                             NUMBER 13-09-00275-CV

                             COURT OF APPEALS

                   THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                      CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


                     IN THE INTEREST OF M.I.V., A CHILD


                      On appeal from 24th District Court
                          of Refugio County, Texas.


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

                Before Justices Yañez, Rodriguez, and Garza
                Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rodriguez

       Appellant Willie James Coleman challenges the trial court's dismissal of his bill of

review in this paternity case. By one issue, Coleman contends that the trial court erred in

granting the motion to dismiss his bill of review filed by the Office of the Attorney General

of Texas (OAG), because as an "adjudicated-by-default" parent, Coleman should be

permitted to challenge paternity under the same statutory provision available to

"acknowledged" parents. See TEX . FAM . CODE ANN . § 160.308 (Vernon 2008). We affirm.
                                     I. BACKGROUND

       On May 14, 2007, the OAG issued a non-agreed child support review order (CSRO),

which stated that Coleman was the biological father of M.I.V., a child born to Monica

Vasquez on September 11, 2006. The CSRO designated Coleman and Vasquez as joint

managing conservators and obliged Coleman to pay Vasquez $573.00 per month in child

support for M.I.V. On May 29, 2007, the OAG filed a petition with the trial court to confirm

the non-agreed CSRO, and service of process was issued on May 30, 2007. A verified

return of service appears in the record, in which the sheriff states that, on June 12, 2007,

he personally served Coleman with citation and copies of the OAG's petition and CSRO.

It is undisputed that Coleman did not appear, answer the petition, or otherwise contest the

CSRO, and on July 23, 2007, the trial court entered its order confirming the non-agreed

CSRO. Coleman filed no motion for new trial or any other direct appeal of the trial court's

order, and monthly child support was thereafter withheld from Coleman's paycheck.

       On February 19, 2009, Coleman filed a petition for bill of review. In his petition,

Coleman claimed that he did not receive notice of the proceedings to establish the

parentage of and child support for M.I.V. until July 27, 2007. Coleman attached his

affidavit and an affidavit by Gloria Lopez, Coleman's significant other, in support of his

petition. In their affidavits, both Coleman and Lopez attested that they were unaware of

M.I.V. and the child support and parentage case until July 2007. Coleman's petition further

alleged the following:

              Due to lack of Notice the Petitioner was unable to present a [sic] his
       meritorious defense of parentage. At the time parentage was adjudicated by
       default, no genetic evidence existed or was ordered to establish paternity.
       On or about February 12, 2009 a Final Certificate of Analysis [] was returned
       to Petitioner which concluded Petitioner had a 0.0000% [sic] of being the
       father of the child at the basis of this Petition.


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              . . . Petitioner has no adequate legal remedy now available to avoid
       the effect of the Child Support Order signed on July 23, 2007. Petitioner did
       not have the financial ability to act in order to discover he was not the father
       of the child until more than thirty days after [the] order was signed. . . .

Coleman attached as another exhibit to his petition a document entitled "Final Certificate

of Analysis," which Coleman claims contains the results of genetic testing that proves he

is not the father of M.I.V.

       The OAG answered Coleman's petition and filed a motion to dismiss the petition on

the grounds that Coleman's pleadings were deficient to invoke the trial court's jurisdiction

over his bill of review petition. On April 15, 2009, the trial court held a hearing on

Coleman's petition and the OAG's motion to dismiss, and on April 30, 2009, the trial court

issued an order dismissing Coleman's petition. This appeal followed.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review the trial court's grant or denial of a bill of review for an abuse of

discretion. Temple v. Archambo, 161 S.W.3d 217, 224 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2005,

no pet.). In reviewing the trial court's determination, we indulge every presumption in favor

of the court's ruling.   Garza v. Attorney Gen. of Tex., 166 S.W.3d 799, 808 (Tex.

App.–Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts in an

unreasonable and arbitrary manner or without reference to guiding rules and principles.

Id.

                                      III. DISCUSSION

       By one issue, Coleman contends that the trial court erred in granting the OAG's

motion to dismiss his bill of review because an "adjudicated-by-default" parent should not

be prohibited from requesting genetic testing under the four-year challenging period

provided to "acknowledged" parents under the family code. See TEX . FAM . CODE ANN . §


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160.308 (providing that "a signatory of an acknowledgment of paternity . . . may commence

a proceeding to challenge the acknowledgment . . . on the basis of fraud, duress, or

material mistake of fact . . . before the fourth anniversary of the date the acknowledgment

. . . is filed"). However, we do not reach Coleman's argument under the family code

because, as a threshold matter, he is not entitled to a bill of review under the facts of this

case.

        "A bill of review is an equitable proceeding brought by a party seeking to set aside

a prior judgment that is no longer subject to challenge by a motion for new trial or appeal."

Caldwell v. Barnes, 154 S.W.3d 93, 96 (Tex. 2004). Because the procedure conflicts with

the fundamental policy that judgments must become final at some point, the grounds upon

which a bill of review can be obtained are narrow. Temple, 161 S.W.3d at 223. Thus, the

burden on a bill of review movant is a heavy one.1 Id.

        At the outset, "to invoke the equitable powers of the court," the bill of review movant

must file a petition that "allege[s] factually and with particularity" that the prior judgment

was rendered as the result of fraud, accident, wrongful act of the opposite party, or official

mistake "unmixed" with the movant's own negligence. Baker v. Goldsmith, 582 S.W.2d


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           Generally, bill of review m ovants m ust plead and prove (1) a m eritorious defense to the underlying
cause of action, (2) which the m ovants were prevented from m aking by the fraud, accident or wrongful act of
the opposing party or official m istake, and that was (3) unm ixed with any fault or negligence on their own part.
Caldwell v. Barnes, 154 S.W .3d 93, 96 (Tex. 2004). In cases where the m ovant petitions for a bill of review
based solely on non-service, the m ovant is relieved of establishing the first two elem ents, and proof of
non-service conclusively establishes the third elem ent. Id. at 96-97. However, it is not entirely clear from
Colem an's petition whether or not he is alleging non-service; his petition and supporting affidavits m erely state
he had no "notice" of the proceedings and was not "aware" of M.I.V. or the proceedings. In light of the verified
sheriff's return of service in the record, we conclude that Colem an was not alleging non-service. And even
if we were to assum e that he alleged non-service, Colem an's bill of review petition is not based solely on that
claim — he also bases his petition on what he appears to contend is a m istake of fact and/or newly discovered
evidence regarding the parentage of M.I.V., as purportedly revealed by genetic testing. W e therefore
conclude that the arguably lesser burden placed on bill of review m ovants solely alleging non-service does
not apply to the facts of this case. See In re Office of the Attorney Gen., 276 S.W .3d 611, 618 (Tex.
App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, orig. proceeding).

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404, 408 (Tex. 1979); In re Office of the Attorney Gen., 276 S.W.3d 611, 618 (Tex.

App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, orig. proceeding). The movant "must further allege, with

particularity, sworn facts sufficient to constitute [a] defense and, as a pretrial matter,

present prima facie proof to support the contention." Baker, 582 S.W.2d at 408. A prima

facie meritorious defense is established if the movant's defense is not barred as a matter

of law and he would be entitled to judgment on retrial if no contrary evidence is offered; this

is a question of law for the trial court. Id. at 408-09.

       Here, we will assume, without deciding, that Coleman alleged facts constituting a

meritorious defense to the underlying cause of action by implying in his petition that the

adjudication of M.I.V.'s parentage was erroneous because genetic testing purportedly

shows Coleman is not M.I.V.'s father. However, Coleman nonetheless wholly failed to

allege any facts in his petition for bill of review that the default judgment rendered against

him was the result of fraud, accident, wrongful act of the OAG, or official mistake. As a

result, his pleading was insufficient to invoke the equitable powers of the trial court, see

Baker, 582 S.W.2d at 408, and Coleman failed to meet his heavy burden to allege facts

establishing the narrow grounds for a bill of review. See Temple, 161 S.W.3d at 223. We

therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Coleman's

petition. See Garza, 166 S.W.3d at 808. Coleman's sole issue is overruled.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       The order of the trial court dismissing Coleman's petition for bill of review is affirmed.


                                                           NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ
                                                           Justice

Delivered and filed the
3rd day of June, 2010.


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