            IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                        OF TEXAS
                                     NO. PD-0556-18



                         KARL DEAN STAHMANN, Appellant

                                              v.

                                THE STATE OF TEXAS

            ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
               FROM THE THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                            COMAL COUNTY

      H ERVEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which K EASLER,
R ICHARDSON, N EWELL, and W ALKER, JJ., joined. Y EARY, J., filed a dissenting
opinion in which K ELLER, P.J., and K EEL and S LAUGHTER, JJ., joined.

                                       O P I N I O N1

       Karl Dean Stahmann, Appellant, was involved in an automobile accident, after

which he threw a bottle of promethazine, a controlled substance, over a nearby wire fence

before law enforcement arrived. The bottle landed two to three feet past the fence in plain

view. He was convicted of third-degree felony tampering with physical evidence and was


       1
       This appeal was transferred from the Austin Court of Appeals. Stahmann v. State, 548
S.W.3d 46, 51 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2018).
                                                                                       Stahmann–2

sentenced to 10 years’ confinement and fined $5,000. The judge suspended his sentence

and placed him on community supervision for 10 years. Stahmann appealed, arguing in

part that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he destroyed, altered, or concealed the

prescription bottle. The court of appeals agreed that the evidence was insufficient, but

instead of rendering an acquittal, it reformed the judgment to show that Stahmann was

convicted of the lesser-included offense of attempted tampering with physical evidence, a

state-jail felony.

       We will affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

                                             FACTS 2

       Around 4:30 p.m. or 5:00 p.m. on July 1, 2012, Noberto Gonzalez was driving

with his family from New Braunfels towards Marble Falls on Highway 46 near Canyon

Lake when he was involved in an automobile accident. Stahmann was driving in the

opposite direction when he stopped to turn left across the highway into a gated

community. As Stahmann turned left, Gonzalez’s SUV broadsided Stahmann’s van.

Gonzalez said that Stahmann appeared to be looking down and did not notice his

approaching SUV. There is no dispute that Stahmann did not use his turn signal or that he

did not yield the right of way.

       Ronnie Ballard and Michael Freeman, two bystanders, were driving home together

when they happened upon the car accident and stopped to render aid. Ballard and

       2
         We focus on only the facts necessary to resolve this case. The court of appeals recited the
facts in detail. Stahmann v. State, 548 S.W.3d 46, 51–53 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2018).
                                                                                     Stahmann–3

Freeman were the first to approach Stahmann’s van. As they neared the van, Stahmann

exited through the driver’s-side door. When Ballard and Freeman reached the van and

began checking on Stahmann’s unconscious passenger, they noticed that Stahmann had

walked in front of the van, near a wire game fence meant to keep animals inside the

property, and threw something over it.3

       Ballard testified that Stahmann “walked towards the fence that was -- there was a

gated fence right near the accident scene. At that time, I saw him throw something over

the -- over the fence into -- near a tree at the bottom of that tree. It looks like -- looked to

be, like, a prescription medicine bottle.” According to Freeman, he was not far from

Stahmann when Stahmann threw the bottle, and Freeman saw the bottle “land[] right

there next to -- to the fence, maybe a couple of feet away.” He said that it landed “plain as

day right there in the -- he tried to throw it in the bush, but it didn’t make it.” (The bottle

was close enough that one officer attempted to retrieve it through the fence with his asp, a

short, expandable baton.) Both Ballard and Freeman said that they never lost sight of the

pill bottle. When the first officer arrived on-scene, Comal County Deputy Chris Koepp,

Ballard and Freeman told Koepp about the bottle and pointed it out to him. Koepp said

that he could see the bottle “very clearly.” When asked by the State whether the bottle

was concealed, he said that it was, but on cross-examination, and after his memory was

refreshed with his own prior testimony, he agreed that the pill bottle was in plain view on

       3
        Ballard agreed with the defense’s characterization that the fence was a wire game fence
meant to keep cows, horses, or exotic game inside the property.
                                                                                     Stahmann–4

top of the grass.

                                PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The jury was charged on the offense of tampering with physical evidence and

attempted tampering with physical evidence. It found Stahmann guilty of the greater

offense, fined him $5,000, and sentenced him to 10 years’ confinement. The sentence was

suspended, however, and Stahmann was placed on community supervision for 10 years.

                                        INDICTMENT

       In two counts, the State alleged that,

       [O]n or about the 1st day of July, 2012, KARL DEAN STAHMANN,
       hereinafter styled Defendant, knowing that an investigation was pending or
       in progress, did then and there alter, destroy or conceal a thing, to-wit: a
       bottle of pills, with intent to impair its verity or availability as evidence in
       the investigation.

                                        *       *       *

       [O]n or about the 1st day of July, 2012, KARL DEAN STAHMANN,
       hereinafter styled Defendant, knowing that an offense had been committed,
       did then and there alter, destroy or conceal a thing, to-wit: a bottle of pills,
       with intent to impair its verity, legibility, or availability as evidence in any
       subsequent investigation of or official proceeding related to said offense.

       The State had to prove either that (1) knowing that an investigation or official

proceeding was pending or in progress, (2) Stahmann altered, destroyed, or concealed a

bottle of pills, (3) with the intent to impair its verity or availability as evidence in the

investigation or official proceeding; or that (1) knowing that an offense was committed,

(2) he altered, destroyed, or concealed a bottle of pills, (3) with the intent to impair its
                                                                                   Stahmann–5

verity, legibility, or availability as evidence in any subsequent investigation of or official

proceeding related to the offense. Stahmann v. State, 548 S.W.3d 46, 53 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 2018).

                                   APPLICABLE LAW

                               a. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Evidence is sufficient to support a criminal conviction if a rational jury could find

each essential element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 319 (1979). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and

consider all of the admitted evidence, regardless of whether it was properly admitted. Id.

The jury is the sole judge of credibility and weight to be attached to the testimony of the

witnesses. Id. Juries can draw reasonable inferences from the evidence so long as each

inference is supported by the evidence produced at trial. Id.; see Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at

16–17. Conclusions reached by speculation are insufficiently supported by the evidence to

support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 16. When

the jury could reasonably draw conflicting inferences, we presume that the jury resolved

the conflicts in favor of the verdict. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326. When the jury charge

authorizes conviction on multiple theories of liability, we will sustain the conviction if the

evidence is sufficient to prove any of the theories submitted in the jury charge. Campbell

v. State, 426 S.W.3d 780, 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

                                 b. Statutory Construction
                                                                                     Stahmann–6

       Statutory construction is a question of law we review de novo. Harris v. State, 359

S.W.3d 625, 629 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). When interpreting the language of a statute, we

read words and phrases in context and construe them according to normal rules of

grammar and usage. Id. We give effect to each word, phrase, clause, and sentence when

reasonably possible. Id. (citing Lopez v. State, 253 S.W.3d 680, 685 (Tex. Crim. App.

2008); State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). If the language of

the statute is plain, we effectuate that plain language so long as doing so does not lead to

absurd results. If the language is ambiguous or effectuating it would lead to absurd

results, we can review a variety of extra-textual resources to determine its meaning. Id.;

see T EX. G OV’T C ODE § 311.023.

                                        c. The Statute

       The tampering-with-physical-evidence statute, Section 37.09 of the Penal Code,

states in relevant part that,

       (a) A person commits an offense if, knowing that an investigation or official
       proceeding is pending or in progress, he:

           (1) alters, destroys, or conceals any record, document, or thing with
           intent to impair its verity, legibility, or availability as evidence in the
           investigation or official proceeding; or

                                        *       *       *

       (d) A person commits an offense if the person:

           (1) knowing that an offense has been committed, alters, destroys, or
           conceals any record, document, or thing with intent to impair its verity,
           legibility, or availability as evidence in any subsequent investigation of
                                                                                          Stahmann–7

              or official proceeding related to the offense; or

                                           *        *       *

T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 37.09(a)(1), (d)(1).

       Our tampering-with-physical-evidence statute is derived from the Model Penal

Code.4 Many states, like Texas, have adopted slightly different versions of the statute.5

For example, while the Texas statute refers only to “altering, destroying, or concealing,”

the Model Penal Code and other states have specified that a person is also guilty if he

“removes” any record, document, or thing.6 Some states have included novel theories of




       4
           In relevant part, Article 241.7 of the Model Penal Code states that,

       A person commits a misdemeanor if, believing that an official proceeding or
       investigation is pending or about to be instituted, he:

              (1) alters, destroys, conceals or removes any record, document or thing with
              purpose to impair its verity or availability in such proceeding or investigation;
              or

                                               *        *       *

See MODEL PENAL CODE § 241.7 (1962).
       5
           MODEL PENAL CODE § 241.7 (1962).
       6
      See, e.g., FLA . STAT . § 918.13; NEB. REV . STAT . § 28-922; 18 PA . CONS. STAT . § 4910;
UTAH CODE § 76-8-510.5.
                                                                                   Stahmann–8

tampering, such as when a defendant moves,7 suppresses,8 mutilates, hides,9 places,10 or

disguises physical evidence.11

       The Kentucky Supreme Court, interpreting the word “remove,” said that it means

“the act of changing the location or position of a piece of an object in a way that moves it

from the scene of the crime.” Kentucky v. James, 586 S.W.3d 717, 725 (Ky. 2019).

Another court held that the crucial inquiry is whether the “defendant’s actions disguised

the evidentiary value of the article.” Anderson v. State, 123 P.3d 1110, 1118 (Alaska Ct.

App. 2005). The Louisiana Supreme Court said that its tampering-with-physical-evidence

statute is the broadest in the nation. Under that statute, a person is guilty if he “moves”

evidence with the requisite intent and knowledge. State v. Jones, No. 2007-K-1052 (La.

6/3/08); 983 So. 2d 95, 102 (“[N]othing beyond ‘movement’ is required by the statute if

accompanied by the requisite intent and knowledge.”). Although our statute does not

include a “moves” theory of liability, the State argues that we should interpret “alter” to



       7
           State v. Jones, No. 2007-K-1052 (La. 6/3/08); 983 So. 2d 95, 102.
       8
       DEL. CODE tit. 11, § 1269 (“the person suppresses [physical evidence] by any act of
concealment, alteration or destruction”).
       9
       N.M. STAT . § 30-22-5; see State v. Rudolfo, 2006-NMSC-035, 144 N.M. 305, 311–12,
187 P.3d 170, 177 (holding evidence of tampering sufficient where the defendant hid the murder
weapon in his car).
       10
            ALASKA STAT . § 11.56.610(a)(1).
       11
        720 ILL. COMP. STAT . 5/31-4 (“disguises physical evidence”); GA . CODE § 16-10-94(a);
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY , FLA ., CODE OF ORDINANCES ch. art. IV, § 21-26(A)(3)(a); WIS. STAT .
§ 946.47(1)(b).
                                                                                          Stahmann–9

include anything that is “moved.”

                                            DISCUSSION

                                                a. Alter

       The word “alter” must be interpreted according to its common usage because it is

not statutorily defined. The State argues that “alter” in its common usage means “to

‘change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but significant

way’”12 and that the character of a thing is changed when it is moved, no matter how de

minimis the movement. Under this theory, Stahmann would be guilty of tampering with

the pill bottle the moment he touched it in his pocket with the intent to impair its

availability as evidence.13 We are not persuaded. If the legislature intended for the mere

movement of a physical thing to constitute tampering, it could have said that. We think

the more reasonable interpretation is that, when a defendant is alleged to have altered a

physical thing, like the pill bottle in this case, in its common usage “alter” means that the

defendant changed or modified the thing itself, not that he merely changed its geographic

location.14

       The cases cited by the State do not change our conclusion. The State argues that


       12
          State’s Brief on the Merits at 7 (citing OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY ,
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/alter (last visited Nov. 8, 2018)).
       13
          We do not discuss the court of appeals’s decision when resolving this issue because the
State raised this argument for the first time in a motion for rehearing at the court of appeals,
which the court denied without written opinion.
       14
            The State alleged that Stahmann altered a pill bottle, not that he altered a crime scene.
                                                                                    Stahmann–10

the court of appeals in Carnley v. State, 366 S.W.3d 830 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012,

pet. ref’d) held that “moving a car constituted altering the car” for purposes of the

tampering statute. However, the court in that case explicitly said that it did not resolve the

issue because the parties agreed that “[Carnley] altered the Pontiac by moving it.” Id. at

834 n.6. The State also cites Ramos v. State, 351 S.W.3d 913 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

2011, pet. ref’d), Martinez v. State, No. 05-17-00817-CR, 2018 WL 2434409 (Tex.

App.—Dallas May 30, 2018, pet. ref’d), and Burks v. State, PD-0992-15, 2016 WL

6519139 (Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 2, 2016) (not designated for publication), overruled on

reh’g 2017 WL 3443982, all of which deal with corpses. In Ramos, the Amarillo Court of

Appeals held, and later this Court in Burks held, that the evidence is sufficient to prove

that a corpse was altered if the corpse was moved and its physical state changed.15 Burks,

2016 WL 6519139, at *6; Ramos, 351 S.W.3d at 915. In Martinez, another unpublished

case, that court of appeals misread Ramos and Burks and held that “evidence is ‘altered’

when its location or physical state is changed.” Martinez, 2018 WL 2434409, at *3

(emphasis added). All three cases are distinguishable. This case does not deal with a

corpse, which is quantitatively different than the prescription pill bottle at issue here, and

this case does not deal with altering the location and physical state of the pill bottle, only




       15
         In our original Burks decision, we relied on the Ramos Court’s interpretation of “alter,”
which it adopted from dicta in Rotenberry v. State, 245 S.W.3d 583, 587 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2007, pet. ref’d). Rotenberry was about the concealment of physical evidence, not altering
physical evidence.
                                                                                      Stahmann–11

its location.16

       With this background, we conclude that the evidence is insufficient to prove that

Stahmann altered the prescription pill bottle when he threw it over the fence because the

mere act of throwing the pill bottle did not change the bottle itself. Having found the

evidence of alteration insufficient, we next turn to whether the evidence of concealment

was sufficient.

                                           b. Conceal

       The State argues that “conceal” means to remove from sight or notice, even if only

temporarily, and that the statute refers to concealing evidence from law enforcement.

According to the State’s argument, it does not matter that Ballard and Freeman never lost

sight of the pill bottle, that they directed Koepp to the bottle, that Koepp could see it



       16
          The State also cites two unpublished decisions from courts of appeals in Ohio and one
published case from the Kentucky Supreme Court. Kentucky v. Henderson, 85 S.W.3d 618, 620
(Ky. 2002); State v. Wilson, 2012-Ohio-3098, 2012 WL 2628718, ¶¶ 41–43 (not designated for
publication); State v. Brodbeck, 2008-Ohio-6961, 2008 WL 5423445, ¶¶ 50–52 (not designated
for publication);.
        We are not persuaded. In Henderson, the Kentucky Supreme Court construed the word
“conceal,” not “alter.” Henderson, 85 S.W.3d at 619–20. In Wilson, although the court of appeals
held that the evidence was sufficient to prove tampering where the defendant “‘completely
changed the crime scene,’” it did not specify which theory of tampering (i.e., altering, destroying,
concealing, or removing) it relied on in holding the evidence sufficient. It merely held that the
jury’s conclusion to convict Wilson was not unreasonable or against the manifest weight of the
evidence. Wilson, 2012 WL 2628718, ¶¶ 41. In Brodbeck, the court of appeals held that the
evidence was sufficient to prove tampering with physical evidence when Brodbeck moved a
corpse and repositioned a firearm near one of its hands to simulate a suicide. Brodbeck, 2008 WL
5423445, ¶¶ 50–52. But the court never specified what Brodbeck was alleged to have tampered
with. Id. It suggested at one point that Brodbeck might have been charged with altering the crime
scene. Id. However, that is not the issue here. The State’s allegation is that Stahmann tampered
with a prescription pill bottle, not the crime scene.
                                                                                         Stahmann–12

“very clearly,” or that the bottle was easily retrieved, because Stahmann concealed it from

Koepp when he threw it over the fence before Koepp arrived to investigate.

       Even if we assume without deciding that the statute applies to only law

enforcement, as the State argues, we conclude that the pill bottle in this case was not

concealed from law enforcement. What the witnesses saw and told law enforcement

informs whether the physical evidence was concealed from law enforcement.17 The

outcome of this case might be different had Ballard and Freeman not been there, had they

lost sight of what Stahmann threw or where it landed, had they not spoken to Koepp and

directed him to the pill bottle when he arrived, or had Koepp had a difficult time locating

it. But those are not the facts of this case.18

       The State argues that Munsch v. State, No. 02-12-00028-CR, 2014 WL 4105281

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 21, 2014) (mem. op., not designated for publication) and

Lujan v. State, No. 07-09-0036-CR, 2009 WL 2878092 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Sept. 9,



       17
          The State argues that the court of appeals erroneously relied on Thornton and Villarreal,
but we disagree. According to the State, unlike in this case, in those cases the police had first-
hand knowledge of the “concealed” evidence because Thornton and Villarreal tried to conceal
the evidence in plain view of police officers. But we never attributed our holding in Thornton to
the fact that Thornton tried to conceal evidence specifically from the police. Thornton dealt with
the reformation of convictions and whether the evidence was sufficient for a jury to rationally
infer that Thornton “harbored the specific intent to conceal the crack pipe and thereby impair its
later availability as evidence.” Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 303. Second, Villarreal was unpublished
and dealt with a Wal-Mart employee who saw Villarreal throw a pill bottle under a vehicle, not
law enforcement.
       18
          The State presents us with three hypotheticals to illustrate why it thinks that our
interpretation will lead to absurd results, but none of the hypotheticals reflect the facts of this
case.
                                                                                 Stahmann–13

2009) require a different result, but we disagree. In Munsch, police found a bag

containing 16.94 grams of methamphetamine after a traffic stop when the driver told

police on the way to the county jail that Munsch threw a bag of methamphetamine out of

the passenger-side window while they were being pulled over. Munsch, 2014 WL

4105281, at *3. After returning to the scene, the police officer located the bag with his

flashlight, although he had difficulty doing so because it was dark outside. Id. at *8. In

Lujan, as a police officer approached Lujan on foot to detain him for possible drug

activity, he noticed that Lujan “took his right hand from his left side and moved it towards

the center ‘as if he was throwing something.’” Lujan, 2009 WL 2878092, at *1. The

officer found a crack pipe on the ground. Id.

       According to the State, this case and Munsch are similar because in both cases law

enforcement would not have found the evidence without the assistance of a third-party

witness. We think that Munsch is distinguishable. The evidence in that case established

that it was not until the driver was arrested and secured in the police cruiser that she told

the officer about the bag of drugs. In this case, however, Ballard and Freeman told Koepp

about the bottle as soon as he arrived. Koepp had not even begun his on-scene

investigation. Second, it was difficult for the officer in Munsch to find the bag even after

the driver told him about it since it was dark and Munsch threw it out of the passenger-

side window while the vehicle was still moving. But here, Ballard and Freeman showed

Koepp exactly where the bottle was, and Koepp saw the bottle “very clearly” in the
                                                                               Stahmann–14

afternoon daylight.

       The State argues that Lujan shows that a defendant need not successfully conceal

something to be guilty of tampering with evidence by concealment, but we agree with the

court of appeals that “[a]ctual concealment requires a showing that the allegedly

concealed item was hidden, removed from sight or notice, or kept from discovery or

observation.” Stahmann, 548 S.W.3d at 57. We also agree with the court of appeals that

intent and concealment are two distinct elements of the offense and that the Lujan Court

erred if it concluded otherwise. Id. While a rational jury could have reasonably inferred

that Stahmann intended to conceal the pill bottle when he threw it over the wire fence, the

evidence shows that he failed to conceal it as he intended because the bottle landed short

of the bush in plain view on top of some grass.

       The evidence is insufficient to prove that Stahmann concealed the pill bottle when

he threw it over the fence.

                                     CONCLUSION

       Because we did not grant review of the court of appeals’s holding reforming

Stahmann’s conviction, we do not address that holding and affirm the judgment of the

court of appeals.

Delivered: April 22, 2020

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