                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                     February 19, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellee,                                   9:05 a.m.

v                                                                    No. 318788
                                                                     Wayne Circuit Court
MICHAEL BRIAN PUTMAN,                                                LC No. 13-005448-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MURRAY, P.J., and HOEKSTRA and WILDER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of two counts of assault with
intent to murder, MCL 750.83, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony
(felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b, armed robbery, MCL 750.529, and second-degree murder,
MCL 750.317. Defendant was sentenced to 15 to 30 years’ imprisonment for each of his assault
with intent to murder convictions, two years’ imprisonment for his felony-firearm conviction, 15
to 30 years’ imprisonment for his armed robbery conviction, and 25 to 50 years’ imprisonment
for his second-degree murder conviction. For the reasons explained in this opinion, we affirm.

        Defendant first contends that the trial court erred when it did not properly administer the
oath to testify truthfully to the witnesses as required by MCL 600.1432(1). Further, defendant
asserts that this failure by the trial court resulted in a violation of his Sixth Amendment right to
confrontation and that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the form of the oath.

        Defendant did not object to the form of the oath given to the witnesses at trial. Thus, the
issue is unpreserved. See People v Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App 376, 382; 741
NW2d 61 (2007). This Court reviews unpreserved issues for plain error affecting a defendant’s
substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). In order for
defendant to avoid forfeiture under the plain error standard, he must show that (1) an error
occurred, (2) the error was plain, clear or obvious, (3) and the plain error affected substantial
rights. Id. The third prong requires a showing of prejudice, which occurs when the error
affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings. Id.

        Under MCL 600.1432 and MCL 600.1434, witnesses in judicial proceedings must swear
or affirm that their testimony will be true. Donkers v Kovach, 277 Mich App 366, 369; 745
NW2d 154 (2007). The typical manner for administering oaths is set forth in MCL 600.1432(1),
which provides:
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       The usual mode of administering oaths now practiced in this state, by the person
       who swears holding up the right hand, shall be observed in all cases in which an
       oath may be administered by law except as otherwise provided by law. The oath
       shall commence, “You do solemnly swear or affirm”.

There are exceptions to this general rule, including MCL 600.1434, which provides that “[e]very
person conscientiously opposed to taking an oath may, instead of swearing, solemnly and
sincerely affirm, under the pains and penalties of perjury.” Moreover, the administration of
oaths and affirmations is a purely procedural matter, and it thus falls within the authority of our
Supreme Court to promulgate rules governing the practices and procedures for administering
oaths. Donkers, 277 Mich App at 373, citing Const. 1962, art 6, § 5. To this end, MRE 603
provides:

               Before testifying, every witness shall be required to declare that the
       witness will testify truthfully, by oath or affirmation administered in a form
       calculated to awaken the witness’ conscience and impress the witness’ mind with
       the duty to do so.

        Comparing MRE 603 to the identical language of its federal counterpart, FRE 603, this
Court has concluded that “no particular form or language is necessary when swearing or
affirming to testify truthfully” in accordance with MRE 603. Donkers, 277 Mich App at 372-
373. “As the plain language of MRE 603 makes clear, no particular ceremonies, observances, or
formalities are required of a testifying witness so long as the oath or affirmation ‘awaken[s]’ the
witness’s conscience and ‘impress[es]’ his or her mind with the duty to testify truthfully.” Id. at
373 (alteration in original). See also People v Ramos, 430 Mich 544, 548; 424 NW2d 509
(1988). Because the administrations of oaths and affirmations is a purely procedural matter, to
the extent MRE 603 conflicts with MCL 600.1432 and MCL 600.1434, MRE 603 must prevail
over the statutory provisions, meaning that no specific formalities are required of an oath or
affirmation. Donkers, 277 Mich App at 373. Thus, witnesses need not raise their right hands
when taking an oath to testify truthfully and such oaths need not be prefaced with any particular
formal words. See id. at 372-373.

       In the present case, the trial court asked each witness, including defendant’s own
witnesses, if they promised to testify truthfully or some similar variation of that question.1 Each
witness answered the trial court’s question in the affirmative. This oath was sufficient to awaken
the witnesses’ consciences and impress the witnesses’ minds with the duty to testify truthfully.
Therefore, no plain error occurred.2



1
  For example, the trial court asked Stephen Lewis, “[C]an I get a promise that you will testify
truthfully, please?” and the trial court stated to Donald Davie, “I need you to promise that the
testimony that you’re going to give will be accurate and truthful. So, do you promise?”
2
  Similarly, insofar as defendant claims the oaths administered to the witnesses somehow
deprived him the constitutional right to confront the witnesses against him, his claim is without
merit. The constitution does not require a particular form of oath, United States v Armijo, 5 F3d

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        On appeal, defendant also maintains that defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance
by failing to object to the oath administered by the trial court. This argument lacks merit,
however, because counsel is not ineffective for failing to raise meritless or futile objections.
People v Eisen, 296 Mich App 326, 329; 820 NW2d 229 (2012). Any objection by counsel to
the oaths administered would have been meritless because, as stated above, the oath administered
to the witnesses was sufficient to awaken the witnesses’ consciences and impress the witnesses’
minds with the duty to testify truthfully. Thus, counsel’s failure to raise a meritless objection to
the oaths did not deny defendant the effective assistance of counsel. See id.

        Defendant next argues that he was denied the opportunity to confront witnesses against
him when a police officer testified about information received from an anonymous tipster.
Defendant failed to object to this testimony at trial, meaning defendant’s confrontation clause
claim is unpreserved and reviewed for plain error affecting his substantial rights. People v
Chambers, 277 Mich App 1, 10; 742 NW2d 610 (2007). In the alternative, defendant argues that
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the use of this alleged testimonial hearsay.
Because defendant failed to move for a new trial or a Ginther3 hearing, our review of this
ineffective assistance argument is limited to mistakes apparent on the record. Id.

        “Both the United States and Michigan constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant the
right to confront the witnesses against him or her.” People v Garland, 286 Mich App 1, 10; 777
NW2d 732 (2009), citing US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. The Confrontation Clause
prohibits the admission of out-of-court statements that are testimonial in nature, unless the
declarant was unavailable at trial and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the
declarant. Chambers, 277 Mich App at 10, citing Crawford v Washington, 541 US 36, 68; 124 S
Ct 1354; 158 L Ed 2d 177 (2004). The Confrontation clause does not, however, bar the use of
out of court testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter
asserted. People v Henry (After Remand), 305 Mich App 127, 153; 854 NW2d 114 (2014). “[A]
statement offered to show the effect of the out of court statement on the hearer does not violate
the Confrontation Clause.” Id. at 153-154 (citation omitted). “Specifically, a statement offered
to show why police offers acted as they did is not hearsay.” Chambers, 277 Mich App at 10.

         In this case, Detroit Police Officer Steven Ford testified that he received a tip through
Crime Stoppers that the individual who shot the victim was named “Mike” and that he “lived on
Central.” Acting on this information, Officer Ford did more investigating and discovered that
defendant fit the description of the tip. Officer Ford then placed defendant’s photograph in an
array which was shown to several witnesses to the shooting. In this context, it is clear that the
tipster’s statement was not elicited from Officer Ford to prove the truth of the tipster’s statement,
i.e., that “Mike” committed the murder; rather, it was used to explain why Officer Ford put a
photograph of defendant in the photographic array. Because the Confrontation Clause does not
prevent the use of out of court testimonial statements to show why a police officer acted as he
did, the admission of this testimony did not violate defendant’s right of confrontation and he has
not shown plain error. See id. at 10-11. Furthermore, because the testimony in question did not
1229, 1235 (CA 9 1993), and defendant had every opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses
presented at trial.
3
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).


                                                -3-
violate the Confrontation Clause, any objection on this basis would have been futile, and defense
counsel is not ineffective for failing to make a futile objection. Eisen, 296 Mich App at 329. In
short, defendant was not denied his right of confrontation and he was not denied the effective
assistance of counsel.

        Next, in a Standard 4 brief, defendant contends he was denied the effective assistance of
counsel. In particular, defendants contends that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to call defendant’s brother as a witness, failing to object to testimony that Officer Ford
obtained defendant’s name from CRISNET, and failing to properly cross-examine witnesses.

        Because defendant failed to move for a new trial or a Ginther hearing, our review of his
ineffective assistance claim is limited to mistakes apparent on the record. Chambers, 277 Mich
App at 10. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show that “(1)
defense counsel’s performance was so deficient that it fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and (2) there is a reasonable probability that defense counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced the defendant.” People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 80-81; 829 NW2d 266
(2012). “A defendant was prejudiced if, but for defense counsel’s errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 81. Effective assistance of counsel is presumed,
and a defendant bears a heavy burden of proving otherwise. Eisen, 296 Mich App at 329.
Defendant also bears the burden of establishing the factual predicate for his claim. People v
Carbin, 463 Mich 590, 600; 623 NW2d 884 (2001).

         Decisions regarding whether to call or question a witness are presumed to be matters of
trial strategy. People v Russell, 297 Mich App 707, 716; 825 NW2d 623 (2012). Trial counsel’s
failure to a call a witness is only considered ineffective assistance if it deprived defendant of a
substantial defense. Id. A substantial defense is one that may have affected the outcome of the
trial. People v Daniel, 207 Mich App 47, 58; 523 NW2d 830 (1994). Likewise, decisions
regarding what evidence to present, what evidence to highlight during closing argument, whether
to call witnesses, and how to question witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy.
People v Horn, 279 Mich App 31, 39; 755 NW2d 212 (2008). This Court will not “second-guess
counsel on matters of trial strategy, nor does it assess counsel’s competence with the benefit of
hindsight.” Russell, 297 Mich App at 716.

       Defendant first contends that trial counsel was ineffective for not calling defendant’s
brother as a witness. Defendant contends that his brother would have testified that he was in
possession of defendant’s cellular telephone on the night of the shooting, which is why
defendant’s cellular telephone registered at the cell tower located on Central Avenue, within a
close proximity to the scene of the crime and quite a distance from the house where defendant
claimed to be at the time of the shooting. This argument must fail, however, because the record
is devoid of any indication regarding the potential testimony of defendant’s brother. Particularly,
nothing in the record suggests that defendant’s brother would have testified that he was in
possession of defendant’s cellular telephone on the night of the shooting. Consequently,
defendant has failed to establish the factual predicate for his claim, and he has not overcome the
presumption that his counsel’s decision was a matter of sound trial strategy. Further, defendant
has not shown that the failure to call defendant’s brother as a witness denied him a substantial
defense because defense counsel in fact presented two alibi witnesses who testified that


                                                -4-
defendant was not in the area of the murder. On the record presented, defendant has not shown
that the failure to call his brother as a witness constituted ineffective assistance.

         Defendant next contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to “challenge the
prosecution’s witnesses for truthfulness, accuracy and contradiction concerning testimony
given.” In particular, defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to “stress” to
the jury that, upon viewing an earlier photographic array, Donald Davie misidentified someone
other than defendant as the shooter. Defendant likewise contends that counsel was ineffective
for failing to reveal the bias Layman Giddings held against defendant, and that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to discredit Stephen Lewis’s version of the events. Defendant’s arguments
in this regard are factually unsupported. The record demonstrates that trial counsel thoroughly
cross-examined Davie regarding his misidentification of Michael Terry and discussed the issue
during closing arguments, plainly bringing this issue to the jury’s attention. Further, defendant’s
counsel questioned Giddings regarding his bias against defendant, prompting Giddings to admit
that he told police he “never liked” defendant. Similarly, trial counsel thoroughly cross-
examined Lewis regarding his testimony as to how the shooting occurred. Particularly, defense
counsel impeached Lewis’s testimony with a prior inconsistent statement Lewis made to police,
and highlighted those inconsistencies during closing arguments. We see nothing unreasonable in
defense counsel’s performance in this regard. Moreover, on the record presented, it is not
probable that additional questioning on these issues would have altered the trial’s outcome, given
that there were ultimately several eyewitnesses who identified defendant as the shooter and that
his cellular telephone placed him in close proximity to the scene. Defendant has not shown that
he was denied the effective assistance of counsel.

        Defendant also contends that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel for failing
to object to Officer Ford’s testimony that he found defendant’s information on the CRISNET
reporting system. Apart from the unsubstantiated and undeveloped assertion that Officer Ford’s
use of CRISNET was somehow “discriminatory” and “illegal[],” defendant has failed to specify
on which ground counsel should have objected, meaning his claim in this regard may be
considered abandoned. See People v Watson, 245 Mich App 572, 587; 629 NW2d 411 (2001).
Indeed, defendant has not advanced any basis upon which counsel could have objected or
explained why the testimony was improper. In such circumstances, defendant has not shown that
trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness or that, but for
counsel’s performance, there was a reasonable probability of a different outcome. He was not
denied the ineffective assistance of counsel.

         Defendant also asserts that he is entitled to reversal of his armed robbery conviction
because the jury verdict was inconsistent. Specifically, defendant claims that the jury rendered
an inconsistent verdict by convicting defendant of armed robbery and second-degree murder
while at the same time acquitting defendant of first-degree felony murder. Even assuming
inconsistency, defendant is not entitled to relief because inconsistent verdicts within a single jury
trial are permissible and do not require reversal. People v Wilson, 496 Mich 91, 100-101; 852
NW2d 134 (2014). “[J]uries are not held to any rules of logic nor are they required to explain
their decisions.” Id. at 101 (citation omitted). Although defendant complains of a purported
inconsistency, he makes no effort to establish that the jury was confused, that they
misunderstood the instructions, or that the jury engaged in an impermissible compromise. See
People v Lewis, 415 Mich 443, 450-452 & n 9; 330 NW2d 16 (1982); People v McKinley, 168

                                                -5-
Mich App 496, 510-511; 425 NW2d 460 (1988). In such circumstances, inconsistent verdicts
within a single jury are permissible, and defendant is not entitled to reversal of his convictions.
See Wilson, 496 Mich at 100-101.

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                            /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
                                                            /s/ Kurtis T. Wilder




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