                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                September 6, 2016 Session

                             IN RE JERAMYAH H., ET AL.

                Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Rutherford County
                       No. TC2491 Adam T. Dodd, Magistrate
                      ___________________________________

                No. M2016-00141-COA-R3-PT – Filed October 31, 2016
                      ___________________________________


Father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his two children. The juvenile court
terminated his parental rights on three grounds: abandonment by willful failure to support,
failure to provide a suitable home, and persistence of conditions preventing reunification.
The court also found clear and convincing evidence that termination of parental rights was in
the children‟s best interests. After reviewing the record, we conclude that DCS did not meet
its burden of proving, by clear and convincing evidence, the grounds of failure to provide a
suitable home or persistence of conditions. But, we conclude that there was clear and
convincing evidence of willful failure to support and that termination was in the best interests
of the children. Therefore, we affirm the termination of parental rights.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed

W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT,
JR., P.J., M.S., and RICHARD H. DINKINS, J., joined.

Brandon M. Booten, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Johnny H.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter, and M. Cameron Himes, Assistant
Attorney General, for the appellee, Tennessee Department of Children‟s Services.

                                          OPINION

                      I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Robyn B. (“Mother”) is the biological mother of Jeramyah H., James R., and Kaydee
H. Johnny H. (“Father”) is the biological father of Jeramyah, who was born in August 2008.
Subsequently, Mother married Nathan R., who is the biological father of James, born May
2011. Father also married and had a child with another woman. Nevertheless, Mother and
Father resumed their relationship sometime in late 2012 after Nathan R. entered court-
ordered drug treatment. Mother gave birth to Kaydee in July 2013, and it was later
determined that Father is Kaydee‟s biological father. Because Mother remained married,
Nathan R. is the legal father of Kaydee.

       On July 30, 2013, DCS received a referral that Mother had exposed her children to
drugs. Kaydee was born with methadone in her system, and she experienced significant
withdrawal symptoms, causing her to be hospitalized for several days. DCS removed all
three children from Mother‟s custody on August 30, 2013. Mother and Father agreed to an
Immediate Placement Agreement, whereby Jeramyah and Kaydee were released to Father
and Father‟s mother (“Paternal Grandmother”).1

       As a condition to the agreement, Father was not permitted to allow the children to
have contact with Mother outside of supervised visitation. The children were also not
permitted to be placed with Mother‟s mother (“Maternal Grandmother”). On October 3,
2013, DCS learned that Jeramyah and Kaydee were staying at Maternal Grandmother‟s
home, which is where Mother resided. Because Father violated the terms of the Immediate
Placement Agreement, the Juvenile Court of Rutherford County, Tennessee, entered a
protective custody order bringing the children into state custody on October 4, 2013. On
December 4, 2013, Mother and Father consented to an order adjudicating the children
dependent and neglected based on improper control.

       Following the children‟s removal, DCS and the parents developed an initial
permanency plan. Specifically, the plan included the following requirements for Father: (1)
follow all rules of probation and not incur new criminal charges; (2) obtain legal means of
income and provide documents to DCS substantiating income; (3) obtain stable housing for a
minimum of three months and provide DCS with a copy of the lease; (4) develop a written
budget; (5) participate in a parenting class; (6) develop a written child care and transportation
plan; (7) participate in a clinical assessment with a parenting component and follow all
recommendations; and (8) abide by court orders and cooperate with DCS. The permanency
plan was amended three times between October 2013 and January 2015, but each amended
plan incorporated the same action steps from the initial plan.

       On July 21, 2014, DCS filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of Mother to all
three children and to terminate Father‟s rights to Jeramyah and Kaydee. The petition also
sought to terminate Nathan R.‟s rights to James. The case was originally set for hearing in
October 2014 and trial in November 2014, but the matter was continued, first due to Mother

        1
       James was placed in a foster home because his father, Nathan R., was undergoing drug treatment and
DCS was unable to locate him.

                                                   2
and Father‟s progress and then due to a scheduling conflict with the court. Trial was
ultimately held on May 18, August 17, and September 25, 2015. At the start of the second
day of trial, DCS announced a voluntary nonsuit of its petition against Nathan R. and Mother
as to James.2 Over the objection of Father‟s counsel, the juvenile court permitted the trial to
proceed as to the other two children.

                                      A. PROOF AT THE HEARING

1. Father‟s Relationship with Mother

       At the time of Kaydee‟s birth in 2013, Father was living with Paternal Grandmother.
Mother was living with Maternal Grandmother, and the children were not permitted to have
unsupervised contact with her due to her drug abuse. DCS encouraged Father to obtain his
own residence, so he moved out of Paternal Grandmother‟s home in October 2013 after the
children entered DCS custody.

       In February 2014, Mother entered drug treatment. Upon her release in July of that
year, Mother demonstrated that she was clean and sober and that she intended to cooperate
with DCS. Mother and Father moved in together in July 2014, signing a two year lease. The
following month, the parents began to attend scheduled, supervised visitations with the
children together. For several months after Mother‟s release from rehab, Mother and Father
worked to meet their permanency plan requirements as a family unit. In January 2015,
Mother and Father were permitted several unsupervised visits with the children.

        However, on February 28, 2015, Father was charged with domestic assault against
Mother, and due to a no contact order, Mother moved out of Father‟s home. A few days after
his release, Father was again arrested for having contact with Mother, which violated the
terms of his release. The caseworker assigned to the parents‟ case testified that Mother
began to show signs of relapse after the domestic assault incident. Mother has not visited
with her children, cooperated with drug screens, or kept in regular contact with her
caseworker since February 2015.3 Around that same time, Mother informed the caseworker
that she was pregnant with her fourth child.


        2
          DCS first asked the court to bifurcate the matters and continue the issue of termination of parental
rights as to James until a later date because, according to DCS, Nathan R. had “made great strides” in
completing his permanency plan requirements. When the court denied the motion, DCS announced a nonsuit
as to James.
        3
          Mother submitted to a hair follicle drug screen in early February 2015, and the screen came back
negative. But on March 2, 2015, Mother refused to submit to a drug screen, and afterward, she began avoiding
her DCS caseworker‟s phone calls.

                                                      3
         Sometime in March or early April 2015, Mother and Father expressed to DCS their
desire to resolve their issues and live together as a family once again. Presumably, this was
because Mother was pregnant with Father‟s child. It is disputed if Mother and Father were
actually living together at this time. Mother claimed that she was living with Maternal
Grandmother while Father told the caseworker that Mother was staying at both his place and
with Maternal Grandmother. However, according to DCS, Maternal Grandmother denied
that Mother was living in her home. The parents sought a peaceful contact order, but by the
time they were able to obtain it, the couple had ended their relationship. Because Mother was
still refusing to comply with drug screens, DCS expressed concern that Mother remained on
Father‟s lease and had access to his home.

        On August 12, 2015, Father was evicted from the residence that he had shared with
Mother.4 Later that month, Father moved to a new apartment, where he claimed that he lived
alone. After a scheduled home visit conducted shortly after he moved, DCS was satisfied
that the home was appropriate and that Mother did not reside there.

         In September 2015, Mother gave birth to another child, her third with Father.
According to Father, he was permitted to take the newborn home from the hospital to stay
with him, while Mother returned to Maternal Grandmother‟s home. Later that month, on
September 22, 2015, Mother and the newborn were found at Father‟s home on an
unannounced visit by DCS. Mother claimed that she was only visiting, explaining that she
still lived with Maternal Grandmother. Mother again refused to submit to a drug screen.
Father was not present at the residence at the time. He testified that Paternal Grandmother
had come to his apartment that morning to care for the baby while he was at work and that
Paternal Grandmother allowed Mother to come visit with his permission.

2. Child Support

        At trial, Father conceded that he has never paid child support for Jeramyah or Kaydee.
 At a hearing in the juvenile court on December 4, 2013, Father was ordered to begin paying
fifty dollars per month for each child on March 1, 2014. Father first testified that it was his
belief that the juvenile court reserved ruling on the child support matter until a later date
because Father‟s attorney was not present at the hearing. However, the order resulting from
the hearing showed that both Father and his attorney were present, and Father could not
produce documentation of any such continuance.

       Father also testified that he was not able to pay child support because he never
received a Tennessee Child Support Enforcement System (TCSES) case number, which
would allow him to make child support payments. But Father admitted that he never sought

        4
          Though he testified that he voluntarily broke the lease to remove Mother‟s name from it, evidence at
trial showed that he was evicted.
                                                      4
out a TCSES number from DCS or attempted to mail a check to the address provided to him
in the court‟s order. DCS provided Father with a TCSES number following the first trial date
on May 18, 2015, but he still had not made a payment as of the last day of trial, four months
later.

       As for income, evidence at trial showed Father had two different jobs between
October 2013 and trial. At the time of removal, he was working for PepsiCo, where he
earned $15.25 per hour. Father testified that he worked 60 or 70 hours per week and that for
his overtime, he was compensated at time and a half.5 Father gave inconsistent testimony
about the timing, but it is clear that he was fired from PepsiCo sometime in 2014.6 After he
was fired, Father became self-employed as a subcontractor. He was then paid by the job and
compensated his crew from the checks he received from the contractors who hired him.
Father testified that, due to these factors, his personal income fluctuated, but he claimed to
make between $500 and $1,000 per week as a subcontractor. He estimated that his median
income was $700 per week.

        Testimony suggested that, at the time of trial, Father‟s financial obligations included
monthly rent, probation costs, child support payments toward his child with his current wife,
various business expenses related to his work as a subcontractor, insurance payments, and
two car payments. After moving out of Paternal Grandmother‟s home in October 2013,
Father moved into an apartment where he paid about $900 per month in rent. He then moved
into a house with Mother in July 2014, where his rent was $650 per month. Stemming from
his 2013 criminal charge for theft, Father claimed to still owe $1,200 in probation costs.
Father also testified that he was ordered to pay $200 per month in child support to his current
wife.

3. Cooperation with DCS and Compliance with the Permanency Plan

       Father completed the parenting class required by the initial permanency plan on
November 1, 2013. On March 27, 2014, Father also completed the clinical assessment
required by the plan. The assessment recommended Father participate in parenting education
and in visitation services so that his interaction with his children could be observed and
assessed. DCS secured funding for Father to obtain these services, which began in May
2014. The testimony of Father and DCS caseworkers also indicated that Father both

        5
          Father testified that he received overtime pay for any hours worked in a week in which he had already
exceeded 40 hours. We note, though the juvenile court did not, that if Father averaged a 60-hour work week,
these figures suggest that he made approximately $1,067.50 per week before taxes.
        6
           Father first testified that he was fired from PepsiCo in the fall of 2014, but he later testified that he
had already been fired as of July 2014. Further, an amended permanency plan developed on April 7, 2014,
states that DCS required an updated budget from Father because he had changed jobs.

                                                         5
provided DCS copies of his leases after each of his moves and maintained regular visitation
with the children since their removal.

       The permanency plan was amended on July 7, 2014, adding the requirement that
Father attend anger management due to outbursts with DCS staff. Father completed the
course in November 2014, but DCS recommended a second anger management course
following his charge of domestic assault against Mother. Father failed to attend the class
scheduled by DCS in July 2015. Additionally, evidence at trial established that Father was
employed at all relevant times, but his DCS caseworker testified that she had difficulty
obtaining pay stubs or copies of paychecks from Father as proof of income. The caseworker
also indicated that Father was not cooperative in developing a child care and transportation
plan.

       However, Father completed these requirements prior to the last day of trial in
September 2015. He provided DCS with a budget, sufficient proof of income, and a child
care and transportation plan, and he completed the second anger management course.

4. The Children

        Kaydee and Jeramyah have remained in state custody since their removal from
Father‟s home in October 2013. At that time, they were placed in a foster home with their
half-brother, James. All three children were moved into a pre-adoptive foster home in June
2014. At the September 25, 2015 hearing, the children‟s foster father testified that it was
their intent to adopt Kaydee and Jeramyah. He also testified that James was still placed in the
family‟s home and that the foster family intended to allow the children to maintain their
relationship with their half-brother should he be returned to Nathan R. The DCS caseworker
testified that the children‟s foster placement is a good, supportive home for the children
where all their needs are met.

       In July 2014, Jeramyah started attending counseling sessions with a mental health
provider because he was struggling to adjust to his placement in foster care. Jeramyah‟s
counselor testified that Jeramyah initially expressed anger at his parents for being in foster
care. To allow him to express these feelings, the counselor held family sessions with
Jeramyah and his parents in December 2014 and January 2015. The counselor testified that
the sessions generally went well, but she stated that the parents became very defensive and
angry when Jeramyah tried to discuss his feelings, causing him to become upset and
withdraw. Family counseling sessions ceased upon Father‟s domestic assault charge.
Afterward, the counselor refrained from continuing joint sessions with Father because
Jeramyah continually expressed to her that he is fearful of Father, specifically when Father is
angry.


                                              6
                  B. JUVENILE COURT‟S FINAL ORDER OF GUARDIANSHIP

       On December 17, 2015, the juvenile court entered an order terminating Mother‟s and
Father‟s parental rights to Jeramyah and Kaydee. The court found DCS had proven all five
grounds for termination against Mother by clear and convincing evidence. As to Father, the
court found DCS had proven three of the five grounds alleged by clear and convincing
evidence: abandonment by willful failure to support, persistence of conditions, and failure to
provide a suitable home. The court specifically stated Father was not a credible witness due
to his 2013 conviction for theft, his demeanor at trial, his conflicting testimony, and his
continuing assertions that he did not have an ongoing relationship with Mother. After
reviewing the statutory factors, the court also found that it was in the children‟s best interests
to terminate Mother‟s and Father‟s parental rights.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

       Mother did not file an appeal following the juvenile court‟s order, so our review is
limited to the termination of Father‟s parental rights. On appeal, Father argues the juvenile
court erred in its analysis of the three grounds for termination found against him, and he also
contends the court erred in its analysis of the children‟s best interests. DCS contends that the
juvenile court properly terminated Father‟s parental rights but argues the court erred in
finding that DCS did not meet its burden of proving substantial noncompliance with the
permanency plan against Father. DCS concedes that it did not establish the ground of
abandonment by willful failure to visit.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       A parent has a fundamental right, based in both the federal and State constitutions, to
the care and custody of his or her own child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); In
re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); Nash-Putman v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d
170, 174-75 (Tenn. 1996); In re Adoption of a Female Child, 896 S.W.2d 546, 547-48 (Tenn.
1995). However, parental rights are not absolute. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250. Our
Legislature has identified those situations in which the State‟s interest in the welfare of a
child justifies interference with a parent‟s constitutional rights by setting forth the grounds
upon which termination proceedings may be brought. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g) (Supp.
2015).

       Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113 sets forth the grounds and procedures for
terminating parental rights. In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 546 (Tenn. 2015). First,
parties seeking termination of parental rights must prove the existence of at least one of the
statutory grounds for termination listed in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g). Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1). Second, they must prove that terminating parental rights is in
the child‟s best interest. Id. § 36-1-113(c)(2).
                                              7
        Because of the constitutional dimension of the rights at stake in a termination
proceeding, the parties seeking to terminate parental rights must prove both the grounds and
the child‟s best interest by clear and convincing evidence. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586,
596 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215
S.W.3d 793, 808-09 (Tenn. 2007); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002)). This
heightened burden of proof serves “to minimize the possibility of erroneous decisions that
result in an unwarranted termination of or interference with these rights.” In re Bernard T.,
319 S.W.3d at 596. “Clear and convincing evidence” leaves “no serious or substantial doubt
about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” Hodges v. S.C. Toof &
Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 901 n.3 (Tenn. 1992). It produces a firm belief or conviction in the
fact-finder‟s mind regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established. In re Bernard T.,
319 S.W.3d at 596.

       On appeal, we review the trial court‟s findings of fact “de novo on the record, with a
presumption of correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance of the evidence is
otherwise.” In re Taylor B.W., 397 S.W.3d 105, 112 (Tenn. 2013); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).
Additionally, this Court gives great weight to the credibility accorded to a particular witness
by the trial court. Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997).

        In termination proceedings, “the reviewing court must then make its own
determination regarding whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported
by a preponderance of the evidence, provide clear and convincing evidence that supports all
the elements of the termination claim.” In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596-97. We review
the trial court‟s conclusions of law de novo with no presumption of correctness. In re J.C.D.,
254 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). We also “review the trial court‟s findings as to
each ground for termination and as to whether termination is in the child‟s best interests,
regardless of whether the parent challenges these findings on appeal.” In re Carrington H.,
483 S.W.3d 507, 525 (Tenn. 2016), cert. denied sub. nom. Vanessa G. v. Tenn. Dep’t of
Children’s Servs., (U.S. Oct. 3, 2016) (No. 15-1317).

                  B. GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

1. Abandonment by Failure to Support

       We begin by reviewing the juvenile court‟s finding that Father abandoned his children
by his willful failure to support them. The parental termination statute enumerates
abandonment as the first ground for termination of parental rights. Tenn. Code Ann § 36-1-
113(g)(1). There are five alternative definitions of abandonment listed in Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-1-102(1)(A). Abandonment, under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
102(1)(A)(i), “is defined as the willful failure to visit, to support, or to make reasonable
payments toward the support of the child during the four-month period preceding the filing of
the petition to terminate parental rights.” In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d 636, 640
                                                8
(Tenn. 2013); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (Supp. 2015). Because the
petition was filed on July 21, 2014, the relevant four-month period is March 20, 2014, to July
20, 2014, the day before the petition was filed. See In re Jacob C.H., No. E2013-00587-
COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 689085, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2014) (concluding that the
day before the petition is filed is the last day in the relevant four-month period).

        In order to terminate parental rights on the ground of abandonment, the court must
find the abandonment to be willful. “Whether a parent failed to visit or support a child is a
question of fact. Whether a parent‟s failure to visit or support constitutes willful
abandonment, however, is a question of law.” In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at
640 (citing In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 810). “Failure to visit or support a child
is „willful‟ when a person is aware of his or her duty to visit or support, has the capacity to do
so, makes no attempt to do so, and has no justifiable excuse for not doing so.” In re Audrey
S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 864 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

       Father concedes he has never paid child support towards Jeramyah and Kaydee,
including during the relevant four-month period. Rather, he argues his failure to pay was not
willful. This Court has recognized that a parent‟s failure to support a child is not willful if
the parent is financially unable to do so. In re Aaron E., No. M2014-00125-COA-R3-PT,
2014 WL 3844784, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 4, 2014). Failure to pay is not enough to
establish willfulness. We must determine whether Father had the financial ability, or
capacity, to pay support. Id.

       After our review of the record, we conclude Father‟s failure to pay support was
willful. Although the precise date of Father‟s change of employment is uncertain, the
evidence does not preponderate against the juvenile court‟s finding that Father was
consistently employed during the relevant four-month period. Either he was working at
PepsiCo making approximately $1,000 per week, or he was self-employed at the time making
about $700 per week. There is no evidence suggesting more than a brief break between the
two jobs.

       In his brief, Father takes issue with the volume of evidence, or lack thereof, related to
his expenses. See In re B.L., No. M2003-01877-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 2451355, at *10
(Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 1, 2004) (holding DCS did not meet its burden of establishing
willfulness when the record contained insufficient evidence of mother‟s basic living expenses
and the consistency of her work). Even though the record contains sparse evidence of
Father‟s expenses and debts, Father gave sufficient estimates in his testimony at trial to allow
the juvenile court to properly find he had the ability to pay the ordered $100 per month in
child support.

      Moreover, Father does not argue that he was unable to pay. He argues instead that he
was unaware of the court order requiring him to pay child support. We do not find this
                                            9
argument persuasive. Although he claimed it was his belief that the juvenile court reserved
ruling on child support in the December 2013 hearing, the court‟s order states otherwise, and
Father and his attorney were present at the hearing. Additionally, as this Court has
previously held, “the obligation to pay support exists even in the absence of a court order to
do so.” State v. Culbertson, 152 S.W.3d 513, 523-24 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

       We also find Father‟s second excuse unjustifiable. He contends that either DCS or the
juvenile court failed to provide him with a TCSES number. However, he admitted to never
attempting to obtain a TCSES number, and the December 2013 court order provided an
address to which Father could have mailed child support payments. This argument is also
undercut by Father‟s failure to pay after being provided with a TCSES number at the hearing
on the petition.

2. Abandonment by Failure to Provide a Suitable Home

        The juvenile court then found Father abandoned his children under the second
statutory definition of abandonment by failing to provide a suitable home. A child has been
abandoned under this statutory definition if the child has been removed from the home of a
parent as a result of a finding that the child was dependent and neglected, and “for a period of
four (4) months following the removal, the department . . . has made reasonable efforts to
assist the parent . . . to establish a suitable home for the child, but . . . the parent . . . ha[s]
made no reasonable effort[] to provide a suitable home and ha[s] demonstrated a lack of
concern for the child to such a degree that it appears unlikely that [the parent] will be able to
provide a suitable home for the child at an early date.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
102(1)(A)(ii). DCS‟s efforts to assist the parent “may be found to be reasonable if such
efforts exceed the efforts of the parent . . . toward the same goal.” Id. In reviewing this
ground for termination, we consider the actions of DCS and Father from October 3, 2013, to
February 3, 2014.

       The record reflects that Father obtained sufficient housing during the relevant time
period and that he maintained appropriate housing through trial. He also executed many of
the steps required of him in the permanency plan. But DCS contends, and the juvenile court
agreed, Father‟s unwillingness to disassociate himself from Mother caused his home to be
unsuitable because Mother‟s drug use is a danger to the children. In fact, the juvenile court
based its finding of this ground for termination entirely on Mother‟s continued drug use and
the court‟s belief that Father was still in an ongoing relationship with her.

       We note that a “suitable home” means more than adequate “physical space.” In re
A.D.A., 84 S.W.3d 592, 599 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). “[A] home may be rendered unsafe and
unsuitable by the conduct of its occupants.” In re Joshua S., No. E2010-01331-COA-R3-PT,
2011 WL 2464720, at *18 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 16, 2011). DCS does not contend that

                                                10
Father‟s conduct rendered his home unsuitable. Instead, DCS‟s argument focuses on
Mother‟s conduct.

        There is little evidence to suggest that Mother was living with Father during the
relevant four-month period, and the juvenile court did not make such a finding. Rather, there
is only sufficient evidence in the record to establish that Mother was living with Father from
July 2014, upon her release from drug treatment, to late February 2015 when Father was
charged with domestic assault. There is also evidence that Mother may have been staying in
Father‟s home in April 2015 after her apparent relapse and that Mother was present in
Father‟s home in September 2015 following the birth of their third child. Based on this
record, we conclude there is insufficient evidence that Father‟s relationship with Mother
rendered his home unsuitable.
        We may consider Father‟s more recent behavior in evaluating the evidence on this
ground. Id. Still, we conclude there is insufficient evidence that Father‟s relationship with
Mother rendered his home unsuitable. Although Father openly allowed Mother to live with
him for several months following her release from drug treatment, DCS approved of the
arrangement at the time and allowed Mother and Father to exercise joint visitation with the
children. DCS also arranged family counseling sessions in December 2014 and January
2015.

        DCS listed Father‟s interaction with Mother as a concern in the initial permanency
plan and all three revised permanency plans, but we cannot fault Father for his continued
contact with her when the record indicates DCS, at times, encouraged such contact. DCS
allowed Mother and Father to exercise joint visitation with the children and also arranged
family counseling sessions in December 2014 and January 2015. Also, bBecause Father and
Mother had another child together, some interaction between them became inevitable and
necessary. The juvenile court specifically found Mother was not living in Father‟s home,
despite her presence there in September 2015. The evidence does not preponderate against
this finding, and there is insufficient evidence in the record that Mother was spending
unnecessary amounts of time in Father‟s home following her relapse.

3. Persistence of Conditions

       The court also found Father‟s parental rights should be terminated based on
persistence of conditions. Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(3) authorizes
termination of parental rights when:

       The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by order
       of a court for a period of six (6) months and:

       (A) The conditions that led to the child‟s removal or other conditions that in all
       reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or
                                              11
       neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child‟s safe return to the care of the
       parent . . . still persist;

       (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early
       date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent . . . in the near future;
       and

       (C) The continuation of the parent . . . and child relationship greatly diminishes
       the child‟s chances of early integration into a safe, stable and permanent
       home[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). Each of the statutory elements must be established by
clear and convincing evidence. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 549.

        DCS removed the children from Father‟s home in 2013 because Father allowed the
children to have unsupervised visitation with Mother and Maternal Grandmother in violation
of the Immediate Protection Agreement. The concerns were Mother‟s drug abuse and her
exposure of the children to drugs. In its order terminating Father‟s parental rights, the
juvenile court found that the only condition preventing the children‟s return to Father was
that he “continues to maintain a home for these children not free from [Mother] despite her
continued use of illegal drugs.” Here, it is again evident that the court‟s focus was on
Father‟s relationship with Mother.

      We agree that Mother‟s drug abuse is an ongoing problem; nonetheless, our careful
review of the record leads us to conclude that there is insufficient evidence that Father‟s
home was “not free from [Mother].” The juvenile court‟s finding that Father was still in an
ongoing relationship with Mother at trial appears to be based on Father‟s lack of credibility,
Mother‟s presence at his home during the day on September 22, 2015, and the DCS
caseworker‟s belief that Father and Mother remain in contact with one another.

        The juvenile court did not find Father‟s testimony that he and Mother are no longer in
a relationship to be credible. Even so, there was not sufficient proof to the contrary. The
parents‟ caseworker testified that, after the couple‟s alleged separation in the early part of
2015, it was her belief that Father continued to contact Mother. This was based on Mother‟s
knowledge of the developments in Father‟s case. And on one occasion in the weeks
following the birth of the parents‟ third child, the caseworker discovered Mother at Father‟s
home caring for the newborn while Father was at work.

       This proof does not lead us to conclude that these parents are in a relationship that
goes beyond co-parenting. In addition, Father apparently had custody of his third child with
Mother at the time of the final hearing, and there is no evidence of a court order or an
agreement prohibiting Mother from having contact with that child. Because Father was
                                           12
attempting to share parenting responsibilities with Mother, DCS‟s opposition to Father‟s
contact with Mother put him in a very difficult position. For this reason, we again decline to
fault Father for remaining in contact with Mother.

       Thus, as to the first statutory element, we conclude the evidence is less than clear and
convincing evidence that this condition remained at the time of the hearing and would cause
the children to be subjected to further abuse or neglect. Because we cannot conclude that
DCS has proven the first statutory factor and this ground for termination requires clear and
convincing evidence of all three factors, we need not consider the remaining factors. DCS
did not carry its burden of establishing persistence of conditions as a ground for termination.

4. Substantial Noncompliance with Permanency Plan

       Finally, we consider the juvenile court‟s finding that DCS failed to prove Father‟s
substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan as a ground for termination. Under
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(2), parental rights may be terminated when
“[t]here has been substantial noncompliance by the parent or guardian with the statement of
responsibilities in a permanency plan . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2). But before
analyzing whether a parent complied with the permanency plan, the court must find that the
permanency plan requirements that the parent allegedly failed to satisfy are “reasonable and
related to remedying the conditions which necessitate foster care placement.” In re
Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-2-403(a)(2)(C) (2014)). If the
permanency plan requirements are reasonable, the court must then determine if the parent‟s
noncompliance was substantial. Id. at 548-49. In other words, the unsatisfied requirements
must be important in the plan‟s scheme. Id. A “[t]rivial, minor, or technical” deviation from
the permanency plan‟s requirements does not qualify as substantial noncompliance. In re
M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 656 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). In analyzing this ground, the focus is
on the parent‟s efforts to comply with the plan, not the achievement of the plan‟s desired
outcomes. In re B.D., No. M2008-01174-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 528922, at *8 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Mar. 2, 2009).

       First, we conclude many of the permanency plan requirements were reasonable and
related to remedying the conditions that led to his children‟s removal. As previously
discussed, the children were removed from the home because Father allowed them to have
unsupervised contact with Mother in violation of the Immediate Placement Agreement.
Among other things, the plans required Father to maintain appropriate housing and legal
income, develop a written budget and a written child care and transportation plan, participate
in a parenting class, complete a parenting assessment and follow recommendations, and
complete an anger management course. These requirements sought to ensure Father could
provide a safe and stable home for Jeramyah and Kaydee.

       Next, we must determine whether Father‟s noncompliance with these reasonable
                                        13
requirements was substantial. Shortly after the children‟s removal, Father completed the
required parenting class and the clinical assessment with a parenting component. He also
followed the resulting recommendations. After the permanency plan was amended, Father
also completed an anger management course. He consistently maintained adequate income
and housing, and he provided DCS with each of his leases. While Father was often
uncooperative with DCS, he had accomplished the majority of the remaining requirements by
the time of the final hearing. Prior to the final hearing, Father provided DCS with a budget,
sufficient proof of income, and a child care and transportation plan. He also completed a
second anger management course. Thus, we agree with the juvenile court that the proof does
not rise to the level of clear and convincing evidence of substantial noncompliance with the
requirements of the permanency plans.

                                 C. BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILDREN

        We have found that DCS has proven one ground for termination of Father‟s parental
rights, abandonment by failure to support, so we now turn to the issue of whether termination
is in the best interests of the children. Because “[n]ot all parental misconduct is
irredeemable, . . . Tennessee‟s termination of parental rights statutes recognize the possibility
that terminating an unfit parent‟s parental rights is not always in the child‟s best interests.”
In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 498 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
113(i)7 lists nine factors that courts may consider in making a best interest analysis. The

       7
           The statutory factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

                          (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
                 circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child‟s
                 best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

                         (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
                 adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for
                 such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear
                 possible;

                          (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation
                 or other contact with the child;

                          (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
                 established between the parent or guardian and the child;

                          (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is
                 likely to have on the child‟s emotional, psychological and medical condition;

                         (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the
                 parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or
                 psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in
                                                       14
focus of this analysis is on what is best for the child, not what is best for the parent. Id. at
499. At the same time, “the inquiry should address itself to the impact on the child of a
decision that has the legal effect of reducing the parent to the role of a complete stranger.” In
re C.B.W., No. M2005-01817-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 1749534, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. June
26, 2006).

       We hold that DCS has proven termination of Father‟s parental rights is in the
children‟s best interests. Although we credit Father with maintaining regular visitation with
the children, the evidence does not preponderate against the juvenile court‟s finding that
Father does not have a meaningful relationship with them. Kaydee has been in state custody
her whole life, and Jeramyah continues to express that he fears Father. Additionally, due to
Father‟s own conduct, he is only permitted supervised visits with the children.

       While we also credit Father with obtaining suitable housing, Father has demonstrated
his inability to control his anger, causing concern about the safety and stability of his home.
DCS caseworkers first became concerned with Father‟s angry outbursts after the children‟s
removal, leading DCS to recommend that Father take an anger management course. Then, as
Jeramyah‟s counselor testified, Father became angry at Jeramyah for expressing his feelings
during a family counseling session, and later, Father was charged with domestic assault
against Mother.

       Furthermore, Father‟s unwillingness to pay child support for the two years preceding
the termination of his parental rights led the juvenile court to find that Father “abandoned
[his] children financially.” Again, we must agree. The children‟s foster family wishes to

               the family or household;

                       (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent‟s or guardian‟s
               home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or
               whether there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances, or controlled
               substance analogues as may render the parent or guardian consistently
               unable to care for the child in a safe and stable manner;


                       (8) Whether the parent‟s or guardian‟s mental and/or emotional
               status would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian
               from effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child;
               or

                        (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent
               with the child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to
               § 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i).

                                                    15
adopt them, and based on the testimony of caseworkers, Jeramyah and Kaydee have a strong
bond with them. According to Jeramyah‟s counselor, he is afraid of Father and afraid of
being returned to him. The children‟s foster family supports them and meets their needs, and
changing caregivers would be detrimental to the children.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       We conclude DCS did not meet its burden of proving failure to provide a suitable
home, persistence of conditions preventing reunification, or substantial noncompliance with
the permanency plan. However, DCS did prove by clear and convincing evidence that Father
abandoned his children by willful failure to support them. There is also clear and convincing
evidence to support the court‟s conclusion that terminating Father‟s parental rights is in the
children‟s best interest. Accordingly, we affirm the juvenile court‟s decision to terminate
Father‟s parental rights.


                                                  _________________________________
                                                  W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JUDGE




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