                                                                          F I L E D
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           APR 22 2004
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                        PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                  Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Plaintiff - Appellee,                     No. 03-5163
           v.                                           (N.D. Oklahoma)
 ROBERT OWEN TAYLOR,                                (D.C. No. 02-CR-171-K)

                Defendant - Appellant.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT          *




Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge,       ANDERSON and BALDOCK , Circuit
Judges.




       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal.    See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.




       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
       *

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Robert Owen Taylor filed a motion to suppress evidence, claiming the gun

he had thrown out of the car he was driving was obtained by police in violation of

the Fourth Amendment. Following a hearing, the district court denied the motion.

Taylor then entered a conditional guilty plea to a charge of possession of a

firearm and ammunition after having been convicted of a felony, in violation of

18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), and was sentenced to sixteen months’

imprisonment, followed by three years of supervised release, and assessed a fine

of $1000. As permitted by the plea agreement, Taylor now appeals the district

court’s denial of his motion to suppress. For the reasons set forth below, we

affirm.



                                 BACKGROUND

      At approximately 2:30 a.m. on June 30, 2001, a Sunday morning, Tulsa

Police Department officers arrived at the parking lot of the Northridge Shopping

Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in response to a call from the Shopping Center’s

owner, Thomas Riley. Riley asked the police to help him clear the parking lot of

loiterers who did not have business at either of two Shopping Center

establishments (a restaurant and a community center) that remained open at that




                                         -2-
time. 1 The police made an announcement on their public address system,

directing those present who were not at the restaurant or the community center to

return to their vehicles and head for the exits. The police located their police cars

behind the mass of people present, and as vehicles moved towards the exit, the

police slowly followed behind them.

       According to the hearing testimony of Officer Hart, one of the police

officers present, Taylor, who was driving his girlfriend’s Cutlass while she sat in

the passenger seat, initially got “sort of in line” to leave the parking lot. Order at

5, R. Vol. I, tab 19. For reasons not disclosed by the record, another police

officer, Officer Moyer, whose police car was directly behind the Cutlass, turned

his car’s spotlight on. At that point, Taylor left the exiting line of cars and

“headed toward the northeast corner of the parking lot, where no businesses were

open at the time.”   Id. Officer Moyer and Officer Hart, in separate cars, followed

in pursuit with their lights and sirens on. Taylor then turned around and drove

south, passing the restaurant, and reached the far southeast corner of the parking

lot. Officer Hart testified that the Cutlass reached a speed of thirty-five miles per

hour while passing pedestrians near the restaurant. As Taylor brought the Cutlass



       1
        The record indicates that it was not uncommon for people to congregate in
the Shopping Center parking lot on weekend evenings and for police to help clear
the parking lot if a disturbance occurred. In this instance, Riley testified that he
called the police after someone had tried to run him over.

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to a stop in the southeast corner, from which there is no exit, he threw a gun out

of the passenger window. Police recovered the gun, a loaded 9 mm Ruger,

approximately five feet away from the passenger’s door and estimated that the

vehicle had moved two to three feet after the gun was thrown, in the course of

stopping. After finding that Taylor had previously been convicted of a felony,

police charged him with violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), as noted

above.

      Ruling on Taylor’s motion to suppress, the district court held that

      Defendant’s actions of initially complying with the officers’ orders,
      which he had no obligation to do if he was, in fact, conducting
      business at the [restaurant], and then getting out of the exit line and
      pulling behind the officers to an area of the parking lot that had
      already been cleared by the officers and where no businesses were
      open, leads to a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. As such,
      the officers were justified in pursuing and eventually stopping the
      Defendant.

      . . . . Therefore, when Defendant threw the gun out of the passenger
      window as he was coming to a stop, he effectively and voluntarily
      abandoned the gun.

Order at 5-6, R. Vol. I, tab 19 (footnote omitted). Holding that the police’s

seizure of the gun was thus reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, the district

court denied Taylor’s motion.

      On appeal, Taylor argues that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to stop

him and that the district court therefore should have held the seized gun

inadmissible as fruit of the poisonous tree.

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                                      DISCUSSION

       “In reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we accept

the district court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous.”       United

States v. Flynn , 309 F.3d 736, 738 (10th Cir. 2002). “We review            de novo the

ultimate question of whether a search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment.” Id.

       As an initial matter, we reject the government’s argument that the district

court should have denied Taylor’s motion for lack of standing because Taylor

failed to assert a possessory interest in the gun prior to the government’s

presentation of evidence. We have held that “a defendant lacks standing to

complain of an illegal search or seizure of property which has been abandoned”

because he has no expectation of privacy in the property.          United States v.

Garzon , 119 F.3d 1446, 1449 (10th Cir. 1997) (“‘The test for abandonment is

whether an individual has retained any reasonable expectation of privacy in the

[discarded] object.’” (quoting     United States v. Jones , 707 F.2d 1169, 1172 (10th

Cir. 1983))). However, this rule only applies where the abandonment did not

result from an earlier Fourth Amendment violation. “[A]n abandonment that

results from a[n earlier] Fourth Amendment violation cannot be voluntary,” and

the police’s seizure of property involuntarily abandoned is unreasonable as a




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matter of law. United States v. Austin , 66 F.3d 1115, 1118 (10th Cir. 1995);     see

also United States v. Hernandez , 7 F.3d 944, 946-47 (10th Cir. 1993).

      Here, Taylor claims his abandonment of the gun was involuntary because it

resulted from the police’s unreasonable seizure of the Cutlass. It is undisputed

that Taylor, as the Cutlass’s driver, has standing to challenge his own seizure

during the stop of the Cutlass. We therefore consider first whether the Cutlass,

and thus Taylor, was seized at the time Taylor threw the gun out the window, and,

if so, whether that seizure was reasonable. Only if we determine that no prior

Fourth Amendment violation occurred would the issue of standing in regard to the

gun’s seizure come into play. Here, of course, Taylor asserts no retained

expectation of privacy in the gun. Thus, we will hold the government’s seizure of

the gun reasonable as long as we conclude that Taylor’s abandonment of the gun

was voluntary.

      We first consider whether Taylor was seized at the time he threw the gun

out of the car window. A seizure occurs where a defendant submits to the

assertion of authority by the government.     California v. Hodari D. , 499 U.S. 621,

626 (1991). Here, the government argues there was no assertion of authority

because the police officers, pursuing Taylor with their sirens and flashing lights

on, “did not intend to seize” Taylor but “merely wanted him to leave” the parking

lot. Appellee’s Br. at 10. The government cites nothing in the record in support


                                            -6-
of this proposition, and we believe a police car’s flashing lights and sirens

provide a clear direction to stop.

      The government next argues that Taylor’s stop was not an act of submitting

to the police’s assertion of authority but rather resulted from his “trapp[ing]

himself in a corner of the parking lot from which he could not escape.”

Appellee’s Br. at 11. At least part of the reason Taylor was trapped, however,

was that the pursuing police cars did not allow him to leave the corner of the

parking lot once he got there. We believe making a distinction of the sort the

government suggests would be drawing “too fine a line.”     Brower v. County of

Inyo , 489 U.S. 593, 598 (1989).

      The government finally argues that Taylor was not actually stopped at the

time he threw the gun out the window. The district court found that Taylor threw

the gun “as he was coming to a stop.” Order at 6, R. Vol. I, tab 19. Given

Officer Hart’s testimony that the car moved only two to three feet after the gun

was thrown and that the gun was found within seven feet of the car, we do not

consider this finding clearly erroneous. We do not consider the two- or three-foot

gap between throwing the gun and coming to a complete stop significant in light

of the inevitable mechanical delay between Taylor’s decision to stop and making

his vehicle fully comply with that decision.




                                          -7-
       We therefore hold the Cutlass and Taylor were seized at the time Taylor

threw the gun out the car window.

       We next consider whether the seizure of the Cutlass was reasonable. In

performing this analysis, we “examine the events that occurred leading up to the

stop to determine whether the ‘historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of an

objectively reasonable police officer, amount to reasonable suspicion or probable

cause.’” United States v. Vercher , 358 F.3d 1257, 1261 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting

Ornelas v. United States , 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996)). A stop is valid if “‘this

particular officer had reasonable suspicion that this particular motorist violated

any one of the multitude of applicable traffic and equipment regulations of the

jurisdiction.’”   Id. (quoting United States v. Botero-Ospina      , 71 F.3d 783, 787

(10th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (citation omitted)).

       Here, the district court determined the police had “a reasonable suspicion

of criminal activity” without reference to any specific violation of law. Order at

6, R. Vol. I, tab 19. We have previously reversed a denial of a motion to suppress

where there was no “specific factual basis for suspecting that a       particular crime

was being committed by [the defendant] at the time he was detained.”          United

States v. Davis , 94 F.3d 1465, 1470 (10th Cir. 1996) (emphasis added). We need

not consider whether the court’s ruling warrants reversal on that basis here,

however, because we believe the factors listed by the district court in support of


                                            -8-
its ruling gave the police reasonable suspicion to believe Taylor was violating the

City of Tulsa trespass ordinance. The ordinance defines the offense of

trespassing as “[r]emaining upon the premises of another, whether public or

private, and refusing to leave the premises forthwith after demand by the owner or

occupant,” or, alternatively, “[r]emaining on private property at any time other

than during posted hours of business operation after having been directed to

vacate such premises by a police officer.” Tulsa, Okla., Penal Code, tit. 27,

§ 2106(E) & (G). In this case, police officers, at the request of the property

owner, gave the order to all those in the Shopping Center parking lot who were

not using either of the two open businesses to leave. We agree with the district

court that Taylor’s initial compliance with the police officers’ direction to leave

the parking lot gave the officers reason to believe he was not using an open

business and thus had no legitimate reason to remain on the property. When

Taylor then left the exit line and drove toward an area of the parking lot where no

businesses were open, the officers had reasonable suspicion to believe he was

unlawfully trespassing.

      Taylor argues that his actions could as easily have been understood as “both

innocuous and understandable” as the result of his unfamiliarity with the area and

his desire “to leave without having to deal with the police.” Appellant’s Br. at 9.

However, we have previously explained that “an officer with reasonable suspicion


                                         -9-
need not ‘rule out the possibility of innocent conduct’ as long as the totality of the

circumstances suffices to form ‘a particularized and objective basis’” for a stop.

Vercher , 358 F.3d at 1261 (quoting    United States v. Arvizu , 534 U.S. 266, 277-78

(2002)). We believe the totality of circumstances here is sufficient to give

officers reasonable suspicion of trespass.

      We thus hold that the stop of the Cutlass was reasonable and that Taylor’s

abandonment of the gun was therefore voluntary. Accordingly, the police’s

seizure of the gun did not violate the Fourth Amendment.



                                      CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s denial of Taylor’s motion to

suppress is AFFIRMED.

                                                  ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                                  Stephen H. Anderson
                                                  Circuit Judge




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