                                                           [PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                          FILED
                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                     ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                         MAR 24 2000
                                                      THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                           CLERK
                            No. 98-5290

                   D. C. Docket No. 96-174CV-KMM


STUART J. MCGREGOR
                                                       Receiver-Appellee.

_______________________________________________________
UNITED STATES FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION,

                                                       Plaintiff-Appellee,
     versus

TERI CHIERICO, MICHAEL CHIERICO,
et al.,

                                                   Defendants-Appellants,

WILLIAM BETHELL, et al.,

                                                             Defendants.

__________________________________________________________________
                           No. 99-13250

                  D.C. Docket No. 96-01754-CV-KMM

UNITED STATES FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION,

                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

     versus

TERI CHIERICO, MICHAEL CHIERICO,

                                                Defendants-Appellants,

AMERICAN BUSINESS SUPPLIES, et al.,

                                                Defendants.
__________________________________________________________________


                           No. 99-13868

                  D.C. Docket No. 96-01754-CV-KMM

UNITED STATES FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION,

                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

     versus

MICHAEL CHIERICO, AMERICAN BUSINESS SUPPLIES,
INC., et al.,

                                                Defendants-Appellants,

CREATIVE BUSINESS CONSULTANTS, INC.,


                                 2
                                                             Defendant.



                   Appeals from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida

                                 (March 24, 2000)


Before COX and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judge.

DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

      This case arises from the district court’s entry of three consecutive civil

contempt orders against all or some of the defendants. Originally, the district court

held all of the defendants in contempt for violating the terms of a Stipulated Final

Judgment which resolved an underlying civil complaint brought by the Federal Trade

Commission (“FTC”) for violations of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 41 et seq. The

subsequent two contempt findings resulted from the two non-corporate defendants’

failure to comply with the previous contempt order(s). The defendants challenge all

three contempt orders, as well as the assessment of damages for consumer redress. For

the reasons discussed below, we affirm in part and vacate and remand in part.



                                I. BACKGROUND




                                         3
      On June 26, 1996, the FTC initiated an action against Michael Chierico,

American Business Supplies, Inc., Interstate Office Systems, Inc., and Nationwide

Office Products, Inc. (“the defendants”). The FTC complaint alleged that these

defendants engaged in a variety of deceptive acts and practices in connection with

their nationwide telemarketing of photocopier toner and other office supplies, in

violation of both Section 5 of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45, and the Telemarketing and

Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act, 15 U.S.C. § 6101 et seq.

      On June 28, 1996, the district court granted the FTC’s request for an “Ex Parte

Temporary Restraining Order with Asset Freeze, Appointment of Receiver, and Other

Equitable Relief” (“TRO”). (R1-20). On the same day the defendants received notice

of the TRO, Michael Chierico’s wife, Teri Chierico, who was not a named defendant

at the time, attempted to withdraw $500,000 from an account held jointly with her

husband. This attempted withdrawal violated the asset freeze. As a result, the FTC

named Teri Chierico as a defendant in its amended complaint.

      On November 13, 1996, the district court entered a Stipulated Final Judgment

(“Final Judgment”) which resolved the underlying FTC action. Michael Chierico

signed the Final Judgment on his own behalf and on behalf of the corporate

defendants, and Teri Chierico signed the Final Judgment on her own behalf. The Final

Judgment prohibited the defendants, including Teri Chierico, from, inter alia, making


                                         4
misrepresentations designed to trick prospective customers into accepting shipment

of, or paying for, office products; from using misrepresentations, threats, or coercion

to complete sales; and from shipping and billing for unordered merchandise.

Moreover, the Final Judgment ordered the payment of $1 million to redress consumers

injured by the fraud. In addition, the Final Judgment required the defendants to obtain

a performance bond from a surety company before engaging in future telemarketing.

      In January 1997, Michael Chierico and the corporate defendants paid the first

bond installment and resumed telemarketing sales. On June 23, 1998, pursuant to a

sealed motion by the FTC, the district court entered an Emergency Show Cause Order

upon finding good cause to believe the defendants had violated and were likely to

further violate the Final Judgment. The Emergency Order froze all of the defendants’

assets and appointed a receiver to manage, wind down, and liquidate the corporate

defendants.

      On June 24, 1998, the defendants received service of the Emergency Order. The

district court commenced a three-day evidentiary hearing the next day (“First

Contempt Hearing”). At the conclusion of the hearing, the court entered its First

Contempt Order which found that all of the defendants had violated the Final

Judgment and held them in contempt. In order to “to coerce compliance with the

Stipulated Final Judgment and to compensate for injuries resulting from defendants’


                                          5
contumacious conduct,” the district court (1) directed forfeiture of the $400,000 bond,

(2) conveyed to the FTC all right, title, and interest in all of the defendants’ assets

previously frozen by the court’s Emergency Order, and (3) directed Michael and Teri

Chierico (“the Chiericos”) to provide the FTC with a certified check in the amount of

$2 million to be funded, if necessary, by all realizable equity in the couple’s residence.

(R4-120). The court’s basis for taking substantially all of the Chiericos’ property and

assets was its finding that the fraudulent telemarketing practices had caused “at least”

$7.2 million in consumer injury. The $7.2 million figure represents the corporate

defendants’ gross receipts from December 18, 1996, to June 23, 1998. Finally, the

order enjoined all of the defendants from telemarketing in the future.

      In an effort to comply with the First Contempt Order, the Chiericos attempted

to raise the $2 million by listing their home for sale and applying through a mortgage

lender/broker to refinance their home. Despite these efforts, the Chiericos failed to

make the required $2 million payment by July 31, 1998.

      On August 5, 1998, the FTC filed another Emergency Show Cause Motion.

After conducting an evidentiary hearing, the district court concluded that the

Chiericos’ failed efforts to sell or refinance their home did not excuse their

noncompliance with the First Contempt Order. Therefore, the district court held the

Chiericos in contempt (“Second Contempt Order”) for their failure to “make all


                                            6
reasonable efforts” to comply with Section II.B.3 of the First Contempt Order, which

required payment of $2 million to the FTC.

      To ensure payment of the $2 million, the Second Contempt Order required the

Chiericos to (1) prepare loan applications for a second mortgage and supply those to

the receiver by August 19, 1998, (2) obtain a firm commitment for a loan to be

secured by the realizable equity in their home by September 11, 1998, and (3) close

a loan secured by their home by September 25, 1998. The court’s order provided that,

if the Chiericos failed to complete any of the above steps, they would be required to

transfer marketable title to their home to the FTC. If they failed to transfer title, the

order provided that the Chiericos would be “arrested and taken into custody and

incarcerated until such time as they can demonstrate that they have complied with

[the] order.” (R5-169-3).

      On August 21, 1998, the Chiericos filed timely notices of appeal, challenging

the district court’s First and Second Contempt Orders. Both the district court and this

court denied the Chiericos’ Motion to Stay the orders pending appeal.

      Pursuant to the Second Contempt Order, the Chiericos provided the receiver

with an acceptable loan application, but the receiver failed to secure a loan. Therefore,

the order directed the Chiericos to convey title to their home to the FTC. On June 25,

1999, the FTC filed a third Show Cause Motion, and the district court conducted an


                                           7
evidentiary hearing on that motion. Despite the receiver’s inability to procure a loan

against the Chiericos’ home, the district court rejected the Chiericos’ argument that

it was impossible to comply with the Second Contempt Order and concluded that the

Chiericos’ only means of compliance was to deed their home to the FTC or go to jail.

Because signing the deed would have mooted the underlying appeals from the First

and Second Contempt Orders, upon advice of counsel, the Chiericos refused to sign

the deed.

      After the hearing, the district court entered a written order finding the Chiericos

in contempt for the third time (“Third Contempt Order”) for failing “to close on a loan

against the realized equity in the [home] and [failing] to transfer marketable title in the

[home] to the Receiver.” (2nd Supp. R3-242-2). Accordingly, the district court

ordered that “Michael and Teri Chierico shall be committed to the custody of the

United States Marshal . . . until such time as they purge themselves of contempt by

transferring marketable title . . . to the Receiver.” (2nd Supp. R3-242-2).

      Two days after the district court issued its Third Contempt Order, the Chiericos

filed timely notices of appeal, as well as an Emergency Motion for Stay Pending

Appeal in this court. A panel of this court1 construed the Emergency Motion for Stay

as a Motion for Release Pending Appeal and granted it, thereby releasing the


      1
       McGregor v. Chierico, Nos. 98-5290 & 99-13250 (11th Cir. filed Sept. 3, 1999).

                                             8
Chiericos from incarceration. This court consolidated the appeal from the Third

Contempt Order with the initial appeal from the First and Second Contempt Orders.



      In the present appeal, the defendants challenge the district court’s finding that

they violated the Final Judgment. They also challenge the district court’s finding that

their contumacious conduct caused over $7.2 million in “actual damage” to

consumers. Accordingly, the Chiericos challenge the district court’s order that they

forfeit substantially all of their assets to the FTC in order to fund the payment of

consumer redress. In addition, the Chiericos assert that the district court’s Second and

Third Contempt Orders relating to their failure to liquidate the equity in their home

should be vacated because the orders violate Florida’s constitutional homestead

exemption.



                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      This court reviews the grant or denial of a motion for civil contempt under the

abuse of discretion standard. See Jordan v. Wilson, 851 F.2d 1290, 1292 (11th Cir.

1988) (per curiam). Upon appellate review, a civil contempt order may be upheld only

if the proof of the defendant’s contempt is clear and convincing. See id. “This clear

and convincing proof must also demonstrate that 1) the allegedly violated order was


                                           9
valid and lawful; 2) the order was clear, definite and unambiguous; and 3) the alleged

violator had the ability to comply with the order.” Id. at 1292 n.2.



                                    III . DISCUSSION

A. Teri Chierico

       Teri Chierico argues that the district court abused its discretion by finding that

she violated the Final Judgment. She alleges that, in evaluating the FTC’s charges, the

district court simply lumped together all of the defendants without considering the

weight of the evidence as it applied to each individual and corporate defendant. She

also argues that the FTC did not offer clear and convincing evidence that she, in

particular, engaged in telemarketing activities and by this omission, failed to prove

that she violated the Final Judgment.2 Consequently, Teri Chierico asserts that we

should vacate the district court’s contempt order.

       As a preliminary matter, we recognize that, with limited exceptions, active

participation in telemarketing following the entry of the Final Judgment is a

prerequisite to the district court’s finding that the defendants violated the Final

Judgment. Close analysis of the evidence reveals that Teri Chierico did not actively

       2
         On appeal, the FTC does not argue against the merits of Teri Chierico’s challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence presented against her at the First Contempt Hearing. Rather, the FTC
contends that Teri Chierico has waived her right to appeal because of default. We reject this
argument.

                                               10
participate in the telemarketing business. She did not serve as an officer, shareholder,

director, or employee of any of the defendant corporations. In fact, aside from her

marriage to Michael Chierico, Teri Chierico’s only relation to the telemarketing

business derives from her status as a shareholder and employee of the non-defendant

corporation, Chierico Enterprises, Inc. Chierico Enterprises owns the building which

housed Michael Chierico’s businesses. Teri Chierico served as a secretary and

property manager and collected rent payments from the defendant corporations on

behalf of Chierico Enterprises. Although Chierico Enterprises undeniably took money

from the defendant corporations, there is no allegation that Chierico Enterprises

engaged in any wrongdoing. Consequently, Teri Chierico’s relationship with Chierico

Enterprises should not impact upon the contempt charges levied against her.3

       Despite the lack of any business relationship between Teri Chierico and her

husband’s telemarketing businesses, the FTC insists that Teri Chierico was “part and

parcel of this operation.” (1st Supp. R2- 363). In conflict with this assertion, the FTC

acknowledges that it presented minimal evidence at the First Contempt Hearing

relating to Teri Chierico. The FTC only produced evidence that she occasionally

visited her husband’s telemarketing office with their children and “that’s it.” “That’s

       3
         Teri Chierico’s relationship with Chierico Enterprises is relevant to the FTC’s allegation
that she became an officer of the corporation and according to the Final Judgment, was required to
report this fact to the FTC as it constitutes a change in her employment status. See Section III.A.3
infra.

                                                11
the only thing she does in this operation.” (1st Supp. R2- 363). None of the facts

presented by the FTC provide clear and convincing evidence that Teri Chierico

engaged in telemarketing activities and, by doing so, violated the terms of the Final

Judgment. (1st Supp. R2-363). In our view, the FTC included Teri Chierico in these

contempt proceedings, not because she poses a threat to the innocent public, but

because, as Michael Chierico’s wife, she received some money from her husband’s

businesses. This fact alone is not sufficient to support a finding of contempt. After a

careful analysis of each basis for the contempt finding, we conclude that the district

court erred in finding Teri Chierico in contempt for violating the Final Judgment.



1. The Bond Requirement

       Teri Chierico asserts that she never directly engaged in the telemarketing

business after the entry of the Final Judgment and, thus, was not required to satisfy the

bond requirement. The Final Judgment prohibited the defendants from engaging in

telemarketing without first obtaining a performance bond.4 The bond, executed in

favor of both the FTC and the defendants’ telemarketing customers, ensured the

availability of reparations to customers harmed by the defendants’ telemarketing



       4
        Initially a $100,000 bond was required, with a provision raising it to $200,000 after six
months, and then $400,000 after 18 months.

                                               12
practices. The bond requirement applied only to those defendants who participated in

telemarketing after the Final Judgment. Thus, although other defendants decided to

re-enter the telemarketing business, a defendant who did not re-enter the telemarketing

business after the entry of the Final Judgment was not bound to fulfill the bond

requirement.

      In its original Show Cause Motion, the FTC alleged that Teri Chierico played

a substantial role in her husband’s post-Final Judgment telemarketing activities, yet

the FTC failed to produce any evidence during the First Contempt Hearing to support

this allegation. As a result, we conclude that Teri Chierico was never responsible for

posting any of the bonds described in the Final Judgment because the bond

requirements apply only to those defendants who engaged in telemarketing. Thus, the

district court erred in finding that Teri Chierico violated the bond requirements.



2. Prohibited Telemarketing Activities and Maintenance of Business Records

      The district court’s First Contempt Order finds that the “defendants’ acts and

practices in connection with the sale of toner violates the following injunctive

provisions of the Final Order: Section I.A, subsections 1-6, Section I.B, subsections

1-4, Section I.B, and Section I.E.” (R4-120-2). All of these sections prohibit certain

business activities in relation to telemarketing, such as misrepresentation and violation


                                           13
of the FTC’s Telemarketing Sales Rule, 16 C.F.R. Part 310. In addition, the district

court found that Teri Chierico violated Sections VII.B and D of the Final Judgment

which require that the defendant maintain certain business records “in connection with

the advertising, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any goods by means of

telemarketing.” (R4-100-20). Given that the FTC presented no evidence that Teri

Chierico participated in any way in telemarketing, there is no basis for the district

court’s finding that she violated these sections of the Final Judgment. Therefore, we

conclude that the district court erred in finding that Teri Chierico violated the above

cited provisions of the Final Judgment.



3. Change in Employment Status

      Section VI.A of the Final Judgment creates affirmative obligations that apply

independent of any resumed telemarketing activity. Section VI.A required Teri

Chierico to report to the FTC any change in her employment status. The FTC did not

present any evidence at the First Contempt Hearing as to a change in Teri Chierico’s

employment status, rather it first raised the charge (inappropriately) during closing

argument. (1st Supp. R2-365). Even if we accept the FTC’s allegation, the burden

rests on the complaining party, here the FTC, to show by clear and convincing

evidence that the alleged contemnor acted in violation of the court’s order. See


                                          14
Jordan, 851 F.2d at 1292. Thus, the district court’s finding is unsupported by the

evidence and, as such, constitutes an abuse of discretion.



4. Consumer Redress

       In civil contempt proceedings, a party guilty of contempt may be required to

compensate those injured by its contempt.5 See In re DuPont De Nemours & Co.

(Benlate Litigation), 99 F.3d 363, 368 (11th Cir. 1996). The district court predicated

its assessment of redress for consumer injury against Teri Chierico upon a finding that

she engaged in fraudulent telemarketing after signing the Final Judgment. (R4-120-2).

Teri Chierico appeals this portion of the order on the basis that she never engaged in

telemarketing activity and, accordingly, could not have caused any consumer injury.

       With no evidence to support its allegation that Teri Chierico engaged in

telemarketing activity, the FTC argues alternatively that, “in any event,” Teri Chierico

should be held liable for the payment of consumer redress because she is a “conduit

. . . a sort of fallback position for Michael Chierico” whereby he can protect his ill-


       5
           District courts are afforded wide discretion in fashioning an equitable remedy for civil
contempt. See United States v. City of Miami, 195 F.3d 1292, 1298 (11th Cir. 1999). The sanctions
may serve to either (1) coerce the contemnor to comply with a court order, or (2) compensate a party
for losses suffered as a result of the contemnor’s act. See id; see also United States v. United Mine
Workers of America, 330 U.S. 258, 304 (1947) (“Where compensation is intended, a fine is imposed
. . . . Such fine must of course be based upon evidence of complainant's actual loss, and his right,
as a civil litigant, to the compensatory fine is dependent upon the outcome of the basic
controversy.”) (footnote omitted).

                                                 15
begotten assets. (1st Supp. R2-361). Pursuant to this reasoning, the FTC requested that

the district court order the forfeiture of “all of the assets in this case – boat, bank

accounts, everything,” regardless of whether they belong to Michael Chierico or Teri

Chierico. While this argument certainly deepens the pocket from which the FTC can

collect, it ignores the fact that a court cannot use its contempt power to acquire assets

owned by innocent individuals. Fundamental fairness requires that Teri Chierico not

be held liable for consumer redress when she did not participate in any acts which

caused harm to consumers.

      That said, we must now determine what effect Teri Chierico’s innocence will

have upon the validity of the district court’s order that the Chiericos forfeit jointly

held property, in particular, their family home. The district court’s order mandates that

the defendants supply to the FTC a certified check for $2 million “to be used for

payment of consumer redress.” (R4-120-4). The order indicated that the funds for the

check “shall be supplied through the conversion of any realizable equity in the

defendants’ home . . . .” (R4-120-4). The family home referenced in the First

Contempt Order is owned by Michael and Teri Chierico as tenants by the entirety.

      This court has already determined that severance of a tenancy by the entirety

for the purpose of taking the property owned by a guilty spouse, works a partial taking

of the innocent spouse’s property. See United States v. One Single Family Residence,


                                           16
894 F.2d 1511, 1515 (11th Cir. 1990). The partial taking results from the fact that “[a]

tenant by the entireties holds an indivisible right to own and occupy the entire

property.” Havoco of Am., Ltd. v. Hill, 197 F.3d 1135, 1139 (11th Cir. 1999) (internal

quotations omitted). To convert that right to own and occupy into a tenancy in

common would effect an unlawful taking. See One Single Family Residence, 894 F.2d

at 1516.

      Although One Single Family Residence is a forfeiture case, and Havoco of

America, Ltd. is a bankruptcy case, the reasoning of those cases may be readily

extended to the civil contempt context. See 197 F.3d at 1139; 894 F.2d at 1512. As

tenants by the entireties, this court cannot extract Michael Chierico’s rights in the

family home without affecting Teri Chierico’s rights. Because the district court erred

in holding Teri Chierico in contempt, it would be unjust to force her to relinquish any

innocently held property rights. Thus, in effect, protection of Teri Chierico’s interest

in the family home renders Michael Chierico’s interest in the home unreachable by the

court’s contempt power.

      In conclusion, we must vacate the portion of the district court’s First Contempt

Order which requires the conversion of Teri Chierico’s realizable equity in the family

home for the provision of consumer redress. Vacating this aspect of the First




                                          17
Contempt Order necessarily impacts upon the Second and Third Contempt Orders,6

which hold both Michael and Teri Chierico in contempt for their failure to comply

with this limited element of the First Contempt Order. Accordingly, the Second and

Third Contempt Orders must be vacated as well.7



B. Michael Chierico

       Michael Chierico8 presents all of the same issues on appeal as Teri Chierico, but

in contrast to the case against his wife, we conclude that the FTC presented ample

evidence at the First Contempt hearing of Michael Chierico’s misconduct in

connection with his telemarketing. Consequently, Michael Chierico’s appeal from the

district court’s finding that he violated the Final Judgment is without merit.9


       6
         The government argues that we lack jurisdiction to review the Third Contempt Order on the
theory that the order is non-final and therefore, any appeal at this point constitutes an impermissible
interlocutory appeal. The Third Contempt Order is the direct result of the Chiericos’ failure to
comply with the Second Contempt Order. Our decision to vacate the Second Contempt Order moots
the sole ground relied upon by the district court to hold the Chiericos in contempt for a third time.
Thus, the Third Contempt order is essentially unenforceable. Accordingly, we vacate the Third
Contempt Order without reaching the jurisdictional question.
       7
         Because the tenancy by the entirety effectively protects Michael Chierico’s interest in the
family home, we need not determine the difficult issue of whether the district court properly used
its contempt power to override the homestead exception in Florida’s Constitution.
       8
        The three corporate defendants join Michael Chierico in his appeal from the First Contempt
Order. After thorough consideration, we deem their arguments uncompelling.
       9
        Michael Chierico also appeals from Section III of the First Contempt Order which
permanently enjoins him from “engaging or participating, whether directly or indirectly,” in any
capacity, in telemarketing as defined by the Final Judgment and from engaging in the sale of office

                                                  18
Nonetheless, Michael Chierico’s appeal from the district court’s assessment of the

amount of consumer redress deserves some discussion.

       The district court ordered forfeiture of substantially all of Michael Chierico’s

assets to fund payment of consumer compensation pursuant to the court’s finding that

the defendants’ contumacious conduct resulted in at least $7,282,404 in consumer

injuries. Michael Chierico appeals the damages award as excessive. The district

court’s ability to order payment of consumer redress is limited to actual damages. See

City of Miami, 195 F.3d at 1298 (“[A] court’s civil contempt power is measured solely

by the requirements of full remedial relief.”)(internal quotations omitted).

       “An award of damages in a civil contempt proceeding requires proof of both the

fact of injury to the aggrieved party and the amount of damages the aggrieved party

has suffered.” Graves v. Kemsco Group, Inc., 864 F.2d 754, 756 (Fed. Cir. 1988). The

standard of proof for the amount of damages, once contempt has been established by

clear and convincing evidence, is unclear. At least three other circuits have held that

the injury need only be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. See In re General

Motors Corp., 110 F.3d 1003, 1018 (4th Cir.1997); Reliance Ins. Co. v. Mast Constr.


supplies via direct mail. (R4-120-4). Contrary to Michael Chierico’s contention, the permanent ban
was not a contempt sanction, but a modification of Section II of the Final Judgment. Section II’s
bond requirement and injunctive provisions were intended to ensure Michael Chierico’s compliance
with the law and protect consumers from further injury. In light of Michael Chierico’s continued
fraudulent practices after the entry of the Final Judgment, the district court did not abuse its
discretion in modifying Section II of the Final Judgment.

                                               19
Co., 159 F.3d 1311, 1318 (10th Cir. 1998); Graves, 864 F.2d at 755 (applying Seventh

Circuit law); but see Gregory v. Depte, 896 F.2d 31, 40 (3d.Cir.1990) (Becker, J.,

concurring and dissenting) (“civil contempt awards . . . must be vacated if they appear

to us excessive, or unsupported by clear and convincing evidence”). We agree with

the Fourth Circuit that, “[s]ince [the court] has already found by clear and convincing

evidence that harm has occurred, the damages issue should be treated no differently

than any other run-of-the-mill civil action.” In re General Motors Corp., 110 F.3d at

1018. Thus, in a civil contempt action, we hold that damages must be proven by a

preponderance of the evidence.

       At the First Contempt Hearing, the FTC bore the burden of proving the amount

of consumer injury by a preponderance of the evidence. Following the FTC’s

recommendation, the district court valued the amount of damages according to the

gross sales generated by the defendant companies during the relevant 18-month

period.10 Michael Chierico contends that gross sales is not the appropriate measure of

damages because not all of his customers were misled and because his customers

received some benefit from the toner.


       10
           Although the First Contempt Order assessed $7.2 million in damages, in actuality, the court
limited actual recovery to roughly $3 million. The discrepancy between the $7.2 million assessed
in damages and the order of forfeiture of approximately $3 million in assets results from the fact that
the district court could not have (logically) ordered the Chiericos to pay the full $7.2 million because
they clearly did not have sufficient assets to make such a payment.

                                                  20
1. Extent of the Misrepresentation

      Michael Chierico asserts that the district court's award of consumer redress in

the amount of gross sales was inappropriate because the FTC did not prove actual

reliance on false and misleading statements for each of his customers. He argues

instead that the court should limit its assessment of consumer redress to those losses

specifically proven by the FTC.

      The inherent equitable powers of the federal courts authorize the district court

to order payment of consumer redress for injury caused by Michael Chierico’s

contumacious conduct. See Granfinanciera v. Nordberg, 872 F.2d 397, 400-01 (11th

Cir. 1989). In the underlying action, the sanctions imposed by the district court would

have been authorized by Section 13(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15

U.S.C. § 53(b), which provides a remedy, specifically in the form of injunctive relief,

for consumers harmed by “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting

commerce.” 15 U.S.C. § 45 (a)(1). Federal courts have used their inherent equitable

power to justify the use of non-injunctive equitable sanctions as permissible remedies

under section 13(b). See FTC v. Security Rare Coin & Bullion Corp., 931 F.2d 1312,

1314 (8th Cir. 1991) (“Where Congress allows resort to equity for the enforcement

of a statute, all the inherent equitable powers of the district court are available for the


                                            21
proper and complete exercise of the court’s equitable jurisdiction, unless the statute

explicitly . . . limits the scope of that jurisdiction.”); accord FTC v. Gem

Merchandising Corp., 87 F.3d 466, 470 (11th Cir. 1996) (holding that “section 13(b)

permits a district court to order a defendant to disgorge illegally obtained funds”). The

analysis which applies to consumer remedies issued under section 13(b) is instructive

in the case before us because the remedy for Michael Chierico’s contemptuous

conduct is closely akin to the remedy for the statutory violation which lies at the heart

of this action.

       Liability under the FTC Act is predicated upon certain misrepresentations or

misleading statements, coupled with action taken in reliance upon those statements.

Proof of individual reliance by each purchasing customer is not a prerequisite to the

provision of equitable relief needed to redress fraud. See FTC v. Figgie Int’l, Inc., 994

F.2d 595, 605 (9th Cir. 1993). “A presumption of actual reliance arises once the [FTC]

has proved that the defendant made material misrepresentations, that they were widely

disseminated, and that consumers purchased the defendant’s product.” Id. at 605-06;

see also Security Rare Coin, 931 F.2d at 1316.




                                           22
       The FTC presented evidence that Michael Chierico’s businesses routinely used

deceptive calling scripts to induce the purchase of toner.11 In most cases, the

telemarketer made credible and persuasive misrepresentations concerning the

existence of a preexisting relationship between Michael Chierico’s businesses and the

purchasing company. The evidence provided by the FTC creates a presumption that

the fraudulent statements of Michael Chierico’s telemarketers induced customers to

accept and pay for unordered toner. Given this presumption, the FTC need not prove

subjective reliance by each customer, as “[i]t would be virtually impossible for the

FTC to offer such proof, and to require it would thwart and frustrate the public

purposes of FTC action.” Security Rare Coin, 931 F.2d at 1316. Because it is clear

from the record that Michael Chierico failed to successfully rebut the presumption of

fraud raised by the FTC’s evidence, all that is left for us to review is the district

court’s valuation of the losses sustained by Michael Chierico’s customers.



2. Amount of Refund Needed to Redress Injury


       11
          The modus operandi of Michael Chierico’s telemarketers was to call businesses, and using
pretense, learn the name of an employee authorized to make toner purchases, as well as the make
and model of the businesses’ copiers. The telemarketers would then make a second call to each
business and, using the information gained during the first call, trick whoever answered the
telephone into believing that the business had already ordered toner. Thus, the second call sounded
like a confirmation of an already placed order when, in actuality, no such order had been placed.
Supporting this pattern, the FTC offered evidence that 95% of the customers who complained said
that they had not ordered the toner they received.

                                                23
       Michael Chierico challenges the district court’s $7.2 million valuation of the

damages caused by his fraudulent telemarketing. He argues that the FTC’s evidence

supports, at best, several thousand dollars in damages. Michael Chierico bases this

argument on the existence of a full refund policy, coupled with the FTC’s failure to

show that the complaining businesses did not receive toner, or did not use the toner

they received. We review the district court’s assessment of contempt sanctions for an

abuse of discretion. See Jove Eng’g, Inc. v. Internal Revenue Serv., 92 F.3d 1539,

1559 (11th Cir. 1996).

        “[T]here can be no ‘equity’ in a compensatory award except as it provides a

fair equivalent for some loss.” Gregory, 896 F.2d at 35 (quoting National Drying

Mach. Co. v. Ackoff, 245 F.2d 192, 195 (3d Cir. 1957)). While it may be true that the

defrauded businesses received a useful product, and though less likely, they may have

even received the product at a competitive price,12 the central issue here is whether the

seller’s misrepresentations tainted the customer’s purchasing decisions. See Figgie,

994 F.2d at 606. We agree with the Ninth Circuit in Figgie that in cases like this,

“[t]he fraud in the selling, not the value of the thing sold, is what entitles consumers

       12
          To support the claim that his prices were fair, Michael Chierico points to the fact that an
overwhelming majority of the products sold were sold at prices which had been incorporated into
the Final Judgment. He also argues that the existence of his company’s “beat price” policy, whereby
it would sell its product at a lower price than any of its customers claimed could be obtained from
a different vendor, supports a finding that consumer injuries were limited to only a few specific
cases.

                                                 24
in this case to full refunds . . . for each [product] that is not useful to them.” Id.13

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s assessment of damages in the amount of

gross sales.



                                     IV. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we vacate the First Contempt Order as

it pertains to Teri Chierico. In all other respects, we affirm the First Contempt Order.

We vacate the Second and Third Contempt Orders entered against the Chiericos and

remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

AFFIRMED in part, VACATED in part, and REMANDED.




       13
         All of the consumer witnesses presented by the FTC testified that they normally receive
toner without additional charge through their copier service contracts. Thus, the toner sold by
Michael Chierico afforded no benefit to these customers. Michael Chierico failed to offer any
evidence to rebut the presumption that the vast majority of his customers had no need for the toner
they received.

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