Opinion filed October 31, 2019




                                              In The


           Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                          __________

                                    No. 11-17-00338-CR
                                        __________

                         MARIO BERNAL, JR., Appellant
                                                 V.
                        THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                        On Appeal from the 244th District Court
                                  Ector County, Texas
                            Trial Court Cause No. C-44,900


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
       Originally, Mario Bernal, Jr. 1 pleaded guilty to the offense of assault of a
public servant. In accordance with the terms of a plea agreement, the trial court
assessed Appellant’s punishment at confinement for ten years and a fine of $2,000,


       1
        We note that, in the indictment, Appellant’s name is “Mario Bernal, Jr.” However, the judgment
revoking community supervision reflects that Appellant’s name is “Mario Medrano Bernal.”
suspended the imposition of the sentence, and placed Appellant on community
supervision for five years. Subsequently, upon the State’s motion, the trial court
found that Appellant had violated certain terms and conditions of his community
supervision.   The trial court revoked Appellant’s community supervision and
imposed a sentence of confinement for five years.        This appeal is from that
revocation. We affirm.
      Appellant raises two issues on appeal. First, Appellant contends that the trial
court erred when it engaged in an adversarial examination of a witness. Second,
Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the revocation.
      We will first consider Appellant’s complaint that the trial court assumed the
role of an advocate for the State when it questioned Rebecca Kidd, a probation
officer with the Ector County Adult Probation Department (ECAPD). The result
was, Appellant argues, to deny him a fair and impartial hearing.
      Kidd testified that she met with Appellant when he reported to the ECAPD on
October 24, 2017. Kidd initiated a random drug test. Under the usual process, the
probationer provides a urine sample “in one of our cups,” and the sample is then
tested. Kidd tested the urine sample provided by Appellant for “marijuana, meth,
and cocaine.” After Kidd tested the sample, Appellant did not admit to “using.”
Because the sample was not large enough to send to a lab, Kidd told Appellant that
he would have to submit a larger sample before he could leave. When Appellant
was ready to give the additional sample, Arturo Jurado, a male probation officer,
accompanied him.
      At some point during this later collection process, Jurado asked Kidd to come
to the “UA room.” When she went there, Kidd saw that Jurado was holding a test
tube; the test tube was empty.     She had never seen a test tube in her “UA




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administering experience.” Kidd testified that it was unusual for the test tube to be
present and that it indicated to her that Appellant was “trying to falsify his drug test
results.”
      The State then asked Kidd, “What about that test tube’s presence made you
think that?” Kidd responded, “Well, from where they told me they had found -- .”
At that point, Appellant lodged a hearsay objection. It was then that the trial court
began to question Kidd as follows:
              THE COURT: Ms. Kidd, nobody was there but you. You’ve got
      to tell us what you saw and observed. So first of all, describe the
      receptacle that is usually used to obtain a urine sample. Is it a tub? Is
      it a jar? What is it?
             THE WITNESS: It’s just a cup with a lid.
            THE COURT: Okay. Describe it. Is it three gallons or is it --
      can you tell me the approximate diameter of this cup?
            THE WITNESS: No, sir. It’s about -- it’s a cup that would hold
      about a cup of urine.
             THE COURT: Like a cup, a kitchen cup?
             THE WITNESS: Yes. No. A measuring cup.
             THE COURT: A measuring cup?
             THE WITNESS: Yes.
             THE COURT: Okay. So it’s about that size?
             THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
            THE COURT: And that’s the normal receptacle that you see and
      is used in the probation office for this particular procedure; is that
      correct?
             THE WITNESS: Yes.




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              THE COURT: And so on this occasion, you’ve talked about
      initially a receptacle, and then you talked about a test tube. What is the
      difference between these two receptacles that you have described or
      mentioned?
             THE WITNESS: The cup that we use for the UA samples is
      provided to the defendant, each defendant who submits a sample. The
      test tube that I observed was very small and narrow. It wouldn’t have
      been able to hold much urine. And it had a lid, a stopper to that. There
      was a stopper that goes into the test tube.
            THE COURT: And is it the policy or procedure, normal policy
      or procedure, of the adult probation office to ever use this type of
      receptacle?
              THE WITNESS: No, sir. We don’t even have those in the UA
      room.
            THE COURT: All right. And so when you saw this, who was in
      possession of it?
              THE WITNESS: The probation officer, Jurado.
              THE COURT: [To the prosecutor] Go ahead.
     At trial, Appellant did not object when the trial court questioned Kidd. The
State maintains that Appellant has therefore waived the complaint. We agree.
Generally, before a party may pursue a complaint on appeal, he must have presented
the trial court with a timely request, objection, or motion; the grounds must be
presented “with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint.”
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Krause v. State, 243 S.W.3d 95, 102 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d).
      On appeal, Appellant responds that the trial court’s actions were
fundamentally erroneous and that, therefore, no objection was necessary to preserve
the error. On this record, we cannot agree with Appellant.




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      In the absence of an objection, remarks or conduct of a trial court may not be
challenged on appeal unless they are fundamentally erroneous. Brewer v. State, 572
S.W.2d 719, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978); Moreno v. State, 900 S.W.2d
357, 359 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1995, no pet.). It is permissible for a trial court to
seek facts for use in its role as a factfinder. Moreno, 900 S.W.2d at 359–60. A trial
court may question a witness to clarify an issue before the court so long as it
maintains an impartial attitude. Brewer, 572 S.W.2d at 721; Munoz v. State, 485
S.W.2d 782, 784 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); Navarro v. State, 477 S.W.2d 291, 292
(Tex. Crim. App. 1972).
      In Moreno, the Texarkana court noted that the questions asked by the trial
court were within the bounds of what the attorneys would have been allowed to ask.
Further, the answers would have been admissible testimony. Moreno, 900 S.W.2d
at 359. As a further observation, the record in Moreno did not reveal that the trial
court became so entangled as an advocate that it could not properly make objective
findings. Id. at 360.
      In this case, the trial court’s questions to Kidd appeared to be ones to clarify,
in view of the trial court’s gatekeeping function, the admissibility of Kidd’s
testimony and to shed light upon the distinction between the standard container used
by the probation office and the test tube that Jurado found in Appellant’s possession.
The questions asked by the trial court were ones that would have been proper if asked
by the attorneys. The answers sought by the trial court were such that they would
constitute admissible testimony. Finally, the record contains nothing to show that
the trial court maintained anything other than an impartial attitude as it endeavored
to clarify issues before the court; therefore, the trial court’s conduct was permissible.




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      The actions of the trial court did not constitute error, fundamental or
otherwise. We overrule Appellant’s first issue on appeal.
      In his second issue, Appellant contends that, because the State failed to prove
any of the grounds for revocation, the trial court abused its discretion when it
revoked Appellant’s probation. We review a trial court’s revocation order for an
abuse of discretion. Cardona v. State, 665 S.W.2d 492, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984);
Caddell v. State, 605 S.W.2d 275, 277 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980). A trial
court abuses its discretion when it enters an order by which it revokes a person’s
community supervision if the State has not proved, by a preponderance of the
evidence, the grounds upon which the trial court ordered the revocation. Caddell,
605 S.W.2d at 277. Finally, evidence that is sufficient to establish a single violation
will support revocation. Garcia v. State, 387 S.W.3d 20, 26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
      Under the terms of his community supervision, Appellant was to commit no
further criminal offenses and was to abstain from the use of drugs. In its motion to
revoke Appellant’s community supervision, the State alleged that Appellant falsified
his drug test results and that he failed to abstain from the use of drugs.
      After the trial court heard the motion to revoke community supervision, it
revoked Appellant’s community supervision. The trial court based its revocation
order on its findings that Appellant (1) falsified drug test results, (2) consumed
cocaine on or about October 21, 2017, and (3) consumed cocaine on or about
December 2, 2017.
      Jurado, as we have previously said, personally supervised Appellant as he
provided the UA sample. Jurado testified that Appellant appeared nervous while
trying to provide the drug test sample and that Appellant attempted to shift his body
position to obscure himself from Jurado’s view.           Appellant’s action seemed




                                           6
suspicious to Jurado, and he asked Appellant to step back. At that point, Appellant
dropped a green lid on the floor. Jurado told the trial court that Appellant had hidden
something in his underwear. When confronted by Jurado, Appellant retrieved the
plastic test tube that he had concealed and immediately dumped its contents into the
toilet. Appellant told Jurado that the test tube contained water.
      Jurado then asked Appellant about the reason for Appellant bringing the test
tube to the drug test. According to Jurado, Appellant admitted to both using cocaine
as alleged and “trying to deceive” the drug test. Although Appellant testified at the
revocation hearing that he had made the admissions as to the use of cocaine, he
testified that his admissions were not true at the time that he made them.
      First, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
revoked Appellant’s community supervision based upon the allegation that
Appellant falsified drug test results. Appellant argues that there was no clear
testimony to establish that the test tube was a mechanism for deceiving the drug test
and that the State produced no evidence showing that the test tube “at one point
contained urine or a substance like urine.” Rather, according to Appellant, the trial
court relied solely on an assumption that the mere presence of the test tube indicated
use for a nefarious purpose.
      At a revocation hearing, the trial court is the trier of fact and the sole judge of
the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.
Calhoun v. State, 486 S.W.2d 302, 303–04 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). The trial court
may accept or reject all or any part of a witness’s testimony, including that of a
defendant. Id. Oral admissions to violations of the terms and conditions of
community supervision made by a person to his probation officer are sufficient to
revoke community supervision. Herrera v. State, 656 S.W.2d 148, 149 (Tex.




                                           7
App.—Waco 1983, no pet.). As noted, Appellant admitted the violations to Jurado.
Because the evidence is sufficient to show that Appellant engaged in the falsification
of drug test results and that he used cocaine as alleged by the State, all in violation
of the terms and conditions of his community supervision, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion when it revoked Appellant’s community supervision. We
overrule Appellant’s second issue on appeal.
        We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                           JIM R. WRIGHT
                                                           SENIOR CHIEF JUSTICE
October 31, 2019
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Stretcher, J., and Wright, S.C.J. 2

Willson, J., not participating.




        2
          Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland,
sitting by assignment.




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