[Cite as Goralske v. Parsell, 2016-Ohio-531.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               HANCOCK COUNTY




JAMES A. GORALSKE, ET AL.,

        PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS/
        CROSS-APPELLEES,                                  CASE NO. 5-14-16

        v.

DANA PARSELL, ET AL.,                                     OPINION

        DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES/
        CROSS-APPELLANTS.




                 Appeal from Hancock County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. 2013CV00449

                                      Judgment Affirmed

                           Date of Decision: February 16, 2016




APPEARANCES:

        Robert A. Feighner, Jr. for Appellants/Cross-Appellees

        Thomas D. Drake for Appellees/Cross-Appellants
Case No. 5-14-16


WILLAMOWSKI, J.

          {¶1} Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-appellees, James A. Goralske (“James”),

Carol L. Goralske (“Carol”), Raymond R. Devore (“Raymond”), Rose A. Devore

(“Rose”), Gary R. Deerwester (“Gary”), and Barbara J. Deerwester (“Barbara”),

(collectively known as “Appellants”), bring this appeal from the judgment of the

Court of Common Pleas of Hancock County denying their request for injunctive

relief.     Defendants-Appellees-Cross-appellants, Dana Parsell (“Dana”) and

Roxanne Parsell (“Roxanne”), (collectively known as “Appellees”) bring a cross-

appeal from the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Hancock County

ordering them to pay damages for the expanding of a private drive. For the

reasons set forth below, the judgment is affirmed.

                                 Factual Background

          {¶2} On August 12, 1964, the Hilltop Manor Subdivision was created by

Kenneth and Elsie Dilts (“the Dilts”). Tr. 63. The subdivision provided for five

lots and was accessed by a gravel drive. Jt. Ex. 1 and Tr. 75. The Dilts created

certain restrictions for the subdivision on August 15, 1964. Jt. Ex. 2. The third

restriction stated as follows.

          3. Easements for utility installations are reserved over and
          across portions of said lots as shown on the recorded plat and a
          forty (40) foot easement is reserved over, along and across
          portions of said platted lots for the purpose of a private roadway
          to provide ingress and egress from County Highway 220 to said
          platted lots. Use of said private drive easement is reserved to the

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       original platters of said plat and their purchasers, executors and
       assigns for ingress and egress to the fields and lands adjoining
       said subdivision on the west. Said private driveway shall be
       maintained by all of the owners of lots in the subdivision and all
       expenses of maintenance and repair shall be borne equally by
       the lot owners regardless of their lot locations or the area of
       their lot which is subject to such driveway easement. For
       purposes of determining the necessity of maintenance, a
       majority of said property owners owning lands in the
       subdivision shall be required for a determination that
       maintenance is necessary, notice of the proposed maintenance
       and repair and estimated cost thereof shall be delivered
       personally or by United States mail to each lot owner and upon
       completion of said repairs or maintenance, each property owner
       shall, within thirty (30) days, pay his or their 1/5 share of such
       expense. And the collection of such proportionate share of each
       property owner shall be enforceable by action at law or equity
       by any one or more of the other property owners in the
       subdivision.

Jt. Ex. 2 at 2-3. At the time of the creation of the subdivision, Rose was married to

the son of the Dilts and the Dilts gave her and their son Lot 1 as a gift. Tr. 63.

The young couple later purchased Lot 2 so that they would not have neighbors

right beside them. Tr. 63. Rose was involved in the formation of the restrictions

for the subdivision and indicated that she had not wanted the drive to be a public

road. Tr. 79. The plat map itself indicates that no part of the drive was to be

“dedicated to public use but are reserved to and for the benefit of the owners of the

lots in this subdivision for the purposes of ingress and egress to the lots herein

platted, for use both by the owners and their licensees and invitees.” Jt. Ex. 1. Lot

3 was originally sold to Louise Bates, but she never built a home on the site. Tr.


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102. Lot 4 was originally sold to Samuel and Patricia Copus. Tr. 102. Lot 5 was

originally sold to Richard Brink. Tr. 103. The path of the drive has not changed

since it was originally put into place, though blacktop was added in 1989. Tr. 75,

88. The Dilts did not have any input into the decision to add blacktop to the drive

and the expense was divided equally among the three families residing in Hilltop

Manor. Tr. 75.

        {¶3} As of October 2, 2013, Hilltop Manor still only had three homes in it.

Jt. Ex. 4. Rose and Raymond owned the house located on Lots 1 and 2. Tr. 62.

Lots 3 and 4 were owned by Gary and Barb. Tr. 62. James and Carol owned Lot

5. Tr. 62. Over the years, the only party to use the private drive besides the

residents of Hilltop Manor and their guests were the Dilts and Dana.1 Tr. 77. Not

even the school bus came onto the drive as the residents did not want it to be

considered a public drive. Tr. 79. A sign located at the beginning of the drive that

indicates that it is private property had been placed there prior to 1985. Tr. 157.

The residents know that the drive does not meet the current specifications for a

private drive as to the thickness and width, however that was not an issue when it

was first added in 1964 by the Dilts or when it was blacktopped in 1989. Tr. 162.

The residents have had emergency responders come up the drive at various times,




1
 The Dilts sold the property to the Copus family who then sold the property to Appellees. Thus, Dana is a
purchaser of the property and assignee of the Copus family.

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Case No. 5-14-16


and there were no problems with them using the drive or with them damaging any

landscaping when they arrived or left. Tr. 354-357.

       {¶4} The land to the west of Hilltop Manor was used for farming and

recreational purposes by the Dilts, but no home was built on it. Tr. 83. The Dilts

did not personally farm the land, but leased it to others for the purpose of farming.

Tr. 84. Those farmers would access the property via the gravel drive through

Hilltop Manor. Tr. 84. The Dilts also allowed family and friends to ride dirt bikes

and hunt on the property. Tr. 83-84. When the Dilts moved away from the area,

they no longer leased it for farming. Tr. 84. Later the Dilts planted trees on the

land. Tr. 85. Eventually, the Dilts sold the land to Samuel and Patricia Copus.

Tr. 88. The Copus family did not develop the land or farm it. Tr. 123. However,

for many years the Copus family did allow James to hunt on the property. Tr. 140.

       {¶5} In September of 2011, Dana and Roxanne purchased the land to the

west of Hilltop Manor from Patricia Copus. Tr. 29. Dana, who is a professional

surveyor, initially spoke with Appellants about him building a home for himself,

his father, and his father-in-law on the property. Tr. 28, 141 Dana first spoke with

Appellants about his plans on September 12, 2011, which was prior to the

September 30, 2011, closing date on the property. Tr. 141, 245. At that time,

Appellants did not appear to dispute that he could use the private drive to access

his property. Tr. 242. Dana told them at that time that he would like access to the


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public waterline and sewer system and wanted to know if he could run the utilities

through the road easement. Tr. 244-251. Appellants told him no and indicated

they had no interest in tapping into the public water or sewer system. Tr. 248.

Dana also indicated that he wanted to widen the drive from 10 foot to 20 foot and

that the drive would need a minimum of 3 ½ inches of asphalt rather than the 2

inches it was at that time. Tr. 257. Bringing in the heavy equipment would cause

damage to the existing drive and would increase the noise for the Appellants. Tr.

51, 57-58. Additionally, reconstruction of the drive would cause inconvenience to

Appellants as they would not be able to access their homes by vehicle while it was

being completed. Tr. 58. Dana knew that his property was not land-locked, but

the difficulty and expense of reaching the property via a new access off CR 220

was prohibitive to him. Tr. 36, 265-270.

       {¶6} After some consideration, Dana decided to proceed to develop the

property into an eight lot subdivision, with one of the lots reserved for his family.

Tr. 275. The subdivision was Buckeye Ridge and provided for a cul de sac access

from the Hilltop Manor Drive. Jt. Ex. 3. He proceeded with his plans and had

spent a great deal of time and money getting the necessary permits to build the

subdivision. Tr. 315. Dana estimated that the remaining cost of the subdivision

would be $225,000, but if he had to build his own access from CR 220, the cost

would be over $500,000. Tr. 315-16. However, Dana did not know the full costs


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as he had not spoken to anyone about giving him any estimates. Tr. 333. To use

the existing drive, Dana would have to widen the drive and remove some mature

trees, rocks, and bushes that were in the easement to avoid damage to the heavy

equipment. Tr. 48-50. Some of those trees had been in place for over 30 years.

Tr. 93, 143.

       {¶7} At the initial meeting with Appellants, Appellants were concerned

about the amount of traffic on the drive after Dana told them he wanted to build

three homes on the property. Tr. 142. Due to their concerns about excessive

development of the adjoining property, Appellants unanimously voted to set a

weight limit of 6,000 lbs. on the private drive to prevent access by heavy

equipment and notified Appellees of this decision on February 24, 2012. Jt. Ex. 7.

A sign was posted at the end of the drive indicating such. Jt. Ex. 19. James

acknowledged that this was done when they learned about plans for a new

subdivision. Tr. 156. James later became suspicious as to what Dana was doing

with the property, so went to regional planning in the summer of 2013 and learned

how far advanced into the planning the Buckeye Ridge development was. Tr.

144-46. James was concerned that the additional traffic on the drive caused by the

subdivision would result in damage to the drive and his land along with a




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devaluation of his property.2 Tr. 151. Rose was concerned that the construction

of the subdivision would result in damage from the heavier equipment on the

drive, additional noise, additional dust on her property, and additional traffic and

damage to the drive after the subdivision was completed. Tr. 92. Appellants,

through counsel, sent a letter to Appellees explaining their position that they did

not wish for the new subdivision to have use of the private drive used to access

Hilltop Manor. Jt. Ex. 6.

                                     Procedural Background

        {¶8} On September 5, 2013, Appellants filed a petition for a temporary

preventative injunction to stop Appellees from using their private drive to move

heavy equipment to Appellees’ adjoining property. Doc. 1. Appellants claim that

the private drive was solely for the purpose of providing access to the lots of the

subdivision and was not meant for general transportation by those outside of the

subdivision. Doc. 1. Appellants complained that Appellees wanted to alter the

drive by destroying landscaping and using it to access adjoining property with

heavy equipment so that a new subdivision could be built. Id. This use was

desired even though Appellees had the ability to build their own access drive from

the public road and did not need to use the private drive of the subdivision. Id.

Appellees filed their answer on September 17, 2013. Doc. 10. The answer

2
  James had placed some large rocks along the curve of the drive by his property to prevent the guests of
Rose and Raymond from cutting the curve too close and leaving ruts in his yard. Tr. 143. They were later
removed. Tr. 38.

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contained a counterclaim alleging that they had the right to access the private drive

easement. Id.

       {¶9} A bench trial was held on this matter on October 2 and October 28,

2013. Doc. 25. On May 21, 2014, the trial court entered its decision and order

granting Appellees access to the drive, but requiring them to pay for the damages

as a result of the increased traffic and weight of the trucks. Doc. 31. The

judgment entry on this decision was filed by the trial court on June 17, 2014. Doc.

32. On June 18, 2014, Appellants filed their notice of appeal. Doc. 37. Appellees

filed their notice of cross-appeal on July 16, 2014.        Doc. 45.     On appeal,

Appellants raised the following assignments of error.

                            First Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred in [its] application (or lack thereof) of the
       principles set forth in Ohio Supreme Court case Apel, et al. v.
       Katz, et al., 83 Ohio St.3d 11 (1998) and Heiney v. Godwin, 9th
       District Court of Appeals, 2005 WL 2758487(2005) by finding an
       easement exists in favor of [Appellees] and that same “runs with
       the land” against the manifest weight of the evidence.

                          Second Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred by not finding Kenneth & Elsie Dilts did
       nothing more than make a reservation in the restrictive
       easement document subject to this case for ingress and egress to
       the lands to the west that they were retaining.

                           Third Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred when it failed to grant injunctive relief to
       [Appellants].

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                          Fourth Assignment of Error

      The Court erred when it found and/or considered no feasible
      alternative route for ingress or egress to [Appellee’s] property to
      the west existed.

                           Fifth Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred by not setting forth a time-line for which
      [Appellee] needs to repair damage to the subject private road
      during construction of the proposed Buckeye Ridge Subdivision,
      including any and all damage caused by construction of housing,
      utilities and any other action undertaken in the creation and
      construction of the Buckeye Ridge Subdivision.

                           Sixth Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred by finding that [Appellants], upon
      completion of the Buckeye Ridge Subdivision, shall be
      responsible for all expenses of maintenance and repair of the
      private roadway through Hilltop Manor Subdivision.

On cross-appeal, Appellees raise the following assignments of error.

                           First Assignment of Error

      The trial court committed error when it ordered that [Appellees]
      shall be responsible for damages caused to the private drive
      through Hilltop Manor during construction of the Buckeye
      Ridge Subdivision.

                          Second Assignment of Error

      The trial court committed error when it ordered that [Appellees]
      shall be responsible for any work in the widening of the private
      road through Hilltop Manor in order to comply with
      requirements set forth by the Hancock County Regional
      Planning Commission or any other authority.


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                                   Easement Law

       {¶10} In this case, there is a dispute as to the type of easement and as to

what the language legally means.          The construction of an instrument of

conveyance is a question of law and is thus reviewed using a de novo standard of

review. Walbridge v. Carroll, 172 Ohio App.3d 429, 2007-Ohio-3586, ¶16, 875

N.E.2d 144 (6th Dist.). “To determine whether an easement is appurtenant or in

gross, it is necessary to determine the intent of the parties from the four corners of

the document involved and, if necessary, the surrounding circumstances.” Id. See

Woodyard v. Chesterhill, 5th Dist. Morgan No. 05–CA–18, 2006-Ohio-634; Am.

Premier Underwriters, Inc. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 3d Dist. Mercer No. 10–

2001–08, 2002-Ohio-1299; and Siferd v. Stambor , 5 Ohio App.2d 79, 214 N.E.2d

106 (3d Dist. 1966).

       {¶11} Easements are divided into two classes: easements appurtenant and

easements in gross. “An easement appurtenant requires a dominant tenement to

which the benefit of the easement attaches or ‘appertains’ and a servient tenement

upon which the obligation or burden rests.” Lone Star Steakhouse & Saloon of

Ohio, Inc. v. Ryska, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2003-L-192, 2005-Ohio-3398, ¶ 24.

“Easements appurtenant” run with the land and thus transfer with the property as

long as some record of the easement appears in the chain of title of the dominant

property. Pence v. Darst, 62 Ohio App.3d 32, 574 N.E.2d 548 (2d Dist. 1989).


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An “easement in gross” generally does not have a dominant estate and is purely

servient, existing entirely independent of ownership of the land.         DeShon v.

Parker, 49 Ohio App.2d 366, 361 N.E.2d 457 (9th Dist. 1974). In this type of

easement, it is not necessary that the grant expressly refer to a dominant estate nor

is it essential that the estate be adjacent or contiguous. Id.

       {¶12} An easement is appurtenant when the language of the instrument

creating it and the surrounding facts indicate that it was created for the benefit of

the land and not just to form a personal right benefit. Id. “Where it appears by a

fair interpretation of the words of the grant that it was the intention of the grantor

to reserve a right in the nature of a servitude or easement in the property granted,

for the benefit of the other land of the grantor, which originally formed one parcel

with the land conveyed, such right will be deemed appurtenant to the land of the

grantor and binding on that conveyed to the grantee.” Nolan v. Bender, 61 N.E.2d

628, 632 (9th Dist. 1944). When an estate can fairly be construed as appurtenant,

it generally will not be considered to be in gross. DeShon, supra.

       {¶13} Once an easement has been established, the owner of the dominant

estate does not have the authority to do anything desired with the property as it

does not belong to the dominant estate, the owner of the dominant estate merely

has a right of use. “It has long been the rule in Ohio that although the owner of the

dominant estate may not increase the burden or materially enlarge his right over


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the servient estate, changes in the use of the easement are permitted to the extent

they result from normal growth and development of the dominant land, and are a

proper and reasonable use of the easement.” Myers v. McCoy, 5th Dist. Delaware

No. 2004CAE07059, 2005-Ohio-2171, ¶2 (citing Erie Railroad Company v. S.H.

Kleinnman Realty Company, 92 Ohio St. 96, 110 N.E. 527 (1915)). However, an

easement holder may not impose additional burdens upon the servient estate by

engaging in additional usage of the easement. Centel Cable Television Co. of

Ohio, Inc. v. Cook, 58 Ohio St.3d 8, 567 N.E.2d 1010 (1991) (holding that

allowing the stringing of coaxial cable in the easement along with other utilities

was not an additional burden). If the dominant estate does increase the burden, the

easement may be terminated, but that remedy is not required.           Walbridge v.

Carroll, 6th Dist. Wood No WD-08-071, 2009-Ohio-5183, ¶17 (holding that

although the village had abused the easement by allowing trespassing vehicles

access to the easement, termination was not required and was not the appropriate

remedy).   Although disputes over the use of an easement may have an adequate

remedy at law, courts retain the ability to grant equitable relief. Chartiers Oil Co.

v. Curtiss, 24 Ohio C.D. 106 (1911).

                     Is the easement appurtenant or in gross?

       {¶14} In the first and second assignments of error, Appellants claim that the

trial court erred in finding that the easement was appurtenant and not a mere


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reservation of the right to ingress and egress for the Dilts. No specific words are

required to create an easement by express grant as long as the intent of the parties

is clear from the document. Cincinnati Entertainment Assoc. v. Bd. of

Commissioners, 141 Ohio App.3d 803, 753 N.E.2d 884 (1st Dist. 2001). The

undisputed evidence in this case was that the Dilts placed the following language

in the Restrictions to the Hilltop Manor Subdivision:

      [A] forty (40) foot easement is reserved over, along and across
      portions of said platted lots for the purpose of a private roadway
      to provide ingress and egress from County Highway 220 to said
      platted lots. Use of said private drive easement is reserved to the
      original platters of said plat and their purchasers, executors and
      assigns for ingress and egress to the fields and lands adjoining
      said subdivision on the west.

Jt. Ex. 2, 2 (emphasis added). The restrictions were recorded on August 17, 1964,

in the Hancock County Record of Plats, Book 6, Page 497. Id. Additionally, the

easement was clearly shown on the plat map, which was recorded on August 12,

1964, in Volume 7, Page 15 of the Hancock county Plat Records. Jt. Ex. 1. The

plain language of the restrictions indicates that this was an easement and that the

dominant estate was the land belonging to the Dilts, as the original platters. They

specifically reserved the right to use a forty foot section as the private drive to

obtain access to the land adjoining the subdivision on the west. Additionally, they

reserved this right for their “purchasers, executors and assigns”. The dominant

estate is the land to the West and it adjoins the Hilltop Manor Subdivision. As


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discussed above, easements are generally determined to be appurtenant and run

with the land if there are dominant and servient estates, particularly if the estates

are adjoining estates. Based upon the evidence before it, the trial court did not err

in finding that this was an easement appurtenant and that it ran with the land.

Therefore the first and second assignments of error are overruled.

                                  Injunctive Relief

       {¶15} In the third assignment of error, Appellants claim that the trial court

erred in not granting injunctive relief to prevent Appellees from using the private

drive to access the land adjacent to Hilltop Manor Subdivision. As discussed

above, the easement provides that the original platters, their purchasers, executors

or assigns have the right to use the private drive for ingress and egress to the land

to the west of the subdivision. Additionally, the trial court correctly found that

this was an easement appurtenant that runs with the land. The use of terms of

inheritance or succession are not necessary to create a fee simple estate. R.C.

5301.02. Every conveyance of the real estate will transfer all rights to the property

unless the deed clearly states otherwise. Id. In this case, the Dilts sold the

property to the Copus family who then sold the land to Appellees. The deeds

transferred all of the interest in the property possessed by the prior owners. The

deed from the Copus family to the Appellees did not specifically convey a lesser

estate than that possessed by the Copus family. Thus, Appellees are purchasers of


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the dominant estate and are entitled to the benefit of the easement. This means

they are entitled to use the private drive for the sole purpose of ingress and egress.3

The trial court did not err in denying injunctive relief which would prohibit

Appellees or their purchasers from using the private drive for the purpose of

ingress and egress. Appellants’ third assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶16} In the fourth assignment of error, Appellants claim that the trial court

erred by failing to consider alternate paths of ingress and egress. This court notes

that since an express easement reserving the right of the dominant estate holders to

use the private drive for the purpose of ingress and egress was created, Appellees

have a legal right to use the private drive without consideration as to whether there

is another option for accessing the property. Consideration of alternative routes

would only be relevant if this easement was one implied due to the condition of

the land.

        {¶17} However, the trial court did consider the alternative paths of ingress

and egress before reaching its conclusion. The trial court in its judgment entry

stated that “[n]o feasible alternative route for ingress and egress to Buckeye Ridge

Subdivision exists.” Doc. 31 at 4.                During the trial, Dana testified as to the

difficulties in creating alternative routes of access.                   Matthew Cordonnier, the

director of the Hancock County Regional Planning Commission testified that Dana


3
  The terms of the easement do not permit Appellees to use the drive as a route for running the utilities or
for any purpose other than ingress and egress.

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would not be eligible for a curb cut off of CR 220 without a variance. Tr. 212.

Although there would be room for a curb cut after the creek, placing a drive in that

location would cause other issues that would require additional permits from

various agencies. Tr. 227-28. Dana also testified that if he accessed the property

off of CR 220 instead of from the private drive through Hilltop Manor, he would

not be able to create a cul de sac and that the cost of the project would exceed

$500,000.00.4 Tr. 276, 315. Steve Wilson from the County Engineer’s Office

testified that the alternative sites for a drive would go through a flood plain and

would require a special development permit. Tr. 339-40. Wilson also testified

that the cost of building the road directly from CR 220 would be several hundred

thousand dollars.        Tr. 344.     Given all of this evidence, the trial court could

reasonably conclude that there was no other practical access to the property other

than the private drive through Hilltop Manor. Thus, the fourth assignment of error

is overruled.

                     Who should pay if the private drive is widened?

        {¶18} Appellees claim in their second assignment of error raised on the

cross-appeal that the trial court erred in ordering them to pay the cost of widening

the private drive. Appellees argue that since the easement requires the lot owners

in Hilltop Manor to be responsible for all maintenance and repairs to the road, the


4
 Dana was estimating the total costs as he admitted that he had not spoken with anyone to obtain actual
cost estimates. Tr. 333.

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cost of widening the road should be borne by Appellants. Although Appellees

may use the drive for the purpose of ingress and egress, they do not have the right

to dictate the width or depth of the drive. The terms of the easement leave control

over all maintenance and repair of the private drive to the owners in Hilltop

Manor. The Dilts did not reserve any rights in this matter. All determinations of

this matter were to be determined by the majority vote of the Hilltop Manor lot

owners. The evidence in this case was that the lot owners unanimously voted not

to widen the drive or to repave it. The original drive was gravel. The decision to

apply blacktop to the gravel drive was made by the lot owners without input from

the Dilts. The easement merely grants Appellees the right to use whatever private

drive is there, and does not require Appellants to pay for the private drive as

Appellees wish to have it. Nothing in the easement permits the Appellees to

mandate the width or thickness of the private drive, or even that it be paved.

Although there was testimony that the private drive as it existed at the time of the

hearing would not be approved by the County for the new subdivision, there was

no evidence presented that it could not remain as it was at that time. If Appellees

wish to widen the private drive and to alter the thickness of it, they do have the

right to improve the easement. 36 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Easements and Licenses

Section 49 (2015) (citing Beavertown Cemetery Ass’n v. Summers, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 551, 1924 WL 1892 (Jan. 10, 1924)). However, pursuant to the


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terms of the easement, Appellees cannot force Appellants to do so. It would be

inequitable for Appellees to unilaterally decide to alter the private drive so that

they can benefit from it and then expect the lot owners, who do not wish to alter

the private drive, to pay for it. The trial court has the discretion to impose the

equitable remedy that if Appellees wish to alter the private drive, then they must

pay to have it done. Based upon the evidence before this court, we do not find that

the trial court abused its discretion in ruling as it did. Appellees second cross-

assignment of error is overruled.

                           Damage to the Private Drive

       {¶19} Appellees argue in their first assignment of error of the cross-appeal

that the trial court erred in requiring them to pay to repair any damage caused to

the private drive by the development of Buckeye Ridge Subdivision. As discussed

above, Appellees allege that since the easement requires the owners of Hilltop

Manor Subdivision to pay for all maintenance and repairs to the private drive,

Appellees should not have to pay for the damage. The trial court specifically

addressed this issue and determined that “[t]o require [Appellants] to pay for

damage caused by [Appellees’] use of the easement with heavy machinery and

equipment would be unjust.” Doc. 31 at 9. The owner of the easement is under a

duty to make such repairs as necessary to prevent the use of the easement from

becoming an annoyance or nuisance to the owner of the servient estate. Market


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Enterprises, Inc. V. Summerville, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2001CA00315, 2002-Ohio-

3692. There is no dispute that the easement does require the owners of Hilltop

Manor to pay for repairs and maintenance to the private drive through Hilltop

Manor. However, those anticipated repairs would be for normal wear and tear

caused by reasonable use, not regular use by heavy equipment which will be

required to develop the Buckeye Ridge subdivision. The trial court determined

that Appellees had the right to a reasonable use of the easement. A reasonable use

would not include damaging the private drive and then expecting someone else to

pay for the damage caused by that usage. The evidence before the trial court is

that the heavy equipment would likely cause more than normal wear and tear to

the private drive, which is not what was anticipated by the reasonable usage of the

easement. As discussed above, the trial court has the authority to impose remedies

in equity for easements. Thus the trial court’s determination that Appellees should

be responsible for the damages caused by their usage of the easement is supported

by the evidence and is not an abuse of discretion. Appellee’s second assignment

of error of the cross-appeal is overruled.

       {¶20} In the fifth assignment of error of the direct appeal, Appellants claim

that the trial court erred by not ordering a deadline for Appellees to repair any

damages to the private drive caused by Appellees’ use of the drive to develop the

subdivision. Appellants have pointed to no statute or case law that would require


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the trial court to impose a deadline for the repair. Our own review of the law in

Ohio also does not provide for any such requirement.            Although this court

understands the concerns raised by Appellants given the background of this case,

the trial court did not err as a matter of law in failing to set forth a time deadline

for all repairs to be made. If the repairs are not made within a reasonable time,

Appellants will be able to seek a remedy through a show cause motion rather than

filing a new complaint. The fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶21} Finally, Appellants claim in the sixth assignment of error of the

direct appeal that the trial court erred by requiring Appellants to be solely

responsible for all maintenance of the private drive through Hilltop Manor.

Appellees claim that this is what is required by the plain language of the easement.

Generally, the burden for making repairs caused by the use of an easement falls

upon the owner(s) of the dominant estate.         Id.   However this duty can be

contracted away by an express agreement of the parties. Id.

       {¶22} In this case, there is an express agreement that the lot owners of

Hilltop Manor will be responsible for all maintenance and repairs to the private

drive through Hilltop Manor. This would seem to require Appellants to pay all

maintenance even after eight additional families are using the private drive.

However, the agreement also states that all maintenance and repairs will only

occur upon the majority vote of the Hilltop Manor lot owners. As discussed


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Case No. 5-14-16


above, the easement allows Appellees, and the future purchasers of Buckeye

Ridge, to use the private drive for the purpose of ingress and egress, but not to

dictate the condition of the private drive, including the width or depth of it.

       {¶23} The evidence in this case was that the lot owners unanimously voted

not to widen the private drive or to repave it. By requiring Appellants to pay to

maintain and repair damage to a private drive different than what they voted to

have, Appellees have exceeded the terms of the easement.            Additionally, the

amount of traffic on the private drive will potentially go from three households to

eleven households, a substantial increase. By requiring the owners of Hilltop

Manor to bear the burden of providing a private drive for more families than was

originally involved and for a private drive different from what the terms of the

easement required may impose additional burdens and expenses upon the servient

estate which are not provided for in the grant of the easement. The dominant

estate may not impose new and additional burdens upon the servient estate.

Lakewood Homes, Inc. v. BP Oil, Inc., 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-98-29, 1991-Ohio-

851.   “Generally the court should presume that the parties contemplated that

normal development would result in some changes in * * * the use of the

easement, even if it were unlikely that the parties anticipated the specific

developmental changes.” Crane Hollow Creek, Inc. v. Marathon Ashland Pipe

Line, LLC, 138 Ohio St.3d 57, 67, 740 N.E.2d 328 (4th Dist. 2000).


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Case No. 5-14-16


         {¶24} This situation then leads to the issue of whether the additional

burdens are of such a nature as to require termination of the easement or are

simply the result of an expansion due to natural development and use of the

property. Myers, supra. Although this issue was not decided by the trial court, as

noted by the dissent, the issue was not raised before the trial court. As it was not

raised for consideration by the trial court and was not raised by the parties on

appeal, it need not be addressed sua sponte by this court.

         {¶25} This situation is unusual in that it is not the use of the easement that

has been exceeded, but the contractual terms of the easement which have been

disregarded, i.e. change of the private drive without the consent of the Hilltop

Manor lot owners, whose consent is required by the terms of the easement. The

terms of the easement continue to provide that the Hilltop Manor lot owners are

responsible for all maintenance and repairs to the road through Hilltop Manor as a

majority of said Hilltop Manor lot owners may determine to be necessary.5 The

trial court had all of this information before it when it reached its decision. The

trial court had clearly considered the equities of the situation as shown by the

orders that Appellees pay to alter the private drive and to repair the damage caused

by development after it is complete. There is competent, credible evidence to


5
  While this requirement and the determination of when maintenance is necessary may lead to future issues,
it is not ripe for review at this time. Contrary to the argument of the dissent, nothing in the opinion of the
trial court allows Appellees the authority to determine when maintenance is necessary. The full use of the
easement granted is not the same as maintenance.

                                                    -23-
Case No. 5-14-16


support the determination of the trial court. We cannot find that the trial court

abused its discretion. Appellants’ sixth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶26} Having found no error in particulars assigned and argued either on

direct appeal or on the cross-appeal, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas

of Hancock County is affirmed.

                                                                   Judgment Affirmed

SHAW, P.J., concurs.



ROGERS, J., dissents.

       {¶27} An express easement, like any contract, must be interpreted

according to the language included in the instrument granting such easement. In

this case, the language provided that the Appellants were solely responsible for

deciding when maintenance was required for the drive. Appellees, as subsequent

purchasers of the dominant estate, had no right to dictate when maintenance was

required. By allowing the Appellees to do so, the trial court abused its discretion.

Further, the trial court abused its discretion when it found that the Appellees’

purported use of the easement was reasonable. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

                     Appellees did not retain a right to dictate
                        when maintenance was required

       {¶28} “When an easement is granted by an express grant, the extent and

limitations upon the dominate [sic] estate’s use of the land depends upon the

                                        -24-
Case No. 5-14-16


language of the granting instrument.” Myers v. McCoy, 5th Dist. Delaware No.

2004CAE07059, 2005-Ohio-2171, ¶ 16, citing Alban v. R.K. Co., 15 Ohio St.2d

229 (1968). Thus, a trial court may not redefine or limit the scope of an easement.

Myers at ¶ 20.

      {¶29} As the majority writes, “Once an easement has been established, the

owner of the dominant estate does not have the authority to do anything desired

with the property as it does not belong to the dominant estate, the owner of the

dominant estate merely has a right of use.”          (Majority Opin., at ¶ 13).

Additionally, “changes in the use of the easement are permitted to the extent they

result from normal growth and development of the dominant land, and are a proper

and reasonable use of the easement.” Myers at ¶ 2, citing Erie RR. Co. v. S.H.

Kleinman Realty Co., 92 Ohio St. 96 (1915). The easement may be terminated if

the dominant estate increases the burden upon the servient estate. Walbridge v.

Carroll et al., 184 Ohio App.3d 355, 2009-Ohio-5183, ¶ 17 (6th Dist.).

      {¶30} “[U]nless the owner of the servient estate * * * is bound to make

repairs, ‘[t]he burden devolves upon the owner of the dominant estate, of making

whatever repairs are necessary for his use [of the easement].’ ” Market Ents., Inc.

v. Summerville, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2001CA00315, 2002-Ohio-3692, *2 (July 15,

2002), quoting Natl. Exchange Bank v. Cunningham, 46 Ohio St. 575, 589 (1889).




                                       -25-
Case No. 5-14-16


       {¶31} The easement in question is found in the express language of the

Restrictions to Hilltop Manor Subdivision. It states, in relevant part,

       [A] forty (40) foot easement is reserved over, along and across
       portions of said platted lots for the purpose of a private roadway to
       provide ingress and egress from County Highway 220 to said platted
       lots. Use of said private drive easement is reserved to the original
       platters of said plat and their purchasers, executors and assigns for
       ingress and egress to the fields and lands adjoining said subdivision
       on the west. Said private driveway shall be maintained by all of the
       owners of lots in the subdivision and all expenses of maintenance
       and repair shall be borne equally by the lotowners regardless of
       their lot locations or the area of their lot which is subject to such
       driveway easement. For purposes of determining the necessity of
       maintenance, a majority of said property owners owning lands in the
       subdivision shall be required for a determination that maintenance
       is necessary * * *.

(Emphasis added.) (Docket No. 1, Ex. B, p. 2).

       {¶32} Given that the easement in this case is an express easement, the trial

court was, and this court is, bound by the language chosen by the Dilts when they

drafted the document. See State ex rel. Wasserman v. City of Fremont, 140 Ohio

St.3d 471, 2014-Ohio-2962, ¶ 28, citing Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53

Ohio St.2d 241, 246 (1978) (“When the terms in an easement are clear and

unambiguous, a court cannot create a new agreement by finding an intent not

expressed in the clear language employed by the parties.”), superseded by statute

on other grounds as stated in Great Invest. Properties, L.L.C. v. Merritt, 3d Dist.

Marion No. 9-09-36, 2010-Ohio-981, ¶ 13; see also Myers, 2005-Ohio-2171 at ¶

20.

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Case No. 5-14-16


         {¶33} Several different aspects of the easement are clearly and

unambiguously stated in the instrument’s language.6 First, the instrument provides

that the Appellees are entitled to the use of the full width of 40-feet in the

easement even though the current drive is only 10-feet wide. Myers at ¶ 23.

Second, the use of the easement is limited to ingress and egress from County

Highway 220 to the dominant estate. Third, the Appellants are responsible for the

costs of any and all maintenance and repair performed on the easement. This is

contrary to the common rule that the dominant estate owner is required to pay

these costs. Summerville, 2002-Ohio-3692 at *2. Finally, the Appellants have the

sole authority to determine if maintenance is necessary. The Appellees, through

the language chosen by the Dilts, lost any power to participate in this decision

making process. The majority discusses these points in various areas of their

opinion, although they do not explicitly state the right to the use of the full 40-feet

width. (Majority Opin., ¶ 15, 18-19).

         {¶34} In the same way that the responsibility of paying the costs to

maintain and repair an easement can be contractually shifted from the dominant


6
  Although the language of the easement is clear and unambiguous, the parties’ intentions were further
evident by the language contained in the plat map itself. It states, in relevant part, “The roads and right of
ways designated on this plat are reserved by the plattor and no part of the same are dedicated to public use
but are reserved to and for the benefit of the owners of the lots in this subdivision for the purposes of
ingress and egress to the lots herein platted, for use both by the owners and their licensees and invitees.” Jt.
Ex. 1. This language suggests that the easement was to be enjoyed by all the owners in Hilltop Manor for
the purposes of accessing their properties. With the Appellees’ plan to build an additional eight lots, this
will have an effect equivalent of becoming a public road. This is directly contrary to the true intentions of
the parties as indicated in the plat map language.

                                                     -27-
Case No. 5-14-16


estate owner to the servient estate owner pursuant to Summerville et al., then it is

certainly possible to contractually waive any right to determine whether

maintenance is necessary. An easement is a contract. See Lakewood Homes, Inc.

v. BP Oil, Inc., 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-98-29, 1999 WL 693152, *4 (Aug. 26,

1999), quoting Skivolocki v. East Ohio Gas Co., 38 Ohio St.2d 244 (1974),

paragraph one of the syllabus. “When interpreting the terms of an easement right-

of-way, [an appellate court] must follow the rules of contract construction ‘so as to

carry out the intent of the parties, as that intent is evidenced by the contractual

language.’ ” Id. In drafting the restrictions to Hilltop Manor, the Dilts decided to

waive any rights they had in determining whether and when the drive would

require maintenance. As purchasers of the dominant estate once owned by the

Dilts, Appellees were bound by the same restrictions as the Dilts were once. Thus,

the only people who could determine whether and when maintenance was required

were the Appellants. This relationship between the Appellants and the Dilts was

clearly established in the record. As the majority notes, “The path of the drive has

not changed since it was originally put into place, though blacktop was added in

1989. The Dilts did not have any input into the decision to add blacktop to the

drive and the expense was divided equally among the three families residing in

Hilltop Manor.” (Citations omitted.) (Majority Opin., ¶ 2). The majority, later in

their opinion, reiterates this point. (Id. at ¶ 18).


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Case No. 5-14-16


         {¶35} By allowing the Appellees to dictate whether maintenance of the

drive was necessary, the trial court created a new agreement that was not

evidenced in the express language of the easement.7 See Alexander, 53 Ohio St.2d

at 246. “A court abuses its discretion if it alters an established easement or

requires a party to accept an altered easement in substitution of the original.”

Myers, 2005-Ohio-2171 at ¶ 18, citing Munchmeyer v. Burfield, et al., 4th Dist.

Washington No. 95CA7, 1996 WL 142579 (Mar. 26, 1996). Thus, I would have

found that the trial court abused its discretion when it ruled in favor of the

Appellees.

                          Appellees’ purported use is not reasonable

         {¶36} Assuming, arguendo, that Appellees were entitled to dictate whether

maintenance was necessary, I would nonetheless find that the trial court abused its

discretion as the Appellees’ purported use would result in a substantial burden to

the Appellants.

         {¶37} Although the dominant estate owner may make improvements or

repairs to an easement, it may not impose additional burdens upon the servient

estate in the process. Lakewood Homes, 1999 WL 693152 at *2. Such changes


7
  Additionally, the trial court’s judgment fails to limit the scope of the Appellees’ ability to determine when
maintenance is necessary. For instance, could the Appellees require the Appellants to clear snow off the
drive in the winter? The trial court’s judgment suggests that this is a possibility. The Appellant’s have not
permitted the entrance of school buses in the past in an attempt to prevent the private drive from appearing
as a public way. Will the trial court order that buses be permitted ingress and egress to the new
development? How about trash collection vehicles? Although these questions are not ripe for review, they
are legitimate concerns as to the trial court’s “equitable” decision in this case.

                                                    -29-
Case No. 5-14-16


“are permitted to the extent they result from normal growth and development of

the dominate [sic] land, and are a proper and reasonable use of the easement.”

Myers at ¶ 21, citing Erie RR. Co., 92 Ohio St. 96. “The issue of whether the

easement was abused or simply expanded from natural development and use of the

property is an issue of fact.” Myers at ¶ 22, citing Hiener v. Kelley, 4th Dist.

Washington No. 98CA7, 1999 WL 595363, *11 (July 23, 1999).

       {¶38} At several points throughout their opinion, the majority states that

the Appellees have either exceeded the scope of the easement with Appellees’

purported use of the easement or that the purported use would be unreasonable.

Specifically, the majority writes that

       A reasonable use would not include damaging the private drive and
       then expecting [the Appellants] to pay for the damage caused by that
       usage. The evidence before the trial court is that the heavy
       equipment would likely cause more than normal wear and tear to the
       private drive, which is not what was anticipated by the reasonable
       usage of the easement.

(Majority Opin., ¶ 19). Four paragraphs later, “By requiring Appellants to pay to

maintain and repair damage to a private drive different than what they voted to

have, Appellees have exceeded the terms of the easement.” (Id. at ¶ 23). They

continue,

       Additionally, the amount of traffic on the private drive will
       potentially go from three households to eleven households, a
       substantial increase. By requiring [Appellants] to bear the burden of
       providing a private drive for more families than was originally
       involved and for a private drive different from what the terms of the

                                         -30-
Case No. 5-14-16


        easement required may impose additional burdens and expenses
        upon the servient estate which are not provided for in the grant of the
        easement.

(Id.)

        {¶39} The majority fails to address another burden that falls upon the

Appellants – the burden of removing any obstructions on the easement. In the trial

court’s entry denying injunctive relief, the court noted, “To require [Appellants] to

pay for damage caused by [Appellees’] use of the easement with heavy machinery

and equipment would be unjust.” (Docket No. 31, p. 9). Interestingly, it then

ordered that “[Appellants] shall work in a timely fashion to remove all obstacles

currently intruding upon the 40-foot easement and allow [Appellees] to perform

work expanding and extending the Hilltop Manor roadway.” (Id.) Specifically,

the Appellants would be financially responsible for removing “some mature trees,

rocks, and bushes that were in the easement to avoid damage to the heavy

equipment. Some of those trees had been in place for over 30 years.” (Citations

omitted.) (Majority Opin., ¶ 6). Further, Dana testified that there were “a lot of

large trees” and “[a] lot of small trees” inside the easement. Trial Tr., p. 281.

Although Dana testified at length about the amount of money it would take to

finish the subdivision project, no testimony was heard regarding the cost of

removing the obstructions (trees, rocks, etc.).       Without speculating specific

amounts, it is safe to assume that the removal of trees, including mature 30-plus-


                                         -31-
Case No. 5-14-16


year-old trees, is not cheap. Thus, this responsibility is but another burden that

falls upon the Appellants given the trial court’s handling of the case.

       {¶40} Given the severity of the burden inflicted upon the Appellants, the

Appellees’ purported use of the easement was not a proper and reasonable use of

the result of the natural development of the land, and requires that the easement be

terminated.

                                     Conclusion

       {¶41} The trial court abused its discretion when it denied the Appellants

injunctive relief. The trial court was willing to implement the express language of

the easement instrument to find that Appellants were required to pay for the

maintenance and repair of the drive within Hilltop Manor. Yet, the trial court was

not willing to implement the express language that gave all the power to

Appellants to decide what maintenance was required. The Dilts, as the original

owners of the dominant estate, contractually waived any rights to participate in

this decision making process by drafting the restrictions.           As subsequent

purchasers of the dominant estate, the Appellees were also bound by the language

contained in the instrument. By finding that the Appellees can maintain the drive

in a way that will allow them to move forward with their construction project, the

trial court has written into the agreement a portion that does not exist. Such a

decision resulted in an abuse of discretion. See Myers at ¶ 18, citing Munchmeyer,


                                        -32-
Case No. 5-14-16


1996 WL 142579. However, in the event that Appellees somehow retained a right

to improve the drive, the trial court still abused its discretion because the

overarching burdens inflicted upon the Appellants should have resulted in a

finding that the use did not result from a natural development of the land. For

these reasons, I would have sustained the Appellants’ assignments of error and

reversed the judgment of the trial court.

/jlr




                                        -33-
