                United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 12-1065
                               No. 12-1067
                               No. 12-1079
                               No. 12-1080
                               No. 12-1081
                               No. 12-1084
                               No. 12-1086
                               No. 12-1087
                               No. 12-1088
                               No. 12-1092
                               No. 12-1095
                       ___________________________

                               Sr. Kate Reid, et al.

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellees

                                         v.

 Doe Run Resources Corporation, a New York Corporation; D. R. Acquisition
 Corp., a Missouri Corporation; Marvin K. Kaiser; Albert Bruce Neil; Jeffrey L.
Zelms; Theodore P. Fox, III; Daniel L. Vornberg; The Renco Group, Inc.; Renco
            Holdings, Inc. , a New York Corporation; Ira L. Rennert

                    lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants
                                     ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                ____________

                        Submitted: September 19, 2012
                          Filed: November 13, 2012
                               ____________
Before MELLOY and BENTON, Circuit Judges, and BAKER,1 District Judge.
                          ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       Doe Run Resources and its affiliates operated a smelting facility in Peru. The
facility’s pollution allegedly injured the plaintiffs. A Doe Run associate, Renco, is
currently arbitrating related claims with Peru. The defendants sought both a
mandatory and discretionary stay of this case pending the outcome of the arbitration.
The district court2 denied the motions. The defendants appealed. This court affirms.

                                         I.

      Plaintiffs, thirty-five children living near the smelting facility, allege that
environmental contamination injured them.           The children claim that the
contamination was caused by the owners and operators of the facility, the defendants:
Doe Run Resources Corporation, The Renco Group, Inc., related companies, and
executives at those companies (collectively “Doe Run”).

       Before Doe Run’s involvement, a state-owned company in Peru owned the
facility. In 1997, Doe Run invested in, and later operated, the facility. The
transaction occurred pursuant to a Stock Transfer Agreement (STA). Additionally,
Peru separately guaranteed the obligations of the state-owned entity.

      The children (along with others) originally sued in 2007, but voluntarily
dismissed without prejudice. The children re-filed in 2008. In 2010, Renco filed a


      1
       The Honorable Kristine Gerhard Baker, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas, sitting by designation.
      2
        The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
notice to commence arbitration with Peru. Renco sought to compel Peru to step in
and defend claims against Renco; indemnify, release, and hold Renco harmless in
third-party actions; and remediate the land near the facility. Doe Run removed this
case based on 9 U.S.C. § 205, which grants federal jurisdiction of any case that
“relates to” a covered arbitration. The children moved for remand, which was denied.

       Doe Run moved to stay the proceedings pending the outcome of the arbitration
based on (1) 9 U.S.C. § 3 mandating a stay when the issues are “referable to
arbitration”; and (2) the district court’s discretionary authority over its own docket.
The district court denied the motion. A.O.A. v. Doe Run Res. Corp., No. 4:11CV44
CDP et al., 2011 WL 6091724 (E.D. Mo. Dec. 7, 2011). This interlocutory appeal
followed.

                                          II.

      The children object to subject matter jurisdiction. This court must
independently determine, at any stage of the litigation, whether it has jurisdiction.
Hertz Corp. v. Friend, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S. Ct. 1181, 1193 (2010); Arbaugh v. Y&H
Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 506 (2006), citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). The children also
argue that this court does not have pendent appellate jurisdiction over the
discretionary-stay claim.

                                          A.

       The parties agree that the arbitration agreement falls under the Convention on
the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Doe Run removed this
case under the Convention, which allows for removal “[w]here the subject matter of
an action or proceeding . . . relates to an arbitration agreement or award falling under
the Convention.” 9 U.S.C. § 205. The children contend that this suit does not “relate
to” the arbitration.


                                          -3-
       The removal right in § 205 is “substantially broader” than that in the general
removal statute. Ensco Int’l, Inc. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, 579 F.3d 442,
451 (5th Cir. 2009). This court has not interpreted “relates to” in § 205; only the
Fifth and Ninth Circuits have done so. The Fifth Circuit held that an arbitration
relates to a plaintiff’s suit when the arbitration “could conceivably affect the outcome
of the plaintiff’s case.” Beiser v. Weyler, 284 F.3d 665, 669 (5th Cir. 2002). The
Ninth Circuit agreed, noting that “[t]he phrase ‘relates to’ is plainly broad, and has
been interpreted to convey sweeping removal jurisdiction in analogous statutes.”
Infuturia Global Ltd. v. Sequus Pharm., Inc., 631 F.3d 1133, 1138 (9th Cir. 2011).
The Fifth Circuit further expanded its definition to include cases having some
“connection,” “relation,” or “reference” to the arbitration clause. Acosta v. Master
Maint. & Constr. Inc., 452 F.3d 373, 378-79 (5th Cir. 2006).

       In other contexts, this court has embraced the broad nature of “relates to”
language. See, e.g., United States v. Weis, 487 F.3d 1148, 1152 (8th Cir. 2007),
quoting Morales v. Trans World Airlines Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 383 (1992) (“The
phrase ‘relating to’ carries a ‘broad’ ‘ordinary meaning,’ i.e., ‘to stand in some
relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; refer; to bring into association with
or connection with . . . .’”); Estes v. Fed. Express Corp., 417 F.3d 870, 872 (8th Cir.
2005) (“Estes’s state law claims are preempted if the claims ‘relate to’ an employee
benefit plan, 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a), such that they [1] ha[ve] a connection with or [2]
reference to such a plan.” (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted));
Dogpatch Props., Inc. v. Dogpatch U.S.A., Inc., 810 F.3d 782, 786 (8th Cir. 1987)
(“For a proceeding to be ‘related to’ a bankruptcy case for purposes of bankruptcy
jurisdiction, courts require that it have some effect on the administration of the
debtor’s estate.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

      Joining the Fifth and Ninth Circuits, this court holds that a case may be
removed under § 205 if the arbitration could conceivably affect the outcome of the
case. Here, the issues in the arbitration could conceivably affect the outcome of this

                                          -4-
case. As the district court noted, the outcome of the arbitration could impact disputes
at issue in this case, such as whether the pollution occurred when the defendants
owned the facility, and whether the pollution caused children’s injuries. Also,
depending on the outcome of the arbitration, Peru might be a party in this case.3
While the children contend that the cases are completely independent and unrelated,
either party could conceivably inject portions of the arbitration into this case. For
example, if the arbitration panel found Renco completely liable for all environmental
damage and injuries, the children could conceivably introduce that finding.

       The children assert that no federal jurisdiction exists because the arbitration
panel’s ruling will not have preclusive effect and is only a tangential focus of this
case. Their only support is In re Conoco EDC Litigation, 123 F. Supp. 2d 340, 341-
42 (W.D. La. 2000), a district court case decided before Beiser and Infuturia (and is
probably superceded by Beiser). At any rate, no circuit has required that an
arbitration be preclusive in order for jurisdiction to be proper under § 205.

      This case was properly removed under § 205.

                                          B.

       The children argue that this court does not have appellate jurisdiction of the
discretionary-stay claim. The order denying the discretionary stay is neither a final
judgment, nor an interlocutory order subject to appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 1291; 28 U.S.C.
§ 1292(a). Doe Run asserts jurisdiction under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1), because this order

      3
        The children correctly note that they cannot be forced to sue Peru regardless
of the outcome of the arbitration. As they were not a party to the arbitration, they are
not bound by its outcome. See Smith v. Bayer Corp., 131 S.Ct. 2368, 2379-81
(2011); Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 898-901 (2008). Even if Peru is brought
into the suit through third-party practice, however, that conceivably affects the
outcome of this case. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 14(a).

                                          -5-
“frustrate[s] attempts to resolve disputes through arbitration.” See Sourcing
Unlimited, Inc. v. Asimco Int’l, Inc., 526 F.3d 38, 44 (1st Cir. 2008). That assertion,
however, ignores the plain language of the statute, which grants appellate jurisdiction
over specific orders. 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1). Additionally, Sourcing Unlimited analyzes
jurisdiction in the context of a specific order under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(C). 526 F.3d
at 44.

       “Pendent appellate jurisdiction is appropriate only in exceptional
circumstances.” Lockridge v. Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of Ark., 315 F.3d 1005, 1012 (8th
Cir. 2003) (en banc) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). This
court has pendent appellate jurisdiction over claims that are “inextricably
intertwined” with claims over which this court has appellate jurisdiction. Id. Claims
are inextricably intertwined when resolution of the direct claim “necessarily resolves”
the pendent claim. Id.

     The issues here are not inextricably intertwined. The question on the
mandatory stay is whether the issues in this case are “referable to” arbitration. 9
U.S.C. § 3. To evaluate a discretionary stay pending arbitration, courts weigh three
factors: (1) the risk of inconsistent rulings; (2) the extent to which the parties will be
bound by the arbiters’ decision; and (3) the prejudice that may result from delays.
AgGrow Oils, L.L.C. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 242 F.3d 777,
783 (8th Cir. 2001). Whether the issues in this case are “referable to” arbitration may
relate to the AgGrow factors, but the determination does not “necessarily resolve” the
discretionary-stay claim.

       Doe Run argues that this court previously exercised pendent appellate
jurisdiction over a permissive motion to intervene when appellate jurisdiction over
a mandatory motion to intervene was present. See ACLU of Minn. v. Tarek ibn
Ziyad Acad., 643 F.3d 1088, 1092 n.2 (8th Cir. 2011). In Ziyad, however, this court
did not analyze whether the claims were inextricably intertwined, but relied on this

                                           -6-
court’s Barnett opinion. Id., citing South Dakota ex rel. Barnett v. U.S. Dep’t of
Interior, 317 F.3d 783, 785 n.2 (8th Cir. 2003). Similarly in Barnett, this court did
not analyze whether the claims were inextricably intertwined, but relied on an opinion
from this court that does not discuss pendant appellate jurisdiction, and an opinion
from the D.C. Circuit. Barnett, 317 F.3d at 785 n.2, citing Curry v. Regents of Univ.
of Minn., 167 F.3d 420, 422 (8th Cir. 1999) and In re Vitamins Antitrust Class
Actions, 215 F.3d 26, 31 (D.C. Cir. 2000). In the D.C. Circuit’s opinion, the court
determined that the motions were inextricably intertwined because the “basis” for the
motions was the same – a standard much different than this court’s “necessarily
resolves” standard. See In re Vitamins, 215 F.3d at 31. Moreover, this line of cases
considers permissive interventions and not discretionary stays.

       For this court to exercise pendent appellate jurisdiction, the prerequisite is
clear: the resolution of the direct claim must necessarily resolve the pendent claim.
Lockridge, 315 F.3d at 1012. Here, the resolution of the mandatory-stay claim does
not necessarily resolve the discretionary-stay claim. This court may not exercise
pendent appellate jurisdiction over the discretionary-stay claim.

                                         III.

       Doe Run argues that the district court erred by denying its motion for a
mandatory stay pending the outcome of the arbitration. A district court’s denial of
a motion to stay pending arbitration under 9 U.S.C. § 3 is reviewed de novo. Express
Scripts, Inc. v. Aegon Direct Mktg. Servs., Inc., 516 F.3d 695, 698 (8th Cir. 2008).
There is strong policy favoring arbitration, and doubts are resolved in favor of
arbitration. See Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S.
614, 638-39 (1985); Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460
U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983).




                                         -7-
      The Federal Arbitration Act requires a district court to issue a stay if an issue
in the case is “referable” to arbitration. 9 U.S.C. § 3, made applicable to the
Convention by 9 U.S.C. § 208. The children are nonsignatories to the arbitration
agreement, but claims made by nonsignatories can be subject to a stay under 9 U.S.C.
§ 3. Donaldson Co. v. Burroughs Diesel, Inc., 581 F.3d 726, 732 (8th Cir. 2009).

       In this case, Doe Run is seeking a stay, not an arbitration with the children.4
Doe Run therefore believes that the court should be more inclined to grant the stay
due to the strong policy favoring arbitration. See Hill v. GE Power Sys., Inc., 282
F.3d 343, 347 (5th Cir. 2002). “Section 3 of the Arbitration Act . . . is broad enough
to permit the stay of litigation between nonarbitrating parties as long as that lawsuit
is based on issues referable to arbitration under an arbitration agreement governed by
the Arbitration Act.” Contracting Nw., Inc. v. City of Fredericksburg, Iowa, 713
F.2d 382, 387 (8th Cir. 1983).

       A nonsignatory attempting to bind a signatory to an arbitration agreement is
distinct from a signatory attempting to bind a nonsignatory. Nitro Distrib., Inc. v.
Alticor, Inc., 453 F.3d 995, 999 (8th Cir. 2006). “[A] willing signatory seeking to
arbitrate with a non-signatory that is unwilling must establish at least one of the five
theories described in Thompson-CSF, S.A. v. Am. Arbitration Ass’n, 64 F.3d 773, 776
(2d Cir. 1995).” CD Partners, LLC v. Grizzle, 424 F.3d 795, 799 (8th Cir. 2005),
quoting Merrill Lynch Inv. Managers v. Optibase, Ltd., 337 F.3d 125, 131-32 (2d
Cir. 2003). Those five theories are (1) incorporation by reference; (2) assumption;
(3) agency; (4) veil-piercing/alter ego; and (5) estoppel. Thompson-CSF, 64 F.3d at
776.

      Doe Run primarily argues that an estoppel theory mandates a stay. State
contract law determines which claims are enforceable under § 3. Arthur Anderson

      4
       Even so, both parties discuss the leading cases seeking to compel arbitration
as guidance for when an arbitration agreement will implicate a nonsignatory.

                                          -8-
LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 630-31 (2009). Missouri recognizes an estoppel
theory where the party must directly benefit from the contract. Nitro Distrib., Inc.
v. Dunn, 194 S.W.3d 339, 348 (Mo. banc 2006).

       Nonsignatories can be bound to an arbitration agreement when they directly
benefit from the agreement. Thompson-CSF, 64 F.3d at 776. The Fifth Circuit calls
this “direct benefits estoppel” – a party can become bound to an agreement “(1) by
knowingly seeking and obtaining ‘direct benefits’ from that contract; or (2) by
seeking to enforce the terms of that contract or asserting claims that must be
determined by reference to that contract.” Noble Drilling Servs. v. Certex USA, Inc.,
620 F.3d 469, 473 (5th Cir. 2010). “Direct benefits estoppel applies when a
nonsignatory knowingly exploits the agreement containing the arbitration clause.”
Bridas S.A.P.I.C. v. Gov’t of Turkmenistan, 345 F.3d 347, 361-62 (5th Cir. 2003)
(citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). The children are not direct
beneficiaries of the terms of the agreement, but Doe Run argues that they benefitted
from the agreement by invoking its terms throughout this case. The claims are so
similar, Doe Run says, that they are “based upon the same operative facts” and are
“inherently inseparable” from the claims in the arbitration. Hill, 282 F.3d at 347.

       According to Doe Run, the children’s references to the STA throughout this
case demonstrate their reliance on and benefit from the agreement. As the children
and the district court properly noted, however, the children do not invoke the STA
anywhere in their complaint. Moreover, the children referenced the STA for two
limited purposes: to object to jurisdiction because their claims did not “relate to” the
agreement; and to refute Doe Run’s contention that it retained no liability due to the
STA. The jurisdictional basis shows an attempt to avoid the agreement, not to benefit
from it. The second purpose was to demonstrate that a case existed against the named




                                          -9-
defendants, and as discussed below, did not result in the same claims being argued
before two tribunals.5

       Renco’s arbitration seeks an order requiring Peru to, inter alia, step in and
defend the claims against Renco; indemnify, release, and hold Renco harmless in
third-party actions; and require Peru to remediate the land near the facility. Renco
claims that Peru must indemnify it as to “nearly all claims by third parties.” For
Renco to have any liability, it believes that three preconditions must be met: (1) the
third party’s damages must have been exclusively attributable to Renco; (2) the
claims must not arise from PAMA (a Peruvian environmental program designed to
improve the quality of the land near the facility); and (3) Renco must have been using
standards and practices less protective of the environment than the facility’s previous
owner. These three questions, therefore, will be the questions before the arbitration
panel.

      In this case, the children bring negligence, conspiracy, and strict liability claims
against Doe Run,6 based on its handling and disposing of metals at the facility. Some
of the claims vary by defendant (such as failure to warn and negligent decision
making). The strict liability claims allege an abnormally dangerous activity.



      5
       The parties disagree about what material is properly before this court to
demonstrate the children’s references to the STA. Doe Run seeks to include
examples from the 2007 litigation that the children voluntarily dismissed. These
additional examples do not affect this court’s holding. Therefore, even considering
the additional material, the analysis and outcome are unaltered.
      6
        Recall that “Doe Run” includes several individual defendants as well as Doe
Run and Renco. The only claimant in the arbitration is Renco on its own behalf and
on behalf of “Doe Run Peru.” (Doe Run Peru is not a party to this case). While this
alone does not prove the claims are separate – the claims could be identical even if
the parties were not – it indicates that the issues in this case differ from those in the
arbitration.

                                          -10-
       Renco asserts that both tribunals must determine the three preconditions at
issue in the arbitration. A trier in this case, however, will decide only the theories
pled in the complaint. These theories do not rely on the STA, do not turn on whether
the claims arise from PAMA, and do not relate to the practices of the former facility
operator. The question closest to overlapping, causation, will be sufficiently different
as well. The arbitration panel will consider whether the damages are exclusively
attributable to Renco. On the other hand, the trier in this case will consider whether
each defendant sufficiently caused the children’s injuries according to the applicable
law. “The negligence of the defendant need not be the sole cause of the injury, as
long as it is one of the efficient causes thereof, without which injury would not have
resulted.” Hensley v. Jackson Cnty., 227 S.W.3d 491, 496 (Mo. banc 2007) (citation
omitted).7

       Doe Run is correct that this court must “look past the labels the parties attach
to their claims to the underlying factual allegations.” 3M Co. v. Amtex Sec., Inc.,
542 F.3d 1193, 1199 (8th Cir. 2008). The factual allegation underlying this case is
that the defendants negligently operated the facility. The factual allegation
underlying the arbitration is breach of contract: Renco alleges that Peru breached its
duty to defend and indemnify. Courts frequently address indemnification in separate
proceedings from those determining liability. See, e.g., Cremona, S.p.A. v. R.S.
Bacon Veneer Co., 433 F.3d 617 (8th Cir. 2006). Renco asserts that the agreement
provides more than mere indemnification because Peru also must step in and defend
the claims. Even so, that fact affects damages in the breach of contract suit, but does
not preclude the children from continuing this case.

      7
        This quotation serves only to demonstrate the causation approach that applies
in a normal negligence case (although this case may involve Peruvian law), as
opposed to the unique question of exclusive causation before the arbitration panel.
See H&R Block Tax Servs. LLC v. Franklin, 691 F.3d 941, 943 (8th Cir. 2012)
(“Federal courts sitting in diversity apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum
state.”); Kennedy v. Dixon, 439 S.W.2d 173, 184 (Mo. banc 1969) (adopting the
most-significant-relationship test for tort cases).

                                         -11-
       The estoppel cases Doe Run cites contain a much closer nexus between the
nonsignatory and the agreement with the arbitration clause. See Blaustein v. Huete,
449 F. Appx. 347, 350 (5th Cir. 2011) (explaining how the nonsignatory obtained
tangible direct benefits from the terms of the agreement); Graves v. BP America,
Inc., 568 F.3d 221, 223-224 (5th Cir. 2009) (holding that a wrongful death suit must
be made pursuant to the employment agreement – which contained an arbitration
clause – because Texas law established that wrongful death suits are derivative of the
decedent’s rights and a workplace-injury suit would have been subject to arbitration);
American Bureau of Shipping v. Tencara Shipyard S.P.A., 170 F.3d 349, 353 (2d
Cir. 1999) (holding that the nonsignatory received direct benefits, prior to litigation,
from the agreement, including lower insurance rates and other maritime rights).

       This court’s decision in Dominium Austin Partners, L.L.C. v. Emerson, 248
F.3d 720 (8th Cir. 2001), is inapposite. There, the defendant, a signatory to the
agreement, wanted to invalidate it because some of the plaintiff’s partnerships were
not signatories. Dominium, 248 F.3d at 728. Because the defendant-signatory had
previously argued that those same partnerships were liable for failure to perform that
very agreement, this court held it was inequitable to allow the defendant-signatory to
claim there is no agreement. Id. In this case, Doe Run never alleged liability of the
children under the STA, and Doe Run never attempted to invalidate the arbitration
clause of the STA.

      The issues in this case are not referable to arbitration. The district court
properly denied a mandatory stay under 9 U.S.C. § 3.

                                            IV.

       This court holds that the issues in this case “relate to” the arbitration but are not
“referable to” arbitration. As the district court correctly stated, the “relate to”



                                           -12-
standard is “different and much lower than the question of whether the issues are
‘referable to arbitration.’”

                                  *******

      The order of the district court is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




                                      -13-
