                                                           Supreme Court

                                                           No. 2012-309-Appeal.
                                                           (PB 06-6103)


      Wayne DeMarco et al.              :

                v.                      :

Travelers Insurance Company et al.      :




          NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
          publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
          notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island,
          250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone
          222-3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
          corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                    Supreme Court

                                                                    No. 2012-309-Appeal.
                                                                    (PB 06-6103)
                                                                    (Dissent begins on Page 15)


            Wayne DeMarco et al.                :

                      v.                        :

      Travelers Insurance Company et al.        :


               Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.


                                           OPINION

         Justice Goldberg, for the Court.           The plaintiff, Wayne DeMarco (DeMarco or

plaintiff),1 was severely injured in a collision while a passenger in a motor vehicle owned by

insureds of the defendant, Travelers Insurance Company (defendant or Travelers).                 After

obtaining a judgment for money damages in the prior underlying tort action, the plaintiff settled

with the insureds in exchange for an assignment of any claims that the insureds had against

Travelers and filed this action.      A justice of the Superior Court granted partial summary

judgment, which this Court affirmed.2 Thereafter, an order entered requiring the defendant to

pay all interest accrued on the underlying judgment pursuant to G.L. 1956 § 27-7-2.2.3 The


1
  The actual named plaintiffs in this action are Wayne DeMarco and Leesa DeMarco,
individually, as parents and legal guardians of Chayce DeMarco, a minor, and Brayden
DeMarco, a minor, and as assignees of Leo H. Doire, and Virginia Transportation Corporation.
2
    DeMarco v. Travelers Insurance Co., 26 A.3d 585 (R.I. 2011) (DeMarco I).
3
    General Laws 1956 § 27-7-2.2 provides:

         “In any civil action in which the defendant is covered by liability insurance and in
         which the plaintiff makes a written offer to the defendant’s insurer to settle the
         action in an amount equal to or less than the coverage limits on the liability policy
                                                 -1-
defendant alleges that this order was entered in the absence of subject-matter jurisdiction.

Specifically, the defendant contends that the issue of prejudgment interest was rendered moot by

an order entered in the underlying tort action which characterized the judgment as “satisfied in

full”—thus depriving the Superior Court of subject-matter jurisdiction. For the reasons set forth

below, we affirm the Superior Court order directing payment of prejudgment and postjudgment

interest in accordance with § 27-7-2.2.4

                                           Facts and Travel

       This Court extensively addressed the facts and travel of this case in DeMarco v. Travelers

Insurance Co., 26 A.3d 585 (R.I. 2011) (DeMarco I). Therefore, we will discuss only recent

events and any relevant facts necessary for context.

       On September 10, 2003, DeMarco, while traveling as a passenger in a motor vehicle

owned by Virginia Transportation Corporation (Virginia Transportation) and operated by

Virginia Transportation’s owner, Leo H. Doire (Doire), seriously was injured when the vehicle

struck two utility poles. Another passenger, Paul Woscyna (Woscyna), also sustained serious

injuries. Travelers insured the vehicle for a policy limit of $1 million.




       in force at the time the action accrues, and the offer is rejected by the defendant’s
       insurer, then the defendant’s insurer shall be liable for all interest due on the
       judgment entered by the court even if the payment of the judgment and interest
       totals a sum in excess of the policy coverage limitation. This written offer shall be
       presumed to have been rejected if the insurer does not respond in writing within a
       period of thirty (30) days.”
4
 The motion was captioned as “Motion * * * Calculating All Interest Due Pursuant to R.I.G.L.
§ 27-7-2.2 and to Determine the Operative Effect of the Judgment Satisfied Order in These
Proceeding [sic] After Remand.”

                                                 -2-
       On March 4, 2004, DeMarco instituted a personal injury action in the Superior Court

against Virginia Transportation and Doire (underlying tort action).5 Prior to and during the

course of the underlying tort action, DeMarco made several written settlement demands upon

Travelers to settle for the policy limits of $1 million. On February 2, 2004, DeMarco’s attorney

wrote Travelers, before filing suit, seeking payment of the policy limits to DeMarco. Later, on

February 25, 2004, DeMarco’s attorney again wrote Travelers asking to settle for the policy

limits and also informed Travelers of potential Asermely6 liability if it did not settle the claim.

By letter dated February 27, 2004, Travelers responded and informed DeMarco that other claims

existed as a result of the accident and that, therefore, Travelers could not exhaust its entire policy

limits on DeMarco. Additionally, Travelers’ counsel informed the claim services director for

Travelers (1) that Asermely liability would not apply in the circumstances of this case because

there were multiple claimants and (2) that exhausting the policy limits on one claimant might

violate Travelers’ fiduciary obligations to its insureds. Over the course of the next year, on April

19, June 7, and June 29, 2005, DeMarco’s attorney wrote to Travelers’ counsel seeking to

engage in settlement negotiations. Further, on July 22, 2005, DeMarco’s attorney wrote to

Travelers’ counsel yet again, offering to settle for the policy limits. There was no response from

Travelers or its counsel to any of these communications, and Travelers’ efforts, if any, to resolve

this case, with or without the participation of its insureds, remains an open question.




5
  Wayne DeMarco et al. v. Leo H. Doire and Virginia Transportation Corp., C.A. No. PC 04-
1171.
6
  Asermely v. Allstate Insurance Co., 728 A.2d 461 (R.I. 1999).


                                                -3-
         On July 11, 2006, approximately three months before trial was set to begin, Travelers

sought a global settlement—for the policy limits7—with DeMarco, Woscyna,8 and National Grid

USA Service Company, Inc. (National Grid).9 Travelers’ offer to have the three parties divide

the policy limits amongst themselves was not accepted; and, on August 15, 2006, Travelers

commenced an interpleader action in the Superior Court where it sought—unsuccessfully—to

deposit the policy limits into the registry of the court.10 On August 23, 2006, DeMarco’s

attorney—for the final time—offered to settle for the policy limits. Travelers responded to

DeMarco’s final demand and rejected the offer to settle. On September 14, 2006, after the

parties engaged in unsuccessful mediation, Travelers offered to pay DeMarco $550,000 and

Woscyna $450,000, “in exchange for a complete release from both claimants” in favor of

Virginia Transportation and Doire. The offer was contingent on acceptance by both DeMarco

and Woscyna. Although Woscyna was prepared to accept the offer, DeMarco rejected the offer

by letter dated September 15, 2006.

         The underlying tort action proceeded to trial on September 18, 2006. On September 22,

2006, a jury returned a verdict in favor of DeMarco in the amount of $2,053,795. With statutory

interest, the total amount of the judgment was $2,801,939.07. On the same day, an attorney

independently retained by Doire wrote to Travelers informing Travelers that it was Doire’s

7
 The settlement offer was for the policy limits minus a prior $5,000 payment to DeMarco for
medical coverage.
8
    Woscyna subsequently filed suit against Travelers in August 2006.
9
 National Grid’s claim for damage to their utility poles later was settled personally with Virginia
Transportation and Doire. The utility poles belonged to The Narragansett Electric Company,
which now does business as National Grid.
10
   Travelers pressed its interpleader action, which was denied after Travelers failed to satisfy the
justice of the Superior Court that it lacked a substantial interest in the outcome of the underlying
tort action.


                                               -4-
position that Travelers was responsible for the entire judgment entered against Doire in light of

Travelers’ failure to settle with DeMarco. Apparently, Virginia Transportation and Doire were

now facing bankruptcy. Travelers again sought mediation, by letter dated October 30, 2006.11

       On    November      17,    2006,   mediation   commenced   among     DeMarco,    Virginia

Transportation, Doire, Woscyna, and Travelers. As a result of this mediation, Travelers paid the

sum of $450,000 to Woscyna in exchange for a release of Virginia Transportation, Doire, and

Travelers from all liability.     Furthermore, Travelers agreed to pay $550,000 to DeMarco.

DeMarco agreed to release both Virginia Transportation and Doire but conditioned that release

upon an assignment of any claims Virginia Transportation and Doire might have against

Travelers. The release specifically excepted Travelers “from any and all claims that Releasors

may have against Travelers in any way arising from the Litigation or any aspect thereof.”

Virginia Transportation and Doire assigned “any and all claims and causes of action that

[Virginia Transportation and Doire] may have” against Travelers to DeMarco. This assignment

was made “in consideration of the General Release executed contemporaneously herewith[.]”

Later, on January 3, 2007, the trial justice who presided over the underlying tort action entered

an order that provided: “After hearing thereon and in consideration thereof judgment entered in

favor of the plaintiffs on September 22, 2006, plus taxed costs in the amount of $5,879.32. Said

judgment is satisfied in full.”

       On November 22, 2006, DeMarco commenced this action in Superior Court against

Travelers, its counsel, and counsel’s law firm. The first two counts of the six-count complaint

sought: (1) a declaratory judgment in accordance with Asermely v. Allstate Insurance Co., 728



11
   In this letter, Travelers’ independently retained counsel acknowledged that the insureds’
ability to contribute “to a settlement * * * will likely be extinguished if * * * DeMarco’s
judgment forces them into bankruptcy.”
                                               -5-
A.2d 461 (R.I. 1999), requiring Travelers to pay the entire judgment from the underlying tort

action; (2) a declaratory judgment pursuant to § 27-7-2.2 declaring Travelers liable for

prejudgment interest on the judgment in the underlying tort action. On September 23, 2008, a

justice of the Superior Court granted summary judgment for plaintiff on counts one and two and

denied defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment on counts one, two, three, and four.12

Although the issues concerning the release were argued on summary judgment—and rejected by

this Court on appeal—the effect (if any) of the judgment satisfied order had not been raised

before the Superior Court. Final judgment on counts one and two, pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the

Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure, subsequently was entered.13 The defendant timely

appealed; and, on July 12, 2011, this Court issued its opinion in DeMarco I, in which we vacated

the judgment in count one and remanded that count for trial, and affirmed the judgment in count

two.14

          With respect to count one, this Court held that, because the circumstances of this case

involved multiple claimants, it was a question of fact as to the reasonableness of Travelers’

conduct with respect to the duty it owed its insureds under Asermely. See DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at

614. We remanded count one to the Superior Court for a trial. Id. at 615. We affirmed count

two. Id. at 629. We concluded that the language of § 27-7-2.2 (the rejected settlement offer

statute) was clear and unambiguous and required the insurer to pay both prejudgment and



12
     Count three alleges a breach-of-contract claim and count four is a claim for insurer bad faith.
13
  The judgment provided “Separate and Final Judgment pursuant to [Super. R. Civ. P] 54(b) is
hereby entered for [p]laintiff on [c]ounts I and II.”
14
  This Court “vacate[d] the grant of partial summary judgment as to Travelers’ liability pursuant
to the principles set forth in Asermely, but we affirm[ed] the ruling with respect to the
applicability of the rejected settlement offer statute.” DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at 629.


                                                  -6-
postjudgment interest. DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at 617. Moreover, we determined that the general

release granted to Virginia Transportation and Doire did not foreclose DeMarco’s ability to

maintain the assigned claims against Travelers. Id. at 625-26. As we stated:

                “[I]t is our view that Travelers should not now be able to avoid
                having to deal with Mr. DeMarco’s suit for excess damages by
                claiming that it obtained a release for its insureds—and that
                therefore the insureds had no claims to assign to Mr. DeMarco—
                when the only reason the insureds were released from liability was
                that they assigned to Mr. DeMarco the very rights that he is now
                seeking to assert against Travelers.” Id. at 626.

Finally, we concluded that the Judgment Satisfied Order was not properly before the Court

because Travelers had not raised the issue in Superior Court and that the raise-or-waive rule

controlled. Id. at 629.

        On remand, plaintiff sought a calculation of prejudgment interest. The Superior Court

justice granted plaintiff’s motion and determined that DeMarco I vacated final judgment on

count one, but that the final judgment entered on count two remained undisturbed. Moreover,

with respect to the judgment satisfied order, the Superior Court justice determined that Travelers

had waived this argument with respect to count two and stated “to the extent it remains alive and

impacts claims and counts other than [c]ount 2, [it] has not been properly presented in the

context of today’s motion.” After analyzing three different approaches to assessing interest, the

Superior Court justice ordered that interest be paid in the amount of $1,595,850.03. That

calculation has not been challenged on appeal.

        By order dated June 11, 2012, Travelers was to make payment to DeMarco by June 22,

2012. Travelers timely appealed from that order.15 Despite the fact that additional claims

remain pending before the Superior Court, final judgment had entered previously on count two

15
 Travelers also petitioned the Court for a writ of certiorari. The Court denied that petition on
March 21, 2013.
                                                 -7-
pursuant to Rule 54(b) and was affirmed in DeMarco I. Additionally, we are of the opinion that

the payment order contains sufficient elements of finality so as to invoke the jurisdiction of this

Court. See McAuslan v. McAuslan, 34 R.I. 462, 472, 83 A. 837, 841 (1912).

                                       Standard of Review

       “As we consistently have articulated, ‘a claim of lack of subject[-]matter jurisdiction may

be raised at any time.’” Long v. Dell, Inc., 984 A.2d 1074, 1078 (R.I. 2009) (quoting Pollard v.

Acer Group, 870 A.2d 429, 433 (R.I. 2005)). The issue of subject-matter jurisdiction may be

raised at any time, cannot be waived or conferred by either party, and can be raised sua sponte by

the court. Rogers v. Rogers, 18 A.3d 491, 493 (R.I. 2011). Additionally, “[w]hether a court has

subject[-]matter jurisdiction over a controversy is reviewed de novo by the Supreme Court.” Ims

v. Audette, 40 A.3d 236, 237 (R.I. 2012) (citing Sidell v. Sidell, 18 A.3d 499, 504 (R.I. 2011)).

                                             Analysis

       On appeal, Travelers argues that the Superior Court was divested of subject-matter

jurisdiction over count two because of the prior judgment satisfied order in the underlying tort

action, despite the fact that this Court affirmed the judgment as to count two. Before this Court,

Travelers seeks to amalgamate subject-matter jurisdiction with mootness. Travelers contends

that DeMarco’s § 27-7-2.2 claim for interest was rendered moot because, after the judgment

satisfied order entered, there was no longer a justiciable controversy and, based on mootness, the

Superior Court was divested of subject-matter jurisdiction. Because issues regarding subject-

matter jurisdiction can never be waived and can be raised at any time, Travelers argues to this

Court that the Superior Court justice erred in deciding that Travelers had waived its mootness

argument. We reject this contention.




                                               -8-
       The judgment satisfied order was entered before our opinion in DeMarco I. In that case,

we concluded that issues with respect to that order were not properly before the Court because

they were not raised in Superior Court and therefore were deemed waived. DeMarco I, 26 A.3d

at 629. Travelers now seeks to engage in a collateral attack on the judgment in count two—

which this Court affirmed—by raising the judgment satisfied order. To the extent that Travelers

invites us to revisit our holding in DeMarco I and entertain issues that previously were waived,

we decline to do so.

       We note that if, as Travelers argues, the judgment satisfied order rendered the

controversy moot and stripped the Superior Court or this Court of subject-matter jurisdiction,

then the same would have been true at the time of DeMarco I. These issues, however, were

never raised in DeMarco I. Despite this unique posture, we briefly address Travelers’ assertions

of subject-matter jurisdiction and mootness.

       “A challenge to subject-matter jurisdiction ‘may not be waived by any party and may be

raised at any time in the proceedings.’” Boyer v. Bedrosian, 57 A.3d 259, 270 (R.I. 2012)

(quoting Pine v. Clark, 636 A.2d 1319, 1321 (R.I. 1994)). When considering claims for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction, we are “refer[ring] only to the court’s power to hear and decide a

case and not to whether a court having the power to adjudicate should exercise that power.”

Narragansett Electric Co. v. Saccoccio, 43 A.3d 40, 44 (R.I. 2012) (quoting Mesolella v. City of

Providence, 508 A.2d 661, 666 (R.I. 1986)). Pursuant to G.L. 1956 § 8-2-14(a), the Superior

Court “shall have exclusive original jurisdiction of all other actions at law in which the amount

in controversy shall exceed the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) * * *.” (Emphasis added.)

It cannot be disputed that DeMarco’s § 27-7-2.2 claim met the threshold requirement of § 8-2-

14(a). Furthermore, G.L. 1956 § 9-30-1 provides that the Superior Court has the power to



                                               -9-
entertain declaratory-judgment actions. Thus, the Superior Court was vested with jurisdiction

over DeMarco’s § 27-7-2.2 claim for interest.

       Mootness is a distinct concept, separate and apart from subject-matter jurisdiction. See

Boyer, 57 A.3d at 271 (stating that a case may become moot “despite the court’s retention of

subject-matter jurisdiction” (citing Matos v. Clinton School District, 367 F.3d 68, 71 (1st Cir.

2004))). Concededly, some courts have treated mootness claims as implicating issues of subject-

matter jurisdiction. See, e.g., In re Jorden R., 979 A.2d 469, 479 (Conn. 2009) (“Mootness is a

question of justiciability that must be determined as a threshold matter because it implicates [a]

court’s subject[-]matter jurisdiction[.]” (quoting In re Melody L., 962 A.2d 81, 106 (Conn.

2009))). In our view, however, while mootness ranks high on the justiciability spectrum, and

may not be lightly overlooked, mootness does not equate with subject-matter jurisdiction. See

Town Houses at Bonnet Shores Condominium Association v. Langlois, 45 A.3d 577, 582 (R.I.

2012) (deciding appeal of a moot case that fell within mootness exception); see also Honig v.

Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 330 (1988) (Rehnquist, J., concurring) (“If our mootness doctrine were

forced upon us by the case or controversy requirement of [U.S. Const.] Art. III itself, we would

have no more power to decide lawsuits which are ‘moot’ but which also raise questions which

are capable of repetition but evading review than we would to decide cases which are ‘moot’ but

raise no such questions.”).

       It is well established that “a case is moot if the original complaint raised a justiciable

controversy, but events occurring after the filing have deprived the litigant[s] of a continuing

stake in the controversy.” Bucci v. Lehman Brothers Bank, FSB, 68 A.3d 1069, 1079 (R.I. 2013)

(quoting Boyer, 57 A.3d at 272). Additionally, “[i]f this Court’s judgment would fail to have a

practical effect on the existing controversy, the question is moot, and [the Court] will not render



                                                - 10 -
an opinion on the matter.” Id. (quoting City of Cranston v. Rhode Island Laborers’ District

Council, Local 1033, 960 A.2d 529, 533 (R.I. 2008)). A narrow exception to the mootness

doctrine exists whereby a case that is moot may still be decided if it involves issues “of extreme

public importance, which are capable of repetition but which evade review.” Boyer, 57 A.3d at

281 (quoting Campbell v. Tiverton Zoning Board, 15 A.3d 1015, 1022 (R.I. 2011)). This could

not occur, of course, if mootness divested the Court of subject-matter jurisdiction.

         Having previously determined in DeMarco I that the release executed in favor of Virginia

Transportation and Doire did not affect the claims assigned to DeMarco, DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at

626, Travelers now recycles the same arguments in the context of the judgment satisfied order,

fashioned as mootness.16 Specifically, Travelers attempts to evade liability based on the fact that

their insureds, to whom they owed a fiduciary duty to protect from excess liability, see

Asermely, 728 A.2d at 464; Medical Malpractice Joint Underwriting Association of Rhode

Island v. Rhode Island Insurers’ Insolvency Fund, 703 A.2d 1097, 1102 (R.I. 1997), secured the

protection of the judgment satisfied order in the face of an otherwise imminent bankruptcy by



16
     The justice succinctly summarized the argument when she stated:

         “As I understand Travelers’ argument * * * an insurer would not be required to
         pay if its insured for some reason is excused or absolved from payment. That
         would be the case regardless of whether the payment sought from the insurer is
         based upon a direct claim or upon an assigned claim and regardless of whether it
         is for an excess judgment, a breach of contract claim, a bad faith claim, or for
         statutory interest under the Rejected Settlement Offer statute. This also would be
         the case regardless of whether the insured’s escape from payment is the result of
         an assignment and release, a ‘judgment satisfied’ order, an agreement to
         permanently forbear from enforcing an execution, a discharge in bankruptcy, or
         some other means. The insurer would be entitled to the benefit of the insured’s
         escape from liability or payment. * * * Thus, as I understand the argument,
         distilled, the ‘Judgment Satisfied’ order must be viewed in isolation, has
         independent legal significance, and trumps all.”

The trial justice appropriately rejected this argument.
                                               - 11 -
assigning to DeMarco their claims against Travelers. We declared in DeMarco I, “an assignment

of rights in a case such as this is ‘a valuable means by which the insured may obtain protection

from his insurance and by which the third party may obtain compensation * * *.’” DeMarco I, 26

A.3d at 626 (quoting Stephen S. Ashley, Bad Faith Actions, Liability and Damages, § 7:18 at 7-

68 (1997)). Additionally, we previously have upheld an insured’s assignment of claims against

its insurer and refused to:

               “obstruct an appropriate device for the payment of a claim by an
               insurance carrier that has an obligation to its insured to absolve
               him of liability without depriving itself of the right to pursue action
               against another insurance carrier that it considers to be wholly or
               partly liable for the loss.” Etheridge v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance
               Co., 480 A.2d 1341, 1345 (R.I. 1984) (emphasis added).

The judgment satisfied order that was entered in accordance with the assignment of rights does

not alter the above quoted analysis.

       The argument propounded by Travelers, that the judgment satisfied order rendered

DeMarco’s § 27-7-2.2 claim moot, amounts to the same form-over-substance analysis that we

rejected unequivocally in DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at 624 (citing Etheridge, 480 A.2d at 1345). The

settlement between DeMarco, Virginia Transportation, and Doire provided that only after “the

exchange of the [a]ssignment and the release” would the judgment be deemed satisfied, not that

the claims would be extinguished. Thus, the judgment satisfied order merely memorialized the

parties’ intentions as set forth in the settlement agreement.17 This is confirmed by a review of

the hearing transcript, where the original trial justice who directed the entry of the order stated:




17
  In fact, at the hearing preceding the entry of the judgment satisfied order, counsel for DeMarco
explicitly stated that “we’ve continuously taken the position that our settlement agreement was
with Virginia and Leo Doire and had nothing to do with Traveler’s [sic]. * * * So I don’t want
the record to reflect that we consent to any explanation down the road that we consented or
agreed to any settlement with Traveler’s [sic].” In the face of this clear statement, in open court,
                                                - 12 -
               “clearly my concern * * * was that I wasn’t looking immediately to
               inflict any undue harm on the defendant’s business to see if there
               was some way to find a resolution through that which has been
               found. What happened is the settlement occurred and an
               assignment of rights was given, which I’m going to assume would
               shield the defendants from any further personal liability in this
               matter.” (Emphasis added.)

In DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at 626, we declared,

               “it is our view that Travelers should not now be able to avoid
               having to deal with Mr. DeMarco’s suit for excess damages by
               claiming that it obtained a release for its insureds—and that
               therefore the insureds had no claims to assign to Mr. DeMarco—
               when the only reason the insureds were released from liability was
               that they assigned to Mr. DeMarco the very rights that he is now
               seeking to assert against Travelers.”

See Pinto v. Allstate Insurance Co., 221 F.3d 394, 404 (2nd Cir. 2000) (“It defies common sense

to believe that [the injured plaintiff] contemplated receiving as consideration for her release of

[the insured] a right of [the insured’s] that no longer existed.”).

       Rather, it is precisely because DeMarco received an assignment of rights from Travelers’

insureds that there exists a justiciable controversy. See Etheridge, 480 A.2d at 1346 (concluding

that a justiciable controversy existed following an assignment of rights). DeMarco was assigned

all claims that Travelers’ insureds had against Travelers. We held that DeMarco’s § 27-7-2.2

claim “encompass[ed] the case at bar and [is] to be applied on remand[.]” DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at

617. DeMarco’s § 27-7-2.2 claim was not extinguished merely because the judgment satisfied

order also entered. See Black v. Goodwin, Loomis & Britton, Inc., 681 A.2d 293, 300 (Conn.

1996) (“An insurer may not hide behind the language of the policy after the insurer abandons its

insured and the insured settles the claim by agreement.” (quoting Red Giant Oil Co. v. Lawlor,

528 N.W.2d 524, 532 (Iowa 1995))). Moreover, judgment was affirmed by this Court on


Travelers’ counsel remained silent; yet he raises the argument in this Court. Our decision in
DeMarco I speaks loudly.
                                                - 13 -
DeMarco’s § 27-7-2.2 claim. DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at 629. Yet, the prejudgment interest award

remains unpaid, demonstrating DeMarco’s continuing stake in the controversy. See Bucci, 68

A.3d at 1079 (requiring that litigants maintain a continuing stake in the controversy).

       In this case, it was in the insureds’ pecuniary interests to assign their claims in exchange

for a release, in order to escape financial ruin, thus allowing those claims to be litigated later

between the assignee and the insurance company. The fact that the judgment satisfied order

memorialized the clear intent of the parties does not render the claims moot.

       Finally, the justice of the Superior Court was correct in her conclusion that this Court

affirmed the entry of summary judgment on count two in DeMarco I.18 In DeMarco I, after

explicating the reasonableness test that needed to be applied to the Asermely claim which we

vacated and remanded, we declared that § 27-7-2.2 was “neither complex nor ambiguous” and

required that both prejudgment and postjudgment interest be assessed.19 DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at

617. The Court concluded, “we vacate the grant of partial summary judgment as to Travelers’

liability pursuant to the principles set forth in Asermely, but we affirm the ruling with respect to


18
   Indeed, as this seasoned trial justice noted on remand: “[t]he Supreme Court didn’t, as
Travelers says in its papers, reverse me on [c]ount 2. If it did, this is the first time in twenty-two
years that I’ve not been able to recognize that I’ve been reversed.”
19
   We note that the dissent seeks to condition any recovery on count two upon a determination on
count one. Amalgamating the claims, the dissent is implicitly creating a reasonableness standard
for § 27-7-2.2 claims, which standard is not found in the statute. This reasoning ignores our
venerable rules of statutory construction. “When interpreting a statute, our ultimate goal is to
give effect to the General Assembly’s intent. * * * The best evidence of such intent can be found
in the plain language used in the statute. Thus, a clear and unambigious statute will be literally
construed.” Martone v. Johnston School Committee, 824 A.2d 426, 431 (R.I. 2003) (citing
Stebbins v. Wells, 818 A.2d 711, 715 (R.I. 2003)). In DeMarco I, we recognized our previous
holdings that § 27-7-2.2 was “neither complex nor ambiguous.” DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at 617
(quoting Skaling v. Aetna Insurance Co., 742 A.2d 282, 291 (R.I. 1999)). Thus, the Court must
give the words of the statute their plain and ordinary meaning. It is clear from a review of the
statute that there is no language which would suggest that § 27-7-2.2 liability is subject to a
reasonableness standard, akin to an analysis under Asermely. Accordingly, such an analysis has
no place in analyzing DeMarco’s § 27-7-2.2 claim.
                                                - 14 -
the applicability of the rejected settlement offer statute.” Id. at 629 (emphasis added). Thus, the

Superior Court justice did not err in concluding that count two had been affirmed or in ruling that

the payment order was consistent with our holding in DeMarco I. A determination that the

§ 27 7-2.2 claim for interest was extinguished because the summary judgment decision provided

that “Travelers * * * is liable for the judgment entered in [the underlying tort action], interest

included, to the extent that judgment remains unsatisfied” would be favoring the form-over-

substance argument that we repudiated in DeMarco I and reject herein.

                                           Conclusion

        For the reasons stated in this opinion, the order of the Superior Court is affirmed. The

papers may be returned to the Superior Court.



        Justice Flaherty, with whom Justice Indeglia joins, dissenting in part and

concurring in part. I agree, in part, with the holdings of the majority, that Travelers waived its

arguments with respect to the judgment satisfied order and that the Superior Court had subject-

matter jurisdiction over the dispute throughout the litigation. I concur with the majority that

Travelers failed to raise the judgment satisfied order as a possible defense and that the trial

justice rightly concluded that the argument had been waived. I also accept the reasoning of the

majority that the Superior Court never was deprived of jurisdiction to resolve this case.

However, because it is my opinion that the imposition of excess interest under the provisions of

G.L. 1956 § 27-7-2.2 is at best premature, I must respectfully dissent from the majority’s holding

in this case.

        In Asermely v. Allstate Insurance Co., 728 A.2d 461, 464 (R.I. 1999), this Court plowed

new ground when it seized the opportunity to promulgate a rule that addressed the vexing issues



                                                - 15 -
that arise when a plaintiff’s claim has the potential to exceed the available liability insurance

coverage protecting a defendant. In essence, the Court held in Asermely that when a plaintiff

offers to settle a claim for an amount that is within the policy limits, and the carrier declines to

settle, the insurer is at risk if a later judgment exceeds the policy limit, including applicable

interest. Id. The Court went on to say that an insurer’s good-faith calculation about the value of

a particular claim provides no safe harbor, and that the insurer, because of its fiduciary duty to its

insured, must assume the risk of a judgment that exceeds the limits of the contract of insurance.

Id. It is clear, however, that when it issued Asermely, this Court considered only claims that

involved one plaintiff and one defendant.

       In DeMarco v. Travelers Insurance Co., 26 A.3d 585, 609 (R.I. 2011) (DeMarco I), the

Court was faced with a different and vastly more complicated situation that involved more than

one serious claim against an insured who clearly lacked sufficient coverage to satisfy both, or

perhaps either, claim without leaving the insured exposed, or even uninsured, against the other

serious claim. Altering the contours of its Asermely holding to address this issue, the Court,

with respect to count 1, vacated summary judgment in favor of plaintiff and remanded the matter

for a factual determination on whether the insurer had acted reasonably and in its insured’s best

interest in handling the multiple claims. Id. at 615 (“In view of the fact that we have today

explicated the parameters of the Asermely rule as it is to be applied in multiple claimant cases

where the combined claims exceed the policy limits, it is necessary for us to vacate the grant of

summary judgment for plaintiff with respect to count [1] of his complaint and remand for further

findings of fact so that it can be determined whether or not Travelers met its duty to its

insureds.”) However, the Court affirmed summary judgment in plaintiff’s favor with respect to




                                                - 16 -
count 2, involving § 27-7-2.2, the so called “rejected-settlement offer” statute.1 DeMarco I, 26

A.3d at 617.

       An essential element of the Court’s decision in DeMarco I was that, irrespective of

whether Travelers might be found liable on the merits of the Asermely claim, count 1, after

remand, the summary judgment on the rejected-settlement offer statute, count 2, was affirmed.

DeMarco I, 26 A.3d at 616-17. On remand from this Court, and following this Court’s mandate

in DeMarco I, the trial justice granted a motion to calculate interest on count 2 and ascertained

the excess interest due to DeMarco from Travelers, a determination from which Travelers timely

appealed.

       In its affirming of that judgment, there can be no doubt that this Court has literally

applied a statute which it concluded was clear and unambiguous in its language. DeMarco I, 26

A.3d at 617. The language of that statute is indeed unequivocal and unmistakable. Further, there

is no debate that there was a demand to settle on behalf of DeMarco at the policy limit, a refusal

to extend an offer to meet that demand, and an eventual judgment that surpassed the available

policy limits. Id. at 587-95.

       However, it is perfectly clear to me that, similar to this Court’s holding in Asermely, the

statute anticipates a situation in which there is but one plaintiff and not, as here, multiple serious

claims, any one of which might well exhaust the available coverage under the relevant policy of




1
  I dissented from the holding in DeMarco v. Travelers Insurance Co., 26 A.3d 585 (R.I. 2011)
because it was my opinion that a general release that had been executed by the plaintiff in the
named insureds’ favor extinguished all rights of the parties in the case, and that, after defendants
were absolved of all liability, with Traveler’s money, there was nothing left to assign. Id. at 629-
34. Because it was based on the release, the rationale for the dissent was overarching, and I
therefore saw no reason for further discussion with respect to count 2.
                                                - 17 -
insurance.2 Under the facts presented here, somewhat complicated by the Court’s holding in

DeMarco I, it is entirely possible that, after trial on remand of count 1, Travelers may be found to

have acted reasonably in protecting the interests of its insured in the face of multiple serious

claims yet nevertheless be responsible for enormous sums of interest on judgments involving

those very claims.

       For that reason, it is my opinion that the literal application of the rejected-settlement offer

statute at this time, before it is determined whether Travelers has any liability whatsoever under

count 1, could very well lead to an absurd result. It is axiomatic that this Court will not construe

a statute, even if it is clear and unambiguous, in a way that may lead to absurdity. See Swain v.

Estate of Tyre ex rel. Reilly, 57 A.3d 283, 289 (R.I. 2012); DaPonte v. Ocean State Job Lot, Inc.,

21 A.3d 248, 251 (R.I. 2011); Skaling v. Aetna Insurance Co., 742 A.2d 282, 290 (R.I. 1999)

(Skaling I); Commercial Union Insurance Company v. Pelchat, 727 A.2d 676, 681 (R.I. 1999).

       Indeed, it seems to me that the only way that Travelers could have avoided the rather

draconian impact of the majority’s holding in this case would have been for it to pay out the

entire policy limit to DeMarco and thus avoid the imposition of an enormous interest burden. Of

course, following that path would have left the insureds entirely unprotected against the also very

substantial Woscyna claim. Further, it would have resulted in, if not necessitated, Travelers

placing its own financial interests over the fiduciary duty that it owes to its insureds, something

that this Court has said in the strongest terms an insurance carrier may not do. See DeMarco I,

26 A.3d at 613; Skaling v. Aetna Insurance Co., 799 A.2d 997, 1012 (R.I. 2002) (Skaling II);

Bolten v. Quincy Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 730 A.2d 1079, 1080-81 (R.I. 1999); Asermely,



2
  It is noteworthy that G.L. 1956 § 27-7-2.2 employs only singular words throughout, suggesting
that the General Assembly only intended the excess interest statute to apply in single plaintiff
cases.
                                               - 18 -
728 A.2d at 464; Medical Malpractice Joint Underwriting Association of Rhode Island v. Rhode

Island Insurers’ Insolvency Fund, 703 A.2d 1097, 1102 (R.I. 1997).

       Given these applications, it is my opinion that the only reasonable interpretation of § 27-

7-2.2 would be to wait until Travelers’ liability, or lack thereof, has been determined after trial

on count 1.3 If found not to be liable, then, in my opinion, Travelers should bear no burden for

excess interest with respect to count 2. If, on the other hand, a factfinder concludes that

Travelers, in keeping with this Court’s holding in DeMarco I, did not act reasonably in light of

its fiduciary duties to its insureds, it would be liable for the entire judgment under the principles

set forth in Asermely and for all the interest on that judgment pursuant to § 27-7-2.2.

       For these reasons, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion in this case.




3
   I do not agree with the majority’s characterization of the dissent as creating a reasonableness
standard for § 27-7-2.2. Certainly it is true that we employ a time-honored rule of construction
literally applying the plain language of an unambiguous statute. However, the rule that a clear
and unambiguous statute will not be literally applied if to do so would lead, as I believe it does
here, to an absurd result, is equally venerated. Please see citations above, supra.
                                               - 19 -
                            RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

                                 Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet




TITLE OF CASE:        Wayne DeMarco et al. v. Travelers Insurance Company et al.

CASE NO:              No. 2012-309-Appeal.
                      (PB 06-6103)

COURT:                Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: November 18, 2014

JUSTICES:             Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

WRITTEN BY:           Associate Justice Maureen McKenna Goldberg

SOURCE OF APPEAL:     Providence County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

                      Associate Justice Patricia A. Hurst

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

                      For Plaintiff: Robert A. D’Amico II, Esq.

                      For Defendant: Anthony R. Zelle, Pro Hac Vice
