J-S57027-16


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                       IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                          PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

LYNN OWEN COZART,

                            Appellant                    No. 11 WDA 2016


            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 28, 2015
                 In the Court of Common Pleas of Beaver County
    Criminal Division at No(s): CP-04-CR-0001254-1995, CP-04-CR-0001255-
                          1995, CP-04-CR-0001256-1995


BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., SHOGAN and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                         FILED SEPTEMBER 15, 2016

         Lynn Owen Cozart (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of

sentence imposed on October 28, 2015, in the Court of Common Pleas of

Beaver County. We affirm.

         Our disposition of this case does not require a detailed recitation of the

facts.    This case stems from Appellant sexually assaulting three children.

The trial court summarized the procedural history of this case as follows:

         On February 15, 1996, the impaneled jury returned unanimous
         verdicts finding [Appellant] . . . guilty of six (6) counts on three
         (3) different cases. At Case No. 1254 of 1995, [Appellant] was
         found guilty of two (2) counts of Involuntary Deviate Sexual
         Intercourse and one (1) count of Endangering the Welfare of
____________________________________________


*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S57027-16


     Children, relating to [M.C.]. . . . At Case No. 1255 of 1995,
     [Appellant] was found guilty of two (2) counts of Indecent
     Assault, relating to [A.C.]. . . . At Case No. 1256 of 1995,
     [Appellant] was found guilty of one (1) count of Indecent
     Assault, relating to [T.C.]. . . .     Following the verdict, a
     sentencing hearing was scheduled to take place on April 8, 1996.
     [Appellant] did not appear at the hearing and a Bench Warrant
     was issued by the [c]ourt. Nineteen (19) years later, in June of
     2015, [Appellant] was arrested in the State of Oklahoma, where
     he had been hiding using an assumed name and Social Security
     Number of a deceased individual. [Appellant] was returned to
     Beaver County and sentenced for all three (3) cases on October
     28, 2015. The sentence for all three (3) cases aggregated to a
     period of not less than fifteen and one-half (15.5) years, nor
     more than forty-nine (49) years of incarceration.          Next,
     [Appellant] filed a Post-Sentence Motion on November 2, 2015,
     which was denied in part and granted in part on December 8,
     2015.2 [Appellant] then filed this direct appeal to the Superior
     Court of Pennsylvania.
           2
               [Appellant’s] Motion for Credit for Time Served
           was granted on November 2, 2015. However, in
           [Appellant’s] Motion for Post-Sentence Relief,
           [Appellant] requested allowance of additional time to
           amend the Motion. This [c]ourt gave [Appellant] ten
           (10) days following the receipt of the sentencing
           transcript to amend the Motion. After [Appellant]
           failed to timely file an amended Motion, the [c]ourt
           denied [Appellant’s] Motion for Post-Sentence Relief.

Trial Court Opinion, 2/10/16, at 1–2 (footnote omitted).        This appeal

followed. Appellant and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

     On appeal, Appellant presents the following questions for our review:

     I.    Whether the Appellant’s convictions at Case Nos. 1254 and
           1255 of 1995 for involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (2
           counts), endangering welfare of children and indecent
           assault (2 counts) should be reversed because the
           Commonwealth’s victim witnesses were incompetent to
           testify?




                                    -2-
J-S57027-16


      II.    Whether the Appellant’s convictions at Case Nos. 1254,
             1255 and 1256 for involuntary deviate sexual intercourse
             (2 counts), endangering welfare of children and indecent
             assault (3 counts) should be reversed because the
             Commonwealth failed to present sufficient evidence to
             prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the Appellant was
             guilty of the crimes of which he was convicted?

      III.   Whether the Appellant’s convictions at Case Nos. 1254,
             1255 and 1256 for involuntary deviate sexual intercourse
             (2 counts), endangering welfare of children and indecent
             assault (3 counts) should be reversed because the
             evidence presented to prove the Appellant guilty beyond a
             reasonable doubt was against the weight of that evidence
             presented?

Appellant’s Brief at 8 (full capitalization omitted).

      In his first issue, Appellant challenges the competence of the then-

minor victims, M.C. and A.C., to testify.         Appellant’s Brief at 28.   We

conclude that Appellant’s argument with regard to M.C. lacks merit, and his

argument with regard to A.C. is moot.

      At the time of Appellant’s trial in 1996, the standard used to determine

the competency of children to testify was as follows:

      When evaluating the competency of children to testify, we are guided
      by the following principles:

             A witness is presumed competent to testify unless
             proven otherwise.      When a proposed witness is
             under fourteen years of age, however, there must be
             a searching judicial inquiry as to mental capacity.
             This inquiry will probe the capacity to communicate,
             observe and remember, and a consciousness of the
             duty to speak the truth in proportion to the witness’s
             chronological immaturity.     The judge holds the
             superior opportunity to evaluate the competency of a
             proposed child witness....


                                       -3-
J-S57027-16


     Commonwealth v. Stohr, 361 Pa.Super. 293, 522 A.2d 589
     (1987).

          Our Supreme Court has mandated that in evaluating
     competency, the trial court must be satisfied that the witness
     has:

           “(1) such capacity to communicate, including as it
           does both an ability to understand questions and to
           frame [and] express . . . intelligent answers; (2)
           mental capacity to observe the occurrence itself and
           the capacity of remembering what it is that the
           witness is called to testify about; and (3) a
           consciousness of the duty to speak the truth.”

     Rosche v. McCoy, 397 Pa. 615, 620, 156 A.2d 307, 310 (1959)
     (emphasis [omitted]).

     Determination of competency will not be disturbed on appeal
     absent a clear abuse of discretion.

Commonwealth v. Pankraz, 554 A.2d 974, 977–978 (Pa. Super. 1989)

(quoting Commonwealth v. McEachin, 537 A.2d 883, 885–886 (Pa.

Super. 1988)) (some internal citations omitted).

     Currently, the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence embody the standards

for determining competency:

     (a) General Rule. Every person is competent to be a witness
         except as otherwise provided by statute or in these rules.

     (b) Disqualification for Specific Defects. A person is
         incompetent to testify if the court finds that because of a
         mental condition or immaturity the person:

           (1) is, or was, at any relevant time, incapable of
                 perceiving accurately;

           (2) is unable to express himself or herself so as to be
                  understood either directly or through an
                  interpreter;

                                    -4-
J-S57027-16



           (3) has an impaired memory; or

           (4) does not sufficiently understand the duty to tell
                 the truth.

                                 * * *

     [Pa.R.E. 601] is consistent with Pennsylvania law concerning the
     factors for determining competency of a person to testify,
     including persons with a mental defect and children of tender
     years. See Commonwealth v. Baker, 466 Pa. 479, 353 A.2d
     454 (1976) (standards for determining competency generally);
     Commonwealth v. Goldblum, 498 Pa. 455, 447 A.2d 234
     (1982) (mental capacity); Rosche v. McCoy, 397 Pa. 615, 156
     A.2d 307 (1959) (immaturity).

Pa.R.E. 601, cmt.

     The record at hand discloses that, although M.C. was fifteen at the

time of trial, the trial court conducted a competency hearing outside of the

jury’s presence.    N.T., 2/12/96, at 5–39.   The trial court summarized the

hearing as follows:

           During this hearing, [M.C.] explained that he was currently
     undergoing inpatient treatment at a mental health facility and
     was taking prescription medications. [M.C.] stated his diagnosis
     to be a “behavioral problem” and that he was suffering from
     post-traumatic stress disorder.      Through testimony, [M.C.]
     explained that his reason for seeking treatment was because he
     started remembering specific instances of sexual abuse that [he
     was] subjected . . . to, and because of that, he tried to commit
     suicide approximately one (1) year before the trial. Specifically,
     [M.C.] described in detail an instance that occurred when he was
     approximately five (5) or six (6) years old . . . .5 Despite his
     current treatment and medications, [M.C.] expressed that these
     were conscious memories and nothing had been made-up or
     exaggerated. Moreover, [M.C.] was able to recall a few other
     memories also from when he was five (5) or six (6) years old,
     such as getting glasses and details about the house he lived in.


                                    -5-
J-S57027-16


      [M.C.’s] testimony expressed that these accusations were actual
      memories, like any other memory.
            5
               This memory is the substance of the charges
            against [Appellant] at Case No. 1254 of 1995.

            At the conclusion of the hearing, the Honorable Robert C.
      Reed, President Judge, found [M.C.] competent to testify.
      Specifically, the [c]ourt stated:

            Well, it appears to me he’s competent to testify. I
            don’t think that’s the issue. It seems to me the
            question is, which it appears to me to be a matter
            for the jury to resolve how this occurred. When it
            came to light is [what] the question is. But I think
            he’s competent to testify. He certainly seems to
            understand the questions. He says he has a memory
            of this, and that seems to me makes him competent.

      No additional objections were made during the course of the trial
      regarding [M.C.’s] competency.         Further, during cross-
      examination, counsel for [Appellant] asked [M.C.] at length
      questions regarding his age, his mental health diagnosis, his
      medications and his ability to remember.

Trial Court Opinion, 2/10/16, at 6–7 (internal citations omitted).

      In its opinion to this Court, the trial court disposed of Appellant’s

challenge to M.C.’s competency with the following analysis:

            The [c]ourt was provided a full opportunity to weigh
      [M.C.’s] competency at trial, and at no point did the [c]ourt find
      that [M.C.] was incompetent. Also, because [M.C.] was over the
      age of fourteen (14) at the time of testifying, taint is not an
      appropriate issue here. Further, when the Competency hearing
      was held, the [c]ourt properly found [M.C.] competent. The
      record supports this finding, and this [c]ourt does not believe
      anything in the record supports a finding that there was an
      abuse of discretion. The challenges to [M.C.’s] competency
      should be denied for all three (3) convictions at Case No. 1254
      of 1995.

Trial Court Opinion, 2/10/16, at 7–8.

                                     -6-
J-S57027-16


      After carefully reviewing the record in the instant case, we find no

abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling that M.C. was competent to

testify. M.C. was clear in his testimony that he remembered the incidents

that were the focus of the trial. N.T., 2/12/96, at 6–36. As such, the trial

court could find—and did find—that M.C. had sufficient remembrance of the

events upon which he was called to testify to be a competent witness. See

Commonwealth v. McMaster, 666 A.2d 724, 728 (Pa. Super. 1995)

(holding that trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that four-year-

old victim had sufficient remembrance of the events upon which she was

called to testify to be a competent witness).         Thus, we conclude that

Appellant’s allegation of trial court error with regard to M.C. lacks merit.

      Regarding A.C., Appellant fails to acknowledge that, “[b]ecause no

objections or challenges were ever made to [A.C.’s] competency during the

trial, the [trial c]ourt never specifically found her to be competent.”        Trial

Court Opinion, 2/10/16, at 8. Therefore, Appellant’s argument that the trial

court erred with regard to A.C. is moot. See In re Estate of Bowman, 797

A.2d 973, 977 (Pa. Super. 2002) (concluding that appellant’s argument that

appellees did not present clear and convincing evidence of oral modification

of written agreements was moot where trial court did not find there was an

oral modification).




                                      -7-
J-S57027-16


      Appellant’s second issue is a challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence sustaining his convictions.      In support of this issue, Appellant

presents the following argument:

            In order for the Commonwealth to present sufficient
      evidence to convict [Appellant] of the crimes alleged, it must
      demonstrate that each and every element of each offense has
      been presented to the jury, so that the jury can find each
      element beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Brown,
      48 A.3d 426 (Pa. Super. 2012).

             Here, the Appellant Lynn Owen Cozart alleges that
      insufficient evidence has been presented for all counts.

Appellant’s Brief at 30.

      We have held that the failure to offer any citation to authority, other

than the standard of review, or provide pertinent analysis renders an

appellant’s sufficiency challenge waived. Commonwealth v. Hakala, 900

A.2d 404, 406–407 (Pa. Super. 2006); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a)

(“General rule. The argument shall be divided into as many parts as there

are questions to be argued; and shall have at the head of each part--in

distinctive type or in type distinctively displayed--the particular point treated

therein, followed by such discussion and citation of authorities as are

deemed pertinent.”).       Here, we note that Appellant offers no additional

analysis of his point.     He does not cite to the record or to the statutory

elements of the crimes. Indeed, we find his argument “markedly insufficient

to offer grounds for relief or even to inform our consideration of the issue.”




                                      -8-
J-S57027-16


Commonwealth v. Stays, 70 A.3d 1256, 1267 (Pa. Super. 2013).

Accordingly, we conclude that Appellant’s sufficiency challenge is waived.

        Finally, Appellant presents a somewhat lengthier challenge to the

weight of the evidence.      After citing the appropriate standards of review,

Appellant argues:

               Here, throughout the testimony, different versions are
        presented of the events on various examinations. For example,
        [M.C.] differed his accounts . . . [and] testified he did not have
        problems with his memory “unless he was trying to block
        something out . . . that’s what my psychiatrist says,” lending
        credence to he [sic] being influenced by his psychiatrist. The
        trial court abused its discretion in reaching its decisions on
        allowing the witnesses to testify.

Appellant’s Brief at 31 (internal citation omitted).

        Again, we find Appellant’s argument “markedly insufficient to offer

grounds for relief or even to inform our consideration of the issue.” Stays,

70 A.3d at 1267.      Here, Appellant fails to offer any citation to authority,

other    than   the   standard   of   review,   or   provide   pertinent   analysis.

Accordingly, we conclude that Appellant’s weight challenge is waived.

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a); Hakala, 900 A.2d at 406–407 (stating that failure to

offer any citation to authority, other than the standard of review, or provide

pertinent analysis renders the appellant’s weight challenge waived).

        Judgment of sentence affirmed.




                                        -9-
J-S57027-16




Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 9/15/2016




                          - 10 -
