PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE
 SECTION 7463(b),THIS OPINION MAY NOT
  BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY
            OTHER CASE.
                         T.C. Summary Opinion 2014-77



                         UNITED STATES TAX COURT



          MICHAEL S. JEFFERS AND DEBBIE L. JEFFERS, Petitioners v.
            COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



      Docket No. 1234-12S.                          Filed August 13, 2014.



      Michelle L. Drumbl and George Robertson (student), for petitioners.

      Timothy B. Heavner and Matthew S. Reddington, for respondent.



                             SUMMARY OPINION


      GOEKE, Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of section

74631 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was filed.



      1
      Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal
Revenue Code in effect for the year at issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax
Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
                                         -2-

Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by any

other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other case.

      Respondent determined a $6,896 deficiency in petitioners’ income tax and a

$1,379.20 section 6662(a) accuracy-related penalty for 2009, resulting from his

disallowance of the first-time homebuyer credit under section 36 that petitioners

claimed on their 2009 Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return. After

concessions2 the sole issue for decision is whether petitioners are entitled to the

first-time homebuyer credit they claimed for 2009. We hold that they are not.

                                     Background

      Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. Petitioners resided

in Virginia when they filed their petition.

      In 1993 petitioners moved from Virginia Beach, Virginia, to Rocky Mount,

Virginia, when they were experiencing financial difficulties and needed affordable

housing. After reading about a house for sale in the local newspaper, petitioners

contacted the seller, Georgia Ferguson. Ms. Ferguson offered to finance the sale

with petitioners making monthly payments of principal and interest for 15 years

and taking title in 2008. The agreement appealed to petitioners because it allowed



      2
        Respondent has conceded that petitioners are not liable for the accuracy-
related penalty.
                                         -3-

them to obtain legal title to the property relatively inexpensively without seeking

financing from a third party. On March 15, 1993, petitioners entered into a real

estate contract entitled “Installment Land Sale Contract”.

      The purchase price was $68,500, and petitioners made an initial

downpayment of $10,000. The contract called for monthly payments of $645.40,

which covered principal, interest, and petitioners’ share of the property tax and

homeowners insurance.3 In the event of fire or other casualty, petitioners were

required to continue making the payments, even if insurance proceeds were

insufficient to repair or rebuild the home.

      Of the $645.40, $610.89 was for principal and interest and the remainder

was allocated between tax and homeowners insurance. Petitioners remitted these

tax and insurance payments to Ms. Ferguson, who paid the taxes and the insurance

premiums. Petitioners’ tax and insurance payments were subject to change if these

expenses ever increased.

      The contract required petitioners, before taking possession, to refinish the

hardwood floors, recarpet some of the bedrooms, and renovate the main bathroom.




      3
       The contract required petitioners to pay one-twelfth of the annual property
tax and insurance premiums. Petitioners paid one-twelfth of that obligation each
month.
                                          -4-

Petitioners could not make any other changes to the property without Ms.

Ferguson’s permission.

      Ms. Ferguson restricted petitioners’ use of the property during the contract

term. Petitioners could not lease the property or have anyone but immediate

family reside in the home; Ms. Ferguson even refused to let Mrs. Jeffers’ dying

mother live in the home during her last months of life. Moreover, petitioners’

three children were required to move out of the home as soon as they reached age

18 or graduated from high school. Ms. Ferguson also forbade smoking on the

property, and consequently Mr. Jeffers had to smoke across the street. Ms.

Ferguson would enter petitioners’ home as she pleased and often parked her car

across the street and watched their home for hours. Petitioners considered taking

legal action against Ms. Ferguson but decided not to because they could not afford

an attorney. Because of Ms. Ferguson’s actions and the restrictions under the

contract, petitioners believed that the contract operated as a lease rather than as a

sale. Accordingly, during the term of the contract petitioners did not claim

deductions for mortgage interest or property tax on their income tax returns.

      In December 2008 petitioners made their final payment, which should have

allowed them to take legal title to the property. However, Ms. Ferguson was on an

extended vacation and did not transfer legal title until February 2009. Petitioners
                                          -5-

believe they acquired ownership of the property in 2009 when they received legal

title.

         Petitioners researched the first-time homebuyer credit and determined that,

because they received legal title to the property in 2009, they qualified.

Accordingly, they claimed the credit on their 2009 return. Respondent denied the

credit and determined a $6,896 income tax deficiency. Petitioners timely

petitioned this Court to review the deficiency determination.

                                      Discussion

I. Burden of Proof

         The taxpayer generally bears the burden of proving the Commissioner's

determinations are erroneous. Rule 142(a). The burden of proof may shift to the

Commissioner if the taxpayer satisfies certain conditions. Sec. 7491(a). We base

our resolution of this case on a preponderance of the evidence, not on an

allocation of the burden of proof. Therefore, we need not consider whether

section 7491(a) would apply. See Estate of Bongard v. Commissioner, 124 T.C.

95, 111 (2005).

II. First-Time Homebuyer Credit

         As pertinent here, section 36 provides a refundable tax credit to some

individuals who purchased homes between April 9, 2008, and December 1, 2009.
                                          -6-

To qualify for the credit the taxpayer must have purchased the home within the

requisite period and must not have had an ownership interest in a principal

residence within the three years preceding the purchase. See sec. 36(c)(1), (h).

      To evaluate petitioners’ eligibility for the credit, we must determine whether

they purchased the home within the requisite period and, if so, whether they had

an ownership interest in a principal residence during the three years preceding the

purchase. Petitioners argue that they purchased the home in 2009 when they

received title and that they did not have an ownership interest in it until that time.

Respondent argues that petitioners purchased the home in 1993 when they entered

into the installment sale contract. We address the parties’ arguments below.

III. Purchase Date

      This is not the first time we have had to determine for purposes of the first-

time homebuyer credit the purchase date of a home acquired under an installment

sale contract. In Woods v. Commissioner, 137 T.C. 159, 162 (2011) (citing

United States v. Nat’l Bank of Commerce, 472 U.S. 713, 722 (1985)), we held that

in such cases, the purchase date is the date on which the taxpayer obtained

equitable title (i.e. the benefits and burdens of ownership) to the property under

State law. The home at issue in Woods was in Texas; we determined that under

Texas law, the taxpayer had obtained equitable title on the contract date. Id. at
                                          -7-

163 (citing Criswell v. European Crossroads Shopping Ctr., Ltd., 792 S.W.2d 945

(Tex. 1990)). We accordingly held that the taxpayer had purchased his home on

the day he entered into his installment sale contract. Id.

      Virginia courts have determined that a purchaser of real property generally

acquires equitable title to such property upon entering a contract for its purchase.

Sale v. Swann, 120 S.E. 870, 873 (Va. 1924). To our knowledge, the Virginia

Supreme Court has not addressed the applicability of this principle to installment

sale contracts. However, other courts applying Virginia law have found that this

principle extends to installment sale contracts. See In re Griffin, 397 B.R. 356,

360 (W.D. Va. 2008); Douglas v. HKA, 32 Va. Cir. 178, 185-186 (Cir. Ct. 1993).

We agree; the Virginia Supreme Court’s willingness to find equitable ownership

based solely on an executory contract leads us to believe that it would find

equitable ownership on the contract date here. In 1993 petitioners had not only an

executory contract for the purchase of their home, but also several other incidents

of ownership: they had possession of the property, they bore the risk of loss, and

they were obligated to make property tax and insurance payments.

      In other contexts we have said that a sale of real property is complete upon

the earlier of the passage of legal title or the buyer’s assumption of the benefits

and burdens of ownership. Keith v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 605, 611 (2000);
                                          -8-

Baird v. Commissioner, 68 T.C. 115, 124 (1977). We have identified seven

benefits and burdens associated with ownership: (1) a right to possession; (2) an

obligation to pay taxes, assessments, and charges against the property; (3) a

responsibility for insuring the property; (4) a duty to maintain the property; (5) a

right to improve the property without the seller’s consent; (6) a bearing of the risk

of loss; and (7) and a right to obtain legal title at any time by paying the balance of

the full purchase price. Woods v. Commissioner, 137 T.C. 159; Keith v.

Commissioner, 115 T.C. at 611. No single benefit or burden is controlling. Baird

v. Commissioner, 68 T.C. at 124.

      Petitioners argue that Ms. Ferguson’s absolute control over the property

during the term of the contract prevented them from possessing the benefits and

burdens of ownership until they received legal title in 2009. Respondent argues

that the benefits and burdens of ownership shifted in 1993 when petitioners

entered into the installment sale contract. We will analyze each of the factors

below to determine when petitioners acquired the benefits and burdens of

ownership according to the factors enumerated above.

      A. Right to Possession

      The parties agree that petitioners had the right to possess the property

during the life of the contract. The contract stipulated that petitioners would
                                          -9-

obtain the right of possession after they refinished the hardwood floors, recarpeted

some of the bedrooms, and renovated the main bathroom. Petitioners completed

those tasks in 1993 and acquired possession at that time.

      B. Obligation To Pay Property Taxes, Assessments and Charges Against
         the Property

      The contract required petitioners to pay one-twelfth of the annual property

tax. A portion of each of petitioners’ monthly payments went toward their portion

of the property tax liability. Petitioners argue that their obligation to pay a portion

of the property tax did not represent a burden of ownership, because Ms. Ferguson

was ultimately responsible for paying the tax. We find petitioners’ argument

unpersuasive. Petitioners were obligated to make monthly property tax payments;

Ms. Ferguson simply turned their payments over to the taxing authority each year.

The obligation to pay property tax is a burden of ownership, and petitioners

assumed it in 1993.

      C. Responsibility To Insure the Property

      The contract also required petitioners to pay one-twelfth of the annual

property insurance premiums. A portion of each monthly payment went toward

this obligation. Ms. Ferguson collected the payments from petitioners each month

and made the annual premium payments.
                                          -10-

      Petitioners argue that their obligation to pay a portion of the insurance

expenses did not represent a burden of ownership, because Ms. Ferguson was

ultimately responsible for paying the premiums. This is the same argument they

make regarding their property tax obligation, and it fails for the same reason.

Although Ms. Ferguson paid the annual premiums, petitioners still had to pay their

share. Paying for insurance on property is a burden of ownership, and petitioners

assumed that burden in 1993, when they entered into the installment sale contract.

      D. Duty To Maintain the Property

      The contract did not assign the duty to maintain the property, but as a

practical matter petitioners assumed it when they took possession of the house.

Ms. Ferguson refused to make any repairs, even those that were necessary to keep

the home habitable. For example, when the house’s boiler broke, Ms. Ferguson

declined to fix it and told petitioners it was their responsibility to ensure the home

was heated. Petitioners also maintained the property’s lawn and landscaping

during the term of the contract. Petitioners argue that they were not obligated to

perform maintenance but had other motives for maintaining the yard. Petitioners

owned a landscaping business and believed that a well-maintained yard was

important to their business reputation.
                                        -11-

      We think that maintaining one’s property, even in the absence of a

contractual duty to do so, is indicative of ownership. Like most homeowners,

petitioners maintained their home because they saw it as an investment and

planned to live there long term. On these facts, we find that petitioners assumed

the burden of maintenance in 1993 when they took possession of the property.

      E. Right To Improve the Property Without the Seller’s Consent

      The parties agree that under the terms of the contract petitioners had no

right to improve the property without Ms. Ferguson’s consent. The contract

stipulated that petitioners had to obtain Ms. Ferguson’s permission any time they

wanted to make even a minor change to the property. Thus, petitioners did not

acquire this benefit of ownership until they received title to the property in 2009.

      F. Risk of Loss

      The contract allocated the risk of loss to petitioners; petitioners would have

had to continue making monthly payments even if the house had been destroyed.

Petitioners concede that they assumed the risk of loss on the property in 1993

when they agreed to the installment sale contract.

      G. Right to Legal Title Upon Payment of Purchase Price

      Petitioners had the right to demand title from Ms. Ferguson upon payment

of the full purchase price. The contract required Ms. Ferguson to deliver the deed
                                          -12-

within 10 days of full payment, and petitioners could pay the remaining balance at

any time without penalty. Therefore, petitioners obtained this benefit of

ownership when they entered into the contract in 1993.

      Our analysis of these factors demonstrates that petitioners acquired an

equitable interest in the property in 1993. Although some of the benefits and

burdens did not shift until later, those that shifted in 1993 were significant enough

to give petitioners an ownership interest at that time.

IV. Conclusion

      We hold that petitioners had an ownership interest in the property beginning

in 1993. Because they did not purchase it between April 9, 2008, and December 1,

2009, they are not entitled to the first-time homebuyer credit. Holding otherwise

would be inconsistent with precedent in this Court and would not serve the

purpose of the credit, which Congress created to stimulate the housing market

during a period of recession. Congress intended to encourage new home

purchases, not to reward taxpayers like petitioners, who were engaged in an

installment land sale that fortuitously concluded within the statutory period.

      In reaching our holdings herein, we have considered all arguments the

parties made, and, to the extent we did not mention them above, we conclude they

are moot, irrelevant, or without merit.
                             -13-

To reflect the foregoing,


                                    Decision will be entered for

                            respondent as to the deficiency under

                            section 36 and for petitioners as to the

                            accuracy-related penalty under section

                            6662(a).
