
170 S.E.2d 169 (1969)
6 N.C. App. 234
Curtis E. McCOMBS, Administrator of Estate of Eric Wood McCombs, Deceased
v.
CITY OF ASHEBORO, a Municipal Corporation.
No. 6919SC402.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
October 22, 1969.
*171 Coltrane & Gavin, by W. E. Gavin and Hugh R. Anderson, Asheboro, for plaintiff appellant.
Miller, Beck & O'Briant, by Adam W. Beck, Asheboro, for defendant appellee.
*172 MORRIS, Judge.
Defendant's grounds for demurrer are twofold: The first ground is that the plaintiff's alleged cause of action arises out of the alleged negligence of defendant in the construction of a sewer line along a city street and that this is a governmental function for which it is not subject to tort liability. The second basis for demurrer is that the complaint fails to state a cause of action for the reason that there are no facts alleged constituting negligence on the part of the defendant and that the doctrine of attractive nuisance is not applicable.
With respect to the first ground, plaintiff contends and alleges that the defendant was engaged in a proprietary function in the construction of a sewer line. The question of a municipality's governmental immunity from tort liability has often been discussed by our Supreme Court. A list of situations in which the municipality has been held immune by reason of its being engaged in a governmental function can be found in Rhyne v. Town of Mount Holly, 251 N.C. 521, 112 S.E.2d 40 (1959). Justice Brown, in Metz v. City of Asheville, 150 N.C. 748, 64 S.E. 881, 22 L.R.A.,N.S., 940 (1909), distinguished between governmental and proprietary functions thusly:
"When power conferred has relation to public purposes and for the public good, it is to be classified as governmental in its nature and appertains to the corporation in its political capacity. But when it relates to the accomplishment of private purposes in which the public is only indirectly concerned, it is private in its nature, and the municipality in respect to its exercise is regarded as a legal individual. In the former case the corporation is exempt from all liability, whether for nonuser or misuser; while in the latter case it may be held to that degree of responsibility which would attach to an ordinary corporation."
While the rule may be simply stated, application of the definition to particular situations is not so simple. The line between powers classed as governmental and those classified as proprietary is none too sharply drawn and seems to be subject to a change in position as society changes and progresses and the concepts of the functions of government are modified.
In actions brought to recover damages for injury to property and person by reason of the alleged negligent maintenance of a sewerage system, our Court has allowed recovery for damage to property on the theory of the creation of a nuisance and the taking of property. Hines v. City of Rocky Mount, 162 N.C. 409, 78 S.E. 510, L.R.A.1915C, 751 (1913); Moser v. City of Burlington, 162 N.C. 141, 78 S.E. 74 (1913); Williams v. Town of Greenville, 130 N.C. 93, 40 S.E. 977, 57 L.R.A. 207 (1902); Downs v. City of High Point, 115 N.C. 182, 20 S.E. 385 (1894). However, recovery for illness or death resulting from the negligent maintenance of sewerage systems was specifically denied and evidence with respect thereto admitted only for purpose of proving existence of the nuisance. In Metz v. City of Asheville, supra, plaintiff sought to recover for the death of his intestate from typhoid fever allegedly communicated by the condition of Reed Branch which ran near the house in public sewerage system emptied. Plaintiff contended the defendant should have had the sewage empty into French Broad River. The Court, apparently basing its decision on the exercise of the police power, held the establishment of a free public sewer system to be a governmental function and said:
"Certainly nothing is more necessary to the health of a city than that its filth should be removed and its area well drained.
That the establishment of a public sewer system is an exercise of a governmental function is recognized by all the authorities I have quoted."
In Hines v. City of Rocky Mount, supra, an action based on negligent maintenance *173 of the sewer system, the Court quoted with approval the following statement of O'Brien, J., in Hughes v. Auburn, 161 N. Y. 96, 55 N.E. 389, 46 L.R.A. 636 (1899):
"In the construction and maintenance of a sewer or drainage system, a municipal corporation exercises a part of the governmental powers of the State for the customary local convenience and benefit of all the people, and in the exercise of these discretionary functions the municipality cannot be required to respond in damages to individuals for injury to health, resulting either from omissions to act or the mode of exercising the power conferred on it for public purposes to be used at discretion for the public good * * *"
Justice Seawell, in Plant Food Co. v. City of Charlotte, 214 N.C. 518, 199 S.E. 712 (1938), commenting on the Metz case, noted that recovery was denied "on the ground that the commissioners of the town, in the construction and operation of the sewerage plant, were in the performance of a purely governmental function" and noted further that under the general powers given to cities and towns to construct and operate sewer systems, it is doubtful whether it is necessary to invoke the police power to sustain such authority.
However, we find no case presenting squarely to the Court the question of whether a municipality can be required to respond in damages for personal injuries resulting from the alleged negligent acts of its employees in the construction of a sewer line. In Guilford Realty & Insurance Co. v. Blythe Brothers Co., 260 N.C. 69, 131 S. E.2d 900 (1963), an action for damage to property resulting from dynamiting in constructing a sewer outfall for the City of High Point, the defendant by answer contended that the City of High Point, if a party, would be immune from liability under the doctrine of governmental immunity and this immunity would enure to its benefit. The Court, speaking through Bobbitt, J., noting that a determination of the question of governmental immunity was not necessary to the disposition of the appeal, said:
"There is a conflict of authority in other jurisdictions as to whether a municipal corporation is performing a governmental function when engaged in the construction of a sewerage system. 63 C.J. S. Municipal Corporations § 1049; 38 Am.Jur., Municipal Corporations § 585; McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, 3rd Edition, Vol. 18, § 53.125, and cases cited. No decision of this Court determinative of the precise question has come to our attention."
The Court has held that garbage removal by the municipality is a governmental function. James v. City of Charlotte, 183 N.C. 630, 112 S.E. 423 (1922); Snider v. City of High Point, 168 N.C. 608, 85 S.E. 15 (1915).
It appears that the courts are sharply divided as to whether the construction of a sewerage system constitutes a governmental function or a proprietary function. However, the weight of recent authority seems to favor the theory of a governmental function. e. g., 63 C.J.S. Municipal Corporations § 873, p. 253; 61 A.L.R.2d 881. See City of Scottsdale v. Municipal Court of City of Tempe, 90 Ariz. 393, 368 P.2d 637 (1962); Foster v. Crowder, 117 Ga.App. 568, 161 S.E.2d 364 (1968); Smith v. Kansas City, 158 Kan. 213, 146 P.2d 660 (1944); Trapani v. Parish of Jefferson, (Ct.App. Louisiana 4th Cir.) 180 So.2d 850 (1965); Safransky v. City of Helena, 98 Mont. 456, 39 P.2d 644 (1935); Bengivenga v. City of Plainfield, 128 N.J.Law 418, 26 A.2d 288 (1942); Hamilton v. City of Bismarck, 71 N.D. 321, 300 N.W. 631 (1941); State ex rel. Gordon v. Taylor, 149 Ohio St. 427, 79 N. E.2d 127 (1948); Ratliff v. City of Akron, Ohio Com.Pl., 157 N.E.2d 151 (1959); Bowie v. City of Houston, 152 Tex. 533, 261 S.W.2d 450 (1953). We are persuaded to the view that the construction of a sewerage system is a governmental function by what we consider to be the better reasoning. Certainly, the preservation of the *174 public health is one of the duties devolving upon the State as a sovereign power and in the discharge of this duty the State is acting strictly in discharge of one of the functions of government. Similarly, a municipal corporation in the discharge of the duty of preservation of the public health is exercising a purely governmental function affecting the welfare not only of citizens of the corporate community but of the citizens of the State generally, all of whom have an interest in the prevention of the spread of infections or contagious disease. If the reasoning advanced in the cases, James v. City of Charlotte, supra, and Snider v. City of High Point, supra, was valid as to garbage collection more than forty years ago, it is even more apposite today in the case of sewage. The use of modern devices and appliances results in the disposal of garbage as well as human excretion and waste into sewer lines. In today's society people are compelled to live in close proximity. Adequate sewage disposal is no longer merely desirable. It is an absolute necessity.
Nor do we think the fact that "defendant charges, and did on March 17, 1964, for such sewage and sanitary service so furnished the citizens of the City of Asheboro" removes the defendant city from the protection from liability. This question was raised in James v. City of Charlotte, supra. There the plaintiff contended that the city was not protected from liability because it charged a fee for removal. The Court held the principle which applied in cases where municipal corporations enter into the business of selling light and power to the citizens for profit was not applicable, because the City of Charlotte was merely making a charge covering the actual expense of removing garbage and refuse in discharge of a duty primarily incumbent on the individual citizen and occupant of the property. The statute (C.S. 2799now G.S. § 160-233), under which the regulations of the city were made, provided that the city could charge for garbage removal "the actual expense thereof". We note that under Part 7, Article 18, and Article 34A, Chapter 160, General Statutes of North Carolina, municipalities are authorized to make charges for sewerage system connections and for use of services and facilities furnished by sewage disposal system at least sufficient at all times to pay expenses of operating, managing and repairing the system and to pay principal and interest on any bonds issued to pay the cost of its construction, extension, enlargement, or improvement. "A small charge made to help pay the expenses of carrying on a work purely governmental in character will not transform it into a profit-making enterprise." 63 C.J.S. Municipal Corporations § 750, p. 39.
Plaintiff has, however, alleged that the defendant "was engaged in the business of selling and providing sanitary sewage facilities to various purchasers throughout the city at a profit for pay * * *" and contends that this allegation saves the complaint from demurrer.
As has been stated frequently by courts of other jurisdictions, actual profit is not the test, and the city will not lose its government immunity solely because it is engaged in an activity which makes a profit. Beard v. City and County of San Francisco, 79 Cal.App.2d 753, 180 P.2d 744 (1947); Watkins v. City of Toccoa, 55 Ga.App. 8, 189 S.E. 270 (1936); Hahn v. City of Ortonville, 238 Minn. 428, 57 N. W.2d 254 (1953); Huffman v. Columbus, Ohio App., 51 N.E.2d 410 (1943); Griffin v. Salt Lake City, 111 Utah 94, 176 P.2d 156 (1947); Marshall v. Town of Brattleboro, 121 Vt. 417, 160 A.2d 762 (1960). "The underlying test is whether the act is for the common good of all without the element of special corporate benefit, or, pecuniary profit." McQuillin, Municipal Corporations, 3d ed., § 53.29, p. 192. This test was applied by the Supreme Court in Glenn v. City of Raleigh, 246 N.C. 469, 98 S.E.2d 913 (1957), and 248 N.C. 378, 103 S.E.2d 482 (1958), the opinion in the first appeal having been written by Parker, J. (now C. J.,), and in the second appeal by Johnson, J. Plaintiff was injured while *175 with his schoolmates at a picnic supper at Pullen Park. The complaint alleged that the City of Raleigh maintained, managed, controlled, and operated for profit a public recreation ground known as Pullen Park. The evidence of plaintiff tended to show that the net revenue received by the city from the operation of the park for the fiscal year in question was $18,531.14 which was used by the city for the capital maintenance of the park area, building items, paying salaries, buying fuel, etc. The Court held that, for the purposes of the consideration of a motion for judgment of nonsuit, this item of $18,531.14 constituted receipts over and beyond incidental income and "imports such a corporate benefit or pecuniary profit or pecuniary advantage to the City of Raleigh as to exclude the application of governmental immunity."
Conceding, arguendo, that this allegation is sufficient to save the complaint from demurrer on the ground of governmental immunity, we are of the opinion that the complaint must fail on the second ground relied upon by defendant.
Plaintiff does not argue this ground of demurrer in his brief, apparently assuming that the allegations of negligence are sufficient. We do not agree.
The attractive nuisance doctrine, is, of course, an exception to the general rules applicable to liability of owners or occupants for injuries sustained by others on their premises. There is a wide diversity of judicial opinion with respect to the acceptance or rejection in whole or in part of the doctrine. 65 C.J.S. Negligence § 63(72), p. 809. In 65 C.J.S. Negligence § 63(76), p. 815, it is stated:
"Generally, the attractive nuisance doctrine is applicable when, and only when, the following elements are present: (1) The instrumentality or condition must be dangerous in itself, that is, it must be an agency which is likely to, or probably will, result in injury to those attracted by, and coming into contact with, it. (2) It must be attractive and alluring, or enticing, to young children. (3) The children must have been incapable, by reason of their youth, of comprehending the danger involved. (4) The instrumentality or condition must have been left unguarded and explosed at a place where children of tender years are accustomed to resort, or where it is reasonably to be expected that they will resort for play or amusement, or for the gratification of youthful curiosity. (5) It must have been reasonably practicable and feasible either to prevent access to the instrumentality or condition, or else to render it innocuous, without obstructing any reasonable purpose or use for which it was intended."
An extensive discussion of the doctrine is found in the leading case of Briscoe v. Henderson Lighting and Power Co., 148 N.C. 396, 62 S.E. 600, 19 L.R.A.,N.S., 1116 (1908). Justice Connor, writing for the Court, quoted from Kramer v. Southern R.R., 127 N.C. 328, 37 S.E. 468, 52 L.R.A. 359 (1900): "These cases are exceptions to the general rule, and went to the very limit of the law. Mere attractiveness of premises to children will not bring a case within that exceptional doctrine." Justice Connor further wrote:
"It must be conceded that the liability for injuries to children sustained by reason of dangerous conditions on one's premises is recognized and enforced in cases in which no such liability accrues to adults. This, we think, sound in principle and humane in policy. We have no disposition to deny it, or to place unreasonable restrictions upon it. We think that the law is sustained upon the theory that the infant who enters upon premises having no legal right to do so, either by permission, invitation, or license, or relation to the premises or its owner, is as essentially a trespasser as an adult, but if, to gratify a childish curiosity or in obedience to a childish propensity, excited by the character of the structure or other conditions, he goes thereon, and is injured by the failure of the owner to *176 properly guard or cover the dangerous conditions which he has created, he is liable for such injuries, provided the facts are such as to impose the duty of anticipation or provision; that is, whether, under all of the circumstances, he should have contemplated that children would be attracted or allured to go upon his premises, and sustain injury."
A general discussion of particular dangers to which the doctrine is or may be applicable in 38 Am.Jur., Negligence, § 151, p. 818, contains this statement:
"A danger which is not only obvious but natural, considering the instrumentality from which it arises, is not within the meaning of the attractive nuisance doctrine, for the reason that an owner or occupant is entitled to assume that the parents or guardians of a child will have warned him to avoid such a peril. Pits and excavations on land embody no dangers that are not readily apparent to everyone, even very young children. For this reason, the proprietor is under no obligation, as a rule, to fence or otherwise guard such places, and he will not be liable for injuries to children who may have fallen therein. Nor is the landowner liable for injuries sustained by earth falling into excavations as a result of the embankment being undermined by children."
The Appellate Court of Indiana refused to apply the doctrine where the defendant had removed a large amount of sand, leaving a hole 100 feet long, 50 feet wide and 10 feet deep, with perpendicular walls, and adjacent to a viaduct on which children were accustomed to play. A nine-year-old boy, who entered the sand hole to play and excavated below the surface, was killed in the cave-in which followed. The Court held that under the circumstances the sand pile did not constitute an attractive nuisance. Anderson v. Reith-Riley Const. Co., 112 Ind.App. 170, 44 N.E.2d 184 (1942).
The same result was reached in Johnson v. City of New York, 208 N.Y. 77, 101 N. E. 691, 46 L.R.A.,N.S., 462 (1913). There the city was constructing, in a public street, a large sewer laid at a depth of 25 to 35 feet. The trench was about 16 feet wide at the top, leaving a narrow strip of roadway on either side not more than 6 or 7 feet wide. The street was barricaded at each end against vehicular traffic, but the sidewalks were kept open for the use of the abutters and their families and for the children who attended the public school located in the block. A short distance from the school, there was a pile of sand which had been placed there during the course of the work. The pile of sand was about 3 feet high, extended over the sidewalk about 2 feet and out into the street at least 5 feet so that the outer margin of the sand pile was within 1 foot of the trench. Plaintiff, a 12-year-old boy, on his way home from school went upon the pile of sand and sat there playing for a while. When he started to leave, he slid down with the sand into the ditch and was injured. The Court held the doctrine of attractive nuisance not applicable and that the city had no duty to erect a fence around its construction or to keep a watchman there.
We are of the opinion that the facts alleged here do not "impose the duty of anticipation or prevision" which would require the city to do more than is alleged in the complaint. Municipalities must build sewers and other conduits necessitating the making of excavations. This creates some obvious danger, but we do not categorize it as an attractive nuisance. Nor do we perceive that the city had any duty to place a fence the entire length of the ditch. Neither was there any duty on the part of the city to shore up the sides of the ditch. "The use of property, to which an owner is entitled, should not be encumbered with the necessity of taking precautions against every conceivable danger to which an irrepressible spirit of adventure may lead a child. There is no duty to take precautions where to do so would be impracticable, *177 unreasonable, or intolerable." 38 Am.Jur., Negligence, § 147, p. 813.
Although the case is one which arouses sympathy, the complaint does not meet the test of legal rules.
Affirmed.
MALLARD, C. J., and HEDRICK, J., concur.
