J-A33044-14


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: L.M.A., A MINOR                    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                             PENNSYLVANIA


APPEAL OF: M.W., FATHER

                            Appellant                      No. 1767 EDA 2014


                    Appeal from the Decree of May 16, 2014
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
                  Family Court at No.: CP-51-AP-0000326-2011


BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., WECHT, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY WECHT, J.:                               FILED DECEMBER 31, 2014

       M.W. (“Father”) appeals the May 16, 2014 decree that involuntarily

terminated his parental rights to his son, L.M.A. (“Child”).             After careful

review, we affirm.

       The record supports the following summary of the factual and

procedural     history.     L.A.    (“Mother”)   and    Father   began   a   romantic

relationship. Father was married at that time. Child was born in July 2010.

Mother also had a then-four-year-old child with another man.

       While pregnant with Child, Mother contacted Adoptions from the Heart

(“AFTH”), a child placement agency.            Mother told the adoption counselor,

Michaelina Bendig, that the father of her child was a musician that she had

met in New Orleans and that Mother did not know his name or have his

____________________________________________


*
       Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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contact information.    Prior to Child’s birth, Mother went to two counseling

sessions and selected an adoptive family.

      When Child was born, Mother notified AFTH and Mother transferred

custody to AFTH. Child was then placed with an adoptive family. Mother,

however, did not sign the consent forms for the adoption, and after six days,

Child was returned to Mother’s custody.

      While Child was in Mother’s custody, Father spent some time with

Child. Mother continued to contact AFTH to discuss adoption.      Ms. Bendig

also discussed parenting techniques with Mother. Ms. Bendig was concerned

about adoption because Child was getting older and Ms. Bendig was

concerned about the impact on Mother’s other child if Child were removed

from the home. However, Mother selected S.P. and A.H. (“Adoptive Family”)

to adopt Child. On May 24, 2011, Mother signed a consent to adopt. Mother

also signed an affidavit stating that she was unaware of the identity of

Child’s birth father.    On May 25, 2011, Adoptive Family took physical

custody of Child.      On July 26, 2011, they filed a petition for adoption.

During the period in which Mother could revoke her consent, she did not do

so.   However, after that time ended, Mother attempted to revoke her

consent.

      In August 2011, Father contacted AFTH’s counsel and alleged that he

was Child’s biological father.     Counsel instructed Father to arrange a

paternity test. In the meantime, Ms. Bendig attempted to contact Mother to

inquire about Father’s claim. Mother did not return Ms. Bendig’s telephone

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call.   On September 19, 2011, Father contacted AFTH regional supervisor,

Jeanne MaGee, to inquire about the paternity test. Father did not ask any

questions about Child.        The paternity test proved that Father was Child’s

biological father.

        On September 13, 2011, AFTH filed a petition to confirm Mother’s

consent, a petition to involuntarily terminate Father’s parental rights, and a

petition to involuntarily terminate the unknown father’s parental rights.

Later, AFTH filed a petition to involuntarily terminate Mother’s parental

rights. The trial court held hearings on the petitions on June 6, 2012, June

13, 2012, and February 13, 2013.               On May 16, 2014,1 the court issued

decrees terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental rights pursuant to 23

Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1) and (b).          On June 16, 2014, Father timely filed a

notice of appeal and a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).2

        Father raises two issues for our review:

        Whether the Hearing Court erred in terminating the parental
        rights of [Father] where [AFTH] failed to establish by clear and
        convincing evidence that, under the circumstances of this case
____________________________________________


1
      The record does not indicate the cause of the delay between the initial
hearings and the court filing its decree. However, Mother and Father
changed counsel between the June 13, 2012 and the February 13, 2013
hearings. Additionally, it appears that Mother’s counsel did not file a
proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law until February 24, 2014.
2
     Mother also filed a notice of appeal. That appeal was docketed at
1782 EDA 2014 and is disposed of in a separate memorandum.



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      and during the relevant time period, he either made a deliberate
      decision to terminate the parent-child relationship or refused or
      failed to perform his parental duties?

      Whether the Hearing Court erred in terminating the parental
      rights of [Father] where [AFTH] failed to establish, under the
      circumstance of the case, it best served the developmental,
      physical and semotional needs and welfare of [Child]?

Father’s Brief at 5.

      Our scope and standard of review are as follows:

      In an appeal from an order terminating parental rights, our
      scope of review is comprehensive: we consider all the evidence
      presented as well as the trial court’s factual findings and legal
      conclusions. However, our standard of review is narrow: we will
      reverse the trial court’s order only if we conclude that the trial
      court abused its discretion, made an error of law, or lacked
      competent evidence to support its findings. The trial judge’s
      decision is entitled to the same deference as a jury verdict.

In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted).

      Further, we have stated:

      Where the hearing court’s findings are supported by competent
      evidence of record, we must affirm the hearing court even
      though the record could support an opposite result.

      We are bound by the findings of the trial court which have
      adequate support in the record so long as the findings do not
      evidence capricious disregard for competent and credible
      evidence. The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of
      the evidence presented, and is likewise free to make all
      credibility determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence.
      Though we are not bound by the trial court’s inferences and
      deductions, we may reject its conclusions only if they involve
      errors of law or are clearly unreasonable in light of the trial
      court’s sustainable findings.

In re M.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations omitted).



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     Father’s parental rights were terminated pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 2511(a)(1) and (b), which state:

     (a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child
     may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
     grounds:

        (1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at
        least six months immediately preceding the filing of the
        petition either has evidenced a settled purpose of
        relinquishing parental claim to a child or has refused or
        failed to perform parental duties.

                                  *    *    *

      (b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights
     of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
     developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the
     child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on
     the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing,
     furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be
     beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition
     filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not
     consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
     described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the
     giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511.

     When terminating parental rights pursuant to subsection (a)(1), the

court must consider the following:

     To satisfy the requirements of section 2511(a)(1), the moving
     party must produce clear and convincing evidence of conduct,
     sustained for at least the six months prior to the filing of the
     termination petition, which reveals a settled intent to relinquish
     parental claim to a child or a refusal or failure to perform
     parental duties. In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 510
     (Pa. Super. 2006). In addition,

        Section 2511 does not require that the parent demonstrate
        both a settled purpose of relinquishing parental claim to a


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        child and refusal or failure to perform parental duties.
        Accordingly, parental rights may be terminated pursuant to
        Section 2511(a)(1) if the parent either demonstrates a
        settled purpose of relinquishing parental claim to a child or
        fails to perform parental duties.

     In re Adoption of Charles E.D.M., 708 A.2d 88, 91 (Pa.
     1998).

        Once the evidence establishes a failure to perform parental
        duties or a settled purpose of relinquishing parental rights,
        the court must engage in three lines of inquiry: (1) the
        parent’s explanation for his or her conduct; (2) the post-
        abandonment contact between parent and child; and (3)
        consideration of the effect of termination of parental rights
        on the child pursuant to Section 2511(b).

     Id. at 92 (citation omitted).

In re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d 726, 730 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations modified).

     Parental duties have been defined as follows:

     In In re Burns, 379 A.2d 535 (Pa. 1977), the Supreme Court
     stated:

        There is no simple or easy definition of parental duties.
        Parental duty is best understood in relation to the needs of
        a child. A child needs love, protection, guidance, and
        support. These needs, physical and emotional, cannot be
        met by a merely passive interest in the development of the
        child. Thus, this court has held that the parental obligation
        is a positive duty which requires affirmative performance.

        This affirmative duty encompasses more than a financial
        obligation; it requires continuing interest in the child and a
        genuine effort to maintain communication and association
        with the child.

        Because a child needs more than a benefactor, parental
        duty requires that a parent exert himself to take and
        maintain a place of importance in the child’s life.

     Id. 379 A.2d at 540 (citations omitted).



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      A parent is required to exert a sincere and genuine effort to
      maintain a parent-child relationship; the parent must use all
      available resources to preserve the parental relationship and
      must exercise “reasonable firmness” in resisting obstacles placed
      in the path of maintaining the parent-child relationship. In re
      Shives, 525 A.2d 801, 803 (Pa. Super. 1987). This court has
      repeatedly recognized that “parental rights are not preserved ...
      by waiting for a more suitable or convenient time to perform
      one's parental responsibilities while others provide the child with
      his or her immediate physical and emotional needs.” In re
      Adoption of Godzak, 719 A.2d 365, 368 (Pa. Super. 1998)
      (citation omitted).

In re C.M.S., 832 A.2d 457, 462 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations modified;

some quotation marks omitted).

      Father argues that the evidence was not sufficient to prove that he

intended to relinquish his parental rights or that he refused to perform

parental duties. Father asserts that he provided financial support and had

regular contact with Child, although there were extended periods without

face-to-face   contact   with   Child.      Father   also   maintained   that   he

communicated with Mother often.          Father alleges that Mother’s refusal to

inform him that Child had been placed for adoption was the cause of his

delayed contact with AFTH. Father says that he intended to provide a home

for himself, Mother, and the two children. Father’s Brief at 17-21.

      Ms. McGee testified that, when he called to set up the DNA test, Father

did not ask about Child’s well-being or request to see or visit Child. N.T.,

6/6/2012, at 20-21. Father did not contact Ms. McGee after he received the

results of the paternity test. Id. at 34-35. Robert Tanenbaum, Ph.D., the

psychologist who conducted the bonding evaluation, noted that, in his review


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of Father’s deposition, Father intended to return Child to Mother if Father

obtained custody, and Dr. Tanenbaum opined that Father did not intend to

be an active parent to Child. N.T., 6/13/2012, at 47.

       Mother testified that Father was not present at the birth and he did not

call to ask about the delivery or about Child. N.T., 6/13/2012, at 205-06.

Mother also said that she did not trust that Father would be available to

parent Child.     Id. at 209.      Mother confirmed that, at her deposition, she

stated that Father would be gone for long periods of time.          Id. at 212.

Mother also testified that Father would visit once or twice a week, but there

were gaps where he did not see Child. Id. at 214-15. Mother said that after

Child left her home, Father called asking about Child and Mother told him

that Child was with her family. N.T., 2/13/2013, at 30. Mother did not tell

Father that Child was placed with Adoptive Family until Labor Day 2011. Id.

at 35, 95.

       Father testified that he provided financial support to Child and Mother.

Id. at 104. However, because the support was in cash, Father produced no

documents evidencing payments to Mother. Id. at 158-59.3 Father planned

to live with Mother and Child at some later point, but did not specify when.

Id. at 105. Father testified that he saw Child every week. With regard to

the three months between Mother placing Child and informing Father that

____________________________________________


3
     Father did produce a copy of one check made out to cash that had
Mother’s and Child’s names in the memo line. Id. at 159.



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Child had been placed, Father testified that Mother explained Child’s absence

by saying that Child was with Mother’s family. Id. at 108. Father contacted

AFTH after Mother told him about the adoption and he contacted an

attorney. Id. at 113-15. Father expected the attorney to request visitation

with Child, but the attorney did not do so. Id. at 115. Father testified that,

if Child was returned to him, Father’s twenty-year-old daughter would

provide childcare when Father was working. Id. at 117. However, Father

confirmed that during his deposition, he stated that he wanted Child to

return to Mother’s care and he would continue visiting and supporting Child

financially. Id. at 140-41. Father testified that he only had Child on his own

and without Mother one or two times when he took Child to a park. Id. at

119.   At all other times, Father was only with Child in Mother’s presence.

Id. at 120.   Father admitted that he never asked Mother when Child was

born and did not know his birthdate at the time of the deposition.     Id. at

154. At the deposition, Father was unaware what Child ate or what Child’s

favorite toy was and Father had never purchased a toy for Child.       Id. at

156-57.

       Because the petition to terminate Father’s parental rights was filed on

September 13, 2011, the six-month window extends back to March 2011

when Child was still in Mother’s custody.     The trial court engaged in the

proper inquiry, and determined that Father failed to perform parental duties.

Then the court looked at Father’s explanation for that failure, his post-

abandonment contact, and Child’s best interests. Ultimately, the trial court

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questioned Father’s credibility. The trial court determined that Father could

not have been as involved with Child as he claimed to be because Father

admitted that he would go several weeks without seeing Child, the testimony

about Father’s involvement was contradictory, and because Father was

evasive.   Trial Court Opinion (“T.C.O.”), 7/18/2014, at 4-5.    Based upon

these conclusions, the trial court found that Father did not perform any

parental duties during the six months preceding the petition. Id. at 9. The

court also found that Father did not take any steps to overcome any

obstacles that were presented by Child’s placement for adoption. Father did

not request visitation or custody of Child and did not enquire about Child’s

well-being outside of the court proceedings. Id.

     Based upon the record, AFTH demonstrated by clear and convincing

evidence that Father had no more than a passive interest in Child and that

he provided financial support to Mother. The record also supports the trial

court conclusions regarding Father’s credibility.     It is hard to reconcile

Father’s testimony that he saw Child multiple times per week, but then did

not question Mother’s claims that Child was with her family when Father had

not seen Child for three months.    Further, Father made no effort in those

three months to find Child, nor did he exert an effort to overcome obstacles

once Father learned of the adoption. He waited several weeks to schedule

the paternity test and did not make an active effort in the courts to obtain

information about or visitation with Child.        Father did not evidence a

“continuing interest in the child,” make “a genuine effort to maintain

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communication and association with the child,” or “exert himself to take and

maintain a place of importance in the child’s life.” C.M.S., supra. Therefore,

the trial court did not err in finding AFTH met its burden in proving

subsection (a)(1).

      Father next claims that the trial court erred in finding that termination

best served Child’s interests, pursuant to section 2511(b). In reviewing the

evidence in support of termination under section 2511(b), our Supreme

Court recently stated:

      [I]f the grounds for termination under subsection (a) are met, a
      court “shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
      physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” 23
      Pa.C.S. § 2511(b). The emotional needs and welfare of the child
      have been properly interpreted to include “[i]ntangibles such as
      love, comfort, security, and stability.” In re K.M., 53 A.3d 781,
      791 (Pa. Super. 2012). In In re E.M., [620 A.2d 481, 485 (Pa.
      1993)], this Court held that the determination of the child’s
      “needs and welfare” requires consideration of the emotional
      bonds between the parent and child. The “utmost attention”
      should be paid to discerning the effect on the child of
      permanently severing the parental bond. In re K.M., 53 A.3d at
      791.

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013). However, this Court has held

that the trial court is not required to order a formal bonding evaluation by an

expert.    In re K.K.R.-S., 958 A.2d 529, 533 (Pa. Super. 2008).

Additionally, “[t]he mere existence of an emotional bond does not preclude

the termination of parental rights.”    In re A.D., 93 A.3d 888, 897 (Pa.

Super. 2014).    Instead, the court must determine whether severing that

bond would be detrimental to the child.      Id. at 898.   Additionally, where


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there was been little to no contact between a child and a parent, the trial

court can conclude that there is no bond. In re Adoption of K.J., 936 A.2d

1128, 1135 (Pa. Super. 2007).

     Father argues that the evidence presented was insufficient. Namely,

Father complains that AFTH only provided evidence of the bond that exists

between Child and Adoptive Family and the psychologist did not interview or

speak with Mother or Father. Father contends that there was no evaluation

of his bond with Child and, therefore, no evidence about the effect of

severing that bond on Child. Father’s Brief at 23-24.

     Dr. Tanenbaum testified that Child was affectionate, engaged, and

well-adjusted. N.T., 6/13/2012, at 37-40. Dr. Tanenbaum concluded from

his observations that Adoptive Family and Child shared a strong, secure, and

healthy bond. Id. at 41. Dr. Tanenbaum opined that removing Child from

Adoptive Family’s care would be disruptive to Child’s development.    Id. at

45, 51.   From his review of Father’s deposition, Dr. Tanenbaum did not

believe that Father was engaged with Child and that Father did not intend to

play an active role in Child’s life. Id. at 47. Dr. Tanenbaum admitted that

he did not directly assess Father.   Id. at 50.   Dr. Tanenbaum also opined

that Father did not have an emotional connection with Child. Id. at 62.

     The trial court found that Child was bonded with Adoptive Family and

separating Child from Adoptive Family would be harmful to Child. T.C.O. at

10. The trial court also found that Father had not served as Child’s parent.

Id. at 11. The trial court found Dr. Tanenbaum to be credible. Id. at 10.

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      There was no evidence that Father had a bond with Child or that Child

would be negatively affected by terminating Father’s parental rights. Child

bonded    with   Adoptive   Family,   who      provided   for   Child’s   emotional,

developmental, and physical needs. Based upon the record as a whole, we

cannot conclude that the trial court erred in finding that adoption was in

Child’s best interest.

      Decree affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 12/31/2014




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