                                                                                        08/31/2017
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs May 10, 2017

        STATE OF TENNESSEE v. REGINALD BERNARD COFFEE

                Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                    No. 2012-D-3081 Seth W. Norman, Judge


                            No. M2016-01834-CCA-R3-CD


The Defendant, Reginald Bernard Coffee, was convicted by a Davidson County Criminal
Court jury of especially aggravated robbery, a Class A felony, and sentenced to fifteen
years. See T.C.A. § 39-13-403 (2014). On appeal, he contends that (1) the evidence is
insufficient to support his conviction and (2) the fingerprint evidence was admitted
without a sufficient foundation. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA
MCGEE OGLE and ALAN E. GLENN, JJ., joined.

Kevin Kelly (on appeal and at motion for new trial), Michael Freeman (at trial),
Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Reginald Bernard Coffee.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; M. Todd Ridley, Assistant
Attorney General; Glenn Funk, District Attorney General; and Renee Erb, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

       This case relates to a June 5, 2012 robbery, during which David Johnson was shot
in the abdomen. At the trial, Paresh Patel testified that on June 5, 2012, a shooting
occurred at the hotel he owned. He said three surveillance cameras were located at the
front of the building, and he identified photographs of the hotel and marked the location
of one of the cameras. Mr. Patel stated that he lived at the hotel, that the police
responded to the shooting, and that he gave them a copy of the surveillance recording.
Mr. Patel said that he was told to stay away from the location of the shooting, and he
denied that he or an employee picked up money from the parking lot and placed it on an
air conditioning unit. He stated that he did not witness the robbery, that he did not know
the victim, and that he did not remember if the victim’s truck was in the parking lot when
the police arrived.

        The surveillance recordings were received as an exhibit and depicted three angles
of the incident. The first recording depicted the length of the hotel and the corresponding
parking lot. In the recording, which was time stamped June 5, 2012, at 6:02 a.m., a black
sedan parked to the right of a pickup truck. The sedan’s passenger side faced the camera.
A man exited the rear passenger-side door of the sedan and walked to the pickup truck,
momentarily reached into the truck bed, and returned to the sedan. The man paused and
looked toward the front passenger window before reentering the passenger-side backseat,
and the door remained slightly open. The man ran from the sedan and toward the hotel,
and a small cloud of dust rose in the parking lot halfway between the sedan and the hotel.
The sedan drove in reverse toward the entrance to the parking lot and the direction in
which the man ran, and the sedan’s rear driver’s side door opened.

       The second recording depicted the hotel and parking lot from the opposite end of
the parking lot. It showed the black sedan’s driving backward and the man’s running.
The rear driver’s side door was open and a person’s leg was hanging out. The third
recording depicted the parking lot as visible from the hotel, and it showed the sedan’s
driving backward with the rear driver’s side door open.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Patel testified that on June 5, he heard a gunshot at
about 6:00 a.m., walked outside, and saw “that guy . . . on the front of my door.” Mr.
Patel said that he made a recording on his cell phone of the surveillance recording and
later transferred the cell phone recording to a disc. He stated that the police did not have
the original surveillance recording and that it had been destroyed.

       The forty-six-year-old victim testified that he was shot at the hotel owned by Mr.
Patel. He said that he had stayed at the hotel previously and that he was only there for
one night. He stated that he was a tattoo artist and trained others, that he “bounced
around” and did not have a home, and that before the shooting, he did not have medical
problems. He said that a few days before the shooting, he met a woman named Meagan
Pursell, that they “hooked up,” and that she asked him to come to Nashville to give her a
tattoo. He stated that they met at a hotel, that he went to Clarksville the following day,
and that he returned to Nashville that night. He said that Ms. Pursell visited him at a
second hotel but that she did not stay the night. He stated that their third meeting
occurred at Mr. Patel’s hotel, that he arrived between 6:00 and 7:00 p.m., and that Ms.
Pursell joined him two hours later. He said that they smoked cocaine and marijuana, that
he did not generally use cocaine, and that he had been “clean” for years after a previous
prison sentence resulting from a drug conviction. He stated that after his release from

                                            -2-
prison, he married and had a child, discovered his marriage was invalid, obtained custody
of his daughter, and “stayed off of everything but pot.”

        The victim testified that when Ms. Pursell arrived, she had a “little bit” of cocaine
and wanted him to give her money to purchase more. He said that he refused to give her
the money, that he wanted to accompany her to buy the cocaine, that he helped her get
the cocaine she wanted, and that he used some of the cocaine. He stated that she drove a
black, late 1990s Ford Focus with a broken window or passenger’s side mirror. He said
that he drove a Ford F-150 truck. He stated that they left the hotel in her car, that they
returned to wait for someone who never arrived, and that they drove around looking for
someone to sell them cocaine. He said that they were unsuccessful and that he left the car
at about 1:30 or 2:00 a.m., three or four hours after Ms. Pursell came to the hotel. He
stated that he got out of the car because Ms. Pursell wanted to go to a neighborhood in
East Nashville and that “I’m a white man and I don’t put my life in jeopardy like that at
2:00 . . . in the morning in the projects.” He stated that Ms. Pursell insisted on going to
the neighborhood and that she tried to “forcibly” take him with her. He said that he
“jerked” the steering wheel to get Ms. Pursell to pull over, that he got out of the car on
the interstate, and that she drove away. He said that he walked to a market and called a
taxi, that a taxi would have taken too long to arrive, and that he decided to walk to a
nearby truck stop and get something to eat. He said that he went to the truck stop, got
something to drink, and Ms. Pursell called and asked where he was. He noted that Ms.
Pursell had called him several times and that he initially ignored her calls.

       The victim testified that Ms. Pursell offered to pick him up, that he walked to a
nearby gas station, and that when she arrived between 4:30 and 5:00 a.m., she was
accompanied by two male passengers whom he did not know. The victim estimated that
the gas station was fifteen to twenty minutes from the hotel. He said that he paid for gas,
entered the backseat, and sat behind the passenger. The victim stated that he tried to talk
to the man in the backseat about his tattoos and the victim’s being a tattoo artist but that
the man did not talk much. The victim described the man as a “big older man” around
age thirty-two or thirty-three who was African-American and had short hair. The victim
said that when they arrived at the hotel, Ms. Pursell was supposed to return because she
wanted the victim to give her thirty dollars for drugs. He stated that he would keep the
money at the hotel and give it to her when she returned, that Ms. Pursell was satisfied
with the arrangement, that the victim left and acted like he had to retrieve the money
from his truck, and that he reentered Ms. Pursell’s car but did not completely close the
door. The victim explained that he did not want the men to know he was carrying more
than thirty dollars. The victim said that the man in the front seat was supposed to have
the drugs and that the victim asked to buy thirty dollars’ worth of cocaine from him. The


                                            -3-
victim stated that the man, who was young, African-American, slender, and had “[r]eally
long braids,” pointed a gun at him.

        The victim testified that the man in the front seat said, “Give me your d---
money,” that the victim threw thirty dollars at the man, and that the man said, “No, I want
all of the d--- money.” The victim said that he told the man he did not have any more
money, that the man said he knew the victim had more, and that the victim reached into
his pocket to pull out the rest of his money. The victim stated that as he reached into his
pocket, the man shot him, that the victim “hit the door and rolled out running,” and that
he dropped cash totaling about $260 inside the car and on the ground. The victim said
that he did not see the shooter other than “a piece of an eye and his hand” and that he was
unable to identify the shooter in a photograph lineup.

       The victim testified that after he left the car, he ran to a maintenance worker’s
room and the hotel office, that he tried unsuccessfully to get help, and that he sat down on
a curb and called 9-1-1 from his cell phone. He said that the police and an ambulance
arrived quickly.

        The victim identified his truck and Ms. Pursell’s car in the surveillance recording,
his exiting the car and walking to his truck, his reentering the car but not closing the door
fully, and his exiting the car. The victim stated that the second time he exited the car, he
had been shot and that the events transpired faster than what was depicted in the
recording. The victim said that dawn was breaking at the time of the shooting. He
identified a leg protruding from the car and stated that it appeared as if the man in the
backseat attempted to exit the car. The victim said that the man in the rear seat looked
shocked when the man in the front passenger seat pulled out the gun. The victim said
that Ms. Pursell told him to give the man his money and that she seemed shocked.

       The victim testified that he did not know Ms. Pursell was “setting [him] up” and
that he provided her license plate number to the police. He acknowledged that he told the
police that he was suspicious of Ms. Pursell and thought she had set him up, although he
had no proof. The victim noted that he was presently “not really” suspicious of her
because she looked shocked and scared when the shooter pointed the gun at the victim.
The victim stated that Ms. Pursell “freaked out” and told him to “just give him the
money.” The victim said that Ms. Pursell had been “genuinely concerned about” him
since the shooting and that when they saw one another, she asked how he was doing and
wanted to see his scars.




                                            -4-
        The victim testified that he was in the hospital for “a while,” although he did not
remember for how long because he was taking medication during that time. He said that
he lost a portion of his liver, several feet of his intestines, a portion of his upper colon,
and one kidney. He stated that he required a colostomy bag from June until December,
that he had two operations and a chronic infection, and that he suffered from chronic
intestinal distress. He said that after his release from the hospital, he had difficulty
finding work because of perceived sanitation issues with the colostomy bag, that he had
to drop out of college, that he lived in a tent for a period of time, and that he eventually
purchased a camper.

       On cross-examination, the victim testified that he was smoking marijuana when
Ms. Pursell arrived at the hotel, that they spent a couple of hours smoking crack cocaine,
and that she brought the cocaine with her. The victim denied having supplied the money
to buy the cocaine. The victim stated that he was also hoping to have sex with Ms.
Pursell. He said that he was going to pay for more cocaine but that he wanted to ride
along because “I’m not going to hand anybody my money and expect them to come
back.” He stated that generally, a person did not pay for drugs until the person saw the
drugs and that people did not trust one another when drugs were involved. He said that
they made several stops trying to procure cocaine and were unsuccessful. The victim
agreed that Ms. Pursell seemed anxious to get more cocaine, that at one point, she left the
hotel room to find more cocaine, and that when she returned, she asked for money. He
agreed that he did not want to go to East Nashville and that Ms. Pursell left him on the
side of the interstate about twenty minutes from the hotel. He said that he answered Ms.
Pursell’s telephone call because he was tired of walking. He noted that Ms. Pursell did
not tell him anyone was in her car. He said that when Ms. Pursell arrived at the gas
station, she asked if he had money for gas. He stated that Ms. Pursell did not have any
money, that he had paid for gas several times when they were looking for drugs, and that
he told her he had ten dollars, although he had more.

        The victim testified that the man in the backseat of Ms. Pursell’s car had
“[j]ailhouse tattoos” and gang-related tattoos on his forearms and that the man appeared
to be “high” and “spaced out.” The victim denied that the police described the tattoos of
various individuals to him. He said that no one talked in the car and that they listened to
music. He stated that when he went to his truck at the hotel, he turned his back to the car
in order to pull out cash from his pocket, remove thirty dollars, and return the remaining
cash to his pocket. He agreed that Ms. Pursell knew he was carrying money because
“that’s how I got her to come to the motel room.” He said that when he returned to the
car, he was uncertain as to which man had the drugs, that the man in the backseat
gestured for him to give the money to the man in the front seat, and that when he turned
toward the front seat, he saw the gun.

                                            -5-
       The victim testified that when Ms. Pursell told him to give the shooter his money,
he knew Ms. Pursell had told the man about the victim’s money. The victim said that he
intended to give the money to the man and “get the h--- out of the situation” but that he
was shot. He said that he constantly relived that night and would never forget the car’s
license plate number. He agreed that he could not identify the Defendant as the shooter
and said that he only saw half of the man’s face. He stated that Ms. Pursell called the
man “worm.” The victim said that he believed Ms. Pursell told the men that he had
money.

       On redirect examination, the victim testified that his abdomen had a permanent
hole as a result of the shooting, that he had no abdominal strength and suffered from back
pain, that he formerly lifted weights and wrestled, and that he could no longer perform
one sit-up. He stated that the police showed him blurry photographs of six African-
American men with long hair. He said that he could not see any detail to the photographs
and that he did not “even try to pick him out.” He stated that the Defendant was the man
who shot him and that he remembered “that smile and . . . that smirk when I looked in the
[car] window.” The victim recalled thinking that the Defendant was good-looking, that
he was probably Ms. Pursell’s “real boyfriend and I’ve been getting duped all along,” and
that the victim should be careful. The victim stated that he realized he was in a
dangerous situation and did not want the Defendant to know he was carrying money.

       On recross-examination, the victim testified that he remembered testifying at the
preliminary hearing that he never saw the shooter’s face. When asked whether seeing the
Defendant at the preliminary hearing influenced his memory, the victim said that he
never claimed to have seen details of the shooter’s appearance. He said that he never
“got a really good look” at the shooter’s face, that the police photographs depicted men
who could have been age forty or fifty, and that he remembered seeing a good-looking
young African-American man smiling at him when he initially entered the car. The
victim stated that he thought the men and Ms. Pursell were probably going to try to rob
him and that as a result, he told Ms. Pursell that his money to purchase the drugs was at
the hotel.

       Metro Nashville Detective Russell Thompson testified that he responded to the
scene of the shooting and reviewed the surveillance tapes with Mr. Patel. He said that the
victim had been transported to the hospital by the time he arrived and that the victim had
provided responding officers the name Meagan and the car’s license plate number.
Detective Thompson said that the police issued a news report based upon the license plate
number, that Ms. Pursell’s mother contacted them, and that the car was registered in Ms.
Pursell’s mother’s name. Detective Thompson stated that he and crime scene
investigators went to Ms. Pursell’s mother’s home, that they collected evidence from the

                                           -6-
car, and that Officer Bill Kirby, who had since retired, collected fingerprints. Detective
Thompson said that they recovered money in the parking lot at the hotel and nearby and
that some of the money had been placed on an air conditioning unit.

       Detective Thompson identified photographs of the victim’s truck, the Ford Focus
Ms. Pursell drove, and the hotel sidewalk. Detective Thompson said that a black jacket
and a pack of cigarettes belonging to the victim were recovered from the sidewalk in
front of the hotel. He stated that the jacket contained two bullet holes, one in the front
and one in the back. He identified a photograph of a traffic citation issued to Ms. Pursell,
which was found inside the Ford Focus.

        Detective Thompson testified that no bullet holes were found in the car and that
after reviewing the surveillance recording, he determined that the victim was shot while
the car door was open. He said that that a bullet strike was visible on the pavement in the
recording and that officers recovered a bullet from the outside wall of the hotel. He noted
that the victim was shot “through and through.” He identified photographs of the hotel
wall where the bullet was located.

       Detective Thompson testified that he saw crime scene investigators collect
fingerprints from the car, that he had seen the process many times previously, and that the
investigators dusted black powder on a surface and used tape to lift the powder from the
surface. Detective Thompson stated that he was “by no means an expert in fingerprints,”
but that he had been a detective for ten years and had “done this a lot.” He said that the
investigators put the tape on index cards, wrote the location from where the fingerprint
was collected, and wrote the complaint number on the card. He agreed that “all that goes
into the evidence locker.” He stated that he saw Officer Kirby “doing that.”

       Detective Thompson testified that twelve hours after the shooting, he went to the
hospital and interviewed the victim. He stated that the interview was not recorded and
that the victim was on medication. He said that the victim identified “Meagan” as the
driver of the car and described the shooter consistently with the victim’s trial testimony.
Detective Thompson stated that he and another person interviewed Ms. Pursell and that
as a result of that interview, he developed a photograph lineup and showed it to the
victim. He said that the victim did not identify anyone from the photographs and that Ms.
Pursell chose the Defendant’s photograph and identified him as “Worm” and “Reggie.”
A copy of the marked photograph lineup, which contained a circle around the
Defendant’s photograph and Ms. Pursell’s signature, was received as an exhibit.




                                            -7-
       Detective Thompson identified a twenty-dollar bill and a ten-dollar bill that were
recovered next to a hotel room. He said that the money contained at least one stain but
that the stain was not tested. He identified a five-dollar bill that was recovered next to
another hotel room. Detective Thompson said that based upon information from Ms.
Pursell, he went to the Defendant’s cousin’s house and that the gun used in the shooting
was not found. He said that Ms. Pursell took the police to the Defendant’s cousin’s house
and to the Defendant’s house. He stated that he questioned Ms. Pursell about her being
an accomplice to the robbery, that he “press[ed] her” about it, and that he could have
been perceived as being “mean.” He said, though, that Ms. Pursell did not admit any
involvement in the robbery and that she cooperated with officers throughout the
investigation. He stated that Ms. Pursell was never charged and that no evidence showed
she was an accessory to the robbery.

        On cross-examination, Detective Thompson testified that before Ms. Pursell’s
mother contacted the police, he searched for the car’s registration based upon the license
plate number provided by the victim. Although Detective Thompson did not remember
the reason, he saw Ms. Pursell’s mother’s name but was unable to contact her. He said
that Ms. Pursell’s mother called the police on June 5, that she told them Ms. Pursell was
not at home, and that the police instructed her to call back when Ms. Pursell returned.
Detective Thompson said that after he reviewed the surveillance recording and saw the
bullet strike, another detective returned to the scene to search for the bullet. Detective
Thompson stated that during their first interview, he showed the victim a photograph
lineup containing Ms. Pursell’s photograph. He said that another detective showed the
victim the photograph lineup containing the Defendant’s photograph. Detective
Thompson “assume[d]” that the photograph lineup shown to the victim was the same one
shown to Ms. Pursell. He stated that photograph lineups were constructed using
individuals with similar aspects to their appearances and that wearing dreadlocks and a
short goatee was “fairly common[.]” He said that other photograph lineups were shown
to the victim and Ms. Pursell.

       Detective Thompson testified that he spoke to Ms. Pursell on the evening of June
6, and that after their interview he developed the Defendant as a suspect. Detective
Thompson said that he obtained an arrest warrant for the Defendant on June 25, that he
did not attempt to contact the Defendant personally, and that he spoke to the Defendant
when he was arrested. Detective Thompson stated that twenty days passed before the
warrant was issued and that he was on vacation for two weeks and was working on ten or
twenty other cases during that time. He said that although another detective might
conduct an interview in his stead, another detective would not obtain a warrant on his
case if the charges were serious. He stated that he was familiar with conducting
controlled telephone calls, that he tried to arrange a controlled call during Ms. Pursell’s

                                            -8-
interview, and that they could not reach the Defendant. He said that he did not feel
comfortable obtaining an arrest warrant before June 25 due to “some information that . . .
I don’t know that I can talk about.”

       Detective Thompson testified that he wanted to speak with Delton Watkins, whom
he believed was the man sitting in the car’s backseat, that Mr. Watkins was arrested for
an unrelated matter, and that Mr. Watkins did not identify the Defendant in a photograph
lineup as someone he knew. Detective Thompson stated that a total of thirty-five dollars
cash was recovered outside the hotel.

       On redirect examination, Detective Thompson testified that at the time he
interviewed the victim, he had not received the results of the fingerprint analysis. He
stated that the victim was shown the photograph lineup containing the Defendant’s
photograph at a later date. He agreed that lineups contained similar-looking people in
order to “give the lineup validity.”

       Meagan Pursell testified that she had known the Defendant for one month at the
time of the shooting, and she identified the Defendant as the victim’s shooter. She denied
having had a romantic relationship with the Defendant. She agreed that she told the
police the Defendant shot the victim and that she took the police “by the house where we
dropped the gun off.” She stated that either the Defendant or “the guy in the back” took
the gun into the house and that she thought the house belonged to the Defendant’s aunt.
Ms. Pursell said that she also took the police to the Defendant’s house and that she did
not know if the Defendant was present. When asked whether she cared whether the
Defendant knew that she had told the police where he lived, Ms. Pursell said, “I didn’t
want to put me and my family in harm[,] but I didn’t know that anybody had a gun that
day and I didn’t know that anybody was going to get shot that day so I did what I had to
do.”

       Ms. Pursell testified that she met the victim at her friend’s house, that he was
performing tattoo work there, and that she gave the victim her telephone number. She
said that they had decided to “hang out” and that she was age twenty-one or twenty-two
and did not make good decisions. She stated that at the time, she used drugs. She said
that she met with the victim four or five times and that they stayed at hotels. She agreed
that the last time, the victim was shot. She said that she met the victim at night, that they
used drugs together, that both of them had “been up for a couple of days,” and that they
argued. She stated that they went to the Defendant’s house to purchase drugs, that “it
was taking too long,” and that they left without having purchased drugs. She said they
went to a house belonging to an acquaintance of the victim and purchased drugs.


                                            -9-
       Ms. Pursell testified that the victim was dissatisfied with the drugs, that they
decided not to return to the hotel because the victim had sufficient cash with him, and
that Ms. Pursell wanted to return to the Defendant’s house, which was in East Nashville.
She said that the victim did not want to go, that he pushed the steering wheel as she drove
down the interstate, and that she threatened to call the police if he did not stop. She
stated that the victim left the car and that she drove to the Defendant’s house because it
was close by, she felt shaken, and it was where they had discussed going. She said that
she may have used drugs when she arrived at the Defendant’s house.

        Ms. Pursell testified that the victim called her and apologized, that he sounded
sincere, and that he asked for a ride to the hotel and offered to pay for gasoline. She said
that they talked for “a while” and that she eventually agreed to give him a ride. She
stated that during her conversation with the victim, she was in her car and that the
Defendant and another man stood in front of her car talking. She said that the victim was
going to buy drugs from the men, that she and the men drove to a gas station to meet the
victim, and that the victim put five dollars’ worth of gasoline in her car. She stated that
the Defendant sat in the front passenger seat, the second man sat in the rear driver’s side
seat, and the victim sat in the rear passenger-side seat.

        Ms. Pursell testified that when they arrived at the hotel, the Defendant told the
victim to “get what you want now” because he would not travel to the hotel again. She
said that she parked the car, that the victim left the car, and that she thought he was going
to retrieve thirty dollars from the hotel room, although she did not see where the victim
went. She stated that the victim returned after a short time, that the back door was open
and the victim stood outside the car, and that the Defendant pulled out a gun and
demanded the victim’s money. She said that the victim reached for the gun and “that is
when it happened.” She stated that she and the man in the backseat were “freaking out.”
She thought that she told the victim to give the Defendant his money. She said that she
never saw any money and that after the victim was shot, she saw him go toward the hotel
office.

        Ms. Pursell testified that she was scared, that she backed out of the parking lot,
and that she took “side streets” to drop off the gun at the Defendant’s house. She said
that inside the car, “[e]verybody was just screaming and cussing . . . it was a mess.” She
stated that she and the man in the backseat asked the Defendant why he shot the victim
and that the man in the backseat “yelled out he was on parole and said, why would you
do that?” She said she told the police that the Defendant responded that the victim was
reaching for the Defendant’s gun. She stated that both men discussed how to travel to
their destination, that the men stated that the gun “needed to get out of the car,” and that
the Defendant gave her directions to a house. She said that she was crying and “trying to

                                            -10-
drive.” She thought that after they arrived, only the Defendant went into the house, but
she was unsure. She said that after the Defendant returned, she dropped off both men at
the Defendant’s house and that the Defendant took a shell casing out of the car before he
left. Ms. Pursell stated that the Defendant was happy he found the shell casing and that
he later told her he flushed the shell casing down a toilet.

       Ms. Pursell testified that she never saw how much cocaine the Defendant carried,
that she saw an envelope made from brown paper, and that the paper was too small to
hold two grams of cocaine. She stated that one-half gram of cocaine cost thirty dollars,
that generally, a person looked at the cocaine inside an envelope during a drug
transaction, and that she never saw the amount of cocaine inside the envelope. She said
that when she, the victim, and the two men arrived at the hotel, the Defendant’s telling
the victim to buy as much cocaine as he could afford made her uncomfortable because
she knew the Defendant did not bring a lot of cocaine with him. She stated that she
“started getting the vibe or that uncomfortable feeling” the men were trying to cheat the
victim and that she thought the victim also became uncomfortable. She denied that she
had any indication the Defendant was going to shoot the victim. When asked why she
did not call the police after the shooting, she said that she was young, that she had a two-
year-old child, and that she was scared.

       Ms. Pursell testified that she did not go home for one or two days because she did
not want to tell her mother what had happened in her mother’s car. Ms. Pursell said that
she spoke to her mother, that she knew the police had come to her mother’s house, and
that when she returned home, she told her mother about the shooting. Ms. Pursell stated
that she identified the Defendant in a photograph lineup as the person who shot the
victim.

       Ms. Pursell testified that the Defendant called her two days after the shooting, that
the Defendant wanted her to meet him and discuss the shooting, and that she never met
with him. She said that the Defendant told her to tell the police that another person shot
the victim. After reviewing the video recording of her police interview, Ms. Pursell
agreed she told the police that the Defendant told her to say the car was stolen. She
stated that the man in the backseat was African-American, in his thirties, and had short
hair.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Pursell testified that she picked up the Defendant
around 5:00 a.m. She did not remember why she went to the Defendant’s house,
although she said that they had been communicating throughout the night and that she
had been trying to obtain drugs. She remembered calling the Defendant after the victim
left her car around 4:45 a.m. and asking the Defendant if he had drugs and if it was okay

                                           -11-
to come to his house. She did not remember the location from which she picked up the
victim. She said that she and the victim used “rock cocaine” at his hotel room. She
stated that she went to the hotel room to get high, that she considered the victim a friend,
and that the victim “offered to get me high and was trying to have sex with me.” She
denied intending to have sex with the victim. She said that the victim paid for the
cocaine and that if she had money, she would have supplied it.

       Ms. Pursell testified that she and the victim spent an hour in the hotel room, that
they ran out of cocaine and left to buy more, that they bought cocaine from the victim’s
friend, and that Ms. Pursell had “a couple of hits.” She said that the victim was “served
small” and that he was in a bad mood. She stated that they argued because he wanted to
return to the hotel before buying more cocaine and that this plan did not make sense to
her. She said that he tried to turn her steering wheel while they were on the interstate,
that she threatened to call the police, and that he chose to get out of the car.

       Ms. Pursell testified that after about one and one-half hours, she picked up the
victim because she felt bad. She said that she and the victim had been talking on the
telephone for about one hour and that he had apologized. She stated that the victim
bought her five dollars’ worth of gasoline and that he told her he would buy her more
later “but that is what he had on him.” She said that she and the victim were going to
“chill” together. When asked whether she supplied transportation to the shooter and
brought the victim to the hotel, Ms. Pursell responded, “If you mean I was in the wrong
place at the wrong time, yes. I’m guilty of giving a friend a ride, yeah.” She agreed that
she was there to use cocaine and that she did not have any money other than five dollars,
although she “didn’t need it.”

        Ms. Pursell testified that after she dropped off the men, she went to a fast food
restaurant in East Nashville, that the Defendant had given her 100 pennies, that she
bought a burrito, and that she drove to Hendersonville. She agreed that the victim bought
her gasoline at 5:00 a.m. and said that she did not notice whether her low gas light was on
after the shooting. She said later, though, that she arrived at the Defendant’s house at
4:45 a.m., that she spent an hour there, and that she picked up the victim at the gas station
at about 6:50 a.m. She stated that she had been awake for one and one-half days, that she
had been smoking crack cocaine for two or three days, and that she smoked crack cocaine
daily at the time. She said that she had since stopped using cocaine, that she had a baby,
and that she took anxiety medication and an antidepressant prescribed by her doctor.
When asked whether she was intoxicated at the time of the shooting, Ms. Pursell said that
she was “pretty sober” and that she would not have shot somebody. She stated that she
was tired, that cocaine produced a “quick high” that dissipated rapidly, and that “we
weren’t on drugs and decided to do something stupid, that is not what happened here.”

                                            -12-
Ms. Pursell said that she thought the robbery had been planned and that the Defendant
was scared when the victim reached for the gun. She did not think the Defendant smoked
crack cocaine, although he may have used powder cocaine.

       Ms. Pursell testified that she pleaded guilty to “petty theft” on two occasions in
2008. She said that when she was at the Defendant’s house, he may have “had a dollar
with a little bit” of cocaine in it. She denied trading sex for cocaine at the Defendant’s
house and said she had never been charged or pleaded guilty to prostitution.

       Metro Nashville Police Department Forensic Scientist Linda Wilson, an expert in
latent fingerprint examination, testified that she received a “latent envelope” from
Officers Kirby and Lawrence. She identified fingerprint cards as the ones she examined,
and the cards were received as an exhibit. She stated that she matched some of the
fingerprints to the Defendant’s fingerprints.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Wilson stated that out of sixteen cards, the prints on
two cards matched the Defendant. She noted that the envelope from Officer Kirby
contained ten cards and that the envelope from Officer Lawrence contained six cards.
She said that the Defendant was listed first in possible matches generated by the
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). She stated that according to
notations on the fingerprint cards, the prints were collected from the exterior front
passenger door and the “front passenger exterior.” She said that other fingerprints
matched Delton Watkins and that Mr. Watkins was the first possible match listed by
AFIS for those fingerprint cards. She stated that in order to consider a latent fingerprint
“of value,” the print had to have eight visible “minutia points” to compare to fingerprints
in the AFIS system. She noted that her supervisor, Julia Hooper, verified her results as a
safeguard.

       On redirect examination, Ms. Wilson testified that Mr. Watkins’ fingerprints were
collected from the rear passenger door, the driver’s doorframe above the window, and the
driver’s side inside hood.

      The envelope of ten fingerprint cards submitted by Officer Kirby was received as
an exhibit. The front of the envelope reflected the following notations:

      Date: 6-6-12 Time: 0710 Precinct: Madison
      ...
      Complaint No. XX-XXXXXXX
      Lifted By: Kirby T.I.S. 218498
      Handwritten notation: Delton L. Watkins OCA 151764 LW 6-11-12

                                           -13-
         Reginald B. Coffee OCA 374416 LW 6-11-12

The back of the envelope read:

         Supervisor Latent Receipt
         Supervisor approving: J Nicholson ENO # 226502
         Date: 6-6-12 Time: 1530 # Cards: 10
         Received in Latents by: A Stewart ENO #266928
         Date: 6/7/12 Time: 0530 # Cards: 101
         Assigned to: L Wilson
         Received by: Wilson ENO # 268128 6-7-12

        The cards inside were numbered in red ink, were labeled complaint XX-XXXXXXX in
black ink, and contained the location, date, and time each print was lifted. Cards two and
three, marked, “front pass. exterior” and “re-lift exterior front pass. door,” contained
handwritten notations which included the Defendant’s OCA number and Ms. Wilson’s
initials. Cards six, eight, and nine contained Mr. Watkins’s OCA number. The cards
were also initialed and dated by another person, but the initials were illegible.

        Upon this evidence, the Defendant was convicted as charged and sentenced to
fifteen years. This appeal followed.

                                                          I

                                         Sufficiency of the Evidence

         The Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction
relative to identity. He argues that Ms. Pursell was an accomplice whose testimony
regarding the identity of the shooter was inadequately corroborated in the absence of the
fingerprint evidence. The Defendant does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence
relative to the elements of the offense. The State responds that Defendant raises this
issue on improper grounds, Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(d), and that
alternatively, the jury, by its verdict, found that Ms. Pursell was not an accomplice and
that no corroboration was necessary.

       As a preliminary matter, the Defendant’s statement of the issue is, “The verdict of
the jury was against the weight of the evidence.” The Defendant argues that the trial


1
 The number ten is written in a pen that does not appear to match the rest of the writing, and an unintelligible
number appears underneath.
                                                        -14-
court erred by affirming the jury’s verdict as the thirteenth juror. Tennessee Rule of
Criminal Procedure 33(d) provides, in pertinent part, “The trial court may grant a new
trial following a verdict of guilty if it disagrees with the jury about the weight of the
evidence.”

       Trial judges exercising their thirteenth juror function are acting as jurors.
       “[T]he trial judge and the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their
       testimony, and observe their demeanor on the stand.” Bolin v. State, 405
       S.W.2d [768, 771 (Tenn. 1966)]. Thus, proper factors to be weighed by the
       trial court include the witness’ testimony, demeanor, and credibility, all
       factors likewise considered by the jury. See State v. Burlison, 868 S.W.2d
       713, 719 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The rule calls upon the trial judge to
       exercise its role in its traditional capacity.

State v. Dankworth, 919 S.W.2d 52, 58 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). An appellate court,
however, may not function as a thirteenth juror. State v. Burlison, 868 S.W.2d 713, 718-
19 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The Rules of Appellate Procedure limit the role of an
appellate court relative to findings of guilt in criminal cases to the question of whether
the evidence “is insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.” T.R.A.P. 13(e). In that vein, the Rules prescribe that “relief may not
be granted in contravention of the province of the trier of fact.” T.R.A.P. 36(a). After a
trial court has discharged its obligation as thirteenth juror and approved the verdict,
appellate review requires “accrediting of the testimony of the witnesses for the state and
the resolution of evidentiary conflicts in favor of the state.” Burlison, 868 S.W.2d at 719
(citing State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973)). For these reasons, our review
of the Defendant’s issue is limited to the question of whether the evidence is sufficient to
support the conviction.

        In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of review is “whether,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see State v. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d 514,
521 (Tenn. 2007). The State is “afforded the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
and all reasonable inferences” from that evidence. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d at 521. The
appellate courts do not “reweigh or reevaluate the evidence,” and questions regarding
“the credibility of witnesses [and] the weight and value to be given the evidence . . . are
resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); see State
v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984).



                                            -15-
        “A crime may be established by direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of the two.” State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 140 (Tenn. 1998); see State v.
Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686, 691 (Tenn. 2005). “The standard of review ‘is the same whether
the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’“ State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn.
2009)).

       Especially aggravated robbery “is the intentional or knowing theft of property
from the person of another by violence or putting the person in fear” which is
“[a]ccomplished with a deadly weapon” and in which “the victim suffers serious bodily
injury.” Id. §§ 39-13-401(a) (2014), -403(a)(1)-(2) (2014).

      “An accomplice is defined as a person who knowingly, voluntarily and with
common intent unites with the principal offender in the commission of the crime.” State
v. Anderson, 985 S.W.2d 9, 16 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (citing State v. Perkinson, 867
S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992)). “[A] conviction may not be based solely upon the
uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice.” See, e.g., State v. Shaw, 37 S.W.3d 900,
903 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 803 (Tenn. 1994); Monts v. State,
379 S.W.2d 34, 43 (Tenn. 1964), overruled on other grounds by State v. Collier, 411
S.W.3d 886 (Tenn. 2013). In order for accomplice testimony to be adequately
corroborated:

      there must be some fact testified to, entirely independent of the
      accomplice’s testimony, which, taken by itself, leads to the inference, not
      only that a crime has been committed, but also that the defendant is
      implicated in it; and this independent corroborative testimony must also
      include some fact establishing the defendant’s identity. This corroborative
      evidence may be direct or entirely circumstantial, and it need not be
      adequate, in and of itself, to support a conviction; it is sufficient to meet the
      requirements of the rule if it fairly and legitimately tends to connect the
      defendant with the commission of the crime charged. It is not necessary
      that the corroboration extend to every part of the accomplice’s evidence.

Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d at 803 (quoting State v. Gaylor, 862 S.W.2d 546, 552 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1992) (citations omitted)); see Shaw, 37 S.W.3d at 903.

      Regarding the question of whether a person is an accomplice,

            The term “accomplice” does not include a person who has guilty
      knowledge, or is morally delinquent, or who was even an admitted

                                            -16-
       participant in a related but distinct offense. To constitute one an
       accomplice, he must perform some act or take some part in the commission
       of the crime or owe some duty to the person in danger that makes
       incumbent on him to prevent its commission. An accomplice is “one
       culpably implicated in, or who unlawfully co-operates, aids, abets, or
       assists in, the commission of the crime charged.”

              The generally accepted test as to whether a witness is an accomplice
       is whether he himself could have been convicted for the offense, either as
       principal or accessory.

Pennington v. State, 478 S.W.2d 892, 898 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1971) (quoting 2 Wharton’s
Criminal Evidence § 448 (12th ed. 1955)). A person is not deemed an accomplice simply
because he or she was present at the crime scene. Letner v. State, 512 S.W.2d 643, 647
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1974); Hicks v. State, 149 S.W. 1055, 1056 (Tenn. 1912).

       At the trial, Detective Thompson testified that he questioned Ms. Pursell about her
involvement in the shooting, that sufficient evidence did not exist to charge her as an
accessory, and that Ms. Pursell cooperated with the police during the investigation. The
victim testified that although he initially suspected Ms. Pursell had played a role in the
shooting, by the time of the trial, he did not believe she was involved in planning the
robbery, only that she had disclosed that the victim was carrying a sum of money with
which he could pay for drugs. We note that the victim’s initial suspicion is not evidence
Ms. Pursell was an accessory. The victim stated that Ms. Pursell looked shocked when
the Defendant produced a gun, that she “freaked out,” and that she seemed genuinely
concerned for the victim’s condition during his recovery. Ms. Pursell testified that she
had no knowledge of the Defendant’s intent to rob the victim and that the Defendant’s
actions took her by surprise. By the Defendant’s request, the court gave an accomplice
instruction to the jury.

       In the light most favorable to the State, the evidence established that Ms. Pursell
was not an accomplice. No evidence suggested Ms. Pursell knew the Defendant carried a
gun or was planning a robbery when she drove the men to pick up the victim. As a result,
her testimony regarding the Defendant’s identity did not require corroboration, and the
evidence is sufficient to support the conviction. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on
this basis.




                                           -17-
                                             II

                                  Fingerprint Evidence

       The Defendant contends that fingerprint evidence collected from Ms. Pursell’s car
was improperly admitted, arguing that because the officers who collected the fingerprints
did not testify, the chain of custody was incomplete. The State responds that the chain of
custody was adequately proven.

        As a preliminary matter, we note that the trial court did not comment before
overruling the Defendant’s chain of custody objection. The prosecutor argued that
fingerprint cards were not “a chain of custody issue per se, this is not cocaine or a
substance that can be changed or tampered with.” On appeal, the State argues that
Officer Kirby did not have the requisite knowledge to alter the fingerprint cards before
Ms. Wilson analyzed them. Officer Kirby did not testify, and therefore we cannot
presume he did not have the ability to alter the fingerprints. Although it might be
difficult to alter fingerprint cards, we think that the State must prove the chain of custody
for all tangible evidence, not only certain varieties.

       In addition, the prosecutor argued at the motion for a new trial that the
Defendant’s chain of custody issue was “actually [an] appellate issue[]” and that “the
way that the fingerprint was introduced is a matter to be appealed, that is not really a
matter for a Motion For New Trial . . . this is not the forum for that complaint.” The
prosecutor’s argument is misplaced at best, and in any event, we disagree. Including the
chain of custody issue in the motion for a new trial was necessary to preserve the issue on
appeal. Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(e) states, “[No] issue presented for
review shall be predicated upon error in the admission . . . of evidence . . . unless the
same was specifically stated in a motion for a new trial; otherwise such issues will be
treated as waived.” Trial counsel properly included this issue in the motion for a new
trial.

       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 901 states that evidence must be authenticated in
order to be admissible. Evidence is authenticated by providing proof “sufficient to the
court to support a finding by the trier of fact that the matter in question is what its
proponent claims.” Tenn. R. Evid. 901(a). “[W]hen the facts and circumstances that
surround tangible evidence reasonably establish the identity and integrity of the
evidence,” it should be admitted. State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 296 (Tenn. 2008).
In order to prove the reliability of tangible evidence, the State must prove “an unbroken
chain of custody.” State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 760 (internal citation omitted).


                                            -18-
Relative to the State’s burden in proving the chain of custody, our supreme court has
stated the following:

       Even though each link in the chain of custody should be sufficiently
       established, this rule does not require that the identity of tangible evidence
       be proven beyond the possibility of all doubt; nor should the State be
       required to establish facts which exclude every possibility of tampering . . .
       . An item is not necessarily precluded from admission as evidence if the
       State fails to call all of the witnesses who handled the item . . . . [If] the
       State fails to offer sufficient proof of the chain of custody, the “evidence
       should not be admitted . . . unless both identity and integrity can be
       demonstrated by other appropriate means.” Scott, 33 S.W.3d at 760
       (quoting Cohen, et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence § 901.12, at 624 (3rd ed.
       1995)).

Cannon, 254 S.W.3d at 296. This court reviews chain of custody determinations for an
abuse of discretion. Id. at 295.

       Three Tennessee cases are instructive. In Cannon, the defendant objected to the
admission of DNA evidence obtained from a pair of pantyhose, arguing that the chain of
custody for the pantyhose had not been established. Id. at 295-96. The testimony
reflected that the victim arrived at the hospital and had changed out of her clothing before
a forensic examiner, an emergency room doctor, and a detective arrived. The forensic
examiner initially testified that she knew the pantyhose belonged to the victim because
they were located with the victim’s other clothing and because no one else had been in
the room. The emergency room doctor who treated the victim testified that the hospital’s
general protocol for the storage of the personal effects of sexual assault victims included
placing clothing in a bag, and he stated that he did not see what the victim wore when she
arrived or whether protocol had been followed relative to her clothing. In violation of the
rule of sequestration, the examiner was present in the courtroom during the doctor’s
testimony. When the examiner was recalled by the State, she testified that she had seen a
bag of the victim’s clothing in the hospital room, that a detective removed the clothing
from the bag in order to photograph it, and that the pantyhose were included in the bag.
However, the detective could not remember whether a pair of pantyhose was inside the
bag, and he testified that he and the victim had discussed a pair of underwear, not
pantyhose. Additionally, photographs of the victim’s clothing did not show a pair of
pantyhose, and the pantyhose were not mentioned in the examiner’s and the detective’s
reports. Id. at 296-98.



                                           -19-
        Our supreme court determined that the pantyhose and, by extension, the DNA
analysis were improperly admitted because of the “suspect nature of the identification of
the pantyhose[.]” Id. at 298. The court noted the conflicting witness testimony, the
inconsistency between the forensic examiner’s statements and the photograph exhibits,
and the fact that the examiner only testified about the victim’s clothing being in a bag
after improperly hearing the emergency doctor’s testimony. The court concluded that the
error was not harmless because the DNA analysis was “the only tangible evidence linking
Defendant in any way” to the victim, and it noted that the victim and others had
previously identified another person as the attacker. Id. at 299.

       Likewise, in Scott, the police department sent an envelope containing three hairs to
the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for testing. When the FBI returned the hairs,
they had been mounted on a microscopic slide. 33 S.W.3d at 760. Our supreme court
held that in the absence of testimony about how the hairs had been processed by the FBI
and verification that the hairs received from the FBI were the same as the ones sent to it,
the chain of custody was not complete, and the trial court erred by admitting the
evidence.2 The court noted the sensitive nature of mitochondrial DNA testing and the
danger that contamination of a sample would alter the results of the test. Id. at 761.

        Conversely, this court concluded in State v. Dean, 76 S.W.3d 352 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2001), that although the person who drew a blood sample from the defendant did
not testify, the chain of custody was adequately proven. In that case, a police sergeant
testified that he observed a sexual assault resource center employee draw the defendant’s
blood, take the defendant’s photograph and thumbprint, and place a label on the vial.
Another resource center employee testified about the standard procedure used when
collecting blood samples from suspects, and she identified the signature of the person
who drew the defendant’s blood, with whom she was acquainted. The person who
received the blood sample at the resource center and transported the blood sample to the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) did not testify, although he was identified by his
signature on the center’s records and by the TBI laboratory technician. Id. at 366-67.

       This court distinguished the Dean case from Scott, noting that “[a]lthough the
defendant stressed at trial and on appeal possibilities of tampering and contamination,
there was no showing that this occurred. Rather, the State presented minimal but
adequate ‘proof that the evidence was handled according to normal procedures and that
there [was] no indicia of tampering.’” Id. at 370 (quoting Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee
Law of Evidence, § 901[13][f] (4th ed. 2000)); see State v. Freddie Lee Johnson, No


2
 Because our supreme court reversed the conviction on other grounds, it did not reach the issue of whether the error
was harmless.
                                                       -20-
M2014-01494-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 5310910, at *14-17 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 10,
2015). This court concluded that the chain of custody had been properly proven.

        In this case, Detective Thompson testified that he observed Officers Kirby and
Lawrence collect fingerprints, and he described the process of fingerprint collection,
including labeling the individual cards with the case number. Although Detective
Thompson agreed that “all that goes into the evidence locker,” he did not describe the
procedure by which evidence was logged at the police station or who had access to the
evidence locker. Although Ms. Wilson testified that she received an envelope of
fingerprint cards from Officers Kirby and Lawrence, the envelope that was received as an
exhibit reflects that a supervisor, “J Nicholson,” signed the envelope and that “A
Stewart” first received the envelope in the latent fingerprint division before the case was
assigned to Ms. Wilson. No testimony established the identity of J. Nicholson or A.
Stewart or their job titles, and Ms. Wilson identified Julia Hooper as her supervisor.
According to written notations on the envelope, the fingerprints were collected on June 6,
2012, at 7:10 a.m., J Nicholson counted them at 3:30 p.m. the same day, and they were
received in the latent fingerprint facility on June 7, 2012, at 5:30 a.m. No testimony
established where the fingerprint cards were located during the interim period or that the
envelope was properly sealed when Ms. Wilson received it for testing. The envelope
itself had been taped and opened multiple times such that it was impossible to tell the
condition of the envelope at the time of testing. In addition, the envelope was split open
on one side,3 showed multiple sets of initials, and the cards inside were initialed by Ms.
Wilson and another person, whose initials were illegible but, based upon Ms. Wilson’s
testimony, could have been Ms. Hooper.4 However, Ms. Wilson also testified that the
case number written on the envelope and the cards matched the relevant case number.

       A gap in the chain of custody exists; in contrast to Cannon, Scott, and Dean, no
standard procedures for storing evidence were described at the trial, except for the
assignment of a case number and a general agreement with the statement “all that goes
into the evidence locker.” Between the time Officer Kirby left Ms. Pursell’s car and the
time A. Stewart received the envelope in the latent fingerprint division, no proof was
presented of what was done with the envelope. For example, a log from the evidence
locker was not introduced as an exhibit, and the present evidence custodian did not testify
about who had access to the locker or what the log book showed for the dates in question.
Ms. Wilson did not testify about the condition of the envelope when she received it,
whether it was properly sealed, or the latent fingerprint division’s standard procedure for


3
    It is possible the envelope was cut down the side at the trial, but the transcript does not reflect it.
4
    Ms. Wilson’s testimony indicated that Ms. Hooper would have initialed the cards.
                                                              -21-
storing and testing fingerprint evidence. In addition, although the fingerprint envelope
reflects that “J Nicholson” counted ten cards at 3:30 p.m. on June 6, no evidence
established how many cards Officer Kirby collected at the scene. We note that relative to
the number of cards A. Stewart counted, the number ten had been written over another,
illegible number and was with a different thickness of pen than any other writing on the
envelope.

        Unlike Cannon and Scott, there has been no allegation, and the record does not
reflect, that any tangible change in the fingerprint evidence occurred or any indication
existed that the cards were altered or substituted. However, as in Scott, the absence of
testimony about standard procedures for handling, storing, and transporting fingerprint
evidence makes it “impossible to know whether anyone tampered with the evidence, or
whether anyone had the opportunity to ‘confuse, misplace, damage, substitute, lose, [or]
replace’” the fingerprint cards. Scott, 33 S.W.3d at 761 (internal citation omitted). We
conclude that the chain of custody was not sufficiently proven and that, as a result, the
fingerprint evidence was erroneously admitted. However, as we concluded above, the
error was harmless because the evidence was sufficient to convict the Defendant without
consideration of the fingerprint evidence. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this
basis.

       Based on the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment of the trial court is
affirmed.



                                            _____________________________________
                                             ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JUDGE




                                           -22-
