                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS



SUSAN LOWRY, CAROLYN GRITTINI,                                      UNPUBLISHED
JACQUELYN FLECK, BARBARA ESSIAN,                                    December 23, 2014
PAULA RASKIN, ROBERT GRITTINI, MARY
J. POWER, AMY CALKINS, PAMELA
GOLETZ, TAMMY NANNINI, CHRISTINE
GONZALEZ, MAUREEN COLLIER, SARA
MANN, SHERRIE MANIER, DEBORAH
CULVER, MELISSA RIELI, VINCENT
QUAGLIA, MARLANA WILLICK, KATHLEEN
REISING, DIANNE SARKISSIAN, MARY
LENGA, DORA DOLETZKY,

               Plaintiffs-Appellants,
and

CLEMENT FARBER, NANCY KLEIN, MARY
SECOT, and CAROLYN FUERST,

               Plaintiffs,

v                                                                   No. 317516
                                                                    Macomb Circuit Court
LAUREN BIENENSTOCK & ASSOCIATES                                     LC No. 2013-001961-CZ
INC., LAUREN BIENENSTOCK, and SAMUEL
BIENENSTOCK,

               Defendants-Appellees.


Before: MURRAY, P.J., and SAAD and HOEKSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this case involving a dispute over the existence of an agreement to arbitrate, plaintiffs
appeal as of right the trial court’s order granting summary disposition to defendants under MCR




                                                -1-
2.116(C)(7).1 Because there existed an enforceable agreement to arbitrate the parties’ dispute
and further discovery does not have a reasonable chance of aiding plaintiffs’ position, we affirm
the trial court’s grant of summary disposition.

        The basic facts in the present case are relatively straightforward. Defendant Lauren
Bienenstock & Associates, Inc. (LBA) is a court reporting firm owned by defendant Lauren
Bienenstock. Defendant Samuel Bienenstock is the firm’s CEO. Plaintiffs, who are all court
reporters, contracted with defendants to provide court reporting services as independent
contractors. Undisputedly, plaintiffs each signed individual Independent Contractor Agreements
(ICA) in relation to the services they provided to defendants. These 22 agreements included
identical terms. These agreements applied to “any” services performed by plaintiffs, and the
agreements included an integration clause, providing that the ICA “constitutes the entire
agreement of the parties” and “supersedes any prior oral or written agreement.” The agreements
also contained an arbitration clause, mandating arbitration of any dispute relating to the ICAs.
These agreements, while signed by plaintiffs, were not, however, signed by defendants.

        In 2013, a dispute over compensation arose between the parties, but rather than pursue
arbitration, plaintiffs filed the present suit in Macomb Circuit Court. Defendants moved for
summary disposition, which the trial court granted under MCR 2.116(C)(7) based on the
existence of an agreement to arbitrate. Plaintiffs now appeal as of right.

        On appeal, plaintiffs first dispute the existence of a binding arbitration agreement.
Specifically, they maintain that no agreement exists because the written document was not
executed by defendants. They further assert that the agreement expressly required signatures by
both parties before the agreement became effective. In the alternative, they maintain that,
because the document was unsigned, the controlling question is plaintiffs’ intent to be bound in
the absence of defendants’ signature and, because they did not intend to be so bound, no contract
exists.

        We review de novo a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Hicks v EPI Printers, Inc, 267 Mich App 79, 84; 702
NW2d 883 (2005). Among other reasons, a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7) is properly granted
where there is “an agreement to arbitrate . . . .” The existence of an arbitration agreement and
the enforceability of its terms are judicial questions, which this Court reviews de novo. Hicks,
id. Likewise, issues involving contract interpretation are reviewed de novo. Kloian v Domino's
Pizza LLC, 273 Mich App 449, 452; 733 NW2d 766 (2006).

        To be enforceable, an arbitration provision must constitute part of a binding contract.
Hicks, 267 Mich App at 84. Thus, the central issue in the present case is whether the ICAs, and
their attendant arbitration provision, are enforceable given defendants’ failure to execute the


1
 As used in this opinion, “plaintiffs” refers to the 22 plaintiffs-appellants involved in the current
appeal. Summary disposition was not granted by the trial court in regard to four additional
plaintiffs, who are not parties to this appeal, because defendants could not produce arbitration
agreements signed by those individuals.


                                                -2-
agreements. To resolve this question, we consider whether the parties’ entered into a binding
contract.

        In basic terms, contract formation requires both offer and acceptance. Kloian, 273 Mich
App at 452. “An offer is defined as ‘the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so
made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and
will conclude it.’” Id. at 453 (quotation omitted). Acceptance of such an offer will suffice to
create a contract provided that “the individual to whom an offer is extended manifests an intent
to be bound by the offer, and all legal consequences flowing from the offer, through voluntarily
undertaking some unequivocal act sufficient for that purpose.” Id. at 453-454 (quotation
omitted). Fundamentally, to establish a contract, “there must be ‘mutual assent’ to be bound—
that is, the parties must have a ‘meeting of the minds’ on all the essential elements of the
agreement.” Huntington Nat’l Bank v Daniel J Aronoff Living Trust, 305 Mich App 496, __; __
NW2d __ (2014), slip op at 6. Whether there has been a meeting of the minds must be judged
from objective evidence, i.e., from “the expressed words of the parties and their visible acts.” Id.
(quotation omitted).

        When considering whether a contract has been formed, failure by one or both parties to
sign a written agreement, and, in particular, to sign an arbitration agreement, is not necessarily
fatal to a party’s assertion that a contract was formed. Ehresman v Bultynck & Co, PC, 203
Mich App 350, 354; 511 NW2d 724 (1994). The reason for this is because the “object of a
signature is to show mutuality or assent, but these facts may be shown in other ways.” Id.,
quoting 17 CJS, Contracts, § 62, pp 731-733. Consequently, “where mutuality of assent is
established, written arbitration agreements do not have to be signed in order for the agreement to
be binding.” Id.

        By way of example, in Ehresman, this Court noted that “an agreement need not be
signed, provided it is accepted and acted on, or is delivered and acted on.” Id. Because the
plaintiff in Ehresman accepted delivery of the agreements and operated under their terms, this
Court concluded he had clearly conveyed his assent to the written contracts. Id. Similarly, in
Green v Gallucci, 169 Mich App 533, 538; 426 NW2d 693 (1988), this Court determined that a
valid agreement existed where the written instrument had been signed by doctors but not the
hospital at which they worked. This Court reasoned that “mutuality of assent between the
hospital and doctors was established when the hospital offered the participation agreements to
the doctors and the doctors accepted them by signing. At that moment, a binding contract was
established.” Id. at 538-539.

       Applying this same reasoning to the present facts, defendants’ failure to execute the ICAs
does not mean a valid and enforceable contract was not formed. On the contrary, the undisputed
facts demonstrate that defendants presented plaintiffs with an agreement, thereby plainly
manifesting a willingness to enter into the bargain, and plaintiffs then signed that agreement.2


2
 Plaintiffs offer the unpersuasive argument on appeal that the ICAs cannot be viewed as offers
of work by defendants because plaintiffs were already working for defendants under a previous
oral agreement. This argument is without merit for the simple reason that “parties bound by an

                                                -3-
Analogous to Green, the agreement became binding as soon as it was signed by plaintiffs. See
also Kloian, 273 Mich App at 453-454. Further, plaintiffs returned those agreements to
defendants. Defendants then kept those agreements, and the parties proceeded in keeping with
their terms.3 By accepting delivery of the written agreements and performing under their terms,
defendants, as in Ehresman, demonstrated their intent to be bound. In short, despite defendants’
failure to execute the agreement, the parties manifested an intent to be bound and this intent
establishes the existence of a binding contract, including the agreement to arbitrate.

        In contrast to this conclusion, plaintiffs present two basic arguments. First, plaintiffs
maintain that the plain terms of the agreement required signatures from both parties before the
agreement could become binding. Second, in the alternative, plaintiffs maintain that it was their
subjective intent not to be bound in the absence of a signature from defendants.

        Contract interpretation is required to ascertain whether the contract itself necessitated
signatures from both parties before it became binding. “The goal of contract interpretation is to
first determine, and then enforce, the intent of the parties based on the plain language of the
agreement.” Harbor Park Mkt, Inc v Gronda, 277 Mich App 126, 130; 743 NW2d 585 (2007).
To accomplish this, contracts must be read “as a whole, giving harmonious effect, if possible, to
each word and phrase.” Wilkie v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 469 Mich 41, 50 n 11; 664 NW2d 776
(2003). “If the plain language is clear, there can be only one reasonable interpretation of its
meaning and, therefore, only one meaning the parties could reasonable expect to apply.” Id. at
61 (quotation omitted). Clear and unambiguous language must therefore be enforced as written.
Greenville Lafayette, LLC v Elgin State Bank, 296 Mich App 284, 291; 818 NW2d 460 (2012).
Consequently, courts may not read words into the plain language of a contract, Northline
agreement, be it written or oral, may always change the agreement by a mutual consent of those
involved. Such a modification may be effected either orally or through a writing.” Rasch v Nat’l
Steel Corp, 22 Mich App 257, 260; 177 NW2d 428 (1970) (emphasis added). The writing in
question in this case, which included new terms, including the arbitration agreement, was plainly
intended to supersede an existing oral agreement, as clearly expressed in the contract’s
integration clause. The mere existence of a prior oral agreement did not preclude defendants
from making plaintiffs a written offer or otherwise prevent the formation of a written agreement.
3
  Plaintiffs dispute whether the parties performed under the written agreement, specifically
arguing that any performance that occurred was under the prior oral agreement. This argument is
unavailing given plaintiffs’ brought a breach of contract claim related to the written agreements
and expressly stated in their complaint that they worked for defendants “as independent
contractors pursuant to oral and written agreements . . . .” As a general proposition, a party is
bound by its pleadings, Angott v Chubb Group Ins, 270 Mich App 465, 470; 717 NW2d 341
(2006), and the fair implication of plaintiffs’ complaint is that there was in fact performance
under the written agreements. While we view plaintiffs as bound by their acknowledgement that
the parties performed under the written agreement, we note also that, aside from any
performance under the written agreement, presentation of the agreement to plaintiffs by
defendants was an offer, and it became a binding contract when signed by plaintiffs. See Green,
169 Mich App at 538; Kloian, 273 Mich App at 453-454. Consequently, regardless of
subsequent performance, the contract was formed at the moment it was accepted by plaintiffs.
See Kloian, 273 Mich App at 453-454.


                                               -4-
Excavating, Inc v Livingston Co, 302 Mich App 621, 628; 839 NW2d 693 (2013), or rewrite its
terms under the guise of interpretation, Harbor Park Mkt, Inc, 277 Mich App at 131.

       The specific clauses relied upon by plaintiffs in suggesting the contract expressly
required defendants’ signature are Paragraphs 7 and 9 of the ICAs, which provide:

       7. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement of the parties and is intended
       as a complete agreement . . . . This Agreement supersedes any prior oral or
       written agreement. No modification or amendment to this Agreement shall be
       binding upon the parties unless the same is in writing and signed by the respective
       parties thereto.

                                               ***

       9. The individuals signing this Agreement represent and warrant in their
       individual capacities that they have the authority to execute this Agreement and
       that such execution shall cause this Agreement to be the legal and binding
       obligation of such party. [Emphasis added.]

Plaintiffs’ maintain that paragraph 9 should be interpreted to mean that no contract may be
formed without signatures by both parties, and that paragraph 7 serves to reinforce the necessity
of both parties signing any written document in order to accomplish an agreement.

        Contrary to the basic rules of contract interpretation, this reading by plaintiff adds terms
not expressed in the contract’s plain language and essentially rewrites the agreement between the
parties. That is, while clearly paragraph 9 provides that execution shall cause the agreement to
be binding on the signing party, it does not state that this is the only method by which the parties
may manifest an intent to be bound by the ICA’s terms or that neither party is bound if one party
does not sign. In fact, plainly read, paragraph 9 merely reinforces the notion that plaintiffs
bound themselves to the agreement by signing it because by executing the agreement it became
the “legal and binding obligation of such party” without reference to signature by the other party.
In other words, the clause says nothing to condition the agreement’s enforceability on execution
by both parties. Because such restrictions are not expressed in the contract’s plain language, we
will not add such terms to the agreement. See Northline Excavating, Inc, 302 Mich App at 628.

        Paragraph 7 provides even less support for plaintiffs’ position. This provision is largely
irrelevant as it plainly deals only with “modification or amendment” to the ICAs. It does not
provide that the written agreements in question are only binding if signed by both parties. If
anything, the plain language of paragraph 7 underscores the fact that, had the parties intended to
require signatures from both parties to effectuate the agreement in question, they could have
plainly stated as much as they did in paragraph 7 with respect to amendments and modifications.
In short, contrary to plaintiffs’ argument, the plain language of the contract does not require
signatures from both parties to establish a contract and we will not rewrite the agreements to add
such requirements. See Harbor Park Mkt, Inc, 277 Mich App at 131.

        As noted, plaintiffs also maintain that they did not have the subjective intent to be bound
by the agreement in the absence of a signature from defendants. As factual support for this
assertion, they provided the trial court with numerous affidavits from individual plaintiffs
                                                -5-
attesting to their belief that they would not be bound to the contract if it was not signed by
defendants. In terms of legal support, plaintiffs rely on Wiegand v Tringali, 22 Mich App 230,
233-234; 177 NW2d 435 (1970), wherein this Court stated:

       In cases where a writing which purports to evidence a contract between several
       named persons has been signed by less than all those named, it is often found that
       the signers did not intend to become contractually bound until all the apparent
       parties sign and deliver the writing. This is not, however, immutable doctrine.
       The parties may have entered into an oral contract which is effective without
       regard to whether the writing is signed. And those who do sign the writing may
       have intended to be bound by its terms even though less than all the named
       persons sign. Their intention governs. The intention of the parties is a fact to be
       decided upon the evidence, not by invoking our personal, professional or judicial
       experience. [Emphasis added.]

Wiegand also indicated that parol evidence may be admissible to establish the parties’ intent, but
this was only the case provided a material question of fact remains and where, in particular, the
written agreement was “silent as to whether the persons who sign it intend to become legally
obligated to each other before all persons named in it as parties have signed.” Id. at 235-236 & n
7 (emphasis added).

        On the facts of the present case, plaintiffs’ reliance on Wiegand is misplaced and their
subjective intent is irrelevant to the question of contract formation. Specifically, Wiegand is
readily distinguishable because of the contract language involved in the present dispute.4
Notably, in contrast to Wiegand, paragraph 9 of the ICAs expressly provided that: “The
individuals signing this Agreement represent and warrant in their individual capacities that they
have the authority to execute this Agreement and that such execution shall cause this Agreement
to be the legal and binding obligation of such party.” There is, as discussed above, no
qualification on this statement and no requirement that defendants also sign the document in
order to bind plaintiffs. Consequently, under the document’s plain terms, plaintiffs manifested
an objective intent to be bound the moment they executed the agreement, regardless of when, or
whether, the document was also signed by defendants.

        Because the agreement plainly dictates the moment at which it becomes binding on
plaintiffs, it cannot be said to be “silent” on the issue of whether plaintiffs were bound in the
absence of a signature from defendants. Consequently, plaintiffs are mistaken in their assertion
that Wiegand permits them to introduce extrinsic evidence of their subjective intent or to pursue
additional discovery on this issue. See Wiegand, 22 Mich App at 235 n 7. See also UAW-GM
Human Res Ctr v KSL Recreation Corp, 228 Mich App 486, 492, 495; 579 NW2d 411 (1998)
(“The conclusion that parol evidence is not admissible . . . is consistent with the general contract
principles of honoring parties' agreements as expressed in their written contracts and not creating


4
  Apart from the readily apparent dissimilarities between Wiegand and the present case, we note
also that, as a case decided in 1970, Wiegand—as compared to Ehresman—is not binding
precedent on this Court. See MCR 7.215(J)(1).


                                                -6-
ambiguities where none exist.”). It is, in short, plaintiffs’ objective act of signing the
document—not plaintiffs’ subjective intent—that is the relevant consideration for establishing
whether there was a meeting of the minds. See Kloian, 273 Mich App at 454 (“A meeting of the
minds is judged by an objective standard, looking to the express words of the parties and their
visible acts, not their subjective states of mind.” (quotation omitted)).

       In sum, because the objective evidence demonstrated that the parties intended to be
bound by the written agreements in question, those agreements constitute valid contracts which
must be enforced as written. Given the arbitration clauses in the agreements, the trial court
properly granted defendants’ motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7).

        Aside from the broad claim that defendants’ failure to sign the agreement renders it
nonbinding and unenforceable, plaintiffs raise three more specific arguments on appeal. First,
plaintiffs maintain they may have claims which arose before the signing of the written
agreements, and they allude to improper backdating of the agreements by defendants. Second,
they argue claims by plaintiff Paula Raskin may be pursued because, although she signed an
ICA, she subsequently broke with defendants and then returned years later, at which time she did
not sign a second ICA. Third, plaintiffs contend that claims by plaintiff Sherrie Manier should
survive defendants’ motion for summary disposition because she wrote her own terms on the
ICA, thereby rejecting the agreement and presenting defendants with a counteroffer they failed to
accept.

        Considering these specific claims in turn, we find that plaintiffs abandoned their
unsupported argument that there may be wrongdoing by defendants that occurred before the
written agreements were signed. Plaintiffs’ appellate argument in this respect is not well-
developed. Each ICA in question bears a date, clearly indicating when it became effective. If
plaintiffs believe these dates were altered or that they have claims pre-dating the agreements,
they have not adequately explained those issues. They have not addressed when the supposed
claims arose, what they entail, or why they would not be subject to arbitration given that the ICA
“supersedes any prior oral or written agreement” and expressly requires arbitration. Ultimately,
their cursory argument, made without any citation to supporting legal authority or citation to the
record, is abandoned and we decline to consider it further. See Yee v Shiawassee Co Bd of
Com'rs, 251 Mich App 379, 406; 651 NW2d 756 (2002).

        We likewise conclude that plaintiffs abandoned their argument in regard to Raskin.
Plaintiffs maintain that Raskin worked for defendants and signed an ICA, but then ceased her
work for defendants for some time and then later returned to work for defendants, at which time
she did not sign a second ICA. Plaintiffs make these claims, however, without any citation to the
record to support their factual contentions. Given this failure to provide any factual support for
this claim, the issue may be deemed abandoned. See id. Apart from a lack of factual support,
plaintiffs’ argument also ignores that the fact that the ICAs do not contain an end date and
expressly provide that the agreement governs “in the event Reporter performs any Services for
clients . . . .” Given this broad language and the lack of an expiration date on the ICA, even
assuming Raskin had a break in service at some point, plaintiffs’ have not explained why the
agreement would not govern when she again performed services for defendants. In short,
plaintiffs’ arguments regarding Raskin are poorly developed and appear without merit.


                                               -7-
        In regard to Manier’s specific ICA, plaintiffs assert her claims are not subject to the
arbitration agreement because she added three handwritten terms to the contract before returning
it to defendants. On the facts of this case, we need not decide whether Manier’s handwritten
notations are the type of material change to a material term which constitutes a rejection of an
offer and the proposition of a counteroffer. See Zurcher v Herveat, 238 Mich App 267, 296-297;
605 NW2d 329 (1999); 17A Am. Jur. 2d Contracts § 87 (“[I]mmaterial or minor differences or
variances between the offer and acceptance do not prevent the formation of a contract.”). Even if
Manier’s notations can be construed as a counteroffer, it is plain defendants accepted her terms
when, upon receipt of her agreement, they proceeded in keeping with the agreement. See 17A
Am Jur 2d Contracts § 90 (“If the original offeror, after receiving an alleged acceptance
containing additional or altered conditions or terms, performs his or her part of the agreement or
the new or altered conditions or terms in whole or in part, he or she shows acceptance . . . .”). In
short, Manier, like Raskin and the other plaintiffs, had a binding agreement to arbitrate, and
consequently, the trial court properly granted summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7).

        Lastly, on appeal, plaintiffs also challenge the trial court’s grant of summary disposition
as premature because discovery had not been completed. Relying on Wiegand, plaintiffs’ main
assertion is that a dispute remains over the existence of a binding arbitration agreement and that
further discovery would uncover facts in support of plaintiffs’ contention that no enforceable
agreement exists. In particular, they claim that additional discovery was necessary regarding
their intent to be bound in the absence of a signature from defendants. Apart from the issue of
intent, plaintiffs also provide an undeveloped list of topics they would like to pursue during
discovery.

        “Generally, a motion for summary disposition is premature if granted before discovery on
a disputed issue is complete.” Peterson Novelties, Inc v City of Berkley, 259 Mich App 1, 24-25;
672 NW2d 351 (2003). “However, summary disposition may nevertheless be appropriate if
further discovery does not stand a reasonable chance of uncovering factual support for the
opposing party's position.” Id. A party opposing summary disposition on the grounds that
further discovery is required must “at least assert that a dispute does indeed exist and support that
allegation by some independent evidence.” Bellows v Delaware McDonald's Corp, 206 Mich
App 555, 561; 522 NW2d 707 (1994). “Without any assertion regarding what facts are disputed
or likely to be uncovered by further discovery, allegedly incomplete discovery will not bar
summary disposition.” VanVorous v Burmeister, 262 Mich App 467, 477; 687 NW2d 132
(2004).

        Here, as discussed supra, the undisputed facts demonstrate the existence of a binding
agreement to arbitrate and, consequently, additional discovery on the issue of plaintiffs’ intent
did not stand a reasonable chance of producing information favorable to plaintiffs’ position.
That is, as discussed repeatedly, defendants manifested an intent to be bound by presenting
plaintiffs with an agreement, and that agreement became binding on both parties when signed by
plaintiffs. See Ehresman, 203 Mich App at 354; Green, 169 Mich App at 538. In these
circumstances, plaintiffs have not shown there existed a disputed issue on the question of
contract formation and thus plaintiffs’ subjective intent to be bound is irrelevant, particularly
given plaintiffs’ objective manifestation of an intent to be bound by signing the ICA which made
the agreement binding on a signatory at the moment of execution. Cf. Wiegand, 22 Mich App at
235 n 7. Indeed, more broadly, for the reasons discussed supra, plaintiffs’ reliance on Wiegand

                                                -8-
is misplaced and it simply does not entitle them to discovery on the issue of intent. Overall, on
the present record, given the clear existence of a binding arbitration agreement, plaintiffs’
subjective intent to be bound is simply irrelevant and plaintiffs have not shown further discovery
has a reasonable chance of uncovering factual support favorable to their position. See Peterson
Novelties, Inc, 259 Mich App at 24-25.

        Apart from the issue of intent, plaintiffs present a list of topics they wish to explore
during discovery. The list provided is perfunctory at best. Plaintiffs fail to explain in any detail
what facts they believe are likely to be uncovered and they do not support their contentions with
any sort of independent evidence. See VanVorous, 262 Mich App at 477; Bellows, 206 Mich
App at 561. Absent such development of their claimed need for discovery, plaintiffs have, in
short, failed to show the necessity of additional discovery. See VanVorous, 262 Mich App at
477; Bellows, 206 Mich App at 561. Because additional discovery was not necessary on this
record, the trial court’s decision to grant summary disposition was not premature.

       Affirmed. Defendants, having prevailed in full, may tax costs. MCR 7.219.

                                                             /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                             /s/ Henry William Saad
                                                             /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra




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