[Cite as State v. Bell, 2015-Ohio-4178.]



                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 102141



                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                     PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                               vs.

                                           KEVIN BELL
                                                     DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                            JUDGMENT:
                  CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED; SENTENCE
                VACATED; REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING


                                     Criminal Appeal from the
                              Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Case No. CR-13-577001-A

        BEFORE: Boyle, J., Jones, P.J., and McCormack, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 8, 2015
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Robert L. Tobik
Cuyahoga County Public Defender
BY: Erika B. Cunliffe
Assistant Public Defender
310 Lakeside Avenue
Suite 200
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Mary Weston
Assistant County Prosecutor
Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
MARY J. BOYLE, J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Kevin Bell, appeals his conviction and sentence.       He

raises five assignments of error for our review:

       1. The prosecution, initiated nearly 20 years after the alleged misconduct,
       violated Kevin Bell’s constitutional rights to due process and a fair trial as
       protected by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
       Constitution and Sections 10 and 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution.

       2. Mr. Bell’s rights to due process and a fair trial were violated because of
       the prosecutor’s improper remarks during closing arguments.

       3. Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to interpose contemporaneous
       objections to the prosecutor’s improper closing arguments.

       4. The trial court committed plain error and imposed a sentence not
       authorized by law when it sentenced Mr. Bell to an indefinite term of 7 - 25
       years in prison under pre-S.B. 2 sentencing law.

       5. The trial court committed error when it imposed a period of post-release
       control on Mr. Bell although the offense of which he was convicted
       occurred more than three years before the effective date of Am.Sub.S.B. 2.

       {¶2} Finding merit to his fourth assignment of error, we vacate Bell’s sentence

and remand for resentencing.

                       Procedural History and Factual Background

       {¶3} In August 2013, Bell was indicted on one count of rape in violation of R.C.

2907.02(A)(2) and one count of kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(4). Both

counts carried notice of prior conviction and repeat violent offender specifications.   The

indictment alleged that the date of the offense was
August 11, 1993. Bell was charged after his DNA was found by the Ohio Attorney

General’s Bureau of Criminal Investigation and Identification (“BCI”) when it tested the

rape kit that had been collected from the victim on the night of the incident.        The trial

court dismissed the specifications prior to trial.     The remaining facts were presented at a

jury trial.

         {¶4} L.B., the victim, testified that during the summer of 1993, she came from

Ann Arbor, Michigan, where she lived, to Cleveland, Ohio, to spend the summer with her

aunt. L.B. had just graduated from high school that spring. L.B.’s best friend, M.H.,

came with her to Cleveland for the summer.           L.B.’s aunt lived on Cleveland’s eastside,

in the area of East 114th Street and Superior Avenue, which she remembered was called

“Hell’s Kitchen.”

         {¶5} L.B. stated that she and M.H. used to walk around and meet people, and just

“have fun.”    L.B. had a boyfriend that summer; his name was Anthony Lawrence.

         {¶6} On the night of the incident, L.B. testified that she and M.H. were walking

down the street when they saw a black male, whom they had met a couple of nights

before that night.   She knew his name back then, but she could not recall it at the time of

trial.   L.B. said that she and M.H. went to his house.       When they were ready to leave,

the male told them that it was not safe outside so he would walk them home. L.B. did

not recall if the male was alone or if anyone else came with him.        As they were walking

past “some bushes,” the male pulled her into the bushes, pulled down her “panties” and

shorts, and told her to “shut the fuck up.”   He then raped her vaginally.
       {¶7} L.B. said that after the incident, she “went straight to a pay phone and

called police.”     She told police that she had just been raped.       They transported her to

the hospital.     At the hospital, a rape kit was collected from her.

       {¶8} L.B. said that she did not recall the name “Kevin Bell.”          She testified that

she never had consensual sex with someone named Kevin Bell, nor with someone named

“Delon” or “Deleon.”

       {¶9} L.B. looked at several photo arrays. She said that one of the men in one of

the photo arrays looked familiar to her from her time in Cleveland, but she did not

recognize any of the men as someone who raped her or as someone with whom she had

consensual sex during the summer of 1993.

       {¶10} L.B. said that she had reviewed her medical records.           She recalled telling

the nurses and doctors what had happened to her. She said that she would have been

telling the truth when she talked to them, and she agreed that her memory of the incident

would have been better at that point than it was at trial. She told doctors at that time that

she had not had consensual sex for two weeks prior to the incident; it was with her

boyfriend. L.B. stated that she only had consensual sex with her boyfriend that summer.



       {¶11} L.B. testified that when she was contacted by investigators 20 years later,

she did not recall being raped.         She stated, “I literally didn’t remember being in

Cleveland.”     She said that after the incident, she left Cleveland and must have blocked

the whole thing out of her mind.
       {¶12} L.B. testified that she had no recollection of telling police or doctors that

two people raped her, but she would have been telling the truth back then.

       {¶13} On cross-examination, defense counsel asked L.B. if she recalled telling

police that the two men who raped her were named Mark and “Dolon or Deleon.”          L.B.

did not recall any names. But she said that she had no reason to lie, so the police report

was probably accurate.     She also did not recall telling police that the first person who

raped her, “Dolon or Deleon,” was “six feet tall, 170 pounds, well built, approximately 23

years old with light skin.” Nor did L.B. recall telling police that the second person who

raped her, Mark, was “5-9, 120 [pounds], 30 years old, [and had] dark skin.”

       {¶14} M.H. testified that on the night of the incident, she and L.B. went to visit

L.B.’s boyfriend, Anthony. M.H. said that when they left Anthony’s home it was dark.

As they were walking back to L.B.’s aunt’s house, L.B. “got raped.” M.H. said that two

black males approached them from behind.        M.H. recognized one of them as someone

she had seen previously; she said that they had been to his house before the night of the

incident.   She recalled that he lived with his grandfather.

       {¶15} M.H. remembered L.B. getting raped in an alley. She said that the male

was behind L.B. and had pulled her pants down. M.H. saw it happen. She said that

L.B. was “frightened, scared, [and] telling them to stop.”     M.H. was standing very close

to the male and L.B. as the man was raping L.B.

       {¶16} M.H. said that the male who was raping L.B. had a broken beer bottle in his

hand and threatened M.H. with the bottle when she tried to get him off of L.B. M.H.
could not remember what the other male was doing.           The men left after the rape.   M.H.

and L.B. immediately called 911 on a pay phone.

       {¶17} M.H. was not able to identify Bell in a photo array as the person who raped

L.B. in August 1993.

       {¶18} Dr. Brian Huettl testified that he examined L.B. on the night of the incident.

 Dr. Huettl said that his notes from that night indicate:

       Patient is a 18-year-old black female who reportedly was assaulted early
       this morning by two black males. Patient states that she and a friend were
       walking down the street — parenthetically, 105th Street — when she saw D
       — first initial — with a friend. They were beating people up with a
       broken bottle. D stayed with the patient. His friend took the patient’s
       friend down the street. D threatened the patient saying that if she left, he
       would beat her up. He told her to stay still, grabbing her from behind,
       pulling her * * * [p]ants and panties down and forcibly penetrating her
       vaginally. Patient does not know if he ejaculated. D’s friend returned to
       the scene and was told now it’s your turn. He followed D’s instructions
       and also penetrated her — the patient vaginally.

       {¶19} Dr. Huettl testified that patient was “composed, but obviously upset.” L.B.

further told Dr. Huettl that her most recent consensual sex encounter had been two weeks

previously and that two people had attacked her that night. Dr. Huettl testified that the

patient was in a state of “shock and disbelief, but was able to talk about it.”

       {¶20} The rape kit was originally received by the Cleveland Police Department lab

on August 16, 1993.       Several Cleveland police officers testified as to the chain of

custody of the rape kit. The kit was sent to BCI on May 18, 2012. Two unique DNA

profiles were found from swabs taken from L.B.’s vagina (including blood and semen)

when the rape kit was collected — one belonging to L.B. and one belonging to Bell.
Further, a “cutting” from L.B.’s shorts and a “differential cutting from the underwear

resulted in a mixture consistent with contributions from [the victim], Kevin Bell, and an

unknown individual.” BCI examiners later tested Deleon Nimons’s DNA against the

unknown DNA, and found that he could not be excluded as a contributor to the mixture of

DNA found on L.B.’s underwear. But no conclusions could be made regarding the

shorts because there was “insufficient data.”

       {¶21} Brenda McNeely, an agent for BCI, testified that she was assigned to work

on Bell’s case.   She reviewed the Cleveland police report that was completed in 1993 at

the time of the incident. She located the victim in Michigan. She ruled out Bell as one

of L.B.’s consensual sexual partners. McNeely then sent another agent to Michigan to

show L.B. a photo array with Kevin Bell in it. McNeely said that L.B. did not recognize

Bell in the photo array.

       {¶22} McNeely said that she traveled to Michigan to meet with M.H. Special

agent John Saraya went with her. Agent Saraya showed M.H. a photo array; she did not

recognize Bell in the photo array either.

       {¶23} From the police report in 1993, McNeely learned that a possible rape

suspect, Deleon Nimons, lived at 10220 Empire, with his grandfather. She located him

in Cleveland, Ohio. She showed him photos of L.B., M.H., and Bell, and he recognized

all of them. McNeely only talked to Nimons for about 45 minutes that day. After that,

he began calling her every day, several times a day. When McNeely asked him if they

would find his DNA on the victim, Nimons was very agitated and scared. McNeely said
that she was under the impression that there were two men who raped the victim, so she

was trying to determine if Nimons was one of the perpetrators.      McNeely learned that

the rape may have occurred in the area of “105th and Kempton,” near where Nimons

lived with his grandfather. Nimons would not consent to giving a bucal swab for DNA

testing, so McNeely obtained a search warrant to do so.

      {¶24} Nimons testified that in 1993 he lived with his grandfather on Empire

Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. Nimons was “best friends” with Mark Henderson. He

also knew Kevin Bell from the neighborhood, but was not close friends with him.

Nimons recalled that he was on house arrest that summer.      He remembered cutting his

ankle bracelet off on the night of August 11, 1993. Nimons saw Bell in an alley walk

off with a girl. As he was walking away, he heard the girl say, “Stop. Kevin, stop.”

      {¶25} Nimons testified that a week before seeing Bell in the alley with the girl, he

had consensual sex with that same girl at his house. Nimons admitted that he only told

police this fact after his DNA could not be excluded from a cutting of L.B.’s underwear.

      {¶26} On cross-examination, Nimons agreed that his attorney told him that he

could never be charged with raping L.B. because the statute of limitations had run.

      {¶27} Mark Henderson testified that he was currently in prison for aggravated

murder. He said that he was 23 years old in the summer of 1993. Henderson did not

recall much from that summer because he did “a lot of drugs” and drank a lot.

Henderson said that he was childhood friends with Bell and Nimons.            He did not
remember L.B. or M.H. from that summer. Henderson stated that he did see Nimons

beat up his girlfriend one time.

       {¶28} The jury found Bell guilty of both counts — kidnapping and rape. The

trial court merged the counts for purposes of sentencing, and the state elected to proceed

on the rape count.    The trial court sentenced Bell to seven to 25 years under the pre-S.B.

2 sentencing laws.      The court further classified Bell as a sexually oriented offender

under H.B. 180.      The court also imposed postrelease control, but later issued a nunc pro

tunc removing postrelease control. It is from this judgment that Bell appeals.

                                     Preindictment Delay

       {¶29} In his first assignment of error, Bell argues that the state violated his due

process rights when it prosecuted him nearly 20 years after the alleged misconduct.

       {¶30} The delay between the commission of an offense and an indictment, can,

under certain circumstances, constitute a violation of due process of law guaranteed by

the federal and state constitutions. See State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150, 472 N.E.2d

1097 (1984); United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 324, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468

(1971); United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783, 97 S.Ct. 2044, 52 L.Ed.2d 752 (1977).

       {¶31} The statute of limitations governing a particular crime provides the “primary

guarantee against bringing overly stale criminal charges.” State v. Copeland, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 89455, 2008-Ohio-234, ¶ 10, citing Lovasco. In 1999, the Ohio General

Assembly extended the statute of limitations for rape from 6 to 20 years. See R.C.

2901.13(A)(3)(a).     The amendment applies retroactively to offenses committed prior to
the amendment, provided that the statute of limitations for such offenses had not yet

expired by March 9, 1999.       Copeland at ¶ 11.   Here, Bell concedes that the statute of

limitations to bring rape charges had not yet expired when the General Assembly’s

amendment of R.C. 2901.13 became effective in March 1999; Bell’s indictment was filed

two days before the 20-year statute of limitations expired.

       {¶32} Courts apply a two-part test to determine whether preindictment delay

constitutes a due process violation. The defendant has the initial burden to show that he

was substantially and actually prejudiced due to the delay. State v. Whiting, 84 Ohio

St.3d 215, 217, 702 N.E.2d 1199 (1998). But “proof of actual prejudice, alone, will not

automatically validate a due process claim” as “the prejudice suffered by the defendant

must be viewed in light of the state’s reason for the delay.” Luck at 154, citing Marion.

Thus, once a defendant establishes “actual prejudice,” the burden then shifts to the state

to produce evidence of a justifiable reason for the delay.         Id.   Thereafter, the due

process inquiry involves a balancing test by the court, weighing the reasons for the delay

against the prejudice to the defendant, in light of the length of the delay.   State v. Walls,

96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 51.

       {¶33} Prejudice is not presumed solely due to a lengthy delay.          Copeland at ¶

13.   “The determination of ‘actual prejudice’ involves ‘a delicate judgment based on the

circumstances of each case.’”      Walls at ¶ 52, quoting Marion, 404 U.S. at 325, 92 S.Ct.

455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468.
        {¶34} In the past, this court required a defendant to also establish that any missing

evidence, lost witnesses, or physical evidence, adversely affected his ability to defend

himself.    Specifically, this court required a defendant to demonstrate that missing

evidence was nonspeculative and exculpatory.          See State v. McFeeture, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 100434, 2014-Ohio-5271; Copeland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89455,

2008-Ohio-234.     But in a recent en banc decision, State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

101258, 2015-Ohio-2853, this court held that under the facts of that case, the defendant

suffered actual prejudice due to a nearly 20-year preindictment delay under the general

“concepts of due process and fundamental justice,” rather than the “the exculpatory

evidence standard.” Id. at ¶ 47.

        {¶35} In Jones, a majority of this court focused on the fact that in that case,

identity was not an issue. The victim was acquainted with the defendant and had gone

with him to his mother’s house. She identified him by his first and last name from the

beginning, telling police and medical personnel.     Therefore, we determined that because

identity was not an issue in the case, the DNA results did not “advance the case.” Id. at

¶ 42.   We held that to require the defendant to prove that missing evidence would have

been exculpatory would have been a “near impossibility” because no evidence was ever

collected by the police, i.e., no photos of the victim were ever taken, no photos of the

alleged crime scene were taken, and the victim’s clothing was not retained.          Jones’s

mother, who was (according to the victim) in the other room when the alleged rape

occurred, had since died; she had never been interviewed by police.       We explained that
anything she might have said was speculative and, thus, requiring Jones to prove that her

testimony would be exculpatory is “simply violative of his due process rights.” Id. at ¶

46.

       {¶36} In Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150, 472 N.E.2d 1097, the Ohio Supreme Court held

that the defendant suffered actual prejudice by the preindictment delay because two key

witnesses had died and all of the tape recorded interviews with potential witnesses had

been destroyed. Id. at 157-158.    The Supreme Court held that the state’s reason for the

delay, “a police error in judgment as to whether [the] case should have been submitted to

the prosecutor’s office,” was not a justifiable delay in light of the prejudice to the

defendant. Id. at 158.   The Supreme Court explained:

              In the instant case, the state delayed prosecuting the defendant
       because of an alleged “error in judgment,” which lead to a halt in the
       Lakewood Police Department’s active investigation of Tietjen’s death.
       This investigation remained at a stand-still for approximately fifteen years.
       During that time, witnesses died, memories faded, and evidence was lost.
       When the state finally decided to commence its prosecution of the
       defendant herein, it did so without one shred of new evidence — its case
       being substantially the same as it had been since 1968. For these reasons,
       we find that the pre-indictment delay in the instant case is unjustifiable.

Id. at 158-159.

       {¶37} In Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, the

defendant was indicted 13 years after the victim was murdered soon after police

submitted fingerprints found at the victim’s home to “an on-line automated fingerprint

identifications system,” which had just become available and subsequently identified him
as a good match. Id. at 438.      Walls argued that the delay prejudiced him in several

ways.    The Supreme Court explained:

                Walls insists that the passage of time resulted in the loss of
        substantial exculpatory evidence.         He argues that the coroner’s
        investigator— if he had been alive to testify— could have placed the time
        of death during school hours rather than at 4:00 p.m. Walls also contends
        that missing school attendance records would have shown that he was in
        school on the afternoon of the murder. He further believes that
        unavailable witnesses could have supplied evidence implicating one
        Anthony Gray as the murderer.           In particular, he claims that an
        acquaintance of Gray’s, Dawn Smith, had heard Gray tell his cousin that he
        had killed a woman on the street where the murder took place. Walls
        argues that he was prejudiced even further by the death of the lead
        investigator because only the investigator knew why Gray was considered a
        suspect.      Finally, Walls contends that he was prejudiced by the
        disappearance of specific items of evidence: (1) a tape made by a neighbor
        describing a person she saw entering the victim’s house, (2) a faucet handle
        from the victim’s home that had a blood stain on it, and (3) an anonymous
        letter that apparently discussed who committed the murder.

Id. at ¶ 53.

        {¶38} The state countered in Walls that although the coroner’s assistant was

deceased, the Butler County coroner testified at length as to the time of death.   The state

further countered that despite missing attendance records from individual classes, the

state produced evidence that Walls was in school on the day of the murder.     And “[a]s to

the evidence concerning the other suspect, police located [her] but considered her

unreliable[.]” Id. at 453.   Finally, the state argued that the “scientific testing revealed

that a bloodstain on a ‘missing’ pillow taken from the Gray’s home did not contain the

victim’s DNA.”     Id.

        {¶39} In rejecting Walls’s claims, the Supreme Court explained:
              In addition to the state’s substantial arguments refuting Walls’s
       contentions, we must also consider the fingerprint evidence implicating
       Walls. Though Walls stated that he had never been to the victim’s home,
       his fingerprints were found in incriminating locations around the house,
       including on the storm door and on items scattered about the ransacked
       home. Furthermore, the fingerprints found in the home did not match
       those of Gray, the individual who Walls claims actually committed the
       crime.

               Although some prejudice may have occurred from evidence lost over
       the years, we conclude that Walls’s claims of prejudice are speculative at
       best. Marion, 404 U.S. at 326, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468. Moreover,
       we are firmly convinced that the delay was justified. As the United States
       Supreme Court explained, “To prosecute a defendant following
       investigative delay does not deprive him of due process, even if his defense
       might have been somewhat prejudiced by the lapse of time.” Lovasco, 431
       U.S. at 796, 97 S.Ct. 2044, 52 L.Ed.2d 752. Here, the indictment occurred
       only a couple of months after new computer technology made it possible to
       match the fingerprints at the murder scene to those of Walls. Prior to the
       advent of that technology, the state had no means of obtaining a match for
       these prints. Upon receiving the new fingerprint evidence, the state
       proceeded diligently to initiate proceedings against Walls. This situation
       is distinctly different from cases in which the state has compiled evidence
       but simply fails, or refuses, to take action for a substantial period. See,
       e.g., Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150, 15 OBR 296, 472 N.E.2d 1097. Because
       the delay here was justified, the 13-year hiatus between the offense and the
       indictment did not violate Walls’s due process rights.

Id. at ¶ 55-56.

       {¶40} Here, Bell argued in his motion that he was “seriously prejudiced” by the

20-year delay by loss of evidence and witnesses, and the fading memories of the

defendant and the victim.     The loss of evidence that Bell was specifically referring to in

his motion were the medical records from the night the victim went to the hospital. But

the state later obtained the medical records, and even had the treating physician testify to

such records.     Bell also argues on appeal that L.B.’s aunt “may have provided important
evidence about L.B.’s conduct that summer,” and the 911 call may have been helpful to

his case because L.B. “likely gave the dispatcher a description of her attacker.”

       {¶41} Bell further argued in his motion that because he cannot remember that

night, he cannot defend himself. He asserts that if the state had brought charges against

him in a reasonably timely fashion, he may have been able to establish a “clear alibi for

the offense.”   He argues that he could have had a consensual sexual encounter with the

victim “at some point in and around that night.” He also argues that the victim’s and

M.H.’s faded memory also prejudice his ability to establish his defense. He claims that

the “passage of time” interfered with his right to confront and cross-examine the evidence

presented by “the girls” because they do not recall what happened.

       {¶42} The state asserts that many courts, including the United States Supreme

Court in Marion, 404 U.S. at 326, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468, have held that faded

memory is insufficient to establish actual prejudice.         In Marion, the high court

explained:

       Appellees rely solely on the real possibility of prejudice inherent in any
       extended delay: that memories will dim, witnesses become inaccessible, and
       evidence be lost. In light of the applicable statute of limitations, however,
       these possibilities are not in themselves enough to demonstrate that
       appellees cannot receive a fair trial and to therefore justify the dismissal of
       the indictment. Events of the trial may demonstrate actual prejudice, but
       at the present time appellees’ due process claims are speculative and
       premature.

       {¶43} While we agree with the state that faded memory alone may not amount to

actual prejudice, “[t]he determination of ‘actual prejudice’ involves ‘a delicate judgment
based on the circumstances of each case.’”      Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059,

775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶ 52, quoting Marion at 325.

       {¶44} After review, we conclude that as in Walls, there is no doubt that some

prejudice to Bell may have occurred from the 20-year delay. But when balancing the

prejudicial delay in this case against the state’s justifiable reason for the delay, we

conclude that Bell’s due process rights were not violated.

       {¶45} Indeed, in this case, there was quite a bit of evidence that was not lost.   The

victim’s underwear and shorts from the night of the incident were collected and kept by

police in the evidence room.    Although the original police officers who investigated the

case were not available to testify, many witnesses were, including the victim, M.H. (who

was an eyewitness to the rape), the physician who treated L.B. at the hospital on the night

of the rape, and two other witnesses, Mark Henderson and Deleon, who were originally

named by L.B. and M.H. as possible suspects in the rape.             Bell was able to fully

challenge and cross-examine all of these witnesses.

       {¶46} Notably, even though L.B. and M.H. originally said that two men raped L.B.

on that night in August 1993, and then they testified at trial that they could not remember

the second man raping L.B., they could remember a lot of details about what had occurred

that night. Their versions of the events differed slightly from each other and from their

original account, but the jury was able to fully determine their credibility.

       {¶47} Just as the Ohio Supreme Court could not ignore the fact that the

defendant’s fingerprints were found at the victim’s home in Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437,
2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, we cannot ignore the fact that Bell’s DNA was found

on a swab taken from L.B.’s vagina within hours of the rape. This was new evidence,

justifying the delayed indictment. Although Bell argues that his DNA could have been

present from consensual sex, the victim and M.H. both testified that L.B. went to the

hospital immediately after she was raped, both reporting at that time that two men raped

L.B. on that night. Further, L.B. told doctors on the night of the rape in August 1993

that it had been two weeks since she had consensual sex with her boyfriend.

       {¶48} Accordingly, we overrule Bell’s first assignment of error.

                                 Prosecutorial Misconduct

       {¶49} In his second assignment of error, Bell argues that his right to a fair trial was

violated because of improper remarks made by the prosecutor in closing arguments.

Specifically, he points to the following passage:

              [T]hroughout [defense counsel’s] closing argument I couldn’t help
       but be reminded of an octopus. An octopus doesn’t have most obvious
       ways to defend itself, it doesn’t have claws, it doesn’t have teeth. When
       an octopus is attacked, it emits this ink sac that clouds up the water. An
       octopus can just retreat into the murkiness.

              It will be up for you to decide if you have heard any rational
       arguments from this defendant that gets this defendant out of under this
       overwhelming evidence of his guilt. I am here, and I want to spend a little
       time clearing up that murkiness, all right? Let’s get rid of the ink. Let’s
       talk about what the evidence is in this case, because you’ve taken an oath to
       return a verdict that’s based on evidence, right?

              You’ve been instructed that what the attorneys say is not evidence.
       You’re going to have to go back into the deliberation room and return a
       verdict that is based on what you heard and what you saw, and nothing
       else.
              I want to comment on a few things that defense counsel made in her
       argument because I don’t want there to be confusion. I don’t want this ink
       out there confusing you.

(Emphasis is language in the prosecutor’s comments that Bell did not include in his

argument on appeal.)

       {¶50} Bell did not object to the prosecutor’s comments. Thus, he has waived all

but plain error.   The plain error standard, however, is essentially the same as the review

for prosecutorial misconduct standard — did the prosecutor’s comments prejudice Bell’s

substantial rights?   In other words, the alleged prosecutorial misconduct constitutes plain

error only if it is clear that Bell would not have been convicted in the absence of the

improper comments. See State v. Slagle, 65 Ohio St.3d 597, 606, 605 N.E.2d 916

(1992).

       {¶51} Prosecutorial misconduct will not provide a basis for reversal unless the

misconduct can be said to have deprived the appellant of a fair trial based on the entire

record.   State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 166, 555 N.E.2d 293               (1990).   “The

touchstone of analysis ‘is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.’”

State v. Gapen, 104 Ohio St.3d 358, 2004-Ohio-6548, 819 N.E.2d 1047, quoting Smith v.

Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219, 102 S.Ct. 940, 71 L.Ed.2d 78 (1982).

       {¶52} With respect to closing argument, the prosecutor is entitled to a certain

degree of latitude.    State v. Apanovitch, 33 Ohio St.3d 19, 514 N.E.2d 394 (1987).

Isolated comments, therefore, should not be taken out of context and given their most

damaging meaning.       State v. Carter, 89 Ohio St.3d 593, 734 N.E.2d 345 (2000).
Nonetheless, the prosecutor must confine himself to certain limits.            See State v.

Liberatore, 69 Ohio St.2d 583, 433 N.E.2d 561 (1982).

       {¶53} Bell argues that the prosecutor’s comments violated his right to remain

silent, his right to the presumption of innocence, and were sufficiently flagrant such that

reversal is warranted “despite counsel’s failure to object to them.”

       {¶54} In State v. Smith, 130 Ohio App.3d 360, 720 N.E.2d 149 (1st Dist.1998), the

prosecutor stated that defense counsel was “really good at making * * * chicken salad out

of chicken [shit].”   The court found that the comments improperly denigrated defense

counsel.   The court in Smith explained:

       A prosecutor may argue and argue ardently that the evidence does not
       support the conclusion postulated by defense counsel. A prosecutor may
       not, however, denigrate the role of defense counsel by injecting his personal
       frustration with defense tactics[.] * * * The prosecutor was not entitled to
       employ * * * argument to denigrate the role of defense counsel and to
       insinuate to the jury that [the defendant] and his counsel, by exercising their
       right to suggest what conclusions may or may not have been drawn from the
       evidence found at trial, were seeking to hide the truth.

Id. at 368-369, quoting State v. Hart, 94 Ohio App.3d 665, 641 N.E.2d 755 (1st

Dist.1994).

       {¶55} Here, we find that the prosecutor’s comments regarding the octopus were

similar to those made by the prosecutor in Smith, and were somewhat denigrating to

defense counsel, which is improper. But we disagree with Bell that these comments

violated his right to remain silent or his right to the presumption of innocence. In Smith,

the court found that when the prosecutor commented on the defendant’s lack of an alibi,

that it was “adversely directed to Smith’s decision not to testify.”   Id. at 367. But here,
while we agree that the prosecutor may have improperly suggested that defense counsel

and Bell were seeking to hide the truth, that did not amount to violating his right to

remain silent or right to presumption of innocence.

      {¶56} Further, in the context of the entire closing argument, we do not find that the

prosecutor’s isolated remarks about the octopus analogy “so infected the trial with

unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.”      Donnelly v.

DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 643, 94 S.Ct. 1868, 40 L.Ed.2d 431 (1974); Apanovitch, 33

Ohio St.3d at 24, 514 N.E.2d 394.

      {¶57} Accordingly, Bell’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                            Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      {¶58} In his third assignment of error, Bell argues that his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s comments during closing argument.

      {¶59} To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant

must show both deficient performance and resulting prejudice.               Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). To show deficiency,

the defendant must show that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness. Id. Trial counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that his conduct

falls within the wide range of effective assistance. Id.     The adequacy of counsel’s

performance must be viewed in light of all of the circumstances surrounding the trial

court proceedings. Id. Hindsight may not be allowed to distort the assessment of what
was reasonable in light of counsel’s perspective at the time. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio

St.3d 516, 524, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992).

         {¶60} Even assuming that counsel’s performance was ineffective, the defendant

must still show that the error had an effect on the judgment.     State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio

St.3d 136, 142, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). Reversal is warranted only where the defendant

demonstrates that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result

of the proceeding would have been different. Id.

         {¶61} In this case, even assuming that defense counsel should have objected, the

fact that she did not do so did not affect the outcome of trial. As we found in the

previous assignment of error, the prosecutor’s isolated comments in the context of the

entire closing arguments were not such that the jury would have found Bell not guilty

without the comments. The same applies to defense counsel not objecting to those

comments.

         {¶62} Bell’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                                     Pre-S.B. 2 Sentence

         {¶63} In his fourth assignment of error, Bell argues that the trial court erred when

it sentenced him to an indefinite prison term under pre-S.B. 2 sentencing law. He

maintains that although the offense was in 1993, he should have been sentenced under

Am.Sub.H.B. 86 (“H.B. 86”) that went into effect on September 30, 2011.

         {¶64} We agree with Bell’s arguments as this court has already decided this exact

issue.    See State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100877, 2014-Ohio-5137, ¶ 29-39,
discretionary appeal not allowed, State v. Jackson, 64 Ohio St.3d 1465, 2015-Ohio-1896,

30 N.E.3d 974 (for a full discussion and analysis on this issue). Thus, in accordance

with Jackson, we vacate Bell’s indefinite sentence and remand with instructions for the

trial court to sentence Bell under H.B. 86. Bell’s fourth assignment of error is sustained.

                                    Postrelease Control

       {¶65} In his fifth assignment of error, Bell argues that if this court determines that

the trial court properly sentenced him to an indefinite sentence, then postrelease control

does not apply because it did not exist before S.B. 2. We note that the trial court

originally included postrelease control in its sentencing entry, but later issued a nunc pro

tunc removing it.   But in the last assignment of error, we vacated Bell’s sentence and

instructed the trial court to resentence Bell under H.B. 86.    Because postrelease control

applies under H.B. 86, the trial court should address it when resentencing Bell.

       {¶66} Bell’s fifth assignment of error is overruled because it is moot.

       {¶67} Convictions affirmed.           Sentence vacated.        Case remanded for

resentencing under H.B. 86.

       It is ordered that appellee and appellant share the costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.      The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.      Case remanded to the trial court

for resentencing.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




MARY J. BOYLE, JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, SR., P.J., and
TIM McCORMACK, J., CONCUR
