              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA19-789

                                Filed: 17 March 2020

Mecklenburg County, No. 19 SPC 2591

In re B.S.



      Appeal by Respondent from order entered 3 April 2019 by Judge Elizabeth

Trosch in Mecklenburg County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 4

February 2020.


      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Milind K.
      Dongre, for the State-Appellee.

      Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Wyatt
      Orsbon, for the Respondent-Appellant.


      COLLINS, Judge.


      Respondent B.S. appeals from an involuntary commitment order committing

him to inpatient treatment, followed by outpatient treatment. Respondent argues (1)

that the trial court’s findings of fact fail to support its conclusion that Respondent

was dangerous to himself and dangerous to others and (2) that the trial court violated

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-271(b)(2) when it ordered a split commitment that exceeded

the maximum authorized period of 90 days of commitment. As to Respondent’s first

argument, we affirm.     As to the second argument, we remand for entry of a
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commitment period that complies with the statutory mandate of a maximum of 90

days’ commitment.

                              I. Procedural History

      On 15 March 2019, an affidavit and petition for involuntary commitment was

presented to a Mecklenburg County magistrate alleging that Respondent was (1)

mentally ill and dangerous to self or others and (2) a substance abuser and dangerous

to self or others. The affidavit and petition stated that Respondent was (1) abusing

alcohol and marijuana; (2) diagnosed with “schizoaffective disorder-bipolar” and was

not taking his medications; (3) saying inappropriate things to children and neighbors;

(4) breaking into vehicles in his neighborhood; and (5) dragging his dog through the

neighborhood causing it injury and telling the dog to bite others. That same day, the

magistrate found that both grounds were supported by the factual allegations and

ordered Respondent into custody so that an examination could be completed within

24 hours at Behavioral Health Charlotte (“BHC”). On 16 March 2019, Dr. S. Solimon,

a psychologist with BHC, conducted an examination of Respondent to determine the

necessity for involuntary commitment.        Solimon determined Respondent to be

dangerous to himself and others, and recommended 30 days’ inpatient commitment.

      On 3 April 2019, the trial court conducted an involuntary commitment hearing

for Respondent. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court ordered Respondent

committed to inpatient treatment at BHC or Broughton Hospital for a period not to



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exceed 30 days, followed by a commitment to outpatient treatment at BHC or

Broughton Hospital for a period not to exceed 90 days.

      Respondent gave verbal notice of appeal in open court on 3 April 2019 and filed

written notice of appeal on 22 April 2019.

                             II. Factual Background

      Dr. David Litchford, a psychiatrist with BHC, testified at the involuntary

commitment hearing to Respondent’s mental health history.          He testified that

Respondent has “schizo-affective disorder” and that he was “well-known” at BHC

because he had previously been admitted at least six times.         Respondent was

admitted at least five additional times to Old Vineyard Hospital, Rowan Hospital,

and Broughton Hospital.      Litchford testified that Respondent had been “very

aggressive” during a previous commitment hearing, and “assaultive” after that

commitment hearing, and had to be transferred to Broughton Hospital, where he

remained for two years. Respondent was discharged from Broughton Hospital in

January 2019 but had to be admitted to BHC on 15 March 2019 for medication

noncompliance.

      Litchford testified that when Respondent was admitted to the BHC emergency

room on 15 March 2019, he was very angry. Respondent hit his fists on the walls,

exposed himself to hospital staff, threatened to urinate on the floor, claimed that he

was raped in the Emergency Room, and claimed that “he [did] not know who [B.S.]



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is.” Respondent claimed to be “Brian Mohammad Allah Gomez.” Respondent said

that he “has never been aggressive towards people, he’s never been assaultive, that

he’s never been psychiatrically hospitalized before and never been required to take

psychiatric medication or had a diagnosis.” Litchford explained that Respondent’s

denial of his identity “persists through today.”

      Litchford explained that Respondent is “delusional[,] . . . grandiose and

paranoid.” Respondent told his psychiatrist that he was hospitalized “because the

government—the United States government is trying to intimidate him to prevent

his political campaign of globalism.” He made numerous phone calls to customer care

hotlines and claimed that he had been abused and neglected at BHC. He also wrote

letters to the customer care hotlines, stating that he was “fearful for [his] life” and

claiming that Litchford told him, “You’re going to be here a while because I said, and

that’s all that matters. I own you. You’re mine and might as well call me master[.]”

Litchford testified that this was “never, ever vocalized” to Respondent.

      Respondent had to be forcibly medicated while at BHC due to his anger and

aggression towards the hospital staff. He was “manic with pressured speech, high

energy, not sleeping. He was intrusive, demanding.” Given his “history of volatility,”

hospital staff placed Respondent on forced injection and forced tablet medications.

When Litchford asked Respondent if he would commit to taking the medications after

release from BHC, he “ple[]d the fifth” and stated that he does not have a mental



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illness and does not need the medication. Litchford concluded that, as of the date of

the hearing, Respondent “remains very angry, irritated, and defensive[;] . . . [and]

extremely psychotic and . . . unpredictable at this time.”

      Respondent testified at the hearing and requested that federal authorities

verify his identity through a DNA test. He explained that he has “three twins. Three

identical triplet twins. I am a quadruplet[,]” and asked the trial court to determine

the legitimacy of his identity.    Respondent testified that he refused medication

because he did not believe it was right or medically just to be injected with needles,

and stated that he had not been harmful to himself or to others.

                                   III. Discussion

1. Dangerous to Self and Others

   Respondent first argues that the facts recorded in the trial court’s commitment

order do not support its ultimate findings that he is dangerous to himself and

dangerous to others.

      “To support an inpatient commitment order, the court shall find by clear,

cogent, and convincing evidence that the respondent is mentally ill and dangerous to

self . . . or dangerous to others . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-268(j) (2019). Findings

of mental illness and dangerousness to self are ultimate findings of fact. In re Collins,

49 N.C. App. 243, 246, 271 S.E.2d 72, 74 (1980). This Court reviews an involuntary

commitment order to determine whether the ultimate findings of fact are supported



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by the trial court’s underlying findings of fact and whether those underlying findings,

in turn, are supported by competent evidence. In re W.R.D., 248 N.C. App. 512, 515,

790 S.E.2d 344, 347 (2016); Collins, 49 N.C. App. at 246, 271 S.E.2d at 74.

Unchallenged findings of fact are “presumed to be supported by competent evidence

and [are] binding on appeal.” In re Moore, 234 N.C. App. 37, 43, 758 S.E.2d 33, 37

(2014) (citation omitted). On appeal, “[w]e do not consider whether the evidence of

respondent’s mental illness and dangerousness was clear, cogent, and convincing. It

is for the trier of fact to determine whether the competent evidence offered in a

particular case met the burden of proof.” Collins, 49 N.C. App. at 246, 271 S.E.2d at

74.

      N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3 provides, in relevant part, that a person is dangerous

to himself if, within the relevant past, he has acted in such a way as to show:

             I. That he would be unable, without care, supervision, and
             the continued assistance of others not otherwise available,
             to exercise self-control, judgment, and discretion in the
             conduct of his daily responsibilities and social relations, or
             to satisfy his need for nourishment, personal or medical
             care, shelter, or self-protection and safety; and

             II. That there is a reasonable probability of his suffering
             serious physical debilitation within the near future unless
             adequate treatment is given pursuant to this Chapter. A
             showing of behavior that is grossly irrational, of actions
             that the individual is unable to control, of behavior that is
             grossly inappropriate to the situation, or of other evidence
             of severely impaired insight and judgment shall create a
             prima facie inference that the individual is unable to care
             for himself . . . .


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N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3(11)(a)(1) (2019).1

       Subsection 11(a)(1)(II) prohibits a trial court from involuntarily committing a

person based only on a finding that the person had a history of mental illness or

behavior before the commitment hearing; the trial court must find that there is a

reasonable probability of some harm in the near future if the person is not treated.

In re J.P.S., 823 S.E.2d 917, 921 (N.C. Ct. App. 2019). “Although the trial court need

not say the magic words ‘reasonable probability of future harm,’ it must draw a nexus

between past conduct and future danger.” Id. (citing In re Whatley, 224 N.C. App.

267, 273, 736 S.E.2d 527, 531 (2012)).

       A person is dangerous to others if,

               [w]ithin the relevant past, the individual has inflicted or
               attempted to inflict or threatened to inflict serious bodily
               harm on another, or has acted in such a way as to create a
               substantial risk of serious bodily harm to another, or has
               engaged in extreme destruction of property; and that there
               is a reasonable probability that this conduct will be
               repeated. Previous episodes of dangerousness to others,
               when applicable, may be considered when determining
               reasonable probability of future dangerous conduct. . . .

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3(11)(b) (2019).

       In In re Zollicoffer, 165 N.C. App 462, 598 S.E.2d 696 (2004), this Court

determined that the trial court’s ultimate finding of dangerousness to self was



       1 Subsection 11(a) was amended effective 1 October 2019 to alter pronouns and word choice.
2019 N.C. Sess. Laws ch. 76, § 1. We apply and quote in this opinion the version of the statute extant
at the time the trial court conducted the hearing. We note that the 2019 amendment made no
substantive change to the relevant portions of the statute.

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supported by the underlying findings. Based on a treating physician’s examination

and recommendation, the trial court found

             that respondent has a history of chronic paranoid
             schizophrenia, that respondent admits to medicinal non-
             compliance which puts him “at high risk for mental
             deterioration,” that respondent does not cooperate with his
             treatment team, and that he “requires inpatient
             rehabilitation to educate him about his illness and prevent
             mental decline.”

Id. at 469, 598 S.E.2d at 700. Explaining that “the failure of a person to properly care

for his/her medical needs, diet, grooming and general affairs meets the test of

dangerousness to self[,]” id. (quoting In re Lowery, 110 N.C. App. 67, 72, 428 S.E.2d

861, 864 (1993) (internal quotation marks omitted)), we concluded that the findings

of fact supported the conclusion of law that respondent was dangerous to himself. Id.

      In this case, the trial court made the following relevant findings of fact:

                    Since respondent presented in the emergency
             department, he has acted in such a way as to show that he
             is unable without constant professional 24 hour
             supervision and medical treatment to exercise self-control,
             judgment and discretion in the conduct of his daily
             responsibilities and social relations to satisfy his need for
             nourishment, personal or medical care, self protection and
             safety and is likely to suffer debilitation without treatment.
             His behavior, during his admission, has been grossly
             irrational and he has demonstrated severely impaired
             insight and judgment.
                    Respondent has been admitted to this facility on six
             prior occasions for acute psychiatric treatment; three times
             to Broughton Hospital and twice to other facilities for
             psychiatric treatment. He was admitted to Broughton
             Hospital after being assaultive during an involuntary
             commitment hearing. He remained in the hospital for two

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             years and was discharged in January 2019. Since that
             discharge, over the subsequent two months, Respondent
             did not engage in treatment or take prescribed medication
             resulting in a rapid deterioration of his mental status.
             Respondent is grossly delusional, paranoid and manic. He
             has been at all times during this admission, angry, agitated
             and defensive.
                     Respondent has been intrusive which risks
             substantial conflict and risk of harm outside the medical
             facility. Respondent denies his identity. He denies ever
             being diagnosed with a mental illness, being prescribed
             medication or being treated at this or any other psychiatric
             treatment facility. Respondent denies he is [B.S.] unless
             there is DNA evidence to prove this.

The trial court also found as fact and incorporated by reference all matters set out in

Solimon’s examination report on Respondent and Litchford’s testimony, discussed in

Section I. supra.   Solimon conducted an examination of Respondent in order to

determine any necessity for involuntary commitment.            Solimon concluded that

Respondent has schizoaffective disorder, was dragging his dog around the

neighborhood and ordering the dog to bite people, was “alleged to be breaking into

cars,” and that his “loss of touch with reality makes it difficult for him to exercise

judgment in the conduct of his daily affairs.”

      As in In re Zollicoffer, these findings of fact are sufficient to support an

ultimate finding that Respondent was dangerous to himself and that there was a

“reasonable probability” of near-future harm, as required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-

3(11)(a)(1)(I-II). Zollicoffer, 165 N.C. App. at 469, 598 S.E.2d at 700. The trial court’s

findings that (1) Respondent is unable “without constant professional 24 hour


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supervision and medical treatment” to satisfy his needs for personal or medical care,

self-protection, and safety; (2) Respondent is “grossly delusional, paranoid, and

manic[,]” and “is likely to suffer debilitation without treatment”; (3) Respondent’s

“loss of touch with reality makes it difficult for him to exercise judgment in the

conduct of his daily affairs”; and (4) Respondent is “at risk of harm outside the medical

facility[,]” show that Respondent was dangerous to himself and that there was a

reasonable probability that he would suffer imminent harm absent commitment.

      Moreover, the trial court’s findings that Respondent was “grossly irrational,”

“demonstrated severely impaired insight and judgment,” and was “extremely

psychotic” as of the hearing date show that Respondent was unable to care for

himself, and thus likely to suffer harm in the near future, without treatment. These

findings support that Respondent was unable “to properly care for his[] medical needs

. . . and general affairs,” and they thus “meet[] the test of dangerousness to self.”

Lowery, 110 N.C. App. at 72, 428 S.E.2d at 864.

      Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3(11), the trial court need only determine that a

respondent is dangerous to themselves or dangerous to others to support

commitment. Here, the findings sufficiently support the trial court’s ultimate

determination that Respondent was dangerous to himself, and thus we need not

determine whether the findings of fact adequately support that Respondent was

dangerous to others.



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2. Maximum Commitment of 90 Days

       Respondent next argues that the trial court erred by imposing a split

commitment that exceeded the maximum statutory period of 90 days.

       As a preliminary matter, we first address the State’s argument that

Respondent’s appeal of the commitment period is moot because “the commitment

order . . . expired, . . . [and] no longer involves the kind of question challenging the

involuntary commitment proceeding[.]”                The State claims that Respondent

essentially asks for the trial court “to retrieve the original order from the clerk’s office,

strike out the ‘90 days’ ordered for outpatient commitment, enter some number

between 1 and 60 . . . and then store the case file away again.” The State further

argues that Respondent waived appellate review when he failed to object at trial to

the length of the commitment. We determine the State’s claims to be meritless.

       “When a statute is clearly mandatory, and its mandate is directed to the trial

court, the statute automatically preserves statutory violations as issues for appellate

review.” In re E.D., 372 N.C. 111, 117, 827 S.E.2d 450, 454 (2019) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted). In In re Carter, 25 N.C. App. 442, 213 S.E.2d 409

(1975), this Court explained that

              the statute expressly provides that appeal may be had from
              a judgment of involuntary commitment in the district court
              to this court, as in civil cases. Since the statute also directs
              that the initial period of commitment may not exceed 90
              days, . . . there would be little reason to provide a right of
              appeal if the appeal must be considered moot solely


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             because the period of commitment expires before the
             appeal can be heard and determined in this court.

Id. at 444, 213 S.E.2d at 410. “[I]n order to challenge the improper commitment

period contained in the . . . order, [Respondent] was required to appeal that [] order

pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C–272 . . . .” In re Webber, 201 N.C. App. 212, 222,

689 S.E.2d 468, 476 (2009).     Thus, an improper commitment period constitutes

reversible error. Id. at 218, 689 S.E.2d at 473. (“By statute, the court was only

authorized to order commitment . . . for 90 days . . . .”). Respondent’s appeal of the

length of his commitment is properly before this Court.

      N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-271 provides that a trial court “may order outpatient

commitment for a period not in excess of 90 days[,]”            “may order inpatient

commitment at a 24-hour facility . . . for a period not in excess of 90 days[,]” or “may

order a combination of inpatient and outpatient commitment . . . for a period not in

excess of 90 days.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-271 (2019). Whether a trial court orders

inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, or a combination of both, the maximum

commitment period cannot exceed 90 days. Id.

      Here, the trial court committed Respondent to 30 days of inpatient treatment

and 90 days of outpatient treatment, for a total commitment period of 120 days. This

it could not do. As the trial court impermissibly ordered a commitment period in

excess of the maximum allowed by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-271, we reverse the 120-

day commitment period ordered in this case.


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                                III. Conclusion

      As the trial court’s findings of fact supported the ultimate finding that

Respondent was a danger to himself, the trial court did not err in concluding that

Respondent was dangerous to himself and ordering commitment. However, because

the trial court impermissibly committed Respondent to a term in excess of the

statutory maximum, we reverse the trial court’s entry of a 120-day commitment

period and remand the case to the trial court for entry of a commitment period in

compliance with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-271.

      AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.

      Judges STROUD and BERGER concur.




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