                                                     NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                       No. 17-2986
                                      _____________

                                  HOMNATH SUBEDI,
                                       Petitioner

                                             v.

              ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                Respondent
                            ______________

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         United States Department of Justice
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                                    (A209-429-561)
                    Immigration Judge: Honorable Walter A. Durling
                                  _______________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    April 26, 2018

                Before: JORDAN, BIBAS, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

                               (Opinion Filed: May 2, 2018)
                                    _______________

                                        OPINION
                                     _______________




       
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

       Homnath Subedi petitions for review of an order of the Board of Immigration

Appeals (“BIA”) denying his request for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief

under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We will deny the petition.

I.     Background1

       Subedi is a native and citizen of Nepal who entered the United States illegally. He

fled Nepal because of his fear that a political group known as the Maoists might harm

him. Around 2001 or 2002, when he was twelve years old and living in his hometown of

Myagdi, Maoists killed his mother. She had been a member of a rival political group

called the Nepali Congress Party (“NCP”). He remembers that Maoists asked his mother

for help and, after she refused, they beat her so badly that she died the next day. For

more than a decade after that incident, however, he did not experience any problems with

Maoists.

       Years later, in 2013 and still in Myagdi, Subedi attended a meeting of the NCP.

At some point during his four- to five-hour journey home through the jungle afterwards,

several Maoists stopped him and beat him with bamboo sticks. The attack left him with

bruises and a broken tooth. He apparently fainted during the encounter, and, when he

awoke, he slowly continued to walk home and recovered there rather than going to the

hospital to seek medical treatment.




       1
         The facts in this case are drawn from the administrative record developed before
the agency.
                                             2
       Subedi next encountered Maoists when “Constituent Assembly elections” were

held in November 2013. (J.A. at 222.) According to his account, on his way to the

school where the polling station was located, Maoists detained him, locked him in a

school bathroom, and prevented him from voting. Subedi testified that he was locked up

alongside one of his friends for six hours, that his hands and legs were tied, and that the

Maoists said “we know what happened to your mother[.]” (J.A. at 63.) After the

incident, they instructed Subedi to join their political party within one month’s time.

       Following that second incident, Subedi moved to Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

He lived in a hotel where he found work for four to five months. He got married and

continued working at the hotel for several more months, but he returned home to Myagdi

for a short time to take school exams. During the brief period he was home, Subedi

received a threatening phone call from Maoists demanding that he join their political

party. He returned to Kathmandu where he remained for almost a year before going

home to Myagdi in February 2016. He only went back home that last time to get a

reissued national identification card after his citizenship documents were lost in an

earthquake. Subedi claims that, while back in Myagdi, he was “slightly threatened” by

an unknown individual who encouraged him to stay in his home village and join the

Maoist party. (J.A. at 171.)

       Subedi testified that he then came to the United States because of his fear that

there was nowhere safe to live in Nepal, that Maoists may attempt to kill him, and that

the government in Nepal could not protect him. He believes that he cannot live safely in



                                              3
Kathmandu because the Maoists have “a network and they are looking for [him.]” (J.A.

at 68-69.)

       Removal proceedings were initiated against Subedi, and he concedes that he is

removable under § 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). 8

U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). He applied for asylum and statutory withholding of

removal based on persecution on account of his political opinion. He also applied for

relief under the CAT.

       The immigration judge (“IJ”) assigned to the case issued an oral decision denying

Subedi all relief. The IJ refused to “make an adverse credibility finding per se,” but said

“that does not mean [he] necessarily accept[ed] [Subedi’s] recounting of the facts as he

testified[.]” (J.A. at 136.) Instead, the IJ said there was no evidence amounting to past

persecution. He said that the beating by Maoists after a political meeting “was a random

act of violence[,]” and Subedi suffered “no real harm because … he went home and was

just treated at home.” (J.A. at 136.) The IJ suggested that the account of Subedi being

locked away in a bathroom for several hours was incredible and was otherwise not

something that rose to the level of past persecution.

       The IJ also determined that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate a well-

founded fear of future persecution. Although the evidence demonstrated that Maoists

were causing some violence and political problems in 2013, there was proof of changed

country conditions. He noted that the Nepali government is now led by a Maoist leader

with the support of the NCP through “some type of conciliation” or “agreement” between

the rival political parties. (J.A. at 136-37.) Moreover, he explained, there was no

                                             4
evidence that Subedi would be harmed in Kathmandu, given that he had previously lived

there for an extended period of time without incident. Thus, even if there were evidence

sufficient to establish past persecution, the IJ concluded that the government had met its

burden of overcoming the presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution.

       Finally, the IJ concluded that there was no evidence in the record suggesting

Subedi would likely be tortured by Maoists if removed to Nepal because there is a

conciliation between the rival political parties and there was no evidence that Subedi

could not safely relocate to his hometown or to Kathmandu. The IJ ultimately ordered

Subedi removed from the United States in accordance with § 241(b)(1)(A) of the INA.

       Subedi appealed to the BIA, which agreed with the IJ and dismissed the appeal.

The BIA began by noting that the IJ “did not make an explicit credibility finding,” and

thus it assumed Subedi’s testimony to be credible. (J.A. at 7 n.1.) Like the IJ, the BIA

determined that Subedi had not established past persecution because his two major

interactions with Maoists – the bamboo stick beating and the school restroom detention –

did “not in the aggregate rise to the level of persecution.” (J.A. at 7.) It also noted that

the grevious harm suffered by Subedi’s mother was not enough, by itself, to establish past

persecution of Subedi. Because past persecution had not been shown, the BIA concluded

that Subedi was not entitled to a presumption of a well-founded fear of persecution and

that, independent of the presumption, he failed to establish eligibility for asylum or

statutory withholding of removal. The BIA said that Subedi had not proven an

objectively reasonable fear of persecution in Nepal because he lived in Kathmandu

without experiencing harm or threats of harm, and there was evidence that the Maoists

                                              5
and NCP had been working together in government. Finally, the BIA agreed with the IJ

that Subedi had not established that it is more likely than not that he would be subjected

to torture if returned to Nepal.

       Subedi timely filed the present petition for review.

II.    Discussion2

       Subedi argues that we must vacate the BIA’s decision to deny his asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT claims. The record, however, dictates that we deny his

petition for review.

       According to Subedi, he is entitled to asylum because substantial evidence

demonstrates that he suffered past persecution and that he has a well-founded fear of

future persecution. He contends that “the BIA failed to assess the cumulative effect of

[his] experience” based on the record as a whole. (Opening Br. at 12.) Applying the

mandated deferential standard of review, we conclude that the IJ’s and BIA’s contrary

finding is supported by substantial evidence. It is true that, “in determining whether

actual or threatened mistreatment amounts to persecution, ‘[t]he cumulative effect of the


       2
         The BIA had jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1103 and 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(b)(3).
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). “We review the BIA’s legal
determinations de novo, subject to the principles of deference articulated in Chevron v.
Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984).” Catwell v. Att’y Gen.,
623 F.3d 199, 205 (3d Cir. 2010). We review factual findings under the substantial-
evidence standard. Chavarria v. Gonzalez, 446 F.3d 508, 515 (3d Cir. 2006). Under that
standard, “the administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary[.]” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(4)(B). “Because the BIA did not summarily affirm the IJ’s order but instead
issued a separate opinion, we review the BIA’s disposition and look to the IJ’s ruling
only insofar as the BIA deferred to it.” Roye v. Att’y Gen., 693 F.3d 333, 339 (3d Cir.
2012).
                                             6
applicant’s experience must be taken into account’ because ‘[t]aking isolated incidents

out of context may be misleading.’” Cheng v. Att’y Gen., 623 F.3d 175, 192 (3d Cir.

2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Manzur v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 494 F.3d 281,

290 (2d Cir. 2007)). But here, the BIA expressly noted that its decision that Subedi failed

to establish past persecution was based on the evidence “in the aggregate[.]” (J.A. at 7.)

       Moreover, taking the record as a whole, there is substantial evidence to support the

BIA’s conclusion. We have said that “[p]ersecution ‘is an extreme concept that does not

include every sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.’” Jarbough v. Att’y

Gen., 483 F.3d 184, 191 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). Persecution includes “threats

to life, confinement, torture, and economic restrictions so severe that they constitute a

threat to life or freedom.” Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993). But

“[a]busive treatment and harassment, while always deplorable, may not rise to the level

of persecution.” Jarbough, 483 F.3d at 191. The isolated incidents that occurred here,

including the bamboo stick incident and school restroom detention, did not rise to the

necessary level of severe threat to life or freedom. See Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607,

615 (3d Cir. 2005) (“[I]solated incidents that do not result in serious injury do not rise to

the level of persecution.”). And while we agree with Subedi that he is not relying solely

on the death of his mother at the hands of Maoists to establish past persecution, even

considering that terrible event in the mix of evidence as the BIA did, the same result

remains. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992) (noting that reversal of the

agency’s denial of asylum is only warranted when the evidence is so compelling that no

reasonable factfinder could fail to find the requisite likelihood of persecution). Her

                                              7
death, though tragic, occurred over a decade before Subedi’s other alleged encounters

with the Maoists, and, in the interim, Subedi admitted that he experienced no problems

with them. Thus, the record, when taken in its entirety, does not compel the conclusion

that Subedi suffered past persecution. See id. at 481 n.1 (“To reverse [a] BIA finding[,]

we must find that the evidence not only supports that conclusion, but compels it[.]”).

       Regardless, substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s conclusion that Subedi

failed to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. A significant factor in

determining whether an alien has a well-founded fear of persecution is whether he can

relocate within his country of origin. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(3)(i). As the BIA discussed,

the record suggests that Subedi could, at the very least, safely reside in Kathmandu as he

did for a significant period of time prior to entering the United States. Thus, we cannot

say that a reasonable factfinder would be required to conclude that Subedi has a well-

founded fear of persecution based on the evidence in the record.3

       Turning to Subedi’s withholding of removal claim, because he cannot meet the

well-founded fear of persecution standard for asylum, it necessarily follows that he

cannot meet the more stringent standard for withholding of removal. See Chen v.

Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 215, 223 (3d Cir. 2004) (“An alien who fails to establish that he or she

has a well-founded fear of persecution, so as to be eligible for asylum, necessarily will

fail to establish the right to withholding of removal.”).

       3
          Because we conclude that the BIA did not err when it determined that Subedi
failed to prove past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution, we do not
need to consider Subedi’s argument that the BIA erred when it agreed with the IJ’s
conclusion that Subedi did not meet his burden to prove a nexus between the alleged
persecution and a protected ground.
                                              8
       Subedi also challenges the denial of his claim for CAT relief. But he has failed to

establish, for the reasons stated above, that he would likely be harmed if he returned to

Nepal. Furthermore, as the BIA noted, nothing in the record demonstrates that he will be

tortured with the consent or acquiescence of the Nepali government if he returns to

Nepal. Thus, he has not established entitlement to relief under the CAT. 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.16(c)(2).

III.   Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will deny Subedi’s petition for review.




                                             9
