                                    IN T H E C O U R T O F A P P E A L S O F T E N N E S S E E ,
                                                      A T N A S H V I L L E

                                                                                                                      FL E
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                                                                          )                                          J a n u     a ry 1 4 , 1 9 9 9
S A R A E V E L Y           N E V A N S (Y O U N G ),                     )             D a v id s o n C o u n ty C ir c u it     C o u rt
                                                                          )             N o . 9 0 D -9 3 6          C e c il     W . C ro w s o n
     P la in tiff/A p p      e lle e ,                                    )                                      A p p e lla      te C o u r t C le r k
                                                                          )
V S .                                                                     )             C .A . N o . 0 1 A 0 1 - 9 7 1 1 - C V - 0 0 6 3 8
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B O B B Y H U G H                Y O U N G ,                              )
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     D e fe n d a n t,                                                    )
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D . K . H A IL E Y             W R E C K IN G                             )
C O M P A N Y , IN              C . a n d L E V Y                         )
IN D U S T R IA L             C O N T R A C T O R S , I N C ., )
                                                                          )
     In te rv e n o rs /A      p p e lla n ts .                           )
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F ro m th e C irc u it C o u rt o f D a v id s o n C o u n ty a t N a s h v ille .
H o n o r a b le M u r ie l R o b in s o n , J u d g e



D o n a ld L . S c h o le s,
B R A N S T E T T E R , K IL G O R E , S T R A N C H & J E N N IN G S , N a s h v ille , T e n n e s s e e
A tto r n e y fo r I n te rv e n o rs /A p p e lla n ts .


I r w in V e n ic k ,
D O B B IN S & V E N IC K , N a s h v ille , T e n n e s s e e
A tto rn e y fo r P la in tiff/A p p e lle e .



O P IN IO N F IL E D :

A F F IR M E D A N D R E M A N D E D


                                                                          F A R M E R , J .

C R A W F O R D , P .J ., W .S .: ( C o n c u rs )
K O C H , J .: ( C o n c u rs )
               Intervenors D. K. Hailey Wrecking Company (Hailey Wrecking) and Levy Industrial

Contractors, Inc. (Levy Industrial) appeal an order of the trial court requiring them to pay the

attorney fees of Plaintiff Sara Evelyn Evans incurred in a proceeding to enforce a judgment obtained

by Ms. Evans against Bobby Hugh Young. For the reasons stated below, we affirm the ruling of the

trial court.



               Mr. Young is the president of Levy Wrecking Company (Levy Wrecking), a

demolition contractor. Levy Wrecking entered into a contract with the Metropolitan Development

and Housing Agency (MDHA) to provide demolition work in connection with the construction of

the Nashville Arena (Nashville Arena project). Levy Wrecking then subcontracted the entire job to

Hailey Wrecking, a demolition contractor, and Levy Industrial, an asbestos removal contractor.

Levy Industrial is owned and operated by Kellye Bradley, Mr. Young’s daughter. Formerly, Levy

Wrecking and Levy Industrial shared office space. Currently, however, Levy Industrial is located

in a separate building owned by Levy Wrecking. Levy Industrial pays rent to Levy Wrecking for

its use of this building. Although Levy Wrecking and Levy Industrial do not share employees, Ms.

Bradley has on some occasions signed documents on behalf of Levy Wrecking at the request of Mr.

Young when Mr. Young was not available to sign the documents himself.



               On November 17, 1994, the trial court entered an order imposing a $125,895.00 lien

in favor of Ms. Evans against the after expense net proceeds to be received by Levy Wrecking in

connection with its participation in the Nashville Arena project. On March 18, 1996, MDHA

tendered to the trial court $37,837.19, the amount that MDHA owed to Levy Wrecking for work

performed on the Nashville Arena project. Ms. Evans filed a motion on March 21, 1996 requesting

that these funds be released to her. On April 18, 1996, Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial filed

a complaint, seeking to intervene and claiming that they were entitled to a portion of the proceeds

deposited with the court by MDHA. On August 21, 1997, the trial court entered an order dismissing

the intervention complaint, directing that the $37,837.19 deposited with the court by MDHA be paid

to Ms. Evans, and granting to Ms. Evans a judgment against Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial

in the amount of $6,934.58, the amount of Ms. Evans’ attorney fees. Hailey Wrecking and Levy

Industrial then filed a motion requesting that the trial court amend the portion of its ruling regarding

attorney fees. The trial court denied the motion to amend, finding that Hailey Wrecking and Levy
Industrial had conspired with Mr. Young in his efforts to avoid payment of his obligations to Ms.

Evans.1 This appeal followed.



                       The sole issue on appeal is whether, under the law of Tennessee, the trial court had

authority to order Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial to pay Ms. Evans’ attorney fees. Because

this is a question of law, our review of the trial court’s ruling is de novo with no presumption of

correctness. T.R.A.P. 13(d).



                       The Tennessee Supreme Court has recently reaffirmed this state’s adherence to the

American rule which states that, absent the existence of a statute or an agreement between the parties

providing otherwise, each party must bear his or her own litigation expenses, including attorney fees.

See John Koel & Co. P.C. v. Dearborn & Ewing, 977 S.W.2d 528, 534 (Tenn. 1998). The

Tennessee courts have traditionally recognized an exception to this rule, however, when there are

recognized grounds of equity authorizing a court to require a party to pay an opposing party’s

attorney fees. Kimbrough v. Union Planters Nat’l Bank, 764 S.W.2d 203, 205 (Tenn. 1989);

Pullman Standard, Inc. v. Abex Corp., 693 S.W.2d 336, 338 (Tenn. 1985); State v. Thomas, 585

S.W.2d 606, 607 (Tenn. 1979); Ezell v. Graves, 807 S.W.2d 700, 703 (Tenn. App. 1990); Owen v.

Stanley, 739 S.W.2d 782, 788 (Tenn. App. 1987), overruled in part on other grounds by Matlock

v. Simpson, 902 S.W.2d 384, 386 (Tenn. 1995); State v. Shelby County Bd. of Comm’rs, 656

S.W.2d 9, 9 (Tenn. App. 1983); Hannewald v. Fairfield Communities, Inc., 651 S.W.2d 222, 231

(Tenn. App. 1983)(Franks, J., concurring). In the present case, Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial

argue that the trial court was not authorized by contract, statute, or recognized ground of equity to

order them to pay Ms. Evans’ attorney fees. Ms. Evans concedes that Hailey Wrecking and Levy

Industrial are not contractually obligated to pay her attorney fees. She contends, however, that the

ruling of the trial court is supported by both statutory and equitable grounds.



                        We first examine whether the trial court had statutory authority for ordering Hailey

Wrecking and Levy Industrial to pay Ms. Evans’ attorney fees. Hailey Wrecking and Levy

Industrial attempt to classify Ms. Evans’ action as one to recover alimony owed to her by Mr.


            1
               T h e r e c o rd i s s ile n t r e g a r d in g w h y t h e tr ia l c o u r t d i d n o t a ls o o r d e r M r . Y o u n g , a s a c o -
c o n s p ir a to r , to p a y th e a t to r n e y f e e s o f M s . E v a n s .
Young. The Tennessee statute regarding enforcement of alimony awards provides in pertinent part

as follows:



                       The plaintiff spouse may recover from the defendant spouse,
               and the spouse or other person to whom the custody of the child, or
               children, is awarded may recover from the other spouse reasonable
               attorney fees incurred in enforcing any decree for alimony and/or
               child support, or in regard to any suit or action concerning the
               adjudication of the custody or the change of custody of any child, or
               children, of the parties, both upon the original divorce hearing and at
               any subsequent hearing, which fees may be fixed and allowed by the
               court, before whom such action or proceeding is pending, in the
               discretion of such court.



Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c) (Supp. 1998). Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial note that this

provision allows the court to award attorney fees against a defendant spouse. Accordingly, they

argue that the statute does not authorize the court to award attorney fees against an intervening party

that is not a defendant spouse. We agree. We find, however, that Ms. Evans’ action was not one to

recover alimony but instead was an action to enforce her marital property award. The trial court’s

order imposing a lien on the proceeds from the Nashville Arena project specifically provides that

Mr. Young owed to Ms. Evans an amount representing “an equitable division of the [parties’] marital

estate.” Thus, because Ms. Evans has not attempted to enforce any alimony obligation owed to her

by Mr. Young, we find that section 36-5-103 is inapplicable to the case at bar.



               The rule with respect to costs of divorce actions provides that “[t]he court may decree

costs against either party, and may award execution for the same, or, in case any estate is

sequestered, or in the power of the court, or in the hands of a receiver, it may order the costs to be

paid out of such property.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-122 (1996). For purposes of this provision, the

term “costs” also includes attorney fees. See, e.g., Fox v. Fox, 657 S.W.2d 747, 749 (Tenn. 1983).

Section 36-4-122 allows the trial court to award costs of a divorce action against either party. Ms.

Evans contends that, because Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial are parties to her action to

enforce her marital property award, the trial court had authority under this provision to require these

parties to pay her attorney fees. We disagree. Section 36-4-122 uses the phrase “either party,”

suggesting that costs may be assessed against either the husband or the wife. Given this language,

it is doubtful that the drafters of section 36-4-122 intended for this provision to apply to third party
intervenors such as Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial.



               We thus find that the trial court did not have statutory authority to assess attorney fees

against Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial under either section 36-4-122 or section 36-5-103 of

the Tennessee Code Annotated.



               We next consider whether the trial court’s ruling may be justified under recognized

grounds of equity. In its order denying the motion to amend, the trial court specifically found that

Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial conspired with Mr. Young to frustrate Ms. Evans’ efforts to

collect her judgment against Mr. Young. Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial do not challenge this

finding on appeal. Rather, they contend that the existence of a conspiracy does not create legal

grounds for awarding attorney fees against a third party intervenor. In support of this position,

Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial cite the unreported case of Kiihnl v. Kiihnl, No. 02A01-9111-

CV-00286, 1992 WL 357188 (Tenn. App. Dec. 4, 1992). Kiihnl involved a child custody dispute

in connection with a divorce. See id. at *1. The paternal grandparents of the children filed a third

party intervention complaint seeking court ordered visitation. See id. The trial court denied

visitation and ordered the grandparents to pay the attorney fees incurred by the mother in defending

against their intervention complaint. See id. at *3. We reversed the award of attorney fees, noting

that the grandparent visitation statute did not authorize such an award and implicitly finding that the

award was not supported by recognized grounds of equity. See id. at *6. The sole similarity

between Kiihnl and the instant case is that they both involve an award of attorney fees rendered

against a third party intervenor. Unlike the grandparents in Kiihnl, the right of Hailey Wrecking and

Levy Industrial to recover under their intervention complaint is not governed by statute.

Additionally, the mother in Kiihnl contended that she was entitled to attorney fees as a matter of

equity because she defended the complaint on behalf of the children. See id. at *5. In the present

case, however, the asserted equitable ground involves the existence of a conspiracy to prevent Ms.

Evans from collecting payments owed to her by Mr. Young.



               A number of jurisdictions, including Tennessee, have recognized the “tort of another

doctrine” which allows a party to recover attorney fees when he or she has been forced into litigation

with a third party as the result of the defendant’s wrongful or tortious conduct. See McCracken v.
U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 802 F.Supp. 30, 38 (W.D. Tex. 1992); Matter of Milwaukee Cheese Co., 128

B.R. 538, 543 (Bankr. E.D. Wis. 1991); In re Russell v. Burnham, Klinefelter, Halsey, Jones &

Cater, P.C., 674 So. 2d 1287, 1290 (Ala. 1995); Collins v. First Fin. Servs., Inc., 815 P.2d 411, 413

(Ariz. Ct. App. 1991); Golden W. Baseball Co. v. Talley, 284 Cal. Rptr. 53, 58 (Cal. Ct. App. 1991);

Stevens v. Moore and Co. Realtor, 874 P.2d 495, 496 (Colo. Ct. App. 1994); Matter of Estate of

Dyniewicz, 648 N.E.2d 1076, 1085 (Ill. App. Ct. 1995); Hess Constr. Co. v. Board of Educ., 669

A.2d 1352, 1354 (Md. 1996); In re Thomas Estate v. Manufacturers Nat’l Bank, 536 N.W.2d 579,

583 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995); Jugan v. Friedman, 646 A.2d 1112, 1120 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.

1994); S & D Mechanical Contractors, Inc. v. Enting Water Conditioning Sys., Inc., 593 N.E.2d

354, 363 (Ohio Ct. App. 1991); Pullman Standard, Inc. v. Abex Corp., 693 S.W.2d 336, 340 (Tenn.

1985); Winkelman v. Beloit Memorial Hosp., 483 N.W.2d 211, 217 (Wis. 1992). In Jugan v.

Friedman, 646 A.2d 1112 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1994), a New Jersey court applied the “tort of

another doctrine” to facts similar to those of the case at bar. Jugan obtained a monetary judgment

against Friedman in a medical malpractice action. Id. at 1113. In an effort to prevent Jugan from

collecting his judgment, Friedman conveyed all of his assets to his wife and adult sons. Id. at 1114.

The court found that Friedman’s fraudulent conduct constituted an independent tort entitling Jugan

to recover litigation expenses, including attorney fees, incurred in a lawsuit brought against

Friedman’s wife and children. Id. at 1120. The court made no finding regarding whether Jugan

could also recover tort damages against Friedman’s wife and children as co-conspirators. Id. at

1121.



               We recognize that, in the instant case, the tortious conduct of Hailey Wrecking and

Levy Industrial did not cause Ms. Evans to engage in litigation with a third party. Thus, the “tort

of another doctrine” is not directly applicable. We find, however, that the equitable principles

underlying this doctrine are nevertheless relevant considerations in the case at bar. Hailey Wrecking

and Levy Industrial conspired with Mr. Young to hinder or prevent the collection of Ms. Evans’

judgment. As a direct result of this conspiracy, Ms. Evans incurred almost seven thousand dollars

in costs and attorney fees. We find that, under such circumstances, it is appropriate to require Hailey

Wrecking and Levy Industrial to pay these expenses.



               Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the entering into a conspiracy constituted
a recognized ground of equity for requiring Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial to pay the attorney

fees incurred by Ms. Evans in enforcing her judgment against Mr. Young. The ruling of the trial

court is thus affirmed. Costs on appeal are charged to Hailey Wrecking and Levy Industrial, for

which execution may issue if necessary.



                                                     ____________________________________
                                                     FARMER, J.



______________________________
CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S. (Concurs)



______________________________
KOCH, J. (Concurs)
