Filed 10/17/17              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION



                 COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                       DIVISION ONE

                                   STATE OF CALIFORNIA



JOHN PD DOE,                                     D070414

        Plaintiff and Appellant,

        v.                                       (Super. Ct. No. 37-2013-00029313-
                                                 CU-PO-NC)
SAN DIEGO-IMPERIAL COUNCIL et al.,

        Defendants and Respondents.


        APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County,

Timothy M. Casserly, Judge. Reversed.

        Manly Stewart & Finaldi, John C. Manly, Vince W. Finaldi, Sky L. Daley; Esner,

Chang & Boyer, Stuart B. Esner, Andrew N. Chang, Holly N. Boyer and Joseph S.

Persoff for Plaintiff and Appellant.

        White & Amundson, Daniel M. White and Rebecca D. Lack for Defendants and

Respondents.

                                            I.

                                       INTRODUCTION

        Plaintiff John PD Doe was sexually abused by a Boy Scout master beginning in

1998 and continuing for a number of years at a ranch owned and operated by the
defendants, San Diego-Imperial Council and Boy Scouts of America (the defendants). In

2013, many years after the abuse and after Doe obtained psychological therapy, he filed

this action against the defendants. The defendants ultimately demurred to Doe's

complaint on the ground that he failed to file a certificate of merit, as required by Code of

Civil Procedure section 340.1 (section 340.1), which applies to actions to recover

damages for childhood sexual abuse. The trial court sustained the defendants' demurrer

on this ground, without leave to amend. Doe appealed the trial court's judgment, and this

court affirmed the judgment in favor of the defendants in Doe v. San Diego-Imperial

Council (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th.81 (Doe I).

       Following the issuance of the remittitur, the defendants moved for an award of

attorney fees with respect to the fees incurred in defendant Doe's appeal. The defendants

sought attorney fees pursuant to subdivision (q) of section 340.1. That provision

provides that at the conclusion of litigation involving childhood sexual abuse, if the

litigation has come to a "favorable conclusion . . . with respect to any defendant" as to

whom the plaintiff was required to file a certificate of merit, either the defendant or the

court may verify the plaintiff's compliance with the certificate of merit requirement. If

the court finds that the plaintiff failed to comply with the certificate of merit requirement,

the court may award attorney fees to the defendant for whom the certificate of merit

requirement was not met. (§ 340.1, subd. (q).)

       The trial court awarded the defendants the fees that they requested without

analyzing the statutory provision or stating the court's reasoning as to why such fees were

appropriate.

                                              2
       Doe appeals from the trial court's order awarding the defendants attorney fees

resulting from the prior appeal. Doe contends that section 340.1, subdivision (q) was

designed to permit an award of attorney fees only in situations in which there is some

indication that the plaintiff's claim of sexual abuse is without merit, such that the

conclusion of the litigation may be deemed to constitute a " [']favorable conclusion of the

litigation with respect to['] " the defendants for whom a certificate of merit was filed or

should have been filed. Doe asserts that in this case, where the trial court acknowledged

that Doe's claim was not frivolous, and there was no indication that the claim lacked

merit, the defendants were not eligible for an award of attorney fees pursuant to section

340.1, subdivision (q).

       The defendants contend that they are entitled to attorney fees pursuant to section

340.1, subdivision (q) because they obtained a dismissal of the action, and, as a result,

they are prevailing parties and are entitled to attorney fees. They assert that a "favorable

conclusion" is not a prerequisite to an award of attorney fees under section 340.1,

subdivision (q), and that even if a "favorable conclusion" is a prerequisite, the dismissal

of Doe's complaint constitutes such a "favorable conclusion."

       We conclude that a defendant is eligible for an award of attorney fees pursuant to

section 340.1, subdivision (q) only where the litigation has resulted in a "favorable

conclusion" for that defendant, and that a "favorable conclusion" requires a result that is

reflective of the merits of the litigation. In this case, the dismissal of Doe's action was

procured as a result of a procedural defect that does not reflect on the merits of the action.

As a result, there was no "favorable conclusion" with respect to the defendants, and they

                                              3
are therefore not eligible to be awarded their attorney fees pursuant to section 340.1,

subdivision (q). We therefore reverse the order of the trial court awarding the defendants

attorney fees.

                                              II.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

       Plaintiff John Doe was a Boy Scout who attended the Mataguay Scout Ranch (the

Ranch) where Glenn Jordan was an employee. The Ranch is owned and operated by

defendants San Diego-Imperial Council and Boy Scouts of America. As alleged by Doe,

beginning in the summer of 1998, when Doe was 14 years old, and continuing until

approximately 2000, Jordan repeatedly sexually abused Doe. According to Doe, the

defendants knew that Jordan had a propensity to molest children, but they failed to warn

Doe or his family, or other camp attendees.

       In 2003, when Doe was approximately 19 or 20 years old, the defendants provided

counseling for Doe because of the abuse he had suffered. Through the counseling

process, Doe realized that the sexual abuse had caused him to suffer emotional and

psychological problems.

       In November 2012, Doe retained counsel. On January 9, 2013, Doe filed this

action against the defendants alleging various causes of action. After the defendants

demurred, Doe filed a first amended complaint. The defendants again demurred and

moved to strike the complaint, arguing, among other things, that the entire first amended


1     We summarize these facts from the factual background provided in this court's
opinion in Doe I, supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at p. 85.
                                              4
complaint was subject to demurrer or should be stricken because Doe had failed to file

certificates of merit, as required under section 340.1, subdivision (g). The trial court

sustained the demurrer without leave to amend on this ground and concluded that the

motion to strike was moot. After hearing oral argument, the trial court confirmed its

ruling and later entered judgment in favor of the defendants.

       Doe appealed the trial court's judgment, arguing that Insurance Code section

11583 tolled the statute of limitation for his claims. According to Doe, although section

340.1 requires any plaintiff who is 26 years of age or older at the time the action is filed

to file certificates of merit together with the complaint, and even though he was

chronologically 29 years old when he filed his lawsuit, under the tolling provisions

of Insurance Code section 11583, he should have been considered to have been only 20

years old at the time he filed his complaint. (Doe I, supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at p. 85.)

Doe asserted that the tolling provision of Insurance Code section 11583 applied to him as

a result of the defendants' failure to notify him in writing about the statute of limitations

when the defendants provided him counseling for the emotional suffering that he endured

as a result of the sexual abuse. (Doe I, supra, at p. 88.) In the prior appeal in this case,

addressing what was an issue of first impression, this court ultimately disagreed with

Doe's legal argument and affirmed the trial court's judgment, but in doing so, noted that

the statutory framework might prevent plaintiffs from prosecuting even meritorious

claims. (Id. at pp. 87, 90, 92.)

       After the judgment became final, the defendants moved for an award of the

attorney fees that they had incurred on appeal, pursuant to section 340.1, subdivision (q)'s

                                              5
attorney fees provision. The trial court awarded the defendants the fees that they

requested, without explanation. Doe filed a timely appeal from the trial court's order

granting the defendant's motion for attorney fees.

                                              III.

                                       DISCUSSION

       Section 340.1 sets forth procedural guidelines that must be followed when a

plaintiff seeks to pursue a childhood sex abuse claim. Subdivision (g) of section 340.1

requires that any plaintiff who is 26 years of age or older at the time the action is filed

must file certificates of merit together with the complaint. The purpose of the certificate

of merit requirement is to reduce the filing of frivolous claims by imposing a pleading

hurdle. (Jackson v. Doe (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 742, 752 (Jackson).)

       Subdivision (q) of section 340.1 includes the provision's only reference to attorney

fees. That provision states in full:

          "Upon the favorable conclusion of the litigation with respect to any
          defendant for whom a certificate of merit was filed or for whom a
          certificate of merit should have been filed pursuant to this section,
          the court may, upon the motion of a party or upon the court's own
          motion, verify compliance with this section by requiring the attorney
          for the plaintiff who was required by subdivision (h) to execute the
          certificate to reveal the name, address, and telephone number of the
          person or persons consulted with pursuant to subdivision (h) that
          were relied upon by the attorney in preparation of the certificate of
          merit. The name, address, and telephone number shall be disclosed
          to the trial judge in camera and in the absence of the moving party.
          If the court finds there has been a failure to comply with this section,
          the court may order a party, a party's attorney, or both, to pay any




                                               6
          reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, incurred by the
          defendant for whom a certificate of merit should have been filed."2

       The parties dispute the proper interpretation of subdivision (q) of section 340.1.

The defendants contend that a defendant may obtain an attorney fee award any time a

plaintiff has failed to comply with the certificate of merit requirement set forth in

subdivision (h) of section 340.1. Doe contends that a defendant is eligible to obtain


2      Subdivision (h) of section 340.1, as referenced by subdivision (q), provides:
          "(h) Certificates of merit shall be executed by the attorney for the
          plaintiff and by a licensed mental health practitioner selected by the
          plaintiff declaring, respectively, as follows, setting forth the facts
          which support the declaration:
          "(1) That the attorney has reviewed the facts of the case, that the
          attorney has consulted with at least one mental health practitioner
          who is licensed to practice and practices in this state and who the
          attorney reasonably believes is knowledgeable of the relevant facts
          and issues involved in the particular action, and that the attorney has
          concluded on the basis of that review and consultation that there is
          reasonable and meritorious cause for the filing of the action. The
          person consulted may not be a party to the litigation.
          "(2) That the mental health practitioner consulted is licensed to
          practice and practices in this state and is not a party to the action,
          that the practitioner is not treating and has not treated the plaintiff,
          and that the practitioner has interviewed the plaintiff and is
          knowledgeable of the relevant facts and issues involved in the
          particular action, and has concluded, on the basis of his or her
          knowledge of the facts and issues, that in his or her professional
          opinion there is a reasonable basis to believe that the plaintiff had
          been subject to childhood sexual abuse.
          "(3) That the attorney was unable to obtain the consultation required
          by paragraph (1) because a statute of limitations would impair the
          action and that the certificates required by paragraphs (1) and
          (2) could not be obtained before the impairment of the action. If a
          certificate is executed pursuant to this paragraph, the certificates
          required by paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be filed within 60 days after
          filing the complaint."
                                              7
attorney fees only if the plaintiff failed to comply with the certificate of merit

requirement and the defendant obtained a favorable conclusion in the litigation.

       The defendants contend that even if Doe is correct that the defendant must have

obtained a favorable conclusion in the litigation in order for that defendant to be eligible

for an award of attorney fees, this matter was concluded in their favor when the case was

dismissed. Doe counters that the language used in section 340.1, subdivision (q) has

been given specialized meaning by a court that construed the identical phrase in a similar

statute involving claims for malpractice, and that this specialized meaning requires that

the lawsuit have been concluded favorably for the defendants on the merits, rather than

on mere procedural grounds.

A. Statutory interpretation

       "Our primary task in interpreting a statute is to determine the Legislature's intent,

giving effect to the law's purpose. [Citation.] We consider first the words of a statute, as

the most reliable indicator of legislative intent. [Citation.] ' " 'Words must be construed

in context, and statutes must be harmonized, both internally and with each other, to the

extent possible.' [Citation.] Interpretations that lead to absurd results or render words

surplusage are to be avoided." ' " (Tuolumne Jobs & Small Business Alliance v. Superior

Court (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1029, 1037.)

       To the extent that the statutory language is ambiguous, "we may resort to extrinsic

sources, including the ostensible objects to be achieved and the legislative history." (Day

v. City of Fontana (2001) 25 Cal.4th 268, 272.) "If the statutory language permits more

than one reasonable interpretation, courts may consider other aids, such as the statute's

                                               8
purpose, legislative history, and public policy." (Coalition of Concerned Communities,

Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2004) 34 Cal.4th 733, 737; accord, Imperial Merchant

Services, Inc. v. Hunt (2009) 47 Cal.4th 381, 388.) Further, a "statute's every word and

provision should be given effect so that no part is useless, deprived of meaning or

contradictory. Interpretation of the statute should be consistent with the purpose of the

statute and statutory framework." (Fireman's Fund Ins. Co. v. Workers' Comp. Appeals

Bd. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 101, 109–110.) " ' "An interpretation that renders related

provisions nugatory must be avoided [citation]; each sentence must be read not in

isolation but in the light of the statutory scheme [citation]; and if a statute is amenable to

two alternative interpretations, the one that leads to the more reasonable result will be

followed." ' " (People v. Kirk (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 715, 720–721.)

B. Application

       1. The Legislature intended to provide for an award of attorney fees to a
          defendant only "[u]pon the favorable conclusion of the litigation" with
          respect to that defendant

       The parties disagree as to the circumstances under which a defendant is eligible to

be awarded attorney fees pursuant to subdivision (q) of section 340.1.3 Doe contends


3      For ease of reference, we repeat the text of this subdivision here:
           "Upon the favorable conclusion of the litigation with respect to any
           defendant for whom a certificate of merit was filed or for whom a
           certificate of merit should have been filed pursuant to this section,
           the court may, upon the motion of a party or upon the court's own
           motion, verify compliance with this section by requiring the attorney
           for the plaintiff who was required by subdivision (h) to execute the
           certificate to reveal the name, address, and telephone number of the
           person or persons consulted with pursuant to subdivision (h) that
                                               9
that a defendant may be awarded attorney fees "only if it is discovered after the case

concludes with a determination on the merits in favor of the defendant that the plaintiff

did not comply with the certificate of merit requirement."

       The defendants contend that the sentence that refers to attorney fees should be

considered to be separate from the other two sentences in subdivision (q), such that there

is no need for a party to establish that the party obtained a "favorable conclusion" in order

to be eligible for an award of attorney fees. Specifically, the defendants argue:

          "Subdivision (q) consists of three sentences. The first sentence deals
          with a motion to compel disclosure of the name and contact
          information of the person relied upon in preparing the certificate of
          merit. This motion is to be made 'upon the favorable conclusion of
          the litigation.' The second sentence states that any such disclosure
          should be made to the judge in camera. Th[e] third sentence reads
          as follows:

          "If the court finds there has been a failure to comply with this
          section, the court may order a party, a party's attorney, or both, to
          pay any reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, incurred by
          the defendant for whom a certificate of merit should have been filed.
          (Civ. Proc. Code, § 340.l, subd. (q).)

          "Nothing in this third sentence says that a 'favorable conclusion' is
          required for the court to award attorney's fees and no case law
          supports this premise."




          were relied upon by the attorney in preparation of the certificate of
          merit. The name, address, and telephone number shall be disclosed
          to the trial judge in camera and in the absence of the moving party.
          If the court finds there has been a failure to comply with this section,
          the court may order a party, a party's attorney, or both, to pay any
          reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, incurred by the
          defendant for whom a certificate of merit should have been filed."
          (§ 340.1, subd. (q).)
                                             10
       We agree with Doe that the more reasonable interpretation of subdivision (q) is

that all three sentences placed in that subdivision are intended to relate to each other.

Although it is true that the third sentence in subdivision (q), which refers to attorney fees,

does not independently include the phrase "favorable conclusion," that phrase is included

in the first sentence of the subdivision. All three of these sentences involve what may

occur when the litigation has been concluded in a defendant's favor. All three sentences

should be read together. The meaning and impact of doing so is that in a case where the

litigation terminates in a defendant's favor, the defendant or the court may move to verify

the plaintiff's certificate of merit, and, if the court finds a failure to comply with

subdivision (q)'s certificate of merit requirement, the court may award the defendant his

or her reasonable expenses, including attorney fees.

       The defendants' position, that each sentence of subdivision (q) in section 340.1

should be read independently from the other sentences in that subdivision makes little

sense, given the Legislature's use of the subdivision structure in section 340.1. The

organizing structure of the provision, including its framing of a variety of matters into

discrete subdivisions, should be given some effect with respect to the meaning to be

given to the language that appears in those subdivisions. It is patently more reasonable to

conclude that sentences that are placed together in a single subdivision should be

considered to relate to each other, as opposed to being wholly independent from one

another.

       Indeed, others have adopted our interpretation of subdivision (q). In the California

Judges Benchbook, the following explanation of this provision is provided:

                                               11
           "On the favorable conclusion of the litigation with respect to any
           defendant, the judge may, on a party's motion or on the judge's own
           motion, verify compliance with the requirements of CCP §340.1 by
           requiring the plaintiff's attorney to reveal the name, address, and
           telephone number of each person the attorney consulted under CCP
           §340.1(h) and that the attorney relied on in preparing the certificate
           of merit. CCP §340.1(q). This information must be disclosed to the
           judge in chambers and in the absence of the moving party. If the
           judge finds that the attorney failed to comply with the statutory
           requirements, the judge may order the plaintiff and/or the attorney to
           pay any reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, the defendant
           incurred. CCP §340.1(q). A violation of the statutory requirements
           may constitute unprofessional conduct and may be grounds for
           discipline of the plaintiff's attorney. CCP §340.1(k)." (Cal. Judges
           Benchbook: Civil Proceedings Before Trial (CJER 2008) Attacks on
           Pleadings, § 12.189, p. 111.)

       Not only does the structure of subdivision (q) favor this interpretation, but a

review of other subdivisions of section 340.1 also supports an interpretation that allows

for an award of attorney fees only upon a finding that the litigation has been concluded in

a defendant's favor. Specifically, the Legislature placed the attorney fees reference in

subdivision (q), together with the reference to "[u]pon the favorable conclusion of the

litigation with respect to any defendant," and chose not to include a reference to an award

of attorney fees in subdivision (l), which is the subdivision that states that the "failure to

file certificates in accordance with this section shall be grounds for a demurrer pursuant

to Section 430.10 or a motion to strike pursuant to Section 435." If the Legislature had

intended to authorize an award of attorney fees to a defendant in a situation in which a

case is dismissed as a result of a plaintiff's failure to file a certificate of merit as required

by section 340.1, one would expect that the Legislature would have included language in

subdivision (l) to expressly provide that a defendant is eligible to obtain an attorney fee


                                               12
award in connection with a successful demurrer or motion to strike. However, it did not

do so.

         In addition, our interpretation of the statute would effectuate the discernable

purpose of the statute—i.e., a reduction in the filing of frivolous claims. (See Jackson,

supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 752 ["The legislative materials indicate that the purpose of

the certificates of merit requirements is to impose 'pleading hurdles aimed at reducing

frivolous claims' "].) The attorney fee provision in subdivision (q) of section 240.1 is not

a reciprocal provision; it provides for only a defendant to obtain attorney fees. It thus

appears clear that the attorney fee provision is intended to act as a deterrent to the filing

of frivolous claims. A plaintiff risks having to pay the defendant's attorney fees upon the

conclusion of litigation in favor of the defendant on the merits if the plaintiff fails to

comply with the requirements regarding the filing of a certificate of merit.

         The defendants' reliance on Guinn v. Dotson (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 262 (Guinn) is

misplaced. Guinn involved the application of Code of Civil Procedure section 411.35,

which both parties agree imposes an identical certificate of merit requirement with

respect to malpractice actions against certain professionals, and also provides for an

award of attorney fees by use of language that is substantively identical to that found in

subdivision (q) of section 340.1. (See Guinn, supra, 23 Cal.App.4th at pp. 265–266.)4


4     The relevant provision of Code of Civil Procedure section 411.35, subdivision (h)
provides as follows:
            "Upon the favorable conclusion of the litigation with respect to any
            party for whom a certificate of merit was filed or for whom a
            certificate of merit should have been filed pursuant to this section,
                                               13
       In Guinn, the court sustained the defendant's demurrer without leave to amend due

to the plaintiffs' failure to file proper certificate of merit. (Guinn, supra, 23 Cal.App.4th

p. 266.) The court subsequently awarded the defendant attorney fees pursuant to Code of

Civil Procedure section 411.35. However, in doing so, the court declined to award the

defendant his paralegal fees as part of the award of attorney fees. (Guinn, supra, at p.

266.) On appeal, the plaintiffs argued that the trial court abused its discretion in

sustaining the defendant's demurrer to the second amended complaint without leave to

amend and in not ruling on the plaintiff's motion to allow the late filing of a certificate of

merit. (Ibid.) The defendant also appealed, arguing that the trial court had abused its

discretion in refusing to award paralegal fees as part of the fee award. (Ibid.) The

plaintiffs did not contest whether the defendant was eligible to obtain attorney fees under

Code of Civil Procedure section 411.35 as a result of having obtained a favorable

conclusion in the litigation. As a result, the Guinn court had no opportunity to consider

whether the attorney fee provision in Code of Civil Procedure section 411.35 permitted

an award of attorney fees regardless of whether the defendant obtained a favorable

          the trial court may, upon the motion of a party or upon the court's
          own motion, verify compliance with this section, by requiring the
          attorney for the plaintiff or cross-complainant who was required by
          subdivision (b) to execute the certificate to reveal the name, address,
          and telephone number of the person or persons consulted with
          pursuant to subdivision (b) that were relied upon by the attorney in
          preparation of the certificate of merit. The name, address, and
          telephone number shall be disclosed to the trial judge in an in-
          camera proceeding at which the moving party shall not be present.
          If the trial judge finds there has been a failure to comply with this
          section, the court may order a party, a party's attorney, or both, to
          pay any reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, incurred by
          another party as a result of the failure to comply with this section."
                                              14
conclusion in the action. " ' " '[I]t is axiomatic that cases are not authority for

propositions not considered.' " ' " (Riverside County Sheriff's Dept. v. Stiglitz (2014) 60

Cal.4th 624, 641.)

       In addition, in Guinn, the plaintiffs' attempt to comply with an alternative to the

certificate of merit requirement was a sham. Specifically, the plaintiff had filed a "res

ipsa certificate," which would have obviated the need for a certificate of merit under

Code of Civil Procedure section 411.35. (Guinn, supra, 23 Cal.App.4th at p. 266.) The

trial court determined that the statement in the certificate filed with the second amended

complaint stated that the plaintiffs were relying solely on the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur,

but that this statement "was in direct conflict with the allegations of the second amended

complaint." (Ibid.)

       Guinn simply does not stand for the proposition that the defendants suggest it

does. Specifically, Guinn does not support the defendants' contention that a successful

demurrer to a complaint for failure to file the required certificate of merit is sufficient to

entitle a defendant to an award of attorney fees pursuant to section 340.1, subdivision (q),

irrespective of whether the litigation was "favorabl[y] conclu[ded] . . . with respect to

[that] defendant." (§ 340.1, subd. (q).) We therefore conclude that Guinn offers no

persuasive analysis with respect to how to interpret subdivision (q) of section 340.1, and

it does not alter our statutory interpretation of the relevant language.




                                              15
       2. A "favorable conclusion" requires some determination on the merits of the
          action

       The parties disagree as to what the phrase "[u]pon the favorable conclusion of the

litigation with respect to any defendant" means.

       The defendants argue that a "judgment of dismissal in favor of the [defendants],

affirmed by the court of appeal, satisfies [the 'favorable conclusion'] requirement."

(Capitalization & boldface omitted.) Doe contends that in order for there to be a

"favorable conclusion" of litigation with respect to a defendant, there must be some

indication that the conclusion reflects on the merits of the case, "such as a [ruling on a]

motion for summary judgment or a jury verdict."

       We begin by noting that section 340.1, subdivision (q) utilizes the "favorable

conclusion" language, and does not refer to a "prevailing party" or the "prevailing

defendant." Our review of the Code suggests that this "favorable conclusion" language is

found only in section 340.1, subdivision (q) and in Code of Civil Procedure section

411.35, subdivision (h), which is the provision that was at issue in Guinn, supra, 23

Cal.App.4th 262, and which is virtually identical to subdivision (q) of section 340.1.

       Importantly, another court has already interpreted the "favorable conclusion"

language in the context of Code of Civil Procedure section 411.35, subdivision (h). The

court in Korbel v. Chou (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 1427 (Korbel) considered whether a

settlement between the parties constituted a "favorable conclusion" of the litigation for

purposes of an award of attorney fees pursuant to subdivision (h) of section 411.35. The

Korbel court noted that it could find no published opinion "addressing whether a case


                                             16
dismissed pursuant to a settlement is a 'favorable conclusion' "; the Korbel court therefore

looked to authorities that examined the meaning of the phrase "favorable termination" in

the context of a malicious prosecution action. (Korbel, supra, at p. 1430.)

       The Korbel court determined that a "favorable conclusion" within the meaning of

section 411.35, subdivision (h) "is the same as a favorable termination," and that both

require a conclusion that is reflective of the merits of the plaintiff's action. (Korbel,

supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 1431.) "Favorable termination was defined by our Supreme

Court over 50 years ago in Jaffe v. Stone (1941) 18 Cal.2d 146. 'The theory underlying

the requirement of favorable termination is that it tends to indicate the innocence of the

accused . . . . If the accused were actually convicted, the presumption of his [or her] guilt

or of probable cause for the charge would be so strong as to render wholly improper any

action against the instigator of the charge. . . . The same fundamental theory is applied in

testing a dismissal or other termination without a complete trial on the merits. If it is of

such a nature as to indicate the innocence of the accused, it is a favorable termination

sufficient to satisfy the requirement. If, however, the dismissal is on technical grounds,

for procedural reasons, or for any other reason not inconsistent with his [or her] guilt, it

does not constitute a favorable termination.' " (Korbel, supra, at pp. 1431–1432.)

Therefore, " '[i]n order for the termination of the lawsuit to be considered "favorable" to

the malicious prosecution plaintiff, it must be reflective of the merits of the action and of

the plaintiff's innocence of the misconduct alleged therein.' [Citation.] To determine

whether a 'favorable termination' occurred when the 'proceeding is terminated other than

on its merits, the reasons underlying the termination must be examined to see if it reflects

                                              17
the opinion of either the court or the prosecuting party that the action would not

succeed.' " (Id. at p. 1431.)

       The Korbel court noted that there are a number of reasons why "a favorable

conclusion is the same as a favorable termination," and that it is of no consequence that

the Legislature used the word "conclusion" in section 411.35 while the malicious

prosecution law refers to a "termination." (Korbel, supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 1431.)

Significantly, "[t]he purpose of [section 411.35] and a malicious prosecution action are

exactly the same. Subdivision (h)'s purpose is to provide sanctions and attorney fees for

frivolous lawsuits. (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1718 (1987–1988

Reg. Sess.) as introduced May 3, 1988.) The purpose behind a malicious prosecution

action is to provide a remedy for unjustifiable lawsuits. [Citation.] In a section 411.35,

subdivision (h) motion, the litigation must end in a 'favorable conclusion' before

sanctions and attorney fees can be awarded. Similarly, the underlying suit in a malicious

prosecution action must end in a 'favorable termination' or the action cannot be

maintained. In other words, both require the litigation to end favorably before costs or

fees can be awarded for an unjustified lawsuit." (Korbel, supra, at p. 1432.) Further,

such a conclusion "is consistent with basic statutory interpretation." (Ibid.) " '[W]e first

consult the words themselves, giving them their usual and ordinary meaning.' [Citation.]

'Favorable' is defined as 'giving a result that is in one's favor'; 'conclusion' means 'the last

part of anything: close, termination, end.' (Webster's New Internat. Dict. (3d ed. 1961)

pp. 471 & 830.) The plain meaning of 'favorable conclusion' is the litigation ended in



                                               18
defendant's favor. In other words, there was a favorable termination to the litigation."

(Ibid.)

          We agree with the Korbel court's analysis and conclude that, given that section

411.35, subdivision (h) and section 340.1, subdivision (q) use virtually identical

language, it is appropriate to apply the Korbel court's interpretation of "favorable

conclusion" as used in section 411.35, subdivision (h) to that same phrase as used in

section 340.1, subdivision (q).

          3. The dismissal in this case does not reflect on the merits of this
             litigation, and therefore does not constitute a "favorable conclusion"

          We now consider whether the dismissal is this case reflects the opinion of either

the court or the prosecuting party that the action would not succeed, such that the court's

sustaining of defendants' demurrer without leave to amend may be considered a

"favorable conclusion." The dismissal occurred as a result of the sustaining of a demurrer

based on the existence of a procedural defect, i.e., the failure to file the requisite

certificates of merit, and not as a result of the plaintiff or the court viewing the case as

unmeritorious. In fact, in our prior opinion in this matter, this court noted that a dismissal

on the basis of a failure to comply with the certificate of merit requirement does not

necessarily indicate that a plaintiff's claims are without merit: "Even where plaintiffs

may have meritorious claims, their failure to comply with the certificate of merit

requirement prevents them from prosecuting their claims." (Doe I, supra, 239

Cal.App.4th at p. 87.) Here, there is no indication in the record that the merits of Doe's

claims were considered at all, or that the sustaining of the demurrer was the result of a


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determination that his claims were without merit. The absence of any indication that the

termination of this litigation is reflective of the merits of the action precludes a

determination that the litigation was favorably concluded with respect to the defendants.

       Because the dismissal of this action does not constitute a "favorable conclusion" of

the litigation with respect to the defendants, the defendants were not eligible to obtain an

award of attorney fees pursuant to subdivision (q) of section 340.1. The trial court

therefore erred in awarding the defendants attorney fees under this statutory provision.

                                              IV.

                                       DISPOSITION

       The order of the trial court awarding the defendants attorney fees is reversed. Doe

is entitled to costs on appeal.



                                                                         AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

DATO, J.




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