                                         COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Frank, Alston and Senior Judge Bumgardner
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia


            GARY ALEXANDER CUFFEE
                                                                                   OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 1971-11-1                                     JUDGE ROSSIE D. ALSTON, JR.
                                                                                 JANUARY 8, 2013
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                           FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
                                      Marjorie A. Taylor Arrington, Judge

                           Kimberly E. Karle, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public
                           Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                           Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                           Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   Gary Alexander Cuffee (appellant) appeals his convictions for two counts of attempted

            malicious shooting in violation of Code §§ 18.2-51 and -26, two counts of use of a firearm in the

            commission of a felony (attempted malicious shooting) in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1,

            discharge of a firearm while on public property within 1,000 feet of a school in violation of Code

            § 18.2-280(C), and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of Code

            § 18.2-308.2. On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in (1) convicting appellant of

            all of the offenses because the evidence was insufficient to prove that appellant was the

            perpetrator; (2) convicting appellant of discharging a firearm on public property within 1,000

            feet of a school because the evidence was insufficient to show that appellant discharged a firearm

            on “government owned property”; and (3) convicting appellant of attempted malicious shooting

            of Beverly Smith, and the related count of use of a firearm in the commission of that offense,
because the evidence was insufficient to show that appellant had the specific intent to shoot or

wound Beverly. For the reasons that follow, we sustain the trial court’s determinations on the

assignments of error identified by appellant and therefore affirm appellant’s convictions.

                                          I. Background

       “On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,

granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Martin v. Commonwealth, 4

Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987). As a result, we must “‘discard the evidence of

the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible

evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’” Parks

v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980) (emphasis omitted) (quoting

Wright v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 132, 137, 82 S.E.2d 603, 606 (1954)).

       So viewed, the evidence indicated that in the early morning hours on August 13, 2010,

Beverly Smith left the home of her father, Joe Smith, 1 near the Broadlawn apartment complex in

the city of Chesapeake, to find her stepbrother. As Beverly walked in the area of the Broadlawn

apartment complex near Stowe Street, appellant called out to Beverly and asked her to come

over. Beverly, who did not know appellant, refused. Appellant asked Beverly if she smoked,

and when she replied that she did not, appellant told Beverly to go back inside her house.

Beverly refused, and appellant responded, “Go in the house before I make you go in the house.”

       Shortly after this encounter, Beverly returned to Joe’s house and Joe learned of her

exchange with appellant. At Joe’s request, Beverly led Joe to appellant’s location behind a home

on Stowe Street, where appellant stood with a companion. Joe was not previously acquainted

with appellant but had “seen him on a couple of occasions” in the Broadlawn complex.

       1
         Because Beverly Smith and Joe Smith share the same last name, for the sake of clarity,
we will refer to them by their first names in this opinion.


                                               -2-
       Joe and appellant got into an argument that lasted approximately ten minutes. Beverly

was present during the argument and stood nearby. Joe cursed at appellant and generally acted

as the aggressor in the argument. Appellant listened passively. After the argument, appellant

walked in front of the home on Stowe Street behind which the men had been arguing.

       About five minutes later, Beverly saw appellant return, waving a firearm up and down

and shouting repeatedly, “Tell him to come down. Tell him to say what he has to say. Ask him

what he [has] to say now.” Appellant walked in the street waving the gun around and then

walked “behind a car” parked on the street opposite from where Beverly stood. Beverly told Joe

that appellant had a gun, and Beverly and Joe fled to behind a nearby tree. Appellant fired four

or five shots in Beverly’s and Joe’s direction. According to Beverly, the shots came so close to

her that she could feel the bullets pass by her.

       Joe told Beverly to run behind the neighboring houses on Stowe Street. As Beverly ran,

Joe ran in a different direction, crossing Stowe Street to the side on which appellant stood.

Appellant fired two or three shots at Joe as he crossed the street. Joe ran behind one of the

Broadlawn apartment buildings and hopped the fence separating the complex from the street on

which his house was located. As Joe jumped the fence, appellant fired at him again. After

traveling a circuitous route for about thirteen minutes, Joe escaped appellant, returned to his

house, and called the police. Police responded to Joe’s home at 1:38 a.m. Police recovered a

casing from a spent .45 caliber round at the house on Stowe Street where Joe said the shooting

took place, on the side of the house “closest to the street.” They also recovered a spent .45

caliber bullet at the back of the house.

       On August 17, 2010, Detective James A. Gainer showed Joe a photographic array he

created based on Joe’s description of his assailant, generated by a database that combined




                                                   -3-
Department of Motor Vehicles photographs with those of city jail inmates at random. Detective

Gainer instructed Joe that the suspect he had previously described to police may or may not have

been present in the photographs. Joe examined the photo array for two to three seconds, scanned

each image, and selected appellant. Detective Gainer asked Joe “if he was positive,” and Joe

said that “[y]es, he was positive that it was . . . the picture of the suspect.” Joe told Detective

Gainer that he had taken a few seconds to identify appellant because he thought the picture in the

array was old and, as a result, he had to concentrate in order to be certain. Detective Gainer

confirmed that the picture was an older one and told Joe he had positively identified appellant,

who was suspected of the offense. Detective Gainer later testified at trial regarding Joe’s

identification of appellant from the photo array, and the photo array with Joe’s marking

identifying appellant was introduced into evidence.

       In December 2010, appellant was indicted for two counts of attempted malicious

shooting, two counts of use a firearm in an attempted malicious shooting, discharging a firearm

upon public property within 1,000 feet of a school, and possession of a firearm after having been

previously convicted of a felony.

       A bench trial commenced on March 10, 2011. Joe testified regarding the events of the

shooting as described above. Joe testified that he argued with appellant around 10:00 p.m.,

though he acknowledged that it “possibly” could have been “much later than that.” Joe testified

that it was dark outside and that the location of the altercation was lit with streetlights, though

some were out that evening. Joe described appellant as wearing a white T-shirt and said that

appellant wore his hair in dreadlocks. However, Joe could not remember what kind of pants

appellant wore. He acknowledged that he testified during the preliminary hearing that the man

with whom he argued wore a white T-shirt and khaki pants but said he was no longer certain the




                                                 -4-
man wore khaki pants. Joe also said he could not remember if his assailant had facial hair, as

appellant did. In addition, Joe stated that he thought his assailant was taller than appellant.

Regarding the shooting, Joe testified that he could see only a figure standing in a “shooting

stance” and wearing a white shirt. At trial, Joe identified appellant as the man he argued with on

the night of the shooting.

       Joe also testified about his identification of appellant from the photo array. He testified

that he told Detective Gainer he had “a hard time identifying the individual” because the picture

was old. He also said that he was “hesitantly” able to select the person with whom he argued and

who was the shooter from the array because he “had to really sit down and concentrate” because

the picture was older. Joe testified that he concentrated closely and was able to identify

appellant because “certain features” reminded him of his niece, including the structure of

appellant’s mouth area and nose area.

       Beverly also testified regarding the events of August 13, 2010. Like Joe, Beverly

testified that appellant wore a white shirt. She testified that the man who shot at her and Joe was

the same man with whom Joe had argued earlier in the night. She said she saw appellant with a

gun from across the street. She acknowledged that when she described the shooter to the police

she was not “[one] hundred percent certain about what he looked like” but that she told them he

had “long dreads” and was “brown-skinned.” Like Joe, Beverly testified that she thought the

shooter was taller than appellant.

       Following the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, appellant moved to strike the evidence,

arguing that the identification of appellant as the perpetrator of the shootings was insufficient.

The trial court denied appellant’s motion to strike.




                                                -5-
       During appellant’s case-in-chief, appellant presented the testimony of his mother, sister,

and friend regarding appellant’s whereabouts on the evening of August 12, 2010, and the

morning of August 13, 2010. Appellant’s mother, Sylvia Cuffee, 2 testified that appellant was

playing video games in the family home on Johnson Street on the evening of August 12, 2010,

when Sylvia left for a birthday party for appellant’s grandmother. Sylvia testified that appellant

was still playing video games in the house when she returned home that night. Sylvia said she

went to sleep in the house and did not awaken until noon the next day, and she did not remember

if appellant was there when she awoke. Sylvia testified that Broadlawn was ten miles from the

house on Johnson Street and not within walking distance. However, Sylvia testified

inconsistently regarding what room of the house appellant was in when she observed him playing

video games before and after the party and the room of the house in which she slept.

       Appellant’s friend, Cleveland Person, also testified that he, appellant, and other members

of appellant’s family played video games in the house on Johnson Street until about midnight.

Person testified that he saw appellant the next day when he picked him up at noon and that

appellant did not drive. Person’s testimony regarding the room in which he and appellant played

video games that night contradicted Sylvia’s testimony.

       Finally, appellant’s sister, Daphne Cuffee, testified that appellant, Person, and other

family members played video games in the house on Johnson Street on the night of August 12,

2010. Like Person, Daphne’s testimony regarding the room in the house in which appellant

played the games contradicted Sylvia’s testimony. Daphne testified that appellant was asleep on

the floor of the living room when she left for work the next morning at 6:00 a.m.



       2
         Because this opinion discusses the testimony of both Sylvia Cuffee and Daphne Cuffee,
who share the same last name with each other as well as with appellant, for the sake of clarity,
we will refer to Sylvia Cuffee and Daphne Cuffee by their first names in this opinion.


                                               -6-
       Following Daphne’s testimony, the Commonwealth asked that appellant’s witnesses’

testimony be struck. The Commonwealth alleged that someone had gone in and out of the

courtroom during the witnesses’ testimony and discussed the testimony with the witnesses.

Detective Gainer told the trial court that he had overheard part of a conversation between an

unknown individual and the witnesses potentially discussing testimony, although he did not hear

the contents of the entire conversation. The trial court denied the Commonwealth’s motion

because there was no evidence of the details of the conversation between the unknown individual

and the witnesses.

       Appellant then renewed his motion to strike, arguing that appellant’s witnesses had

established an alibi for appellant and the eyewitness testimony linking appellant to the shooting

was inadequate. Appellant also argued that Code § 18.2-280(C) requires proof that appellant

discharged a firearm on “public property” and the Commonwealth had not proven that appellant

fired a gun from property owned by the government. During this portion of appellant’s

argument, the following exchange occurred:

               [APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: The argument, Your Honor, is that
               the Commonwealth has to establish the property is, in fact public
               property, and public property means property owned by the
               government . . . there are public streets and there are private
               streets, and, again, there has been no testimony, no evidence, at
               least by the Commonwealth, that this particular street was public
               property . . . .

               THE COURT: In all of Broadlawn, you think there may be private
               streets?

               [APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: I’m not saying there is or isn’t.
               I’m saying the Commonwealth hasn’t established that.

Finally, appellant argued that the Commonwealth had not proven appellant’s specific intent to

maliciously shoot Beverly to support the attempted malicious shooting charge.




                                               -7-
       The trial court denied appellant’s motion to strike. The trial court found that Beverly

identified appellant as the man who spoke to her and who later had a gun. The trial court also

found that Joe identified appellant. The trial court stated, “The Court accepts the testimony of

the Commonwealth’s witnesses. I have no reason to find that it’s not credible.” Regarding

appellant’s witnesses, the trial court said that it had “some issues” with their testimony and noted

that many of the witnesses “contradicted each other.” The trial court stated that it found “for the

most part the testimony of the witnesses presented by [appellant] is not credible.” The trial court

then found appellant guilty of all of the charges against him.

       On September 21, 2011, the trial court entered a sentencing order sentencing appellant to

a total of twenty-two years’ imprisonment, with twelve years suspended. This appeal followed.

                                           II. Analysis

                                      A. Standard of Review

       “When a defendant on appeal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a

conviction, we must examine the evidence that supports the conviction and allow the conviction

to stand unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Vincent v. Commonwealth,

276 Va. 648, 652, 668 S.E.2d 137, 139-40 (2008) (citing Code § 8.01-680; Commonwealth v.

Jenkins, 255 Va. 516, 520, 499 S.E.2d 263, 265 (1998)). This Court does not substitute its

judgment for that of the trier of fact. See Cable v. Commonwealth, 243 Va. 236, 239, 415 S.E.2d

218, 220 (1992). A reviewing court does not “‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at

the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Stevens v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App.

234, 249, 616 S.E.2d 754, 761 (2005) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,

318-19 (1979)), aff’d, 272 Va. 481, 634 S.E.2d 305 (2006). Rather, “[t]he issue upon appellate

review is ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any




                                                -8-
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2008) (quoting

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319).

                          B. Issue I: Sufficiency of the Identity Evidence

       On appeal, appellant first alleges that the trial court erred in finding the evidence

sufficient to support all of his convictions because the victims’ identifications were equivocal

and appellant presented an alibi. For the reasons that follow, we find that the trial court did not

err.

       “At trial, the Commonwealth bears the burden of proving the identity of the accused as

the perpetrator beyond a reasonable doubt.” Blevins v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 412, 423,

579 S.E.2d 658, 663 (2003) (citing Brickhouse v. Commonwealth, 208 Va. 533, 536, 159 S.E.2d

611, 613-14 (1968)). The factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972), are used to

determine “whether the identification evidence is sufficient, standing alone or in combination

with other evidence, to prove beyond a reasonable doubt” the identity of the perpetrator. Brown

v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 507, 522, 559 S.E.2d 415, 423 (2002); see also Smallwood v.

Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 527, 530, 418 S.E.2d 567, 568 (1992).

               [T]he factors to be considered in evaluating the likelihood of
               misidentification include the opportunity of the witness to view the
               criminal at the time of the crime, the witness’ degree of attention,
               the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the criminal, the
               level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation,
               and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.

Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199-200. In evaluating the reliability of the identification, this Court looks

to the totality of the circumstances. See Miller v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 367, 373, 373

S.E.2d 721, 724 (1988).




                                                -9-
       Under the Biggers factors, we hold that Joe’s and Beverly’s identification of appellant

together was sufficient to prove his identity as the shooter and therefore to support his

convictions.

       Joe reliably identified appellant as the man with whom he argued on the night of the

shooting. Joe had ample opportunity to observe appellant, having spent ten minutes standing

near to him and arguing with him that night. Cf. Charity v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 258,

263, 482 S.E.2d 59, 61 (1997) (holding that the victim’s identification of the defendant was not

unreliable where the victim had observed the intruder for seventeen seconds and came within ten

feet of him). Joe’s identification of appellant was made only four days after the shooting. Cf.

Currie v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 58, 62, 74, 515 S.E.2d 335, 337, 343 (1999) (finding the

victim’s identification of the defendant was not unreliable where she identified him in a photo

lineup three days after the crime); Charity, 24 Va. App. at 263, 482 S.E.2d at 61 (holding that the

victim’s identification of the defendant was not unreliable where she identified the defendant as

her assailant in a lineup seven months after the crime and then again five months later at trial).

Joe also paid close enough attention to appellant’s appearance that he could identify the

“structure” of appellant’s face and compare it to that of his niece. Joe expressed a high level of

certainty in identifying appellant, as, according to Detective Gainer, Joe told Detective Gainer he

was “positive” appellant was the suspect. In addition, Joe noted that both the man with whom he

argued and the shooter wore a white shirt, suggesting that they were one and the same. Any

hesitancy Joe had in identifying appellant was reasonably explained by Joe’s intense

concentration to ensure he selected the right individual and the age of the picture of appellant

used in the photo array.




                                               - 10 -
       Similarly, Beverly’s identification of appellant as the shooter was reliable. Beverly

testified that she was not “[one] hundred percent” certain that appellant was the shooter.

However, Beverly testified unequivocally that the same man who argued with Joe was the

shooter. Beverly’s description of the shooter’s statements before he began shooting corroborated

her testimony that the shooter was the same man who argued with Joe, since the shooter’s

statements referenced the argument. Beverly observed appellant face-to-face when he spoke to

her as she walked down the street and as he argued with Joe. Beverly also observed appellant

during the shooting from across the street, approximately twenty yards away. Beverly described

the assailant as having “dreads” and being “brown-skinned,” both of which comport with

appellant’s appearance. Together with Joe’s identification of appellant as the man with whom he

argued, Beverly’s testimony that the shooter was the same man who argued with Joe was

sufficient to identify appellant as the shooter.

       Inconsistencies in Beverly’s and Joe’s identifications of appellant relied upon by

appellant do not render their identifications unreliable. Although both Joe and Beverly testified

that they thought their assailant (who, at the time they saw him, was shooting at them) was taller,

and they could not identify appellant’s clothing beyond their description of his white T-shirt,

these inconsistencies go toward the trial court’s weighing of the credibility of the witnesses, a

matter within its sound discretion. Sandoval v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 133, 138, 455

S.E.2d 730, 732 (1995). Appellant’s suggestion that Joe identified appellant as the man he

argued with because Joe had seen appellant in Broadlawn previously is also unavailing. See

Currie, 30 Va. App. at 73, 515 S.E.2d at 342-43 (rejecting the defendant’s argument that the

victim identified him as her attacker “because [the defendant] had been in the victim’s

neighborhood earlier that week”). Finally, the witnesses presented by appellant in support of his




                                                   - 11 -
alibi gave inconsistent testimony. The trial court specifically credited the testimony of the

Commonwealth’s witnesses and found that the defense witnesses’ testimony was not credible.

These findings were not an abuse of discretion, and we will not disturb them on appeal. See

Sandoval, 20 Va. App. at 138, 455 S.E.2d at 732.

       Based upon the totality of the circumstances, we find that Joe’s and Beverly’s testimony

together sufficed to establish the identity of appellant as the shooter. Therefore, we hold that the

trial court did not err in finding the evidence of appellant’s identity as the shooter sufficient to

support appellant’s convictions.

                      C. Issue II: Discharging a Firearm on Public Property

       Appellant argues next that the trial court erred in finding the evidence sufficient to sustain

his conviction for discharging a firearm on public property within 1,000 feet of a school because

the evidence was insufficient to show that he discharged the firearm on “government owned

property.” 3 We hold that the evidence was sufficient and the trial court did not err.

       Code § 18.2-280(C) provides,

               If any person willfully discharges or causes to be discharged any
               firearm upon any public property within 1,000 feet of the property
               line of any public, private or religious elementary, middle or high
               school property he shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony, unless he is
               engaged in lawful hunting.

       In interpreting Code § 18.2-280(C), we agree with appellant that the phrase “any public

property” means property owned by the government. Black’s Law Dictionary defines “public

property” as “[s]tate- or community-owned property not restricted to any one individual’s use or

possession.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1233 (7th ed. 1999). In accordance with this commonly



       3
         Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence establishing that he was
within 1,000 feet of a school.



                                                - 12 -
accepted definition, we hold that Code § 18.2-280(C) requires proof that a defendant fired a

firearm from property owned by the government.

       Given this interpretation, we cannot say that the trial court’s implicit factual finding that

appellant fired his gun from public property was plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.

The trial court took judicial notice that the streets of Broadlawn were public property through its

comment, “In all of Broadlawn, you think there may be private streets?” 4 Beverly testified that

appellant shot his gun from across the street after he walked “behind a car.” 5 Viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as we must on appeal, Beverly’s

testimony in this regard must be interpreted to be that appellant shot from the rear of the vehicle

parked on the street. Thus, it supports the trial court’s conclusion that appellant shot from the

street, which was public property. Therefore, we affirm appellant’s conviction under Code

§ 18.2-280(C).

                     D. Issue III: Attempted Malicious Shooting of Beverly

       Finally, on appeal, appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conviction for attempted malicious shooting of Beverly because the evidence did not show

       4
          Although appellant, through counsel, argued on brief that the trial court did not take
judicial notice that the streets of Broadlawn were public property, during oral argument
appellant’s counsel conceded that the trial court did take judicial notice of this fact. Because
appellant thereby abandoned his argument regarding judicial notice, we will not address it. See
Groves v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 57, 61 n.1, 646 S.E.2d 28, 30 n.1 (2007) (stating that the
Court would not address the appellant’s argument regarding sufficiency of the evidence where
the appellant had expressly abandoned it by concession at oral argument).
       5
          Although Beverly referred extensively to a diagram throughout her testimony, this
diagram is not included in the joint appendix on appeal. “[T]he [trial court’s] judgment is
presumptively correct and the burden is on the appellant to present a sufficient record to permit a
determination whether the circuit court committed an alleged error.” Commonwealth v.
Williams, 262 Va. 661, 669, 553 S.E.2d 760, 764 (2001). In the absence of any evidence in the
record before us that Beverly’s testimony was not that appellant fired his gun from the street,
such as the diagram referred to by Beverly during her testimony, we are unable to say that the
trial court erred.


                                               - 13 -
appellant’s specific intent to shoot Beverly. Appellant argues that the evidence showed only that

Beverly was present at the scene of the shooting and in close proximity to Joe, appellant’s

intended victim. Thus, according to appellant, the evidence was insufficient to show appellant

intended to shoot Beverly. We disagree.

       Appellant was convicted of attempted malicious shooting under Code §§ 18.2-51 and -26.

Code § 18.2-51 provides, in pertinent part, “If any person maliciously shoot, stab, cut, or wound

any person or by any means cause him bodily injury, with the intent to maim, disfigure, disable,

or kill, he shall, except where it is otherwise provided, be guilty of a Class 3 felony.”

       “‘An attempt to commit a crime is composed of two elements: (1) The intent to commit

it; and (2) a direct, ineffectual act done towards its commission.’” Haywood v. Commonwealth,

20 Va. App. 562, 565, 458 S.E.2d 606, 607-08 (1995) (quoting Merritt v. Commonwealth, 164

Va. 653, 657, 180 S.E. 395, 397 (1935)).

               In order to convict an accused of attempted malicious wounding,
               the Commonwealth must prove that the accused: (1) intended to
               “maliciously shoot, stab, cut or wound any person or by any means
               cause bodily injury with the intent to maim, disfigure, disable or
               kill”; and (2) committed a direct but ineffectual act toward this
               purpose.

Crawley v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 768, 772, 492 S.E.2d 503, 505 (1997). “The intent

required to be proven in an attempted crime is the specific intent in the person’s mind to commit

the particular crime for which the attempt is charged.” Wynn v. Commonwealth, 5 Va. App.

283, 292, 362 S.E.2d 193, 198 (1987).

       “In determining whether the intent has been proven, the factfinder may consider the

conduct of the person involved and all the circumstances revealed by the evidence.” Id. “Intent

may, and usually must, be proved by circumstantial evidence, such as a person’s conduct and

statements.” Blow v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 533, 539, 665 S.E.2d 254, 257 (2008)



                                                - 14 -
(citation omitted). “[W]hether the required intent exists is generally a question for the trier of

fact.” Nobles v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 548, 551, 238 S.E.2d 808, 810 (1977).

       Appellant relies upon Crawley, 25 Va. App. 768, 492 S.E.2d 503, to argue that the

evidence was insufficient to prove that appellant had the specific intent to shoot Beverly. The

defendant in Crawley was convicted of attempted malicious wounding of Michelle Newman. Id.

at 770, 492 S.E.2d at 504. Newman was riding in a car with Randy Tyrone Acree when the two

encountered the defendant and his cousin, Benny Yancy, after a truck occupied by the defendant

and Yancy “bumped” Acree’s car. Id. at 771, 492 S.E.2d at 504. The defendant and Yancy had

an “ongoing conflict” with Acree, and they had had physical altercations in the past. Id. Acree,

Newman, Yancy, and the defendant stopped their cars and exited the vehicles to converse. Id.

During the encounter, Yancy referenced Acree’s earlier altercation with the defendant in a

threatening manner. Id. When Newman asked Yancy to “leave [her and Acree] alone,” Yancy

responded that “[Newman] was the cause of the whole problem.” Id. Newman asked the

defendant if he thought she had “anything to do with what was going on,” and the defendant

responded that she “didn’t have anything to do with it.” Id. All four individuals returned to their

cars, and when the defendant reached his truck, he “turned, drew his gun, and fired three times at

Acree, striking him in the hip.” Id. Newman stood “right beside” Acree on the driver-side of the

car at the time of the shooting, “within reaching distance” of him. Id.

       On appeal, this Court reversed the defendant’s conviction, holding that the evidence was

insufficient to prove that the defendant intended to wound Newman. Id. at 774-75, 492 S.E.2d at

506. The Court found that although the defendant had shot in Newman’s direction, “other

circumstantial evidence regarding [the defendant’s] state of mind at the time of the shooting

indicate[d] that Acree was his only intended target.” Id. at 774, 492 S.E.2d at 506. In this




                                                - 15 -
regard, the Court relied upon the ongoing animus and conflict between Acree and the defendant,

the statements by Yancy, and the defendant’s statement that Newman “was not the subject of his

ire.” Id. at 774-75, 492 S.E.2d at 506.

       We find Crawley distinguishable from the instant case. Unlike in Crawley, there was

ample evidence in this case that Beverly was involved in the altercation with appellant and

therefore the subject of his ire. Beverly and appellant exchanged words shortly before the

shooting. Although appellant and Joe also argued shortly before the shooting, unlike the

defendant and Acree in Crawley, appellant and Joe were not involved in an “ongoing dispute”

spanning weeks or days. Most critically, unlike in Crawley where the defendant specifically

excluded Newman from involvement in the dispute, appellant in the case at bar did not say that

Beverly was not involved in the incident on the street that evening. Appellant fired four or five

shots at Beverly and Joe as they hid behind a tree, and Beverly testified that the shots came so

close to her that she could feel them pass by her. In sum, circumstantial evidence regarding

appellant’s state of mind at the time of the shooting did not indicate that Joe was appellant’s only

intended target. Therefore, the trial court did not err in finding the evidence sufficient to support

appellant’s conviction for attempted malicious shooting of Beverly and use of a firearm in the

commission of the attempted shooting.

                                          III. Conclusion

       For the above reasons, we hold that the trial court did not err in any of the respects

identified by appellant. Therefore, appellant’s convictions are affirmed.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                                - 16 -
