Opinion issued May 28, 2015




                                   In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                   For The

                        First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                            NO. 01-13-00985-CV
                          ———————————
                        JAL B. GUZDER, Appellant

                                      V.

           HAYNES AND BOONE, LLP, SARAH TEACHOUT,
                 AND PAUL SEARLES, Appellees


                  On Appeal from the 113th District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 2013-31165A


                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

     Appellant, Jal B. Guzder, challenges the trial court’s order dismissing his

fraud and civil-conspiracy claims against appellees, Haynes and Boone, LLP,

Sarah Teachout, and Paul Searles (collectively, “Haynes and Boone”). In three
issues, Guzder contends that the trial court erred in granting Haynes and Boone’s

motion to dismiss his claims and awarding it attorney’s fees. 1

      We affirm.

                                    Background

      In his petition, Guzder, a chemical engineer, alleges that in 1997, he entered

into a consulting relationship with Kodi G. Irani (“Irani”), the “sole owner” of

MKM Engineers, Inc. (“MKM”), an environmental remediation company. Guzder

became a director of MKM and its executive vice president, and he generated

“millions of dollars” in business for MKM.

      In 2001, “a dispute arose between Irani and Guzder that resulted in a

lawsuit,” and Haynes and Boone represented Irani and MKM in that lawsuit. The

parties settled the lawsuit, and, pursuant to their settlement agreement, Guzder

resigned his positions at MKM and returned to being a consultant. Also, under a

separate agreement with MKM, it was to pay Guzder a portion of its profits.

      Guzder further alleges that after MKM did not pay him as promised, he sued

Irani and MKM, among others, in a Fort Bend County district court.2 He also filed

in a United States District Court a qui tam action 3 against Irani and MKM “for


1
      See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.
2
      EETCO, et al. v MKM Eng’rs, Inc., et al., No. 01-CV-155803 (434th Dist. Ct.,
      Fort Bend Cnty., Tex.).
3
      Jal B. Guzder v. MKM Eng’rs, Inc., No. H-05-895 (S.D. Tex.).


                                          2
defrauding the government in connection with their participation” in a program

under the Small Business Act. 4 “After years of litigation and several mediations

and conferences,” MKM “agreed to pay [Guzder] a portion of the funds he was

owed under the terms of his consulting agreement.”

      On May 27, 2011, Haynes and Boone, on behalf of MKM, sent Guzder a

written “Rule 11 Settlement Agreement” (the “Agreement”), under which MKM

“agreed to pay Guzder $1.7 million in exchange for his releases and dismissals of

the pending lawsuits.” 5 Guzder asserts that Haynes and Boone “knew at the time

that the [Agreement] was conveyed to [him] that their clients had no intention of

paying [him] the money offered in the [Agreement] without the inclusion of terms

not contained in the [Agreement].” And he “accepted” MKM’s settlement offer by

“countersigning” the Agreement and returning it to Haynes and Boone.

      “Within days” of executing the Agreement, Guzder’s counsel sent to Haynes

and Boone drafts of the motions to dismiss his Fort Bend County and United States

District Court lawsuits. And Haynes and Boone “made no indication that the

[Agreement] was not a binding agreement and that [he] and [his] counsel should


4
      15 U.S.C. § 637 (2012).
5
      The parties dispute whether this document actually constituted a final settlement
      agreement or was simply a letter proposing settlement of certain terms. They are
      currently litigating this issue in a separate lawsuit. MKM Eng’rs, Inc. v. Guzder,
      No. 2008-17570 (127th Dist. Ct., Harris Cnty., Tex.), No. 14-14-00077-CV (Tex.
      App.—Houston [14th Dist.], filed Jan. 21, 2014). The Agreement is not in the
      record before us.

                                          3
not rely upon it.” Rather, Haynes and Boone “affirmed the settlement,” filing a

joint motion to dismiss the qui tam lawsuit and advising the United States District

Court that they had reached a settlement. Guzder asserts that on the day after the

federal court dismissed his qui tam lawsuit, Haynes and Boone sent him an email

“feigning confusion as to why the Lawsuit had been dismissed, and suggesting that

the [Agreement] was merely ‘an agreement to agree.’” He further alleges that

“Haynes and Boone, Teachout, and Searles all had independent duties to the

Federal Court to be truthful and accurate in factual statements made” and “each

breached those duties by making admittedly false representations to the Federal

Court about the existence of a settlement amongst the parties.”

      Guzder then sued Haynes and Boone and others for breach of contract, and

the trial court granted summary judgment in his favor.6 Guzder also filed the

instant lawsuit, alleging that Haynes and Boone had committed fraud and civil

conspiracy to commit fraud.

      As to his fraud claim, Guzder alleges as follows:

      46. Each and every one of [Haynes and Boone’s] representations
      [to him], described above, concerned material facts without which
      [he] would not have acted and which [Haynes and Boone] knew were
      false or made recklessly without any knowledge of their truth as a
      positive assertion. Specifically, [Haynes and Boone] and [he]
      engaged in settlement discussions over a period of days, negotiating
      the terms that ultimately formed the [Agreement] that was signed on
      May 27, 2011. [Haynes and Boone] thereafter represented to the

6
      See MKM Eng’rs, Inc. v. Guzder, No. 14-14-00077-CV.

                                         4
      Federal Court that the case had settled, participated in seeking an
      abatement due to settlement, and participated in seeking a dismissal
      due to settlement.
      47. [Haynes and Boone’s] representations to [him] of a settlement
      were false statements of fact because [Haynes and Boone] never
      intended the [Agreement] to be binding or to resolve the disputes
      amongst them, which they have since admitted.
      48. [Haynes and Boone] made the false representations of
      settlement knowing they were false because they never intended to
      honor the terms of the agreement that they drafted and submitted to
      [him] for acceptance.
      49. [Haynes and Boone] made the false representations with the
      intent that [he] would rely on the false representations by moving
      forward with the dismissal of the Qui Tam Lawsuit. Indeed, [Haynes
      and Boone] even represented to the Federal Court that the Qui Tam
      Lawsuit settled. And, [Haynes and Boone] remained silent when the
      parties sought and obtained the dismissal of the Qui Tam Lawsuit
      while knowing that they did not believe the parties had a settlement.
      50. [He] relied on [Haynes and Boone’s] false representations when
      he sought and obtained the government’s consent to dismiss the Qui
      Tam Lawsuit. In seeking the dismissal, [he] was injured. That injury
      was exacerbated when the Qui Tam Lawsuit was actually dismissed,
      again, as a direct result of [Haynes and Boone’s] false statement.

As to his civil-conspiracy claim, Guzder alleges as follows:

      51. [Haynes and Boone] formed an agreement [with MKM and
      Irani] to cause [him] to enter into [the Agreement], which on its face
      contains all the terms necessary to create a binding and enforceable
      agreement, but all the while intended not to perform under the same.
      Instead, they used the [Agreement] to cause [him] to dismiss his
      causes of action, damage his Qui Tam Lawsuit by seeking consent to
      dismiss from the government, and prejudice his ability to prosecute
      any of his very real claims against Irani. They accomplished this goal
      through a series of misrepresentations to both [him] and the courts,
      and in so doing proximately caused [him] injury.




                                         5
      Haynes and Boone moved to dismiss 7 Guzder’s fraud and civil-conspiracy

claims on the ground that they have “no basis in law,” asserting that in the spring

of 2011, the parties had attempted to negotiate a global settlement of all claims.

On May 27, 2011, they signed a letter, which Guzder refers to as a “Rule 11

Settlement Agreement,” outlining “some of the terms of a proposed settlement.”

The “letter itself specifically contemplated the execution of a final settlement

agreement” and numerous future actions. Also, the parties filed a “Joint Notice of

Settlement and Request for 30-Day Stay in the Qui Tam Litigation,” asking the

federal court to temporarily stay the case “as the parties worked towards

consummating the settlement.” Haynes and Boone further asserted that Guzder’s

allegations are not true. And, even taking them as true, “which is required at this

stage, the allegations unequivocally arise out of actions taken by [Haynes and

Boone] in the course of representing and discharging [its] duties to Irani and MKM

in this litigation.” Thus, “under well-established Texas law, Guzder’s claims fail

as a matter of law.”

      In response, Guzder asserted that “a cause of action against an attorney for

fraud does exist in Texas,” and, here, “[a]t no time did [Haynes and Boone]

represent or disclose that the [Agreement] was anything other than a Rule 11

Agreement or that [he] was acting at his own peril by accepting it as a Rule 11

7
      See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.


                                        6
Agreement.” And Haynes and Boone later “took the position that the [Agreement]

was not a binding agreement, but rather an ‘agreement to agree.’” In representing

the Agreement “as binding when it was not meant to be,” Haynes and Boone “went

beyond the protected class of litigation behaviors.”

       In its reply, Haynes and Boone explained that “a claim against an attorney

may be actionable if it arises out of conduct outside of litigation.” However,

“Texas law is clear” that “a party does not have an independent right of recovery,

under any cause of action, against the attorney of an opposing party arising from

the conduct the attorney engaged in as part of the discharge of his duties in

representing an opposing party in a lawsuit.” And, here, Guzder did not dispute

that his allegations against Haynes and Boone arose out of conduct that occurred

within its representation of their clients in litigation.

       The trial court granted Haynes and Boone’s motion, dismissed the case, and

awarded it attorney’s fees in the amount of $4,500. It then severed Guzder’s fraud

and civil-conspiracy claims against Haynes and Boone into a separate case, making

its judgment final.

                                  Standard of Review

       Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 91a.1, which became effective March 1,

2013, provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

       [A] party may move to dismiss a cause of action on the grounds that it
       has no basis in law or fact. A cause of action has no basis in law if the

                                             7
      allegations, taken as true, together with inferences reasonably drawn
      from them, do not entitle the claimant to the relief sought. A cause of
      action has no basis in fact if no reasonable person could believe the
      facts pleaded.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.1.

      “[W]hether a cause of action has any basis in law and in fact are legal

questions that we review de novo, based on the allegations of the live petition and

any attachments thereto.” Wooley v. Schaffer, 447 S.W.3d 71, 76 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. filed) (analyzing applicable standard of review in

appeal from dismissal under Rule 91a.1); see also GoDaddy.com, LLC v. Toups,

429 S.W.3d 752, 754 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2014, pet. denied) (applying de novo

standard of review to dismissal under rule 91a.1 and noting it is analogous to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)); Dailey v. Thorpe, 445 S.W.3d 785, 788

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (same). We construe the pleadings

liberally in favor of the plaintiff, look to the pleader’s intent, and accept as true the

factual allegations in the pleadings to determine whether the cause of action has a

basis in law or fact. Wooley, 447 S.W.3d at 76.

                                       Dismissal

      In his first and second issues, Guzder argues that the trial court erred in

dismissing his fraud and civil-conspiracy claims as having “no basis in law”

because his claims “are cognizable under Texas law” and fall “within the exception

to qualified immunity for fraud and conspiracy.”

                                           8
      Texas law authorizes attorneys to “practice their profession, to advise their

clients, and to interpose any defense or supposed defense, without making

themselves liable for damages.” Kruegel v. Murphy, 126 S.W. 343, 345 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Dallas 1910, writ ref’d). This well-established rule allows attorneys to

fulfill their duty to zealously represent their clients without subjecting themselves

to the threat of liability. Bradt v. West, 892 S.W.2d 56, 71 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied). Subjecting attorneys to liability for statements made

or actions taken in the course of representing their clients would force attorneys to

constantly balance their own potential exposure against their client’s best interests.

Alpert v. Crain, Caton & James, P.C., 178 S.W.3d 398, 405 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).

      In light of these principles, courts have held that “an attorney’s conduct is

not independently actionable by an opposing party to the suit if the conduct is part

of the discharge of the lawyer’s duties in representing his or her client.” Id. at 406.

Generally, this “qualified immunity” applies even if the attorney’s conduct is

wrongful in the context of the underlying lawsuit. Id. (citing Renfroe v. Jones &

Assocs., 947 S.W.2d 285, 288 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, writ denied) (“Under

Texas law, attorneys cannot be held liable for wrongful litigation conduct.”)).

      “To determine whether immunity attaches, courts focus on the type or kind

of conduct in which the attorney is engaged to determine whether the conduct is



                                          9
actionable or merely conduct undertaken in the representation of the client.” Gaia

Envt’l, Inc. v. Galbraith, 451 S.W.3d 398, 403 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2014, pet. denied). “An attorney cannot be held liable to a third party for conduct

that requires ‘the office, professional training, skill, and authority of an attorney.’”

Dixon Fin. Servs., Ltd. v. Greenberg, Peden, Siegmyer & Oshman, P.C., No. 01-

06-00696-CV, 2008 WL 746548, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 20,

2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (quoting Miller v. Stonehenge/Fasa–Texas, JDC,

L.P., 993 F. Supp. 461, 464 (N.D. Tex. 1998)). “Incorrect, meritless, and even

frivolous conduct is not actionable if it satisfies this standard.” Id.

      For instance, “a third party has no independent right of recovery against an

attorney for filing motions in a lawsuit, even if frivolous or without merit, although

such conduct [may be] sanctionable or contemptible as enforced by the statutory

and inherent powers of the court.” Alpert, 178 S.W.3d at 406; see also Bradt, 892

S.W.2d at 71–72 (holding “an attorney does not have a right of recovery, under any

cause of action,” against another attorney for conduct taking place during

litigation). Courts have refused to acknowledge an independent cause of action in

such instances because “making motions is conduct an attorney engages in as part

of the discharge of his duties in representing a party in a lawsuit.” Alpert, 178

S.W.3d at 406.




                                           10
      Under this same reasoning, an attorney “may not be held liable for . . . fraud

merely for making representations to the opposing party in litigation that further

the best interests of his own client.” Essex Crane Rental Corp. v. Carter, 371

S.W.3d 366, 378 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). For instance,

in Authorlee v. Tuboscope Vetco International, Inc., the plaintiffs sued the

defendant’s attorneys for fraud and civil conspiracy, asserting that they had

“knowingly agreed to insert false statements” into settlement documents to conceal

the existence of an aggregate settlement. 274 S.W.3d 111, 119 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). The trial court held that “there can be no

conspiracy to commit fraud in the litigation setting.” Id. at 120. This Court

agreed, noting that “it is the type of conduct in which the attorney engages, and not

whether it was meritorious in the underlying lawsuit, that governs a party’s right to

recovery against an adversary’s former attorney.” Id. And we held that all of the

complained-of actions by the attorneys “were in connection with the settlement of

a lawsuit” and “no private cause of action” exists for litigation conduct. Id.

      Similarly, in Chapman Children’s Trust v. Porter & Hedges, L.L.P., the

plaintiffs, who had intervened in the underlying lawsuit, alleged that an opposing

party’s law firm had committed fraud and civil conspiracy in its handling of a

settlement. 32 S.W.3d 429, 441, 443 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet.

denied). The plaintiffs alleged that the law firm had concealed information related



                                         11
to the settlement, “despite the fact that it knew [its client] had other creditors

attempting to seize” the proceeds; made improper deductions; accused the

plaintiffs of fraud; and “did nothing to assist” the plaintiffs, even though it “knew

that [its client] had told the [plaintiffs] that they would ‘never see “one dime” of

the net proceeds unless they agreed to reduce their interest in the net proceeds.’”

Id. at 441. The Fourteenth Court of Appeals, after noting that it was required to

focus on the type of conduct in which the attorneys had engaged rather than on

whether the conduct was meritorious in the context of the underlying lawsuit,

concluded that the plaintiff’s allegations did no more than demonstrate that the

attorneys had attempted to negotiate a smaller settlement on their clients’ behalf.

Id. at 442.

      Also, in Sacks v. Hall, a plaintiff sued her dentist’s attorney for improper

litigation conduct in her malpractice action against the dentist. No. 01-13-00531-

CV, 2014 WL 6602460, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 20, 2014, no

pet.) (mem. op.). The plaintiff asserted that the attorney had obtained her dental

records in violation of her privacy rights and federal law. Id. at *2. And he had

acted with malice in filing the records in the trial court, knowing that they

contained an erroneous entry indicating that she had abused prescription

medications and knowing that her dentist had later corrected the entry. Id. She

further asserted that the attorney had disclosed the erroneous version of her records



                                         12
to other attorneys to give them an advantage in another lawsuit. Id. In his defense,

the attorney asserted the attorney-immunity doctrine, and the trial court granted

him summary judgment. Id.

      On appeal in Sacks, this Court concluded that the filing of the dental records

was the kind of conduct in which attorneys engage in discharging their duties to

their clients and did not constitute an action “foreign to the duties of an attorney.”

Id. at *13. We noted that “[w]hether the substance of the records was incorrect

[did] not change the kind of conduct in which [the attorney] engaged.” Id. We also

explained that the attorney was “entitled to advance his client’s position pursuant

to the rules of evidence and to pursue his trial strategy without fear of personal

liability.” Id. (citing Renfroe, 947 S.W.2d at 288 (holding no cause of action

against attorney for his participation in filing writ of garnishment with inaccurate

facts); McCampbell v. KPMG Peat Marwick, 982 F. Supp. 445, 448 (N.D. Tex.

1997) (holding plaintiff could not recover against attorney representing opposing

party in previous suit based on attorney’s allegedly false statements in affidavit and

new-trial motion)). And we held that the attorney was, as a matter of law, not

liable for the alleged conduct. Id. at *15.

      Further, in Jurek v. Kivell, a father and daughter executed a mediated

settlement agreement (“MSA”), in which the father promised that certain real

estate would be conveyed to her upon his death. No. 01-10-00040-CV, 2011 WL



                                          13
1587375, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 21, 2011, no pet.) (mem.

op.). The father was represented in the mediation by his attorney, Kivell. Id.

After the father died, the daughter learned that a year before the mediation, Kivell

had prepared the father’s will, in which he left his estate to the daughter’s siblings.

Id. The daughter sued the attorney, alleging that he had defrauded her into signing

the MSA by failing to disclose the existence or contents of the will. Id. She

further asserted that, because Kivell had prepared the will, he knew at the time that

her father had executed the MSA that his promise was false. Id. at *2.

      In affirming the trial court’s summary judgment in favor of the attorney, we

noted that the plaintiff had not argued that the attorney had failed to disclose any

information to her independent of his participation in the mediation of the lawsuit.

Id. at *6. And we explained that “a party does not have an independent right of

recovery ‘under any cause of action’ against the attorney of an opposing party

arising from conduct the attorney engaged in as part of the discharge of his duties

in representing” his client. Id.

      Finally, we note that in Dixon Financial Services, Ltd. v. Greenberg, Peden,

Siegmyer & Oshman, the plaintiffs sued a law firm for fraud and civil conspiracy,

alleging that the firm had intentionally misrepresented the scope of an arbitration

award in order to obtain all of the stock held, when in fact the attorneys knew that

only a part of the stock was subject to the award. 2008 WL 746548, at *8. The



                                          14
attorneys filed a petition to obtain a temporary restraining order to secure the

arbitration award. Id. We noted that the signing and filing of an application for a

temporary restraining order to aid in the recovery of monies owed to a client under

an arbitration award is not conduct “foreign to the duties of an attorney.” Id. And

“[w]hether the substance of the communications was incorrect or overstated [did]

not change the kind of conduct in which [the attorney had] engaged.” Id. at *9.

We explained that “[c]haracterizing an attorney’s action in advancing his client’s

rights as fraudulent does not change the rule that an attorney cannot be held liable

for discharging his duties to his client.” Id. And we held that “[a] plaintiff . . .

should not be able to ‘salvage an otherwise untenable claim merely by

characterizing it as tortious.’” Id. If an attorney’s conduct violates his professional

responsibilities, the remedy is public, not private. Id.

      However, the protections afforded an attorney from liability arising out of

his representation of a client are not “boundless.” See McCamish, Martin, Brown

& Loeffler v. Appling Interests, 991 S.W.2d 787, 794 (Tex. 1999). “An attorney

who personally steals goods or tells lies on a client’s behalf may be liable for

conversion or fraud in some cases.” Chu v. Hong, 249 S.W.3d 441, 446 & n.19

(Tex. 2008). Thus, a cause of action may exist against an attorney who knowingly

commits a fraudulent act outside the scope of his legal representation of his client.

See Alpert, 178 S.W.3d at 406.        If the attorney participates independently in



                                          15
fraudulent activities, his action is “foreign to the duties of an attorney,” and he

cannot “shield his own willful and premeditated fraudulent actions from liability

simply on the ground that he is an agent of his client.” Id.

      For example, in Likover v. Sunflower Terrace II, Ltd., an attorney and his

clients joined together in a scheme to exact money, to which they were not legally

entitled, from the plaintiffs. 696 S.W.2d 468, 474 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1985, no writ). There, the plaintiffs purchased an apartment complex from the

defendants and paid them for architectural services and rehabilitation of the

property. Id. at 469–70. However, the parties did not execute a contract for

rehabilitation, and the defendants, who were not licensed architects, did not

prepare plans or blueprints.     Id. at 470.   On the advice of the attorney, the

defendants then refused to sign the deed to the apartment complex as promised,

unless the plaintiffs paid them an additional $400,000. Id. at 471. On appeal, the

attorney asserted that he “merely gave legal advice to a client.” Id. at 474. This

Court held, however, that “an attorney is liable if he knowingly commits a

fraudulent act that injures a third person, or if he knowingly enters into a

conspiracy to defraud a third person.” Id. at 472 (citing Poole v. Hous. & T.C. Ry.,

58 Tex. 134, 137 (1882)).

      In Poole, a railroad station agent was notified to stop a carload of goods in

transit to an insolvent buyer. 58 Tex. at 137. The buyer, after learning that the



                                         16
shipment was to be stopped, procured his attorney to intercept the goods at an

intermediate station, obtain possession of the goods, and re-mark them with a

fictitious name. Id. The goods then passed from the hands of the company into the

hands of the insolvent. Id. The Court held that the attorney,

      [h]aving assumed the apparent ownership of the goods, for the
      purpose and with the intention of consummating the fraud upon [the
      plaintiff], he will not be heard to deny his liability to [the plaintiff] for
      the loss sustained by reason of his wrongful acts, under the privileges
      of an attorney at law, for such acts are entirely foreign to the duties of
      an attorney; neither will he be permitted, under such circumstances, to
      shield himself from liability on the ground that he was the agent of the
      [defendant], for no one is justified on that ground in knowingly
      committing willful and premeditated frauds for another.

Id. at 137–38. Similarly, in Essex Crane, this Court held that “[a]ttorneys have no

immunity from knowingly drafting fraudulent documents to evade the lawful

seizure of property by a judgment creditor.” 371 S.W.3d at 378–79.

      Also, in JJJJ Walker, LLC v. Yollick, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals held

that “an attorney can be held liable for his own fraudulent conduct even though it

was performed on a client’s behalf.” 447 S.W.3d 453, 468 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2014, pet. filed).      In Yollick, after a hospital system filed for

bankruptcy relief, a group of investors sought to purchase its assets, namely, three

hospitals, from the creditor bank.      Id. at 455.    The bank’s attorney, Yollick,

negotiated with the investors, created a company to hold the assets, and provided

the purchase money and funds for initial working capital. Id. at 455–56. When the



                                           17
investors needed additional working capital, they executed a letter agreement,

assigning their membership interests in the company that was holding the hospitals

to a new entity under the bank’s control. Id. at 456. Yollick then appointed his

wife, using a fictitious name, and two of his friends to act as the board of directors

of the new entity. Id. And he executed an elaborate scheme to take over the

company that was holding the hospitals. Id. at 457. He removed each of the

investors as officers and replaced them with himself as sole officer, manager,

president, secretary, and chief executive officer. Id. He then sold the hospitals for

$55 million and paid the investors nothing. Id. at 458.

      In the investors’ appeal from the trial court’s judgment in favor of Yollick

on their fraud claim, Yollick argued that he was entitled to immunity as a matter of

law because an attorney is not liable for statements made in the course of

representing his client in adversarial proceedings.       See id. at 468–69.      The

Fourteenth Court explained that Yollick, in signing the letter agreement “as the

Bank’s agent,” was “not relying on his professional knowledge and training as an

attorney to make a statement in the course of representing his client in an

adversarial context.” Id. at 469–70. Rather, “he was simply signing his name,

acting as the Bank’s agent with actual authority to bind his principal to a promise

of future performance.” Id. at 70. And because he did so “knowing that the Bank

did not intend to perform as promised, he can be held liable for his conduct just as



                                         18
any other agent or corporate representative would be.” Id. The court noted that

Yollick was “not [to be] held to a lower standard” simply because he happened to

also be the principal’s attorney. Id.; see also Galbraith, 451 S.W.3d at 404 (noting

“if a lawyer knowingly participates in fraudulent activities independent of the

lawyer’s representation of the client, the lawyer’s actions are ‘foreign to the duties

of an attorney’”).

      Here, to determine whether Haynes and Boone has immunity from Guzder’s

claims, we “focus on the type or kind of conduct” in which, as alleged by Guzder,

Haynes and Boone engaged to determine “whether the conduct is actionable or

merely conduct undertaken in the representation of the client.” See Galbraith, 451

S.W.3d at 403. We limit our analysis to the allegations in the live pleadings.

Wooley, 447 S.W.3d at 81; see TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.6. And we consider whether

these allegations, “taken as true, together with inferences reasonably drawn from

them” entitle Guzder to the relief sought. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.1.

      In his petition, Guzder alleges that Haynes and Boone committed fraud 8 by

making “false representations of settlement”; not indicating that the Agreement


8
      The elements of a fraud claim are: (1) the defendant made a material
      representation that was false; (2) knew the representation was false or made it
      recklessly as a positive assertion without any knowledge of its truth; (3) intended
      to induce the plaintiff to act upon the representation; and (4) the plaintiff acted in
      reliance on the representation and thereby suffered injury. See Aquaplex, Inc. v.
      Rancho La Valencia, Inc., 297 S.W.3d 768, 774 (Tex. 2009). The elements of
      fraud by nondisclosure, or fraud by omission, are (1) the defendant failed to

                                            19
“was not a binding agreement” and that he and his counsel “should not rely upon

it”; acting with intent that Guzder rely on the “false representations” by moving

forward with the dismissal of the qui tam lawsuit; representing to the federal court

that “the case had settled”; and “participat[ing] in seeking” an abatement and

dismissal due to settlement.

      Construing the pleadings liberally in favor of Guzder and accepting as true

his factual allegations, we conclude that engaging in such settlement negotiations

and filing such motions in the court, including “seeking an abatement” and

“participating in seeking a dismissal due to settlement,” constitute acts taken and

communications made to facilitate the rendition of legal services. The actions and

communications thus fall within the context of Haynes and Boone’s discharge of

its duties to represent MKM.        See Alpert, 178 S.W.3d at 408.           Whether the

substance of the communications was incorrect does not change the kind of

conduct in which Haynes and Boone engaged. See Authorlee, 274 S.W.3d at 119–

20 (holding “no private cause of action” against attorney for having “knowingly

agreed to insert false statements” into settlement documents); Chapman Children’s

      disclose facts to the plaintiff when the defendant had a duty to disclose such facts;
      (2) the facts were material; (3) the defendant knew of the facts; (4) the defendant
      knew that the plaintiff was ignorant of the facts and did not have an equal
      opportunity to discover the truth; (5) the defendant was deliberately silent and
      failed to disclose the facts with the intent to induce the plaintiff to take some
      action; (6) the plaintiff relied on the omission; and (7) suffered injury as a result.
      See Horizon Shipbuilding, Inc. v. Blyn II Holding, LLC, 324 S.W.3d 840, 850
      (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.).


                                            20
Trust, 32 S.W.3d at 441–42 (holding no cause of action where law firm,

“knowing” its client did not intend to pay as agreed, “did nothing to assist”

plaintiffs in settlement); Jurek, 2011 WL 1587375, at *6 (noting plaintiff did not

assert attorney’s failure to disclose any information to her independent of his

participation in mediation of lawsuit and holding no independent right of recovery

where attorney did not notify opposing party of existence of facts bearing on

client’s assertions in MSA); Dixon Fin. Servs., Ltd., 2008 WL 746548, at *9

(“Characterizing an attorney’s action in advancing his client’s rights as fraudulent

does not change the rule that an attorney cannot be held liable for discharging his

duties to his client.”).

       The attorney conduct complained of here, unlike the complained-of conduct

by the attorneys in Likover, Poole, Essex Crane, and Yollick, involves acts or

omissions undertaken as part of the discharge of the attorneys’ duties as counsel to

an opposing party. See Chapman Children’s Trust, 32 S.W.3d at 442

(distinguishing Likover, 696 S.W.2d at 471–72); see also Essex Crane Rental

Corp., 371 S.W.3d at 382 (noting plaintiff did not sue attorneys for representations

made within scope of representation in litigation but for actions in conspiring to

hide assets); Yollick, 447 S.W.3d at 469–70 (noting attorney, in signing letter

agreement “as the Bank’s agent,” “not relying on his professional knowledge and




                                        21
training as an attorney to make a statement in the course of representing his client

in an adversarial context”).

      Because Guzder does not allege any conduct by Haynes and Boone

independent of its settlement of the lawsuit, his allegations do not constitute

conduct foreign to the duties of an attorney in the representation of a client, and,

thus, they cannot serve as the basis for an actionable fraud claim against Haynes

and Boone. See Wooley, 447 S.W.3d at 78 (applying TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.1); see

also Authorlee, 274 S.W.3d at 120 (concluding no cause of action existed where

“[a]ll of the actions of the defendants were in connection with the settlement of a

lawsuit”). Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in dismissing

Guzder’s fraud claim against Haynes and Boone. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.1; see

also GoDaddy.com, LLC, 429 S.W.3d at 754 (noting dismissal appropriate if court

determines plaintiff “can prove no set of facts to support a claim that would entitle

him to relief”); Alpert, 178 S.W.3d at 404–05, 407–08 (affirming trial court’s order

granting special exceptions and dismissing case because plaintiff “failed to set

forth a claim or plead a cause of action against [defendant-law firm] recognized

under Texas law”); Chapman Children’s Trust, 32 S.W.3d at 440–43 (holding

plaintiff did not raise issue of fraud with allegations opposing attorney denied

knowledge of and concealed facts, filed motions, and pushed settlement).




                                         22
      We further hold that because the trial court did not err in dismissing

Guzder’s fraud claim, it did not err in dismissing his civil-conspiracy-to-commit-

fraud claim. See Gary E. Patterson & Assocs., P.C. v. Holub, 264 S.W.3d 180,

204 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (“Civil conspiracy is a

derivative action premised on an underlying tort.”).

      We overrule Guzder’s first and second issues.

                                       Conclusion

      Having overruled Guzder’s first and second issues, we do not reach his third

issue, in which he asserts that “[u]pon reversal, the Court should vacate the award

of attorney’s fees.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.7 (providing for mandatory award of

attorney’s fee to prevailing party).

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                Terry Jennings
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Massengale, and Lloyd.




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