     Case: 13-60801   Document: 00512863167     Page: 1   Date Filed: 12/09/2014




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                 No. 13-60801                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
LORI M. MINGO; JOHN M. MINGO,                                  December 9, 2014
                                                                 Lyle W. Cayce
             Petitioners - Appellants                                 Clerk

v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,

             Respondent - Appellee




                       Appeal from the Decision of the
                          United States Tax Court


Before KING, GRAVES, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
JAMES E. GRAVES, JR., Circuit Judge:
       In 2002, Petitioners-Appellants Lori M. Mingo and John M. Mingo,
married taxpayers, reported the sale of a partnership interest, including the
portion of the proceeds attributable to the partnership’s unrealized receivables
(“unrealized receivables”), through the installment method of accounting. In
an action brought to determine their federal income tax liability, the tax court
held that the Mingos were not entitled to utilize the installment method to
report the unrealized receivables.      The tax court further held that the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue (“the Commissioner”) appropriately applied
§ 481(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (“I.R.C.”) in 2007 to adjust the Mingos’s
2003 joint income tax return to account for the unrealized receivables income
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that should have been reported in 2002. For the reasons stated herein, we
affirm.
               FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      The material facts in this case have been stipulated and are not in
dispute. The relevant factual background, as recited by the tax court, is as
follows:
      Petitioners are husband and wife and were married for the
      years at issue. Mrs. Mingo joined PricewaterhouseCoopers,
      LLP (“PWC”) sometime before tax year 2002. Mrs. Mingo was
      a partner in the management consulting and technology
      services business (“consulting business”) of PWC until tax year
      2002, when PWC sold its consulting business to International
      Business Machines Corporation (“IBM”).

      As an initial step in the transaction, PwCC, L.P. (“PwCC”), a
      partnership, was formed in April or May 2002. PwCC was
      owned by certain subsidiaries of PWC. As part of the
      transaction, PWC transferred its consulting business to PwCC.
      Among the assets PWC transferred to PwCC were its
      consulting business’ uncollected accounts receivable for
      services it had previously rendered (unrealized receivables).
      PWC then transferred each of the 417 consulting partners
      (collectively, consulting partners) an interest in PwCC and
      cash in exchange for the partner’s interest in PWC. Mrs. Mingo
      was one of these partners, and she received a partnership
      interest in PwCC and cash from PWC in exchange for her
      partnership interest in PWC.

      The value of Mrs. Mingo’s partnership interest in PWCC as of
      October 1, 2002, was $832,090, of which $126,240 was
      attributable to her interest in partnership unrealized
      receivables. On that date, PWC caused its subsidiaries to sell
      their respective interests in PwCC to IBM. At the same time,
      the consulting partners sold their respective interests in PwCC
      to IBM in exchange for convertible promissory notes. At the
      end of the transaction, IBM owned 100% of the consulting
      business.


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 On October 1, 2002, IBM gave Mrs. Mingo a convertible
 promissory note (note) for $832,090 in exchange for her interest
 in PwCC. The $126,240 attributable to her interest in
 partnership unrealized receivables was included in that face
 value. The note included the following terms:

       (1) Mrs. Mingo had the right to convert all or any portion
       of the unpaid principal balance into IBM common stock
       at any time after the first anniversary of closing.
       However, any such conversion had to be in increments of
       $1,000 principal amounts or for the entire unpaid
       principal.

       (2) unless the note is converted into IBM stock, IBM
       would pay interest on the unpaid principal balance
       semiannually.

       (3) the outstanding principal amount of the note and any
       accrued and unpaid interest was due and payable on the
       fifth anniversary of the transaction’s closing (i.e.,
       October 1, 2007).

 On their 2002 Federal income tax return and on an attached
 Form 6252, Installment Sale Income, petitioners reported the
 sale of Mrs. Mingo’s interest in PwCC as an installment sale.
 The selling price, gross profit, and contract price were listed as
 $832,090. Petitioners did not recognize any income relating to
 the note other than interest income on their 2002 Federal
 income tax return.

 Petitioners did not convert any portion of the note during tax
 years 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006. Petitioners also did
 not report any income other than interest income from the note
 for any of those years.

 During tax year 2007 petitioners converted the entirety of the
 note in a series of transactions. On February 26, 2007,
 petitioners converted a portion of the note into shares of IBM
 stock worth $929,765. Also on February 26, 2007, petitioners
 sold those shares of IBM stock for a total of $899,287. On


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      October 1, 2007, petitioners converted the remainder of the
      note into shares of IBM stock worth $283,494.

Mingo v. Comm’r, 105 T.C.M. (CCH) 1857, at *1–2 (2013) (footnote omitted).
      On May 23, 2007, the Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency for
2003. The Commissioner contended that the $126,240 Mingo 1 had received in
exchange for the partnership’s unrealized receivables was not eligible for
reporting under the installment method.            Accordingly, the Commissioner
concluded that Mingo should have reported this amount as ordinary income in
2002 and paid taxes on it then. Although the limitations period for adjusting
Mingo’s 2002 tax return had expired by May 23, 2007, the Commissioner
adjusted Mingo’s 2003 tax return to reflect the income that arguably should
have been reported in 2002. The Commissioner contended that since Mingo’s
use of the installment method of accounting did not clearly reflect her income,
the Commissioner was entitled to change her accounting method pursuant to
I.R.C. § 446. As a result of the change in accounting method, the Commissioner
further maintained that he was entitled to make an adjustment to Mingo’s
taxes for the year 2003 pursuant to I.R.C. § 481(a).
      In her 2007 tax return, Mingo reported profit from the conversion of the
promissory note as long-term capital gains and paid taxes on it. On July 21,
2010, the Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency for 2007. In this second
notice of deficiency the Commissioner argued, in the alternative, that if
Mingo’s use of the installment method was proper, the $126,240 attributable
to unrealized receivables that was reported in 2007 should have been taxed as
ordinary income rather than capital gains.




      1 Because the dispute in this case concerns only the income of Lori Mingo, we treat
her as the sole appellant and refer to her as either “Mrs. Mingo” or by her last name
throughout the remainder of this opinion.
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                                 No. 13-60801
      Mingo challenged both of the Commissioner’s deficiency determinations
before the tax court. The tax court found in favor of the Commissioner’s first
notice of deficiency in stating that “the gain realized on Mrs. Mingo’s
partnership interest, to the extent attributable to partnership unrealized
receivables, was . . . ineligible for installment method reporting.” Mingo, 105
T.C.M. 1857, at *5. Accordingly, the tax court concluded that Mingo “should
have properly reported an additional $126,240 of ordinary income on [her] 2002
Federal income tax return instead of reporting it under the installment
method.”    Id.   The tax court further determined that Mingo’s “chosen
accounting method did not clearly reflect income with respect to the portion of
the note attributable to partnership unrealized receivables.”         Id. at *6.
Therefore, the tax court held that the Commissioner properly “made a section
481(a) adjustment of $126,240 [to taxable income] for tax year 2003, the year
for which [he] initiated the change of accounting method” as “necessary to
remedy the omission of ordinary income that occurred in tax year 2002 as a
result of petitioners’ impermissible election to use the installment method.” Id.
at *7. Mingo now appeals the tax court’s ruling.
                             STANDARD OF REVIEW
      Generally, we review appeals from the tax court under the same
standards by which we review district court appeals. Comm’r v. Brookshire
Bros. Holding, Inc., 320 F.3d 507, 509 (5th Cir. 2003). Preserved challenges to
conclusions of law are reviewed de novo; while, preserved challenges to factual
issues are reviewed for clear error. See id. Because this case was decided on
stipulated facts, we review only the contested issues of law.
                                   DISCUSSION
      On appeal, Mingo challenges the Commissioner’s determination that the
installment sale reporting of the unrealized receivables in 2002 did not clearly
reflect her income.   Mingo also contests the Commissioner’s authority to
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                                     No. 13-60801
change her method of accounting in 2003, given that the allegedly erroneous
reporting under the installment method occurred in 2002, the year of the sale. 2
Method of Accounting that Clearly Reflects Income
      Section 446(b) provides that if a taxpayer’s method of accounting does
not clearly reflect her taxable income, the Secretary shall determine the
method of accounting that does clearly reflect her taxable income. Id. Section
446(b) applies to both the method of accounting for overall taxable income as
well as the treatment of any item. Treas. Reg. § 1.446–1(a)(1). In the instant
case, the Commissioner determined that pursuant to I.R.C. §§ 741 and 751, the
gain from the sale of Mingo’s partnership interest that was attributable to
unrealized receivables should not have been reported under the installment
method.
      Section 741 specifically provides that gain from the sale of a partnership
interest shall ordinarily be considered gain from the sale or exchange of a
capital asset with some exceptions that are outlined in I.R.C. § 751. I.R.C. §
741. Those exceptions include gain from unrealized receivables. See I.R.C. §§
741, 751. Section 751 provides that the gain resulting from the unrealized
receivables of the sale of a partnership interest should not be reported as gain
from the sale or exchange of a capital asset. Because the sale of Mingo’s
partnership interest attributable to unrealized receivables could not be
reported as gain from a capital asset, it was required to be reported as gain
from ordinary income.        The purpose of the § 751 exception is to prohibit
ordinary income from being transformed into capital gains (which is taxed
more favorably) simply by being passed through a partnership and sold. See,



      2 The parties agree that the Commissioner was unable to change the method of
accounting for the 2002 tax year because on May 23, 2007 when the first deficiency notice
was issued, the three-year statute of limitations imposed by I.R.C. § 6501 had run for the
2002 tax year.
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e.g., Madorin v. Comm’r, 84 T.C. 667, 682 (1985); H.R. Rep. No. 83-1337, at 70
(1954), reprinted in 1954 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4017, 4097 (“The provisions relating to
unrealized receivables or fees . . . are necessary to prevent the use of the
partnership as a device for obtaining capital-gain treatment on fees or other
rights to income.”).
      The central dispute raised by Mingo in the instant action is the legal
question of whether the installment method can be used to report the portion
of the partnership interest attributable to unrealized receivables, given its
status as ordinary income. We agree with Sorensen v. Commissioner, 22 T.C.
321 (1954) and conclude that the unrealized receivables are not eligible for
installment method reporting. In Sorensen, the petitioner was granted stock
options, which he sold and reported as long-term capital gain using the
installment method. Id. at 335. In exchange for the sale of the stock options,
the petitioner received cash as well as notes. Id. at 341–42. The tax court
found that the proceeds from the sale of the stock options constituted
compensation for services and were therefore ordinary income, not eligible for
installment method reporting. Id. at 342. The tax court in Sorensen explained:
      Since the sales of the options operated to compensate petitioner
      for his services, what he received in the form of both cash and
      notes was income by way of compensation. The provisions of
      section 44 3 relate only to the reporting of income arising from
      the sale of property on the installment basis. Those provisions
      do not in anywise purport to relate to the reporting of income
      arising by way of compensation for services.
Id. (emphasis added).
      Likewise, in the case at hand, the proceeds from the unrealized
receivables, classified as ordinary income, do not qualify for installment



      3 This section was the predecessor to I.R.C. § 453. Realty Loan Corp v. Comm’r, 54
T.C. 1083, 1097 (1970).
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method reporting because they do not arise from the sale of property. See id.;
see also Hyatt v. Comm’r, 20 T.C.M. (CCH) 1635, (1961), aff’d, 325 F.2d 715
(5th Cir. 1963) (finding that an amount which constituted a substitute for
compensation was not eligible for installment sale reporting); Town and
Country Food Co. v. Comm’r, 51 T.C. 1049, 1055 (1969) (holding that the sale
of services as opposed to personal property cannot be reported under the
installment method). Therefore, the installment method did not adequately
reflect the income Mingo received from the unrealized receivables.
Change of Accounting Method in 2003
      When the Commissioner determines that a different method of
accounting should be utilized, the Commissioner may change the method of
accounting pursuant to I.R.C. § 446. Id. The instant case is complicated by
the fact that the Commissioner changed Mingo’s method of accounting in 2003
instead of 2002, the tax year in which she commenced her installment method
reporting. The Commissioner could not change the method of accounting for
tax year 2002 because the limitations period for adjustment of Mingo’s tax
return for that year had expired by the time of the May 23, 2007 deficiency
notice. Without a change in the 2003 method of accounting, the $126,240 that
should have been taxed in 2002 would have escaped taxation entirely.
      The Commissioner’s change of accounting method in 2003 was not
arbitrary, particularly in light of the discretion granted to the Commissioner
under § 446.    The Commissioner “possesses wide discretion to determine
whether a particular method of accounting clearly reflects income and to
require a change to a method which, in his opinion, does clearly reflect income.”
Capitol Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Comm’r, 96 T.C. 204, 209 (1991). “The
taxpayer bears a heavy burden of proof to show that the Commissioner abused
his discretion, and the Commissioner’s determination is not to be set aside


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unless shown to be plainly arbitrary.” Id. at 210 (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted).
      By initially electing to use the installment method in 2002, Mingo would
have had no reason to believe that she had escaped taxation on the $126,240
gained from the unrealized receivables. See Graff v. Chevrolet Co. v. Campbell,
343 F.2d 568, 572 (5th Cir. 1965) (“When a taxpayer uses an accounting
method which reflects an expense before it is proper to do so or which defers
an item of income that should be reported currently, he has not succeeded (and
does not purport to have succeeded) in permanently avoiding the reporting of
any income; he has impliedly promised to report that income at a later date,
when his accounting method, improper though it may be, would require it.”).
Instead, she had merely deferred taxation on the unrealized receivables until
2007. The Commissioner did not abuse his discretion by forcing Mingo to
report the amount as taxable income in 2003 as opposed to 2007 in light of the
Commissioner’s correct determination that Mingo’s use of the installment
method was improper.
Section 481(a)(2) Adjustments Following a Change of Accounting
Method
      Following a change of accounting method, the Commissioner may make
any necessary adjustments to prevent taxable income from being duplicated or
omitted as a result of the change under I.R.C. § 481(a)(2). Id. Section 481(a)(2)
provides the exception that “there shall not be taken into account any
adjustment in respect of any taxable year to which this section does not apply
unless the adjustment is attributable to a change in the method of accounting
initiated by the taxpayer.” Id. It is clear that the change in the method of
accounting for the instant action was initiated by the Commissioner rather
than Mingo. Mingo, however, contends that the § 481(a)(2) exception applies



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                                 No. 13-60801
to her because § 481 “does not apply” to erroneous reporting that occurred in
the 2002 tax year.
      Mingo’s contention is founded upon a misunderstanding of the phrase
“any taxable year to which this section does not apply.” See id. As this Circuit
has previously explained, “The only limitation on [§ 481(a)] adjustments is that
no pre-1954 adjustments shall be made.” Comm’r v. Welch, 345 F.2d 939, 950
(5th Cir. 1965). Thus, for the purposes of present-day § 481(a) adjustments,
once there has been a change in the method of accounting, no statute of
limitations applies to the Commissioner’s ability to correct errors on old tax
returns. See Rankin v. Comm’r, 138 F.3d 1286, 1288 (9th Cir. 1998) (“[T]he
statute of limitations does not apply to § 481.”); Graff, 343 F.2d at 571–72
(holding that the Commissioner may include in taxable income, for the year of
the accounting method change, those amounts that were omitted in closed
years).
      In Graff, this Circuit explained the absence of a statute of limitations for
§ 481 adjustments as follows:
      The statute of limitations is directed toward stale claims.
      Section 481 deals with claims which do not even arise until the
      year of the accounting change. . . . Section 481, therefore, does
      not hold the taxpayer to any income which he has any reason
      to believe he has avoided, and does not frustrate the policy that
      men should be able, after a certain time, to be confident that
      past wrongs are set at rest. Section 481 is designed to prevent
      a distortion of taxable income and a windfall to the taxpayer
      stemming from a change in accounting at a time when the
      statute of limitations bars reopening the taxpayer’s returns for
      earlier years. . . . The Commissioner has ample power to
      change accounting methods and reassess income for open
      years; section 481 would be virtually useless if it did not affect
      closed years.




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343 F.2d at 572. Thus, the Commissioner properly utilized his authority under
§ 481(a) in adjusting Mingo’s 2003 tax return to account for the omission 4 of
$126,240 from taxable income, an amount that was attributable to unrealized
receivables from the sale of Mingo’s partnership interest in 2002.
                                          CONCLUSION
       In light of the foregoing, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in
favor of the Commissioner.




       4 Mingo additionally contends that the Commissioner improperly adjusted her 2003
tax return under I.R.C. § 481(a) because Mingo did not “omit” any amounts in 2002 but
instead reported the unrealized receivables under the installment method. Mingo argues
that the definition of “omission” utilized by the Supreme Court in United States v. Home
Concrete & Supply, LLC, 132 S. Ct. 1836 (2012) in interpreting I.R.C. § 6501(e)(1)(A) applies
to § 481(a) also. In Home Concrete, the Supreme Court defined “omit” as leaving out “specific
receipts or accruals of income” from “the computation of gross income.” 132 S. Ct. at 1840.
The purpose of the § 6501(e)(1)(A) extended statute of limitations is to give the Commissioner
additional time to investigate returns in situations where “the Commissioner is at a special
disadvantage . . . [because] the return on its face provides no clue to the existence of the
omitted item.” Id. (quoting Colony, Inc. v. Comm’r, 357 U.S. 28, 36 (1958)). We conclude that
the interpretation of the term “omit” in § 6501(e)(1)(A) does not control the interpretation of
the term “omitted” in § 481(a). The purpose of a § 481(a) adjustment is to prevent income
from being double-taxed, or not taxed at all, due to a change in accounting method. Therefore,
while § 6501(e)(1)(A) extends the statute of limitations due to an omission from the overall
reporting of gross income, § 481(a) discards the statute of limitations for an entirely different
reason. We disagree with Mingo’s contention that “omit” for purposes of § 481(a) references
the amounts that were reported. Instead, the term as used in § 481(a) references the amounts
that have not been properly taxed as a consequence of a change in the method of accounting.

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