                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________
                                   )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA           )
                                   )
      v.                           )    Criminal Action No. 10-256-08 (RMC)
                                   )
NOE MACHADO-ERAZO,                 )
                                   )
            Defendant.             )
_________________________________  )

                                           OPINION

               On the eve of trial, Defendant Noe Machado-Erazo has moved to exclude the

testimony of a government expert witness, Special Agent David Magnuson of the Federal Bureau

of Investigation, who would testify about cellular telephone site analysis. Mr. Machado-Erazo

argues that S.A. Magnuson’s testimony is not based on a sufficiently reliable methodology to be

admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,

Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592 (1993), and that it would therefore be unduly prejudicial. The

government responds that S.A. Magnuson is a highly trained agent whose testimony is firmly

based in scientific principles. Mr. Machado-Erazo’s motion was denied in open court at the end

of jury selection on June 14, 2013. The Court now writes to expand further upon its reasoning.

                                           I. FACTS

               Noe Machado-Erazo is charged with offenses related to his alleged involvement

in MS-13, a gang formed years ago in Los Angeles, with roots in El Salvador. 1 Specifically, he

is charged by Superseding Indictment with one count of conspiracy in violation of the Racketeer

Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d); one count of Murder in Aid

1
  Additional background on MS-13 is set forth in the Court’s prior Opinion regarding
codefendant Yester Ayala. See United States v. Y.A., Cr. No. 11-36 (RMC), 2013 WL 2138907,
at *2–3 (D.D.C. Feb. 11, 2013).

                                                1
of Racketeering (“VICAR”), 18 U.S.C. § 1959(a)(1); and one count of Possession of a Firearm

During and in Relation to a Crime of Violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). The Superseding

Indictment also charges Mr. Machado-Erazo with the murder underlying the VICAR count as a

special sentencing factor. Jury selection was conducted on June 14, 2013 and trial will begin on

June 18, 2013. 2

                The government plans to offer the testimony of S.A. David Magnuson of the FBI

Cellular Analysis Survey Team to show “that the cell phones used by defendants Machado

Erazo, Jose Martinez Amaya, and a cooperating witness were in the remote area where the body

of Felipe Enriquez was found on or about March 28, 2010.” Gov’t Opp. [Dkt. 368] at 2. S.A.

Magnuson’s report is 38 pages of slides, duplicated as Exhibit A to Mr. Machado-Erazo’s

Motion. See Magnuson Report, Def. Mot. [Dkt. 367], Ex. A [Dkt. 367-2]. The government also

provided the report in its Trial Exhibit Binder, premarked as Government Exhibit 306. The

report “depicts the geographic location of the cell towers/sectors utilized by the phones analyzed

as they moved through the Cricket and T-Mobile cellular networks placing and receiving phone

calls on the dates and times indicated.” Magnuson Report at 2. The report is “based on cell

records obtained by subpoena.” Gov’t Opp. at 2. The government emphasizes that S.A.

Magnuson “will not claim to have determined the exact location of the phone user, but rather the

general location where a cell phone would have to be located to use a particular cell tower and

sector.” Id. at 2 n.1.

                The government intends to offer S.A. Magnuson as an expert witness under

Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Mr. Machado-Erazo argues that the proposed testimony is



2
  Due to a medical emergency, this case will be transferred after motions hearings on June 17,
2013, to Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth for trial, starting on June 18, 2013.

                                                2
insufficiently reliable to be admissible as expert testimony. He also argues that the Court should

exclude the testimony as irrelevant or, in the alternative, as unduly prejudicial under Rule 403. 3

                                   II. LEGAL STANDARDS

               Federal Rule of Evidence 701 governs opinion testimony by lay witnesses, who

may testify only as to opinions that are “(a) rationally based on the witness’s perception;

(b) helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and

(c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule

702.”

               In contrast, Rule 702 provides:

               A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
               experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
               opinion or otherwise if:

               (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized
               knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or
               to determine a fact in issue;

               (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;

               (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods;
               and

               (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the
               facts of the case.

               A federal court serves as the gatekeeper for expert testimony. Federal Rule of

Evidence 702 imposes a “special obligation upon a trial judge” to ensure that expert testimony is

not only relevant, but reliable. Kuhmo Tire Co. Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 147 (1999).

“Under Daubert [v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592 (1993)], the district

3
 Rule 403 provides that “[t]he court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice,
confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting
cumulative evidence.”

                                                 3
court is required to address two questions, first whether the expert’s testimony is based on

‘scientific knowledge,’ and second, whether the testimony ‘will assist the trier of fact to

understand or determine a fact in issue.’” Meister v. Med. Eng’g Corp., 267 F.3d 1123, 1126

(D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592). The first inquiry “demands a grounding in

the methods and procedures of science, rather than subjective belief or unsupported speculation.”

Id. at 1127; see also Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592–93 (requiring a “preliminary assessment of

whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid and of

whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts in issue”). The

second inquiry “goes primarily to relevance.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591. The presumption under

the Rules is that expert testimony is admissible once a proponent makes the requisite threshold

showing; further disputes go to weight, not admissibility. See id. at 588.

               There are four factors that courts generally consider in evaluating scientific

validity under Daubert:

               (1) whether the theory or technique can be and has been tested; (2)
               whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review
               and publication; (3) the method’s known or potential rate of error;
               and (4) whether the theory or technique finds general acceptance in
               the relevant scientific community.

Ambrosini v. Labarraque, 101 F.3d 129, 133–34 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at

593–94). “[T]he inquiry is a ‘flexible one,’” no one factor is dispositive, and the four-factor list

is not exhaustive. Id. (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593–95).

               A trial court has “latitude. . . to decide whether or when special briefing or other

proceedings are needed to investigate reliability.” Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 152. “District courts

are not required to hold a Daubert hearing before ruling on the admissibility of scientific

evidence.” See In re Hanford Nuclear Reservation Litig., 292 F.3d 1124, 1138–39 (9th Cir.

2002) (citing United States v. Alatorre, 222 F.3d 1098, 1100 (9th Cir. 2000)); accord Oddi v.
                                                  4
Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 136, 154 (3d Cir. 2000) (“[T]he district court already had before it the

depositions and affidavits of the plaintiff’s experts. Nothing more was required.”). “Thus, a trial

court properly may exercise its discretion to forego a formal pretrial hearing outside the presence

of the jury. . . . [W]here the dispute is easily resolved, no hearing, in limine or otherwise, should

be necessary.” 29 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure: Evidence § 6266 (1st ed. &

Supp.). “However, one aspect of the necessary procedure is clear: the trial court should identify

for the record the factors bearing on reliability that it relied upon in reaching a determination.”

Id.

               The Court denied Mr. Machado-Erazo’s motion in open court on Friday, June 14,

2013, so counsel could properly prepare for trial on Tuesday, June 18, and provides its full

reasoning below.

                                          III. ANALYSIS

               Mr. Machado-Erazo makes three arguments: (1) S.A. Magnuson’s methodology is

not reliable and thus fails the requirements of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and Daubert, Def.

Mot. at 5–13; (2) because it lacks reliability, the evidence is not relevant, id. at 14–15; and (3)

because it lacks reliability, the evidence should be excluded under Federal Rule of Evidence 403

as unduly prejudicial, id. at 15–16. Mr. Machado-Erazo relies primarily on two bases to support

his argument: a case (United States v. Evans, 892 F. Supp. 2d 949 (N.D. Ill. 2012)) and an article

(Michael Cherry, “Prosecutors’ use of mobile phone tracking is ‘junk science,’ critics say,”

American Bar Journal, June 2013, attached as Exhibit B to his motion). 4


4
  Mr. Machado-Erazo does not challenge S.A. Magnuson’s qualifications, which the Court finds
are robust and establish him as well educated, well practiced, and well trained in the proffered
area of expertise. See United States v. Davis, No. 11–60285–CR, 2013 WL 2156659, at *3–4
(S.D. Fla. May 17, 2013) (concluding that “Agent Magnuson’s qualifications easily clear the low
hurdle imposed by Daubert” and noting that “for the past eight years, Agent Magnuson has
regularly analyzed cellular-telephone records in conducting criminal investigations, and, for the
                                                  5
               The core of Mr. Machado-Erazo’s Daubert argument is that “[t]he evidence and

methodology . . . used to substantiate the conclusion that the cell tower used to transmit a call is

indicative of the defendant’s location is faulty and misleading.” Def. Mot. at 13. He asserts that

“[Special] Agent Magnuson’s report is based upon the faulty assumption that a cell phone always

connects to the closest cell tower at the time a call is placed and that the cell phone coverage

range can be estimated or ‘projected’ based solely upon his own ‘expertise’ rather than actual

data.” Id. at 6. In Mr. Machado-Erazo’s view, S.A. Magnuson’s premise is faulty because, “if

the phone is not connecting to the closest tower at that time, then there is no useful correlation

between the location of the tower at the time the call is placed and the location of the caller.” Id.

at 7. Mr. Machado-Erazo lists nine factors that, he argues, determine which cellular tower

handles a given call. See id. at 8 (listing, e.g., “which tower has the available capacity,” “[l]ine

of sight,” and “[t]he amount of interference in the area from other towers”).

               Mr. Machado-Erazo further argues that S.A. Magnuson’s testimony “is not based

upon sufficient facts or data” because “the cellular carrier does not provide data regarding the

actual coverage area of any tower at the time” of any given phone call, “and there is no method

for determining this in historical call detail records.” Id. at 9. He asserts that S.A. Magnuson’s

testimony is “not the product of reliable principles and methods” because there is “no published

set of principles or methods governing the estimation of cell tower coverage based on simply

drawing circles on a map where the circles or pie-shaped wedges overlap and/or the size of these

are determined by the distance between cell towers.” Id. at 10. Moreover, Mr. Machado-Erazo

argues, “[Special] Agent Magnuson has not applied the principles and methods reliably” because

“there are no principles of methods to determine the coverage area of a cell tower or cell tower

past three years, Agent Magnuson has done nothing but analyze cellular-telephone records in
support of criminal investigations”).

                                                  6
sector based simply on the location of the cell towers without applying complex engineering

formulae to known parameters for each cell tower sector antenna.” Id. at 12.

               Mr. Machado-Erazo adds the argument that S.A. Magnuson’s proposed testimony

is not relevant under Rule 401 or is unfairly prejudicial under Rule 403. He relies on the

contention that, “[i]n order to inculpate Mr. Machado-Erazo by offering the connections of

various cell phones with various towers as circumstantial evidence of his and other alleged

conspirators’ locations, the Government must prove the preliminary fact that there is a

repeatable[,] nearly 1:1 causal correlation of the cell phone signals being routed to the

geographically nearest tower.” Id. at 14–15; see also id. at 15 (“The direction of the antennae on

a cell site with a ‘guess’ about the range of that cell site does not tend to help make a

determination of a fact that is of consequence more or less probable and certainly cannot be the

basis for an inference that any particular phone was in the ‘vicinity’ of any particular address.”).

Mr. Machado-Erazo argues that because “the actual methodology (or lack thereof) behind [the]

plotted maps [used by S.A. Magnuson] does not support [the] conclusion” that “Mr. Machado-

Erazo’s phone was in certain key locations at specific times,” S.A. Magnuson’s testimony should

be excluded under Rule 403 because it is unduly prejudicial. Id. at 16.

               The government responds that the motion should be denied without a Daubert

hearing. It asserts that S.A. Magnuson is qualified because he is “a highly trained Special Agent

in the FBI’s Cellular Analysis and Survey Team” who “has received training from the cellular

service providers, worked on hundreds of cases involving thousands of hours of practical

experience analyzing historical call detail records and has been qualified approximately twenty

times in courts as an expert in the field of cell site analysis.” Gov’t Opp. at 5. The government

predicts that S.A. Magnuson will testify that “the data relied upon to formulate his opinions are



                                                  7
routinely relied upon” by both law enforcement and cell service providers. Id. Citing a

representative sample of cases, the government contends that “[t]estimony about cell phone

technology and the ability to determine the general area where calls are placed and received has

been admitted in courts throughout the country,” and the government has located no case finding

“this type of evidence [to be] untrustworthy or junk science.” Id. at 5–6 (citing cases). The

government asserts that peer-reviewed articles are not needed to satisfy Daubert because “cell

phone technology is neither novel nor particularly complex” and multiple courts have already

concluded that “the underlying methodology is sound and can reliably indicate the general

location of the cell phone user.” Id. at 6–8 (citing cases). The government further contends that

the proper methodology was reliably applied because “[c]ell site and sector analysis does not

determine the exact location of a cell phone, but rather shows the general area the phone had to

be located based on cell tower location and the sector of the tower used to transmit the call.” Id.

at 9.

               Distinguishing Evans, the case heavily relied on by Mr. Machado-Erazo, the

government says that Mr. Marchado-Erazo overstates its holding. The government notes that the

Evans court admitted (albeit as lay testimony) the same type of evidence the government seeks to

admit here—i.e., “testimony concerning maps [an agent] created indicating the location of

certain cell towers used by [the defendant’s] phone during the course of the conspiracy in

relation to other locations relevant to the crime.” See Evans, 892 F. Supp. 2d at 953. The

government asserts that it was entirely different evidence—which the government here

characterizes as testimony “that the defendant’s phone could have been in the same building

where the kidnap victim was held”—that the Evans court precluded. Gov’t Opp. at 5 n.4.




                                                 8
                 Finally, the government suggests that no evidentiary hearing is required to assess

S.A. Magnuson’s proposed testimony because his methodology has been found reliable in

“numerous cases across the country” and “has been tested through numerous cases investigated

by law enforcement.” Gov’t Opp. at 9. It argues that the expert report submitted in this case

establishes itself as based on sufficient data and as the product of a reliable methodology. Id. at

9.

                 Mr. Machado-Erazo’s argument appears forceful at first blush, given his reliance

on Evans, which questioned the type of expert testimony proffered here. 5 Evans, 892 F. Supp.

2d at 949–57. On closer evaluation, however, the motion is seriously flawed. It is noteworthy

that another judge of this Court recently rejected nearly identical arguments without a Daubert

hearing on a motion to exclude nearly identical testimony about cell-site analysis from a different

FBI Special Agent. United States v. Jones, ___ F. Supp. 2d ___, Cr. No. 05-386 (ESH), 2013

WL 246615 (D.D.C. Jan. 23, 2013). Moreover, in a lengthy opinion issued after a Daubert

hearing, a judge in the Southern District of Florida recently permitted S.A. Magnuson to offer the

exact type of testimony he would offer here, again rejecting nearly identical Daubert arguments.

United States v. Davis, No. 11–60285–CR, 2013 WL 2156659 (S.D. Fla. May 17, 2013). The

Court finds Jones and Davis persuasive and reaches the same conclusions. 6

                 Mr. Machado-Erazo’s motion rests on a fundamentally erroneous contention. Mr.

Machado-Erazo argues that S.A. Magnuson’s testimony derives from the premise “that a cell

phone always connects to the closest cell tower at the time a call is placed.” Def. Mot. at 6.

However, the expert report submitted by S.A. Magnuson indicates that his conclusions are

5
    The article offered by Mr. Machado-Erazo discusses Evans at length. See Def. Mot., Ex. B.
6
 This Court also admitted similar expert testimony from a different FBI agent in United States v.
Pray, 10-cr-51 (RMC).

                                                 9
derived from projecting a likely area from which a call was made, based on the specific tower

(and antenna) to which a call connected. See Magnuson Report at 2. In his methodology, S.A.

Magnuson obtains call data from the service provider that identifies which network tower and

which antenna on that tower were utilized for any given call; he does not guess or estimate which

cell tower or towers were in use. Then, “using a 120–degree pie shape and extending

approximately 50% to 70% of the way to the nearest cell tower,” S.A. Magnuson maps “the

sector of radio-frequency energy emanating from the antenna on the cell tower.” Davis, 2013

WL 2156659, at *5. As a caller moves around, his call would be handed off from cell tower

antenna to cell tower antenna and can be traced accordingly by the service provider. Thus, using

telephone company records, S.A. Magnuson reports that he is able to determine that a given cell

phone, at a particular time, was in use within the 120-degree pie shape going out from the

specific antenna on a specific tower.

               Jones and Davis, as well as the many cases cited therein, demonstrate that this

methodology employed by S.A. Magnuson clears the hurdle imposed by Daubert and Rule 702.

Notably, the Jones defendant argued “that Agent Eicher’s methodology for determining the

direction and size of the pie-shaped wedges [representing the direction of cell towers to which

phones connected] is unreliable.” 2013 WL 246615 at *3. Judge Huvelle disagreed. She found

that the government had shown that Agent Eicher’s methodology was reliable and that he had

relied on sufficient facts and data. Id. at *3–4. She explained Agent Eicher’s methodology—

which is substantially identical to S.A. Magnuson’s—as follows:

               The records obtained pursuant to the court orders specify the cell
               tower and sector the cell phone connected to at the beginning and
               end of each call. Additionally, the cellular service providers release
               lists of their cell towers to law enforcement, including “the
               location of their cell towers, with GPS coordinates for each tower,
               and the specifications for each of the sectors of the towers.” By

                                                10
               combining those two resources, Agent Eicher plotted on a map the
               location of the precise cell tower and sector that the phones
               connected to for each phone call and the direction and width (i.e.,
               120°) of each sector.

Id. at *3–4 (citations omitted). Judge Huvelle also noted that “the use of cell phone location

records to determine the general location of a cell phone has been widely accepted by numerous

federal courts.” Id. at *3 (citing United States v. Schaffer, 439 F. App’x 344, 347 (5th Cir.

2011); United States v. Dean, No. 09 CR 446, 2012 WL 6568229, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 14,

2012); and United States v. Fama, No. 12–CR–186 (WFK), 2012 WL 6102700, at *3 (E.D.N.Y.

Dec. 10, 2012)).

               The defendant in Jones advanced relevance and Rule 403 challenges similar to

those advanced by Mr. Machado-Erazo here. Judge Huvelle rejected both, finding that the

testimony was not barred by Rule 403 because “the government has made it clear that Agent

Eicher’s proposed testimony will not claim to have determined the exact location of the phone

user, but rather the general location where a cell phone would have to be located to use a

particular cell tower and sector.” Id. at *4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). She

also rejected Mr. Jones’s argument that a Daubert hearing was required, again noting that “[t]he

use of cell phone records to locate a phone has been widely accepted in both federal and state

courts across the country” and that “the science is well understood and the issues [were]

thoroughly briefed.” Id. at *5.

               In Davis, Judge Robin Rosenbaum rejected a Daubert challenge to cell site

analysis testimony to be offered by the same special agent here, S.A. Magnuson. Judge

Rosenbaum ruled after a hearing at which S.A. Magnuson testified. She concluded that his

methodology is reliable, based in part on his extensive testimony about cell towers and networks

and his methods. Davis, 2013 WL 2156659, at *4–5. Judge Rosenbaum noted that S.A.

                                                11
Magnuson’s method, using 120-degree pie shapes extending from the tower to “50% to 70% of

the way to the nearest cell tower,” was tested and proven to be “very, very accurate.” Id.

(internal citation and quotation marks omitted); see also id. (“[W]orldwide, the FBI has used

[data revealing ‘actual radio-frequency footprints of the sectors’] to cross-check the accuracy of

sector maps drawn using the techniques employed by Agent Magnuson.” (citations omitted)).

               Mr. Machado-Erazo relies heavily on Evans from the Northern District of Illinois.

On first reading, Evans appears to cast doubt on all cell site analysis. But closer reading

demonstrates that the technique found objectionable in Evans was different from the techniques

implicated in Davis, Jones, and this case. The testimony held unreliable and inadmissible in

Evans was an agent’s claim that a cellular call came from a specific location at which a

kidnapping victim was being held. The agent attempted to identify the location within a narrow

area based on the overlap of coverage from two cell towers, using an analysis the witness and the

Evans court called the “granulization theory.” 7 See Evans, 892 F. Supp. 2d at 952 (“Special

Agent Raschke testified that he could estimate the general location of Evans’s cell phone during

an 18 minute period (from 12:54 p.m. to 1:12 p.m.) on April 24, 2010, during which time

Evans’s phone used two cell towers to place nine calls. According to Special Agent Raschke,

based on his estimate of the coverage area for each of the antennas . . . .”). In contrast, S.A.

Magnuson would not testify about an overlap area; he would testify to the sectors within which a

call must have occurred. See Gov’t Opp. at 2 n.1 (clarifying that S.A. Magnuson “will not claim

to have determined the exact location of the phone user, but rather the general location where a



7
  The Evans court never defined the “granulization theory,” so its precise meaning is unclear. A
search for “granulization” in all state and all federal cases in a legal research database yields five
results—Evans, Davis, Jones, and two unrelated cases that shed no light on the term. E.g., Little
v. Kalo Labs., Inc., 406 So. 2d 678, 683 (La. Ct. App. 1981).

                                                  12
cell phone would have to be located to use a particular cell tower and sector”). Mr. Machado-

Erazo’s reliance on Evans is thus unpersuasive.

               Davis reached the same conclusion, rejecting the defendant’s reliance on Evans

for two reasons. First, “other courts have reached the opposite conclusion of the Evans Court

regarding the reliability of an agent’s methodology in estimating cell sectors where the agent

used cell-phone records and his general knowledge and understanding of cellular phone networks

and where the agent testified that he and others had used that methodology numerous times

without error.” Id. at *6 (citations omitted). Second, S.A. Magnuson testified in Davis that “he

was not aware of what [granulization theory] was and that he does not knowingly employ it.” Id.

at *6 n.3. The Jones court used the same reasoning, also declining to rely on Evans to exclude

an agent’s testimony on cell site analysis. See 2013 WL 246615 at *2 n.2. The Jones “defendant

initially argued that Agent Eicher’s methodology was unreliable because he assumed that a cell

phone always connects to the cell tower that is closest to it—an assumption defendant referred to

as the ‘granulization’ theory.” Id. Because “the government clarified . . . that Agent Eicher does

not rely on any such assumption,” the defendant withdrew his argument, and Judge Huvelle

dismissed his reliance on Evans as “of no help, since [Evans] focused on the granulization

theory.” Id. The government has offered the same clarification here, see Gov’t Opp. at 2 n.1,

and the Court thus concludes that Mr. Machado-Erazo’s reliance on Evans is unavailing.

               On the basis of the parties’ arguments, S.A. Magnuson’s reports, and Davis and

Jones, as well as its own experience, the Court finds that S.A. Magnuson’s proposed expert

“testimony is based on scientific knowledge” and is admissible under Daubert. See Meister, 267

F.3d at 1126 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).




                                                  13
               Because Mr. Machado-Erazo’s challenges to the testimony’s relevance depend on

his contention that the evidence is unreliable, see Def. Mot. at 13–16, those arguments are

likewise unpersuasive. Moreover, the government states that S.A. Magnuson’s testimony will be

offered to show that Mr. Machado-Erazo and other MS-13 associates were in “the remote area

where the body of Felipe Enriquez was found on or about March 28, 2010.” Gov’t Opp. at 2. As

Mr. Machado-Erazo is charged with offenses related to that murder, “the testimony will assist the

trier of fact to understand or determine a fact in issue” and is thus relevant. See Meister, 267

F.3d at 1126; see also Fed. R. Evid. 401 (“Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a

fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence and the fact is of consequence in

determining the action.”).

               The Court concludes that no hearing is necessary to clarify the positions of the

parties or the reliability of S.A. Magnuson’s methodology. See Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 152.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

               For the reasons set forth above, Defendant Machado-Erazo’s Motion in Limine to

Exclude the Expert Testimony and Cellular Analysis Report and Charts of S.A. David

Magnuson, Dkt. 367, is denied.



DATE: June 17, 2013



                                                                     /s/
                                                      ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                                      United States District Judge




                                                 14
