                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           FILED
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
                                                                            FEB 09 2017
                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
JOHN BARRETT, an individual,                     No.   15-56313

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 8:13-cv-01413-JVS-RNB
 v.

NOLAN GREENUP, an individual; et al.,            MEMORANDUM*

              Defendants-Appellees.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                     James V. Selna, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted February 7, 2017**
                              Pasadena, California

Before: SCHROEDER, PREGERSON, and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges.

      On September 21, 2011, John Barrett, a student at California State

University, Fullerton (“CSUF”), pulled into a disabled parking spot on campus

without the required placard displayed on his vehicle. Nolan Greenup, a CSUF


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Parking Officer, witnessed Barrett unlawfully park in the disabled spot and

approached Barrett to issue a citation. Greenup stepped behind Barrett’s car to take

down the license plate number.

      Barrett began to reverse but noticed that Greenup was blocking his path, so

Barrett honked his horn and asked Greenup to move out of the way. Greenup

stepped off to the right side of the car, and Barrett continued to back out. As

Barrett reversed his vehicle in the direction of Greenup, Barrett felt his tire rise

over a slight bump. Barrett stopped his car for a moment, at which point Greenup

explained that Barrett’s vehicle had run over his foot. Greenup called the police,

and two officers responded: Corporal Jose Rosales and his supervisor, Sergeant

Peter Dupree. After interviewing Greenup and Barrett separately, Rosales

consulted with Dupree and decided to arrest Barrett for violation of California

Penal Code § 245(a)(1), assault with a deadly weapon.

      Barrett filed claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Greenup, Rosales, and

Dupree (collectively, “Defendants”), alleging arrest without probable cause. Upon

Defendants’ motion, the district court granted summary judgment against Barrett,

concluding that probable cause existed for Barrett’s arrest. Barrett appeals the

district court’s grant of summary judgment, arguing that Defendants lacked

probable cause. We affirm.


                                            2
      “We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.” Lowry v.

City of San Diego, 818 F.3d 840, 846 (9th Cir. 2016). “A police officer has

probable cause to arrest a suspect without a warrant if the available facts suggest a

‘fair probability’ that the suspect has committed a crime.” Tatum v. City & Cty. of

San Francisco, 441 F.3d 1090, 1094 (9th Cir. 2006).

      1. First, Barrett argues that Defendants lacked probable cause because there

was no evidence that Barrett had a specific intent to harm Greenup. This argument

fails because § 245(a)(1) is a general intent crime that “only requires an intentional

act and actual knowledge of those facts sufficient to establish that the act by its

nature will probably and directly result in the application of physical force against

another.” People v. Williams, 29 P.3d 197, 204 (Cal. 2001). Barrett does not

dispute that he volitionally reversed his car (“intentional act”) and that he was

aware of Greenup’s presence in the vicinity (“actual knowledge”).

      2. Next, Barrett argues that Defendants did not have probable cause to arrest

him because he did not cause any injury to Greenup. This argument fails because

“[o]ne may commit an assault without making actual physical contact with the

person of the victim . . . whether the victim in fact suffers any harm is immaterial.”

People v. Aguilar, 945 P.2d 1204, 1207 (Cal. 1997).

      AFFIRMED.


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