                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Appellate Court




                           People v. Wilson, 2012 IL App (1st) 101038




Appellate Court            THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                    LORENZO WILSON, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.             First District, Fifth Division
                           Docket No. 1-10-1038


Filed                      March 16, 2012


Held                       In a prosecution for first degree murder and armed robbery, the admission
(Note: This syllabus       of audiotaped and handwritten statements describing what defendant told
constitutes no part of     a witness about the crimes was error under section 115-10.1 of the Code
the opinion of the court   of Criminal Procedure because the witness did not have personal
but has been prepared      knowledge of the events described, but the error was harmless and did not
by the Reporter of         warrant reversal of defendant’s convictions where there was no
Decisions for the          reasonable probability the jury would have found defendant not guilty if
convenience of the         the evidence had been excluded, and, furthermore, defendant’s 75-year
reader.)
                           sentence was affirmed over his claim that the trial court failed to give
                           adequate weight to the mitigating factors of his age and lack of a criminal
                           history; however, the cause was remanded for correction of the mittimus
                           to reflect the correct sentencing credit for defendant’s presentence
                           incarceration.


Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 07-CR-14511 (03);
Review                     the Hon. Lawrence P. Fox, Judge, presiding.


Judgment                   Affirmed and remanded with directions.
Counsel on                 Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, Benjamin Overby, and Katherine
Appeal                     M. Donahoe, all of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for
                           appellant.

                           Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg, Tasha-
                           Marie Kelly, and Janet C. Mahoney, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                           counsel), for the People.


Panel                      PRESIDING JUSTICE EPSTEIN delivered the judgment of the court,
                           with opinion.
                           Justices J. Gordon and McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                             OPINION

¶1          Following a jury trial, defendant Lorenzo Wilson was convicted of first degree murder
        and armed robbery. On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court improperly admitted, as
        substantive evidence, audiotaped and handwritten statements from State witness Charles
        Wilson. Defendant also argues that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing a 75-year
        sentence for the first degree murder conviction and that the mittimus should be corrected to
        reflect additional sentencing credit. For the reasons that follow, we affirm defendant’s
        conviction and sentence, with directions to the clerk of the circuit court to correct the
        mittimus.

¶2                                      BACKGROUND
¶3         In the early morning of June 15, 2006, Corey Ebenezer was shot and killed at Leona’s
        Restaurant in Hyde Park. Erika Ray and Lorenzo Wilson were later charged with first degree
        murder and armed robbery and were tried in a single trial with separate juries.

¶4                                Testimony From Leona’s Employees
¶5          At trial, the jury heard testimony from Justin Twine, Lucio Mastache, and Jason Sline,
        who worked with Erika at Leona’s Restaurant. On the evening of June 14, 2006, a large
        group came into Leona’s and sat down to order food. Twine, who was working as a server
        that night, testified that there were about 30 people in the party. Erika wanted to serve the
        entire group, but Corey Ebenezer, an assistant manager, told Erika that she could not handle
        the table alone. When Erika insisted that she serve the entire party, Ebenezer told her to go
        home. Erika refused and proceeded to serve the table.
¶6          Ebenezer called district manager Augustin Monnarez and informed him that he asked
        Erika to go home but she refused. Jason Sline, a manager, then received a call asking him to

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       go to the restaurant. Around 9 or 9:30 p.m., Sline arrived at Leona’s and discussed what
       happened with Ebenezer, Erika, and the servers. Sline then told Erika that she would have
       to work at a different location of Leona’s Restaurant. When Erika declined the offer, Sline
       fired her. Erika told Sline that she understood and then said, “But f*** you Corey, Corey,
       f*** you” and left the restaurant.
¶7         Around midnight, Mastache and Twine were still at Leona’s. The restaurant was closed.
       As Mastache was cleaning the kitchen, he saw three unknown men hit Ebenezer in a small
       kitchen hallway near the cash registers at the private back entrance of the restaurant.
       Mastache then heard three gunshots. Mastache went to the front of the restaurant to find
       Twine, and when they returned to the kitchen, Ebenezer was lying next to a cash drawer on
       the floor. Ebenezer told Twine that he “just got ganked,” which meant he had been robbed.
       Ebenezer later died from his injuries.

¶8                                         Paris Gosha
¶9         Paris Gosha is Erika’s cousin and had been Lorenzo’s friend since childhood. Gosha
       testified that he also was charged with the murder and armed robbery of Corey Ebenezer. In
       exchange for the State’s agreement to drop the murder charges, Gosha agreed to testify
       against Erika and Lorenzo and plead guilty to the armed robbery charge. Gosha would
       receive a 30-year sentence (but understood that he would only serve half of it) and would be
       placed in a witness protection program. At the time of his testimony, Gosha was in the
       witness protection program in the Cook County jail, where he received various privileges,
       including a $35 weekly payment.
¶ 10       On the night of June 14, 2006, Gosha went to see friends at 54th and Peoria. Lorenzo
       came into the house and told him that Erika, who was in her car outside, wanted to speak
       with Gosha. Erika told Gosha that she had just been fired and wanted him “to beat her boss’
       ass.” Gosha then gathered his younger brother, Demetrius (or “DJ”), and a friend named
       Anthony Macon to go with Erika and Lorenzo. Erika drove Lorenzo, Gosha, Macon, and DJ
       to Leona’s and parked the car. As they waited, a man with a Jamaican accent approached the
       car three times and spoke with Erika about going into the restaurant. At one point, when the
       group was ready to enter the restaurant, the man told them to get back in the car. Gosha heard
       the man say that some people inside the restaurant with Ebenezer might help him fight.
¶ 11       After about two hours, Lorenzo, Gosha, Macon, and DJ entered the back entrance of
       Leona’s. Lorenzo pointed a pistol at Ebenezer’s face, and Gosha “grabbed some money”
       from the cash register. Lorenzo and Ebenezer began to struggle and a shot was fired. The
       men continued to wrestle until Macon came through the door and tried to break up the fight.
       Ebenezer slipped on the floor. Lorenzo then stood over him and shot him. The four men fled
       to Erika’s car.
¶ 12       The next day, Gosha met with Lorenzo, Macon, and DJ at Gosha’s house, where they
       watched news coverage about the shooting. Gosha did not see Lorenzo after that day. When
       Gosha first talked to police in August 2006, he told them he did not know anything. Gosha
       admitted his involvement in June 2007, after Macon had spoken to police about the incident.


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¶ 13                                      Anthony Macon
¶ 14       Anthony Macon testified that he was at 54th and Halsted on June 14, 2006. Erika pulled
       up in her car, and Gosha and Lorenzo went to talk to her. Gosha and Lorenzo told Macon to
       “come on,” and he got in the car with them. Lorenzo told Macon that they were going to
       Leona’s because “some guy got her fired and they wanted to beat him up.” Macon did not
       hear Erika say that they should rob the man. As Erika drove to the restaurant, Macon saw
       Lorenzo, who was seated next to him in the backseat, holding a small gun with a pearl
       handle.
¶ 15       After Erika parked her car, a man with an accent came and spoke to her. When he spoke
       with Erika a second time, she moved her car down the street and parked because it was time
       for the men to go inside. Erika told the group that the back door would be open. Macon
       headed to the front entrance while the others went to the back entrance. Macon then heard
       two gunshots coming from inside and headed to the back door. There, he saw Lorenzo,
       Gosha, DJ, and a man fighting. Macon tried to pull Gosha out of the struggle.
¶ 16       The group returned to Erika’s car. Gosha got into the trunk while the others got in the
       backseat. Macon then heard Wilson say that he thought he killed the man inside the
       restaurant. The group returned to Gosha’s house and met again there the next day.
¶ 17       Macon told police in July 2006 that he did not know Gosha or Lorenzo and did not know
       anything about the shooting. Two weeks later, Macon told detectives about the incident.
       Macon testified that he could not remember if, during a January 2007 interview with police,
       he stated that he did not know if Lorenzo had a gun until he got back in the car after the
       shooting. Macon explained that after giving the statements, he was never charged with any
       crime. Macon testified that neither the police nor the State’s Attorney promised that Macon
       would not be charged if he gave a specific statement or testified a certain way.

¶ 18                                       Charles Wilson
¶ 19       Charles Wilson, the great-uncle of Lorenzo Wilson, testified for the State. Charles had
       lived in Gulfport, Mississippi, but he was currently in federal prison for a gun possession
       conviction in an unrelated case. Charles initially testified that he did not see his great-nephew
       in the courtroom, but after Lorenzo stood up, Charles acknowledged that Lorenzo was his
       great-nephew. When asked if he was in Chicago in June 2006, Charles testified that he did
       not recall and then indicated that he would “plead the Fifth.” The State asked for a sidebar
       and indicated that it would grant use immunity to Charles in exchange for his testimony. The
       court signed a form adjudging Charles a material witness and ordering him to testify.
¶ 20       Outside the presence of the jury, the court told Charles that he could not plead the fifth
       amendment and that he would face contempt charges if he did not testify. Charles responded
       that he would take the punishment. The State then informed the court that it wished to
       confront Charles with three prior inconsistent statements. The State argued that all these prior
       statements were admissible under two statutes: the “regular prior inconsistent statement
       statute” (725 ILCS 5/115-10.1 (West 2008)) and the statute covering admissibility of prior
       statements when a witness refuses to testify despite a court order (725 ILCS 5/115-10.2
       (West 2008)). Counsel for Lorenzo objected to the statements’ admissibility under both

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       statutes, but the court found them admissible as prior inconsistent statements under section
       115-10.1.
¶ 21        After the jury returned, the State asked Charles about his prior statements: an audiotaped
       statement he gave to Sergeant Schlicht of the Gulfport police department in Mississippi on
       December 6, 2006; a signed handwritten statement Charles gave to Detective Lutzow of the
       Chicago police department and Assistant State’s Attorney Martha Kross on December 19,
       2006; and Charles’s testimony before a grand jury on May 24, 2007. Charles stated either
       that he did not recall making the statements, he did not know if he made them, or he was
       “high on drugs” when he made the statements. At one point, Charles also testified that he did
       not make the statements and he was the one who shot Ebenezer.
¶ 22        The State confronted Charles with his three prior statements, which all provided a similar
       account of his interactions with Lorenzo. On the evening of June 14, 2006, Charles was
       visiting Lorenzo’s mother at her house in Chicago. Lorenzo returned home very late that
       night and was not acting like himself. Charles asked him what was wrong. Lorenzo
       responded, “I think I shot somebody.” Charles asked if he had killed the person, but Lorenzo
       responded that he did not know. Charles told Lorenzo to tell his father. The next day, Charles
       learned that Lorenzo had not told his father what had happened, so Charles told him.
¶ 23        Later that day, Charles heard Lorenzo tell his father additional details about the shooting.
       Lorenzo stated that the girl who lived across the street had gotten fired and “she wanted
       Lorenzo and some other guys who hang out with the girl to go to the restaurant where the girl
       worked and stick up the person who fired her.” Lorenzo told Charles that “they were going
       to go in there, stick up the person who fired her, and take the money.” At the restaurant,
       Lorenzo pointed a gun at the man, who rushed at him. Lorenzo said that he then started
       shooting. Later that day, news came on television about the shooting at Leona’s, including
       a picture of the man who was shot. Lorenzo said that he had shot the man in the picture.
¶ 24        Lorenzo’s parents asked Charles to take Lorenzo to Charles’s home in Mississippi.
       Lorenzo and Charles left later that night, when it was dark, so that the neighbors would not
       see them go. As they were driving to Mississippi, Charles asked Lorenzo where the gun was.
       Lorenzo pulled a rag out of his pocket and showed Charles the dismantled gun. Lorenzo said
       that the gun was the one he used to shoot the man in the restaurant. Charles told him to get
       rid of the gun, and Lorenzo started to throw parts of it out the window. Charles told him to
       stop, however, because he thought the handle, spring, and clip would fit one of his other
       guns. Lorenzo stayed with Charles in Mississippi for about four months and then went to stay
       with his “play niece” in Miami, Florida.
¶ 25        The State called three witnesses to prove up Charles’s prior statements. Assistant State’s
       Attorney Sanjay Patel testified regarding Charles’s grand jury testimony, which he read in
       its entirety to the jury. Next, Assistant State’s Attorney Martha Kross testified as to Charles’s
       handwritten statement, which contained similar information to the grand jury testimony. The
       State then called Sergeant Schlicht of the Gulfport, Mississippi, police department. Schlicht
       explained that in November 2006, Charles Wilson was brought into the police department
       on weapons charges. Schlicht received information that Charles wanted to speak with him
       regarding a homicide in Chicago. On December 6, 2006, Schlicht took a 10-minute audio


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       recording of Charles’s statement. The recording was played for the jury.
¶ 26       The State also asked Charles about documents drafted by the Gulfport police in which
       Charles consented to a search of his truck and a search for gun parts in his home. Charles
       stated that he kept a plastic box of various gun parts in his home and that he vaguely
       remembered going with the Gulfport police to his home and showing them where the handle,
       spring, and clip were. When the State showed Charles a handle to the gun, he stated he did
       not know what it was and he did not recognize it.
¶ 27       The jury also heard testimony from Sergeant Schlicht and Detective Brian Lutzow of the
       Chicago police department regarding recovery of gun parts at Charles’s residence and the
       arrest of Lorenzo Wilson. Charles consented to a search of his home, during which police
       recovered a gun handle, clip, and coil spring. Charles told police that the gun parts belonged
       to Lorenzo and were part of the gun Lorenzo had in the car on the trip from Chicago to
       Mississippi. Detective Lutzlow testified that he received the inventoried gun parts. Later,
       based on information received from Charles, Lorenzo was arrested and transported back to
       Chicago.

¶ 28                                Verdict and Sentencing
¶ 29       The State rested, and the court denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict.
       Defendant then rested. The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder and armed
       robbery and found that defendant personally discharged a firearm that proximately caused
       the death of Corey Ebenezer. The court sentenced defendant to 75 years for first degree
       murder and 20 years for armed robbery, with the sentences to be served concurrently. This
       appeal followed.

¶ 30                                       ANALYSIS
¶ 31       Defendant raises a number of arguments as to why the trial court erred in admitting
       Charles Wilson’s prior inconsistent statements. At the outset, we note that defendant does
       not contest the State’s presentation of Charles’s sworn grand jury testimony. All claims of
       error are limited to the admission of the audiotaped and handwritten statements.

¶ 32      Charles Wilson’s Statements Describing Defendant’s Account of the Shooting
¶ 33       Defendant first contends that the portions of Charles Wilson’s audiotaped and
       handwritten statements that describe what defendant told him about the shooting should not
       have been admitted as substantive evidence under section 115-10.1 of the Code of Criminal
       Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/115-10.1 (West 2008)). In each prior statement, Charles
       recounted defendant’s description of the shooting, including his statement just after the
       shooting, “I think I shot somebody.” Defendant argues that Charles did not have personal
       knowledge of the events defendant described, as required by the statute.
¶ 34       Before we address the claim of error, we consider whether defendant forfeited review of
       this issue. To preserve an issue for review, a defendant must object both at trial and in a
       written posttrial motion. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). A general objection

                                                -6-
       is generally not enough to preserve an issue for review, and “[o]bjections to evidence should
       especially designate the particular testimony considered objectionable and point to the
       objectionable features.” People v. Graves, 142 Ill. App. 3d 885, 894 (1986); see People v.
       Pastorino, 91 Ill. 2d 178, 192 (1982). The State contends that defendant forfeited the issue
       because defense counsel only made a “general objection” without raising an argument
       specific to the personal knowledge requirement.
¶ 35        After Charles testified that he did not recall his prior statements, the State argued that his
       statements should be admitted first under section 115-10.1 (725 ILCS 5/115-10.1 (West
       2008)), the “regular prior inconsistent statement statute.” The State went on to argue that
       Charles’s statements were also admissible under section 115-10.2 (725 ILCS 5/115-10.2
       (West 2008)), which governs admissibility of prior statements when a witness refuses to
       testify despite a court order. Defense counsel first addressed section 115-10.2 and argued,
       inter alia, that if the court admitted any prior statements, it should limit admission to those
       “in which the witness, Charles Wilson, has personal knowledge as opposed to statements
       made by Lorenzo Wilson, describing other events.” Defense counsel then turned to section
       115-10.1 and began by arguing that the State had not yet established lack of memory. The
       trial court interjected, finding that because Charles testified that he did not remember being
       in Chicago or driving his great-nephew to Mississippi, the “lack of memory” requirement
       was satisfied for “all the statements” in the “[g]rand jury testimony, written statement,
       [audio]taped statement.” The court concluded that Charles’s answers regarding lack of
       memory “open[ed] the door for the [S]tate to offer those statement as prior inconsistent
       statements under *** 115-10.1.”
¶ 36        In a posttrial motion, defense counsel argued that the trial court “erred in admitting the
       prior statements of Charles Wilson” because, inter alia, “the statements did not have certain
       circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness.” In considering this argument at the hearing,
       the trial court referenced section 115-10.1 and found that all of Charles’s prior inconsistent
       statements “describe[d] events or conditions which he had personal knowledge of.” In the
       trial court’s view, Charles had personal knowledge of “driving the defendant all the way
       down to Mississippi, having conversations with him on the way, observing events that
       occurred shortly after the crime was committed, and things that were said and done at that
       time.”
¶ 37        Based on the foregoing, we conclude that defendant preserved the claim of error. Defense
       counsel specified the objectionable testimony (“statements made by Lorenzo Wilson,
       describing other events”) and explained why those statements were objectionable (they were
       not within Charles’s personal knowledge). See Graves, 142 Ill. App. 3d at 894. Counsel
       renewed the objection in the posttrial motion, and the trial court specifically found that
       Charles’s prior inconsistent statements were admissible as substantive evidence under section
       115-10.1 because he had personal knowledge of “things that were said and done at the time.”
       As a result, if we find error, we will consider whether the error is harmless. See In re E.H.,
       224 Ill. 2d 172, 180 (2006) (evidentiary error is harmless “ ‘where there is no reasonable
       probability that the jury would have acquitted the defendant absent the’ error” (emphasis in
       original) (quoting People v. Nevitt, 135 Ill. 2d 423, 447 (1990))).
¶ 38        We now turn to the admissibility of the portions of Charles’s prior audiotaped and

                                                  -7-
       handwritten statements that recount defendant’s statements about the shooting. The
       admission of evidence lies within the discretion of the trial court, and we review the trial
       court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. People v. Becker, 239 Ill. 2d
       215, 234 (2010). The general rule is that hearsay, defined as “an out-of-court statement ***
       offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted,” is inadmissible at trial. (Internal quotation
       marks omitted.) People v. Gonzalez, 379 Ill. App. 3d 941, 954 (2008). There is an exception
       to the hearsay rule for prior inconsistent statements of a testifying witness, which may be
       admitted to impeach the witness’s credibility. People v. McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d 919, 932
       (2008). Under section 115-10.1, a prior inconsistent statement may be offered not just for
       purposes of impeachment, but as substantive evidence, so long as the witness is subject to
       cross-examination and the statement:
                “(1) was made under oath at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or
                (2) narrates, describes, or explains an event or condition of which the witness had
            personal knowledge, and
                     (A) the statement is proved to have been written or signed by the witness, or
                     (B) the witness acknowledged under oath the making of the statement either in
                his testimony at the hearing or trial in which the admission into evidence of the prior
                statement is being sought, or at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or
                     (C) the statement is proved to have been accurately recorded by a tape recorder,
                videotape recording, or any other similar electronic means of sound recording.” 725
                ILCS 5/115-10.1(c) (West 2008).
       Defendant argues that portions of Charles’s audiotaped and handwritten statements are
       inadmissible under section 115-10.1(c)(2) because the statute requires that Charles had
       “personal knowledge” of the “event” described in the statements, i.e., the shooting. The State
       counters that the “event” in question is defendant’s act of verbal admission, and thus the
       personal knowledge requirement is satisfied because Charles had personal knowledge of any
       of defendant’s statements to him. We decline to adopt the State’s interpretation of the
       personal knowledge requirement for three reasons.
¶ 39        First, as the State acknowledges, this court has previously concluded that, under the plain
       language of section 115-10.1(c)(2), “the witness whose prior inconsistent statement is being
       offered into evidence must actually have seen the events which are the subject of th[e]
       statement.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d at 930 (quoting
       People v. Cooper, 188 Ill. App. 3d 971, 973 (1989)); People v. Morales, 281 Ill. App. 3d
       695, 701 (1996). This means that section 115-10.1(c)(2) does not encompass “statements
       made to the witness by a third party, where the witness has no firsthand knowledge of the
       event that is the subject of the statements made by the third party.” People v. Morgason, 311
       Ill. App. 3d 1005, 1011 (2000). The decisions of this court interpreting the personal
       knowledge requirement rest on unusually detailed legislative history. See People v. Hubbard,
       276 Ill. App. 3d 98, 105 (1995) (“The origins of section 115-10.1 can be found in a 1977
       Michigan Law Review article written by professor Michael H. Graham, then of the
       University of Illinois.” (citing Michael H. Graham, Employing Inconsistent Statements for
       Impeachment and as Substantive Evidence: A Critical Review and Proposed Amendments

                                                 -8-
       of Federal Rules of Evidence, 801(d)(1)(a), 613 and 607, 75 Mich. L. Rev. 1565 (1977)));
       accord People v. Wilson, 302 Ill. App. 3d 499, 507-08 (1998) (“In the legislative debate,
       lawmakers acknowledged that [section 115-10.1] had its genesis in that article.”).
¶ 40        Second, the State’s reading of the statute would keep the personal knowledge
       requirement from doing what it was designed to do: ensure that the out-of-court statements
       are trustworthy. The personal knowledge requirement is meant to ensure reliability by
       “giving defendants a meaningful opportunity for cross-examination.” McCarter, 385 Ill. App.
       3d at 930. For a witness who “merely narrat[es] a third-party statement about which the
       witness has no personal knowledge, cross-examination gives the jury no insight into the truth
       of that statement, making it more difficult to judge its reliability.” Id. at 931. The requirement
       provides an additional “indicia of reliability” because “a witness is less likely to repeat
       another’s statement if he witnessed the event and knows the statement is untrue.” People v.
       Morales, 281 Ill. App. 3d 695, 701 (1996) (citing Robert J. Steigmann, Prior Inconsistent
       Statements as Substantive Evidence in Illinois, 72 Ill. B.J. 638 (1984)); Graham, supra, at
       1585 n.53. Finally, while as a general matter there is a risk of “subtle influence, coercion, or
       deception” in the process surrounding taking of a written or audiotaped statement, a witness
       with personal knowledge of the event related can not only provide details of the recording
       of his statement, but “is in a position to advise the trier of fact of what he now contends
       actually occurred.” Graham, supra, at 1588. The State’s proposed interpretation of the statute
       would extend substantive admissibility to statements that carry none of these assurances of
       reliability.
¶ 41        Third, the State’s interpretation of the statute would essentially render the personal
       knowledge language superfluous, as “[p]ersonal knowledge of the existence of the statement
       is already required under the rubric of authentication.” Michael H. Graham, Graham’s
       Handbook of Illinois Evidence § 801.11 (10th ed. 2010); see Ill. R. Evid. 901(b)(1) (eff. Jan.
       1, 2011) (“Testimony that a matter is what it is claimed to be” satisfies the authentication
       requirement.). If we were to adopt the State’s proposed construction, we would not only
       overturn decades of precedent and frustrate the purpose of carefully crafted statutory
       language, we would deprive the personal knowledge requirement of any significance at all.
¶ 42        We conclude that the trial court erred in admitting those portions of Charles’s audiotaped
       and written statements that describe what defendant said about the shooting. This includes
       defendant’s account of the plan to go to Leona’s to rob Erika’s boss, his description of what
       happened at Leona’s, his statements that he thought he shot somebody, and defendant’s
       explanation that the pearl-handled gun was the one he used in the shooting. By contrast, the
       trial court properly admitted portions of the statements that describe events within Charles’s
       personal knowledge, including Charles’s observation of defendant’s appearance when he
       arrived home late at night, his account of taking defendant to Mississippi and Florida, and
       his view of defendant throwing pieces of a pearl-handled gun out of the car window.
¶ 43        The State contends that even if portions of Charles’s audiotaped and handwritten
       statements were inadmissible as substantive evidence, they could be presented to the jury as
       impeachment evidence. Although the jury in this case was allowed to consider these
       statements as substantive evidence, whether the statements were admissible as impeachment
       evidence may ultimately have an effect on our harmless error analysis. See People v.

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       Morales, 281 Ill. App. 3d 695, 701 (1996) (finding that improper admission of prior written
       statement as substantive evidence was harmless where statement was admissible as
       impeachment evidence and the jury considered virtually the same evidence substantively
       with the admission of witness’s grand jury testimony); see also McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d
       at 930.
¶ 44        The State may attack the credibility of a witness, even its own witness, by impeaching
       the witness with a prior inconsistent statement. People v. Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d 314, 358 (1994).
       This is true even if the statement does not meet all the requirements of section 115-10.1. See
       725 ILCS 5/115-10.1 (West 2008) (“Nothing in this Section shall render a prior inconsistent
       statement inadmissible for purposes of impeachment because such statement *** fails to
       meet the criteria set forth herein.”). There is an important limitation, however, when the State
       impeaches its own witness with a prior inconsistent statement: the State must show that the
       witness’s trial testimony affirmatively damaged its case. Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d at 360. The
       testimony must do more than merely disappoint the State by failing to incriminate defendant;
       the testimony must give “positive aid” to the defendant’s case. Id.; McCarter, 385 Ill. App.
       3d at 933 (noting that requirement would be satisfied where testimony is “inconsistent with
       the defendant’s guilt under the State’s theory of the case”).
¶ 45        The State contends that a witness’s testimony may be considered damaging when a
       witness professes a lack of memory regarding his prior testimony. We acknowledge that in
       People v. Leonard the Third District Appellate Court found that “[w]hen a witness professes
       a lack of memory regarding a prior statement, his testimony may be considered damaging.”
       People v. Leonard, 391 Ill. App. 3d 926, 933 (2009) (citing People v. Speed, 315 Ill. App.
       3d 511, 517 (2000)). We find no support for that conclusion in Speed, which only addressed
       the “inconsistency” requirement in connection with the substantive admission of prior
       statements, not the affirmative damage requirement for impeaching one’s own witness. See
       Speed, 315 Ill. App. 3d at 517. We also find the statement from Leonard contrary to our
       supreme court’s instruction that “ ‘[d]amage’ *** does not occur where a party interrogates
       a witness about a fact which would be favorable to the examiner if true, but then receives a
       reply which is merely negative in its effect on the examiner’s case.” Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d at 360;
       see also Michael H. Graham, Graham’s Handbook of Illinois Evidence § 607.4 (10th ed.
       2010) (“To the extent that People v. Leonard *** asserts that a professed lack of recollection
       is to be considered affirmatively damaging with respect to impeachment of a witness called
       by that party by means of a prior inconsistent statement not substantively admissible,
       Leonard is completely wrong and must not be followed.”). We decline to adopt the statement
       of law set forth in Leonard, and we conclude that a witness’s professed lack of memory,
       standing alone, does not “affirmatively damage” a party’s case for the purpose of impeaching
       one’s own witness.
¶ 46        The State offers one additional reason why Charles’s testimony damaged its case.
       According to the State, Charles’s testimony was damaging because Charles claimed that he,
       not defendant, killed Ebenezer. We recognize that testimony suggesting that another person
       committed the crime may affirmatively damage the State’s case because the testimony is
       “inconsistent with the defendant’s guilt under the State’s theory of the case.” McCarter, 385
       Ill. App. 3d at 933; see also Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d at 362. In the present case, however, the record

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       shows that Charles was not seriously confessing to killing Ebenezer; he was making every
       attempt to avoid testifying against his nephew. (After claiming that he committed the murder,
       the State asked Charles, “Is this a joke?” and he responded, “Evidently it is. I asked you to
       let me go back to my cell.”) There is no suggestion in the record that defendant’s counsel
       seriously pursued any argument that Charles was in any way involved in the shooting at
       Leona’s. In fact, the State made use of Charles’s incredible statements, telling the jury, “I
       guess we know who the real killer is in this case, because Charles Wilson said, I, I, I did it.
       I guess we should just drop this case against Lorenzo.” The State also argued that the jury
       should “forget the nonsense that [Charles] tried to interject in this trial.” Charles Wilson’s
       throwaway comment that he killed Ebenezer did not affirmatively damage the State’s case.
¶ 47       We note that impeaching a witness with a prior inconsistent statement is only necessary
       when there is a reason to attack the credibility of the witness. Where, as here, a party calls
       a witness who offers no damaging testimony, there is no need to cast doubt on the witness’s
       testimony by challenging his credibility. Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d at 362. The only reason for a party
       to introduce a prior inconsistent statement in this circumstance “is to get it before the jury
       as substantive evidence.” McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d at 933. Our supreme court has directed
       just the opposite course, calling for “rigorous enforcement” of the affirmative damage
       requirement in order to foreclose the “introduction of oral inconsistent statements under the
       guise of impeachment.” Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d at 362. Charles Wilson’s prior inconsistent
       statements were not admissible to impeach his credibility.

¶ 48      Remaining Portions of Charles Wilson’s Audiotaped and Written Statements
¶ 49       Although we have concluded that it was error to admit certain portions of Charles
       Wilson’s written and audiotaped statements as substantive evidence, defendant additionally
       claims that the audiotaped and written statements should not have been admitted–in their
       entirety–because they were unnecessarily duplicative of Charles’s grand jury testimony.
       Defendant argues, first, that the additional statements should have been barred by the rule
       against prior consistent statements, and second, that the prejudicial effect of the additional
       statements substantially outweighed their probative value because the statements were
       cumulative. The parties again disagree about whether the error was properly preserved, but
       we need not resolve that issue because we conclude that there was no error in admitting those
       portions of the audiotaped and handwritten statements to which Charles Wilson had personal
       knowledge.
¶ 50       Defendant’s contention that admission of multiple prior inconsistent statements from the
       same witness violates the rule against prior consistent statements has been addressed at
       length, and rejected, by this court. See People v. White, 2011 IL App (1st) 092852, ¶¶ 49-54;
       People v. Santiago, 409 Ill. App. 3d 927, 931-34 (2011); People v. Maldonado, 398 Ill. App.
       3d 401, 423 (2010); People v. Johnson, 385 Ill. App. 3d 585, 608 (2008). In this case,
       defendant raises no new arguments, and we see no reason to depart from this court’s uniform
       rejection of those arguments in these earlier cases.
¶ 51       Defendant also argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting more than one
       prior inconsistent statement from Charles Wilson because once one prior statement was


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       admitted, the additional statements had little probative value and were unnecessarily
       cumulative. See People v. Culbreath, 343 Ill. App. 3d 998, 1004 (2003) (“[T]he exclusion
       of cumulative evidence is within the discretion of the trial court, whose ruling will not be
       reversed absent a clear abuse of that discretion.” (quoting Dillon v. Evanston Hospital, 199
       Ill. 2d 483, 495 (2002))); see also Ill. R. Evid. 403 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011) (“Although relevant,
       evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger
       of unfair prejudice *** or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
       presentation of cumulative evidence.”). Because we have already found that certain portions
       of the audiotaped and handwritten statements were inadmissible under section 115-10.1, we
       consider this claim of error as to the remaining portions of these statements (i.e., those
       portions that meet the statutory requirement of personal knowledge).
¶ 52        Defendant contends that after the first statement was admitted, the additional prior
       statements were “cumulative” and unnecessary because they “add[ed] nothing to what was
       already before the jury.” See People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 335 (2009). We disagree. In this
       case, Charles repeatedly denied knowledge or memory of making his prior statements (or
       alternatively claimed that he was under the influence of drugs when he gave the statements).
       Once one prior statement was admitted, the jury had to assess that statement in light of
       Charles’s claim at trial that he did not make it or was intoxicated at the time. The two
       additional statements had probative value: the fact that Charles made additional statements
       at different times to different officials further damaged his claims at trial that he did not make
       the statements or was on drugs at the time. Cf. People v. Harvey, 366 Ill. App. 3d 910, 922
       (2006) (disagreeing with the defendant’s claim that admission of additional prior inconsistent
       statement was cumulative because the evidence “served two distinct purposes”: to impeach
       the witness’s credibility and to serve as substantive evidence).
¶ 53        We cannot say that after one prior statement was admitted, confronting Charles with
       additional prior statements added nothing to what was already before the jury. We conclude
       that any repetition of the statements did not require their exclusion from evidence. Cf. People
       v. Fields, 285 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1028 (1996) (finding that even “unnecessary” repetition of
       witness’s prior inconsistent statements did not rise to the level of prejudice). The trial court
       did not abuse its discretion in admitting portions of Charles’s prior statements that met the
       personal knowledge requirement of section 115-10.1.

¶ 54                                         Harmless Error
¶ 55       We have found error in the admission of those portions of Charles Wilson’s audiotaped
       and handwritten statements describing what defendant told him about the shooting, including
       defendant’s statements that he shot Ebenezer. This error only warrants reversal, however, if
       we find that it is not harmless. An error is harmless “ ‘where there is no reasonable
       probability that the jury would have acquitted the defendant absent the’ error.” (Emphasis
       in original.) In re E.H., 224 Ill. 2d 172, 180 (2006) (quoting People v. Nevitt, 135 Ill. 2d 423,
       447 (1990)).
¶ 56       The State contends that the error in admitting portions of Charles’s audiotaped and
       handwritten statements is harmless because he made nearly verbatim statements in his sworn


                                                 -12-
       grand jury testimony, which was indisputably admissible under 725 ILCS 5/115-10.1(c)(1)
       (West 2008). We agree. This court’s decision in People v. Harvey, 366 Ill. App. 3d 910
       (2006), is instructive. In Harvey, the court found that portions of two witnesses’ prior written
       statements, which contained the defendant’s confession that he shot someone and then fled
       the scene, were improperly admitted because neither of the witnesses had personal
       knowledge of the event. Harvey, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 921. The court found that the error was
       harmless, however, “because the jury was permitted to consider substantively virtually
       identical evidence contained in the recanting witnesses’ grand jury testimonies.” Id. at 921-
       22. Here, as in Harvey, the jury was permitted to consider Charles’s grand jury testimony,
       which contained all the portions of the audiotaped and handwritten statements that we have
       found were not properly admitted. See id.; see also People v. Sims, 285 Ill. App. 3d 598, 610
       (1996) (concluding that error in admitting evidence was harmless because it was cumulative
       of properly admitted evidence); People v. Mulvey, 366 Ill. App. 3d 701, 714 (2006) (same).
¶ 57       Defendant nevertheless argues that the error is not harmless because the State commented
       during closing arguments that Charles said the same thing in each of his prior statements.
       According to defendant, the State’s argument hurt defense counsel’s theory that Charles
       made the statements to avoid criminal charges. We note, first, that the State only made this
       point in addition to arguing that it was unbelievable for Charles to have made up all the
       details regarding the shooting in order to avoid liability; that it would be “absurd” for the
       assistant State’s Attorney to put Charles on the stand if he was on drugs; and that Charles
       testified to the grand jury almost a year after his charges were dismissed. The jury’s
       conclusion that defendant shot Ebenezer also did not depend solely on Charles’s prior
       inconsistent statements. The jury heard detailed testimony from Paris Gosha and Anthony
       Macon regarding the specifics of what happened at Leona’s. Macon saw defendant with a
       pearl-handled gun in the back of the car, and Gosha watched as defendant stood over
       Ebenezer and shot him. Macon also testified that while the group was traveling away from
       Leona’s after the shooting, defendant said that he thought he killed the man inside the
       restaurant. Even if this testimony was somewhat weakened by evidence that Gosha took a
       plea deal and Macon was not charged for his involvement, the testimony of Gosha and
       Macon provided strong corroboration for defendant’s confession. The jury also heard
       convincing circumstantial evidence of defendant’s guilt. Defendant left for Mississippi
       immediately after the shooting, he threw parts of a pearl-handled gun out of the car window,
       and the pearl handle that he kept was later found in Charles’s Mississippi home.
¶ 58       In light of all the evidence, we conclude that even without the improperly admitted
       portions of Charles Wilson’s audiotaped and handwritten statements, there is no reasonable
       probability that the jury would have acquitted defendant. The error in admitting these
       statements is harmless and does not warrant reversal of defendant’s conviction.

¶ 59                      Sentence for First Degree Murder Conviction
¶ 60       Finally, defendant argues that his 75-year sentence for first degree murder was excessive
       because the circuit court did not give adequate weight to mitigating factors, including
       defendant’s age and his lack of criminal history. The trial court has “broad discretionary


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       powers” in sentencing a defendant. People v. Jones, 168 Ill. 2d 367, 373 (1995). “Where the
       sentence chosen by the trial court is within the statutory range permissible for the pertinent
       criminal offense for which the defendant has been tried and charged, a reviewing court has
       the power to disturb the sentence only if the trial court abused its discretion in the sentence
       it imposed.” Id. at 373-74.
¶ 61        “In sentencing a defendant, a trial court must balance the retributive and rehabilitative
       purposes of the punishment taking into account both the seriousness of the offense and the
       objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” People v. Cooper, 283 Ill. App. 3d
       86, 95 (1996) (citing People v. Hernandez, 278 Ill. App. 3d 545, 555 (1996)); Ill. Const.
       1970, art. I, § 11. The trial court may appropriately consider the defendant’s credibility,
       demeanor, general moral character, mentality, social environment, habits, and age when
       sentencing a defendant. People v. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d 48, 53 (1999). The court may also
       consider the nature of the crime, protection of the public, deterrence, and punishment. People
       v. Jackson, 357 Ill. App. 3d 313, 329 (2005). “It has been emphasized that the trial court is
       in a superior position to assess the credibility of the witnesses and to weigh the evidence
       presented at the sentencing hearing.” Jones, 168 Ill. 2d at 373.
¶ 62        In this case, the sentence imposed by the court was within the statutory range. The
       sentencing range for first degree murder is 20 to 60 years. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(a) (West
       2008) (now 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-20(a) (West 2010)). But because the jury found that defendant
       personally discharged a firearm that proximately caused Ebenezer’s death, the court
       sentenced defendant pursuant to section 5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(iii) of the Unified Code of
       Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(iii) (West 2008)), which provides that 25 years up
       to a term of natural life “shall be added” to the sentence. The court therefore concluded that
       defendant could be sentenced to anywhere from 45 years to life and sentenced defendant to
       75 years.
¶ 63        Before sentencing defendant, the court considered arguments from counsel, defendant’s
       statement in allocution, and a victim impact statement from Ebenezer’s fiancée. The court
       then reviewed evidence in mitigation and aggravation. As to mitigation, the court commented
       that defendant had no criminal history, was a high school graduate, and had been accepted
       into college. Although the court appreciated defendant’s apology to the victim’s family and
       request for forgiveness, the court found that defendant’s statement that someone else may
       have shot the victim was “not supported by the evidence” and would affect “the weight to
       be given to his statement in allocution.” While defendant contends that the court failed to
       consider his age as a mitigating factor, the trial judge reviewed the presentence investigation
       report containing defendant’s age and heard defense counsel compare defendant’s age upon
       release under various sentences. In any event, where “defendant offers no evidence, aside
       from the sentence itself, that the trial court failed to consider the mitigating evidence, we may
       assume that the trial court properly considered it.” People v. Jones, 376 Ill. App. 3d 372,
       393 (2007).
¶ 64        The court balanced the mitigating factors against the seriousness of the crime, which the
       court characterized as “senseless and just horrific,” noting that “it didn’t take a whole lot
       from what the evidence shows, to prompt [defendant] to do what he did.” As to the nature
       of the crime, the court stated that it had nothing to add to the victim impact statement, which

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       was the most “profound and articulate *** [the court] had ever heard.”
¶ 65       Defendant contends that the trial court did not give enough weight to factors in
       mitigation. The record shows that the court thoroughly considered the mitigating and
       aggravating factors in determining defendant’s sentence. After presiding over the trial and
       considering the evidence presented at the sentencing hearing, the trial court, in its
       considerable discretion, found that a sentence somewhere in the middle of the statutory range
       was appropriate. It is not the province of this court to reweigh the sentencing factors, and we
       may not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court merely because we may have
       weighed the sentencing factors differently. People v. Streit, 142 Ill. 2d 13, 19 (1991); People
       v. Coleman, 166 Ill. 2d 247, 261-62 (1995). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
       imposing the sentence.

¶ 66                                 Correction to the Mittimus
¶ 67       The parties agree that the mittimus does not correctly reflect the number of days he was
       incarcerated prior to his sentencing. Defendant was arrested on June 13, 2007, and remained
       in custody until he was sentenced on March 31, 2010. Defendant was thus incarcerated for
       1,022 days, not 941 as the mittimus reflects, prior to his sentencing. See People v. Williams,
       239 Ill. 2d 503, 504 (2011). Accordingly, we instruct the clerk of the circuit court to correct
       the mittimus to reflect a total of 1,022 days of sentencing credit.

¶ 68                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 69       For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence and direct
       the clerk of the circuit court to correct the mittimus.

¶ 70      Affirmed and remanded with directions.




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