                                STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                     IN SUPREME COURT

                                          A14-2130

Hennepin County                                                                Gildea, C.J.
                                                                  Took no part, McKeig, J.
State of Minnesota,

                             Respondent,

vs.                                                             Filed: September 14, 2016
                                                                Office of Appellate Courts
Marlon Rashaad Robertson,

                             Appellant.

                               ________________________


Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Kelly O’Neill Moller, Assistant
Hennepin County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for respondent.

Bradford Colbert, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for appellant.

                               ________________________

                                       SYLLABUS

       1.      The State presented sufficient evidence to sustain appellant’s convictions.

       2.      The district court did not commit reversible error by disallowing certain

defense evidence offered at trial.

       3.      Appellant was not denied his constitutional right to the effective assistance

of trial counsel.




                                              1
       4.     Appellant, who was not a juvenile at the time the crime was committed, was

not entitled to a sentencing hearing under Miller v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2455

(2012).

       5.     Appellant’s pro se claims lack merit.

       Affirmed.

                                       OPINION

GILDEA, Chief Justice.

       Following a jury trial, appellant Marlon Rashaad Robertson was convicted of

several offenses, including first-degree premeditated murder for the shooting death of

Kevin Braziel, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.185(a)(1) (2014). On direct appeal,

Robertson presents a number of claims. First, he claims the State presented insufficient

evidence to sustain his convictions. Second, he contends the district court committed

reversible error when it disallowed certain defense evidence at trial. Third, he asserts he

was denied effective assistance of counsel when trial counsel decided not to interview a

potential witness. Fourth, he claims he was entitled to a sentencing hearing under Miller

v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012). Finally, he asserts various other claims

in a pro se supplemental brief.      Because the evidence was sufficient to sustain the

convictions, the district court did not commit reversible error by disallowing defense

evidence offered at trial, Robertson was not denied effective assistance of trial counsel, he

was not entitled to a sentencing hearing under Miller v. Alabama, and his pro se claims

lack merit, we affirm.




                                             2
       The shooting at issue happened in June 2013 but the State’s theory at trial was that

the shooting was related to a robbery that occurred in April 2013. Kevin Braziel’s friend,

M.S., was the victim of that robbery. M.S. was at a party at the home of Robertson’s

girlfriend. During the party, three of Robertson’s gang associates robbed M.S. at gunpoint.

M.S. identified the robbers as M.B., K.W., and W.J. Robertson was also present during

the robbery, though M.S. stated that Robertson “wasn’t really an active participant.” A

few days after the robbery, Robertson sent M.S. a Facebook message stating, “It’s crazy

how y[o]u turn[ed] on me.” M.S. responded by accusing Robertson of setting up the

robbery and noting that Robertson did not come to his aid when the other individuals

robbed and threatened to kill him. Robertson later sent a series of Facebook messages to

an unidentified friend, claiming that M.S. admitted to being a snitch, “ha[d] police cards in

his pockets,” and was responsible for the incarceration of one of Robertson’s friends.

       Two months later, on June 24, 2013, Braziel was shot and killed while talking to

M.S. and J.H. in a North Minneapolis parking lot.1 The State contended that Robertson’s

intended target was M.S., a “known prosecution witness” in connection with the April

robbery. Rather than shooting M.S., however, Robertson shot Braziel.

       S.L. was nearby when the shooting happened. She had opened the driver’s side

door of her vehicle and was changing her shoes when she noticed a young adult black male

with a dark complexion, of average height (5’8 to 5’10) and average build, walking

eastward. The individual was 5 to 7 feet away from S.L. as he passed behind her car. She



1
       J.H. was a father-figure to Braziel.

                                              3
saw “some[]” of the individual’s face, but got a better look at his clothing and footwear.

The individual was wearing “[a] white shirt with wording on it and tan jeans,” and a pair

of Timberland boots that “were [] a distinctive autumn color” that S.L. had “never seen []

before.” S.L. explained that she specifically noticed the boots and her “eyes drew to them”

because she had planned on asking the individual where he had purchased them. Shortly

thereafter, she heard six to seven “boom[s]” and saw “shells flying.” Three of the bullets

struck Braziel.2 S.L. then saw the same individual walk back behind her car, with “his

hand underneath his shirt like he was tucking something away.” The individual ran

westward, and S.L. heard someone calling out for help.

       When the police arrived at the scene, Braziel was bleeding heavily and unable to

speak. J.H. told the officers that he did not see the shooter. M.S. asked to be taken to the

police station before providing a statement. Once he arrived at the station, M.S. stated that

he, rather than Braziel, was likely the intended victim of the shooting because of the arrests

that were made after he reported the April robbery. Although M.S. initially reported that

he had “nothing to tell” the officers about who was trying to shoot him, he later suggested




2
       One of the bullets travelled through Braziel’s neck, injured his carotid artery, and
ultimately lodged in the base of his tongue. Braziel suffered additional wounds to his left
thigh and his buttocks, and died in the hospital 12 days later, on July 6, 2013. An additional
bullet entered the front window of a café, located directly across from the parking lot. A
piece of the bullet injured a cook at the café, causing coworkers to call 911. Robertson was
convicted of second-degree assault for the injury to the cook.




                                              4
that the YNT (“Young N Thuggin”) or Taliban gangs may have been behind the shooting,

and he told the police the names of those who had robbed him (M.B. and W.J.).3

       An initial search of the scene revealed eight 9-millimeter discharged shell casings

scattered around the alley behind the parking lot. A forensic scientist with the Crime Lab

Unit of the Minneapolis Police Department concluded that, based on the placement of the

casings, the shooter was likely standing in the alley and firing through a gap in a fenced-in

dumpster area, with a view of both the parking lot and the café located directly across from

the parking lot. Multiple security and traffic cameras recorded the events surrounding the

shooting. In addition to recording J.H., M.S., and Braziel as they took cover from the shots,

the footage depicts a blue Oldsmobile with plastic tape covering a small back window, a

car registered to M.B.’s girlfriend, driving down the alley shortly before the shooting. A

man in a white shirt is seated in the front passenger seat. After the shooting, another camera

recorded a man in a white t-shirt running down the alley and through L.S.’s yard.4

       The day after the shooting, June 25, 2013, Robertson published a post to his

Facebook page that read: “Lmfao . . . [they] must forgot solo was on they ass!!!!free my

hittas.” According to law enforcement trained in gang-related crimes, the statement

roughly translates to: “Laughing my [] ass off . . . !!!! Free my friends who have been

charged with a crime.” At the time of the shooting, Robertson’s gang associates W.J. and



3
       M.S. did not report the name of the third robber, later identified as K.W., because
he “didn’t have the name” at the time of his report.
4
      L.S. gave police a limited description of a young black male in a white t-shirt. L.S.
passed away before trial.

                                              5
K.W. were still in jail for the April robbery of M.S. M.B., however, had posted bail and

was no longer in custody. “Solo” was Robertson’s street name.

        Sometime between June 25 and June 27, 2013, Robertson sold the gun used in the

shooting, a gun Devante Parker identified as Robertson’s “heat.” Specifically, Robertson

and M.B. met Parker and his associates in a North Minneapolis alley to sell the gun.5 When

asked if the gun worked, Robertson replied that he knew it worked because he had “just

shot it.” At the time of the sale, the gun’s slide was “cocked back” like it had just been

unloaded.

        Four days after the shooting, S.L. reviewed a photographic lineup of potential

suspects. She originally told police she was not sure she would be able to identify the

shooter in a lineup, but later stated she thought she could recognize the individual she saw

walking down the alleyway before and after the shooting. An officer who was unfamiliar

with the case presented S.L. with a series of six photographs, one at a time, as a sequential

lineup. As she reviewed the photos, S.L. said she was “stuck between” two photos because

“[t]he males looked similar.” According to the officer administering the lineup, S.L. then

“isolated two photos and set the other four aside and seemed to concentrate on [the] two

photos.” The officer informed her that she was not allowed to do this but was instead

required to review all six of the photos if she wished to examine a photo for the second

time.   S.L. eventually identified an individual other than Robertson as the shooter.



5
       Based on a tip from a confidential informant, police arrested Parker for being a felon
in possession of a firearm, Minn. Stat. § 609.165, subd. 1b (2014). Parker admitted to
police that he bought the gun from Robertson.

                                             6
Robertson’s photograph, however, was the other photo S.L. initially set aside for further

review. Following the lineup, the officer informed the investigator on the case that S.L.

was torn between the two photographs she initially isolated, and video footage confirmed

that she was uncertain in her final selection.

       On July 31, 2013, the police executed a search warrant of Robertson’s house and

located a pair of autumn-colored Timberland boots. Police also located a Facebook profile

picture in which Robertson was wearing the distinctive autumn-colored boots and a pair of

tan pants.

       The day after the search, the police interviewed Robertson. Robertson denied his

involvement and stated that he did not know where he was on the day of the shooting. He

did, however, admit that the autumn-colored boots found in his apartment were his and

acknowledged that he exchanged a series of Facebook messages with M.S. following the

robbery. He said that he had heard from multiple people that M.S. was a “snitch,” but that

he “wasn’t positive . . . because he hadn’t seen papers” indicating that M.S. was a

confidential informant. Robertson further stated that he was a member of the Four Corner

Hustler gang, as well as the Black Mob and YNT, and that he associated with members of

the Taliban gang. When asked, Robertson denied knowing that M.B.’s girlfriend owned a

blue Oldsmobile and that M.B. often drove the car.

       On his first night in jail, Robertson placed a recorded phone call to a friend. He told

his friend he was being charged with second-degree murder, but the evidence against him

was “weak.” Robertson stated that all the police were going off of was “my shoes . . . and

a witness.” Robertson then read from his criminal complaint a summary of the evidence


                                                 7
against him. When Robertson read the portion of the complaint describing the autumn-

colored Timberland boots the witness noticed the shooter wearing, he commented, “[t]hey

talking about my Tims.” Lastly, Robertson reported that the police showed him a picture

of a car that he recognized as belonging to M.B.’s girlfriend, the blue Oldsmobile that was

spotted at the scene of the shooting, but Robertson said he told police he did not know who

owned the car.

       After the grand jury indicted Robertson for first-degree premeditated murder,

Robertson released annotated pages from the grand jury transcript to a friend who visited

him in jail. The friend then gave the pages to one of Robertson’s gang associates, who

uploaded copies of the pages to Facebook. The transcript referred to the witnesses who

were present for the sale of the murder weapon and who testified against Robertson only

by letter designation. Nevertheless, Robertson was able to correctly list in the transcript

margins the street names of those witnesses. Robertson also noted the identity of the

confidential informant and the amount of money the informant was paid for “set[ting] up”

Devante Parker’s arrest for possession of the murder weapon. The individual who posted

the transcript pages said that he did so because he wanted to publicize the identities of the

witnesses who were testifying against Robertson.

       Shortly before his case went to trial, Robertson sent a letter to someone who was in

jail with Devante Parker. Robertson instructed the inmate to inform Parker that the State

was going to call Parker as a witness in the case against Robertson, and to tell Parker not

to appear, but that if he did, to assert his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. The letter




                                              8
was signed by “Blackmob Solo,” Robertson’s alias. Parker confirmed that his cellmate

told him that Robertson had written a letter asking Parker to “take [his] plea back.”

       At trial, Robertson did not testify, nor did the defense present any other witnesses.

Rather, defense counsel argued in closing argument that M.S. and Robertson were friends

and that the evidence also supported the conclusion that either M.B. or Devante Parker was

the shooter. The defense also attacked Parker’s credibility, and alleged that he was

colluding with M.B.

       The jury found Robertson guilty on all eight counts charged, including first-degree

premeditated murder, Minn. Stat. § 609.185(a)(1).6 Robertson was convicted of five

counts and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of release. This appeal

follows.

       On appeal, Robertson argues that (1) the State failed to present sufficient evidence

on the identity of the shooter; (2) the district court committed reversible error by

disallowing admission of certain defense evidence at trial; (3) he received ineffective

assistance of trial counsel; and (4) he was entitled to a sentencing hearing under the




6
        Robertson was also found guilty of intentional murder in the second degree, Minn.
Stat. § 609.19, subd. 1(1) (2014) (Braziel); attempted murder in the first degree, Minn. Stat.
§ 609.17 (2014); see Minn. Stat. § 609.185(a)(1) (J.H.); attempted intentional murder in
the second degree, Minn. Stat. § 609.17; see Minn. Stat. § 609.19, subd. 1(1) (J.H.);
attempted felony murder in the first degree, Minn. Stat. § 609.17; see Minn. Stat.
§ 609.185(a)(3) (2014) (M.S.); attempted intentional murder in the second degree, Minn.
Stat. § 609.17; see Minn. Stat. § 609.19, subd. 1(1) (M.S.); aggravated tampering with a
witness in the first degree, Minn. Stat. § 609.498, subd. 1b(a)(1) (2014) (M.S.); and assault
in the second degree, Minn. Stat. § 609.222, subd. 1 (2014) (café cook).

                                              9
Supreme Court’s decision in Miller v. Alabama. Robertson also asserts a number of errors

in a pro se brief. We consider each argument in turn.

                                             I.

       We turn first to Robertson’s argument that the evidence presented at trial was

insufficient to identify Robertson as the shooter. When an appellant challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial, we review the evidence “to determine

whether, given the facts in the record and the legitimate inferences that can be drawn from

those facts, a jury could reasonably conclude that the defendant was guilty of the offense

charged.” State v. Fairbanks, 842 N.W.2d 297, 306-07 (Minn. 2014) (quoting State v.

McArthur, 730 N.W.2d 44, 49 (Minn. 2007)). We view the evidence presented in the light

most favorable to the verdict and assume that the jury disbelieved any evidence in the

record that conflicted with the verdict. State v. Fox, 868 N.W.2d 206, 223 (Minn. 2015).

       Both the State and Robertson address the sufficiency of the evidence under the

circumstantial evidence standard.7 Under that standard, we review the evidence using a

two-step analysis. State v. McAllister, 862 N.W.2d 49, 53 (Minn. 2015). We “[f]irst . . .

identify the circumstances proved, giving deference ‘to the jury’s acceptance of the proof

of these circumstances and rejection of evidence in the record that conflicted with the

circumstances proved by the State.’ ” State v. Anderson, 789 N.W.2d 227, 241-42 (Minn.

2010) (quoting State v. Andersen, 784 N.W.2d 320, 329 (Minn. 2010)).              We then



7
       Because the evidence here is sufficient to identify Robertson as the shooter even
under the stricter circumstantial-evidence standard, we need not resolve whether the direct-
evidence or circumstantial-evidence standard applies here.

                                            10
“independently examine ‘the reasonableness of all inferences that might be drawn from the

circumstances proved,’ including inferences consistent with a hypothesis other than guilt.”

State v. Hurd, 819 N.W.2d 591, 599 (Minn. 2012) (quoting Anderson, 789 N.W.2d at 242).

In order “[t]o sustain a conviction based on circumstantial evidence, the reasonable

inferences that can be drawn from the circumstances proved as a whole must be consistent

with the hypothesis that the accused is guilty and inconsistent with any rational hypothesis

except that of guilt.” Fox, 868 N.W.2d at 223; see also McAllister, 862 N.W.2d at 58.

Applying that standard here, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to identify

Robertson as the shooter.

       The circumstances proved at trial and described above are consistent with a

reasonable inference of guilt. S.L. provided a description of the shooter that included a

pair of distinctive autumn-colored Timberland boots.          A pair of autumn-colored

Timberland boots were recovered from Robertson’s house. Robertson admitted on a

jailhouse phone call that the police discussed his shoes and his description in the criminal

complaint. Robertson had previously argued with M.S. in the months leading up to the

shooting and had a motive to silence him about the robbery, see State v. Silvernail,

831 N.W.2d 594, 600 (Minn. 2013) (using motive to kill as circumstantial evidence of

guilt). Robertson sold the murder weapon the day after the shooting, told the buyer he had

“just shot” the gun so he knew it worked, and later identified the people involved in the

sale, see State v. Olhausen, 681 N.W.2d 21, 29 (Minn. 2004) (recognizing inculpatory

actions taken after a crime was evidence of guilt).       When viewed as a whole, the

circumstances proved support a rational inference that Robertson was the shooter.


                                            11
       We next consider whether the circumstances proved are consistent with a rational

inference other than guilt. Robertson contends that it is reasonable to infer that either M.B.

or Devante Parker was the shooter because the eyewitnesses failed to identify Robertson

in the photographic lineups, there was testimony that he and M.S. were friends and that he

did not actively participate in the robbery, and that his sale of the murder weapon, by itself,

does not point unerringly to guilt. When viewed in isolation, the facts cited by Robertson

might support a rational inference other than guilt. But we view the circumstances proved

as a whole. State v. Boldman, 813 N.W.2d 102, 107 (Minn. 2012).

       Although there is evidence in the record that Robertson and M.S. were friends, there

is also evidence that M.S. had recently “turn[ed]” on Robertson and that M.S. blamed

Robertson for not intervening in the robbery. When there is a conflict in the evidence, we

must defer to the jury’s factual determinations and reject evidence that is inconsistent with

the verdict. See State v. Hawes, 801 N.W.2d 659, 668-69 (Minn. 2011). Additionally,

both S.L. and L.S. saw only one individual flee the area from the location where the shots

were fired, and S.L. testified that the individual was wearing distinctive autumn-colored

Timberland boots. The police found autumn-colored Timberland boots during a search of

Robertson’s home. Robertson admitted during the jail call that the police described his

footwear and his appearance in the criminal complaint against him. During the sale of the

murder weapon, Robertson told Parker that he had “just fired” the gun. In short, when

viewed as a whole, the circumstances proved do not support a rational inference that

someone else was the shooter. We therefore hold that the State presented sufficient

evidence to sustain Robertson’s convictions.


                                              12
                                             II.

       We turn next to Robertson’s argument that the district court committed reversible

error in three evidentiary rulings. Specifically, Robertson argues that the court erred by

refusing to admit Robertson’s entire recorded interview with the police under Minn. R.

Evid. 106. He also argues that the district court erred in sustaining objections to two

questions the defense asked the interrogating officer that were designed to elicit that

Robertson had denied involvement in the shooting. Robertson argues that without the

testimony, the jury was misled. Finally, Robertson argues the court improperly sustained

the State’s hearsay objection when defense counsel asked a police investigator whether

L.S. had failed to identify Robertson.

       A district court’s evidentiary rulings will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of

discretion, and we “largely defer to the trial court’s exercise of discretion in evidentiary

matters and will not lightly overturn a trial court’s evidentiary ruling.” State v. Kelly,

435 N.W.2d 807, 813 (Minn. 1989). Robertson bears the burden to show that the district

court abused its discretion. State v. Atkinson, 774 N.W.2d 584, 594 (Minn. 2009). We

consider each alleged error in turn.

                                             A.

       Robertson first challenges the district court’s denial of his request that the entirety

of his recorded interview with the police be admitted into evidence under Minn. R.

Evid. 106. Rule 106 provides that “[w]hen a writing or recorded statement or part thereof

is introduced by a party, an adverse party may require the introduction at that time of any




                                             13
other part or any other writing or recorded statement which ought in fairness to be

considered contemporaneously with it.”

       Our interpretation of Rule 106 in State v. Bauer confirms that Robertson has not

met his burden to show an abuse of discretion. In Bauer, the State introduced several

incriminating statements by the appellant through the testimony of police officers who

interviewed Bauer during the course of their investigation. 598 N.W.2d 352, 368 (Minn.

1999). We concluded that Rule 106 did not allow the admission of Bauer’s entire recorded

interview where “the state did not introduce any part of the actual recordings [or transcripts]

into evidence.” Id. And we held that “a trial court may properly exclude self-serving

portions of a recorded interview of a criminal defendant, even though it had allowed police

to testify as to certain admissions the defendant made in that interview.” 8 Id. at 368-69

(citing State v. Mills, 562 N.W.2d 276, 286 (Minn. 1997)).

       Here, as in Bauer, the State did not introduce any portion of the actual recording or

transcript of Robertson’s recorded statement. The statements at issue were introduced

through testimony of the interrogating officer. Accordingly, Rule 106, by its plain terms,

does not apply. Moreover, as the district court aptly observed, allowing Robertson to admit

the entire interview under the circumstances of this case would have improperly permitted

Robertson to testify at trial in “an indirect way.” See State v. Taylor, 258 N.W.2d 615, 622

(Minn. 1977) (discussing concerns with the possibility of allowing the defendant to testify



8
      A statement of a party opponent is not hearsay when offered against the party
opponent and several other conditions are met. Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(2); Bauer,
598 N.W.2d at 368.

                                              14
without an opportunity for cross-examination). Finally, the district court informed defense

counsel that “if the defense had portions [of the interview] that they believed were

misleading because qualifications or additional statements about the answers were made

that the State didn’t include, then the rule of completeness would permit the defense to go

into that.” On appeal, Robertson does not point to any specific portions of his police

interview that he contends were needed in response to the district court’s invitation.

Rather, Robertson insists that because the interrogating officer testified about statements

Robertson made, Robertson was entitled to admit the entire transcript of the interview.

Robertson’s argument finds no support in Rule 106.

       Robertson cites United States v. Pacquette, 557 F. App’x 933 (11th Cir. 2014), for

the proposition that the “fairness standard in Rule 106” has been extended to oral

statements. There, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that “the

exculpatory portion of the defendant’s statement should have been admitted if it was

relevant to an issue in the case and necessary to clarify or explain the portion received.”

Id. at 937. Robertson also cites State v. Kiewel, where we held that “[w]here the inculpatory

part [of a conversation] is admitted [the defendant] has the right to have the exculpatory

part” of the conversation admitted. 173 Minn. 473, 479, 217 N.W. 598, 600 (1928).

       Both Pacquette and Kiewel are factually distinguishable. In Pacquette, a defendant

made a statement to the police that he owned an identified bag and all of its contents.

557 F. App’x at 937. Later, the police informed the defendant that drugs had been found

in the bag, but the defendant denied knowledge of the drugs’ presence. Id. At trial, the

police testified that the defendant admitted to owning everything in the bag, insinuating


                                             15
that the defendant claimed ownership of the drugs. Id. The court held that the defendant

should have been allowed to clarify that he denied ownership of the drugs. Id. Similarly,

the jury was left with the impression in Kiewel that the defendant admitted a criminal act

when evidence was introduced that he had entered into a civil settlement in a

misappropriation of property case. 173 Minn. at 479, 217 N.W. at 600-01. Kiewel was

then allowed to introduce evidence that entering into a civil settlement did not amount to

an admission that he had committed a crime. Id. Unlike in Pacquette and Kiewel, the State

in this case did not offer evidence that Robertson told the police he was involved in the

shooting. The jury, therefore, was not left with a misimpression that required clarification.

       Robertson further argues that Rule 106 applies to oral statements admitted at trial

under Minn. R. Evid. 611(a), which allows the court to “exercise reasonable control over

the mode and order of . . . presenting evidence so as to . . . make the . . . presentation

effective for the ascertainment of the truth.” Even if we analyzed the evidentiary ruling at

issue under Rule 611(a), the admission of the entire interview is not necessary to “give the

jury a full understanding of the facts,” nor to correct an impression that Robertson did not

deny involvement in the shooting. See Mills, 562 N.W.2d at 286-87.

       This is so because the interrogating officer did not testify or suggest that Robertson

admitted involvement in the shooting. The officer testified that Robertson said he did not

remember where he was the day of the shooting and that he was not familiar with the blue

Oldsmobile linked to M.B. The officer also testified that Robertson admitted his gang

affiliations and did not deny his confrontational Facebook conversation with M.S., who

Robertson “had heard . . . was a snitch.” The district court also allowed evidence, through


                                             16
the officer, that Robertson claimed ownership of the Timberland boots found in his

apartment and depicted in his Facebook profile picture.

       Moreover, on cross-examination of the officer, defense counsel was allowed to elicit

testimony that Robertson denied having anything to do with the shooting. Defense counsel

also stressed that the officer testified about only a “small part” of the nearly 50-page

interview with Robertson, and that although Robertson admitted he had heard M.S. was a

snitch, he also told the officer that he “never heard” that “people have the green light to

shoot him.” The officer further testified on cross-examination that Robertson claimed he

did not wear the Timberland boots around the time of the shooting, and provided an

explanation for some of the Facebook messages he and M.S. had exchanged. Based on the

cross-examination, Robertson’s contention that the jury was left with a misimpression of

the interview is unavailing.

       In short, our review of the record establishes that the district court exercised

reasonable control over the presentation of evidence. See Minn. R. Evid. 611(a). Based

on this record, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied

Robertson’s request that the entirety of his recorded interview with the police be admitted

into evidence.

                                            B.

       Robertson also contends that the district court committed reversible error when it

sustained the State’s objections to defense counsel’s questions to the interrogating officer

about whether Robertson “denied . . . ever possess[ing] th[e] [9-millimeter] gun” and

whether Robertson ever “admit[ted] to this shooting.” According to Robertson, defense


                                            17
counsel’s questions were proper because the testimony of police officers who had

interviewed Robertson during the course of their investigation left the jurors with the

misleading impression that Robertson did not deny possession of the gun and did not deny

committing the shooting.         The record that we summarize above does not support

Robertson’s contention that the jury was misled.

         But even if the district court abused its discretion by sustaining the State’s objections

to the two questions defense counsel posed, the error was harmless.9 While cross-

examining the officer who interviewed Robertson, defense counsel elicited, without

objection, testimony that Robertson “denied that he had anything to do with the shooting.”

In light of this testimony, the verdict in this case was surely unattributable to the alleged

error.

                                                C.

         Next, Robertson contends that the district court committed reversible error by

sustaining the State’s hearsay objection when defense counsel asked a police investigator

whether L.S. failed to identify Robertson. Defense counsel made no offer of proof in

response to the objection, and argues for the first time on appeal that L.S.’s failure to

identify the shooter was not hearsay, and if it were hearsay, that it should have been

admitted under the residual hearsay exception.


9
        Because Robertson alleges that the district court’s evidentiary rulings deprived him
of his constitutional right to present a complete defense, we must be satisfied that any abuse
of discretion is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Townsend, 546 N.W.2d
292, 297 (Minn. 1996). An evidentiary ruling is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt when
the verdict is “surely unattributable” to the error. State v. Richardson, 670 N.W.2d 267,
279 (Minn. 2003) (quoting State v. Juarez, 572 N.W.2d 286, 292 (Minn. 1997)).

                                                18
       Because Robertson raises these arguments for the first time on appeal, we review

the alleged errors for plain error. Under this standard, Robertson must establish that

(1) there was an error; (2) the error was plain; and (3) the error affected his substantial

rights. State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998). If Robertson fails to establish

that the claimed error affected his substantial rights, we need not consider the first two

factors. State v. Rossberg, 851 N.W.2d 609, 618 (Minn. 2014). On the other hand, if all

“three prongs are established, we will correct the error only if the error seriously affects

the fairness, integrity, or the public reputation of judicial proceedings.” State v. Matthews,

800 N.W.2d 629, 634 (Minn. 2011).

       We first consider whether the district court erred when it concluded that L.S.’s

failure to identify the shooter was hearsay. The Minnesota Rules of Evidence define

hearsay as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial

or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Minn. R. Evid.

801(c). A statement includes “nonverbal conduct . . . if it is intended by the person as an

assertion.”   Minn. R. Evid. 801(a).      Here, Robertson attempted to introduce L.S.’s

nonverbal out-of-court assertion—namely that L.S. was unable to identify the shooter—

for its truth. Consequently, the district court did not err when it concluded that L.S.’s

failure to identify the shooter was a nonverbal assertion that fell within the definition of

hearsay.10


10
       Robertson cites an unpublished Wisconsin decision for the proposition that when
nonverbal conduct is offered for an “implied assertion,” it is not hearsay. Shier v. Fed. Life
Ins. Co., No. 84-261 (Wis. Mar. 21, 1986) (unpublished disposition). The decision cited


                                             19
       Having concluded that L.S.’s inability to identify the shooter was hearsay, we

consider whether the district court committed plain error by not considering sua sponte

whether L.S.’s inability to identify the shooter was admissible under the residual exception

to the hearsay rule, Minn R. Evid. 807.11 We need not and do not consider the first two

steps of the plain error analysis because Robertson has not shown that the alleged error

affected his substantial rights. An error affects substantial rights if there is a reasonable

likelihood that it substantially affects the verdict. Rossberg, 851 N.W.2d at 618. Having

carefully reviewed the record, we conclude that there is no reasonable likelihood that the

verdict would have been substantially affected had the jurors learned that L.S. was unable

to identify Robertson during a photo lineup. The jurors knew that L.S. had provided the

police a “very limited description” of the shooter, telling police only that the shooter was

a young black male in a white t-shirt. Informing the jury that L.S. was unable to identify

Robertson as the shooter in a photo lineup would have added little new information.

Assessing the minimal value of this evidence against the strength of the other evidence of

Robertson’s guilt, which we detail above, makes clear that there is no reasonable likelihood




has no precedential value, Wis. R. App. P. 809.23(3), and in any event is inapposite because
L.S.’s inability to identify the shooter was not offered for an implied assertion. Instead, it
was offered to prove the truth of L.S.’s out-of-court assertion, namely that he was unable
to identify the shooter.
11
       This rule provides that “[a] statement not specifically covered by rule 803 or 804
but having equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, is not excluded by the
hearsay rule, if the court determines that” certain conditions are met. In addition to meeting
the specified requirements, the proponent of the hearsay evidence must “provide the
adverse party with a fair opportunity to prepare to meet it,” including the provision of the
declarant’s “name, address and present whereabouts.” Minn. R. Evid. 807.

                                             20
that the verdict would have been substantially affected had the jurors learned that L.S. was

unable to identify Robertson during a photo lineup. We therefore hold that the district

court did not commit plain error by sustaining the State’s hearsay objection when defense

counsel asked a police investigator whether L.S. had failed to identify Robertson.

                                              III.

       We turn next to Robertson’s contention that he was denied effective assistance of

trial counsel because his attorney failed to interview M.S., the alleged target of the

shooting, or call him as a witness at trial.12 The State responds that defense counsel made

a strategic trial decision to not interview M.S., and that this decision is not subject to review

on appeal.

       To establish a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, Robertson must prove

“(1) that his counsel’s representation ‘fell below an objective standard of reasonableness’;

and (2) ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the




12
        As part of his ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel argument, Robertson relies on
two affidavits that were submitted during a postconviction proceeding that took place
during a stay of his direct appeal, arguing that the postconviction court erred in failing to
hold an evidentiary hearing on this claim. Robertson did not file a separate notice of appeal
within 60 days of the postconviction court’s order as required by our order staying his
direct appeal. State v. Robertson, No. A14-2130, Order at 2 (Minn. filed June 10, 2015).
Instead, he filed a letter dated November 5, 2015, in which he asked “the court to vacate
the stay of the appellate proceedings and set a briefing schedule.” Because the time to file
a notice of appeal from an adverse judgment in a postconviction proceeding is
jurisdictional, Hohenwald v. State, 875 N.W.2d 843, 845 (Minn. 2016), Robertson’s
reliance on the two postconviction affidavits in this direct appeal is improper, and we
therefore do not consider them. When defendants seek to stay a direct appeal to pursue
postconviction relief, they must file a separate notice of appeal if they wish to challenge an
adverse postconviction judgment.

                                               21
result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Nissalke v. State, 861 N.W.2d 88,

94 (Minn. 2015) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984)).

       We do not generally review a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel based on

trial strategy. State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d 248, 267 (Minn. 2014). But even if we were to

review defense counsel’s decision not to interview or call M.S. as a witness, Robertson has

failed to establish that he suffered prejudice from his counsel’s actions. This is so because

the testimony Robertson claims M.S. would have provided was elicited at trial through

other evidence. Because Robertson has failed to establish a claim of ineffective assistance

of trial counsel under Strickland, we hold that he is not entitled to a new trial.

                                              IV.

       We turn next to Robertson’s argument that he was entitled to a sentencing hearing

under Miller v. Alabama, 132 S. Ct. 2455, before being sentenced to life in prison without

the possibility of release. The State responds that the United States Supreme Court has

drawn a bright-line rule limiting the application of Miller to “juvenile” defendants under

the age of 18, and that because Robertson was 22 years old at the time of the shooting,

Miller does not apply in this case. Robertson counters that if Miller does impose a bright-

line age classification, the distinction between 18 and 22-year-olds violates the Equal

Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.

       We recently rejected arguments identical to those Robertson raises in Munt v. State,

880 N.W.2d 379, 383 (Minn. 2016). For the reasons we discussed in Munt, we hold that

Miller does not apply to Robertson, who was 22 years old at the time of the shooting, and

his equal protection argument is meritless.


                                              22
                                             V.

       Finally, Robertson asserts seven pro se claims, a number of which he raises for the

first time on appeal. Robertson argues that (1) he was denied due process of law because

the district court allegedly committed plain error in its jury instructions; (2) he was denied

due process of law based on the suggestive identification during the sequential line-up

provided to witness S.L.; (3) he was denied the right to a fair trial based on alleged

prosecutorial misconduct; (4) he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel when

his attorney requested that the district court provide the jury a “no-adverse-inference”

instruction without Robertson’s clear consent; (5) he was denied a fair trial by the district

court’s allowance of evidence from his Facebook account; (6) the evidence presented at

trial was insufficient as a matter of law to support his conviction of first-degree murder;

and (7) his sentence must be reduced as it exceeded the statutory maximum allowed under

Minnesota law. After carefully considering each argument in full, we conclude that

Robertson’s pro se claims lack merit.

       Affirmed.



       MCKEIG, J., not having been a member of this court at the time of submission, took

no part in the consideration or decision of this case.




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