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        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                 No. 15-50155                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
ANTONIO FRANCIS BUEHLER,                                           June 1, 2016
                                                                 Lyle W. Cayce
             Plaintiff - Appellant                                    Clerk

v.

CITY OF AUSTIN/AUSTIN POLICE DEPARTMENT; OFFICER PATRICK
OBORSKI; OFFICER ROBERT SNIDER; OFFICER JUSTIN BERRY;
SERGEANT ADAM JOHNSON,

             Defendants - Appellees




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Texas


Before DAVIS, SMITH, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:
      Officers of the Austin Police Department thrice arrested Antonio Buehler
for interfering with police duties while he filmed APD interactions with other
citizens. State magistrates and a grand jury found probable cause for each
arrest, though the grand jury did not indict Buehler on more serious charges
cited when he was arrested. Buehler sued the officers and the City of Austin
for violating his constitutional rights. The district court granted summary
judgment for the defendants, reasoning that under this court’s “independent
intermediary doctrine,” the officers could not be held liable for arrests the
grand jury found supported by probable cause.       Because the independent
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intermediary doctrine is established circuit law and Buehler presented
insufficient evidence to support a finding that defendants “tainted” the grand
jury proceedings, we affirm.
                                           I.
      We first recount the underlying facts, beginning with Buehler’s three
arrests.
                                           A.
      On January 1, 2012, Buehler was driving his friend Ben Muñoz home
from New Year’s Eve parties. When the pair stopped for gas, they noticed a
DWI stop in progress. They watched Officer Patrick Oborski conduct a sobriety
test and, at some point, saw him and Officer Robert Snider yank a passenger
out of the suspect’s vehicle and, in Buehler’s opinion, mistreat her. 1 Buehler
and Muñoz began photographing the encounter on cell phones, which the
passenger encouraged. As Buehler attempted to take pictures from about
twenty feet away, he cursed at the officers and asked them why they were
mistreating the passenger.
      After the passenger was handcuffed, Oborski moved toward Buehler. It
is undisputed that Oborski then touched Buehler: on Buehler’s account, the
officer shoved, pushed, and poked him while Buehler gestured that he was not
a threat; on Oborski’s account, he merely placed his hand on Buehler’s shoulder
to maintain a safe distance because Buehler was “out of control.” Oborski
repeatedly accused Buehler of interfering with his investigation, which
Buehler denied while criticizing Oborski.            Eventually, Oborski took out
handcuffs, ordered Buehler to put his hands behind his back, and (along with
Snider) attempted to physically subdue him. Buehler initially resisted to some


      1 Snider claims that he acted to stop the passenger from texting and talking on her
cell phone, which officers are trained to prevent because dangerous individuals could be
summoned to the location of the traffic stop.
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degree but submitted after Snider threatened to taze him. Oborski maintains
that he arrested Buehler only after Buehler spit in his face, which Buehler
denies. Buehler was cited with felony harassment of a public servant and
misdemeanor resisting arrest.
      That same day, a state magistrate reviewed an affidavit filed by Oborski,
who swore that Buehler was “verbally aggressive,” spit in his face, and
violently resisted arrest.   The magistrate determined that probable cause
existed for the issuance of an arrest warrant.
      After this arrest, Buehler and other activists launched the Peaceful
Streets Project, a “grassroots initiative to translate . . . support [of Buehler]
into a more engaged citizenry focused on holding police accountable and into
broader support for victims of police abuse.” PSP trains people on their rights
when interacting with police, teaches them how to record police interactions,
and shares stories of alleged APD abuses. The group also organizes “cop
watch” events intended to deter police misconduct, document evidence for
victims of police misconduct, and allow victims to “regain some agency over
their lives.” According to Buehler, APD officers have attempted to hinder cop
watches by making it difficult or impossible for PSP members to effectively
record police-citizen interactions. Buehler also avers that APD officers have
assaulted and arrested PSP members without justification, though he admits
that group members sometimes ignore what Buehler terms “illegal or arbitrary
orders.”   The defendants maintain that Buehler and other PSP members
frequently yell obscenities at APD officers, draw resources away from
investigations, and have harassed officers by, for example, posting the address
and pictures of Oborski’s home on the internet.
                                       B.
      In the early hours of August 26, 2012, Buehler and other PSP members
began filming Officer John Evers interacting with Christopher Williams—who
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                                No. 15-50155
was being arrested—and his fiancée, Courtney Sadler.          Williams became
agitated at Buehler’s filming and eventually said that he wanted to press
harassment charges. The parties dispute whether Sadler was also angry at
Buehler. As Evers walked Williams to a detention center, Officer Justin Berry
told Buehler to step back and accused him of interfering. Berry repeated his
order to back up, but Buehler protested that he had done nothing wrong. After
giving Buehler another warning, Berry arrested him for interfering with public
duties.
      That same day, Berry swore in an affidavit that Buehler’s filming and
refusals to back up agitated Williams and Sadler to the point that it created a
safety hazard. A state magistrate found probable cause for the issuance of an
arrest warrant.
                                      C.
      During another cop watch on September 21, 2012, Buehler positioned
himself about twenty-five feet from Oborski’s squad car to film a DWI stop.
Oborski repeatedly ordered Buehler to back up until he told him to stop. But
Sergeant Adam Johnson subsequently told Buehler and another PSP member
to move toward and past Oborski to join two other filmers. Buehler began to
back up and asked Johnson why he couldn’t film from farther back in the same
area, claiming that he wouldn’t be able to see from the spot to which Johnson
was ordering him. Johnson responded that he had given an order, and that
Buehler would be arrested if he refused to obey.         Buehler protested that
Johnson hadn’t “give[n] [him] like a really good reason before [he] start[ed]
barking orders.” Buehler continued to back up—to, he claims, at least eighty
feet from the DWI stop—and asked Johnson why he could not stay put.
Johnson reiterated his order, telling Buehler that he could either stand where
had been told to or leave the scene altogether. Buehler said that he was
leaving, but asked Johnson several times why he was “bossing [them] around”
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and being a “bully,” at which point Johnson said, “OK, you’re going to jail,” and
arrested Buehler.
      An Officer Holmes—not a defendant in this action—swore an affidavit
stating that Johnson gave a minimum of three orders and told Buehler that he
could continue to film if he moved to where Johnson had directed. According
to Holmes, Buehler was standing on the sidewalk where Oborski intended to
conduct a field sobriety test, and Buehler’s refusals to move interfered with the
investigation by forcing Holmes and Johnson to focus on him, leaving Oborski
without backup. A magistrate reviewed the affidavit and found probable cause
for the arrest.
                                       D.
      A single grand jury considered the charges relating to all three arrests.
For each incident, the grand jury indicted Buehler for the misdemeanor of
failing to obey a lawful order: Oborski’s order for Buehler to put his hands
behind his back on January 1, Berry’s order to back up on August 26, and
Johnson’s order to move to a specified location on September 21. A person
commits the offense of failing to obey a lawful order if he “knowingly fails or
refuses to comply with an order or direction of a peace officer that is given by
a visible or audible signal.” Austin Mun. Ord. § 9-4-51. The grand jury did not
indict Buehler on the more serious charges cited each time he was arrested. In
October 2014, a jury found Buehler not guilty of failing to comply with a lawful
order during the January incident. Buehler has not been tried on the other
charges.
      In December 2013, Buehler filed this lawsuit against the City, Officers
Oborski, Snider, Berry, and Johnson, and Police Chief Art Acevedo. In addition
to state-law claims, Buehler alleged that the defendants (1) violated his Fourth
and Fourteenth Amendment rights by detaining, searching, and prosecuting
him without probable cause, (2) violated his First and Fourteenth Amendment
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                                         No. 15-50155
rights by interfering with his filming efforts, and (3) conspired to deprive him
of his constitutional rights. Citing the independent intermediary doctrine, the
district court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants on all of
Buehler’s federal claims. 2 Buehler v. City of Austin, No. A-13-CV-1100-ML,
2015 WL 737031 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 20, 2015). This appeal timely followed.
                                                II.
       “We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
applying the same standard on appeal as that applied below.”                           Rogers v.
Bromac Title Servs., L.L.C., 755 F.3d 347, 350 (5th Cir. 2014). Summary
judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists if a
reasonable jury could find for the nonmovant. Rogers, 755 F.3d at 350.
                                               III.
       Buehler first asks that we “overrule” our cases applying the independent
intermediary doctrine, which becomes relevant when—as here—a plaintiff’s
claims depend on a lack of probable cause to arrest him. See Cuadra v. Hous.
Indep. Sch. Dist., 626 F.3d 808, 813 (5th Cir. 2010) (applying the independent
intermediary doctrine to Fourth Amendment claims); Russell v. Altom, 546 F.
App’x 432, 436–37 (5th Cir. 2013) (applying the doctrine to First Amendment
claims). 3 Under this doctrine, “even an officer who acted with malice . . . will
not be liable if the facts supporting the warrant or indictment are put before
an impartial intermediary such as a magistrate or a grand jury, for that



       2 Having dismissed all of Buehler’s federal claims, the district court declined to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his state-law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3).
       3 See also Mesa v. Prejean, 543 F.3d 264, 273 (5th Cir. 2008) (explaining that a First

Amendment claim based on arrest fails if probable cause existed); Brown v. Lyford, 243 F.3d
185, 189 (5th Cir. 2001) (“The ‘constitutional tort[]’ of false arrest . . . require[s] a showing of
no probable cause.”).
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intermediary’s ‘independent’ decision ‘breaks the causal chain’ and insulates
the initiating party.” Hand v. Gary, 838 F.2d 1420, 1427 (5th Cir. 1988)
(quoting Smith v. Gonzales, 670 F.2d 522, 526 (5th Cir. 1982)). Our precedents
have applied this rule even if the independent intermediary’s action occurred
after the arrest, 4 and even if the arrestee was never convicted of any crime. 5
As discussed below, however, the “chain of causation is broken only where all
the facts are presented to the grand jury, or other independent intermediary
where the malicious motive of the law enforcement officials does not lead them
to withhold any relevant information from the independent intermediary.”
Cuadra, 626 F.3d at 813 (quoting Hand, 838 F.2d at 1428).
       Though Buehler cites other circuits’ decisions in varying degrees of
tension with our independent intermediary doctrine, 6 this court has
consistently applied the doctrine in published opinions. “It is a well-settled
Fifth Circuit rule of orderliness that one panel of our court may not overturn
another panel's decision, absent an intervening change in the law, such as by
a statutory amendment, or the Supreme Court, or our en banc court.” Robinson
v. J&K Admin. Mgmt. Servs., 817 F.3d 193, 197 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Jacobs
v. Nat’l Drug Intelligence Ctr., 548 F.3d 375, 378 (5th Cir. 2008)). Because




       4  See Taylor v. Gregg, 36 F.3d 453, 455, 456–57 (5th Cir. 1994) (applying doctrine
where presentment to magistrate and grand jury occurred after arrest), overruled on other
grounds by Castellano v. Fragozo, 352 F.3d 939, 949 (5th Cir. 2003) (en banc).
        5 See Russell, 546 F. App’x at 434, 436–37; see also Smith, 670 F.2d at 526 (“The

constitution does not guarantee that only the guilty will be arrested.”).
        6 See Jones v. Cannon, 174 F.3d 1271, 1287 (11th Cir. 1999) (holding that a grand jury

indictment insulated police officers from damages accruing after, but not before, the
indictment); Arnott v. Mataya, 995 F.2d 121, 124 n.4 (8th Cir. 1993) (rejecting the argument
that a grand jury indictment insulated police officers from false arrest claims); cf. McClellan
v. Smith, 439 F.3d 137, 145 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding under New York law that a grand jury
indictment does not create a presumption of probable cause for false arrest claims). But see
Evans v. Chalmers, 703 F.3d 636, 647 (4th Cir. 2012) (articulating principles similar to this
court’s intermediate intermediary doctrine and citing two Fifth Circuit cases with approval).
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Buehler cites no such intervening change, we are governed by our existing
independent intermediary doctrine.
                                      IV.
      Buehler also argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment despite evidence creating a genuine dispute of material fact
regarding the independent intermediary doctrine’s “taint” exception. Under
this exception, an independent intermediary’s probable cause finding does not
protect law enforcement officials whose “malicious motive . . . lead[s] them to
withhold any relevant information,” Cuadra, 626 F.3d at 813, or otherwise
“misdirect[] the magistrate or the grand jury by omission or commission,”
Hand, 838 F.2d at 1428.
      “[M]ere allegations of ‘taint,’ without more, are insufficient to overcome
summary judgment.” Cuadra, 626 F.3d at 813. Rather, the plaintiff must
“affirmatively show[]” that the defendants tainted the intermediary’s decision.
Craig v. Dall. Area Rapid Transit Auth., 504 F. App’x 328, 332 (5th Cir. 2012);
Shields v. Twiss, 389 F.3d 142, 150 (5th Cir. 2004).      To satisfy the taint
exception, omissions of exculpatory information must be “knowing[].” Cuadra,
626 F.3d at 813–14; see Allen v. Jackson County, 623 F. App’x 161, 162 (5th
Cir. 2015). And because the intermediary’s deliberations protect even officers
with malicious intent, Hand, 838 F.2d at 1427, that an officer “harbored ill-
will toward” the defendant does not suffice, Craig, 504 F. App’x at 333.
      Here, the district court concluded that Buehler failed to show a triable
issue whether the grand jury’s findings of probable cause were tainted by false
or misleading statements by the arresting officers. Buehler, 2015 WL 737031,




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at *12–13. Having reviewed Buehler’s brief and cited evidence, we find no
error in that conclusion. 7
       Primarily, Buehler attempts to show taint by pointing to alleged
inconsistencies between (1) videos of the arrest incidents, his own affidavit,
and other witnesses’ accounts; and (2) the officers’ reports, arrest affidavits,
and deposition testimony—which he connects to the grand jury proceedings by
citing statements that the officers testified to the same matters before the
grand jury. Buehler cites no direct evidence of what was actually presented to
the grand jury, though the record does suggest that Snider and Oborski
testified similarly to the grand jury as they did in their depositions on some
matters. Even assuming that the evidence Buehler points to mirrors grand
jury testimony, it does not show that the grand jury’s findings of probable cause
that Buehler failed to obey lawful orders were tainted by the officers’ knowing



       7  Buehler often eschews precise record citations in his appellate brief, instead citing
entire exhibits—including a five-hundred-page trial transcript and lengthy videos—for
important factual propositions. This violates our rule that “[e]very assertion in the briefs
regarding matter in the record must be supported by a reference to the page number of the
original record,” 5th Cir. R. 28.2.2, and fails to satisfy Buehler’s burden “to identify specific
evidence in the record, and to articulate the ‘precise manner’ in which that evidence
supported [his] claim,” Forsyth v. Barr, 19 F.3d 1527, 1537 (5th Cir. 1994); see also Williams
v. Merck & Co., Inc., 381 F. App’x 438, 444 (5th Cir. 2010) (“Citations on the order of ‘See
Pelkowski entire Deposition’ and ‘See deposition of Williams’ are not what we, as a court bound
to apply the law to the facts, are looking for. Page numbers are important . . . .”). “It is not
our function to scour the record in search of evidence to defeat a motion for summary
judgment; we rely on the nonmoving party to identify with reasonable particularity the
evidence upon which he relies.” Bombard v. Fort Wayne Newspapers, Inc., 92 F.3d 560, 562
(7th Cir. 1996). We nonetheless have done our best to review the evidence identified in the
argument section of Buehler’s brief. But we have not gone to extraordinary lengths to review
those cited video exhibits that Buehler failed to send to this court with the record on appeal,
did not move to add to the record until after oral argument, and provided to the district court
in file formats we have been unable to view. Nor have we reviewed evidence that Buehler
chose not to cite in the argument section of his brief, but listed with scant explanation in a
postargument letter. See Forsyth, 19 F.3d at 1537; Gross v. Burggraf Constr. Co., 53 F.3d
1531, 1546 (10th Cir. 1995) (“Without a specific reference, we will not search the record in an
effort to determine whether there exists dormant evidence which might require submission
of the case to a jury.” (quotation marks omitted)).
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misstatements or omissions. 8 Much of Buehler’s evidence simply shows that
his actions and those of the arresting officers were subject to different
interpretations. See Anderson v. City of McComb, 539 F. App’x 385, 387 (5th
Cir. 2013) (affirming court’s ruling that the independent intermediary doctrine
shielded a police chief where he presented one version of legitimately disputed
facts to a magistrate judge). Other alleged inconsistencies are not material to
the grand jury’s findings of probable cause, or do not stem from knowing
falsehoods or omissions attributable to the defendants. Cf. Kugle v. Shields,
No. 93-5567, 1995 WL 450219, at *4 (5th Cir. July 7, 1995) (“[O]fficers who
maliciously or reckless[ly] misrepresent or omit material information in
presenting such information are not shielded from liability.”).
       Such evidence is especially unpersuasive here because the grand jury
heard testimony from Buehler and several witnesses who testified in Buehler’s
favor at his criminal trial—and presumably would have been favorable to
Buehler before the grand jury as well—but still returned indictments. We have
rejected taint arguments even where the grand jury did not hear from pro-
plaintiff witnesses and the plaintiff “dispute[d] the version of the facts
presented as well as the prosecutor’s failure to present potentially exculpatory
evidence,” explaining “that the grand jury sits not to determine guilt or
innocence, but to assess whether there is adequate basis for bringing a criminal




       8  “Probable cause exists when the totality of facts and circumstances within a police
officer’s knowledge at the moment of arrest are sufficient for a reasonable person to conclude
that the suspect had committed or was committing an offense.” United States v. Ramirez,
145 F.3d 345, 352 (5th Cir. 1998). There need only be probable cause to support the arrest,
not “each individual charge made during the course of the arrest.” Price v. Roark, 256 F.3d
364, 369 (5th Cir. 2001). So to the extent Buehler argues that there was not probable cause
that he committed the more serious crimes the grand jury no-billed (e.g., his argument that
video of the January 1 incident shows that he did not spit on Oborski as would support a
felony harassment charge), that fails to show that the grand jury’s findings of probable cause
for failure to obey lawful orders were tainted. See Russell, 546 F. App’x at 437.
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                                       No. 15-50155
charge.” Russell, 546 F. App’x at 437 (quoting United States v. Williams, 504
U.S. 36, 51 (1992)).
       Buehler also relies on an expert report opining that the arresting officers
did not have probable cause to arrest Buehler in any of the three incidents, and
that the APD targeted Buehler for arrest and prosecution. But this expert’s
disagreement with the grand jury’s probable cause findings does not show the
grand jury proceedings were tainted. 9 Nor does evidence arguably showing
that APD officers may have borne ill will toward Buehler create a triable issue.
See Hand, 838 F.2d at 1427 (explaining that the independent intermediary
doctrine insulates even officers who act with malice); Smith, 670 F.2d at 526.
In sum, the district court did not err in finding no genuine dispute of material
fact whether the defendant officers tainted the grand jury’s deliberations. 10
                                              V.
       Under established circuit law, Buehler had the burden of affirmatively
showing that the grand jury’s deliberations were tainted, and failed to do so.
The judgment is AFFIRMED.




       9 For similar reasons, the testimony of a law enforcement expert called by the City
during Buehler’s criminal trial, who said that citizens generally have the right to question
and film officers and should not be assaulted for doing so, does not show any taint in the
grand jury proceedings.
       10 In light of this holding, we, like the district court, need not consider the parties’

arguments about the magistrates’ findings of probable cause. Also, because we affirm
dismissal of Buehler’s federal claims and the district court did not abuse its discretion in
declining supplemental jurisdiction over Buehler’s state-law claims, see Noble v. White, 996
F.2d 797, 799 (5th Cir. 1993), we do not address Buehler’s claims under Texas law.
                                             11
