                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-2443
                         ___________________________

                               Carlos Reynoso Lucas

                             lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

                                           v.

             Loretta E. Lynch, Attorney General of the United States

                            lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                    ____________

                       Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                                   ____________

                             Submitted: May 18, 2016
                                Filed: July 1, 2016
                                  [Unpublished]
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

PER CURIAM.

      Carlos Reynoso Lucas, a native and citizen of Guatemala, entered the United
States illegally in April 2005. In February 2011, he pleaded guilty to an Iowa
misdemeanor and was thereafter charged with removability as an alien present in the
United States without being admitted or paroled. Lucas conceded removability, but
sought relief from removal by filing applications for asylum, withholding of removal,
and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT), claiming that he had
been persecuted in Guatemala on account of his religion and his membership in the
particular social group of “Guatemalan Christians” and that he feared future
persecution if he were to be returned to Guatemala. Following a hearing, the
immigration judge (IJ) denied relief, and the Board of Immigration Appeals (Board)
dismissed Lucas’s appeal. We deny Lucas’s petition for review.

       Lucas testified that he was born in Guatemala on October 22, 1986, and that
his parents, two brothers, and one sister still live in Guatemala. He stated that he and
his family are Christians and belong to the Bridge of Life Church, where Lucas also
sang in the choir. He testified that he left Guatemala after three encounters with
unknown members of the 18th Street criminal gang, a group that Lucas testified
would indiscriminately “hurt[] all of the people” in his small town. Lucas’s first
encounter with the gang occurred while he was walking to church and was
approached by three gang members, who attempted to steal his phone and money,
tried to recruit him, and then beat him and threatened him with a knife when he
resisted. A similar encounter occurred two months later, again while Lucas was
walking to church. During the third encounter, Lucas was approached by eight
money-demanding gang members. Lucas first stated that he was able to run away and
was unharmed, but later stated that a gang member shot him in the foot, leaving a
small scar. Lucas testified that he did not report these events to the police, nor did he
seek medical treatment following any of the three incidents. Lucas could not identify
any of the gang members, and when he was asked why they tried to recruit him, he
replied, “I don’t know. I don’t have any idea why they do want me. I don’t know.”
When asked whether the gang members were “a bunch of criminals who are trying
to steal from people,” Lucas answered, “Yes. That’s their job. That’s their work.”
He further testified that his parents and siblings continue to reside in Guatemala and
that none of them have experienced any problems with any gang members. Lucas
stated that he feared returning to his hometown in Guatemala because the gang
members would “come after [him]” and attempt to kill him and that he could not

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relocate safely in another part of Guatemala because he does not “have any family in
other” locations in that country.

       The IJ denied relief, concluding first that Lucas’s application for asylum was
untimely because it had not been filed within the statutorily prescribed one-year
period following his arrival in the United States. In the alternative, the IJ denied
Lucas’s asylum application on the merits, concluding that Lucas had not
demonstrated that he had suffered past persecution on account of his religion or his
membership in a particular social group of Guatemalan Christians. As to past
persecution, the IJ found that Lucas had not established that the injuries he suffered
rose to the level of persecution, because his testimony demonstrated only that he had
been threatened and harassed “by criminals who had requested his phone or money”
and were acting solely for personal gain. The IJ also concluded that Lucas had failed
to establish that the Guatemalan government was unable or unwilling to control the
gang members, particularly given the fact that Lucas had never reported the gang
members’ attacks to police. The IJ also found that Lucas had failed to establish that
his religion or his membership in the group of Guatemalan Christians was “at least
one central reason” for the harm he suffered. The evidence did not “suggest that any
of the attacks were motivated by [Lucas’s] religion,” but instead established that the
gang members “attack[ed] everyone,” including the “Christians, Catholics,
Evangelists, and non-churchgoers” in Lucas’s community. The IJ thus concluded that
Lucas had failed to establish a nexus between the harm he had suffered in the past and
any statutorily protected ground. The IJ then concluded that Lucas had failed to
establish a well-founded fear of future persecution that was objectively reasonable,
particularly in light of the fact that his family members, all of whom were members
of Lucas’s church, continued to “live unharmed in Guatemala.” Finally, the IJ
concluded that, because Lucas had failed to meet the lower standard of proof required
for asylum, he necessarily failed to meet the more rigorous standard for withholding
of removal. And because the evidence cited in support of his claim for CAT relief
was identical to the evidence cited in support of his claims for asylum and

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withholding of removal, the IJ denied CAT relief without conducting an independent
analysis.

       Lucas appealed to the Board, which denied all forms of relief and dismissed his
appeal, concluding that even if his application for asylum had been timely filed, he
had not established the requisite nexus between a protected ground, namely, his
religion, and the harm he had suffered in the past and feared he would suffer in the
future. The Board also found that even if “Guatemalan Christians” constituted a
cognizable particular social group, Lucas had not established that his membership in
that group was “at least one central reason” that gang members had targeted him for
harm, particularly given his testimony that the gang members targeted everyone in his
community, regardless of religious affiliation, and that his family, who attended the
same church, continued to live in Guatemala unmolested by gang members.

       Lucas’s petition for review challenges only the Board’s denial of his
application for withholding of removal. We review the Board’s decision for
substantial evidence on the record as a whole, an “extremely deferential standard of
review,” and we will not disturb the Board’s findings of fact “unless any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Guled v. Mukasey, 515
F.3d 872, 879 (8th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). We review questions of law de
novo, but give substantial deference to the Board’s reasonable interpretation of the
statutes and regulations that it administers. See Matul-Hernandez v. Holder, 685 F.3d
707, 711-12 (8th Cir. 2012). When the Board adopts the reasoning of the IJ, we
consider the two decisions together. Singh v. Lynch, 803 F.3d 988, 991 (8th Cir.
2015). To establish eligibility for withholding of removal, an alien must show a
“clear probability” that he suffered persecution in the past on account of a statutorily
protected ground. Guled, 515 F.3d at 881. If he is unable to make a showing of past
persecution, he must demonstrate that he has a well-founded fear of future
persecution in the country of removal on account of a statutorily protected ground and



                                          -4-
that his fear is both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. Davila-Mejia
v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 624, 628 (8th Cir. 2008).

      We first note that no reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude
that Lucas had suffered past persecution. Persecution is an “extreme concept” that
involves “the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one’s person or
freedom” on account of a protected ground, Malonga v. Holder, 621 F.3d 757, 764
(8th Cir. 2010), and “does not include low-level intimidation and harassment,” Singh,
803 F.3d at 991 (citation omitted). In addition, to demonstrate “persecution,” an alien
must show that the harm he suffered was “inflicted either by the government . . . or
by persons or an organization that the government was unable or unwilling to
control.” Menjivar v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 918, 921 (8th Cir. 2005). The injuries
Lucas suffered did not rise to the level of persecution. Moreover, Lucas failed to
demonstrate that the Guatemalan government was unable or unwilling to control the
gang members, given his failure to report their attacks to the police. And even if the
harm Lucas suffered constituted more than low-level intimidation and harassment, the
gang members acted for personal gain, not on account of any protected ground.

       Lucas argues that the Board erred in concluding that he failed to establish the
requisite nexus between the harm he suffered and his religion. We disagree. Even
if Lucas had demonstrated that he suffered past persecution, the Board properly
analyzed whether Lucas had established that his religion was “at least one central
reason” for the gang members’ attacks, and it did not err in concluding that he had
failed to make the requisite showing. See Matter of C-T-L-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 341,
344-46 (BIA Sept. 14, 2010) (noting that after enactment of the REAL ID Act of
2005, the “at least one central reason” standard applies when an alien asserts
persecution on account of more than one protected ground, i.e., in mixed-motive
cases). Instead, the Board reasoned, the attacks Lucas suffered were part of an effort
by gang members to rob him and to recruit him. See Gaitan v. Holder, 671 F.3d 678,
682 (8th Cir. 2012) (rejecting gang recruitment as a basis for relief). Although Lucas

                                         -5-
briefly mentioned that the gang members attacked him during one encounter because
he had cited his religious beliefs in resisting their recruitment efforts, his testimony
as a whole demonstrated that the gang members harassed and attacked him in an
effort to rob him of his money and possessions and to retaliate against him for his
refusal to join their ranks—irrespective of the reasons Lucas gave for resisting the
gang members’ efforts. Lucas also conceded at several points in his testimony that
gang members harassed and attacked everyone in his community regardless of
religious affiliation, further undermining his claim that he was singled out because
of his Christian religion.

       Lucas also argues that the Board erred in concluding that his proposed
particular social group of “Guatemalan Christians” was not cognizable. But the
Board assumed for the sake of argument that “Guatemalan Christians” was a
cognizable particular social group and nevertheless concluded that, in light of the
above-set forth testimony, Lucas had failed to establish that his membership in that
group was a reason, much less a central reason, for gang members to target him for
harm.

       Because Lucas failed to establish that a statutorily protected ground was at
least one central reason for the harm he suffered in the past, he was not entitled to a
presumption that he had a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a
protected ground. Thus, the Board did not err in concluding that Lucas failed to carry
his burden of demonstrating an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution
based on a statutorily protected ground. See Garcia-Colindres v. Holder, 700 F.3d
1153, 1158 (8th Cir. 2012).

      The petition for review is denied.
                       ______________________________




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