                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]


            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________            FILED
                                                U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             No. 09-15813         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                     MARCH 24, 2010
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                                                       JOHN LEY
                       ________________________
                                                        CLERK

                 D. C. Docket No. 09-02999-CV-TWT-1

MICHAEL A. MOHR,
D. JACK SAWYER, JR.,
                                                          Plaintiffs-Counter-
                                                        Defendants-Appellees,

TODD TAUTFEST,

                                                              Plaintiff-Counter-
                                                                     Defendant,

                                 versus

BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON CORPORATION,

                                                         Defendant-Counter-
                                                         Claimant-Appellant.


                       ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Georgia
                    _________________________

                            (March 24, 2010)
Before WILSON, PRYOR and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation appeals a preliminary injunction

issued in favor of Michael Mohr and Jack Sawyer Jr. regarding the enforcement of

noncompetition and nonsolicitation covenants executed by Mohr and Sawyer

during the sale of their investment management business to Mellon Corporation.

The district court enjoined enforcement of the covenants. We vacate the

preliminary injunction and remand for further proceedings.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      In 2002, representatives of Mellon Financial Corporation approached Mohr,

Sawyer, and a third shareholder to purchase their investment management

business, The Arden Group, Inc. On June 30, 2003, the Boston Company, Inc., a

wholly-owned subsidiary of Mellon Corporation, purchased the assets of The

Arden Group. As part of the transaction, Mohr and Sawyer executed an Asset

Purchase Agreement and separate employment agreements.

      The Purchase Agreement and employment agreements were interdependent.

The documents shared defined terms, contained cross-references, and the

documents, as stated in the employment agreements, together “constitute[d] the

entire agreement of the parties.”



                                        2
      The Purchase Agreement provided that Mellon Corporation purchased

“substantially all of the assets of” The Arden Group, “including, without

limitation, the conversion of the Customers of [The Arden Group] to customer

contracts with Purchaser or an Affiliate of Purchaser” and the “goodwill associated

with [The Arden Group] and [its] future prospects.” In exchange, Mohr and

Sawyer received stock in the Mellon Corporation and millions of dollars to be paid

after the transfer of client accounts and on the third and fifth anniversary dates

based on the trading value and annual revenue growth of Mellon Corporation. The

Purchase Agreement stated that the sale was conditioned on Mohr and Sawyer

executing employment agreements and an agreement not to compete with the

Mellon Corporation.

      A noncompetition covenant provided that Mohr and Sawyer would not

compete with the Mellon Corporation with any similar investment business within

50 miles of any city or town listed on a schedule to the Agreement from the later of

five years from the date of closing or twelve months after termination:

      5.10 Noncompetition

             (a) In view of the fact that any activity of [Mohr and Sawyer]
      in violation of the terms of this [provision] would deprive Purchaser
      of the benefits of its bargain . . . and to preserve the goodwill
      associated with [The Arden Group], each Selling Party . . . will not,
      without the express written consent of Purchaser, directly or
      indirectly, anywhere within fifty (50) miles of any city or town listed

                                           3
on Schedule 9 (collectively, the “Restricted Territory”), engage,
directly or indirectly, in any capacity (whether as owner, part-owner,
shareholder, member, partner, director, officer, trustee, employee,
agent or consultant, or in any other capacity), in any business,
organization or person other than Purchaser (or any Affiliate of
Purchaser or any Person deriving title from Purchaser to the assets of
the Company and the accompanying goodwill purchased hereunder
(any such person, a “Successor”)) whose business, activities, products
or services are similar to providing investment advisory or investment
management services, or any Fiduciary Services, to individual or
institutional customers. Notwithstanding the foregoing, subject to the
terms of Section 5.08(b), [Mohr and Sawyer] shall be permitted to
continue to provide Fiduciary Services with respect to any Existing
Fiduciary Appointments; provided, however, in the event, prior to the
end of the Noncompetition Period, (x) the employment of [Mohr and
Sawyer] providing Fiduciary Services with respect to any Existing
Fiduciary Appointments shall terminate, (y) [Mohr and Sawyer] shall
continue to provide Fiduciary Services with respect to any Existing
Fiduciary Appointments, and (z) the agreement for Purchaser (or any
Successor) to provide investment management services with respect to
any such Existing Fiduciary Appointments is terminated (other than at
the direction of Purchaser or any Successor), then [Mohr and Sawyer]
shall promptly pay to Purchaser . . . an amount equal to the Allocated
Value of the Customer accounts associated with such Existing
Fiduciary Appointments.

      (b)     For purposes of this Agreement, the “Noncompetition
Period” shall mean the period commencing on the Closing Date and
terminating:

            (i)   With respect to [The Arden Group], five (5) years
            from the Closing Date; and

            (ii)   With respect to [Mohr and Sawyer], the later of (y)
            the fifth (5th) anniversary of the Closing Date or (z)
            twelve (12) months after the termination of such
            Continued Employee’s employment with Purchaser or an
            Affiliate of Purchaser (except as otherwise provided in

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                    Section 5.10(f) below [, which relates to “termination for
                    good reason” by Mohr or Sawyer or “termination without
                    cause” by Mellon Corporation]).

      Mohr and Sawyer executed identical employment agreements. Each

Employment Agreement was effective for five years from the “Effective Date” of

the sale, after which Mohr and Sawyer would have the rights of “an employee at

will.” The Employment Agreement stated that the purchase of The Arden Group

was “conditioned” on “the agreement of” Mohr and Sawyer “to execute an

employment agreement with the Purchaser or an affiliate . . . containing certain

restrictive covenants ancillary to the sale of the business.”

      The Employment Agreement contained three restrictive covenants: not to

disclose confidential information, not to solicit clients, and not to compete with

Mellon Corporation. The Employment Agreement stated that the nonsolicitation

covenant was binding during the “Restricted Period,” which was defined as “the

period commencing on of the Effective Date and terminating on the later of (y) the

fifth (5th) anniversary of the Effective Date and (z) eighteen (18) months after the

termination of Employee’s employment with the Company, regardless of reason

for termination of employment.” The nonsolicitation covenant provided that Mohr

and Sawyer would not solicit individuals who were either former clients of The

Arden Group and Mellon Corporation or prospective clients Mohr and Sawyer had



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contacted in the two years before they were fired or resigned from Mellon

Corporation:

             3.05         Solicitation of Clients. Employee recognizes and
      acknowledges that it is essential for the proper protection of
      Confidential Information that Employee be restrained from soliciting
      business of or doing business with Customers (as defined below) for
      any business purpose, other than Mellon’s own business purpose.
      During the Restricted Period, Employee shall not, in any capacity,
      directly or indirectly, (i) solicit the Asset Management Services (as
      defined below) business of any Customer for any other person or
      entity, (ii) divert, entice, or otherwise take away from the Company
      the Asset Management Services business or patronage of any
      Customer, or attempt to do so, or (iii) solicit or induce any Customer
      to terminate or reduce its business relationship with the Company with
      respect to Asset Management Services.            For purposes of this
      Agreement, “Asset Management Services” shall mean providing
      investment advisory or investment management services, or any
      Fiduciary Services (as such term is defined in the Purchase
      Agreement), to individual or institutional customers. For purposes of
      this Agreement, “Customer” shall mean any person or entity (a) who
      (1) received Asset Management Services from the Seller at any time
      during the two (2) year period immediately preceding the Effective
      Date and (2) received Asset Management Services from the Seller, the
      Company or an affiliate of the Company at any time during the two
      (2) year period immediately preceding the date of termination of
      Employee’s employment with the Company, or (b) who Employee
      contacted, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, on behalf of
      Company to provide Asset Management Services within the two (2)
      year period immediately preceding the date of termination of
      Employee’s employment with the Company.

The Employment Agreement referenced the noncompetition covenant in the

Purchase Agreement and stated that the restrictive covenant was part of the

consideration for the purchase of The Arden Group:

                                         6
      Employee agrees to be bound by the noncompetition provisions set
      forth in Section 5.10 of the Purchase Agreement.           Employee
      acknowledges that the time, scope, geographic area and other
      provisions of Section 5.10 of the Purchase Agreement have been
      specifically negotiated by the parties and agrees that (a) all such
      provisions are reasonable under the circumstances of the transactions
      contemplated by this Agreement and the Purchase Agreement, (b) are
      given as an integral and essential part of this Agreement and the
      Purchase Agreement, and (c) but for the agreement of Employee in
      Section 5.10 of the Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser would not
      have agreed to the acquisition of the assets of the Seller and [the
      Mellon Corporation] would not have entered into this Agreement.

The final provision of the Employment Agreement stated that the covenants made

by Mohr and Sawyer continued even after the Employment Agreement terminated:

            5.10     Survival. Without limiting any other provision of this
      Agreement, Sections . . . 3.01 [covenant not to disclose], . . . 3.06
      [covenant not to solicit], . . . and 3.10 [covenant not to compete] shall
      survive termination of this Agreement until expiration of the
      applicable period to which such provisions relate.

      On July 1, 2007, Mellon Corporation merged with Bank of New York to

form Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. Mohr and Sawyer became

employees of subsidiaries of BNY Mellon. On October 26, 2009, Mohr and

Sawyer resigned from BNY Mellon and accepted employment with a competitor,

Wilmington Trust Company.

      On October 28, 2009, the General Counsel of Mellon Corporation sent a

letter to Mohr and Sawyer about their obligations under the restrictive covenants.

That same day, Mohr and Sawyer filed a complaint that requested a declaratory

                                          7
judgment that the restrictive covenants were “invalid and unenforceable . . . under

Georgia law” and an injunction to prevent Mellon Corporation from enforcing the

restrictive covenants. Mellon Corporation filed a counterclaim and requested both

a declaratory judgment that the restrictive covenants were enforceable and a

temporary restraining order to prevent Mohr and Sawyer from violating the

restrictive covenants.

      At a hearing on the motions to enjoin, Mohr and Sawyer argued that the

restrictive covenants “ought to be viewed as agreements ancillary to an

employment arrangement as opposed to the sale of [sic] business. . . . because they

[were] tied to the termination of employment” and were unenforceable under the

laws of Georgia. In the alternative, Mohr and Sawyer argued that if the agreements

were “construed in the context of a sale of [sic] business,” they were “nevertheless

still overbroad” and should be “dramatically modif[ied].” Mellon Corporation

responded that Mohr and Sawyer executed the noncompetition and nonsolicitation

covenants ancillary to the sale of their business, the restrictive covenants were

enforceable, and the restrictive covenants could be “blue-penciled” to the extent

the district court concluded that they were overbroad.

      The district court granted a preliminary injunction to Mohr and Sawyer. The

court ruled that the restrictive covenants became ancillary to employment after



                                           8
Mohr and Sawyer became employees at will:

      I think that the Georgia courts would apply the strict scrutiny standard
      to both the non-compete agreement and the no-solicitation agreement
      after Mr. Mohr and Mr. Sawyer became employees at will. I think
      before that strong argument could be made that these restrictions were
      ancillary to the sale of a business. But once the restrictions became
      tied to termination of employment, then I think that characteristic no
      longer exists and it is strictly an agreement ancillary to employment
      and not ancillary to the sale of the business.

      The district court later entered a preliminary injunction that enjoined Mellon

Corporation “from proceeding with or prosecuting any legal action against” Mohr

and Sawyer “based on, relating to, or arising out of the nonsolicitation and

noncompetition covenants contained in the Asset Purchase Agreement and the

Employment Agreements.” The district court ruled that the “noncompetition and

nonsolicitation covenants contained in the Asset Purchase Agreement and their

Employment Agreements are likely ancillary to employment relationships and,

therefore, subject to strict scrutiny.” The district court explained that its decision

was based on “the Plaintiffs’ status as employees at will, the lapse of time between

the asset sale and Plaintiffs’ departure, the attendant changes in Plaintiffs’

employment with their employers, and the terms of the relevant agreements,” in

particular “the fact that the noncompetition and nonsolicitation covenants are tied

to the termination of Plaintiffs’ at-will employment.” In a footnote, the district

court stated that even if the restrictive covenants were executed ancillary to the sale

                                            9
of a business, they were “overly broad as to scope, territory, and time,” and the

court would “‘blue pencil’ [the] covenants to narrow their application.”

                          II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      After issuance of a preliminary injunction, we review de novo the legal

conclusions of the district court and related findings of fact for clear error. Horton

v. City of St. Augustine, Fla., 272 F.3d 1318, 1326 (11th Cir. 2001). We review

the balancing of factors for a preliminary injunction for a clear abuse of discretion.

Id.

                                 III. DISCUSSION

      Mellon Corporation argues that the district court granted the preliminary

injunction based on an error of law. A district court may grant a preliminary

injunction when a movant establishes that he has a “substantial likelihood of

success on the merits,” the moving party would suffer an “irreparable injury . . .

unless the injunction issue[d],” the injury inflicted outweighs any damage to the

opposing party, and the injunction would “not disserve the public interest.”

Horton, 272 F.3d at 1326. Mellon Corporation argues that the district court

applied an incorrect standard to determine whether the noncompetition and

nonsolicitation covenants were enforceable. Mellon Corporation argues that Mohr

and Sawyer executed the restrictive covenants ancillary to the sale of their business



                                          10
and the district court erred by concluding that the restrictive covenants became

ancillary to employment when Mohr and Sawyer later became at will employees.

      Under Georgia law, which the parties agree applies, restrictive covenants are

subject to different levels of scrutiny based on the circumstances that led to their

execution. White v. Fletcher/Mayo/Assocs., Inc., 251 Ga. 203, 204–07, 303 S.E.2d

746, 748–50 (1983). When restrictive covenants are executed incident to the

transfer of business ownership and continued employment, the restrictive

covenants are treated as executed either ancillary to the sale of a business, which

receives a low level of scrutiny, or ancillary to employment, which receives strict

scrutiny. See id., 251 Ga. at 205–07, 303 S.E.2d at 749–50; Redmond v. Royal

Ford, Inc., 244 Ga. 711, 713, 261 S.E.2d 585, 587 (1979). To determine the

appropriate category, Georgia courts focus on two factors: the relative bargaining

power of the parties and the consideration for the restrictive covenant. Palmer &

Cay, Inc. v. Marsh & McLellan Cos., 404 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th Cir. 2005);

Swartz Invs., LLC v. Vion Pharm., Inc., 252 Ga. App. 365, 369, 556 S.E.2d 460,

463 (Ct. App. 2001); Russell Daniel Irrigation Co. v. Coram, 237 Ga. App. 758,

759, 516 S.E.2d 804, 805–06 (Ct. App. 1999).

      Georgia courts have ruled consistently that a restrictive convenant executed

simultaneously with the sale of the covenantor’s business is made ancillary to the



                                           11
sale of a business. Dalrymple v. Hagood, 246 Ga. 235, 235–36, 271 S.E.2d 149,

150 (1980); Jenkins v. Jenkins Irrigation, Inc., 244 Ga. 95, 95–99, 259 S.E.2d 47,

48–50 (1979); Insurance Ctr., Inc. v. Hamilton, 218 Ga. 597, 601–02, 129 S.E.2d

801, 804–05 (1963); Hood v. Legg, 160 Ga. 620, 128 S.E. 891 (1925); Drumheller

v. Drumheller Bag & Supply, Inc., 204 Ga. App. 623, 624–27, 420 S.E.2d 331,

332–35 (Ct. App. 1992). In these transactions, the covenantor bargained for and

received a part of the purchase price as consideration for the restrictive covenant.

The covenantee, on the other hand, paid for and is entitled to enforce the restrictive

covenant to protect the goodwill it purchased.

      When one is selling a business or purchasing partnership interests,
      more weighty consideration is being offered in exchange for the
      non-compete covenant. The business seller is receiving substantial
      consideration for the business he has built up, the value of which
      would be significantly diminished to the buyer if he were allowed to
      compete in the same market.

Russell Daniel Irrigation, 237 Ga. App. at 759, 516 S.E.2d at 805; see, e.g., White,

251 Ga. at 206, 303 S.E.2d at 749 (discussing its decision in Jenkins Irrigation).

      The Georgia Court of Appeals in Drumheller Bag & Supply, 240 Ga. App.

623, 420 S.E.2d 331, explained what circumstances dictate that a restrictive

covenant will be classified as ancillary to the sale of a business. In Drumheller, the

Drumhellers sold their stock in Drumheller Bag to DBS Acquisition Company for

one million dollars and a share of future annual net earnings. Id. at 623–24, 420

                                          12
S.E.2d at 332–33. The Drumhellers also executed agreements to continue as

employees for three years according to a term of the stock sale agreement. Id. at

624, 420 S.E.2d at 333. The employment agreements contained a covenant in

which the Drumhellers agreed not to compete with DBS for five years or 18

months after their termination. Id. at 624–25, 420 S.E.2d at 333. About one month

after the employment contracts expired, the Drumhellers were terminated and they

sought a declaration that the noncompetition covenant was void and unenforceable.

Id. at 623, 625, 420 S.E.2d at 332, 333–34. The Georgia court ruled that the

Drumhellers executed the restrictive covenants ancillary to the sale of their

business because the employment contracts were part of the consideration for the

stock sale and the Drumhellers had equal negotiating power as DBS based on the

Drumhellers’ representation by counsel, their opportunity to evaluate the terms of

the stock sale, and the benefits derived from the sale of their business. Id. at

626–27, 420 S.E.2d at 334–35.

      The transaction between Mohr, Sawyer, and Mellon Corporation is

materially indistinguishable from the transaction in Drumheller. The Purchase

Agreement and Employment Agreement were part of a unitary contractual scheme

in which Mellon Corporation sought to purchase both the client lists owned by The

Arden Group and its goodwill, that is, the client relationships that Mohr and



                                           13
Sawyer had already cultivated and were expected to develop in the future. See

Insurance Ctr., 218 Ga. at 602, 129 S.E.2d at 805 (holding that a restrictive

covenant was ancillary to the sale of a business when the purchase of the insurance

company and continued employment of the business owner was intended to

perpetuate and guarantee future sales). The Purchase Agreement provided that

Mohr and Sawyer would continue as employees of and would not compete with

Mellon Corporation. The Employment Agreement cross-referenced the covenant

not to compete in the Purchase Agreement, contained additional restrictive

covenants, and provided that those covenants were part of the consideration for the

transaction. The record establishes that, like the Drumhellers, Mohr and Sawyer

had bargaining power equal to that of Mellon Corporation. Mohr and Sawyer were

represented by counsel during the negotiations, they acknowledged in the

agreements that they were apprised of and found reasonable the restrictive

covenants, and they were compensated for the sale of their company and their

willingness to abide by the restrictive covenants.

      The district court erred when it concluded that Mohr and Sawyer’s later

employment status affected the classification of the restrictive covenants. A

restrictive covenant is classified according to the bargaining power of the

covenantor “at the time he negotiated the transaction.” Russell Daniel Irrigation,



                                          14
237 Ga. App. at 760, 516 S.E.2d at 806. The district court acknowledged that the

restrictive covenants were made ancillary to the sale of a business when Mohr and

Sawyer executed the agreements.

      Mohr and Sawyer argue that the restrictive covenants were executed

ancillary to their employment based on the decisions of the Georgia Court of

Appeals in Arnall Insurance Agency Inc. v, Arnall, 196 Ga. App. 414, 396 S.E.2d

257 (Ct. App. 1990), and Watkins v. Avnet, Inc., 122 Ga. App. 474, 177 S.E.2d

582 (Ct. App. 1970), but we disagree. In Arnall and Watkins, the covenantors

executed separate employment and sales agreements with independent restrictive

covenants, such that “each covenant st[ood] on its own.” 196 Ga. App. at 419, 396

S.E.2d at 261; 122 Ga. App. at 475–77, 177 S.E.2d at 583–84. In contrast with

Arnall and Watkins, the purchase and employment agreements executed by Mohr

and Sawyer were interdependent.

      Although the noncompetition and nonsolicitation covenants were executed

ancillary to the sale of a business, that legal conclusion does not end the matter:

even when made ancillary to the sale of a business, a restrictive covenant must be

reasonable. To determine its reasonableness, a restrictive covenant “must be

measured on the basis of whether the restricted activity protects the purchaser’s

legitimate business interest, i.e., the value of the business and its good will.”



                                           15
Drumheller, 204 Ga. App. at 627, 420 S.E.2d at 335. If a restrictive covenant is

overbroad, indefinite or vague, a reviewing court may “blue pencil” any

objectionable portions to conform to Georgia law. White, 251 Ga. at 206, 303

S.E.2d at 749; Drumheller, 204 Ga. App. at 627, 420 S.E.2d at 335.

      Although the district court stated that it would blue pencil the restrictive

covenants, it did not do so. As Mellon Corporation concedes, that task must be

performed, if at all, first by the district court. The district court must determine

whether and to what extent to blue pencil the restrictive covenants to protect the

business interests of the Mellon Corporation.

      We VACATE the preliminary injunction issued in favor of Mohr and

Sawyer, and we REMAND for further proceedings.

      VACATED AND REMANDED.




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