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 1        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 3          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 4 v.                                                                          No. A-1-CA-35044

 5 LORENZO ALONZO,

 6          Defendant-Appellant.

 7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY
 8 Lisa B. Riley, District Judge

 9   Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10   Santa Fe, NM
11   Laurie Blevins, Assistant Attorney General
12   Albuquerque, NM

13 for Appellee

14 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
15 Nina Lalevic, Assistant Appellate Defender
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellant

18                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

19 ZAMORA, Judge.
 1   {1}   Defendant appeals his convictions for resisting, evading, obstructing an officer

 2 (resisting), and two counts of battery on a peace officer. On appeal, Defendant claims

 3 that: (1) the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions; (2) he was entitled

 4 to an instruction on simple battery; (3) his conviction for resisting an officer should

 5 be vacated based on double jeopardy violations; (4) the district court erred in allowing

 6 testimony and questioning about prior and subsequent bad acts by Defendant; and (5)

 7 he received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel. We affirm Defendant’s

 8 convictions.

 9   {2}   Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the

10 facts and procedural background of the case, we reserve discussion of the pertinent

11 facts for our analysis.

12 DISCUSSION

13 A.      Sufficiency of the Evidence

14   {3}   Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction

15 for resisting or abusing an officer, as well as his convictions for battery on a peace

16 officer. See NMSA 1978, § 30-22-1(D) (1981) (providing that resisting, evading, or

17 obstructing an officer consists of “resisting or abusing any . . . peace officer in the

18 lawful discharge of his [or her] duties”); NMSA 1978, § 30-22-24 (1971) (providing

19 that battery on a peace officer involves the unlawful, intentional touching or



                                               2
 1 application of force to the peace officer while in the lawful discharge of his or her

 2 duties, when done in a rude, insolent, or angry manner). Defendant also argues that

 3 he was entitled to a simple battery instruction. For both of these issues, Defendant

 4 argues that the officers were not acting within the lawful discharge of their duties

 5 because they had no reason to forcibly detain him. We disagree.

 6 1.      Officers Were Acting Within Lawful Discharge of Their Duties

 7   {4}   Police officers responded to two separate calls. All of the responding officers

 8 were in uniform, displaying their badges, and driving marked police cars. The first call

 9 was based on a report that a male and female were observed arguing in a car; the male

10 exited the car and appeared to be bleeding. Officer Ryan Rodriguez learned that the

11 male seemed to have sustained an injury in a physical altercation, and had a noticeable

12 amount of blood on his face. Officer Rodriguez could not locate the male subject, but

13 encountered a female who had seen the male and described where he was headed.

14 Officer Rodriguez also spoke with a second person who had witnessed the altercation

15 between the male and female and had observed blood on the face of the male.

16   {5}   Around ten minutes after the first dispatch, the officers received the second

17 dispatch concerning an unwanted male. The description of the male matched the

18 description from the first caller. Officer Rodriguez found the male, who turned out to

19 be Defendant, sitting on the property of the second caller’s residence. Upon seeing the



                                              3
 1 officer, Defendant stood up and walked away while using obscene gestures and

 2 language toward the officer. Defendant appeared agitated and sweaty, and had a

 3 noticeable amount of blood on a substantial part of his face. Officer Rodriguez spoke

 4 with the second caller who told him that Defendant had banged on her door wanting

 5 to use the phone. After speaking with the resident, Officer Rodriguez searched for

 6 Defendant and found him walking in an alley. Defendant entered a backyard of a

 7 residence and emerged on the other side, between two houses.

 8   {6}   Lieutenant Tommy Barnett observed Defendant coming from between the two

 9 houses, and gave several commands for him to stop. Defendant responded with rude

10 gestures and comments, and increased his walking speed. When Defendant continued

11 to refuse to comply with his commands, Lieutenant Barnett used an arm bar maneuver

12 to take Defendant to the ground. When Officer Albert Castillo arrived on the scene,

13 Lieutenant Barnett stood up from his kneeling position in order to allow Officer

14 Castillo to help with Defendant. Defendant fought to the point that Lieutenant Barnett

15 and Officers Castillo and Rodriguez were struggling to subdue Defendant, who was

16 thrashing, kicking, and cursing. In the process, Defendant directed separate kicks at

17 Lieutenant Barnett and Officer Castillo.

18   {7}   The fact that Defendant had a substantial amount of blood on his face, and

19 based on Defendant’s demeanor, appearance, and behavior, the officers had a



                                              4
 1 reasonable belief that Defendant was involved in an altercation, in some capacity.

 2 Thus, the officers had the right to investigate the cause of Defendant’s injury. This

 3 included the possibility that he was the victim or perpetrator of a battery or other

 4 crime. See State v. Ryon, 2005-NMSC-005, ¶ 25, 137 N.M. 174, 108 P.3d 1032

 5 (describing the “community caretaker exception” as broad and encompassing

 6 situations, where the officers’ actions are motivated by “a desire to aid victims”

 7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); State v. Fairres, 2003-NMCA-152,

 8 ¶ 8, 134 N.M. 668, 81 P.3d 611 (stating that the officer may detain a person to

 9 investigate possible criminal activity “based on reasonable suspicion that a crime is

10 being or has been committed”). Based on the possibility that Defendant was involved

11 in a criminal activity in some capacity, whether as a victim or perpetrator, the officers

12 had the right to approach him and command him to stop. See Fairres, 2003-NMCA-

13 152, ¶ 8 (stating that “reasonable suspicion is subject to an objective test based upon

14 specific articulable facts and reasonable inferences from those facts”).

15   {8}   Defendant claims that the officers did not express “real concern” for his safety,

16 and they did not believe Defendant committed a crime. Contrary to Defendant’s claim,

17 Officer Rodriguez stated that they were investigating the incident in response to the

18 information from the first call to police and conducting a welfare check. Nevertheless,

19 what the officers expressed or did not express is not dispositive, because in



                                               5
 1 determining whether there are grounds for reasonable suspicion or for application of

 2 the community caretaker exception, we apply an objective test. See State v. Hubble,

 3 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 23, 146 N.M. 70, 206 P.3d 579; Ryon, 2005-NMSC-005, ¶ 30.

 4   {9}    Defendant claims that the facts in this case are similar to those in State v.

 5 Frazier, 1975-NMCA-074, 88 N.M. 103, 537 P.2d 711, because the defendant in that

 6 case was not suspected of committing any crime. We disagree. In Frazier, officers

 7 were called about a non-violent dispute between a motel manager and a guest over an

 8 unpaid motel bill. There was nothing that even suggested the commission of a

 9 criminal offense. Id. ¶¶ 4-6. In this case, officers were called to investigate reports of

10 a fight in a vehicle, a bloodied male who exited the vehicle, and a bloodied male who

11 had banged on a nearby resident’s door, all of which suggested the possibility of

12 criminal behavior.

13   {10}   Defendant cites to State v. Phillips, 2009-NMCA-021, 145 N.M. 615, 203 P.3d

14 146, for the proposition that punishment for resisting an officer is authorized only if

15 the officers had probable cause to seize him. Defendant argues that the officers neither

16 articulated concern for Defendant’s safety nor did they have reason to believe he was

17 a perpetrator of any crime. Defendant’s reliance on Phillips is misplaced. One critical

18 distinguishing fact from this case is the officer in Phillips mistakenly relied on a

19 repealed statute that had given him authority to transport an intoxicated person to his



                                               6
 1 home when he took the defendant into protective custody. See id. ¶ 22. In clarifying

 2 recent appellate decisions interpreting the phrase “lawful discharge of his duties,” the

 3 word “lawful” and our Supreme Court’s abrogation of the privilege to forcibly resist

 4 an illegal search or seizure, the Phillips court discussion noted that where an officer

 5 lacks the actual legal authority to place a defendant in protective custody and the

 6 defendant resists seizure, the defendant may be convicted only of a simple battery

 7 misdemeanor. Id. ¶¶ 17-19 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Phillips

 8 further noted that the lawful authority requirement was in keeping with the

 9 Legislature’s clearly expressed intent to justify a felony conviction for battery on a

10 peace officer. See id. ¶ 19. This discussion in Phillips is not controlling authority

11 because it was not necessary to the disposition in that case. Phillips found that the

12 officer acted in the lawful discharge of his duties, and affirmed the defendant’s

13 conviction. See id. ¶¶ 23-24. “It is obvious that this statement, since it was

14 unnecessary to [the] decision of the issue before the Court, was dictum, no matter how

15 deliberately or emphatically phrased.” Dictum is not a controlling authority. Ruggles

16 v. Ruggles, 1993-NMSC-043, ¶ 22 n.8, 116 N.M. 52, 860 P.2d 182.

17   {11}   Based on the facts of this case, we hold that the officers were acting within the

18 lawful discharge of their duties for purposes of Defendant’s convictions for resisting

19 an officer and battery on a peace officer.



                                                7
 1 2.       Standard of Review

 2   {12}   “The test for sufficiency of the evidence is whether substantial evidence of

 3 either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilty beyond a

 4 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v.

 5 Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 52, 345 P.3d 1056 (internal quotation marks and

 6 citation omitted). The reviewing court “view[s] the evidence in the light most

 7 favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all

 8 conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham,

 9 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176. We disregard all evidence and

10 inferences that support a different result. See State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19,

11 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829.

12 3.       Resisting an Officer

13   {13}   Defendant claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction

14 for resisting an officer, which consists of “resisting or abusing any . . . peace officer

15 in the lawful discharge of his [or her] duties.” Section 30-22-1(D). Since we have

16 already determined that the officers in this case were acting within the lawful

17 discharge of their duties, we are left to decide whether there was sufficient evidence

18 to support the jury’s determination that Defendant resisted or abused any peace

19 officer.



                                               8
 1   {14}   Here, the officers had their badges displayed, were in uniform, and were driving

 2 patrol cars. Officer Rodriguez ordered Defendant to stop, but he refused and walked

 3 away. While leaving, he directed profanity and rude gestures toward the officer. When

 4 Lieutenant Barnett later encountered Defendant, he gave several commands to stop,

 5 which Defendant ignored. Defendant knew it was wrong to defy the officers’ orders.

 6 We hold that the evidence was sufficient to support Defendant’s conviction for

 7 resisting or abusing an officer.

 8 4.       Battery on a Peace Officer

 9   {15}   Defendant was convicted of two counts of battery on a peace officer involving

10 Lieutenant Barnett and Officer Castillo, which consists of the “unlawful, intentional

11 touching or application of force to the . . . peace officer while he is in the lawful

12 discharge of his [or her] duties, when done in a rude, insolent or angry manner.”

13 Section 30-22-24. Punishment for battery on a peace officer is warranted only if the

14 battery rises to the level of an actual injury, an actual threat to the officer’s safety, or

15 a meaningful challenge to the officer’s authority. See State v. Padilla, 1997-NMSC-

16 022, ¶ 7, 123 N.M. 216, 937 P.2d 492.

17   {16}   Again, we have determined that the officers were acting in the lawful discharge

18 of their duties, therefore our attention is focused on Defendant’s actions. Defendant

19 does not claim that his actions in kicking the officers did not involve unlawful



                                                9
 1 application of force, or that he did not kick the officers in a rude, insolent, or angry

 2 manner. Instead, Defendant argues that kicking the officers did not meet the

 3 requirement under Padilla that the actions result in a meaningful challenge to the

 4 officers’ authority.

 5   {17}   Defendant contends that there is no meaningful method of evaluation for

 6 determining what constitutes a “meaningful challenge to authority.” Defendant

 7 suggests that we determine whether or not his actions caused “some actual impact on

 8 the officer’s ability to control or command the situation or carry out his duties.”

 9 Parties in other cases have similarly urged this Court to provide boundaries for

10 determining the “meaningful challenge to authority.” State v. Martinez, 2002-NMCA-

11 036, ¶ 38, 131 N.M. 746, 42 P.3d 851; State v. Jones, 2000-NMCA-047, ¶ 14, 129

12 N.M. 165, 3 P.3d 142. This Court has declined to do so, and we have pointed out that

13 juries must make that determination based on the circumstances and context in which

14 the battery occurred to decide if the contact was merely offensive, or whether it rose

15 to the level of unlawfulness. See Jones, 2000-NMCA-047, ¶¶ 10, 14. On appeal, we

16 must determine whether there was sufficient evidence for the jury to decide that

17 Defendant’s actions constituted a meaningful challenge to the officers’ authority.

18   {18}   Here, Lieutenant Barnett and Officer Castillo were in the process of conducting

19 a welfare check, and investigating the report of a fight in a vehicle and a man with a



                                              10
 1 bloodied head exiting the vehicle. When the officers were exercising their authority

 2 by attempting to subdue Defendant, he struggled and fought them. At one point,

 3 Defendant kicked Lieutenant Barnett, and at another point, kicked Officer Castillo.

 4 Each time, his conduct indicated that the kicks were deliberately aimed at the officers.

 5 When kicking Lieutenant Barnett, he leaned onto his shoulder, drew his leg back and

 6 kicked. Before he kicked Officer Castillo, Defendant took a moment to locate the

 7 officer’s position.

 8   {19}   Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, Defendant’s

 9 kicks in his attempt to free himself were not merely offensive. Defendant’s conduct

10 was unlawful and constituted a meaningful challenge to the officers’ authority. We

11 hold that there was sufficient evidence to support both of Defendant’s convictions for

12 battery on a peace officer.

13 B.       A Simple Battery Instruction Was Not Appropriate

14   {20}   We also reject Defendant’s claim of entitlement to a lesser-included instruction

15 for simple battery. Simple battery is a lesser-included offense to battery on a peace

16 officer. State v. Kraul, 1977-NMCA-032, ¶¶ 13, 15, 90 N.M. 314, 563 P.2d 108.

17 “Battery on a peace officer differs from simple battery, by including an additional

18 requirement that the victim have been a peace officer while he [or she] is in the lawful

19 discharge of his [or her] duties.” Phillips, 2009-NMCA-021, ¶ 10 (internal quotation



                                               11
 1 marks and citation omitted). Our determination that Lieutenant Barnett and Officers

 2 Rodriguez and Castillo were in the lawful discharge of their duties automatically

 3 excludes any consideration of a simple battery instruction. See, e.g., State v.

 4 Melendrez, 1977-NMCA-131, ¶ 19, 91 N.M. 259, 572 P.2d 1267.

 5 C.       No Violation of Double Jeopardy

 6   {21}   Defendant argues that his convictions for battery on a peace officer and

 7 resisting arrest constitute double jeopardy and asks this Court to vacate his conviction

 8 for resisting an officer. Defendant claims that, while the three officers were subduing

 9 him, his “resisting behavior” and his “kicking” of the two officers was unitary. As

10 noted by Defendant, we must first determine whether the conduct underlying the

11 offenses of resisting an officer and battery on a peace officer is unitary. See State v.

12 Lopez, 2008-NMCA-111, ¶ 9, 144 N.M. 705, 191 P.3d 563. In order to decide that

13 question, we look at whether the two events were sufficiently separated by space or

14 time, and whether the nature of the acts can be distinguished. See id.

15   {22}   Officer Rodriguez found Defendant at the home of the second caller. When

16 Officer Rodriguez asked to speak to him, Defendant got up and walked away. Despite

17 commands to stop, Defendant kept walking away. After the Officer spoke with the

18 resident, he left in his vehicle to find Defendant. After locating Defendant in an alley,

19 Officer Rodriguez called out but received no response. When Defendant emerged



                                              12
 1 from between two houses, Lieutenant Barnett commanded Defendant to stop, but

 2 again Defendant refused. During the struggle to subdue Defendant, the officers were

 3 kicked by Defendant.

 4   {23}   After Defendant was first located and ignored Officer Rodriguez’s commands

 5 to stop, there was some passage of time during which Officer Rodriguez spoke with

 6 the homeowner and Defendant walked to another location. Lieutenant Barnett

 7 encountered Defendant emerging from between two houses at a completely different

 8 location. At that time, Defendant was again commanded to stop, but he refused, and

 9 the officers attempted to forcibly detain him. Defendant’s refusal to stop after ordered

10 to do so by Officer Rodriguez was separated by time and space from the struggle to

11 subdue him. Furthermore, his refusal to obey Lieutenant Barnett’s command to stop

12 was separated by time and space from the struggle to subdue Defendant. Therefore,

13 Defendant’s conduct was not unitary, and his convictions do not violate double

14 jeopardy.

15 D.       Prior and Subsequent Bad Acts

16   {24}   Defendant argues that the district court erred in allowing the State to question

17 Defendant regarding prior and subsequent bad acts. Defendant does not provide

18 specific factual information in support of this claim other than a statement that, during

19 his testimony, he explained that “he had committed prior offenses.” Although defense



                                               13
 1 counsel did not object, Defendant claims that the failure by the district court to stop

 2 him from testifying at that point amounted to plain error.

 3   {25}   This Court is given no information in support of the accusation that the State

 4 was allowed to question Defendant regarding prior and subsequent bad acts. This

 5 Court is under no obligation to review unclear or undeveloped arguments. See State

 6 v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-014, ¶ 21, 278 P.3d 1031; State v. Fuentes, 2010-NMCA-027,

 7 ¶ 29, 147 N.M. 761, 228 P.3d 1181 (noting that this Court will “not review unclear or

 8 undeveloped arguments [that] require us to guess at what [a party’s] arguments might

 9 be”). We decline to address Defendant’s argument.

10   {26}   Notably, the State provides us with citations to the record and specific

11 information about Defendant’s testimony, and it is clear that any comments that may

12 have concerned prior or subsequent bad acts by Defendant were actually volunteered

13 by him on direct examination. See State v. Reynolds, 1990-NMCA-122, ¶ 20, 111

14 N.M. 263, 804 P.2d 1082 (“A party cannot complain of prejudice possibly resulting

15 from a situation[,] which he created by his own remarks during the course of the trial.”

16 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

17 E.       Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

18   {27}   Defendant contends that his trial counsel was ineffective. Defendant argues that

19 his counsel did not object to questions regarding gang affiliation, but instead persisted



                                               14
 1 in questioning the officers about the matter. Defendant also contends that his counsel

 2 was ineffective in failing to call a polygraph expert to support Defendant’s claim that

 3 the officers were untruthful in stating that they did not handcuff his ankles, which

 4 would have also supported his claim that he could not have kicked the officers.

 5   {28}   Defense counsel’s performance is deficient if his or her conduct falls below that

 6 of a reasonably competent attorney. See State v. Grogan, 2007-NMSC-039, ¶ 11, 142

 7 N.M. 107, 163 P.3d 494. “We indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct

 8 falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant

 9 must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action

10 might be considered sound trial strategy.” State v. Hunter, 2006-NMSC-043, ¶ 13, 140

11 N.M. 406, 143 P.3d 168 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Although

12 Defendant claims that his counsel should have objected to certain questions, the

13 decision to object or not object is “a matter of trial tactics.” State v. Jacobs,

14 2000-NMSC-026, ¶ 49, 129 N.M. 448, 10 P.3d 127. In addition, Defendant cannot

15 claim that his case was prejudiced unless, as a result of his counsel’s performance,

16 “there was a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been

17 different.” State v. Dylan J., 2009-NMCA-027, ¶ 38, 145 N.M.719, 204 P.3d 44

18 (omission, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Other than favorable

19 generalized statements that a polygraph expert would have supported Defendant’s



                                               15
 1 claims that the officers were untruthful, Defendant does not provide any factual or

 2 legal authority to support his contention that his attorney’s failure to call a polygraph

 3 expert would amount to ineffective assistance of counsel. This Court will not address

 4 Defendant’s undeveloped argument. See Fuentes, 2010-NMCA-027, ¶ 29 (explaining

 5 that this Court does not review unclear or undeveloped arguments that would require

 6 this Court to guess at what the party’s argument might be).

 7   {29}   We have previously expressed a preference for habeas corpus proceedings over

 8 remand in cases where the record does not demonstrate a prima facie case of

 9 ineffective assistance of counsel. See State v. Martinez, 1996-NMCA-109, ¶ 25, 122

10 N.M. 476, 927 P.2d 31. In this case, we have determined that Defendant has failed to

11 present a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel, and therefore, we reject

12 his claim. However, our decision does not preclude Defendant from pursuing post-

13 conviction relief to which he may be entitled.

14 CONCLUSION

15   {30}   Based on the forgoing, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.

16   {31}   IT IS SO ORDERED.


17
18                                     M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

19 WE CONCUR:



                                              16
1
2 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge


3
4 JULIE J. VARGAS, Judge




                            17
