                 FOR PUBLICATION
 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
      FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,             
               Plaintiff-Appellant,         No. 06-10377
               v.                            D.C. No.
JACQUAN LEE RICHARD,                      CR-04-00477-JCM
              Defendant-Appellee.
                                      

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                  No. 06-10380
                Plaintiff-Appellee,           D.C. No.
               v.                        CR-04-00477-JCM/
JACQUAN LEE RICHARD,                            PAL
             Defendant-Appellant.
                                             OPINION

       Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the District of Nevada
        James C. Mahan, District Judge, Presiding

                  Argued and Submitted
        August 13, 2007—San Francisco, California

                  Filed October 12, 2007

 Before: Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain, Michael Daly Hawkins,
        and Kim McLane Wardlaw, Circuit Judges.

                Opinion by Judge Hawkins;
               Dissent by Judge O’Scannlain




                           13857
                   UNITED STATES v. RICHARD              13859


                         COUNSEL

Robert L. Ellman (argued) and Brian J. Quarles, Assistant
United States Attorneys, United States Attorney for the Dis-
trict of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, for the plaintiff-appellant
(No. 06-10377), plaintiff-appellee (No. 06-10380).

Anne R. Traum, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Federal
Public Defender, Las Vegas, Nevada, for the defendant-
appellee (06-10377), defendant-appellant (No. 06-10380).
13860                  UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
                               OPINION

HAWKINS, Circuit Judge:

   Jacquan Richard (“Richard”) appeals his jury conviction
for being a felon in possession of a firearm under 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
and—because we conclude the district court abused its discre-
tion by permitting the jury to rehear only a portion of a key
witness’s testimony without taking necessary precautions to
ensure the jury did not unduly emphasize the testimony—we
vacate Richard’s conviction and remand.

                                     I.

   Richard was a backseat passenger in a vehicle lawfully
stopped by Las Vegas Police Officer Mark Prager (“Officer
Prager”) for displaying defective registration tags. Officer
Prager requested identification from the vehicle’s four occu-
pants and was able to accurately identify three: (1) the vehi-
cle’s owner and driver, David Martin (“Martin”); (2) backseat
passenger Michael Schneider (“Schneider”); and (3) front seat
passenger Nikole Reeder (“Reeder”). Officer Prager was
unable to immediately identify Richard because Richard did
not have physical identification and the information he pro-
vided to Officer Prager could not be confirmed via a local,
national, and Department of Motor Vehicles record check.

   After issuing two vehicle citations to Martin, Officer Prager
released him, along with Reeder and Schneider, permitting
them to enter an adjacent casino, but detained Richard in
order to ascertain his identity. While detained, Richard volun-
teered that Martin was a pimp who was pandering Reeder,
prompting Officer Prager to request vice backup assistance.1
  1
   The government notes that the only “evidence” that Richard informed
the police of Martin and Reeder’s alleged activities is contained in a police
report, which was not admitted as evidence at trial, and accordingly should
                      UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                       13861
Although not fully developed in the record, it appears that
support officers subsequently retrieved Martin, Reeder, and
Schneider from the casino for questioning. During this
follow-up questioning, Schneider informed Detective Aaron
Stanton (“Detective Stanton”) that there was a gun in Martin’s
vehicle near the area where Richard had been seated. Detec-
tive Stanton later learned that the gun allegedly belonged to
Richard, though it is unclear from the record how he obtained
this information.

   Richard, Martin, and Reeder were then arrested on charges
unrelated to the original traffic stop,2 Schneider was let go,
and Martin’s vehicle was impounded. No gun was discovered
during a routine impound inventory search. However, Schnei-
der later provided the police with additional information con-
cerning the gun, stating that it was located inside the rear seat
of Martin’s vehicle. Schneider then accompanied Detective
Stanton to the impound lot, where he pointed to the gun’s
location, evidenced by a small bulge in the backseat. Based on
this information, Detective Stanton obtained a search warrant
and searched the vehicle the following day, locating the gun
inside the rear passenger seat. Detective Stanton subsequently
interviewed Richard at the Clark County Detention Center.
During this interview, Richard repeatedly denied ownership

not be considered on appeal. However, Richard appeals the district court’s
failure to hold an evidentiary hearing on his motion to suppress evidence,
thus denying him the opportunity to fully develop the sequence of events
and presumably introduce this report. Furthermore, Richard’s accusations
as contained in the report were acknowledged by the government in its
response to Richard’s motion, and clearly considered by the magistrate
judge in reaching her decision, and therefore may properly be considered
on appeal. In any event, in light of our narrow holding, we need not ascer-
tain the precise sequence of events.
   2
     Martin and Reeder were apparently arrested for charges relating to pan-
dering and prostitution and Richard, after his positive identification and a
records check, for “[i]ntimidating Reeder” and a probation violation.
13862                  UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
or possession of the gun, but acknowledged that he may have
previously touched or held it.3

   At trial, Reeder was the only witness to testify to actually
seeing the gun in Richard’s possession. At the outset of her
testimony, Reeder described Officer Prager’s stop of Martin’s
vehicle, acknowledged that Martin was her boyfriend at the
time, and described her location and that of the other passen-
gers in Martin’s vehicle. When asked, however, Reeder had
significant, ongoing difficulty identifying Richard in the
courtroom as a passenger in Martin’s vehicle. She failed to do
so on four successive attempts over the course of several min-
utes, despite being prompted with a photograph of Richard
she had previously identified as the backseat passenger who
possessed the gun and specifically directed to look at the
defense table. On the fifth attempt, after additional prompting
and direction, Reeder finally acknowledged that Richard
looked like the passenger in Martin’s vehicle, explaining that
he had apparently gained weight and changed his hairstyle.

   Reeder then testified that when Officer Prager activated his
lights to stop Martin’s vehicle, Richard exclaimed that “he
had to run, he had warrants, and a gun” and that she saw him
  3
    Because we reverse Richard’s conviction on other grounds, we do not
address Richard’s contention on appeal that statements made during his
interview with Detective Stanton were the unconstitutional result of a
deliberate two-step interrogation. Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, 608-
17 (2004).
   We likewise decline to address the merits of Richard’s Fourth Amend-
ment challenge to the evidence seized from Martin’s vehicle and the state-
ments Richard made during his roadside detention. See United States v.
Pulliam, 405 F.3d 782 (9th Cir. 2005). If a new trial is held, Richard is
free to renew his challenge to this evidence and the district court will have
the opportunity to more fully examine the applicable law, relevant facts,
and precise sequence of events in light of intervening circuit and Supreme
Court authority. See Brendlin v. California, 127 S. Ct. 2400 (2007);
United States v. Diaz-Castaneda, No. 06-30047, 2007 WL 2044244 (9th
Cir. July 18, 2007); see also United States v. Henderson, 463 F.3d 27 (1st
Cir. 2006).
                      UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                      13863
pull a gun from his pants and place it under or around the
backseat. On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned
Reeder about the relatively brief period of time she observed
the gun and her ability to describe the gun in detail. In addi-
tion, defense counsel inquired further into Reeder’s relation-
ship with Martin, the relationships (or lack thereof) between
the vehicle’s other occupants, and Schneider’s state of inebri-
ation at the time of the stop.4

   In the course of its deliberations, the jury made several
requests,5 including to “have Nikole Reeder’s testimony and
cross-examination.” In response, the judge explained that
there was no then-available transcript of the testimony and
advised the jury:

      If you want to hear a readback of somebody’s testi-
      mony you have to let us know what part you want
      to hear, and then I’ll have the court reporter find that
      in her notes, and then we will bring you back into
      court and read that back to you.

The court also noted that there was an audiotape, but
informed the jury that it would take some time to cue up. The
jury was advised to “let [the court] know what portion” of tes-
timony it wanted to hear and temporarily excused. Upon its
return, the jury stated that it “would like to either hear back
the tape or have read . . . Ms. Reeder’s testimony from after
  4
     In addition to Reeder’s testimony, the jury heard testimony from Offi-
cer Prager, Detective Stanton, and Randall McPhail, a Las Vegas Metro-
politan Police Department Senior Crime Scene Analyst. The jury also
heard Detective Stanton’s taped interview with Richard and viewed vari-
ous photographs of Martin’s vehicle and the gun.
   5
     For example, the jury requested clarification of: (1) when and from
whom Detective Stanton learned about the gun; (2) the sequence of events
relating to the initial release of Martin, Reeder, and Schneider, and the
subsequent arrests; (3) how Richard could know a gun could be placed
inside the backseat of Martin’s vehicle; and (4) whether Schneider was in
fact drunk.
13864                UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
the side bar until right after — or right toward the beginning
of cross-examination. . . . [R]ight around the time she was
being asked to identify the defendant.”

   Outside the jury’s presence, and after having learned for the
first time of the jury’s intended focus on Reeder’s testimony
in support of the government’s case, Richard objected to play-
ing only a portion of Reeder’s testimony and moved to have
her testimony replayed in its entirety. The judge denied the
motion as untimely, expressing concern that reversing course
at that point and requiring the jury to hear all of Reeder’s tes-
timony would make him “look like an idiot.” He also rejected
Richard’s argument that, because Reeder’s credibility was at
issue, it was important for the jury to hear her entire testi-
mony, and stated that he would also overrule the objection on
the merits because it was not his “place” to instruct the jury
that it was required to hear “the entire testimony of every-
body, or of Ms. Reeder, or anyone else.”

   After rehearing a portion of Reeder’s testimony in open
court, the jury resumed its deliberations, returning one hour
later with a guilty verdict. At sentencing, the district court
concluded that Richard did not qualify as an “armed career
criminal,” and sentenced Richard to 120 months
imprisonment—the statutory maximum for violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). See id. §§ 924(a)(2), (e)(1). Richard now
appeals from his judgment of conviction and the government
appeals the failure to find Richard to be an armed career crim-
inal for sentencing purposes.6

                                  II.

  We review a district court’s decision to replay (or reread)
witness testimony during jury deliberations for an abuse of dis-
  6
   Because we reverse Richard’s conviction, we need not—and do not—
address the government’s related appeal (No. 06-10377) of Richard’s sen-
tence.
                      UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                     13865
cretion.7 United States v. Binder, 769 F.2d 595, 600 (9th Cir.
1985), overruled in part on other grounds by United States v.
Morales, 108 F.3d 1031, 1035 (9th Cir. 1997). “The [district
court’s] determination to allow a rereading or rehearing of
testimony must be based on [the] particular facts and circum-
stances of the case” and “[u]ndue emphasis of particular testi-
mony should not be permitted.” Id. “Under the abuse of
discretion standard, we will not reverse unless we have a defi-
nite and firm conviction that the district court committed a
clear error in judgment.” United States v. Hernandez, 27 F.3d
1403, 1408 (9th Cir. 1994).

                                  III.

   [1] Richard contends that the audiotape replay of selected
portions of Reeder’s testimony comprising the core of the
government’s case unduly emphasized this testimony. We
agree. Although the district court is generally afforded a great
deal of discretion in determining whether testimony should be
replayed (or reread) in a particular case, United States v.
Sacco, 869 F.2d 499, 501 (9th Cir. 1989), that discretion is
not boundless. Although there is no panacea for the inherent
risk of undue emphasis resulting from the playback (or
rereading) of witness testimony during jury deliberations, cer-
tain precautions must generally be taken to avoid that risk.
See id. at 501-03; Hernandez, 27 F.3d at 1408.

   [2] For example, we have consistently noted that it is pref-
erable to have the testimony reheard (or reread) in open court
with all parties present. See, e.g., Hernandez, 27 F.3d at 1408
(“[T]he preferred method of rehearing testimony is in open
court, under the supervision of the court, with the defendant
and attorneys present.”); Binder, 769 F.2d at 601 n.1 (“If it is
  7
   The government conceded at oral argument that, contrary to the district
court’s conclusion, Richard’s objection to the abridged playback of
Reeder’s testimony was timely. Therefore, the district court’s decision is
not subject to plain error review.
13866              UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
appropriate to let the jury hear the testimony of a witness a
second time at all, the preferred procedure would require the
preparation of a transcript . . . and a rereading of that testi-
mony to the jury in the courtroom with all parties present.”).

   [3] In addition, the jury should ordinarily be provided with
the witness’s entire testimony—i.e., direct and cross-
examination, and should be admonished to weigh all the evi-
dence and not focus on any portion of the trial. See Her-
nandez, 27 F.3d at 1408-09. Such precautions are especially
important where the jury has exhibited an “obvious intent to
emphasize a specific portion of [testimony].” See id. at 1409.
Finally, in deciding whether to allow testimony to be
replayed, we have noted that a district court should consider
the “quantum of other evidence against the defendant” and
“the importance of the [testimony to be replayed] in relation
to other evidence.” Sacco, 869 F.2d at 502.

   [4] In Richard’s case, though the district court replayed
Reeder’s abridged testimony in open court, it took none of the
additional precautions we have previously identified to ensure
that the jury did not unduly emphasize the testimony. To the
contrary, despite the jury’s initial request to “have Nikole
Reeder’s testimony and cross-examination,” the district court
did not provide her entire testimony, but instead requested the
jury to select the portion it wanted to hear. The portion
replayed primarily consisted of the core of the government’s
case against Richard—i.e., Reeder’s ultimate courtroom iden-
tification of Richard and testimony that he possessed the gun.
Specifically, the replayed portion contained the following crit-
ical exchange:

    Q:   What, if anything, did the defendant say when
         [the police activated their lights and sirens]?

    ....

    A:   He said he had to run, he had warrants, and he
         had a gun.
                   UNITED STATES v. RICHARD              13867
    ....

    Q:   Did you at any point turn around to see if, in
         fact, he had a gun?

    A:   Yes, your Honor — or yeah.

    ....

    Q:   And what did you see when you turned around?

    A:   I seen the black part, the barrel of the gun.

    ....

    A:   It was a handgun.

    ....

    A:   He was pulling it from his pants part.

    ....

    Q:   So he had it in his hand?

    A:   Yes.

    Q:   Did you see the defendant do anything with that
         gun?

    A:   He was putting it — I don’t know whether it
         was under the seat, behind the seat, in the seat,
         but it was somewhere regarding the seat.

Notably, the excerpt omitted: (1) portions of Reeder’s testi-
mony that Martin, the vehicle’s owner and driver, was her
boyfriend at the time; (2) Reeder’s extraordinary difficulty in
13868                   UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
identifying the backseat passenger she claimed to have seen
with the gun; and (3) Reeder’s entire cross-examination.8

   [5] The portion of Reeder’s testimony replayed was espe-
cially damaging to Richard as she was the only witness—
indeed, the only evidence—directly connecting Richard to the
gun. Yet, despite the clearly one-sided nature of the portion
to be replayed, the district court did not admonish the jury
against unduly emphasizing the testimony or otherwise
attempt to minimize the risk of undue emphasis. This failure
constituted clear error, and we therefore conclude that the dis-
trict court abused its discretion in permitting Richard’s jury to
rehear that portion of Reeder’s testimony. See Hernandez, 27
F.3d at 1408.

  An examination of our prior cases confronting this issue
confirms our conclusion:

   In United States v. Sacco, we held that the district court did
not abuse its discretion in permitting a video replay of the
deposition testimony of a prosecution witness. 869 F.2d at
500, 503. Although the testimony at issue in Sacco was video-
taped, like the audiotape in Richard’s case, it was played in
open court with all parties present. Id. at 502. However, in
contrast to Richard’s case, the Sacco court required that all of
the witness’s testimony be replayed, id. at 501-02, whereas
the district court here permitted the jury to rehear only a por-
tion of Reeder’s direct examination, excluding both direct and
cross-examination that arguably undermined Reeder’s credi-
bility.
   8
     Although the portion replayed did include Reeder’s two additional
unsuccessful attempts to identify Richard in the courtroom, as well as lim-
ited testimony about Reeder’s relationship with Martin, the excerpt did not
present a complete picture, in light of its critical inclusion of Reeder’s ulti-
mate identification of Richard and version of events supporting the gov-
ernment’s theory, and omission of direct and cross-examination with the
potential to impeach her credibility.
                   UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                13869
   In Sacco, we further noted that “there was ample physical
[and corroborative] evidence, aside from the videotape, of
Sacco’s criminal conduct” and “[r]eplay of the videotape did
not, therefore, effectively repeat the entirety of the govern-
ment’s case.” Id. at 502. In contrast, Reeder was the only wit-
ness to directly testify to Richard’s possession of the gun—
the only issue before the jury—and there was no physical evi-
dence linking the gun to Richard. Thus, in all material
respects, the portion of Reeder’s testimony replayed did “ef-
fectively repeat the entirety of the government’s case” against
Richard. See id. Even worse, as noted above, the portion
replayed contained only the core of the government’s case
against Richard, entirely omitting large portions of Reeder’s
testimony on both direct and cross-examination that may have
impeached her credibility, thereby increasing the risk that the
jury would unduly emphasize the portion replayed.

   In United States v. Lujan, we similarly found no abuse of
discretion in the provision of a trial transcript to the jury dur-
ing its deliberations. 936 F.2d 406 (9th Cir. 1991). Like the
reading of a provision of a witness’s entire testimony in
Sacco, the Lujan jury was provided with the entire trial tran-
script, greatly reducing the likelihood that it would unduly
emphasize any particular portion. Id. at 411. In addition, the
district court allowed counsel to note any inaccuracies in the
transcript beforehand and expressly admonished the jury “to
weigh all the evidence and not to use the transcript to focus
on any portion of the trial.” Id. at 412. Finally, the jury was
instructed that the transcript was not authoritative and that the
jurors’ memories should prevail in their deliberations. Id. The
district court took no similar precautions here.

   Partial read-backs have rather consistently met with disfa-
vor. We held in United States v. Binder that the trial court
abused its discretion in allowing the abridged replay of testi-
mony during jury deliberations, concluding that the “[f]ailure
to replay the tape in its entirety may have placed an undue
emphasis on the portion [replayed].” 769 F.2d at 601. As in
13870                  UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
Richard’s case, there was no physical evidence linking Binder
to the crime charged and the government’s case therefore
rested primarily on the credibility and testimony of witnesses
to the crime. Id. at 600-01. Accordingly, “[t]he replay [of key
witness testimony] allowed the repetition of the government’s
case against Binder and may [therefore] have taken on inap-
propriate significance in the jury’s deliberations.”9 Id. The
Binder trial court, like the district court here, took no addi-
tional precautions to ameliorate the risk of undue emphasis.10

   Even full read-backs, absent appropriate precautions, can
prove problematic. United States v. Hernandez found an
abuse of discretion where the district court provided the jury
with a transcript of key witness testimony describing the sus-
pect without taking the necessary precautions to ensure that
the jury did not unduly emphasize the testimony. 27 F.3d at
1409. We concluded that the district court’s “minimal
protections”—utilizing a transcript as opposed to an audiotape
and providing the jury with the witness’s entire testimony—
“were insufficient to prevent undue emphasis of [the wit-
ness’s] testimony.” Id. at 1408. We noted that Hernandez’s
jury had “clearly indicated . . . that its final decision turned
on [the witness’s] testimony, specifically his description of
the suspect,”11 and, in light of this “obvious intent to empha-
   9
     Although the Binder court noted that the replay of videotaped testi-
mony carries a particular risk of prejudice, id., we conclude that any dis-
tinction between audiotape and videotape testimony does not materially
alter a court’s evaluation of whether to replay such testimony and the nec-
essary precautions to lessen the inherent risk of undue emphasis from such
a replay. Of greater consequence, we think, is “the quantum of other evi-
dence against the defendant,” the relative importance of the testimony in
question, and the manner in which the testimony is provided to the jury.
Sacco, 869 F.2d at 502.
   10
      Much to the contrary, the trial court in Binder did not even require the
tape to be played in open court, but instead permitted the jury to review
it unsupervised in the jury room. Id. at 601 n.1.
   11
      In notes to the court, the Hernandez jury “relayed that its final deci-
sion was based on [the witness’s] testimony” and stated that it “specifi-
cally wanted to hear [the witness’s] testimony regarding his encounter
with the suspect . . . and his description of the suspect.” Id. at 1405.
                       UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                       13871
size a specific portion of the transcript, the district court per-
mitted undue emphasis when it failed to admonish the jury to
weigh all the evidence and to instruct that the transcript was
not authoritative.” Id. at 1409.

   [6] The case against Richard similarly relied primarily on
the identification of one witness as no physical evidence
linked the gun to Richard. The failure, over Richard’s objec-
tion, to provide this key witness’s entire testimony is exacer-
bated by the jury’s initial request for all of Reeder’s
testimony. Thus, not only did Richard’s jury indicate its “ob-
vious intent” to rely on a particular portion of Reeder’s testi-
mony, it did so at the request of the district court. That the
jury selected the portion of testimony to be replayed does not
lessen the risk it will unduly emphasize the selected testi-
mony, but rather crystallizes it, triggering the district court’s
obligation to take measures to ameliorate the risk.12 In contrast
to even the minimal precautions taken by the trial court in
Hernandez, the district court here took no precautions what-
soever to ensure that Richard’s jury did not unduly emphasize
the selected testimony.

                                    IV.

   [7] Although the district court replayed Reeder’s testimony
in open court, in light of the importance of that testimony to
the government’s case given the relative dearth of evidence
connecting the gun to Richard, this precaution alone was
  12
     Even if a jury’s selection of particular testimony could obviate the dis-
trict court’s obligation to prevent undue emphasis on particular testimony,
Richard’s jury was not even provided with all of the testimony it
requested. Although the jury initially requested “Ms. Reeder’s testimony
from after the side bar until right after — or right toward the beginning
of cross-examination,” it further specified that it wanted her testimony
“right around the time she was being asked to identify the defendant.”
However, the portion ultimately replayed for the jury omitted several min-
utes of identification testimony, including her first two failed attempts to
identify Richard in the courtroom.
13872               UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
insufficient to ameliorate the risk that Richard’s jury would
unduly emphasize the testimony. Accordingly, we conclude
that the district court committed clear error, and thereby
abused its discretion, when it permitted the jury to rehear a
portion of Reeder’s testimony without taking any additional
precautions—e.g., playing Reeder’s entire testimony or
admonishing the jury against unduly emphasizing the portion
played. We therefore reverse and remand for a new trial or
other appropriate disposition.

  REVERSED AND REMANDED.13



O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

   I begin with what one would think an unassailable proposi-
tion: An abuse of discretion standard of review presupposes
that the district court has some amount of discretion. Appar-
ently, however, that proposition is no longer true in this cir-
cuit in the context of whether and how to permit a replay of
trial testimony in a criminal case. For under the court’s rea-
soning, if a district judge is to allow a replay at all without
inviting reversible error, three requirements must be met.
First, the district court must replay the testimony in open court
with all parties present. Second, if the district court decides to
allow a replay, it must replay the witness’s entire testimony,
including cross-examination. Finally, the district court must
give a limiting instruction, sua sponte, counseling the jury not
to place undue emphasis on such testimony.

   Although district courts might be well advised to observe
these precautions, the majority’s rigid, rule-based approach
effectively usurps the trial court’s function, transforming our
  13
    As noted above, we need not—and do not—express any opinion
regarding Richard’s Fourth and Fifth Amendment challenges or the gov-
ernment’s sentencing appeal.
                   UNITED STATES v. RICHARD               13873
abuse of discretion standard into a de novo review. Since I
cannot conclude that the district court in this case abused its
discretion by allowing an audio replay in open court of the
specific portion of testimony requested by the jury, I respect-
fully dissent.

                               I

   During deliberations, the jury requested to “have Nikole
Reeder’s testimony and cross examination.” Since no tran-
script was yet available, the judge informed the jury that “[i]f
you want to hear a readback of somebody’s testimony you
have to let us know what part you want to hear” and sent the
jury back to the jury room for five minutes to decide. When
the jury returned, it requested the portion of Reeder’s testi-
mony “from after the side bar until right after—or right
toward the beginning of cross-examination.” Later, outside
the presence of the jury, Richard’s counsel objected to playing
only the excerpt selected by the jury and moved “that the
court play the entire testimony of Nikole Reeder.” The judge
overruled the objection as untimely.

   The court then replayed the requested excerpt, which com-
prised 10 pages of the 42-page testimony. Prior to the
excerpted testimony, Reeder had testified twice that she did
not recognize anyone in the courtroom as the person sitting
behind her in the car when it was pulled over. During the
excerpted testimony, the government produced a photograph,
which Reeder had identified as Richard during the grand jury
proceedings, and asked her if she saw the person in the photo-
graph in the courtroom. Reeder testified that she did not. Then
the government directed her to look at the “person sitting at
the defense counsel table as the defendant,” and Reeder
replied, “I don’t think he’s in here.” After another round of
prompting by the government, Reeder replied that the picture
looked like the defendant, but his weight and hairstyle had
changed. Three pages into the replayed excerpt, Reeder
finally identified the defendant.
13874                   UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
   Reeder then established that she had met Richard for the
first time that night through her “man” Martin, the driver of
the car. She proceeded to describe what happened while the
police pulled over the car, including hearing Richard say that
“he had to run, he had warrants, and he had a gun,” and wit-
nessing Richard pull a black handgun from his pants and put
it in or under the seat.

  After replaying the excerpt for the jury, the judge asked,
“Was that sufficient for the jury then?” The foreman
answered, “I think so, your honor.”

                                      II

   Our cases establish that when an objection is raised at trial,
we review a district court’s decision to replay testimony for
an abuse of discretion. United States v. Binder, 769 F.2d 595,
600 (9th Cir. 1985) (“A decision to replay testimony during
jury deliberations will not be reversed absent an abuse of discre-
tion.”).1 Under the abuse of discretion standard, “we will not
  1
    The district court ruled that Richard’s objection to the district court’s
decision to replay a portion of Nikole Reeder’s testimony was “untimely.”
It is well settled that an untimely objection is treated as no objection at all,
and thus the alleged error is subject to plain error review. See United
States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731 (a constitutional right “may be for-
feited in criminal as well as civil cases by the failure to make timely asser-
tion of the right before a tribunal having jurisdiction to determine it”)
(quoting Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414, 444 (1944)). Nevertheless,
at oral argument in this case, the government conceded that the district
court was incorrect in ruling the objection untimely because the objection
came prior to the replay and therefore the district court had the opportunity
to cure any possible error before the jury knew about it. That is true, but
timeliness is not solely concerned with the possibility of cure; it is also
concerned with preventing gamesmanship. See WIGMORE, CODE OF EVI-
DENCE 25 (3d ed. 1942) (“An objection must be made as soon as the
ground of it is known, or could reasonably have been known to the objec-
tor, unless some special reason makes its postponement desirable for him
and not unfair to the offeror.”) (emphasis added). In this case, only after
the jury decided to request a particular portion of the testimony that Rich-
                      UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                      13875
reverse unless we have a definite and firm conviction that the
district court committed a clear error in judgment.” United
States v. Plainbull, 957 F.2d 724, 725 (9th Cir. 1992). More-
over, in this specific context, we have noted that the trial court
has “ ‘great latitude’ over whether to allow rereading or
replaying of testimony.” United States v. Sacco, 869 F.2d 499,
501 (9th Cir. 1989) (quoting United States v. Nolan, 700 F.2d
479, 486 (9th Cir. 1983)).

   Applying this deferential standard of review, I would
affirm Judge Mahan’s ruling.

                                    A

   Although the court performed the replay in open court, as
we have preferred, see United States v. Hernandez, 27 F.3d
1403, 1408 (9th Cir. 1994), it failed either to give a limiting
instruction or to replay Reeder’s testimony in its entirety.
Nevertheless, because I find no support in our case law for
blanket rules requiring such precautions sua sponte, the dis-
trict judge’s failure to adhere to the rules newly imposed by
the majority does not compel the conclusion that the replay
was unduly prejudicial.

                                    1

   The “facts and circumstances of the case” dictate whether
the district judge should allow a replay and if so, which pre-
cautions are necessary to avoid “[u]ndue emphasis of particu-

ard deemed damaging did Richard’s counsel object that the jury should
hear all the testimony. If the jury had asked to rehear only the cross-
examination, would an objection have been similarly forthcoming? Thus,
on this record, there is at the least a concern of gamesmanship. Nonethe-
less, despite these concerns, I agree with the majority that because of the
government’s outright concession, we ought to review this case under our
normal abuse of discretion standard.
13876                  UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
lar testimony.” Binder, 769 F.2d at 600.2 In our previous
cases, we have noted that providing the jury with “both the
direct and cross-examination” of a witness’s testimony can
serve as a “precaution” against undue emphasis. Hernandez,
27 F.3d at 1409; see also United States v. Barker, 988 F.3d
77, 80 (9th Cir. 1993) (approving of the replay of “both the
entire direct and the entire cross examination”); United States
v. Sacco, 869 F.2d 499, 502 (same). But the majority today
converts this precaution into what can only be described as a
prerequisite. See Maj. Op. at 13866. There is no support in
our case law, until now, for such an affirmative requirement;
indeed, our cases have noted that the district court may permit
portions of certain testimony to be reread, United States v.
King, 552 F.2d 833, 850 (9th Cir. 1977), and it “is not
required to reread all of a particular witness’ testimony.”
Binder, 769 F.2d at 604 (Wallace, J., dissenting) (citing King
for the proposition).

    The lack of a rigid rule requiring all testimony of a given
witness to be read or played back finds support in cases
decided by our sister circuits, which have emphasized the
great discretion that a district court is given in rereading or
replaying testimony, especially when the jury does not request
it. See, e.g., United States v. Bennett, 75 F.3d 40, 46 (1st Cir.
1996) (Boudin, J.) (citing United States v. Wright-Barker, 784
F.2d 161, 174 (3d Cir. 1986)) (noting that “no inflexible rule
exists that the cross must always be read”); United States v.
McElroy, 910 F.2d 1016, 1026 (2d Cir. 1990) (finding the
court “well within the bounds of discretion in declining to
have more [than the cross-examination] reread”).3
  2
     Our prior cases fail to elucidate the legal basis of the “undue emphasis”
concern. One court points out that “[t]hose federal cases that discuss the
issue of readbacks and transcript availability do so under the rubric of the
court’s supervisory authority over federal criminal trials, not on constitu-
tional principles . . . .” Bradley v. Birkett, 2006 WL 2430002, at *8 (6th
Cir. 2006).
   3
     We have taken an extraordinarily negative view of the benefits of read-
backs and replays of testimony, often remarking that such actions are “dis-
                       UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                      13877
   While there admittedly is a danger that a partial replay may
cause the jury to overemphasize certain testimony, I disagree
with the majority’s assertion that the trial court “crystal-
lize[d]” the risk of undue emphasis when it asked the jury to
select what portions to hear. Maj. Op. at 13871; see also Her-
nandez, 27 F.3d at 1409 (inferring the “jury’s obvious intent
to emphasize a specific portion of the transcript” after naming
what part of the testimony it wanted excerpted). If the very act
of naming which portions to rehear creates the risk of undue
emphasis, then by that logic any replay request that fails to
encompass the entire trial should be denied. We have already
recognized the absurdity of such a proposition in United
States v. De Palma, 414 F.2d 394, 396 (9th Cir. 1969)
(“Perhaps if any evidence is read, all should be read. Any trial
could thus be almost endless.”).

   The trial court must balance the danger of undue emphasis
created by partial replays against the delays caused by replay-
ing a witness’s testimony in its entirety. United States v.
Zarintash, 736 F.2d 66, 69-70 (3d Cir. 1984). Here the por-
tions requested by the jury encompassed about a quarter of the
roughly hour-long testimony given by Reeder. While Richard
argues that replaying the rest of the testimony would not have
unduly delayed the proceedings, I see no reason that the jury
should be forced to listen to “additional, related testimony that
the jury made clear it did not need to rehear.” Bennett, 75
F.3d at 46.

   Here the trial judge asked after replaying the excerpt
whether it had been “sufficient for the jury,” and the foreman
responded that it was. Having afforded the jury the opportu-

favored.” Binder, 769 F.2d at 600. In stark contrast, the Second Circuit has
expressed a strong preference for readbacks, on the premise that they aid
the jury in accurately and completely fulfilling their assigned role. See
United States v. Criollo, 962 F.2d 241, 243-44 (2d Cir. 1992) (citing
United States v. Holmes, 863 F.2d 4, 5 (2d Cir. 1988) (noting that “gener-
ally the better course of action is for a district court to allow the reading
of testimony requested by the jury”)).
13878                  UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
nity to request additional testimony, which the jury declined,4
the court did not abuse its discretion when it failed to provide
the remaining 45 minutes of the Reeder testimony. See
Wright-Barker, 784 F.2d at 174 (finding no abuse of discre-
tion even when the “[a]dditional testimony cited by defen-
dants [was] only 4-5 pages long,” since “it was not within the
jury’s description” and the “jury did not request any addi-
tional testimony” when prompted); see also McElroy, 910
F.2d at 1026 (finding no abuse of discretion when the court
refused to allow additional testimony reread, since the court
asked the jury whether the reread portion was “what [it]
requested” and the jury answered in the affirmative); United
States v. Rosenberg, 195 F.2d 583, 598-99 (2d Cir. 1952)
(same).

                                      2

   The majority also faults the district judge for failing to
include a limiting instruction to minimize the risk of undue
emphasis. While I agree that providing a limiting instruction
might have been prudent, see United States v. Lujan, 936 F.2d
406, 411 (9th Cir. 1991), I cannot say on this record that the
failure to do so warrants reversal of Richard’s conviction.
First, Richard failed to request such an instruction. See Ben-
nett, 75 F.3d at 46 (dismissing a claim of error for failure to
provide a limiting instruction that the defense did not request).
   4
     Richard argues that the district judge “implicitly denied the jury’s orig-
inal request to rehear Reeder’s ‘testimony and cross-examination’ ” by
“requiring the jury to decide ‘what portion’ they wanted to hear.” How-
ever, the record belies this assertion. First, what the district court declined
was the jury’s request to “have” the testimony, i.e., in the form of a tran-
script. Given our strong preference for readbacks taking place in open
court, that clearly was not an abuse of discretion. Moreover, asking the
jury to identify “what portion” to replay did not necessarily exclude the
possibility that the jury could ask to rehear all of Reeder’s testimony.
Finally, the fact that the court asked the jury whether the requested replay
was “sufficient for the jury” provided an unmistakable opportunity to
request additional testimony if desired.
                   UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                13879
Further, in asking for a portion of the testimony and failing to
request more when prompted, the jury may have “merely
desired a confirming clarification on one point” in reaching “a
verdict properly based on the totality of the evidence.” King,
552 F.2d at 850.

                                B

   The majority opinion takes issue not only with the form of
the replay but also with the substance of the testimony that
was replayed. As we noted in United States v. Sacco, 869
F.2d at 502, “the quantum of other evidence against the defen-
dant” and “the importance of the [replayed] testimony in rela-
tion to the other evidence” also factor into the abuse of
discretion analysis.

   According to the majority, the district court committed
clear error by “ ‘effectively repeat[ing] the entirety of the gov-
ernment’s case’ against Richard,” given that “Reeder was the
only witness to directly testify to Richard’s possession of the
gun—the only issue before the jury—and there was no physi-
cal evidence linking the gun to Richard.” Maj. Op. at 13869
(quoting Sacco, 869 F.2d at 502). The majority analogizes this
case to Binder, in which the government’s entire case hinged
on witness credibility, and distinguishes it from Sacco, in
which ample additional evidence supported the replayed testi-
mony.

   In Binder, the defendant was accused of child molestation,
and the parties agreed to substitute the children’s videotaped
testimony to relieve their apprehension about testifying in
open court. “None of the other witnesses corroborated the
specific allegations of the children,” making their credibility
“a crucial issue.” 769 F.2d at 598, 601. Consequently, replay-
ing the videotaped testimony indeed “allowed the repetition of
the government’s case against Binder.” Id. at 601.

   In Sacco, the key issue was whether Sacco knew that a
large quantity of money was hidden in the trunk of his car.
13880                 UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
Since customs officials testified they had seen Sacco “do[ing]
something with his hands inside the trunk” and his hands
showed traces of fluorescent powder used to mark the money,
replaying one witness’s deposition “did not, therefore, effec-
tively repeat the entirety of the government’s case against
Sacco.” 869 F.2d at 502.

   Here, while Reeder’s testimony was undoubtedly impor-
tant, it did not comprise the “entirety” of the government’s
case against Richard. Indeed, the government presented other
strong circumstantial evidence corroborating Reeder’s testi-
mony. First, the police recovered the weapon from inside the
seat where Richard had been sitting in the car. He does not
dispute the relative positions of the car’s occupants, nor does
he dispute that the gun was found in his seat. Second, Detec-
tive Stanton testified that the other backseat passenger,
Schneider, had seen Richard with the weapon. In addition,
Detective Stanton testified that Schneider was the one who
initially tipped off the police that Richard had a gun in the car
and that Schneider led police to the car in the impound lot and
pointed out the specific position of the gun and how it had
been wedged into the seat. Relatedly, there was no dispute
that the car took at least a minute to stop, even though it could
have pulled over immediately, giving Richard the opportunity
to hide the weapon. Detective Stanton testified that in his
experience, such delays usually mean an occupant of the car
is attempting to hide contraband. Finally, Richard admitted to
police that he may have touched the weapon.

  Given the quantum of corroborating evidence against Rich-
ard, the majority’s analogy to Binder seems strained at best.
The replayed testimony was far from the only evidence impli-
cating Richard, and the government’s case did not hinge
entirely on the credibility of Reeder’s account of the events.5
  5
   A related concern that I have is that the majority’s conclusion that
Richard’s conviction must be reversed is overly influenced by its own per-
ception of the reliability of Reeder’s overall testimony, given her numer-
                       UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                      13881
In my view, the facts of this case and the quantum of evidence
set forth by the government are more akin to Sacco, where we
affirmed the district court’s discretionary decision to allow a
partial replay of testimony.

                                     C

   The majority also contends that the “portion replayed con-
tained only the core of the government’s case against Richard,
entirely omitting large portions of Reeder’s testimony . . . that
may have impeached her credibility.” Maj. Op. at 13869. Spe-
cifically, the majority contends that the replay omitted “(1)
portions of Reeder’s testimony that [the driver] was her boy-
friend at the time; (2) Reeder’s extraordinary difficulty in
identifying the backseat passenger she claimed to have seen
with the gun; and (3) Reeder’s entire cross-examination.” Id.
at 13868-69. Consequently, in the majority’s view, “the
clearly one-sided nature” of the replayed excerpt warranted
additional precautions.

   However, as the majority reluctantly acknowledges in a
footnote, Maj. Op. at 13868 n.8, the replayed portion of
Reeder’s testimony was not uniformly damaging to the
defense, since it included several pages’ worth of Reeder’s
failed attempts to identify Richard,6 and also noted the nature

ous failures to identify Richard. I agree that the identification was flawed,
but that question simply is not before us in any meaningful way. The jury
made its credibility determinations and we are not free to inject our own
views of the witness’s testimony under the guise of reviewing the discre-
tionary determination of the judge to replay part of that testimony.
   6
     During the replayed testimony, Reeder indicated that she knew what
the person sitting behind her in the Jeep looked like and recalled recogniz-
ing Richard’s picture during the grand jury proceeding as that person. The
government then showed Reeder the same picture from the grand jury pro-
ceeding:
    Q:   And is it your testimony today that you don’t see that person
         here in the courtroom today?
13882                  UNITED STATES v. RICHARD
of her relationship with the driver Martin (whom she repeat-
edly referred to as “my man”).7 Thus, the excerpt captured
key credibility issues raised by Richard on appeal, including
“her extreme difficulty in identifying Richard at trial and
fuzziness on other details, which created doubt as to her mem-
ory and capacity to observe Richard in the vehicle,”8 as well

    A:    No.
    ....
    Q:    The person sitting at the defense counsel table as the defen-
          dant, is that the person in that exhibit?
    A:    A boy over there looks like him, but I’m not sure because
          he was smaller. So I don’t think he’s in here.
   Reeder eventually admitted during the replayed excerpt that Richard
“looks like him” and in fact was the same person in the picture, though
his current hair and size made him “look[ ] different.”
   7
     During the replayed testimony, Reeder made clear that she and Martin
had an intimate relationship:
    Q:    And how did you come to meet [Richard] that night?
    A:    Through my man.
    Q:    And that’s David Martin?
    A:    Yes.
    Q:    Describe the nature of your relationship to [Richard] at that
          time?
    A:    He was my man. I was his girl.
    Q:    I’m sorry, maybe you didn’t understand the question. I’m
          asking you to describe the nature of your relationship with
          [Richard] on that date?
    A:    Oh, my relationship with him?
    Reeder then explained that she “just met him that night,” and that she
met him “[t]hrough my man.” Presumably, she had originally misunder-
stood the government’s question to refer to her relationship to Martin
rather than Richard.
    8
      Interestingly, though the majority asserts that the “case against Richard
. . . relied largely on the identification of one witness,” Maj. Op. at 13871,
nowhere in the cross-examination does the defense question the reliability
of her identification.
                      UNITED STATES v. RICHARD                     13883
as her potential bias. Since the replayed excerpt itself
impeaches the witness’s credibility,9 I cannot agree that the
district court was required to direct the jury to listen to more
than it had specifically requested.

                                   III

   There can be little doubt that “[t]he district judge is in a
better position than we are to determine whether the benefits
of allowing the jury to review the . . . testimony outweigh[ ]
the risk that the jury would give undue weight to that portion
of the evidence.” Binder, 769 F.2d at 603 (Wallace, J., dis-
senting). I am therefore deeply troubled by the majority’s sub-
stitution of rigid rules for the sound discretion of our many
able district judges. Moreover, in this particular case, while
the conditions of the playback were not ideal, the additional
corroborating evidence, the jury’s determination that the
replayed portion was sufficient, and the mixed nature of the
testimony significantly reduced the risk of undue emphasis by
the jury. In short, I cannot say that the replay of a portion of
Reeder’s testimony in this case warrants reversal of Richard’s
conviction.

  Accordingly, I must respectfully dissent.




  9
    The district judge’s comment before playing the excerpt that “[i]t may
favor the government or it may favor Richard” turned out to be prescient.
As Judge Hawkins observed during the oral argument, “This may be one
of those unique situations where the direct examination was more damag-
ing to the witness than the cross.”
