[Cite as In re L.C., 2019-Ohio-3878.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                       STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


IN THE MATTER OF:                            :       JUDGES:
                                             :       Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
        L.C.                                 :       Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
        J.T.                                 :       Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
        L.Y.                                 :
        F.Y.                                 :
        E.Y.                                 :       Case Nos. 2019CA00070
                                             :                 2019CA00071
                                             :                2019CA00072
MINOR CHILDREN                               :                 2019CA00073
                                             :                 2019CA00074
                                             :
                                             :       OPINION



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                             Appeal from the Stark County Court
                                                     of Common Pleas, Family Court
                                                     Division, Case Nos. 2017 JCV 909,
                                                     2017 JCV 910, 2017 JCV 911, 2017
                                                     JCV 912, 2017 JCV 913



JUDGMENT:                                            Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                    September 23, 2019


APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                               For Defendant-Appellant

BRANDON J. WALTENBAUGH                               AARON J. VIOLAND
Stark County JFS                                     Stark County Public Defender Office
402 2nd Street SE                                    201 Cleveland Ave S.W.
Canton, Ohio 44702                                   Suite 104
                                                     Canton, Ohio 44702
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                            2



Baldwin, J.

       {¶1}   Appellant T.C. appeals from the April 29, 2019 Judgment Entries of the

Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Family Court Division, terminating her parental

rights and granting permanent custody of her five children to Stark County Department of

Job and Family Services.

                       STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

       {¶2}   Appellant T.C. is the biological mother of L.C. (DOB 5/3/2009), J.T. (DOB

11/13/2010), L.Y. (DOB 2/13/2012), F.Y. (DOB 6/12/2014), and E.Y. (DOB 1/22/2016).

On August 3, 2017, Stark County Department of Job and Family Services (SCDJFS) filed

complaints alleging that the children were dependent and/or neglected. Following an

emergency shelter care hearing on August 4, 2017, the trial court placed the children into

the emergency temporary custody of SCDJFS.

       {¶3}   An adjudication hearing was held on October 19, 2017. The Magistrate, in

Decisions filed on October 20, 2017, found the children to be neglected after appellant

stipulated to the same. As memorialized in separate Decisions filed on the same day, the

children were placed in the temporary custody of SCDJFS. On July 27, 2018, temporary

custody with the agency was extended to February 3, 2019.

       {¶4}   Subsequently, on November 29, 2018, SCDJFS filed motions seeking

permanent custody of the children. In its motion, the agency alleged, among other things,

that the children could not be placed with appellant within a reasonable period of time,

that the children had been in the temporary custody of SCDJFS for 12 or more months in

a consecutive 22 month period, and that permanent custody was in the children’s best

interest.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                               3


       {¶5}   A permanent custody hearing was held on April 25, 2019. At the hearing,

Amy Craig, an employee with SCDJFS, testified that the agency had been involved with

the family since 2011 over concerns about home conditions, lack of utilities, lack of

supervision of the children, mental health issues with appellant and/or the children and a

decline of the mental or physical health of the children. She testified that the children were

placed in foster care and that she had been the ongoing caseworker since the case was

filed in August of 2017. She testified that the children had been continuously in the

agency’s custody since October 19, 2017 and that this was in excess of twelve of the past

twenty-two months. According to Craig, none of the fathers had been involved with the

case or services, although services were offered to the fathers.

       {¶6}   Craig testified as follows when asked about appellant’s case plan:

       {¶7}   “Sure, she [appellant] was asked to complete a CommQuest assessment

which she did but there was no concern there, drugs have not been a concern with mom.

She was also asked to complete a Northeast Ohio parenting assessment, which she did

and then to follow any recommendations that they offered for her. The recommendations

included mental health treatment, Goodwill parenting classes, upon a successful

completion then home based parenting. Housing and employment. If the children were

to be returned, protective day care, as well as any home based case management

services for the family. So based off of those recommendations, she did in fact go to

Goodwill. Unfortunately she went twice and failed both times. Um she was also with the

housing and employment piece, she has had housing the whole time I have known her.

Um employment has been hit or miss, she will have a job and then she doesn’t have a

job. With regard to mental health treatment, she does attend mental health treatment and
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                              4


has a case manager and appears to have made some progress in that service. So those

are kind of the case plan services in a nutshell.”

       {¶8}   Transcript at 9. Appellant, according to Craig, completed the parenting

evaluation and appellant’s home was not a safety risk to the children. While appellant

had not had working utilities or had limited utilities for about a year, Craig testified that

appellant had since had them turned on after receiving help from outside sources.

       {¶9}   Craig testified that she spoke with the Guardian ad Litem (GAL) and that

the GAL believed that appellant was not working. Appellant had at least three places of

employment during the lifetime of the case and one of them involved working with her

mother under the table. Craig testified that appellant had not been able to maintain

employment for long periods of time and that most of appellant’s jobs lasted for a period

of weeks. Appellant relied on others, including her mother and boyfriends, to help support

her and her life.

       {¶10} When asked, Craig testified that the children’s maternal grandmother was

a source of concern and was part of the reason for the pickup of the children because

she was not an appropriate person to supervise and had a history with the agency.

Appellant, in her parenting evaluation, had indicated that her upbringing with her mother

involved issues with neglect and drug use. Craig testified that appellant had been told

that her mother was not appropriate and that she continued using her mother as a source

of support. She also testified that appellant “kind of goes from guy to another guy and that

is a concern” and that appellant had had four gentlemen callers in 18 months and had

been engaged at least twice during such time. Transcript at 14. Appellant was currently

living with a man and was engaged to him. They were living in appellant’s home.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                               5


        {¶11} Craig testified that each of the five children had significant needs beyond

the norm and had diagnosed conditions that would make parenting more difficult. The

following is an excerpt from Craig’s testimony:

        {¶12} Q:    And with mother’s completion of the parenting eval, with mother’s

maintenance of the home, with mother’s attempt to complete Goodwill parenting twice, is

there a discernable difference in the mother’s safety and ability to parent these children

from the beginning of the case until now?

        {¶13} A: No, unfortunately like I stated before, she failed goodwill twice after given

two opportunities to do this. The visitation from the beginning to now, there has been

marginal to no improvement on the visitation, they remain chaotic and unorganized. They

are just chaotic and require multiple redirection from workers or the guardian.

        {¶14} Q: So it takes many people?

        {¶15} A: Yes.

        {¶16} Q: How long are the visits mother enjoys with the children?

        {¶17} A:   Up until recently they were two hours every other week, with the

exception of being in Goodwill they were weekly. We have since the plan was no longer

reconfirmed, they have been moved to every other week for an hour.

        {¶18} Q: In your mind with mother’s failure to successfully complete Goodwill

Parenting two times, has anyone successfully completed a case plan services in this

case?

        {¶19} A: No.

        {¶20} Q: And do you believe that you and the Agency have made reasonable

efforts to assist this family with reunifications goals?
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                              6


       {¶21} A: Yes.

       {¶22} Q: And do you believe that compelling reasons exist today to ask for this

permanent custody?

       {¶23} A: I do yes.

       {¶24} Transcript at 17-18.

       {¶25} On cross-examination, Craig admitted that appellant had lived in the same

house throughout the pendency of the case and that appellant had told her that she had

the utilities turned on. Craig testified that appellant was participating in mental health

treatment through Phoenix Rising and had been involved with Phoenix Rising since

shortly after the case was opened. She testified that the man appellant lived with did not

have a criminal history.

       {¶26} According to Craig, L.C., the oldest child, had been diagnosed with ODD

and conduct disorder and the youngest child had a very rare genetic condition that only

four people in the world have. Appellant had failed Goodwill Parenting twice. The first time

appellant was terminated because she violated the behavior contract and had many

absences and was tardy. The first time, appellant did not score well on the post-test,

having scored 69%. The second time, appellant received a certificate of non-compliance

which meant that she had not met all of the set forth goals within that class. Only one of

the twelve goals was accepted and appellant’s post-test score was 83%. Craig testified

that the visits at Goodwill were chaotic and unorganized and that there were concerns

about supervision issues and inappropriate conversations, so Goodwill staff members

had to monitor the visits. Appellant lost track of the children during visitation and did not

follow through with recommended suggestions relating to visitation. On redirect, Craig
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                             7


testified that appellant was incapable of safely watching her children for one or two hour

periods of time despite eighteen months of agency assistance and two rounds of

Goodwill. She testified that during appellant’s first round with Goodwill, five behavior

contracts had to be put in place which was a large number for one person. The second

time with Goodwill, appellant completed the class, but was not successfully discharged.

According to Craig, appellant’s parenting had not improved even under supervision.

       {¶27} The next witness to testify was Amy Marie Thomas, who was with Lifehouse

Family Center. Thomas had been employed with Northeast Behavioral Health as a

psychologist and licensed clinical counselor and appellant had been referred to her for a

parenting evaluation. Appellant completed the parenting evaluation and Thomas

completed a report dated January of 2018. According to Thomas, appellant has a full

scale IQ of 79, which is below average. Thomas testified that appellant talked about her

mother and that Thomas was able to glean that appellant was exposed to domestic

violence and very poor parental role models and that appellant’s mother did not provide

any structure for her. Appellant acknowledged that her mother had a substance abuse

history that involved the use of alcohol and crack cocaine.

       {¶28} Thomas testified that appellant pursued a relationship with a man who had

an extensive criminal history and just been recently released from prison. Appellant

reported that this man had assaulted her, but she still remained romantically involved with

him. She felt that he was not responsible for the assault because he was under the

influence of alcohol. In addition, she indicated that appellant went from one relationship

to another. Thomas testified that at least four individuals were the fathers of the children
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                             8


and that appellant was not forthcoming with all of the names of the individuals who may

or may not be the biological fathers of her children.

       {¶29} Thomas testified that Phoenix Rising had diagnosed appellant with bipolar

2 disorder, but that appellant was troubled with being prescribed medications for the rest

of her life. She stated that in her opinion, appellant had never really fully operated as an

independent individual. Based on appellant’s description of her home situation, appellant

had lost control of her children. Thomas testified that she was concerned about

appellant’s ability to reunify with her children based on her involvement with the agency

since 2011 and the fact that despite having multiple services provided to her, appellant

had difficulty providing the children with the structure and supervision that they required.

When asked what recommendations she made for appellant, Thomas testified as follows:

       {¶30} “I recommended that she participate in comprehensive mental health

treatment services. Her description of her mental health as I stated earlier, indicated that

she does meet the criteria for bipolar disorder. She experienced periods of depression,

low energy and when you are responsible for raising children, you really need to be on

top of the game. Especially with children who have special needs. When parents are

depressed they may be rather lax or laying around and not have the energy to be

consistent. In terms of, she denied anger management issues during the course of the

interview, but collateral data suggested that was source of concern as well as some

suicidal gestures. So certainly the need to participate in counseling and psychiatric

services toward stabilizing her mood would have improved her ability to complete other

aspects of the case plan and competently raise the children. I recommended that after

she was stabilized on medication um as when people are not yet stabilized can impact
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                             9


their learning ability, I recommended that she participate in Goodwill parenting classes. I

recommended that the home based Goodwill program become involved with her upon a

reunification of (sic) that should that occur to provide additional support and props to her

given the number of children and their special needs. I recommended that she participate

in joint counseling with her children at the discretion of the children’s therapist and that

would allow her to develop some additional parent consultation with the therapist. I

recommended that she secure and maintain gainful employment. I recommended that

the children are enrolled in a protective day care setting upon reunification. Just that

environment would provide more structure and oversight for the children as admitted

[appellant] clearly appeared overwhelmed with raising the children. I also recommended

that in home services remain involved with the family on going due to the children’s

special needs.”

       {¶31} Transcript at 37-38.

       {¶32} Thomas agreed that appellant’s failure to complete the Goodwill parenting

class negatively impacted her ability to take care of her children.

       {¶33} On cross-examination, Thomas testified that appellant’s medication

compliance was a source of concern and that she had not had any interaction with

appellant since November 8, 2017.

       {¶34} April Bergert, a parenting instructor with Goodwill Industries, testified that

appellant was a participant in their program and that she was appellant’s parenting

instructor for both sessions that appellant attended. Appellant first began her involvement

with Goodwill January 8, 2018 and was terminated on March 15, 2018. Appellant was

required to sign five behavior contracts in her first attempt at the Goodwill classes, which
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                             10


was a large number. The contracts were made necessary by concerns over appellant’s

inability to supervise or care for all of her children at once and appellant’s absences.

Appellant had more absences after signing the contract and had eight absences in total

while the participants were not allowed to exceed seven absences. Bergert testified that

because of appellant’s cognitive delays, this was a concern. Appellant also was required

to sign a behavior contract to remain alert and awake during class for instruction and

struggled with this contract. The last behavior contract was signed after Goodwill received

results from CommQuest related to a diluted screen that was collected on February 12,

2018. This screen was considered a positive screen. The agency had no issues with his

contract.

       {¶35} Bergert testified that appellant’s visits with her children were chaotic and

that appellant “struggled to supervise her children at one time.” Transcript at 47. She

testified that appellant did not demonstrate the skills that she should have learned from

the classes and that discipline was not appropriate during the visits and that conversation

was not appropriate. Appellant, during the visits, had conversations about wanting to

introduce her new partner to her children and about what color they wanted to paint their

rooms when they got home. Bergert was concerned that the conversations could have a

negative effect on the children. Appellant’s relationship with L.C. was not that of a mother

and daughter, but rather “two people that were relying on each other emotionally” and

L.C., who was eight years old, was “parent-fied.” Transcript at 50. L.C. was interested in

preforming all of the duties that appellant was required to do, like feeding the children.

After appellant was terminated from the Goodwill program, it was recommended that she

show significant progress in individual counseling before re-enrolling to address concerns
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                               11


about appellant’s coping skills and her lack of wanting to talk about her past. Due to

appellant’s absences, this goal was not completed. While appellant re-enrolled in the

Goodwill program, she did not successfully complete the program. During her second

attempt at Goodwill parenting classes, appellant had one behavior contract to address

managing the children during visitation. Appellant had to be reminded weekly of what to

do and staff ended up helping corral the children to make sure that they were safe. Bergert

testified that appellant’s conversation with her children was not appropriate and that

“positive engagement with her children was lacking.” Transcript at 56. During the period

from January of 2018 through August 31, 2018, Bergert did not see my improvement in

appellant’s ability to manage the children during visits. And testified that in her mind,

appellant was not able to successfully navigate all of her children with their different ages

and needs.

       {¶36} Bergert also testified that she had concerns with appellant’s financial

stability and her ability to keep the utilities running in the home. During appellant’s second

involvement with Goodwill, her electricity and water were off for ten weeks. A previous

partner had racked up bills in appellant’s name and never paid them, causing appellant

to have an over $2,000.00 electric bill. While appellant wanted to have a male friend pay

the bill, she later changed her mind and admitted that it was not a good idea. Appellant

was dependent on other people and struggled to establish boundaries. Appellant also

considered receiving financial assistance from her mother. Bergert noted that appellant’s

mother was not a positive support for her and discussed with appellant that it was not in

appellant’s best interest to depend on her mother. Appellant was too reliant on others and

not on herself.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                               12


       {¶37} During appellant’s second involvement with Goodwill, she completed one

out of twelve of her program goals, or 8%, after better attendance and accommodation

by the staff to try to assist her because of her cognitive delays. Appellant did not even

complete a below average amount of the course requirements. Bergert testified that the

agency did not recommend that appellant attempt the program a third time and that they

were “not considering any recommendations to continue the reunification process.”

Transcript at 61.

       {¶38} On cross-examination, Bergert testified that she encouraged appellant to

come to the visits early to prepare for them and that while appellant arrived on time, her

ability to prepare and get situated before the children came was inconsistent. Appellant

did not apply skills she learned during her visits. Bergert testified that appellant was

encouraged to ask for assistance in completing her goals.

       {¶39} Jennifer Fire, a parenting supervisor with Goodwill Industries, testified that

she supervised Bergert and was involved with appellant’s instruction at Goodwill. She

observed visits or information given to appellant during both of appellant’s Goodwill

sessions. During appellant’s first involvement, her visits with her children were “very

hectic, chaotic, requiring attention from all staff….Required constant direction with

supervision, discipline, …” Transcript at 75. Fire testified that the visits during the end of

August of 2018 continued looking pretty identical, but that appellant then had an attitude

change and came in much more positive towards staff and able to accept direction and

suggestions and recommendations better, although appellant’s “follow through was very

much lacking still.” Transcript at 75. She agreed that while appellant was better taking in

information, applying the information to her actual interaction with her children was a
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                             13


problem, creating a safety risk to the children in Fire’s mind. The children needed multiple

people to corral them at all times. Fire did not think that appellant’s parenting abilities

could be improved with a third attempt at the Goodwill program or any other program.

       {¶40} On cross-examination, Fire testified that one of her biggest concerns was

appellant’s ability to either discipline or supervise her children safely. She was also

concerned over appellant’s financial instability, her lack of utilities, her unstable

relationships and how appellant was very dependent on her mother. Because of the

children’s special needs, Fire testified that appellant needed to implement specific

discipline techniques for each of them.

       {¶41} Katie Gula, appellant’s mental health case manager through Phoenix

Rising, testified that she had been working with appellant since between June and July

of 2018. She testified that appellant had gotten her home back in order and the utilities

turned on, and that they had worked on getting appellant proper medication to get her

moods stabilized. Gula testified that appellant had reached her goals as far as mental

health symptoms and learning how to cope with them independently. She testified that,

the last year, appellant had been consistent with working with a counselor.

       {¶42} Gula testified that she had attended some of the family visits and that

appellant tried to be attentive to each child’s needs. She testified that “[s]ome of her

symptoms are of anxiousness. So when I am looking at the class, I am looking at more

her symptoms and she appears more anxious to me. I don’t know for me if I would say

chaotic or that she is more on her toes to be implementing the things that they are

teaching her.” Transcript at 83-84. Gula testified that appellant needed more

communication and that she had to have matters reframed or clarified. Gula, on cross-
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                               14


examination, testified that as part of her job, she was an advocate for appellant and that

as appellant’s advocate, she felt that appellant was doing the best that she could and had

shown a lot of strength and change in the past year.

       {¶43} At the hearing, appellant testified that she was currently employed at Case

Farms full time, that she had lived in the same place for five years, and that her utilities

were current or active. Appellant testified that at the time she started Goodwill, she was

not aware of all of the children’s special needs and only knew that her son had a

processing disorder. According to appellant, she turned in her program goals for Goodwill

parenting early and was advised that they were incomplete. Appellant testified that other

than very brief feedback, she was not given any guidance on how to correct the goals.

On cross-examination, appellant testified that she did not need help parenting her children

and that she thought that the Goodwill staff was exaggerating her ability to care for her

children a little bit. She also testified that she needed more information about her

children’s special needs.

       {¶44} During the best interest portion of the hearing, Amy Craig testified that she

was the ongoing caseworker assigned to the children in this case and had been involved

with the family since August 15, 2017. She testified that all of the children are Caucasian.

Craig testified that L.C. has a history of having melt downs at school and has poor coping

skills. The police were called because of some of L.C.’s behavior. L.C. was hospitalized

at Belmont Pines for about a week and was physically and verbally abusive to her siblings.

After a second trip to the hospital, L.C. was moved to a new foster home after trying to

hurt her little sister physically. L.C. gets in a kind of “rage state“ and attends counseling.

Transcript at 99. L.C. struggles in school and is on medication for an adjustment disorder.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                             15


Craig testified that J.T. has trouble processing language and has an IEP. He receives

speech and occupational therapy as well as assistance with reading and math. He also

is in counseling and on medication.     L.Y. is in counseling and on medication and had

been diagnosed with ODD and has conduct disorder. L.Y., Craig testified, was the most

challenging of the children and had many behavioral outbursts, steals from school and

home and has a history of lying. She also has thrown chairs at teachers and tried to hurt

her foster parents. Craig testified that L.Y. had been in a new foster home for less than a

week and had been doing okay. L.Y. also was on an IEP, received speech, physical and

occupational therapy.

       {¶45} Craig also testified that E.Y. has a rare genetic condition called 6Q26

chromosome duplication and will require ongoing monitoring of her pituitary gland and

hormones. She will require hormonal therapy. E.Y.’s speech was delayed and as a result

of her chromosome issue, there will be cognitive delays.

       {¶46} Craig testified that each of the children was in a separate foster home due

to their behavior and special needs. She testified that the agency’s custody of the children

had positively affected them because they had been in consistent counseling and

routines. Only one of the children was placed in a home willing to adopt. Craig testified

that she was unaware of any appropriate relatives to care for the children. She testified

that although the children were bonded with appellant, the benefit of permanent custody

would outweigh the harm that the children would suffer by severing that bond. She

testified that they would be provided with stability and that permanent custody of the five

children was in their best interests.

       {¶47} The Guard ad Litem for the children testified as follows at the hearing:
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                               16


         {¶48} “MS. SHEETS: I agree with what the County has decided. I believe these

five children will benefit from new homes. I know their mother has tried very hard. I have

seen a great improvement in her, in taking care of herself. I am very proud of her for that

and I hope she will continue to do that. I don’t think she has the skills and the self-

confidence and just the life lessons to raise these five children. I hate to say that but I do

believe that. She has had a very difficult upbringing herself. She has had no good

example of parenting and so she just did what she thought was best. Unfortunately it is

not enough to meet the needs of these children. And that is who my concern is with. I

hope today that we do get custody of them and we can go on to see them grow up in

good homes.”

         {¶49} Transcript at 110.

         {¶50} At the hearing, L.Y.’s foster mother testified that L.Y. was thriving and very

happy.

         {¶51} Pursuant to Judgment Entries filed on April 29, 2019, the trial court

terminated appellant’s parental rights and granted permanent custody of the children to

SCDJFS. The trial court filed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on the same date.

         {¶52} Appellant now appeals, raising the following assignments of error on

appeal:

         {¶53} “I. THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT THAT THE MINOR

CHILDREN CANNOT AND SHOULD NOT BE PLACED WITH APPELLANT WITHIN A

REASONABLE PERIOD OF TIME WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT AND

SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE.”
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                                  17


       {¶54} “II. THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT THAT THE BEST

INTERESTS OF THE CHILDREN WOULD BE SERVED BY GRANTING PERMANENT

CUSTODY WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF THE

EVIDENCE.”

                                                I

       {¶55} Appellant, in her first assignment of error, argues that the trial court’s finding

that the children could not or should not be placed with her within a reasonable period of

time was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶56} A trial court's decision to grant permanent custody of a child must be

supported by clear and convincing evidence. The Ohio Supreme Court has defined “clear

and convincing evidence” as “[t]hat measure or degree of proof that will produce in the

mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be

established. It is intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but not to the

extent of such certainty, as required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal cases.”

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 477, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954); In re: Adoption of

Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 481 N.E.2d 613 (1985).

       {¶57} In reviewing whether the trial court based its decision upon clear and

convincing evidence, “a reviewing court will examine the record to determine whether the

trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.” State

v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 564 N.E.2d 54, 60 (1990); See also, C.E. Morris Co. v.

Foley Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978). If the trial court's judgment

is “supported by some competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                                   18

of the case,” a reviewing court may not reverse that judgment. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d at

74.

       {¶58} Moreover, “an appellate court should not substitute its judgment for that of

the trial court when there exists competent and credible evidence supporting the findings

of fact and conclusion of law.” Id. Issues relating to the credibility of witnesses and the

weight to be given the evidence are primarily for the trier of fact. As the court explained

in Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), “The

underlying rationale of giving deference to the findings of the trial court rests with the

knowledge that the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their

demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing the

credibility of the proffered testimony.”

       {¶59} Moreover, deferring to the trial court on matters of credibility is “crucial in a

child custody case, where there may be much evident in the parties' demeanor and

attitude that does not translate to the record well.” Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415,

419, 1997–Ohio–260, 674 N.E.2d 1159.

       {¶60} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B), the court may grant permanent custody of a

child to the movant if the court determines “that it is in the best interest of the child to grant

permanent custody to the agency that filed the motion for permanent custody and that

any of the following apply:

       {¶61} (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in the temporary

custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies

for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or has not been in

the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                             19


placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period if,

as described in division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was

previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state, and the

child cannot be placed with either of the child's parents within a reasonable time or should

not be placed with the child's parents.

       {¶62} (b) The child is abandoned....

       {¶63} (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who are

able to take permanent custody.

       {¶64} (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public

children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of

a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or the child has been in the temporary custody

of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for

twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period and, as described in

division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the

temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state.

       {¶65} The trial court, in the case sub judice, made findings pursuant to R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(a) and (B)(1)(d). Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s finding that

there was clear and convincing evidence that the children had been in the temporary

custody of a public children services agency for twelve or more months of a consecutive

twenty-two month period pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d). As findings under R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(b) and R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) are alternative findings, each is

independently sufficient to use as a basis to grant the motion for permanent custody. In

re Daltoni, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2007 AP 0041, 2007–Ohio–5805. This finding alone,
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                              20


in conjunction with a best interest finding, is sufficient to support the grant of permanent

custody In re Calhoun, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2008CA00118, 2008–Ohio–5458, ¶ 45.

       {¶66} However, even if we consider appellant's first assignment of error, we find

that the trial court did not err in determining the children cannot be placed with appellant

at this time or within a reasonable period pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(1)(a).

       {¶67} R.C. 2151.414(E) sets forth factors a trial court is to consider in determining

whether a child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or

should not be placed with the parents. Specifically, Section (E) provides, in pertinent part,

as follows:

       {¶68} (E) In determining at a hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section

or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 2151.353 of the Revised Code whether a

child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not

be placed with the parents, the court shall consider all relevant evidence. If the court

determines, by clear and convincing evidence, at a hearing held pursuant to division (A)

of this section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 2151.353 of the Revised

Code that one or more of the following exist as to each of the child's parents, the court

shall enter a finding that the child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable

time or should not be placed with either parent:

       {¶69} (1) Following the placement of the child outside the child's home and

notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the agency to assist the

parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the child to be placed outside the

home, the parent has failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the

conditions causing the child to be placed outside the child's home. In determining whether
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                                 21


the parents have substantially remedied those conditions, the court shall consider

parental utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other social and

rehabilitative services and material resources that were made available to the parents for

changing parental conduct to allow them to resume and maintain parental duties....

       {¶70} As is discussed above, there was testimony that appellant had failed

Goodwill parenting classes twice and that visitation between appellant and her children

was chaotic and disorganized. There was testimony that appellant could not safely watch

her children for even minimal periods of time and that appellant lacked financial stability.

At times, appellant’s utilities were not working and appellant associated with inappropriate

people. In addition, appellant’s employment was sporadic.

       {¶71} Appellant’s first assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

       {¶72} Appellant also contends that the trial court’s finding that it was in the best

interest of the children for permanent custody to be granted to the agency was against

the manifest weight and sufficiency of the evidence. In determining the best interest of

the child at a permanent custody hearing, R.C. 2151.414(D) mandates the trial court must

consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the following: (1) the interaction

and interrelationship of the child with the child's parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents

and out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child;

(2) the wishes of the child as expressed directly by the child or through the child's guardian

ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the child; (3) the custodial history of the child;

and (4) the child's need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type

of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                              22


       {¶73} At the best interest hearing, there was testimony that the children all had

significant behavioral special needs and that one has a rare genetic condition that would

require continual monitoring throughout her life.    Amy Craig testified that the agency’s

custody of the children had positively impacted them because they had been in

counseling and had consistency within their lives. Only one of the children was in a home

willing to adopt and there were no suitable relatives for placement. Craig also testified

that children were bonded with appellant and loved her, but that the benefit of permanent

custody would outweigh by any harm caused by termination of the relationship. She

indicated that the children needed stability within their homes. The Guardian ad Litem,

both at the hearing and in her report, agreed that permanent custody was in their best

interest due to appellant’s lack of parenting skills and inability to meet their needs. There

also was testimony that L.Y. was in a foster home and was thriving.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA0070-0074                                   23


       {¶74} Based on the foregoing, appellant’s second assignment of error is

overruled.

       {¶75} Accordingly, the judgment of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas,

Family Court Division, is affirmed.

By: Baldwin, J.

Hoffman, P.J. and

Delaney, J. concur.
