[Cite as Huffman v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 2011-Ohio-4783.]



                                      Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                          The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                  65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                             Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                   614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                              www.cco.state.oh.us




SUSAN HUFFMAN

       Plaintiff

       v.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

       Defendant

        Case No. 2011-02069-AD

Deputy Clerk Daniel R. Borchert

MEMORANDUM DECISION

        {¶1}    Plaintiff, Susan Huffman, filed this action against defendant, Department
of Transportation (ODOT), contending that her 2005 Honda Odyssey was damaged as
a proximate result of negligence on the part of ODOT in maintaining a road reflector on
State Route 146 in Muskingum County. In her complaint, plaintiff provided a narrative
description of her damage incident noting that she was traveling on State Route 146
when “I noticed a dark object on the roadway somewhat in a curve. * * * I missed the
object with my front tire, but hit it with the rear immediately flattening my tire. * * * I do
not see how I could have missed the reflector completely due to its location and the
curve of the road.” Plaintiff requested damages in the amount of $377.15, the cost of a
tire and associated repair expenses. The $25.00 filing fee was paid.
        {¶2}    Defendant denied liability in this matter based on the contention that no
ODOT personnel had any notice of a loose reflector on SR 146 prior to plaintiff’s
incident.      Defendant located plaintiff’s incident at milepost 25.50 on SR 146 in
Muskingum County. Defendant asserted that plaintiff failed to provide any evidence to
establish her property damage was attributable to any conduct on the part of ODOT.
Furthermore, defendant asserted that plaintiff failed to provide any evidence indicating
the length of time that the road reflector was loose or detached from the roadway
surface prior to her December 11, 2010 damage occurrence. Defendant explained that
SR 146 was regularly maintained in the vicinity of plaintiff’s damage incident with ODOT
personnel conducting “twenty-three (23) maintenance operations in the area during the
six-month period prior to the day of plaintiff’s incident.” Defendant further explained that
ODOT was repairing drainage structures on November 22, 2010. Defendant related
that, “[i]f there was a noticeable defect with any raised or loosened pavement markers it
would have immediately been repaired.”
       {¶3}   Plaintiff did not file a response.
       {¶4}   For plaintiff to prevail on a claim of negligence, she must prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that defendant owed her a duty, that it breached that
duty, and that the breach proximately caused her injuries.        Armstrong v. Best Buy
Company, Inc., 99 Ohio St. 3d 79, 2003-Ohio-2573,¶8 citing Menifee v. Ohio Welding
Products, Inc. (1984), 15 Ohio St. 3d 75, 77, 15 OBR 179, 472 N.E. 2d 707. Plaintiff
has the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that she suffered a loss
and that this loss was proximately caused by defendant’s negligence. Barnum v. Ohio
State University (1977), 76-0368-AD. However, “[i]t is the duty of a party on whom the
burden of proof rests to produce evidence which furnishes a reasonable basis for
sustaining his claim. If the evidence so produced furnishes a basis for a choice among
different possibilities as to any issue in the case he fails to sustain such burden.”
Paragraph three of the syllabus in Steven v. Indus. Comm. (1945), 145 Ohio St. 198, 30
O.O. 415, 61 N.E. 2d 198, approved and followed.             This court, as trier of fact,
determines questions of proximate causation. Shinaver v. Szymanski (1984), 14 Ohio
St. 3d 51, 14 OBR 446, 471 N.E. 2d 477.
       {¶5}   Defendant has the duty to maintain its highways in a reasonably safe
condition for the motoring public. Knickel v. Ohio Department of Transportation (1976),
49 Ohio App. 2d 335, 3 O.O. 3d 413, 361 N.E. 2d 486. However, defendant is not an
insurer of the safety of its highways. See Kniskern v. Township of Somerford (1996),
112 Ohio App. 3d 189, 678 N.E. 2d 273; Rhodus v. Ohio Dept. of Transp. (1990), 67
Ohio App. 3d 723, 588 N.E. 2d 864.
       {¶6}   In order to prove a breach of the duty to maintain the highways, plaintiff
must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that defendant had actual or
constructive notice of the precise condition or defect alleged to have caused the
accident.    McClellan v. ODOT (1986), 34 Ohio App. 3d 247, 517 N.E. 2d 1388.
Defendant is only liable for roadway conditions of which it has notice, but fails to
reasonably correct. Bussard v. Dept. of Transp. (1986), 31 Ohio Misc. 2d 1, 31 OBR
64, 507 N.E. 2d 1179.      However, proof of notice of a dangerous condition is not
necessary when defendant actively caused such condition.           See Bello v. City of
Cleveland (1922), 106 Ohio St. 94, 138 N.E. 526, at paragraph one of the syllabus;
Sexton v. Ohio Department of Transportation (1996), 94-13861. Plaintiff has failed to
produce any evidence to prove that her property damage was caused by a defective
condition created by ODOT or that defendant knew about the particular reflector
condition prior to December 11, 2010.
      {¶7}    Ordinarily, to recover in a suit involving injury proximately caused by
roadway conditions including uprooted reflectors, plaintiff must prove that either: 1)
defendant had actual or constructive notice of the debris condition and failed to respond
in a reasonable time or responded in a negligent manner, or 2) that defendant, in a
general sense, maintains its highways negligently.            Denis v. Department of
Transportation (1976), 75-0287-AD. Plaintiff has not provided any evidence to prove
that ODOT had actual notice of the loose reflector.      Therefore, in order to recover
plaintiff must offer proof of defendant’s constructive notice of the condition or evidence
to establish negligent maintenance.
      {¶8}    “[C]onstructive notice is that which the law regards as sufficient to give
notice and is regarded as a substitute for actual notice or knowledge.” In re Estate of
Fahle (1950), 90 Ohio App. 195, 197-198, 47 O.O. 231, 105 N.E. 2d 429. “A finding of
constructive notice is a determination the court must make on the facts of each case not
simply by applying a pre-set time standard for the discovery of certain road hazards.”
Bussard, at 4.     “Obviously, the requisite length of time sufficient to constitute
constructive notice varies with each specific situation.” Danko v. Ohio Dept. of Transp.
(Feb. 4, 1993), Franklin App. 92AP-1183.        In order for there to be a finding of
constructive notice, plaintiff must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
sufficient time has elapsed after the dangerous condition appears, so that under the
circumstances defendant should have acquired knowledge of its existence. Guiher v.
Dept. of Transportation (1978), 78-0126-AD; Gelarden v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., Dist. 4,
Ct. of Cl. No. 2007-02521-AD, 2007-Ohio-3047.
       {¶9}    Plaintiff has not produced any evidence to indicate the length of time that
the road reflector was present on the roadway prior to the incident forming the basis of
this claim.    Additionally, the trier of fact is precluded from making an inference of
defendant’s constructive notice, unless evidence is presented in respect to the time that
the condition appeared on the roadway. Spires v. Ohio Highway Department (1988), 61
Ohio Misc. 2d 262, 577 N.E. 2d 458.          There is no indication that defendant had
constructive notice of the dislodged reflector.
       {¶10} Plaintiff has not produced any evidence to infer that defendant, in a
general sense, maintains its highways negligently or that defendant’s acts caused the
defective condition. Herlihy v. Ohio Department of Transportation (1999), 99-07011-AD.
Defendant submitted evidence showing that ODOT personnel were routinely performing
work activities on the particular section of SR 146 where plaintiff’s damage incident
occurred.     Plaintiff has failed to provide sufficient evidence to prove that defendant
maintained a hazardous condition on the roadway which was the substantial or sole
cause of her property damage. Plaintiff has failed to prove, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that any ODOT roadway maintenance activity created a nuisance. Plaintiff
has not submitted evidence to prove that a negligent act or omission on the part of
defendant caused the damage to her vehicle. Prstojevic v. Dept. of Transp., Dist. 3, Ct.
of Cl. No. 2009-08519-AD, 2010-Ohio-2186.
                                 Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                          The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                  65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                             Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                   614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                              www.cco.state.oh.us




SUSAN HUFFMAN

        Plaintiff

        v.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

        Defendant

         Case No. 2011-02069-AD

Deputy Clerk Daniel R. Borchert


ENTRY OF ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATION

         Having considered all the evidence in the claim file and, for the reasons set forth
in the memorandum decision filed concurrently herewith, judgment is rendered in favor
of defendant. Court costs are assessed against plaintiff.



                                                  ________________________________
                                                  DANIEL R. BORCHERT
                                                  Deputy Clerk

Entry cc:

Susan Huffman                                     Jerry Wray, Director
42092 Pleasant Ridge Road                         Department of Transportation
Graysville, Ohio 45734                            1980 West Broad Street
                                                  Columbus, Ohio 43223
SJM/laa
5/10
Filed 6/14/11
Sent to S.C. reporter 9/21/11
