he [S]tate violate[d] the Brady Rule as the 69th district attorney
       [withheld] information from Appellant’s attorney to the detriment of the
       Appellant. The State denie[d] the Appellant his constitutional right to
       confront DPS trooper Gary Walsmith who is the person claiming to see the
       marijuana in the darkness of the Appellant’s home. The State [withheld]
       exculpatory evidence and [did] not produce the person of Fabian Uribe or
       Elias Pando for testimony.


We overrule the issue.

       As mentioned by our Court of Criminal Appeals, “Brady held that the State has a

constitutional duty to disclose to a defendant material, exculpatory evidence.” Pena v.

State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 810 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “The scenarios to which Brady

applies ‘involve[] the discovery, after trial of information which had been known to the


                                             8
prosecution but unknown to the defense.’” Id., quoting, United States v. Agurs, 427

U.S. 97, 103, 96 S. Ct. 2392, 49 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1976). Additionally, “the State does not

have such a duty if the defendant was actually aware of the exculpatory evidence or

could have accessed it from other sources.” Id. Finally, “. . . [a]ppellant must also show

that the evidence withheld by the State was ‘favorable’ to his case,” and “[f]avorable

evidence is that which, if disclosed and used effectively, ‘may make the difference

between conviction and acquittal.’” Id. at 811-12, quoting United States v. Bagley, 473

U.S. 667, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 87 L. Ed. 2d 481 (1985). (Emphasis in original).

        The record reveals that appellant knew of Trooper Walsmith and his involvement

in the detention, arrest and search of the house before trial. So too does it illustrate that

appellant knew of Uribe and Pando and their involvement in the cause before trial.

More importantly, in his extended diatribe, appellant fails to discuss to what those

purported witnesses would have testified or how their testimony constituted the

difference between conviction and acquittal. Consequently, he failed to establish a

Brady violation.5

        Appellant also argued that he “has the constitutional right to confront his arresting

officers; and the prosecutor has a duty to insure that he is available for the trial.” The

“arresting officer” in question was Walsmith. Walsmith did not testify at trial, though

appellant may have wanted to examine him. And, other than the conclusory statement

we quoted, appellant failed to explain his argument or cite legal authority supporting the

proposition that the State must make available to a defendant at trial all witnesses he

        5
           Appellant also argued that “the prosecutor withheld exculpatory evidence concerning the lack of
a probable cause affidavit from the arresting officer Tommy J. Lindley.” Apparently, this is the same
affidavit to which we alluded previously. Appellant does not cite us to its location in the record. Nor did
our search of the record uncover it. Nor does he discuss how it contained evidence favorable to him.
Thus, he again failed to illustrate that it somehow was implicated in a Brady violation.

                                                    9
cares to confront. So, at the very least, the contention was waived due to inadequate

briefing. See McGee v. State, 342 S.W.3d 245, 247-48 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet.

ref’d) (stating that argument is waived when conclusory and unaccompanied by citation

to legal authority).

       Issue Five – Due Process and Selective Prosecution

       Via his final issue, appellant argued:

       The Appellant is denied a constitutional right to due process as the
       prosecutor creates additional evidence to open the door for extraneous
       offenses to enhance state’s case for punishment. The Appellant argues
       that he is victim of selective prosecution and is persecuted because
       attorney Hall is Appellant’s attorney of record. The Appellant is indicted on
       August 9, 2013 without a probable cause affidavit and no arrest warrant is
       provided for the Appellant’s “alleged” October 10, 2013 for tampering with
       a government document based on an investigation that ‘allegedly’ began
       on or about August 22, 2013 or July 8, 2013 as the testimony of Vogel
       changes from certainty to lack of recollection throughout his (Vogel)
       testimony during the punishment phase of the Appellant’s jury trial on April
       8, 2014.

This is contained in the “summary” of his issues and unaccompanied by citation to

authority and legal analysis elsewhere in his brief.      Thus, the matter was and is

overruled due to inadequate briefing. See McGee v. State, supra.

       Having overruled each issue, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.



                                                              Brian Quinn
                                                              Chief Justice

Do not publish.




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