                               THIRD DIVISION
                               DILLARD, P. J.,
                            GOBEIL and HODGES, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                     March 12, 2020




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A19A2320. THE STATE v. JOHNSON.

      HODGES, Judge.

      This appeal concerns two cases pending against Anthony Johnson in Paulding

County in which he is accused, among other crimes, of driving under the influence

of alcohol to the extent he was less safe (OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (1)). The State sought

to introduce a prior DUI arrest in both cases pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-417 and

OCGA § 24-4-404, which the trial court denied. The State appealed, contending that

(1) the trial court erred in refusing to admit the prior arrest pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-

417 on the ground that the Georgia and United States Constitutions prohibit its

admission; and (2) the trial court abused its discretion in denying its motion to admit

the prior act evidence pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-404. This appeal was previously

transferred by this Court to the Supreme Court of Georgia because the appeal
concerns the constitutionality of evidentiary admission of refusals to consent to State-

administered breath tests. The Supreme Court transferred the case back to this Court

following its opinion in Elliott v. State, 305 Ga. 179 (824 SE2d 265) (2019), as the

appeal no longer presents a novel constitutional question. Following this transfer, we

find that the trial court correctly determined that the State cannot comment on

Johnson’s invocation of his right not to incriminate himself by refusing a breath test.

However, we find that evidence of Johnson’s refusal of the blood test is admissible

and that the trial court failed to analyze whether the prior arrest was otherwise

admissible. For these reasons, we vacate the opinion of the trial court and remand the

case with instruction.

      “A trial court’s decision to admit [or exclude] other acts evidence will be

overturned only where there is a clear abuse of discretion.” State v. Jones, 297 Ga.

156, 159 (1) (773 SE2d 170) (2015). “[E]ven where a trial court’s ultimate ruling is

subject to only an abuse of discretion review, the deference owed the trial court’s

ruling is diminished when the trial court has clearly erred in some of its findings of

fact and/or has misapplied the law to some degree.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) State v. Atkins, 304 Ga. 413, 417 (2) (819 SE2d 28) (2018). However, when

the issue presented involves only the interpretation of a statute, such is a question of

                                           2
law which this Court reviews de novo. State v. Walker, 342 Ga. App. 733 (805 SE2d

262) (2017).

      Here, the evidence shows that on February 7, 2015, an officer conducted a

traffic stop of Johnson’s vehicle, purportedly after witnessing Johnson remain

stopped at a green light for several seconds, make a wide turn, and fail to maintain his

lane. In the citation written by the officer, he contends Johnson was slow to react to

him, slurred his speech, needed questions repeated to him, and smelled of alcohol.

The parties agree that the officer arrested Johnson, who then refused to submit to the

State-administered testing that was requested.1 As a result of this, Johnson was cited

with, among other crimes, driving under the influence to the extent he was less safe

(OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (1)).

      The evidence also shows that while these charges were pending, Johnson was

pulled over again on November 10, 2015. On that occasion, according to the citation

issued, Johnson struck a police vehicle which was stopped on the side of the roadway.

The officer claimed that he smelled alcohol on Johnson and that Johnson admitted to


      1
       The language of the stipulation filed by the parties makes it unclear if blood
and breath testing was requested following all of Johnson’s arrests discussed in this
opinion, or if only one or the other test was requested each time. This lack of clarity
does not impact our legal analysis on the admissibility of the evidence at this time.

                                           3
having had a beer about an hour before. The officer further claimed in the citation that

Johnson offered to “blow” and had several unsuccessful attempts at providing a

sufficient breath sample on the alco-sensor, before ultimately providing an adequate

sample which registered as positive for alcohol.2 The parties agree that Johnson was

then arrested and refused to submit to the State-administered testing that was

requested. As a result of this arrest, Johnson was charged with, among other crimes,

driving under the influence to the extent it was less safe (OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (1)).

      In both of these cases, the State sought to introduce a prior DUI arrest by filing

a notice of intent to produce other act evidence pursuant to OCGA §§ 24-4-404 and

24-4-403, as well as a separate notice of intent to introduce other act evidence

pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-417. The evidence the State sought to introduce was a

2010 arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol to the extent it was less safe,

which resulted in Johnson pleading guilty to reckless driving in 2012. The citation

issued by police for that incident claims that an officer arrived on the scene after

Johnson struck a utility pole, and that the officer smelled alcohol on Johnson. The

      2
         “An alco-sensor is used only as an initial screening measure that gives a
positive/negative result and aids the police officer in determining probable cause to
arrest a motorist suspected of DUI of alcohol. It is not a tool used to determine the
amount of alcohol in a person’s blood[.]” (Citation omitted.) Travis v. State, 314 Ga.
App. 280, 283 (3) (724 SE2d 15) (2012).

                                           4
citation indicates that Johnson admitted having had a beer earlier as well as

previously taking Oxycontin, Oxycodone, Soma, and Xanax. The parties agree that

Johnson was arrested and then refused to consent to the State-administered testing

that was requested.

      Following a single hearing covering all notices filed in both cases, the trial

court refused to permit introduction of the prior 2010 DUI arrest under either OCGA

§§ 24-4-417 or 24-4-404. Relying on the Supreme Court’s decision in Olevik v. State,

302 Ga. 228 (806 SE2d 505) (2017), the trial court found that

      Paragraph XVI of the Georgia Constitution or the Fourth Amendment
      of [the] United States Constitution precludes the State from using Mr.
      Johnson’s refusals, in the 2010 arrest or the current cases, against him
      at trial. Mr. Johnson had a right not to incriminate himself under the
      Georgia Constitution when requested to submit to a [S]tate-administered
      breath test and he had a right under the United States Constitution when
      requested to submit to a [S]tate[-]administered blood test.


      The State timely appeals this order.

      1. The State first contends that the trial court erred in refusing to admit the prior

2010 arrest pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-417 on the ground that the Georgia and United

States constitutions prohibit its admission. We find that the trial court correctly found

evidence of Johnson’s refusal to consent to breath testing to be inadmissible, but

                                            5
erred in finding Johnson’s refusal to submit to blood testing inadmissible. We also

find that the analysis conducted by the trial court is incomplete as to whether

evidence of the arrest was otherwise admissible. Accordingly, we vacate the trial

court’s refusal to admit the evidence pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-417 and remand with

instruction.

      The parties do not dispute the facts at this stage, and the trial court made no

factual findings in its order. As a result, we review de novo the trial court’s

interpretation of the admissibility of the prior DUI under OCGA § 24-4-417 and

apply a plain legal error standard of review. See Patel v. State, 341 Ga. App. 419 (801

SE2d 551) (2017) (“We begin by noting that the interpretation of a statute is a

question of law, which we review de novo on appeal. Moreover, because the trial

court’s ruling on a legal question is not due any deference, we apply the ‘plain legal

error’ standard of review.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).

      So viewed, OCGA § 24-4-417 provides, in part,

      (a) In a criminal proceeding involving a prosecution for a violation of
      Code Section 40-6-391,[3] evidence of the commission of another


      3
        In relevant part, OCGA § 40-6-391 provides: “A person shall not drive or be
in actual physical control of any moving vehicle while: (1) Under the influence of
alcohol to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive[.]”

                                          6
       violation of Code Section 40-6-391 on a different occasion by the same
       accused shall be admissible when:


       (1) The accused refused in the current case to take the state administered
       test required by Code Section 40-5-55[4] and such evidence is relevant
       to prove knowledge, plan, or absence of mistake or accident[.]



       4
         OCGA § 40-5-55 (a) provides that:
The State of Georgia considers that any person who drives or is in actual physical
control of any moving vehicle in violation of any provision of Code Section 40-6-391
constitutes a direct and immediate threat to the welfare and safety of the general
public. Therefore, any person who operates a motor vehicle upon the highways or
elsewhere throughout this state shall be deemed to have given consent, subject to
Code Section 40-6-392, to a chemical test or tests of his or her blood, breath, urine,
or other bodily substances for the purpose of determining the presence of alcohol or
any other drug, if arrested for any offense arising out of acts alleged to have been
committed in violation of Code Section 40-6-391 or if such person is involved in any
traffic accident resulting in serious injuries or fatalities. The test or tests shall be
administered at the request of a law enforcement officer having reasonable grounds
to believe that the person has been driving or was in actual physical control of a
moving motor vehicle upon the highways or elsewhere throughout this state in
violation of Code Section 40-6-391. The test or tests shall be administered as soon
as possible to any person who operates a motor vehicle upon the highways or
elsewhere throughout this state who is involved in any traffic accident resulting in
serious injuries or fatalities. Subject to Code Section 40-6-392, the requesting law
enforcement officer shall designate which of the test or tests shall be administered,
provided a blood test with drug screen may be administered to any person operating
a motor vehicle involved in a traffic accident resulting in serious injuries or fatalities.
       (b) Any person who is dead, unconscious, or otherwise in a condition rendering
such person incapable of refusal shall be deemed not to have withdrawn the consent
provided by subsection (a) of this Code section, and the test or tests may be
administered, subject to Code Section 40-6-392. . . .

                                            7
       Here, it is undisputed that this case “involv[es] a prosecution for a violation of

Code Section 40-6-391[,]” and the parties stipulated that Johnson refused either blood

or breath State-administered tests after being arrested in all three incidents.

Accordingly, before the trial court, the State contended that it could introduce the

prior 2010 DUI arrest, including the fact that Johnson refused State-administered

testing on that prior occasion as well, to show knowledge, plan, and absence of

mistake or accident. Specifically, the State contended below that,

       the other act evidence that the State seeks to admit in this case is
       relevant to prove [Johnson’s] knowledge, plan, and absence of mistake
       or accident because based on prior occasions on which [Johnson] had
       driven under the influence, [Johnson] had an awareness that his
       ingestion of an intoxicant impaired his ability to drive safely.
       Furthermore, it shows he was conscious of his guilt and knew that the
       test results likely would tend to show that he was under the influence.
       In addition, [Johnson] acquired the knowledge about the means that law
       enforcement officers use to determine whether and to what extent a
       driver is under the influence.


During the hearing before the trial court, the State further claimed that it intended to

use the evidence of the prior DUI arrest to demonstrate that Johnson “learned what

he should do when it comes to field sobriety evaluations and the State administered

test” as a result of his prior refusal.

                                           8
      Following the trial court’s order excluding the prior DUI arrest evidence, the

State appealed this case to this Court in Case No. A18A1093; however, given that the

case then presented a novel constitutional question, the case was transferred to the

Supreme Court where it was docketed as Case No. S19A0272. While the State’s

appeal was pending before the Supreme Court, the Elliott case was decided. 305 Ga.

179. In Elliott, the Supreme Court acknowledged its prior holding in the Olevik case,

which relied on Paragraph XVI of the Bill of Rights of the Georgia Constitution

(“Paragraph XVI”), to find that “the Georgia Constitution’s right against compelled

self-incrimination prevents the State from forcing someone to submit to a chemical

breath test.” (Emphasis supplied.) 305 Ga. at 180. In light of the recognition of the

constitutional right to refuse State-administered breath tests, the Supreme Court next

had to answer the question of whether exercise of this constitutional right could be

admitted as evidence against a defendant. The Supreme Court answered that question

in the negative, holding “that Paragraph XVI precludes admission of evidence that

a suspect refused to consent to a breath test.” (Footnote omitted.) Id. at 223.

      With regard to the admissibility of refusal to consent to a blood test, however,

the Olevik opinion stated:



                                          9
      In Strong [v. State, 231 Ga. 514 (202 SE2d 428) (1973)], we considered
      a defendant’s challenge to the police’s withdrawal of a blood sample
      from the defendant while he was unconscious on two grounds: (1)
      unreasonable search and seizure and (2) violation of the right against
      compelled self-incrimination. As to the first ground, we concluded that
      the warrantless search was proper as a search incident to an arrest, and
      even if the defendant was not under arrest, the “evanescent nature of
      alcohol in the blood” supported the extraction. Strong, 231 Ga. at 518,
      202 SE2d 428. As to the second ground, we concluded that extracting
      blood did not cause the defendant to be a witness against himself under
      the Fifth Amendment and “similar provisions of Georgia law,”
      approvingly citing cases to the effect that the removal of evidence from
      a defendant’s body does not implicate his right against compelled
      self-incrimination. Id. at 519, 202 SE2d 428. The holding as to the first
      ground is not good law, as these more recent decisions have explained.
      Nothing we say here should be understood as casting any doubt on
      Strong’s self-incrimination holding.


Olevik, 302 Ga. at 233 (2) (a), n. 2. This fact was later emphasized in a special

concurrence in Elliott authored by Justice Boggs, joined by Justices Blackwell and

Bethel, which highlighted that the holdings of Olevik and Elliott are limited to

chemical tests of a driver’s breath, not tests of a driver’s blood. 305 Ga. at 224

(Boggs, J., concurring).




                                         10
       Following its decision in Elliott, and after additional briefing by the parties

concerning the effect of Elliot, the Supreme Court transferred this case back to this

Court for decision, stating

       One of the issues raised in this appeal invoked this Court’s
       constitutional question jurisdiction. However, since the case was
       docketed, this Court has issued controlling precedent on that issue. See
       Elliott v. State, [305 Ga. 179 (824 SE2d 265) (2019)]. The remaining
       issues being evidentiary in nature, [the Supreme] Court is without
       jurisdiction. See Phillips v. State, 229 Ga. 313 (191 SE2d 61) (1972).
       This case is therefore transferred to the Court of Appeals. (Emphasis
       supplied.)


       “[T]he Supreme Court’s determination in its transfer order is final and

binding.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Vaughn v. State, 352 Ga. App. 32, 37

(2) (833 SE2d 723) (2019); see also Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VI, Par. II

(“The Supreme Court shall be a court of review and shall exercise exclusive appellate

jurisdiction in the following cases: (1) All cases involving the construction of . . . the

Constitution of the State of Georgia or of the United States and all cases in which the

constitutionality of a law, ordinance, or constitutional provision has been drawn in

question. . . .”).




                                           11
      With jurisdiction now having been vested with this Court, we look to the trial

court proceedings, as well as the language of OCGA § 24-4-417, to analyze the

State’s enumeration of error. A review of the trial court’s order makes clear that it

ruled inadmissible not just evidence of Johnson’s refusals to submit to State-

administered breath testing, but also his refusal to submit to blood testing and

evidence of the mere existence of the prior 2010 DUI arrest. The trial court did so

solely on the basis that Johnson had a constitutional right to refuse such testing which

could not subsequently be used against him as evidence. This analysis is only

partially accurate and it is incomplete. Implicit in the trial court’s order is a finding

that Olevik prohibits introduction of a prior DUI arrest or other circumstances of the

arrest which are unrelated to the refusal of State-administered breath testing. Also

implicit in the trial court’s order is a finding that both the Georgia and United States

Constitutions make evidence of refusal to submit to a blood test inadmissible. This

is not an accurate statement of either Georgia or federal constitutional law, and we

will address these issues in turn.

             a. Evidence of Existence of the DUI Arrest and Attendant Circumstances

      In light of its determination that all evidence of the prior 2010 DUI arrest was

constitutionally inadmissible, the trial court did not address whether evidence of the

                                           12
existence of the arrest and other attendant circumstances, excluding the evidence

rendered inadmissible by Elliott, may be introduced at the trial of this case pursuant

to OCGA § 24-4-417. Although the State sought admission of the evidence pursuant

to OCGA § 24-4-417 for the impermissible purpose of inviting the jury to draw

inferences about Johnson’s guilt as a result of his refusal to consent to breath testing,

it also sought admission under that statute to demonstrate Johnson’s “knowledge,

plan, and absence of mistake or accident because based on prior occasions on which

[Johnson] had driven under the influence, [Johnson] had an awareness that his

ingestion of an intoxicant impaired his ability to drive safely.” Nothing in Elliott

forecloses or even addresses admission of the existence of a prior DUI arrest on this

basis.

               b. Evidence of the Refusal to Consent to a Blood Test

         To analyze the propriety of the trial court’s ruling that evidence of Johnson’s

refusal to submit to a blood test is inadmissible, this Court must examine United

States Supreme Court precedent as well as the scope of the holdings of Olevik and

Elliott.

         As for the United States Constitution, the trial court erred in relying on the

Fourth Amendment to find the evidence inadmissible. The Fourth Amendment

                                           13
protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and the United States Supreme

Court has recently held that the government cannot compel a warrantless blood test

as a search incident to arrest given the privacy interests at stake with the intrusion into

the body caused by a blood test. Birchfield v. North Dakota, 579 U. S. ___ (V) (C)

(3) (136 SCt 2160, 2165, 195 LE2d 560) (2016) (“Because breath tests are

significantly less intrusive than blood tests and in most cases amply serve law

enforcement interests . . . a breath test, but not a blood test, may be administered as

a search incident to a lawful arrest for drunk driving . . . [A] warrant is not needed in

this situation.”). This has no bearing on whether the United States Constitution

permits a lawful refusal to submit to blood testing to be subsequently admitted at

trial.5 In fact, the United States Supreme Court has found such evidence not to

implicate the Fifth Amendment’s right against self-incrimination. South Dakota v.

Neville, 459 U. S. 553, 564 (II) (103 SCt 916, 74 LE2d 748) (1983) (“We hold,

therefore, that a refusal to take a blood-alcohol test, after a police officer has lawfully

requested it, is not an act coerced by the officer, and thus is not protected by the



       5
       Indeed, Birchfield acknowledged that many jurisdictions permit introduction
of evidence of refusal of a blood test into evidence at trial, and did not note any
problem with such practice. 136 SCt at 2179 (V) (C) (1).

                                            14
privilege against self-incrimination.”). Accordingly, the United States Constitution

provides no basis for excluding the evidence.

      As for the Georgia Constitution, we start by reviewing Olevik, in which the

Georgia Supreme Court held that “submitting to a breath test implicates a person’s

right against compelled self-incrimination under the Georgia Constitution[.]” 302 Ga.

at 228. This holding is rooted in the Supreme Court’s analysis of Paragraph XVI,

which provides that “No person shall be compelled to give testimony tending in any

manner to be self-incriminating.” Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XVI. After

reviewing the historical meaning of that portion of our State’s Constitution, the

Supreme Court held that the protection against self-incrimination extends to

compelled acts, and that the deep-lung air-breathing required for the State-

administered breath test constitutes a compelled act. Olevik, at 243-244 (2) (c) (iii).

Accordingly, Olevik held that Paragraph XVI prohibits the State from compelling an

individual to submit to the State-administered breath test, because doing so would

violate an individual’s right against self-incrimination. Id.

      After deciding that Paragraph XVI protects an individual from being compelled

to submit to State-administered breath testing, the Supreme Court next had to address

whether evidence of a refusal to consent to such breath testing was admissible. In

                                          15
Elliott, after a historical analysis of the state of the law at the time of the ratification

of the Georgia Constitution in 1877 when Paragraph XVI was first adopted, the

Supreme Court found that Paragraph XVI “prohibited admission of a defendant’s

refusal to speak or act as evidence against him.” 305 Ga. at 218 (IV) (C) (ii).

       The Supreme Court, however, has not treated refusal to consent to blood testing

the same as it has treated refusal to consent to breath testing. As the Supreme Court

specified in Olevik, “Paragraph XVI prohibits compelling a suspect to perform an act

that itself generates incriminating evidence[,] it does not prohibit compelling a

suspect to be present so that another person may perform an act generating such

evidence.” 302 Ga. at 243 (2) (c) (iii). In support of this conclusion, the Supreme

Court cited various actions which were previously held not to violate the protection

against self-incrimination including: removing clothing from a defendant, taking

shoes from a defendant, taking blood-stained clothes from a defendant, pulling boots

off a defendant, requiring a convicted felon to provide a DNA sample, requiring a

defendant to strip to the waist to allow police to photograph tattoos on his body,

taking an impression of a defendant’s teeth, withdrawing blood from an unconscious

defendant, and requiring a defendant to undergo surgery to remove a bullet from his

body. Id. at 242 (2) (c) (iii). The Supreme Court has, therefore, recognized a

                                            16
distinction between submitting to a breath test, which requires the compelled act of

deep-lung breathing, and submitting to a blood test, which merely requires the

defendant’s presence so that another can acquire the evidence from his body. As

Justice Boggs made clear in his concurrence in Elliott, the scope of the Supreme

Court’s holdings in Olevik and Elliott is limited to breath tests and does not apply to

tests of a driver’s blood. 305 Ga. at 224 (Boggs, J., concurring).

      It appears the trial court mistakenly believed Olevik’s holding extended to

blood tests as a result of a quote from a portion of the opinion which discussed

Birchfield, which, as stated above, is a case interpreting the Fourth Amendment to the

United States Constitution. In Olevik, the Supreme Court acknowledged that its prior

case law mistakenly analyzed the circumstances under which the State could compel

warrantless blood testing of a suspect without violating Paragraph XIII of the Bill of

Rights of the Georgia Constitution (“Paragraph XIII”). 302 Ga. at 232-233 (2) (a).

This discussion did not implicate Paragraph XVI’s protection against self-

incrimination, but rather an individual’s right to be free from unreasonable search and

seizure guaranteed by Paragraph XIII. The holdings in Olevik and Elliott are

grounded in Paragraph XVI, and thus the commentary in Olevik concerning a



                                          17
different constitutional protection in a different context is inapposite to a

consideration of the admissibility of Johnson’s refusal to consent to blood testing.

      In summary, Olevik and Elliott make clear that evidence of a defendant’s

invocation of the right against self-incrimination by refusing to consent to a State-

administered breath test is inadmissible. Further, neither the United States nor

Georgia Supreme Courts have found admission of a refusal to consent to blood

testing to implicate the right against self-incrimination. Accordingly, such evidence

is not constitutionally inadmissible. Lastly, Olevik and Elliott concern a defendant’s

constitutional right not to incriminate himself or herself, rather than the constitutional

right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Although DUI cases often

involve questions concerning a defendant’s rights under the Fourth Amendment or

Paragraph XIII, especially concerning the ability of the State to obtain a non-

consensual breath or blood sample, these questions are wholly separate from a

defendant’s constitutional right to avoid self-incrimination.

      As applied to the facts of this case, the trial court properly concluded that

evidence of Johnson’s refusal to submit to a State-administered breath test was

inadmissible, but then improperly failed to analyze whether evidence of the existence

of the arrest and other attendant circumstances were otherwise admissible pursuant

                                           18
to OCGA § 24-4-417.6 Additionally, the trial court incorrectly found that the Georgia

and United States Constitutions preclude admission of Johnson’s refusal to submit

to blood testing. Accordingly, “[b]ecause the trial court failed to perform the legal

analysis required in this context, we vacate [the trial court’s refusal to admit evidence

of the prior DUI pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-417] and remand for a hearing and a

ruling based on a proper analysis and relevant findings.” Sampler v. State, 294 Ga.

App. 174, 174-175 (669 SE2d 195) (2008).7




      6
        In supplemental briefing before the Supreme Court, the parties discussed the
constitutionality of admission of Johnson’s refusal to submit to field sobriety testing.
This argument was not well-developed below nor was it enumerated as error on
appeal and we will not consider it. Campbell v. State, 253 Ga. App. 325, 326 (3) (558
SE2d 857) (2002) (“This attempt to raise a new issue in the supplemental brief
provides nothing for us to review. Attempts in a supplemental brief to expand the
issues beyond the scope of the enumeration of errors are improper.”) (citation and
punctuation omitted). Accordingly, nothing herein speaks to the admissibility of such
evidence.
      7
         In supplemental briefs filed with the Supreme Court prior to return of the case
to this Court, the State advanced an argument, for the first time, that evidence of the
manner in which Johnson interacted with the officers involved in his arrests,
including refusing testing, may constitute admissible intrinsic evidence. This
argument was not advanced below nor was it enumerated as error and we do not
consider it. Campbell, 253 Ga. App. at 326 (3).


                                           19
        2. The State next contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying

its motion to offer evidence of the prior DUI arrest pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-404.

We agree.

        OCGA § 24-4-417 is not “the exclusive means to admit or consider evidence

described in [that] Code section.” OCGA § 24-4-417 (c). The State may also seek to

introduce evidence pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-404 (b), which provides in relevant

part:

        Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts shall not be admissible to
        prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
        therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, including,
        but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
        knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.


As our Supreme Court has explained,

        Even relevant evidence offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404 (b)
        may be excluded under OCGA § 24-4-403 (“Rule 403”), however, if its
        probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
        prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by
        considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation
        of cumulative evidence. . . . Under [the relevant test], in order to be
        admissible, the State must make a showing that: (1) evidence of
        extrinsic, or other, acts is relevant to an issue other than a defendant’s
        character . . . ; (2) the probative value of the other acts evidence is not

                                            20
      substantially outweighed by its unfair prejudice, i.e., the evidence must
      satisfy the requirements of Rule 403; and (3) there is sufficient proof so
      that the jury could find that the defendant committed the act in question.


(Citations and punctuation omitted.) State v. Jones, 297 Ga. at 158-159 (1).

      Although the trial court also excluded evidence of Johnson’s prior DUI arrest

pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-404, it is clear that it did so solely based on the incorrect

basis that admission of the evidence was unconstitutional without considering the

applicability of Rule 404 or conducting the above test. “While the abuse-of-discretion

standard presupposes a range of possible conclusions that can be reached by a trial

court with regard to a particular evidentiary issue, it does not permit a clear error of

judgment or the application of the wrong legal standard.” (Citations and punctuation

omitted.) State v. Dowdell, 335 Ga. App. 773 (783 SE2d 138) (2016). Accordingly,

we vacate the trial court’s refusal to admit the evidence pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-

404 and remand the case to the trial court for reconsideration.8


      8
        Johnson contends that the State abandoned its attempt to admit the evidence
pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-404. We disagree. The State filed a notice of intent to
introduce the prior DUI arrest pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-404, but at the hearing
before the trial court, the prosecutor stated “I filed a motion to introduce other acts
under OCGA 24-417 (sic) and 24-4 -- 403. I’m going to reserve under the 4-403 at
this time and go forward under the [417] motion.” While the State relinquished its
opportunity to orally argue its notice pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-404 at the prior

                                          21
      Judgment vacated and case remanded. Dillard, P. J., and Gobeil, J., concur.




hearing, nothing about this statement implies an intent to abandon or withdraw the
argument. Indeed, the trial court included a ruling under OCGA § 24-4-404 in its
order.

                                       22
