                                                                      [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                    ________________________                  FILED
                                                                     U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                               No. 10-13726            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                           Non-Argument Calendar        FEBRUARY 23, 2011
                                         ________________________           JOHN LEY
                                                                             CLERK
                                           Agency No. A098-397-929


ALTIN MARTINI,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                        Petitioner,


                                                   versus


U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                      llRespondents.

                                     ________________________

                               Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                                    Board of Immigration Appeals
                                    ________________________

                                             (February 23, 2011)

Before BLACK, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Altin Martini, a native and citizen of Albania, petitions for review of the Board

of Immigration Appeals’s (“BIA”) decision affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”)

order finding him removable and denying his application for asylum, withholding of

removal, and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).

Martini argues that: (1) the IJ erred in denying his applications for asylum and

withholding of removal because he showed that he had suffered past persecution on

account of his political opinion and likely would suffer future persecution if he

returned to Albania; and (2) the BIA erred in denying his application for CAT relief

because he established that it was more likely than not that he would be tortured by

agents of the Albanian government if he returned to Albania. The government

responds that we lack jurisdiction to review the BIA’s determination that Martini’s

asylum application was time-barred. After careful review, we dismiss the petition in

part, and deny it in part.

      We review our subject-matter jurisdiction de novo. Gonzalez-Oropeza v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 321 F.3d 1331, 1332 (11th Cir. 2003). When considering a petition for

review, we review legal issues de novo. Hernandez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 513 F.3d

1336, 1339 (11th Cir. 2008). The IJ’s factual findings are reviewed under the

substantial-evidence test. Id. Under this test, we must affirm the IJ’s decision if it

is “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record

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considered as a whole.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001)

(quotation omitted). “To reverse a factual finding by the [IJ], [we] must find not only

that the evidence supports a contrary conclusion, but that it compels one.”

Farquharson v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 246 F.3d 1317, 1320 (11th Cir. 2001). We review

only the BIA’s decision, except to the extent that the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s

opinion or reasoning. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284.

      As an initial matter, we agree with the government that we lack jurisdiction to

review the BIA’s determination that Martini’s asylum application was time-barred.

An alien may apply for asylum if he “demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence

that the application has been filed within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in

the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). An application filed after one year may

be considered “if the alien demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Attorney General

either the existence of changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s

eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an

application within the [one-year] period . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D). We lack

jurisdiction to review decisions of the Attorney General regarding whether an alien

timely filed an asylum application or established extraordinary circumstances to

excuse an untimely filing. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3); Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 492 F.3d 1223, 1231 (11th Cir. 2007). Nevertheless, we retain jurisdiction to

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review constitutional claims or questions of law raised in a petition for review. 8

U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D).

      Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3), we lack jurisdiction to review the BIA’s

determination that Martini’s application for asylum was time-barred. As for Martini’s

claim that the IJ and BIA committed a constitutional or legal error by failing to defer

to the asylum officer’s findings regarding the timeliness of his asylum application, he

cites no constitutional or legal provisions that would require such deference. Thus,

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) does not restore jurisdiction over this claim. And in any

event, the asylum officer’s referral notice does not address the timeliness of Martini’s

asylum application and specifically says that its determinations are not binding on the

IJ. Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction over Martini’s challenge to the BIA’s denial of

asylum, and dismiss this portion of the petition for review.

      Turning to the remainder of the petition, we are unpersuaded by Martini’s

claim that the IJ erred in denying his application for withholding of removal. An

alien is entitled to withholding of removal if he can show that, upon removal, “his life

or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership

in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327

F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). “The alien bears the burden of demonstrating that

it is more likely than not [that he] will be persecuted or tortured upon being returned

                                           4
to [his] country.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1232 (11th Cir.

2005) (quotation omitted). An alien may establish eligibility for withholding of

removal by demonstrating that he has suffered past persecution based on a protected

ground. Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1375 (11th Cir. 2006). If the alien

makes such a showing, the burden shifts to the government to show that (1) the

conditions in the country have changed, or (2) the alien could avoid a future threat of

persecution through relocation. Id. “An alien who has not shown past persecution

. . . may still be entitled to withholding of removal if he can demonstrate a future

threat to his life or freedom on a protected ground in his country.” Mendoza, 327

F.3d at 1287.

      The IJ’s denial of withholding of removal in this case was supported by

substantial evidence because, among other things, Martini failed to show that he more

likely than not would be persecuted on a protected ground if he returned to Albania.

As the record shows, Martini testified that the harassment he experienced at school

was due to his family’s affiliation with the Democratic Party. According to the 2008

Country Report, however, Albania’s government is a parliamentary democracy and

political parties operate without restriction or outside interference. Although the

Country Report indicates that some police corruption remains, there is no indication

that the police would target Martini based upon his political opinion if he were to

                                          5
return to the country, especially in light of the fact that the Democratic Party is now

in power.

      Nor do we find merit in Martini’s claim that the BIA erred in denying his

application for CAT relief. An alien is entitled to CAT protection if he shows that “it

is more likely than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed to the proposed

country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). Torture is an “extreme form of cruel

and inhuman treatment” that causes “severe pain or suffering, whether physical or

mental.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1), (2). The pain or suffering must be “inflicted by or

at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other

person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1).

      The BIA properly denied CAT relief because, among other things, Martini

failed to show that it is more likely than not that he would be tortured if removed to

Albania. As we noted above, the Country Report indicates that conditions in Albania

have improved such that the Democratic Party that Martini’s family supported is now

in power. Therefore, we deny the petition for review to the extent that Martini seeks

to challenge the denial of withholding of removal and CAT relief, and dismiss the

petition for review to the extent that Martini challenges the BIA’s denial of asylum.

      PETITION DISMISSED IN PART, DENIED IN PART.




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