                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Beales and Malveaux
              Argued at Richmond, Virginia
UNPUBLISHED




              MAILE L. COLLIER
                                                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1194-18-2                             CHIEF JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
                                                                                  MAY 28, 2019
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PETERSBURG
                                         James F. D’Alton, Jr., Judge Designate

                               Steven P. Hanna for appellant.

                               John I. Jones, IV, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Maile L. Collier appeals her conviction for obtaining less than $200 in cash by false

              pretenses, in violation of Code § 18.2-178. On appeal, she contends that the evidence was

              insufficient to support her conviction. We hold that the appellant’s single assignment of error is

              procedurally defaulted under Rule 5A:20(e). Consequently, we affirm the conviction without

              addressing the assignment of error on the merits.

                                                      I. BACKGROUND1

                     The appellant was charged with two counts of uttering forged checks, related to her

              deposit into her account at SunTrust Bank of two checks drawn on the account of a Frank




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                       When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, this Court
              “views the evidence, and all inferences reasonably drawn from it, in the light most favorable to
              the Commonwealth,” the party who prevailed in the trial court. Reid v. Commonwealth, 65
              Va. App. 745, 753 (2016) (quoting Muhammad v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 451, 536 (2005)).
Rodrigues, Jr. She was also charged with obtaining money of less than $200 by false pretenses,

based on withdrawing $100 from her SunTrust account.

       The evidence at trial pertained to a series of financial transactions in which the appellant

engaged with SunTrust between May 7 and June 1, 2015. That evidence proved that the

appellant opened her SunTrust account on May 7 with a small initial deposit. By May 19, she

had overdrawn that account by $62.

       On May 20, the appellant deposited a check for $3,000 into her account. Two days later,

on May 22, she deposited a second check in the amount of $3,200. Both checks were drawn on

the account of Frank J. Rodrigues, Jr., at a bank in Hawaii. SunTrust received notice on May 27

and 28 that neither check was honored when presented to the Hawaiian bank for payment.

SunTrust provided the appellant with copies of the rejected checks and immediately removed the

funds from her account.

       In addition to the Rodrigues checks, the appellant deposited a third check, written for

$5,000, on May 24. That check was drawn on the Citibank account of Andrea Y. Jackson. The

Jackson check was also returned without payment. That return and the corresponding debit of

the appellant’s account occurred on May 28.

       During roughly the same time period, between May 21 and 26, the appellant made three

cash deposits totaling $110. She also made a series of withdrawals. Between May 22 and 26,

before the three large checks were dishonored, the appellant withdrew approximately $2,100

from her SunTrust account, including a telephone transfer of $1,500 to another SunTrust

account. On May 28, one day after the first Rodrigues check was dishonored and on the same

day as the dishonoring of the other two checks, the appellant made a cash withdrawal of $2,900

at a SunTrust branch different than the one she had routinely used previously.




                                               -2-
       SunTrust closed the appellant’s account on June 1 because it was overdrawn by more

than $5,000.

       The Rodrigues checks and the records for the appellant’s SunTrust account were admitted

into evidence through Deborah Lagory, a security investigator and records custodian for the

bank. However, the trial court sustained the appellant’s hearsay objection to Lagory’s proffered

testimony regarding why the Hawaiian bank dishonored the Rodrigues checks. At the

prosecutor’s request, the judge compared the handwriting on the two Rodrigues checks and

found that the signatures were “not the same.”

       Detective Thomas Ewers of the Petersburg Bureau of Police was permitted to provide

limited testimony about Rodrigues. Ewers explained that he had been unsuccessful in his efforts

to contact the man during his investigation. The detective testified that he obtained information

that Rodrigues may have died by the time of the police investigation, but he did not know the

date of that death.

       At the close of the Commonwealth’s evidence, the appellant moved to strike the two

uttering charges, arguing in part that the evidence was insufficient due to the lack of evidence

concerning why the checks were not honored. The trial judge granted the motion, noting that

while the signatures on the two Rodrigues checks were not the same, no evidence “indicate[d]

what [Rodrigues’] real signature look[ed] like.”

       Following the trial court’s ruling on the motion to strike the uttering charges, the

appellant presented no evidence. She “argu[ed] . . . reasonable doubt” regarding the false

pretenses charge. The appellant contended that in the absence of evidence regarding why the

Rodrigues checks were not honored on May 27 and 28, the Commonwealth could not prove that

she had the intent to defraud when she withdrew $100 on May 22. The trial court ruled that the

circumstantial evidence was sufficient to prove the challenged element of intent to defraud.

                                                 -3-
Accordingly, it convicted the appellant of obtaining money by false pretenses and sentenced her

to twelve months in jail.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

        The appellant argues that the “trial court erred in finding the evidence sufficient” to support

her conviction for obtaining money by false pretenses “given its . . . ruling that the [reason] why the

[Rodrigues] checks were not honored was inadmissible hearsay.” The Commonwealth responds

that the appellant’s conviction should be affirmed because her brief fails to comply with the

requirements of Rule 5A:20(e) and, additionally, the circumstantial evidence supports the trial

court’s finding that she acted with the requisite intent to defraud.2

        Rule 5A:20(e) requires that an appellant’s opening brief must contain “[t]he standard of

review and the argument (including principles of law and authorities) relating to each assignment of

error.” It is the burden of the appellant, not the appellate court, to research the legal issues and

provide argument in support of reversal. See Jones v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 730, 734

(2008), aff’d in part, vacated in part on other grounds, 279 Va. 52 (2010). Thus, pursuant to the

rule, “[u]nsupported assertions of error ‘“do not merit appellate consideration.”’” Bartley v.

Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 740, 744 (2017) (quoting Jones, 51 Va. App. at 734). Further, “‘when

a party’s “failure to strictly adhere to the requirements of Rule 5A:20(e)” is significant,’ this Court

may treat the [assignment of error] as waived.” Id. (quoting Parks v. Parks, 52 Va. App. 663, 664

(2008) (quoting Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 520 (2008))). “To ignore [the] rule by

addressing the case on the merits” under such circumstances would improperly “require this [C]ourt

to be an advocate for, as well as the judge of the correctness of, [the appellant’s] position on the

issues he [or she] raises.” Jones, 51 Va. App. at 734-35 (quoting People v. Trimble, 537 N.E.2d


        2
        The appellant did not exercise her option to file a reply brief, as permitted by Rule
5A:19(c)(3), in response to the Commonwealth’s argument asserting a procedural bar under Rule
5A:20(e).
                                              -4-
363, 364 (Ill. App. Ct. 1989)). Virginia’s “criminal case law is replete with instances [in which]

counsel’s failure to comply with Rule 5A:20(e) deprived the appellant of the opportunity to have the

issue decided on the merits.” Bartley, 67 Va. App. at 746 n.4 (citing cases).

        In the appellant’s case, her sole assignment of error challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence to prove her guilt for “obtaining money by false pretense given [the trial court’s] earlier

ruling that the basis of why the checks were not honored was inadmissible hearsay.” The

assignment of error does not challenge the exclusion of the evidence regarding why the checks were

not honored, a ruling that the trial court made in the appellant’s favor. The trial court sustained the

appellant’s objection to Lagory’s proffered testimony concerning why the checks were not honored.

Further, no evidence in the record indicates that the trial court, after making that ruling, improperly

considered the reason the checks were not honored as any part of the basis for its finding of guilt.

See Smith v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 178, 184 (2010) (noting that “[a] judge . . . is uniquely suited

by training, experience and judicial discipline . . . to separate, during the mental process of

adjudication, the admissible from the inadmissible, even though he has heard both” (first alteration

in original) (quoting Eckhart v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 213, 216 (1981))); Yarborough v.

Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 978 (1977) (recognizing that a trial judge is presumed to know and

properly apply the law “[a]bsent clear evidence to the contrary in the record”), cited with approval

in Angel v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 248, 269 (2011).

        The appellant’s brief, however, sets out only the standard of review for the admissibility of

the evidence that was actually excluded, a ruling not challenged by the assignment of error. The

brief directly cites a single case, Jones v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 231 (2002), which addresses

only the admissibility of business records over hearsay and undue prejudice objections. The brief

specifically references the inapposite case for the standard of review. It does not set out the

standard of review for analyzing the sufficiency of the evidence, the only aspect of the trial court’s

                                                  -5-
ruling actually challenged by the assignment of error. It also provides no framework for the

analysis of circumstantial evidence to prove an offense.

        Additionally, the argument section of the brief does not contain any legal authorities. It does

not cite the statute defining the crime of false pretenses or any case law listing the elements of the

challenged offense.3 Further, the argument section provides no authority in support of its critical

assertion that absent any evidence that the appellant knew “why the checks from Hawaii were no[t]

honored” and knew it before she withdrew the funds at issue from her account, there was “not any

other competent evidence [of intent], circumstantial or direct, which was sufficient to convict” her.

Finally, she provides no additional explanation for why the exclusion of evidence regarding the

basis for the dishonoring of the checks was fatal to the sufficiency of the evidence to support her

conviction for obtaining money by false pretenses.4

        Settled principles provide that “[i]t is not the role of the courts, trial or appellate, to research

or construct a litigant’s case or arguments for him or her.” Bartley, 67 Va. App. at 746 (alteration in

original) (quoting Sneed v. Bd. of Prof’l Resp., 301 S.W.3d 603, 615 (Tenn. 2010)). “If [a] part[y]

believe[s] that the circuit court erred, it [is that party’s] duty to present that error to [the appellate

court] with legal authority to support the[] contention.” Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 851

(2008). “[W]here a party fails to develop an argument in support of his or her contention or merely

constructs a skeletal argument, the issue is waived.” Bartley, 67 Va. App. at 746 (quoting Sneed,

301 S.W.3d at 615).



        3
            The brief cites the statute only in noting the crime of which the appellant was convicted.
        4
         The Commonwealth, on brief, cited numerous Virginia cases addressing the elements of
the offense. It also addressed the specific pieces of circumstantial evidence with which it
suggested that it had proved those elements. The Commonwealth relied in part on the
evidentiary value of the appellant’s deposit of three large worthless checks over a period of about
a week. The appellant “did not challenge the Commonwealth’s . . . authority in a reply brief nor
did [s]he [specifically] address it at oral argument.” See Bartley, 67 Va. App. at 745 n.2.
                                                 -6-
        Applying these established principles to the facts of this case, we conclude that the

deficiencies in the appellant’s brief are significant and, as such, require treating her single

assignment of error as waived. See, e.g., Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 349, 353-55

(2012). Consequently, we affirm the appellant’s conviction without addressing the merits of the

assignment of error.5

                                          III. CONCLUSION

        For these reasons, we hold that the demonstrated deficiencies in the appellant’s brief are

significant. Thus, we apply Rule 5A:20(e) to conclude that her single assignment of error is waived,

and we affirm her conviction without considering the claim of error on the merits.

                                                                                                  Affirmed.




        5
         We adhere in our ruling to principles of “judicial restraint dictat[ing] that we decide
cases ‘“on the best and narrowest grounds available.”’” Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194,
196 (2015) (quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 620, 626 n.4 (2010)); see Geouge v.
Traylor, 68 Va. App. 343, 377 (2017).
                                               -7-
