                                   COURT OF APPEALS
                                EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                     EL PASO, TEXAS

                                                 §
  THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                            No. 08-16-00273-CR
                                                 §
                  Appellant,                                         Appeal from
                                                 §
  v.                                                              83rd District Court
                                                 §
  JULIAN ANDREW LUNA,                                          of Pecos County, Texas
                                                 §
                  Appellee.                                     (TC # P-3208-83-CR)
                                                 §

                                   DISSENTING OPINION

       The majority holds that deputies’ threats to charge Luna’s family were not coercive on the

basis that deputies were making truthful statements and providing an “accurate representation” of

the situation Luna faced at the time he was questioned during his second interview. More

specifically, the majority holds that statements made by Luna himself would have given a

reasonably prudent police officer probable cause to believe that Luna’s wife and other family

members were subject to lawful arrest for a charge of murder as parties to the offense. Unlike the

majority, I would conclude that the State failed to meet its burden of proving that probable cause

existed to lawfully charge family members at the time deputies made their threats to do so. On

review of Luna’s statement, I would find that the evidence supports the findings of fact and

conclusions of law made by the trial court. Luna describes himself as having been tackled to the
ground unexpectedly, and while he struggled underneath Ruben Salazar, his family members tried

helping him with their hands. Luna repeatedly denied that he or any of his family members had a

knife or otherwise committed a stabbing. Deputies told Luna they did not believe him and

threatened to charge his family members. On appeal, the State candidly asserts in briefing that

“[o]nly when the Defendant confessed to stabbing Salazar did the deputies have enough probable

cause to arrest him.” Given this record, I fail to see how Luna’s denials and descriptive statements

of the incident made before he confessed to stabbing could lead a reasonably prudent officer to

charge his family members, as parties, to the same offense for which they lacked probable cause

to charge Luna. Like the trial court, I would conclude that the State failed to meet its burden to

prove the voluntariness of the recorded statement Luna provided to deputies at the Fort Stockton

station. Respectfully, I dissent.

                              Factual and Procedural Background

       Deputies investigating the stabbing of Ruben Salazar faced a complex legal and factual

scenario, hours after being called in to investigate. Viewing the record in favor of the trial court’s

decision, it shows that Luna had called 911 reporting he had been “jumped” as he and his family

members were hanging out together, after two a.m., outside his home. During questioning, Luna

described he was on the ground struggling underneath Ruben Salazar when he felt his family

members trying to help him with their hands. Luna denied he had committed a stabbing or seeing

anyone else with a knife, but deputies told him they did not believe him. .

       Luna’s motion to suppress asserted he felt threatened by deputies that his wife, her sister,

and her cousin, would all be charged as parties to the crime of murder—and his children would be

removed from him—unless he changed his story from denying that he stabbed Ruben Salazar to

admitting that he did so. Luna asserted that the method of questioning used by the deputies was

calculated to produce an untruthful confession and was offensive to his rights to due process. Luna
                                                  2
brought his motion pursuant to Article 38.21 and Article 38.22, Section 6, of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure.

       After the hearing concluded, the trial court found that Luna denied he stabbed Ruben

Salazar when questioned by Deputies Galvan, Perkins and Evans, at the Pecos County Sheriff’s

Office in Fort Stockton; that Luna had a seventh-grade education and did not understand his

constitutional rights regarding giving a statement; that deputies Galvan and Perkins repeatedly told

Luna that they did not believe him; and, that deputies Galvan and Perkins threatened to arrest

Luna’s wife, her sister and her cousin, and to take his children away unless he confessed to stabbing

Ruben Salazar Additionally, the trial court included both a finding of fact and a conclusion of law

that addressed the question of whether the deputies had established probable cause to believe that

Luna’s wife, her sister or her cousin were involved in the stabbing or death of Ruben Salazar. The

trial court concluded that these deputies lacked probable cause to believe that Luna’s family were

involved in the stabbing or death of Ruben Salazar. Ultimately, the court found the statement was

not made voluntarily due to constitutional violations.

       On appeal, the State plainly admits that probable cause had not yet arisen to charge Luna

at the time that deputies were questioning him. On this basis, the State asserts that Luna was not

in custody when questioned at the Fort Stockton station. Despite lacking probable cause to charge

Luna, the State asserts there was probable cause to charge his family members not as principal

actors but as parties to Luna’s conduct. Thus, the State asserts that deputies were giving accurate

information to Luna given their claim that he had incriminated his wife and family members with

his description of events at his house.

                                          Controlling Law

       Article 38.21 provides that statements may only be used against a defendant if “freely and

voluntary made without compulsion or persuasion . . . .” TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. § 38.21.
                                                 3
As a corollary, Article 38.22, Section 6, provides, “[i]n all cases where a question is raised as to

the voluntariness of a statement of an accused, the court must make an independent finding in the

absence of the jury as to whether the statement was made under voluntary conditions.” TEX.CODE

CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 38.22 § 6. The introductory phrase “in all cases,” has been construed by the

Texas Court of Criminal Appeals as applying to both custodial and non-custodial statements of an

accused. State v. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d 720, 727 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). Because Article 38.22,

Section 6, applies regardless of custodial status, the fact that Luna was not in custody when

questioned does not defeat his claim of involuntariness. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d at 727.

       The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[n]o person . . . shall

be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. CONST. amend. V. The

privilege against self-incrimination is made applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause

of the Fourteenth Amendment. Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 6 (1964)(the admissibility of a

confession is tested the same in a state prosecution as in federal cases); U.S. CONST. amend. XIV.

Under a parallel provision, the Texas Constitution similarly states: “[i]n all criminal prosecutions

the accused . . . shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself.” TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10.

       The constitutional inquiry questions not whether the conduct of state officers in obtaining

a confession was shocking, but whether the confession was free and voluntary—that is, it must not

be “extracted by any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises,

however slight, nor by the exertion of any improper influence.” Malloy, 378 U.S. at 7, 84 S.Ct. at

1493 (citing Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532, 542-43 (1897)). “[A] confession obtained by

police through the use of threats is violative of due process and that ‘the question in each case is

whether the defendant’s will was overborne at the time he confessed.’” Haynes v. State of Wash.,

373 U.S. 503, 513 (1963)(citing Lynumn v. Illinois, 372 U.S. 528, 534 (1963)). Regardless of the



                                                 4
form, allegations of coercive police conduct must be causally related to the confession to constitute

a violation of due process. Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 211 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995)(citing

Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 164 (1986)). The ultimate test of voluntariness questions

whether a confession is the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker.

Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 225-226 (1973). “If [a defendant] has willed to confess,

it may be used against him. If it is not, if his will has been overborne and his capacity for self-

determination critically impaired, the use of his confession offends due process.” Id. (quoting

Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, 602 (1961)).

       In Contreras v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals recognized that two United States

Supreme Court cases, Lynumn v. Illinois, 372 U.S. 528, 534 (1963), and Harris v. State of South

Carolina, 338 U.S. 68, 69-71 (1949), ruled that threats against family members could result in an

involuntary confession. Contreras v. State, 312 S.W.3d 566, 577 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). Lynumn

found involuntary a confession of a mother who had been threatened by police officers that her

children would be taken away from her unless she admitted her involvement in selling marijuana.

Lynumn, 372 U.S. at 534. Similarly, in Harris, the Supreme Court reversed a conviction based on

a confession after a sheriff investigating a murder threatened to arrest the accused’s mother and

charge her with handling stolen property. Harris, 338 U.S. at 69-71. In certain circumstances,

threats to charge family members, or to remove children, are recognized forms of police coercion

that can result in a confession being rendered involuntary. Lynumn, 372 U.S. at 534; Harris, 338

U.S. at 69-71; Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d at 732-33.

       Not all threats made during an interrogation, however, are prohibited as officers are

permitted to make truthful statements. Contreras noted that various federal and state courts have

further held that “law enforcement officials can threaten to arrest a family member, without



                                                 5
vitiating the voluntariness of a confession, if they can lawfully effectuate such an arrest (i.e., if

there is probable cause to arrest).” Contreras, 312 S.W.3d at 577 (collecting cases from various

jurisdictions). Post Contreras, at least one of our sister courts reached the merits of a probable

cause inquiry and concluded that threats by law enforcement to arrest a defendant’s family member

did not render a confession involuntary where it was adequately shown that there was probable

cause to carry out the threat of arrest under the circumstances. See, e.g., Diaz v. State, No. 13-14-

00675-CR, 2017 WL 4987665, at *5 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi Nov. 2, 2017, pet. ref’d)(not

designated for publication)(where police had probable cause to believe that defendant’s parents

were responsible for hindering the defendant’s apprehension, defendant’s confession was not

rendered involuntary where the police advised the defendant of the possibility that his parents

could be arrested); cf. United States v. Nuckols, 606 F.2d 566, 569 (5th Cir. 1979)(federal

prosecutors threats to prosecute defendant’s wife must be grounded in good faith upon probable

cause). Where officers can lawfully effectuate an arrest based on probable cause against a

threatened family member, the State meets its burden of showing that a confession’s voluntariness

has not been vitiated by coercive questioning. See Diaz, 2017 WL 4987665, at *5.

                                             Analysis

                      1. Defendant’s Burden to Show Lack of Voluntariness

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, as required on

appeal, I would conclude that the court’s finding of a threat to charge Luna’s family, as well as

threatening to remove his children from him and his wife, coupled with findings on characteristics

pertaining to his vulnerability—his low educational achievement and lack of understanding of his

rights—all are reasonably supported by the record, and themselves support a conclusion that Luna

had raised a question of the voluntariness of his statement. See Lynumn, 372 U.S. at 534; Harris,

338 U.S. at 69-71; Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d at 732-33; Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 544 fn. 7.

                                                 6
Deputy Galvan stated to Luna, “Let me tell you how this is – how this is going to go down.” Posing

a contingency, Galvan described that if the handle came back as having Luna’s DNA and blood,

in that case not only was Luna there but so were his family members and they could all be charged

with murder as parties to the offense. Luna immediately questioned, “But how—how are—how

are they going to go down for murder when there’s –like you’re taking the drunk people’s as, you

know. . . .” Interrupting, Deputy Galvan replied, “Because you got in a fight with him; you stabbed

him—.” Luna replied, “We’re telling them to leave from my house, telling them ten times,

multiple times, multiple times. And for him to get out with a baseball bat? Don’t you think I’m

lucky for not getting killed? I didn’t even do nothing. We’re scuffling. Why would he get a

baseball bat?” Later, Deputy Galvan accused Luna and his family of stabbing Ruben stating, “one

of four people stabbed that man and killed him, you, your wife, her sister or her cousin.” Again,

Luna clarified they only used their hands to help him after he was being attacked.

       The record shows that Luna exhibited characteristics showing he could be susceptible to

being coerced. Although twenty-six years old at the time, Luna described that he had dropped out

of school in the seventh-grade, he barely knew how to read, and he was not able to write well.

Luna testified he had never been in a situation like he was in during his interview with the officers.

He described he was very scared, but he felt he could not walk out of the interview. Instead, he

changed his story. Luna testified he was scared by the threats against his family and he confessed

to stabbing Ruben Salazar. The surrounding circumstances showed that three police officers were

questioning him, he had described himself as having a minimal educational record, and he had no

reason not to believe that police had ample power to carry out any threats they would make

regarding his family members. In Schneckloth, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized that lack of

education is a factor considered under the totality of circumstances when assessing voluntariness



                                                  7
of a confession. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 2047, 36 L. Ed.

2d 854 (1973)(citing Payne v. Arkansas, 356 U.S. 560, 567, 78 (1958)).

         Contrary to the State’s argument, I would conclude that these threats were made close

enough in time during the interview to be causally related to the issue of voluntariness.1 See

generally Contreras v. State, 312 S.W.3d 566, 574 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010)(a statement is obtained

in violation of constitutional due process only if the statement is causally related to coercive

government misconduct)(citing Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 163-64 (1986); Oursbourn,

259 S.W.3d at 169-71. On review, I would conclude that the record supports the court’s finding

that Luna met his initial burden to show lack of voluntariness. Thus, the burden of proof then

shifted to the State to prove the deputies could lawfully effectuate an arrest of Luna’s family

members at the time they threatened to do so. See Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d at 727 (citing Guzman v.

State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997); Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 544 fn. 7

(Tex.Crim.App. 1990).

             2. State’s burden to Show Probable Cause to Charge Family Members

         On appeal, the State argues that deputies’ statements to Luna were not overreaching or

coercive, but instead, amounted to an accurate representation of Luna’s predicament. More

specifically, the State argues that deputies formed probable cause against Luna’s three family

members because of the law of parties. .




1
  The State contends that Luna’s confession came several minutes after the deputies made their threats to arrest Luna’s
family members, and that his confession came shortly after Luna and the deputies began discussing the possibility that
he had acted in self-defense. Although the threats may have been made several minutes before Luna confessed, this
does not foreclose the possibility that the threats had an impact on Luna’s decision to confess. In fact, shortly after he
confessed. Luna complained that the detectives had been threatening to arrest his family earlier in the interview.
Further, during the suppression hearing, Luna expressly testified that he generally felt “threatened” during the police
interviews in part due to the deputies’ threats to arrest his family members and to take away his children, and that the
threats had an “impact” on his decision to change his “story” during the interview.

                                                            8
       To effectuate an arrest, an officer must have probable cause to believe the person he is

arresting has committed or is committing an offense. See Amores v. State, 816 S.W.2d 407, 411

(Tex.Crim.App. 1991). Probable cause exists when “the facts and circumstances within the

officer’s knowledge and of which (he) had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to

warrant a prudent man in believing that the (arrested) person had committed or was committing an

offense.” See Nelson v. State, 848 S.W.2d 126, 133 (Tex.Crim.App.1992)(citation omitted); see

also Torres v. State, 868 S.W.2d 798, 801 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993); Rodgers v. State, 500 S.W.3d

682, 684 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.); Drake v. State, No. 08-99-00063-CR, 2001 WL

893282, at *3 (Tex.App.—El Paso Aug. 8, 2001, pet. ref’d)(not designated for publication).

       The test for determining probable cause is an objective one, unrelated to the subjective

beliefs of the arresting officer. See Hearrean v. State, No. 08-13-00338-CR, 2016 WL 3021627,

at *3 (Tex.App.—El Paso May 25, 2016, pet. ref’d)(not designated for publication)(citing Amador

v. State, 275 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009)); see also Torres, 868 S.W.2d at 801. A

finding of probable cause is based on probabilities and requires “more than bare suspicion” but

“less than . . . would justify . . . conviction.” Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d at 87; see also Amador,

275 S.W.3d at 878. Probable cause is a mixed question of law and fact. Guzman, 955 S.W.2d. at

87. When determining probable cause under the totality of the circumstances test, the trial judge

is not in an appreciably better position than the reviewing court to make that determination. Id.

Although great weight should be given to the inferences drawn by the trial judge and law

enforcement officers, the determination of probable cause itself is reviewed de novo unless the

issue involves the credibility of a witness. Id.

        The doctrine of the law of parties is set forth in section 7.02 of the Texas Penal Code,

which provides that an individual may be found criminally responsible for an offense committed



                                                   9
by another if, while acting with the “intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he

solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense.” See

TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2); see also TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.01 (a person is a

criminally responsible party to an offense “if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by

the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.”); Romero v. State, No.

08-10-00074-CR, 2012 WL 3834917, at *4 (Tex.App.—El Paso Sept. 5, 2012, pet. ref’d)(not

designated for publication)(discussing law of parties’ doctrine). Notably, with this theory of

criminal responsibility, courts recognize that mere presence at the scene of a crime, without more,

is insufficient to warrant a conviction. Gross v. State, 380 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012).

       To determine whether an individual is a party to an offense, the reviewing court may look

to “events before, during, and after the commission of the offense,” and may rely on circumstantial

evidence to prove a party’s status.      Id. (citing Wygal v. State, 555 S.W.2d 465, 468-69

(Tex.Crim.App. 1977)); Ransom v. State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 302 (Tex.Crim.App.1996)); see also

Romero, 2012 WL 3834917, at *4. “Collectively, a defendant’s acts, words, and conduct before,

during, and after the commission of an offense are probative of wrongful conduct and can

constitute sufficient evidence of an understanding and common design to commit the offense.”

See Perez v. State, No. 08-12-00340-CR, 2015 WL 4940375, at *7 (Tex.App.—El Paso Aug. 19,

2015, no pet.)(not designated for publication)(citing Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49

(Tex.Crim.App. 2004)); see also Barrientos v. State, 539 S.W.3d 482, 490 (Tex.App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.)(the evidence must show that, at the time of the offense, the parties were

acting together, each contributing some part towards the execution of their common purpose.”).

       At the hearing, the State presented testimony from Deputy Galvan along with the

recordings of Luna’s two interviews. Focusing first on Galvan’s testimony, he described he had



                                                10
been working on his investigation from the early morning hours of the day through the time he

began interviewing Luna at three in the afternoon. Up to that point, Galvan described that he had

spoken to Luna, his wife, and Albert Salazar. Galvan briefly spoke to Luna and his wife outside

their home before he took photographs of the scene of the incident. Galvan revealed no details nor

described whether anything said by the Luna’s had been noteworthy, suspicious, or incriminating.

Galvan also testified he believed he had interviewed Luna’s wife a second time, but he took no

notes and could not recall what was said during his second conversation. Next, Galvan described

he had participated in a recorded interview of Albert. When asked whether Albert reported that

Luna had stabbed Ruben, Galvan answered generally saying, “[h]e said that they had gotten into a

fight.” With further prompting, however, Galvan added that Luna became his main suspect from

what Albert had reported but he gave no further details. Galvan also said, “everybody at the time

was a suspect.”

       As for threatening charges against Luna’s family, Galvan testified he would be able to do

so because of the law of parties and “because a man had been stabbed and the four of them were

all on top of him.” When asked by the prosecutor if he had been told—just prior to making his

threats—that Luna and the other persons he identified had been attacking, hitting, and swinging at

Ruben Salazar, Galvan responded, “Yes,” without elaboration. On cross-examination, defense

counsel pointedly asked whether Albert mentioned the three other family members—Luna’s wife,

her sister, or, her cousin. Galvan responded, “No,” as to each family member. .

       Focusing next on Luna’s statements, Luna asserted he had been tackled to the ground

outside his home, in front of his family, by Ruben and Albert Salazar. Luna described he was

physically taken to the ground unexpectedly by Ruben. He then felt Albert hitting his head and

kicking his back. After that, Luna said that he heard his wife hitting, and she, her sister, and her



                                                11
cousin, started “rolling on top of everybody.” Luna could feel “my wife and her cousins try to

help me.” Eventually, Luna described he worked to get free once he heard a bat and feared for his

life.

        In full context, Luna describes himself as a victim of an unprovoked attack, late at night,

at his residence. Affording almost complete deference to the trial court’s determination of

historical facts, especially those determinations that are based on assessments of credibility and

demeanor, I would conclude that Luna made no accusations of his family committing a stabbing,

or, alternatively, encouraging, aiding, or cooperating with him to commit one. See Furr v. State,

499 S.W.3d 872, 877 (Tex.Crim.App. 2016). Luna repeatedly said he never saw a knife before or

after he was rolling around after being tackled. Through both interviews, Luna denied he himself

committed a stabbing and essentially described his family members as helping him fend off an

attack with their hands. Nonetheless, deputies told Luna that his family would be charged with

murder, as parties, because they were all there at the time.

        They described to Luna that he would not see his children except for visitation and further

added, “they’re not going to have a momma either.” Luna encouraged deputies to speak to his

family saying, “they were there. They were there running them off with me. They were there in

the middle, you know, when they were jumping me. They were helping me when they were

jumping me. Those people, nobody has heard from them.” Deputies then claimed they had spoken

to others and their stories didn’t match with Luna’s. At one point, Luna was asked, “Oh, so your

wife stabbed him?” He responds, “No, my didn’t stab him, that’s for sure.” Continuing to respond

to this line of questioning, Luna sputters a bit while saying, “I ain’t going to say none of them

stabbed him – None of them stabbed him. None of them stabbed him. I ain’t going to put the

finger on anybody. I’m just –.”



                                                 12
       In context, Luna explained that Ruben and Albert arrived at his home unexpectedly. He

said they were acting drunk and acting weird. He and his wife told them to leave. Deputy Perkins

asked Luna, “what was the beef?” He responded, “There’s no beef. There’s no beef. He’s a good

guy.” Having concerns, Luna and his wife repeatedly asked them to leave. Luna then described

that his wife stated, “You need to leave, Ruben. You need to leave or I’ll cut your face.” Luna

described that he responded to his wife saying, “Babe, move far away.” As Luna continued talking

he described seeing Ruben balling up his fists. Despite his wife’s comment, he repeatedly denies

throughout his statement that he saw his wife or anyone else with a knife before deputies threaten

to bring charges for murder against his family.

       Once Luna confessed to having stabbed Salazar, the conversation between him and the

deputies continued for a short time. Luna expressed his concerns for his family remarking to

Galvan, “you threatened my family, like they’re going to go down. I don’t want them to go down.”

Galvan replied, “Well, I mean what am I supposed to do?” Deputy Perkins interjected, “We

threatened your family, but you said at first there were four people throwing punches.” Luna

responded, “They were – they were jumping me first, and then my friends got -- ” Perkins replied,

“One of your friends might have stabbed him.” Deputy Evans added, “Somebody had to have

done it, just out of the –.” During this interrupted dialogue, none of the deputies articulated more

than mere conjecture against everyone who was then present.

       Given the state of the limited record on review, I would conclude it supports the trial court’s

conclusion that threats to charge Luna’s family and to remove his children, were not supported by

probable cause at the time these remarks were made during deputies’ questioning of Luna. Like

the absence of evidence in Contreras, the record here shows that neither Luna himself nor Albert

Salazar told the deputies that Luna’s wife, her sister, or her cousin, initiated an attack, wielded a



                                                  13
knife, or had in fact stabbed Ruben Salazar, nor acted in coordination with another to accomplish

such offense. See Contreras, 312 S.W.3d at 577 (absence of probable cause against defendant’s

wife). At most, Luna described his wife and others as having helped him with their hands in

defending him against the unprovoked attack of Ruben and Albert. The attack resulted in Luna

being tackled to the ground, then punched and kicked in the head repeatedly. Contrary to the

State’s argument, Luna denied he saw anyone with a knife and repeatedly denied he could

incriminate anyone in the stabbing. Most importantly, the State acknowledges in briefing that not

until after Luna confessed had deputies yet to form probable cause to charge him.

       Considering the totality of the circumstances and required deference to historical facts, I

would conclude that the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that threats to charge Luna’s

family and remove his children, were not supported by probable cause at the time these remarks

were made to Luna during his questioning. Without probable cause having been formed by the

deputies, these statements are coercive in nature as they would not qualify as an accurate

representation of Luna’s predicament at the time they were made by deputies. See Contreras v.

State, 312 S.W.3d 566, 576 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010); Harris v. State of South Carolina, 338 U.S.

68, 70 (1949). Accordingly, I would conclude that the trial court did not err in granting Luna’s

motion to suppress Luna’s statement made at the Fort Stockton station based on lack of

voluntariness.


April 30, 2019
                                     GINA PALAFOX, Justice




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