                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



MICHAEL A. RAY and JACQUELINE M. RAY,                              FOR PUBLICATION
as co-conservators for KERSCH RAY, a minor,                        October 24, 2017
                                                                   9:10 a.m.
              Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v                                                                  No. 322766
                                                                   Washtenaw Circuit Court
ERIC SWAGER,                                                       LC No. 12-001337-NI

              Defendant-Appellant,
and

SCOTT ALLEN PLATT, HEATHER MARIE
PLATT, AND LIBERTY MUTUAL
INSURANCE COMPANY,

              Defendants.


                                        ON REMAND

Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and SAAD and HOEKSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        This case is before us on remand from the Michigan Supreme Court. Previously,
defendant Eric Swager appealed to this Court as of right, asserting that the trial court erred by
denying his motion for summary disposition on governmental immunity grounds under the
Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq. In our prior opinion, we
reversed the trial court’s decision and remanded for entry of summary disposition in Swager’s
favor based on the conclusion that reasonable minds could not conclude that Swager was “the
proximate cause” of plaintiff Kersch Ray’s injuries. Ray v Swager, unpublished opinion of the
Court of Appeals, issued October 15, 2015 (Docket No. 322766). Ray appealed to the Michigan
Supreme Court, and the Michigan Supreme Court announced a new framework to clarify the
process for determining “the proximate cause” in the context of the GTLA. See Ray v Swager,
__ Mich __, __: __ NW2d __ (2017); slip op at 8-16. The Supreme Court vacated our decision
and remanded for reconsideration in light of its decision in Ray. Id. at 28. On remand, because
issues of material fact remain that preclude summary disposition, we affirm the trial court’s
denial of Swager’s motion for summary disposition and remand for further proceedings.


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        On September 2, 2011, 13-year-old Ray was struck by an automobile driven by Scott
Platt. The accident occurred at the intersection of Freer Road and Old US-12 while Ray was
running with the Chelsea High School cross-county team. Swager—the team’s coach—was
running with the team that morning. As the team approached the intersection in question, they
encountered a “red hand” on the pedestrian signal, indicating that pedestrians should not cross
the road. See MCL 257.613(2)(b). Although the eyewitness accounts vary, there is evidence
that Swager said something to effect of “let’s go,” and the team crossed the street. Ray, who was
in the back of the group, ran into the road and he was hit by Platt.

        Following the accident, Ray filed the current lawsuit. Swager moved for summary
disposition on governmental immunity grounds, asserting that he was entitled to immunity as a
governmental employee under MCL 691.1407(2) because he had not been “grossly negligent”
and his conduct was not “the proximate cause” of plaintiff’s injuries. The trial court denied
Swager’s motion, concluding that the case was “fact laden.” Swager then appealed to this Court
as of right, and we reversed the decision of the trial court and remanded for the entry of summary
disposition in favor of Swager. Specifically, we concluded that Swager’s verbal remarks could
not reasonably be considered “the proximate cause” of Ray’s injuries within the meaning of the
GTLA considering the other more immediate and direct causes of Ray’s injuries, including Ray’s
own conduct in entering the street and the fact that Ray was hit by a car driven by Platt.

        The Michigan Supreme Court vacated our decision and remanded for reconsideration
under a framework that clarifies “the role that factual and legal causation plan when analyzing
whether a defendant’s conduct was ‘the proximate cause’ of a plaintiff’s injuries under the
GTLA.” Ray, __ Mich at __; slip op at 8. The analysis under this framework begins by
determining whether the defendant's gross negligence was a cause in fact of the plaintiff's
injuries. Id. at 8, 28. Provided that a defendant’s gross negligence is a factual cause, it must then
be considered whether the defendant was a proximate or legal cause by addressing foreseeability
and whether the actor may be held legally responsible for his or her conduct. Id. at 8-9, 18. In
addition to considering the governmental actor’s conduct, it must also be decided whether there
are other proximate causes of the injury. Id. at 9, 18-19. Determining whether there are other
proximate causes requires consideration of whether any other human person was negligent
because “only a human actor’s breach of a duty can be a proximate cause.” Id. at 16, 18-19.
“Nonhuman and natural forces” may bear on the question of foreseeability and intervening
causes for purposes of analyzing proximate cause, but they can never be considered the
proximate cause of a plaintiff’s injuries for the purposes of the GTLA. Id. at 16.

        Once the various proximate causes have been determined, the question then becomes
whether, taking all possible proximate causes into account, the government actor’s gross
negligence was “the proximate cause” of injury. Id. at 28. This requires “considering [the]
defendant’s actions alongside any other potential proximate causes to determine whether [the]
defendant’s actions were, or could have been, ‘the one most immediate, efficient, and direct
cause’ of the injuries.” Id. at 20. The relevant inquiry is not whether the defendant’s conduct
was the immediate factual cause of injury, but whether, weighing the legal responsibilities of the
actors involved, the government actor could be considered “the proximate cause.” Id. at 15-16.

       Considering this standard in the context of the current case, we conclude that there are
material questions of factual dispute which prevent us from assessing the actors’ respective

                                                -2-
negligence, weighing their competing legal responsibilities, determining “the proximate cause”
of Ray’s injuries, and resolving Swager’s claim to governmental immunity as a matter of law.1
In particular, from the record before us, it appears there are three persons whose conduct could
potentially be considered a proximate cause—Swager, Ray, and Platt. See Ray, __ Mich at __;
slip op at 18. However, the record before us is not uncontested with regard to the facts and
circumstances surrounding the actions taken by these individuals. Instead, there are numerous
accounts of the accident in the record before us, and these accounts differ widely in terms of the
configuration of the group of runners, precisely what Swager said, and to whom he said it.

        In our previous opinion, we concluded that these factual disputes were not material
because, even if Ray heard Swager, Swager’s verbal remarks were simply too remote to be
considered the one most immediate, efficient and direct cause of Ray’s injuries given that Ray
ultimately ran into the street under his own power and he was then struck by a car driven by
Platt. Ray, unpub op at 3-4. However, under the standard set forth by the Supreme Court in Ray,
these factual disputes now preclude summary disposition. For instance, one of the main points
of factual contention is how far Ray trailed the group of runners. Ray’s location relative to the
rest of the group bears on whether he even heard Swager, whether Swager’s instruction applied
to Ray, whether Ray had a duty to independently evaluate the safety of the road before crossing,
and whether Ray could be considered negligent in relying on Swager’s remark. Whether
Swager’s instruction applied to Ray—and how far Ray trailed the group—is also material to
determining whether Swager was grossly negligent2 in giving this instruction and whether it was
foreseeable that Ray would follow Swager into the road without looking. Aside from the actions
of Swager and Ray, there are also factual disputes regarding Platt’s conduct, including debate
over whether he accelerated as he approached a yellow light despite the presence of numerous
runners in the area. In short, given the myriad variables affecting the actors’ respective
negligence and legal responsibility, and in light of the factual disputes relating to these issues, we
cannot conclude as a matter of law that Swager was not grossly negligent and that this gross
negligence did not constitute the proximate cause of Ray’s injuries. See MCL 691.1407(2)(c).
Consequently, Swager was not entitled to summary disposition based on immunity granted by
the GTLA. See Poppen, 256 Mich App at 354. Thus, we affirm the circuit court order denying
Swager’s motion for summary disposition.

       Affirmed and remanded for further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                              /s/ Henry William Saad
                                                              /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra


1
  See Poppen v Tovey, 256 Mich App 351, 354; 664 NW2d 269 (2003) (“If the facts are not in
dispute and reasonable minds could not differ concerning the legal effect of those facts, whether
a claim is barred by immunity is a question for the court to decide as a matter of law.”).
2
  “ ‘Gross negligence’ means conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern
for whether an injury results.” MCL 691.1407(8)(a).


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