                                                              FILED
                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS        Tenth Circuit

                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                  July 22, 2020
                       _________________________________
                                                              Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                  Clerk of Court
GILBERT T. TSO, a natural person and an
American,

     Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                 Nos. 19-1021 & 19-1352
                                             (D.C. No. 1:17-CV-02523-PAB-STV)
REBECCA MURRAY, a/k/a Tso,                                (D. Colo.)
individually; TANYA AKINS,
individually; SHERR PUTTMAN AKINS
LAMB PC, a law firm; JEANNIE
RIDINGS, individually; KILLIS RIDINGS
& VANAU PC, a law firm; RUSSELL M.
MURRAY, individually; DENA
MURRAY, individually; JOANNE
JENSEN, individually; RICHARD F.
SPIEGLE, Individually Psy. D.;
ELIZABETH STARRS, individually;
DAVID P. BRODSKY, individually;
CHARLES D. JOHNSON, individually;
ROSS B.H. BUCHANAN, individually;
DAVID H. GOLDBERG, individually;
MONICA JACKSON, official capacity;
LARA DELKA, individually and in her
official capacity; DENVER
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES;
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF
HUMAN SERVICES; CITY AND
COUNTY OF DENVER; CHRISTIAN
MADDY, individually and in his official
capacity; JENNIFER ALELMANN,
individually and in her official capacity;
DON MARES, official capacity; BARRY
PARDUS, official capacity; MICHAEL
DIXON, official capacity; PHIL WEISER,
official capacity; 19TH JUDICIAL
CIRCUIT COURT, LAKE CO.,
ILLINOIS; 2ND DISTRICT COURT,
    DENVER COUNTY, COLORADO;
    COLORADO DIVISION OF MOTOR
    VEHICLES,

        Defendants - Appellees.
                       _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, MATHESON, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       Gilbert T. Tso, proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s dismissal of

his Third Amended Complaint (No. 19-1021) and imposition of filing restrictions

(No. 19-1352). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm in both

appeals.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

       This is Mr. Tso’s third federal lawsuit challenging orders entered by Illinois

and Colorado state courts in domestic and child-support proceedings. We described

the underlying facts in our decision on appeal in the second suit. See Tso v. Murray,

760 F. App’x 564, 566-67 (10th Cir. 2019) (Tso I).




*
  After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
these appeals. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cases are
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not
binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

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       The federal district court remanded the first suit to state court because Mr. Tso

improperly tried to remove it to federal court after filing it in state court. Tso v.

Murray, No. 15-cv-02398-REB-KLM (D. Colo. Feb. 10, 2016) (unpublished order).

In the second suit, Mr. Tso alleged a Fifth Amendment violation for a taking of his

property without compensation; a Fourteenth Amendment violation of his right to

equal protection; and two violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt

Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) and (d). See Tso I, 760 F. App’x at

567. We affirmed the dismissal of those claims under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.

See id.1

       Before the district court entered judgment in the second suit, Mr. Tso filed his

third federal suit, from which these appeals arise. His Third Amended Complaint

alleged a Fifth Amendment violation for the taking of his property without

compensation; three violations of RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a), (c), and (d); and a

claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for “violations of Federal substantive, procedural, and

statutory rights outlined in” the Fifth Amendment and RICO allegations. R. Vol. 1 at

815. The defendants all filed motions to dismiss on numerous grounds, including the

Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Applying that doctrine, the district court dismissed all of

Mr. Tso’s claims. It further denied his two motions to file a Fourth Amended

Complaint.




1
 Rooker v. Fidelity Tr. Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman,
460 U.S. 462 (1983).
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         Mr. Tso filed post-judgment motions, and while they were pending, he filed a

fourth federal suit. See Tso v. Murray, No. 19-cv-00293-PAB-STV (D. Colo. Feb. 1,

2019) (complaint). The defendants then moved in this case (and in the fourth suit)

for sanctions. The district court granted the motion and enjoined Mr. Tso from filing

any new pro se actions in the District of Colorado “raising claims related to his

divorce, child custody, or child support obligations (or the enforcement of those

orders and obligations)” unless he first obtained the court’s permission. R. Vol. 3 at

254.

                                    II. DISCUSSION

         We construe Mr. Tso’s pro se filings liberally, but we do not act as his

attorney. See Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir.

2005).

                                     A. No. 19-1021

         Mr. Tso first challenges the dismissal of his claims under the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine. We review this issue de novo. Miller v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co. (In re

Miller), 666 F.3d 1255, 1260 (10th Cir. 2012).

         “The Rooker-Feldman doctrine provides that only the Supreme Court has

jurisdiction to hear appeals from final state court judgments.” Mayotte v. U.S. Bank

Nat’l Ass’n, 880 F.3d 1169, 1173 (10th Cir. 2018) (ellipsis and internal quotation

marks omitted). It precludes the lower federal courts from hearing “cases brought by

state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered

before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review

                                             4
and rejection of those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp.,

544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). “The essential point is that barred claims are those

complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments.” Campbell v. City of

Spencer, 682 F.3d 1278, 1283 (10th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Mr. Tso did not object to the magistrate judge’s recommendation to dismiss

his Fifth Amendment claim, which the district court adopted. This court’s “firm

waiver rule” thus precludes him from appealing the dismissal of that claim.

See Jones v. Salt Lake Cty., 503 F.3d 1147, 1152 (10th Cir. 2007). That leaves the

dismissal of the RICO claims and the § 1983 claim for us to review. For the reasons

discussed in Tso I, 760 F. App’x at 567-68, we conclude that the district court did not

err in holding the Rooker-Feldman doctrine precluded those claims. “Though he

complains of various acts taken by the defendants, whether through a RICO

‘conspiracy’ or denial of just compensation, the only harms alleged involved

deprivations that resulted from the state courts’ orders.” Id. at 568.

      Mr. Tso argues that this court should apply the “void ab initio” and “extrinsic

fraud” exceptions to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. We decline. We have not

adopted the “void ab initio” exception, and we are not persuaded it would be

appropriate to do so here. See Anderson v. Private Capital Grp., 549 F. App’x 715,

717-18 (10th Cir. 2013) (noting that this court would create a circuit split were it to

adopt the “void ab initio” doctrine outside of the bankruptcy context).2 And we


2
 We cite Anderson, an unpublished case, for its persuasive value. Fed. R. App. P.
32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                            5
already have declined to adopt the “extrinsic fraud” exception. See Tal v. Hogan,

453 F.3d 1244, 1256 (10th Cir. 2006) (“It is true that new allegations of fraud might

create grounds for appeal, but that appeal should be brought in the state courts.”).

       For these reasons, we affirm the dismissal of Mr. Tso’s claims.

                                     B. No. 19-1352

       After dismissing the claims, the district court granted the defendants’ motion

for sanctions and ordered filing restrictions against Mr. Tso. We review the

imposition of filing restrictions for abuse of discretion. See Chambers v. NASCO,

Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44-45 (1991) (recognizing that courts’ “inherent powers must be

exercised with restraint and discretion” and that “[a] primary aspect of that discretion

is the ability to fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial

process”).

       “Federal courts have the inherent power to regulate the activities of abusive

litigants by imposing carefully tailored restrictions under appropriate circumstances.”

Andrews v. Heaton, 483 F.3d 1070, 1077 (10th Cir. 2007). A filing restriction is

appropriate when (1) “the litigant’s abusive and lengthy history is properly set forth”;

(2) the court provides guidelines as to what the litigant “must do to obtain the court’s

permission to file an action”; and (3) the litigant receives “notice and an opportunity

to oppose the court’s order before it is instituted.” Tripati v. Beaman, 878 F.2d 351,

353-54 (10th Cir. 1989) (per curiam). The district court satisfied these conditions.

       It was not an abuse of discretion to conclude that Mr. Tso’s federal litigation

history establishes a sufficiently abusive pattern to merit filing restrictions.

                                             6
See Andrews, 483 F.3d at 1073, 1077 (affirming filing restrictions where the plaintiff

filed three federal suits involving the same circumstances). Further, the district court

sufficiently tailored the restrictions. They apply only in the United States District

Court for the District of Colorado, see Sieverding v. Colo. Bar Ass’n, 469 F.3d 1340,

1344 (10th Cir. 2006); they address only the subject matter of Mr. Tso’s previous

federal suits, see Ford v. Pryor, 552 F.3d 1174, 1181 (10th Cir. 2008); Sieverding,

469 F.3d at 1345; they allow Mr. Tso to file suit if he is represented by a licensed

attorney or if he obtains the court’s permission to proceed pro se; and they explain

the steps that he must take if he does wish to proceed pro se, see Ketchum v. Cruz,

961 F.2d 916, 921 (10th Cir. 1992). Mr. Tso’s objections to the order—that it is

impermissibly ex post facto; that the district court was required (and failed) to find

that he acted in bad faith; that his filings were not so numerous as to be abusive; and

that the district court should have imposed some less restrictive means—are

meritless.

      We therefore affirm the district court’s order imposing filing restrictions.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

      We affirm the district court’s judgments in both Nos. 19-1021 and 19-1352.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge




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