[Cite as Colombo v. Chesser, 2018-Ohio-1477.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


David F. Colombo,                                 :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,             :                No. 17AP-278
                                                              (C.P.C. No. 10DR-4146)
v.                                                :
                                                            (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Kathleen Denise Chesser f.k.a. Colombo,          :

                Defendant-Appellee.              :



                                          D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on April 17, 2018


                On brief: Office of Anthony Greco LPA, Anthony W. Greco,
                and Aaron E. Kenter, for appellant. Argued: Anthony W.
                Greco.

                On brief: Bradley N. Frick & Associates, Bradley N. Frick,
                and Christine E. Strehl, for appellee. Argued: Christine E.
                Strehl.

                 APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas,
                    Division of Domestic Relations and Juvenile Branch

LUPER SCHUSTER, J.
        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, David F. Colombo, appeals from a judgment of the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations and Juvenile
Branch, granting the Motion to Enforce the Terms of the Divorce Decree ("motion to
enforce") filed by defendant-appellee, Kathleen Denise Chesser f.k.a. Colombo ("Chesser"),
and adopting Chesser's proposed Qualified Domestic Relations Order ("QDRO"). For the
reasons that follow, we reverse and remand.
No. 17AP-278                                                                              2


I. Facts and Procedural History
       {¶ 2} Colombo and Chesser were married on June 23, 1995, and divorced on
June 4, 2012, by way of an agreed judgment entry—decree of divorce ("decree"). During
their marriage, Colombo worked as a physician at The Ohio State University and, as a
participant in "The Ohio State Alternative Retirement Plan" (a qualified retirement plan
under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA")), accumulated
funds in multiple retirement accounts in connection with that employment. The decree
contains the following provision regarding those accounts:
               8. RETIREMENT ACCOUNTS — All retirement assets of
               the parties shall be equalized as of May 1, 2012. The parties
               shall use Michelle Merkle to determine and carry out the most
               seemless and cost-efficient manner of equalizing the parties'
               retirement holdings. To the extent that equalizing retirement
               holdings requires the use of a QDRO, DOPO or other similar
               document, same shall be prepared by American Benefit
               Evaluators at the direction of Michelle Merkle. The parties
               shall equally divide the costs associated with the preparation of
               any such documents. The parties have already divided the
               funds from the $195,000 +/- account, which for all purposes
               herein shall be excluded from further equalization/division.

               Following division of the retirement holdings, each party shall
               retain their retirement assets and accounts, free and clear of
               any claim by the other.

(Emphasis sic.) (June 4, 2012 Agreed Jgmt. Entry – Decree of Divorce at 5-6.)
       {¶ 3}   On September 9, 2015, Chesser filed her motion to enforce that is the subject
of this appeal. In her motion, Chesser asserted that the retirement assets had not been
"equalized" due to Colombo's refusal to comply with the terms of the decree, and she
claimed entitlement to "any gains and/or losses" on her share of the retirement assets
accruing after May 1, 2012. (Sept. 9, 2015 Mot. To Enforce at 3.) Chesser also requested
attorney fees in conjunction with her motion to enforce. In response, Colombo disputed,
among other things, Chesser's claimed entitlement to the gains or losses on the retirement
assets accruing after May 1, 2012.
       {¶ 4} On January 15, 2016, the trial court filed an agreed entry stating in part that
Chesser is entitled to "at least $443,226.24 as her one half share of" Colombo's retirement
No. 17AP-278                                                                              3


assets. (Jan. 15, 2016 Jgmt. Entry at 1.) The agreed entry further states that "as of May 1,
2012 and pursuant to the Decree of Divorce each party would be entitled to $443,226.24,"
and it required Colombo to preserve that amount and "add an additional $220,000.00 on
a temporary basis" in view of the dispute over Chesser's entitlement to the gains on the
retirement assets accruing after May 1, 2012. (Jan. 15, 2016 Jgmt. Entry at 1-2.)
       {¶ 5} In January 2017, the trial court held a hearing on Chesser's motion to enforce.
In April 2017, the trial court issued its decision on the matter. The trial court concluded
that the decree provides that Chesser is entitled to the gains or losses on her portion of
Colombo's retirement assets from May 1, 2012 until the date of distribution. Therefore, the
trial court granted Chesser's motion to enforce, and it filed a QDRO to effectuate its
conclusion. Additionally, pursuant to R.C. 3105.73(B), the trial court awarded Chesser
$25,000 in attorney fees.
       {¶ 6} Colombo timely appeals.
II. Assignments of Error

       {¶ 7} Colombo assigns the following errors for our review:

               [1.] The trial court erred to the material prejudice of Plaintiff-
               Appellant in misinterpreting the retirement division language
               of the parties' Decree of Divorce to entitle Defendant-Appellee
               to the gains and losses that accrued from May 1, 2012 to the
               date of distribution.

               [2.] The trial court erred to the material prejudice of Plaintiff-
               Appellant in entering a QDRO that is inconsistent with the
               Decree of Divorce.

               [3.] The trial court erred and abused its discretion to the
               material prejudice of Plaintiff-Appellant in granting $25,000
               in attorney's fees to Defendant-Appellee.

III. Discussion
       A. First and Second Assignments of Error – Division of Retirement
          Assets

       {¶ 8} Because Colombo's first and second assignments of error are interrelated, we
address them together. In his first assignment of error, Colombo asserts the trial court
erred in finding that the decree entitles Chesser to the gains or losses on her share of the
No. 17AP-278                                                                                   4


retirement assets accruing from May 1, 2012, until the date of distribution. Colombo's
second assignment of error challenges the trial court's QDRO on the basis that it
implements the trial court's erroneous reading of the decree's retirement asset division
provision.
       {¶ 9} After a trial court issues a divorce decree, it lacks jurisdiction to modify or
amend the marital property division, including the division of retirement assets, unless the
parties expressly consent in writing to the modification. R.C. 3105.171(I); Cameron v.
Cameron, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-349, 2012-Ohio-6258, ¶ 10. But a trial court retains "full
power" to enforce the provisions incorporated into a divorce decree. Id. To effectuate and
enforce a divorce decree's division of a retirement asset, a domestic relations court must
enter an order such as a QDRO, a division of property order, or similar device. Id. at ¶ 12.
As long as such a device is consistent with the decree, it is not a modification of the decree.
Id., citing State ex rel. Sullivan v. Ramsey, 124 Ohio St.3d 355, 2010-Ohio-252, ¶ 19. Thus,
when the parties "dispute, in good faith, the meaning of a provision in a decree, or if the
provision is ambiguous, the trial court has the power to hear the matter, to resolve the
dispute, and to enforce the decree." Robins v. Robins, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-1152, 2005-
Ohio-4969, ¶ 13. If no ambiguity exists, the trial court simply enforces the decree as written.
Cameron at ¶ 11.
       {¶ 10} When the parties have agreed on the terms of the divorce decree, the normal
rules of contract interpretation generally apply to ascertain the meaning of its language.
Robins at ¶ 14. Because the construction of a written contract is a matter of law, the trial
court's determination is given no deference and the issue is reviewed de novo. Alexander
v. Buckeye Pipeline Co., 53 Ohio St.2d 241 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus. The
purpose of contract construction is to realize and give effect to the parties' intent. Skivolocki
v. E. Ohio Gas Co., 38 Ohio St.2d 244 (1974), paragraph one of the syllabus. "[T]he intent
of the parties to a contract resides in the language they chose to employ in the agreement."
Shifrin v. Forest City Ents., Inc., 64 Ohio St.3d 635, 638 (1992). When " 'the terms in a
contract are unambiguous, courts will not in effect create a new contract by finding an
intent not expressed in the clear language employed by the parties.' " Holdeman v.
Epperson, 111 Ohio St.3d 551, 2006-Ohio-6209, ¶ 12, quoting Shifrin at 638. Furthermore,
"inequity perceived in hindsight does not constitute an ambiguity and is irrelevant when
No. 17AP-278                                                                                 5


interpreting the meaning of the terms of a decree." McGeorge v. McGeorge, 10th Dist. No.
00AP-1151 (May 22, 2001).
       {¶ 11} Here, the parties dispute the meaning of the decree's retirement asset
division provision. Chesser argues, and the trial court found, that the retirement asset
division provision indicates that she is entitled to the gains or losses accrued from May 1,
2012, through the date of actual distribution. In support of her argument, Chesser
primarily relies on Borton v. Borton, 6th Dist. No. F-10-003, 2011-Ohio-143, and Freeman
v. Freeman, 10th Dist. No. 97AP-706 (Dec. 16, 1997). In Borton, the divorce decree stated
that the retirement account "shall be divided equally between the parties on a 50/50 basis,
and the parties stipulated a value of $102,000 as of May 6, 2003." Id. at ¶ 17. Based on
that language, the Sixth District Court of Appeals held that "any appreciation or
depreciation occurring between that valuation date and the payout date must be shared
equally between the parties." Id. at ¶ 18. In Freeman, the divorce decree at issue stated in
part that "the stocks currently held by the parties in their joint or individual names shall be
divided equally between the parties, using the values as of May 11, 1995." In view of that
language, this court held that the equal division of the stocks valued at the time of divorce
was not a guarantee against a subsequent decrease in value of the stocks before actual
distribution pursuant to a QDRO. Id. Colombo argues that Borton and Freeman are
factually distinguishable from this case and that the unambiguous language of the provision
at issue does not entitle Chesser to the gains or losses accrued after May 1, 2012. We agree
with Colombo.
       {¶ 12} When the decree was agreed upon and filed, the future investment success of
the retirement assets was unknown. As of December 31, 2016, those assets had accrued
substantial gains since May 1, 2012. In view of that appreciation, Chesser contends that it
would be inequitable and unfair for Colombo to retain all of those gains. However, the fact
that Chesser views the gains on the retirement assets since May 1, 2012 as a windfall to
Colombo does not alter the agreed upon language used in the decree. The decree states that
the "retirement assets of the parties shall be equalized as of May 1, 2012." (June 4, 2012
Divorce Decree at 5.) This means that the parties intended that the assets be divided equally
based on their value as of May 1, 2012. Therefore, Chesser is entitled to one-half of the
value of the retirement assets as of May 1, 2012, and there is no dispute that this amount is
No. 17AP-278                                                                                  6


$443,226.24. The language of the decree does not indicate that Chesser, a non-participant
under the retirement plan, has any right to any gains or losses on the assets accruing after
May 1, 2012.
         {¶ 13} Unlike the Freeman case, the case at bar does not involve the division of
stock. This case is about whether Chesser, as an alternate payee, is entitled to gains or losses
accruing on retirement funds after the filing of the decree. The Borton case is also
distinguishable. The pertinent divorce decree language in that case did not provide that the
retirement assets must be divided equally as of a certain date. Instead, the divorce decree
stated that the retirement account must be divided equally, and it separately stated the
value of that retirement account on a specified date. It did not state the account must be
equalized as of a specified date as found here. Colombo and Chesser could have agreed to
allocate to Chesser gains or losses accruing on the retirement assets after May 1, 2012, but
they did not. See Martin v. Howard, 4th Dist. No. 07CA27, 2009-Ohio-67 (finding that
divorce decree awarding each party "50% of the other parties' retirement accrued as of
November 21, 2003," unambiguously entitled the non-participant payee to receive only a
sum certain based on the value of the retirement assets as of the specified date); Thomas v.
Thomas, 10th Dist. No. 00AP-541 (Apr. 26, 2001) ("[T]he divorce decree is not ambiguous
because the trial court failed to award the defendant interest on her pension distribution
when it could have done so."). Consequently, Colombo assumed the risks and rewards
associated with the retirement assets occurring after May 1, 2012. Because the language is
unambiguous, there is no basis to apply equitable principles to determine the proper
division of the retirement assets. McGeorge.
         {¶ 14} For these reasons, we sustain Colombo's first and second assignments of
error.
         B. Third Assignment of Error – R.C. 3105.73(B) Attorney Fees Award
         {¶ 15} Colombo's third assignment of error challenges the trial court's $25,000
attorney fees award in favor of Chesser. Pursuant to R.C. 3105.73(B), "[i]n any post-decree
motion or proceeding that arises out of an action for divorce, * * * the court may award all
or part of reasonable attorney's fees and litigation expenses to either party if the court finds
the award equitable." In making this equitable determination, "the court may consider the
parties' income, the conduct of the parties, and any other relevant factors the court deems
No. 17AP-278                                                                              7


appropriate, but it may not consider the parties' assets." An award of attorney fees in a
domestic relations action is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be
reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Settele v. Settele, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-
818, 2015-Ohio-3746, ¶ 51.
       {¶ 16} Here, the trial court found it fair and equitable to require Colombo to pay
$25,000 towards Chesser's attorney fees pursuant to R.C. 3105.73(B). The trial court
considered all relevant factors in making its attorney fees determination. While it found
both parties partially at fault for engaging in conduct that increased the fees and costs
incurred, it found that the equities weighed in favor of awarding $25,000 to Chesser. As
part of its analysis of the issue, the trial court considered Colombo's conduct in causing
unnecessary delay regarding the retirement distribution.         Based on our ruling on
assignments of error one and two, we remand the matter for further consideration of the
attorney fees determination by the trial court. In doing so, we make no finding on the issue
of delay or any other conduct by the parties, or whether the amount awarded should be
adjusted or remain the same.
       {¶ 17} Accordingly, we sustain Colombo's third assignment of error.
IV. Disposition
       {¶ 18} Having sustained Colombo's first, second, and third assignments of error, we
reverse the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic
Relations and Juvenile Branch. Therefore, this matter is remanded to that court for further
proceedings in accordance with law and consistent with this decision.
                                                                        Judgment reversed;
                                                                           cause remanded.

                          DORRIAN and HORTON, JJ., concur.
