                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                         ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                  JAN 4, 2007
                               No. 06-12877                    THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar                    CLERK
                         ________________________

                           Agency Nos. A95-905-082
                                A95-905-083

LUIS EDUARDO MALDONADO,
MARIA ALEJANDRA MALDONADO,
MARTHA LUCIA GONZALEZ,

                                                                      Petitioners,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.

                         ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________

                               (January 4, 2007)

Before TJOFLAT, ANDERSON and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     The question we must decide in this petition for review is whether
substantial evidence supports the finding of the Immigration Judge (IJ) and the

Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) that Petitioners – all nationals and citizens of

Colombia, S.A. – did not qualify for asylum, withholding of removal under the

Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA), and relief under the U.S. Convention

Against Torture (CAT).

      In support of their applications for asylum, withholding of removal and CAT

relief, Petitioners explained that Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

(“FARC”) guerillas had demanded that Petitioner Luis Maldonado assist in their

fund raising efforts by handing over confidential financial data belonging to clients

of the bank at which he worked. Petitioners claimed that, because of Luis’s refusal

to comply with this demand, they suffered repeated phone calls, an attempted

kidnaping, and an attempted shooting, and would continue to suffer such

persecution if returned to Columbia. Petitioners contended that such persecution

was on account of Luis’s imputed political opinion, namely opposition of the

FARC as demonstrated by his refusing to cooperate with them, and Luis’s

membership in a particular social group, namely persons singled out by the FARC

for recruitment in raising funds.

      Where, as here, the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision, we essentially

review the IJ’s decision. Chacon-Botero v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 427 F.3d 954, 956



                                          2
(11th Cir. 2005). Specifically, we apply the “highly deferential” substantial

evidence test, under which we “must affirm the [IJ’s] decision if it is supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.” Id. (quotation omitted). To reverse, “we must find that the record not

only supports reversal, but compels it.” Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d

1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003).

      An alien who arrives in or is present in the United States may apply for

asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief. INA §§ 208(a)(1), 241, 8 U.S.C.

§§ 1158(a)(1), 1231(b)(3)(A), 8 C.F.R. 208.16(c). To qualify for asylum, the alien

must prove that he is a refugee. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th

Cir. 2001) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). A refugee is defined in the INA as:



      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . .
      and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling
      to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of
      persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
      religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
      political opinion.

INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). To establish refugee status, the

alien must establish, through specific, detailed facts, (1) his past persecution on

account of a protected ground, or (2) his “well-founded fear” that he will be

persecuted in the future because of a protected ground. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b);

                                           3
see Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. As to establishing persecution, “evidence that

either is consistent with acts of private violence or the petitioner’s failure to

cooperate with guerillas” or which “merely shows that a person has been the victim

of criminal activity, does not constitute evidence of persecution.” Ruiz v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1258 (11th Cir. 2006). Likewise, as to claims based on

a political opinion or an imputed political opinion, “[i]t is not enough to show that

[the alien] was or will be persecuted or tortured due to [the alien’s] refusal to

cooperate with the guerillas.” Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 438 (11th

Cir. 2004). Moreover, as to claims based on membership in a particular social

group, “[t]he risk of persecution alone does not create a particular social group

within the meaning of the INA.”      Castillo-Arias v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d

1190, 1196 (11th Cir. 2006).

      To qualify for withholding of removal, the alien similarly must show that it

is more likely than not that his life or freedom would be threatened on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion. Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A)). Likewise,

to qualify for CAT relief, the alien must prove that it is more likely than not that he

would be tortured by, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a public official or

person acting in an official capacity upon return to his country. Al Najjar, 257



                                            4
F.3d at 1303; 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a). Because the more-likely-than-not standard that

applies to withholding of removal and CAT claims is more stringent than the

well-founded-fear standard that applies to asylum claims, ineligibility for asylum

generally precludes withholding of removal and CAT relief eligibility. Al Najjar,

257 F.3d at 1292-93, 1303-04.

      After careful review of the record, we find that reversal of the removal order

before us is not compelled. See Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287. Because the FARC’s

actions against Luis stemmed from an attempt at criminal extortion, these actions

were sufficiently consistent with “acts of private violence” or “criminal activity”

such that they do not constitute persecution. See Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1258.

Likewise, Luis’s refusal to cooperate with the FARC’s demands does not constitute

a political opinion or an imputed political opinion. See Sanchez, 392 F.3d at 438.

Moreover, if those people “at risk of persecution” are not a social group, then

those people “at risk of recruitment,” are not either. See Castillo-Arias, 446 F.3d at

1198. Finally, since Petitioners failed to meet their burden of demonstrating

asylum eligibility, they are precluded from obtaining withholding of removal and

CAT relief, as these forms of relief require a higher standard of proof. See Al

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93, 1303-04.

      In fine, as substantial evidence supports the findings that Petitioners did not



                                          5
establish persecution or the required nexus between the FARC’s actions and an

enumerated asylum ground, the petition for review must be denied.

      PETITION DENIED.




                                        6
