                                                                                          FILED
                                                                                  COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                       DIVISION I

                                         2014 OEC - 2 AM 9 :.01
      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                                                                                 STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                                   DIVISION II                    BY
                                                                                            P + TY
 THOMAS WILLIAM SINCLAIR RICHEY,                                                   No. 45943 -4 -II


                                      Appellant,                             UNPUBLISHED OPINION


          v.



    SANDRA DIMMEL,


                                      Respondent.


         BJORGEN, J. —     Thomas Richey appeals a trial court order denying his petition for a writ

of habeas corpus. Richey claims that the trial court erred because ( 1) the statutory time bar for

collateral attacks on criminal convictions found in RCW 7. 36. 130( 1) 1 and RCW 10. 73. 090( 1) 2

unconstitutionally   suspends      the   writ of   habeas   corpus, (   2) the statutory time bar does not apply to

constitutional writs of habeas corpus, the type of writ he claims that he applied for, and ( 3) the


time bar did not apply to his claim for habeas relief because the trial court lacked jurisdiction to

enter the judgment and sentence against him. Richey' s constitutional challenge to the time bar



1 RCW 7. 36. 130 states that
          n] o court or judge shall inquire into the legality of any judgment or process
          whereby the party is in custody,              or discharge the party when the term of
          commitment has not expired, in either of the cases following:
                 1) Upon any process issued on any final judgment of a court of competent
         jurisdiction except where it is alleged in the petition that rights guaranteed the
          petitioner by the Constitution of the state of Washington or of the United States
          have been violated and the petition is filed within the time allowed by RCW
          10. 73. 090 and 10. 73. 100.

2
    RCW 10. 73. 090( 1)   states   that "[   n] o petition or motion for collateral attack on a judgment and
sentence in a criminal case may be filed more than one year after the judgment becomes final if
the judgment and sentence is valid on its face and was rendered by a court of competent
jurisdiction."
No. 45943 -4 -II



fails, and we find no merit in his arguments that the time bar does not apply to his petition or that

the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter the judgment and sentence. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                               FACTS


       In 1986, Richey shot two people while robbing a Tacoma appliance store. In re Pers.

Restraint of Richey, 162 Wn.2d 865, 868, 175 P. 3d 585 ( 2008).    One of the two victims survived.


Richey, 162 Wn.2d at 868. The State charged Richey with first degree murder and " attempted

first degree intentional murder and /or attempted first degree felony murder" for the shootings.

Richey, 162 Wn.2d at 868. Richey pleaded guilty to both the first degree murder and attempted

first degree murder charges, and the trial court entered a judgment against him in 1987. Richey,

162 Wn.2d at 868. Richey' s judgment and sentence did not state that he had premeditated his

offense when listing the elements of the attempted first degree murder charge, seemingly

discussing only the elements of attempted first degree felony murder. Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 88.

        Approximately 20 years after his guilty plea, Richey moved to vacate his conviction for

attempted first degree felony murder, claiming that it was a nonexistent offense in Washington,

rendering his judgment and sentence facially invalid. Richey, 162 Wn.2d at 867. The Supreme

Court agreed that Washington' s law did not recognize attempted first degree felony murder.

Richey, 162 Wn.2d at 870.

        However, the Supreme Court noted that the State had charged Richey in the alternative

for the attempted first degree murder offense and that he had pleaded guilty to that offense.

Where a defendant pleads guilty to a crime charged in the alternative, he pleads guilty to all of

the alternatives. Richey, 168 Wn.2d at 870 -71 ( citing State v. Bowerman, 115 Wn.2d 794, 801,
802 P. 2d 116 ( 1990)).   Because the stipulated facts supported a charge of attempted first degree



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No.. 45943 -4 -II



intentional murder, the Supreme Court held that Richey' s plea to that offense was valid. Richey,

162 Wn.2d at 870 -72. The Supreme Court went on to hold that this valid plea to a recognized

offense meant that Richey' s judgment and sentence was facially valid and that the time bar in

RCW 10. 73. 090 applied, making his petition for relief untimely. Richey, 162 Wn.2d 872.

         Richey later moved to amend his judgment and sentence to remove the invalid attempted

first degree felony murder conviction. We dismissed that motion, and the Supreme Court denied

Richey' s petition for discretionary review, contingent on the State removing the invalid

attempted first degree felony murder ,conviction from Richey' s judgment and sentence.

Consequently, the State moved to change the statutory citations on Richey' s judgment and

sentence to reflect his plea of guilty to attempted first degree intentional murder rather than

attempted first degree felony murder. In 2010, the trial court entered an order correcting

Richey' s judgment and sentence with the appropriate statutory citations.

          In 2013, Richey filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, claiming that the amended

judgment and sentence resulted in his unlawful detention. Richey contended that any guilty plea

to attempted first degree intentional murder required him to knowingly and voluntarily plead to

premeditation, and that his judgment and sentence did not include discussion of premeditation in


its description of the attempted murder charge. Richey claimed that this omission meant his plea

was not knowing, and therefore constitutionally invalid. In the same petition, Richey requested a

 constitutional" writ of habeas corpus and claimed that this request meant that the one -year time


bar to   collateral attacks,   RCW 10. 73. 090( 1),   did not apply to his claim. The trial court denied

Richey' s petition as time barred by RCW 10. 73. 090.

          Richey now appeals the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus.


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No. 45943 -4 -II



                                                     ANALYSIS


          Richey contends that the trial court erred by denying his petition as time barred, either

because the time bar in RCW 7. 36. 130( 1) is unconstitutional or because it did not apply to his

petition. The State argues that RCW 7. 36. 130( 1) is both constitutional and applicable to


Richey' s petition. We agree with the State.

                                              I. STANDARD OF REVIEW


          We   review   de    novo " challenges   to the constitutionality   of a statute."    State v. Mertens,


148 Wn. 2d 820, 826, 64 P. 3d 633 ( 2003).           Legislative enactments are presumed constitutional


and Richey, as the party challenging the constitutionality of RCW 7. 36. 130, bears the burden of

overcoming this presumption. Mertens, 148 Wn.2d at 826..

          We   review   de    novo    the meaning of a statute.     Dep 't of Ecology   v.   Campbell & Gwinn,


LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P. 3d 4 ( 2002). When we interpret a statute, our " fundamental objective


is to   ascertain and   carry   out   the Legislature'   s   intent." Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9 -10.


We first attempt to ascertain the Legislature' s intent through analysis of the plain text of the

statute, as well as     any   related statutes.   Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 11 - 12. After this


analysis, where the meaning of the statute is plain, we must give effect to the legislature' s intent.

Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9 -10. However, where " the statute remains susceptible to


more than one reasonable meaning" after our textual analysis, it is ambiguous and we may turn

to extrinsic evidence of legislative intent, such as legislative history, common law precedent, and

the canons     of construction.        Campbell &   Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 12; Cockle v. Dep 't ofLabor &

Indus., 142 Wn. 2d 801, 808, 16 P. 3d 583 ( 2001).
No. 45943 -4 -II



                                 II. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF RCW 7. 36. 130( 1)


         Richey first argues that RCW 7. 36. 130( 1) violates article I, section 13 of the Washington

State Constitution, because it requires, with exceptions, a restrained person to petition for habeas


corpus relief within one year of the entry of his or her judgment and sentence. Article I, section

13   provides   that "[   t]he privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless in


case of rebellion or       invasion the   public   safety   requires   it."   Our Supreme Court has already

rejected the argument that the time bar found in RCW 10. 73. 090( 1) suspends the writ of habeas


corpus in violation of article I, section 13, and we reject Richey' s challenge based on this

precedent.




         RCW 7. 36. 130 is found within the portion of the code pertaining to the writ of habeas

corpus. It provides:


          n] o court or judge shall inquire into the legality of any judgment or process
         whereby the party is in custody,     or discharge the party when the term of
         commitment has not expired, in either of the cases following:
                  1) Upon any process issued on any final judgment of a court of competent
         jurisdiction except where it is alleged. in the petition that rights guaranteed the
         petitioner by the Constitution of the state of Washington or of the United States
         have been violated and the petition is filed within the time allowed by RCW
         10. 73. 090 and 10. 73. 100.


         RCW 10. 73. 090, which RCW 7. 36. 130( 1) references, prescribes the period of time a


restrained person has to petition for a writ of habeas corpus. RCW 10. 73. 090 provides that


          1) No petition or motion for collateral attack on a judgment and sentence in a
         criminal case may be filed more than one year after the judgment becomes final if
         the judgment and sentence is valid on its face and was rendered by a court of
         competent jurisdiction.
                    2) For     purposes    of   this   section, " collateral     attack"   means any form of
         postconviction relief other        than   a   direct   appeal. "   Collateral attack" includes, but is
         not limited to, a personal restraint petition, a habeas corpus petition, a motion to
         vacate judgment, a motion to withdraw guilty plea, a motion for a new trial, and a
         motion to arrest judgment.


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No. 45943 -4 -II




         RCW 10. 73. 100,           which   is   also referenced   in RCW 7. 36. 130( 1),     provides "[   b] road


exceptions" to the time bar imposed by RCW 10. 73. 090. In re Pers. Restraint ofRunyan, 121

Wn.2d 432, 440, 853 P. 2d 424 ( 1993).                Under RCW 10. 73. 100, a detained person may petition

for postconviction relief at any time if the petition is based " solely" on one of six grounds.

These grounds include claims that ( 1) newly discovered evidence obtained with the exercise of

reasonable      diligence    exculpates     the detained   person, ( 2)    the conviction was based on an


unconstitutional statute, (         3) the conviction was obtained in violation of the state or federal double


jeopardy      clauses, (   4) the   conviction was obtained with          insufficient   evidence, ( 5)   the sentence


was imposed in excess of the court' s jurisdiction, or ( 6) some significant material change in the

law has occurred and either the legislature or a court has determined that this change applies


retroactively. RCW 10. 73. 100( 1) -( 6).


         The one -year time bar codified in RCW 10. 73. 090 does not suspend the writ of habeas

corpus   in   violation of article     I,   section   13. Runyan, 121 Wn.2d        at    439 -47. Article I, section 13


protects the right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus existing at the time of the framing of the

Washington Constitution. Runyan, 121 Wn.2d                    at   441.   This right allowed a petitioner to


challenge a conviction in collateral proceedings based on a single ground: that the trial court


lacked jurisdiction to        enter   the judgment. Runyan, 121 Wn. 2d            at    441. RCW 10. 73. 090 preserves


the right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus existing at the time of the framing by " excluding

from its ambit any petition which calls for the constitutional habeas inquiry into jurisdiction."

Runyan, 121 Wn.2d at 444. RCW 10. 73. 100( 5) provides further protection for the right to

petition for habeas corpus relief existing at the framing by exempting challenges to sentences

imposed in excess of the court' s jurisdiction. Runyan, 121 Wn.2d at 444. These exemptions

                                                               6
No. 45943 -4 -II



ensure that the time bar codified in RCW 10. 73. 090( 1) does not infringe on the right to petition


for a writ of habeas corpus protected by article I, section 13, rendering RCW 10. 73. 090 and

RCW 10. 73. 100 constitutional. Runyan, 121 Wn.2d at 444.

          If the time bar codified in RCW 10. 73. 090 is constitutional, so is the time bar


incorporated into RCW 7. 36. 130( 1) through reference to. RCW 10. 73. 090. Richey' s

constitutional challenge fails.


                                       III. TRIAL COURT JURISDICTION


          Alternatively, Richey argues that RCW 10. 73. 090' s time bar did not apply to his petition

for one of two reasons. First, Richey contends that he petitioned for a constitutional writ of

habeas corpus and that the time bar, as a creature of statute, cannot affect a constitutional writ.

Second, Richey appears to argue that his petition is not time barred because the trial court

imposed a sentence in excess of its jurisdiction. Again, we disagree. Richey only petitioned for

habeas corpus relief on grounds protected by the constitution if the trial court lacked jurisdiction

to enter a judgment and sentence for the crime of attempted first degree intentional murder.


Thus, both Richey' s arguments turn on whether the trial court had jurisdiction to enter the

judgment and sentence. Because the trial court had the necessary jurisdiction, both Richey' s

arguments are without merit, and the trial court properly dismissed Richey' s petition as time

barred.


          A trial court lacks jurisdiction to enter a judgment and sentence if it lacks personal

jurisdiction over the defendant or subject matter jurisdiction over the defendant' s crime, or if it


sentences the defendant based on a nonexistent crime. Runyan, 121 Wn.2d at 441 n.5. Richey

does   not, and cannot, claim   that   his judgment   and sentence shows   any   of   these types   of
No. 45943 -4 -II



jurisdictional defects. Richey' s guilty plea gave the superior court personal jurisdiction. In re

Grieve, 22 Wn.2d 902, 910, 158 P. 2d 73 ( 1945). The superior court had constitutional and


statutory subject matter jurisdiction to enter the judgment and sentence for Richey' s felony

conviction.      WASHINGTON STATE CONSTITUTION               art.   IV, § 6;   RCW 2. 08. 010. Finally, Richey' s

corrected judgment and sentence show his conviction for existing crimes. See RCW 9A.28. 020

 attempt);     RCW 9A. 32. 030( 1)(    a) (   first degree murder).


          Richey nevertheless argues that the superior court lacked jurisdiction to enter the

judgment and sentence because he did not knowingly plead to premeditation, an element of the

attempted first degree intentional murder charge listed on his judgment and sentence. Because a


guilty plea waives important constitutional rights, it must be knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.

United States      v.   Ruiz, 536 U. S. 622, 628 -29, 122 S. Ct. 2450, 153 L. Ed. 2d 586 ( 2002) ( quoting


Brady    v.   United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748, 90 S. Ct. 1463, 25 L. Ed. 2d 747 ( 1970)). 3 However,


an invalid waiver of rights with a guilty plea does not implicate the trial court' s personal or

subject matter jurisdiction for purposes of habeas corpus relief. See Grieve, 22 Wn.2d at 911 -12

                                                                                                 4
 involuntary     plea obtained     through     coercion cannot allow     for habeas      relief).    Richey' s claim

does not implicate the trial court' s jurisdiction, and his claim that his petition for habeas corpus


relief is based on grounds protected by article I, section 13 of the Washington State Constitution


3 These constitutional rights include the right to remain silent, the right to trial by jury, and the
right to confront one' s accusers. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U. S. 238, 243, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 23 L.
Ed. 274 ( 1969).


4 Grieve was decided in 1945, two years before the legislature expanded grounds permitting
relief   through   habeas    proceedings.      See Runyan, 121 Wn.2d           at   443. The court thus analyzed
Grieve' s claims under the relief available under the common law writ protected by article I,
section   13.
No. 45943 -4 -II



fails.5

                                             CONCLUSION


          We affirm the trial court' s denial of Richey' s petition for habeas corpus.

          A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2. 06. 040,

it is so ordered.




    We concur:




      r

     JHANSON, C.




    MELNICK, J.




5
  Richey also alleges that the courts of this state have erred by declining to address the merits of
his federal constitutional claim as required by RCW 7. 36. 140. RCW 7. 36. 130( 1) forbids any
inquiry " into the legality of any judgment" where a petition for a writ of habeas corpus is
untimely. The provisions of RCW 7. 36. 140 requiring courts to address the merits of a
petitioner' s constitutional claims are   limited   by   those in RCW 7. 36. 130( 1),   a related statutory
provision.    See Campbell &Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 11 - 12. Because Richey' s petition is untimely,
no court could examine the legality of his judgment and his claim is meritless.
                                                         9
