Opinion issued November 27, 2018




                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                               NO. 01-18-00145-CV
                            ———————————
                       IPFS CORPORATION, Appellant
                                         V.
                          SUE ANN LOPEZ, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 152nd District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2017-76204


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      IPFS Corporation appeals from the trial court’s denial of its motion to compel

arbitration in Sue Ann Lopez’s lawsuit for declaratory judgment. The question is

whether this lawsuit falls within the scope of the parties’ arbitration agreement. It

does, so we reverse.
                                    Background

      IPFS provides short-term financing to businesses and individuals so they can

pay insurance premiums. Sue Ann Lopez was an IPFS sales representative from July

2015 to November 2017. Lopez then went to work for an IPFS competitor, and IPFS

threatened to sue her for breach of non-solicitation contracts she signed with IPFS.

      Lopez brought suit seeking a declaration of her rights under the parties’ non-

solicitation agreements. IPFS contends that her action is subject to arbitration; Lopez

disagrees.

      The first of the non-solicitation agreements is a 2015 “Confidentiality, Non-

Disclosure, Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement.” It prohibits

disclosure of “Confidential Information” except as required to conduct IPFS’s

business or with IPFS’s written consent. The agreement also prohibits post-

employment solicitation of any producer or potential producer in Texas.

      Lopez later acknowledged and signed two other documents: another “Non-

Disclosure, Confidentiality and Non-Solicitation Agreement” and an arbitration

agreement (the “IPFS Corporation Arbitration Program”).

      The second non-solicitation agreement restricts the conduct of employees “for

one year following the termination of employment with the Company,” unless the

Company’s President consents. The agreement states:

      For any person or entity with whom the [employee] communicated on
      behalf of the Company during his/her employment as part of his/her

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      work duties (including, without limitation, customers, insureds,
      managing general agents, general agents, insurance carriers, insurance
      companies, independent marketing organizations, third party
      processors, insurance agencies or brokers, and their agents or insureds),
      the [employee] shall not communicate with such person or entity for
      the purpose of directly or indirectly soliciting business in competition
      with the Company or otherwise competing with the Company.

This agreement provides that IPFS could seek relief “in accordance with” the

arbitration agreement.

      Critical in this case, the arbitration agreement defines which disputes are

subject to arbitration and which must proceed in court. By its own terms, the

arbitration program provides a “process to resolve employment disputes related to

legal right,” and it “covers all legal claims arising out of or relating to employment,

application for employment, or termination of employment, except for claims

specifically excluded under the terms of this Program.”1

      The arbitration program excludes only (1) claims made “for workers’

compensation benefits, unemployment compensation benefits, ERISA-related

benefits provided under a Company sponsored benefit plan, or claims filed with the


1
      The arbitration agreement provides examples of covered claims. It states:

      The claims covered by this Program include, but are not limited to, the following
      types of claims: wrongful discharge under statutory law or common law;
      employment discrimination retaliation and sexual or other harassment based on
      federal, state or local statute, ordinance or governmental regulations; retaliatory
      discharge or other unlawful retaliatory action; overtime or other compensation
      disputes; leave of absence disputes; tortuous conduct; defamation; violation of
      public policy; breach of contract; and other statutory or common law claims.

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National Labor Relations Board”; (2) lawsuits for temporary equitable relief to

preserve the status quo “pending final resolution of the dispute pursuant to the terms

of th[e] [arbitration] Program”; and (3) administrative proceedings before the Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”).

      IPFS moved to compel arbitration, arguing that Lopez’s claim fell within the

scope of the arbitration agreement. Lopez disagreed, arguing that her claim was

equitable, not legal, and thus that the arbitration agreement permitted a court action.

The trial court denied the motion to compel arbitration and IPFS filed this

interlocutory appeal.2

                                        Analysis

      We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to compel arbitration for an abuse

of discretion. In re Labatt Food Serv., L.P., 279 S.W.3d 640, 642–43 (Tex. 2009);

Steer Wealth Mgmt., LLC v. Denson, 537 S.W.3d 558, 565 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.). We defer to a trial court’s factual findings if they are

supported by evidence, but we review a trial court’s legal determinations de novo.

Labatt Food Serv., 279 S.W.3d at 642–43; Steer Wealth Mgmt., 537 S.W.3d at 565.


2
      IPFS also filed a motion to dismiss based on a forum selection clause in the earlier
      of the two non-solicitation agreements. That clause states: “In the event of a dispute
      concerning this Agreement . . . the parties shall be required to pursue their rights in
      any court of competent jurisdiction sitting in Kansas City, Missouri, which shall be
      the exclusive mandatory venue for any such disputes.” No party has argued on
      appeal that the trial court erred by denying the motion to dismiss or that the forum
      selection clause in that agreement requires dismissal.
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We interpret a contract’s plain language. See Great Am. Ins. Co. v. Primo, 512

S.W.3d 890, 893 (Tex. 2017).

I.    Arbitration under the FAA

      The parties’ arbitration agreement provides that it is governed by the Federal

Arbitration Act (“FAA”). No party has challenged the FAA’s applicability.

      A party seeking to compel arbitration under the FAA must establish the

existence of a valid arbitration agreement and that the claims at issue fall within the

agreement’s scope. Venture Cotton Co-op. v. Freeman, 435 S.W.3d 222, 227 (Tex.

2014); In re Rubiola, 334 S.W.3d 220, 223 (Tex. 2011) (citing In re Kellogg Brown

& Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding); Steer Wealth

Mgmt., 537 S.W.3d at 565. Once the proponent of arbitration has made this showing,

“the burden shifts to the party opposing arbitration to raise an affirmative defense to

the agreement’s enforcement.” Venture Cotton Co-op., 435 S.W.3d at 227.

      IPFS and Lopez agree that a valid arbitration agreement exists. They dispute

whether Lopez’s declaratory judgment action falls within its scope.

      Under the FAA, we resolve any doubts about whether claims fall within the

scope of an arbitration agreement in favor of arbitration. Henry v. Cash Biz, LP, No.

16-0854, 2018 WL 1022838, at *2 (Tex. Feb. 23, 2018) (quoting In re Serv. Corp.

Intern., 85 S.W.3d 171, 174 (Tex. 2002)); accord Prudential Sec. Inc. v. Marshall,

909 S.W.2d 896, 899 (Tex. 1995). “The policy in favor of enforcing arbitration


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agreements is so compelling that a court should not deny arbitration ‘unless it can

be said with positive assurance that an arbitration clause is not susceptible of an

interpretation which would cover the dispute at issue.’” Prudential Sec., 909 S.W.2d

at 899 (quoting Neal v. Hardee’s Food Sys., Inc., 918 F.2d 34, 37 (5th Cir. 1990));

accord Henry, 2018 WL1022838, at *3. “When determining whether claims fall

within the scope of the arbitration agreement, we look to the factual allegations, not

the legal claims.” Rachal v. Reitz, 403 S.W.3d 840, 850 (Tex. 2013).

II.     Lopez’s claim

        Lopez sought a declaratory judgment of her rights under (and the

enforceability of) two non-solicitation agreements she signed with IPFS. The factual

allegations in Lopez’s pleading concern her contacts while she was employed by

IPFS, whether she is subject to certain employment-related contractual obligations

with IPFS, and whether she breached of any of those obligations. The question

before us is whether Lopez’s declaratory claim falls within the scope of the parties’

arbitration agreement (called “the Program”). Construing the arbitration agreement’s

plain language and resolving any doubts in favor of arbitration, we conclude that it

does.

        The arbitration agreement’s scope is broad. It “covers all legal claims arising

out of or relating to employment, application for employment, or termination of

employment, except for claims specifically excluded under the terms” of the


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agreement. (Emphasis added.) The arbitration agreement expressly covers, for

instance, “claims by an Associate [like Lopez] against any fellow employee,

supervisor, or manager based on alleged conduct within the scope of employment,”

as well as “any claims by the Company against an Associate” and claims by or

against an Associate who has ended employment with the Company. The agreement

states that if any employee, former employee, or applicant has a covered claim

related to legally protected rights, the claim shall be subject to arbitration. And as

examples of covered claims, the agreement lists breach of contract and other

statutory and common law claims. The agreement touts the Program as “a fair and

efficient process to resolve employment disputes related to legal rights.”

       The arbitration agreement carves out three exceptions to its application. First,

the “only” excluded claims are those “by an Associate for workers’ compensation

benefits, unemployment compensation benefits, ERISA-related benefits provided

under a Company sponsored benefit plan, or claims filed with the National Labor

Relations Board.”

       Second, it permits the employee or IPFS to seek temporary equitable remedies

in court. It allows:

       provisional equitable remedies to the extent such remedies are available
       under the law, including but not limited to temporary or preliminary
       injunctive relief, either before the commencement of or during the
       arbitration process, to preserve the status quo or otherwise prevent
       damage or loss pending final resolution of the dispute pursuant to the
       terms of this Program. (Emphasis added.)
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Provisional means “temporary.” Provisional, Merriam-Webster Online (last visited

Nov. 8, 2018); BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (7th ed. 1999).

      And third, the Agreement allows an associate to file an administrative

proceeding before the “EEOC,” although a claim following the completion of the

administrative proceeding remains “subject to the terms of [the arbitration]

Program.”

      No exception applies here. Lopez did not bring any of the excluded claims.

She did not seek temporary injunctive relief to preserve the status quo “pending final

resolution of the dispute pursuant to the terms of th[e] Program.” And she filed no

administrative proceeding before the EEOC. Lopez instead sought a permanent

declaration of her rights under the parties’ non-solicitation agreements. See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.004 (“A person interested under a . . . written contract

. . . may have determined any question of construction or validity arising under the

instrument . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations

thereunder.”); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.003(b) (the relief sought “has the

force and effect of a final judgment or decree.”); see also In re Merrill Lynch Trust

Co., 235 S.W.3d 185, 188 (Tex. 2007) (parties cannot avoid arbitration through

artful pleading). IPFS therefore met its initial burden of showing that Lopez’s claim

falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement.



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      In response, Lopez argues that the arbitration agreement covers only “legal”

claims—as opposed to equitable or other claims. She bases this argument on the

agreement’s statement that the “program covers all legal claims arising out of or

relating to employment, application for employment, or termination of employment,

except for claims specifically excluded under the terms of this Program.” She

contends that her declaratory judgment action sought only equitable and

declaratory—rather than legal—relief because she did not seek money damages.

But even though Lopez did not seek money damages, her claim remains arbitrable

under the agreement’s text.

      To begin, the arbitration agreement carves out from its scope temporary

equitable relief to preserve the status quo while or before arbitration is pending. It

would make no sense (and would render it meaningless) to carve out an exception

for temporary equitable relief if the agreement excluded all non-monetary relief.

Lopez’s proposed interpretation clashes with the requirement to “harmonize and

give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none will be rendered

meaningless.” Pinto Tech. Ventures, L.P. v. Sheldon, 526 S.W.3d 428, 443 (Tex.

2017).

      The agreement’s text, read as a whole, confirms our conclusion. The

arbitration agreement broadly explains: “The Company believes that management

and employees working together in good faith will result in few, if any, future legal


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disputes. However, because we believe this Program provides a fair and efficient

process to resolve employment disputes related to legal rights, we ask all employees

to indicate their agreement to the Program . . . .” (Emphasis added.) The agreement

also states that if an “employee, former employee, or applicant” has “a covered claim

related to legally-protected rights,” it will be subject to arbitration. The portion of

the arbitration agreement regarding “How to Assert a Claim Under the Program”

specifies that a request for arbitration “should include supporting documentation and

a statement of the facts, the nature of the claim, and the damages and/or other

remedies sought.” (Emphasis added.) And the agreement’s examples of covered

claims include claims for which the remedy could potentially be monetary or

equitable.3

      Considering the agreement’s plain language and interpreting it as a whole—

including its exclusion of one, but only one, form of equitable relief (temporary

relief)—we do not interpret the term “legal claims” to remove from the agreement’s

scope all claims aside from those seeking money damages.

      Lopez also argues that the second non-solicitation agreement precludes

arbitration here, citing the following language:

      The Company and Associates further agree that the Company has
      legitimate interests to protect under the terms of this Agreement, a

3
      For instance, the Program includes employment discrimination claims and breach
      of contract claims.

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      breach of this Agreement could cause irreparable damage to the
      Company, and the Company may seek equitable relief to enforce the
      obligations established under this Agreement in addition to any other
      remedies that might be available under applicable law, in the Courts of
      Jackson County, Missouri and in accordance with the provisions of the
      IPFS Corporation Arbitration Program.

But nothing in this language allows an employee to escape the scope of the

arbitration agreement by seeking a declaratory judgment. Instead, this agreement

confirms that IPFS may seek equitable relief in court in accordance with the

arbitration program. This makes sense. The arbitration agreement creates an

exception allowing temporary equitable relief in court; it otherwise (subject to its

exceptions) requires one to proceed under the Program’s terms. Nowhere does this

non-solicitation agreement enable a former employee to seek permanent declaratory

relief in court. We “may neither rewrite the parties’ contract nor add to its language.”

Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154, 162 (Tex. 2003).

      Finally, Lopez contends that the arbitration agreement is narrow, so we should

not apply the usual presumptions in favor of arbitrability. But this contention turns

on Lopez’s position concerning the words “legal claims”—a position that we have

already rejected. Lopez has not demonstrated “with positive assurance” that the

arbitration agreement is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers her claim.

See Prudential Sec., 909 S.W.2d at 899.




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                                   Conclusion

      We reverse the order of the trial court. We remand for dismissal and entry of

an order compelling arbitration.




                                             Jennifer Caughey
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Brown and Caughey.




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