J-A09039-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                  :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :         PENNSYLVANIA
                   Appellee                    :
                                               :
            v.                                 :
                                               :
LENNY RAMON SHORT,                             :
                                               :
                   Appellant                   :   No. 909 WDA 2019


         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 6, 2019
             in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0009942-2018

BEFORE:      SHOGAN J., MURRAY, J. and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.:                           FILED JULY 20, 2020

        Lenny Ramon Short (Appellant) appeals from the May 6, 2019

judgment of sentence imposed following his conviction by a jury for resisting

arrest, and three summary traffic violations. We affirm.

        We provide the following background. On June 19, 2018, around 2:40

a.m., Officer Cody Hayden of the Munhall Borough Police Department was

monitoring traffic. Using a device called “AccuTrack,”1 he manually clocked

Appellant’s vehicle traveling 57.9 miles per hour, in violation of the 25-mile-


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*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1.The Court explains an officer measures how long it takes a vehicle to cross
two lines painted on the road by manually starting and stopping a
stopwatch.    AccuTrack then calculates and produces the vehicle’s
approximate speed based on the officer’s measurements.
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per-hour zone.          Officer Hayden followed and stopped directly behind

Appellant’s vehicle, which was stopped at a traffic light at Ravine Street and

8th Avenue.      Officer Hayden radioed Allegheny County dispatch, advising

dispatch that he was initiating a traffic stop and asking dispatch to run

Appellant’s registration plate.

        Once the traffic light turned green, Appellant proceeded through the

intersection while Officer Hayden activated his lights and sirens. Appellant’s

vehicle did not immediately stop and proceeded another three-quarters of a

mile.    In pursuit of Appellant’s vehicle, Officer Hayden radioed dispatch

again, requesting additional units.        During the brief pursuit, Appellant’s

vehicle maintained the same distance from Officer Hayden’s vehicle and

reduced its speed at times, before turning off the road and stopping in a

well-lit, bus turnaround. Officer Hayden pulled in behind Appellant’s vehicle,

exited his vehicle, and approached Appellant’s vehicle on the driver’s side

with his right hand placed on the gun on his hip and a flashlight in his left

hand.

        Officer Hayden, speaking through Appellant’s open driver’s side

window,     initially   questioned   Appellant   as   to   why   he   did   not   stop

immediately, and then requested Appellant provide his driver’s license,

registration, and proof of insurance. He observed that Appellant “appeared

to have glassy eyes and [was] moving” in “a sluggish state.”                      N.T.,

2/19/2019, at 28.         Appellant provided Officer Hayden with his driver’s


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license, but not his registration or proof of insurance. A “large, bulky plastic

bag” was on the passenger seat of the vehicle, and Appellant “seemed very

adamant” about reaching into it, despite Officer Hayden’s repeated orders to

stop reaching into the bag and to place his hands on the steering wheel. Id.

at 30.

         “[F]or officer safety concerns,” after Appellant failed to comply, Officer

Hayden attempted physically to stop Appellant.           Id.   To do so, Officer

Hayden reached his right hand into the vehicle through its open window,

briefly struggled with Appellant, and then disengaged to set his flashlight

and Appellant’s driver’s license on the top of the vehicle.        Officer Hayden

then reached in with both of his hands, pulling Appellant towards him,

causing the vehicle to rock. Appellant “began to [] fight [Officer Hayden and

continued] trying to get into th[e plastic bag] as if there was something very

important in that bag.” Id. at 31.

         At about this time, Officer Vincent Abate, who was dispatched to assist

Officer Hayden in his pursuit of Appellant’s vehicle, arrived on the scene and

observed Officer Hayden struggling with Appellant.               He radioed for

assistance, and with his Taser drawn, approached the driver’s side of the

vehicle to the left of Officer Hayden.        While Officer Hayden continued to

struggle with Appellant, Officer Abate pulled out his handcuffs, and

successfully handcuffed Appellant’s left hand. Appellant began “flailing” his

left hand, at which point Officer Hayden disengaged with Appellant to grab a


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Taser attached to his left hip and drive-stun2 Appellant with it. Id. at 43.

Before Officer Hayden was able to employ the drive-stun, Appellant “grabbed

the Taser from [Officer Hayden’s] hand.” Id. at 45.

       Officers Abate and Hayden stepped back from the vehicle, and Officer

Abate fired3 his Taser at Appellant, but missed. Next, Officer Abate opened

the driver’s side door, and for the next 15 seconds, Officer Hayden

attempted to extricate Appellant from the vehicle by pulling him, but

“[Appellant] was holding on to the steering wheel and part of the center

console[,]” causing the vehicle to rock.         Id. at 43.   Officer Abate joined

Officer Hayden, and the officers were able to remove Appellant from the

vehicle. Appellant was forced onto his knees, with Officer Hayden leaning on

his back and Officer Abate pulling back Appellant’s right arm. Officer Jared

Krupa then arrived and assisted the officers on the left side of Appellant,

grasping Appellant’s left arm.          With Appellant now in a prone position,

Officer Abate pulled back Appellant’s right arm and Officer Krupa pulled back

Appellant’s left arm, exposing Appellant’s chest. Meanwhile, Officer Hayden

remained on the middle of Appellant’s back, striking Appellant with his elbow

three times in the back of his head. The instant Officer Hayden moved off of
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2 The Court notes the drive-stun (a pain compliance technique) capability on
a Taser requires the administrator to firmly press the Taser against the
target to deliver an electro-muscular disruption.

3 The Court observes a fired Taser shoots out two prongs with barbed darts
that are intended to attach to the target.



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the center of Appellant’s back, Officers Abate and Krupa handcuffed

Appellant.

        Officer Hayden noticed a laceration on the side of Appellant’s face, and

accordingly, Officer Krupa summoned emergency medical services (EMS).

While waiting for EMS, Officer Abate performed a pain stimulus method on

Appellant to evaluate his level of consciousness. Officer Hayden determined

Appellant was conscious. After six minutes, Officer Hayden read Appellant

the DL-26B form (chemical test warnings). EMS arrived and Appellant was

transported to Mercy Hospital.

        As a result of this incident, Appellant was charged with driving under

the influence of alcohol or controlled substance, fleeing or attempting to

elude a police officer, terroristic threats,4 and resisting arrest, along with

various summary traffic violations. A jury trial commenced on February 15,

2019.     At trial, onboard dash camera footage was presented as evidence.

Officers Hayden and Abate testified about the incident as discussed supra,

and Appellant testified to his version of events. Appellant testified that he

did not immediately stop when Officer Hayden activated his lights and siren

because he was “trying to find a spot that was well-lit, [] a safe environment

to me anyway.” N.T., 2/19/2019, at 34. Appellant did not testify as to his

interactions with the police officers during the stop.

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4   The Commonwealth withdrew this charge at trial.



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      The jury convicted Appellant of resisting arrest, but acquitted him as

to the remaining charges under its purview. The trial court found Appellant

guilty of three of the summary traffic violations. On May 6, 2019, the trial

court sentenced Appellant to a term of imprisonment of 11½ to 23 months

for resisting arrest.

      On May 16, 2019, Appellant timely filed a post-sentence motion for

reconsideration of sentence, in which he challenged the sufficiency and

weight of the evidence to sustain his resisting arrest conviction. That same

day, the trial court denied Appellant’s post-sentence motion.      This timely-

filed appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial court complied with the

mandates of Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      On appeal, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to

sustain his resisting arrest conviction. See Appellant’s Brief at 7.

      We review this issue mindful of the following.

             When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the
      evidence, we must determine whether the evidence admitted at
      trial, and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when
      viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict
      winner, support the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.
      Where there is sufficient evidence to enable the trier of fact to
      find every element of the crime has been established beyond a
      reasonable doubt, the sufficiency of the evidence claim must fail.
      This standard applies equally where the Commonwealth’s
      evidence is circumstantial.

            In conducting this analysis, we do not weigh the evidence
      and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.
      Additionally, the Commonwealth’s evidence need not preclude
      every possibility of innocence in order to prove guilt beyond a



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      reasonable doubt. The fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or
      none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Knox, 219 A.3d 186, 195 (Pa. Super. 2019) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted).

      A person is guilty of resisting arrest when, “with the intent of

preventing a public servant from effecting a lawful arrest or discharging any

other duty, the person creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the public

servant or anyone else, or employs means justifying or requiring substantial

force to overcome the resistance.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 5104.

      Appellant argues that he was faced with an impossible choice; provide

his registration and proof of insurance to Officer Hayden or keep his hands

on the steering wheel. See Appellant’s Brief at 16. He contends that Officer

Hayden “showed extreme agitation over [Appellant’s] continued reaching for

something – even though it could have been that he was reaching for the

exact items requested by this young cop.” Id. at 16-17. Appellant states

he “did not strike or kick anyone,” and concludes therefore, he did not resist

arrest, but rather, “[h]e sat in the driver’s seat of his car and was assaulted

by Officer Hayden.” Id. at 24.

      Appellant directs our attention to Commonwealth v. Rainey, 426

A.2d 1148 (Pa. Super. 1981) (reversing a resisting arrest conviction when

the defendant squirmed, wiggled, and twisted, but did not push or kick, to

“shake off” a police officer’s grasp), Commonwealth v. Eberhardt, 450

A.2d 651 (Pa. Super. 1982) (holding a defendant’s struggle to escape did


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not create a substantial risk of bodily injury although an officer sustained a

bruise on his arm), and Commonwealth v. Woodford, 616 A.2d 641 (Pa.

Super. 1992) (reversing a resisting arrest conviction, finding that an off-duty

officer created the substantial risk of injury himself when he attempted to

arrest defendant after being alerted defendant was attempting to break into

his vehicle), arguing that those cases are factually similar to the instant case

and require reversal of his conviction.

       Contrary to Appellant’s assertion, the crime of resisting arrest “does

not require [proof of] the aggressive use of force such as striking or kicking

of the officer.” Commonwealth v. Miller, 475 A.2d 145, 146 (Pa. Super.

1984).5     Instead, we find this Court’s reasoning in Commonwealth v.

Thompson, 922 A.2d 926 (Pa. Super. 2007), instructive here.                  In

Thompson, this Court affirmed a resisting arrest conviction based on the

fact that the defendant’s conduct – interlocking her limbs with her husband’s

limbs – required substantial force to overcome the resistance. “Appellant’s

use of passive resistance requiring substantial force to overcome provided

sufficient evidence for upholding the resisting arrest conviction.” Id. at 928;

see also Commonwealth v. McDonald, 17 A.3d 1282, 1286 (Pa. Super.

2011) (holding evidence that defendant ran from police officers and refused
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5 In Miller, this Court refused to follow dictum in this Court’s prior decisions
in Eberhardt and Rainey that suggested the Commonwealth must show the
defendant kicked or struck an officer to sustain a conviction for resisting
arrest. Miller, 475 A.2d at 146 n.4.



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to submit to their authority was sufficient to sustain conviction of resisting

arrest because officers were required to use substantial force to overcome

his resistance).

      Likewise, in the case sub judice, there is sufficient evidence to show

that police were required to use substantial force to arrest Appellant. Officer

Hayden, viewing onboard dash-cam footage, testified that he was concerned

for his safety, and had directed Appellant to stop reaching into the plastic

bag next to him. N.T., 2/19/2019, at 30. Appellant repeatedly refused to

comply with police instructions.     Appellant did not simply “wiggle” and

“squirm” to escape Officer Hayden, but fought with him when Officer Hayden

attempted to stop him from reaching into the bag.       Id. at 31.   Appellant

withstood the officers’ attempts at tasering him and grabbed the Taser from

Officer Hayden’s hand. Id. at 45; see also Commonwealth v. Soto, 202

A.3d 80, 89 (Pa. Super. 2018) (sustaining Soto’s conviction for resisting

arrest where Soto attempted to take a police officer’s Taser and punch him).

Multiple officers were required to pull Appellant from his vehicle and place

Appellant in handcuffs.   Additionally, the jury had the opportunity to view

the onboard dash-cam footage, which confirmed the officers’ testimony and

supported a conclusion that Appellant’s conduct required substantial force to

overcome.    See Thompson, 922 A.2d at 928.          Accordingly, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we conclude the




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evidence of Appellant’s acts of resistance was sufficient to sustain his

conviction of resisting arrest.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.6



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 7/20/2020




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6 Appellant filed a motion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2501, asking this Court to
disseminate the videos in the certified record to the members of this panel.
This motion is denied as moot because the videos appear in the certified
record.



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