                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________
                                   )
BANNEKER VENTURES, LLC,            )
                                   )
            Plaintiff,             )
                                   )
      v.                           )    Civil Action No. 13-391 (RMC)
                                   )
JIM GRAHAM, et al.,                )
                                   )
            Defendants.            )
_________________________________  )


                                            OPINION

               Banneker Ventures, LLC (Banneker) is a developer that had an exclusive right to

negotiate with Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) for the lease and

development of certain real property, but failed to reach a final agreement. In this lawsuit,

Banneker alleges tortious interference with contract and business expectancy and civil

conspiracy. Defendant Jim Graham moves to dismiss. The motion will be denied.

                                            I. FACTS

               The facts are set forth in detail in this Court’s prior opinion and the opinion of the

D.C. Circuit and will not be repeated here. See Banneker Ventures, LLC v. Graham, 798 F.3d

1119, 1124-28 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (Banneker II); Banneker Ventures, LLC v. Graham, 19 F. Supp.

3d 231, 238-42 (D.D.C. 2014) (Banneker I).

               On August 18, 2015, the D.C. Circuit reversed this Court’s decision granting Mr.

Graham’s motion to dismiss based on absolute immunity and remanded for additional briefing.

The Circuit specified that:

               [o]n remand, the district court should evaluate, for each action
               complained of: (1) whether the alleged action, if established at trial,
               would be one that manifestly exceeded the scope of Graham’s

                                                 1
               official duties or was carried out through manifestly excessive
               means; or (2) whether the alleged action, if established at trial,
               would manifestly violate any statute, regulation, or policy governing
               WMATA Board Members’ conduct. Any action that would be
               unauthorized under either standard is unprotected by immunity. The
               district court should therefore evaluate whether the actions that it
               concludes would not be immunized, taken together, state a claim
               against Graham for tortious interference or civil conspiracy.

Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1145. Consistent with the Circuit opinion, the Court permitted limited

discovery into Mr. Graham’s official duties and, following completion of that discovery, Mr.

Graham again moved to dismiss all claims against him. See Graham 2nd Mot. [Dkt. 88].

Banneker opposed, see Opp’n [Dkt. 90], and Mr. Graham replied, see Reply [Dkt. 92].1 The

motion is ripe for review.

       A. Mr. Graham’s Official Duties

               Mr. Graham’s official duties as a member of the WMATA Board can be

determined through review of a combination of documents: (1) the WMATA Compact, Graham

2nd Mot., Ex. 1 [Dkt. 88-2] (Compact); (2) Procedures for WMATA Board of Directors, Graham

2nd Mot., Ex. 4 [Dkt. 88-5] (WMATA Board Procedures & Standards of Conduct); (3)

Standards of Conduct for Members of the WMATA Board of Directors, id.; and (4) the Joint

Development Policies and Guidelines, Graham 2nd Mot., Ex. 6 [Dkt. 88-7] (Joint Development

Guidelines). First, the WMATA Compact is the document that governs the practice and

procedure of WMATA, including the role of its Board of Directors. The Compact proscribes

that the Board shall “adopt rules and regulations governing its meeting, minutes and

transactions,” and provides specific rules to limit conflicts of interest. Compact at 3, 4. The



1
 WMATA submitted a response to Mr. Graham’s motion and Banneker’s opposition. See
WMATA Response [Dkt. 89]; WMATA Reply [Dkt. 91]. Banneker’s Notice of Supplemental
Evidence was also received by the Court, but not considered. See Notice [Dkt. 94].

                                                 2
following official duties are also included in the sections of the Compact dealing with particular

actions and roles of WMATA:

               (1) “The Board shall develop and adopt, and may from time to time
               review and revise, a mass transit plan for the immediate and long-
               range needs of the Zone,” id. at 6;

               (2) “It shall be the duty and responsibility of each member of the
               Board to serve as liaison between the Board and the body which
               appointed him to the Board,” id.;

               (3) “[T]he Board shall create technical committees concerned with
               planning and collection and analyses of data relative to decision-
               making in the transportation planning process,” id.;

               (4) “Before a mass transit plan is adopted, altered, revised or
               amended, the Board shall transmit such proposed plan, alteration,
               revision or amendment for comment” to a number of agencies, id.
               at 7;

               (5) The Board may temporarily borrow funds, see id. at 10;

               (6) “The Board shall annually adopt a capital budget, including all
               capital projects it proposes to undertake or continue during the
               budget period,” id. at 11;

               (7) “The Board shall annually adopt a current expense budget for
               each fiscal year,” id.;

               (8) The Board may take a number of actions with respect to bonds,
               both selling and purchasing, see id. at 13-15;

               (9) “The Board shall have power to execute agreements, leases and
               equipment trust certificates with respect to the purchase of facilities
               or equipment such as cars, trolley buses and motor buses, or other
               craft,” id. at 15;

               (10) “The Board shall enter into an operating contract only after
               formal advertisement and negotiations with all interested and
               qualified parties, including private transit companies rendering
               transit service within the Zone, id. at 19; and

               (11) “The Board is authorized to locate, construct and maintain any
               of its transit and related facilities in, upon, over, under or across any



                                                  3
               streets, highways, freeways, bridges and any other vehicular
               facilities,” id. at 29.

As required by the Compact, the WMATA Board developed and adopted its own set of

procedures, which include the following official duties of the Board:

               The WMATA Board of Directors determines agency policy and
               provides oversight for the funding, operation and expansion of
               transit facilities within the Transit Zone.

               The authority of the Board of Directors is vested in the collective
               body and not in its individual members. Accordingly, the Board, in
               establishing or providing any policies, orders, guidance, or
               instructions to the General Manager or WMATA staff, shall act as a
               body. No member individually shall direct or supervise the General
               Manager or any WMATA employee or contractor.

WMATA Board Procedures & Standards of Conduct at 1. Attached as Appendix 1 to the

Procedures of the WMATA Board were the Standards of Conduct for Members of the WMATA

Board of Directors. See id. at 10. The Standards specify how Board members should conduct

themselves to avoid appearances of impropriety or conflicts of interest. While the Standards do

not specifically denote official duties of the Board, they do impose restrictions on the power and

authority of the Board members. The following Standards of Conduct are relevant to the Court’s

analysis:

               (1) “It is imperative that Board Members in their private financial
               relationships and in their official conduct strictly avoid engaging in
               actions which create conflicts of interest or the appearance of a
               conflict of interest. It is likewise imperative that Board Members
               act impartially in their official conduct by avoiding any actions
               which might result in favored treatment or appearances thereof. . . .
               Each Board Member while acting in his/her capacity as a WMATA
               Board Member, has a duty to place the public interest foremost in
               any dealings involving WMATA,” id. at 12;

               (2) “Under the Compact, Board Members shall not (1) be financially
               interested, either directly or indirectly, in any contract, sale,
               purchase, lease or transfer of real or personal property to which the
               Board or the Authority is a party; (2) in connection with services
               performed within the scope of their official duties, solicit or accept

                                                 4
               money or any other thing of value in addition to the compensation
               or expenses paid to him by the Authority; (3) offer money or any
               thing of value for or in consideration of obtaining an appointment,
               promotion or privilege with the Authority,” id.;

               (3) “No Board Member nor household member may singly or in
               combination, be a party nor any or all of them have a direct financial
               interest in a party with an actual or prospective business relationship
               with the Authority,” id.;

               (4) “Except [if the gratuity is unsolicited and valued less than $75 or
               in connection with a widely attended gathering], a Board Member
               or household member shall not solicit or accept anything of value
               from a party with an actual or prospective business relationship with
               the Authority,” id. at 13;

               (5) “Board Members shall not use, nor give the appearance that they
               are using, their official position with the Authority in a manner
               inconsistent with their responsibilities to the Authority,” id. at 14;
               and

               (6) “Board members shall not: (1) use or permit others to use
               information not generally available to the public obtained from the
               Authority through the Board Member’s official position with the
               Authority to further the direct or indirect financial interests of a
               Board Member, any household member, a Member’s business
               associates, or any party to any actual or prospective financial
               transaction with the Authority; [or] (2) disclosure or permit others
               to disclose to anyone outside the Authority information obtained
               through their official position with the Authority and not generally
               available to the public except where and to the extent necessary to
               fulfill the Board Member’s public responsibility,” id.

The final relevant document containing official duties of the WMATA Board is the WMATA

Joint Development Policies and Guidelines, which specifically addresses duties with respect to

joint development projects. See Joint Development Guidelines. The WMATA Board’s roles and

responsibilities are specifically set out in the guidelines as follows:

               The WMATA Board of Directors establishes joint development
               policies, exercises specific approvals within the joint development
               process, and maintains oversight of the joint development program.
               The Board has specific responsibilities to authorize joint
               development solicitations, approve developer selection and a non-
               binding term sheet based on a staff recommendation, and approve
                                                   5
               terms of a lease or sales agreement (the final contract) with the
               designated developer. Additionally, the WMATA Board authorizes
               a public hearing, prior to final site plan approval by the local
               jurisdiction, when such hearing is required because of a substantial
               change to WMATA facilities on site or a change to the site access.

Id. at 5.

        B. Mr. Graham’s Alleged Improper Actions

               While Banneker repeatedly lists 16 allegedly improper actions undertaken by Mr.

Graham in its Amended Complaint,2 the Court has identified 5 categories of actions, which

include specific allegations of actual improper acts, in lieu of unspecific or conclusory

allegations of unfavorable behavior.

               1. Extortion and Vote Bartering

               Mr. Graham expected that “before approval of the joint development
               agreement by WMATA, Banneker and [Mr.] Karim would host a
               fundraiser for Graham’s D.C. Council race and contribute to his
               Council campaign,” Am. Compl. ¶ 27;

               Mr. Graham “sought to barter a vote in his capacity as member of
               the D.C. Council for his vote as a WMATA Board member on the
               Florida Avenue project,” Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1141; see also
               Am. Compl. ¶¶ 61, 77, 96-98, 106-109, 190, 195; and

               Mr. Graham told Mr. Karim that “he wanted him to participate in a
               U Street Business Improvement District (‘BID’) program that he
               was spearheading” in exchange for support on the Project, Am.
               Compl. ¶¶ 111, 121.




2
  See Am. Compl. [Dkt. 18] ¶ 247 (allegations in support of Count III, tortious interference with
prospective business advantage); id. ¶¶ 208, 227 (allegations in support of Count I, breach of
contract); id. ¶ 239 (allegations in support of Count II, breach of implied covenant of good faith);
id. ¶ 275 (allegations in support of Count IV, tortious interference with contract); id. ¶ 286
(allegations in support of Count V, unjust enrichment); id. ¶ 294 (allegations in support of Count
VI, unlawful restraint of trade).

                                                 6
2. Interference with Development Team Members and Actions

Mr. Graham convinced Donatelli Development, Inc. to withdraw
from the project and “to wait until the last minute to drop out of the
Project so that LaKritz Adler’s bid would be accepted,” id. ¶ 43;

Mr. Graham directed Banneker, through Buwa Binitie in the District
of Columbia Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and
Economic Development, not to attend a scheduled Oral Interview
for the Project, see id. ¶ 48;

Mr. Graham “told [Metropolis Development Company] not to
partner with Banneker,” id. ¶¶ 60, 112, 191;

Mr. Graham attempted to require Banneker to include Mr. Graham’s
favored development company (LaKritz Adler) as a member of
Banneker’s development team, id. ¶¶ 70, 119, 190; and

Mr. Graham attempted to require Banneker to purchase property
from Mr. Graham’s favored development company (LaKritz Adler),
id. ¶ 127.

3. Directing WMATA Staff

Mr. Graham ordered WMATA staff to investigate “alleged financial
obligations to the District by Banneker’s then principal, Williams,”
id. ¶ 72;

Mr. Graham directed WMATA staff to take specific actions with
regard to the Banneker proposal, id. ¶¶ 147-48, 150, 168; and

Mr. Graham instructed WMATA’s then-General Counsel (during
Banneker’s period of exclusivity) to provide a legal roadmap as to
how, when, and under what circumstances Mr. Graham could
request “Best and Final Offers” from additional developers, see id.
¶¶ 155, 160.

4. Aggressively Advocating for His Preferences

“[Mr.] Graham knowingly made false representations about
Banneker, its financial wherewithal and its capabilities during . . .
closed door [Board meetings],” id. ¶ 88;

Mr. Graham orchestrated the addition of “components to the Project
(such as an affordable housing requirement for which WMATA had
no guidelines and WMATA staff did not know how to implement)
to make it both less profitable to Banneker and less financially
attractive or feasible to WMATA,” id. ¶ 247;

                                  7
               Mr. Graham “advocate[d] (as a WMATA Board Member, Chair of
               the PDRE Committee3 or Chair of the WMATA Board) and
               demonstrate his preference for LaKritz Adler to either become the
               Selected Developer or to otherwise gain a financial benefit from the
               Project with the very same WMATA staff charged with negotiating
               exclusively with Banneker under the contract,” id.; and

               Mr. Graham “use[d] his jurisdictional vote (either voting ‘no’ or
               ‘abstaining’) [in] both his capacity as a PDRE Committee Member
               and WMATA Board Member to exercise undue influence over the
               terms and conditions that WMATA staff was authorized to and
               responsible for negotiating with Banneker,” id.

               5. Sharing Confidential Information

               Mr. Graham “provided confidential Board information to LaKritz
               Adler about Banneker’s proposal,” id. ¶¶ 134-35.

                       II. JURISDICTION AND LEGAL STANDARDS

       A. Jurisdiction

               The Court has jurisdiction because the parties are diverse and there is a sufficient

amount in controversy. See Banneker I, 19 F. Supp. 3d at 243 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)); see

also Am. Compl. at 99 (Relief Requested); Banneker Notice of Citizenship [Dkt. 37]; Graham

Notice of Citizenship [Dkt. 36]; LaKritz Notice of Citizenship [Dkt. 38].

       B. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim

               Mr. Graham moves to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. A complaint must be sufficient “to give a defendant fair

notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal citations omitted). Although a complaint does not need

detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to



3
 The PDRE Committee is the Planning, Development and Real Estate Committee of the
WMATA Board of Directors. See Am. Compl. ¶ 63.

                                                  8
relief “requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a

cause of action will not do.” Id. The facts alleged “must be enough to raise a right to relief

above the speculative level.” Id. “[A] complaint needs some information about the

circumstances giving rise to the claims.” Aktieselskabet Af 21. Nov. 2001 v. Fame Jeans, Inc.,

525 F.3d 8, 16 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2008). A complaint must contain sufficient factual matter to state a

claim for relief that is “plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. When a plaintiff

pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is

liable for the misconduct alleged, then the claim has facial plausibility. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it

asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. A court must

treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true, “even if doubtful in fact.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at

555. But a court need not accept as true legal conclusions set forth in a complaint. Iqbal, 556

U.S. at 678.

               In deciding a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), a court may consider the facts alleged

in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits or incorporated by reference,

and matters about which the court may take judicial notice. Abhe & Svoboda, Inc. v. Chao, 508

F.3d 1052, 1059 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Generally, when a court relies upon matters outside the

pleadings, a motion to dismiss must be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of

pursuant to Rule 56. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). “However, where a document is referred to in

the complaint and is central to the plaintiff’s claim, such a document attached to the motion

papers may be considered without converting the motion to one for summary judgment.” Nat’l

Shopmen Pension Fund v. Disa, 583 F. Supp. 2d 95, 99 (D.D.C. 2008) (citation omitted).




                                                 9
       C. Absolute Immunity

               “A motion to dismiss is an appropriate vehicle to assert a claim of absolute

immunity.” Stoddard v. Wynn, 168 F. Supp. 3d 124, 129 (D.D.C. 2016). “The burden of

establishing immunity must be borne by the official claiming it.” Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1140

(citing Westfall v. Erwin, 484 U.S. 292, 299 (1988)). Absolute immunity is determined by

applying the two-part test established in Westfall v. Erwin. 484 U.S. 292. Absolute immunity

only shields an official if the “challenged conduct is within the outer perimeter of an official’s

duties and is discretionary in nature.” Id. at 300.

               The purpose of granting immunity to officials when acting within their official

duties is to “insulate the decisionmaking process from the harassment of prospective litigation.”

Id. at 295. If officials are tailoring their actions or making decisions due to potential suit, they

will act less effectively than otherwise, if not so fearful. See Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219,

223 (1988). Absolute immunity is justified only when the benefits outweigh the potential harms;

its use is intended to be sparing. “[C]ourts may, where appropriate, answer the question of

whether an official has acted within the outer perimeter of official duties through limited

evidentiary analysis focusing on the nature and scope of the job duties in question.” Banneker II,

798 F.3d at 1142.

                                          III. ANALYSIS

               The D.C. Circuit directed this Court to conduct a two-part analysis to determine

whether Banneker’s claims against Mr. Graham should be dismissed. First the Court must

determine whether Mr. Graham’s alleged actions were “within the outer perimeter” of his official

duties or discretionary in nature. Westfall, 484 U.S. at 300. An official is not entitled to absolute

immunity from suit for actions that were clearly outside the realm of his official duties or that



                                                  10
were not discretionary. Second the Court assesses whether the remaining allegations sufficiently

state claims of tortious interference or civil conspiracy.

       A. Absolute Immunity

               Official duties extend beyond the “‘title of [the] office’” to cover “‘the duties with

which [the official] is entrusted.’” Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1140 (quoting Barr v. Matteo, 360

U.S. 564, 573 (1959). To determine official duties, a court looks beyond the specific language of

the roles and responsibilities in order to determine the “outer perimeter” of such duties. Westfall,

484 U.S. at 300. An official is not protected by absolute immunity if he “act[ed] in a manner that

is manifestly or palpably beyond his authority,” including the use of “manifestly excessive

means” when acting within his scope of authority. Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1140 (citing Simons

v. Bellinger, 643 F.2d 774, 786 (D.C. Cir. 1980) and McKinney v. Whitfield, 736 F.2d 766, 769-

70 (D.C. Cir. 1984)).

               If an action is part of official duties, a court must then determine if it is

discretionary in nature. As to the latter, the inquiry begins with determining whether “any

statute, regulation, or policy specifically prescribes a course of action for an employee to

follow.” KiSKA Constr. Corp. v. WMATA, 321 F.3d 1151, 1159 (D.C. Cir. 2003). An action is

discretionary unless the statute, regulation, or policy leaves “‘no room for choice.’” Banneker II,

798 F.3d at 1143 (quoting U.S. v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 324 (1991)). “Only alleged conduct

that manifestly violates an ethical proscription or other statute, regulation, or policy that

constrains the exercise of discretion may be subject to liability.” Id. at 1144. If these kinds of

prescribed limitations do not apply, the inquiry must determine whether “the exercise of

discretion is grounded in social, economic, or political goals.” Id. at 1143. Discretionary actions

grounded in such goals “retain governmental function immunity.” Id.



                                                  11
               The Court will consider each category of actions identified above to evaluate the

applicability of absolute immunity. For these purposes, the Court assumes the truthfulness of all

well-plead factual allegations. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 696 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).

               1. Extortion and Vote Bartering.

               The first category of actions includes Mr. Graham’s alleged attempts to extort

Banneker by seeking a contribution to his local political campaign and suggesting that Banneker

support a Business Development Project that Mr. Graham favored. Mr. Graham is also alleged

to have offered to exchange his vote for the D.C. Lottery project in return for Banneker’s

withdrawal from the Florida Avenue Project. Mr. Graham argues that these actions were

communications with developers and part of his official duties to investigate potential

agreements. The Court agrees that Mr. Graham could communicate with prospective WMATA

contractors as part of his official duties as a WMATA Board member and chair, but tying a

developer’s business prospects to Mr. Graham’s fundraising for his personal campaign to retain

his seat on the D.C. Council, as alleged, would exceed the “outer perimeter” of these official

duties.

               The D.C. Circuit has found that Mr. Graham’s attempt to convince Warren

Williams, Banneker’s then-principle, to withdraw Banneker’s bid on the Florida Avenue Project

in exchange for Mr. Graham’s vote in favor of Mr. Williams for the D.C. Lottery contract and

alleged attempts to extort Banneker were outside his official duties. See Banneker II, 798 F.3d at

1141 (finding “to barter a vote in his capacity as member of the D.C. Council for his vote as a

WMATA Board member on the Florida Avenue Project, and attempt[] to extort Banneker . . . are

manifestly beyond the authority of a WMATA Board member”). Without such authority, Mr.

Graham is not protected by absolute immunity and must defend against these allegations.



                                                12
               2. Interference with Development Team Members and Actions

               Mr. Graham argues that his actions in connection with the Florida Avenue Project

are protected under absolute immunity because Board members are tasked with overseeing joint

development projects, authorizing solicitations, approving developer selection, and approving

terms of the contracts. He considers his actions with respect to Donatelli and Metropolis, and

encouraging Banneker to partner with or purchase land from LaKritz Adler to be within the outer

perimeter of his responsibly to research and approve developers. Mr. Graham stresses that his

actions “bear some reasonable relationship to” his duty to investigate and vote on joint

development projects. Kumar v. George Washington University, No. 15-120, 2016 WL

1273186, at *6 (D.D.C. March 31, 2016).

               While a director may take actions not specifically defined or described by the

Joint Development Guidelines to investigate and decide whether to approve a developer, such

actions must be reasonably related to those tasks. Just as “absolute immunity is lost when a

supervisor adopts means beyond the outer perimeter of his authority,” Mr. Graham’s immunity

may have been lost if he adopted unreasonable means in his dealings with prospective WMATA

contractors. McKinney, 736 F.2d at 771. Mr. Graham is alleged to have caused two partners to

withdraw from Banneker’s development team, attempted to cause Banneker to miss a meeting

with WMATA, and acted in his individual capacity to encourage Banneker to add LaKritz Adler

to the project and purchase land from LaKritz Adler. WMATA Board Procedures stress that the

Board acts as a unit and no individual Board member may direct “any WMATA employee or

contractor.” WMATA Board Procedures & Standards of Conduct at 1. Banneker alleges that

Mr. Graham was acting on his own and not as a representative of the Board as a whole. If

proved, such interference with a development team’s composition and proposal would be



                                                13
“manifestly or palpably beyond [Mr. Graham’s] authority” as a Board member and would not

entitled to absolute immunity from suit. Bellinger, 643 F.2d at 786.

               The facts alleged in the Amended Complaint are sufficient to overcome Mr.

Graham’s asserted absolute immunity from suit on these allegations.

               3. Directing WMATA Staff

               Mr. Graham argues that, despite the language in the Procedures for WMATA

Board of Directors—specifically noting that “[n]o member individually shall direct or supervise

the General Manager or any WMATA employee or contractor”—he was permitted, as chair, to

direct WMATA employees if it were related to the investigation or approval of a joint

development project. See Graham 2nd Mot. at 29-32. While it is possible that the custom and

practices of the WMATA Board modified the explicit statement limiting Members’ authority in

its Procedures, such a finding cannot be made on this record. Similarly, in light of the specificity

of the WMATA Board Procedures, the Court cannot find that Mr. Graham’s alleged instructions

to WMATA staff are protected by absolute immunity and that he does not have to defend against

these allegations.

               4. Aggressively Advocating for His Preferences.

               Mr. Graham argues that his actions to promote his preferred developer and shape

the components of the Florida Avenue Project were part of his official duties and protected by

absolute immunity. Banneker complains loudly of nefarious motivations behind Mr. Graham’s

promotion of LaKritz Adler and his efforts to add affordable housing requirements to the Florida

Avenue Project. Contrary to its argument, subjective motives are irrelevant to immunity from

suit for official acts. See Gray v. Poole, 243 F.3d 572, 575 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (recognizing that

suits are prohibited act within the scope of official duties, “even if the official is alleged to have



                                                  14
acted in bad faith”); Barr, 360 U.S. at 570. The question is resolved not by considering Mr.

Graham’s alleged personal motives, but by whether he, as Board chair or member, had

corresponding official duties in connection with joint development projects.

               The WMATA Board as a whole establishes policies, exercises approval,

maintains oversight, authorizes solicitations, approves selections, and approves agreements. In

furtherance of those duties, a Board member may and should express his opinion of development

candidates, suggest additions or changes to projects, show preferences between and among

candidates, and vote accordingly. Thus, advocating for his preferences, even aggressively, was

within the scope of Mr. Graham’s official duties. See Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1141 (finding that

“persuad[ing] his fellow Board members to add an affordable housing requirement to the project

with approving the original Term Sheet” was “an exercise of Graham’s authority as a Board

member”). The Court also finds that WMATA Board members have considerable discretion in

how they might review projects, assess options, and approve selections. As a result, Mr. Graham

is entitled to absolute immunity from suit for his alleged actions as they related to advocating for

a particular developer or adding components to the Florida Avenue Project.

               5. Sharing Confidential Information.

               Mr. Graham argues that “speaking with developers did not manifestly exceed, but

instead was closely related to, a director’s duties.” Graham 2nd Mot. at 38. Further, he contends

that Banneker’s allegations that information was leaked are neither accurate nor advanced in the

Amended Complaint with supporting facts. See id. The applicable Standards of Conduct

prohibit sharing confidential information. See WMATA Board Procedures & Standards of

Conduct at 14 (“Board members shall not . . . disclose or permit others to disclose to anyone

outside the Authority information obtained through their official position with the Authority and



                                                 15
not generally available to the public except where and to the extent necessary to fulfill the Board

Member’s public responsibility.”). The Standards leave no room for discretion; and Banneker is

afforded a presumption of truth to its allegations of fact at this stage in the proceedings. See

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 696. Mr. Graham is not protected by absolute immunity from defending

against these allegations.4

       B. Tortious Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage

               Mr. Graham moves to dismiss Banneker’s claim for tortious interference with

prospective business advantage, also called tortious interference with business expectancy,

because the remaining allegations are not sufficient to state a claim. Under D.C. law, the

elements of a successful claim for tortious interference with a prospective business advantage

are:

               (1) the existence of a valid business relationship or expectancy;

               (2) knowledge of the relationship or expectancy on the part of the
               interferer;

               (3) intentional interference inducing or causing termination of the
               relationship or expectancy; and

               (4) resultant damage.

McNamara v. Picken, 866 F. Supp. 2d 10, 15 (D.D.C. 2012).

               A plaintiff must allege a business expectancy, not grounded in a present

contractual relationship, which is commercially reasonable to expect. See id. at 15. “A valid

business expectancy requires a probability of future contractual or economic relationship and not

a mere possibility.” Robertson v. Cartinhour, 867 F. Supp. 2d 37, 55 (D.D.C. 2012). Because




4
 Notably, the Circuit concluded that Mr. “Graham’s alleged leaking of confidential information
manifestly violated the Standards.” Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1144.

                                                 16
Banneker had a valid Term Sheet, which was an “agreement that bound WMATA to negotiate

exclusively and in good faith with Banneker,” “Banneker had a justified expectation that a

development agreement would be finalized.” Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1134-35. The Amended

Complaint sufficiently alleges Mr. Graham’s knowledge of the Term Sheet and Banneker’s

resulting damage from the failure to consummate a final contract for the Florida Avenue Project.

Recognizing these factors, Mr. Graham’s argument focuses on the sufficiency of the Complaint’s

allegations of intentional interference.

               As discussed above, the D.C. Circuit and/or this Court have already determined

that absolute immunity does not protect Mr. Graham from defending this suit with respect to the

allegations that he attempted to extort Banneker and trade votes, interfered with the composition

of Banneker’s development team and proposal, directed WMATA staff, and leaked confidential

information. These allegations are sufficient to allege intentional interference with prospective

business advantage. The motion to dismiss Count III will be denied.

       C. Tortious Interference with Contract

               Mr. Graham also moves to dismiss Banneker’s claim for tortious interference with

contract for failure to state a claim. The elements of a claim for tortious interference with

contract are: (1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) knowledge of the contract on the part of

the interferer; (3) intentional interference causing termination of the contract or causing a failure

of performance by one of the parties; and (4) resulting damages. See Nanko Shipping, USA v.

Alcoa, Inc., 107 F. Supp. 3d 174, 182-83 (D.D.C. 2015); Onyeoziri v. Spivok, 44 A.3d 279, 286

(D.C. 2012). A plaintiff cannot establish liability without a strong showing of intent to disrupt




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ongoing business relationships. See Genetic Sys. Corp. v. Abbott Labs., 691 F. Supp. 407, 423

(D.D.C. 1988).

               As described above, the Amended Complaint adequately alleges knowledge,

interference, and damages with respect to the allegation of tortious interference with prospective

business advantage; those allegations suffice for the alternative theory of tortious interference

with contract, although double recovery may be scant. The Term Sheet was a contract in itself

with which Mr. Graham allegedly interfered by actions and means beyond his official position.

See Banneker II, 798 F.3d at 1134-35. The motion to dismiss Count IV will be denied.

       D. Civil Conspiracy

               Finally, Count VIII of the Amended Complaint alleges civil conspiracy. The

elements of civil conspiracy are:

               (1) an agreement between two or more persons;

               (2) to participate in an unlawful act, or in a lawful act in an unlawful
               manner; and

               (3) an injury caused by an unlawful overt act performed by one of
               the parties to the agreement

               (4) pursuant to, and in furtherance of, the common scheme.

Exec. Sandwich Shoppe, Inc. v. Carr Realty Corp., 749 A.2d 724, 738 (D.C. 2000) (citing Griva

v. Davison, 637 A.2d 830, 848 (D.C. 1994)). A claim of civil conspiracy “depends on the

performance of some underlying tortious act.” Halberstam v. Welch, 705 F.2d 472, 479 (D.C.

Cir. 1983). Because the Court finds Banneker has adequately alleged tortious interference and

resulting damage, the Complaint sufficiently alleges an underlying tort, or unlawful act, and

injury caused by that act. All well-plead allegations in the Complaint must be taken as true and

Banneker is entitled to the benefit of all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the

allegations. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77. The Complaint includes numerous allegations of

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concerted action in furtherance of the tortious interference by Mr. Graham and LaKritz Adler,

specifically through the sharing of confidential information about Banneker’s proposal and

attempts to involve LaKritz Adler in Banneker’s development team, which are sufficient to

allege an agreement. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 70-71, 73-75, 134-35, 317. The motion to dismiss

Count VIII will be denied.

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

               For the reasons set forth above, Defendant Jim Graham’s Renewed Motion to

Dismiss, Dkt. 88, will be granted in part and denied in part. Allegations that Mr. Graham

exceeded the scope of his official duties by aggressively advocating for his positions, see Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 88, 247, 275, will be dismissed. The motion will otherwise be denied. A

memorializing Order accompanies this Opinion.



Date: December 22, 2016                                            /s/
                                                     ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                                     United States District Judge




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