                                                                       1=iLED
                                                                  COURT OF
       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE
                                                                              PPEALS
                                                                              tA
                                                                     OV ASHINGTON
                                         DIVISION II                JUM — 01
                                                                 2013   4
                                                                  MfE OF WASHINGTB
STATE OF      WASHINGTON,                                          No. 4190-
                                                                       11- 5
                                                                               UT
                               Respondent,                 PART PUBLI          D    O PINION
         V.




MARTIN A.JONES,

                                        t.




         WIGGINS, J. . Martin A.Jones appeals his jury conviction for attempted first degree
                  T. —
                   P

murder. Jones argues that his constitutional right to a public trial and his right to be present were

violated when, during a court recess off the record, the trial court clerk drew four juror names to

determine which jurors would serve as alternates. In light of our Supreme Court's recent public

trial cases that make virtually any courtroom closure structural error, we agree with Jones that

the trial court violated his public trial rights. Accordingly, we vacate his conviction and remand

for a new trial.


         In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we address Jones's other contentions. First, he

challenges his conviction on the basis of improperly suggestive and unreliable photo

identification procedures. Second, he argues that the trial court, in disallowing certain testimony

and evidence, violated his constitutional right to present a defense: Finally, in a pro se statement

of additional grounds (SAG),
                           Jones challenges his conviction for several other reasons. Unlike
the public trial issue, we hold that none of these arguments presents reversible error.


1
    Justice Charlie Wiggins is serving as a judge pro tempore of the Court of Appeals, Division II,
pursuant to CAR 21( ).
                  c
2
    RAP 10. 0.
          1
No. 41902 5 II
          - -


                                                       FACTS


  I.    FACTUAL BACKGROUND


        Early in the morning on February 13, 2010 in Long Beach, Washington State Patrol

Trooper Jesse Greene pulled over a minivan driven by Susan Jones, Martin Jones's wife, for
driving in excess of the speed limit. Trooper Greene believed Susan Jones was intoxicated and

began conducting        field    sobriety tests. During this time, Trooper Scott Johnson arrived as

backup. Trooper Greene arrested Susan Jones for driving under the influence.

         Trooper Johnson asked Susan Jones if there was someone available who would pick up

the   minivan, to which         she   replied "Marty" and provided     a   phone   number.   Trooper Johnson

wrote " arty"and the phone number on his hand. Trooper Greene then took Susan Jones to the
      M

Long Beach     Police    Department       for   processing. Shortly after being placed into custody, Susan

Jones sent text messages to Jones informing him of her arrest.

         Before leaving the scene, Trooper Greene requested a towing company to tow the

minivan. Trooper Johnson began processing the minivan's contents until George Hill, owner of
Hill Auto   Body & Towing, arrived in short order.

         As the minivan was being prepared for towing, Trooper Johnson noticed a white male

approaching. This white male was visibly agitated and spoke to Hill, asking him what he was

doing. Hill indicated that he was preparing the vehicle for towing. As the unidentified white

male began walking away, Trooper Johnson contacted him and asked if he needed help with

anything. The white male responded that he did not need help and continued walking away.

         Trooper   Johnson went back to           processing   the minivan's contents. Sometime later, Hill


saw a white male approach Trooper Johnson from behind and grab him. Hill heard.a gunshot


3 . For clarity,, will refer to Susan Jones by her first and last name and will refer to Martin
                we
Jones, the appellant, simply as Jones.


                                                           2
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



and smelled   gunpowder. The white male had shot Trooper Johnson in the back of the head.

Trooper Johnson, still conscious, made eye contact with the man who shot him and returned fire.

Hill also gave chase, but the man fired upon him; then, Hill returned to assist Trooper Johnson.

Trooper Johnson watched the shooter flee.

       Hill contacted the Washington State Patrol dispatcher, who notified law enforcement

personnel. Long Beach police arrived and one of the officers took Trooper Johnson to Ocean

Beach Hospital in Ilwaco. The physician who initiated treatment arranged for Trooper Johnson's

transfer to Oregon Health Sciences University Hospital (OHSU)to ensure that Trooper Johnson

had access to a trauma surgeon.

       At the scene, investigating officers found one .22 caliber short cartridge casing where

Trooper Johnson had been shot. The cartridge was stamped with the logo for Cascade Cartridge,

Inc., ammunition manufacturer.
    an

       Officers at the scene employed two K 9 units to track the scent from the shooting scene.
                                            -

One of these units led to the block on which Martin and Susan Jones resided. Police realized that

the dog was approaching Susan Jones's home.

       Police surrounded the Joneses' home.      Jones exited the home and walked toward the


beach. Police followed him and detained him at gunpoint. Jones told police that he was going

for a morning walk on the beach and that he had been asleep all night. Police questioned Jones

but released him during further investigation.

       Meanwhile, Trooper Johnson recuperated at OHSU for about three days following the

shooting.     During this time he was shown several photographs of potential suspects in

photomontages, as well as individual photographs. Trooper Johnson did not identify the shooter

in any of these photos. Trooper Johnson began asking to see a photo of Susan Jones's husband,

which officers eventually showed him. Trooper Johnson identified Jones as the shooter.

                                                 3
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



        Following Trooper Johnson's identification, officers arrested Jones, who continued to

claim he was at home asleep at the time of the shooting. Police obtained warrants to search his

home and phone records. The phone records disclosed several phone calls exchanged between

Jones and his neighbor in the early morning hours of February 13, 2010. A search of Jones's
home disclosed a box of . 2 caliber Cascade Cartridge, Inc. ammunition manufactured in 1999,
                        2

which matched the .22 shell casing found at the scene of Trooper Johnson's shooting.

 II.     PRETRIAL PROCEEDINGS


         The State charged Jones with attempted first degree murder. Jones was initially arraigned

in Pacific County, but due to pretrial publicity, Jones requested a venue change. The court

granted Jones's motion and transferred the case to Thurston County Superior Court. Jones filed
an   affidavit of   prejudice against   Thurston   County Superior   Court   Judge Pomeroy. Unable to

accommodate the trial in Thurston County following the affidavit, the case was transferred back

to Pacific County. Pacific County Superior Court then transferred venue to Pierce County.
         The   parties exchanged   several   pretrial evidentiary   motions.   Jones planned to present

evidence that Trooper Greene had observed a different white male walking past the minivan 40

minutes before the shooting, just after stopping Susan Jones. The State successfully moved to

exclude this evidence as impermissible " ther suspect"evidence.
                                       o

         Jones also moved to suppress Trooper Johnson's eyewitness identification or alternatively

present expert testimony regarding the questionable reliability of eyewitness identifications. The
court denied Jones's motion to suppress but allowed his expert to testify.

 III.    TRIAL


         During trial, Jones sought to impeach the testimony of Sara Trejo, the Washington State

Patrol Crime Lab's fingerprint analyst, with the e mail of Chris Sewell, who had called the
                                                   -

State's investigation- haphazard" and otherwise had criticized communication breakdowns
                       "

                                                      4
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



among law enforcement agencies. The trial court denied the use of the e mail for impeachment,
                                                                        -

concluding that the email was a collateral matter. Jones later sought to present the testimony of

Chris Sewell in his case in-
                         - chief, but the court excluded this testimony as unduly prejudicial

under ER 403.


         At the conclusion of the evidence, the court indicated that the court clerk would randomly

draw the names of four jurors from a rotating cylinder to determine which jurors would be

alternates. During the defense's closing arguments, there was a court recess during which the

court   clerk   randomly pulled four jurors' names. The court announced the names of the four

alternate jurors following closing arguments and excused these jurors. Jones did not object to

any aspect of the alternate juror drawing.

         The jury found Jones guilty of attempted first degree murder and returned a verdict that

included a firearm sentencing enhancement. Following the verdict, Jones moved for a new trial,

claiming that the random drawing of alternate jurors violated his right to a public trial and right

to be present and appear and defend. He also asserted that he should have been able to present
evidence that another suspect shot       Trooper Johnson. The trial court denied Jones's motions.

Jones appealed.

                                               ANALYSIS


 1.     JONES'S RIGHT TO A PUBLIC TRIAL WAS VIOLATED BECAUSE THE DRAWING FOR ALTERNATE
        JURORS WAS NOT DONE IN OPEN COURT, ENTITLING JONES TO A NEW TRIAL

         The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and by article I,section 22 of the

Washington Constitution guarantee the right to a public trial. The state constitution also requires
     j]in all
that "[ ustice          cases   shall be administered                           10.
                                                        openly." CONST. art. I, §         A defendant does


not waive his public trial right by failing to object to a closure during trial. State a Wise, 176

Wn. d 1, 9, 288 P. d 1113 ( 2012). Whether
  2              3                 "`                       a criminal accused's constitutional public trial



                                                        5
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



right   has been violated is      a   question of law, subject   to   de   novo   review   on   direct   appeal. "' Wise,

176 Wn. d at 9 (quoting State a Easterling, 157 Wn. 4 167, 173 74, 137 P. d 825 (2006)).
      2                                           2            -        3

          Under our Supreme Court's recent guidance on the public trial right, we first determine

whether a closure that triggers the public trial right occurred by asking if,under considerations of

experience and logic, the core values of the public trial right are implicated." State a Sublett,
                       "
176 Wn. d 58, 73, 292 P. d 715 (2012)lead
      2                3              (                 opinion) . If there is a closure, we look to whether

the trial court properly conducted a Bone Club analysis before closing the courtroom. State u
                                          -
Paumier, 176 Wn. d 29, 35, 288 P. d
               2                3                            Wise, 176 Wn. d at 12. If the trial court
                                                  1126 (2012);           2


failed to do so, then a "per se prejudicial" public trial violation has occurred "even where the

defendant failed to object at trial."Wise, 176 Wn. d at 18. The remedy is typically a new trial.
                                                 2

Wise, 176 Wn. d at 19.
            2

          Applying these standards to this case, we conclude that the trial court violated Jones's

public trial right, so he is entitled to a new trial. The drawing of alternate jurors occurred off the

record during a court recess. The trial court failed to engage in a Bone Club analysis, resulting in
                                                                         -

an error that is per se prejudicial. We must therefore vacate Jones's conviction and remand this
case for retrial.


           A. The Experience and Logic Test Indicates that the Alternate Juror Drawing Constituted
                 a Closure

           The United States Supreme Court originally developed the experience and logic test to

determine whether the public's right to access trials attaches under the First Amendment. See


4
    Although Sublett was a splintered decision, at least five justices voted to adopt the experience
and     logic   test. See 176   Wn. d at 73 (lead
                                  2                         136                        I
                                                                           concurring) ( "
                                                    opinion), (Stephens, J.,                                     believe
                                                                                                               ...

considerations of logic and experience appropriately guide the determination of when the public
trial right attaches. ").
5
    State a Bone Club, 128 Wn. d 254, 906 P. d 325 (1995).
                 -           2             2


                                                          M
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



Press -Enterprise Co. a Superior Court, 478 U. . 1, 7, 106 S. Ct. 2735, 92 L. Ed. 2d (1986)
                                             S

Press II).The experience prong of the test "asks `whether the place and process have

historically been open to the press and general public."'
                                                       Sublett, 176 Wn. d at 73 (quoting Press
                                                                      2

II,478 U. . at 8). other words, the court engages in an historical inquiry to determine whether
        S        In

the type of procedure is one that has traditionally been open to the public. "
                                                                             The logic prong asks

whether public access plays a significant positive role in the functioning of the particular

process in question."'
                     Sublett, 176 Wn. d at 73. Relevant to logic inquiry are the overarching
                                    2

policy objectives of having an open trial such as fairness to the accused ensured by permitting

public scrutiny of proceedings. See Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v Virginia, 448 U. . 555, 572,
                                                                               S

100 S. Ct. 2914, 65 L.Ed. 2d 973 (1980) ( "
                                        People in an open society do not demand infallibility

from their institutions, but it is difficult for them to accept what they are prohibited from

observing. "); State a Brightman, 155 Wn. d 506, 514, 122 P. d 150 (2005) ( " public trial
                                        2                  3              The

right serves to ensure a fair trial, to remind the officers of the court of the importance of their

functions, to encourage witnesses   to   come   forward, and   to   discourage perjury. "). If both prongs

of the experience and logic test are implicated, the public trial right attaches, and the " one Club
                                                                                          B     -

factors must be considered before the proceeding may be closed to the public." Sublett, 176

Wn. d at 73. We proceed to provide a more detailed experience and logic analysis.
  2

            1. The Washington " experience" of selecting alternate jurors is varied but is
               typically part of voir dire, which is performed in open court

       Although selecting alternate jurors has not received a great deal of attention in

Washington, our courts' historical and current practices indicate that alternate juror selection is

largely performed at the same time and in the same way as voir dire, and thus occurs on the

record in   a   courtroom that is open to the   public. Therefore, the experience of alternate jury

selection in this state has been one that traditionally the public has been able to witness.



                                                    7
No. 41902 5 II
          - -


       At common law, if a juror became incapacitated, the entire jury was discharged, a new

jury was selected, and the case retried. See Recent Cases, 11 WASH. L. REV. 106, 110 (1936)

citing Dennis a State, 96 Miss. 96, 50 So. 499 (1909);
                                                     State a Hasledahl, 2 N. . 521, 52 N. .
                                                                           D            W

315 (1892)).
          Washington's variant of the common law rule allowed the trial to continue without

an incapacitated juror if both parties agreed or to retry the case before a new jury if the parties
                                                                                         -

did not agree. 2 HILL'S CODE     OF        ch. II, §
                                      PROC.,       360. Washington had no rules directly on point

for juror incapacitation in criminal cases and applied civil jury rules in all cases until 1917. See

REM. 1915' ODE §
         C             2137 ( uror rules in criminal trials governed by civil rules); S CODE §
                            j                                                       PIERCE'

8511 (1919)civil rules for juror incapacitation unchanged since 1891).
            (

       In 1917, the Legislature passed Senate Bill 136, titled "Alternate Jurors in Criminal

Actions."LAws     OF   1917, ch. 37, §1. It provided in pertinent part,

       Whenever, in the opinion of a judge of a superior court about to try a [felony]
       defendant ... [ and] the trial is likely to be a protracted one, the court may cause
       an entry to that effect to be made in the minutes of the court, and thereupon,
       immediately after the jury is impaneled and sworn the court may direct the calling
       of one or two additional jurors, in its discretion, to be known as "alternate jurors."
       Such jurors must be drawn from the same source, and in the same manner, and of
       the same qualifications as the jurors already sworn, to be subject to the same
       examination and     challenge ....   If,before the final submission of the case, a juror
       die, or become ill,so as to be unable to perform his duty, the court may order him
       to be discharged and draw the name of an alternate, who shall then take his place
       in the jury box and be subject to the same rules and regulations as though he had
       been elected as one of the original jurors.
LAws   OF   1917, ch. 37, § 1. Thus, Washington's first enactment regarding alternate jurors not

only specified a particular procedure for the alternate juror selection, but it specifically instructed

that alternate jurors be called in the same manner as deliberating jurors and subject to forcause
                                                                                             -

and peremptory challenges in open court. This statute remained in effect until 1984. See former
RCW 10. 9.1950),
    070 (
      4        repealed               by LAws   OF   1984, ch. 76, §30( ).
                                                                      6




                                                      8
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



        Criminal Rule (CrR)6. superseded former RCW 10. 9. It directs that "[ hen the
                            5                       070.
                                                      4                    w]

jury is selected the court may direct the selection of one or more additional jurors, in its

discretion, to be known     as   alternate   jurors." CrR 6. also states that when "a juror is found
                                                           5

unable to perform the duties the court shall order the juror discharged, and the clerk shall draw

the name of an alternate who shall take the juror's place on the jury."
                                                                      CrR 6. ,like former RCW
                                                                           5

070,
10. 9. contemplates that all jurors—
  4                                whether deliberating jurors or alternate jurors are
                                                                                   —

selected at the same time through the same process.

        Washington's pattern jury instructions also indicate that alternate juror selection occurs

before trial   during   voir dire.     11A WASHINGTON PRACTICE:          WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY


                                                              -  3d ed. 2008 &
INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL APP. C THE CRIMINAL JURY TRIAL, at 787 88 (                               Supp.

2011) (If alternate jurors are to be empaneled [sic],
        "                                           they should be called, questioned on voir

dire, and instructed on their duties as alternates at this time. ")

          Another provision instructs the judge to address the alternate jurors by stating, At the
                                                                                            "

outset of this trial,you were selected to serve in case one of the jurors became unable to serve on

the   jury." 11 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL

4.9, at
 6        137 (3d ed. 2008 &     Supp. 2011).The pattern jury instructions thus indicate that the trial

courts should handle matters pertaining to alternate jurors in the same manner as their

deliberating counterparts

          Under Washington's civil rules, a] jurors shall be drawn in the same manner,
                                          "[ lternate

shall have the same qualifications, shall be subject to the same examination and challenges, shall

take the same oath, and shall have the same functions, powers, facilities, and privileges as the

regular jurors."CR 47( ).
                     b Where one to two alternates will be impaneled, each party receives
one   additional peremptory      challenge.    CR   47( ). the case of three or four alternates, each
                                                      b In

party may exercise two additional peremptory challenges and in the case of five to six alternates,

                                                       0
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



each party receives three additional peremptory challenges. CR 47( ):
                                                                 b Thus, Civil Rule 47( )
                                                                                      b

also contemplates that alternate jurors are treated in the same manner as regular jurors during

voir dire.


       Several local superior court rules are consistent with selecting alternate jurors as part of

the voir dire process. A few local rules refer to the "struck jury"method. A struck jury is "[
                                                                                            a]

jury selected by allowing parties to alternate in striking from a list any person whom a given

party does not wish to have on the jury, until the number is reduced to the appropriate number

traditionally 12)." S
                  BLACK'        LAw DICTIONARY 935 ( 9th ed.          2009). This manner of alternate

juror selection would occur as part of the voir dire process. This is the jury selection method in

Whitman, Pacific, Thurston, Asotin, Columbia, and Garfield Counties. See WHITMAN COUNTY

SUPER. CT. LOCAL CIv. R. 47( );
                           a PACIFIC COUNTY SUPER. CT. LOCAL R. 4; THURSTON COUNTY

STRUCK       JURY     HANDBOOK,        available      at   us superior documents/
                                                           thurston.
                                                           www.    wa.
                                                                   co. //

Struck 20Jury 20Handbook.pdf;
       %       %            HELLS CANYON CIRCUIT LOCAL R.7(3).
                                                          1
        Other local   court rules   provide   more   varying   methods for alternate   juror   selection. In


Grant County civil cases, jurors are assigned roster numbers and are then eliminated through

usual forcause and peremptory
          -                          challenges. GRANT COUNTY SUPER. CT. LOCAL CIv. R. 47( ).
                                                                                         c

The remaining 12 jurors with the lowest roster numbers become the jury and the remaining

jurors with the next lowest roster numbers are seated as alternate jurors. GRANT COUNTY SUPER.

CT. LOCAL CIv. R. 47( ). Okanogan Superior Court, parties may stipulate that an alternate
                    c In

juror be designated by random drawing following closing arguments, i] lieu of the procedure
                                                                   "[ n

designated by    statute." OKANOGAN COUNTY SUPER. CT. LOCAL R.                  9( ). Presumably, the
                                                                                 b

procedure designated by statute" is the procedure employed by former RCW 10. 9.
                                                                         070,
                                                                           4

discussed above. In Kitsap County, the clerk assigns all jurors random numbers beginning with



                                                      10
No. 41902 5 II
          - -


the number    one.    KITSAP COUNTY SUPER. CT. LOCAL CIv. R. 47( ).
                                                               1 Generally             alternates are

questioned during     voir dire in the   same   way   as   regular jurors. KITSAP COUNTY SUPER. CT.

LOCAL CIv.R.47( )( —(
            C),
              1 3)
                 4).(

         Taken together, both the historic and current practices in Washington reveal that the

procedure for selecting alternate jurors, like the selection of regular jurors, generally occurs as

part of voir dire in open court. As our Supreme Court has recognized, voir dire has traditionally

been and must continue to be open to the.public. See State a Momah, 167 Wn. d 140, 148, 217
                                                                          2

P. d 321 (2009); re Pers. Restraint of Orange, 152 Wn. d 795, 804',100 P. d 291.(
 3             In                                    2                  3      2004);
                                                                                    see

also Press -Enters. Co. a Superior Court, 464 U. . 501, 505, 104 S. Ct. 819, 78 L.Ed. 2d 629
                                               S

1984).Thus, even though various Washington courts might employ slightly differing methods

to select alternate jurors, we conclude that the Washington experience of alternate juror selection

is one connected to the voir dire process for jury selection. Therefore, alternate juror selection,

under our experience, has been and continues to be publicly open.

             2.   Considerations of logic"indicate that a drawing of alternate jurors implicates the
                                    "
                  core concerns of the constitutional right to public trial

         Turning to the logic prong of the experience and logic test, our inquiry focuses on the

purposes of the public trial right and the constitutional assurance of courts. Washington

courts have recognized these purposes as ensuring a fair trial, reminding court officers of the

importance of their duties, encouraging witnesses to come forward, and discouraging perjury.

Sublett, 176 Wn. d at 72; Brightman, 155 Wn. d at 514. Two of the purposes of the public trial
               2                           2

right are implicated in this case: basic fairness to the defendant and reminding the trial court of

the importance of its functions.



6
    If the defendant objects to this procedure, the clerk will draw the numbers in open court at the
beginning of trial. KITSAP COUNTY SUPER. CT. LOCAL CIv.R.47( ).
                                                           1


                                                      11
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



       At least three times before and during trial, the trial court indicated that it would

randomly draw alternate jurors at the trial's conclusion. See 1 Verbatim Report of Proceedings

VRP)at 35 ( " f we are not going to tell [the jurors that they are alternates],then it' random and
            I                                                                         s

we pull it out of the rotating cylinder, and it' whoever is left is who is eligible to be selected
                                               s

       23
out. ");    VRP at 3808 ( The drawing] will be random. The box to be spun looks a little like an
                          "[

old fashioned     bingo, but   it' wooden. [ The
                                 s                    court clerk] has all 16 of your juror numbers, and

after all of the closing arguments she will tell me which four numbers have been selected at

random.     We    don't know     now. "); 25                   flour
                                                VRP at 4061 ( "[          jurors number [sic] were pulled

randomly, and     at this   time I   am   temporarily excusing   these four   jurors .... ").   But a court staff


member conducted the drawing during an afternoon court recess, which was announced to Jones,

counsel, and the jurors after it occurred. Thus, the alternate juror drawing occurred off the record

and outside of the trial proceedings.

       Although we do not suggest that the alternate juror drawing in this case was anything but

random and Jones does not appear to argue otherwisethere is simply no way to tell how the
       —

drawing     was   performed.         The issue is not that the drawing in this case was a result of

manipulation or chicanery on the part of the court staff member who performed the task, but that

the drawing could have been. Where such a drawing occurs during a court recess off the record,

the defendant and the public lack the assurance of a truly random drawing that they would have

if the drawing were performed in open court on the record. This lack of assurance raises serious

questions regarding the overall fairness of the trial, and indicates that court personnel should be
reminded of the importance of their duties. Accordingly, we conclude that considerations of

logic "mplicate the core values the public trial right serves."Sublett, 176 Wn. d at 72.
      i                                                                       2




                                                        12
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



        B. The Trial Court Failed to Perform a Bone Club Analysis, Resulting in an Error that Is
                                                      -
           Presumed Prejudicial, Entitling Jones to a New Trial

        Having determined that both experience and logic require that an alternate juror drawing

be conducted in open court, Jones's public trial right attaches. Sublett, 176 Wn. d at 73. Thus,
                                                                                2

the trial court was required to consider the Bone Club factors before permitting the alternate
                                                  -

juror drawing off the record.

         The trial court's failure to consider and apply Bone Club before closing part of a trial
                                                              -

the   alternate juror drawingwas
                             —      error.   Wise, 176 Wn. d at 13. "Violation of the public trial
                                                         2

right, even when not preserved by objection, is presumed prejudicial to the defendant on direct

appeal." Wise, 176 Wn. d at 17. Permitting a violation of the public trial right to go unchecked
                     2

would erode our open, public system of justice and could ultimately result in unjust and secret

trial proceedings." Wise, 176 Wn. d at 18.
                                2




7 Under Bone Club,trial courts must consider five factors prior to closing the proceedings:
             -
             1.   The proponent of closure or sealing must make some showing [ of a
         compelling interest], and where that need is based on a right other than an
         accused's right to a fair trial, the proponent must show a_ "
                                                                   serious and imminent
         threat"to that right.

             2.   Anyone present when the closure motion is made must be given an
         opportunity to object to the closure.
             3.   The proposed method for curtailing open access must be the least
         restrictive means available for protecting the threatened interests.

            4. The court must weigh the competing interests of the proponent of closure
         and the public.
             5. The order must be no broader in its application than necessary to serve its
         purpose.


 128 Wn. d at 258 59 (alteration in original) quoting Allied Daily Newspapers of Wash. u
       2          -                           (
Eikenberry, 121 Wn. d 205, 210 11,848 P. d 1258 (1993)).
                  2            -       2


                                                   13
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



        In Wise, our Supreme Court noted that "[ ] remedy should be appropriate to the
                                               the

violation. ""   Wise, 176 Wn. d at 19 (alteration in original) quoting Bone Club, 128 Wn. d at
                            2                                  (            -           2

262 (quoting Waller a Georgia, 467 U. .39, 50, 104 S. Ct. 2210, 81 L.Ed. 2d 31 (1984))).
                                    S                                                The

court went on to state that where the violation in question occurs as part of an "easily separable

part of a trial,"
                remand for a public hearing, rather than for a new trial, might be appropriate.

Wise, 176 Wn. d at 19. But where "the jury would necessarily be differently composed and it is
            2

impossible to speculate as to the impact of that on [the] trial," appropriate remedy is a new
                                                                the

trial. Wise, 176 Wn. d at 19.
                   2              Therefore, we hold that the violation of the public trial right

entitles Jones to a new trial.


 II.    DRAWING ALTERNATE JURORS OUTSIDE OF JONES'S PRESENCE DID NOT VIOLATE HIS
        RIGHT TO BE PRESENT OR TO APPEAR AND DEFEND UNDER THE FEDERAL OR STATE
         CONSTITUTIONS


         In addition to his public trial claims, Jones contends that by allowing the random juror

drawing to be done outside his presence, the trial court violated his constitutional right to be

present under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment and under article I, section 22 of the Washington Constitution.

Because the random jurors selection was not a critical phase of Jones's trial and did not have any

effect on his_substantial rights, we hold that no violation of his right to be present occurred.

Moreover, even if Jones's trial suffered from error on this point, the error was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt.


         Like the public trial right, the right to be present is a constitutional question under the
Confrontation Clause and Due Process Clause of the Sixth and 'Fourteenth Amendments,

respectively. Article I,section 22 of the Washington Constitution protects a criminal defendant's
                                .
                      and defend." Constitutional     questions   are   reviewed de   novo.   State u
right   to " appear




                                                 14
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



McCuistion, 174 Wn. d 369, 387, 275 P. d 1092 (2012).We review Jones's right- be-
                  2                  3                                      to - present

claim under the federal constitution and the state constitution in turn.


       A. Jones's Right to Be Present Was Not Violated Under the Due Process Clause of the
            Fourteenth Amendment


       Washington courts apply federal constitutional law to asserted violations of defendants'

rights to be present at trial. State a Irby, 170 Wn. d 874, 880, 246 P. d 796 (2011); re Pers.
                                                   2                  3             In

Restraint   of Benn,   134 Wn. d
                             2     868, 920, 952 P. d 116. Although the right to be present
                                                  2


originated in the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, the United States Supreme

Court has applied the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in situations where

defendants are not actually confronting witnesses or evidence against them. See United States u

Gagnon, 470 U. . 522, 526, 105 S. Ct. 1482, 84 L. Ed. 2d 486 (1985) per curiam);
             S                                                      (          Rushen u

Spain, 464 U. . 113, 117, 104 S. Ct. 453, 78 L.Ed. 2d 267 (1983).
            S

        The defendant's presence is constitutionally required "whenever his presence has a

relation, reasonably substantial, to the fullness of his opportunity to defend against the charge."

Snyder a Massachusetts, 291 U. . 97, 105- 6,S. Ct. 330, 78 L.Ed. 674 (1934),
                             S          0                                  overruled in

part on other grounds sub nom. Malloy a Hogan, 378 U. . 1, 84 S. Ct. 1489, 12 L.Ed. 2d 653
                                                    S

1964); also Gagnon,.
     see          470 U. . at 526. Because the defendant's presence must be reasonably
                       S

substantially related to his or her ability to defend, the right is not triggered where "presence

would be useless, or the benefit but a shadow."Snyder, 291 U. .at 106 07.
                                                            S         -

        The random drawing of jurors' names to determine which would be alternates was not a

critical phase of the trial. Jones had the opportunity during voir dire to question, challenge, and

ultimately select all the jurors, including those who were randomly selected as alternates, well
before the alternate drawing.      Although the initial juror selection is "a critical stage of the

criminal proceeding, during which the defendant has a constitutional right to be present,"
                                                                                         Gomez


                                                  15
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



v United States, 490 U. . 858, 873, 109 S. Ct. 2237, 104 L. Ed. 2d 923 (1989),
                      S                                                      voir dire vastly

differs from the administrative function of later randomly selecting alternate jurors. Although

this selection violated Jones's public trial right, nothing about the alternate juror selection had

any relation, let alone a reasonably substantial one, to Jones's ability to defend against the

attempted murder charge.

          Jones relies on Irby for the proposition that any selection of jurors, even alternate jurors

at the end of trial, implicates his due process rights. In Irby,the judge, prosecution, and defense

exchanged e mails regarding juror responses to the juror questionnaire, including possible
            -
dismissals of jurors for    hardship   and for   cause.       170 Wn. d at 878, 884. When these a mails
                                                                    2                             -

were sent, Irby was in jail and his attorneys never communicated with him regarding the contents

of the e-
        mails. Irby 170 Wn. d at 884. Noting that the right to be present during jury selection
                    .     2

attaches when the work of empanelling the jury begins, the court held that because a mails
                                                                                     -

regarding jury selection were part of empanelment, " onducting jury selection [by e mail] in
                                                   c                                -

Irby's absence was a violation of his right under the due process clause."Irby 170 Wn. d at 884.
                                                                                     2

          Notably, Irby involves the defendant's right to be present during the initial jury selection,

not the alternate juror drawing at the trial's end. Unlike Irby,- the time alternates were excused,
                                                                at

Jones's   jury   had been   empanelled   and present at his trial for more than five weeks. Jones's


situation simply does not implicate the right to be present addressed in Irby. We hold that the
                                                                                            .

alternate juror selection was not a critical stage that triggered Jones's right to be present under

the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution.


          B. The Alternate Juror Drawing Did Not Violate Jones's Right to Appear and Defend
              Under Article I,Section 22 of the State Constitution

          Article I, section 22 - of the Washington Constitution provides that "[i] criminal
                                                                                  n

prosecutions     the accused shall have the      right   to appear and defend in   person." In Irby, our



                                                         16
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



Supreme Court recognized that the state constitutional right to appear and defend is arguably

broader than the federal due process right to be present. 170 Wn. d at 885 n. . The Irby court
                                                                2           6

based this determination in part on State a Shutzler, 82 Wash. 365, 367, 144 P. 284 (1914),

overruled in part on other grounds by State a Caliguri, 99 Wn. d 501, 664 P. d 466 (1983),
                                                             2             2             in

which the Supreme Court stated that " t is the right of the accused to be present at every stage of
                                    i

the trial when his substantial rights may be affected."Thus, in Washington, the right to appear

and defend as guaranteed by article I,section 22 of the Washington Constitution is triggered at

any time during trial that a defendant's substantial rights may be affected.

       The alternate juror drawing in this case is not one of those times. As already discussed,

Jones had the opportunity to participate in the selection of 16 jurors during voir dire. After the

excusal of four jurors, any variation in the makeup of the remaining jurors should have been

satisfactory to Jones, regardless of whether he was present when the selection of alternates

occurred. See State a Gentry, 125 Wn. d 570, 616, 888 P. d 1105 (1995)holding that because
                                    2                  2               (

t] Defendant participated in [the jurors']selection and the entire panel, both regular jurors
 he

and alternates,was ultimately accepted by the Defendant," fact that an alternate mistakenly
                                                        the

deliberated in the case caused no prejudice). The trial court's alternate juror selectionn procedure

therefore did not violate Jones's right to appear and defend under article I,section 22 of the

Washington Constitution.

         C. Jones's Absence at the Time Alternate Jurors Were Drawn, if Error at All, Was
            Harmless Error Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

        Both the federal due process right to be present and the state constitutional right to appear

and defend are subject to harmless error analysis. Rushen, 464 U. . at 117 18;Irby, 170 Wn. d
                                                                S          -              2
at 885 86. "
       -     The burden of proving harmlessness is on the State and it must do so beyond a




                                                 17
No.41902 5 II
         - -



reasonable doubt." Caliguri, 99 Wn. d at 509. "Nonetheless, the defendant must first raise at
                                  2

least the possibility of prejudice."Caliguri, 99 Wn. d at 509.
                                                   2

          Jones does not demonstrate a possibility of prejudice. He participated in and accepted the

selection of 16 jurors, knowing that only 12 of them would ultimately deliberate. Because 12 of

them did actually deliberate and come to a verdict—
                                                  exactly as Jones expectedJones cannot
                                                                           —

now say that the fact that he was not present at the time of the random selection of the 12

deliberating jurors prejudiced     him.    Even if Jones's absence during the random selection of

alternate jurors was error, the error was harmless.

          Our Supreme Court's recent decisions on the public trial right have decided this case for

us.     Because Jones's right to a public trial was violated when alternate jurors were selected

during a court recess off the record, we must presume Jones was prejudiced. However, we reject

Jones's claimed error with regard to his right to be present at the time the alternate juror drawing

occurred. We vacate the trial court's conviction of Jones for attempted first degree murder and

remand this matter for a new trial.


          A majority of the panel having determined that. nly the foregoing portion of this opinion
                                                        o

will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public

record in accordance with RCW 2.6.it is so ordered.
                              040,
                               0

 III.     THE PHOTO IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE, ALBEIT SUGGESTIVE, WAS RELIABLE AND
          PROPERLY GIVEN TO THE JURY TO WEIGH


          Jones contends that the admission of Trooper Johnson's photo identification of Jones

violates his due process rights. First, Jones asserts that the photo identification procedure was

impermissibly suggestive. We agree and hold that the photo identification procedure employed

by    law. enforcement officers   was   unduly suggestive. Second, Jones asserts that the procedure

was unreliable because it was substantially likely to result in an irreparable misidentification


                                                    18
No. 41902 5 II
          = -


under the   totality   of the circumstances.   On this point, we disagree with Jones and hold that

Trooper Johnson's photo identification of Jones was reliable enough to be considered by the jury.

       Admission of a photo identification or a photomontage is, reduced to its essence, the

admission of evidence in a criminal case"and is therefore "
                                                          subject to the sound discretion of the

trial court." State a Kinard, 109 Wn. App. 428, 432, 36 P. d 573 (2001). Instead of making
                                                         3

independent evaluations where constitutional issues are at play, appellate courts determine

whether substantial evidence supports trial court's findings. State a Hill, 123 Wn. d 641, 647,
                                                                                  2

870 P. d 313 (1994).We thus review the trial court's order denying the suppression of Trooper
     2

Johnson's eyewitness identification for abuse of discretion and substantial evidence.
        A. The Photo Identification Procedure Was Unduly Suggestive

       Jones bears the burden of showing that the photographic identification procedures

employed by law enforcement were impermissibly suggestive. State a Vickers, 148 Wn. d 91,
                                                                                  2

118, 59 P. d 58 (2002).A photographic identification meets the strictures of due process if it is
         3

not "so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable
misidentification." Simmons a United States, 390 U. . 377, 384, 88 S. Ct. 967, 19 L. Ed. 2d
                                                  S

1247 (1968).The Simmons court provided several factors that may result in a high likelihood of

misidentification, including where the witness has only a brief chance to observe the criminal,

sees him under poor conditions, sees "only the picture of a single individual who generally

resembles the person he saw," sees only "the pictures of several persons among which the
                            or

photograph of a single such individual recurs or is in some way emphasized." Simmons, 390
U. .at 383.
 S




8 The trial court denied the suppression of Trooper Johnson's eyewitness identification based on
stipulated evidence presented by the parties. See App.A to Br. of Appellant.

                                                    19
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



       Under these statements of the law, we conclude that the procedures employed here were

impermissibly suggestive..
                         The parties stipulated that following the shooting, Trooper Johnson

made the following statements regarding how well he saw the man who shot him: " got a good
                                                                              I

look at him "; diligent attention "; " id not get
               "                     d              a    good   look at the shooter "; "
                                                                                       mostly   saw a side

profile." These stipulated   statements   are   at best inconsistent.     On February 13, 2010, while

Trooper Johnson was recuperating at OHSU Portland police showed him a single photograph of

a white male. Trooper Johnson indicated that he could not be "100%
                                                                 sure" that this was the

shooter, but indicated that the photograph resembled the shooter. Police later showed Trooper

Johnson a sketch based on another witness's description and Trooper Johnson indicated that the

sketch did not look like the shooter.     About an hour later, police showed Trooper Johnson a

black- -white, poor quality copy of Jones's Department of Licensing photo; Trooper Johnson
     and

requested a clearer copy. He was shown another photograph of a different man 45 minutes later.

Three hours after that, police showed Trooper Johnson a montage with six photos, none of which

was of Jones, and he responded that none of the men in the photos was the shooter. The next

day, police showed Trooper Johnson six different photos throughout the day, none of which was

of Jones; Trooper Johnson did not identify any as the shooter.

       In the two day period during which he was presented with these photographs, Trooper
                  -

Johnson had the name "Marty"and a phone number written on his hand from when he stopped

Susan Jones's minivan.     Trooper Johnson twice asked to see a photograph of Susan Jones's

husband.   On the afternoon of February 14, 2010, Trooper Johnson was shown a clear, color

photo of Jones's Department of Licensing photograph which Trooper Johnson identified as the




                                                    20
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



shooter. Later that day, after Trooper Johnson had identified a photograph of Jones as the

shooter, a sketch artist met with Trooper Johnson to complete a composite sketch of the shooter.

Sometime later on the same day, detectives who were unaware of Trooper Johnson's previous

identification of Jones presented another photo montage to Trooper Johnson that included Jones's

photo. Trooper Johnson indicated that Jones's photo "look[ d] very much similar to the
                                                         e

gentleman [he] saw."

       Throughout the time that police officers showed Trooper Johnson photographs to

determine who the shooter was, he repeatedly requested photos of Susan Jones's husband,

suspecting that Jones was involved in the shooting. He was shown several single photographs,

including several pictures of Jones. The picture he identified as Jones likely had Jones's name

printed on it. Then he identified Jones from a photo montage after having already identified him
from   a    single photograph.    The identifications were made after Trooper Johnson made

inconsistent statements about his ability to identify Jones. This all leads us to conclude that the

photo identifications employed by law enforcement in this case were impermissibly suggestive.

           B. Despite Suggestiveness, the Photo Identification Procedure Was Reliable Enough to
              Be Given to the Jury

           Even though several aspects of the photo identification procedures were suggestive, the

reliability of the identification, considering the totality of the circumstances, controls the

determination of whether the procedures created a substantial likelihood of irreparable

misidentification. Manson a Brathwaite, 432 U. . 98, 113 14, 97 S. Ct. 2243, 53 L. Ed. 2d 140
                                             S           -

1977); a Biggers, 409 U. . 188, 199 200, 93 S. Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed. 2d 401 (1972).In other
     Neil              S            -



9 Based on the photocopy of the Department of Licensing photograph attached to the parties'
stipulation, it appears that Jones's name and identifying information was printed below the
photograph.


                                                  21
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



words, if the identification is reliable, it cures the suggestive nature of the confrontation

procedure.

         The United States Supreme Court has provided several factors to determine the

identification's reliability, includ[ ng]the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the
                               "    i

time of the crime, the witness' degree of attention, the accuracy of his prior description of the

criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated at the confrontation, and the time between the crime

and the confrontation." Brathwaite, 432 U. . at 114; Biggers, 409 U. . at 199 200. Based on
                                         S                         S          -

the facts presented in the parties' stipulation, the trial court carefully weighed each of these

factors in its order        denying   Jones's motion to suppress   Trooper Johnson's identification.   It


determined that the there was no substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. We hold

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by reaching this determination.

         Furthermore, in Brathwaite, the United States Supreme Court indicated that the reliability

of eyewitness identification was best left to the jury:

         S]ch evidence is for the jury to weigh. We.are content to rely upon the good
            u
         sense and judgment of American juries, for evidence with some element of
         untrustworthiness is customary grist for the jury mill. Juries are not so susceptible
         that they cannot measure intelligently the weight of identification testimony that
         has some questionable feature.

432 U. . at
     S               116.    The trial court permitted evidence of Trooper Johnson's eyewitness

identification, noting that any defects in the evidence go to the evidence's weight, not its

admissibility.        It did not abuse its discretion in    doing   so.   We hold that the trial court


appropriately allowed the prosecution to present eyewitness identification evidence, leaving for
                                                                            10
the   jury   the   question of how much   credence such evidence deserved.




io
      The State also asserts that there were exigent circumstances that "necessitated showing
Trooper Johnson photographs as expeditiously as possible."Br. of Resp't at 38. The trial court
also found that exigent circumstances required identification procedures that could otherwise
have been less suggestive. Jones did not assign error to this finding. " nchallenged findings are
                                                                       U

                                                      22
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



        C. The Trial Court Was Not Required to Give a Cautionary Instruction Regarding the
           Unreliability of Eyewitness Identification

       In his SAG, Jones argues that the trial court should have given a cautionary instruction to

the jury to warn of the problems inherent in eyewitness identifications. He relies on the Court of

Appeals' discussion of this issue in State a Allen, 161 Wn.App. 727, 255 P. d 784 (2011), d,
                                                                          3             aff'

     Wn. d _,
       2          294 P. d 679 (2013). We
                       3                        hold that it was unnecessary to give a cautionary

instruction in this case.


        The Court of Appeals in Allen recognized the dangers of eyewitness identification, noting

that "[
     m] istaken eyewitness identification is a leading cause of wrongful conviction." 161 Wn.

App. at 734. Our Supreme Court echoed these concerns in its Allen opinion noting that the

vagaries of eyewitness identification are well -known; the annals of criminal law are rife with

instances of mistaken identification. "'   294 P. d at 682 (quoting United States a Wade, 388 U. .
                                                3                                              S

218, 228, 87 S. Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed. 2d 1149 (1967)).

        The Supreme Court in Allen discussed how varying jurisdictions address problems in

eyewitness identification, noting that while some courts leave eyewitness jury instructions to the

trial court's discretion, others specifically disallow such instructions as impermissible comment

on the evidence. 294 P. d at 683 84 (
                      3          - comparing United States a Sambrano, 505 F. d 284 (9th
                                                                            2

Cir. 1974),
          with State a Valencia, 118 Ariz. 136, 575 P. d 335 (Ct.App. 1977)).
                                                     2                      Ultimately, the

court determined that a jury instruction on eyewitness identification is neither inappropriate nor

required for due process reasons. Allen, 294 P. d at 684 85. Uncertain that such a cautionary
                                              3          -

instruction solves the unreliability problem inherent in eyewitness identifications "any more than


verities on appeal." In re Dependency of M. .174 Wn. d 1, 9, 271 P. d 234 (2012).Thus,
                                         R., 2
                                          S                       3
the issue of exigent circumstances is not before us.

   We note that Allen was primarily concerned with cross -racial identification, which is not at
issue in this case. See 161 Wn.App. at 735; 294 P. d at 682 87.
                                                 3          -


                                                  23
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



would cross -examination, expert evidence, or arguments to the jury,"
                                                                    Allen, 294 P. d at 685, the
                                                                                3

Allen court left 'the determination on whether to give a cautionary jury instruction to the trial

court's discretion. Allen, 294 P. d at 686 87.
                                3          -

          In any event, at trial, Jones had an opportunity to present the testimony of Dr. Geoffrey

Loftus, an expert in experimental psychology, who testified at some length regarding the

unreliability of eyewitness          identification.   Because this testimony called into question the

reliability of Trooper Johnson's eyewitness identification of Jones, we hold that a cautionary jury

instruction on the reliability of eyewitness identification was unnecessary.

IV.       THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ERR IN MAKING EVIDENTIARY RULINGS


          We turn next to Jones's challenge to three evidentiary rulings: the trial court's denial of

Jones's motion to present evidence that another suspect might have shot Trooper Johnson; the

trial court's exclusion of an e mail sent by a supervisor at the Washington State Patrol Crime Lab
                                -

stating   that the   investigation   was "haphazard "; and the trial court's.
                                                                            denial of Jones's motion to

                                                                                                     12
exclude bunter mark evidence, allowing the State to present expert        testimony   on   the matter.


          We review a trial court's decision on admission or exclusion of evidence for abuse bf

discretion. In re Det. of Coe, 175 Wn. d 482, 492, 286 P. d 29 (2012);
                                     2                  3            Diaz a State, 175 Wn. d
                                                                                         2

457, 462, 285 P. d 873 ( 2012). Thus, the trial court's decision will be reversed only if no
               3                "

reasonable person would have decided the matter as the trial court did."State a Thomas, 150

Wn. d 821; 856, 83 P. d 970 (2004). We may review de novo an alleged denial of the Sixth
  2                 3

Amendment right to present a defense, but only if the evidence is material and even then only if

the defendant's need to present the evidence outweighs the State's interest in precluding the

evidence. State v. Jones, 168 Wn. d 713, 719, 230 P. d 576 (2010).
                                2                  3


12 Bunter mark evidence involves a logo stamped on the shell casing of a bullet using a bunter, a
metal tool that impresses a letter or character onto the base of a cartridge case.


                                                        24
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



       A. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Disallowing Other Suspect Evidence

       Jones argues that the trial court violated his constitutional right to present a defense by

excluding Trooper Greene's testimony that Greene saw an individual walk by when he stopped

Susan Jones's car. According to Jones, Trooper Green's description of this individual matched

the description given by George Hill,the tow truck operator, who was present at the time of the

shooting. The court ruled that Trooper Greene could not testify about seeing another individual

unless the defendant was able to show the necessary foundation connecting another suspect to
                                                                   c




the shooting. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in so ruling.

        The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides in pertinent part that in

all criminal   prosecutions, the   accused shall   enjoy   the   right ...   to.have compulsory process for

obtaining witnesses   in his favor ...."   The United States Supreme Court has held that " ust as
                                                                                         D]

an accused has the right to confront the prosecution's witnesses for the purpose of challenging

their testimony, he has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense. This right is

a fundamental element of due process of law."Washington a Texas, 388 U. . 14, 19, 87 S. Ct.
                                                                      S

1920, 18 L.Ed. 2d 1019 (1967).However, this right is not absolute. State a Smith, 101 Wn. d
                                                                                        2

36, 41, 677 P. d 100 ( 1984). A criminal defendant has no constitutional right to present
             2


irrelevant evidence. Thomas, 150 Wn. d at 857; State a Hudlow, 99 Wn. d 1, 15, 659 P. d 514
                                   2                                2               2

1983).

        Under Washington law, w]en there is no other evidence tending to connect another
                              "[ h

person with the crime, such as his bad character, his means or opportunity to commit the crime,

or even his conviction of the crime, such other evidence is irrelevant to exculpate the accused."

Thomas, 150 Wn. d at 857. Our Supreme Court's decision in State a Downs, 168 Wash. 664, 13
              2

P. d 1 ( 1932), instructive. There,the court upheld the exclusion of evidence that a well known
 2            is                                                                          -

burglar was in Seattle on the night of a burglary. Downs, 168 Wash. at 665 66. The mere fact
                                                                           -

                                                     25
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



that another burglar was in Seattle on the same night of the subject burglary was not a

circumstance[]tending in some manner to connect him with the commission of the crime."

Downs, 168 Wash. at 668. Defendants must show more than mere opportunity to commit the

                                the most remote kind of
crime because such evidence is "`                                      speculation. "' Thomas, 150 Wn. d at
                                                                                                     2

857 (quoting Downs, 168 Wash. at 668).

        Jones's proposed presentation of Trooper Greene's testimony would have shown only that

when Trooper Greene stopped Susan Jones's car, Greene saw someone else on the street who

may have had     an    opportunity         to shoot   Trooper Johnson. But 40 minutes elapsed between

Trooper   Greene's observation and the           shooting. Thus, Trooper Greene's testimony would not

demonstrate the required connection between the person Trooper Greene saw and the shooter,

only   that this other person walked           by     40 minutes earlier.   The trial court did not abuse its


discretion by excluding Trooper Greene's observation of the unidentified pedestrian. .

        Jones argues that State a Maupin, 128 Wn. d 918, 913 P. d 808 (1996), case involving
                                                2             2             a

the constitutional    right   to call witnesses to       support the defense, compels   a   different result. In


Maupin, the defendant sought to elicit testimony from a witness who saw the girl that the

defendant allegedly raped and murdered with another person after the rape and murder were

supposed to have taken place under the State's theory. Maupin, 128 Wn. d at 922. Our Supreme
                                                                     2

Court held that the witness's testimony went beyond speculation about mere motive or

opportunity that someone else committed the crime because the witness "would have testified he

saw the kidnapped girl with someone other than the defendant after the time of kidnapping."
Maupin,    128 Wn. d
                 2            at   928 (   emphasis added). Unlike Maupin, in which the defendant

demonstrated the necessary nexus between another suspect and the crime, here Jones's argument

boils down to the mere presence of another person on a public street who may have had the

opportunity   to shoot    Trooper      Johnson.       This other -suspect evidence is irrelevant to exculpate

                                                            26
No. 41902 5 II
          - -


Jones.     We hold that the trial court's exclusion of this evidence did not violate Jones's.

                                                  13
constitutional      right to present   a   defense.


          B. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Excluding the Testimony of
             Washington State Patrol Crime Lab Supervisor Chris Sewell

          Jones sought to present the testimony of Chris Sewell, a Washington State Patrol Crime

Lab supervisor, who had sent an e mail calling the police investigation of Trooper Johnson's
                                  -

shooting " haphazard." Jones planned to use this e mail to impeach the State crime lab's
                                                   -

fingerprint analyst. Sewell's general e mail regarding the police investigation being haphazard
                                        -

had nothing specifically to do with the fingerprint analysis of various items that was performed

by    the State's    fingerprint analyst. The e mail was not offered for any purpose pertaining to
                                                -

fingerprint analysis. Therefore, if permitted, the e mail would have constituted impeachment on
                                                     -

a    collateral matter.    See State v Alexander, 52 Wn. App. 897, 901 02, 765 P. d 321 ( 1988)
                                                                       -        2

 Contradictory or impeaching testimony is collateral if it could not be shown in evidence for

any purpose    independent      of contradiction. "). Thus, we   hold that the trial court's exclusion of this

impeachment evidence was not an abuse of discretion and did not implicate Jones's Sixth

Amendment right to present a defense.

          The evidence of Sewell's opinion of the investigation was also properly excluded under

ER 403 because " its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading       the   jury ...."   Although perhaps relevant to the

general quality of the police investigation, the generality of Sewell's comments minimize their

probative value. Allowing a crime lab supervisor to openly and generally criticize the entire


13
     In his SAG, Jones asserts that the State was permitted to state that all other suspects were
cleared, despite the lack of investigation of all 1600 tips called in from citizens. Even if Jones's
assertion is true, Jones fails to demonstrate that any of these tips demonstrate the necessary
connection between another suspect and Trooper Johnson's shooting.


                                                       WA
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



police investigation through an opinion that it was haphazard would have elicited an emotional,

rather than rational, response among the              jurors. Furthermore, after hearing testimony from

several Washington State Patrol troopers, as well as from forensic 'specialists involved in the

investigation, Sewell's testimony at a late trial stage could have misled or at best have confused

the jury. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion excluding Sewell's

testimony. We also hold that this exclusion of evidence did not impinge Jones's ability to present

a defense. After all,Jones had ample opportunity to cross -examine the State's forensic witnesses

and present his own forensic witnesses.

         C. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Admitting Evidence of Bunter
             Marks on the Shell Casings

         At trial,the court permitted the State to present expert testimony comparing bunter marks

on the base of shell casings found at the crime scene to shell casings found in Jones's home. The

defense moved to exclude this evidence, arguing that it was pseud6scientific and novel and
                                  14
therefore   required   a   Frye        hearing. To the contrary, bunter mark evidence is not a novel science

under Frye. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by permitting expert testimony on bunter

mark evidence.


         Under Frye, new and untried scientific procedures will not be admitted into evidence

unless and until the underlying scientific principles on which the procedures are based are

sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which [they]

belong[]." F. at 1014. The "Frye test is not implicated if the theory and the methodology
        293

relied upon and used by the expert to reach             an   opinion ...   is generally accepted by the relevant

scientific community." Anderson v Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc.,172 Wn. d 593, 597, 260 P. d
                                                                  2                  3

857 (2011).When Frye is not implicated, the trial court simply determines whether the evidence


14
     Frye a United States, 293 F. 1013 (D. .Cir. 1923).
                                         C

                                                             28
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



is admissible under the two part ER 702 test: (1)
                            -                    does the witness qualify as an expert and (2).

does the witness's testimony assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence..See State u

McPherson, 111 Wn.App. 747, 761, 46 P. d 284 (2002).
                                     3

       Bunter mark evidence and firearm ballistics evidence generallyis hardly novel or
                            —                                        —

untried. Although there is no reported Washington appellate case on this issue, numerous courts

around the country have permitted firearm ballistic evidence, noting that it is an established

science.   See, e. .,United States a Williams, 506 F. d 151, 161 ( 2d Cir. 2007) holding that
                 g                                  3                            (

government expert's firearms identification methodology matching particular guns to particular

bullets was not pseudoscience); United States a Hicks, 389 F. d 514, 526 (5th Cir. 2004)
                                                            3

holding that matching.ballistics testing of shell cases is accepted methodology);Fleming u

State, 194 Md.App. 76, 1 A. d 572, 586, 590 (2010)holding microscopic "[
                          3                        (                  fJirearms toolmark

identification" and analysis is generally accepted in scientific community); Amin a State, 278
                                                                           Al

Ga. 74, 597 S. .332, 344 (2004)holding that ballistic and tool marks evidence is not novel).
            2d
             E                  (

Because bunter mark evidence, like other firearm ballistics evidence, is generally accepted in the

relevant scientific community, Frye was not implicated here and the trial court was not required

to hold a Frye hearing.

       In this case, the trial court determined that the State's expert had the requisite experience

and knowledge. He was a scientist trained as a firearms examiner who had examined over 3000

cases in South Africa and the United States. The trial court also determined that bunter mark

evidence was beyond the general knowledge of laypersons and would thus assist the trier of fact

in evaluating such evidence. In making this evidentiary ruling under ER 702, we hold that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion.


 V.     THE ADDITIONAL ISSUES RAISED IN JONES'S SAG LACK MERIT


        Jones raises several other issues in his pro se SAG None has merit.

                                                29
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



        A. Affidavit of Prejudice and Disqualification of Judge

        Jones contends that he was denied his right to file an affidavit of prejudice against Judge

Hogan   at Pierce    County Superior    Court.   He also argues that Judge Hogan should have been

disqualified because her husband is a retired police officer. These arguments lack merit.

        When Jones sought to file his affidavit of prejudice against Judge Hogan, he had already

filed another affidavit of prejudice against Judge Pomeroy in Thurston County Superior Court.

Criminal defendants may file but one affidavit of prejudice. Because Jones had already filed an

affidavit against Judge Pomeroy, Judge Hogan properly denied Jones's affidavit of prejudice

against her.

        Jones asserts that Judge Hogan's impartiality is questionable because she is married to a

retired police officer. Though Judge Hogan's husband was a police officer, he was not a party or

witness in Jones's trial. In the order denying disqualification, Judge Hogan indicated that she

had "presided over superior court trials for 18 years, 85% which were criminal cases
                                                         of

investigated by police" and that she had "no personal bias or interest in the outcome of this

case." Clerk's      Papers   at 1249.   Jones fails to demonstrate a valid reason for Judge Hogan's

disqualification.

        B. Speedy Trial

        Jones asserts that the several venue transfers in this case infringed his right to a speedy

trial. However, when Jones's case was transferred from Pacific County to Pierce County, Jones

waived his speedy trial right, allowing his trial to begin on or before February 28, 2011.
Jones's trial started in Pierce County on January 12, 2011, so his speedy trial claim fails.

1'
   Jones first executed a speedy trial waiver in February 2010 upon the parties' joint motion to
continue the trial to October 2010. In July 2010, Jones moved for a change of venue; in August
2010 the court transferred venue to Thurston County on the understanding that Jones would have
to waive speedy trial,with trial to begin before February 28,2011. Jones executed this waiver.


                                                    30
No. 41902 5 II
          - -


       C. Excessive Bail


       Jones argues that the court excessively set bail at $ million. The amount of bail is "a
                                                           5

matter within court discretion to be reversed on appeal only for manifest abuse."State a Reese,

15 Wn. App. 619, 620, 550 P. d 1179 (1976); also State a Jakshitz, 76 Wash. 253, 254 55,
                           2              see                                        -

136 P. 132 ( 1913).      Although $ million is a high amount, the trial court heard arguments
                                   5

regarding   the   setting of   bail   on   two   different occasions.   Jones stood accused of shooting a

trooper and there was some evidence that he posed a flight risk. Thus, Jones fails to demonstrate

that the trial court's setting of bail at $ million was manifest abuse.
                                          5

       D. Errors in Warrant


       Jones claims that there were several problems with the warrants issued in this case

Throughout the police investigation, several search warrants issued allowing police to search

Jones's homes, his vehicles, his phone records, and his DNA ( eoxyribonucleic acid). Before
                                                            d

trial, Jones's counsel moved for a hearing under Franks a Delaware, 438 U. . 154, 98 S. Ct.
                                                                         S

2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978),
                             arguing that the warrants were based on affidavits that were

intentionally or knowingly false or made in reckless disregard for the truth. Under Franks, there

is always " presumption of validity with respect to the affidavit supporting the search warrant."
          a

438 U. .at 171.
     S


        Jones fails to show that the affidavits supporting the search warrants included information

that was deliberately false or made in reckless disregard of the truth. We are tolerant of some

mistaken facts in search warrant applications and have held that perfect descriptions are not

required. State a Boyer, 124 Wn. App. 593, 603, 102 P. d 833 (2004).And even if some of the
                                                     3

statements in the warrant affidavits were deliberately false, Trooper Johnson's eyewitness

identification of Jones alone established probable cause. Jones was not entitled to an evidentiary

Franks hearing.


                                                         31
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



         E. Errors at Probable Cause Hearing .

         Jones also argues that the prosecutor made false or misleading statements at the probable

cause hearing. Jones bases his argument on objections that his attorney made. But his counsel's

only objection      was   to   request   a    Gerstein hearing because the initial probable cause statement

indicated that neither of the shooting's witnesses could identify Jones as the shooter. However,

Trooper Johnson had identified Jones as the shooter at the time of the probable cause hearing.

Therefore, we agree with the trial court that no Gerstein hearing was required.
                                               17
         F. Violations of Miranda                   Rights

         Jones contends that interrogating officers did not honor his requests for an attorney

during interrogation.           Jones is correct:             officers continued to question Jones after he had

unequivocally invoked his right to counsel by requesting an attorney in violation of Miranda and

its progeny. See State v. Radcliffe, 164 Wn. d 900, 906, 194 P. d 250 (2008) ( "
                                           2                  3              Once waived, a

suspect may ask for an attorney at any time. If he requests an attorney, all questioning must stop
until he has   an   attorney    or   starts   talking again on his own. "). But the trial court granted Jones the

appropriate remedy by suppressing all of Jones's statements after he unequivocally requested an
attorney. Jones has no error of which to complain.

         G. Evidence Tampering

         Jones makes several             ambiguous           claims in his SAG   These are bald, unsubstantiated

assertions.


         Jones asserts that the court erred in not allowing the ammunition inventory lists from his

home to be admitted into evidence when it allowed the State to submit "misleading" phone



16
     Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U. . 103, 95 S. Ct. 854, 43 L.Ed. 2d 54 (1975).
                            S
17
     Miranda v Arizona, 384 U. .436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed. 2d 695 (1966).
                             S


                                                                 32
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



records. Jones has not indicated what, if any, relation the inventory list has to the phone records.

We decline to consider Jones's argument further.

         Jones also complains that the testimony of Matt Olson, a federal Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco and Firearms agent, who recovered ammunition from Jones's home, demonstrates that

evidence had been tampered with." Jones says nothing more to indicate how evidence was
                                But

tampered with and Olson's testimony sheds no. additional light on Jones's claim. We need not

further consider Jones's unsupported assertions.

         H. Time Constraint on Closing Argument

         Jones asserts that the trial court improperly restricted the amount of time his attorney had

for   closing argument, causing    his attorney to rush and miss   key points. Jones's counsel was

given at least as much time as he requested for closing arguments and received no pressure from

the court to finish his closing. Therefore, we reject Jones's argument that his lawyer did not have

sufficient time to make a closing argument.

         I.    Disqualification of Juror

         Jones contends that a juror should have been disqualified because her husband and the

trial judge's husband were acquainted. But Judge Hogan asked the juror whether she thought the

fact that their husbands were friends would affect her ability to be fair. The juror responded that

she could be fair, and Jones's attorneys did not object or move to disqualify this juror. Thus,

even if this was error, we decline to review this issue because it was not raised at trial. RAP 2. .
                                                                                                 5

          J.    Instructional Errors Regarding Firearm Sentencing Enhancement

         Jones argues that there was a jury instruction error with regard to sentencing

enhancements.        He cites State a Bashaw, 169 Wn. d 133, 234 P. d 195 (2010),
                                                    2             3             and State u

Ryan, 160 Wn. App. 944, 252 P. d 895 (2011),
                             3             ostensibly to argue that the trial court erred in

instructing the jury that it must decide unanimously whether the firearm sentencing


                                                   33
No. 41902 5 II
          - -



enhancements     applied.       However, both Bashaw and Ryan were recently overturned on

nonunanimity grounds.       State   a   Nunez, 174 Wn. d 707, 718, 285 P. d 21 ( 2012). All jury
                                                     2                  3


findings on sentencing enhancements require unanimity in Washington. Nunez, 174 Wn. d at
                                                                                  2

713. Thus, Jones's challenge to the jury instructions is meritless.

                                             CONCLUSION


        We reject Jones's claimed error with regard to his right to be present at the time the

alternate   juror drawing   occurred.    We, however, vacate Jones's conviction for attempted first

degree murder. Our Supreme Court's recent decisions on the public trial right have decided this

case for us. Because the trial court violated Jones's public trial right when the trial court clerk

drew alternate jurors during a court recess off the record, we must presume Jones was prejudiced
and therefore remand this matter for a new trial.


        We affirm the trial court on all other grounds and reject Jones's claims regarding

suggestive and unreliable eyewitness and photographic identification procedures, the trial court's

various evidentiary rulings, and several other arguments Jones raises in his pro se SAG




                                                      WIGGINS, J . T.
We concur:




J HA soN,A. .
         J.
          C                 '


BRIDGEWATER, J. .
             T.
              P




                                                    IM
