In the Supreme Court of Georgia


                                                      Decided: Novemberr 16, 2015


                         S15A0720. THE STATE v. CASH et al.


       THOMPSON, Chief Justice.

       The State appeals the trial court’s grant of new trials to appellees, Elgerie

Cash and her daughter, Jennifer Weathington, who were tried together in

Paulding County Superior Court and found guilty of malice murder, felony

murder, two counts of aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm during the

commission of a felony in connection with the shooting death of Lennis Jones.1


       1
           Jones was killed on May 30, 2011. The appellees were indicted on August 27, 2012.
Appellees were tried jointly before a jury on October 15 - 25, 2013. On October 25, 2013, the jury
returned verdicts of guilty on all counts against both appellees, and each was sentenced to a term of
imprisonment for life for malice murder and a consecutive term of imprisonment for five years for
possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. The verdicts against appellees for felony
murder were vacated by operation of law, see Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 371-372 (4) (434 SE2d
479) (1993), and their aggravated assault verdicts were merged into their malice murder convictions.
Appellee Cash filed a motion for new trial on October 29, 2013, and amended motions for new trial
on December 16, 2013 and May 13, 2014. Appellee Weathington filed a motion for new trial on
November 1, 2013, and amended motions for new trial on May12, 2014, and May 13, 2014.
Following a joint hearing on these motions, the trial court entered separate orders on May 13, 2014,
granting each appellee a new trial. Thereafter, on May 19, 2014, the trial court issued a joint
amended order granting new trials to the appellees and vacating their convictions and sentences. The
State filed a timely notice of appeal seeking review of the trial court’s orders granting new trials to
appellees, as well as of the trial court’s order denying a motion to recuse that the State filed shortly
before the motion for new trial hearing. Appellees filed cross-appeals, and the appeal and cross-
appeals were docketed in this Court for the April 2015 term. On February 10, 2015, this Court
allowed the appellees to withdraw their cross-appeals.
Appellees, who claimed the victim accidentally shot himself, each filed a motion

for new trial. Four days prior to the scheduled hearing on the new trial motions,

the State filed a motion to recuse the trial judge. The trial judge dismissed the

State’s recusal motion as legally insufficient without referring it to another

judge and orally denied the State’s request for a certificate of immediate review.

The State immediately filed a notice of direct appeal, which the trial court

dismissed as frivolous and dilatory. After denying the State’s request for a

continuance, the trial court proceeded with the motion for new trial hearing as

scheduled.

      Following a two-day hearing, the trial court granted both appellees’

motions for new trial, finding they received ineffective assistance of counsel at

trial and that the verdicts were contrary to the principles of justice and equity

and decidedly and strongly against the weight of the evidence. Thereafter, the

State filed a notice of appeal, appealing the trial court’s orders granting

appellees’ motions for new trial, as well as its order denying the State’s motion

to recuse. For the reasons which follow, we dismiss the State’s appeal of the

denial of its motion to recuse and affirm the trial court’s grant of new trials to



                                        2
appellees.2

       1. Appellees contend that this Court does not have jurisdiction to review

the trial court’s order denying the State’s motion to recuse. We agree.

               (a) Appeals by the State in criminal cases are construed strictly

against the State and “the State may not appeal any issue in a criminal case,

whether by direct or discretionary appeal, unless that issue is listed in OCGA §

5-7-1.” State v. Martin, 278 Ga. 418, 419 (603 SE2d 249) (2004) (emphasis in

original). Accord State v. Johnson, 292 Ga. 409, 410-411 (738 SE2d 86)

(2013); State v. Caffee, 291 Ga. 31, 33 (728 SE2d 171) (2012). Thus, in

Martin, we held that the State could not appeal the denial of its motion to recuse

the trial judge, because OCGA § 5-7-1, at that time, did not list such orders as

appealable by the State. See Martin, 278 Ga. at 419. Accord Ritter v. State, 269

Ga. 884, 885-886 (506 SE2d 857) (1998) (dismissing the State's direct appeal

of the denial of its motion to recuse the trial judge).

       2
          Unlike the State’s appeal of the order denying its motion to recuse, the State’s direct appeal
of the orders granting new trials to appellees has no jurisdictional defect. See OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (8)
(providing that the State has a right to appeal “[f]rom an order, decision, or judgment of a court
granting a motion for new trial or an extraordinary motion for new trial”); OCGA § 5-7-2 (providing
that “[f]or purposes of this Code section, the granting of a motion for new trial or an extraordinary
motion for new trial shall be considered a final order,” thus exempting the State from the
requirement of OCGA § 5-7-2 (a) that it obtain a certificate of immediate review to appeal orders
that are appealable under Chapter 7 but are not final).

                                                   3
      After our 2004 decision in Martin, the General Assembly amended § 5-7-1

in 2005 to permit the State to appeal “from an order, decision, or judgment

denying a motion by the state to recuse or disqualify a judge made and ruled

upon prior to the defendant being put in jeopardy.” See OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (9)

(emphasis added); Ga. Law 2005, p. 20, § 3. Here, because the State did not file

its motion to recuse until after appellees’ convictions and shortly before the

hearing on their motions for new trial, jeopardy had attached, and the State thus

does not have a right to appeal under OCGA § 5-7-1. See Harvey v. State, 296

Ga. 823, 830 (770 SE2d 840) (2015) (holding that jeopardy attaches “[o]nce a

jury is impaneled and sworn”). See also State v. Osborne, 330 Ga. App. 688,

689-690 (769 SE2d 115) (2015) (holding that, in a case in which the State filed

a motion to recuse the trial judge before jeopardy had attached and the trial

judge denied the motion, the State’s direct appeal had to be dismissed because

the order denying the State’s motion was interlocutory and the State did not

obtain a certificate of immediate review under OCGA § 5-7-2 (a)).

            (b) The State argues that, even if its appeal of the recusal order is

not proper under § 5-7-1 (a) (9), this Court should nonetheless exercise

jurisdiction over the State’s appeal of that order under the collateral order

                                        4
doctrine.

      We must resolve this issue against the State based on the well-settled

principle that “the right to appeal, even in criminal cases, is not constitutional

but ‘purely a creature of statute.’” Sosniak v. State, 292 Ga. 35, 44 n.4 (734

SE2d 362) (2012) (Nahmias, J., concurring) (quoting Abney v. United States,

431 U. S. 651, 656 (97 SCt 2034, 52 LE2d 651) (1977)). Accord State v. Smith,

268 Ga. 75, 75 (485 SE2d 491) (1997). Appeals from orders that satisfy the

requirements of the collateral order doctrine are directly appealable because they

are considered to come within the terms of a relevant statute that authorizes

appeals from final judgments. See Sosniak, 292 Ga. at 37 (explaining that the

order sought to be appealed in that case would be appealable as a “final

judgment” under § 5-6-34 (a) (1) if it satisfied the requirements of the collateral

order doctrine); Abney, 431 U. S. at 656 (holding that an order denying a

motion to dismiss an indictment on double jeopardy grounds satisfied the

requirements of the collateral order doctrine and thus could be appealed under

28 USC § 1291, which authorizes direct appeals in federal cases “from all final

decisions of the district courts”). As explained by Justice Nahmias in his

concurrence in Sosniak,

                                        5
      Although sometimes referred to as an “exception” to statutes
      allowing a direct appeal only from the final judgment in a case, the
      collateral order doctrine actually reflects a “practical rather than a
      technical construction” of such statutes, one that recognizes that a
      very “small class” of interlocutory rulings are effectively final in
      that they “finally determine claims of right separable from, and
      collateral to, rights asserted in the action, too important to be denied
      review and too independent of the cause itself to require that
      appellate consideration be deferred until the whole case is
      adjudicated.” Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U. S.
      541, 546 (69 SC 1221, 93 LE 1528) (1949).

Sosniak, 292 Ga. at 44 n.4 (Nahmias, J., concurring).

      As explained above, an order that satisfies the requirements of the

collateral order doctrine is considered to be effectively final and would be

appealable because it comes within the terms of a relevant statutory right to

appeal final judgments. Here, OCGA § 5-7-1, which we have repeatedly held

lists the types of trial court rulings that the State may appeal, see Johnson, 292

Ga. at 410-411, does not provide for appeals by the State from final judgments.

Moreover, although § 5-6-34 (a) (1) authorizes appeals from “all final

judgments,” the State has no right to appeal under OCGA § 5-6-34 or any other

provision of the Appellate Practice Act, see OCGA §§ 5-6-30 to 5-6-51, “as that

Act grants the right of appeal only to ‘either party in any civil case and the

defendant in any criminal proceeding.’” Smith, 268 Ga. at 76 (quoting OCGA

                                         6
§ 5-6-33 (a) (1)). Further, OCGA § 5-6-33 (b) says that “[t]his Code section

shall not affect Chapter 7 of this title,” showing that the General Assembly was

well aware of the statutory scheme of appeals that it had created for the State

and that it intended for the State’s right to appeal to be governed by Chapter 7

of Title 5.

      For these reasons, the State has no right to appeal the order denying its

motion to recuse under the collateral order doctrine even if the order were

determined to satisfy the requirements of the doctrine. Accord Osborne, 330

Ga. App. at 691-692 (holding that the State’s appeal of the denial of its motion

to recuse was not appealable under the collateral order doctrine and that to apply

the doctrine “would render meaningless those parts of the existing statutory

scheme which govern the state’s appeal of the denial of a motion to recuse a

judge”).

              (c) Finally, because there is no constitutional right to appeal, there

is no merit to the State’s argument that it violates its right to due process to deny

it an opportunity to appeal the denial of its recusal motion. See Sosniak, 292

Ga. at 44 n.4 (Nahmias, J., concurring); Smith, 268 Ga. at 75. See also South

Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U. S. 301, 323-24 (86 SCt 803, 15 LE2d 769)

                                          7
(1966) (holding that the State of South Carolina was not a “person” under the

Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment).

       For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss the State’s appeal of the trial court’s

order denying its motion to recuse.3

       2. The State claims that the trial court erred in granting the appellees’

motions for new trial based on the “general grounds.” See OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and

5-5-21.4

               (a) The State first argues that the trial court erred in failing to rule

on the general grounds of appellees’ motions for new trial before it heard

evidence – which was relevant to appellees’ claims of ineffective assistance of

trial counsel – at the motion for new trial hearing that was not presented to the


       3
          We note that “OCGA § 5-6-34 (d) provides for review of all rulings that are raised on
appeal and may affect the case below, only ‘[w]here an appeal is taken under any provision of
subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this Code section.’” State v. Lynch, 286 Ga. 98, 102 (686 SE2d 244)
(2009). The State does not rely on § 5-6-34 (d) to argue that we have authority to review its appeal
of the order denying its motion to recuse because its appeal of the order granting new trials to
appellees is properly before us, see footnote 2 above. If it did so, the argument would have no merit
both for the reasons explained in Lynch, 286 Ga. at 102-103, and because the Appellate Practice Act
“grants the right of appeal only to ‘either party in any civil case and the defendant in any criminal
proceeding.’” Smith, 268 Ga. at 76 (quoting OCGA § 5-6-33 (a) (1)).
       4
         OCGA § 5-5-20 grants a trial judge the discretion to grant a new trial when it finds that “the
verdict of a jury is . . . contrary to evidence and the principles of justice and equity.” OCGA §
5-5-21 grants a trial judge the discretion to grant a new trial “where the verdict may be decidedly and
strongly against the weight of the evidence even though there may appear to be some slight evidence
in favor of the finding.”

                                                  8
jury. The State cites no authority for its proposed rule, and there is no such

requirement in the statutory provisions that govern motions for new trial. See

OCGA §§ 5-5-1 to 5-5-51. Further, the General Assembly has provided

grounds for motions for new trial that do not require new evidence, see OCGA

§§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21 (the general grounds), and some grounds that do or may

require new evidence, see OCGA § 5-5-23 (saying that a new trial may be

granted based on newly discovered evidence); OCGA § 5-5-25 (saying that “[i]n

all motions for a new trial on other grounds not provided for in this Code, the

presiding judge must exercise a sound legal discretion in granting or refusing the

same according to the provisions of the common law and practice of the

courts”); State v. Reynolds, 332 Ga. App. 818, 820 (775 SE2d 187) (2015)

(explaining that a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel – which may involve

the introduction of evidence not heard by the jury – is a ground for motion for

new trial permitted under § 5-5-25). In view of these various grounds for a

motion for new trial and because OCGA § 5-5-40 says that a motion for new

trial “may be heard at any time” (and not that the grounds that may or do require

new evidence must be heard after a hearing and ruling on the general grounds),

we decline to adopt a rule that requires trial courts to hold multiple hearings on

                                        9
motions for new trial.

             (b) To the extent that the State argues that the trial court erred in

granting a new trial on the general grounds based on its consideration of the

evidence introduced at the motion for new trial hearing that was not heard by the

jury, the record does not show that the trial court relied on that evidence.

During its oral ruling at the motion for new trial hearing, the trial court clearly

relied on the evidence introduced at trial, saying that in assessing the credibility

of the witnesses and the conflict in the evidence, he would grant new trials on

the general grounds. Further, in its order granting a new trial, the trial court said

it was doing so on the general grounds, citing OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21,

without referring to any consideration of new evidence presented at the motion

for new trial hearing.

             (c) The State also argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

granting a motion for new trial on the general grounds. We disagree.

      With regard to the trial court’s role in evaluating a motion for new trial on

the general grounds, we have said that:

      Even when the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a conviction,
      a trial judge may grant a new trial if the verdict of the jury is
      “contrary to . . . the principles of justice and equity,” OCGA §

                                         10
      5-5-20, or if the verdict is “decidedly and strongly against the
      weight of the evidence.” OCGA § 5-5-21. When properly raised
      in a timely motion, these grounds for a new trial – commonly
      known as the “general grounds” – require the trial judge to exercise
      a “broad discretion to sit as a ‘thirteenth juror.’” In exercising that
      discretion, the trial judge must consider some of the things that she
      cannot when assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence,
      including any conflicts in the evidence, the credibility of witnesses,
      and the weight of the evidence. Although the discretion of a trial
      judge to award a new trial on the general grounds is not boundless
      – it is, after all, a discretion that “should be exercised with caution
      [and] invoked only in exceptional cases in which the evidence
      preponderates heavily against the verdict,” – it nevertheless is,
      generally speaking, a substantial discretion.

Allen v. State, 296 Ga. 738, 740 (770 SE2d 625) (2015) (citations omitted).

      On review, “‘[t]he first grant of a new trial on the general grounds will

ordinarily not be disturbed by the appellate court absent an abuse of discretion

in that the evidence demanded the verdict rendered.’” O’Neal v. State, 285 Ga.

361, 363 (677 SE2d 90) (2009) (citation omitted). See OCGA § 5-5-50 (“The

first grant of a new trial shall not be disturbed by an appellate court unless the

appellant shows that the judge abused his discretion in granting it and that the

law and facts require the verdict notwithstanding the judgment of the presiding

judge.”).

      Here, the evidence shows that about 2:30 p.m. on May 30, 2011, Cash


                                        11
called 911 reporting a shooting at her home. The first police officer that arrived

on the crime scene did so within one to two minutes of the 911 call. Cash was

standing on the front porch of the home, crying, screaming for help, and saying

that it was an accident. Cash directed the officer to an upstairs bedroom, where

he found Weathington cradling the victim’s head with a towel wrapped around

it. Weathington was hysterical, crying for help, and telling the victim to “hang

on.” The victim had a gunshot wound to the head but was still alive. A gun was

on the floor by his feet. Cash said that she showed the victim and Weathington

a handgun that she had recently purchased; that “she pulled on it and nothing

came out and the gun went off, firing a round through the wall into the

backyard.” The slide was then pulled several times, “emptying out some live

rounds.” “That’s when [the victim] grabbed the gun,” saying it was not loaded.

Cash told him that it was, “because she could see the brass round through the

top of the slide.” The victim then pointed the gun at his head and pulled the

trigger. The gun fired, hitting him on the right side of the head. The victim died

later that day from the gunshot wound. Weathington’s statement was consistent

with that of Cash. Appellees both were upset that paramedics were not the first

to respond to the 911 call and that the paramedics who did arrive were going to

                                       12
take the victim to Kennestone Hospital instead of Grady.

       Although there was a hat at the crime scene, the police did not take it on

the day of the crime despite a thorough investigation of the crime scene. It was

recovered a week later, after police noticed it in a photograph of the crime scene

they were reviewing. Before it was recovered, Cash had at one time placed it

in the garbage but then retrieved it; at another time, she had put it in her laundry

room with some dirty clothes. The hat had the victim’s blood on it, as well as

a bullet hole in it that matched the location of the entry wound to the victim’s

head. Forensic testing also showed that the web of the victim’s right hand had

gunshot residue on it.5

       The medical examiner had concluded his autopsy before the hat was

discovered and the testing of it completed. He concluded that the victim was

shot from more than 18 inches based on the lack of stippling and gunshot

residue on the victim. Based on these findings, he concluded that the victim did

not shoot himself. At trial, the medical examiner acknowledged that a hat would

have captured some evidentiary material from the gunshot and that Cash’s

       5
         Although the victim was ordinarily left handed, there was evidence that he used his right
hand to perform many tasks and that on at least one previous occasion, he fired a pistol with his right
hand.

                                                  13
movement of the hat could have caused some evidentiary material to be lost. He

maintained, however, that the victim was not wearing the hat when he was shot.

He explained that he did not see biologic material on the hat when he examined

it and that he would have expected the hat to have that type of material on it if

the victim had been wearing it.

      In ruling on the general grounds at the motion for new trial hearing, the

trial court noted that the crime occurred on a “holiday weekend with the

neighbors home”; that appellees immediately called for help; that the

investigators failed to take the hat immediately; that the medical examiner did

not have the hat to consider at the time of his initial autopsy; and that the hat had

the victim’s blood on it. Right after these statements, the trial court said: “So

I will – in the role of the thirteenth juror, . . . grant a new trial in this case. And

I think that based on the conflicts in the evidence, my perception of the

credibility of the evidence including the [medical examiner] and others, that my

granting a new trial is consistent with the principles of equity and justice.”

      We conclude that the trial court, who observed the trial and who had the

duty to examine the conflicts in the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses

in ruling on the general grounds, did not abuse its broad discretion in granting

                                          14
appellees’ new trials on the general grounds.6

       Judgment affirmed in part and case dismissed in part. All the Justices

concur.




       6
        Based on this holding, we need not address the State’s argument that the trial court erred in
granting a new trial based on its conclusion that trial counsel were constitutionally ineffective.

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