       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,
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                                                No. 67227-4-1                    CD
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                    Respondent,                                                  <_
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                                                DIVISION ONE
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MYRON CLARK WYNN,                               UNPUBLISHED OPINION
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AKA MYRON C. HOLDREDGE, JR.,                                                     o

AKA MICHAEL C. WYNN, and                        FILED: June 3, 2013              C3

AKA MICHAEL HOLDREDGE,

                    Appellant.


       Becker, J. — Myron Wynn argues insufficient evidence and an erroneous

jury instruction warrant reversal of his conviction for felony murder based on

robbery. Finding no error, we affirm the conviction.

       The murder victim was Robert Wykel. Wykel disappeared in 1996. In

2003, Wykel was ruled dead. His body has never been found. Wynn, by all

accounts the last person to see Wykel, was an early suspect. He gave

inconsistent statements to police and others. Nevertheless, for several years the

police were unable to prove that Wynn was responsible for Wykel's

disappearance.

       In 2000, Wynn's sister came forward with information about a diamond

Wynn had with him when he moved back to Texas in late 1997. With this lead,
No. 67227-4-1/2


detectives developed proof that the diamond was from the ring Wykel always

wore, and they renewed their investigation.

       In 2009, the State charged Wynn with murder in the first degree, alleging

he caused Wykel's death sometime in February or March 1996. An initial charge

of premeditation was dropped, and the prosecution went forward on the theory

that Wynn committed felony murder with the predicate felony being first or

second degree robbery.

      Wynn's first trial in 2010 ended with a deadlocked jury and a declaration of

mistrial. In April 2011, a second jury found Wynn guilty as charged. Wynn

moved for arrest of judgment under CrR 7.4, arguing there was insufficient proof

he robbed or attempted to rob Wykel. The trial court denied this motion,

concluding it could not be said that the jury's decision was unreasonable. The

court noted that after beginning deliberations, the jury asked to hear all three of

Wynn's statements to the police for a second time. Wynn's statements to the

police are accurately described by the State as rife with evasive and inconsistent

answers. Each time detectives confronted Wynn with new information they

claimed to have discovered, he changed his version of his involvement in the

events surrounding Wykel's disappearance to be consistent with the new

information.


       The court sentenced Wynn to 20 years, at the lower end of the standard

range. Wynn appeals.
No. 67227-4-1/3


Sufficiency of the Evidence To Prove Robbery

       To prove first degree felony murder, the State had to show Wynn caused

Wykel's death while committing or attempting to commit robbery in the first or

second degree, a felony, and in the course of, in furtherance of, or in immediate

flight from the robbery. RCW 9A.32.030(1)(c).

       Wykel was last seen accompanying Wynn on a visit to a remote wooded

area known as Mother Nature's Acres. Wynn does not challenge the sufficiency

of the evidence to prove that he caused Wykel's death. Rather, he contends that

the evidence was insufficient to prove a robbery.

       Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if, viewed in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, it permits any rational trier of fact to find the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Salinas.

119Wn.2d 192, 201,829P.2d 1068(1992). All reasonable inferences from the

evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted strongly against the

defendant. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201. Circumstantial evidence and direct

evidence are equally reliable. State v. Thomas. 150 Wn.2d 821, 874, 83 P.3d

970 (2004).

       A person commits robbery when he unlawfully takes personal property from

the person of another or in his presence against his will "by the use or threatened

use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to that person." RCWA

9A.56.190. "Such force or fear must be used to obtain or retain possession of the

property, or to prevent or overcome resistance to the taking .... Such taking
No. 67227-4-1/4


constitutes robbery whenever it appears that, although the taking was fully

completed without the knowledge of the person from whom taken, such knowledge

was prevented by the use of force or fear." RCWA 9A.56.190. The intent to steal

is an essential, nonstatutory element of the crime of robbery. State v. Kiorsvik, 117

Wn.2d 93, 98, 812 P.2d 86 (1991).

       The State's trial theory was that Wynn caused Wykel's death in order to

obtain or retain possession of approximately $1,000 that belonged to Wykel or of

Wykel's diamond ring. The State summarizes the critical evidence as follows:

"Wynn had taken a $1,000 deposit from Wykel for a car that Wynn was unable to

produce, and Wykel had expressed his determination to either get the car or get

his money back. Within days of Wykel's disappearance, Wynn presented his

girlfriend with a diamond that bore an amazing resemblance to the diamond in

the ring Wykel always wore. Wynn made numerous inconsistent statements to

police, and incriminating statements to a friend."

       The parties agree on the applicable legal principles. To constitute

robbery, "the force must relate to the taking or retention of the property, either as

force used directly in the taking or retention or as force used to prevent or

overcome resistance 'to the taking.'" State v. Johnson, 155 Wn.2d 609, 611,121

P.3d 91 (2005). The mere taking of goods from an unconscious person, without

force or the intent to use force, is not robbery unless such unconsciousness was

produced '"expressly for the purpose of taking the property in charge of such

person.*" State v. Larson. 60 Wn.2d 833, 835, 376 P.2d 537 (1962), quoting 2
No. 67227-4-1/5


Wharton's Criminal Law (12th ed.) 1389, § 1092. The issue here is whether the

evidence was sufficient to prove that Wynn used force against Wykel for the

purpose of stealing his property. Wynn contends the State proved, at most, a

use of force and a subsequent theft.

       The most analogous case is State v. Allen, 159Wn.2d 1, 147 P.3d 581

(2006). Donovan Allen was charged with the aggravated first degree murder of

his mother, with robbery as the aggravating factor. The State proved the murder

through a confession Allen made to police. In the confession, he described how

he became angry with his mother, began wrestling with her, and killed her by

strangling her with a telephone cord and hitting her with the stock of a rifle. He

said that afterwards he went back in the house and found his mother's cashbox,

then came back out and walked toward a slough. He said he then "realized what

I had done, and I threw the cash box as hard as I could at the slough, and then

ran like hell back." ANen, 159 Wn.2d at 4.

       On appeal, the defendant in Allen argued insufficiency of the evidence to

establish robbery. The State had to prove that the defendant "(1) took the

cashbox from his mother's person or in her presence (2) against her will and (3)

used force or fear to take the cashbox or to prevent his mother from resisting the

taking." Allen, 159Wn.2dat9. The court found "considerable circumstantial

evidence that Allen used force, at least in part, to obtain the cashbox." Allen. 159

Wn.2d at 9. While Allen's confession portrayed his removal of the cashbox as an

afterthought, circumstantial evidence suggested that he intended from the
No. 67227-4-1/6


beginning of the encounter to take her money. He frequently was short of

money; his mother had recently refused his request for $400 to buy a car; he had

told a friend about the cashbox before the murder; the cashbox was found

nearby after the murder; and he told a cellmate he took the cashbox after killing

his mother and found $1,100 in it and spent it. Allen, 159Wn.2d at 9-10.

       Four dissenters acknowledged the circumstantial evidence was sufficient

to prove Allen had a reason to steal, but they objected that it was insufficient to

prove that Allen's attack on his mother was expressly for the purpose of stealing

her cash. They said, "to disable someone and then take property as an

afterthought is to commit theft, not robbery." Allen, 159 Wn.2d at 15 (Alexander,

J., dissenting).

       The majority responded in a footnote that the dissent was correct on the

law but incorrect in its application of the sufficiency standard:

              We largely agree with the dissent. "Merely demonstrating
       that the use of force preceded the theft does not amount to
       robbery." Dissent at 12 (footnote omitted). But as surveyed above,
       there was sufficient evidence presented for a reasonable jury to find
       that robbery was one of Allen's purposes for killing. A reasonable
       jury could also have found, as the dissent would, that taking the
       cashbox was an afterthought. This one did not.

Allen, 159Wn.2dat10n.4.


        Wynn contends the evidence that he killed Wykel expressly for the

purpose of taking his cash or diamond ring is even weaker than the evidence of

motive in Allen. It is true that Wynn did not confess to taking anything from

Wykel, and there was no direct evidence of the particular location and
No. 67227-4-1/7


circumstances of Wykel's death. These differences do not materially distinguish

Wynn's case from Allen. The legal problem is the same: Was the circumstantial

evidence sufficient to prove that a person who committed a homicide did so in

order to steal?

          Like in Allen, the State introduced substantial circumstantial evidence

tending to prove that Wynn killed Wykel expressly for the purpose of stealing

from him. There was similar evidence of motive: Wynn had financial troubles

and no visible means of support beyond food and shelter provided by his girl

friend.

          The State's theory that Wynn stole $1,000 from Wykel under the pretense

that it was a deposit for a car was supported by four witnesses who had been

victims of Wynn's other "middleman" scams. There was evidence that Wykel

was feeling "jerked around" and had grown tired of Wynn's excuses for not

producing the car, a classic Ford Thunderbird Wynn had promised. Wykel had

told his friend and neighbor John Ogdon, "I am going to get that car back or I am

going to get my money back." The State drew the inference that Wykel called

Wynn's bluff, and Wynn panicked and killed Wykel. The prosecutor's rebuttal

closing argument explained the law of robbery: "Robbery; you can take $1,000

from somebody up front, you can retain it and then kill them, that's still robbery."

          The evidence outlined above was strong enough to prove that Wynn killed

Wykel in order to retain the cash deposit for the Thunderbird. Other evidence

was sufficient to prove that Wynn killed Wykel for the opportunistic purpose of
No. 67227^-1/8


stealing the diamond ring that Wykel always wore. Wykel's daughter was able to

describe the ring in detail, enabling a jeweler who specializes in recreating lost

pieces to make a drawing of the ring. The drawing matched the diamond Wynn

took with him to Texas and sold to a relative, from whom the police eventually

obtained it.


           Wynn argues that ifanything, the taking of the ring "was an afterthought"

after the violent encounter that ended with Wykel's death, and thus cannot serve

to prove a robbery occurred.

           All reasonable inferences from the evidence must be drawn in favor of the

State and interpreted strongly against the defendant. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201.

A jury might have inferred that taking the ring did not occur to Wynn until after he

killed Wykel. That would be a theft. But this jury found a robbery, and the finding

reasonably could have been based on Wynn's taking of the ring. As in Allen, the

evidence of the defendant's need for money was sufficient to permit a reasonable

jury to infer that acquiring the ring was one of the defendant's purposes for the

killing.

           We conclude the evidence was sufficient to prove that Wynn killed Wykel

either for the express purpose of retaining his ill-gotten $1,000 deposit on the

nonexistent Thunderbird, or for the express purpose of taking Wykel's diamond

ring, or both. Because the evidence is sufficient to prove Wynn killed Wykel to

facilitate a robbery, it is also sufficient to prove the death occurred in the course

of the robbery, as must be established to prove felony murder. See State v.



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No. 67227^-1/9


Hachenev. 160 Wn.2d 503, 518 n.6, 158 P.3d 1152 (2007), cert denied. 552

U.S. 1148(2008).

Instruction on Robbery

      The State proposed instruction 9, the robbery instruction, and Wynn did

not object. The instruction given was the pattern instruction on robbery:

              A person commits the crime of robbery when he or she
      unlawfully and with intent to commit theft thereof takes personal
      property from the person of another against that person's will by the
      use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury
      to that person or to that person's property. The force or fear must
      be used to obtain or retain possession of the property or to prevent
      or overcome resistance to the taking, in either of which cases the
      degree of force is immaterial.
              The taking constitutes robbery, even if death precedes the taking,
      whenever the taking and a homicide are part of the same transaction.

Instruction 9 (emphasis added); WPIC 37.50.

       Wynn now argues the last sentence is erroneous because it directs jurors

to find a defendant has committed robbery as a matter of law whenever a taking

and a killing are "part of the same transaction."

       Jury instructions are sufficient when they allow trial counsel to argue their

respective theories of the case, are not misleading, and when read as a whole,

properly inform jurors of the applicable law. State v. Killingsworth. 166 Wn. App.

283, 288, 269 P.3d 1064. review denied. 174 Wn.2d 1007 (2012).

       The language about "same transaction" in the last sentence of instruction

9 comes from a discussion of the proof requirements for robbery stated in State

v. Coe. 34 Wn.2d 336, 208 P.2d 863 (1949), and quoted in State v. Craig. 82

Wn.2d 777, 514 P.2d 151 (1973).
No. 67227-4-1/10


               The final contention made is that one cannot be guilty of
       robbery if the victim is a deceased person. As an abstract principle
       of law this is true, as essential elements of the crime of robbery
       would necessarily be lacking. However, that principle cannot apply
       here, because the robbery and the homicide were all a part of the
       same transaction, and the fact that death may have momentarily
       preceded the actual taking of the property from the person does not
       affect the guilt of the appellant in the commission of the crime
       charged.

Coe. 34 Wn.2d at 341; Craig. 82 Wn.2d at 783.

       Wynn agrees that a robbery can occur even though the taking is not

completed until after the victim's death, as long as the taking and killing are part

of the same transaction. He contends, however, that the instruction does not

adequately inform the jury that the killing must constitute the force used to

facilitate the taking. His concern derives from Hachenev, 160 Wn.2d at 516, a

case where the victim's body was found in her home after it had been burned

down. A jury convicted her husband of premeditated murder and found by

special verdict the aggravating circumstance that he committed the murder in the

course of committing first degree arson. The Supreme Court reversed the finding

of an aggravating circumstance because, given the evidence, the murder must

have been complete before the arson began. In other words, Hacheney

committed arson to conceal the murder, but that did not prove he committed the

murder in the course of the arson. As with the charge of felony murder, there

must be a causal connection between the killing and the related felony; it is not

enough that the felony and the killing are close to each other in time. Hachenev,

160 Wn.2d at 512-15. In so holding, the court rejected the broader interpretation



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No. 67227^4-1/11


in Illinois of what "in the course of means, and adhered to the rule set forth in

State v. Golladav. 78 Wn.2d 121, 470 P.2d 191 (1970), overruled on other

grounds bv State v. Arndt. 87 Wn.2d 374, 378, 553 P.2d 1328 (1976). The

Golladav rule is that "for a homicide to have been committed in the course of a

felony, the causal connection had to run such that the death was the probable

consequence of the felony, but not the other way around." Hachenev. 160

Wn.2d at 515. The court referred to Craig as an opinion with language that

"suggests a broader rule than was articulated in Golladav." but observed that

Craig did not actually apply a broader rule because the case did not involve a

felony committed to cover up or facilitate an escape from an already completed

murder. Hachenev. 160 Wn.2d at 516.

       Wynn argues that by using the "same transaction" language found in

Craig, the standard jury instruction allows jurors to apply the broader rule the

court rejected in Hachenev, 160Wn.2d at 518, thus raising the possibility the jury

found him guilty of felony murder simply because the killing of Wykel and the

taking of his property occurred more or less at the same time. Wynn's argument

focuses too narrowly on the last sentence of the instruction. A previous sentence

in instruction 9 tells jurors that the force (which in a felony murder case will be the

killing) "must be used to obtain or retain possession of the property or to prevent

or overcome resistance to the taking." By informing jurors about the required

purpose of the force, the instruction included exactly the context Wynn says it

lacked: the necessity of finding that the killing constituted the force used to



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No. 67227-4-1/12


facilitate the taking. We conclude the instruction properly

informed the jurors of the applicable law. And since it was not erroneous,

Wynn's claim that his attorneys were ineffective for failing to object to it also fails.

Statement of Additional Grounds

         Wynn raises juror misconduct and evidentiary issues pursuant to RAP

10.10.

         According to Wynn, one juror "kept bumping into" the attorneys from both

sides, "once even being caught in the elevator looking into the box of evidence

for the prosecutors." Also, the court learned from the bailiffthat two other jurors

were deliberating before the case was submitted to them. The court assigned

these jurors as alternates and reinstated the first juror, who initially had been

made an alternate, into the final jury.

         The trial court considered these matters when they were raised in Wynn's

posttrial motion. Wynn has not called our attention to any basis for concluding

the court abused its discretion in dealing with the allegations of juror misconduct.

         As to evidentiary issues, Wynn contends his attorneys should have let him

testify on his own behalf, and he says "we argued every day on this issue." But

Wynn does not say what key evidence he would have presented had he taken

the stand, explain how his testimony would have made a difference, or argue his

attorneys committed misconduct or were ineffective. We conclude he has not

stated grounds that warrant additional review.




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No. 67227-4-1/13


      Affirmed.




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