                               In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 18-2113
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                 v.

JAMES ATWOOD,
                                               Defendant-Appellant.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                    Central District of Illinois.
            No. 2:16-cr-20043 — Colin S. Bruce, Judge.
                     ____________________

  ARGUED SEPTEMBER 27, 2019 — DECIDED OCTOBER 24, 2019
                ____________________

    Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and KANNE and BARRETT, Cir-
cuit Judges.
   BARRETT, Circuit Judge. Judge Colin S. Bruce sentenced
James Atwood to 210 months’ imprisonment for federal drug
crimes. While Atwood’s case was pending, Judge Bruce im-
properly communicated ex parte with the prosecuting U.S.
Attorney’s Office about other cases. The federal recusal stat-
ute requires a judge to recuse himself from any proceeding in
which his impartiality may reasonably be questioned. The
2                                                  No. 18-2113

government concedes that the disclosure of Judge Bruce’s ex
parte correspondence invited doubt about his impartiality in
proceedings involving the Office. Because of the judge’s
broad discretion in sentencing, we conclude that Judge
Bruce’s failure to recuse himself was not harmless error. We
vacate Atwood’s sentence and remand his case for resentenc-
ing by a different judge.
                               I.
     James Atwood appeared before Judge Colin S. Bruce for
sentencing after pleading guilty to three counts of federal
drug crimes. The presentencing report calculated that At-
wood faced a Guidelines range of 188 to 235 months in prison
for Counts One and Two. Judge Bruce adopted the report’s
calculations and sentenced Atwood to 210 months’ imprison-
ment on those two counts and 96 months’ concurrent impris-
onment on the third count. At sentencing, Judge Bruce ex-
plained, “My sentence is driven by the [§] 3553(a) factors; and,
in fact, if I have made a mistake in the guideline calculations,
if I have made any mistake in a ruling on the guidelines, my
sentence would still be the same.”
    It later came to light that while Atwood’s case was pend-
ing, Judge Bruce engaged in extensive ex parte communica-
tion with the prosecuting U.S. Attorney’s Office about other
cases. Judge Bruce had been a federal prosecutor at the same
U.S. Attorney’s Office for many years before his appointment
to the judiciary. In August 2018, a newspaper exposed that
Judge Bruce had continued to communicate ex parte with his
former colleagues in the Office about one of their cases before
him. The newspaper published emails between Judge Bruce
and a paralegal in the U.S. Attorney’s Office about a criminal
trial over which Judge Bruce presided. In the emails, Judge
No. 18-2113                                                 3

Bruce expressed exasperation that the novice prosecutor’s
weak cross-examination had turned the case “from a slam-
dunk for the prosecution to about a 60-40 for the defend-
ant ….” After learning of those emails, the Chief District
Judge removed Judge Bruce from all cases involving the Of-
fice.
    The Office then disclosed additional emails, which re-
vealed that Judge Bruce had communicated ex parte with the
Office over 100 times since taking the bench. Those commu-
nications mostly addressed ministerial matters, but they often
showed Judge Bruce cheering on Office employees and ad-
dressing them by nicknames. For example, Judge Bruce cor-
responded ex parte with a secretary in the Office about sched-
uling for Atwood’s co-defendant, writing, “Roger-dodger.
GO SONCHETTA [a nickname for the secretary]!” And after
a pretrial conference, Judge Bruce reassured a prosecutor
about a filing miscommunication: “My bad. You’re doing
fine. Let’s get this thing done.” At other times, Judge Bruce
wrote to prosecutors in the Office to congratulate and thank
them for persuading our court to affirm his decisions. Judge
Bruce never explicitly mentioned Atwood’s case in an ex
parte email.
    The Judicial Council of the Seventh Circuit reviewed two
complaints filed against Judge Bruce. A Special Committee
examined the disclosures and conducted supplementary in-
terviews and a hearing. The Judicial Council released the Spe-
cial Committee’s investigative report to the public and
adopted its recommendations in full. In re Complaints Against
Dist. Judge Colin S. Bruce, Nos. 07-18-90053, 07-18-90067 (7th
Cir. Jud. Council May 14, 2019). The Judicial Council found
no evidence that Judge Bruce’s improper communications
4                                                      No. 18-2113

actually affected his decision in any case but admonished
Judge Bruce that his actions had breached the Code of Con-
duct for United States Judges. Id. at 1. Following the Judicial
Council’s order, Judge Bruce remained unassigned to any
case involving the Office until September 1, 2019. Id. He has
since resumed presiding over those cases.
                                 II.
    In light of Judge Bruce’s conduct, Atwood argues that the
federal recusal statute entitles him to resentencing by a differ-
ent judge. Atwood raised recusal for the first time on appeal,
but we review his claim de novo because Judge Bruce’s ex
parte communications were disclosed only after sentencing.
See Fowler v. Butts, 829 F.3d 788, 792–95 (7th Cir. 2016).
    The federal recusal statute requires a judge to recuse him-
self from “any proceeding in which his impartiality might rea-
sonably be questioned.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). The government
concedes that Judge Bruce’s conduct gave the appearance that
he was biased in the government’s favor but argues that the
error was harmless. To determine whether a judge’s violation
of § 455(a) was harmless error, we look to the three factors
outlined in Liljeberg v. Health Services Acquisition Corp.: (1) the
risk of injustice to the parties in this case, (2) the risk of injus-
tice to parties in future cases, and (3) the risk of undermining
public confidence in the judicial process. 486 U.S. 847, 864
(1988).
   The first Liljeberg factor focuses on the fairness to the liti-
gants in this case. We begin with the potential unfairness to
Atwood of upholding his sentence. Judge Bruce calculated
Atwood’s sentence based on the factors outlined in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a). As we have said before, “[t]he open-endedness of
No. 18-2113                                                     5

the § 3553(a) factors leaves ample room for the court’s discre-
tion.” United States v. Warner, 792 F.3d 847, 855 (7th Cir. 2015).
That discretion invites the risk that a judge’s personal biases
will influence or appear to influence the sentence he imposes.
See United States v. Smith, 775 F.3d 879, 882 (7th Cir. 2015) (re-
manding for resentencing because of the possibility that a
judge’s prior knowledge of a case was a conscious or uncon-
scious influence on the sentence she imposed). Upholding At-
wood’s sentence, then, creates a real risk of unfairness to him.
    Conversely, there is little risk of unfairness to the govern-
ment if we remand Atwood’s case for resentencing. Although
a second sentencing proceeding carries some administrative
cost, the government concedes that resentencing would not
impose a special hardship in this case. Cf. Rosales-Mireles v.
United States, 138 S. Ct. 1897, 1909 (2018) (characterizing a re-
sentencing proceeding as “relatively inexpensive”). Since
there is a substantial risk of unfairness to Atwood if we up-
hold his sentence and little risk of unfairness to the govern-
ment if we do not, the first Liljeberg factor favors resentencing.
    The second Liljeberg factor invites us to consider the risk of
injustice to other litigants in future cases. As in Liljeberg, we
think that enforcing § 455(a) in this case “may prevent a sub-
stantive injustice in some future case”—here, by encouraging
judges to exercise caution in their communications. 486 U.S.
at 868. This factor also counsels in favor of resentencing.
   Finally, we consider the risk of harm to the public’s confi-
dence in the impartiality of the judiciary. In sentencing, the
most significant restriction on a judge’s ample discretion is
the judge’s own sense of equity and good judgment. When
those qualities appear to be compromised, the public has little
reason to trust the integrity of the resulting sentence. The
6                                                 No. 18-2113

government has conceded that Judge Bruce compromised his
appearance of impartiality. Allowing Atwood’s sentence to
stand would undermine the public’s confidence in the fair-
ness of this sentence and in the impartiality of the judiciary.
All three Liljeberg factors, then, counsel that we remand for
resentencing.
                             ***
   We conclude that Judge Bruce’s failure to recuse himself
from Atwood’s sentencing was not harmless error. We
VACATE Atwood’s sentence and REMAND his case for re-
sentencing by a different judge.
