J-A06006-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    DEVIN THOMAS COOPER                        :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 478 MDA 2018

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence February 20, 2018
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-21-MD-0000081-2018


BEFORE:      OTT, J., NICHOLS, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.:                                     FILED MAY 14, 2019

        Devin Thomas Cooper appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed

on February 20, 2018, in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County.

Following a non-jury trial, the court found Cooper guilty of indirect criminal

contempt (ICC) from a Protection from Abuse (PFA) Order1 and sentenced him

to pay the statutorily imposed costs of prosecution, a fine of $300, and

extended the PFA Order for 3 years.            On appeal, Cooper challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence and legality of his sentence.       Based upon the

following, we affirm.




____________________________________________


   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(a).
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      The facts as found by the trial court and the procedural history as stated

in the trial court’s May 14, 2018 opinion are as follows:

      On June 10, 2015, [Cooper] and victim entered by mutual
      agreement, without any admission on [Cooper’s] part of the
      allegations, into a final [PFA] Order [“Order”]. Paragraph 3 of that
      Order provided in part that “except as provided in paragraph 5
      . . . [Cooper] is prohibited from having ANY CONTACT with
      [victim].” Paragraph 5 of the agreed upon [Order] was stricken
      by pen strikethrough of the entire custody paragraph. The [PFA]
      Order was to expire on June 10, 2018.

      Victim testified that[,] on January 23, 2018, she was waiting for a
      doctor to call her when an unknown number appeared on her
      phone and she answered it. Victim indicated upon answering, a
      voice was heard indicating “you have a collect call from” then a
      person on the other end of the phone said “Cooper” really low and
      fast, after which the first voice came back on indicating payment
      options to accept this call to victim and then the call dropped.

      Victim identified the voice of the person who said Cooper as being
      [Cooper], whom she has known since 2011 or 2012, and with
      whom she has a daughter. As parents they have no custody
      agreement or order regarding their daughter, and as previously
      noted, the custody provisions in the [PFA] Order had been stricken
      by their agreement.

      At the time of the call, [Cooper] was incarcerated in Cumberland
      County Prison. [Lieutenant Mike Eickhoff] from the Cumberland
      County Prison testified as to the prison’s inmate phone records,
      how they are created, and how each inmate is given a unique PIN
      number that is identified from a printout of the phone logs. The
      phone log for that date was introduced as Commonwealth’s Exhibit
      1, and it indicated that a call from [Cooper’s] account, as identified
      by the PIN, was placed to the victim’s number.

      Victim was recalled and identified her phone number[,] which
      matched that which [Lieutenant Eickhoff] had previously identified
      as being called by the PIN associated with [Cooper].

      [Cooper] took the stand on his own behalf and indicated he did
      make that call that had previously been identified by victim.
      Further, [Cooper] indicated that the purpose of the call was to

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       contact his daughter, whom he had last seen in May 2015, which
       was prior to the agreed upon entry of the [Order]. Further,
       [Cooper] acknowledged that there was no custody agreement.
       The Petition for Protection from Abuse indicates, at the time of its
       filing, the child was a year old, which would make her
       approximately four years old at the time [Cooper] placed this call.

       [Cooper] had previously filed a Motion to Dismiss the Protection
       from Abuse Order, which he filed on his own[,] on July 10, 2017,
       which did not include any request for custody. After a review of
       the Petition, notation that the return address of [Cooper] was from
       a State Correctional Institute, and review of his criminal dockets
       in this county that indicated his convictions [sexual assault,
       criminal trespass, false imprisonment and simple assault of the
       victim herein], the Motion to Dismiss was denied on July 20, 2017.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/14/2018, at 2-4 (emphasis in original, paragraph

numeration omitted, paragraphing altered).

       A bench trial took place on February 20, 2018. At the conclusion of the

testimony, the trial court found Cooper guilty of ICC and immediately ordered

him to pay the costs of prosecution, a $300 fine, and extended the Order

through February 2021. The instant, timely appeal followed.2

       In his first claim, Cooper challenges the sufficiency of the evidence.

Cooper’s Brief, at 10-14. Specifically, Cooper claims that: (1) the order was

not sufficiently clear; and (2) Cooper did not act with wrongful intent. Id. at

11-14. We disagree.




____________________________________________


2 On March 28, 2018, in response to the trial court’s order, Cooper filed a
timely concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. On May 14, 2018,
the trial court issued an opinion.

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      Our standard of review of a claim challenging the sufficiency of the

evidence is as follows:

      The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
      is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
      most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
      to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
      a reasonable doubt. In applying [the above] test, we may not
      weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-
      finder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances
      established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
      possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt
      may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
      and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may
      be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
      beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
      must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
      considered. Finally, the trier of fact while passing upon the
      credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
      is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Brumbaugh, 932 A.2d 108, 109-110 (Pa. Super. 2007)

(citation omitted). “When reviewing a contempt conviction . . . we are confined

to a determination of whether the facts support the trial court decision. We

will reverse a trial court’s determination only when there has been a plain

abuse of discretion.” Id. at 111 (citation omitted). Moreover,

      A charge of indirect criminal contempt consists of a claim that a
      violation of an Order or Decree of court occurred outside the
      presence of the court. Where a PFA order is involved, an indirect
      criminal contempt charge is designed to seek punishment for
      violation of the protective order. . . To establish indirect criminal
      contempt, the Commonwealth must prove: 1) the Order was
      sufficiently definite, clear, and specific to the contemnor as to
      leave no doubt of the conduct prohibited; 2) the contemnor had
      notice of the Order; [ ] 3) the act constituting the violation must


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      have been volitional; and 4) the contemnor must have acted with
      wrongful intent.

Id. at 110 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

      In its opinion, the trial court aptly disposed of Cooper’s sufficiency of the

evidence claim as follows:

      The [Order], as agreed, prohibited [Cooper] from any contact with
      victim, direct or indirect.         It has been proven by the
      Commonwealth and admitted that [Cooper] made this contact in
      violation of a known standing protection order. By agreement, as
      noted by the striking of paragraph 5, in the protection order there
      was no exception drawn out for contact with the minor child.
      [Cooper] had previously shown that he is quite capable of filing
      motions on his own behalf, which could have been made in the
      custodial side of the court if the true intention was for contact with
      their child; however, he did not.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/14/2018, at 5.

      Here, Cooper admitted that he made the call. N.T. Hearing, 2/20/2018,

at 22. The agreed-upon Order prohibited any contact with the victim. Final

Protection from Abuse Order, 8/10/2015, at unnumbered page 2. It was well

within the discretion of the trial court, sitting as finder of fact, to not credit

Cooper’s testimony that the striking out of paragraph 5 of the Order somehow

negated the no-contact provision.

      Cooper also claims that the Commonwealth did not establish wrongful

intent. We disagree. We have stated that an act is volitional if the individual

makes it knowingly. Brumbaugh, 932 A.2d at 110. We can impute wrongful

intent by the substantial certainty that a defendant would be in contact with

a victim, in violation of a PFA order. Id. Here, Cooper knowingly called the


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victim’s telephone number. Moreover, given that his daughter was only four

years old at the time of the telephone call, there was substantial certainty that

the victim, not the child, would answer the cell phone. Thus, we can impute

wrongful intent to Cooper. See Brumbaugh, supra. Cooper’s first claim

lacks merit.

      In his second issue, Cooper contends that the violation of the Order was

de minimis. Cooper’s Brief, at 14-17. We disagree.

      At the hearing, Cooper did not specifically move to dismiss on the basis

that the contact was de minimis, but rather made the argument to the court

at the conclusion of the testimony. N.T. Hearing, 2/20/2018, at 32.

      We review a trial court’s refusal to dismiss an infraction as de
      minimis for an abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion is more
      than just an error in judgment and, on appeal, the trial court will
      not be found to have abused its discretion unless the record
      discloses that the judgment exercised was manifestly
      unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will.

      Section 312 of the Crimes Code provides, in relevant part:

      § 312. De minimis infractions

      (a) General rule.—The court shall dismiss a prosecution if, having
      regard to the nature of the conduct charged to constitute an
      offense and the nature of the attendant circumstances, it finds
      that the conduct of the defendant:

               (1) was within a customary license or tolerance,
               neither expressly negatived by the person whose
               interest was infringed nor inconsistent with the
               purpose of the law defining the offense;

               (2) did not actually cause or threaten the harm or evil
               sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense


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              or did so only to an extent too trivial to warrant the
              condemnation of conviction; or

              (3) presents such other extenuations that it cannot
              reasonably be regarded as envisaged by the General
              Assembly or other authority in forbidding the offense.

      18 Pa.C.S.A. § 312(a). An offense alleged to be de minimis in
      nature should not be dismissed where either harm to the victim
      or society in fact occurs.

Commonwealth v. Toomer, 159 A.3d 956, 959-960 (Pa. Super. 2017)

(quotation marks and some citations omitted), appeal denied, 170 A.3d 979

(Pa. 2017).

      Here, Cooper argues that the primary purpose of the PFAA was to

prevent physical and sexual abuse and that contact with the complainant does

not fall under the definition of abuse. Cooper’s Brief, at 16-17. He also avers

that the contact was brief, and, thus, we should consider it de minimis

conduct. Id.

      The trial court found that:

      The conduct of [Cooper] by his intentional contact with the victim
      was specifically prohibited and absent the relief [Cooper] had
      previously requested in the 2017 Motion to Dismiss, there was no
      custom license or tolerance for his actions. No contact means
      no contact, it cannot get any simpler. [Cooper’s] contact with
      victim is the evil that was to be protected and prevented by the
      law establishing protection from abuse orders. Indeed, [Cooper’s]
      contact actions were specifically envisioned by the General
      Assembly when they wrote the protection from abuse statute;
      otherwise, the Act would have no practical effect or enforceability.
      It was clear from the testimony that [Cooper’s] actions met the
      threshold that warrants his activity being prohibited by the
      protection from abuse order and then enforced when violated.
      [Cooper] was aware of the protective order; he even sought to


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      have it dismissed; and he cannot be heard to complain when it is
      enforced.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/14/2018, at 5-6 (emphases in original).        We agree.

Cooper’s interpretation would eviscerate that purpose, as all violations of the

order that did not result in physical or sexual harm to the victim would be de

minimis. Cooper’s second claim must fail.

      In his final issue, Cooper challenges the legality of his sentence.

Cooper’s Brief, at 18-19. Specifically, Cooper argues that the trial court lacked

the authority to sua sponte extend the Order. See id.      We disagree.

      “Issues relating to the legality of a sentence are questions of law, as are

claims raising a court’s interpretation of a statute. Our standard of review

over such questions is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.”

Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 45 A.3d 1123, 1130 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal

denied, 53 A.3d 756 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted). Sentencing for indirect

criminal contempt of a PFA order is governed by 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114, which

provides in pertinent part:

      (b) Trial and punishment.—

            (1) A sentence for contempt under this chapter may
            include:

                  (i)(A) a fine of not less than $300 nor
                  more than $1,000 and imprisonment up
                  to six months; or

                  (B) a fine of not less than $300 nor more
                  than $1,000 and supervised probation not
                  to exceed six months; and


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                  (ii) an order for other relief set forth
                  in this chapter.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(1) (emphasis added).

      Cooper argues that the trial court imposed an illegal sentence when it

extended the PFA order for an additional three years. Cooper’s Brief at 18-

19. Cooper relies upon 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(b)(4) and this Court’s decision in

Trout v. Strube, 97 A.3d 387 (Pa. Super. 2014), to support his contention.

However, his reliance on both is misplaced.

      23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(b)(4) provides:

      Upon conviction for indirect criminal contempt and at the request
      of the plaintiff, the court shall also grant an extension of the
      protection order for an additional term.

Even though appellee (plaintiff below) did not request an extension, we find

nothing in this subsection that prohibits a trial court from sua sponte

extending a PFA order in appropriate circumstances.          Rather, the plain

language of the subsection removes the discretion of the trial court to deny

an extension, if the victim requests one, after a finding of ICC.

      Moreover, our decision in Trout does not support Cooper’s argument.

Trout did not concern an illegal sentence in an ICC proceeding but rather a

peculiarity of York County local procedures, which did not allow a victim to

request an extension of a PFA at sentencing on ICC proceedings but rather

required her to file a separate petition. Trout, supra at 389. In that case,

the victim waited for approximately eighteen months from the contempt

proceeding before filing the request for an extension under 23 Pa.C.S.A.

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6114(b)(4).    See id. at 388-389.       While holding that the York County

procedure conflicted with 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114, our Court ultimately concluded

that the victim’s lengthy delay in seeking relief was fatal to her request for an

extension pursuant to Section 6114(b)(4) because that section specifically

limits itself to requests made at the time of conviction. See id. at 391. The

Trout court did not discuss whether a trial court could sua sponte extend a

PFA order at the time of an ICC conviction or discuss sentencing authority

under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(b)(1)(ii).

      In Commonwealth v. Snell, 737 A.2d 1232 (Pa. Super. 1999), the

appellant argued that a trial court could not extend a PFA order following a

finding of ICC. Snell, supra at 1235. We disagreed, stating:

      The purpose of the PFAA is to protect victims of domestic abuse,
      and it does so through numerous provisions that enable courts to
      respond quickly and flexibly to both early signs and subsequent
      acts of abuse with the issuance of protection orders. The trial
      court has discretion in choosing between remedies afforded by the
      PFAA, and this Court will review the trial court’s determination of
      what constitutes an appropriate remedy only for abuse of
      discretion.

      When a defendant allegedly violates a protection order, Section
      6114 of the PFAA allows police or a plaintiff to file a charge of
      indirect criminal contempt against the defendant. While punishing
      the contemnor is the primary goal of a contempt proceeding under
      Section 6114, the legislative intent to also prevent further abuse
      through such a proceeding cannot be denied, as the plain
      language of the statute grants the court discretion to include in a
      sentence for contempt “other relief set forth in [the PFA].” See
      23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(b). The remaining relief set forth in the PFA
      is specifically enacted to stop the perpetration of abuse and
      includes the relief applied in the within case, namely, the
      extension of a protection order when a court finds that “defendant


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       engaged in a pattern or practice that indicates continued risk of
       harm to the plaintiff or minor child.”

       We thus recognize that the PFA confers authority unto a court
       presiding over a Section 6114 contempt hearing to bring about
       the cessation of abuse between parties and does not require a
       separate civil proceeding to extend an existing PFA order.
       Accordingly, we find that no abuse of the trial court’s discretion
       occurred when it extended the PFA order in the within case. To
       hold otherwise would thwart the Act’s overriding purpose of
       allowing courts to act swiftly to protect victims of continuing
       domestic abuse.

Id. at 1235 (citations omitted).          Thus, it is evident that pursuant to 23

Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(b)(1)(ii), the trial court had the authority to extend the PFA

order and, therefore, Cooper’s sentence is legal.3 Thus, his final claim lacks

merit.

       For the reasons discussed above, Cooper’s claims do not merit relief.

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of sentence.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 05/14/2019



____________________________________________


3  We note that Cooper does not challenge the discretionary aspects of his
sentence and does not contend that the trial court did not make appropriate
findings of fact before imposing sentence. Cooper’s Brief, at 18-19.

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