                              Illinois Official Reports                         Digitally signed by
                                                                                Reporter of Decisions
                                                                                Reason: I attest to the
                                                                                accuracy and integrity of
                                                                                this document
                                     Appellate Court                            Date: 2016.02.18 10:23:09
                                                                                -06'00'




                   Chicago Housing Authority v. DeStefano & Partners, Ltd.,
                                 2015 IL App (1st) 142870



Appellate Court          THE CHICAGO HOUSING AUTHORITY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
Caption                  DeSTEFANO AND PARTNERS, LTD., Defendant-Appellee.



District & No.           First District, Fifth Division
                         Docket Nos. 1-14-2870, 1-15-3040 cons.



Filed                    December 11, 2015
Rehearing denied         January 19, 2016


Decision Under           Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 08-L-8376; the
Review                   Hon. Ronald Bartkowicz, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                 Affirmed.



Counsel on               Donohue Brown Mathewson & Smyth LLC (Karen Kies DeGrand and
Appeal                   Meagan P. VanderWeele, of counsel) and Corboy & Demetrio, P.C.
                         (Rene A. Torrado, Jr., of counsel), both of Chicago, for appellant.

                         Vanek, Vickers & Masini, P.C., of Chicago (Jon B. Masini, Scott A.
                         Ruksakiati, and Nathan O. Hadsell, of counsel), for appellee.



Panel                    JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                         opinion.
                         Presiding Justice Reyes and Justice Gordon concurred in the judgment
                         and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       Plaintiff, the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA), appeals the circuit court’s order
     dismissing one of its breach of contract claims against defendant, DeStefano and Partners,
     Ltd. (DeStefano). CHA contends the circuit court erred in dismissing its state-law breach of
     contract claim where it incurred substantial costs to bring a rehabilitation project within
     compliance of federal fair housing and accessibility laws as a result of defendant’s failure to
     perform under the terms of the parties’ contract. Based on the following, we affirm.

¶2                                              FACTS
¶3        In 1999, CHA launched a 10-year plan to update its public housing known as the “Plan
     for Transformation.” The project was funded by the United States Department of Housing
     and Urban Development (HUD). In 2000, HUD provided CHA conditional approval for a
     prescribed period of five years during which time CHA was to take certain actions to ensure
     it could adequately meet the needs of the disabled. In relevant part, CHA planned its overall
     renovations to meet the requirements of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29
     U.S.C. § 794 (1994)) (Section 504) by constructing 5.3% of its units to accommodate
     mobility impaired individuals and 2.1% of its units to be accessible to individuals with
     sensory impairments.1 In an effort to accomplish its goals, CHA was required to conduct a
     Section 504 self-evaluation.
¶4        On July 14, 2000, the parties entered into a CHA standard agreement for prime design
     consulting services (initial design contract), under which defendant agreed to provide
     professional architectural and engineering services for seven multifamily residential
     buildings owned and operated by CHA. Pursuant to the initial design contract, defendant was
     “responsible for providing, or causing to be provided under its direct supervision and control,
     all professional Architecture, Engineering and Construction Consulting related services.” The
     parties agreed to amend and restate their agreement, on November 18, 2004, by entering into
     a professional architecture/engineering services agreement (restated design contract). The
     restated design contract provided that defendant’s basic services under the agreement were
     “to provide complete architectural and engineering services in connection with the Project as
     are usually and customarily performed, rendered or done by architects preliminary to and in
     connection with the preparation of plans, designs and specifications and the construction,
     rehabilitation and completion of residential buildings.” The restated design contract further
     provided that defendant:
              “shall certify that all work was performed under the direct supervision of the Project
              Architect and that it conforms to the Chicago Building Code, as amended, the Illinois
              Accessibility Code, as amended, all applicable Federal, State and local building
              codes, as amended, including, but not limited to, the Uniform Federal Accessibility
              Standards, the American with Disabilities Act of 1990 [(ADA) (42 U.S.C. § 12101
              et seq. (2000))], as amended, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as
              amended and as implemented in 24 CFR Part 8 and the Fair Housing Act Design


        1
         Only units that met the requirements of the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS)
     would count toward the Section 504 quotas.

                                                -2-
             Manual, and the design and construction requirements of the U.S. Department of
             Housing and Urban Development.”
¶5       Meanwhile, in August 2003, after construction of the project had begun, HUD notified
     CHA of its plans to conduct a Section 504 and ADA compliance review. In a letter dated
     September 30, 2004, HUD issued its preliminary findings of noncompliance with Section
     504 and Title II of the ADA (preliminary noncompliance letter) detailing a range of
     deficiencies both major and minor. The letter did not contain any reference to a CHA
     violation in terms of compliance with the required percentages established by Section 504
     where the project was still ongoing. The preliminary noncompliance letter, however, did state
     that resolution of the identified violations would be described in a forthcoming written plan
     called a voluntary compliance agreement. Moreover, the letter indicated that future
     compliance would be assessed and certified by a third-party independent architectural
     consultant.
¶6       Defendant completed its work on the buildings in 2004.
¶7       On June 8, 2006, HUD and CHA executed a negotiated voluntary compliance agreement,
     providing, in relevant part, CHA with obligations to correct the purported deficiencies
     identified in the preliminary noncompliance letter and to fulfill its responsibilities of
     complying with, inter alia, the federal accessibility standards set forth in Section 504 and
     Title II of the ADA. The agreement contained no findings of liability against CHA and no
     penalty was charged to CHA. In November 2006, CHA hired a new architecture firm to
     perform the work necessary to comply with its obligations under the voluntary compliance
     agreement. According to CHA, it incurred over $4.3 million to bring the seven buildings into
     compliance with the federal accessibility standards.
¶8       On May 29, 2009, CHA filed a two-count amended complaint against defendant asserting
     causes of action for breach of contract and indemnity. In its breach of contract claim, CHA
     alleged defendant “materially breached” the parties’ agreement by, inter alia, failing to
     “report that the rehabilitation and renovation work performed *** did not conform to the
     requirements of applicab[le] federal laws, regulations and guidelines,” including Section 504
     and the ADA. CHA further alleged that defendant “failed to provide accurate certifications
     that the project work *** conformed to, among other things, the Uniform Federal
     Accessibility Standards, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, Section
     504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended and implemented in 24 C.F.R. Part 8 and
     the Fair Housing Act Design Manual, and the design and construction requirements of the
     U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, when, in fact, the project work did not
     conform to such standards and requirements.” CHA sought damages in the form of expenses
     and costs incurred to bring the project in conformance with the applicable state and federal
     laws, regulations, and guidelines. In response, defendant filed a motion for partial summary
     judgment asserting that CHA had a nondelegable duty to comply with the federal
     accessibility standards and that the costs incurred by CHA to correct the accessibility
     violations were not recoverable from defendant under its state-law breach of contract action.
¶9       In an order dated June 21, 2012, the circuit court held that CHA’s breach of contract
     claim could be considered only to the extent that the claim did not seek to recover losses
     related to defendant’s noncompliance with Section 504 and the ADA. The circuit court
     ordered the parties to submit supplemental briefs explaining what damages sought by CHA
     were unrelated to the noncompliance with Section 504 and the ADA. On January 14, 2013,

                                               -3-
       the circuit court granted defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment on both counts of
       the amended complaint, finding “to the extent that CHA seeks recovery from DeStefano for
       costs arising out of or relating to any alleged violations of applicable federal handicap
       accessibility regulations as such claims are preempted and barred by federal law.” The circuit
       court, however, added that claims that were unrelated to violations of applicable handicap
       accessibility regulations were not barred. On May 22, 2013, the circuit court subsequently
       denied CHA’s motion for reconsideration.
¶ 10       On August 21, 2013, CHA filed its second amended complaint, alleging two counts of
       breach of contract and one count of contractual indemnity. CHA separated its breach of
       contract claims wherein one related to defendant’s failure to perform its contractual
       obligations in conformance with the federal accessibility standards (count I) and one related
       to defendant’s failure to perform its contractual obligations unrelated to the federal
       accessibility standards (count II). In response, defendant filed a motion to dismiss count I and
       portions of count II pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735
       ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2012)) based on federal preemption principles. On February 26, 2014, in
       a written order, the circuit court granted defendant’s motion, dismissing count I and count II,
       but allowed CHA to replead count II to eliminate any allegations or claims for losses related
       to noncompliance with federal handicap accessibility standards. In so doing, the circuit court
       noted that CHA’s count I was “significant[ly] similar” to the breach of contract allegation in
       its amended complaint for which summary judgment was granted in favor of defendant.
       Citing Equal Rights Center v. Niles Bolton Associates, 602 F.3d 597 (4th Cir. 2010), for
       support, the circuit court expressly stated that CHA could not contractually delegate its duty
       to comply with the federal accessibility standards.
¶ 11       On March 28, 2014, CHA filed a three-count third amended complaint against defendant,
       the subject of which underlies the current appeal. In count I, CHA alleged breach of contract
       related to defendant’s failure to perform its professional services in conformance with the
       federal accessibility standards, which resulted in damages in excess of $4.3 million to CHA
       for amounts paid to professionals and contractors for the additional work required to meet
       those federal accessibility standards. In count II, CHA alleged breach of contract unrelated to
       the federal accessibility standards. In count III, CHA requested indemnity related to a lawsuit
       brought against CHA by a third-party general contractor. Defendant responded by filing a
       section 2-619 motion to dismiss count I of the third amended complaint, asserting that the
       circuit court had entered prior orders barring CHA from maintaining a de facto claim for
       indemnity for the losses caused by noncompliance with Section 504 and the ADA. On June
       24, 2014, the circuit court granted defendant’s motion, and dismissed count I of CHA’s third
       amended complaint with prejudice “[f]or the reasons set forth in the January 14, 2013, and
       February 26, 2014, orders.” On August 25, 2014, the circuit court entered an order pursuant
       to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), finding there was no just reason
       for delaying an appeal of its June 24, 2014, order. This appeal followed.2




           2
            While this appeal was under consideration, the parties entered a settlement agreement with regard
       to counts II and III of CHA’s third amended complaint. The circuit court entered an order dismissing
       those two counts on October 20, 2015.

                                                     -4-
¶ 12                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 13        CHA contends the circuit court erred in dismissing its breach of contract claim, in which
       it alleged defendant failed to comply with the federal accessibility standards, where the state
       law claim was not preempted by federal legislation because it was based on the terms of the
       parties’ contract and not due to a violation of Section 504 or the ADA.
¶ 14        CHA appeals the dismissal of its amended complaint pursuant to section 2-619 of the
       Code. A section 2-619 motion to dismiss admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint, but
       asserts an affirmative matter to otherwise defeat the claim. Patrick Engineering, Inc. v. City of
       Naperville, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31. In considering a section 2-619 motion to dismiss, a court
       reviews all pleadings and supporting documents in a light most favorable to the nonmoving
       party. Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207 Ill. 2d 359, 367-68 (2003). However,
       conclusions of fact or law unsupported by allegations of specific facts are not taken as true
       and are not considered by the court in ruling on the motion. Mayfield v. Acme Barrel Co., 258
       Ill. App. 3d 32, 34 (1994). The court must determine whether the existence of a genuine issue
       of material fact precludes dismissal or, absent such an issue of fact, whether the asserted
       affirmative matter makes dismissal proper as a matter of law. Kedzie & 103rd Currency
       Exchange, Inc. v. Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116-17 (1993). We review the dismissal of a
       complaint pursuant to section 2-619 de novo. Id. at 116.
¶ 15        Pursuant to the supremacy clause, the federal government has the authority to preempt
       state law to the extent necessary to achieve a federal purpose. U.S. Const., art. VI, cl. 2.
       “Pre-emption may be either expressed or implied, and ‘is compelled whether Congress’
       command is explicitly stated in the statute’s language or implicitly contained in its structure
       and purpose.’ ” Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Ass’n, 505 U.S. 88, 98 (1992)
       (quoting Jones v. Rath Packing Co., 430 U.S. 519, 525 (1977)). Where no explicit preemptive
       language appears within the statute at issue, the United States Supreme Court has recognized
       at least two types of implied preemptions: (1) “field pre-emption, where the scheme of
       federal regulations is so pervasive as to make reasonable the inference that Congress left no
       room for the States to supplement it [citation], and [(2)] conflict pre-emption, where
       compliance with both federal and state regulations is a physical impossibility, [citation], or
       where state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full
       purposes and objectives of Congress, [citations].” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.
¶ 16        In the present case, only conflict preemption, or obstacle preemption, as it is also known,
       is at issue. Conflict or obstacle preemption applies when “the imposition of state standards
       would conflict with federal law and interfere with federal objectives.” Witty v. Delta Air
       Lines, Inc., 366 F.3d 380, 384 (5th Cir. 2004). The party asserting federal preemption has the
       burden of persuasion. Elam v. Kansas City Southern Ry. Co., 635 F.3d 796, 802 (5th Cir.
       2011). Whether a state law claim preempts a federal statute is a question of law subject to de
       novo review. Board of Education, Joliet Township High School District No. 204 v. Board of
       Education, Lincoln Way Community High School District No. 210, 231 Ill. 2d 184, 194
       (2008).
¶ 17        CHA argues that its breach of contract claim based upon defendant’s failure to meet its
       obligations to follow the federal accessibility standards, as stated in the parties’ restated
       design contract, does not conflict with federal law, but instead supports it. More specifically,
       CHA asserts that its attempt to enforce the parties’ contract is a means to hold defendant
       accountable so that taxpayer money is not misused and disabled persons do not suffer

                                                   -5-
       discrimination. Moreover, CHA disputes that its breach of contract claim is a de facto
       indemnity claim, maintaining that Equal Rights Center has no application to this case where
       there has been no violation of Section 504, the ADA, or any other federal fair housing law. In
       fact, CHA contends its breach of contract claim asserted an obligation independent of any
       responsibility to comply with the federal accessibility standards. Further, CHA argues that
       the damages sought were limited to economic losses incurred as a result of defendant’s
       failure to perform its contractual obligations and, thus, were recoverable pursuant to a breach
       of contract action.
¶ 18       Defendant responds that federal and state courts in other jurisdictions consistently have
       held that state-law causes of action seeking recovery of costs incurred for noncompliance
       with federal accessibility standards are preempted and barred whether the actions are styled
       as indemnity, contribution, or breach of contract claims. Defendant maintains that permitting
       CHA to proceed with its state-law breach of contract action would discourage CHA from
       fulfilling its own obligations to prevent discrimination under Section 504 and the ADA,
       directly undermining the goal and purpose expressed by Congress in enacting those statutes.
¶ 19       The principle purpose of the ADA is “(1) to provide a clear and comprehensive national
       mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities [and] (2) to
       provide clear, strong, consistent, enforceable standards addressing discrimination against
       individuals with disabilities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12101(b) (2006). Congress, therefore, intended to
       remedy discrimination against disabled individuals, as well as to prevent discrimination
       against the same group. “ ‘To effectuate its sweeping purpose,’ the ADA has a
       comprehensive scope covering discriminatory practices that disabled persons face ‘in major
       areas of public life,’ including access to public accommodations.” Rolf Jensen & Associates,
       Inc. v. District Court, 282 P.3d 743, 747 (Nev. 2012) (quoting PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532
       U.S. 661, 675 (2001)). An owner will be found liable for discrimination when a facility is not
       designed and constructed to accommodate individuals with disabilities, no matter the intent
       of the owner. Id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a) (2006), and 42 U.S.C. § 12183(a)(1) (2006)).
       “Notably, however, with the exception of landlord-tenant relationships, [citation], there are
       no provisions within the ADA, or its accompanying regulations, that permit indemnification
       or the allocation of liability between the various entities subject to the ADA.” Id.
¶ 20       The question before us has not been addressed by this court or our supreme court. A
       similar situation, however, was considered by the Fourth Circuit in Equal Rights Center. In
       Equal Rights Center, an owner of multifamily housing complexes, the architect of the
       complexes, and others in the construction industry were sued for violating accessibility
       provisions of the federal housing authority (FHA) and the ADA. Equal Rights Center, 602
       F.3d at 598-99. The owner entered into a consent decree with the plaintiffs that required the
       owner to bring the buildings into compliance and to pay $1.4 million in damages and fees.
       The architect entered into a separate consent decree with the plaintiffs. The owner
       subsequently sued the architect for indemnification, breach of contract, and negligence,
       seeking indemnification for the retrofitting of the properties designed by the architect, as well
       as all related settlement amounts, costs, and attorney fees paid to the plaintiffs. Id. at
       599-600.




                                                   -6-
¶ 21       The Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court’s order granting summary judgment in
       favor of the architect, finding all of the owner’s claims were preempted by the FHA 3 and
       ADA. Id. at 600. In so finding, the Fourth Circuit stated that “compliance with the ADA and
       FHA, as conceded by [the owner], is nondelegable in that an owner cannot insulate himself
       from liability for … discrimination in regard to living premises owned by him and managed
       for his benefit merely by relinquishing the responsibility for preventing such discrimination
       to another party.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 602. The Fourth Circuit
       continued, “[a]llowing an owner to completely insulate itself from liability for an ADA or
       FHA violation through contract diminishes its incentive to ensure compliance with
       discrimination laws. If a developer *** who concededly has a non-delegable duty to comply
       with the ADA and FHA, can be indemnified under state law for its ADA and FHA violations,
       then the developer will not be accountable for discriminatory practices ***. Such a result is
       antithetical to the purposes of the FHA and ADA.” Id.; see also United States v. Quality Built
       Construction, Inc., 309 F. Supp. 2d 767, 778-79 (E.D.N.C. 2003) (there is nothing in the
       legislative history of the FHA stating or implying a right to contribution or indemnity);
       United States v. Shanrie Co., 610 F. Supp. 2d 958, 960-61 (S.D. Ill. 2009); Rolf Jensen &
       Associates, 282 P.3d at 748-49; Mathis v. United Homes, LLC, 607 F. Supp. 2d 411, 421-23
       (E.D.N.Y. 2009); United States v. Bryan Co., No. 3:11-CV-302-CWR-LRA, 2012 WL
       2051861, at *4-5 (S.D. Miss. June 6, 2012); Miami Valley Fair Housing Center, Inc. v.
       Campus Village Wright State, LLC, No. 3:10cv00230, 2012 WL 4473236, at *4 (S.D. Ohio
       Sept. 26, 2012).
¶ 22       We recognize that Equal Rights Center is not a case from our jurisdiction. However,
       “[w]hen interpreting federal statutes, we look to the decisions of the United States Supreme
       Court and federal circuit and district courts.” State Bank of Cherry v. CGB Enterprises, Inc.,
       2013 IL 113836, ¶ 33. Our supreme court advised that, in the absence of a decision of the
       United States Supreme Court, we should give considerable weight to the decisions of federal
       courts of appeals and federal district courts that have addressed the issue presented,
       especially in light of the importance of maintaining a uniform body of law in interpreting
       federal statutes. Id. (citing Sprietsma v. Mercury Marine, 197 Ill. 2d 112, 119-20 (2001)). The
       parties have not cited, and our research has not revealed, a United States Supreme Court case
       providing guidance tailored to the facts before us. We, therefore, find Equal Rights Center
       bears considerable weight in our analysis.
¶ 23       The question, then, is whether CHA’s breach of contract claim is a de facto indemnity
       claim similar to that in Equal Rights Center. Courts have recognized the distinction between
       a state-law claim seeking indemnification or contribution related to proven FHA violations
       and a state-law contract claim arising from a breach of a duty imposed by the particular terms
       of the contract. Miami Valley Fair Housing Center, Inc., 2012 WL 4473236, at *9 (citing
       Quality Built Construction, Inc., 309 F. Supp. 2d at 778-79). The distinction, and possibility,
       for a state-law breach of contract claim hinges on the substance of the claim, not simply its
       label.
¶ 24       In this case, CHA’s breach of contract claim sought recovery from the losses it sustained
       in bringing the units worked on by defendant into compliance with the federal accessibility

          3
           The purpose of the FHA is “to provide *** for fair housing throughout the United States.” 42
       U.S.C. § 3601 (2006).

                                                  -7-
       standards. We recognize that CHA did not receive a formal violation by HUD or incur fines
       or fees related to litigating and/or settling any formal violations. The breach of contract
       claim, however, was based on the requisite retrofitting CHA had to perform as a result of the
       preliminary noncompliance letter issued by HUD following its review of the subject
       premises. Although the parties’ restated design contract included language requiring
       defendant to perform its obligations in compliance with the federal accessibility standards,
       the duties imposed by the contract language were in fact imposed by HUD and then
       incorporated into the parties’ contract. As a result, the alleged breach of defendant’s duties to
       comply with federal accessibility standards necessarily arose from its failure to comply with
       the duties imposed by HUD. If not for HUD’s compliance review, CHA would not have been
       issued a preliminary noncompliance letter and would not have negotiated a voluntary
       compliance agreement with HUD. In turn, CHA would not have incurred the costs associated
       with reworking the subject premises to bring them into compliance with the federal
       accessibility standards. Overall, no matter the label of CHA’s cause of action, the breach of
       contract claim was a de facto indemnity claim and, therefore, was preempted.
¶ 25       CHA cites, inter alia, Baker, Watts & Co. v. Miles & Stockbridge, 876 F.2d 1101 (4th Cir.
       1989), to demonstrate “the fundamental flaw” in the circuit court’s dismissal of its breach of
       contract claim. In Baker, Watts & Co., the Fourth District concluded that a state-law
       indemnification claim was preempted by the Securities Exchange Act of 1933. Reviewing
       the regulatory goals of the federal statute, the court determined, where “Congress ha[d] not
       provided a right to indemnification in the federal securities laws under any circumstances,”
       “it would run counter to the basic policy of the federal securities laws to allow a securities
       wrongdoer *** to shift its entire responsibility for federal violations on the basis of a
       collateral state action for indemnification.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 1108; cf. Delay v.
       Rosenthal Collins Group, LLC, 585 F.3d 1003, 1006 (6th Cir. 2009) (finding a state-law
       indemnification claim was not preempted by a party explicitly found not to have violated
       federal law). According to CHA, its claim cannot be preempted where its compliance with
       Section 504 through the voluntary compliance agreement distinguished it from a
       “wrongdoer.” We disagree.
¶ 26       As we have recognized, CHA officially did not violate Section 504 or the ADA;
       however, CHA was a “wrongdoer” in the sense that it failed to ensure the subject premises
       complied with the applicable federal accessibility standards in order to prevent
       discrimination. Instead, HUD was forced to expressly notify CHA that the elderly residential
       apartment units worked on by defendant failed to comply with Section 504 and the ADA.
       Accordingly, CHA failed to uphold the responsibilities required of building owners under the
       federal accessibility standards. A defendant who has violated the FHA is “clearly not among
       the class which the statute is intended to protect, but rather [is] the [party] whose conduct the
       statute was intended to regulate.” Quality Built Construction, Inc., 309 F. Supp. 2d at 778; see
       also Shanrie Co., 610 F. Supp. 2d at 961 (“[i]n structuring the FHAA, Congress failed to
       provide a contribution or indemnification remedy for one defendant against a third-party
       co-defendant. The failure to include such a remedy ‘raises the presumption that Congress
       deliberately intended that each co-defendant have a non-indemnifiable, non-delegable duty to
       comply with the FHA.’ ” (quoting United States v. Gambone Brothers Development Co., No.
       06-1386, 2008 WL 4410093, at *8 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 25, 2008)). Again, recognizing the unique
       set of circumstances before us, in that CHA did not receive a formal violation of Section 504


                                                   -8-
       or the ADA, we find the reasoning equally applies to the statutes at issue in this case. CHA’s
       failure to appropriately supervise the construction of the subject premises was not conduct
       Section 504 and the ADA were intended to protect.
¶ 27       In sum, despite CHA’s argument that its claim has an independent basis in the parties’
       contract, what the claim was predicated on and what it sought to recover was the cost of
       retrofitting the residential units in the seven buildings worked on by defendant as required by
       the voluntary compliance agreement that it negotiated with HUD. If not for the voluntary
       compliance agreement, CHA would not have raised a claim. Allowing CHA to seek
       indemnification from defendant effectively would insulate it from liability. Such an outcome
       is contrary to the goal of the ADA of preventing and remedying discrimination against
       disabled individuals. Because allowing the state-law claim would interfere with Congress’
       goal, CHA’s breach of contract claim is preempted under the obstacle preemption doctrine.
¶ 28       As a final note, we find Wigod v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 673 F.3d 547 (7th Cir. 2011),
       as cited by CHA, is distinguishable from the case before us. In Wigod, the plaintiff brought,
       inter alia, a breach of contract claim and an Illinois Consumer Fraud and Business Practices
       Act claim against the defendant bank for failing to honor its promise to permanently modify
       her mortgage after she demonstrated her qualifications under the federal Home Affordable
       Mortgage Program (HAMP). The Seventh Circuit distinguished between “conventional”
       claims of misrepresentation or breach of contract from those that would effectively impose
       state-law rules on mortgage servicing, which would be preempted as impermissibly
       interfering with federal regulations. Id. at 578-79. The Wigod court concluded that HAMP
       did not preempt the state-law claims because the federal statute limited its preemptive effect
       to conflicting state laws. The breach of contract and deceptive business practices claims
       complimented HAMP as opposed to conflicting with the federal statute. Id. In contrast to the
       securities law at issue in HAMP, the federal laws in the case before us conflict with the
       state-law claim such that any attempt to seek indemnity for lack of compliance with Section
       504 and the ADA would frustrate Congress’ purpose in enacting the statutes.

¶ 29                                      CONCLUSION
¶ 30      We affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 31      Affirmed.




                                                  -9-
