               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 19a0318n.06

                                      Case No. 18-3830

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                                FILED
FRANCISCA SIOMARA MAJANO-DE                       )                       Jun 24, 2019
HERNANDEZ;   INMAR    OSWALDO                     )                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
HERNANDEZ-REYES; RONALD MISAEL                    )
HERNANDEZ-MAJANO; LUIS ENRIQUE                    )
HERNANDEZ-MAJANO,                                 )
                                                  )      ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
       Petitioners,                               )      FROM THE UNITED STATES
                                                  )      BOARD   OF  IMMIGRATION
v.                                                )      APPEALS
                                                  )
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,                )
                                                  )
       Respondent.                                )


       BEFORE: NORRIS, CLAY, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Francisca Siomara Majano-De Hernandez, her husband Inmar

Oswaldo Hernandez-Reyes, and their two sons Luis Enrique and Ronald Misael challenge the

Board of Immigration Appeals’ denial of their application for asylum, withholding of removal,

and protection under the Convention Against Torture. We deny their petition for review.

       Each family member is a citizen of El Salvador. In 2014, they entered the United States

illegally, and the Department of Homeland Security before long began removal proceedings

against them. They conceded their removability but applied for asylum, withholding of removal,

and protection under the Convention Against Torture.
No. 18-3830, Majano-De Hernandez et al. v. Barr


        In their defense, the family members said they came to the United States to escape the MS-

18 gang. A gang member twice called Francisca and told her that unless she gave the gang $500

he would harm her family. Francisca paid the money and did not tell the police what had happened.

A few months later, she received two notes demanding more cash. She didn’t pay, and her family

came to the United States about six months later.

        The immigration judge denied their application, reasoning that they failed to show they

had been persecuted or reasonably feared persecution based on membership in a recognized social

group. The judge determined that they could not establish eligibility for protection under the

Convention Against Torture because they could not show that the government would acquiesce in

their torture.

        The Board of Immigration Appeals agreed.

        We review the Board’s decision as the final agency determination, examining the

immigration judge’s opinion where the Board adopted it. Al-Saka v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 427, 430

(6th Cir. 2018). We must uphold the Board’s factual findings “unless any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see Lin v. Holder,

565 F.3d 971, 976 (6th Cir. 2009).

        Asylum and Withholding. To establish eligibility for asylum, petitioners must prove they

are “refugee[s].” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A), (B)(i). That requires them to show they cannot return

to El Salvador “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”         Id.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). To prove this kind of persecution, petitioners must establish that they were or

will be targeted for abuse based on one of the protected categories. Stserba v. Holder, 646 F.3d

964, 972 (6th Cir. 2011).



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           That’s just what happened, they say. They suffered persecution in the past and fear it in

the future, they claim, due to membership in two social groups: (1) their family and

(2) Salvadorans who defy MS-18. But the record does not support that conclusion.

           Start with past persecution. In support of the application, Francisca and Inmar testified that

a gang member threatened them because they had family members in the United States and thus

were perceived as wealthy. In some circumstances, we have said, a family may constitute a

particular social group. See Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 585 F.3d 980, 995 (6th Cir. 2009). But the

gang’s attempts at extortion were motivated by a desire for profit, not to harm petitioners because

of their family ties. When harming a family is a means to achieve some other goal, not an end in

itself, it does not constitute persecution “on account of” family membership. Cruz-Guzman v.

Barr, 920 F.3d 1033, 1037–38 (6th Cir. 2019); Matter of L-E-A-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 40, 45–47 (BIA

2017).

           The family members also suffered persecution, they claim, because they rebuffed MS-18’s

threats.     But resistance to extortion does not make a person a member of a social group.

Khozhaynova v. Holder, 641 F.3d 187, 195 (6th Cir. 2011). Nor is there any nexus between this

purported group and the threats petitioners faced. The gang targeted them based on their perceived

wealth, not their attitudes about the gang. See id. at 196.

           Petitioners also failed to prove a well-founded fear of future persecution. Because they

have not shown past persecution, they must independently establish that their fear of future

persecution on a protected ground is subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. See 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(b)(1), (2); Kukalo v. Holder, 744 F.3d 395, 401 (6th Cir. 2011). Because the feared

persecution is not motivated by membership in a social group, they cannot do so. More: After

petitioners failed to pay the money the gang demanded, nothing happened to them for more than



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six months, after which they left the country. Nor has anything happened to their family members

who still reside in El Salvador. On this record, petitioners’ fear of persecution should they return

home is not objectively reasonable.

         A withholding-of-removal claim requires an applicant to pass the same test used for asylum

but at a higher standard of proof. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); Lin, 565 F.3d at 979. Because

petitioners failed to establish eligibility for asylum, they cannot meet the bar for withholding of

removal.

         Convention Against Torture. Petitioners add that the Board failed to base its denial of relief

under the Convention Against Torture on substantial evidence. To prove eligibility for protection

under the Convention, petitioners need to show that it is “more likely than not that [they] would

be tortured if removed to” El Salvador. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). Torture covers acts inflicted by

the government or with its consent or acquiescence. Id. § 1208.18(a)(1).

         Petitioners do not argue that the Salvadoran government would torture them if they

returned home. They fear MS-18. But they did not advance any evidence showing the government

would consent to the gang’s torturing them. And because petitioners never told the government

about the threats, the authorities never had a chance to acquiesce in any violence against them.

The government’s failure to check gang violence, lamentable though it is, does not amount to

consent or acquiescence in torture. See Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch, 812 F.3d 491, 501–02 (6th Cir.

2015).

         Petitioners respond that their testimony, supported by country-conditions evidence, shows

that the Salvadoran government is united with the gang. But no record evidence requires that

conclusion.

         We deny the petition for review.



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