        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs October 2, 2012

                   STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BENNIE OSBY

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                   No. 11-02364     James C. Beasley, Jr., Judge




              No. W2012-00408-CCA-R3-CD - Filed November 2, 2012


The defendant, Bennie Osby, appeals his Shelby County Criminal Court jury convictions of
especially aggravated kidnapping, attempted second degree murder, aggravated robbery, and
employing a firearm during the commission of a felony, arguing that the evidence was
insufficient to support his convictions. Discerning no reversible error, we affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

           Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, JR, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JEFFREY S.
B IVINS and R OGER A. P AGE, JJ., joined.

Barry W. Kuhn (on appeal), and Michael Johnson (at trial), Assistant District Public
Defenders, for the appellant, Bennie Osby.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel E. Willis, Assistant Attorney
General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Pamela Fleming and Betsy
Weintraub, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

               The convictions in this case arose from events that transpired on October 21,
2010, in Memphis. At trial, Marlon Toney testified that he and long-time friend Eric Moody
were sitting in Mr. Moody’s truck outside Mr. Toney’s residence at 4440 Cimmaron when
they observed a “suspicious guy” walking in the neighborhood. Mr. Toney said that the man
first walked to Walter Edwards’ house and then walked back down past Mr. Toney’s house,
this time followed by another man. The two men then walked out of Mr. Toney’s line of
sight, and just as Mr. Moody asked Mr. Toney if he knew the men, “they was running up
towards the car with guns drawn on [Mr. Toney and Mr. Moody].” Mr. Toney identified the
defendant as the man who came to his side of the truck, pointed a gun at him, and ordered
him out of the vehicle. Mr. Toney said that the defendant ordered him to lie on the ground,
and he complied. The defendant then searched Mr. Toney’s person as he lay on the ground.
After he completed the search, the defendant ordered both Mr. Toney and Mr. Moody to
stand, and then the defendant and his compatriot “marched” Mr. Toney and Mr. Moody into
Mr. Toney’s backyard.

              Once in the backyard, the perpetrators ordered the victims onto the ground a
second time and “started duct-taping [their] hands behind [their] backs.” The other
perpetrator asked Mr. Toney his name, and when he responded that his name was Marlon,
the man said, “[Y]ou’re the one I want to talk to,” and then placed a piece of duct tape over
Mr. Moody’s mouth. The other perpetrator then asked Mr. Toney, “[W]here’s the money
at?,” and Mr. Toney replied, “[T]he only money that I have is in my pocket.” The other
perpetrator then removed $150.00 from Mr. Toney’s pocket. Mr. Toney explained that he
had seen the other perpetrator at Walter Edwards’ house earlier that evening and that he had
counted out “a nice piece of money” to loan to his daughter from his unemployment benefits
and placed it in his pocket while in Mr. Edwards’ carport. Mr. Toney said that the other
perpetrator demanded to know where the remainder of the money was and that he told the
man that he had no more money. At that point, the other perpetrator accused him of lying
and struck Mr. Toney in the back of the head with his handgun and kicked him in the face.

              Mr. Toney testified that the other perpetrator asked him if he had more money
in the house and that, when he said he did not, the other perpetrator asked who was in the
house. Mr. Toney said that he told the other perpetrator that his mother, his son, and his
granddaughter were in the house asleep. The other perpetrator then told the defendant that
he was “fixin’ to go in the house” and told Mr. Toney that he would kill anyone in the house
who got up. When the other perpetrator opened the front door to the house, however, Mr.
Toney’s “real large pit-bull” came to the door and scared him. The other perpetrator returned
to where Mr. Toney and Mr. Moody lay on the ground and told the defendant that he was not
going inside the house because of the dog. The defendant then used his cellular telephone
to call someone to pick them up. As they waited, the other perpetrator told Mr. Toney to take
off his “jogging suit” and give it to him. The defendant took Mr. Toney’s telephone and
ordered Mr. Toney and Mr. Moody “to go down to the edge of the fence and jump over the
gate and lay down.” Mr. Toney said that they complied with the defendant’s order.

              Mr. Toney testified that he was able to escape from his bonds because “really
it was real cheap duct tape.” He and Mr. Moody jumped back over the fence “[a]lmost
immediately” and started walking toward the fleeing perpetrators. When he got close to the
men, he began yelling for help. At that point, both men turned around and began shooting

                                             -2-
at Mr. Toney. Mr. Toney said that he immediately began running back toward his house.
Mr. Toney testified that he saw the defendant fall to the ground, get up, and run away
limping.

               Mr. Toney testified that police were called to his residence and that he told
police about the defendant’s limping. He said that police showed him two photograph arrays
and that he identified the defendant as the person who first pulled him from Mr. Moody’s
truck at gunpoint. He was unable to identify the other perpetrator from the second array. Mr.
Toney recalled that he identified the defendant as the perpetrator during the preliminary
hearing as the defendant sat with five or six other men.

               Eric Moody testified that as he sat in his truck with Mr. Toney talking and
listening to the radio, he “noticed some guys walking up and down the street.” Sometime
later, he saw the two men “walking fast” toward his vehicle, and he asked Mr. Toney if he
knew the men. Before Mr. Toney, who was sending a text message on his cellular telephone,
could answer, “the guy had a pistol in [Mr. Moody’s] face” and ordered Mr. Moody to get
out of the truck. He said that the man ordered him onto the ground and then patted him
down. Another man ordered Mr. Toney to the ground and patted him down. The first man
took Mr. Moody’s wallet and his cellular telephone and then demanded more money. He
said that the men forced him and Mr. Toney into Mr. Toney’s backyard, where they bound
their hands behind their backs with duct tape.

               When Mr. Moody insisted that he did not have any more money, the man struck
him with a pistol and placed duct tape over his mouth. Mr. Moody identified the defendant
as the man who held Mr. Toney at gunpoint. Mr. Moody said that the other perpetrator
threatened to enter Mr. Toney’s house and that when Mr. Toney begged him not to do so, the
man kicked Mr. Toney. The man attempted to enter the house but came back into the
backyard when he encountered Mr. Toney’s pit bulldog. The men then forced Mr. Moody
and Mr. Toney to jump over the fence at the rear of Mr. Toney’s backyard but not before the
other perpetrator forced Mr. Toney to give him his “jogging suit.” After they jumped the
fence, the men told them to lie down and count to one hundred. Mr. Toney, he said, did not
obey the command and jumped back over the fence almost immediately. Within a few
seconds, Mr. Moody heard gunshots and Mr. Toney’s saying, “[T]hat n***** shooting at
me.”

              Mr. Moody said that he remained on the ground for several seconds after the
gunfire ended and then walked to the front of Mr. Toney’s house. Mr. Toney was there with
his mother, his son, and his sister. Mr. Toney’s mother told them that she had telephoned
police.



                                             -3-
               Mr. Moody said that police showed him a photograph array, but he was unable
to identify either perpetrator from any of the arrays shown to him. Mr. Moody testified that
he recognized the defendant immediately when he came to testify at the defendant’s
preliminary hearing.

                Candis Bowman testified that on October 21, 2010, she was living at the
Presidential West apartment complex with her children and their father, the defendant. She
said that she and the children left the apartment with Ms. Bowman’s mother’s boyfriend to
go grocery shopping at approximately 8:00 p.m. and that the defendant stayed at the
apartment. Ms. Bowman testified that she was gone for approximately three hours and that
the defendant was not home when she returned from the store. She said that she put the
children to bed and began to unload her groceries. Approximately 10 to 15 minutes later,
Ms. Bowman heard gunshots. Within seconds, the defendant knocked on the door and told
her that he had been shot. She said that the defendant told her to run a bath and that he then
sat in the tub full of water. He refused her offer to call the ambulance. She observed gunshot
wounds to the defendant’s left shoulder and right hip as he soaked in the bathtub for nearly
two hours.

              At that point, Ms. Bowman became concerned and telephoned the defendant’s
sister “[b]ecause [she] had no information on [the defendant] besides his name and [his
sister] knows more about him.” The defendant’s sister came to the apartment and told Ms.
Bowman to telephone for help. The defendant claimed that he had been shot by unknown
assailants while using the telephone outside their apartment.

              During cross-examination, Ms. Bowman said that she had seen the defendant
standing outside using the telephone when she returned from the store and that she had
waved to him. She said that the defendant did not appear to be in any distress as he stood
outside. She said that she lay down in the bed for an hour after the defendant got into the
bathtub because she was nine months pregnant.

              During redirect-examination, Ms. Bowman acknowledged that the statement
she provided to police did not indicate that she had seen the defendant standing outside upon
her return from the grocery store.

              Memphis Police Department (“MPD”) Officer Jonathan Chalk testified that he
went to Ms. Bowman’s apartment in response to her call that the defendant had been shot.
He saw a gunshot wound to the back of the defendant’s left shoulder and to his right hip.
The defendant told Officer Chalk that he had been standing outside using the telephone when
he was shot by unknown assailants. Officer Chalk examined the area where the defendant
claimed to have been standing, but he found no blood, shell casings, bullets, or any other item

                                              -4-
that indicated that a shooting had taken place at that location.

              MPD Sergeant George Cave interviewed the defendant at the hospital, and the
defendant told Sergeant Cave that he had been shot by unknown assailants while standing
outside his apartment complex.

               MPD Sergeant Veronica Wimbley, the lead investigator in the robbery of Mr.
Toney and Mr. Moody, testified that she considered the defendant as a suspect in the robbery
after cross-referencing Mr. Toney’s statement that one of the perpetrators had been shot with
the list of shootings that were reported in Memphis on that date. Accordingly to Sergeant
Wimbley, only a single shooting was reported on that night, and the defendant was the
victim. Based on that information, she included the defendant’s photograph in an array that
she displayed to both Mr. Toney and Mr. Moody. Mr. Toney identified the defendant as one
of the perpetrators, but Mr. Moody did not identify any individual from the array.

              Sergeant Wimbley interviewed the defendant following his release from the
hospital. She also interviewed Ms. Bowman on that same day. Sergeant Wimbley testified
that Ms. Bowman told her that she did not see the defendant from the time she left to go to
the grocery store until he knocked on the door to tell her that he had been shot.

              At the conclusion of Sergeant Wimbley’s testimony, the State rested, and the
defendant presented the testimony of Shelby County Sheriff’s Department Deputy Eddie
Gross. Officer Gross testified that semi-automatic weapons eject shell casings when fired.
He admitted during cross-examination, however, that he had heard that some people attach
bags or other receptacles to their weapons to catch the casings.

               Based upon the foregoing proof, the jury convicted the defendant as charged
of two counts of especially aggravated kidnapping, two counts of aggravated robbery,
attempted second degree murder, and employing a firearm during the commission of
attempted second degree murder. Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court found the
defendant to be a repeat violent offender for purposes of the especially aggravated
kidnapping convictions and, based upon that finding and its finding that the defendant was
a dangerous offender, the trial court imposed consecutive sentences of life without the
possibility of parole for those convictions. The trial court found the defendant to be a career
offender for the remainder of the convictions and imposed sentences of 30 years each for the
defendant’s convictions of aggravated robbery and attempted second degree murder and a
sentence of 15 years for the conviction of employing a firearm during the offense of
attempted second degree murder. The court ordered partially consecutive service of the
sentences for a total effective sentence of life without the possibility of parole plus 105 years’
incarceration.

                                               -5-
              The defendant filed a timely but unsuccessful motion for new trial challenging
the sufficiency of the convicting evidence followed by a timely notice of appeal. In this
appeal, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence and argues that
his convictions of especially aggravated kidnapping violate principles of due process.

                The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence for each
of his convictions. We review the defendant’s claim mindful that our standard of review is
whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324 (1979); State v.
Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 654 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003). “[D]irect and circumstantial
evidence should be treated the same when weighing the sufficiency of such evidence.” State
v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn. 2011).

               When examining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court should neither
re-weigh the evidence nor substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact.
Winters, 137 S.W.3d at 655. Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the
weight and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are
resolved by the trier of fact. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Significantly, this court must afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
contained in the record as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be
drawn from the evidence. Id.

                             Especially Aggravated Kidnapping

              The defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his
convictions of especially aggravated kidnapping because the State failed to establish that the
removal and confinement of the victims went beyond that necessary to accomplish the
aggravated robbery. The State asserts that the evidence supports the separate convictions of
kidnapping.

              As charged in this case, especially aggravated kidnapping is “false
imprisonment, as defined in § 39-13-302 . . . [a]ccomplished with a deadly weapon or by
display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a
deadly weapon.” T.C.A. § 39-13-305(a)(4) (2006). “A person commits the offense of false
imprisonment who knowingly removes or confines another unlawfully so as to interfere
substantially with the other’s liberty.” Id. § 39-13-302(a).

             The evidence adduced at trial established that the defendant and another man
forced Mr. Moody and Mr. Toney at gunpoint from Mr. Moody’s truck, searched them, took

                                              -6-
their money, and then forced them into Mr. Toney’s backyard. There, Mr. Toney and Mr.
Moody were bound and beaten before being ordered to scale a fence at the rear of the yard.
Under these circumstances, the evidence supports the defendant’s convictions of especially
aggravated kidnapping.

             Moreover, the defendant effectively concedes that he restrained the victims,
arguing only that “[t]he restraint of the victims was only that necessary to effectuate the
robbery.” We turn now to this specific claim.

                              A. State v. Anthony and Progeny

                In State v. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299 (Tenn. 1991), our supreme court for the
first time considered “the propriety of a kidnapping conviction where detention of the victim
is merely incidental to the commission of another felony, such as robbery or rape.” State v.
Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299, 300 (Tenn. 1991). Based on principles of due process, the high
court acknowledged that a period of confinement technically meeting the definition of
kidnapping frequently accompanies such crimes as robbery and rape and concluded that a
separate kidnapping conviction cannot be supported when “the confinement, movement, or
detention [was] essentially incidental to the accompanying felony.” Anthony, 817 S.W.2d
at 305. Specifically, Anthony required reviewing courts to determine “whether the
confinement, movement, or detention is essentially incidental to the accompanying felony
and is not, therefore, sufficient to support a separate conviction for kidnapping, or whether
it is significant enough, in and of itself, to warrant independent prosecution and is, therefore,
sufficient to support such a conviction.” Id. at 306.

             Since its decision in Anthony, the supreme court has issued a series of cases
addressing the ruling. First, in State v. Dixon, 957 S.W.2d 532 (Tenn. 1997), the court
observed:

              Anthony and its progeny, however, are not meant to provide the
              rapist a free kidnapping merely because he also committed rape.
              The Anthony decision should only prevent the injustice which
              would occur if a defendant could be convicted of kidnapping
              where the only restraint utilized was that necessary to complete
              the act of rape or robbery. Accordingly, any restraint in addition
              to that which is necessary to consummate rape or robbery may
              support a separate conviction for kidnapping.

Id. at 534-35. The Dixon court also added a second level of inquiry to the Anthony analysis,
concluding that where the confinement is beyond that necessary for the accompanying

                                               -7-
felony, a court must next determine “whether the additional movement or confinement: (1)
prevented the victim from summoning help; (2) lessened the defendant’s risk of detection;
or (3) created a significant danger or increased the victim’s risk of harm.” Id. at 535.
Finally, the Dixon court emphasized that the focus of any Anthony inquiry should be on “the
purpose of the removal or confinement and not the distance or duration.” Id.

               The supreme court again revisited Anthony in the context of a kidnapping
conviction in State v. Fuller, 172 S.W.3d 533 (Tenn. 2005), wherein the court emphasized
that “‘the determination of whether a detention or movement is incidental to another offense
is highly dependent on the facts in each case.’” State v. Fuller, 172 S.W.3d 533, 538 (Tenn.
2005) (quoting Anthony, 817 S.W.2d at 306). The court also ruled that the Anthony test is
not “outcome determinative,” noting that the victim in Fuller had been able to summon help
despite being bound with duct tape. Then, in State v. Richardson, 251 S.W.3d 438 (Tenn.
2008), the supreme court completely abandoned the “essentially incidental” analysis of
Anthony and replaced it with the two-part test established in Dixon:

              The Dixon two-part test fully replaces the Anthony “essentially
              incidental” analysis. As we previously have observed, the Dixon
              test “provides the structure necessary for applying the principles
              announced in Anthony.” Although we adhere to the due process
              principles adopted in Anthony, we now make clear that the
              Anthony analysis should not be used in conjunction with the
              Dixon two-part test. The Dixon test should be used exclusively
              in all future inquiries.

Id. at 443 (citation omitted). The court emphasized, “[N]o bright line exists for making the
threshold determination in the first prong of the Dixon test. The inquiry is fact-driven.” Id.

                                      B. State v. White

               Most recently, in State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559 (Tenn. 2012), our supreme
court again addressed the precedent originally developed in Anthony and held “that whether
the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, establishes each and every element of kidnapping,
as defined by statute, is a question for the jury properly instructed under the law.” State v.
White, 362 S.W.3d 559, 577 (Tenn. 2012). In so holding, the court expressly overruled
Anthony, Dixon, and all their progeny, specifically concluding that “[t]he separate due process
test articulated first in Anthony, and subsequently refined in Dixon and its progeny, is,
therefore, no longer necessary to the appellate review of a kidnapping conviction
accompanied by a separate felony.” Id. at 578. Instead, the court held, the jury’s finding
beyond a reasonable doubt all the elements of kidnapping coupled with the reviewing court’s

                                              -8-
“task . . . of assessing the sufficiency of the convicting evidence” is sufficient to protect the
defendant’s due process rights. Id. The court determined that the inclusion of false
imprisonment, which requires that removal or confinement substantially interfere with the
liberty of another, as a “‘building block’” for all kidnapping convictions under the current
version of the Code prevents the criminalizing of the type of “trivial restraints” contemplated
by Anthony under the previous version of the kidnapping statutes. Id. at 576.

              Although it overruled the line of cases that required a legal, as opposed to a
factual due process evaluation, the court retained the requirement that the State establish that
the removal or confinement of the victim went beyond that necessary to accomplish the
accompanying offense, classifying it as a question of fact to be determined by a jury “properly
instructed under the law.” Id. at 577. Given this holding, the court determined that

                [w]hen jurors are called upon to determine whether the State has
                proven beyond a reasonable doubt the elements of kidnapping,
                aggravated kidnapping, or especially aggravated kidnapping,
                trial courts should specifically require a determination of
                whether the removal or confinement is, in essence, incidental to
                the accompanying felony or, in the alternative, is significant
                enough, standing alone, to support a conviction.

Id. at 578. Despite overruling Anthony and despite dismissing for a second time the
“essentially incidental” test adopted by Anthony, the court determined that the requirement
that the removal or confinement be more than essentially incidental to the other offense
informs the “definition for the element of the offense requiring that the removal or
confinement constitute a substantial interference with the victim’s liberty.” Id. Having thus
concluded, the court ruled that, to protect the defendant’s due process rights, the jury should
be instructed that it must determine that the removal or confinement of the victim was
“significant enough, standing alone” to support a conviction of kidnapping before imposing
one when an overlapping felony accompanies the kidnapping charge. Id. The supreme court
also developed a jury instruction to facilitate the jury’s determination of whether the removal
or confinement was essentially incidental to the accompanying offense. See id. at 580-81.
The court found that the White jury had not been instructed on the “key” element of false
imprisonment,1 that “substantial interference with the victim’s liberty” required “a finding
. . . that the victim’s removal or confinement was not essentially incidental to the


        1
        The supreme court left the offense of false imprisonment out of the list of offenses for which the
new instruction is required. We assume, however, that because substantial interference with liberty is a
necessary element of false imprisonment, such an instruction is required for that offense when it is charged
along with another felony.

                                                    -9-
accompanying felony offense.” Id. at 580. The supreme court granted White a new trial on
the basis of the “instructional error.” Id.2

                                   C. Timing and Applicability

               Having recounted the history of the due process requirement first developed
in Anthony, we must now determine whether the ruling in White is applicable to this case.
The jury in this case, tried in 2011, was not provided with the instruction envisioned by our
supreme court. In White, the supreme court classified its ruling as one that clarified existing
law rather than “creating a new standard for kidnapping” and stated that the ruling “does not
articulate a new rule of constitutional law or require retroactive application.” Id. at 578. The
court’s statement that the ruling is not entitled to retroactive application would, at first blush,
suggest that it is applicable only to those cases tried after March 9, 2012, the date on which
the opinion was filed. We note, however, that the court has remanded a number of cases for
reconsideration in light of its ruling in White, see, e.g., State v. Robert Fusco, No. M2012-
01724-SC-R11-CD (Tenn. Mar. 23, 2012), suggesting that it intended retroactive application
of the ruling to those already-tried cases in the appellate pipeline, that is pending direct
appeal, at the time it was filed and that its use of the word “retroactive” was intended to
prevent use of the ruling for collateral attack. The court opted for similar, limited
retrospective application of its ruling in State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 471 (Tenn. 1999), a
case that also involved jury instruction error. Wiley v. State, 183 S.W.3d 317, 327 (Tenn.
2006). Accordingly, we will utilize the ruling in White to analyze the issue presented here.

              Having decided that the ruling in White is applicable to this case, we must next
determine how that ruling should be applied here. As discussed, in White, our supreme court
dispensed with the separate due process analysis required by Anthony and its progeny and
held that determination of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt “by a jury properly instructed
under the law” followed by appellate review of the sufficiency of the convicting evidence
safeguards the defendant’s due process rights. See White, 362 S.W.3d at 577-78.

              In making its ruling in White, however, our supreme court emphasized
repeatedly that the question of whether the evidence has sufficiently established a separate
kidnapping conviction is a question of fact to be determined by a “jury properly instructed
under the law.” White, 362 S.W.3d at 577, 579, 580 (emphasis added). Indeed, the court
noted on four separate occasions that what had formerly been analyzed as a due process issue
by the appellate courts was an issue of fact to be determined by a jury that was given the


        2
         Interestingly, however, the instruction developed by the supreme court does not utilize the term
“essentially incidental.”


                                                  -10-
benefit of the instruction later crafted by the court. See id. Thus, the court classified the
specific error in White as one of jury instruction error, ruling, “Because the jury was not
properly instructed on the question of whether the victim’s removal or confinement was
essentially incidental to an accompanying felony, the Defendant is entitled to a new trial on
the especially aggravated kidnapping charge.” Id. at 580.

                                      1. Fairly Raising the Issue

                When the issue at hand is the omission of a jury instruction, the situation
presented in both White and the present case, the appellate court’s first task is to determine
whether the evidence fairly raised the issue. In general, the trial court is obliged to instruct
the jury on the rules of law that apply to the issues at trial. Poe v. State, 370 S.W.2d 488, 489
(1963). The duty of the trial court to charge the jury arises when an issue is fairly raised by
the evidence. No duty to charge on that issue arises when the evidence fails to fairly raise
it. See State v. Williams, 914 S.W.2d 940, 949 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. McPherson,
882 S.W.2d 365, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); see also T.C.A. § 39-11-203(c) (“The issue
of the existence of a defense is not submitted to the jury unless it is fairly raised by the
proof.”).

                We are aware that, in White, the court said that its first task in applying the
rules to the facts of that case was to “determine whether the evidence presented in this case
is sufficient to sustain a conviction [of] . . . kidnapping.” White, 362 S.W.3d at 579.
However, we think that the court had in mind determining the adequacy of evidence to fairly
raise the issue of whether the removal of the victim constituted a substantial interference with
her liberty. First, the determination of whether the issue is fairly raised is, as noted above,
time-honored and traditional. Second, the court otherwise acknowledged that the sufficiency
of the evidence could not be evaluated in the absence of proper jury instructions on the
affected issue. Third, in concluding its remarks on this first task of review, the court said that
the character of the victim’s removal or confinement “could be interpreted in different
ways[,] and[] therefore, the determination of whether the removal or confinement . . .
constituted a substantial interference with her liberty was a question of fact for the jury to
resolve.” Id. This statement is strongly suggestive of the “fairly raised” language contained
in the case law.3

        3
         The use of the term of art “sufficiency of the evidence” imports a mandate of due process such that,
when the convicting evidence is legally insufficient, the charge is dismissed. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 324 (1979). Similarly, when the proof may be interpreted to support a conviction offense, as the
court seemed to indicate in White, the conviction must be affirmed. Id. The grant of a new trial could never
be the disposition of a question on the sufficiency of the evidence. Moreover, we cannot fathom that the
White court intends to dismiss a charge of kidnapping based upon a finding that the evidence did not establish
                                                                                                (continued...)

                                                    -11-
              In the present case, we determine that the issue of whether the defendant
substantially interfered with the victim’s liberty in the face of companion charges of
aggravated robbery and attempted second degree murder was fairly raised by the evidence.

                                       2. Determination of Error

                Having determined that the evidence fairly raised the issue of whether the
defendant substantially interfered with the victim’s liberty apart from the other felony
charges, we move on to the task of determining whether the trial court erred by failing to give
the jury the instruction promulgated in White. This task is readily accomplished. The issue
was fairly raised; yet, the court did not give the mandated instruction in this case that was
tried in 2011 and on appeal when White was filed. Therefore, based upon the case law, the
failure to instruct was error.

               Our next task is to determine whether the error is reversible or is harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. To determine the harmfulness of the error, we still do not
address the “sufficiency of the evidence” in the Jackson sense but evaluate the harmful effect
of the absence of the required jury instruction. For this reason, we did not analyze the issue
in this case as part of our analysis of the sufficiency of the evidence above but instead
consider here the harmful effect of the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury that the “key
element – the substantial interference with the victim’s liberty – [requires] a finding by the
jury that the victim’s removal or confinement was not essentially incidental to the
accompanying felony offense.” White, 362 S.W.3d at 580; see also id. n. 20 (indicating that
the issue is subject to constitutional harmless error analysis by stating that remand for a new
trial was warranted in White because the court could not “conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt that the jury verdict would have been the same absent the instructional error”).

        3
          (...continued)
substantial interference vis-a-vis the elements of another charged – but overlapping – offense when the jury
was not instructed to determine the character of such interference. Because the due process issue at stake
is now deemed a factual issue to be determined by the trier of fact and not a legal issue to be determined by
the trial court, see White, 362 S.W.3d at 577, an appellate court that embarks upon determining the
“sufficiency of the evidence” on this issue despite the absence of the necessary, enabling instruction usurps
the role of the trier of fact. Furthermore, even though the end result of an appeal may not depend upon the
nicety of the process used, the appellate court should nevertheless strive to keep its processes of review in
proper alignment. A review of the “sufficiency of the evidence” requires an assessment of the evidence in
the light most favorable to the State, see, e.g., State v. Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 654 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2003); contrarily, to determine whether the evidence fairly raises a defensive issue, “a court must, in effect,
consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant, including all reasonable inferences flowing
from that evidence,” State v. Blackmon, 78 S.W.3d 322, 331 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001); State v. Bult, 989
S.W.2d 730, 733 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998).


                                                     -12-
              The jury in this case was not instructed that it must find “that the victim’s
removal or confinement was not essentially incidental to the accompanying felony offense.”
Thus, the same jury instruction error that attended Jason Lee White’s conviction exists here.
Unlike the error in White, however, the error in this case can be classified as harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt. Proof that the victims’ removal or confinement went beyond that
necessary to accomplish either of the accompanying felonies was overwhelming, and we
conclude that the jury’s verdict would have been the same had it been properly instructed.

                             Attempted Second Degree Murder

              “Second degree murder is . . . [a] knowing killing of another.” T.C.A. § 39-13-
210(a)(1).

              A person commits criminal attempt who, acting with the kind of
              culpability otherwise required for the offense:

                     (3) Acts with intent to complete a course of action or
              cause a result that would constitute the offense, under the
              circumstances surrounding the conduct as the person believes
              them to be, and the conduct constitutes a substantial step toward
              the commission of the offense.

Id. § 39-12-101(a).

               The proof in this case showed that Mr. Toney jumped back over the fence into
his yard after the perpetrators left and began yelling for help. As he chased the assailants,
both the defendant and the other perpetrator fired shots at him. The defendant suffered a
gunshot wound. This evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction of
attempted second degree murder.

                                    Aggravated Robbery

               “Aggravated robbery is robbery as defined in § 39-13-401 . . . [a]ccomplished
with a deadly weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to
reasonably believe it to be a deadly weapon.” Id. § 39-13-402(a)(1). “Robbery is the
intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting the
person in fear.” “A person commits theft of property if, with intent to deprive the owner of
property, the person knowingly obtains or exercises control over the property without the
owner’s effective consent.” Id. § 39-14-103(a).



                                             -13-
              Both Mr. Toney and Mr. Moody testified that the defendant and the other
perpetrator took money from them at gunpoint. Mr. Toney testified that his clothing was also
stolen during the encounter. This evidence supports the jury’s verdict.

                     Employing a Firearm During Commission of a Felony

              “It is an offense to employ a firearm during the [c]ommission of a dangerous
felony.” T.C.A. § 39-17-1324(b)(1). As charged in this case, attempted second degree
murder is a dangerous felony. See id. § 39-17-1324(i)(1)(B).4

             Again, the evidence was overwhelming that the defendant used a firearm
during the commission of his attempt on Mr. Toney’s life.

                                              Conclusion

              Because the trial court’s failure to properly instruct the jury on the elements of
especially aggravated kidnapping was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and because the
evidence was otherwise sufficient to support each of the defendant’s convictions, the
judgments of the trial court are affirmed.


                                                         _________________________________
                                                         JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE




        4
        Although especially aggravated kidnapping is also classified as a dangerous felony in Code section
39-17-1324, the statute precludes a separate conviction for employing a firearm during the commission of
a dangerous felony where “possessing or employing a firearm is an essential element of the underlying
dangerous felony as charged,” as was the case here. Id. § 39-17-1324(c).

                                                  -14-
