                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Elder, Beales and Senior Judge Annunziata


THOMAS L. SWITZER
                                                                MEMORANDUM OPINION *
v.     Record Nos. 1986-10-3                                         PER CURIAM
                                                                  SEPTEMBER 27, 2011
PAULA FRIDLEY, SAMUEL SMITH, JODI SMITH,
 WILLIAM SWITZER AND CARLEEN SWITZER


                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AUGUSTA COUNTY
                                 Victor V. Ludwig, Judge

                 (Thomas L. Switzer, pro se, on brief).

                 No brief for appellees.


       Thomas L. Switzer appeals several rulings by the trial court addressing numerous motions,

pleadings, petitions, and other documents filed by Switzer from October 2009 until August 2010.

Upon reviewing the record and opening brief, we conclude that this appeal is completely without

merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decisions of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.

                                           BACKGROUND

       In 1996, Switzer and Paula Fridley, formerly Paula Switzer, had a child. The Department of

Social Services removed the child from the parents’ home when he was very young due to the

parents’ mental and emotional problems and violent acts committed against each other.

       By order dated March 7, 2000, the Augusta County Circuit Court awarded custody of the

child to Samuel Smith and Jodi Botkin, now Jodi Smith. Switzer appealed that decision to this

Court. Switzer argued, inter alia, that the Smiths were not proper parties and that Code

§§ 16.1-241(A) and 20-124.1 are unconstitutional. We concluded that Switzer’s appeal was without

       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
merit and summarily affirmed the trial court. See Switzer v. Smith, Record No. 0779-00-3, 2001

Va. App. LEXIS 454 (Va. Ct. App. July 31, 2001). Switzer appealed that decision to the Supreme

Court of Virginia, which refused Switzer’s appeal. Switzer v. Smith, Record No. 012108 (Va. Feb.

26, 2002).

        The child has lived continuously with the Smiths since custody was transferred to them.

During the last eleven years, Switzer has filed numerous pleadings and documents challenging,

inter alia, the prior custody and visitation decisions, seeking to regain custody and expand

visitation, and challenging a protective order prohibiting the release of the child’s academic and

health records to persons other than those having legal and physical custody.

        By order dated May 29, 2010, the trial court “ended all cases” relating to Case Files

CH99000179, CJ03000027, CJ03000046, CH04000383, and CJ07000046 and “remanded all

further matters concerning custody and visitation of [the child] to the J&D Court.”

        Beginning in October 2009, Switzer began filing motions, pleadings, and other documents

in the J&D court. The trial court conducted hearings on June 21, 2010, and August 10, 2010, to

address the many pleadings, motions, and documents filed by appellant since October 2009. In an

opinion letter dated October 4, 2010, the trial court set forth a detailed factual and procedural history

of the case. Although Switzer timely filed a proposed statement of facts pursuant to Rule 5A:8(c),

the trial court found it “incomplete” and ruled that it “addresses matters not before the Court at the

hearing, contains legal conclusions and arguments, and, in some regards, is inaccurate.” As a result,

pursuant to Rule 5A:8(d)(2) and (3), the trial court corrected the defective statement of facts in its

October 4, 2010 opinion letter, and adopted its correction as the “more accurate and complete

statement of facts of the proceedings before this Court.”




                                                  -2-
                            SWITZER’S ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       Switzer “assigns error to the Trial Court’s ruling on each of the questions of law [listed]

below and this Court’s ruling on the underlying issues in prior proceedings.” He states that the

issues presented in the appeal are as follows:

               1) This court upon review should reconsider its related prior
               opinions, issue a published opinion in this case, appoint counsel to
               file amended briefs, stay the award of custody to the Smiths and
               set a date for oral argument on the issue of the standing of legal
               strangers to file petitions for custody and visitation in Virginia.

               2) The Trial Court erred and abused its discretion when it denied
               my petition for modification of the March 2000 order.

               3) The Trial Court did not have jurisdiction to impose the sanctions
               on the appellant that it imposed. 1


                                    SWITZER’S ARGUMENTS

       We address Switzer’s arguments and sub-arguments in the order in which he presented

and argued them in his opening brief.

               I. This court should reconsider its prior opinions, issue a published
               opinion in this case, appoint counsel to file amended briefs, and set a
               date for oral argument on the issue of the standing of legal
               strangers to file petitions for custody and visitation in Virginia.

               A. This appeal involves important questions of law including (but
               not limited) to standing of certain classes of individuals to file
               petitions for child custody and visitation in Virginia.

       Switzer asks this Court to reconsider its “prior opinions” rather than assigning any

specific error to the rulings made following the June 2010 and August 2010 hearings. However,

we will treat his request as assigning error to the trial court’s ruling on December 21, 2010,

dismissing his motions “to amend an order of th[e trial court] entered March 7, 2000, addressing

custody of [the child]” in Case No. CJ1000002.


       1
         Switzer used Arabic numbers to designate his three main assignments of error, but lists
them in his argument using Roman numerals.
                                             -3-
        Citing North Carolina law, Switzer asks this Court to reopen the March 7, 2000 case and

apply a policy barring “unrelated third parties like Samuel and Jodi Smith” from petitioning the

court for custody. Switzer asserts that he was denied his constitutionally protected parental

rights, “the award of custody to strangers is never in a child’s best interest despite evidence to the

contrary,” and the Smiths obtained custody of his son illegally.

        At the August 10, 2010 hearing, Switzer argued that “[s]tate courts have no power to

entertain custody brought by third parties.” 2 The trial court ruled “to the extent that Switzer was

challenging the Smiths’ standing to seek custody of the Child, it is a matter which has been

litigated (and re-litigated), and it is res judicata.”

        In 2007, this Court ruled on this identical issue. See Switzer v. Switzer, Record Nos.

0612-05-3 & 1122-05-3, 2007 Va. App. LEXIS 440 (Va. Ct. App. Dec. 11, 2007). In Record

No. 0612-05-3, Switzer appealed the trial court’s decision to grant Paula Fridley, the child’s

mother, a divorce from Switzer and the trial court’s denial of Switzer’s motion to adjudicate the

custody issue. As we ruled then, and as we reiterate now,

                Res judicata “precludes the relitigation of a claim or issue once a
                final determination on the merits has been reached by a court of
                competent jurisdiction.” Commonwealth ex rel. Gray v. Johnson,
                7 Va. App. 614, 617-18, 376 S.E.2d 787, 788 (1989). “In the
                absence of a material change in circumstance, reconsideration [of
                custody] . . . would be barred by res judicata.” Hiner v. Hadeed,
                15 Va. App. 575, 580, 425 S.E.2d 811, 814 (1993). At the divorce
                hearing, Thomas never claimed a material change in
                circumstances. Instead, he sought to relitigate the March 2000
                custody decision and to recast in this appeal the custody issues
                raised in his prior appeals. However, Thomas has heretofore
                exhausted his right to appeal the custody award entered by the trial
                court in March 2000. See Switzer v. Smith, Record No.
                0779-00-3, 2001 Va. App. LEXIS 454 (July 31, 2001) (Court of
                Appeals of Virginia affirming trial court’s award of custody to
                Smiths); Switzer v. Smith, Record No. 012108 (February 20, 2002)

        2
          This recitation of appellant’s argument was taken from the trial court’s October 4, 2010
letter opinion.

                                                   -4-
                (Virginia Supreme Court refused appeal of permanent custody
                award to Smiths).

Id. at *6-*7 (holding that “the trial court did not err in finding that [Switzer] is barred by res

judicata from relitigating the prior custody determination” that had “been fully and finally

litigated”). That determination was valid then and remains so now regarding Switzer’s most

recent attempts to relitigate the decision giving custody to the Smiths and challenge the Smiths’

standing. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding that Switzer is barred by res judicata

from relitigating the Smiths’ standing.

                II. The Trial Court erred and abused its discretion when it denied
                my petition for modification of the March 2000 order and refused
                to hold the Smiths in contempt.

                A. The Trial Court erred by concluding Va. Code § 16.1-241, Va.
                Code § 16.1-278.15(B) and Va. Code § 20-124.1 are constitutional.

        Switzer raised this identical issue in his appeal of the March 2000 custody determination.

See Switzer, 2001 Va. App. LEXIS 454. Relying on the same case law cited by appellant here,

we upheld the trial court’s determination that the statutes in question were constitutional.

Accordingly, Switzer is precluded from relitigating that issue under the doctrine of res judicata,

and the trial court did not err in so ruling.

                B. Samuel and Jodi Smith have no legal standing to petition for
                custody or visitation of my child.

        This is the same issue raised in Assignment I.A. and is barred by res judicata.

                C. The Trial Court has erred and abused its discretion by adopting
                an approach in determining standing that would give legal
                strangers and non-parent relative parties the same rights as parents
                without adoption proceedings.

        This is the same issue raised in Assignment I.A. and is barred for the same reason,

namely, res judicata.

                D. The Trial Court has erred and abused its discretion by adopting
                a case-by-case approach in determining standing that would violate
                the constitutional rights of all parents.
                                                  -5-
        Switzer combined his standing argument with his constitutional argument, both of which

were finally settled and are res judicata. Accordingly, we do not address this assignment.

               E. The Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by concluding
               that the allegations in the Smiths’ custody petition were sufficient
               to grant them standing.

        The issue of the Smiths’ standing involves the same issues raised in Assignment I.A. and

Assignment II.B. and is barred by res judicata.

               F. The Trial Court erred by denying Appellant’s Motion to treat
               Paula (the mother) as an incompetent.

        In its October 4, 2010 opinion letter, the trial court explained that, on February 22, 2010,

Switzer filed a motion “to treat Fridley as a person under a disability.” Because “Switzer’s most

recent information regarding Fridley’s mental capacity was from 1996,” the trial court denied the

motion.

        The trial court also explained that, on April 6, 2010, Switzer filed a “Motion for a

Summary Judgment,” in which he moved to declare his ex-wife, Paula Fridley, “a person under a

disability for purposes of this matter.” The trial court explained that Switzer “withdrew the

motion on June 21[, 2010],” which was the date at which the trial court first heard Switzer’s

pending motions and pleadings.

        Because Switzer had no recent evaluations or evidence relating to Paula’s mental

capacity, the trial court did not err in denying his motion to treat her as a person under a

disability.

        Regarding Switzer’s subsequent motions to declare her under a disability, the record

shows and Switzer conceded in his petition he “withdrew them.”

               G. The Trial Court did not have jurisdiction to enter and enforce
               the document entitled EPO.




                                                -6-
       On January 11, 2008, the trial court entered an emergency protective order prohibiting

the release of the child’s academic or health records to anyone other than persons having legal

and physical custody of the child.

       Switzer appealed the issuance of the emergency protective order to this Court. See

Switzer v. Fridley, Record No. 0345-08-3, 2009 Va. App. LEXIS 87 (Va. Ct. App. Feb. 24,

2009). This Court summarily affirmed the trial court’s decision because Switzer failed to “make

a record and obtain a transcript or signed written statement of facts” to present to this Court. Id.

at *5. “Absent a proper record,” this Court was “unable to address the issues raised.” Id. at *6.

       On June 29, 2010, appellant filed a motion entitled, “Motion to Amend the EPO or for

Legal Custody.” Appellant argued that the “appellant [sic] courts” that previously heard his

appeal on the matter “did [not] 3 rule on the constitutional questions surrounding entry of this

[emergency protective] order.”

       In its October 4, 2010 opinion letter, the trial court explained that Switzer’s challenges to

the validity of the emergency protective order have “been through the appellate process,” and the

decision by the trial court was affirmed.

       We agree with the trial court’s determination that the matter has been thoroughly litigated

through the appellate process, and we affirm that decision. Appellant failed to present a

sufficient record from which the Court could determine the issue on appeal, and we are barred

from addressing that issue now under the doctrine of res judicata. Accordingly, the trial court

did not err in so holding.

               H. The Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by concluding
               the issue of the legal standing of Samuel and Jodi Smith to file a
               custody petition in regard to the appellant’s child and the EPO is
               Res Judicata.

       3
         Although Switzer wrote in his motion that this Court “did rule on the constitutional
questions,” we assume he intended to write that the Court did not rule on those issues.

                                                -7-
       The issue of the Smiths’ standing involves the same issues raised in Assignment I.A.,

Assignment II.B. and Assignment II.E., and is barred by res judicata.

       As explained in Assignment II.G., Switzer’s appeal of the emergency protective order

was affirmed on appeal in 2009, and further consideration is barred under the doctrine of res

judicata.

               I. The Trial Court erred by not finding the Smiths guilty of
               contempt.

       Appellant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to find the Smiths in contempt for

violating the terms of visitation.

       In its October 4, 2010 opinion letter, the trial court denied Switzer’s “motion[] to show

cause” because “[t]here was no evidence that the Smiths had violated the terms of the Custody

and Visitation Order.”

       The only statement of facts signed and approved by the trial court was the October 4,

2010 opinion letter. See Rule 5A:8. Absent evidence in the record that the Smiths violated the

visitation order, we cannot say the trial court erred in denying that motion.

                   J. The Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by failing
                   to make a determination based on current evidence.

       Switzer claims “[e]ven if the trial court was correct in determining that [he] must

demonstrate a change in circumstances, it erred in its determination.” He then argues that “the

March 2000 court relied on the opinions garnered via expert analysis and discovery,” 4 but that,

however, the trial court “abused its discretion by not permitting [Switzer] to have necessary


       4
        Throughout his brief, Switzer cited to “the attached opinion letter,” followed by
hyphenated page numbers, yet he failed to indicate what the second number represented. In this
assignment of error, Switzer cites to “page 9-9 and 13-3” of the opinion letter. On pages 8
through 10 of the opinion letter, the trial court discusses nineteen numbered “ancillary pleadings
or documents filed prior to the hearing on June 21, 2010” relating to File No. CJ1000002.
       Pleading number 9, listed on page 9 references a May 18, 2010 “Motion to Compel
Discovery from the Smiths.” The trial court explained that “[t]here was no evidence of a
                                                  -8-
discovery including access to records as a result of the EPO, psychological evaluations, and

coining the term ‘trigger date.’” Switzer defines the term “‘trigger date’ [a]s the date the most

recent case is heard so any evidence prior to that date is forever barred from consideration in

future proceedings.” According to Switzer, the trial court used that term “to bar any review of

the history of the evidence in this case including any of the behaviors that may have a negative

impact on the child including the Smiths lack of cooperation with [Switzer]” and the fact that his

son is now “much older.” In concluding his argument, and without reference to any legal

authority, Switzer claims the “March 2000 order is old and outdated and therefore does not

reflect the current circumstances.”

       In its October 4, 2010 opinion letter, the trial court discussed Switzer’s motion “to

reconsider its decision as to the date from which Switzer must prove a change in circumstances,”

and explained:

                        Switzer did not argue that the date was wrong; rather, he
                 argued that it was unnecessary for him to prove a change in
                 circumstances at all. In support of that proposition, he cited Ford
                 v. Ford, 371 U.S. 187 (1962).

       The trial court concluded “that the decision in Ford had no application to this case.”




certification that Switzer had in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with the Smiths in an
effort to resolve the dispute without court action,” and thus, the trial court “took no action.”
         Page 13 of the opinion letter lists, inter alia, three pleadings/motions in File No.
CJ1000054, -55, and -57. Number 3 lists a “Motion to amend to Show Cause,” filed on July 20,
2010. There, the trial court explained, “[t]his is a motion for the Smiths to show cause why they
should not be held in contempt for ‘failing to provide visitation while this case was pending as
ordered by the Court’” in the custody and visitation order. The trial court found the letter was a
copy of one sent to the court on July 12, 2010, requesting the Smiths to supply insurance
information based on Switzer’s request that the child participate in counseling. The trial court
denied that motion because “the Custody and Visitation Order did not require that.” Instead, the
“Order provided, inter alia, that Switzer was to ‘submit in writing for approval to [counsel for
the Smiths] the name of a qualified person willing to supervise and train him during visitations.’”
         Neither of the pages and numbered paragraphs/motions indicated Switzer objected to the
failure of the trial court to make its determination on current evidence.

                                                 -9-
        Because Switzer’s argument on this assignment of error relates solely to the evidence

presented to establish a change in circumstance to amend custody and visitation, we review the

summary of evidence presented at the August 10, 2010 hearing contained in the trial court’s

opinion letter.

        Terri Switzer, Switzer’s current wife, had two children before she married Switzer, both

of whom were teenagers at the time of the hearing. She stated she would be available to assist

Switzer if he were awarded custody or expanded visitation with his son. Terri also testified that,

although Switzer has not physically assaulted her children, she has to protect her children from

Switzer when he “is being overly aggressive” with them. Terri obtained a protective order in

2009 following a “verbal altercation” between Switzer and Terri’s son because “she was fearful

of what Switzer would do to her son.” Terri admitted testifying at that time that she was in fear

of harm from Switzer and fearful for her children.

        Switzer testified that the incident resulting in the protective order was “strictly verbal,”

and “was bad timing.” Switzer also “testified that he does not believe that the Smiths are acting

in [his son’s] best interests” and accused them of being “guilty of parental alienation” for

limiting his access to the child. Switzer “acknowledged that the custody and visitation order has

been in effect for ten and one-half years and that it limits him to supervised visitation for two

hours one day a week,” and it “does not provide for telephone contact.” Although Switzer

identified three possible persons or agencies, other than his present wife, Terri, to supervise his

visitation, the trial court stated:

                  First was the Center for Family Counseling, but it will no longer
                  provide the service. [Switzer] could not recall the second person
                  he proposed, although he surmised that it might be Janice Burner
                  and recalled that he made that suggestion “a couple of months”
                  prior to the hearing. The third possible supervisor he suggested
                  was identified in a letter dated August 4, [2010], only six days
                  prior to the hearing. Nevertheless, Switzer testified that he has

                                                 - 10 -
               made other efforts to identify a visitation supervisor, without
               success (an assertion which Terri corroborated).

Finally, Switzer “testified that he spent ten and a half years pursuing this case, and his lack of

success is the fault of the Smiths and his parents.”

       “Switzer called Samuel Smith as an adverse witness,” and Smith “acknowledged that he

has not allowed contact by Switzer with [the child] other than as prescribed by the Custody and

Visitation Order.” Smith also stated that he has intercepted numerous notes Switzer sent to the

child “encouraging the Child to run away from the Smiths” and promising he would have Smith

arrested. According to Smith, “99%” of the letters contained inappropriate content.

       “When a trial court has entered a final custody and visitation order, it cannot be modified

absent (i) a showing of changed circumstances under Code § 20-108 and (ii) proof that the

child’s best interests under Code § 20-124.3 will be served by the modification.” Petry v. Petry,

41 Va. App. 782, 789, 589 S.E.2d 458, 462 (2003). “The second prong . . . underscores the

importance we place upon securing the best interests of children whose interests, in the final

analysis, must be protected by the courts.” Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606, 611-12, 303 S.E.2d 917,

921 (1983).

       After hearing evidence, the trial court dismissed “the motions to amend custody and

visitation,” finding “there was no evidence of any substantial change in circumstances or, if there

were, there was no evidence that it would be in the child’s best interests to amend the order as to

either custody or visitation.” In fact, the “only evidence that Switzer offered was that his wife,

Terri, was willing to assist him on any custodial or expanded visitation arrangement which the

Court might approve.” However, because Terri filed for custody in October 2007, in File No.

CJ0700046, which motion was dismissed at trial and on appeal, the trial court found her

willingness to assist did not constitute a change in circumstances. Moreover, the subsequent



                                                - 11 -
incidents between Switzer, Terri, and Terri’s children failed to show that a change in custody

would be in the child’s best interests.

        Furthermore, Switzer did not deny he sent inappropriate correspondence to the child,

including “discovery interrogatories” on July 4, 2009, while the case was pending in the trial

court. Finally, the trial court noted that, at the time of the August 2010 hearing, Switzer “has not

seen the Child for two and a half years,” and “his failure to do so [wa]s a result of his

intransigent unwillingness to acknowledge that the Custody and Visitation order is a lawful one

and that he must comply with its provisions.” The trial court noted that Switzer “has assiduously

declined to address the substantive factual issues in the case,” and he has offered no evidence

that he has received services or skills enabling him to better parent the child. Rather than

presenting evidence of a positive change in circumstances, Switzer continues to challenge the

final custody order entered on March 7, 2000 and “argues that he has an unqualified right to

custody of the Child.”

        “With respect to visitation,” the trial court found that “all the considerations applicable to

the issue of custody apply. Moreover, Switzer’s evidence showed that, over the past decade, he

has done nearly nothing to comply with his obligation to identify a person or entity to supervise

visitation.”

        The trial court conducted two hearings on June 21, 2010, and August 10, 2010, at which

appellant had the opportunity to present “current evidence” regarding his motions to amend

custody and visitation. After doing so, the trial court denied the motions. The record fails to

show the trial court improperly limited appellant’s evidence in seeking a change in custody and

visitation, and the evidence supports the trial court’s rulings. Accordingly, the trial court did not

err or abuse its discretion.




                                                - 12 -
               K. The Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by implying
               that the amount of time that appellant’s son has lived with the
               Smiths is a bar to appellant’s regaining custody of him.

       Switzer’s four-sentence argument on this assignment of error concludes with the

following: “In this case, there were no expert opinions stating that my son would be harmed by a

change in custody.” Switzer cited “the attached opinion letter page 14-1” to indicate trial error.

Page 14 of the opinion letter contains a summary of eight numbered procedural issues argued

and ruled on at the August 10, 2010 hearing. Issue number 1 on page 14 is entitled “Parental

Rights are protected by the Constitution.” The trial court explained that, “[a]lthough the

presumption favoring a parent over a non-parent is strong, it is rebutted when certain factors,

such as parental unfitness, are established by clear and convincing evidence. Bailes v. Sours,

231 Va. 96, 100 (1986). In this case, the Court has found Switzer to be unfit. See Switzer v.

Switzer, 2001 Va. App. LEXIS 45[4].”

       Nothing cited by Switzer shows that the trial court relied on the length of time that the

child has lived with the Smiths to bar his “regaining Custody.” Moreover, our review of the

court’s opinion letter fails to show the trial court ruled in such a manner. Accordingly, we deny

this assignment of error. Furthermore, despite his allegation there was no expert testimony

regarding his son, Switzer failed to assign error to the lack of expert opinions. Therefore, we do

not address that argument. See Rule 5A:18.

               L. The Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by requiring that
               Switzer pay a counselor to have visitation unless Switzer can
               afford the fee.

       Appellant states that the requirement that he pay to have someone present during

visitation “is entirely unreasonable given [his] financial status.”

       In his “Motion to Amend and for Pendente Lite Visitation,” filed on June 14, 2010,

Switzer argued for visitation with his son “by phone, mail, internet, computer and in person”


                                                - 13 -
while he is with Switzer’s parents. He further claimed that visitation is a “residual parent right,”

and visitation with his child while the child is with Switzer’s parents denied him the benefit of

the “parent-child relationship presumption.” Switzer argued that the Smiths and his ex-wife have

“effectively terminated [his rights] without due process and there [sic] only justification is there

[sic] own personal biases.” He concluded by arguing, “[t]here is no opinion by a qualified

professional and no opinion of a court giving justification to these actions.”

       Although the custody and visitation order required Switzer to obtain a person or entity to

supervise his visitation, nothing in the order requires he pay for such services. 5 The trial court’s

opinion letter does not reference any arguments by Switzer regarding his financial inability to

obtain a responsible person or entity to supervise visitation pursuant to the custody and visitation

order, nor has Switzer established he cannot obtain a supervisor without paying for the service or

how much such a service might cost or whether entities would provide the service for indigent

parents. 6 Absent any argument referenced in the record pertaining to his inability to afford a

supervisor for visitation, we are precluded from addressing it for the first time on appeal. See

Rule 5A:18.

               M. The Trial Court erred by permitting appellant’s parents
               visitation to replace appellant’s visitation.

       Switzer concedes he did not “question [his] parents in court in this proceeding, [but] [he]

believe[s] the Smiths and the Trial Court’s actions when I requested a custody and visitation




       5
         In its opinion letter, the trial court explained that the order required that Switzer
“‘submit in writing for approval to [counsel for the Smiths] the name of a qualified person
willing to supervise and train him during visitations,’ and that their approval of that person was
not to be unreasonably withheld.”
       6
          At the hearing on August 10, 2010, Switzer “testified he has made other efforts to
identify a visitation supervisor, without success.” However, he failed to argue that he could not
obtain the service because he was indigent.
                                                - 14 -
evaluation reveal how they prefer to promote my child’s relationship to others at the expense of

my relationship with my son and the primacy of the parent-child relationship in general.”

        Switzer claims his son has “better things to do than be forced against his will to visit with

[his paternal grandparents],” and he suggests “this is something that should be evaluated in a

current evaluation and a factor the Trial Court should consider in removing my child from the

Smiths home to live with me.” However, he concedes “[t]here is no Show Cause in the record

filed in regards to [his] parent’s visitation.”

        In its opinion letter, the trial court addressed Switzer’s “Motion to Suspend Grandparent

Visitation” filed in the trial court on July 16, 2010, in File No. CJ1000054. The court denied the

motion, ruling “[t]his was not a matter on appeal, and any such motion would have to be initiated

in the Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court.”

        By order dated May 29, 2010, the trial court remanded all further matters concerning

custody and visitation of the child to the juvenile and domestic relations district court. Because

Switzer failed to file the initial motion in the juvenile court, there was nothing to appeal in the

trial court. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying the motion on that basis.

                III. The Trial Court did not have jurisdiction to impose the
                sanctions on the appellant that it imposed.

                A. The Trial Court did not have jurisdiction to sanction the
                Appellant and the evidence in the Record does not support the
                need for sanctions.

        After ruling on all the issues in its opinion letter, the trial court held that it intended to

sanction Switzer by “imposing limits on his ability to continue to pursue this case on matters that

have been decided against him.” The trial court found that Switzer

                has abused the judicial system by asserting meritless claims, he has
                caused this Court to spend valuable and limited resources
                entertaining his frivolous litigation, he has harassed the other
                parties in the case simply by causing them to participate, and he
                has caused them needless expense and anxiety on matters which

                                                  - 15 -
                 have been addressed and resolved by this Court, the Court of
                 Appeals, and the Virginia Supreme Court.

The trial court said it would include the sanctions in the three orders entered following the 2010

hearings and ruled as follows:

                 The Court orders will put Switzer on notice that, prior to his
                 (a) filing pleadings in this Court concerning the issues of custody
                 and visitation with [the child] or (b) appealing such issues to this
                 Court from orders entered in the J&D Court, it will be necessary
                 for him to obtain permission from the Court for the purpose.

       Switzer argues that the holding by the Supreme Court in Switzer v. Switzer, 273 Va. 326,

641 S.E.2d 80 (2007), “forbids any action by an inferior court that could have the potential of

barring the Appellant from exercising his right of Appeal.” He also contends the trial court

“does not have jurisdiction to keep [him] from noting an appeal and requesting a new trial in

Circuit Court.”

       Code § 8.01-271.1 confers on courts the authority to impose sanctions and provides in

relevant part:

                          The signature of an attorney or party constitutes a
                 certificate by him that (i) he has read the pleading, motion, or other
                 paper, (ii) to the best of his knowledge, information and belief,
                 formed after reasonable inquiry, it is well grounded in fact and is
                 warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the
                 extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, and (iii) it is
                 not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to
                 cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of
                 litigation. . . .

                                   *     *    *     *      *   *   *

                          If a pleading, motion, or other paper is signed or made in
                 violation of this rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own
                 initiative, shall impose upon the person who signed the paper or
                 made the motion, a represented party, or both, an appropriate
                 sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or
                 parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of
                 the filing of the pleading, motion, or other paper or making of the
                 motion, including a reasonable attorney’s fee.

(Emphasis added).
                                                  - 16 -
        In enacting Code § 8.01-271.1, the legislature granted trial courts jurisdiction to impose

appropriate sanctions. Accordingly, Switzer’s jurisdictional argument is without merit.

        “[A] court’s imposition of a sanction will not be reversed on appeal unless the court

abused its discretion in 1) its decision to sanction the litigant, or 2) in the court’s choice of the

particular sanction imposed.” Switzer, 273 Va. at 331, 641 S.E.2d at 83; see also Williams &

Connolly, LLP v. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 273 Va. 498, 509, 643 S.E.2d

136, 140 (2007) (holding that trial court’s imposition of sanctions under Code § 8.01-271.1 is

subject to abuse of discretion standard).

        In its 2007 opinion, the Virginia Supreme Court addressed this Court’s dismissal of an

appeal as a sanction for Switzer’s “fail[ure] to pay a monetary sanction in another case.”

Switzer, 273 Va. at 333, 641 S.E.2d at 84. In that decision,

                the Supreme Court did not hold this Court lacked authority to
                dismiss the appeal, but, rather, held dismissal under those
                circumstances “was an unduly severe sanction and was not
                narrowly tailored to correct the problem presented.” Id. As a
                standard, the Court ruled “the imposition of a particular sanction
                must be sufficient to deter [the offending] practices,” id. at 331,
                641 S.E.2d at 83, and the imposition of the sanction requires the
                exercise of judicial discretion. Id.

Moscona v. Shenhar, 50 Va. App. 238, 253, 649 S.E.2d 191, 198 (2007), aff’d, 276 Va. 611, 667

S.E.2d 555 (2008).

        Thus, the Court held that this Court abused its discretion in imposing the “ultimate

sanction” of dismissal. Switzer, 273 Va. at 334, 641 S.E.2d at 84. However, the Court discussed

alternative, “less restrictive” sanctions when a court faces “the problem of frivolous litigation,”

such as a “‘leave of court’ requirement, in which litigants are required to obtain permission from

the court before filing other cases or appeals.” Id. at 332, 641 S.E.2d at 83.

                Such “leave of court” requirements have been widely approved on
                appellate review because they do not automatically preclude a
                litigant from filing any type of appeal but merely subject the
                                                 - 17 -
                appeal to pre-filing scrutiny to ensure that the appeal is not
                frivolous or filed for the purpose of harassing the opposing party or
                the court.

Id. at 333, 641 S.E.2d at 84 (citing, inter alia, In re Burnley, 988 F.2d 1, 3-4 (4th Cir. 1992)).

        Although the legislature listed possible monetary sanctions that may be ordered, that list

is not exclusive to “an appropriate sanction.”

        Based upon the Supreme Court’s approval and imprimatur to the less restrictive sanction

of prefiling requirements, see id., and the trial court’s detailed analysis of Switzer’s history of

filing motions, pleadings, documents, and praecipes for over a decade, most of which were either

frivolous or attempts to harass the parties and the court, and Switzer’s continuous attempts to

relitigate final judgments that are res judicata, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

imposing a prefiling review requirement pursuant to Code § 8.01-271.1.

        Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. Rule 5A:27.


                                                                                             Affirmed.




                                                 - 18 -
