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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          295 Nebraska R eports
                                GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                                            Cite as 295 Neb. 639




                     Guardian Tax Partners, Inc., a Nebraska corporation,
                           appellee, v. Skrupa I nvestment Company,
                           a Nebraska corporation, appellant, and
                              Frank S. Skrupa et al., appellees.
                                                   ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed January 27, 2017.   No. S-15-999.

                1.	 Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question which does
                    not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a
                    matter of law.
                2.	 Final Orders: Appeal and Error. A trial court’s decision to certify a
                    final judgment pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1315(1) (Reissue 2016)
                    is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
                3.	 Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Before reaching the legal issues
                    presented for review, it is the duty of an appellate court to determine
                    whether it has jurisdiction over the matter before it.
                4.	 Jurisdiction: Final Orders: Time: Notice: Appeal and Error. In order
                    to vest an appellate court with jurisdiction, a notice of appeal must be
                    filed within 30 days of the entry of the final order.
                5.	 Final Orders: Appeal and Error. To be appealable, an order must sat-
                    isfy the final order requirements of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902 (Reissue
                    2016) and, additionally, where implicated, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1315(1)
                    (Reissue 2016).
                6.	 Partition: Final Orders. When a partition action involves a dispute
                    over ownership or title as well as a dispute over the method of parti-
                    tion, the parties have a right to have title determined first, and, if they
                    elect to do so, an order resolving only the title dispute is a final, appeal-
                    able order.
                7.	 Summary Judgment: Final Orders. Partial summary judgments are
                    usually considered interlocutory. They must ordinarily dispose of the
                    whole merits of the case to be considered final.
                8.	 Actions: Partition. Partition actions are unique in that when title is
                    contested, the action has two distinct stages: first, the title determination
                    and, second, the division of the real estate, i.e., the “partition.”
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
               GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                           Cite as 295 Neb. 639

 9.	 Actions: Parties: Final Orders: Appeal and Error. With the enact-
     ment of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1315(1) (Reissue 2016), one may bring
     an appeal pursuant to such section only when (1) multiple causes of
     action or multiple parties are present, (2) the court enters a final order
     within the meaning of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902 (Reissue 2016) as to
     one or more but fewer than all of the causes of action or parties, and
     (3) the trial court expressly directs the entry of such final order and
     expressly determines that there is no just reason for delay of an imme-
     diate appeal.
10.	 Actions. Whether more than one cause of action is stated depends
     mainly upon (1) whether more than one primary right or subject of
     controversy is presented, (2) whether recovery on one ground would
     bar recovery on the other, (3) whether the same evidence would support
     the different counts, and (4) whether separate causes of action could be
     maintained for separate relief.
11.	 Final Orders: Time: Appeal and Error. An appeal must be filed
     within 30 days of the final order from which an appeal is taken.

   Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: Gary B.
R andall, Judge. Appeal dismissed.

 Kristopher J. Covi and Jay D. Koehn, of McGrath, North,
Mullin & Kratz, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.

  Steven G. Ranum, of Croker, Huck, Kasher, DeWitt,
Anderson & Gonderinger, L.L.C., for appellee Guardian Tax
Partners, Inc.

   Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.

      Cassel, J.
                      INTRODUCTION
   The district court entered a judgment in partition,1 albeit
one styled as a partial summary judgment order, confirm-
ing ownership shares and implicitly directing partition to be
made. More than 30 days later, a party obtained the court’s

 1	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-2179 (Reissue 2016).
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
               GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                           Cite as 295 Neb. 639

certification of the order as final under the statute govern-
ing cases involving multiple claims or parties.2 Because the
partition presented only a single cause of action and the order
settled the title claims of all parties, the statute was not impli-
cated and the appeal time ran from the entry of the order. We
therefore lack jurisdiction and dismiss the appeal.
                         BACKGROUND
    At a treasurer’s tax sale, Guardian Tax Partners, Inc.
(Guardian), purchased a 1-percent interest in certain Douglas
County real estate owned by Skrupa Investment Company
(Skrupa Investment). Later, Guardian obtained and recorded a
treasurer’s tax deed to the 1-percent interest in the real estate.
    Guardian then filed a complaint for partition against Skrupa
Investment, alleging that Guardian owned 1 percent and Skrupa
Investment owned 99 percent. The complaint also named as
defendants Frank Skrupa (using three versions of his name with
different middle initials) and Mary A. Skrupa, and asserted that
Frank and Mary may claim an interest in the real estate. And
the complaint also included the usual formulation for unknown
persons as additional parties. Mary and the unknown parties
were served by publication.
    Skrupa Investment and Frank filed an answer, alleging that
Guardian’s tax deed was invalid because of Guardian’s failure
to comply with certain statutory notice requirements. With the
answer, Skrupa Investment (but not Frank) filed a counterclaim
to quiet title, claiming 100-percent interest in the property. The
title determination depended upon whether Guardian possessed
a valid tax deed, which, in turn, depended upon whether it gave
the required statutory notice to the record owner.
    Guardian filed a “Motion for Partial Summary Judgment” on
Skrupa Investment’s counterclaim and on the issue of whether
Guardian had a valid tax deed. After a hearing, the district
court entered an order on July 24, 2015, finding that the tax

 2	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1315 (Reissue 2016).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
              GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                          Cite as 295 Neb. 639

deed was valid “regardless of whether [Skrupa Investment]
successfully rebutted the presumption of the Tax Deed’s valid-
ity, [because Guardian] complied with all of the necessary
statutory requirements.” Thus, the July 24 order resolved all
title issues and determined that Guardian owned a 1-percent
interest and Skrupa Investment owned a 99-percent interest in
the real estate.
    On the 28th day after entry of the July 24, 2015, order,
Skrupa Investment filed a motion asking the court to certify
the July 24 order as a final order pursuant to § 25-1315. After
a hearing, the court sustained the motion, certifying the July
24 order as a final and appealable order. Both the hearing
and entry of the certification order occurred more than 30
days after July 24. The court found that the July 24 order had
determined title to the real estate and left nothing to the court
but partition and the sale of real estate. The court additionally
found no just reason for delay, noting “if the reviewing court
reverses the Court’s . . . Order post-sale, the invalidation of the
Tax Deed at issue would even be effective as to a purchaser
for value at the partition sale.”
    Skrupa Investment appealed from the order that certified the
July 24, 2015, order. We moved the appeal to our docket.3
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Skrupa Investment assigns, restated, that the district court
erred in (1) deciding as a matter of law that the tax deed was
valid, (2) deciding that Guardian complied with the required
statutory notice provisions, and (3) granting Guardian’s motion
for partial summary judgment.
                 STANDARD OF REVIEW
  [1,2] A jurisdictional question which does not involve
a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as
a matter of law.4 A trial court’s decision to certify a final

 3	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Reissue 2016).
 4	
      Sulu v. Magana, 293 Neb. 148, 879 N.W.2d 674 (2016).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
              GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                          Cite as 295 Neb. 639

judgment pursuant to § 25-1315(1) is reviewed for an abuse
of discretion.5
                           ANALYSIS
    [3-5] Before reaching the legal issues presented for review,
it is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether it has
jurisdiction over the matter before it.6 In order to vest an appel-
late court with jurisdiction, a notice of appeal must be filed
within 30 days of the entry of the final order.7 To be appeal-
able, an order must satisfy the final order requirements of Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 25-1902 (Reissue 2016) and, additionally, where
implicated, § 25-1315(1).8 At oral argument, the parties seemed
to concede that the July 24, 2015, order would have been
appealable under our partition jurisprudence. Thus, the ques-
tion is whether § 25-1315(1) was implicated—in other words,
whether the adoption of § 25-1315 modified our case law gov-
erning the finality of partition judgments and orders. Before
turning to that question, we recall our past cases addressing
final orders in partition actions.
               Finality of July 24, 2015, Order
   For over 100 years, our decision in Peterson v. Damoude9
has stood as the seminal case on the issue of appealability of
orders in a partition action. In that case, we explained that
the appealability of orders in partition actions depends on the
nature of the controversy resolved and that such orders can be
arranged into three classes:
        (1) Where there is no controversy as to the owner-
     ship of the property in common and the right of parti-
     tion, but the controversy is as to something relating to

 5	
      Castellar Partners v. AMP Limited, 291 Neb. 163, 864 N.W.2d 391
      (2015).
 6	
      Id.
 7	
      In re Interest of Jamyia M., 281 Neb. 964, 800 N.W.2d 259 (2011).
 8	
      Cerny v. Todco Barricade Co., 273 Neb. 800, 733 N.W.2d 877 (2007).
 9	
      Peterson v. Damoude, 95 Neb. 469, 145 N.W. 847 (1914).
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
               GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                           Cite as 295 Neb. 639

      the partition, as whether the property can be equitably
      divided or must be sold, one party contending that it can
      be equitably divided and asking for a distinct portion of
      the property, and the other party contending that it cannot
      be equitably divided and asking that the whole property
      be sold, or some similar controversy in regard to the par-
      tition itself. When that is the case, the partition alone is
      the subject of litigation, and of course is not final until
      the partition is made.
          (2) The second class is where there is the same issue as
      above indicated as to the method of partition, and at the
      same time a distinct issue as to the title and ownership
      of the property. In such cases the parties would have a
      right to have their title first tried and determined, and, if
      that was done, the order thereon would be a final order,
      within the per curiam in [Sewall v. Whiton10], but if the
      matter is tried to the court, and the parties do not ask
      that their title be first determined, and there is no indica-
      tion that the court proceeded first to determine the title,
      the parties should be held to have waived their right to
      appeal before the partition is completed.
          (3) The third class is where everything depends upon
      the title and the nature of the title, and where, when that
      question is determined, the whole thing is determined. In
      such case there can be no doubt under the per curiam in
      the Sewall case that, when that question is determined,
      such determination is a final order, within the meaning of
      the statute, and is appealable.11
   [6] We have not strayed from applying Peterson v. Damoude
to determine when orders in partition actions are final and
appealable. And we recently adhered to this framework.12 We
reiterated that when a partition action involves a dispute over

10	
      Sewall v. Whiton, 85 Neb. 478, 123 N.W. 1042 (1909).
11	
      Peterson v. Damoude, supra note 9, 95 Neb. at 471, 145 N.W. at 848.
12	
      See Schlake v. Schlake, 294 Neb. 755, 885 N.W.2d 15 (2016).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
              GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                          Cite as 295 Neb. 639

ownership or title as well as a dispute over the method of parti-
tion, the parties have a right to have title determined first, and,
if they elect to do so, an order resolving only the title dispute is
a final, appealable order.13 This is consistent with the statutory
scheme in partition actions, which contemplates the rendition
of a “judgment” after “all the shares and interests of the parties
have been settled in any of the methods aforesaid.”14 We have
recognized that one of these “methods” is a trial upon issues
joined in the pleadings.15 The pleadings, where not denied or
contradicted, provide another “method.”16 Summary judgment
provides another method for determining title under very lim-
ited circumstances, where there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact or as to the ultimate inferences that may be drawn
from those facts and that the moving party is entitled to judg-
ment as a matter of law.17
    In Schlake v. Schlake,18 we described the title determina-
tion phase of a partition action as a special proceeding. This
is consistent with the nomenclature of Peterson v. Damoude.
But practitioners should not assume this description will apply
to every title determination in a partition action. Section
25-2179 makes it clear that the title determination phase of
a partition action is concluded only after “all the shares and
interests of the parties have been settled.” (Emphasis sup-
plied.) Here, the July 24, 2015, order “settled” all of the par-
ties’ shares and interests. Another partition case might present
multiple disputes of title. It is likely that the second Peterson
category would not apply until all of the title disputes were
determined. Thus, the Peterson language harmonizes the final

13	
      Id.
14	
      § 25-2179.
15	
      See Fairley v. Kemper, 174 Neb. 565, 118 N.W.2d 754 (1962).
16	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-2178 (Reissue 2016).
17	
      See Board of Trustees v. City of Omaha, 289 Neb. 993, 858 N.W.2d 186
      (2015).
18	
      Schlake v. Schlake, supra note 12.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
               GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                           Cite as 295 Neb. 639

order language of § 25-1902 with the partition procedure man-
dated by § 25-2179.
    In reviewing the categories enumerated in Peterson v.
Damoude, it is clear that the July 24, 2015, order falls within
the second class. The parties contest both the partition itself
and the title and ownership of the property. Guardian prop-
erly requested that the district court resolve the sole issue of
title and ownership first in its “motion for partial summary
judgment.” And, the district court did just that. Accordingly,
the July 24 order determining the title of the property was a
final order.
    [7,8] We note that our analysis under Peterson v. Damoude
does not change, even though the relevant order resulted from
a “motion for partial summary judgment.” It is true that par-
tial summary judgments are usually considered interlocutory.19
They must ordinarily dispose of the whole merits of the case
to be considered final.20 However, partition actions are unique
in that when title is contested, the action has two distinct
stages: first, the title determination, and second, the division
of the real estate, i.e., the “partition.” The July 24, 2015, order
resolved the first stage of this partition action and disposed of
all matters at issue in that stage. Accordingly, the district court
did not err in concluding that it was a final order within the
second class of orders in Peterson v. Damoude.
    But the district court also determined that § 25-1315 was
implicated because it was a case involving multiple causes
of action or multiple parties. The court did not explain its
reasoning in determining that the case involved multiple
causes of action or multiple parties. And the parties disagree
as to whether the district court could properly certify the
July 24, 2015, order as a final, appealable order pursuant to
§ 25-1315(1). Therefore, we next consider whether § 25-1315
was in fact implicated.

19	
      Big John’s Billiards v. State, 283 Neb. 496, 811 N.W.2d 205 (2012).
20	
      Id.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
               GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                           Cite as 295 Neb. 639

                    A pplicability of § 25-1315
   [9] With the enactment of § 25-1315(1), one may bring
an appeal pursuant to such section only when (1) multiple
causes of action or multiple parties are present, (2) the court
enters a final order within the meaning of § 25-1902 as to
one or more but fewer than all of the causes of action or
parties, and (3) the trial court expressly directs the entry of
such final order and expressly determines that there is no just
reason for delay of an immediate appeal.21 We have not yet
addressed how the enactment of § 25-1315 affects the rules
for the appealability of orders in partition actions outlined in
Peterson v. Damoude.
   Section 25-1315 is implicated where there are multiple
causes of action or multiple parties and the court enters a final
order as to one or more but fewer than all of the causes of
action or parties. We first discuss multiple parties and then turn
to multiple causes of action.
   Although there were multiple parties, the July 24, 2015,
order completely determined the title dispute as to all of them.
The named defendants included Skrupa Investment, Frank,
Mary, and the unknown persons. However, the court entered
a final order as to the rights and liabilities of all the parties in
determining the title of the property. In holding that Skrupa
Investment had a 99-percent interest and Guardian had a
1-­percent interest in the property, the court not only completely
determined their ownership shares but effectively held that the
other named and unknown parties had no interest in the prop-
erty. In other words, even though the judgment in partition was
styled as a partial summary judgment, it disposed of the title
claims of all parties. It did not “adjudicate . . . the rights and
liabilities of fewer than all the parties.”22
   And we are not persuaded that there was more than one
cause of action present in the case. Skrupa Investment contends

21	
      Castellar Partners v. AMP Limited, supra note 5.
22	
      § 25-1315(1) (emphasis supplied).
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
               GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                           Cite as 295 Neb. 639

that § 25-1315 applies because there are multiple causes of
action present and argues that its counterclaim for quiet title is
a separate cause of action from the partition. In its reply brief,
it cites to Sewall v. Whiton to support its proposition that quiet
title is a separate cause of action because “if partition is denied
because the plaintiff cannot establish clear title, another cause
of action must be maintained to clear the title, then the plain-
tiff may resume the partition action.”23
    We do not find this argument persuasive for two reasons.
First, our per curiam opinion in Sewall v. Whiton clearly held
the contrary and stated that if “the parties unite the issues and
litigate the question of title and the right to partition at the same
time, and the court determines both questions in the same judg-
ment, such a judgment or order is only one step in the partition
proceedings.”24 This was later classified as the second class
of partition actions in Peterson v. Damoude. And, in asserting
its action to quiet title as a counterclaim, Skrupa Investment
united the issue of its right to quiet title with Guardian’s right
to partition.
    [10] Second, we do not find more than one cause of action
because, in this case, recovery on the quiet title claim would
have barred recovery on the complaint for partition. Whether
more than one cause of action is stated depends mainly upon
(1) whether more than one primary right or subject of contro-
versy is presented, (2) whether recovery on one ground would
bar recovery on the other, (3) whether the same evidence
would support the different counts, and (4) whether separate
causes of action could be maintained for separate relief.25
Here, if Skrupa Investment prevailed in quiet title, it would
likewise prevail against Guardian’s complaint for partition
because the same facts were at issue for both claims. Thus,

23	
      Reply brief for appellant at 4.
24	
      Sewall v. Whiton, supra note 10, 85 Neb. at 479, 123 N.W. at 1043.
25	
      Poppert v. Dicke, 275 Neb. 562, 747 N.W.2d 629 (2008).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
              GUARDIAN TAX PARTNERS v. SKRUPA INVEST. CO.
                          Cite as 295 Neb. 639

the claim to quiet title was not a separate cause of action from
the partition.
   Moreover, we observe that in enacting § 25-1315, the
Legislature did not amend the partition statutes or attempt to
change the effect of our prior jurisprudence. Both before and
after the adoption of that statute, § 25-2179 characterized the
settlement of the parties’ ownership interests as a “judgment”
and our case law characterizes the order as a final order. Had
the Legislature intended to change the well-settled law govern-
ing finality of partition judgments and orders, it would have
done so explicitly.
   [11] For these reasons, it is clear that the July 24, 2015,
order was a final order under § 25-1902 and did not impli-
cate § 25-1315. Accordingly, the July 24 order was the final
order from which Skrupa Investment should have appealed.
An appeal must be filed within 30 days of the final order from
which an appeal is taken.26 Skrupa Investment appealed 94
days after its entry. Therefore, the appeal was out of time.
                        CONCLUSION
  Because we find that the July 24, 2015, order was a final,
appealable order not subject to certification under § 25-1315,
Skrupa Investment’s appeal was out of time. We conclude that
we lack jurisdiction and must dismiss the appeal.
                                             A ppeal dismissed.

26	
      See Goodman v. City of Omaha, 274 Neb. 539, 742 N.W.2d 26 (2007).
