        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                   Assigned on Briefs August 21, 2013 at Knoxville

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. NORMAN G. PAGE

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County
                     No. I-CR085829       Robbie T. Beal, Judge


                No. M2013-00282-CCA-R3-CD - Filed October 8, 2013


The defendant, Norman G. Page, was convicted by a Williamson County Circuit Court jury
of theft of property valued over $1,000 but less than $10,000, a Class D felony, and was
sentenced to twelve years as a career offender in the Department of Correction. On appeal,
he challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence. After review, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

A LAN E. G LENN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J OSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., and
R OGER A. P AGE, J., joined.

Vanessa P. Bryan, District Public Defender; Robert W. Jones (on appeal and at trial) and
Vince Wilcox (at trial), Assistant Public Defenders, for the appellant, Norman G. Page.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Tracy L. Bradshaw, Assistant
Attorney General; Kim R. Helper, District Attorney General; and Mary K. White, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                                           FACTS

       This case involves the theft of multiple packages of razor blades from a Publix
supermarket in Franklin, Tennessee, for which the defendant was charged with theft of
property valued over $1,000 but less than $10,000.

       At trial, Joe Zarcone testified that he was the store manager of the Publix supermarket
located at 2100 Riverside Drive in Franklin. One of his responsibilities as store manager was
monitoring internal and external shrinkage of store merchandise, including theft. On
December 19, 2010, Zarcone and his employees noticed that the store’s two sections of razor
blade cartridges “were void of product.” He explained that a large void of product in a
section is often an indication that a theft had occurred because the store’s computer kept an
accurate inventory of the products on the shelves.

       Publix used a multiple camera digital DVR system to record activity in the store
throughout the day. When Zarcone noticed the missing product, he reviewed the surveillance
video taken earlier that day, which included footage of the store’s two razor blade sections.
The video showed two suspects enter the store. One of the suspects carried a hand basket
and took multiple packages of razor blade cartridges off the shelf and put them into his
basket. That suspect met up with the other suspect, and they exchanged the products and the
basket back and forth between each other on multiple occasions. On at least one occasion,
they concealed products in one of their jackets. The suspects left the store without
purchasing any of the products.

        Zarcone noted that six different “SKUs” of refill razor blade cartridges were
completely void of product in the store that day and that there were typically five or six items
of each SKU in two different sections of the store. He estimated that more than thirty packs
of razor blades were missing that day, ranging in value from $15 to $25 each pack.
        On December 30, 2010, Zarcone personally observed the same two suspects in the
store and they were, once again, “huddled up” and exchanging razor blade products amongst
each other. One suspect helped the other put products inside the other’s jacket. The suspects
left the store without paying for any of the products that day. Zarcone followed them out the
door and stopped and conversed with one of the suspects, later identified as the defendant.
The defendant told Zarcone that he did not have any products on him. However, Zarcone
asserted that the other suspect had products, and then the defendant ran from Zarcone.
Zarcone grabbed the defendant’s jacket when he took off running. The defendant ran to a
late model sedan where the other suspect was waiting, and they drove away. One of
Zarcone’s employees got the license plate number of the car and called the police. Zarcone
gave the responding officer the defendant’s jacket and the cell phone that fell out of the
jacket during the confrontation.

        The store’s video recording detailed the suspicious activity, and Zarcone provided the
videos to the police. The video from December 19 showed one of the suspects in the razor
blade section putting products into his hand basket. The suspect met up with the other
suspect in another section, they huddled together, exchanged the basket, walked around the
store, and exchanged the hand basket back and forth. Zarcone explained that the purpose of
such type of behavior was typically to confuse the store personnel and make it difficult to
stop a suspected thief. The video from December 30 showed the suspects “spend[ing] a great

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deal of time” in the aisle and at the endcap where the razor blades were kept. Some of the
camera angles showed “some sort of transfer of . . . product” between the two suspects. The
video showed the suspects leaving the store separately, and Zarcone trying to catch up with
them outside the store.

        Zarcone identified a photograph of the defendant as the suspect in the light-colored
jacket that he encountered in the store on December 30 and whom he believed to also be the
suspect in the December 19 video. Zarcone was 100% sure of his identification.

        On December 31, 2010, Zarcone took an inventory of the store’s razor blade
cartridges, and the report showed that forty-five units were missing on that date. Zarcone
estimated that, in addition, approximately thirty units were taken on December 19. The
report listed the number of items that should have been in stock for each razor blade cartridge
SKU and the quantity the store actually had on the shelf. Zarcone calculated the total amount
of product missing by multiplying the number of missing items by their price. He determined
that the total retail value of the razor blade cartridges stolen on December 30 was $1,039.45.
Zarcone reiterated that he personally saw the suspects taking products from the shelves and
not purchasing them on December 30.

        Zarcone stated that Publix ran an inventory batch report “almost daily” to ensure that
“out of stocks [were] reported and balanced.” He explained that an employee scanned any
empty shelves, and the computer reported how many items they should have in inventory.
The employee was responsible for checking around the store for misplaced products if the
computer reported that there should be items in stock. At the beginning of the day on both
December 19 and 30, the store did not have any out of stock razor blades, which indicated
that the items “had clearly been taken on that day.” On cross-examination, Zarcone admitted
that the last third-party complete inventory that was taken prior to December 31 occurred on
October 18. However, on redirect, he explained that the inventory was “trued up” on
December 20 or else “the computer would not have re-ordered that product to come here to
be on the shelf on the 30th.”

        Officer Marc Swain, a patrol officer with the Franklin Police Department, testified
that he responded to the Publix call to investigate the theft. Zarcone informed Officer Swain
about the events surrounding the missing inventory and gave him the defendant’s cell phone,
jacket, and vehicle license plate number. He asked Zarcone to do an inventory of the store.
Officer Swain had dispatch run the license plate number and determined that Nina Page was
the registered owner of the car. He also called phone numbers in the cell phone’s contact list
and got a hold of someone named Joe Page who linked the phone to its owner, Nina Page.
Based on his conversation with Joe Page and a later conversation with Nina Page, Officer
Swain identified two possible suspects and obtained driver’s licenses for both individuals.

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He also received copies of the store’s surveillance video footage from Zarcone, which he
reviewed and noted the similarity of the suspects on both dates as well as one suspect’s
similarity to the defendant. Officer Swain arranged photographs of the suspects into two,
six-person photographic arrays for Zarcone to view. Zarcone identified the defendant out of
one of the arrays but was unable to identify the second suspect out of the other array.

       Officer Nick Grandy, a patrol officer with the Franklin Police Department, testified
that he transported the defendant to the police station after he was arrested on the warrant
taken out by Officer Swain for the theft of razor blades from Publix. While in Officer
Grandy’s car, the defendant said, without provocation, that he did not understand why he was
being charged for theft “because he didn’t have anything on him when he left the store.”
Officer Grandy recalled that the defendant made the statement “two or three times after
which point in time he then said, well, maybe misdemeanor theft.”

        Nina Page, the defendant’s mother, testified that she received a phone call from the
Franklin police at some point in December 2010 or January 2011 regarding her cell phone.
She said that the defendant had her cell phone at that time and had had it for about two weeks
prior to the time she received the phone call. She recalled that the defendant apologized to
her for having “[p]ut [her] . . . through all this[.]”

        Following the conclusion of the proof, the jury convicted the defendant as charged of
theft of property valued over $1,000 but less than $10,000.

                                         ANALYSIS

        The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, arguing that
there is “insufficient proof that [he] obtained or exercised control over the entirety of the
merchandise missing from the Publix” or, alternatively, that the State did not present
sufficient evidence to prove that the missing merchandise was valued at $1,039.45.

       In considering this issue, we apply the rule that where sufficiency of the convicting
evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the reviewing court is “whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in
criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is
insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”);
State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600,
604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). The same standard applies whether the finding of guilt is
predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and

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circumstantial evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

        A criminal offense may be established entirely by circumstantial evidence. State v.
Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010). It is for the jury to determine the weight to be
given the circumstantial evidence and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent
with the guilt of the defendant and inconsistent with his innocence. State v. James, 315
S.W.3d 440, 456 (Tenn. 2010). In addition, the State does not have the duty to exclude every
other reasonable hypothesis except that of the defendant’s guilt in order to obtain a
conviction based solely on circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370,
380-81 (Tenn. 2011) (adopting the federal standard of review for cases in which the evidence
is entirely circumstantial).

        All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given
the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754
S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the
trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in
favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our
supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:

              This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
       the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
       to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212
Tenn. 464, 370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence with which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that
on appeal a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is
insufficient.” State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

       To sustain the theft conviction in this case, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant, with the intent to deprive the owner of property, knowingly
obtained or exercised control over property without the owner’s effective consent and that
the value of the property was between $1,000 and $10,000. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-14-103,
-105(a)(3) (Supp. 2012).

       In the light most favorable to the State, the direct and circumstantial evidence is

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sufficient to show that the defendant obtained or exercised control of the missing razor blade
products. Zarcone testified that, on December 19, 2010, he noticed a void of six different
SKUs of refill razor blade cartridges, when there were typically five or six items of each
SKU. He determined that a theft had occurred and reviewed the store’s surveillance footage.
The footage showed one of the suspects in the razor blade section putting products into a
hand basket. The suspect met up with the other suspect in another section, they huddled
together, exchanged the basket, walked around the store, and exchanged the hand basket back
and forth. The suspects left the store without going through the point of purchase. On
December 30, Zarcone noticed the same two suspects inside the store, “huddled up” and
exchanging razor blade products amongst each other. One suspect helped the other put
products inside the other’s jacket. They left the store without paying for any of the products.
Zarcone followed them out the door and stopped and conversed with the defendant. The
defendant told Zarcone that he did not have any products on him, but, when Zarcone asserted
that the other suspect had products, the defendant ran away and met up with the other suspect
who was waiting in a nearby car. The surveillance video from December 30 corroborated
Zarcone’s account.

        Officer Marc Swain investigated the case, which included reviewing the evidence
obtained by Zarcone – the suspect’s cell phone, jacket, and vehicle license plate number, as
well as Publix’s surveillance video footage. Officer Swain determined the owner of the cell
phone and car and identified two possible suspects. He created a six-person photographic
array from which Zarcone identified the defendant with 100% certainty. From his review of
the store’s surveillance video footage, Officer Swain noted the similarity of the suspects on
both dates as well as one suspect’s similarity to the defendant.

        In addition, Officer Grandy’s and Nina Page’s testimony indicated that the defendant
knew he was guilty of a crime. When Officer Grandy transported the defendant following
his arrest, the defendant, without provocation, stated that he may be guilty of misdemeanor
theft. Nina Page, the defendant’s mother, recalled that the defendant apologized to her for
having “[p]ut [her] . . . through all this[.]”

        We conclude that the sum of this direct and circumstantial evidence is sufficient for
a rational trier of fact to find that the defendant obtained or exercised control over the razor
blade products.

       As to the value of the stolen items, Zarcone took an inventory of the store’s razor
blade cartridges on December 31, 2010, and the report showed that forty-five units were
missing on that date. The report listed the number of items that should have been in stock
for each razor blade cartridge SKU and the quantity the store actually had on its shelf.
Zarcone calculated the total amount of product missing by multiplying the number of missing

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items by their price and determined that the total retail value of the razor blade cartridges
stolen on December 30 was $1,039.45. Zarcone reiterated that he personally saw the
suspects taking products from the shelves and not purchasing them on December 30. In
addition, Zarcone estimated that approximately thirty units were taken on December 19.

       Zarcone stated that Publix ran an inventory batch report “almost daily” to ensure that
“out of stocks [were] reported and balanced.” At the beginning of the day on both December
19 and 30, the store did not have any out of stock razor blades, which indicated that the items
“had clearly been taken on that day.” He elaborated that the inventory was “trued up” on
December 20 or else “the computer would not have re-ordered that product to come here to
be on the shelf on the 30th.” We conclude that the inventory report and Zarcone’s testimony
provided a sufficient basis for the jury to conclude that the value of the stolen items was
greater than $1,000 but less than $10,000.

                                       CONCLUSION

         Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.


                                                    _________________________________
                                                    ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




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