                                      RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-2489-18T1

A.R.,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

J.M.,

     Defendant-Respondent.
____________________________

                    Argued December 10, 2019 – Decided December 16, 2019

                    Before Judges Hoffman and Firko.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                    Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
                    Docket No. FV-09-0877-19.

                    Diana E. Griffin argued the cause for appellant
                    (Northeast New Jersey Legal Services, attorneys; Diana
                    E. Griffin, of counsel and on the brief).

                    Respondent has not filed a brief.

PER CURIAM
      Plaintiff A.R appeals from a December 19, 2018 Family Part order,

dismissing her domestic violence complaint and temporary restraining order

(TRO), and denying her application for a final restraining order (FRO) against

defendant J.M., pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA),

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. Because we agree with plaintiff that the trial court

misapplied the second prong of the two-prong test enunciated in Silver v. Silver,

387 N.J. Super. 112, 126 (App. Div. 2006), we reverse and remand to the trial

court for entry of an FRO.

                                       I.

      We glean the following facts from the testimony elicited at the FRO

hearing. Plaintiff and defendant began dating in 2017. In February 2018,

plaintiff became pregnant with defendant's child. The parties stopped dating

around March 2018 but continued to romantically see each other through the

summer. In late September 2018, plaintiff gave birth to the parties' son.

      Plaintiff testified regarding three specific acts of domestic violence. In

addition, plaintiff alleged defendant consistently became physical during their

many disagreements. Defendant disputed plaintiff's testimony, alleging plaintiff

was the aggressor, often getting physical with him, and denied becoming




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physical with her. Defendant also testified that he showed restraint in response

to plaintiff's physical aggression.

      According to plaintiff, in May 2017, defendant saw something he did not

like on her phone and confronted her. Plaintiff demanded defendant return her

phone, but defendant refused, and the parties began chasing one another. The

pursuit resulted in defendant pushing plaintiff into a fence. Defendant denied

plaintiff's account.

      Plaintiff further testified that in June 2018, defendant physically assaulted

her, following what began as a verbal disagreement. Plaintiff testified defendant

repeatedly punched her in the face and head.         After the assault, plaintiff

recounted defendant forcing her to stay in his home for several days until her

bruising and swelling subsided. Defendant disputed plaintiff's account.

      Plaintiff also produced an array of photographs depicting various injuries

she sustained, as proof of the May 2017 and June 2018 incidents. Defendant

claimed the photographs depicted bruising plaintiff acquired during training as

a recreational boxer.

      On October 17, 2018, an altercation following the exchange of the parties'

son resulted in plaintiff filing the domestic violence complaint under review.

Before going to work, plaintiff dropped off their two-week-old son to defendant,


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                                        3
who advised he planned to take their son to New York City with his family. In

response, plaintiff expressed concerns regarding the cool weather and requested

defendant return their son by 7:00 p.m.        Defendant then took his son and

daughter, his father, and his current girlfriend (the mother of his daughter), into

Manhattan, with plans of having dinner that night.

      At some point during the day, plaintiff attempted to call defendant's

phone, but defendant did not answer. Plaintiff eventually contact ed defendant's

father and girlfriend. Plaintiff questioned them as to when they planned on

coming home because she expected her son back by the requested time.

Defendant's father explained they were in Central Park and running late, but that

they would forego dinner and come home immediately. Plaintiff's subsequent

calls became threatening. Fearing that defendant would attempt to kidnap their

son, plaintiff threatened to call the police. Around 8:30 p.m., plaintiff called the

police, who advised her they could not act based on the information provided.

      At 9:30 p.m., defendant called plaintiff and notified her that she could

come pick up their son. When plaintiff arrived, the parties immediately began

arguing. Plaintiff testified that defendant pushed her into the wall and ripped

her jacket, and then took her outside and slammed her to the ground. Moments




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                                         4
later, defendant's father brought the parties son outside and demanded plaintiff

leave the property.

      At this point, plaintiff recounted she could not move her wrists, causing

her friend, who was waiting in plaintiff's car down the street, to call the police.

Plaintiff and her friend were escorted to a local hospital, where plaintiff received

treatment for skin abrasions and a contusion.

      Regarding the October 17 incident, defendant testified the parties got into

a shouting match outside of his apartment building when plaintiff came to pick

up their son. Defendant claimed plaintiff began pushing him towards the door

while attempting to provoke a physical reaction. Defendant testified he stepped

back into the building and closed the door on plaintiff's face, ending the

altercation. Defendant further testified his family immediately went out for

dinner following the incident; as a result, they were unaware police were

responding to the apartment building.

      Defendant's father and defendant's girlfriend also testified. Defendant's

father corroborated defendant's account of the October 17 incident and the

aggressive nature of plaintiff throughout the parties' relationship. During cross-

examination of defendant's girlfriend, plaintiff's counsel established that she

obtained a TRO against defendant in 2017, "because he put his hands around


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[her] neck." Defendant later admitted to putting his hands around the neck of

his girlfriend but claimed he did so to "push her off," in response to her

physically assaulting him.     Plaintiff's counsel cited this prior TRO against

defendant constituted additional evidence supporting plaintiff's need for

continued protection; however, the judge summarily rejected the argument

without explanation, stating, "I can't consider that."

      Throughout the hearing, the judge questioned the parties regarding

whether a parenting order was in place. During closing arguments, the trial

judge commented to plaintiff's counsel, "All [the parties] need to do is get a

parenting time order to straighten out their problems, which is why I keep

harping on it."

      Following closing arguments, the judge rendered his oral decision. The

judge recounted the evidence presented regarding domestic violence and

analyzed the testimony pursuant to the framework established under Silver, 387

N.J. Super. at 126. Based on this assessment, the judge found that a "simple

assault[,]" N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a), "occurred by a preponderance of the

evidence[,]" as a result of the October 17 incident. The judge did not find that

acts of domestic violence were established by a preponderance of the evidence




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as to the May 2017 or June 2018 incidents. Nevertheless, the judge satisfied the

first prong of Silver by finding the predicate act of simple assault occurred. Ibid.

      However, after considering "how [the assault] occurred" and "the context

in which it occurred[,]" the judge found that plaintiff failed to establish the

continued need for protection in order to satisfy the second Silver prong. The

judge explained:

            The question I have is whether a restraining order is
            needed to prevent further abuse or physical violence to
            the plaintiff. And again, I don't feel – the problem I
            have with that is I don't feel that it's the defendant's
            obsession with what [plaintiff] does or doesn't do. It's –
            it's a need – I find the need for a parenting time order a
            lot more than I find the need for a restraining order.

            So the fact that the relationship has been toxic in the
            past – and everyone kind of agrees with that
            description . . . that neither party acts well with – in the
            presence of the other. And even [plaintiff] says that.
            That's why it becomes a tough call here.

            I can find for a restraining order if I find, even without
            prior history, if the October 17th incident – which I
            [sic] have found has occurred by a preponderance of the
            evidence, if it's egregious enough to warrant the
            restraining order. And I don't feel it's – it's egregious
            enough. I'm going to deny the restraining order because
            I don't believe the need for the restraining order has
            been met . . . . I just believe what's needed here is a
            parenting time order.




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Based on this reasoning, the judge denied the FRO and issued an order vacating

the TRO.

      Plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration. The judge denied the motion,

continuing to find no need for restraints. This appeal followed.

                                         II.

      Ordinarily, "[i]n our review of a trial court's order entered following a trial

in a domestic violence matter, we grant substantial deference to the trial court's

findings of fact and the legal conclusions based upon those findings." D.N. v.

K.M., 429 N.J. Super. 592, 596 (App. Div. 2013). "The general rule is that

findings by the trial court are binding on appeal when supported by adequate,

substantial, credible evidence." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998).

      However, reversal is warranted when a trial court's findings are "so wide

of the mark that a mistake must have been made." New Jersey Div. of Youth

and Family Services v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007) (quoting C.B. Snyder

Realty Inc. v. BMW of N. Am., Inc., 233 N.J. Super. 65, 69 (App. Div. 1989)).

Likewise, "if the court ignores applicable standards, we are compelled to reverse

and remand for further proceedings." Gotlib v. Gotlib, 399 N.J. Super. 295, 309

(App. Div. 2008). Moreover, our review of a trial court's legal conclusions is




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                                         8
always de novo. See Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140

N.J. 366, 378 (1995).

      In Silver, we determined that the trial judge must perform two tasks at an

FRO hearing before deciding whether to grant or deny final relief to a person

protected under the PDVA. 387 N.J. Super. at 125-26.

            First, the judge must determine whether plaintiff
            proved, by a preponderance of the credible evidence,
            that defendant committed one or more of the predicate
            acts set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a). If the judge finds
            plaintiff did not meet this burden of proof, the court
            must dismiss the complaint. But if the court finds a
            defendant committed one or more of the predicate acts
            listed in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a), the judge must
            determine whether an FRO is needed to protect the
            victim.

            [A.M.C. v. P.B., 447 N.J. Super. 402, 413 (App. Div.
            2016) (citing Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125-26.)]

      In determining whether an FRO is needed to protect the victim, we offered

the following guidance:

            Although this second determination – whether a
            domestic violence restraining order should be issued –
            is most often perfunctory and self-evident, the guiding
            standard is whether a restraining order is necessary,
            upon an evaluation of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A.
            2C:25-29(a)(1) to -29(a)(6), to protect the victim from
            an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse.

            [Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127.]


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                                        9
      Here, despite finding that defendant committed the predicate act of

assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a), based on the events of October 17, 2018, and

despite acknowledging the parties' "toxic" relationship, the judge decided

against issuing an FRO. In A.M.C., we emphasized that determining whether a

court may "properly refuse to issue restraints" despite "finding that a defendant

committed one of the predicate acts listed in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)," courts may

consider two key factors: "(1) a lack of evidence demonstrating a history of

domestic violence or abuse; and (2) the commission of a predicate act that does

not involve physical violence against the victim." 447 N.J. Super. at 414.

      Here, the parties' testimony demonstrated a pattern of domestic

contretemps and a predicate act involving physical violence was clearly present.

Nonetheless, in finding no need for restraints, the judge focused on the fact that

no parenting order had been in place, opining that such an order would

"straighten out [the parties'] problems." However, in the course of this analysis,

as we found in A.M.C., "the judge minimized one of the principal concerns that

drove our analysis in Silver. Whether the predicate offense involved a violent

act." Id. at 416 (citing Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127).

      In A.M.C., while we acknowledged "that the Legislature did not intend

that the commission of any one of these [predicate] acts automatically mandates


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                                       10
the issuance of a domestic violence order[,]" id. at 417 (quoting Silver, 387 N.J.

Super. at 123), we reiterated that "[w]hen the predicate act is an offense that

inherently involves the use of physical force and violence, the decision to issue

an FRO 'is most often perfunctory and self-evident.'" Ibid. (quoting Silver, 387

N.J. Super. at 127). Moreover, we find that the judge failed to give sufficient

consideration to the recent birth of the parties' child – which the judge

acknowledged would bring the two into contact and serve as an inevitable source

of conflict.

      Guided by these principles, we are satisfied plaintiff established the need

for an FRO as a matter of law. We reach this conclusion based on defendant 's

commission of a predicate act that involved physical violence against plaintiff,

N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(2); the evidence demonstrating a

previous history of violence between the parties, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1), and

the fact that, under the circumstances, the issuance of final restraints is

undoubtedly in plaintiff's best interests, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(4). "In short, this

type of case for which the issuance of final restraints should have been

axiomatic, or, . . . 'perfunctory and self-evident[,]'" A.M.C., 447 N.J. Super. at

418 (quoting Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127), in order "to prevent further




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abuse[,]" Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127, notwithstanding the fact that, arguably,

there was no "immediate danger . . . ." Ibid.

      The trial court's order denying plaintiff an FRO under the PDVA, despite

finding defendant physically assaulted plaintiff on at least one occasion, is

reversed. Applying the two-prong standard in Silver and viewing the entire

record, we conclude the trial judge mistakenly failed to issue an FRO and hold

that plaintiff was entitled to an FRO as a matter of law. We therefore reverse

and remand this matter to the Family Part for the immediate entry of an FRO

against defendant. The court shall conduct a review hearing within twenty-one

days to address relevant issues between the parties involving their son, including

visitation, support, and related matters.

      Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.




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