AFFIRMED; Opinion Filed May 19, 2015.




                                            Court of Appeals
                                                             S      In The


                                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                         No. 05-13-00450-CR

                                           ANTONIO PATTERSON, Appellant
                                                        V.
                                            THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                                On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 4
                                             Dallas County, Texas
                                     Trial Court Cause No. F10-59304-K

                                                              OPINION
                                        Before Justices Myers, Evans, and O’Neill 1
                                                Opinion by Justice Myers
           A jury convicted appellant Antonio Patterson of aggravated robbery with a deadly

weapon and assessed punishment at life imprisonment. In two issues, appellant argues that the

evidence is insufficient to support the conviction because the testimony of the accomplice

witness was not corroborated; and (2) the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to conduct

a hearing before admitting testimony regarding the interpretation of appellant’s cellular

telephone records. We affirm.

                                       BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

           At 4:28 p.m. on the afternoon of February 27, 2010, Dallas firefighters responded to an

alarm at 5600 Railroad Avenue and the C.F. Hawn Freeway, in Dallas County, Texas. When


   1
       The Honorable Michael J. O’Neill, Justice, Court of Appeals, Fifth District of Dallas, Retired, sitting by assignment.
they arrived at the location four minutes later, at 4:32 p.m., they found a burning Ford Escort

parked under the freeway bridge. The vehicle’s passenger area was “fully involved in flames,”

according to Dallas firefighter Graham Pearson, who was one of the firefighters that responded

to the call. After they extinguished the fire, firefighters looked in the trunk and found William

Artis, then twenty-two years of age. He was still alive but unconscious, and had third degree

burns to both of his arms and legs, a gunshot wound to his right leg, head trauma, and had

suffered severe smoke inhalation. Artis’s injuries were so serious that he spent several months in

the hospital and a rehabilitation facility recuperating. He underwent multiple skin grafts and had

a metal plate inserted into his thigh to repair a shattered femur. His right leg was amputated

below the knee, and the brain damage he suffered because of the smoke inhalation left Artis

unable to write, although he could still read. By the time this case was tried, in March of 2013,

Artis was struggling to learn how to walk again.

          Artis’s mother, Vicki, agreed that her son’s injuries resulted from “a drug deal gone bad.”

Although his parents did not know it at the time, Artis had been selling marijuana with the help

of a friend, Kelvin Brooks, 2 to earn extra money. Brooks assisted Artis in connecting with

buyers, including Brooks’s uncle, James Bernard Collins, the accomplice witness in this case,

who also went by the name of James Bernard Norton. Collins had a job but sold crack cocaine to

make some money “on the side.” He testified that he had been approached by Artis and Brooks

about selling marijuana for them. He told them that he was not going to sell marijuana for them,

but was interested in buying it. Artis gave Collins some marijuana as a “free sample.” Collins

and Artis talked on the telephone about Collins buying two quarter pounds of marijuana from

Artis. Collins thought Artis was selling good marijuana “cheap,” but knew he lacked “street

savvy.” Artis testified that he did not have a lot of experience in the drug business. On February

   2
       Kelvin Brooks is sometimes mistakenly referred to in the record as Kevin Brooks.



                                                                    –2–
27, 2010, Artis went to Collins’s apartment in east Dallas to sell him some marijuana.

           Collins was in jail at the time he testified and was charged with the instant aggravated

robbery. 3 He testified that, when he and Artis spoke on the telephone about buying marijuana,

they also discussed whether Collins knew anyone who wanted to buy a TEC-9 gun. Collins

replied “yeah” because he knew that appellant, who was at Collins’s apartment when Artis

called, wanted to buy a gun. When Collins asked appellant, also known as Molock, if he knew

anyone who wanted to buy a gun, appellant asked what type of gun it was. Collins said it was a

TEC-9, and appellant retorted that Artis “must want to get robbed. Who brings a gun to a drug

deal?” Collins told Artis to bring the gun with him. Once Collins informed appellant that Artis

was on his way and would bring two pounds of marijuana, appellant indicated that he wanted to

“jack” Artis, i.e., rob him of his money and his marijuana. Collins told appellant that he wanted

to get his marijuana first. Appellant assured Collins he would handle the situation, saying, “I am

going to take care of everything for you. I got you.” Collins admitted at trial that he and

appellant were setting Artis up to be robbed.

           Artis arrived at Collins’s apartment carrying the marijuana and the gun in a shoebox.

Collins and Artis went into the kitchen, where appellant was sitting in a chair. When Artis put

the marijuana on a digital scale, appellant hit him on the back of the head with a .357 gun. Artis

grabbed his head and fell to the kitchen floor; appellant also sprayed him with mace. Artis

screamed and cried. He was bleeding from his head. Collins testified that he did not expect

appellant to hit Artis with a gun; he thought he would just draw his pistol on him and take his

money. He recalled that he berated appellant, demanding to know why he was doing this in his

apartment, and that he scolded him for getting blood all over the floor. Appellant assured Collins


     3
        Collins had previously been imprisoned for burglary of a habitation and aggravated robbery. In return for his testimony, the State agreed
to strike the enhancement paragraph from Collins’s indictment, thus making his minimum punishment range five instead of fifteen years.



                                                                     –3–
that he had nothing to worry about and “[t]his ain’t going to fall back on you. I got you.”

Collins understood this to mean that appellant intended to kill Artis.

       Appellant pointed the gun at Artis and demanded to know “where the money was.” Artis

said it was in the car under the back seat. Appellant went out to get the money. When he

returned, he asked appellant, “Where the rest of the money at?” Artis told appellant that he had

$15,000 at his house and that he would give it to appellant if he spared his life. As Artis was

lying on the ground, appellant took out Artis’s wallet and looked at the identification. He asked,

“Man, is this where you live at?” Artis said, “Sir, this is where I live at.” Appellant pretended to

make a phone call in which he said “[Y]eah, I’m sending somebody over there right now.” Artis

said, “Man, I promise you, if you take me there I will give you the money.” Appellant then told

Collins he was going to take Artis “somewhere.” Appellant backed Artis’s car to the door of the

apartment and, at gunpoint, ordered him to get in the trunk. Artis complied.

       Appellant gave Collins his car keys and told Collins to follow him. Appellant drove the

Ford Escort and Collins followed closely behind in appellant’s car, a black Pontiac. They

stopped at a 7-Eleven. Appellant got an empty soda bottle and poured some gasoline into the

bottle. They drove to another location, where appellant told Collins to park away from appellant.

Appellant got out of Artis’s car and shot into the trunk––where Artis was still confined––

through the back seat. Appellant then poured gasoline on the trunk of the car and inside the car.

He lit a piece of paper on fire and threw it into the car, setting it alight. Appellant ran to his car,

where Collins was waiting, and drove Collins back to his apartment. Appellant had the shoebox

with the TEC-9 gun with him when he got into the car. Collins testified that appellant used this

gun to shoot into the trunk. Appellant continued to assure Collins that he had nothing to worry

about, and he promised to pay him for “letting me do that right there,” and for letting him stay at

Collins’s apartment “and keep my stuff there.” Collins subsequently learned that appellant had

                                                 –4–
given “somewhere around” $900 to Brittany, Collins’s “baby momma,” that was intended for

Collins. Collins estimated this was approximately half of the money they had taken from Artis.

       Collins testified that he kept his distance from appellant after the offense because it was

“on a whole different level” from anything he had done before. Collins had been to prison for

robbery but, he added, “Wasn’t nobody done like that.” After Collins’s arrest, he was questioned

by a police detective. Collins admitted that he lied to the detective, initially telling her that he

knew nothing about the robbery, and later telling the police that the crime was committed by

appellant and a person named “A-Dog.”

       Collins’s cell phone records from February 2010 were admitted into evidence as State’s

exhibit 136, and these records showed telephone calls from appellant to Collins on February 27,

2010. A printed page of appellant’s MetroPCS phone records, admitted into evidence as part of

State’s exhibit 141, also showed telephone calls from appellant to Collins on the date of the

offense.

       Two Dallas police detectives testified about the cell phone records. Detective Elena

Perez testified that she identified appellant’s cell phone number from Collins’s phone records.

She then obtained appellant’s phone records through a court order. Detective Perez compared

the phone records of appellant and Collins and learned that two of the telephone calls from

appellant to Collins were received at 4:11 p.m. and 4:17 p.m. The State published one page of

appellant’s phone records that showed the 4:11 p.m. and 4:17 p.m. phone calls.

       Detective John Franco testified that he typed in the addresses of specific cell phone tower

locations and then printed maps from Google Earth that showed those tower locations. The six

maps from Google Earth––admitted without objection as State’s exhibits 147 to 152–– showed

the locations of cell towers where certain telephone calls between Collins and appellant were

“hitting” at the time of the offense. Detective Franco testified as to which cell towers the calls

                                                –5–
were “hitting off” at various times on February 27, 2010. One of the Google Earth maps, State’s

exhibit 150, showed the location of cell tower 144, where the phone calls made by appellant to

Collins between 4:03 p.m. and 4:17 p.m. were “hitting,” and the offense location at 5600

Railroad Avenue. The distance between the location where the burning car was found and the

cell phone tower was approximately 7/10 of a mile. Detective Franco testified regarding the

route a car might have traveled based on the cell phone towers and the Google Earth maps. On

cross-examination, Detective Franco testified that appellant’s phone records showed multiple

calls “hitting” off of cell tower 144 during the month of February, 2010.

       Artis testified that he started selling marijuana in May of 2009.          Kelvin Brooks, a

childhood friend, introduced Artis to some individuals who wanted to buy drugs, including

Kelvin’s uncle, James Collins. Artis did not know Collins’s name and during his testimony he

referred to Collins at various times as Kelvin, Kevin, or Kevin’s uncle, brother, or cousin,

because, according to Artis, Collins and Brooks looked alike. On February 27, 2010, Artis went

to Collins’s apartment to sell marijuana after having talked to Collins on the telephone earlier

that day. Artis was driving his mother’s red Ford Escort. He testified that he did not have any

money on him. He had difficulty recalling certain details of the offense, such as whether he

carried the marijuana in a bag or a box, whether he brought a scale, whether there were other

people in the apartment when he went inside, and who took the keys out of his pocket. But he

testified that he had the gun in his car and did not take it into the apartment. After Artis gave the

marijuana to Collins, Collins hit Artis in the back of the head with a gun “pretty damn hard.”

Artis tried to turn around and saw a second person he did not know, who he referred to as “a big

dude,” come out of the hallway “right after that.” He had never seen him before.

       Collins pointed a gun at Artis’s back and led him out of the apartment. Artis was then

taken to his mother’s car and ordered to get into the car. Collins was driving and the “big dude”

                                                –6–
was in the passenger seat; Artis was in the back seat. He assumed at this point that he was being

robbed. He asked if he could call Kelvin but the “big dude” told him, “You need to shut the fuck

up.” They drove around for a while. When the car finally stopped, one of two men––Artis’s

testimony is not clear as to which one––told him to get out of the car and get into the trunk. He

was holding a gun. At some point after that, perhaps a couple of minutes or maybe five minutes,

Artis was not sure, he felt a gunshot to his leg. He did not see who set fire to the car, but he

testified that he eventually smelled smoke and the trunk of the car “started getting hot.” He

could see the inside of the car was burning. He reached a point where he could no longer breathe

and, assuming he was going to die, lost consciousness.

       Artis met with detectives several times. Detective Perez interviewed Artis on August 26,

2010. This interview, which was videotaped and admitted into evidence as State’s exhibit 2, was

played for the jury.   Artis spoke softly during the interview and is sometimes difficult to

understand, but he can be heard telling Detective Perez that “the big dude” put him in the trunk.

Detective Perez then asked Artis if he remembered who shot him. He mumbled an inaudible

response before saying, “The big dude.” She asked, “The big dude shot you?” Artis replied that

“the big dude” was the only person who could have shot him because that was the last person he

saw before he was shot. Detective Perez reviewed this information with Artis, asking him again

who put him in the trunk of the car. Artis replied, “I think the big dude.” She asked whether the

other individual, who Artis identified as “Kevin,” was standing around during this time. Artis

said, “I’m pretty sure, yeah.” She also asked, “But you remember the big guy putting you in the

trunk,” to which Artis replied, “In the trunk, yeah.” She added, “And you remember getting

shot, and you say it was the big dude?” Artis answered, “Yeah, it was the big dude.”

       Artis was also shown photographic lineups. Detective Franco showed a lineup to Artis

on August 26, 2010. Detective Franco testified Artis “was heavily damaged, heavily burned,”

                                              –7–
when he was shown the lineup. Artis could not write or sign his name on the lineup form

because of the pain he was in, but Detective Franco asked him to “make an X or draw a line,”

and Artis “was able to reach up and scribble” on the form. Artis identified a photograph of

appellant, the fifth photo in the lineup, State’s exhibit 3k, stating, “I remember seeing him.”

Detective Franco initialed, signed, and dated the photograph because Artis was unable to do so.

Detective Perez testified that in a separate lineup Artis identified Collins’s photograph with one

hundred percent certainty.

       Artis testified that he selected “the same two people that I’m talking about” at trial in the

photographic lineups. He was unable to formally identify appellant in court when asked to do so,

stating, “I don’t see––he is a big dude. That’s all I can tell.” On redirect, the prosecutor showed

Artis a photograph that the prosecutor incorrectly identified as “State’s Exhibit No. 3,” and Artis

identified the individual in that photograph as the same person he had been referring to

throughout his testimony and the recorded statement as “the big dude.”

       The State also introduced evidence of a jail telephone call that appellant made to his wife

on August 17, 2010, at 11:40 p.m. Toward the end of the phone call, which lasted approximately

ten minutes and thirty-seven seconds, appellant’s wife told him that “I got your car parked.” He

told her to go through the car and see if there are “any type of bullets or anything” in the car, and

to “get that shit” out of the car in case “they try to come get my car.” Just before the call ended,

appellant’s wife told him that he knew they should not be discussing that over the telephone.

                                            DISCUSSION

                   1. Corroboration of the Accomplice Witness’s Testimony

       In his first issue, appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support the conviction

because the testimony of the accomplice witness, James Collins, was not corroborated. We

review the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set out in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

                                                –8–
307 (1979); Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). We examine all the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of

fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson,

443 U.S. at 319; Matlock, 392 S.W.3d at 667. We must defer to the jury’s credibility and weight

determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to

be given to their testimony. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 568

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

       A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence corroborating accomplice testimony is not

the same as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the verdict as a whole.

Simons v. State, No. 05–12–01539–CR, 2014 WL 3700667, at *6 (Tex. App.––Dallas July 24,

2014, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (citing Cathey v. State, 992 S.W.2d 460, 462–

63 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Cantelon v. State, 85 S.W.3d 457, 460 (Tex. App.––Austin 2002, no

pet.)). To corroborate accomplice witness testimony, “[a]ll the law requires is that there be some

non-accomplice evidence which tends to connect the accused to the commission of the offense.”

Id. (quoting Hernandez v. State, 939 S.W.2d 173, 178–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)); see TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (conviction cannot stand upon accomplice testimony unless

corroborated by other evidence that tends to connect defendant with offense).               Thus,

corroboration is insufficient if it merely shows the offense was committed. TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. ANN. art. 38.14; Smith v. State, 332 S.W.3d 425, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). To

determine the sufficiency of the corroboration, we eliminate all of the accomplice testimony

from consideration and then examine the remaining portions of the record to see if there is any

evidence that tends to connect the accused with the commission of the offense. Castillo v. State,

221 S.W.3d 689, 691 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). An accomplice is one who participated in the

offense before, during, or after its commission with the requisite mental state. Smith, 332

                                               –9–
S.W.3d at 439.

       The corroborating evidence may be direct or circumstantial, and need not be sufficient by

itself to establish the defendant’s guilt. Id. at 442; Malone v. State, 253 S.W.3d 253, 257 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008). It may confirm a “mere detail” rather than the elements of the offense. Lee v.

State, 29 S.W.3d 570, 577 (Tex. App.––Dallas 2000, no pet.). Even “apparently insignificant

incriminating circumstances” may provide sufficient corroboration.       Trevino v. State, 991

S.W.2d 849, 852 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (quoting Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996)). Evidence that the defendant was in the company of the accomplice at or near

the time or place of the crime is proper corroborating evidence, but such evidence alone is not

conclusive corroboration. Hernandez, 939 S.W.2d at 178; Nolley v. State, 5 S.W.3d 850, 854

(Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

       We look at the particular facts and circumstances of each case and consider the combined

force of all the non-accomplice evidence that tends to connect the accused to the offense. Smith,

332 S.W.3d at 442; Malone, 253 S.W.3d at 257. No precise rule can be formulated as to the

amount of evidence that is required to corroborate the testimony of an accomplice. Dowthitt,

931 S.W.2d at 249. But there is sufficient corroboration if the combined force of all the non-

accomplice evidence shows that rational jurors could have found that it sufficiently tended to

connect the defendant to the offense. Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 442; Malone, 253 S.W.3d at 257.

Hence, “when there are two permissible views of the evidence (one tending to connect the

defendant to the offense and the other not tending to connect the defendant to the offense),

appellate courts should defer to the view of the evidence chosen by the fact-finder.” Simmons v.

State, 282 S.W.3d 504, 508 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see also Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 442.

       Appellant’s brief uses a side-by-side comparison to illustrate various inconsistencies

between Artis’s and Collins’s testimony, arguing that Artis’s testimony fully incriminated

                                              –10–
Collins but did nothing more than show appellant was present at Collins’s apartment and in

Artis’s car. Appellant further argues there is no corroboration of Collins’s testimony that it was

appellant who took Artis’s money and gun, fired the shot that injured Artis, or that appellant

started the fire in Artis’s car. As a result, according to appellant, Artis’s testimony did not

corroborate Collins’s testimony.

         There is no question that Artis’s testimony differed from Collins’s version of the offense.

But such conflicts are matters inherently related to the weight and credibility of the evidence, and

the jury as factfinder resolved those conflicts in the witnesses’ testimony in the State’s favor. It

is not appropriate for us to independently construe or weigh the non-accomplice evidence. See

Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 442. The jury could have concluded the inconsistencies between Artis’s

and Collins’s testimony were hardly surprising given the medical trauma Artis suffered,

including head injury, severe burns, smoke inhalation, and coma. “The issue then is not how an

appellate court would independently assess the non-accomplice evidence but whether a rational

fact-finder could conclude that the non-accomplice evidence ‘tends to connect’ appellant to the

offense.” Simmons, 282 S.W.3d at 509. The non-accomplice evidence does not have to directly

link an appellant to the crime or, standing alone, establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; it

must tend to connect him to the offense. McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 613 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997).

         In this case, the testimony provided by Artis, combined with other evidence, tended to

connect appellant to the offense. Artis’s testimony indicated that appellant, who he identified as

“the big dude,” was in the apartment when Artis was hit on the back of the head, robbed of his

marijuana, his car keys, and that appellant was in the car when Artis was confined in the trunk.

During the interview with Detective Perez, Artis told the detective that “the big dude” put him in

the trunk. When Detective Perez asked Artis if he remembered who shot him, he said, “The big

                                                –11–
dude.” Detective Perez then reviewed this information with Artis again, and Artis indicated that

“the big dude” put him in the trunk of the car and shot him. Other evidence showed that

appellant called Collins twice shortly before the alarm was sent to the Dallas Fire Department at

4:28 p.m., and that the cell phone tower that handled those calls was approximately 7/10 of a

mile from the location of the burning car. Viewing all the non-accomplice evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a reasonable jury could have found that the non-

accomplice evidence tended to connect appellant to the offense. Accordingly, the evidence is

sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for aggravated robbery. We overrule appellant’s first

issue.

                   2. Admission of Testimony Regarding Appellant’s Cell Phone Records

           In his second issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by refusing to conduct a

hearing before admitting expert testimony under rule 702 concerning the interpretation of

appellant’s cellular telephone records.

           Prior to trial, the State and the defense had agreed to the admission of appellant’s cellular

telephone records, State’s exhibit 141, through an authenticating business records affidavit.

Subsequently, however, the defense asked for a Daubert 4 hearing, arguing that the court should

hold such a hearing before any witness testified regarding the contents of the phone records. The

State assured the trial court that it did not intend to call any experts in the field of cellular phone

records, and that the defense was not entitled to a hearing on the issue of whether a witness could

testify regarding the contents of the phone records because if the records “are in evidence, they

are in evidence.” The trial court denied the defense’s request, agreeing with the State that if “it is

going to be a business record and they are going to authenticate properly that way,” then “if it’s

in, it’s in.”

    4
        Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).



                                                                   –12–
        The defense counsel raised the issue of a Daubert hearing again shortly before the State

delivered its opening statement:

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And, Judge, to go back to whatever witness they are
        going to call that’s going to testify about the cell phone records. We just request
        if they are they are going to testify as to anything above and beyond what's
        actually in the records. Otherwise, any kind of interpretation, you know, they are
        saying, okay, this tower covers this area or triangulation or––do you see what I’m
        saying, Judge? Anything other than the tower location, the times of the calls, you
        know, anything other than that, that’s what we’re objecting to, the substance of
        the records.

        THE COURT: Are you introducing the records through the business and then are
        you going to have the police explain what’s going on or the fireman or who is
        going to explain it?

        [PROSECUTOR:] Judge, here’s the deal, and I have done this for years and
        years. There are maps which graphically depict the information that is contained
        in those records. It comes straight out of the records. It is no new information. It
        is nothing different. It, simply, just graphically explains what is already in
        evidence through the records which the Defense isn’t going to object to.

The trial court elected to take this issue up again later in the trial.

        Additional discussion of a Daubert hearing occurred on the following day, prior to the

start of testimony and before Detective Franco was recalled to testify regarding the cell phone

records. During this discussion, the prosecutor told the trial court that “Detective Franco has

created a map, himself, which is based solely on the reports. It is not any particularized or

specialized knowledge. It doesn’t require any training. Anybody could look at the records and

say the same thing. It is, basically, graphical representation of what is already in evidence.” The

trial court stated, “And I’m sure he has done that a whole bunch of times.” The prosecutor

replied, “Probably a thousand times. That’s what he does every single day on his job.” The trial

court also stated that the witness “would probably be considered as an expert on that because he

has done it and testified to it a million times.” Defense counsel asked whether the court was

saying the witness qualified as an expert for cell phone forensics, to which the trial court replied,

“No, I don’t want to even say that. He is interpreting needs and testifying on them, and that is

                                                  –13–
that.”

         The prosecutor told the court that the witness would not be interpreting records but

merely “looking at a piece of information and putting it on another piece of paper.” The other

prosecutor stated that he would introduce a disk with the cell phone records, which contained not

only the cell phone calls but also the cell tower locations and other information. The first

prosecutor said this was not the type of testimony that required any expertise. Defense counsel,

however, argued that “this map is totally different” and that the State was going to have the

witness “testify as to what the radius is of the tower.” The prosecutor responded that there was

nothing on the map that was not in the records. The trial court denied the defense’s request for a

Daubert hearing. At that point, defense counsel repeated his objection: “Judge, the only issue

we’re objecting to the officer, or detective, or whoever is going to testify about the cell phone

records, testifying in what we––we believe, is an expert capacity involving the radius of the cell

phone towers and we believe that requires expert knowledge.” The prosecutor continued to

argue there was nothing the witness would testify to that was not contained in the records.

         Later in the trial, just before the State recalled Detective Franco, the parties and the trial

court again discussed this issue out of the jury’s presence. Defense counsel argued that “if the

officer is going to testify about these cell phone towers, he is going to testify from the substance

of the records.” The prosecutor replied, “That is in the substance of the records.” The trial court

said “[t]hat’s what he gleans from the records and that’s how he is going to help explain that to

the jury,” and noted the defense’s objection. Defense counsel then stated:

         Judge, I just want to tell you that because [the prosecutor] was pointing out in
         James Collins records that there was something that he could testify from as far as
         the radius of the tower, but I’m not seeing anything in Antonio Patterson’s
         MetroPCS records other than what it shows as far as the tower location address,
         that he can glean any information about the radius from those records, Judge.

The prosecutor stated “[i]t’s included in there.” The trial court ultimately admitted appellant’s


                                                 –14–
MetroPCS phone records, State’s exhibit 141, over defense counsel’s renewed objection.

Collins’s cell phone records, State’s exhibit 136, were admitted without objection from the

defense, as were the six Google Earth maps created by Detective Franco, State’s exhibits 147 to

152, that he used during his testimony.

           Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admission of expert scientific evidence:

           If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact
           to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as
           an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify
           thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

TEX. R. EVID. 702. 5 Before admitting expert scientific testimony, the trial court must determine

whether the testimony is sufficiently reliable and relevant to help the jury reach accurate results

and whether the expert witness is competent to testify as an expert on the subject for which his

testimony is proffered. See id.; Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc., 509 U.S. 579

(1993); Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 572 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see also Kumho Tire v.

Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 147 (1999) (noting that “gatekeeping” role assigned to trial courts

under Daubert applies same reliability standard to all scientific, technical, or other specialized

matters within scope of rule 702).

           As a general rule, there are three separate conditions for the admissibility of expert

testimony: (1) the witness qualifies as an expert by reason of his knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education; (2) the subject matter of the testimony is an appropriate one for expert

testimony; and (3) admitting the expert testimony will actually assist the fact-finder in deciding

the case. Rodgers v. State, 205 S.W.3d 525, 527 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also TEX. R. EVID.

401, 402, 702. These conditions are often referred to as qualification, reliability, and relevance.

Vela v. State, 209 S.W.3d 128, 130–31 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).                                             Before admitting expert
     5
        Effective April 1, 2015, the Texas Supreme Court adopted amendments to the Texas Rules of Evidence. See 78 TEX. B.J. 42, 42 (Tex.
2015). The amendments were part of a restyling project and changed the wording, although not the substance, of the rules cited in this opinion.
All citations to the rules of evidence in this opinion refer to the rules as they existed during the parties’ trial.



                                                                   –15–
testimony, a trial court must determine that all three conditions are met. Id. While there is no

strict formula for determining when an expert is qualified to testify, three criteria are generally

considered: (1) the complexity of the field of expertise; (2) whether the expert’s opinion is

conclusive; and (3) whether the area of expertise is central to the resolution of the lawsuit. Vela,

209 S.W.3d at 131 (quoting Rodgers, 205 S.W.3d at 528). Because a witness will not always

qualify as an expert by virtue of general background, the proponent of the expert must show the

expert has sufficient knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding the specific

issue before the court that would qualify the expert to give an opinion on that particular subject.

Id. at 132.

            Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing Detective Franco to

provide expert testimony without first holding a Daubert hearing because there was no evidence

regarding what knowledge, training, education, experience, or expertise he had regarding cell

phone records, cell phone towers, or the interpretation of such data. 6 There was testimony that

he worked as a Dallas Police Officer for over twelve years and for six of those years was

employed by the “Fusion Unit,” which the detective described as a “24-hours a day, seven days a

week” unit that assisted with all major cases and did a lot of work with other law enforcement

agencies such as the DEA, the U.S. Marshals, and surrounding agencies. He had specific

training in the area of photographic lineups.                                But appellant maintains that nothing about

Detective Franco’s training or experience specifically qualified him as an expert in cell phones or

cell phone technology, nor as an expert in locating cell phones based on cell tower location and

radius.

            We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony for an abuse of

discretion. Sexton v. State, 93 S.W.3d 96, 99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Thus, we will uphold the

    6
        For purposes of discussion, we will assume, without deciding, that Detective Franco testified as an expert.



                                                                      –16–
trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of an expert witness as long as it falls “within the zone of

reasonable disagreement.” Id.; see also Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 27 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)

(“The question of whether a witness offered as an expert possesses the required qualifications

rests largely in the trial court’s discretion.”). Likewise, we review the trial court’s ruling on the

relevancy and probative value of evidence for abuse of discretion. See Carrasco v. State, 154

S.W.3d 127, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

       Appellant unfavorably compares Detective Franco’s qualifications with those of similar

experts in Wilson v. State, 195 S.W.3d 193, 200–01 (Tex. App.––San Antonio 2006, no pet.),

and Robinson v. State, 368 S.W.3d 588, 600–01 (Tex. App.––Austin 2012, pet. ref’d). In

Wilson, the court of appeals found that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting

expert testimony from a Sprint employee whose duties included accessing customer records in

order to provide tower locations. 195 S.W.3d. at 201. The Sprint employee had a Bachelor’s

degree in criminal justice and had testified in court multiple times regarding the tracking of cell

phone calls. Id. In Robinson, a sheriff’s deputy testified that he had completed three years of

college course work in criminal justice; his intelligence unit used “cell phones, MySpace pages,

and any kind of computers” or technology to track the location of fugitives or persons under

investigation; and he had completed a three-day training course in reading cell phone records,

identifying cell phone tower locations, and plotting and tracking cell phone activity. 368 S.W.3d

at 600–01.

       But in reviewing the trial court’s ruling, we must first consider whether the field of

expertise on which Detective Franco’s testimony was based is complex. See Rodgers, 205

S.W.3d at 527–28. As the Rodgers court stated:

       The degree of education, training, or experience that a witness should have before
       he can qualify as an expert is directly related to the complexity of the field about
       which he proposes to testify. If the expert evidence is close to the jury’s common
       understanding, the witness’s qualifications are less important than when the
                                                –17–
       evidence is well outside the jury’s own experience.

Id. at 528 (footnote omitted). Detective Franco testified at trial that he typed in the addresses of

specific cell phone tower locations and then printed maps from Google Earth that showed those

tower locations. The process, as described by the detective, is forthright and easily understood

by a jury. Appellant’s MetroPCS phone records have categories for the phone number of the

outgoing call, the phone number of the answered call, the duration of the call, and the cell tower

that received and transmitted the call––the same information on which Detective Franco’s

testimony was based. Moreover, the six Google Earth maps depicting the cell tower locations

were admitted without objection from the defense, as were Collins’s cell phone records. Because

an analysis such as the one performed by Detective Franco was relatively simple, the required

degree of education, training and experience was not extremely high. See id. The trial court

could have concluded that the detective’s qualifications, including his training and law

enforcement experience as well as his experience with the “Fusion Unit,” were sufficient such

that his testimony would “assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence.” See TEX. R. EVID.

702.

       Regarding the second and third prongs, Detective Franco’s testimony was neither

conclusive nor dispositive. See Vela, 209 S.W.3d at 131. Detective Franco’s testimony showed

that on the day of the offense appellant made two phone calls to Collins between 4:03 and 4:17

p.m., shortly before the 4:28 p.m. alarm to the Dallas Fire Department, and that these calls were

“hitting” off of a cell phone tower that was approximately 7/10 of a mile from the location of the

burning car. Such evidence tended to connect appellant to the crime scene, but it did not, by

itself, conclusively connect appellant to the offense. As previously discussed, the jury heard

other evidence that, when combined with other evidence in this case, tended to connect appellant

to the offense. After reviewing the relevant criteria, we cannot say the trial court abused its


                                               –18–
discretion by admitting Detective Franco’s testimony. See Sexton, 93 S.W.3d at 99. Having so

found, we need not address whether appellant’s substantial rights were affected by the trial

court’s ruling. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). We overrule appellant’s second issue.

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                                           / Lana Myers/
                                                           LANA MYERS
                                                           JUSTICE

Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47
130450F.U05




                                               –19–
                                       S
                              Court of Appeals
                       Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

ANTONIO PATTERSON, Appellant                          On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
                                                      No. 4, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-13-00450-CR        V.                          Trial Court Cause No. F10-59304-K.
                                                      Opinion delivered by Justice Myers. Justices
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                          Evans and O’Neill participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 19th day of May, 2015.




                                               –20–
