Opinion filed February 28, 2019




                                        In The


        Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                     __________

                                  No. 11-17-00071-CR
                                      __________

             JAMES ANTHONY MARMOLEJO, Appellant
                                         V.
                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                     On Appeal from the 385th District Court
                            Midland County, Texas
                        Trial Court Cause No. CR48257


                     MEMORANDUM OPINION
      The jury convicted James Anthony Marmolejo of burglary of a building and
assessed his punishment at confinement in a state jail facility for two years; it also
assessed a $2,000 fine. The trial court sentenced Appellant accordingly. We affirm.
      Appellant presents two issues on appeal.         In his first issue, Appellant
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. Specifically,
Appellant asserts that the evidence is insufficient to show that he had the intent to
commit theft. In his second issue, Appellant claims that the trial court erred when it
allowed the State to present evidence in violation of his Sixth Amendment right of
confrontation.
      We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard
of review set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Brooks v. State, 323
S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Polk v. State, 337 S.W.3d 286, 288–89
(Tex. App.—Eastland 2010, pet. ref’d). Under the Jackson standard, we review all
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a
reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). When we conduct a sufficiency review, we consider all the
evidence admitted at trial, including pieces of evidence that may have been
improperly admitted. Winfrey v. State, 393 S.W.3d 763, 767 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
      We defer to the factfinder’s role as the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility
and the weight to be afforded their testimony. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899. This
standard accounts for the factfinder’s duty to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to
weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. When the record
supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts
in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that determination. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326;
Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. Intent may be inferred from circumstantial evidence,
such as acts, words, and the conduct of an appellant. Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d
45, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
      Around 5:00 a.m. on the day of the alleged offense, Officer Arturo Garcia,
Officer Alexander Duwel, and Sergeant Brian Stacey, all members of the Midland


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Police Department, responded to an alarm at Fiesta Foods, a grocery store in
Midland. At the time, Fiesta Foods was closed to the public.
       Officer Garcia was the first officer to arrive at the Fiesta Foods location. As
Officer Garcia drove into the parking lot, he noticed two men standing by the
entrance of the grocery store. Officer Garcia determined shortly thereafter that
Appellant was one of the men and that the other was Ismael Monarrez. According
to Officer Garcia, Appellant and Monarrez started to walk away when they noticed
him drive into the parking lot.
       Officer Garcia got out of his vehicle, detained Appellant and Monarrez, and
searched them. Officer Garcia found a “fixed blade” knife and an “ice pick” in one
of Appellant’s pockets. At trial, Officer Garcia testified that the tips of the blade and
ice pick appeared to be “damaged” and that such things are “commonly used for
burglaries.”
       Appellant informed Officer Garcia that Appellant had a firearm in his pants.
Officer Garcia retrieved the firearm, and although it looked real, Officer Garcia
immediately realized that it was fake; it “seem[ed] like [it had] been spray-painted
to . . . make it more realistic.”
       Officer Garcia also noticed that Appellant and Monarrez were covered in dust
and cobwebs. When Officer Garcia questioned them about their dirty clothes,
Appellant told him that “they were walking through a field.”
       While Officer Garcia was talking to Appellant and Monarrez, Officer Duwel
and Sergeant Stacey arrived at the Fiesta Foods location. They searched the outside
of the Fiesta Foods premises, while Officer Garcia stayed with Appellant and
Monarrez. Officer Duwel and Sergeant Stacey testified that they found that a back
door of the Fiesta Foods building was partially ajar. Officer Duwel testified that the
door appeared to have been “pried open” and was “half an inch off the door frame,
with some damage around the actual locking mechanism.”
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      When Officer Duwel and Sergeant Stacey opened the door, they found a
small, dirty room filled with refrigerator compressors. Sergeant Stacey described
the room as “covered in dirt and spiderwebs,” and Officer Duwel testified that the
floor inside the room was “dry and dusty.” Officer Duwel and Sergeant Stacey also
saw muddy footprints and a ladder that led to a crawl space. The muddy footprints
were located near the ladder, and the ground outside the store was wet.
      Officer Duwel and Sergeant Stacey climbed the ladder to examine the crawl
space. Officer Duwel testified that the crawl space, like the rest of the room, was
“extremely dusty” and “full of cobwebs.” Officer Duwel shined his flashlight into
the crawl space and determined that it did not appear to lead into the main part of
the store. After Officer Duwel and Sergeant Stacey left the room, their uniforms,
like Appellant’s and Monarrez’s clothes, were covered in dirt and cobwebs.
      Around 6:00 a.m., John Sickler, the Fiesta Foods store director, arrived at the
store. Sickler opened the main doors so that the officers could search inside. The
officers did not find anyone else inside. Sickler testified that an in-store video did
not reflect that anyone had entered the store.
      The officers arrested Appellant and Monarrez, and the State later charged
Appellant and Monarrez with burglary of a building. Eventually, Monarrez pleaded
guilty and was sentenced to “9 months state jail.”
      At Appellant’s trial, the State called Monarrez as a witness. Monarrez
admitted that he burglarized the Fiesta Foods store and that Appellant was with him
when he did it. However, Monarrez claimed that Appellant “didn’t have nothing to
do with it.” Monarrez testified that he entered the building alone and that Appellant
waited outside.
      Earlier, the State had conducted an interview with Monarrez. At trial, the
prosecutor questioned Monarrez about the interview.           The prosecutor asked
Monarrez whether he remembered the interview. Monarrez, in response, testified,
                                          4
“I told you the same thing.” The prosecutor then asked: “[I]sn’t it true you told me
that you and [Appellant] climbed up on the air conditioning units and went on the
roof?” Appellant said, “No” and “I can’t remember that.” Monarrez testified that
he entered the building alone through a vent in the roof and followed the vent to a
dirty room “[t]o the back of the electricity and stuff.” When he opened a door to
leave the building, he triggered the alarm. The prosecutor asked Monarrez: “Is it
your testimony today that [Appellant] did not go into that room with you?”
Monarrez said, “No, sir, he did not go in there where that was.” Monarrez testified
that, when he left the building, he went to the front of the store “and that’s when I
seen [Appellant].”
      Next, the State called Andrew Stallings, an assistant district attorney for
Midland County, as a witness.       Stallings was present for Monarrez’s pretrial
interview. Stallings testified that, when Monarrez talked about the burglary of Fiesta
Foods, Monarrez repeatedly used the pronoun “we.”            Stallings specified that
Monarrez said that they got on the roof “to look . . . for a view of Midland on top of
the store” and then they went through a vent to a “utility room” or some “back room
at the Fiesta Foods.” Stallings testified that Monarrez “said they looked around for
a little while” and they “left when [they] saw there was nothing in there” (emphasis
added).
      Intent to commit theft is one element of the offense of burglary of a building
as charged in this case, and it is the element to which Appellant directs his
insufficiency challenge. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(1) (West Supp. 2018).
A person intends to commit theft if he intends to unlawfully appropriate property
with intent to deprive the owner of the property. Id. § 31.03(a).
      Appellant bases a part of his insufficiency argument on the fact that there is
no evidence that he took any property from Fiesta Foods. However, once Appellant
“entered” Fiesta Foods with the intent to commit theft, the offense of burglary of a
                                          5
building, as charged in this case, was complete; it was not necessary for Appellant
to take any merchandise. See Richardson v. State, 888 S.W.2d 822, 824 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1994).
      Appellant further argues that the evidence is insufficient to establish that he
intended to commit theft because Stallings’s testimony, in which Stallings recounted
Monarrez’s out-of-court statements, is basically the “testimony of an accomplice”
within the meaning of Article 38.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. As
such, Appellant argues that Stallings’s testimony should not be considered in our
review of the sufficiency of the evidence because the State failed to provide “other
evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed.” TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (West 2005). We disagree.
      Article 38.14, the accomplice-witness rule, provides, in part, that a
“conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated
by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed.” Id.
But an out-of-court declaration of an accomplice, which is repeated in court by a
non-accomplice witness, is not the “testimony of an accomplice” under
Article 38.14. See Cocke, 201 S.W.3d 744, 748 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Bingham v.
State, 913 S.W.2d 208, 213 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). We hold that Stallings’s
testimony is not the “testimony of an accomplice” witness.
      Appellant also maintains that we should not afford any weight to Stallings’s
testimony because Stallings was an assistant district attorney for Midland County
and, thus, his testimony “gave an appearance that the State had greater credibility
than the other witnesses.” However, Appellant did not make this objection in the
trial court, and he cannot make the claim for the first time on appeal. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1; House v. State, 947 S.W.2d 251, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
      The State’s evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict,
supports a finding that, on the date of the alleged offense, Appellant and Monarrez
                                         6
entered the Fiesta Foods store sometime before 5:08 a.m., without the consent of the
owner. An entry made in the nighttime without consent is presumed to have been
made with the intent to commit theft. Mauldin v. State, 628 S.W.2d 793, 795 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1982); see Powell v. State, Nos. 10-09-00364-CR, 10-09-00365-CR,
2011 WL 2242483, at *4 (Tex. App.—Waco June 8, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (applying the presumption when the evidence reflected
that the defendant entered a building at 5:30 a.m.). In addition, Stallings testified
that Monarrez said that they left Fiesta Foods “when [they] saw there was nothing
in there.” Although Monarrez testified at trial that Appellant “didn’t have nothing
to do with it,” the jury was entitled to disbelieve Monarrez’s testimony.
      Based on the record before us, we believe that a rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the offense of burglary of a building beyond a
reasonable doubt, including that Appellant had the intent to commit theft when he
entered Fiesta Foods. We overrule Appellant’s first issue on appeal.
      In his second issue, Appellant contends that “THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED
ITS DISCRETION BY ALLOWING THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY
TO TESTISFY [sic] AND IMPEACH THE ACCOMPLICE THEREBY
ALLOWING HEARSAY STATEMENTS THAT IMPLICATED [APPELLANT].”
Appellant then argues that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to
confrontation when it did not give Appellant a “proper opportunity” to cross-
examine Monarrez about his prior inconsistent statements, that the trial court erred
when it allowed the State to call Monarrez as a witness just to impeach him, that
Appellant was deprived of the opportunity to properly confront Monarrez because
Monarrez never admitted to the prior inconsistent statements and because
Monarrez’s testimony was “substantially different” from what Stallings testified that
Monarrez said.


                                          7
      We note that Appellant did not make any of these objections in the trial court.
Accordingly, Appellant has failed to preserve error. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1;
Geuder v. State, 115 S.W.3d 11, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
      But even if we assume, without deciding, that Appellant had preserved error,
Appellant’s Sixth Amendment rights were not violated.                 Contrary to the
circumstances in the authorities relied upon by Appellant, Monarrez appeared and
testified at trial and did not assert any Fifth Amendment privilege. See Lee v. Illinois,
476 U.S. 530 (1986) (codefendant did not testify at trial); see also Lilly v. Virginia,
527 U.S. 116 (1999) (accomplice witness whose hearsay statement was in question
did not testify at trial); Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415 (1965) (witness
continually invoked Fifth Amendment privilege and thereby deprived defendant of
effective cross-examination).
      The record in this appeal not only reflects that Appellant was afforded every
opportunity to cross-examine Monarrez during Appellant’s trial, he in fact did cross-
examine Monarrez.       This satisfied the mandates of the Confrontation Clause.
Chappell v. State, No. 11-96-00216-CR, 1998 WL 34193651, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Eastland June 18, 1998, no pet.) (not designated for publication). Although “it is a
violation of [a] defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation to introduce
into evidence a nontestifying co-defendant’s confession,” where a codefendant takes
the stand, denies an alleged out-of-court statement that implicates the defendant, and
testifies favorably to the defendant, the defendant’s confrontation rights are not
violated. Ricondo v. State, 657 S.W.2d 439, 445–46 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983,
no pet.) (citing Nelson v. O’Neil, 402 U.S. 622, 630 (1971); Thomas v. State, 533
S.W.2d 796, 797 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976)).
      Insofar as Appellant’s argument might be considered to question the effect or
extent of Stallings’s testimony, Monarrez did not “unequivocally” admit to the prior
inconsistent statements as his own, and Stallings’s testimony was admissible at trial
                                           8
to impeach him. TEX. R. EVID. 613; Lafoon v. State, 543 S.W.2d 617, 621 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1976); Garcia v. State, No. 11-16-00347-CR, 2018 WL 6928986, at *3
(Tex. App.—Eastland Dec. 31, 2018, no pet) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). However, Appellant did not request an instruction that would limit the
purposes for which the jury could consider Stallings’s testimony.                               Therefore,
Stallings’s testimony was admissible for all purposes. See TEX. R. EVID. 105(a). For
all the above reasons, we overrule Appellant’s second issue on appeal.
        We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                           JIM R. WRIGHT
                                                           SENIOR CHIEF JUSTICE


February 28, 2019
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Stretcher, J., and Wright, S.C.J.1

Willson, J., not participating.




        1
          Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland,
sitting by assignment.
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