

   
   
   
   U.S. v. Cardreon



IN THE CASE OF
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Michael CARDREON, Torpedomans Mate Third Class
U.S. Navy, Appellant
 
No. 98-1118
Crim. App. No. 97-0015
 
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces
Argued October 26, 1999
Decided December 9, 1999
GIERKE, J., delivered the opinion of the
Court, in which CRAWFORD, C.J., SULLIVAN and EFFRON, JJ., and COX, S.J.,
joined.

Counsel
For Appellant: Lieutenant Junior Grade M.
E. Eversole, JAGC, USNR (argued); Lieutenant Commander L. J. Lofton,
JAGC, USN.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Russell J. E. Verby,
JAGC, USNR (argued); Colonel Kevin M. Sandkuhler, USMC, Commander
Eugene E. Irvin, JAGC, USN, and Lieutenant James E. Grimes,
JAGC, USNR (on brief).
Military Judge: Peter J. Straub
 


THIS OPINION IS SUBJECT
TO EDITORIAL CORRECTION BEFORE PUBLICATION.


Judge GIERKE delivered the opinion of the Court.
A general court-martial composed of officer
and enlisted members convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of rape,
forcible sodomy, unlawful entry, and adultery, in violation of Articles
120, 125, and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC §§
920, 925, and 934, respectively. The adjudged and approved sentence provides
for a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 10 years, total forfeitures,
and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The Court of Criminal Appeals
set aside the conviction of adultery as multiplicious with the rape conviction,
affirmed the remaining findings of guilty, reduced the confinement to 5
years, and otherwise affirmed the sentence.
This Court granted review of the following
issue:

WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED TO THE SUBSTANTIAL
PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY ADMITTING A STATEMENT MADE BY THE VICTIM AFTER
A MOTIVE TO FABRICATE AROSE, AS A PRIOR CONSISTENT STATEMENT, AND THEN
INSTRUCTING THE MEMBERS THAT THEY COULD CONSIDER SUCH TESTIMONY [SIC] AS
EVIDENCE FOR THE TRUTH OF THE MATTER ASSERTED THEREIN.

For the following reasons, we affirm the decision
of the court below.

Factual Background
The granted issue pertains to evidence that,
during the early morning of December 22, 1995, Torpedomans Mate Second
Class (TM2) K told Gunners Mate (Missiles) Seaman (GMMSN) Smith that appellant
had raped her. After appellant had entered pleas of not guilty to all charges
and specifications and several pretrial motions had been litigated, the
defense made the following oral motion in limine pertaining to opening
statements:

I believe that [GMMSN] Smith will be testifying
to matters which would encompass hearsay. They may be admissible as a prior
consistent statement once there is a question about whether or not the
complainant, in this case, has made any prior inconsistent statements;
but, at this juncture of the proceedings without the defense even putting
into evidence at all anything related to its case, it would be our position
that anything [GMMSN] Smith might have to say about what [TM2 K] said would
be hearsay at this point. It may become admissible later on in the trial,
but for purposes of opening statement, there would be no basis upon which
prosecution can state what [GMMSN] Smith said with respect to what [TM2
K] said.
I have no problem with the prosecution indicating
that she called [GMMSN] Smith, that he went to her room immediately thereafter,
or words to that effect. So long as the content of the conversations were
not provided, because that would clearly be hearsay.

Trial counsel responded to the defense motion
in
limine as follows:

Sir, we do anticipate commenting on what
the victim told [GMMSN] Smith that night. We believe that it is admissible
hearsay at trial as it -- well get into that at trial, if the objection
is raised, but, this -- we understand the standard is that the Government
has a right during its opening statement to talk about evidence which [it]
has a good faith basis to believe is going to be produced at trial and
will be admissible at trial. Weve got a good faith basis to believe it
will be produced at trial and will be admissible at trial.

The military judge denied the motion in limine,
telling the trial counsel, "Ill allow you to go into that in your opening
statement."
During the prosecution case-in-chief, TM2 K
testified that appellant and another sailor came to her barracks room between
8:00 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. on December 21, 1995. They had been drinking and
wanted to "party." GMMSN Smith was with TM2 K in her room when they arrived.
TM2 K testified that on December 21, GMMSN
Smith was her "best friend." She also testified that they later became
romantically involved and on Valentines Day, February 14, 1996, they became
engaged to be married.
When appellant came to TM2 Ks room, he was
drunk. He began "hitting" on her, telling her that he wanted to touch her
and trying to touch her. She told him to stop.
Appellant and GMMSN Smith left TM2 Ks room
at between 10:00 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. Curfew was at 10:00 p.m. Appellant
returned a few minutes later, and he told TM2 K that he did not want to
drive because he had been drinking. TM2 K offered to let him sleep on the
floor in her room. Appellant again said he wanted to touch her, and she
again refused.
TM2 K testified that she did not want to be
involved with appellant because he was married and because she was involved
with appellants friend, TM3 Hausmann. She testified that she "liked" Hausmann,
but that on the evening of December 21, he was "mad" at her and she did
not know why.
Appellant suggested that they talk to Hausmann.
They went to his room and awakened him, and TM2 K asked him why he was
angry. He replied that they would discuss it later. TM2 K returned to her
room, but appellant remained with Hausmann.
Appellant returned to TM2 Ks room and offered
to tell her what Hausmann had said. She let him into the room, and he again
began talking about touching her. At that point, GMMSN Smith called and
asked if appellant was still in the room. He told TM2 K to "kick him out
or he was going to call security." According to TM2 K, appellant left but
said he would return in 20 minutes and that TM2 K had "better open the
door." TM2 K locked the door and went to bed.
TM2 K testified that she was awakened by appellant
"nudging" her and calling her name. She told him to leave, and he refused.
He pulled back the sheets, pulled down her shorts, forcibly sodomized her,
and raped her. She testified that she was crying and begging him to stop.
She did not scream because she was frightened. She testified that she did
not physically resist him with greater force because she had been molested
when she was 8 years old, and appellants forcible assault made her feel
"like a little girl."
As soon as appellant left her room, TM2 K called
GMMSN Smith. Smith came to her room immediately, and she told him that
appellant had raped her. She testified that she did not report the rape
to anyone in authority because she knew appellant was married and his wife
would be upset and his children hurt. She also testified that she did not
think that anyone would believe her. The defense did not object to any
of TM2 Ks testimony about her conversation with GMMSN Smith.
On cross-examination, the defense questioned
TM2 K about allowing appellant to stay in her room for several hours and
her willingness to allow appellant to spend the night on the floor of her
room in spite of his intoxication and sexually aggressive behavior. She
was questioned about appellants ability to reenter her room after she
locked the door and went to bed. Defense counsel questioned her about her
relationship with GMMSN Smith and asked her whether GMMSN Smith was jealous
or merely protective when he told her to kick appellant out of her room.
She was questioned about her relationship with Hausmann. Finally, she was
questioned about prior inconsistent statements and her failure to report
the incident until February 29, after she and GMMSN Smith were engaged
to be married.
GMMSN Smith testified that he and TM2 K were
"good friends" on December 21, 1995. He testified that, during the early
morning hours of December 22, she called him and asked him to come to her
room. When he arrived, she was crying and shaking. She told him that appellant
had raped her. The defense did not object to any of GMMSN Smiths testimony.
Appellants version of the events was consistent
with TM2 Ks version, up to the point where GMMSN Smith told TM2 K to "kick
him out" of the room. Appellant testified that at that point, TM2 K asked
him to leave the room but to return in 10-15 minutes. Appellant testified
that he returned, was invited into the room, and that he and TM2 K then
engaged in consensual oral sodomy and intercourse.

Discussion
Appellant asserts that the military judge committed
plain error by admitting TM2 Ks testimony and GMMSN Smiths testimony
about her statement that appellant raped her. Appellant argues that the
evidence does not qualify as a prior consistent statement under Mil. R.
Evid. 801(d)(1)(B), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (1995 ed.),
because it was made after TM2 K had a motive to fabricate.
The Government asserts that appellant failed
to preserve the issue by lodging a timely objection, and that admitting
the testimony was not plain error. The Government argues that, because
there was no objection, the analysis should not be confined to Mil. R.
Evid. 801(d)(1)(B), but instead all theories of admissibility should be
considered on appeal.
Mil. R. Evid. 103(a)(1) requires a timely objection
to preserve an evidentiary issue for appellate review, unless the evidentiary
ruling rises to the level of plain error. A motion in limine is
not always sufficient to preserve an issue for appellate review absent
further objection. In United States v. Dollente, 45 MJ 234, 240
(1996), this Court adopted the three-part test fashioned by the 10th
Circuit in United States v. Mejia-Alarcon, 995 F.2d 982, 986-87
(1993), for determining when a motion in limine is sufficient to
preserve an issue:

First we ask whether the matter was adequately
presented to the district court . . . . Second we determine whether the
issue is of the type that can be finally decided in a pretrial hearing
. . . . [Finally] the district courts ruling must be definitive.

Applying this test, we hold that defense counsels
motion in limine did not preserve the issue. It did not satisfy
the first prong, because it did not adequately present the issue to the
military judge. In his motion, defense counsel conceded that the evidence
"may become admissible later on in the trial," and he limited the scope
of his objection to the opening statement. It also did not satisfy the
third prong, because the military judge made no "definitive" ruling on
admissibility; he merely ruled that trial counsel could mention the evidence
in his opening statement. See United States v. Bledsoe, 26
MJ 97, 102 (CMA 1988) (objection to opening statement not sufficient to
preserve objection to evidence).
Because the issue was not preserved, we review
for plain error. Appellant has the burden of persuading this Court that
(1) there was an error; (2) that it was plain or obvious; and (3) that
the error materially prejudiced a substantial right. United States v.
Carpenter, 51 MJ 393, 396 (1999), citing United States v. Powell,
49 MJ 460, 464-65 (1998); United States v. Reist, 50 MJ 108, 110
(1999).
Appellants argument focuses on the admissibility
of TM2 Ks statement to GMMSN Smith as a prior consistent statement under
Mil. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(B). Appellant asserts two possible motives for
TM2 K to fabricate her rape complaint: (1) to preserve her romantic relationship
with TM3 Hausmann, and (2) to preserve her relationship with GMMSN Smith.
Defense counsel suggested during his cross-examination of TM2 K that her
friendship with GMMSN Smith had blossomed into a romantic relationship
at the time of the alleged rape. However, the record is not fully developed
regarding TM2 Ks relationships with either Hausmann or Smith, because
the defense did not make a timely objection to the evidence. See United
States v. Allison, 49 MJ 54, 57 (1998) (where multiple motives to fabricate
are asserted, statement must precede only the one it is offered to rebut);
see also United States v. Johnson, 35 MJ 17, 21 (CMA 1992)
(purpose of objection is to allow parties and judge to address admissibility
of evidence).
The record suggests that the evidence might
have been admissible as present sense impression or an excited utterance
under Mil. R. Evid. 803(1) or 803(2), but again the record was not fully
developed because of the absence of a timely objection. See United
States v. Chandler, 39 MJ 119, 123-24 (CMA 1994) (statement not qualifying
as prior consistent statement may be admissible as excited utterance).
We conclude that appellant has not carried
his burden of showing an error, much less a plain or obvious error.

Decision
The decision of the United States Navy-Marine
Corps Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.

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