            IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
                    WESTERN DISTRICT

THOMAS E. SIMMONS,                               )
                                                 )
                                   Appellant,    )
                                                 )   WD77246
v.                                               )
                                                 )   OPINION FILED:
                                                 )   April 28, 2015
STATE OF MISSOURI,                               )
                                                 )
                                 Respondent.     )


                Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri
                          The Honorable J. Dale Youngs, Judge

                  Before Division III: Mark D. Pfeiffer, Presiding Judge, and
                       Gary D. Witt and Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judges

       Thomas Simmons (“Simmons”) appeals the judgment of the Circuit Court of Jackson

County, Missouri (“motion court”), denying, after an evidentiary hearing, his motion for

post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 24.035. On appeal, Simmons claims that the motion

court clearly erred in refusing to grant his motion because his guilty pleas were not knowingly

and intelligently entered. We affirm.

                             Factual and Procedural Background

       In April of 2009, Simmons was charged with six different offenses in connection with a

string of burglaries and property theft incidents occurring in the Kansas City metropolitan area.
While Simmons’s case was pending, he made numerous attempts to contact, among others,

potential witnesses who were scheduled to testify against him. As a result, the State filed an

amended information charging Simmons with an additional two counts of tampering with a

witness or with a crime victim.

        On the day Simmons’s criminal trial was to begin, Simmons and the State reached a plea

agreement. Pursuant to the plea agreement, Simmons agreed to enter an Alford1 plea to four

class C felonies: stealing, tampering in the first degree, and two counts of receiving stolen

property. In return, the State agreed to drop the other four charges against Simmons and to

recommend a sentence not to exceed eight years (concurrent) on all of the charges to which

Simmons pled guilty.

        At the plea hearing, the State identified the evidence that it intended to produce at

Simmons’s criminal trial, some of which the State had obtained pursuant to having placed a GPS

unit on the bottom of an automobile that Simmons drove in order to track Simmons’s

movements. At the time of the plea, the plea court and all of the parties, including Simmons

himself, were aware that another case wherein a GPS unit had been attached to a criminal

suspect’s car (United States v. Jones, 132 S.Ct. 945 (2012)) was pending before the United States

Supreme Court. The uncertainty in the law regarding whether the State’s placement of the GPS

unit on Simmons’s car constituted a warrantless search of Simmons for Fourth Amendment

purposes served as a motivating factor behind the State’s plea offer and Simmons’s acceptance

of the plea offer.

        During the plea court’s questioning of Simmons to ensure that Simmons understood the

consequences of his guilty plea, the plea court and Simmons discussed the Fourth Amendment

issues in particular:
        1
            North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).


                                                            2
Q: (By the court) And the Court of Appeals or even the Supreme Court might
hear your case and the issues that have come up already in this case including the
suppression issues that we have been talking about and if you were convicted
evidence that might have come up and come in during the course of the trial; and
they would have all kinds of options available to them including reversing your
conviction or sending it back to me for a new trial. All of these options would be
available [if Simmons did not plead guilty but went to trial].
       The bottom line is do you understand you would have a right to appeal any
conviction?

A: Right.

Q: And . . . your attorney in this case has already filed several motions. We have
had a number of days of hearings on various motions to suppress evidence and to
keep out certain kinds of evidence. And your lawyer on your behalf has the right
to assert any of these defenses that you have, and I might agree at some point
during the course of the case to go his way on some of those. I might agree to
limit the State’s ability to offer and admit evidence against you. Do you
understand you have all of these rights for him to do this on your behalf?

A: Right. Can I ask you a question?

Q: Yes, sir.

A: In the event that the Supreme Court came back on the GPS issue do I have a
right to still file on that?

Q: My position would be you should go forward today assuming any defenses
you have to any of the charges against you, any of the rulings I have made in this
court on any of the issues including that one, that you are forever giving up your
right to assert those defenses or request those defenses be found in your favor
again. Do you understand that?

A: I’m giving up these rights?

Q: I believe the answer to that is yes. So what I’m saying is I don’t know what
the Supreme Court will do with the issue that we have been talking an awful lot
about.
       You have the right to assert that as a defense to the evidence that’s been
offered and would be offered by the State against you. And we have heard that,
and I have ruled on that. My position is and I think you should go forward
assuming that if you plead guilty today pursuant to your rights under Alford, in
other words, if you enter an Alford plea today and we go forward, you are forever
giving up the right to assert that defense no matter what the Supreme Court does
down the road.




                                        3
              Okay? Do you need to talk to your lawyer about that a little bit before we
       go forward?

       A: Yeah, I—

       Q: In other words, what I’m saying is you can’t take it both ways.

       A: That’s why you take the Alford plea, because you can still appeal. That’s
       what I understand.

       Q: No sir. You need to talk to your lawyer. The only difference between an
       Alford plea and a regular plea of guilty is you are not admitting your guilt in an
       Alford plea. Everything else is exactly the same in terms of the rights that you are
       giving up that are afforded to you under the Constitution. It doesn’t matter if it is
       an Alford plea or a straight-up guilty plea, you are giving up these rights.

       A: So you are saying the police can just go throw GPS on your car without
       warrants and everything and they can still just get away with that?

       Q: All I’m telling you is if you plead today pursuant to your rights under Alford
       and I accept your plea under Alford you are giving up your right to assert any
       defenses you have to the charges against you, including your claim that any of the
       evidence was unlawfully obtained. Okay? That’s what I’m telling you.
              Do you need to talk to your lawyer a little bit before we go forward to
       make sure you are square on this?

       A: No. Go ahead.

       After the court became satisfied that Simmons understood the rights he was giving up by

entering the Alford plea, including any right to pursue the suppression issue, the questioning

proceeded to the State’s expected evidence and the reasoning behind Simmons’s choice in

entering the plea:

       Q: Mr. Simmons, it is fair to say you dispute those facts. Is that fair?

       A: Yes.

       Q: It is my understanding nevertheless that you nevertheless agree to plead guilty
       in this case based on your belief that you would receive a greater sentence if you
       stood trial and were convicted than you are going to receive through the plea
       agreement. Is that fair to say?

       A: Yep.



                                                4
       ....

       Q: Okay. You believe it is in your best interest to get this over with and plead
       guilty today pursuant to your rights under Alford?

       A: Yes.

       The plea court accepted Simmons’s Alford plea. Between Simmons’s plea hearing and

his sentencing hearing, the United States Supreme Court decided Jones, 132 S.Ct. 945. In Jones,

the Court held: that the government’s act of physically placing a GPS tracking device on a

criminal suspect’s car and then using the information obtained from the device constituted a

search under the Fourth Amendment; that since the search had not been conducted pursuant to a

valid warrant, no exception to the warrant requirement existed; and that since the evidence

obtained from the search was essential to the government’s case against Jones, his conviction

was overturned. Id. at 949.

       Simmons filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea due to the intervening Jones decision.

His counsel argued that Simmons “was not fully aware of what he was sacrificing at the time of

his plea.” The plea court denied Simmons’s motion and sentenced Simmons to eight years on

each count to which Simmons pled guilty, such sentences to run concurrently.

       Simmons timely filed a motion for post-conviction relief under Rule 24.035. Motion

counsel filed an amended motion alleging, inter alia, that Simmons’s Alford plea was not

voluntary and intelligent. The motion court, which was also the plea court, denied Simmons’s

motion, and Simmons appeals on this same basis.

                                     Standard of Review

       We review the motion court’s findings and conclusions denying a motion under

Rule 24.035 to determine only whether they are clearly erroneous. Rule 24.035(k); Day v. State,




                                               5
770 S.W.2d 692, 695 (Mo. banc 1989). “The motion court’s findings and conclusions are clearly

erroneous only if, after reviewing the entire record, [we are] left with a definite and firm

impression that a mistake has been made.” Neal v. State, 379 S.W.3d 209, 214 (Mo. App. W.D.

2012) (internal quotation omitted). “The movant bears the burden of establishing clear error, as

we presume the motion court’s findings are correct.” Flenoy v. State, 446 S.W.3d 297, 301 (Mo.

App. W.D. 2014).

                                             Analysis

       On appeal, Simmons alleges only that the motion court clearly erred in finding that his

guilty pleas were voluntarily and intelligently entered. “[A] guilty plea must be a voluntary

expression of the defendant’s choice, and a knowing and intelligent act done with sufficient

awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences.” Neal, 379 S.W.3d at 215

(internal quotation omitted). “[T]he court [must] be convinced that the defendant understands

the specific charges and the maximum penalty confronting him and that the defendant recognizes

that by pleading guilty, he waives a number of legal rights.” Steinle v. State, 861 S.W.2d 141,

143 (Mo. App. W.D. 1993). “Because the defendant is waiving well established rights and

subjecting himself to penalty, the record must reflect that the defendant understood the

consequences of his plea and consciously waived the rights articulated by” Rule 24. Id.

       In this case, the record reflects that the motion court did not clearly err in finding that

Simmons understood the rights he was giving up by entering his Alford plea. First of all,

Simmons testified that he had gone “all the way” in school, having obtained his GED and gone

to college. Second, the plea court carefully went through the rights that Simmons would be

giving up by entering his plea including his rights to: a jury trial; representation by counsel; the

presumption of innocence; hold the State to its burden of proving him guilty beyond a reasonable




                                                 6
doubt; cross-examine the State’s witnesses and call his own witnesses, which could be

subpoenaed by the court; testify on his own behalf or choose not to testify without his choice

being held against him; a unanimous jury for conviction; and appeal to a higher court upon

conviction. Simmons stated that he understood that he was giving up all of these rights.

       And although Simmons unquestionably exhibited some initial confusion as to whether

the entry of an Alford plea would allow him to preserve his suppression issue should the United

States Supreme Court find in favor of his position in the factually similar case pending before it,

the plea court was thorough in dispelling Simmons of any notions that this issue would be

preserved or otherwise have any impact on his plea. As the dialogue from the plea hearing noted

above illustrates, the plea court expressly told Simmons that, in entering the Alford plea, which

had the same consequences as any other guilty plea, he was “forever giving up the right to assert

[the Fourth Amendment] defense no matter what the Supreme Court does down the road.” The

plea court further explained that if it accepted Simmons’s plea under Alford, Simmons was

“giving up [his] right to assert any defenses [he had] to the charges against [him], including [his]

claim that any of the evidence was unlawfully obtained.” The plea court gave Simmons an

opportunity to discuss this further with his plea counsel, which Simmons declined to do. Finally,

the plea court reiterated one final time that:

       Q: You are giving up any claim to being prejudiced by all of these issues. If we
       go forward and I accept your Alford plea today and we get on down the road these
       are issues that will not be available to you down the road. Do you understand
       that?

       A: All right. Yeah. I understand.

This is a clear and unequivocal expression by Simmons establishing that he understood all of the

consequences of his Alford plea.




                                                 7
        Of course, for a guilty plea, even an Alford plea, to be valid, not only does the defendant

have to understand the consequences of the plea, but there must be a factual basis for the plea.

Alford, 400 U.S. at 38. However, “as long as the basis exists on the record as a whole, the

factual basis [for the guilty plea] need not be established by the defendant’s words or by an

admission of the facts recited by the State.” Roussel v. State, 314 S.W.3d 398, 401 (Mo. App.

S.D. 2010) (internal quotation omitted). In this case, the State set forth the evidence it intended

to produce at Simmons’s trial, which provided a sufficient factual basis for Simmons’s guilty

pleas. Although Simmons argues here that the evidence put forth by the State should have been

suppressed, the court had not suppressed the evidence at the time of the plea, did not intend to

suppress the evidence at that time, and, as stated above, made sure that Simmons understood that

entry of the pleas would forever extinguish his right to argue that the evidence should have been

suppressed. Therefore, the evidence was properly considered by the plea court as providing a

factual basis for the Alford plea, even if some of the evidence had arguably been obtained in

violation of Simmons’s Fourth Amendment rights.2

        Finally, Simmons seems to argue that there cannot be a factual basis for the Alford plea if

the defendant does not subjectively believe that he will be convicted of the charges against him.

Although Alford pleas are most often entered because a defendant believes that he will be

convicted if he goes to trial, Simmons points to no case stating that such a belief on the

defendant’s part is required.          Instead, the requirement is that the defendant “intelligently

concludes that his interests require entry of a guilty plea.” Alford, 400 U.S. at 37. Indeed, any


        2
            Assuming that the State’s action in this case violated Simmons’s Fourth Amendment rights, the violation
of a defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights does not automatically lead to suppression of the evidence obtained as a
result of the violation. Suppression is a judicially created remedy to the violation that may or may not be available
to the defendant. See Davis v. United States, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 2431 (2011) (holding that it does not necessarily
follow from the Court’s finding of a Fourth Amendment violation that the defendant will gain relief—“[r]emedy is a
separate, analytically distinct issue”). Here, Simmons is not entitled to the remedy of suppression because he
expressly waived that remedy by pleading guilty.


                                                         8
number of “reasons other than the fact that he is guilty may induce a defendant to so plead and

he must be permitted to judge for himself in this respect.” Id. at 33 (internal quotation and

alteration omitted). In this case, it was not Simmons’s subjective belief that he would be

convicted if he faced trial that induced him to plead guilty. Rather, it was his awareness that, in

the (even unlikely) event that he would be convicted, he faced a possible punishment greatly

exceeding the punishment he was able to obtain by entering the plea agreement. Simmons’s

rationale is established in the following exchange:

       Q: Okay. Because you dispute all the facts and you are convinced if you were to
       try this case your position is you would be acquitted?

       A: I would think I would be.

       Q: But if you were not and if you were convicted—

       A: I think you would do whatever you think you could do. That’s my problem.

       Q: —you would be sentenced to a far greater sentence than eight years in the
       penitentiary, which again is the lid in this case. You understand you could be
       sentenced to less than that, but you understand that if we were to go to trial and
       you were convicted that your sentence would be greater?

       A: Yes.

       Q: Okay. You believe it is in your best interest to get this over with and plead
       guilty today pursuant to your rights under Alford?

       A: Yes.

This rationale, when considered along with the evidence that the State intended to introduce at

trial, the plea court’s stated intention to allow the State’s evidence, and the very real possibility

that the Supreme Court could have found against Simmons’s interests in the then-pending Jones

case, is not unreasonable. That, in hindsight, Simmons may have made a bad bargain does not

render his guilty pleas involuntary.




                                                 9
       The motion court did not clearly err in denying Simmons’s Rule 24.035 motion.

Accordingly, Simmons’s point on appeal is denied.

                                          Conclusion

       For all of the above-stated reasons, we affirm the judgment of the motion court.




                                            Mark D. Pfeiffer, Presiding Judge

Gary D. Witt and Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judges, concur.




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