                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                           Supreme Court




               People ex rel. City of Chicago v. Le Mirage, Inc., 2013 IL 113482




Caption in Supreme         THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS ex rel. CITY OF
Court:                     CHICAGO, Appellant, v. LE MIRAGE, INC. (Calvin Hollins, Jr., et al.,
                           Appellees).



Docket No.                 113482


Filed                      April 4, 2013


Held                       Where, after a fire and fatal stampede, operators of a second-floor
(Note: This syllabus       nightclub were adjudicated in indirect criminal contempt for willful
constitutes no part of     violation of court orders, the appellate court should not have found the
the opinion of the court   orders ambiguous and the charges unproved and reversed where the
but has been prepared      evidence did not show that the orders were unclear and a rational jury
by the Reporter of         could have found the operators fully aware that the orders forbade
Decisions for the          occupancy of both the second floor and the mezzanine above it and
convenience of the         willfully violated them.
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that court
Review                     on appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Hon. Daniel
                           Gillespie, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on               Stephen R. Patton, Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Benna Ruth
Appeal                   Solomon, Myriam Zreczny Kasper and Kerrie Maloney Laytin, of
                         counsel), for appellant.

                         Abishi C. Cunningham, Jr., Public Defender, of Chicago (Lester Finkle
                         and Vicki Rogers, Assistant Public Defenders, of counsel), for appellee
                         Calvin Hollins, Jr.

                         Christopher W. Carmichael, Chelsea C. Ashbrook and Darren H.
                         Goodson, of Holland & Knight LLP, and Victor P. Henderson, of
                         Henderson Adam LLC, all of Chicago, for appellee Dwain Kyles.


Justices                 JUSTICE KARMEIER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                         Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Garman, Burke,
                         and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                           OPINION

¶1                                       I. INTRODUCTION
¶2        Respondents, Calvin Hollins, Jr., and Dwain J. Kyles, through a corporation, Le Mirage,
      Inc., owned and operated a restaurant and nightclub in a two-story building located at 2347
      South Michigan Avenue in the City of Chicago. In 2002, the City filed a building code
      enforcement action in the circuit court of Cook County, alleging that dangerous and
      hazardous conditions existed on the premises in violation of the building code. On July 19,
      2002, the court entered an order, which it revisited and reentered on three subsequent
      occasions, prohibiting occupancy of the second floor. Respondents nevertheless continued
      to operate the nightclub on the second floor until February 17, 2003, when there was a fight
      on the dance floor, and security guards released pepper spray to break up the fight. Panic
      ensued, and patrons rushed to exit the nightclub, crowding into a narrow staircase to reach
      the first-floor exit. Tragically, 21 people were crushed to death, and 50 others were injured.
¶3        The City then filed a petition for adjudication of indirect criminal contempt against
      respondents for willfully violating the court’s orders. After a jury trial, respondents were
      convicted of indirect criminal contempt and sentenced to two years in prison.
¶4        Respondents appealed, arguing that the trial court erred in instructing or not instructing
      the jury on certain matters, making certain evidentiary rulings, and considering certain
      evidence at sentencing. Instead of addressing the issues raised by respondents, the appellate
      court reversed their indirect criminal contempt adjudications and vacated their sentences,
      finding that they were not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of willfully violating the


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       building court’s orders because the orders were ambiguous and did not provide in reasonable
       detail the acts prohibited. 2011 IL App (1st) 093547.
¶5         This court allowed the City’s petition for leave to appeal. For the following reasons, we
       reverse the appellate court’s judgment and remand to the appellate court for consideration
       of the issues respondents raised but the appellate court did not address.

¶6                                      II. BACKGROUND
¶7          In the 1980s, Lesly Motors, Inc., began leasing the subject premises to respondents. The
       lease provided that respondents would be responsible for all structural and nonstructural
       repairs and maintenance of the building. Respondents operated various restaurants and
       nightclubs in the building up to, and including, the date of the tragedy. During the relevant
       time period, they operated a restaurant known as Epitome on the first floor of the building.
       On the second floor, they operated a nightclub known as Epitome 2 or E2, which consisted
       of a main dance floor, two bar areas, and a mezzanine along three walls, which extended
       approximately 15 feet over the second floor. Initially, the mezzanine, which was suspended
       above the second floor by trusses connected to the ceiling, was not closed in with glass or
       drywall. However, respondents later remodeled the mezzanine, using the trusses to create
       separation for several VIP rooms and skyboxes.
¶8          On April 29, 2002, a City building inspector inspected the premises and found that the
       VIP rooms on the mezzanine were constructed improperly and without a permit. On June 18,
       2002, the City filed a building code enforcement action against Lesly Motors, alleging that
       dangerous and hazardous conditions existed on the premises in violation of the building code
       and seeking an injunction requiring Lesly Motors to correct 11 violations.
¶9          On July 19, 2002, the parties entered their first appearance in building court. Assistant
       corporation counsel Demetrius Kare appeared for the City, and Edward J. Morris appeared
       for Lesly Motors. Le Mirage was voluntarily impleaded into the action. Its attorney, Thomas
       Royce, could not appear so his office mate, Bradley Prendergast, appeared in his stead and
       waived service of summons on Le Mirage’s behalf.
¶ 10        During a brief discussion before the hearing, Kare and Prendergast preliminarily agreed
       that the VIP rooms and mezzanine would be closed. At the outset of the hearing, Kare stated:
                “Judge, City has cited several violations pertaining to the second floor V.I.P. rooms
                attached to this nightclub. *** [Le Mirage] agrees not to occupy the second floor
                V.I.P. rooms.”
       Prendergast stated: “That’s correct, Judge.” The judge made handwritten notes on the court
       file (half sheet) stating: “BA [by agreement] Mirage [sic] will not occupy 2nd floor VIP
       rooms.”
¶ 11        The judge asked the City if there were other issues to be addressed. In response, Kare
       asked to call Marguerite Shahi, a City building inspector, who inspected the building on July
       16, 2002. Kare asked Shahi: “Other than the items that we already addressed, is there
       anything else that’s dangerous and hazardous that you would like to address to the Court?”
       She responded:


                                                -3-
                “One is the substandard partitions that were used to build the V.I.P. rooms that are
                supported by the [bow truss] roof. *** [T]here should be absolutely no weight on
                structural members especially suspended from a [bow truss] roof ceiling. So, the
                whole second floor would be dangerous and hazardous ***.”
       Kare then asked her: “And an Order today to not occupy that second floor would abate your
       concerns?” She responded: “Yes.” Kare then asked her: “Are there any other violations
       besides the second floor that you are concerned about?” She responded: “No. The second
       floor is the major one.”
¶ 12       At the close of the hearing, the court stated: “Your agreement is no occupancy of the
       second floor. You have to keep it vacant.”
¶ 13       The court’s written order dated July 19, 2002, referenced “2347 S. Michigan Ave.” and
       stated: “Mandatory order not to occupy 2nd floor.” The matter was continued to August 9,
       2002, for case management “and hearing on 2nd floor occupancy.”
¶ 14       Prendergast left the hearing before getting a copy of the written order, returned to his
       office, and drafted a letter to Royce, stating:
                    “I appeared in court today. The city inspector testified that the sky-boxes on the
                second floor over looking the dance floor are dangerous and hazardous because they
                are suspended from the [truss]-roof. *** [T]he matter was set for hearing on *** the
                lack of use of the second floor on August 9th. *** The judge entered an Order that
                the second floor mezzanine not be used, the VIP room, until there is a hearing.”
¶ 15       At the August 9, 2002, hearing, Kare appeared for the City and Royce appeared for
       Le Mirage and Lesly Motors. The following colloquy ensued:
                    “MR. KARE: The matter was set for hearing as to the conditions on the second
                floor[.] *** There was an order to unoccupy. We’re asking the order be continued to
                September 6th, as well as an order of interior inspection.
                    THE COURT: Any dangerous/haz[a]rdous conditions?
                    MR. KARE: I may call the inspector if the Court wishes to hear any[t]hing
                further.
                    THE COURT: Other than the second floor, which has been addressed by the
                agreement not to occupy?
                    MR. KARE: Right, and the mezzanine *** the V.I.P. rooms ***.
                    MR. ROYCE: We’ve agreed to that your Honor.
                                                ***
                    THE COURT: Matter for conference September 6th, and in particular the
                dangerous, haz[a]rdous condition relates to the structure of the second floor?
                    MR. KARE: Pertains to the V.I.P. rooms and mezzanine.
                    THE COURT: It’s the structure?
                    MR. KARE: We don’t know if there’s no plans or permits on file. We don’t
                know if they can support the weight, these people occupying the second floor.
                    THE COURT: This is the floor that’s supported by the roof trusses?

                                                -4-
                   MR. KARE: That’s correct.
                   MR. ROYCE: No one has been in the premises since, other than employees and
               workers. They won’t go up there.”
¶ 16       The court’s written order dated August 9, 2002, states: “Mandatory order not to occupy
       2nd floor of subject premises,” again “2347 S. Michigan.” The matter was continued to
       September 6, 2002.
¶ 17       At the next hearing on September 6, 2002, Kare appeared for the City, and Morris
       appeared for Lesly Motors. Counsel for Le Mirage failed to appear. Kare advised the court:
       “As you’re aware, *** July 19th, the City moved that the second floor and the mezzanine not
       be occupied. That was granted.” He also informed the court that the inspector had not been
       “able to gain entry to the second floor” for an inspection and asked to file a petition for a rule
       to show cause, which was allowed.
¶ 18       The court’s written order dated September 6, 2002, again referenced “2347 S. Michigan”
       and stated: “All previous orders remain in full force and effect.” The matter was continued
       to October 25, 2002.
¶ 19       At the next hearing on October 25, 2002, Kare appeared for the City; Morris appeared
       for Lesly Motors; and Kyles, who was a licensed attorney, appeared for Le Mirage,
       identifying himself as “the owner.” The parties had reached an agreement for a building
       inspection, and the City withdrew its petition for a rule to show cause. The following
       colloquy ensued:
                   “JUDGE: Are there any dangerous and hazardous conditions?”
                   Mr. Kare: They would be abated, if the Court does continue the previous orders
               not to occupy the mezzanine, the second floor, and the VIP rooms—
                   JUDGE: Is that agreeable, Mr. Kyles?
                   Mr. Kyles: Yes.”
¶ 20       The court’s written order dated October 25, 2002, again referenced “2347 S. Michigan”
       and stated: “All prior orders to remain in full force and effect.” The matter was continued to
       March 7, 2003.
¶ 21       Despite entry of the above-described orders, respondents continued operating E2 on the
       second floor. The tragedy occurred during the early morning hours of February 17, 2003.
¶ 22       The following day, February 18, 2003, the City filed a petition for adjudication of indirect
       criminal contempt against Le Mirage and Kyles for willfully violating the court’s orders. The
       petition was subsequently amended to add Hollins and omit Le Mirage.
¶ 23       Kyles and Hollins were also charged with 63 counts of involuntary manslaughter related
       to the 21 deaths. They were ultimately acquitted of those charges.
¶ 24       The first jury trial on the contempt charges ended in a mistrial based on the prosecutor’s
       improper comment on what the defense would be during opening statements. Respondents
       moved to dismiss the proceeding on the ground that double jeopardy barred retrial, arguing
       that the City intended to provoke a mistrial. The trial court denied the motions.
¶ 25       Respondents filed timely interlocutory appeals, which were consolidated, arguing that


                                                  -5-
       the trial court erred in denying their motions to dismiss the case on the ground that double
       jeopardy barred retrial. The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s ruling but ordered that
       a different judge preside over the second trial. People ex rel. City of Chicago v. Hollins, 368
       Ill. App. 3d 934, 948 (2006).
¶ 26        The matter was transferred to a new judge. Before the second trial, the Attorney General
       filed a motion to quash the subpoena for the first judge to testify. The trial court granted the
       motion to quash, finding that the building court’s orders were clear and unambiguous and
       that it would be improper for the judge to testify about his mental processes behind the
       orders.
¶ 27        The City filed a motion in limine to exclude testimony about the judge’s half sheet entries
       and introduction of the half sheet as evidence. The trial court ruled that Royce could testify
       that, after he received Prendergast’s letter and the court’s July 19, 2002, order, he went and
       looked at the half sheet and told Kyles that the half sheet prohibited him from using the VIP
       rooms. The court ruled that this testimony went to Kyle’s state of mind but that the half sheet
       and letter would not be admitted into evidence.
¶ 28        At the second jury trial on the criminal contempt charges, which began on September 15,
       2009, the aforementioned facts concerning the building inspections, code violations, and
       building court proceedings were presented by various witnesses. In addition, the following
       pertinent evidence was introduced.
¶ 29        Shahi testified that building inspectors do not close businesses but that she had asked that
       the entire second floor of the building be closed because the faulty construction of the VIP
       rooms could have caused them to collapse onto the second floor. She testified that she never
       asked that only the VIP rooms be closed; instead, she always asked that the entire second
       floor be closed.
¶ 30        Shahi testified that on October 23, 2002, she and Julio Montilla, another City building
       inspector, met Hollins and two engineers at the building. Hollins identified himself as the
       owner of the building and asked her to explain “what needed to be done *** to lift the order”
       so he could “use the second floor.” She went through the violations as they walked through
       the nightclub and explained what needed to be done to abate them. During this time, Montilla
       took photographs, including some depicting Hollins. The photographs were introduced into
       evidence. Shahi testified that she pointed out to Hollins cracks in the roof trusses and
       problems caused by the build-out of the skyboxes. She told Hollins that he had to get plans
       and permits for repairing the trusses and for the build-out of the skyboxes and VIP rooms.
¶ 31        Shahi testified that, during the inspection, Hollins told her and Montilla that the second
       floor was not being used. In response, Montilla said, “If it’s not being used, *** I’ll sign my
       name on this napkin and leave it here, and next time we come back it should still be here.”
¶ 32        Shahi testified that, as of October 23, 2002, none of the violations had been corrected.
       No work had been done, and no permits had been obtained.
¶ 33        Montilla also testified that none of the violations had been corrected at that time. He also
       testified that while he was in the VIP area on the mezzanine of the nightclub on October 23,
       2002, he signed and dated a napkin, put it on one of the tables, and took a picture of it.
       Hollins asked him what he was doing. He told Hollins, “since you’re not supposed to be

                                                 -6-
       using this club—this area, the second floor, the place,” the napkin “should be there anytime
       somebody comes back.” He testified that his remark meant that the entire second floor was
       not to be occupied.
¶ 34       Kare testified that before the July 19, 2002, hearing he and Prendergast reached a
       preliminary agreement to close the VIP rooms and mezzanine. Because they did not have
       time to finish conferring before the hearing, Kare called Shahi to testify regarding any
       additional concerns she had.
¶ 35       Kare testified that, in building court, the only issues that can be addressed pertain to the
       building and that the building is always referenced in the order. He similarly testified that
       orders in building court are directed to the building, not to businesses inside the building.
¶ 36       Kare testified that the building court’s order not to occupy the second floor was not
       limited to the VIP rooms or mezzanine, but instead prohibited occupancy of the entire second
       floor of the building. Although his preliminary agreement with Prendergast had been limited
       to closing the mezzanine and VIP rooms, Shahi’s testimony during the hearing led him to
       change his mind and conclude that a broader prohibition was necessary. On cross-
       examination, he testified that he realized he was closing the entire nightclub, which was the
       City’s intent.
¶ 37       Lesly Benodin, who owned Lesly Motors, testified that his attorney had told him that the
       building court had ordered the second floor of the building closed. He further testified that
       he had told Hollins what his attorney had told him.
¶ 38       Sherman Thomas Bramlet testified that a private contractor hired him to provide security
       at E2 on Sunday evenings from October through December 2002. He routinely observed
       people socializing and drinking upstairs in the VIP area. He did not observe security
       personnel or ropes to bar access to the VIP area; he was never told that the VIP area was
       closed to the public; nor did he see any signs indicating that the VIP area was closed to the
       public. Numerous patrons of E2 testified that it continued operating on the second floor of
       the building between July 19, 2002, when the second floor was ordered closed, and February
       17, 2003, despite the building court’s orders. They also testified that, during that time, they
       routinely used the VIP rooms and skyboxes on the mezzanine or saw others doing so, and
       they never saw ropes, signs, or security guards blocking access to the mezzanine.
¶ 39       John Lucki, a police officer with the City, testified that he interviewed respondents on
       February 17, 2003. Hollins told Lucki that he was E2’s operations manager and that he
       maintained an office on the mezzanine. Hollins said that a company named Envy booked
       regular engagements at the nightclub on Friday and Sunday nights. The night before, Envy
       had hosted a ladies’ night promotion, which was a regularly scheduled Sunday night event.
       Hollins said that the sponsor of an event at E2 was responsible for collecting money, but that
       E2 provided security on the ground floor to check identification. Hollins said that he and
       Kyles had a joint business account, in which they both had signatory authority. He also said
       that he and Kyles had taken out a $150,000 loan to assist in the transition of the nightclub
       from Clique to E2. Hollins said that there was a signed contract for the February 16, 2003,
       event. Lucki asked Hollins if there were any other issues or court orders that he was aware
       of and was told that there were none.


                                                 -7-
¶ 40       Kyles confirmed that there had been a ladies’ night scheduled for the previous evening.
       He also said that he and Hollins had a joint bank account to handle a number of ventures,
       including the nightclub. He identified a bank account at Lakeside Bank in the name of
       Hollins Industries, Ltd., which they used to pay the nightclub’s expenses. He said that they
       had joint signature authority on that account. He also confirmed that they had taken out a
       $150,000 loan to assist with some financial hardships they were having in the transition from
       Clique to E2.
¶ 41       Prendergast testified that he appeared in building court on July 19, 2002, as a favor to
       Royce, who represented the nightclub. He testified that he and Kare reached an agreement
       before court that Le Mirage would not occupy the VIP rooms on the mezzanine.
¶ 42       Prendergast left court without a copy of the order the judge entered. When he returned
       to his office, he dictated a short letter to Royce to inform him what had happened because
       he was leaving for a week’s vacation before he would see Royce. The City faxed a copy of
       the July 19, 2002, order to his office on July 23, 2002, while he was on vacation, but his
       secretary gave it to Royce.
¶ 43       On cross-examination, Prendergast admitted that he never objected when the judge said:
       “Your agreement is no occupancy of the second floor. You have to keep it vacant.” He
       claimed that he believed the judge was referring to the second floor of the nightclub where
       the VIP rooms were. He acknowledged that he heard Shahi testify during the hearing that
       “the whole second floor would be dangerous and hazardous” and that he did not doubt that
       her testimony meant she did not want the second floor occupied. He also agreed that she did
       not testify that she did not want the VIP rooms to be occupied. He also acknowledged that
       he did not cross-examine her or ask her to clarify but testified that he did not get the
       impression that she was saying the nightclub should be closed. He testified that he would
       have cross-examined her if he had gotten that impression. He admitted that, no matter what
       understanding he might have had, only the order signed by the judge mattered, and, here, the
       order did not mention VIP rooms.
¶ 44       Royce testified that after Prendergast’s appearance in court on July 19, 2002, he received
       Prendergast’s letter describing what had happened and a copy of the court’s order. He
       became concerned because the letter seemed to conflict with the court’s order. Therefore, he
       went to look at the half sheet, which also seemed to conflict with the court’s order. He
       testified that, after reading Prendergast’s letter and the half sheet, he thought that any
       reference to the second floor was to the mezzanine.
¶ 45       Royce testified that he met with Kyles sometime before the hearing on August 9, 2002,
       and told Kyles that the court’s order, Prendergast’s letter, and the half sheet were inconsistent
       and that the half sheet appeared to be consistent with the letter. He testified that, based on
       the half sheet, he told Kyles that the VIP section had to be closed. He testified that he told
       Kyles to put up a rope and sign to bar access to the VIP area and that he personally saw that
       such a sign had been posted.
¶ 46       On cross-examination, Royce acknowledged that when he appeared in court for the
       August 9, 2002, hearing, he did not raise with the judge any inconsistencies between the
       court’s July 19, 2002, order and the half sheet. He also acknowledged that, during the


                                                 -8-
       hearing, after the judge asked whether there were other dangerous and hazardous conditions
       besides the second floor, “which ha[d] been addressed by the agreement not to occupy,” Kare
       added, “Right, and the mezzanine” and “VIP rooms,” to which Royce responded, “We’ve
       agreed to that.” He acknowledged that the judge signed an order not to occupy the second
       floor of the subject premises, and he did not tell the judge he believed the order was
       incorrect. He testified that he saw no need to bring the inconsistency between the court’s
       order and half sheet to the judge’s attention because, according to him, Prendergast’s letter
       was consistent with the half sheet; there was an agreed order; and when he appeared in court
       on August 9, 2002, Kare corrected the judge on the record. He acknowledged that occupying
       the VIP areas or skyboxes would violate the court’s order.
¶ 47       Kyles testified on his own behalf, acknowledging that he owned the nightclub. He
       testified that, shortly after the July 19, 2002, hearing, Royce told him that the VIP areas and
       mezzanine had to be closed. He testified that he informed his staff at their weekly staff
       meetings that these areas could not be used. He testified that he ordered his security
       employees to ensure that anyone who rented the space knew that the areas could not be used.
       He testified that, initially, they put up a sign and rope to prevent access, but that was
       insufficient, and they ultimately required a private security company to station a security
       person there to keep people out. He testified that he was not usually there on Saturdays and
       Sundays.
¶ 48       Kyles testified that, despite hearing from Royce that there was a conflict between the
       court’s July 19, 2002, order and half sheet, he never asked to see the order. He testified that
       he also never asked to see the August 9, 2002, order.
¶ 49       Kyles testified that between July 19, 2002, and February 16, 2003, no one told him that
       the nightclub should have been closed and that he therefore continued to operate the
       nightclub. He testified that in November 2002 the City renewed the nightclub’s liquor license
       and business licenses.
¶ 50       Kyles denied that Benodin ever told him or suggested to him that the nightclub should
       have been closed and testified that the first time anyone from the City told him that the
       nightclub was supposed to be closed was on the morning of February 17, 2003, after the
       tragedy. He testified that from July 19, 2002, to February 17, 2003, he was not aware of any
       court order that he was violating. He testified that, pursuant to his conversation with Royce,
       he believed only the mezzanine was to be closed.
¶ 51       Kyles testified that he had known Hollins for almost 25 years and considered him to be
       his partner. Hollins guaranteed the lease; took out a mortgage on his house for $150,000 for
       the business; was a signator on the business accounts; and the checking account they used
       was under the name of Hollins Industries, which was a company with which Hollins was
       affiliated. He testified that, in 2002, Hollins was involved in running the nightclub. He
       testified that Hollins was responsible for supervising five to six managers, who ran the
       restaurant and nightclub, with his focus being on the nightclub. He testified that both he and
       Hollins attended the weekly staff meetings and that he had never tried to conceal his business
       relationship with Hollins.
¶ 52       On cross-examination, Kyles was impeached with his statements, made during


                                                -9-
       proceedings to revoke his liquor license, that Hollins was just a consultant, not a business
       owner. He admitted that he had described Hollins as a consultant because Hollins was legally
       ineligible to manage a bar.
¶ 53       Kyles acknowledged that during the October 25, 2002, hearing, when the judge asked
       him whether he understood the prior orders were to continue in effect, he had agreed he did.
       He claimed he thought this referred to the order to close the mezzanine. He admitted that he
       never objected to Kare’s statement that Kare’s concerns would be abated if the court
       continued the previous orders not to occupy the mezzanine, the second floor, and the VIP
       rooms. He also admitted that he did not tell the court he understood the orders to pertain only
       to the VIP rooms.
¶ 54       Kyles also admitted that Le Mirage had financial difficulties in 2002. However, he denied
       that he violated the building court’s orders because Le Mirage was in financial trouble and
       could not afford to close the nightclub.
¶ 55       When shown a contract signed by Janielle Taylor, leasing the VIP area during the time
       the second floor was to be closed, Kyles claimed that he did not recognize it and that Taylor
       was an independent contractor, who could not accept contracts for the nightclub. He was
       impeached by a memorandum he dictated describing Taylor as the nightclub’s promotion and
       events manager and outlining her duties as negotiating agreements for the use of the
       nightclub and preparing weekly reports before and after events. He admitted that the
       memorandum did not characterize Taylor as an independent contractor.
¶ 56       The trial court instructed the jury as follows regarding the elements of indirect criminal
       contempt:
                   “A person commits the offense of indirect criminal contempt when he willfully
               violates a valid court order.
                   To sustain the charge of indirect criminal contempt of court[,] the City must
               prove the following propositions:
                       (1) there was an order reduced to writing, signed by the judge, and entered of
                   record;
                       (2) that the order described in reasonable detail the acts prohibited;
                       (3) that the respondent received actual notice of the order by personal service
                   or otherwise; and
                       (4) that respondent willfully violated said order.
                   If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that each one of these
               propositions has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the
               respondent guilty.
                   If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that any one of these
               propositions has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the
               respondent not guilty.”
¶ 57       The jury returned guilty verdicts against both respondents. Respondents filed motions for
       judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial, arguing, inter alia, that the trial court
       should have granted them a directed verdict because the building court’s orders were vague.

                                                -10-
       The trial court denied the motions and sentenced respondents to two years in prison.
¶ 58       Respondents appealed, arguing that (1) the trial court erred in instructing the jury on
       vicarious corporate liability and failing to include a definition of willfulness; (2) the court
       improperly barred admission of the building court’s half sheet and Prendergast’s letter
       explaining the building court’s order; and (3) at sentencing, the court improperly considered
       factors unrelated to the contempt charges and for which respondents had been acquitted at
       separate criminal trials. Hollins also argued that the City improperly brought out evidence
       of his character and past bad acts even though he did not testify or otherwise put his character
       into issue.
¶ 59       Instead of addressing the issues respondents raised on appeal, the court reversed their
       indirect criminal contempt adjudications and vacated their sentences, finding that they were
       not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because the building court’s orders were
       ambiguous and did not provide in reasonable detail the acts prohibited. 2011 IL App (1st)
       093547.
¶ 60       The City filed a petition for leave to appeal with this court (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb.
       26, 2010)), which we allowed.

¶ 61                                      III. ANALYSIS
¶ 62       “[C]ourts have the inherent power to punish contempt; such power is essential to the
       maintenance of their authority and the administration of judicial powers.” People v. Simac,
       161 Ill. 2d 297, 305 (1994). Contempt of court has generally been defined as conduct that “is
       calculated to embarrass, hinder or obstruct a court in its administration of justice or derogate
       from its authority or dignity, thereby bringing the administration of law into disrepute.”
       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. “A finding of criminal contempt is punitive in nature
       and is intended to vindicate the dignity and authority of the court.” Id. at 305-06.
¶ 63       Indirect criminal contempt occurs out of the court’s presence, and its proof is dependent
       upon evidence of some kind or upon facts of which the court has no judicial notice. People
       v. Waldron, 114 Ill. 2d 295, 302 (1986).
¶ 64       In criminal contempt cases, the State must prove the charges beyond a reasonable doubt.
       People v. Lindsey, 199 Ill. 2d 460, 471 (2002). Therefore, in reviewing the sufficiency of the
       evidence in a criminal contempt case, the appropriate standard of review is “whether, after
       viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
       could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt” (emphasis
       in original) (Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). See People v. Ernest, 141 Ill.
       2d 412, 429 (1990). “[T]his inquiry does not require a court to ‘ask itself whether it believes
       that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Emphasis in
       original.) Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19 (quoting Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization
       Service, 385 U.S. 276, 282 (1966)). This standard respects the fact finder’s responsibility for
       resolving conflicting testimony, weighing the evidence, and drawing reasonable inferences
       from the evidence. Id. at 319. Only where no reasonable fact finder could convict, in which
       case the conviction would violate due process, should a reviewing court impinge upon the
       fact finder’s role. Id.

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¶ 65       As the jury was instructed in this case, in order to sustain a finding of indirect criminal
       contempt for violating a court order outside the court’s presence, two elements must be
       proved: (1) the existence of a court order; and (2) a willful violation of that order. People v.
       Totten, 118 Ill. 2d 124, 138 (1987).
¶ 66       Under Illinois law, “an injunction order cannot support a finding of contempt unless it
       sets forth with certainty, clarity and conciseness precisely what actions are enjoined.”
       O’Leary v. Allphin, 64 Ill. 2d 500, 513-14 (1976). See also People v. Wilcox, 5 Ill. 2d 222,
       228 (1955) (“[T]he mandate of the court must be clear before disobedience can subject a
       person to punishment.”). As the Court explained in International Longshoremen’s Ass’n,
       Local 1291 v. Philadelphia Marine Trade Ass’n, 389 U.S. 64, 76 (1967), “[t]he most
       fundamental postulates of our legal order forbid the imposition of a penalty for disobeying
       a command that defies comprehension.” No such difficulties exist, however, when there is
       “a violation of a court order by one who fully understands its meaning but chooses to ignore
       its mandate.” Id.
¶ 67       Respondents argue, and the appellate court found, that the building court’s orders in this
       case were unclear as to what was meant by “2nd floor.” The July 19, 2002, order referenced
       “2347 S. Michigan Ave.” and stated: “Mandatory order not to occupy 2nd floor.” The August
       9, 2002, order stated: “Mandatory order not to occupy 2nd floor of subject premises,” again
       “2347 S. Michigan.” Despite respondents’ arguments, and the appellate court’s finding, to
       the contrary, the building court’s orders were “so specific and clear as to be susceptible of
       only one interpretation” (O’Leary, 64 Ill. 2d at 514). The “2nd floor” of the “subject
       premises”—the building at “2347 S. Michigan Ave.”—was not to be occupied. The “2nd
       floor” of the “subject premises” means the “2nd floor” of the building; it does not mean the
       mezzanine level of the nightclub, as respondents argue. Therefore, the building court’s orders
       in this case were sufficiently certain, clear, and concise to support a finding of contempt.
¶ 68       After hearing all of the evidence, the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that the
       building court’s orders described in reasonable detail the acts prohibited and that respondents
       willfully violated the orders. Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
       prosecution, we conclude that a rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt
       that respondents were fully aware that the orders closed not just the mezzanine, but the entire
       second floor of the building and that they willfully violated the orders.
¶ 69       On October 25, 2002, Kyles appeared in open court and agreed on the record when Kare
       told the court that the court should “continue the previous orders not to occupy the
       mezzanine, the second floor, and the VIP rooms.” He did not express any concern to the
       court that closing the second floor was not his understanding of what the order meant; nor
       did he ask his attorney to show him the prior orders to clarify any ambiguities his attorney
       believed there were. As an attorney himself, Kyles should have understood perfectly well
       what the orders said, the importance of obeying court orders, and the proper procedures for
       seeking revision of those orders in the event of disagreement with their scope or clarity.
       Moreover, the jury was free to disbelieve his testimony that he thought the court meant to
       close only the mezzanine level. There was evidence before the jury that Kyles was less than
       forthcoming with accurate information. For example, he claimed he had never tried to
       conceal his business relationship with Hollins but was impeached by his statements, made

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       during proceedings to revoke his liquor license, that Hollins was just a consultant, not a
       business owner or manager. He admitted he had a motive to misrepresent Hollins’
       relationship because Hollins was legally ineligible to be an owner or manager of a bar.
¶ 70        Similarly, a rational jury could have concluded that Hollins knew that the orders had
       closed the entire second floor of the building. Benodin testified that he told Hollins that his
       attorney had told him that the second floor of the building was ordered closed. In fact, there
       was no evidence that Hollins, unlike Kyles, had been told anything different from what
       Benodin told him. The building inspector also testified that Hollins personally asked her
       what he needed to do to lift the orders so that he could use the second floor. From this, the
       jury could have inferred that Hollins understood the orders perfectly well. Thus, there was
       ample evidence from which a rational jury could conclude that respondents willfully violated
       the building court’s orders prohibiting occupancy of the second floor.
¶ 71        Moreover, the evidence showed that respondents’ own attorney, Royce, believed that the
       language of the orders prohibited occupancy of the second floor of the building. This
       prohibition was so clear to him from the July 19, 2002, order that he went to court to check
       the half sheet because Prendergast’s letter had stated that only the mezzanine had been
       closed. After checking the half sheet, Royce told Kyles that the order was different from the
       letter and half sheet and that the letter and half sheet were consistent with each other. The
       most that Royce fairly could have inferred from this was that the order had meant to prohibit
       something different from what the order said, but that did not make the language of the order
       unclear. Royce’s obligation was to bring this to the court’s attention. Instead, he advised
       Kyles that only the mezzanine was ordered closed, even though the order said the second
       floor was closed.
¶ 72        Even the appellate court agreed that the language of the orders seemed to prohibit
       occupancy of the second floor, stating, “At first blush the language appears clear.” It was
       only based on other evidence such as the transcripts from the hearings preceding the entry
       of the orders and the building court’s half sheet that the appellate court came to believe that
       the orders were ambiguous and that the building court may have meant to close only the
       mezzanine. However, as the City notes, respondents were not charged with contempt for
       violating these transcripts or the half sheet. They were charged with contempt for willfully
       violating the court’s orders. The jury, in turn, was charged with determining whether
       respondents’ violation was willful. The jury thus had no reason to use the transcripts and half
       sheet to decide what the judge really meant when he entered the orders or what the orders
       should have said. Instead, it needed only to decide if the orders clearly expressed a
       prohibition on second-floor occupancy that respondents willfully violated.
¶ 73        The transcripts may have been relevant as to whether respondents’ violation was willful.
       If, despite the clarity of the orders, respondents had a good-faith basis to believe that the
       orders did not prohibit operating the nightclub on the second floor of the building, then the
       jury could have concluded that their disobedience of the orders was not willful. However,
       the jury had access to the transcripts as exhibits, and it heard Royce’s and Prendergast’s
       testimony that they thought the court had closed only the mezzanine. Any ambiguities going
       to willfulness were for the jury to weigh, and it rejected respondents’ claim to be ignorant
       of the true scope of the orders. Either way, the evidence does not show that the orders were

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       not clear.
¶ 74       In addition, a rational jury could have concluded that respondents willfully violated even
       the version of the orders that they claimed to believe the court had entered—prohibiting
       occupancy of the mezzanine. Respondents concede that this command of the building court,
       if nothing else, was perfectly clear to them. However, numerous witnesses testified that they
       routinely patronized the VIP area and skyboxes on the mezzanine, or observed others doing
       so, and never observed ropes, signs, or security personnel blocking access to the mezzanine.
¶ 75       In addition, a rational jury could disbelieve respondents’ claimed ignorance of the
       mezzanine’s operation in light of the evidence demonstrating that they actively managed the
       nightclub. This included evidence that they conducted weekly staff meetings attended by,
       among others, an employee who was a signatory on contracts leasing out the VIP area and
       who was charged with submitting weekly reports before and after events describing the
       events’ success. Kyles denied that this was one of his employees and that she had authority
       to accept contracts for the nightclub, but was impeached by a memorandum describing her
       as an E2 manager whose duties included negotiating agreements for the use of the nightclub.
       Moreover, Hollins personally managed five or six nightclub managers. The jury could have
       believed that respondents were aware of the use of the mezzanine from the reports of
       managers, review of the nightclub’s balance sheets, attendance at the nightclub, or some
       combination thereof. Kyles even admitted to the jury that the methods he tried to keep
       patrons from the mezzanine had initially proved insufficient. The jury fairly could have
       inferred from this that he must have received reports of mezzanine use. The jury also heard
       evidence that in November 2002, a man’s feet fell through the floor of the VIP area and were
       dangling through the ceiling above the bar area underneath. The jury could have disbelieved
       respondents’ claim not to have known the mezzanine was in use when there was a hole in
       the second floor ceiling that required repair. The appellate court failed to explain why this
       evidence was insufficient for the jury to convict respondents of willfully violating the
       building court’s orders based on their occupancy of the mezzanine.
¶ 76       Had the appellate court considered the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s
       verdict, it would have concluded that respondents were proved guilty beyond a reasonable
       doubt of indirect criminal contempt because a rational jury could have found that they were
       fully aware of what the building court’s orders prohibited and willfully disobeyed the orders.
       Therefore, the appellate court erred in reversing respondents’ adjudications of indirect
       criminal contempt based on its finding that they were not proved guilty beyond a reasonable
       doubt because the building court’s orders were not sufficiently clear.

¶ 77                                    IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 78       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court and remand to
       the appellate court for consideration of the issues respondents raised but the appellate court
       did not address.

¶ 79      Reversed and remanded.


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