                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 15-1624
                            Filed September 28, 2016


MICHAEL DONTE MOSS,
     Applicant-Appellee,

vs.

STATE OF IOWA,
     Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Arthur E. Gamble,

Judge.



      The State appeals the postconviction court’s grant of postconviction relief

to Michael Donte Moss, following his conviction for first-degree murder.

AFFIRMED.




      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellant.

      Kevin E. Hobbs, West Des Moines, for appellee.




      Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and Bower, JJ.
                                         2


MULLINS, Judge.

       The State appeals the postconviction court’s grant of postconviction relief

(PCR) to Michael Donte Moss following his conviction for first-degree murder.

The State argues the PCR court erred in vacating Moss’s conviction and ordering

a new trial on the ground Moss’s trial counsel were ineffective in failing to object

to the jury instruction on kidnapping, which served as an alternate theory for the

underlying offense in the felony-murder charge. The State contends our prior

decision finding substantial evidence existed to support a finding of guilt for

felony murder by kidnapping is binding in this case.       Alternatively, the State

asserts Moss failed to show his trial counsel had a duty to object to the

instruction based on the case law in existence at the time of trial and Moss failed

to establish prejudice in light of the overwhelming evidence that Moss’s

confinement of the victim was more than incidental to the underlying assault.

Upon our de novo review, we affirm.

       I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       The following undisputed facts were set forth in our opinion on direct

appeal:

       On July 21, 2008, Moss and his friend, Nick Harris, went to
       Oakridge apartments in search of Andrew Hughes, who allegedly
       owed Moss $200. The men located Hughes in an apartment known
       for drug activity. He appeared nervous to see Moss and stated he
       did not have the $200 he owed Moss on his person, but suggested
       they go to his bank to get the money.
               The three men went to the parking lot of the apartment
       complex where Hughes gave Moss the keys to his SUV after Moss
       stated, “I’m driving.” The vehicle would not start with the key in the
       ignition, so Hughes had to hotwire the vehicle. Harris overheard
       Moss tell Hughes he had a gun. Moss also told Hughes if he did
       not have the money, he was going to beat Hughes up. Harris
       observed Hughes to be acting scared and nervous.
                                          3


                The men drove to First National Bank in Ankeny with Moss
         driving the vehicle, Harris sitting directly behind [Hughes] in the
         backseat, and Hughes sitting in the passenger side of the front seat
         across from Moss. They pulled into the drive-through lane and
         Moss sent Hughes’s driver’s license to the teller and asked her for
         the balance on Hughes’s account. After Hughes nodded his
         assent, the teller informed Moss the balance was $4.50. Harris
         saw Moss give Hughes a furious look, although he said nothing.
         Appearing frightened, Hughes attempted to exit the vehicle and
         flee, but he got caught in the seatbelt.
                With the passenger-side door partially open and Hughes
         entangled in the seatbelt, Moss began to speed away. Harris was
         shouting at Moss, “Let him out,” but Moss continued driving at a
         high rate of speed. Harris could not see Hughes’s location and
         asked Moss what happened to him, to which Moss replied, “I think
         he went under the car.” During this time, Moss was repeatedly
         glancing at the side mirror located on the passenger side of the
         vehicle.
                After a drive of approximately 1167 feet, Moss swerved the
         vehicle to the right and drove up over the curb. Hughes was
         dislodged from the seatbelt and left lying near the curb as Moss
         sped away. Although Hughes was still breathing and had a strong
         heart rate, his injuries were severe. He was declared brain dead
         two days later.
                Moss drove the vehicle back to Des Moines where he
         abandoned it on Pennsylvania Avenue. He and Harris went their
         separate ways. Harris later went to the police and reported what
         had occurred.

State v. Moss, No. 10-0079, 2010 WL 5050561, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 8,

2010).

         The State charged Moss with first-degree murder, in violation of Iowa

Code sections 707.1 and 707.2 (2007).          The case was tried to a jury on

November 2–6, 2009. The State presented three alternative theories of murder

in the first degree: premeditated murder and felony murder based on the

predicate felonies of robbery and kidnapping. The jury returned a general verdict

of guilty, which did not state which theory was adopted.          The district court

sentenced Moss to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
                                         4


       Moss appealed his conviction, claiming there was insufficient evidence to

support his conviction under either of the felony-murder theories. He did not

dispute sufficient evidence existed to support his conviction of premeditated

murder. Our court affirmed Moss’s conviction, concluding substantial evidence

existed to support the jury’s finding of guilt under both the kidnapping and the

robbery felony-murder theories.

       On July 19, 2011, Moss filed a pro se application for PCR asserting

numerous claims, including his trial counsel were ineffective in failing to object to

the kidnapping instruction because it did not include a definition of “confinement”

or “removal.” On June 23, 2014, Moss filed an amended pro se application,

again claiming his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in failing to object

to the kidnapping jury instruction.    On April 29, 2015, the PCR court held a

hearing on Moss’s amended application; however, neither side raised this

argument at the hearing. Thus, although one of Moss’s trial attorneys testified at

the PCR hearing, she was not asked to explain any trial strategy she may have

had in failing to object to the court’s instruction or to seek an instruction on the

elements of “confinement” and “removal.”

       On September 10, 2015, the PCR court granted Moss’s application on the

basis Moss’s trial counsel were ineffective in failing to object to the jury

instruction for kidnapping as a predicate felony to support the charge of first-

degree murder because the instruction omitted the intensified tripartite test
                                           5

established in State v. Rich, 305 N.W.2d 739, 745 (Iowa 1981), and in failing to

move for a new trial based upon this legal error.1 The State appeals.

       II.    Scope and Standard of Review

       PCR proceedings are generally reviewed for correction of errors at law.

Nguyen v. State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 750 (Iowa 2016).                When, as here, the

applicant raises an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, we apply a de novo

review. See id.

       III.   Analysis

              A.      Law of the Case

       The State argues our court’s decision on direct appeal, finding substantial

evidence of Moss’s confinement of Hughes far exceeded the confinement

inherent in the underlying felonious assault, was binding on the PCR court and,

therefore, precluded the PCR court from granting Moss’s requested relief.

       Under the doctrine of law of the case, “an appellate decision becomes the

law of the case and is controlling on both the trial court and on any further

appeals in the same case.” Bahl v. City of Asbury, 725 N.W.2d 317, 321 (Iowa

2006) (quoting United Fire & Cas. Co. v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 612 N.W.2d 101, 103

(Iowa 2000)); see also State v. Grosvenor, 402 N.W.2d 402, 405 (Iowa 1987)


1
  The PCR court further found Moss’s appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance
in failing to present an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim based on these
grounds. An ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim “need not be raised on direct
appeal from the criminal proceedings in order to preserve the claim for postconviction
relief purposes.” Iowa Code § 814.7(1) (2013); see also State v. Johnson, 784 N.W.2d
192, 198 (Iowa 2010) (“[W]e hold defendants are no longer required to raise ineffective-
assistance claims on direct appeal, and when they choose to do so, they are not
required to make any particular record in order to preserve the claim for postconviction
relief.”). Thus, we need not determine whether Moss’s appellate counsel rendered
ineffective assistance in failing to raise Moss’s ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel
claim on direct appeal.
                                          6


(“[T]he legal principles announced and the views expressed by a reviewing court

in an opinion, right or wrong, are binding throughout further progress of the case

upon the litigants, the trial court and [appellate] court[s] in later appeals.”). The

doctrine stems from “a public policy against reopening matters which have

already been decided.”      Bahl, 725 N.W.2d at 321.        “[T]he [law-of-the-case]

doctrine does not preclude consideration of issues that could have been, but

were not, raised in the first appeal.” Grosvenor, 402 N.W.2d at 405.

       Moss did not raise the issue of the allegedly deficient kidnapping jury

instruction prior to the filing of his PCR application. Thus, his claim had not

already been decided by a court of review, and the PCR court did not err in

considering the issue for the first time under the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel

rubric in the proceeding below. See id.

              B.     Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       To succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Moss must

show by a preponderance of the evidence: “(1) his trial counsel failed to perform

an essential duty, and (2) this failure resulted in prejudice.” State v. Thorndike,

860 N.W.2d 316, 320 (Iowa 2015) (quoting State v. Adams, 810 N.W.2d 365, 372

(Iowa 2012)); accord Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).

“Under the first prong, ‘we measure counsel’s performance against the standard

of a reasonably competent practitioner.’” Thorndike, 860 N.W.2d at 320 (quoting

State v. Clay, 824 N.W.2d 488, 495 (Iowa 2012)). “Under the second prong,

[Moss] must establish that prejudice resulted from counsel’s failure to perform an

essential duty.” Id. Failure to prove either prong is fatal to the claim. See State

v. Shanahan, 712 N.W.2d 121, 142 (Iowa 2006). In examining Moss’s claim, we
                                          7

presume his trial attorneys performed their duties competently. See Thorndike,

860 N.W.2d at 320.

       The State claims Moss failed to show his trial counsel breached an

essential duty in failing to object to the trial court’s instruction to the jury on

kidnapping as the underlying offense in support of the felony-murder charge.

The State further asserts Moss failed to establish prejudice in light of the

overwhelming evidence that Moss’s confinement of Hughes was more than

incidental to the underlying assault.

       In his amended PCR application, Moss specifically claimed his trial

counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to object to the trial court’s jury

instruction that omitted the definition for “confinement” or “removal” necessary for

kidnapping to serve as the predicate felony in his charge of felony murder.

       Our supreme court has long held:

       [O]ur legislature, in enacting section 710.1 [(kidnapping defined)],
       intended the terms “confines” and “removes” to require more than
       the confinement or removal that is an inherent incident of
       commission of the crime of sexual abuse. Although no minimum
       period of confinement or distance of removal is required for
       conviction of kidnapping, the confinement or removal must
       definitely exceed that normally incidental to the commission of
       sexual abuse. Such confinement or removal must be more than
       slight, inconsequential, or an incident inherent in the crime of
       sexual abuse so that it has a significance independent from sexual
       abuse. Such confinement or removal may exist because it
       substantially increases the risk of harm to the victim, significantly
       lessens the risk of detection, or significantly facilitates escape
       following the consummation of the offense.

Rich, 305 N.W.2d at 745. In subsequent cases, the supreme court applied the

standards delineated in Rich to kidnapping in the context of the commission of

other crimes.   See, e.g., State v. Misner, 410 N.W.2d 216, 223 (Iowa 1987)
                                            8


(affirming kidnapping conviction when inmates armed with shanks and knives

captured and detained guards, forced officers to release a number of prisoners,

and claimed guards were held “hostage” and demands would be forwarded).

       In State v. Doughty, 359 N.W.2d 439, 441 (Iowa 1984), the trial court

minimally instructed the jury on the definition of confinement:

       A person is “confined” when his freedom to move about is
       substantially restricted by force, threat or deception. He may be
       confined either in a place where the restriction commences or in a
       place to which he has been removed. The confinement need not
       exist for any particular length of time, as long as it is for the purpose
       of restricting the person’s freedom to move about.

The supreme court held the defendant “was entitled to the submission of an

instruction pointing out the removal or confinement necessary for first-degree

kidnapping” and “[i]t was not enough . . . that the jurors could have inferred this

from [the language above].” Id. Furthermore, in State v. Ripperger, 514 N.W.2d

740, 750–51 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994), our court concluded an instruction that

included the Rich tripartite test2—without the intensifiers “substantially” and

“significantly”—appropriately conveyed the law and cautioned the jury that the

kidnapping charge must have independent significance apart from the underlying

offense.

       Here, the trial court instructed the jury on kidnapping as follows:

              A person commits kidnapping when the person either
       confines a person or removes a person from one place to another,
       knowing that the person who confines or removes the other person
       has neither the authority nor the consent of the other to do so;
       provided, that to constitute kidnapping the act must be
       accompanied by the following, the intent to inflict serious injury
       upon such person.

2
  The standards announced in Rich have been repeatedly referred to in our case law as
the “Rich tripartite test.” See, e.g., State v. Robinson, 859 N.W.2d 464, 475 (Iowa 2015).
                                         9


      The court’s instruction to the jury did not include the standards established

in Rich and followed in subsequent cases. From the instruction given, the jurors

could not infer the confinement or removal that was necessary for kidnapping to

serve as the underlying offense in support of the felony-murder charge. See

Doughty, 359 N.W.2d at 441.       Furthermore, we agree with the PCR court’s

assessment that no reasonable trial strategy is apparent from the record because

a proper Rich instruction would only have intensified the State’s burden of proof.

See Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134, 143 (Iowa 2001) (“Miscalculated trial

strategies and mere mistakes in judgment normally do not rise to the level of

ineffective assistance of counsel.”).        Thus, we conclude the trial court’s

instruction on kidnapping was erroneous.

      Our supreme court has held that counsel’s “failure to recognize an

erroneous [jury] instruction and preserve error [by objecting to it] breaches an

essential duty,” supporting a claim of ineffective assistance. State v. Ondayog,

722 N.W.2d 778, 785 (Iowa 2006). Based on our de novo review of the record,

we agree with the PCR court that Moss’s trial counsel breached an essential duty

in failing to object to the trial court’s instruction on kidnapping, which served as

an alternate predicate felony in support of the felony-murder charge.

      We now turn to whether prejudice resulted from trial counsel’s failure to

perform an essential duty. Prejudice is the “reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Ondayog, 722 N.W.2d at

784 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).         In the ineffective-assistance-of-
                                         10


counsel context, “the instruction complained of [must be] of such a nature that

the resulting conviction violate[s] due process.” State v. Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d

185, 196 (Iowa 2008) (alterations in original) (citation omitted).        Whether a

defendant can show prejudice in cases challenging jury instructions as erroneous

largely depends on the facts and circumstances of the case. We must determine

whether there is a reasonable probability the jury would have reached a different

verdict assuming a jury instruction including the standards announced in Rich

was properly given.

       The PCR court determined Moss was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s

failure to object to the jury instruction in question because “the evidence [did not]

clearly establish[] the prerequisites for confinement or removal independent of

the underlying crime.” The court found the evidence presented by the State “was

less than overwhelming” and this was a close case that should have been

submitted to a “properly instructed . . . jury to decide the question without

speculation and conjecture.” The PCR court reasoned:

       [A] jury could reasonably find that [Hughes] did not voluntarily
       accompany Moss to the bank; that Moss said, “I’m driving”; that
       Moss threatened to beat up [Hughes] and said he had a gun before
       they got to the bank; and that he had specific intent to commit
       serious injury by dragging [Hughes] 1167 feet from the bank’s
       drive-up window. On the other hand, a properly instructed jury
       could reasonably find that [Hughes] suggested going to the bank;
       that [Hughes] gave Moss the keys and hotwired his own car; that
       Moss did not brandish a weapon; that Moss did not restrain
       [Hughes] within the car; that appearing in front of a drive-up teller at
       a bank that would typically have surveillance cameras did not
       substantially increase the risk of harm to [Hughes], significantly
       lessen the risk of detention, or significantly facilitate the risk of
       escape; and that Moss did not anticipate [Hughes]’s sudden
       attempt to bolt from the car. Thus, a properly instructed reasonable
       jury could have reasonably concluded that the State failed to prove
       beyond a reasonable doubt that the confinement or removal of
                                            11


       [Hughes] was not incidental to the assault and was substantially
       more heinous as to constitute kidnapping and murder.

(Footnote omitted.) The PCR court concluded its “confidence in the outcome is

substantially undermined by the error in the trial court’s jury instructions.”

       The State argues our court already considered the evidence in light of the

standards set forth in Rich on direct appeal and ultimately concluded the

evidence that Moss dragged Hughes for 1167 feet while Hughes was entangled

in his seatbelt established confinement “far greater than the mere moments [in

which] an assault would ordinarily take place” and was not “normally incidental to

assault with intent to inflict serious injury.” Moss, 2010 WL 5050561, at *5. The

State urges us to conclude our earlier opinion is the law of the case and

established that Moss was not prejudiced by his trial counsel’s error in failing to

object to the erroneous instruction.3 However, the State neglects the crucial

detail of the differing standards of review and burdens of proof at issue in this

case on direct appeal and PCR. We will not substitute our judgment on direct

appeal—when we found substantial evidence sufficient to convince the jury of

Moss’s guilt while viewing the record in the light most favorable to the State—for

that of a more stringent standard in a new trial before a properly instructed jury,

3
  The State also argues the PCR court improperly relied on Justice Wiggins’s special
concurrence in Robinson because it was not the law in effect at the time of Moss’s trial in
2009. See Robinson, 859 N.W.2d at 487–88 (Wiggins, J., concurring specially) (stating
that the trial court’s instruction on the confinement necessary for kidnapping—which did
not include the Rich intensifiers “substantially” and “significantly”—would have been
reversible error on direct appeal if counsel had objected). Justice Wiggins concluded he
would have found the challenge to the instruction “was a claim worth raising” and
counsel provided ineffective assistance in failing to object to the instruction. See id. at
492. We find Moss’s claim on PCR that the instruction on kidnapping was erroneous
because it did not instruct the jury on the confinement or removal necessary for
kidnapping under the law in effect at the time of Moss’s trial. See Ripperger, 514
N.W.2d at 751; Misner, 410 N.W.2d at 223; Doughty, 359 N.W.2d at 441; Rich, 305
N.W.2d at 745.
                                          12

see State v. Hensley, 534 N.W.2d 379, 384 (Iowa 1995) (concluding sufficiency

of the evidence is a lesser standard than overwhelming evidence), especially in

such a close factual case when it is unclear on our de novo review of the record

the point at which Moss’s confinement or removal of Hughes began.

       We conclude, although the jury could have found Moss’s confinement and

removal of Hughes was not merely incidental to the underlying assault, we

cannot say the record contains overwhelming evidence to compel the jury to

reach that result. See Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d at 197 (concluding trial counsel’s

failure to object to the court’s erroneous jury instruction did not prejudice the

defendant because overwhelming evidence existed to support the guilty verdict);

see also Boose v. State, No. 13-1130, 2014 WL 7343218, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App.

Dec. 24, 2014) (applying the “overwhelming evidence” standard cited in Maxwell

to the applicant’s ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim in a PCR action).

Thus, under these circumstances, we cannot conclude Moss was not prejudiced

by trial counsel’s failure to object to the erroneous jury instruction.

       IV.    Conclusion

       Because trial counsels’ failure to object to the trial court’s kidnapping

instruction, which served as an alternate theory for the underlying offense in the

felony-murder charge, was deficient performance and resulted in prejudice to

Moss, we affirm the postconviction court’s ruling granting his PCR application.

Moss is entitled to a new trial.

       AFFIRMED.
