     The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
  constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
  the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
    cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
  Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
           should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.

                                                                  SUMMARY
                                                              March 26, 2020

                                2020COA55

No. 19CA0446, Peo v Vogel — No. 19CA0446, Peo v Vogel —
Criminal Law — Colorado Contraband Forfeiture Act —
Forfeiture Proceedings — Default

     A division of the court of appeals considers (1) the grounds for

entry of a default order in a civil forfeiture case; (2) the

requirements for setting aside a default order of forfeiture; and (3)

whether the procedures in the Colorado Contraband Forfeiture Act

comport with due process. The division affirms the district court’s

orders entering a default order of forfeiture against respondent and

denying respondent’s motion to set aside the default order.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS                                        2020COA55


Court of Appeals No. 19CA0446
Boulder County District Court No. 18CV31019
Honorable Thomas F. Mulvahill, Judge


The People of the State of Colorado,

Petitioner-Appellee,

v.

William Frederick Vogel,

Respondent-Appellant.


                             JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

                                   Division VII
                           Opinion by JUDGE LIPINSKY
                           Fox and Berger, JJ., concur

                           Announced March 26, 2020


Michael Dougherty, District Attorney, Adam D. Kendall, Chief Trial Deputy
District Attorney, Boulder, Colorado, for Petitioner-Appellee

William Frederick Vogel, Pro Se
¶1    Pro se respondent, William Frederick Vogel, appeals the

 district court’s entry of a default order of forfeiture against him. We

 affirm because Vogel failed to comply with the statutory

 requirements for responses to civil forfeiture petitions and,

 therefore, failed to prove that the trial court erred in denying his

 request to set aside the default order.

                            I.    Background

                                 A.   Facts

¶2    Vogel rented space on property in unincorporated Boulder

 County to store five tractor trailers. A confidential source tipped off

 a Boulder County deputy sheriff that marijuana was being illegally

 cultivated in the five tractor trailers. After the deputy sheriff

 corroborated the source’s information, a detective with the Boulder

 County Drug Task Force obtained a search warrant for the

 property.

¶3    During the execution of the search warrant, law enforcement

 officers discovered the five tractor trailers, which they saw housed a

 marijuana grow operation; a generator on a black flatbed trailer (the

 trailer); and approximately 163 marijuana plants. Officers seized




                                      1
 the trailer, along with other items, and held it as evidence in the

 related criminal case filed against Vogel.

¶4    This appeal concerns the civil forfeiture of the trailer. (The

 generator was the subject of civil forfeiture in another case. The

 Boulder County Drug Task Force was awarded the generator by

 default after Vogel failed to appear in that proceeding.)

¶5    The Boulder County District Attorney filed a petition in

 forfeiture to perfect title in the trailer, alleging that the trailer was

 contraband. The District Attorney requested that the district court

 (1) issue a citation to interested persons to show cause why the

 trailer should not be forfeited as contraband pursuant to section

 16-13-503, C.R.S. 2019; and (2) enter a final order perfecting the

 State’s right and interest in, and title to, the trailer, pursuant to

 sections 16-13-503 and 16-13-506, C.R.S. 2019.

¶6    The District Attorney supported the petition with an affidavit

 executed by the deputy sheriff who had received the tip from the

 confidential informant. In the affidavit, the deputy sheriff stated

 that Vogel was at large, with active warrants for five criminal

 charges relating to the marijuana grow operation. Further, the

 affidavit said that Vogel had told the confidential informant that he


                                      2
 intended to set up another marijuana grow operation “in the

 mountains” once he recovered his generator.

¶7    The district court found probable cause to believe the trailer

 was contraband. The court issued a “Citation to Show Cause

 (Advisement)” stating that Vogel would forfeit title to the trailer if he

 did not respond or appear before the court for a show cause hearing

 on the petition set for January 8, 2019. The District Attorney

 served Vogel, who was at the time jailed in Virginia, with the

 citation to show cause, the petition, and the supporting affidavit on

 January 3, 2019. The district court did not receive Vogel’s response

 to the petition before, and Vogel did not appear at, the January 8

 hearing, however.

¶8    Eight days after the hearing, the district court received two

 unsworn “Motions to Quash” from Vogel. Vogel apparently had

 mailed them to the district court from the Virginia jail on January

 7, 2019. In the motions, Vogel asserted, among other contentions,

 that without “photos, VIN identification, or proper serial numbers,”

 he could not substantiate whether the trailer belonged to him. He

 noted that he had owned various pieces of heavy equipment in




                                     3
  Colorado, some of which had been stolen. The district court

  summarily denied the “Motions to Quash” on January 30, 2019.

¶9     On February 13, 2019, the district court entered a default

  order of forfeiture against Vogel pursuant to 16-13-505(8), C.R.S.

  2019. The court found that Vogel had received notice of the claim

  for forfeiture, failed to appear at the January 8 hearing, and failed

  to file a responsive pleading “accepted by the court.” The court

  ordered that the trailer was forfeited to the State in accordance with

  sections 16-13-506 and 16-13-316(2), C.R.S. 2019. Further, the

  court authorized a public sale of the trailer pursuant to section

  16-13-311, C.R.S. 2019, with the sale proceeds to be deposited into

  the court registry for distribution in accordance with section

  16-13-311.

¶ 10   Vogel filed motions for an extension of time to appear in the

  forfeiture case and “properly address this situation with the

  plaintiff,” which the district court received on February 19, 2019,

  and February 26, 2019. The district court summarily denied both

  motions. Vogel also filed “Motions to Appeal for Relief” and

  supporting “Legal Briefs,” which the court received on February 19,

  2019. The district court interpreted the “Motions to Appeal for


                                     4
  Relief” as notices of appeal of the default order of forfeiture and

  concluded that, because “this [c]ourt has already issued a final,

  appealable order, any appeal of this [c]ourt’s order must be taken to

  the Colorado Court of Appeals.” Vogel filed a pro se notice of appeal

  in this court on March 25, 2019.

         B.   The Procedures Governing Civil Forfeiture Actions

¶ 11   Pursuant to a lawful search, a law enforcement officer may

  seize and hold certain property — including vehicles, personal

  property, and fixtures — that the officer has probable cause to

  believe is “contraband.” § 16-13-504(1), C.R.S. 2019. Property is

  “contraband” if it “has been or is being used in any of the acts

  specified in section 16-13-503 or in, upon, or by means of which

  any act under said section has taken or is taking place.”

  § 16-13-504(1).

¶ 12   The acts specified in section 16-13-503 include “[e]ngaging in

  the unlawful manufacture, cultivation, growth, production,

  processing, or distribution for sale of, or sale of, or storing or

  possessing for any unlawful manufacture or distribution for sale of,

  or for sale of, any controlled substance.” § 16-13-503(1)(a).

  Marijuana is a controlled substance. § 18-18-102(5), C.R.S. 2019.


                                      5
  Although article XVIII, section 16 of the Colorado Constitution

  permits the licensed “[c]ultivating, harvesting, processing,

  packaging, transporting, displaying, or possessing” of marijuana

  under specified conditions, such activities remain a criminal offense

  if unlicensed or if they otherwise fall outside the scope of section

  16. See § 18-18-406, C.R.S. 2019.

¶ 13   Once contraband is seized, “[a]ll rights and interest in and title

  to contraband property shall immediately vest in the state . . . ,

  subject only to perfection of title, rights, and interests in accordance

  with this part 5.” § 16-13-504(1).

¶ 14   Section 16-13-505 identifies the procedures through which the

  State can perfect title to contraband under the Colorado

  Contraband Forfeiture Act (the Act), §§ 16-13-501 to -511, C.R.S.

  2019. See also § 16-13-505(4) (explaining that the Colorado Rules

  of Civil Procedure apply to forfeiture proceedings in the absence of

  conflicting language in section 16-13-505).

¶ 15   A prosecuting attorney may initiate a proceeding to perfect

  title to contraband under the Act by filing a petition and a

  supporting affidavit containing the information specified in section

  16-13-505(2)(a). If, based on the petition and affidavit, the court


                                     6
  finds probable cause that the subject property is contraband, as

  defined in the Act, it shall “issue a citation directed to interested

  parties to show cause why the property should not be forfeited. The

  citation shall fix the date and time for a first appearance on the

  petition.” § 16-13-505(2)(b).

¶ 16   A person wishing to contest a forfeiture petition shall, before

  the “first appearance on the petition,” file a response that includes:

             (I)  A statement admitting or denying the
             averments of the petition;

             (II) A statement setting forth with
             particularity why the seized property should
             not be forfeited. The statement shall include
             specific factual and legal grounds supporting it
             and any affirmative defense to forfeiture as
             provided in this part 5.

             (III) A list of witnesses whom the respondent
             intends to call at the hearing on the merits,
             including the addresses and telephone
             numbers thereof; and

             (IV) A verified statement, supported by
             documentation, that the claimant is the true
             owner of the property or an interest therein.

  § 16-13-505(2)(d). No other responsive pleading is permitted. Id.;

  see People v. Merrill, 816 P.2d 958, 959 (Colo. App. 1991) (holding

  that the procedures in the Act are the exclusive means for recovery




                                      7
  of an article seized as “contraband property” under section

  16-13-504(1)).

¶ 17    If a claimant to the subject property who has been properly

  served fails “to appear personally or by counsel on the first

  appearance date or fails to file a response as required by this

  section,” the court shall “forthwith find said person in default and

  enter an order forfeiting said person’s interest in the property and

  distributing the proceeds of forfeiture as provided in this part 5.”

  § 16-13-505(8).

¶ 18    Once a default order of forfeiture is entered, it may be set

  aside only

               upon an express finding by the court that a
               claimant was improperly served through no
               fault of such claimant and had no notice of the
               first appearance on the citation or was
               prevented from appearing and responding due
               to an emergency situation caused by events
               beyond such claimant’s control when such
               claimant had made diligent, good faith, and
               reasonable efforts to prepare a response and
               appear.

  Id.




                                      8
                               C.    Appeal

¶ 19   Vogel raises several challenges to the default order of

  forfeiture. We consider only the issues properly presented in this

  appeal. First, we address whether Vogel complied with the

  statutory requirements for responses in civil forfeiture proceedings.

  Second, we consider whether the district court erred by entering the

  default order of forfeiture. Third, we determine whether the district

  court erred by declining to set aside the default order. Fourth, we

  address whether the district court’s decision not to set aside the

  default order violated Vogel’s due process rights. And fifth, we

  address Vogel’s arguments arising under the Fourth and Sixth

  Amendments to the United States Constitution.

                        II.   Standards of Review

¶ 20   The district court’s interpretation of the civil forfeiture statutes

  is a question of law that we review de novo. Harvey v. Centura

  Health Corp. & Catholic Health Initiatives, 2020 COA 18M, ¶ 10, ___

  P.3d ___, ___. In construing statutes, we give effect to the General

  Assembly’s intent, as determined primarily from the plain language

  of the statute; construe the statute as a whole in an effort to give

  consistent, harmonious, and sensible effect to all its parts, reading


                                     9
  words and phrases in context and according to the rules of

  grammar and common usage; do not engage in further statutory

  analysis if the statutory language is clear and unambiguous; and

  “give effect to every word and render none superfluous.” Id.

  (quoting Baum v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 2019 COA 94, ¶ 35,

  ___ P.3d ___, ___).

¶ 21          In contrast, we apply the abuse of discretion standard in

  reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to set aside a default

  judgment. Borer v. Lewis, 91 P.3d 375, 379 (Colo. 2004); Meyer v.

  Haskett, 251 P.3d 1287, 1292 (Colo. App. 2010); see also People v.

  McBeath, 709 P.2d 38, 39 (Colo. App. 1985) (holding that, in civil

  forfeiture cases, a trial court has “broad latitude” in permitting a

  claimant to file an untimely responsive pleading). A trial court

  abuses its discretion “when its decision is manifestly arbitrary,

  unreasonable, or unfair.” Meyer, 251 P.3d at 1292.

       III.    Vogel Failed to Comply with the Statutory Requirements for
                        Responses in Civil Forfeiture Proceedings

¶ 22          As discussed in Part I.B above, a claimant seeking to prevent

  the State from obtaining title to seized property pursuant to a

  forfeiture petition must file a response to the prosecuting attorney’s



                                         10
  petition that satisfies the four requirements enumerated in section

  16-13-505(2)(d). See § 16-13-505(2)(d)(I)-(IV).

¶ 23   We consider Vogel’s “Motions to Quash” to constitute a

  response to the District Attorney’s petition. Even if we liberally

  construe Vogel’s motions, see People v. Bergerud, 223 P.3d 686, 697

  (Colo. 2010) (explaining that a court must liberally construe a pro

  se party’s pleadings), however, Vogel’s response fell short of the

  requirements in section 16-13-505(2)(d). Vogel arguably met the

  first two requirements in the statute because, in the motions, he

  denied the averments of the District Attorney’s petition and “set[]

  forth with particularity why the seized property should not be

  forfeited.” § 16-13-505(2)(d)(I), (II). But the “Motions to Quash”

  lacked the required witness list and “verified statement, supported

  by documentation, that the claimant is the true owner of the

  property or an interest therein.” § 16-13-505(2)(d)(III), (IV).

  Significantly, Vogel admitted in the motions that, because of his

  incarceration in Virginia, he had “no way to know if [the trailer]

  belongs to him.”

¶ 24   Because the “Motions to Quash” did not comply with the

  statutory requirements for responsive pleadings in civil forfeiture


                                     11
  cases, Vogel did not submit a proper response to the District

  Attorney’s petition. Despite proceeding pro se, Vogel was required

  to follow the law. Viles v. Scofield, 128 Colo. 185, 187, 261 P.2d

  148, 149 (1953) (“If a litigant, for whatever reason, sees fit to rely

  upon his own understanding of legal principles and the procedures

  involved in the courts, he must be prepared to accept the

  consequences of his mistakes and errors.”).

¶ 25   The district court therefore properly denied Vogel’s “Motions to

  Quash.” See § 16-13-505(8); see also Merrill, 816 P.2d at 961

  (holding that the trial court did not err in rejecting a response to a

  civil forfeiture petition that did not allege an interest in the

  purported contraband and was neither verified nor supported by

  documentation).

¶ 26   Because the district court properly denied Vogel’s “Motions to

  Quash,” we need not consider whether the motions were timely filed

  or whether the service on Vogel in Virginia only five days before the

  hearing frustrated the General Assembly’s intent to provide

  claimants with sufficient time to respond to petitions before a

  scheduled hearing. See § 16-13-505(2)(b) (requiring that a hearing

  be set no earlier than thirty-five days from the date of issuance of


                                      12
  the citation, but not prescribing a minimum number of days

  between service on the respondent and the hearing). Vogel

  apparently placed the motions in the mail only four days after he

  was served and one day before the hearing on the petition. See

  C.R.C.P. 5(f) (“Except where personal service is required, a pleading

  or paper filed or served by an inmate confined to an institution is

  timely filed or served if deposited in the institution’s internal

  mailing system on or before the last day for filing or serving. If an

  institution has a system designed for legal mail, the inmate must

  use that system to receive the benefit of this rule.”). But whether

  timely or not, Vogel’s response to the District Attorney’s petition fell

  short of satisfying the statutory requirements.

       IV.   The District Court Properly Entered the Default Order
                    Forfeiting Vogel’s Interest in the Trailer

¶ 27   Section 16-13-505(8) requires that a court find a claimant in a

  civil forfeiture hearing in default if the claimant “is properly served

  with the citation . . . and fails to appear . . . on the first appearance

  date or fails to file a response as required by this section.” See

  People v. Davenport, 998 P.2d 473, 475 (Colo. App. 2000) (“The

  unambiguous language of § 16-13-505(8) imposes alternative, not



                                     13
  cumulative, requirements, and in that circumstance we must apply

  the statute as written.”). Thus, Vogel was not required to appear at

  the January 8, 2019, hearing if, before the hearing, he submitted a

  response that complied with section 16-13-505(2)(d). But, as noted

  above, Vogel did not file a proper response. For this reason, the

  district court did not err by entering the default order forfeiting

  Vogel’s claimed interest in the trailer. See § 16-13-505(8).

   V.    The District Court Did Not Err by Declining to Set Aside the
                                Default Order

¶ 28    A court may set aside a default order of forfeiture if the court

  expressly finds that the claimant was improperly served and had no

  notice of the hearing, or the claimant “was prevented from

  appearing and responding due to an emergency situation caused by

  events beyond such claimant’s control when such claimant had

  made diligent, good faith, and reasonable efforts to prepare a

  response and appear.” § 16-13-505(8).

¶ 29    Vogel’s “Motions to Appeal for Relief” could be construed as

  either a motion to set aside the default order of forfeiture or a notice

  of appeal. The district court concluded that the motions were the

  equivalent of a notice of appeal. The court, therefore, declined to



                                     14
  take action on the motions and informed Vogel that, to appeal the

  order of default, he was required to file an appeal with the Colorado

  Court of Appeals. Even if the district court misconstrued the

  motions, and Vogel instead filed a motion to set aside the default

  order of forfeiture, the “Motions to Appeal for Relief” and “Legal

  Briefs” did not comply with the requirements contained in section

  16-13-505(8) for setting aside a default order of forfeiture.

¶ 30   Because Vogel admits he was served with the petition, the

  supporting affidavit, and the citation to show cause on January 3,

  2019, and because he did not file a proper response to the petition,

  he can succeed in setting aside the default order of forfeiture only if

  he can establish that he “was prevented from appearing and

  responding due to an emergency situation caused by events beyond

  [his] control.” § 16-13-505(8).

¶ 31   Although Vogel was incarcerated at the time he was served,

  the record shows that Vogel was capable of filing, and did file,

  documents with the district court. He is in default not because his

  incarceration prevented him from “appearing and responding,” but

  because the documents he filed did not comply with the statutory

  requirements, even if we were to assume they were timely.


                                    15
¶ 32    Thus, Vogel was not entitled to an order setting aside the

  default order of forfeiture.

  VI.   The Denial of Vogel’s Request to Set Aside the Default Order of
              Forfeiture Did Not Violate His Due Process Rights

¶ 33    We consider Vogel’s assertion that entry of the default order of

  forfeiture violated his due process rights, even though he did not

  support that argument with a substantive legal argument. See

  C.A.R. 28(a)(7)(B) (explaining that an appellant must provide

  “reasoning, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record

  on which the appellant relies”). Because, as noted above, we

  construe Vogel’s assertions liberally, see Bergerud, 223 P.3d at 696,

  we address his cursory due process argument on the merits — to

  the extent we understand it.

¶ 34    “[D]ue process requires an opportunity for a hearing before a

  deprivation of property takes effect.” Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S.

  67, 88 (1972).

             The right to prior notice and a hearing is
             central to the Constitution’s command of due
             process. “The purpose of this requirement is
             not only to ensure abstract fair play to the
             individual. Its purpose, more particularly, is
             to protect his use and possession of property
             from arbitrary encroachment — to minimize



                                    16
             substantively unfair or mistaken deprivations
             of property.”

  United States v. James Daniel Good Real Prop., 510 U.S. 43, 53

  (1993) (quoting Fuentes, 407 U.S. at 80-81).

¶ 35   “The essence of due process is the requirement that ‘a person

  in jeopardy of serious loss [be given] notice of the case against him

  and opportunity to meet it.’” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319,

  348 (1976) (quoting Joint Anti-Fascist Comm. v. McGrath, 341 U.S.

  123, 171-72 (1951) (Frankfurter, J., concurring)). In a civil

  forfeiture case, “due process requires that a prompt post-seizure

  retention hearing before a neutral magistrate be afforded, with

  adequate notice, to all [claimants] . . . .” County of Nassau v.

  Canavan, 802 N.E.2d 616, 625 (N.Y. 2003).

¶ 36   Under the Act, Vogel was entitled to receive — and did receive

  — sufficient notice of the civil forfeiture proceeding. He admittedly

  was served with the District Attorney’s petition, the supporting

  affidavit, and the citation to show cause. Through those

  documents, Vogel received actual notice of

                 the nature of the proceeding;

                 the relief sought;



                                       17
                 the legal basis for the District Attorney’s case;

                 the factual allegations underlying the District

                  Attorney’s contention that the trailer was

                  contraband under section 16-13-503 because it was

                  used in a marijuana grow operation;

                 a description of the trailer;

                 the date, time, and location of the show cause

                  hearing;

                 the deadline for Vogel’s response to the petition; and

                 information about Vogel’s right to seek a

                  continuance of the hearing.

  No more is required to satisfy due process. See James Daniel Good

  Real Prop., 510 U.S. at 53.

¶ 37   Thus, the entry of the default order of foreclosure did not

  violate Vogel’s due process rights.

   VII. Vogel’s Arguments Under the Fourth and Sixth Amendments
                                  Fail

¶ 38   Vogel’s arguments arising under the Fourth and Sixth

  Amendments lack merit on their face. Vogel argues that the search

  that resulted in the seizure of his trailer was unlawful because



                                    18
  there was no proof of a valid warrant and the search had not been

  “proven . . . reasonable.” We disagree.

¶ 39   The affidavit supporting the petition explained that the search

  warrant was the product of an investigation stemming from a

  confidential informant’s tip, as well as other information. A

  detective on the Boulder Country Drug Task Force prepared the

  warrant, which specified the place to be searched and the things to

  be seized, and a judge for the Twentieth Judicial District authorized

  it. See People v. Gall, 30 P.3d 145, 149 (Colo. 2001)

  (“[W]arrants . . . must particularly describe the place to be searched

  and the person or things to be seized.”). Because Vogel provides no

  further information to challenge the validity of the warrant, we

  conclude that Vogel’s argument lacks merit.

¶ 40   Additionally, the district court’s order of default did not violate

  Vogel’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel because Vogel was not

  entitled to appointed counsel in the civil forfeiture proceeding. See

  People v. $30,000 U.S. Currency, 41 Cal. Rptr. 2d 748, 752 (Ct. App.

  1995) (“[M]ost courts to have considered the issue . . . have

  concluded that an indigent party to a civil forfeiture proceeding

  does not have the right to appointed counsel.”).


                                    19
                            VIII. Conclusion

¶ 41   The default order of forfeiture is affirmed.

       JUDGE FOX and JUDGE BERGER concur.




                                    20
