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             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 18-CO-1221

                          ANTOINE ANDRE, APPELLANT,

                                        V.

                            UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.

                          Appeal from the Superior Court
                           of the District of Columbia
                                  (CMD-709-15)

                       (Hon. Robert E. Morin, Trial Judge)

(Submitted May 17, 2019                              Decided August 15, 2019)

      Robin M. Earnest was on the brief for appellant.

      Jessie K. Liu, United States Attorney, and Elizabeth Trosman, John P.
Mannarino, Caroline Burrell, Eric Nguyen, and Patricia A. Heffernan, Assistant
United States Attorneys, were on the brief for appellee.

      Before GLICKMAN, EASTERLY, and MCLEESE, Associate Judges.

      GLICKMAN, Associate Judge: After this court vacated appellant Antoine

Andre’s misdemeanor assault convictions and remanded for further proceedings,

the United States proposed to retry him on the same charges. Mr. Andre now

appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to dismiss the reinstated charges on
                                         2

double jeopardy grounds. 1 He argues that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth

Amendment bars his retrial because he has completely served the sentence

previously imposed on him and – as the government does not dispute – his

reconviction on the charges would expose him to no additional punishment and

also would have no collateral legal consequences. We reject this argument, hold

that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not bar Mr. Andre’s retrial even assuming

the absence of further penal or collateral consequences of a conviction, and affirm

the denial of his motion.



                                         I.



      After a bench trial in 2015, Mr. Andre was convicted of two counts of

simple assault in violation of D.C. Code § 22-404(a)(1) (2013Supp.). The court



      1
         A pretrial order of the Superior Court denying a motion to dismiss charges
on double jeopardy grounds is a final order for purposes of appellate review and
thus immediately appealable. See Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 662
(1977); Fitzgerald v. United States, 472 A.2d 52, 53 n.1 (D.C. 1984). Mr. Andre’s
brief on appeal also asserts that dismissal was warranted on other grounds in the
nature of vindictive prosecution, but we lack jurisdiction to consider that claim at
this time because a pretrial rejection of a vindictive prosecution claim is not
considered an immediately appealable final order. See Gant v. United States, 467
A.2d 968, 970 (D.C. 1983); see also United States v. Hollywood Motor Car Co.,
458 U.S. 263, 264 (1982) (per curiam). We therefore address only Mr. Andre’s
double jeopardy claim.
                                          3

sentenced him to consecutive 180-day terms of imprisonment, suspended the

execution of that sentence as to all but seven days on each count, and placed him

on probation for concurrent terms of one year on each count. He finished serving

this sentence in 2016, while his appeal was still pending.



      The following year, this court issued an unpublished opinion holding that the

government had presented sufficient evidence at trial to support Mr. Andre’s

simple assault convictions and that his other claims of error also did not entitle him

to relief. But in a petition for rehearing, Mr. Andre asserted the new claim that he

had been deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to conflict-free representation at

trial.2 Perceiving potential merit in this new claim, we granted the petition and

issued a revised decision “vacat[ing] the trial court’s judgment and remand[ing] to

allow the trial court to hold a hearing regarding counsel’s conflict and its impact

upon counsel’s representation of Mr. Andre.” 3




      2
        It appears Mr. Andre proceeded in this fashion because, no longer being
under sentence, he could not move the Superior Court to vacate his convictions
under D.C. Code § 23-110 (2012 Repl.).
      3
        Andre v. United States, No. 15-CM-1250, Mem. Op. & J. at 5 (D.C. Apr.
26, 2018).
                                          4

      On remand, the government elected not to contest Mr. Andre’s Sixth

Amendment claim and instead to proceed directly to retry the charges against him.

The court accepted the government’s concession, which obviated the need for a

hearing and ruling on trial counsel’s conflict of interest, and ruled that Mr. Andre

therefore was entitled to a new trial without having to prove his Sixth Amendment

claim. Mr. Andre opposed retrial and moved to dismiss the information on double

jeopardy (and other) grounds. The court denied that motion and Mr. Andre took

this appeal.



                                          II.



      The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that no

person “shall . . . be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life

or limb.” 4 Appellant’s claim that the Double Jeopardy Clause forbids his retrial

presents a question of law that we review de novo.5



      Broadly speaking, the Fifth Amendment guarantee against double jeopardy

“consist[s] of three separate constitutional protections. It protects against a second

      4
          U.S. CONST. amend. V.
      5
          United States v. Felder, 548 A.2d 57, 61 (D.C. 1988).
                                            5

prosecution for the same offense after acquittal. It protects against a second

prosecution for the same offense after conviction. And it protects against multiple

punishments for the same offense.”6 But as the Supreme Court has explained, “to

require a criminal defendant to stand trial again after he has successfully invoked a

statutory right of appeal to upset his first conviction is not an act of governmental

oppression of the sort against which the Double Jeopardy Clause was intended to

protect.”7      Thus, one of the “venerable principles of double jeopardy

jurisprudence” is that “[t]he successful appeal of a judgment of conviction, on any

ground other than the insufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict, poses no

bar to further prosecution on the same charge;”8 “no limitations whatever,” as the

Court emphatically put it in Pearce. 9 The Double Jeopardy Clause leaves the

decision to recharge and retry a defendant who has obtained a reversal or vacatur

of his conviction on appeal to “the prosecutor’s sound discretion.” 10




      6
           North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717 (1969) (footnotes omitted).
      7
           United States v. Scott, 437 U.S. 82, 91 (1978).
      8
           Id. at 90-91 (emphasis added; citation omitted).
      9
           395 U.S. at 720 (emphasis added).
      10
         Fitzgerald, 472 A.2d at 53 n.2; see also Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S.
357, 364 (1978) (“[S]o long as the prosecutor has probable cause to believe that the
accused committed an offense defined by statute, the decision whether or not to
                                                                     (continued…)
                                          6

      Mr. Andre does not identify any authority supporting his exemption from

these well-settled principles. The Double Jeopardy Clause does not preclude his

re-prosecution and re-sentencing upon conviction merely because he already has

served the sentence imposed on him for his vacated convictions. In this context,

the double jeopardy guarantee against multiple punishments for the same offense

requires only that the “punishment already exacted must be fully ‘credited’ in

imposing sentence upon a new conviction for the same offense.” 11 As long as that

crediting is done, the court has “the power, upon the defendant’s reconviction, to

impose whatever sentence may be legally authorized, whether or not it is greater

than the sentence imposed after the first conviction.” 12 A proper credit for the

sentence already served against the final sentence “fully vindicate[s] [the

defendant’s] double jeopardy rights” because, “in the multiple punishments

context,” the interest protected by the Double Jeopardy Clause “is limited to

ensuring that the total punishment did not exceed that authorized by the




(…continued)
prosecute, and what charge to file or bring before a grand jury, generally rests
entirely in his discretion.”).
      11
           Pearce, 395 U.S. at 718-19 (footnote omitted).
      12
           Id. at 720.
                                          7

legislature.”13



      This “crediting principle” applies to sentences of probation such as that

served by Mr. Andre.14 The proper method for “fully crediting” time on probation

against a subsequent sentence of imprisonment is an open question,15 but that

question may well be academic in this case and it would be premature for us to

attempt to answer it now. Although Mr. Andre is mistaken in asserting that he has

served the maximum sentence authorized by law for the two charged counts of




      13
           Jones v. Thomas, 491 U.S. 376, 381-82 (1989) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). Although double jeopardy principles do not bar a more severe
sentence upon reconviction after a new trial (so long as the sentence is within
statutory limits), due process of law requires that any harsher sentence be justified
on the basis of “identifiable conduct on the part of the defendant occurring after the
time of the original sentencing proceeding.” Pearce, 395 U.S. at 726.
      14
          See United States v. Martin, 363 F.3d 25, 37 (1st Cir. 2004) (“[B]ecause
the sentence of probation is ‘a punishment already exacted’ for [the defendant’s]
offense, it must be credited against a new sentence of imprisonment imposed after
an appeal.”).
      15
          In Martin, the First Circuit held that because probation is less restrictive
than incarceration, “‘fully crediting’ probation against a subsequent sentence of
imprisonment, does not require a day-to-day offset against time to be served in
prison.” Id. at 39 (citation omitted). But the appeals court did not specify how a
defendant resentenced to a prison term should be credited for time on probation; it
chose instead to “leave this fact-based inquiry to the judgment of the district
court.” Id.
                                           8

simple assault (and therefore could not be punished any further), 16 the government

has represented that it will not seek a greater sentence in his case; “should

appellant be convicted after retrial,” the government states in its brief, “the original

sentence will simply be re-imposed and appellant will be credited for time-

served.” 17



       Mr. Andre argues that since he would not be exposed to further direct penal

consequences upon reconviction, the government must identify “substantial

collateral consequences” of the kind this court mentioned in Fitzgerald as

“attending conviction for a serious crime” in order to justify retrying him. 18 Such




       16
          The maximum authorized sentence for simple assault is imprisonment for
not more than 180 days plus a fine. D.C. Code § 22-404(a)(1). Mr. Andre was
placed on probation after serving only a few days in prison, and he was not ordered
to pay a fine. See Jeffers v. United States, 432 U.S. 137, 155 (1977) (“Fines, of
course, are treated in the same way as prison sentences for purposes of double
jeopardy and multiple-punishment analysis.” (citing Pearce, 395 U.S. at 718
n.12)); see also United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, 139 (1980) (“No
double jeopardy problem [is] presented” where an offense is “punishable by both
fine and imprisonment, even though that is multiple punishment.”). But to be
clear, for the reasons explained above, double jeopardy principles would not be
violated by Mr. Andre’s retrial even if it were true that he had served the maximum
authorized sentence for two counts of simple assault.
       17
            Brief for Appellee at 19.
       18
        See Fitzgerald, 472 A.2d at 54 (identifying various “substantial collateral
consequences” of conviction for a serious crime, including enhanced punishment
                                                                    (continued…)
                                            9

collateral consequences are absent here, Mr. Andre asserts, because simple assault

is only a misdemeanor.



      This argument misapprehends our decision in Fitzgerald. Double jeopardy

jurisprudence does not distinguish between misdemeanors and more serious

crimes, nor does it support the proposition that a reprosecution must threaten

particular direct or collateral consequences for the government to retry a defendant

whose conviction was overturned on appeal.



      In line with Supreme Court precedent, Fitzgerald held that the Double

Jeopardy Clause did not “insulate” the appellant in that case from having to stand

trial again after his conviction had been set aside on appeal, even though he had

served his previously imposed sentence and (under the due process holding of

Pearce 19) likely could not be punished further if reconvicted of the same offense.20

In the course of so holding, we disagreed with appellant’s argument that the

government did not have “a sufficient interest” in retrying him if it could not

(…continued)
upon a second or third conviction, denial of the right to possess firearms, pretrial
detention upon rearrest, and use of the conviction for purposes of impeachment).
      19
           See footnote 13, supra.
      20
           Fitzgerald, 472 A.2d at 53-54.
                                         10

obtain a harsher sentence.      The government’s interests were “not limited to

punishment alone,” we explained, because “[t]here are significant governmental

and societal interests in identifying those guilty of criminal activity and having

valid convictions entered against them.” 21



      Our opinion in Fitzgerald went on to say that the “strength” of those

interests is “fortified” by the “substantial collateral consequences attending

conviction for a serious crime,” 22 but we did not purport to condition the

government’s authority to retry a defendant on the existence of such consequences

or the gravity of the offense. We take the opportunity to clarify that neither

Fitzgerald nor the Double Jeopardy Clause requires any showing of direct or

collateral consequences before the government may retry a defendant following his

or her successful appeal.



      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the denial of appellant’s motion to

dismiss on double jeopardy grounds.
      21
           Id. at 54 (citing Scott, 437 U.S. at 101 (acknowledging “the public
interest in assuring that each defendant shall be subject to a just judgment on the
merits of his case”), and Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 689 (1949)
(acknowledging “the public’s interest in fair trials designed to end in just
judgments”)).
      22
           Fitzgerald, 472 A.2d at 54.
