                 Filed 5/7/20 by Clerk of Supreme Court

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT
                  STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

                                  2020 ND 90

State of North Dakota, by and through
Workforce Safety and Insurance,                                  Appellant
      v.
Isai Avila,                                                       Appellee
      and
SM Fencing & Energy Services, Inc.,                            Respondent



                                No. 20190386

Appeal from the District Court of Dunn County, Southwest Judicial District,
the Honorable James D. Gion, Judge.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Opinion of the Court by Crothers, Justice.

Jacqueline S. Anderson, Special Assistant Attorney General, Fargo, ND, for
appellant.

Dean J. Haas, Bismarck, ND, for appellee.
                                 WSI v. Avila
                                 No. 20190386

Crothers, Justice.

[¶1] Workforce Safety & Insurance (WSI) appeals from a district court
judgment affirming the administrative law judge’s (ALJ) order concluding Isai
Avila was entitled to both the scheduled permanent partial impairment award
for vision loss and whole body permanent partial impairment award for
additional injuries to his cervical spine, facial bone, acoustic nerve, and brain.
We reverse and remand.

                                        I

[¶2] On February 11, 2015, Avila fell on ice carrying a railroad tie while
employed by SM Fencing & Energy Services, Inc., and sustained injuries. He
submitted a claim for benefits with WSI. WSI accepted liability for the claim
and awarded benefits. In January 2017, the claim was audited by WSI relating
to a permanent impairment award for vision loss. WSI issued a notice of
decision awarding $34,000 for a scheduled permanent impairment injury
under N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11). Avila requested reconsideration of that
award. After reconsideration, WSI issued an order awarding permanent
impairment benefits of $34,000 to Avila. Avila requested a hearing. The
auditor reviewed the claim a second time. During that review Avila underwent
a permanent impairment evaluation. The evaluation determined Avila had
29% whole body permanent partial impairment which included 16% whole
body impairment for vision loss of Avila’s left eye. WSI concluded under
N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11) that Avila was entitled to the greater of either the
scheduled impairment award or the whole body impairment award, but not
both. WSI issued a notice of decision confirming no additional award of
permanent impairment benefits was due. Avila requested reconsideration.
WSI again denied the award of whole body permanent impairment benefits.
Avila requested a hearing.




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[¶3] The sole issue at the administrative hearing was interpretation of the
portion of N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11) stating, “If any of the amputations or
losses set out in this subsection combine with other impairments for the same
work-related injury or condition.” The ALJ concluded N.D.C.C. § 65-05-
12.2(11) applies to the same work-related injury or condition, and not
impairments for the same work-related incident. Since Avila’s loss of vision in
his left eye was the same work-related injury or condition for which Avila
received a 100 permanent impairment multiplier (PIM) scheduled injury
award, the “loss of vision in left eye” component of the 29% whole body
impairment must be subtracted from the award to determine Avila’s additional
permanent impairment benefits. The ALJ concluded the additional injuries
(1% for the cervical spine, 1% for the TMJ and facial bone impairment, 1% for
the acoustic nerve injury and 12% for the traumatic brain injury) are not the
same work-related injury or condition as the vision loss, and N.D.C.C. § 65-05-
12.2(11) is not applicable. Therefore, the ALJ determined Avila was entitled to
both the scheduled impairment award for vision loss and the whole body
impairment award for his additional injuries. WSI appealed to the district
court. The district court affirmed.

[¶4] WSI argues the ALJ’s decision is not in accordance with the law because
the plain language of N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11) requires WSI to award either
the PIM under N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11), or the PIM allowed for the “combined
rating” under the sixth edition of the AMA Guides, whichever is higher. WSI
argues Avila is limited to the 100 PIM under N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11) because
that award is greater than the combined whole body award under N.D.C.C. §
65-05-12.2(10) of 45 PIM derived from the AMA Guides resulting in 29% whole
body impairment. WSI also argues that the ALJ wrongly distinguished
between a work-related injury or condition and work-related incident, and that
the ALJ’s determination the word “incident” must be read into N.D.C.C. § 65-
05-12.2(11) to support WSI’s interpretation is inconsistent with Title 65 and
without support in law.

[¶5] Avila argues the ALJ correctly determined N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11)
entitles him to the scheduled award for loss of vision and the whole body award


                                      2
for additional bodily injuries to his cervical spine, facial bone, acoustic nerve,
and traumatic brain injury. Avila argues N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11) is not
controlling because the statute only refers to impairments for the same “work-
related injury or condition.” He argues he had one work accident but suffered
different injuries, and therefore he should receive additional benefits because
he was not compensated for all of his injuries under the 100 PIM schedule
award.

                                       II

[¶6] Questions of law, including the interpretation of a statute, are fully
reviewable on appeal. State by and through Workforce Safety & Ins. v. Questar
Energy Services, Inc., 2017 ND 241, ¶ 7, 902 N.W.2d 757. “On appeal, we review
the decision of the administrative agency, and not the decision of the district
court.” Midthun v. N.D. Workforce Safety & Ins., 2009 ND 22, ¶ 9, 761 N.W.2d
572. We review the agency’s decision in the same manner as the district court
reviews an administrative agency order. N.D.C.C. § 28-32-49. Courts exercise
only a limited review in appeals from administrative agency decisions under
the Administrative Agencies Practice Act, N.D.C.C. ch. 28-32. Bergum v. N.D.
Workforce Safety & Ins., 2009 ND 52, ¶ 8, 764 N.W.2d 178 (citing Olson v.
Workforce Safety & Ins., 2008 ND 59, ¶ 8, 747 N.W.2d 71). “Deference is not
given to an independent ALJ’s legal conclusions.” Mickelson v. WSI, 2012 ND
164, ¶ 8, 820 N.W.2d 333; see also WSI v. Auck, 2010 ND 126, ¶ 9, 785 N.W.2d
186 (“deference to the ALJ’s legal conclusions, however, is not justified”).
Section 28-32-46, N.D.C.C., sets forth several factors, any of which must be
present to warrant the reversal of an administrative law judge’s final order. In
the present case the question is statutory interpretation. Therefore, we will
affirm the decision of the ALJ unless the order is not in accordance with the
law. N.D.C.C. § 28-32-46(1).

[¶7] The goal of statutory construction is well established:

      “Our primary goal in statutory construction is to ascertain the
      intent of the Legislature. In ascertaining the Legislature’s intent,
      we first look to the plain language of the statute and give each


                                        3
      word of the statute its ordinary meaning. We construe the statute
      as a whole and give effect to each of its provisions if possible. If the
      language of the statute is clear and unambiguous when read as a
      whole, we cannot ignore that language under the pretext of
      pursuing its spirit because the legislative intent is presumed clear
      from the face of the statute. If, however, the statute is ambiguous
      or if adherence to the strict letter of the statute would lead to an
      absurd or ludicrous result, a court may resort to extrinsic aids,
      such as legislative history, to interpret the statute. A statute is
      ambiguous if it is susceptible to meanings that are different, but
      rational.”

Shiek v. N.D. Workers Comp. Bureau, 2002 ND 85, ¶ 12, 643 N.W.2d 721
(internal citations omitted).

[¶8] For WSI, N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(5) resolves issues of practice and
interpretation by incorporating the sixth edition of the American Medical
Association’s “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.”

[¶9] At issue here is N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2, stating:

      “A permanent impairment is not intended to be a periodic payment
      and is not intended to reimburse the employee for specific expenses
      related to the injury or wage loss. If a compensable injury causes
      permanent impairment, the organization shall determine a
      permanent impairment award on the following terms:
      ....
      11. . . . If an evaluation for the loss of an eye or for an amputation
      results in an award that is less than the permanent impairment
      multiplier identified in the following schedule, the organization
      shall pay an award equal to the permanent impairment multiplier
      set out in the following schedule:
      ....
      For loss of:                            Permanent impairment
                                              Multiplier of:
      An eye                                  150

      Vision of an eye which equals or
      exceeds 20/200 corrected               100


                                         4
      ....
      If any of the amputations or losses set out in this subsection
      combine with other impairments for the same work-related injury
      or condition, the organization shall issue an impairment award
      based on the greater of the permanent impairment multiplier
      allowed for the combined rating established under the sixth edition
      of the American Medical Association’s ‘Guides to the Evaluation of
      Permanent Impairment’ or the permanent impairment multiplier
      set forth in this subsection.”

(Emphasis added.)

[¶10] Section 65-05-12.2(11), N.D.C.C., is unambiguous when read as a whole.
The language in N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11) referring to the amputation or loss
set out in the subsection combining “other impairments for other conditions for
the same work-related injury,” requires combining all impairments to arrive
at a whole body impairment for the work injury so that a comparison of
impairment awards under N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(10) and N.D.C.C. § 65-05-
12.2(11) can be done. After the comparison, WSI must pay an award based on
the greater of the permanent impairment multipliers.

[¶11] The AMA Guides provide the process for calculating a combined rating.
The combined values chart provide a method for combining two impairment
values by locating the larger of the values on the side of the chart then reading
along the bottom row until the smaller value is located. The combined value is
where the column and row intersect. The process for combining two
impairments is used when three or more impairment values are involved. In
that calculation, the combined value from the two impairments and the third
value are used to locate the combined value of all impairments. The process
can be repeated indefinitely until the whole body impairment percentage is
determined. If impairments from two or more organ systems are combined to
express a whole person impairment, each system first must be expressed as a
whole person impairment percentage.

[¶12] Here, when Avila’s claim initially was reviewed by the auditor, the loss
of vision was the only injury considered. The auditor calculated the loss of

                                       5
vision impairment under the AMA Guides as 16% whole person. Under
N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(10), a 16% whole person impairment equates to a 15
PIM. However, N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11), awards permanent impairment
benefits for certain scheduled injuries. One such scheduled injury is loss of
vision. Section 65-05-12.2(11), N.D.C.C., provides a PIM of 100 for the loss of
vision of an eye. Avila was awarded $34,000 based on the greater of the PIMs
under N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11).

[¶13] The auditor reviewed the claim a second time. During that review, Avila
underwent a permanent impairment evaluation. The evaluation determined
Avila had impairments of multiple organ systems. The assessment determined
Avila’s permanent impairment was 16% loss of vision in the left eye, 12% for
the traumatic brain injury, 1% for the cervical spine, 1% facial bone
impairment, and 1% for acoustic nerve injury. Using the AMA Guides’
combined values table, this equates to a 29% whole person permanent partial
impairment rating. These percentages are not in dispute.

[¶14] The whole body impairment percentage determines the PIM in N.D.C.C.
§ 65-05-12.2(10) for calculation of the impairment award. Under N.D.C.C. § 65-
05-12.2(10), a 29% whole person permanent partial impairment rating equates
to a 45 PIM. Section 65-05-12.2(11), N.D.C.C., provides a PIM of 100 for the
loss of vision of an eye. A 100 PIM is greater than a 45 PIM. Therefore, under
N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11), Avila’s award should be determined based on the
greater PIM.

[¶15] Because Avila had an injury set out in N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11), he was
entitled to the greater of the combined rating for all accepted impairments
under the AMA Guides or the injury schedule. Here, N.D.C.C. § 65-05-12.2(11)
provided the greater PIM. Accordingly, WSI correctly determined Avila’s
award.




                                      6
                                  III

[¶16] The ALJ judgment is not in accordance with the law. We reverse the
district court’s judgment and remand to the ALJ for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.

[¶17] Daniel J. Crothers
      Gerald W. VandeWalle
      Jon J. Jensen, C.J.
      Jerod E. Tufte
      Lisa Fair McEvers




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