                                                                                              Filed
                                                                                        Washington State
                                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Division Two

                                                                                         March 17, 2020

      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
    CURTIS GLAVIN NEHRING,                                          No. 52217-9-II

                                Respondent,

         v.

    DEBORAH KATHERINE NEHRING,                                UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                Appellant.

        LEE, A.C.J. — Deborah Nehring appeals the superior court’s final orders dissolving her

marriage to Curtis Nehring.1      The superior court entered the dissolution based on binding

arbitration. Deborah argues we should reverse the final orders because the arbitration was not

properly recorded and the arbitration order is not supported by substantial evidence. Because

neither of these issues are statutory grounds for vacating an arbitration award, we affirm the

superior court’s orders in this case.

        Curtis requests attorney fees for responding to a frivolous appeal. We agree and grant

Curtis’s request for attorney fees.

                                              FACTS

        Deborah and Curtis were married for 44 years. Curtis filed a petition for dissolution of the

parties’ marriage. The parties stipulated to binding arbitration. The parties agreed the arbitration

would decide the following issues: (1) the division of property and debts, (2) spousal maintenance,


1
 Because the parties have the same last name, their first names are used for clarity. We intend no
disrespect.
No. 52217-9-II



(3) attorney fees, professional fees and costs, and (4) any other unresolved issues within the

pleadings.

       Following arbitration, the arbitrator issued a ruling and made the following distribution of

the property associated with the husband’s income and business assets:

       15. The Columbia River Bar Pilot Safety Net Program is analogous to an annuity
            which will pay Husband at such time as he retires as a bar pilot. It is fair and
            equitable that whatever amount Husband receives at the conclusion of his
            employment from the Safety Net be equally divided between the parties. This
            determination is also related to the fact that Husband will receive considerably
            more in Social Security than Wife and because the court declines to award
            indefinite support. Each party will be responsible to pay tax on their one-half
            share.
       ....
       19. Through his employment as a Columbia River bar pilot, Husband has various
            business interests including Saddle Mountain, Inc., Stop Water, LLC and
            Columbia River Bar Pilot’s, LLC. During the pendency of the case, Husband
            received a payment of $4,387 for Kapok which is no longer operating.
       ....
       22. The Stop Water, LLC shall be awarded to Wife at the time Husband receives
            payment for that asset.
       23. It is fair and equitable for Wife to be awarded the balance of the Columbia
            River Bar Pilot’s, LLC, which relates to a pay out of accounts receivable at the
            time Husband departs his employment. The court finds that asset to be valued
            at $30,460 at present.
       24. Husband’s interest in Saddle Mountain, Inc. is, at present, found to be
            $410,000. That asset shall be awarded to Husband exclusively. In allocating
            these business interests, it is recognized that Wife may not be able to be
            awarded the asset in the traditional sense. Husband will need to, in essence,
            hold these in trust for Wife until he is eligible to receive them, at which time
            he will provide 100% of Stopwater and CRBP LLC payouts to Wife along with
            all necessary documentation.

Third Supplemental Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 1319-21. The arbitrator also made the following

determination regarding maintenance,

       26. Husband’s income is determined to be $480,000. Based upon the statutory
           facts as set forth in RCW 26.09.090, it is fair and equitable for Husband to pay
           spousal maintenance of $13,500 per month. In the event Husband reverts to
           half time employment, Husband’s obligation shall be reduced by 50%. This



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           support award shall be secured by life insurance for so long as support is
           owing.
       27. The court finds that Husband’s support obligation shall be terminated at such
           time as he permanently leaves his employment at the Columbia River Bar
           Pilots.

Third Suppl. CP at 1322. As to the parties’ outstanding tax debt, the arbitrator found,

       8.   The parties have substantial debt owing to the federal government for unpaid
            taxes. Both parties are expected to enter into payment agreements with the
            Internal Revenue Service through their respective professional representatives.
            The current amount of the IRS liability exceeds $370,000.
       ....
       20. Regarding the parties’ IRS debt, the only allocation the court can make is that
            the parties remain equally responsible for the liability owing. The court further
            finds that in the event either party loses their home due to the federal tax
            liability or if the asset allocation as provided for herein is frustrated by the
            collection efforts of the IRS, it would be a basis to adjust the allocation of
            property and/or maintenance as set forth herein.

Third Suppl. CP at 1317, 1320-21. The arbitrator also included a detailed distribution of assets

and liabilities. Based on the detailed property distribution, the husband was awarded 45.3 percent

of the marital assets and the wife was awarded 54.7 percent of the marital assets.

       The superior court entered final orders consistent with the arbitrator’s decision. Debbie

filed a motion for reconsideration with the superior court. The superior court denied Debbie’s

motion for reconsideration.

       Debbie appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

       Debbie argues that we should vacate the superior court’s final orders and the arbitration

decision underlying the award. Debbie asserts that we should vacate the arbitration award because

the arbitration was not fully recorded, the arbitrator’s decision was not supported by substantial

evidence, and “any terms in the final orders that leave a spouse in an unjust situation is facial legal

error.” Reply Br. of Appellant at 1. We apply the limited standard of review statutorily applicable


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No. 52217-9-II



to arbitrations and reject Debbie’s assertion that any allegedly unjust property distribution is facial

legal error. Accordingly, we affirm the arbitration award and the resulting final orders.

A.     LEGAL STANDARDS FOR REVIEWING ARBITRATION AWARD

       In her opening brief, Debbie argues that we should vacate the final orders and the

underlying arbitration award because the arbitration was not fully recorded and the arbitrator’s

award was not supported by substantial evidence. Debbie only cites to the standards of review we

would apply to a superior court’s dissolution orders following a trial. Debbie does not cite to the

statutory standards for reviewing arbitration awards in the Uniform Arbitration Act, chapter 7.04A

RCW, or the judicially recognized standards for reviewing arbitration awards.

       In response, Curtis argues that our review of an arbitration award is extremely limited and

Debbie fails to demonstrate any of the grounds that would support vacating an arbitration award.

Specifically, Curtis asserts that our review is limited to facial legal error. Curtis also asserts that

the parties cannot “stipulate around” the statutory limits of review in a stipulated order for

arbitration. Br. of Resp’t at 19. We agree with Curtis.

       As an initial matter, the stipulated order for binding arbitration states, “Each party shall

have the right to appeal the arbitrator’s determination thusly entered on the same basis as if the

judge had rendered the determination after an evidentiary trial.” CP at 266. However, Barnett v.

Hicks makes clear that “[l]itigants cannot stipulate to jurisdiction nor can they create their own

boundaries of review [for arbitrations].” 119 Wn.2d 151, 161, 829 P.2d 1087 (1992). Therefore,

despite the parties’ stipulation, our scope of review is limited to the statutory grounds in the

Uniform Arbitration Act, chapter 7.04A RCW.

       Under the Uniform Arbitration Act, judicial review of an arbitration award is extremely

limited because Washington courts accord “substantial finality” to an arbitrator’s decision.


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No. 52217-9-II



Davidson v. Hensen, 135 Wn.2d 112, 118-19, 954 P.2d 1327 (1998). A court may only vacate an

arbitrator’s award based on the statutory grounds listed in RCW 7.04A.230. Westmark Props.,

Inc. v. McGuire, 53 Wn. App. 400, 402, 766 P.2d 1146 (1989) (citing former RCW 7.04.160

(1943), recodified as RWC 7.04A.230).

          RCW 7.04A.230(1) provides that an arbitration award may be vacated if:

                  (a) The award was procured by corruption, fraud, or other undue means;
                  (b) There was:
                  (i) Evident partiality by an arbitrator appointed as a neutral;
                  (ii) Corruption by an arbitrator; or
                  (iii) Misconduct by an arbitrator prejudicing the rights of a party to the
          arbitration proceeding;
                  (c) An arbitrator refused to postpone the hearing upon showing of sufficient
          cause for postponement, refused to consider evidence material to the controversy,
          or otherwise conducted the hearing contrary to RCW 7.04A.150, so as to prejudice
          substantially the rights of a party to the arbitration proceeding;
                  (d) An arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s powers;
                  (e) There was no agreement to arbitrate, unless the person participated in
          the arbitration proceeding without raising the objection under RCW 7.04A.150(3)
          not later than the commencement of the arbitration hearing; or
                  (f) The arbitration was conducted without proper notice of the initiation of
          an arbitration as required in RCW 7.04A.090 so as to prejudice substantially the
          rights of a party to the arbitration proceeding.

These grounds must appear on the face of the arbitration award. Westmark Props., 53 Wn. App.

at 402.

          We will also vacate an arbitration award if there is facial legal error.2 Broom v. Morgan

Stanley DW Inc., 169 Wn.2d 231, 239, 236 P.3d 182 (2010). The facial legal error standard is a




2
  The facial legal error standard is contained in RCW 7.04A.230(1)(d) because an arbitrator
exceeds his or her powers when the arbitration award contains an error of law. Broom v. Morgan,
169 Wn.2d 231, 240, 236 P.3d 182 (2010) (citing former RCW 7.04.160 (1943), recodified as
RCW 7.04.230).



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No. 52217-9-II



very narrow ground for vacating an arbitration award. Broom, 169 Wn.2d at 239. The court has

explained,

       When judicial review is limited to the face of the award, the purposes of arbitration
       are furthered while obvious legal error is avoided. But courts may not search the
       arbitral proceedings for any legal error, courts do not look to the merits of the case,
       and they do not reexamine evidence. Despite arguments to the contrary, the facial
       legal error standard does not permit courts to conduct a trial de novo when
       reviewing an arbitration award.

Broom, 169 Wn.2d at 239. We apply this standard carefully and we only use it to vacate an

arbitration award in rare circumstances. Broom, 169 Wn.2d at 239.

B.     ISSUES CHALLENGING THE ARBITRATION AWARD3

       1. Recording of Arbitration Proceedings

       Debbie argues that certain portions of the arbitration were not recorded per the parties’

agreement. This does not meet any of the defined statutory criteria in RCW 7.04A.230(1). And

because the failure to record certain portions of the arbitration does not appear on the face of the

award, it cannot be a facial legal error. Accordingly, the alleged failure to record certain,

unidentified portions of the arbitration is not a statutory ground for vacating the arbitration award

under RCW 7.04A.230(1).




3
  We note that Debbie does not identify, address, or apply the standard for reviewing and vacating
an arbitration award in her opening brief. Generally, we will not consider issues or assignments
of error that are not supported by argument or citation to authority. RAP 10.3(a)(6); Bercier v.
Kiga, 127 Wn. App. 809, 824, 103 P.3d 232 (2004), review denied, 155 Wn.2d 1015 (2005). And
“[p]assing treatment of an issue or lack of reasoned argument is insufficient to merit judicial
consideration.” Holland v. City of Tacoma, 90 Wn. App. 533, 538, 954 P.2d 290, review denied,
136 Wn.2d 1015 (1998). However, here, we exercise our discretion and address whether the issues
that Debbie raised satisfy any of the statutory grounds for vacating an arbitration award.



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No. 52217-9-II



        2. Substantial Evidence

        Debbie argues that the arbitrator’s findings of fact are not supported by substantial

evidence. However, we do not review the evidence supporting an arbitration award. Westmark

Props., 53 Wn. App. at 402. None of the statutory criteria in RCW 7.04A.230(1)(a)-(f) involves

evaluating the evidence underlying the arbitrator’s decision. And under the facial legal standard,

we are precluded from evaluating the merits of the case or reexamining the evidence, both of which

would be required to evaluate Debbie’s claim that the arbitrator’s findings are not supported by

substantial evidence. Broom, 169 Wn.2d at 239. Therefore, lack of substantial evidence cannot

be a facial legal error.

        Debbie also argues that Broom and related case law do not address arbitrations in

dissolutions of marriages and, therefore, “it is not legal authority for review of dissolution

arbitrations or, at the very least, is weak authority.” Reply Br. of Appellant at 1. However, RCW

7.04A.030(2) provides that, after July 1, 2006, “this chapter governs agreements to arbitrate even

if the arbitration agreement was entered into before January 1, 2006.” Here, the parties entered

into a stipulated order for binding arbitration on March 21, 2017, well after July 1, 2006.

Therefore, under RCW 7.04A.030(2), the Uniform Arbitration Act applies to the parties arbitration

agreement.

        Because the Uniform Arbitration Act applies to this case, case law interpreting and

applying the Uniform Arbitration Act also applies. And because lack of substantial evidence

cannot be facial legal error, Debbie fails to satisfy any of the statutory grounds under RCW

7.04A.230(1) for vacating the arbitration award.




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No. 52217-9-II



       3. Property Distribution

       Debbie argues that in a dissolution, any unjust property distribution is a facial legal error.

However, Debbie does not explain how the terms of the dissolution order render the order facially

erroneous. She only claims “[i]t is plain and obvious that these byzantine final orders are facial

legal error.” Reply Br. of Appellant at 1.

       Although the order in this case contains some highly detailed provisions, the terms of those

provisions are clearly set out. And the complexity of the order reflects the complexity of the assets

that are being distributed in the order. Moreover, there is no legal basis for asserting that an order

is unjust simply because it is complicated, let alone that an order meets the facial legal error

standard of review simply because it is complicated. DeHeer v. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 60

Wn.2d 122, 126, 372 P.2d 193 (1962) (“Where no authorities are cited in support of a proposition,

the court is not required to search out authorities, but may assume that counsel, after diligent

search, has found none.”). Accordingly, the argument that the order in this case is facially

erroneous fails.

       Debbie also implies that the orders are unjust because they require future litigation and do

not provide her with finality and security. Debbie asserts that Shaffer v. Shaffer, 43 Wn.2d 629,

630-31, 262 P.2d 763 (1953), requires finality in dissolution decrees. However, Shaffer does not

support Debbie’s argument.

       In Shaffer v. Shaffer, the trial court awarded the couple’s primary property asset to the

couple as joint owners or tenants in common. 43 Wn.2d at 629. The Supreme Court determined

that the parties “have a right to have their respective interests in their property after they are

divorced, definitely and finally determined in the decree which divorces them[,]” and the trial court

failed to do this by essentially leaving the property as community property. 43 Wn.2d at 631. The


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No. 52217-9-II



Supreme Court reversed the trial court because the trial court failed to perform its statutory

responsibility to divide property in a dissolution. 43 Wn.2d at 630-1. Shaffer does not stand for

the proposition that a trial court’s dissolution is unjust or improper if it does not provide absolute

finality for the parties. Rather, Shaffer simply requires that the trial court perform its statutory

duty to actually determine the parties’ interests in the property subject to distribution. 43 Wn.2d

at 630-31.

        Here, there is no facial legal error because the arbitrator, and the subsequent final orders

entered by the superior court, actually determined the parties’ interest in all of the distributed

properties. Although the actual amount and time of distribution of that interest will not be

determined until some point in the future, that is not the same as the trial court simply refusing to

distribute property and leaving it as joint community property. Accordingly, Debbie’s argument

that the lack of finality in the order is facial legal error also fails.

        Moreover, dissolutions, distribution of property, and maintenance are all determined by

clear statutory criteria. RCW 26.09.080 requires a just and equitable division of property, it does

not require finality. Nothing on the face of the superior court’s order or the arbitration award

demonstrates that the arbitrator failed to consider the statutory criteria required by RCW 26.09.080

or made an unjust award of property in violation of RCW 26.09.080.

        Similarly, maintenance is determined by RCW 26.09.090 and requires an award of

maintenance as the court, or in this case, arbitrator, deems just. It does not require maintenance

for a set period of time or for a set amount. And nothing in RCW 26.09.090 prohibits the

termination of maintenance when a spouse’s employment terminates.                   Accordingly, the

maintenance provision in the final orders is not unjust on its face and it is not a facial legal error.




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No. 52217-9-II



        Debbie has failed to demonstrate that there is any facial legal error in the arbitration award

or the superior court’s order adopting the arbitration award. Therefore, Debbie has failed to show

a statutory basis under RCW 7.04A.230(1) for vacating the arbitration award. Accordingly, we

affirm the arbitration award and the superior court’s orders.

                                 ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL

        Curtis argues that he should be awarded attorneys’ fees on appeal as sanctions for

responding to Debbie’s frivolous appeal. RAP 18.9(a) authorizes this court to order a party who

files a frivolous appeal to pay attorney fees to the opposing party. “‘[A]n appeal is frivolous if

there are no debatable issues upon which reasonable minds might differ, and it is so totally devoid

of merit that there was no reasonable possibility of reversal.’” Granville Condo. Homeowners

Ass’n v. Kuehner, 177 Wn. App. 543, 557-58, 312 P.3d 702 (2013). We award Curtis attorney

fees for responding to Debbie’s frivolous appeal.

        Here, Debbie did not address the appropriate statutory standard for vacating an arbitration

award in her opening brief, she raised issues that cannot satisfy the standard for facial legal error,

and her final argument—that a complicated order must be unjust and facial legal error—is devoid

of any merit and has no reasonable chance of resulting in a reversal. Therefore, Debbie’s appeal

is frivolous.

        Accordingly, we affirm the superior court’s final orders in this case, and we award Curtis

attorney fees on appeal.




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No. 52217-9-II



        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.




                                                    Lee, A.C.J.
 We concur:



 Worswick, J.




 Cruser, J.




                                               11
