[Cite as In re G.M.B., 2019-Ohio-3884.]


                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                             FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 PICKAWAY COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF THE           :         Case Nos. 19CA12
ADOPTION OF:                   :                   19CA13
                               :
G.M.B. and H.L.B.              :         DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                               :         ENTRY
                               :         Released: 09/19/19
__________________________________________________________________
                          APPEARANCES:

James C. Aranda, Lancaster, Ohio, and James K. Hill, Circleville, Ohio, for
Appellant.

Susan Gwinn, Athens, Ohio, for Appellee.
__________________________________________________________________

McFarland, J.

        {¶1} T.B. appeals the trial court’s judgment that dismissed her adoption

petitions. Appellant raises the following assignment of error:

        “The trial court erred as a matter of law in dismissing the Petitions because
        placement is only a prerequisite to a final order of adoption and does not
        affect the standing of a petitioner.”

        {¶2} The children’s biological mother is deceased. Following the mother’s

2013 death, the children lived with Appellant, their maternal grandmother. In

2017, the juvenile court placed the children in the legal custody of Appellee, their
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                                          2

maternal grandfather.1 In March 2018, Appellee filed petitions to adopt the

children. Later in the year, Appellant also filed petitions to adopt the children.

        {¶3} On September 5, 2018, Appellee filed a motion to dismiss Appellant’s

adoption petitions. He alleged that Appellant’s petition is barred by the

jurisdictional priority rule and suffers from various other deficiencies. Appellant

filed a memorandum contra and asserted that she would be able to correct any

deficiencies. The court denied Appellee’s motion to dismiss.

        {¶4} On January 22, 2019, Appellee filed a second motion to dismiss “for

failing to prosecute, for lack of standing, for lack of jurisdiction, and for lack of

consent of the legal custodian.”

        {¶5} On March 18, 2019, the trial court dismissed Appellant’s adoption

petitions. The court concluded that “a person seeking to adopt a child who is

living with a legal custodian, must either obtain the permission of the legal

custodian to place the child in their home, must obtain an order of the juvenile

court changing legal custody, or must obtain an order from the probate court for an

adoptive placement.” The court noted that Appellant acknowledged that the

children did not live with her. The court additionally found that more than six

months had elapsed since Appellant filed her adoption petitions, that she had not

sought placement, and that she had not obtained a court order for placement. The

1
 The record does not contain any indication why the children were removed from Appellant’s care and placed with
Appellee in 2017.
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                   3

court thus concluded that Appellant did not meet a prerequisite for the finalization

of an adoption and that she lacked standing. The court, therefore, dismissed her

adoption petitions.

      {¶6} In her sole assignment of error, Appellant argues that the trial court

erred by dismissing her adoption petitions. Specifically, she asserts that the trial

court erred as a matter of law by concluding that she lacked standing to adopt the

children because the children had not been placed in her home. Appellant claims

that because she is the children’s grandmother, she need not obtain a pre-adoptive

approval for placement under R.C. 5103.16(E) and need not otherwise have the

children placed in her home in order to file an adoption petition. Appellant asserts

that when a grandparent files an adoption petition, the court must hold a hearing to

determine whether all required consents have been obtained and whether the

adoption is in the child’s best interest. Appellant claims that nothing in the

adoption statutes requires the child to reside with a grandparent before a court may

consider that grandparent’s petition to adopt. She contends that the court instead

may consider the adoption petition and then either grant a final order of adoption

or an interlocutory order.
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                                                    4

                                                           A

         {¶7} A dismissal based upon a lack of standing essentially is a dismissal

based upon a lack of jurisdiction to proceed with an action.2 See Klein and

Darling, Ohio Civil Practice, Sections 17:11 and 17:23. A motion to dismiss based

on lack of standing involves a question of law that we review independently and

without deference to the trial court. See Bank of America v. Stevens, 4th Dist.

Hocking No. 16CA24, 2017-Ohio-9040, 2017 WL 6398844, ¶ 23, citing Moore v.

Middletown, 133 Ohio St.3d 55, 2012-Ohio-3897, 975 N.E.2d 977, ¶ 20.

                                                           B

         {¶8} In general, “standing relates to a party’s right to make a legal claim or

seek judicial enforcement of a legal duty or right.” Albanese v. Batman, 148 Ohio

St.3d 85, 2016-Ohio-5814, 68 N.E.3d 800, ¶ 24, citing Ohio Pyro, Inc. v. Ohio

Dept. of Commerce, 115 Ohio St.3d 375, 2007-Ohio-5024, 875 N.E.2d 550, ¶ 27,

citing Black’s Law Dictionary 1442 (8th Ed.2004). “ ‘It is an elementary concept

of law that a party lacks standing to invoke the jurisdiction of the court unless he
2
  We observe that “no defense has given the judiciary more trouble in determining the essential nature of the
defense, how it is to be raised, when it is to be raised, and the effect of the dismissal if the defense is successful”
than the defense of lack of standing. Klein and Darling, Ohio Civil Practice, Section 17:18. The authors elaborated:

                   It has always been difficult to identify the true essence of the defense of lack of standing because it
         is something of a chameleon. In some cases it assumes the guise of failure to join a necessary or
         indispensable party, while in others it appears as a lack of capacity to sue, failure of commencement, or
         failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. Indeed, in any given case, it contains elements of all
         of these defenses, depending on the viewpoint from which it is approached.

Id. at Section 17:10.
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                  5

has, in an individual or representative capacity, some real interest in the subject

matter of the action.’ ” Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Horn, 142 Ohio St.3d 416,

2015-Ohio-1484, 31 N.E.3d 637, ¶ 8, quoting State ex rel. Dallman v. Franklin

Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 35 Ohio St.2d 176, 179, 298 N.E.2d 515 (1973).

      {¶9} R.C. 3107.03 specifies who may file an adoption petition. The statute

provides:

      The following persons may adopt:

            (A) A husband and wife together, at least one of whom is an adult;
            (B) An unmarried adult;
            (C) The unmarried minor parent of the person to be adopted;
            (D) A married adult without the other spouse joining as a petitioner if
      any of the following apply:
            (1) The other spouse is a parent of the person to be adopted and
      supports the adoption;
            (2) The petitioner and the other spouse are separated under section
      3103.06 or 3105.17 of the Revised Code;
            (3) The failure of the other spouse to join in the petition or to support
      the adoption is found by the court to be by reason of prolonged unexplained
      absence, unavailability, incapacity, or circumstances that make it impossible
      or unreasonably difficult to obtain either the support or refusal of the other
      spouse.

      {¶10} Under R.C. 3107.03, Appellant has standing to file an adoption

petition. According to her petition, she is an unmarried adult. Moreover, she is the

children’s maternal grandmother. Thus, R.C. 3107.03 gave Appellant standing to

file an adoption petition.

      {¶11} The trial court, however, determined that Appellant lacked standing

because she failed to request that the court place the children in her home. The
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                  6

court found that placement in an adoption petitioner’s home is a “precondition for

the finalization of an adoption.”

      {¶12} Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by determining that the

adoption statutes require the children to be placed in her home before Appellant

could seek to adopt the children. Appellant claims that the trial court misconstrued

the adoption statutes. Appellant contends that the adoption statutes, and in

particular R.C. 5103.16, do not require that a child be placed with a grandparent

before a court may consider the grandparent’s petition to adopt.

                                          C

      {¶13} Whether a trial court properly interpreted a statute is a matter of law

that an appellate court reviews de novo, without deference to the trial court’s

determination. E.g., State v. Straley, 139 Ohio St.3d 339, 2014-Ohio-2139, 11

N.E.3d 1175, ¶ 9; In re Adoption of B.M.W., 4th Dist. Adams No. 10CA899, 2010–

Ohio–5214, at ¶ 13.

      {¶14} “ ‘It is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that where the terms of

a statute are clear and unambiguous, the statute should be applied without

interpretation.’ ” Wilson v. Lawrence, 150 Ohio St.3d 368, 2017-Ohio-1410, 81

N.E.3d 1242, ¶ 11, quoting Wingate v. Hordge, 60 Ohio St.2d 55, 58, 396 N.E.2d

770 (1979), citing Provident Bank v. Wood, 36 Ohio St.2d 101, 304 N.E.2d 378

(1973). Accordingly, a court’s first step when considering the meaning of a statute
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                  7

“is always to determine whether the [rule or] statute is ‘plain and unambiguous.’ ”

Jacobson v. Kaforey, 149 Ohio St.3d 398, 2016-Ohio-8434, 75 N.E.3d 203,

quoting State v. Hurd, 89 Ohio St.3d 616, 618, 734 N.E.2d 365 (2000); see also

State ex rel. Cordray v. Midway Motor Sales, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 234, 2009-

Ohio-2610, 910 N.E.2d 432, ¶ 15, quoting Slingluff v. Weaver, 66 Ohio St. 621, 64

N.E. 574 (1902), paragraph two of the syllabus (stating that if words used in statute

or administrative rule “ ‘be free from ambiguity and doubt, and express plainly,

clearly and distinctly, the sense of the law-making body, there is no occasion to

resort to other means of interpretation’ ”). If the language is plain and

unambiguous, courts must apply it as written. Wilson at ¶ 11, quoting State v.

Hairston, 101 Ohio St.3d 308, 2004-Ohio-969, 804 N.E.2d 471, ¶ 13 (“ ‘If [the

statute or rule] is not ambiguous, then we need not interpret it; we must simply

apply it.’ ”). When the language used in a statute or rule “ ‘is plain and

unambiguous, and conveys a clear and definite meaning, we must rely on what the

[legislative body or rule-making authority] has said.’ ” Id., quoting Jones v. Action

Coupling & Equip., Inc., 98 Ohio St.3d 330, 2003-Ohio-1099, 784 N.E.2d 1172,

¶ 12, citing Symmes Twp. Bd. of Trustees v. Smyth, 87 Ohio St.3d 549, 553, 721

N.E.2d 1057 (2000).

      {¶15} Additionally, courts must “give effect only to the words the

legislature used, making neither additions to, nor deletions from, the statutory
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                  8

language.” Id., citing Columbia Gas Transm. Corp. v. Levin, 117 Ohio St.3d 122,

2008-Ohio-511, 882 N.E.2d 400, ¶ 19. Furthermore, “ ‘[t]he interpretation of

statutes and administrative rules should follow the principle that neither is to be

construed in any way other than as the words demand.’ ” State ex rel. Baroni v.

Colletti, 130 Ohio St.3d 208, 2011-Ohio-5351, 957 N.E.2d 13, ¶ 18, quoting

Morning View Care Ctr.–Fulton v. Ohio Dept. of Human Servs., 148 Ohio App.3d

518, 2002-Ohio-2878, 774 N.E.2d 300, ¶ 36 (10th Dist.).

      {¶16} Thus, when interpreting a statute, courts first look to the text of the

rule, “reading words and phrases in context and construing them according to the

rules of grammar and common usage.” State ex rel. Steele v. Morrissey, 103 Ohio

St.3d 355, 2004-Ohio-4960, 815 N.E.2d 1107, ¶ 21. Additionally, “[a]

fundamental canon of statutory interpretation is the presumption that each word in

a statute was included by the legislature for a reason.” A.S. v. J.W., --- Ohio St.3d -

--, 2019-Ohio-2473, --- N.E.3d ---, citing Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The

Interpretation of Legal Texts, 174-179 (2012); State ex rel. Bohan v. Indus.

Comm., 147 Ohio St. 249, 251, 70 N.E.2d 888 (1946); R.C. 1.47(B).

      {¶17} A statute or rule is ambiguous when the language “is ‘capable of

bearing more than one meaning.’ ” Jacobson at ¶ 8, quoting Dunbar v. State, 136

Ohio St.3d 181, 2013-Ohio-2163, 992 N.E.2d 1111, ¶ 16. A court that is

reviewing a statute or administrative rule for ambiguity should direct its “attention
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                    9

* * * beyond single phrases, and * * * should consider, in proper context, all words

used by the [rule-making body] in drafting [the regulation] with a view to its place

in the overall [regulatory] scheme.” D.A.B.E., Inc. v. Toledo–Lucas Cty. Bd. of

Health, 96 Ohio St.3d 250, 2002-Ohio-4172, 773 N.E.2d 536, ¶ 19. “Without ‘an

initial finding’ of ambiguity, ‘inquiry into legislative intent, legislative history,

public policy, the consequences of an interpretation, or any other factors identified

in R.C. 1.49 is inappropriate.’ ” Jacobson at ¶ 8, quoting Dunbar at ¶ 16.

                                            D

      {¶18} When an adoption is arranged privately between a parent or parents

and a third-party, R.C. 5103.16 applies. In re Adoption of T.G.B., 4th Dist. Adams

No. 11CA919, 2011-Ohio-6772, 2011 WL 6930185, ¶¶ 4-9, citing In re Adoption

of J.A.S., 126 Ohio St.3d 145, 2010-Ohio-3270, 931 N.E.2d 554, ¶ 7. R.C.

5103.16(D) states, in relevant part, as follows:

              (D) No child shall be placed or received for adoption or with the
      intent to adopt unless placement is made by a public children services
      agency, an institution or association that is certified by the department of job
      and family services * * * or custodians in another state or foreign country, or
      unless all of the following criteria are met:
              (1) Prior to the placement and receiving of the child, the parent or
      parents of the child personally have applied to, and appeared before, the
      probate court of the county in which the parent or parents reside, or in which
      the person seeking to adopt the child resides, for approval of the proposed
      placement specified in the application and have signed and filed with the
      court a written statement showing that the parent or parents are aware of
      their right to contest the decree of adoption subject to the limitations of
      section 3107.16 of the Revised Code;
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                 10

            (2) The court ordered an independent home study of the proposed
      placement * * * and after completion of the home study, the court
      determined that the proposed placement is in the best interest of the child;
            (3) The court has approved of record the proposed placement.

“Stated otherwise, unless the child has been placed or received for adoption by a

public children services agency or related institution, ‘the biological parents must

appear before and obtain approval from the probate court.’ ” In re Placement of

A.R.V., 2016-Ohio-4929, 68 N.E.3d 410 (11th Dist.), ¶ 13, quoting J.A.S. at ¶ 18.

      {¶19} “R.C. 5103.16 was enacted to curb black-market adoptions by

requiring some agency supervision or court approval of private placements.”

J.A.S. at ¶ 13, citing In re Adoption of Zschach (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 648, 656,

665 N.E.2d 1070 (plurality opinion). The J.A.S. court explained that by enacting

R.C. 5103.16, the General Assembly sought “to prevent private independent

placements that may involve fraud, misrepresentations, or the exchange of money

to coerce parents to relinquish a baby.” Id. The court elaborated:

      “The intent of the legislature in enacting R.C. 5103.16 was to provide some
      measure of judicial control over the placement of children for adoption
      which is not conducted under the auspices of a statutorily recognized and
      authorized agency. That measure of judicial control is accomplished by
      having the parents of the child personally appear before the proper probate
      court for approval of the placement and adoption.” Id., quoting Lemley v.
      Kaiser (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 258, 260, 6 OBR 324, 452 N.E.2d 1304.

      {¶20} However, R.C. 5103.16 does not apply in all private adoptions.

Instead, the statute expressly excludes adoptions by “a stepparent, a grandparent, a

grandparent’s husband or wife, a legal custodian, or a guardian.” R.C. 5103.16(E).
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                   11

The statute excludes stepparents, grandparents, legal custodians, and guardians

because “a private placement with any of those persons imposes less need for

protection.” Id. at ¶ 14. The need for protection diminishes in stepparent and

grandparent adoptions because “[s]tepparents and grandparents have a family or

biological connection to the birth parents.” Id. Thus, the likelihood of fraud,

misrepresentation, or financial coercion is sufficiently low in stepparent and

grandparent adoptions to eliminate the need for a court to approve a pre-adoptive

placement.

      {¶21} Here, we agree with Appellant that R.C. 5103.16(D) does not apply

and did not require the court to approve a pre-adoptive placement. Appellant is the

children’s maternal grandmother, and R.C. 5103.16(E) explicitly exempts

grandparents from the pre-adoptive approval process. Thus, Appellant was not

required to obtain pre-adoptive approval for placement in order to give her

standing to file an adoption petition. The trial court, therefore, incorrectly found

that Appellant lacked standing to proceed with her adoption petition.

      {¶22} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we sustain

Appellant’s sole assignment of error, reverse the trial court’s judgment, and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                           12

                                       JUDGMENT REVERSED AND
                                       CAUSE REMANDED FOR
                                       FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
                                       CONSISTENT WITH THIS
                                       OPINION.
Pickaway App. Nos. 19CA12 and 19CA13                                                  13

                              JUDGMENT ENTRY

     It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE REVERSED AND CAUSE
REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS
OPINION. Costs assessed to Appellee.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
Pickaway County Common Pleas Court, Probate Division, to carry this judgment
into execution.

       Any stay previously granted by this Court is hereby terminated as of the date
of this entry.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Smith, P.J. & Abele, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.


                                       For the Court,


                                BY: ______________________________
                                    Matthew W. McFarland, Judge




                             NOTICE TO COUNSEL

      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the
date of filing with the clerk.
