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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                      PENNSYLVANIA
                         Appellee

                    v.

EDWARD JOHN PALSHA,

                         Appellant                  No. 1620 MDA 2016


        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence September 2, 2016
            In the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County
           Criminal Division at No(s): CP-08-CR-0000754-2015


BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., SHOGAN, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                       FILED NOVEMBER 20, 2017

      Appellant, Edward John Palsha, appeals from the September 2, 2016

judgment of sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford

County following his guilty plea on January 19, 2016, to one count of driving

under the influence of alcohol (“DUI”)-general impairment. The trial court

sentenced Appellant to six months of probation, payment of the costs of

prosecution and a $300 fine, and ordered restitution in the amount of

$170,224.76. After careful review, we affirm.

      At the guilty-plea hearing, Appellant testified that on July 17, 2015, he

“was traveling on Milan Road” in Bradford County after “consum[ing] some

alcoholic beverages, and he “went off into a ditch and clipped . . . the front

side corner of a home.” N.T., 1/19/16, at 3–4. Appellant was charged with

one count each of DUI, pursuant to 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(a)(1); DUI, pursuant
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to 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(a)(2); and the summary offenses of disregarding traffic

lane, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3309, and careless driving, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3714(a).

Appellant entered a negotiated guilty plea to one count of DUI pursuant to

75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(a)(2), with “the remaining counts to be dismissed at

sentencing. Restitution per any Victim Impact Statement.” N.T., 1/19/16,

at 1.

        At sentencing on June 2, 2016, the trial court noted its receipt of the

pre-sentence investigation report.    N.T., 6/2/16, at 2.   Because Appellant

had received bills that were claimed as restitution “just yesterday,” and “he

need[ed] time to review those,” the trial court agreed to postpone the

determination of restitution to a scheduled hearing on another date; in other

respects, the court proceeded with sentencing. Id. at 1–2. Both Appellant

and Deborah Nichols, the victim in this case along with her husband Dennis,

offered statements at sentencing.       Id. at 3, 5.    The court imposed a

sentence of six months of probation, payment of the costs of prosecution

and a $300 fine, and it dismissed the remaining charges.        Id. at 10–12.

Upon request by Appellant, the court elected to receive restitution testimony

of Chad Richard Holdren, a field adjustor of Millville Mutual Insurance

Company (“Millville”), because the witness was present and had been

subpoenaed to appear.        Id. at 13–23.     The court then continued the

restitution hearing until August 2, 2016. On August 2, the Commonwealth




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presented the testimony of Mrs. Nichols, who described the events of July

17, 2015, as follows:

      [The truck] hit the primary beam of the house and that’s the
      reason why it was gonna be totaled. It knocked the house over
      two feet off the foundation, which in the last year it’s even gone
      to four (4) feet off the foundation. It destroyed everything in
      the living room, in our office area, on our one side deck and stuff
      in the upstairs that we were unable to retrieve because we were
      told the house was condemned and we couldn’t go up there to
      get anything else.

N.T., 8/2/16, at 5.

      After the hearing on August 2, 2016, the trial court imposed an order

of restitution in the amount of $170,224.76 on September 2, 2016.           Trial

Court Opinion, 1/3/17, at 2; Order, 9/2/16.       Appellant filed a notice of

appeal on September 30, 2016. Both Appellant and the trial court complied

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Appellant raises the following issues on appeal:

         a. Is the lower court’s restitution order unsupported by the
            record and, therefore, illegal?

         b. Does the lower court’s restitution order compensate the
            victims for losses for which Appellant Edward Palsha (“Mr.
            Palsha”) [has] not been held criminally accountable?

         c. Did the lower court err in setting the priorities of payments
            as required by 18 P.S.§ 1106(c)(1)(ii)?

         d. Did the lower court err in permitting the victim to
            introduce and admit evidence regarding the replacement
            costs of personal items of the victim?




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Appellant’s Brief at 4.1

       “An appeal from an order of restitution based upon a claim that a

restitution order is unsupported by the record challenges the legality . . . of

sentencing.”     Commonwealth v. Stradley, 50 A.3d 769, 771–772 (Pa.

Super. 2012). Moreover:

       “The primary purpose of restitution is rehabilitation of the
       offender by impressing upon him that his criminal conduct
       caused the victim’s loss or personal injury and that it is the
       offender’s responsibility to repair the loss or injury as far as
       possible.” Commonwealth v. Solomon, 25 A.3d 380, 389 (Pa.
       Super. 2011), appeal denied, 615 Pa. 766, 40 A.3d 1236 (2012)
       (quoting Commonwealth v. Mariani, 869 A.2d 484, 486 (Pa.
       Super. 2005)).

             “An order of restitution is a sentence, ... thus, the amount
       awarded is within the sound discretion of the trial court and must
       be supported by the record.” Commonwealth v. Boone, 862
       A.2d 639, 644 (Pa. Super. 2004).

Commonwealth v. Biauce, 162 A.3d 1133, 1138–1139 (Pa. Super. 2017).

“In Pennsylvania restitution can be imposed either as a condition of

probation or as a direct sentence.”            Commonwealth v. Fuqua, 407 A.2d

24, 26 (Pa. Super. 1979) (footnote omitted). Here, the order of restitution

was a direct sentence imposed by the authority of Section 1106 of the

Pennsylvania Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106.



____________________________________________


1  In the argument section of Appellant’s Brief, Appellant categorizes and
addresses issues b, c, and d as subsets of issue a but makes no separate
argument for issue a. Therefore, we address issues b–d, above.



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     The sentencing court’s power to impose restitution is defined in

Section 1106, which provides, in pertinent part:

     § 1106. Restitution for injuries to person or property

     (a) General rule.--Upon conviction for any crime wherein
     property has been stolen, converted or otherwise unlawfully
     obtained, or its value substantially decreased as a direct result of
     the crime, . . . the offender shall be sentenced to make
     restitution in addition to the punishment prescribed therefor.

     (b) Condition of probation or parole.--Whenever restitution
     has been ordered pursuant to subsection (a) and the offender
     has been placed on probation or parole, his compliance with such
     order may be made a condition of such probation or parole.

     (c) Mandatory restitution.—

        (1) The court shall order full restitution:

           (i) Regardless of the current financial resources of
           the defendant, so as to provide the victim with the
           fullest compensation for the loss. . . . The court shall
           not reduce a restitution award by any amount that
           the victim has received from an insurance company
           but shall order the defendant to pay any restitution
           ordered for loss previously compensated by an
           insurance company to the insurance company.

           (ii) If restitution to more than one person is set at
           the same time, the court shall set priorities of
           payment. However, when establishing priorities, the
           court shall order payment in the following order:

              (A) The victim.

              (B) The Crime Victim’s Compensation Board.

              (C) Any other government agency which has
              provided reimbursement to the victim as a
              result of the defendant's criminal conduct.




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               (D) Any insurance company which has
               provided reimbursement to the victim as a
               result of the defendant's criminal conduct.

18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(a), (b), (c)(1)(i).

      We recently commented on the purpose of Section 1106:

            It is abundantly clear that the expressed intent behind [18
      Pa.C.S.] Section 1106(a) is to fully compensate victims for
      losses sustained as a direct result of the actions of a criminal
      offender. Moreover, this construction is consistent with those
      parts of the [Crime Victims Act] that may be read in pari materia
      with Section 1106, expressly providing that victims should be
      restored through provision of restitution . . . .

Commonwealth v. Holmes, 155 A.3d 69, 82 (Pa. Super. 2017) (en banc)

(plurality) (emphases in original; footnote omitted).

      The instant order of restitution states as follows:

            AND NOW, this 2nd day of September, 2016, after
      continued sentencing hearing to determine restitution held on
      August 2, 2016, it is hereby Ordered as part of sentence,
      defendant is directed to pay restitution in the total amount of
      One Hundred Seventy Thousand Two Hundred Twenty-four
      Dollars and Seventy-six ($170,224.76) Cents to the following
      and for the following damages that resulted from the criminal
      conduct:

            To Millville Mutual Insurance Company &
             Dennis and Deborah Nichols as will be determined, for:

                  House repairs:                     $127,000.00

                  Contents destroyed                 $20,595.00

                  Temporary Housing Expense          $21,816.10

            To Dennis and Deborah Nichols:

                  American Red Cross                    $335.00

                  Direct TV damaged equipment
                  & early cancel fee                    $478.66

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             Said restitution shall be paid in monthly amounts to be
       determined by the Bradford County Collections Office.
       Defendant is directed to contact the Bradford County Collections
       Office within seventy-two hours of receipt of this Order to make
       an appointment.

Order, 9/2/16.

       Appellant argues that he did not plead guilty to an offense involving

damage to the victim’s property or person, and therefore, the order “is

illegal.”   Appellant’s Brief at 13.   In support, he cites Commonwealth v.

Cooper, 466 A.2d 195 (Pa. Super. 1983). Appellant acknowledges that he

agreed to make restitution as part of his negotiated plea agreement but

suggests “there was no . . . agreement for restitution for any property

damage” he caused.        Appellant’s Brief at 16.   He also claims that the

expenses awarded did not result from his act of crashing into the victims’

home. Id. at 16–17.

       We conclude that Cooper is distinguishable.        In that case, the

defendant struck and killed a twelve-year-old child, who was riding a bicycle,

but he pled guilty to only the lesser offense of leaving the scene of an

accident, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3744. Cooper, 466 A.2d at 196. This Court noted

that the defendant “did not admit that he was in any way criminally

responsible for having struck the accident victim. Nor was [the defendant]

charged with any offense purporting to hold him criminally responsible for

the victim’s death.”    Id. at 197.    The Cooper Court vacated the order of

restitution because the defendant was never held “criminally accountable for

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the actions which resulted in the death of the accident victim.” Id. That is

not the case herein.

        Rather, this case is akin to Commonwealth v. Walker, 666 A.2d 301

(Pa. Super. 1995), and Fuqua, 407 A.2d 24, a case the Walker Court relied

upon.    In Walker, the defendant struck another vehicle, thereby severely

injuring two passengers in the other car.         He pleaded guilty to DUI,

incapable of safe driving, and DUI, alcohol greater than 0.10%, pursuant to

75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3731(a)(1) and (a)(4), respectively.           We determined in

Walker that the trial court’s conclusion that the defendant’s DUI was a

substantial factor in causing the victims’ injuries supported imposition of an

order of restitution.   We further held that the defendant’s reliance on

Cooper was misplaced.      Walker, 666 A.2d at 309.        This Court concluded

that it was “impossible to separate [the defendant’s] driving under the

influence from the injuries resulting to the victims.” Id. at 310. The Walker

Court held that the defendant’s criminal conduct, the drunk driving, was a

substantial factor in causing the victims’ injuries. Id.

        In Fuqua, this Court entertained an appeal from an order of

restitution entered after the defendant lost control of his car and crashed

into the victim’s house. The defendant was found guilty of DUI pursuant to

75 Pa.C.S. § 3731(a)(1).     At the bench trial, the defendant denied being

intoxicated and testified that he had not crashed into the victim’s house.

Fuqua, 407 A.2d at 25. The court sentenced him to one year of probation,


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and ordered him to make restitution to the owner of the house. On appeal,

the defendant in Fuqua made the same argument as the Cooper defendant,

i.e., because the trial court failed to make a finding on the record that the

damage to the house was a direct result of the defendant’s crime of DUI, a

sentence of restitution was improper.   This Court disagreed and held that,

where the evidence was clear that the order of restitution was for damage to

the victim’s property, and where the trial court found that the defendant did

in fact collide with the house and cause the damage, the fact that the trial

court did not make a specific finding that the damage was a direct result of

the defendant’s drunk driving did not warrant vacating the sentence and

remanding for resentencing. Fuqua, 407 A.2d at 28.

     This Court has reiterated that Section 1106 “is clear on its face and

applies only for those crimes to property or person where there has been a

loss that flows from the conduct which forms the basis of the crime for which

a defendant is held criminally accountable.”   Commonwealth v. Barger,

956 A.2d 458, 465 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citing Commonwealth v. Harner,

617 A.2d 702, 704 (Pa. 1992)). Therefore, restitution is a proper sentence if

there is a “direct causal connection between the crime and the loss.”

Commonwealth v. Harriott, 919 A.2d 234, 238 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation

omitted). We have made it clear that restitution for a DUI-alcohol conviction

may be imposed as part of the judgment of sentence where there is a

finding by the trial court that damage occurred as the direct result of the


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DUI crime or where the record clearly implies that the damage occurred as a

direct result of the crime of DUI, Fuqua; Walker.         Thus, we consider

whether this nexus exists herein.

      The trial court was adamant that the actions of Appellant crashing into

the victims’ house caused the damages. At the restitution hearing, the trial

court stated:

      The evidence as I recall from an individual from Millville Mutual
      Insurance Company, the home is completely destroyed, off its
      foundation. I think it’s only a Hundred and Twenty Thousand
      Dollars of coverage that these folks have on their home and the
      defendant destroyed it. Their rent, their care for their animals,
      their container, the dumpster, all of these items are directly
      caused by the crash, I will find that[] the—the crash, the
      crash that resulted from the defendant driving under the
      influence. It’s not ancillary, it’s these things would not have
      been incurred but for the defendant’s driving under the
      influence, driving across the yard and smashing into the
      victim’s home. So there’s going—there’s going to be some
      damages.

N.T., 8/2/16, at 32 (emphases added).

      In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the trial court reaffirmed its finding

that the damages directly resulted from Appellant’s drunk driving. The trial

court stated:

      The damages for which restitution was ordered [were] certainly
      a direct result of [Appellant’s] crime. [Appellant] drove into
      victims’ home causing substantial damage to the home itself and
      to the contents. As a result, victims have been unable to reside
      in the home until it is repaired and have incurred temporary
      housing expenses. Damages do not get more direct than that.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/3/17, at 4. Based on this record, we conclude that the

order of restitution was proper.

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      Appellant next asserts that the trial court erred in setting the priorities

of payment.     Appellant’s Brief at 17.      This is based on 18 Pa.C.S. §

1106(c)(1)(ii), which provides:

            (ii) If restitution to more than one person is set at
            the same time, the court shall set priorities of
            payment. However, when establishing priorities, the
            court shall order payment in the following order:

               (A) The victim.

               (B) The Crime Victim’s Compensation Board.

               (C) Any other government agency which has
               provided reimbursement to the victim as a
               result of the defendant's criminal conduct.

               (D) Any insurance company which has
               provided reimbursement to the victim as a
               result of the defendant's criminal conduct.

18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(c)(1)(ii).

      Appellant maintains that there “is absolutely no evidence of record to

establish that either Millville or the [victims] have incurred or paid any repair

costs.”   Appellant’s Brief at 19–20.    Appellant contends that because the

testimony of Mr. Holdren, the field adjuster, indicated that Millville had paid

out $94,312.80 for the house, N.T., 6/2/16, at 17, with another $23,645.87

still available, and the victim testified that they had rejected that amount,

“any award of restitution to Millville is unsupported by the evidentiary

record.” Appellant’s Brief at 20. Appellant does not cite any supporting law.

      We are satisfied with the trial court’s explanation, as follows:




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      By virtue of 18 P.S. § 1106(c)(1)(ii), the priority of payment is
      set. In any event, such a failure to set priorities would not
      render the restitution order invalid. Restitution may be modified
      at any time. 18 Pa.C.S.A. §1106(c)(3) provides that “the court
      may at any time . . . alter or amend any order of restitution
      made . . .” upon information received from District Attorney,
      Probation or other agency. Therefore, if the Order for restitution
      requires modifying in order to set priorities upon learning of
      what the insurance company has paid the victims and what has
      been paid out of pocket by victims, this Court will do so.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/3/17, at 3. While the victims and Millville apparently

had not yet reached a final agreement regarding the amount of the claim, 18

Pa.C.S. § 1106(c)(3) provides that:

      (3) The court may, at any time or upon the recommendation of
      the district attorney that is based on information received from
      the victim and the probation section of the county or other agent
      designated by the county commissioners of the county with the
      approval of the president judge to collect restitution, alter or
      amend any order of restitution made pursuant to paragraph (2),
      provided, however, that the court states its reasons and
      conclusions as a matter of record for any change or amendment
      to any previous order.

18 Pa.C.S. § 1106(c)(3). As noted by the trial court, if the restitution order

requires modification to set priorities upon submission of information to the

court regarding the amount Millville and the victims settle upon, the trial

court retains jurisdiction to do so. We conclude this issue lacks merit.

      Appellant’s final issue asserts that the trial court erred in admitting

evidence regarding the replacement cost of the victims’ personal items.

Appellant’s Brief at 20. Appellant contends that the evidence was “rank and

inadmissible hearsay.”    Id. at 21.      Appellant refers us to the victim’s

testimony at the restitution hearing and her submission of a list of

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replacement costs for certain items of personal property.     Id. at 21; N.T.,

8/2/16, at 19–21.

      This issue is waived. When the victim testified and offered an exhibit

containing the list of items, Appellant’s counsel stated, “I have no objection

to the list, I have an objection to the—to the values assigned to them.”

N.T., 8/2/16, at 20.    Appellant never specified further the nature of his

objection, and he did not claim the evidence was hearsay.        We conclude

Appellant failed to preserve this issue because the objection he lodged in the

trial court dealt solely with the values of the personal property, not the

character of the evidence. “The rule is well settled that a party complaining,

on appeal, of the admission of evidence in the [c]ourt below will be confined

to the specific objection there made.”       Commonwealth v. Cousar, 928

A.2d 1025, 1041 (Pa. 2007) (quoting Commonwealth v. Boden, 159 A.2d

894, 900 (1960)).

      Even if not waived, the issue lacks merit. As noted by the trial court:

      The [c]ourt did not rely on hearsay information although the
      [c]ourt could have[,] given it was a restitution proceeding.
      Although the [c]ourt permitted the victim’s estimate from a
      contractor stating the cost of rebuilding the home would be
      $356,000.00, this was not the restitution ordered. Rather, the
      cost of repairs of $127,000.00 as testified by the field adjuster
      for the insurance company was what was ordered. The [c]ourt
      did rely on the values assigned to the damaged contents of the
      home which the victim had prepared. The victim testified that
      she looked up values as to replacement costs on the internet.
      These values were admitted over [Appellant’s] objection. An
      individual should be able to testify as to replacement costs of
      furnishings and personal belongings. Therefore, the [c]ourt did
      not rely on any inadmissible hearsay.

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Trial Court Opinion, 1/3/17, at 4.

         The trial court relied upon the in-court testimony of Mr. Holdren, the

field adjuster, who was qualified to make the estimates of value. Moreover,

Appellant’s       reliance   on   Commonwealth            v.    Washington,         2008   WL

11381510, 2008 Pa. Dist. & Cnty. (Chester Co. 2008), a common pleas court

decision, and his claim that the “general rule is that fair market value is the

standard        for   determining    the   measure    of       restitution”   is   misleading.

Appellant’s Brief at 21 (citing Washington).                   This Court is not bound by

decisions of the court of common pleas, even if the decision is directly on

point. Goddard v. Heintzelman, 875 A.2d 1119, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2005)

(holding this Court is not bound by decisions of the court of common pleas

and is free to reach contrary holdings); Barren v. Commonwealth, 74

A.3d 250, 254 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2013) (observing that decisions from the

courts     of    common      pleas   are   not   binding       on    the    Superior   Court);

Commonwealth v. Palm, 903 A.2d 1244, 1247 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2006)

(same). Further, while the Washington Court referenced fair market value

as   a    “standard”      measure     of   restitution,    the      court   actually   applied

replacement value in that case. Washington, 2008 Pa. Dist. & Cnty at ¶¶

19–20. Cf. Commonwealth v. Genovese, 675 A.2d 331, 333 (Pa. Super.

1996) (“Restitution, by definition, as it relates to property damage, can be

made by either the return of the original property or the payment of money

necessary to replace . . . the property.”).                We have not unearthed any

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relevant, binding case law that requires assignments of only fair market

value in determining an amount of restitution.      As the Commonwealth

asserts, “Basing restitution on replacement values appears to conform to the

goals of compensating victims [and] holding defendants accountable . . . .”

Commonwealth’s Brief at 9. We would find no merit to this claim.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 11/20/2017




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