                           COURT OF APPEALS
                           SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                FORT WORTH


                                  NO. 2-09-112-CR


TERRANCE FORD                                                            APPELLANT

                                            V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                             STATE

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            FROM THE 16TH DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY

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                          MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

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      A jury convicted Appellant Terrance Ford of possession of a controlled

substance with intent to deliver and assessed his punishment at life imprisonment.

The trial court sentenced him accordingly. In two points, Appellant contends that the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction. Specifically,

he contends that there is no evidence or insufficient evidence that he possessed the




      1
           See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
drugs. Because we hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to

support Appellant’s conviction, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

         The arresting officer, DPS Trooper W oody Gosser, testified that he stopped

a car for speeding on I-35 in Denton County, Texas. The car was traveling seventy

miles per hour in a sixty-five miles-per-hour zone. Gosser explained that in drug

interdiction, law enforcement officers look for cars traveling under the speed limit or

those traveling “just over the posted speed limit” because typically, persons

transporting large amounts of narcotics are not going to travel at a speed that is

much more than the speed limit.

         The car’s windows, excluding the windshield, were tinted black. As Gosser

approached the car from the passenger side, he noticed that the rear passenger

window came down. He smelled burnt marijuana. As he moved closer to the rear

passenger, the rear passenger window closed, and the driver’s window rolled down.

W hen Gosser first walked up and looked in the car, he noticed that three men were

in the car, and he saw “blunt” material on the floorboard and in the ashtray. That is,

tobacco that appeared to have been taken out of a cigar was hanging out of the

ashtray, and the cellophane wrapper of a cigar was on the floorboard. According to

Gosser, the cellophane contained enough tobacco to cover an entire cigar. After

seeing the “blunt” material, Gosser decided to search the car.

         Gosser testified that Appellant was the rear passenger and identified him at

trial.   Gosser testified that during the stop, Appellant was overly nervous and


                                           2
breathing hard, his hands were shaking, he really would not look at Gosser, and he

did not want anything to do with Gosser.

       The driver was interviewed separately from his two passengers for safety

reasons, according to Gosser. The driver told Gosser that Appellant had flown from

Oklahoma City to Houston for a wedding but that the driver and the front seat

passenger were using the driver’s girlfriend’s car to take Appellant back to Oklahoma

City in a quick turnaround trip. The three men led Gosser to believe that they were

cousins.

       Gosser testified that second- or third-party cars are typical in the transport of

large quantities of drugs because such vehicles cannot be seized. He also testified

that Houston is a source city, or a place “where large quantities of narcotics are

broke[n] down or shipped to and the people come in and buy and distribute out to

their destination,” and that Oklahoma City is actually becoming both a source and

a destination point but that “it’s usually just a destination point.” Finally, he testified

that unreasonable travel plans are also something that he is “trained to look for” in

drug interdiction, and he classified the three men’s story as unreasonable.

       Gosser testified that in searching the car, he found approximately eight cell

phones. They were all around the passenger compartment—the front passenger

seat, the back seat, the center console, “[a]round the car,” and “everywhere [the

officer] turned.” Jeff Davis, supervisor of the Denton County Drug Enforcement Unit,

testified that the number of cell phones was significant


                                            3
      [b]ecause normally what people do that are involved in the drug trade,
      is they’ll have—this is basically my business phone, and your business
      phone is your dirty phone. Usually it’s a prepaid phone like Boost or
      Verizon sells them. You can buy them for 19.99, load them with
      minutes, and if you get in trouble you can throw them out the window,
      and you have lost 20 bucks.

             Then they’ll have the phone they use with the family, normal
      communication that may or may not be in their name, but nobody
      involved in this business is going to call this phone. The only phone
      calls you get on the dirty phone are related to this. Like I said, that’s a
      dime a dozen.

             A lot of times they’re also aware of Title III investigations with the
      Federal Government; we do wiretap investigations. They know that we
      do Title III investigations, so they change their phone numbers
      continuously. 19.99, you can buy a phone, and it can be gone the next
      [da]y. They roll them over and over and over. W hen they do that, they
      accumulate phones.

              It’s not uncommon for us to run search warrants and find drawers
      full of cell phones. That’s phones that basically have run their course,
      and they dispose of them. They call them burners, is what they’re
      called. They’ll use their burner until they get done using their burner.
      Or somebody goes to jail that’s one of their associates, that phone is in
      the trash, that phone’s out. They’ll just keep rotating the phones over
      and over.

Gosser also found “large amounts of trash in the backseat, fast food wrappers,

things like that from going through drive-thrus.” He explained at trial that people

transporting large quantities of drugs do not want to leave their car, so they go to

fast-food places. Davis pointed out to the jury that vehicles carrying large quantities

of drugs have “indicators inside the vehicle of long travel; [the people transporting

the drugs are] basically living out of a car” because they are responsible for getting

the drugs safely from Point A to Point B.


                                            4
      Gosser also noticed that the car’s air fresheners were fresh, and he explained

to the jury that it is common practice to use air fresheners to mask the scent of

narcotics when hauling large amounts. Davis similarly testified that multiple air

fresheners would be used to mask the odors in vehicles transporting large quantities

of drugs.

      A search of the trunk yielded just under four kilograms of cocaine hidden

under the lining of the trunk. The drugs consisted of five separate bundles, three

wrapped in duct tape and two wrapped in electrical tape. Gosser testified that it was

“eight and a half pounds of quality cocaine that is not for personal use of anybody

in the car. . . . It’s packaged and concealed inside of a vehicle that’s consistent with

the distribution of narcotics.” Davis testified that the cocaine would be worth about

$400,000 to end users. He also testified that having multiple people in the vehicle,

known in the drug trade as “rolling” or “running cat,” is a way of protecting the drugs

during transport and also at the location of the sale. Finally, when questioned,

      In your training, in your years of experience, Jeff, is it conceivable,
      based on what you know, that there could be three people who are
      close to each other, who know each other well, running this amount of
      dope from a hub city or source city to a destination city and somebody
      not be in on it?

Davis answered, “No.”

      Nobody’s fingerprints were on the cocaine. No weapons or other drugs,

including marijuana, were found. After Gosser found the cocaine, he arrested all

three men. He explained to the jury why he arrested all three men:


                                           5
      [I]t’s the total amount of everything that I saw out there all on the side
      of the road: The travel plans, the marijuana-type issue with the cigars,
      the air fresheners, the trash, the eight cell phones. The origin of
      Houston, destination of Oklahoma City; the travel plans of flying there
      but, you know, 15-, 18-hour trip back with a large amount of cocaine
      that costs a large amount of money, you would have to have a vested
      interest to be in that vehicle.

He based his conclusions on experience and training.

      In his two points, Appellant contends that there is no evidence or insufficient

evidence that he possessed the drugs; specifically, he argues that there is no

evidence or insufficient evidence that he knew the cocaine was in the trunk of the

car. As the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held,

      To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must
      prove that: (1) the accused exercised control, management, or care
      over the substance; and (2) the accused knew the matter possessed
      was contraband. W hether this evidence is direct or circumstantial, “it
      must establish, to the requisite level of confidence, that the accused’s
      connection with the drug was more than just fortuitous. This is the
      whole of the so-called ‘affirmative links’ rule.” 2

Given the men’s close relationship, the presence of the “blunt” materials, the odor

of marijuana, the presence of the cocaine in the vehicle in which they traveled, the

large amount of the cocaine, Appellant’s extreme nervousness at the stop, the

presence of the many cell phones, fresh air fresheners, and fast-food trash, and the

purported reason for all three men being in the car, and applying the appropriate




      2
         Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W .3d 402, 405–06 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)
(citations omitted).

                                          6
standard of review, 3 we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support

Appellant’s conviction. W e overrule Appellant’s first point.

      Further, despite the absence of marijuana from the scene, and despite the

evidence that Appellant did not drive or own the car, that there were two other

people in the car, and that the cocaine was hidden in the trunk, and applying the

appropriate standard of review, 4 we hold that the evidence is factually sufficient to

support Appellant’s conviction. W e overrule his second point.

      Having overruled both of Appellant’s points, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.




                                              LEE ANN DAUPHINOT
                                              JUSTICE

PANEL: DAUPHINOT, W ALKER, and MCCOY, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: July 15, 2010




      3
        See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979);
Clayton v. State, 235 S.W .3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
      4
        See Steadman v. State, 280 S.W .3d 242, 246–47 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009);
Watson v. State, 204 S.W .3d 404, 414–15, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Johnson v.
State, 23 S.W .3d 1, 9, 12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

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