                                                                                         ACCEPTED
                                                                                     14-14-00713-CV
                                                                     FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                                                9/18/2015 2:53:03 PM
                                                                               CHRISTOPHER PRINE
                                                                                              CLERK




                         CASE NO. 14-14-00713-CV
                                                                     FILED IN
                                                              14th COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                              9/18/2015 2:53:03 PM
                             IN THE
                                                              CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
                        COURT OF APPEALS                               Clerk
                            FOR THE
                   FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
                         HOUSTON, TEXAS


                                ANIL NINAN,
                                                 Appellant,
                                       v.

              HOUSTON COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYSTEM,
                                    Appellee.


    On Appeal from the 164th Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. 2013-05552


        APPELLANT ANIL NINAN’S MOTION FOR REHEARING


TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:

      Anil Ninan (“Ninan” or “Appellant”) files this Motion for Rehearing

pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 49.1 and would show as follows:




                                       1
                                  ARGUMENT

Whether Houston Community College’s grievance procedures are available to
terminated at-will employees is ambiguous, because the most reasonable
interpretation of C.7.1 is that an employee can only sue after exhausting all
appeals that are available to them. Any other interpretation contradicts the
plain meaning of the grievance and termination procedures, C.22.1 and
C.21.3.

   1. No procedure is available for at-will employees to appeal termination.

         a. C.22.1 states that the terminations are processed under C.21.3
            and that filing a complaint under C.22.1 will have no effect on a
            termination.

      Houston Community College’s (“HCC”) grievance procedure under C.22.1

specifies that filing a formal complaint under C.22.1 will have no effect on a

termination. “A recommendation from the Administration to the Chancellor

regarding the termination or non-renewal of an employee will not be stayed or put

aside as a result of the employee filing a formal complaint.” (CR:477). C.22.1

further refers terminations to a separate procedure, C.21.3. “Terminations and non-

renewals are processed in accordance with HCC Procedure C.21.3 Terminations

and Non-renewals.” Id.

         b. C.21.3 provides a separate complaint procedure for terminated
            contractual employees and no complaint procedure for
            terminated at-will employees.

      A separate appeal procedure to challenge terminations exists for HCC’s

terminated contractual employees under C.21.3:

                                        2
        Contractual employees who are recommended for termination during
        the contract term shall be afforded written notice of the reasons for
        termination and an opportunity for a hearing prior to any termination
        decision being implemented. The notice and hearing shall comport
        with constitutional due process requirements. The Chancellor shall
        prepare specific procedures governing the termination of contractual
        employees.

(CR:471).

        By contrast, C.21.3 states the following under “Termination of At-Will

Employees”: “The decision of the Chancellor or his or her designee is final.”

(CR:474).

        Accordingly, terminations are not subject to the C.22.1 procedure, and no

procedure is in place to challenge at-will terminations.

        To summarize HCC’s grievance procedures per the above:



C.7.1
Refer to procedures and file available complaint =>

          C.22.1
          1. Suspension, demotion, transfer, pay issues, work/behavior related complaints
                         2a.file
                         =>  Contractual    em C.22.1 with immediate supervisor
                                 complaint under
          2. Terminations
                         => refer2b.
                                  to C.21.3, complaint under C.22.1 has no effect =>

                                                    C.21.3
                                                    2a. Contractual employee => request a hearing
                                                    2b. At-will employee => decision is final




                                                3
         c. Accordingly, under the procedures, contractual terminations can
            be appealed under C.21.3, while appealing at-will terminations is
            specified as unavailable and futile.

      The purpose of requiring an employee to use available complaint procedures

is to allow the issue to be remedied internally through available complaint

procedures before suit is filed and the governmental entity is exposed to litigation

expenses. See City of Colorado City v. Ponko, 216 S.W.3d 924, 928 (Tex. App.—

Eastland 2007, no pet.) (emphasizing that if no applicable procedure is available,

the governmental entity cannot take advantage of this benefit). If the complaint

procedure is futile and meaningless for terminations, as C.22.1 states, and

terminations of at-will employees are final, as C.21.3 states, there is no avenue to

allow the issue to be remedied internally, and therefore no reason for a terminated

at-will employee to file a complaint.

         d. C.7.1’s reference to termination is relevant to terminated
            contractual employees. It also implies that HCC would have listed
            “termination” in C.22.1’s grievable list of items, had it wished to
            include terminations under the C.22.1 procedure.

      The Court’s analysis in its Opinion focused heavily on the word

“termination” being referenced in C.7.1. Naturally, a terminated contractual

employee would have to request a hearing as provided under C.21.3 to exhaust

complaint procedures before filing suit under the Whistleblower Act.



                                         4
      If anything, the inclusion of “termination” in C.7.1, while omitting

“termination” from the list in C.22.1, supports that the procedures available to

appeal a termination are limited to what is provided in C.21.3. (CR:475,484). If

HCC meant to include terminations in the list of grievable items under C.22.1, it

knew how to do it. See Pioneer Chlor Alkali Co., Inc. v. Royal Indem. Co., 879

S.W.2d 920, 938 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no writ) (finding that the

word “corrosion” in a provision was at best ambiguous as to whether it included

loss caused by or resulting from corrosion, because the insurer included such an

additional causation definition elsewhere in the contract as a separate item, but did

not do so in this provision).

      C.22.1 and C.21.3 provide no procedure through which terminated at-will

employees may appeal. Therefore, the most reasonable construction of C.7.1 is that

an employee must exhaust all appeals that are available to them under the System’s

complaint procedures before filing suit.

      In light of the above, whether HCC has a complaint procedure available for

terminated at-will employees is ambiguous as a matter of law, and the grant of

HCC’s plea to the jurisdiction is improper and should be reversed.




                                           5
   2. Under well established rules of construction, and following two prior
      Texas Courts of Appeals’ holdings that a complaint procedure directing
      complaints to the employee’s supervisor is ambiguous as to whether it
      applies to terminations as a matter of law, C.22.1 is ambiguous as to
      whether it covers terminations.

          a. The plain and ordinary meaning of “generally limited to” is “as a
             rule, limited to” or “usually limited to.” It does not mean “merely
             illustrative.”

      “Generally,” according to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, means:

      “in a general way : in a way that is not detailed or specific : in most
      cases : by or to most people : in a general manner: as

      a : in disregard of specific instances and with regard to an overall
      picture <generally speaking>;

      b : as a rule : usually.”

Generally      Definition,        MERRIAM-WEBSTER.COM,          http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/generally (last visited Sept. 16, 2015).

      Examples from caselaw show the phase “generally limited to” used by

courts to mean, in effect, “as a rule, limited to,” with at best irrelevant or abnormal

exceptions. E.g., In re T.A.W., 234 S.W.3d 704, 705 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (“Although a juvenile court does not lose jurisdiction

when a juvenile turns eighteen, such jurisdiction is generally limited to either

transferring the case under section 54.02(j) or dismissing the case.”); Ramey v.

Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp., 14-14-00147-CV, 2015 WL 3751539, at *2

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 16, 2015, no pet.) (“Our review is
                                          6
generally limited to the record of the proceedings in the trial court.”); Garza v.

Dealers Elec. Supply, 14-02-01127-CV, 2004 WL 1193698, at *1 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] June 1, 2004, no pet.) (“Thus, an action for the price is

generally limited to cases in which the buyer has accepted the goods, the goods

have been destroyed after risk of loss passed to the buyer, or resale of the goods is

otherwise shown to be impracticable.”); Parker v. State, 14-00-00412-CR, 2001

WL 627588, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 7, 2001, pet. ref'd)

(“Where the witness creates a false impression of law abiding behavior, he “opens

the door” on his otherwise irrelevant past criminal history and opposing counsel

may expose the falsehood. This exception, however, is not broadly construed.

Rather, it is generally limited to those instances in which a witness makes

assertions about his past which are patently untrue, or extremely misleading.”)

(internal citations omitted).

      Accordingly, the term “generally limited to,” according to its plain and

ordinary meaning, is not merely illustrative but corresponds to “as a rule, limited

to,” “normally limited to” or “usually limited to.”

          b. The omission of the glaringly obvious adverse employment action
             “termination” from a list of adverse employment actions covered
             under C.22.1 has meaning.

      While “generally limited to” countenances the inclusion of an additional

remote or unforeseen exception, this is not the case here. The absence of such an
                                         7
obvious term as “termination” out of a list of covered items including every

specific adverse action short of termination has meaning. See Pioneer Chlor Alkali

Co., Inc. v. Royal Indem. Co., 879 S.W.2d 920, 938 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1994, no writ) (“We must presume that such an omission was purposeful. At

the very least, the omission creates an ambiguity precluding summary judgment.”)

(internal citations omitted); Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Benchmark Electronics, Inc.,

142 S.W.3d 554, 561-62 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. denied)

(silence may create a latent ambiguity for the trier of fact to resolve, rendering

summary judgment inappropriate).

      Accordingly, the omission of “termination” from a list of covered actions

has contextual meaning and creates ambiguity regarding whether terminations are

covered under C.22.1.

         c. The mention of “terms and conditions of employment” in C.22.1 is
            qualified by the list of items that C.22.1 is “generally limited to.”

      C.22.1 contains the following definitions:

      Complaint – For the purposes of this procedure, the terms “grievance”
      and “complaint” are the same and can be used interchangeably. A
      complaint is a claim brought by an employee against a supervisor
      regarding the terms or conditions of employment or against another
      employee for work related issues or problems.”

      Complaints or Grievable Actions: Employment actions taken against
      regular employees that are subject to the Informal or Formal
      Complaint Procedures. The types of complaints that fall under this
      procedure are generally limited to the following: demotions,
                                         8
      involuntary transfers to another job classification, suspensions with or
      without pay, pay issues that do not involve complaint issues regarding
      the HCC compensation procedures and work or behavior related
      complaints.

(CR:475).

      This second provision, as it states, limits the “types of complaints that fall

under this procedure.” Id. Otherwise, the provision would be meaningless. In

accordance with canons of construction, each provision of a contract should be

given effect, if possible, and terms and sentences should not be interpreted in

isolation, but construed in the context of the rest of the document. Plains

Exploration & Prod. Co. v. Torch Energy Advisors Inc., 13-0597, 2015 WL

3653330, at *7 (Tex. June 12, 2015). Accordingly, the definition of “complaint,”

in isolation, does not control and must be interpreted in light of the limitations

expressed throughout the rest of the document.

         d. C.22.1 repeatedly states that an employee must, and can only,
            initiate its procedures by requesting a meeting with their
            immediate supervisor. The complaint procedures therefore do not
            unambiguously apply to a terminated employee, according to two
            Texas courts previously interpreting similar complaint
            procedures.

      C.22.1 reinforces throughout its text that its complaint procedures can only

be initiated by first directing an informal complaint to the employee’s direct

supervisor:


                                         9
      A complainant is required to attempt to resolve any disputes through
      the Informal Complaint Procedure prior to seeking recourse through
      the Formal Complaint Procedure.
      …

      The Formal Procedure is the process established to resolve those
      work-related issues specified above that could not be resolved through
      the Informal Complaint Procedure.
      …

      An employee must initiate the Informal Complaint Procedure
      regarding the complaint (or last of a series of grievable actions) by
      requesting a meeting with his/her supervisor and informally
      discussing the issues within five (5) working days of the action.
      …

      An employee who fails to initiate the Informal Complaint Procedure
      forfeits his/her right to utilize these employee complaint procedures.
      …

      If a complaint is not resolved through the Informal Complaint
      Procedure, a regular employee may, but is not required to, proceed
      with the Formal Complaint Procedure.
      …

      In order to proceed with the Formal Complaint Procedure, the
      employee must complete the Informal Complaint Procedure, or
      attempt to complete the Informal Procedure, with his/her direct
      supervisor or next level supervisor.

(CR: 475, 476, 478, 479).

      C.22.1 provides no other option for initiating its procedures.

      The two separate Texas appellate court decisions confronting such an

initiation requirement have found that a requirement to address complaints to an

employee’s direct supervisor renders a policy ambiguous as to whether it applies to
                                         10
terminations (at least in the absence of language clarifying specifically that

termination is covered), excusing the employee’s duty to initiate a complaint

before filing suit under the Whistleblower Act. In Leyva, the court held a similar

two-step policy, requiring complaints at the first step to be directed to the

employee’s supervisor, to be ambiguous regarding its coverage of terminated

employees. Leyva v. Crystal City, 357 S.W.3d 93, 101 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2011, no pet.) (“…all of the active employees, whether part-time, full-time or

probationary, have a supervisor to whom they can direct a grievance under the

stated procedure—but terminated or former employees do not.”). In Curbo, the

court held a similar policy to be ambiguous and reversed the trial court’s dismissal

of the suit on jurisdictional grounds, reasoning that “consistent references to ‘your

section director’ within the outlined grievance process imply that its application is

limited to complaints arising during the course of employment.” Curbo v. State,

Office of the Governor, 998 S.W.2d 337, 343 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999),

disapproved of on other grounds, Texas Dept. of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133

S.W.3d 217 (Tex. 2004). See also City of Houston v. Williams, 353 S.W.3d 128,

148 (Tex. 2011) (holding that under the terms of the collective bargaining

agreement, retired firefighters did not fall within the class of persons to whom the

grievance procedure is made available, where the CBA encouraged an aggrieved

firefighter to “verbally inform his/her immediate supervisor of the grievance” and
                                         11
the grievance procedure was specified to be available to “any full time, permanent

paid employee.” Id.

      The reasoning of Douglas is in accord with the above cited cases. Because

the procedure in Douglas stated that it did not apply to probationary dismissals, as

discussed in Appellant’s Brief, the only reasonable inference was that the

procedure applied to non-probationary dismissals. The manual in Douglas

qualified that the grievance process “intended to apply to most situations” involved

as its first step submitting “the grievance in writing on a form provided by the

agency” as well as contacting an immediate or next level supervisor. Douglas v.

Houston Hous. Auth., 01-11-00508-CV, 2013 WL 2389893, at *4 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] May 30, 2013, no pet.). The policy in Douglas, unlike that at

issue in Curbo, Leyva, and in this case, unambiguously applied to terminations. It

also contemplated, by its plain language, alternative options to initiate a grievance.

Here, by contrast, C.22.1 states a mandatory requirement that the employee initiate

the complaint by “requesting a meeting with his/her supervisor and informally

discussing the issues.” (CR:478).

      In light of the caselaw, and especially in light of every other textual

indication present, as detailed above, that C.22.1 was not intended to apply to

terminations, the Court should find that C.22.1 can reasonably be interpreted to


                                         12
exclude terminations and is therefore ambiguous at best as to whether it applies to

terminations.

       In light of the above, whether HCC has any procedure available to

challenge an at-will termination is subject to more than one reasonable

interpretation, rendering its policy ambiguous on this point as a matter of law.

Accordingly, Ninan was not required to initiate complaint procedures under C.22.1

prior to filing suit under the Whistleblower Act.

                                        PRAYER

      Appellant Anil Ninan respectfully requests that this Court grant Appellant’s

Motion for Rehearing, reverse the trial court’s grant of HCC’s plea to the

jurisdiction and summary judgment, and remand to the trial court for further

proceedings.

                                              Respectfully submitted,

                                              /s/ Todd Slobin
                                              TODD SLOBIN
                                              tslobin@eeoc.net
                                              TEXAS STATE BAR NO. 24002953
                                              DORIAN VANDENBERG-RODES
                                              drodes@eeoc.net
                                              TEXAS STATE BAR NO. 24088573
                                              11 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1515
                                              Houston, Texas 77046
                                              Telephone: (713) 621-2277
                                              Facsimile: (713) 621-0993
                                              ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
                                              ANIL NINAN
                                         13
of Counsel:
SHELLIST LAZARZ SLOBIN, LLP



                          CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

       I certify that a correct copy of the foregoing instrument has been forwarded via
electronic filing on this the 18th day of September, 2015, to:

Paul A. Lamp
Stephanie E. Maher
Rogers Morris & Grover LLP
5718 Westheimer Road, Suite 1200
Houston, Texas 77057


                                               /s/ Todd Slobin
                                               Todd Slobin



                      CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      I certify that Appellant’s Motion for Rehearing contains 2,705 words.


                                               /s/ Todd Slobin
                                               Todd Slobin




                                          14
