MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                         FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                                Oct 10 2018, 9:21 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
                                                                              CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                   Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                             Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case.                                              and Tax Court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Jennifer A. Joas                                          Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Madison, Indiana                                          Attorney General of Indiana
                                                          Robert J. Henke
                                                          Deputy Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination                          October 10, 2018
of the Parent-Child Relationship                          Court of Appeals Case No.
of:                                                       18A-JT-977
G.L. (Minor Child)                                        Appeal from the Dearborn Circuit
                                                          Court
and
                                                          The Honorable James D.
C.L. (Mother),                                            Humphrey, Judge
Appellant-Respondent,                                     Trial Court Cause No.
                                                          15C01-1708-JT-22
        v.

The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018                   Page 1 of 14
      Riley, Judge.


                                   STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellant-Respondent, C.L. (Mother), appeals the trial court’s order

      terminating her parental rights to her minor child, G.L. (Child).


[2]   We affirm.


                                                         ISSUE
[3]   Mother raises one issue on appeal which we restate as: Whether there was

      sufficient evidence to support the termination of Mother’s parental rights.


                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   On April 2, 2015, the Department of Child Services (DCS) removed Child, who

      was five years old at the time, and his four-year-old sister (Sister) 1 from

      Mother’s home. On April 6, 2015, DCS filed a petition alleging that Child was

      a child in need of services (CHINS) because Mother had attempted to

      voluntarily relinquish custody to a family friend, Child had been reported to be

      acting out with sexual behaviors, Mother’s home had no utilities, Mother had

      been observed to have decreased mental health over the prior thirty days,

      Mother had reported terminating her mental health workers because they

      refused to refill Child’s medication, and because Child’s arm was bruised in a




      1
          Mother’s parental rights to Sister were terminated in a separate proceeding.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018    Page 2 of 14
      manner consistent with having been grabbed. On July 13, 2015, the trial court

      entered an order finding all the DCS allegations to be true and declaring Child a

      CHINS. On August 13, 2015, the trial court entered its Dispositional Order

      directing Mother to, among other things, establish and maintain contact with

      the DCS family case manager (FCM), notify the FCM of any change in

      address, notify the FCM of any criminal arrest or pending criminal charges, and

      to comply with any recommendations for programs or services made by the

      FCM. The trial court also ordered Mother to maintain suitable, safe, and stable

      housing, obey the law, complete and comply with parenting and substance

      abuse assessments, consistently meet with mental health personnel and comply

      with any medication orders issued, and to attend all scheduled visitation.


[5]   Prior to the underlying CHINS case being initiated, Mother had been

      prosecuted for neglect of a dependent for an incident wherein then one-and-one-

      half-year-old Child had been left alone by his caregiver in whose care Mother

      had left him. From April 6, 2015, until February 22, 2018, Mother was arrested

      on at least three occasions for offenses including battery with bodily injury,

      theft, and allowing an unlicensed driver to operate her vehicle. Mother’s

      probation was revoked, and during the pendency of the CHINS and the instant

      matter, Mother was incarcerated for approximately sixteen months at various

      times.


[6]   When Mother was not incarcerated, she was offered a number of services

      through DCS, including behavioral therapy and medication management

      services to address her mental health diagnosis of bi-polar disorder and

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 3 of 14
      depression. Mother’s compliance with these services was sporadic. Mother

      made improvement when she attended her mental health services and took her

      medication, but she often would not take her medication. Mother did not

      attend any medication management appointments in 2016 or 2017. Mother did

      not regularly attend her weekly behavioral therapy, only attending on two or

      three occasions during the first eighteen months of the CHINS case. Mother

      did complete psychological testing, which resulted in a recommendation for

      ongoing therapy and medication. During the pendency of the CHINS

      proceedings, it was reported that Mother threatened Child’s foster parents and a

      number of caregivers. Mother had also been involved in an incident during one

      of her periods of incarceration wherein she threatened to remove a pregnant

      inmate’s fetus from her womb and force her to eat it.


[7]   During the CHINS proceedings, Mother was scheduled to have supervised

      parenting time with Child once a week for approximately four hours. Mother’s

      attendance was sporadic, and Mother did not always follow the rules for

      supervised parenting time. Child’s guardian ad litem (GAL) was present at

      each occasion that Mother had parenting time with Child. The GAL observed

      that Child appeared to be afraid during these visits and would visibly flinch if

      Mother moved quickly. After these interactions with Mother, Child would soil

      his bed at night, have tantrums, and self-harm through head banging, hitting, or

      scratching. Child did not exhibit these behaviors when Mother missed

      parenting time or was incarcerated. Mother would telephone Child’s foster

      home at inappropriately early or late times and berate Child until he cried and


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 4 of 14
      experienced insomnia. Child would attempt to avoid seeing Mother.

      Beginning in March of 2016, Child’s GAL consistently, and, at times

      vehemently, requested that the trial court discontinue Mother’s parenting time

      due to its negative effect on Child. In June of 2017, Child’s GAL reported an

      incident to the trial court wherein Child, anticipating parenting time with

      Mother, pulled feces from his body and used it to write “don’t make me go” on

      the refrigerator. Child was diagnosed with complex post-traumatic stress

      disorder due to his experiences in Mother’s home.


[8]   From April of 2015 until June of 2017, Child’s permanency plan was

      reunification with Mother. During the summer of 2017 after a putative father

      was excluded as Child’s father, Child’s permanency plan was altered from

      reunification to adoption. On August 25, 2017, the State filed a verified

      petition for involuntary termination of parent-child relationship (TPR), alleging,

      among other statutory considerations, that it was in Child’s best interests to

      terminate Mother’s 2 parental rights and that the State had a satisfactory plan for

      the care and treatment of Child, namely, adoption. Hearings on the TPR

      petition were held on November 22, 2017, January 29, 2018, and February 22,

      2018. Mother did not appear for the January hearing, despite having notice of

      the time and date. Mother was not in contact with her attorney, was not

      incarcerated, and did not contact the trial court regarding her absence.




      2
          The parental rights of any putative fathers were also terminated in these proceedings.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018              Page 5 of 14
[9]    FCM Rachel Leonard (FCM Leonard), who was on the case until

       approximately December of 2016, testified at the January TPR hearing that she

       never recommended placement of Child with Mother because conditions

       meriting the initial removal of Child from Mother’s home were never remedied

       and because Mother did not participate in services regularly enough to address

       her own mental health needs. Mother had been ordered to maintain contact

       with FCM Leonard, but there were multiple occasions when Mother was

       incarcerated that DCS was not notified, and FCM Leonard only determined

       Mother’s whereabouts by searching for Mother herself. Mother always told

       FCM Leonard that she wanted to participate in services, but Mother never

       followed through. FCM Leonard had concerns over Mother’s ability to parent

       Child. FCM Leonard felt that the conditions that had merited removal of Child

       from Mother’s home were not likely to be remedied because Mother did not

       participate in services, did not go to therapy, and did not take her medications.


[10]   FCM Julie Colen (FCM Colen), who succeeded FCM Leonard, testified at the

       January TPR hearing that Mother had not established a stable home and had

       made no progress through the case. In January of 2017, Mother moved to

       Lawrenceburg. DCS paid Mother’s deposit and the first month’s rent on a

       home for her. However, Mother only lived there until February of 2017, when

       Mother was incarcerated until May 27, 2107. After being released, Mother

       moved to a friend’s home for a month. FCM Colen felt that, due to her

       frequent arrests and incarcerations, Mother was unavailable to parent. FCM

       Colen also felt that Mother had not addressed her mental health needs which


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 6 of 14
       she believed would help Mother to be stable and to maintain a stable residence.

       Mother had reported to FCM Colen that she believed that she had mental

       health issues but that she did not require medication to treat them.


[11]   FCM Colen also testified that Child had been in five different foster home

       placements since being removed from Mother’s home. His first placement had

       been long-term, almost two years. Child’s foster parents asked that he be

       moved due to behavioral issues. The other moves were also due to behavioral

       issues, except the last one which had been a pre-adoptive placement that fell

       through because the foster parents ultimately did not think Child would be a

       good fit in the home. Child had been in his most recent placement since

       December 15, 2017, and was doing better, academically and socially. Child’s

       permanency plan was to have him adopted with Sister into the same home, but

       no adoptive family had been identified.


[12]   Mother appeared for the February 2018 TPR hearing and reported that she was

       living in Ohio with her boyfriend. She was not currently taking any mental

       health medications. Mother felt that the CHIN case had been opened because

       bad blood existed between her and DCS workers due to a previous case.


[13]   On March 14, 2018, the trial court issued its Order terminating Mother’s

       parental rights. The trial court found that termination of Mother’s parental

       rights was in Child’s best interests because


               Mother continues to have issues with stable housing, although
               she is now living in Ohio with her current paramour. Mother’s
               refusal to acknowledge her own mental health issues, as well as
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 7 of 14
               her instability, places her child at continued risk of abuse or
               neglect.


       (Appellant’s Appendix, Vol. II, p. 30). The trial court also found that DCS had

       “a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of [Child], which is: adoption.”

       Id.


[14]   Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be added as necessary.


                               DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                              I. Standard of Review

[15]   It is well-settled that when reviewing the evidence supporting the termination of

       parental rights we neither reweigh the evidence nor determine the credibility of

       witnesses. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 642 (Ind. 2014). In addition, we consider

       only the evidence that supports the judgment and the reasonable inferences to

       be drawn from that evidence. Id. “We confine our review to two steps:

       whether the evidence clearly and convincingly supports the findings, and then

       whether the findings clearly and convincingly support the judgment.” Id. We

       do not set aside the trial court’s findings or judgment unless it is clearly

       erroneous. Id.


                                 II. Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights

[16]   “[O]ne of the most valued relationships in our culture” is that between a parent

       and his or her child. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1259 (Ind. 2009), reh’g denied.

       Indeed, “[a] parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her

       children is ‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests.’” Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 8 of 14
       (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). Accordingly, the

       Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution safeguards “the

       traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children.” Id.

       Nevertheless, parental interests are not absolute; rather, termination of parental

       rights is appropriate when parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental

       responsibilities. In re A.B., 887 N.E.2d 158, 164 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).


[17]   Termination of parental rights is an extreme sanction that is intended as a “last

       resort” and is available only when all other reasonable efforts have failed. C.A.

       v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 15 N.E.3d 85, 91 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). As such,

       before a termination of parental rights is merited, the State is required to prove

       a host of facts by clear and convincing evidence, the most relevant for our

       purposes being that termination is in the best interests of the child and that there

       is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child. 3 Ind. Code §§ 31-

       35-2-4(b)(2)(C),(D); 31-37-14-2. We address each of those factors in turn.


                                                  A. Child’s Best Interests

[18]   Our supreme court has recently recognized that one of the most difficult aspects

       of a termination of parental rights determination is the issue of whether the

       termination is in the child’s best interest. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 647 (noting

       that the question “necessarily places the children’s interest in preserving the




       3
         Mother initially concedes that the State met its burden of proof as to all other statutorily mandated factors
       apart from showing termination was in Child’s best interest, but she also makes a related argument that the
       State did not show that adoption was a satisfactory plan for Child. (Appellant’s Brief pp. 13, 17-18).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018                     Page 9 of 14
       family into conflict with their need for permanency.”). The trial court’s

       determination that termination was in the child’s best interests requires it to

       look at the totality of the evidence of a particular case. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d

       258, 267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. “In doing so, the trial court must

       subordinate the interests of the parents to those of the children involved.” Id.


[19]   Here, the trial court found that termination was in Child’s best interests because

       Mother continued to have issues with stable housing, refused to acknowledge

       her mental health issues, and was unstable. Regarding the issue of stable

       housing, the evidence indicated that Child was initially removed from Mother’s

       home in part because she had no functioning utilities. Mother’s home during

       sixteen months of the period preceding termination was jail or prison. The

       record is largely silent as to where Mother resided in between those periods of

       incarceration. Mother quickly lost a home DCS had helped her procure.

       Although Mother was living with her boyfriend in Ohio by the time of the last

       TPR hearing, she had only been there for approximately one month after being

       released from her latest period of incarceration, which was not a long enough

       period of time to establish a pattern of stability.


[20]   As to her mental health issues, Mother did not comply with her treatment plan

       to attend behavioral therapy and medication management. Mother felt that she

       did not require medication and apparently stopped taking her medication

       without consulting any treating physician. At the time of the final TPR

       hearing, Mother was not taking any medication. In addition, during the course

       of the underlying CHINS proceedings and the TPR case, Mother threatened

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 10 of 14
       Child’s foster parents and caregivers, berated Child until he cried and had

       insomnia, and threatened to tear a fetus from a woman’s womb and make her

       eat it. In light of this evidence, we cannot say that the trial court’s conclusions

       regarding Mother’s housing instability, unacknowledged mental health issues,

       and overall instability were clearly erroneous. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 642.


[21]   Our review of the evidence as a whole leads us to adopt the trial court’s

       conclusion that termination was in Child’s best interests because that

       conclusion was supported by clear and convincing evidence and was not clearly

       erroneous. Id. By the time DCS sought to terminate Mother’s parental rights,

       Child had been removed from Mother’s care for approximately twenty-eight

       months. Mother was incarcerated for a significant amount of that time period,

       sixteen months, during which she did not parent Child, as there is no evidence

       in the record that Mother attempted to maintain her parental relationship with

       Child or pursue the goals of her case management plan during her periods of

       incarceration. When Mother was not incarcerated, her parenting time with

       Child was sporadic and resulted in severe harm to Child, who acted out and

       self-harmed before and after seeing Mother. The FCMs felt that Mother made

       little to no progress in bettering her ability to parent Child despite the resources

       provided to her through DCS. In addition, Child’s GAL repeatedly urged the

       trial court to terminate Mother’s parental rights so that Child could be adopted.


[22]   Nevertheless, Mother argues that we should reverse the trial court’s

       determination because “Indiana appellate courts have long recognized that

       incarceration is an insufficient basis for terminating parental rights.”

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 11 of 14
       (Appellant’s Brief p. 15). While we agree with this proposition as a general

       matter, this argument is misplaced, as the trial court did not list Mother’s

       incarceration specifically as one of the factors it relied upon in reaching its

       determination regarding Child’s best interests, and we do not rely upon that

       factor exclusively in reaching our conclusion on review. In addition, the case

       relied upon by Mother in support of her argument, In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257

       (Ind. 2009), reh’g denied, is factually distinguishable, because our supreme court

       found that termination was not merited where mother had maintained a

       relationship with her child during incarceration and made a good faith effort to

       better herself as a person and a parent while imprisoned, both factors that, as

       noted above, are not present here. Id. at 1262, 1264. Based on the totality of

       the evidence, we will not disturb the trial court’s conclusion that termination of

       Mother’s rights was in Child’s best interests.


                                      B. Plan for Child’s Treatment and Care

[23]   In a related argument, Mother contends that adoption as the plan for Child’s

       treatment and care was not in his best interests. “In order for the trial court to

       terminate the parent-child relationship the trial court must find that there is a

       satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child.” In re D.D., 804

       N.E.2d at 268. The plan for care and treatment need not be detailed if it offers

       a general sense of the direction in which the child will be going after the parent-

       child relationship is terminated. Id. A plan to attempt to find suitable parents to

       adopt a child is a satisfactory plan. In re A.S., 17 N.E.3d 994, 1007 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2014) (“[T]here need not be a guarantee that a suitable adoption will take


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 12 of 14
       place, only that DCS will attempt to find a suitable adoptive parent.”), trans.

       denied. However, in order to be viable, a permanency plan must have some

       likelihood of coming to fruition. A.K.G. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 92 N.E.3d

       1083, 1085 (Ind. 2017).


[24]   Here, Child had been in a series of foster care placements for varying periods of

       time. Child had been in a pre-adoptive placement which did not come to

       fruition due to reasons which were not entirely clear from the record. Child

       was doing better in his last placement. Thus, Child had some placement issues,

       but we cannot say that it is clear from the record before us that there was no

       likelihood that Child would ever be adopted. While acknowledging that

       adoption is usually an adequate plan for a child despite the lack of identification

       of a pre-adoptive home, Mother argues that this plan was not in Child’s best

       interests given the specific circumstances of this case. In support of her

       argument, Mother directs our attention to evidence in the record that does not

       support the trial court’s conclusion that adoption was an adequate plan for

       Child, which is unpersuasive given our standard of review. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d

       at 642. We will not disturb the trial court’s determination that termination of

       Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interests based upon the DCS

       satisfactory plan of adoption for Child.


                                             CONCLUSION
[25]   Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court’s conclusions, namely

       that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interests and


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 13 of 14
       that a satisfactory plan for Child was in place, were supported by clear and

       convincing evidence and were not clearly erroneous.


[26]   Affirmed.


[27]   Vaidik, C. J. and Kirsch, J. concur




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-977 | October 10, 2018   Page 14 of 14
