              NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                     MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                           IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

                                           OF FLORIDA

                                           SECOND DISTRICT


DION ALAN KASETA,                          )
                                           )
             Appellant,                    )
                                           )
v.                                         )     Case No. 2D12-6431
                                           )
STATE OF FLORIDA,                          )
                                           )
             Appellee.                     )
                                           )

Opinion filed June 3, 2016.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk
County; J. Dale Durrance, Judge.

Lee Adam Cohen, Bartow, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Wendy Buffington,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa,
for Appellee.


NORTHCUTT, Judge.


             Almost a decade after Kimberly Mimmovich went missing a grand jury

indicted her boyfriend, Dion Kaseta, for her murder. The State eventually filed an

amended information charging Kaseta with manslaughter and a jury found him guilty of
that crime. We conclude that Kaseta's conviction was marred by an evidentiary error

that requires a new trial.

              At Kaseta's November 2012 trial, all agreed that late on the evening of

December 8, 2001, he drove from the couple's mobile home in Polk County to the home

of his sister and brother-in-law in Deerfield Beach, on Florida's southeast coast, arriving

early on the morning of December 9. In interviews with law enforcement at the time and

two years later Kaseta recounted that he and Mimmovich made the trip together.

Kaseta said that the two had decided on impulse to go to the beach. They considered

driving north to Daytona Beach but settled on Deerfield Beach to the south so that

Mimmovich could meet Kaseta's family.

               According to Kaseta, he and Mimmovich drove overnight and arrived the

next morning too early to disturb his relatives. Their house was several blocks from the

Atlantic Ocean, and Mimmovich wanted to wait on the beach to see the sunrise. Kaseta

dropped her there, watched her walk toward the beach on the catwalk that extended

over the dune line, and drove to his sister's house to wait outside until an acceptable

time to waken the household. He never saw Mimmovich again. He does not know her

whereabouts or whether she is alive or dead.

              The State's theory was simple and straightforward: on the evening in

question Kaseta killed Mimmovich during an altercation in their mobile home, then

disposed of her body somewhere along his route to Deerfield Beach. But the evidence

to support that scenario was meager. The State's proof was entirely circumstantial and

none of it was forensic; luminol-assisted examinations of the couple's mobile home,


                                            -2-
Kaseta's car, and a boat he used to go fishing in Deerfield Beach failed to turn up blood

or any other indicia of mayhem.

              By and large, the other circumstances advanced by the State were as

consistent with Kaseta's version of events as not. We need not detail them all, but an

example is that Mimmovich's favorite "Goofy" watch was found on her nightstand after

her disappearance, the State's theory being that she would not have left without it. On

the other hand, Mimmovich owned several of these watches and it would have been

reasonable for her to take another rather than risk the loss or destruction of her favorite

on a beach outing. Most of the circumstances relied upon by the State were of similar

caliber.

              On appeal Kaseta makes a credible argument that the trial court should

have granted his motion for judgment of acquittal because the State's circumstantial

evidence failed to exclude his reasonable theory of innocence and therefore it was

legally insufficient to convict him. See Hodgkins v. State, 175 So. 3d 741 (Fla. 2015).

But we conclude that the court properly submitted the case to the jury, owing to

evidence of two circumstances that were truly inconsistent with Kaseta's theory.

              First, a friend of Mimmovich's, Cynthia Ketchum, testified that on the

evening of December 8 Mimmovich asked Ketchum to cut her hair sometime the next

day. When Ketchum did not hear from Mimmovich on the ninth, she tried calling several

times. On one of those occasions, Kaseta answered Mimmovich's cell phone and said

that she wasn't there. This differed from the testimony of a Broward County sheriff's

deputy who recounted that when Kaseta reported Mimmovich missing he said that she


                                            -3-
was carrying her purse, which contained her cell phone and money, as he watched her

cross the catwalk to the beach early that morning.

             Second, a couple who lived next door to the mobile home, David Money

and Sharon Allen, testified that late on the evening of December 8 they heard Kaseta

and Mimmovich in the throes of a violent argument. They described sounds of

stomping and yelling and a loud bang, as if a dresser or some such had been slammed

against a wall. Several days later, Money testified, Kaseta asked him if he had seen

Mimmovich and told him that she was missing. According to Money, Kaseta said that

he and Mimmovich had argued before she left to walk on the beach. These

recollections differed markedly from Kaseta's statements to law enforcement, in which

he acknowledged that the couple had a mild disagreement but described an otherwise

enjoyable evening preceding their abrupt decision to go to the beach, and in which he

made no mention of an argument before he dropped Mimmovich at the catwalk.

             Insofar as those circumstances contradicted Kaseta's theory of defense,

they justified denying his motion for judgment of acquittal. See Jackson v. State, 180

So. 3d 938, 950 (Fla. 2015), cert denied, Jackson v. Florida, 2016 WL 866707 (2016).

But as proof of Kaseta's guilt, they were far from conclusive. Cynthia Ketchum's cell

phone call, recollected over a decade later, easily could have been explained as a

mistaken conflation of memories from other occasions. Further, a Polk County sheriff's

cold case detective testified that the family gave him the contents of Mimmovich's purse

when he began investigating the case in 2010. If so, Mimmovich could not have taken

the purse with her when she walked to the beach; it was possible that the Broward


                                           -4-
deputy who took the missing person report at the time simply misunderstood what

Kaseta said.

                 The next-door neighbors' claims to have heard Kaseta and Mimmovich

arguing the night before Mimmovich vanished were dubious, as well. Both of these

witnesses were convicted felons; Allen acknowledged that she had fifteen convictions

for crimes of dishonesty and that there were felony charges pending against her at the

time of trial.

                 Beyond that, a significant aspect of their story made little sense. In the

days following Mimmovich's disappearance, the Moneys observed Polk County sheriff's

crime scene personnel processing the Kaseta-Mimmovich residence. Yet they did not

bother to walk next door and volunteer their information. And although they knew that

Mimmovich went missing in Broward County, they did not contact law enforcement in

that jurisdiction, either. Rather, they claimed to have made the curious decision to

report what they knew to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Allen testified that she

telephoned and reached a receptionist or secretary at the FBI who took a message and

promised that someone would contact them to take a statement. No one ever did.

                 Money also claimed that within the week after Mimmovich disappeared, he

related what he and Allen knew to Mimmovich's father, Veatrice Bumbalough. But if

that were true, for some unfathomable reason Bumbalough never mentioned this

information to law enforcement. This was despite the facts that Mimmovich's family

members were interviewed by investigators and that the family was so concerned about

her welfare that they had driven to Deerfield Beach in search of clues to her


                                               -5-
whereabouts. Neither, apparently, did Bumbalough bother to relate Money's information

even to his wife, Dorothy, who kept a journal of significant facts and events related to

her daughter's disappearance. By the time of trial, Mrs. Bumbalough was suffering the

early stages of dementia and memory loss, and so pertinent passages of the journal

were published to the jury under the recollection recorded exception to the hearsay rule.

There was no mention of Money's statements to her husband about hearing an

altercation. Bumbalough died several years after his daughter went missing.

              The law enforcement investigation into Mimmovich's disappearance

remained stagnant for nearly nine years. Then, in the summer of 2010, the Polk cold

case detective visited the Moneys and interviewed them about what they had observed

on the evening of December 8, 2001. Seemingly, this interview was the crucial break in

the long dormant case—Kaseta was indicted within a month of it. And, ironically, how

the interview came about was the nub of the error that tainted Kaseta's trial.

              According to the detective, in July 2010 he received a telephone call from

Mimmovich's sister, Debbie Mellon. Mellon told him that her other sister, Julie Martin,

recently had mentioned that their late father had told her something about the neighbors

possibly having some information about Mimmovich's disappearance. The detective

reviewed the file and discerned that the Moneys had never been interviewed, so he

went to talk to them.

              Mellon testified that she called the detective "[b]ecause me and my sister

was talking, Julie, was talking one day and she remembered Daddy saying something

about the Moneys, what they had told him." According to Mellon, she then visited the


                                            -6-
Moneys before the detective interviewed them because she wanted to confirm that they

still lived there and would be willing to talk to the police. Notably, Mellon testified that

she first met the Moneys just after Mimmovich went missing. But apparently they said

nothing to her at that time about the fight they claimed to have heard.

              After Mellon testified, the State called Julie Martin as a witness. Over

defense counsel's strenuous hearsay objection, the trial court permitted Martin to testify

that, within a few days after her sister went missing, her father related to her that Money

told him there was a disturbance at the mobile home on the evening of December 8.

Martin did not tell this to the police at the time, even though they interviewed her and the

rest of the family. But almost nine years later, in the summer of 2010, she disclosed her

father's statement to her sister, Mellon, and she wondered whether the information had

ever been followed up. She asked Mellon to call the sheriff's detective and tell him

about it.

              If the Moneys' claims to have heard violence in the Kaseta-Mimmovich

residence were doubtful, the sisters' stories perhaps were even more far-fetched. If

their testimony was to be believed, during an ongoing police investigation into the

disappearance of his daughter, Veatrice Bumbalough learned that she had a loud,

physically violent fight with her boyfriend the very night before she went missing.

Bizarrely, however, he disclosed this to no one other than Martin, who herself—just as

bizarrely—did not mention it to family or law enforcement for eight and a half years. If,

as the sisters claimed, they wondered whether the alleged fight had been followed up

by the investigators, they must have known that the police had never been told about it;


                                              -7-
otherwise, why would they question whether the police had looked into it? Indeed, the

sisters must have known not only that their father had withheld the information from

investigators but that the Moneys had done so as well. How did they know that? When

Martin asked Mellon to tell the detective what the Moneys had heard, she must have

known that the Moneys had never related their story to the police or to anyone else who

would have alerted authorities. How? And knowing this, why did she wait so many

years to bring it up to Mellon or to the police? Why did Mellon think it necessary to visit

the Moneys to ascertain that they still lived there and would be willing to talk to the

police—isn't that what detectives do? And her effort would have been pointless if it

turned out that the Moneys had long ago talked to the police and described the

altercation they claimed to have heard on December 8, 2001. It is hard to fathom that

Mellon would have gone to the trouble unless she already knew that the Moneys' story

had never before been told to the police. But how did she know that?

              The sisters' story was highly suspect, to say the least. But it likely

convicted Kaseta, for it corroborated and thus bolstered the only evidence, similarly

suspect, that just before Mimmovich disappeared Kaseta had a motive and opportunity

to kill her, and that he lied to the police about it. And it was the admission of this tale

that compels us to reverse Kaseta's conviction.

              Specifically, the trial court erred when it permitted Martin to relate what her

father told her. There is no doubt that the out-of-court statements Martin described fell

under the basic definition of hearsay. See § 90.801(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2010). Indeed,

Martin's testimony constituted double hearsay from two declarants—Money made a


                                              -8-
statement to Veatrice Bumbalough, and Bumbalough repeated the statement to his

daughter. Accordingly, each statement had to fall under a valid hearsay exception to be

admissible. See Henderson v. State, 135 So. 3d 472, 476 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014); see also

§ 90.805, Fla. Stat. (2010). Money's alleged statement to Bumbalough might have been

admissible to rebut an express or implied charge of recent fabrication under section

90.801(2)(b), Florida Statutes (2010)—if Bumbalough had testified to it in court. But

Bumbalough's out-of-court statement to Martin was not admissible under any exception

to the hearsay rule.

              At trial the State contended that Martin's testimony was not inadmissible

hearsay because it was not offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Instead, the

prosecutor said, its purpose was "for the jury to understand how . . . Money [and Allen]

came to the attention of law enforcement in 2010." The court accepted this assertion,

which was fallacious in two respects. First, the detective and Mellon had already

explained how the detective learned of the Moneys' story. Consequently, Martin's

hearsay testimony was not necessary for the purpose the State put forward.

              But, more to the point, this supposed purpose of Martin's testimony simply

was not relevant. The court in Keen v. State, 775 So. 2d 263 (Fla. 2000), considered a

similar circumstance. As here, the prosecutor in Keen contended that hearsay evidence

was not elicited for the truth of the matter asserted but rather was intended to show the

sequence of events that led to an investigation. Keen stated that such a sequence was

not a material issue, and "there is no relevancy for such testimony to prove or establish

a nonissue." Id. at 274. Simply because the State clothes the evidence with a


                                           -9-
nonhearsay label does not change its characteristics when its only relevance is to prove

the truth of what the speaker said. Id. (citing Wright v. State, 586 So. 2d 1024 (Fla.

1991), for the proposition that "where the only relevance of an out-of-court statement is

to prove the truth of the matter asserted it is hearsay and is not rendered admissible

when the non-hearsay purpose is not relevant").

              Given the paucity of the State's evidence even that Mimmovich is dead, let

alone that Kaseta killed her, we easily reject the State's assertion that permitting

Martin's improper testimony was harmless error. To the contrary, Kaseta's conviction

may well have unfairly turned on it. See Walker v. State, 77 So. 3d 890, 895 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2012). For this reason, his conviction must be set aside.

              Reversed and remanded for a new trial.

KELLY, J., Concurs in result.
VILLANTI, C.J., Concurring in part and dissenting in part.




VILLANTI, Chief Judge, Concurring in part and dissenting in part.

              I concur in the majority opinion affirming the trial court's decision denying

Kaseta's motion for judgment of acquittal because the direct and circumstantial

evidence was not insufficient as a matter of law to take the question of guilt away from

the jury. See State v. Odom, 862 So. 2d 56, 59 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003). However, I

respectfully dissent from the remaining portions of the majority decision, especially its

decision to order a new trial without certain testimony.


                                            -10-
              I specifically disagree with the majority's decision to exclude testimony

from the victim's sister, Julie Martin, that her father had told her about a fight between

Kaseta and the victim that he had learned of from the victim's neighbors for four

reasons. First, it was not "double" hearsay, or any other form of hearsay for that matter,

as opined by the majority. This testimony was not offered to prove the truth of the

matter asserted, but to explain the sequence of events that resulted in a cold case being

solved. It ultimately explained the recent developments that led to local law

enforcement deciding to interview neighbors David Money and Sharon Allen, who had

heard the disturbance between the victim and Kaseta that occurred at the victim's

residence the night she disappeared. When Julie Martin recalled her father telling her

that he had heard about this fracas from the neighbors, that recent recollection, and not

fabrication, was what precipitated her providing her sister Debbie Mellon with this

information to take to the police. And once armed with this "new" information, the police

reopened the case; as the saying goes, the rest is history. The use of these statements

for the purpose of clarifying exactly why the police decided to interview Money and Allen

several years after the case went cold does not qualify the statements as hearsay.

§ 90.801(1)(c), Fla. Stat. (2012) (defining hearsay as "a statement, other than one made

by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the

truth of the matter asserted").

              Additionally, Kaseta's chief complaint on this issue is that he was denied

the opportunity to cross-examine Julie Martin's father—a gentleman who suffered from

memory loss before his demise. But because the complained-of statements were not


                                            -11-
used to prove that the victim and Kaseta were fighting the night the victim disappeared,

the trial court did not violate Kaseta's right of confrontation by allowing the statements

into evidence. See McWatters v. State, 36 So. 3d 613, 637-38 (Fla. 2010) ("The

Confrontation Clause 'does not bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes other

than establishing the truth of the matter asserted.' " (quoting Crawford v. Washington,

541 U.S. 36, 60 n.9 (2004))). Thus, Kaseta's inability to cross-examine the father on

this point is not a constitutional violation.

               Second, Julie Martin's testimony was properly introduced to bolster

Money's testimony at trial that he had heard the victim and Kaseta fighting the night the

victim disappeared. Prior out-of-court statements are admissible nonhearsay when the

declarant testifies at trial and is subject to cross-examination prior to the statement's

introduction into evidence, and when the prior consistent statement is offered to rebut

an express or implied charge against the declarant of improper influence, motive, or

recent fabrication. See § 90.801(2)(b); Howard v. State, 152 So. 3d 825, 828 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2014). In the present case, Money testified about the fight prior to the State

proffering Julie Martin's testimony, and during cross-examination, Money was subjected

to questions such as "[i]sn't it correct that you hated my client, Mr. Kaseta?" and "[t]he

fact is you didn't like my client, you didn't like him at all, and you did hate him. Isn't that

true?" and "it wasn't until 2010 that you come up with this story that, oh, I heard a fight

over at that trailer [in] 2010, nine years after Ms. Mimmovich disappeared. Is that

correct, sir?" Certainly, these questions could have only been asked to suggest that

Money had recently fabricated his version of events. As such, the introduction of Julie


                                                -12-
Martin's testimony regarding Money's prior consistent statements to her father about a

fight between the victim and Kaseta the night the victim went missing was not an

impermissible use of hearsay to bolster Money's testimony, but was instead a

permissible use of nonhearsay to counter the defense's implicit charges of fabrication.

              Third, Julie Martin's testimony was duplicative of other testimony admitted

without objection. Prior to Julie Martin testifying, Money testified about the fight

between the victim and Kaseta and that he had told Julie Martin's father about the fight;

Debbie Mellon testified that she visited Money and Allen in 2010 as part of an

investigation into the victim's disappearance after Julie Martin "remembered Daddy

saying something about the Moneys, what they had told him"; and Allen testified that the

police visited her and Money in 2010 after the victim's family members reported

information regarding the victim's disappearance that they had learned from Money. In

addition, Julie Martin's testimony was brief in nature, the State never argued it for the

truth of the content, and there was sufficient other evidence to support Kaseta's guilt.

An examination of pertinent undisputed facts bears out that no abuse of the trial court's

wide discretion in admitting this testimony for a "limited" purpose occurred.

              Fourth, even if the admission of this testimony was error, it was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt. See Thomas v. State, 993 So. 2d 105, 108-09 (Fla. 1st

DCA 2008) (noting that the admission of hearsay evidence is harmless error when there

is no reasonable possibility that the evidence contributed to the defendant's conviction);

see also Torres-Arboledo v. State, 524 So. 2d 403, 408 (Fla. 1988) (holding that the

erroneous introduction of hearsay is harmless error in a criminal case when the


                                            -13-
wrongfully admitted statement is cumulative to other properly admitted evidence);

Boykin v. State, 601 So. 2d 1312, 1314 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992) (ruling that the admission

of an out-of-court statement could not have been harmful error because the statement

was only "a brief moment in the trial," there was similar evidence admitted without

objection, and other evidence directly tied the defendant to the crime); Barnes v. State,

470 So. 2d 851, 852 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985) ("Given the substantial evidence establishing

Barnes' guilt, and the brief and abbreviated nature of the challenged hearsay, we find

that the officer's references to the anonymous phone call were harmless error.").

Accordingly, I would affirm Kaseta's conviction.

              Finally, the majority opinion sets forth in considerable detail its sundry

conclusions that much of the testimony at issue was "dubious," "bizarre," "far-fetched,"

"doubtful," and that there was a "paucity of evidence." In my view, these were

conclusions for the jury to make or not as it saw fit. See Russ v. City of Jacksonville,

734 So. 2d 508, 511 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999) (reaffirming that "the credibility, bias or

prejudice of witnesses who testify in a case, as well as the weight to be given their

testimony, are a matter for the consideration of and determination by the jury");

Rodriguez v. State, 436 So. 2d 219, 220 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (noting that the jury, and

not the trial court or the appellate court, has the sole responsibility "to assess the

credibility of witnesses. We are precluded by law from re-weighing the evidence on

appeal and substituting our judgment for that of the trier of fact"); Bowles v. State, 381

So. 2d 326, 328 (Fla. 5th DCA 1980) ("No legal principle is more firmly established in

our system of jurisprudence than that which makes the jury the sole arbiter of the


                                            -14-
credibility of witnesses, including the reasonableness, probability and credibility of a

defendant."); see also State v. Law, 559 So. 2d 187, 189 (Fla. 1989) (holding that once

the State presents sufficient competent evidence from which the jury could infer guilt to

the exclusion of all other inferences in a circumstantial evidence case, it is up to the jury

to weigh the evidence and determine whether the State's evidence is sufficient to

exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence beyond a reasonable doubt). In fact,

defense counsel capably cross-examined all of the witnesses on the credibility issues

raised by the majority and argued in closing the weight to be given to each witness's

testimony. And if one were able to obtain a transcript of the jury deliberations in this

case, I dare say it would in nowise resemble portions of the majority's factual

dissertation and analysis which might have occurred with a different jury. But we are

not permitted to now reweigh credibility or conclusions a jury may have implicitly made

in performing its fact-finding function. See Crain v. State, 894 So. 2d 59, 71 (Fla. 2004)

("A reviewing court must assess the record evidence for its sufficiency only, not its

weight." (emphasis added)). Therefore, Kaseta's conviction should stand.




                                            -15-
