                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 15a0136p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


 GREEN PARTY OF TENNESSEE; CONSTITUTION PARTY ┐
 OF TENNESSEE,                                         │
                                 Plaintiffs-Appellees, │
                                                       │        No. 14-5435
                                                       │
        v.                                             >
                                                       │
                                                       │
 TRE HARGETT, in his official capacity as Tennessee │
 Secretary of State; MARK GOINS, in his official │
 capacity as Coordinator of Elections for the State of │
 Tennessee,                                            │
                             Defendants-Appellants. │
                                                       ┘
                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
               No. 3:13-cv-01128—William J. Haynes, Jr., Chief District Judge.
                               Decided and Filed: July 2, 2015

               Before: COLE, Chief Judge; COOK and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Janet M. Kleinfelter, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Alan P. Woodruff, Arden, North Carolina, for Appellees.

                                     _________________

                                          OPINION
                                     _________________

       COLE, Chief Judge. This is another challenge to Tennessee’s statutes that provide ballot
access for minor political parties. Two minor parties—the Green Party of Tennessee and the
Constitution Party of Tennessee—brought suit challenging these statutes under the First and




                                               1
No. 14-5435             Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                 Page 2

Fourteenth Amendments. The district court granted summary judgment to plaintiffs on all
claims. Defendants appeal the grant of summary judgment to plaintiffs.

       This appeal presents four issues: (1) whether Tennessee’s ballot-access scheme for
“recognized minor parties” unconstitutionally burdens plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights;
(2) whether Tennessee’s requirements for “recognized minor parties” to retain ballot access
violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; (3) whether Tennessee’s
loyalty-oath requirement for “recognized minor parties” violates the Equal Protection Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment; and (4) whether the district court properly awarded plaintiffs a 50%
fee enhancement. For the following reasons, we affirm in part and vacate in part the judgment of
the district court and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       This is another case in a series of cases challenging Tennessee’s ballot access statutes for
minor political parties. See Green Party of Tenn. v. Hargett, 767 F.3d 533 (6th Cir. 2014)
(hereinafter Green Party V); Green Party of Tenn. v. Hargett, 700 F.3d 816 (6th Cir. 2012)
(hereinafter Green Party IV); Green Party of Tenn. v. Hargett, 7 F. Supp. 3d 772 (M.D. Tenn.
2014) (hereinafter Green Party III); Green Party of Tenn. v. Hargett, 953 F. Supp. 2d 816 (M.D.
Tenn. 2013) (hereinafter Green Party II), vacated and remanded, 767 F.3d 533; Green Party of
Tenn. v. Hargett, 882 F. Supp. 2d 959 (M.D. Tenn. 2012) (hereinafter Green Party I), rev’d and
remanded, 700 F.3d 816.

       A. History of Tennessee Ballot-Access Laws

       Before May 23, 2011, Tennessee recognized only one type of political party on the state’s
ballot, a “statewide political party,” which was defined in the Tennessee Code as:

       (A) A political party at least one (1) of whose candidates for an office to be
       elected by voters of the entire state in the past four (4) calendar years has received
       a number of votes equal to at least five percent (5%) of the total number of votes
       cast for gubernatorial candidates in the most recent election of governor; or
       (B) For one (1) year after petitioning successfully, a political party which has a
       membership equal to at least two and one-half percent (2.5%) of the total number
       of votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the most recent election of governor
       as shown by petitions to establish a political party filed with the coordinator of
No. 14-5435              Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                Page 3

       elections and signed by registered voters as members of the party and certified as
       to registration of the signers by the county election commissions of the counties
       where the signers are residents.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-1-104(a)(30)(A) (2009) & (2010).               A statewide political party was
automatically entitled to have its candidates identified on the ballot by their party affiliation.
Green Party V, 767 F.3d at 543–44. Any new party that wished to be classified as a statewide
political party had to gather the signatures of registered voters equal to or greater than 2.5% of
the total votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the most recent gubernatorial election. Id. § 2-
1-104(a)(30)(B) (2009); see also Green Party IV, 700 F.3d at 819.

       In 2011, the Tennessee General Assembly amended the ballot-access statutes to create a
new type of political party, a “recognized minor party.”

       (24) “Recognized minor party” means any group or association that has
       successfully petitioned by filing with the coordinator of elections a petition which
       shall conform to requirements established by the coordinator of elections, but
       which must at a minimum bear the signatures of registered voters equal to at least
       [2.5%] of the total number of votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the most
       recent election of governor . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-1-104(a)(24) (2011). In the spring of 2012, Tennessee again amended its
ballot-access statutes, requiring recognized minor parties to satisfy the requirements of a
statewide political party in order to maintain their status as a recognized minor party beyond the
current election year:

       (f) If a petition filed pursuant to this section is determined to be sufficient by the
       coordinator of elections . . . , such party shall be recognized as a minor party for
       all remaining primary and general elections in the current year. To maintain
       recognition beyond the current election year, a minor party must meet the
       requirements of a statewide political party as defined in § 2-1-104. A recognized
       minor party who fails to meet such requirements shall cease to be a recognized
       minor party. Such party may regain recognition only by following the procedures
       for formation of a recognized minor party . . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-13-107(f) (2012).
No. 14-5435              Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                     Page 4

        B. Tennessee’s Current Ballot-Access Laws

        Under Tennessee’s current system, political parties can obtain ballot access either as a
statewide political party or a recognized minor party. “Statewide political party” is defined as

        a political party at least one (1) of whose candidates for an office to be elected by
        voters of the entire state in the past four (4) calendar years has received a number
        of votes equal to at least five percent (5%) of the total number of votes cast for
        gubernatorial candidates in the most recent election of governor.

Tenn. Code. Ann. § 2-1-104(a)(30) (2014). Once a party qualifies as a statewide political party,
it is automatically placed on the ballot each succeeding year for four years. Id.

        For a minor party to be placed on the ballot, it must qualify as a recognized minor party
by obtaining the signatures of registered voters equal to or greater than 2.5% of the total number
of votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the last gubernatorial election. Id. § 2-1-104(a)(23)
(“the ballot-access statute”). Additionally, “no political party may have nominees on a ballot or
exercise any of the rights of political parties . . . until its officers have filed on its behalf with the
secretary of state and with the coordinator of elections” an affidavit under oath stating that it
does not advocate the overthrow of the government by force or violence and is not affiliated with
any organization that advocates such a policy. Id. § 2-1-114 (2014).

        To maintain its status as a recognized minor party, at least one of the recognized minor
party’s candidates for statewide office must receive votes totaling at least 5% of the total number
of votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the last gubernatorial election. Id. § 2-13-107(f)
(2014) (“the ballot-retention statute”).      If none of the minor party’s candidates meets that
threshold, it has to re-qualify as a recognized minor party to regain access to the ballot. Id.

        C. Procedural History

        As a result of prior litigation, plaintiffs’ candidates were on the 2012 ballot (a non-
gubernatorial election year) with their parties’ respective names. Green Party I, 882 F. Supp. 2d
at 1019. However, plaintiffs’ candidates did not receive enough votes for plaintiffs to maintain
their recognized minor party status by qualifying as a statewide political party and lost their
continued ballot access in future elections. In order to regain access to the ballot, plaintiffs must
No. 14-5435                Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                        Page 5

again collect the signatures of registered voters equal to or greater than 2.5% of the total number
of votes cast for governor in the last gubernatorial election.

        As a result of losing their status as recognized minor parties, plaintiffs filed this lawsuit
on October 10, 2013, challenging various sections of the Tennessee Code. Plaintiffs brought
several claims: (1) that the ballot-access statute, Section 2-1-104(a)(23),1 and the ballot-retention
statute, Section 2-13-107(f), jointly impose an unconstitutional burden on minor parties seeking
status as recognized minor parties in violation of the First Amendment; (2) that the ballot-
retention statute violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by requiring
recognized minor parties to meet the 5% requirement in one year, but allowing statewide
political parties to meet the same requirement in four years; and (3) that Section 2-1-114 violated
their rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments by requiring a minor or new political
party to file an affidavit stating that the party does not advocate the overthrow of local, state, or
national government by force or violence before its nominees are placed on the ballot.

        The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, and on March 14, 2014, the
district court held that the challenged sections of the Tennessee Code were unconstitutional and
enjoined the defendants from enforcing them. The district court held that the ballot-access and
ballot-retention statutes, alone and in combination, unduly burdened plaintiffs’ rights under the
First and Fourteenth Amendments to create and develop their political party by securing ballot
access for their candidates. The district court further concluded that the ballot-retention statute
violated plaintiffs’ rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by
denying plaintiffs the same four calendar years afforded to statewide political parties to secure
automatic ballot access for their candidates. Finally, the district court concluded that based on
longstanding Supreme Court precedent, Section 2-1-114 violated plaintiffs’ First Amendment
rights to free speech. Green Party III, 7 F. Supp. 3d at 791.

        On March 21, 2014, plaintiffs filed a motion for an award of attorney’s fees. The district
court entered an order reducing counsel’s hours by one-fifth, but increasing the award by 50%
because of “the necessity of [repeated] challenges to the 2.5% ballot access requirement.” Green


        1
           In their complaint, plaintiffs refer to Tennessee Code Annotated § 2-1-104(a)(24) (2011). The current
version is Tennessee Code Annotated § 2-1-104(a)(23) (2014). The statutes are identical.
No. 14-5435             Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                  Page 6

Party of Tenn. v. Hargett, No. 3:13-1128, 2014 WL 1404900, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. Apr. 10, 2014)
(hereinafter Green Party Attorney’s Fees).

       Defendants appealed both the district court’s order on the merits as well as its award of
attorney’s fees.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       A. Standard of Review

       This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Green Party V,
767 F.3d at 542. A court may grant summary judgment only “if the movant shows that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). If the court determines that there are genuine disputes over material
facts, it must deny the motion for summary judgment. Villegas v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville, 709
F.3d 563, 568 (6th Cir. 2013). In making this determination, we construe the evidence “in the
light most favorable to” the non-moving party. Id.

       B. Recognized Minor Party Ballot Access

               1. Facial vs. As-Applied Challenge

       As a threshold issue, defendants argue that the district court erred in treating the
plaintiffs’ facial challenge as an as-applied challenge. In response, plaintiffs argue that they did
assert an as-applied claim.

       A plaintiff can challenge the constitutionality of a statute in two ways.           “A facial
challenge to a law’s constitutionality is an effort to invalidate the law in each of its applications,
to take the law off the books completely.” Speet v. Schuette, 726 F.3d 867, 871 (6th Cir. 2013)
(internal quotation marks omitted). The plaintiff must establish “‘that no set of circumstances
exist under which [the statute] would be valid.’” Id. at 872 (quoting United States v. Stevens,
559 U.S. 460, 472 (2010)).        In contrast, an as-applied challenge “argues that a law is
unconstitutional as enforced against the plaintiffs before the court.” Speet, 726 F.3d at 872.
“[T]he distinction between facial and as-applied challenges is not so well defined that it has
some automatic effect or that it must always control the pleadings and disposition in every case
No. 14-5435              Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                    Page 7

involving a constitutional challenge.” Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 558 U.S. 310,
331 (2010). In fact, a claim can have characteristics of as-applied and facial challenges: it can
challenge more than just the plaintiff’s particular case without seeking to strike the law in all its
applications. John Doe No. 1 v. Reed, 561 U.S. 186, 194 (2010). In constitutional challenges
reaching beyond the plaintiff’s circumstances, the plaintiff must satisfy the “standards for a facial
challenge to the extent of that reach.” Id.

       Plaintiffs’ complaint states the challenged Tennessee statutes impose a “severe burden on
Plaintiffs and similarly situated ‘[r]ecognized minor parties’” and asks the court to declare the
ballot-access and ballot-retention statutes unconstitutional. (Complaint, R. 1, PageID 4.) By
their own terms, these statutes apply only to recognized minor parties. Invalidating the statutes
for recognized minor parties would strip the statutes of each and every application they have. By
challenging the statutes as applied to recognized minor parties, the plaintiffs have in effect
asserted a facial challenge. If even one set of circumstances exists in which the state can
constitutionally apply the statutes to recognized minor parties, plaintiffs’ claim fails.

               2. Equal Protection Clause

       Defendants argue that the district court erred in finding that the retention statute violates
the Equal Protection Clause by treating statewide political parties differently from recognized
minor parties in that recognized minor parties are allowed only one election year to meet the
threshold for a statewide political party, whereas statewide political parties retain their status for
four years regardless of the election results and have four calendar years to meet the same
statutory requirement.

       “The Equal Protection Clause provides that ‘all persons similarly situated should be
treated alike.’” Cutshall v. Sundquist, 193 F.3d 466, 482 (6th Cir. 1999) (quoting City of
Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985)). The Supreme Court has developed
a three-part test to evaluate election statutes challenged under the First and Fourteenth
Amendments. See Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428, 434, 441 (1992); Anderson v. Celebrezze,
460 U.S. 780, 788–89 (1983). While the Supreme Court has not yet applied this test to ballot-
access challenges on pure equal-protection grounds, our cases hold that the Anderson-Burdick
test serves as “a single standard for evaluating challenges to voting restrictions.” Obama for Am.
No. 14-5435            Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                 Page 8

v. Husted, 697 F.3d 423, 430 (6th Cir. 2012). Further, many federal courts of appeals have
applied the Anderson-Burdick balancing test to both First Amendment and Equal Protection
Clause challenges to ballot-access laws. See e.g., Rogers v. Corbett, 468 F.3d 188, 193–94 (3d
Cir. 2006) (abandoning traditional tiers of equal-protection scrutiny and applying Anderson);
Republican Party of Ark. v. Faulkner Cnty., Ark., 49 F.3d 1289, 1293 n.2 (8th Cir. 1995) (“In
election cases, equal protection challenges essentially constitute a branch of the associational
rights tree.”); Fulani v. Krivanek, 973 F.2d 1539, 1543 (11th Cir. 1992) (applying the Anderson
balancing test).

       In Green Party V, we decided to apply the framework of Anderson-Burdick to a ballot-
ordering equal-protection claim because “the plaintiffs’ claim draws not only on the Equal
Protection Clause, but also on the First Amendment: essentially, the plaintiffs argue that they
have been denied an equal opportunity to exercise their rights to association and political
expression.” 767 F.3d at 551. This case is markedly similar: the plaintiffs argue that the ballot-
retention statute denies them an equal opportunity to exercise their rights to association and
political expression. Once again, we apply the Anderson-Burdick test.

       Under the Anderson-Burdick test, the court must first “consider the character and
magnitude of the asserted injury to the rights protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments
that the plaintiff seeks to vindicate.” Anderson, 460 U.S. at 789. Second, it must “identify and
evaluate the precise interests put forward by the State as justifications for the burden imposed by
its rule.” Id. Finally, it must “determine the legitimacy and strength of each of those interests”
and “consider the extent to which those interests make it necessary to burden the plaintiff’s
rights.” Id.

       When the burden on the right to vote is “severe,” the statute will be subject to strict
scrutiny and must be narrowly tailored and advance a compelling state interest.           Burdick,
504 U.S. at 434. If the burden is “reasonable” and “nondiscriminatory,” the statute will be
subject to rational basis and survive if the state can identify “important regulatory interests” to
justify it. See id. If the burden lies somewhere in between, courts will “weigh[] the burden on
the plaintiffs against the state’s asserted interest and chosen means of pursuing it.” Green Party
V, 767 F.3d at 546.
No. 14-5435               Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                      Page 9

        We start by determining the burden placed on recognized minor parties. Section 2-13-
107(f) requires recognized minor parties to obtain 5% of the total number of votes cast for
governor in the last gubernatorial election to retain ballot access beyond the current election
year. In contrast, statewide political parties are given four years to obtain the same level of
electoral success. Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-1-104(a)(30). For instance, in a non-gubernatorial
election, a recognized minor party and a statewide political party might each receive 3% of the
votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the gubernatorial election held two years prior. The
recognized minor party would lose ballot access because it did not receive the 5% retention
percentage. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-13-107(f). The statewide political party, in contrast,
would retain ballot access because, by definition, it received at least 5% of the total votes cast for
gubernatorial candidates in the most recent gubernatorial election. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-1-
104(a)(30).

        Defendants argue that statewide political parties are subject to the same one-year
limitation to obtain 5% of the votes cast for gubernatorial candidates as recognized minor parties.
In support, they rely on MacBride v. Hassler, in which the Tennessee Supreme Court stated that
in order for a statewide political party to continue its ballot access it must “receive at least five
per cent (5%) of the total number of votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the last preceding
general election.” 541 S.W.2d 591, 593 (Tenn. 1976) (emphasis added).2

        Federal courts generally defer to a state supreme court’s interpretation of the state’s own
statutes. See Bush v. Palm Beach Cnty. Canvassing Bd., 531 U.S. 70, 76 (2000). However, this
single passage from MacBride does not stand for the proposition that statewide political parties
are subject to the same statutory limitation as recognized minor parties. Earlier in the same
opinion, the Tennessee Supreme Court defines a statewide political party as a “political party at
least one of whose candidates for an office to be elected by voters of the entire state in the past
four (4) calendar years has received a number of votes equal to at least five per cent (5%) of the
total number of votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the most recent election of governor.”
MacBride, 541 S.W.2d at 593 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-1-104(27)) (emphasis added).


        2
          The Tennessee Supreme Court was construing the provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated § 2-104(27),
which is now Tennessee Code Annotated § 2-1-104(a)(30). The language is identical.
No. 14-5435             Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                Page 10

Taken together, it is clear that the Tennessee Supreme Court did not intend to interpret the word
“four” to mean “one.”

       Next, we must decide the severity of the burden imposed. Because recognized minor
parties must obtain 5% of the total number of votes cast for gubernatorial candidates in the last
gubernatorial election to retain ballot access, we conclude that this burden is severe considering
that established major parties, which have more institutional knowledge and financial resources,
are given four years to obtain the same level of electoral success. Supporting the restrictive
nature of this law is the fact that Tennessee amended the ballot-retention statute immediately
after the district court ordered it to include plaintiffs’ candidates on the 2012 general-election
ballot. See Williams, 393 U.S. at 30 (concluding that courts “must consider the facts and
circumstances behind the law.”).

       Even if we assume the burden is not severe, it is not justified by a sufficiently weighty
state interest. Defendants argue that the burden is justified because statewide political parties are
different from recognized minor parties and these differences justify the state’s imposition of
different burdens on them. Defendants are correct that the Supreme Court has recognized that
different burdens may be justified by differences in the types of parties at issue:

       The fact is that there are obvious differences in kind between the needs and
       potentials of a political party with historically established broad support, on the
       one hand, and a new or small political organization on the other. . . . Sometimes
       the grossest discrimination can lie in treating things that are different as though
       they were exactly alike . . .

Jenness, 403 U.S. at 441–42. If anything, here, the differences between these two types of
parties justify having less onerous burdens on recognized minor parties than statewide political
parties. In Jenness, the Supreme Court rejected the plaintiffs’ equal protection claim because
Georgia made “available . . . two alternative paths, neither of which can be assumed to be
inherently more burdensome than the other.” 403 U.S. at 441. In other words, the Supreme
Court rejected the plaintiffs’ claim because the plaintiffs did not establish that the state imposed
heavier burdens on minor parties.       In contrast, Tennessee’s ballot-retention statute clearly
imposes a heavier burden on minor parties than major parties by giving minor parties less time to
obtain the same level of electoral success as established parties.
No. 14-5435             Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                  Page 11

       Defendants note that other states enforce two-tiered election statutes, and courts
consistently reject constitutional challenges to such statutes. (Appellant Br. at 18 n.4.) In these
systems, minor political parties must meet or exceed a low vote percentage to access the ballot
and then a higher vote percentage to retain ballot access in future elections. See, e.g., Okla. Stat.
Ann. §§ 1-108, 1-109 (five-percent signature requirement for ballot access and ten-percent vote
requirement for ballot retention). Some states, like Tennessee, require minor political parties to
meet the vote percentage for ballot retention in the first general election after they pass the
ballot-access threshold.    See, e.g., Tenn. Code Ann. 2-13-107(f); Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. §
248.008(4)(b)(A). And in some states, minor and major political parties must obtain the same
vote percentage for ballot retention. See, e.g., R.I. Gen. Laws § 17-1-2(9) (major and minor
parties must receive five percent of the votes cast in most recent presidential or gubernatorial
election to remain on ballot).      But only Tennessee’s access-retention system forces minor
political parties to attain the same vote percentage as major political parties in less time.

       Because this statute imposes a greater burden on minor parties without a sufficient
rationale put forth by the state, it violates the Equal Protection Clause. It impermissibly “freezes
the status quo” and does not allow “a real and essentially equal opportunity for ballot
qualification.” Am. Party of Tex. v. White, 415 U.S. 767, 787–88 (1974). Accordingly, we
affirm the grant of summary judgment to plaintiffs on their equal-protection claim.

               3. First Amendment

       Plaintiffs argue that the ballot-access and ballot-retention statutes, alone and in
combination, unduly burden their rights under the First Amendment to create and develop their
political parties by securing ballot access for their candidates. Because we find that the ballot-
retention statute is facially unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause, we need not
decide whether it also violates the First Amendment. Further, we decline to determine whether
the ballot-access statute unduly burdens plaintiffs’ associational rights, a question now before the
district court following our remand in Green Party V. We accordingly vacate the district court’s
grant of summary judgment on plaintiffs’ First Amendment challenge to Sections 2-1-104(a)(23)
and 2-13-107(f), the access and retention statutes.
No. 14-5435                Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.              Page 12

           C. Loyalty Oath Affidavits

                  1. Standing

           As a preliminary matter, defendants argue that plaintiffs lack standing to challenge the
constitutionality of Tennessee Code Annotated § 2-1-114 because they cannot show an injury in
fact. Under Article III of the United States Constitution, the federal judicial power extends only
to “Cases” or “Controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III. “The doctrine of standing gives meaning to
these constitutional limits by ‘identify[ing] those disputes which are appropriately resolved
through the judicial process.’” Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 134 S. Ct. 2334, 2341 (2014)
(quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)). To establish Article III
standing, plaintiffs must show (1) an “injury in fact,” (2) a “causal connection between the injury
and the conduct complained of,” and (3) a “likel[ihood]” that the injury “will be redressed by a
favorable decision.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61 (internal quotation marks omitted).

           Defendants contend that plaintiffs have not demonstrated an injury in fact because there
is no evidence that the statute has been, or would be, enforced. The injury in fact requirement
ensures that the plaintiffs have a “personal stake in the outcome of the controversy.” Susan B.
Anthony List, 134 S. Ct. at 2341 (quoting Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (1975)). To be
sufficient, the injury must be “concrete and particularized” and “actual and imminent” rather
than “conjectural” or “hypothetical.” Id. A threatened injury can qualify as an injury in fact if
the threatened injury is “certainly impending.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 133 S. Ct. 1138,
1147 (2013).

           Plaintiffs have sufficiently established that they suffered an injury due to the Tennessee
statute.     While defendants have not enforced or threatened to enforce this statute against
plaintiffs or any other political party, they also have not explicitly disavowed enforcing it in the
future. In such situations, the Supreme Court has held that plaintiffs have standing to challenge
statutes. See Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat’l Union, 442 U.S. 289, 302 (1979) (holding
that fear of prosecution was not imaginary or speculative where “the State has not disavowed any
intention of invoking the criminal penalty provision”); see also Platt v. Bd. of Comm’rs on
Grievances & Discipline of Ohio Sup. Ct., 769 F.3d 447, 452 (6th Cir. 2014) (holding that
No. 14-5435             Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                  Page 13

plaintiff had standing where state refused to disavow the enforcement of the statute as applied to
plaintiff). We do the same here and find that plaintiffs have constitutional standing.

               2. Merits

       Plaintiffs argue that Section 2-1-114 unconstitutionally impairs their free speech rights by
requiring a minor or new political party to file an affidavit stating that the party does not
advocate the overthrow of local, state, or national government by force or violence before its
nominees are placed on the ballot. The Supreme Court in Communist Party of Indiana v.
Whitcomb struck down a nearly identical statute, holding that loyalty oaths are unconstitutional
and violate the First Amendment.         414 U.S. 441, 446 (1974).        The Court stated: “the
constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe
advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to
inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action.” Id.
at 448 (internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly, we conclude that Section 2-1-114(1)
violates plaintiffs’ First Amendment right to free speech.

       We note that the district court held the entirety of Tennessee Code Annotated § 2-1-114
unconstitutional. However, Tennessee Code Annotated § 2-1-114(2) simply requires a party’s
rules of operation to be filed with the Tennessee Secretary of State and is unrelated to the loyalty
oath requirement. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to
Section 2-1-114(1) but reverse the grant of summary judgment as to Section 2-1-114(2)’s filing
requirement.

       D. Attorney’s Fees

       Finally, defendants challenge the district court’s order enhancing the plaintiffs’ attorney’s
fees by 50% due to “the necessity of [repeated] challenges to the 2.5% ballot access
requirement.” Green Party Attorney’s Fees, 2014 WL 1404900, at *2.

       We review fee awards under an abuse of discretion standard. Paschal v. Flagstar Bank,
297 F.3d 431, 433 (6th Cir. 2002). “Abuse of discretion is defined as a definite and firm
conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” Id. at 433–34 (internal
quotation marks omitted).
No. 14-5435              Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                 Page 14

         “The general rule in our legal system is that each party must pay its own attorney’s fees
and expenses.” Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 550 (2010). However, Congress
enacted 42 U.S.C. § 1988 to ensure that “federal rights are adequately enforced.” Id. Under
42 U.S.C. § 1988(b), a district court, “[i]n any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of
[section 1983] . . . , in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States,
a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs.” To qualify as a prevailing party, a litigant must
have “receive[d] at least some relief on the merits of his claim” amounting to “a court-ordered
change in the legal relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant.” Buckhannon Bd. &
Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 603, 604 (2001)
(emphasis added). As a corollary, if a defendant voluntarily changes its behavior, the plaintiff
will not be considered a prevailing party even if the plaintiff received the relief sought. Id. at
605. These principles still apply “when a court of appeals reverses a district court’s judgment
that rendered one of the litigants a prevailing party.” Green Party II, 767 F.3d at 552. If the
court of appeals reverses on the merits, the formerly prevailing party is no longer entitled to fees.
Id. However, if the reversal is not on the merits, “it does not necessarily upset the prevailing
party’s status.” Id.

         A civil rights plaintiff need not succeed on every claim to recover attorney’s fees; success
on one claim can be sufficient. Id. If a plaintiff’s “unmeritorious claims are ‘based on different
facts and different legal theories’ than her meritorious claims, a court must treat them ‘as if they
had been raised in separate lawsuits, and therefore no fee may be awarded for services on the
unsuccessful claim[s].’” Id. at 552–53 (alteration in original) (quoting Tex. State Teachers Ass’n
v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 789 (1989)).               In contrast, if a plaintiff’s
unmeritorious and meritorious claims “‘arise out of a common core of facts, and involve related
legal theories,’ a court should not exempt from its fee award the hours spent on the claims that
did not succeed.” Id. at 553 (quoting Tex. State Teachers Ass’n, 489 U.S. at 789). To determine
if two claims are related, a court considers “whether relief sought on the unsuccessful claim is
intended to remedy a course of conduct entirely distinct and separate from” that which gave rise
to the plaintiff’s successful claim. Jordan v. City of Cleveland, 464 F.3d 584, 603 (6th Cir.
2006).
No. 14-5435             Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                Page 15

       Plaintiffs qualify as prevailing parties.    The district court initially held Tennessee’s
ballot-access scheme unconstitutional and granted declaratory and injunctive relief. On appeal,
we affirmed the district court decision that Section 2-13-107(f), the retention statute, violates the
Equal Protection Clause and that Section 2-1-114(1), the loyalty-oath statute, violates the First
Amendment right to free speech.

       Since we have determined that plaintiffs are prevailing parties, we must also determine if
the district court’s fee award was an abuse of discretion. First, the fact that plaintiffs have not
yet succeeded on their First Amendment challenge to the ballot-access and ballot-retention
statutes does not mean that the district court must reduce the fee amount because this claim
“ar[o]se out of a common core of facts, and involve[d] related legal theories” as the plaintiffs’
other two successful claims. Tex. State Teachers Ass’n, 489 U.S. at 789. Second, it was well
within the district court’s authority to order a fee enhancement based on a party’s repeated
efforts to circumvent its ruling.     Perdue, 559 U.S. at 555 (“[A]n enhancement may be
appropriate if the attorney’s performance includes an extraordinary outlay of expenses and the
litigation is exceptionally protracted.”). Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion
by awarding plaintiffs a 50% fee enhancement.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part and vacate in part. We affirm the district
court’s grant of summary judgment on plaintiffs’ equal-protection challenge to the ballot-
retention statute, Section 2-13-107(f), and plaintiffs’ First Amendment challenge to the loyalty-
oath statute, Section 2-1-114(1). We also affirm the district court’s 50% fee enhancement. We
vacate the district court’s grant of summary judgment on plaintiffs’ First Amendment challenge
to Sections 2-1-104(a)(23) and 2-13-107(f), the ballot-access and ballot-retention statutes.
