                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      Tenth Circuit

                                 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        June 3, 2016
                             _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
In re: RALPH GIFFORD; BETTY
GIFFORD,

       Debtors.

------------------------------

GARY A. BARNEY, Trustee,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 15-8097
                                                       (BAP No. 15-004-WY)
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., successor by                 (Bankruptcy Appellate Panel)
merger to BAC Homes Loans Servicing,
L.P.,

       Defendant - Appellee.
                       _________________________________

                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                             _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

        This is an appeal from a decision of the Tenth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate

Panel (BAP) that affirmed the bankruptcy court’s order for summary judgment in


        *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
favor of Bank of America, N.A. (BANA), on the bankruptcy trustee’s claim, for the

benefit of the bankruptcy estate, to avoid a mortgage on real property owned by the

debtors. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1), we affirm.

                                     Background

      In January 2006, co-debtor Betty Gifford obtained a loan from Jackson State

Bank and Trust (JSB) for her purchase of real property in Sublette County,

Wyoming. At the closing, she executed a promissory note and signed a mortgage as

security for payment of the note. The mortgage named JSB as the mortgagee and

noted that the loan servicer could change. It further stated that both the note and

mortgage could be sold without prior notice to Ms. Gifford. The mortgage was

properly recorded in the county land records on February 1, 2006.

      At the closing, Ms. Gifford also signed a document titled “Notice of

Assignment, Sale or Transfer of Servicing Rights.” Aplt. App. at 104. The notice

stated that effective March 1, 2006, Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., (Countrywide

Loans) would become the loan servicer, i.e., the entity with the “right to collect

payments.” Id. That same day, JSB executed a “Corporation Assignment of Real

Estate Mortgage,” id. at 106, which transferred the mortgage to Mortgage Electronic

Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS). The assignment was recorded in the county land

records on February 13, 2006. Two days later, JSB transferred the promissory note

to Countrywide Bank, N.A. (Countrywide Bank), without recourse.

      In April 2009, Ms. Gifford defaulted on the note. Not long thereafter,

Countrywide Bank merged with BANA, and Countrywide Loans, its former servicing

                                           2
arm, became BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P. (BAC). In October 2009, MERS

assigned the mortgage and “its rights, title and interest in the note” to BAC. Id. at

107. This assignment was recorded in the county land records in October. BAC was

the mortgagee in mid-December when Ms. Gifford and her husband, Ralph Gifford,

filed their Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition.

      BAC, as the mortgagee, filed a motion seeking relief from automatic stay so it

could foreclose on the mortgage. When the trustee objected, BAC withdrew its

motion and the trustee filed an adversary complaint against BANA, as the successor

to BAC, to avoid the mortgage.1 The trustee advanced two theories: (1) the transfer

of the mortgage from MERS to BAC in October 2009 was an avoidable preference

under 11 U.S.C. § 547 and (2) the trustee could avoid the mortgage as unenforceable

under the “strong-arm” provision of 11 U.S.C. § 544(a).

      The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment and following a

hearing, the bankruptcy court certified the following question to the Wyoming

Supreme Court: “Whether the mortgage must comply with the statutory requirements

of Wyo. Stat. §§ 34-2-122 and 34-2-123.” Aplt. App. at 189.

      In the meantime, the BAP issued its decision in an unrelated case, Royal v.

First Interstate Bank (In re Trierweiler), 484 B.R. 783 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2012)

(Trierweiler I). While Trierweiler I was on appeal to this court, the Wyoming

Supreme Court issued its response to the question certified by the bankruptcy court in

the proceedings underlying this appeal, Barney v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P.

      1
          BAC merged with BANA in July 2011.
                                             3
(In re Gifford), 300 P.3d 852 (Wyo. 2013). Then, this court’s decision on appeal

from Trierweiler I, relied on the Wyoming court’s decision in In re Gifford to reject

the bankruptcy trustee’s arguments in that case to avoid a mortgage lien on the

debtor’s real property. Royal v. First Interstate Bank (In re Trierweiler), 570 F.

App’x 766, 773 n.5 (10th Cir. 2014) (Trierweiler II). In view of the strong factual

and legal similarities between the trustee’s claims in Trierweiler II and the claims

raised by the trustee in the Gifford bankruptcy, the bankruptcy court ordered the

parties to file supplemental briefing in the Gifford adversary proceeding. After

considering the briefs, the bankruptcy court granted summary judgment for BANA.

The BAP affirmed. Barney v. Bank of America, N.A. (In re Gifford), No. WY-15-

004, 2015 WL 4878461 (B.A.P 10th Cir. July 24, 2015) (unpublished). The trustee

now appeals.

                                 Standard of Review

      Although this is an appeal from the BAP, “we review only the Bankruptcy

Court’s decision.” Warren v. Mathai (In re Warren), 512 F.3d 1241, 1248 (10th Cir.

2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). This does not mean that we ignore the

BAP’s decision, “[r]ather, we . . . treat the BAP as a subordinate appellate tribunal

whose rulings are not entitled to any deference (although they certainly may be

persuasive).” Id. “We apply the same standards of review that govern appellate

review in other cases. Accordingly, this court reviews the bankruptcy court’s grant

of summary judgment de novo.” Jubber v. Bank of Utah (In re C.W. Mining Co.),

749 F.3d 895, 898 (10th Cir. 2014) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                           4
We are not persuaded by the trustee’s attempt to distinguish in any meaningful way

the arguments raised by and resolved against the trustee in Trierweiler I or II from

the arguments made by the trustee in this appeal.

                   Avoidance of the Mortgage Under 11 U.S.C. § 544

      The trustee raises two arguments as to his right to avoid the mortgage under

his “strong arm” powers under 11 U.S.C. § 544. First, citing Morris v. Kasparek

(In re Kasparek), 426 B.R. 332 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2010), he argues that the

bankruptcy court erred by limiting his “strong arm” powers under § 544(a) to the

power to avoid a transfer of the debtor’s property, when the statute says that he can

also avoid “any obligation incurred by the debtor.” The BAP resolved this issue

against the trustee under similar facts in Trierweiler I, where the trustee argued that

he could avoid an interest in the debtor’s property (an obligation incurred by the

debtor) as against a properly recorded mortgage:

      In Kasparek a panel of this Court held that the trustee under § 544(a) could
      avoid an unrecorded equitable interest in the debtor’s property. . . . But
      this principle does not entitle the Trustee to the relief he seeks. As
      discussed above, the Mortgage is not unenforceable. . . . [Consequently],
      [t]he construction of § 544 adopted in Kasparek has no applicability to the
      facts of this case [where] [t]he Trustee is seeking to avoid a properly
      recorded Mortgage, not an unrecorded equitable interest encumbering the
      Debtor’s Property.
484 B.R. at 796.

      Next, the trustee argues that the bankruptcy court erred in holding that he

could not use the “strong arm” powers of § 544 to avoid a purportedly unenforceable,

but nonetheless properly recorded, mortgage lien. We rejected the same argument in


                                            5
Trierweiler II. In that case, the trustee argued that the mortgage became

unenforceable when the mortgage and note were “split,” i.e., the mortgage was

assigned to one entity and the note was held by another. Regardless of the

enforceability of the mortgage, we held that the trustee could not use his “strong

arm” powers under § 544(a) to avoid the lien, which had been properly perfected

under state law:

       In the present matter, the bankruptcy court held that the Trustee had
       constructive notice of the mortgage’s existence because it was properly
       recorded in the Sheridan County land records. . . . We agree. Because the
       recording of the Debtors’ mortgage satisfied all the formalities required by
       Wyoming law, the Trustee had constructive notice of the existence of a
       mortgage lien on the Debtors’ property as a matter of law when the Debtors
       filed for bankruptcy. The Trustee cannot take a property free and clear of a
       mortgage of which he had constructive notice.
  570 F. App’x at 771.

       We also reject the trustee’s argument that our decision in Miller v. Deutsche

Bank Nat. Tr. Co. (In re Miller), 666 F.3d 1255 (10th Cir. 2012), compels a different

outcome. In re Miller does not mention § 544. Instead, the issue was whether a

party had standing to seek relief from the automatic stay to move forward with a

foreclosure action without presenting proof that he could enforce the note: “Whether

a party has standing to seek relief as a party in interest . . . is an issue distinct from

whether that party’s underlying claim is valid.” Id. at 1261 n.4. See also Trierweiler

II, 570 F. App’x at 773 (“The bankruptcy court’s initial ruling [on standing] had

little to do with the court’s later determination that the Trustee could not avoid the

enforceable mortgage.”)


                                             6
                            Enforceability of the Mortgage

      The trustee argues the mortgage was unenforceable for three reasons: (1) BAC,

the mortgagee, did not hold the note on the filing date; (2) BAC was not entitled to

enforce the mortgage under Wyo. Stat. § 34.1-3-301; and (3) the public record failed

to disclose that either MERS or BAC were the agents of the note holder. These

arguments lack merit.

      As to the first argument, the Trierweiler decisions are on point and compel the

conclusion that there has not been an impermissible “split” between the mortgage and

note. As the BAP explained in Trierweiler I:

      In Wyoming, . . . the security follows the note. The Trustee has pointed to
      no Wyoming authority that prohibits the loan originator from agreeing to
      have someone other than the beneficial owner of the debt hold the mortgage
      and enforce the debt as its agent. We note that Wyoming has a statute that
      contemplates conveying real estate to a mortgagee in a representative
      capacity, which suggests that Wyoming allows original parties to a note and
      mortgage to name someone other than the noteholder as the mortgagee.
484 B.R. at 791 (footnotes omitted). It thus concluded “there is nothing impermissible in

this arrangement.” Id. at 792. And we affirmed this holding in Trierweiler II. See

570 F. App’x at 772-73.

      Next, the trustee faults the bankruptcy court and the BAP for failing to analyze

how Wyo. Stat. § 34.1-3-301 applies. The reason for this “omission” is simple—the

statute concerns who can enforce a promissory note. See, e.g., Veal v. Am. Home

Mortg. Servicing, Inc. (In re Veal), 450 B.R. 897, 910 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2011)

(“Article 3 [of the UCC] provides a comprehensive set of rules governing the

obligations of parties on the Note, including how to determine who may enforce

                                            7
those obligations and to whom those obligations are owed.”). As explained

previously, this case concerns an attempt by the trustee to avoid a properly perfected

mortgage lien—not sorting out who is the proper party in interest in a suit to enforce

a note or who is entitled to payment.

      Last, the trustee makes a series of arguments concerning the lack of an agency

relationship between BAC (and MERS before it) and the note holder as grounds to

undermine the validity of the mortgage lien. Not only are these arguments wrong,

but they are particularly disingenuous in light of the fact that the issue urged by the

trustee and certified to Wyoming Supreme Court was that the agency relationship

between the note holder and the mortgagee was not adequately described under Wyo.

Stat. §§ 34-2-122 and 123. 2 Having received a response that the statutes do not

apply, the trustee has shifted its position to argue that there was no agency

relationship at all. In any event, the decisions in In re Gifford and Trierweiler II

foreclose this “new” argument.

      The issue before the Wyoming Supreme Court was whether the failure of the

recorded assignments “first to MERS and then to BAC, [to] identify with specificity

the terms of the agency relationship between the holder of the Note and the holder of

the Mortgage [rendered them unenforceable under Wyo. Stat.] §§ 34-2-122 and 123.”

In re Gifford, 300 P.3d at 855. The court held that failure to comply with the

statutory provisions did not render the mortgage unenforceable because “the purpose

      2
         Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 34-2-122 and 123 contain certain requirements for
instruments that convey real estate or interests therein to a trustee, agent, or a person
acting in some other representative capacity.
                                            8
and effect of [§§ 122 and 123] is to bar an undisclosed or improperly disclosed

principal from questioning an agent’s authority to transfer a property interest to a

third party.” Id.

       In Trierweiler II, this court applied In re Gifford to reject the trustee’s

argument that the mortgage was unenforceable because it did not identify the

relationship between the note holder and mortgage holder: “The Wyoming Supreme

Court held that Wyo. Stat. §§ 34-2-122 and 123 are notice statutes intended to protect

third parties from conflicting claims of a principal and agent, a situation not

implicated in the present matter. The statutes therefore do not apply.” 570 F. App’x

at 773, n.5 (citation, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted). The bankruptcy

court followed the controlling law and concluded that the Wyoming statutes did not

apply and the mortgage assignments were enforceable. See Aplt. App. at 236.

                    Preferential Transfer Under 11 U.S.C. § 547(b)

       The transfer of the mortgage from MERS to BAC was not a preferential

transfer. Title 11 U.S.C. §547(b) provides that “the trustee may avoid any transfer of

an interest of the debtor in property” under certain circumstances. Similarly, under

the “strong arm” powers of 11 U.S.C. § 544(a), the trustee can “avoid any transfer of

property of the debtor or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable,” to

certain actual or hypothetical creditors, or a bona fide purchaser. But in the context

of whether the trustee could use his “strong arm” powers to avoid a mortgage lien,

the BAP held in Trierweiler I that “the transfer of an interest in [a] [m]ortgage [is]

merely an assignment from one creditor to another”—not a transfer of the debtor’s

                                             9
property or an obligation incurred by the debtor. 484 B.R. at 797. We therefore

agree with the bankruptcy court that “[t]he assignments did not constitute transfers of

Mrs. Gifford’s interest.” Aplt. App. at 238.

      The judgment of the bankruptcy court is affirmed.

                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Mary Beck Briscoe
                                           Circuit Judge




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