[Cite as Parma Hts. v. Brooks, 2019-Ohio-2214.]

                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

CITY OF PARMA HEIGHTS                             :

                Plaintiff-Appellee,               :
                                                            No. 107163
                v.                                :

CHRISTOPHER F. BROOKS,                            :

                Defendant-Appellant.              :


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 6, 2019


                     Criminal Appeal from the Parma Municipal Court
                                 Case No. 17 TRD 16991


                                           Appearances:

                Michael D. Pokorny, Parma Heights Director of Law, and
                Mark A. Schneider, Parma Heights Prosecuting Attorney,
                for appellee.

                Christopher F. Brooks, pro se.


EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:

                  On the morning of November 30, 2017, a Parma Heights police officer

observed pro se defendant-appellant Christopher Brooks fail to stop at a stop sign

as required by R.C. 4511.43. Following a traffic stop, the officer issued Brooks a

citation. The matter proceeded to a bench trial where the city called the officer to
testify. Brooks, the only other witness who testified, disputed the officer’s account.

The trial court found Brooks guilty and imposed a fine of $85 and ordered court

costs be paid. Brooks now appeals, asserting five assignments of error:

      1. The trial court erred by misinterpreting and/or misapplying R.C.
      4511.43.

      2. The trial court erred by disregarding the plain and common sense
      meaning of the notes contained on [sic] the Complete Traffic Citation
      issued on November 30, 2017 and by issuing the Final Order
      notwithstanding the evidence in the record that Appellant did, in fact,
      stop at the intersection of Pearl Road and Parma Park Boulevard.

      3. The trial court erred by disregarding, and/or prohibited [sic]
      Appellant from introducing evidence of, or the cross-examination of
      the State’s sole witness about, the improper issuance of the traffic
      citation on November 30, 2017 and the improper stop leading to the
      same.

      4. The trial court erred in denying Appellant the ability to call
      witnesses.

      5. The trial court erred by issuing the Final Order in contravention to
      [sic] the manifest weight of the evidence.

For the reasons that follow we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

              During his testimony at trial, the police officer provided his account

of the incident. He explained that he was observing traffic from a bank parking lot

at the intersection of Pearl Road and Parma Park Boulevard in Parma Heights, Ohio.

Specifically, the officer was parked parallel with Pearl Road and facing Parma Park

Boulevard. He explained that from this vantage point he had an unobstructed view

of the stop sign on Parma Park Boulevard and could see back down Parma Park

Boulevard the distance of approximately two car lengths from the stop sign.
                The officer testified “I was on patrol in that parking lot specifically to

watch the stop sign at Parma Park Boulevard and Pearl Road. There is one vehicle

which stopped at the stop sign, when that vehicle went through [Brooks] proceeded

directly behind it, did not stop at the stop sign.” While the officer admitted that from

his vantage point he was not able to see the stop line painted on the roadway, he

explained that stop lines are “usually immediately just before the stop sign,” and

further confirmed that Brooks’ vehicle did not “stop at the stop sign where it’s

supposed to.”

                During the officer’s cross-examination, Brooks inquired as to notes

that the officer recorded on the citation. Specifically, Brooks asked what the officer

meant when he noted that Brooks “piggybacked” off of the car in front of him.

                The officer explained that term was a shorthand description of

Brooks’ observed behavior at the intersection:

      “[p]iggyback” is a term I use personally when I’m writing my notes. It
      means that when [vehicle number one] stops for a stop sign and there’s
      traffic behind that vehicle, obviously they also have to stop * * * when
      the vehicle, vehicle number one goes through the stop sign the vehicles
      behind them follow it straight out.

The officer further explained, “[b]ecause I wrote the term ‘piggybacking,’ I’m going

to say it was pretty much continuous that Mr. Brooks just continued to follow

straight through the stop sign.”

                Brooks testified on his own behalf and, during his narrative

testimony, he stated that he stopped twice on Parma Park Boulevard as he

approached the stop sign, which was consistent with the officer’s testimony to that
point. Brooks’ testimony, however, diverged from the officer’s as he insisted that he

stopped a third time before proceeding through the intersection.              Brooks

alternatively argued that R.C. 4511.43 only required him to stop once and that he

satisfied this when he stopped on his approach to the intersection.

                The trial court asked Brooks clarifying questions about his account:

      The Court: Okay, okay, just wait a minute. So the first two cars were
                 already at the intersection, that’s what you recall?

      Brooks:       Yes Your Honor.

      The Court: You then come up on them, just to walk through, you then
                 stop behind the two cars?

      Brooks:       Yes Your Honor.

      The Court: Okay. Then the first car headed right or left or straight,
                 don’t matter, headed out, the car in front of you then
                 stopped at some vicinity of a stop sign.

      Brooks:       Yes Your Honor.

      The Court: You then stopped behind that car.

      Brooks:       Yes Your Honor.

      The Court: Then the car in front of you now moves, right, left, center,
                 don’t matter, what did you then do?

      Brooks:       I stopped again and then I turned left.

      The Court: Okay when you say you stopped again, once this car
                 moved whether your automatic transmission or some
                 form of gas pedal you moved forward?

      Brooks:       Yes Your Honor.

      The Court: And you then stopped. Where, the best recollection that
                 you can recall, where did you stop?
      Brooks:       It would have been beyond the crosswalk because quite
                    frankly —

      The Court: You say beyond the crosswalk you’re saying because there
                 is whether it’s visible or not that which would have been a
                 crosswalk, the front of your vehicle was somewhere in that
                 crosswalk?

      Brooks:       Yes Your Honor.

                Brooks’ first, second and fifth assignments of error are interrelated,

and taken together amount to challenges to his conviction based on the sufficiency

of the evidence and as being against the manifest weight of the evidence. We,

therefore, address these assignments of error together.

Sufficiency of the Evidence
                Brooks argues that his conviction is based on insufficient evidence

because the officer agreed that Brooks both stopped “somewhere along Parma Park”

and because he did not collide with another vehicle. We disagree.

                A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence requires this court to

view the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution and determine

whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), at paragraph two of the syllabus.

                In relevant part, R.C. 4511.43 provides that

      every driver of a vehicle * * * approaching a stop sign shall stop at a
      clearly marked stop line, but if none, before entering the crosswalk on
      the near side of the intersection, or, if none, then at the point nearest
      the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching
      traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering it.
               Here, the police officer testified that he had an unobstructed view of

the stop sign and could see approximately two car lengths from the stop sign down

Parma Park Boulevard. The officer testified that he observed Brooks fail to stop at

the stop line and instead proceed directly through the intersection without stopping.

This is sufficient evidence for conviction.

Manifest Weight of the Evidence

               Brooks next challenges his conviction as being against the manifest

weight of the evidence in light of the officer’s testimony and his own. We disagree.

               A manifest weight challenge attacks the credibility of the evidence

presented and questions whether the prosecution met its burden of persuasion at

trial. State v. Whitsett, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101182, 2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26. In

conducting such a review, this court remains mindful that the credibility of

witnesses and the weight of the evidence are matters primarily for the trier of fact to

assess. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraphs one

and two of the syllabus. Reversal on manifest weight grounds is thus reserved for

the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’”

State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting

State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

               As previously discussed, the officer consistently testified that Brooks

failed to stop as required by R.C. 4511.43. The fact that the officer stated at one point

in his testimony that Brooks “did not stop at the stop sign,” but at another point

agreed that Brooks “did not stop at the stop line” does not create an inconsistency.
Moreover, the fact that the officer agreed that Brooks stopped “somewhere along

Parma Park,” is similarly unproblematic. To the contrary, the officer’s notation and

explanation that Brooks “piggybacked” illustrates that his testimony was consistent.

We find no issue with the officer testifying that he was not able to see the actual stop

line painted in the road from his vantage point. He explained that a stop line is

usually “immediately” before the stop sign, and moreover was clear that he had an

unobstructed view and that Brooks proceeded through the intersection without

stopping as required.

               Similarly,   Brooks’    self-serving   testimony,    namely     that   he

appropriately stopped, does not create a conflict in the evidence. As discussed,

Brooks’ claim that “I stopped when there were two cars in front of me, I stopped

when there was one car in front of me” is consistent with the officer’s testimony and

description that Brooks “piggybacked.” While these two “stops,” as Brooks noted,

may have prevented him from colliding with the vehicle in front of him they are both

irrelevant as to the statutory requirement that he stop (1) where there is a clearly

marked stop line in the road, (2) prior to the crosswalk, if any, where there is no stop

line or (3) prior to the intersection where there is neither a stop line nor a crosswalk.

See R.C. 4511.43.

               Addressing the divergence between the officer’s and Brooks’

testimony, specifically, the officer’s statement that Brooks did not stop as required

and Brooks’ claim that he made a “third stop,” we note that Brooks testified that this

was “beyond” the crosswalk. As to this point, were we to disregard the officer’s
testimony and instead accept Brooks’ self-serving testimony as true, Brooks

nevertheless agreed that “the front of [his] vehicle was somewhere in that

crosswalk,” and not at the stop line or prior to the crosswalk as required by R.C.

4511.43. After review of the evidence, Brooks’ conviction is not against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

               Accordingly we overrule Brooks’ first, second and fifth assignments

of error.

Evidence of Trespass

               In his third assignment of error Brooks argues that the trial court

erred by refusing to let him present evidence that the police officer was trespassing

on the bank’s property at the time he observed Brooks at the intersection. We

disagree.

               As authority for his claim that he should have been able to present

evidence as to his theory that the police officer was trespassing, Brooks cites State v.

Brown, 143 Ohio St.3d 444, 2015-Ohio-2438, 39 N.E.3d 496, a case we find

distinguishable.   Brown involved a township police officer who exceeded her

statutory authority by stopping a motorist for a marked lane violation on an

interstate highway. Id. at ¶ 2-4. Here, there is no basis for us to conclude that the

police officer exceeded his authority by conducting the traffic stop. Moreover,

Brooks articulates no basis by which we can conclude that the police officer’s

observation of him breaking the law on a public street was improper. We therefore

overrule Brooks’ third assignment of error.
Minor Children as Witnesses
                 In his fourth assignment of error Brooks argues that the trial court

erred by determining that his three children, one 8 year old and two 6 year olds,

were not competent to testify. We agree but find it harmless error.

                 Evid.R. 601 governs the competency of witnesses and provides, in

relevant part:

      Every person is competent to be a witness except: * * *

      Those of unsound mind, and children under ten years of age, who
      appear incapable of receiving just impressions of the facts and
      transactions respecting which they are examined, or of relating them
      truly.

Evid.R. 601(A).

                 Thus, under Evid.R. 601(A), a child under ten years is not competent

to testify if the child “appear[s] incapable of receiving just impressions of the facts

and transactions respecting which they are examined, or of relating them truly.” See

also R.C. 2317.01. If a witness is under ten, the proponent of that witness bears the

burden of establishing certain indicia of competency. State v. Cepec, 149 Ohio St.3d

438, 2016-Ohio-8076, 75 N.E.3d 1185, ¶ 66, citing State v. Clark, 71 Ohio St.3d 466,

469, 1994-Ohio-43, 644 N.E.2d 331.

                 The determination of whether a child is competent is made by the trial

court following a voir dire examination of the child. State v. Frazier, 61 Ohio St.3d

247, 250-251, 574 N.E.2d 483 (1991). “It is the duty of the trial judge to conduct a

voir dire examination of a child under ten years of age to determine the child’s
competency to testify.” Id. In determining whether a young child is competent to

testify, the trial court must consider the following factors:

      (1) the child’s ability to receive accurate impressions of fact or to
      observe acts about which he or she will testify, (2) the child’s ability to
      recollect those impressions or observations, (3) the child’s ability to
      communicate what was observed, (4) the child’s understanding of truth
      and falsity, and (5) the child’s appreciation of his or her responsibility
      to be truthful.

Id. at 251. Thus, it is “the responsibility of the trial judge * * * to determine through

questioning whether the child of tender years is capable of receiving just

impressions of facts and events and to accurately relate them.”               Id.   The

determination of a child’s competence to testify is a matter within the sound

discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.

State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105590, 2018-Ohio-845, ¶ 11, citing State

v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, ¶ 100.

                 Here, the trial court performed a cursory examination of Brooks’

three children and asked them if they knew why they were in the courtroom. One

child responded “[f]or my dad because he says he stopped at the stop sign because

we think that is true.” The following exchange then occurred between the court and

the children:

      The Court: So after this happened has your Dad talked to you at all
                 about the case and the Trial?

      Child 1:       He said that we’re going to go — like you’re going to go to
                     school and then he said we’re going to —

      The Court: No, no, I’m talking about after the ticket.

      Child 1:       Oh.
      The Court: Okay, that’s all gone, this would be after it happened in
                 November. No, don’t look at him, you look at me, it’s you
                 and me talking now. Did he talk to you at all about it after
                 that? * * * That’s either yes or no.

      Child 1:       Not really.

      The Court: Not really is not a yes or a no.

      Child 1:       I guess like no.

      The Court: Well when you said not really, what did you mean? Did he
                 talk to you about it?

      Child 1:       I think yes.

      The Court: Okay. Do you remember what he — let me ask this, [Child
                 2 and 3], did Dad talk to you about the ticket after it
                 happened?

      Child 2:       Yes.

      Child 3:       Yes.

      The Court: And what did you talk about with Dad?

      Child 2:       Well he told us that I would have to go to Court.

      The Court: All right he told you that. Did he talk to you at all about
                 what happened and what to tell us?

      Child 2:       Yes he did.

      The Court: Did he do the same with you [Child 1]?

      Child 1:       Um-hmm.

The court then determined that none of the children were competent to testify.

                 Although we find that the trial court erred by conducting an

insufficient voir dire examination of the children, such error was harmless. Further,

Brooks failed to proffer the anticipated testimony of the children for the record.
Even assuming that the children testified consistently with Brooks, as one child

indicated to the court he would, this testimony would have been merely duplicative

of Brooks’ own account. See State v. O’Neal, 87 Ohio St.3d 402, 411, 721 N.E.2d 73

(2000) (improper admission of hearsay testimony was harmless error because it

was merely duplicative of other admissible testimony). Brooks has not shown how

the outcome would have been any different had the children been permitted to

testify. As previously discussed, the fact that Brooks admitted that he stopped

“somewhere in that crosswalk” and not at the stop line or prior to the crosswalk is

dispositive.

               Accordingly we overrule Brooks’ fourth assignment of error.

               Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue of this court directing the Parma

Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction

having been affirmed, any bail pending is terminated. Case remanded to the trial

court for execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.


EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, A.J., and
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCUR
