                              SECOND DIVISION
                                BARNES, P. J.,
                            BOGGS and RICKMAN, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                     August 3, 2016




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A16A1239. HOLDAWAY v. HOLDAWAY.

      BARNES, Presiding Judge.

      The father, Owen Lee Holdaway, filed a child custody modification action

against the mother, Bobbi Sue Holdaway, seeking primary custody of their daughter,

L.H. The maternal grandmother, Terry Jo Stewart, filed a motion to intervene in the

custody modification action, seeking custody of the child or, in the alternative,

visitation rights. The trial court granted the grandmother’s motion to intervene, and,

after conducting a bench trial, the court awarded the grandmother custody of the child

and awarded the father visitation. On appeal, the father challenges the trial court’s

award of custody to the grandmother, contending that there was insufficient evidence

that the child would be harmed if placed in his custody, and that the court applied the

wrong legal standard under our Supreme Court’s recent decision in Stone v. Stone,

297 Ga. 451 (774 SE2d 681) (2015). For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
      Following a bench trial in a child custody case, we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the trial court’s decision. Strickland v. Strickland, 298 Ga.

630, 633-634 (1) (783 SE2d 606, 610) (2016). So viewed, the record reflects that the

mother and father were married in 2007 when they were 20 years old. Shortly after

the mother and father were married, their daughter L.H. was born. L.H. was eight

years old at the time of the bench trial.

      L.H. has a sister who is approximately one year older than her. The older sister

has the same mother but a different biological father than L.H. and was around six-

months old at the time of the 2007 marriage. It is undisputed that the father in this

case has no legal custodial rights over the older sister.

      In 2009, the mother and father divorced. Under the terms of the divorce

agreement entered into by the parties and incorporated into the final judgment and

decree of divorce, the mother and father shared joint legal custody of L.H., with the

mother receiving primary physical custody and the father receiving visitation. The

divorce agreement did not contain any provisions applicable to L.H.’s older sister.

      Shortly after the divorce, the mother, L.H., and L.H.’s older sister moved into

the home of the maternal grandparents. The maternal grandmother became the



                                            2
primary caregiver of the children and developed a strong bond with them. The

maternal grandmother also became the legal guardian of L.H.’s older sister.

      In the years after the divorce, the mother suffered problems with drug and

alcohol addiction, was admitted into an in-patient substance abuse rehabilitation

program, spent time in jail, and had two more children with different fathers. The

mother lived with the maternal grandparents only sporadically, while L.H. and her

older sister remained in the continuous care of the maternal grandmother. The mother

provided no financial support for the children and did not see them consistently.

      The father acquiesced to the maternal grandmother serving as the primary

caregiver of L.H. because he believed that the grandmother provided a more stable

environment for the children than the mother, and his erratic employment situation

prevented him from having L.H. live with him. The father exercised visitation with

L.H., but not to the full extent authorized by the divorce agreement. He also

maintained contact with L.H.’s older sister, who would join L.H. when she had

visitation with the father. The father did not consistently pay his child support on time

or provide health insurance for L.H. as required by the divorce agreement.

      In 2014, following a dispute over summer visitation, the father filed a petition

to modify child custody against the mother in which he sought primary physical

                                           3
custody of L.H. The maternal grandparents stopped permitting the older sister to join

L.H. on her weekend visits with L.H.’s father from that point forward.

      The maternal grandmother filed a motion to intervene in the child custody

modification action, seeking custody of L.H. or, in the alternative, visitation rights.1

The trial court granted the grandmother’s motion to intervene, and a two-day bench

trial was conducted in 2015.

      At the bench trial, several witnesses testified about the uncharacteristically

close relationship between L.H. and her older sister, and about the strong bond

between the maternal grandmother and the two sisters that had developed after many

years of living together. One witness, a retired school teacher and friend of the

maternal grandmother, testified that L.H. and her older sister were extremely close,

much more so than most children their age, and that the grandmother was “the

stabilizing force in those girls[’] lives.” Another friend of the maternal grandmother

testified that L.H. and her sister are “Super Glued together and when they’re apart,

they’re miserable.”


      1
        The father maintains that the maternal grandmother only moved to intervene
so as to obtain visitation rights with L.H. pursuant to OCGA § 19-7-3, but the
grandmother’s motion stated in the alternative that she was seeking custody of L.H.,
which fell under the statutory framework of OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1), as discussed supra.

                                           4
       Additionally, the sisters’ uncle testified that the sisters are closer than most

siblings and are together most of the time, that the grandmother had raised the two

sisters as her own daughters, and that it would be wrong to remove L.H. from the

home of her older sister and grandmother with whom “she’s got such a strong bond.”

The maternal grandfather similarly testified that the sisters are like “Frick and Frack”

because “they are tight, tightest sisters,” and described L.H.’s relationship with her

maternal grandmother as being “like Velcro. . . . [W]herever [the grandmother] goes,

[L.H.] goes.” The grandfather further testified that it would emotionally harm L.H.

to be separated from the household of her sister and grandmother.

       The mother testified at the bench trial as well. She described the maternal

grandmother as “the rock, the foundation for those kids.” In discussing the

relationship between L.H. and the older sister, the mother testified, “I cannot imagine

. . . moving both or either one of them without causing some sort of emotional

turmoil,” and described them as being “like two pieces in a puzzle that fit together.”

The mother referred to the maternal grandparents as the sisters’ “solid foundation,”

and noted that the sisters “are each other’s foundation as well,” given that

[t]hroughout their entire li[ves], the one thing that has remained stable . . . is that they

were together.”

                                             5
       The maternal grandmother also testified at the bench trial. She testified that

L.H. and her older sister are extremely close, to the extent that they sleep together in

the same bed every night, that they “thrive on each other,” and that it would hurt them

to be separated from one another. According to the maternal grandmother,

“emotionally it’s going to kill them” if the two sisters were separated from the same

household, and L.H. would suffer emotional harm if primary physical custody was

granted to the father. The maternal grandmother further testified that L.H. went to a

great elementary school and had good friends and indicated that those aspects of her

life would be entirely disrupted if she were removed from her current home.

Additionally, the grandmother testified that L.H. had become more quiet and

withdrawn since this litigation began and that she was currently taking L.H. and her

older sister to a counselor.

       When the father testified at the bench trial, he noted that the maternal

grandparents had been a source of stability for L.H. and her sister and that they

provided the best home for the children after the divorce. He acknowledged the close

relationship between L.H. and her older sister and testified that the older sister could

visit as often as she wanted if he obtained primary custody of L.H., but he conceded

that he had no legal custodial rights to the older sister. The father further testified that

                                             6
he had lived at five different residences and had eleven different jobs since his

divorce from the mother, and that his current job was only a month old. The father

also conceded that he had not consistently paid his child support on time or provided

health insurance for L.H. as required by the divorce agreement, although he was now

current on his child support obligations and had health insurance in place for L.H.

Additionally, the father testified that after the divorce, he had begun dating a 17-year-

old high school student when he was 26 years old, and that he would not disapprove

of L.H. having a similar relationship with an older man and believed that his

relationship with the student provided a good model for L.H.

      The father also called his girlfriend and his own father, i.e., the paternal

grandfather, as witnesses at the bench trial. They both testified that the father is a

capable and loving parent to L.H. and that it would be in her best interest to reside

with him.

      At the conclusion of the bench trial, the father requested that the trial court

grant primary physical custody of L.H. to him and visitation to the maternal

grandmother. The mother requested that the court grant primary physical custody of

L.H. to the grandmother and visitation to the mother. The grandmother requested that



                                           7
the court grant primary physical custody of L.H. to her and visitation to the father, but

not the mother.

      After hearing from the parties, the trial court ruled from the bench, finding that

awarding physical custody of L.H. to the father or mother would “completely

undermine the stability of the child’s current home,” would “traumatically change the

continuity of the child’s life,” and “would sever, or at least dramatically change the

relationship that she has with her closest sibling.” The trial court further ruled that it

was unwilling to separate L.H. from her older sister because there was clear and

convincing evidence that such a separation, when combined with disrupting L.H.’s

other relationships and long-term living environment, would cause her emotional

harm. Consequently, the trial court granted primary physical custody of L.H. to the

maternal grandmother and visitation to the father, and granted joint legal custody to

the grandmother and father. The trial court granted no visitation to the mother.

      Subsequently, the Georgia Supreme Court issued its opinion in Stone v. Stone,

297 Ga. 451, which reversed a trial court’s award of joint legal custody to a parent

and grandparent. The trial court in the present case then conducted a status hearing

with the parties regarding the effect of Stone on the custody decision here. After the

status hearing, the trial court entered a written order in which it granted primary

                                            8
physical custody and legal custody of L.H. to the maternal grandmother, granted

visitation to the father, and declined to grant any formal visitation to the mother.

      In its written custody order, the trial court found that awarding custody to the

maternal grandmother rather than the father or mother was appropriate under the legal

standard set forth in Clark v. Wade, 273 Ga. 587, 598-599 (IV) (544 SE2d 99) (2001).

Among other things, the trial court found:

             The Court finds the [maternal grandmother’s] home is the only
      home [L.H.] has ever known and the only fixed, certain and stable place
      this child has known;


             Further, the Court finds the [grandmother] to be the only
      caregiver[] that this child has ever known and that the last six years
      during which the child has resided with the [grandmother] transpired
      during very important years of key development for this child;


             The Court finds that its ruling today is essentially solidifying the
      situation that has existed in point of fact over many years of this child’s
      life and that removing the child from this environment and awarding
      custody to the [father] would completely and dramatically undermine the
      stability of this child’s home and this child’s life;


             Further, the Court finds compelling the testimony of numerous
      witnesses as to the close relationship between [L.H.] and her sibling
      with whom she has lived her entire life. The Court is not willing to

                                           9
      separate this child from her closest sibling nor is the Court willing to
      upset everything in this child’s life or undermine and sever her security
      and her relationships by essentially modifying the “happy arrangement”
      that the parents have been content to allow all of this time.


      ....


             Accordingly, the Court findings by clear and convincing evidence
      that an award of custody to the [grandmother] is appropriate. The Court
      further finds by clear and convincing evidence that to make any other
      award, including awarding custody to the . . . [f]ather would be harmful,
      emotionally harmful, to the child not simply by separating her from
      sibling but by upsetting the child’s stable living environment, upsetting
      every other relationship that the child has, taking the child out of the
      school which she is currently attending and otherwise severing her
      relationship with whatever friends it is that she might have developed at
      school or in the neighborhood, all of which would be significantly
      emotionally harmful to this child. The Court makes this finding based
      on clear and convincing evidence.


      Upon entry of the trial’s court’s written order, the father filed the present

appeal, challenging the award of custody to the maternal grandmother. The mother

did not appeal the trial court’s order and has filed a brief in the current appeal arguing

for affirmance.



                                           10
      We begin by noting the legal framework applicable in this case. Custody

disputes between a biological parent and certain third-party relatives, including

grandparents, are governed by OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1).2 The seminal case in construing

OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1) is our Supreme Court’s plurality decision in Clark v. Wade, 273

Ga. 587. See Trotter v. Ayres, 315 Ga. App. 7, 8 (2) (726 SE2d 424) (2012). As

explained in Clark and subsequent cases of the Supreme Court and this Court,

      OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1) establishes a rebuttable presumption that it is in
      the best interest of the child to award custody to the parent of the child.
      The following three presumptions are implicit in the statute: (1) the
      parent is a fit person entitled to custody, (2) a fit parent acts in the best
      interest of his or her child, and (3) the child’s best interest is to be in the


      2
       OCGA § 19-7-1(b.1) provides in relevant part:
      [I]n any action involving the custody of a child between the parents or
      either parent and a third party limited to grandparent, great-grandparent,
      aunt, uncle, great aunt, great uncle, sibling, or adoptive parent, parental
      power may be lost by the parent, parents, or any other person if the court
      hearing the issue of custody, in the exercise of its sound discretion and
      taking into consideration all the circumstances of the case, determines
      that an award of custody to such third party is for the best interest of the
      child or children and will best promote their welfare and happiness.
      There shall be a rebuttable presumption that it is in the best interest of
      the child or children for custody to be awarded to the parent or parents
      of such child or children, but this presumption may be overcome by a
      showing that an award of custody to such third party is in the best
      interest of the child or children. The sole issue for determination in any
      such case shall be what is in the best interest of the child or children.

                                            11
      custody of a parent. The presumption can nonetheless be overcome by
      the third-party relative showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that
      parental custody would harm the child. Harm in this context has been
      defined as either physical harm or significant, long-term emotional
      harm, not merely social or economic disadvantages. Once the
      presumption has been overcome, the third-party relative must prove that
      an award of custody to him or her will best promote the child’s health,
      welfare, and happiness. Thus, in applying the legal standard set forth in
      OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1), the trial court need not determine that the parent
      seeking custody is unfit, only that the third-party relative has established
      by clear and convincing evidence that awarding custody to the parent
      would cause either physical harm or significant, long-term emotional
      harm to the child. If the third-party relative meets this burden, then the
      relative must show that an award of custody to him or her would best
      promote the child’s health, welfare, and happiness.


(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Trotter, 315 Ga. App. at 8-9 (2). See Strickland,

298 Ga. at 631 (1); Clark, 273 Ga. at 598-599 (IV); Brawner v. Miller, 334 Ga. App.

214, 215-217 (1) (778 SE2d 839) (2015); Lively v. Bowen, 272 Ga. App. 479, 482-

483 (1) (612 SE2d 625) (2005).

      In reviewing a trial court’s findings in a custody dispute under OCGA § 19-7-1

(b.1), we are mindful that “[i]n the appellate review of a bench trial, a trial court’s

factual findings must not be set aside unless clearly erroneous.” Strickland, 298 Ga.



                                          12
at 633 (1). “[D]ue deference must be given to the trial court, acknowledging that it

has the opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses,” and the evidence must

be construed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s decision. Id. at 633-634

(1). As our Supreme Court has emphasized, it is for the trial court, not appellate

courts, “to resolve conflicts in the testimony” in determining whether a child will

suffer physical harm or significant, long-term emotional harm if returned to the

custody of the biological parent. Id. at 634 (1).

      1. On appeal, the father contends that the trial court erred in finding that

awarding custody to him would cause L.H. to suffer physical harm or significant,

long-term emotional harm, as required by Clark and its progeny. While there was no

evidence that L.H. would suffer physical harm from an award of custody to her father,

we conclude that, when construed under the appropriate deferential standard of

review, there was clear and convincing evidence that L.H. would suffer significant,

long-term emotional harm.

             As the Supreme Court of Georgia has held when contemplating
      the issues of harm and custody, a trial court must go beyond the parent’s
      biological connection or present fitness and consider a variety of factors,
      including: (1) who are the past and present caretakers of the child; (2)
      with whom has the child formed psychological bonds; (3) have the
      competing parties evidenced interest in, and contact with, the child over

                                          13
      time; and (4) does the child have unique medical or psychological needs
      that one party is better able to meet.


(Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Brawner, 334 Ga. App. at 217 (2), quoting Clark,

273 Ga. at 598-599 (IV).

      Here, it is clear from the trial court’s oral ruling at the conclusion of the bench

trial and its subsequent written order that the court considered the factors set forth

above and found that L.H. would suffer significant, long-term emotional harm if

custody were granted to her father. As detailed above, multiple witnesses testified to

the unusually strong sibling bond between L.H. and her sister and the emotional

damage that would be caused if they were separated from the same household, and

about the strong emotional bond between the siblings and the maternal grandmother

that had developed over the many years during which they had remained in her care.

Additionally, there was evidence that the father acquiesced to the grandmother

serving as the day-to-day caregiver of L.H. for many years, that he had failed to

exercise all of the visitation available to him under the divorce agreement, that he had

repeatedly changed jobs and residences, that his current job was only one month old,

and that he had engaged in a romantic relationship with a high school student that he

considered to be a model relationship for L.H.

                                          14
      Given these particular factual circumstances, and in light of the deferential

standard of review, the trial court was entitled to find that L.H. would suffer

significant, long-term emotional harm if she were uprooted from virtually the only

home she had ever known with her maternal grandmother and older sister and instead

placed in the custody of her father. See Strickland, 298 Ga. at 634-635 (1); Brawner,

334 Ga. App. at 218-219 (2); Lively, 272 Ga. App. at 483-485 (1). Compare Bell v.

Taylor, 334 Ga. App. 267, 269 (779 SE2d 42) (2015).3 While “some level of stress

and discomfort may be warranted when the goal is reunification of the child with the

parent,” Clark, 273 Ga. at 598 (IV), the trial court was authorized to find that the

emotional harm to L.H. would exceed the “routine” level of stress inherent in any

change of custody, particularly in light of the unusually close sibling relationship that

would be if disrupted if custody were placed with the father. Consequently, we

discern no basis for reversal on the asserted ground.


      3
         The father relies upon Bell in arguing that reversal is required, but that case
is clearly distinguishable. In Bell, the trial court, before awarding custody of the child
to the grandmother rather than the mother, “remarked that he could decide the case
either way and would sleep well at night because he felt that both parties would take
good care of [the child].” 334 Ga. App. at 269. The trial court in the present case
never suggested that he “could decide the case either way” and consistently found
that placement of L.H. with the father rather than the maternal grandmother would
harm L.H. and not be in her best interest.

                                           15
      2. The father also contends that the trial court misconstrued the Supreme Court

of Georgia’s recent decision in Stone v. Stone, 297 Ga. 451, and thus applied the

wrong legal standard in awarding custody of L.H. to the maternal grandmother. We

disagree.

      In Stone, 297 Ga. at 455, our Supreme Court held that, on the one hand, “in

situations where a parent is suitable to exercise custody over a child, [OCGA § 19-7-1

(b.1)] does not allow . . . parental custody to be limited by a joint custody

arrangement with a grandparent[.]” On the other hand, where neither parent is

suitable to have custody under the standard set forth in OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1) as

construed in Clark, the Supreme Court in Stone held that “a grandparent might

certainly be . . . qualified to have sole custody of a minor child.” Id. at 455.

      Here, as previously noted, the trial court determined that under the standard set

forth in OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1) as construed in Clark, sole custody of L.H. should be

awarded to the maternal grandmother rather than the mother or father. The trial

court’s determination was consistent with the holding in Stone that a grandparent may

be qualified to have sole custody of the child when neither parent is considered

suitable under OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1) and the Clark decision, and therefore the trial



                                          16
court committed no error in the legal framework it employed. Accordingly, we affirm

the trial court’s award of custody to the maternal grandmother.

      Judgment affirmed. Boggs and Rickman, JJ., concur.




                                        17
