
676 F.3d 1203 (2012)
Jennie P. BELTRAN, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Michael J. ASTRUE, Commissioner of Social Security Administration, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 09-56255.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Submitted October 8, 2010.[*]
Filed May 2, 2012.
*1204 Lawrence David Rohlfing, Law Offices of Lawrence D. Rohlfing, Santa Fe Springs, CA, for the plaintiff-appellant.
Jean Marie Turk, Social Security Administration, San Francisco, CA, for the defendant-appellee.
Before: HARRY PREGERSON, D.W. NELSON, and SANDRA S. IKUTA, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge PREGERSON; Dissent by Judge IKUTA.

OPINION
PREGERSON, Circuit Judge:
Jennie Beltran appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment to the Commissioner of Social Security in its review of the Commissioner's denial of benefits. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse.

BACKGROUND
Jennie Beltran is a fifty-six-year-old woman suffering from degenerative joint disease of the left knee and wrist, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, obesity, heel spurs, degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine, status post-surgical correction of a fractured right distal tibia, depression, and alcohol abuse. She filed applications for both Social Security Disability Insurance ("SSDI") benefits and Social Security Income ("SSI") benefits under Titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act on March 29, 2002, and again on November 20, 2002. In her applications, Beltran alleged a disability onset date of June 30, 2000. The Commissioner denied the request initially and upon *1205 reconsideration. Beltran appealed to an administrative law judge ("ALJ") who affirmed the denial of her claim, holding that Beltran did not suffer from a disability as defined under the Social Security Act. Beltran appealed the ALJ's decision, and her case was remanded to the ALJ.
During a second hearing on December 13, 2007, the ALJ concluded that Beltran had met her burden to establish that she could not perform any of her past relevant work due to her physical and mental limitations. The burden then shifted to the agency to show that Beltran would nevertheless be able to perform other work. Thus, the ALJ asked a vocational expert a series of hypothetical questions given Beltran's age, education, work experience, and residual functional capacity. The vocational expert testified that, but for Beltran's ongoing alcohol abuse, she would have been able to work as a surveillance system monitor at all times prior to January 9, 2006. The vocational expert testified that there were 135 regional and 1,680 national surveillance system monitor jobs available.
The ALJ denied Beltran's application for Social Security Disability Insurance benefits and partially denied her application for Social Security Income benefits. The ALJ concluded that there existed a "significant number" of jobs that Beltran could perform prior to January 9, 2006, and therefore found that Beltran was not "disabled" within the meaning of the Social Security Act prior to that date. The ALJ, however, found that Beltran did become disabled on January 9, 2006her fiftieth birthdaybecause of the deterioration in her medical condition caused by her alcoholism, and because she was now classified as "an individual closely approaching advanced age."
Beltran appealed the ALJ's decision to the district court. The district court granted summary judgment to the Commissioner on November 18, 2008, affirming the ALJ's decision to deny disability benefits to Beltran from March 12, 2002, until January 9, 2006.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the district court's granting of summary judgment de novo. Moisa v. Barnhart, 367 F.3d 882, 885 (9th Cir.2004). We may reverse the Commissioner's decision only if it was not supported by substantial evidence or was based on legal error. Benton v. Barnhart, 331 F.3d 1030, 1035 (9th Cir.2003).

DISCUSSION
Beltran alleges that the district court was wrong to grant summary judgment to the Commissioner because the Commissioner erred in concluding that there existed a "significant number" of jobs in the regional and national economy that Beltran could do. Because this is Beltran's only contention, we limit our analysis to answering it.
According to the Social Security Act,
An individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if his physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy. . . . For purposes of the preceding sentence (with respect to any individual), "work which exists in the national economy" means work which exists in significant numbers either in the region where such individual lives or in several regions of the country.

*1206 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A); id. § 1382c(a)(3)(B) (emphasis added). The burden of establishing that there exists other work in "significant numbers" lies with the Commissioner. Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1099 (9th Cir.1999).
The ALJ concluded that 135 jobs regionally and 1,680 jobs nationally is a "significant number" of jobs that Jennie Beltran could do, despite her physical and mental limitations. As the ALJ established in her decision, Jennie Beltran suffered from a degenerative joint disease of the left knee and wrists, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, obesity, heel spurs, degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine, post-surgical correction of a fractured right distal tibia, depression and alcohol abuse. All of these limitations existed during the period in question, from March 12, 2002, until January 9, 2006. We consider whether, in light of her limitations, 135 jobs in Jennie Beltran's region, or 1,680 jobs nationally, constitute a "significant number" of jobs.
In Walker v. Mathews, 546 F.2d 814, 820 (9th Cir.1976), we held that an ALJ erred in finding a significant number of jobs where the jobs were "very rare" or generally unavailable to the claimant due to his limitations. This is precisely the situation in Beltran's case. The ALJ found that there existed only 135 jobs regionally or 1,680 jobs nationally that Jennie Beltran could perform. Although, in Walker, we never established what number of jobs qualifies as "very rare" or generally unavailable, a comparison to other cases shows that this case fits comfortably under Walker's purview.
We have never set out a bright-line rule for what constitutes a "significant number" of jobs. However, a comparison to other cases is instructive. For example, in Barker v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 882 F.2d 1474, 1479 (9th Cir. 1989), we held that 1,266 jobs regionally is a significant number of jobs. In Jennie Beltran's case, 135 jobs regionally is about 11% of the 1,266 jobs found "significant" in Barker; 1,266 jobs regionally is also slightly lower than the 1,680 jobs nationally available to Beltran. In Martinez v. Heckler, 807 F.2d 771, 775 (9th Cir.1987) (amended), we stated that 3,750 to 4,250 jobs (or 2 to 4% of the regional jobs available to Beltran) in the Greater Metropolitan and Orange County area (the same region Beltran lives in) was a significant number of jobs. See also Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 960 (9th Cir.2002) (1,300 jobs in Oregon region and 622,000 in the national economy); Johnson v. Shalala, 60 F.3d 1428, 1435 (9th Cir.1995) (30,000 jobs in Los Angeles County area); Moncada v. Chater, 60 F.3d 521, 524 (9th Cir.1995) (2,300 jobs in San Diego County and 64,000 jobs nationwide). In short, when compared to other cases, 135 regional surveillance monitor jobs qualifies as a "very rare" number.
The statute in question indicates that the "significant number of jobs" can be either regional jobs (the region where a claimant resides) or in several regions of the country (national jobs). 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A). The Commissioner argues that if substantial evidence supports finding either of the two numbers "significant," the ALJ's decision must be upheld. Id. The Commissioner, focusing not on the 135 regional jobs, but on the 1,680 jobs found nationally, argues that a "significant number" of jobs were available to Jennie Beltran at a national level.
If we find either of the two numbers "significant," then we must uphold the ALJ's decision. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A). Having concluded that 135 regional jobs is not a "significant number," we turn to the 1,680 national jobs. However, we cannot consider the 1,680 jobs as a stand-alone figure; rather, as the statute states, we *1207 must consider this number in light of the fact that it represents jobs across "several regions." Id. Although 1,680 jobs might seem a "significant number" standing alone, distributing these jobs between several regions across the nation shows that it is not "significant" after all. If 135 jobs available in one of the largest regions in the country is not a "significant number," then 1,680 jobs distributed over several regions cannot be a "significant number," either. We need not decide what the floor for a "significant number" of jobs is in order to reach this conclusion.
Furthermore, the district court's finding that there existed only 135 regional or 1,680 national surveillance system monitor jobs was solely based on a vocational expert's testimony. Upon questioning by Beltran's attorney, the same vocational expert admitted that there are not many of these jobs anymore. She further testified that she was not familiar with the tri-county area of Southern California (the area where Beltran resides) and that she was not aware of any available surveillance system monitor positions in that area. The vocational expert's testimony further indicates that the job of a surveillance system monitor was simply not available to Jennie Beltran. As we found in Walker, a job that is rare or generally unavailable to the claimant due to her limitations cannot be held to exist in significant numbers. See Walker, 546 F.2d at 820.
Congress has determined under 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2) that it is the existence of jobs that is essential. An ALJ is not required to consider the hiring practices of employers, or whether a claimant actually could obtain work if he or she applied. Nor is an ALJ precluded from doing so. However, we must still consider Beltran's application for benefits in light of her own situation.
The ALJ established that Jennie Beltran could only stand and walk for two hours of the day, but not do prolonged walking; required an assistive device to walk; and could not walk frequently on uneven terrain. In her application for disability benefits, Beltran alleged that she was unable to take a shower without someone close by in case she were to fall. Beltran also alleged that she needed to rest frequently between washing dishes or preparing food because she suffered from back and foot pain. Even if Jennie Beltran were able to find an open position, it is extremely unlikely that a woman with her physical and mental limitationswho at the time in question was forty-nine years old and only possessed a high school degreewould be able to get to the job, let alone be hired as a surveillance system monitor. In Walker, we stated that "[i]n looking toward the pool of jobs existing in the national economy, Congress did not intend to foreclose a claimant from disability benefits on the basis of the existence of a few isolated jobs." Walker, 546 F.2d at 819. Considering all of her limitations, it would be unconscionable to expect Beltran to find even one of 135 jobs as a surveillance system monitor in her region or one of 1,680 jobs scattered across several regions. Doing so would achieve exactly what we attempted to avoid in Walker: foreclose a deserving claimant from obtaining disability benefits on the basis of the existence of a few isolated jobs.
In sum, based on the rarity of the surveillance system monitor jobs, and considering Jennie Beltran's physical and mental limitations, we are compelled to find that the ALJ's decision is not supported by substantial evidence. Benton, 331 F.3d at 1035.

CONCLUSION
We REVERSE the district court's grant of summary judgment to the Commissioner *1208 of Social Security and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
IKUTA, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
Today, the majority usurps the ALJ's role as factfinder and decides that its own notion of "unconscionability" trumps the Social Security Act, the regulations, and Ninth Circuit precedent. Never mind that Congress placed the responsibility on the ALJ to review the record and figure out "the most [Beltran] can still do despite [her] limitations," 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1); see also § 404.1546(c), and that Congress instructed the ALJ to disregard whether Beltran would actually be hired if she applied for the jobs she is capable of performing, see 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1566(a), (c); see also Martinez v. Heckler, 807 F.2d 771, 774-75 (9th Cir.1987). The majority runs roughshod over these congressional commands, not to mention the requirement that this court defer to the ALJ's determination if supported by substantial evidence, which the Supreme Court has defined as "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S.Ct. 206, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938) (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
The ALJ here quite reasonably determined that during the time period at issue, Beltran was capable of performing a limited range of unskilled, sedentary work.[1] The ALJ properly relied on the vocational expert's testimony regarding the number of jobs that Beltran was capable of performing despite her limitations. See Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1217-18 (9th Cir.2005); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1566(e).
But the majority insists it can do a better job. Overriding the ALJ, the majority asserts that it would be "unconscionable" to expect Beltran to find one of the sedentary jobs identified by the vocational expert because "it is extremely unlikely that a woman with her physical and mental limitationswho at the time in question was forty-nine years old and only possessed a high school degreewould be able to get to the job, let alone be hired as a surveillance system monitor." Maj. op. at 1207.
The majority has no business speculating as to whether Beltran would be able to get to the job or be hired for the job, because the ALJ properly included all of Beltran's mental and physical limitations including the limitations on her mobility in the hypothetical posed to the vocational expert. We are required to affirm the ALJ's determination of Beltran's residual functional capacity so long as it is supported by substantial evidence, see Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1217, and we may not collaterally attack the ALJ's factual findings *1209 when considering whether the number of jobs available to a person with Beltran's limitations is "significant" under the regulations. Moreover, the majority's approach has no basis in the applicable law. Congress established that in determining whether a claimant can perform work that exists in the national economy, it is irrelevant "whether such work exists in the immediate area in which he lives, or whether a specific job vacancy exists for him, or whether he would be hired if he applied for work." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A);[2]see also Martinez, 807 F.2d at 774-75 ("Congress has explicitly determined that it is the existence of jobs that is essential, and that an administrative law judge is not required to consider the hiring practices of employers, or whether a claimant could actually obtain work if he applied for it."). Given this clear direction, the majority has it upside down when it claims that the ALJ erred in not considering whether Beltran could actually "find" a job vacancy or "be hired" if she applied to get the existing jobs she was capable of performing. Maj. op. at 1207.
The majority makes yet another error when it decides it is better situated than the ALJ to determine that the existence of 135 jobs in the regional economy and 1,680 jobs in the national economy does not meet the statutory requirement that there be "work which exists in significant numbers either in the region where such individual lives or in several regions of the country." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A). The majority fails to give the deference owed to the adjudicative determination of the ALJ regarding this essentially factual finding.[3]Barker, 882 F.2d at 1480 ("[W]hether there are a significant number of jobs a claimant is able to perform with his limitations is a question of fact to be determined by a judicial officer." (quoting Martinez, 807 F.2d at 775)). And yet the majority *1210 provides no persuasive reasoning for its pronouncement that 135 jobs in the region where Beltran lives and 1,680 jobs in the national economy are not "significant" numbers for purposes of the statute. Although the majority rattles off numerous cases, the only case in which we actually reversed an ALJ's determination on this issue was Walker v. Mathews, where the record revealed that there were only "a few scattered jobs" in the nation the claimant was capable of performing. 546 F.2d 814, 820 (9th Cir.1976). Our decision that "a few scattered jobs" is not a "significant number" is scarcely controversial, and it certainly does not support the majority's determination that 1,680 jobs isn't either. Each of the other cases cited by the majority merely affirmed as a matter of course the ALJ's factual determination that the number of jobs identified by the vocational expert was significant.
Our holding in Barker compels the conclusion that 135 jobs in the regional economy constitutes a significant number of jobs. There, we held that 1,266 regional jobs constituted a significant number because it fell "within the parameters of `significant numbers' found" by other courts. Barker, 882 F.2d at 1479. In defining these parameters, we relied in part on a district court case holding that the 125 to 240 tune-up mechanic positions the claimant was capable of performing "constitute[d] a `significant' number as that term is used in the Secretary's regulations." Uravitch v. Heckler, No. CIV-84-1619-PHX-PGR, 1986 WL 83443, at *1 (D.Ariz. May 2, 1986); Barker, 882 F.2d at 1478-79 (relying on Uravitch). It naturally follows that 135 jobs in the regional economy is also a significant number of jobs, as it is greater than the lower parameter set by this court in Barker. Barker, 882 F.2d at 1478-79.
We must uphold the ALJ's decision if it is supported by substantial evidence, which "is a highly deferential standard of review." Valentine v. Comm'r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 690 (9th Cir.2009). Here, the ALJ's determination that the number of jobs identified by the vocational expert was significant and thus that Beltran was not disabled is supported by substantial evidence. By holding otherwise, the majority not only elbows the ALJ out of her proper role, but also turns its back on the decisions of other circuits. See, e.g., Liskowitz v. Astrue, 559 F.3d 736, 743 (7th Cir.2009) (noting that "[a]s few as 174 jobs has been held to be significant" (citing Allen v. Bowen, 816 F.2d 600, 602 (11th Cir.1987))); Johnson v. Chater, 108 F.3d 178, 180 & n. 3 (8th Cir.1997) (holding that 200 jobs in the state was a significant number); Scott v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1483 (10th Cir. Dec. 21, 1994) (unpublished table decision) (holding that 195 jobs in the state was a significant number); Craigie v. Bowen, 835 F.2d 56, 58 (3d Cir.1987) (holding that the existence of 200 jobs in the regional economy was a "clear indication" that other substantial gainful work existed in the national economy).
Because the majority here usurps the role Congress gave to the ALJ, and tramples the plain language of the statute, I respectfully dissent.
NOTES
[*]  The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R.App. P. 34(a)(2).
[1]  The majority fails to acknowledge that many of the limitations that, per the majority, make it "unconscionable to expect Beltran to find even one of the 135 jobs as a surveillance system monitor in her region," maj. op. at 1207, were caused by her severe alcohol abuse. It is well established that limitations caused by alcohol abuse cannot form the basis of a disability determination. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1535(b) (requiring the ALJ to determine whether alcoholism is a contributing factor material to the claimed disability by considering only the limitations that would remain if the claimant stopped using alcohol); Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 747-49 (9th Cir.2007) (holding that benefits must be denied if the limitations that would remain if the claimant stopped using alcohol would not be disabling).
[2]  42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A) states in full:

An individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if his physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy, regardless of whether such work exists in the immediate area in which he lives, or whether a specific job vacancy exists for him, or whether he would be hired if he applied for work. For purposes of the preceding sentence (with respect to any individual), "work which exists in the national economy" means work which exists in significant numbers either in the region where such individual lives or in several regions of the country.
(emphasis added); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1566(c):
Inability to obtain work. We will determine that you are not disabled if your residual functional capacity and vocational abilities make it possible for you to do work which exists in the national economy, but you remain unemployed because of
(1) Your inability to get work;
(2) Lack of work in your local area;
(3) The hiring practices of employers;
(4) Technological changes in the industry in which you have worked;
(5) Cyclical economic conditions;
(6) No job openings for you;
(7) You would not actually be hired to do work you could otherwise do;
(8) You do not wish to do a particular type of work.
[3]  The majority misconstrues the record in concluding that the vocational expert qualified her statement as to the number of jobs available in the national economy. The expert's impressionistic comments about the general decline in surveillance system monitor jobs and her own personal degree of familiarity with the tri-county area of southern California in no way modified her unequivocal conclusion that there were 135 jobs in the regional economy and 1,680 jobs in the national economy that Beltran was capable of performing.
