                               SECOND DIVISION
                                 MILLER, P. J.,
                              BROWN and GOSS, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                      March 8, 2019




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A1774. IN RE SIERRA LEIGH WERTZER.

      BROWN, Judge.

      This is the third appearance before this Court of a case involving the

guardianship of Sierra Leigh Wertzer, an incapacitated adult. In its first appearance,

Grace Wertzer, Sierra’s mother and guardian, appealed from the original guardianship

order she sought and obtained as Sierra approached her 18th birthday, specifically

challenging the probate court’s authority to establish a set visitation schedule between

Sierra and her father, Saul Wertzer. In re Estate of Wertzer, 330 Ga. App. 294 (765

SE2d 425) (2014) (“Wertzer I”). In its second appearance, Grace appealed from the

probate court’s December 2016 order removing the requirement for supervision

during visits between Sierra and Saul. In re Estate of Wertzer, 343 Ga. App. XXIV

(Case No. A17A1223, October 27, 2017) (unpublished) (“Wertzer II”). In Wertzer II,
Grace alleged, inter alia, that the probate court erred in ordering her to pay half of the

fees incurred by the ward for an attorney and guardian ad litem (“GAL”) in relation

to Saul’s petition seeking to remove the requirement for supervised visits.1 Id. at (3).

We vacated the allocation of attorney fees and GAL fees, ruling that “[t]he probate

court did not purport to make any findings with respect to [its] allocation of the

challenged expenses” and remanded the case “for findings and legal citation in

support of an allocation of fees, if any.” Id. On remand, the probate court rejected the

allocation of attorney fees, ruling that they shall be borne solely by the ward as

follows: “All attorney fees incurred in relation to the [probate court’s] December

2016 Order for Arthur Marateck, court-appointed attorney for the Ward, benefitted

the Ward, and no finding was made pursuant to OCGA § 9-15-14 or other statute

allowing for the award of attorney fees.” As for the GAL fees, the probate court

concluded that Grace, Saul, and Sierra “shall each be responsible for 1/3 of all fees



      1
        As explained in Wertzer II, Grace responded to Saul’s petition and sought to
reduce the number of visits Sierra had with her father, and make visitation subject to
her discretion. The probate court held a four-day evidentiary hearing on the parties’
respective petitions, which included testimony from Saul and Grace as well as reports
from Sierra’s guardian ad litem and her attorney, who are not the same person; the
probate court appointed Arthur Marateck as the ward’s attorney, and Stephen D.
Morrison as the ward’s guardian ad litem.

                                            2
incurred . . . as a reasonable and necessary expense of litigation in which all parties

sought relief and/or benefitted from the appointment of the guardian ad litem.”

      In her sole enumeration of error, Grace contends that the probate court erred

in assessing against her the fees associated with the ward’s GAL because there is no

statutory authority authorizing such an award. While Grace recognizes that OCGA

§ 29-9-15 may authorize an award of reasonable fees to a court-appointed GAL, she

contends that it does not authorize the probate court to award those fees against the

guardian of the ward. For the reasons discussed below, we find that the probate court

correctly awarded costs to the GAL, but that it erred in awarding those costs against

Grace.

      In its order, the probate court expressly stated that OCGA § 9-15-14 did not

apply, but characterized the GAL fees as an “expense of litigation.” In her arguments

on appeal, Grace characterizes the “guardian ad litem fees” as “attorney fees.” They

are neither. As explained below, the appellate courts of this state have repeatedly

classified GAL fees as a cost of litigation.




                                          3
      Title 29 of the Official Code of Georgia governs guardians and wards, and

Chapter 9 of that Title guides the court proceedings involving guardians and wards.2

See OCGA §§ 29-9-1 et seq. That chapter allows a court, in its discretion, to appoint

a GAL “to represent the interests . . . of a ward in proceedings relating to the

guardianship or conservatorship of that individual.” OCGA § 29-9-2 (a). See also

Uniform Probate Court Rule 5.4 (probate court, in its discretion, is responsible for

choosing appropriate person to serve as GAL). As Grace points out in her brief,

Chapter 9 of Title 29 further provides that “[a]ny legal counsel or guardian ad litem

who is appointed by the court in a guardianship or conservatorship proceeding shall

be awarded reasonable fees commensurate with the tasks performed and time devoted

to the proceeding, including any appeal.” OCGA § 29-9-15. In In re Olliff, 184 Ga.

App. 846 (363 SE2d 158) (1987), we considered an application for expenses and

attorney fees filed pursuant to former OCGA § 29-5-13, a predecessor to OCGA § 29-

9-15, and concluded that the “‘expenses’” referred to in that statute “are not expenses


      2
         As we noted in Wertzer II, the underlying petition filed by Saul on February
1, 2016, seeking to remove the requirement that his visits with Sierra be supervised,
was filed pursuant to Article 5 of Chapter 4, Title 29, codified at OCGA §§ 29-4-40
et seq. Wertzer II, 343 Ga. App. at (3). That chapter also provides that the “[t]he
court, in its discretion, may appoint legal counsel for the ward or a guardian ad litem,
or both.” OCGA § 29-4-40 (a).

                                           4
of litigation but, rather, are tantamount to ‘costs’ incurred in a judicial proceeding.

. . .” (Emphasis supplied.) Olliff, 184 Ga. App. at 847. See also In re Connell, 217 Ga.

App. 523 (457 SE2d 832) (1995).3

      This conclusion is consistent with the treatment of GAL fees in other

proceedings, including divorce and child custody. In Nguyen v. Dinh, 278 Ga. 887


      3
        Grace contends that OCGA § 29-4-17 may control who pays in a hearing such
as the one at issue here. That Code section provides that “[t]he amounts actually
necessary or requisite to defray the expenses of any hearing held under this article
shall be paid: (1) From the estate of the ward if a guardianship is ordered; (2) By the
petitioner if no guardianship is ordered; or (3) By the county in which the proposed
ward is domiciled. . . .” (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 29-4-17. But, that Code
section applies only to expenses incurred during hearings brought under Article 2,
relating to the appointment of a guardian. In Wertzer II, we noted that Saul’s petition
arose pursuant to Article 5 of Chapter 4, codified at OCGA §§ 29-4-40 et seq.
Wertzer II, 343 Ga. App. at (3). In his brief, Saul appears to contend that his petition
was brought under Article 3, specifically, OCGA § 29-4-22. Regardless of the Code
section under which Saul filed his petition, neither is part of Article 2; thus, OCGA
§ 29-4-17 does not control. Title 29 was rewritten in 2004, after our decisions in Olliff
and Connell, both of which involved former OCGA § 29-5-13. See Ga. L. 2004, p.
161, § 1. And, while we acknowledge that Olliff and Connell concern fees incurred
during an initial petition for the appointment of a guardian (as contemplated by
OCGA § 29-4-17), former OCGA § 29-5-13 authorized the probate court to “fix a
reasonable fee for the services of the guardian ad litem” and further provided for
payment by the appropriate party of “[t]he amounts actually necessary or requisite to
defray the expenses of any hearing held under . . . Chapter [5]. . . . “ (Emphasis
supplied.) A petition such as the one filed by Saul used to be governed by Chapter 5
of Title 29, specifically former OCGA § 29-5-7. Because fees incurred during a
hearing on such a petition were specifically included in former OCGA § 29-5-13, our
reasoning in Olliff and Connell applies here.

                                           5
(608 SE2d 211) (2005), our Supreme Court affirmed the award of GAL fees against

the husband on a contested custody question, concluding that the husband’s status as

the losing party “is sufficient to authorize the discretionary assessment against him

of the costs associated with that issue.” (Emphasis supplied.) Id. at 887 (2). In

reaching that conclusion, the Supreme Court found OCGA § 9-11-54 applicable to

divorce cases. That statute provides, in pertinent part, that “[e]xcept where express

statutory provision therefor is made in a statute, costs shall be allowed as a matter of

course to the prevailing party [in a civil action,] unless the court otherwise directs[.]”

OCGA § 9-11-54 (d).4

      4
       We note that the provisions of the Civil Practice Act, such as OCGA § 9-11-
54, apply in probate court:

      Under OCGA § 9-11-1, the CPA applies to all courts of record of this
      state in all actions of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law
      or in equity, with the exceptions stated in Code Section 9-11-81. A
      probate court is a court of record. Thus, the provisions of the CPA apply
      in probate court, except as provided in OCGA § 9-11-81. OCGA §
      9-11-81 states that the CPA shall apply to all special statutory
      proceedings except to the extent that specific rules of practice or
      procedure in conflict herewith are expressly prescribed by law. At least
      certain proceedings in probate court are classifiable as special statutory
      proceedings. Thus, provisions of the CPA apply in probate court
      proceedings, unless there are special rules of practice or procedure
      which are conflicting and which have been expressly prescribed by law.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Greene v. Woodard, 198 Ga. App. 427, 428 (401

                                            6
      Similarly, the trial court in a child custody proceeding “may order reasonable

attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation, experts, and the child’s guardian ad litem

and other costs of the child custody action and pretrial proceedings to be paid by the

parties in proportions and at times determined by the judge.” OCGA § 19-9-3 (g).

Reading OCGA § 19-9-3 (g) in concert with Uniform Superior Court Rule 24.9 (8)

(g),5 this Court has affirmed costs awarded under the Code section, finding that the

trial court properly exercised its discretion in determining the amount of GAL fees

awarded and the apportionment of those fees between the parties. See Gordon v.


SE2d 617) (1991). See OCGA § 15-9-122 (“[u]nless provided to the contrary by Code
Section 9-11-81, the general laws and rules of practice, pleading, procedure, and
evidence which are applicable to the superior courts of this state shall be applicable
to and govern in civil cases in the probate courts”). With regard to OCGA § 9-11-54
(d), this court has repeatedly affirmed the trial court’s discretion in awarding costs to
the parties, including apportionment of costs. See Dacosta v. Allstate Ins. Co., 199
Ga. App. 292, 294 (2) (404 SE2d 627) (1991); Gold Kist v. Williams, 174 Ga. App.
849, 850 (4) (332 SE2d 22) (1985).
      5
          Uniform Superior Court Rule 24.9 (8) (g) provides:

      It shall be within the Court’s discretion to determine the amount of fees
      awarded to the GAL, and how payment of the fees shall be apportioned
      between the parties. The GAL’s requests for fees shall be considered,
      upon application properly served upon the parties and after an
      opportunity to be heard, unless waived. In the event the GAL determines
      that extensive travel outside of the circuit in which the GAL is appointed
      or other extraordinary expenditures are necessary, the GAL may petition
      the Court in advance for payment of such expenses by the parties.

                                           7
Abrahams, 330 Ga. App. 795, 800 (3) (c) (769 SE2d 544) (2015), citing Salmon-

Davis v. Davis, 286 Ga. 456, 458-459 (3) (689 SE2d 303) (2010).6

      Having established that the GAL fees are a cost of litigation, the next question

is whether that cost may be awarded against Grace, in her position as the ward’s

guardian. When examining this question, we must keep in mind that costs of litgation

cannot be awarded unless authorized by statute or contract. See Kemp v. Kemp, 337

Ga. App. 627, 633 (788 SE2d 517) (2016) (costs of litigation, including attorney fees,

cannot be awarded unless supported by statute or contract). Grace contends that

OCGA § 29-4-22 (c) (1), (5) insulates her from liability for the debts and expenses

of the ward. Saul and the GAL disagree, arguing that Grace is attempting to hide

behind the title of “guardian” in order to avoid paying her portion of costs related to

the GAL in this action specifically brought against her for failing “to provide the

statutory obligations due to the ward under OCGA § 29-4-22.”7

      6
        Grace’s contention that the American Rule applies to this case is meritless.
We discussed the American Rule in Wertzer II, and will not reiterate that discussion,
except to point out that the appellate courts of this State have consistently affirmed
awards of costs incurred in judicial proceedings.
      7
          The GAL also argues that “[t]he troubling thing about [Grace’s] argument is
that if it is taken to the extreme, this catch-all provision would protect [Grace] from
responsibility from all manner of bad actions. This is an absurd result, especially
when it is paired with [Grace’s] willingness and zeal for expensive litigation

                                          8
      As we outlined in Wertzer I, OCGA § 29-4-22 governs the general duties of a

guardian in protecting its ward and provides, in part, that “a guardian shall make

decisions regarding the ward’s support, care, education, health, and welfare[, and]

shall at all times act as a fiduciary in the ward’s best interest and exercise reasonable

care, diligence, and prudence.” OCGA § 29-4-22 (a); Wertzer I, 330 Ga. App. at 297

(1). Subsection (b) establishes the guardian’s duties to its ward, including:

      (1) Respect the rights and dignity of the ward; (2) Become or remain
      personally acquainted with the ward and maintain sufficient contact with
      the ward to know of the ward’s capacities, limitations, needs,
      opportunities, and physical and mental health; (3) If necessary, petition
      to have a conservator appointed; (4) Endeavor to cooperate with the
      conservator, if any; (5) Take reasonable care of the ward’s personal
      effects; (6) Arrange for the support, care, education, health, and welfare
      of the ward, considering the ward’s needs and available resources; (7)
      Expend money of the ward that has been received by the guardian for


undertaken multiple times. It is a patent drain on the ward’s resources.” While OCGA
§ 29-4-53 authorizes a cause of action against a guardian for breach of fiduciary duty,
the matter before us is not a claim brought pursuant to OCGA § 29-4-53. Saul
expressly filed this “[p]etition pursuant to OCGA § 29-4-41 (a) . . . to [assure] the
ward’s rights under OCGA § 29-4-20.” In his prayer for relief, Saul asked the probate
court, inter alia, to appoint a guardian ad litem, to allow him unsupervised visits with
the ward, and to “[i]nstruct the Guardian on the Ward’s rights under the law,
especially the right to have the least restrictive form of guardianship assistance.”
Nothing in these assertions can be classified as a claim against Grace for damages
based upon breach of her fiduciary duty under OCGA § 29-4-53.

                                           9
      the ward’s current needs for support, care, education, health, and
      welfare; (8) Conserve for the ward’s future needs any excess money of
      the ward received by the guardian; provided, however, that if a
      conservator has been appointed for the ward, the guardian shall pay to
      the conservator, at least quarterly, money to be conserved for the ward’s
      future needs. . . .


OCGA § 29-4-22 (b). Subsection (c) limits the guardian’s liability by reason of the

guardian-ward relationship, providing that,

      [a] guardian, solely by reason of the guardian-ward relationship, is not
      personally liable for: (1) The ward’s expenses or the expenses of those
      persons who are entitled to be supported by the ward; (2) Contracts
      entered into in the guardian’s fiduciary capacity; (3) The acts or
      omissions of the ward; (4) Obligations arising from ownership or control
      of property of the ward; or (5) Other acts or omissions occurring in the
      course of the guardianship.


OCGA § 29-4-22 (c).

      OCGA § 29-4-22 makes no mention of costs of litigation, and the fact that the

General Assembly decided that the guardian of a ward cannot be liable for certain

things does not compel the conclusion that guardians are therefore liable for costs of

litigation. As the Supreme Court of the United States has remarked, “[w]e construe

[a statute’s] silence as exactly that: silence.” EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores,


                                         10
__ U. S. __ (II) (135 SCt 2028, 192 LE2d 35) (2015). See also Antonin Scalia &

Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 93 (1st ed. 2012)

(“The principle that a matter not covered is not covered is so obvious that it seems

absurd to recite it.”).

       Having concluded that nothing in the guardian/ward statutory scheme

authorizes an award of litigation costs against the guardian of a ward, we must now

determine whether OCGA § 9-11-54 authorizes such an award. We conclude that it

does not. As set out above, OCGA § 9-11-54 authorizes a trial court to award costs

to the prevailing party in a civil action, but a guardianship proceeding is not an

adversary proceeding and there is no prevailing party. Other courts addressing

comparable claims have concluded similarly. See State Dept. of Human Resources

v. Estate of Harris, 857 So2d 818, 821 (Ala. Civ. App. 2002) (reversing assessment

of GAL fees against DHR where no authority exists that would allow probate court

to direct such an assessment in a matter that is not a “true adversary proceeding” and

where there is no prevailing party). See also In re Estate of Bayers, 983 P2d 339, 342

(Mont. 1999) (“a petition to appoint a guardian is not an adversarial proceeding, but

rather a proceeding to promote the best interests of the person for whom guardianship

is sought”); McKinley v. Salter, 136 SW2d 615, 624 (Tex. Civ. App., 1939)

                                         11
(“[p]roceedings for the appointment of a guardian are not adversary in their nature”).

Accordingly, we conclude that Grace is correct that the probate court erred in

assessing against her the costs associated with the ward’s GAL.

      Judgment reversed. Miller, P. J., and Goss, J., concur.




                                         12
