                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs November 8, 2012

                                IN RE EILA L.G. ET AL.

                 Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Hawkins County
                   No. HJ-11-0703      Thomas J. Wright, Judge


                 No. E2012-00922-COA-R3-PT - Filed January 2, 2013


This is a termination of parental rights case focusing on four minor children (“the Children”)
of the defendant, Tabitha W. (“Mother”). The Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”)
took the Children into custody in July 2010 because of Mother’s continuing drug use and the
Children’s truancy problems. DCS filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of Mother
in July 2011, alleging that numerous grounds for termination exist. Following a bench trial,
the court granted the petition after finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that Mother
was in substantial noncompliance with her permanency plan, and that the conditions
originally leading to removal still persisted. The court also found, by clear and convincing
evidence, that termination was in the Children’s best interest. Mother appeals. We affirm.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
                            Affirmed; Case Remanded

C HARLES D. S USANO, J R., P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. M ICHAEL
S WINEY and J OHN W. M CC LARTY, JJ., joined.

Gerald T. Eidson, Rogersville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tabitha W.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter, and John H. Bledsoe, Senior Counsel,
Office of the Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee
Department of Children’s Services.

                                         OPINION

                                              I.

     The Children involved in this case are Eila L.G. (DOB: Nov. 12, 1996), Jasmine R.G.
(DOB: Nov. 15, 1999), Eric M.D. (DOB: Aug. 1, 2003), and Derek W.W. (DOB: Mar. 21,
2006). DCS first became involved with the Children in December 2009 when a Family
Support Service case was opened because of truancy issues. DCS did not take custody at that
time; rather it placed the Children in the home of the maternal grandmother. DCS put
services into her home in an effort to prevent removal. The Children’s situation did not
improve, however, and they continued to miss school and mental health appointments.
Mother admitted to using drugs, including methamphetamines and marijuana. Mother’s
continued drug use resulted in the Children coming into DCS custody in June 2010 because
the maternal grandmother was unable to care for the Children by herself.

        The Children were placed in foster care, and a permanency plan was developed. The
permanency plan required Mother to have (1) a parenting assessment, (2) an alcohol and drug
assessment, and (3) a mental health intake. She was directed to follow all recommendations.
The permanency plan also required her to remain drug free and submit to random drug
screens. The permanency plan further required her to cease incurring criminal charges.
Under the plan, she was not to expose the Children to others with criminal charges/drug
issues, and she was to obtain proper housing for the Children.

        On July 1, 2011, DCS filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of Mother. DCS
asserts that Mother was in substantial noncompliance with her permanency plan, that she had
failed to provide a suitable home for the Children despite reasonable efforts by DCS to help
her, and that the conditions leading to removal still persisted. DCS also alleged that
termination was in the Children’s best interest. A trial on the petition was held over multiple
days. Following the trial, the court ruled that DCS had proven, by clear and convincing
evidence, that Mother was in substantial noncompliance with her permanency plan, and that
the conditions leading to removal still persisted. The court also found, by clear and
convincing evidence, that termination was in the Children’s best interest. Mother filed a
timely appeal.

                                              II.

       Mother presents the following single issue for our review:

              Whether the trial court erred in finding that it was in the
              Children’s best interest to terminate Mother’s parental rights.

                                             III.

        In a termination of parental rights case, this Court has a duty to determine “whether
the trial court’s findings, made under a clear and convincing standard, are supported by a
preponderance of the evidence.” In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006). The

                                              -2-
trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed de novo upon the record accompanied by a
presumption of correctness, a presumption we must honor unless the preponderance of the
evidence is against those findings. Id.; Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). Great weight is accorded the
trial court’s determinations of witness credibility, which will not be disturbed absent clear
and convincing evidence to the contrary. See Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn.
2002). Questions of law are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness.
Langschmidt v. Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d 741, 744-45 (Tenn. 2002).

       As this Court has often stated:

               It is well established that parents have a fundamental right to the
               care, custody, and control of their children. While parental
               rights are superior to the claims of other persons and the
               government, they are not absolute, and they may be terminated
               upon appropriate statutory grounds. A parent’s rights may be
               terminated only upon “(1) [a] finding by the court by clear and
               convincing evidence that the grounds for termination of parental
               or guardianship rights have been established; and (2) [t]hat
               termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best
               interests of the child.” Both of these elements must be
               established by clear and convincing evidence. Evidence
               satisfying the clear and convincing evidence standard establishes
               that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable, and
               eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness
               of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.

In re Angelica S., No. E2011-00517-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 4553233 (Tenn. Ct. App. E.S.,
filed Oct. 4, 2011)(citations omitted).

                                               IV.

                                               A.

       Mother does not contest the trial court’s finding that there are sufficient grounds for
termination. Rather, Mother argues that the trial court erred in concluding that clear and
convincing evidence supported a finding that termination is in the Children’s best interest.
Since the grounds for termination in this case are relevant to the trial court’s analysis of “best
interest,” we will briefly consider the grounds for termination.




                                               -3-
       As discussed above, DCS alleged several grounds to justify termination of Mother’s
parental rights. Only one ground must be proven by clear and convincing evidence to justify
termination. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 862 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). The trial court
found that at least two grounds were proven by clear and convincing evidence.

        We will first consider DCS’s position that Mother is in substantial noncompliance
with the permanency plan. The evidence was undisputed that Mother had not complied with
a major requirement of her plan, i.e. becoming and remaining drug free. As the trial court
found, Mother had not shown improvement in this area. While she was no longer using
illegal drugs, she was still abusing her prescription medication by taking more than was
prescribed. Mother had prescriptions for pain pills and Xanax, but when DCS conducted
random pill counts, Mother was consistently found to have taken more than the prescribed
amount. In fact, Mother admitted at trial that she often took more than what was prescribed.
As the trial court found, Mother had not dealt with her substance abuse problem in a
meaningful way. Rather, she had merely substituted prescription drugs for illegal drugs.

       Mother had also failed to remain free of criminal charges. She pleaded guilty to a
charge of accessory after the fact (for harboring a fugitive) in October 2010, and again in
February 2011. As a result, Mother spent several months in jail while the Children were in
DCS custody. Further, while Mother had completed her initial assessments for parenting,
alcohol/drugs, and mental health, she did not show that she had followed through with the
recommendations associated with those assessments. For example, Mother’s parenting
assessment recommended that she enter an intensive inpatient therapy program, followed by
time in a halfway house, but Mother did not follow either recommendation. Also, Mother
had been given substantial instruction/correction regarding her parenting skills over almost
a two-year period, but she had failed or refused to improve her parenting of the Children
during her visits with them, such that she could be safely trusted to visit unsupervised.

       Given these facts, we conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the
court’s finding, made by clear and convincing evidence, that Mother was in substantial
noncompliance with the permanency plan. As previously noted, Mother does not take issue
with this ruling.

                                              B.

       Mother’s argument is that DCS failed to show, by clear and convincing evidence, that
termination is in the Children’s best interest. When at least one ground for termination of
parental rights has been established, as here, DCS must then prove, by clear and convincing
evidence, that termination of the parent’s rights is in a child’s best interest. White v. Moody,
171 S.W.3d 187, 192 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). When a parent has been found to be unfit by

                                              -4-
establishment of a ground for termination, the interests of parent and child diverge, and the
focus shifts to what is in the child’s best interest. 182 S.W.3d at 877.

        Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (Supp. 2012) provides a list of factors the trial court
is to consider when determining if termination is in a child’s best interest. This list is not
exhaustive, and the statute does not require the court to find the existence of every factor
before concluding that termination is in a child’s best interest. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d
at 878. Further, the best interest of a child must be determined from the child’s perspective
and not that of the parent. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

       Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) lists the following factors for consideration:

              (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment
              of circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in
              the child’s best interest to be in the home of the parent or
              guardian;

              (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
              adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
              agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does
              not reasonably appear possible;

              (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular
              visitation or other contact with the child;

              (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
              established between the parent or guardian and the child;

              (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment
              is likely to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and
              medical condition;

              (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with
              the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual,
              emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child,
              or another child or adult in the family or household;

              (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or
              guardian’s home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal
              activity in the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol or

                                             -5-
             controlled substances as may render the parent or guardian
             consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable
             manner;

             (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional
             status would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or
             guardian from effectively providing safe and stable care and
             supervision for the child; or

             (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support
             consistent with the child support guidelines promulgated by the
             department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

                                             C.

       In this case, the trial court considered the above factors and made the following
findings:

             Leaving the Children in limbo would be harmful to them.

             Mother’s empty promises to the Children that they would be
             reunited soon rendered the Children unable to make progress
             toward resolving their own mental health issues.

             The Children needed to maintain safe, secure, therapeutic and
             permanent homes.

             Mother’s actions of harboring fugitives in her home and
             continuing to abuse drugs indicated her wanton disregard for the
             Children.

             Mother’s substance abuse issues made it unsafe for the Children
             to be with her.

             Mother had failed to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable
             efforts by social service agencies for such a duration of time that
             lasting adjustment did not appear reasonably possible.




                                             -6-
              The Children’s emotional, psychological, and behavioral
              conditions would “debilitate and disintegrate” if there was a
              change in caretakers to Mother.

              The Children were somewhat stable in their current placements.

              Mother had shown neglect toward the Children in the past by
              exposing the Children to her drug abuse, and also exposing them
              to others who had criminal problems (especially a man who had
              “engaged in physical, as well as sexual abuse of her or other
              persons”), which resulted in a prior custody episode in Ohio.

              The criminal and drug activity in Mother’s home rendered it
              unsafe.

              Mother testified that she was overwhelmed with anxiety,
              necessitating the abuse of her anxiety medication, when she has
              no job, is not taking care of her Children, and receives a monthly
              check from social security.

              Mother testified that she was bipolar, but only recently began
              being treated for this condition.

              Mother’s mental/emotional state was worsening without having
              custody of the Children, which gave the court concern that
              Mother would not be able to effectively or safely parent if the
              Children were returned to her.

(Paragraph numbering in original omitted.)

        These findings were amply supported by the evidence presented at trial. Despite
receiving help from DCS for nearly two years, Mother had not made such an adjustment of
her circumstances to make it safe for the Children to be returned to her. She continued to
abuse drugs, and had not received any real treatment for this problem. She had incurred two
separate criminal charges for harboring a fugitive, i.e., the cousin of the man she lived with
in Ohio who committed domestic violence against her and who was a registered sex offender.
Mother spent several months in jail as a result, when she should have been working on her
permanency plan. Since her release, Mother asserts that she had “turned her life around,” yet
she still abused her prescription medication and failed to follow through on her permanency
plan requirements.

                                             -7-
       Mother admitted that the Children were in protective custody for approximately three
years in Ohio, before she moved to Tennessee, because she was living with a registered sex
offender who abused her. Thus, the older children had spent a total of five years in foster
care up to the time of trial. Mother admitted to having mental health and drug issues with
which she had not dealt. The record does not preponderate against a finding, by clear and
convincing evidence, that Mother has failed to make the lasting adjustment contemplated by
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1).

        Mother had maintained regular visits with the Children when she was not incarcerated,
and did appear to have a meaningful relationship with them. Those visits were always
supervised. Mother failed to develop effective parenting skills such as would keep the
Children safe. There was testimony that Mother refused to discipline the Children, even
when they were aggressive/violent toward each other, and often let them wander out of her
sight when the visits were held in a park. Despite receiving in-depth parenting instruction
after every visit, Mother’s parenting skills failed to improve, and the providers testified that
she was either unwilling or unable to put the information into practice.

       The Children’s therapist testified that if the Children were moved from their current
placements and returned to Mother, they would all regress emotionally and behaviorally. The
therapist and the “parenting specialists” who oversaw visitation all testified that the Children
desperately needed structure and consistency, and that Mother could not or would not provide
it. None of these witnesses would even recommend that Mother be allowed unsupervised
visits with the Children because she seemed unable to control the Children without
significant help. One “specialist” testified that with the help Mother was receiving, visitation
should have improved to the point that he and his co-worker could “sit back” and simply
supervise the visit without intervening. He testified that this never happened, however,
because Mother would not discipline the Children on her own, would not set boundaries for
them, and would not be consistent. All of the witnesses testified that Mother’s lack of proper
boundaries created physical danger for the Children.

       Likewise, Mother created emotional issues for the Children by continually making
them promises that they would “be together soon” or that she was “getting them back.”
Mother was repeatedly counseled about making false promises, yet this behavior persisted.
Mother was often found whispering to the older children during visits about such matters.
Mother wrote letters to the Children when she was incarcerated, stating that if she lost them
she would “lay down and die” and other such inappropriate remarks. Mother did not seem
to understand that this was harmful to the Children, testifying at trial that she simply wanted
them to know she was trying.




                                              -8-
        The proof showed that each child had significant mental/behavioral issues requiring
treatment consisting of intensive therapy plus medication. DCS had been challenged to find
placements that would work. Eila, the oldest, was very withdrawn when she came into
custody, and the therapist testified that it had taken months to gain her trust and get her to
“open up”. The therapist also testified that Eila had “brightened” and was now doing better,
although she still had impulse control and ADHD issues. Jasmine had the most significant
problems, having twice attempted suicide before coming into custody. Jasmine had also tried
to stab her first foster father and another caretaker. Jasmine was diagnosed with mood
disorder with psychosis, and was receiving intensive therapy. She had been moved to a
foster home where she could be the only child and receive more individualized attention (plus
not create a safety issue for the others).

        Eric was diagnosed with Asperger’s and ADHD, and had likewise been moved to a
different foster home to have more individual attention and structure. The therapist testified
that Eric was beginning to do better, and had started showing empathy and remorse, which
he had not done before. Derek had also been diagnosed with ADHD, and the therapist stated
that he was also doing well in therapy, but still had problems sitting still at school. Derek and
Eila remained in the original foster placement. Derek and Eila were described as having a
very strong bond, and the caseworker testified that the foster parents wanted to adopt them.
The therapist testified that Eila, who was fifteen years old at the time of trial, had expressed
to her that she loved Mother, but did not think that being with Mother was in her best
interest. The witnesses testified that the Children were stable in their current placements, and
that Jasmine and Eric’s foster families were also considering adoption. The evidence was
undisputed that the Children had significant behavioral issues, and were extremely difficult
to deal with when they were all together. The therapist testified that the Children would “be
okay” with the termination, because they would know that they were still going to be safe and
cared for, and that their prognosis was good if their current placements/therapy continued.

        The proof showed that Mother had shown neglect toward the Children by failing to
take them to school or to their mental health appointments, by her abuse of drugs, and by her
association with criminals. There was no showing that Mother’s home would be healthy or
safe for the Children. Mother had demonstrated such a lack of parenting ability that the
Children were known to become violent with each other on her watch, had harmed
themselves to get her attention, and were allowed to run off into the road at times due to her
lack of boundaries. The testimony established that it had been difficult for trained foster care
providers to deal with the Children as a group, and that Mother, with her lack of proper
parenting abilities, would be unsuccessful in attempting to do so.

      The final factor which militates heavily in favor of termination is Mother’s
mental/emotional status. Mother testified that she was bipolar and had a severe anxiety

                                               -9-
disorder, which prevented her from working. Mother had recently been placed on medication
for her bipolar disorder, but was not taking it regularly. Mother was taking Xanax for her
anxiety disorder, but was abusing that prescription. Mother was only going for mental health
appointments about once a month, and had not received the type of intensive therapy that her
assessment mandated in order to deal with her mental health and substance abuse issues.

        While Mother was thirty-one years of age at the time of trial, she was assessed as
having the intellectual functionality of an eleven-year-old. The trial court found this
assessment to be somewhat low, given Mother’s testimony in court and her ability to write
expressive letters to the Children, and found that her functionality was more commensurate
with a person having a tenth grade education, as she did. The court still found, however, that
Mother did seem to lack the ability to function properly for her age/responsibilities, even
with months of training in parenting skills. Mother’s assessment stated that the likelihood
the Children’s needs would not be met, based on Mother’s “incapacity to parent,” was high,
and her situation was unlikely to be rectified. Various witnesses testified that they had
discussed the Children’s needs with Mother and had attempted to work with her to develop
her skills and abilities as a parent, but Mother would not or could not put that knowledge into
practice. As the trial court aptly stated from the bench, “if these mental health conditions [of
Mother] are worsening now without the kids, they would certainly prevent her from being
able to effectively and safely parent the Children if they came back to her because the
children are, to put it mildly, a handful.”

        Perhaps most importantly, as the trial court found, it would simply be unjust to keep
these Children in foster care limbo any longer, given the proof that Mother’s ability to change
or remedy her situation was unlikely. Mother had not addressed her drug abuse or mental
health issues, and did not take steps to participate in the Children’s therapy in any meaningful
way. Mother appeared to be unable to understand or deal with her own problems, and would
certainly not be able to deal with the significant behavioral and emotional problems exhibited
by the Children. The Children were stable and being well cared for in their current
placements, and the proof showed that a change of environment would cause appreciable
regression for them. Thus, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s
finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that termination is in the best interest of the
Children.

                                              V.

      The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs on appeal are taxed to appellant,
Tabitha W. This case is remanded to the trial court, pursuant to applicable law, for
enforcement of the trial court’s judgment and collection of costs assessed below.



                                              -10-
       ____________________________
       CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., P.J.




-11-
