[Cite as Clyburn v. Gregg, 2010-Ohio-4508.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      ROSS COUNTY


Mark P. Clyburn,                                   :
                                                   :
             Plaintiff-Appellee,                   :    Case No. 09CA3115
                                                   :
             v.                                    :
                                                   :    DECISION AND
Heidi Jo Gregg,                                    :    JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                                   :
             Defendant-Appellant.                  :    File-stamped date: 9-21-10



                                              APPEARANCES:

Jennifer L. Ater, Chillicothe, Ohio, for Appellant.

John W. Judkins, Greenfield, Ohio, for Appellee.


Kline, J.:

{¶1}         Heidi Jo Gregg appeals the trial court’s orders that (1) designated Mark

Clyburn as the residential parent of their minor child, (2) found Gregg in contempt, and

(3) failed to find Clyburn in contempt. We, however, find that the trial court’s shared

parenting order fails to explain whether the trial court terminated the shared parenting

decree or merely modified the shared parenting decree. As such, we find that the order

is void for vagueness. We have no jurisdiction over appeals from void orders. We also

find that neither of the appealed contempt orders is a final appealable order.

Accordingly, we dismiss this appeal from the Ross County Common Pleas Court,

Juvenile Division, for lack of jurisdiction.

                                                   I.
Ross App. No. 09CA3115                                                               2


{¶2}      Gregg and Clyburn had a relationship in 2005. Gregg became pregnant and

gave birth to a son (hereinafter “the Child”) on October 14, 2005. Clyburn filed a

paternity suit on January 11, 2006 and moved for a shared parenting plan. Gregg

answered and admitted that Clyburn was the father, but she argued that a shared

parenting plan would not be in the Child’s best interest. The magistrate judge issued a

temporary custody and support order on April 12, 2006.

{¶3}      Clyburn and Gregg then entered an agreed shared custody order. Both

Clyburn and Gregg became dissatisfied with the other’s compliance with the shared

custody order. Both of them have also filed motions to terminate the shared custody

order. After a hearing, the magistrate first ruled that “the previous Shared Parenting

Plan * * * is unworkable due to changes in the child’s circumstance. The Court further

finds that a modification of custody is necessary and in the best interest of the child.”

(Emphasis added.) After Gregg requested findings of fact and conclusions of law, the

magistrate concluded that it was “in the best interest of the child that the previous[]

Shared Parenting Plan be vacated.” (Emphasis added.) The common pleas judge

incorporated the magistrate’s findings of fact and conclusions of law, but specifically

supplemented those findings by finding that “any harm that might be caused to the child

by changing the living environment is outweighed by the advantages of the change in

environment resulting from the change in designation of residential parent.”

{¶4}      Further, the trial court adopted the magistrate’s contempt findings. The

magistrate had found that Gregg was in contempt but that Clyburn was not in contempt.

The same magistrate’s order set the matter for Gregg’s sentencing before the common
Ross App. No. 09CA3115                                                                  3


pleas judge on November 6, 2008. The court eventually continued this sentencing

hearing until June 18, 2009, the same date Gregg filed her notice of appeal.

{¶5}      Gregg appeals the trial court’s orders and assigns the following errors for our

review: I. “The trial court erred and abused its discretion to the prejudice of Appellant by

approving the magistrate’s decision which terminated the parties’ Shared Parenting

Plan and designated Appellee as the custodial parent of the parties’ minor child, as

such was an error of law and against the manifest weight of the evidence and an abuse

of discretion.” II. “The trial court erred and abused its discretion to the prejudice of

Appellant by approving the magistrate’s decision which failed to award Appellant

parenting time with the parties’ minor child in excess of the court’s standard

companionship schedule, as such was against the manifest weight of the evidence and

an abuse of discretion.” III. “The trial court erred and abused its discretion to the

prejudice of Appellant in failing to find Appellee in contempt of court.” And, IV. “The trial

Court erred and abused its discretion to the prejudice of Appellant in finding Appellant in

contempt of court.”

                                              II.

{¶6}      Before we consider the merits of the parties’ arguments, we must first

address a jurisdictional issue. “Ohio law provides that appellate courts have jurisdiction

to review the final orders or judgments of inferior courts in their district.” Caplinger v.

Raines, Ross App. No. 02CA2683, 2003-Ohio-2586, at ¶2, citing Section 3(B)(2), Article

IV, Ohio Constitution; R.C. 2505.02. “If an order is not final and appealable, then we

have no jurisdiction to review the matter.” See Saunders v. Grim, Vinton App. Nos.

08CA668 & 08CA669, 2009-Ohio-1900, at ¶5. “In the event that this jurisdictional issue
Ross App. No. 09CA3115                                                                4


is not raised by the parties involved with the appeal, then the appellate court must raise

it sua sponte.” Caplinger at ¶2, citing Chef Italiano Corp. v. Kent State Univ. (1989), 44

Ohio St.3d 86, syllabus; Whitaker-Merrell v. Geupel Co. (1972), 29 Ohio St.2d 184, 186.

{¶7}      An order is not a final appealable order if that order is “ambiguous, confusing,

and not certain in itself.” Brown v. Brown, 183 Ohio App.3d 384, 2009-Ohio-3589, at

¶21; see, also, Harkai v. Scherba Industries, Inc. (2000), 136 Ohio App.3d 211, 216

(judgment must “provide sufficient information to enable the parties to understand the

outcome of the case”); NovaStar Mtge., Inc. v. Akins, Trumbull App. Nos. 2007-T-0111

& 2007-T-0117, 2008-Ohio-6055, at ¶57. Here, we cannot determine whether the trial

court intended to terminate the shared parenting decree or to merely modify the shared

parenting decree.

{¶8}      In order to modify a shared parenting decree, a trial court must first find that

“a change has occurred in the circumstances of the child, the child’s residential parent,

or either of the parents subject to a shared parenting decree, and that the modification

is necessary to serve the best interest of the child. In applying these standards, the

court shall retain the residential parent designated by the prior decree or the prior

shared parenting decree, unless a modification is in the best interest of the child and

one of the following applies: * * * (iii) The harm likely to be caused by a change of

environment is outweighed by the advantages of the change of environment to the

child.” R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a).

{¶9}      But a trial court may terminate a shared parenting decree “whenever it

determines that shared parenting is not in the best interest of the children.” R.C.

3109.04(E)(2)(c). There is no need for a trial court to find either that that a change in
Ross App. No. 09CA3115                                                                            5


circumstances has occurred or that the harm of changing the residential parent is

outweighed by the benefit to the child. See, e.g., In re E.M.W., Champaign App. No.

08-CA-25, 2009-Ohio-3016, at ¶24-25; In re J.L.R., Washington App. No. 08CA17,

2009-Ohio-5812, at ¶28; Francis v. McDermott, Darke App. No. 1753, 2009-Ohio-4323,

at ¶10. But, see, Sims v. Durant, Fairfield App. No. 2008-CA-27, 2008-Ohio-6442, at

¶10.

{¶10}       The magistrate used language indicating that he was vacating a shared

parenting plan,1 but used the standard relevant for modifications of a shared parenting

decree. The common pleas court incorporated these conclusions and added an

additional conclusion relevant only to modifications of shared parenting decrees. But

the common pleas court never addressed the language in the magistrate’s findings of

fact and conclusions of law that vacated the shared parenting plan.

{¶11}       It is possible that the court below sua sponte decided to modify the shared

parenting decree. It is also possible that the trial court intended to terminate the shared

parenting decree entirely. This may seem like a technicality on appeal, but, going

forward, the nature of the parties’ rights depends greatly on whether the trial court

modified or terminated a shared parenting decree. And we are reluctant to construe this


1
  We recognize of course that terminating a shared parenting plan is a very different proposition than
terminating a shared parenting decree. See Fisher v. Hasenjager, 116 Ohio St.3d 53, 2007-Ohio-5589,
at ¶29 (“Within the custody statute, a ‘plan’ is statutorily different from a ‘decree’ or an ‘order.’”).
However, we are uncertain that the trial court intended to vacate the plan but sua sponte modify the
decree. The companionship schedule attached to the findings of fact and conclusions of law does not
appear to satisfy the requirements of a shared parenting plan. See R.C. 3109.04(G) (“A plan for shared
parenting shall include provisions covering all factors that are relevant to the care of the children,
including, but not limited to, provisions covering factors such as physical living arrangements, child
support obligations, provision for the children's medical and dental care, school placement, and the parent
with which the children will be physically located during legal holidays, school holidays, and other days of
special importance.”). Supposing that a trial court may sua sponte modify a shared parenting decree
under R.C. 3109.04, we are uncertain that this is what the trial court intended. No Ohio court we are
aware of has considered this issue, but R.C. 3109.04 does not expressly give the trial court the authority
to sua sponte modify the decree.
Ross App. No. 09CA3115                                                               6


entry as either a modification or a termination when the trial court’s judgment entry is

not wholly in accord with either action.

{¶12}     We cannot determine whether the trial court intended to terminate or modify a

shared parenting decree based on the judgment before us. Thus, we find it void for

vagueness.

{¶13}     Accordingly, we find that we lack jurisdiction to consider Gregg’s first and

second assignments of error.

{¶14}     Gregg also appealed the trial court’s findings on the motions for contempt.

Contempt may be classified as either civil or criminal depending on the court’s

underlying rationale and the penalty imposed. Denovcheck v. Bd. of Trumbull Cty.

Commrs. (1988), 36 Ohio St.3d 14, 16. Civil contempt orders seek to coerce

compliance with the court’s orders while criminal orders punish the party who offends

the court. Id.; Brown v. Executive 200, Inc. (1980), 64 Ohio St.2d 250, 253-54. “A

finding of civil contempt does not require proof of purposeful, willing, or intentional

violation of a trial court’s prior order.” Townsend v. Townsend, Lawrence App. No.

08CA9, 2008-Ohio-6701, at ¶27, citing Pugh v. Pugh (1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 136, 140.

“[U]nlike civil contempt, criminal contempt requires proof of a purposeful, willing, or

intentional violation of a trial court’s order.” Delawder v. Dodson, Lawrence App. No.

02CA27, 2003-Ohio-2092, at ¶10, citing Carroll v. Detty (1996), 113 Ohio App.3d 708,

711. In addition, the burdens of proof differ for the two types of contempts. For civil

contempt, a trial court needs to find that an alleged contemnor has violated a court

order by clear and convincing evidence, but the trial court needs to be convinced
Ross App. No. 09CA3115                                                               7


beyond a reasonable doubt to convict a contemnor of criminal contempt. Delawder at

¶10.

{¶15}     In civil contempt cases, a judgment against a party is not a final appealable

order in itself amenable to an interlocutory appeal. Doyle v. London Guarantee & Acc.

Co. (1907), 204 U.S. 599, 607-8; Fox v. Capital Co. (1936), 299 U.S. 105, 107; In re

Contemnor Caron (C.P.2000), 110 Ohio Misc.2d 58.

{¶16}     In her third assignment of error, Gregg contends that the trial court abused its

discretion in finding that Clyburn was not in contempt of court. The magistrate

concluded that Gregg failed to prove that Clyburn engaged in contemptuous conduct by

clear and convincing evidence. Based on this statement, the trial court took Gregg’s

motion as a motion to find Clyburn in civil, rather than criminal, contempt. We

previously found the trial court’s resolution of the custody issue is vague and therefore

not a final appealable order. There is no final appealable order in the underlying case,

and we therefore find that any finding in relation to civil contempt is not itself reviewable.

Accordingly, we dismiss Gregg’s third assignment of error.

{¶17}     Finally, in her fourth assignment of error, Gregg contends the trial court

abused its discretion in finding her in contempt of court.

{¶18}     “In order for there to be a final order in contempt of court proceedings, there

must be both a finding of contempt and the imposition of a sanction or penalty. The

mere adjudication of contempt of court is not a final appealable order until a sanction or

penalty is also imposed.” Cooper v. Cooper (1984), 14 Ohio App.3d 327, at paragraph

one of the syllabus.
Ross App. No. 09CA3115                                                            8


{¶19}     The record does reflect that, on October 29, 2008, the magistrate below found

Gregg in contempt of court. The same order set the matter for sentencing before the

common pleas judge on November 6, 2008. The court eventually continued this

hearing until June 18, 2009, the same date Gregg filed her notice of appeal. It is

apparent that there has been no sentence imposed for the contempt.

{¶20}     As such, we are without jurisdiction to consider Gregg’s fourth assignment of

error, and we accordingly dismiss it. Having found that we lack jurisdiction to consider

any of Gregg’s assignments of error, we dismiss the present appeal.

                                                                  APPEAL DISMISSED.
Ross App. No. 09CA3115                                                             9


                                  JUDGMENT ENTRY

      It is ordered that the APPEAL BE DISMISSED, and the appellant pay the costs

herein taxed.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the

Ross County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into

execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule

27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Exceptions.



      Abele, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
      McFarland, P.J.: Concurs in Judgment Only.




                                  For the Court


                                  BY:_____________________________
                                     Roger L. Kline, Judge




                                NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.
