










 
 
NUMBER 13-03-003-CR



COURT OF APPEALS



THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS



CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG 

 


Ex Parte Octabiano Cantu, Jr.
 
On appeal from the 105th
 District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
 


O P I N I O N



Before Justices Hinojosa, Yañez, and Garza

Opinion by Justice Garza



 Appellant, Octabiano Cantu, Jr., challenges the trial court's denial of relief on his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. 
Appellant currently stands indicted for aggravated sexual assault on a child, (1) but he claims that in an earlier trial, he was
acquitted of the offense giving rise to the indictment.  In a  pre-trial habeas corpus petition, appellant asked the trial court to
bar the State from prosecuting him for aggravated sexual assault on the grounds that it would constitute double jeopardy. (2) 
The court held a habeas hearing but ultimately denied relief.  Appellant now challenges that denial of relief.  After
reviewing the record, we conclude that relief is improper because appellant does not face double jeopardy. We affirm the
trial court's decision.
 In evaluating a challenge to a trial court's decision on a habeas corpus petition, we view the facts in the light most
favorable to the court's ruling, and absent an abuse of discretion, we will uphold the challenged ruling.  Ex parte Kubas, 83
S.W.3d 366, 368 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2002, pet. ref'd).  We give the trial court almost total deference with regard to
findings of historical fact supported by the record, but we give de novo review to the trial court's determination of the law
as well as its application of the law to the facts. Id. at 368-69.
 In October 2002, a jury tried appellant on charges of aggravated sexual assault on a child (the "greater offense") and the
lesser-included offense of indecency with a child (the "lesser included offense"). (3)  The jury deadlocked, and the trial court
granted appellant's motion for a mistrial.  In his habeas petition, appellant argued that the jury implicitly acquitted him of
the greater offense because its notes to the trial judge indicated that it was deadlocked on the lesser-included offense.  The
trial court disagreed with appellant's "implied verdict" theory.  So do we.
 Appellant's argument is based on the instructions given to the jury and three notes the jury passed to the judge during its
deliberations.  In relevant part, the jury instructions explained, "Unless you so find beyond a reasonable doubt, or if you
have a reasonable doubt thereof, you will acquit the Defendant of the [greater] offense . . . and next consider whether he is
guilty of the lesser included offense."  Appellant argues that this language prohibited the jury from considering the lesser
included offense unless it first acquitted him of the greater offense. 
 During its deliberations, the jury sent a note that read, "Your honor, we are at a split vote 10-2 (G/N) on [the] lesser charge. 
What do we do now?"  The court instructed the jury to keep deliberating, but then a second jury note later declared, "Your
honor, we are sorry - but we are hopelessly deadlocked . . . [at] 10-2 (G-NG) on [the] lesser charge."  This second note
prompted appellant to move for a mistrial.  After declining to grant the motion, the court admonished the jury as follows:
If this jury finds itself unable to reach a unanimous verdict, it will be necessary for the court to declare a mistrial and
dismiss the jury.  The indictment will still be pending, and it is reasonable to assume that the case will be tried again before
another jury at some future time.  You are requested to continue your deliberations in an effort to arrive at a verdict that is
acceptable to all members of the jury if you can do so without doing violence to your own conscience.
 
After further deliberations, the jury sent a third note to the judge, which stated, "We are still deadlocked - do you wish us to
continue tonight?  Or do you want us to continue tomorrow?  The panel is firm in their [sic] deliberations.  We are still . . .
[at] 10-2 (G-NG)." After reading the note and bringing the jury back into the courtroom, the judge instructed, "If you feel
that further deliberations will result in a verdict, whether tonight or tomorrow, then please hold up your hand."  No hands
went up, and the court subsequently granted appellant's second motion for a mistrial.   
 At the habeas hearing, appellant argued that the jury notes constitute an implied acquittal on the greater offense, but the
court ruled as follows:
There's a presumption that the juries follow the instructions given to them in the Charge of the Court, and with that
presumption in mind, the jury took the higher offense first, considered it, and moved on to the lesser charge; however, the
jury made no specific finding in this case.  There was no verdict returned.  
 
We agree with the trial court's conclusion that the jury never reached a verdict.  
 Our Court has decided appeals similar to the one now before us.  See, e.g., Zavala v. State, 956 S.W.2d 715, 718-19 (Tex.
App.--Corpus Christi 1997, no pet.) (holding that appellant faced no double jeopardy where a mistrial was granted because
the jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on both charges). In those cases, we, like our sister courts, have concluded that
even where a jury indicates that it has reached a verdict of not guilty on the greater offense, as a matter of law, a verdict is
not reached until the jury has answered all the charges against a defendant.  See, e.g., id. (following State ex rel. Hawthorn
v. Giblin, 589 S.W.2d 431, 432-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)); see generally Pullin v. State, 827 S.W.2d 1, 2-3 (Tex.
App.--Houston [1st Dist. ] 1992, pet. ref'd) ("A verdict, however, is not complete until all submitted issues are resolved by
the jury."). Consequently, we hold that because the jury did not return an answer to both charges presented to it, there was
no verdict in this case.  The trial judge did not err in concluding that the jury had not returned a verdict. 
 The law regarding double jeopardy in such cases is well-settled.  A trial court's declaration of a mistrial following a hung
jury is not an event that terminates the original jeopardy to which a defendant is subjected.  Richardson v. United States,
468 U.S. 317, 326 (1984); see also Ex parte McAfee, 761 S.W.2d 771, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988);Woodson v. State, 777
S.W.2d 525, 526 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1989, pet. ref'd). Appellant faces only one jeopardy.  His appeal is overruled.
We affirm the trial court's denial of relief.                          
        ________________________        DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
        Justice


Concurring Opinion by Justice Linda Reyna Yañez.
 
Publish.
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
Opinion delivered and filed
this 6th day of November, 2003. 


 
1. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021 (Vernon 2003).  
2. As the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained:


The doctrine of double jeopardy is derived from the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and is
applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.  Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28, 98 S.Ct. 2156, 57 L. Ed. 2d 24
(1978); and Downum v. U.S., 372 U.S. 734, 83 S.Ct. 1033, 10 L. Ed. 2d 100 (1963).  In a jury trial, jeopardy attaches when
the jury is impaneled and sworn. Crist, 437 U.S. at 38, 98 S.Ct. at 2162. After jeopardy attaches, any charge which is
dismissed, waived, abandoned or on which the jury returns an acquittal, may not be retried. Ex Parte Scelles, 511 S.W.2d
300, 301 (Tex.Cr.App. 1974).


Ex parte Preston, 833 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (internal footnotes omitted).  
3. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11 (Vernon 2003).












NUMBER 13-03-003-CR



COURT OF APPEALS



THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS



CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG 

 


EX PARTE: OCTABIANO CANTU,
 
 
On appeal from the 105th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.

 


CONCURRING OPINION



Before Justices Hinojosa, Yañez, and Garza

Opinion by Justice Yañez



 I must concur in the result reached by the majority because appellant's counsel consented to retrial.
 "In a jury trial, jeopardy attaches when the jury is impaneled and sworn."  Ex Parte Preston, 833 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1992).  Once jeopardy attaches, "the defendant possesses a valued right to have his guilt or innocence
determined before the first trier of fact."  Torres v. State, 614 S.W.2d 436, 441 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).  An exception to
this rule is made if the defendant consents to retrial.  Id.  Here, the court informed the jury, in the presence of counsel, that
the result of their deadlock and a mistrial would be a new trial before another jury.  Nevertheless, appellant's counsel
moved for mistrial (a second time) after the jury's third note and the trial court granted the motion. Therefore, appellant
consented to retrial.
 However, I am concerned by any system of laws that allows an accused to be subject to re-prosecution for the greater
offense when a jury has (1) decided not guilty on the greater offense, (2) become hung on a lesser offense, (3) avoided
announcing a complete verdict, (4) and been discharged on a motion for mistrial.  If appellant had not consented to retrial
by moving for mistrial once jury deliberations on the lesser became futile, his implied verdict theory would deserve more
attention.  That analysis would closely track the following examination.
 Here, the jury charge provides, in relevant part:
 Unless you so find beyond a reasonable doubt, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, you will acquit the Defendant of
the offense of Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child as charged in the indictment and next considerwhether he is guilty of
the lesser included offense of Indecency with a Child.


(emphasis added).  The jury's notes to the trial judge indicate they were deadlocked at ten guilty against two not guilty on
the lesser included offense.  "We generally presume, although the presumption is rebuttable, that a jury follows the
instructions given by the trial judge, in the manner presented."  Rose v. State, 752 S.W.2d 529, 554 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)
(on rehearing).  Based on such a presumption, the jury must have acquitted on the greater offense, because it had
progressed to consideration of the lesser offense. Thus, presuming appellant's acquittal on the greater offense, jeopardy
would seem to bar any retrial on that offense. (1)
 However, that is not the case.  The court of criminal appeals has held, "[w]hen a jury is instructed on . . . included offenses
in addition to the charged offense, it cannot be said that the jury has decided the issue submitted to it until it declares the
accused guilty of one of the offenses or not guilty of all of them."  State ex rel. Hawthorn v. Giblin, 589 S.W.2d 431,
432-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).  In other words, an incomplete verdict is not a verdict at all.  Furthermore, Giblin informs
us that "a judgment cannot be entered in the absence of a verdict."  Id. at 432.
 Giblin relies on the above propositions to conclude that a trial court may not "enter a judgment of acquittal in a case in
which the jurors indicate they have voted unanimously to acquit the defendant on the charged offense but are undecided on
a lesser included offense," without a verdict (2) or an informal verdict. (3) Id. at 432-33.  Yet, it is important to note that these
propositions do not address pleas of jeopardy.  There was no opportunity for a jeopardy plea in Giblin, as a second trial had
yet to take place.  So, on the facts before it, the Giblin court did not address the viability of a plea of jeopardy at a second
trial. (4)
 As for what should happen at a second trial, when a defendant did not move for mistrial based on the jury's deadlock on a
lesser included offense at the first, Pullin is instructive in a more practical and fair sense.  See Pullin v. State, 827 S.W.2d 1
(Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no pet.).
 In Pullin, the jury sent two notes to the trial judge.  Id. at 2.  The first, similar to the notes here, stated that the jury could
not reach a decision on the lesser included offense. Id.  The second note reiterated the jury's indecision on the lesser but
also stated its unanimous decision of "not guilty" on the greater offense.  Id.  After receiving the second note, the judge
called the jury into the courtroom.  Id.  The following dialogue transpired between the judge and the jury foreman:
 Court:  [Mr. Foreman], as I understand the jury is hopelessly deadlocked, unable to reach a verdict.
 
 Foreman:  That's correct.


 Court:  -- as to either of the alternatives.
 
 Foreman:  No, we reached a verdict in terms of not guilty, in terms of the assault.


 Court:  All right, the aggravated?


 Foreman:  The aggravated assault (greater offense).


 Court:  And then, on the attempt (lesser included offense), the jury is deadlocked?


 Foreman:  That's correct.


Id.  The judge then discharged the jury, without the jury returning a verdict on the form given to it with the charge.  Id. at
2-3.  After being re-indicted on all counts, appellant filed a special plea of double jeopardy.  Id. at 3.  The same judge from
the earlier trial granted the jeopardy plea as to the aggravated assault.  Id.
 On appeal, this practice was implicitly upheld.  Id.  It appears that the trial court and the appellate court determined that
jeopardy had attached once the jury "spoke clearly that appellant was not guilty" of the greater offense, even though no
written verdict was returned.  See Monroe v. State, 871 S.W.2d 801, 804 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no pet.)
(emphasis in original).
 It should be noted that the trial court in Pullin was simply and correctly following the instructions of the code of criminal
procedure, which directs judges to order the jury to reduce informal verdicts to proper form. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. § 37.10 (Vernon Supp. 2003).  The code does not define "informal verdict," but precedent regarding jury notes
provides that such notes must be "plainly intended" as an acquittal before they can be considered an informal verdict. 
Antwine v. State, 572 S.W.2d 541, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (panel op.).  A complete, written verdict in "proper form"
was not possible inPullin, due to the jury's deadlock on the lesser included offense.  Pullin, 827 S.W.2d at 2. Nevertheless,
when presented with an arguably informal verdict, the judge in that case prodded the jury with a few questions into the
most practical and fair result.  Pullin, 827 S.W.2d at 2-3.  In sum, the judge called attention to the informal verdict, (5) gave
the jury the opportunity to speak clearly (6) as to its decision, and allowed jeopardy to attach.  Id.
 Ignoring appellant's consent to retrial, I cannot say that the habeas court here would have abused its discretion because the
jury did not speak clearly or send notes plainly intended as an acquittal.  Here, the jury was not given the chance to speak
clearly and, thus, the appellant is not able to make a successful jeopardy plea.  In the future, when an arguably informal
verdict is submitted by the jury, the trial court is directed to call attention to it and order the jury to reduce it to proper form
or at least speak clearly.


 
       LINDA REYNA YAÑEZ
       Justice






Publish.  Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).


Concurring opinion delivered and filed this 
the 6th day of November, 2003.
1. After jeopardy attaches, any charge on which the jury returns an acquittal may not be retried.  Ex Parte Preston, 833
S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
2. A verdict is a written declaration by a jury of its decision of the issue submitted to it in the case.  Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. § 37.01 (Vernon 1981).
3. "If the verdict of the jury is informal, its attention shall be called to it, and with its consent the verdict may, under the
direction of the court, be reduced to the proper form. . . ."  Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
§ 37.10(a) (Vernon Supp. 2003).  While the code of criminal procedure does not define an informal verdict, precedent has
established that communications from the jury will not be considered an informal verdict unless "plainly intended" as such. 
State ex rel. Hawthorn v. Giblin, 589 S.W.2d 431, 432-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (citing Antwine v. State, 572 S.W.2d
541, 542-43 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (panel op.);  Robinson v. State, 23 Tex. App. 315, 4 S.W. 904 (1887)).
4. I can speculate that the Giblin defendant would not have succeeded on a plea of jeopardy at a second trial because he
moved for mistrial once it was determined that further deliberations by the jury were futile, see Giblin, 589 S.W.2d at 432,
therefore consenting to retrial. 
5.  Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. § 37.10(a) (Vernon Supp. 2003).
6. See Monroe v. State, 871 S.W.2d 801, 804 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no pet.).
