                    RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                        Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                               File Name: 13a0344p.06

             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                             _________________


                                                   X
                                                    -
 JAMES J. ROGERS,
                                                    -
                                     Plaintiff,
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                       Nos. 12-6335/6336
 GARRY MURPHY and BRIAN HENSLEY,
        Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees, ,>
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
           v.
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                   Defendants, -
 SHERIFF NELSON O’DONNELL, et al.,

                                                    -
 JENNIFER HALL SMITH and DAVID W. SMITH, -
                                                    -
      Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants. N
                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
          No. 5:10-cv-00373—Jennifer B. Coffman, Chief District Judge.
                            Argued: December 4, 2013
                     Decided and Filed: December 16, 2013
            Before: SILER, McKEAGUE and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

                               _________________

                                   COUNSEL
ARGUED: Andrew J. Horne, HORNE LAW OFFICE, Louisville, Kentucky, for
Appellants/Cross-Appellees. Lucy A. Pett, STOLL KEENON OGDEN PLLC,
Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants ON BRIEF: Andrew J. Horne,
HORNE LAW OFFICE, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellants/Cross-Appellees. Lucy
A. Pett, R. Burl McCoy, Carl N. Frazier, STOLL KEENON OGDEN PLLC, Lexington,
Kentucky, Matthew W. Breetz, Bethany A. Breetz, Michasel M. Denbow, STITES &
HARBISON, PLLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants.




                                         1
Nos. 12-6335/6336      Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                           Page 2


                                  _________________

                                        OPINION
                                  _________________

        McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. This appeal is the remnant of litigation stemming
originally from offensive, but largely consensual sexual conduct among adults, three
men and one woman. Investigation by the local Sheriff Department led to grand jury
proceedings, an indictment, and a criminal trial in state court.          The three male
participants in the escapade, all local police officers, eventually faced charges of assault
and witness tampering. After they were found not guilty of the criminal charges, they
commenced this action, asserting various claims against numerous persons who had been
involved in the investigation and prosecution. In what appears to be the last remaining
sliver of the litigation, the district court dismissed plaintiffs’ claims against two
prosecuting attorneys, finding them protected by absolute and qualified immunity. On
appeal, plaintiffs-appellants contend the district court failed to view the record in the
light most favorable to them and abused its discretion by disallowing discovery before
ruling on the immunity issues. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                             I

        Plaintiffs-appellants are Garry Murphy and Brian Hensley.             At all times
pertinent, they were Richmond (Kentucky) Police Officers. It is undisputed that on the
night of October 26, 2009, they, along with a third officer, while off-duty, visited the
Richmond apartment of April McQueen by invitation. The third officer, James J.
Rogers, was a plaintiff in this action but he voluntarily dismissed his remaining claims
and has not joined in this appeal. For several hours, the four adults engaged in sexual
conduct that Murphy and Hensley characterize as having “included bondage and
discipline, dominance and submission and sadism and masochism.”

        After the encounter ended and the officers left, McQueen visited her neighbor
and friend, Bobbie Judd. McQueen, who was concerned about her appearance because
she was going to meet another man the following day, explained what had happened and
Nos. 12-6335/6336          Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                                   Page 3


asked Judd for an ice pack or medicine for her bloodied, swollen mouth. Judd insisted,
over McQueen’s reluctance, that the incident be reported to the police. Later that
morning, Judd, with assistance and encouragement of another neighbor, set up a meeting
at her apartment between McQueen and others. This meeting led to an investigation by
the Madison County Sheriff Department. Throughout the investigation, McQueen
refused to cooperate with prosecution of the men. Yet, her account of the extent to
which she consented to all the acts she engaged in varied from time to time.

         On October 27, 2009, McQueen gave a recorded statement at the Sheriff
Department recounting the events of the prior night and maintaining that she did not
want to press charges. She explained that the sexual activity was “rough,” but
consensual. Only when the men wanted to urinate in her mouth did she balk. After one
of them slapped her repeatedly, she assented, then vomited. This part of the episode was
“over the top,” made her angry, and sickened her, but McQueen called it a
“misunderstanding.” She wanted to “forget the whole damn thing.” R. 11-2, Video
recording, 10/27/09 interview.

         The next day, after communicating with Rogers about the incident, McQueen
decided to return to the Sheriff Department to clarify her statement. She explained that
the room was dark when Murphy hit her and it may have been accidental; that she was
“freaked out” by the idea of swallowing urine, but nobody “forced” her; that she told
them to stop, but didn’t necessarily mean it; that she consented not because she was
afraid the men would hurt her, but because she was afraid of disappointing them. She
insisted that Rogers did not try to make her change her story; that Judd and others had
pressured her into reporting the incident in the first place; and that she still wanted to
drop the whole thing and forget it ever happened. R. 11-3, Video recording, 10/28/09
interview.1



         1
           Following the interviews of McQueen and the three officers, the Sheriff allegedly informed the
officers that criminal sexual conduct charges would not be pursued against them before a grand jury.
Instead, the indictment later returned by the grand jury charged them with witness tampering and assault
offenses, stemming from (a) interactions between McQueen and the officers after their sexual encounter,
and (b) Murphy’s slapping of McQueen during the encounter.
Nos. 12-6335/6336           Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                                      Page 4


         In early November, McQueen was advised by defendant Assistant
Commonwealth Attorney Jennifer Hall Smith that she wanted to speak with her and
intended to present charges to the Madison County Grand Jury with or without
McQueen’s assistance. The two met, in the company of McQueen’s attorney, Mary
Sharp, on November 12, 2009.2 Smith confronted McQueen with the differences
between her two prior statements at the Sheriff Department, on October 27 and 28, and
inquired whether Rogers or the other officers had intimidated her. The recording of the
interview shows that Smith did not question either the nature of the sexual conduct or
the issue of consent. Her questions went to the nature and frequency of McQueen’s
interactions with Rogers, the apparent inconsistencies in statements made to the Sheriff
Department investigators, and the nature of the injury inflicted by Murphy during the
encounter.3 McQueen insisted that the officers had not threatened or intimidated her.
The greater influence had come, she said, from her friend Bobbie Judd and others,
including others in the Sheriff Department, who were pressuring her to bring charges.
R. 11-4, Video recording, 11/12/09 interview.

         On December 10, 2009, McQueen testified before the grand jury. Her testimony
was roughly consistent with the second statement she made at the Sheriff Department,
indicating that essentially the whole affair was consensual. On December 21, she
testified a second time before the grand jury. This time, purportedly prompted by
encouragement from her mother to tell the truth, McQueen clarified that she allowed the
men to urinate in her mouth only because Murphy slapped her and scared her with his
aggressiveness. “That part was not consensual,” she said. Further, she testified that she
was still scared of Murphy and Rogers.




         2
           Mary Sharp was apparently retained by the officers to represent McQueen in the investigation.
In response to questioning as to who was paying for Attorney Sharp’s services, McQueen testified before
the grand jury that “they say I don’t owe anything. That they’re doing it, she’s doing it for free and they’re
hoping that I’ll file a lawsuit against the Sheriff’s Department after this is over with and she can collect
on that.” R. 11-9, Grand Jury tr. at 8–9, Page ID # 200–01.
         3
           Smith also asked McQueen to address conflicting statements given by the officers relating to
their interactions with McQueen in the aftermath of the encounter, a matter directly related to the charges
later brought to the grand jury.
Nos. 12-6335/6336           Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                     Page 5


        Later that day, defendant Commonwealth Attorney David W. Smith escorted
McQueen back to the grand jury room for a meeting with Jennifer Smith and others.4
At that time, McQueen having now testified under oath that at least one act was not
consensual and that she was intimidated by at least two of the men, Jennifer Smith
allegedly urged McQueen to tell the truth and not to cover for the police officers. Smith
also reportedly questioned whether McQueen’s attorney, Mary Sharp, who customarily
defended police officers, was really serving McQueen’s best interests.

        McQueen went on to testify before the grand jury a third time, on January 28,
2010. McQueen confirmed that her December 21 testimony was truthful and that
Murphy and Rogers scared her. Yet, in addition to pressure being exerted by Rogers,
McQueen testified about pressure being applied by Sheriff Department personnel as
well.

        The grand jury returned an indictment charging Murphy with fourth degree
assault and all three officers with witness intimidation and tampering offenses. Trial was
conducted in March 2010. McQueen testified at trial that all the acts between her and
the officers on the night of October 26, 2009 were consensual. Insofar as this account
differed from her grand jury testimony on December 21 and January 28, McQueen
explained that she had felt pressured by Jennifer Smith and others. McQueen testified
that Jennifer Smith “intimidated” her through her very presence, by planting seeds of
doubt in her mind and undermining her trust in her attorney. All three defendants were
found not guilty on all charges.

        In October 2010, Rogers, Murphy and Hensley commenced this action by filing
a 13-count, 33-page complaint in the District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky.
Among the numerous named defendants were the Madison County Sheriff and two
subordinate officers, two of McQueen’s neighbors, as well as her landlord, and the
prosecutors, Commonwealth Attorneys David Smith and Jennifer Smith. The three
plaintiffs asserted claims under federal and state law for malicious prosecution, abuse


        4
            David Smith and Jennifer Smith are married; hence the shared surname.
Nos. 12-6335/6336      Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                         Page 6


of criminal process, violation of privacy rights, defamation and conspiracy to violate
civil rights. In lieu of an answer, the Smith defendants moved to dismiss or, in the
alternative, for summary judgment. In the ruling that is the subject of this appeal, the
district court awarded summary judgment to David Smith and Jennifer Smith on all
claims against them based on absolute prosecutorial immunity and qualified immunity.

       The district court recognized that all the allegations against the Smith defendants
arose out of two meetings, one between Jennifer Smith and April McQueen on
November 12, 2009, and one between both Smith defendants and McQueen on
December 21, 2009. In these meetings, the Smith defendants allegedly intimidated and
harassed McQueen to induce her to testify against plaintiffs in the grand jury
proceedings.

       In regard to the former meeting, on November 12, the district court held David
Smith was entitled to summary judgment on all claims because plaintiffs had not alleged
any involvement by him. The district court held Jennifer Smith was not entitled to
absolute immunity for her role in the November 12 meeting, concluding that she had not
met her burden of proof and that her actions could be construed as having been taken in
her capacity as an investigator rather than as an advocate. The court held Jennifer Smith
was protected by qualified immunity, however, because plaintiffs had not alleged facts
making out a violation of any clearly established constitutional right. Specifically, the
court held plaintiffs’ claims were flawed for lack of allegation that they were deprived
of any liberty or property as a result of Jennifer Smith’s wrongful actions. In regard to
the meeting on December 21, the court held that both Smith defendants were acting as
advocates when they met with McQueen following her grand jury testimony and were
therefore entitled to absolute immunity. On appeal, plaintiffs challenge these rulings on
several grounds. The Smith defendants have cross-appealed, challenging (1) the district
court’s conclusion that Jennifer Smith was not entitled to absolute immunity with respect
to the November 12 meeting, and (2) the district court’s denial of their motion for
attorneys’ fees.
Nos. 12-6335/6336      Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                             Page 7


                                            II

       A. Standard of Review

       The district court’s summary judgment ruling is reviewed de novo. Howell v.
Sanders, 668 F.3d 344, 349 (6th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment should be rendered “if
the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The reviewing
court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and
draw all reasonable inferences in its favor. White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 533 F.3d
381, 390 (6th Cir. 2008). Not just any alleged factual dispute between the parties will
defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the dispute must
present a genuine dispute of material fact. Id. A dispute is “genuine” only if based on
evidence upon which a reasonable jury could return a verdict in favor of the non-moving
party. Niemi v. NHK Spring Co., Ltd., 543 F.3d 294, 298 (6th Cir. 2008). A factual
dispute concerns a “material” fact only if its resolution might affect the outcome of the
suit under the governing substantive law. Id. at 298–99.

       B. Federal Claims — Absolute Immunity

       In addressing the Smith defendants’ assertion of absolute immunity, the district
court correctly referred to Koubriti v. Convertino, 593 F.3d 459 (6th Cir. 2010). The
Koubriti opinion contains an excellent summary description of the contours of absolute
immunity, here reproduced at length:

               [O]fficials enjoy absolute immunity from civil liability related to
       their performance of “prosecutorial” functions. See Burns v. Reed, 500
       U.S. 478, 486 (1991). The burden of proof is on the official seeking
       absolute immunity, however, to prove that the behavior in question falls
       in the category of behavior that merits this higher level of protection. Id.
               In Burns v. Reed, the Supreme Court mandated that courts use a
       “functional approach” when determining whether a government official’s
       actions fit within the category of actions traditionally entitled to absolute
       immunity. Id. Using this approach, courts must look to “the nature of
       the function performed, not the identity of the actor who performed it.”
       Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219, 229 (1988). Functions that serve as an
Nos. 12-6335/6336     Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                           Page 8


       “integral part of the judicial process” or that are “intimately associated
       with the judicial process” are absolutely immune from civil suits. Imbler
       v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 (1976). Meanwhile, functions which are
       more “investigative” or “administrative” in nature, because they are more
       removed from the judicial process, are subject only to qualified
       immunity. Burns, 500 U.S. at 486. Although “[t]he line between a
       prosecutor’s advocacy and investigating roles might sometimes be
       difficult to draw,” Zahrey v. Coffey, 221 F.3d 342, 347 (2d Cir. 2000), we
       are not without some guidance to help determine where that line should
       be drawn. For example, conduct by a prosecutor that is nonetheless
       investigative or administrative in function includes: “giving legal advice
       to police,” Spurlock v. Thompson, 330 F.3d 791, 798 (6th Cir. 2003);
       making “out-of-court statements” at a press conference, Buckley v.
       Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 277–78 (1993); making statements “in an
       affidavit supporting an application for an arrest warrant,” Kalina v.
       Fletcher, 522 U.S. 118, 119 (1997); and “authorizing warrantless
       wiretaps in the interest of national security,” Mitchell v. Forsythe,
       472 U.S. 511, 520 (1985). On the other hand, prosecutors have absolute
       immunity from “suits for malicious prosecution and for defamation, and
       . . . this immunity extend[s] to the knowing use of false testimony before
       the grand jury and at trial.” Burns, 500 U.S. at 484. Likewise, they have
       absolute immunity for the following actions: appearances at probable
       cause and grand jury hearings, Spurlock, 330 F.3d at 797; evaluation of
       evidence and presentation of that evidence at pre-trial and trial
       proceedings, id.; and preparation of witnesses for trial, id.

Koubriti, 593 F.3d at 467.

       1. November 12 Meeting

       Insofar as plaintiffs’ claims against the Smith defendants are based on the
November 12 meeting between Jennifer Smith, April McQueen, and McQueen’s
attorney, Mary Sharp, the district court concluded absolute immunity was not applicable
because Jennifer Smith did not carry her burden of showing that she was functioning as
an advocate. The recording of the interview supports the district court’s finding that
“[t]hroughout the interview, Smith sought explanations from McQueen for her apparent
inconsistencies and asked about her ongoing relationship with the plaintiff, James
Rogers.” R. 50, Summary Judgment Order at 4–5, Page ID # 970–71. The district court
viewed this as indicating an “investigatory” purpose, even though the court
acknowledged plaintiffs’ allegation in their complaint that Smith had already determined
Nos. 12-6335/6336      Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                        Page 9


to present the case to the grand jury. In our view, the record conclusively demonstrates
that Smith was not acting simply in an investigative or administrative capacity when
making these inquiries. This conclusion is based on the following considerations.

       First, plaintiffs acknowledged in their complaint and took the position in
response to defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint that the determination to present
the case to the grand jury had been made before the November 12 interview. On appeal,
plaintiffs have not retreated from this position or claimed differently. Second, the
recording of the interview shows that Jennifer Smith was not interested in revisiting the
question whether the sexual conduct engaged in on October 26 was consensual; she
accepted McQueen’s consistent assertion that it was. Instead, she was concerned about
the then known facts that tended to substantiate the very criminal offenses that were
eventually charged and tried, i.e., assault and witness tampering. Among these facts
were: (1) photographs of McQueen’s face, showing her swollen and bloodied mouth just
hours after the “encounter” had taken place; (2) McQueen’s consistent statements that,
during the sexual conduct, she had been slapped repeatedly in the face; (3) McQueen’s
consistent statements that three men had urinated in her mouth despite her vocal
objections; (4) inconsistencies in McQueen’s characterizations of the extent to which she
consented when the men urinated in her mouth; and (5) the suspicious circumstance that,
between making the two inconsistent statements, McQueen had talked with one of the
three men, Rogers, who had in fact driven her to the Sheriff Department to give the
second statement.

       In light of these facts, Smith’s interview of McQueen, in the presence of her
attorney, in anticipation of grand jury proceedings, was clearly an integral part of, or
intimately associated with, the judicial process. The interview was not akin to such
actions as might legitimately be considered “investigative” or “administrative” in
nature, such as giving advice to police officers, or making a press conference statement,
or making a statement in application for a warrant. Smith’s actions in the November 12
interview were in the nature of evaluating evidence and preparing a victim witness for
upcoming grand jury proceedings, i.e., actions of an advocate in furtherance of
Nos. 12-6335/6336          Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                                  Page 10


prosecution for assault and witness tampering. See Wendrow v. Michigan Dep’t of
Human Servs., ___ F. App’x ___, 2013 WL 4530055 (6th Cir. Aug. 28, 2013) (holding
that prosecutors’ interviews of victim witness in preparation for upcoming hearings were
conducted as part their prosecutorial role and entitled to absolute immunity); Spurlock
v. Thompson, 330 F.3d 791, 798 (6th Cir. 2003) (holding that “[p]rosecutorial decisions
regarding witness testimony, including what witnesses to use at trial, and what questions
to ask them, are activities intimately associated with the judicial phase of a criminal trial
and, therefore, are protected by absolute prosecutorial immunity.”); Higgason v.
Stephens, 288 F.3d 868, 878 (6th Cir. 2002) (holding that prosecutor was “absolutely
immune for his professional evaluation of the evidence assembled, and for his
presentation of that evidence to the grand jury”); Ireland v. Tunis, 113 F.3d 1435, 1445
(6th Cir. 1997) (holding that “[i]nvestigative acts undertaken in direct preparation of
judicial proceedings, including the professional evaluation of evidence, warrant absolute
immunity”).

         Accordingly, the district court erred when it determined that Jennifer Smith was
not entitled to absolute immunity in relation to her meeting with April McQueen on
November 12. We find no fault in the court’s dismissal of the claims against David
Smith based on the November 12 meeting (for lack of allegation of his involvement).
Further, even if, as plaintiffs argue, discovery might have revealed that he authorized or
acquiesced in Jennifer Smith’s participation in the interview, David Smith would enjoy
the same absolute immunity as Jennifer Smith for such conduct in the prosecutorial
role.5

         We also find no error in the district court’s rejection of plaintiffs’ argument that
the prosecutors are not entitled to absolute immunity because such immunity was not
recognized in common law. As the district court concluded, and as plaintiffs concede,
this argument is essentially foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s ruling in Imbler v.
Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 427-29 (1976).


         5
          This disposition obviates the need to review the correctness of the district court’s ruling that
Jennifer Smith was entitled to qualified immunity in relation to her actions in the November 12 meeting.
Nos. 12-6335/6336      Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                        Page 11


       2. December 21 Meeting

       Insofar as plaintiffs’ claims against the Smith defendants are based on their
December 21 meeting with April McQueen in the grand jury room, the district court
concluded defendants are entitled to absolute immunity. The court held that both
defendants “were acting as advocates during their meeting with McQueen on December
21” because they “were attempt[ing] to control McQueen’s testimony and insure that she
continued to testify against the plaintiffs.” R. 50, Summary Judgement Order at 9, Page
ID # 975. This is clearly a proper application of the absolute immunity standards set
forth in Koubriti, discussed above.

       Plaintiffs do not challenge this ruling except to argue that it was premature. They
contend the district court abused its discretion by ruling without giving them a full
opportunity to conduct discovery. Yet, because the absolute immunity defense presents
a threshold question that may be raised prior to discovery, it was incumbent on plaintiffs
to demonstrate why such discovery was necessary. Summers v. Leis, 368 F.3d 881, 887
(6th Cir. 2004). Plaintiffs’ counsel filed an affidavit under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d),
expressing his desire to depose persons present at the December 21 meeting to determine
whether the Smith defendants were acting as advocates. Yet, such a vague assertion is
insufficient to meet the requirement to identify with “some precision” the materials
hoped for and their relevance to the absolute immunity issue. Id.

       Considering the known and undisputed circumstances of the December 21
meeting, it is hard to conceive of any revelation that could plausibly have impacted
defendants’ entitlement to absolute immunity. The meeting occurred immediately after
McQueen had testified for the second time before the grand jury and had materially
altered her story in a manner favoring prosecution. Further, plaintiffs had the benefit of
McQueen’s account of Jennifer Smith’s urging her to testify truthfully and not to cover
for the officers. Accordingly, we find no error in the district court’s refusal to permit
further discovery before ruling on the absolute immunity defense.

       It follows that the Smith defendants were entitled to summary judgment, based
on absolute immunity, on all of plaintiffs’ federal civil rights claims against them.
Nos. 12-6335/6336      Rogers, et al. v. O’Donnell, et al.                        Page 12


       C. State Law Claims

       The district court granted summary judgment to the Smith defendants on
plaintiffs’ state law claims as well, holding that Kentucky law looks to federal law in
analyzing prosecutorial immunity. In this ruling, too, we find no error. See Howell v.
Sanders, 668 F.3d 344, 355 (6th Cir. 2012) (“Similar to federal law, Kentucky offers
both absolute immunity and qualified immunity to prosecutors. Kentucky also uses
function as the dividing line, providing absolute immunity for a prosecutor’s actions
taken as an advocate and only qualified immunity for those taken as an investigator.”).

       D. Denial of Attorneys’ Fees

       In their cross-appeal, defendants object to the district court’s denial of their
motion for attorneys’ fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. The district court held that plaintiffs’
claims against the Smith defendants were barred by immunity, but they were “not
frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation,” citing Fox v. Vice, 131 S.Ct. 2205, 2213
(2011). R. 68, Order Denying Attorneys’ Fees at 2, Page ID # 1071. The district court
has “wide discretion” in making this determination. Fox, 131 S. Ct. at 2217. Having
duly considered defendants’ arguments, we find no abuse of discretion.

                                            III

       For the foregoing reasons, although we find the district court erred in its refusal
to grant the Smith defendants absolute immunity in relation to the November 12
meeting, we nonetheless AFFIRM the award of summary judgment in favor of the
Smith defendants on all of plaintiffs’ claims against them. We also AFFIRM the court’s
denial of defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees.
