                    In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                  No. 06-19-00092-CR



        CRAIG DEALLEN DAVISON, Appellant

                           V.

           THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



        On Appeal from the 188th District Court
                Gregg County, Texas
              Trial Court No. 45,860-A




      Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ.
              Opinion by Justice Burgess
                                           OPINION
           The main participants in this sordid tale of kidnapping and murder are Craig DeAllen

Davison, Dustin Bennett, Patricia Baker (a/k/a Crickett), Dakeilen Nelson, and Kevin Stephenson.

Nelson and Stephenson are the victims. Bennett confessed to kidnapping and murdering Nelson

and Stephenson, and Baker pled guilty to assisting Bennett in kidnapping them. The present case

involves the State’s aggravated kidnapping charges against Davison.

           The State’s theory at trial was that Davison, “acting with intent to promote or assist the

commission of the offense[s], . . . solicit[ed], encourage[ed], direct[ed], aid[ed] or attempt[ed] to

aid” Bennett and Baker in kidnapping Nelson and Stephenson and was therefore guilty of

aggravated kidnapping under the law of parties. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2). At trial,

Davison did not contest that Bennett kidnapped and murdered Nelson and Stephenson or that

Baker assisted Bennett in kidnapping them; rather, he simply denied that he was involved in those

offenses. A Gregg County jury disagreed and found Davison guilty of two counts of aggravated

kidnapping, 1 and the trial court assessed him a punishment of fifty-four years’ imprisonment after

finding the State’s enhancement allegations to be true.

           On appeal, Davison challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

convictions under the law of parties, contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting

evidence of certain extraneous wrongful acts, and contends that the trial court reversibly erred by

failing to instruct the jury regarding the law of parties in the application portion of its jury charge.

Because we find (1) that legally sufficient evidence supports Davison’s conviction, (2) that



1
    See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.04(b).
                                                   2
Davison was not egregiously harmed by the trial court’s jury-charge error, and (3) that

(a) Davison’s complaints regarding the admission of extraneous wrongful acts evidence were

forfeited in some instances and, (b) as for the preserved complaints, the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in admitting the evidence, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

I.     Legally Sufficient Evidence Supports Davison’s Convictions

       A.      Standard of Review

       In his first and second issues, Davison challenges the sufficiency of the evidence

supporting his convictions on two counts of aggravated kidnapping.            “In evaluating legal

sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s judgment to

determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond

a reasonable doubt.” Williamson v. State, 589 S.W.3d 292, 297 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, pet.

ref’d) (citing Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.); Jackson

v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d)). “Our rigorous legal sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the

evidence presented.” Id. (citing Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917–18 (Cochran, J., concurring)). “We

examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the

responsibility of the jury ‘to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to

draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Id. (quoting Hooper v. State, 214

S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19; Clayton v. State, 235

S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). In drawing reasonable inferences, the trier of fact “may

use common sense and apply common knowledge, observation, and experience gained in the

                                                 3
ordinary affairs of life.” Duren v. State, 87 S.W.3d 719, 724 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet.

struck) (citing Manrique v. State, 994 S.W.2d 640, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (Meyers, J.,

concurring)). As the trier of fact, the jury is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and

the weight to be given their testimony and may “believe all of a witnesses’ testimony, portions of

it, or none of it.” Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). We give “almost

complete deference to a jury’s decision when that decision is based on an evaluation of credibility.”

Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

       In our review, we consider “events occurring before, during and after the commission of

the offense and may rely on actions of the defendant which show an understanding and common

design to do the prohibited act.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

(quoting Cordova v. State, 698 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). It is not required that

each fact “point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative

force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Id. Since

circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are equally probative in establishing the guilt of a

defendant, guilt can be established by circumstantial evidence alone. Ramsey v. State, 473 S.W.3d

805, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13 (citing Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d

45, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)). Further, we consider all the evidence admitted at trial, whether it

was properly admitted or not. See Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 489–90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

       “Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined

by a hypothetically correct jury charge.” Williamson, 589 S.W.3d at 298 (quoting Malik v. State,

953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). “The ‘hypothetically correct’ jury charge is ‘one

                                                  4
that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase

the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately

describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.’” Id. (quoting Malik, 953

S.W.2d at 240).

         Under the statute and the indictment, to obtain the convictions for aggravated kidnapping,

the State was required to show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that on or about March 22, 2016,

(1) Davison (2) intentionally or knowingly (3) abducted Nelson and Stephenson (4) by restricting

the movements of Nelson and Stephenson without their consent so as to interfere substantially

with their liberty by moving them from one place to another, with the intent to prevent their

liberation, (5) by secreting or holding them in a place where they were not likely to be found, and

(6) that Davison did then and there use or exhibit a deadly weapon, to-wit, a firearm, during the

commission of the offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.01(1)–(2) (Supp.), § 20.04(b). “A

person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by his own

conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.” TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 7.01(a). “A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct

of another if[,] . . . acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits,

encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense.” 2 TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2); In re State ex rel. Weeks, 391 S.W.3d 117, 124 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).




2
 “It is well settled that the law of . . . parties need not be pled in the indictment.” Williams v. State, 410 S.W.3d 411,
414 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.) (citing Vodochodsky v. State, 158 S.W.3d 502, 509 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005); Marable v. State, 85 S.W.3d 287, 287 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)).
                                                            5
       Therefore, in this case, we must determine whether there is legally sufficient evidence to

show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Davison, (1) acting with intent to promote or assist the

commission of the offenses, (2)(a) solicited, (b) encouraged, (c) directed, (d) aided, or

(e) attempted to aid (3) Bennett and/or Baker to commit the offenses. In determining whether

Davison was a party to the offenses, we may consider “events before, during, and after the

commission of the offense.” Gross v. State, 380 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting

Wygal v. State, 555 S.W.2d 465, 468–69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)). “While an agreement of the

parties to act together in a common design seldom can be proved by direct evidence, reliance may

be had on the actions of the parties, showing by either direct or circumstantial evidence, an

understanding and common design to do a certain act.” Barnes v. State, 585 S.W.3d 643, 649

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, pet. granted) (quoting Barnes v. State, 62 S.W.3d 288, 297 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref’d)); see Ransom v. State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 302 (Tex. Crim. App.

1994) (op. on reh’g) (citing Cordova v. State, 698 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)).

“Evidence is sufficient to convict under the law of parties if the defendant is physically present at

the commission of the offense and encourages its commission by words or other agreement.”

Barnes, 585 S.W.3d at 649 (quoting Rosillo v. State, 953 S.W.2d 808, 814 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christ 1997, pet. ref’d) (citing Ransom, 920 S.W.2d at 302).

       B.      The Evidence at Trial

               1.      Introduction and Overview of the Facts

       The evidence showed that Davison owned a house in Hallsville, Texas, where many people

came and went. There were allegations of rampant drug use and prostitution occurring at

                                                 6
Davison’s house. Several witnesses testified that Davison claimed to be a member of the Bandidos

motorcycle gang, although it was later established that he was not. Although Davison was thirty-

one years older than Baker, the two of them were in a relationship of some sort. The record seems

to show that Baker was at times Davison’s lover, and at other times, she was a prostitute working

for him in exchange for drugs. Many witnesses testified that Baker lived with Davison in his house

and that Davison had a lot of control over her.

       The events culminating in Nelson’s and Stephenson’s kidnappings and murders began

when Baker suffered burns to her leg and spent five days in a burn unit in Dallas. When Baker

was released, Davison traveled to Dallas to pick her up. When they returned to Davison’s house,

they found that Baker’s wallet and a jewelry box containing Davison’s mother’s and deceased

daughter’s jewelry were missing. Davison believed that Nelson and Stephenson had stolen the

items, and he was very mad at them.

       When Nelson and Stephenson were subsequently at Davison’s house, Bennett approached

them with a shotgun. Baker retrieved zip ties and at one point held the shotgun on them while

Bennett zip-tied their hands behind them. Bennett then put Nelson and Stephenson in their car and

drove them to another location where he murdered them. During those events, Davison was

purportedly having a seizure in the yard outside the house.          Davison claimed he had no

participation in those events at all due to his seizure; the State presented testimony to prove that

Davison was faking the seizure and to show that he was involved in planning and executing those

offenses. The case against Davison turned on whether and how much Davison was involved in

those events.

                                                  7
                     2.       The Witness Testimony

                              a.        Patricia Baker’s Testimony

                                        i.      Baker’s Relationship With Davison

            Baker was nineteen years old when Stephenson and Nelson were kidnapped and murdered.

She testified that she had used methamphetamine from the age of sixteen until she was arrested in

this case and that she had used Backpage 3 for prostitution since her eighteenth birthday. About

eight or nine months before the kidnapping, she had contacted Davison, 4 whom she had met about

one year earlier, and Davison began riding with her to her Backpage appointments. Within days,

Davison suggested that Baker come stay with him as his caretaker so that she could find other

employment and get away from prostitution, and Baker moved to his house. They began a sexual

relationship the first day she moved in with him.

            According to Baker, within one and one-half months, Davison wanted her to start

prostituting through Backpage again. She did as he wished, and for two months, she used hotels

accompanied by Davison, who would hide in the closet or bathroom during the appointments.

Later, she began having appointments at Davison’s house.

            When Baker told Davison that she wanted to stop prostituting, he told her that she did not

have a choice. She felt she could not say no or leave because she was afraid of Davison. She

explained that he had verbally and physically abused her multiple times. She testified that Davison

beat her with inanimate objects, put safety pins through her nipples, put a dog collar around her


3
 Testimony showed that Backpage is a website used by men and women to advertise and obtain escort and prostitution
services.
4
    Davison was fifty years old at that time.
                                                         8
neck, made her sleep under the landing of the stairs, hit her in the back of the head with a rubber

mallet, tied her up, and extinguished cigarettes in her vagina. Davison also told her that when she

went out, he had people follow her, and he threatened both her and her family if she did not do

what he told her to do. Davison kept her on drugs every day in order to control her, and she lived

in a constant state of fear. Her attempts to reach out for help were unsuccessful since everyone

was afraid of him because he told people he was a member of the Bandidos.

                                  ii.      Baker’s Burn Injury and Hospitalization

        On February 23, 2016, Baker suffered third and fourth degree burns to her leg when she

attempted to start a fire in the fireplace and her jeans caught on fire. Although Davison helped her

put out the fire, he would not take her to the hospital. When Baker continued to scream, he

threatened to spray carpet cleaner on the burn if she did not stop. He eventually poured a bottle of

peroxide on the burn and told his then-girlfriend, Melissa, to take Baker to the hospital. Baker was

transported by ambulance from the local hospital to a burn unit in Dallas, where she remained for

five days. Davison and Melissa came to Dallas on the third or fourth day, and Baker returned to

Davison’s house with them when she was released. On the way back, they filled Baker’s

prescription for hydrocodone, then stopped at the Palace Inn in Longview to buy drugs from

Nelson. 5




5
Nelson and Stephenson had been to Davison’s house several times to visit Mary Jane Critchfield, who had stayed at
Davison’s house for a week in January. Stephenson and Critchfield were dating.
                                                       9
                                       iii.     The Missing Wallet and Jewelry Box and Davison’s
                                                Suspicion of Nelson and Stephenson

            When Baker, Melissa, and Davison returned to Davison’s house, they found that Baker’s

wallet and a jewelry box, containing jewelry that had belonged to Davison’s mother and deceased

daughter, had been stolen. 6 Davison came to believe that Nelson and Stephenson had stolen the

items and was very mad at them. 7 Some days later, Nelson and Stephenson went to Davison’s

house and tried to convince him that they did not steal the items and to put the blame on Critchfield.

            The next time Baker saw Nelson and Stephenson was on the day before the kidnapping

when they came to Davison to have their car repaired. Although Davison was surprised that they

came, he repaired their car. Bennett was also at the house when they came. 8 Baker went to

Grammer’s house, and when Baker returned that evening, Davison told her that he and Bennett

had made a deal over a shotgun and that Nelson and Stephenson were supposed to bring back drugs

and money.

                                       iv.      The Upstairs Meeting

            Later that night, Bennett, Mack Ballard, and Leia Clark went to Davison’s house. Bennett,

Ballard, and Clark went upstairs with Davison and talked for a couple of hours. Clark kept saying,

“Don’t do this, it’s not a good idea, you know, it’s okay, you can just leave right now.” Ballard


6
    The stolen items were found five days later in a Longview motel trash can by Sandra Grammer.
7
    While in Dallas, Davison had left Critchfield a key to his house.
8
 Baker testified that she first met Bennett on February 28, the day she returned from the hospital. She also testified
that Davison had her come on to Bennett to see if he would have sex with her because Davison wanted to watch.
Baker testified that Davison forced her to have sex with other men, made her say she liked it, and recorded the
encounters. Several recordings of Baker having sex with Davison and other men captured from Davison’s cell phone
were played. In the recordings, Davison was heard giving commands to Baker.
                                                             10
and Clark eventually left the premises, and Bennett and Davison remained upstairs talking.

Davison then went downstairs and told her to message Nelson and Stephenson, to tell them that he

was sick, and to ask them to please come back to his house. Davison did not appear to be sick to

Baker. Davison went back upstairs and continued talking with Bennett. When Baker went

upstairs, she heard, “[S]care them,” referring to Nelson and Stephenson, and saw Bennett putting

on gloves.

                              v.     The Kidnappings

       When Nelson and Stephenson came to the house, Baker, Davison, and Bennett were on the

front porch. Davison told Baker to bring Nelson and Stephenson inside the house, and he told

Bennett to go to the back of the house. Baker did as she was directed, and when they came inside,

Davison began talking with Nelson and Stephenson to figure out why they had not come earlier.

Then Bennett burst in dressed in all black, with his face covered and holding a shotgun.

Stephenson screamed and ran upstairs, and Baker hid in a closet. Baker heard Stephenson

screaming, “What are you doing? What’s going on?” and heard Bennett yelling, “Get down, come

back downstairs.” She then heard Grammer calling her, and she went to the back porch where

Davison lay on the ground in a seizure state, with Grammer beside him. Davison motioned to

Baker with his hand, then told her to go inside and do whatever Bennett told her to do.

       Baker went inside where Bennett was pacing and Stephenson was on the floor. Bennett

told her to get something to bind his hands, and she found some zip ties. Bennett then gave Baker

the shotgun, and Bennett bound Stephenson’s hands. Baker then went to check on Davison, and

Bennett told Nelson to come inside and lie on his stomach. Davison was no longer convulsing and

                                               11
was lying on the porch; he did not look confused at all. Baker went back inside and both Nelson

and Stephenson were bound and sitting on the floor. She asked them why they did not come back

when they said they would and asked them where the gun was if they did not have the drugs or the

money. Stephenson told her that the gun was in the car.

        Baker went back out to the porch, and Lacy Simmons, who had driven Nelson and

Stephenson to the house, gave Baker the keys to their car. Baker retrieved the gun, told Bennett

that she had it, and told him to “just let them go.” Bennett replied, “Or I can take them down a

dirt road and get rid of them.” 9 She told him it was up to him. He then put Nelson and Stephenson

in their car and drove off with them. This happened around 5:00 a.m. After Bennett drove off,

Davison got up, with Grammer’s help, and they went inside and went to bed. Davison did not ask

Baker about Bennett, Nelson, or Stephenson and did not ask what had happened.

                                  vi.      Bennett Returned to the House

        Around 9:00 a.m., Bennett and Ballard returned to the house. Davison asked Bennett how

he got there, and Bennett said Ballard picked him up. Davison then called Baker into the living

room and asked her why she had not followed Bennett and given him a ride back, then chewed her

out for not doing so. Bennett left for a few minutes and returned with the shotgun, took it apart,

and put the parts in a white cardboard box. When he and Ballard left, Bennett did not take the box

with him.




9
 Nelson’s and Stephenson’s bodies were found in a wooded area near some railroad tracks in the southwest part of
Longview.
                                                      12
          Shortly after Bennett was arrested, Davison and Baker received a telephone call from him

from jail, and he said, “Whatever I left at your house can you get rid of it[?]” Baker testified that

Davison did not seem surprised by that request. Davison told her later that he had wanted to get

Nelson and Stephenson back to the house to scare them and that he had told Bennett not to take it

too far. A couple of days after the incident, Davison smashed a cell phone left by Nelson and

Stephenson with a hammer.

                                vii.   Baker’s Cross-Examination Testimony

          On cross-examination, Baker testified that Davison had back and neck problems and

seizures. She said that as time went on, his seizure episodes became more unbelievable, although

she acknowledged that some of them were real. She also testified that she and Davison injected

methamphetamine every day and that Davison also smoked it.

          Baker admitted that she had given three statements to law enforcement, on April 22, 2016,

June 20, 2016, and December 12, 2018, and that she had pled guilty to aggravated kidnapping on

December 21, 2018. In her last statement, Baker told law enforcement for the first time that

Davison abused her and that she was afraid of him. She maintained that in her first two statements,

she was trying to protect Davison and that she told the detective that he did not have anything to

do with it. Baker also testified that she had a plea deal before she gave her last statement to the

police.

                        b.      Sandra Grammer’s Testimony

          Grammer met Davison and Baker the week before Baker went to the hospital with her

burns. While Baker was in the hospital, Grammer found Baker’s purse at a motel, and it contained

                                                 13
items that belonged to Davison’s mother or to his daughter. When she brought the purse to

Davison’s house, she stayed to take care of Davison and Baker. She was living at Davison’s when

the kidnappings occurred.

       Grammer testified that the day before the kidnappings, Nelson and Stephenson had brought

their car out, and Davison looked under the hood. At some point, Nelson and Stephenson left

together. She remembered Davison saying he had been burglarized, and she did not dispute that

she had given a statement to detectives in which she claimed that Davison had said that Nelson

and Critchfield had something to do with the burglary.

       She remembered Nelson and Stephenson coming back out to the house and that Bennett

showed up. She thought they were trying to scare Nelson and Stephenson. About the time Nelson

and Stephenson showed up, Davison stepped out and began having a seizure, which she described

as him shaking and his eyes rolling back. She did not know how long the seizure lasted, but said

it seemed like forever. During the seizure, Davison told her continuously to stay close to him. She

believed that Davison had a seizure at that time, but she acknowledged that Davison could have

fabricated and exaggerated it. She testified that she, Baker, and Davison fell asleep on the porch

and were awakened when Bennett started the car with Nelson and Stephenson inside. Davison

then got up on his own, and they went inside to go to bed.

       Grammer described Davison as vindictive and manipulative and testified that Davison was

very cruel to Baker in both his words and actions. She testified that Davison would get upset with

Baker, tell her to pack her bags, and make her stand by his truck for hours. According to Grammer,

Davison had Baker under so much control that it was not hard to convince her to do certain things.

                                                14
Grammer also gave examples of when Davison was cruel to her. When he wanted Grammer to

have sex with Baker and she refused, Davison drug Grammer by the hair and said that he would

hurt Baker if she did not do it; another time, he threatened Grammer, and she woke up the next

morning with her wrists tied to the bedpost.

                        c.    Lacy Simmons’s Testimony

       Simmons was a prostitute and friends with Stephenson. She first met Davison a few hours

before the kidnapping. She accompanied Stephenson, his son, and Courtney Brantley to Davison’s

house. Stephenson, Brantley, and Davison had some business in the shop, and Stephenson put

something shaped like a rifle or a shotgun covered with cloth into the trunk of the car, then they

went back to Simmons’s room.

       About 3:00 or 4:00 the next morning, Stephenson and Nelson got her to drive them back

to Davison’s. Simmons explained that Davison had texted Stephenson or Nelson and said that he

was not feeling well and needed to smoke some weed. When they got there, she and Nelson stayed

in the car until they heard Stephenson yelling, “[N]o, no, please,” and saw a man on the back porch

hit the floor. They walked up and saw a man with a bandana on his face and tattoos holding a 12-

gauge shotgun walking Stephenson down the stairs. As they neared the back porch, they saw

Davison convulsing and two women trying to help him. By the time they got to the porch,

Stephenson was lying on his stomach on the floor. Davison then tried to tell her that she was not

supposed to be there.

       Simmons remembered telling the police that Davison grabbed his chest and began to act

like he was having a seizure and that she thought that was odd. She also told the police that

                                                15
Davison would not let her go into the house and backed her out of the door. At trial, she maintained

that one of the women kept her from going into the house. Davison then sent her home with Joshua

Bruce. After that, she communicated with Davison and Baker by text, but never went back to the

house because she was afraid.

                       d.       Joshua DeWayne Bruce’s Testimony

       Joshua Bruce testified that he had known Davison for a couple of months before the

kidnappings. During those two months, he went to Davison’s house quite often. The only time

he saw Nelson and Stephenson there was on the night of the kidnappings. As he recalled, he went

to the house shortly after dark and stayed about forty-five minutes. Davison was with him upstairs

for a very short time, then went downstairs. He remained upstairs smoking drugs by himself. He

heard a door open downstairs, and then Stephenson came running upstairs in a panic. Bennett was

behind him wearing black with a bandana over his face and holding a shotgun. Bennett led

Stephenson back downstairs. Once downstairs, Bennett had Stephenson on his knees.

       Bruce went to the back porch where Davison was having a seizure. Simmons and Nelson

were also there. He described Davison as shaking, with his eyes closed, and in a fetal position.

Bruce said the shaking lasted from the time he came outside until he left, which was about ten to

fifteen minutes. He thought the shaking was more like Davison was cold than having a seizure.

But he also said that the event was similar to other times he had seen Davison have a seizure. At

one point, Bennett came outside and told him to get some zip ties, which he did. When he came

back outside, Davison told him to get Simmons out of there.




                                                16
       Bruce did not know whether Davison took any medication for his medical condition, but

he did not see him take any and did not see any around the house. Davison used methamphetamine

daily. According to Bruce, Davison ran things around his house, and nothing would have gone on

inside of his house without his knowledge. He recalled telling the detectives that Davison was a

jerk to Baker and Grammer and that Davison had a controlling relationship with Baker. He also

recalled that Davison told him that Nelson and Stephenson had robbed his house and that Davison

was not happy about it. Davison also told him that he was a member of the Bandidos.

                       e.      William Arlington (Mack) Ballard’s Testimony

       Ballard testified that he met Davison one afternoon in March 2016, when he went with

Bennett and Clark to Davison’s house to make a drug deal. They wanted to trade guns for drugs,

but they were not there when Nelson and Stephenson came to the house. They left after about

thirty minutes, but they returned later when Davison told Bennett that the drugs were there. When

they arrived, Bennett went into the house and Ballard and Clark remained in their car. After about

thirty minutes, Clark went into the house.

       When Clark returned, she told Ballard that they did not have all the drugs, so he tried to

call and text Bennett to tell him it was a setup. Bennett told them to go ahead and leave. Ballard

testified that he never saw Nelson and Stephenson. He remembered that he told the police that he

had seen Bennett, Davison, Baker, and Grammer inside talking, that it appeared they had a plan to

do something stupid, and that he tried to talk Bennett out of it.

       Some time later, Davison told Ballard that he saw Bennett coming to him with a gun deal

as an opportunity to get back at Nelson and Stephenson for robbing him. Davison also told Ballard

                                                 17
that he and Clark were not supposed to be there when Bennett came back for the drugs. Davison

apologized to him, but said it was too late to stop it. Ballard claimed that he found out about the

two bodies when Bennett got arrested.

        After the kidnappings, Ballard’s daughter came to him because Davison was driving by

her house and texting her. Ballard confronted Davison, who apologized and said that he did not

know she was his daughter. Davison told him that the threatening texts were meant for Michael

Shane Wilson for running his mouth. Davison also told Ballard that he was a member of the

Bandidos.

                          f.       Michael Shane Wilson’s Testimony

        Wilson’s ex-girlfriend was Ballard’s daughter, Krystal. He had an African-American

friend called “Big,” who weighed 500 pounds. After Nelson’s and Stephenson’s bodies were

found, Big called Wilson and told him some information that Wilson shared with Krystal. Wilson

then received six or seven text messages from Davison in which Davison threatened to drag him

behind his motorcycle and said that he could thank Big for that. 10 Wilson knew that Krystal had

talked to Ballard about the messages.

        Wilson also acknowledged that he told the police that he saw Davison’s truck drive by his

house a few times. Wilson was afraid to talk to the police because he was worried about retaliation

from Davison. He explained that Davison had told him that he was an assassin for the Bandidos.




10
 Wilson testified that Davison actually used a racial slur to refer to Big, and because Big was African-American, he
understood that Wilson was referring to Big.
                                                        18
Wilson believed him at first and thought that he was dangerous. He was told later that Davison

was neither an assassin for nor a member of the Bandidos.

                      g.      Heather Shields’s Testimony

       Shields met Davison in November 2015, when she and her boyfriend went to buy

motorcycle parts from him. Davison was also a high school friend of her stepfather. After meeting

him, Shields went to his house once or twice a month to check on him or to take some drugs out

there. After the kidnappings, she overheard a conversation between her boyfriend and Chad Parker

in which Parker said something had happened to two guys at Davison’s house. Shortly after that,

her boyfriend told her that he did not want her going to Davison’s house anymore.

       After Davison was arrested, her stepfather asked her to go see Davison in jail because

Davison kept calling him. She visited Davison two times. The second time, Davison scared her,

saying that people were following her. After Davison said that she could stay at his house, she

asked if he did it there because she did not want to stay there if that were the case. Davison then

pulled the phone away from his mouth and mouthed that he did it. Davison then told her that he

had told the people how to do it and how to cover it up. He also told Shields that he was a member

of the Bandidos.

                      h.      Summer Evans’s Testimony

       Evans met Davison two or three weeks before April 22, 2016, the day a search warrant was

served on him. She had helped Davison rework some plumbing to his shower. While they were

working together, Davison told her that he had the gun that was used to kill Nelson and Stephenson,




                                                19
that it had been stolen from the police, and that he had gotten rid of it. Evans did not recall telling

the police that Davison told her that he did not do it.

                       i.      Medical Testimony

                               1.      Justin Morris, M.D.

       Justin Morris, M.D., was with the SWAT team when the search warrant was executed on

Davison. After Davison surrendered, Morris medically assessed him because Davison said that he

felt like he was going to have a seizure. When he checked Davison’s vital signs, he found nothing

abnormal. Morris explained that when a seizure is coming on, a person may experience an aura

and be able to communicate prior to the seizure. Once the seizure begins, the person will be unable

to communicate.

       Morris testified that seizures typically last one or two minutes. He explained that during a

seizure, the muscles that aid breathing cannot work effectively, so having a seizure lasting longer

than two minutes could lead to major medical issues. In his experience, a person having a seizure

cannot communicate. After the seizure stops, the person enters into the postictal period in which

they are lethargic and weak. During the postictal period, they may be able to respond, but they are

very confused. Their symptoms improve as the postictal period progresses. This period generally

lasts fifteen to twenty minutes.

                               2.      Rajani Caesar, M.D.

       Rajani Caesar, M.D., a neurologist, treated Davison for a seizure disorder in January 2019.

He tapered Davison off of one medication and added another one. Caesar testified that a person

can look like they are having a seizure when they are not. He agreed that a typical seizure does

                                                  20
not last more than four minutes and that seizures lasting longer than that would cause serious

medical issues.

                      j.      Law Enforcement Testimony

                              1.      Detective Chris Taylor

       Detective Chris Taylor of the Longview Police Department (LPD) testified that he had

extracted data from the cell phones of Baker, Evans, Simmons, Kayla Owens, and Elaina Grunden.

Copies of the data from those cell phones, as well as a PowerPoint of text messages between

Bennett and Chad Parker, Davison, Ballard, and Stephenson, were entered into evidence. He also

testified that game cameras near the entrance of the road leading to where Nelson’s and

Stephenson’s bodies were discovered showed a car entering the location at 6:08 a.m. and leaving

the location at 6:35 a.m. on March 22, 2016.

       Taylor was also on the team that executed the search warrant at Davison’s house. They

initially sought to clear the house with gas. After thirty to sixty minutes, they entered the house

and found Davison hiding behind the air-conditioning duct work in an unfinished loft. Alejandro

Castillo, an LPD detective, added that the team had called for the occupants to come out four times

before they answered. Baker came out after fourteen minutes, Evans then came out, and Davison

was escorted out about thirty minutes later.

                              2.      Detective Daniel Lhuiller

       LPD Detective Daniel Lhuiller testified regarding his investigation into the murders of

Nelson and Stephenson. Using cell tower data, he determined that the last location of Nelson’s

cell phone was a cell tower fairly close to Davison’s home. He interviewed a number of people,

                                                21
including Bennett, Davison, Baker, Grammer, Ballard, and Bruce. He interviewed Davison,

Bennett, and Baker several times, and he noted that Bennett’s story changed significantly in his

second interview and changed again in his third interview. Baker’s story partly stayed the same

and partly changed drastically in her second interview. Based on his interviews, he believed

Davison had knowledge of the kidnappings. He also testified that Bennett had confessed to the

murders.

       In Lhuiller’s interview with Davison, Davison told him that Baker contacted Nelson and

Stephenson and asked them to come to the house to smoke marihuana with Davison because he

was sick. Davison also told him that he had a seizure on the back porch and that Simmons came

up to him and said that she loved him. Davison told Lhuiller that he told Simmons to have Bruce

take her home.

       C.        Analysis

                 1.    Davison’s Sufficiency Argument

       In his brief, Davison attacks one of the State’s theories at trial, i.e., that Davison

manipulated Baker and others to do his will, and argues that the evidence was insufficient to

establish Davison’s manipulation and control of Baker. However, that ignores the abundant

evidence showing Davison’s participation in the kidnappings irrespective of any evidence of

manipulation. Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, the evidence of Davison’s

statements and actions before, during, and after the kidnappings show that he was a party to the

kidnappings of Nelson and Stephenson.




                                               22
       The testimony of several witnesses showed that Davison blamed Nelson and Stephenson

for the burglary of his house that occurred a few weeks before the kidnappings. Davison’s

statements to Ballard revealed that he viewed Bennett’s desire to trade Nelson and Stephenson a

firearm in exchange for drugs as an opportunity to get revenge on the two young men. The

evidence also showed that before Nelson and Stephenson returned with the drugs, Davison

arranged for Bennett to return to his house, where they talked privately for several hours before

Bennett began dressing. A jury could reasonably infer that the purpose of those talks was to plan

their strategy and to prepare for its execution.

       When the plan was ready for execution, Davison directed Baker to contact Nelson and

Stephenson to get them to come immediately, claiming he was sick. When the young men arrived,

Davison directed Baker to bring them in and directed Bennett to go outside in preparation for his

entrance. After Bennett burst in and began the process of binding the young men, Davison

continued to aid in the execution, directing Baker to assist Bennett in any manner Bennett wanted.

Within hours after the kidnappings and murder of the young men, Bennett returned to Davison’s

house, and Davison scolded Baker for not following Bennett to give him a ride back. Bennett also

left the murder weapon with Davison, and Davison admitted to Evans that he had disposed of it.

The jury could reasonably infer, based on the context of their conversation, that when Davison told

Shields that he had done it and that he had told others how to do it and cover it up, Davison was

referring to the kidnappings and murders of Nelson and Stephenson.

       Based on this evidence, any reasonable jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that

Davison acted with intent to promote or assist the kidnappings by soliciting, encouraging,

                                                   23
directing, and aiding Bennett and/or Baker to commit the offenses. Therefore, we find that

sufficient evidence supports the jury’s verdict.

               2.      Davison’s Challenge to Baker’s Testimony as an Accomplice Witness

       Nevertheless, Davison asserts that Baker was an accomplice as a matter of law and that,

absent her testimony, there is no evidence that connects him with the kidnappings. We agree that

Baker was an accomplice as a matter of law. Nevertheless, non-accomplice evidence tends to

connect Davison to the kidnappings.

                       a.      The Law Regarding Accomplice-Witness Testimony

       Under Texas law, “[a] conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice

unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed

. . . .” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14; Zamora v. State, 411 S.W.3d 504, 509 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2013). “An accomplice is someone who participates with the defendant before, during, or

after the commission of a crime and acts with the required culpable mental state.” Druery v. State,

225 S.W.3d 491, 498 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A witness is an accomplice as a matter of law when

the witness has been charged with the same offense as the defendant or a lesser-included offense,

but the charges are dismissed in exchange for the witness’s testimony against the defendant, or

“[w]hen the evidence is uncontradicted or so one-sided that no reasonable juror could conclude

that the witness was not an accomplice.” Ash v. State, 533 S.W.3d 878, 886 (Tex. Crim. App.

2017). In this case, Baker was charged with and pled guilty to the aggravated kidnappings of

Nelson and Stephenson. Therefore, we find that she was an accomplice as a matter of law.




                                                   24
       In determining whether the evidence was sufficient to connect the defendant with the

committed offense, we eliminate all of the accomplice testimony and “examine[] the remaining

portions of the record to see if there is any evidence that tends to connect the accused with the

commission of the crime.” Castillo v. State, 221 S.W.3d 689, 691 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing

Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 361 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). The corroborating evidence by

itself does not have to establish the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, it simply needs

to tend to connect the defendant to the offense. Id. There will be sufficient evidence if there was

some non-accomplice evidence tending to connect the defendant to the commission of the offense.

Id.

                      b.      Analysis

       The non-accomplice evidence in this case included the following:

       •       Simmons’s testimony that the afternoon before the kidnappings, Stephenson had
               dealings with Davison and had a shotgun or rifle in the trunk of his car;

       •       Simmons’s testimony that Stephenson and Nelson received a text at 3:00 or 4:00
               the next morning from Davison that said he was not feeling well and needed to
               smoke some weed;

       •       Simmons’s testimony that when she approached Davison on the porch, Davison
               tried to tell her she was not supposed to be there and sent her home with Bruce;

       •       Simmons’s statement to the police that Davison would not let her go into the house
               that morning and backed her out of the door;

       •       Bruce’s testimony that Davison had told him that Nelson and Stephenson had
               robbed his house and that he was not happy about it;

       •       Ballard’s testimony confirming that he and Bennett wanted to trade guns for drugs;



                                                25
        •        Ballard’s testimony that he told the police that he had seen Bennett, Davison, Baker,
                 and Grammer inside talking the morning of the kidnappings, that it appeared they
                 had a plan to do something stupid, and that he tried to talk Bennett out of it;

        •        Ballard’s testimony that some time after the kidnappings, Davison told him that he
                 saw Bennett coming to him with a gun deal as an opportunity to get back at Nelson
                 and Stephenson for robbing him;

        •        Ballard’s testimony that Davison told him that Ballard and Clark were not supposed
                 to be there when Bennett came back for the drugs and that Davison apologized and
                 said it was too late to stop it;

        •        Ballard’s testimony that Davison told him the threatening texts he sent to Ballard’s
                 daughter were meant for Wilson for running his mouth;

        •        Wilson’s testimony that Davison sent him six or seven texts threatening to drag him
                 behind Davison’s motorcycle because Wilson’s friend had told him what they had
                 done;

        •        Shields’s testimony that while visiting Davison in jail, Davison mouthed that he did
                 it in response to her asking if he had been involved in what happened to Nelson and
                 Stephenson and that Davison then told her that he had told the people how to do it
                 and how to cover it up;

        •        Evans’s testimony that Davison told her that he had the gun used to kill Nelson and
                 Stephenson and that he got rid of it;

        •        Detective Taylor’s testimony that Davison refused to exit his residence when the
                 search warrant was served and that he was found hiding behind the duct work above
                 the loft.

        Taken together, this evidence tends to connect Davison to the kidnappings. See TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14. Since the non-accomplice evidence tends to connect Davison to the

offense, we overrule Davison’s first and second issues. 11


11
 Davison also contends that the State had a “break in its proof” because there were other persons present who could
have prevented the kidnapping. Specifically, he contends that Baker could have demanded the release of the young
men when she had a rifle in her hands. Davison does not explain how the fact that Baker, who pled guilty for her part
                                                        26
II.      Davison Was Not Egregiously Harmed by Jury Charge Error

         In his fifth issue, Davison complains that the trial court reversibly erred by failing to include

instructions on the law of parties in the application paragraph of its jury charge. We agree that the

trial court erred, but we find that Davison was not egregiously harmed by the failure to instruct on

the law of parties in the application paragraph of the jury charge.

         A.       Standard of Review

         “Our review of alleged jury charge error involves a two-step process.” Sanders v. State,

387 S.W.3d 680, 689 n.3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, pet. struck) (citing Abdnor v. State, 871

S.W.2d 726, 731–32 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). “Initially, we determine whether error occurred

and then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.” Wilson v.

State, 391 S.W.3d 131, 138 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.) (citing Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at

731–32).

         “[T]he jury is the exclusive judge of the facts, but it is bound to receive the law from the

court and be governed thereby.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.13. “A trial court must



in the aggravated kidnappings, had an opportunity to prevent the kidnappings would constitute a “break in proof” or
vitiate the liability of Davison in the planning, aiding, and directing of the kidnappings.
           Davison argues that Beeman v. State, 828 S.W.2d 265 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1992, pet. ref’d), holds that
the presence of someone to whom the victim can appeal for help vitiates a defendant’s liability for aggravated
kidnapping. We disagree. In Beeman, the defendant was convicted of aggravated kidnapping when he forced a
convenience store clerk into an open storeroom and sexually assaulted her. The defendant fled when a bell rang,
indicating a customer had entered the store. Id. at 266–67. Although the court of appeals reversed the conviction, the
presence of the customer was not relevant to its decision. Rather, the court noted that the indictment alleged that
Beeman had abducted the victim, “without her consent, with intent to prevent her liberation, by secreting and holding
her in a place where she was not likely to be found, the storeroom,” at the convenience store. Id. at 266. The evidence
at trial showed that the storeroom area was visible to anyone using the restroom at the store. The court reasoned that
if a customer entered the store without the clerk at the counter, “it [was] not unlikely that the customer would go back
to the rest room-storeroom [sic] area to see if the clerk were there.” Id. at 267. Consequently, the court held that the
State had not shown beyond a reasonable doubt that Beeman took his victim “to a place where she was not likely to
be found.” Id. Therefore, Beeman does not support Davison’s argument.
                                                          27
submit a charge setting forth the ‘law applicable to the case.’” Lee v. State, 415 S.W.3d 915, 917

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. ref’d) (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14). “The

purpose of the jury charge . . . is to inform the jury of the applicable law and guide them in its

application. It is not the function of the charge merely to avoid misleading or confusing the jury:

it is the function of the charge to lead and prevent confusion.” Id. (quoting Delgado v. State, 235

S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). “In examining the charge for possible error, reviewing

courts ‘must examine the charge as a whole instead of a series of isolated and unrelated

statements.’” Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting Dinkins v.

State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)). The trial court errs when the jury is not

charged with the law applicable to the case. See Phillips v. State, 463 S.W.3d 59, 64–65 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2015).

       If we find error, then we analyze that error for harm. See Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731. “The

standard to determine whether sufficient harm resulted from the charging error to require reversal

depends upon whether appellant objected.” Id. at 732. When, as here, the defendant did not object

to the charge, we will not reverse unless the record shows that the error resulted in egregious harm,

Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Almanza v. State, 686

S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g)), such that the defendant did not receive a

fair and impartial trial. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op.

on reh’g); Loun v. State, 273 S.W.3d 406, 416 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.). “Jury-

charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the defendant

of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory.” Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 719

                                                 28
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In making this determination, we review “the entire jury charge, the state

of the evidence, the argument of counsel, and any other relevant information in the record as a

whole.” Villarreal v. State, 205 S.W.3d 103, 106 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. dism’d,

untimely filed) (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171). Direct evidence of harm is not necessary to

establish egregious harm. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

        B.      Analysis

                1.      The Jury Charge Was Erroneous

        “The application paragraph is that portion of the jury charge that applies the pertinent penal

law, abstract definitions, and general legal principles to the particular facts and the indictment

allegations.” Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Gray v. State,

152 S.W.3d 125, 127–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1996)). Since it “specifies the factual circumstances under which the jury should convict or

acquit, it is the ‘heart and soul’ of the jury charge.” Id. at 367.

        When the abstract portion of the charge contains a definition or instruction on a theory of

law, such as the law of parties,

        the application paragraph must

        (1)     specify “all of the conditions to be met before a conviction under such
        theory is authorized”;
        (2)     authorize “a conviction under conditions specified by other paragraphs of
        the jury charge to which the application paragraph necessarily and unambiguously
        refers”; or
        (3)     “contain[] some logically consistent combination of such paragraphs.”



                                                  29
Id. (quoting Plata v. State, 926 S.W.2d 300, 304 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other

grounds by Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). When the application

paragraph makes no mention of the law of parties, either directly or indirectly, it is erroneous. Id.

(citing Plata, 926 S.W.2d at 304).

       In this case, the jury charge contained instructions on the law of parties in the abstract

portion—but made no mention of the law of parties in the application paragraph. Consequently,

we find that the jury charge was erroneous because the application paragraph failed to mention the

law of parties.

                  2.   There Was No Egregious Harm

       Under an Almanza analysis, we first look to the entire jury charge and “ask whether

anything in the balance of the jury charge either exacerbated or ameliorated th[e] error.” French

v. State, 563 S.W.3d 228, 236 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). The abstract portion of the charge

contained the following instructions on the law of parties:

              A person is criminally responsible as a “Party” to an offense if the offense
       is committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is
       criminally responsible, or both. Each party to an offense may be charged with
       commission of the offense.
              A person is “Criminally Responsible” for an offense committed by the
       conduct of another if, acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the
       offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to
       commit the offense.
       Mere presence alone will not constitute one a party to a crime.

The application paragraphs immediately followed an instruction on venue. The charge also

instructed the jury that the charge contained the rules that must control its deliberations.


                                                 30
Consequently, we do not believe that a reasonable jury would have ignored the instruction on the

law of parties in deciding whether Davison had been proved guilty or not. Therefore, we find that

the remainder of the jury charge ameliorated the charge error.

       Examination of the state of the evidence shows that there was no question that the only

theory under which Davison could be found guilty was as a party. The evidence showed that

during the kidnappings, Davison remained on the back porch. There was no evidence that he

physically participated in the capture and binding of Nelson and Stephenson or in transporting

them to the wooded area where their bodies were found. However, as set forth above, there was

ample evidence from which the jury could find that Davison was a party to the kidnappings based

on his actions and directions to Bennett and Baker before the kidnappings, his directions to Baker

during the kidnappings, his actions after the kidnappings, and his statements to Ballard, Shields,

and Evans admitting his involvement in the offenses.

       Regarding the third factor, in its final argument the State read the instruction on the law of

parties and argued that Davison was a party to the offenses before, during, and after the

kidnappings. The State also pointed to specific facts in the evidence that it argued showed that

Davison promoted and assisted, solicited, encouraged, directed, and aided in the kidnappings. It

also pointed to the timeline of events and argued that it showed that Davison planned the

kidnappings with Bennett. Davison also argued that the only way to convict him was to show that

he had planned and executed the kidnappings.

       Regarding other relevant information, the State informed the jury in voir dire that the case

was based on the law of parties and spent a considerable amount of time educating the jury about

                                                31
the theory of party liability. Davison also educated the jury about party liability during voir dire.

       Our analysis of the four Almanza factors leads us to the conclusion that Davison was not

egregiously harmed by the omission of any instruction on the law of parties in the application

paragraph of the jury charge. Therefore, we overrule Davison’s fifth issue.

III.   Davison’s Evidentiary Complaints

       Davison’s third and fourth issues complain that the trial court erred when it admitted

evidence of Davison’s extraneous wrongful acts and evidence whose probative value was

substantially outweighed by its danger of unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, and misleading

the jury. Davison briefed these issues together and provided a list of instances in which the trial

court allegedly erred in overruling his objection or in admitting evidence. Because we find that

Davison in some instances forfeited his complaint and that, in the others, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by admitting the evidence, we will overrule his third and fourth issues.

       A.      Davison’s Forfeited Complaints

               1.      Video Recordings

       At trial, the trial court permitted the State to publish three recordings taken from a cell

phone shared by Baker and Davison that showed Baker having sex with Davison and two other

men and in which Davison commands or directs Baker to perform certain things. Davison objected

before their publication to the jury. However, the recordings were contained in the data from the

cell phone that had previously been admitted without objection.

       To preserve a complaint for our review, a party must first present to the trial court a timely

request, objection, or motion stating the specific grounds for the desired ruling if not apparent from

                                                 32
the context. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). To be timely, “[t]he objection must be made at the earliest

possible opportunity.” Martinez v. State, 867 S.W.2d 30, 35 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (citing Turner

v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 431 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). Since Davison did not make a timely

objection when the evidence was admitted, this complaint has not been preserved for our review.

See Pina v. State, 38 S.W.3d 730, 736 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. ref’d).

               2.      Testimony that Davison Claimed to be a Member of and Assassin for
                       the Bandidos and Photographs of the Zip-tied Hands of Nelson and
                       Stephenson

       Over Davison’s objections, the trial court admitted testimony from Wilson that Davison

had told him that Davison was a member of and an assassin for the Bandidos. However, four other

witnesses testified that Davison had also told them that he was either a member of or an assassin

for the Bandidos, without objection. The trial court also admitted, over Davison’s objections, four

photographs depicting the hands of Nelson and Stephenson bound with zip ties taken after their

bodies were discovered. However, a police officer subsequently described the contents of each

photograph without objection.

       “To preserve error . . . , a party must object each time the inadmissible evidence is offered

or obtain a running objection.” Lane v. State, 151 S.W.3d 188, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)

(quoting Valle v. State, 109 S.W.3d 500, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). Reversal is not required

for the erroneous admission of evidence when the same evidence was received without objection.

Id.; see Brown v. State, 696 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (noting that the admission

of a photograph is not erroneous when testimony showing the same thing is admitted without

objection). Since Davison did not object and did not obtain a running objection to this evidence

                                                33
when it was admitted through the testimony of other witnesses, he failed to preserve this issue for

our review. Lane, 151 S.W.3d at 193; Brown, 696 S.W.2d at 914.

                  3.       Baker’s Use of Backpage for Prostitution

         Davison also objected at trial to the relevance of Baker’s testimony that she used Backpage

and obtained a running objection to it when the trial court overruled his objection. However,

before Davison’s objection, Baker had testified extensively about her use of Backpage for the

purposes of prostitution. Because Davison failed to make a timely objection when the evidence

was first admitted, this complaint has not been preserved for our review. See Pina, 38 S.W.3d at

736.

                  4.       Instances of Davison’s Physical Abuse of Baker

         At trial, Baker was asked why she felt she could not say no to Davison or leave his house.

She answered that she was afraid of him. When asked why she was afraid of Davison, she

answered, “Because on multiple occasions he has abused me, he has beat me with inanimate

objects. One time he put safety pins through my nipples, put a dog collar around my neck and

made me sleep under the landing of the stairs.” (Emphasis added). After she completed her

answer, Davison objected “as to extraneous evidence” and was overruled.

         On appeal, Davison complains that the trial court erred in admitting the italicized portion

of the testimony in violation of Rules 403 and 404(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Regarding

his complaint that admission of this testimony violated Rule 403, 12 “[t]o preserve error, a party


12
 See TEX. R. EVID. 403 (“The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed
by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.”).
                                                         34
must object and state the grounds for the objection with enough specificity to make the trial judge

aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context.” Thomas v.

State, 505 S.W.3d 916, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)). “The

objection must be sufficiently clear to give the judge and opposing counsel an opportunity to

address and, if necessary, correct the purported error.” Id. “If a trial objection does not comport

with arguments on appeal, error has not been preserved.” Id. Davison’s objection was not

sufficiently clear to make the trial court aware that he was making a Rule 403 complaint.

Consequently, since his trial objection does not comport with his complaint on appeal under Rule

403, this complaint has not been preserved.

         Davison’s objection at trial was arguably sufficient to alert the trial court that he was

objecting under Rule 404(b). 13 As we have previously noted, to preserve a complaint, any

objection must be timely. “A complaint is timely if it is made ‘as soon as the ground of objection

becomes apparent.’” Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (quoting Hollins

v. State, 805 S.W.2d 475, 476 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). “If a defendant fails to object until after

an objectionable question has been asked and answered, and he can show no legitimate reason to

justify the delay, his objection is untimely, and any claim of error is forfeited.” Luna v. State, 268

S.W.3d 594, 604 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

         In this instance, the ground of objection would have been apparent when Baker answered

that Davison had abused her on multiple occasions, or at the latest when Baker went on to say that



13
  See TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(1) (“Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person’s character
in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.”).
                                                          35
he beat her with inanimate objects. Nevertheless, Davison waited to object until after Baker went

on to list three additional instances of abuse before making his objection. Since he has not shown

any legitimate reason to justify his delay, we find that Davison’s objection was untimely and that

this complaint has been forfeited.

                 5.    Baker and Grammer Having Sex

       Davison also complains that the trial court admitted evidence that Baker and Grammer had

sex together. Davison objected twice to that testimony. The first time he did not object until after

the question had been asked and answered and the next question had begun to be asked. That

objection was sustained by the trial court. Nevertheless, when the State asked Grammer again if

she and Baker ever had sex together, Davison did not object until after Grammer answered both

that question and the next. In addition, this same evidence came in without objection in Baker’s

testimony. Because Davison’s objection was untimely and the same evidence was admitted

through another witness without objection, he has forfeited this complaint. See id.; Lane, 151

S.W.3d at 193.

                 6.    Forcing Baker to Have Sex with Others

       Next, Davison complains that the trial court admitted evidence that Davison forced Baker

to have sex with others. In the pages of the record cited by Davison in his brief, we find the

following exchange:

              Q.      [By the State] Okay. And at any point did you ever see [Davison]
       have sex with [Baker] and it was not consensual?

                       [Defense Counsel]: Objection, Your Honor.

                       THE COURT: I’m going to overrule.
                                                36
              Q.       (By [the State]) Did you ever see [Davison] force anything upon
       [Baker]?

                       [Defense Counsel]: Again, Your Honor, objection.

                       THE COURT: Overrule.

To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a timely objection must be made that states the

specific ground for the objection, unless the ground is apparent from the context. See TEX. R. APP.

P. 33.1; Buchanan v. State, 207 S.W.3d 772, 775 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “A general or imprecise

objection may be sufficient to preserve error for appeal, but only if the legal basis for the objection

is obvious to the court and to opposing counsel.” Buchanan, 207 S.W.3d at 775. When the legal

basis of a general objection is not obvious, “it does not serve the purpose of the contemporaneous-

objection rule for an appellate court to reach the merits of a forfeitable issue that is essentially

raised for the first time on appeal.” Id. (footnotes omitted) (citations omitted).

       A specific objection is required in order “to inform the trial judge of the basis of the

objection and give him the opportunity to rule on it [and] to give opposing counsel the opportunity

to respond to the complaint.” Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)

(citing Zillender v. State, 557 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)). The objection “must be

specific enough so as to ‘let the trial judge know what he wants, why he thinks himself entitled to

it, and do so clearly enough for the judge to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a

proper position to do something about it.’” Id. at 13 (quoting Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907,

909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).



                                                  37
         Davison did not apprise the trial court of the basis for the objections, which he asserts on

appeal to be both Rules 403 and 404(b). However, the basis for those general objections was not

obvious. 14 Further, evidence that Baker was forced to have sex with others was admitted without

objection during Baker’s testimony. Consequently, we find that this complaint was not preserved

for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Buchanan, 207 S.W.3d at 775; Lane, 151

S.W.3d at 193.

         B.       Davison’s Other Evidentiary Complaints

                  1.       Standard of Review

         Relevant evidence is admissible unless it is barred by the United States or Texas

Constitutions, a statute, the Texas Rules of Evidence, or other rules prescribed under a statute.

TEX. R. EVID. 402. “Irrelevant evidence is not admissible.” Id. “Evidence is relevant if . . . it has

any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[,] and . .

. the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” TEX. R. EVID. 401.

         Under the Texas Rules of Evidence, evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not

admissible “to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person

acted in accordance with the character.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(1). But it may “be admissible for

another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, or absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(2). “The exceptions




14
  Although both Rule 403 and 404(b) objections are possible grounds, it is also possible that the objection was to the
relevance of the testimony under Rule 402.
                                                         38
listed under Rule 404(b) are neither mutually exclusive nor collectively exhaustive.” De La Paz,

279 S.W.3d at 343.

       “Rule 404(b) is a rule of inclusion rather than exclusion.” Id. (quoting United States v.

Bowie, 232 F.3d 923, 929 (D.C. Cir. 2000)). “The rule excludes only that evidence that is offered

(or will be used) solely for the purpose of proving bad character and hence conduct in conformity

with that bad character.” Id. (citing Rankin v. State, 974 S.W.2d 707, 709 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)).

“The proponent of uncharged misconduct evidence need not ‘stuff’ a given set of facts into one of

the laundry-list exceptions set out in Rule 404(b), but he must be able to explain to the trial court,

and to the opponent, the logical and legal rationales that support its admission on a basis other than

‘bad character’ or propensity purpose.” Id. “Whether extraneous offense evidence has relevance

apart from character conformity . . . is a question for the trial court.” Id. (quoting Moses v. State,

105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). The trial court must also balance between the

probative value of the evidence and the counter factors set out in Rule 403, although that balance

is slanted toward the admission of otherwise relevant evidence. Id.; Montgomery v. State, 810

S.W.2d 372, 387–88 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g).

       We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of extraneous wrongful acts under an

abuse of discretion standard. De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343; Hernandez v. State, 351 S.W.3d 156,

160 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d). If “the trial court’s ruling is within the ‘zone of

reasonable disagreement,’ there is no abuse of discretion,” and we uphold the trial court’s ruling.

De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343–44; Hernandez, 351 S.W.3d at 160. “A trial court’s ruling is

generally within the zone [of reasonable disagreement] if the evidence shows that 1) an extraneous

                                                 39
[act] is relevant to a material, non-[conformity] issue, and 2) the probative value of that evidence

is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or

misleading of the jury.” De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 344. Furthermore, the trial court’s evidentiary

ruling will not be disturbed if it is correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling. Id.;

Hernandez, 351 S.W.3d at 160–61.

       We also review a trial court’s Rule 403 determination for abuse of discretion. Pawlak v.

State, 420 S.W.3d 807, 810 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). If the ruling is within the zone of reasonable

disagreement, there is no abuse of discretion. James v. State, 555 S.W.3d 254, 260 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2018, pet. dism’d, untimely filed) (citing De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343–44). Abuse

of discretion in admitting the evidence will be found only if the danger of unfair prejudice

substantially outweighed the probative value of the evidence. Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879,

888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

       In analyzing the trial court’s Rule 403 ruling,

       we should consider (1) how compellingly evidence of the extraneous offense serves
       to make a fact of consequence more or less probable, (2) the potential that the
       extraneous offense will impress the jury in some irrational but indelible way, (3) the
       time needed to develop the evidence, and (4) the proponent’s need for the
       extraneous offense evidence.

James, 555 S.W.3d at 260 (quoting Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 873 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Wheeler, 67 S.W.3d at 888)). “Rule 403 favors admissibility,

and ‘the presumption is that relevant evidence will be more probative than prejudicial.’” Id.

(quoting Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 389).




                                                40
                 2.       Evidence of Prostitution at Davison’s House and Physical Abuse of
                          Grammer and Baker

        Over Davison’s objections under Rules 403 and 404(b), the trial court allowed the State to

introduce evidence of prostitution occurring at Davison’s house, an instance of physical abuse by

Davison of Grammer, 15 and additional instances of his physical abuse of Baker. 16 The State argues

that these extraneous wrongful acts were admissible because they supported its theory that Baker

assisted in the kidnappings at the behest of Davison because he had established domination over

Baker through a campaign of abusive and controlling behavior that had left her afraid and

emotionally dependent on Davison.

        As we have previously noted, the State’s prosecutorial theory of liability was that Davison

was a party to the kidnappings by directing and aiding Bennett and Baker in the commission of

the offenses. A supporting theory was that Davison was able to direct Baker to do as she was told

by Bennett because of the extent of manipulation and control he exercised over Baker. The State

sought to demonstrate the extent of his control over Baker and others by showing that they

performed other acts at his direction, such as prostitution, and that they remained at his house even

when he subjected them to verbal and physical abuse. Since showing that Davison forced Baker

to engage in prostitution and physically abused both Baker and Bennett when they did not do what

he wanted tended to make it more probable that Davison was able to exert an unusual amount of

control over Baker such that she would be willing to follow his directions during the kidnappings,


15
   Grammer testified that when she attempted to resist Davison’s request that she have sex with Baker by leaving,
Davison pulled her by the hair and dragged her back.
16
  Baker testified that Davison put hot straighteners and extinguished his cigarette in her vagina. Davison preserved
his objections to this evidence.
                                                        41
it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement that this evidence was relevant to a material, non-

conformity issue. See De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 344.

       We also must determine whether the probative value of the evidence is “substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading of the jury.”

Id. To make this determination, we first consider how compellingly this evidence served to make

a fact of consequence more or less probable. In this case, the evidence showed that Davison

initially brought Baker to his house on the promise of getting her out of prostitution and helping

her to become qualified for other employment. Nevertheless, within a couple of months, Davison

pressured Baker to again resume prostitution to satisfy both an alleged economic necessity and

Davison’s prurient interests. When Baker protested, Davison told her that she did not have a

choice. Likewise, Davison’s additional severe acts of abuse of Baker showed the extent of Baker’s

subjection to and fear of Davison. So too, Davison’s abuse of Grammer showed that he exercised

control over others in his household, even when they had been there only a short time. Since these

extraneous wrongful acts were compelling evidence of the extent of Davison’s control over Baker,

we find that this factor weighs strongly in favor of admitting the evidence.

       We next consider the potential of the evidence to impress the jury in an irrational and

indelible way. This factor examines the “evidence’s tendency to tempt the jury into finding guilt

on grounds apart from proof of the offense charged.” State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 440 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005) (citing Manning v. State, 114 S.W.3d 922, 928 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). It

considers the evidence’s potential to unfairly prejudice the jury against the defendant. See

Manning v. State, 114 S.W.3d 922, 927–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). A limiting instruction can

                                                42
minimize an impermissible inference of character conformity. Lane v. State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 520

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

       Any unfair prejudice from the testimony that Davison forced Baker to resume prostitution

was tempered by her testimony that she had engaged in prostitution for some time before living

with Davison. The one act of abuse against Grammer had little potential to unfairly prejudice the

jury against Davison. We find that this factor weighs in favor of admitting evidence of these two

extraneous wrongful acts.

       The additional acts of abuse against Baker were more shocking, and they had a greater

tendency to prejudice the jury. However, this tendency was tempered somewhat by the trial court’s

limiting instruction in the jury charge that the jury could consider the evidence only for a limited

purpose and that it could “not consider this evidence to prove that the defendant is a bad person

and for this reason was likely to commit the charged offense.” Nevertheless, we find that this

factor weighs somewhat in favor of excluding the evidence.

       The time needed to develop the evidence of these extraneous wrongful acts was minimal,

consisting of only a few pages out of over 1,000 pages of the guilt/innocence record. This factor

weighs in favor of admitting the evidence.

       The State’s need for the evidence also favors admitting the evidence. This evidence was

needed to demonstrate the extent of Davison’s control over Baker and the extent of Baker’s fear

of Davison. Further, the State’s control theory was challenged repeatedly by Davison; some of

the main themes of Davison’s cross-examination of several witnesses was to attempt to establish




                                                43
that Baker was free to do what she wanted, that there was no control over her exercised by Davison,

and that Davison’s action were misinterpreted because of the use of illegal drugs.

       Under these circumstances, we find that the trial court was within the zone of reasonable

disagreement when it concluded that the probative value of each of these extraneous wrongful acts

was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or

misleading the jury. Consequently, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting the extraneous wrongful acts evidence. We overrule Davison’s third and fourth issues.

IV.    Conclusion

       For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                                     Ralph K. Burgess
                                                     Justice

Date Submitted:       February 19, 2020
Date Decided:         April 2, 2020

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