












 
 
 
 
 
 
                                      COURT
OF APPEALS
                                       SECOND
DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                                   FORT
WORTH
 
 
                                        NO.
2-06-105-CV
 
 
CENTER
FOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, P.A.
AND GREGORY A. WARD, M.D.                                           APPELLANTS
 
                                                   V.
 
ROGER P. GEORGE AND JULIET A. GEORGE                            APPELLEES
 
                                              ------------
 
            FROM
THE 48TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
 
                                              ------------
 
                                   OPINION
ON REMAND
 
                                              ------------




Appellants Center for
Neurological Disorders, P.A. (ACND@) and
Gregory A. Ward, M.D. appeal from the trial court=s denial of their motions to dismiss the claims of Appellees Roger P.
George and Juliet A. George with prejudice. 
Originally, we dismissed this appeal for want of jurisdiction.[1]  Because the Texas Supreme Court has
instructed us that we do have jurisdiction,[2]
we now consider the appeal on the merits.


In five issues, CND and Dr.
Ward argue that (1) the trial court=s denial of the motions to dismiss should be reviewed under a de novo
standard; (2) the trial court erred by denying the motion to dismiss because
the Georges= expert
report does not meet the statutory requirements of an expert report with
respect to claims against Dr. Ward; (3) all direct liability claims against CND
must be dismissed with prejudice because the report omits any reference to
negligence by CND independent of Dr. Ward=s negligence; (4) all vicarious liability claims against CND must be
dismissed with prejudice because the report alleges only Dr. Ward=s negligence and omits any reference to negligence by any other
physicians or health care providers affiliated with CND; and (5) the proper
remedy is reversal and rendition. 
Because we hold that the report does not represent an objective good
faith effort to comply with the statutory requirements of an expert report with
respect to the Georges= claims that
are based on the esophageal perforation, the claims that are based on the
alleged negligence of Dr. Ward before and during the first surgery, or the
claim against CND for failure to supervise, and because we conclude that the
proper remedy on reversal is remand, we reverse as to these claims and remand
them to the trial court for consideration of whether to grant the Georges time
to cure the report=s
deficiencies in those areas.  Because we
hold that CND did not preserve its complaints regarding the Georges= vicarious liability and direct liability claims based on the acts of
employees and agents other than Dr. Ward, we affirm as to those claims.  Because we hold that the Georges= expert report represents an objective good faith effort to comply
with the statutory requirements of an expert report on the Georges= direct negligence claims against Dr. Ward, with the exception of the
esophageal perforation claims and their claims that are based on Dr. Ward=s actions before and during the first surgery, we affirm as to those
claims.  We therefore also affirm as to
the Georges= vicarious
liability claims that are based on Dr. Ward=s negligence, with the exception of the esophageal perforation claims
and their claims that are based on Dr. Ward=s actions before and during the first surgery.
                                        BACKGROUND FACTS
In 1987, before the events
giving rise to the underlying lawsuit, Mr. George  underwent an anterior cervical discectomy and
fusion for shoulder and arm pain after a neck injury.  Then in 2003, Mr. George went to Dr. Ward
complaining of numbness and pain in both arms and hands and in his left leg; he
also complained of a diminished grip. 
Dr. Ward is a physician with offices at CND, and his practice includes
neurosurgery.




Radiographic studies showed
some postoperative changes, spondylosis, stenosis, and pseudoarthrosis in the
cervical spine.  On Dr. Ward=s recommendation, Mr. George underwent surgery performed by Dr.
Ward.  Mr. George developed postoperative
complications, including the inability to move his left hand and leg and
general weakness on his left side, and the loss of sensation in his right
leg.  As a result, Mr. George received
first an MRI scan and then a CT scan. 
After the CT scan, Dr. Ward diagnosed postoperative hematoma, initiated
high dose steroid therapy, and performed a procedure to drain the
hematoma.  After the second surgery, Mr.
George continued to experience neurological deficits in his left leg and arm.
On September 8, 2003, Mr.
George called Dr. Ward and reported difficulty swallowing.  Examination revealed a fistula from Mr.
George=s esophagus into his right neck. 
Mr. George was again admitted to the hospital and a Dr. Tran evaluated
Mr. George=s condition.  Dr. Tran considered surgery to be too risky,
and Mr. George was sent home with IV therapy plus Sandostatin injections and
insulin injections.  Examination on
September 19, 2003, revealed that the fistula had closed. 




Mr. George continued to
experience numbness on his right side and partial paralysis in his left
hand.  Dr. Ward examined Mr. George on
October 21, 2003, and told Mr. George that he had Brown-Sequard Syndrome and
that it could take many months to recover. 
Mr. George claims that since that time his neurological condition has
not significantly improved.
The Georges filed health care
liability claims against Dr. Ward and CND on September 16, 2005, and an amended
petition on November 09, 2005.  They
alleged that Dr. Ward breached his duty of ordinary care and his duty to act as
a neurosurgeon of reasonable and ordinary prudence in his Adiagnosis, assessment, care, and treatment of Roger George=s cervical spine and related conditions, and/or management or
supervision of such medical and/or health care diagnosis, assessment, care[,]
and treatment.@  Specifically, they claimed that he breached
his duty by:
$                  
failing to provide timely,
proper, and adequate medical and surgical diagnosis, assessment, care, and
treatment of Mr. George=s cervical
spinal conditions and injuries, of his other medical conditions, and to Mr.
George before and after Mr. George=s two spine surgeries; 
$                  
engaging Ain other acts or omissions@ departing from the standard of medical care in his diagnosis,
assessment, care, and treatment of Mr. George=s cervical spine conditions and injuries, Mr. George=s postoperative esophageal injuries, and other medical conditions; 




$                  
failing to provide, by and
through his employees, servants, or agents, 
health care assessment, testing, evaluation, care, and therapy to Mr.
George for his cervical spine conditions and other associated medical conditions;
$                  
individually, or by and
through Dr. Ward=s employees,
servants, or agents, engaging in other acts and omissions departing from the
accepted standards of medical care with respect to Mr. George=s spinal conditions, postoperative esophageal injuries or conditions,
and other injuries or conditions; and
They further alleged that Dr. Ward=s conduct amounted to gross negligence.  They also asserted both direct and vicarious
theories of liability against CND. 
On January 14, 2006, the
Georges served Dr. Ward and CND the expert report required under section 74.351
of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. 
The report of Dr. Isabelle Richmond states that Mr. George=s postoperative conditions indicated the presence of an epidural
hematoma, that Dr. Ward=s
four-and-a-half hour delay in initiating high dose steroid therapy and surgical
drainage of the hematoma deviated from the standard of medical care, and that
these deviations Ain all
reasonable medical probability caused Mr. George to sustain a permanent spinal
cord injury.@




Dr. Ward and CND filed
motions to dismiss the Georges= claims with prejudice under section 74.351 of the civil practice and
remedies code, challenging the sufficiency of Dr. Richmond=s report.  After a hearing, the
trial court denied their motions, and Dr. Ward and CND filed this appeal.
ANALYSIS
Proper Standard of Review




In reviewing a trial court=s decision on a motion to dismiss a claim arising under former article
4590i of the revised civil statutes, the predecessor to section 74.351,[3]
the Texas Supreme Court applied an abuse of discretion standard.[4]  In their first issue, CND and Dr. Ward claim
that under the current version of the statute, a de novo standard of review
applies.  Some commentators have
expressed doubt as to whether the abuse of discretion standard still applies,[5]
but courts of appeals reviewing health care liability claims under section
74.351 have continued to apply that standard.[6]  Accordingly, absent any controlling authority
applying a de novo standard, we review a trial court's determination as to the
adequacy of an expert report under section 74.351 for abuse of discretion.[7]  We overrule CND and Dr. Ward=s first issue.
To determine whether a trial
court abused its discretion, we must decide whether the trial court acted
without reference to any guiding rules or principles; in other words, we must
decide whether the act was arbitrary or unreasonable.[8]  Merely because a trial court may decide a
matter within its discretion in a different manner than an appellate court
would in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of
discretion has occurred.[9]  But a trial court has no discretion in
determining what the law is or in applying the law to the facts, and thus Aa clear failure by the trial court to analyze or apply the law correctly
will constitute an abuse of discretion.@[10]




Sufficiency of the Expert Report as to
Dr. Ward
In their second issue, CND
and Dr. Ward argue that Dr. Richmond=s report does not meet the statutory good faith requirement, and the
trial court therefore erred in failing to dismiss the Georges= claims against Dr. Ward with prejudice.




In a health care liability
claim, a claimant must serve an expert report on each defendant no later than
the 120th day after the claim is filed.[11]  Under section 74.351(b), if an expert report
has not been served on a defendant physician or health care provider within the
120-day period, then on the motion of the affected physician or health care
provider, the trial court must dismiss the claim with prejudice.[12]  The words Ahas not been served@ include cases in which a report has been served but found deficient
by the trial court.[13]  Subsection (b) is made subject to subsection
(c), which provides that when no report has been served because the report that
was served was found to be inadequate, the trial court has discretion to grant
one thirty-day extension to allow the claimant to cure the deficiency.[14]  Unlike under former article 4590i, a trial
court may not grant an extension for any other reason absent an agreement of
the parties.[15]




A defendant may challenge the
adequacy of a report, and the trial court must grant the motion to dismiss if
it finds, after a hearing, that Athe report does not represent an objective good faith effort to comply
with the definition of an expert report@ in the statute.[16]  While the expert report Aneed not marshal all the plaintiff's proof,@[17] it must provide a fair summary of the expert=s opinions as to the Aapplicable standards of care, the manner in which the care rendered by
the physician or health care provider failed to meet the standards, and the
causal relationship between that failure and the injury, harm, or damages
claimed.@[18]  To constitute a good-faith
effort, the report must Adiscuss the
standard of care, breach, and causation with sufficient specificity to inform
the defendant of the conduct the plaintiff has called into question and to
provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that the claims have merit.@[19]  A report does not fulfill this
requirement if it merely states the expert's conclusions or if it omits any of
the statutory requirements.[20]  The information in the report Adoes not have to meet the same requirements as the evidence offered in
a summary‑judgment proceeding or at trial.@[21]




We agree with CND and Dr.
Ward that Dr. Richmond=s report did
not constitute a good faith effort with respect to CND and Dr. Ward=s alleged negligence in the recognition and investigation of Mr.
George=s esophageal perforation or in his diagnosis, care, and treatment of
Mr. George before and during the first surgery. 
The report did not provide any standard of care for the treatment of
esophageal perforation, did not describe how any actions or omissions of Dr.
Ward or another physician failed to meet the standard of care, or give an
opinion as to causation or damages.  With
respect to claims based on Dr. Ward=s actions before and during the first surgery, the report says only
that ADr. Ward was required to properly perform the anterior cervical fusion
with application of an anterior cervical plate in a technically competent
fashion.@  The report therefore does not
inform CND and Dr. Ward of the specific conduct that the Georges have called
into question or provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that the
claims have merit, and thus it does not constitute a good faith effort with
respect to these claims.[22]
With respect to the Georges= other claims against Dr. Ward, however, Dr. Richmond=s report does constitute a good faith effort under the statute.  On page four of her report, Dr. Richmond
gives her opinion of the applicable standard of care as to the Georges= other claims:  Dr. Ward Awas required to properly perform the anterior cervical fusion with
application of an anterior cervical plate in a technically competent fashion,@ as well as Aprovide
timely and proper postoperative surveillance and treatment@ of Mr. George.  Dr. Richmond
gives the applicable postoperative standard of care as requiring Dr. Ward to Amonitor and promptly investigate and treat any new onset of
neurological deficit experienced by Mr. George.@




Dr. Richmond=s report then states her opinion of the manner in which Dr. Ward
breached the standard of care.  According
to Dr. Richmond=s report,
Dr. Ward Adid not
timely treat and investigate Mr. George=s new onset neurologic deficit.@  Dr. Ward Ashould have immediately initiated and performed surgical drainage of
the hematoma@ after
receiving the MRI scan results.  Dr. Richmond
gives her further opinion that after the MRI scan, the CT scan of Mr. George
was unnecessary to diagnose the spinal cord compression, and it inappropriately
further delayed Mr. George=s treatment.  Finally, her report
states that the high dose steroid protocol was not timely initiated because it
was not initiated until almost four hours after Mr. George=s spinal cord injury Awas or should have been clinically evident to Dr. Ward.@




The report also represents a
good‑faith effort to summarize the causal relationship between Dr. Ward's
failure to meet the applicable standards of care and Mr. George's injury.[23]  Dr. Richmond states that epidural spinal
hematoma Ais the most
common neurosurgical complication of spinal surgery producing new onset
neurological deficit,@ and that A[i]f not diagnosed and treated promptly, it can result in severe and
permanent spinal cord injury.@  She also states that A[p]rompt administration of high dose steroid therapy is known to
reduce the severity of spinal cord injury if given in a timely manner.@  She further states that the Aepidural hematoma produces spinal cord damage by putting pressure on
the spinal cord and reducing tissue perfusion@ and that Aprompt
surgical drainage of the hematoma would have reduced the pressure much earlier
and lessened the degree of spinal cord damage.@  In her opinion, the delay in
the initiation of the high dose steroid therapy and the drainage of the hematoma
were deviations from the standard of medical care that Ain all reasonable medical probability caused Mr. George to sustain a
permanent spinal cord injury,@ and Athe severity
of his permanent spinal cord injury probably would have been reduced@ if he had received the proper treatment earlier.  Dr. Richmond asserts that Dr. Ward failed to
take actions that are known to be effective if timely performed.  She explains that by failing to take these
actions, Dr. Ward allowed the continuation of a condition that can cause severe
and permanent injury of the type complained of by Mr. George.  These assertions by Dr. Richmond are not
merely conclusory and make a good-faith effort to summarize the causal
relationship between Dr. Ward=s negligence and Mr. George=s spinal injury.
Because we hold that with the
exception of claims relating to Mr. George=s esophageal perforation and to alleged negligence by Dr. Ward before
and during the first surgery, Dr. Richmond=s report discusses the standard of care, breach, and causation with
sufficient specificity to inform Dr. Ward of the conduct that the Georges have
called into question and to provide a basis for the trial court to conclude
whether the claims have merit, we overrule CND and Dr. Ward=s second issue as to all claims against Dr. Ward except those relating
to the esophageal perforation and to Dr. Ward=s alleged negligence before and during the first surgery.




Sufficiency of Dr. Richmond=s Report as to CND
Direct Liability of CND
In their third issue, CND and
Dr. Ward assert that the trial court should have dismissed the Georges= claims that are based on CND=s direct liability because Dr. Richmond=s report makes no attempt to address any of the Georges= allegations of direct liability. 
The Georges= pleadings
allege two grounds of direct liability against CND:  (1) CND failed to Atimely, properly, safely, or adequately govern or supervise the
quality of medical, surgical[,] and health care services to and for Roger
George@ (Afailure to
supervise@) and (2)
CND directly and through its employees or agents engaged in acts or omissions
departing from the applicable standard of care. 
We first address the failure to supervise claim.




Neither party disputes that
the failure to supervise claim is a health care liability claim.  Thus, the Georges= were required to provide an expert report on this claim or face
having the claim dismissed with prejudice.[24]  Dr. Richmond=s report does include her opinion as to the standard of care
applicable to CND, but only in the context of CND=s provision of medical services through Dr. Ward.  In her paragraph setting out the standard of
care, Dr. Richmond states only that A[CND], by and through . . . Dr. Ward, was responsible for meeting the
reasonable, prudent, and accepted standards of health care@ in the treatment of Mr. George, and that Dr. Ward provided medical
care to Mr. George Ain the
course and scope of employment with [CND] and in furtherance of [CND]=s business.@  This language clearly supports a claim for
CND=s vicarious liability for Dr. Ward=s alleged negligence, but it fails to establish a separate standard of
care applicable to a professional association of neurosurgeons.[25]




When discussing CND=s breach of the standard of care, the report states that CND, through
Dr. Ward, Afailed to
provide medical services to Mr. George in a reasonable prudent manner,@ and again states that Dr. Ward provided medical services to Mr.
George in the scope of Dr. Ward=s employment with CND and in furtherance of CND=s business.  The report does not
state any specific conduct of CND that violated any applicable standard of
care; the report here addresses only CND=s vicarious liability for any negligence of Dr. Ward.  Because Dr. Richmond=s report does not state a standard of care applicable to CND or state
with specificity any conduct of CND that breached an applicable standard of
care, the report does not make a good faith effort to comply with section
74.351 as to CND=s failure to
supervise, and the trial court abused its discretion in finding otherwise.  We therefore sustain CND and Dr. Ward=s third issue as to the Georges= failure to supervise claim.
CND also asserts in its brief
that Dr. Richmond=s report
does not sufficiently address, and therefore the trial court erred by not
dismissing with prejudice, the Georges= claim that CND directly and through its employees or agents engaged
in acts or omissions departing from the applicable standard of care.  The complaint on appeal must be the same as
that presented in the trial court.[26]  An appellate court cannot reverse based on a
complaint not raised in the trial court.[27]  CND did not present this argument to the
trial court; its motion to dismiss discussed only the failure to supervise
claim.  We therefore do not address this
issue because CND did not preserve it below.[28]  Accordingly, we overrule CND and Dr. Ward=s third issue with respect to this claim.




Vicarious Liability of CND
Under their fourth issue, CND
and Dr. Ward argue that all vicarious liability claims against CND must be
dismissed with prejudice.  The Georges
made claims against CND based on two grounds of vicarious liability, one based
on the alleged negligence of Dr. Ward and another based on the alleged
negligence of other physicians and health care providers employed by or acting
as agents for CND.  CND first argues that
the trial court erred by not dismissing with prejudice the vicarious liability
claims based on Dr. Ward=s alleged
negligence because the expert report was insufficient to sustain any claims
against Dr. Ward.  Under section 24 of
the Professional Association Act, the negligence of a professional association=s employee is imputed to the association,[29]
as CND and Dr. Ward recognize in their brief. 
Thus, if the expert report is sufficient as to the claims against Dr.
Ward, and we have held that it is except as to the claims relating to the
esophageal perforation and to acts of Dr. Ward before and during the first
surgery, then the report is sufficient as to claims against CND that are based
on Dr. Ward=s alleged
negligence.[30]




CND also argues that the
trial court erred by failing to find that Dr. Richmond=s report was insufficient to support the vicarious liability claims
based on the alleged negligence of physicians and health care providers other
than Dr. Ward.  CND did not make this
argument to the trial court.  CND thus
did not preserve this issue for appeal.[31]  We therefore overrule CND and Dr. Ward=s fourth issue, except to the extent that the Georges= make any vicarious liability claims based on Dr. Ward=s alleged negligence with respect to the esophageal perforation and
his alleged negligence before and during the first surgery.
Proper Remedy on Reversal
In their final issue, CND and
Dr. Ward argue that rendition is the appropriate remedy on reversal.  In the Georges= response to CND and Dr. Ward=s motion to dismiss, they had asked the trial court, should the court
find their expert report to be deficient, to grant them the thirty-day
extension available under section 74.351(c). 
CND and Dr. Ward maintain that the Georges could have corrected any
defects in the report before the hearing on the motions to dismiss and thus
should not now have the opportunity to cure any deficiency.  They further argue that to remand any claims
to the trial court would render futile the interlocutory appeal remedy.







Section 74.351 provides that
if a claimant is found not to have served the expert report within the 120-day
time period because the elements of the report are deficient, the trial court
has discretion to grant a thirty-day extension to the claimant to cure the
deficiency.[32]  The dismissal remedy under subsection
74.351(b) is expressly made Asubject to@ subsection
74.351(c), and thus the legislature intended that the right to have a claim
dismissed under the subsection be limited by the trial court=s ability to grant an extension of time to cure any deficiencies.[33]  Further, the trial court cannot grant an
extension unless and until it finds the report to be deficient.[34]  Since the parties filed their briefs in this
case, the Texas Supreme Court has addressed the issue of whether remand is
appropriate.  In Leland, after
stating that a defendant may challenge by interlocutory appeal a trial court=s determination that a report is adequate, the court held that Asection 74.351>s plain
language permits one thirty‑day extension when the court of appeals finds
deficient a report that the trial court considered adequate.@[35]  Accordingly, we hold that for
purposes of determining the proper remedy on reversal it is irrelevant whether
the Georges had the opportunity to cure the report=s deficiency before the trial court ruled on the motion to dismiss.[36]  We also overrule CND and Dr. Ward=s argument that to remand any claims to the trial court would render
futile the interlocutory appeal remedy. 
We overrule CND and Dr. Ward=s final issue.
                                             CONCLUSION
Having disposed of all of CND
and Dr. Ward=s issues, we
reverse the part of the trial court=s order as to the Georges= claims based on the esophageal perforation, as to claims based on
negligence of Dr. Ward before and during the first surgery, and as to the
Georges= claim against CND for failure to supervise, and we remand to the
trial court the issue of whether to grant the Georges a thirty-day extension to
cure the deficiencies in Dr. Richmond=s expert report as to those claims. 
We affirm the trial court=s order as to all of the Georges= other claims.
 
 
LEE ANN DAUPHINOT
JUSTICE
 
PANEL B:   DAUPHINOT, GARDNER,
and MCCOY, JJ.
DELIVERED: 
July 10, 2008




[1]Ctr.
for Neurological Disorders, P.A. v. George, 253 S.W.3d 289, 290
(Tex. App.CFort
Worth 2007) (mem. op.), rev=d, 253
S.W.3d 217 (Tex. 2008).


[2]George, 253
S.W.3d at 217.


[3]Act
of May 30, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 817, 1977 Tex. Gen. Laws 2039, repealed
by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, '
10.09, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 884 (recodified at TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. '
74.351 (Vernon 2005) (effective Sept. 1, 2003)).  For ease of reference, in the remainder of
this opinion, we refer to this statute as former article 4590i.


[4]See
Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46
S.W.3d 873, 877B78
(Tex. 2001) (applying abuse of discretion standard to former article 4590i).


[5]See Kendrick
v. Garcia, 171 S.W.3d 698, 702B03 (Tex. App.CEastland
2005, pet. denied); George C. Hanks, Jr. & Rachel Polinger‑Hyman,
Redefining the Battlefield, 67 TEX. B.J.
936, 943 (2004).


[6]See Mokkala
v. Mead, 178 S.W.3d 66, 70 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2005,
pet. granted); Kendrick, 171 S.W.3d at 702B03.


[7]See
Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 877B78; Kendrick,
171 S.W.3d at 702B03; Mokkala,
178 S.W.3d at 70.


[8]Downer
v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241B42
(Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1159 (1986).


[9]Id.


[10]Walker
v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992); Ehrlich v.
Miles, 144 S.W.3d 620, 624 (Tex. App.CFort Worth 2004, pet.
denied).


[11]TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. '
74.351(a).


[12]Id. '
74.351(b).


[13]Lewis
v. Funderburk, 253 S.W.3d 204, 207B08
(Tex. 2008).


[14]TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. '
74.351(c); Leland v. Brandal, 217 S.W.3d 60, 64B65
(Tex. App.CSan
Antonio 2006), aff=d, No.
06‑1028, 2008 WL 2404958 (Tex. Jun. 13, 2008).


[15]Thoyakulathu
v. Brennan, 192 S.W.3d 849, 852 (Tex. App.CTexarkana
2006, no pet.).


[16]TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. '
74.351(l).


[17]Palacios, 46
S.W.3d at 878 (construing former art. 4590i, '
13.01).


[18]TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. '
74.351(r)(6).


[19]Palacios, 46
S.W.2d at 875.


[20]Id. at
879.


[21]Id.


[22]See
id. at 875.


[23]See
Bowie Mem=l
Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 53 (Tex. 2002) (stating that an
expert report cannot be conclusory and must make a good-faith effort to
summarize the causal relationship between the alleged breach of the standard of
care and the alleged injury).


[24]See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. '
74.351(b).


[25]See,
e.g., Carl J. Battaglia, M.D., P.A. v. Alexander, 177
S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. 2005) (ADetermining the standard of
care demanded from a professional association of anesthesiologists in providing
anesthesiology services >requires
skills not ordinarily possessed by lay persons.=@)
(quoting St. John v. Pope, 901 S.W.2d 420, 423 (Tex. 1995)).


[26]Banda
v. Garcia, 955 S.W.2d 270, 272 (Tex. 1997); Tex. Dep't
of Pub. Safety v. Bond, 955 S.W.2d 441, 448 (Tex. App.CFort
Worth 1997, no pet.).


[27]Banda, 955
S.W.2d at 272.


[28]See TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1; see also Alvarez v. Thomas, 172
S.W.3d 298, 302 (Tex. App.CTexarkana 2005, no pet.)
(refusing to consider alternate grounds for overruling motion to dismiss when
such grounds were not raised in trial court and stating that A[i]t
would be improper to conclude the trial court erred on an issue that was not
presented to it@).


[29]TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art.
1528f, ' 24
(Vernon 2003); Battaglia, 177 S.W.3d at 902.


[30]See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art.
1528f, ' 24.


[31]See
Alvarez, 172 S.W.3d at 302.


[32]TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. '
74.351(c).


[33]Leland, 217
S.W.3d at 64B65.


[34]See
Maxwell v. Elkins, 197 S.W.3d 858, 861 (Tex. App.CEastland
2006, pet. denied) (holding that the trial court, in granting the claimant a
thirty-day extension, Anecessarily
gave consideration to the adequacy of the report@
because the court otherwise would have no reason to grant the extension).


[35]See
Leland, 2008 WL 2404958, at *3.


[36]See
id.


